cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Osteogenesis imperfecta murine: interaction between type I collagen homotrimers.

Abstract Types I, II, and III collagens are believed to have evolved from the same homotrimer ancestor and they have substantial sequence homology, but type I molecules are α1(I)2α2(I) heterotrimers, unlike homotrimeric types II and III. It is believed that the α2(I) chain first appeared in lower vertebrates and that it plays a particularly important role in bone formation. For instance, spontaneous mutations resulting in non- functional α2 chains and formation of type I homotrimers cause severe bone pathology (osteogenesis imperfecta) in humans and in animals. However, the exact role of the α2 chain is not known. Here, we report measurements of intermolecular forces between collagen helices in native and reconstituted fibers composed of type I homotrimers, heterotrimers and their mix. For comparison, we report forces between type II homotrimers in reconstituted fibers. In agreement with previous studies, we find that the absence of the α2 chain reduces temperature-favored attraction between collagen helices, either because of the difference in amino acid sequence of the α1 and α2 chains or because of more extensive post-translational modification of homotrimers. We find that forces between helices in fibers from type I (as well as type II) homotrimers are not sensitive to pH between pH 6 and 7.5, in contrast to type I heterotrimers. Apparently, the effect of pH is related to extra histidine residues present on α2 chains but not on α1 chains. Finally, our measurements indicate that the α2 chain is responsible for binding some soluble compound(s), possibly glycosaminoglycans, whose displacement results, e.g., in the loss of tendon crystallinity. The ability of the α2 chain to bind non-collagen matrix components may be particularly important for bone matrix formation and mineralization.
Phase equilibria for complex fluid mixtures

Abstract After defining complex mixtures, attention is given to the canonical procedure used for the thermodynamics of fluid mixtures: first, we establish a suitable, idealized reference system and then we establish a perturbation (or excess function) which corrects the idealized system for real behavior. For complex mixtures containing identified components (e.g. alcohols, ketones, water) discussion is directed at possible techniques for extending to complex mixtures our conventional experience with reference systems and perturbations for simple mixtures. Possible extensions include generalization of the quasi-chemical approximation (local compositions) and superposition of chemical equilibria (association and solvation) on a “physical” equation of state. For complex mixtures containing unidentified components (e.g. coal-derived fluids), a possible experimental method is suggested for characterization; conventional procedures can then be used to calculate phase equilibria using the concept of pseudocomponents whose properties are given by the characterization data. Finally, as an alternative to the pseudocomponent method, a brief introduction is given to phase-equilibrium calculations using continuous thermodynamics.
Distribution and Variation of Indole Glucosinolates in Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.)

The exceptionally high levels in woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) of three indolic goitrogens, namely glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, and glucobrassicin-1-sulfonate, permit the facile study of their distribution in the plant and their changes during its development. Woad seeds contain as much as 0.23% fresh weight of glucobrassicin but no other indole glucosinolate, while 1-week-old seedlings also contain substantial amounts of neoglucobrassicin and glucobrassicin-1-sulfonate in their shoots whether grown in the light or dark. The sulfonate is not found in roots, and light depresses neoglucobrassicin levels in shoots. Sterile root cultures synthesize glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin, and significant quantities of these were even found to be excreted by the roots of intact sterile seedlings in culture. This may explain the long known deleterious effect of woad and other cruciferous crops on subsequent plantings and the observation could be of ecological importance. Long term changes in levels of all three substances in the plant are similar and are compatible with earlier suggestions that the compounds could be auxin precursors at the time of flower stem elongation. Since sterile seedlings readily incorporate (35)SO(4) (2-) into indole glucosinolates and relative specific radioactivities suggest that glucobrassicin is the precursor of the other two compounds, pathways of goitrogen biosynthesis should be relatively easily determined in this material.
The Effects of Infra-Arterial Histamine on Blood Flow in the Internal and External Carotid Artery of Man

Both internal and external carotid artery phasic blood flow and arterial pressure were measured in five patients during a control period and after the intra-arterial injection of 13.8 µg of histamine phosphate into each vessel. In the internal carotid artery, flow for the group increased almost immediately and reached a maximum value of 59% greater than control in ten seconds. The total duration of the response in both pressure and flow lasted approximately one minute. The injection of histamine into the external carotid artery elicited a much more marked response, having a maximum increase in flow of 294% for the group with a total duration of the response lasting two and one-half to three minutes. These data define the magnitude and time course of the action of histamine phosphate on the intracranial and extracranial circulation in man.
The Relation between Aggregate Earnings and Security Returns over Long Intervals

This paper provides a theoretical explanation and consistent empirical evidence for the increase in the contemporaneous correlation between returns and aggregate earnings as the return interval is lengthened. Consistent with intuition and with Easton, Harris, and Ohlson 1992, the analysis shows that aggregation over time renders the lag in accounting recognition relatively less important and thus improves the returns-earnings R2. Interestingly, the analysis also reveals that aggregating earnings over longer periods increases the positive covariance between aggregate earnings and the accounting lag, which may further increase the R2. This positive covariance can lead to an earnings coefficient greater than one over some range of aggregation, which is consistent with the findings of Easton et al. that over the 10-year interval the returns-earnings regression slope coefficient is greater than one (1.7). The empirical results highlight the fact that the slope coefficient, which is greater than one and increasing with the interval, accounts for much of the increment to the returns-earnings R2. In fact, constraining the slope coefficient to be one results in an R2 of 11 percent for the 10-year interval, which is considerably lower than the R2 of 47 percent when the regression is unconstrained. Hence, the positive covariance between current earnings and the accounting lag, rather than the diminishing effect of the accounting lag, appears to be the dominant explanation for the observed high R2 over long intervals.
Proinsulin conversion to desalanyl insulin by α 2 -macroglobin-bound trypsin

HARPEL and Mosesson1 observed that α2-macroglobulin-bound trypsin hydrolysed low molecular weight ester and amide substrates at rates comparable with those of free protease, but degradation of high molecular weight proteins was markedly inhibited. To account for this finding, Barrett and Starkey2 introduced the novel concept of steric entrapment of endopeptidases by α2-macroglobulin. Neurath and Walsh3 have recently reviewed the role of proteolytic enzymes in the conversion of a variety of enzymes, hormones, and other physiologically active proteins from inactive precursors to active forms by limited proteolysis. Many of these physiologically active proteins exist in the bloodstream in both precursor and active forms. We report here that proinsulin, a large polypeptide of 9,000 molecular weight, is rapidly hydrolysed by α2-macroglobulin-bound trypsin. This finding suggests that pro-teases bound to α2-macroglobulin may be involved in limited proteolytic cleavage associated with activation of precursor molecules as well as the degradation of biologically active polypeptides in the circulation.
The circumstances of justice

In this article, I analyze the circumstances of justice, that is, the background conditions that are necessary and sufficient for justice to exist between individual parties in society. Contemporar...
K L -K S mass difference and rare K decays in a phenomenological gauge model

We discuss the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{S}$ mass difference and many rare decay modes of $K$ mesons in a phenomenological unified gauge model of strong, electromagnetic, and weak interactions. The strong interactions of the system of pseudoscalar mesons which belong to a 15-dimensional representation of SU(4) are described by a phenomenological Lagrangian which possesses approximate chiral SU(4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(4) symmetry. The additional quantum number is charm. The weak and electromagnetic interactions are described by the Weinberg-Salam model. In general, the results are in qualitative agreement with those of the free-quark-model calculations. Results on the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{S}$ mass difference indicate that charmed hadrons must not be very heavy. As in the quark -model calculation, we also find a surprising cancellation of the leading terms in the ${K}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\overline{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ amplitude. The result for the ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}e\overline{e}$ branching ratio is in reasonably good agreement with the recent experimental result. Calculations of the branching ratios for the decays ${K}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, ${K}_{L,S}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\nu}\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, and ${K}_{L,S}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}e\overline{e}$ are also performed.
Hyperspectral pixel classification from coded-aperture compressive imaging

This paper describes a new approach and its associated theoretical performance guarantees for supervised hyperspectral image classification from compressive measurements obtained by a Coded Aperture Snapshot Spectral Imaging System (CASSI). In one snapshot, the two-dimensional focal plane array (FPA) in the CASSI system captures the coded and spectrally dispersed source field of a three-dimensional data cube. Multiple snapshots are used to construct a set of compressive spectral measurements. The proposed approach is based on the concept that each pixel in the hyper-spectral image lies in a low-dimensional subspace obtained from the training samples, and thus it can be represented as a sparse linear combination of vectors in the given subspace. The sparse vector representing the test pixel is then recovered from the set of compressive spectral measurements and it is used to determine the class label of the test pixel. The theoretical performance bounds of the classifier exploit the distance preservation condition satisfied by the multiple shot CASSI system and depend on the number of measurements collected, code aperture pattern, and similarity between spectral signatures in the dictionary. Simulation experiments illustrate the performance of the proposed classification approach.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The effectiviness of an innovative web-based application to monitor HRQOL problems in paediatric rheumatology clinical practice

The use of Patient Reported Outcomes (PROs) in daily clinical practice receives increasing attention. Former studies suggest that discussing PROs improves communication between physicians and patients and facilitates early recognition of HRQOL problems. Especially in paediatrics, there is a need to address HRQOL in daily clinical practice in the context of a child’s development; repeated measurement of HRQOL in different developmental stages can be valuable. With the use of PROs, HRQOL problems can be detected early and tailored intervention can be provided to the child, before the HRQOL problems increase. However research of PROs in paediatrics is still scarce. Children with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) are at risk for HRQOL problems. Therefore, it is important to monitor their HRQOL during doctor’s visits. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of a web-based PRO about HRQOL (KLIK PROfile) in paediatric rheumatology practice.
Learning algorithms for feedforward networks based on finite samples

We present two classes of convergent algorithms for learning continuous functions and regressions that are approximated by feedforward networks. The first class of algorithms, applicable to networks with unknown weights located only in the output layer, is obtained by utilizing the potential function methods of Aizerman et al. (1970). The second class, applicable to general feedforward networks, is obtained by utilizing the classical Robbins-Monro style stochastic approximation methods (1951). Conditions relating the sample sizes to the error bounds are derived for both classes of algorithms using martingale-type inequalities. For concreteness, the discussion is presented in terms of neural networks, but the results are applicable to general feedforward networks, in particular to wavelet networks. The algorithms can be directly adapted to concept learning problems.
Discovery of enzyme inhibitors through combinatorial chemistry

This review serves to highlight the recent examples of combinatoric methodology as applied to the discovery and optimization of enzyme inhibitors. Early research efforts focused on the identification of polypeptides from libraries as inhibitors of proteases. As solution- and solid-phase chemistries gain in sophistication, libraries containing less peptidic structural motifs have been created. A recurring design stratagem relies on the synthesis of libraries incorporating pharmacophores with known affinity for the target enzyme. Screening of these structure-based libraries has led to the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of both proteolytic and non-proteolytic enzymes alike. Two tables are provided listing the enzyme targeted libraries through 1996. A name, generic structure and size is given for each library citation, accompanied by the enzyme screen and the structure and potency of the most active library member.
The regulation of Cdc20 proteolysis reveals a role for the APC components Cdc23 and Cdc27 during S phase and early mitosis

Abstract Background: In eukaryotic cells, a specialized proteolysis machinery that targets proteins containing destruction-box sequences for degradation and that uses a ubiquitin ligase known as the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC) plays a key role in the regulation of mitosis. APC-dependent proteolysis triggers the separation of sister chromatids at the metaphase–anaphase transition and the destruction of mitotic cyclins at the end of mitosis. Recently, two highly conserved WD40-repeat proteins, Cdc20 and Cdh1/Hct1, have been identified as substrate-specific regulators of APC-dependent proteolysis in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Here, we have investigated the cell cycle regulation of Cdc20 and Cdh1/Hct1. Results: Whereas the levels of CDH1/HCT1 RNA and Cdh1/Hct1 protein are constant throughout the cell cycle, CDC20 RNA and Cdc20 protein are present only during late S phase and mitosis and Cdc20 protein is unstable throughout the entire cell cycle. The instability of Cdc20 depends on CDC23 and CDC27 , which encode components of the APC. During the G1 phase, a destruction box within Cdc20 mediates its instability, but during S phase and mitosis, although Cdc20 destruction is still dependent on CDC23 and CDC27 , it does not depend on the Cdc20 destruction box. Conclusions: There are remarkable differences in the regulation of Cdc20 and Cdh1/Hct1. Furthermore, the APC activator Cdc20 is itself a substrate of the APC-dependent proteolysis machinery, and the APC subunits Cdc23 and Cdc27 have a role in the degradation of Cdc20 during S phase and early mitosis that is not mediated by its destruction box.
Cryogenic microcalorimeters for high resolution spectroscopy: current status and future prospects

Abstract Small thermal calorimeters operated at temperatures below 1 K can detect single photon or particle events that deposit only a few eV in the device. Their energy resolution for soft X-rays is potentially better than 1 eV FWHM, maintaining the high efficiency and large angular acceptance of a Si(Li) solid state detector with a factor of about 100 improvement in resolution. The best performance obtained so far is 7.3 eV FWHM for 6 keV X-rays with a 1 4 mm x 1 mm device operated at 60 mK. Other unique properties of microcalorimetry include sensitivity to non-ionizing events and a high tolerance for the inclusion of many source materials within the detector. We discuss fundamental factors influencing resolution, limitations of the current approach, applicability considerations and possible routes for future improvements.
Creating and managing a patent information group in a global environment

Abstract The article describes the key aspects of setting up and managing a global team of patent information scientists (GLIST) to work primarily with patent attorneys in a multinational pharmaceutical company. The main features identified for this team included: • the flexibility to deal with searches efficiently, worldwide, within the team; • close interaction between the information scientists and the attorneys, in partnership; • managers of the team also carry out some searches themselves; • sufficient language expertise within the team to carry out most translations in-house; • good training and mentoring procedures, allied to a strong team ethic; • a final product of each search which is a value-added search report, delivered in a timely manner, using a standardized GLIST-branded template.
Balancing the energy budget of short-period giant planets: evidence for reflective clouds and optical absorbers

We consider fifty transiting short-period giant planets for which eclipse depths have been measured at multiple infrared wavelengths. The aggregate dayside emission spectrum of these planets exhibits no molecular features, nor is brightness temperature greater in the near-infrared. We combine brightness temperatures at various infrared wavelengths to estimate the dayside effective temperature of each planet. We find that dayside temperatures are proportional to irradiation temperatures, indicating modest Bond albedo and no internal energy sources, plus weak evidence that dayside temperatures of the hottest planets are disproportionately high. We place joint constraints on Bond albedo, $A_{B}$, and day-to-night transport efficiency, $\varepsilon$, for six planets by combining thermal eclipse and phase variation measurements (HD 149026b, HD 189733b, HD 209458b, WASP-12b, WASP-18b, and WASP-43b). We confirm that planets with high irradiation temperatures have low heat transport efficiency, and that WASP-43b has inexplicably poor transport; these results are statistically significant even if the precision of single-eclipse measurements has been overstated by a factor of three. Lastly, we attempt to break the $A_{B}$-$\varepsilon$ degeneracy for nine planets with both thermal and optical eclipse observations, but no thermal phase measurements. We find a systematic offset between Bond albedos inferred from thermal phase variations ($A_{B} \approx 0.35$) and geometric albedos extracted from visible light measurements ($A_{g} \approx 0.1$). These observations can be reconciled if most hot Jupiters have clouds that reflect 30-50 per cent of incident near-infrared radiation, as well as optical absorbers in the cloud particles or above the cloud deck.
Evidence for a Rhythmicity of Within-Group Variability of Biological Parameters in the Chick

Abstract A detailed study of data collected from periodicity experiments conducted in our laboratories over the last six years has shown that variability within groups, as measured by standard deviations of means, may have diurnal rhythms that are independent of and equally as organized as circadian rhythms or diurnal oscillations of group means. Further, the variability rhythms, like those of group means, can be affected by exogenous and endogenous agents. A working hypothesis was developed by plotting and statistically testing diurnal changes in the standard deviations of group means of several avian tissue constituents. The phenomenon of rhythmicity in within-group variability is illustrated in Fig. 1 showing highly significant changes in several different parameters. The graphs also demonstrate how the rhythms can be altered by exogenous and endogenous agents. In order to have a common denominator for comparing the various parameters, diurnal changes of the standard deviations are presented in terms…
Modelling microtopography in boreal peatlands: hummocks and hollows

Abstract Surface topography of boreal peatlands is frequently hummocky. The hummocks and hollows develop from the peat and remain stable over long periods of time, even while climate and other environmental conditions change. Processes leading to these stable surface forms have not been clearly understood. The HOllow–HUMmock (HOHUM) model provides an explanation of bog microtopography, resilience, and stability. It suggests that bog microtopography results from moss species properties interacting with the physical environment. HOHUM is a dynamic, process-based simulation model simulating biological and physical processes leading to hummocks, hollows, and pools in boreal peatlands. It consists of several interacting submodels that grow hummocks and hollows at a monthly time step. Climate is represented by long-term monthly means for a specific location. The hydrology submodel calculates seasonal water table fluctuations relative to the peat surface. The vegetation submodel grows Sphagnum mosses using climate and moisture information and generates litter input; and the peat submodel simulates species- and layer-specific peat decay and accumulation. The model tracks the total depth of the top peat layer (acrotelm) of bogs produced by three common species of Sphagnum mosses, one of which forms high hummocks, another forms lower or middle hummock layers, and the third produces hollows. Model results indicate that hummocks and hollows arise primarily from species differences expressed through different peat accumulation rates. Interactions among moisture, unique Sphagnum species characteristics, and decomposition rates are responsible for maintenance and resilience of hummocks and hollows. Feedbacks between Sphagnum growth, decay, and moisture restrict peat accumulation over time, creating a stable equilibrium with local climate within decades. These feedbacks appear responsible for the long-term maintenance of bog hummocks and hollows and their adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Model validation showed excellent agreement (within 2 cm) between predicted and measured heights of hummocks, hollows, and water table depths for North American and European sites, and successfully reproduced conditions not anticipated during model development. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the model is most sensitive to decomposition rates, Sphagnum production rates, peat bulk densities, and the effects of hummock ice retention into the spring. Simulations for 35 northern US and Canadian sites predict distinct bog surface microtopography: hummocks and hollows are well developed in the eastern and northeastern regions of North America with the highest hummocks in far northeastern Canada, north of which hummocks grade into low surface relief. In the high-latitude Canadian interior, extreme arctic conditions (cold and dry) prevent bog formation. South of the Great Lakes, wet hollow species are replaced by more drought-resistant species to form relatively flat lawns. These simulated geographic patterns agree with those reported for North American peatlands.
Effects of voluntary exercise on tumorigenesis in the C3(1)/SV40Tag transgenic mouse model of breast cancer

Epidemiologic studies suggest an association between physical activity (PA) and breast cancer risk. We examined the relationship between voluntary wheel running and breast cancer in C3(1)/SV40Tag mice. Female FVB/N and C3(1)/SV40Tag mice were assigned to either PA [C3(1)-PA] (n=12) or sedentary (Sed) [C3(1)-Sed] (n=15) treatment and were placed in a cage with access to a running wheel (PA) or without (Sed) from 4 to 24 weeks of age (sacrifice). Physical activity data were analyzed for running distance, time and speed. Body composition was examined at 12 weeks of age. Tumors were counted twice weekly and at sacrifice to assess multiplicity. Tumor volume was calculated using external calipers [0.52 x (largest diameter) x (smallest diameter)2]. Heart and body weight were also recorded at sacrifice. Results showed that voluntary wheel running reduced tumor volume per tumor [C3(1)-Sed, 422.3±89.9 mm(3); C3(1)-PA, 260.2±61.7 mm(3)] (P<0.05), but was associated with increased tumor number (P<0.05). Body composition analysis showed no differences in body fat between the groups. Heart weight/body weight ratio was increased following physical activity (P<0.05) providing evidence of a training effect. In conclusion, voluntary wheel running activity was effective at slowing tumor growth in the C3(1)/SV40Tag mouse model of breast cancer, but did not inhibit tumor initiation. These data provide support for further development of the C3(1)/SV40Tag mouse model for use in understanding the role of physical activity on breast cancer progression and the mechanisms for its effects.
The impact of range anxiety and home, workplace, and public charging infrastructure on simulated battery electric vehicle lifetime utility

Abstract Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offer the potential to reduce both oil imports and greenhouse gas emissions, but have a limited utility due to factors including driver range anxiety and access to charging infrastructure. In this paper we apply NREL's Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tool for Vehicles (BLAST-V) to examine the sensitivity of BEV utility to range anxiety and different charging infrastructure scenarios, including variable time schedules, power levels, and locations (home, work, and public installations). We find that the effects of range anxiety can be significant, but are reduced with access to additional charging infrastructure. We also find that (1) increasing home charging power above that provided by a common 15 A, 120 V circuit offers little added utility, (2) workplace charging offers significant utility benefits to select high mileage commuters, and (3) broadly available public charging can bring many lower mileage drivers to near-100% utility while strongly increasing the achieved miles of high mileage drivers.
Make it or break it: the role of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in cellular regulation

Effective regulation of the concentration of a protein in the cell requires rapid protein degradation. Until recently, it was widely believed that intracellular proteolysis was largely confined to the turnover of damaged, or otherwise abnormal, proteins. Recently, however, the role of protein degradation in cellular regulation has gained centre stage, and ubiquitin/proteasome-dependent proteolysis has been shown to play a key role in processes as diverse as embryonic development, transcription and the cell cycle.
Psychological stress and cytokine production in multiple sclerosis: correlation with disease symptomatology.

Objective:Psychological variables such as perceived stress appear to play a role in symptom onset or disease exacerbation in multiple sclerosis (MS). The authors sought to determine if perceived st...
DNA sequencing by synthesis using 3′-O-azidomethyl nucleotide reversible terminators and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic detection

As an alternative to fluorescence-based DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS), we report here an approach using an azido moiety (N3) that has an intense, narrow and unique Raman shift at 2125 cm−1, where virtually all biological molecules are transparent, as a label for SBS. We first demonstrated that the four 3′-O-azidomethyl nucleotide reversible terminators (3′-O-azidomethyl-dNTPs) displayed surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at 2125 cm−1. Using these 4 nucleotide analogues as substrates, we then performed a complete 4-step SBS reaction. We used SERS to monitor the appearance of the azide-specific Raman peak at 2125 cm−1 as a result of polymerase extension by a single 3′-O-azidomethyl-dNTP into the growing DNA strand and disappearance of this Raman peak with cleavage of the azido label to permit the next nucleotide incorporation, thereby continuously determining the DNA sequence. Due to the small size of the azido label, the 3′-O-azidomethyl-dNTPs are efficient substrates for the DNA polymerase. In the SBS cycles, the natural nucleotides are restored after each incorporation and cleavage, producing a growing DNA strand that bears no modifications and will not impede further polymerase reactions. Thus, with further improvements in SERS for the azido moiety, this approach has the potential to provide an attractive alternative to fluorescence-based SBS.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Better to be young

Most head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients are elderly, with few younger than 40 years. Controversy exists in the literature regarding outcomes for younger patients. The goal of this research project was to compare baseline features and outcomes for young patients ( /=65 years). To investigate the relationship between age and important presenting features and outcomes, 1160 recently diagnosed patients first treated at Washington University between 1980 and 1991 were identified from an existing database. Full 5-year survival information was available for 1030 patients (89%). Overall, the 5-year survival rate was 46% (478/1030); young patients (65%, 26/40) had a significantly better survival rate than middle-aged (52%, 292/566) or old patients (38%, 160/424) (chi(2) = 24.5; P = 0. 001). Survival was also related to smoking, comorbidity, primary site, TNM stage, and nodal disease. Age remained a significant factor even after we controlled for these other factors. Young patients developed fewer recurrent and new primary tumors. We conclude that young patients have a much better overall prognosis than older patients. The reasons for this difference are unclear, but it appears that the impact of age goes beyond an actuarial effect.
Recolonization of group B Streptococcus (GBS) in women with prior GBS genital colonization in pregnancy

Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the incidence of women with prior GBS genital colonization who have recolonization in subsequent pregnancies. Methods: This is a retrospective, cohort study of patients with a prior GBS genital colonization in pregnancy and a subsequent pregnancy with a recorded GBS culture result, from January 2000 through June 2007. Documentation of GBS status was through GBS culture performed between 35 to 37 weeks gestation. Exclusion criteria included pregnancies with unknown GBS status, patients with GBS bacteriuria, women with a previous neonate with GBS disease and GBS finding prior to 35 weeks. Data was analyzed using SPSS 15.0. The sample proportion of subjects with GBS genital colonization and its confidence interval were computed to estimate the incidence rate. Logistic regression was performed to assess potential determinants of GBS colonization. Regression coefficients, odds ratios and associated confidence intervals, and p-values were reported, with signifi...
Repos, Risk Aversion, and Haircuts

Repurchase agreements ("repos") play a significant role in global credit market activity. Therefore, the individual decisions of repo market participants can weigh heavily on the broader economy. In order to analyze the decisions of these participants, our framework studies security repurchase agreements between risk-averse borrowers and lenders. In this manner, repo agreements are part of an efficient risk-sharing arrangement. In turn, properties of the agreements depend on environmental conditions such as the degree of risk aversion, default risk, and the market value of collateral. Previous work based upon risk neutrality cannot capture these features. Haircuts, in particular, arise naturally in the model in order to promote risk-sharing. From this perspective, our work is in stark contrast to previous contributions which determine the extent of over-collateralization in response to asymmetric information between market participants.
"Green Organizing in Austin, Texas: Place-ballet and the rhetorical community, 1990-1999"

Cet article examine les dynamiques organisationnelles du mouvement ecologiste urbain a Austin, Texas, et la maniere dont une communaute particuliere a pu se faire entendre et generer un courant d’opinion significatif qui s’est traduit en une reelle force politique et culturelle. Il est d’un interet particulier d’examiner la production et l’usage de textes thematiques et de capital culturel par les activistes environnementaux dans leur engagement plein et entier a l’encontre d’une entreprise multinationale aussi determinee qu’eux. Les objets et artefacts que nous pouvons observer au cours d’une « flânerie » dans le centre symbolique de la ville nous procurent une source d’interpretation tres riche pour la comprehension de la culture et de la communaute qui les a produits.
Albedo patterns on Triton

A model for seasonal taransport of volatiles based on Trafton (1984) is coupled to considerations of methane photochemistry to infer albedo patterns on Triton's surface at the time of the Voyager encounter. The relatively large southern subsolar latitude at present is predicted to cause the deposition of an extensive fresh frost layer covering approximately the northern half of the planet. Sublimation of Triton's south polar ice has been occurring since 1930, but has been preferentially occurring near the pole. The sublimation of ices in this region may be concentrating dark organic matter on the surface of the ice or exposing layers of this material which have built up in the ice over many seasonal cycles. The south polar cap may be distinctly darker near the pole than around the equatorward edge.
Relaxed safeness in Datalog-based policies

This paper presents a safeness condition that is more liberal than the one commonly imposed on Datalog, based on classifying predicate arguments into input and output arguments, thereby extending the expressiveness of Datalog-based policy languages. It is also shown that the relaxed safeness condition is a powerful tool for adding important features to such languages.
The mass media and young people

The study reported below analyzes differences in mass media attention behavior in Des Moines school children in 1950 and 1958. It is interesting to compare its findings with those of Edwin Parker, starting on page 39 of this issue of the Journal.
Hypertropia and the posterior blowout fracture: Mechanism and management.

Objective: To better understand the pathophysiology and proper management of a subgroup of patients with orbital blowout fracture which manifests by a vertical diplopia and hypertropia on the affected side. Patients and Methods: This report is based on a series of ten consecutive patients with orbital floor blowout fractures who had diplopia and hypertropia on the affected side. All patients were followed through at least 13 days of conservative care. Computed tomography demonstrated a characteristic depressed fracture of the posterior orbital floor extending to the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus in all patients. In many patients, the inferior rectus looped inferiorly and then rose to contact the globe at a steep angle. Diplopia did not spontaneously resolve in any patient. At surgery, the orbital contents were elevated to the posterior extent of the fracture, and the floor defects were bridged. Patients were followed for resolution of diplopia. Results: Eight patients had resolution of the hypertropia and diplopia within 2 months of surgery, and two patients had residual diplopia in extreme downgaze but were significantly improved. Conclusions: When hypertropia and vertical diplopia are noted after orbital trauma, a posterior blowout fracture should be suspected. In these patients, infraduction may be diminished due to changes in the effective origin and insertion of the inferior rectus muscle. The diagnosis of a posterior blowout fracture should be supported by characteristic findings on computed tomography. If the motility abnormality persists for 10 to 14 days, posterior orbital exploration and fracture repair should be undertaken.
Comparison of preference mapping techniques for the optimization of strawberry yogurt.

Many product optimization methods, known in general terms as preference mapping, have been described in the literature. However, a direct comparison of some of the different approaches (e.g., internal versus external mapping) has not been undertaken. This was attempted here by formulating strawberry yogurt prototypes according to an experimental design including three factors, investigating four approaches of optimization, comparing the sensory profiles of the ideal solutions and formulating the ideal solutions for validation with consumers. Results of this study show that the optimization methods did not yield identical ideal solutions but tended to agree on the ideal level for two of the three sensory dimensions investigated. These results warrant further investigation and comparison of the preference mapping methods available today. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The research conducted in this study may be useful to consumer scientists and product developers as it provides a direct comparison of preference mapping methodology performance for the optimization of product formulations. Although the work is not intended to establish superiority of one method over another, it provides a template for others who may wish to compare these methodologies.
A pattern recognition and feature fusion formulation for vehicle reidentification in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Vehicle reidentification is the process of reidentifying or tracking vehicles from one point on the roadway to the next. By performing vehicle reidentification, important traffic parameters including travel time, section density and partial dynamic origin/destination demands can be obtained. This provides for anonymous tracking of vehicles from site-to-site and has the potential for improving Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) by providing more accurate data. This paper presents a new vehicle reidentification algorithm that uses four different features, namely, (I) the inductive signature vector acquired from loop detectors, (2) vehicle velocity, (3) traversal time and (4) color information (based on images acquired from video cameras) to achieve high accuracy. A nearest neighbor approach classifies the features and linear feature fusion is shown to improve performance. With the fusion of four features, more than a 91 percent accuracy is obtained on real data collected from a parkway in California.
Healthcare: reform, yes; but not à la Lamm.

Richard Lamm is an eloquent and insistent advocate for healthcare reform. In his paper, he argues that if reform is to be effective, a radical metamorphosis in the values underlying our present system must take place. “New realities” have made the “old values” unsustainable. Unless they are replaced by “new values,” we face a future of disastrous overspending, gross inequities in accessibility, poorer health for many, and more expensive dying.
Counting the Buddha and the Local Spirits in: A Monastic Ritual of Inclusion for the Rain Retreat

Cet article etudie un texte essentiel du monachisme bouddhiste, le Varsāvastu, ou chapitre sur les pluies - un texte qui codifie certaines pratiques de la devotion de l'ecole des Mūlasarvāstivādins, comme la pratique consistant a conter un grand nombre de choses.
Protein kinase d isoforms differentially modulate cofilin-driven directed cell migration.

Background Protein kinase D (PKD) enzymes regulate cofilin-driven actin reorganization and directed cell migration through both p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and the phosphatase slingshot 1L (SSH1L). The relative contributions of different endogenous PKD isoforms to both signaling pathways have not been elucidated, sufficiently.
Effective medium theories

This chapter reviews several effective medium theories, based on analytical, numerical, or experimental techniques. Effective medium theories can be used to describe inhomogeneous media, and they also represent a valuable tool for predicting and designing the electromagnetic response of natural and artificial materials. Particular attention is given to the Maxwell Garnett and the Bruggeman theories, whose theoretical derivations are adapted to both spherical and nonspherical inclusions. Quasi-static numerical approaches and the Nicolson–Ross–Weir technique are also presented, together with simple examples of the use of effective medium theories in the field of artificial materials, i.e., multilayer and wire media. Finally, the effects of spatial dispersion and the possibility to engineer artificial magnetic or bianisotropic materials are discussed.
Study on the viral etiology of febrile respiratory syndrome in Hebei in 2011

Objective To construct and perfect a platform to monitor pathogens responsible for respiratory infections and determine the pathogenic spectrum of febrile respiratory syndrome in Hebei in order to provide data for strategies of clinical diagnosis,treatment,and prevention.Methods A children's hospitals and a general hospital were selected as sentinel hospitals.Throat swab specimens were collected from patients with a respiratory tract infection.Fifteen viral pathogens were detected by multiplex RT-PCR.The prevalence and incidence of respiratory viruses was characterized.Results Viruses associated with febrile respiratory syndrome were detected in 187 patients(40.11%).Among these patients,HRV was detected in 13(6.95%),RSV-A was detected in 13(6.95%),and ADV was detected in 12(6.42%),accounting for the three most prevalent pathogens.An overlapping viral infection was found in 13 cases;the most frequent combined infection was HRV with another virus.The infection rate was highest among young children 0-1 year of age.The peak season for infection was October to December.Conclusion Febrile respiratory syndrome in Hebei was mostly caused by HRV,RSV-A,and ADV infections in 2011.Combined infections caused by multiple viruses were common.
Transdermal selegiline: a novel MAOI formulation for depression.

Transdermal Selegiline: A Novel MAOI Formulation for Depression This new formulation carries fewer restrictions, perhaps making it more clinically useful.
Less Is More: Psychologists Can Learn More by Studying Fewer People

Psychology has been embroiled in a professional crisis as of late. The research methods commonly used by psychologists, especially the statistical analyses used to analyze experimental data, are under scrutiny. The lack of reproducible research findings in psychology and the paucity of published studies attempting to replicate psychology studies have been widely reported (e.g., Pashler and Wagenmakers, 2012; Ioannidis et al., 2014; Open Science Collaboration, 2015). Although it is encouraging that people are aware of problems evident in mainstream psychology research and taking actions to correct them (e.g., Open Science Collaboration, 2015), one problem has received little or no attention: the reliance on between-subjects research designs. The reliance on group comparisons is arguably the most fundamental problem at hand because such designs are what often necessitate the kinds of statistical analyses that have led to psychology's professional crisis (Sidman, 1960; Michael, 1974; Parsonson and Baer, 1978). But there is an alternative. Single-case designs involve the intensive study of individual subjects using repeated measures of performance, with each subject exposed to the independent variable(s) and each subject serving as their own control (Sidman, 1960; Barlow et al., 2008; Johnston and Pennypacker, 2009; Kazdin, 2010). Comparisons of performance under baseline and experimental conditions are made for each subject, with any experimental effects replicated with the individual subject across time or across multiple subjects in the same experiment. Single-case experiments yield data that can be interpreted using non-inferential statistics and visual analysis of graphed data, a strategy characteristic of other natural sciences (Best et al., 2001). Single-case experimental designs are advantageous because they more readily permit the intensive investigation of each subject and they achieve replication within an experiment rather than across experiments. Thus, data from just a few subjects tells a story.
Design of an automated cart and mount for a hyperspectral imaging system to be used in produce fields

The goal of this project was to construct a cart and a mounting system that would allow a hyperspectral laser-induced fluorescence imaging system (HLIFIS) to be used to detect fecal material in produce fields. Fecal contaminated produce is a recognized food safety risk. Previous research demonstrated the HLIFIS could detect fecal contamination in a laboratory setting. A cart was designed and built, and then tested to demonstrate that the cart was capable of moving at constant speeds or at precise intervals. A mounting system was designed and built to facilitate the critical alignment of the camera’s imaging and the laser’s illumination fields, and to allow the HLIFIS to be used in both field and laboratory settings without changing alignments. A hardened mount for the Powell lens that is used to produce the appropriate illumination profile was also designed, built, and tested.
“La biblioteca es importante”: A Case Study of an Emergent Bilingual Public Library in the Nuevo U.S. South

ABSTRACTResearch examining ethnolinguistic community schools (Garcia, Zakharia, & Otcu, 2013) proposes that local spaces not directly affiliated with schools sustain bilingualism and identity. Though researchers often theorize about how community schools sustain home language literacies, less research examines how local public spaces sustain bilingualism among immigrant communities and, more broadly, what this would resemble. With a conceptual framework modeled after Garcia's (2009, 2011) theorization of translanguaging as a dynamic bilingual practice, we offer a counter to monolingual assumptions permeating current language education policy and ideologies. This case study of a public library examines a translanguaging space that offers a window into an emerging Latin American immigrant community in the U.S. South and the complexities of bilingual contact in the United States as a whole. We found that this nurturing public library fostered bilingualism, intentionally refuting language-minoritized stigmas ...