cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of fluprazine hydrochloride on maternal behaviour in mice.

Fluprazine hydrochloride treatment disrupted both retrieval and nursing components of maternal behaviour when dam and pups were separated for a 30 min post-infection interval. Subsequent experiments revealed that pup contact during this interval, even when restricted to visual/auditory stimulation, abolished the drug's effect on nursing but not retrieval. Fluprazine appears to strongly and consistently disrupt retrieval while its effects on nursing appear more indirectly mediated. The data clearly reveal that the drug's effects extend to maternal behaviour as well as aggression, male copulation, play and various fear-motivated behaviours. This range of behavioural effects may limit its usefulness in the reduction of aggression.
Dispelling Confusion About Traumatic Dissociative Amnesia

How survivors of trauma remember—or forget—their most terrifying experiences lies at the core of one of the most bitter controversies in psychiatry and psychology: the debate regarding repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse. Most experts hold that traumatic events—those experienced as overwhelmingly terrifying and often life-threatening—are remembered very well; however, traumatic dissociative amnesia theorists disagree. Although acknowledging that traumatic events are usually memorable, these theorists nevertheless claim that a sizable minority of survivors are incapable of remembering their trauma. That is, the memory is stored but dissociated (or "repressed") from awareness. However, the evidence that these theorists adduce in support of the concept of traumatic dissociative amnesia is subject to other, more plausible interpretations. The purpose of this review is to dispel confusion regarding the controversial notion of dissociated (or repressed) memory for trauma and to show how people can recall memories of long-forgotten sexual abuse without these memories first having been repressed.
Positional irradiance measurement: characterization of spectrum- splitting and concentrating optics for photovoltaics

Multijunction photovoltaics enable significantly improved efficiency over their single junction analogues by mitigating unabsorbed sub-bandgap photons and voltage loss to carrier thermalization. Lateral spectrum-splitting configurations promise further increased efficiency through relaxation of the lattice- and current-matching requirements of monolithic stacks, albeit at the cost of increased optical and electrical complexity. Consequently, in order to achieve an effective spectrum-splitting photovoltaic configuration it is essential that all optical losses and photon misallocation be characterized and subsequently minimized. We have developed a characterization system that enables us to map the spatial, spectral, and angular distribution of illumination incident on the subcell reception plane or emerging from any subset of the concentrating and splitting optics. This positional irradiance measurement system (PIMS) comprises four motorized stages assembled in an X-Z-RY configuration with three linear degrees of freedom and one rotational degree of freedom, on which we mount an optical fiber connected to a set of spectrometers covering the solar spectrum from 280-1700 nm. In combination with a xenon arc lamp solar simulator with a divergence half angle of 1.3 degrees, we are able to characterize our optics across the full spectrum of our photovoltaic subcells with close agreement to outdoor conditions. We have used this tool to spectrally characterize holographic diffraction efficiency versus diffraction angle; multilayer dielectric filter transmission and reflection efficiency versus filter incidence angle; and aspheric lens chromatic aberration versus optic-to-receiver separation distance. These examples illustrate the versatility of the PIMS in characterizing optical performance relevant to both spectrum-splitting and traditional multijunction photovoltaics.
Prognostic Factors in Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanomas With Extrascleral Extension

In a retrospective study, 50 (8.2%) of 610 patients with malignant melanoma of the ciliary body or choroid had extrascleral extension. Of 46 patients for whom follow-up data were available, 24 (52%) survived five years, 20 (42%) survived ten years, and 17 (37%) survived 15 years. Factors that seemed to affect survival significantly included intraocular tumor size and extraocular tumor size and location. Our observations did not support the role of primary exenteration. Five patients (11%) with extrascleral extension had orbital recurrences and all died within 31 months of surgery regardless of treatment.
Catheter Interventional Closure of a Large Right Pulmonary Artery–to–Left Atrial Communication in a Neonate

Right pulmonary artery-to-left atrial communication is a rare congenital vascular malformation that results in a right-to-left shunting. This report describes the case history of a neonate with a large right pulmonary artery-to-left atrial connection resulting in cyanosis and severe heart failure who underwent successful early catheter interventional therapy. In the neonate, this lesion can be diagnosed accurately using transthoracic echocardiography. Closure of the communication can be achieved even in infants via percutaneous interventional catheterization with a low procedure-related risk and a good midterm follow-up result.
Physics of an active region loop system

The structure of the active region loops is investigated by the study of a loop complex which undergoes a dramatic evacuation of most of the mass it contains. The need for continual energy deposition in loops is emphasized by the apparent cessation of energy input to the loops studied and their subsequent behavior. Estimates are made of the energy necessary to form and to maintain the loops, and of the relative importance of radiation and thermal conduction as energy loss mechanisms. Models based on the observed EUV emission are used to place limits on the size of loops seen in various lines and on the density and temperature structure. It is found that the cool cores of active region loops are likely to be no more than a few hundred kilometers in radius and that several such cool threads may be imbedded in a common hot outer sheath. The primary energy loss on a large scale is radiation with thermal conduction contributing to local disturbances. There is a tendency for the development of apparently unstable condensations or knots along the length of a loop.
The genome of Zea mays, its organization and homology to related grasses

The pattern of genome organization of Zea mays has been analyzed, and the relationship of maize to possible progenitor species assessed by DNA∶DNA hybridization. Reassociation of 470 and 1,350 bp fragments of maize DNA to various C0t values demonstrates that the genome is composed of 3 major kinetic classes: highly repetitive, mid-repetitive, and unique. Mini-C0t curves of the repetitive sequences at short fragment length indicate that the highly repetitive sequence class is 20% of the genome and is present at an average reiteration frequency of 800,000 copies; the mid-repetitive sequence class is 40% of the genome and is present at an average reiteration frequency of 1,000 copies. Thermal denaturation studies show that the highly repetitive sequences are 12% divergent and mid-repetitive sequences are 6% divergent. Most of the genome is organized in two interspersion patterns. One, approximately one-third of the genome, is composed of unique sequences of average length 2,100 bp interspersed with mid-repetitive sequences; the other, also one-third of the genome, is mid-repetitive sequences interspersed with highly repetitive sequences. The repetitive sequences are 500 to 1,000 bp by electron microscopic measurement. The remaining third of the genome is unique sequences farther than 5,000 bp from a palindromic or repetitive sequence. Hybridization of maize DNA from Midwestern Dent to popcorn and related grasses indicates that both the unique and repetitive sequence elements have diverged. Teosinte and popcorn are approximately equally divergent from Midwestern Dent whereas Tripsacum is much more divergent. The divergence times calculated from the depression of Tm in heterologous duplexes indicate that the divergence within Zea mays and between maize and near relatives is at least an order of magnitude greater than expected. This high degree of divergence may reflect the pressures of domestication of maize.
Characterization of a Unique ADP-Ribosyltransferase of Mycoplasma penetrans

Mycoplasma penetrans is a urogenital tract pathogen implicated in the deterioration of the immune system in human immunodeficiency virus-infected AIDS patients. Here, we describe a 78-kDa protein from M. penetrans, designated MYPE9110, that exhibits sequence similarity to known ADP-ribosyltransferases (ADPRTs) such as Bordetella pertussis pertussis toxin and Mycoplasma pneumoniae community-acquired respiratory distress syndrome toxin. MYPE9110 possesses key amino acid residues found in all ADPRTs that are essential for ADPRT activity. Several mammalian cell proteins are ADP-ribosylated by MYPE9110, and the full-length recombinant protein exhibits a strong auto-ADP-ribosylating activity. In the absence of target proteins, MYPE9110 demonstrates a NAD-glycohydrolase activity by hydrolyzing NAD. Furthermore, this toxin elicits cytopathology in HeLa cells by inducing cytoplasmic vacuolization in the presence of ammonium chloride. The deletion of the C-terminal region of MYPE9110 significantly diminishes its binding to host cells while still exhibiting an ADPRT activity, suggesting that MYPE9110 is a member of the family of A-B ADPRT toxins.
Cation Field Strength Effects on Boron Coordination in Binary Borate Glasses

The field strength of modifier cations in boron-containing oxide glasses has important but complex effects on boron coordination, and has long been known to have major effects on glass and liquid properties. With well-constrained compositional and fictive temperature information in three binary borate glass series, we report how different modifier cations (Na+, Ba2+, Ca2+) affect boron coordination (11B MAS NMR), as well as glass transition temperatures and configurational heat capacities (DSC). Using estimated reaction enthalpies for converting a [4]B to a [3]B with an NBO from previous studies, we compare boron coordinations in glasses with different modifier cations on an isothermal basis. Temperature and modifier cation effects can thus be isolated. At low modifier contents [R = (Na2,Ca,Ba)O/B2O3 Ba>Ca, suggesting the enhanced stabilization of NBO for the divalent cations, especially for the smaller Ca2+. At higher R values, N4 for Na borates drops below values for Ca and Ba borates. The trend in N4 with modifier field strength reverses at high R values (~ R > 0.7), with Ca > Ba > Na. The transition may be related to the enhanced stabilization of [4]B-O-[4]B groups by higher field strength cations in NBO-rich glasses in which boron is the primary network component.
Hydraulic fracturing theory for conditions of thermal stress

Abstract Thermal stresses associated with a temperature change of only 10°C are on the order of 10–100 bars. This illustrates the important influence thermal stresses can impose on the results of rock stress measurements by the hydraulic fracturing method. In order to examine the problem, expressions are derived to describe the stress field produced by non-steady state heat conduction in an infinite elastic medium surrounding a cylindrical borehole, with the borehole wall kept at a constant temperature different from the original temperature of the medium. These expressions are then used to modify stress equations for hydraulic fracturing as derived from elasticity theory. The main thermal influence is on the determination of the maximum far-field compression stress; lowering of temperature leads to high estimate, whereas raising of temperature leads to a low estimate. The determination of principal stress directions is not generally affected.
Interface tailoring for adhesion using ion beams

Abstract The adhesion performance of thin deposited films is of critical importance in many technological applications. These applications include metal/ceramic and metal/polymer structures for semiconductor packaging and contact fabrication, optical coatings on glass, and protective coatings on metals. In many such cases, film and substrate have no bulk chemical affinity. However, strong and stable adhesion has been obtained by means of ion beam treatment to tailor the interface atomic structures for the purpose. We shall review successful application of (i) ion beam mixing of existing interfaces, (ii) ion beam pre-treatment of substrate surfaces prior to deposition and (iii) implantation from various diagnostics including XPS, TEM, Mossbauer conversion electron spectrometry, correlated with adhesion tests, to show how optimum interface tailoring achieves chemical bonding across the interface, preferably with contaminant removal and crack toughening of the interface region.
Fluoride content of municipal water in the United States: what percentage is fluoridated?

Recently, a study was conducted to look at the trace element content of municipal waters sampled around the United States. This was a collaborative project defined by representatives of the Nutrient Data Laboratory and the Food Composition Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture. As part of the study, the fluoride content of nationally representative water samples was measured since water is one of the principal sources of fluoride in the US diet. This study served as a pilot for planning a more extensive future nationwide sampling. Samples were analyzed using a separate reference electrode and ion selective electrode with TISAB II buffer. The calibration range was from 0.5 to 3.0 ppm. Accuracy of the method was validated by analyzing NIST SRM 2671a Fluoride in Freeze-Dried Urine. Results from the municipal water study clearly showed that the distribution of fluoride in US municipal waters is bi-modal. That is to say, because of the fact that ambient levels are typically extremely low, the concentration of fluoride is basically quantized. Either the water is fluoridated and contains approximately 1 ppm of fluoride or it is not fluoridated with undetectable fluoride concentration. The distribution of these data make it difficult to assign a meaningful average value useful to health professionals and consumers to assess fluoride intake. This study revealed that approximately 40% of the water samples from this nationwide sampling were fluoridated with a mean concentration of 1.01±0.15 μg/ml.
Suomi NPP VIIRS Ocean Color Data Product Early Mission Assessment

Following the launch of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) aboard the Suomi National Polarorbiting Partnership (NPP) spacecraft, the NASA NPP VIIRS Ocean Science Team (VOST) began an evaluation of ocean color data products to determine whether they could continue the existing NASA ocean color climate data record (CDR). The VOST developed an independent evaluation product based on NASA algorithms with a reprocessing capability. Here we present a preliminary assessment of both the operational ocean color data products and the NASA evaluation data products regarding their applicability to NASA science objectives.
Phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase: a cellular mechanism for Ca2+ desensitization

Phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain of myosin by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase plays an important role in smooth muscle contraction, nonmuscle cell shape changes, platelet contraction, secretion, and other cellular processes. Smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase is also phosphorylated, and recent results from experiments designed to satisfy the criteria of Krebs and Beavo for establishing the physiological significance of enzyme phosphorylation have provided insights into the cellular regulation and function of this phosphorylation in smooth muscle. The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylates myosin light chain kinase at a regulatory site near the calmodulin-binding domain. This phosphorylation increases the concentration of Ca2+/calmodulin required for activation and hence increases the Ca2+ concentrations required for myosin light chain kinase activity in cells. However, the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ required to effect myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation is greater than that required for myosin light chain phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase is only one of a number of mechanisms used by the cell to down regulate the Ca2+ signal in smooth muscle. Since both smooth and nonmuscle cells express the same form of myosin light chain kinase, this phosphorylation may play a regulatory role in cellular processes that are dependent on myosin light chain phosphorylation.
Genomics of alternative splicing: evolution, development and pathophysiology

Alternative splicing is a major cellular mechanism in metazoans for generating proteomic diversity. A large proportion of protein-coding genes in multicellular organisms undergo alternative splicing, and in humans, it has been estimated that nearly 90 % of protein-coding genes—much larger than expected—are subject to alternative splicing. Genomic analyses of alternative splicing have illuminated its universal role in shaping the evolution of genomes, in the control of developmental processes, and in the dynamic regulation of the transcriptome to influence phenotype. Disruption of the splicing machinery has been found to drive pathophysiology, and indeed reprogramming of aberrant splicing can provide novel approaches to the development of molecular therapy. This review focuses on the recent progress in our understanding of alternative splicing brought about by the unprecedented explosive growth of genomic data and highlights the relevance of human splicing variation on disease and therapy.
Maternal Diet Modulates Placenta Growth and Gene Expression in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Pregnancy

Unfavorable maternal diet during pregnancy can predispose the offspring to diseases later in life, such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and obesity. However, the molecular basis for this phenomenon of “developmental programming” is poorly understood. We have recently shown that a diet nutritionally optimized for pregnancy can nevertheless be harmful in the context of diabetic pregnancy in the mouse, associated with a high incidence of neural tube defects and intrauterine growth restriction. We hypothesized that placental abnormalities may contribute to impaired fetal growth in these pregnancies, and therefore investigated the role of maternal diet in the placenta. LabDiet 5015 diet was associated with reduced placental growth, commencing at midgestation, when compared to pregnancies in which the diabetic dam was fed LabDiet 5001 maintenance chow. Furthermore, by quantitative RT-PCR we identify 34 genes whose expression in placenta at midgestation is modulated by diet, diabetes, or both, establishing biomarkers for gene-environment interactions in the placenta. These results implicate maternal diet as an important factor in pregnancy complications and suggest that the early phases of placenta development could be a critical time window for developmental origins of adult disease.
The efficacy and safety of argon plasma coagulation therapy in gastrointestinal angiodysplasia

The efficacy and safety of argon plasma coagulation therapy in gastrointestinal angiodysplasia
A development and comparison of NAC estimates for linear and change-point energy models for commercial buildings

Abstract The normalized annual consumption (NAC) index has proved useful in energy analysis using the PRISM model. This paper develops NAC with rigorous statistical error diagnostics for linear and four-parameter change-point energy models. The models are applied to daily data from several case study commercial/institutional buildings, and the NAC estimates are analyzed and compared. The importance of goodness-of-fit for a model toward producing an accurate NAC estimate is examined. A new statistics, NSR, designed to measure goodness-of-fit over temperature regions of long-term significance, is introduced and tested on the case study buildings.
Magnetic properties of finite antiferromagnetic superlattices: Statics, dynamics, and the surface spin-flop phase

We use the numerical self-consistent mean-field method to examine the ground-state configurations of finite-size multilayers constructed from ferromagnetic films which are antiferromagetically coupled. At intermediate fields, a surface spin-flop state, as suggested by Keffer and Chow, has been found for even numbered multilayers, but not for odd numbered ones. These are confirmed by experimental observations on systems such as Fe/Cr. A simple macroscopic approach has been devised in calculating the spin-wave excitations for the various field-induced ground states. Special emphasis is placed on the influence of interfilm dipolar couplings on the spin-wave spectrum. We note, for example, that there are substantial differences for the two cases ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$D\ensuremath{\ll}1 and ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$D\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1, with D the thickness of the finite superlattice, and ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$ the wave vector of the spin waves parallel to its surface.
Japanese Plurals are Exceptional

This paper provides a semantic analysis of morphological plurals with the suffix -tati in Japanese. Although many of the previous analyses treat a -tati plural on a par with a -men plural in Mandarin Chinese, which is inherently definite, we present ample evidence that a -tati plural is unmarked for definiteness. Instead, we analyze a -tati plural as a non-uniform plural whose extension can include entities that are not in the extension of the common noun to which -tati is attached. This proposal proves extremely successful in accounting for a variety of otherwise puzzling properties of a -tati plural, including the lack of generic/kind readings and the tendency to take wide scope.
Continuous ultrasonic devulcanization of unfilled butyl rubber

The devulcanization of resin-cured unfilled butyl rubber with a grooved-barrel ultrasonic reactor under various processing conditions was carried out. The experiments indicated that, because of the lower unsaturation and good thermal stability of butyl rubber, its devulcanization could be successfully accomplished only under severe ultrasonic-treatment conditions. Gel permeation chromatography measurements were carried out for the virgin gum and sol part of devulcanized samples to study the changes in the rubber network during the devulcanization process. The obtained data showed a significant molecular weight reduction and a broadening of the molecular weight distribution upon devulcanization, which indicated that the devulcanization and degradation of butyl rubber occurred simultaneously. The rheological properties showed that devulcanized butyl rubber was more elastic than the virgin gum. The vulcanizates of the devulcanized butyl rubber showed mechanical properties comparable to those of the virgin vulcanizate. The thermal behaviors of the virgin and devulcanized butyl rubber were different and were correlated to the double-bond content. The structural characteristics of the devulcanized butyl rubber were simulated with the Dobson–Gordon theory of rubber network statistics. A fairly good agreement between the experimental data and theoretical prediction was achieved. The simulation of devulcanized butyl rubber indicated that the rate of crosslink rupture was much higher than that of the main chain. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1316–1325, 2004
Modal-Based Intermediate Soak-Time Emissions Modeling

A comprehensive modal emissions model for light-duty cars and trucks is being developed under the sponsorship of NCHRP Project 25-11. Model development has been described previously for vehicles operating under hot-stabilized conditions. A modal emissions model is presented for vehicles operated under incremental soak-time conditions. The Federal Test Procedure (FTP) measures vehicle emissions after a 24-h soak time during Bag 1 testing and vehicle emissions after a 10-min soak time during Bag 3 testing. Vehicle incremental soak-time emissions refer to vehicle emissions after intermediate variable soak times of between 10 min and 24 h. Recent research shows that most on-road vehicles experience soak times of between 10 min and 24 h during daily driving; thus, there is strong desire to model vehicle emissions under such circumstances. An intermediate soak emission model has been developed on the basis of second-by-second emissions measurements generated at the College of Engineering Center for Environmenta...
How Social Workers Demonstrate Respect for Elderly Clients

Although respect is a crucial aspect of social work practice, few studies have examined how social workers convey their respect for elderly clients. This study explored the various forms of respect demonstrated by social workers when they were with older clients. Fifty social workers serving elderly clients were surveyed by a questionnaire with closed- and open-ended questions. Based on data on ways the social workers respected their elderly clients, the study identified 7 forms most frequently practiced and considered most important. They are linguistic respect, care respect, acquiescent respect, salutatory respect, presentational respect, spatial respect, and consultative respect. The key expressions of these forms are introduced in quantitative data and a narrative form. These findings provide insight as to how social workers exhibit respect for elderly clients in their practice. The results of this exploration may be useful in developing a more comprehensive typology of the forms signifying respect fo...
Arf-like GTPases: not so Arf-like after all.

ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) GTP-binding proteins are among the best-characterized members of the Ras superfamily of GTPases, with well-established functions in membrane-trafficking pathways. A recent watershed of genomic and structural information has identified a family of conserved related proteins: the Arf-like (Arl) GTPases. The best-characterized Arl protein, Arl2, regulates the folding of β tubulin, and recent data suggest that Arl1 and Arf-related protein 1 (ARFRP1) are localized to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where they function, in part, to regulate the tethering of endosome-derived transport vesicles. Other Arl proteins are localized to the cytosol, nucleus, cytoskeleton and mitochondria, which indicates that Arl proteins have diverse roles that are distinct from the known functions of traditional Arf GTPases.
The footprint and the stepping foot: archival records, evidence, and time

This paper provides an analysis of the archival concepts of “record” and “evidence” as socio-cultural constructs arising out of a particular view of time. Archival records are usually characterized as having certain relationships to evidence in its temporal aspects—specifically, the requirement for a temporal disconnect between creation and use. This disconnect also necessitates a break between knowledge and the knower in which the record must be externalized and set aside from its creator in order to have “recordness”. This paper explores how Western concepts of time impact concepts of records and archival evidences and proposes an alternative framing. Since records have such power in our lives and societies, practitioners must begin to work with an expanded concept of record and sensitivity to differing time frames and worldviews. The paper proposes a new definition of “record” as an intentional, stable, semantic structure, which is used to identify three broad categories of record types, based on event-orientation or object-orientation, that are flexible enough to account for differing cultural and spiritual understandings of time.
H2S adsorption by Ag and Cu ion exchanged faujasites

Abstract H2S adsorption from dilute streams containing He, N2, CO2, CO, and H2O was studied experimentally and by simulations for zeolites X and Y to evaluate their potential for Claus tail gas sulfur removal. Ag–X and Y were able to remove H2S in presence of all other species. CuX and CuY were efficient in removing H2S in the presence of N2, CO2, and water vapor but failed to remove H2S in presence of 2% CO. In agreement with the experimental findings, simulation results showed that Ag(I)-exchange leads to the most promising faujasite sorbent for H2S, whereas Cu(I) is subject to strong adsorption of CO, and Na, and Cu(II) are subject to strong adsorption of H2O.
A new method of absolute high pressure determination

This is a preliminary description of a new method of determining absolute pressure which is based on the simultaneous measurement of length and ultrasonic transit times. This method has been used to determine the transition pressure of pure mercury at 0 °C at 75712±16 bar. It is particularly advantageous to use for calibrating secondary gauges such as manganin gauges inasmuch as it gives a highly accurate measurement of nonlinearities in such secondary gauges. The gauge calibrated in the present study reaches a maximum deviation from linearity of −116 bar at a pressure midway between atmospheric pressure and the 0 °C mercury melting pressure.
Physical characterization of diesel exhaust particles in exposure chambers

Since the deposition of particulate in the respiratory system is strongly influenced by particle size, a correct assessment of this parameter is important for any inhalation experiment studying the potential health effects of air pollutants. Measuring the distribution of particles according to their aerodynamic diameter and mechanical mobility diameter is crucial in analyzing the deposition of submicron particles in the lower respiratory system. Cascade impactor measurements of diluted diesel exhaust in 12.6 m3 animal exposure chambers in the GMR Biomedical Science Department showed that the mass median aerodynamic diameter of the aerosol was 0.2 μm with 88% of the mass in particles smaller than 1 μm. Diffusion battery measurements showed that the mass median mechanical mobility diameter was about 0.11 μm. Transmission electron micrographs of particles deposited on chamber surfaces revealed both agglomerates and nearly spherical particles. The particles in these chambers are similar in size and shape to diesel particles described elsewhere. The flux of diesel particles to food surfaces was measured. Calculations of the expected daily dose by inhalation and by feeding showed that the “worst case” dose by feeding was only about one-tenth the dose by breathing.
Codeable objects: computational design and digital fabrication for novice programmers

The combination of computational design and digital fabrication offers many exciting possibilities for art, design, and creative expression. We seek to make computational design accessible by developing tools that allow novices to use programming and digital fabrication to produce personal and functional objects. In this paper, we describe our development of Codeable Objects, a preliminary computational-design programing tool developed to work in conjunction with digital-fabrication machines. We also present our evaluation of the tool based on a set of user studies in which people built computationally generated crafts, clothing, and accessories. These studies illuminated the viability (and challenges) of engaging novice programmers through design and digital fabrication, and provide a platform for future work in developing programming tools to support personal expression.
Determination of specific yield for the Biscayne Aquifer with a canal-drawdown test.

Data from a large-scale canal-drawdown test were used to estimate the specific yield (s) of the Biscayne Aquifer, an uncon-fined limestone aquifer in southeast Florida. The drawdown test involved dropping the water level in a canal by about 30 cm and monitoring the response of hydraulic head in the surrounding aquifer. Specific yield was determined by analyzing data from the unsteady portion of the drawdown test using an analytical stream-aquifer interaction model (Zlotnik and Huang 1999). Specific yield values computed from drawdown at individual piezometers ranged from 0.050 to 0.57, most likely indicating heterogeneity of specific yield within the aquifer (small-scale variation in hydraulic conductivity may also have contributed to the differences in sy among piezometers). A value of 0.15 (our best estimate) was computed based on all drawdown data from all piezometers. We incorporated our best estimate of specific yield into a large-scale two-dimensional numerical MODFLOW-based ground water flow model and made predictions of head during a 183–day period at four wells located 337 to 2546 m from the canal. We found good agreement between observed and predicted heads, indicating our estimate of specific yield is representative of the large portion of the Biscayne Aquifer studied here. This work represents a practical and novel approach to the determination of a key hydrogeological parameter (the storage parameter needed for simulation and calculation of transient unconfined ground water flow), at a large spatial scale (a common scale for water resource modeling), for a highly transmissive limestone aquifer (in which execution of a traditional pump test would be impractical and would likely yield ambiguous results). Accurate estimates of specific yield and other hydrogeological parameters are critical for management of water supply, Everglades environmental restoration, flood control, and other issues related to the ground water hydrology of the Biscayne Aquifer.
Adonis or Hephaestus? Exploring Body Image in Male Athletes

Much like the Greek mythological figure Adonis, male athletes with hypermuscular and hyperlean physiques embody the ultimate form of masculinity (A. Furnham, N. Badmin, & I. Sneade, 2002). However, the use of pathogenic weight-loss behaviors and performance-enhancing substances indicate that male at
Separation of poly-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate through gradient polymer elution chromatography.

Abstract Polyhydroxyalkanoates are biodegradable polyesters produced by bacteria that can have a wide distribution in molecular weight, composition of monomers, and functionalities. This large distribution often leads to unpredictable physical properties making commercial applications challenging. To improve polymer homogeneity and obtain samples with a clear set of physical characteristics, poly-3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3-hydroxybutyrate copolymers were fractionated using gradient polymer elution chromatography (GPEC) as opposed to extensively used bulk fractionation. Separation was achieved using a reversed-phase column with chloroform and ethanol as the solvent and non-solvent, respectively. A separation was also conducted on a normal-phase column to compare elution patterns between columns of varied polarity. The fractions were analyzed using Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and NMR to determine the percentage of 3-hydroxyvalerate in the copolymer as well as its molecular weight. It was found that as the percentage of “good” solvent was increased in the mobile phase, the polymers eluted with decreasing percentage of 3-hydroxyvalerate and increasing molecular weight which indicates the importance of precipitation/redissolution in the separation. The elution pattern of the polymer remained unchanged when using both a normal- and reversed-phase column which also illustrates the dominance of precipitation/redissolution in GPEC of polyhydroxyalkanoates. As such, GPEC is shown to be an excellent choice to provide polyhydroxyalkanoate samples with a narrower distribution in composition than the original bulk copolymer sample.
NOVEL STEROLS OF THE TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE KARENIA BREVIS (DINOPHYCEAE): A DEFENSIVE FUNCTION FOR UNUSUAL MARINE STEROLS?1

The "red tide" organism Karenia brevis (Davis) Hansen & Moestrup (= Gymnodinium breve Davis) produces a mixture of brevetoxins, potent neurotoxins responsible for neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in humans and massive fish kills in the Gulf of Mexico and the southern Atlantic coast of the United States. The sterol composition of K. brevis was found to be a mixture of six novel and rare < 8 ( 1 4 ) sterols. The two predominant sterols, (24R)-4α-methylergosta-8(14), 22-dienol and (24R)-4α-methyl-27-norergosta-8(14), 22-dienol, were named gymnodinosterol and brevesterol and represent potentially useful biomarkers for K. brevis. A possible function for such unusual marine sterols is proposed whereby structural modifications render the sterols non-nutritious to marine invertebrates, reducing predation and thereby enhancing the ability of the dinoflagellates to form massive blooms.
Anaerobic Biotransformation of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene by Clostridium acetobutylicum: A Pathway through Dihydroxylamino Intermediates

Experiments were conducted to isolate and identify the intermediates and products of 2,4-dinitrotoluene and 2,6-dinitrotoluene metabolism by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Transformation of both dinitrotoluenes initially resulted in the formation of hydroxylaminonitrotoluenes. Subsequent transformation favored the formation of dihydroxylaminotoluenes, with a limited reduction to aminonitrotoluene isomers. In cell cultures, metabolism beyond the level of dihyroxylaminotoluene was not observed. In cell extracts, where activity could be maintained for periods in excess of those in cell cultures, further transformation yielded aminohydroxylaminotoluenes and eventually diaminotoluenes. These findings further demonstrate the potential for hydroxylamines to be significant intermediates of nitroaromatic transformation under anaerobic fermentative conditions. Interestingly, the rearrangement of dihydroxylaminotoluenes was not observed, as was the case in previous studies of 2,4-dihydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene metabolism (e.g., the dihydroxylamino metabolite of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene transformation by C. acetobutylicum). Dihydroxylaminotoluenes were found to be quite unstable, decomposing rapidly upon exposure to oxygen, complicating the assessment of their fate in remediation processes.
Rocks of ages

Death Valley National Park is an awesome, dramatic place and Racetrack Playa is no exception. The dry lake bed sits 1100 meters above sea level at the end of a 40-kilometer rocky road that climbs up among the Joshua trees. Despite Death Valley's reputation as one of the hottest and driest places on the planet, it does rain and the playa does flood from time to time. Evidently, the boulders must have moved when the playa was wet and soft. Here, Lorenz resolves a century-old puzzle on what makes boulders glide across the desert in Death Valley.
Development of improved space sampling strategies for ocean chemical properties: Total carbon dioxide and dissolved nitrate

Large-scale ocean observing programs such as the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) and the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) today, must face the problem of designing an adequate sampling strategy. For ocean chemical variables, the goals and observing technologies are quite different from ocean physical variables (temperature, salinity, pressure). We have recently acquired data on the ocean CO2 properties on WOCE cruises P16c and P17c that are sufficiently dense to test for sampling redundancy. We use linear and quadratic interpolation methods on the sampled field to investigate what is the minimum number of samples required to define the deep ocean total inorganic carbon (TCO2) field within the limits of experimental accuracy (+/- 4 micromol/kg). Within the limits of current measurements, these lines were oversampled in the deep ocean. Should the precision of the measurement be improved, then a denser sampling pattern may be desirable in the future. This approach rationalizes the efficient use of resources for field work and for estimating gridded (TCO2) fields needed to constrain geochemical models.
The Effects of Probability of Test Success, Test Importance, and Risk of Detection on the Incidence of Cheating.

Abstract This study attempts to investigate the incidence of test cheating under various situational conditions. Twenty four fifth and sixth grades (611 pupils) were randomly assigned to treatment conditions formed by all possible combinations of the three variables being studied: high or low probability of test success, high or low risk of detection, and high or low test importance. The highest incidence of cheating occurred in groups under the combination of conditions of low probability of test success, low risk of detection, and high test importance. The results were discussed in terms of the extent of risk (of being caught cheating) vs. the extent of the “payoff” (i.e. avoiding failure) as they each affect test cheating.
A survey of intracellular Na+ and K+ of various normal, transformed, and tumor cells

Intracellular concentrations of Na+ and K+ of various normal, transformed, and tumor cell cultures were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In all of the cultures analyzed there were markedly different concentrations in the transformed and tumor cells when compared to their normal counterparts. Although increased Na+ was often observed, there were no definitive correlations between absolute ion concentrations, or Na+:K+ ratios, and cell transformation.
Foraging for animal prey by outdoor groups of Geoffroy’s marmosets (Callithrix geoffroyi)

I studied animal prey foraging by three outdoor groups of Geoffroy’s marmosets, Callithrix geoffroyi, over the course of two summers (June–August 1994; August–September, 1995. Marmosets are highly motivated to forage for animal prey, as demonstrated by the amount of time spent foraging for insects and small vertebrates even in the presence of provisioned, high-quality food. Like their wild congeners, the marmosets engaged in prolonged visual searches of selected areas while slowly locomoting. They seldom used their hands to manipulate substrates. The marmosets were startled proportionately more often while foraging for animal prey than would be predicted by their overall time budgets, and they regularly, if briefly, interrupted their search/locomote pattern with sweeping scans of the surroundings that may contribute to a vigilance function. While carrying infants, they almost never foraged. These results are consistent with the notion that marmosets may be particularly vulnerable to predation while searching for animal prey. Most of the data on marmoset and tamarin feeding ecology have focused on fruits and gums. My data underscore the need to understand better the role of animal prey in the behavioral ecology of callitrichids.
Collimation of row-and-column steered phased arrays

An optically fed phased array must be provided with a means of collimation as well as with a beam steering function. The same phase shifters which are used to steer the beam can be used to collimate the beam. The use of row-and-column phase commands, while greatly simplifying the beam steering function over that required for commanding individual elements, precludes the attainment of exact collimation. A consequent phase error across the aperture results in a loss of antenna gain. For a given order of approximation to the collimation function, the minimization of the gain loss is a valid criterion for completely specifying all the parameters of the approximate collimation function. The gain loss incurred can then be determined. This paper develops the equations necessary to specify any order of approximation to the collimation function and the expression for the gain loss. Examples illustrate the differences between first- and second-order approximations and the effect of another parameter (f/D) on the gain loss of a typical antenna system.
Comment on "Semiempirical model for organic aerosol growth by acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reactions of carbonyls".

Jang et al. (1) report measurements of organic particulate matter (OPM) formed in the presence of acidic seed aerosols using both a flow reactor and a Teflon chamber and examine their data using two modeling approaches. The study is a continuation of work by Jang et al. (2) on whether acidity in atmospheric PM can promote the formation of OPM by “heterogeneous” reaction of a variety of relatively volatile (C5-C10) aldehydes and ketones. Jang et al. (1) state that (a) “no predictivity power was achieved” for their experimental systems when using the absorptive partitioning model of Pankow (3) and (b) “These results suggest that semiempirical approaches can vastly improve our ability to predict the organic aerosol growth of a variety of different carbonyls in the presence of inorganic acid. For equilibrium conditions in the atmosphere this approach can be applied directly.” In our view, (a) Jang et al. (1) misapplied the Pankow (3) model and (b) their proposed “semiempirical model” is inherently a characterization of the kinetics ofOPMformation (see their eqs 5-12) under specific conditions and so is not easily applicable to the prediction of how much OPM will form under other kinetic conditions and certainly not at equilibrium in the atmosphere.
Stability and Change in High School Grades.

This study investigated the stability of students’ grades in high school courses during the academic year. Records of over 8,000 high school students from five large southeastern high schools were analyzed to determine the relationship between the first achievement grade students were assigned during an academic term and their final course grades. Results showed that grades were remarkably stable, with correlations between first achievement grades and final course grades generally ranging between +.4 and +.7. Correlations were typically larger for 9th- and 10th-grade courses than 11th- and 12th-grade courses. Multiple regression results revealed that differences among departments (subject areas) were statistically significant, but differences among schools were not. Differences related to student gender, grade level, ethnicity, and poverty level also were statistically significant but modest in magnitude. The implications of such stability and its probable influence on student motivation are discussed.
A geometric approach to macromolecule-ligand interactions

Abstract We describe a method to explore geometrically feasible alignments of ligands and receptors of known structure. Algorithms are presented that examine many binding geometries and evaluate them in terms of steric overlap. The procedure uses specific molecular conformations. A method is included for finding putative binding sites on a macromolecular surface. Results are reported for two systems: the heme-myoglobin interaction and the binding of thyroid hormone analogs to prealbumin. In each case the program finds structures within 1 A of the X-ray results and also finds distinctly different geometries that provide good steric fits. The approach seems well-suited for generating starting conformations for energy refinement programs and interactive computer graphics routines.
GR38032F, a serotonin 5-HT3 antagonist, fails to alter cocaine self-administration in rats

Recent data have supported a role for serotonin (5-HT) in the self-administration of cocaine by laboratory rats. More specifically, it has been suggested that 5-HT3 receptor antagonists may be useful in the treatment of drug abuse. To assess this possibility, we compared the effects of the 5-HT3 antagonist, GR38032F, with the dopamine D2 receptor blocker, haloperidol, on the intravenous self-administration of cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) in rats. The serotonin antagonist (0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg, IP) failed to alter self-administration (0.5 mg/kg/infusion). In contrast, haloperidol (0.125 mg/kg, IP) increased responding for cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion), and shifted the dose-response curve for cocaine self-administration to the right. These data fail to support a role for the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor system in the reinforcing properties of this psychostimulant. Rather, the 5-HT1 or 5-HT2 receptors may be the critical subtype.