cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of the Electron Density Correlation Function for Structural Analysis of X-ray Scattering/Diffraction Information from Polymer-based Nano-Composites

Modern diffraction and scattering methods of X-ray radiation allow for multi-scale probing of the material morphology for both polymer-based composite films and fibers. These approaches and analyses tools can be used to map the makeup of individual grain structures in various polymer nano-composites in order to examine the effects of the fillers on nano-scale structural changes in the materials. The electron intensity correlation function, derived from Fourier transformations of the X-ray scattering pattern provides a path to analyze acquired data for space resolved domains. Here in this study, polymer-based nano-carbon composite systems are analyzed. The polymers used include polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, and polyacrilonitrile as matrix materials. The nano-carbon filler contribution to the grain size evolution is tracked by X-ray scattering/diffraction characterization. These results show that the relevant sizes of crystalline and amorphous domains within the lamellae structures correspond to the dispersion/distribution of the nano-filler in the composite materials. This work mainly illustrates an effective use of the correlation function to provide global morphological analysis in the composite system.
Using independent covariates in experimental designs: Quantifying the trade-off between power boost and Type I error inflation

The practice of using covariates in experimental designs has become controversial. Traditionally touted by statisticians as a useful method to soak up noise in a dependent variable and boost power, the practice recently has been recast in a negative light because of Type I error inflation. But in order to make informed decisions about research practices like this one, researchers need to know more about the actual size of the benefits and costs of these practices. In a series of simulations, we compared the Type I error rates and power of two analytic practices that researchers might use when confronted with an unanticipated, independent covariate. In the baseline practice, a researcher only analyzes the effect of the manipulation on the dependent variable; in the flexible-covariate practice, she analyzes both the effect of the manipulation on the dependent variable and the effect adjusting for the unanticipated covariate. We show that the flexible-covariate (vs. baseline) practice inflates Type I error by a small amount, and that it boosts power substantially under certain circumstances. The flexible-covariate practice tends to be most beneficial when the covariate is strongly correlated with the dependent variable in the population, and when the experimental design would have been only moderately powered (40%–60%) without including the covariate in the analysis. We offer concrete recommendations for when and how to use independent covariates in experimental designs, and contextualize our findings within the movement toward quantifying trade-offs in choosing among research practices and optimizing the choice of practice within a given research context.
There Is No View From Nowhere: User Experience Research at the Center of Southwest Studies Library

In the fall semester of 2016, Delaney Southwest Research Library at Fort Lewis College researched user experience, particularly of Native American undergraduate students. Results showed that Native...
Autoimmune Retinopathy: An Immunologic Cellular-Driven Disorder.

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) was often mistaken for retinitis pigmentosa (RP), due to an overlap of clinical findings, but increasingly has been recognized as a unique entity in the last decade. AIR has distinctive features: sudden onset of photopsias and scotomata in patients with no family history of RP, followed by visual field and central vision loss. Initially, retina exams are normal with no sign of pigment deposits or retinal degeneration. A family history of autoimmune diseases (all types) occurs in 60% of patients. One hallmark of AIR has been the presence of anti-retinal autoimmune antibodies (ARAs) in patients’ sera, but patients can continue to have ARAs even when the disease has been quiescent for years. The accumulation of ARAs represents a breakdown of retinal immune tolerance with many different immunoreactive bands found at different reference weights in AIR patients. We began investigating cellular immunity using flow cytometry and found abnormal distributions (>2 StDev) of increased memory lymphocytes and NK cells and decreased regulatory B cell subsets in many AIR patients compared to normal controls. Culture of patient lymphocytes with small amounts (25 μg) of recoverin protein for 6 days led to significant elevations of interferon gamma (IFNγ) and in some cases tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) production. We found the IFNγ/IL-10 ratio in response to recoverin was elevated in patients with more active disease (defined by visual field contraction between visits), but in some patients, there also appeared to be independent factors influencing severity, suggesting other autoimmune mechanisms were at play. These cellular immune parameters may provide improved markers for active AIR.
Development of Function in the Metanephric Kidney

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on characterizing the normal functional development of the metanephric kidney. Although the bulk of the fundamental knowledge about these processes derives from investigations in animal models, available data from studies in the human fetus and neonate are also discussed in the chapter. In animal models used to study ontogeny of renal function, nephronogenesis is complete before term birth in sheep and guinea pig. The fetal sheep provides an excellent model of human nephronogenesis as its program of renal development closely parallels that of the human. Nephronogenesis continues for ∼1 week after term birth in rat and mouse and ∼2 weeks in rabbit and dog. Thus, functional analyses of the differentiating kidney in these latter species are complicated by the concurrent presence of nephrons in diverse stages of differentiation. Furthermore, physiologic, biochemical, and enzymatic maturation of newly formed nephrons in all species may lag behind anatomic maturation by weeks or months. A comparison of the developmental changes in renal function among various species is best considered not as pre- or postnatal events but in terms of their relationship to the completion of nephrogenesis.
Pediatric Cataract: Preoperative Issues and Considerations

• Pediatric cataract care is complex. The surgery itself is but one step among many aimed at achieving normal visual function over a long life span.
A Survey of Clinician Decision Making When Identifying Swallowing Impairments and Determining Treatment

Purpose Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are the primary providers of dysphagia management; however, this role has been criticized with assertions that SLPs are inadequately trained in swallowin...
Chapter 11 – Hyaluronan in the Pulmonary Alveolus and Interstitium

Hyaluronan (HA); a repeating polymer of N -acetylglucosamine linked β1,4 to glucuronic acid, which is linked β1,3 to the next N -acetylglucosamine; is ubiquitous in soft tissues. It is increased when more open structures are required for cell migration as in embryogenesis and during repair. In the lung, the HA content correlates with extravascular water. HA is present in all major structural components of the lung, including alveoli, bronchi, pleura and blood vessels, and is synthesized by the following lung cells: fibroblasts, alveolar macrophages, mesothelial, endothelial and epithelial cells, including the Type II epithelial cells in the alveolar wall. HA is obvious around larger blood vessels and in alveolar macrophages in experiments using a biotinylated hyaluronanbinding protein (HABP) as a probe. The increased synthesis of HA in the lung after bleomycin injury involves lung fibroblasts and alveolar macrophages. The macrophages become activated and release factors that stimulate HA production by lung fibroblasts (16). Impaired removal of HA by alveolar macrophages also contributes to the accumulation of HA after bleomycin injury. The cell receptor for HA, CD44, is critical for the resolution of the inflammation generated as a result of the bleomycin injury. HA has many potential functions in the alveolus and interstitium, in addition to the ones already proven. Various studies designed to clarify these roles are already underway in many laboratories. As mentioned previously, the tools of molecular biology will enable the investigators to ask specific questions about HA synthases and hyaluronidases.
Permanently Fixed Volume Phase Gratings in Ferroelectrics

Volume phase holograms have been stored in a wide range of materials: silver halide photographic emulsions, dichromated gelatin films, glass, photorefractive polymers, organic materials and ferroelectric crystals. Each of these materials poses a unique set of technological problems when recording optical interference patterns as permanent index gratings. In this chapter we focus on hologram recording in ferroelectric oxide crystals, such as LiNbO3 and SrxBa1−xNb206 (SBN:x). When these materials are doped to optimize their photorefractive properties, optical interference patterns redistribute charge among traps and generate local electronic space-charge fields which are replicas of the optical interference patterns (but generally shifted in phase and spatially distorted). An index change arises from the spatially modulated space-charge field. The complex microscopic details of this process are included within a measured linear electrooptic tensor r ijk which relates the index change to the dc electric field in the non-centrosymmetric phase. Because these index gratings are electronic in origin, they are bleached by the same optical field that reconstructs them. This dynamic property is extremely useful for real time holography applications; however, for applications such as holographic data storage, permanent index gratings are desirable.
The Development of Oral Ability in L2 Spanish by English-Home Language Learners in a TWI Program.

This study reports on a small‐scale, longitudinal investigation on L2 Spanish oral development by English‐home language (EHL) learners in an English/Spanish Two‐Way Immersion (TWI) program in rural, eastern United States. It examined EHL learners' oral ability in L2 Spanish based on longitudinal assessment data from Kindergarten, Grade 2, and Grade 5 in two ways: (a) ratings of students' speech samples and (b) linguistic analysis of the speech samples. Ratings of the students' speech samples were elicited with the SOPA/COPE rating scale and the FLOSEM. In addition, linguistic analyses of the speech samples were performed quantitatively and qualitatively. Findings indicate steady progress from one grade level to the next, along with a marked use of codemixing in Grades 2 and 5. This article provides empirical evidence to inform curriculum design, identify areas in need of future research, and reexamine L2 oral assessment tools.
20th-century Soviet–Russian dictionary front matter: focus on the linguistic norm

Two iconic twentieth-century print dictionaries provide a sampling of dictionary front matter in the Soviet–Russian lexicographic tradition; they demonstrate how front matter was used for overt and covert messaging about the linguistic norm. First is the one-volume bilingual English–Russian dictionary of Vladimir Karlovich Muller, and second is the one-volume monolingual Russian dictionary of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov; later it was published with Ozhegov and Nataliia Iul’evna Shvedova listed as co-authors. Both dictionaries were revised and reprinted over many decades. Only two editions of each dictionary are in focus, although there were more than sixty editions of Muller, 23 of Ozhegov, and several of Ozhegov and Shvedova.
22 – Center Grants

Publisher Summary There are several classes of Center grants: Core Center (P30), Specialized Center (P50), Comprehensive Center (P60), and Planning Center (P20). Core Center grants (P30) are designed to provide infrastructure support. They are similar to Program Project grants (P01 or P50) awards consisting solely of core modules. This chapter concentrates on the Core Center grant. Core grants are receiving more emphasis by many National Institutes of Health (NIH) institutes, and are the only type of center grant awarded by the NEI. Eligibility of an institution to apply for an NEI Core grant is based on the needs of at least eight R01-type projects that must be funded at the time of proposal submission. Each module or functional unit of the Center Cores must have at least three R01-funded users. The users should be productive, and the larger the participating faculty, the stronger the proposal. The core faculty should be of excellent quality and should demonstrate a high probability of even greater productivity and excellence as a direct result of the availability of the proposed core facilities and services. Eligibility requirements vary with different institutes. The faculty does not need to be in a single department, or even in a single institution. However, the faculty must be focused on an integrated area of research targeted by an institute, and must interact.
A computational model for the catalytic hydrogel membrane reactor

Abstract The catalytic hydrogel membrane reactor (CHMR) is a promising new technology for hydrogenation of aqueous contaminants in drinking water. It offers numerous benefits over conventional three-phase reactors, including immobilization of nano-catalysts, high reactivity, and control over the hydrogen (H2) supply concentration. In this study, a computational model of the CHMR was developed using AQUASIM and calibrated with 32 experimental datasets for a nitrite (NO2−)-reducing CHMR using palladium (Pd) nano-catalysts (~4.6 nm). The model was then used to identify key factors impacting the behavior of the CHMR, including hydrogel catalyst density, H2 supply pressure, influent and bulk NO2− concentrations, and hydrogel thickness. Based on the model calibration, the reaction rate constants for the NO2− steady-state adsorption Hinshelwood reaction equation, k1 and k2, were 0.0039 m3 mole-Pd−1 s−1 and 0.027 (mole-H2 m3)1/2 mole-Pd−1 s−1, respectively. The reactant flux, which is the overall NO2− removal rate for the CHMR, is affected by the NO2− reduction rate at each catalyst site, which is in turn controlled by the available NO2− and H2 concentrations that are regulated by their mass transport behavior. Reactant transport in the CHMR is counter-diffusional. So for thick hydrogels, the concurrent concentrations of NO2− and H2 are limiting in the middle region along the x-y plane of the hydrogel, which results in a low overall NO2− removal rate (i.e., flux). Thinner hydrogels provide higher concurrent reactant concentrations throughout the hydrogel, resulting in higher fluxes. However, if the hydrogel is too thin, the flux becomes limited by the amount of Pd that can be loaded, and unused H2 can diffuse into the bulk and promote biofilm growth. The hydrogel thickness that maximized the NO2− flux ranged between 30 and 150 μm for the conditions tested. The computational model is the first to describe CHMR behavior, and it is an important tool for the further development of the CHMR. It also can be adapted to assess CHMR behavior for other contaminants or catalysts or used for other types of interfacial catalytic membrane reactors.
Feasibility assessment of outpatient colorectal resections at a tertiary referral center

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols, particularly when paired with advanced laparoscopy, have reduced recovery time following colorectal procedures. The aim of this study was to determine if length of stay (LOS) could be reduced to an overnight observation stay ( 48 h group. Age differed significantly between the < 24 h and 24–48 h groups (p < 0.0001). Patients discharged within 24 h were younger (59.4 ± 12.3 years), had a lower CCI score (3.1; p = 0.0026), and lower ASA class (p < 0.0001). Emergency department visits (p = 0.3329) and readmissions (p = 0.6453) prior to POD 30 remained comparable among all groups. Younger age, low ASA, and minimally invasive surgical approach all contributed to ultra-fast discharge. ERAS protocols may allow for discharge within 24 h following a major colorectal resection, all with low perioperative morbidity and mortality. The predictive factors for discharge within 24 h include a low ASA (I or II), and a minimally invasive surgical approach.
Robot‐assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy is equivalent to thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy

The use of the surgical robot has been increasing in thoracic surgery. Its three-dimensional view and instruments with surgical wrists may provide advantages over traditional thoracoscopic techniques. Our initial experience with thoracoscopic robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) for esophageal cancer was compared with our traditional thoracoscopic minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) approach for esophageal cancer. A retrospective review of a prospective database was performed. From July 2008 to October 2009, 43 patients underwent MIE resection. Patients who had benign disease and intrathoracic anastomosis were excluded. Results are presented as mean ± SD. Significance was set as P < 0.05. Eleven patients who underwent RAMIE and 26 who underwent MIE were included in the cohort. No differences in age, sex, race, body mass index, or preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy between the groups were observed. No significant differences in operative time, blood loss, number of resected lymph nodes, postoperative complications, days of mechanical ventilation, length of intensive care unit stay, or length of hospital stay were also observed. In this short-term study, RAMIE was found to be equivalent to thoracoscopic MIE and did not offer clear advantages.
Management of malignant pericardial effusion and tamponade

THE OPTIMAL management of neoplastic cardiac tamponade has been controversial, with ardent proponents of pericardiocentesis (with or without sclerotherapy), 1-3 surgical decompression, 4-8 and radiation therapy 9-11 as primary therapeutic modalities. In the eight years since this oncologic emergency was last reviewed in this journal, 12 several informative therapeutic trials have been reported that warrant a reappraisal of the recommended interventions for this condition. Epidemiology Although neoplastic involvement of the heart is commonly regarded as a rare condition, a compilation of autopsy series suggests that 3.4% (642/19130) of general autopsies 13-18 and 11.6% (1280/11078) of cancer autopsies 13-21 demonstrate cardiac metastatic disease. Of 770 cases of cardiac metastases for which adequate information was reported, 533 (69.2%) had involvement of the pericardium. 13-16,19,21 The majority of cases were clinically insignificant; however, 29% of such patients developed symptoms referable to pericardial metastases and 16% developed cardiac tamponade. 22 Pericardial lesions were either
Angiotensin II inhibits luteinizing hormone-stimulated cholesterol side chain cleavage expression and stimulates basic fibroblast growth factor expression in bovine luteal cells in primary culture.

Angiotensin II has been identified immunohistochemically in the ovaries of both rats and humans. Here we present evidence that angiotensin II (an extremely vasoactive agent in a wide range of tissues) may be involved in the regulation of the major steroidogenic enzyme in the ovary, cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc), as well as of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which has been implicated as an angiogenic factor in the bovine corpus luteum. We have used primary cultures of bovine luteal cells to examine the effect of angiotensin II and its receptor antagonist, saralasin, on expression of mRNA encoding bFGF as well as on progesterone production and the expression of mRNA encoding cholesterol side chain cleavage cytochrome P-450 (P-450scc). Neither angiotensin II nor saralasin when added alone to the culture medium had any effect on basal progesterone production. Luteinizing hormone (LH) caused a 15-fold increase in progesterone accumulation after 24 h of exposure which was reduced to 5-fold in the presence of angiotensin II. This appeared to be receptor-mediated in that although saralasin alone had no effect on LH-stimulated progesterone accumulation, it significantly reversed the inhibition by angiotensin II. This pattern was mirrored by the levels of mRNA encoding P-450scc, i.c., LH induced the highest levels of expression of this message, these levels were reduced by angiotensin II, and saralasin partially overcame this reduction. Levels of mRNA encoding bFGF were elevated by both LH and angiotensin II. Treatment with saralasin, however, resulted in complete inhibition of bFGF mRNA expression in the presence of both LH and angiotensin II. These results suggest a role for angiotensin II to mediate the action of LH as a regulator of bFGF expression and hence, potentially, angiogenesis. Local production of angiotensin II might also contribute to the refractoriness of luteal progesterone secretion to LH at the time of luteal regression.
Human 15-lipoxygenase gene promoter: analysis and identification of DNA binding sites for IL-13-induced regulatory factors in monocytes

In order to study the transcriptional control of 15-LO expression, we have cloned and sequenced the human 15-LO promoter region. The 15-LO promoter is associated with a CpG island at the 5′-end of the gene, and sequence analysis reveals putative Sp1 and Ap2 binding site/s and absence of TATA or CAAT motifs. Transcription is initiated at one major site. Using deletion constructs, we have defined an active promoter region of 1056 bp. Gel-shift assays revealed that transcriptional factor(s) induced only in response to IL-13 treatment of human peripheral blood monocytes bind to the 15-LO promoter DNA. Two regions, DP1 (−140 to −92 bp) and DP2 (−353 to −304 bp) of the promoter were essential for transcription in HeLa cells and human peripheral monocytes. Hela nuclear extracts contained a specific nuclear factor(s) binding to 15-LO promoter DNA which are distinct from those derived from IL-13-treated human peripheral monocyte nuclear extracts. In addition, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) results refined the previous localization of 15-LO to human chromosome 17p13.3.
From monadic logic to PSL

One of the surprising developments in the area of program verification is how ideas introduced originally by logicians in the 1950s ended up yielding by 2003 an industrial-standard property-specification language called PSL. This development was enabled by the equally unlikely transformation of the mathematical machinery of automata on infinite words, introduced in the early 1960s for second-order arithmetics, into effective algorithms for model-checking tools. This paper attempts to trace the tangled threads of this development.
Mothers’ Concerns about Children’s Exposure to Pesticide Drift in the Red River Basin of the North: A Novel Application of Photovoice

Women of childbearing age and children living in agricultural regions are at-risk for pesticide exposure from many pathways, including occupational track-in from parents, residential use, dietary intake, and drift from farming. Little is known about mothers’ concerns regarding the potential for their children to become exposed to pesticides in these regions. Photovoice was used as a community needs assessment to learn mothers’ perceptions of exposure pathways to pesticides and other environmental health concerns. This article reports the perceptions of women raising children regarding children’s potential for exposure to pesticide drift. Recruitment occurred among three distinct groups living in the Red River Basin of the North: Caucasians living adjacent to actively treated farmland, enrolled in the Women, Infant and Children’s nutrition program (WIC); Native Americans surrounded by active farmland, affiliated with a local tribal college; and new American Immigrants from East Africa affiliated with a local immigrant development center. Perceived sources of exposure included agricultural-aerial and tractor spraying, and truck fogging for mosquito control. Mothers wanted advanced notice of spraying or fogging so they could take their children and toys indoors as protective measures, and education to prevent pesticide exposure, delivered in tailored formats for each group. The findings provide real-world insights from mothers and prevention strategies that can be utilized by public health professionals, extension educators, and primary care providers with the aim of reducing pesticide exposure to children in agricultural regions. Keywords: Children; Pesticide exposure; Pesticide drift; Arial spray; Photovoice Contents soley the authors' responsibitlity and do not represent the official views of any funding source. Acknowledgement: We than the following members for their contributions to this Photovoice study: Fowzia Adde, Kirstin Eggerling, Abby Gold, Stephanie Williams, Ruth Rasmussen and Kathy Smith.
Them that believe: a postmodern exploration of the contemporary Christian serpent-handlers of Appalachia

The call for a new paradigm is loud and clear and consistent with postmodern methods. They are no gold standard to be applied to all investigations; no master narrative to be defended. Interdisciplinary, as the author tries to demonstrate, can mean not only cooperation among disciplines, but also the use of a variety of often discipline favoured methods by a single investigator or a team of investigators whose location within a particular ‘discipline’ is both historically contingent and likely dated in terms of its usefulness. Likewise, the use of multilevel considerations means that the diversity of methods and approaches at various levels of abstraction are necessary to begin any study of religious phenomena in their immense complexity. This study of serpent handlers focuses upon archival research; hermeneutical explorations of textual criticism of the Bible; ethnography linked to videotapes; phenomenological interviews analyzed in terms of a hermeneutical method that reveals the meaningfulness of handling serpents, being anointed, and the experience of near death from serpent bites. The author is committed to exploring the meaning of serpent handling from personal and cultural perspectives, and also takes into account psychological theories to link the symbolic and sign value of serpents that further does justice to the power of the serpent to elicit genuine religious experiences and to serve as an apologetic for a tradition that has been maligned and misunderstood by lay persons and scholars alike.
Transparency through Insurance: Mandates Dominate Discretion

This chapter describes how liability insurance has contributed to the transparency of the civil justice system. The chapter makes three main points. First, much of what we know about the empirics of the civil justice system comes from access to liability insurance data and personnel. Second, as long as access to liability insurance data and personnel depends on the discretion of liability insurance organizations, this knowledge will be incomplete and, most likely, biased in favor of the public policy agenda of the organizations providing discretionary access to the data. Third, although mandatory disclosure of liability insurance data would improve transparency, a reasonably complete understanding of the empirics of the civil justice system also requires mandatory disclosure of the payments and defense expenditures that are not covered by liability insurance. The first part of this chapter describes existing approaches to transparency through liability insurance in the U.S. The second part analyzes the role of liability insurance in promoting transparency in several discrete civil justice arenas - auto, medical, and products liability - and, for comparison purposes, workers’ compensation. The concluding section addresses objectives to expanding mandatory claims reporting and links the discussion in this chapter to the literature on the relationship between liability and insurance more generally.
7. Speed of sound as a thermodynamic property of fluids

Abstract In this Chapter, we review the principles of sound propagation in fluid systems. From a study of the hydrodynamic equations, sound propagation is shown to be a wave phenomenon. The speed of sound then can be derived at any state point from a knowledge of the thermodynamic surface of the fluid of interest. Several model equations of state are reviewed, and it is shown how the speed of sound can be obtained for a variety of systems. We then focus on several fluids of particular interest, and show the behavior of the sound speed over a wide range of the temperature and pressure variables. Tabulated values of the speed of sound are given for argon, nitrogen, water, and air based on the current standard reference thermodynamic surfaces.
Bull semen nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide nucleosidase. I. Purification and properties of the enzyme.

Abstract A procedure is described for the purification of bull semen NAD nucleosidase. The enzyme was purified over 400-fold to a final specific activity of 9906 units per mg of protein. A spectrophotometric assay was developed in which the enzyme-catalyzed release of 3-acetylpyridine from 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide was followed by measuring the increase in optical density at 232 mµ. At pH 7.5 the Km value for 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide was determined to be 6.4 x 10-6 m. The spectrophotometric method was used to study the effect of pH on the Km and Vmax of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, and the stability of the enzyme at different temperatures. Sucrose density gradient studies showed the enzyme to have an estimated sedimentation coefficient of 3.1 S at 20°.
The Television Will be Revolutionized, by Amanda D. Lotz

The Television Will be Revolutionized. By Amanda D. Lotz. New York: New York University Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-8147-5219-7 (cloth), 978-0-8147-5220-3 (paper), 321 pages. $23.00 (paper), $75.00 (cl...
Conceptual level life-cycle cost analysis algorithm for low volume bridges

vii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1 BACKGROUND 1 Definitions and Concepts 1 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) 3 MOTIVATION 5 OBJECTIVE 7 CONTENT ORGANIZATION 8 CHAPTER 2 – OVERALL APPROACH TO RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10 CHAPTER 3 – A CONCEPTUAL LEVEL LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS MODEL FOR LOW VOLUME BRIDGES 12 ABSTRACT 12 INTRODUCTION 12 DETERMINISTIC LCCA VERSUS STOCHASTIC LCCA 15 CONCEPTUAL LCCA MODEL 16 RESULTS 21 CONCLUSIONS 23
The mismeasure of man(agement) and its implications for leadership research

Abstract The purpose of the present review is to examine the potential problems caused by measurement model misspecification in the field of leadership. First, we discuss the conceptual differences between the four types of measurement models that have been used in leadership research and provide a set of criteria that could be used to decide upon the appropriate model. Following this, we examine the extent of measurement model misspecification by conducting a review of the leadership literature and applying these criteria. Next, we discuss the potential consequences of measurement model misspecification on conclusions made about the structural relationships between constructs. Finally, we discuss the implications of our study for leadership research.
ALS2/Alsin Knockout Mice and Motor Neuron Diseases

Autosomal recessive mutations in the ALS2 gene have been linked to juvenile-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS2), primary lateral sclerosis and juvenile-onset ascending hereditary spastic paraplegia. Except for two recently identified missense mutations, all other mutations in the ALS2 gene lead to a premature stop codon and likely abrogate all the potential functions of alsin, the protein encoded by the ALS2 gene. To study the pathologic mechanisms of ALS2 deficiency, four different lines of ALS2 knockout (ALS2–/–) mice have been generated by independent groups. The loss of ALS2/alsin does not have a drastic effect on the survival or function of motor neurons in mice. However, subtle deficits observed in the behavior and pathology of these mice have aided in our understanding of the relationship between alsin and motor neuron dysfunction. In this review, we summarize and reconcile major findings of ALS2–/– mice and attempt to place these results within the larger context of modeling recessive movement disorders in mice.
Adolescents’ thoughts about parents’ jobs and their importance for adolescents’ future orientation

The current study examined the relation between adolescents' perceptions of their parents' jobs and their future orientation, and tested the role of parental support. Four hundred and fifteen ninth through twelfth graders were surveyed about their parents' job rewards, self-direction, and stressors, as well as their expectations for employment and education prospects. Results indicate that perceptions of parents' rewards, self-direction, and stress predict how positively or negatively adolescents perceive the future to be. Results also suggest that higher levels of parental support may weaken the association between perceptions and future orientation when adolescents perceive their parents experience unfavorable conditions at work. These results suggest that adolescents' perceptions of parents' jobs have implications for their preparation for adulthood.
Life in a multidimensional world

The methodology of the science of science is claimed to be plagued by one-dimensional thinking, and it is urged that a multi-dimensional view be adopted instead. In a one-dimensional model “cause” is a meaningful word, superlatives can be used, dichotomous thinking is realistic, with a resultant “zero-sum” mentality, and the “make a hypothesis-find a correlation” method makes sense. In the multidimensional framework these four characteristics are unsuitable, and instead a quite different set of questions arise as appropriate. This is illustrated on five examples taken from among currently interesting questions in the science of science. Following some remarks about simplicity and about the role and limitations of multiple regression analyses, it is concluded that, among other things, more purely phenomenological studies are needed to make progress in the science of science.
Local environment in Ba2In2−xWxO5+3x/2 oxide ion conductors

Abstract The actual oxygen environment of the tungsten dopant in the Ba 2 In 2− x W x O 5+3 x /2 solid solution was revealed by combining X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the tungsten L I and L III edges and at the indium L I edge. Whatever the substitution ratio, the tungsten atoms exhibit a regular octahedral environment. When the substitution ratio increases, the oxygen vacancies are progressively filled until their total occupancy for x =2/3. For x ⩾0.3, the perovskite structure is stabilised; the tungsten atoms are randomly distributed in the structure. Although X-ray diffraction revealed a cubic symmetry for these compositions, a local distortion of the indium environment is observed when a tungsten atom is in its surrounding.
Nitric Oxide Upregulates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in Fetal Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells • 1783

Pulmonary vasodilation during cardiopulmonary transition at birth is mediated by endothelium derived nitric oxide (NO), which is generated by the endothelial isoform of NO synthase (NOS), or eNOS. Inhaled NO therapy is currently often used to treat neonatal pulmonary hypertension. Some patients receiving inhaled NO are difficult to wean from the gas after prolonged treatment, suggesting that long-term NO exposure modifies the function of the NO-cGMP signalling cascade. Although NO is known to acutely and reversibly inhibit eNOS activity, the effects of prolonged NO exposure on eNOS expression are not known. We therefore determined the effects of long-term NO exposure on eNOS expression in early passage ovine fetal pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC). To first examine the effects of endogenous NO, PAEC were treated with 2 mM nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). L-NAME caused a decrease in eNOS protein expression that was evident within 8h and maximal by 16h (67% decrease); the effect persisted for at least 48h. The effects of exogenous NO were examined in PAEC treated with the NO donor spermine NONOate or the control parent compound spermine (10-8M to 10-6M). Exogenous NO caused increases in both eNOS protein and cell lysate NOS activity that were also evident within 8h, maximal at 16h (223% of control), and persistent for at least 48h. However, eNOS mRNA abundance was not altered by changes in the level of endogenous or exogenous NO, indicating that the effect of NO on eNOS expression is mediated at the level of translation. This effect is more rapid than previously demonstrated transcriptional regulation of PAEC eNOS by oxygen(≥ 24h). Thus, both endogenous and exogenous NO cause positive feedback, translational upregulation of eNOS gene expression in fetal PAEC. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of eNOS regulation mediated at the level of translation. Furthermore, these findings suggest that difficulties with prolonged requirements for inhaled NO in certain patients are not due to changes in the capacity for endogenous NO production.
Profile of the GSK Published Protein Kinase Inhibitor Set Across ATP-Dependent and-Independent Luciferases: Implications for Reporter-Gene Assays

A library of 367 protein kinase inhibitors, the GSK Published Kinase Inhibitor Set (PKIS), which has been annotated for protein kinase family activity and is available for public screening efforts, was assayed against the commonly used luciferase reporter enzymes from the firefly, Photinus pyralis (FLuc) and marine sea pansy, Renilla reniformis (RLuc). A total of 22 compounds (∼6% of the library) were found to inhibit FLuc with 10 compounds showing potencies ≤1 µM. Only two compounds were found to inhibit RLuc, and these showed relatively weak potency values (∼10 µM). An inhibitor series of the VEGFR2/TIE2 protein kinase family containing either an aryl oxazole or benzimidazole-urea core illustrate the different structure activity relationship profiles FLuc inhibitors can display for kinase inhibitor chemotypes. Several FLuc inhibitors were broadly active toward the tyrosine kinase and CDK families. These data should aid in interpreting the results derived from screens employing the GSK PKIS in cell-based assays using the FLuc reporter. The study also underscores the general need for strategies such as the use of orthogonal reporters to identify kinase or non-kinase mediated cellular responses.
Cancer: Antitumour immunity gets a boost

Five papers extend the list of cancers that respond to therapies that restore antitumour immunity by blocking the PD-1 pathway, and characterize those patients who respond best. See Letters p.558, p.563, p.568, p.572 & p.577 Thomas Powles et al. report the results of a clinical phase I study in metastatic urothelial bladder cancer treated with the anti-PDL1 antibody MPDL3280A. The transmembrane protein PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) is upregulated in many different types of cancer and protocols targeting its interactions have shown promise in pre-clinical studies. This paper shows MPDL3280A to be particularly active against tumours with PD-L1-positive tumour-infiltrating immune cells. In addition, PD-L1-negative patients achieved a 11% response, which could be of significance given the historical rates of response in this type of cancer. The transmembrane protein PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) is upregulated in many different types of cancer and protocols targeting its interactions have shown promise in pre-clinical studies. Here Roy Herbst et al. present clinical and correlative biomarker results from a phase I clinical trial in patients with solid tumours of various types treated with the engineered anti-PD-L1 antibody MPDL3280A. The findings indicate that PD-L1 expression on tumour-infiltrating immune cells is associated with clinical response to MPDL3280A. Therapies that target the human cell-surface programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor have shown unprecedented clinical responses in a variety of cancer types. Here Paul Tumeh et al. investigate the dynamics of T-cell responses in tumour tissues of patients with advanced melanoma treated with pembrolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against human PD-1. Clinical efficacy is shown to correlate with increased frequencies of pre-existing CD8+ T cells and PD-1 and PD-L1 expression at the invasive tumour margin and within tumours. Mahesh Yadav et al. use a combination of genome-wide exome and transcriptome analysis, mass spectrometry and computational structural modelling to identify immunogenic neo-antigens in two mouse tumour cell lines. Mice vaccinated with predicted immunogenic peptides yielded therapeutically useful cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. In many individuals, immunosuppression is mediated by T-lymphocyte associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death-1 (PD-1), immunomodulatory receptors expressed on T cells. Matthew Gubin et al. use the MCA mouse sarcoma model to show that mutant tumour antigens serve as targets for CD8+ T-cell responses, mediating tumour regression after checkpoint blockade immunotherapy with anti-PD-1 and/or anti-CTLA-4. The authors demonstrate that these antigens can be used effectively in therapeutic vaccines, suggesting a possible route to personalized cancer vaccines.
Meeting the next phase of challenges

Community colleges face a variety of challenges as they seek to expand innovative and effective uses of technology. This chapter discusses questions that must be answered as colleges move into the next phase of distance education.
Expression Level and Subcellular Localization of Heme Oxygenase-1 Modulates Its Cytoprotective Properties in Response to Lung Injury: A Mouse Model

Premature infants exposed to hyperoxia suffer acute and long-term pulmonary consequences. Nevertheless, neonates survive hyperoxia better than adults. The factors contributing to neonatal hyperoxic tolerance are not fully elucidated. In contrast to adults, heme oxygenase (HO)-1, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-anchored protein, is abundant in the neonatal lung but is not inducible in response to hyperoxia. The latter may be important, because very high levels of HO-1 overexpression are associated with significant oxygen cytotoxicity in vitro. Also, in contrast to adults, HO-1 localizes to the nucleus in neonatal mice exposed to hyperoxia. To understand the mechanisms by which HO-1 expression levels and subcellular localization contribute to hyperoxic tolerance in neonates, lung-specific transgenic mice expressing high or low levels of full-length HO-1 (cytoplasmic, HO-1-FL(H) or HO-1-FL(L)) or C-terminally truncated HO-1 (nuclear, Nuc-HO-1-TR) were generated. In HO-1-FL(L), the lungs had a normal alveolar appearance and lesser oxidative damage after hyperoxic exposure. In contrast, in HO-1-FL(H), alveolar wall thickness with type II cell hyperproliferation was observed as well worsened pulmonary function and evidence of abnormal lung cell hyperproliferation in recovery from hyperoxia. In Nuc-HO-1-TR, the lungs had increased DNA oxidative damage, increased poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein expression, and reduced poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) hydrolysis as well as reduced pulmonary function in recovery from hyperoxia. These data indicate that low cytoplasmic HO-1 levels protect against hyperoxia-induced lung injury by attenuating oxidative stress, whereas high cytoplasmic HO-1 levels worsen lung injury by increasing proliferation and decreasing apoptosis of alveolar type II cells. Enhanced lung nuclear HO-1 levels impaired recovery from hyperoxic lung injury by disabling PAR-dependent regulation of DNA repair. Lastly both high cytoplasmic and nuclear expression of HO-1 predisposed to long-term abnormal lung cellular proliferation. To maximize HO-1 cytoprotective effects, therapeutic strategies must account for the specific effects of its subcellular localization and expression levels.
Cloning and sequencing of a leech homolog to the Drosophila engrailed gene.

We have cloned and sequenced a homolog (ht-en) to the Drosphila engrailed (en) gene from the glossiphoniid leech, Helobdella triserialis. Amino acid comparisons of the ht-en homeodomain and C-terminal residues with the corresponding residues encoded by en-class genes of other species reveal 75–79% sequence identity. In addition, the ht-en sequence appears to have u serine-rich region 16 residues C-terminal from the homeodomain, which by analogy to Drosophila may be a target site for phosphorylation. The leech gene encodes some amino acid substitutions for residues that are highly conserved in other species. These are found within the second and third of the three putative helices of the homeodomain, and in both of the intervening turn regions.
Police Use of Force Detectives in an Urban Police Department

This research focuses on a seldom-studied police officer subgroup: detectives. Although detectives and patrol officers possess similar authority in terms of effecting arrests and using force in performing their duties, there are differences in operational responsibilities between these groups. These differences might contribute to variations in force use in encounters with the public. The data in this study are derived from an urban police department’s use of force reports for the year 2000. The frequency and types of force used and the resistance encountered by detectives are identified and then compared to patrol officers in this department. Although the results are mixed, some findings indicate that detectives use higher force levels than patrol officers, even though there is no significant difference in exposure to resistance levels. This result is unexpected and raises further questions about how role differences between detectives and patrol officers affect their respective applications of force.
Physics of magnetically confined plasmas

The physics of magnetically confined plasmas has had much of its development as part of the program to develop fusion energy and is an important element in the study of space and astrophysical plasmas. Closely related areas of physics include Hamiltonian dynamics, kinetic theory, and fluid turbulence. A number of topics in physics have been developed primarily through research on magnetically confined plasmas. The physics that underlies the magnetic confinement of plasmas is reviewed here to make it more accessible to those beginning research on plasma confinement and for interested physicists.
Activity-guided fractionation of the leaves of Ormosia sumatrana using a proteasome inhibition assay.

Activity-guided fractionation of a chloroform-soluble extract of the leaves of Ormosia sumatrana, using a proteasome inhibition assay, led to the isolation of a new A-type proanthocyanidin derivati...
Psychobiology and Social Psychology: Past, Present, and Future

Social psychology and psychobiology have a rich historical connection, although over the last half century these two disciplines have seemingly become estranged. To a significant extent, that alienation arose from an archaic and nonviable model of behavioral biology that retarded the development of both disciplines. With the emergence of modern biological perspectives, this impediment no longer limits fruitful collaborations among social psychologists and psychobiologists. Indeed, some of the most exciting contemporary developments are emerging from the areas of social neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience. We review the history of links between social psychology and psychobiology, the factors that led to the segregation of these subdisciplines, and the modern biological perspectives that provide the basis for reintegration of these disciplines.