cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acylation of biphenyl with acetic anhydride and carboxylic acids over zeolite catalysts

Abstract Acylation of biphenyl with acetic anhydride and carboxylic acids over zeolite catalysts is investigated. Acylation of biphenyl with acetic anhydride over zeolite HY and zeolite beta at 83°C gives 4-acetylbiphenyl as the main product. The selectivity to 4-acetylbiphenyl is always higher than 98% and the highest yields are obtained over zeolite beta. An increase of the Si/Al ratio in zeolite beta leads to slightly higher rates of 4-acetylbiphenyl formation, however, the final yields are always within the range 8–10%. Catalyst deactivation occurs and is mainly due to product inhibition, i.e. 4-acetylbiphenyl strongly competes for the adsorption sites on the zeolite. Acylation of 4-acetylbiphenyl yielded less than 3% diacylated products, with a 4,4′-diacetylbiphenyl selectivity below 12%. Solventless acylation of biphenyl with hexanoic acid at 150°C produces 4-hexanoylbiphenyl (selectivity>98%) at a yield of 8–14% and the best results are obtained over zeolite HY. An increase in temperature enhances the yield of 4-hexanoylbiphenyl (53% at 200°C) but decreases slightly the selectivity (∼92%). Acylation with a bulky acid (trimethylacetic acid) in an attempt to obtain shape selective acylation led to the formation of 4- t -butylbiphenyl as main product (yield ∼9%) instead of the acylated product.
Contact resistance for small contacts (MOSFET)

An asymptotic analysis for current flow to small contacts in MOSFET source/drain regions is obtained. The formula for end resistance is compared with numerical simulations. It shows good agreement for contacts whose width is smaller than half the diffusion width. >
Adaptive interference mitigation with a coupled nonlinear oscillator array beamformer

We present a novel implementation of an adaptive generalized sidelobe canceller beamformer, using a coupled nonlinear oscillator array in conjunction with an antenna array. This beamformer is applied in a narrowband wireless communication context, where there is contamination due to transmissions from similar systems. We have applied a least mean square like algorithm to compute weight updates so as to reject the interfering signals while maintaining the desired beam. The actual update of the beamformer weights is performed indirectly, via adjustment of the coupling parameters of the coupled nonlinear oscillator array. Computer simulations of the proposed approach are presented for a narrowband communication system. The simulation results show successful adaptation towards the rejection of the interfering communication signals.
Tacit knowledge sharing: techniques for putting a powerful tool in practice

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline techniques for developing and encouraging tacit knowledge sharing.Design/methodology/approach – These techniques are drawn from research and practical experience in improving worker knowledge sharing.Findings – Some highly useful and broadly applicable ways to increase tacit knowledge sharing – when supported by an organizational reward system – are organizationally developed wikis, town hall meetings, and mentor programs.Originality/value – This paper provides specific suggestions on tacit knowledge sharing methods for increased organizational performance.
Educational Policy Implementation Revisited

This article outlines the rationale for this special issue on educational policy implementation and provides an overview of the articles in this issue. In addition to summarizing each article, we point out how the findings from the different contributions complement, challenge, and complicate not only the findings and conclusions from other works in this issue, but also insights articulated by Honig (2006) and Odden (1991). We conclude with a discussion of the implications from these articles for educational policy implementation research.
Repeated-Game Modeling of Multicast Overlays

Abstract— This paper studies multicast application overlay networks in a repeated-game framework. In these overlays, users have both the motivation and the means to alter their position in the overlay tree. We introduce a repeated-game model of user behavior that captures the practical tradeoff between a user’s short-term desire for quality and long-term desire for the network’s continued existence. We simulate overlay treeformation protocols with this model to study their robustness to selfish users. We show that this model can explain user cooperation and provide insight into how overlay systems scale in the absence of heavyweight mechanisms or identity systems. We also use the model to derive practical guidance on how to make multicast overlay protocols more robust to selfish users. This paper studies multicast application overlay networks in a repeated-game framework. In these overlays, users have both the motivation and the means to alter their position in the overlay tree. We introduce a repeated-game model of user behavior that captures the practical tradeoff between a user’s short-term desire for quality and long-term desire for the network’s continued existence. We simulate overlay treeformation protocols with this model to study their robustness to selfish users. We show that this model can explain user cooperation and provide insight into how overlay systems scale in the absence of heavyweight mechanisms or identity systems. We also use the model to derive practical guidance on how to make multicast overlay protocols more robust to selfish users.
The design and use of an agent-based model to simulate the 1918 influenza epidemic at Norway House, Manitoba.

Agent-based modeling provides a new approach to the study of virgin soil epidemics like the 1918 flu. In this bottom-up simulation approach, a landscape can be created and populated with a heterogeneous group of agents who move and interact in ways that more closely resemble human behavior than is usually seen in other modeling techniques. In this project, an agent-based model was constructed to simulate the spread of the 1918 influenza pandemic through the Norway House community in Manitoba, Canada. Archival, ethnographic, epidemiological, and biological information were used to aid in designing the structure of the model and to estimate values for model parameters. During the epidemic, Norway House was a Hudson's Bay Company post and a Swampy Cree-Metis settlement with an economy based on hunting, fishing, and the fur trade. The community followed a traditional, seasonal travel pattern of summer aggregation and winter dispersal. The model was used to examine how seasonal community structures and associated population movement patterns may have influenced disease transmission and epidemic spread. Simulations of the model clearly demonstrate that human behavior can significantly influence epidemic outcomes.
Comparison of ventilation and cardiac compressions using the Impact Model 730 automatic transport ventilator compared to a conventional bag valve with a facemask in a model of adult cardiopulmonary arrest

Summary Purpose To determine the performance of two person CPR on an instrumented manikin by registered nurses using conventional bag valve mask (BVM) ventilation or the Impact Model 730 automatic transport ventilator (Impact 730, Impact Instrumentation, Inc., West Caldwell, NJ) in CPR mode using a face mask. Design Randomized crossover quasi-experimental. Setting Laboratory simulation. Subjects Twenty-eight registered nurses trained in performing adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Interventions Basic Life Support was provided by subjects using a conventional bag valve mask (BVM) ventilation or mask ventilation with an automatic transport ventilator, the Impact 730, which incorporates a metronome to facilitate chest compression timing. Subjects alternated performing 4 min of CPR using the BVM or Impact 730 to deliver breaths with a mask while the other subject performed compressions. Measurements and main results Flow, volume and pressure were measured using a pneumotachograph and pressure transducer, and ease of use was measured using a 10 cm visual analogue scale. There was no statistical or clinical difference between the actual and recommended tidal lung volume (mean ± S.D.) delivered by the Impact 730 (−120.4 ± 91.5 ml) versus the BVM (−119.8 ± 187.3 ± ml). Ventilation with the BVM resulted in more (137.7 ± 143.9 ml) air per breath passing through the simulated lower esophageal sphincter compared to the Impact 730 (14.0 ± 16.8 ml, p Conclusion Compared to the BVM, the Impact 730 is as effective, easier to use and limits the amount of gas entering the stomach when used during adult CPR in a simulated setting.
GAMMA -AL2O3-SUPPORTED RE-PT CLUSTER CATALYST PREPARED FROM RE2PT(CO)12: CHARACTERIZATION BY EXTENDED X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE SPECTROSCOPY AND CATALYSIS OF METHYLCYCLOHEXANE DEHYDROGENATION

A model catalyst prepared from [Re2Pt(CO)12] supported on γ-Al2O3 was characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, and its stability in operation in a flow reactor was tested for the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane at 1 atm and 400 °C. EXAFS data characterizing the unused catalyst measured at both the Re LIII and Pt LIII edges at liquid nitrogen temperature with the sample in the presence of H2 distinguish the Re−Pt from the Pt−Pt and Re−Re interactions. The EXAFS results form the basis of a simplified model of the supported bimetallic structures, consisting of Re4Pt2 entities, with oxophilic Re in a low positive oxidation state interacting strongly with the oxygen atoms of the γ-Al2O3 support and stabilizing the dispersion of the Pt atoms. The catalyst made from [Re2Pt(CO)12] was found to be more resistant to deactivation during catalytic dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane than catalysts prepared conventionally from Re and Pt salt precursors. The catalyst prepare...
Shape analysis with inductive recursion synthesis

Separation logic with recursively defined predicates allows for concise yet precise description of the shapes of data structures. However, most uses of separation logic for program analysis rely on pre-defined recursive predicates, limiting the class of programs analyzable to those that manipulate only a priori data structures. This paper describes a general algorithm based on inductive program synthesis that automatically infers recursive shape invariants, yielding a shape analysis based on separation logic that can be applied to any program.A key strength of separation logic is that it facilitates, via explicit expression of structural separation, local reasoning about heap where the effects of altering one part of a data structure are analyzed in isolation from the rest. The interaction between local reasoning and the global invariants given by recursive predicates is a difficult area, especially in the presence of complex internal sharing in the data structures. Existing approaches, using logic rules specifically designed for the list predicate to unfold and fold linked-lists, again require a priori knowledge about the shapes of the data structures and do not easily generalize to more complex data structures. We introduce a notion of "truncation points" in a recursive predicate, which gives rise to generic algorithms for unfolding and folding arbitrary data structures.
The role of thermal niche selection in maintenance of a colour polymorphism in redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus).

Background: In eastern North America two common colour morphs exist in most populations of redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus). Previous studies have indicated that the different morphs may be adapted to different thermal niches and the morphological variation has been linked to standard metabolic rate at 15°C in one population of P. cinereus. It has therefore been hypothesized that a correlated response to selection on metabolic rate across thermal niches maintains the colour polymorphism in P. cinereus. This study tests that hypothesis. Results: We found that the two colour morphs do sometimes differ in their maintenance metabolic rate (MMR) profiles, but that the pattern is not consistent across populations or seasons. We also found that when MMR profiles differ between morphs those differences do not indicate that distinct niches exist. Field censuses showed that the two colour morphs are sometimes found at different substrate temperatures and that this difference is also dependent on census location and season. Conclusion: While these morphs sometimes differ in their maintenance energy expenditures, the differences in MMR profile in this study are not consistent with maintenance of the polymorphism via a simple correlated response to selection across multiple niches. When present, differences in MMR profile do not indicate the existence of multiple thermal niches that consistently mirror colour polymorphism. We suggest that while a relationship between colour morph and thermal niche selection appears to exist it is neither simple nor consistent.
Money, Is That What I Want?: Competition Policy & the Role of Behavioral Economics

Although the behavioral economics and happiness economic literature are hot areas in legal and economic scholarship, the U.S. policymakers, until recently, have not embraced the literature. That is changing with the financial crisis. Policymakers are re-examining the assumptions underlying many neoclassical economic theories embedded in their policies. This article addresses one cornerstone of neoclassical economic theory, namely that rational consumers pursue their economic self-interests. It is commonly associated with Adam Smith’s famous statement: “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker, that we can expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.” This assumption of self-interest has had profound policy implications as it pervades many areas of the law.The article first outlines how this assumption of self-interest has shaped U.S. competition policy over the past thirty years. It next surveys the behavioral experiments, which show that many individuals do not solely pursue their self-interest. Indeed, appealing to self-interest, as several of these experiments demonstrate, may lead to suboptimal outcomes. The assumption also disregards the important effect of social, ethical, and moral norms on human behavior. Because the assumption of self-interest is not descriptive, the article next addresses whether governmental policies should advocate the pursuit of self-interest. Using the recent findings from the happiness economic literature, the article shows why appealing to self-interest may make citizens more, not less, miserable. It then discusses the risks if governmental policies prime individuals to pursue their self-interest. The article has broad implications for U.S. economic and legal policies, as the assumption of self-interest implicates, among other things, environmental concerns, consumerism, the problems Americans face in a debt economy, and privacy concerns.
Role of intra-articular hyaluronic acid preparations in medical management of osteoarthritis of the knee

Objective: This article reviews the various pharmacological modalities for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, with a particular emphasis on the use of intra-articular (IA) hyaluronic acid (HA). Methods: A literature review of the pharmacotherapy of OA of the knee was performed. Reviewed studies included those involving acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical analgesics, IA corticosteroids, and IA HA. Results: According to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guidelines, acetaminophen should be used as first-line oral therapy. NSAIDs can be tried if nonpharmacological therapy and acetaminophen fail to provide adequate symptom relief. Topical capsaicin cream, either as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy, is recommended for patients who do not respond to analgesics or who do not wish to take systemic therapy. IA corticosteroids are recommended for patients who have an effusion and local signs of inflammation. IA HA preparations are indicated for the treatment of pain in patients with OA of the knee who have failed to respond adequately to conservative nonpharmacologic therapy and to simple analgesics. Clinical trials show that IA HA therapy results in improvement in knee pain and function that is superior to placebo and comparable to NSAIDs. Conclusions: Treatment with IA HA products appears to offer a significant advantage over aspiration and placebo injections for up to 6 months. It also may have an advantage over IA glucocorticoids. Semin Arthritis Rheum 30:2-10. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company
Statistical analyses of electromyographic activity in spasmodic dysphonic and normal control subjects

Heterogeneity in the quality and task sensitivity of vocal symptoms in the spasmodic dysphonia (SD) population contributes to controversy as to whether this is a single disorder or two disorders with different etiologies (neurogenic versus psychogenic). Perceptual and acoustic assessments of vocal symptoms are inadequate to resolve this controversy. However, myoelectric events are intimately proximal to the source of vocal disruption and may be informative. The present report employs statistical modeling of quantitative amplitude measures of electromyographic activity recorded from thyroarytenoid to examine neuromotor bases of vocal symptoms in SD. Consideration of perceptual ratings of the quality and task sensitivity of vocal symptoms in the context of statistical models provides support for the conclusion that the range of vocal symptoms identified as SD represents a single, neurogenic disorder.
Behavioral Finance and Its Implications for Stock-Price Volatility

An increasing number of academic and professional articles are being published about research on and potential applications of behavioral finance. This article offers a more complete picture of the origin, content, and rationale behind this emerging area of study than previously presented. In the process, the traditional dominance in finance of the economic concepts of subjective expected utility and rationality are discussed. In addition, the article argues that the newer theories of chaos and adaptive decision making, which have a place in behavioral finance, can help explain the puzzle of stock-price volatility.
Novel Food Habits of Branchiate Mole Salamanders (Ambystoma talpoideum) from Southwestern Arkansas

Abstract Branchiate Ambystoma talpoideum (Mole Salamanders) in fishless ponds can be large enough to act as predators, rather than competitors, during the spring breeding season of other amphibians. Food habits of high-density Mole Salamander populations from 2 proximate woodland ponds in Clark County, AR were examined before and after egg-laying by frogs, with an expectation that the salamanders likely would consume hatching tadpoles. However, salamanders instead commonly fed on the novel item of freshly-laid frog eggs. Results from both ponds indicated that the salamanders, perhaps due to food limitation, consumed smaller prey items than would be expected and heavily consumed frog eggs, a novel item.
Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Childbearing

Introduction Adolescent Pregnancy in the United States Age of Sexual Onset Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Contraceptive Use Childbearing Its Consequences and Management Interventions Conclusion
Caspase-1 dependent IL-1β secretion is critical for host defense in a mouse model of Chlamydia pneumoniae lung infection.

Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) is an important human pathogen that causes atypical pneumonia and is associated with various chronic inflammatory disorders. Caspase-1 is a key component of the ‘inflammasome’, and is required to cleave pro-IL-1β to bioactive IL-1β. Here we demonstrate for the first time a critical requirement for IL-1β in response to CP infection. Caspase-1−/− mice exhibit delayed cytokine production, defective clearance of pulmonary bacteria and higher mortality in response to CP infection. Alveolar macrophages harbored increased bacterial numbers due to reduced iNOS levels in Caspase-1−/− mice. Pharmacological blockade of the IL-1 receptor in CP infected wild-type mice phenocopies Caspase-1-deficient mice, and administration of recombinant IL-1β rescues CP infected Caspase-1−/− mice from mortality, indicating that IL-1β secretion is crucial for host immune defense against CP lung infection. In vitro investigation reveals that CP-induced IL-1β secretion by macrophages requires TLR2/MyD88 and NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 signaling. Entry into the cell by CP and new protein synthesis by CP are required for inflammasome activation. Neither ROS nor cathepsin was required for CP infection induced inflammasome activation. Interestingly, Caspase-1 activation during CP infection occurs with mitochondrial dysfunction indicating a possible mechanism involving the mitochondria for CP-induced inflammasome activation.
Radiation response of floating gate EEPROM memory cells

The effect of radiation on a floating-gate EEPROM (electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory) nonvolatile memory cell is determined experimentally and modeled analytically. The proposed model predicts the threshold voltage change resulting from radiation. A screen based on the initial '1' state (excess electron) threshold voltage is shown to be necessary to assure data retention during irradiation. Techniques to increase radiation hardness are described. The hardness of floating-gate cells is shown to be limited to less than 100 krad(Si) for a fixed-reference sense amplifier. The use of a differential sense amplifier can increase this limit. Therefore, floating-gate memories should be useful for applications requiring low total doses. >
Students’ conceptions about the greenhouse effect, global warming, and climate change

The purpose of this study was to investigate students’ conceptions of the greenhouse effect, global warming, and climate change. The study was descriptive in nature and reflected a cross-age design involving the collection of qualitative data from 51 secondary students from three different schools in the Midwest, USA. These data were analyzed for content in an inductive manner to identify student’s conceptions. The categories that emerged from the students’ responses reflected different degrees of sophistication of students’ conceptions about the greenhouse effect, global warming, and climate change. Based on these findings we make curricular recommendations that build on the students’ conceptions, the IPCC Findings, the NRC (1996) science education standards, and NOAA’s climate literacy framework.
Some considerations about mathcad modeling of the sepic converter

At SEPIC converter there are no equations which summarize the overall behaviour of this circuit converter. Determining factors like the throughput power of the circuit and peak voltages and currents, means developing a computer model. In this model the operation of the circuit is broken down into its separated modes and the appropriate equations derived for each of theme. For all modes the time function for the currents and voltages can be derived by circuit analysis. Using Laplace transformation it is possible to derive the time functions for currents in each of its modes. The method allows the initial values of currents and voltage to be easily introduced into equation.
Dynamic Simulator for Training Clinical Breast Examination

Clinical breast examinations (CBE) play a role in the detection of breast cancers. However, most physicians receive inadequate training in tactile search of breast tissue to detect small (< 2 cm), hard tumors. The dynamic, variable-lump, silicone breast simulator was designed to improve physicians' CBE performance and increase tumor detection. Water inflates balloons embedded in formed silicone to simulate the presence of tumors and allow independent adjustment of tumor hardness. The advantage, compared to static models with five, non-movable tumors, is that training scenarios can be reconfigured and repeated until each trainee learns the subtle tactile cues associated with tumors. In a study of 48 medical students, training with the dynamic simulator increased the number of tumors found (F(42)=7.85, p=0.0077), reduced the number of false positives (F(42)=5.20, p=0.0277), and improved transfer of training. This advancement can allow CBE to become more reliable, consistent, and effective.
Loss of KLP-19 polar ejection force causes misorientation and missegregation of holocentric chromosomes

Holocentric chromosomes assemble kinetochores along their length instead of at a focused spot. The elongated expanse of an individual holocentric kinetochore and its potential flexibility heighten the risk of stable attachment to microtubules from both poles of the mitotic spindle (merotelic attachment), and hence aberrant segregation of chromosomes. Little is known about the mechanisms that holocentric species have evolved to avoid this type of error. Our studies of the influence of KLP-19, an essential microtubule motor, on the behavior of holocentric Caenorhabditis elegans chromosomes suggest that it has a major role in combating merotelic attachments. Depletion of KLP-19, which associates with nonkinetochore chromatin, allows aberrant poleward chromosome motion during prometaphase, misalignment of holocentric kinetochores, and multiple anaphase chromosome bridges in all mitotic divisions. Time-lapse movies of GFP-labeled mono- and bipolar spindles demonstrate that KLP-19 generates a force on relatively stiff holocentric chromosomes that pushes them away from poles. We hypothesize that this polar ejection force minimizes merotelic misattachment by maintaining a constant tension on pole–kinetochore connections throughout prometaphase, tension that compels sister kinetochores to face directly toward opposite poles.
Adaptation and modification of Nassi-Shneiderman charts to represent Descartes specifications visually

Descartes is an executable specification language that supports the rapid prototyping of partial through complete software specifications. A technique developed to represent Descartes executable specifications visually by adapting the charts of I. Nassi and B. Shneiderman (1973), is described. Symbols are identified for the data structuring methods and the rationale for selecting these symbols is discussed. The benefits gained in moving a graphical technique up to the front end of the software life cycle are discussed. Sample specifications are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the technique. >
Review of liquid-crystal phase transitions with quenched random disorder

Abstract Recent experimental and theoretical efforts have focused on using liquid-crystal systems as a test bed for understanding the statistical mechanics of quenched random disorder. In particular, the weakly first-order isotropic to nematic (I–N) and the second-order nematic to smectic-A (N–SmA) phase transitions have been intensely studied under two, topologically distinct configurations: (I) confined within a porous media as a function of pore size or (II) perturbed by an imbedded gel as a function of solids density. Thermodynamically singular phase behavior appears to be preserved in an experimentally accessible range of physical parameters governing both I and II. This work reviews the observed transitional behavior of the I–N and N–SmA phase transitions of octylcyanobiphenyl (8CB) as a function of quenched random disorder given by these two configurations. The results to date have revealed a rich variety of effects, confirming some theoretical models, challenging others, all the while displaying ever new phenomena with relevance to a wide range of issues in complex fluids.
Mapping Our Way to Success

Social work education accreditation standards have recently shifted from objective-based standards to a competency-based approach. One distinguishing characteristic of a competency-based curriculum is a focus on competence or mastery of a specific set of capabilities. In response to these changes, accredited social work programs are reorganizing curriculum and assessment plans. This article provides background information on competency-based education; curriculum mapping; and direct assessment. Additionally, the article outlines an example of the process of aligning teaching and assessment to program-level competencies with respect to the Council on Social Work Education's Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards. A discussion and tools such as maps and rubrics that can help provide direction and consistency to faculty efforts in teaching and assessing also are included.
Evidence-based communications strategies: NWPERLC response to training on effectively reaching limited English-speaking (LEP) populations in emergencies.

Introduction Identifying and overcoming barriers to effective emergency preparedness and response is one of the objectives for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's network of 14 Preparedness and Emergency Response Learning Centers (PERLCs) and 9 Preparedness and Response Research Centers (PERRCs). This report describes how a PERLC and a PERRC colocated at the Northwest Center for Public Health Practice responded to Los Angeles County Department of Public Health's (DPH's) request to improve emergency communications with limited English-proficient (LEP) populations. Methods/activity Activities included an assessment of training needs of the DPH preparedness workforce, a training series on social media and community engagement, and a toolkit of evidence-based findings to improve LEP populations' emergency communications and community resilience. Results/outcomes Most respondents to the training needs assessment considered themselves essential personnel during an emergency and stated that they have received proper training. Respondents would like to receive further emergency preparedness training, including additional clarity on their role during an emergency. The majority of participants rated the training series as excellent/very good and agreed that they will be able to apply the course content to their work. The percentage of participants who reported confidence in their knowledge and skills related to each course learning objective increased from the precourse survey to the postcourse survey. Discussion This article discusses how the colocation of PERRC and PERLC offers efficiencies and expertise to accomplish multicomponent evidence-based requests. The ability to translate research findings quickly into evidence-based training and best practice resources is a strategic benefit to public health practice agencies working on emergency preparedness. Lessons learned/next steps LA County DPH was able to use knowledge and lessons learned gained from this work to design and prioritize education and training offerings to improve the capacity to effectively engage and communicate with LEP communities before and during public health emergencies.
Study on the Legalization of Administrative Reward

Administrative reward is a new action model in modern administration,which accords with political democracy and market economy,it has the capability to surmount the weakenss of the traditional administraion model of commanding and subordinateion,excites in the greatest degree people′s initiation and creation.It can both promote administrative efficiency and respect people′s master status,embodying deep humanism.But administerative reward has been underestimated in all the legislation,excution and research over a long period of time.this has led to serious negative result.Its legalization need to be improved eagerly.Based on above analysis,this essay rises a series of pointviews on how to perfect administrative rewarding system.
The Most Political Animals and Shared Identity

A brief recounting of the complex social capacities I have discussed so far suggests that Aristotle likely had it right in the Politics when he famously said that “man is more of a political animal than bees or any other gregarious animals” (1253a 8–9). We see this political readiness in many ways. Humans are strongly interested in others’ faces and emotions from the first hours of life, and we are deeply oriented toward attachment to other humans. We are “imitation machines,” replicating actions necessary to achieve an outcome but also actions we perceive as intentionally normative. We come to recognize ourselves as separate independent agents, but this appears to be secondary to our ability to see others as independent actors with their own beliefs, emotions, and intentions. We are able to pursue independent goals, but we also pursue joint goals with shared intentionality. We are prolific, highly engaged cooperators. We punish cheaters without direct benefit to us as punishers, only a group benefit that the punisher shares. Cooperation can be directed toward individual benefit, but cooperative activities are also choiceworthy in themselves. We can self-reflect, but we do so frequently in terms of the norms and expectations of our group. Language deepens and enriches all of these activities.
Nonlinearity of Degenerately Doped Bulk-Mode Silicon MEMS Resonators

We present an experimental study of conservative nonlinearities in bulk acoustic mode (bulk-mode) silicon MEMS resonators with degenerate doping. Three types of bulk acoustic mode resonators oriented in $\langle 110\rangle $ and $\langle 100\rangle $ silicon crystalline directions are used to analyze both linear and nonlinear elastic behavior of silicon with p- ( $N \cong 4.19e+18$ to $1.63e+20$ cm $^{-3}$ ) and n-type ( $N \cong 1.58e+18$ to $5.91e+19$ cm $^{-3}$ ) doping. For accurate characterization of the amplitude-dependent nonlinear stiffness constant, we employ two methods: amplitude-frequency response and ringdown measurement. Experimental results show that the nonlinear behavior of these resonators is dominated by material-dependent mechanical nonlinearities and strongly depends on the doping type and crystal orientation. These results are useful for understanding the material-induced nonlinear properties of doped silicon and design of MEMS resonators with desired dynamic behavior, and may provide a new avenue for tailoring resonator response characteristics. [2015-0301]
Muskegon County Wastewater Management: An Effluent Application Decision Case Study

In the 1970s, Muskegon County, Michigan, successfully stopped the environmental deterioration of its waterways caused by the direct discharge of inadequately treated wastewater. The lakes, used for both recreation and industry, had been showing increasing signs of pollution: visible direct pollution, foul odors, severe algal blooms, and weed buildup. Swimming and boating had become unpleasant and unsafe. A wastewater treatment facility was built in 1974 that included a system by which the wastewater effluent could be stored and then used to irrigate cropland. All direct discharging stopped when the wastewater treatment facility opened. Due to the land application of the wastewater effluent, the level of phosphorus (P) in the irrigated soil steadily increased over time. Unless something was done, the soil P levels would continue to rise, and eutrophication would once again become a problem. The plant manager needed to decide how to slow or stop the P buildup.
Physiology of Maturation

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by A.R. Kermode, volume 3, pp. 1261–1279, © 2003, Elsevier Ltd.
Tranexamic Acid for Major Spine Surgery

A 55-year old man presents for elective L3-L5 lumbar laminectomy with decompression. His medical history consists of hypertension, well controlled with amlodipine. In addition, he suffers from chronic back pain due to lumbar radiculopathy and spinal stenosis. His laboratory work, including electrolytes, complete blood count, and coagulation factors, is normal. The surgeon is asking you to give the patient tranexamic acid (TXA) to reduce intraoperative bleeding. You wonder whether the benefits of TXA outweigh its downsides.
Percutaneous biopsy in large, locally advanced or metastatic renal tumors

Abstract Introduction The role of percutaneous biopsy to characterize large, locally advanced and metastatic primary renal tumors has not been well described. The goal of this article is to describe the potential advantages of biopsy for preoperative evaluation of patients with large renal tumors and advanced disease. Methods Literature was reviewed for percutaneous biopsy and for locally advanced and metastatic renal tumors. Results Multiple studies have confirmed that percutaneous biopsy is safe, and the cost is minimal relative to the cost of surgical operation. Biopsy of large masses should obtain multiple core samples from several sites with tumors to decrease error from sampling heterogeneous tumors. Conclusions Potential advantages of biopsy for large renal masses include identification of patients for retroperitoneal lymph node dissection who may have occult lymph node metastasis. In patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, biopsy characterizes tumors for patients who may not benefit from cytoreductive surgical operation. The role of biopsy is likely to expand in the future with the development of advanced molecular tools for risk stratification.
Competition Between Adult and Seedling Shrubs of Ambrosia dumosa in the Mojave Desert, Nevada

Seeds of the perennial shrub Ambrosia dumosa germinated in abundance following 11 days of rain during August 1983 at a study site in the northern Mojave Desert. Seedling establishment, growth, and reproduction were observed in natural vegetation and in an area that had been previously cleared of vegetation. For 5,527 A. dumosa seedlings, percent survival in April 1986 averaged 3% in the undisturbed vegetation and 58% in the denuded area. Seedlings occupying the cleared area had grown to sizes up to 0. 1 m 3 m by October 1984; some produced flowers and fruit in the spring of 1985. Surviving seedlings in the undisturbed vegetation were all smaller than 0.001 m 3 and did not reproduce. These pronounced differences in growth, survival, and reproduction associated with the presence or absence of adult shrubs demonstrated an intense competition that is incompatible with indications of mild competition from nearest-neighbor analyses. I therefore hypothesize that competition for water occurred, not by competition for water in two dimensions but by rapid use of a common resource, as if several people were drinking with straws from a common cup. This temporal mechanism would strongly favor adults over seedlings.
Surface-Assisted Carrier Excitation in Plasmonic Nanostructures

We present a quantum-mechanical model for surface-assisted carrier excitation by optical fields in plasmonic nanostructures of arbitrary shape. We derive an explicit expression, in terms of local fields inside the metal structure, for surface absorbed power and surface scattering rate that determine the enhancement of carrier excitation efficiency near the metal-dielectric interface. We show that surface scattering is highly sensitive to the local field polarization and can be incorporated into metal-dielectric function along with phonon and impurity scattering. We also show that the obtained surface scattering rate describes surface-assisted plasmon decay (Landau damping) in nanostructures larger than the nonlocality scale. Our model can be used for calculations of plasmon-assisted hot carrier generation rates in photovoltaics and photochemistry applications.
Neurophysiological aspects of the regulation of serotonin neurons by the orexinergic system

Orexin (also called hypocretin) is a neurotransmitter that influences central arousal and vigilance state, especially by coupling the level of arousal to energy balance. Localized uniquely to neurons with cell bodies in the lateral hypothalamus, orexin has widespread projections throughout the neuraxis, including the raphe nuclei. Dense orexinergic innervation has been noted in the dorsal raphe, where direct axodendritic contacts between orexinergic fibers and serotoninergic processes have also been described. Orexin depolarizes dorsal raphe serotoninergic cells, an effect that is consistent with activation of the canonical form of the transient receptor potential channel. Thus, the effect of orexin will be integrated with other neurotransmitters that also depolarize serotoninergic cells through this channel, including noradrenaline and histamine. However, in addition to the direct action, orexin at higher concentrations also depolarizes GABAergic interneurons and reduces glutamatergic release at local terminals through a retrograde endocannabinoid signal. The functional consequences of these interactions between orexin and serotonin remain to be elucidated, although they are consistent with synaptic modification. Hence orexin may modulate the serotoninergic influence in the forebrain as part of an adaptive response to homeostatic disequilibrium.
Individualized Knowledge Graph: A Viable Informatics Path to Precision Medicine

We present here a vision of individualized Knowledge Graphs (iKGs) in cardiovascular medicine: a modern informatics platform of exchange and inquiry that comprehensively integrates biological knowledge with medical histories and health outcomes of individual patients. We envision that this could transform how clinicians and scientists together discover, communicate, and apply new knowledge . What if physicians had their own personal artificial intelligence assistant—similar to Tony Stark’s J.A.R.V.I.S.—to help prescribe individualized strategies for patient care? In our era of digital biomedicine, this symbiotic human–machine interaction has for the first time become a feasible reality. We have at our fingertips the depth, dimension, and scale of information to piece together a holistic picture of disease and the human condition; however, the human capacity to analyze and extract knowledge is limited, and collaborations with computers could drastically enhance the power and speed at which an integrated view of disease is synthesized.1 Beginning in 2017, 1 million Americans will participate in the Precision Medicine Initiative All of Us Research Program. Moreover, the National Institutes of Health Precision Medicine Initiative Cohort Program2–4 calls for a knowledge network that uses biomedical informatics to bridge basic biological knowledge on molecular disease drivers with higher-level phenotypic abstractions representing a patient’s clinical manifestation. This network could link evidence across methods used to characterize a disease process, hone disease classification, sharpen treatment regimens, and tailor preventative strategies for specific individuals. Both current and emerging informatics developments have shaped everyday clinical practice, including but not limited to echocardiographic pattern recognition,5 Framingham Risk Score,6 and random survival forests for predicting survival in systolic heart failure.7 In our view, these studies have begun to explore the promise of modern biomedical informatics. In the last decade, integrated omics science has provided unmatched power for unbiased characterization of …
On the accuracy of written recall; a scaling and factor analytic study

Six sets of recalls of stories were scored for accuracy by seven different methods, including the scaling of recalls by the method of rank order. The six correlation matrices derived from the above procedure were subjected to factor analysis. In all cases, with perhaps one exception, two factors emerged which were identified as the number of content words reproduced and the total number of words produced.
ENLightening YEATS in antagonizing polycomb repression.

In this issue of Blood , Hetzner et al demonstrate that the YEATS domain–containing protein, eleven-nineteen leukemia (ENL), antagonizes polycomb-mediated silencing by recruiting polymerase-associated factor 1 (PAF1). 1
“The Wrecks of the Greek Mythology”: Paganism, Popishness, Atheism, and Decadence in the Eighteenth Century

Barnett examines romantic paganism’s eighteenth-century roots and offers a synthesis of Enlightenment debates over the role of pagan mythology in the eighteenth century, including analyses of pamphlets that link paganism with both “popishness” and sorcery. By the end of the century, paganism was viewed in England as decadent and dangerously radical, as Barnett illustrates through readings of texts on comparative mythology by Conyers Middleton, Richard Payne Knight, Sir William Jones, Comte de Volney, Baron d’Holbach, and Sir William Drummond and materials related to the Society of Dilettanti, and the Medmenham Monks (also known as the “Hell-Fire Club”).
REVA: A rank-based multi-dimensional measure of correlation

The neighbors principle implicit in any machine learning algorithm says that samples with similar labels should be close to one another in feature space as well. For example, while tumors are heterogeneous, tumors that have similar genomics profiles can also be expected to have similar responses to a specific therapy. Simple correlation coefficients provide an effective way to determine whether this principle holds when features and labels are both scalar, but not when either is multivariate. A new class of generalized correlation coefficients based on inter-point distances addresses this need and is called ``distance correlation''. There is only one rank-based distance correlation test available to date, and it is asymmetric in the samples, requiring that one sample be distinguished as a fixed point of reference. Therefore, we introduce a novel, nonparametric statistic, REVA, inspired by the Kendall rank correlation coefficient. We use U-statistic theory to derive the asymptotic distribution of the new correlation coefficient, developing additional large and finite sample properties along the way. To establish the admissibility of the REVA statistic, and explore the utility and limitations of our model, we compared it to the most widely used distance based correlation coefficient in a range of simulated conditions, demonstrating that REVA does not depend on an assumption of linearity, and is robust to high levels of noise, high dimensions, and the presence of outliers. We also present an application to real data, applying REVA to determine whether cancer cells with similar genetic profiles also respond similarly to a targeted therapeutic.
Geosynchronous-Earth-Orbit Large Satellite Systems

This chapter discusses geosynchronous-earth-orbit (GEO) large satellite systems The geosynchronous-earth-orbit satellite systems utilize spacecraft placed in geostationary orbits. The geostationary space system is in a circular orbit on a plane identical with the earth's equatorial plane and at an altitude such that the orbital period is identical with the earth's 24-hour rotational period. Geosynchronous satellite orbit can be defined as the spacecraft that is moved away from the fixed point in the equatorial plane. The geosynchronous orbit offers high-latitude and daily coverage with a sizable increase in sensor capability over the geostationary orbit. Geostationary orbit is used in earth-space applications because it has advantages over the geosynchronous orbit. It is convenient for satellite tracking and data processing. Unmanned expendable launch vehicles, such as Delta and Atlas/Centaur have been used to launch GEO payloads to synchronous orbit. The shuttle provides an opportunity for the continuous growth in size of the satellite until the maximum length and diameter are reached. Because the payload can be placed by the shuttle in a low-earth-orbit (LEO) at the initial stage, the maximum size capability is determined by the total size, including the second expendable propulsion stage used to boost the spacecraft into a synchronous orbit.