cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Ranchers' Choice Cooperative: What Happened?

In early March 1998, Bob Mailander was slumped in his chair, hearing for the first time the extent of the problems in a meat plant in Sanford, Colorado, that was damaged in an electrical fire in late May 1997. The meat plant had been operated by the Ranchers' Choice Cooperative (RCC). The RCC was given extensive technical assistance by Rocky Mountain Farmers Union (RMFU) Cooperative Development Center (CDC), of which Mailander was the director. The RMFU had received U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) funding to assist cooperatives in Wyoming, New Mexico, and Colorado. Mailander was disturbed by the disclosures because coincidentally it was the same day that Farmers Union Service Association (FUSA), the insurance agency of the RMFU, was taking title to the plant in an effort to buy some time for the RCC to reorganize. Mailander's normal buoyancy was decreasing with each detail divulged by Brad Lodge, a meat plant construction consultant, whom the RMFU CDC hired to inspect the burned plant. Lodge began his meat plant experience in 1970, managing various meat plants. In 1989, he began designing and supervising the construction of small meat plants. Lodge has built bison, beef, pork, and reindeer meat plants throughout the United States, including a Halal project in North Dakota. Lodge had worked on a bison cooperative project previously with RMFU. He said he was probably the only small-plant meat consultant still active in the United States (Lodge). Mailander seriously wondered if the RCC would be able to reorganize and buy back the plant from FUSA, and if so, how long it would take. The RCC
The High Chromospheres of the Late A Stars

We report the detection of N V 1239 A transition region emission in HST/Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph spectra of the A7 V stars, α Aql and α Cep. Our observations provide the first direct evidence of 1-3 × 105 K material in the atmospheres of normal A-type stars. For both stars, and for the mid A-type star τ3 Eri, we also report the detection of chromospheric emission in the Si III 1206 A line. At a B-V color of 0.16 and an effective temperature of ~8200 K, τ3 Eri becomes the hottest main-sequence star known to have a chromosphere and, thus, an outer convection zone. We see no firm evidence that the Si III line surface fluxes of the A stars are any lower than those of moderately active, solar-type G and K stars. This contrasts sharply with their coronal X-ray emission, which is more than 100 times weaker than that of the later type stars. Given the strength of the N V emission observed here, it now appears unlikely that the X-ray faintness of A stars is due to their forming very cool, ≤1 MK coronae. An alternative explanation in terms of mass loss in coronal winds remains a possibility, though we conclude from moderate resolution spectra of the Si III lines that such winds, if they exist, do not penetrate into the chromospheric Si III-forming layers of the star, since the profiles of these lines are not blueshifted and may well be redshifted with respect to the star.
Studies toward birth and early mammalian development in space.

Sustaining life beyond Earth on either space stations or other planets will require a clear understanding of how the space environment affects key phases of mammalian reproduction and development. Pregnancy, parturition (birth) and the early development of offspring are complex processes essential for successful reproduction and the proliferation of mammalian species. While no mammal has yet undergone birth within the space environment, studies spanning the gravity continuum from 0- to 2-g are revealing startling insights into how reproduction and development may proceed under gravitational conditions deviating from those typically experienced on Earth. In this report, I review studies of pregnant Norway rats and their offspring flown in microgravity onboard the NASA Space Shuttle throughout the period corresponding to mid- to late gestation, and analogous studies of pregnant rats exposed to hypergravity (hg) onboard the NASA Ames Research Center 24-ft centrifuge. Studies of postnatal rats flown in space or exposed to centrifugation are reviewed. Although many important questions remain unanswered, the available data suggest that numerous aspects of pregnancy, birth and early mammalian development can proceed under altered gravity conditions.
Improved algorithms for 3-coloring, 3-edge-coloring, and constraint satisfaction

We consider worst case time bounds for NP-complete problems including 3-SAT, 3-coloring, 3-edge-coloring, and 3-list-coloring. Our algorithms are based on a constraint satisfaction (CSP) formulation of these problems; 3-SAT is equivalent to (2, 3)-CSP while the other problems above are special cases of (3, 2)-CSP. We give a fast algorithm for (3, 2)-CSP and use it to improve the time bounds for solving the other problems listed above. Our techniques involve a mixture of Davis-Putnam-style backtracking with more sophisticated matching and network flow based ideas.
The modal logic of Reverse Mathematics

The implication relationship between subsystems in Reverse Mathematics has an underlying logic, which can be used to deduce certain new Reverse Mathematics results from existing ones in a routine way. We use techniques of modal logic to formalize the logic of Reverse Mathematics into a system that we name s-logic. We argue that s-logic captures precisely the "logical" content of the implication and nonimplication relations between subsystems in Reverse Mathematics. We present a sound, complete, decidable, and compact tableau-style deductive system for s-logic, and explore in detail two fragments that are particularly relevant to Reverse Mathematics practice and automated theorem proving of Reverse Mathematics results.
NICMOS Imaging of the Nuclei of Arp 220

We report high-resolution imaging of the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Arp 220 at 1.1, 1.6, and 2.22 μm with the Near-Infrared Camera and Multiobject Spectrometer on the Hubble Space Telescope. The diffraction-limited images at 01-02 resolution clearly resolve both nuclei of the merging galaxy system and reveal for the first time a number of luminous star clusters in the circumnuclear envelope. The morphologies of both nuclei are strongly affected by dust obscuration, even at 2.2 μm: the primary nucleus (west) presents a crescent shape, concave to the south, and the secondary (eastern) nucleus is bifurcated by a dust lane with the southern component being very reddened. In the western nucleus, the morphology of the 2.2 μm emission is most likely the result of obscuration by an opaque disk embedded in the nuclear star cluster. The morphology of the central starburst cluster in the western nucleus is consistent with either a circumnuclear ring of star formation or a spherical cluster with the bottom half obscured by the embedded dust disk. Comparison of centimeter-wave radio continuum maps with the near-infrared images suggests that the radio nuclei lie in the dust disk on the west and near the highly reddened southern component of the eastern complex. The radio nuclei are separated by 098 (corresponding to 364 pc at 77 Mpc), and the half-widths of the infrared nuclei are ~02-05. At least eight unresolved infrared sources—probably globular clusters—are also seen in the circumnuclear envelope at radii of 2''-7''. Their near-infrared colors do not significantly constrain their ages.
Ages and Metallicities of Young Globular Clusters in the Merger Remnant NGC 7252

Ultraviolet-to-visual spectra of eight young star clusters in the merger remnant and protoelliptical galaxy NGC 7252, obtained with the 4 m Blanco Telescope on Cerro Tololo, are presented. These clusters lie at projected distances of 3–15 kpc from the center and move with a velocity dispersion of 140 ± 35 km s-1 in the line of sight. Seven of the clusters show strong Balmer absorption lines in their spectra [EW(Hβ) = 6–13 A], while the eighth lies in a giant H II region and shows no detectable absorption features. Based on comparisons with model cluster spectra computed by Bruzual & Charlot and Bressan, Chiosi, & Tantalo, six of the absorption-line clusters have ages in the narrow range of 400–600 Myr, indicating that they formed early in the recent merger. These clusters, and probably also the seventh absorption-line cluster, are globular clusters, as judged by their small effective radii and ages corresponding to ~102 core crossing times. The one emission-line object is 10 Myr old and may be a nascent globular cluster or an OB association. The mean metallicities measured for three clusters are solar to within about ±0.15 dex, suggesting that the merger of two likely Sc galaxies in NGC 7252 formed a globular cluster system with a bimodal metallicity distribution. Since NGC 7252 itself shows the characteristics of a 0.5–1 Gyr old protoelliptical galaxy, its second-generation solar-metallicity globular clusters provide direct evidence that giant elliptical galaxies with bimodal globular cluster systems can form through major mergers of gas-rich disk galaxies. A puzzling property of the observed young globular clusters are the high masses of (1–35)M(ω Cen) implied by their luminosities and ages (for an assumed Salpeter IMF). A spectrum of a candidate superluminous globular cluster in the elliptical galaxy NGC 1700, obtained with the Hiltner Telescope at MDM Observatory, shows this object to be a foreground star.
On Hoare logic and Kleene algebra with tests

We show that Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) subsumes propositional Hoare logic (PHL). Thus the specialized syntax and deductive apparatus of Hoare logic are inessential and can be replaced by simple equational reasoning. In addition, we show that all relationally valid inference rules are derivable in KAT and that deciding the relational validity of such rules is PSPACE-complete.
Detonation propulsion experiments and theory

Test data are presented for the use of a single detonation of explosives in long-cone, short-cone, straight, and firing-plug nozzles to provide propulsion in a simulated Jupiter atmosphere, as well as the ambient gases N, CO2 and He. The long-cone nozzle yielded a progressive increase with ambient pressure for the higher molecular weight gases CO2 and N, while the lower molecular weight He and simulated Jupiter atmosphere showed a specific pulse decrease with increasing ambient pressure. The short-plug nozzle yielded a small specific impulse reduction with increasing ambient pressure, and its results were found to be nearly independent of ambient gas molecular weight. All data gathered are analyzed by using first principles, approximate blast wave theory predictions, and two-dimensional numerical calculations. Rarefaction and oscillatory wave phenomena are found to significantly influence specific impulse.
Photochemistry of metal nitrosyl complexes. Delivery of nitric oxide to biological targets

Abstract The discoveries that nitric oxide serves important roles in mammalian bioregulation and immunology have stimulated intense interest in the chemistry and biochemistry of NO and derivatives such as metal nitrosyl complexes. Also of interest are strategies to deliver NO to biological targets on demand. One such strategy would be to employ a precursor which displays relatively low thermal reactivity but is photochemically active to give NO. This proposition led the authors to investigate photochemical properties of metal nitrosyl complexes such as the iron-sulfur-nitrosyl Roussin cluster anions Fe2S2(NO)42− and Fe4S3(NO)7− as well as metalloporphyrin nitrosyls including ferriheme complexes (with M. Hoshino of the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Japan) and nitrosyl nitrito complexes of ruthenium porphyrins Ru(P)(ONO)(NO). Continuous and flash photolysis studies of these compounds are reviewed here as are studies (with D.A. Wink and J.B. Mitchell of the Radiation Biology Branch of the US National Cancer Institute) using metal nitrosyl photochemistry as a vehicle for delivering NO to hypoxic cell cultures in order to sensitize γ-radiation damage.
Schwinger boson mean field theories of spin liquid states on a honeycomb lattice: Projective symmetry group analysis and critical field theory

Motivated by the recent numerical evidence [Z. Meng, T. Lang, S. Wessel, F. Assaad, and A. Muramatsu, Nature (London) 464, 847 (2010)] of a short-range resonating valence bond state in the honeycomb lattice Hubbard model, we consider Schwinger boson mean field theories of possible spin liquid states on honeycomb lattice. From general stability considerations the possible spin liquids will have gapped spinons coupled to ${Z}_{2}$ gauge field. We apply the projective symmetry group method to classify possible ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquid states within this formalism on honeycomb lattice. It is found that there are only two relevant ${Z}_{2}$ states, differed by the value of gauge flux, zero or $\ensuremath{\pi}$, in the elementary hexagon. The zero-flux state is a promising candidate for the observed spin liquid and continuous phase transition into commensurate N\'eel order. We also derive the critical field theory for this transition, which is the well-studied O(4) invariant theory [A. V. Chubukov, T. Senthil, and S. Sachdev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 2089 (1994); A. V. Chubukov, S. Sachdev, and T. Senthil, Nucl. Phys. B 426, 601 (1994); S. V. Isakov, T. Senthil, and Y. B. Kim, Phys. Rev. B 72, 174417 (2005)], and has an irrelevant coupling between Higgs and boson fields with cubic power of spatial derivatives as required by lattice symmetry. This is in sharp contrast to the conventional theory [S. Sachdev and N. Read, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 5, 219 (1991)], where such transition generically leads to incommensurate magnetic order. In this scenario the ${Z}_{2}$ spin liquid could be close to a tricritical point. Soft boson modes will exist at seven different wave vectors. This will show up as low-frequency dynamical spin susceptibility peaks not only at the $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ point (the N\'eel order wave vector) but also at Brillouin-zone-edge center $M$ points and twelve other points. Some simple properties of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-flux state are studied as well. Symmetry allowed further neighbor mean field ansatz are derived in appendices which can be used in future theoretical works along this direction.
Risk Factors for the Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia

The increasing prevalence of cognitive impairment among the older adult population warrants attention to the identification of practices that may minimize the progression of early forms of cognitive impairment, including the transitional stage of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), to permanent stages of dementia. This article identifies both markers of disease progress and risk factors linked to the progression of MCI to dementia. Potentially modifiable risk factors may offer researchers a point of intervention to modify the effect of the risk factor and to minimize the future burden of dementia.
Some effects of combined ultrasonic fields and centrifugal forces

Abstract The idea of combining a centrifugal force with an ultrasonic field to attain improved performance in various processes is given further analysis. Centrifuges of new design allow further investigation of the effects of such combination, particularly in respect of coagulation in colloidal systems. An unexpected phenomenon which emerged from the experiments was the apparent focusing of the ultrasonic beam.
In situ generation of novel acyclic diaminocarbene–copper complex

A novel acyclic diaminocarbene–copper complex appears to be generated from a chloroamidinium salt and Cu(I)-thiophenecarboxylate in the presence of Grignard reagent based on 13C NMR studies and is a highly efficient catalyst for SN2′-allylic alkylation.
ON THE STABILITY OF ROTATED FACTOR LOADINGS: THE WEXLER PHENOMENON

The formulae which give the standard errors of factor loading estimates, while available and computable, are complicated and our understanding of them is limited. A non-technical description of their behaviour under favourable and unfavourable conditions is given. Of particular interest is their behaviour in the presence of singularities arising from equal eigenvalues and undefined rotation.
Virtual knots undetected by 1- and 2-strand bracket polynomials

Abstract Kishino's knot is not detected by the fundamental group or the bracket polynomial. However, we can show that Kishino's knot is not equivalent to the unknot by applying either the 3-strand bracket polynomial or the surface bracket polynomial. In this paper, we construct two non-trivial virtual knot diagrams, K D and K m , that are not detected by the 1-strand or the 2-strand bracket polynomial. From these diagrams, we construct two infinite families of non-classical virtual knot diagrams that are not detected by the bracket polynomial. Additionally, these virtual knot diagrams are trivial as flats.
Endohedral rare-earth fullerene complexes

The technique of carbon-arc evaporation has been successfully utilized to encapsulate a wide variety of rare-earth species in carbon cages. The authors have observed M{sub m} @ C{sub n} (M = Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, or Er) species present in the toluene extracts of the carbon soot using laser desorption mass spectrometry. The presence of multiple-metal species appears to depend strongly on the metal-to-carbon atom ratio found in the starting rods, with the higher metal concentrations favoring multiple-metal incorporation. One often observed dimetallofullerene is M{sub 2}{degrees}C{sub 80}. Molecular orbital arguments are presented to support a possible icosahedral structure for C{sub 80}. 27 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
A remark on nonlinear Dirac equations

For an -dimensional spin manifold with a fixed spin structure and a spinor bundle , we prove an -regularity theorem for weak solutions to the nonlinear Dirac equation of cubic nonlinearity. In particular, it implies that any weak solution is smooth when , which answers a question raised by Chen, Jost, and Wang.
Progesterone depression of norepinephrine-stimulated cAMP accumulation in hypothalamic slices.

Abstract The present experiments examined the effects of progesterone on adrenergic receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase in hypothalamic and preoptic area slices by monitoring norepinephrine (NE)-stimulated increases in cAMP accumulation. Progesterone treatment of estrogen-primed rats decreased NE-induced slice cAMP accumulation. The reduced cAMP response was estrogen-dependent since it was not demonstrable in slices from rats exposed to progesterone without prior estrogen priming. Neither generalized increases in phosphodiesterase activity nor decreases in the catalytic activity of adenylate cyclase could account for the reduced ability of NE to stimulate cAMP accumulation in hypothalamic slices. Moreover, the cAMP response to two other activators of adenylate cyclase, adenosine and vasoactive intestinal peptide, was not decreased in slices from rats treated with estrogen plus progesterone. Selective adrenergic agonists and antagonists were employed to determine which adrenergic receptors mediate cAMP accumulation in progesterone-exposed slices. Slice cAMP levels were elevated by the β receptor agonist isoproterenol but not by α1 (phenylephrine) or α2 (clonidine) agonists. However, clonidine potentiated the effect of isoproterenol on slice cAMP formation whereas phenylephrine did not. Likewise, NE-stimulated cAMP accumulation was completely antagonized only by a combination of both β (propranolol) and α2 (yohimbine) antagonists. The data suggest that in slices from estrogen plus progesterone-treated rats, α2 receptors contribute significantly to NE stimulation of cAMP accumulation. The overall depression of the cAMP response to NE in progesterone-exposed slices may involve a decrease of α1 receptor facilitation of cAMP synthesis.
Particle control in the sustained spheromak physics experiment

In this paper we report on density and impurity measurements in the Sustained Spheromak Physics Experiment (SSPX) which has recently started operation. The SSPX spheromak plasma is sustained by coaxial helicity injection for a duration of 2msec with peak toroidal currents of up to 0.5MA. The plasma-facing components consist of tungsten-coated copper to minimize sputtering. The surfaces are conditioned by a combination of baking at 150 C, glow discharge cleaning, Titanium gettering, and pulse-discharge cleaning with helium plasmas. In this way we can achieve density control so that the plasma density ({approx} 1-4 x 10{sup 20}m{sup -3}) matches the gas input. Low-density operation is presently limited by breakdown requirements, but we hope that new gas valves with supersonic nozzles will allow for a further reduction in density. We find that the conditioning reduces the impurity radiation to the point where it is no longer important to the energy balance, and long-lived spheromak plasmas are obtained (decay times of 1.5msec).
Firm Size-Wage Premiums: Using Employer Data to Unravel the Mystery

Research on establishment size-wage effects has consistently shown a positive relationship between the number of employees and workers' wages. While several theories have been offered to explain these outcomes, the use of data with limited employer characteristics make for a dubious connection between theory and results. This study examines the firm size-wage effect using a dataset that captures typical worker demographics, but also contains employer information not typically captured in larger datasets. The results provide strong evidence that these wage effects are the result of several forces, including worker sorting/matching, efficiency wages, internal labor markets, and, to a lesser degree, working conditions.
A Barban-Davenport-Halberstam asymptotic for number fields

Let $K$ be a fixed number field, and assume that $K$ is Galois over $\qq$. Previously, the author showed that when estimating the number of prime ideals with norm congruent to $a$ modulo $q$ via the Chebotar\"ev Density Theorem, the mean square error in the approximation is small when averaging over all $q\le Q$ and all appropriate $a$. In this article, we replace the upper bound by an asymptotic formula. The result is related to the classical Barban-Davenport-Halberstam Theorem in the case $K=\qq$.
The Relation Between Composition and Swelling in Clays

The phenomenon of swelling is associated with the hydration of clay; however, all clays do not swell when hydrated. Steps in the mechanism of hydration and swelling of different types of clays as observed and interpreted by several investigators and some theories proposed as to the cause of hydration and swelling are reviewed. The concept of clays as colloidal electrolytes that dissociate to a greater or less extent when dispersed in water seems to explain most satisfactorily the significant relation between the degree of swelling on hydration and the composition of the clay minerals. In the kaolinite group, in which there are generally no replacements, the small number of exchangeable cations associated with the clay structure are presumed to be held by broken bonds on the edges of the sheets. Even though kaolinite, as shown by Marshall, is more highly ionized than montmorillonite, this greater ionization, because of the small number of cations present and their location on the edges of the sheets, cannot pry the units apart or leave the sheets sufficiently charged to cause the mineral to exhibit the phenomenon of swelling. In the montmorillonite structure, on the other hand, isomorphous replacements, most commonly of magnesium and ferrous iron for aluminum in the octahedral layer, and, to a slight degree, replacement of aluminum for silicon in the tetrahedral layer, give the structure a net residual charge of 0.7 to 1.10 milliequivalents, which is neutralized by cations held electrostatically and located, for the most part, between the sheets. On hydration such a structure tends to ionize, the degree of ionization depending on (a) the nature of the exchangeable cation and (b) the kind and extent of isomorphous replacements. The characteristically great swelling of sodium montmorillonite as compared with calcium montmorillonite can be correlated with its much greater ionization. The differences in swelling of different montmorillonites have been correlated with the nature and extent of octahedral substitution and are attributed to the effect of these replacements on the anionic strength of the structural unit and its consequent degree of ionization as influenced by the changes in polarization throughout the structure caused by these replacements. Hydrous mica, with the same structure as montmorillonite, is characterized by even a greater degree of isomorphous replacements and, consequently, a greater charge. However, a large part of this charge is neutralized by fixed, nonexchangeable and nonionizable potassium, and ionization of the exchangeable cations is unable to overcome the effect of this fixed potassium. It is probable that the greater replacements in the hydrous mica structure, as in the montmorillonite structure, have a depressing effect on ionization. The result is that hydrous micas are characterized by a very low degree of swelling.
Solar Thermal Power Technology: Present Status and Ideas for the Future

This article reviews some recent developments in thermodynamic cycles as well as new and innovative thermal power cycles applicable to solar thermal power
The chlorination of 1,2-difluoroethane (HFC-152)

Abstract The photochlorination of CH2FCH2F yields CH2FCC12F and CHClFCHClF, both of whichwere considered to be potential replacements for CFC-113 (CCI2FCF2Cl) based on theirboiling points (48 °C and 59 °C, respectively). The CHClFCHClF/CH2FCCl2F ratio canbe controlled by the choice of solvents. In aromatic solvents, the reactivity of the chlorineradical is reduced, increasing the amount of CH2FCCl2F produced. Relative rates in CCl4and in the presence of water were compared to rates in aromatic solvents. Both CH2FCCl2Fand CHClFCHClF failed in early toxicity tests and will thus not be pursued as HCFCreplacements for CFC-113.
Photocyclization-fragmentation route to linear triquinanes: Stereocontrolled synthesis of (±)-endo-hirsutene

Abstract An efficient, stereocontrolled synthesis of (±)- endo -hirsutene was accomplished, wherein the key steps include intramolecular Diels-Alder and Paterno-Buchi reactions to build complexity, and a reductive fragmentation to unravel the hidden linear triquinane skeleton.
Catalytic Enantioselective Pudovik Reaction of Aldehydes and Aldimines with Tethered Bis(8-quinolinato) (TBOx) Aluminum Complex

New chiral tethered bis(8-quinolinolato) (TBOx) aluminum(III) complexes effectively catalyze the addition of phosphites to aldehydes and aldimines to give enantioenriched α-hydroxy and α-amino phosphonates in high yields and enantioselectivities with unprecedented reactivity (TON =100 as high as 200). The catalyst is optimized with the low catalyst loading of 0.5 − 1.0 mol %. The modular synthesis of the catalyst allows for potential to tune the reaction for maximum catalytic activity. To date there are few examples with broad substrate scopes that can catalyze both aldehydes and aldimines with such high selectivity and no reports utilizing such low catalyst loading.
Exact solution of a massless scalar field with a relevant boundary interaction

We solve exactly the “boundary sine-Gordon” system of a massless scalar field ∅ with a cos(12β∅) potential at a boundary. This model has appeared in several contexts, including tunneling between quantum-Hall edge states and in dissipative quantum mechanics. For β2 < 8π, this system exhibits a boundary renormalization-group flow from Neumann to Dirichlet boundary conditions. By taking the massless limit of the sine-Gordon model with boundary potential, we find the exact S-matrix for particles scattering off the boundary. Using the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz, we calculate the boundary entropy along the entire flow. We show how these particles correspond to wave packets in the classical Klein-Gordon equation, thus giving a more precise explanation of scattering in a massless theory.
Semantic optimization techniques for preference queries

Preference queries are relational algebra or SQL queries that contain occurrences of the winnow operator (find the most preferred tuples in a given relation). Such queries are parameterized by specific preference relations. Semantic optimization techniques make use of integrity constraints holding in the database. In the context of semantic optimization of preference queries, we identify two fundamental properties: containment of preference relations relative to integrity constraints and satisfaction of order axioms relative to integrity constraints. We show numerous applications of those notions to preference query evaluation and optimization. As integrity constraints, we consider constraint-generating dependencies, a class generalizing functional dependencies. We demonstrate that the problems of containment and satisfaction of order axioms can be captured as specific instances of constraint-generating dependency entailment. This makes it possible to formulate necessary and sufficient conditions for the applicability of our techniques as constraint validity problems. We characterize the computational complexity of such problems.
Conceptual study of a liquid-core nuclear rocket.

The liquid-core reactor concept relieves the temperature limitation associated with solid reactors by utilizing liquid-phase fissionable fuel in the highest-temperature portions of the reactor. Such a reactor is composed of a number of cylindrical "fuel elements," each of which consists of an outer region of solid fuel-moderator mixture and an inner layer of the same mixture in the molten phase. Containment of the liquid within the core is achieved by rotation of the fuel elements. The propellant gas is introduced radially inward through perforations in each element, bubbling through the hot, molten-fuel annulus and exhausting axially to the nozzle. The performance potential and feasibility of this concept are examined with regard to nucleonics, heat transfer, bubble hydrodynamics, and vapor en trainmen t. A current experimental program designed to evaluate certain of the basic assumptions is briefly described. It is concluded that the multielement liquid-core nuclear rocket appears to be feasible. It should provide specific-impulse values upward of 1500 sec, at thrust/weight ratios of the order of unity, with far more practicable design requirements than have been indicated by the single-element configurations of other investigators.
Transport Pathways and Enhancement Mechanisms Within Localized and Non-Localized Transport Regions in Skin Treated with Low-Frequency Sonophoresis and Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery utilizing low-frequency sonophoresis (LFS) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) have revealed that skin permeability enhancement is not homogenous across the skin surface. Instead, highly perturbed skin regions, known as localized transport regions (LTRs), exist. Despite these findings, little research has been conducted to identify intrinsic properties and formation mechanisms of LTRs and the surrounding less-perturbed non-LTRs. By independently analyzing LTR, non-LTR, and total skin samples treated at multiple LFS frequencies, we found that the pore radii (r(pore)) within non-LTRs are frequency-independent, ranging from 18.2 to 18.5 A, but significantly larger than r(pore) of native skin samples (13.6 A). Conversely, r(pore) within LTRs increase significantly with decreasing frequency from 161 to 276 A and to ∞ (>300 A) for LFS/SLS-treated skin at 60, 40, and 20 kHz, respectively. Our findings suggest that different mechanisms contribute to skin permeability enhancement within each skin region. We propose that the enhancement mechanism within LTRs is the frequency-dependent process of cavitation-induced microjet collapse at the skin surface, whereas the increased r(pore) values in non-LTRs are likely due to SLS perturbation, with enhanced penetration of SLS into the skin resulting from the frequency-independent process of microstreaming.
An Examination of Biodata Theory-Based Constructs in a Field Context

Thisstudyexaminedwhetheritemsfromabiodatainventorywereconsistentwiththeorybased constructs as suggested by the ecology model. The model posits five constructs explain biodata predictive ability. Items were sorted using the theory-based construct domains. The resulting scale scores were assessed for evidence of content, criterionrelated, and construct validity in a sample of 6032 automated systems controllers. Results suggested moderate support for the theory-based constructs. A notable finding was that items capturing a theoretical construct were impacted by the life stage in which they were anchored. Results further suggest the need to examine if certain life stages are more predictive than others or perhaps if certain constructs are more predictive when related to a particular life stage.
How tangents solve algebraic equations, or a remarkable geometry of discriminant varieties

Abstract Let D d,k denote the discriminant variety of degree d polynomials in one variable with at least one of its roots being of multiplicity ≥ k . We prove that the tangent cones to D d,k span D d,k − 1 thus, revealing an extreme ruled nature of these varieties. The combinatorics of the web of affine tangent spaces to D d,k in D d,k − 1 is directly linked to the root multiplicities of the relevant polynomials. In fact, solving a polynomial equation P(z) = 0 turns out to be equivalent to finding hyperplanes through a given point P ( z ) ∈ D d , I ≈ A d which are tangent to the discriminant hypersurface D d,2 . We also connect the geometry of the Viete map V d : A r o o t d → A c o e f d , given by the elementary symmetric polynomials, with the tangents to the discriminant varieties { D d,k }. Various d -partitions {μ} provide a refinement { D o μ } of the stratification of A c o e f d by the D d,k 's. Our main result, Theorem 7.1, describes an intricate relation between the divisibility of polynomials in one variable and the families of spaces tangent to various strata { D o μ }.
Stochastic modeling of soundtrack for efficient segmentation and indexing of video

Tools for efficient and intelligent management of digital content are essential for digital video data management. An extremely challenging research area in this context is that of multimedia analysis and understanding. The capabilities of audio analysis in particular for video data management are yet to be fully exploited. We present a novel scheme for indexing and segmentation of video by analyzing the audio track. This analysis is then applied to the segmentation and indexing of movies. We build models for some interesting events in the motion picture soundtrack. The models built include music, human speech and silence. We propose the use of hidden Markov models to model the dynamics of the soundtrack and detect audio-events. Using these models we segment and index the soundtrack. A practical problem in motion picture soundtracks is that the audio in the track is of a composite nature. This corresponds to the mixing of sounds from different sources. Speech in foreground and music in background are common examples. The coexistence of multiple individual audio sources forces us to model such events explicitly. Experiments reveal that explicit modeling gives better result than modeling individual audio events separately.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effective operator contributions to the oblique parameters

Abstract We present a model and process independent study of the contributions from non-Standard Model physics to the oblique parameters S , T and U . We show that within an effective lagrangian parameterization the expressions for the oblique parameters in terms of observables are consistent, while those in terms of the vector-boson vacuum polarization tensors are ambiguous. We obtain the constraints on the scale of new physics derived from current data on S , T and U and note that deviations in U from its Standard Model value would favor a scenario where the underlying physics does not decouple.
Ferroelectric Polarization Switching in Nylon 11

Abstract : Cold drawn nylon 11 films, which were prepared by stretching the melt quenched films to a draw ratio of 2.8:1 at room temperature, were found to exhibit an electric displacement vs. electric field hysteresis loop. The results confirmed that the nylon 11 film exhibited ferroelectric behavior at room temperature or lower. The coercive fields were 65, 98, 125, 160 and 215 MV/m at 20, 0, -20, -40 and -60 deg C and the remanent polarization at -20 deg C (where there was considerably less dc conduction) was 56 mC/m2. Switching of the polarization was almost completed within 20 ms.
An improved transformation-elimination technique for the solution of perturbed Hamiltonian systems

A Lie transformation technique proposed by the author (1977) utilizing an approach due to Kolmogorov and Arnol'd is modified to eliminate the calculation of unproductive terms. Special features of the original method — the ability to eliminate simultaneously both short- and long-period terms, and [formal] ‘quadratic convergence’ for non-degenerate system sand nearly quadratic convergence for degenerate systems—are retained in an even more efficient technique. Comparisons of the new method with other available Lie transform techniques is made.
Staggered price setting, translog preferences, and endogenous persistence

Abstract This paper generates persistent real effects of a monetary disturbance in the context of staggered price setters. The model combines two related and reinforcing features: a translog demand structure and a particular input–output production structure. These features offer a rationale why a firm, when computing its own optimal contract price, is influenced by the prices set in other overlapping contracts. Practically, the two features interact in a positive manner and provide a way to generate significant endogenous persistence.
CONSUMER WASTE, BACKHAULING, AND POLLUTION HAVENS

Pollution havens have received a great deal of attention in the past 15 years. However, the literature has focused almost exclusively on production side externalities and whether dirty industry migrates to countries with lax environmental laws. More recently, concerns have been raised about the rapid explosion of consumption side pollution such as e-waste and its trade in international markets. Between 1996 and 2007, US exports of waste plastics and ferrous waste along the USA-Asia trade route increased by 917% and 482%, respectively. Over the same time period the average freight rate on commercial liners along the USA-Asia trade route fell by 46%, while average freight rates along the Asia-USA trade route increased by 2.9%. This paper develops a two country trade model with endogenous asymmetric transport costs as well as externalities associated with harmful waste generated from consumption. It shows that even when both governments set optimal Pigouvian taxes on the consumption of the dirty good, endogenous asymmetric transport costs can lower the ‘backhaul’ rate from North to South. This creates an environmental arbitrage condition by which it is cheaper for the North to export its waste to the South rather than dispose of it at home. The model yields a number of clear predictions regarding the relationship between country characteristics, the international terms of trade, the backhaul shipping rate, and the North's export supply function of waste. JEL classification codes: Q56, F18
Estimation after sequential selection and ranking

Problems of estimating parameters from normal populations after the completion of the purely sequential selection and ranking methodology are addressed. Various second-order asymptotic characteristics associated with natural estimators are presented.
Neighborhood Street Layout and Property Value: The Interaction of Accessibility and Land Use Mix

This paper evaluates how consumers value differences in neighborhood composition and street layout, factors not previously included in empirical studies of house value. Highly connected street patterns are important to New Urbanism. We use measures of neighborhood street connectivity and their interaction with other neighborhood attributes to evaluate how street layout affects property values. We employ two different methods of indexing street layout. Both methods show layout has a significant impact on price, but conclusions are sensitive to the method used. In pedestrian oriented neighborhoods, a more gridiron-like street pattern increases house value using one measure, but greater connectivity decreases house value using the other. In auto-oriented developments, a more gridiron-like street pattern reduces house value using either measure.
Bank Efficiency, Risk‐Based Capital, and Real Estate Exposure: The Credit Crunch Revisited

The turbulent real estate market during the early 1990s coincided with the implementation of risk-based capital standards for commercial banks. In this study we use non-parametric linear programming techniques to identify the lost real estate lending due to bank inefficiency. Inefficiency may arise from one of three sources: risk-based capital standards which constrain bank real estate lending, inefficiency stemming from managerial oversight of real estate lending, and scale inefficiency which arises from banks not operating at constant returns to scale. The results indicate that the lost real estate lending associated with risk-based capital standards averaged 2.7% of total bank assets. However, banks could compensate by exercising better managerial oversight of real estate lending and by operating at constant returns to scale.
Observational Signatures of Black Holes: Spectral and Temporal Features of XTE J1550–564

The theoretical predictions of the converging inflow, or Bulk-Motion Comptonization model are discussed and some predictions are compared to X- and gamma-ray observations of the high-soft state of Galactic black hole candidate XTE J1550+564. The approx. 10(exp 2)-Hz QPO phenomenon tends to be detected in the high-state at times when the bolometric luminosity surges and the hard-powerlaw spectral component is dominant. Furthermore, the power in these features increases with energy. We offer interpretation of this phenomenon, as oscillations of the innermost part of the accretion disk, which in turn supplies the seed photons for the converging inflow where the hard power-law is formed through Bulk Motion Comptonization (BMC). We further argue that the noted lack of coherence between intensity variations of the high-soft-state low and high energy bands is a natural consequence of our model, and that a natural explanation for the observed hard and soft lag phenomenon is offered. In addition, we address some criticisms of the BMC model supporting our claims with observational results.
Localization on Short-Range Potentials in Dissipative Quantum Mechanics

In this Letter, the problem of the existence of a state localized on a weak short-range attractive potential in the presence of dissipation is considered. It is shown that, contrary to the pure quantum case, a localized state is produced in any number of dimensions, while in low dimensions dissipation leads to much stronger localization. The results have physical implications for the dissipative dynamics of objects such as heavy particles in Fermi liquids and for superconductivity in high-T{sub c} materials.
New approaches to the asymmetric synthesis of dipeptide isosteres via β-Lactam Synthon Method

Abstract New and efficient synthetic routes to dipeptide isosteres with high enantiomeric purity, e.g., hydroxyethylene, dihydroxyethylene and hydroxyethylamine isosteres, have been developed via oxiranes 6 and formyloxazolines 13 derived from N -t-Boc-β-lactams 4 .
Numerical Prediction of Wall Temperatures for Near-Critical Para-Hydrogen in Turbulent Upflow Inside Vertical Tubes

Presented herein is a method of including density fluctuations in the equations of turbulent transport. Results of a numerical analysis indicate that the method may be used to predict heat transfer for the case of near-critical para-hydrogen in turbulent upflow inside vertical tubes. Wall temperatures, heat transfer coefficients, and velocities obtained by coupling the equations of turbulent momentum and heat transfer with a perturbed equation of state show good agreement with experiment for inlet reduced pressures of 1.28-5.83.
Turbulent mixing and atomization in a confined shear layer

The influence of mean air velocity and shear-layer strength on turbulent mixing times and airblast atomization is investigated. Experiments carried out in a two-dimensional, two-stream wind tunnel have been developed to simulate the mixing region (i.e., shear layer with liquid injection) found in the primary zone of a gas turbine combustor. A turbulent mixing time defined as the ratio of length scale and fluctuating component of velocity (l/u^) is found to be an appropriate parameter to describe the mixing process. For a given value of shearlayer strength, these mixing times are found to be inversely proportional to the inlet mass average velocity. These mixing times are also shown to decrease with increasing shear-layer strength. Thus both shear-layer strength and inlet velocity have a strong influence on mixing time and, in relation to an actual combustor, on flame stabilization and combustion efficiency. Both of these parameters are also found to influence atomization quality, with Sauter mean diameter increasing with increasing shear-layer strength and decreasing with increasing velocity.
A convenient methodology for the chemoselective reduction of a wide variety of functionalized alkenes

An efficient method to effect chemoselective reduction of alkenes (including trisubstituted olefins) possessing various sensitive and/or reducible groups such as acetals, allylic alcohols, benzyl ethers, epoxides, esters, halides, nitriles, and sulfones is reported. The reduction is facile at 0 °C in aqueous N,N-dimethylacetamide containing sodium borohydride in the presence of 15 mol % ruthenium(III) chloride. Regioselective reduction of dienes is also feasible if the double bonds are sufficiently different in their structural environment.
Bosonization method for second super quantization

A boson-fermion correspondence allows an analytic definition of functional super derivative, in particular, and a bosonic functional calculus, in general, on Bargmann Gelfand triples for the second super quantization. A Feynman integral for the super transformation matrix elements in terms of bosonic anti-normal Berezin-Sudarshan symbols is rigorously constructed.
Self-organized criticality and absorbing states: lessons from the Ising model.

We investigate a suggested path to self-organized criticality. Originally, this path was devised to ``generate criticality'' in systems displaying an absorbing-state phase transition, but nothing in its definition forbids the mechanism to be used in any other continuous phase transition. We used the Ising model as well as the Manna model to demonstrate how the finite-size scaling exponents depend on the tuning of driving and dissipation rates with system size. Our findings limit the explanatory power of the mechanism as it is to nonuniversal critical behavior, suggesting that the explanation of self-organized criticality in terms of absorbing-state phase transitions is incomplete.
A novel millimeter-wave beam-steering technique using a dielectric-image line-fed grating film

This paper introduces a novel, broadband, low-cost technique for beam steering at millimeter-wave frequencies using a moveable grating film fed by dielectric image line. An excellent radiation pattern is maintained over wide scan angles across the 30-40 GHz range, with up to 53/spl deg/ scanning reported at 35 GHz. Theoretical calculations closely predict the observed scan angle across the entire range of measurement.
On associative conformal algebras of linear growth II

Abstract We classify unital associative conformal algebras of linear growth and provide new examples of such.