cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factor analysis and norms for parent ratings on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community for young people in special education

The parents of 601 children and adolescents, responding to a mail survey, rated their children on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist-Community (ABC-C). Factor analysis of ABC-C ratings revealed a factor structure that was similar to the original ABC but without the fifth factor (Inappropriate Speech). Coefficients of congruence were moderate to large for the four-factor model, and alpha coefficients were moderate to high when the original item assignment was imposed. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a modest level of fit with the traditional method of scoring the ABC and acceptable fit when the items were coded for occurrence (0 or 1). Analysis of subject variables revealed main effects for gender on one subscale (Hyperactivity), main effects for age on two subscales (Irritability; Hyperactivity), and one main effect for classroom assignment on the Stereotypic Behavior subscale. Normative data for parent ratings were presented by age and gender combined, gender alone, and age alone. With some qualifications, the ABC-C appears to be valid for assessing children in special educational settings, although further research is needed on the ABC's factor structure in this population.
Dollars and Sense: Convincing Students That They Can Learn and Want to Learn Statistics

QUANTITATIVE METHODS ARE an integral part of much sociological research. For that reason, many sociology departments require a course in statistics as part of an undergraduate major in sociology, and most faculty view the undergraduate statistics course as a valuable part of an undergraduate student’s training in sociology. Unfortunately, most undergraduates do not feel the same. Instead, a majority of students fear and loathe the required statistics course. Students often postpone taking the course as long as possible and experience anger and anxiety during the class.
Mid-Infrared Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for Chemical Sensing

The first (to our knowledge) III-V mid-IR vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (lambda = 2.9 microm) are demonstrated and show promising characteristics for chemical detection applications. The cw optical-pumping threshold is low (4 mW at 80 K) and efficiency is high (5.6% W/W). Pulsed operation is obtained up to 280 K and cw up to 160 K. Lateral-mode confinement will lead to spectrally pure, single-mode output for chemical identification.
Tectorial Membrane Stiffness Gradients

The mammalian inner ear processes sound with high sensitivity and fine resolution over a wide frequency range. The underlying mechanism for this remarkable ability is the “cochlear amplifier”, which operates by modifying cochlear micromechanics. However, it is largely unknown how the cochlea implements this modification. Although gradual improvements in experimental techniques have yielded ever-better descriptions of gross basilar membrane vibration, the internal workings of the organ of Corti and of the tectorial membrane have resisted exploration. Although measurements of cochlear function in mice with a gene mutation for α-tectorin indicate the tectorial membrane's key role in the mechanoelectrical transformation by the inner ear, direct experimental data on the tectorial membrane's physical properties are limited, and only a few direct measurements on tectorial micromechanics are available. Using the hemicochlea, we are able to show that a tectorial membrane stiffness gradient exists along the cochlea, similar to that of the basilar membrane. In artificial perilymph (but with low calcium), the transversal and radial driving point stiffnesses change at a rate of –4.0 dB/mm and −4.9 dB/mm, respectively, along the length of the cochlear spiral. In artificial endolymph, the stiffness gradient for the transversal component was –3.4 dB/mm. Combined with the changes in tectorial membrane dimensions from base to apex, the radial stiffness changes would be able to provide a second frequency-place map in the cochlea. Young's modulus, which was obtained from measurements performed in the transversal direction, decreased by −2.6 dB/mm from base to apex.
First Use of Violent Force in Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1980-2001

The authors introduce and describe a new variable for interstate conflict research for use in conjunction with the Militarized Interstate Disputes (MID) dataset. This variable, First Use of Violent Force (FUVF), covers the period 1980-2001 and identifies which state involved in a violent militarized interstate dispute was the first to actually use violence rather than threatening or displaying force. This article introduces the variable, which, along with all of the supporting documentation, is now publicly available, describes its creation, discusses its utility, and uses both multivariate regression and measures of association to draw attention to theoretically interesting patterns in first use of violent force that are worthy of further exploration. The authors find that non-democratic states are more likely than democracies to be the first to resort to violent force when involved in a militarized interstate dispute; also, minor powers are more likely to use violent force first, compared with major powers. Measures of association also indicate that states that use violent force first in a MID are much more likely to be revisionist states, but that first users of violent force are unlikely to achieve victory in the dispute as a result.
PENETRATING THORACOABDOMINAL TRAUMA

Thoracoabdominal injuries involve both the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This may be caused by a single missile that traverses the diaphragm or by multiple injuries involving both cavities. When one is evaluating patients with penetrating trauma, the potential for diaphragmatic involvement and organ injuries in both the thoracic and abdominal cavities must always be suspected.
A parallel algorithm for high subsonic compressible flow over a circular cylinder

Abstract The development of superfast computers, which operate on data other than on the purely sequential principle, calls for new computational algorithms which make full use of the machine capabilities. Using the inviscid compressible supercritical flow over a circular cylinder as an example, a computational algorithm is developed for a parallel processing computer. All boundary conditions are satisfied explicitly and boundary points are computed in parallel with interior points, thereby greatly increasing the “machine utilization.” Treatment of mesh size changes with the parallel algorithm has been accomplished in a novel way. The influence of various finite difference formulations of the wall boundary condition on the computed results is studied and the results compared with those obtained by other authors. The importance of correlating the formulation of the physical problem with the numerical technique and the computational procedure to secure a high machine utilization in parallel computation is demonstrated.
TNF superfamily member 13, APRIL, inhibits allergic lung inflammation

The T-cell functions of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL, also known as TNFSF13) remain largely undefined. We previously showed that APRIL suppressed Th2 cytokine production in cultured CD4(+) T cells and Th2 antibody responses. Here we show that APRIL suppresses allergic lung inflammation, which is associated with diminished expression of the transcription factor c-maf. Mice deficient in the April gene (April(-/-) mice) had significantly aggravated lung inflammation compared with WT mice in the ovalbumin-induced allergic lung inflammation model. Likewise, blockade of APRIL in WT mice by the APRIL-receptor fusion protein, transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI)-Ig, enhanced lung inflammation. Transfer of APRIL-sufficient, ovalbumin-specific, TCR-transgenic CD4(+) T (OT-II) cells to April(-/-) mice restored the suppressive effect of APRIL on lung inflammation. Mechanistically, the expression of the Th2 cytokine transcription factor c-maf, but not GATA-3, was markedly enhanced in April(-/-) CD4(+) T cells at the RNA and protein level and under non-polarizing (Th neutral, ThN) and Th2-polarizing conditions. Since c-maf transactivates the IL-4 gene, the increased c-maf expression in April(-/-) mice readily explains increased Th2 cytokine production. Independent of its effect on IL-4, APRIL suppressed IL-13 expression. APRIL thus may regulate lung inflammation in a dual way, by acting on c-maf expression and by directly controlling IL-13 production.
Oxidation and low temperature stability of polymerized soybean oil-based lubricants

Abstract Oxidation and low temperature stability of polymerized soybean oil (PSO)-based lubricants have been investigated by the pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) method. It was found that PSO samples have lower oxidative stability than their precursor, soybean oil. The main reason for the decreased stability is the generation of tertiary carbons during polymerization. By using antioxidant additives, the PSO samples responded very well and increased their onset temperature (OT) by 70–80 °C. Thermogravimetric analyses have been performed on the PSO samples and it was observed that they are thermally stable at temperatures up to 250 °C. Cold flow property data shows that the PSO samples are good for use in formulating high temperature lubricants. Two model compounds which have terminal double bonds, triacyl-10-undecenoate and allyl 10-undecenoate, have been polymerized. The oxidation stability of these two compounds was investigated by the PDSC method and compared to that of the PSO samples. This study will help us understand the relationships between oxidation stability and molecular structure of PSO-based lubricants. In addition, oxidation stability data of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) were used in helping to explain the oxidation stability results of the PSO samples.
"The rock always comes first": drug users' accounts about using formal health care.

Illicit drug use remains a significant public health threat. The issues surrounding drug use are recognized by public health professionals as important for several reasons. The incidence and prevalence of drug use persists in spite of the extensive societal, interpersonal, and individual consequences. In addition, the chronic health issues and health care costs associated with drug use continue to spiral. A wide variety of quantitative studies have examined the extent of health care problems, access, cost, and health care satisfaction among illicit drug users. While these studies offer important information through survey formats, fewer studies focus on subjective constructions of health care management from the users' perspective. This article examines the elements of the decision-making process involved in accessing formal health care among chronic and injecting street drug users. Twenty-eight in-depth interviews provide the data for this analysis, which is part of a large quantitative study of 1,479 injecting and chronic drug users and nondrug users in Miami, Florida. By exploring the elements of health care access through the eyes of the drug users, researchers and treatment professionals may gain insights into new ways to improve health care access for this at-risk population.
Management of locally advanced carcinoma of the breast by primary radiation therapy.

Abstract We performed a retrospective review of 137 patients with locally advanced breast cancer, but without distant metastases, who were treated with radical radiation therapy. Ninety percent of patients had an initial complete response to their radiation therapy. The 5 year rates of local tumor control, survival free of distant failure, and overall survival were 54%, 28% and 30%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that the following features were associated with improved local tumor control: clinically negative axillary nodes, excisional biopsy, radiation dose greater than 6000 rad, and the use of adjuvant systemic therapy. Improved freedom from distant relapse was seen in patients with small primaries and non-inflammatory carcinoma, as well as clinically negative axillary nodes, excisional biopsy, radiation dose greater than 6000 rad, and the use of adjuvant systemic therapy. The results suggest that adequate levels of radiation therapy can provide local tumor control in a significant proportion of patients with locally advanced breast cancer and that adjuvant systemic therapy is useful in improving both local tumor control and freedom from distant relapse in these patients.
Dynamics of optical modes in modulated photonic structures

The introduction of dynamics in nanophotonic structures creates new opportunities for controlling light. Here we show that one can use just two dynamically tuned cavities to capture a light pulse. We also introduce the use of dynamic modulation to create complete optical isolation.
Pain behavior, spouse responsiveness, and marital satisfaction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Although the pain behavior of some diagnostic groups has been shown to be reactive to social influences, the reactivity of pain behavior in a rheumatoid artritis (RA) population remains an open question. The authors in this article combined laboratory and self-report assessment techniques to examine the extent to which the pain report and behavior of 52 RA patients was susceptible to influence of social factors within the marital unit. The authors' findings suggest that (a) different types of spouse responsiveness (e.g., solicitous, punishing) may be viewed differently by the RA population than more general chronic pain populations; (b) the patient's perception of spouse responsiveness is a significant predictor of the pain behavior, whereas the spouse's perception of these same behaviors is not; and (c) the patient's perception of the spouse's responsive behavior adds significantly to the prediction of pain behavior over a model based on "disease impact" variables alone.
Calculated total elastic scattering cross sections for H(IS) at collision energies below 1 eV

Abstract Exact computations of the elastic scattering cross sections for atomic hydrogen, based on the best local 1 σ + g 3 σ + u potentials, provide an accurate, essentially ab initio prediction of the glory and resonance behavior to be expected in H(IS) beam scatterring experiments.
Developmental expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors and VEGF binding in ovine placenta and fetal membranes.

The receptor tyrosine kinases, kinase-insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) and fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1), and their ligand vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are essential for the development and maintenance of placental vascular function during pregnancy. To further understand the role of VEGF in mediating angiogenesis and vascular permeability during development, the cellular localization of KDR and Flt-1 mRNA and protein, and the distribution of(125)I-VEGF binding sites in placenta, chorion and amnion of ovine fetuses were examined at three different gestational ages. In placentae at 62, 103 and 142 days, the predominant site of KDR mRNA and protein, and VEGF binding was the maternal vascular endothelium. In addition, a specific, although weak, signal for KDR mRNA was found in the maternal epithelium. At 103 and 142 days but not 62 days gestation, KDR mRNA and protein as well as VEGF binding sites were abundantly present in the endothelium of villous blood vessels. In the fetal membranes at 62, 103 and 142 days gestation, KDR mRNA and protein were expressed in the amniotic epithelium and intramembranous blood vessel endothelium, where binding of(125)I-VEGF was strong. There was no KDR mRNA or VEGF binding in the chorionic cytotrophoblast. Flt-1 expression was not detectable in placentae or fetal membranes at the three ages studied. In summary, the results demonstrated that VEGF receptors are present in the maternal and fetal vasculatures of the ovine placenta. This expression is consistent with a capillary growth-promoting function of KDR and its ligand VEGF. Further, the presence of KDR and VEGF binding sites in ovine fetal membranes suggests a role for VEGF in promoting intramembranous vascularity and permeability throughout gestation.
Head-upright tilt table testing. A safe and easy way to assess neurocardiogenic syncope.

PREVIEWTilt table testing has been used for more than 50 years to study the body's responses to various stimuli, but only recently has it become the “gold standard” for evaluation of symptoms of syncope. In this article, the authors discuss the expert consensus statement recently issued by the American College of Cardiology on when and how to evaluate patients with the technique. They also provide basic background information on syncope and summarize current understanding of neurocardiogenic (or vasovagal) syncope, which is one common type.
The impact of solar radiation on the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation of ozone in the tropical stratosphere

The feedback of the radiative forcing caused by the ozone QBO in the tropics on the ozone variation itself is examined with a 2-D model. Simulations show that the effect of the QBO in solar heating on the ozone and meridional circulation oscillations are negligible, which contradicts the proposal of Hasebe (1994). The impact of the ozone variation on the photolysis QBO is also presented and is shown to be important. Its overall effect is to damp the amplitude of ozone oscillation through its modulation of the oxygen photolysis rate.
Effective-mass approximation in semiconductor heterostructures: One-dimensional analysis.

Analyse de la methode de masse effective dans le cas simple d'heterostructure a 1 dimension. En obtenant les solutions exactes par la methode de la matrice de transfert, on peut en extraire les fonctions d'enveloppe, et ecrit les conditions aux limites pour ces enveloppes aux interfaces
Emotional Constriction and Risk for Posttraumatic Stress: The Roles of Trauma History and Gender

Research suggests there are qualitative differences in emotionality across gender, with men being more emotionally constrictive than women. Constrictive emotionality has consistently been linked to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and because men are generally more emotionally constrictive, one could infer they are at increased risk for PTSD. However, research demonstrates that twice as many women are diagnosed with PTSD than men. In an undergraduate sample, men reported significantly greater emotional constriction, but significantly less posttraumatic stress severity in comparison to women. The gender differences in emotional constriction disappeared in a subsample of students who endorsed experiencing an upsetting event. Emotional constriction mediated the relationship between trauma and posttraumatic stress severity, although it was a stronger mediator for women than men.
Cerebrovascular autoregulation after rewarming from hypothermia in a neonatal swine model of asphyxic brain injury

After hypoxic brain injury, maintaining blood pressure within the limits of cerebral blood flow autoregulation is critical to preventing secondary brain injury. Little is known about the effects of...
Assessment of the performance of the American Urological Association symptom score in 2 distinct patient populations.

Purpose: Recent research suggests that low education and illiteracy may drive misunderstanding of the American Urological Association Symptom Score, a key tool in the American Urological Association benign prostatic hyperplasia guidelines. It is unclear whether misunderstanding is confined to patients of low socioeconomic status. Therefore, we reevaluated the prevalence and impact of this misunderstanding in a county vs university hospital population.Materials and Methods: This prospective study involved 407 patients from a county hospital and a university hospital who completed the American Urological Association Symptom Score as self-administered and then as interviewer administered. Responses were compared by calculating correlation coefficients and weighted kappa statistics to assess patient understanding of the American Urological Association Symptom Score. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between patient characteristics and poor understanding of the Amer...
Graphical Analysis of Control Systems

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate some graphical methods for finding the transient response of a control system. A simple position follow-up system is considered for convenience although the method is applicable in the same form for higher order systems or those in which only empirical frequency data is known. The basic procedure is to find the roots of the differential equation which correspond to the exponential transient terms which dominate the response. Doctor Profos1 of Switzerland points out that the plot of the function which describes the system from error to output is a function of a complex variable of which frequency is the imaginary part and damping is the real part. The Nyquist plot is thus one line of a conformal map with the root of the equation being the value of the variable which makes the function equal to -1. Any line of plot can be calculated for systems with known functions with essentially the same ease as the Nyquist plot by use of some graphical tricks. The amplitude of any transient term is determined from the plot once the root is known by use of a theorem of operational calculus. The development possibilities of the subject seem to be very great as suggested by several topics not yet investigated.
IP 2013-2014: Looking Forward and Looking Back

There were some interesting developments last year in intellectual property law, and 2014 is shaping up to bring about some significant court decisions, particularly in patent and copyright law. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/Od5gQNnD_8Y is an audio recording from the Computing and the Law column, in which author Brian M. Gaff discusses recent intellectual property court cases, particularly regarding patent and copyright law.
The Asymmetric Synthesis of (3S,4R,5S)-3-Amino-4,5-O-isopropylidenedioxycyclopentene

The title amine, an important substructure of nucleoside Q, is available from the 3,4-epoxycyclopentene in five steps. The epoxide is directly converted to the acetonide of cis-3, 4-dihydroxycyclopentene by treatment with boron trifluoride, a ring-opening with retention of configuration, a previously unknown process since known conversions of epoxides directly to acetonides normally involve initiating by nucleophilic opening of the epoxide with inversion of configuration. Two strategies were developed for diastereoselective allylic oxidation to cis-3,4-O-isopropylidenedioxy-trans-5-hydroxycyclopentenedirect oxidation with selenium dioxide and a two-step process, epoxidation followed by base. The corresponding carbonate undergoes a palladium-catalyzed deracemization with phthalimide as nucleophile in 98% ee. Recrystallization can increase the ee to >99%. Removal of the phthalimide group to give the title compound occurs smoothly with ethylenediamine. Thus, a most efficient five-step synthesis (six steps fr...
Physical imagery: kinematic versus dynamic models.

Abstract Physical imagery occurs when people imagine one object causing a change to a second object. To make inferences through physical imagery, people must represent information that coordinates the interactions among the imagined objects. The current research contrasts two proposals for how this coordinating information is realized in physical imagery. In the traditional kinematic formulation, imagery transformations are coordinated by geometric information in analog spatial representations. In the dynamic formulation, transformations may also be regulated by analog representations of force and resistance. Four experiments support the dynamic formulation. They show, for example, that without making changes to the spatial properties of a problem, dynamic perceptual information (e.g., torque) and beliefs about physical properties (e.g., viscosity) affect the inferences that people draw through imagery. The studies suggest that physical imagery is not so much an analog of visual perception as it is an analog of physical action. A simple model that represents force as a rate helps explain why inferences can emerge through imagined actions even though people may not know the answer explicitly. It also explains how and when perception, beliefs, and learning can influence physical imagery.
Syntheses and characterization of poly(aminophenazines)

The oxidative polymerization of o-phenylenediamine was studied under a variety of conditions. At room temperature the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with ammonium persulfate in HCI acid medium gives a dimer, 2,3-diaminophenazine. The same reaction at 70°C results in a trimer with an open structure, [3-amino-2-(3,4-diaminophenylamino)]phenazine hydrochloride. At 118°C, the oxidative polymerization in glacial acetic acid medium gives poly(aminophenazine) acetate, analogous to polyaniline. However, either because of the atactic nature of the polymer and the consequences of this on the stability of charge carriers or because protonation occurs at localized amines, no electrical conductivity was found.
Review of New World Alfaroa and Old World Alfaropsis (Juglandaceae)

Abstract Alfaroa Standl. has five species with a total of 10 taxa ranging from southern Mexico to northern Colombia, although Costa Rica has the most (four), including the type species A. costaricensis Standl. A taxonomic treatment of the Juglandaceae for Flora Mesoamericana recognizes the new subspecies A. costaricensis subsp. septentrionalis D. E. Stone from Mexico and Guatemala as a northern variant. Review of A. guanacastensis D. E. Stone reduces the species to synonomy under A. manningii J. Leon. The widespread southeastern Asian genus Alfaropsis Iljinsk. ( = Engelhardia roxburghiana Wall.) is monotypic while possessing several morphological and molecular characters somewhat intermediate between New World Alfaroa and Oreomunnea Oerst., on the one hand, and Old World Engelhardia Lesch. ex Blume on the other. Although Alfaropsis was proposed in 1993, the generic name was not generally recognized until the phylogeny of extant and fossil Juglandaceae was examined by Manos et al. in 2007.
Evidence-based Assessment in Pediatric Psychology: Measures of Psychosocial Adjustment and Psychopathology

Objective To provide an evidence-based review of measures of psychosocial adjustment and psychopathology, with a specific focus on their use in the field of pediatric psychology. Methods As part of a larger survey of pediatric psychologists from the Society of Pediatric Psychology e-mail listserv (American Psychological Association, APA, Division 54), 37 measures were selected for this psychometric review. Measures that qualified for the review fell into one of the following three categories: (a) internalizing or externalizing rating scales, (b) broad-band rating scales, and (c) self-related rating scales. Results Psychometric characteristics (i.e., three types of reliability, two types of validity) were strong for the majority of measures reviewed, with 34 of the 37 measures meeting “well-established” evidence-based assessment (EBA) criteria. Strengths and weaknesses of existing measures were noted. Conclusions Recommendations for future work in this area of assessment are presented, including suggestions that more fine-grained EBA criteria be developed and that evidence-based “profiles” be devised for each measure.
Best wishes for the New Year, and upcoming changes at Pediatric Nephrology

The editors of Pediatric Nephrology take this opportunity to wish you and your families a Happy Holiday and best wishes for the New Year. As we look toward the New Year, there are changes that are occurring in the Journal. First and most importantly, Otto Mehl’s term as editor has come to an end. Otto has been responsible for bringing the Journal to a level of which we can all be proud. Under his guidance, the impact factor has more than doubled. He has been a guiding force for not only the Journal but for the International Pediatric Nephrology Association and nephrology in general. On a personal note, we have been honored and privileged to work with one of the most brilliant minds in our subspecialty. Otto is not only an intellectual giant, but also a gentleman whom we are honored to call our friend. He will very much be missed. The new co-editor will be Lesley Rees, who should be congratulated and thanked for taking on this important role. We will also say farewell to some of our educational and review editors, including Patrick Niaudet, Fredrick Kaskel, and Robert Mak. They have been responsible for many of the educational reviews and review articles that we have all enjoyed and have been responsible for the success of the Journal. We make these changes to increase the diversity of the Journal. We welcome Carl Bates, Rukshana Shroff, and Mark Mitsnefes as new teaching editors. Allison Eddy will continue to be editor for our review articles and will be joined by Detlef Bockenhauer and Prasad Devarajan. We hope you will enjoy their contributions. We also take this opportunity to thank our editorial review board for their work and for maintaining the high standards of the Journal. We also thank the many manuscript contributors and journal reviewers. Please feel free to contact us if you have any ideas for reviews or if you think there is anything we can do to improve the Journal. Sincerely, Michel Baum and Lesley Rees
Can We Take the Guesswork Out of Diversity Practice Selection

The article focuses on diversity practice selection within businesses. The author states that diversity recommendations, while informed by psychological theory and a limited amount of research, are often shaped by practitioner intuition. A study conducted by researchers at the University of California Berkeley is offered. The results of the study, which include institutional theory, social network analysis, and social psychological theory, are analyzed by the author. Statistics on diversity in the work force since the 1970s are presented.
Endwall Loss and Mixing Analysis of a High Lift Low Pressure Turbine Cascade

A high lift low pressure turbine (LPT) profile designated L2A is used as a test bed for studying the origin of endwall mixing loss and the role of vortical structures in loss development. It is shown analytically and experimentally that the mixing forces within the endwall wake can be decoupled into either mean flow or turbulent forces and can be further classified as either reversible or irreversible. Among the irreversible forces, mean flow shear is negligible compared to turbulent shear, suggesting that turbulence dissipation is the dominant cause of loss generation. As a result, the mean flow components of the vortical structures do not generate significant mixing losses. Rather than mixing effects, the mean flow of the vortices causes the suction surface boundary layer to separate inside the passage, thereby generating the large low energy regions typical of endwall flows. Losses are generated as the low energy regions mix out. This vortex separation effect is demonstrated with an experiment using a profile fence and pressure surface modification near the endwall. The findings in this paper suggest that profile modifications near the endwall that suppress flow separation may provide loss reductions additive to modifications aimed at weakening vortical structures, such as endwall contouring.
Fast Macromolecular Proton Fraction Mapping from a Single Off-resonance Magnetization Transfer Measurement

A new method was developed for fast quantitative mapping of the macromolecular proton fraction defined within the two-pool model of magnetization transfer. The method utilizes a single image with off-resonance saturation, a reference image for data normalization, and T(1), B(0), and B(1) maps with the total acquisition time ~10 min for whole-brain imaging. Macromolecular proton fraction maps are reconstructed by iterative solution of the matrix pulsed magnetization transfer equation with constrained values of other model parameters. Theoretical error model describing the variance due to noise and the bias due to deviations of constrained parameters from their actual values was formulated based on error propagation rules. The method was validated by comparison with the conventional multiparameter multipoint fit of the pulsed magnetization transfer model based on data from two healthy subjects and two multiple sclerosis patients. It was demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that accuracy of the method depends on the offset frequency and flip angle of the saturation pulse, and optimal ranges of these parameters are 4-7 kHz and 600°-900°, respectively. At optimal sampling conditions, the single-point method enables <10% relative macromolecular proton fraction errors. Comparison with the multiparameter fitting method revealed very good agreement with no significant bias and limits of agreement around ± 0.7%.
Giant fibroepithelial stromal polyp of the vulva: largest case reported

Fibroepithelial stromal polyps are site-specific mesenchymal lesions that are commonly found in the vulvovaginal region in premenopausal females. These polyps usually are less than 5 cm in diameter and are most commonly identified during routine gynecological examination. Although the stromal polyp is benign, its differential diagnosis includes some malignant vulva lesions making it critical to ensure that an accurate pathologic diagnosis is made. We present a case of a 21 year old female with a giant fibroepithelial stromal polyp of the vulva. Upon review of the literature this is the largest reported fibroepithelial stromal polyp to date. Fibroepithelial stromal polyps can grow as large as 390 grams and can be 18.5-cm in diameter. Microscopic evaluation of the polyp is critical in the exclusion of malignancy with this diagnosis.
Studies on the multiplication of vesicular stomatitis virus with fluorescein and ferritin conjugated antibodies.

Under conditions of overwhelming infection of L and HeLa cells, with the New Jersey type of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), maximal infectivity titres were attained within 12 hours post-infection. Staining with anti-VSV fluorescent gamma globulin revealed within 4 to 6 hours after infection extensive accumulation of viral antigen in the cytoplasm. The fluorescent patches were of variable sizes and nuclei were not involved at any time. Prior to total destruction, cytoplasmic fusion occurred in L but not in HeLa cultures, resulting in the formation of multinucleated giant cells. Electron microscopy failed to detect any significant morphological changes in the cytoplasm of infected cells which might correspond to the observed immunofluorescent deposits. Efforts to locate such areas in cells rendered permeable to ferritin conjugated antibodies were unsuccessful. Within 4 to 6 hours after infection, virus accumulated at the cellular boundary or in cytoplasmic vacuoles. As a rule, only particles located at the cell periphery were readily tagged with ferritin antibody.
Simulation and Analysis of a Magnetoelastically Driven Micro-Pump

The operation of a micro-pump system driven by a magnetoelastic polymeric membrane developed at Texas A&M University is analyzed by numerical simulations. Unsteady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a moving boundary system are solved by a spectral element methodology, employing an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation on unstructured meshes. The performance of the micro-pump is evaluated as a function of the Reynolds number and the geometric parameters. The volumetric flowrate is shown to increase as a function of the Reynolds number. The system is simulated by assuming the deformation of the membrane. The required voltage and current are then calculated by a lumped parameter analysis.
Laparoscopic colectomy for cancer: an oncologic feasible option

The conventional and accepted treatment for curative resection of colon cancer is laparotomy with hemicolectomy for right or left sided lesions. The technique of colon resection through an open laparotomy incision is well known. Over the past several years, laparoscopically assisted colectomy has been developed and studied, following the explosion of laparoscopic technology from the cholecystectomy experience and with acquisition of advanced general laparoscopic techniques. The right, left or sigmoid colon can be mobilized and regional lymphadenectomy performed using laparoscopic instruments and video-imaging equipment. The advantage of laparoscopic colectomy is the use of small abdominal port site and wound incisions which translate to reduced postoperative pain and analgesic requirement, earlier return of bowel function and normal physical activities, and shorter hospital stay without increasing health care costs. Laparoscopic colectomy compares favorably with open colectomy in terms of surgical morbidity and mortality. The laparoscopic approach has been shown to be technically and oncologically feasible with equivalent lymph node harvest from mesenteric lymphadenectomy and achieves adequate proximal and distal margins of colonic resection. Despite initial early anecdotal reports of port site cancer recurrence in laparoscopically assisted colectomy, port site recurrence is rare and its incidence is similar to incisional recurrences in conventional open colectomy. Recent prospective comparative studies have demonstrated equivalent patient survival and equivalent local or distant colon cancer recurrences for open versus laparoscopic curative resection of colon cancer.
Factors Influencing Science Content Accuracy in Elementary Inquiry Science Lessons

Elementary teachers face increasing demands to engage children in authentic science process and argument while simultaneously preparing them with knowledge of science facts, vocabulary, and concepts. This reform is particularly challenging due to concerns that elementary teachers lack adequate science background to teach science accurately. This study examined 81 in-classroom inquiry science lessons for preservice education majors and their cooperating teachers to determine the accuracy of the science content delivered in elementary classrooms. Our results showed that 74 % of experienced teachers and 50 % of student teachers presented science lessons with greater than 90 % accuracy. Eleven of the 81 lessons (9 preservice, 2 cooperating teachers) failed to deliver accurate science content to the class. Science content accuracy was highly correlated with the use of kit-based resources supported with professional development, a preference for teaching science, and grade level. There was no correlation between the accuracy of science content and some common measures of teacher content knowledge (i.e., number of college science courses, science grades, or scores on a general science content test). Our study concluded that when provided with high quality curricular materials and targeted professional development, elementary teachers learn needed science content and present it accurately to their students.
Preoperative F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography maximal standardized uptake value predicts survival after lung cancer resection.

Purpose A retrospective review of surgically treated lung cancer patients imaged preoperatively by F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose–positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) to determine if the primary tumor standardized uptake value (SUV) predicts survival. Patients and Methods Non–small-cell lung cancer or carcinoid pT1–4, N0–2, M0 patients treated by R0 surgical resection alone were imaged with computed tomography scan and PET within 90 days before surgery. Prognostic variables were assessed by log-rank test; survival was assessed by the method of Kaplan and Meier. Results One hundred consecutive patients (48 men, 52 women) were retrospectively reviewed. Median follow-up for surviving patients was 28 months (range, 16 to 81 months). Median maximal SUV (SUVMAX) was 9. The 2-year survival for patients with SUVMAX more than 9 was 68% and for those with SUVMAX less than 9, it was 96% (P < .01, log-rank test). In a multivariate analysis including pathologic tumor size, involved nodes, histology, and SUVMAX, only t...
Stability of Periodically Unsteady Axisymmetric Jet

To date, the majority of studies on stability of axisymmetric jets have been completed under the assumption of steady mean flow. Yet, many of the natural and man-made flows that are modeled by these jets can have an inherent unsteadiness; the effects of which on the stability and transition have not been determined. Moreover, controlled unsteadiness can be used to control stability and possibly the transition to turbulence. In this note, the effects of periodic variations of the mean flow on the stability of axisymmetric jets are examined. The problem is treated analytically. The results show that the governing equations and dispersion relation for the unsteady jet can be reduced to those governing the steady jet with a time transformation. It is shown that the periodic variations in the mean flow cause amplitude and phase modulations of the unstable modes. The implications of the modulations on the subsequent transition stages are discussed.
Computation and transmission requirements for a decentralized linear-quadratic-Gaussian control problem

A decentralized control problem involving K nodes is formulated At each node are sensors and controls. The object is to share the information of each sensor, processed with a local Kalman estimator, with all the other nodes so that the controllers can be computed using the best estimate of the state of the system given the information from all the sensors. The controls are determined so that the expected value of a quadratic performance index is minimized. The problem is formulated as a decentralized control problem without a central supervisor so that the system performance will degrade gracefully under structural perturbations. Therefore, the transmission of data is from each node to every other node; there are \sum\liminf{i-1}\limsup{k}(i-1) links connecting all nodes. It is shown that if the dimension of the controls at each node l is less than both the dimension of the data at node m and the dimension of the state, then a data vector with dimension of the control at l can be transmitted from m to l . compression of data transmission is done at the expense of propagating an additionaal data dependent vector at each node beyond the usual Kalman filter equations.
Analysis of clathrate solidification

A heat pump/thermal storage system has been constructed to evaluate clathrate thermal energy storage in simulated heating and cooling cycles. The system includes a clathrate builder (crystallizer) system, a heat pump cycle, and subsystems for cooling and heating simulation. The authors report on the experimentally operated clathrate builder system, for which the problem of solid formation on the evaporator coils is nonexistent. This allows forced correction agitation around the cooling surfaces, increasing the heat transfer rate by as much as an order of magnitude per unit area. The solidification of clathrate is macroscopically analyzed. >
Evolving assembly plans for fully automated design and assembly

Evolutionary design has demonstrated great potential to automatically generate a wide array of novel, interesting, and human-competitive designs. Few of these evolved designs, however, have in turn been physically manufacture. This is due largely to the fact that most evolved designs only specify what to build, and carry no information on how, or even if, a designed object can be assembled in the real world. When the goal is a physical object, rather than a mere schematic, substantial further effort, most often human-level, is subsequently required to develop a physical assembly process. Evolution of such descriptive representations therefore stands as an obstacle to the full automation of both design and assembly. In this paper we describe an alternative, the evolution of prescriptive representations, which offers to remove human effort from the design-and-assembly loop.
Effects of Ultraviolet Light Irradiation, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Trichloroethylene on Ethane Exhalation in Rats

Rats pretreated with cod liver oil (CLO) were exposed either to ultraviolet light (UVL) irradiation or to carbon tetrachloride (CCU) and/or trichloroethylene (TCE) treatments, and the amount of exhaled ethane was measured as an index of in vivo lipid peroxidation. The method of ethane collection had been modified relative to existing techniques. UVL irradiation increased ethane production with a lag period of 18–24 hr. In contrast to UVL, CCU and TCE increased the exhalation of ethane without latency, irrespective of CLO pretreatment. The effects of CCU and TCE showed no synergism or additivity. Our data are consistent with the established lipid peroxidation-increasing effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and more importantly, they demonstrate for the first time an increase in ethane production due to UVL. The considerable lag period between the irradiation and the ethane production argues against a direct lipid peroxidation-increasing effect of UVL in the skin. It is suggested that the changes are related to leukocyte infiltration of the inflamed skin surface, and that the increased lipid peroxidation results from free radical liberation during phagocytosis. A potential role of slowly released arachidonic acid from the irradiated cells is also considered.
SCATTERING OF MASSIVE PHOTONS WITH VECTOR-SCALAR COUPLING

The elastic scattering of neutral massive spin-1 particles coupled to scalar nucleons is considered in lowest nonvanishing order of the coupling constant. It is shown that all helicity amplitudes contain terms leading to Kronecker delta singularities in the complex angular-momentum plane. The contribution of these terms to the amplitude in the crossed channel is considered. Some consequences in connection with the Froissart theorem are discussed.