cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patterns of GRP78 and MTJ1 expression in primary cutaneous malignant melanoma

Cell surface expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) occurs in several types of cancer; however, its role in the behavior of primary cutaneous melanoma is not well studied. The association of cell surface GRP78 with other proteins such as MTJ1 stimulates cell proliferation. In this study, we characterized the pattern of expression of GRP78 and MTJ1 in invasive primary cutaneous melanomas and analyzed the relationships between the pattern of expression and various clinicopathological parameters. We found two patterns of GRP78 expression in invasive primary cutaneous melanoma. One pattern showed a gradual fading of protein expression from superficial to deeper levels within the same tumor. The second pattern of expression showed a similar fading with an abrupt regaining of expression at the deep invasive edge of the melanoma. These two distinct patterns of GRP78 expression correlated with both patient survival and depth of tumor invasion. A moderate MTJ1 expression was found to be associated with decreased patient survival; however, no significant associations were observed between patterns of GRP78 and MTJ1 expression. Our study (1) describes two distinct patterns of GRP78 in invasive primary cutaneous melanoma, (2) inversely correlates regain of GRP78 expression with patient survival, and (3) suggests a modifying effect of MTJ1 on GRP78 in enhancing tumor aggressiveness.
Raynaud's Phenomenon: The French Tricolor

Recent epidemiologic surveys indicate that episodic vasospasm of arterioles (Raynaud's phenomenon) is a common finding in the general population. In a small minority of these individuals, an underlying, often reversible cause or systemic disease associated with vasospasm can be identified. The range of these so-called secondary forms of vasospasm is broad and includes systemic rheumatic syndromes, vibration-induced vascular injury, drug-induced vasospasm, and infectious disorders. Several different physiologic mechanisms may be responsible for vasospasm; hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system and abnormal adrenergic receptor function appear to be most important. (Arch Intern Med.1991;151:2389-2393)
Differential Interaction of Virulent and Attenuated Infuenza Virus Strains with Ferret Alveolar Macrophages: Possible Role in Pathogenicity

The ferret provides a unique model for the study of human influenza. The interaction between alveolar macrophages and virus strains with different levels of virulence was examined in vitro. The greater virulence of wild-type A strains over type B and C viruses was reflected in the higher production of infectious virus progeny and subsequent cytopathology, even though the expression of viral antigens was equivalent for all strains tested. These included A/Ann Arbor/6/60 (H2N2) and A/Rochester/1/82 (H3N2), B/Hong Kong/72, and C/Ann Arbor/1/50. The attenuated cold-adapted and temperature-sensitive variant of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 behaved like its parent except that a longer period was needed to reach peak viral release. In contrast, the avirulent host-range reassortant CR-43-3 did not productively replicate, though viral antigen expression was comparable to that of the other strains. Type C virus infected few cells and these continued to release low virus levels in the absence of detectable cytopathology. The results suggest that the ability of certain strains to infect and replicate in alveolar macrophages can be correlated to their in vivo virulence and may play a role in determining the course of viral pathogenesis.
Nitric-oxide planar laser-induced fluorescence applied to low-pressure hypersonic flow fields for the imaging of mixture fraction

The scalar-field imaging of a hypersonic mixing flow is performed in a mixing facility that is shock tunnel driven. The instantaneous mixture-fraction field of a hypersonic two-dimensional mixing layer (M1 = 5.1, M2 = 0.3) is determined with a temperature-insensitive planar laser-induced fluorescence technique with nitric oxide (NO) as the tracer species. Single-shot images are obtained with the broadband excitation of a reduced temperature-sensitivity transition in the A2 sigma+ <-- X2 II(1/2) (0, 0) band of NO near 226 nm. The instantaneous mixture-fraction field at a convective Mach number of 2.64 is shown to be nearly identical to a typical diffusive process, supporting the notion of gradient-transport mixing models for highly compressible mixing layers.
Effect of distributor to bed resistance ratio on uniformity of fluidization

On propose un nouveau modele expliquant la formation de cheminements preferentiels dans le lit fluidise, et on etablit un critere de fluidisation uniforme
Construction of Liapunov functions

Liapunov functions construction through conversion of differential equation with polynomial nonlinearities into auxiliary exact differential equation using algorithm
The Impact of Encounter Groups on Participants: Some Preliminary Findings

Eighteen encounter groups were studied, representing lo approaches to personal change: T Groups, Rogerian, personal growth, sensory awareness, Gestalt, transactional analysis, psychodrama, Synanon,...
Quasigroups and quandles

Abstract Two connexions between quasigroups and quandles are established. In one direction, Joyce's homogeneous quandle construction is shown to yield a quasigroup isotopic to the loop constructed by Scimemi on the set of o-commutators of a group automorphism o. In the other direction, the universal multiplication group construction of quasigroup theory is extended to quandles. The group of a knot becomes the universal right multiplication group of the knot quandle.
Trace metal content of plankton and zooplankton collected from the New York Bight and Long Island Sound.

A study was conducted to obtain baseline data on trace metal levels in zooplankton from New York Bight and Long Island Sound, and to determine any differences in metal levels related to geographical location of sampling. It was shown that the levels of silver, cadmium and nickel in plankton did not differ markedly for the various locations. Silver levels ranged from 0.5 to 1.4 ppM in all samples, whereas Cd levels were in the range of 0.5 to 2.4 ppM and Ni levels ranged from 0.9 to 4.6 ppM for all samples. Most lower limits for Cr were less than 7 ppM which the highest level was 35.2 ppM. The copper, lead, and zinc levels in zooplankton obtained from the New York Bight varied greatly as a function of either species or geographic location.
Central Appalachian Late Ordovician Communities

The fossiliferous beds at the top of the Reedsville and Martinsburg Formations (Upper Ordovician) in the central Appalachians, including the classic Orthorhynchula Zone, provide one of the earliest known examples of a prolific nearshore, clastic-facies fauna that contains species of distinctly modern aspect. A study of the faunal associations and their geographic variation along a 600-mile-long Late Ordovician shoreline and shelf was undertaken. About 35 abundant fossil species dominate the fauna; these are mostly trepostomatous bryozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, and bivalve mollusks, with some trilobites and crinoids. Three distinct faunal communities are recognized on the basis of species which consistently occur together. The communities are: (1) The Sowerbyella-Onniella Community lived on muddy silt bottoms of the outer infralittoral from central Pennsylvania to north-central Virginia and has abundant strophomenid (Sowerbyella, Rafinesquina) and dalmanellid (Onniella) brachiopods, pleurotomariid gastropods, Loxoplocus (Lophospira) and Ruedemannia, nuculoid (Ctenodonta?, Praenucula) and actinodontoid (Lyrodesma) bivalves, crinoids, and lesser numbers of trilobites. (2) The Orthorhynchula-Ambonychia Community lived on sand-silt bottoms of the inner infralittoral and intertidal from south-central Pennsylvania to south-central Virginia and has abundant rhynchonellid (Orthorhynchula) and linguloid (Lingula?) brachiopods, bellerophontid gastropods Plectonotus?, Bucania, modiomorphid (Modiolopsis, Ischyrodonta?), ambonychiid (Ambonychia), and nuculoid (Tancrediopsis) bivalves. (3) Zygospira-Hebertella Community lived on mud and silty mud bottoms of the inner and outer infralittoral from southwestern Virginia to northern Tennessee and has abundant atrypid (Zygospira) and orthid (Hebertella) brachiopods, pterioid bivalves, Pterinea (Caritodens), murchisoniid gastropods, Murchisonia, and trepostomatous bryozoans, Hallopora, Dekayia, Monticulipora, Amplexopora, Batostomella. This type of study of ancient marine communities provides an environmental framework in which the evolution of the major taxa and the evolution of community structure may be considered.
Regulation of antigen induced changes in cyclic nucleotide levels in NZB/wf1 mice.

Abstract Normal C57BL/6J mice respond to the iv injection of antigen with an increase in splenic cAMP at 2 min. NZB/WF1 mice are predisposed to autoimmune and immunological disorders upon aging. The ability of NZB/WF1 mice to respond to antigen with an increase in their splenic cAMP level was found to diminish with age. This loss of responsiveness is antigen specific and not due to a loss of adenylate cyclase activity in spleen cells of old NZB/WF1 mice. The adoptive transfer of spleen cells from unresponsive old mice into responder young mice inhibited the cAMP response to antigen by the recipients. Spleen cells from young responsive mice, on transfer into old nonresponsive NZB/WF1 recipients, resulted in restoration of the cAMP response to antigen. In both cases, the activity of donor cells was dependent on the transfer of T cells. These results indicate that populations of T cells participate in the regulation of the cAMP response to antigen by NZB/WF1 mice. The response of old mice could also be restored by treatment with indomethacin, and also the spleen cells of such treated donors failed to suppress the cAMP response of young recipients. Together, the results suggest a role for prostaglandins in regulating the cAMP response to antigen.
Mars global surveyor mission

Abstract The development of a new mission to observe Mars from orbit is underway by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This mission, the Mars Global Surveyor, will be launched in late 1996, and is the first mission of the new Mars Surveyor Program, a program with international participation, that will characterize the planet Mars from orbital observations and from surface measurements. This paper discusses the technical and programmatic considerations which have been combined to formulate the plans for the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS). The first objective of the mission is to complete, as fully as possible, the five original science objectives of the failed Mars Observer mission. The MGS spacecraft, which will accommodate part of the Mars Observer instrument payload, will focus on surface science to provide the data base for landed missions that will follow in the Mars Surveyor Program in later years. Secondly, the spacecraft will provide a one-way relay capability for US and international landed and atmospheric missions. Thirdly, the mission will provide special emphasis on those measurements which could impact landing site selection. The performance requirements for the MGS spacecraft will be discussed and the payload will be described. The status of the project development at launch minus 13 months will be highlighted. The implementation of this mission will be affordable, engaging to the public and provide numerous public educational benefits. Its management will be cost, rather than performance, driven. Low cost mission operations will be incorporated. The programmatic approach and plans will be described. Finally, lessons learned from the Mars Observer experience will be shown to provide enhancements to the affordability and success of the Mars Global Surveyor Mission.
Intrathymic inoculation of donor bone marrow induces long-term acceptance of lung allografts

Abstract Background We investigated whether intrathymic inoculation of donor bone marrow at the time of transplantation induced long-term acceptance of lung allografts. Methods Four- to-six-week-old August Copenhagen Irish (ACI) and Wistar Furth (WF) rats were used as donors and recipients, respectively. After being inoculated intrathymically with either donor-specific (ACI) or third-party (F344) bone marrow (2.0 × 10 7 cells/lobe), the recipient (WF) animal received a left lung transplant from an ACI donor. A short course of tacrolimus (1 mg/kg per day for 5 days) was administered. Animals were sacrificed at timed intervals after transplantation, and rejection was graded on a scale of 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Results At 28 days, animals receiving donor-specific bone marrow have lower ( p Conclusions Intrathymic inoculation of donor bone marrow at the time of transplantation along with a short course of tacrolimus induces long-term acceptance of lung allografts in rats. This simple approach of tolerance induction may have clinical application.
Holbein – A Snapshot

Book reviewed in this article: Mark Roskill and John Oliver, (eds) Hans Holbein: Paintings, Prints and Reception
Differential Effects of Estrogen Exposure on Arylsulfatase B, Galactose-6-Sulfatase, and Steroid Sulfatase in Rat Prostate Development

Sulfatase enzymes remove sulfate groups from sulfated steroid hormones, including estrone-sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, and from sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), including chondroitin sulfates and heparan sulfate. The enzymes N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B; ARSB) and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfatase (GALNS), which remove sulfate groups from the sulfated GAGs chondroitin 4-sulfate (C4S) and chondroitin 6-sulfate, respectively, have not been studied in prostate development previously. In this report, the endogenous variation and the impact of exogenous estradiol benzoate on the immunohistochemistry and activity of ARSB and GALNS in post-natal (days 1-30) ventral rat prostate are presented, as well as measurements of steroid sulfatase activity (STS), C4S, total sulfated GAGs, and versican, an extracellular matrix proteoglycan with chondroitin sulfate attachments on days 5 and 30. Findings demonstrate distinct and reciprocal localization of ARSB and GALNS, with ARSB predominant in the stroma and GALNS predominant in the epithelium. Control ARSB activity increased significantly between days 5 and 30, but following estrogen exposure (estradiol benzoate 25 μg in 25 μl sesame oil subcutaneously on days 1, 3, and 5), activity was reduced and the observed increase on day 30 was inhibited. However, estrogen treatment did not inhibit the increase in GALNS activity between days 5 and 30, and reduced STS activity by 50% on both days 5 and 30 compared to vehicle control. Sulfated GAGs, C4S, and the extracellular matrix proteoglycan versican declined between days 5 and 30 in the control, but these declines were inhibited following estrogen. Study findings indicate distinct variation in expression and activity of sulfatases, sulfated GAGs, C4S, and versican in the process of normal prostate development, and disruption of these events by exogenous estrogen.
Effects of nonverbal communication on efficiency and robustness in human-robot teamwork

Nonverbal communication plays an important role in coordinating teammates' actions for collaborative activities. In this paper, we explore the impact of non-verbal social cues and behavior on task performance by a human-robot team. We report our results from an experiment where naive human subjects guide a robot to perform a physical task using speech and gesture. Both self-report via questionnaire and behavioral analysis of video offer evidence to support our hypothesis that implicit non-verbal communication positively impacts human-robot task performance with respect to understandability of the robot, efficiency of task performance, and robustness to errors that arise from miscommunication.
Thermal characterization and phase behavior of cornstarch studied by differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract A cornstarch–water system was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Glass transition and melting transitions of starch crystals and amylose–lipid complexes were observed in native cornstarch with moisture content (MC) between 11.9% and 24%. At medium to high MC levels, the glass transition was not detectable, but melting of ice and gelatinization of starch (G endotherm) were observed. The gelatinized cornstarch was completely amorphous and retrogradation was not observed under the experimental conditions. As expected, phase behavior and thermal properties of cornstarch–water system were significantly dependent on water content, composition, and gelatinization. The gelatinized cornstarch had higher glass transition temperature than the native cornstarch. Nonfreezing water of starch increased as MC increased and leveled off at 29.5% MC. The gelatinized cornstarch had less nonfreezing water at low MC and had more nonfreezing water at high MC compared to the native cornstarch. Water in the system was thought to exist in three forms: bound water, loosely bound water, and free water, all of which were MC dependent. State diagrams for the native and gelatinized cornstarch were configured out of the data obtained in this study.
Use Of Thermal Nitridation To Fabricate Low Loss Planar Optical Waveguides In Si0 2

Low loss planar optical waveguides have been fabricated by thermal nitridation of thick silicon dioxide films. The waveguides were formed by oxidizing silicon wafers at 1100°C in steam and then exposing them to an atmosphere of electronic grade ammonia for periods between one and ten days. Measurements of waveguide loss, effective refractive index and refractive index were performed as functions of nitridation time. Losses for these waveguides ranged between 0.06 and 0.31 dB/cm. Auger electron spectroscopy and ellipsometry were used to characterize the nitrided films. The waveguide loss data were compared with calculations of optical waveguide properties.
Solvent effects and polymorphic transformation of organic nonlinear optical crystal L-pyroglutamic acid in solution growth processes: I. Solvent effects and growth morphology

Abstract Single crystals of a new promising nonlinear optical material for the tunable UV harmonic generation, l -pyroglutamic acid 60×20×20 mm 3 in size were obtained from aqueous solution by using the temperature-lowering method. Solubility of l -pyroglutamic acid in different solvents was measured. The single crystals showed different morphological characteristics and growth rate in different solvents with different crystallographic orientations. Methanol or ethanol solutions yielded needle-like crystals. In mixed solution such as methanol/H 2 O or ethanol/ H 2 O plate-like crystals with a thickness in the direction [0 1 0] were observed. The water as a good solvent, however, produced long prism-like crystals. The two polymorphs of L -pyroglutamic acid (α and β phases) were found for the first time. The growth shapes of α-phase is mainly a prism and β phases is a rhombic plate.The growth rate of α and β phases is mainly a function of the supersaturation of the L -pyroglutamic acid in solution.
Retrieving parasite specific liver stage gene products in Plasmodium yoelii infected livers using differential display.

Differential display (DD) has been routinely used to identify genes whose expression pattern is altered by changes in the cellular environment and/or at different stages of development. Most reports utilizing DD contain conventional DD primers that have high guanine and cytosine content and would not be expected to be optimal for Plasmodium which has approximately 30–40% G+C. In an attempt to accommodate the high adenine and thymidine rich genome of Plasmodium yoelii, we utilized PCR primers containing 40, 50 and 60% G+C and modified the existing DD technique. Thus 40% G+C appeared to be the most suitable to amplify Plasmodium genome. Gene specific primers were generated from the sequences of selected DD bands amplified using the 40% G+C primers and were used to verify that the DD clones were of parasite origin by PCR and sequence alignment. Additional data on five of the selected DD clones, designated P2T1L5, P2T1L6, P2T6L11, P2T7L12 and P2T7L13, suggested that all are expressed during the P. yoelii liver stage infection. Interestingly, P2T1L5 is also expressed during the sporozoite stage of the life cycle and both P2T1L6 and P2T6L11 are present as blood stage antigens. The results of this study suggest that DD incorporating primers with low G+C content allows the identification of P. yoelii messages from infected mouse livers.
The Earth's Electric and Magnetic Fields

II. TWO of the most characteristic features of the earth's magnetism are the non-coincidence of the magnetic and geographic axis, and the secular variation. While a theory which is to claim any degree of completeness must account for these, one cannot resist the temptation of searching for any sort of phenomenon capable of giving a field of the order of magnitude of the earth's field in the hope that if such be found it may serve as a possible basis on which to build a more complete theory.
Blunt Traumatic Rupture of a Mitral Papillary Muscle Head

Severe mitral regurgitation developed in a patient after a lateral-impact motor vehicle accident. The papillary muscle head was disrupted without evidence of other myocardial injury. We hypothesize that a dramatic and sudden increase in intrahoracic pressure may have produced the injury. The patient experienced progressive heart failure and underwent successful mitral valve repair 9 days after the accident.
Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 2010/2011

Annual Review of United Nations Affairs 2010/2011 New York, Oxford University Press, 2012, 6 vols, pp. 3,034, ISBN 9780199936687 (hardback) The UN system at 65 has almost 200 members. This Annual R...
The Atypical Stimulant and Nootropic Modafinil Interacts with the Dopamine Transporter in a Different Manner than Classical Cocaine-Like Inhibitors

Modafinil is a mild psychostimulant with pro-cognitive and antidepressant effects. Unlike many conventional stimulants, modafinil has little appreciable potential for abuse, making it a promising therapeutic agent for cocaine addiction. The chief molecular target of modafinil is the dopamine transporter (DAT); however, the mechanistic details underlying modafinil's unique effects remain unknown. Recent studies suggest that the conformational effects of a given DAT ligand influence the magnitude of the ligand's reinforcing properties. For example, the atypical DAT inhibitors benztropine and GBR12909 do not share cocaine's notorious addictive liability, despite having greater binding affinity. Here, we show that the binding mechanism of modafinil is different than cocaine and similar to other atypical inhibitors. We previously established two mutations (W84L and D313N) that increase the likelihood that the DAT will adopt an outward-facing conformational state--these mutations increase the affinity of cocaine-like inhibitors considerably, but have little or opposite effect on atypical inhibitor binding. Thus, a compound's WT/mutant affinity ratio can indicate whether the compound preferentially interacts with a more outward- or inward-facing conformational state. Modafinil displayed affinity ratios similar to those of benztropine, GBR12909 and bupropion (which lack cocaine-like effects in humans), but far different than those of cocaine, β-CFT or methylphenidate. Whereas treatment with zinc (known to stabilize an outward-facing transporter state) increased the affinity of cocaine and methylphenidate two-fold, it had little or no effect on the binding of modafinil, benztropine, bupropion or GBR12909. Additionally, computational modeling of inhibitor binding indicated that while β-CFT and methylphenidate stabilize an "open-to-out" conformation, binding of either modafinil or bupropion gives rise to a more closed conformation. Our findings highlight a mechanistic difference between modafinil and cocaine-like stimulants and further demonstrate that the conformational effects of a given DAT inhibitor influence its phenomenological effects.
An experimental method for evaluating SIF distributions during crack turning in non-brittle materials

Abstract After briefly describing an experimental modelling method consisting of a marriage of frozen stress photoelasticity with the Griffith–Irwin equations of fracture mechanics, the method is applied to a generic motor grain model containing part through cracks emanating from the corner of a fin tip under internal pressure to determine approximate crack shapes and stress intensity factor values at maximum crack depth for various penetration depths. The role of shear modes during crack turning is described.
Effects of cytokinins on promotion of cell arrest in G2 by trigonelline and trigonelline concentrations in cultured roots of Pisum sativum and Glycine max

Abstract Effects of cytokinins on trigonelline's promotion of cell arrest in G2 were determined. Previous results demonstrate that trigonelline, (N-methyl nicotinic acid), a hormone present in cotyledons of young seedlings of Pisum sativum L. and Glycine max Merrill, is transported to roots and shoots where it stops cell progression in the G2 stage of the cell cycle during normal cell maturation. In P. sativum, two natural cytokinins, isopentenyl adenine and zeatin, and both their ribosides (all at 10−7 M) were antagonistic to trigonelline's function when placed individually in aseptic culture with trigonelline at 10−6 M. Elevated trigonelline concentrations (10−4 M) negated the antagonistic effect on these cytokinins. Kinetin and benzyl adenine (synthetic cytokinins) were not antagonistic to trigonelline at any concentration. In G. max, two natural cytokinins, isopentenyl adenine and zeatin, at 10−7 and 10−8 M, promoted cell arrest in G2 in the absence of trigonelline. Moreover, the proportion of cells arrested in G2 was higher in roots cultured with isopentenyl adenine in combination with trigonelline, than with either hormone alone. In both legumes, these natural cytokinins did not influence trigonelline concentrations in roots. These results demonstrate an interaction between natural cytokinins and trigonelline in control of the cell cycle in peas and soybeans. This is the first report of an interaction of two naturally occurring hormones that affect cell arrest in either G1 or G2 in tissues of either plants or animals.
Precision tracking control of non-minimum phase systems with zero phase error

In this paper, a method is proposed for designing the command feedforward controller for zero phase error tracking control of systems having unacceptable zeros. The unacceptable zeros include both non-minimum phase zeros and lightly damped zeros. In the proposed approach, a digital preview filter along with the acceptable part of the system's inverse model is designed to form the command feedforward controller. Using preview information of the input trajectory, the designed tracking controller guarantees zero phase error and high precision tracking performance. In the proposed design, the best tracking performance can be achieved by minimizing a weighted penalty function, which controls the gain error between the desired output and the actual output. Two design cases were examined. The first is the design based on a uniform weighting function. In this study, the optimal solution of the design can be analytically obtained and three prior approaches were shown to be the special cases of the proposed solutio...
A High-Current Low-Pass Filter for Magnet Power Supplies

The majority of high-current dc power supplies for beam bending magnets have well known LCR low-pass ripple filters. To avoid prohibitive heat losses, the filter damping resistor is in series with the capacitor and not in the dc path. Such filters, when critically damped, attenuate high frequencies by 6 dB/octave. This paper analyzes an improved underdamped LCR filter which attenuates high frequencies by 12 dB/octave. Depending on the application, the improved filter can be designed to have an oscillatory or a non-oscillatory response to a step change of the input voltage. Design curves are given which show the frequency response and the time response to a unit step of a normalized improved filter for various degrees of damping.
Perceived lightness depends on perceived spatial arrangement

The perceived shade of gray depends primarily on the luminance relationship between surfaces percieved to lie in the same plane and not between surfaces that are merely adjacent in the retinal image. This result implies that depth perception must precede lightness perception and that lateral inhibition cannot explain lightness constancy.
Theory and experimental background on dimensional changes in irradiated alloys

Abstract When a material is irradiated with energetic neutrons or charged particles, a complex sequence of reactions takes place. Structure, composition, and properties are altered over an extremely wide scale, spanning atomic defects, meso-scale microstructures and macroscopic properties. Particularly interesting are radiation-induced dimensional changes. Such changes, which can occur in engineered components of fission and fusion reactors on a scale of meters, are driven by lattice defects at the subnanometer level. Because of their technological importance and their high scientific challenge, the dimensional changes termed radiation-induced swelling and creep have elicited sustained intensive research by basic and applied materials scientists for many years. The present paper is intended as a brief tutorial on salient features of this work. The presentation is divided into three parts. Background is first sketched emphasizing experimentally observed features and applications. Next, the theoretical framework and specific models that have been developed to understand radiation-induced swelling and creep in isotropic materials are described. Lastly, selected experiments designed and/or interpreted in terms of theory are highlighted to illustrate the current state of understanding of the physical bases of these phenomena.
The Importance of Eolian Abrasion in Supermature Quartz Sandstones and the Paradox of Weathering on Vegetation‐Free Landscapes

Abstract Pure quartz arenites are especially characteristic of lower Paleozoic and Proterozoic strata deposited in nonorogenic settings. A century‐long debate over the origin of these remarkably pure sandstones has remained unresolved, largely because they seem nonactualistic. The much greater importance of wind and fluvial processes prior to the Silurian appearance of macroscopic vegetation supported a physical origin, but it is now clear that both multicycling and intense chemical weathering can produce them. Multicycling seemed essential to account for their extreme textural maturity, with the exceptional rounding of many examples pointing to important eolian abrasion. Other attributes such as evidences of mixed sources, upward maturation, association with major unconformities, and an inverse relationship between labile grain content and grain size also were consistent with recycling. A single‐cycle origin proven in the modern humid tropics, however, is supported in the ancient record by examples with ...
Panchromatic mining for quasars: an NVO keystone science application

A data Tsunami is overwhelming Astronomy. This wave is affecting all aspects of our field, revolutionizing not just the type of scientific questions being asked, but the very nature of how the answers are uncovered. In this invited proceeding, we will address a particular scientific application - Panchromatic Mining for Quasars - of the forthcoming virtual observatories, which have arisen in an effort to control the effects of the data Tsunami. This project, in addition to serving as an important scientific driver for virtual observatory technologies, is designed to a) characterize the multi-wavelength nature of known active galaxies and quasars, especially in relation to their local environment, in order to b) quantify the clustering of these known systems in the multidimensional parameter space formed by their observables, so that new, and potentially unknown types of systems can be optimally targeted.
Denial in methamphetamine users: Associations with cognition and functional connectivity in brain.

Background Despite harmful consequences of drug addiction, it is common for individuals with substance use disorders to deny having problems with drugs. Emerging evidence suggests that some drug users lack insight into their behavior due to neurocognitive dysfunction, but little research has examined potential neurocognitive contributions to denial.
Off-path TCP Sequence Number Inference Attack - How Firewall Middleboxes Reduce Security

In this paper, we report a newly discovered "off-path TCP sequence number inference" attack enabled by firewall middle boxes. It allows an off-path (i.e., not man-in-the-middle) attacker to hijack a TCP connection and inject malicious content, effectively granting the attacker write-only permission on the connection. For instance, with the help of unprivileged malware, we demonstrate that a successful attack can hijack an HTTP session and return a phishing Face book login page issued by a browser. With the same mechanisms, it is also possible to inject malicious Javascript to post tweets or follow other people on behalf of the victim. The TCP sequence number inference attack is mainly enabled by the sequence-number-checking firewall middle boxes. Through carefully-designed and well-timed probing, the TCP sequence number state kept on the firewall middle box can be leaked to an off-path attacker. We found such firewall middle boxes to be very popular in cellular networks - at least 31.5% of the 149 measured networks deploy such firewalls. Finally, since the sequence-number-checking feature is enabled by design, it is unclear how to mitigate the problem easily.
Urinary effects of xylazine and general anesthesia in horses

The purpose of this study was to characterize urine flow and biochemical parameters in horses given xylazine (XYL) and anesthetized with ketamine and isoflurane. Nine mares [9 ± 2 (mean ± SE) years; 492 ± 17 kg] were studied. They were anesthetized for 2 hours in support of a campus-approved, laboratory-based orthopedic study. The day prior to anesthesia, a venous blood sample was obtained for biochemical analysis from each unmedicated mare. The urinary bladder was catheterized and emptied, and urine collected over the next three hours to quantitate the pre-drug values. The next day the mares were similarly catheterized. After obtaining urine and venous blood samples, XYL (1.1 mg kg−1 IV) was administered. Anesthesia was induced 5 minutes later with ketamine (2.2 mg kg−1 IV) and diazepam (0.04 mg kg−1 IV) and maintained with isoflurane in O2. Lactated Ringer's solution (10 mL kg−1 hours−1) was administered IV and dobutamine infused as required to maintain mean arterial blood pressure between 70 and 80 mm Hg. Mechanical ventilation maintained PaCO2 between 48 and 52 mm Hg and PaO2 > 200 mm Hg. Blood and urine were collected at 30, 60, and 120 minutes during anesthesia, and at 1 hour postanesthesia. Data were analyzed with RM anova; with p < 0.05. Control urine flow was 0.92 ± 0.17 mL kg−1 hour−1. Urine flow was significantly increased at 30 and 60 minutes following XYL (2.14 ± 0.59 and 2.86 ± 0.97 mL kg−1 hour−1, respectively), but returned to control levels by the end of anesthesia. The most notable biochemical change was an initial significant increase in serum glucose from 121 ± 4 to 167 ± 8 mg dL−1 at 30 minutes post-XYL that was not accompanied by a significant glucosuria (control value 4 ± 1 mg dL−1). We conclude that urine output increases in anesthetized horses following XYL, but this increase is not as a result of glucosuria.
The effects of EDTA and contaminating metals on Fe, Cu and Zn in deoxyribonucleoprotein

Abstract 1. 1. A substantial loss of native metals in DNP was observed when EDTA was present during cell homogenization or in the final extract. 2. 2. Similarly, the presence of trace amounts of Fe. Cu, and Zn resulted in metal contamination.
Descriptions of four new species of Thysanophrys (Scorpaeniformes: Platycephalidae) from the Western Indian Ocean

Four new species of Thysanophrys are described from the Western Indian Ocean (WIO). T. rarita, known from a single specimen taken off Somalia, is provisionally placed in Thysanophrys and is distinguished by its color pattern and number of preocular and suborbital spines. T. tricaudata is described from three specimens taken at SCUBA stations off southwestern Sri Lanka. They differ from other western Indian Ocean (WIO) Thysanophrys in color pattern, lack of ocular flaps, number of dorsal fin spines and scale counts. The remaining two new species are somewhat similar to the widespread Indo-Pacific species, T. chiltonae Schultz (1966). T. randalli is described from specimens taken at the Amirante Islands and Mauritius. It may also be widespread in the Indo-Pacific, but differs from T. chiltonae in nasal spine structure, color pattern, type of iris lappet margin, and in having a much shorter maximum size. T. springeri also appears to be a smaller species than T. chiltonae and, aside from one record off Djibouti, is restricted to Red Sea. It also differs from T. chiltonae in color pattern, in having fewer pectoral rays and fewer scale rows between the second dorsal-fin insertion and the lateral line. Although T. chiltonae is relatively common in the northern Indian Ocean, it does not appear to have entered the Red Sea.
Evaluation of catheters and metallic catheter markers as calibration standard for measurement of coronary dimension

Measurement of coronary dimension requires an accurate and reproducible dimensional reference. Angiographic catheters are frequently used for this purpose. We measured the angiographic diameters of a broad range of diagnostic and angioplasty guiding catheters by using two commonly used edge-detection algorithms. Angiographic diameters are significantly less than true catheter outer diameter. Therefore the use of contrast-filled catheters as a dimensional reference may lead to considerable error in vessel measurement with overestimation of absolute dimension. Tables of reference values for multiple catheter as calibration standard, tested under a variety of angiographic conditions. The metallic-tipped marker was found to have a better degree of reproducibility than catheters. These findings have implications for studies employing serial measurements of coronary artery dimension and for the clinical practice of estimating vessel diameter for choice of balloon size during angioplasty.
The relationship between self-care and metabolic control in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

To assess the relationship between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) self-care management and metabolic control in school-aged children, 21 children ages 10 to 14 years with a duration of IDDM of 5.5 years (range 1 to 13 years) were studied. Self-care was defined as the activities that children with IDDM initiate and perform on their own in the management of their disease. Self-care activity was assessed by a revised Self-Care Questionnaire (SCQ), and metabolic control was determined by HbA1c levels obtained at the same time the SCQ was completed. A higher level of self-care management (higher SCQ) was hypothesized to correlate with better metabolic control (lower HbA1c). Regression analysis of SCQ and HbA1c supported the expected inverse relationship but not at a significant level. The only significant predictors of self-care activity and metabolic control were experience at a specialized camp for children with diabetes and race, with Caucasian children scoring higher in self-care and having lower HbA1c values than African American children.
ViBE: virtual biology experiments

The virtual laboratories enhance learning experiences by providing the student with a supplement to the physical lab. The laboratories allow students to perform exercises as in an actual lab and to gather data for preparing lab reports. To increase student’s engagement and interest, they are allowed to make errors and take wrong directions, and then backtrack to correctly perform the exercise. The architecture of the system is modular and can be easily extended to implement different laboratories and it supports augmentation by animation effects and realistic rendering of virtual objects. Most of the system components, including all the virtual labs, are implemented as Java Beans. The software framework is lightweight and can be downloaded as an applet in a browser. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used for application and data description; students can save their lab reports in XML and review them later. To demonstrate the potential of the architecture, we have developed several virtual laboratories for cell division, centrifugation, spectrophotometry, and virtual microscopy. We report experience in developing and deploying such virtual laboratories as well as their actual usage in the Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience at Rutgers University.
Physical properties of selected illites, beidellites and mixed-layer illite–beidellites from southwestern Idaho, and their infrared spectra

Abstract The silver–gold ore deposits of the De Lamar mine, the mines in Florida Mountain and the mines in War Eagle Mountain occur in conjunction with large seams of clay minerals, which consist mainly of mixed-layer illite–beidellite. When saturated with groundwater, these clay seams have caused slope failures during mining and processing of ore. The illite–beidellite clays have effective internal friction values, O e , as low as 4° and cementation C values of about 1.0 kg f/cm 2 . The Fe-beidellite used for the clay core of the mill pond dam has an average O e value of 8.3° and C value of 0.79 kg f/cm 2 , with an average permeability ( K -value) of 5.6×10 −7 cm/s. The fundamental OH spectra of beidellite, illite and muscovite are similar with beidellite having bands near 3635, 3654 and 3653 cm −1 . Montmorillonite has one Al–OH libration band near 915 cm −1 , whereas beidellite has a second band near 942 cm −1 . In like manner, illites and muscovites have bands from 928 to 933 cm −1 , as well as the Al–OH libration bands from 912 to 917 cm −1 . The OH libration bands vary both in position and intensity with particle orientation and heating. Combination bands for Fe-bearing muscovite show moderate bands at 4451 cm −1 for ferrous muscovite and at 4471 cm −1 for ferric muscovite. These bands also are present for illites. The dominant Al–OH combination band wave numbers of muscovites form a linear relationship with the Al 2 O 3 muscovite contents, but not so precisely for illites. Chemical analysis of illites indicates that the compositions are a continuum into muscovites. Illites from the Miller–Walters mine contain a rather large amount of certain trace elements, whereas the adjacent beidellites do not.
Hybridization experiments with some American dark-winged anophelines.

Abstract Three closely related species of mosquitoes, Anopheles quadrimaculatus A. freeborni, and A. aztecus, were reciprocally hybridized. Hybridizations between A. quadrimaculatus and either A. freeborni or A. aztecus resulted in a reduction in the numbers of eggs laid, of which reduced percentages hatched. Practically all the hybrids died in early larval life; only rarely did they develop as far as the third larval instar. Only one adult was produced in these crosses and it was shown to be fertile by back-crossing. Crosses involving A. aztecus and A. freeborni also resulted in reduced numbers of eggs being laid of which reduced numbers hatched but the reductions were not so striking as when either of these forms was crossed with A. quadrimaculatus. The hybrid larvae were not so vigorous as normal ones but large numbers of adults emerged. Fertile F1 females were produced no matter which female parent was used but a normal percentage of hybrid males was produced only when A. freeborni was the female parent; when A. aztecus was the female parent, only a small proportion of the progeny was male. In the former case, fertile males were produced but in the latter they could not be tested. The patterns of the hybrid eggs were similar to those of the females which laid them in those cases where they were observed. These results support the conclusions derived by studies of morphology, that A. aztecus and A. freeborni are more closely related to each other than either is to A. quadrimaculatus and that the differences among the three forms are large enough so that they may be considered to be specifically distinct.
An Invisible Spectator: A Biography of Paul Bowles

"Filled with insights into an enigma" ("USA Today"), "An Invisible Spectator" chronicles Paul Bowles's life and work--interwoven with vivid depictions of the writer's intimates, including Truman Capote, Gertrude Stein, Allen Ginsberg, and William Burroughs.
Differential reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups of yeast aldolase toward p-hydroxymer curibenzoate

Abstract Reaction of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate with sulfhydryl groups in yeast aldolase was studied by the stopped-flow method. Two classes of SH groups can be distinguished. Fast reactive SH groups (approximately 3) have the rate constant around 4 × 10 5 M −1 sec −1 , which is at least 10 3 faster than the slow reactive SH groups (approximately 2 in holoenzyme). Apoaldolase has 2 additional slow reactive SH groups. Fructose diphosphate blocks the reaction of at least one slow reactive SH group both in holo- and apo-enzymes. These results suggest that the SH groups of yeast aldolase are involved in the fructose diphosphate binding site and possibly involved as a ligand on the crucial Zn atom.
First results from the hyperspectral imager for climate science (HySICS)

The 2007 National Research Council Decadal Survey for Earth Science identified needed measurements to improve understanding of the Earth’s climate system, recommending acquiring Earth spectral radiances with an unprecedented 0.2% absolute radiometric accuracy to track long-term climate change and to improve climate models and predictions. Current space-based imagers have radiometric uncertainties of ~2% or higher limited by the high degradation uncertainties of onboard solar diffusers or calibration lamps or by vicarious ground scenes viewed through the Earth’s atmosphere. The HyperSpectral Imager for Climate Science (HySICS) is a spatial/spectral imaging spectrometer with an emphasis on radiometric accuracy for such long-term climate studies based on Earth-reflected visible and near-infrared radiances. The HySICS’s accuracy is provided by direct views of the Sun, which is more stable and better characterized than traditional flight calibration sources. Two high-altitude balloon flights provided by NASA's Wallops Flight Facility and NASA’s Columbia Scientific Balloon Facility are intended to demonstrate the instrument’s 10× improvement in radiometric accuracy over existing instruments. We present the results of the first of these flights, during which measurements of the Sun, Earth, and lunar crescent were acquired from 37 km altitude. Covering the entire 350-2300 nm spectral region needed for shortwave Earth remote sensing with the HySICS’s single, flight-heritage detector array promises mass, cost, and size advantages for eventual space- and air-borne missions. A 6 nm spectral resolution with a 0.5 km spatial resolution from low Earth orbit helps in determinations of atmospheric composition, land usage, vegetation, and ocean color.