cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accommodating Death: Euthanasia in The Netherlands

I. lNTRODUCTlON Years ago, when Stuart Spicker and I were seeking to detour his younger son around a four stage bereavement over the unexpected demise of his obese guinea pig, we chanced upon a children’s magazine filled with “What is wrong with this picture?” games. The cartoons were not very subtle — a fish sitting on a sofa watching television, a boot hanging from a fruit tree — their appeal being more to a child’s fondness for dopeyness than an adult’s for paradox. But the magazine served its purpose by changing the subject, and we were all grateful for it. A quarter century later, I cannot avoid raising the same question: What is wrong with this picture? A festschrift for Stuart Spicker? Of course: he is worthy. It takes two hands merely to lift his curriculum vitae, and everyone knows that the contemporary flourishing of philosophy in its medical applications would have been quite impossible without his innumerable contributions. Yet this festschrift appears very premature. Festschrifts normally signal the end of careers. and yet Spicker still has so much to teach us and so many years in which to do his teaching. And euthanasia as a festschrift topic? With his legendary, voracious appetite for life, Spicker seems an odd person to honor with a discussion of how a society deals with death. The oddness, however, is only superficial, for Spicker has always known that death and dying are parts of life — indeed, among the most mysterious and unfathomable parts — and that is why he has often selected them as subjects for his characteristically clear-eyed analysis. Consider this passage. for example, which not only empties a rhetorical Augean stable but leaves its floors clean enough to eat on: a “death with dignity” is not equivalent to a death unbetubed and without artificial devices but a death that proceeds according to the will of the patient. The undignified death is the death which ensued on the basis of the values of persons who are not authorized to speak for the patient. When we override the freedom of any patient we risk the foundation on which dignity rests (Spicker. 1979. p. 44). A more succinct statement of the issue is hard to conceive.
Use of dasatinib dose-reduction periods to remedy poor surgical wound healing in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph + ALL) is notable for the fusion of chromosomes 9 and 22, forming the BCR-ABL1 gene [1]. This fusion is observed in 20–40% of adult...
Development and Implementation of a Virtual Cell Culture Lab Practical for an Introductory BME Lab Course

The transition to remote learning in response to the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the adaptation of an in-person cell culture lab practical to a virtual assessment in an introductory biomedical engineering lab course. The virtual lab practical was administered in the course LMS and implemented video, data analysis, and multiple-choice questions. Average student scores and grade distributions were comparable across in-person and virtual lab practical formats. Instructors observed fewer grading concerns for the virtual practical compared to previous in-person offerings. The virtual lab practical may be preferred over in-person lab practical in future offerings due to decreased student stress, lower cost, reduced required instructor time, and limited availability of equipment. Resources developed for the virtual practical, including video tutorials and a hemocytometer simulator to practice calculations, can be used by other educators and as supplements to existing course material.
Cell-Type-Specific Expression Pattern of Proton-Sensing Receptors and Channels in Pituitary Gland

In mammalian cells, extracellular protons act as orthosteric and allosteric ligands for multiple receptors and channels. The aim of this study is to identify proton sensors in the rat pituitary gland. qRT-PCR analysis indicated the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 68 gene (Gpr68) and acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) genes Asic1, Asic2, and Asic4 in anterior pituitary cells and Asic1 and Asic2 in immortalized GH3 pituitary cells. Asic1a and Asic2b were the dominant splice isoforms. Single anterior pituitary cell RNA sequencing and immunocytochemical analysis showed that nonexcitable folliculostellate cells express GPR68 gene and protein, whereas excitable secretory cells express ASIC genes and proteins. Asic1 was detected in all secretory cell types, Asic2 in gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, and somatotrophs, and Asic4 in lactotrophs. Extracellular acidification activated two types of currents in a concentration-dependent manner: a fast-developing, desensitizing current with an estimated EC50-value of pH 6.7 and a slow-developing, non-desensitizing current that required a higher proton concentration for activation. The desensitizing current was abolished by removal of bath sodium and application of amiloride, a blocker of ASIC channels, whereas the non-desensitizing current was amiloride insensitive and voltage dependent. Activation of both currents increased the excitability of secretory pituitary cells, consistent with their potential physiological relevance in control of voltage-gated calcium influx and calcium-dependent cellular functions.
The role of total ankle replacement in patients with haemophilia and end‐stage ankle arthropathy: A review

Haemophilia is the most common X-linked bleeding disorder, affecting over 1 million individuals throughout the world. Patients are subclassified into mild, moderate and severe disease based on per cent factor activity level. Nearly, all patients with haemophilia develop haemophilic arthropathy (HA) by age 30 and HA is known to have a negative impact on physical health subscores in Haem-A-QOL, a validated quality of life scoring system for patients with haemophilia. Unfortunately, many patients progress to end-stage HA of the ankle, which is characterized by pain, contractures, decreased range of motion and muscle atrophy. Ankle arthrodesis (AAD) has been the standard of care in the definitive surgical management of end-stage HA of the ankle. While AAD is a safe surgical procedure known to improve HA-related pain, it decreases functional mobility and has been associated with secondary hindfoot arthritis as well as subtalar degeneration. In recent years, total ankle replacement (TAR) has emerged as an alternative surgical procedure that strives to improve functional mobility, pain and quality of life in end-stage HA of the ankle. However, the safety, durability, and efficacy of this procedure in these patients are unknown. In this review, we analyse the clinical studies investigating TAR in patients with end-stage HA of the ankle. We also discuss important considerations in the perioperative management of patients with haemophilia and compare the risks and benefits of AAD and TAR for patients with end-stage HA of the ankle.
Evaluation of a carbon dioxide laser scalpel for disbudding Holstein calves: A pilot study

Abstract Cautery hot-iron disbudding is a painful routine husbandry practice performed on many dairy farms and calf rearing facilities. Refinements to eliminate or reduce the pain associated with disbudding are desired. Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser scalpels cut and ablate tissue using high-power light energy. The objective of this study was to test the utility of a CO2 laser scalpel in bovine disbudding and to compare healing and pain measures with those of cautery hot-iron disbudding. Twelve Holstein bull calves (6–39 d of age) were enrolled in the study. Calves were randomly assigned into groups that were disbudded with a CO2 laser scalpel (n = 6) or cautery hot iron (n = 6). Calves were sedated with xylazine for the procedure and were given oral meloxicam and a local anesthetic block for analgesia. Outcome measures were maximum surface temperature by infrared thermography, mechanical nociception threshold (MNT) tests, and digital images for wound healing. The infrared thermography and MNT measures were collected before disbudding and out to 72 h postprocedure. Images for wound healing were collected before disbudding and at 6, 24, and 72 h and 7, 14, 28, and 42 d postdisbudding. Overall maximum surface temperatures were not different between groups (35.3 ± 0.3°C vs. 36.0 ± 0.3°C for laser and hot iron, respectively). No differences in overall MNT measures were noted between the laser calves (2.28 ± 0.19) and the hot-iron calves (2.42 ± 0.19 kg of force). All 6 calves in the laser group were completely healed by d 42, whereas only 4 out of 6 hot-iron calves were fully healed. These results suggest that disbudding calves using a CO2 laser scalpel may be painful based on the outcomes measured. Further research that focuses on pain associated with time points beyond those used in this study and that performs the procedure in unsedated calves is needed to fully evaluate its utility.
The logic of quantification: institutionalizing numerical thinking

Quantification, in the form of accountability measures, organizational rankings, and personal metrics, plays an increasingly prominent role in modern society. While past research tends to depict quantification primarily as either an external intervention or a tool that can be employed by organizations, we propose that conceptualizing quantification as a logic provides a more complete understanding of its influence and the profound transformations it can generate. Drawing on a 14-month ethnographic study of Korean higher education and 100 in-depth interviews with key actors in this field, this study demonstrates four pathways through which the logic of quantification is embedded into organizations. Specifically, we show how this new logic reshaped organizational structure, practices, power, and culture—changes that in turn buttress and reproduce the logic. Theoretically, this study provides a new perspective on the deep institutionalization of quantification: why quantification is often intractable and “de-quantification” so rare. In addition, this work contributes to the organizational literature on institutional logics by demonstrating how prevailing logics build defenses to resist challengers and thus maintain their influence. Most generally, we consider how the self-reinforcing nature of this logic contributes to the intensification of rationalization in contemporary society.
Introduction: Literary Legal Literacy

A literary literacy requirement for bar membership would present some of the same challenges that ethics requirements do.
Turbulent heat transfer in circular tube flows of viscoelastic fluids

The effects of thermal entrance length, polymer degradation and solvent chemistry were found to be critically important in the determination of the drag and heat transfer behavior of viscoelastic fluids in turbulent pipe flow.
The Theory of Problem Solving

It is now about fifteen years since the first computer programs were written and tested that used the method of heuristic search to solve problems. Dozens of such programs, some designed for specific task domains, others claiming various degrees of generality, have now been described in the literature, and many experiments with their performance have been reported and analysed. It is an appropriate time to ask what has been learned from these experiments about the general theory of problem solving, and to try to summarize the present state of that theory.
Implementing Contextual Rewriting

Contextual rewriting as a generalization of conditional rewriting has been studied in different forms. We show that contextual rewriting is a powerful simplification rule for the first-order theorem proving with equality and preserves the refutational completeness of many reasoning systems. After comparing definitions of contextual rewriting by Boyer-Moore, Remy, Ganzinger and Zhang-Kapur, we show that the definition of Zhang-Kapur is more suitable for implementation because it is natural to organize the context as a ground term rewriting system. We provide a detailed procedure for simplying clauses using contextual rewriting. We also provide a solution on how to handle variables which appear only in the condition of a conditional rewrite rule.
Marketing Continuing Care Retirement Communities: A Model of Residents' Perceptions of Quality

Abstract With 20 percent of the population reaching 65 years and older by 2020, the need for viable retirement living options will be paramount. Seniors in the year 2020 will expect quality service options in their living environment. This article presents a service quality model for continuing care communities, and discusses the issues, constraints, and factors that influence residents' behaviors and satisfaction levels. Implications for future study, considering these additional variables, are discussed.
How Can We Analyze Differentially-Private Synthetic Datasets?

Synthetic datasets generated within the multiple imputation framework are now commonly used by statistical agencies to protect the confidentiality of their respondents. More recently, researchers have also proposed techniques to generate synthetic datasets which offer the formal guarantee of differential privacy. While combining rules were derived for the first type of synthetic datasets, little has been said on the analysis of differentially-private synthetic datasets generated with multiple imputations. In this paper, we show that we can not use the usual combining rules to analyze synthetic datasets which have been generated to achieve differential privacy. We consider specifically the case of generating synthetic count data with the beta-binomial synthetizer, and illustrate our discussion with simulation results. We also propose as a simple alternative a Bayesian model which models explicitly the mechanism for synthetic data generation.
Cellular toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. I: Analysis of cytotoxicity endpoints for twenty-nine priority pollutants

Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to 29 toxic chemical substances which were representative of several classes of compounds listed by the Natural Resources Defense Council Consent Decree as priority toxic pollutants. After cell cultures were exposed to the test substance, cell samples were assayed for protein and DNA synthesis, ATP, cell number, and viability. A filter-disk technique employing a batch-washing procedure was used for the determination of protein and DNA synthesis. Dose-response data were obtained for 15 of the more toxic agents including chlorinated aromatics, metallic compounds, phenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Estimates of the sample concentrations necessary to produce a 50% reduction in response were used to compare cytotoxicity endpoints. ATP and protein synthesis were approximately equally effective as indicators of cellular toxicity. Cadmium chloride, nickel nitrate, arsenic trioxide, and potassium chromate produced a more pronounced effect on DNA synthesis than on ATP or protein synthesis. The dose-response relationship for protein and DNA synthesis was a smooth, continuous function for responses as low as 1 to 2% of the control. On a log-log scale, the dose-response relation yielded a unique pattern for several chemical classes. A ranking of the compounds based on their inhibition of DNA synthesis was compared to a ranking obtained from the literature for whole-animal toxicity. With the exception of the polychlorinated biphenyls, the in vitro results correlated well with animal test data.
Alaska Pollock Fish Protein Gels as Affected by Refined Carrageenan and Various Salts

Refined iota and kappa carrageenans were added (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0%) to Alaska pollock surimi and combined with various salts (NaCl, KCl or CaCl2, respectively) at 2%. Sample pastes were subjected to dynamic rheology (temperature sweep heating 20–80C and cooling 80–20C). Gel properties (breaking force, penetration distance and water retention ability [WRA]) were measured at 0, 3, 6 and 9 freeze/thaw cycles. The effect of salt type indicated that NaCl significantly (P 0.05) affect WRA compared to kappa carrageenan. Utilizing KCl and NaCl combined with kappa and iota carrageenans could increase gel strength and WRA. Practical Applications Iota carrageenan tended to improve or maintain water retention ability of Alaska pollock fish protein gels during extended freeze/thaw cycles compared to when kappa carrageenan was added. However, kappa carrageenan tended to improve force values or gel strength of Alaska pollock fish protein gels. Therefore, a mixture of kappa and iota carrageenans should be evaluated to maximize the respective properties and optimize the amount of each carrageenan type in order to improve functionality of Alaska pollock fish protein gels. In addition, further study to utilize a combination of NaCl and KCl rather than a single salt type could further maximize the functionality of an iota–kappa carrageenan blend in Alaska pollock fish protein gels.
An evaluation of two VTO methods

A sample of 34 growing Class II patients was used to assess the reliability of manual and computer-generated visual treatment objectives (VTOs) when compared with the actual treatment results. Skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements were performed on the VTO and on the posttreatment tracings. Using paired t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients, comparisons were made between the VTO and posttreatment tracings. Both the manual and computer VTO methods were accurate when predicting skeletal changes that occurred during treatment. However, both methods were only moderately successful in forecasting dental and soft tissue alterations during treatment. Only slight differences were seen between the manual and computer VTO methods, with the computer being slightly more accurate with the soft tissue prediction. However, the differences between the two methods were not judged to be clinically significant. Overall, the prediction tracings were accurate to only a moderate degree, with marked individual variation evident throughout the sample.
The problem of professional autonomy in nursing

Attainment of autonomy has been an elusive goal for the profession of nursing. Selected female socialization experiences and socialization experiences unique to nursing are examined for their limiting effects on the development and exercise of autonomy in nurses. Conclusions are drawn from this review of the literature and suggestions are offered regarding means to overcome these limitations.
Kauffman Dissertation Executive Summary: 'Essays on Innovation, Productivity, and Talent Allocation'

This thesis contains three essays on innovation, productivity, and talent allocation. In Chapter 1, I use data on MIT bachelor’s graduates from 1980 to 2005 to study how short-term variations in economic conditions at the time of college graduation impact individuals’ long-term patent production. Chapter 2 examines the characteristics of financiers and the impact of the 2008 financial crisis on selection into finance, using data on MIT bachelor’s graduates from 2006 to 2010. Chapter 3 discusses the asset accumulation patterns of the Social Security Disability Insurance applicants and the implications on their labor force participation decisions.
Accelerated flooding along the U.S. East Coast: On the impact of sea‐level rise, tides, storms, the Gulf Stream, and the North Atlantic Oscillations

Recent studies identified the U.S. East Coast north of Cape Hatteras as a “hotspot” for accelerated sea-level rise (SLR), and the analysis presented here shows that the area is also a “hotspot for accelerated flooding.” The duration of minor tidal flooding [defined as 0.3 m above MHHW (mean higher high water)] has accelerated in recent years for most coastal locations from the Gulf of Maine to Florida. The average increase in annual minor flooding duration was ∼20 h from the period before 1970 to 1971–1990, and ∼50 h from 1971–1990 to 1991–2013; spatial variations in acceleration of flooding resemble the spatial variations of acceleration in sea level. The increase in minor flooding can be predicted from SLR and tidal range, but the frequency of extreme storm surge flooding events (0.9 m above MHHW) is less predictable, and affected by the North Atlantic Oscillations (NAO). The number of extreme storm surge events since 1960 oscillates with a period of ∼15 year and interannual variations in the number of storms are anticorrelated with the NAO index. With higher seas, there are also more flooding events that are unrelated to storm surges. For example, it is demonstrated that week-long flooding events in Norfolk, VA, are often related to periods of decrease in the Florida Current transport. The results indicate that previously reported connections between decadal variations in the Gulf Stream (GS) and coastal sea level may also apply to short-term variations, so flood predictions may be improved if the GS influence is considered.
Acute and subacute toxicity of insecticides to chicks

Abstract The effects of feeding insecticides on New Hampshire chicks were studied. The acute toxicity of 22 insecticides administered as single oral doses as well as the subacute toxicity of 16 insecticides given in the feed and 3 insecticides administered in the drinking water determined. Symptomatology, growth, and efficiency of feed utilization are discussed.
Modulation of microtubule dynamics during the cell cycle.

Microtubule dynamics change dramatically during the cell cycle, but the mechanisms by which these changes occur are unknown. Recent progress has been made in four areas: firstly, in the determination of changes in microtubule turnover and net tubulin polymer levels in vivo; secondly, in the elucidation of mechanisms of regulation of microtubule dynamics by microtubule-associated protein 4; thirdly, in the determination of the mechanisms by which Xenopus microtubule-associated protein regulates microtubule dynamics; and fourthly, in the elucidation of the structural basis of microtubule nucleation by γ tubulin.
An Experimental Study of High Rayleigh Number Mixed Convection in a Rectangular Enclosure With Restricted Inlet and Outlet Openings

Measured local heat transfer data and the results of flow visualization studies are reported for cross-flow mixed convection in a rectangular enclosure with restricted inlet and outlet openings at high Rayleigh number. In this study, experiments using water as the test fluid were conducted in a small-scale test section with uniformly heated vertical side walls and an adiabatic top and bottom. As the flow rate through the enclosure increased, the enhancement of heat transfer, above that for natural convection alone, also increased. The variation of the local heat transfer coefficient over the heated surface was found to be strongly affected by the recirculation of portions of the forced flow within the enclosure. Mean heat transfer coefficients are also presented which were calculated by averaging the measured local values over the heated surface. A correlation for the mean heat transfer coefficient is also proposed which agrees very well with the experimentally determined values. A method of predicting the flow regime in this geometry for specified heating and flow conditions is also discussed.
Lipogenesis in primary cultures of adipoblasts derived from genetically obese Zucker rats

Abstract Adipocyte precursor cultures prepared from the epididymal fat pads of genetically obese (fafa) and lean (FaFa) Zucker rats grow similarly in culture. Addition of enriched medium (EM) containing human serum, insulin, and glucose stimulated lipid filling of the adipocyte precursors in both cultures. However, [ 3 H] H 2 O incorporation into total lipids, fatty acid synthetase and lipoprotein lipase activities, and cytosolic protein contents are all decreased in the fafa compared with the FaFa cultures. Substitution of lean or obese rat serum for human serum in the enriched medium does not alter the decreased lipogenic capacity of the fafa adipocyte precursor cultures.
Fracture Mechanics of Unidirectional Composites Using the Shear-Lag Model II: Experiment

Fracture experiments were done on double edge notched unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites and the results were analyzed using the shear-lag model approach to fracture mechanics of unidirectional composites described in a companion paper [J. Comp. Mat. , 22:561-588 (1988)]. These composites all failed by longitudinal splitting parallel to the fibers and the entire crack length dependence could be predicted using the fracture mechanics expressions derived in the companion paper and a single material toughness property, the critical longitudinal splitting energy release rate. That energy release rate was found to be 300 J/m2. A new analysis of some similar data by Wright and Ianuzzi [J. Comp. Mat. , 7:430 (1973)] also showed a good fit to the theory in the companion paper. These experimental results verify that the equations derived in the companion paper are the appropriate equations to use for analysis of fracture experiments on unidirectional composites. A standard test procedure for the determinatio...
Molecular beam reaction of K atoms with sideways oriented CF3I

Abstract Reactive scattering is observed for K + CF3I → KI+CF3 where the CF3I is oriented “sideways” with the I end pointing towards or away from the detector. Angular distributions are extremely broad and completely different from “heads” and “tails” orientations. Maximum signal corresponds to the “towards” orientation although reactivity of the two orientations is equivalent.
Identification of genes influencing skeletal phenotypes in congenic P/NP rats

We previously showed that alcohol-preferring (P) rats have higher bone density than alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats. Genetic mapping in P and NP rats identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) between 4q22 and 4q34 for alcohol preference. At the same location, several QTLs linked to bone density and structure were detected in Fischer 344 (F344) and Lewis (LEW) rats, suggesting that bone mass and strength genes might cosegregate with genes that regulate alcohol preference. The aim of this study was to identify the genes segregating for skeletal phenotypes in congenic P and NP rats. Transfer of the NP chromosome 4 QTL into the P background (P.NP) significantly decreased areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at several skeletal sites, whereas transfer of the P chromosome 4 QTL into the NP background (NP.P) significantly increased bone mineral content (BMC) and aBMD in the same skeletal sites. Microarray analysis from the femurs using Affymetrix Rat Genome arrays revealed 53 genes that were differentially expressed among the rat strains with a false discovery rate (FDR) of less than 10%. Nine candidate genes were found to be strongly correlated (r2 > 0.50) with bone mass at multiple skeletal sites. The top three candidate genes, neuropeptide Y (Npy), α synuclein (Snca), and sepiapterin reductase (Spr), were confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed relationships among the candidate genes related to bone metabolism involving β-estradiol, interferon-γ, and a voltage-gated calcium channel. We identified several candidate genes, including some novel genes on chromosome 4 segregating for skeletal phenotypes in reciprocal congenic P and NP rats. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Observation of structures in the mass range of 2700 to 2900 MeV in the difference between the pp total cross sections for pure helicity states.

One decade ago evidence for the formation of diproton resonances was first reported in the mass range of 2140 to 2220 MeV. Recently structures at much higher mass region (2700 to 2900 MeV) were found in various measurements. A new \ensuremath{\Delta}${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L}$ measurement revealing bumps and a dip is reported here in this mass region and the nature of the structure is discussed.
Segregated cinemas, intertwined histories: the ethnically segregated film cultures in 1920s Korea under Japanese colonial rule

AbstractThe article examines the ethnically segregated film cultures in Korea under Japanese colonial rule, focusing specifically on the film production, exhibition and film-viewing practices in segregated urban areas in Seoul of the 1920s. Due to the massive migration across the Japanese Empire, Japanese migrants accounted for one-fourth of Seoul's entire population beginning in the mid-1910s onwards, which generated rich Japanese urban and film cultures within the colonized city. Hence Japanese film culture did not simply impact upon colonial film cultures externally, but instead it was tightly interwoven within colonial film cultures, exercising its influences on them from within. Through the examination of the separated but at times intertwined film cultures of Koreans and Japanese migrants, this essay looks at where links were made or severed between the imperial film culture and that of the colonized. By doing so, the article ultimately attempts to explore the blurry boundaries between early Japanes...
A calibration procedure for the response of silicon surface-barrier detectors to heavy ions

Abstract The response of silicon surface-barrier and other semiconductor detectors to heavy ions is complicated by the presence of a pulse-height defect, such that heavy ions produce a smaller pulse height than lighter ions of the same kinetic energy. Based on the results of measurements of this phenomenon with a variety of ions, a new calibration technique for such detectors is proposed. Unlike the widely used calibration technique proposed by Schmitt and co-workers, which assumes the pulse-height response to be linear in both mass and kinetic energy, the present procedure reproduces the observed non-linearities. It is based on separating the energy of the ion into two terms, one of which is strictly proportional to the pulse height and is, in fact, the energy which a light ion, such as an alpha particle, must have to give the same pulse height. The second term is the energy defect of the ion, and is a function of its kinetic energy, mass and atomic number. Applications of the technique to experimental data are presented, including energy and time-of-flight mass measurements of energy-degraded fission fragments, and double-energy measurements of the fissioning systems 235U(n,f) and 252Cf(sf).
Kinetic Studies on Pigment Systems Concerned with the Photoperiodic Response in Pharbitis nil.

In many short-day and long-day plants the action spectrum for inhibition or promotion of flowering by a light interruption of the dark period shows a peak in the red (660 m,u). The effect of this red light interruption is reversed by succeeding exposure to far-red light (735 m,u) (2, 4). The pigment involved in these changes has been obtained in a partially purified state and is called phytochrome. Hendricks (5) proposed that the Pfr (far-red absorbing form of phytochrome) converts to Pr (red absorbing form of phytochrome) slowly in darkness, and that the dark conversion time of Pfr to Pr provides a control mechanism of timing in the photoperiodic response. The reduction of Pfr to a certain level is presumed to be required for photoperiodic induction. Salisbury and Bonner (7) gave Xanthiuml various radiant energy treatments of red light during the inductive dark period, and showed that nearly equal amounts of the red light were required for the maximum response when applied any time after the first 3 hours of the dark period. From this experiment they supposed that the phytochrome conversion was nearly completed within the first 2 or 3 hours of the dark period. More recent work with the phytochrome system involved in cauliflower heads showed a similar dark conversion (3). Konitz (6), on the other hand, reported that in Cheto poditum the amount of red light required for the maximum response varied during the dark period. In Pharbitis (10) the flower-inhibiting effect of a red light interruption is not reversed by subsequent irradiation with far-red, but far-red light given after a red light interruption intensifies the inhibitory effect. On the other hand, the flower-inhibitory effect of far-red light is reversed by subsequent irradiation with red light (10). Both red and far-red irradiations are inhibitory to flowering at the 8-hour point of the dark period, and these effects are almost additive when both were given in that order (red followed by far-red) or simultaneously (10). These results can not be understood with the present general concept of the physiological action of the phytochrome system. In the present experiments the pigment systems involved in the photoperiodic response of Pharbitis were investigated in more detail.
Single-step endocervical and ectocervical balloon collector

Abstract Background and Objectives: Despite recent advances, results of Pap tests remain relatively inaccurate, in part because of inadequate sampling. At present, optimal performance requires use of two devices in combination, spatula and brush, and the presence of endocervical and metaplastic cells within the collected specimen. To improve collection, we designed a novel type of cervical cell collector. Design and preliminary results: The InPath e2 Collector consists of a balloon that can be inflated against the ecto- and endocervical surfaces of the cervix. It is designed to capture in a single application cells from the entire surface of the cervix. Cells adhere to the balloon’s surface and can be released into conventional liquid-based preservative and analyzed by standard methods. In preliminary studies, the InPath e2 Collector was evaluated against the standard spatula/brush, in conjunction with ThinPrep preservative. The InPath e2 Collector was shown to be effective in obtaining representative samples of cervical cells, including endocervical and metaplastic cells. Conclusion: The InPath e2 Collector provides a novel single-step method for collection of exfoliated cervical cells; it has the potential for improved sampling of cervical cells and, therefore, for enhancing the accuracy of Pap testing in women.
Neuroimaging Studies of Reading Development and Reading Disability

Converging evidence from a number of neuroimaging studies, including our own, suggest that fluent word identification in reading is related to the functional integrity of two left hemisphere posterior systems: a temporo-parietal system and a ventral occipito-temporal system. These posterior systems are functionally disrupted in developmental dyslexia. Reading disabled, relative to nonimpaired, readers demonstrate heightened reliance on both inferior frontal and right hemisphere posterior regions, presumably in compensation for the LH posterior difficulties. We propose a neurobiological account suggesting that for normally developing readers the temporo-parietal system predominates at first, and is associated with aspects of processing critical in learning to integrate orthography with phonological and lexical-semantic features of printed words. The occipito-temporal system, by contrast, constitutes a fast, late-developing, word-identification system that underlies fluent word recognition in skilled readers.
Effects of high arterial oxygen tension on function, blood flow distribution, and metabolism in ischemic myocardium.

BACKGROUNDAlthough oxygen inhalation therapy has long been used in the treatment of acute myocardial ischemia, experimental evidence that increased arterial PO2 has any beneficial effect in the absence of hypoxemia is equivocal. In this study, we used a swine model of subendocardial myocardial ischemia to determine the effects of arterial hyperoxia on regional myocardial contractile function (sonomicrometry), myocardial blood flow distribution (microspheres), and regional myocardial glycolytic metabolism (carbon isotope-labeled substrates).METHODS AND RESULTSIn 10 domestic swine, the left anterior descending coronary artery was cannulated and flow to this artery was strictly controlled via a roller pump in the perfusion circuit. Arterial PO2 was controlled by manipulating inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2). Low-flow myocardial ischemia was induced by reducing pump flow to 50% of the control value, which diminished regional endocardial systolic shortening to 30-50% of normal. After a 15-minute period of ...
Imaging permeability structure within the highly permeable carbonate earth: Inverse theory and experiment

In most oil reservoir rocks, the squirt flow characteristic frequency (fsq) range of 10–100 kHz is much less than the Biot characteristic frequency (f0) range of 1 MHz–1 GHz. In contrast, carbonate aquifers have very high permeability (10–3000 d) and the two characteristic frequencies are reversed: f0 from 10 Hz to 10 kHz and fsq from 1 MHz to 100 MHz. The principal objective of this paper is to develop a pilot inverse method for robust imaging of the high‐permeability structure within carbonate aquifers. An analytical approximate model called the super‐k model is developed. The super‐k model coincides numerically with the combined Biot and squirt‐flow mechanism model when permeability is higher than 100 md and the frequency is lower than 100 kHz (the super‐k regime). In the super‐k regime, the pore fluid is always relaxed so that the attenuation due to the Biot mechanism is roughly four times larger than that of the Biot model. Also, empirical equations are developed that relate the stiffness and rigidit...
Radiosensitivity in Vitro of Human Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cell Lines and Skin Fibroblasts Derived from the Same Patients

Skin fibroblast cell strains and tumour cell lines were established from 12 patients with various types of soft tissue neoplasms, and radiation survival curve parameters were measured in vitro. Soft tissue sarcoma cells were consistently more sensitive to X-irradiation than fibroblasts isolated from the same patient, and were also more sensitive as a group than cell lines derived from 34 other human tumours. There was a general correlation in radiosensitivity between fibroblasts and tumour cells derived from the same patient, indicating that some component of tumour cell sensitivity may relate to genetic factors in the host. Such genetic factors, however, do not explain all of the heterogeneity in tumour cell response. The response of soft tissue sarcoma in vivo may be dependent on complex radiomodifying factors other than inherent radiation sensitivity, thus making it difficult to predict clinical outcome by use of assays which use survival of irradiated tumour cell lines in vitro as an endpoint.
17O quadrupole resonance in ice Ih: Evidence for proton tunneling and caxis order

Abstract Pure 17 O quadrupole resonances have been detected in enriched ice Ih at 4.2 K and 1.3 K. In disagreement with a previous experiment, the resonances indicate an oxygen site of axial or near axial symmetry with e 2 qQ / h = 11.33 ± 0.05 MHz, and η = 0.06 ± 0.06. Rapid quantum mechanical tunneling by protons in OO directions inclined to the c axis and c axis ordering explain these results.
The thermal breakdown mechanism of polybenzoxazoles and polybenzothiazoles

Polybenzoxazoles, when heated up to 660°C in vacuum, lose most of their oxygen as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide and possibly form Schiff base-type structures. The carbon required for the formation of carbon monoxide is predominantly supplied by the benzene rings. About one out of every six CN linkages is eliminated as hydrogen cyanide, and some free nitrogen from this group is reduced to ammonia. The elimination of about 1 hydrogen atom per polymer unit (in the form of free hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and methane) results in free radical formation and crosslinking. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are also some of the major decomposition products of the benzoxazole in poly-2,2′-(1,8-perfluorooctane)-6,6′-bibenzoxazole. In addition, fluorine from the perfluoroalkyl chain combines with ring hydrogen to form hydrogen fluoride, which in turn attacks the quartz of the crucible and reaction vessel to form silicon tetrafluoride. A polybenzothiazole, on heating to 625°C, crosslinks with elimination of some hydrogen. One out of every ten sulfur atoms is removed, essentially as hydrogen sulfide, leaving a Schiff-base linkage; very few of the CN-groups are eliminated as hydrogen cyanide. Two less stable polybenzothiazole systems, heated to 660 and 670°C, lose about 50% of their sulfur, mainly as hydrogen sulfide, and 20% of their nitrogen as hydrogen cyanide. Flash pyrolysis of model benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles was tried as a means to provide supporting data.
Response to CO2 transient increase in the GISS coupled model : Regional coolings in a warming climate

The (GISS) Goddard Institute for Space Studies coupled atmosphere-ocean model is used to investigate the effect of increased atmospheric CO2 by comparing a compounded 1 percent CO2 increase experiment with a control simulation. After 70 years of integration, the global surface air temperature in the 1 percent CO2 experiment is 1.43 C warmer. In spite of this global warming, there are two distinct regions, the northern Atlantic Ocean and the southern Pacific Ocean, where the surface air temperature is up to 4 C cooler. This situation is maintained by two positive feedbacks: a local effect on convection in the South Pacific and a non-local impact on the meridional circulation in the North Atlantic. The poleward transport of latent energy and dry static energy by the atmosphere is greater in the 1 percent CO2 experiment, caused by warming and therefore increased water vapor and greater greenhouse capacity at lower latitudes. The larger atmospheric transports tend to reduce upward vertical fluxes of heat and moisture from the ocean surface at high latitudes, which has the effect of stabilizing the ocean, reducing both convection and the thermohaline circulation. With less convection, less warm water is brought up from below, and with a reduced North Atlantic thermohaline circulation (by 30 percent at time of CO2 doubling), the poleward energy transport by the oceans decreases. The colder water then leads to further reductions in evaporation, decreases of salinity at high latitudes, continued stabilization of the ocean, and maintenance of reduced convection and meridional overturning. Although sea ice decreases globally, it increases in the cooling regions which reduces the overall climate sensitivity; its effect is most pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. Tropical warming has been observed over the past several decades; if modeling studies such as this and others which have produced similar effects are valid, these processes may already be beginning.
Deformation bands in ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia/alumina: II, stress-induced aging at room temperature

A stress-induced aging phenomenon is observed to occur at room temperature in deformation bands introduced into a 8.5 mol% ceria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia/alumina (Ce-TZP/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) composite by flexural loading. The aging occurs with time after unloading and in laboratory air. Over a period of 100 days, the concentration of monoclinic zirconia within a deformation band increases and, in addition, the wedge-shaped deformation band grows with time. Accompanying these two changes are an increase in the tensile stress in the remaining tetragonal zirconia within the deformation band and a consequential increase in the overall compressive stress within the band. The average value of the monoclinic concentration within the deformation band is found to increase parabolically with time, suggesting the mechanism responsible for the observed aging is diffusion limited. Away from the deformation bands, no aging is observed to occur, suggesting aging is stress dependent. Although a water-vapor-mediated mechanism cannot be ruled out, it is proposed that the observed aging is in fact due to a tensile stress assisted chemical reduction of Ce{sup 4+} to Ce{sup 3+} whose rate is controlled by the indiffusion of oxygen vacancies driven by the tensile stress gradient. It is further proposed that the deformation band growsmore » with time the region ahead of the band is under tension a subject to an enhanced rate of reduction.« less
Entropy Maximization and Geometric Programming

This paper shows the equivalence of entropy-maximization models to geometric programs. As a result we derive a dual geometric program which consists of the minimization of an unconstrained convex function. We develop the necessary duality equivalencies between the two dual programs and show the computational attractiveness of our approach. We also develop some characterizations of the optimal solution of the entropy model which have important implications with regard to postoptimal or sensitivity analysis.
Parts Of The Whole: Thinking about Variance: Standards, Targets, Tracking, and Other Thoughts

Variation is a natural result of any process, including education. Understanding how variation propagates and increases is necessary for designing educational interventions that work for the intended population. We show how common strategies such as setting standards and tracking can accidentally produce unintended and undesirable results due to the way variation moves through a system.
Quantum DFT and DF–DFT study of vibrational spectra of sulfuric acid, sulfuric acid monohydrate, formic acid and its cyclic dimer

Abstract Rigorous theoretical treatment of vibrational frequencies is critically important for the interpretation of unassigned experimental vibrational spectra and accurate determination of thermodynamic properties of molecular clusters. IR spectra of trans monomers of sulfuric and acetic acids, sulfuric acid monohydrate and cyclic dimer of the formic acid have been studied using DFT and DF–DFT methods using BLYP, B3LYP and PW91 with 12 different Pople and Dunning basis sets. New data for above-mentioned structures have been reported, scaling factors have been calculated and a comprehensive analysis of the performance of BLYP, B3LYP and PW91 methods has been performed. Comparison of the obtained results with experiments shows that results of pure PW91 and BLYP are better than predictions of well-established hybrid B3LYP method. Our analysis shows on the existence of the considerable difference in scaling factors weighted to high and low frequencies. In the case of formic acid dimer, the deviation the predicted low frequencies from the experimental data is considerable that leads to quite large (∼6–7 kcal mol−1) uncertainties in the absolute values of the cluster Gibbs free energy. In order to determine an efficient computational strategy that comprises accuracy and reasonable computational costs, the effect of density fitting (DF) and basis set superposition error (BSSE) on the vibration frequencies has been investigated. We found that application of the DF that substantially (2.5–3.5 times) increases the performance of pure PW91 and BLYP methods gives excellent results, which are very close to those of conventional DFT. This suggests that DF–DFT is a viable low-cost alternative to conventional DFT in predicting vibrational spectra. It has been found that while vibrational spectra obtained using the counterpoise correction (CP) for the BSSE do not deviate much from uncorrected ones, the difference in absorption intensities between corrected and uncorrected spectra obtained using small and medium-sized basis sets is considerable. This suggests that application of DF–DFT uncorrected for the BSSE with large basis sets is a more efficient strategy of predicting vibrational spectra than the application of conventional DFT with small basis sets.