cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2-W upconversion laser in Tm:ZBLAN fiber

Over the past few years there has been great progress in the field of fiber lasers, particularly in the areas of high output power generation of shorter output wavelengths via upconversion. Single mode output powers in excess of up to 5 W have been reported for a neodymium doped fiber laser, with powers up to 100 W reported in multiple-fiber bundles.1 Upconversion lasting in fibers based on low-phonon energy glasses has yielded a wide variety of output wavelengths in the visible and infrared, but up till now efficiency and output powers have been limited. In this paper we report the highest power, highest efficiency upconversion laser to date, with output powers of up to 2 W at 810 nm. The laser is based on thulium doped fluorozirconate fiber pumped via two-photon absorption of light at 1064 nm from a cw Nd:YAG laser, following a scheme first demonstrated by Komukai, et al.,2 to obtain powers up to 1 W at 1470 nm, and with which we have previously obtained upconversion powers up to 1.2 W.3
Impacts of energy shocks on US agricultural productivity growth and commodity prices—A structural VAR analysis☆

Abstract We examine the impacts of energy price shocks on U.S. agricultural productivity growth and commodity prices' volatility by developing a structural VAR model. We use historical annual data of real U.S. gasoline prices, agricultural total factor productivity (TFP), real GDP, real agricultural exports, and real agricultural commodity price from 1948 to 2011 to estimate the model. Our results indicate that an energy price shock has a negative impact on productivity growth in the short run (1 year). An energy price shock and an agricultural productivity shock each account for about 10% of U.S. agricultural commodity price volatility with the productivity shock's contribution slightly higher. However, the impact from energy prices outweighs the contribution of agricultural productivity in the medium term (3 years). With more persistent impacts, energy shocks contribute to most (about 15%) of commodity price's variation in the long run.
Acoustic modelling with CD-CTC-SMBR LSTM RNNS

This paper describes a series of experiments to extend the application of Context-Dependent (CD) long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNNs) trained with Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) and sMBR loss. Our experiments, on a noisy, reverberant voice search task, include training with alternative pronunciations and the application to child speech recognition; combination of multiple models, and convolutional input layers. We also investigate the latency of CTC models and show that constraining forward-backward alignment in training can reduce the delay for a real-time streaming speech recognition system. Finally we investigate transferring knowledge from one network to another through alignments.
Probing alignment and phase behavior in intact wood cell walls using 2H NMR spectroscopy.

This study presents the first application of 2H NMR spectroscopy to quantify lignocellulose matrix orientation, and it demonstrates the ability to separately investigate oriented and unoriented amorphous domains in intact natural plant tissue. Matrix orientation is evaluated using NMR quadrupolar interactions in small deuterated probe molecules absorbed into bulk Liriodendron tulipifera sapwood. Ethylene glycol-d4 deuterium spectra reveal two distinct amorphous domains, a highly oriented phase in the secondary wall S2 layer and an isotropic domain probably reflecting the compound middle lamella (CML). The oriented and isotropic signal areas exhibit thermally reversible changes, postulated to reflect probe redistribution between the S2 layer and the CML. Preliminary studies on a more powerful wood swelling agent, N,N-dimethylformamide-d1, are also discussed. This 2H NMR technique provides a new avenue for analysis and understanding of lignocellulose ultrastructure and promises to create new insights in cor...
Trends and outcomes with utilization of plastic surgery for vulvar closure following vulvectomy for invasive squamous cell cancer

404 — Poster Session Adjuvant vaginal brachytherapy decreases the risk of vaginal recurrence in patients with stage I non-invasive uterine papillary serous carcinoma H. Mahdi, P.G. Rose, M. Elshaikh, A.R. Munkarah, D. Isrow, S. Singh, S.E. Waggoner, R. Ali-Fehmi, J. Harding, R.T. Morris, R. DeBernardo. Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH, USA, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA, University Hospitals – Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Role of leucine and other amino acids in regulating protein metabolism in vivo.

The present study examines the independent effects of amino acids and leucine in modulating insulin's effect on leucine kinetics in 24-h fasted conscious dogs during an experimental period where in...
Evaluation of serum as a potential matrix for multiresidue determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken using liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry(n)

An efficient multiresidue method was successfully applied to the determination of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in chicken serum. In this method, FQs are extracted from matrix with ammoniacal acetonitrile, and the extracts are defatted and then evaporated. After addition of basic phosphate buffer and filtration, the samples are analyzed by liquid chromatography-fluorescence-mass spectrometry(n) (multiple mass spectrometry; MS(n)). This approach allows for simultaneous quantitation (fluorescence) and confirmation (MS(n)) of the FQs. Using this method, 8 FQs were determined in fortified chicken serum at levels of 10, 20, 50, and 100 ng/g. Recoveries ranged from 71-99%, with excellent relative standard deviations (< 10%). Limits of quantitation for the FQs ranged from 0.05-5 ng/g. Confirmation was achieved by comparison of MS2 or MS3 product ion ratios with those of standard FQ samples. These quantitative and confirmatory results were compared with those obtained for muscle using this approach. Serum and muscle samples from enrofloxacin-dosed chickens were also analyzed with this method. The results show that enrofloxacin can be determined in both serum and muscle of chickens dosed at a level formerly approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, for up to at least 48 h after withdrawal from dosing, and suggest that serum can provide an efficient matrix for monitoring FQ levels in chicken.
The Incremental Retributive Impact of a Death Sentence Over Life Without Parole

In this paper, I take a closer look at retribution, which is the primary justification for the death penalty today in the United States and the main component of the additional punishment imposed by the death penalty over and above life imprisonment without parole (LWOP). While all criminal punishments, to varying degrees, punish both the inmate and his or her family, I argue that the death penalty’s added punishment over LWOP often punishes the family just as much as the inmate, and after the execution the full brunt of the punishment falls on the family. This added impact disproportionately punishes women and children. My data come from work with scores of death row inmates and their families over the past thirty-five years, including sharing “last visits” with approximately fifty of the inmates.1 The family members have not been convicted of any capital offense, so in this sense the death penalty punishes the innocent just as much as it punishes the
Babymetal and the ambivalence of cuteness

This article examines the recent emergence of the genre of ‘cute metal’ through the Japanese teen girl group Babymetal. Drawing on Sianne Ngai’s theories of cuteness, I explore notions of cuteness ...
Editor’s note and reviewer acknowledgments

We would like to thank the following reviewers for contributing to Volume 13 of Journal of Child Custody (JCC) and providing valuable feedback to the publishing process: Nicholas BalaMichael B. Don...
Membrane pressures predict clotting of pediatric continuous renal replacement therapy circuits.

Background Clotting of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) circuits leads to inadequate clearance, decreased ultrafiltration, and increased resource use. We identified factors associated with premature clotting of circuits during CRRT in children.
The Age of Imaging

Not so long ago, it would have seemed implausible that biology would return to its origins as a visual science. Some would have considered this a regression to the days when biologists were pretty much confined to studying just what they could see, such as the shapes of organisms and their tissues. Back then, they focused on refining what Pliny had observed with his bare eyes, what Hooke and Leeuwenhoek saw under the microscope. The methodological lines of attack were dramatically redirected from the visual by the revolutionary discoveries of the second half of the last century. Biochemistry, genetics, molecular biology—none of them relied primarily on visualizing the structure of objects. For some time, doing morphology was suspect and, in some quarters, even using a microscope was equated with doing old-fashioned science.
Abstract 61: LXR Agonist Treatment of Nonhuman Primates Increases LDL Cholesterol due to Decreased Hepatic LDL Receptor Expression

Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is a process whereby cholesterol from foam cells in atherosclerotic plaques is removed by HDL, transported to the liver, secreted into bile, and excreted in the feces. Treatment of mice with LXR agonist can significantly increase RCT and inhibit atherosclerosis. Therefore, it would be anticipated that LXR agonists would also increase RCT and be anti-atherogenic in humans. However, cynomolgus monkeys treated with the LXR agonist GW3965 had significant increases in LDLc, which could be due to elevated hepatic expression of the inducible degrader of the LDL receptor (IDOL). IDOL is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes the ubiquitination of the LDL receptor (LDLR) on its cytoplasmic domain, thereby targeting it for degradation. We recently discovered that GW3965 treatment of mice caused an ~3-fold increase in IDOL expression in the small intestine and consequently increased the turnover of the LDLR. In livers of GW3965 treated mice, LDLR protein was unchanged and IDOL expression was only increased by ~20%. However, treatment of human hepatoma cells with GW3965 increased IDOL 7-fold resulting in very low levels of LDLR protein expression. Therefore, we hypothesized that in humans and nonhuman primates, LXR agonist treatment would increase LDLc by inducing IDOL-dependent degradation of hepatic LDLR. After treating cynomolgus monkeys with GW3965 for 7 days, we found that HDLc was increased by ~20% while LDLc was increased by ~100%. The increase in LDLc was accompanied by a dramatic increase in plasma apoB100 and apoE concentration and a significant decrease in hepatic LDLR protein. We are currently determining the potential role of hepatic IDOL expression on these effects. We also found that unlike mice, monkeys treated with GW3965 did not display an increase in hepatic lipids, biliary cholesterol, and fecal neutral sterol excretion. These findings show that LXR activation has very different effects on lipoprotein metabolism and RCT in monkeys compared to mice. Our data suggest that LXR agonists are likely to exert both pro- and anti-atherosclerotic effects in primates and that these complex effects must be considered in the development of LXR agonists as drugs.
Openness, with Caution and Suspicion, About Human Enhancement

Addressing the issue of human genetic enhancement, this essay looks at four issues. First, the Catholic tradition on spiritual perfection suggests reasons for keeping the question of genetic enhancement open. Second, how Catholics understand human nature allows us to look at genetic enhancement in some very specific ways. Third, I suggest a few standards for deciding when enhancement could be permitted or not. Fourth, I conclude that we are still having this discussion on theoretical grounds and that we should be engaging actual alarming enhancement developments that are deeply problematic. In particular, the essay closes on the work by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [DARPA] and its three-billion-dollar agenda, which is achieving enhanced human capacities for purposes of war, policing, and global domination.
Drugs That Affect Lipid Metabolism

Abstract Drugs that affect lipid metabolism are used with the aim to decrease negative outcomes such as cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. Six classes of lipid-lowering medications exist, and each has a variety of actual or potential side effects associated with their use. These medications are discussed in the following chapter with a focus on side effects as described in current literature. Evidence presented should be used in context and may aid clinical decision-making through identification of appropriate monitoring for actual or potential side effects of lipid-lowering medications.
Rif1 phosphorylation site analysis in telomere length regulation and the response to damaged telomeres.

Abstract Telomeres, the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, consist of repetitive DNA sequences and their bound proteins that protect the end from the DNA damage response. Short telomeres with fewer repeats are preferentially elongated by telomerase. Tel1, the yeast homolog of human ATM kinase, is preferentially recruited to short telomeres and Tel1 kinase activity is required for telomere elongation. Rif1, a telomere-binding protein, negatively regulates telomere length by forming a complex with two other telomere binding proteins, Rap1 and Rif2, to block telomerase recruitment. Rif1 has 14 SQ/TQ consensus phosphorylation sites for ATM kinases, including 6 in a SQ/TQ Cluster Domain (SCD) similar to other DNA damage response proteins. These 14 sites were analyzed as N-terminal, SCD and C-terminal domains. Mutating some sites to non-phosphorylatable residues increased telomere length in cells lacking Tel1 while a different set of phosphomimetic mutants increased telomere length in cells lacking Rif2, suggesting that Rif1 phosphorylation has both positive and negative effects on length regulation. While these mutations did not alter the sensitivity to DNA damaging agents, inducing telomere-specific damage by growing cells lacking YKU70 at high temperature revealed a role for the SCD. Mass spectrometry of Rif1 from wild type cells or those induced for telomere-specific DNA damage revealed increased phosphorylation in cells with telomere damage at an ATM consensus site in the SCD, S1351, and non-ATM sites S181 and S1637. A phosphomimetic rif1-S1351E mutation caused an increase in telomere length at synthetic telomeres but not natural telomeres. These results indicate that the Rif1 SCD can modulate Rif1 function. As all Rif1 orthologs have one or more SCD domains, these results for yeast Rif1 have implications for the regulation of Rif1 function in humans and other organisms.
Understanding Infidelity: How Perceptions of Infidelity Behaviors Vary by Sex and One's Own Infidelity Experiences

ABSTRACTThis study examines (1) how previous history with infidelity influences perceptions of cheating behaviors, and (2) sex's impact on ratings of cheating behaviors. A total of 83 undergraduate students enrolled in psychology courses volunteered to participate through an anonymous online survey. Participants rated sexual and emotional behaviors on a scale that ranged from “always” to “never,” indicating if the behavior was perceived as cheating. Individuals that had previous experience with infidelity either as the involved or non-involved partner rated sexual behaviors higher than those with no experience with infidelity, while non-involved partners rated emotional behaviors higher than the rest. Overall, females rated sexual and emotional behaviors higher than males. Non-involved males rated sexual behaviors higher than non-involved female partners. However, males who have not committed an infidelity rated sexual behaviors lower than any other group. The results provide further evidence that percept...
Local Crystallographic Orientation Correlation Measurements Connecting the Processing and Properties of Face-Centered Cubic Metals

Author(s): Bober, David Boyd | Advisor(s): Rupert, Timothy J | Abstract: One of the important characteristics of crystalline microstructures is how the crystal orientation changes in space, often abruptly to form grain boundaries. Quantifying crystalline microstructure can be accomplished in many ways, ranging from measurements of grain size, to long range network analyses. For example, studies of how the density of grain boundaries affects strength have led to the discovery of both the Hall-Petch relation and its breakdown in nanocrystalline metals. In another case, measurements of grain boundary character have been central to the success of grain boundary engineering in improving corrosion resistance. Where the first field focuses on the quantity of grain boundaries, the second emphasizes their qualities. This sort of analytical division can be very productive because it defines focused research problems, but it also prescribes limits around the possible findings. This thesis bridges some of these inevitable gaps by applying more expansive local orientation correlation metrics to situations where they were not, or could not, be used in the past. Starting with the analytically simplest case, we measured the types of grain boundaries found in nanocrystalline metals prepared by different processing routines. This is of special interest because the extreme density of grain boundaries in nanocrystalline metals exaggerates the importance of their character. Despite its importance, practical limits on microscopy previously prevented most prior research from analyzing boundary character. The development of the grain boundary character distributions have been examined to provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for their formation. Next, we use longer range metrics to unravel how the complicated topology of grain boundary engineered microstructures is formed. Studying the grain boundary network topology of these materials helps to rationalize their processing and clarify several prior studies that relied on two-point metrics. Similar grain boundary engineered materials will then be used to explore how boundary type affects grain size strengthening. The result is a new measure of how much twin boundaries contribute to yield strength, which is important to understanding the strength of advanced materials with high twin fractions. The next chapter describes a thermomechanical method for grain boundary engineering nanocrystalline metals, where conventional techniques cannot be applied. Grain boundary network measurements of these materials are then applied to understand the mechanisms at work, revealing new information about the response of nanocrystalline metals to cyclic deformation. This has value for developing new processing methods and understanding changes that may occur during service. In each section, new insights are gained by applying different local orientation correlations than have been typical in prior inquiries.
ENTEROAGGREGATIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI, A NEW DIARRHEAL AGENT

The ability of Escherichia coli strains to adhere to HEp-2 cells in tissue culture correlates with their capacity to cause diarrhea. Three distinct patterns of adherence have been described: localized, diffuse and aggregative (1). Localized adherence (LA) is characteristic of enteropathogenic E. coli of classical infant diarrhea O:H serotypes (2). This property requires the presence of EPEC Adherence Factor (EAF) genes which are located on a plasmid (2, 4, 5). Several recent epidemiological studies have clearly demonstrated that E. coli isolates exhibiting LA are isolated significantly more often from infants and young children with diarrhea than from matched controls (3, 6, 7); the vast majority of such isolates fall into classical EPEC O serogroups (3). Diffuse adherence E. coli (DAEC) are probably the least studies and understood of the HEp-2 cell adherent E. coli. In the one strain extensively studied, diffuse adherence requires the expression of antigenically distinct fimbriae, the structural the expression of antigenically distinct fimbriae, the structural genes of which are chromosomal (8). There is controversy over whether of not DAEC are diarrheagenic (1, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10).
Intraoperative consultation, cytologic preparations, and frozen section in the central nervous system.

Abstract Context.—Intraoperative evaluation of lesions in the central nervous system requires the correlation of clinical, radiologic, and histologic data and knowledge of clinicopathologic entities and their common locations. Advances in neuroimaging during the last 20 years have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases. The diagnosis and treatment of patients have improved because of these changes and have allowed access to regions that were previously inaccessible. These new approaches have placed the pathologist in a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with central nervous system lesions. Assessment of the adequacy of the material, particularly for stereotactic biopsies, is necessary, and a combination of cytologic imprint preparations and frozen sections are often used. This review discusses many of the issues involved in intraoperative consultation and provides a simplified approach to the differential diagnosis of a variety of central nervous sys...
Testing the Adventure Model: Empirical Support for a Model of Risk Recreation Participation

The search for risk and danger in outdoor recreation activities is a phenomenon currently facing recreation managers. This study tested the validity of an adventure recreation model of participatio...
Learning in School, Home and Community ICT for Early and Elementary Education (Book Review)

Regarding benefits of ICT in education and studies made on it before; teachers should know how to enable ICT in their classes and they can achieve this through some ICT books and on their own. At this point, one of these ICT books “Learning in School, Home and Community Let for Early and Elementary Education” will be evaluated in this review paper. The books includes 3 parts which are learning, teaching and policy; these parts offers 17 papers in total with the aim of introducing ICT in terms of each factor and discuss the key points.
CHAPTER 38 – Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests

Several species of vertebrates, especially mammals, have been successful invaders and colonizers of new territories—in particular, insular island ecosystems. Others have exhibited high environmental tolerance and adaptability after careful and repeated introduction to new locales by humans. Continental herbivores and predators have been very successful in establishing self-sustaining populations in insular habitats, in part because such habitats often lack large generalist vertebrates and essentially have just two trophic levels, producers and decomposers. The introduced vertebrates can be extremely disruptive in continental regions when habitat disturbance by urbanization or agriculture occurs. European wild boars have detrimental effects on the gray beech forests in the Great Smoky Mountains in the southeastern United States. Predator control may be necessary for lifestock protection or for conservation of endangered wildlife, and when implemented, resurgence of pest populations occurs. Predator numbers may increase when primary prey are abundant. Predation by abundant predators on secondary prey leads to a decline in the secondary prey density. Under such circumstances native prey species may only persist in refugia or in areas with artificially reduced predator pressure. Alternatively, declining densities of a primary pest prey species can intensify predator attacks on nontarget organisms.
A simplified coculture system using homologous, attached cumulus tissue results in improved human Embryo morphology and pregnancy rates during in vitro fertilization

Purpose:This study was undertaken to evaluate simplified methods of human embryo coculture using either attached or nonattached autologous cumulus tissue. Methods:Eight hundred one zygotes were cultured for 48 hr in a prospective, randomized trial comparing culture of embryos either with intact cumulus tissue, with cumulus tissue added to the droplet of culture medium, or without any cumulus tissue. In a follow-up study, embryo quality, pregnancy rates, and implantation rates were compared in 120 consecutive patients undergoing in vitro fertilization with a coculture system using cumulus tissue compared to a cohort of 127 patients undergoing IVF immediately preceding the institution of the coculture protocol. Results:Embryo morphology was significantly improved (P < 0.05) following culture with attached cumulus tissue (5.61 ± 0.29) and culture with added cumulus tissue (4.72 ± 0.31) compared to that of embryos grown in culture medium without cumulus tissue (3.95 ± 0.26). The clinical pregnancy rate improved from 39.4% (50/127) to 49.2% (59/120) following institution of a system of coculture with attached cumulus tissue. Conclusions:These data indicate that a simple coculture system using autologous cumulus tissue can result in improved embryo morphology, implantation rates, and clinical pregnancy rates during in vitro fertilization. This coculture system is simple, is non-labor intensive, and eliminates many of the risks which may be present in other embryo coculture systems.
The association of age at menopause and all-cause and cause-specific mortality by race, postmenopausal hormone use, and smoking status

Abstract While a mean age at menopause of 51 years has been reported in the United States (U.S.), some U.S. women experience menopause before age 45, possibly increasing risk of cardiovascular mortality; however, the role in all-cause and cerebrovascular-related mortality is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between age at menopause and all-cause and cause-specific mortality by race, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, and smoking status. REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) is a population-based study of 30,239 participants aged ≥45 years enrolled between 2003 and 2007 of whom 14,361 were postmenopausal women. Age at menopause was defined as
Variation in chronotype is associated with migratory timing in a songbird

Like many organisms, birds exhibit daily (circadian) and seasonal biological rhythms, and within populations both daily and seasonal timing often vary among individuals. Because photoperiod interac...
Sequential anomaly detection with observation control

The problem of anomaly detection is considered when multiple processes are observed sequentially, but it is possible to sample only a subset of them at a time according to an adaptive sampling policy. The problem is to stop sampling as soon as possible and identify the anomalous processes, while controlling appropriate error probabilities. We consider two versions of this problem: in the first one there is no assumption regarding the anomalous processes, in the second their number is assumed to be known a priori. For each version, we obtain the optimal asymptotic performance as the error probabilities vanish and characterize the sampling rules that lead to asymptotic optimality. Moreover, we present two sampling rules for each setup, which differ in terms of the computational complexity and the actual performance they imply.
Rogue Practitioners and Practices

In nearly every community, practitioners of various types spring up promoting untested, gimmicky, often quite profitable, and sometimes frankly dangerous ideas about new disease entities, diagnostic tests, and proposed treatments. Uninformed patients often fall for these schemes with detriment to their finances, if nothing else, but often with harm to their physical and mental health and wellbeing also. What are the responsibilities of legitimate health-care providers who value and practice evidence-based medicine and genuinely care for the welfare of their patients and communities? Those providers must first constantly keep up to date with the latest developments and evidence-based guidelines in their fields and be able to recognize rogue and self-promoting practitioners and practices. They should patiently and kindly educate their patients regarding the validity of scientifically proven conditions, tests, and treatments and the value of practicing evidence-based medicine. They should let them know unequivocally that they are diligently striving to give them the best possible health and quality of life. We can also be voices that speak out in local or national media through editorials, television, and social media. Examples of several such successful efforts are given in this chapter.
The Kroll process and production of titanium sponge

Abstract Titanium metal is produced in several locations around the globe, about 222,000 tons were produced in 2017, and the global capacity is estimated to be much larger at about 280,000 tons. Most the production is conducted in China, with the US and Russia as larger producers. The process of reduction of titanium tetrachloride uses magnesium (Kroll process), the Hunter process using sodium as a reductant is also practices. This chapter discussed the production of titanium sponge from titanium tetrachloride, with a brief description of the processes used to generate and purify titanium tetrachloride. Once titanium sponge is produced it is remelted to produce alloys for use in aircraft, chemical manufacture, medical and other uses.
A DUF4148 family protein produced inside RAW264.7 cells is a critical Burkholderia pseudomallei virulence factor.

Burkholderia pseudomallei: is the etiological agent of the disease melioidosis and is a Tier 1 select agent. It survives and replicates inside phagocytic cells by escaping from the endocytic vacuol...
Performing the cyborg self: explicit and implicit examples of body hacking the distributed self

Today, as many work and socialize completely online, we are more acutely aware than ever of the cybernetic relationship between the body (in-situ) and the virtually or digitally extended self. However, even before the onset of the current global pandemic (COVID-19), the contemporary ‘body’ had to be understood as extended beyond physical flesh, through global communications systems. How do our practices on these platforms reveal our evolving relationships with a distributed and digitally mutable body? Drawing on my own construction of cyborg theory as a subset of posthuman discourse, this paper links the practices of explicitly cyborg performance, like Stelarc and ORLAN, with the increasingly banal practice of body-hacking as it is realized in the performance of the self (both consciously and unconsciously) on distributed, social media platforms. These discussions touch both on identified trends in contemporary self-representation as well as artists whose work within those spaces acts as a comment, critique, and application of those practices. Through this discussion, I show how these practices can be understood as body hacking and how that body hacking can both reflect an increasing sense of personal empowerment in relation to the body as well as a morally ambiguous algorithmic redefinition of the paradigmatic body. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Abstract 73: Targeting B Cells and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Lung Cancer Progression

Purpose: Immunotherapy has revolutionized treatment options for multiple solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, these approaches are only effective in 20-30% of NSCLC patients, thus a more comprehensive picture of the immune response in NSCLC is necessary to develop new therapeutic approaches. Current immunotherapies do not consider or target B cells or tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) despite their predominance in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and key role in the adaptive immune response. We hypothesize that B cells help generate potent, long-term, immune responses against lung tumor cells by educating T cells within TLS and producing tumor-specific antibodies. Methods: Toward our hypothesis, we have evaluated B cells and TLS in healthy donor lungs (smoker and nonsmoker), COPD patients, and NSCLC patients via single cell RNA sequencing, spectral cytometry (Cytek Aurora) and multispectral imaging (Vectra Polaris and Nanostring GeoMx DSP). These cellular and spatial analyses have revealed key differences in B cell infiltration and TLS formation as lung cancer develops. Results: We have observed an increase in mature TLS (with active germinal centers) as patients develop cancer and have identified key genes that govern TLS heterogeneity in the TME. Further, in evaluating the ex vivo function of B cells from patient tumors via antigen presentation and antibody production assays, we have observed differential function of B cells that correlates with B cell activation (increased HLADR, CD40, CD69). Conclusions: Our studies will provide (a) biomarkers to predict lung cancer progression, (b) targets for early immunotherapeutic intervention in COPD patients that might trigger better anti-tumor immunity as patients develop lung cancer, and (c) immunotherapeutic targets in patients with already established NSCLC. Citation Format: Tullia Bruno, Dongyan Liu, Sheryl Kunning, Riyue Bao, Laura Stabile, Ashwin Somasundaram. Targeting B Cells and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Lung Cancer Progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 73.
Explanation of the Law of Squares

In applying the theory of explanation as understanding to the history of science, the problem of the growth of understanding is formulated. To help solve this problem, Galileo’s main scientific achievement is interpreted as a reduction of something not understood to something understood, i.e., as an instance of growth of understanding. This view is shown to deepen a number of common interpretations, and to invalidate a number of others, including the one that Galileo did not explain why bodies fall but merely described how they fall. Regarding the law of squares, my interpretation is both justified and elucidated by a detailed examination of the content and form of the literary record of Galileo’s work on that law, as found in Two New Sciences.
Parfit on Pains, Pleasures, and the Time of Their Occurrence

Etude de l'asymetrie observee par D. Parfit entre notre attitude face a la douleur, generalement releguee au passe, et notre attitude face au plaisir, generalement promis a l'avenir. Examinant la reponse du sens commun et la reponse revisionniste a nos prejuges, l'A. s'interroge sur l'existence d'explications rationnelles, irrationnelles ou causales de telles attitudes, en reference a la theorie de l'interet personnel de Parfit.
A Comparative Study of the Role of Media Evaluations: German and U.S. Differences and Similarities

An evolving program of scholarship has demonstrated that those who use the news media are able and willing to assess those media on a number of dimensions. For example, audience members evaluate the media in terms of the completeness of the story they tell, the biases they harbor, and fairness of their coverage. Some have termed these “naive” or commonsense theories about how the media operate and about the nature of the news they contain. Growing evidence exists that these “naive” theories have impact on the ways audience members use the media and the consequences of that use.
Global Capital and National Governments: FINANCIAL MARKET–GOVERNMENT RELATIONS IN EMERGING MARKETS

Politics are much more important [in developing countries] than in developed markets. Every aspect of policy/performance generates politically-related concerns. Who governs matters in these markets. … It's hard to know what a government will do. … There are not necessarily clear priorities for these governments; there are so many issues, it's hard to know how they will prioritize. … The problems experienced in the developing world are totally non-existent in the developed world. I now turn to the question of financial market influence on government policy choices in the developing world. How does the influence of financial markets in developing nations differ from that in developed nations, and what explains the difference? In the preceding chapters, I have demonstrated that financial market influence on advanced industrial democracies is strong, but nevertheless narrow. As long as governments perform to financial market participants' satisfaction on a set of key indicators, they are relatively unconstrained in other policy areas. In general, differences in microlevel policy outputs or outcomes are not associated with the rate of interest charged on government bonds, and the implied effects of government partisanship on bond rates are small. In Chapter 2, I hypothesized that financial market influence on developing world governments with open capital accounts would be strong and broad. Investors are uncertain regarding these governments' types, and there is a significant probability that these governments are potential defaulters. Therefore, market participants rely on a wide set of economic policy indicators and political variables when making investment decisions.
The Reemergence of Rabies

Well before Louis Pasteur's success with the vaccination of Joseph Meister, rabies evoked strong sentiments in virtually all segments of the human population, providing rich fodder for legend and literature. In 1995, rabies in foxes and cats was still significant, with cats rather than dogs now leading as the most common rabid domestic animals. The gradual transition in animal rabies has resulted in major epidemiologic changes in human rabies, with concomitant implications for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) recommendations. Rather, human attraction to the recreational and economic benefits provided by wildlife has contributed to the reemergence of rabies as a major zoonosis. Rabies PEP consists of wound care, active vaccination, and passive immunoglobulin administration. The foundation of human rabies prevention is based on reliable identification of an exposure and the institution of prompt, appropriate PEP. The example provided by raccoon rabies is perhaps the most striking translocation story in recent years. In 1977, when the index case occurred near the Virginia-West Virginia border, one of the most intensive outbreaks of wildlife rabies in the United States began. Given the multispecies complexity of rabies and the considerable size of affected geographic areas, together with the opportunity for translocation of infected furbearers, it is unclear if traditional preventive strategies can lessen its burden on the public health infrastructure.
Related Developments in Fetal and Neonatal Endocrinology

As noted above, the second half of the twentieth century saw a virtual explosion of research in fetal and neonatal physiology. In the UK, to a great extent this was a result of the work of the Dawes group at the Nuffield Institute, and also to investigators at Cambridge University. In Australia, this was a consequence of development of the focal groups in Melbourne, Adelaide and Sydney, and in Canada, developments at London and Toronto in Ontario. Without question, Dawes and the Nuffield Institute “school” must be credited with the diaspora of gifted investigators who migrated to academic institutions in these and other countries. Advances proceeded in essentially every aspect of developmental physiology and biochemistry. With the education of talented pediatricians and obstetrician gynecologists committed to improve the health and well-being of their patients, increasingly “translational” and clinical research was included. Thus, it is perhaps appropriate to consider some highlights of these contributions, such as those in reproductive endocrinology, growth and metabolism, nutrition, neurodevelopment, cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal function, immunology, and so forth. In each of these areas discerning clinicians and basic scientists have collaborated to apply theory to the evaluation and management of major diseases that result in morbidity and mortality. As a caveat, it must be appreciated that the synopses that follow are not in any sense exhaustive or complete. The goal here is to give a taste of some of the exciting developments during this period, in the application to discoveries in basic physiology/endocrinology, and their contributions to and implications for perinatal and neonatal medicine (With the citations provided, the interested reader can pursue these topics further) (Figs. 13.1 and 13.2).
Seasonal and Diurnal Variations in Cardiometabolic Traits in the GOLDN Study

Seasonal and diurnal variations in cardiometabolic traits are driven by changes in photoperiod and outdoor temperature and also the circadian clock. Because participant recruitment in the multi-sit...
Nominal Scope in Situation Semantics.

This paper s introduces a semantical storage approach for representing nominal quantification in situation semantics. Quantificational determiners are treated as denoting binary relations, and their domains and ranges are defined. The linguistic meaning of an expression is given as a pair of its quantificational storage and basis. The storage contains the meanings of quantified NPs occurring in (/), while the basis represents the semantical structure of the result of the substitution of those NPs with parameters. Scope ambiguity is available when more than one quantifier is in the storage. A generalized quantificational rule moves some of the quantifiers out of the storage into the basis. There is a restriction that prohibites relevant free parameters from being left out of the binding scope. The storage is empty when there are no quantified NPs occurring in 0, or when there is enough linguistic or extra-linguistic information for resolving scope ambiguities. 1 Some Situation Theoretical Notations A complete guide on the existing literature on situation theory and related topics is given by [Seligman and Moss 1997]. Quantification and anaphora in situation semantics are considered in great detail in [Gawron and Peters 1990]. The present approach differs from the later one in using the semantical storage and the lambda abstraction tools of situation theory to cope with the quantification in a computational mode. For another approach to compositional situation semantics that copes with quantification scope problems as well as with embedded beliefs, see 1 This paper was presented at the logic seminar at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, in February, 1999. The idea of using a situational Cooper's storage originated during my research at Univ. of Oslo, Norway, 1989-90, where I was working in the extremely inspirational environment of the computational semantics group lead by Jens Erik Fenstad. I would like to thank Jon Barwise, Jens Erik Fenstad, Robin Cooper, Gregers Koch, and Larry Moss for their encouragement, attention and help. I am specially grateful to an anonymous referee who through strong criticism, encouragement, comments, and patience, made it possible for this work to be completed. From January till May 15, 2000, I am visiting: Linguistics University of Minnesota, 190 Klaeber Court, 320-16th Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455
MR Fluid Brake for Control of Torsional Vibration

The use of a magneto-rheological (MR) fluid brake as a semi-active torsional damper has been investigated. The MR fluid brake can be used as a clutch-type mechanism to transmit torque between a rotating shaft and the brake housing. In that fashion, the MR brake can be used as an adaptive friction damper. This preliminary effort presents the results of experimental testing of an MR brake and its implementation as a variable friction damper on a simple single degree of freedom torsional system. Optimum friction levels are predicted based on established tuning rules. The experimental work verifies the optimality of the tuning for the case of fixed friction dampers and indicates the potential for future application of an MR brake in the control of torsional vibration.
Extreme case formulations: A way of legitimizing claims

This paper has described three uses of Extreme Case formulations The interactants in the illustrations were engaged in several types of activities, among which were complaining, accusing, justifying, and defending. As concluding remarks, a few comments will be made about why participants use Extreme Case formulations in these activities. Part of the business of complaining involves portraying a situation as a legitimate complainable. This may take the form of protraying the offense committed and/or the suffering endured in a way such that it would not be dismissed as minor. So as to legitimize a complaint and portray the complainable situation as worthy of the complaint, a speaker may portray the offense and/or the suffering with Extreme Case formulations. In both accusing and defending, participants ofyen present their strongest cases, including specifying Extreme Cases of their claims. Part of justifying a course of actions may involve portraying the precipitating circumstance as necessitating the action. The precipitating circumstance may be a problem circumstance which is portrayed as unfair, immoral, embarrassing, uncomfortable, or in some other way undesirable and/or intolerable. There is a shared assumption that the worse the problem, the more necessary it is to do something about it. In justifying, speakers use Extreme Case formulations to portray the circumstances that precipitated their actions as demanding their actions. A problem that participants have when engaged in, or reflecting on, conflicts, complaints, criticism, compliments, praise, etc. is to attribute the cause of the phenomenon. Who or what is responsible for the conflictual, complainable, praise-worthy state of affairs? One method that is used to determine what or who is responsible, i.e. to make an attribution, involves comparing the case in question to other similar cases. Through this procedure, persons determine that they are (are not) responsible for the state of affairsin questions. Extreme Case proportional formulations (‘everyone,’ ‘all,’ ‘every time’) are used to indicate that any individual member of that category is not responsible for the state of affairs; that responsibility is to be attributed elsewhere. The social order essentially is a moral order (Garfinkel, 1967). One of the ways of knowing what is acceptable and right is by finding out how people behave. There often is a shared assumption operating (one that is called into question on occasion): how people behave tells us what is the right way to behave. Proportional measures reporting the frequency or prevalence of practices are used to propose and substantiate the rightness and wrongness of those practices. Extreme Case formulations (‘all the time,’ ‘everybody,’ ‘no one’) propose behaviors are acceptable and right or unacceptable and wrong.
Motor Control and Motor Learning Processes in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Motor impairments in children with ASD may appear early enough to serve as a marker for future inclusion in diagnostic groups. Disordered motor control may contribute to the difficulties in socialization and communication that are symptomatic of ASD. Motor delays and developmental dyspraxia can have a negative impact on activities of daily living, leisure activities, and social interactions. Several approaches and theories of motor learning and brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and behavioral training, are discussed in the chapter. Keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); autism spectrum disorder (ASD); developmental coordination disorder (DCD); dyspraxia; efferent copies; error-based learning; feedback; goal-directed reaching; motor control; motor learning; neuroplasticity; postural stability; proprioception; reinforcement learning; sensorimotor integration; use-dependent learning