cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blebs Promote Cell Survival by Assembling Oncogenic Signaling Hubs

For most human cells, anchorage is a key necessity for survival. Cell-substrate adhesion activates diverse signaling pathways, without which cells undergo anoikis - a form of programmed cell death1. Acquisition of anoikis resistance is a pivotal step in cancer disease progression, as metastasizing cancer cells often lose firm attachment to surrounding tissue2-5. In these poorly attached states, cells often adopt rounded morphologies and form small hemispherical plasma membrane protrusions called blebs6-13. Bleb function has long been investigated in the context of amoeboid migration but is far less deeply examined in other scenarios14-19. Here we show by quantitative subcellular 3D imaging and manipulation of cell morphological states that blebbing triggers the formation of membrane-proximal signaling hubs that initiate signaling cascades leading to anoikis resistance. Specifically, in melanoma cells we discovered that blebbing generates plasma membrane contours that recruit curvature sensing septin proteins, which scaffold constitutively active mutant NRAS and effectors, driving the upregulation of ERK and PI3K signaling. Inhibition of blebs or septins has little effect on the survival of well-adhered cells, but in detached cells causes NRAS mislocalization, reduced MAPK and PI3K signaling, and ultimately, death. These data unveil an unanticipated morphological requirement for mutant NRAS to operate as an effective oncoprotein, suggesting novel clinical targets for the treatment of NRAS-driven melanoma. Furthermore, they define an unforeseen role for blebs as potent signaling organelles capable of integrating myriad cellular information flows into concerted signaling responses, in this case granting robust anoikis resistance. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=136 SRC="FIGDIR/small/441200v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (31K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a00b78org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15120bcorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13c51c9org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@11d8dd0_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
Propagation characteristics of laser-induced acoustic sources in hybrid anechoic wind tunnels

Abstract The propagation characteristics of an acoustic point source generated using laser-induced plasma (LIP) were investigated experimentally. Experiments were performed in a Kevlar-walled hybrid anechoic wind tunnel (HAWT) where the sound of the LIP was measured using a 251-element microphone array, while the flow speed in the empty test section was varied. The time instant of the LIP formation was also captured. The far field sound pressure was assessed through arrival times (source to microphones) and pressure correction levels, and these quantities were compared against a commonly used shear layer refraction model. A detailed uncertainty assessment is presented on the arrival times and pressure levels. It was found that the time domain analysis was limited by the sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter regardless of the flow speed. The uncertainty of the pressure levels was limited by the uncertainty of the microphones at low flow speeds, while they increased with flow speed at shallow observer angles. The high-speed Schlieren imaging of the LIP was performed, which revealed that the sound of the LIP reaches the far field microphones over a shorter time duration than modeled because the wave speed was initially supersonic. The discrepancy was found to be comparable to the temporal resolution of the aeroacoustic experiments. The discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical arrival times was found to increase with flow speed, and they were nearly independent of the azimuth angles. The discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical pressure correction ratio was found to be uniform for most observer locations. With an increase in flow speed, the discrepancy became positive at large, and negative at low polar angles. The sound refraction at the Kevlar wall did not change the frequency content of the sound over the investigated range of frequencies (1–10 kHz).
Called to Counsel: Examining the Links among Calling, Life Meaning, Life Satisfaction, and Burnout among Law Students.

Adapting the work as calling theory (WCT), the present study used path analysis to examine the relations among calling, person-environment fit (P-E fit), life meaning, living one’s calling, academi...
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Occupational Stress in Restaurant Work: A Qualitative Study.

The economic downturn due to the COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately impacted the food service industry—one of the largest workforce sectors in the United States. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the occupational stressors experienced by restaurant and food service workers during the COVID-19 pandemic through a detailed assessment of their lived experiences. Thematic analysis was used to identify patterns within data from sixteen semi-structured interviews with people employed or recently employed in the restaurant industry during July of 2020. Five themes were highlighted including fear of being exposed to the COVID-19 virus while working under inadequate safety policies, job insecurity, inconsistent pay and hours and a lack of health benefits and paid time off, all of which increased occupational stress and led to uncertainty if respondents would return to the restaurant industry. Hardships associated with the pandemic were mitigated by the support and connections fostered by the communities built within the restaurants. Results led to several recommendations to address the social and economic contributors to occupational stress at the structural and population levels which can be used in the current and post-pandemic workplace.
Alice: An information-rich autonomous vehicle for high-speed desert navigation: Field Reports

This paper describes the implementation and testing of Alice, the California Institute of Technology's entry in the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Alice utilizes a highly networked control system architecture to provide high performance autonomous driving in unknown environments. Innovations include a vehicle architecture designed for efficient testing in harsh environments, a highly sensory-driven approach to fuse sensor data into speed maps used by real-time trajectory optimization algorithms, health and contingency management algorithms to manage failures at the component and system level, and a software logging and display environment that enables rapid assessment of performance during testing. The system successfully completed several runs in the National Qualifying Event, but encountered a combination of sensing and control issues in the Grand Challenge Event that led to a critical failure after traversing approximately 8 miles. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mathematical Omnibus: Thirty Lectures on Classic Mathematics

Algebra and arithmetics: Arithmetic and combinatorics: Can a number be approximately rational? Arithmetical properties of binomial coefficients On collecting like terms, on Euler, Gauss, and MacDonald, and on missed opportunities Equations: Equations of degree three and four Equations of degree five How many roots does a polynomial have? Chebyshev polynomials Geometry of equations Geometry and topology: Envelopes and singularities: Cusps Around four vertices Segments of equal areas On plane curves Developable surfaces: Paper sheet geometry Paper Mobius band More on paper folding Straight lines: Straight lines on curved surfaces Twenty-seven lines Web geometry The Crofton formula Polyhedra: Curvature and polyhedra Non-inscribable polyhedra Can one make a tetrahedron out of a cube? Impossible tilings Rigidity of polyhedra Flexible polyhedra Two surprising topological constructions: Alexander's horned sphere Cone eversion On ellipses and ellipsoids: Billiards in ellipses and geodesics on ellipsoids The Poncelet porism and other closure theorems Gravitational attraction of ellipsoids Solutions to selected exercises Bibliography Index.
Chapter 15. Methods to study myeloid cell roles in angiogenesis.

Abstract Tumor growth and metastasis depend on neovascularization, the growth of new blood vessels. Recent studies have found that bone marrow derived cells contribute to angiogenesis during tumor growth and inflammation. Tumor neovascularization is regulated in part by monocytes, which are myeloid lineage cells from the bone marrow. Tumors exhibit significant monocyte infiltrates, and recent studies indicate that monocytes are actively recruited to the tumor microenvironment. Upon tumor infiltration, monocytes can participate in tumor neovascularization by differentiating into M2 macrophages, which express proangiogenic growth factors. By understanding how bone marrow–derived cells contribute to tumor growth, it may be possible to develop new approaches to cancer therapy. In this chapter, we discuss experimental methods to examine the roles of myeloid cells in tumor growth and angiogenesis, including methods to identify, isolate, purify, and characterize bone marrow–derived monocytes. We also outline methods to analyze the in vivo roles of myeloid cells in tumor growth and angiogenesis using adoptive transfer, bone marrow transplantation, tumor models and immunohistochemistry for markers of vessels and myeloid cells. Finally, we review methods to characterize myeloid cell trafficking in vitro and in vivo .
Electrodynamic mechanism of voltage dependent gating

A new concept of channel gating is proposed. The concept is based on the idea that the polarization of the channel, due to the presence of gating charges, modifies the effective potential through which the ions migrate. The channel gate is therefore an up or down shift in the potential function seen by the ion in the channel. >
Non-covalent functionalization of high-surface area nanomaterials: a new class of sorbent materials

A non-covalent approach to functionalizing nanostructured materials with high-specificity ligands is described. In this work a variety of thiol ligands were non-covalently attached to self-assembled phenyl monolayers on nanostructured materials by taking advantage of favorable aromatic interactions. The resulting sorbent materials, both mesoporous silica and magnetic nanoparticles, were found to be very effective at scavenging soft heavy metal cations, Cd(II), Hg(II), Pb(II) and Ag(I), from aqueous matrices, performing better than commercial sorbents and comparably to the best covalently functionalized thiol sorbents available. This approach can be extended to a variety of surface chemistries and has application to chemical functionalization of a broad range of support structures used for chemical separations and processing.
Effect of Detergents on Streptolysin S Precursor

Group A streptococci which produce streptolysin S contain a cellular precursor to streptolysin S in the membranes and cytoplasm which is activatable by blending in a Vortex mixer with glass beads and ribonucleic acid (RNA)-core (RNA preparation from yeast). Although no activation of precursor occurred when it was mixed with detergents, it was activated when blended with glass beads and detergents such as Tergitol NP-40 and Brij 35. Maximum activation of precursor was achieved in 1 to 2% detergent, in pH 6.5 buffer, and after 8 min of blending. Detergents Tween 20, 40, 60, and 80, Brij 56, and Lubrol WX also activated precursor, but, of all the hemolysin preparations, those with Tween 40 or 60 or Lubrol WX were the most stable. The addition of RNA-core during or after blending of precursor with detergents enhanced the titer and stability of the hemolysin. This was due in part to the association of the hemolytic moiety with RNA-core. Activation of precursor in the membrane was better with a detergent, whereas that in the cytoplasm was better with RNA-core. Therefore, precursor from two different cellular locations can be differentiated by the effects of RNA-core and detergents on precursor titer.
Calcineurin/NFAT signaling in the beta-cell: From diabetes to new therapeutics.

Pancreatic β-cells in the islet of Langerhans produce the hormone insulin, which maintains blood glucose homeostasis. Perturbations in β-cell function may lead to impairment of insulin production and secretion and the onset of diabetes mellitus. Several essential β-cell factors have been identified that are required for normal β-cell function, including six genes that when mutated give rise to inherited forms of diabetes known as Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY). However, the intracellular signaling pathways that control expression of MODY and other factors continue to be revealed. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus in patients taking the calcineurin inhibitors tacrolimus (FK506) or cyclosporin A indicates that calcineurin and its substrate the Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells (NFAT) may be required for β-cell function. Here recent advances in our understanding of calcineurin and NFAT signaling in the β-cell are reviewed. Novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of diabetes are also discussed. BioEssays 29:1011–1021, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modal Sensors/Actuators

A piezoelectric laminate theory that uses the piezoelectric phenomenon to effect distributed control and sensing of structural vibration of a flexible plate has been used to develop a class of distributed sensor/actuators, that of modal sensors/actuators. The one-dimensional modal sensors/actuator equations are first derived theoretically and then examined experimentally. These modal equations indicate that distributed piezoelectric sensors/actuators can be adopted to measure/excite specific modes of one-dimensional plates and beams. If constructed correctly, actuator/observer spillover will not be present in systems adopting these types of sensors/actuators. A mode 1 and a mode 2 sensor for a one-dimensional cantilever plate were constructed and tested to examine the applicability of the modal sensors/actuators. A modal coordinate analyzer which allows us to measure any specific modal coordinate on-line real-time is proposed. Finally, a way to create a special two-dimensional modal sensor is presented.
New species of Chalara and Scytalidium isolated from cysts of Heterodera glycines

Two new hyphomycetes, Chalara hyalina and Scytalidium fulvum, isolated from cysts of Heterodera glycines on roots of soybean in Alabama, are described and illustrated. They are compared with similar species of their respective genera. During the course of a survey of fungi occurring in association with the pa? thology of cysts of Heterodera glycines Ichinohe (soybean cyst nematode) in Al? abama soils we have encountered several novel hyphomycete taxa. Some have been implicated in disease of phytonematode cysts and eggs although their precise mode of action has yet to be determined (Morgan-Jones and Rodriguez-Kabana, 1981). One, Codinaea heteroderae Morgan-Jones, has been previously named (Morgan-Jones, 1982). Two additional taxa are described here. Chalara hyalina Morgan-Jones et Gintis, sp. nov. Figs. 1-3, 5 Coloniae in agaro decocto tuberorum post 10 dies ad 25 C, 6.9 cm diametro, moderatim vel fere celeriter crescentes, effusae, lanosae vel coactae, primum albae, deinde cremeae; reverso albo. Coloniae in agaro 'malt' dictu post 10 dies ad 25 C, 6.2 cm diametro, effusae, sparsae, albae. Mycelium plerumque superficiale vel immersum, ex hyphis ramosis, septatis, hyalinis, laevibus vel verruculosis, 2-4 yum crassis compositum. Conidiophora mononemata, semi-macronemata, adscendentia, lateraliter e hy? phis aeriis oriuntur, simplicia vel ramosa, sed plerumque verticillata, laevia. Cellae conidiogenae phialidicae, terminales vel laterales, in conidiophoris incorporatae vel discretae, determinatae, cylindricae vel anguste lageniformae, hyalinae, 22-32 x 4-5 ixm, ad apices 2.5 nm crassae. Conidia enteroblastica, endogena, catenata, cylindrica, hyalina, tenuitunicata, laevia, aseptata, ad extremis truncata, 10-11 x 3-4 /um.
Heart Rate During Spontaneous and Induced Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

It is generally assumed that paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) induced during invasive electrophysiological study reproduces the patient's spontaneous, clinical arrhythmia. Even in the absence of antiarrhythmic drugs, however, there may be significant differences in characteristics of the induced and spontaneous arrhythmias. We compared the heart rate of PSVT in 38 patients who had undergone electrophysiological study with induction of PSVT who also had a spontaneous episode of PSVT documented by transtelephonic ECG monitoring during a period when all antiarrhythmic drugs were withheld. The heart rate during spontaneous PSVT was faster than the heart rate of PSVT induced during electrophysiological study; the mean difference was 16 beats/min (P < 0.001). We conclude that heart rate of PSVT induced during electrophysiological study generally underestimates the heart rate of spontaneous PSVT in the antiarrhythmic drug-free state. This may be due to differences in the autonomic and hemodynamic states during spontaneous and induced arrhythmias.
Maternal-fetal distribution of manganese in the rat following inhalation exposure to manganese sulfate.

Abstract Studies examining the pharmacokinetics of manganese during pregnancy have largely focused on the oral route of exposure and have shown that the amount of manganese that crosses the rodent placenta is low. However, limited information exists regarding the distribution of manganese in fetal tissues following inhalation. The objective of this study was to determine manganese body burden in CD rats and fetuses following inhalation of a MnSO 4 aerosol during pregnancy. Animals were evaluated following pre-breeding (2 weeks), mating (up to 14 days) and gestational (from gestation day (GD) 0 though 20) exposure to air or MnSO 4 (0.05, 0.5, or 1 mg Mn/m 3 ) for 6 h/day, 7 days/week. The following maternal samples were collected for manganese analysis: whole blood, lung, pancreas, liver, brain, femur, and placenta. Fetal tissues were examined on GD 20 and included whole blood, lung, liver, brain, and skull cap. Maternal lung manganese concentrations were increased following exposure to MnSO 4 at ≥0.05 mg Mn/m 3 . Maternal brain and placenta manganese concentrations were increased following exposure of pregnant rats to MnSO 4 at ≥0.5 mg Mn/m 3 . Increased fetal liver manganese concentrations were observed following in utero exposure to MnSO 4 at ≥0.5 mg Mn/m 3 . Manganese concentrations within all other fetal tissues were not different from air-exposed controls. The results of this study demonstrate that the placenta partially sequesters inhaled manganese, thereby limiting exposure to the fetus.
Regulation of T‐cell responses by PTEN

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the development, activation, and homeostasis of T cells by modulating the expression of survival and mitogenic factors in response to a variety of stimuli. Ligation of the antigen receptor, costimulatory molecules, and cytokine receptors activate PI3K, resulting in the production of the lipid second messenger phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP(3)). A number of molecules help to regulate the activity of this pathway, including the lipid phosphatase PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10). By limiting the amount of PIP(3) available within the cell, PTEN directly opposes PI3K activity and influences the selection of developing thymocytes as well as the activation requirements of mature T cells. T cells with unchecked PI3K activity, as a result of PTEN deficiency, contribute to the development of both autoimmune disease and lymphoma. This review dissects our current understanding of PI3K and PTEN and discusses why appropriate balance of these molecules is necessary to maintain normal T-cell responses.
Seasonal Changes in Water Quality in Commercial Channel Catfish Ponds in Mississippi

Selected water quality variables were measured at monthly intervals for 1 yr in 10 commercial channel catfish ponds in northwest Mississippi. Temporal changes in most variables appeared to be related to seasonal periodicity of phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton standing crops and total organic matter were highest in summer months when primary production was favored by warm water temperatures, high solar irradiance, and large inputs of nutrients resulting from high summer fish feed allowances. As day length, water temperature, and feed inputs decreased in autumn and winter, phytoplankton abundance and organic matter concentrations decreased. Seasonal changes in total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations were similar to phytoplankton abundance because much of the total nitrogen and phosphorus was contained within phytoplankton cells. Contrasting to the seasonal trend for total nitrogen, concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen were lowest in the summer and highest in the cooler months. Rapid assimilation by phytoplankton served to maintain relatively low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen during the summer despite highest nitrogen loading rates during that period. Low water temperatures and generally less favorable conditions for phytoplankton growth decreased rates of nitrogen assimilation in the winter and ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate accumulated. Soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations were low throughout the year because physico-chemical processes, such as precipitation and adsorption to bottom muds acted to continually remove inorganic phosphorus from the water column.
Correlates of grandmother childcare support to adolescent mothers: Implications for development in two generations of women☆

Abstract This study examined the following 3 aspects of childcare support provided by grandmothers to 20 African-American adolescent mothers: 1) correlates of grandmother support, 2) correlates of grandmother satisfaction, and 3) associations between grandmother support and teen adaptation to parenthood. Grandmother support was associated with the mother's age and support from the baby's father; it was not related to factors in the grandmother's life or to the quality of the teen mother/grandmother relationship. Grandmother satisfaction was linked to the grandmother having fewer preschool children and to the grandmother receiving support from either welfare or from a partner. The amount of grandmother support was negatively related to the number of hours the teen worked, her self esteem and the number of hours of prenatal care she received. The implications of these results for future research and interventions that address both adolescent mother and grandmother development are discussed.
The Current and Future Application of Adjuvant Systemic Chemotherapy in Patients with Bladder Cancer Following Cystectomy

Urothelial transitional cell cancer has a high rate of response to combination cytotoxic therapy. Approximately 50% of patients with high-grade bladder cancer and deep muscle invasion ultimately die of disseminated disease. Translating the high response seen in locally advanced disease into long-term survival in the metastatic setting and to improved survival in the advanced setting has proved difficult. This article reviews the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in localized or locally advanced transitional cell cancer. The chemotherapy of urological malignancies, including bladder cancer, has recently been reviewed in detail; this article does not contain an extensive review of the drugs used.
Identification of insulin receptors on the insulin-independent variant 1246-3A cell line

1246-3A cell line is an insulin-independent variant isolated from the adipogenic cell line 1246 which can proliferate in the absence of insulin, has lost the ability to differentiate, and secretes an insulin-related factor called IRF similar to pancreatic insulin and different from IGFs. In contrast, the parent adipogenic cell line 1246 is dependent on the presence of insulin to proliferate and differentiate in defined medium. In the present paper, we examined if the loss of response to insulin observed for 1246-3A cells was accompanied by alterations in the insulin receptor properties. Insulin binding and tyrosine kinase activity of insulin receptors isolated from 1246-3A cells and from the parent cell line 1246 were measured; 125I-insulin binding to intact cells was 75% lower for the 1246-3A cells than for the 1246 cells. This was due to a decrease in receptor number without major change in receptor affinity. However, when the cells were solubilized in 1% Triton X-100 and the insulin receptor was partially purified by chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose, a similar pattern of binding was observed for both cell lines. Down regulation of insulin receptors by insulin occurred in a dose-dependent fashion, which was similar for both cell lines. Phosphorylation experiments were performed by incubation of the partially purified insulin receptor with insulin and [gamma-32P]ATP. They indicated that insulin stimulated phosphorylation of the 95-kDa molecular weight beta subunit of the receptor, in a similar fashion for both cell types. These data suggest that the insulin-independent cell line 1246-3A does not possess a specific defect in the insulin receptor which alters both its binding and autophosphorylation properties and that the loss of response to insulin can be attributed to the fact the 1246-3A cells secrete IRF which bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate their proliferation.
The formation of pure anorthosite on the Moon

The giant impact hypothesis for the origin of the Moon points to the creation of a hot, young Moon, likely with a global magma ocean. Such a magma ocean would produce a flotation crust of plagioclase crystals, or an anorthositic crust. Early calculations of the expected anorthosite content of the lunar highlands crust did not match initial measurements of Apollo samples, and more recently have not matched Clementine measurements or SELENE measurements, because they assumed interstitial melt would freeze. We consider a physical model of a magma ocean with an accumulating flotation lid, and find that significant escape of melt can take place for reasonable physical parameters and timescales of melt migration, even allowing for the inhibiting effect of plausible compaction viscosities. This model permits more nearly pure lunar anorthosites, consistent with observations. The model encounters some difficulty in explaining the expulsion of melt for the near-surface crust (up to five-kilometers’ depth) that presumably dominates the Apollo samples, suggesting that impact mixing and tidal heating are needed to explain the discrepancy.
Heparin and Heparinocytes in Elephantiasis Scroti.

Summary and ConclusionsMicroscopic examination of a human scrotum amputated because of elephantiasis showed numerous heparinocytes around lymph and blood vessels. One hundred and twenty-six mg of purified heparin per kg of wet tissue was obtained. Based on the purified material, the scrotum contained at least 16,380 I.U. of activity per kg of fresh tissue. These findings are further evidence that mast cells are sources of heparin. They also explain the absence of thrombosis in elephantiasis.
The novel dual GC-A and GC-B designer natriuretic peptide, cenderitide (CD-NP), enhances the renal actions of furosemide in a model of severe heart failure

Background Patients with congestive heart failure (HF) have symptomatic improvement with diuretic therapy, although with time diuretic resistance and renal dysfunction can occur. Cenderitide (also known as CD-NP), now in clinical trials in patients with HF, is a Mayo designed chimeric natriuretic peptide which, unlike the native natriuretic peptides (NPs) ANP, BNP and CNP, binds both to guanylyl cyclase (GC)-B and GC-A with greater affinity for GC-B. Cenderitide thus was designed to mediate more venodilation than arterial dilation via GC-B and so result in less hypotension than BNP or ANP, but unlike CNP also possess natriuretic and diuretic properties via GC-A activation. We tested the hypothesis that combining cenderitide with furosemide will produce increased diuresis and natriuresis compared to furosemide alone without causing excessive hypotension or renal dysfunction in experimental HF.
Power, Truth and Justice in Youth Participatory Action Research: Ethical Questions

What difference does it make, ethically speaking, to be part of an action research project involving youth? How are participants supposed to act towards one another? How are they supposed to act toward others- research subjects, peers, adults in positions of authority, community members- who they encounter in the course of their projects? Youth Participatory Action Research (Youth PAR), as reflected in this volume's various projects, raises ethical issues that deserve its supporters' attention. Action researchers who are serious about both achieving their objectives and doing the right thing in the process are bound to come across certain kinds of ethical challenges in their activity. This essay will try to illuminate some common and troubling challenges.
Singular boundary value problems for linear Hamiltonian systems depending on a parameter

where A(t), B(t), C(t) are continuous n by n matrix functions on (--co, m) and B(t), C(t) are Hermitian for all t E (--co, oo). Consider the linear Hamiltonian system z’ = h2JH(t) 2, where X is a real parameter, z E UPS, (1-l) and I, is the n by IZ identity matrix. In [3] Conley showed that if C(t), B(t) > 6 > 0 for t near &co and there is a t, , - co 0, then there exists an infinite sequence of A-values A, < A, < ..* with A, + co as 1z -+ 00, such that (1 .l), with X = A, , has a solution z E L2( - co, co). In [2] Conley
Low-temperature SCR of NO with NH3 over noble metal promoted Fe-ZSM-5 catalysts

We have reported previously the excellent performance of Fe-exchanged ZSM-5 for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with ammonia at high temperatures (300–400 °C). In this work, we found that the reaction temperature could be decreased to 200–300 °C when a small amount of noble metal (Pt, Rh, or Pd) was added to the Fe-ZSM-5. The SCR activity follows the order Pt/Fe-ZSM-5 > Rh/Fe-ZSM-5 > Pd/Fe-ZSM-5 at 250 °C. On the Pt promoted Fe-ZSM-5, 90% NO conversion was obtained at 250 °C at GHSV = 1.1 × 105 h−1. Moreover, the noble metal improved the resistance to H2O and SO2. The presence of H2O and SO2 decreased the SCR performance only very slightly.
Splice junction mutation in some Ashkenazi Jews with Tay-Sachs disease: evidence against a single defect within this ethnic group

Abstract Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disorder in which the alpha chain of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A bears the mutation. Ashkenazi Jews are found to be carriers for a severe type of Tay-Sachs disease, the classic form, 10 times more frequently than the general population. Ashkenazi Jewish patients with classic Tay-Sachs disease have appeared to be clinically and biochemically identical, and the usual assumption has been that they harbor the same alpha-chain mutation. In this study I have isolated the alpha-chain gene from an Ashkenazi Jewish patient, GM2968, with classic Tay-Sachs disease and compared its nucleotide sequences with that of the normal alpha-chain gene in the promoter region, exon and splice junction regions, and polyadenylylation signal area. Only one difference was observed between these sequences: at the 5' boundary of intron 12, a guanosine in the conserved splice junction dinucleotide sequence G-T had been altered to a cytidine. The alteration is presumed to be functionally significant and to result in aberrant mRNA splicing. Utilizing the polymerase chain reaction to amplify the region encompassing the mutation, I developed an assay to screen patients and heterozygote carriers for this mutation. Surprisingly, in each of two Ashkenazi patients, only one alpha-chain allele harbored the splice junction mutation. Only one parent of each of these patients was positive for the defect. Another Ashkenazi patient did not bear this mutation at all nor did either of the subject's parents. In addition, 30% of obligate heterozygotes tested carried the splice junction mutation, whereas 20 Ashkenazi Jews designated noncarriers by enzymatic assay were negative for this alteration. The data are consistent with the presence of more than one mutation underlying the classic form of Tay-Sachs disease in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.
Tomographic Pn Velocity and Anisotropy Structure in the Central and Eastern United States

Abstract A total of 19,166 Pn phase readings from the International Seismological Centre (ISC) and the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) catalogs as well as hand-picked arrivals from the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Management Center were inverted to map the velocity and anisotropy structure of the lithospheric mantle in the central and eastern United States (CEUS). Our Pn tomographic model shows a broad region of very fast velocity under the North American craton (the northern CEUS) and significant lateral variations within the rest of the CEUS. The surface locations of the major intraplate seismic zones are near the edges of high-velocity anomalies, which is consistent with the notion that stress accumulation and hence focused deformation are likely to occur at the rheological boundaries around the rigid lithospheric root. However, the ancient rifts show no clear correlation to the low-velocity anomalies in the lithospheric mantle. Our Pn anisotropic model shows a complex pattern of fast directions with an overall north–south trend in the CEUS that may reflect the preserved fabrics of the cratonic lithosphere. Nonetheless, high Pn anisotropy seems to wrap around the high-velocity blocks, which may indicate local deformation around the rigid blocks.
Predicting Phase Behavior of Mixtures of Reservoir Fluids With Carbon Dioxide

The use of an equation of state to predict phase behavior during carbon dioxide flooding is well established. There is consensus that the characterization of the C fraction, the grouping of this fraction into ''pseudo components'', and the selection of interaction parameters are the most important variables. However, the literature is vague as to how to best select the pseudo components, especially when aiming for a few-component representation as for a field scale compositional simulation. Single-contact phase behavior is presented for mixtures of Ford Geraldine (Delaware), Maljamar (Grayburg), West Sussex (Shannon), and Reservoir D reservoir fluids, and of a synthetic oil C/C/C, with carbon dioxide. One can reproduce the phase behavior of these mixtures using 3-5 pseudo components and common interaction parameters. The critical properties of the pseudo components are calculated from detailed oil characterizations. Because the parameters are not further adjusted, this approach reduces the empiricism in fitting phase data and may result in a more accurate representation of the system as the composition of the oil changes during the approach to miscibility.
Control of immunity in parental and F1, hybrid mouse strains to a spontaneously arising parental tumor I. Correlation between in vitro and in vivo anti‐tumor reactivity in responsive and unresponsive animals

This study has investigated the in vivo and in vitro cellular immunity of the AKR/J, (AKR/J × C57BL/6)F1, and (AKR/J × DBA/2)F1 mouse strains to a spontaneously arising AKR/J tumor. The study concludes that: 1) there is an excellent correlation between the growth of the tumor in vivo, and the ability of spleen cells from the respective strains to generate both primary and secondary cell-mediated cytotoxic responses in vitro; and 2) one F1 host can be considered a responder against this tumor, whereas the other F1 strain studied appears to be genetically nonresponsive. Possible mechanisms relating to the observed patterns of response are discussed.
Endotoxin Increases Type II-Phospholipase A 2 Gene Expression in Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Endotoxin Increases Type II-Phospholipase A 2 Gene Expression in Rat Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Lactic Streptococcal Phage-Associated Lysin. II. Purification and Characterizaton

Abstract c10-Lysin was purified approximately 1,700-fold by a multistep procedure involving use of the ultracentrifuge, ammonium sulfate fractionation, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatography. The purified c10-lysin lost activity relatively rapidly at room temperature and when stored at 4 or −60C. The presence of 2-mercaptoethanol and EDTA preserved but did not increase c10-lysin activity. Both monovalent and divalent cations activated c10-lysin. Low concentrations of p -chloromercuribenzoate completely inhibited c10-lysin activity, while relatively high concentrations of iodoacetamide were required to inhibit c10-lysin activity. The purified c10-lysin has a pH optimum of 6.0-6.5 and is destroyed by mild heat treatment. The Q 10 and energy of activation values for c10-lysin are 3.9 and 25 Kcal, respectively. Electrophoretically, c10-lysin migrated toward the cathode at pH 8.6. No proteolytic activity was detected when purified c10-lysin reacted with casein at several pH values. Another lactic streptococcal phage-associated lysin (c2-lysin) was studied. Crude c2-lysin showed physico-chemical characteristics similar to crude and purified c10-lysin preparations; however, the pattern of crude c2- and c10-lysin activity differed.
Reflections on John Rohr’s “Regime Values,” Neorepublican Freedom, and Public Administration

In advancing his views on regime values, John Rohr pointed to the limitations and dangers of approaches that seek to ground administrative ethics on the pursuit of any single value or understanding of that value. This article examines the neorepublican conception of freedom and shows how this single-minded conception of freedom can deflect attention away from the conflicts of values, including conflicts among our conceptions of freedom, that characterize our moral and political experience.
The Effect of Impingement on Transitional Behavior in Underexpanded Jets

An investigation into the development of flow unsteadiness in impinging axisymmetric underexpanded jets has been conducted at NASA Langley Research Center. The study has examined the effect of an impingement target placed at various distances and angles on transitional behavior of such jets. Two nozzles, with exit Mach numbers of 1.0 and 2.6, were used in this investigation. Planar laser-induced fluorescence of nitric oxide (NO PLIF) has been used to identify flow unsteadiness and to image transitional and turbulent flow features. Measurements of the location of the onset of various degrees of unsteady flow behavior have been made using these PLIF images. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons are presented to demonstrate the observed effects of impingement and flow parameters on the process of the transition to turbulence. The presence of the impingement target was found to significantly shorten the distance to transition to turbulence by up to a factor of approximately three, with closer targets resulting in slightly shorter distance to transition and turbulence. The location at which the flow first exhibits unsteadiness was found to have a strong dependence on the presence and location of key flow structures. This paper presents quantitative results on transition criteria for free and impinging jets.
MODELING HYDROLOGIC IMPACT OF WITHDRAWING THE GREAT LAKES WATER FOR AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION

: Growing interest in agricultural irrigation in the Great Lakes basin presents an increasing competition to other uses of Great Lakes water. This paper, through a case study of the Mud Creek Irrigation District in the Saginaw Bay basin, Michigan, evaluates the potential hydrologic effects of withdrawing water for agricultural irrigation to the Great Lakes. Crop growth simulation models for corn, soybeans, dry beans, and the FAO Penman method were used to estimate the difference in evapotranspiration rates between irrigated and nonirrigated identical crops, based on climate, soil, and management data. The simulated results indicate that an additional 70–120 mm of water would be evapotranspirated during the growing season from irrigated crop fields as compared to nonirrigated identical plantings. Dependent upon the magnitude of irrigation expansion, an equivalent of about 1 to 5 mm of water from Lakes Huron-Michigan could be lost to the atmosphere. If agricultural irrigation further expands in the entire Great Lakes basin, the aggregated potential of water loss to the atmosphere through ET from all five Great Lakes would be even greater.
Nonlinear Compressional Pulses in a 2D Crystallized Dusty Plasma

Two-dimensional ordered lattices are found in a varietyof physical systems, including dusty plasmas [1–4] andcolloidal suspensions [5], where particles interact througha screened Coulomb repulsion or Yukawa potential. Sucha lattice can have either a crystalline or a liquidlike or-der. It sustains compressional waves and, in a crystallineor highly ordered liquid phase, transverse shear waves[5–12].Here we report experiments with pulsed compressionalwaves in a 2D plasma crystal. The term “plasma crystal”refers to a suspension of small particles of solid matter,which are immersed in a plasma containing free electrons,ions, and neutral gas. The particles acquire a negativecharge
RT–PCR analysis of Candida albicans ALS gene expression in a hyposalivatory rat model of oral candidiasis and in HIV-positive human patients

ALS gene expression was studied in the hyposalivatory rat model of oral candidiasis and in clinical specimens collected from HIV-positive patients to assess similarities in expression patterns between the model system and clinical isolates. Two Candida albicans strains, SC5314 and OY-2-76, were used in the rat model system and infection progressed for 3 or 5 days. The strains produced similar oral lesions at 3 days. At 5 days, strain OY-2-76 produced more superficial lesions containing relatively more yeast forms compared to invasive hyphal forms observed for strain SC5314. For all infections, the most severe lesions were observed on the tongue and gingiva overlying the mandible. ALS transcripts were easier to detect by RT-PCR later in infection and under other conditions where more fungal cells were present. Expression of ALS1, ALS2, ALS3 and ALS4 was observed in rats infected for 3 days with ALS5 and ALS9 transcripts detected after 5 days of infection. Expression of ALS6 was observed in a single specimen from a 5-day infection while ALS7 transcript was never found. Expression of all ALS genes was observed in oral clinical material collected from HIV-positive patients although ALS6 and ALS7 transcripts required an extra PCR amplification step to be detected. Overall, the patterns of ALS gene expression were similar between the rat model and human clinical specimens, suggesting that the model would be useful for studying the phenotype of al delta/al delta mutant strains.
Identification of phosphorylation-dependent binding partners of aquaporin-2 using protein mass spectrometry.

Vasopressin-mediated control of water permeability in the renal collecting duct occurs in part through regulation of the distribution of aquaporin-2 (AQP2) between the apical plasma membrane and intracellular membrane compartments. Phosphorylation of Ser-256 at AQP2's cytoplasmic COOH-terminus is well-accepted as a critical step for translocation. The aim of this study was to identify binding partners to phosphorylated versus nonphosphorylated forms of the AQP2 COOH-terminus via a targeted comparative proteomic approach. Cytosol from inner medullary collecting ducts isolated from rat kidneys was incubated with “bait” peptides, representing the COOH-terminal AQP2 tail in its nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated forms, to capture differentially-bound proteins prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. Mass spectrometric results were confirmed by immunoblotting. Immunoprecipitation was performed using an AQP2 COOH-terminal antibody combined with immunblotting against the proposed binding partners in order to demonstrate interactions with native AQP2. Our studies confirmed previously identified interactions between AQP2 and hsc70, hsp70−1 and −2, as well as annexin II. These proteins were found to bind less to the Ser-256-phosphorylated AQP2 than to the non-phosphorylated form. In contrast, another heat shock protein, hsp70−5 (BiP/grp78), bound to phosphorylated AQP2 more avidly than to non-phosphorylated AQP2. Immunogold EM studies demonstrated that BiP is present not only in the ER, but in the cytoplasm and apical plasma membrane of rat collecting duct cells. Furthermore, confocal immunofluorescence studies showed partial colocalization of BiP with AQP2 in non-ER compartments. These results suggest that phosphorylation of AQP2 at Ser-256 may regulate AQP2 trafficking in part by mediating differential binding of hsp70 family proteins to the COOH-terminal tail.
Rapid high-resolution electrophoresis of multimeric von Willebrand Factor using a thermopiloted gel apparatus.

Abstract Rapid and highly reproducible nonreducing agarose gel electrophoresis (NRAGE) of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) multimers was performed using a thermostated minigel apparatus that monitors and precisely controls internal gel temperature. The substitution of lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS) for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) allowed electrophoresis to be performed below the 16 degrees C Krafft point of SDS and facilitated NRAGE of vWF over the entire range of 0-35 degrees C. Internal gel temperature was regulated by a thermocouple probe inserted directly into the gel during electrophoresis which interfaced with a thermopilot that continually measures and adjusts temperature to within +/- 0.5 degrees C. At 10 degrees C operative temperature, NRAGE at 1.5% agarose concentration was completed in 20 min at 250 V. Electrophoresis could be performed in only 10 min at 500 V, but at such high voltages, localized temperature fluctuations as much as 6 degrees C resulted in perturbation of banding patterns in those vicinities. In the optimized method, both high molecular weight multimers and proteolytic fragments of vWF were separable suggesting clinical applicability of this system for the diagnosis of von Willebrand Disease and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
Ethics Instruction in Engineering Education: A (Mini) Meta-Analysis

What are the objectives of engineering ethics? How is it being taught and how might instruction be more effective? The American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) annual conference proceedings (1996–1999) contain 42 papers that treat engineering ethics as a coherent educational objective. Some of these papers disclose small components that seem to be part of a larger ethics curriculum. Other papers discuss engineering courses that are clearly the department's major ethics commitment. While it would be inappropriate to assume that the 42 papers represent the only means by which engineering students receive ethics instruction, these papers do present a variety of more-or-less defensible approaches and certainly the major intentional approaches of engineering curricula. This paper will develop an analysis of the 42 articles, including a discussion of where ethics is being taught (from both a chronological, and disciplinary perspective), and the six pedagogical approaches used to transfer an understanding of ethics to the student. These approaches include professional codes, humanist readings, theoretical grounding, ethical heuristics, case studies, and service learning. These six approaches will also be analyzed in terms of their promise to develop the ethical competencies needed by engineers.