cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta The Clinical Features of Thirty Autopsied Cases

The clinical diagnosis of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta depends on awareness of the entity, keen clinical suspicion, and an understanding of the varied manifestations. Clinical suspicion is sharpened by association of certain preexisting conditions found to be related to an increased incidence of aortic dissection. Recognition of the Marfan's syndrome, pregnancy, or preexisting hypertension in a patient presenting as an acute catastrophe may lead to the diagnosis. A family history of aortic dissection is similarly helpful. The variable manifestations call for careful reasoning. Multiple system involvement in many cases is the initial lead in establishing the diagnosis. The many systems frequently involved in the symptomatology of aortic dissection have in common the origin of the blood supply. When the aorta is damaged, branches to various organs may be affected so that the symptoms depend on the branches involved. Because any portion of the aorta may be involved in the dissecting process, no single cl...
Verbes de rupture simples et réfléchis: Deux constructions intransitives

Selon la tradition ‘semantique’ de l’analyse des verbes intransitifs de changement d’etat (voir par exemple Bailly 1932), la distinction entre les formes simples (rougir), et reflechies (se rougir) est imputable a la localisation specifique de la force tenue pour responsable du changement d’etat (Rothemberg 1974, Forest 1988, Labelle 1992). La forme simple indique que l’entite qui subit le changement d’etat en porte l’exclusive responsabilite : “Lorsque cet element assume la fonction de sujet de l’intransitif, il est considere comme possedant, de par lui meme, les qualites necessaires permettant (ou empechant) la realisation du processus” (Rothemberg 1974 : 138). Pour Forest (1988), les formes simples manifestent des proprietes entelechiques, en ce sens qu’elles designent la realisation d’un processus interne a une entite: “On peut retenir le terme entelechique parce qu’il exprime bien, croyons nous, la difference qui oppose La branche casse a La branche se casse, du point de vue du verbe employe. Il ne faudrait pas philosopher a partir du reflechi de se casse ; il n’exprime pas l’autoaffectation, mais precisement le changement d’etat purement exterieur aux virtualites de l’entite consideree. Par contre, une branche ne casse pas si cela ne correspond pas a une alterabilite de la branche; et quand on dit La branche casse, on prend en compte dans la description la conformite du changement a une virtualite intime » (Forest 1988: 152).
Glycoprotein synthesis as a function of epithelial cell arrangement: Biosynthesis and release of glycoproteins by human breast and prostate cells in organ culture

We demonstrate that a technique is available to investigate glycoprotein synthesis in organ cultures of human breast and prostate surgical specimens where the 3-dimensional epithelial cell arrangement remains intact. Malignant breast and prostate epithelium maintained their capacity to synthesize glycoproteins for at least 3 days as followed by the incorporation of [3H] glucosamine into macromolecules. Over 70% of incorporation was by malignant cells as judged by autoradiography. Labeled glycoproteins were released into glandular lumina and consequently into the culture fluid. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed predominantly one group of macromolecules released with an apparent molecular weight of 48,000 ± 6,000 daltons. This glycoprotein was found in all of the breast specimens studied, which included 1 medullary, 1 infiltrating lobular, and 8 infiltrating duct carcinomas. The pattern was independent of the availability of estrogen receptors. A similar glycoprotein was also observed in the culture media from a Grade I and a Grade II well-differentiated infiltrating prostate carcinoma. Incorporation was below the level of detection in 4 of 6 cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia. A more complex pattern of labeled glycoproteins was found in the media of a Grade II and a Grade III poorly-differentiated prostate carcinoma. The established human mammary carcinoma cell line MCF-7 synthesized and released a similar 48,000 molecular weight glycoprotein but additional components with larger molecular weights were also released. An intriguing interpretation that 3-dimensional tissue integrity restricts some glycorprotein synthesis is discussed. Cells grown in 2-dimensional monolayers could escape from such a topographic restriction and express additional families of glycoproteins.
Comparison of 180/spl deg/ and 360/spl deg/ iterative reconstruction with non-uniform attenuation compensation for Tl-201 SPECT

This study compares Tl-201 SPECT images reconstructed from 180/spl deg/ and 360/spl deg/ projection data, using iterative reconstruction with non-uniform attenuation compensation. Using a mathematical phantom of the human thorax, Monte Carlo simulation is used to produce both 180/spl deg/ (45/spl deg/ RAO to 45/spl deg/ LPO) and 360/spl deg/ Tl-201 SPECT projection data. Included in the simulation are the effects of non-uniform attenuation, detector response, scatter and statistical noise. The 180/spl deg/ and 360/spl deg/ data were taken over 64 and 128 angles, respectively, assuming the same total acquisition time for both. The simulated projection data were reconstructed with nonuniform attenuation compensation using the ML-EM algorithm for 50 iterations and, for comparison, were also reconstructed without attenuation compensation using the filtered backprojection method with a ramp filter. Transaxial slices of the reconstructed images, image profiles and Bull's-eye plots all show that images reconstructed with attenuation compensation, unlike those reconstructed without attenuation compensation, are essentially the same within the region of the myocardium for the 180/spl deg/ and 360/spl deg/ data, with few artifacts and similar image contrast. Furthermore, for the same total imaging time, the images reconstructed from the 180/spl deg/ data have slightly less noise in the myocardial region. >
Individual Contribution to a Team: The Importance of Continuous Adaptive Learning

This article develops and tests a model of continuous adaptive learning and its effects on how individuals contribute to a team in a population of undergraduate management students. We develop a measure of continuous adaptive learning, a robust measure of learning in classroom teams. We propose that continuous adaptive learning mediates the relationship between individual beliefs (both interpersonal and task related) and individual contribution to the team. We contribute to the literature on team learning in a management education setting by identifying the relationships between an individual's beliefs and behaviors about participating in a particular team and how the individual contributes to the team's outcomes. Results confirmed the validity of distinct individual beliefs and behaviors related to team learning and the relationship between individual learning behaviors and contribution to team learning, particularly the ability to help a group to excel.
Formation of a square-planar Co(I) B12 intermediate. Implications for enzyme catalysis

X-ray edge and extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques provide powerful tools for analysis of local molecular structure of complexes in solution. We present EXAFS results for Co(I) B12 that demonstrate a four-coordinate (distorted) square-planar configuration. Comparison of EXAFS solutions for Co(I) and Co(II) B12 (collected previously; Sagi et al. 1990. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 112:8639–8644) suggest that modulation of the Co-N bond to the axial 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (DMB), in the absence of changes in Co-N (equatorial) bond distances, may be a key mechanism in promoting homolytic versus heterolytic cleavage. As Co-C bond homolysis occurs, the Co-N (DMB) bond becomes stronger. However, for heterolytic cleavage to occur, earlier electrochemical studies (D. Lexa and J. M. Saveant. 1976. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98:2652–2658) and recent studies of methylcobalamin-dependent Clostridium thermoaceticum (Ragsdale et al. 1987. J. Biol. Chem. 262:14289–14297) suggest that removal of the DMB ligand (before Co-C bond cleavage) favors formation of the four-coordinate square-planar Co(I) species while inhibiting formation of the five-coordinate Co(II) B12 complex. This paper presents the first direct evidence that formation of the Co(I) B12 intermediate must involve breaking of the Co-N (DMB) bond.
The neurobiology of sirtuins and their role in neurodegeneration.

Sirtuins are highly conserved NAD + -dependent enzymes that have beneficial effects against age-related diseases. Aging is the major unifying risk factor for all neurodegenerative disorders. Sirtuins modulate major biological pathways, such as stress response, protein aggregation, and inflammatory processes, that are involved in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, sirtuins have been widely studied in the context of the nervous system and neurodegeneration. They are especially interesting because it is possible to alter the activities of sirtuins using small molecules that could be developed into drugs. Indeed, it has been shown that manipulation of SIRT1 activity genetically or pharmacologically impacts neurodegenerative disease models. This review summarizes recent research in sirtuin neurobiology and neurodegenerative diseases and analyzes the potential of therapeutic applications based on sirtuin research.
Using heterogeneous components to construct online library portals

History shows that libraries have always functioned as physical portals to stored information. In the past, the physical library has consisted of reference and subject specific areas, card catalogs, and book stacks, all available during operating hours and confined to the library’s physical space within a building or room. However, with the explosive development of the Internet and the implementation of OPACs, libraries need to reinvent their environments as physical portals while establishing a virtual online portal presence. The Health Sciences Center Library at Stony Brook University has begun deploying several technologies to develop a virtual portal of online information and services, making the library and its resources available both inside and outside the confines of the physical library. The goal of this portal is two‐fold: provide the library’s patrons – particularly the students and faculty of the University’s Medical School – with personalized access to information, and to enable the library to gather statistics on the use of electronically‐based resources. What makes this library’s portal unique is its ability to deliver, over the Internet, desktop applications specific to certain academic programs in addition to traditional library resources, such as full‐text e‐journals and databases along with a Web‐based OPAC. The technology behind this portal incorporates centralized computing and client‐server architectures with recent thin‐client and operating system technologies, such as the Independent Computing Architecture, Windows 2000, and Linux. This portal demonstrates how academic libraries can improve individualized service by integrating existing systems of information delivery and retrieval with newer computing paradigms.
Procedures for Assessing the Validities of Tests Using the "Known-Groups" Method

If a test is "valid," one criterion could be that test scores must discriminate across groups that are theo retically known to differ. A procedure is outlined to assess the discrimination across gr...
A three-dimensional transmission line matrix model for ultrasonic imaging

ABSTRACT A three dimensional numerical model for elastic wave propagation in multilayered structures is the subject of this paper.The model is based on the T ransmission L ine M atrix method (TLM) and has a three dimensional acoustic node as a keyelement. A full description of the numerical method implementation is provided. The numerical analysis was applied tostructures with a relatively complicated geometry, similar to the geometries used in non-destructive testing and inmedical imaging. The comparison between the experimental and numerical frequency response for a multi-layeredcylindrical piece validates the proposed numerical model. An acoustic impedance profile similar to biological tissuewas numerically modeled. The comparison between real and numerically generated signals shows good agreementbetween experiment and numerical analysis.Key words : Transmission line matrix (TLM) , ultrasonic imaging , array transducers, time domain modeling 1. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate how a TLM model can be developed and numerically implemented tosimulate the complex process related to ultrasonic propagation. The significant advantages of this method are flexibilityin dealing with various types of sources and with almost any kind of acoustic impedance profiles. This method is notthe only method used for the numerical modeling of elastic wave propagation. Before pointing out the main cornerstones of the TLM method, a brief review of the other methods used in acoustic imaging is necessary. One of the firstnumerical methods proposed was the ray tracing method. This method is considered an alternative method to solve thewave equation. In this approximation geometrical optics can be applied successfully. The theoretical support forapplying this method in ultrasonic nondestructive testing was first summarized by Achenbach
Short period rhythms of liver glycogen content.

Abstract 1. 1. Liver glycogen content in Rana pipiens was determined at 8-hr intervals for 37 consecutive days under controlled conditions of temperature and light. 2. 2. Statistically significant rhythms of glycogen content were observed. 3. 3. Statistical estimates indicated a primary periodicity of 110 hr for the total population as well as the male and female groups. 4. 4. A secondary period of 24 hr was observed for the total population and the males, while remales exhibited a secondary period of 17 hr.
A Receptor Linked to a Gi-Family G-Protein Functions in Initiating Oocyte Maturation in Starfish but Not Frogs

The stimulation of oocyte maturation by 1-methyladenine in starfish, and by a steroid in frogs, has been proposed to involve G-protein-coupled receptors. To examine whether activation of receptors linked to G(i) or G(z) was sufficient to cause oocyte maturation, we expressed mammalian G(i)- and G(z)-linked receptors in starfish and frog oocytes. Application of the corresponding agonists caused meiosis to resume in the starfish but not the frog oocytes. We confirmed that the receptors were effectively expressed in the frog oocytes by using a chimeric G-protein, G(qi), that converts input from G(i)- and G(z)-linked receptors to a G(q) output and results in a contraction of the oocyte's pigment. These results argue against G(i) or G(z) functioning to cause maturation in frog oocytes. Consistently, maturation-inducing steroids did not cause pigment contraction in frog oocytes expressing G(qi), and G(z) protein was not detectable in frog oocytes. For starfish oocytes, however, our results support the conclusion that G(i) functions in 1-methyladenine signaling and suggest the possibility of using frog oocyte pigment contraction as an assay to identify the 1-methyladenine receptor. To test this concept, we coexpressed G(qi) and a starfish adenosine receptor in frog oocytes and showed that applying adenosine caused pigment contraction.
Deflecting the Immigration Debate: Globalization, Immigrant Agency, “Strange Bedfellows,” and Beyond

In sum, both books are worth reading. Where Myers analyzes our current intergen erational impasse, and suggests a way out of it, Light analyzes how this impasse is being lived out at the local level, and why it will endure. Immigrants and Boomers and De flecting Immigration contribute significantly to our understanding of contemporary immi gration, and should open new roads for re search and inform current policy debates.
Preparation of silver hydrosols using an acrylamide copolymer

We have prepared silver nanoparticles from a solution of AgNO3 and copolymers containing acryloylmorpholine and n-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) blocks by stirring the solution, and have examined the thermoresponsive properties of the associated plasmon peaks. The hydrosols prepared from the copolymer caused a red shift of the plasmon absorption with an increase in the temperature because the degree of nanoparticle protection was reduced owing to the shrinkage of the NIPAM blocks at 40 °C.
Exciton binding energy and electron effective-mass in strain compensated InGaAsN/GaAs single Quantum Well

An electron effective mass (me*) of (0.11plusmn0.015)m0 is experimentally determined in high indium content InGaAsN quantum well. The impact of the large me * in the material differential gain is analyzed through a gain model
Velocity and scalar characteristics of premixed turbulent flames stabilized by weak swirl

Abstract Velocity and scalar statistics of premixed flames stabilized in a novel weak-swirl burner have been studied under a broad range of mixture and turbulence conditions. The nonreacting flows are also investigated to determine the influence of weak-swirl on isotropic turbulence. Deduced from the data are the flame speeds, combustion induced flow acceleration, flame generated turbulence, and flame crossing frequencies. They are compared with previous results obtained in other flame configurations. Three series of experiments are conducted to investigate the evolution of velocity statistics with decreasing equivalence ratios. Under very lean conditions (φ = 0.6), the velocity profiles have no characteristic features and are not very different from the corresponding nonreacting profiles. An indicator parameter, K T , derived from fundamental mixture and flow properties is developed to estimate the relative influences of the turbulence stretch and the mean aerodynamic stretch on combustion induced flow acceleration. The analysis shows that intense turbulence and bulk stretch (i.e., large values of K T ) can obscure and counteract the dynamic effects of combustion.
A feature principle for partial agreement

An Optimality Theoretic account of partial agreement (agreement with just one of multiple conjuncts) presented here explains typologically interrelated properties of partial agreement. For example, in languages such as Moroccan and Lebanese Arabic, partial agreement is optional, incompatible with anaphor binding, and limited to non-collective predication; in languages such as Welsh and Standard Arabic, it is obligatory, compatible with anaphor binding and free of semantic constraint on predication. These correlated properties are explained through the interaction of constraints requiring agreement with an NP's concord features and a distinct set of constraints requiring agreement with index features. Partial agreement is possible only when the optimal type of agreement (index agreement in some languages, concord agreement in others) cannot be satisfied by the conjoined phrase as a whole. Conjoined NPs lack concord features, so a constraint requiring agreement with concord features will oblige agreement with a conjunct that bears concord features. Conjoined NPs may lack index features (if they encode an exclusively non-collective referent set), but this lack of index will also entail partial agreement. Which of the conjuncts a verb agrees with is determined by alignment constraints favoring the conjunct that is linearly closest to the agreement target.
Signal Amplification of a “Turn-On” Sensor: Harvesting the Light Captured by a Conjugated Polymer

The system is designed so that pH alters the absorption cross-section, energy migration efficiency, and emission efficiency ofthe fluoresceinamine (FA) dye appended off of polymer 2.Inthis case, the dye acts as a shunt, withdrawing energy from theconjugated polymer. At high pH, FA is highly absorptive andhighly fluorescent, while at low pH, the dye’s extinction coef-ficient decreases and the fluorescence is lost. In our case,electrostatic binding of anionic polymer 2 onto the cationic surfaceformed by depositing 1 directly onto a glass substrate provides afacile method for placing the appended FA in close proximity tothe conjugated polymer.
Hobbes on Tacit Covenants

Tacit consent theories of political obligation have fallen into disfavor. The difficulties that plague such accounts have been well-known since Hume's "Of the Original Contract"1 and have recently been forcefully reformulated by M. B. E. Smith, A. John Simmons, and Joseph Raz.2 In this article, though, I shall argue that Hobbes' version of the argument from tacit consent escapes the criticisms leveled by Hume, Smith, Simmons, and Raz against tacit consent theories as a class. Crucial to my defense of this claim will be a certain interpretation of Hobbes' account of covenants, an account quite different than that presupposed by the opponents of the argument from tacit consent.
Manipulating the brain with epigenetics

A study finds that the DNA methylation enzymes Dnmt1 and Dnmt3a are needed to maintain the epigenetic landscape in nondividing, postmitotic neurons and that this process is required for normal learning and memory.
Differential expression of toll-like receptor mRNA in treatment non-responders and sustained virologic responders at baseline in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

: Background/Aims: The contribution of the host immune response to sustained virologic response is not clear in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The aim of this study was to explore the relationship of the toll-like receptor (TLR) expression with the outcome of antiviral therapy in hepatitis C viral infection. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 15 CHC patients before a 48-week treatment with pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) α-2a and ribavirin. A multiplex semi-quantitative reverse-trancriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to compare the relative abundance of TLR2–9 transcripts. Results: mRNA levels of TLR2, 3 and 6 were significantly higher in CHC subjects compared with normal controls (n=8). When patients were classified into non-responders (n=8) and sustained virological responders (n=7) according to the virological outcome of the treatment, there was a clear difference in baseline mRNA expression of TLRs and T-helper (Th) 1/2 cytokines. In addition, the mRNA expression of IFN-γ and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which is exclusively expressed in activated T cells, was inversely correlated with that of TLR4, 6 and 9 in non-responders. Conclusions: TLRs mRNA levels are differentially expressed in baseline PBMC of chronic HCV-infected subjects with or without responsiveness to antiviral therapy.
Extrapolation and Correlation (EXTRACT): A New Method for Motion Compensation in MRI

A postprocessing technique is proposed for the correction of both translational and rotational motion artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The method consists of two steps: 1) k-space extrapolation to generate a motion-free reference, followed by 2) correlation with actual data to estimate motion. In this paper, two different extrapolation methods were investigated for the purpose of motion estimation: edge enhancement and finite-support solution. It was found that finite-support solution performs better near the k-space center, while the edge enhancement method is superior in the outer k-space regions. Therefore, a combination of the two methods was employed to generate a motion-free reference, whose correlations with the acquired data can subsequently determine the object motion. Motion compensation was demonstrated in simulation and in vivo MR experiments. The technique is shown to be robust against noise and various types of motion.
The Role of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in the Planning and Placement of Implants

ABSTRACT Background Three-dimensional imaging, particularly cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), has made significant contributions to the planning and placement of implants to replace missing teeth. The accuracy of CBCT data can be used to fabricate a surgical guide that transfers the implant planning information to the surgical site to facilitate implant placement. The authors describe a method for applying CBCT data to aid in the planning and placement of implants. Methods The authors outline clinical goals for implant planning and placement and describe the anatomical and prosthetic requirements for successful implant placement. They also present imaging solutions, including CBCT scanning and software analysis, to the clinical goals. Conclusions Virtual implant planning using CBCT data allows the clinicians to create and visualize the end result before initiating treatment. CBCT scans are accurate and cost effective and can be used to improve communication and coordination of a multidisciplinary team to achieve the desired clinical outcome. Virtual planning allows clinicians to investigate multiple treatment scenarios until the optimum treatment plan is attained. The optimized virtual plan may be converted through modeling to create a surgical guide for clinical implementation. Clinical Implications The precise planning and delivery of implants to replace missing teeth can avert recognized and concealed treatment problems. This process aids the clinician and benefits the patient.
Criminal justice doctorate education: Some observations on student expectations

Abstract Criminal justice doctoral education is a recent addition to the curriculum of academic institutions in the United States. In some ways it is unique, for example, in the number of professional and career persons found in the programs. In other ways it religiously adheres to traditional academic values such as rigorous admission and retention criteria. This article reviews the difficulties perceived by criminal justice doctoral students and compares these with concerns of doctoral students in a closely related academic discipline, sociology. The discussion looks at the criminal justice doctoral candidate. An attempt is made to understand why these students exhibit enthusiasm and hard work. The situational elements confronting doctoral students in criminal justice also are considered. Finally, one of the most crucial realities of the doctoral student's life, attributes and actions of faculty members, are reviewed in some detail because these attributes and actions have a significant impact on a student's progress through a doctoral program and on the advancement of knowledge in the discipline.
Burnout and Self-Reported Patient Care in an Internal Medicine Residency Program

In this study, burnout was common among resident physicians and was associated with self-reported suboptimal patient care practices.
The integrin αIIbβ3 as an antithrombotic target

The objective of this paper is to review briefly the normal physiology of platelet activation which leads to aggregation, to summarize the evidence for the critical role of platelet activation and aggregation in thrombosis, to highlight the key role of the membrane-protein complex glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in this process, and to provide examples of how small molecules can inhibit the aggregatory function of this complex.
Some new observations on the cytopathology of fin erosion disease in winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus

A light and electron microscopic study was conducted on dorsal fin tissues adjacent to acute fin erosion lesions in winter flounder from 2 polluted sites (New York Bight region and New Haven Harbor) on the northeast Atlantic Coast. The objective of this work was to evaluate these minimally affected, lesion-associated tissues which may precede the acute or severe stages of the disease. The following 4 types of pathological conditions were found in the epidermis of diseased fish from the 2 polluted sites: (1) epithelial cell hyperplasia; (2) mucous cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy; (3) spongiosis; and (4) focal necrosis. The latter 2 types of lesions have not been previously reported for fin erosion in this species. Changes in the dermis associated with these lesions included fibrosis, abnormal distribution of melanocytes, hyperemia and sclerosis of blood vessels, and hemorrhage. The possibility that hypoxia may play a role in the observed pathology is considered.
Impact and adjustment: foreign students in comparative perspective*

Foreign study is a multifaceted phenomenon - its impact is felt on academic institutions in both the ‘host’ and ‘sending’ countries, on the economies of nations, and of course on the individuals involved. With more than one million students studying abroad, foreign study has assumed considerable importance in higher education planning. This article considers the many aspects of foreign study and discusses the interrelationships of these elements. The policies of the ‘host’ nations, for example, have an impact on higher education planning in the sending countries. The non-return of foreign students, traditionally referred to as the ‘brain drain’, is considerably more complex than was once thought since Third World graduates settled in the industrialized nations often retain contacts with their home countries and increasingly return after a period abroad. This article also considers the various ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors which determine the constantly changing flow of foreign students.
Modeling of the N2+ First negative bands in the sunlit aurora

Abstract The N2+ First Negative band profiles in the high-altitude sunlit aurora are modeled by solving a set of simultaneous coupled equations for the population and depopulation of the N2+ vibrational and rotational energy levels. Approximations due to computer processing time and the use of1-→A averaged solar flux resulted in the loss of the Swings effect, but otherwise the modeled spectra simulate the observations and the characteristic high rotational development quite closely. Comparisons with the well-known spectrum of the 3914 A band in the sunlit auroral ray published by Hunten et al. (1959, Nature 183, 453) give the N2+ ion lifetime of ∼103 s and N2X rotational temperature of ∼600 K, and are consistent with the fluorescent excitation mechanism; this contradicts conclusions made some two decades ago. A sample auroral cusp spectrum is included to illustrate the effects of Rayleigh scattering of solar flux.
Disaster Management Plans in Middle East Libraries and Archives in Time of War: Case Studies of Iraq and Egypt

In the Middle East, disaster management planning is not limited to natural calamities but must also consider armed conflict disaster. After the burning of libraries in Iraq, Egypt, and Lebanon since 2003, we must ask in what way do those countries preserve their heritage? What practices do they have in place for times of war? Were these applied when needed? If not, what obstacles prevented their application? This paper presents the findings of a survey of the literature on disaster management for times of war and an analysis of four case studies and argues the importance of prevention and planning.
Visible Light-Activated Resins — Depth of Cure

The effect of selected variables on depth of cure of various shades of two representatives of the new generation of light-cured resin systems was investigated.
Proper placement of a metallic marker on an area of concern in the breast.

T he placement of a metallic marker on a focal area of concern serves as a visual aid to direct the radiologist’s attention to a specific location within the breast. The position of the marker should correspond to the location of the area of concern. In the case of a palpable abnormality, the position of the marker does not necessarily correspond to the point at which the abnormality is most easily palpable. The literature contains little description regarding the way the marker should be placed on the surface of the breast. The purpose of this technical note is to describe the method of placement. Technique On views other than the tangential view, correct placement superimposes the metallic marker directly over the area of concern. To accomplish this, the technologist’s hand placing the marker approaches the breast in a path parallel to the central ray of the X-ray beam for the view being obtained. With the hand moving in this direction, the metallic marker is superimposed over the area of concern. For a craniocaudal view, the hand placing the metallic marker moves vertically, which parallels the central ray of the X-ray beam (Fig. 1). For a true lateral projection, the hand placing the metallic marker moves horizontally, which again parallels the central ray ofthe X-ray beam (Fig. 2).
Further insights into the antinociceptive potential of a peptide disrupting the N-type calcium channel–CRMP-2 signaling complex

The N-type voltage-gated calcium channel (Cav 2.2) has gained immense prominence in the treatment of chronic pain. While decreased channel function is ultimately anti-nociceptive, directly targeting the channel can lead to multiple adverse side effects. Targeting modulators of channel activity may facilitate improved analgesic properties associated with channel block and a broader therapeutic window. A novel interaction between Cav 2.2 and collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2) positively regulates channel function by increasing surface trafficking. We recently identified a CRMP-2 peptide (TAT-CBD3), which effectively blocks this interaction, reduces or completely reverses pain behavior in a number of inflammatory and neuropathic models. Importantly, TAT-CBD3 did not produce many of the typical side effects often observed with Cav 2.2 inhibitors. Notably chronic pain mechanisms offer unique challenges as they often encompass a mix of both neuropathic and inflammatory elements, whereby inflammation likely causes damage to the neuron leading to neuropathic pain, and neuronal injury may produce inflammatory reactions. To this end, we sought to further disseminate the ability of TAT-CBD3 to alter behavioral outcomes in two additional rodent pain models. While we observed that TAT-CBD3 reversed mechanical hypersensitivity associated with a model of chronic inflammatory pain due to lysophosphotidylcholine-induced sciatic nerve focal demyelination (LPC), injury to the tibial nerve (TNI) failed to respond to drug treatment. Moreover, a single amino acid mutation within the CBD3 sequence demonstrated amplified Cav 2.2 binding and dramatically increased efficacy in an animal model of migraine. Taken together, TAT-CBD3 potentially represents a novel class of therapeutics targeting channel regulation as opposed to the channel itself.
New derivations of the quadrupole formulas and balance equations for gravitationally bound systems

A new derivation of the quadrupole formulas and balance equations of general relativity for gravitationally bound systems is given which overcomes objections raised to previous derivations.
The effect of end conditions on the dynamic loading of plastic shells

Abstract A circular cylindrical shell of a rigid plastic material is uniformly loaded by a radial step pressure pulse. Explicit formulas are obtained for the maximum deformation in the shell as a function of the shell geometry and pressure magnitude. It is found that for moderately long shells the deformation is essentially independent of the support conditions at the end of the shell.
Structural and magnetic properties of vanadyl dichloride solvates: from molecular units to extended hydrogen-bonded solids

The preparation, structural characterization and magnetic properties of three solvent adducts of VOCl2, trans-VOCl2(THF)2(H2O) (1), trans-VOCl2(H2O)2·2Et2O (2) and cis-VOCl2(MeOH)3 (3) are described. In these solids, hydrogen bonding among the inorganic complexes is the critical determinant of the formation of extended magnetic networks. Compound 1 forms one-dimensional double chains where alternating monomers from the two branches of the chain are hydrogen bonded via the V–Cl⋯H–O–V network (with an axial water molecule and equatorial chloride ions). Magnetic studies indicate no interaction among the vanadyl centers. The paramagnetism of 1 is consistent with the extension of the network from the hydrogen donor site of the axial water, which is orthogonal to the dxy magnetic orbital. Compound 2 forms one-dimensional chains with water molecules of adjacent monomers held together by hydrogen bonds to ether molecules (V–O–H⋯Oether⋯H –O–V). The chain network radiates only through the equatorial plane of the complex where the water molecules are located. The presence of the intervening solvent molecule between hydrogen bonds of the primary coordination sphere magnetically insulates metal centers and compound 2 is also a simple paramagnet. Removal of the solvent turns on the magnetic interaction and neighboring spin centers couple antiferromagnetically. Compound 3 forms a layered structure via V–Cl⋯H–O–V hydrogen bonding, where all the hydrogen donor sites participate in the formation of the network. The vanadyl spin centers, at distances of 5.5 and 6.5 A from each other, couple antiferromagnetically (J/k = −0.7 K). Thus, magnetic coupling among metal centers is achieved when the hydrogen bond network directly radiates from the coordination plane containing the magnetic orbital. These results further support the utility of hydrogen bond as a viable design element in the construction of low dimensional, magnetic solids.
Purification, identification and characterization of chicken C1q, a subcomponent of the first component of complement.

Abstract A component, having the equivalent haemolytic activity to that of human complement subcomponent C1q, was purified by a combination of precipitation with EGTA, gel filtration, ion exchange and adsorption chromatography from chicken serum. Yields ranged from 8 to 15 mg/litre of serum. The finally purified preparation generates full Cl haemolytic activity when assayed with human complement subcomponents C1r and C1s, and have been identified as chicken C1q. The molecular weight of undissociated C1q, as estimated on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), is 504 000. Under dissociating but non-reducing conditions, the C1q was shown to consist of 2 subunits having molecular weights of 52 700 and 51 200 in a molar ratio of 2:1. On reduction, the 52 700 molecular weight subunit gave chains with molecular weights of 25 900 and 24 800 in equimolar ratio, and the 51 200 molecular weight subunit decreased to 24 800. The C1q contains hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, a high percentage of glycine and approximately 7% carbohydrate. Collagenase digestion of C1q caused a rapid loss of haemolytic activity and produced much smaller peptide fragments.
Low-cost EUV collector development: design, process, and fabrication

Cost of ownership (COO) is an area of concern that may limit the adoption and usage of Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL). One of the key optical components that contribute to the COO budget is the collector. The collectors being fabricated today are based on existing x-ray optic design and fabrication processes. The main contributors to collector COO are fabrication cost and lifetime. We present experimental data and optical modeling to demonstrate a roadmap for optimized efficiency and a possible approach for significant reduction in collector COO. Current state of the art collectors are based on a Wolter type-1 design and have been adapted from x-ray telescopes. It uses a long format that is suitable for imaging distant light sources such as stars. As applied to industrial equipment and very bright nearby sources, however, a Wolter collector tends to be expensive and requires significant debris shielding and integrated cooling solutions due to the source proximity and length of the collector shells. Three collector concepts are discussed in this work. The elliptical collector that has been used as a test bed to demonstrate alternative cost effective fabrication method has been optimized for collection efficiency. However, this fabrication method can be applied to other optical designs as well. The number of shells and their design may be modified to increase the collection efficiency and to accommodate different EUV sources The fabrication process used in this work starts with a glass mandrel, which is elliptical on the inside. A seed layer is coated on the inside of the glass mandrel, which is then followed by electroplating nickel. The inside/exposed surface of the electroformed nickel is then polished to meet the figure and finish requirements for the particular shell and finally coated with Ru or a multilayer film depending on the angle of incidence of EUV light. Finally the collector shell is released from the inside surface of the mandrel. There are several potential cost and fabrication advantages to this process. There is flexibility in the choice of material for producing the mandrel - this allows for optimizing the cost of fabrication of the mandrel. Moreover, since the final surface and figure of the collector optic can be modified, after electroforming the optic, the mandrel, in principle does not have a limited lifetime. Finally, the mandrel provides mechanical support to the electroformed optic throughout the fabrication process, thereby reducing deformation of the optic during polishing and coating. The optical design, optimization of collection efficiency, fabrication and characterization results is discussed in this work.
Performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cell systems.

Abstract Performance of gasoline reformed, polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) systems for transportation with a high-temperature solid membrane capable of operating at 150–200 °C is discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on system layout, ease of fuel reforming, overall system efficiency, specific weight of the power system, heat rejection and water recovery. These are assessed in terms of the primary system variables, i.e. the operating pressure, reforming temperature, water-to-fuel ratio in the fuel processor, and the stack temperature. It is found that the system efficiency and water recovery are intimately affected by whether the condenser is located to operate at the system operating pressure or at close to ambient pressure.
Gene mapping in Alport families with different basement membrane antigenic phenotypes.

Gene mapping in Alport families with different basement membrane antigenic phenotypes. The present study was undertaken to determine whether differences among Alport kindreds in the antigenic phenotypes of their basement membranes result from defects at distinct genetic loci or from allelic mutations at a single locus. We analyzed linkage of the Alport gene to polymorphic loci on the X chromosome in three families with Alport syndrome. In two of the families, epidermal basement membranes of affected members showed altered immunohistologic reactivity with a discriminating antibody (FNS1) that identified a 26 kD peptide in the NC1 domain of basement membrane collagen. In the third family epidermal basement membranes of affected individuals reacted normally with the antibody. The disease gene mapped to the Xq21–q22 region of the long arm of the X chromosome in the two families with altered basement membrane antigenicity and in the family with normal basement membrane antigens. We conclude that Alport syndrome in each of these kindreds arose from allelic mutations at a single genetic locus, although we cannot at this time exclude the possibility that two or more tightly linked genes are involved. As the genes for the known chains of type IV collagen are on chromosome 13, our findings suggest that the Alport gene may encode a new basement membrane collagen chain.
An axiomatic foundation of Dempster-Shafer theory

This abstract introduces an axiomatic study on Dempster-Shafer theory of handling uncertainty in AI systems. A Dempster-Shafer belief function, based on probabilities, is intended to measure the degree of support a piece of evidence provides for various propositions in its domain. Dempster's rule provides a method of combining evidence that may justify partial beliefs. Shafer argued that the Bayesian theory is a special case of this theory and that Bayes rule of conditioning is a special case of Dempster's rule of combination. However, the development of evidence models, including Dempster's rule, is based on intuition and lacks the axiomatic foundation of probability theory.
Confirmation, Explanation, and Logical Strength

Van Fraassen argues that explanatory power cannot be a conformational virtue. In this paper I will show that informational features of scientific theories can be positively relevant to their levels of conformation. Thus, in the cases where the explanatory power of a theory is tied to an informational feature of the theory, it can still be the case that the explanatory power of the theory is positively relevant to its level of confirmation.
The nomenclatural status of the two "spiny-wristed" fiddler crabs: Uca spinicarpa Rathbun, 1900, and U. hesperiae Crane, 1975 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Ocypodidae).

A secondary homonymy is documented for Gelasimus [= Uca ] tetragonon var. spinicarpa Kossmann, 1877 (a species from the Red Sea), and Uca spinicarpa Rathbun, 1900 (a species from the Gulf of Mexico). Although Kossmann’s usage of the nomen spinicarpa has chronological priority, a reversal of precedence is required by Article 23.9 of the Code since Kossmann’s use has not been applied as a valid name since the original publication in 1877, while Rathbun’s use of the name has been applied over 50 times in the last half century. The species Kossmann was most likely referring to is today known as Uca hesperiae Crane, 1975, a name which may be retained in light of the reversal of precedence.
Torpor induction in mammals: Recent discoveries fueling new ideas

When faced with a harsh climate or inadequate food, some mammals enter a state of suspended animation known as torpor. A major goal of torpor research is to determine mechanisms that integrate environmental cues, gene expression and metabolism to produce periods of torpor lasting from hours to weeks. Recent discoveries spanning the Metazoa suggest that sirtuins, the mammalian circadian clock, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and lipids are involved in torpor induction. For example, sirtuins link cellular energy status to the mammalian circadian clock, oxidative stress and metabolic fuel selection. In this review, we discuss how these recent discoveries form a new hypothesis linking changes in the physical environment with changes in the expression of genes that regulate torpor induction.
Impact of Near-Field, Deep-Ocean Tsunami Observations on Forecasting the 7 December 2012 Japanese Tsunami

Following the devastating 11 March 2011 tsunami, two deep-ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis (DART®)(DART® and the DART® logo are registered trademarks of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, used with permission) stations were deployed in Japanese waters by the Japanese Meteorological Agency. Two weeks after deployment, on 7 December 2012, a Mw 7.3 earthquake off Japan’s Pacific coastline generated a tsunami. The tsunami was recorded at the two Japanese DARTs as early as 11 min after the earthquake origin time, which set a record as the fastest tsunami detecting time at a DART station. These data, along with those recorded at other DARTs, were used to derive a tsunami source using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tsunami forecast system. The results of our analysis show that data provided by the two near-field Japanese DARTs can not only improve the forecast speed but also the forecast accuracy at the Japanese tide gauge stations. This study provides important guidelines for early detection and forecasting of local tsunamis.