cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developments in the Fibromyalgia Syndrome

SUMMARYObjectives: The goals of this presentation are to document contemporary views and new information about the fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS].Findings: As the FMS becomes better known and understood, it is increasingly important that agreement be achieved on classification and terminology relating to it and other conditions with which it might be confused. The term “soft tissue pain” is recommended as a general heading for a variety of pain syndromes that involve muscles, nerves, ligaments, tendons and bursae. The American College of Rheumatology research classification for FMS has been critical to the rapid progress in understanding this disorder but there is understandable agitation to develop a clinical case definition [CCD] that can be appropriately applied to community medical practice. It is easier to suggest a CCD than to accomplish the necessary validation study. Many objective physiological and biochemical abnormalities have been described in FMS patients and some have been confirmed by several ...
Representationalism and indeterminate perceptual content

Representationalists currently cannot explain counter-examples that involve indeterminate perceptual content, but a double content (DC) view is more promising. Four related cases of perceptual imprecision are used to outline the DC view, which also applies to imprecise photographic content. Next, inadequacies in the more standard single content (SC) view are demonstrated. The results are then generalized so as to apply to the content of any kinds of non-conventional representation. The paper continues with evidence that a DC account provides a moderate rather than extreme realist account of perception, and it concludes with an initial analysis of the failure of nomic covariance accounts of information in indeterminacy cases.
Solution to geometric programming problems by transformation to convex programming problems

Abstract Structural optimization problems which can be transformed to geometric programming problems can be easily solved by a further simple transformation to convex programming problems. Non-zero degree of difficulty geometric programming problems can be solved as easily as those with zero degree of difficulty.
Antifungal activity of fluconazole in combination with lovastatin and their effects on gene expression in the ergosterol and prenylation pathways in Candida albicans

The sterol pathway in Candida albicans is the target for several classes of antifungal drugs. Intermediates in the sterol pathway are involved in ergosterol synthesis, prenylation and dolichol synthesis. This study examines gene expression of the sterol pathway in response to lovastatin, an inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase (Hmg1p), and fluconazole, an inhibitor of 14 alpha-lanosterol demethylase (Erg11p). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) studies indicated that lovastatin acts synergistically with fluconazole in vitro. Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results indicated that genes in the early part of the sterol pathway, such as HMG1 and ERG20, did not alter expression in the presence of both lovastatin and fluconazole, whereas genes in the later part of the sterol pathway, such as ERG9 and ERG11, had increased expression in response to these drugs in mid-logarithmic growth. Genes involved in prenylation, such as RAM1 and RAM2, also respond to these drugs in mid-logarithmic growth, although another prenylation gene, CDC43, was not affected. After 24 h of growth, the relative expression of ERG20, ERG9, and ERG11 remained unchanged or increased in the presence of both drugs, while all other genes decreased in expression under all drug treatments.
A Comparison of European and African-Based Psychologies and Their Implications for African American College Student Development:

This article considers the appropriateness of applying college student development theories that are based on European/European American psychology to the development of African American college students. It suggests that theories for the development of African American college students should be Afrocentric in nature, that is, they should be based on African psychology.
Role of Hemodialysis in the Management of Dogs and Cats with Renal Failure

Hemodialysis is a technically sophisticated therapy used to remove accumulated uremia toxins and correct the electrolyte, hydrogen ion, and fluid imbalances associated with renal failure. Hemodialysis is indicated when the morbidity or potential mortality from either acute or chronic renal failure cannot be alleviated by conventional therapies. Additionally, it is useful for the rapid removal of excessive fluid loads associated with congestive heart failure or iatrogenic fluid administration and the elimination of dialyzable poisons like ethylene glycol. The requirements for hemodialysis include repeated access to the vasculature, an artificial kidney, and a dialysis delivery system. Technologic advancements in all these requirements make the delivery of hemodialysis feasible, effective, and safe for both dogs and cats. To date, the limitation of facilities offering dialytic therapy has restricted its use in uremic animals but current improvements in dialysis techniques and the increased sophistication of specialty practice make hemodialysis a realistic adjunct to the conservative management of uremia in veterinary medicine.
An investigation into the effects of electrostatic and squeeze-film non-linearities on the shock spectrum of microstructures

Abstract We present an investigation into the effects of some of the common microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) non-linearities on their shock response and shock spectrum. As a case study, a capacitive accelerometer is selected to investigate theoretically and experimentally the effect of non-linearities due to squeeze film damping (SQFD) and electrostatic actuation. For the theoretical investigation, a non-linear single-degree-of-freedom model is used to simulate the response of the device. It is shown that, in the case of light damping, the electrostatic forces soften the microstructure and raise its deflection significantly. Dynamic pull-in instability is predicted near the dynamic range zone of the shock spectrum. On the other hand, SQFD is found to highly suppress the deflection of the microstructure in the dynamic range, while it is of less effect in the quasi-static range. Experimentally, the capacitive accelerometer is powered with a DC load and then subjected to acceleration pulses generated by a shaker. Tests are conducted while the accelerometer is operated in air, where the squeeze film effect is significant, and while placed inside a vacuum chamber. Simulation results are compared to experimental data showing excellent agreement.
The role of skill endowments in the structure of U.S. outward foreign direct investment

This paper reports the results of an empirical study of the industry and country determinants of U.S. outward foreign direct investment (FDI). These results contribute to the literature in two dimensions. First, they demonstrate that the structure of U.S. FDI reflects an interaction between country skilled-labor abundance and industry skilled-labor intensities that is consistent with comparative advantage. Second, they confirm the results of early studies that market access plays an important role in the structure of U.S. FDI. Together these results paint a broad picture of the structure of U.S. FDI that casts light on the predictions of the theory of multinational enterprise.
A collisionless model for high specific impulse accelerators.

Particle free path estimates for axisymmetric high specific impulse plasma accelerators, discussing collisionless plasma simulated by computer
Sex, gender, and aspirations to top management: Who's opting out? Who's opting in?☆

The “opt-out revolution” has become a much-discussed phenomenon over the last decade. According to media reports, highly educated women are increasingly opting out of careers that would place them on the fast track to top management levels. However, little attention has been devoted to whether the opt-out revolution may also apply to highly educated men. The present study examined individuals' aspirations to top management, which provide an indication of the extent to which they are opting in or opting out of careers that might lead to top management. Participants were drawn from two populations, undergraduate business students and part-time (evening) MBA students. Part-time MBA students were found to be significantly less likely to aspire to top management (i.e., more likely to “opt out” of careers aimed at the highest managerial level) than undergraduate business students, especially male part-time MBAs compared with male undergraduates; male part-time MBAs were least likely to aspire to top management of the four combinations of sex and population. However, contrary to prior research, women's and men's aspirations to top management did not significantly differ. Also, individuals with a gender identity of high masculinity were significantly more likely to aspire to top management (i.e., “opt in”) than individuals with a low-masculinity gender identity. These results suggest that further study of the opt-out revolution should incorporate gender-related constructs such as gender identity and devote attention to men's as well as women's aspirations to top management.
Statistical power analysis for hemodynamic cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies in beagle dogs.

Abstract Introduction: We studied the statistical power of a replicated Latin square design where eight animals each receive a vehicle control and three dose levels of a drug on four separate dosing days. Cardiovascular parameters evaluated in the study were systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, left ventricular heart rate, and dP/dt max . Methods: Observations were simulated based on historical data and drug response profiles from cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies conducted at Lilly Research Laboratories. Statistical analysis for treatment effects was performed using a linear mixed model. Monotonicity of dose response was examined using sequential linear trend tests based on ordinal spacing of dose levels. Results: The replicated Latin square design for cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies is shown to have at least an 80% power of detecting changes from control of at least a 10% increment in systolic and diastolic pressure and a 15% increment in heart rate and dP/dt max . The power is not sensitive to the shape of dose response profile over time. Discussion: Several unique features of our statistical power evaluation include the comparison of different covariance structures and drug response profiles. The procedure can also be applied to future power evaluations of other cardiovascular parameters, such as the QT interval, and the loss of statistical power due to missing observations.
Disposable respirators for forest fire fighters

There is a need for an effective means of controlling smoke inhalation among forest fire fighters. It then seems logical that the bulk of the detrimental effects of the smoke on the fire fighter could be avoided by the use of a purely mechanical respirator.
Dietary propylthiouracil and 17β-estradiol benzoate implant effects on liver carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in chicks

1. 1. Forty-eight chicks (21 days old) were implanted (±50 mg 17-β estradiol; EBI) and fed diets containing ±0.1% propylthiouracil (PTU) for 7 days to determine the role of gonadal hormones in the regulation of energy metabolism in the hypothyroid chick. 2. 2. In vitro lipogenesis (IVL) and glucose production (NGP) were measured in liver explants. 3. 3. Liver glycogen (GLY) metabolism was studied in particulate fractions (50,000 × g) of liver. 4. 4. Glycogen synthetase activity (GLYSYN) was assayed in the presence of glucose-6-phosphate (G-6P; 0, 0.15 and 10 mM) to determine activation states. 5. 5. PTU and EBI increased (P < 0.05) both GLY concentration and GLYSYN activity in chicks but, did not increase G-6P activity ratios or the in vitro activation of GlYSYN. 6. 6. Both PTU and EBI increased (P < 0.05) IVL and NGP. 7. 7. Estradiol magnifies the effects of PTU in chicks suggesting an interaction between thyroid status and gonadal function.
Induction of Glutamine Synthetase by Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP in C-6 Glioma Cells

Glutamine synthetase was found to be increased in C-6 glioma cells as a result of increasing culture passage and N-6,2'-O-dibutyryl cyclic AMP (dbcAMP) treatment. At low passage dbcAMP produced a 2.5-fold increase in glutamine synthetase activity per unit of cellular protein. At high passage control glutamine synthetase was approximately double that seen at low passage, but dbcAMP produced an additional 65% increase. Lactate dehydrogenase activity was also increased by dbcAMP treatment at both low and high passage, but culture passage produced no change in the lactate dehydrogenase. With increasing culture passage, the ratio of cellular protein to DNA doubled. Therefore, expression of data per unit of protein tended to minimize the apparent changes in activity. The maximum increase in glutamine synthetase activity produced by both dbcAMP and increasing culture passage and expressed on a DNA basis was 5.6-fold. The increase in glutamine synthetase activity was generally linear during the first 20 h of drug treatment, after which enzyme activity remained nearly constant up to 72 h. Ninety percent or more of the dbcAMP remained in the medium at the end of 48-h exposure of cells to dbcAMP. 8-br-Cyclic AMP also increased glutamine synthetase activity of C-6-cels, but n-butyrate did not. Isoproterenol, which increases cyclic AMP in C-6-cells, increased glutamine synthetase activity. The effect of isoproterenol on glutamine synthetase was inhibited by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent sotalol. Cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml) inhibited the dbcAMP effect on glutamine synthetase activity and also decreased the control enzyme activity by 60%.
Discovery-Oriented Behavior and Problem Solving.

Summary Discovery-oriented behavior during the presolution stage of a problem-solving task was explored by videotaping and scoring the behavior of 60 male and female college students. They were presented with 14 different objects and told they would later have to suggest novel and useful combinations of three or more objects taken together. Behavioral variables that reflected touching and transformation of the objects were generated from the videotapes and correlated with number of solutions produced. Touching variables had high positive (significant) correlations with the criterion for females, but low positive (nonsignificant) correlations for males. Transformation variables had moderate negative correlations with the criterion for males (significant), but low negative (nonsignificant) correlations for females. Discovery-oriented behavior appears to be worthy of further study in the problem-solving domain.
Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: Coherence, concordance, and achievement orientation

Two studies examined the effects on intrinsic motivation of pursuing lower-order target goals in an achievement context emphasizing a performance purpose goal. The purpose goal was theorized to be concordant with intrinsic needs for individuals high in achievement motivation (HAMs), but not for individuals low in achievement motivation (LAMs). Target goals that were coherent with the overall purpose goal were hypothesized to help LAMs enjoy the task even though the purpose goal was not concordant. HAMs evidenced high enjoyment in all conditions. LAMs enjoyed the tasks most when pursuing coherent target goals. Study 2 replicated the results of Study 1 and tested process variables theorized to mediate goal effects on intrinsic motivation.
The Green's function method and superconductivity of systems of fermions

Abstract The method of Green's functions in the theory of many fermion systems has been recently developed by Gorkov and Migdal for the case of superconducting systems. Some further applications of their formalism are given both for zero- and for finite temperatures. The pair distribution function of a superconducting system of fermions is calculated by this method. The perturbation theory for impurities in superconductors described by one-particle operators is further discussed. The problem of residual two-body forces in a superconducting system is discussed. A reaction matrix-type treatment of such forces corresponding to a “ladder approximation” perturbation theory is indicated.
Deep imaging of high redshift QSO fields below the Lyman limit. II - Number counts and colors of field galaxies

We present an analysis of the number counts and colors of faint galaxies to about 26.5 mag in the fields of two high Galactic latitude, very-high-redshift QSOs. We concentrate on the general properties of the field galaxies at faint magnitudes. In particular, we readdress the faint galaxy number counts and colors as a function of apparent magnitude and we reexamine the possible contribution of very-high-redshift galaxies to the faint samples. We find that the number counts to R = 26 are well fitted by the relation log N(m) = 0.31R + C. The G-band counts for the same galaxies are consistent with the same slope fainter than G about 23.5, but exhibit a much steeper slope at brighter magnitudes. At R = 25.5, the differential number counts have reached about 1.2 x 10 exp 5/sq deg; the same surface density of galaxies is reached at G = 26.5. We confirm the existence of a gradual 'blueing' trend of the field galaxies toward fainter apparent magnitude; however, the blueing trend appears to extend only as faint as G about 24, fainter than which both the (G-R) and (U sub n-G) colors appear to level off. The mean colors of faint galaxies are considerably redder than flat spectrum. There are essentially no objects to R = 26 which have spectral energy distributions which are bluer than flat spectrum. The potential contribution of very-high-redshift galaxies may have been underestimated in previous analyses; the current data are consistent with the same population of relatively luminous galaxies at z about 3 as exist at z about 0.7.
Diffusion from a line source in a neutral or stably stratified atmospheric surface layer

Abstract Diffusion of pollutants downstream of a crosswind line source in a turbulent boundary layer is investigated. A modified Van Driest model of turbulence is used to represent the turbulent diffusion. Effect of thermal stratification on turbulent diffusion is represented by a flux Richardson number. Numerical solutions of the governing boundary-layer partial differential equations are obtained using an implicit finite difference method. Results are presented and compared with experimental data and show good agreement. Both constant and variable turbulent Schmidt numbers are considered.
USE OF A PARAMETRIC AMPLIFIER IN ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROMETER DESIGN.

An electron spin resonance spectrometer, employing a commercially available parametric amplifier as an RF amplifier, was tested to determine the reduction in instrument noise figure brought about by the parametric amplifier. The observed noise figure of 15 dB for the spectrometer was reduced to 4·1 dB by a parametric amplifier that exhibited a noise figure of 3·2 dB by independent tests. The related improvements in sensitivity for this instrument and for other spectrometer configurations are discussed and found to lie in the range of two to ten fold, depending upon the original configuration and the noise figure of the parametric amplifier. The stability and ease of operation of the parametric amplifier suggest that it may serve as a useful accessory in those instances where a spectrometer is used at the limit of its capabilities, as is often the case with studies involving aqueous biological materials and other dilute or lossy paramagnetic samples.
Hierarchical Type Classes and Their Entropy Functions

For each $j \geq 1$, if $T_j$ is the finite rooted binary tree with $2^j$ leaves, the hierarchical type class of binary string $x$ of length $2^j$ is obtained by placing the entries of $x$ as label son the leaves of $T_j$ and then forming all permutations of $x$according to the permutations of the leaf labels under all isomorphisms of tree $T_j$ into itself. The set of binary strings of length $2^j$ is partitioned into hierarchical type classes, and in each such class, all of the strings have the same type $(n_0^j, n_1^j)$, where $n_0^j, n_1^j$ are respectively the numbers of zeroes and ones in the strings. Let $p(n_0^j, n_1^j)$ be the probability vector $(n_0^j/2^j, n_1^j/2^j)$belonging to the set ${\cal P}_2$ of all two-dimensional probability vectors. For each $j \geq 1$, and each of the $2^j+1$ possible types $(n_0^j, n_1^j)$, a hierarchical type class ${\cal S}(n_0^j, n_1^j)$is specified. Conditions are investigated under which there will exist a function $h:{\cal P}_2\to [0, \infty)$ such that for each $p\in {\cal P}_2$, if $\{(n_0^j, n_1^j):j\geq 1\}$ is any sequence of types for which $p(n_0^j, n_1^j) \to p$, then the sequence $\{2^{-j}\log_2({\rm card}({\cal S}(n_0^j, n_1^j))):j \geq 1\}$converges to $h(p)$. Such functions $h$, called hierarchical entropy functions, play the same role in hierarchical type class coding theory that the Shannon entropy function on ${\cal P}_2$ does in traditional type class coding theory, except that there are infinitely many hierarchical entropy functions but only one Shannon entropy function. One of the hierarchical entropy functions $h$ that is studied is a self-affine function for which a closed-form expression is obtained making use of an iterated function system whose attractor is the graph of $h$.
Chemosensitivity of mouse neuroblastoma cells in vitro.

Mouse neuroblastoma cells have been tested for their responsiveness to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin using intracellularly recorded membrane potential and resis tance as indicators of response. Acetylcholine can elicit either a membrane depolarization (D-response) or hyperpolarization (H-response) or a compound D-H response from different neuroblastoma cells of a given culture. Some 60 to 70% of tested cells gave no measurable response. A change of culture medium (from DMEM to F-12) increased the incidence of H-responses 2-fold. Dopamine elicited H-responses in about one-quarter of cells tested, while no responses were elicited by norepinephrine or serotonin in a small sample of cells.
THE EFFECT OF RITALIN (METHYLPHENIDATE) ON VISUAL ACUITY OF CHILDREN TREATED FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER. 587

THE EFFECT OF RITALIN (METHYLPHENIDATE) ON VISUAL ACUITY OF CHILDREN TREATED FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER. 587
Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. brucei gambiense, and T. brucei rhodesiense: common glycoproteins and glycoprotein oligosaccharide heterogeneity identified by lectin affinity blotting and endoglycosidase H treatment.

Abstract Whole cell extracts of 10 clones of bloodstream forms of African trypanosomes representing two strains of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense , one strain of T. b. rhodesiense and one strain of T. b. brucei were fractionated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose paper, and probed with horseradish peroxidase conjugated lectins to detect glycoproteins. Variant specific glycoproteins of all 10 clones bound peroxidase labeled concanavalin A, but peroxidase labeled wheat germ agglutinin bound to the variant specific glycoproteins of only 3 of the 10 clones examined. In addition, 22 other glycoproteins expressed in common by all clones bound peroxidase labeled concanavalin A; 19 common glycoproteins bound peroxidase labeled wheat germ agglutinin. Lectin binding to transferred glycoproteins was specifically inhibited by appropriate monosaccharides, α-methyl mannoside for concanavalin A and N -acetyl glucosamine for wheat germ agglutinin. Prior incubation of blots in endo-β- N -acetylglucosaminidase H eliminated binding of peroxidase-labeled concanavalin A to most of the 22 common glycoproteins. Two glycoproteins, designated Gp 81 and Gp 110, were the major Endoglycosidase H resistant components. Endoglycosidase H treatment also reduced binding of peroxidase labeled concanavalin A to the variant specific glycoproteins of 7 clones. The variant specific glycoproteins from the 3 clones that bound peroxidase labeled concanavalin A following enzyme treatment were those that bound peroxidase labeled wheat germ agglutinin. These results show that African trypanosomes express a greater number of glycoproteins than has been reported previously and that only a limited number of these glycoproteins bear Endoglycosidase H resistant oligosaccharides.
Laser Plasma Production of Metal−Corannulene Ion−Molecule Complexes

Gas-phase metal−corannulene ion−molecule complexes are produced by covaporization of materials in a laser plasma source and detected using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This is achieved by mi...
Scheduling Customers in a Non-Removal Real-Time System with an Application to Disk Scheduling

In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling customers in a real-time system in which all customers are required to be serviced. Such a non-removal system can be distinguished from a removal real-time system in which customers can be removed prior to completing service. We describe and evaluate a simple paradigm for mapping policies for removal systems to policies for non-removal systems. We show that several policies known to be optimal for removal systems map into policies which are also optimal for non-removal systems. The paper concludes with an application of this paradigm to scheduling of requests with real-time constraints on disk subsystems. ___________ This work is supported, in part, by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-87-K-0796. ******************************************************************************
Thermochemistry of rare-earth aluminate and aluminosilicate glasses

Abstract A series of REAlO3-composition glasses (RE=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd) were synthesized using containerless processing techniques. DSC shows no evidence of a glass transition prior to crystallization. Onset crystallization temperature increases with decreasing ionic radius of the rare-earth. Transposed temperature drop calorimetry (from room temperature to 1078 K) determined the enthalpies of vitrification at 298 K. Their large values confirm that REAlO3 compositions are reluctant glass formers. For glasses along the 2REAlO3–3SiO2 join, strongly negative heats of mixing support the absence of miscibility gaps except possibly for very high silica content. Enthalpies of mixing become more exothermic with increasing basicity (larger size) of substituting RE3+.
Diseases of Pigeons

This article contains the most common bacterial, viral, protozoan, mycotic, and parasitic diseases of pigeons encountered by the practicing veterinarian. Emphasis is placed on etiology, transmission, clinical signs, postmortem lesions, treatment, and control to aid the veterinarian in assessing clinical conditions.
Speciation of dissolved copper and nickel in South San Francisco Bay: a multi-method approach

A multi-method approach was used to investigate the chemical speciation of dissolved copper and nickel in South San Francisco Bay. Dissolved copper speciation was determined by four different analytical approaches: competitive ligand equilibration-cathodic stripping voltammetry [CLE-CSV], differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry using a thin mercury film rotating glassy carbon disk electrode [DPASV(TMF-RGCDE)], DPASV using a hanging mercury drop electrode [DPASV(HMDE)], and chelating resin column partitioning-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry [CRCP-GFAAS]. Dissolved nickel speciation was determined by CLE-CSV and CRCP-GFAAS. Each of the methods employed provided useful insight into the chemical speciation of dissolved copper and nickel. CLE-CSV provided the best characterization of the stronger (but less predominant) of the two organic copper-complexing ligands detected, while DPASV(TMF-RGCDE) provided the truest measurement of inorganic copper, and therefore, the best characterization of the weaker organic copper-complexing ligand which exerted the strongest influence on dissolved copper speciation. These methods provide complementary results which can be combined to provide a more complete understanding of the chemical speciation of copper. DPASV(HMDE) and CRCP-GFAAS both provide an operational measurement of labile copper which includes some fraction of labile organic complexes in addition to inorganic copper species. CLE-CSV and CRCP-GFAAS both yielded similar results for nickel speciation indicating the presence of a single class of extremely strong nickel-complexing ligands. The dissolved copper in South San Francisco Bay is found to exist predominantly as organic complexes (80–92%). About 27% of dissolved copper was complexed with the stronger (L1; [CuL1 ≈ 13 nM, log K′CuL1 > 13.5) of the copper-complexing ligands detected, while copper complexed with the weaker ligand L2 comprised the greatest fraction of total dissolved copper species (52–65%; [CuL2] = 20–30 nM; log K′CuL2 = 9.0–9.6). A third to a half of total dissolved nickel was complexed by one, extremely strong class of organic ligands ([NiL] = 17–28 nM; log K′NiL > 17); the remaining total dissolved nickel existed as inorganic or labile forms.
Test of market efficiencies using experimental electronic markets

Abstract The overall efficient market hypotheses (EMH) has been divided into three categories: (1) weak form EMH, (2) semi-strong form EMH, and (3) strong form EMH. Numerous researchers have used empirical data to test these hypotheses. Results have varied greatly. Some concluded that market prices reflect all available information, public and private, and therefore strong form efficient conditions are met. Others, however, drew opposite conclusions. Lack of control in field studies may have been a key contributing factor to the conflicting results. The purpose of this study is to take advantage of the recent technological advances and provide a controlled environment for performing investigations of market trader behavior and market efficiency. Results of this research show a positive relationship between information quality and trading profits in a market, evidence supporting semi-strong form EMH.
Affective and cognitive searching behavior of novice end-users of a full-text database

Novice end users were given 2 hours of training in searching a full-text magazine database (Magazine ASAP™) on DIALOG. Subjects searched during three to four sessions in the presence of a trained monitor who prompted them to think aloud throughout the sessions. Qualitative analysis of the transcripts and transaction logs yielded empirical information on user variables (purpose, motivation, satisfaction), uses of the database, move types, and every question users asked during the searches. The spontaneous, naturalistic questions were categorized according to affective, cognitive, and sensorimotor speech acts. Results show that most of the searches were performed for the self and were work-related. The most common use of the database was to retrieve full-text articles online and to download and print them out rather than read them on screen. The majority of searches were judged satisfactory. Innovative uses included browsing for background information and obtaining contextualized sentences for language teaching. Searchers made twice as many moves to limit sets as moves to expand sets. Affective questions outnumbered cognitive and sensorimotor questions by two to one. This preponderance of affective micro-information needs during searching might be addressed by new system functions. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cognitive research: Uncovering how designers design; cognitive modeling: Explaining and predicting how designers design

In this paper we describe: 1) A research approach that can produce cognitive models of the design process and 2) A particular model that illustrates the approach.
Requirement for p53 and p21 to Sustain G2 Arrest After DNA Damage

After DNA damage, many cells appear to enter a sustained arrest in the G 2 phase of the cell cycle. It is shown here that this arrest could be sustained only when p53 was present in the cell and capable of transcriptionally activating the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. After disruption of either the p53 or the p21 gene, γ radiated cells progressed into mitosis and exhibited a G 2 DNA content only because of a failure of cytokinesis. Thus, p53 and p21 appear to be essential for maintaining the G 2 checkpoint in human cells.
Divergent Selection for Growth in Japanese Quail Under Split and Complete Nutritional Environments.8. Progress from Generations 18 through 30 Following Change of Selection Criterion

Abstract Following 17 generations of divergent selection for 4-wk BW under split- (SD) and complete- (CD) diet environments, two sublines were established from high (H-SD and H-CD) BW lines. Subline H-SDG derived from the H-SD line was selected for BW gain from 2 to 4 wk under the SD environment, whereas Subline H-CDG derived from the H-CD line was similarly selected under the CD environment. These two sublines were maintained and reproduced simultaneously with H-SD, L-SD, H-CD, L-CD lines from Generation 18 through 30. The purpose of changing the selection criterion was to investigate genetic variation in BW gain independent of changes that occur immediately following hatch. Selection progress and heritabilities (≈ .3) in BW lines (H-SD, H-CD, and L-SD) were similar from Generation 18 through 30. However, progress and heritability (≈ .1) was not as great in the L-CD line. These responses indicate that considerable additive genetic variation for 4-wk BW remains in these lines. Selection for increased BW gain from 2 to 4 wk in both sublines (H-SDG and H-CDG) resulted in smaller BW at 2 wk of age than did selection for 4-wk BW. Under the SD environment, H-SDG quail were smaller at 4 wk than H-SD quail following 12 generations of selection, whereas under the CD environment, H-CDG quail were larger than H-CD quail. Results indicate that selection for BW gain was more effective under the CD than SD environment and that the lack of improvement in 2-wk BW accompanying the increase in BW gain may adversely influence the potential benefits obtainable from selection for gain.
Linking Hydrophilic Macromolecules to Monodisperse Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles via Trichloro-s-triazine

We report a simple approach to conjugate monodisperse Fe3O4 nanoparticles with mPEG molecules via a readily available linker, trichloro-s-triazine (TsT). The mPEG-dopamine coated nanoparticles are stable in buffer at various pH values greater than 7. This approach can be extended to the coupling of various hydrophilic macromolecules to iron oxide nanoparticles.
On the isolation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans from serum samples using immunoaffinity chromatography prior to high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Abstract Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) for the purification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) from biological samples was explored as a means to simplify the cleanup procedure and thereby decrease the time and cost of dioxin analysis. A monoclonal antibody (DD3) was used to produce IAC columns and to isolate the PCDD/Fs from serum. Native and 13C-labeled PCDD/Fs were spiked at the ppq to ppt range into serum. Quantitation of the PCDD/Fs was performed by a standard dioxin analytical method, i.e. high-resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), which was easily compatible with IAC. Five of the most toxic PCDD/Fs consistently showed acceptable recoveries (>25%) and were reliably quantitated. The congeners specifically recovered by this method represent almost 80% of the toxic equivalency of dioxins and furans present in the serum samples. Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were not recognized by this antibody column. Compared to conventional dioxin cleanup methods, IAC decreased solvent usage by 1.5 l/sample and took only 2 h to process a sample for analysis.
Waterborne Crime: Examining Contemporary Piracy

This article examines modern piracy. Descriptive data from 1,683 narrative piracy reports from 2003 through 2007 were used. The following characteristics about each case of piracy were analyzed (for this article) within this period: date; type of victim/vessel; geographical sub-region; location (latitude/longitude); whether or not the vessel was boarded; whether or not the vessel was hijacked; whether or not any hostages were taken; whether or not there was a theft; how many injuries and deaths occurred; and whether or not the aggressor was apprehended. Factors that contribute to piracy and its continuation are discussed.
Deformation of marble under tension at high pressure

Geologists have for a long time speculated upon the strength and mechanism of deformation of the rocks they have seen folded and faulted throughout the world. Much is gained from the study of these phenomena in the field, but little of a quantitative nature, for the physical and chemical environment can only be surmised. Recognizing this, F. D. Adams was led to perform laboratory experiments on natural materials under controlled conditions. This work has been continued, notably by von Karman, Bridgman, and Griggs, and a great deal of valuable information obtained concerning the strength and mechanism of deformation of various rocks in different pressure, temperature, and chemical environments.
From light tails to heavy tails through multiplier

Let X and Y be two independent nonnegative random variables, of which X has a distribution belonging to the class L(γ ) or S(γ ) for some γ ≥ 0 and Y is unbounded. We study how their product XY inherits the tail behavior of X. Under some mild technical assumptions we prove that the distribution of XY belongs to the class L(0) or S(0) accordingly. Hence, the multiplier Y builds a bridge between light tails and heavy tails.
Optic neuritis in adults and children

Most ophthalmologists will encounter optic neuritis in the course of their practice. The disease behaves very differently in children versus adults. The ONTT and CHAMPS trials have given us important data regarding prognosis and management in adults, including probability of developing MS. Optic neuritis in children, while less common, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of subacute visual loss, especially in children with bilateral impairment. Secondary causes of optic neuritis are more common in children and an investigation should be performed to assess for associated disease states. In both populations, the ophthalmologist will play a central role in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of these patients, whether it is an isolated case of optic neuritis or the initial presentation of a long-term struggle with MS. With the advent of immunomodulating therapy to minimize both the subsequent incidence and severity of MS, early diagnosis and appropriate management by the ophthalmologist has become even more critical.
Na+/K+-ATPase activity in vascular smooth muscle from streptozotocin diabetic rat

Objectives: Insulin-deficient diabetes impairs carbohydrate metabolism in a variety of tissues. Vascular smooth muscle may be susceptible to the diabetes-induced disturbance in glycolysis since Na+/K+-ATPase in this tissue preferentially utilizes ATP generated by glycolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine if chronic exposure to the metabolic alterations associated with insulin-deficient diabetes directly inhibited Na+/K+-ATPase activity, or its regulation, in vascular smooth muscle. Methods: Diabetes was induced by intravenous administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). After 12 weeks, Na+/K+-ATPase activity in aorta and superior mesenteric artery was evaluated under a variety of conditions. Na+/K+-ATPase was estimated by measuring the influx of rubidium-86 (86Rb) in the presence or absence of the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor, ouabain. The metabolism of [3H]glucose and [14C]glucose was used to estimate glycolysis or glucose oxidation, respectively. Results: Glycolysis and glucose oxidation were decreased in aortic smooth muscle (27 and 34%, respectively). An intact endothelium was associated with a marked decrease in ouabain-sensitive (pump-mediated) 86Rb uptake in diabetic aorta. However, ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake was similar in de-endothelialized aorta and superior mesenteric artery from diabetic and non-diabetic rats under both unstimulated conditions and during maximal stimulation. Removal of glucose or oxygen reduced ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake to a similar extent in both groups. In contrast, the receptor-mediated stimulation of ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake by insulin was decreased. Conclusions: These results suggest that intrinsic Na+/K+-ATPase activity is not diminished in diabetic vascular smooth muscle under physiological conditions and that the impairment of cellular metabolism in diabetic blood vessels does not limit stimulation of Na+/K+-ATPase activity. However, modulation of Na+/K+-ATPase activity by endothelial factors or insulin appears to be altered in aorta from diabetic rats.
Correction of microplate location effects improves performance of the thrombin generation test

Microplate-based thrombin generation test (TGT) is widely used as clinical measure of global hemostatic potential and it becomes a useful tool for control of drug potency and quality by drug manufactures. However, the convenience of the microtiter plate technology can be deceiving: microplate assays are prone to location-based variability in different parts of the microtiter plate. In this report, we evaluated the well-to-well consistency of the TGT variant specifically applied to the quantitative detection of the thrombogenic substances in the immune globulin product. We also studied the utility of previously described microplate layout designs in the TGT experiment. Location of the sample on the microplate (location effect) contributes to the variability of TGT measurements. Use of manual pipetting techniques and applications of the TGT to the evaluation of procoagulant enzymatic substances are especially sensitive. The effects were not sensitive to temperature or choice of microplate reader. Smallest location effects were observed with automated dispenser-based calibrated thrombogram instrument. Even for an automated instrument, the use of calibration curve resulted in up to 30% bias in thrombogenic potency assignment. Use of symmetrical version of the strip-plot layout was demonstrated to help to minimize location artifacts even under the worst-case conditions. Strip-plot layouts are required for quantitative thrombin-generation based bioassays used in the biotechnological field.
Policy Recommendations for Multi-Actor Implementation: An Assessment of the Field

One goal frequently professed in the research field of multi-actor implementation is to assist those actually involved in the policy process by developing good, empirically-based recommendations. The primary objectives in this article are to investigate the degree of progress attained thus far toward this aim and, as a consequence, to suggest an agenda for future research. The literature is found to impose a number of restrictions on the quality of advice available to practitioners. The field is complex, without much cumulation or convergence. Few well-developed recommendations have been put forward by researchers, and a number of proposals are contradictory. Almost no evidence or analysis of utilization in this field has been produced. Two reasons for the lack of development are analyzed: normative disagreement and the state of the field's empirical theory. Yet there remain numerous possibilities for increasing the quality of the latter. Efforts in this direction are a necessary condition of further practical advance. The academic literature about the implementation of public policy has expanded at an enormous rate since the early I970s. A number of case studies and some early forays into theoretical analysis had been produced prior to Pressman and Wildavsky's attention-getting, suggestive study (I973, 1979, I984), but the volume, and in many respects the quality, of efforts increased markedly following the publication of their findings. These products have included cases of implementation success or failure in diverse policy sectors, as well as numerous predominantly-theoretical studies. A great deal of the more recent work has aimed at combining empirical analysis with theoretical development. The field has also
Anaerobic bacteraemia in cancer patients.

1. Joly-Guillou ML. Clinical impact and pathogenicity of Acinetobacter. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005; 11: 868–873. 2. American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcareassociated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 15: 388–416. 3. Murray CK, Hospenthal DR. Treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2005; 18: 502– 506.
Safe RPC: Auditing mixnets safely using Randomized Partial Checking

Secure voting systems like PunchScan and Scantegrity use mixnets which are verified using Randomized Partial Checking (RPC). This simple and efficient technique can lead to privacy loss and may, in an extreme case, result in linking all the clear text ballots to the voters who cast them, thus completely destroying the secrecy of all ballots and circumventing the functionality of the mixnet. We suggest a simple technique, Secure RPC (SRPC), that uses RPC in a way that guarantees maximal privacy in all possible cases. We prove that SRPC does not asymptotically reduce the integrity offered by RPC.
Synchronous Bilateral Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy for Solid Renal Masses Using a Hybrid Approach

Urol J. 2008;5:192-6. www.uj.unrc.irKeywords: laparoscopy, nephrectomy, kidney neoplasms, surgical procedures, kidney transplantationDepartment of Urology, Hackensack University Medical Center and UMDNJ New Jersey Medical School, Hackensack, New jersey and Section of Urology, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, USACorresponding Author:Hossein Sadeghi-Nejad, MD, FACSUMDNJ New Jersey Medical School, Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G 536, Newark, NJ 07103-2714, USATel: +1 973 972 4488Fax: +1 973 395 7197E-mail: hossein@ix.netcom.comReceived March 2008 Accepted April 2008
In situ fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the sponge community on Conch Reef, Key Largo, Florida

We measured ammonium and nitrate plus nitrite fluxes from 14 common sponge species on a Florida Keys reef (Conch Reef) using a combination of incubation experiments and an in situ method that requires no manipulation of the sponge. On a 600-m2 section of Conch Reef, species-specific biomass for all nonencrusting sponges was measured. The biomass data combined with species-specific dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) flux rates yielded the benthic DIN flux from 14 species, and allowed us to extrapolate these data to the total nonencrusting sponge community. The species for which we measured DIN fluxes represented 85% of the nonencrusting sponge biomass in the study area and released a combined 480 6 93 mmol m 22 h 21 of nitrate plus nitrite, and 57 6 73 mmol m 22 h 21 of ammonium. Approximately 73% of the measured DIN flux was produced by Xestospongia muta, a massive barrel sponge. Of the 14 species studied, 10 hosted active nitrifying communities, and 8 hosted photosynthetic microbial associates. However, the presence of these microbial communities had no apparent effect on the magnitude of the total DIN flux. We estimate that the DIN flux for the entire nonencrusting sponge community is 640 6 130 mmol m22 h21.