cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earthquake Scenario Ground Motions for the Urban Area of Evansville, Indiana

The Wabash Valley seismic zone and the New Madrid seismic zone are the closest large earthquake source zones to Evansville, Indiana. The New Madrid earthquakes of 1811–1812, more than 180 km from Evansville, produced ground motions with Modified Mercalli Intensity VII near Evansville. Liquefaction evidence has been documented less than 40 km away from Evansville resulting from two large earthquakes that occurred within the past 12,000 years in the Wabash Valley. Two earthquake scenarios are described in this paper that demonstrate the expected ground motions within the 33 by 42 km2 region around Evansville based on a repeat earthquake from each of these source regions. The simulations take into account the 1-D amplification of ground motion in the unconsolidated soil layer using a new laterally varying model of seismic velocity and bedrock depth. The objective of this work is to demonstrate to what extent the local variability in ground motions due to local site effects impacts the assessment of seismic hazard. These scenario maps are a valuable complement to the probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the same area (Haase, Nowack, Choi, and Bowling 2011) because the scenario maps illustrate the direct relationship between an earthquake source and the potential hazard. Also, the scenario ground motions can be used to calculate liquefaction hazard (Haase, Nowack, and Choi 2011). These ground motion maps, along with those for the probabilistic seismic hazard and liquefaction hazard, will be useful for evaluating the potential losses from earthquakes and can be used for planning, development, hazard mitigation, and emergency response. Two earthquake source zones near Evansville, Indiana, that are considered capable of producing an M 6.5 or greater earthquake are the New Madrid seismic zone, near New Madrid, Missouri, and the Wabash Valley seismic zone along the southern border between Illinois and Indiana. The New …
Effect of Isotopes on Low-Temperature Thermal Conductivity

An analysis of the experimental results of the low-temperature thermal conductivity of single crystals of Si, Ge, and KCl indicates that their maximum conductivities are limited by isotope scattering of phonons rather than by umklapp processes. The isotope scattering in solid helium and sapphire is sufficiently low so that nearly pure umklapp scattering can be observed. The measured thermal conductivities of Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, KBr, and diamond appear to still be limited by impurities. However, even in pure crystals of these three materials the isotope scattering precludes the appearance of pure umklapp scattering.
Optical communications performance of hybrid 34-meter microwave antennas

There is considerable interest in determining whether suitably modified versions of existing 34-meter antennas at NASA's Goldstone Communications Complex, originally designed for X-band (nominally 8 GHz) and Ka-band (32 GHz) operation, could also be used to receive near-infrared optical signals1. The robust backup structure of these antennas, together with extremely large collecting apertures and milli-degree pointing capabilities suggest that dual RF/Optical communications may indeed be possible, at optical data-rates approaching 1 gigabit per second (GBPS) from typical Mars distances2. Several design concepts have emerged as possible candidates, requiring modifications ranging from polishing and coating of the existing aluminum panels of the main reflector, to significant redesign involving replacement of the panels with optical reflectors. Optical receiver parameters such as collecting area, field-of-view (FOV), and immunity to reflected sunlight differ markedly for each design concept, hence will likely lead to different levels of performance in terms of data-throughput at a given BER, and in terms of the ability to point close to the sun. The communications performance of two candidate design concepts operating under realistic daytime conditions is evaluated, with particular emphasis on spatial and temporal acquisition algorithms and receiver optimization to achieve the best possible communication performance at high data rates.
Subjective sleepiness and daytime functioning in bariatric patients with obstructive sleep apnea

The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity and self-reported sleepiness and daytime functioning in patients considering bariatric surgery for treatment of obesity. Using a retrospective cohort design, we identified 342 patients who had sleep evaluations prior to bariatric surgery. Our final sample included 269 patients (78.6 % of the original cohort, 239 females; mean age = 42.0 ± 9.5 years; body mass index = 50.2 ± 7.7 kg/m2) who had overnight polysomnography and completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ). Patients' OSA was classified as none/mild (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) < 15, n = 112), moderate (15 ≤ AHI < 30, n = 77), or severe (AHI ≥ 30, n = 80). We calculated the proportion of unique variance (PUV) for the five FOSQ subscales. ANOVA was used to determine if ESS and FOSQ were associated with OSA severity. Unpaired t tests compared ESS and FOSQ scores in our sample with published data. The average AHI was 29.5 ± 31.5 events per hour (range = 0–175.8). The mean ESS score was 6.3 ± 4.8, and the mean global FOSQ score was 100.3 ± 18.2. PUVs for FOSQ subscales showed moderate-to-high unique contributions to FOSQ variance. ESS and global FOSQ score did not differ by AHI group. Only the FOSQ vigilance subscale differed by OSA severity with the severe group reporting more impairment than the moderate and none/mild groups. Our sample reported less sleepiness and daytime impairment than previously reported means in patients and controls. Subjective sleepiness and functional impairment were not associated significantly with OSA severity in our sample of patients considering surgery for obesity. Further research is needed to understand individual differences in sleepiness in patients with OSA. If bariatric patients underreport symptoms, self-report measures are not an adequate substitute for objective assessment and clinical judgment when evaluating bariatric patients for OSA. Patients with severe obesity need evaluation for OSA even in the absence of subjective complaints.
A-type potassium channel clusters revealed using a new statistical analysis of loose patch data.

The spatial distribution of ion channels over the surface of a neuron is an important determinant of its excitable properties. We introduce two measures of channel clustering for use in patch-clamp experiments: a normalized chi-squared statistic (eta) and the number of zero-channel patches in a data set (Z). These statistics were calculated for data sets describing the distribution of A-type potassium channels on neurons of the nudibranch Doriopsilla and measurements of Ca-dependent outward current channels on bullfrog hair cells, as well as simulated channel distributions. When channels are clustered, eta is approximately equal to the amount of current in a cluster. The analysis shows that somatic A-channels in the nudibranch are distributed in clusters of approximately 50 channels each. The clusters are
Pro-apoptotic effects of anti-beta1-adrenergic receptor antibodies in cultured rat cardiomyocytes: actions on endoplasmic reticulum and the prosurvival PI3K-Akt pathway.

An anti-β1-adrenergic receptor antibody against the second extracellular receptor loop (β1-ECII) has been shown to cause myocyte apoptosis and dilated cardiomyopathy in animals. We report in this review that the anti-β1-ECII antibody increases intracellular Ca++ transients and exerts a direct apoptotic effect in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Both Fab and Fc fragments are required for the full expression of the apoptotic effects of the anti-β1-ECII antibody. Our studies further suggest that the anti-β1-ECII-antibody acts primarily on the cardiac β1-adrenergic receptor and its post-receptor activation of Ca++/Calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and p-38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress as evidenced by the increased expressions of GRP78 and CHOP, as well as the increased processing of the initiator procaspase-12. Also, observed with the apoptotic effect of anti-β1-ECII antibody is reduced activity of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase/Ak...
Antioxidant properties of aqueous and methanol soy extracts in minced trout muscle

Abstract Antioxidant capacity of freeze-dried aqueous and methanolic extracts of soy protein isolate (SPI) and soybean meal (SBM) were assessed by 2, 2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and total phenolic content (TPC). Caffeic and chlorogenic acids in liquid aqueous extracts, and genistein and daidzein in liquid methanolic extracts were measured by HPLC. Freeze-dried extracts were applied (1000 and 4000 μg/g) to trout mince and TBARS formation monitored during 14 days refrigerated storage. SBM aqueous extracts-treated mince (4000 μg/g) had significantly lower (P
Pd/C-catalyzed reactions of HMF: decarbonylation, hydrogenation, and hydrogenolysis

The diverse reactivity of 5-hydroxymethylfural (HMF) in Pd/C-catalyzed reactions is described with emphasis on the role of additives that affect selectivity. Three broad reactions are examined: decarbonylation, hydrogenation, and hydrogenolysis. Especially striking are the multiple roles of formic acid in hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation and in suppressing decarbonylation, as illustrated by the conversion of HMF to DMF. Hydrogenation of the furan ring is suppressed by CO2 and carboxylic acids. These results emphasize the utility of Pd/C as a convenient catalyst for upgradation of cellulosic biomass.
Determination of Essential Oils in Hops by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction†

A solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method is described for the determination of the essential oils, humulene and caryophyllene, in the headspace of female hop cones and male hop lupulin samples. Optimized SPME sampling parameters for the determination of the humulene to caryophyllene (H/C) ratio for female hops (50 mg) and male lupulin (25 mg) samples include a 100 μm poly(dimethylsiloxane) SPME fiber and a 4 h sample exposure period at a temperature of 50 °C. Increasing the temperature to 90 °C or increasing the length of sample exposure at 50 °C promoted caryophyllene oxidation. In a survey of five female hop varieties, good agreement was found between the H/C ratio obtained by headspace SPME and conventional steam distillation. The H/C ratio for 10 male lupulin varieties determined by headspace SPME and pentane extraction also indicated good agreement between the two extraction methods. Keywords: Hops; essential oils; SPME; headspace analysis
Initial Single‐Center Experience with an Advanced Third‐Generation Investigational Defibrillator

The CPI PRxII is a recently approved, multitiered implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) that delivers high and low energy biphasic shocks, antitachycardia (ATP) and bradycardia pacing, and stores 2.5 minutes of electrograms from the widely spaced shocking electrodes. The PRxII was implanted in 58 patients at Yale-New Haven Hospital between December 1993 and January 1995. At implant, mean biphasic defibrillation threshold (DFT) in patients with testing to failure was 10 J (1-20). All 36 patients who were candidates for a new transvenous system underwent successful nonthoracotomy implantation. Based on noninvasive predischarge EPS results, 30 patients had > or = 1 VT zone: 21 patients had ATP, 9 others had first shock < or = 5 J. During follow-up, 13 patients had been treated for 379 events (range, 1-127). Of 340 events in a zone with ATP, 97% responded to ATP, 3% required shock. First programmed shock converted all events in a VF zone. Details, including RR intervals, were available for all events in 15 of 17 patients receiving appropriate or inappropriate therapy or diverted shocks. One hundred eleven of 148 available electrograms confirmed VT by morphology, rate, and/or presence of AV dissociation. In nine patients, electrogram data altered therapy through diagnosis of inappropriate or diverted therapy, guidance of detection enhancements, or diagnosis of previously unrecognized VTs. We conclude the PRxII achieves low DFTs that obviate the need for thoracotomy and effectively treats ventricular arrhythmias with ATP and shock, with programming guided by noninvasive electrophysiology. Multiple stored electrograms from widely spaced shocking electrodes greatly enhance diagnostic capabilities, facilitating effective treatment.
“Popoffs” Under a Transverse Force Reveal the Number and Location of Active Kinesin Motors During Motility Assays

Determination of the number of active motors pulling a single MT or bead during motility assays has proven difficult. Traditional protein concentration assays, such as Bradford, cannot distinguish between active and inactive motors. We attach a superparamagnetic bead to the (+) end of a microtubule. When placed in a magnet with uniform magnetic field gradient, the bead pulls on the MT with a controllable 0-10 pN force. If the force is perpendicular to the gliding direction of the MT, a short section of the MT “pops off” the surface every 2 to 5 s, as shown in the diagram. This detachment is characterized by rapid motion of the superparamagnetic bead in the direction of higher magnetic field gradient followed by normal microtubule gliding velocity when the MT is pulled taut. The length of the short section between “popoffs” is the distance between active kinesins along a microtubule.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Household composition in post‐socialist Eastern Europe

Two perspectives provide alternative insights into household composition in contemporary Eastern Europe. The first stresses that individuals have relatively fixed preferences about living arrangements and diverge from them only when they cannot attain their ideal. The second major approach, the adaptive strategies perspective, predicts that individuals have few preferences. Instead, they use household composition to cope with economic hardship, deploy labor, or care for children or the elderly. This article evaluates these approaches in five post‐socialist East‐European countries, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Russia, using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The results suggest that household extension is common in these countries and provide the most evidence for the adaptive strategies perspective. In particular, the results show that variables operationalizing the adaptive strategies perspective, including measures of single motherhood, retirement status, agricultural cultivation, and poverty, increase the odds of household extension.
An architecture for viewpoint environments based on OMG/CORBA

One of the major goals of the Viewpoint framework is to allow for heterogeneous and distributed implementation of viewpoint-based tools. This poses a number of challenges on the integration of tools into a viewpoint-based environment. We review different infrastructures that could be deployed for tool integration and argue that the OMG/CORBA architecture provides the best support for achieving heterogeneity and distribution. We then discuss how viewpoint-based tools can be integrated on the basis of CORBA. This involves the integration of different viewpoint representations as well as their presentation at user interfaces.
The standard potential of the Ag, AgBr electrode in DBr solutions☆

Abstract E.M.F. measurements of the cell Pt-D2(p = 1)|DBr(m) in D2O|AgBr, Ag have been performed in the temperature range 20–75°C using DBr solutions whose composition varies between ca. 0·005 and 0·1 m. From these data the standard potential of the cell and the activity coefficient of DBr in D2O have been computed.
Backscattering enhancement from plasmon polaritons on a deterministic metal surface

We present an experimental study of the optical properties of a deterministic metal surface having two incommensurate Fourier components. If one Fourier component excites a surface plasmon polariton, and the second Fourier component simultaneously excites a polariton traveling in the opposite direction, a diffracted order that coincides with the backscattering direction is observed to sharply increase in power. The effect is attributed to the same mechanism that produces enhanced backscattering from metal surfaces with weak random roughness.
Temporal differences in Erk1/2 activity distinguish among combinations of extracellular matrix components

Abstract Rational design of biomaterials requires understanding how cells interrogate their microenvironment. In this study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells are cultured on combinations of extracellular matrix (ECM) components (collagen I, collagen IV, vitronectin, fibronectin, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan), and the phosphorylation of four intracellular signaling kinases (Erk1/2, JNK, Akt1, and NFκB) is quantified. These combinations of ECM components elicit different temporal patterns of Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Collagen I-containing substrates cause Erk1/2 phosphorylation to reach maximal levels at 30 min and remain near maximal levels until 90 min. Collagen IV/laminin substrates elicit maximal phosphorylation at 30–45 min, and then phosphorylation decreases substantially at 60–90 min. All other combinations studied (collagen IV and vitronectin-based combinations) cause an increase in phosphorylation at 30–45 min, but not to maximal levels; maximal phosphorylation is reached by 60–90 min. These temporal patterns of phosphorylation may explain how a limited number of intracellular signaling pathways can distinguish among thousands of possible combinations of microenvironmental cues by adding to the information contained in each cell signaling pathway.
Liver transplantation as definitive therapy for complications after arterial embolization for hepatic manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia

Experience with hepatic artery embolization for the treatment of symptomatic hepatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in Rendu-Osler-Weber disease is limited. We report 2 cases of hepatic AVMs that caused mesenteric angina-like symptoms that were treated with embolization. Both patients developed parenchymal and bile duct necrosis, intrahepatic bilomas, and refractory biliary sepsis, subsequently leading to liver failure. We hypothesize that the pathophysiological cause of biliary necrosis in this setting is similar to that which occurs in the setting of hepatic artery thrombosis of the liver allograft. Progressive liver failure in these patients was treated successfully by liver transplantation. Liver transplantation offers definitive therapy by removing the source of ongoing sepsis, restoring normal liver function, and eliminating the intrahepatic AV shunt.
Methodologies for Implementing FPGA-Based Control Systems

Abstract Recent years have witnessed an exponential growth in the complexity and performance of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This has lead to high adoption of FPGAs in embedded applications, such as consumer electronics, medical devices, and microelectromechanical system. Due to the FPGAs attractive features, choosing FPGAs as a control systems deployment platform is also spreading. This paper presents a number of development techniques for systematically implementing FPGA-based control systems. These techniques are applied towards developing a basic control systems building block, the transfer function. Additionally, a design cycle that is inspired by the “Design by Emulation” approach for digital control, is introduced for implementing general-purpose FPGA-based control systems. A case study is presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodologies towards an observer-based position motion control system.
Laser-diode-pumped nonlinear switch in erbium-doped fiber

We describe a two-mode fiber switch made of a short length of erbium-doped fiber in which switching is accomplished by a nonlinearity that is resonantly enhanced by the dopant. In a 0.95-m fiber pumped with a 1.48-μm laser diode, a 906-nm signal is switched with only 8 mW of absorbed power at a signal absorption loss of 0.25 dB.
Erratum to: Effect of Dopants Mn2+ and Cd2+ Concentration on Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Li-Mixed Spinel Nanoferrites

Spinel mixed Li-ferrites with incorporation of various dopants (Cd2+ and Ni2+) concentration in ranges 0.00≤x≤0.80 are prepared using sol-gel technique. The various phases, lattice constant/parameter, X-ray density and crystallite size are confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The particle size and lattice parameters are found in the range 15–33 nm and 8.35–8.66 A. This confirmed that incorporating dopant strongly influences the material structure and an increase is observed in lattice parameter and particle size with increase in dopant concentration. The structure is influenced by the dopant position, at the octahedral (B) and tetrahedral (A) sites. The decrease in activation energy (E) is observed with increase in dopant concentration. Furthermore, analysis of the crystallite size and morphology is done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which confirmed that the observed particle size is comparable with the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The dopant affects electrical properties such as dc electrical resistivity and drift mobility. The observed trend for drift mobility and dc electrical resistivity confirmed the semiconducting behavior of the synthesized material. The magnetic parameters saturation magnetization (Ms), remanence (Mr) and coercivity (Hc) are strongly affected by dopant concentration. A sudden increase in magnetic parameters Mr and Ms is observed by incorporating a small amount of dopant up to x=0.40 and with further incorporation cause a decrease in the values of these parameters due to the non-magnetic behavior of incorporating dopant Cd2+ ions. These decreases in values can be explained using the spin canted model and cations positioning at tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites. The decrease in Curie temperature, observed with increase in dopant incorporation, is due to the decrease/weakening interaction between tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sites.
Magic ring catenation by olefin metathesis.

Olefin metathesis has been employed in the efficient syntheses of a [2]catenane with the templation being provided by the recognition between a secondary ammonium ion and a crown ether. In one approach, a crown ether precursor has been clipped around an NH2+ center situated in a macrocyclic ring, yielding the mechanically interlocked compound. In the other approach, the reversible nature of olefin metathesis allows for a magic ring synthesis to occur wherein two free macrocycles can be employed as the stationary materials, leading to the formation of the same [2]catenane.
Aromatic units in coal

THE organic matter in coal consists largely of a macromolecular material of complex and variable composition. When coal is pyrolysed, a large fraction is converted to char, and a number of complex aromatic compounds are formed. Because of the extensive chemical change which takes place during this process, however, it is not clear what relationship the products have to the original structure of coal. Many workers have used oxidation procedures to degrade coal to simpler species which are more readily interpreted in terms of coal structure. Oxidation products, however, were in general studied by limited classical organic chemistry methods for separation and identification of products1,2. To date the only aromatic acids definitely identified have been the carboxylic acids of benzene3,4. Commonly used oxidants have been HNO3, HNO3–K2Cr2O7, KMnO4, O2 and H2O2–O3 in conditions for drastic degradation of aromatic rings. On the basis of results of oxidation of coal with a selective oxidant, NaOCl, Chakrabartty and Berkowitz have suggested5 that coal has a largely non-aromatic “tricycloalkane or polyamantane” structure. They pointed out that no evidence for aromatic compounds other than benzene derivatives was found in their oxidation product. Our experimental data do not support this view but rather the generally accepted idea that coal is predominantly an aromatic material.
A Lack‐of‐Fit Test for Heteroscedastic Regression Models via Cosine‐Series Smoothers

Summary In this paper, a test is derived to assess the validity of heteroscedastic nonlinear regression models by a non-parametric cosine regression method. For order selection, the paper proposes a data-driven method that uses the parametric null model optimal order. This method yields a test that is asymptotically normally distributed under the null hypothesis and is consistent against any fixed alternative. Simulation studies that test the lack of fit of a generalized linear model are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed test with that of an existing non-parametric kernel test. A dataset of esterase levels is used to demonstrate the proposed method in practice.
Current developments in understanding of West Nile virus central nervous system disease.

Purpose of reviewWest Nile virus (WNV) is the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis in the United States. We review articles published in the last 18 months related to the epidemiology, immunology, clinical features, and treatment of this disease.Recent findingsThere was a resurgence in WNV
Evolution of texture in electrodeposited Ni/Cu layered nanostructures

The objective of this research was to study the evolution of crystallographic texture in electrodeposited Ni/Cu laminated nanostructures. Thick films (14-40 µm) consisting of nickel and copper nanolayers (7-27 nm) were fabricated on annealed polycrystalline copper substrates using an electodeposition technique. The microstructure of the deposits was varied by changing the deposition time of each layer and the electrolyte temperature. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were applied to characterize the deposits. Three microstructural behaviours were observed. The deposit with a very fine bilayer thickness (7 nm) was composed of coherent layers parallel to the substrate surface. This deposit replicated the cube orientation of the substrate and showed a strong ⟨100⟩ texture throughout the thickness of the deposit. An increase in the bilayer thickness (17 and 27 nm) caused a change in the texture from ⟨100⟩ on the substrate side to ⟨111⟩ on the solution side. T...
Flat-space scattering and bulk locality in the AdS-CFT correspondence

The large radius limit in the AdS-CFT correspondence is expected to provide a holographic derivation of flat-space scattering amplitudes. This suggests that questions of locality in the bulk should be addressed in terms of properties of the S matrix and their translation into the conformal field theory. There are, however, subtleties in this translation related to generic growth of amplitudes near the boundary of anti-de Sitter space. Flat space amplitudes are recovered after a delicate projection of CFT correlators onto normal-mode frequencies of AdS. Once such amplitudes are obtained from the CFT, possible criteria for approximate bulk locality include bounds on growth of amplitudes at high energies and reproduction of semiclassical gravitational scattering at long distances. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Fluorescence Fluctuation Microscopy Techniques to Study mRNA Synthesis and Dynamics

1627-Pos Board B578 Probing Short-Range Protein Brownian Motion in the Cytoplasm of Living Cells Carmine Di Rienzo 1,2 , Enrico Gratton 3 , Fabio Beltram 1,2 , Francesco Cardarelli 2 . NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy, 2 Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy, 3 Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering., University of California, Irvine, CA, USA. The translational motion of small molecules in cells appears to be suppressed compared to what is observed in dilute solutions. Although, the rotation of small proteins is almost unhindered, pointing out a local aqueous environment. Different theoretical models provide explanations for this apparent discrepancy but with predictions that drastically depend on the nanoscale organization assumed for macromolecular crowding agents. A conclusive experimental test of the nature of the translational motion in cells is still missing owing to the lack of techniques capable of probing protein motion with the required temporal and spatial resolution. We show that ﬂuorescence-ﬂuctuation analysis of raster scans at variable time scales can provide this information. By using GFP, we measure protein translational motion at the unprecedented time-scale of 1 micro- second, unveiling unobstructed Brownian motion from 25 to 100 nanometers, and partially-suppressed diffusion above 100 nm. Experiments on in vitro model systems attribute this effect to the presence of relatively immobile structures rather than to diffusing crowding agents. In this regard, internal membranes (e.g. the ER sheets, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, etc.) appear to be the more likely candidates as selective disruption of the microtubules network by treatment with Nocodazole did not signiﬁcantly alter GFP behavior in the cytoplasm. Also, the same measurement in a structurally-different (e.g devoid of membranes) intra- cellular environment, such as the nucleoplasm, yields a different behavior, in which GFP motion is never coincident with that in a dilute solution. Finally, we believe the present ﬁndings coupled with use of genetically-encoded ﬂuores- cent markers pave the way to novel studies of biomolecular processes in live cells at the physiologically-relevant spatio-temporal scale. Supported by grants NIH P41-GM103540 and NIH P50-GM076516 (grants to EG), MIUR under FIRB- RBAP11X42L and Fondazione Monte dei Paschi di Siena (grants to FB).
A simplex algorithm for on-line computation of time optimal controls

The minimum-time regulator problem is solved computationally for general linear-discrete systems by a modification of the simplex algorithm of linear programming (LP). The algorithm presented is faster than the LP solutions devised previously, taking but a single application to solve for the optimal control. An extension of the LP bounded-variable technique further reduces computer time and storage requirements. Application to a sixth-order process with two control inputs shows that the algorithm is sufficiently economical of running time and storage to be implemented on-line with a small process-control computer.
Evolution of an ophiolitic tectonic mélange, Marble Mountains, northern California Klamath Mountains

The Marble Mountain terrane of northern California constitutes a metamorphosed ophiolitic tectonic melange occupying the lowest structural levels of the western Paleozoic and Triassic belt of the Klamath Mountains province. On the basis of lithology and structural position, it probably represents the metamorphosed equivalent of the Rattlesnake Creek terrane. The Marble Mountain terrane consists of sedimentary, oceanic mafic volcanic, and ultramafic rocks and is structurally and probably stratigraphically overlain by arc-derived meta-volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the western Hayfork terrane. The contact between the two terranes is interpreted to be a zone of tectonic and stratigraphic interlayering, but superimposed metamorphism has largely obscured its original character. Metamorphism of the assembled melange and overlying western Hayfork terrane took place under low-pressure amphibolite facies conditions, a conclusion based primarily on the presence of prograde andalusite in pelitic rocks. Metamorphism was accompanied by penetrative deformation, which produced two generations of northeast-trending, subhorizontal isoclinal recumbent folds and associated axial-planar foliation; mineral and stretching lineations also formed at this time. These events preceded the intrusion of the 162 ± 2-Ma Wooley Creek batholith. A later episode of deformation and recrystallization locally produced north-northeast–trending upright folds and steeply dipping crenulation cleavage. Greenschist to lower amphibolite facies metamarphic assemblages that were developed at this time overprint the earlier structures. The latter deformational event may reflect the westward thrusting of the western Paleozoic and Triassic belt over the subjacent western Jurassic belt during Late Jurassic time. The Marble Mountain/Rattlesnake Creek terranes probably represent oceanic crust which lay to the west of an active subduction zone along the western margin of North America during Late Triassic and Early Jurassic time and which was trapped in the forearc region when subduction stepped westward in earliest Middle Jurassic time. Newly initiated subduction led to the inception of the western Hayfork arc, which was built upon the Marble Mountain/Rattlesnake Creek oceanic basement. The melange may have been formed by imbrication of the oceanic lithosphere trapped between the new trench and the magmatic axis of the incipient arc. Continued convergence led to juxtaposition of oceanic and arc-derived rocks, to regional metamorphism, and to deformation of the melange and overlying volcaniclastic rocks. The low-pressure character of the metamorphism supports an arc setting rather than a subduction-zone regime for this tectonism.
Absence of Linear Polarization in Cygnus X-3

HERE I describe the results of linear polarization measurements of the Cyg X-3 outburst1, 2 made with the University of Michigan 85-foot telescope at 8 GHz between 0 and 8 hours ut on September 3, 4 and 5. The equipment and observational technique used have been described elsewhere3. The standard error of the instrumental-polarization calibration of the telescope was less than 0.1% and the radio source Cyg A was observed alternately with Cyg X-3 to verify that the instrumental parameters had not changed significantly during the observing period.
DNA replication: Controlling initiation during the cell cycle

Recent results have provided substantial new insights into how the initiation of DNA replication is coordinated with the eukaryotic cell cycle.
How free are encapsulated atoms in C60

Abstract We calculate the interaction between encapsulated Li, K and O atoms and the C 60 cage in M@C 60 endohedral complexes from first principles. The MC 60 bond is purely ionic for K, and has only a small covalent contribution for Li. The K and Li atoms are confined within the nearly sperical potential well, and exhibit low-frequency rolling and high-frequency rattling vibrational modes. Oxygen prefers to bind on a CC bridge site by a strongly covalent epoxy bond which locally modifies the cage and leads to a large anisotropy in the OC 60 interaction potential.
Interactions between the sympathetic nervous system and the RAAS in heart failure.

Therapy for heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction is based on interference with maladaptive activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Agents that block β-adrenergic receptors, decrease angiotensin-II formation, and antagonize the effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone have been shown to improve morbidity and mortality in this syndrome. Therefore, from a theoretical point of view, it would be desirable to actually diminish the degree of overactivity of these two homeostatic systems. There are compelling physiologic arguments and much experimental data to suggest that β-adrenergic blockade may diminish activity of the RAAS. Conversely, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-II antagonists, and aldosterone antagonists may diminish activity of the SNS. Some clinical trials data may be interpreted in a fashion that suggests that part of the benefit of interfering with each system may relate to diminishing activity of the other. If true, combined therapy may lead to a virtuous cycle in which diminishing the adverse effects of each individual system is combined with reduced activity of the other. Such a cycle may be one factor underlying the impressive clinical results of recent neurohormonally based therapeutic trials and reinforces the need to look beyond acute hemodynamic effects of therapeutic agents when assessing their long-term impact in heart failure.
The effect of injection location on the spectrum of energetic magnetospheric particles

The role of local particle injections and accelerations in determining energetic particle spectra used as an indication of the radial diffusion of trapped magnetospheric particles is assessed. An idealized one-dimensional steady-state model of magnetospheric radial transport in which diffusion is balanced against particle sources and sinks is used to illustrate the effects of particle injection at a point and over a band of radii in which the observation point is immersed in particle spectra. For an injection spectrum uniformly distributed in space and a step function in energy, it is shown that the energy dependence of the measured spectrum is determined not only by adiabatic energization of the input spectrum but by the spatial structure of the injection and the radial dependence of the diffusion coefficient as well. The relevance of the results for observations of particle spectra in the terrestrial and Jovian magnetospheres is also considered
Notes on the central forcer n

In this article we collect several results related to the classical problem of two-dimensional motion of a particle in the field of a central force proportional to a real power of the distancer. At first we generalize Whittaker's result of the fourteen powers ofr which lead to intergrability with elliptic functions. We enumerate six more general potentials, including Whittaker's fourteen potentials as particular cases (Sections 2 and 3). Next, we study the stability of the circular solutions, which are the singular solutions of the problem, in Whittaker's terminology. The stability index is computed as a function of the exponentn and its properties are explained, especially in terms of bifurcations with other families of ordinary periodic solutions (Sections 4, 5 and 7). In Section 6, the detailed solution of the inverse cube force problem is given in terms of an auxiliary variable which is similar to the eccentric anomaly of the Kepler problem. Finally, it is shown that the stable singular circular solutions of the central force problem generalize to stable singular elliptic solutions of the two-fixed-center problem. The stability and the bifurcations with other families of periodic solutions of the two-fixed-center problem are also described.
Far-infrared spectra and barriers to internal rotation of pivaldehyde, pivaloyl fluoride, pivaloyl chloride and pinacolone

Abstract The far-infrared (400-30 cm −1 ) spectra of gaseous and solid pivaldehyde (CH 3 ) 3 CCHO, pivaloyl fluoride (CH 3 ) 3 CCFO, pivaloyl chloride (CH 3 ) 3 CCClO, and pinacolone (CH 3 ) 3 CC (CH 3 )O, have been recorded. From the spectra of the gases the fundamental CC 3 torsions have been observed at 70,53,50 and 35 cm −1 , respectively. From these data the periodic threefold barrier which governs internal rotation of the CC 3 moiety has been determined to be 337 cm −1 (0.96 kcal mol −1 ) 614 cm −1 (1.76 kcal mol −1 ), 807 cm −1 (2.31 kcal mol −1 ) and 284 cm −1 (0.81 kcal mol −1 ) for the aldehyde, fluoride, chloride and ketone, respectively. Additionally, the Raman (400-20 cm −1 ) spectra of all four solids have also been recorded and compared to the far-infrared data. These results are compared to some corresponding results obtained for several related molecules.
The Antecedents of Self-Esteem in Australian University Students1

(1976). The antecedents of self-esteem in australian university students. Australian Psychologist: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 169-172.
The Captor of Decebalus A New Inscription from Philippi

A huge tombstone with two reliefs and a Latin inscription accidentally came to light in 1965 in the fields of Grammeni, a village to the north-west of the ancient Philippi in Macedonia (Pl. XIII). The inscription represents the most detailed career of a Roman soldier so far known, providing new information on the structure and functioning of the Roman army. Its hero is revealed as the ‘captor’ of King Decebalus, one of imperial Rome's greatest antagonists, and his spectacular deed is portrayed on one of the two reliefs. The new find deserves special attention and is published here for the first time.
Improved cloud detection in GOES scenes over the oceans

Abstract Accurate cloud detection in GOES data over the ocean is a difficult task complicated by poor spatial resolution (4 km) in the GOES IR data, relatively coarse quantization (6 bits) for GOES VIS data, a visible sensing region of the spectrum not ideally suited for cloud versus ocean segmentation, and relative small oceanic signal dynamic range compared to that of either cloud or land structures found in a typical GOES scene. The GOES Adapted LDTNLR Ocean Cloud Mask (GALOCM) algorithm for cloud detection in GOES scenes over the oceans provides a computationally efficient, scene-specific way to circumvent these difficulties. The algorithm consists of four steps: 1) generate a cloud mark using the Local Dynamic Threshold Non-Linear Rayleigh (LDTNLR) algorithm of Simpson and Humphrey (1990); 2) generate a second cloud mask using an adaptive threshold: 3) divide the pixels in the scene into three groups (both methods agree that pixel is ocean, pixel is cloud, or the pixel is in contention); and 4) iteratively apply an adaptive threshold to the contested pixels. Convergence occurs when pixels are no longer in contention based on statistical criteria. Results show that the GALOCM method produces accurate cloud masks over the oceans which are neither regionally dependent nor temporally specific. GOES scenes containing ocean, cloud, and land are best cloud screened using a combination of the GOES Split-and-Merge Clustering (Simpson and Gobat, 1995) and the GALOCM algorithms.
Generalized Levinson theorem: Applications to electron-atom scattering.

A recent formulation provides an absolute definition of the zero-energy phase shift {delta} for multiparticle single-channel scattering of a particle by a neutral compound target in a given partial wave {ital l}. This formulation, along with the minimum principle for the scattering length, leads to a determination of {delta} that represents a generalization of Levinson`s theorem. In its original form that theorem is applicable only to potential scattering of a particle and relates {delta}/{pi} to the number of bound states of that {ital l}. The generalized Levinson theorem relates {delta}/{pi} for scattering in a state of given angular momentum to the number of composite bound states of that angular momentum {ital +} a calculable number that, for a system described in the Hartree-Fock approximation, is the number of states of that angular momentum excluded by the Pauli principle. Thus, for example, for electron scattering by Na, with its (1{ital s}){sup 2}(2{ital s}){sup 2}(2{ital p}){sup 6}3{ital s} configuration and with one {ital L}=0 singlet composite bound state, {delta} would be {pi}+2{pi} for {ital s}-wave singlet scattering, 0+3{pi} for {ital s}-wave triplet scattering, and 0+{pi} for both triplet and singlet {ital p}-wave scattering; the Pauli contribution has been listed first. The methodmore » is applicable to a number of {ital e}{sup {+-}}-atom and nucleon-nucleus scattering processes, but only applications of the former type are described here. We obtain the absolute zero-energy phase shifts for {ital e}{sup {minus}}-H and {ital e}{sup {minus}}-He scattering and, in the Hartree-Fock approximation for the target, for atoms that include the noble gases, the alkali-metal atoms, and, as examples, B, C, N, O, and F, which have one, two, three, four, and five {ital p} electrons, respectively, outside of closed shells. In all cases, the applications provide results in agreement with expectations. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less
Auricular reconstruction for microtia: part I. Anatomy, embryology, and clinical evaluation.

Learning Objectives: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: (1) Understand external ear anatomy and embryology. (2) Develop an approach to evaluation of microtia, including otologic considerations.
Torsionally-strained DNA and intermolecular purine-purine-pyrimidine triple-helix formation

A potentially powerful pharmacological approach to modulating the expression of specific, disease-related genes involves the inhibition of transcription factor binding to promoter or enhancer elements through oligonucleotide-mediated triple-helix formation. In vivo, the typical target for intermolecular triplex formation would most likely be torsionally-strained rather than relaxed duplex DNA. To determine the effects of strained DNA on triplex formation, we investigated the interactions between a G/T rich oligonucleotide and both supercoiled and relaxed plasmid DNA using a restriction endonuclease protection assay. Both the kinetics of formation and dissociation of purine-motif triplexes were unaffected by the conformational state of the duplex DNA. Similarly, the topological state of the plasmid targets was not affected by triplex formation. Taken together, these observations suggest that stable intermolecular triplexes can form in vivo under conditions of moderate torsional strain.
Report on a workshop on electromagnetic induction methods for UXO detection and discrimination

To decrease cost and increase reliability and efficiency of unexploded ordnance (UXO) environmental remediation, government research and development programs and industry efforts seek to establish a practice of UXO location using modern digital survey systems, sound geophysical survey procedures, and postprocessing of data for enhanced detection and discrimination. The new practice will replace most traditional “mag and flag” type UXO location surveys that typically use analog instruments, where all detected targets (anomalies) must be investigated (i.e., excavated). Several factors, both technical and nontechnical, drive and justify the change in practice: (1) digital data allow maintenance of a permanent record of the locations of targets and sensor signatures over targets; (2) digital data will typically have higher dynamic range (hence higher signal-to-noise ratios) than the analog data that rely on audio or visual output; (3) digital data allow and facilitate postprocessing to enhance signatures for ...
Radar Echoes from the Moon at a Wavelength of 10 CM

Radar contact has been made with the moon with short pulses at 2860 mc, beginning a program of short-pulse lunar radar. The principal objective of the program is to obtain more accurate moon-to-earth distances than presently are known. Other information may result from the program, such as the earth's diameter, the interplanetary electron density, and the lunar surface characteristics. To date, the program has yielded the following results: earthmoon distances have been measured over several days with consistencies of less than one-half mile; several rough reflectivity measurements have been made which indicate that the radar cross section of the moon is 975 square miles at 2860 mc with pulses of 2-?sec duration, and the fine structure of echoes may be correlated with lunar topography.
Comparative studies of the ingestive behaviors produced by microinjections of muscimol into the midbrain raphe nuclei or the ventral tegmental area of the rat

Microinjection of the GABA-A agonist muscimol into the median (MR) or dorsal (DR) raphe nuclei or the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of non-deprived rats induced intense feeding and drinking in a dose-dependent and site-specific manner. Lower doses of muscimol were required to increase food intake, spillage and water intake with injections into the MR than with injections into the other two sites. These data demonstrate that the MR is a more sensitive site for the elicitation of ingestive behavior than either the DR or the VTA.