cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Nickel-Containing Model System of Acireductone Dioxygenases that Utilizes a C(1)-H Acireductone Substrate

A mononuclear NiII complex bearing the monoanion of 1-acetoxy-3-phenylpropane-2,3-dione (4) as a ligand has been prepared {[(6-Ph2TPA)Ni{PhC(O)C(O)CHOC(O)CH3)]ClO4, 5; 6-Ph2TPA = N,N-bis[(6-phenyl-2-pyridyl)methyl]-N-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine}. This complex was characterized by 1H NMR, UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Exposure of solutions of 5 to O2 did not result in any reaction over the course of hours. Deprotection of 5 by the addition of NaOCH3 in methanol generated a NiII species (6) that contains a coordinated dianionic C(1)-H acireductone. Exposure of 6 to O2 led to regioselective oxidative cleavage reactivity akin to that found for the NiII-containing acireductone dioxygenase enzyme. The strategy outlined herein is the first synthetic approach that enables examination of the oxidative reactivity of a synthetic NiII species containing a dianionic C(1)-H acireductone ligand.
R9AP Overexpression Alters Phototransduction Kinetics in iCre75 Mice

Purpose. Determine the impact of rod photoreceptor-specific expression of Cre recombinase on the kinetics of phototransduction in the mouse eye and identify changes in gene expression that underlie any observed phenotypic differences.
Measuring spatial coherence through the shadow of small obstacles

We present a simple method to measure the spatial coherence of a partially coherent field by analyzing measurements of the radiant intensity with and without a well-known obscuration. Our results are consistent with theoretical predictions.
Studies on papain produced subunits of human γG-globulins—II: Structures of peptides related to the genetic Gm activity of γG-globulin Fc-fragments☆

Abstract Two tryptic pentapeptides of papain digest Fc-fragments of myeloma γG-globulins which appear to be related to the Gm-genetic activity of the parent molecules have been isolated and their primary structures determined. The one associated with Gm-a activity is Asp-Glu-Leu-Thr-Lys. It appear that the Fc-fragments not possessing Gm-a activity contain a Met-Glu-Glu-Thr-Lys sequence. Both of these peptides are derivatives of an undecapeptide whose hexapeptide amino terminal portion is identical and which has the structure Thr-Leu-Pro-Pro-Ser-Arg.
A comparison of the effects of ether, halothane and spinal cord section on the jaw jerk response to electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp in cats.

Abstract Electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp with a single square wave pulse of 0.5 msec duration or a train of 4 such pulses at 64 Hz was used to elicit the jaw jerk response in both normal and encephale isole preparations. The animals were maintained at a surgical level of anesthesia for 1 hr in both cord sectioned and normal animals in order to compare the effects of anesthesia alone with those of anesthesia plus cord section. Jaw jerk thresholds were studied up to 4 hr after withdrawal of the anesthetics. Under the conditions of this experiment the effect of ether on the jaw jerk threshold was of greater magnitude and longer duration than that of halothane; the effect of ether lasted at least 3 hr after its withdrawal. Spinal section alone is also capable of elevating the jaw jerk threshold which suggests that the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve plays a role in the sensitivity of the jaw jerk threshold. In addition, both spinal section and anesthesia produce a greater effect against single pulse stimulation than multiple pulse stimulation.
Critical Periods and Regime Type: Integrating Power Cycle Theory with the Democratic Peace Hypothesis

The absence of war among leading states compels scholars such as John Mueller (1989) to speculate on the obsolescence of major power conflict. Robert Jervis (2002) outlines the challenge that a democratic major power security community presents to existing theories of war. Can any existing theory of war explain conflict in a major power system dominated by democracies? This article integrates the power cycle theory of war with the democratic peace hypothesis in order to show that, although critical periods consistently lead to major power war, democratic states are less affected by these periods than are their nondemocratic counterparts. Using Correlates of War, deterrence, Polity and national capability data from 1816–1995, empirical tests show that — for all major powers — the probability of conflict participation and initiation is higher during critical periods than remaining years. Importantly, however, this difference is statistically significant for nondemocracies, while it is not so for democracies...
A Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, formation of filamentous intraneuronal inclusions (Lewy bodies) and an extrapyramidal movement disorder. Mutations in the alpha-synuclein gene are linked to familial Parkinson's disease and alpha-synuclein accumulates in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Here we express normal and mutant forms of alpha-synuclein in Drosophila and produce adult-onset loss of dopaminergic neurons, filamentous intraneuronal inclusions containing alpha-synuclein and locomotor dysfunction. Our Drosophila model thus recapitulates the essential features of the human disorder, and makes possible a powerful genetic approach to Parkinson's disease.
Coordinated regulation of life and death by RB

Recent studies have shown that RB can inhibit apoptosis, independently of its ability to block cell proliferation. This poses the question of how cells choose to grow or to die when RB becomes inactivated. RB is phosphorylated following mitogenic stimulation, but it is degraded in response to death stimuli. Most sporadic cancers also inactivate RB by phosphorylation, rather than losing RB entirely--possibly to exploit the survival advantage conferred by RB under stress. Drawing from the different mechanisms of RB inactivation, we propose two models for ways in which cells use RB to make the choice of life versus death.
The discovery of an enantioselective receptor for (-)-adenosine from a racemic dynamic combinatorial library

The use of laser polarimetry detection coupled with HPLC is demonstrated to enable the discovery of enantioselective receptors from racemic dynamic combinatorial libraries. Templating with an enantiopure analyte, such as (−)-adenosine, leads to amplification of one enantiomer of the cyclic dimer. A result confirmed with a pseudo-racemic library wherein one of the enantiomers was d-labeled for mass spec analysis. The resulting dimer is thus an enantioselective receptor for (−)-adenosine.
Upper and lower visual field differences in categorical and coordinate judgments.

Kosslyn (1987) theorized that the left and right hemispheres differ in processing categorical and coordinate spatial relationships, respectively. Previc (1990) hypothesized that the upper and lower visual fields are functionally specialized for visual search and visuomotor manipulations, respectively. Conceptual similarities between these two theories suggested possible upper visual field advantages for categorical judgments and lower visual field advantages for coordinate judgments. In the present two experiments, subjects made either categorical or coordinate judgments to stimuli in the upper left, upper right, lower left, or lower right visual fields. The first experiment manipulated categorical/coordinate judgments as a between-subjects variable. The second experiment manipulated categorical/coordinate judgments as a within-subjects variable. In the first experiment, reaction times (RTs) for categorical judgments were equal in all visual fields except the lower left, in which RTs were slower. For coordinate judgments, RTs were equal in all visual fields except the lower left, in which RTs were faster. In general, these effects were replicated in the second experiment. However, there appeared to be consequences associated with manipulating the categorical/coordinate variable in a within-subjects fashion. The requirements of visual search versus visuomotor processes appear to map onto the nature of categorical versus coordinate processing, respectively, suggesting possible upper-lower visual field differences in categorical versus coordinate processing.
Oxygen: Implications for Wound Healing

Background: Oxygen is vital for healing wounds. It is intricately involved in numerous biological processes including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and protein synthesis, which are required for restoration of tissue function and integrity. Adequate wound tissue oxygenation can trigger healing responses and favorably influence the outcomes of other treatment modalities. The Problem: Chronic ischemic wounds fail to heal appropriately secondary to extreme hypoxia that leads to cellular demise. Wound tissue hypoxia is typically greater at the center of the wound. Accordingly, oxygen requirements of the regenerating tissue will vary. Basic/Clinical Science Advances: As oxygen levels decrease within the wound, cell response mechanisms (hypoxia inducible factor [HIF]) trigger the transcription of genes that promote cell survival and angiogenesis. HIF stabilizers are currently being tested to determine wound healing potential. Clinically, topical oxygen therapy (TOT) has been proved as an effective therapeuti...
Cell surface expression and bile acid transport function of one topological form of m-epoxide hydrolase

The bifunctional hepatic protein, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH), plays a central role in the metabolism of many xenobiotics as well as mediating the Na(+)-dependent uptake of bile acids in parallel with the Na(+)-taurocholate co-transporting protein (ntcp). Previous studies have established that mEH is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum with two topological orientations, where the type II form is targeted to the plasma membrane. In this report the topology and transport properties of mEH as a function of plasma membrane expression in cultured hepatocytes, transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing mEH (MDCK[mEH]), and the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, were studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy and substrate uptake measurements. Analysis of mEH localization with an anti-mEH monoclonal antibody demonstrated the expression of one topological form on the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and MDCK[mEH] cells where both systems exhibited Na(+)-dependent bile acid uptake. In contrast, Na(+)-dependent bile acid transport in HepG2 cells and hepatocytes in culture (72 h) was substantially reduced as was the expression of ntcp. Although the total mEH level was undiminished, the decrease of bile acid transport was associated with the loss of mEH surface expression possibly resulting from an alteration in mEH endoplasmic reticulum topology and/or the plasma membrane protein targeting system in these de-differentiated cells.
Fractionation of Immunoreactive Human Chorionic Gonadotropin and Luteinizing Hormone by Isoelectric Focusing in Polyacrylamide Gel

Isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel (IFPA) in conjunction with radioimmunoassay was employed to fractionate the immunologically active components of human luteinizing hormone (HLH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Some purified preparations and urine extracts from normal men, pre- and postmenopausal women, post partum women and men and women with choriocarcinoma were examined. HCG exhibited a pI of about 3 in agreement with previous results obtained by IFPA or other methods (1, 2). Urinary HLH preparations fractionated into 2 or 3 isoelectric components, characterized by pI's of 6.2, 4.2, and 2.8,1 depending on the previous purification steps used. The values of 6.2 and 4.2 are in reasonable agreement with previous findings (4, 5). The possibility of exploiting the differences in pI between HCG and HLH for the purpose of analysis of these two hormones in the presence of each other has been explored.
Multimode communications on the MITRENET

Abstract This paper presents a brief review of the MITRE local networking approach using CATV coaxial cable and describes some of our current networking activities. Multimode communications implies that many communications services are provided simultaneously on the same cable system. A wide-band distribution system is first shared using frequency division multiplexing techniques. Then individual FDM channels can be further shared using TDM techniques such as slotted Aloha, carrier-sense multiple access, or reservation techniques. A well developed technology exists for such a wide-band system using Community Antenna Television (CATV) components. This medium provides a bandwidth of 300 megahertz, constant receive signal strength, a high signal-no-noise ratio, good isolation, and reliable components and connection techniques. Currently MITRE is developing a variety of TDM techniques for use on coaxial cable, the design of public key crypto systems for application to local networks, integrated data and voice systems, the technical control of local networks and local network protocols.
Specialists and citizens all: A reply to Boettke, Koppl, and Holcombe

I am grateful to the Review of Austrian Economics and to Peter Boettke for welcoming this conversation about pluralism and Austrian economics. In my paper, “Why Should Austrian Economists be Pluralists?”, I highlighted an incongruity between Boettke's classical liberal vision of a free society and his vision of science as a free market (Boettke 2007). I had hoped to convince him that the density and dynamism of the scientific catallaxy depends upon the scholarly ethics of individual participants. I am gratified that Boettke seems to have been persuaded that academic competition is more likely to yield intellectual progress if scholars are able to “see things through different perspectives and understand, rather than just dismiss, the frameworks of intellectual opponents” (Boettke this issue, 2). By way of response to the papers by Boettke, Roger Koppl, and Randall Holcombe, let me first restate three premises of my argument. First, every scientist (scholar) is both a specialist and a citizen in the republic of science. Second, pluralism is best understood as a scholarly ethic of “methodological awareness and toleration” (Caldwell 1982, 252; Boettke 1994, 184; Samuels 1997, 67–79; Backhouse 2001, 163). Under these two premises, the republic of science becomes a space of intellectual liberty (freedom to specialize and trade) and constitutional responsibility (Buchanan 1991, 156). Third, in disciplines like economics where the republic of science is comprised of multiple schools of thought, the exercise of pluralist virtues spurs alertness, exchange, trust, rivalry, and learning within and among competing schools, while preserving (indeed expanding) the freedom of the individual scholar. Rev Austrian Econ (2011) 24:71–76 DOI 10.1007/s11138-011-0146-4
Orienting reflexes and significance: a reply to O'Gorman.

A psychophysiological theory of ORs is presented within the framework of methodological behaviorism. Contrary to O'Gorman there is extensive evidence supporting the distinction between voluntary and involuntary ORs. There is also good evidence indicating that the operation of sets predetermine the occurrence of ORs. A theoretical physiological basis is available to account for the phenomena of set: dominant foci. The latter conception also provides a physiological basis for stimulus significance and permits an integration of diverse phenomena involving ORs, including classical and verbal conditioning.
Chemoreception in a marine cryptophyte: Behavioral plasticity in response to amino acids and nitrate

The behavioral responses of Chroomonas sp. to ammonium, nitrate, and 19 individual amino acids were examined by computer-assisted video motion analysis. Cells were cultured with either glycine or nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. Relative to seawater, rates at which glycine-grown cells stopped and turned were significantly reduced in response to 10−6 and 10−7 M glutamate, methionine, alanine, and aspartate. This response was akin to the tumbling behavior (chemotaxis) displayed by flagellated bacteria. When cultured in nitrate, Chroomonas sp. did not react to amino acids and ammonium but did significantly reduce stopping and turning in response to 10−6 M nitrate. These results are the first to demonstrate chemoreception in any cryptophyte species. Because Chroomonas sp. commonly lives in habitats where light and inorganic nutrients are limiting, behavioral mechanisms that maximize use of both amino acids and nitrate would seem particularly adaptive.
Affect as a mediator of attributional egotism

Abstract A three-stage model of the relationships among achievement outcomes, outcome-related affect, attribution, and emotion is tested in two studies. It is suggested that success and failure elicit positive and negative affective states due to prior conditioning. These affective states then lead to an attribution process that serves to defend and enhance self-esteem. Next, emotional labels are chosen that are consistent with the affective states and the attributions. Two studies were designed to test the proposed relationships among achievement outcomes, affective states, and attributions. In the first study, subjects received information indicating that they were strongly or mildly aroused as a result of receiving outcome feedback on an achievement task. The results indicated that low arousal reduced egotistical attributions to internal factors. In the second study, subjects either succeeded or failed on an achievement task. Half of the subjects were provided with an opportunity to misattribute the arousal elicited by their outcomes to an irrelevant source. Subjects in the misattribution condition made less egotistical attributions to external factors than subjects who were given no opportunity to misattribute their arousal. The results of both studies suggest that outcome-related affect mediates the relationship between outcomes and attributions in achievement situations.
ADOLESCENCE OF MACAQUES1

THIS STUDY concerns the sexual maturation of primates, from the menarche, or the first menstruation, to the first ovulation and subsequent pregravid endometrial development. Data demonstrating the fact that menarche and first ovulation are not concurrent events have been accumulating steadily from observations on mice, rats, the rhesus monkey, the Cebus monkey, the chimpanzee, the gorilla and human females (reviewed by Ashley-Montagu, 1). Hartman (2, 3) was the first to apply the term “adolescence” to the period of sterility separating the two events. Hartman (a) reported his observations on 15 immature female monkeys (Macacus rhesus)in which he found that the average weight for the 15 animals at first menses was 3350 gin, while the average weight at the time of the first conception was 5000 gm. with the lowest weight at 4370 gm. This difference in weight indicated that an interval of time, which heestimated at one year, had elapsed between menarche and first conception despite many menstrual cycles and f...
Monte Carlo Studies Of Image Spread By X-Ray Intensifying Screens

Though intensifying screens reduce patient exposure, they also spread a point source of x-rays into a radial distribution of emitted light. The point spread function of the screen can be approximately decomposed into a portion due to scattering of the emitted light and a portion due to reabsorption of secondary x-rays. A random walk model is introduced to explain the dependence of light spread on scattering length and on the depth in the screen where the light is emitted. Monte Carlo simulations are used to find both the spatial spread of secondary x-rays and the fraction of photons that results from reabsorption of secondaries. These secondary x-ray parameters depend on (1} incident x-ray spectrum, (2) phosphor composition, (3) phosphor loading, and (4) screen thickness. These dependences are shown (for 60 - 120 kVp x-rays) for conventional phosphors, for Se, and for CsI. Finally, the magnitudes of secondary x-ray spread and of light spread are compared.
American Sign Language in virtual space: Interactions between deaf users of computer-mediated video communication and the impact of technology on language practices

According to some discussions concerning new information technologies and technologically enhanced communication, we are now in a revolution as profound as the printing press. The Internet is creating new kinds of meetingplaces and work areas and the possibilities of new types of relationships across time and space. This article reports on some ways that the Internet is shaping language practices in the Deaf community, with an interest in how new tools mediate and influence human behavior, including language and the organization of interaction. This includes the development and manipulation of a computer-mediated image of self and other, creativity and problemsolving in new communicative spaces, creating reciprocal perspectives, new participation frameworks, and specifics of language change. For the first time, deaf people can communicate using manual visual language, in many cases their native language, across space and time zones. This groundbreaking situation makes the Deaf community a particularly productive site for research into relationships between technological innovations and new communicative practices. (American Sign Language, computer-mediated com
The Creative Counselor: Using the SCAMPER Model in Counselor Training

This study examined the experiences of counseling students in learning and applying the SCAMPER model for creative thinking. Counseling students from three universities (N = 54) participated in a training intervention on the SCAMPER model and applied the model in eight weekly task group experiences. Participants' journals, which were completed after each group meeting, were analyzed using qualitative methods. Three themes emerged: a) SCAMPER model as a method to “stretch our thinking”; b) value of “structured creativity”; and c) shifting from “right or wrong” application to flexibility and “flow.” Implications for the training of counseling students in creative methods are discussed.
Effects of HF heater-produced ionospheric depletions on the ducting of VLF transmissions: A ray tracing study

[1] Comprehensive three-dimensional ray tracing studies suggest that local large-scale ionospheric density perturbations caused by the HF heater at Arecibo significantly affect the amount of power from upgoing 28.5 kHz VLF transmissions that couples into plasmaspheric ducts on nearby magnetic field lines. Large density depletions can perturb the ray paths of upgoing VLF to enhance or reduce the total power in a local duct. Under certain conditions, ducted power may be enhanced up to 13 dB or attenuated up to 18 dB. The dependence of this effect on the location and cross-L drift of plasmaspheric ducts and the depth of the heater-induced depletion may explain the difficulty in obtaining consistent experimental observations. Nongeometrical optics effects from the heating and resultant structures on VLF propagation may also affect the ducted power distribution but are outside the scope of ray tracing analysis.
Explosive events in the solar transition zone

The properties of explosive events in the solar transition zone are presented by means of detailed examples and statistical analyses. These events are observed as regions of exceptionally high velocity (∼ 100 km s−1) in profiles of Civ, formed at 105 K, observed with the High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph (HRTS). The following average properties have been determined from observations obtained during the third rocket flight of the HRTS: full width at half maximum extent along the slit - 1.6 × 103 km; maximum velocity - 110 km s−1; peak emission measure - 4 × 1041 cm−3; lifetime - 60 s; birthrate - 4 × 10−21 cm−2 s−1 in a coronal hole and 1 × 10−20 cm−2 s−1 in the quiet Sun; mass - 6 × 108 g; and, kinetic energy - 6 × 1022 erg. The 6 examples show that there are considerable variations from these average parameters in individual events. Although small, the events show considerable spatial structure and are not point-like objects. A spatial separation is often detected between the positions of the red and blue shifted components and consequently the profile cannot be explained by turbulence alone. Mass motions in the events appear to be isotropic because the maximum observed velocity does not show any correlation with heliographic latitude. Apparent motions of the 100 km s−1 plasmas during their 60 s lifetime should be detected but none are seen. The spatial frequency of occurrence shows a maximum near latitudes of 40–50°, but otherwise their sites seem to be randomly distributed. There is enough mass in the explosive events that they could make a substantial contribution to the solar wind. It is hard to explain the heating of typical quiet structures by the release of energy in explosive events.
Measurement of angular distributions from particle-energy spectra in gas-target scattering experiments

Abstract There are situations where the existence of a given particle type in a specific angular range can be due to only one reaction process. A useful example is elastic scattering, x+X→x+X, where x is an elementary particle and X is a nucleus with no particle-bound excited states. For a gas target with a two-aperture collimation system for the reaction products, the scattering cross section for the reaction process is given by d σ /d ω X ( θ X ) = (d Y /d T X )(d T X /d θ X )[ nN sin θ X A ( θ X )] −1 , where d Y /d T X is the measured energy spectra through the collimation system, and A ( θ X ) is a geometrical factor which depends upon the collimation system. In this paper the above formula is derived and its applicability is discussed. A ( θ X ) is calculated to second order for a typical collimation geometry, including the case where the beam has a finite size but no divergence. Formulae are derived for the scattering cross sections d σ /d q 2 and d σ /d ω xcm in terms of d Y /d T X and A ( θ X ).
Understanding Surface Instability Patterns in Nanoscale Thin Films

Thin films of nanoscale thickness are common in integrated systems and devices. Subjected to interactions of diverse physical origins, the nanoscale thin films often undergo structural and/or morphological instability and develop a variety of surface patterns. Two examples are discussed in this paper. An epitaxial thin film undergoes surface roughening and form self-assembled quantum dots [1]. A thin metal film bonded to a polymer substrate develops various wrinkle patterns [2]. We develop nonlinear models and numerical methods to simulate the evolution processes. The results reveal very rich dynamics of surface pattern formation and suggest potential means for the control and making of ordered patterns.© 2005 ASME
Nurse practitioners as attending providers for workers with uncomplicated back injuries: using administrative data to evaluate quality and process of care.

Objective: The objectives of this study were 1) to identify quality and process of care indicators available in administrative workers' compensation data and to document their association with work disability outcomes, and 2) to use these indicators to assess whether nurse practitioners (NPs), recently authorized to serve as attending providers for injured workers in Washington State, performed differently than did primary care physicians (PCPs). Methods: Quality and process of care indicators for NP and PCP back injury claims from Washington State were compared using direct standardization and logistic regression. Results: This study found little evidence of differences between NP and PCP claims in case mix or quality of care. Conclusions: The process of care indicators that we identified were highly associated with the duration of work disability and have potential for further development to assess and promote quality improvement.
Teaching critical thinking in the speech communication classroom

In the coming years teachers of speech communication will be called upon to respond to the crisis in literacy. The heart of this problem is a failure which students often exhibit in critical thinking. The essay which follows attempts to define the significant challenges which lie ahead, and then suggests an approach to rhetorical invention which aids students in critical thinking.
The role of cleavage in the localization of developmental potential in the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi.

Abstract This study defines the time period during which the cellular components that specify comb plates and photocytes become localized in different parts of blastomeres prior to their segregation to separate daughter cells. At the two-cell stage the factors which specify comb plates are localized at the aboral pole of the blastomeres. There is not a significant localization of the factors which specify comb plates and photocytes along the tentacular axis of the embryo. At the four-cell stage, the factors which specify comb plates become localized at one end of the tentacular axis of the blastomeres; however, the factors which specify photocytes have not yet become localized. At the eight-cell stage, the factors which specify these two cell types are segregated to different blastomeres. The role of cleavage in setting up these localized regions of developmental potential has been studied by reversibly inhibiting selected cleavages. After the first division, the pattern of cleavage that follows a period of cleavage inhibition corresponds to the pattern occurring in untreated embryos that began development at the same time. This situation is similar to the “clock” system, which controls many aspects of the pattern of cleavage in sea urchin embryos. The extent to which the factors that specify comb plates and photocytes become localized in a given region of a blastomere is correlated with the kind of cleavage which occurs after a block. Most of the activity involved in localizing developmental potential takes place during cleavage.
Markedness and topic continuity in discourse processing

Two experiments are presented in support of the hypothesis that various syntactic constructions hierarchize along a continuum which codes the degree of topic continuity in a discourse. In the first experiment subjects were asked to rewrite two short sentences as a single long sentence. They were allowed to rephrase the second sentence to make their new, combined sentence sound natural. The form of the referent in the second sentence was found to depend on its continuity with the topic of the other sentence. Subjects tended to use unmarked linguistic forms in cases of high topic continuity and marked forms when there was a topic shift. In the second experiment subjects were asked to interpret discourse fragments which contained ambiguous referents. The less marked the form of the referent was, the more likely subjects were to interpret it as coreferential with the preceding topic.
Decreased temporal variability in hippocampal theta rhythms of cats administered methylphenidate.

Hippocampal theta activity, after an intraperitoneal injection of methylphenidate, was monitored in cats with chronically implanted hippocampal recording electrodes. Over a ninety minute control recording session, the hippocampal theta rhythm exhibited random fluctuations in activity levels. Following methylphenidate injections the temporal variability of the theta rhythm was significantly reduced. Hypotheses are presented on the possible role of the hippocampus in relation to the hyperkinetic syndrome observed in children.
Cotton Growth and Development under Different Tillage Systems

Adoption of reduced tillage systems is a means to lower production costs and improve soil productivity, but yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) can be variable. Our objective was to determine when and how different tillage systems affected growth quantities and yield. The effect of conventional tillage (CT), ridge tillage (RT), and no tillage (NT) on crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (NAR), fruiting form numbers and weights, plant population, and crop yield was determined on a Gigger silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic, Typic Fragiudalf). In 1991, the NT system produced a maximum prebloom CGR of 11 g m -2 d -1 compared with 7 and 7.5 g m - 2 d -1 for the CT and RT systems, respectively. In 1992, a year with more adverse growing conditions, prebloom CGR values were lower for all systems but NT was greatest at 7 g m -2 d -1 . Differences in prebloom CGR among tillage systems in 1994 were similar to the1992 results although values were similar to those of 1991. Prior to blooming, the RT system produced a consistently lower CGR than one or both of the other systems. Differences in LAI corresponded to CGR differences, but there were no differences among the three tillage systems in NAR. Greater early CGR led to faster ontogenic development and eventually to greater lint yields. Lint yields averaged 1057 kg ha -1 for NT, 1007 kg ha -1 for CT, and 890 kg ha -1 for RT. The NT system, which in this study had the greatest prebloom CGR and lint yield, was the conservation tillage system with the greatest production potential in this soil type. Early-season differences in soil characteristics among tillage systems at 0 to 0.15 m was considered a factor.
Annual suspended sediment and trace element fluxes in the Mississippi, Columbia, Colorado, and Rio Grande drainage basins†

Suspended sediment, sediment-associated, total trace element, phosphorus (P), and total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes were determined for the Mississippi, Columbia, Rio Grande, and Colorado Basins for the study period (the 1996, 1997, and 1998 water years) as part of the US Geological Survey's redesigned National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) programme. The majority (≥70%) of Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Ba, P, As, Fe, Mn, and Al are transported in association with suspended sediment; Sr transport seems dominated by the dissolved phase, whereas the transport of Li and TOC seems to be divided equally between both phases. Average dissolved trace element levels are markedly lower than reported during the original NASQAN programme; this seems due to the use of ‘clean’ sampling, processing, and analytical techniques rather than to improvements in water quality. Partitioning between sediment and water for Ag, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, V, Be, As, Sb, Hg, and Ti could not be estimated due to a lack of detectable dissolved concentrations in most samples. Elevated suspended sediment-associated Zn levels were detected in the Ohio River Basin and elevated Hg levels were detected in the Tennessee River, the former may affect the mainstem Mississippi River, whereas the latter probably do not. Sediment-associated concentrations of Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Co, Ba, Mo, Sb, Hg, and Fe are markedly elevated in the upper Columbia Basin, and appear to be detectable (Zn, Cd) as far downstream as the middle of the basin. These elevated concentrations seem to result from mining and/or mining-related activities. Consistently detectable concentrations of dissolved Se were found only in the Colorado River Basin. Calculated average annual suspended sediment fluxes at the mouths of the Mississippi and Rio Grande Basins were below, whereas those for the Columbia and Colorado Basins were above previously published annual values. Downstream suspended sediment-associated and total trace element fluxes increase in the Mississippi and Columbia Basins, whereas fluxes markedly decrease in the Colorado Basin. No consistent pattern in trace element fluxes was detected in the Rio Grande Basin. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insurance status and health service utilization among newly-arrived older immigrants.

Following the 1996 welfare reform, newly arrived older immigrants with less than 5 years of residence (NOIs) have been barred from Medicaid benefits. Neither are they eligible for Medicare due to lack of work history. This study examines the relationship between immigrant status (NOIs or not), health insurance, and health service use among older immigrants; whether insurance mediates the relationship between immigrant status and health service use. The 2000 National Health Interview Survey was analyzed. The sample includes respondents aged 65 or older who are foreign-born (N=1, 178). The adapted Andersen model was used. A series of logistic regressions show insurance is a complete mediator between immigrant status and health service use among older immigrants. Immigrant status was significantly related to the mediator, health insurance; older immigrants with longer than 5 years of residence were 31 times more likely than NOIs to have health insurance in terms of odds. Also, different from health service use among U.S.-born older adults, older immigrants’ service use is significantly related to their insurance status. There was no direct relationship between immigrant status and health service use.
Mass-polarization effect and oscillator strengths for S , P , D states of helium

It is well known that including the coordinate r/sub 12/ in the wave function is essential in obtaining highly accurate results for the low-lying bound states of two-electron systems. In this work we calculate the energy, wave function, oscillator strength, radial expectation values, and mass-polarization effect for helium bound states by using simple configuration-interaction basis functions. Our results show that the advantage of the r/sub 12/ coordinate is lost quickly in going from S to D states. In most cases, the results of this work give substantial improvement over previous calculations where r/sub 12/ is not included. For /sup 1,3/D states the results presented here are among the best in the literature.
Information trains. The technique and its uses in spike train and network analysis, with examples taken from the nucleus parabrachialis medialis during sleep-waking states.

We describe an analytical procedure for assessing functional interactions between neuronal spike trains based on the outcome of cross-correlation procedures. Subsets of a reference cell spike train in a two-train recording are extracted, based on their time-locked relationship to spikes in the dependent train. Such timing relationships comprise the significant primary structures in the cross-correlogram. Different subsets can be extracted for different primary structures in the same correlogram (i.e. a subset responsible for an interaction effect, a subset responsible for a shared input effect, etc.). These new spike trains represent an information transfer process across synapses. These 'information trains' may be compared and correlated to different cells of the network across different functional conditions such as sleep-waking states, and may also be subjected to conventional spike train analysis techniques such as rate histogram, auto-correlation and cross-correlation procedures. We illustrate the information train procedures with a network analysis of a set of cells recorded in the nucleus parabrachialis medialis during different sleep-waking states.
A historical record of mercury contamination in Southern Florida (USA) as inferred from avian feather tissue

During the late 1980s, the upper trophic-level biota of the Everglades (FL, USA) was recognized as being highly contaminated with mercury (Hg). However, the timing and pattern of that increase is poorly known, and no information is available about mercury contamination in Everglades wildlife prior to 1974. We measured methylmercury concentrations in feathers of white ibises (n = 33), great egrets (n = 7), anhingas (n = 21), and great blue herons (n = 12) from museum specimens collected from 1910 through 1980 and combined them with more recent feather samples collected from live birds (1985-2000, n = 98, 37, 49, and 7, respectively). We found no evidence of contamination of museum samples with inorganic mercuric preservatives (0.01-0.28% of total Hg in feathers). All species showed relatively low concentrations of mercury through the 1970s (<5 microl/L dry wt for anhingas, ibises, and egrets, <10 microl/L for herons). Samples from all species taken during the 1990s showed a large and significant increase (4-5X) in MeHg concentration. This evidence suggests that most of the increase in Hg deposition during the 20th century in south Florida occurred during the last two to three decades, which is consistent with information about local source deposition. Contamination levels prior to the 1970s appear to have been associated with normal reproduction in these birds, suggesting partial evidence for a threshold of reproductive impairment.
Current Status of Ind/Nda Regulations

AbstractIn order to improve the investigational drug development process, the efficiency of the Agency's drug approval process and the Agency's dealings with applicants while still maintaining the high level of public health protection, the Food and Drug Administration has undertaken the revision of the current regulations and policies for investigational new drug applications and new drug applications. On October 19, 1982, the FDA published in the Federal Register a proposal for revision of the NDA regulations, and on June 9, 1983, the Agency published a proposal for revision of the IND regulations.The status of the proposed revisions is discussed along with projections of their impact on the American public, pharmaceutical industry, and the FDA. Since the revised regulations will refer to several guidelines, the status and scope of the guidelines are described. In addition, changes that have already been put into effect prior to finalization of the proposed regulations are described.
Predictors of Prison-Based Treatment Outcomes: A Comparison of Men and Women Participants

The purpose of this study was to examine differences between men and women entering prison-based therapeutic community (TC) treatment and to explore the relationship of those differences to posttreatment outcomes (i.e., aftercare participation and reincarceration rates). Extensive treatment-intake interview data for 4,386 women and 4,164 men from 16 prison-based TCs in California were compared using chi-square analyses and t-tests. Logistic regression analyses were then conducted separately for men and women to identify gender-specific factors associated with post-treatment outcomes. Prison intake data and treatment participation data come from a 5-year process and outcome evaluation of the California Department of Corrections' (CDC) Prison Treatment Expansion Initiative. The return-to-custody data came from the CDC's Offender Based Information System. Bivariate results showed that women were at a substantial disadvantage compared with their male counterparts with regard to histories of employment, substance abuse, psychological functioning, and sexual and physical abuse prior to incarceration. In contrast, men had more serious criminal justice involvement than women prior to incarceration. After controlling for these and other factors related to outcomes, regression findings showed that there were both similarities and differences with regard to gender-specific predictors of posttreatment outcomes. Time in treatment and motivation for treatment were similar predictors of aftercare participation for men and women. Psychological impairment was the strongest predictor of recidivism for both men and women. Substantial differences in background characteristics and the limited number of predictors related to posttreatment outcomes for women suggests the plausibility of gender-specific paths in the recovery process.
Accessibility first!: a new approach to web design

This paper proposes an accessibility first pedogogy for web design, in which the course is organized around the requirement of implementing web pages accessible to visually impaired computer users. This approach and its advantages are discussed in detail.
SU‐FF‐T‐294: Modeling of Tomotherapy Delivery to Predict Dose Errors Due to Tumor Motion in Lung

Purpose: To develop an approximate model to the convolution technique simulations to predict tomotherapy dose delivery errors in the presence of respiratory motion using one‐dimensional breathing motion and unmodulated delivery models. Catalog the “space” of safe treatments as defined by the model. Method: The patient breathing motion data, acquired as a function of tidal volume (ml) is converted to distance (mm) with time. Moving‐average of the motion data is determined where the average is taken over the time span of time taken for a point at the edge of the field to cross other edge with constant couch velocity. The time axis is converted into distance by multiplying by the couch speed. Moving difference of the moving‐average of the motion data is determined over the same time span to determine the drift of the point during the treatment. The dose error ratio is then found by dividing the drift by the field size.Results: Dose error ratio for combination of delivery parameters (couch speed, field size) and breathing magnitude for 42 clinical patient motions was studied. The dose error prediction by this approximate model is compared with convolution technique simulation is presented for different delivery scenarios for two different field size.Conclusion: The results show the proposed approximate model predicts the dose errors ratio reasonably close to convolution dose error prediction approach for clinically used tomotherapy delivery parameters. The approximate prediction model breaks down for extreme conditions of breathing magnitude and couch velocity. It will allow the treatment planner to determine if Tomotherapy treatment delivery is appropriate for specific patients whose tumors move due to breathing.
ΔNp63, a Target of DEC1 and Histone Deacetylase 2, Modulates the Efficacy of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors in Growth Suppression and Keratinocyte Differentiation

The p63 gene, a member of the p53 family, is expressed as TA and ΔN isoforms. ΔNp63 is the predominant isoform expressed in cells of epithelial origin and frequently overexpressed in cancers. However, what regulates p63 expression is uncertain. Here, we showed that ΔNp63 is regulated by the transcription factor DEC1, a p53 family target. We also showed that the ability of DEC1 to regulate ΔNp63 is enhanced by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors or knockdown of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2). Consistent with this, we found that DEC1 and HDAC2 physically interact and knockdown of HDAC2 leads to increased binding of DEC1 to the ΔNp63 promoter. Interestingly, we found that growth suppression induced by HDAC inhibitors is attenuated by ectopic expression of DEC1 in a ΔNp63-dependent manner. In addition, we showed that ectopic expression of DEC1 inhibits, whereas knockdown of DEC1 promotes, keratinocyte differentiation via modulating ΔNp63 expression. Finally, we showed that DEC1 cooperates with HDAC inhibitors to further decrease keratinocyte differentiation. Together, we conclude that ΔNp63 is a novel target of DEC1 and HDAC2 and modulates the efficacy of HDAC inhibitors in growth suppression and keratinocyte differentiation.
Halobacterial adenosine triphosphatases and the adenosine triphosphatase from Halobacterium saccharovorum.

Membranes prepared from various members of the genus Halobacterium contained a Triton X-100 activated adenosine triphosphatase. The enzyme from Halobacterium saccharovorum was unstable in solutions of low ionic strength (< 3 M NaCl) and maximally active in the presence of 3.5 M NaCl. A variety of nucleotide triphosphates was hydrolyzed. MgADP, the product of ATP hydrolysis, was not hydrolyzed and was a competitive inhibitor with respect to MgATP. The enzyme from H. saccharovorum was composed of at least 2 and possibly 4 subunits. The 83-kDa and 60-kDa subunits represented about 90% of total protein. The 60-kDa subunit reacted with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) when inhibition was carried out in an acidic medium. The significance of the two minor components (28 kDa and 12 kDa) is not established. The enzyme from H. saccharovorum, which differs from previously described halobacterial ATPases, possesses properties of an F1F0 as well as an E1E2 ATPase.