cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-tree routing for reliability and yield improvement

We propose to introduce redundant interconnects for manufacturing yield and reliability improvement. By introducing redundant interconnects, the potential for open faults is reduced at the cost of increased potential for short faults; overall, manufacturing yield and fault tolerance can be improved. We focus on a post-processing, tree augmentation approach which can be easily integrated in current physical design flows. Our contributions are as follows:• We formulate the problem as a variant of the classical 2-edge-connectivity augmentation problem in which we take into account such practical issues as wirelength increase budget, routing obstacles, and use of Steiner points.• We show that an optimum solution can always be found on the Hanan grid defined by the terminals and the corners of the feasible routing region.• We give a compact integer program formulation which, for up to 100 terminal nets, is solved in practical runtime by the commercial optimization package CPLEX.• We give a well-scaling greedy algorithm which has practical runtime up to 1,000 terminals, and comes on the average within 1--2% of the optimum computed by CPLEX.• We give a comprehensive experimental study comparing the solution quality and runtime of our methods with the best reported methods for 2-edge-connectivity augmentation, including a sophisticated heuristic based on minimum-weight branchings [9] and a recent genetic algorithm [14].Experiments on randomly generated and industry testcases show that our greedy augmentation method achieves significant increase in reliability (as measured by the percentage of biconnected tree edges) with very small increase in wirelength. For example, on 1,000 terminal nets the average percentage of biconnected tree edges is 34.19% for a wire-length increase of only 1%, and 87.73% for a wirelength increase of 20%. SPICE simulations on industry routed nets show that non-tree routing has the additional benefit of reducing maximum sink delay by an average of 28.26% compared to Steiner routing, and by an average of 3.72% compared to timing optimized routing. SPICE simulations further imply that non-tree routing has smaller delay variation due to process variability.
Algorithm 834: glsurf---an interactive surface plotting program using OpenGL

We describe an interactive surface visualization tool implemented in C, OpenGL, and GLUT. The surface is represented by a set of triangles in Euclidean 3-space, thus allowing for unrestricted topology. Capabilities include color-filled contour plots (for the graph of a bivariate function) and surface perspective plots with lighting and smooth shading. Interactive zooms and axis rotations are executed with a single keypress or mouse motion. The advantage of this code over the many alternatives is that it is small, simple, portable, easy to install and use, and the source code is available if the user wishes to change defaults, add light sources, or whatever.
Quantum statistics of fully ionized gases

Abstract A recently developed theory of the quantum statistical mechanics of multicomponent systems is applied to a fully ionized gas in thermal equilibrium, and the grand potential and equation of state are calculated through fifth order in the electronic charge. These results are valid in regions of moderately high temperature and moderately low density, and the equation of state has the form of a virial expansion. The following considerations are reflected in this latter expression: quantum mechanical interactions among the particles, quantum statistics, many-body self-energy parts, and the inclusion of radiative corrections to charged particle contributions. Three important results of this work are: (1) the observation that the master graph formulation of quantum statistics developed by Mohling is quite necessary in this approach for studying the general ionized gas, and that similar techniques are probably called for in other formulations; (2) the identification and study of a parameter which is very important in higher-order terms, and which indicates that a quantum mechanical screening of the Coulomb interaction occurs in the ionized gas, over and above the classical Debye screening; and (3) the conclusion that the so-called electron gas is, in general, a very unphysical approximation, except in a metal. This latter observation is rather trivial in the near classical limit, but becomes decidedly nontrivial in application when quantum correction terms are included.
Co-operative Adaptation Between End Points

Open architecture systems present many challenges for system and application designers. Problems such as selecting adaptations, reliability, and security are overly complicated in traditional adaptation paradigms. Frequently, network applications operate peer to peer — where it is in the best interest of both parties to communicate. This model can be exploited to our benefit in open architectures. By shifting adaptation models towards co-operative adaptation along endpoints, hard problems can be simplified; at the same time, we can still maintain desired flexibility.
Theory for optimal design of waveguiding light concentrators in photovoltaic microcell arrays

Efficiency of ultrathin flexible solar photovoltaic silicon microcell arrays can be significantly improved using nonimaging solar concentrators. A fluorophore is introduced to match the solar spectrum and the low-reflectivity wavelength range of Si, reduce the escape losses, and allow the nontracking operation. In this paper we optimize our solar concentrators using a luminescent/nonluminescent photon transport model. Key modeling results are compared quantitatively to experiments and are in good agreement with the latter. Our solar concentrator performance is not limited by the dye self-absorption. Bending deformations of the flexible solar collectors do not result in their indirect gain degradation compared to flat solar concentrators with the same projected area.
The aging athlete: part 1, "boomeritis" of the lower extremity.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this review is to describe the physiologic changes that occur in the musculoskeletal system during aging and the common injuries that occur in the lower extremity as a consequence of these changes. Several clinical presentations are addressed, and their differential diagnoses are discussed with an emphasis on the most likely injury for each presentation. CONCLUSION. A unique quality of the newly aging group of people referred to as baby boomers is their expectation to continue exercising as they grow older, thus the incidence of exercise-induced injuries among older people is increasing. The concepts behind factors that predispose older athletes to certain pathologic conditions that affect the muscles, tendons, and bones of the lower extremity must be understood.
Maturation of Shark Single-domain (IgNAR) Antibodies: Evidence for Induced-fit Binding

Sharks express an unusual heavy-chain isotype called IgNAR, whose variable regions bind antigen as independent soluble domains. To further probe affinity maturation of the IgNAR response, we structurally characterized the germline and somatically matured versions of a type II variable (V) region, both in the presence and absence of its antigen, hen egg-white lysozyme. Despite a disulfide bond linking complementarity determining regions (CDRs) 1 and 3, both germline and somatically matured V regions displayed significant structural changes in these CDRs upon complex formation with antigen. Somatic mutations in the IgNAR V region serve to increase the number of contacts with antigen, as reflected by a tenfold increase in affinity, and one of these mutations appears to stabilize the CDR3 region. In addition, a residue in the HV4 loop plays an important role in antibody-antigen interaction, consistent with the high rate of somatic mutations in this non-CDR loop.
Assessment of client satisfaction in a peer counseling substance abuse treatment program for pregnant and postpartum women

Health and human service agencies routinely use client satisfaction information as a measure of accountability. This study examines the utility of client satisfaction in the evaluation of a peer counseling treatment program for pregnant and postpartum women in recovery from crack cocaine addiction. Qualitative and quantitative measures are used to assess satisfaction in a sample of 25 women receiving peer counseling services compared to 56 women receiving services from traditionally-trained addiction counselors. Overall satisfaction was associated with number of services used (P < 0.09) and prior treatment experiences (P < 0.04). Satisfaction with specific services was positively correlated with age (P < 0.09) and number of services used (P < 0.09). Satisfaction was positively associated with the use of acupuncture (P < 0.039), midwife services (P < 0.037) and Narcotics Anonymous (P < 0.04). Length of stay in the program was positively associated with higher levels of satisfaction (P < 0.09). Clients from the peer counselor group were more likely to describe their counselors as empathic, to identify them as the most helpful aspect of the program and to more strongly recommend their program compared to clients in the comparison group.
Students' Perceptions of Single Parents and Social Injustice: A Women's Issue

This study examined graduate social work students' perceptions of vulnerable populations. The results suggest that although the students were able to identify oppression as a factor in the lives of...
Extension of the gauge technique to broken symmetry and finite temperature

The gauge technique generates vertex functions which automatically satisfy Ward identities and which are good approximations to the true vertices for small momenta. We show how to construct such vertex functions for very general situations, including spontaneously broken non-Abelian gauge symmetries and finite-temperature gauge theory. Potential applications are outlined.
Ca2+ Influx Mediated by Reverse Mode of Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger is Enhanced in Malignant Hyperthermia Skeletal Muscle

Malignant hyperthermia (MH), is potentially fatal pharmacogenetic disorder of skeletal muscle, which has been associated to intracellular Ca2+ dysregulation. The Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCX) is a bidirectional transporter that normally extrudes Ca2+ from the cell (forward mode), but also brings Ca2+ into the cell (reverse mode) under special conditions such as intracellular Na+ accumulation or membrane depolarization. Resting intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]r) and intracellular Na+ concentration ([Na+]r) were elevated in MH susceptible (MHS) swine and mouse muscles compared to Wt (MHN) muscle fibers. Lowering extracellular Na+ induced an elevation of [Ca2+]r in both MHN and MHS swine and rodent muscle fibers that could be prevented by removal of extracellular Ca2+. Local application of KB-R7943, a nonselective NCX blocker, reduced [Ca2+]r in both MHN and MHS muscle fibers and the magnitude of the elevation of [Ca2+]r observed during a MH episode. YM-2444769 an NCX blocker that preferentially inhibits NCX3 reverse mode did not reduce resting [Ca2+]r in MHN, but it does in MHS muscle fibers, and decreased the amplitude of the elevation [Ca2+]r induced by halothane in these muscles. These results demonstrate the existence of a functional NCX in skeletal muscle, which appears to be enhanced in MHS muscle fibers. In addition, they represent the first evidence that NCX -reverse mode- contributes to the dysfunction of [Ca2+]r and [Na+]r and intracellular Ca2+ elevation induced by halothane in MHS muscle.Funding: NIH AR43140, AR052534 (PDA, JRL)
A Note on Viewing Functional Change in Later Life as Migration

Empirical research on functional decline in later life is expanding our understanding of this aspect of aging. To increase the value of future research it will be necessary to develop more adequate theories of functional transitions. Toward this goal, a conceptual model that views change as mobility between states is proposed. Exploring the analogy between geographic migration and functional change suggests several migration concepts that might be borrowed by aging researchers. These concepts are useful for organizing existing findings, generating new research questions, and identifying the types of data that need to be collected.
Coral reef baselines survey: what do we think is natural?

Identifying the baseline of a population or community – the natural, pre-human-interference state (Pauly 1995, Dayon 1998) – is a neglected but important step in restoring or conserving nature (Bruno et al. 2013). Doing so gives us a realistic and meaningful target. Yet determining a natural baseline is often difficult, in part because there is little data to base estimates, and also because different approaches can produce very different estimates. For example, the baseline for coral reef macoalgae is highly dependent on methodogy (Bruno et al. 2013). This has led to controversy about which method should be used to set the baseline and thus conservation targets and whaling restrictions. Likewise, coral reef scientists using different techniques have come to very different conclusions about what a pristine reef looks like.
Wilms’ Tumor and Other Childhood Renal Tumors

Wilms’ tumor is the most common abdominal tumor of childhood. Currently, approximately 90% of children with Wilms’ tumor are cured of disease. Wilms’ tumor may be associated with congenital anomalies such as aniridia, hemihypertrophy, and genitourinary abnormalities. Favorable histology Wilms’ tumor accounts for >90% of cases. Anaplastic Wilms’ tumors are divided into focal or diffuse. Clear cell sarcoma and rhabdoid tumors are unfavorable types of renal neoplasms in children and have a propensity for bone and brain metastasis. The standard treatment approach for Wilms’ tumor in North America is nephrectomy, followed by chemotherapy with and without radiotherapy Children with stage III favorable histology Wilms’ tumor receive postoperative radiotherapy. The current recommended dose is 10.8 Gy in six fractions to the abdominal field. Whole-abdominal radiotherapy is given to patients with preoperative rupture, peritoneal seeding, and diffuse spill of tumor during nephrectomy. Patients requiring whole-lung radiation receive 12 Gy in 8 fractions to the lungs bilaterally for pulmonary metastasis.
Myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia after treatment for solid tumors of childhood.

Three cases of secondary (therapy-related) hematologic malignant conditions were identified among 95 children as old as 18 years of age; the cases were diagnosed between 1984 and 1990 and consisted of acute lymphoblastic leukemia acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDSs). They constituted 10% of all new cases of AML and MDS seen at the University Hospitals of Cleveland during this time and were not related to congenital factors. The primary malignant conditions were malignant thoracopulmonary tumor (Askin tumor), neuroblastoma, and Burkitt's lymphoma. The secondary hematologic disorders all showed a prominent monocytic component: acute monocytic leukemia, MDSs evolving to acute myelomonocytic leukemia and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
Response of Adrenalectomized Rats to Phloridzination

ConclusionThe breakdown of protein to form sugar which occurs on phloridzination of rats is greatly reduced in the absence of the adrenal cortex.
Radiosensitivity of the human parotid gland.

SummaryResting parotid flow rate response to irradiation was evaluated in seven patients. The mean for pretreatment flow was 0.045 ml/min (SD = 0.023). Twenty-four hours after the first treatment (225 rads) this mean had decreased to 0.023 ml/ min (SD = 0.022), and after the second treatment the mean was only 0.001 ml/min (SD = 0.002). Six of the seven patients exhibited no flow at all after 450 rads administered over 2 days, and the seventh flowed at a rate of only 0.005 ml/min. There was no detectable resting parotid flow from these patients after this time. These results confirm that the human parotid gland is highly sensitive to irradiation and suggest that virtually all of the oral fluid generated by the irradiated patient, even very early in the course of treatment, originates in glands other than the parotid.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the professional contribution of Dr. B. R. McCrary, and the technical assistance of Mr. Stephen L. Sorensen, Mr. Charles D. Steward, and Mrs. Bonnie B. Chance.
Literature of Behavioral Economics, Part 2: Databases, Journals, Articles, and Working Papers

During the last decade, behavioral economics has become an important and pervasive field. Since it draws from both psychology and economics, we tested four databases to compare coverage: EconLit, PsycINFO, Business Source Premier, and Academic Search Premier. We also explored which journals contain most articles on the subject, tracked the dates of those articles, and looked at trends in authorship. Finally, we show how the boom in behavioral economics research is reflected in the increase of working papers on the subject.
Induction vs. Deterrence in the Chain Store Game: How Many Potential Entrants are Needed to Deter Entry?

We report the results of two experiments designed to test competitively the induction against the deterrence theory in Selten’s (1978) chain store game with complete and perfect information. Our major purpose is to determine the number of entrants (m) needed for rendering the deterrence argument effective. Our results show that if we increase m from 10 to 15, support for the deterrence theory increases significantly. But even with m=15, the aggressive behavior of the incumbent does not deter most entrants. We then compare these results with previous studies of the chain store game allowing for incomplete information, several choices by the same entrant, and multiple iterations of the game.
Network traffic aware smartphone energy savings

In today's world of ubiquitous Smartphone use, extending the battery life has become an important issue. A significant contributor to battery drain is wireless networking. Common usage patterns expect Smartphones to maintain a constant Internet connection which exacerbates the problem. Our research entitled A Network Traffic Approach to Smartphone Energy Savings focuses on extending Smartphone battery life by investigating how network traffic impacts power management of wireless devices. We explore 1) Real-time VoIP application energy savings by exploiting silence periods in conversation. WiFi is opportunistically placed into low power mode during Silence periods. 2.) The priority of Smartphone Application network traffic is used to modifiy WiFi radio power management using machine learning assisted prioritization. High priority network traffic is optimized for performance, consuming more energy while low priority network traffic is optimized for energy conservation. 3.) A hybrid multiple PHY, MAC layer approach to saving energy is also utilized. The Bluetooth assisted WiFi approach saves energy by combining high power, high throughput WiFi with low power, lower throughput Bluetooth. The switch between Bluetooth and WiFi is done opportunistically based upon the current data rate and health of the Bluetooth connection. Our results show that application specific methods for wireless energy savings are very effective. We have demonstrated energy savings exceeding 50% in generic cases. With real-time VoIP applications we have shown upwards of 40% energy savings while maintaining good call quality. The hybrid multiple PHY approach saves more than 25% energy over existing solutions while attaining the capability of quickly adapting to changes in network traffic.
Adapting to Injustice Young Bisexual Women’s Interpretations of Microaggressions

In this study, we link together moments of discrimination described by young bisexual women. We do so in order to theorize about associations between negative stereotypes heard early in one’s life and later minimization of personal discrimination. Using interviews with 13 young women, we sought to understand the types of negative messages participants heard about “bi/sexuality” as well as the ways that they perceived or did not perceive themselves as having experienced discrimination related to their sexuality. We found that family members and friends often described participants’ bisexuality as “disgusting,” “difficult to understand,” or “hot,” and participants described their own experiences with discrimination as “no big deal.” We use this analysis to build on previous research concerning microaggressions, sexual stigma, and denial of discrimination to discuss how familial, social, and political environments create a set of conditions in which later injustices are imagined as normative and inevitable. ...
A new species of Stenamma (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Utah

— Stenamma knowltoni is described as a new species from various localities in northern Utah and southern Idaho. The new species falls clearly into the large-eyed group of M. R. Smith's monograph of Stenamma. Recently a number of excellent collections of ants from Utah were received, and I am indebted to Dr. George F. Knowlton for these specimens. Among the numerous vials are examples of a new species of Stenamma which is herewith described. Stenamma knowltoni, sp. nov. Worker.— Length, 3.36 mm; head length (excluding mandibles), 0.86 mm; head width, 0.76 mm; head index, 0.884; thorax length, 1.056 mm. Head distinctly longer than broad, subrectangular in shape; occipital border flat, occipital corners definite but rounded, sides of head straight and parallel; median lobe of clypeus elevated and produced forward, anterior border denticulate, and lateral lobes receding diagonally to mandibular insertions; frontal area de})ressed, triangular; frontal carinae parallel in front, slightly divergent behind, and lobes partially covering antennal insertions. Antennae 12-segmented, funicular segments 2-6 very slightly broader than long, last four segments forming a club whose terminal segment almost equals in length two preceding it; scapes fail to reach occipital corners by an amount less than length of funicular segment 1. Eyes very large for a Stenamma, with about 12 facets across greatest diameter, approximately 70 facets in entire eye; eyes placed a little anterior to middle of head from occiput to mandibles, and measuring 0.165 mm in diameter. Mandibles bear seven teeth gradually reduced in size from apex to basal border. Thorax moderate in width, humeral angles rounded, dorsal surface in profile gently convex, and meso-epinotal impression distinct but shallow. E])inotal base coordinate with i)lane of promesonotum, but sloping downward and backward to spines. Epinotal spines short (0.033 mm and half as long as their interbasal distance), triangular sharp, and pointing abruptly upward. Epinotal declivity vertical. Petiolar node rounded, subconical, wider than long from above, peduncle long, slender and constricted; in profile anterior face of node sloping but distinct from peduncle; ventral surface of petiole straight and furnished with a minute spine at anterior end. Postpetiole globular from above, as wide as long; in profile convex above, flat below. Gaster of usual myrmicine shape, first segment occupying most of this tagma. 'Department of Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302.
Linear regression: robust heteroscedastic confidence bands that have some specified simultaneous probability coverage

ABSTRACTLet M(Y|X)=β0+β1X be some conditional measure of location associated with the random variable Y, given X, where the unknown parameters β0 and β1 are estimated based on the random sample (X1,Y1),…,(Xn,Yn). When using the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator and M(Y|X)=E(Y|X), several methods for computing a confidence band have been derived that are aimed at achieving some specified simultaneous probability coverage assuming a homoscedastic error term and normality. There is an extant technique that allows heteroscedasticity, but a remaining concern is that the OLS estimator is not robust. Extant results indicate how a confidence interval can be computed via a robust regression estimator when there is heteroscedasticity and attention is focused on a single value of X. The paper extends this method by describing a heteroscedastic technique for computing a confidence interval for each M(Y|X=Xi) (i=1,…,n) such that the simultaneous probability coverage has some specified value. The small-sample prop...
Health-related quality of life and pain assessment in 36 patients with resected pancreas adenocarcinoma: Preliminary analysis

e20692 Background: In order to begin to understand the effects of disease on the patient (pt) and possibly of the pt on the disease, we have begun a systematic psychological inventory of all our pts who have has a pancreatectomy for pancreas adenocarcinoma and have began to correlate this with disease extent, and later with survival. Methods: Prior to post-op discharge home, pts were invited to fill out a brief pain inventory (BPI-SF), BPI interference, emotional (EWB) and physical well-being score (Fact-Hep), as well as social/family and functional well-being (FWB) Fact-Hep. The data was entered into a database, together with pertinent lab results, tumor markers, and tumor characteristics from the pre-op CT scan and post-op pathology report. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, frequencies and Pearson Correlation (2-tailed sig). Results: Descriptive means (and ranges) were - tumor size 3.43 cm mean (2.0 min-5.2 max), bilirubin 1.26 (0.2–4.7), albumin 2.69 (1.5–3.6), Hb 10.3 (7.5–13.2), platelets ...
Initial Public Reporting of Quality at Veterans Affairs vs Non-Veterans Affairs Hospitals.

This data analysis compares available outcome, patient experience, and behavioral health measures between Veterans Affairs and non–Veterans Affairs hospitals.
Lessons Learned for CBTC Data Communications Subsystems Design and Deployment in a “Brown Field” Environment

The data communications subsystem or DCS is an important element of a CBTC system which supports the wired and wireless data communications between a CBTC equipped train and the wayside elements such as zone controllers and the automatic train supervisory (ATS) system.A “brown field” environment (as opposed to “green field” environment) represents an existing transit system that is already in revenue service and is being re-signaled with a new CBTC system. Such an environment typically represent the most challenging deployment for CBTC a system as it must be installed, tested and integrated in such a manner as to not adversely impact the transit agencies’ ongoing revenue service. Usually, one of the first elements of a CBTC system to be designed and deployed is the DCS. This paper will examine some lessons learned related to the DCS design, deployment, testing and commissioning for CBTC projects in a “brown field” environment with a view to improving future CBTC projects.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Wavelet spectra within a forest subcanopy under different wind directions and stabilities

Vertical structure of turbulence within a forest canopy is complex as a result of interactions between the flow dynamics, stability, and vegetation. It remains unclear as to how the combination of the changing stability, flow conditions, and upstream obstacles alter vertical variations in turbulence structures within canopy. Here, we used data from three sonic anemometers within the forest canopy to study the interplay between these factors. The turbulence structure depended upon the wind direction and stability similarly as particular stability conditions were primarily associated with certain wind directions over the sloped terrain. The general shape of the spectra varied with the depth into the canopy, creating a perceived spectral gap near the surface that was not observed near the top of the canopy. The strength of the division between smaller scales and larger scales increased under more stable conditions as the different layers were unable to couple, limiting the passage of energy through the canopy.
Circumspection in Early Childhood Classrooms: Ontological Forays into Questioning, Being, and Making

This chapter uses the philosophy of Martin Heidegger and the work of feminist theorist Karen Barad to discuss the kind of knowledge that is created through a maker’s engagement with the world and with the questions that emerge during circumspective, inquiry based early childhood art education. In examining the inquiry based, responsive practices of early childhood art education this chapter argues for an agentic, general art education and education based in both knowing and being.
Does paid vacation leave protect against depression among working Americans? A national longitudinal fixed effects analysis

Objectives The United States is the only advanced economy globally that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation leave. Although empirical studies have linked paid vacation leave to happiness and stress, no study has investigated the association between paid vacation leave and depression. Using a nationally-representative longitudinal sample of 3380 working men and women aged 45-52 years from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, this study explored whether paid vacation leave may protect against depression. Methods Multivariate linear and logistic regression models were employed to estimate the impacts of the number of annual paid vacation days of leave measured at age 40 on depression measured using the 7-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale short form (CES-D-SF) scale at age 50. Models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors, physical health, weekly hours, and individual fixed effects. Results For every ten additional days of paid vacation leave, the odds of depression in women was 29% lower [odds ratio (OR) 0.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.92, P=0.01); there was no association in men. Linear regression models showed no association in either men or women. For every 10 days of paid leave, the odds of depression were 36% lower in White women and 38% lower in women with ≥2 children. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence on the linkage between paid vacation leave and depression, and supports a protective effect in White women with ≥2 children. Should this association be truly causal, and assuming a uniform effect across all ages in working adult women, the results from this study would suggest that a hypothetical increase in the average number of days of paid vacation leave of 10 days could avoid an estimated 568 442 cases of depression in women each year and lead to a cost savings of US$2.94 billion annually. Policies that mandate paid vacation leave may have marked positive impacts on the population health and economic burden of depression among working women in the USA.
Bank Failures in Theory and History: The Great Depression and Other

Bank failures during banking crises, in theory, can result either from unwarranted depositor withdrawals during events characterized by contagion or panic, or as the result of fundamental bank insolvency. Various views of contagion are described and compared to historical evidence from banking crises, with special emphasis on the U.S. experience during and prior to the Great Depression. Panics or "contagion" played a small role in bank failure, during or before the Great Depression-era distress. Ironically, the government safety net, which was designed to forestall the (overestimated) risks of contagion, seems to have become the primary source of systemic instability in banking in the current era.
Atomic collapse in pseudospin-1 systems

We investigate atomic collapse in pseudospin-1 Dirac material systems whose energy band structure constitutes a pair of Dirac cones and a flat band through the conic intersecting point. We obtain analytic solutions of the Dirac-Weyl equation for the three-component spinor in the presence of a Coulomb impurity and derive a general criterion for the occurrence of atomic collapse in terms of the normalized strength of Coulomb interaction and the angular momentum quantum number. In particular, for the lowest angular momentum state, the solution coincides with that for pseudospin-1/2 systems, but with a reduction in the density of resonance peaks. For higher angular momentum states, the underlying pseudospin-1 wave functions exhibit a singularity at the point of zero kinetic energy. Divergence of the local density of states associated with the flat band leads to an inverse square type of singularity in the conductivity. These results provide insights into the physics of the two-body problem for relativistic quantum pseudospin-1 quasiparticle systems.
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Anoxia Tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster

As the genetic bases to variation in anoxia tolerance are poorly understood, we used the Drosophila Genetics Reference Panel (DGRP) to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anoxia tolerance in adult and larval Drosophila melanogaster. Survival ranged from 0–100% in adults exposed to 6 h of anoxia and from 20–98% for larvae exposed to 1 h of anoxia. Anoxia tolerance had a broad-sense heritability of 0.552 in adults and 0.433 in larvae. Larval and adult phenotypes were weakly correlated but the anoxia tolerance of adult males and females were strongly correlated. The GWA identified 180 SNPs in adults and 32 SNPs in larvae associated with anoxia tolerance. Gene ontology enrichment analysis indicated that many of the 119 polymorphic genes associated with adult anoxia-tolerance were associated with ionic transport or immune function. In contrast, the 22 polymorphic genes associated with larval anoxia-tolerance were mostly associated with regulation of transcription and DNA replication. RNAi of mapped genes generally supported the hypothesis that disruption of these genes reduces anoxia tolerance. For two ion transport genes, we tested predicted directional and sex-specific effects of SNP alleles on adult anoxia tolerance and found strong support in one case but not the other. Correlating our phenotype to prior DGRP studies suggests that genes affecting anoxia tolerance also influence stress-resistance, immune function and ionic balance. Overall, our results provide evidence for multiple new potential genetic influences on anoxia tolerance and provide additional support for important roles of ion balance and immune processes in determining variation in anoxia tolerance.
A Decade's Tale: Consent Decrees and Police Use of Disproportionate Excessive Force With Communities of Color

According to the U.S. Department of Justice (US DOJ, 2016), African Americans have experienced disproportionate instances of police use of excessive force as a result of discriminatory practices and insufficient training. Officers are permitted to use appropriate force in specific situations; however, when force is excessive and deemed unnecessary, it then becomes an issue of concern. The U.S. Department of Justice was invited to investigate police departments that participated in the use of excessive force and a consent decree was developed with those departments to remedy the DOJ's findings. The researchers conducted a consent decree analysis examining government investigations of police practices throughout the U.S. between 2008 and 2018 comprising the following terms: police reform, consent decrees, settlement agreement, investigation reports, use-of-force, and policy to determine how prevalent excessive force was used towards African Americans. Findings indicated that within the decade, 14 cities were investigated, 12 were identified as using excessive force, with nine having their use-of-force policies available, and four municipalities using excessive force against African Americans. Social work values, advocacy, and cultural training were also identified to aid in the decrease of excessive force complaints.
Health Care System-Wide Analysis Identifies High Radiation Use Factors and Behaviors in Surgery.

ObjectiveUsage of radiation among various surgical specialists has not been comprehensively evaluated. A systems-based analysis evaluating intraoperative radiation can help identify high use factor...
Level structures on abelian varieties and Vojta’s conjecture

Assuming Vojta’s conjecture, and building on recent work of the authors, we prove that, for a fixed number field and a positive integer , there is an integer such that for any there is no principally polarized abelian variety of dimension with full level- structure. To this end, we develop a version of Vojta’s conjecture for Deligne–Mumford stacks, which we deduce from Vojta’s conjecture for schemes.
Gender and past year serious psychological distress are associated with past year AUD: Time-varying results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH; 2008-2017).

Abstract Background Rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have increased in women in the last decade. Women may be more likely to engage in alcohol use to regulate stress and negative affect compared to men. Findings from our group found that life event stress was more strongly associated with new AUD in women vs. men. Our aim was to extend these findings to psychological distress, a potentially related construct to stress, using a second nationally representative dataset. Methods Using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH; 2008–2017, total n = 562,072), we examined time-varying associations between gender and past year serious psychological distress (SPD; Kessler-6 distress scale: scores > 13 yes, Results A significant (p Conclusions Results highlight that while men with past year SPD were 3 times more likely to have a past year AUD, women with past year SPD were nearly 4.5 times more likely to have a past year AUD. Psychological distress is clearly an important factor in AUD in both men and women, but results suggest that other factors may be driving the increase in rates of AUD in women.
Why Ai/Data Science Projects Fail

Recent data shows that 87% of Artificial Intelligence/Big Data projects don’t make it into production (VB Staff, 2019), meaning that most projects are never deployed. This book addresses five common pitfalls that prevent projects from reaching deployment and provides tools and methods to avoid those pitfalls. Along the way, stories from actual experience in building and deploying data science projects are shared to illustrate the methods and tools. While the book is primarily for data science practitioners, information for managers of data science practitioners is included in the Tips for Managers sections.
System-level effects of CO2 and RuBisCO concentration on carbon isotope fractionation

ABSTRACT Carbon isotope biosignatures preserved in the Precambrian geologic record are primarily interpreted to reflect ancient cyanobacterial carbon fixation catalyzed by Form I RuBisCO enzymes. The average range of isotopic biosignatures generally follows that produced by extant cyanobacteria. However, this observation is difficult to reconcile with several environmental (e.g., temperature, pH, and CO2 concentrations), molecular and physiological factors that likely would have differed during the Precambrian and can produce fractionation variability in contemporary organisms that meets or exceeds that observed in the geologic record. To test a range of genetic and environmental factors that may have impacted ancient carbon isotope biosignatures, we engineered a mutant strain of the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 that overexpresses RuBisCO and characterized the resultant physiological and isotope fractionation effects. We specifically investigated how both increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations and RuBisCO regulation influence cell growth, oxygen evolution rate, and carbon isotope fractionation in cyanobacteria. We found that >2% CO2 increases the growth rate of wild-type and mutant strains, and that the pool of active RuBisCO enzyme increases with increased expression. At elevated CO2, carbon isotope discrimination (ep) is increased by ~8‰, whereas RuBisCO overexpression does not significantly affect isotopic discrimination at all tested CO2 concentrations. Our results show that understanding the environmental factors that impact RuBisCO regulation, physiology, and evolution is crucial for reconciling microbially driven carbon isotope fractionation with the geologic record of organic and inorganic carbon isotope signatures. IMPORTANCE Carbon isotope biosignatures preserved in the geologic record are interpreted to reflect the long-term evolution of microbial carbon fixation and provide the earliest evidence of life on Earth. RuBisCO enzymes, distinctive and early-evolved catalysts that fix atmospheric CO2, have likely been responsible for the bulk of primary productivity through Earth history. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular, physiological, environmental, and evolutionary factors that influence the isotopic discrimination of cyanobacteria that utilize RuBisCO is essential for the interpretation of ancient isotopic biosignatures. For example, the vastly different atmospheric CO2 levels that characterized the Precambrian may have influenced the expression and regulation of the ancient RuBisCO protein complex. These observations underscore the need to consider how a broader range of environmental conditions and subcellular processes may have shaped isotopic discrimination over geologic time. In this study, we establish a cyanobacterial metabolic-engineering strategy that can test such hypotheses and offer insights into the biogeochemical record of life.
The Nurse Workforce

The nurse workforce—the nurses available to provide care to a group of patients or a population and the characteristics of these nurses—provides a critical context for the Quality Health Outcomes Model (QHOM). This chapter begins with a brief consideration of workforce issues within the QHOM. Two forces at the heart of workforce analysis (supply and demand) and how these forces play out in various arenas for nursing practice are discussed. This chapter does not focus on managers’ decisions regarding coverage of patient care responsibilities by nursing staff and nursing personnel qualifications, which fall within the realm of staffing (see Chaps. 4 and 13). Instead, it will focus on the size and composition of the body of nurses providing care, the forces that influence this body of nurses, and how workforce parameters act as an element of context for staffing, practice environments, and nursing care delivery. The chapter concludes with discussions of ongoing and emerging trends likely to influence the nurse workforce, especially in relation to healthcare quality and safety considerations.
Software-driven Security Attacks: From Vulnerability Sources to Durable Hardware Defenses

There is an increasing body of work in the area of hardware defenses for software-driven security attacks. A significant challenge in developing these defenses is that the space of security vulnera...
Gendered language differences in public communication? The case of municipal tweets

Abstract Prior research has shown that gender-based leadership differences can influence organizational functions and behaviour, including strategy, resource allocation, and culture development. It therefore follows that gender-based leadership differences may impact communication. Building on research identifying gendered differences in language use, this study explored Twitter content differences among municipalities in the United States, differentiated by the level of gender-based representation at both the executive (mayoral) and legislative (council/commission) levels. The results uncovered commonly accepted gendered language differences based on mayoral gender, though the influence of council representation partially deviated from accepted differences. The study results form a foundation for larger investigations into gender-based impacts on social media communication and the linguistic styles necessary for maximum engagement.
Equal Educational Opportunity, Hollow Victories, and the Demise of School Finance Equity Theory: An Empirical Perspective and Alternative Explanation

Note: The following is a description of the article and not the actual abstract. The pursuit of equal educational opportunity persists and strikes deep chords in American legal and popular imagination. Increasingly, debates surrounding equal educational opportunity focus on the distribution of educational resources, especially funding. Most modern school finance issues, once re-cast for litigation purposes, seek to advance an adequacy theory. Adequacy theory stands in sharp contrast to school finance litigation's earlier mooring in equity theory. Although reasons for the sharp demise of equity theory have received extensive scholarly attention, a coherent explanation eludes legal scholars. This article explores one such explanation -- judicial inefficacy -- from an empirical perspective.
Guest Editorial: Optical Information Processing

This PDF file contains the editorial “Guest Editorial: Optical Information Processing” for OE Vol. 31 Issue 05
Profiling of adrenocorticotropic hormone and arginine vasopressin in human pituitary gland and tumor thin tissue sections using droplet-based liquid-microjunction surface-sampling-HPLC–ESI-MS–MS

Described here are the results from the profiling of the proteins arginine vasopressin (AVP) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from normal human pituitary gland and pituitary adenoma tissue sections, using a fully automated droplet-based liquid-microjunction surface-sampling-HPLC-ESI-MS-MS system for spatially resolved sampling, HPLC separation, and mass spectrometric detection. Excellent correlation was found between the protein distribution data obtained with this method and data obtained with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) chemical imaging analyses of serial sections of the same tissue. The protein distributions correlated with the visible anatomic pattern of the pituitary gland. AVP was most abundant in the posterior pituitary gland region (neurohypophysis), and ATCH was dominant in the anterior pituitary gland region (adenohypophysis). The relative amounts of AVP and ACTH sampled from a series of ACTH-secreting and non-secreting pituitary adenomas correlated with histopathological evaluation. ACTH was readily detected at significantly higher levels in regions of ACTH-secreting adenomas and in normal anterior adenohypophysis compared with non-secreting adenoma and neurohypophysis. AVP was mostly detected in normal neurohypophysis, as expected. This work reveals that a fully automated droplet-based liquid-microjunction surface-sampling system coupled to HPLC-ESI-MS-MS can be readily used for spatially resolved sampling, separation, detection, and semi-quantitation of physiologically-relevant peptide and protein hormones, including AVP and ACTH, directly from human tissue. In addition, the relative simplicity, rapidity, and specificity of this method support the potential of this basic technology, with further advancement, for assisting surgical decision-making. Graphical Abstract Mass spectrometry based profiling of hormones in human pituitary gland and tumor thin tissue sections.
Breeding Pearl Millet

Pearl millet Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke, also called bulrush cattail or spiked millet in English, bajra in Hindi, kambu in Tamil, dukhn in Arabic, and mil de chandelles in West Africa, is the world’s most important cereal in the hot, arid sections of the world. It will grow and mature seed on sandy or rocky soils too acid, too dry, and too infertile for sorghum or maize. Yet it has great yield potential and can produce more forage than either sorghum or maize when grown in a favorable environment. In grain production, however, the best sorghum and maize hybrids outyield the top pearl millet hybrids under optimum growing conditions.