cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impulsivity and Aggression as Personality Traits in Nonhuman Primates

Studies of macaques show that aggressiveness, along with its related cousin impulsivity, is trait-like, showing stable interindividual differences across time and situations. Two variations of aggressive temperament have been described: The first, aggressive temperament or overall aggressiveness, is characterized as competitive, marked by competition and a goal to win. While competitive and aggressive, such individuals seldom engage in violence. In competitive interchanges they often emerge as winners, and are typically high in social dominance. A second type of aggressive temperament leads to impulsive and unrestrained violence. This form of aggression has a strong relationship with impulse-control deficits. Evidence suggests that the two different forms of aggressiveness are mediated by differing systems, with competitive aggression mediated by testosterone. Impulsive aggression is mediated, at least in part by deficits in the serotonin system, with clear genetic and environmental underpinnings. These serotonin-impaired macaques show a variety of antisocial-like personality differences, exhibiting social alienation, sociosexual impairments, as well as impulse-control deficits, violence, and premature death, typically due to violent means. A variety of new molecular genetic studies show that the second form of aggressiveness is modulated, at least in part, by genetic × environmental interactions.
Two Models of Intertemporal Price Discrimination

We present two different models to explain why firms may wish to discount their prices over time. In one model demand is assumed to be stochastic. Consumers are uncertain as to whether the product will be available in the future, so that those with higher willingness to pay prefer to pay higher prices today than face the risk that the product will sellout. The second model uses Leibenstein’s ‘‘snob effect’’ to generate a desire on the part of the more enthusiastic consumers to buy early, when the good is more exclusive. In the two cases presented consumers and firms share the same rate oftime pref erence. Moreover, all consumers have the same information.
Q's World: The Future of Broadcast Regulation

In the past sixty years, since the passage of the Communications Act of 1934, the field of communications has grown from one where telephone, telegraph, and radio defined the field to one where television, cable, cellular, and satellite only scratch the surface of modern digital telecommunications. The next sixty years promise to further transform the field and make it a centerpiece of not only the national economy, but also the lives of all Americans. These changes, often driven by technological innovations, have brought tremendous competition to the business of communications that has required, and will continue to require, a modernization of the regulatory framework under which the entire telecommunications sector operates.
The Value of T-Cell Receptor γ (TRG) Clonality Evaluation by Next-Generation Sequencing in Clinical Hematolymphoid Tissues.

Objectives To evaluate feasibility of assessing T-cell receptor γ (TRG) clonality by next-generation sequencing (NGS) in hematolymphoid tissues. Methods We evaluated TRG clonality using NGS and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in blood, bone marrow, and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues in 41 archived cases, including 21 benign cases with no history of any lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), 16 LPDs (nine mature T-cell neoplasms, seven mature B-cell neoplasms and immune dysregulation-associated LPDs), and four atypical LPDs from 22 females and 19 males with a median age of 58 (range, 9-87) years. Results (1) NGS analyzed TRG sequence and peak ratios, and it had a greater sensitivity than PCR. (2) NGS identified small clones, including biallelic or monoallelic, and minimum clonal percentages (range, ~2.4% to ~69%) within all T cells. (3) We provide our strategy and criteria for evaluating NGS results. (4) We describe every case, with definitive evaluation of TRG clonality in 100% cases by NGS. Conclusions TRG clonality evaluation by NGS provides greater clinical utility than PCR.
Transcriptional and Small RNA Responses of the White Mold Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum to Infection by a Virulence-Attenuating Hypovirus

Mycoviruses belonging to the family Hypoviridae cause persistent infection of many different host fungi. We previously determined that the white mold fungus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirus 2-L (SsHV2-L) exhibits reduced virulence, delayed/reduced sclerotial formation, and enhanced production of aerial mycelia. To gain better insight into the cellular basis for these changes, we characterized changes in mRNA and small RNA (sRNA) accumulation in S. sclerotiorum to infection by SsHV2-L. A total of 958 mRNAs and 835 sRNA-producing loci were altered after infection by SsHV2-L, among which >100 mRNAs were predicted to encode proteins involved in the metabolism and trafficking of carbohydrates and lipids. Both S. sclerotiorum endogenous and virus-derived sRNAs were predominantly 22 nt in length suggesting one dicer-like enzyme cleaves both. Novel classes of endogenous small RNAs were predicted, including phasiRNAs and tRNA-derived small RNAs. Moreover, S. sclerotiorum phasiRNAs, which were derived from noncoding RNAs and have the potential to regulate mRNA abundance in trans, showed differential accumulation due to virus infection. tRNA fragments did not accumulate differentially after hypovirus infection. Hence, in-depth analysis showed that infection of S. sclerotiorum by a hypovirulence-inducing hypovirus produced selective, large-scale reprogramming of mRNA and sRNA production.
The Mechanism for Mimicry: Instant Biosemiotic Selection or Gradual Darwinian Fine-Tuning Selection?

Biological mimicry is regarded by many as a textbook illustration of Darwin’s idea of evolution by random mutation followed by differential selection of reproductively fit specimens, resulting in gradual phenotypic change in a population. In this paper, I argue that some cases of so-called mimicry are probably merely look-a-likes and do not gain an advantage due to their similarity in appearance to something else. In cases where a similar appearance does provide a benefit, I argue that it is possible that these forms of mimicry were created in a single generation. An interpretive response to an appearance as a sign can make a new structure perform drastically differently in an environment. In such cases, Darwin’s natural selection mechanism only helps to explain gradual the spread of these new forms, not the creation of them. I argue that biosemiosis should be regarded as a much more powerful mechanism for affecting evolutionary trajectories than the gradualist view allows. I focus on two cases of butterfly mimicry: the Viceroy (Nymphalidae: Limenitis archippus) and Monarch (Nymphalidae: Danaus plexippus) butterflies, supposed Mullerian mimics, and deadleaf mimic butterflies (Kallima).
Classroom cultures: Equitable schooling for racially diverse youth

The uncomfortable conversations regarding race, ethnicity, and educational inequality need to begin in our classrooms, argues Michelle G. Knight-Manuel and Joanne E. Marciano. Both authors maintain...
Staff Assignments and Workflow Distribution at the End of the 20th Century: Where We Were, Where We Are, and What We'll Need to Be

SUMMARY Innovative procedures and new cataloging tasks have resulted in modified workflow distribution and evolving work assignments. In addition to the functional skill set required within each job level, specific behaviors and personality traits are necessary for success in meeting the demands of multiple priorities and activities.
Rethinking database high availability with RDMA networks

Highly available database systems rely on data replication to tolerate machine failures. Both classes of existing replication algorithms, active-passive and active-active, were designed in a time when network was the dominant performance bottleneck. In essence, these techniques aim to minimize network communication between replicas at the cost of incurring more processing redundancy; a trade-off that suitably fitted the conventional wisdom of distributed database design. However, the emergence of next-generation networks with high throughput and low latency calls for revisiting these assumptions.In this paper, we first make the case that in modern RDMA-enabled networks, the bottleneck has shifted to CPUs, and therefore the existing network-optimized replication techniques are no longer optimal. We present Active-Memory Replication, a new high availability scheme that efficiently leverages RDMA to completely eliminate the processing redundancy in replication. Using Active-Memory, all replicas dedicate their processing power to executing new transactions, as opposed to performing redundant computation. Active-Memory maintains high availability and correctness in the presence of failures through an efficient RDMA-based undo-logging scheme. Our evaluation against active-passive and active-active schemes shows that Active-Memory is up to a factor of 2 faster than the second-best protocol on RDMA-based networks.
Margins in Sinonasal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Predictors, Outcomes, and the Endoscopic Approach.

Objectives To identify factors associated with positive margins following surgical management of sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC), especially with regard to endoscopic treatment. Methods In a retrospective analysis of adult patients with clinically staged tumor (T)1 to T4a SNSCC within the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2004 to 2014, factors were associated with positive margins using multivariable binary logistic regression. Cases from 2010 to 2014 had surgical approach (open vs. endoscopic) available and were analyzed in a subgroup to assess the association of surgical approach with margin status. The association of margin status with overall survival (OS) and additional therapy administration was also assessed. Results We identified 2,968 cases, of which 807 (27.2%) had positive margins. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with positive margins included higher T stage (T4a vs. T1: odds ratio [OR] 2.768 [95% CI 2.143-3.577]), less differentiated tumors (poorly differentiated vs. well differentiated: OR 1.403 [95% CI 1.060-1.856]), and tumors in the ethmoid sinus (vs. nasal cavity; OR 1.889 [95% CI 1.305-2.734]). Cases treated at higher volume facilities (HVFs) were associated with a lower likelihood of positive margins (OR 0.716 [95% CI 0.582-0.881]). Positive margins were associated with decreased OS (hazard ratio 1.672 [95% CI 1.464-1.908]) and an increased rate of additional therapy (OR 1.966 [95% confidence interval 1.597-2.421]). An endoscopic approach was not associated with an increased likelihood of obtaining positive margins (vs. open; OR 1.151 [0.903-1.651]). Conclusion Positive margins were less likely when performed at HVFs and more likely in the ethmoid sinus than other subsites. Importantly, there was no association between positive margins and surgical approach. Endoscopic surgery may offer a safe, less invasive alternative to open surgery for select patients. Level of evidence NA Laryngoscope, 130:E388-E396, 2020.
Experimental investigation of multi-scale strain-field heterogeneity in rocks

Abstract Rocks have inherently heterogeneous micro-structures. The mechanical response of these heterogeneous micro-structures primarily governs the overall macroscopic behavior of intact rocks, as these features cause heterogeneity in the distribution of stress and strain within a rock volume. These attributes have generally been studied through numerical tools, but in this study, the stress-induced multi-scale spatial heterogeneity in the strain-field of three types of rocks was analyzed experimentally. The full-field non-contact strain measurement approach of 2D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was employed for real-time evaluation of the progression of strain-field heterogeneity across the surface of the rock specimens when subjected to uniaxial compression. The results show that the strain-field heterogeneity is a characteristic of the inherent heterogeneity of the rock specimens, and that it amplifies with the magnitude of stress applied on the rock specimens. The changes in the strain-field heterogeneity with loading were consistent with established microcrack evolution processes in the rock specimens. The statistical fluctuation in the strain-field heterogeneity of the three rocks at varying gauge lengths (GL) was then analyzed for the determination of the Representative Volume Element (RVE) length-scale at increasing load levels. The evolution of the RVE length-scale with loading facilitates an objective way of determination of the stress at which the strain-field heterogeneity increases and begins to influence the overall global response of the material. The RVE length-scale variation with loading showed that at the RVE length-scale reaches the specimen-scale at load levels well below the peak strength.
Online Module Builds Skills for Internal Medicine Interns in Responding to Emotions During Complex Serious Illness Conversations.

Abstract Context Responding to emotion cues is an essential skill for communicating with patients and families, but many health care trainees have difficulty applying this skill within the context of a complex conversation. Objectives We created an original online module to facilitate deliberate practice of a three-skill framework for responding to emotion cues during complex or nonlinear serious illness conversations. Methods Our original online module uses a gamebook format, which prompts trainees to engage in focused and repetitive practice of three well-defined skills for responding to emotion cues in a simulated family conference. We implemented the module as a part of a communication skills curriculum for interns rotating in the intensive care unit. After completing the module, all interns answered an open-ended survey question about their perceived skill acquisition. Results were analyzed by a qualitative method and coded into themes. Results About 71% of interns (n = 65 of 92) completed the online module and open-ended survey question. About 89% of participants responded that they would use a naming, understanding, respecting, supporting, or exploring statement in response to an emotion cue. Nearly two-thirds of participants articulated their rationale for using naming, understanding, respecting, supporting, or exploring statements (e.g., preparing patients to process complex medical information, eliciting information about patient perspective.) Conclusion Our online emotion cue module is a novel tool for deliberate practice of advanced skills for responding to emotion cues in serious illness conversations. In future studies, we will investigate whether our module's efficacy is enhanced by using it as a part of a flipped classroom curriculum with an in-person simulation session.
Science, Sensibility and Gender in Argentina, 1820–1852

This article analyzes how scientific thinking evolved in Argentina during the 1820s and 1830s. I will focus on liberals’ association of science with the emergence of a new male sensibility that fem...
Escaping the knowledge corridor: How founder human capital and founder coachability impacts product innovation in new ventures

Abstract Innovation is of central importance to entrepreneurship research, as independent entrepreneurs account for the most fundamentally novel product offerings. This study investigates how founder human capital and founder coachability relate to exploiting product innovation in new ventures. Drawing on a dyadic sample of founders and startup coaches, we clarify how general human capital broadens the knowledge corridor to enhance product innovation. Conversely, our study shines a light on the dark side of specific human capital and illustrates how specific prior knowledge constrains the knowledge corridor to limit product innovation. Further, we find that founder coachability—the degree to which an entrepreneur seeks, considers, and integrates feedback—is related to exploiting product innovation. Perhaps most importantly, we advance coachability as a learning mechanism that moderates the relationship between specific human capital and product innovation to overcome knowledge corridor constraints. Our findings have implications for human capital, coachability, and entrepreneurial learning.
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission in an Urban Community: The Role of Children and Household Contacts

This is a single-center US retrospective study of infection patterns among household sick contacts (HHSCs) of children with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection in an urban setting. An HHSC was identified in fewer than half (42%) of the patients, and no child-to-adult transmission was identified. This is a single center US retrospective study of infection patterns among household sick contacts of children with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. A household sick contact was identified in fewer than half (42%) of patients and no child-to-adult transmission was identified.
Method for Assessment of Security-Relevant Settings in Anomaly-Based Intrusion Detection for Industrial Control Systems

Ensuring the integrity of Ethernet-based networks is a challenging and constantly evolving domain. This problem is exacerbated for those operational technology (OT) networks supporting industrial control systems (ICS) since much of that equipment was originally designed to be on a network that was isolated and generally considered free of malefactors. Increasing pressure to bridge these systems with traditional information technology (IT) networks has introduced a bevy of new threats. In response, both academia and industry have responded with security solutions tailored to ICS environments. Deploying these protection systems often involves several configuration choices. While some of these choices are clear (e.g., block/enable protocol X) others are far more subjective (e.g. alert threshold == 3.43). Further complicating the situation, while often similar to IT networks, OT networks have unique challenges and characteristics that make the task of protecting them simultaneously more difficult and straight forward.Extant solutions for quantifying the relative security of intrusion detection systems fail to effectively support the operators of said systems with understanding the impact of various configuration changes. Further, they assume that the attacks are static and not subject to manipulation or alteration in the face of defenses. In this paper, we present a threat-based method for quantifying the relative impact of various security settings for intrusion detection systems (IDSs) within ICS environments. This method provides operational staff with a clear understanding of the relative impact of their settings and assumes that the attacks levied against them are dynamic. The model is described in detail, we apply the model to a synthetic data set, and discuss the inferences that can be made and what types of decisions they could be used to support.
Asymptotic Variances for Tests of Portfolio Efficiency and Factor Model Comparisons with Conditioning Information

We provide asymptotic standard errors for tests of asset pricing models and factor model comparisons with dynamic trading using conditioning information in the form of lagged instruments. The tests are based on comparing squared Sharpe ratios or their normalized differences. We provide results for both traded and non-traded factor models, and we study the optimal choice of the zero beta rate. We evaluate the asymptotic standard errors with simulations and provide applications to asset pricing model tests and factor model comparisons. We find that the incremental performance improvement of the FF5 model over the FF3 and the FF3 over the CAPM is greater when dynamic trading is allowed, as is the effect of a momentum factor. Dynamically trading consumption and liquidity hedging portfolios contribute significantly to the performance of most of the models.
Children with under-diagnosed asthma presenting to a pediatric emergency department.

Undiagnosed asthma in children presenting to the emergency department (ED) for respiratory illnesses might be associated with subsequent asthma morbidity and repeat ED visits.To examine the prevale...
Unusually thickened skin and neuropathy in a patient with prostate cancer

Taxanes, such as docetaxel, are chemotherapeutics used to treat various malignancies. In this report, we discuss a patient with prostate cancer who developed a taxane-induced sclerodermoid reaction, a rare adverse effect of these medications.
Beyond Reliability and Validity: Toward Specificity in Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy

The purpose of this chapter is to argue that the status of clinical psychology and psychotherapy is chaotic on many grounds. Many clinical psychologists and psychotherapists practice with little regard to theory as a guide to practice or to research as an evaluative link to interventions. Instead many clinical psychologists and psychotherapists base their interventions on the by-now-outdated 1on1, f2f, tb paradigm using intuitive and creative, nonreplicable improvisations that result in various Towers of Babel in evaluation, practice, research, and theory. In addition to reliability and validity, clinical psychologists and psychotherapists will need to follow a requirement of specificity, as shown in Fig. 2.1 of this volume.
Everyone loves a secret: Why consumers value marketing secrets

Abstract Everyone keeps secrets, and organizations are no exception. The current literature on secrecy in organizations is centered on the managerial perspective of secrets as competitive resources. In contrast, this conceptual article takes a consumer-centric approach and presents a detailed explanation of why and how marketing secrets create value for consumers. First, a discussion of agency highlights three consumer roles in the marketing of secrets: Insiders, who know the secret; Aspirants, who know of the secret; and Outsiders, who do not know of the secret. Second, based on two mechanisms of awareness and primacy, a value chain of secrecy is proposed that presents four types of value that consumers can extract from secrets: acquisition value, acknowledgment value, leverage value, and dissemination value. Lastly, secrecy is revisited as a strategic marketing tool for creating value for consumers.
Polypeptide subunits of lipovitellin: II. Resolution and characterization

Abstract Evidence is presented for the existence of two kinds of polypeptide subunits of lipovitellin. The first has a molar mass of 29,000–32,000 daltons, and the second larger unit ranges from 42,000–45,000 daltons. The isolation and resolution of these subunits has involved their derivatization by iodoacetate and succinic anhydride and the chromatography of the water-soluble products by gel exclusion methods. The separation and characterization of the subunits was complicated by the tendency toward aggregation even under conditions which completely disperse most proteins.
A Complex Array of Proteins Related to the Multimeric Leucine Aminopeptidase of Tomato.

Leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) mRNAs are induced in response to mechanical wounding, pathogen infection, and insect infestation (V. Pautot, F.M. Holzer, B. Reisch, L.L. Walling [1993] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 9906–9910). Polyclonal antibodies to a glutathione S-transferase-LAP fusion protein and affinity-purified antibodies recognizing LAP antigenic determinants detected four classes of polypeptides in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. All four classes had multiple polypeptides in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis immunoblots. Although antigenically related to the wound-induced tomato LAP proteins, the 77- and 66-kD LAP-like proteins accumulated in both healthy and wounded leaves. Two classes of 55-kD polypeptides with distinctive isoelectric points were designated as plant LAPs; only the acidic LAP proteins accumulated to high levels after mechanical wounding or Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato infection of tomato leaves. The temporal accumulation of LAP mRNAs was correlated with the increase in acidic LAP protein subunits. A slow-migrating LAP activity was detected using a native gel assay after wounding. The molecular mass of the native wound-induced LAP enzyme was 353 kD. The 55-kD acidic LAP proteins were associated with induced LAP activity, whereas the neutral LAPs and the LAP-like proteins were not associated with this exopeptidase. A second, fast-migrating aminopeptidase was detected in both healthy and wounded tomato leaves. Cell fractionation experiments revealed that wound-induced LAP is a soluble enzyme.
Multicomponent Calibration and Quantitation Methods.

Abstract : A systematic examination of calibration and quantitation methods available to analytical chemistry is made. First, simple linear calibration with one sensor is reviewed with an emphasis on chemical problems that can invalidate calibration models and what can be done about them. Then, shift is made to multivariate methods used for multicomponent analysis ending in a discussion of bilinear forms. (Author)
Heritage, Memory and the Politics of Identity

In the past twenty years, there have been important theoretical advances in how cultural geographers examine the landscape. Initially the “cultural turn” examined landscapes as products of power. L...
Teaching unified process in software design and development courses: a case study

The texts and instructions in software design and development courses often lack practical information for students to go through the complete software development cycle. This paper studies a case of teaching software engineering that emphasizes on applied approaches in real-world projects. A unified process approach was adopted and a practical application for video-rental business was designed, implemented, and tested. Students experienced the entire development cycle of a software product. The results demonstrate the usability of the product and the student evaluations show the effectiveness of the teaching methodology.
Racial disparities in preterm birth: an overview of the potential role of nutrient deficiencies.

Objective To give an overview of the literature for evidence of nutrient deficiencies as contributors to the disparity in preterm birth (PTB) between African-American and Caucasian women. Design Structured literature survey. Methods We searched MEDLINE to identify observational and experimental studies that evaluated the relation between nutrient intake and/or supplementation and PTB. For nutrients for which studies supported an association, we searched MEDLINE for studies of the prevalence of deficiency in the USA by race. Main outcome measures Summarized findings on nutrients for which there is both evidence of a role in PTB and variability in the prevalence of deficiency by race. Results Nutrient deficiencies for which there are varying levels of evidence for an association with PTB and a greater burden among African-American compared with Caucasian women include deficiencies of iron, folic acid, zinc, vitamin D, calcium and magnesium, and imbalance of ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. There are inadequate high-quality studies that investigate the role of nutrient deficiencies in PTB, their potential interaction with other risks, the proportion of excess risk for which they account, and whether supplementation can reduce the risk of, and racial disparities in, PTB in US populations. Conclusion Deficiencies of several nutrients have varying levels of evidence of association with PTB and are of greater burden among African-American compared with Caucasian women. Although further research is needed, strategies that improve the nutritional status of African-American women may be a means of addressing a portion of the racial disparity in PTB.
Thermal Stability of Ultrathin Cr Films on Pt(111)

The thermal stability of ultrathin chromium films on Pt(111) has been studied using low-energy He+ ion scattering spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy. At room temperature, Cr grows on Pt(111) with a modified Stranski−Krastanov growth mode (almost complete wetting of the first two layers with subsequent three-dimensional island growth). Upon annealing, chromium diffuses into the Pt lattice. This causes a smoothening of the surface features. A flat Pt(111) surface, devoid of Cr, is regained after prolonged annealing above 770 K. At lower temperatures, metastable Cr−Pt surface alloys are formed. The apparent composition and stability of these surface alloys are dependent upon the amount of Cr deposited initially. Both the Cr adlayer and Pt surface atoms were found to be perturbed at the interface. Experimental and theoretical results indicate that a redistribution of charge between Pt and Cr occurs upon alloy formation with the gr...
Solution Processable MOF Yellow Phosphor with Exceptionally High Quantum Efficiency

An important aspect in the research and development of white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) is the discovery of highly efficient phosphors free of rare-earth (RE) elements. Herein we report the design and synthesis of a new type of RE-free, blue-excitable yellow phosphor, obtained by combining a strongly emissive molecular fluorophore with a bandgap modulating co-ligand, in a three-dimensional metal organic framework. [Zn6(btc)4(tppe)2(DMA)2] (btc = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate, tppe = 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethene, DMA = dimethylacetamide) crystallizes in a new structure type and emits bright yellow light when excited by a blue light source. It possesses the highest internal quantum yield among all RE-free, blue-excitable yellow phosphors reported to date, with a value as high as 90.7% (λex = 400 nm). In addition to its high internal quantum yield, the new yellow phosphor also demonstrates high external quantum yield, luminescent and moisture stability, solution processability, and color ...
Studies of double-layer effects at single-crystal gold electrodes. 3. Reduction kinetics of fluoropentaamminecobalt(III) cation in aqueous solutions

The effect of the double layer on the reduction kinetics of [Co(NH 3 ) 5 F] 2 + cation was studied at four different single-crystal gold substrates. The electron-transfer rate constants increase in the order Au(210) < Au(110) < Au(100) < Au(111) at constant electrode potential. The value of the experimental transfer coefficient (α e x ) also depends on the crystallographic orientation of the gold substrate and in general decreases with increasing concentration of the supporting electrolyte. The observed changes are smaller than those observed previously for the reduction of the [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ] 3 + cation. Analysis of the double-layer effect for this system shows that the effective charge on the reactant is + 1.6. The fact that the effective charge is lower than the formal charge of +2 is attributed to the presence of a dipole moment in the complex due to the anionic fluoride ligand. As a result, the complex is oriented at a positively charged interface with the fluoride anion in a region of higher positive potential, and the electrostatic double-layer effect is less than it would be for a reactant that is a point charge on the outer Helmholtz plane.
Distribution of Mice and Shrews in a Colorado Montane Forest

Small mammal population and distribution studies have appeared in the literature of ecology with increasing frequency in the last few decades. Many of these have grown out of the expanding interest in ecological problems generally while others have had in large measure a practical purpose. Allen (1949) summarized the varied nature of these projects. A few studies have been made in the vicinity of Boulder, Colorado. Dondelinger (1942) surveyed the distribution and population of small mammals on Mt. Sanitas near Boulder, discovering some evidence of habitat preference among the animals trapped. Beidleman (1947) investigated the vertebrate ecology of a nearby plains cottonwood river bottom. He found that the dominant mouse in the area was Peromyscus maniculatus osgoodi . More recently Glasscock (1950) attempted to determine whether or not habitat preferences influenced the distribution of mice on the mesas south of the city. He found some indication that meadow mice preferred areas that were well carpeted with grass and that white-footed mice were five times as numerous as all others on the mesas. A host of similar and often more extensive investigations in other parts of the country and abroad have provided much information concerning the activities, distribution patterns, and to a limited extent, the habitat preferences of a number of animal groups (Allen, 1938; Blair, 1940a, 1940b, 1942; Dice, 1942; Hardy, 1945; Manville, 1949; Gunderson, 1950; McCabe and Blanchard, 1950; Sanderson, 1950; Harris, 1952). Some of these studies were made in an attempt to secure absolute population density figures while others were designed to measure relative populations. Suggestions from these investigations proved useful in the organization of the present study. In 1950, following an investigation of the home range of the white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus maniculatus rufinus ) in Pennsylvania Gulch near …
Thinking outside the (black) box: Measuring black and multiracial identification on surveys

Abstract To better understand the diversity of the multiracial population, compare multiracial data to single-race data, and evaluate the rigidity of racial boundaries, we must understand the single-race identification choices of multiracial respondents. Many studies assume that this pattern will be straightforward for multiracial respondents who choose a part-black identification, with virtually all choosing a “black” single-race identification. I investigate whether this assumption is justified by available survey data. Using the May 1995 Current Population Survey’s Race and Ethnicity Supplement, I explore the single-race identifications of individuals who have chosen a part-black multiracial label on a survey. I find that single-race identification choices on forced-choice questions vary considerably across family heritage groups, with those who choose a “black-American Indian” identity extremely likely to select a black single-race identity, while other groups like “black-whites” have substantial variation in single-race identifications. Identification patterns vary significantly by age, family context and survey characteristics.
Mixed H 2 /H ∞ control via convex programming

In this paper we consider a mixed H2/H∞ control problem. This is the problem of finding an internally stabilizing controller that minimizes a mixed H2/H∞ performance measure subject to an inequality constraint on the H∞ norm of another closed loop transfer function. This problem can be interpreted and motivated as a problem of optimal nominal performance subject to a robust stability constraint. We consider both state-feedback and output feedback problems. It is shown that in the state-feedback case one can come arbitrarily close to the optimal mixed H2/H∞ performance measure using a constant state-feedback gain. Moreover, the state-feedback problem can be converted into a convex optimization problem over a bounded subset of (n × n and n × q, where n and q are respectively the state and input dimensions) real matrices. Using the central H∞ estimator, it is shown that the output feedback problem can be reduced to a state-feedback problem. Further, in this case, the dimension of the resulting controller does not exceed the dimension of the generalized plant. This conference paper is based on our recent paper [8] which contains complete details including proofs.
Laboratory Synthesized Calcium Oxide and Calcium Hydroxide Grains: A Candidate to Explain the 6.8 μm Band

We will demonstrate that CaO and Ca(OH)2 are excellent candidates to explain the 6.8 microns feature, which is one of the most obscure features in young stellar objects. We discuss the condensation of CaO grains and the potential formation of a Ca(OH)2 surface layer. The infrared spectra of these grains are compared with the spectra of fifteen young stellar objects. We note that CaO-rich grains are seen in all meteoritic CAIs (calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions) and the 6.8 micron feature has only been observed in young stellar objects. Therefore, we consider CaO grains to be a plausible candidate to explain the 6.8 microns feature and hypothesize that they are produced in the hot interiors of young stellar environments.
Mechanisms for anomalous warming in the western Indian Ocean during dipole mode events

[1] During a typical Indian Ocean Dipole mode (IOD) event the weakening and reversal of winds in the central equatorial Indian Ocean lead to the development of unusually warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the western Indian Ocean. Here we report an analysis of model results and observations for the 1990–1999 period, showing the anomalous warming that occurred during 1997–1998 and 1994–1995 IOD events in the western Indian Ocean. It was primarily the result of the internal oceanic processes within the Arabian Sea rather than a direct response to external forcing from the eastern Indian Ocean as previously suggested. We compare the evolution of subsurface temperatures in the Arabian Sea just prior to (1996–1997: Representative of a normal year) and during the IOD event (1997–1998) to infer the physical processes responsible for the anomalous warming during the IOD events. In a normal year such as 1996 the existence of a unique open ocean upwelling feature, the Arabian Sea Dome (ASD), raises the thermocline in the southern Arabian Sea, a result of the positive wind stress curl of the winter monsoon. During an IOD year (1997), with the collapse of the monsoon wind system in the Arabian Sea the cold tongue, the strip of cool water indicative of ASD that normally occupies the southern Arabian Sea, fails to develop. As a result, the thermocline remains deep, which in turn enhances the heat content of the upper ocean, leading to warm SSTs. Volume-integrated heat budget terms in the ASD region illustrate the role of horizontal and vertical advection in the upper ocean warming. An implication is that SSTs remain higher than 28°C in the southern Arabian Sea, thereby supporting large-scale deep convection in the atmosphere during the winter monsoon. A band of deep convective cloud forms directly over the warm ASD region during the IOD events, which bring greater than average rainfall over the southern Arabian Sea and east Africa, whereas convection is suppressed over the cold ASD region during the normal years resulting in less than average rainfall.
On the sagittal focusing of synchrotron radiation with a double crystal monochromator

Abstract A method to avoid the anticlastic bending of the second crystal in a two-crystal monochromator for synchrotron radiation is proposed. It is analyticall
An Improved Method for Stability and Damped Critical Speeds of Rotor-Bearing Systems

Many computer programs are available for stability and critical speed analysis of rotor-bearing systems. The iterative search-transfer matrix method is widely used for such programs. However, this method sometimes fails to converge or may miss some critical speeds. This paper describes an improved technique based on the transfer matrix-polynomial method, which reduces the computational time significantly and completely eliminates the possibility of missing some critical speeds
Antigen-specific inhibition of the adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune enceophalomyelitis in Lewis rats

Abstract The efficacy of antigen-specific immunoregulation as a treatment for the efferent limb of an autoimmune disease was tested in a rat model of adoptive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Lewis rats receiving 4–5 × 10 7 guinea pig (GP) myelin basic protein (MBP)-activated lymph node T cell blasts from GPMBP/CFA sensitized donors routinely show clinical signs of disease 5–6 days post transfer. Intravenous injection of GPMBP coupled to syngeneic splenocytes using the chemical cross-linker carbodiimide was effective in completely abrogating the experssion of clinical EAA in rats that received MBP-specific T cells 2 days previously. Partial inhibition was also observed in rats injected as early as day 0 (the same day as MBP-specific T cell transfer) and as late as 1 day prior to the onset of clinicla signs (days 4–5 post trasfer). Unresponsiveness was shwon to be dose-dependent, dependent on the route of injection of the neuroantigen-coupled splenocytes, and was antigen-specific. Splenocytes coupled with GP or rat MBP (which are identical within the major encephalitogenic GP68–86 Lewis rat determinant with the exception of the residue at position 80) were equally efficient at eliminating disease expression in recipients of GPMBP-specific T cells. In contrast, splenocytes coupled with bovine or rabbit MBP (which differ significantly from GPMBP within the 68–86 region) had no inhibitory effects. The antigen specificity of the tolerance induction was also illustrated by the fact that splenocytes coupled with GP68–86, but not those coupled with the truncated GP68–84 peptide, induced profound unresponsiveness. Interestingly, de novo antigen processing by the antigen-coupled cells did not appear to be necessary as the inclusion of antigen processing inhibitors had no effect on inhibition of disease. However, the use of the carbodiimide couplign reagent was critical for the induction of unrespnosiveness as essentially equivalent amounts of 125 I-labelled MBP were bound in its presence or absence, but only splenocytes incubated in the presence of both MBP and carbodiimide inhibited clinical expression of disease. Antigen-specific tolerance is thus an effective means of inhibiting expression of clinical disease in teh rat EAE model, and a powerful tool for determining the fine epitope specificity of encephalitogenic T cells.
Engineering perspectives and technology design in the United States

Technology design has social as well as technical determinants. These social factors, such as the political context and social philosophy, vary historically and cross-nationally. The work upon which this paper is based addresses the nature of process technology design in the United States and focuses on the underlying assumptions that guide technology design, based on both historical analysis and survey and case studies of current design practices. Central to this work is an analysis of how the US approaches compare to some of the other industrial nations and the assumptions and implications of different social design concepts such as human-centered design, skill-based design, and human factors.
Diagnosis and management of the lateralized tympanic membrane.

Objective Lateralization of the tympanic membrane (TM) is associated with significant morbidity. In a series of 14 patients, we make observations to illuminate this condition for the diagnosing and treating physician. Study Design Chart review of 14 consecutively treated patients. Methods We analyzed the presenting signs and symptoms, etiology, audiometric data, and operative findings of patients with a lateralized tympanic membrane (TM). Results The etiology was postsurgical in 13 patients (there were four aural atresia repairs and nine tympanoplasties), with 2 patients having had multiple previous surgeries. Presentation averaged more than 5 years after the latest surgery. Presenting symptoms included hearing loss in 10, tinnitus in 3, vertigo in 3, and otorrhea in 2 patients; 3 patients were nonsymptomatic at the time of presentation. The average air–bone gaps were 39 dB before treatment and 29 dB after treatment. Operative findings included cholesteatoma in six patients. Eight patients healed with the TM in the normal position; one had TM retraction, one had a TM perforation, and three had a recurrent lateralization. Conclusion The lateralized TM is primarily, but not necessarily, a complication of otological surgery. It may be associated with considerable morbidity, including hearing loss and cholesteatoma. Patients may present several years after their surgery, occasionally as an incidental finding. Surgical repair is often necessary for significant underlying disease, but re-establishment of a normal TM can be challenging.
A protein synthesizing system from interferon-treated cells that discriminates between cellular and viral messenger RNAs.

Abstract The effect of treating Krebs II ascites tumor cells with interferon on the ability of extracts prepared from them to catalyze the translation of a variety of messenger RNAs was investigated. The following results were obtained: (1) Extracts of untreated cells translated endogenous mRNA, as well as exogenously added synthetic mRNA [poly(U)], cellular mRNA (Krebs cell and L cell), and viral mRNA (reovirus and vaccinia virus). By contrast, extracts of Krebs cells treated in the ascitic form with interferon translated endogenous mRNA, exogenously added cellular mRNA and poly(U) as efficiently as extracts of untreated cells, but they translated viral mRNAs very poorly (less than 10% as efficiently as extracts of untreated cells). Thus, the ability to discriminate between cellular and viral mRNAs that is characteristic of whole cells was also exhibited by these cell-free extracts. (2) Virus infection was not required for the development of the interferon-induced inhibition of viral mRNA translation. (3) Mixing experiments indicated that the inability of extracts of interferon-treated cells to catalyze the translation of viral mRNAs was due to the presence of an inhibitory factor (s) rather than to the absence of a required factor (s). (4) The inhibitory factor (s) was associated with ribosomes, and could be dissociated from them by washing with KC1. (5) Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a 48,000 dalton polypeptide in the 0.3–0.6 M KC1 wash fraction of ribosomes prepared from interferon-treated cells that was not detectable in the corresponding wash of ribosomes prepared from untreated cells. This fraction inhibited the translation of viral mRNAs in cell-free extracts of untreated cells more than any other salt wash fraction. These results suggest that the antiviral activity of interferon is mediated, at least in part, by a ribosome-associated polypeptide that permits discrimination between cellular and viral mRNAs.
Free Drug Monitoring by Liquid Chromatography and Implications for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Abstract Free (non-protein bound) drug monitoring is very complex but new advances in separation of protein bound from free drug by ultrafiltration can facilitate free concentration therapeutic drug monitoring. Free drug can be separated from protein-bound drug by means of ultrafiltration in which the free drug passes through the membrane filter while the protein bound drug is retained. The ultrafiltrate is then subjected to chromatographic analysis (HPLC). Limitations include a sufficient sample for these highly protein bound drugs and detector sensitivity at the low free drug concentrations. Free drug fractions that have been successfully analyzed by HPLC include disopyramide, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and propranolol. HPLC offers important advantages over immunoassays, since chromatographic methods can also measure the amount of metabolite present. The detection of metabolites can be important, e.g. N-desisopropyl disopyramide which displaces disopyramide from its binding sites on alpha-one acid glycop...