cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retarded Growth Rate Caused by Glucocorticoid Treatment or Dietary Restriction: Associated Changes in Duodenal, Jejunal, and Ileal Calcium Absorption in the Chick*

Calcium (Ca) absorption is reportedly stimulated in the ileum of glucocorticoid-treated rats. Our study was designed to investigate this phenomenon in the chick; to determine to what extent any stimulation might compensate for inhibition of Ca absorption in the duodenum; and to compare any changes seen with those caused by growth retardation induced by dietary restriction alone. We assessed CA absorption from different sites in the intestine of chicks treated with betamethasone (BM; 25 micrograms/kg . day for 14 days), or diet-restricted to permit growth at the same rate as those treated with BM, using the ligated loop technique in vivo. There was a similar significant inhibition of Ca absorption in both BM-treated and diet-restricted chicks in both duodenum (to 73% and 67% of the control level, respectively) and jejunum (to 74% and 77% of the control level, respectively). Absorption of Ca from the ileum of BM-treated birds equaled that in controls, but diet-restricted chicks unexpectedly showed a 100% stimulation. We conclude that in the chick, BM treatment does not stimulate ileal calcium absorption, but diet-restriction does. The lack of effect of bM in the ileum may reduce the magnitude of the decrease in Ca absorption from the entire small intestine when compared to the duodenum and jejunum alone, but the stimulated absorption seen in the ileum of diet-restricted birds is almost sufficient to restore Ca absorption from the entire small intestine to the control level.
Full intracellular retention of GLUT4 requires AS160 Rab GTPase activating protein

Insulin controls glucose flux into muscle and fat by regulating the trafficking of GLUT4 between the interior and surface of cells. Here, we show that the AS160 Rab GTPase activating protein (GAP) is a negative regulator of basal GLUT4 exocytosis. AS160 knockdown resulted in a partial redistribution of GLUT4 from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane, a concomitant increase in basal glucose uptake, and a 3-fold increase in basal GLUT4 exocytosis. Reexpression of wild-type AS160 restored normal GLUT4 behavior to the knockdown adipocytes, whereas reexpression of a GAP domain mutant did not revert the phenotype, providing the first direct evidence that AS160 GAP activity is required for basal GLUT4 retention. AS160 is the first protein identified that is specially required for basal GLUT4 retention. Our findings that AS160 knockdown only partially releases basal GLUT4 retention provides evidence that insulin signals to GLUT4 exocytosis by both AS160-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Preliminary Investigation of the Effects of Purse Seine Size on Estimates of Density and Species Richness of Estuarine Fishes

Small purse seines are well suited to sampling open water habitats in estuaries, yet little is known about how variation in their design affects estimates of density and species richness of estuarine fishes. We tested whether purse seine size (length and depth) affected estimates of density or species richness of fishes in San Dieguito Lagoon, southern California, U.S.A. Twenty-one species were captured, with the open water speciesAtherinops affinis dominating the catch. The larger net (36.4 m long × 3.6 m deep) produced higher estimates of density than the smaller net (18.2 m long × 2.4 m deep). The average number of species captured per sample was lower for the smaller net than the larger net, but species accumulation curves for the small and large nets were similar, indicating that the difference in the number of species per sample was primarily caused by the larger area sampled by the larger purse seine. Sampling with the larger purse seine was more time efficient than the smaller seine. We found small purse seines to be useful tools for sampling fishes in open water habitats in a small estuary, but we recommend that care be taken in selecting the size of a purse seine.
Hypothesis testing in b-spline regression

Linea0r combinations of B-spline coefficients which provide statistically meaningful hypothesis tests are identified. These tests include the importance of breakpoints, continuity constraints, and higher order terms.The important linear combinations turn out to be contrasts whose coefficients are determined by differencing the left- and right-hand limits of the B-splines or their derivatives at certain knots. A FORTRAN program for testing single degree of freedom hypotheses is discussed.
Congenital coronary artery fistula presenting later in life

A 53-year-old male presented to our tertiary medical center with complaints of dyspnea and exertional chest pain with mild left ventricular dysfunction and right ventricular enlargement on echocardiography. Cardiac catheterization showed a congenital right coronary artery fistula communicating with the right sided chambers. Using contrast enhanced multi-detector computed tomography scan, the fistula was clearly draining into the coronary sinus. We describe briefly the etiology of coronary artery fistula, its clinical presentation, and the common tests used to confirm diagnosis. We further discuss the types of treatment modalities that are currently available.
[Glycine-1-14C]hippuryl-l-histidyl-l-leucine: A substrate for the radlochemical assay of angiotensin converting enzyme

Abstract [ Glycine -1- 14 C]hippuryl- l -histidyl- l -leucine was synthesized and evaluated as a substrate for the radiochemical assay of angiotensin converting enzyme. Hydrolysis is measured by quantitation of the liberated [ glycine -1- 14 C]hippuric acid by liquid seintillation counting and is linear up to 30% hydrolysis. The advantages of the radiochemical assay over the spectrophotometric quantitation of the liberated hippuric acid are its increased sensitivity and lack of interference by nonionic detergents or lipids.
Design of a composite biomaterial system for tissue engineering applications.

Biomaterials that regulate vascularized tissue formation have the potential to contribute to new methods of tissue replacement and reconstruction. The goal of this study was to develop a porous, degradable tissue engineering scaffold that could deliver multiple growth factors and regulate vessel assembly within the porous structure of the material. Porous hydrogels of poly(ethylene glycol)-co-(L-lactic acid) (PEG-PLLA) were prepared via salt leaching. The degradation time of the hydrogels could be controlled between 1 and 7 weeks, based on hydrogel composition. Fibrin was incorporated into the interconnected pores of the hydrogels to promote neovascularization and as a reservoir for rapid ( 30 days) growth factor delivery. Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) were delivered from the system owing to their roles in the promotion of angiogenesis and vascular stabilization, respectively. Hydrogels tested in vivo with a subcutaneous implantation model were selected based on the results from in vitro degradation and growth factor release kinetics. Dual growth factor delivery promoted significantly more tissue ingrowth in the scaffold compared with blank or single growth factor delivery. The sequential delivery of FGF-1 following PDGF-BB promoted more persistent and mature blood vessels. In conclusion, a biomaterials system was developed to provide structural support for tissue regeneration, as well as delivery of growth factors that stimulate neovascularization within the structure prior to complete degradation.
Factors stabilizing bull sperm cell volume and prolonging motility at high dilution

Abstract Sperm cell volume changes were monitored electronically, and motility was observed microscopically during incubation at 35 °C in chemically defined media isosmotic with 0.15 M NaCl and buffered at pH 7.0. Neither 2.0 mM Pi nor 10 mM Mg 2+ had any marked effects on cell volume stability or motility when used with different levels of fructose and K + . Both 3.0 mM K + and 10 mM fructose significantly ( P CN − markedly improved the otherwise limited beneficial effects of fructose on sperm volume stability and motility even in the presence of oligomycin. Without fructose, CN − caused early swelling and an apparent eventual cell lysis. CN − could not abolish the beneficial effects of BSA in the presence of fructose or those of BSA or EDTA during preincubation without fructose. Oligomycin blocked the beneficial response to EDTA or BSA in the absence of fructose, but it did not prevent the improvement and extension of motility caused by EDTA, BSA or CN − when fructose was included. Oligomycin caused immediate swelling followed by cell shrinkage to less than the initial cell volume. The onset of shrinkage could be delayed by fructose and further delayed if CN − , EDTA or BSA was also included. The delay in onset of shrinkage was accompanied by prolonged motility. Spermatozoa, immobilized by preincubation in a fructose-free media containing CN − , could be activated by the addition of fructose up to the time swelling began. Both BSA and EDTA extended this period during which motility could be restored.
Crossings and Departures: An Interview with Cheryl Clarke and Amiri Baraka in Newark

This interview signals the coming together of two prominent and influential Black artist intellectuals who claim Newark as a site of community—the city that both identify (one earlier than the other)—as a space where they serve and commune with Newakers. During the interview, it had become clear Baraka's and Clarke's few “departures” of perspective had become, at various points in their lives and within some articulations of their artistry, “crossings.” What follows is a brief edited portion of their rich conversation. Readers can also view a brief video of this interview when accessing the online version of the interview.
Pairing of holes in a tight-binding model with repulsive Coulomb interactions

We consider a tight-binding model with two orbitals per site and purely repulsive Coulomb interactions. It is shown rigorously that in this model there exists a parameter regime in which pairing of hole carriers occurs. It is argued that the model is not totally unrealistic.
Composites Fabrication via Friction Stir Processing

Friction stir processing (FSP) is a post-processing method that locally manipulates the microstructure by imparting a high level of energy in the solid state giving rise to improved mechanical properties. Additionally, FSP has emerged as an advanced tool to produce surface composites and synthesize the second phase into the matrix. In the current study, FSP was investigated for the manufacture of localized zones of composite materials made by the emplacement of a second phase into cast A206 Al alloy matrix. Both the discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA) and some encapsulated powders (nano-sized SiC or Ta) were used for the second phase emplacement. Through SEM and EDS mapping, the morphology and distribution of second phase particles have been studied. The work shows that friction stir processing is a viable means of producing localized composite zones in Al components.
Stem Cells Genetically Modified With the Developmental Gene MT1-MMP Improve Regeneration of the Supraspinatus Tendon-to-Bone Insertion Site

Background: Rotator cuffs heal through a scar tissue interface after repair, which makes them prone to failure. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is upregulated during embryogenesis in areas that develop into tendon-bone insertion sites.Hypothesis: Bone marrow-derived stem cells in the presence of the developmental signal from MT1-MMP will drive the healing process toward regeneration and away from scar formation.Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.Methods: Sixty Lewis rats underwent unilateral detachment and repair of the supraspinatus tendon. Thirty animals received mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a fibrin glue carrier, and 30 received adenoviral MT1-MMP (Ad-MT1-MMP)–transduced MSCs. Animals were sacrificed at 2 weeks and 4 weeks and evaluated for the presence of fibrocartilage and collagen fiber organization at the insertion. Biomechanical testing was performed to determine the structural and material properties of the repaired tissue. Statistical analysis was performed with a W...
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the working area obtained by endoscope and microscope in various approaches to the anterior communicating artery complex using computed tomography-based frameless stereotaxy: a cadaver study.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery complex is challenging, owing to its intricate vascular anatomy. Endoscopy is a recently rediscovered neurosurgical technique that could lend itself well to overcoming some of the vascular visualization challenges associated with this procedure. The purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the working area afforded by the microscope and the endoscope to the anterior communicating artery complex in different surgical approaches and using image guidance. METHODS: We performed a total of 9 dissections, including mini-supraorbital, pterional, and orbitozygomatic approaches bilaterally in 5 whole, fresh cadaver heads. We used computed tomography-based image guidance for intraoperative navigation as well as for quantitative measurements. We estimated the working area of the anterior communicating artery complex region, using both a rigid endoscope (4.0 mm in diameter and 18 cm long with 0- and 30-degree lenses) and an operating microscope. Operability was qualitatively assessed by the senior authors. RESULTS: In microscopic exposure, the orbitozygomatic approach provided the greatest working area (204.5 ± 33.9 mm 2 ), as compared with the mini-supraorbital approach (114.8 ± 26.9 mm 2 ) and pterional approach (170 ± 20.4 mm 2 ; P 0.05). CONCLUSION: In our model, use of the endoscope, in an assistive manner to microscopic surgery, provided a working area advantage without loss of microneurosurgical techniques of dissection or of depth perception in the surgical field. This advantage was most prominent when smaller craniotomies were used.
Changes in the self‐regulation guidelines of the US Beer Code reduce the number of content violations reported in TV advertisements

From a public health perspective, alcohol advertising should not be directed at vulnerable groups, nor should it portray excessive drinking or other objectionable content such as illegal activity. To promote the responsible advertising of alcoholic beverages, alcohol industry groups have developed self-regulation guidelines that describe which types of content (and exposure markets) are unacceptable. In 2006 the US Beer Institute revised the content guidelines of the 1997 Beer Code. This study was designed to determine whether these changes made the revised Code more or less likely for expert judges to report guideline violations, and for alcohol advertisements to include otherwise inappropriate content from a public health perspective. Six alcohol advertisements known or suspected to have multiple content violations were rated by 139 experts selected on the basis of their expertise in public health, mental health, alcohol research and marketing. The ads were rated on two occasions with feedback about other viewers' ratings provided at the second rating. The data were collected by means of a computer-based rating program that used multiple items to evaluate the eight major content guidelines of the US Beer Code. The ratings were scored according to both the 1997 and the 2006 versions of the Beer Code. According to the 1997 criteria, raters identified an average of 26 guideline violations across the six ads; the number of violations was reduced to 18 when the 2006 criteria were applied. The difference was statistically significant and was primarily attributable to changes in guidelines dealing with the portrayal of illegal activity, humorous situations and the act of drinking. By removing or revising commonly violated guidelines, the 2006 Beer Code revision permits portrayal of previously objectionable ad content and increases the likelihood that risky drinking behaviours will be portrayed in US beer advertisements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental Trajectories in Cottonwood Phytochemistry

We examined the hypothesis that ecologically important phytochemical traits differ predictably among various developmental zones of trees (i.e., mature and juvenile zones of individual trees and juvenile ramets that sprout from roots) and that the slope of this phytochemical gradient represents a “developmental trajectory.” We focused on Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), P. angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), and their natural hybrids. Two major patterns emerged. First, within narrowleaf and hybrids, concentrations of important phytochemicals (condensed tannins and phenolic glycosides) differ greatly and predictably between developmental zones. Second, developmental trajectories differ greatly among these cottonwood species and their hybrids: Fremont exhibits a flat trajectory, narrowleaf a steep trajectory, and hybrids an intermediate trajectory, suggesting an additive genetic component and an ontogenetic basis to this phytochemical variation. Because diverse herbivorous species respond to the phytochemistry of their host plants, we predict that the developmental trajectories of plants play a major role in mediating ecological interactions and structuring communities, and that biodiversity in a stand of trees is determined by both interplant genetic diversity and intraplant ontogenetic diversity.
In Dispraise of Existential Humanism in Educational Administration

Conceptions of "humanism" and "freedom," it is argued, evolve within the value matrix of an indigenous culture and, therefore, each society fashions its own definitions of them as well as its own institutional sanctions for their enforcement. This constitutes the major premise of a "response" to Professor Harry J. Hartley's chapter, "Humanistic Existentialism and the School Administrator," in Toward Improved Urban Education.
Spiritual Self-Management: A Look at Older Adults with Chronic Illness

Individuals with chronic illness experience myriad adaptations in self-management practices, which often evolve over time. This study examines the role of spirituality in the self-management of chronic illness among older adults by using criterion sampling between African-American and non-Hispanic white elderly adults enrolled in the “Process of Self-Care,” a National Institute on Aging funded study. Data analyzed from in-depth interviews produced common themes regarding the process of spirituality in self-management behaviors. Five themes were identified: God: The healer; God: The enabler through doctors; Prayer: The pain manager; Spirituality as a coping mechanism; and Combining spiritual and conventional modalities. Understanding the experience in terms of spiritually based self-management will assist public health gerontologists in creating culturally appropriate educational programs and interventions.
Possible Location of Phospholipids and Structural Protein in Mitochondrial Membranes

Mitochondrial membranes of specimens prepared for electron microscopy appear similar to other unit membranes that are about 70 A thick, with two outer opaque lines of approximately 20 A sandwiching a more lucid internal zone of approximately 30 A. From the work of Robertson (1960) and Stoeckenius (1962) the opaque lines are assumed to represent the hydrophylic portion of the phospholipids and the protein, while the lighter line represents the hydrophobic portion of the lipids.
The transmembrane region of Gurken is not required for biological activity, but is necessary for transport to the oocyte membrane in Drosophila.

Abstract During Drosophila oogenesis, localization of the transforming growth factor α (TGFα)-like signaling molecule Gurken to the oocyte membrane is required for polarity establishment of the egg and embryo. To test Gurken domain functions, full-length and truncated forms of Gurken were expressed ectopically using the UAS/Gal4 expression system, or in the germline using the endogenous promoter. GrkΔC, a deletion of the cytoplasmic domain, localizes to the oocyte membrane and can signal. GrkΔTC, which lacks the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, retains signaling ability when ectopically expressed in somatic cells. However, in the germline, the GrkΔTC protein accumulates throughout the oocyte cytoplasm and cannot signal. In addition, we found that several strong gurken alleles contain point mutations in the transmembrane region. We conclude that secretion of Gurken requires its transmembrane region, and propose a model in which the gene cornichon mediates this process.
Quantitative Characterization of Fe/Al 2 O 3 Catalysts. Part I: Oxidic Precursors

The structure of a series of Fe/Al2O3 catalysts containing from 1 to 24 weight percent iron has been examined by XRD, EXAFS, Mossbauer, ESCA, and gravimetric analysis. Two iron phases, Fe2O3 and Fe+3 in solid solution in the alumina support, are characterized as a function of iron loading. The combination of ESCA H2 titration and gravimetric analysis allows both quantitative and qualitative measurement of the two species. The amount of Fe2O3 phase increases with increasing iron loading for Fe1 to Fe24, whereas the amount of Fe+3 solid-solution phase increases with increasing iron loading for Fe1 to Fe6 and then levels off to approximately 2.2 wt % Fe for Fe8 to Fe24. The particle size of the Fe2O3 phase, determined from ESCA measurements, increases with increasing iron loading.
Amyloid protein precursor stimulates excitatory amino acid transport. Implications for roles in neuroprotection and pathogenesis

Excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate are required for the normal functioning of the central nervous system but can trigger excitotoxic neuronal injury if allowed to accumulate to abnormally high levels. Their extracellular levels are controlled primarily by transmitter uptake into astrocytes. Here, we demonstrate that the amyloid protein precursor may participate in the regulation of this important process. The amyloid protein precursor has been well conserved through evolution, and a number of studies indicate that it may function as an endogenous excitoprotectant. However, the mechanisms underlying this neuroprotective capacity remain largely unknown. At moderate levels of expression, human amyloid protein precursors increased glutamate/aspartate uptake in brains of transgenic mice, with the 751-amino acid isoform showing greater potency than the 695-amino acid isoform. Cerebral glutamate/aspartate transporter protein levels were higher in transgenic mice than in non-transgenic controls, whereas transporter mRNA levels were unchanged. Amyloid protein precursor-dependent stimulation of aspartate uptake by cultured primary astrocytes was associated with increases in protein kinase A and C activity and could be blocked by inhibitors of these kinases. The stimulation of astroglial excitatory amino acid transport by amyloid protein precursors could protect the brain against excitotoxicity and may play an important role in neurotransmission.
Immuno-affinity partition of cells in aqueous polymer two-phase systems.

Abstract Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was covalently coupled to IgG antibody preparations directed against human red blood cells. This modification reduces the tendency of the antibody to agglutinate cells and increases its affinity for the upper phase in dextran—PEG aqueous two-phase systems. These effects are related to the molecular weight of the PEG used for modification and to the number of PEG molecules attached to the antibody. Exposure of human red blood cells to PEG-modified antibody causes a substantial and specific increase in cell partition into the PEG-rich phase in a number of PEG—dextran aqueous two-phase systems. Pertinent phase-system parameters were examined. Following a single incubation with PEG-derivatized antibody, a mixture of sheep and human red blood cells was completely separated in 100 min by a 30-transfer countercurrent extraction using a two phase system which normally offers little resolution.
Simultaneous signal and power routing under K model

In this paper, we study the min-area simultaneous signal and power routing problem under a given noise bound (i.e., the SPR/NB problem). The resulting SPR/NB solution is free of capacitive noise and satisfies a given inductive noise bound under the $K_{eff}$ model. We first develop the pre-routing area estimation techniques for the min-area simultaneous shield insertion and net ordering (SINO) solutions. We then propose a two-phase approach to solve the min-area SPR/NB problem: in the first phase, we define a regular power/ground (P/G) structure according to the above area estimation; and in the second phase, we carry out SINO procedures to search for the best solution in a very limited neighborhood of the pre-defined P/G structure. Experimental results show that our approach is able to achieve the min-area SPR/NB solution efficiently by searching only the first-order neighborhood of the pre-defined P/G structure. Our ongoing work extends the interconnect estimation and two-phase algorithm to an explicit RLC noise model.
Unusual Etiology of Cystic Lesions in the Lung

57 year old man was admitted because of cystic lesions on his chest x-ray film (Fig 1). Eight months earlier, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, grade 3, was diagnosed, for which he received local irradiation, followed by radical cystectomy. There was no evidence of metastatic disease. On admission, the patient denied increased cough, sputum production, dyspnea, fever, weight loss, hemoptysis, or exposure to tuberculosis. The findings from his pulmonary examination were normal. A test with intermediatestrength purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) was nonreactive, and fungal serologic studies were negative. A transthoracic needle aspiration was performed.
All the World';s a Mall: Reflections on the Social and Economic Consequences of the American Shopping Center

THE EGYPTIANS HAVE PYRAMIDS, the Chinese have a great wall, the British have immaculate lawns, the Germans have castles, the Dutch have canals, the Italians have grand churches. And Americans have shopping centers. They are the common denominator of our national life, the best symbols of our abundance. By 1992, there were 38,966 operating shopping centers in the United States, 1,835 of them large, regional malls, and increasingly they were featuring the same products, the same stores, and the same antiseptic environment. They have been called "the perfect fusion of the profit motive and the egalitarian ideal," and one wag has remarked, only partially in jest, that either America is a shopping center or the one shopping center in existence is moving about the country at the speed of light.' To be sure, the shopping center and even the shopping mall are not entirely American innovations. Merchandising outside city walls began in the Middle Ages, when traders often established markets or "fairs" beyond the gates to avoid the taxes and congestion of the urban core. For this privilege, they typically paid a fee to the lord or feudal authority who commanded the walls above the field. Similarly, enclosed shopping spaces have also existed for centuries, from the agora of ancient Greece to the Palais Royal of prerevolutionary Paris. The Jerusalem bazaar has been providing a covered shopping experience for 2,000 years, while Istanbul's Grand Bazaar was doing the same when sultans ruled the Ottoman Empire from the nearby Topkapi Palace. In England, Chester has been famous for centuries for interconnected second-story shops, protected wonderfully from the wind and the rain, which stretch for blocks at the center of town. London's Burlington Arcade, completed in 1819, was one of the world's earliest retail shopping arcades, while the Crystal Palace Exhibition of 1851, which featured a nineteen-acre building that was entirely walled and roofed in panels of dazzling "crystal" glass, had many characteristics of the modern mall. Its designers brought the outdoors inside and
Capstone experiences: Effects of adapted physical activity design projects on attitudes and learning

Eight innovative senior level capstone engineering projects were completed at California Polytechnic State University (2008-present) involving (n=28) students (23 male/5 female). All projects involved the design of equipment to facilitate physical activity for people with disabilities. The effects on: i) learning design, ii) attitude towards people with disabilities, and iii) motivation to complete team design projects were analyzed through eight one-hour focus groups. This paper presents focus group findings using a constructivist approach and grounded theory to explore the overall student “learn by doing” experience. Results: (1) Approximately 19 (70%) of the students claimed the adapted physical activity project was their “first choice” given 60+ projects to rank; (2) Prior to the project only ten (35%) had experience working with people with disabilities and of those students the majority were women; (3) Twenty-six (92.8%) of the students were able to define ‘inclusion’ when asked and viewed the field of engineering as a ‘natural fit’ with project design for adapted physical activity. Students reported high levels of motivation for learning design as evidenced by the majority of engineers getting their “top” choice of projects; (4) Twenty-three (82%) of the engineers would ‘definitely’ consider a future engineering job in this sector and (5) Project challenges included: budget constraints, group communication, fabrication delays, detachment from client, and a desire for increased product testing time. Although students reported high levels of learning and motivation to complete their project; attitudes toward people with disabilities did not change significantly.
Progress in 193-nm top-surface imaging process development

The maturity and acceptance of top surface imaging (TSI) technology has been hampered by several factors including inadequate resist sensitivity and silylation contrast, defects and line edge roughness and equipment performance/reliability issues. We found that the use of a chemically amplified resist can improve the sensitivity by a factor of 1.5 - 2X, without compromising line edge roughness. While the post-silylation contrast of this chemically amplified material is poor ((gamma) > 10) and the use of advanced silylation chemistries (disilanes) can further reduce the dose-to-size and increase the contrast. We have also demonstrated that using sulfur dioxide in the plasma etch process can improve the sidewall passivation of the resist lines, thus reducing the overall line edge roughness. Finally, we have been able to successfully use the TSI process to pattern deep sub-micron polysilicon and metal patterns.
Potential involvement of alkoxyl and hydroxyl radicals in the peroxidative action of oxyfluorfen

Abstract The potential involvement of hydroxyl and alkoxyl radicals in the peroxidative action of the p -nitro diphenyl ether herbicides acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxyl]-2-nitrobenzoic acid), acifluorfen-methyl (methyl ester of acifluorfen), nitrofen [2,4-dichloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)benzene], nitrofluorfen [2-chloro-1-(4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene], and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Methional was added to illuminated thylakoids from peas ( Pisum sativum L., cv Little Marvel) and its oxidation to ethylene was used as an indicator of hydroxyl and alkoxyl radical production. Oxyfluorfen stimulated the rate of methional oxidation by 138% at 10 μ M and 175% at 1 m M . This oxyfluorfen-induced stimulation of the rate of methional oxidation was dependent on light, photosynthetic electron transport, and hydrogen peroxide since it was not observed under dark conditions or in the presence of DCMU and catalase. Addition of Fe-EDTA, a catalyst of the Fenton reaction, stimulated the oxyfluorfen-induced enhancement of methional oxidation sixfold, suggesting that hydroxyl radicals are synthesized through a Fenton reaction. Acifluorfen, nitrofen, and nitrofluorfen inhibited the rate of methional oxidation whereas acifluorfen-methyl had no effect on the rate of methional oxidation, even at high concentrations (1 m M ). Nitrofluorfen at 1 m M was the only p -nitro diphenyl ether herbicide tested to inhibit photosynthetic electron transport of pea thylakoids. In experiments with pea leaf disks, acifluorfen at low concentrations stimulated the rate of methional oxidation, whereas acifluorfen-methyl, nitrofen, and nitrofluorfen had no effect. These data indicate that hydroxyl and alkoxyl radicals could be involved in the mechanism of cellular damage caused by oxyfluorfen but they are not important for the activity of the diphenyl ether herbicides acifluorfen, acifluorfen-methyl, nitrofen, and nitrofluorfen.
Comparison of CT and MRI findings in the differentiation of acute from chronic cholecystitis

We compared individual computed tomography (CT) and MRI findings in differentiating acute from chronic cholecystitis. Thirty-seven patients undergoing both studies before cholecystectomy were included. Two radiologists (R1/R2) independently assessed all cases. For detecting acute cholecystitis, MRI showed better sensitivity (R1) using gallbladder wall thickening, accuracy (R1) and sensitivity (R1) using gallstones, sensitivity (R1 and R2) and accuracy (R2) using gallbladder wall hyperemia, accuracy (R1 and R2) using gallbladder wall defect, and accuracy (R2) using adjacent liver hyperemia (P=.004-.063). MRI also showed better specificity (R2) using pericholecystic fat stranding (P=.016). Overall, several findings showed better sensitivity and/or accuracy for acute cholecystitis on MRI than CT.
A deletion analysis of lambda hybrid phage carrying the Us region of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (Patton) II. Construction of an SmaI map

Abstract The 15.4 kb Eco RI-H fragment of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain Patton, which contains the entire short unique (U s ) region, has been cloned in bacteriophage λ. The fragment contains a terminal redundancy of about 900 bp that represents the S region terminal-repeat sequences. The restriction enzyme Sma I cleaves the Eco RI-H fragment at more than 30 sites. We have constructed an Sma I map of this fragment using thirteen isolates of λgt WES hybrid bacteriophage that carry various deletions of the Eco RI-H fragment.
Radionuclide Angiographic Correlation of the R Wave, Ejection Fraction, and Volume Responses to Upright Bicycle Exercise

The change in the R wave and the response of the ejection fraction to upright bicycle stress testing with radionuclide angiographic studies were determined for 18 control subjects and 29 patients with coronary arterial disease (70 percent stenosis or more). In the control group, all had an increase in the ejection fraction from 64.8 ± 7.7 to 75.7 ± 9.4 percent with stress (P 0.05). Changes in the R wave with exercise correlate with the change in the ejection fraction (and hence ventricular function) and with the changes in systolic volume, which may be one of the mechanisms of the response of the R wave, suggesting that the change in the R wave is related to changes in contractility. Increase in the R wave with stress suggests multivessel coronary arterial disease.
Periodicity in the quantity and blend ratios of pheromone components in glands and volatile emissions of mutant and normal cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni

Abstract Pheromone release behaviour, pheromone content of glands, and volatile emission rates of pheromone from female Trichoplusia ni were determined during the 24 h photoperiodic regime. Periodic changes in the quantity and blend ratios of pheromone emitted from forcibly extruded glands were similar for normal females and females that express a mutant gene for an abnormal pheromone phenotype. Both types of females exhibited a diel periodicity in the emission rate and gland content of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac), the major component. Emission rates of this compound were low during the photophase, rose rapidly at the beginning of the scotophase, and then decreased later in the scotophase. In contrast, the amount of Z7-12:Ac in glands increased during the photophase and then decreased throughout the scotophase. Periodicity in the amount of 12-carbon acetate minor components in volatile emissions and glands followed the same pattern as Z7-12:Ac, thus their relative proportions (proportions relative to Z7-12:Ac) remained constant during light and dark periods. In contrast, the relative proportion of the 14-carbon acetate components in volatile emissions rose during the scotophase and then decreased during the photophase. Our results suggest that: (1) normal and mutant females are similar in terms of photoperiodic regulation of pheromone biosynthesis, pheromone release behaviour, and pheromone emission despite the differences in the pheromone blend of the two types, (2) pheromone biosynthesis is continuous, (3) periodicity in emissions is a manifestation of an underlying periodicity in transport of pheromone to the gland's surface that is correlated with pheromone release behaviour but not pheromone biosynthesis, and (4) pheromone blend ratios change during the course of the pheromone release period because of different vapour pressures of the pheromone components.
From Unit Root to Stein’s Estimator to Fisher’s k Statistics: If You Have a Moment, I Can Tell You More

Any general textbook that discusses moment generating functions (MGFs) shows how to obtain a moment of positive-integer order via differentiation, although usually the presented examples are only illustrative, because the corresponding moments can be calculated in more direct ways. It is thus somewhat unfortunate that very few textbooks discuss the use of MGFs when it becomes the simplest, and sometimes the only, approach for analytic calculation and manipulation of moments. Such situations arise when we need to evaluate the moments of ratios and logarithms, two of the most common transformations in statistics. Such moments can be obtained by differentiating and integrating a joint MGF of the underlying untransformed random variables in appropriate ways. These techniques are examples of multivariate Laplace transform methods and can also be derived from the fact that moments of negative orders can be obtained by integrating an MGF. This article reviews, extends and corrects various results scattered in the literature on this joint-MGF approach, and provides four applications of independent interest to demonstrate its power and beauty. The first application, which motivated this article, is for the exact calculation of the moments of a well-known limiting distribution under the unit-root AR(1) model. The second, which builds on Stigler’s Galtonian perspective, reveals a straightforward, non-Bayesian constructive derivation of the Stein estimator, as well as convenient expressions for studying its risk and bias. The third finds an exceedingly simple bound for the bias of a sample correlation from a bivariate normal population, namely the magnitude of the relative bias is not just of order n−1, but actually is bounded above by n−1 for all sample sizes n≥2. The fourth tackles the otherwise intractable problem of studying the finite-sample optimal bridge in the context of bridge sampling for computing normalizing constants. A by-product of the joint-MGF approach is that positive-order fractional moments can be easily obtained from an MGF without invoking the concept of fractional differentiation, a method used by R. A. Fisher in his study of k statistics 45 years before it reappeared in the probability literature.
Monitoring the Hydraulic Conductivity of Crushing Sands

Crushing occurs when particles are subjected to sufficiently high external stresses. The crushing process leads to the production of fragments and to ensuring changes in void ratio, pore sizes, specific surface, and hydraulic conductivity. This paper presents a study of the changes in hydraulic conductivity that take place during particle crushing in sand specimens. A new one-dimensional compression cell modified for double-ring permeametry was used to measure the hydraulic conductivity of various sands during crushing and is described in detail in this paper. The device, procedures, and data analyses incorporate arching and localized crushing effects, and are presented as a development towards a new testing standard for determining hydraulic conductivity degradation curves that result from crushing of sands subjected to large stresses. Results show that the hydraulic conductivity degradation curve is dependent on sand type, in particular the particle shapes and mineral composition. The role of arching on the compression behavior and the associated post-crushing grain size distribution curves is also addressed.
Clinical Experience with Gray's Minithyrotomy Procedure

Objectives:Endoscopic approaches for submucosal vocal fold surgery may limit the surgeon's ability to release scars or to precisely implant filler material such as fat. In 1999, Gray et al described the “minithyrotomy” approach to this region. Technical aspects of this important new technique, clinical indications, and early results are reviewed.Methods:We performed a retrospective review and compiled the data of the office records, clinical notes, and videostroboscopic examinations of all of the four authors' patients who underwent this procedure.Results:Twenty-one patients underwent 22 minithyrotomy procedures for vocal fold scarring (6), lateralizing scar following polytetrafluoroethylene removal or trauma (5), scar with radiation fibrosis (2), sulcus vocalis (2), or presbylarynx or bowing (6) — Bilaterally in 14 operations and unilaterally in 8. There were 13 male patients and 8 female patients, with a mean age of 58.3 years (range, 22 to 87 years). The mean follow-up was 9.1 months (range, 1 to 46 mo...
Colloidal phase transitions: A switch for phase shifting.

Temperature can switch the thermodynamic phase of colloid–polymer mixtures by tipping the balance between competing attractive interactions induced by polymer depletion or adsorption.
Analyses fail to find coupling between deformation and magmatism

A growing perception within the geological sciences is that deformation and magmatism are related at a variety of scales and crustal levels, from regional faults and eruptive centers at the surface to regional faults and plutons in the mid-upper crust, to shear zones and melt migration zones in the lower crust [e.g., Wagner and Cross, 1988; Hutton and Reavy, 1942. Brown et al., 1995]. These inferences are based on qualitative conclusions about close spatial, geometrical, and temporal relationships and are repeatedly cited as evidence that the ascent, emplacement, or eruption, and sometimes even the generation of magmas are controlled by tectonic structures [e.g., Hutton and Reavy, 1992; Roman-Berdiel et al., 1997].
Achievement of 15.1% total area efficiency on 1.09m 2 monolithic CIGSeS modules in TSMC Solar production line

15.1% total area efficiency on a monolithic 1.09m2 CIGSeS modules sets a new record for commercial-size, monolithic thin-film modules. This achievement results from improvements in both module design and thin-film composition, including: absorber improvement, cell redesign, and dead area reduction. Absorber improvement mainly consists of Selenization and Sulfurization (SAS) process optimization, resulting in open-circuit voltage (Voc) increase. Cell redesign mitigates the interconnect loss and maximize its benefit for Fill Factor (FF), while the reduction of the dead area increases module current. Production of modules with efficiency exceeding 15% is repeatable in the TSMC Solar production line located in Taichung, Taiwan.
A metabolic assembly line in bacteria.

The bacterial cytoplasm is rich in filament-forming proteins, from homologues of eukaryotic cytoskeletal elements to other scaffolding and segregation proteins. We now learn that even the metabolic enzyme CTP synthase forms cytoplasmic filaments that affect bacterial cell shape.
Erratum to: Risk-averse dynamic programming for Markov decision processes

The Original publication of the article suffers from a technical inaccuracy associated with verification of measurability of the optimal decision rules. This erratum corrects the gap, by introducing additional conditions of joint continuity and measurability of the functions and multifunctions involved. We use the terminology and notation of [4]. A controlled kernel Q is setwise (strongly) continuous, if for all bounded measurable functions v on X , and all convergent sequences {(xk, uk)}, k = 1, 2, . . . , one has
The Cepheid Mass Problem and Cepheid Binaries

Existing mass determinations for Cepheids with different periods are examined. Wesselink masses are independent of the adopted distance scale. For short periods (less than 6 days) they follow the sequence of evolutionary masses. For periods longer than 10 days they are lower by up to a factor of 2. The lower mass branch joins up with the bump masses. The new pulsational masses agree with the Wesselink masses for periods longer than 6 days. Cepheid masses determined by means of their giant companions also agree with the Wesselink masses and the new pulsational masses. While the error bars are large, the derived dynamical masses determined for S Mus and V636 Sco also agree with the low Wesselink and giant companion masses.
Reduced-rank RAKE receivers for asynchronous CDMA signals

Decorrelating RAKE receiver for asynchronous CDMA systems may require decorrelating matched filters that may span over multiple symbols. Thus, a large number of decorrelating matched filter coefficients need to be estimated. By the use of reduced rank filtering, it is possible to lower the number of required filter coefficients with a small decrease in performance. In (Proceedings of IEEE Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems Computations, Pacific Grove, CA, November 1998, pp. 1106-1110), a successful attempt for non-dispersive CDMA signais was made to develop a reduced rank algorithm based on the multi-stage Wiener filter (MSWF) of Goldstein et al. (IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory 44 (7) (November 1998) 2943 -2959). In this paper, motivated by MSWE, we propose reduced rank RAKE receivers for asynchronous CDMA signals over frequency-selective channels. The proposed receivers are blindly implemented in a lower dimensional space, relative to the full-rank receivers, without the aid of training sequences and the channel information. By exploiting the structure of the user signature waveform, the proposed receivers exhibit performance close to that of the reduced rank minimum mean square error receiver implemented with the desired user's known channel information.
Becoming a Security Expert

Anyone involved in the software industry should learn a few facts and skills that relate to software security. A small number of skills exist that anyone in the software development business can learn to improve software security. Whether you're a developer, architect, or tester, it's important that you understand the nature of the constantly evolving security landscape and build defenses into applications at the design phase, never trust input, and then verify that the input handling is robust in the face of intentionally malformed data. Knowing these skills and applying them will lead to more secure software.