cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzyme-Limited Nucleated Polymerization Model of Prion Aggregation

Prions are associated with a number of fatal diseases in mammals and heritable phenotypes in yeast. Prions propagate through pathway that involves protein misfolding and aggregation. The mis-folded state is propagated through interactions between misfolded aggregates and normally folded protein monomers. Prion aggregates can also be fragmented into smaller complexes increasing the total number of aggregates converting the normal protein. The dynamics of prion aggregation have been investigated mathematically through the analysis of aggregation-fragmentation ordinary or partial differential equations. However, most models assume the only molecular components are the prion and normal forms of the protein. For yeast prions, it has been shown that several molecular chaperones, such as Hsp104, are necessary for aggregate fragmentation. Since such chaperones are typically at low molecular concentrations, they act in a rate-limiting fashion. We extend the existing models of prion aggregate dynamics to include these chaperone dynamics, derive disease stability criteria for various parameter regimes, and interpret the original model's solution as the first term in a perturbation expansion of the solution to our equations.
Animal-assisted interventions in mental health: definitions and theoretical foundations

Publisher Summary The advent of scientific medicine toward the end of the nineteenth century had the effect of displacing companion animals from therapeutic settings. The goals of this chapter are to clarify the distinction between therapies and other assistive or recreational uses of animals, and then to explore some of the theories that underlie the incorporation of animals into therapeutic contexts. The field of animal-assisted interventions currently lacks a unified, widely accepted, or empirically supported theoretical framework for explaining how and why relationships between humans and animals are potentially therapeutic. A considerable variety of possible mechanisms of action are proposed or alluded to in the literature, most of which focus on the supposedly unique intrinsic attributes of animals that appear to contribute to therapy. The notion that animals possess certain inherent qualities that may facilitate therapy is widespread in the literature. According to this view, the mere presence of the animal, its spontaneous behaviors, and its availability for interaction may provide opportunities and confer benefits that would be impossible, or much harder, to obtain in its absence. Theories regarding the mechanisms responsible for therapeutic benefits tend to center either on the notion that animals possess unique attributes that can facilitate and contribute to therapy, or that developing a working relationship with an animal can lead to positive changes in cognition and behavior through the acquisition of novel skills, and the acceptance of personal agency and responsibility.
Studies of immune defective RIII/AnN mice.

The present study advances our knowledge of the newly described immunodeficient RIIIAnN mouse. This strain was found to have markedly reduced spleen size and low serum levels of IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2α, and IgG2β. Studies of F2 and backcross mice demonstrated that the defective immunoglobulin production was due to multiple genes: a dominant gene for low IgA and recessive genes for the others. RIII mice, like xid-bearing mice, had a markedly reduced splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide; however, unlike xid-bearing mice, the RIIIAnN mice produced substantial serum antibody responses to pneumococcal polysaccharide, polyriboinosinic · polyribocytidylic acid, and trinitrophenyl-Ficoll. In addition, spleen cells from RIIIAnN mice proliferated normally when stimulated with anti-μ, whereas those from xid mice did not. Thus, RIIIAnN mice represent a model of hypogamma-globulinemia and restricted immunodeficiency. They differ from other immunodeficient mice, and should assist in the analysis of immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and regulation of class-specific immunoglobulin production.
Management Development, Well-Being and Health in the Twenty-First Century

Stress and challenge in European, Japanese andAmericanwork organizations are increasing due to the dramatic globalization of business activity starting at the end of the 1980s and the direct, head-to-head competition emerging among the core industries in these economies (Friedman, 1999; Thurow, 1993). This competitive environment and attendant economic pressures make managing organizations in the United States, and other countries, during the twenty-first century especially challenging (Whetten & Cameron, 1998). Global competition among the United States, Europe and Japan is expected to continue, even increase. Lawler (2000) identifies fourmajor changes that will contribute to this increasingly complex environment: a boundaryless economy, worldwide labor markets, instantly linked information, and agile new organizations. With the American Management Association’s projected shortfall in executives through the mid-twenty-first century, increasing amounts of competitive pressure can be expected to shift to the management ranks in organizations. Hence, the creation of healthy work environments that flourish in these challenging, stressful times is a priority. Whetten & Cameron (1998) are hopeful and optimistic that management has, or can acquire, the knowledge base to meet the challenge effectively. They concluded that, “Good people management” was more important than all other factors in predicting profitability (Whetten&Cameron, 1998). This position is also supported by Pfeffer (1998), who argues that people may be the only sustainable source of competitive advantage. Pfeffer points out that historic sources of competitive advantage have shifted over time and even become less important. Yet, the one competitive advantage that remains and becomes even more important in the current business environment is an organization’s employees and how they work. A similar argument is made by Lawler (2000), who argues for a “new logic”
Nanodevices in Nature

The sections in this article are Introduction Multielectron Processes in Bioelectrochemical Nanoreactors Cytochrome Oxidase: A Nanodevice for Respiration Nanodevice Architectonics Activation Energy and Mechanism of Oxygen Reduction Proton Pump Photosynthetic Electrochemical Nanoreactors, Nanorectifiers, Nanoswitches and Biologically Closed Electrically Circuits Phototropic Nanodevices in Green Plants: Sensing the Direction of Light Membrane Transport and Ion Channels Molecular Motors Nanodevices for Electroreception and Electric Organ Discharges Neurons
Civil society, radicalism and the rediscovery of mythic nationalism

The article argues that contrary to the widely held view that traces the recent rise of illiberalism in Hungary and Eastern Europe to a weak civil society, the past decade has witnessed a surge of civil society activism. But rather than working exclusively towards strengthening and complementing liberal political institutions, civil society has also provided fertile soil to the spread of right-wing populism, radicalism and xenophobia. The analysis suggests that civil society organisations have in fact played an important role in the right-wing radicalisation of contemporary Hungarian politics. Conservative civic groups have been instrumental in reinvigorating the symbolic vocabulary of a mythic nationalism that was widespread at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century as well as in the 1930s. The resurrection of nationalist, irredentist and anti-Semitic symbols and paraphernalia (e.g. greater Hungary car stickers) has been a major vehicle for increasing the public visibility and political impact of these groups. The article shows through case studies of specific organisations how this seemingly anachronistic symbolic repertoire has found new resonance in contemporary Hungarian public life.
Twin Studies in Epilepsy

A number of twin studies of epilepsy, both larger series and individual case studies, have been reported. These have shown clearly that both genetic and environmental factors are involved, but they have not contributed significantly to the understanding of basic mechanisms. Meanwhile, there has been rapid progress in the neurosciences, with respect to brain structure and function, brain imaging, neurophysiology, and biochemistry at the cellular and molecular levels [8, 27]. New questions have arisen and new methods for study have been developed.
An investigation of binary CLA and ripple CMOS adder designs

Abstract This paper investigates the designs of a numver of 32-bit binary adders using four different adder equations implemented in a CMOS technology using CLA and ripple adder schemes. The designs are constrained by factors usually considered by the computer designers in real-world environments, such as ma ximum logic stages allowed for the design of a particular adder, fan-out restrictions, regularity of the design, etc. An extensive comparison of all designs is also reported intended to provide guidelines for the designers of adders. In particular comparisons are made in terms of delay (logic stages and transistors), area (number of gates and transistors), and time area where time is measured in terms of gate and transistor delays and area is measured in terms of number of gates of transistors required for the implementation.
Tau 6D and 6P isoforms inhibit polymerization of full-length tau in vitro.

Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies are characterized by the intracellular accumulation of insoluble filaments of the microtubule-associated protein tau. The six canonical tau isoforms in the...
To thine own self be true: Images of self, images of opportunity, and entrepreneurial action

Abstract While research in entrepreneurship continues to increase general understanding of the opportunity-recognition process, questions about its nature nonetheless persist. In this study, we seek to complement recent research that relates “the self” to the opportunity-recognition process by deepening understanding of the self vis-a-vis this process. We do this by drawing on the self-representation literature and the decision-making literature to introduce two distinct types of images of self: images of vulnerability and images of capability. In a study of 1936 decisions about hypothetical entrepreneurial opportunities made by 121 executives of technology firms, we then investigate how both types of images of self affect the images of opportunities that underlie opportunity recognition. Our results indicate that both images of self – vulnerability and capability – impact one's images of opportunity.
A Qualitative Study of Lung Cancer Risk Perceptions and Smoking Beliefs Among National Lung Screening Trial Participants

Introduction The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the American Cancer Society recently released lung screening guidelines that include smoking cessation counseling for smokers undergoing screening. Previous work indicates that smoking behaviors and risk perceptions of the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) participants were relatively unchanged. We explored American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN)/NLST former and current smokers' risk perceptions specifically to (a) determine whether lung screening is a cue for behavior change, (b) elucidate risk perceptions for lung cancer and smoking-related diseases, and (c) explore postscreening behavioral intentions and changes. Methods A random sample of 35 participants from 4 ACRIN sites were qualitatively interviewed 1-2 years postscreen. We used a structured interview guide based on Health Belief Model and Self-Regulation Model constructs. Content analyses were conducted with NVivo 8. Results Most participants endorsed high-risk perceptions for lung cancer and smoking-related diseases, but heightened concern about these risks did not appear to motivate participants to seek screening. Risk perceptions were mostly attributed to participants' heavy smoking histories; former smokers expressed greatly reduced risk. Lung cancer and smoking-related diseases were perceived as very severe although participants endorsed low worry. Current smokers had low confidence in their ability to quit, and none reported quitting following their initial screen. Conclusions Lung screening did not appear to be a behavior change cue to action, and high-risk perceptions did not translate into quitting behaviors. Cognitive and emotional dissonance and avoidance strategies may deter engagement in smoking behavior change. Smoking cessation and prevention interventions during lung screening should explore risk perceptions, emotions, and quit confidence.
Evanescent waves in high numerical aperture aplanatic solid immersion microscopy: Effects of forbidden light on subsurface imaging

The collection of light at very high numerical aperture allows detection of evanescent waves above the critical angle of total internal reflection in solid immersion lens microscopy. We investigate the effect of such evanescent modes, so-called forbidden light, on the far-field imaging properties of an aplanatic solid immersion microscope by developing a dyadic Green’s function formalism in the context of subsurface semiconductor integrated circuit imaging. We demonstrate that the collection of forbidden light allows for sub-diffraction spatial resolution and substantial enhancement of photon collection efficiency albeit inducing wave-front discontinuities and aberrations.
Small Molecule Analogs of Phospholipid Metal-Ion Binding Sites: Potentiometric and Spectroscopic Studies of Mg(II) and Ca(II) Complexes of Cyclohexane-1,2,4-Triol Trisphosphates

Abstract Studies on the Mg(II) and Ca(II) complexes of four diastereomeric cyclohexane-1,2,4-triol trisphosphates were conducted using 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and calcium ion selective electrode (ISE) titrations. Based on the trends in Mg(II) and Ca(II) ion affinity, the 2,4-phosphate groups were concluded to be the primary determinants of the metal ion binding behavior of the 1,2,4-trisphosphates. Results from the proton and metal ion binding studies of the 1,2,4-trisphosphates indicate that the 1,2,4-trisphosphates satisfy two of the criteria as analogs of phospholipid-metal ion binding sites: (1) anionic groups which interact in metal ion binding, and (2) metal ion affinity constants determined by both ISE and 31P NMR titrations are comparable to the metal ion affinity observed for phosphatidylserine vesicles. In particular, the all-cis trisphosphate diastereomer, (±)-(1R, 2S, 4S)-cyclohexane-1,2,4-triol trisphosphate, is the only 1,2,4-trisphosphate to exhibit a higher affinity for Ca(II) ion than Mg(II) ion. A higher Ca(II) ion affinity than Mg(II) ion affinity is characteristic of the behavior observed for phosphatidylserine vesicles or monolayers.
Cardiac transfer function relating energy metabolism to workload in different species as studied with 31P NMR.

Cardiac metabolism was studied with 31P NMR in 7 dogs and 4 cats to determine whether animals adapted for different life-styles (stalk and sprint vs endurance running) respond to increased work loads (heart rate × blood pressure product) with different high-energy phosphate kinetics. Hearts were exposed via a left lateral thoracotomy under Nembutal anesthesia (40 mg/kg). Two-turned solenoid surface coils were placed on the left ventricles; pacing wires were sutured into the left ventricular apeces. The femoral artery and vein were canulated for blood pressure and arterial blood gas monitoring and fluid and drug infusion, respectively. Animals were placed in a plexiglass holder into a 2.1-T, 31-cm-bore, superconducting magnet. 31P spectra were obtained from the heart using respiratory and electrocardiogram gating. Cardiac work loads were changed by pacing the heart at 4, 4.5, and 5 Hz. Heart rate × blood pressure product “work” was correlated with Pi/PCr ratios. Dog hearts were more resistant than those of cats to changes in Pi/PCr with increasing work load. It is possible that animals adapted to different life-styles may have cardiovascular systems which are metabolically and mechanically adapted for different forms of stress. These differences may be elicited and effectively delineated using in vivo NMR techniques during various physiological interventions, such as pacing. The basis for these differences may be related to cardiac microvasculature or to intrinsic differences in enzyme kinetics. Delineation of these mechanisms may be helpful in the understanding of the physiological basis of cardiac function in health and disease. © 1987 Academic Press. Inc.
Ranking from unbalanced paired-comparison data

SUMMARY It is proposed that for ranking objects or players in an incomplete paired-comparison experiment or tournament with at most one comparison per pair, the score of a player, C, be the total number of (a) wins of players defeated by C minus losses of players to whom C lost, plus (b) C's wins minus C's losses. A tied match counts as half a win plus half a loss. More general tournaments can be treated similarly.
An Interview with Phillip D. Farr

As Director of Management Information Services, Phillip D. Farr is responsible for the information technology (IT) function at American Petrofina, Inc. (FINA). His responsibilities include long-term planning, as well as day-to-day operations. FINA (AMEX: FI) is a Dallas-based company engaged in crude oil and natural gas exploration and production; petroleum products refining, marketing, and transportation; as well as the manufacturing and marketing of petrochemicals and plastics. Organized in 1956, FINA is part of an international group of companies affiliated with Petrofina S.A. headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. In 1995 FINA had revenues over $3.6 billion, employed nearly 2700 people, and had over 2700 company-branded service stations.Mr. Farr has more than 25 years experience in the information systems (IS) field and 9 years in his present position. He has a degree in mathematics and physics from East Texas State University and has done graduate work at Harvard Business School and the University of Virginia. He is a member of the Society for Information Management (SIM), the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA), and the Greater Dallas Chamber of Commerce. He is a past chair of the Information Systems Committee of the American Petroleum Institute and of the Advisory Board of the Business Computer Information Systems Department at the University of North Texas.
Rapamycin Impairs β-Cell Proliferation In Vivo

During pregnancy a high rate of beta-cell proliferation occurs, making of this a useful model for the study of islet cell expansion in vivo. We used the murine pregnancy model to assess the effect of Rapamycin treatment on islet cell proliferation in vivo. Rapamycin is routinely used for the prevention of graft rejection in transplanted patients, including islet transplant recipients. As expected, pregnancy led to increased beta-cell proliferation, islet yield and skewing in size distribution after isolation and pancreatic insulin content, when compared to non-pregnant females. Rapamycin treatment resulted in reduced beta cell proliferation in pregnant mice, while minimal effects of Rapamycin treatment were observed on islet function both in vivo and in vitro. Rapamycin treatment of islets resulted in reduced phosphorylation of p70s6k, a downstream effector molecule of mTOR and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, beta-cell replication is reduced under Rapamycin treatment in vivo, suggesting that this mechanism may be operational and impair beta-cell renewal in transplanted patients.
Some issues in the consideration of non-western and western folk practices as epidemiologic data

Abstract Folk formulations of illness may provide guidelines for perception of morbidity in a population. A possible model describing the synthesis of epidemiology and anthropology is used to illustrate this thesis. The ramifications of this approach extend to many disciplines including public health, preventive medicine and medical education. Medical Anthropology may help to elucidate the invariants in illness behavior, however, some serious paradoxes must be addressed in this endeavor.
Analysis of sequential complex images, using feature extraction and two-dimensional cepstrum techniques

The analysis of a class of complex images has been simplified by extracting the edge-dominated features before matching the sequential images. The consecutive images are then registered by a frequency-domain technique, specifically by a combination of two-dimensional power spectrum and cepstrum techniques to correct for rotational and translational shifts, respectively. The cepstrum technique is found to be more accurate for correction of a translational shift than are the commonly used phase-correlation techniques and spatial-domain-correlation techniques, particularly for noisy and nonuniformly featured sequential images. The change in sequential images is expressed quantitatively in terms of the mean and the variance of the computed two-dimensional histogram representing the difference of two consecutive images. Such quantitative measures of change in sequential images have been applied to a class of complex medical images, namely, retinal (fundus) images, to provide a diagnostic measure for early detection of glaucoma. However, the general procedure of using feature-extraction techniques first and then registering and analyzing images by using power-spectrum and two-dimensional cepstrum techniques provides an unambiguous, accurate, and fast technique for the analysis of a broad range of sequential complex images.
A formation problem in plane elasticity

This article discusses modification of the shape of a plane elastic body whose uncontrolled geometric configuration is an annulus, fixed along its interior boundary and free on its outer boundary. The paper discusses the use of radial and circumferential actuators, each of so-called monotropic type, to produce strictly radial deformations of the elastic structure so as to achieve target configurations, or shapes, in a specific class.
SCON: Secure management of continuity in sensor networks

Due to limited energy capacity of batteries, the function lifetime of sensor networks in general is longer than the operational lifetime of single nodes. Therefore, to keep the network working, multiple deployments of sensor nodes are needed. Due to their nature and their operational resource constraints, sensor networks are vulnerable to various types of attacks. Key pre-distribution has been shown to be an effective way to establish secure communication in sensor networks. However, existing schemes of key pre-distribution assume the use of the same pools in various deployments of sensors. We analyzed the vulnerability of the existing key pre-distribution schemes arising out of the repeated use of fixed key information through multiple deployments. We also developed SCON, an approach for key management that provides a significant improvement in security through the use of a unique key pool for each phase of deployment. Nodes of different deployments connect through special nodes called bridge nodes which have keys from adjacent key pools of respective deployments. Furthermore, we show that SCON can perform better by taking advantage of more powerful nodes used as bridge nodes.
Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil

Abstract In this paper, a method is developed for nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil. The method assumes that both the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction increase linearly with depth. By considering the force and moment equilibrium, the system equations are derived for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. An iteration scheme containing three main steps is then proposed to solve the system equations to obtain the response of the pile. To determine the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction required in the analysis, related expressions are selected by reviewing and assessing the existing methods. The degradation of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The developed method is validated by comparing its results with those of centrifugal tests and three-dimensional finite element analysis. Applications of the developed method to laboratory model and field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results.
Dynamic critical behavior of Wolff's collective-mode Monte Carlo algorithm for the two-dimensional O(n) nonlinear sigma model.

We study the dynamic critical behavior of Wolff's embedding algorithm combined with the standard Swendsen-Wang algorithm, for the two-dimensional $\mathrm{XY}$ and O(4) spin models on lattices up to 256\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}256. We find that critical slowing down is completely or almost completely eliminated.
Cause of satisfaction of search effects in contrast studies of the abdomen

Rationale and Objectives. Extraintestinal abnormalities visible without contrast material on abdominal radiographs are reported less frequently when contrast examinations are performed. Gaze dwell time was used to determine whether this difference is due to failure by observers to scan plain-film regions of contrast studies or discounting of plain-film abnormalities that were actually scanned. Methods. Patients were included whose contrast studies had elicited the largest reductions in positive responses compared with their plain-film studies in a previous detection experiment. Gaze of 10 radiologists was studied. Results. Significantly less time was spent gazing at non-contrast regions of contrast examinations than at the corresponding regions of radiographs. Errors with radiographs were based primarily on failures of recognition and decision making, whereas errors with contrast studies were based primarily on faulty scanning. Conclusion. Satisfaction of search errors on contrast examinations are caused by reduction in scanning of noncontrast regions.
Health versus activity in elderly persons' locus of control.

Brothen and Detzner (1983) found as the elderly persons' health declined, the more external their locus of control. It may also be that as health declines, elderly persons become less active and more isolated. If elderly persons could not take part in community or social activities or were limited by transportation, it seems likely they would feel less in control. This siruation would be exacerbated by the reduction in the number of friends or relatives available to call upon (Cicirelli, 1980)a restriction in life space (Phillips h Sternhall, 1977). The purpose of this study was to determine whether reduction in activity was related to external locus of control. Further, could health be simply a mediating factor for activity in relation to locus of control? To test these ideas, a national probability sample of 601 elderly persons 65 yr. and older (mean age 72.5 yr., SD = 5.21) were queried via a self-administered mail questionnaire. A subsample of six items from Rotter's (1966) locus of control scale was used (a = .686, M = 2.55, SD = .577) with a five-point scale from disagree (1) to agree (5). A 10-item perceived (good) health scale (a = ,788, M = 3.43, SD = ,590) and a nine-item activity scale (a = .724, M = 3.04, SD = .642), also in Likert format, were used. The activity measure included items on community or social activity and reduction in activity because transportation was limited or fewer friends or relatives. As expected, perceived (good) health was negatively correlated with external locus of control (T = -.244, p < .01) and positively correlated with activity (T = .414, p < .01). As hypothesized, activity is negatively correlated with external locus of conuol (s = -.203, p < .01). Further, this relationship was still significant (r = -.113, p = .007) even when accounting for the effect of health, age, or sex differences. Even after partialing out he effect of health, those with less activity were more external in their locus of control. Activity seems to be as strong an influence on locus of control as health. If elderly persons are forced to reduce their activity (i.e., moved into institutions and away from their friends or relatives, or by outliving their friends, losing their transportation, insufficient income, etc.), they may become externally oriented even if they are in good health. Research should, then, account for age and level of activity as well as health when investigating locus of control.
Group Work With Survivors of the 2004 Asian Tsunami: Reflections of an American-Trained Counselor

This article describes a support group for Sri Lankan women survivors of the 2004 Asian Tsunami. The article discusses unique leader challenges in doing group work in a diverse and foreign setting, and presents leader reflections, recommendations, and implications for group workers who may work with disaster survivors.
Large multiallelic copy number variations in humans

Thousands of genome segments appear to be present in widely varying copy number in different human genomes. We developed ways to use increasingly abundant whole genome sequence data to identify the copy numbers, alleles and haplotypes present at most large, multi-allelic CNVs (mCNVs). We analyzed 849 genomes sequenced by the 1000 Genomes Project to identify most large (>5 kb) mCNVs, including 3,878 duplications, of which 1,356 appear to have three or more segregating alleles. We find that mCNVs give rise to most human gene-dosage variation – exceeding sevenfold the contribution of deletions and biallelic duplications – and that this variation in gene dosage generates abundant variation in gene expression. We describe “runaway duplication haplotypes” in which genes, including HPR and ORM1, have mutated to high copy number on specific haplotypes. We describe partially successful initial strategies for analyzing mCNVs via imputation and provide an initial data resource to support such analyses.
Barry Goldwater's rhetoric of rugged individualism

From 1960 through 1963 Barry Goldwater relied on rhetoric to build a coalition of zealous supporters who carried him to the Republican presidential nomination. The substantive themes and psychological appeals in Goldwater's extensive speaking and writing created a message of rugged individualism that was identified with important properties of four groups prominent in his coalition.
Hepatic Abscess After Yttrium-90 Radioembolization for Islet-Cell Tumor Hepatic Metastasis

Infectious complications after yttrium-90 (y-90) radioembolization of hepatic tumors are rare. Most reports describe hepatic abscesses as complications of other locoregional therapies, such as transcatheter arterial embolization or chemoembolization. These usually occur in patients with a history of biliary intervention and present several weeks after treatment. We report a case of hepatic abscess formed immediately after y-90 radioembolization of a hepatic metastasis in a patient who had no history of previous biliary instrumentation.
Luminosity Density of Galaxies and Cosmic Star Formation Rate from Λ Cold Dark Matter Hydrodynamical Simulations

We compute the cosmic star formation rate (SFR) and the rest-frame comoving luminosity density in various passbands as a function of redshift using large-scale ΛCDM hydrodynamical simulations, with the aim of understanding their behavior as a function of redshift. To calculate the luminosity density of galaxies, we use an updated isochrone synthesis model that takes metallicity variations into account. The computed SFR and the UV luminosity density have a steep rise from z = 0 to 1, a moderate plateau between z = 1-3, and a gradual decrease beyond z = 3. The raw calculated results are significantly above the observed luminosity density, which can be explained either by dust extinction or the possibly inappropriate input parameters of the simulation. We model the dust extinction by introducing a parameter f, the fraction of the total stellar luminosity (not galaxy population) that is heavily obscured and thus only appears in the far-infrared to submillimeter wavelength range. When we correct our input parameters (baryon mass-density and the yield of metals) to the current best estimate and apply dust extinction with f = 0.65, the resulting luminosity density fits various observations reasonably well, including the present stellar mass density, the local B-band galaxy luminosity density, and the FIR-to-submillimeter extragalactic background. Our result is consistent with the picture that ~2/3 of the total stellar emission is heavily obscured by dust and observed only in the FIR. The rest of the emission is only moderately obscured, which can be observed in the optical to near-IR wavelength range. We also argue that the steep falloff of the SFR from z = 1 to 0 is partly due to the shock-heating of the universe at late times, which produces gas that is too hot to easily condense into star-forming regions.
Control of microbial souring by nitrate, nitrite or glutaraldehyde injection in a sandstone column

Microbial souring (production of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB) in crushed Berea sandstone columns with oil field-produced water consortia incubated at 60°C was inhibited by the addition of nitrate (NO3) or nitrite (NO 2 − ). Added nitrate (as nitrogen) at a concentration of 0.71 mM resulted in the production of 0.57–0.71 mM nitrite by the native microbial population present during souring and suppressed sulfate reduction to below detection limits. Nitrate added at 0.36 mM did not inhibit active souring but was enough to maintain inhibition if the column had been previously treated with 0.71 mM or greater. Continuous addition of 0.71–0.86 mM nitrite also completely inhibited souring in the column. Pulses of nitrite were more effective than the same amount of nitrite added continuously. Nitrite was more effective at inhibiting souring than was glutaraldehyde, and SRB recovery was delayed longer with nitrite than with glutaraldehyde. It was hypothesized that glutaraldehyde killed SRB while nitrite provided a long-term inhibition without cell death. Removal of nitrate after as long as 3 months of continuous addition allowed SRB in a biofilm to return to their previous level of activity. Inhibition was achieved with much lower levels of nitrate and nitrite, and at higher temperatures, than noted by other researchers.
Co-Teaching at the Pre-Service Level: Special Education Majors Collaborate with English Education Majors

General education and special education teacher candidates lack experience in collaborating with each other as colleagues; however, upon graduating and entering their own classrooms, most are expected to know how to provide services to students with disabilities in the general classroom. This study describes the efforts of two professors, one in special education and the other in English education, to have their students participate in a collaborative and consultative relationship with each other at the pre-service level. Data are comprised of pre- and post-surveys, as well as weekly written reflections by the teacher candidates. Significant differences were found across programs and within the English education program. Reflections reveal differing participant perceptions of the co-teaching experience. Findings indicate exposure to co-teaching at the pre-service level provides an opportunity to address the roles and responsibilities of general and special educators in working together to ensure academic ...
Genetic linkage analysis of susceptibility to particle exposure in mice.

Particle-induced increases in respiratory morbidity and mortality have been observed worldwide in industrialized cities but the toxicologic mechanisms have not been elucidated. It is hypothesized that subpopulations including the elderly and individuals with cardiopulmonary disease are particularly at risk to the effects of exposure. Genetic background is another important host factor that may contribute to interindividual responsivity to particulate exposure. This study was designed to identify susceptibility loci for alveolar macrophage (AM) immune dysfunction induced by inhalation of sulfate-associated carbon particles in susceptible C57BL/6J and resistant C3H/ HeJ inbred mice. AMs were chosen for study because they represent an important component of host defense, and compromised host defense has been hypothesized to be an important factor in particle-induced respiratory morbidity. The quantitative phenotype for these studies was Fc receptor–mediated phagocytic function, an index of AM integrity. Anal...
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy, Bleeding History, and Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome: Response to Septal Myectomy

Bleeding with severe aortic stenosis is linked to acquired von Willebrand syndrome and loss of high-molecular-weight multimers of von Willebrand factor. Valve replacement resolves bleeding tendency and loss of high-molecular-weight multimers. We report outcomes in 5 patients with symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and spontaneous gastrointestinal, mucosal, or excessive postsurgical bleeding in whom acquired von Willebrand syndrome was documented. All 5 patients underwent surgical septal myectomy with resolution of acquired von Willebrand syndrome.
de Haas-van Alphen measurements and phase shift analysis of electronic scattering anisotropy in solid solutions of Ga in Au

Measurements of the electronic scattering anisotropy due to dilute concentrations of gallium in gold have been carried out using the de Haas-van Alphen effect. These measurements have been analyzed using the partial wave approach, and the results have been compared with those for other noble metal-heterovalent impurity systems. Gallium, which has a valence difference of 2 with respect to gold, exhibits a much smaller change in lattice constant upon alloying than any of the other noble metal-heterovalent impurity systems studied to date. The results reported here indicate that the Friedel phase shifts for solid solutions of Ga in Au are considerably different from those for the other systems, in which impurity-induced strain is expected to play a larger role. The phase shifts for solid solutions of Ga in Au indicate that the Coulomb potential is effectively screened within a relatively short distance from the impurity site.
Lennard-Jones fluids in cavities

Static and dynamic properties of Lennard-Jones particles in spherical cavities of molecular dimension are studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The local density is a function of the radial coordinate; a layered density profile is reproduced by the iterative solution of an approximate BGY equation. The pair correlation function exhibits a broadened first-neighbor peak and a second-neighbor peak which is shifted inward from its location in the homogeneous fluid. The viscosity, as measured by the relaxation of a rotor in the cavity, is a function of the cavity radius and may actually decrease as the cavity radius decreases. This qualitative trend is reversed when the smooth cavity is replaced by a cavity with rough, molecular walls.
Coexisting Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and Papillary Thyroid Cancer Revisited

The effect of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) on the behavior of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains unclear. In recent studies the presence of CLT in patients with PTC was reported to be associated with a lower recurrence rate and an improved survival rate. Furthermore, patients with PTC and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been reported to have lower recurrence rates and a lower frequency of distant metastases. Because of these and other observations, a tumor immune response in PTC has been suggested. The aim of our study was to determine: (1) the relative frequency of CLT in PTC; (2) the prognostic significance of CLT in patients with PTC; and (3) if TIL occurs independently or in association with CLT. A 10-year retrospective study of patients who underwent initial thyroidectomy for PTC from 1986 to 1996 was completed. The extent of thyroid lymphocytic infiltration was determined within the tumor, surrounding the tumor, and in the distant parenchyma by two independent observers blinded to the clinical data. Dense focal/diffuse lymphoid aggregates throughout the thyroid gland were diagnostic of CLT and when present within or surrounding the tumor were designated TILs. A total of 136 patients with PTC (typical and follicular variant of PTC histologic subtypes) were identified with a mean follow-up of 4.4 years and a 8% mortality rate at 10 years. Thirty percent of the patients with PTC had coexisting CLT, and 65% of these patients with CLT had positive anti-thyroglobulin antibodies. Patients with coexisting CLT and PTC were younger (p < 0.05), more likely to be female (p < 0.05), and more likely to have multicentric tumors (p < 0.001) compared to patients without CLT. Only 5% of patients had TILs without CLT, but 82.5% of patients with CLT had TILs identified (p < 0.0001). By univariate analysis CLT, age, gender, stage of PTC, tumor multicentricity, and tumor size were significant prognostic factors. Only age and TNM stage of PTC remained independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. We found a similar frequency (30%) of coexisting CLT and PTC as reported by others; but, more importantly, the presence of TILs primarily occurred in association with CLT. The presence of CLT in patients with PTC correlated with an improved prognosis. It was not an independent prognostic factor, however, and was not associated with a lower recurrence rate or a lower frequency of distant metastasis.
On the molecular structure of methyl silicone

Abstract Several cyclic and linear methylpolysiloxanes, together with the methylchlorosilanes used as their intermediates, have been investigated by the method of nuclear magnetic resonance absorption. Apparatus was constructed for the automatic recording of derivative curves of the proton absorption lines, and such curves were obtained for each substance over a variety of temperatures. Methods also were developed for the calculation of second moments and the prediction of line shapes due to various forms of molecular motion which might be expected. Comparison of the observed and predicted line shapes and second moments leads to the conclusion that methyl groups rotate about the carbon-silicon bond with unusual freedom, and that to a lesser extent the molecule as whole may rotate at low frequency if it is nearly spherical. The rotation of the methyl groups persists at low temperatures and is still extensive at −196°, whereas analogous organic compounds present a rigid lattice long before so low a temperature is reached. The possible interpretation of the unique physical properties of methyl silicones in the light of these results is considered.
NEW GENERIC NAMES FOR MECOPTERA OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND

Microchorista is proposed as a replacement name for Choristeiia Tillyard 1917 (not Choristella Bush 1897). Edriobittacus gen. n. is proposed to include Bittacus rnicrocercus Gerstaecker 1885, which has most recently been assigned to Kalobittacus.
Quantifying ignorance-The problems of uncertainties in hydrology

In an article published in the May 1973 issue of Scientific American Wesley C. Salmon presents an excellent discussion of the processes of ‘Confirmation.’ The introductory summary of this article reads as follows: ‘For centuries, investigators have been testing, confirming and disconfirming hypotheses by observation and experimentation. Yet the logic of the process is still far from being understood.’ This situation is illustrated with a series of puzzles that brings out the shortcomings and dangers of simplistic reasoning in the empirical and experimental sciences. Salmon suggests that further research on applications of Bayes theorem, as well as the recognition of the concepts of incremental confirmation as formalized by Carnap, hold promise in elucidating and guiding the logical processes in these sciences.
Elevated serum nickel concentration in psoriasis vulgaris.

Background. Psoriasis vulgaris is a common skin disease afflicting 1–3% of the American population. Its pathogenesis remains unknown despite concerted research efforts. Our purpose was to study baseline serum nickel concentrations in psoriasis vulgaris subjects and in healthy control subjects. Methods. Sixteen psoriasis vulgaris subjects with active disease (in 14 of moderate to marked severity), and 11 age-and sex-matched healthy control subjects were studied. Serum nickel determinations were performed using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ETAAS). Results. Despite the relatively small sample size, significant elevation of mean serum nickel concentration was found in the psoriasis group compared to the control group (P = 0.019). Conclusions. Recognition of abnormal nickel homeostasis could point the way to greater understanding of the primary biochemical defect in the psoriatic process. Alternatively, this finding may mark an association without pathogenic significance. Further investigation is needed.
E. R. Love's integral equation for the circular plate condenser

In a classical paper, E. R. Love considered a certain function defined by a singular integral which is harmonic outside a circular disk. Love's objective was to derive a simple integral equation whose solution leads to a useful formula for the capacitance of the condenser consisting of two parallel circular plates. We close a gap in Love's derivation by finding a new nonsingular representation of Love's singular integral which permits one to draw the required conclusions about its boundary values and thereby establishes the correctness of Love's expression for the capacitance.
All for Him: Articles About Sex in American Lad Magazines

Research on sources of information about sex indicates that independent reading is a primary source of information for many young people. For young men, such reading is likely to involve lad magazines, a relatively new but very popular genre of lifestyle magazines targeted at young men. In the present study, a systematic representative sample of articles about sex from American lad magazines was subjected to content analysis. Results suggest that, although many articles focus on what women want sexually, the overall message of these articles privileges a fairly narrow male sexuality oriented toward sexual variety. At the same time, the normative relational context of sex is depicted as serious dating relationships. These results are consistent with predominant gender stereotypes about sex.