cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison between the OSRC approach and the PO approximation for solving EM scattering

Recently, a technique referred to as the on-surface radiation boundary condition (OSRC) approach was introduced and applied to a class of perfectly conducting cylinders for computing their scattering. The OSRC method is applied here to a variety of two-dimensional imperfectly conducting geometries. Specifically, analytical solutions and numerical data are presented for the scattering by elliptical and rectangular impedance cylinders and resistive strips. Of primary interest in this investigation is to compare the OSRC approach with the physical optics (PO) approximation in predicting the scattering by the aforementioned structures. It is concluded that in general the OSRC approach predicts more accurate results than the PO approximation for scatterers formed by smooth curved surfaces that do not deviate substantially from a circular one. In addition, for such geometries the applicability of the OSRC approach is not limited to the high-frequency regime but extends in the low frequency region as well. The OSRC approach, however, is not appreciably better when considering polygonal cylinders or more general structures with first-order surface discontinuities. >
PHYSIOLOGY AND ENERGETICS OF PRE-FLIGHT WARM-UP IN THE EASTERN TENT CATERPILLAR MOTH MALACOSOMA AMERICANUM

SUMMARY Thoracic temperature (Tth) during pre-flight warm-up increased linearly with time at all air temperatures (Ta). The rate of pre-flight warm-up increased from 3-3 to 12-7 °C/min between Ta's of 14 and 28 °C. Head temperature remained within a few °C of Tth during warm-up, while ventral abdominal temperature remained within a few °C of Ta. Pulsation rate of the dorsal vessel in the thorax increased directly with thoracic temperature. Wing-stroke frequency (n) varied from 15 s" 1 at r th = 16 °C to 58 s -1 at 7"th = 40 °C and was similar at any given Ttb between Ta's of 14 and 28 °C. While stroke amplitude varied significantly between warmup and tethered flight, stroke frequency was similar for the two activities in the same Tlb range. Calculated rates of heat production were tightly coupled to Tlb and did not vary with Tu. The change in heat production during warm-up was dependent entirely on changes in frequency of muscle contraction. Stroke work was constant at o-68 mW between Tlb of 15 and 40 °C.
Elevated CO2 and temperature impacts on different components of soil CO2 efflux in Douglas-fir terracosms

Although numerous studies indicate that increasing atmospheric CO2 or temperature stimulate soil CO2 efflux, few data are available on the responses of three major components of soil respiration [i.e. rhizosphere respiration (root and root exudates), litter decomposition, and oxidation of soil organic matter] to different CO2 and temperature conditions. In this study, we applied a dual stable isotope approach to investigate the impact of elevated CO2 and elevated temperature on these components of soil CO2 efflux in Douglas-fir terracosms. We measured both soil CO2 efflux rates and the 13 C and 18 O isotopic compositions of soil CO2 efflux in 12 sun-lit and environmentally controlled terracosms with 4-year-old Douglas fir seedlings and reconstructed forest soils under two CO2 concentrations (ambient and 200 ppmv above ambient) and two air temperature regimes (ambient and 4 °C above ambient). The stable isotope data were used to estimate the relative contributions of different components to the overall soil CO2 efflux. In most cases, litter decomposition was the dominant component of soil CO2 efflux in this system, followed by rhizosphere respiration and soil organic matter oxidation. Both elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration and elevated temperature stimulated rhizosphere respiration and litter decomposition. The oxidation of soil organic matter was stimulated only by increasing temperature. Release of newly fixed carbon as root respiration was the most responsive to elevated CO2, while soil organic matter decomposition was most responsive to increasing temperature. Although some assumptions associated with this new method need to be further validated, application of this dual-isotope approach can provide new insights into the responses of soil carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems to future climate changes.
Solving Real-World Linear Ordering Problems Using a Primal-Dual Interior Point Cutting Plane Method

Cutting plane methods require the solution of a sequence of linear programs, where the solution to one provides a warm start to the next. A cutting plane algorithm for solving the linear ordering problem is described. This algorithm uses the primal-dual interior point method to solve the linear programming relaxations. A point which is a good warm start for a simplex-based cutting plane algorithm is generally not a good starting point for an interior point method. Techniques used to improve the warm start include attempting to identify cutting planes early and storing an old feasible point, which is used to help recenter when cutting planes are added. Computational results are described for some real-world problems; the algorithm appears to be competitive with a simplex-based cutting plane algorithm.
A King's Two Bodies: The Northern Wei Emperor Wencheng and Representations of the Power of His Monarchy

This article examines the various ways in which the Northern Wei emperor Wenchengdi (440–465; r. 452–465) was portrayed to his subjects. As is the case with many monarchs in many countries, he played different parts before different groups. For his soldiers, he was represented as a great hunter and marksman; to farmers in the lowlands, as a caring protector and benefactor; to potentially rebellious groups on the periphery, as a strong and steady observer of their actions. At the same time, it was in his reign that the Northern Wei court began efforts to use Buddhism as an overarching way to justify rule to all within the realm, by initiating construction of the famous cave-temples at Yungang, where “Buddhas became emperors and emperors Buddhas.” The spectacles through which Wenchengdi was portrayed are contextualized by a parallel examination of the very difficult life of the person behind the pomp and circumstance.
Task-based self-adaptation

Recently there has been increasing interest in developing systems that can adapt dynamically to cope with changing environmental conditions and unexpected system errors. Most efforts for achieving self-adaptation have focused on the mechanisms for detecting opportunities for improvement and then taking appropriate action. However, such mechanisms beg the question: what is the system trying to achieve? In a given situation there may be many possible adaptations, and knowing which one to pick is a difficult question. In this paper we advocate the use of explicit representation of user task as a critical element in addressing this missing link.
Experiments on turbulent convection over a rotating continental shelf-slope

A series of Southern Hemisphere experiments have been performed to study turbulent convection on a continental shelf–slope placed in a large rotating tank filled with fresh water. Dense salt water was uniformly released at the fluid surface above the shelf. The resulting negatively buoyant bottom flow travelled over the shelf and then downslope. The non-dimensional reduced gravity of the dense downslope flow was found to scale as for a fixed slope angle, where B 0 the buoyancy flux at the surface, g ′ the reduced gravity of the bottom flow, h the water depth above the shelf and W the width of the dense water source. Under rotation, a bottom Ekman layer, with superimposed roll waves, propagated down the slope and towards the left sidewall when looking down the slope. As the modified natural Rossby number P decreased, where P = ( B 0 / f 3 h 2 ) 1/2 W / h and f is the Coriolis parameter, the appearance of the bottom layer had four different forms: laminar flow, the continuous formation of waves, the periodic release of wave groups, and the periodic generation of eddies. Vortices generated on the surface were cyclonic, suggesting, but not proving, that eddies in the dense bottom layer as originally formed were anticyclonic. With a canyon cut from the middle of the shelf to the bottom of the slope, G ′ values measured in dense flows to the left of the canyon, were significantly reduced. The canyon channelled a large amount of dense fluid with a buoyancy considerably larger than that of dense flows on the slope. However, the flow regime criteria remained basically unchanged with eddies and downslope Ekman layer being able to partially cross the canyon.
TDE, DOA and related parameter estimation problems in impulsive noise

We address the problem of time-delay estimation (TDE) and direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation in the presence of symmetric alpha-stable noise. We show that these problems can be handled by conventional correlation or cumulant based techniques, provided that the noisy signals are first passed through a generic zero-memory non-linearity. This pre-processing is also useful in the detection context. We also address the problem of blind linear system identification, where the input is an iid alpha-stable process; we show that consistent estimates of the possibly non-minimum phase ARMA parameters can be obtained by using self-normalized correlations and cumulants. Theoretical arguments are supported by simulations.
Osteobiology of Aging

The goals of this chapter will be to give a brief overview of bone ­biology, describe the molecular mechanisms of bone remodeling and pathologic uncoupling, and provide a general survey of the multiple pathways leading to aging bone and osteoporosis.
Acrophobia and pathological height vertigo: indications for vestibular physical therapy?

Background and Purpose. Acrophobia (fear of heights) may be related to a high degree of height vertigo caused by visual dependence in the maintenance of standing balance. The purpose of this case report is to describe the use of vestibular physical therapy intervention following behavioral therapy to reduce a patient's visual dependence and height vertigo. Case Description. Mr N was a 37-year-old man with agoraphobia (fear of open spaces) that included symptoms of height phobia. Exposure to heights triggered symptoms of dizziness. Intervention. Mr N underwent 8 sessions of behavioral therapy that involved exposure to heights using a head-mounted virtual reality device. Subsequently, he underwent 8 weeks of physical therapy for an individualized vestibular physical therapy exercise program. Outcomes. After behavioral therapy, the patient demonstrated improvements on the behavioral avoidance test and the Illness Intrusiveness Rating Scale, but dizziness and body sway responses to moving visual scenes did not decrease. After physical therapy, his dizziness and sway responses decreased and his balance confidence increased. Discussion. Symptoms of acrophobia and sway responses to full-field visual motion appeared to respond to vestibular physical therapy administered after completion of a course of behavioral therapy. Vestibular physical therapy may have a role in the management of height phobia related to excessive height vertigo.
Asymptotic Formulas for Determinants of a Special Class of Toeplitz + Hankel Matrices

We compute the asymptotics of the determinants of certain n × n Toeplitz + Hankel matrices \( T_{n}(a)+Hn(b) \, {\rm as} \, n\rightarrow \infty \) with symbols of Fisher–Hartwig type. More specifically we consider the case where a has zeros and poles and where b is related to a in specific ways. Previous results of Deift, Its and Krasovsky dealt with the case where a is even. We are generalizing this in a mild way to certain non-even symbols.
Γ n Γ f for actinide nuclei using ( He 3 , d f ) and ( He 3 , t f ) reactions

The fission probability was measured for a series of actinide nuclei as a function of the excitation enery using ($^{3}\mathrm{He},df$) and ($^{3}\mathrm{He},tf$) reactions. From these data, $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{f}}$ was determined from threshold up to \ensuremath{\sim} 12 MeV of excitation energy, and fitted by evaporation calculations which do not contain any arbitrary normalization factors. For heavier actinides, these fits are possible only if one assumes the fission process to proceed through a first saddle point which is not axially symmetric. These results and calculations also reproduce previously known empirical trends of average values of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{f}}$, as a function of $A$ and $Z$.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION Measured fission probability in $^{230\ensuremath{-}233}\mathrm{Pa}$, $^{231\ensuremath{-}232}\mathrm{U}$, $^{233\ensuremath{-}239}\mathrm{Np}$, $^{237\ensuremath{-}238}\mathrm{Pu}$, $^{239\ensuremath{-}243}\mathrm{Am}$, $^{241\ensuremath{-}244}\mathrm{Cm}$. Determined barrier heights.
Stress and Displacement Wave Propagation in a Percussive Tubular Mechanism in Presence of Geometric Discontinuity

This paper presents results from a study of stress and displacement wave propagation in a hollow cylindrical tube with fixed-free ends having geometric discontinuity. Three models were developed. The first model is a base-line case which is a simple hollow tubular structure. The second model is a stepped model with a larger upper cross section and a smaller lower cross section. The third model has a flange (or a ring) between the larger upper section and the smaller lower section. All three models are subjected to a short duration rectangular pulse loading at the free end and at the level of geometric discontinuity. Behavior of waves when they encountered the geometric discontinuity was studied against the baseline case. It was observed that when loading was applied at the level of geometric discontinuity (for all three models) and when loading was applied at the free end for two models with geometric discontinuity, stress wave behavior akin to standing waves developed between the fixed end and the discontinuity level.
Reflections on Operation Supporting System Architecture for Future Interconnected Power Grid

This paper analyzes the future business need for the operation supporting system in light of the operation and control demands of China’s future interconnected large-scale power grid.The concept and architecture of the concentrated-distributed dispatch and control system(CDDCS)for the future smart grid with the characteristics of physical computer distribution and logical decision integration is proposed,which features the centralized and unified characteristics of the fundamental unified power grid model,centralized analysis and control decision-making,as well as the dispersive and distributive characteristics of local data acquisition and control.Meanwhile the physical distributed computer hardware architecture based on the peer to peer(P2P)mode is elaborated and a comparative analysis between the CDDCS and the current system is addressed.Finally,the key technical issues to be solved are discussed in detail.
Revisiting Edwin Black: Exhortation as a Prelude to Emotional–Material Rhetoric

This essay extends efforts to facilitate emotional–material frameworks of rhetoric informed by strides in rhetorical and biological studies respectively. Specifically, I examine Edwin Black’s theory of exhortation in light of neurological theories of affect, emotion contagion, and embodiment. I argue Black’s theory offers a prescient precursor to emotional–material rhetoric but also demands revision in light of recent advances in neuroscience. I present two claims. First, I argue emotionally grounded rhetoric can exhort emotional–discursive connections and preference judgments absent the need to convert emotional experiences into formal beliefs. Second, I argue physiological indicators are at least as important as verbal discourse in facilitating emotional exhortation. Finally, I conclude with some theoretical implications for the emotional–material study of rhetoric.
Studies on the glucocorticoid receptor and the hormonal modulation of the mRNA for tryptophan oxygenase.

The important role played by steroid hormones in development and physiological regulation in animals has led investigators over the past few decades to attempt to unravel and understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the function of steroid hormones. Several studies have shown that the steroid hormones, including the glucocorticoid hormone, bind with high affinity to specific receptor proteins in the target cell cytoplasm. The glucocorticoid-receptor complex has been shown to undergo an alteration to an “activated” state which has high affinity for chromosomal sites within the cell nucleus. This glucocorticoid-receptor interaction with the genome accompanies, and is presumed to be responsible for, the cellular responses characteristic of the hormone and its target tissues. The receptor proteins promise to be useful probes in understanding genetic control mechanisms and also the organization and structure of the eukaryotic chromosomes.
Effects of prenatal androgenization, melengestrol acetate, and Synovex-H on feedlot performance, carcass, and sensory traits of once-calved heifers.

Three studies were designed using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments within each experiment to evaluate the effects of various management techniques on growth and carcass traits of once-calved heifers. In Exp. 1, 33 yearling (16 control [C] and 17 prenatally androgenized [PA]) and 39 once-calved (20 C and 19 PA) nonpregnant heifers were used to evaluate the effects of age and PA. Once-calved heifers were approximately 31 kg heavier (P < .03) on-test, initially consumed 11% more (P < .01) DM, and gained 11% faster (P < .08), but had similar (P = .44) gain to feed ratios (.138 vs. .131) as yearlings. Growth performance was not affected by PA. The yearling and once-calved heifers were then slaughtered at approximately 707 and 1,080 d of age, respectively. Despite maturity differences (P < .01), marbling scores (P = .26) and percentage of choice carcasses (P = .27) were similar. However, on the basis of newly accepted grading changes, percentage of once-calved heifer carcasses grading choice decreased from 57.3 to 34.4%. Organoleptic properties did not differ. Experiments 2 and 3 were then conducted to evaluate effects of commercially available products (melengestrol acetate [MGA] and Synovex-H) on feedlot characteristics of heifers following weaning of their first calf. In Exp. 2, 48 once-calved Simmental-based heifers were fed during the summer to a constant compositional fat thickness of .8 cm. Experiment 3 was conducted in the late fall and early winter, during which 52 moderately sized heifers were fed for 116 d postweaning and slaughtered. Performance of heifers in Exp. 2 was not affected by MGA. However, heifers fed MGA in Exp. 3 gained 9% faster (P < .05) than controls. In Exp. 2, Synovex-H tended to improve ADG (P < .09) and feed efficiency (P < .07), but did not affect performance in Exp. 3. Most carcass traits were not affected by either treatment. Nonpregnant, once-calved heifers seem to have a large capacity for efficient weight gain as compared with yearling heifers. However, hormonal compounds, such as testosterone propionate provided pre- or postnatally (Synovex-H), and MGA do not appear to provide the consistent, positive responses often seen with younger, more typical feedlot heifers.
Privileged or Mismatched: The Lose-Lose Position of African Americans in the Affirmative Action Debate

This Article challenges the perception of affirmative action as a racial preference. That perception has made the policy less constitutionally secure and more difficult normatively to defend. We focus our analysis on middle-class African Americans. We do so because the framing of affirmative action as a racial preference has particular traction when its beneficiaries are perceived to be black but not economically disadvantaged. Which is to say, if people believe that colleges and universities employ affirmative action to admit African Americans who are not economically disadvantaged, the conclusion that affirmative action is a racial preference is easy to reach: Black students who are not disadvantaged are getting preferential treatment because of their race. Liberals defend this perceived preference because it advances diversity and contributes to the “robust exchange of ideas.” Conservatives reject it because it violates their understanding of colorblindness and because, they claim, the policy effectuates “reverse discrimination” against whites. This Article reframes the debate. More precisely, it explains why affirmative action for middle-class blacks is neither a racial preference for African Americans nor reverse discrimination against whites. We locate our argument in the context of admissions. Specifically, we identify a number of disadvantages black students — across class — likely experience prior to and in the context of applying to colleges and universities. We argue that these disadvantages can diminish the competitiveness of a black student’s admissions file and that affirmative action helps to counteract this negative effect. This levelling-of-the-playing-field dimension of affirmative action suggests that the critical question with respect to the policy is not whether the law should permit college and universities to prefer the black child of a lawyer over the white child of a coal miner but why policymakers, lawyers, judges, and the public at large continue to frame affirmative action as a racial preference.
Non-accidental Trauma: Abusive Head Trauma

Abusive head trauma, sometimes referred to as “shaken baby syndrome,” is a potentially lethal event that is difficult to diagnose and to manage. The victim is a baby or a very young child usually referred to the pediatric ophthalmologist to look for ocular evidence of abuse in the form of retinal hemorrhages and to appropriately document these findings. Less commonly, and if retinal hemorrhages are discovered on fundus examination of any child, it is always important to maintain a high index of suspicion for possible non-accidental trauma as the etiology for the findings.
Node Deployment in Farmland Wireless Sensor Networks based on Renewable Energy

Wireless sensor network (WSN) plays an important role in the large scale farmland environmental monitoring. The complex farmland environment has a great impact on the WSN performance. Extremely low power consumption of WSN is required because of the long monitoring period and limited energy. In the considering of network coverage, connectivity, organization and power consumption, this paper proposes a new deployment strategy in the consideration of solar power nodes. A mixed deployment method combining with structure and random filling deployment is used. The hot-spot nodes in the network are replaced by solar nodes in order to get a longer lifetime. The simulation results show that the new method has a better performance than the traditional algorithms.
Energetic Particle Data from the Global Positioning System Constellation

Since 2000, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Combined X-ray and Dosimeter (CXD) and Burst Detector Dosimeter for Block II-R (BDD-IIR) instruments have been fielded on Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Today, 21 of the 31 operational GPS satellites are equipped with a CXD detector and a further 2 carry a BDD-IIR. Each of these instruments measures a wide range of energetic electrons and protons. These data have now been publicly released under the terms of the Executive Order for Coordinating Efforts to Prepare the Nation for Space Weather Events. The specific goal of releasing space weather data from the GPS satellites is to enable broad scientific community engagement in enhancing space weather model validation and improvements in space weather forecasting and situational awareness. The time period covered by this data release is approximately 16 years, which corresponds to more than 167 satellite years of data. As a result, the large number of GPS satellites, distributed over six orbital planes, will provide important context for ongoing and historical science missions, as well as enabling new types of research not previously possible.
Species Uptake and Mass Transport in Membranes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

Abstract In this contribution, we provide a synthesis of results to date describing uptake and mass transport of water, vanadium species and protons in Nafion membranes for use as separators in VRFBs. Resistance issues as well as species cross-over are important contributors to performance loss in VRFBs. After a brief discussion of our state-of-the-art cell performance, we consider the uptake and transport of various species through a number of membrane materials. We draw together numerous previous studies and augment them with new data to provide a summary of our present state of understanding of the experimental facts regarding membrane behavior.
GREENHOUSE GAS AND SULFATE AEROSOL EXPERIMENTS USING A SIMPLE GLOBAL-ENERGY-BALANCE MODEL

A one-dimensional global-energy-balance model is used to simulate the climate response of increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations and sulfate aerosol loadings. Model output indicates that a change in equivalent carbon dioxide from 300 to 450 ppm produces a global warming of 0.69° C (1.24° F), and a doubling to 600 ppm generates a warming of 1.57° C (2.83° F). In both simulation experiments, the greatest warming appears in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Model results show that increasing sulfate aerosol levels generates a global cooling of 0.32° C (0.58° F), with the largest cooling occurring in the industrialized mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. When the effects of equivalent carbon dioxide and sulfates are simulated together to represent changes that have occurred in the past century, the model generates a global warming of 0.30° C (0.54° F), with the greatest warming continuing to occur in the mid-to-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The latent heat...
Two Countries: Capitalism, Revolution, and Nations in the Americas, 1750–1870 ed. by John Tutino (review)

Tutino, John, ed. Two Countries: Capitalism, Revolution, and Nations in the Americas, 1750–1870 . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. Review by Antony W. Keane-Dawes.
Gamma-Ray Source Detection With Small Sensors

Large detectors can give better background characterization and can detect radiation sources at larger standoff distances. Small detectors, on the other hand, are less expensive, can often get closer to source materials, and can access places that large detectors cannot (e.g., indoor environments). We systematically quantify the impact of detector size and number on source detection in area search applications. We analyze theoretical upper bounds on source detectability and establish first-order approximations thereof. We demonstrate that these approximations give good comparisons of different choices of sensor size and number for practical source detection algorithms using semisynthetic data. Our results indicate that multiple small detectors, in conjunction, can offer superior overall operational utility compared with a single large detector. Finally, we identify differences in detector response and likelihood of a close approach as key determinants of the relative utility of small sensors.
Simple Cyst of the Rete Testis

AbstractWe report a case of a simple cyst in the upper pole and connected to the mediastinum testis at the rete testis. The cyst appeared to arise from a dilated rete duct, and it was spherical, smoothwalled and filled with clear fluid. The epithelium was lined with a single layer of cuboidal or flattened cells, with no evidence of squamous differentiation.
2006 Curt P. Richter award winner: Social influences on stress responses and health

Both positive and negative social interactions can modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and influence recovery from injuries and illnesses, such as wounds, stroke, and cardiac arrest. Stress exacerbates neuronal death following stroke and cardiac arrest, and delays cutaneous wound healing, via a common mechanism involving stress-induced increases in corticosterone, acting on glucocorticoid receptors. In contrast, hamsters and mice that form social bonds are buffered against stress and heal cutaneous wounds more quickly than socially isolated animals, presumably because the physical contact experienced by the pairs releases oxytocin, which in turn suppresses the HPA axis and facilitates wound healing. Social housing also decreases stroke-induced neuronal death and improves functional recovery, but the mechanism appears to involve suppressing the inflammatory response that accompanies stroke, rather than alterations in HPA axis activity. An interaction between the HPA axis and immune system determines stroke outcome in neonatally manipulated mice that exhibit life-long dampening of the HPA axis. Taken together, these studies provide support for the detrimental effects of stress and identify potential mechanisms underlying the well-documented clinical observation that social support positively influences human health.
An Analytical Model for ATM Based Networks Which Utilize Look-Ahead Contention Resolution Switching

Interconnection of multiple media sources will be handled by ATM based networks in B-ISDN systems. These ATM networks act as a backbone for subnetworks (such as LANs, MANs, etc). These subnetworks hold individual media or wholly integrated subsets of the necessary data. This paper will present a new analytical model describing the behavior of ATM based interconnection networks which utilize a scheme called Look-Ahead Contention Resolution (LCR). to reduce packet collision and thereby increase throughput. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the only analytical model in the current literature that addresses the LCR. problem. The switches modeled in this work are output queued and are non-lossy. The analytical model gives a set of closed-form equations which lead to an iterative solution for normalized bandwidth and normalized delay for networks in which the queues are searched to a depth of k. (DOS = k.) where 1 ≤ k ≤ sizeof(queue). in order to find a successful candidate for packet transmission during a network cycle. The model provides results which are very accurate compared to simulation results even under very high loads.
Notes on Income Distribution in Taiwan

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the income distribution among households in Taiwan since the mid-1960s. The effort to secure firm findings on changes in distribution of incomes that approximate long-term levels and are related to proper recipient units, encountered various difficulties, some of which are described in the chapter. The family household, in its complexity and variability through the life cycle and in its capacity to diversify its productive activity in response to undesirable shifts in income earning opportunities induced by economic growth, is the key unit in the analysis of the income distribution. Such complexity and variability over a long span of the life cycle means also large demands for long-term data on income, which would link the changing production structure of the economy in the process of its economic growth with changing structure of family households as decision units on the earning and use of income. Further study may qualify even this general statement, particularly by revealing interrelations among households, differing among societies, and over time in the extent to which larger groupings, often blood related, may set the norms for member households. But one can only speculate on what such further study might reveal.
Seasonal resource acquisition strategies of a facultative specialist herbivore at the edge of its range

Understanding animal performance at range edges has gained increasing interest due to climate change, but most efforts have focused on specialist species. Studying the breadth and plasticity of generalist resource acquisition strategies will provide important insight into how mammals adapt to and persist under a variety of environmental conditions. The North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is a widely distributed generalist herbivore with special adaptations to harsh climates and low-quality diets. However, on the north coast of California, which has a mild climate and abundant vegetation, porcupine populations are patchily distributed and may be in decline. We studied seasonal resource use of porcupines in a coastal dune ecosystem by measuring changes in body mass, home range size, habitat selection, and diet. Both female and male porcupines lost body mass between summer and winter (= 8.3% and 17.2%, respectively), although less than reported elsewhere. Their home range sizes were 31% larger during summer than winter. Porcupines selected swales and marshes during the summer, when they fed primarily on willow leaves, and switched to conifer forests and coastal scrub during winter, when they fed on bark, conifer needles, and leaves of evergreen shrubs. Porcupines exploited 2 novel food sources common in Pacific coastal lowlands: coast manroot fruits and California wax myrtle leaves. We suggest that porcupines employ a similarly flexible resource acquisition strategy across their range, and although it appears to be broadly effective, they may face challenges from plant phenology, low broad-leaved tree diversity, and high winter precipitation in Pacific coastal climates.
Pathological intoxication and alcohol idiosyncratic intoxication--Part I: Diagnostic and clinical aspects

The concept of pathological intoxication and its successor term, alcohol idiosyncratic reaction, has been one of ambiguity and professional disagreement. The history of such an entity reveals contradictions and varying usage--particularly in regard to the amount of alcohol required. Some feel that the current classification system is broad enough to include such reactions without the use of such terms. Laboratory and electroencephalographic findings are not diagnostic. The author suggests that if the concept is to be retained, psychiatrists utilize where possible the term "alcohol idiosyncratic reaction" in accord with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) III guidelines, particularly in view of the medicolegal implications discussed in Part II, which follows as a separate paper.
A Theory of Urban Park Geography

A theory of urban park values is presented using the theory of island biogeography as an analogue. The theory predicts that two factorsothe size of park and distance from concentrated human habitationoinfluence the diversity of park values. The theory posits the diversity of human values for parks will increase with park size while the diversity of park values will decrease further from concentrated areas of human habitation. Spatial data from a study of Anchorage, Alaska, residents indicate a relatively strong relationship between park size and the diversity of park values and a weak, inverse relationship between distance from domicile and diversity of park values. The implications of the theory for urban area park planning are discussed.
Use of Computers in the Design of Food-Manufacturing Facilities

Computer prototyping allows the engineer to build a model of the plant that is as close to the physical model as possible. Computer software is an essential design tool for food process engineers as it permits them to solve complex problems rapidly. With the information made available, the emphasis can therefore shift from problem solving to planning, conceiving, and interpreting. This chapter first describes equipment and process simulation software, which is fundamental to computer-aided process engineering (CAPE). The main emphasis of CAPE has been on the modeling, simulation, and optimization of process flowsheets, separation processes, and energy utilization. The general attributes of flowsheeting software are then considered and selected commercial packages discussed in some depth. The chapter concludes with two illustrative examples. The first describes the operation of a continuous milk processing plant. The second models a batch/semi-continuous dairy process using a hybrid methodology combining discrete and dynamic simulation techniques.
Investigating Supercritical CO2 Foam Propagation Distance: Conversion from Strong Foam to Weak Foam vs. Gravity Segregation

This study investigates how to determine the optimal supercritical CO2 foam injection strategies, in terms of total injection rate (or injection pressure, equivalently) and injection foam quality, to place injected foams deep and far into the reservoir. Two different mechanisms that limit field foam propagation, such as “conversion from strong foam to weak foam” and “gravity segregation,” are examined separately, and the results are combined together. The first is performed by using a mechanistic foam model based on bubble population balance, while the second is conducted by an analytical model (called Stone and Jenkins model) and reservoir simulations with a commercial software (CMG-STARS). Note that the gas-phase mobility, required as a key input parameter for gravity segregation simulations, is calibrated by the mechanistic model, which is a significant advance in this study. The results from both mechanisms show in general that foam propagation distance increases with increasing injection pressure or rate (which is often limited by the formation fracturing pressure) and increases with decreasing foam quality down to a certain threshold foam quality below which the distance is not sensitive to foam quality any longer. It is found that the mobilization pressure gradient (i.e., the pressure gradient above which foam films are mobilized to create a population of bubbles) plays a key role to determine the distance. Therefore, the injection of supercritical CO2 foams with lower mobilization pressure gradient should be more favored in field applications. As a step prior to real-world reservoir applications, this study deals with a relatively ideal reservoir (i.e., large homogeneous cylindrical reservoir) focusing on the steady state after foam treatment in the absence of oil.
Abstract WP385: Altered Adaptive Immune Response Correlates With Brain Injury in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Treated Pediatric Patients

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) is a life-saving procedure that provides short-term cardiac and respiratory support to people whose heart and lungs are dysfunctional. Growing use of ECMO has expanded the indications beyond acute severe respiratory and cardiac failure to include extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and as a bridge for lung transplantation. Usage of ECMO within the pediatric population has seen a number of complications including an acute induction of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and long-term developmental neurological deficits, with an increasing number of children exhibiting neurological morbidities. We hypothesized that ECMO may potentiate the induction of a central nervous system (CNS)-targeting adaptive immune response which may lead to neurological injury. Using a single center prospective observational study, we sampled 20 pediatric ECMO patients and 5 aged-match disease control patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated using the Ficoll-Paque method and relative analysis revealed an increase in helper T-cells that correlated with ECMO treatment alone, while NK-T cells were found to be increased in the presence of CNS injury. Interestingly, we did see a decrease in activated peripheral T-helper cells (CD4+CD161+), and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+CD161+), which were preceded by an increase in activated macrophages (CD14 + CD11b + ) in ECMO treated patients. Only activated peripheral CD8 T-cells were found to associate with CNS injury. Using the CFSE recall response assay, we tested for CNS specificity by culturing cells with myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid lipoprotein (PLP), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), NMDA receptor GluN2A, and microtubule associated protein (MAP2) for 7 days and determined a response by measuring CFSE dilution and CD25 expression using flow cytometry. We observed an increased in myelin-targeting B-cells, myelin- and neuronal-targeting CD8 T-cells and no difference in autoreactive CD4 T-cells. In summary, ECMO induces a robust peripheral CNS-targeting adaptive immune response that may predispose a patient to long-term neurological injury.
Urban Re-Greening: A Case Study in Multi-Trophic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in a Post-Industrial Landscape

The biodiversity of urban and post-industrial ecosystems is a highly relevant and growing new frontier in ecological research. Even so, the functionality of these ecosystems may not always be successfully predicted based on prior biodiversity and ecosystem functioning theory. Indeed, evidence suggests that the general biological impoverishment within the urban context envisioned thirty years ago was overstated. Many of the world’s urban centers support some degree of biodiversity that is indigenous, as well as a complex array of non-native species, resulting in highly functional, and often, novel communities. For over two decades, a multi-disciplinary team has examined the sub-lethal impact of soil metal contamination on the multi-trophic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of a post-industrial brownfield in the New York City metropolitan area. We do this through examinations of photosynthesis, carbon allocation, and soil enzyme activity as well as multi-trophic metal translocation via the plant and rhizosphere. In this paper, we synthesize the findings of our research network and apply the results to a framework of functional diversity. Due to the unique constraints many post-industrial lands impose on communities, functional diversity may be more meaningful to ecosystem health than species richness.
Péris and Devadasis in Paris: orientalist ballet as poetic translation

One summer’s day in Paris, Theophile Gautier sat among a select group of writers and journalists (including his close friend Gerard de Nerval), invited to attend an intimate and titillating spectac...
Appendectomy Pathology Report Returns Adenocarcinoma, Carcinoid, or Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm

Unexpected findings are not infrequently encountered, either intraoperatively or in the postoperative settings. This chapter will discuss when an appendectomy pathology report returns adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, or appendiceal mucinous neoplasm.
Use of Magnetic Induction to Activate a "Touchless" Shape Memory Alloy Implantable Penile Prosthesis.

Abstract Introduction We describe a novel physiologic penile prosthesis that uses shape memory alloy properties to mimic the transition between a flaccid and erect penis using magnetic induction instead of hydraulic pressure. Aim To evaluate the parameters of magnetic induction to activate a shape memory alloy implantable penile prosthesis. Methods We prototyped an implantable penile prosthesis cylinder using temperature-tuned nickel titanium alloy tubes laser cut to specifications. The device was then tested implanted in an animal tissue model and in cadaveric tissue. Testing consisted of placing the device deactivated in its more malleable and compressed state, then activating it using an external inducer wand while measuring temperature changes that occur on the surface of the device, within the tissue, and at the skin surface. Main Outcome Measures Our main outcome measures were the efficiency of activation and thermal safety of this approach. Results Using a handheld magnetic inductor, we were able to successfully activate the SMA penile prosthesis with no direct contact under 45 seconds. This handheld wand produced a magnetic field that penetrated tissue and caused the appropriate phase change within the prosthesis. Tissue temperature (middle and surface probes) in the animal tissue model increased only a few degrees Celsius during the activation process, and never exceeded 28 degrees Celsius from a baseline at room temperature ∼ 25 degrees Celsius. We encountered similar results without a notable change in tissue temperature in the cadaveric tests. The fully activated device resisted buckling forces of 2.66 kgf ± 0.045. Clinical Implications This non-hydraulic shape memory prosthesis obviates the needs for reservoirs and pumps, and the wand-based interaction with the device may be easier to use. Strength & Limitations This technology represents a fundamental departure from the hydraulic-based penile prosthesis and has comparable mechanical properties as current-marked devices. It appears to show thermal safety in controlled environments, however real-world use would need further studies. Further optimization of prototypes needs to be done prior to human clinical trials. Conclusion A shape memory penile prosthesis is a promising alternative to hydraulic-based penile prostheses and can be activated safely and efficiently using magnetic induction in our models of the human penis. Le BV, McVary KT, McKenna K, et al. Use of Magnetic Induction to Activate a “Touchless” Shape Memory Alloy Implantable Penile Prosthesis. J Sex Med 2019;16:596–601.
New auxiliary variable-based ADMM for nonconvex AC OPF

Abstract The main challenge in implementing alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) for nonconvex alternating current optimal power flow (AC OPF) is that ADMM method does not guarantee convergence for nonconvex problems. Using auxiliary variables for information exchange among subareas play a critical role in convergence improvement. This paper proposes a new auxiliary variable-based ADMM for nonconvex AC OPF. The proposed approach can improve convergence with less iterations compared with the existing method. The proposed ADMM algorithm is tested for power grids with sizes ranges from 30 buses to 1354 buses. Subareas are generated using spectral clustering based on a graph Laplacian representing network connectivity. The numerical results are compared with those based on the existing auxiliary variables-based method in the literature. Case studies demonstrate improvement in convergence due to the new auxiliary variables.