cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specimen-Specific Verification of Predicted TKR Mechanics During Simulated Deep Flexion Loading Conditions

Verified computational models of total knee replacement serve as the primary design-phase tool for parametric analysis of implant geometry. Previously, dynamic finite element models of the Kansas Knee Simulator (KKS) were developed and tibiofemoral (TF) and patellofemoral (PF) kinematic predictions were verified by comparison with experimental measurements [1,2]. In this prior work, the implants were mounted in metallic fixtures to assess the ability of the model to accurately predict the TF and PF kinematics without the additional complexity of variable cadaver specimens and soft-tissue constraint. The next step in the systematic model verification procedure was to verify kinematic predictions with multiple specimen-specific models. Specifically, the objectives of the present study were: 1) to develop an explicit finite element (FE) model of the KKS capable of recreating experimental loading protocols for a deep knee bend activity and 2) to verify predicted six degree-of-freedom (DOF) TF and PF kinematics of two cruciate retaining (CR) and two posterior stabilized (PS) implanted specimen-specific models with deformable, wrapping soft tissue constraint.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effect of Protein Kinase C Modulators on 14,15‐Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Incorporation into Astroglial Phospholipids

Our previous studies have shown that 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-EET) is a major product of arachidonic acid metabolism in astrocytes. The purpose of this study was to investigate cellular regulation of 14,15-EET incorporation, distribution, and metabolism in primary cultures of rat brain cortical astrocytes. Incorporation of 14,15-EET into astrocytes was lower (93,390 +/- 11,121 dpm/5 x 10(6) cells) than incorporation of 8,9-EET (226,500 +/- 5,567 dpm/5 x 10(6) cells) and arachidonic acid (321,600 +/- 1,200 dpm/5 x 10(6) cells). 14,15-EET was distributed in the order neutral lipids and free fatty acids (solvent front) >> phosphatidylcholine (PC) > phosphatidylinositol (PI) > phosphatidylethanolamine. In contrast, 8,9-EET and arachidonic acid were exclusively incorporated into PC. During incubation, astroglial epoxide hydrolase selectively metabolized 14,15-EET, but not 8,9-EET, to its vic-diol. Although 4-phenylchalcone oxide, a potent inhibitor of epoxide hydrolase, completely inhibited 14,15-EET metabolism, a large amount of cell-incorporated radioactivity remained as free 14,15-EET. Long-term exposure of astrocytes to 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (4 beta-PMA) resulted in a time-dependent incorporation of 14,15-EET into PI but not in control cells exposed to 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate. PKC down-regulation completely inhibited epoxide hydrolase metabolism of 14,15-EET. Following recovery of down-regulated PKC, 1 week after treatment with 4 beta-PMA, astrocytes regained their normal pattern of low incorporation of 14,15-EET. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition by staurosporine enhanced 14,15-EET incorporation without affecting its metabolism to 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Testosterone and the Cardiovascular System: A Comprehensive Review of the Clinical Literature

Recent data from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) have revealed an increasing incidence of hypogonadism within the aging US population. The Massachusetts Male Aging Study estimates indicate that ≈2.4 million men aged 40 to 69 suffer from hypogonadism in the United States.[1][1] The
Clostridium perfringens Sepsis and Fetal Demise after Genetic Amniocentesis.

Clostridium perfringens is a rare cause of intrauterine infection. There have been five case reports concerning infection associated with invasive procedures. We report a woman who underwent a genetic amniocentesis due to her history of chronic granulomatous disease. She presented to the hospital ~38 hours after the amniocentesis complaining of fever and chills. Due to acute decompensation, she underwent an emergent dilatation and evacuation. During her stay, blood cultures came back positive for C. perfringens. Gradual improvement with intensive monitoring led to hospital discharge 4 days after the procedure. Uterine infection due to C. perfringens leading to maternal sepsis is associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate. Our patient was able to survive without a hysterectomy due to the rapid administration of antibiotics and surgical intervention while being evaluated.
Endoscopic tattooing facilitates repeated localization and endoscopic therapy of a difficult-to-find minor papilla in pancreas divisum.

Bifid pancreas: a case report. TropGastroenterol 1997;18:75-7. 10. Krishnamurty VS, Rajendran S, Korsten MA. Bifid pancreas. An unusual anomaly associated with acute pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol 1994;16:179-81. 11. Matos C, Metens T, Deviere J, Delhaye M, Le Moine O, Cremer M. Pancreas divisum: evaluation with secretinenhanced magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:728-33. Pancreas divisum: endoscopic tattooing for finding minor papilla A Catanzaro, R Wong
Radical Enlargement of the Aortic Root and Outflow Tract to Allow Valve Replacement

A method of radical enlargement of the aortic root and outflow tract is described. The technique consists of incising the aortic annulus, the anterior mitral leaflet, and the superior aspect of the left atrium. Valve replacement is then possible, with patch reconstruction of the resulting defects.
Certain therapist's characteristics and the therapeutic process.

This paper proposes 7 qualities of therapists which may affect the therapeutic process: constructive criticism orientation, understanding manner, trust, salesmanship, openness, unconditional positi...
Operational calibration of solar reflectance channels of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR)

The AVHRR solar reflectance channels need on-orbit calibration that can only be done vicariously. For over a decade, NOAA/NESDIS has paid particular attention to the vicarious calibration based on the Libyan Desert. A previous algorithm was remarkably precise (<2%) in predicting the long term instrument degradation, but because it omitted the seasonal variation caused by the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of the target, the postlaunch calibration was much less precise (~5%). Careful selection of more uniform target and better detection of contaminated measurements (by clouds, dust storm, and wet surface after rain) further reduced noises in the data used to monitor instrument degradation. Together, these improvements reduced latency of post-launch calibration from 3-4 years to 18 months, with enhanced statistical confidence.
Petrol supplies and consumer expectations

Abstract A formal model of the consumer's behaviour given uncertain supplies of petrol is developed. The theory derived implies that consumers will attempt to purchase larger quantities than they would under certainty; although, they expect to purchase less. It is shown that a service surcharge will reduce the optimal amount that the consumer attempts to purchase under uncertainty and from this it is concluded that such a fee would save gasoline supplies. Special consideration is given to the role of the consumer's expectations and their revision in this model.
High incidence of appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in patients with syncope of unknown etiology and inducible ventricular arrhythmias.

Abstract Objectives. This study evaluates the hypothesis that in patients with syncope of unknown origin, inducible ventricular arrhythmias are specific arrhythmias and therefore should be appropriately treated. Background. Although syncope is a common clinical entity, the evaluation and treatment of patients with syncope without a clear etiology are not well defined. Many patients with syncope of undetermined origin undergo invasive electrophysiologic evaluation. Abnormalities of the sinus node, prolongation of conduction times or inducible arrhythmias found at these evaluations are usually assumed to be the cause of syncope and are therefore treated. However, whether tachyarrhythmias are truly the cause of syncope, and whether treatment of these tachyarrhythmias can prevent recurrent syncope and arrhythmic death, is unknown. Methods. This study included 50 consecutive patients with syncope of undetermined origin, ventricular tachyarrhythmias at electrophysiologic evaluation and treatment with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Results. Ventricular stimulation led to sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in 36 patients, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in 5 and ventricular fibrillation in 9. Over a 23 ± 15-month (mean ± SD) follow-up period, 18 patients received appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock. Actuarial probability of appropriate therapy was 22% at 1 year and 50% at 3 years. Recurrent syncope was seen in five patients, three of whom had appropriate defibrillator detections at the time of syncope. Four patients died (sudden death in one, congestive heart failure in two). Conclusions. In patients with syncope of undetermined origin and inducible ventricular tachyarrhythmias, appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy is common at follow-up. Sudden cardiac death is uncommon. This low incidence of sudden cardiac death and high incidence of appropriate defibrillator therapy support the current practice of using implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in patients with syncope of unknown origin and inducible ventricular arrhythmias. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:370–5)
Cancer genetics in primary care

The cloning of two major breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, in 1994 and 1995 and the subsequent development of commercial genetic testing has brought hereditary cancer genetics into the public eye. In addition to DNA-based genetic testing, new strategies and treatments have been developed to provide accurate assessment of cancer risk and to reduce the chances of cancer developing in the future. This increasing scientific and public attention has prompted some cancer patients and their families to find out whether they "have the cancer gene" and has placed more responsibility on primary care clinicians to identify people who should be referred for specialized services of hereditary cancer genetics.
Diagnosis of Inferior Wall Myocardial Infarction during Right Ventricular Apical Pacing

The diagnosis of inferior wall myocardial infarction is often masked during ventricular pacing. We observed paced ventricular beats with a qR pattern in leads 2, 3, and aVF in a patient with acute inferior wall myocardial infarction and a temporary pacemaker at the apex of the right ventricle. Such a pattern might be specific for the diagnosis of inferior wall myocardial infarction, because it is never seen during uncomplicated pacing from anywhere within the right ventricular cavity.
Dictyostatin Flexibility Bridges Conformations in Solution and in the β-Tubulin Taxane Binding Site

Dictyostatin (DCT, 1) is a complex, flexible polyketide macrolide that demonstrates potent microtubule-polymerization activity. Both a solution structure (2a) and a possible binding mode for DCT (Conf-1) have been proposed by earlier NMR experiments. In the present study, the conformational landscape of DCT in DMSO-d(6) and methanol-d(4) was explored using extensive force-field-based conformational searches combined with geometric parameters derived from solution NMR data. The results portray a diversity of conformations for dictyostatin that illustrates the molecule's flexibility and excludes the previously suggested dominant solution conformation 2a. One conformation present in DMSO-d(6) with a 7% population (Conf-2, 0.6 kcal/mol above the global minimum at 298°) also satisfies the TR-NOESY NMR parameters of Canales et al. that characterize the taxane binding-site interaction between DCT and assembled microtubules in water. Application of several docking methods (Glide, Autodock, and RosettaLigand) has identified a low-energy binding model of the DCT/β-tubulin complex (Pose-2/Conf-2) that is gratifyingly compatible with the emerging DCT structure-activity data.
Effect of treatment with copolymer 1 (Cop-1) on the in vivo and in vitro manifestations of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE)

Injections of Copolymer 1 (Cop-1), a synthetic cathodic polymer, have been reported to prevent and treat successfully acute and recurrent EAE and has been employed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been suggested that the therapeutic effect is due to cell-mediated immune (CMI) cross-reactivity between Cop-1 and myelin basic protein (MBP), the antigen that induces EAE. We found that Cop-1 treatment of guinea pigs (GP) sensitized with MBP in adjuvant (20 micrograms/animal): (a) lowers the incidence of clinical disease (8/20 vs 14/15); (b) decreases severity of disease in affected GP; (c) has little effect on pathologic lesions (mean pathology index +/- SEM: 1.2 +/- 0.2 vs 1.6 +/- 0.3; P greater than 0.1). Lymphocytes of MBP-sensitized GP treated with Cop-1 exhibited in vitro proliferative responses to MBP equivalent to lymphocytes of untreated EAE-GP (14,134 +/- 6,532 vs 11,821 +/- 3,874; mean cpm +/- SEM). GP sensitized to MBP or Cop-1 (100 micrograms/animal) showed reactivity to the sensitizing antigen but little in vitro reactivity to the other antigen. There was no correlation between the in vitro lymphocytes response to MBP and Cop-1 in individual GP. Treatment of MBP sensitized GP with calf-thymus histone (CTH) also resulted in a lower incidence of clinical EAE with less severe disease in affected GP. There was little effect on the pathologic index and no evidence of either inhibition of MBP-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses or cross-reactivity between MBP and CTH. Thus, treatment with Cop-1 or CTH inhibits clinical manifestations of acute EAE without suppressing inflammatory cell infiltrates or sensitization to MBP.
Badges of Friendship: Social Influence and Badge Acquisition on Stack Overflow

Badges can provide a number of advantages to networked, self-directed learners, including making visible social networks of support and direction. If badges do allow for this, we would expect to see badge acquisition to be predicted by the presence of a particular badge among a learner's social connections. In examining the badges and "tags" used on the question-and-answer site Stack Overflow. We find that the more general badges are closely related to tenure on the site, while the numerous "tag" badges provide for more socially-determined differentiation.
On the Threshold of Adulthood: ISSD at Age 21

(2004). On the Threshold of Adulthood: ISSD at Age 21. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 1-12.
Factors Affecting Accuracy of In Vitro Valvar Pressure Gradient Estimates by Doppler Ultrasound

Doppler ultrasound is used successfully in clinical situations for noninvasive measurement of pressure changes across stenotic cardiac valves. However, situations that might lead to errors in measurement have not been identified. This study determines the effect of flow rate, viscosity, orifice shape and size on the calculation of Doppler transvalvar gradient. Pressure gradient is usually computed from the equation P 1 -P 2 = 4 × Vmax 2 , where P 1 -P 2 is the gradient and Vmax is the maximal jet velocity measured by Doppler ultrasound. An in vitro model was developed with interchangeable orifices that permitted the jet to be detected by an in-line Doppler transducer. The model allowed alteration of flow rates, viscosities and pressure gradients. When P 1 -P 2 as predicted by Doppler was compared with that measured by manometers (PM), excellent correlations were obtained for triangular orifices of areas as small as 78.5 mm 2 (r = 0.95) and for circular and elliptical orifices to as small as 50.2 mm 2 (r = 0.99). For smaller orifices, P 1 -P 2 correlated poorly with PM. Good correlation was found between P 1 -P 2 and PM, with flow rates ranging from 0.7 to 8.4 liters/min (r = 0.97) with a 10-mm diameter circular orifice (area = 78.5 mm 2 ). No observable differences were found in the accuracy of the equation between high and low flow rates. Viscosity had no effect on the accuracy of the P 1 -P 2 comparison with PM over the range evaluated (1 to 10 cp). It is concluded that the modified Bernoulli Doppler gradient equation provides accurate results in the usual clinical situation when an orifice permits true jet formation.
Colloidal phase transitions in aqueous nonionic surfactant solutions

Highly negatively charged polystyrene particles suspended in aqueous nonionic surfactant solutions undergo a phase transition when the solution is in close proximity to the cloud curve of the binary nonionic surfactant−water mixture. This transition is present only on the surfactant-rich side of the critical point of the binary mixture and is characterized by the presence of brilliant colors in the solution. These colors indicate the formation of polycrystalline aggregates of the polystyrene particles. This particle phase behavior is similar to the aggregation behavior observed for particles dispersed in aqueous solutions of 2,6-lutidine and its analogs. The observed behavior is best interpreted in terms of the appropriate ternary phase behavior and results from immiscibility between the particles and one of the liquid components. Although the details and origins of this unfavorable interaction vary from system to system, the same general pattern of phase behavior is observed in many mixed colloidal systems.
Semiparametric dimension reduction estimation for mean response with missing data

Model misspecification can be a concern for high-dimensional data. Nonparametric regression obviates model specification but is impeded by the curse of dimensionality. This paper focuses on the estimation of the marginal mean response when there is missingness in the response and multiple covariates are available. We propose estimating the mean response through nonparametric functional estimation, where the dimension is reduced by a parametric working index. The proposed semiparametric estimator is robust to model misspecification: it is consistent for any working index if the missing mechanism of the response is known or correctly specified up to unknown parameters; even with misspecification in the missing mechanism, it is consistent so long as the working index can recover E(Y | X), the conditional mean response given the covariates. In addition, when the missing mechanism is correctly specified, the semiparametric estimator attains the optimal efficiency if E(Y | X) is recoverable through the working index. Robustness and efficiency of the proposed estimator is further investigated by simulations. We apply the proposed method to a clinical trial for HIV.
Rearing regimen producing piglet diarrhea (rotavirus) and its relevance to acute infantile diarrhea

Piglets were weaned when 1 day old and thus were denied further access to the antibodies supplied by their dam's milk. They were placed in a nursery in which contamination by the ubiquitous rotavirus steadily increased with continuous use causing a progressive increase in the incidence of vomiting, diarrhea, and death among the piglets. A similar syndrome involving an antigenically related rotavirus and analogous management practices occurs in human infants.
Age and secular factors in the stature of adult Zapotec males

Age and secular factors in adult stature were investigated in a sample of 111 Zapotec-speaking males from Oaxaca, Mexico. Comparisons with earlier studies showed no clear evidence of a secular trend. The increase in stature due to age and secular factors was approximately 0.07 cm per year (significant, p < 0.05). When stature was adjusted for the estimated age effects, the estimated secular increase was 0.03 cm per year (not significant). By this analysis a secular trend in adult stature of the magnitude noted for industrialized countries apparently does not occur in developing areas.
Contributions and Constraints to the Implementation of Inclusive Education in Lesotho

This article reports on a study that investigated the extent to which central ministry policy initiatives result in large‐scale educational change in developing countries. Specifically, Lesotho's policy of inclusive special education was examined as a case study. The study employed a multi‐method approach to yield a large data‐set. Results indicate that policy implementation was limited in both depth (the approaches to inclusive education in some schools) and breadth (the number of schools that have received training in inclusive education). Where implementation was present, perceived teacher knowledge and skill was a strong predictor of success and teachers had positive attitudes toward children with disabilities.
Selecting Soybean for Adaptation to Double Cropping on the Basis of Full Season Plant Height

Double-cropping soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] shortens the growing season and reduces vegetative mass and seed yield. Soybean genotypes which produce greater vegetative mass may be better adapted to the double-crop system. This study was conducted to determine if tall soybean lines selected from full season plantings were better adapted to double-crop plantings than lines chosen from the same populations without regard to plant height. Four sets of soybean lines, with a tall and random height group in each set, were compared at Lexington, KY, in full season wide row and late planted narrow row (simulated double crop) cropping systems to determine the interaction between plant height and yield in the two different cropping systems. Soybean grown in the full season cropping system yielded an average of 32% more than when grown in the double-crop system. The height groups differed in yield in only one of the four sets. The cropping system × height group source of variation was not significant for yield in any set. Six of the eight lines ranked one or two for full season yield in each of the four sets were from the random height groups. Likewise, six of the eight lines ranked one or two for double-crop yield were also from the random height groups. Greater plant height did not consistently increase yield in the lower yielding double-crop environments. The selection of tall soybean lines did not provide improved adaptation to the double-crop cropping system.
Characteristics of conduction-cooled racetrack coils fabricated using REBCO coated conductor

Abstract REBCO coated conductors having a performance greater than 300 A/cm at 77 K have been developed for superconducting applications. The conduction-cooled coils fabricated using REBCO coated conductors are expected to have the high performance because the specific heats of the constituent materials increases greatly with the operating temperature. From the point of view of the coil design using REBCO coated conductors, we must consider the critical current versus the magnetic field characteristics and their temperature dependence. In this study, we fabricated the two-layer stacked racetrack coil whose outer diameter was 92 × 172 mm with 56 turns. The coil used the REBCO coated conductor, whose critical current was around 200 A/5 mm at 77 K self field, manufactured by Fujikura Ltd. We compared with the calculated and measured the voltage distribution of one racetrack coil, which was attached with voltage taps each turn, at 77 K in self field. We investigated the I c of the two-layer coil at 65 K and 50 K under conduction-cooled conditions. The I c values of the two-layer coil in self field using a criterion of 10 −7 V/cm were achieved 220 A at 65 K and 386 A at 50 K, which the central magnetic fields were 0.13 T at 65 K and 0.23 T at 50 K, respectively.
Sublethal thermal stress induces accelerated proliferation and growth factor expression in hepatocellular carcinoma

Purpose Tumor recurrence following percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant clinical problem, particularly in tumors ≥3.0cm. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that sublethal heat stress of HCC cells or hepatocytes stimulates accelerated proliferation of non-heat stressed HCC cells and to identify candidate heat-stress induced pro-tumorigenic growth factors. Materials and Methods A small number of HCC cells stably transfected to constitutively express firefly luciferase (N1S1luc and AS30Dluc) were co-cultured with a feeder layer of non-transfected HCC cells (N1S1 or AS30D) or hepatocytes (Clone9) that were heat stressed to induce complete (50 C), partial (45 C) or no (37 C) cell death (N=3). Proliferation of non-heat stressed HCC cells was monitored by non-invasive molecular bioluminescence imaging from 0-6 days using IVIS 200 and a standard curve was generated to estimate cell number in vitro. The two HCC cell lines and the hepatocyte cell line underwent sublethal heat stress (45 C) or control (37 C) and recovered after 6 hours at 37 C for whole transcriptome microarray analysis to assess heat stress induced growth factor expression (N=4). Results Sublethal heat stress (45 C) of both HCC cells and hepatocytes induced a significant increase in proliferation of non-heat stressed N1S1luc (p Conclusion These data suggest that sublethal thermal injury to HCC cells and hepatocytes stimulates proliferation of residual HCC cells and induces a significant increase in numerous pro-tumorigenic growth factors. Thermal ablation induced growth factor signaling warrants further investigation as a mechanism for recurrence and progression following thermal ablation of HCC.
ORI findings of scientific misconduct in clinical trials and publicly funded research, 1992–2002:

Background Since 1992 the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) had reviewed investigations of scientific misconduct in research funded by the US Public Health Service (PHS). ORI defined scientific misconduct as “fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted within the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research”.Purpose The purpose of this study was to summarize the findings and administrative actions reported in ORI notices of scientific misconduct in clinical trials occurring between May 1992 and 2002.Methods Findings of misconduct were gathered from publicly available sources: the ORI annual reports and the NIH Guide to Grants and Contracts.Results Clinical trials accounted for 17 (13%) of the 136 investigations that resulted in findings of scientific misconduct, and they were noted in 12 (11%) of the 113 brief reports of investigations closed with findings of no scientific misconduct. In clinical trials, ...
A Role for Eisosomes in Maintenance of Plasma Membrane Phosphoinositide Levels

The plasma membrane delineates the cell and mediates its communication and material exchange with the environment. Many processes of the plasma membrane occur through interactions of proteins with phosphatidylinositol(4,5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), which is highly enriched in this membrane and is a key determinant of its identity. Eisosomes function in lateral organization of the plasma membrane, but the molecular function of their major protein subunits, the BAR domain–containing proteins Pil1 and Lsp1, is poorly understood. Here we show that eisosomes interact with the PI(4,5)P2 phosphatase Inp51/Sjl1, thereby recruiting it to the plasma membrane. Pil1 is essential for plasma membrane localization and function of Inp51 but not for the homologous phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate phosphatases Inp52/Sjl2 and Inp53/Sjl3. Consistent with this, absence of Pil1 increases total and available PI(4,5)P2 levels at the plasma membrane. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model in which the eisosomes function in maintaining PI(4,5)P2 levels by Inp51/Sjl1 recruitment.
Liver lipids during development.

The fatty acid composition of the major liver microsomal phospholipids has been studied during pre- and postnatal development of the rabbit. The fatty acid composition of the total lipids, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine from animals −6, −3, 0, +3, +6, +9, +16, and +112 days of age was determined. Fatty acid composition is similar in phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine for oleic acid at +3, +6, +9, and +16 day old animals; palmitoleic acid at +9 day old animals and linoleic acid at −6, −3, and 0 day old animals.
MR imaging of fetal head and neck anomalies

Fetal dysmorphism can occur as a result of var-ious processes that include malformation (anoma-lous formation of tissue), deformation (unusualforces on normal tissue), disruption (breakdown ofnormal tissue), and dysplasia (abnormal organiza-tion of tissue).An approach to fetal diagnosis and counseling ofthe parents incorporates a detailed assessment of fam-ily history, maternal health, and serum screening, re-sults of amniotic fluid analysis for karyotype andother parameters, and thorough imaging of the fetuswith sonography and sometimes fetal MR imaging.Fetal imagingFetal sonography and MR imaging provide de-tailed sagittal, axial, and coronal views of the fetalfacial profile. Sonography, however, can be limitedby shadowing from ossified bone, particularly laterin gestation. Because MR imaging does not have thislimitation, sonography and MR imaging should beconsidered complementary modalities. MR imagesshould not be interpreted in isolation or without fullknowledge of the ultrasound greyscale and Dopp-ler findings.At the Children’s Hospital, Boston, single-shotfast spin echo (SSFSE) T2-weighted images areprimarily used for fetal MR imaging. When the fetalface is imaged, the sagittal view permits assessmentof the frontal and nasal bones, hard palate, tongue,andmandible.Abnormalitiesincludeabnormalpromi-nence of the frontal bone (frontal bossing) and lack ofthe usual frontal prominence. Abnormal nasal mor-phology includes variations in the size and shape ofthe nose. Macroglossia and micrognathia are also bestdiagnosed on sagittal images.Coronal images are useful for evaluating the in-tegrity of the fetal lips and palate and provide as-sessment of the eyes, nose, and ears. This view isalso useful for the diagnosis of cleft lip (CL) or cleftpalate (CP).Axial images provide assessment of the neck andof the orbits and globes for measurements of inter-ocular diameters for assessment of hypertelorism orhypotelorism.Normativevalueshavebeenwellestab-lished for sonography but not yet for MR imaging[1–3]. The maxilla, mandible lips, nasal cavity, andears are also well seen. Ears may be abnormally smalland low set or large and protuberant.Abnormal masses such as cephaloceles, cysticvascular anomalies (eg, lymphatic malformation),and tumors (eg, hemangioma and teratoma) shouldbe assessed using all three planes. Variations inmorphology of the cranium resulting in brachy-cephaly, scaphocephaly, or turricephaly may indi-cate underlying craniosynostosis.Concomitant anomalies involving the spine, heart,kidneys, or limbs and digits may provide additionalclues to an underlying syndrome, sequence, or asso-ciation. Several fetal craniofacial abnormalities areassociated with an increased risk of aneuploidy.
SKELETAL FRACTURE ASSOCIATED WITH ANDROGEN SUPPRESSION INDUCED OSTEOPOROSIS: THE CLINICAL INCIDENCE AND RISK FACTORS FOR PATIENTS WITH PROSTATE CANCER

Purpose: Limited information exists regarding the long-term risk of skeletal fracture in men on androgen suppression for prostate cancer. In addition, the clinical risk factors predisposing them to skeletal fracture are incompletely defined. We define the long-term risk and clinical risk factors for skeletal fracture in patients with prostate cancer on chronic androgen suppression.Materials and Methods: A total of 181 consecutive patients with prostate cancer on androgen suppression therapy were evaluated. The primary end point was skeletal fracture. Comprehensive demographic information was gathered, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify associations with skeletal fracture.Results: The proportion of patients who had survived fracture-free at 5 and 10 years on androgen suppression therapy was 96% and 80%, respectively. The black race (p = 0.009) and increased body mass index (p = 0.024) were identified as protective against androgen suppression associated skeletal fractures. ...
Geometry of the general affine-Virasoro construction

Abstract We obtain the geometric form of the general Virasoro construction L = L ab : J a J b : on the currents of affine g. The master equation is a particular Einstein-like system on the group manifold G, where the inertia tensor L ab defines a left-invariant metric. The central charge of the general construction is c = dim g − 4 R , with R the curvature scalar. Extension to include linear terms, for example L = L ab : J a J b : + D a ∂J a , defines particular Einstein-Maxwell-like generalizations.
Susceptibility of Mosquitoes to Silica Gel Insecticides

Adult female Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, Culex fatigans Wied. and susceptible and DDT-resistant Aedes aegypti (L.) were exposed for periods of 1 hour to filter paper treated with silica gel insecticides, using the World Health Organization standard test kit for adult mosquitoes. Dosages of a silica aerogel (Dri-Die) as low as 50 mg./sq. ft. produced high mortalities in all species, the effectiveness being somewhat reduced in tests at 100% relative humidity. Susceptible and DDT-resistant strains were equally affected. Aqueous suspensions of this insecticide were less than half as effective as the dust. Death was due in part to desiccation and was frequently accompanied by the formation of exudates appearing as small, spherical or hemispherical masses on the sputum, legs or wings of the mosquitoes. Silikil-D dust and aqueous suspensions at high dosages exhibited little effectiveness against A. aegypti although mortality was greater at a high relative humidity.
Creating Successful Vernal Pools: A Literature Review and Advice for Practitioners

Vernal pools provide critical breeding habitat for amphibians adapted to temporary waters, but they seldom receive the same level of protection as permanent wetlands. In response to continued degradation and loss of pools, managers often attempt to mitigate losses through pool creation or restoration. However, mitigation efforts often fail to provide suitable aquatic habitat for vernal pool amphibians. We review the literature on pool creation in northeastern and central North America, highlighting how and why constructed pools often fail to support amphibian-related objectives. We recommend that practitioners consider the complex ecology of pool ecosystems and the historical and current distribution of pools and other wetlands in their local context before designing pool mitigation projects. Using vernal pool creation as a mitigation option should be a last resort (i.e., when elimination of natural pools is unavoidable). Monitoring should be target-specific and conducted for at least 5 years. Topographic, geologic, and other local factors affecting pool hydrology and ecology vary regionally; pool creation remains an imperfect science that will only advance by documenting failures and successes. We recommend an adaptive management approach to vernal pool creation in which the effectiveness of techniques is evaluated and refined based on research.
Convergence of difference approximations of quasilinear evolution equations

Abstract : The very successful theory of quasilinear evolution equations, which applies to many problems of mathematical physics, has been developed by T. Kato. The theory obtains solutions of quasilinear problems via contraction mappings which are defined by means of a theory of linear evolution equations also developed by Kato. In the current work we show how the existence and continuous dependence theorems obtained by Kato can be proved by discretization in time. As opposed to earlier work in this direction, the current results are much sharper concerning the continuity properties of the solutions of the discretized problem and the strength of the norms in which they converge.
Activation of a distinct arousal state immediately after spontaneous awakening from sleep.

Abstract In contrast to the many neural studies into the mechanisms of sleep onset and maintenance, few studies have focused specifically on awakening from sleep. However, the abrupt electrographic changes and large brief cardio-respiratory activation at awakening suggest that a distinct, transiently aroused, awake state may exist compared to later wakefulness. To test this hypothesis we utilized the acoustic startle reflex, a standard un-conditioned reflex elicited by a sudden loud noise. This reflex is modulated under specific conditions, one being a diminution of startle when a quieter pre-stimulus is presented immediately before the loud stimulus. This pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) is used as a measure of sensorimotor gating, with smaller PPI indicating less filtering of sensory inputs and increased responsiveness to external stimuli. Eight rats with electrodes for recording sleep–wake state were studied. An accelerometer measured startle responses. The startle reflex was elicited by 115 dB, 40 ms tones. PPI was produced by 74 dB, 20 ms tones preceding the 115 dB tone by 100 ms. Responses within 100 ms were measured. Stimuli were applied either 3–10 s after spontaneous awakenings, or in established wakefulness (>30 s). Responses to the startle stimuli alone were similar in the different awake states ( P =0.821). However, PPI was smaller at awakening from non-REM sleep compared to established wakefulness (45.4±7.5% vs. 74.3±6.1%, P =0.0002). PPI after awakening from REM sleep (52.8±17.9%) was not significantly different than established wakefulness ( P =0.297). Reduced PPI of the startle reflex at awakening from non-REM sleep supports the hypothesis that wakefulness immediately after spontaneous sleep episodes is neurophysiologically distinct from later wakefulness and associated with reduced gating of motor responses to sensory inputs. Spontaneous activation of this distinct, transiently aroused, state upon awakening may serve a protective function, preparing an animal to respond immediately to potentially threatening stimuli.
Pathophysiology of pediatric fecal incontinence

This article addresses the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric fecal incontinence in 4 main categories: (1) Functional fecal retention, the withholding of feces because of fear of painful defecation, results in constipation and overflow soiling. Treatment includes dietary changes, use of laxatives, and cognitive and behavioral interventions such as toilet training, which diminishes phobia and provides positive reinforcement through a rewards system. (2) For functional nonretentive fecal soiling (encopresis), antidiarrheal agents can increase the consistency of stools and facilitate continence. Anorectal biofeedback for children has been proposed, but its efficacy remains unproven. Parents should be educated to conduct nonaccusatory toilet training and help children alleviate guilt and enhance self-esteem. Appropriately constructed trials are necessary to gauge the effect of adding prolonged use of enemas to an intensive toilet training program. (3) Surgery can correct minor congenital anorectal anomalies by identifying the external sphincter, separating the rectum from the genitourinary tract, and reconstructing the anus. However, there is great variation in postsurgical functional outcomes for anorectal malformations. Double-blinded, randomized controlled trials could help define the role of appendicostomy, cecostomy, sphincter reconstruction, colostomy, and artificial sphincters. (4) Children with spina bifida and fecal incontinence may benefit from techniques that teach them how to defecate. A continent appendicostomy (Malone procedure) is a promising treatment that completely cleanses the colon, increases the child's autonomy, and decreases the chance of soiling. A cecostomy can be performed surgically, endoscopically, or radiologically to provide some of the same benefits.
Long-term exposure to β2-receptor agonist specifically desensitizes β-receptor—mediated venodilation

Desensitization of human vascular smooth muscle has not been shown after long-term exposure to agonist. Using the dorsal hand vein compliance technique, we measured the vascular sensitivity to isoproterenol, alprostadil, and nitroglycerin. Nine volunteers were studied after receiving no treatment or after 7 days of the beta 2-agonist terbutaline (5 mg three times daily). Terbutaline pretreatment desensitized the vascular response to isoproterenol, resulting in a fourfold increase in the dose of isoproterenol required to produce 10% vasodilation (geometric mean after terbutaline, 100.8 ng/min; without terbutaline, 26.7 ng/min; p < 0.001). The desensitization was specific for beta 2-receptor-mediated effects. We have therefore shown that dynamic regulation of vascular responsiveness by long-term exposure to beta 2-receptor agonist occurs in humans. This selective desensitization of vascular beta-adrenergic responsiveness will result in mixed alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists, such as epinephrine, becoming relatively more vasoconstrictive, and it also has important implications in blood pressure response to stress.
Subanalytic sets and optimal control in the plane

Local bounds on the number of switchings and the existence of a regular synthesis are proved for optimal control problems of the form minimize ?L(x(t))dt subject to x = F(x) + uG(x), x ? M, |u| ? 1, where M is an open subset of the plane, F and G are real analytic vector fields on M, and L is a strictly positive real-valued function on M.
Saliva and Serum Theophylline Concentration in Management of Asthma in Children on Sustained-Release Therapy

Relationships between theophylline concentrations in saliva and serum and lung functions were investigated in 27 asthmatic children receiving a sustained-release theophylline. Improvements in lung functions were related to increasing theophylline concentrations. The concentration required to maintain normal lung functions was 10 micrograms/ml in serum and 7 micrograms/ml in saliva. Theophylline concentrations in serum and saliva statistically correlated (r = 0.949). The mean serum - saliva ratio was 1.45 +/- 0.02, with a 13.7% intersubject and a 14.9% intrasubject variation. Predicted serum concentrations were +/- 2 micrograms/ml of measured concentrations in 92 samples (92%). From the results, theophylline concentrations in saliva may be useful in predicting serum values.
An off-board quantum point contact as a sensitive detector of cantilever motion

The use of a quantum point contact to detect the thermal motion of a nearby microcantilever demonstrates a potentially useful tool in the quest to push the sensitivity of displacement sensors to the ultimate quantum limit. Recent advances in the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems and their evolution into nanoelectromechanical systems have enabled researchers to measure extremely small forces, masses and displacements1. In particular, researchers have developed position transducers with resolution approaching the uncertainty limit set by quantum mechanics2,3,4,5. The achievement of such resolution has implications not only for the detection of quantum behaviour in mechanical systems, but also for a variety of other precision experiments including the bounding of deviations from newtonian gravity at short distances6 and the measurement of single spins7. Here, we demonstrate the use of a quantum point contact as a sensitive displacement detector capable of sensing the low-temperature thermal motion of a nearby micromechanical cantilever. Advantages of this approach include versatility due to its off-board design, compatibility with nanoscale oscillators and, with further development, the potential to achieve quantum-limited displacement detection8,9.
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Independently Predicts Survival in Severely Immunocompromised Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

The exact immune defects leading to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐associated opportunistic infections, malignancies, and death are unknown. In this study, the relationship between survival and 2 immune functions, cytomegalovirus‐specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killer (NK) activity, was determined by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 39 severely immunocompromised patients (median CD4 count, 7). Median follow-up was 414 days; 15 subjects died and 24 remained alive. In a KaplanMeier analysis, high baseline ADCC (1median) was associated with improved survival ( P= ). A similar trend was observed for NK activity ( ). In a multivariate model controlling .05 P= .1 for baseline CD4 cell count, HIV RNA, and use of protease inhibitors during follow-up, high ADCC, but not high NK activity, remained significantly associated with a lower risk of death (relative risk, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.05‐0.75). ADCC may be an important determinant of disease progression independently of anti-retroviral therapy, CD4 cell count, and HIV RNA.
Audio-Visual System for Use in Cardiac Research

An EKG machine, oscilloscope and TV camera are linked so that a patient's abnormal cardiac events can automatically provide synchronized video-tape recordings of the patient's clinical appearance and electrocardiogram.
Social Movements, Political Goals, and the May 1 Marches: Communicating Protest in Polysemous Media Environments

This discourse analysis of audience reception examined journalistic response to the May 1, 2006, immigrants’ rights protests in mainstream newspapers, niche news and opinion outlets in the United S...
A hybrid CMOS APS pixel for wide-dynamic range imaging applications

In this paper, a new hybrid photodiode-photogate (HPDPG) CMOS APS pixel for high-dynamic range imaging applications is presented. The HPDPG pixel composes of a biased photogate, a photodiode and standard 3-transistors (3T) CMOS APS readout electronics. Biased photogate was connected in parallel with photodiode structure introducing a knee on the photoresponse curve. This new photodetection structure allows extension of the photoresponse range, providing wide dynamic range operation. New HPDPG pixel and a reference photodiode type 3T CMOS APS pixel were designed, fabricated, and tested using a 0.5 mum double poly, triple metal (2P3M) CMOS process. It was shown that addition of a biased photogate structure in a standard photodiode type 3T CMOS APS pixel improve saturation exposure five times (5x) with the expense of reduced quantum efficiency, and increased dark current. Photogate in parallel with photodiode improves pixel full-well capacity ten times (lOx) with the expected reduction in sensitivity and conversion gain.
Bis-amidopyrrolyl Receptors Based on Anthracene and Carbazole.

A new set of diamide receptors containing anthracene and carbazole bridging subunits and either pyrrole or phenyl substituents were synthesised. The four systems produced in this way were shown to bind representative anions in DMSO-d 6 solution and in the solid state. A higher relative affinity for two test oxoanions, namely dihydrogen phosphate and benzoate, over chloride anion was seen in solution, with the anions in question being studied in the form of their respective tetrabutylammonium salts. However, the specifics of the anion recognition process were seen to depend on structure, with the pyrrole-containing systems displaying higher relative affinities than their corresponding phenyl-containing congeners, and the carbazole receptors proving more effective than the anthracene analogues. Such observations provide support for the notion that both the carbazole NH and the pyrrolic NH protons play an important role in stabilising the receptor-bound anions in solution. Structural analyses of several anio...