cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Congenital Coronary Artery Abnormalities in Children.

| After a significant coronary artery abnormality is recognized in a pediatric patient, surgery or appropriate transcatheter intervention should be performed. The risk of fatality from a congenital coronary abnormality far outweighs the small risks of surgical or transcatheter intervention. Angiography, although considered the state-of-the-art method of diagnosis, has significant spatial limitations and is not always diagnostic of aberrant coronary origins from the contralateral aortic sinus. In the hands of an experienced coronary imager, color flow Doppler echocardiography is one of the best diagnostic tools for congenital coronary abnormalities. Symptoms of a coronary abnormality vary from none to a sudden coronary event that may result in death. Awareness of subtle as well as obvious symptoms is essential for a timely intervention. Surgical or transcatheter intervention in an asymptomatic child with a coronary abnormality is controversial, but it is becoming more acceptable due to a better understanding of the risks involved in unrepaired congenital coronary abnormalities. Surgical reimplantation is the treatment of choice for a patients with a pulmonary origin of a coronary artery. Surgical unroofing of the intramural segment is preferable in an aberrant coronary origin from the contralateral aortic sinus. Surgical enlarge-ment of a stenotic ostium is recommended for ostial stenosis. Transcatheter coil embolization is becoming the treatment of choice of large coronary artery fistula.
Inhibition of heme synthesis in bone marrow cells by succinylacetone: Effect on globin synthesis

The effects of 4,6-dioxoheptanoic acid (succinylacetone, SA), an inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, on total iron uptake, heme synthesis, and globin synthesis were studied in rat marrow cells in culture in order to examine the coordination of heme and globin synthesis. SA inhibited heme synthesis in both control and erythropoietin-stimulated cells in a dose-dependent fashion; at 10(-3) M, inhibition was complete, whereas at 10(-7) M, there was no significant effect. Inhibition of total iron uptake was also dose-dependent although, at 10(-3) M, it was not complete. The inhibition of heme synthesis by SA was partially overcome by addition of 10(-4) M porphobilinogen or protoporphyrin IX. SA caused an almost complete suppression of globin formation in both erythropoietin-stimulated and unstimulated cells as early as five hours after the addition of the inhibitor. When inhibition of heme synthesis was incomplete, globin synthesis was partially inhibited. These results indicate that heme synthesis is required for erythropoietin-mediated induction of globin synthesis in cultured bone marrow cells.
Complication rates and patency of radiologically guided mushroom gastrostomy, balloon gastrostomy, and gastrojejunostomy: a review of 250 procedures

To compare complication rates and tube performance of percutaneous mushroom gastrostomy, balloon gastrostomy, and gastrojejunostomy. Between September 9, 1999 and April 23, 2001, 203 patients underwent 250 radiologically guided percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy procedures. Follow-up was conducted through chart reviews and review of our interventional radiology database. Procedural and catheter-related complications were recorded. Chi-square statistical analysis was performed. In patients receiving mushroom-retained gastrostomy catheters (n = 114), the major complication rate was 0.88% (n = 1), the minor complication rate was 5.3% (n = 6), and the tube complication rate was 4.4% (n = 5). In patients receiving balloon-retained gastrostomy tubes (n = 67), the major complication rate was 0, the minor complication rate was 4.5% (n = 3), and the tube complication rate was 34.3% (n = 23). In patients receiving gastrojejunostomy catheters (n = 69), the major complication rate was 1.4% (n = 1), the minor complication rate was 2.9% (n = 2), and the tube complication rate was 34.8% (n = 24). No statistically significant differences were found between procedural or peri-procedural complications among the different types of tubes. Mushroom-retained catheters had significantly fewer tube complications (p < 0.01). Percutaneous gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy have similar procedural and peri-procedural complication rates. Mushroom gastrostomy catheters have fewer tube-related complications compared with balloon gastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy catheters. In addition, mushroom-retained catheters exhibit the best overall long-term tube patency and are therefore the gastrostomy catheter of choice.
Branch, micropropagule and tissue culture of the red algae Eucheuma denticulatum and Kappaphycus alvarezii farmed in the Philippines

Three forms of the iota-producing carrageenophyte,Eucheuma denticulatum, and four forms of the kappa-producing carrageenophyte,Kappaphycus alvarezii, obtained from seaweed farms in the Philippines have been grown in the laboratory under unialgal and axenic conditions. Comparison of media indicates that seed stocks of both species can be cultured using enriched seawater media ranging from ESS and SWMD-1 to inexpensive soil extract (Erdshreiber's) or holding in sterile seawater for up to three weeks. Micropropagation has been successful with at least two forms of each species resulting in clonal propagation from axenic explants within 4 to 8 weeks. Callus development and branch regeneration has also been induced in two forms of each species. The results indicate that culture facilities in the farming areas of the Philippines could maintain high-yielding and rapidly growing seed stock for the seaweed farmers.
p67 Transcription Regulates Translation in Serum-starved and Mitogen-activated KRC-7 Cells*

Next Section Abstract The regulation of protein synthesis was studied in KRC-7 cells (rat hepatoma) grown in complete medium, during serum starvation, and mitogen activation. Upon serum starvation, the cells lost almost completely p67 mRNA, p67 protein, and protein synthesis activity. After phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate addition, the same serum-starved cells regained p67 mRNA, p67 protein, and protein synthesis activity. Also, the extracts from the serum-starved cells phosphorylated the eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) α-subunit. This eIF-2 α-subunit phosphorylation was not observed when the extracts from either the cells grown in complete medium or mitogen-activated cells were used (Gupta, S., Wu, S., Chatterjee, N., Ilan, J., Ilan, J., Osterman, J. C., and Gupta, N. K. (1995) Gene Expr. 5, 113–122). We now report the following. 1) The eIF-2 kinase activity was the same in the cells grown in complete medium, after serum starvation, and subsequent mitogen stimulation. However, the eIF-2 kinase in the cells grown in complete medium and also after mitogen activation of the serum-starved cells cannot phosphorylate eIF-2 α-subunit as these cells contain p67. After removal of endogenous p67 by p67 antibodies, the extracts from all these cells similarly phosphorylated exogenously added eIF-2. 2) None of the cell extracts showed p67 deglycosylase activity. 3) The p67 mRNA was synthesized in serum-starved cells by expression of a p67 cDNA. The appearance of p67 mRNA in the serum-starved cells was accompanied by the appearance of p67 protein. Also, the rates of protein synthesis in the serum-starved cells were restored nearly to the level observed in the confluent cells. The expression of p67 cDNA also significantly increased protein synthesis rates in the cells grown in complete medium and in mitogen-activated cells. These results show that the loss of protein synthesis activity in serum-starved cells was due to loss of p67 mRNA. The expressed p67 mRNA was stable in serum-starved cells. These results, therefore, suggest that the loss of p67 mRNA in serum-starved cells is due to loss of p67 transcription. The p67 transcription regulates translation.
Relativizations of relation algebras by the diversity

The elements of a relation algebra A that are below a fixed elementa form a relative subalgebrab Aa of A. It was shown by H. Andreka that the class of all relative subalgebras of relation algebras is not a variety, but it follows immediately from results of R. L. Kramer that the closure of this class under subalgebras is a finitely based variety. We show that the relative subalgebras A0′ with 0′ the diversity element of A, form a finitely based variety. We also show that A is determined by A0′, up to a direct factor that is Boolean (the relative product coincides with the meet).
Some Studies on Starch Gelation

The mechanical behaviour of starch gels at small static deformations was investigated. In the concentration range 6 - 30% w/w starch gels behave as Hookean solids with a linear dependence between shear modulus and concentration. At a fixed concentration the shear modulus of starch gel increases in the order potato <maize <pea. The starch gel was considered to be a composite in which swollen gelatinized starch granules reinforce an interpenetrating amylose gel matrix. The factors which influence the mechanical behaviour of this composite are discussed.
Classification of maize environments using crop simulation and geographic information systems

The effectiveness of a cultivar evaluation system largely depends on the genetic correlation between genotype performance in multienvironment trials (MET) and in the target population of environments (TPE). Previous classifications of maize (Zea mays L.) environments on the basis of climate and soil did not quantify their impact on the genetic correlations among environments. Consequently, plant breeders have favored classifications based on the similarity of cultivar discrimination in trials. However, these efforts frequently fail to provide adequate assessments of the TPE, since they require long-term performance data, which are not normally collected due to high cost. To describe the TPE, we performed crop simulations for each U.S. Corn Belt Township for the period 1952 through 2002, using standard CERES-Maize model inputs. To classify METs, input data were collected at or near the trial sites. Grain yield and biotic stress data for model confirmation were collected from 18 hybrids grown in replicated trials in 266 environments in 2000-2002. On the basis of prevailing conditions during key growth stages, and observed patterns of genotype X environment interactions (GEI), six major environment classes (EC) were identified. The relative frequency of each EC varied greatly from year to year and significant hybrid X EC interaction variance was observed. Our environmental classification system provided a useful description of some of the features of both the TPE and MET. Knowledge of the spatial (locations) and temporal (years) distributions of ECs that influence the incidence of GEI can be used to improve cultivar performance predictability in the U.S. Corn Belt TPE.
Synthesis and structures of the quaternary chalcogenides of the type KLnMQ4 (Ln = La, Nd, Gd, Y; M = Si, Ge; Q = S, Se)

Some new quaternary compounds of the type KLnMQ[sub 4] (Ln = La, Nd, Gd, Y; M = Si, Ge; Q = S, Se) have been synthesized by the reaction of K[sub 2]S[sub 5] or K[sub 2]Se[sub 5] with lanthanide sulfides or selenides and elemental Ge or Si at 1000[degrees]C. The crystal structures of two of these compounds have been determined by X-ray diffraction techniques and are isostructural. Crystal data: KLaGeS[sub 4] - space group P2[sub 1], M = 378.84, Z = 2, a = 6.653(1), b = 6.679(2), c = 8.643(2) [angstrom], [beta] = 107.57(1)[degrees] (T = 115 k), V = 366.1(1) [angstrom][sup 3], D[sub x] = 3.436, [lambda](MoK[alpha][sub 1]) = 0.7093 [angstrom], [mu] = 113.9 cm[sup [minus]1], R[sub w](F[sup 2]) = 0.060 for 2613 observations and 66 variables, R(F)) = 0.022 for 2534 observations having F[sup 2][sub 0] > 2[sigma](F[sup 2][sub O]; KLaGeSe[sub 4] - space group P2[sub 1], M = 566.44, Z = 2, a = 6.875(3), b = 7.002(2), c = 8.942(4) [angstrom], [beta] = 107.84(2)[degrees] (T = 115 K), V = 409.8(3) [degrees][sup 3], D[sub x] = 4.590, [lambda](MoK[alpha][sub 1]) = 0.7093 [angstrom], [mu] = 267.8 cm[sup [minus]1], R[sub w](F[sup 2]) = 0.100 for 3083 observationsmore » and 66 variables, R(F) = 0.041 for 2965 observations having F[sup 2][sub O] > 2[sigma](F[sup 2][sub O]). The other compounds synthesized appear to crystallize in the same structure type. The structure consists of two-dimensional 2[sub x][LnMQ[sup [minus]][sub 4]] layers separated by K[sup +] cations in trigonal prismatic sites. The layers consist of LnQ[sub 7] distorted monocapped trigonal prisms an MQ[sub 4] tetrahedra that share edges and corners. The resultant structure is related to those of Eu[sub 2]GeS[sub 4] and ScPS[sub 4]. The diffuse reflective UV-visible spectrum of KLaGeS[sub 4] has been measured. From measurements of magnetic susceptibility vs temperature both KNdGeS[sub 4] and KgdGeS[sub 4] show Curie-Weiss behavior.« less
ION EXTRACTOR SYSTEM DESIGN.

Ion extractor system for electrostatic thrustors designed, using salient features of digital computer and electrolytic tank analog methods
Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits and Lasers

A number of important breakthroughs in the past decade have focused attention on Si as a photonic platform. We review here recent progress in this field, focusing on efforts to make lasers, amplifiers, modulators and photodetectors on or in silicon. We also describe progress in silicon photonic integrated circuits. The impact active silicon photonic integrated circuits could have on interconnects, telecommunications and on silicon electronics is reviewed.
Saha decrements and collisional-radiative recombination and ionization coefficients for a nonequilibrium nitrogen plasma

Using a time-dependent approach, a collisional-radiative model is developed for a nitrogen plasma. Effective recombination and ionization coefficients are calculated for optically thin and optically thick cases in bound-bound u.v. radiation. The steady-state population densities for neutral and ionic states are presented in terms of their deviations from Saha equilibrium predictions. These results show the approach of the plasma to local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) as a function of electron temperature and density. The computations focus on temperatures between 1.0 and 3.0 eV and electron densities between 1016 and 1019 cm−3.
Estrogen replacement in surgical stage I and II endometrial cancer survivors

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to evaluate our experience with estrogen replacement in women with a history of early-stage endometrial cancer and to determine whether it increased the risk for recurrence or death. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review was performed of 123 women with surgical stage I and II endometrial adenocarcinoma treated between 1984 and 1994; 62 had received estrogen replacement therapy after cancer therapy. Sixty-one women received no estrogen. Variables analyzed included age, parity, surgical stage, grade, depth of myometrial invasion, presence of intercurrent illnesses, duration of follow-up, and duration of estrogen replacement, if applicable. Outcome variables assessed included recurrence rate, time to recurrence, and disease-free interval. RESULTS: The estrogen replacement therapy group had earlier stage disease ( p = 0.04) and less severe depth of invasion ( p = 0.003); however, the total number of deaths in each group was not significantly different. The disease-free survival in the estrogen replacement therapy group did not differ significantly compared with those not receiving estrogen replacement therapy. The data are suggestive of improved disease-free survival in the estrogen replacement therapy group, which may be related to differences in age, stage, grade, and depth of invasion. The overall recurrence rate was 6.5%, with an overall death rate of 1.6%. CONCLUSIONS: There is no evidence to suggest that estrogen decreased the disease-free interval or increased the risk for recurrence in early-stage disease. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1195-200.)
18q21 rearrangement in diffuse large cell lymphoma: Incidence and clinical significance

Summary. Cytogenetic, molecular genetic and clinical information was collected for 102 cases of diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) ascertained in a diagnostic laboratory over a 3-year period. Nineteen cases showed evidence of either a t(14;18) or a rearrangement of one of three genomic probes for breakpoints at 18q21. Clinical and histologic evidence of transformation from follicular lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was available in six cases. Except for age, prognostic clinical variables (LDH, stage, extranodal involvement) were similar between the 18q21 rearranged patients and DLCL patients without 18q21 rearrangement. At a median follow-up in excess of 2 years for both groups, there was no difference in overall survival between the 18q21 rearranged group compared to DLCL patients lacking this genetic abnormality. The median disease-free survival for the 18q21 rearranged group, however, was significantly shorter and survival in partial remission longer. The propensity for extended survival of the 18q21 rearranged DLCL patients with residual or recurrent disease resembled the clinical behaviour of nodular lymphoma patients with t(14;18). These results suggest that cytogenic or molecular genetic identification of a chromosome 18q21 translocation may be of prognostic significance in the analysis of treatment protocols for patients with DLCL.
Estimating the World Trade Center tower population on September 11, 2001: a capture-recapture approach

I applied the capture–recapture method to estimate the World Trade Center tower population at the time of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Available lists helped identify 8965 survivors and 2152 confirmed casualties. The capture–recapture model suggested that an additional 4435 survivors were present, putting the total count of all present at 15 552 (95% confidence interval = 15 216, 15 897). An accurate estimate represents the potential number at risk for trauma as a result of direct exposure to the events of the day.
Bagged gene shaving for the robust clustering of high-throughput data

The analysis of high-throughput data sets, such as microarray data, often requires that individual variables (genes, for example) be grouped into clusters of variables with highly correlated values across all samples. Gene shaving is an established method for generating such clusters, but is overly sensitive to the input data: changing just one sample can determine whether or not an entire cluster is found. This paper describes a clustering method based on the bootstrap aggregation of gene shaving clusters, which overcomes this and other problems, and applies the new method to a large gene expression microarray dataset from brain tumour samples.
Ethnic Classification and Culture: The Case of the Tujia in Hubei, China

Specific cultural practices, or their absence, definitively mark many ethnic identities. Why then are cultural practices frequently at odds with ethnic categories? The case of the Tujia, an ethnic minority in China, demonstrates the disjuncture between officially assigned ethnic categories, culture and local identity. It also suggests a potential explanation for why such disjunctures occur. State officials apparently classified Tujia in terms of actual cultural practices that were not important locally. There may be a general pattern that outsiders classify others based on culture while locals classify themselves based on socio-political experience.
Low-resolution microwave spectroscopy: A new band type

$^{1}$ R. F. Curl, JR., T. Ikeda, and R, Kewley, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 44, 459 (1972). $^{2}$ H. M. Pickett, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95, 1770 (1973).""
Concurrent Particle Filtering and Data Association Using Game Theory for Tracking Multiple Maneuvering Targets

We propose a particle filtering technique to track multiple maneuvering targets in the presence of clutter. We treat data association and state estimation, which are the two important sub-problems in tracking, as separate problems. We develop a game-theoretic framework to solve the data association, in which we model each tracker as a player and the set of measurements as strategies. We develop utility functions for each player, and then use a regret-based learning algorithm to find the equilibrium of this game. The game-theoretic approach allows us to associate measurements to all the targets simultaneously. Further, in contrast to the traditional Monte-Carlo data association algorithms that use samples of the association vector obtained from a proposal distribution, our method finds the association in a deterministic fashion. We then use Monte-Carlo sampling on the reduced dimensional state of each target, independently, and thereby mitigate the curse-of-dimensionality problem that is known to occur in particle filtering. We provide a number of numerical results to demonstrate the performance of our proposed filtering algorithm.
Studies on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated beef heart mitochondria.

Abstract The regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of isolated beef heart mitochondria by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation mechanism was investigated. From mitochondria incubated under conditions favoring either a protein kinasemediated inactivation or a phosphatase-mediated reactivation, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex was extracted and partially purified. Incorporation of 32 P from [γ- 32 P]ATP into the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex corresponded to the loss of enzymatic activity. Upon incubation of the mitochondria that were preincubated with [γ- 32 P]ATP under metabolic conditions favoring the phosphatase reaction, the amount of radioactivity in the 32 P-labeled fraction decreased significantly with a concomitant increase in the pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. The estimated molecular weight of the 32 P-labeled fraction derived from the mitochondrial incubation was 41,000, corresponding to the reported molecular weight of the α-subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase portion of the multienzyme complex.
Reducing tool wear in micro electrochemical machining by cryogenic treatment

Pulse electrochemical micromachining (PECMM) is an unconventional manufacturing method suitable for the production of micro sized components on a wide range of electrically conductive materials. Absence of cathode wear during electrolysis is a major advantage of electrochemical machining. However, tools are often chemically corroded by certain electrolytes used in PECMM. In this study, cryogenic treatment was performed to improve the corrosion resistance of tungsten tools to achieve increased tool life in PECMM. Using one-way multivariate analysis of variance method, optimum cryogenic cycle parameters for the PECMM were established. Compared to an untreated tool, a reduction of about 10% to 45% in tool wear rate and 0% to 80% in corrosion rates, and 20% to 200% increase in MRR were observed on electrochemical machining with tools that were cryogenically treated.
Designing Pd-on-Au Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysts for Trichloroethene Hydrodechlorination

Alumina-supported palladium (Pd) catalysts have previously been shown to hydrodechlorinate trichloroethene (TCE) and other chlorinated compounds in water, at room temperature, and in the presence of hydrogen. The feasibility of this catalytic technology to remediate groundwater of halogenated compounds can be improved by re-designing the Pd material in order to increase catalytic activity. We synthesized and characterized Pd supported on gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) of different Pd loadings. In all cases, we found that these catalysts were considerably more active than Pd NPs, alumina-supported Pd, and Pd-black (62.0, 12.2, and 0.42 L·gPd-1·min-1, respectively). There is a synergistic effect of the Pd-on-Au bimetallic structure, with the material with the highest TCE hydrodechlorination activity (943 L·gPd-1·min-1) comprised of Au NPs partially covered by Pd metal. The Pd-on-Au bimetallic catalyst structure provides a new synthesis approach in improving the catalytic properties of monometallic Pd materials...
Charge-distribution changes accompanying the formation and changes in the composition of HfCx and TaCx.

Core-level binding energies (BE's) and valence-band structures, determined with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and C {ital KVV} Auger spectra were obtained for TaC{sub {ital x}} (0.5{approx lt}{ital x}{approx lt}1.0) and HfC{sub {ital x}} (0.6{approx lt}{ital x}{approx lt}1.0). In TaC{sub {ital x}} the metal 4{ital f} BE, C 1{ital s} BE, and the BE of the main {ital p}-{ital d} valence-band peak decreased (moved toward the Fermi level) as {ital x} decreased; in HfC{sub {ital x}} these BE's increased as {ital x} decreased. In TaC{sub {ital x}} the largest BE shift with changing {ital x} was for the metal 4{ital f} BE; in HfC{sub {ital x}} it was for the C 1{ital s} BE. For TaC{sub {ital x}} the relative intensity in the valence-band spectra between 0 and 2 eV BE changed significantly as {ital x} decreased, eventually becoming the dominant intensity of the spectrum; for HfC{sub {ital x}}, deviations from {ital x}{congruent}1 did not change the shape of the valence-band spectra appreciably. The data from both sets of materials are explained in terms of changes in the charge distributions accompanying changes in {ital x}. And although the two sets of spectroscopic behavior are quite different, the changes in the charge distributionsmore » we are proposing are nevertheless quite similar. In particular, it is proposed that, as {ital x} decreases for either HfC{sub {ital x}} or TaC{sub {ital x}}, the electron charge increases in the vicinity of metal ions and decreases in the vicinity of carbon ions. An analysis of the C {ital KVV} Auger spectra is consistent with this interpretation in that the analysis suggests a reduction in C 2{ital p}-electron occupancy per carbon atom with decreasing {ital x}. The 4{ital f} BE's of Ta and Hf in the elemental metals also were measured and are used to discuss changes in the charge distributions that occur upon formation of HfC{sub {ital x}} and TaC{sub {ital x}}.« less
Comparison of the Cerebrovascular Effects of a 2mg/kg I.V. Cocaine Injection in Fetal, Newborn, and Adult Sheep • 1897

Cocaine may cause stroke, seizures, and neurobehavioral abnormalities in fetuses(F), newborns(N), and adults(A). There may be developmental differences in the mechanisms for these cocaine-induced cerebral effects. Therefore, we compared the cerebrovascular response to a 2 mg/kg I.V. dose in unanesthetized F(n=8, direct fetal injection), N(n=6), and A(n=12) sheep. We measured cerebral blood flow(CBF), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), arterial(CaO2), and venous O2 content, and calculated cerebral 02 consumption(CMRO2) and cerebral vascular resistance(CVR) at baseline, and at 0.5, 5, 15, and 60min after cocaine injection. Results(Mean±SEM) are shown in the table below.
The thermoelectric power of the metallic glass Ca0.8Al0.2

Abstract We report the first measurement of the thermoelectric power Q, of a metallic glass that contains only normal metals. The thermoelectric power of amorphous Ca0.8Al0.2 has been measured as a function of temperature from 10 K to 420 K. It is found that Q is positive, varies linearly with temperature and has a small slope. This is similar to the thermoelectric power found for other metallic glasses containing large concentrations of transition metal atoms.
Sensor band selection for multispectral imaging via average normalized information

The information-rich scene descriptors created by multispectral sensors can act as a bottleneck in further analysis, e.g., real-time scene capturing. Many of the spectral band selection methods treat the two underlying tasks (feature bands selection and redundancy reduction) in isolation. Furthermore, the majority of the work assumes reflectance data. However, the captured surface radiance varies with scene geometry and illumination. We propose a new band selection method, which uses spectral gradient entropy to choose bands that are more stable to such variations. Equally important, our measurement, the average normalized information (ANI) of a set of selected bands, combines feature band selection and band redundancy together. Since feature stability is an important criterion for band selection in ANI, our method favors features whose probability density can be accurately estimated. As a result, our technique selects the most representative feature bands that can be efficiently used in classification. In our experiments, ANI exhibited comparable performance with mutual information on reflectance data but outperformed mutual information when applied on surface radiance data.
Adequate equivalence relations and Pontryagin products

Abstract Let A be an abelian variety over a field k. We consider CH 0 ( A ) as a ring under Pontryagin product and relate powers of the ideal I ⊆ CH 0 ( A ) of degree zero elements to powers of the algebraic equivalence relation. We also consider a filtration F 0 ⊇ F 1 ⊇ … on the Chow groups of varieties of the form T × k A (defined using Pontryagin products on A × k A considered as an A-scheme via projection on the first factor) and prove that F r coincides with the r-fold product ( F 1 ) * r as adequate equivalence relations on the category of all such varieties.
Surfactant-enhanced remediation of a trichloroethene-contaminated aquifer. 1. Transport of triton X-100

Transport of a nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100) at aqueous concentrations less than 400 mg/L through a trichloroethene-contaminated sand-and-gravel aquifer at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, has been studied through a series of laboratory and field experiments. In the laboratory, batch and column experiments were conducted to quantify the rate and amount of Triton X-100 sorption to the aquifer sediments. In the field, a 400 mg/L aqueous Triton X-100 solution was injected into the aquifer at a rate of 26.5 L/min for a 35-d period. The transport of Triton X-100 was monitored by sampling and analysis of groundwater at six locations surrounding the injection well. Equilibrium batch sorption experiments showed that Triton X-100 sorbs strongly and nonlinearly to the field soil with the sharpest inflection point of the isotherm occurring at an equilibrium aqueous Triton X-100 concentration close to critical micelle concentration. Batch, soil column, and field experimental data were analyzed with zero-, one-, and two-di...
Brown and green sugarcane leaves as potential biomass: How they deteriorate under dry and wet storage conditions

Abstract The current trends to (1) investigate sugarcane leaves as a sustainable biomass feedstock for the production of biofuels and bioproducts and (2) delivery of more leaves to factories for processing with stalks, have made information on how it deteriorates on storage during dry and wet environmental conditions more important. Brown, dry (BL) and green leaves (GL) were stripped from hand-cut whole-stalks from Louisiana (LA) sugarcane variety LCP 85-384 in two consecutive years. In the first year, BL and GL were separately allowed to deteriorate in a simulated field canopy shade study. One set was watered across 14 days to simulate rain, and the other set was not watered. This 14 day period was repeated three times across the LA harvest season (October to December) to cover varying environmental conditions: 17–31 October (21 °C; 71% mean humidity), 15–29 November (22 °C; 71%), and 13–27 December (15.5 °C; 78%). In the second year, the simulated study was repeated but over a prolonged 28 day period (17 November–15 December) and fresh and deteriorated leaves were also collected from a grower's LCP 85-384 field and analyzed for comparison. Generally, the worst deterioration for both BL and GL occurred in the watered samples, and when the humidity was highest. On deterioration, more soluble impurities were extracted from GL than BL. Only prolonged deterioration of BL caused a reduction of fiber biomass, and the fiber content of GL usually increased on deterioration because of loss of moisture. The nutrient sucrose was often, but not always, preferentially utilized over glucose and fructose. Results from the grower's field were more extreme than from the simulated experiments. Leaf moisture was higher in the deteriorated than non-deteriorated field BL because its shredded state created more surface area to absorb water; this also allowed for more Leuconostoc mesenteroides bacteria to grow and form dextran and mannitol. Overall, the total microbe populations were highest on watered GL because of higher available nutrients.
Isolation of ultraviolet light induced pyrimidine dimers from enzymic hydrolyzates of DNA

A method has been developed for the isolation of ultraviolet light induced pyrimidine dimers from enzymic hydrolyzates of DNA. The dimers are isolated in the form , thus making it possible to use 32P-labeled DNA for the study of ultraviolet light induced pyrimidine dimers.
The Hong Kong Fever of 1843: Collective Trauma and the Reconfiguring of Colonial Space

This paper adds to a relatively new line of research investigating inadvertent transformations of urban colonial space generated by collective trauma. To the now classic iterative, and racial dynamics of Neild's ‘accommodation’ in the development of Madras,1 and of Yeoh's ‘contesting’ of the built environment in Singapore2—specifically in the tugging and pulling between local and colonial influences within the spatial discourse of colonial port cities—needs to be added that of single or multiple-event collective trauma. Such trauma, perceived as brought upon by unexpected external causes, might consolidate, perhaps accelerate, or even sever a previous sequence of spatial negotiation, particularly if that sequence was politically vulnerable or immature. The paper is a focused account of such an occurrence: the small-scale yet intensely traumatic events of Hong Kong Island while still in its colonial infancy in 1843, the year of the ‘Hongkong Fever’. It argues that a new conception of malaria—considered then a miasma—now linked both to location and construction, led to the first reactive, yet decisive, reconfiguring of a previously improvised urban colonization process, consequently salvaging Hong Kong's position within a wider imperial context.
Effect of naloxone and housing conditions on shock-elicited reflexive fighting: Influence of immediate prior stress

The effect of naloxone (4 mg/kg) on the defensive reaction of shock-elicited fighting was studied in male albino rats that were housed individually or in groups for 5 weeks. Naloxone consistently reduced the fighting reflex in both groups, but only when animals were exposed to the reflexive paradigm just prior to the naloxone injection and subsequently retested. Housing conditions also produced an effect on fighting independent of drug manipulation, in that individually housed animals exhibited decreased fighting compared with group-housed animals. Studies of pain sensitivity to shock in group-housed animals injected with naloxone exhibited a pattern similar to that of the fighting response. Naloxone increased pain sensitivity only when the animals were exposed to the shock just prior to drug administration and subsequently retested. Additional group-housed animals were tested with naloxone at lower shock intensities to examine the possibility of a positive linear relationship between pain sensitivity and shock-elicited reflexive fighting. Results did not support a positive relationship between pain sensitivity and fighting, but rather suggested that stress-related endorphin release will facilitate the fighting response. Data are discussed with respect to naloxone’s effect on locomotor activity and the association of that activity with adaptive behavior.
Influence of peak pressure and temperature on the structure/property response of shock- loaded Ta and Ta-10W

The deformation behavior and substructure evolution of unalloyed-Ta and Ta-10W under quasistatic conditions have been compared to their respective responses when shock prestrained to 20 GPa at 25 °C as well as to unalloyed-Ta shocked to 7 GPa at 25 °C, 200 °C, and 400 °C. The reload yield behavior of shock-prestrained Ta and Ta-10W did not exhibit enhanced shock hardening when compared to their respective quasistatic stress-strain response at an equivalent strain level. In addition, the reload yield behavior of Ta shock prestrained to 7 GPa at 200 °C or 400 °C was found to exhibit increased hardening compared to the shock prestraining at 25 °C. The quasistatic substructure evolution and shock-hardening responses of Ta and Ta-10W were investigatedvia transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dislocation substructures in both materials and at each strain rate condition and temperature were similar and consisted primarily of long, straight, ( α/2) 〈111〉 type screw dislocations. The propensity for long, straight screw dislocations, irrespective of the loading condition, supports the theory of strong Peierls stress control on defect generation and defect storage. The substructure evolution and mechanical behavior of Ta and Ta-10W are discussed in terms of defect storage mechanisms and compared to the mechanisms operative in face-centered cubic (fcc) metals.
Psychosocial facets of resilience: implications for preventing posttrauma psychopathology, treating trauma survivors, and enhancing community resilience.

Background : There is a range of potential responses to stress and trauma. Whereas, on one extreme, some respond to stress and trauma by developing psychiatric disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD), on the other extreme are the ones who exhibit resilience. Resilience is broadly defined as adaptive characteristics of an individual to cope with and recover from adversity. Objective : Understanding of the factors that promote resilience is warranted and can be obtained by interviewing and learning from particularly resilient individuals as well as empirical research. In this paper, we discuss a constellation of factors comprising cognitive, behavioral, and existential elements that have been identified as contributing to resilience in response to stress or trauma. Results : The psychosocial factors associated with resilience include optimism, cognitive flexibility, active coping skills, maintaining a supportive social network, attending to one’s physical well-being, and embracing a personal moral compass. Conclusions : These factors can be cultivated even before exposure to traumatic events, or they can be targeted in interventions for individuals recovering from trauma exposure. Currently available interventions for PTSD could be expanded to further address these psychosocial factors in an effort to promote resilience. The cognitive, behavioral, and existential components of psychosocial factors that promote individual resilience can also inform efforts to promote resilience to disaster at the community level. Keywords: Resilience; trauma; psychosocial; factors Responsible Editors: Ananda Amstadter, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, VA, USA. Nicole Nugent, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, RI, USA For the abstract or full text in other languages, please see Supplementary files in the column to the right (under Article Tools) This paper is part of the Special Issue: Resilience and Trauma . More papers from this issue can be found at http://www.eurojnlofpsychotraumatol.net (Published: 1 October 2014) Citation: European Journal of Psychotraumatology 2014, 5 : 23970 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.23970
Electrospray Ionization of Protein Mixtures at Low pH

Solutions composed of single proteins and mixtures of proteins are subjected to electrospray ionization to study the influence of protein components on the responses of one another. Protein matrix effects in electrospray ionization are particularly relevant to the development of top-down protein identification methodologies involving protein mixtures, whereby whole protein ions are subjected to tandem mass spectrometry. Emphasis is placed largely on solutions composed of equal parts methanol and water and 1% acetic acid. The results, therefore, are relevant to low-pH solutions with significant organic content, a commonly used set of conditions in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry that tends to denature proteins. Under these conditions, very similar response curves are measured for a variety of proteins after charge normalization. That is, when the data are plotted in terms of the concentration of charge sites, rather than in terms of the concentration of protein molecules, the slopes of the response curves as well as the point at which response becomes less than linear with concentration are similar. Charge normalization is made on the basis of the weighted average charge of a protein, as reflected in the electrospray ionization mass spectrum. When proteins can be regarded as a collection of equivalent charge sites, the signal response from one protein can be used to predict the responses for other proteins. Furthermore, it is also possible to predict the dependence of the signal response for a particular protein in a mixture on the concentration of other proteins in the mixture. Examining signal response on a weighted average charge basis appears to be an effective means for identifying situations in which the protein does not behave as a collection of equivalent charge sites.
The Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome.

The Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome (GCPS) is a pleiotropic, multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. It is rare, but precise estimates of incidence are difficult to determine, as ascertainment is erratic (estimated range 1–9/1,000,000). The primary findings include hypertelorism, macrocephaly with frontal bossing, and polysyndactyly. The polydactyly is most commonly preaxial of the feet and postaxial in the hands, with variable cutaneous syndactyly, but the limb findings vary significantly. Other low frequency findings include central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, hernias, and cognitive impairment.
A wide range (550-700 MHz) monolithic timing recovery circuit

A retiming technology has been developed which enables timing recovery of a pseudorandom (2/sup 23/-1) data sequence to be accomplished in a single IC chip at high bit rates (550-700 Mb/s). The retiming technology incorporates a digital bang-bang method to adjust the onboard IC ring oscillator to the rate of the incoming data. Both timing extraction and data regeneration are accomplished on the same chip. The retiming IC was realized in a high-speed silicon bipolar process. For a 622-Mb/s input rate, the recovered timing has a jitter of less than 2 degrees phase. The technology provides a recovered timing lock in less than 2 ms. The performance of the chip under a variety of conditions is presented. >
Union Quality Comparisons Between Long-Term Heterosexual Cohabitation and Legal Marriage:

A longitudinal analysis is conducted on the union quality of long-term cohabiting and legally married couples using data from both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households. An analysis of racially homogamous (Anglo-American and African American) couples indicates that the cohabitors and marrieds do not differ significantly with regard to their frequency of conflict, perceptions of equity, and relationship satisfaction, although age, educational attainment, and educational homogamy affect differentially the cohabitors' and marrieds' perceptions of equity with time, and the cohabitors' satisfaction in particular is negatively affected by the number of children biologically related to both partners. Cohabiting couples initially spend more time alone together than do married couples but with time come to resemble the marrieds. The union quality of cohabiting and married couples is affected in the same way by union duration and prior residential union experience.
A Grinding/Polishing Tool for TEM Sample Preparation

A grinding/polishing tool has been developed for preparing TEM samples. The hand-held tool is 2.50″ in diameter and 3.0″ high. Rough-cut samples, 300 to 600 microns thick, are routinely polished to 5 microns thick in four to six hours using this tool. As these 5 micron samples are so thin and uniform, a separate dimpling operation can be eliminated. Likewise, the time required to ion-mill the sample can be reduced to 0.5 to 2.0 hours – greatly reducing ion-milling artifacts and significantly increasing the area viewable by TEM. The process is equally effective for all classes of samples: Silicon devices, ceramics or metals – in either cross-section or planar views.
Transport, Growth Mechanisms, and Material Quality in GaN Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth

Growth kinetics, mechanisms, and material quality in GaN epitaxial lateral over-growth (ELO) were examined using a single mask of systematically varied patterns. A 2-D gas phase reaction/diffusion model describes how transport of the Ga precursor to the growth surface enhances the lateral rate in the early stages of growth. In agreement with SEM studies of truncated growth runs, the model also predicts the dramatic decrease in the lateral rate that occurs as GaN over-growth reduces the exposed area of the mask. At the point of convergence, a step-flow coalescence mechanism is observed to fill in the area between lateral growth-fronts. This alternative growth mode in which a secondary growth of GaN is nucleated along a single convergence line, may be responsible for producing smooth films observed to have uniform cathodoluminescence (CL) when using 1μm nucleation zones. Although emission is comprised of both UV (∼365nm) and yellow (∼550nm) components, the spectra suggest these films have reduced concentrations of threading dislocations normally associated with non-radiative recombination centers and defects known to accompany growth-front convergence lines.
Learning Style as a Predictor of Student Performance and Instructor Evaluations

The effect of the students' learning style on the students' performance, as measured by their grades, and the students' evaluation of the instructor, as measured by a standardized teaching evaluation instrument, was empirically investigated. The results demonstrate that students with learning styles that fit well with the emphasis of an institution of higher education perform better than those students whose learning styles were not as well matched.
Towards a mobile agent framework for sensor networks

Sensor networks of the future will continue to be characterized by extreme energy and bandwidth constraints, yet they will need to support a robust and dynamic programming environment. To support multiple applications which may change over the lifetime of the network, the programming system should allow for the deployment of new code in an efficient and on-demand fashion. Existing programming frameworks focus on providing an efficient means for reprogramming an entire network: we believe that self-directed propagation can be more efficient for applications that do not require (or would not benefit from) network-wide deployment of new code. We present and analyze a framework enabling autonomous programs (agents) capable of propagating themselves through a sensor network.