cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Piggyback Electrolytes for Patients Receiving Individually Prescribed vs Premixed Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is available as individualized prescriptions frequently prepared with an automated compounding device or as commercially prepared premixed solutions. Our institution exclusively used individualized PN until an amino acid shortage forced a temporary switch to premixed solutions. In general, premixed solutions contain lower electrolyte levels than individualized formulations prescribed for patients with normal organ function. We aimed to quantify supplemental intravenous piggyback (IVPB) electrolyte use in adult patients receiving individualized and premixed PN and to quantify any effect on difference in the cost of therapy. Methods: We compared use of supplemental IVPB electrolytes administered to patients receiving PN during consecutive periods prior to and during the amino acid shortage. Electrolyte IVPBs tabulated were potassium chloride, 10 and 20 mEq; magnesium sulfate, 2 g and 4 g; potassium phosphate, 7.5 and 15 mmol; and sodium phosphate, 7.5 and 15 mmol IVPB. ...
Expression and purification of non-N-glycosylated porcine interleukin 3 in yeast Pichia pastoris

Yeast Pichia pastoris has been widely utilized to express heterologous recombinant proteins. P. pastoris expressed recombinant porcine interleukin 3 (IL3) has been used for porcine stem cell mobilization in allo-hematopoietic cell transplantation models and pig-to-primate xeno-hematopoietic cell transplantation models in our lab for many years. Since the yeast glycosylation mechanism is not exactly the same as those of other mammalian cells, P. pastoris expressed high-mannose glycoprotein porcine IL3 has been shown to result in a decreased serum half-life. Previously this was avoided by separation of the non-glycosylated porcine IL3 from the mixture of expressed glycosylated and non-glycosylated porcine IL3. However, this process was very inefficient and lead to a poor yield following purification. To overcome this problem, we engineered a non-N-glycosylated version of porcine IL3 by replacing the four potential N-glycosylation sites with four alanines. The codon-optimized non-N-glycosylated porcine IL3 gene was synthesized and expressed in P. pastoris. The expressed non-N-glycosylated porcine IL3 was captured using Ni-Sepharose 6 fast flow resin and further purified using strong anion exchange resin Poros 50 HQ. In vivo mobilization studies performed in our research facility demonstrated that the non-N-glycosylated porcine IL3 still keeps the original stem cell mobilization function.
Enhanced dormancy due to para-to-ortho hydrogen conversion in insulated cryogenic pressure vessels for automotive applications

Abstract A dynamic model has been developed to characterize dormancy and hydrogen loss from an insulated cryogenic pressure vessel that is filled with 99.79%-para liquid hydrogen to reach supercritical conditions. The model considers the thermodynamics and kinetics of the endothermic para-to-ortho conversion that occurs when the stored H2 heats after the vessel is exposed to ambient conditions for an extended time. The thermal, thermodynamic, and kinetic aspects of the model were validated against experimental data obtained on a 151-L tank designed for service at nominal pressures up to 350 bar. Depending on the initial pressure, temperature, amount of H2, and the rate of heat gain from the ambient, the endothermic para-to-ortho conversion can extend the loss-free dormancy time by up to 85%. Under conditions in which the endothermic conversion does not materially affect dormancy, it can still significantly reduce the H2 loss rate and it can even introduce a secondary dormancy period.
Plasma free fatty acid and lipoproteins as sources of polyunsaturated fatty acid for the brain.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which comprise 25–30% of the fatty acids in the human brain, are necessary for normal brain development and function. PUFA cannot be synthesized de novo and must be supplied to the brain by the plasma. It is necessary to know the PUFA content and composition of the various plasma lipids and lipoproteins in order to understand how these fatty acids are taken up and metabolized by the brain. Human plasma free fatty acid (FFA) ordinarily contains about 15% linoleic acid (18:2n–6) and 1% arachidonic acid (AA) (20:4n–6). Plasma triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol esters also are rich in linoleic acid, and the phospholipids and cholesterol esters contain about 10% AA. These findings suggest that the brain probably can obtain an adequate supply of n-6 PUFA from either the plasma FFA or lipoproteins. By contrast, the plasma ordinarily contains only one-tenth as much n-3 PUFA, and the amounts range from 1% α-linolenic acid (18:3n–3) in the plasma FFA to 2% docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n–3, DHA) in the plasma phospholipids. The main n-3 PUFA in the brain is DHA. Therefore, if the plasma FFA is the primary source of fatty acid for the brain, much of the DHA must be synthesized in the brain from n-3 PUFA precursors. Alternatively, if the brain requires large amounts of preformed DHA, the phospholipids contained in plasma lipoproteins are the most likely source.
Kabul in Perspective

Gerry Smith's precise analysis of the prosody of "On the Talks in Kabul" helps us to situate the poem in Brodsky's oeuvre and points our attention to specific lines, words, and phrases that stand out. However, it cannot "prove" the poem to be ironic or, on the contrary, serious. One may fairly ask: do we need to resolve this issue? After all, poetry thrives on ambiguity, often leaving us with two equally plausible yet mutually exclusive interpretations. "On the Talks in Kabul," though, is not a poem about subtle emotions-it is a political poem. We as readers seek to resolve the apparent contradictions, to determine where the poet "really" stands. Before moving to these interpretive questions, I'd like to turn to one of Gerry's formal observations. For the mature Brodsky, he argues, the rhymes of this poem are "relatively unadventurous" and even "commonplace." It is true that few of the rhymes are anti-grammatical, but I would not disparage them for that reason. In fact, some of the grammatical rhymes seem to me unusually clever. I am thinking not only about enriched rhymes like "ot Ararata/fotoapparata" (where the preposition is drawn into the rhyme), but also internal rhymes that adumbrate the first word of a rhyme pair: "gde mozhno sest' v mersedes i na rovnom meste" (which prepares the end rhyme "meste/mesti") and "mezhdu vami, kozlami, vospitannymi v Islame" (which sets up the end rhyme "Islame/poslami"). More to the point is whether "commonplace" rhymes (if indeed they are commonplace) necessarily indicate a lack of seriousness. Rhyme is, of course, a cornerstone of Brodsky's poetics (one of many points that link him to Mayakovsky, though he would have been the last to admit this). But I am not convinced that there is a one-to-one correspondence of the type: antigrammatical rhyme = high seriousness, grammatical rhyme = parody/irony/levity, particularly not in the collection Peizazh s navodneniem. After all, the final poem in that book, which surely is intended as a serious poetic credo (in the tradition of Russian "pamiatnik" poems), relies largely on the same sort of banal and grammatical rhymes as "On the Talks in Kabul." And the obviously ironic "Priglashenie k puteshestviiu" of that same volume also uses unadventurous rhymes (albeit with one exception). In short, the type of rhyme does not seem to reflect the content or spirit of the individual poem. In the oral presentation of his paper (which differed somewhat from his written summary), Gerry seemed to suggest that the poem should ultimately be taken at face value, that, underneath its seeming irony, it truly is an indictment of the Afghans and, more broadly, of everything "Eastern." Anyone who has read the essay "Flight from Byzantium" (cited in Gerry's notes) knows that Brodsky most certainly expressed some uncharitable-to put it mildly-views on the subject of the East. However, it should be remembered that Brodsky's poetic voice (as against the voice of his essays) is astonishingly varied, from the first poems
Micro Thin Film Temperature Sensors Embedded in Metal Structures

This paper studies the fabrication and calibration of thin film temperature sensors embedded in metal structures. Thin film thermocouples have been successfully fabricated on various metal substrates and advanced embedding techniques have been developed to ensure sensor function inside metal structures. Thin film thermocouple was insulated with multiple thin film layers (Al2 O3 and Si3 N4 ) by e-beam evaporating and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The sensors are calibrated. These embedded thin film sensors provide superior spatial and temporal resolution that is not possible with traditional sensors used in various manufacturing processes. This research is significant in a way that it provides a new and improved route for in-situ monitoring of manufacturing process.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The roll-off effect in judicial retention elections

Abstract Because of the absence of powerful traditional voting cues and the unusual nature and format of uncontested judicial retention elections, a large number of voters deliberately fail to cost ballots in retention elections. Filling a void in the study of retention elections, this study empirically examines the voter roll-off in 1,864 retention elections for major trial court judges for the period 1964–1984. The mean roll-off for these elections was 36.2%. Voter roll-off was found to be positively related to district size and number of counties in a judicial district. These trial court retention elections exhibit mixed relationships for different types of elections. Although in presidential and nonpresidential elections there is clear surge and decline in voter turnout, there is no corresponding surge and decline in roll-off. However, close retention elections have less roll-off than nonclose elections.
Thermohaline structure in the California Current System: Observations and modeling of spice variance

[1] Upper ocean thermohaline structure in the California Current System is investigated using sustained observations from autonomous underwater gliders and a numerical state estimate. Both observations and the state estimate show layers distinguished by the temperature and salinity variability along isopycnals (i.e., spice variance). Mesoscale and submesoscale spice variance is largest in the remnant mixed layer, decreases to a minimum below the pycnocline near 26.3 kg m−3, and then increases again near 26.6 kg m−3. Layers of high (low) meso- and submesoscale spice variance are found on isopycnals where large-scale spice gradients are large (small), consistent with stirring of large-scale gradients to produce smaller scale thermohaline structure. Passive tracer adjoint calculations in the state estimate are used to investigate possible mechanisms for the formation of the layers of spice variance. Layers of high spice variance are found to have distinct origins and to be associated with named water masses; high spice variance water in the remnant mixed layer has northerly origin and is identified as Pacific Subarctic water, while the water in the deeper high spice variance layer has southerly origin and is identified as Equatorial Pacific water. The layer of low spice variance near 26.3 kg m−3 lies between the named water masses and does not have a clear origin. Both effective horizontal diffusivity, κh, and effective diapycnal diffusivity, κv, are elevated relative to the diffusion coefficients set in the numerical simulation, but changes in κh and κv with depth are not sufficient to explain the observed layering of thermohaline structure.
Premature poking: impulsivity, cocaine and dopamine

'Impulsivity' occurs frequently in people with addiction and other common disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Experiments in rats suggest that reduced dopamine receptor availability in the brain's ventral striatum may underlie links between impulsivity and addiction.
Pain related recall predicts future pain report

It is frequently necessary for patients to undergo multiple painful medical interventions as part of their diagnosis and care. Predictors of future pain report have yet to be established although initial pain level, affect, and memory of the procedure are often implicated. The purpose of this research was to establish a predictive model of future pain reporting using a standardized experimental pain stimulus. Forty-three healthy subjects completed an initial forehead cold pressor task (Session 1) and an identical task nine months later (Session 2). Subjects also provided retrospective pain evaluations six months after Session 1. Hierarchical regression was used to identify predictors of Session 2 maximum pain intensity. Fifty-six percent of the total variance (p < .01) was accounted when Session 1 maximum pain intensity, Session 1 negative affect, and remembered maximum pain intensity were loaded together in the model. Only 1% of the variance was uniquely accounted by Session 1 maximum pain intensity (p = .38) while remembered maximum pain intensity uniquely accounted for 25% of the variance (p < or = .01) and Session 1 negative affect uniquely accounted for 17% of the variance (p < or = .01). An additional 13% of the variance was shared between Session 1 maximum pain intensity and remembered maximum pain intensity. The level of remembered Session 1 pain was significantly exaggerated from the initial pain report (p < or = .05) but not significantly different from the level of pain reported at Session 2. These findings provide strong evidence for a post-pain modulation phenomenon in which cognitive processes influence both pain recall and future pain reporting.
Facial image classification of mouse embryos for the animal model study of fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a developmental disorder caused by maternal drinking during pregnancy. Computerize imaging techniques have been applied to study human facial dysmorphology associated with FAS. This paper describes a new facial image analysis method based on a multi-angle image classification technique using micro-video images of mouse embryo. Images taken from several different angles are analyzed separately, and the results are combined for classifications that separate embryos with and without alcohol exposures. Analysis results from animal models provide critical references for the understanding of FAS and potential therapy solutions for human patients.
The influence of time of maternal exposure to 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl on its accumulation in their nursing offspring

Abstract 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-Hexachlorobiphenyl (6-CB) is mobilized from rodent tissues during the lipid depletion associated with food restriction or lactation, the latter condition resulting in the substantial elimination of the maternal body burden of the chemical to nursing offspring. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the rate and/or magnitude of accumulation of 6-CB in nursing offspring differed with time following PCB administration to the maternal animal. Female ICR mice were administered two doses of 6-CB. Group I animals received [14C]-6-CB as weanlings (15–20 g) followed by unlabeled 6-CB 5 weeks later, after mating, on Day 1 of gestation. Group II received unlabeled 6-CB as weanlings and [14C]-6-CB on Day 1 of gestation. Thus, 14C identified the mobilization and elimination of either the first or the second dose of 6-CB in the treatment groups (I = [14C]-6-CB, 6-CB; II = 6-CB, [14C]-6-CB). Both groups of animals retained approximately 80% of the administered radiolabeled dose. The tissue distribution of [14C]-6-CB in group II as a percentage of the body burden was not different from that in group I as determined from maternal tissue concentrations on Day 14 of gestation. The percentage of the maternal body burden of [14C]-6-CB accumulated in suckling offspring of group II mothers was significantly greater than that in group I offspring on Day 1 (I, 2.2 ± 0.5%; II, 3.5 ± 0.4%), Day 3 (I, 14.8 ± 1.9%; II, 24.6 ± 2.7%), Day 5 (I, 16.8 ± 1.4%; II, 24.8 ± 0.8%), and Day 12 (I, 32.3 ± 0.5%; II, 45.5 ± 1.7%) postpartum. This differential elimination was reflected in the t 1 2 of elimination of the radiolabeled dose from parametrial fat during lactation, which was significantly longer in group I (14 days) than group II maternal animals (9 days). The observations that the last dose of 6-CB administered was the first to be mobilized from the whole animal, and that this was reflected in 6-CB release from parametrial fat, suggest that this highly lipophilic chemical is not homogeneously distributed within storage depots.
Growth Repression of Higher Plants by 2-Pyridinethiol, 1-Oxide.

The compound 2-pyridinethiol, 1-oxide and its salts have been reported to have pronounced antibacterial and antifungal activity of a type that, were it a microbiological product, would cause it to be classed as a broad-spectrum antibiotic (5, 8). This property is shared by a number of other cyclic thiohydroxamic acids, variously substituted, though some are much more active than others. The high potency of this grouping, and. the diversity of microorganisms to which compounds containing it are inhibitory, suggest interference with some essential metabolic process. Furthermore, certain antibiotics of comparable potency have been found to repress growth in some plant systems (1, 3, 4). Accordingly, the activity of 2-pyri-
Preferential flow to the right pulmonary artery after an early arterial switch procedure

Despite early arterial switch repair of complete transposition of the great vessels, significant physiologic aberrations may still occur. Two cases of vascular disease in the left pulmonary arterial system are described and potential mechanisms are discussed. We conclude a small number of children with simple transpostion may develop asymmetric patterns of pulmonary blood flow without evidence of anatomic narrowing of either arterial vessel.
Development and benchmarking of an epoch time synchronization method for distributed simulation

In this paper, a new epoch time synchronization approach for distributed simulation federates is presented. The approach allows federates in the simulation system to advance their local times at full speed while it is safe to do so. That is, the simulation moves rapidly to the minimum next epoch (interaction) event time, which is calculated using the minimum sojourn time for each federate, and then slows for federation synchronization. The proposed approach is demonstrated using a manufacturing supply chain simulation composed of four distributed federates. Experiments are executed to benchmark the proposed epoch time synchronization method against conventional conservative synchronization methods to show typical improvements for simulation operation. The experimental results reveal that the proposed approach reduces supply chain simulation execution time significantly while maintaining complete accuracy as compared with traditional conservative federation coordination approaches.
A Study of nitrogen ion-implanted ti-6ai-4v eli by plasma source ion implantation at high temperature

Plasma source ion implantation target temperatures are estimated by measuring the diffusion coefficient of nitrogen in the target and subsequently deducing the temperature. The diffusion coefficient is measured by comparing measured nitrogen concentration profiles to Monte Carlo simulations. Auger results indicated the affected zone of implantation is about 0.5 μm thick. Surface Knoop hardness improved from 400 to 900 (for 1- g applied load). Wear behavior was studied using a pin-on-disk wear tester. The wear data show a factor of 30 increase in wear lifetime (1 μm wear depth was chosen as the failure criterion). Comparison shows that the wear behavior of Ti-6AI- 4V ELI (extra low interstitial) is as good as that of cobalt-chromium alloy, another candidate for surgical applications.
Seasonal Variations in the Reflexive Release of Oxytocin and in the Effect of Estradiol on the Reflex in Goats1

In a total of 142 experiments performed over a 3-year period, the amount of oxytocin released in response to vaginal distention was found to vary with the time of year. Stimulation increased plasma oxytocin by 41.7 ± 6.7 (SE) μU/ml in the 74 experiments performed during Dec-May, but by only 11.0 ± 2.2 u,U/ml in the 68 experiments performed during Jun-Nov. In the latter period, a high frequency of animals failed entirely to respond to distention. Hour-long infusions of estradiol (5-100 μg/hr) significantly potentiated oxytocin release in responsive animals but uniformly failed to activate the reflex in the 25 unresponsive cases tested. The relative frequency of animals responsive to distention appeared to have a sinusoidal distribution with annual period and a phase which followed that of the annual breeding cycle by about 4-5 months. An hypothetical explanation for this distribution in responsiveness, based partly upon the seasonally related, divergent effects of estradiol on oxytocin release is presented...
On optimal brightness functions for optical flow

In the typical optical flow problem, the brightness function is an inherent part of the underlying physical process. In the case of magnetic resonance imaging of the heart, however, it is possible to modulate the brightness function using tagging techniques. Experimental evidence suggests that when a sinusoidal brightness function is used, there is an optimum frequency. The reasons for an optimal frequency in one dimension are investigated by formulating the optical flow problem as an optimal linear smoothing problem. A method based on minimizing the theoretical smoothed error variance is proposed for finding the optimal frequency a priori. Simulations are presented for a Wiener process velocity that show the existence of an optimal frequency and the ability of the proposed method to determine this frequency a priori. >
Molecular Characterization of Key Diphtheria Toxin:Receptor Interactions

Abstract The major amino acids necessary for diphtheria toxin (DT) binding to its receptor have been identified previously. Studies by W. H. Shen et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 269, 29077–29084, 1994) and by J. H. Cha et al. (Mol. Microbiol. 29 (5), 1275–1284, 1998) suggested that the positively charged nature of the single amino acid residue, 516Lys of DT, is crucial for binding to the DT receptor, whereas the negatively charged 141Glu of the DT receptor is the most important residue for toxin binding. Here, we hypothesize that key interactions occur between these two oppositely charged amino acid residues. Reciprocal substitution of the residues at these positions between the toxin and the receptor was performed, which resulted in a partial reconstitution of the toxin:receptor interaction. This study provides the first biological data that characterizes the specific interaction of these two key residues with each other and also the additional interactions between other positively charged residues of DT and 141Glu of the DT receptor.
A/D converter trends: Power dissipation, scaling and digitally assisted architectures

This paper summarizes recent trends in the area of low-power A/D conversion. Survey data collected over the past eleven years indicates that the power efficiency of ADCs has improved on average by a factor of two every two years. A closer inspection on the impact of technology scaling is presented to explain the observed trend in the context of shrinking supply voltages and increasing device speed. Finally, a discussion on minimalistic and digitally assisted design approaches is used to sketch a route toward further improvements in ADC power efficiency and performance.
Partnering with the NIH: Now part of the "Value Proposition" for start-ups.

For many years the United States has led the world in government support for non-military research and development (R&D), especially support for work that directly relates to health and human development. Â A focal point for such federal investments to date in biomedical research has been the National Institutes of Health (NIH) along with other government laboratories and university-based research programs.Â Â Base funding provided by the NIH alone reached Â $31.2 billion (excluding economic stimulus funds) in fiscal year 2011 with approximately 10% of this funding spent on internal NIH R&D projects (intramural research) utilizing the work of aboutÂ 6,000 scientists.Â The balance was used to support the work of 325,000 non-government scientists (extramural research) at 3,000 various colleges, universities and research organizations such as Johns Hopkins University and others throughout the world. Each year this biomedical research leads to a large variety of novel basic and clinical research discoveries â€“ all of which generally require commercial partners in order to develop them into products for hospital, physician or patient use.Â Thus federal laboratories and universities need and actively seek corporate partners or licensees to commercialize their federally-funded research into products in order to help fulfill their fundamental missions in healthcare, medical education and training.
A walk-through of the yeast mating pheromone response pathway

The intracellular signal transduction pathway by which the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae responds to the presence of peptide mating pheromone in its surroundings is one of the best understood signaling pathways in eukaryotes, yet continues to generate new surprises and insights. In this review, we take a brief walk down the pathway, focusing on how the signal is transmitted from the cell-surface receptor-coupled G protein, via a MAP kinase cascade, to the nucleus.
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Antibiotics for Ulcerative Colitis

The role of bacteria and antibiotics in the pathophysiology and treatment of ulcerative colitis has been postulated for over 60 years. The first case reports of the use of antibiotics to treat inflammatory bowel disease were published in the 1940s. Multiple studies since then have demonstrated a role for antibiotics in the treatment of perianal Crohn’s disease and complications of inflammatory bowel disease IBD such as peritonitis, abscesses, and bacterial overgrowth. Despite dysbiosis in the intestinal tract appreciated in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, The role for antibiotics in the treatment of ulcerative colitis has not been as clearly delineated. Alteration of intestinal microbiome with use of prebiotics and probiotics as a therapy for ulcerative colitis will also be be discussed in this chapter.
ANTHROPOGENIC AND CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS ON SALT MARSHES OF JAMAICA BAY, NEW YORK CITY

Field studies and aerial photograph interpretation suggest that large sections of Jamaica Bay salt marshes in New York City near John F. Kennedy International Airport are deteriorating rapidly. The rela- tively recent salt marsh losses may be caused by a variety of factors, potentially interacting synergistically. Possible factors include reduced sediment input, dredging for navigation channels, boat traffic, and regional sea-level rise. Field work included aboveground biomass measurements of Spartina alterniflora, mapping plant community distribution, and documenting biogeomorphological indicators of marsh loss. Current pro- ductivity (standing crop biomass), which ranged from approximately 700 to 1500 g m 22 , was typical of healthy marshes in this region, in spite of other indicators of marsh degradation. Historical aerial photographs of several islands showed that sampled marshes have diminished in size by ;12% since 1959. Overall island low marsh vegetation losses since 1974 averaged 38%, with smaller islands losing up to 78% of their vegetation cover. Ground observations indicate that major mechanisms of marsh loss include increased ponding within marsh interiors, slumping along marsh edges, and widening of tidal inlets. Projections of future sea-level rise, using outputs from several global climate models and data from local tide gauges, in conjunction with a range of plausible accretion rates, suggest that under current stresses, Jamaica Bay salt marshes are unlikely to keep pace with accelerated rates of sea-level rise in the future.
Multiple regimes of robust patterns between network structure and biodiversity

Ecological networks such as plant-pollinator and host-parasite networks have structured interactions that define who interacts with whom. The structure of interactions also shapes ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Yet, there is significant ongoing debate as to whether certain structures, e.g., nestedness, contribute positively, negatively or not at all to biodiversity. We contend that examining variation in life history traits is key to disentangling the potential relationship between network structure and biodiversity. Here, we do so by analyzing a dynamic model of virus-bacteria interactions across a spectrum of network structures. Consistent with prior studies, we find plausible parameter domains exhibiting strong, positive relationships between nestedness and biodiversity. Yet, the same model can exhibit negative relationships between nestedness and biodiversity when examined in a distinct, plausible region of parameter space. We discuss steps towards identifying when network structure could, on its own, drive the resilience, sustainability, and even conservation of ecological communities.
Localization of Tritiated Thymidine in Articular Cartilage of Rabbits

1. Tritiated thymidine autocardiography was used to study the response of articular cartilage to three types of surgically cleated wounds in the distal part of thirty-five femora of immature rabbits. The response of time cartilage was identical in each type of trauma. 2. The cartilage responded within twenty-four hours by marginal necrosis which extended four to six cells from the defect. This disappeared by three weeks in most of the animals studied. 3. An intense proliferative activity began on the first day arid extended eight to twelve cell widths from the necrotic zone on either side of the wound. This response diminished and could no longer be observed histologically or autoradiographically by two weeks. There was no evidence in the six weeks of this study that this proliferation contributed materially to wound healing. 4. Articular cartilage appears to respond to trauma in a manner identical with the response of most other body tissues, with one major exception: it undergoes necrosis and proliferation but lacks the vascular response of inflammation.
Challenging inertia by taking risks: a motivating tool for editors, authors, and students.

![Figure][1] In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica , wherein he introduced to the world his laws of motion, the first of which dramatically altered the understanding of mathematics and physics for all future generations. It is this first law—
Solid-Phase Epitaxy–Role of Point Defects in Amorphous Solids

A model of solid-phase epitaxial growth (SPEG), explaining enhancing effects of ion-irradiation and dopants, is presented. The crystallization is by the adjustment of atomic positions in the amorphous side of the crystalline/amorphous (c-a) interface due to self-diffusion in the amorphous solid, assisted by a free- energy decrease associated with the transformation from the amorphous (a) to crystalline (c) phase. Irradiation and electrically active dopants increase the selfdiffusivity of a-phase by generating point defects in the amorphous layer and thus enhance crystallization. An expression for the velocity of epitaxial growth is derived. The low activation energy of ion-induced SPEG is due to recombination of point defects in the a-phase.
The Clinical and Prognostic Analysis of Lupus Nephritis Uremia

Objective:To explore the clinical feature and influential factors of the prognosis of lupus nephritis uremia.Methods:Collected the clinical data of lupus nephritis uremia,and analyzed them with COX regression.Results:In 102 cases,37 patients died,infection was the major cause.And uric acid,endogenous creatinine clearance,the size of kidney,the blood urea nitrogen and albumin had significant influence on the prognosis,while the clinical type,sex,SLEDAI hadn't.Conclusion:High concentration of uric acid and blood urea nitrogen were the independent hazard factors,while the maintenance of endogenous creatinine clearance,albumin concentration and normal size of kidney were helpful to improve the renal function.
New therapeutic agents marketed in 1994.

A total of 21 therapeutic agents reached the U.S. market for the first time in 1994, representing a continuation of the decline from the record number of 31 new therapeutic agents which were marketed in 1991. This review of the therapeutic agents first marketed in 1994 considers their most important properties. When additional information is needed, more comprehensive references and the product literature should be consulted.
Status Among the Bariba: The Roles and Responsibilities of Women

Throughout this discussion, the status of Bariba women is assumed to be of critical significance to an examination of birth practices because reproduction is a domain of particular concern to women.8 “Women’s goals are ‖ defined by their position in the society as a whole,” (Lamphere 1974:100) as are the means which they select to achieve those goals. Correspondingly, the goals of Bariba women regarding reproduction might be expected to derive from their status in Bariba society.
The PI3K-mTOR Pathway in Prostate Cancer: Biological Significance and Therapeutic Opportunities

Despite the recent development of new and improved surveillance and treatment strategies, lethal prostate cancer (PCa) phenotypes with castration resistance (CRPC) and metastatic lesions remain poorly understood. Evidence is emerging for the key role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in CRPC, which is prevalently dysregulated in advanced PCa. Preclinical studies have revealed a mechanistic interplay between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and androgen receptor (AR) signaling, a master regulator governing PCa development and progression. The significance of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in integrating growth signals from crucial cellular events such as protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and cell proliferation and differentiation provides a clear rationale for the development of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors targeting this pathway. Relevant clinical trials offer great potential for clinical benefit. Here, we review the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in PCa and discuss the development and use of pathway inhibitors as single or combined therapies, and highlight ongoing clinical trials for the treatment of PCa.
An Ecosystem in Transition: The Emergence of Mixotrophy in the Arabian Sea

In the last decade and half, the northern Arabian Sea has witnessed a radical shift in the composition of winter phytoplankton blooms. Diatoms typical of the winter monsoon and favored by nutrient-enriched waters from convective mixing have been replaced by thick and widespread blooms of a large, green dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans (Noctiluca). Unlike the exclusively heterotrophic red Noctiluca found in temperate waters, the green species of Noctiluca from the Arabian Sea is a mixotroph. It harbors hundreds of green, free-swimming cells of the symbiont Pedinomonas noctiluca, recently renamed as Protoeuglena noctilucae, Wang et al. (2016), within the central vacuole of its cytoplasm, and can sustain itself either through carbon fixation by its endosymbionts or via ingestion of exogenous prey. Data collected by us aboard Indian research vessels in the Arabian Sea suggest that these recent outbreaks of green Noctiluca blooms are being caused by the spread of hypoxic waters into the euphotic zone and possibly exacerbated by land runoff and enhanced stratification of the water column. Noctiluca is not a preferred food for micro- and mesozooplankton. Instead, its major consumers are mostly salps and jellyfish. It uses inorganic nutrients and grazes on other phytoplankton. Thus, it competes with both its prey and predators for resources, posing special challenges for ecosystem modeling studies. The emergence of this mixotroph as the major plankton player in the ecosystem will require a revision of our earlier understanding of the Arabian Sea food web dynamics and allied biogeochemistry gained from the Joint Global Flux Studies (JGOFS) expeditions of the 1990s.
Scarcity, Security, and Sustainable Development

Asia-Pacific nations have experienced spectacular economic growth over the last five decades, bringing increased research and policy focus to the linkages among natural resource scarcity, security, and sustainable development. Fear of physical scarcity can lead to pursuit of security through measures that undermine both security and economic well-being. A prominent example is national priority often given to economic self-sufficiency, especially in energy and food. In contrast, security and economic well-being are maximized by following three pillars of sustainable development: adopting a complex, dynamical systems approach to resource modeling; adhering to efficient paths of consumption and natural resource use, as prescribed by Frank Ramsey and Harold Hotelling as far back as 1928 and 1931, respectively; and fostering equity across generations and stewardship for the future by setting appropriate discount rates. In the Asia-Pacific region, enhanced international cooperation provides the foundation on which these three pillars rest.
Mammalian extinction, survival, and recovery dynamics across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in northeastern Montana, USA

The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary marks a critical event in mammalian evolution. Using a database of 4769 mammalian specimens from the Hell Creek and lower Fort Union formations of Garfi eld County, northeastern Montana, I quantifi ed temporal patterns of diversity and community structure to evaluate faunal dynamics during the last ~1.9 m.y. of the Cretaceous, the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction and survival, and the fi rst ~1.2 m.y. of the early Paleocene recovery and placental radiation. Mammalian taxonomic composition and species richness remained relatively stable for most of the last ~1.9 m.y. of the Cretaceous, but the relative abundance of metatherians and evenness of paleocommunities began declining ~500‐600 k.y. before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The ecological instability implied by falling evenness may be linked to the local extinction of 75% of species at or near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The early Puercan (Pu1) survival fauna from the fi rst ~100‐200 k.y. of the Paleocene is species poor and consists of a few local “bloom taxa” and an infl ux of immigrants. The species-rich mid/late Puercan (Pu2/3) fauna implies mammalian recovery occurred within ~600‐700 k.y. of the CretaceousPaleogene event. The Pu2/3 and early Torrejonian (To1) faunas signal the beginning of the placental radiation—“bloom taxa” and multituberculates waned, richness and abundance of “archaic ungulates” and plesiadapiform primates increased, and the fi rst appearance of taeniodonts, pantodonts, and possibly creodonts expanded the ecological diversity of local faunas. Together, the decoupled patterns of richness and relative abundances reveal the complexity of faunal dynamics during this seminal episode in mammalian history.
Comparative response of Brassica carinata and B. napus vegetative growth, development and photosynthesis to nitrogen nutrition

Abstract Nitrogen availability is a major limiting factor controlling growth, CO2 assimilation and productivity of oilseed brassicas, however, little is known about the physiological and morphological responses of B. carinata to N. A greenhouse study was conducted at North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy, Florida during 2014/2015 to determine the effects of N rate on carinata (B. carinata A. Braun) cv. AAC A110 and (B. napus L.) cv. Canterra 1918 growth, development and photosynthesis. Four N treatments (0, 33, 66 and 100% of N in full strength Hoagland solution) were imposed 30 days after planting. Plant height, leaf area, node number, branches and total biomass and its components (leaf, stem and root dry weights) in both species decreased linearly with N reduction. Intra-specific total dry matter and photosynthetic capacity did not vary 55 days after treatment (DAT). However, partitioning biomass to various plant components differed between the species and was modified by N availability. At all N rates, carinata apportioned >53% of total biomass to the stem component while in canola stems comprised 17–34% of total biomass. Roots contributed more to total dry weight in canola (33–46%) than in carinata (23–29%) except at the highest N level. In both species, root dry matter increased with decreasing N availability. At 55 DAT, total chlorophyll, Chla and Chlb concentrations, specific leaf area and photosynthetic capacity for both species decreased with N deficiency. Parameters of leaf photosynthetic responses to photosynthetically active radiation and internal CO2 concentration curves were also altered by N availability. During the vegetative stage, N deficiency restricted plant growth, biomass production and also modified resource allocation which may have implications for N use efficiency and recovery during reproductive development.
Graphic Warning Labels and the Cost Savings from Reduced Smoking among Pregnant Women

Introduction: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has estimated the economic impact of Graphic Warning Labels (GWLs). By omitting the impact on tobacco consumption by pregnant women, the FDA analysis underestimates the economic benefits that would occur from the proposed regulations. There is a strong link between the occurrence of low birth weight babies and smoking while pregnant. Low birth weight babies in turn generate much higher hospital costs than normal birth weight babies. This study aims to fill the gap by quantifying the national hospital cost savings from the reductions in prenatal smoking that will arise if GWLs are implemented in the U.S. Data and Methods: This study uses several data sources. It uses Natality Data from the National Vital Statistics System of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in 2013 to estimate the impact of prenatal smoking on the likelihood of having a low-birth-weight baby, controlling for socio-economic and demographic characteristics as well as medical and non-medical risk factors. Using these estimates, along with the estimates of Huang et al. (2014) regarding the effect of GWLs on smoking, we calculate the change in the number of LBW (low birth weight) babies resulting from decreased prenatal smoking due to GWLs. Using this estimated change and the estimates from Russell et al. (2007) and AHRQ (2013) on the excess hospital costs of LBW babies, we calculate cost saving that arises from reduced prenatal smoking in response of GWLs. Results and Conclusions: Our results indicated that GWLs for this population could lead to hospital cost savings of 1.2 billion to 2.0 billion dollars over a 30 year horizon.
Oral l-tyrosine supplementation augments the vasoconstriction response to whole-body cooling in older adults.

L-tyrosine is the primary substrate for noradrenaline biosynthesis within sympathetic axon terminals. Under stressful conditions requiring increased catecholamine production, axonal L-tyrosine concentration may limit the full expression of the sympathetic effector response and this may be particularly evident in older adults. We hypothesize that oral L-tyrosine supplementation will increase the sympathetic response to whole-body cooling and muscle metaboreflex activation. In a randomized, double-blind design, eleven young (Y = 24 ± 1 years) and eleven older (O = 68 ± 4 years) participants ingested either 150 mg kg−1 of L-tyrosine or placebo prior to commencing 30 minutes of whole-body cooling to induce a gradual decline in skin temperature from 34 to 30.5°C. Laser Doppler flux (LDF) was measured at the ventral forearm and cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) was calculated as CVC = LDF/mean arterial pressure and expressed as a percent change from baseline (%ΔCVC). Two minutes of static handgrip exercise (35% MVC) followed by 3 minutes of post-exercise ischaemia was implemented before and toward the end of the cooling bout. Tyrosine supplementation did not affect blood pressure or heart rate responses to exercise or post-exercise ischaemia. However, the blunted VC response to whole-body cooling in older adults (Placebo: Y = 39 ± 5; O = 16 ± 2 %ΔCVC; P < 0.05) was augmented after tyrosine supplementation (Tyrosine: Y = 40 ± 4; O = 32 ± 5 %ΔCVC; P < 0.05). These results suggest that L-tyrosine bioavailability may limit thermoregulatory function in an older population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
A hierarchical Bayesian approach to distinguishing serial and parallel processing

Abstract Research in cognitive psychology often focuses on how people deal with multiple sources of information. One important aspect of this research is whether people use the information in parallel (at the same time) or in series (one at a time). Various approaches to distinguishing parallel and serial processing have been proposed, but many do not satisfactorily address the mimicking dilemma between serial and parallel classes of models. The mean interaction contrast (MIC) is one measure designed to improve discriminability of serial–parallel model properties. The MIC has been applied in limited settings because the measure required a large number of trials and lacked a mechanism for group level inferences. We address these shortcomings by using hierarchical Bayesian analyses. The combination of the MIC with hierarchical Bayesian modeling gives a powerful method for distinguishing serial and parallel processing at both individual and group levels, even with a limited number of participants and trials.
Optimization-based Synthesis of Photonic IIR Filters Accounting for Internal Losses in Microresonators

We present a new optimization-based approach for synthesizing photonic infinite impulse response filters formed using microresonators. Taking into account the finite internal losses in these resonators, we cast the synthesis of filter coefficients as a semidefinite programming problem designed to restrict root-magnitudes set by the internal loss, while meeting filter-mask specifications. We provide a discussion on the formulation of the algorithm, and show how it can be used to design the optical components in a second-order unit cell. In addition, we provide an example of forming a fourth-order low-pass filters by cascading two unit cells. Our simulations show that fourth-order low-pass filters can achieve band-rejection ratios of 60 dB with integrated microresonators that possess an intrinsic quality-factor Q0 of ${\text{1.1}}\times{\text{10}}^5$ .