cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations Using Harmaline for a Primate Model of Tremor.

Background: While harmaline has been used as a pharmacological model of essential tremor (ET) in rodents and pigs, less is known about the effects of this pharmacological treatment in awake-behaving non-human primates. In this study, we investigated the time-course, amplitude, frequency, and consistency of harmaline tremor in primates. Methods: Three rhesus macaques were administered doses of harmaline ranging from 2–12 mg/kg (i.m.), and tremorous movements were quantified with accelerometers. One subject was also trained to perform a self-paced cued reaching task, with task engagement assessed under harmaline doses ranging from 2–8 mg/kg (i.m.). Results: Whole-body tremors manifested within 30 minutes of threshold-dose administration, and peak oscillatory frequency ranged between 10–14 Hz. However, large differences in tremor intensity and intermittency were observed across individual subjects under similar dosing levels. Additionally, engagement with the reaching task was dependent on harmaline dose, with performance mostly unaffected at 2 mg/kg and with little task-engagement at 8 mg/kg. Discussion: We provide a detailed assessment of factors that may underlie the heterogeneous responses to harmaline, and lay out important caveats towards the applicability of the behaving harmaline-tremoring non-human primate as a preclinical model for ET. Highlights The harmaline-primate is revisited for its potential as a preclinical model of tremor. Spontaneous tremor was heterogenous in amplitude across subjects despite similar harmaline doses, action tremors were not consistently observed, and performance on a behavioral task degraded with higher dosages.
Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry: Evolution of the Earth's atmosphere

The composition of the Earth's atmosphere is unique within the solar system. The Earth is situated between Venus and Mars, both of which have atmospheres consisting primarily of CO 2 (an oxidized compound); the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) are dominated by reduced compounds, such as CH 4 . By contrast, CO 2 and CH 4 are only minor (although very important) constituents of the Earth's atmosphere. Nitrogen represents ~78% of the molecules in air, and life-sustaining oxygen accounts for ~21%. The presence of so much oxygen is surprising, since it might appear to produce a combustible mixture with many of the other gases in air (e.g., sulfur to form sulfates, nitrogen to form nitrates, hydrogen to form water). The Earth's atmosphere is certainly not in chemical equilibrium, since the concentrations of N 2 , O 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, and NH 3 are much higher than they would be for perfect equilibrium. Why is this so? A clue is provided by Table 1.1, which lists the five most common elements in the Earth's atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, crust, mantle, and core. Four of the most abundant elements in the atmosphere (nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon) are also among the top five most abundant elements in the biosphere. This suggests that biological processes have played a dominant role in the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and that they are probably responsible for its present chemical nonequilibrium state. However, as we will see, this has occurred in relatively recent times. In this chapter we will speculate on the development of the Earth's atmosphere since it was first formed some 4.5 billion years ago (4.5 Ga), at which time it probably had no (or very little) atmosphere.
Influence of Epicuticular Physicochemical Properties on Porcine Rotavirus Adsorption to 24 Leafy Green Vegetables and Tomatoes

Foodborne diseases are a persistent problem in the United States and worldwide. Fresh produce, especially those used as raw foods like salad vegetables, can be contaminated, causing illness. In this study, we determined the number of rotaviruses adsorbed on produce surfaces using group A porcine rotaviruses and 24 cultivars of leafy vegetables and tomato fruits. We also characterized the physicochemical properties of each produce's outermost surface layer, known as the epicuticle. The number of rotaviruses found on produce surfaces varied among cultivars. Three-dimensional crystalline wax structures on the epicuticular surfaces were found to significantly contribute to the inhibition of viral adsorption to the produce surfaces (p = 0.01). We found significant negative correlations between the number of rotaviruses adsorbed on the epicuticular surfaces and the concentrations of alkanes, fatty acids, and total waxes on the epicuticular surfaces. Partial least square model fitting results suggest that alkanes, ketones, fatty acids, alcohols, contact angle and surface roughness together can explain 60% of the variation in viral adsorption. The results suggest that various fresh produce surface properties need to be collectively considered for efficient sanitation treatments. Up to 10.8% of the originally applied rotaviruses were found on the produce surfaces after three washing treatments, suggesting a potential public health concern regarding rotavirus contamination.
The Isolation of Identical Hydroxylysyl Glycosides from Hydrolysates of Soluble Collagen and from Human Urine

Abstract After alkaline hydrolysis, the carbohydrate from soluble collagen of guinea pig skin may be largely accounted for as glycosides in which carbon 1 of the disaccharide, glucosyl-galactose, or of galactose, is attached to the δ-hydroxyl group of hydroxylysine. Identical compounds have also been isolated directly from normal human urine. These findings confirm the presence of disaccharide side chains in collagen.
Intracellular delivery of a novel multiepitope peptide vaccine by an amphipathic peptide carrier enhances cytotoxic T-cell responses in HLA-A*201 mice.

: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are key players in the neutralization of viruses and killing of tumor cells. However, for generating an optimal CTL response by vaccination, the antigen has to be delivered directly into the cytoplasm for presentation by the conventional MHC class I pathway. To mimic the presentation of multiple epitopes by a tumor or virus infected cell, we have designed a multiepitope peptide vaccine incorporating thee CTL epitopes in tandem with double arginine spacers to facilitate efficient cleavage of the individual epitopes. To deliver the multiepitope peptide vaccine into the cytoplasm of mature dendritic cells for presentation by the MHC class I pathway we made use of an amphipathic peptide carrier. Direct injection of a non-covalent complex of the multiepitope peptide vaccine and amphipathic peptide carrier in an aqueous formulation into HLA-A*0201 (HHD) transgenic mice enhanced the cytotoxic T-cell responses by two to sixfold compared with multiepitope peptide vaccination alone. This novel antigen delivery strategy may find general application in the development of more effective vaccines for the treatment of cancer and infectious disease.
The Consequences of School Desegregation in a Kansas Town 50 Years After Brown

This article examines the legacy of segregation and desegregation in the town of Parsons, Kansas. We argue that school desegregation, the goal of which was to increase access and equalize educational opportunities for African Americans, did not have that desired affect. Fifty years after the closing of the all-Black Douglass School, Parsons’ citizens had not openly acknowledged the effects this event had on the African American community. Three generations later, African American student achievement still lags behind that of White students. These unresolved issues have contributed to a number of losses in the Black community, including loss of Black teachers and loss of talented Black young people. We use theories of social capital and cultural capital as a framework to illustrate how White, middle class students had greater access to school resources, and to identify the social and cultural resources within the Black community that the school district could build upon, such as strong leadership and a sense of resolve and resiliency.
Composition of aeolian dust in natural traps on isolated surfaces of the central Mojave Desert—Insights to mixing, sources, and nutrient inputs

Abstract The recognition and characterization of aeolian dust in soil contribute to a better understanding of landscape and ecosystem dynamics of drylands. Results of this study show that recently deposited dust, sampled in isolated, mostly high-ground settings, is chemically and mineralogically similar on varied geologic substrates over a large area (15 000 km 2 ) in the Mojave Desert. The silt-plus-clay fraction (fines) on these isolated surfaces is closely alike in magnetic-mineral composition, in contrast to greatly dissimilar magnetic compositions of rock surfaces of vastly different lithologies, on which the fines have accumulated. The fines, thus, are predominantly deposited dust. The amounts of potential nutrients in the sampled dust are much more uniform than might be provided by direct, local weathering of bedrock or by dust locally derived from nearby weathered products. The compositional similarity of the dust on these surfaces is interpreted to result from mixing of fines in the atmosphere as well as in fluvial, alluvial, and lacustrine depositional settings prior to dust emission.
Some physical and chemical parameters affecting the formation and retention of glutamate pools in a marine psychrophilic bacterium.

The release of glutamic acid from the obligate marine psychrophilic bacterium Vibrio marinus MP-1 under various physical conditions has shown that at least two glutamate pools are potentially present. One, designated amino acid pool one, is loosely bound to the cell and is not found in cells accumulating glutamate by de novo synthesis. The second amino acid pool is more stable and is present in cells that are grown on a minimal salts-sugar medium.
Expression of a constitutively active Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase in Aspergillus nidulans spores prevents germination and entry into the cell cycle.

The unique gene for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) has been shown to be essential in Aspergillus nidulans Disruption of the gene prevents entry of spores into the nuclear division cycle. Here we show that expression of a constitutively active form of CaMK also prevents spores from entering the first S phase in response to a germinating stimulus. Expression of the constitutively active kinase induces premature activation of NIMEcyclin B/NIMXcdc2 in G0/G1. As NIMXcdc2 is present in spores, the elevation of maturation promotion factor activity may be secondary to the early production of NIMEcyclin B or post-translation modification of maturation promotion factor. The expression of the constitutively active CaMK also results in the appearance of NIMA kinase activity within 1 h of the germinating signal. These results support the contention that the activities of maturation promotion factor and NIMA are coincidentally regulated in A. nidulans and suggest that the unscheduled appearance of one or both of these activities may be sufficient to prevent A. nidulans spores from entering into DNA synthesis.
The distribution of estuarine and oceanic water masses on the southern shore of O'ahu, Hawai'i: Ecological and coastal management implications, and novel methodology

The distribution of estuarine and oceanic water masses along the shelf of Mamala Bay, O'ahu, Hawaii, were determined by use of larval supply and recruitment patterns of benthic invertebrate species, stable C and N isotopic compositions of the suspension-feeding bivalve, Spondylus tenebrosus, turbidity, drifter, and CTD data. The recruitment of different species among estuaries was used to associate larval species with particular estuarine waters. Recruitment patterns of these species along the shelf were then used to infer water-mass distributions along the shelf. The spatial recruitment pattern of an oceanic lepadomorph barnacle, Conchoderma virgatum, was useful to infer shelf areas exposed to oceanic waters. Water-mass distributions inferred from the recruitment distribution of these species concurred with spatial patterns of turbidity and stable C and N isotopic compositions of S. tenebrosus, as well as drifter observations. Water-mass distributions observed in this study also concurred with biological distributional patterns observed in other studies, such as distributions of phytoplankton and zooplankton and the distribution of coral bio-erosion in the Bay. The ecological implications of this work include further evidence of the physical control of recruitment and biological pattern and the possible control of patch dynamics on the scale of kilometers due to significant recruitment variability at this scale. The prevailing distribution of water masses determined in this study also has important implications for the management of watersheds associated with Mamala Bay.
Feasibility of outpatient percutaneous bladder neck suspension under local anesthesia

Abstract Objectives To demonstrate the feasibility of outpatient percutaneous bladder neck suspension (BNS) under local anesthesia to treat stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in females. Methods Since October 1994, 40 women with SUI (mean age 59.6 ±12.0 years) underwent outpatient percutaneous BNS with “Z” suture anchoring of the anterior vaginal wall and pubocervical fascia. The suspension sutures were secured to percutaneously placed bone anchors. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia. Pain during surgery was evaluated with an analogue scale graded from 0 (no pain) to 5 (severe pain). Results In 98% of the BNS, the procedure was successfully performed with the patient under local anesthesia. Conversion to general anesthesia was necessary for only 1 patient due to knee pain in the lithotomy position. No major complications were observed. Patients rated their perioperative pain as 1.0 ±0.6 (that is, minimal pain). Patients required pain medications for a mean of 2.4 ±1.3 days postoperatively. Mean duration of recovery (defined by a return to normal activities) was 2.2 ±1.0 weeks; 92% of the patients were continent postoperatively and no recurrence of urethral hypermobility was observed. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the feasibility of outpatient percutaneous BNS performed in patients under local anesthesia without significant morbidity. Continued follow-up will be necessary to determine the long-term efficacy of this procedure.
Some important parameters in the design of T-bar fed slot antennas

Although the T-bar fed slot antenna is not new, little information is available that would enable one to systematically design such an antenna. It is the purpose of this paper to determine the important parameters in the design process and what tradeoffs may be made among bandwidth, low VSWR, and physical size.
Hierarchically specified unit disk graphs

We characterize the complexity of several basic optimization problems for unit disk graphs specified hierarchically as in [LW87a, Le88, LW92]. Both PSPACE-hardness results and polynomial time approximations are presented for most of the problems considered. These problems include minimum vertex coloring, maximum independent set, minimum clique cover, minimum dominating set and minimum independent dominating set.
Recruiting Representative Samples for Marital Interaction Research

The present study evaluated a three-stage procedure for recruiting representative samples for marital interaction research: (1) random telephone survey, (2) direct mailings and (3) informational meetings in the home. To appeal to a wide range of couples, participants were compensated monetarily instead of with communication counselling. Relatively high rates of co-operation were obtained at each recruitment stage. Furthermore, the data contained little evidence for the differential drop-out of couples after the telephone survey in terms of marital happiness, socio-economic status, age, premarital acquaintance length, marital length, family size and children in various stages of rearing. A significant differential drop-out of older couples from long-term marriages in the second stage added only little bias to the final sample (n = 120). Overall, the sample was more representative of the US general population than past studies on these and other dimensions. The present recruitment method represents a promis...
The use of acoustic emission techniques to monitor fracture processes in high strength precipitation hardened aluminum alloys

Abstract The ductile fracture of dispersion hardened aluminum alloy containing brittle intermetallic inclusions is briefly reviewed. The effect of the size, distribution and chemical composition of the inclusions in affecting the matrix fracture behavior is discussed. The potential of acoustic emission techniques in being able to discriminate between different microstructures produced by various thermomechanical treatment is emphasized. It is shown that processes that affect dislocation motion, i.e., cold work, precipitation, solute atom diffusion, etc., also affect the acoustic response, thus making the AE technique extremely useful for the study of flow and fracture behavior of aluminum alloys.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Task and Contextual Performance Influences on Promotability Judgments

Promotions in organizations traditionally have represented the principal measure of career success, and they tend to be based on evaluations or judgments of employees' promotability made by supervisors. Yet theory and research on the antecedents of promotability judgments have presented an inconsistent and ambiguous picture of just what factors are best predictive of such evaluations. In the present investigation, longitudinal data obtained from supervisors of professional employees were used to rigorously test the relative influence of task and contextual performance on judgments of promotability. Results indicate that task and contextual performance not only explain unique variance in judgments of promotability but also interact, such that subordinates who excel in task performance and in the job dedication aspect of contextual performance are judged more suitable for promotion than subordinates who excel in one but not in the other. Implications of results are discussed and future research directions a...
Japan Reacts Against Street Prostitution: The Anti-Prostitution Law and Women's Guidance Homes

Sociocultural developments after World War II created new conditions in Japan that made possible enactment of the Anti-Prostitution Law in 1956 and amended in 1958. Within the context of Japan's cultural history and previous reliance on police regulation of red-light districts, the law constituted a reevaluation of the social significance of street prostitution that made possible reliance on criminal sanctions. Although placed within the prison system, the women's guidance home (Fujin Hodo-in) was given the purposes of protection and resocialization instead of imprisonment. In analyzing the nature and functions of this remarkable correctional institution, the author emphasizes the key importance of developments in the society at large, including their contribution to the sharp decline in the number of street prostitutes received by the women's guidance homes.
Relative activity of unsaturated fatty acid metabolic pathways in humans

Abstract The four families of unsaturated fatty acids (w9, w7, w6, w3) appear to be elongated and desaturated by enzymes shared among all families. The order of relative pathway activity is hypothesized to be w3 > w6 > w9 > w7. In order to examine this question, we measured by high resolution capillary column gas-liquid chromatography, the relative concentrations of the various fatty acids in plasma from 20 healthy reference subjects, 33 randomly selected subjects from the Framingham Heart Study, and six patients with intestinal malabsorption and suspected severe essential fatty acid deficiency (SEFAD). The ratios of the concentrations of daughter (derivative) fatty acids (DFA) to parent (precursor) fatty acids (PFA) within each family was found to reflect the hypothesized pathway activity. DFA PFA ratios were 10 to 20 times greater for w3 than for w6 fatty acids (P DFA PFA in each family (P
An electronic regulatory document management system for a clinical trial network

A computerized regulatory document management system has been developed as a module in a comprehensive Clinical Trial Management System (CTMS) designed for an NIH-funded clinical trial network in order to more efficiently manage and track regulatory compliance. Within the network, several institutions and investigators are involved in multiple trials, and each trial has regulatory document requirements. Some of these documents are trial specific while others apply across multiple trials. The latter causes a possible redundancy in document collection and management. To address these and other related challenges, a central regulatory document management system was designed. This manuscript shares the design of the system as well as examples of it use in current studies.
Abstract 3142: Abnormal expression of the ALK protein in ovarian carcinoma is associated with low copy number amplification of the 2p23 locus

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is predominantly expressed in the brain and spinal cord during neonatal development and is subsequently down-regulated in the adult. In cancer, ALK is ectopically expressed as a consequence of one of several different cytogenetic translocations or inversions that lead to the expression of an oligomerized, constitutively active, intracellular tyrosine kinase. The resulting fusion protein has been identified in anaplastic large cell lymphomas, non small cell lung carcinomas and more recently breast and colorectal carcinomas. Preclinical data convincingly demonstrates that fusion transcripts can drive tumorigenesis and inhibition of ALK in vitro and in vivo leads to inhibition of cellular growth. Full length (fl) ALK is also expressed in a variety of other tumor types, and recent data suggest that at least in neuroblastoma, the flALK transcript contains activating point mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain. These data suggest that flALK may also be a therapeutic target in cancer. Here we demonstrate that a significant subset of ovarian carcinoma cell lines and biopsy specimens aberrantly express ALK. Gene expression analysis in 126 ovarian carcinoma samples demonstrated a prevalence of ALK expression of 19%. Analysis of the histological subtypes within this study, showed specific enrichment of ALK transcript in papillary ovarian carcinoma (15 of 42 samples). This subtype showed a range of ALK expression between 2 - 4 fold increase above normal ovarian tissue. We have also confirmed that in a subset of ovarian tumor cell lines and primary tumor samples that ALK transcript is converted into ALK protein. DNA sequence analysis has revealed that in these patient samples and cell lines, ALK is predominantly wild type. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) suggest that over expression may occur as a consequence of low copy number amplification. These preliminary findings suggest that ALK expression in cancer has now been observed in ovarian carcinomas by a mechanism distinct from cytogenetic translocations or inversions. Currently, we are attempting to correlate the aberrant expression of ALK with ovarian cancer prognosis as well as understand the value of inhibiting ALK expression in this cell type. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3142.
Velocity-matched III-V travelling wave electro-optic modulator

Abstract: As the modulation bandwidth of a travelling wave modulator is increased, thevelocities of the microwave and the lightwave need to be taken into consider-ation. Velocity mismatch of 20% or greater can occur in a ITT-V modulatorand this will result in a bandwidth of approximately 22 GHz-cm or less foran electrical loss of 1 dB/GHz1/2-cm. To improve the bandwidth of the mod-ulator to greater than 40 GHz, velocity mismatch would have to be reducedto within 10%. A new velocity matched ITT-V modulator will be prsented. Background and Structure Two structures, the PIN microstrip structure and the NIN coplanar strip structure have been studied and both exibited velocity mismatch. In the mi-crostrip structure, the microwave velocity is dispersive and travelling slower than the optical wave, whereas in the coplanar strip case, the microwavetravels faster than the optical wave [1]. It seems reasonable that a hybridmicrostrip-coplanar strip structure could be found where the velocities arematched. This new structure ,the planar microstrip (PMS), demonstrated
Intervention effects from a social marketing campaign to promote HPV vaccination in preteen boys.

Objectives Adoption of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in the US has been slow. In 2011, HPV vaccination of boys was recommended by CDC for routine use at ages 11–12. We conducted and evaluated a social marketing intervention with parents and providers to stimulate HPV vaccination among preteen boys.
Bipolar/Monopolar Conformational Transitions of Selected Hydroxyoctadecanoic Acids and Esters: A Fluorescence Microscopy Study

The bipolar/monopolar conformational transitions of the hydroxyoctadecanoic acids (HOAs) [6-hydroxy-9-hydroxy- and 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (6HOA, 9HOA, and 12HOA)] plus those of the methyl and ethyl esters of 12HOA have been studied using classical surface pressure (Π)/area per molecule (A) isotherms and fluorescence microscopy techniques. Most studies were carried out using identical compressional rates (5 A2 mol-1 min-1) and identical amounts of a fluid-phase soluble fluorescent probe 1-palmitoyl-2-[6-(7-nitro-2-1-3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino] caproyl phosphatidylcholine (NBD-PC); however, the effect of both compressional rate and probe concentration was investigated. For 6HOA, condensed-phase domains are roughly diamond-shaped with both nucleation and apparent crystal growth being observed. Larger, essentially hexagonal, crystals were observed for 9HOA. For 12HOA the extent of nucleation was much greater, producing elongated needlelike crystals quite different from either 6- or 9HOA. This difference ...
High power conversion efficiencies and scaling issues for multimode vertical-cavity top-surface-emitting lasers

We report advances in the power conversion efficiencies of vertical-cavity top-surface-emitting lasers defined by proton implantation. Efficiencies as high as 13.4% and 15.8% have been obtained for single-mode and multimode operation, respectively. Scaling issues are addressed including the size dependence of threshold current, series resistance, lasing output power, and power conversion efficiency. We find that devices between 15 /spl mu/m and 25 /spl mu/m diameters show the highest power conversion efficiency due to the threshold current not scaling with the conductance and output power. Device geometries with contact apertures both equal to and less than (overlapping) the active region diameter were investigated. >
The influence of FGF2 high molecular weight (HMW) isoforms in the development of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) consists of multiple protein isoforms (low [LMW] and high molecular weight [HMW]), which are localized to different cellular compartments, indicating unique biological activity. We previously showed that the LMW isoform is important in protecting the heart from myocardial dysfunction associated with ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the roles of the HMW isoforms remain unknown. To elucidate the role of HMW isoforms in I/R and cardioprotection, hearts from novel mouse models, in which the murine FGF2 HMWs are knocked out (HMWKO) or the human FGF2 24 kDa HMW isoform is overexpressed (HMW Tg) and their wildtype (Wt) or non-transgenic (NTg) cohorts were subjected to an ex vivo work-performing heart model of I/R. There was a significant improvement in post-ischemic recovery of cardiac function in HMWKO hearts (76 ± 5%, p p p
Effects of ovariectomy on bone metabolism and bone mineral density in spontaneously diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) rats.

The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Leprfa (SDT- fa/fa) rat is a new model of obese type 2 diabetes. The female SDT-fa/fa rat shows obesity, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia from a young age. However, it is not known whether diabetes and estrogen deficiency can lead to bone abnormalities in the female SDT-fa/fa rat. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of ovariectomy (OVX) on bone metabolism and bone mineral density (BMD) in the female SDT-fa/fa rat. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used as control animals. The BMDs of the whole tibia and fifth lumbar (L5) vertebral body were analyzed at 30 weeks after OVX. Serum osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, and urine deoxypyridinoline (DPD), a bone resorption marker, were sequentially analyzed before and at 5, 15 and 30 weeks after OVX. Serum osteocalcin and urine DPD levels were lower in SDT-fa/fa rats than in control rats before OVX. Both serum osteocalcin and urine DPD levels were elevated in control rats 5-30 weeks after OVX, but only the urine DPD levels were elevated in SDT-fa/fa rats 5-30 weeks after OVX. SDT-fa/fa rats showed a decrease in the BMDs of the whole tibia and L5 vertebral body compared with control rats. OVX decreased the BMDs of the whole tibia and L5 vertebral body in control rats, but not in SDT-fa/fa rats. These data suggest that estrogen deficiency is not a risk factor for bone loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Troubles with the internet: the dynamics of help at home

Despite advances in technology, nearly everyone experiences technical challenges using home computers and the Internet. In a field trial of household Internet usage, 89% of 93 families needed support from a computer help desk in the 1st year they used the Internet. However, usually only the most technically involved members of the family requested external technical support, and this behavior was associated with other computer-related behaviors in the household. We explore the process by which a family member with comparatively high technical skill or enthusiasm, often a teenager, becomes the family guru, makes external support requests, and becomes the person in the family to whom others turn for technical help. The family guru benefits from this role, influences the household's adoption of technology, and represents an important link between households and computer support professionals. The role also is a fascinating example of the evolution of intergeneration relationships.
Another look at viq-piq scores and unilateral brain damage

The relationship of WAIS, VIQ, PIQ and Aphasia Screening scores to unilateral brain damage was investigated using 18 subjects with left hemisphere damage (LHD) and 19 subjects with right hemisphere damage (RHD). Expected VIQ-PIQ difference scores were demonstrated only for the RHD subjects. Aphasia was significantly associated with PIQ in the LHD group. ANCOVAR using Aphasia Screening as a covariate produced significant LHD versus RHD differences on PIQ. These data question the utility of VIQ-PIQ difference scores in the diagnosis of unilateral brain damage. Second, the data suggest that LHD “nonverbal” deficits are the result of underlying language disturbance and not the consequence of impaired visu-operceptive or visuospatial processes.
Contraceptive Use Among Clients of the Atlanta Feminist Women’s Health Center at Three to Five Weeks Post-Abortion

Little is known about women’s contraceptive use and sexual activity in the immediate post-abortion period although effective contraceptive use is paramount during this time because fertility returns almost immediately. This study sought to learn more about women’s contraceptive use and sexual behaviors to inform abortion providers and help them serve their clients better, potentially leading to a decline in the rates of unintended pregnancy and repeat abortion. Abortion clients of an Atlanta, GA clinic were surveyed over the telephone 3–5 weeks post-abortion. Background information was collected from clinic medical charts. Simple and stratified frequencies and logistic regression were used to describe women’s sexual activity and contraceptive use in the immediate post-abortion period and to determine if variables known at the time of the abortion could predict contraceptive use 3–5 weeks post-abortion. 54.2% (n = 39) of women had engaged in sexual intercourse in the immediate post-abortion period. Of these, 30.8% (n = 12) were not using a contraceptive method or were not using it effectively. Women who said they did not want or need information about birth control on their medical history form were less likely to be using contraception 3–5 weeks post abortion. Emphasizing the rapid return of fertility and risk of conception in pre-abortion counseling sessions could prevent future unintended pregnancies among abortion clients. Further research could explore the interaction between a willingness to talk about contraceptive methods at the time of abortion and method use post-abortion.
Addressing Religious Differences in Couples: The Two Churches, One Marriage Program

Marriages where individuals come from different religious backgrounds are both common and at greater risk for divorce and lower marital satisfaction. To address this need, a free web-based program called Two Churches, One Marriage was developed. The program has 8 units that are devoted to common challenges that couples from different religious backgrounds can face. This article also summarizes 2 studies that provide a preliminary evaluation of the program. The results suggest that the Two Churches, One Marriage program can be a valuable resource for couples from different religious backgrounds.
Craniomandibular disorders and headaches

Three hundred patients were questioned regarding frequency of headache pain. One hundred forty-one patients were seeking treatment at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry TMJ Clinic for CMD. A comparison group of 159 was selected from persons being screened for routine dental needs. The following findings regarding incidence and frequency of headache pain were observed: 1. The incidence of headache pain was twice as high in the CMD group than in the comparison group (p less than .001). 2. Of the persons in each group reporting the occurrence of headaches, the frequency of headaches in the CMD group was significantly higher (44%) than in the comparison group (p less than .001). Thirty-three patients with headache pain were treated for a 4-week period with occlusal splint therapy. Patients were questioned regarding the number of headaches per week they had before and after occlusal splint therapy. The following results were observed: 1. Twenty-one (63.6%) patients showed a decrease in the frequency of their headaches. 2. Ten (30.3%) patients showed complete remission of headaches. 3. No patient showed an increase in the frequency of headaches. 4. As a group the average number of headaches per week before treatment was 5.06; after occlusal splint therapy the average number of headaches per week was 2.15 (p less than .001).
L-shell emission from high-Z solid targets by intense (10/sup 19/ W/cm/sup 2/) irradiation with a 248 nm laser

Summary form only given. Much effort has been expended recently in attempts to develop an efficient coherent X-ray source suitable for high-resolution biological imaging. To this end, many experiments have been performed studying the X-ray emissions from high-Z materials under intense (>10/sup 18/ W/cm/sup 2/) irradiation, with the most promising results coming from the irradiation of Xe clusters with a UV (248 nm) laser at intensities of 10/sup 18/-10/sup 19/ W/cm/sup 2/. We report the production of prompt X-rays with energies in excess of 5 keV with efficiencies on the order of 1% as a result of intense irradiation of BaF/sub 2/ and Gd targets with a terawatt 248 nm laser. The efficiency is attributed to an inner shell-selective collisional electron ejection mechanism in which the previously photoionized electrons are ponderomotively driven into an ion while retaining a portion of their atomic phase and symmetry. This partial coherence of the laser-driven electrons has a pronounced effect on the collisional cross-section for the electron ion interaction.
Multiple resources and the optimal balance between size and number of offspring

We extend the classical Smith-Fretwell model for the optimal size of an offspring to the case of allocation of two or more fitness enhancing resources. Unlike the results of the single-resource model, the new model predicts that the optimal allocations will depend on the resource pool sizes. We apply this new model to the problem of carbon and nitrogen allocation to seeds and conclude (1) that the optimal seed size (carbon allocation) should be positively correlated with the ratio of the size of the carbon and nitrogen pools available for investment to offspring (C/N ratio) and (2) that there should be a negative correlation between seed size and absolute seed nitrogen content. These results may account for some of the within- and between-plant variation in resource allocation to seeds.
Tumor size and presence of calcifications on ultrasonography are pre-operative predictors of lymph node metastases in patients with papillary thyroid cancer.

Background and Objectives Lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) are common and their presence can significantly alter the treatment for patients with PTC. We therefore sought to identify pre-operative predictors of lymph node metastases in patients with PTC. Methods A thyroid tumor database was queried to identify patients with a pre-operative diagnosis of PTC and underwent thyroidectomy between January 2006 and August 2009. One hundred and three patients who had a pre-operative ultrasound and had lymph nodes surgically resected were identified. Clinical factors and tumor ultrasound characteristics were recorded. The pre-operative ultrasound results, type of operation, and final pathology results were also recorded. Results Of the 103 patients, 74 (72%) were women and 29 (28%) were men with an age range of 15–78 years (median age of 43). Of the ultrasound characteristics evaluated only calcifications (P = 0.007) and size (P = 0.003) were statistically associated with positive cervical lymph nodes. None of the other demographic or clinical factors were significantly associated with lymph node metastases. Conclusions Thyroid nodule size and presence of calcifications on ultrasound were found to have a statistically significant association with lymph node metastases in patients with PTC. This information could be used to guide the surgical management of these patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:613–616. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scaled model measurements of embedding impedances for SIS waveguide mixers

Several scaled models have been used to determine the contributions of various waveguide mount parameters to the embedding impedance of a mm-wave SIS mixer. Measured effects of waveguide height, substrate orientation and width, junction location, lead inductance and RF-filter impedance are presented and discussed.
Beta 1-4-galactosyltransferase gene expression is regulated during entry into the cell cycle and during the cell cycle.

Mammalian glycosyltransferases have been implicated in a wide variety of functions besidesN-linked glycosylation, including developmental processes. For this reason, we studied the effects of cell cycle and entry into the cell cycle on β1–4-galactosyltransferase gene expression. In this study we report that β1–4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase) gene expression is, indeed, regulated during the normal cell cycle, peaking during late G1-, S, and early G2 phase of the cell cycle. In addition, GalTase gene expression is regulated in a manner that resembles other “early response” genes such asjun andfos upon reentry into the cell cycle from quiescence. Finally, we show that the GalTase gene is differentially expressed during murine embryogenesis and in terminally differentiated adult tissues. It is most abundant in testis, followed by skeletal muscle and spleen. The reasons for this pattern of differential expression in adult tissues are unknown. These studies should provide important new information regarding GalTase gene expression, its regulation, and its potential link to other developmental functions.
A micro/macro measure of software complexity

Abstract A software complexity metric is a quantitative measure of the difficulty of comprehending and working with a specific piece of software. The majority of metrics currently in use focus on a program's “microcomplexity.” This refers to how difficult the details of the software are to deal with. This paper proposes a method of measuring the “macrocomplexity,” i.e., how difficult the overall structure of the software is to deal with, as well as the microcomplexity. We evaluate this metric using data obtained during the development of a compiler/environment project, involving over 30,000 lines of C code. The new metric's performance is compared to the performance of several other popular metrics, with mixed results. We then discuss how these metrics, or any other metrics, may be used to help increase the project management efficiency.
Use of the Rubber Elasticity Theory to Characterize the Viscoelastic Properties of Wheat Flour Doughs

ABSTRACT The viscoelastic properties of durum wheat flour doughs were measured using the extensigraph in uniaxial extension and the Rheometrics mechanical spectrometer in oscillatory shear. The research examined the effect of increasing density of cross-links on rubber elasticity in these systems. The stress-strain behavior of durum wheat flour dough was not well simulated by Mooney-Rivlin type nonlinear elasticity. Addition of increasing amounts of iodate made the dough show appreciable strain thickening behavior, approximating the behavior of natural rubbers The estimated apparent molecular weight between cross-links ranged from 10,500 to 16,000, much larger than that of rubbers, for which values are in the range of 500–1,000. When the Mooney-Rivlin equation was tested, it appeared to approximate only moderately well the extensional behavior of iodate-added wheat flour doughs at finite but low extensions, where the finite extensibility of chains is not a factor. It is hypothesized that the cross-linked ...
Gauge federation as an alternative to unification

We motivate and explore the possibility that extra SU(N) gauge groups may exist independently of the standard model groups, yet not be subgroups of some grand unified group. We study the running of the coupling constants as potential evidence for a common origin of all the gauge theories. Several different examples are displayed. Some of the multiple options involve physics at the TeV scale.
Statement of Retraction:. "measurement of the Casimir Interaction Between a au Sphere and au Gratings"

This article was published as a part of the conference proceedings for the Eighth Alexander Friedmann International Seminar on Gravitation and Cosmology and Satellite Symposium on the Casimir Effect, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 30 May–3 June 2011. In the article I described results of the force obtained in the Casimir regime between a Au coated sphere and a Au grating. The making of the grating required extensive development from my collaborators. The article was published without the proper authorship from the research groups involved. Against this background I thus retract my article and apologize for the damage I have caused.
A general methodology for determining a fit between supply chain logistics and five stages of strategic management

A framework for comparing supply chain logistics and the strategic orientation of the firm is explored. Seventeen attributes of supply chain logistics management are investigated along with five stages of strategic evolution of firms. Specific findings note management challenges when it is either below or beyond the strategic level of the firm. In addition, this research highlights how supply chain logistics managers can prioritize training, development, and purchasing activities.
A computer technique for predicting smoke movement in tall buildings

An approach to the analysis of stack effect has been developed which allows the prediction of internal air flow quantities and associated pressure differentials for specific buildings prior to construction. An example of the application of this analysis is presented for a hypothetical 75-story office building.
Transgenic livestock for agriculture and biomedical applications

The classical definition of a genetically engineered or "transgenic" animal would be "those animals modified by recombinant DNA (rDNA) techniques" according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (United States Food and Drug Administration, Guidance #187, 2009). Thus, the introduction or deletion of any gene by using recombinant DNA would fall into this category. Since the first reports of stable germline transmission of integrated DNA in 1982, hundreds of thousands of transgenic animals have been produced, the vast majority of which are mice used in biomedical research. However, there are also thousands of agrarian and aquaculture species that have been produced for a wide variety of purposes from production of human biopharmaceuticals, xenotransplantation and to enhance economically important production traits. We can separate the transgenic animals produced in our laboratory into 3 major classes; production agriculture, biopharmaceutical production in milk and biomedical models of human disease. This brief review will highlight some of those projects in each category.
The effectiveness of cover crops during eight years of a UK sandland rotation

. Growing cover crops during the winter before spring-planted crops is often suggested as an effective method to decrease nitrate leaching. A four-course crop rotation (potatoes-cereal-sugarbeet-cereal) was followed through two rotations on a sandy soil in the English Midlands. Three management systems were imposed on the rotation to test their effects on nitrate loss. The effects of cover crops on nitrate leaching and crop yields were compared with the more conventional practice of over-winter bare fallow before potatoes and sugarbeet. Cover crop N uptake was variable between years, averaging 25 kg ha−1, which is typical of their performance on sandy soils in the UK. The cover crops usually decreased nitrate leaching but their effectiveness depended on good establishment before the start of drainage. Over 7 years, cover crops decreased the average N concentration in the drainage from 24 to 11 mg l−1. Potato yield and tuber N offtake increased after cover crops. Ware tuber yield increased by an average of c. 8%; this was unlikely to be due to additional N mineralization from the cover crop because the potatoes received 220–250 kg fertilizer N ha−1, and non-N effects are therefore implicated. Sugar yield was not increased following a cover crop. After 8 years of nitrate-retentive practices, there were no measurable differences in soil organic matter. However, plots that had received only half of the N fertilizer each year contained, on average, 0.14% less organic matter at the end of the experiment.
Theory and experimental results for the multiple aspect coverage problem

Abstract We introduce a novel task that arises in underwater search and inspection. In this task, an underwater vehicle must re-acquire and identify clusters of discrete objects. The challenge is to generate an efficient path for the vehicle given a probabilistic description of potential target locations. We propose an algorithm that generates an efficient path and show that the algorithm is superior to standard approaches. Hardware implementation and field experiments using this algorithm are presented using a REMUS-100 autonomous underwater vehicle on simulated targets. The use of this algorithm is compared to two baseline methods of performing a multiple-aspect coverage mission. The field experiments imply that the proposed algorithm is superior in speed to the baseline methods.