cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The spring-loaded genome: Nucleosome redistributions are widespread, transient, and DNA-directed

.Nucleosome occupancy plays a key role in regulating access to eukaryotic genomes. Although various chromatin regulatory complexes are known to regulate nucleosome occupancy, the role of DNA sequence in this regulation remains unclear, particularly in mammals. To address this problem, we measured nucleosome distribution at high temporal resolution in human cells at hundreds of genes during the reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV). We show that nucleosome redistribution peaks at 24 h post-KSHV reactivation and that the nucleosomal redistributions are widespread and transient. To clarify the role of DNA sequence in these nucleosomal redistributions, we compared the genes with altered nucleosome distribution to a sequence-based computer model and in vitro–assembled nucleosomes. We demonstrate that both the predicted model and the assembled nucleosome distributions are concordant with the majority of nucleosome redistributions at 24 h post-KSHV reactivation. We suggest a model in which loci are held in an unfavorable chromatin architecture and ‘‘spring’’ to a transient intermediate state directed by DNA sequence information. We propose that DNA sequence plays a more considerable role in the regulation of nucleosome positions than was previously appreciated. The surprising findings that nucleosome redistributions are widespread, transient, and DNA-directed shift the current perspective regarding regulation of nucleosome distribution in humans.
Bilateral corneal perforation following the use of traditional herbal medicine treated with conjunctival flap

Introduction: The harmful effect of the herbal medicine to the eye has not been well reported in the literature. Objective: To report a case of bilateral corneal perforation following the use of traditional herbal medicine treated with conjunctival flap. Case: A 46-year-old Fijian man initially presented with bilateral conjunctivitis, which was thought to be an allergic response to the use of herbal medicine. Vision at initial presentation was normal and he was treated conservatively. Upon review a week later, his vision had decreased to light perception in both eyes. The examination revealed bilateral corneal perforation with iris prolapse, which was then treated with a full thickness conjunctival flap in both eyes in the same sitting. Upon review at 3 weeks of intervention, his vision had improved to hand motions in the right eye and 6/60 in the left. The anterior chamber was formed on both sides. Conclusion: This case illustrates that the use of herbal medicine can cause corneal melting and subsequently perforations and this can be treated with a conjunctival flap. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v6i2.11716 Nepal J Ophthalmol 2014; 6(12): 237-239
Development of the uptake and storage of L-( 3 H)norepinephrine in the rat brain

The uptake and storage of L-[3H]norepinephrine at various stages of development was examined in homogenates of rat brain. For the adult animal, active uptake accounted for 80 per cent of the total uptake. At 14 days of gestation, no active uptake was demonstrable At 18 days of gestation, saturable uptake of L-[3H]norepinephrine with a Km of 3 × 10 −7m was first demonstrable; the Km value did not vary during subsequent development. The Vmax. of uptake increased five-fold between 18 days of gestation and 28 days postnatally, at which stage it was the same as the adult value. The development of saturable uptake paralleled but preceded the increase in endogenous norepinephrine. When homogenates were incubated with l-[3H]norepinephrine and subjected to centrifugation on linear sucrose gradients, there was a peak of tritium in the synaptosomal fractions; the magnitude of the peak increased with maturation of the brain. The increase in the peak of tritium paralleled the increase in particulate LDH activity and was distinct from the peak of MAO activity. Desipramine, a compound that blocks the initial uptake of norepinephrine, first exhibited inhibition of uptake at 19 days of gestation; the degree of inhibition did not vary during subsequent development. In contrast, reserpine, a compound which inhibits the intra-neuronal storage of norepinephrine, exhibited a progressive increase of inhibition with maturation of the brain at and subsequent to 19 days of gestation.
Paleoclimatic interpretations of meadow sediment and pollen stratigraphies from California

A comparison of sediment stratigraphies from nine meadow cores in the Sierra Nevada, California, with fossil pollen reconstructions of paleoclimates shows excellent correlation between these parameters and confirms the results of recent paleoclimatic models. Colluvium and alluvium dominate early Holocene sedimentary deposits, and undoubtedly originated from greater erosion on dry basin side slopes. Fossil pollen suggests that species characteristic of dry microclimates flourished. The transition to peats after ∼4.5 ka is concurrent with increases in pollen of plants that require abundant soil moisture during the dry summer. These results confirm the importance of analysis of the physical stratigraphy of Holocene deposits in pollen-based reconstructions.
Attachment and social support among adolescents.

(1999). Attachment and Social Support Among Adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 160, No. 4, pp. 500-502.
Effects of time-specific F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation overlays on prelay ts-11-strain M. gallisepticum vaccination on blood characteristics of commercial laying hens

Two trials were conducted to determine the effects of a prelay ts-11-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum (ts-11MG) vaccination alone or in combination with subsequent time-specific F-strain M. gallisepticum (FMG) inoculations on the blood characteristics of commercial laying hens. The following 4 treatments were utilized: 1) sham vaccination at 10 wk of age, 2) vaccination of ts-11MG at 10 wk, 3) ts-11MG at 10 wk overlaid by FMG inoculation at 22 wk, and 4) ts-11MG at 10 wk overlaid by FMG at 45 wk. Parameters measured in both trials were whole blood hematocrit, plasma protein, serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, and serum calcium. No significant age x treatment interactions and no significant age or treatment main effects were observed for any of the blood parameters investigated, except for serum calcium. At wk 22, serum calcium concentrations were increased by vaccination with ts-11MG at 10 wk, and levels were further increased when the ts-11MG vaccination at 10 wk was overlaid by an FMG inoculation at 22 wk. These results suggest that ts-11MG vaccination at 10 wk of age alone or combined with F-strain inoculum overlays at either 22 or 45 wk may be used without any consequential effects on hematocrit or the lipid and protein levels in the blood of commercial layers. Because elevations in serum calcium were not associated with changes in hen performance, as reported in a previous companion article, it is further suggested that prelay ts-11MG vaccination before FMG inoculation overlays during lay may provide adequate protection against field strain M. gallisepticum infections while being innocuous to layer performance.
Sources of Visual Field Interference in Children and Adults.

Subjects at three grade levels, third, sixth, and college (8, 11, and 20 years of age, respectively), were asked to identify briefly presented words accompanied by either words or letter strings in the same or opposite hemifield. Results indicated two sources of visual field interference, one relating to the presence of alphanumeric information elsewhere in the visual field and the second concerning the meaningfulness (lexical identity) of that information. The former showed a decrease in importance with age, and the latter an increase. Results were discussed in terms of the development of selective attention and hemispheric interaction.
Possible involvement of a pathogen-produced protein-lipopolysaccharide complex in Verticillium wilt of cotton

Abstract Logarithmic phase cultures of Verticillium albo-atrum contained an extracellular, thermostable and non-dialyzable factor which produced all symptoms of Verticillium wilt in excised cotton leaves and seedling cuttings. The active factor was isolated and found to be a protein-lipopolysaccharide (PLP) complex. The PLP attained concentrations up to 1 mg/ml in liquid cultures and was active in excised cotton leaf bioassays at concentrations of 5 μg/ml or greater. The sensitivity of 16 cotton varieties to the PLP was positively correlated with their susceptibility to Verticillium wilt, but fungus isolates of differing virulence produced comparable amounts of the PLP on various culture media. The PLP did not block the uptake of acid fuchsin into the veins of excised cotton leaves and seedling cuttings and [ 14 C]PLP readily accumulated in the small veins and interveinal areas of cotton leaves. Although the PLP could not be isolated from diseased cotton leaves, the evidence indicated that it may be involved with the causation of disease symptoms in cotton plants infected with V. albo-atrum .
Isotropy and polarization in a statistically stationary electromagnetic field in three-dimensions

A parameter, called the degree of isotropy, used in conjunction with the degree of polarization defined by Ellis, Dogariu, Ponomarenko and Wolf (Opt. Commun. 248 333 (2005)) in a recent paper, is shown to more completely characterize the state of a statistically stationary electromagnetic field in three dimensions. A simple expression is presented that relates the maximum degree of polarization to a given degree of isotropy, and a simple graphical representation of a state is given that clearly shows where the state stands among all possible states.
Remote Diagnosis in Dynamic Task Environments

Increasingly telecommunication systems have become an integral part of many professions. However, little empirical data and guidelines exist for designing telecommunication systems to facilitate decision makers in cooperative efforts in dynamic task environments. A preliminary experiment was conducted in which the subjects (all experienced in the domain concerned) were presented with video-tapes of previously recorded real-life trauma patient resuscitation. The experiment examined the subjects' ability to understand the status of the patient and resuscitation efforts shown in the video. The experiment was to simulate remote diagnosis tasks in which experts provide consultation through video linkage. The subjects were found to have a number of difficulties in achieving a full understanding. Hypotheses about the reasons that could explain these difficulties are proposed and they include (1) background noise, viewing range restriction, and insecure viewing access to remote sites (2) visual information overlo...
Mixed mode stress intensity factors for deflected and inclined surface cracks in finite-thickness plates

Using three-dimensional enriched finite elements, mixed mode stress intensity factor solutions are presented for deflected and inclined surface cracks in finite-thickness plates under uniform tensile remote loading. It is demonstrated that the enriched finite element technique provides fracture solutions for these types of problems in a very direct and convenient manner without a need for post-processing the finite element solution. Mixed mode stress intensity factor solutions are generated for semi-circular surface cracks with various deflection and inclination angles ranging from 0° to 75°. The effect of plate thickness on the mixed mode fracture solution is also investigated. In the analyses presented, crack length/plate thickness (a/t) ratio ranges from 0.2 to 0.8. It is shown that decreasing the plate thickness results in magnification of mixed mode stress intensity factors along the crack front. Based on the computed mixed mode stress intensity factors, crack propagation angles along the deflected and inclined crack fronts are also determined.
Potential Pathways From Stigmatization and Externalizing Behavior to Anger and Dating Aggression in Sexually Abused Youth

Although experiencing childhood sexual abuse (CSA) puts youth at risk for involvement in relationship violence, research is limited on the potential pathways from CSA to subsequent dating aggression. The current study examined prospective pathways from externalizing behavior problems and stigmatization (abuse-specific shame and self-blame attributions) to anger and dating aggression. One hundred sixty youth (73% female, 69% ethnic/racial minorities) with confirmed CSA histories were interviewed at the time of abuse discovery (T1, when they were 8–15 years of age), and again 1 and 6 years later (T2 and T3). Externalizing behavior and abuse-specific stigmatization were assessed at T1 and T2. Anger and dating aggression were assessed at T3. The structural equation model findings supported the proposed relations from stigmatization following the abuse to subsequent dating aggression through anger. Only externalizing behavior at T1 was related to later dating aggression, and externalizing was not related to su...
Pulmonary complications in anterior-posterior thoracic lumbar fusions

Abstract Background context Surgery for adult spinal deformity may require both an anterior and posterior approach in order to stabilize the spine and achieve the desired correction. These procedures can be associated with significant pulmonary complications, including atelectasis, pneumonia and respiratory failure. The etiology of some of the respiratory complications is clear: poor inspiratory effort from incision pain and previous pulmonary disease. However, for many patients the direct cause of these complications is not obvious. Purpose To delineate the incidence, severity and risks associated with pulmonary complications in the setting of major spine surgery. Study design/setting Retrospective chart review study of adult patients undergoing combined anterior-posterior thoracic, lumbar and sacral fusion spine surgery. Patient sample A total of 60 charts were reviewed for this study. Outcome measures Radiographic abnormalities correlated with clinical findings, postoperative need for ventilation and lengths of hospital stay were used as outcome measures. Methods Perioperative pulmonary complications were assessed for 60 patients with spinal deformities who underwent combined anterior-posterior thoracic, lumbar and sacral fusion over a 2-year period. Results One patient was eliminated from analysis because of multiple surgeries during his hospital course. Of the remaining 59 patients, 38 (64%) developed roentgenographic abnormalities. The most common radiographic finding was an effusion found in 66% of these patients, followed by atelectasis in 53%. Twenty-one percent (8 of 38) had infiltrates. Five (5 of 38) or 13% had evidence of partial or complete lobar collapse; in two bronchoscopy was required because of profound hypoxemia. Two patients had pneumonia requiring antibiotic treatment. All but two patients were extubated within 36 hours of surgery. They were kept intubated because of hemodynamic instability. There was no statistically significant difference in the group of patients with and without roentgenographic abnormalities with regard to age, weight, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, smoking history, pulmonary function test results, blood loss, perioperative blood and crystalloid requirement and length of surgery. Patients with radiographic abnormalities were more likely to have had invasion of their thoracic cavity (p=.02) and had a longer mean hospital stay of 13.5 versus 10.2 days (p=.009). Conclusion Radiographic abnormalities of the lungs are common after major spine surgery involving both an anterior and posterior approach, especially when the thoracic cavity is invaded. In view of the morbidity and longer hospital stay associated with such findings, close monitoring of pulmonary status with aggressive pulmonary toilet are indicated.
CABOZANTINIB IS EFFECTIVE IN A SUBSET OF XENOGRAFT GBM TUMORS AND AFFECTS MULTIPLE SIGNALING PATHWAYS

BACKGROUND: (blind field). METHODS: Neurospheres enriched in CSCs were cultured from resected GBM tumors. Sensitivity to cabozantinib was determined in vitro. Cells were treated (IC40) in triplicate, and cell lysates were analyzed by reverse phase protein microarrays (RPPAs). GBM CSCs were implanted intracranially into nude mice. Cabozantinib was administered by oral gavage at a dose of 60 mg/kg for 4 weeks (5 days/week) as a single agent or in combination with 40 mg/kg TMZ. Tumor growth and response to treatment were monitored by non-invasive in vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) using the Xenogen IVIS System (Caliper Life Sciences), and overall survival. RESULTS: Sensitivity to cabozantinib treatment varied for the different GBM CSCs. From 70 proteins and phosphoproteins measured, 29 distributed among several signaling pathways were significantly altered after treatment in both resistant and sensitive GBM CSCs, including Met, Ret, AKT, MAPK/ERK. Cabozantinib single agent treatment reduced GBM tumor growth and increased mouse survival in two xenograft lines. Cabozantinib monotherapy reduced tumor size, as measured by BLI, but had no significant effect on overall survival for another xenograft line, however, the combination treatment resulted in sensitization of these xenografts to TMZ treatment. RPPA confirmed downregulation of the described targets for XL184, including activated Met, VEGFR2 and Ret (in vitro). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with the clinical experience, both sensitive and resistant GBMs are represented in our CSC xenografts. More extensive evaluation will likely identify baseline biomarkers which might be valuable in identifying potentially sensitive sub-populations for subsequent clinical trials. RPPA and next-gen sequencing (NGS) on terminal tumors is underway. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Tumor Biology.
Letter by Calonge and Petitti Regarding Article, “The United States Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement on Screening for Peripheral Arterial Disease: More Harm Than Benefit?”

To the Editor: Representing the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), we would like to respond to the special report by Beckman and colleagues,1 “The US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement on Screening for Peripheral Vascular Disease: More Harm Than Benefit?” published in the August 22, 2006, issue of Circulation . The authors were critical of the USPSTF’s brief evidence update and “D” recommendation for screening for …
Organization and conflict

This paper concentrates on the problem of the "parties" to conflict. Every conflict involves at least two parties or conflicting organizations. The party may be a biological individual, or it may be an aggregate or an organization of individuals. All individuals are organizations of subordinate parts: all organizations are in some sense "individuals" insof ar as they have well-defined patterns of behavior and reaction. Cenerally, we may wish to reserve the term "competition" for the wide concept which includes interactions among unorganized aggregates (such as bio? logical populations) and to use the word "conflict" for the narrower concept in which the conflicting parties are individuals or or? ganizations, possessing a certain core of unity of behavior and in which each organ? ization is in some sense "aware" of the other
Virus Population Dynamics and Acquired Virus Resistance in Natural Microbial Communities

Viruses shape microbial community structure and function by altering the fitness of their hosts and by promoting genetic exchange. The complexity of most natural ecosystems has precluded detailed studies of virus-host interactions. We reconstructed virus and host bacterial and archaeal genome sequences from community genomic data from two natural acidophilic biofilms. Viruses were matched to their hosts by analyzing spacer sequences that occur among clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) that are a hallmark of virus resistance. Virus population genomic analyses provided evidence that extensive recombination shuffles sequence motifs sufficiently to evade CRISPR spacers. Only the most recently acquired spacers match coexisting viruses, which suggests that community stability is achieved by rapid but compensatory shifts in host resistance levels and virus population structure.
Non-resonant two photon pulsed field ionization photoelectron study of CH3CH2S formed in the photodissociation of CH3CH2SH

Abstract The non-resonant two-photon pulsed field ionization photoelectron (N2P-PFI-PE) spectrum for CH 3 CH 2 S produced in the photodissociation of CH 3 CH 2 SH has been measured in the energy region of 2×(36 160–37 200) cm −1 . The assignment of the N2P-PFI-PE spectrum indicates that both the X 2 A″ and A 2 A′ states for CH 3 CH 2 S are formed in the photodissociation of CH 3 CH 2 SH at h ν≈4.6 eV. The ionization energies for transitions to CH 3 CH 2 S + (X 3 A″) from the X 2 A″ and A 2 A′ states of CH 3 CH 2 S are determined to be 9.107±0.004 and 9.077±0.004 eV, respectively. The small energy gap of 0.030±0.004 eV observed between the X 2 A″ and A 2 A′ states of CH 3 CH 2 S is consistent with the ab initio theoretical calculation.
Effects of gestational and lactational exposure to coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners or 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on thyroid hormone concentrations in weanling rats

Abstract Perinatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixtures or to certain ortho-substituted PCB congeners dramatically reduces circulating thyroxine (T4) concentrations. It is not clear whether perinatal exposure to coplanar PCBs or2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) has a similar effect. In this study, time-mated Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with 2 or 8 mg/kg/day PCB 77 (3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl), 0.25 or 1.00 μ/kg/day PCB 126 (3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl), 0.025 or 0.10 μg/kg/day TCDD, or corn oil vehicle orally on gestation days 10–16. At weaning, plasma total T4 concentrations in PCB 77 and TCDD high-dose female pups were significantly depressed, but the changes were modest (84.4 and 79.6% of control, respectively). T4 concentrations in PCB 126 high-dose females and all high-dose males were also depressed slightly, but the changes were not statistically significant. UDP-Glucuronosyl transferase (UDP-GT) activity towards 4-nitrophenol was increased in all high-dose groups. Thus, the modest decreases in T4 could be due in part to increased T4 glucuronidation by UDP-GT. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations were unchanged in all groups. In contrast to the minor changes in thyroid hormone status, liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) was markedly induced in all exposure groups and thymus weights were depressed in the high-dose groups. Because doses of coplanar PCBs or TCDD that caused marked induction of EROD activity had only minor effects on T4, we conclude that changes in thyroid hormone status at weaning are not among the more sensitive effects of perinatal exposure to these compounds.
Alloyed junction Ge Esaki diodes on Si substrates realised by aspect ratio trapping technique

A Ge Esaki diode is demonstrated on Si atop a coalesced epitaxial layer of Ge grown through narrow openings in SiO2 that are used to trap threading dislocations from the lattice mismatch. Spin-on doping was used to form the n-type junction and a controlled alloyed reaction of Al and Ge forms the p-type junction. At an alloy temperature of 580°C for 1 s, the Ge-on-Si diodes were found to have a peak-to-valley current ratio of 1.1 with a peak current density of 4.1 kA/cm2.
Roles of thermally-induced vertical phase segregation and crystallization on the photovoltaic performance of bulk heterojunction inverted polymer solar cells

Brief 160 °C annealing treatments dramatically enhanced the performance of bulk heterojunction inverted polymer solar cells with an ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/MoO3/Ag structure. The influence of such treatments on cell performance has been correlated to vertical phase segregation and crystallization within the photoactive layer of such cells. The photoactive layer, comprised of a mixture of P3HT and PCBM deposited on ZnO, was annealed for 10–30 min at 160 °C. Depth profiling with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that such annealing resulted in enrichment of the P3HT concentration near the ZnO layer, particularly after 20 and 30 min of annealing. Crystallization of P3HT was detected by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses after 10 to 30 min of such annealing, with little difference in the extent of crystallization detected over this time frame. It was found that vertical segregation does not seem to play a role as significant as that of crystallization on cell performance.
OWNING LAND VERSUS GOVERNING A LAND: PROPERTY, SOVEREIGNTY, AND NATIONALISM

This essay attempts to clarify the distinction between property and sovereignty, and to bring out the importance of that distinction to a liberal nationalism. Beginning with common intuitions about what distinguishes our rights to our possessions from the state's rightful governance over us, it proceeds to explore some historical sources of these intuitions, and the importance of a sharp distinction between ownership and governance to the rise of liberalism. From here, the essay moves into an exploration of group ownership, and the ways in which group ownership can in practice turn into an illiberal kind of sovereignty The point is to shed new light on problems that nationalist states — states purporting to represent or foster a particular group identity — characteristically face. Examples of these problems, from the Israel/Palestine conflict, are put forth in the conclusion.
Aime Cesaire: The return to lyric: “me, laminaria …”

Poetry is the only means I have found of learning to know myself. I have never known very well who I was, and poetry has been a perpetual conquest of myself by myself. Aime Cesaire The play, A Tempest marks the end of Cesaire's concentrated exploration of the genre of poetic drama. After the creative storm that left the triptych in its wake, there followed a relatively extended interlude of silence, or at least, non-publication, on the literary scene. The interlude was only definitively terminated with the publication of a new collection of poems, moi, laminaire … (“me, laminaria … “) in 1982. To be sure, the silence had been broken at midpoint by the appearance of an ambitious edition of the author's complete works ( œuvres completes ) in 1976 – an edition that included as a pendant (under the rubric Noria ) a group of poems most of which had previously appeared in journals, notably Presence Africaine . If we exclude the lyrics of Noria , we are left with a picture of virtual inactivity on Cesaire's part in the domain of literary composition for a period of just over a decade (1971 to 1982). By contrast with this relative artistic quiescence, the 1970s were far from calm as far as the arena of politics is concerned. To some extent Martinique, like the rest of the New World, was experiencing the repercussions of the previous decade of turmoil – the social agitation of the 1960s, which saw the proliferation of radical student movements in the United States, Europe and the Third World.
EFTEM and EELS analysis of the oxide layer formed on HCM12A exposed to SCW

The inner-diffusion layer interface of an HCM12A sample oxidized in 600 °C supercritical water (SCW) was analyzed using EFTEM and EELS. The EFTEM analysis showed the presence of chromium-rich zones linked with the porosity within the inner layer, as well as a nanometric iron–chromium separation, which may be linked with the presence of both Fe3O4 and FeCr2O4 in this layer. The diffusion layer was characterized by large chromium-rich oxides located at the tempered martensite lath boundaries, which suggested the preferential grain boundary diffusion of oxygen and the preferential oxidation of the chromium carbides present at these boundaries. The metal grains of the diffusion layer contained nanometric chromium-rich spinel oxides. The presence of large chromium-rich oxide precipitates in the diffusion layer appears to help improve the corrosion resistance of these alloys.
Biologically plausible error-driven learning using local activation differences: The generalized recirculation algorithm

The error backpropagation learning algorithm (BP) is generally considered biologically implausible because it does not use locally available, activation-based variables. A version of BP that can be computed locally using bidirectional activation recirculation (Hinton and McClelland 1988) instead of backpropagated error derivatives is more biologically plausible. This paper presents a generalized version of the recirculation algorithm (GeneRec), which overcomes several limitations of the earlier algorithm by using a generic recurrent network with sigmoidal units that can learn arbitrary input/output mappings. However, the contrastive Hebbian learning algorithm (CHL, also known as DBM or mean field learning) also uses local variables to perform error-driven learning in a sigmoidal recurrent network. CHL was derived in a stochastic framework (the Boltzmann machine), but has been extended to the deterministic case in various ways, all of which rely on problematic approximations and assumptions, leading some to conclude that it is fundamentally flawed. This paper shows that CHL can be derived instead from within the BP framework via the GeneRec algorithm. CHL is a symmetry-preserving version of GeneRec that uses a simple approximation to the midpoint or second-order accurate Runge-Kutta method of numerical integration, which explains the generally faster learning speed of CHL compared to BI. Thus, all known fully general error-driven learning algorithms that use local activation-based variables in deterministic networks can be considered variations of the GeneRec algorithm (and indirectly, of the backpropagation algorithm). GeneRec therefore provides a promising framework for thinking about how the brain might perform error-driven learning. To further this goal, an explicit biological mechanism is proposed that would be capable of implementing GeneRec-style learning. This mechanism is consistent with available evidence regarding synaptic modification in neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus, and makes further predictions.
Capacity bounds and power allocation for wireless relay channels

We consider three-node wireless relay channels in a Rayleigh-fading environment. Assuming transmitter channel state information (CSI), we study upper bounds and lower bounds on the outage capacity and the ergodic capacity. Our studies take into account practical constraints on the transmission/reception duplexing at the relay node and on the synchronization between the source node and the relay node. We also explore power allocation. Compared to the direct transmission and traditional multihop protocols, our results reveal that optimum relay channel signaling can significantly outperform multihop protocols, and that power allocation has a significant impact on the performance.
The relationship of sex‐role norms to household task allocation

Sex-role norms were found to be significantly related to task allocation in families. Less wife responsibility for such traditional “wife” tasks as grocery shopping, laundry, housekeeping, and dishwashing were noted and this finding was strongest among couples in which both spouses held sex-role modern norms. Wives' sex role norms tended to be more strongly related to family task allocation behavior than were husbands'.
Formation of random copolymers

Assumptions in the derivation of the copolymerization equation, experimental errors in its application, and recent developments in quantitative correlations of reactivity data in free radical polymerizations are considered. Fewer monomers are susceptible to cationic or anionic polymerizations and differences in reactivity among these monomers are so large that practical possibilities of making copolymers by ionic reactions are limited. Numerous experimental variables complicate assembly and correlation of experimental data on ionic copolymerizations and the present status of such efforts is summarized. Similar considerations apply also, often to a greater degree, to copolymerizations by transition metal and metal oxide catalysts. Some simple expressions for monomer distributions in copolymers are given. Il est question des hypotheses emises lors de la deduction de l'equation, de copolymerisation, des erreurs experimentales faites dans l'application de cette equation, et des recents developpements en ce qui concerne les rapports quantitatifs entre les valeurs de reactivite obtenues lors de la polymerisation radicalaire. Un nombre relativement faible de monomeres sont polymerisables cationiquement ou anioniquement et les differences de reactivite entre ces monomeres sont telles que les possibilites pratiques pour la preparation de copolymeres par copolymerisation ionique sont tres limitees. Le grand nombre des variables experimentales rend difficile de rassembler et de mettre en correlation les donnees experimentales se rapportant aux copolymerisations ioniques; l'etat actuel des travaux effectues est resume. Des considerations analogues s'appliquent, souvent dans une mesure encore plus grande, a la copolymerisation en presence d'un catalyseur renfermant un metal de transition et de catalyseurs a base d'oxydes metalliques. L'auteur indique quelques equations simples pour etablir la repartition des monomeres dans la molecule du copolymere.
Deformation identification and estimation of one‐dimensional objects by vision sensors

Using vision sensors to study object deformation is introduced in this article. The vision sensor is used to identify the deformation characteristic and estimate the deformation behavior of flexible beams. First, a nonlinear equation describing the deformation of the beam is given. Then, cubic spline functions are used to approximate the contour of the deformed beam after the beam is detected by the vision sensor. Using the cubic spline approximation and Maclaurin's series expansion, a procedure to determine the deformation characteristic is formulated. To estimate the deformation behavior, numerical differential method to solve the nonlinear equation is used. The error of this numerical method can be controlled with the aid of the vision sensor. Finally, experimental results are given to verify that the proposed methods are effective.
Let's get together: the formation and success of online creative collaborations

In online creative communities, members work together to produce music, movies, games, and other cultural products. Despite the proliferation of collaboration in these communities, we know little about how these teams form and what leads to their ultimate success. Building on theories of social identity and exchange, we present an exploratory study of an online songwriting community. We analyze four years of longitudinal behavioral data using a novel path-based regression model that accurately predicts and reveals key variables about collab formation. Combined with a large-scale survey of members, we find that communication, nuanced complementary interest and status, and a balanced effort from both parties contribute to successful collaborations. We also discuss several applications of these findings for socio-technical infrastructures that support online creative production.
The effect of aging on damage induced hair growth in C57BL/6J female mice

Previously it has been shown that wounds made on the backs of female C57BL/6J mice result in the stimulation of growth of resting hair follicles surrounding the wound. Since aging is known to affect regenerative processes, the question arises if aging affects the stimulation of hair growth in wound healing. Surgical wounds 5mm in length were made on the backs of female C57BL/6J mice between 367–544 days of age. Mice were examined daily for the stimulation of hair growth around the wound, as well as the amount of hair growth stimulation. Damage results in the stimulation of growth of the resting hair follicles surrounding the wound. Hair growth stimulation is first grossly evident 20 days after wounding. This is not significantly different from the time hair growth stimulation appears in young female mice. Aging results, however, in a significant decrease in the amount of hair growth stimulation surrounding the wounds in female mice.
Venous thrombus stability during acute phase of therapy

The purpose of this study was to use serial venous duplex scans to document the status of deep venous thrombi during the early phase of therapy for acute, deep-vein throm- bosis (DVT). A total of 71 consecutive participants treated for a first episode of acute DVT were monitored for new venous thrombosis using serial venous duplex scans. An average of 4.6 duplex scans were performed per patient (range, three to seven) during the 3-week study per- iod. The cumulative incidence of contiguous/non-contiguous extension of the DVT at 3 weeks was 26% (95% CI = 14% to 38%). Nine of the 15 (60%) occurrences were asymptomatic. None of the classical risk factors for DVT was significantly associated with the development of new thrombi. The fraction of time during which the level of anticoagulation was considered 'adequate' (international normalized ratio >2.0 and/or heparin concentration >0.2 IU/ml) was inversely associated with the risk of extension/new thrombi (p = 0.01, Cox proportional haz- ards analysis). It was concluded that: (1) the frequency of contiguous/non-contiguous extension of venous thrombosis detectable during the first 3 weeks of therapy was higher than previously reported; (2) the majority of the occurrences were asymptomatic; and (3) the risk of developing this com- plication was inversely associated with the level of anticoagulation achieved.
Task Characteristics as a Bridge Between Macro- and Microlevel Research on Salary Inequality Between Men and Women

Little integration has occurred between the macrolevel research on salary differentials and the microlevel research on evaluation bias, although both contribute to our understanding of the persistence of gender inequality in wages. It is proposed that task characteristics provide a bridge between these research streams that helps us to build a better understanding of how macro- and microlevel views and structure and process are connected.
Adaptive Buffer Management for Efficient Code Dissemination in Multi-Application Wireless Sensor Networks

Future wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are projected to run multiple applications in the same network infrastructure. While such multi-application WSNs (MA-WSNs) are economically more efficient and adapt better to the changing environments than traditional single-application WSNs, they usually require frequent code redistribution on wireless sensors, making it critical to design energy efficient post-deployment code dissemination protocols in MA-WSNs. Different applications in MA-WSNs often share some common code segments. Therefore when there is a need to disseminate a new application from the sink node, it is possible to disseminate its shared code segments from peer sensors instead of disseminating everything from the sink node. While dissemination protocols have been proposed to handle code of each single type, it is challenging to achieve energy efficiency when the code contains both types and needs simultaneous dissemination. In this paper we utilize an adaptive buffer management approach to achieve efficient code dissemination in MA-WSNs. Our experimental results show that adaptive buffer management can reduce the completion time and the message overhead up to 10% and 20% respectively.
Partial characterization of ovine intrauterine suppressor cells.

Ovine uterine cells that represented Day 14 cyclic and pregnant endometrium were fractionated with Percoll and evaluated for suppression of cocultured phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) proliferation and for the presence of T-lymphocyte markers. Uterine cells were then evaluated for suppressor activity following the depletion of conventional lymphocyte classes (i.e., T-, B-, and NK-like) with complement + antibody treatment. In addition, supernatant (derived from cultured uterine cells) was tested for transforming growth factor 13 (TGFP) activity using neutralization antibodies to TGFI. Fractionated uterine cells (density range of 1.002-1.056 g/ml) from cyclic and pregnant ewes suppressed PHA-induced proliferation of PBL, and the majority (69.5%) of these cells were - 5.2 ipm in diameter. Percentages of CD5 + , CD4 + , and CD8 + lymphocytes recovered from endometrial curettage were less for cells in this density range than for cells with greater densities. Uterine cells released suppressor factor(s) into the culture medium (supernatant); however, suppressor activity was unaffected by either anti-TGF13 or complement + antibody treatment. In conclusion, low-density uterine cells from Day 14 cyclic and pregnant ewes suppressed the proliferation of cocultured PBL and released a suppressor factor(s) into the medium that did not exhibit TGFPI activity. It is unlikely that the suppressor cells comprise conventional T-, B-, or NK-like lymphocyte lineages.
Special Nuclear Material detection with a water Cherenkov based detector

Fission events from Special Nuclear Material (SNM), such as highly enriched uranium or plutonium, produce a number of neutrons and high energy gamma-rays. Assuming the neutron multiplicity is approximately Poissonian with an average of 2 to 3, the observation of time correlations between these particles from a cargo container would constitute a robust signature of the presence of SNM inside. However, in order to be sensitive to the multiplicity, one would require a high total efficiency. There are two approaches to maximize the total efficiency; maximizing the detector efficiency or maximizing the detector solid angle coverage. The advanced detector group at LLNL is investigating one way to maximize the detector size. We are designing and building a water Cerenkov based gamma and neutron detector for the purpose of developing an efficient and cost effective way to deploy a large solid angle car wash style detector. We report on our progress in constructing a larger detector and also present preliminary results from our prototype detector that indicates detection of neutrons.
Unusual complexes formed by reaction of diiron nonacarbonyl with 1-ene-3-yne molecules

Abstract It is shown that Fe2(CO)9 reacts with the 1-ene-3-yne molecules CH2=C(CH3)CCR, R  C(CH3)3 and CH2CH3, to afford binuclear complexes of the type [CH2C(CH3)CC(R)CO]Fe2(CO)6, both of which have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. For compound 1 (R = CMe3) the space group is P21/n with unit cell dimensions of a = 10.025(3) A, b = 11.168(4) A, c = 16.482(7) A, β = 101.94(3)°, V = 1805(1).A3, and Z = 4. The structure was refined to Rn = 0.034 and R2 = 0.043 using anisotropic temperature factors for all C O and Fe atoms and isotropic ones for the 14 hydrogen atoms, and employing 1818 reflections for which I>3σ(I). For compound 2 (R = CH2CH3), the space group is, again, P21/n, with a = 9.354(3) A, b = 12.775(5) A, c = 13.840(5) A, β = 92.71(3)°, V = 1587(]) A3 and Z = 4. Hydrogen atoms were ignored in the refinement of this structure. The 23 C, O and Fe atoms were refined anisotropically employing 1912 reflections for which I>3σ(I) to final discrepancy indices of R1 = 0.049 and R2 = 0.065. The two structures are nearly identical with an average FeFe distance in the (OC)3FeFe(CO)3 unit of 2.745 A. The 1-ene-3-yne molecule combines with one CO group to give a five carbon chain of the type H2CC(CH3)CC(R)CO which is a six-electron donor to the Fe2(CO)6 unit. The H2CC(CH3)C portion serves as a allyl ligand while the CC(R)CO portion serves also as an 3-electron donor with character intermediate between allylic and CCCO as indicated by the bond distances. The carbon atom common to both these 3-carbon portions is of a very unusual, if not unique, type since it belongs to two nearly perpendicular 3-carbon 3-electron units and thus bridges two metal atoms.
Cases of Heavy Precipitation and Flash Floods in the Caribbean during El Niño Winters

Abstract The environments associated with three episodes of heavy precipitation and flash floods in the Caribbean are diagnosed. Analysis of the hydrometeorological conditions leading up to flash floods on 3–4 January 1998, 5–6 January 1992, and 4 March 1998 are focused on the synoptic features as well as the surface conditions. Subsequent flood mitigation efforts are briefly discussed. In the first case, deep convection and heavy precipitation were associated with a surface trough that developed in the wake of a quasi-stationary front. Warm, moist unstable air conveyed by a low-level jet and impinging on steep terrain created a quasi-stationary cloud cluster that produced more than 400 mm of rainfall in 2 days. Upper-level divergence and weak midtropospheric vorticity advection enhanced ascending motion. Antecedent precipitation from the front, the steep terrain, river basin topography, and human encroachment in the flood plain aggravated the flood hazard. The second case had similar conditions, with add...
Environmental policy in the presence of an informal sector

Abstract We demonstrate how the presence of an informal sector can sharply lower the cost of environmental and energy tax policy through two mechanisms. First, energy taxes indirectly tax the informal sector because even informal firms must buy formal sector sources of energy such as electricity. Second, a revenue-neutral shift in the tax base toward energy can decrease the tax burden on goods which are substituted for by the informal sector. These mechanisms can lead to welfare-enhancing substitution from informal labor into the formal sector. We consider the magnitude of these effects in a stylized model of the U.S. tax system. Even though the U.S. informal sector is relatively small, we find that distortionary costs of energy taxes are reduced by more than half. In developing countries, where the informal sector is typically much larger, the effect we identify here become even more relevant: we find negative gross costs in many cases. Finally, we address two potentially important countervailing effects: the use of informal fuels in developing countries and the potential for informal production to substitute for energy-intensive goods. We show how these different types of informality compete, and find that welfare enhancing effects typically dominate.
Context Effects in National Health Surveys: Effects of Preceding Questions on Reporting Serious Difficulty Seeing and Legal Blindness

The first task that a respondent faces in a survey interview is to arrive at the intended interpretation of the survey question. Although the wording of the question may seem unambiguous, its pragmatic interpretation may nevertheless be ambiguous. People are concerned with this pragmatic meaning of questions rather than with their literal meaning (see Clark and Schober 1991; Grice 1975; Schwarz 1994, 1996, 1999; Suchman and Jordan 1990; Todorov 1997). To arrive at the intended interpretation of a specific question, respondents may rely on different cues in the context. Among the most potent cues in a survey context are the preceding questions (Bishop, Oldendick, and Tuchfarber 1984; Martin, DeMaio, and Campanelli 1990; Strack 1992; Strack, Schwarz, and Wanke 1991; Tourangeau and Rasinski 1988; Tourangeau et al. 1989). The context effects of preceding questions are stronger for general than for specific questions (Schuman and Presser 1981). Presumably, the intended referent of general questions is more susceptible to alternative interpretations and, hence, to context effects. For instance, "Do you have serious difficulty seeing, even when wearing glasses or contact lenses?" can have different interpretations if preceding questions covered medical conditions related to vision than if they covered conditions unrelated to vision. Respondents may be more likely to infer that serious difficulty seeing involves a medical vision condition in the former than in the latter context.