cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anodic Polarization Characteristics of Phosphated Steels

Abstract The problem of providing a meaningful evaluation of the corrosion resistance of phosphated steel for the dual purposes of quality control and of improving the phosphate coating has a long and arduous history. The electrochemical characteristics of zinc-phosphated mild steels have been investigated to determine the repeatability, significance, and possible applications of such data. This investigation resulted in a precise electrochemical procedure that can distinguish between steels with zinc phosphate coatings of different quality and crystal structure. When zinc-phosphated mild steels are polarized anodically in 0.6M ammonium nitrate solution, different steels with the same nominal composition and phosphate treatment exhibit active-passive corrosion behavior with current density values that vary considerably over a narrow potential range. These critical current densities, with certain exceptions, vary in relation to the rust creepage corrosion evaluations of coated specimens in salt spray and t...
Self-adaptive provisioning of virtualized resources in cloud computing

In this paper, we propose a distributed learning mechanism that facilitates self-adaptive virtual machines resource provisioning. We treat cloud resource allocation as a distributed learning task, in which each VM being a highly autonomous agent submits resource requests according to its own benefit. The mechanism evaluates the requests and replies with feedback. We develop a reinforcement learning algorithm with a highly efficient representation of experiences as the heart of the VM side learning engine. We prototype the mechanism and the distributed learning algorithm in an iBalloon system. Experiment results on a Xen-based cloud testbed demonstrate the effectiveness of iBalloon.
Modeling the secondary spread of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) by commercial shipping in the Laurentian Great Lakes

Researchers have only begun to study the role of shipping in the spread of invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes despite a well-documented history of introductions in these lakes due to ballast water release. Here, we determine whether ballast water discharge was a likely vector of spread of the fish disease, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus genotype IVb (VHSV-IVb), throughout the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway. Three models were developed to assess whether the spread of VHSV was due to (1) chance (random model), or (2) ballast water discharge (location model), and whether (3) increased propagule pressure, as measured by the number of visitations by ships carrying ballast water from VHSV infected areas, increased the likelihood of a discharge location becoming infected with VHSV (propagule pressure model). The third model was also used to assess the probable point of initial introduction of VHSV. Presence and absence accuracies and weighted Cohen’s kappa were calculated to determine which models best predicted observed presences and absences of VHSV. Location models explain the patterns of VHSV detections better than random models, and inclusion of “propagule pressure” often improved model fit; however, the relationship is weak likely because of a long lag time between introduction and detection, a high rate of false negatives in reporting, and the possible contribution of other vectors of spread. Montreal was also identified as the more likely introduction site of VHSV, rather than Lake St. Clair, the site where the virus was first detected.
Optical frequency comb spectroscopy

Optical frequency combs offer enormous potential in the detection and control of atoms and molecules by combining their vast spectral coverage with the extremely high spectral resolution of each individual comb component. Sensitive and multiplexed trace gas detection via cavity-enhanced direct frequency comb spectroscopy has been demonstrated for various molecules and applications; however, previous demonstrations have been confined to the visible and near-infrared wavelength range. Future spectroscopic capabilities are created by developing comb sources and spectrometers for the deep ultraviolet and mid-infrared spectral regions. Here we present a broadband high resolution mid-infrared frequency comb-based Fourier transform spectrometer operating in the important molecular fingerprint spectral region of 2100–3600 cm−1 (2.8–4.8 μm). The spectrometer, employing a multipass cell, allows simultaneous acquisition of broadband, high resolution spectra (down to 0.0035 cm−1) of many molecular species at concentrations in the part-per-billion range in less than 1 min acquisition time. The system enables precise measurements of concentration even in gas mixtures that exhibit continuous absorption bands. The current sensitivity, 2 × 10−8 cm−1Hz−1/2 per spectral element, is expected to improve by two orders of magnitude with an external enhancement cavity. We have demonstrated this sensitivity increase by combining cavity-enhanced frequency comb spectroscopy with a scanning Fourier transform spectrometer in the near-infrared region and achieving a sensitivity of 4.7 × 10−10 cm−1Hz−1/2. A cavity-enhanced mid-infrared comb spectrometer will provide a near real-time, high sensitivity, high resolution, precisely frequency calibrated, broad bandwidth system for many applications.
Enumeration and characterization of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in a stripmine site

Nitrogen-fixing heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from a stripmine reclamation site in western North Dakota. Of 232 isolates, 164 wereBacillus spp., 38 were members of the Enterobacteriaceae, and 21 wereClostridium spp. Single isolates ofAzotobacter chroococcum andAzospirillum lipoferum were identified, as were several isolates considered to beXanthobacter autotrophicum. Fewer nitrogen-fixing bacteria adhered to the root system of crested wheatgrass (Agropyrum desertorum) in sites with replaced topsoil than in sites with no topsoil. Several media and techniques were compared in enumeration of nitrogen fixers by most probable numbers.
A Different Approach to Load Flow

A representation by a complex power-complex voltage (S-E) graph is introduced for power networks in place of the conventional complex current- complex voltage (I-E) graph. In the S-E graph transmission lines flows are separated into transmitted and loss power. This leads to the formulation of the load flow algorithm based on dividing the network into a tree and a cotree and alternating flow computations on the cotree with voltage update along the tree either as a Jacobi or a Gauss-Seidel algorithm. The algorithm proves to be effective with consistent convergence. It handles constrains smoothly and is fully attuned to computing load flows on the compound HV-AC-DC network. Parallel processing can be applied with essentially no idle time. Proof of convergence was attained.
Effect of Varying Residual Moisture Content on the Viability of Lyophilized Algae

IT has long been recognized that the ability of cells to resist heat, cold, and desiccation is somehow related to the degree of hydration of the protoplasm. Active protoplasm in normal vegetative cells is usually composed of about 90 per cent water by weight1. Specialized reproductive structures such as spores and seeds, which show increased hardiness in regard to heat or desiccation, may consist of only 5–10 per cent water by weight2. It is important, however, to consider not only the total water content of biological material but also the water activity. Water molecules which are attracted and held by ions, polar molecules and hydrophilic colloids are spoken of collec tively as bound water. This water, which will not freeze regardless of how low the temperature is taken, shows greatly reduced activity and is generally assumed to be incapable of acting as a solvent3. There is no clear-cut distinction between such bound water and free water; one can only differentiate them by definition or by reference to results of specific analytical procedures. This bound water is considered by some investigators to be important in the spatial configuration of macromolecules and, during dehydrating conditions, to protect the cellular proteins from denaturation4,5.
Wanting to Be It: Children's Understanding of Intentions Underlying Pretense

How children understand the mental state of pretense has recently become an active area of inquiry, with some research suggesting that young children do not understand that pretending is based on mentally representing some alternate state of affairs. Because intention is thought to be understood earlier than mental representation generally, these experiments tested whether children understand pretense intentions at an earlier age than they understand pretense mental representations. Children were told about a character's intentions and conflicting actions, and were asked about the character's pretense. Across 5 experiments, children did not demonstrate appreciation that intention is crucial to pretense. Various methodological factors that might have compromised the results were examined, but to no effect.
Structure/property/continuum synthesis of ductile fracture in inconel alloy 718

Two microscopic ductile fracture processes have been established in a fracture tough superalloy, Inconel 718, aged to five strength levels. At yield strengths less than 800 MPa, the mechanism is a slow tearing process within large pockets of inhomogeneous carbides and nitrides, giving rise to plane strain fracture toughness (KIC)values greater than 120 MPa-m1/2. At yield strengths greater than 900 MPa, the mechanism involves fracture initiation at carbides and nitrides followed by off crack plane void sheet growth nucleated at the Laves (σ) phases. Here, the fracture toughness drops to about 80 MPa-m1/2. A Mode I normal strain growth model for low yield strength conditions and a shear strain void sheet model for high yield strength ones are shown to model KIC data obtained from a J-integral evaluation of compact tension results.
Pressure measurements of the solid hydrogen quadrupolar glass

Abstract We report measurements of the pressure and (∂P/∂T)V in samples of solid hydrogen of orthohydrogen concentrations of 40–55% and 150 mK ⩽ T ⩽ 1 K. No evidence of a first or second order phase transition is seen at temperatures associated with the formation of a quadrupolar glass.
Viability of and Corticosteroid Binding in Lymphoid Cells of Various Tissues After Adrenocorticotropin Injection

Abstract Adrenocorticotropin increased the concentration of corticosteroid bound in the cytoplasm and nuclei of lymphoid cells from the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, and spleen of 6-week-old White Plymouth Rock female chickens. Although the treatment did not affect the viability of cells harvested, there was a marked lymphopenia.
Glaucoma and ocular blood flow: an anatomical perspective

Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) is a chronic progressive optic neuropathy that is increasing in prevalence worldwide. Currently, intraocular pressure is the only known modifiable risk factor. With lowering of intraocular pressure, the proportion of individuals who experience progression of visual field defects is reduced but continues to occur in some individuals. Many other risk factors have been identified, including decreased ocular perfusion pressure and decreased ocular blood flow. Various imaging methodologies have shown an association between OAG and altered blood flow in the various circulations: retrobulbar, retinal, optic nerve head and choroidal. In addition, different morphological alterations have been found to be associated with OAG. This review will cover the evidence that supports the association between altered ocular blood flow and glaucoma. Furthermore, it serves to describe the future methodologies that will assess ocular metabolism, which will strive to move the field closer to definitively...
Solving the human predicament

The authors offer an ecological frame of reference for political action to change the economic and social trends now deepening the human predicament: overpopulation and continuing population growth, overconsumption by rich societies, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and inequitable distribution of wealth within and between societies. Certain points often overlooked include: the demographic contribution to environmental deterioration; climate disruption, global toxification, and a decay of biodiversity and ecosystem services; and economic growth of the rich, which hurts everyone in the long term. Perpetual economic growth is biophysically impossible; the culture gap impedes solutions; and all the factors are intertwined. Potential solutions include: empowering women and providing family planning services to all sexually active people; reducing overconsumption and helping the poor; overhauling education systems, including universities; adapting to changes that are inevitable; and improving foo...
Tap into NCLEX® success

Abstract This paper describes a triangulated approach for increasing National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX®) pass rates. Readers will learn how to implement three powerful strategies to promote NCLEX® success. 1)Test: Quickly and effectively transform test items to the application or higher level. 2)Align: Evaluate curricula for alignment with NCLEX® standards. Align didactic and clinical teaching to prepare students for more challenging exams. 3)Prioritize: Make decisions about nice-to-know versus need-to-know content. Critically examine course requirements and assignments to verify student workload.
A preliminary communication isolation and positive confirmation of chlordecone in rabbit oviductal fluid1

Chlordecone (10 mg/kg, sc in corn oil) was administered to mature female rabbits once daily for five days. Analysis of oviductal fluid collected from these rabbits over the course of this experiment confirmed the presence of chlordecone. It is reasonable to suggest that chlordecone may reduce mammalian fertility during the preimplantation period by producing deleterious effects on respective gametes and/or the embryo. The mechanisms by which chlordecone may interfere with fertilization and reproduction is discussed.
The human HPLC column: "minds-on" neuroscience for the next generation.

: Science education researchers have suggested that neuroscientists can play an important role in science education programs for adolescents by creating “minds-on” teaching and learning modules for scientists and teachers to use in classrooms. Effective educational partnerships between teachers and visiting scientists not only ignite student interest but also provide opportunities for scientist and teacher professional development. The aim of the present teaching module was threefold: (1) to introduce adolescents to the acute neurochemical effects of psychomotor stimulant drugs and their analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), (2) to spur maturation of analytical reasoning skills among adolescents, and (3) to spark enthusiasm for science education.
The transition from middle childhood to early adolescence: Sex differences in the social network and perceived self-competence

This study concerns the development of social networks from middle childhood to early adolescence. On a longitudinal sample of 100 children seen at 9 and 13 years of age, three basic questions were addressed: 1) age changes, 2) sex differences, and 3) the relation between network characteristics and self-perceived competence in early adolescence. The number of and frequency of contact with kin, adults and friends for each subject were assessed at 9 and 13 years using maternal report. Teenager report of academic, social, athletic and behavioral conduct was also collected. The transition to early adolescence was marked by several changes in the social network. At 13 years networks become more age segregated. Both opposite and same sex friends show an increase. Sex differences were also evident. For example, adolescent girls had a larger network of friends than boys. Adolescent boys had less segregated adult networks. For adolescent girls but not boys, the friendship network was related to specific types of competence.
The Texas Instruments TMS320C25 Digital Signal Microcomputer

Capable of 10 million operations per second, the newest member of the TMS320 family can serve as an inexpensive alternative to bit-slice processors or custom ICs in digital signal processing applications.
PACS mini refresher course. Wide area network strategies for teleradiology systems.

Teleradiology systems require the use of wide area networks (WANs). Design and implementation of a WAN depend on the number of images to be transmitted, desired digital image throughput (based on signaling rate), and cost of the communications link. Image transmission load must be estimated before the communications link can be selected. Communications links used in WANs include T-1 carrier point-to-point service, digital service (DS)-1 dial-up service, DS-3 point-to-point service, DS-0 dial-up service, digital microwave, fiberoptic local loop carriers, and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Depending on the distance between sites, T-1 service may be less costly than DS-1 service; however, for distances more than 200 miles, DS-1 service can be less expensive and more flexible. Both of these services and DS-0 service have lower signaling rates than DS-3 service, which is the fastest and most expensive link. Microwave and fiberoptic links are less expensive but have distance limitations of 14 and 30 miles, ...
Characterization of Heterogeneities In Carbonates

Summary Heterogeneity in carbonate rock is the principal reason for its improper characterization and this becomes more apparent as attempts are made to characterize petrophysical properties at various scales. Dissolution, precipitation, and cementation effects commonly found in carbonates can change the basic framework and strength of carbonate rocks making them more heterogeneous and thereby affecting seismic properties. These properties are important to understand should be accounted for obtaining elastic properties of these carbonate rocks. Similar to velocity, permeability is a complex measure of the heterogeneities and anisotropy present in the rock. Some of the available forward rock-physics models do consider the anisotropy but all models lack to account for the heterogeneity in the rocks. We examine here various laboratory methods to understand and map carbonate rocks. We believe that a correlation among these features will help in characterizing the nature of heterogeneity in the rock and will provide a control on reliable analysis of the results/output values.
A Photoemission Study of the Morphology and Barrier Heights of the Interface between Chyrsene and Inert Substrates

Chrysene, a two-dimensional (2D) chiral isomer of tetracene, was deposited onto inert metallic (Au(111), Cu(111), Ag(111), and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG)) and semiconducting (SnS 2) substrates with hexagonal symmetry. The interface formation was investigated in situ with photoelectron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)). A detailed analysis of core-level and valence band spectra revealed that the barrier height for holes or electrons is independent of the identity and work function of the metal substrate. Metal/chrysene interfaces are therefore an example of pure Fermi level pinning where changes in the interface dipole potential directly offset changes in the metal work function. The results provide evidence that the pinning may result from a hybridization mechanism between metal s states and organic π states. UPS spectra indicate that the 2D structures of the chrysene wetting layer is different for high work function materials (Au(111), ...
Towards scalable I/O architecture for exascale systems

High performance computing (HPC) has crossed the Petaflop mark and is reaching the Exaflop range quickly. The exascale system is projected to have millions of nodes, with thousands of cores for each node. At such an extreme scale, the substantial amount of concurrency can cause a critical contention issue for I/O system. The contention can destroy the request locality, increase the access latency, and waste the precious I/O interconnection bandwidth. This study proposes a dynamically coordinated I/O architecture for exascale systems. The fundamental idea is to coordinate I/O accesses according to access pattern, network topology, interconnection condition, and data distribution on storage devices to reduce the contention and regain the locality. The preliminary results have shown the promise of a dynamically coordinated I/O architecture. It has a potential to manage the substantial amount of I/O concurrency and provides a scalable I/O architecture for exascale systems.
Dephosphorylation of the RNA sensors RIG-I and MDA5 by the phosphatase PP1 is essential for innate immune signaling

RIG-I and MDA5 have emerged as key cytosolic sensors for the detection of RNA viruses and lead to antiviral interferon (IFN) production. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of posttranslational modifications for controlling RIG-I antiviral activity. However, the regulation of MDA5 signal-transducing ability remains unclear. Here, we show that MDA5 signaling activity is regulated by a dynamic balance between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of its caspase recruitment domains (CARDs). Employing a phosphatome RNAi screen, we identified PP1α and PP1γ as the primary phosphatases that are responsible for MDA5 and RIG-I dephosphorylation and that lead to their activation. Silencing of PP1α and PP1γ enhanced RIG-I and MDA5 CARD phosphorylation and reduced antiviral IFN-β production. PP1α- and PP1γ-depleted cells were impaired in their ability to induce IFN-stimulated gene expression, which resulted in enhanced RNA virus replication. This work identifies PP1α and PP1γ as regulators of antiviral innate immune responses to various RNA viruses, including influenza virus, paramyxovirus, dengue virus, and picornavirus.
Potential distribution and multi-terminal DC resistance computations for LSI technology

Computer time and storage requirements are the two main considerations in the design of a packaging analysis software tool for the problem of calculating the electric potential distribution in arbitrary geometrical shapes. The FEM (Finite Element Method) is the accepted approach for solving such problems. A new formulation for the linear triangular element is presented which is used to derive a very simple and computationally inexpensive linear rectangular element equation interrelating only the geometrical centers of the elements. The result is a much sparser assembly matrix with a maximum of five non-zero entries per equation compared with the usual nine of the FEM formulation. In addition, a method to obtain the minimum bandwidth of the matrix is given for the efficient and static use of external storage, permitting the solution of any size problem. The methods are applicable to multi-plane, multi-terminal configurations for the production of equivalent-resistance networks and for the calculation of the potential distribution throughout the configurations.
Substituent control of hydrogen bonding in palladium(II)-pyrazole complexes.

Inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding of an N-H group in pyrazole complexes was studied using ligands with two different groups at pyrazole C-3 and C-5. At C-5, groups such as methyl, i-propyl, phenyl, or tert-butyl were present. At C-3, side chains L-CH 2 - and L-CH 2 CH 2 - (L = thioether or phosphine) ensured formation of chelates to a cis-dichloropalladium(II) fragment through side-chain atom L and the pyrazole nitrogen closest to the side chain. The significance of the ligands is that by placing a ligating side chain on a ring carbon (C-3), rather than on a ring nitrogen, the ring nitrogen not bound to the metal and its attached proton are available for hydrogen bonding. As desired, seven chelate complexes examined by X-ray diffraction all showed intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the pyrazole N-H and a chloride ligand in the cis position. In addition, however, intermolecular hydrogen bonding could be controlled by the substituent at C-5: complexes with either a methyl at C-5 or no substituent there showed significant intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, which were completely avoided by placing a tert-butyl group at C-5. The acidity of two complexes in acetonitrile solutions was estimated to be closer to that of pyridinium ion than those of imidazolium or triethylammonium ions.
The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

Western scholars have argued that Indian civilization was the joint product of an invading Indo-European people-the "Indo-Aryans"-and indigenous non-Indo European peoples. Although Indian scholars reject this European reconstruction of their country's history, Western scholarship gives little heed to their argument. In this book, Edwin Bryant explores the nature and origins of this fascinating debate.
Posterior Left Thoracic Cardiac Sympathectomy by Surgical Division of the Sympathetic Chain: An Alternative Approach to Treatment of the Long QT Syndrome

Although high thoracic left sympathectomy via an anterior surgical approach is a highly efficacious treatment for refractory ventricular arrhythmias in patients with the long QT syndrome, the degree of sympathetic denervation has been variable, success of the operation is influenced by anatomical differences between patients, and Horner's syndrome may result. We hypothesized that interruption of sympathetic input to the heart could be accomplished using a posterior thoracic approach to this variable and often complex anatomy by division of the sympathetic chain rather than by direct destruction of the stellate and superior thoracic ganglia with the more conventional anterior, supraclavicular approach. In addition, the posterior approach should decrease the risk of Horner's syndrome by avoiding the ocular sympathetic efferent nerves. This posterior approach is described in five patients with the long QT syndrome and recurrent ventricular arrhythmias. After a mean follow-up of 18 +/- 12 months, all are alive without Horner's syndrome.
Effects of time step size on the simulation of tropical climate in NCAR-CAM3

This paper describes the effects of time step on the simulation of tropical climate in the NCAR-Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3). A set of multi-year integrations are carried out in a real-planet framework using actual land–ocean distribution and observed sea surface temperature. Over the tropics there is an increase in total rainfall with a decrease in time step size. Using a lower time step, there is a decrease in the convective component of rainfall, however, the stratiform component increases, and more than compensates the decrease in the former, thus leading to a higher total rainfall. A decrease in time step leads to an increase in the frequencies of moderate, and heavy rainfall categories, which is responsible for the increase in time mean total rainfall over the tropics. Also, the spatial distribution of rainfall becomes more realistic during both summer and winter seasons. In regard to the simulation of equatorial waves, it is found that a lower time step leads to a reduction in the speed of Kelvin waves. The latent heating profile becomes more bottom-heavy with a reduction in time step size, which potentially leads to slower Kelvin waves. Finally, additional experiments conducted in an aqua-planet framework show a consistent and systematic change in the analyzed variables with change in time step, and hence confirm the robustness of the results across modeling frameworks.
Do Vivarium Conditions Influence Atherosclerotic Lesion Size

Atherosclerotic lesion measurement in mice has become a stalwart index as an experimental approach for mechanistic investigations. Currently, there are no generally accepted standards for measurement of lesions in this species. There are many other potential issues that contribute to the variability in lesion size and responses, including sex, genetic background, and diet composition.1 These factors may contribute to the highly variable and sometimes contradictory literature. An example of contradictory literature is the role of scavenger receptor class A, which has been shown to have positive, negative, and neutral effects on mouse atherosclerotic lesion size.2 See accompanying article on page 2380 Another potential variable in the development of mouse atherosclerosis is the infection burden of the colony. At one extreme, mice that are completely germ-free have reduced atherosclerosis.3 Conversely, increased atherosclerosis has been determined in mice with overtly induced infections, including Chlamydia pneumoniae , Porphyromonas gingivalis , and Helicobacter pylori .4 However, the majority of atherosclerosis studies are performed on mice that have an infection status between these 2 extremes. Vivaria that house these mice are characterized by a range of descriptors, including conventional, clean, specific pathogen-free, and barrier. However, …
Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin prophylaxis in obese gravidae at time of cesarean delivery.

Objective The objective of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of 2 g and 3 g doses of cefazolin when used for perioperative prophylaxis in obese gravidae undergoing cesarean delivery. Study Design We performed a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial from August 2013 to April 2014. Twenty-six obese women were randomized to receive either 2 or 3 g intravenous cefazolin within 30 minutes of a skin incision. Serial maternal plasma samples were obtained at specific time points up to 8 hours after drug administration. Umbilical cord blood was obtained after placental delivery. Maternal adipose samples were obtained prior to fascial entry, after closure of the hysterotomy, and subsequent to fascial closure. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined via noncompartmental analysis. Results The median area under the plasma concentration vs time curve was significantly greater in the 3 g group than in the 2 g group (27204 μg/mL per minute vs 14058 μg/mL per minute; P = .001). Maternal plasma concentrations had an impact by body mass index. For every 1 kg/m 2 increase in body mass index at the time of the cesarean delivery, there was an associated 13.77 μg/mL lower plasma concentration of cefazolin across all time points ( P = .01). By the completion of cesarean delivery, cefazolin concentrations in maternal adipose were consistently above the minimal inhibitory concentration for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with both the 2 g and 3 g doses. The median umbilical cord blood concentrations were significantly higher in the 3 g vs the 2 g group (34.5 μg/mL and 21.4 μg/mL; P = .003). Conclusion Cefazolin concentrations in maternal adipose both at time of hysterotomy closure and fascial closure were above the minimal inhibitory concentration for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria when either 2 g or 3 g cefazolin was administered as perioperative surgical prophylaxis. Maternal cefazolin concentrations in plasma and maternal adipose tissue are related to both dose and body mass index.
Real and Imagined Body Movement Primes Metaphor Comprehension

We demonstrate in two experiments that real and imagined body movements appropriate to metaphorical phrases facilitate people's immediate comprehension of these phrases. Participants first learned to make different body movements given specific cues. In two reading time studies, people were faster to understand a metaphorical phrase, such as push the argument, when they had previously just made an appropriate body action (e.g., a push movement) (Experiment 1), or imagined making a specific body movement (Experiment 2), than when they first made a mismatching body action (e.g., a chewing movement) or no movement. These findings support the idea that appropriate body action, or even imagined action, enhances people's embodied, metaphorical construal of abstract concepts that are referred to in metaphorical phrases.
RedCard: redundant check elimination for dynamic race detectors

Precise dynamic race detectors report an error if and only if an observed program trace exhibits a data race. They must typically check for races on all memory accesses to ensure that they catch all races and generate no spurious warnings. However, a race check for a particular memory access is guaranteed to be redundant if the accessing thread has already accessed that location within the same release-free span. A release-free span is any sequence of instructions containing no lock releases or other "release-like" synchronization operations, such as wait or fork. We present a static analysis to identify redundant race checks by reasoning about memory accesses within release-free spans. In contrast to prior whole program analyses for identifying accesses that are always race-free, our redundant check analysis is span-local and can also be made method-local without any major loss in effectiveness. RedCard, our prototype implementation for the Java language, enables dynamic race detectors to reduce the number of run-time checks by close to 40% with no loss in precision. We also present a complementary shadow proxy analysis for identifying when multiple memory locations can be treated as a single location by a dynamic race detector, again with no loss in precision. Combined, our analyses reduce the number of memory accesses requiring checks by roughly 50%.
INTAKE MANIFOLD PRESTRATIFIED CHARGE

Stratified charge has many advantages when utilized with engines operating with the Otto cycle. Preparing the stratification in the intake manifold is much simpler than other arrangements currently in use. When stratification is accomplished by selective dilution in the intake manifold one naturally asks the very important questions: Does the stratification survive the intake process into the cylinder? Does it still persist in some form at the time of combustion? And how are combustion and also pollutant formation affected in different engine cylinder geometries? An experimental study using an engine with appreciable squish area was made and the engine performance compared to the performance of a similar engine but with hemihead construction and thus no squish. In both cases the intake manifold dilution had an effect but the effect differed with and without squish. The squish was effective in accomplishing mixing and tended to destroy the selective dilution that remained after the fluid mechanical “stirri...
Erotic Enclaves and Contested Beds: Gardens in Pu Songling’s Chuanqi Tales

Abstract: This article examines the literary garden depicted by Pu Songling (1640-1715) in his Liaozhai zhiyi 聊齋誌異 (Liaozhai's records of the strange; 1766). These enchanted, deserted, and haunted gardens function as metaphors for the contested ground on which some key Ming-Qing intellectual issues are debated. The article examines Pu’s depiction of qing 情,an important concept reflecting the philosophical and literary trends of the time, and shows that in the process of constructing literary gardens, Pu challenges the intellectual issues of his time and dissolves the boundaries between normal and abnormal, reality and ideal, death and life, and order and disorder.
Interface Characterization in a Nb/MgO/Nb/Al2O3 Multilayer

Nb/MgO/Nb/Al2O3 multilayer stacks were prepared by MBE growth of Nb and MgO films on a (0112)A1203 sapphire substrate. Sequential deposition of Nb followed by MgO on the sapphire substrate resulted in three different interfaces: one between Nb deposited on sapphire as the substrate (the Nb1/Al2O3 interface), one between MgO deposited on Nb as the substrate (the MgO/Nb1 interface), and finally one between Nb deposited on MgO as the substrate (the Nb2/MgO interface). Crosss-sectional TEM specimens from the multilayer were prepared and the various interfaces were investigated by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Orientation relationships between Nb1 and Al2O3 and also between MgO and Nb1 were determined and misfit dislocations, steps and facets at the Nb1/Al2O3 and MgO/Nb1 interfaces were analyzed. The HREM observations showed that an intterfacial phase forms at the Nb1/Al2O3 interface by a solid state reaction under electron beam irradiation.
Adolescent help-seeking for dating violence: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and sources of help.

Abstract Purpose To examine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of help-seeking and helping sources used by adolescent victims and perpetrators of dating violence. Methods Data are from the victims (n = 225) and perpetrators (n = 140) of dating violence identified from a longitudinal study of adolescent dating violence conducted in the public school system of a primarily rural North Carolina county. Logistic regression was used to examine bivariate and multivariate relationships between study variables and help-seeking or sources of help. Results Sixty percent of victims and 79% of perpetrators did not seek help for dating violence. Male perpetrators were more likely to seek help than female perpetrators. The odds of seeking help increased with perpetrators’ age (OR = 1.79 per year; 95% CI = 1.05, 5.76). Most victims and perpetrators who sought help chose friends and family members rather than professionals. Male victims and perpetrators who sought help were more likely than female victims and perpetrators to choose professional sources of help. Conclusions Most adolescent dating violence victims and perpetrators do not seek help. Male perpetrators and older perpetrators were more likely to seek help than female perpetrators or younger perpetrators. Friends and family members are more common sources for help-seeking than professionals, but males were more likely to seek help from professionals than females.
Formation of Shallow P+ Junctions Using Two-Step Anneals

Shallow (0.15-0.2 μm deep) p+ junctions have been formed using boron implanted into silicon which was pre-amorphized using a silicon implant. The implants were annealed using a two-step process; initially the wafers were furnace annealed at 600 °C for 100 min., followed by a rapid isothermal anneal (RIA) at 950-1100 °C for 10 sec. For comparison, some wafers were only given a single-step rapid isothermal anneal at 950-1100 °C for 10 sec. The shallowest junctions were formed when the amorphous silicon layer was deeper than the boron implant, because of the suppression of channelling. When the amorphous/crystalline interface was shallower than the tail of the boron implant, some channeling occurred. This channeling tail exhibited an enhanced diffusion during the single-step RIA which was reduced significantly by the two-step anneal. When the amorphous layer was deeper than the boron implant, the single-step and two-step anneals gave identical results.
Experimental mathematics: the role of computation in nonlinear science

Computers have expanded the range of nonlinear phenomena that can be explored mathematically. An “experimental mathematics facility,” containing both special-purpose dedicated machines and general-purpose mainframes, may someday provide the ideal context for complex nonlinear problems.
Floorplanning of pipelined array modules using sequence pairs

Floorplanning individual pipelined array modules of a larger overall die can yield beneficial results. Critical paths in every pipeline stage of a pipelined design are roughly equivalent after synthesis. The inability of synthesis tools to predict without full placement both wire congestion and the distance traveled by a wire or wires between consecutive registers are the greatest causes of additional delay and area during place and route. This paper will detail a floorplanning methodology for pipelined arrays that is used to regulate wire congestion and the shortest/longest distances travelled by wire(s) between consecutive registers. A new wire length metric for pipelined arrays will be discussed that attempts to measure the distance travelled by wire(s) between registers. A new move set for floorplanning pipelined arrays using sequence pairs will also be introduced that significantly reduces the annealing design space from previous work. These two contributions when used together have produced up to 10% faster clock periods, 12% smaller designs, and 85% less area used to fix hold time violations in a placed and routed 0.18 μm design.
The Evolution of The English Corn Market

The purpose of this note is to examine the method by which N. S. B. Gras establishes his thesis concerning the evolution of the English grain markets. According to his book, grain, markets evolved through several distinct stages, culminating in the “metropolitan market.” Although the influence of the London market by the sixteenth century can be demonstrated without reference to the existence of the early stages, it is nevertheless they that constitute the essential novelty of Mr. Gras's approach and, presumably, the main contribution of the book to the study of economic history. It will be contended below that the existence of certain of these early stages is at least doubtful and that, in any case, their economic significance is either negligible or not provable.
A new species of Polydora (Polychaeta: Spionidae) from the Indo-West Pacific and first record of host hermit crab egg predation by a commensal polydorid worm

A new spionid polychaete, Polydora robi, is described from intertidal and shallow subtidal areas in the Philippine Islands and Bali, Indonesia. Polydora robi belongs to the Polydora ciliata/ websteri species group and is characterized by a rounded prostomium, triangular occipital tentacle, needlelike posterior notosetae, and a pygidium with digitiform composite cirri surrounding the anus. Adults burrow into empty gastropod shells inhabited by hermit crabs. The burrows of the worms typically extend from an external opening in the apex of the shells to an opening in the central body whorls along the columella. The species was found to ingest the fertilized eggs and developing embryos attached to the pleopods of host hermit crabs. The occurrence of egg predation and the symbiotic relationship between polydorids and hermit crabs is discussed. Known egg predators of hermit crabs are reviewed.
Radiographically Occult, Diffuse Intrasinusoidal Hepatic Metastases From Primary Breast Carcinomas: A Clinicopathologic Study of 3 Autopsy Cases

Abstract Context.—Liver metastases usually present as radiographically detectable mass lesions that do not significantly compromise liver function. Rarely, metastatic carcinoma can diffusely infiltrate hepatic sinusoids, a pattern of metastasis that may be missed on imaging studies, and can result in liver failure. Objective.—To describe the clinicopathologic features of 3 cases of diffuse intrasinusoidal hepatic metastases from primary breast carcinomas identified at autopsy. Design.—Clinical histories and radiographic, macroscopic, and microscopic appearances of the livers were compared. Sampled liver tissue was stained with antibodies to E-cadherin, smooth muscle actin, and CD44. Results.—Two of 3 cases had a history of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast and presented with new-onset liver failure, but no hepatic metastases were identified on radiologic imaging. An additional case had no history of carcinoma, presented with a severe thrombocytopenic thrombotic purpura–like syndrome, and metasta...
Reasoning about causal relationships: Inferences on causal networks.

Over the last decade, a normative framework for making causal inferences, Bayesian Probabilistic Causal Networks, has come to dominate psychological studies of inference based on causal relationships. The following causal networks—[XiYiZ, X¢YiZ, XiY¢Z]—supply answers for questions like, “Suppose bothXandYoccur, what is the probabilityZoccurs?” or “Suppose you intervene and makeYoccur, what is the probabilityZoccurs?” In this review, we provide a tutorial for how normatively to calculate these inferences. Then, we systematically detail the results of behavioral studies comparing human qualitative and quantitative judgments to the normative calculations for many network structures and for several types of inferences on those networks. Overall, when the normative calculations imply that an inference should increase, judgments usually go up; when calculations imply a decrease, judgments usually go down. However, 2 systematic deviations appear. First, people’s inferences violate the Markov assumption. For example, when inferringZfrom the structureXiYiZ, people think thatXis relevant even whenYcompletely mediates the relationship betweenXandZ. Second, even when people’s inferences are directionally consistent with the normative calculations, they are often not as sensitive to the parameters and the structure of the network as they should be. We conclude with a discussion of productive directions for future research.
In Vivo Metabolism of Leucine and α-Ketoisocaproate in the Pig: Influence of Dietary Glucose or Sucrose

The influence of dietary glucose (G) and sucrose (S) on leucine metabolism was evaluated in 10 immature pigs. The diets were isoenergetic and isonitrogenous with 40% of energy being derived from G or S. Animals were fed their diets at least 1 wk prior to the study. Each animal was studied by using a continuous infusion of L-[4,5-3H]leucine and [U-14C] alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC) to permit measurement of the metabolism of leucine. After a meal, the pigs fed the glucose meal had higher mean plasma glucose and insulin concentrations than pigs fed a sucrose-containing meal. Arterial KIC concentration decreased after feeding either meal, but the arterial leucine concentration remained unchanged. In pigs fed sucrose, plasma fructose increased after the meal and was cleared by the hind limb in the same proportion as plasma glucose (11%). The hind limb glucose clearance was 16% in the glucose-fed pigs. Animals fed the glucose meal had three times greater hind limb uptake of leucine than animals fed the sucrose meal. No dietary influence on hind limb metabolism of KIC could be detected from arterial-venous differences. The whole-body leucine-KIC kinetic data suggested that preprandial tissue proteolysis was greater in pigs fed glucose than in those fed sucrose. Postprandial protein synthesis increased (24%) over fasting values only in pigs fed glucose. This was accompanied by a decrease in the percentage of the leucine pool converted to KIC. These observations indicate that both pre- and postprandial aspects of protein metabolism can be influenced by the dietary carbohydrate source.
The polycystic ovary: A clinical and laboratory study

Abstract The results of bilateral ovarian wedge resection in 40 patients with polycystic ovarian changes have been reviewed. No typical pattern of clinical picture, ovarian size, or laboratory findings could be delineated. It was concluded that polycystic ovarian change is a progressive, polyglandular endocrinopathy, the pathogenesis of which remains obscure.
Nyctalis Parasitica and N. Asterophora in Culture

(1936). Nyctalis Parasitica and N. Asterophora in Culture. Mycologia: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 222-227.
Manganese Catalysts with Bulky Bipyridine Ligands for the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide: Eliminating Dimerization and Altering Catalysis

With the goal of improving previously reported Mn bipyridine electrocatalysts in terms of increased activity and reduced overpotential, a bulky bipyridine ligand, 6,6′-dimesityl-2,2′-bipyridine (mesbpy), was utilized to eliminate dimerization in the catalytic cycle. Synthesis, electrocatalytic properties, X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, and infrared spectroelectrochemistry (IR-SEC) of Mn(mesbpy)(CO)3Br and [Mn(mesbpy)(CO)3(MeCN)](OTf) are reported. Unlike previously reported Mn bipyridine catalysts, these Mn complexes exhibit a single, two-electron reduction wave under nitrogen, with no evidence of dimerization. The anionic complex, [Mn(mesbpy)(CO)3]−, is formed at 300 mV more positive potential than the corresponding state is formed in typical Mn bipyridine catalysts. IR-SEC experiments and chemical reductions with KC8 provide insights into the species leading up to the anionic state, specifically that both the singly reduced and doubly reduced Mn complexes form at the same potential. When formed, the a...