cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anatomische Gesellschaft from 1933 to 1950: A professional society under political strain – The Benninghoff papers

The Anatomische Gesellschaft (anatomical society, AG) was founded in Germany in 1886 as an international society and remains the main organizing body of German anatomists to this day. A previous study of the history of the AG during National Socialism (NS) was based on the published proceedings of the AG and drew the preliminary conclusion that the "AG did not follow the path of preemptive obedience toward the new rulers" in contrast to some other professional societies. However, it was noted that archival sources were needed to support this conclusion and to illustrate the decision process within the society. Such sources are now available in the estate papers of Alfred Benninghoff, a leading anatomist at the time. His correspondence supports the previous finding that the AG was able to maintain its international character, thereby enabling it to avoid the active exclusion of "non-Aryan" members. The papers also confirm that the AG did not defend its vulnerable members as valiantly as the official narrative suggests, a fact illustrated in a controversy surrounding Martin Heidenhain. The interactions and conflicts between the leaders of the AG can now be reconstructed, i.e. between the secretary of the AG Heinrich von Eggeling, Benninghoff and Hermann Stieve. The Benninghoff documents also refer to a meeting of a subsection of the AG in November 1942, at which a disturbing radicalization of some anatomists developed. Finally, the papers reflect the political realities for German professionals trying to re-establish their science in a country divided into four occupation zones.
Mitochondrial matters of the brain: amyloid formation and Alzheimer’s disease introduction

In recent years mitochondria, as the most abundant organelles in animal and human cells, have come to the forefront of biomedical research as they are now recognized not only as the major producers of ATP needed to drive cellular functions critical for life, but they are also the instruments of cell death. Not surprisingly, therefore, mitochondria are now known to be involved in many different diseases ranging from those that affect millions worldwide to those that affect only a few, i.e., rare diseases. These diseases include in addition to cardio-myopathies and cancer also diseases that affect many other organs/tissues including the brain/nervous system, the latter diseases now commonly referred to as “neurodegenerative diseases”. Specifically, the subject of this mini-review series focuses on the role of mitochondria in Alzheimer’s disease, a major age related neurodegenerative disease that results in loss or decline of memory and other cognitive abilities. This devastating disease affects millions of Americans, and globally multi-millions with very grim predictions for the future. Although the molecular and gene-related details that underlie Alzheimer’s disease remain to be clearly elucidated, mitochondria appear to be very intimately involved. The purpose of this mini-review series is to summarize how various investigators working on this subject envision the role(s) of mitochondria in Alzheimer’s disease. The development of future therapies for this disease is likely to rely heavily on the new knowledge gained.
Designing for Diversity: Implications for Architectural Education in the Twenty-first Century

Abstract This article reviews literature about the need for diversity in schools of architecture and provides statistics documenting the relative lack of diversity, especially among architectural educators. It stresses the need to go beyond affirmative action requirements in order to promote a climate that values differences and manages diversity. It proposes strategies such as writing a diversity plan, restructuring the design evaluation process, and revising the architectural curriculum. It also suggests mentoring and cross-training programs, more-flexible work environments, exit interviews, and public outreach as ways to promote diversity in architectural schools.
Bound States in $N=8$ Supergravity and $N=4$ Supersymmetric {Yang-Mills} Theories

Abstract We present a study of possible bound states in N = 8 supergravity. We find evidence for the existence of multiplets of two-body bound states and expect that many-body bound states may exist as well. Our study is based on a calculation of Regge trajectories in the two-body scattering amplitudes of the lagrangian field theory. We also study Regge trajectories in N = 4 Yang-Mills theory and find evidence for a possible spin zero, SU(4) and gauge singlet, massless bound state. If such a state actually exists and supersymmetry is not broken, it may be a member of a supersymmetric multiplet which includes the graviton.
Reducing temporal fluctuations in MRI with the multichannel method SENSE

Multi-channel acquisition is employed in MRI to decrease total imaging time. In this paper, artifact free images are calculated by utilizing the difference in spatial encoding of the MR signal from neighboring channels. The encoding functions are estimated in the presence of noise and motion. For fMRI studies, the temporal stability of the signal is essential, since neuronal activity in the brain is detected by probing subtle BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) signal changes. To ensure artifact free noise representation a new type of weight is used. By effectively selecting and eliminating low SNR pixels, increased temporal stability is achieved. Using the parallel imaging method SENSE the proposed method is tested with in-vivo data to ensure noise suppression and demonstrate correct assignment of fMRI activation.
Deltafunction model for the helium dimer

The helium dimer {sup 4}He{sub 2} has recently been detected, confirming earlier ab initio predictions of stability for a single bound state with binding energy of 1.310 mK. The predicted potential minimum is at 2.96 {Angstrom}, with a radial distribution function peaking at 6.96 {Angstrom}. We model this system using a Dirac bubble potential, which also admits just one bound J = 0 state. With the bubble located at 6.96 {Angstrom}, an overlap of 0.9994 with the ab initio wave function is obtained. An average internuclear distance of 52.6 {Angstrom} is calculated, in good agreement with the ab initio result. The root mean square deviation from the mean, 48.0 {angstrom}, indicates an enormous spread of the radial wave function. Also consistent with our model is the absence of bound states for the isotopic variants {sup 3}He{sup 4}He and {sup 3}He{sub 2}. Cross sections for helium-helium scattering are also computed, using both a partial-wave expansion and the Born approximation. General trends in the energy dependence of the total cross section are accounted for, in qualitative agreement with experimental results. 13 refs., 4 figs.
Ultrasonic contrast studies for the detection of cardiac shunts

Contrast echocardiography has achieved importance in the diagnosis of cardiac shunt lesions. The technique provides information about flow patterns and serves as an adjunct to identifying communications that may be too small to image, even with high resolution real time scanning. This report reviews clinical applications and experiences in the use of standard, peripherally injected echocardiographic contrast agents for the detection of atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. The importance and development of transpulmonary contrast agents capable of crossing the pulmonary capillary bed to opacify the left ventricle are reviewed and experience with a variety of experimental echocardiographic contrast agents is presented. Agents opacifying the left ventricle after intravenous injection are capable of providing direct ultrasonic contrast imaging of congenital left to right shunts. Further, recent experience with an experimental standardized, gas-producing contrast agent in an open chest animal model with an experimentally produced ventricular septal defect suggests that a combination of an experimental right heart agent that produces a measurable and reproducible amount of contrast effect, with a videodensitometric system capable of quantifying both positive and negative contrast effects, may provide an ultrasonic method for evaluating the magnitude of cardiac shunts.
Heat transfer in cylindrical shrouded cavities

Abstract The flow field, temperature field and the heat transfer rates in cylindrical shrouded cavities with rotation, recirculation and coolant through-flow have been analyzed numerically. Two cavity configurations are considered. In the first configuration, a heated cylindrical shroud is enclosed by a stationary insulated stator disc and a rotating insulated rotor disc. The coolant air enters the cavity by a central opening in the rotor and exits through an annular gap at the rim of the rotor. The second configuration studies the heat transfer from an air cooled gas turbine disc using the model of a plane disc rotating close to an insulated shrouded stator. The coolant enters centrally through the stator disc and exits radially through a gap between the shroud and the rotor. The flow field and heat transfer rates are computed for several values of coolant flow rate, the rotor swirl speed, the cavity aspect ratio and the exit gap width in the two cavity configurations. The swirl of the rotor changes immensely the flow pattern, recirculating zones and isotherms inside such cavities. In general, increasing coolant flow rate, decreasing swirl and decreasing aspect ratio enhances the heat transfer from the shroud in the first cavity configuration. For the second cavity configuration, the heat transfer rates increase with increasing coolant flow rate, increasing swirl of the rotor, increasing size of the cavity and decreasing exit gap width between the stator and the rotor.
The intersection map of subgroups and certain classes of finite groups

The goals of this paper are twofold. One is to look at the behavior of the collections of permutable subgroups and S-permutable subgroups under the intersection map into a fixed subgroup of a group. The other is to locally analyze the intersection map in connection with $${\mathcal{T}}$$ -, $${\mathcal{PT}}$$ -, and $${\mathcal{PST}}$$ -groups. In particular, we generalize Theorem 1 of Bauman [Arch. Math. (Basel) 25:337–340, 1974] to $${\mathcal{PT}}$$ - and $${\mathcal{PST}}$$ -groups.
Seasonal Si:C ratios in Lake Erie diatoms — Evidence of an active winter diatom community

Abstract Recent investigations of Lake Erie in the winter have demonstrated the occurrence of substantial phytoplankton communities largely consisting of the diatom Aulacoseira islandica (O. Muller) Simonsen. To assess the activity of this diatom community, multiple measures of production, both general and diatom-specific, were undertaken. We measured oxygen (O 2 ) evolution as proxy for carbon (C)-fixation and 2-(4-pyridyl)-5-((4-(2-dimethylaminoethylaminocarbamoyl) methoxy)-phenyl)oxazole (PDMPO) incorporation as a measure of silica (Si) deposition. The latter demonstrated conclusively that diatoms were active during winter months and confirmed that diatoms are the primary drivers of winter productivity. The stoichiometric relationship between carbon and silica in the winter Lake Erie phytoplankton assemblage was further compared to the activity of the summer community. Although the winter phytoplankton community was observed to be active, it was less active than the summer community, with lower measured rates of O 2 evolution and Si deposition. These findings provide a new and expanded understanding of the biological carbon production in Lake Erie.
Long-term precision of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry body composition measurements and association with their covariates.

Abstract Few studies have described the long-term repeatability of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Even fewer studies have been performed with enough participants to identify possible precision covariates such as sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Our objective was to investigate the long-term repeatability of both total and subregional body composition measurements and their associations with covariates in a large sample. Two valid whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans were available for 609 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2000–2002. Participants with scan-quality issues were excluded. Participants varied in race and ethnicity, sex, age (mean 38.8 ± 17.5; range 16–69 yr), and BMI (mean, 26.9 ± 5.2; range 14.1–43.5 kg/m 2 ). The length of time between scans ranged from 3 to 51 days (mean, 18.7 ± 8.4). Precision error estimates for total body measures (bone mineral density, bone mineral content, lean mass, total mass, fat mass, and percent body fat) were calculated as root mean square percent coefficients of variation and standard deviations. The average root mean square percent coefficients of variation and root mean square standard deviations of the precision error for total body variables were 1.12 and 0.01 g/cm 2 for bone mineral density, 1.14 and 27.3 g for bone mineral content, 1.97 and 505 g for fat mass, 1.46 and 760 g for lean mass, 1.10 and 858 g for total mass, and 1.80 and 0.59 for percent body fat. In general, only fat and lean masses were impacted by participant and scan qualities (obesity category, sex, the magnitude of the body composition variables, and time between scans). We conclude that long-term precision error values are impacted by BMI, and sex. Our long-term precision error estimates may be more suitable than short-term precision for calculating least significant change and monitoring time intervals.
Plasmonic nanograting structure to detect refractive index

We study the resonant wavelength in the plasmonic nanograting structure covered by dielectric media. The increase in nanogroove depth will increase the sensitivity and the increase in nanogroove width has a little impact on sensitivity.
Measurement of Absorption-Line Profiles with a Fabry–Perot Interferometer*

We have calculated the line profiles to be expected when a Fabry–Perot interferometer is used to measure absorption lines. We have shown that large errors may be introduced in the measurement of the integrated absorption, even when an interferometer of high finesse is used. Curves and tables are given for finding the true absorption width and the true peak absorption from the apparent values observed under different operating conditions of the emission light source and the interferometer. We show qualitatively that the distortions are partially due to the presence of nonzero wings in the instrument-bandpass function. Finally, we show a Fourier series expansion of the integral giving the transmittance of the Fabry-Perot interferometer when absorbing atoms are in the light path.
Why not to expect a World State

Predicting future sociopolitical developments requires a different strategy than projecting existing trends into the future. Projection assumes stability in the boundary conditions under which systems operate, whereas predicting the future requires some understanding of the structure and function of the types of entities under consideration. States are organized to coordinate communication and effort among their component parts and to facilitate communication and coordination with other systems. Although organizational properties of states must accomplish these tasks, an entity at the global scale, with no external systems, would not be expected to be organized this way. Thus, one may question the logic of projecting trends in the size and number of states to anticipate the date at which another type of entity may appear.
Intracranial Hypotension and Intracranial Hypertension

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure within the intracranial space. Intracranial hypotension is a clinical syndrome in which low cerebrospinal fluid volume (CSF) results in orthostatic headache. Severe cases can result in nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and, rarely, decreased level of consciousness and coma. CSF opening pressure can be within the normal range in spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Imaging tests therefore play a key and decisive role in the diagnosis, as well as treatment, of intracranial hypotension. Intracranial hypertension occurs in a chronic form known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, as well as in a large variety of neurologic and systemic disorders. Symptoms include headache, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, and in severe cases, altered level of consciousness that can progress to coma and death. Direct measurements of CSF pressure through lumbar puncture (in idiopathic intracranial hypotension) or invasive ICP monitoring (in acute intracranial hypertension) are the key diagnostic tests. Imaging is used primarily to determine treatable causes of increased ICP, to assess for impending brain herniation, and to evaluate ventricular size.
Research applications of the MAGNET multi-agent contracting testbed

MAGNET is a testbed for exploring decision processes andagent interactions in the domain of multi-agent contracting.We are i nterested in learning how a community of hetero-geneous, self-interested agents, can operate to discover re-sources, make commitments, and carry out plans that in-volvemultipletasksandrequirecoordinationamongagents.We assume that this community of agents contains someagents who have goals that they themselves cannot fully sat-isfy. They may lack the abilities, or they may lack the re-sources, to carry out at least some of the operations in theirplans. Therearealsootherself-interestedagentsinthecom-munity who have resources to offer, and who are willing tomake those resources available to other agents in a way thatmaximizes their value to the agents that control them.The MAGNET system (Collins
Catalase activity measured with a micro oxygen electrode in a pressurized reaction vessel.

Abstract The assembly and the use of a simple airtight pressurized reaction vessel are described for the measurement of catalase activity with a micro oxygen electrode in an optically heterogenous medium. The oxygen concentration is expressed as the ratio of observed current to the current in an air-saturated solution. Thus, an individual standard can be obtained for each measurement and the calibration is less affected by changes in the amplification factor. Different procedures for calibration of the oxygen electrode were compared. Specific activities of crystalline catalase, of red blood cells from humans and from normal or acatalasemic mice, and of liver homogenates from normal or amino-triazole-pretreated rats were determined. The specific catalase activity of human erythrocytes, as found by this method, agrees with that obtained photometrically.
Jaundice associated with nonhepatic Staphylococcus aureus infection. Does teichoic acid have a role in pathogenesis

A previously healthy young man developed jaundice early in the course of a febrile illness caused by an unrecognized deep-seatedStaphylococcus aureus abscess. The serum bilirubin level peaked 11 days before the abscess was discovered and drained. During this time the bilirubin level returned to normal, circulating immune complexes were detected, and the serum free teichoic acid antibody titer was elevated. Indirect immunofluorescent staining of liver tissue for teichoic acid revealed 2+ nuclear fluorescence of the hepatocytes. These findings suggested that circulating free teichoic acid was deposited in the liver and may have had an endotoxin-like effect in the hepatocytes. With the appearance of specific antibody in the serum, circulating teichoic acid was neutralized and further hepatic injury ceased.
Low-energy optical transitions in intercalated graphite

Interband transitions characteristic of pure graphite persist from (at least) stage 9 to stage 4 in acceptor-intercalated samples, and to stage 3 in donor samples. The absence of a Burstein-Moss shift is interpreted to mean that the partially ionized intercalant layers are screened by the compensating free carriers within one layer spacing, in agreement with a recent calculation. This in turn means that the Madelung energy has a negligible effect in stabilizing the ordered $c$-axis superlattice observed in dilute compounds.
Infectivity of murine SK strain of poliomyelitis virus.

SummaryObservations are reported on the infectivity of the murine SK strain for mice based on certain types of exposure to the virus. Some of the infected mice were embedded in toto, sectioned, and examined histologically for evidence of virus multiplication in non-nervous as well as nervous tissue. Although infections occurred readily under various types of exposures to the virus, no lesions suggestive of virus activity were observed in any tissues or organs apart from the CNS. Infections by the intranasal route could not be prevented by prior intranasal instillations of zinc sulphate solution used to block the olfactory pathway as a portal of entry. Mice could be readily infected with virus-contaminated drinking water. Virus cultivated in developing eggs proved less infectious for mice when supplied to the animals in drinking water or food than mouse brain-cord virus suspensions. Old mice showed themselves less susceptible than young mice to certain types of exposure, but to other types of exposure the ...
Studies on in vitro RNA synthesis by chromatin fractions from rat liver and Novikoff hepatoma.

Eu- and heterochromatin fractions prepared from normal liver and Novikoff hepatoma were tested for their capacity to direct the synthesis of RNA. Using purified RNA polymerase, template activity was measured by the incorporation of C14 GTP into RNA. Unlike DNA, chromatin fractions had increased template activity at increased salt concentrations. No difference was observed in the priming capacity of either eu- or heterochromatin fractions derived from normal liver or Novikoff hepatoma.
Finding all solutions of piecewise‐linear circuits

A new algorithm is given for solving the d.c. piecewise-linear equations of non-linear electronic circuits. The device models are assumed, with little loss of generality, to be made of 2-terminal piecewise-linear resistors and linear controlled sources. Unlike other methods, this algorithm guarantees that all solutions will be found in a finite number of steps. The method depends crucially on a recent development which allows a multi-dimensional piecewise-linear function to be represented in a closed canonical form. This highly compact representation requires only a minimum amount of computer storage and is responsible for the efficiency of the algorithm.
Unexpected substrate specificity of T4 DNA ligase revealed by in vitro selection

We have used in vitro selection techniques to characterize DNA sequences that are ligated efficiently by T4 DNA ligase. We find that the ensemble of selected sequences ligates about 50 times as efficiently as the random mixture of sequences used as the input for selection. Surprisingly many of the selected sequences failed to produce a match at or close to the ligation junction. None of the 20 selected oligomers that we sequenced produced a match two bases upstream from the ligation junction.
Physical properties of insect cuticular hydrocarbons: model mixtures and lipid interactions

Cuticular lipids include a diverse array of hydrophobic molecules that play an important role in the water economy of terrestrial arthropods. Their waterproofing abilities are believed to depend largely on their physical properties, but little is known about interactions between different surface lipids to determine the phase behavior of the total lipid mixture. I examined the biophysical properties of binary hydrocarbon mixtures, as a model for interactions between different epicuticular lipids of insects. The midpoint of the solid/liquid phase transition (Tin) for mixtures of n-alkanes differing in chain length equaled the weighted average of the/'ms of the component lipids. This was also true for n-alkane-methylalkane mixtures. However, alkane-alkene mixtures melted at temperatures up to 17°C above the temperature predicted from the weighted average of component lipid T m values. Hydrocarbon mixtures did not exhibit biphasic melting transitions indicative of independent phase behavior of the component lipids. Instead, melting occurred continuously, over a broader temperature range than pure hydrocarbons.
The Voting Rights Act and Latino Voter Registration: Symbolic Assistance for English-Speaking Latinos.

This study explores how the language minority provisions in the Voting Rights Act (VRA) affect Latino voter registration. We are particularly interested in how these provisions affect Latino citizens with varying levels of English language proficiency. Using data from the 2006 National Latino Survey, we find that Latino citizens with limited English skills register to vote at about the same rate whether or not they live in a county mandated by the VRA to provide registration and voting materials in Spanish. However, for Latinos who speak English “very well,” we find that access to these materials is associated with increased registration rates, all else equal. We interpret these findings to suggest that the positive effects of VRA coverage on Latino registration are due to a symbolic “welcoming” effect, rather than substantial reductions in administrative barriers to registration.
A New Source of Anti‐N Lectin: Leaves of the Korean Vicia unijuga

. An anti-N lectin suitable for use as a diagnostic laboratory reagent and for experimental investigations has been prepared from leaves of the Korean Vicia unijuga Al. Braun Var. ouensanense leveile by absorption of the crude leaf extracts with pooled human type M cells. It is suggested that it may also prove possible to fractionate similarly type-specific lectins from other plant extracts currently considered to be non specific hemagglutinins.
Regulation of the Oocyte-to-Zygote Transition

Oocytes, the female germ cells, contain all the messenger RNAs necessary to start a new life but typically wait until fertilization to begin development. The transition from oocyte to fertilized egg (zygote) involves many changes, including protein synthesis, protein and RNA degradation, and organelle remodeling. These changes occur concurrently with the meiotic divisions that produce the haploid maternal genome. Accumulating evidence indicates that the cell-cycle regulators that control the meiotic divisions also regulate the many changes that accompany the oocyte-to-zygote transition. We suggest that the meiotic machinery functions as an internal pacemaker that propels oocytes toward embryogenesis.
THE ESSENCE OF AMERICAN JUDAISM: A REVIEW ESSAY

The famous would-be convert, who came to Hillel seeking to learn the whole Torah while standing on one foot, finds many imitators among the ranks of American Jews. Daunted by Judaism's seemingly overwhelming complexity-the endless array of forbidding tomes, printed in microscopic type, and only comprehensible to the specially trained-these modern seekers likewise demand some statement of Judaism's essence, a basic formula, one simple enough for any English speaker to understand. A whole library of volumes stands ready to meet this challenge. Some books base themselves on ancient and medieval sources, demonstrating as they do so that the modern quest for Judaism's fundamental principles has roots deeply grounded in the past. Other v.olumes-charming yet now forgotten catechisms, tedious but for some reason still popular creeds and platforms, and modern 'how to' books-more closely adhere to Christian models-and by no coinciuence. Yet no matter how alluring and how basic such texts in essential Judaism become, for some they can never quite become basic enough. Like Hillel's visitor, these Jews demand a formulaic definition, one easy to remember, easy to express, and easy to apply, a ready means of ascertaining what is Jewish and what is not. Abraham Cronbach, professor of Social Relations at Hebrew Union College, once offered what is perhaps the easiest formula for defining what Judaism is: "Whatever inside of any Jewish soul is good and right and holy and noble-that is itself Jewish."! Since for Cronbach social justice was "good and right and holy and noble," it naturally followed that "social justice is Jewish." ·With pardonable exaggeration, it might also have followed, as Lenny Bruce pointed out iri one of his routines, that "chocolate is Jewish," "fruit salad is Jewish," and "macaroons are very Jewish." Cronbach never said in his definition that those opposed to what he felt to be "good and right and holy and noble" should be labelled nonJewish, much less anti-Jewish. Some of those he influenced, however, did
Changing reward structures and population distributions: An aggregate analysis of earnings inequalities in the 1980s☆

Abstract Trends in the earnings of women and men and blacks and whites during the 1980s are examined with a method that distinguishes two sources of earnings inequality: (1) differences in rewards to labor market divisions and (2) differences in the distribution of status groups over unequally rewarded divisions. The method permits a statistical assessment of the significance of overtime change in relative status group earnings. The method is illustrated and compared with other decomposition techniques using samples of full-time wage and salaried workers from the 1980 and 1987 Current Population Survey data. It shows that both years contain a strong interaction between occupation and sector (divided into private and three public sectors) and a strong interaction between gender and color. The latter effect implies that black women do better than expected (and black men worse) based on the color and gender penalties considered independently. The overtime analysis reveals significant interactions between year and gender and between year and occupation, both which serve to improve noticeably the earnings of women relative to men but for different, and unexpected, reasons.
Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide for advanced breast cancer.

Fifty-five consecutive women with advanced breast cancer were treated with a combination of adriamycin (40 mg/m2 administered intravenously on day 1 ) and cyclophosphamide (200 mg/mP/day given orally in divided doses for 4 days on days 3-6). Courses were repeated at 21-28-day intervals. The mean age for the 55 patients was 55 years (range, 37-77 years); 20% of the patients were 65 years or older. All patients were evaluable. Objective response (at least a 50% decrease in the size of all measurable lesions lasting for at least 1 month) was noted in 40 (80%) of the 50 patients who received an adequate trial of chemotherapy (a minimum of two courses). Six of the 40 responses observed were complete. The median duration of response was 10 months. Actuarial survival for the entire group of 55 patients was 80% at 6 months after initiating chemotherapy and 70% at 12 months. Survival for the 40 responding patients was 95% at 6 months and 80% at 12 months. Response rates by site of involvement were: soft tissue, 20/25 (80%); lymph node, 15/19 (79%); bone, 21/25 (84%); lung, 15/18 (83%); pleural effusion, 6/8 (75%); and liver, 7/10 (70%). Eighty-three percent of the responses were apparent after two courses of treatment and 98% were apparent after four courses. Toxicity was acceptable and included nausea, myelosuppression, alopecia, and reversible congestive heart failure (in 2 patients who received 550 mg/mz of adriamycin). Chemotherapy with adriamycin and cyclophosphamide proved to be safe and effective for outpatient treatment of advanced breast cancer. Crmcn 36:90-97, 1975.
Just Deserts: African American Judgments of Justice in Stories of Varying Cultural Relevance

Several standard stories used to examine beliefs in justice in other (cross-national) settings were also used in this study. Additional stories were created to examine potential hypothesized differences in this population due to the nature of the original stimulus stories. The researchers also examined ways in which the participants made their decisions. Results suggest that determinations of justice do, indeed, have some fairly standard features, but that population- specific issues also may affect judgments. These contexting factors suggest further studies to help to account for the variability in justice judgments. Important underlying dynamics may be uncov ered by future studies focusing on the ways that participants arrive at their judgments.
Learning from Hints

We present a systematic method for incorporating prior knowledge (hints) into the learning-from-examples paradigm. The hints are represented in a canonical form that is compatible with descent techniques for learning. All the hints are fed to the learning process in the form of examples, and examples of the function are treated on equal footing with the rest of the hints. During learning, examples from different hints are selected for processing according to a fixed or adaptive schedule. Fixed schedules specify the relative emphasis of each hint, and adaptive schedules are based on how well each hint has been learned so far. We discuss adaptive minimization which is based on estimates of the overall learning error.
Effect of irradiation on the composition and thermal properties of softwood kraft lignin and styrene grafted lignin

Lignin is an abundant, underutilized natural resource that has potential to be used as a biomaterial but is currently hampered in its use by not being uniform in structure and composition and is thermally unstable due to phenolic group. To address these issues and modify its thermal properties, softwood kraft lignin was modified using γ-irradiation at low doses with and without styrene present and characterized. Irradiation of kraft lignin alone with γ-radiation shows an initial decrease in molecular weight due to chain scission up to about 10 kGy followed by an increase in molecular weight due to crosslinking. NMR results indicate a decrease of about 15% in the OH content of the lignin with 30 kGy irradiation. Thermal properties such as Tg, free volume and ΔCp follow accordingly. Irradiation at very low dosages was determined to facilitate the grafting of styrene monomer to lignin, decreasing the OH content by 23%. This effect increased the hydrophobicity of the material, depressed the value of Tg, increased the ΔCp, increased the mobility in the liquid state, and made the material more thermally stable relative to the lignin alone, thus improving its processability at high temperatures. Both the irradiation of lignin alone and the grafting of styrene to lignin increased the yield of mass during pyrolysis and the activation energy for mass loss relative to untreated lignin alone. This work has demonstrated that the application of low dosages of γ-irradiation is a promising method to attach functional molecules onto lignin for use in various applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39743.
Characterization of the complementary nuclear RNA of murine sarcoma-leukemia virus.

Abstract Heat dissociated RNA ( s 20, w ≤ 37 S) of murine sarcoma-leukemia virus (MSV-MLV) was hybridized with 32 P-labeled heat denatured nuclear RNA of cells (78 A1) transformed by and chronically infected with MSV-MLV. Three distinct hybrids with s 20, w values of 18 S, 10.5 S, and ≤4 S, respectively, were formed whether the viral RNA was annealed with the 18–22 S or with the 31–36 S nuclear RNA of the transformed cells. Only the 18 S hybrid had overall base composition complementary to the viral RNA. The slowly sedimenting RNA hybrid ( s 20, w ≤ 4), but not the 18 S or 10.5 S hybrid, was formed between the viral RNA and nuclear RNA species of control cells. Thus only that nuclear RNA molecule which hybridizes with the viral RNA to produce the 18 S hybrid may be the specific complementary RNA of the virus.
Sequence-specific binding of recombinant Zbed4 to DNA: insights into Zbed4 participation in gene transcription and its association with other proteins.

Zbed4, a member of the BED subclass of Zinc-finger proteins, is expressed in cone photoreceptors and glial Muller cells of human retina whereas it is only present in Muller cells of mouse retina. To characterize structural and functional properties of Zbed4, enough amounts of purified protein were needed. Thus, recombinant Zbed4 was expressed in E. coli and its refolding conditions optimized for the production of homogenous and functionally active protein. Zbed4’s secondary structure, determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy, showed that this protein contains 32% α-helices, 18% β-sheets, 20% turns and 30% unordered structures. CASTing was used to identify the target sites of Zbed4 in DNA. The majority of the DNA fragments obtained contained poly-Gs and some of them had, in addition, the core signature of GC boxes; a few clones had only GC-boxes. With electrophoretic mobility shift assays we demonstrated that Zbed4 binds both not only to DNA and but also to RNA oligonucleotides with very high affinity, interacting with poly-G tracts that have a minimum of 5 Gs; its binding to and GC-box consensus sequences. However, the latter binding depends on the GC-box flanking nucleotides. We also found that Zbed4 interacts in Y79 retinoblastoma cells with nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins Scaffold Attachment Factor B1 (SAFB1), estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), and cellular myosin 9 (MYH9), as shown with immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry studies as well as gel overlay assays. In addition, immunostaining corroborated the co-localization of Zbed4 with these proteins. Most importantly, in vitro experiments using constructs containing promoters of genes directing expression of the luciferase gene, showed that Zbed4 transactivates the transcription of those promoters with poly-G tracts.
Comparative single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and microscopy-based analysis of nitrogen cultivation interactive effects on the fungal community of a semiarid steppe soil

The effects of nitrogen accretion on fungal diversity and community structure in early-seral (cultivated) and native (uncultivated) shortgrass steppe soils were evaluated using single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and microscopy in a comparative experiment. Selected haplotypes generated from fungal 18S gene fragments were also sequenced for species identification. Microscopy-based analyses showed significantly shorter fungal hyphal lengths in the early-seral control plots in comparison with the native control plots (P<0.0003), independent of nitrogen addition. Although diversity indices did not show significant differences between the plots, SSCP analyses indicated that fungal community structure differed in the native and early-seral control sites. In nitrogen-amended sites, gene sequences from dominant haplotypes indicated a shift to a more common nitrogen-impacted fungal community. While nitrogen amendments appear to be more important than cultivation in influencing these soil fungal communities, hyphal lengths were only decreased due to cultivation. The use of microscopic and molecular techniques, as carried out in this study, provided integrative information concerning fungal community responses to wide spread stresses being imposed globally on terrestrial ecosystems, that is not provided by the individual techniques.
SU‐E‐J‐74: Assessing Accuracy of Tumor Localization with Aperiodic Respiratory Breathing Using 4D‐CT and 4D‐CBCT Imaging

Purpose: To assess the accuracy of tumor localization for aperiodic respiratory breathing for 4D‐CT and 4D cone‐beam CT (4D‐CBCT) imaging using a computer controlled moving phantom. Methods: We simulated an aperiodic respiratory based tumor motion using a programmable respiratory motion phantom (Quasar Modus QA). 4D‐CT scans were acquired four times at different starting points of respiratory cycle. 4D‐CT acquisitions were sorted into ten phases using time‐based binning, and the respiratory cycle reconstructed from the target motion. 4D‐CBCT scans, acquired with Elekta XVI 4DCBCT (Symmetry option), were sorted into 10 phases using amplitude‐based binning. A phased 4D‐CT dataset was selected as a reference CT image on the basis of minimum variation of tumor location over all 4 scans. This phased CT was used as reference for registration with 4D‐CBCT imaging, and the respiratory signal reconstructed. Results: For the selected aperiodic respiratory signal, phases 50% to 70% showed minimal variation amongst the four 4D‐CT scans. The 50% phase was selected as the reference for registration with 4D‐CBCT imaging. This yielded a reconstructed respiratory signal differing from the average tumor trajectory (based on the motor signal) by <2mm for the 50%‐70% region, which was similar to using the average 4D‐CT image (averaged over all phases) as the reference image. Use of other phases of 4D‐CT imaging as the reference yielded differences of up to 6mm from the average tumor motion trajectory. Conclusion: For aperiodic respiration motion considered here, this study showed that the use of phases 5 through 7 is optimal for treatment delivery, not only due to longer time of target in that position, but also because the variation in the reconstructed respiratory signals (and hence uncertainty in target position) due to different starting points in respiratory cycle in 4D‐CT imaging, is minimal.
Vulvodynia: A Multifactorial Clinical Problem

• Symptomatic vulvar burning (vulvodynia) in the absence of abnormal physical findings was long thought to be an unusual psychosomatic gynecologic problem. Within the past decade, however, a number of investigators began to study patients with this frustrating problem. Initial physician insistence on a major role for psychological factors has gradually given way to sophisticated searches for evidence of persistent infectious agents, especially human papillomavirus andCandida. Gynecologists searching for causes and surgical relief of vulvodynia have even reevaluated elements of vulvar anatomy. The purpose of this article is to introduce dermatologists to current perspectives on vulvodynia in the context of the clinical experience of the author, who has been actively involved in the multidisciplinary investigation of this problem since its recognition in the early 1980s. To date, the following five sign-symptom complexes have been identified by the author and recognized by other vulvodynia investigators: (1) vulvar dermatoses, (2) cyclic vulvitis, (3) vulvar papillomatosis, (4) vulvar vestibulitis, and (5) essential vulvodynia. A given patient's complaint may be primarily associated with one of these factors, but it is not unusual to see others develop simultaneously or sequentially. Remission or exacerbation of symptoms may occur when treatment for one condition affects the onset of another. It is evident that vulvodynia is a complex diagnosis and that recognition of multiple factors is important to appropriate patient evaluation and management. (Arch Dermatol1989;125:256-262)
Response of Laboratory-Reared Adult Plum Curculios to Ultraviolet Radiation

In cage tests, 93% of laboratory-reared Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) responded positively to blacklight (BL) whereas only 7% responded to natural (ambient) light. Also, the insects were more strongly attracted to BL and filtered blacklight than to red, pink, gold, green, cool green, blue, deluxe cool white, or chroma 70 fifteen-w fluorescent lamps. The curculios were positively attracted to BL up to 2200 ft.
Neural Control of Sympathetic Nerve Response to Cardiogenic Hypotension in Anesthetized Cat

The present study was designed to determine effect of the preganglionic splanchnic nerve activity (SNA) on the brief hypotension accompanied with the occlusion of left circumflex coronary artery (CxCAO) in chloralose anesthetized cats. Following CxCAO in animals with neuraxis intact, no significant alterations of SNA occurred despite the significant fall in mean blood pressure (MBP). A significant fall in MBP also occurred in vagotomized animals with arterial baroreceptors intact, but SNA was significantly augmented from 12.9±2.7impulses/sec before CxCAO to 24.4±4.3impulses/sec 60sec after the occlusion. In vagotomized animals, in which their carotid sinuses were isolated and perfused with the constant pressure at a level equal to systemic blood pressure (112±6mmHg) and with higher pressure (167±7mmHg), SNA was not altered significantly during the hypotension due to CxCAO. When the carotid sinuses were perfused with lower pressure (53±8mmHg), a significant increase in SNAoccurred simultaneously with the decrease in MBP after CxCAO. The peak decreases in blood pressure during the coronary occlusion were significantly greater in the vagotomized group (-46±5mmHg) and in the Low-CSP group (-50±5mmHg) than in other groups. Onset of this excitatory efferent sympathetic response to the hypotension due to the coronary occlusion in the vagotomized and Low-CSP groups was delayed significantly despite a significant fall in arterial blood pressure. These results show that vagal afferents from the heart may play a role of inhibiting the sympathetic augmentation mediated by arterial baroreceptors during cardiogenic hypotension. An excessive activation of cardiac receptors with sympathetic afferents may be induced by the profound fall in blood pressure, resulting in further impairment of cardiac function due to progressive myocardial ischemia under the condition of high sympathetic tone activated by baroreceptor reflex.
Kant, Skepticism, and Idealism

Skeptical problems arising for Kant's version of transcendental idealism have been raised from Kant's own time to the present day. By focussing on how such problems originally arose in the wake of Kant's work, and on the first formulations of absolute idealism by Schelling, I argue that the skeptical problems in question ultimately depend on fundamental features of Kant's philosophy of natural science. As a result, Naturphilosophie and the organic conception of nature cannot easily be separated from the deep and insightful response to these problems offered by absolute idealism.
Finding feasible systems in the presence of constraints on multiple performance measures

We consider the problem of finding a set of feasible or near-feasible systems among a finite number of simulated systems in the presence of constraints on secondary performance measures. We first present a generic procedure that detects the feasibility of one system in the presence of one constraint and extend it to the case of two or more systems and constraints. To accelerate the elimination of infeasible systems, a method that reuses collected observations and its variance-updating version are discussed. Experimental results are presented to compare the performance of the proposed procedures.
The steric component of sea level rise associated with enhanced greenhouse warming: a model study

Climate change due to enhanced greenhouse warming has been calculated using the coupled GFDL general circulation model of the atmosphere and ocean. The results of the model for a sustained increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide of 1% per year over a century indicate a marked warming of the upper ocean. Results of the model are used to study the rise in sea level caused by increase in ocean temperatures and associated changes in ocean circulation. Neglecting possible contributions due to changes in the volume of polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers, the model predicts an average rise in sea level of approximately 15 ± 5 cm by the time atmospheric carbon dioxide doubles. Heating anomalies are greatest in subpolar latitudes. This effect leads to a weakening of the ocean thermohaline circulation. Changes in thermohaline circulation redistribute heat within the ocean from high latitudes toward the equator, and cause a more uniform sea level rise than would occur otherwise.
Dental Enamel Electrochemistry

The results of several experiments implicate electrochemical phenomena in the formation of dental caries. The passage of an electric current through enamel causes degradation and a carious appearance. The fluoride ion minimizes the variations in natural electric potentials and inhibits electric current. This is consistent with an electrochemical mechanism of caries formation and the beneficial effects of fluoride.