cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Freeze-Drying Process Development and Scale-Up: Scale-Up of Edge Vial Versus Center Vial Heat Transfer Coefficients, Kv

This report presents calculations of the difference between the vial heat transfer coefficient of the "edge vial" and the "center vial" at all scales. The only scale-up adjustment for center vials is for the contribution of radiation from the shelf upon which the vial sits by replacing the emissivity of the laboratory dryer shelf with the emissivity of the production dryer shelf. With edge vials, scales-up adjustments are more complex. While convection is not important, heat transfer from the wall to the bands (surrounding the vial array) by radiation and directly from the band to the vials by both radiation and conduction is important; this radiation heat transfer depends on the emissivity of the vial and the bands and is nearly independent of the emissivity of the dryer walls. Differences in wall temperatures do impact the edge vial effect and scale-up, and estimates for wall temperatures are needed for both laboratory and manufacturing dryers. Auto-loading systems (no bands) may give different edge vial heat transfer coefficients than when operating with bands. Satisfactory agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental values of the edge vial effect indicate that results calculated from the theory are of useful accuracy.
Covalent three-dimensional networks of graphene and carbon nanotubes: synthesis and environmental applications

Abstract In recent years tremendous efforts have been made to exploit the exceptional properties of 1-Dimensional carbon nanotubes and 2-Dimensional graphene in order to interconnect those forming 3-Dimensional hybrid systems. Such macroscopic 3-D networks possess several advantages such as highly accessible surface area, minimized agglomeration or re-stacking, enhanced thermal and electrical transport, and robust mechanical properties as compared to their nanoscale 1-D or 2-D building blocks. This review aims to provide a fundamental understanding of state-of-the-art synthesis methodologies for interconnecting these carbon nanostructures, structure-property relationships as well as potential environmental applications related to adsorption, catalysis, sensing, and energy conversion. The technical challenges and future research opportunities are also discussed.
Thermodynamic modeling and investigation of the oxygen effect on the sintering of B4C

Abstract Presence of oxygen in boron carbide (B 4 C) powder can result in deterioration of mechanical properties of the sintered sample. In this study, the potential effects of reaction between boron oxide (B 2 O 3 ) and free carbon (C) as common impurities of commercial B 4 C powder were discussed. The emission of different gas species during B 4 C sintering, due to the reaction between B 2 O 3 and C, was predicted. The importance of C/B 2 O 3 ratio was also discussed and the ideal ratio was determined. It was shown that both B 2 O 3 and C can be consumed completely by using the B 4 C powder with the ideal C/B 2 O 3 ratio. It was also predicted that the B 4 C powder in carbon deficit region is highly prone to coarsening and the sintered product can have low density and hardness. It was suggested to adjust the C/B 2 O 3 ratio in B 4 C powder slightly in carbon rich region, to keep the system away from carbon deficit region. The results of thermodynamic modeling were then applied in selected B 4 C sintering experiments. It was shown that thermodynamic modeling can provide critical clues to design more effective approaches and sintering parameters based on the sintering technique adopted.
Cholesterol in Chicken Eggs: Still a Dietary Concern for Some

In February 2015, the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee proposed to drop a longstanding recommendation that Americans restrict their dietary cholesterol intake because “available evidence shows no appreciable relationship between consumption of dietary cholesterol and serum cholesterol.” Although this holds for most healthy individuals, many studies have shown that the response to changes in dietary cholesterol is heterogeneous in humans and that cholesterol consumption should be restricted by diabetics and others at risk for cardiovascular disease. As eggs are among the most cholesterol-rich foods consumed by man, the production of low-cholesterol eggs remains a viable research goal and represents a desirable dietary option for persons who need to restrict their cholesterol intake but wish to include eggs in their diet. This chapter summarizes studies linking cholesterol consumption to cardiovascular disease risk and reviews approaches to reducing the cholesterol content of shell eggs.
Three-dimensional biomimetic vascular model reveals a RhoA, Rac1, and N-cadherin balance in mural cell-endothelial cell-regulated barrier function

The integrity of the endothelial barrier between circulating blood and tissue is important for blood vessel function and, ultimately, for organ homeostasis. Here, we developed a vessel-on-a-chip with perfused endothelialized channels lined with human bone marrow stromal cells, which adopt a mural cell-like phenotype that recapitulates barrier function of the vasculature. In this model, barrier function is compromised upon exposure to inflammatory factors such as LPS, thrombin, and TNFα, as has been observed in vivo. Interestingly, we observed a rapid physical withdrawal of mural cells from the endothelium that was accompanied by an inhibition of endogenous Rac1 activity and increase in RhoA activity in the mural cells themselves upon inflammation. Using a system to chemically induce activity in exogenously expressed Rac1 or RhoA within minutes of stimulation, we demonstrated RhoA activation induced loss of mural cell coverage on the endothelium and reduced endothelial barrier function, and this effect was abrogated when Rac1 was simultaneously activated. We further showed that N-cadherin expression in mural cells plays a key role in barrier function, as CRISPR-mediated knockout of N-cadherin in the mural cells led to loss of barrier function, and overexpression of N-cadherin in CHO cells promoted barrier function. In summary, this bicellular model demonstrates the continuous and rapid modulation of adhesive interactions between endothelial and mural cells and its impact on vascular barrier function and highlights an in vitro platform to study the biology of perivascular-endothelial interactions.
Military Design Insights for Online Education Program Evaluation: A Revised Theoretical Construct

This theoretical development article examines how design methodology currently applied in United States military doctrine can offer insights into the increasingly complex arena of program evaluatio...
Associations Between Parental SES and Children's Health-Related Quality of Life: The Role of Objective and Subjective Social Status.

Author(s): Kim, Kay W; Wallander, Jan L; Peskin, Melissa; Cuccaro, Paula; Elliott, Marc N; Schuster, Mark A | Abstract: Objective:We examined (1) the relationship that parental objective social status (OSS) and subjective social status (SSS) have with children's health-related quality of life (HRQOL), (2) whether SSS mediates the association between OSS and HRQOL, and (3) whether these associations differ among Black, Latino, and White children. Method:Data came from 4,824 Black, Latino, and White 5th graders in the Healthy PassagesTM study. OSS was measured as parent educational attainment and net equivalent household income. SSS was measured by parent rating of community and national standing on the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status. Child HRQOL was measured with child report on the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) physical and psychosocial scales. Structural equation modeling path analysis was conducted using Mplus version 7.4. Results:The data supported the hypothesized measurement and structural models. Whereas parental OSS was positively related to psychosocial HRQOL for all three racial/ethnic groups and to physical HRQOL for Latino children, parental SSS was not related to either for any of the racial/ethnic groups. Therefore, mediation by SSS was not supported for any group. Conclusion:OSS was confirmed to have stronger association with children's HRQOL than parental SSS. This is in contrast to some research on adults, raising the questions of how best to assess SSS relevant to children and at what point in development SSS may influence children's health and well-being. The persistent relationship found between parental OSS and child health suggests that efforts to improve low socioeconomic resources in families may contribute to improve children's health.
Measure-Valued Solutions to a Harvesting Game with Several Players

We consider Nash equilibrium solutions to a harvesting game in one-space dimension. At the equilibrium configuration, the population density is described by a second-order O.D.E. accounting for diffusion, reproduction, and harvesting. The optimization problem corresponds to a cost functional having sublinear growth, and the solutions in general can be found only within a space of measures. In this chapter, we derive necessary conditions for optimality, and provide an example where the optimal harvesting rate is indeed measure valued. We then consider the case of many players, each with the same payoff. As the number of players approaches infinity, we show that the population density approaches a well-defined limit, characterized as the solution of a variational inequality. In the last section, we consider the problem of optimally designing a marine park, where no harvesting is allowed, so that the total catch is maximized.
Unitarity and universality in nonrelativistic conformal field theory

We relate the notion of unitarity of a $SL(2,\mathbf{R})$ invariant field theory with that of a Schrodinger field theory using the fact that $SL(2,\mathbf{R})$ is a subgroup of Schrodinger group. Exploiting $SL(2,\mathbf{R})$ unitarity, we derive the unitarity bounds and null conditions for a Schrodinger field theory (for the neutral as well as the charged sector). In non integer dimensions the theory is shown to be non-unitary. Furthermore, the use of $SL(2,\mathbf{R})$ subgroup opens up the possibility of borrowing results from 1D $SL(2,\mathbf{R})$ invariant field theory to explore Schrodinger field theory, in particular, the sector with zero charge. We explore the consequences of $SL(2,\mathbf{R})$ symmetry e.g. the convergence of operator product expansion in the kinematic limit, where all the operators (neutral and/or charged) are on same temporal slice ($x=constant$), the universal behavior of weighted spectral density function, existence of infinite number of $SL(2,\mathbf{R})$ primaries, the analytic behavior of three point function as a function of spatial separation. We discuss the implication of imposing parity invariance ($\tau\to-\tau$) in addition to Schrodinger invariance and emphasize its difference from time reversal ($\tau \to-\tau$ with charge conjugation).
A comparative assessment of hierarchical control structures for spatiotemporally-varying systems, with application to airborne wind energy

Abstract Optimal control in a spatiotemporally varying environment is difficult, especially if the environment is partially observable. Altitude optimization of an airborne wind energy (AWE) system, in which the tower and foundation of a contemporary wind turbine is replaced by tethers and a lifting body, is a challenging problem of this kind. The wind velocity changes both spatially and temporally, and it can only be measured at the altitude where the system is flying, making the problem partially observable. In this work, we propose and evaluate hierarchical structures for the aforementioned problem, which fuse coarse, global for the chosen grid resolution and prediction horizon, where applicable control with fine, local control. These controllers leverage the advantages of both fine, local and coarse, global control schemes, while addressing their limitations. We show through simulation, using the real wind velocity data, that the hierarchical structures outperform legacy control strategies in terms of net energy generation.
Prosthetic rehabilitation of an edentulous maxilla with microstomia, limited interarch space, and malaligned implants: a clinical report.

BACKGROUND Although dental implant treatment is a very successful option today, a meticulous treatment planning and close collaboration between the oral surgeon and restorative doctor is crucial to eliminate undesired outcomes. PURPOSE To present a challenging case restored with a maxillary screw-retained fixed prosthesis using malpositioned/malaligned implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 47-year-old female had a Lefort I fracture and lost all maxillary teeth due to traumatic injury in a traffic accident. Seven maxillary implants were placed using a 1-stage surgical approach, 6 months after open reduction surgery in a private practice. Radiographic and clinical evaluation indicated marginal bone loss around 3 anterior implants. The malposition and malalignment of implants made impression and casting procedures very complicated. The other challenging factors with this patient were microstomia, limited mouth opening due to scar tissue from previous plastic surgery, and a very small maxilla. The 1-piece metal framework did not fit accurately so it was sectioned into 3 segments. The 3 separate segments were screwed on the abutments individually, then connected to each other using an acrylic resin. The 3 framework segments were laser welded. After the laser welding, a passive fit of the framework was achieved. CONCLUSION It has been suggested that providing an implant treatment to a patient with implants placed in wrong positions with undesired angulations can be very difficult. Also, laser welding may be a viable option to eliminate misfit of full-arch metal frameworks.
Adult-born neurons maintain hippocampal cholinergic inputs and support working memory during aging

Adult neurogenesis is impaired in disorders of stress, memory, and cognition though its normal function remains unclear. Moreover, a systems level understanding of how a small number of young hippocampal neurons could dramatically influence brain function is lacking. We examined whether adult neurogenesis sustains hippocampal connections across the life span. Long-term suppression of neurogenesis as occurs during stress and aging resulted in a progressing decline in hippocampal acetylcholine and the slow emergence of profound working memory deficits. These deficits were accompanied by compensatory rewiring of cholinergic dentate gyrus inputs such that ventrally projecting neurons were recruited by the dorsal projection. Our study demonstrates that hippocampal neurogenesis supports memory by maintaining the septohippocampal circuit across the lifespan. It also provides a systems level explanation for the progressive nature of memory deterioration during normal and pathological aging and indicates that the brain connectome is malleable by experience.
Seiberg-Witten Theory

The theme of this book is to find the true vacuum of string theory. So far, we have developed several approaches to solving string theory, including conformal field theory, topological methods, two-dimensional matrix models, and string field theory. Although each of them gives insight into the perturbative nature of string theory, none of them has succeeded in penetrating into its nonperturbative region in D ≥ 4.
Virtue and Medicine: A Physician’s Analysis

The rediscovery of virtue as a concept worthy of consideration in medical ethics is welcome indeed. The field of medical ethics and what has come to be known as bioethics have been severely handicapped without the concept of virtue. The concept of virtue restores a lost dimension to medical ethics. In the past decade or two medical ethics has become a very impersonal enterprise, all but ignoring the moral psychology of moral agents who must make decisions (both physicians and patients). An analysis of virtues in the immediacy of the clinical setting offers a texture to moral life which neither an analysis of moral rules nor of utilities can offer.
Portal Vein Embolization Prior to Major Hepatectomy: The Evidence

Portal vein embolization (PVE) is increasingly used to increase the volume and function of the liver that will remain after resection of large and multiple liver tumors. This chapter examines the strong, extensive evidence supporting the use of ­preoperative PVE prior to major hepatic resection based on analysis of the future liver remnant (FLR), or liver that will remain after resection. Specifically, data ­demonstrate that liver function is linked both to FLR volume and to the quality of the underlying liver (from normal to diseased to cirrhotic liver along a continuum). The safe limits of resection are defined based on these factors derived from objective studies which reveal the safe limits of resection and the indications for preoperative PVE. Adequate FLR volume in patients with normal liver has been determined to be 20% of the standardized total liver volume, or TLV; in patients with diseased liver, 30% of the TLV; and in patients with (well compensated) cirrhosis, 40% of the TLV. Important evidence demonstrates that PVE can be used to convert a patient with an inadequate FLR to a patient with an FLR sufficient to ensure safe surgery and ­adequate post-resection liver function, and demonstrates that the hypertrophic response or degree of hypertrophy of the FLR after PVE predicts post-resection liver function. Finally, evidence suggests that a ­prospective, randomized trial to test the utility of PVE is neither feasible nor ­necessary based on currently available data.
DD47: Vertrauenserwerb (September 2007)

Die meisten wollen Vertrauen geschenkt. Wehe nicht! „Er vertraut mir nicht, das merke ich mir.“ Sind Sie aber vertrauenswurdig? Was tun Sie dafur, Vertrauen zu erwerben?
Medicaid managed care encounter data: what, why, and where next?

Managed care now serves 23 percent of the Medicaid population. With the shift to capita­tion, the fee-for-service (FFS) billing mecha­nism that has generated much of the admin­istrative data used in policy planning and research no longer exists. This article provides an overview of the types of encounter data cur­rently being required of plans and the prob­lems and issues with providing and analyzing such data. It is based on a review of docu­mentation and interviews with representa­tives of nine States and the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). The article concludes by providing recommenda­tions for HCFA, States, and plans in creating and improving encounter data systems. INTRODUCTION Managed care is increasingly becoming a preferred administrative vehicle for States to control their Medicaid budgets and assure access to and coordination of ser­vices. Managed care now serves 23 percent of the Medicaid population. As reported by the Kaiser Commission on the Future of Medicaid (1995), enrollment in some form of managed care grew from 4.8 million Medicaid enrollees to 7.8 million in a single year—1993-94. This rapid growth is likely to continue with some of the larger States such as California and New York forecasting large expansions in 1996. Numerous States now have waivers from traditional Medicaid rules (known as 1115 or 1915b waivers) that allow for such expansion. Most of the statewide waivers require enrollment in some form of capitated plan, rather than the primary-care case-manage­ment form of managed care. One conse­quence of the shift to capitation is that the FFS billing mechanism that has generated much of the administrative data used in policy planning and research no longer exists, at least not universally nor for all Medicaid services. States and HCFA have struggled with how best to replace FFS billing data with other comparable infor­mation on Medicaid enrollees in capitated managed care plans. Both levels of govern­ment face the tradeoffs between their need for data to manage the program efficiently and assure that beneficiaries are well served, versus a desire to reduce the administrative burden on the plans which contract with the program. Some recent studies have shown that the ability of plans to produce encounter data is often limited. For example, the Group Health Association of America (1994) found in its survey of 330 health mainte­nance organizations (HMOs) that a sub­stantial proportion (more than 10 percent) did not currently have the ability to report patient characteristics or diagnosis for a hospital encounter and that data capabili­ties for reporting ambulatory encounters were even weaker. A Mathematica Policy Research study for the Physician Payment Review Commission (Gold et al., 1995) pro­vides further insight on the reasons that data have been problematic in managed care. Problems arise most often when the data the plan collects are not automatically generated by the plan's payment system.
DAF as a therapeutic target for steroid hormones: implications for host-pathogen interactions.

In this chapter, we present a concise historic prospective and a summary of accumulated knowledge on steroid hormones, DAF expression, and therapeutic implication of steroid hormone treatment on multiple pathologies, including infection and the host–pathogen interactions. DAF/CD55 plays multiple physiologic functions including tissue protection from the cytotoxic complement injury, an anti-inflammatory function due to its anti-adherence properties which enhance transmigration of monocytes and macrophages and reduce tissue injury. DAF physiologic functions are essential in many organ systems including pregnancy for protection of the semiallogeneic fetus or for preventing uncontrolled infiltration by white cells in their pro- and/or anti-inflammatory functions. DAF expression appears to have multiple regulatory tissue-specific and/or menstrual cycle-specific mechanisms, which involve complex signaling mechanisms. Regulation of DAF expression may involve a direct or an indirect effect of at least the estrogen, progesterone, and corticosteroid regulatory pathways. DAF is exploited in multiple pathologic conditions by pathogens and viruses in chronic tissue infection processes. The binding of Escherichia coli bearing Dr adhesins to the DAF/CD55 receptor is DAF density dependent and triggers internalization of E. coli via an endocytic pathway involving CD55, lipid rafts, and microtubules. Dr+ E. coli or Dr antigen may persist in vivo in the interstitium for several months. Further understanding of such processes should be instrumental in designing therapeutic strategies for multiple conditions involving DAF’s protective or pathologic functions and tailoring host expression of DAF.
Complex Epidemics, Simplistic Tools: The Failure of AIDS Policy in Africa

Global AIDS policy still treats HIV as an exceptional case, abstracting from the context in which infection occurs. Policy is based on a simplistic theory of HIV causation and evaluated using outdated tools of health economics. Recent calls for a health-system strategy – preventing and treating HIV within a program of comprehensive health care – have not yet influenced the silo approach of AIDS policy.
Insight into the optoelectronic properties of designed solar cells efficient tetrahydroquinoline dye-sensitizers on TiO 2 (101) surface: first principles approach

Seven ‘lead’ dye-sensitizers from Tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) family were proposed and designed based on the structural attributes via quantitative-structure property relationship (QSPR) modeling. They were screened rationally through different computational approaches to explore their potential applications as photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Compelling photophysical properties such as electron injection driving force, electron injection time, and dye regeneration were studied for the isolated dyes under the DFT and TD-DFT frameworks. Index of spatial extent (S, D, and ∆q), the strength of charge transfer and separation along with the charge transfer process is explored. First principle approach including van der Waals density functional calculation of dye@TiO2 interface indicates that all of the designed dyes have optimal interfacial behavior. Bader charge analysis, partial density of state (PDOS), charge density and electrostatic potential difference calculation confirms that THQ7 and THQ9 are the most efficient dye-sensitizers. The other five designed dyes also possess the required properties to emerge as effective dye-sensitizers potentially better than those already utilized.
Analysis of the Effect of Gentian Violet on Apoptosis and Proliferation in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma in an In Vitro Study

Importance Triggering the extrinsic apoptotic pathway is an effective way to kill cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) cells in vitro and ex vivo. Objective To compare small molecules that induce extrinsic apoptosis in CTCL to identify and analyze compounds that induce high levels of tumor cell death and block tumor cell growth. Design, Setting, and Participants From November 5, 2014, to January 30, 2018, this study performed high-throughput small molecule screening of 1710 compounds followed by detailed analysis of the ability of gentian violet (GV) to promote apoptosis and inhibit proliferation of CTCL cells. Exposures In vitro and ex vivo analyses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting. Main Outcomes and Measures Apoptosis, cleaved caspases, extrinsic apoptotic death receptors and ligands, cell proliferation, nuclear factor–κB expression, and other factors. Results This study used high-throughput screening to detect cleaved caspase 8 induced in CTCL cells by 1710 unique compounds. The nonprescription, topical antimicrobial remedy GV induced more total apoptosis than did nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine). Furthermore, GV induced 4 to 6 times greater apoptosis in CTCL lines than in normal keratinocytes, suggesting a favorable topical toxicity profile. In addition to increasing caspase 8, GV also upregulated death receptors 4 and 5, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and Fas ligand but not the Fas receptor, TNF receptor, or TNF-α ligand. These results are consistent with induction of extrinsic apoptosis via the Fas and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand pathways. Increased phosphorylation of phospholipase C–γ1, Ca2+influx, and reactive oxygen species were also detected, indicating that the mechanism of Fas ligand upregulation involves key elements of the activation-induced cell death pathway. In ex vivo studies, 1-μmol/L GV induced up to 90% CTCL apoptosis in Sezary blood cells. In addition, GV reduced expression of antiapoptotic myeloid cell leukemia 1 and proproliferative nuclear factor–κB components and increased inhibitory κB levels. This finding was associated with cell cycle arrest and reduced CTCL tumor cell proliferation. Furthermore, the CTCL killing associated with GV was augmented when used in combination with methotrexate. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that GV attacked tumor viability and growth in CTCL. Although purple at neutral pH, GV can be rendered colorless by altering its pH. These preclinical findings may help to broaden knowledge of the antineoplastic features of GV and provide a rationale for clinical studies of its use as a novel, inexpensive, topical therapy for CTCL that is available worldwide.
Perspectives of web based composites from RCF material

"Web Based Composites" consisting of nonwoven fabric made from recycled carbon fibres (rCF) have excellent economic and ecologic perspectives to find a place in industrial product design for cost-effective lightweight solutions in composites. However, the processing conditions of rCF are challenging and the industry is not yet aware of the full potential of the mechanical properties as well as the cost structure. The goal of the project "CaRinA" is to provide reliable material cards for the industry with crucial information on the mechanical properties to encourage the application of rCF nonwovens. Therefore a complete investigation of the parameters and boundary conditions of the production process to the final part is performed. Within the project CaRinA the ITA Augsburg is focused on understanding, explaining and enhancing the nonwoven process using an industrial sized nonwoven line from the company Dilo Systems GmbH, Eberbach, Germany. Nonwoven lines have i.e. over 40 parameters that influence the product quality. The most influential factors are determined using statistical experimental design to understand the relations and effects on the nonwoven and the composite properties. The approach of the ITA is explained in detail.
Care Recipient Concerns About Being a Burden and Unmet Needs for Care

Background Disabled older adults' needs for help with daily activities sometimes go unmet with potentially long-term negative consequences for health and well-being. Objectives To examine the relationship between care recipient unmet needs and (1) concerns about being a burden; (2) perceptions of caregiver burden; and (3) and caregiver self-reports of burden in community-dwelling care recipient-caregiver dyads. Research Design and Methods Telephone surveys with 196 linked caregiver-care recipient dyads from the 2017 Pittsburgh Regional Caregiver Survey. Of 376 caregivers who gave initial permission to contact the recipient (February-July), 262 caregivers were recontacted and gave permission to attempt a care recipient survey (September-October; n = 196 completed; 74.8% response rate). In addition to the burden measures, we controlled for several covariates, including disability level, receipt of paid help, and care recipient and caregiver sociodemographics. Results Slightly more than one fourth (27.2%) of care recipients were "very concerned" about being a burden, and 43.6% were "somewhat concerned." Care recipient concerns about being a burden (exp(B) = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] exp(B) [1.15, 2.54]); and caregiver self-reported burden (exp(B) = 1.82, 95% CI exp(B) [1.17, 2.85]) were independent predictors of more care recipient unmet needs. Recipient perceptions of caregiver burden were not independently predictive. Care recipients with higher disability levels, those without paid help, and those whose caregiver was not a spouse/child also reported more unmet needs. The impact of burden on unmet needs was stronger for instrumental activities of daily living/mobility needs than for activities of daily living needs. Discussion and Implications Potential interventions to reduce unmet needs should take a dyadic approach, focusing on reducing both care recipient perceptions of being a burden and caregiver experienced burden.
BCG Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: Restoration of Balanced Immunity and Metabolism.

The bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine is a microorganism developed as a vaccine for tuberculosis 100 years ago and used as therapy for bladder cancer 40 years ago. More recently, BCG has shown therapeutic promise for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and several other autoimmune diseases. In T1D, BCG restored blood sugars to near normal, even in patients with advanced disease of >20 years duration. This clinically important effect may be driven by resetting of the immune system and the shifting of glucose metabolism from overactive oxidative phosphorylation, a state of minimal sugar utilization, to aerobic glycolysis, a state of high glucose utilization, for energy production. The mechanistic findings support the Hygiene Hypothesis and reveal the immune and metabolic synergy of mycobacterial reintroduction in modern humans.
Into the New Millennium and Out of the Ordinary the Development of Millennium Park

Millennium Park is Chicago's newest park and cultural arena. An entirely privately funded public space, the park is an intricate combination of art, architecture, landscape design, and performing a...
Deconstructing Batman’s Legitimacy: The Radical Political Critique of Christopher Nolan’s Batman Cycle

Nastascha (to Harvey Dent): Gotham needs heroes like you, elected officials, not a man who thinks he’s above the law. Bruce Wayne: Exactly. Who appointed the Batman? Dent: We did. All of us who stood by and let scum take control of our city. Nastascha: But this is a democracy, Harvey.
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Human Factors Engineering Analysis of Various Hatch Sizes

The NASA Docking System (NDS) is a 31.4961-inch (800 mm) diameter circular hatch for astronauts to pass through when docked to other pressurized elements in space or for entrance or egress on surface environments. The NDS is utilized on the Orion Spacecraft and has been implemented as the International Docking System Standard (IDSS). The EV74 Human Factors Engineering (HFE) Team at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) conducted human factors analyses with various hatch shapes and sizes to accommodate for all astronaut anthropometries and daily task comfort. It is believed that the hatch, approximately 32 inches, is too small, and a bigger hatch size would better accommodate most astronauts. To conduct human factors analyses, four participants were gathered based on anthropometry percentiles: 1st female, 5th female, 95th male, and 99th male.
Turnover Intention and Job Satisfaction Among the Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Assault Workforce

This study examined multi-level factors associated with turnover intention and job satisfaction among the intimate partner violence and sexual assault workforce. Researchers conducted a cross-sectional analysis with data from 530 respondents. Key measures included turnover intention, job satisfaction, burnout, secondary traumatic stress, compassion satisfaction, and areas of work-life fit. Regression analyses examined multi-level associations with turnover intention and job satisfaction. In the first model, lower satisfaction with supervision, higher burnout scores, lower salaries and identifying as African American were significantly associated with higher turnover intention. In the second model, workplace community and control, lower rates of secondary traumatic stress, and increased use of coping were associated with higher job satisfaction. Lower satisfaction with unpaid and paid leave predicted lower job satisfaction. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Dinaciclib enhances natural killer cell cytotoxicity against acute myelogenous leukemia

Key Points Dinaciclib enhances NK-cell activity against leukemia cells in preclinical AML models. Enhanced NK-cell activation by dinaciclib-treated AML is associated with downregulation of inhibitory NK ligand HLA-E on leukemia cells.
The epidemiologic characteristics and outcomes following intentional burn injury at a regional burn center.

Abstract Introduction Intentional burn injury outcomes are usually more severe, have a high mortality and are seen more often in low and middle-income countries. This study will examine the epidemiological characteristics of intentional burn injury patients and mortality outcomes at a regional Burn Center. Methods This is a retrospective study of 11,977 patients admitted to a regional Burn center from 2002 to 2015.Variables analyzed were basic demographics (sex, age, and race), total body surface area of burn (%TBSA), presence of inhalation injury, Charlson comorbidity index, intent of injury, mortality, and hospital and ICU length of stay (LOS). Chi-square tests, bivariate analysis and logistic regression models were utilized to determine the effect of burn intent on outcomes. Results Eleven thousand eight hundred and twenty-three (n = 11,823) adult and pediatric patients from 2002 to 2015 were included in the study. Three hundred and forty-eight (n = 348, 2.9%) patients had intentional burn injuries (IBI). Patients with IBI were younger, 26.5 ± 20 years compared to the non-intentional burn injury (NIBI) group (32 ± 22 years, p Conclusion We show that patients with intentional burn injuries have an associated increased %TBSA and inhalation injury without increased adjusted odds for mortality. Intentional burns increase health care expenditures. Violence prevention initiatives and access to mental health providers may be beneficial in reducing intentional burn injury burden.
Using the Marital Deduction in Settlements

This article considers a common scenario in which a surviving spouse challenges a prenuptial agreement that granted each spouse a life estate at the other’s death, and whether the resulting settlement payment by the estate can qualify for the marital deduction when structured as a statutory election. Section 2056(c) explicitly allows the marital deduction for the elective share, but the result may be the same even if the Will Contest Regulation applies. Thus, a prenuptial agreement does not necessarily prevent the marital deduction if the surviving spouse challenges the prenuptial agreement and attempts to exercise statutory rights, facilitating settlement.
Osteophyte volume calculation using dissimilarity‐excluding Procrustes registration of archived bone models from healthy volunteers

Osteophytes are associated with later stage osteoarthritis and are most commonly described using semiquantitative radiographic grading systems. A detailed understanding of osteophyte formation is, in part, limited by the ability to quantify bone pathology. Osteophytes can be quantified relative to pre-osteoarthritic bone, or to the contralateral bone if it is healthy; however, in many cases, neither are available as references. We present a method for computing three-dimensional (3D) osteophyte models using a library of healthy control bones. An existing data set containing the computed tomography scans of 90 patients with first carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (OA) and 46 healthy subjects were utilized. A healthy bone that best fit each OA subject's bone was determined using a dissimilarity-excluding Procrustes registration technique (DEP) that minimized the influence of dissimilar features (ie, osteophytes). The osteophyte model was then computed through Boolean subtraction of the reference bone model from the OA bone model. DEP reference bones conformed significantly better to the OA bones (P < .0001) than by finite difference iterative closest point registration (root mean squared distances, 0.33 ± 0.05 and 0.41 ± 0.16 mm, respectively). The effect of library size on dissimilarity measure was investigated by leave-k-out cross-validation randomly reducing k from 46 to 1. A library of n ≥ 31 resulted in less than 10% difference from the theoretical minimum value. The proposed method enables quantification of osteophytes when the disease-free bone or the healthy contralateral bone is not available for any 3D data set. Quantifying osteophyte formation and growth may aid in understating the associated mechanisms in OA.
The treatment of the Neumann boundary conditions for a new numerical approach to the solution of PDEs with optimal accuracy on irregular domains and Cartesian meshes

Abstract Recently we have developed a new 3-D numerical approach for the time dependent wave and heat equations as well as for the time independent Poisson equation on irregular domains with the Dirichlet boundary conditions. Its extension to the Neumann boundary conditions that was a big issue due to the presence of normal derivatives along irregular boundaries is considered in this paper. Trivial Cartesian meshes and simple 27-point uniform and nonuniform stencil equations are used with the new approach for 3-D irregular domains. The Neumann boundary conditions are introduced as the known right-hand side into the stencil and do not change the width of the stencil. The calculation of the coefficients of the stencil equations is based on the minimization of the local truncation error of the stencil equations and yields the optimal order of accuracy of the new technique. Very small distances ( 0 . 1 h − 1 0 − 9 h where h is the grid size) between the grid points of a Cartesian mesh and the boundary do not worsen the accuracy of the new technique. At similar 27-point stencils, the accuracy of the new approach is much higher than that for the linear finite elements. The numerical results for irregular domains show that at the same number of degrees of freedom, the new approach is even much more accurate than the high-order (up to the fourth order) tetrahedral finite elements with much wider stencils. The wave and heat equations can be uniformly treated with the new approach. The order of the time derivative in these equations does not affect the coefficients of the stencil equations of the semi-discrete systems. The new approach can be directly applied to other partial differential equations.
The Curse of Bigness: New Deal Supplement

This is a supplement to the book "The Curse of Bigness: Antitrust in the New Gilded Age." It covers the years between 1920-1945, with a focus on the New Deal, and represents material left out of the original book. It is meant to be read together with the larger volume, but can also be read separately.
Effects of Phase Change Material on Solar Panel Power Output

This report outlines a cost-effective, self-sustaining, and environmentally responsible solution of passive cooling technologies in conjunction with a photovoltaic solar panel system to improve power output in response to Task 1 for the WERC Environmental Design Contest. PCMs have been used in many different practices to modulate temperatures both hot and cold. The PCM utilized is the proprietary PureTemp© 37X, with a phase change that occurs at 37°C. This was hypothesized to keep the solar panel at or below the nominal operating temperature of 45°C and improve efficiency. Testing showed that overall efficiency was improved with the addition of PureTemp© 37X to the rear side of the solar panel. The largest average improvement in power output when compared to the control was 2.9% at the maximum thickness (5.5cm), while the thinnest box (2.5 cm) had an average power output improvement of 0.79%. Assuming all the energy from the surface of the solar panels entered the PCM, with standard conditions of 21.5°C, 3.79 m/s wind speed, solar irradiance of 5890 W-hr/m2, the solar panel would remain below the nominal operating temperature for approximately 3 to 4 hours. Cost analysis based on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Utility PV 2018 Cost Model predicts that PV panels must have an efficiency increase of 14.9% with PCM attachment, compared to a control panel, to be financially reasonable.
Convective heat and mass transfer

This book was developed during Professor Ghiaasiaan's twelve years of teaching a graduate-level course on convection heat and mass transfer. It is ideal for a graduate course covering the theory and practice of convection heat and mass transfer. The book treats well-established theory and practice but is also enriched by its coverage of modern areas such as flow in microchannels, computational fluid dynamics-based design and analysis methods. It is primarily concerned with convection heat transfer, with the essentials of mass transfer also covered. The mass transfer material and problems are presented in such a way that they can be skipped if not required. The book is richly enhanced by examples and end-of-chapter exercises. A complete solutions manual is available to qualified instructors. The book includes eighteen appendices providing compilations of most essential property and mathematical information for analysis of convective heat and mass transfer processes.
Plantation slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate: a historical and comparative study

The Sokoto Caliphate was an expansionist state located in present-day northern Nigeria and Niger, founded through Islamic jihad in the early nineteenth century and conquered by British colonial for...
Orientation-Matched Multiple Modeling for RSSI-based Indoor Localization via BLE Sensors

Internet of Things (IoT) has penetrated different aspects of our modern life where smart sensors enabled with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are deployed increasingly within our surrounding indoor environments. BLE-based localization is, typically, performed based on Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), which suffers from different drawbacks due to its significant fluctuations. In this paper, we focus on a multiplemodel estimation framework for analyzing and addressing effects of orientation of a BLE-enabled device on indoor localization accuracy. The fusion unit of the proposed method would merge orientation estimated by RSSI values and heading estimated by Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors to gain higher accuracy in orientation classification. In contrary to existing RSSIbased solutions that use a single path-loss model, the proposed framework consists of eight orientation-matched path loss models coupled with a multi-sensor and data-driven classification model that estimates the orientation of a hand-held device with high accuracy of 99%. By estimating the orientation, we could mitigate the effect of orientation on the RSSI values and consequently improve RSSI-based distance estimates. In particular, the proposed data-driven and multiple-model framework is constructed based on over 10 million RSSI values and IMU sensor data collected via an implemented LBS platform.
Association of Patients' Familiarity and Perceptions of Efficacy and Risks With the Use of Opioid Medications in the Management of Osteoarthritis.

Objective While opioids are known to cause unintended adverse effects, they are being utilized by a number of patients with osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of patient familiarity and perceptions regarding efficacy and risks with opioid medication use for OA. Methods A total of 362 adults with knee and/or hip OA were surveyed in this cross-sectional study. Patients’ familiarity with and perceptions of benefits/risks of opioid medications were measured to evaluate potential associations with the utilization of opioid medications for OA within the last 6 months. Logistic regression models were adjusted for sociodemographic and clinical variables. Results In this sample, 28.7% (100/349) reported use of an opioid medication for OA-related symptoms in the last 6 months. Those who were on an opioid medication, compared to those who were not, were younger (mean age 62.5 vs 64.8 yrs), were more likely to have a high school education or lower (48.0% vs 35.3%), and had higher mean depression (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]-8 7.2 vs 4.9) and OA-related pain (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index [WOMAC] 54.8 vs 46.8) scores. After adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical variables, the following were associated with opioid medication use: higher perception of medication benefit (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.18–2.41), lower perception of medication risk (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.51–0.88), and having family or friends who received the medication for OA (OR 3.88, 95% CI 1.88–8.02). Conclusion Among adults with knee/hip OA, opioid use was associated with being familiar with the treatment, as well as believing that the medication was beneficial and low-risk.
The Natural History of Vestibular Schwannoma and When to Intervene

To review and summarize current updates in the epidemiology, natural history, and treatment strategies of vestibular schwannoma (VS). The incidence of VS has increased in recent decades, which may be due in part to improved detection but may also be an actual biological shift. Based on our improving understanding of VS’s natural history, treatment strategy has shifted toward primary observation. Based on several large studies, we can predict which VS are at the greatest risk of growth and which patients are at risk of losing serviceable hearing. Measurement of tumor volume is a new tool that is more sensitive than linear axial measurements, although the clinical implications are still under investigation. Advances in our understanding of VS’s natural history improve our ability to counsel patients on when to pursue intervention and which modality is most appropriate on an individual basis.
Mitochondria orchestrate T cell fate and function.

An investigation of the molecular processes of mitochondrial reprogramming and metabolic stress in antigen-experienced T cells within tumor microenvironments reveals mechanisms responsible for T cell exhaustion and dysfunction and facilitates the development of new strategies for tumor immunotherapy.