cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water-Lean Solvents for Post-Combustion CO2 Capture: Fundamentals, Uncertainties, Opportunities, and Outlook

This review is designed to foster the discussion regarding the viability of postcombustion CO2 capture by water-lean solvents, by separating fact from fiction for both skeptics and advocates. We highlight the unique physical and thermodynamic properties of notable water-lean solvents, with a discussion of how such properties could translate to efficiency gains compared to aqueous amines. The scope of this review ranges from the purely fundamental molecular-level processes that govern solvent behavior to bench-scale testing, through process engineering and projections of process performance and cost. Key discussions of higher than expected CO2 mass transfer, water tolerance, and compatibility with current infrastructure are presented along with current limitations and suggested areas where further solvent development is needed. We conclude with an outlook of the status of the field and assess the viability of water-lean solvents for postcombustion CO2 capture.
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Hürthle Cell Thyroid Cancer

Hurthle cell carcinoma is a rare thyroid malignancy of follicular cell origin with variable classification, behavior, and prognosis, although it is similar to follicular thyroid carcinoma when adjusted for disease stage. Risk factors include a personal history of radiation exposure, a family history of thyroid cancer, iodine excess, and female sex. Although Hurthle cells are often found in a variety of benign thyroid conditions, Hurthle cell carcinoma is defined by a 75% or greater proportion of Hurthle cells with evidence of capsular and/or vascular invasion on surgical pathology. Hurthle cell carcinoma has a unique molecular and genetic profile compared to papillary and follicular thyroid cancer; mutations in mitochondrial DNA and upregulation of PIK3CA-Akt-mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways are commonly seen, while mutations usually seen in papillary and follicular thyroid carcinomas are rarely identified. Most patients present with a solitary painless thyroid nodule, although Hurthle cell carcinoma is more likely to be multifocal and have regional and distant metastases at diagnosis. The workup of thyroid nodules includes history-taking, physical examination, measurement of serum TSH, and diagnostic thyroid ultrasonography with fine needle aspiration biopsy of suspicious nodules. Although fine needle aspiration can raise suspicion for Hurthle cell carcinoma, surgical pathology is required to establish the diagnosis. Molecular diagnostic testing with gene expression classifiers and oncogene mutational analysis are not yet able to distinguish benign from malignant Hurthle cell lesions. Hemithyroidectomy is the surgical procedure of choice unless the lesion is large, or contralateral disease is suspected, in which case preoperative ultrasound, CT, and MRI and a total thyroidectomy should be considered.
Fluorescence Techniques for the Study of Biological Motion

A variety of fluorescence techniques for the study of biological motion are described and discussed. We consider three basic strategies: time-resolved emission, fluorescence photobleaching, and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In the first of these, the sample is excited with pulses of light short compared to the excited singlet-state lifetime. Molecular motions over the time-scale of the excited state lifetime are characterized through their effects on the observed time-resolved fluorescence emission. In the fluorescence photobleaching technique, intense photobleaching pulses, short compared to the time-scale of the motion under study (but very long compared to the excited singlet-state lifetime), are used to selectively deplete the ground-state population. Molecular motions over times long compared to the excited singlet-state lifetime are characterized by measuring the “recovery” of fluorescence after photobleaching monitored with an attenuated CW light source. In fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, in contrast, the sample is illuminated only with the CW monitoring beam. Molecular motions over times long compared to the excited-state lifetime are characterized through calculations of the correlation function of the spontaneous, stochastic fluorescence intensity fluctuations about the ensemble average.
No Oxygen? No Glucose? No Problem: Fatty Acid Catabolism Enhances Effector CD8+ TILs.

The tumor microenvironment presents metabolic constraints to immunosurveiling cells. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Zhang et al. demonstrate that CD8+ TILs reprogram under hypoxic and hypoglycemic conditions, regaining effector function by engaging fatty acid catabolism, which is promoted by fenofibrate and synergistic with immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
The Problem Of Managing Under Moral Uncertainty: An Expected Moral Value Approach

Managers or businesspeople often make decisions in the face of moral uncertainty. Roughly, a CEO or a manager is morally uncertain when she has access to all (or most) of the relevant empirical fac...
Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer

Abstract Patents and licensing play a critical role in the process of converting scientific discoveries into products capable of having tangible, measurable effects on public health. Scientists and physicians engaged in research have many reasons for learning the basic principles and procedures of patenting and licensing. Part One of this chapter discusses the fundamentals of patents and the process for securing a patent. Part Two of the chapter discusses patents in the context of federal technology transfer, including how federal funding agreements affect patent rights, and how federal agencies (particularly the National Institutes of Health) patent and license their own inventions. Part Three discusses transactional agreements other than patent licenses.
Mood Disorders and Symptoms in Girls

Women are two to three times more likely to experience unipolar depressive disorders as seen in both community-based and clinically referred samples (Kessler, McGonagle, Swartz, Blazer, & Nelson, 1993; Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Weissman & Klerman, 1978; Weissman, Leaf, Bruce, & Florio, 1988). This is true whether depression is diagnosed as a (mood) disorder or measured along a continuum of symptom severity. Knowledge of factors that alter the course of depression can help improve both prevention and treatment efforts. Early intervention is important given the negative developmental trajectory for depression in childhood and adolescence (Harrington, Fudge, Rutter, Pickles, & Hill, 1990). In this chapter we examine the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of girls’ depression during childhood and in adolescence. Both diagnostic and dimensional assessments of depression are considered in an effort to understand the processes by which girls become progressively and disproportionately more afflicted than males over time. Most of the relevant research has been conducted with adolescents, since this is when the differential rates of depression begin to approximate those of men and women. However, a developmental psychopathology perspective dictates the need to examine infancy, early and middle childhood. Processes that come into play earlier in development could create vulnerability to girls’ later high rates depression as well as early signs of depressive symptoms that go unnoticed at the time. Most theories of depression have been developed to explain the origins for all individuals affected, not just females. Some theories, however, do
Cryolipolysis for the treatment of submental fat: Review of the literature.

Background Submental fat accumulation is a common cosmetic concern. Cryolipolysis utilizes noninvasive cooling to lyse adipocytes. A cryolipolysis device was recently approved for treatment of submental fat. Objective This manuscript provides a review of the preclinical work and clinical trials related to cryolipolysis for the treatment of submental fat. Settings, efficacy, and side effects are also discussed. Materials and methods A literature search was performed through Pubmed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CINAHL, using the search terms "cryolipolysis," "submental," and "paradoxical adipose hyperplasia". Additional sources from the original source bibliographies were used to further supplement this review. Results There are 4 clinical trials and one case series (total 101 patients) that evaluated the use of cryolipolysis for treatment of submental fat. In these studies, there was a statistically significant reduction in submental fat and patients expressed high satisfaction with the treatment. Adverse effects were mild and transient. Conclusions Cryolipolysis is a noninvasive cooling technique that is safe and effective for treatment of submental fat. To date, there are no reports of marginal mandibular nerve injury or paradoxical adipose hyperplasia following treatment with this device.
Advances in Understanding of Cotton Fiber Cell Differentiation and Elongation

Cotton is the major renewable source of fibers used worldwide in the textile industry. The basic understanding of cotton fiber development is still in its infancy; however, in recent years new information about genes controlling cotton fiber development have become available. This chapter provides an update on the current understanding of cotton fiber differentiation and elongation. Earlier genetic studies of fiber mutants are described here that identified genetic loci involved in the fuzz fiber development and suggested that fuzz and lint fiber share common regulators since interactions of fuzzless loci produce a fibreless seed phenotype. Recent discoveries of the causative mutations for N1 and Xu142fl mutant lines established a central role of MIXTA MYB transcription factors in fuzz and lint fiber development. A preliminary model of early cotton fiber development has been proposed, and a network of interactions between transcription factors are discussed in this chapter.
Manipulating Context Dependence Changes Susceptibility to the Social Eating Environment: An Abstract

In order to combat rising rates of obesity, researchers from a variety of disciplines seek to understand its underlying causes. This research suggests that an interaction—between a cognitive style, context dependence, and the eating environment—may be a powerful influence on eating behaviors. Context dependence is the capacity of an individual to overcome embedding contexts in perception (Witkin et al. 1954) which may make some consumers more susceptible to environmental cues and therefore less able to capitalize on their dietary restraint motivation. This may lead to discouraging outcomes, increased self-blame, and ultimately diet dropout.
Acoustical regularities in infant-directed vocalizations worldwide

Adults often differentiate their song and speech between infants and other adults. Why? Is this a product of just some cultures or does it reflect a universal part of human vocal communication and human cognition? On the latter hypothesis, infant directed-song might regularly exhibit certain features across cultures, including high redundancy and repetition, high signal-to-noise ratios, and superb vowel prolongation and stability compared to adult-directed song. We built a corpus of 1614 recordings of infant- and adult-directed singing and speech produced by 411 people living in 20 societies, including hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers. Each participant provided examples of each of the four vocalization types. Using exploratory and confirmatory analyses, we show that the acoustical features of infant-directed song and speech are universally distinct from adult-directed song and speech, especially in terms of the phonetic space of their formants, their general rhythmic structure, and their pitch range attributes.Adults often differentiate their song and speech between infants and other adults. Why? Is this a product of just some cultures or does it reflect a universal part of human vocal communication and human cognition? On the latter hypothesis, infant directed-song might regularly exhibit certain features across cultures, including high redundancy and repetition, high signal-to-noise ratios, and superb vowel prolongation and stability compared to adult-directed song. We built a corpus of 1614 recordings of infant- and adult-directed singing and speech produced by 411 people living in 20 societies, including hunter-gatherers and subsistence farmers. Each participant provided examples of each of the four vocalization types. Using exploratory and confirmatory analyses, we show that the acoustical features of infant-directed song and speech are universally distinct from adult-directed song and speech, especially in terms of the phonetic space of their formants, their general rhythmic structure, and their pitch ran...
Bridging the gap between professional development and mentoring in nursing

Problem: Professional development and mentoring future nurse leaders are essential to succession planning in healthcare. Healthy work environments recognize the importance of nurses’ professional development, career satisfaction, and the need for nurses to continue to grow in practice while providing quality patient care (Price & Reichert, 2017). Mentoring plays a critical role in establishing the foundation for success and ongoing career development. In addition, patients also benefit from mentoring because nurses obtain the knowledge, skills and experience that will yield to effective nursing care providers. Aim: The purpose of this project is to provide a resource and educate undergraduate nursing students on how to advance and transition professionally in nursing, by utilizing The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition (DMSA). The DMSA model has frequently been applied to other disciplines such as administration, education, and research (Pena, 2010). The theory focuses on assessing nursing needs at different professional growth levels through various stages of the DMSA model (Nursing Theory, 2018). Mentorship and professional development tools will empower undergraduate nursing students to increase confidence levels, and also facilitate the proper skills to function as a prudent nurse. Methodology: An educational session was planned for the Carbaret College of Nursing in Haiti. A self-assessment was to be administered at the beginning of the session to evaluate knowledge of professional development. The course facilitators were to provide a thorough overview of professional development, mentorship, and career development pathways. The facilitators were to elicit responses for audience participation to inquire about interest and professional development goals. Evaluation: Concluding the presentation, the project participants were to be given an opportunity to ask questions and complete a post assessment survey. Students would be encouraged to seek mentoring opportunities as they progress in their professional careers and given tools for future resources.
On the identification of the elastic properties of composites by ultrasonic guided waves and optimization algorithm

Abstract This paper examines the potential of ultrasonic guided waves to identify the elastic properties of fiber-reinforced composite laminates widely used in light-weight structures. Due to variability in manufacturing processes, complexities involved in the constituent materials, or degradation in service, a non-destructive tool for the characterization of the composite’s properties can be extremely useful. A common assumption is the necessity for multiple wave propagation directions to fully characterize the properties. This paper examines the potential for property characterization by a single wave propagation direction. It proposes a property inversion scheme based on matching phase velocity dispersion curves of relevant guided modes by means of a Simulated Annealing optimization algorithm and a Semi-Analytical Finite Element method to solve the forward problem. Proof-of-principle numerical studies are presented to demonstrate the potential of each selected wave mode to provide identification of several properties, including the lamina elastic constants and the laminate effective constants. It is shown that the complex stress and strain profiles generated by the waves, aided by the anisotropy of the composite, create interesting “coupling” effects that ultimately enable accurate identification of several elastic properties away from the wave propagation direction.
Directional deep brain stimulation leads reveal spatially distinct oscillatory activity in the globus pallidus internus of Parkinson's disease patients.

Abstract The goal of this study was to characterize the spectral characteristics and spatial topography of local field potential (LFP) activity in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) in patients with Parkinson's disease utilizing directional (segmented) deep brain stimulation (dDBS) leads. Data were collected from externalized dDBS leads of three patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease after overnight withdrawal of parkinsonian medication at rest and during a cued reach-to-target task. Oscillatory activity across lead contacts/segments was examined in the context of lead locations and contact orientations determined using co-registered preoperative 7 Tesla (T) MRI and postoperative CT scans. Each of the three patients displayed a unique frequency spectrum of oscillatory activity in the pallidum, with prominent peaks ranging from 5 to 35 Hz, that modulated variably across subjects during volitional movement. Despite subject-specific spectral profiles, a consistent finding across patients was that oscillatory power was strongest and had the largest magnitude of modulation during movement in LFPs recorded from segments facing the postero-lateral “sensorimotor” region of GPi, whereas antero-medially-directed segmented contacts facing the internal capsule and/or anterior GPi, had relatively weaker LFP power and less modulation in the 5 to 35 Hz. In each subject, contact configurations chosen for clinically therapeutic stimulation (following data collection and blinded to physiology recordings), were in concordance with the contact pairs showing the largest amplitude of LFP oscillations in the 5–35 Hz range. Although limited to three subjects, these findings provide support for the hypothesis that the sensorimotor territory of the GPi corresponds to the site of maximal power of oscillatory activity in the 5 to 35 Hz and provides the greatest benefit in motor signs during stimulation in the GPi. Variability in oscillatory activity across patients is likely related to Parkinson's disease phenotype as well as small differences in recording location (i.e. lead location), highlighting the importance of lead location for optimizing stimulation efficacy. These data also provide compelling evidence for the use of LFP activity for the development of predictive stimulation models that may optimize patient benefits while reducing clinic time needed for programming.
Values and Ecosystem Services Provided by Gainesville's Urban Forest in 2016

The urban forest is a crucial factor in the well-being of a community because of the aesthetics, health benefits, and cost-savings that it provides. The urban forest is our habitat, and we must manage it in ways that will provide the benefits we need and desire. This 3-page fact sheet written by Michael G. Andreu, Caroline A. Hament, David A. Fox, and Robert J. Northrop and published by the UF/IFAS School of Forest Resources and Conservation describes an urban forest ecological analysis conducted in 2016 in Gainesville, Florida, by the University of Florida in partnership with the Parks, Recreation, and Cultural Affairs Department to quantify the vegetation structure, functions, and values of the urban forest. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fr414
Bitcoin -- The Miner's Dilemma

An open distributed system can be secured by requiring participants to present proof of work and rewarding them for participation. The Bitcoin digital currency introduced this mechanism, which is adopted by almost all contemporary digital currencies and related services.A natural process leads participants of such systems to form pools, where members aggregate their power and share the rewards. Experience with Bitcoin shows that the largest pools are often open, allowing anyone to join. It has long been known that a member can sabotage an open pool by seemingly joining it but never sharing its proofs of work. The pool shares its revenue with the attacker, and so each of its participants earns less.We define and analyze a game where pools use some of their participants to infiltrate other pools and perform such an attack. With any number of pools, no-pool-attacks is not a Nash equilibrium. We study the special cases where either two pools or any number of identical pools play the game and the rest of the participants are uninvolved. In both of these cases there exists an equilibrium that constitutes a “tragedy of the commons” where the participating pools attack one another and earn less than they would have if none had attacked.For two pools, the decision whether or not to attack is the miner’s dilemma, an instance of the iterative prisoner’s dilemma. The game is played daily by the active Bitcoin pools, which apparently choose not to attack. If this balance breaks, the revenue of open pools might diminish, making them unattractive to participants.
Theoretical rovibrational characterization of HAlNP: Weak bonding but strong intensities

Abstract In the search for interstellar molecules containing at least one Al H bond, HAlNP may be a viable candidate for potential observation. The present high-level quantum chemical analysis shows that the 1 1 A ′ and 1 3 A ″ states of HAlNP are nearly degenerate (differ by ~ 20 cm−1). Additionally, this molecular connectivity is preferred over the resulting van der Waals AlH ⋯ PN isomer by 17.31 kcal/mol and has exceptionally bright itensities for fundamental infrared frequencies at 1763.2 cm−1 and 1261.6 cm−1 for the singlet as well as 1813.1 cm−1 and 1296.2 cm−1 in the triplet. These sets both fall in regions perceived to be dominated by hydrocarbon emissions, but the notable strengths of these infrared signals imply that this molecule or other third-row atom containing species cannot be fully neglected for inclusion as potential, astronomical, spectral carriers. 1 1 A ′ HAlNP also possesses a 0.95 D dipole moment and near-prolate behavior with a trusted CcCR B eff of 3066.2 MHz. The 1 3 A ″ state of HAlNP has a smaller dipole moment at 0.46 D and a slightly smaller B eff of 3056.8 MHz. Finally, the 1 1 A ′ state vibrational frequencies computed via two different coupled cluster approaches (CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 and CcCR) agree to, typically, within 2.5 cm−1 of one another giving future promise for the former’s use in larger molecules where CcCR is intractable.
Boundary layer water vapour statistics from high-spatial-resolution spaceborne imaging spectroscopy

Abstract. Daytime clear-sky total column water vapour (TCWV) is commonly retrieved from visible and shortwave infrared reflectance (VSWIR) measurements, and modern missions such as the upcoming Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) offer unprecedented horizontal resolution of order 30–80 m. We provide evidence that for convective planetary boundary layers (PBLs), spatial variability in TCWV corresponds to variability in PBL water vapour. Using an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) applied to large eddy simulation (LES) output, we show that EMIT can retrieve horizontal variability in PBL water vapour, provided that the domain surface is uniformly composed of either vegetated surfaces or mineral surfaces. Random retrieval errors are easily quantified and removed, but biases from −7 % to +34 % remain in retrieved spatial standard deviation and are primarily related to the retrieval's assumed atmospheric profiles. Future retrieval development could greatly mitigate these errors. Finally, we account for changing solar zenith angle (SZA) from 15 to 60 ∘ and show that the non-vertical solar path destroys the correspondence between footprint-retrieved TCWV and the true TCWV directly above that footprint. Even at the 250 m horizontal resolution regularly obtained by current sensors, the derived maps correspond poorly to true TCWV at the pixel scale, with r2 at SZA = 30 ∘ . However, the derived histograms of TCWV in an area are closely related to the true histograms of TCWV at the nominal footprint resolution. Upcoming VSWIR instruments, primarily targeting surface properties, can therefore offer new information on PBL water vapour spatial statistics to the atmospheric community.
A structural perspective on targeting the RTK/Ras/MAP kinase pathway in cancer

Precision oncology is premised on identifying and drugging proteins and pathways that drive tumorigenesis or are required for survival of tumor cells. Across diverse cancer types, the signaling pathway emanating from receptor tyrosine kinases on the cell surface to RAS and the MAP kinase pathway is the most frequent target of oncogenic mutations, and key proteins in this signaling axis including EGFR, SHP2, RAS, BRAF, and MEK have long been a focus in cancer drug discovery. In this review, we provide an overview of historical and recent efforts to develop inhibitors targeting these nodes with an emphasis on the role that an understanding of protein structure and regulation has played in inhibitor discovery and characterization. Beyond its well-established role in structure-based drug design, structural biology has revealed mechanisms of allosteric regulation, distinct effects of activating oncogenic mutations, and other vulnerabilities that have opened new avenues in precision cancer drug discovery.
End-Starting the Innovation Process: How Organizations Redesigned Their Innovation Process in the COVID-19 Pandemic

This paper describes how organizations innovated in response to the global ventilator shortage problem during the COVID-19 pandemic. The innovative performance of few expert organizations had fallen short and an accelerated development and execution of new ventilators was critical. In this context, we explored how organizations’ redesigned their innovation processes to address this challenge. In this comparative case study, we describe how three organizations “end-started” the innovation process, bringing forward and infusing execution elements with those of ideation at the very start of the innovation process in order to accelerate it. Prior literature has documented the challenges of transition between the “start” of the innovation process as idea generation and the “end” as execution, as the two phases are almost contradicting in nature. however, times of crisis create new conditions and in response, new processes. In this study, we observed a new process that organizations used to expedite the overall innovation process and helped to surpass the transitional challenges. We propose that end-starting the innovation process is important beyond times of crisis, as it can help to overcome the execution barriers of new product development and enable process acceleration. This study makes contributions to the literature on innovation, creativity, and temporality.
A molecular dynamics study of collisional heat transfer to nanoclusters in the gas phase

Abstract Nanoclusters in the gas phase grow by condensation and coagulation, which heat up nanoclusters, creating thermal non-equilibrium with the surrounding gas. The extent of non-equilibrium for nanoclusters is dependent upon the rate of heating relative to the rate of cooling brought about by nanocluster-gas molecule collisions, hence the latter process plays an important role in nanocluster energy evolution during growth. We apply molecular dynamics simulations to investigate heat transfer between metal nanoclusters and gas molecules relevant to high temperature aerosol systems. In analysis, we first define a thermal reemission coefficient (TRC), which is a correction factor for the portion of energy possessed by reemitted gas molecules after collision. The TRC differs from the thermal accommodation coefficient (TAC), which is a correction factor for the maximum possible energy transfer rate from nanoclusters to gas molecules based on the diffusive collision model. We find the TRC is insensitive to nanocluster size but is affected by the nanocluster to gas temperature ratio and the nanocluster to gas atomic mass ratio. Comparison to the traditionally-defined TAC shows that the TAC is insensitive to temperature, a phenomenon that has been widely indicated in literature but not quantitatively explained. We show how the temperature insensitivity of the TAC arises because of the manner in which TRCs vary with both nanocluster and gas temperature, i.e. the manner in which the reemitted gas molecule energy from a surface varies with the temperature of that surface relative to that of the gas. In addition, while calculations ultimately reveal temperature insensitive TACs and justify their continued use in modeling gas-phase heat transfer, we argue that the TRC is more appropriate to calculate a priori in analyzing simulations; it is physically more realistic to first introduce a correction factor solely for the energy of reemitted gas molecules after a collision (as TRCs) instead of a correction factor applying to both the reemission energy and the initial energy (as TACs), as the latter is exactly calculable and independent of nanocluster properties. In line with prior work, for monoatomic gases we find the TAC decreases as the nanocluster to gas atomic mass increases, approaching 0.08 for gold nanoclusters in helium.
God is Dead: The Destruction of Onto-Theo-Logy

If we are to understand Heidegger’s sigificance for religious thinking and explore whatever religious dimension there is in his thinking, we must first consider what animates his thinking; we need to find out what matters to Heidegger, i.e., what is the matter [Sache] of thinking for him. Heidegger tells us the matter on the very first page of his epoch-making Sein und Zeit: what matters for him and concerns his thinking is what he would later call the oblivion [Vergessenheit] of being, i.e., that the question of the meaning of being, of what it means to be, has been forgotten. We no longer ask about being, or understand what it would be to ask such a question, though this question enlivened the thinking of Plato and Aristotle and thereby provided the impetus for the whole of Western thinking. In the trivialization and forgetfulness of such a momentous questioning, Heidegger senses a darkening of our world, a creeping destitution and nihilism that pervades our thinking and thus lays claim to his thinking as what he has to think about. In this sense of foreboding Heidegger finds two kindred spirits in the most recent history of the West — Friedrich Nietzsche, and Friedrich Holderlin.
Fluoroelastomer and Perfluoroelastomer Compatibility With Advanced Gas Turbine Lubricants

The progression of gas turbine engine design encompasses a relentless drive towards more powerful, higher thrust, lighter weight, fuel efficient engines, with accompanying reductions in noise and emissions, as well as better reliability, operating safety and longer time on wing. These trends converge to push engine thermodynamics to their limits, invariably culminating in higher operating temperatures. As a result, engine builders have adopted advanced lubricants with higher thermo-oxidative stability (HTS), in order to achieve long life engine performance. These HTS oils are proving to be significantly more aggressive towards standard fluoroelastomers. As a result, there is a gradual migration to specialty grades that offer significantly improved compatibility with HTS oils. As temperatures have escalated, higher performance perfluoroelastomers have found greater use in aircraft engines. Selection and adoption is primarily a result of their ability to deliver outstanding seal performance in hot air and lube oils. In this presentation the compatibility of selected fluoroelastomers and perfluoroelastomers with commercial gas turbine engine lubricants will be discussed. Fluoroelastomers that have historically been used will be compared to several new specialty types that display improved resistance to HTS oils. In addition, several perfluoroelastomers demonstrating superior compatibility to HTS turbine oils will be reviewed. Testing will characterize physical properties and property retention in lube oil through 2000 hours at 200°C and 232°C. Properties relevant to sealing applications will be discussed and best in class for each type of material will highlighted. In gaining a better understanding of the respective capabilities of these high performance fluorinated elastomers, the engineer may design more robust sealing systems.
Metallurgical aspects of reliability for small nitrided parts.

Metallurgical aspects of reliability for small nitrided components in spacecraft drive systems
Functional Neuroanatomy of Anxiety: A Neural Circuit Perspective

Anxiety is a commonly experienced subjective state that can have both adaptive and maladaptive properties. Clinical disorders of anxiety are likewise also common, and range widely in their symptomatology and consequences for the individual. Cognitive neuroscience has provided an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the processes underlying normal human emotion, and its disruption or dysregulation in clinical anxiety disorders. In this chapter, I review functional neuroimaging studies of emotion in healthy and anxiety-disordered populations. A limbic-medial prefrontal circuit is emphasized and an information processing model is proposed for the processing of negative emotion. Data on negative emotion processing in a variety of anxiety disorders are presented and integrated within an understanding of the functions of elements within the limbic-medial prefrontal circuit. These data suggest that anxiety disorders may be usefully conceptualized as differentially affecting emotional reactivity and regulatory processes – functions that involve different neurobiological mechanisms. While the neural bases of several anxiety disorders are increasingly better understood, advances have lagged significantly behind in others. Nonetheless, the conceptual framework provided by convergent findings in studies of emotional processing in normative and anxiety-disordered populations promises to yield continued insights and nuances, and will likely provide useful information in the search for etiology and novel treatments.
The Effect of Plea Bargaining Vs. Trial Conviction on the Sentencing of Offenders Charged with a Drug Offense in Cook County, Illinois

Traditional wisdom suggests those who lose at trial for a criminal charge receive a heftier prison sentence than those who plea-bargain. Plea-bargaining reduces strain on the courts, expedites adjudication and may indicate the defendant’s propensity for rehabilitation as they accept responsibility for their actions. Some ask why two people charged with the same crime should receive different sentences based on the adjudication method. The Constitution guarantees the right to a jury trial. Innocent defendants may decide to plead guilty for a sure short sentence rather than risk a trial conviction’s lengthier one. This study using statistical procedures examined 12,786 adjudicated drug crime cases between 2004 and 2007 from the Cook County Circuit Court in Illinois. It sought to determine if adjudication method, plea-bargain vs. trial conviction, predicted prison sentence while controlling for independent variables such as ethnicity, gender, statute violated, offense seriousness, quantity and interaction effects.
Conformally invariant Monge-Ampère equations: Global solutions

In this paper we will examine a class of fully nonlinear partial differential equations which are invariant under the conformal group SO(n + 1, 1). These equations are elliptic and variational. Using this structure and the conformal invariance, we will prove a global uniqueness theorem for solutions in Rn with a quadratic growth condition at infinity.
Weight and value in an information integration model: subjective rating of job applicants☆

Abstract A linear judgment model incorporating both relative weights and subjective values of information was investigated in a task in which subjects rated the quality of hypothetical job applicants on the basis of length of work experience, score on an aptitude and skills test, and interview rating. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that a linear model adequately described the data and that information concerning test score had the greatest effect. Experiments 2 and 3 employed a design which in conjunction with an information integration model allowed for the estimation of subjective scales for the three types of information and weights reflecting the degree of importance of each type of information. In Experiment 3 both the weights and the scales for the information varied as a function of an occupation title supplied to subjects as a context variable.
An investigation of the endowment effect in the context of a college housing lottery

Abstract The endowment effect was examined in a two-part study in the context of a college housing lottery. Students who were awarded their first choice of residence hall were asked the lowest dollar amount they would be willing to accept (WTA) to give up their first choice hall whereas students who were denied their first choice were asked the highest dollar amount they would be willing to pay (WTP) to obtain their first choice. Results from the initial assessment showed the presence of the endowment effect regarding students’ valuation of their first choice residence hall immediately after the housing lottery (i.e., WTA price was significantly higher than WTP price). The follow-up surveyed participants from the initial assessment who responded when contacted a second time after they had experienced two months of life in the residence hall they were awarded in the lottery. Results from the follow-up showed that the endowment effect was still present after experiencing life in the residence hall. Moreover, further analyses revealed that the endowment effect was, in fact, enhanced after the living experience. These findings demonstrate that within the context of a housing lottery, a highly-valued commodity, long-term experiences substantially increase the magnitude of the endowment effect, even when controlling for other factors that have been shown to impact this effect.
Having the courage to be competent: persons and families living with aphasia.

Abstract This paper provides examples and illustrations of how aphasic people can and do demonstrate their competence in managing their lives despite chronic aphasia. It discusses a number of ways in which aphasic persons and their families can learn to live fully despite the intrusion of aphasia. Educational objectives: After reading this paper, participants should (1) have a more fully developed appreciation of what it means to live courageously with aphasia, (2) recognize the importance of developing a lifespan perspective following the onset of aphasia, and (3) better understand competence in aphasia.
Influence of photosynthetic photon flux densities before and during long‐term chilling on xanthophyll cycle and chlorophyll fluorescence quenching in leaves of tomato (Lycopersicon hirsutum)

A high-altitude ecotype of tomato (Lycopersicon hirsutum f. typicum Humb. and Bonpl.) has previously been shown to resist further loss of photosynthetic function after three to four days of chilling stress. This study examined the influence of PPFD prior to, and during chilling on the development of protective zeaxanthin and energy-dependent quenching mechanisms in this ecotype. Five-week-old tomato plants were acclimated to either low PPFD (60 μmol m -2 s -1 ) or high PPFD (550 μmol m -2 s -1 ) at 25/20°C (day/night) for three days, and then exposed to a temperature of 5/5°C and a PPFD of either 60 or 550 μmol m -2 s -1 for three days. The plants acclimated to low PPFD had lower Chl a/b ratio, and lower level of total Chl per leaf area, total xanthophyll cycle pool and β-carotene. The capacity of their photosynthetic system to resist photoinhibition and to recover photosynthetic function was also lower compared to that of the plants acclimated at high PPFD but exposed to the same chilling stress. In the plants chilled at low PPFD, energy-dependent quenching preceded the formation of zeaxanthin on the first day of chilling and there was an overall reduction in the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin as compared to the plants chilled at high PPFD. During the last day of chilling-induced photoinhibition, energy-dependent quenching in any of the treatments did not increase, but zeaxanthin levels increased continuously throughout the three days of chilling. Our results suggest that light-acclimation before chilling affects the capacity of the plants to resist chilling-induced photoinhibition. In addition, photoinhibitory quenching appears to be a major component for quenching excessive energy at the latter stage of long-term chilling.
Spatial patterns of nitrogen uptake and phytoplankton in the equatorial upwelling zone (110°W–140°W) during 2004 and 2005

Abstract The equatorial Pacific plays a central role in the global carbon cycle as the largest oceanic source of CO2 to the atmosphere. The region has been described as a HNLC (High Nutrient, Low Chlorophyll) region with low chlorophyll being explained by either Fe limitation, Si(OH)4 limitation, or a combination of the two. The autotrophic community in the equatorial upwelling zone (EUZ) is dominated numerically by small cell-sized picoplankton but also contains larger cells, including diatoms that require Si(OH)4 and have been hypothesized to drive NO3 uptake. The 1-D CoSiNE (Carbon, Silicon, Nitrogen Ecosystem) model was developed for the EUZ to evaluate the potential drivers of the HNLC condition. The model assumes two phytoplankton groups (small non Si(OH)4 users and larger Si(OH)4 requiring cells). Many of its predicted variables have not been measured in the field -- specifically, uptake of NO3, NH4 and Si(OH)4 by the larger cells versus the smaller picoplankton and biomass values (as particulate nitrogen, PN) of the two size classes. Two cruises to the EUZ were undertaken in December 2004 (EB04) and September 2005 (EB05) to collect these data, in part to test the conceptual basis and functioning of the CoSiNE model. These EUZ cruises were unique in having size-fractionated uptake rates and phytoplankton community composition at the same depths throughout the euphotic zone and at many stations representing a range of environmental conditions and community composition. Here, we report results pertaining to NO3 and NH4 uptake, PN, and f-ratio by different size fractions of the phytoplankton community collected during zonal (0°Eq and 0.5°N) and meridional surveys at 110°W and 140°W. Larger sized (>5 μm) phytoplankton contributed more to NO3 uptake (up to 85%) than cells 5-μm size class, including both diatoms and dinoflagellates. The importance of diatoms in NO3 uptake appears to be variable, with biological “hotspots” around regions of locally enhanced upwelling associated with tropical instability waves (TIWs). In some cases, TIW activity favored diatoms, and Si(OH)4 and NO3 uptake were elevated strongly during TIW activity. Largely as a result of increased diatom productivity, integrated NO3 uptake rates during the passage of these waves reached 6.74 mmol m−2 d−1, exceeding the mean values previously reported for the equator by >2-fold. NH4 concentrations and uptake were also dynamic, with lower values south of the equator and higher values to the north. The major contributors to NH4 uptake were the smaller ( 2-fold increase in NH4 uptake rates in 2005 was consistent with the observed roughly 2-fold increase in Prochlorococcus biomass. Our results highlight a potential area for improvement to the CoSiNE model, to include the role of autotrophic dinoflagellates.
Mapping of Oxygen Concentration in Biological Samples Using EPR Imaging

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is widely used for measurement and imaging of oxygen and free radicals in biological systems. EPR oximetry is non-invasive, capable of providing local, reproducible, and repetitive measurements of oxygen concentration or partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in tissues. Although EPR oximetry is used primarily as a research tool, it has the potential to be useful in the clinic. This review provides a brief overview of the technique and its application to selected biological systems.
Update: Mergers and intangible assets

More than a year ago, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) proposed sweeping changes in accounting for intangible assets in business combinations. But pooling may be tougher to kill than the FASB anticipated. The author gives us the latest developments. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adolescent sexual offense behavior: The role of the physician

This article explores the more common adolescent sexual behavior problems that have legal ramifications, and the role of the physician in approaching such problems. Various presenting sexual offense behaviors are described, as well as the implications for the patient as offender, and finally the parental and physician attitudes necessary to facilitate successful treatment outcomes. Intervention approaches are discussed, and two cases are presented from a group of 83 adolescent male sexual offenders referred to our Juvenile Sexual Offender Project. The discussion and cases illustrate abnormal sexual behaviors which may come to the attention of physicians and other health care professionals.
Format Overlap of the New York Times: A Collection Management Case Study

The issue in academic libraries of format duplication for the same title in print, microfilm, and electronic formats continues to strain library budgets, facilities, and staff. This article reviews the criteria used by a medium-sized academic library for deciding what formats of the New York Times to continue to collect and maintain. A research study was conducted to ascertain the completeness of coverage in both the online and microfilm formats of this title, with the results used as additional decision criteria.