cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 41 – Further insights into Halley's method

Publisher Summary Algebraic analysis of Halley transforms reveals the nature of the director nodules that characterize iteration maps. The director nodules correspond directly to the poles and zeros of the Halley transform, and get their status as directors by mapping their interiors to their exteriors, i.e., to the target basin. The other nodules that look identical except for scale are images of the directors due to repeated Halley transforms, which direct the forward orbit to the directors, where they escape. When the Halley poles and zeros are paired up close to each other, as in zn – 1, they dominate the local behavior and behave as simple Mobius transforms, as was originally perceived. Analysis reveals unwanted fixed points in the Halley transform that can trap an orbit and give false results as a root-finder.
A Propensity Score Matched Study of the Positive Impact of Infectious Diseases Consultation on Antimicrobial Appropriateness in Hospitalized Patients with Antimicrobial Stewardship Oversight.

Hospital-based antibiotic stewardship (AS) programs provide oversight and guidance for appropriate antimicrobial use in acute care settings. Infectious disease expertise is beneficial in the care of hospitalized patients with infections. The impact of infectious diseases consultation (IDC) on antimicrobial appropriateness in a large tertiary hospital with an established AS program was investigated. This was a cross-sectional study from October 2017 to March 2019 at a large academic hospital with an AS-directed prospective audit and feedback process and multiple IDC services. Antimicrobial appropriateness was adjudicated by an AS team member after antimicrobial start. Antimicrobial appropriateness was compared among antimicrobial orders with and without IDC using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression. Analyses were stratified by primary services caring for the patients. There were 10,508 antimicrobial orders from 6,165 unique patient encounters. Overall appropriateness was 92%, with higher appropriateness among patients with IDC versus without IDC (94% versus 84%; P < 0.0001). After propensity score matching and adjustment for certain antibiotics, organisms, syndromes, and locations, IDC was associated with a greater antimicrobial appropriateness odds ratio (OR) of 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9 to 3.0). Stratification by primary service showed an OR of 2.9 (95% CI, 2.1 to 3.8) for surgical specialties and an OR of 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1 to 2.2) for medical specialties. Even with a high overall antimicrobial appropriateness, patients with IDC had greater odds of antimicrobial appropriateness than those without IDC, and this impact was greater in surgical specialties. Infectious diseases consultation can be synergistic with antimicrobial stewardship programs.
Amplifying Action: Theories, Questions, Doubts, and Hopes Related to the "Action" Phase of a Critical Participatory Action Research Process.

In this essay, authors Sarah Zeller-Berkman, Jessica Barreto, and Asha Sandler, members of an intergenerational research team, explore findings from a critical participatory action research (CPAR) ...
My Palfrey, Myself: Toward a Queer Phenomenology of the Horse-Human Bond in Henry V and Beyond

My previous work on early modern human–animal relations has examined the queer nature of the bodily interactions of horse and rider. In this chapter I use the Dauphin’s infamous celebration of his mount in Shakespeare’s Henry V (1599) to ground a further enlargement of that issue: I range through a variety of literary and non-literary texts to develop a queer phenomenological account of the early modern horse-human dyad. These texts have recently been plumbed for the way they illustrate the horse’s social, political, economic, historical, or symbolic dimensions. I employ them now to investigate the Dauphin’s improper orientation (Ahmed 2006) toward his “prince of palfreys”, which incites his companions to reorient the discussion toward more familiar misogynistic topics and subject positions—that is, they attempt to “straighten out” this uncomfortably queer moment, confirming the transgressive confusions it encapsulates. But what material aspects of the human-equine encounter might explain the frequency and extent to which, as in the Dauphin’s case, equine bodies colonize or usurp the erotic positions, roles, or imagined subjectivities otherwise ordinarily ascribed to human partners in Renaissance texts? What is this marvelous and compelling equine body that entangles the Dauphin in this disorientingly intimate bond? What is it about the animal’s role in transforming human movement and sensation that makes it “natural” for him to do so? To address these questions I analyze the phenomenological implications of early modern textual representations of equine size, shape, and movement.
Povidone-Iodine Intra-abdominal Irrigation Versus No Irrigation in Pediatric Perforated Appendicitis: A Cost Analysis of a Bayesian Randomized Control Trial

Introduction: Intra-abdominal abscess (IAA) after perforated appendicitis is associated with increased healthcare costs. In 2016, our center conducted a pilot randomized control trial (RCT) in which 100 children (age 2-17) with perforated appendicitis were randomized to intra-abdominal irrigation with povidone-iodine (PVI) during appendectomy or no irrigation. We observed an 89% probability that PVI irrigation reduced the rate of IAA (Bayesian Relative Risk: 0.72 [95% credible interval (CrI), 0.38-1.23]). We hypothesized …
The incidence of reintervention and reoperation following Heller myotomy across multiple indications

Achalasia is a debilitating primary esophageal motility disorder. Heller myotomy (HM) is a first-line therapy for the treatment of achalasia patients who have failed other modalities. Other indications for HM include diverticulum, diffuse esophageal spasm, and esophageal strictures. However, long-term outcomes of HM are unclear. This study aims to assess incidence of reintervention, either endoscopically or through minimally invasive or resectional procedures, in patients who underwent HM in New York State. The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (SPARCS) administrative longitudinal database identified 1817 adult patients who underwent HM between 2000 and 2008 for achalasia, esophageal diverticulum, diffuse esophageal spasm, and esophageal strictures, based on ICD-9 and CPT codes. Through the use of unique identifiers, patients requiring reintervention were tracked up to 2016 (for at least 8 years follow-up). Primary outcome was incidence of subsequent procedures following HM. Secondary outcomes were time to reintervention and risk factors for reintervention. Of the 1817 patients who underwent HM, 320 (17.6%) required subsequent intervention. Of the 320 patients, 234 (73.1%) underwent endoscopic reinterventions, 54 (16.9%) underwent minimally invasive procedures, and 32 (10%) underwent resectional procedures as their initial revisional intervention. Of the 234 patients who underwent endoscopic reintervention as their initial revisional procedure, only 40 (16.8%) required subsequent surgical procedures. Over a mean follow-up of 7.0 years, the mean time to a subsequent procedure was 4.3 ± 3.74 years. Reintervention rates after 10 years following HM for achalasia, diverticulum ,and other indication were 24.4%, 12.6%, and 37%, respectively. The majority of HM reinterventions were managed solely by endoscopic procedures (60.6%). Heller myotomy remains an excellent procedure to prevent surgical reintervention for achalasia and diverticulum.
Learning From "Thinkers": Parent Epistemological Understanding Predicts Individual Differences in Children's Judgments About Reasoners.

Four-, 5-, and 6-year olds (N = 102) observed agents perform a reasoning task that required gathering hidden evidence. An agent who made sound inferences was contrasted with an agent who made either unsound inferences (UI; failed to base conclusion on gathered evidence) or guesses (failed to gather evidence). Four-year olds attributed knowledge to all agents and endorsed their conclusions widely. However, 5- and 6-year olds' knowledge attributions were mitigated by UI, and 6-year olds neither attributed knowledge to a guesser nor endorsed his conclusions. Notably, parents' tendency to make evaluativist epistemological judgments-which place value in evidence as a basis for belief-predicted children's reluctance to learn from and credit knowledge to poor reasoners. Parents' evaluativist judgments also predicted children's selective learning about object functions.
Conflicts of interest among authors of systematic reviews regarding the management of chronic non-cancer pain with opioids analgesics.

Objective We sought to determine whether author conflict of interest (disclosed or undisclosed) or industry sponsorship influenced the favorability of reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses investigating the use of opioid analgesics for the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Methods Our search included the MEDLINE (Ovid) and Embase (Ovid) databases. Study sponsorship was determined using the funding statement provided in each systematic review. Author COI information was extracted from the COI disclosure statement. This information was cross-referenced with information available on the CMS Open Payments Database, Dollars for Profs, Google Patents, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), and previously published COI disclosures. Results Eight systematic reviews authored by 83 authors were included. Of these authors, 19 (23.0%) were found to have a COI, of which the majority (17/19; 89.5%) had at least one undisclosed COI. Despite nearly one-quarter of authors having a COI, we found no association between the presence of a COI and the favorability of results (p = 0.64) or conclusions (p = 0.07). Conclusion COI are common and frequently undisclosed among systematic review authors investigating opioid analgesics for the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Despite a high prevalence of COI, we did not find that these author-industry relationships had a significant influence on the favorability of results and conclusions; however, our findings should be considered a lower bound estimate of the true influence author COI have on outcomes of pain medicine systematic reviews secondary to the low sample size included in the present study.
Comparison of RT-PCR Cycle Threshold Values from Respiratory Specimens in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

BACKGROUND: Understanding viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 is important to assess risk of transmission, manage treatment, and determine the need for isolation and protective equipment. The impact of viral load in asymptomatic infected children is important to understand transmission potential. We sought to determine whether children deemed to be asymptomatic had a difference in the PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value of respiratory samples from symptomatic children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study to compare PCR Ct values of children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by respiratory samples collected over a 4-month period at a large tertiary care children's hospital. RESULTS: We analyzed 728 children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from a respiratory sample over a 4-month period and for whom data was available in the electronic medical record. Overall, 71.2% of infected children were symptomatic. The mean Ct value for symptomatic patients (Ct mean 19.9, SD 6.3) was significantly lower than asymptomatic patients (Ct mean 23.5, SD 6.5) (P value < 0.001, CI 95th 2.6 - 4.6). The mean PCR Ct value was lowest in children less than 5 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective review of children who tested positive by RT-PCR for SARS CoV-2, the mean Ct was significantly lower in symptomatic children and was lowest in children under 5 years of age, indicating that symptomatic children and younger children infected with SARS-CoV-2 may have a higher viral load in the nasopharynx compared to asymptomatic children. Further studies are needed to assess the transmission potential from asymptomatic children.
The Road Taken: A Reflection on Michael C. Blumm & William Warnock's Roads Not Taken: EPA vs. Clean Water

EPA vs. Clean Water presents case studies of the ostensible failure of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to implement the Clean Water Act in three principal areas: water quality impacts from dam operations, state water quality certification for nonpoint source discharges, and antidegradation requirements for nonpoint sources.
The Folly of Fools: The Logic of Deceit and Self-Deception in Human Life

A "New York Times "Notable Book of 2012Whether it's in a cockpit at takeoff or the planning of an offensive war, a romantic relationship or a dispute at the office, there are many opportunities to lie and self-deceive--but deceit and self-deception carry the costs of being alienated from reality and can lead to disaster. So why does deception play such a prominent role in our everyday lives? In short, why do we deceive?In his bold new work, prominent biological theorist Robert Trivers unflinchingly argues that self-deception evolved in the service of deceit--the better to fool others. We do it for biological reasons--in order to help us survive and procreate. From viruses mimicking host behavior to humans misremembering (sometimes intentionally) the details of a quarrel, science has proven that the deceptive one can always outwit the masses. But we undertake this deception at our own peril.Trivers has written an ambitious investigation into the evolutionary logic of lying and the costs of leaving it unchecked.
An aging athlete looks at the aging athlete.

It is 1994. I have passed my 73rd birthday and once again I am at a starting line waiting for the signal to start the race. Why am I standing here? Why am I running this race or any other five miler, 10 k or half marathon? Is it my ego? To some extent. Does it enhance my physical health? I certainly believe so. Has running been a boon to my mental health? Without a doubt. As a few of us wish each other, 'Good luck!', I am basking in the excitement of the moment. The signal starts us on our way. My 73-year-old body is now surrounded by males and females, ages ranging from the teens to seventy plus. Did I say 'myoid body'? Well, chronologically it is. But if I place chronology to one side, and I seem to be doing that, I am aware that I have a great deal of energy. I will finish this race, go to breakfast with my 'running buddies', return home, shower and my wife and I will plan the rest of the day's activities. There is a sense of well-being for this aging athlete. Yet, thoughts and questions come into play. Will I be able to continue in this fashion? Oddly enough, I can recall asking myself that same question when I reached my 65th birthday, and I
Ecological niche conservatism: a time-structured review of evidence

Aim To evaluate the evolutionary conservatism of coarse-resolution Grinnellian (or scenopoetic) ecological niches. Location Global. Methods I review a broad swathe of literature relevant to the topic of niche conservatism or differentiation, and illustrate some of the resulting insights with examplar analyses. Results Ecological niche characteristics are highly conserved over short-to-moderate time spans (i.e. from individual life spans up to tens or hundreds of thousands of years); little or no ecological niche differentiation is discernible as part of the processes of invasion or speciation. Main conclusions Although niche conservatism is widespread, many methodological complications obscure this point. In particular, niche models are frequently over-interpreted: too often, they are based on limited occurrence data in high-dimensional environmental spaces, and cannot be interpreted robustly to indicate niche differentiation.
Identification and Genetic Analysis of a Novel Rice Spotted-Leaf Mutant with Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

A spotted-leaf mutant of rice HM143 was isolated from an EMS-induced IR64 mutant bank. Brown lesions randomly distributed on leaf blades were observed about 3 wk after sowing. The symptom lasted for the whole plant growth duration. Histochemical analysis indicated that cell death occurred in and around the site of necrotic lesions accompanied with accumulation of hydrogen hyperoxide. Agronomic traits were largely similar to the wild type IR64 except seed setting rate and 1 000-grain weight which were significantly decreased in the mutant. Disease resistance of the mutant to multiple races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was significantly enhanced. Genetic analysis showed that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene, tentatively termed splHM143. In addition, using molecular markers and 1 023 mutant type individuals from an F2 segregating population derived from the cross HM143/R9308, the spotted-leaf gene was finally delimited to an interval of 149 kb between markers XX25 and ID40 on the long arm of chromosome 4. splHM143 is likely a novel rice spotted-leaf gene since no other similar genes have been identified near the chromosomal region.
Who benefits and how much? : how gender affects welfare impacts of a booming textile industry

Exports of textile products originating from Sub-Saharan African countries have grown dramatically in the past decade. Recent trade initiatives, such as the "African Growth Opportunity Act" and "Everything but Arms," along with low labor costs and improved integration into world markets, are giving further stimulus to the growth of the textile and apparel industry in Sub-Saharan African countries. Nicita and Razzaz explore the extent to which the poor are also beneficiaries of the export-led growth of particular economic sectors, or whether the poor are unable to reap any of the benefits and therefore fall further behind. They use a methodology that combines the matching methods literature (to identify individuals more likely to fill the new jobs of the expanding sector) with the industry wage premium literature (to quantify the gains of the individuals that move into the expanding sector). The results indicate that a sustained export-driven growth in Madagascar's textile and apparel industry will lead to a substantial increase in the income of poor households, with a consequent decrease in poverty. In a scenario simulating five years of expansion of the textile sector, the authors estimate that more than one million individuals will directly or indirectly receive some benefit. On average, households in which one or more members work in the textile sector get an increase in purchasing power of about 24 percent or US $14 a month. The results further show that benefits are unevenly distributed across male and female workers. Households in which a male member is employed in the textile and apparel industry increase their purchasing power by 36 percent or US $24.5 a month, compared with 22 percent or US $12.2 a month in the case of a female worker. This paper - a joint product of Trade, Development Research Group and the Gender Division, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the Bank to study the linkages between trade and poverty.
The Ah receptor in stem cell cycling, regulation, and quiescence.

Processes that regulate quiescence, self-renewal, and senescence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are not well understood. Due in part to the ability of xenobiotic ligands to have persistent effects on the immune system in experimental animals, there has been much work to define a physiological role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and relationships to human disease. Persistent AhR activation by dioxin, a potent agonist, results in altered numbers and function of HSCs in mice. HSCs from AhR null-allele (KO) mice are hyperproliferative and have altered cell cycle. Aging KO mice show characteristics consistent with premature bone marrow exhaustion. We propose that the increased proliferation of HSCs lacking AhR expression or activity is a result of loss of quiescence, and as such, AhR normally acts as a negative regulator to curb excessive or unnecessary proliferation. Similarly, prolonged and/or inappropriate stimulation of AhR activity may compromise the ability of HSCs to sense environmental signals that allow these cells to balance quiescence, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. These data, and others, support a hypothesis that deregulation of AhR function has an important role in HSC regulation and in the etiology and/or progression of certain hematopoietic diseases, many of which are associated with aging.
Stimulation of cellular thymidine kinases by human cytomegalovirus.

Abstract Thymidine kinase (TK) activity in WI-38 and MRC-5 human fibroblasts was analyzed by discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (disc-PAGE) and discontinuous glycerol gradient electrophoresis (disc-GEP) after subculture or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Two peaks of TK activity with different relative fraction-of-migration (Rf) values were resolved by disc-PAGE or disc-GEP in extracts from log-phase and infected cells. Growing WI-38 cells expressed a slowly migrating (Rf = 0.14 PAGE, Rf = 0.4 GEP) peak of TK activity, which was partially inhibited by 1.0 mM dCTP, but which retained little activity at pH 4.5. Growing MRC cells also displayed a slowly migrating peak (Rf = 0.10 PAGE) with similar properties. Both cell types expressed a faster-migrating TK activity (Rf = 0.45 PAGE, Rf = 0.7 GEP) in the growing and resting state that was strongly inhibited by 1 mM dCTP but retained 50% activity at pH 4.5. When either cell type was infected with HCMV, there was a rapid and high-level stimulation of the slowly migrating form of TK and a slight stimulation of the faster-migrating form. Two strains of HCMV (AD169 and Town) failed to produce an electrophoretically distinct virus TK in either cell type after infection. TK enzymes were partially purified by disc-GEP from extracts of log-phase WI-38 or AD169-infected WI-38 cells. Characterization of these enzymes with respect to phosphate donor specificity, pH optima, thermostability, and salt inhibition showed the HCMV-stimulated TKs to be of cellular origin.
Financial impacts of enterprise resource planning implementations

Abstract Debate exists regarding the contribution of information technology to firm performance reflecting predictions of a positive, negative, or nonexistent relationship. Prior research has examined technology and firm performance in the aggregate, however, this study focuses on a specific technology — Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and its impact on firm performance. Economic and industrial organization theories provide the basis for the examination of how ERP systems affect firm coordination and transaction costs. ERP systems are expected to: (1) reduce costs by improving efficiencies through computerization; and (2) enhance decision-making by providing accurate and timely enterprise-wide information. These effects should be associated with improved firm performance. This research finds, after accounting for within-firm variances, no significant improvement associated with residual income or the ratio of selling, general, and administrative expenses in each of the 3 years following the implementation of the ERP system. However, a significant improvement in firm performance resulting from a decrease in the ration of cost of goods sold to revenues was found 3 years after the ERP system implementation (but not in the first or second year after implementation). Further, there was a significant reduction in the ratio of employees to revenues for each of the 3 years examined following the ERP implementation.
Bronchoscopic Evaluation of Pulmonary Infiltrates Following Bone Marrow Transplantation

Study objective To determine the impact of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), including quantitative bacterial cultures obtained by BAL and protected specimen brushing on therapeutic decisions and outcome in bone marrow transplant (BMT) patients. Design Retrospective review of all BMT patients undergoing FOB during a 4-year period. Setting: A tertiary care university hospital. Results Three hundred five patients underwent BMT; 71 (23%) had FOB to assess pulmonary infiltrates. Allogeneic BMT recipients underwent FOB 3.37 times more often than autologous recipients (p Conclusion FOB is diagnostically useful in the evaluation of some BMT patients with pulmonary complications and often influences therapy, although no impact on survival was clearly demonstrated. FOB should be performed only after benefits of the procedure are weighed carefully against its increased risk in this select population.
Enhanced fingerprint verification and identification using a Widrow cellular neural network

One of the most important challenges of fingerprint identification is the extraction of relevant details against distributed complex features. The parallel processing capability and learnable filtering features of cellular neural networks offer highly efficient feature extraction and enhancement capability for fingerprint images. In this paper, we propose to utilize the Widrow learning algorithm with a cellular neural network to efficiently enhance fingerprint details during the enrollment part. To evaluate the performance of the verification-identification part, enhanced fingerprint images are introduced into the fringe-adjusted joint transform correlator architecture for verification of an unknown fingerprint from a database. Comparison between the original and enhanced fingerprint identification and verification results is provided through computer simulation.
The NASA-ESA MiniSTEP payload

The Equivalence Principle, which states that gravitational mass and inertial mass are different ways of measuring the same property, is the experimental foundation for modern gravitational theory. Modern theory cannot reconcile gravity with the other fundamental forces. One possibility is that the present theory of gravity, general relativity, is incomplete or incorrect. If this is the case, the Equivalence Principle may be violated at some level beyond the one part in 1012 that has been experimentally verified. The goal of the Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle (STEP) is to improve this result to better than one part in 1018. In STEP two or more concentric, cylindrical test masses “fall” around the Earth in a drag-free satellite. The masses are cooled to < 2K and supported by frictionless, superconducting, linear bearings. Ultra-sensitive SQUID position detectors measure their relative motion. A confirmed violation could provide key information toward the possible unification of the four fundamental forces; conversely, a null result can rule out competing theories or constrain new theories. MiniSTEP is the least expensive mission proposed to date that still achieves STEP's basic scientific goal. It compares four different materials in four differential accelerometers. Cost saving is achieved by operating the accelerometers sequentially, thereby avoiding duplicated equipment. The drag-free satellite will be built around an existing superfluid helium dewar and a small, semi-production spacecraft. A small commercial launch vehicle will place the satellite in a 400 km, sun-synchronous, polar, Earth orbit. Nominal mission lifetime is four months - but a six to eight month life is expected.
Androgens: Basic Biology and Clinical Implication

Although androgens have been considered essential modulators of bone biology in men, recent studies have indicated that estrogen may have an important, if not dominant, role. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence that androgens have independent skeletal actions. Nonaromatizable androgens influence a variety of aspects of bone cell biology and are capable of modulating bone remodeling and bone mass. It appears that androgens are particularly important in the control of periosteal bone formation, an effect that might underlie the gender difference in bone size. Alterations in androgen receptor function affect bone metabolism, and new information suggests that androgens modulate receptor homeostasis. The clinical implications of androgen effects, and how they interact with those of estrogens, are somewhat unclear. It is likely that overall bone homeostasis and gender differences depend on a combination of androgenic and estrogenic actions. Androgens may well provide advantages in the prevention and therapy of metabolic bone disorders in both men and women.
Deterministic dense coding and entanglement entropy

We present an analytical study of the standard two-party deterministic dense-coding protocol, under which communication of perfectly distinguishable messages takes place via a qudit from a pair of nonmaximally entangled qudits in a pure state |{psi}>. Our results include the following: (i) We prove that it is possible for a state |{psi}> with lower entanglement entropy to support the sending of a greater number of perfectly distinguishable messages than one with higher entanglement entropy, confirming a result suggested via numerical analysis in Mozes et al. [Phys. Rev. A 71, 012311 (2005)]. (ii) By explicit construction of families of local unitary operators, we verify, for dimensions d=3 and d=4, a conjecture of Mozes et al. about the minimum entanglement entropy that supports the sending of d+j messages, 2{ allows the sending of K messages and has {radical}({lambda}{sub 0}) as its largest Schmidt coefficient, we show that the inequality {lambda}{sub 0}{<=}d/K, established by Wu et al. [Phys. Rev. A 73, 042311 (2006)], must actually take the form {lambda}{sub 0}<d/K if K=d+1, while our constructions of local unitaries show that equality canmore » be realized if K=d+2 or K=2d-1.« less
Structural evolution and magnetoresistance properties of heat treated Cu/sub 80/Co/sub 15/Fe/sub 5/ ribbons

Heat treated Cu/sub 80/C/sub 15/Fe/sub 5/ melt-spun ribbons are analyzed for their structural and magnetoresistance (MR) properties. Magnetoresistance values are found to be a maximum for the sample annealed at 500 degrees C. Structural characterization using X-ray diffraction and absorption measurements and transmission electron microscopy show this sample to have two precipitate phases within a Cu-rich fcc matrix, i.e., a Co-rich fcc phase and a CoFe bcc phase. Heat treatments at higher temperatures bring about a decrease in MR. Dark field transmission electron microscope (TEM) images illustrate the clustering of the precipitate particles concurrent with the decrease in MR, suggesting that a clustering mechanism may contribute to the MR effect in these materials. >
Polarization of protons elastically scattered from deuterons at 12.0 MeV

Abstract A 12 MeV polarized proton beam from the Wisconsin tandem accelerator has been scattered from a gaseous deuterium target. Left-right asymmetries of the elastically scattered protons and recoil deuterons were measured to obtain an angular distribution of the proton polarization between 15° ≦ Θc.m. ≦ 160°. The present measurements agree with earlier results from this laboratory, but do not show the dip to negative values Θc.m. = 30°, which has been reported by McKee et al.
Effect of substrate anisotropy on magnetic state and stress state in magnetostrictive multilayers

There is a strong interaction of stress and magnetization in magnetostrictive materials which can be traced back to the corresponding elastic energy and magnetoelastic energy terms. In particular, an applied stress or magnetic field can be used to provide a bias which can then ensure large magnetostrictive actuation at minimum coercive field. The use of stress is especially interesting in the case of thin films because it can be conveniently introduced by means of the substrate. In this work, the basic formulations for the elastic, magnetoelastic and potential magnetic energies of an isotropic material, and the assumption that the film is in state of plane stress are combined in a consistent model that is used to study the effect of a stress bias which is created by bending a substrate during deposition of a magnetostrictive multilayer. Using this framework, the biaxial stresses induced in the thin film after the substrate is released and the multilayer total energy are calculated. The effect of energy contributions from strains in the thickness direction is shown to be unimportant, since they provide a constant, orientation-independent contribution which does not affect in-plane magnetization switching. The multilayer total energy, which is shown to vary with magnetic domain orientation, is minimized to find the orientation of the easy axis as well as to estimate the magnetization along various hard axis directions when an external field is applied in those directions. The uniaxial anisotropy energy and the anisotropy field are also calculated and the results are in good agreement with reported data. These calculations are seen to offer significant improvement over the ones obtained with previous models that consider films subjected to uniaxial stresses and to be governed only by variations of the magnetoelastic energy.
Tender Ties: Husbands' Rights and Racial Exclusion in Chinese Marriage Cases, 1882‐1924

When Congress ended the immigration of Chinese laborers in 1882, the Chinese population was over 95% male. While there has been much disagreement about why so few women came, the more fruitful question may be to ask how Chinese women were able to immigrate to the United States at all. Central to their immigration were legal arguments for lawful Chinese immigrants-primarily merchants and native-born citizens-to bring their wives to the United States. Due to racial restrictions barring them from independent entry or marital naturalization, Chinese wives appealed to the uncodified gender privileges of their husbands in turn-of-the-century legal society: the natural right of a man to the company of his wife and children. In the face of a bureaucratic structure designed to sift immigrants by race, judges ruled that racial admission policies must conform to established gender privileges. The power of these arguments was tested in cases involving the deportation of Chinese women admitted as wives. While initially evading registration regulations for immigrants, Chinese women were unsuccessful at evading regulations concerning prostitution. This failure underscored the performative aspects of husbands' rights arguments, especially the image of the dutiful wife and husband and the class-based ideal of the elite merchant or citizen.
Gene knockout of 5-lipoxygenase rescues synaptic dysfunction and improves memory in the triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease.

Gene knockout of 5-lipoxygenase rescues synaptic dysfunction and improves memory in the triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease
Misrecognition and domination in transnational democracy

In this article, I locate the Critical Theoretic and Republican themes of misrecognition and domination in transnational democracy, viewed as an emancipatory project. Contrary to John Dryzek, I argue that transnational democracy requires an appropriate account of mutual recognition and personal integrity in order to ground the emancipatory dimension of this project, especially given Dryzek's analysis of transnational contests in forming personal identifications. Beyond this, I argue that the same themes are needed to supplement James Bohman's account of the normative powers of dominated persons to initiate deliberation in circumstances of injustice. Primarily, my claim has been that the idea of personal integrity remains essential not only to motivating the project of transnational democracy, but also modifying the appeal to normative powers in the interest of enabling dominated persons to enter into communicative relationships and engage in public processes of critical self-examination.
Multi-Layer Computational Modeling of Selective Laser Sintering Processes

Selective laser sintering (SLS) is an additive manufacturing technique able to rapidly create parts directly from a CAD model using a laser to selectively fuse successive layers of powder. However, defects can arise in SLS parts due to incomplete fusion of the powder layers or thermal stresses introduced by large temperature gradients during the part build. Accurate models of the SLS process are needed to ensure that high quality parts are produced and to allow new materials and designs to be used without requiring extensive experimentation. Most existing models of the SLS process are very narrowly focused, predicting the temperature history of a single powder layer after a single laser pass or examining the impact of a few processing parameters on the properties of the produced part. A model capable of predicting a complete temperature history during an entire part build does not yet exist. Therefore, a new thermal model able to simulate multiple powder layers is proposed.A transient, three-dimensional, finite volume model is developed and implemented in ANSYS Fluent. A domain of cells representing multiple layers of an SLS build is initialized, some with the properties of air and some with the properties of powder, depending on cell location. A Gaussian heat source representing the laser is applied to the top layer of powder cells. The center of the Gaussian is varied with time along an established path to simulate the motion of the laser along the powder bed. At all times the three-dimensional heat equation is solved to produce a temperature profile of the powder bed. When the laser completes a full scan of the powder layer, the air cells directly above the powder layer are re-initialized as powder cells and re-set to an initial temperature, representing the addition of a new powder layer. The process is repeated for each new layer. Temperature history results from the model are validated against experimental data available in the literature and good agreement is obtained. As the model accounts for multiple powder layers, it can be used to simulate an entire part build and predict the impact of any of the SLS processing parameters on part quality and thus enable better control and optimization of the SLS process.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The infectious risks of transfusions in the United States: A decision-analytic approach

Abstract Introduction: The development of AIDS as a result of HIV transmission and of cirrhosis as a result of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis are the greatest infectious risks associated with transfusion in the United States. The goal of this study is to provide explicit quantitative guidelines to determine when the risk of death from all causes associated with transfusion exceeds the risk associated with anemia. Methods: This study uses a decision-analytic model. Results: On the basis of reported transfusion complication rates and an independent worst-case calculation of the risk of AIDS and non-A, non-B hepatitis, transfusion with red blood cells should be recommended as long as each unit received reduces the patient's risk of dying from anemia by at least 1/1100. Discussion: Because of the relative safety of the blood supply as a result of universal screening and donor deferral, the overestimation in practice of fatal infectious complications, and the possible underestimation of the risk of anemia, undertransfusion has the potential to be as serious a problem in the United States as is overtransfusion. Although caution should be exercised not to undertransfuse when a patient has an appreciable risk of anemia-associated death, we must be wary not to overtransfuse for temporary relief of morbidity.
Use of NADP Archive Samples to Determine the Isotope Composition of Precipitation: Characterizing the Meteoric Input Function for Use in Ground Water Studies

Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes have been used in ground water studies to investigate recharge, mixing, ground water/surface water interaction, advective-diffusive transport, paleohydrogeologic interactions and to estimate ground water ages. Such studies require that the isotopic composition of precipitation be known, as precipitation is a major input to ground water and surface water systems. As oxygen-18 and deuterium data for precipitation are lacking across much of the United States, there is need to establish additional local meteoric water lines as isotope input functions across the region, as well as to develop better understanding of the isotopic climate linkages that control oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation. In the absence of long-term monitoring stations, one possible solution to this problem is to determine the delta 18O and delta 2H values of precipitation using archive samples collected at monitoring stations managed by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP). This study describes and interprets the seasonal delta 18O and delta 2H composition of archived precipitation samples collected in eastern Nebraska near the town of Mead during the years 1992-1994. Values for delta 18O range from -23.6 to -0.7@1000. Values for delta 2H range from -172 to 0@1000. Yearly arithmetic mean delta 18O and delta 2H values for the Mead station are -8.1@1000 and -53@1000, respectively. Weighted yearly means for delta 18O and delta 2H were -7.4@1000 and -48@1000, respectively. Mead values show a strong isotopic enrichment between winter and summer precipitation, and a strong delta 18O-T correlation (r2 = 0.91) for mean monthly values of about 0.5@1000 per degree Celsius. The local meteoric water line for the Mead site is delta 2H = 7.40 delta 18O + 7.32. Deuterium excess values suggest that most of the moisture across the region is derived primarily from a Gulf of Mexico source. The results of this study demonstrate that in the absence of long-term monitoring stations such as those operated globally by the International Atomic Energy Association, NADP archive samples can be used to determine the isotopic composition of precipitation, to characterize the local meteoric water line and establish the various climatic relationships, and define the meteoric input function for use in ground water studies.
Rectification of Ion Current in Nanopipettes by External Substrates

We describe ion distribution and the current–voltage (i–V) response of nanopipettes at different probe-to-substrate distances (Dps) as simulated by finite-element methods. Results suggest electrostatic interactions between a charged substrate and the nanopipette dominate electrophoretic ion transport through the nanopipette when Dps is within 1 order of magnitude of the Debye length (∼10 nm for a 1 mM solution as employed in the simulation). Ion current rectification (ICR) and permselectivity associated with a neutral or charged nanopipette can be reversibly enhanced or reduced dependent on Dps, charge polarity, and charge density (σ) of the substrate. Regulation of nanopipette current is a consequence of the enrichment or depletion of ions within the nanopipette interior, which influences conductivity of the nanopipette. When the external substrate is less negatively charged than the nanopipette, the substrate first reduces, and then enhances the ICR as Dps decreases. Surprisingly, both experimental and ...
Behavioral Adjustment in Nonverbal Immediacy: A Methodological Note

Although several studies have been conducted to explore the relations among nonverbal immediacy behaviors and to test specifically the compensation hypothesis of non-verbal immediacy, these studies have frequently been inadequate for testing this hypothesis. Three methodological requirements for an adequate test of the compensation hypothesis are suggested. These requirements are discussed and new approaches to the study of immediacy regulation are offered.
Therapist emotional responses to patients: Building a learning-based language*

In this paper we address the thesis that affective responses of the therapist in the therapist-patient interaction are common and have potential to influence decision points in psychotherapy interventions. We discuss the importance of directly addressing these emotional responses, especially in the training of new cognitive behavioral therapists. We suggest a framework for conceptualizing emotional responses from a social learning theory perspective. This conceptualization highlights interactions between therapist, patient, and the psychotherapy context. We also propose a terminology for discussing therapist emotional reactions as nonpathological constructs and propose relevant guidelines for the supervision of therapists in training.
Potential Temperature Rise Induced by Electromagnetic Field in Brain Tissues

The differential temperature rise in a spherical region stimulating a potential hot spot in the central region of a human head has been determined, takdng into account heat conduction as well as heat convection due to blood flow. The results apply in general to ali cases where the dimensions of the model and the frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave is such that a hot spot is formed near the central region. For a heat deposition rate of 10 mW/g in a hot spot of 1 cm radius, a differential temperature rise over the ambient tissues and blood is approximately 0.5°C. This corresponds to the case of a differential absorption cross section of 1 cm-1 for a 5 cm radius sphere exposed to an incident power density of 10 mW/cm2. For larger models of man's head the differential temperature rise is smaller.
Electron microscopic study of intrastromal hydrogel implants in primates

Abstract Three corneas with intrastromal hydrogel implants (surfilcon A) were removed from Green monkey eyes by penetrating keratoplasry and examined by light microscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy, in order to assess the tolerance of the primate cornea for this type of synthetic plastic. Placement of these implants in the posterior cornea appears to increase the amount of protrusion into the anterior chamber, which can also be seen clinically on slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Some physiological stress to the cornea was indicated by abnormalities above and below the implant, including thinned epithelium, irregular cell shapes, and vacuolations. It appears that a basement-membrane-like material is produced by keratocytes adjacent to the implant-stroma interface, and that this material fills the spaces and provides some physical continuity between the plastic and the corneal tissue. No inflammatory reaction was seen around the implants, but further long-term studies are necessary to ensure compatibility between the cornea and the implant.
The large Atacama submillimeter telescope

Cornell and Caltech are undertaking a two year conceptual design study for a 25-m class sub-mm telescope. The nominal location for this facility will be the high Atacama Desert of Northern Chile. The baseline design is a segmented mirror telescope optimized for operation at wavelengths longer than 200 microns to take advantage of a low precipitable water vapor at the site. We discuss science drivers and their implications for telescope design and technical requirements, and planned technical study areas.
Onset of superconductivity in the two-dimensional limit.

The onset of superconductivity in homogeneous ultrathin films is found to occur when their normal-state sheet resistance falls below a value close to h/4${e}^{2}$, the quantum resistance for pairs. The data further suggest that in the T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 limit such films are either superconducting or insulating. The existence of a threshold in systems which are not granular implies that its explanation involves more general arguments than those which follow from the modeling of films by Josephson-coupled arrays.