cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social control and strenuous exercise among late adolescent college students: Parents versus peers as influence agents

In the context of a model of health-related social control, we compared the associations among social control strategies, affective and behavioral reactions, and exercise for parental and peer influence agents. Late adolescent college students (n = 227) completed questionnaires that focused on social control from a parent or a peer who attempted to increase their exercising. Results from this cross-sectional study revealed that most relationships in the model were similar for parent and peer influence agents, however, (a) negative social control was a stronger predictor of reactance among parents than peers; (b) positive affect was a stronger predictor of attempts to change among peers than parents; and (c) positive affect predicted frequency of strenuous exercise only among parents. Decreasing parents' use of negative social control strategies and increasing adolescents' positive affective reactions to parental social control agents may be keys to promoting positive lifestyle changes in late adolescence.
Thermal stabilities and optimal operating parameters for the Oak Ridge Spallation Neutron Source superconducting linear accelerator

The baseline Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accelerator will provide a 1-GeV, 1.4-MW proton beam to a mercury target for the production of neutrons. The main acceleration for the H-beam is provided by 81 superconducting cavities installed in 23 cryomodules operating at 805 MHz. The design of the superconducting linac includes a 2.1-K, 2.5-kW cryogenic plant to maintain the cavities below the helium lambda point for efficient operation at high accelerating gradients. In this paper operating conditions are analyzed rather than the design ones, which still guarantees a high gradient operation without any temperature constraint. From the analysis it appears that the SNS superconducting linac can be operated at temperatures higher than 2.1 K, a fact resulting from both the pulsed nature of the superconducting cavities, the specific configuration of the existing cryogenic plant, and the operating frequency. General conditions are also given regarding the operation of pulsed superconducting cavities resonating at different frequencies.
Climatic consequences of very high CO2 levels in Earth's early atmosphere

Earth has approximately 60 bars of carbon dioxide tied up in carbonate rocks, or roughly 2/3 the amount of CO2 of the atmosphere of Venus. Two different lines of evidence, one based on thermodynamics and the other on geochemical cycles, indicate that a substantial fraction of thes CO2 may have resided in the atmosphere during the first few hundred million years of the Earth's history. A natural question which arises is whether this much CO2 would have resulted in a runaway greenhouse effect. One dimensional radiative/convective model calculations presented showed that the surface temperature of a hypothetical primitive atmosphere containing 20 bars of CO2 was less than 100 C; thus no runaway greenhouse effect would have occurred. The climatic stability of the early atmosphere is a consequence of three factors: reduced solar luminosity at that time, an increase in planetary albedo caused by Rayleigh scattering by CO2, and the stabilizing effects of a moist convection. The latter two factors are sufficient to prevent a CO2 induced runaway greenhouse effect on the present Earth as well, for CO2 levels up to 100 bars. Further studies are being undertaken to determine whether a runaway greenhouse effect could have occurred during the latter stages of the accretion process and, if so, whether it would have collapsed one the influx of material slowed down.
Relationship between the observed cell yield coefficient and mean cell residence time in the completely mixed activated sludge process

Abstract A laboratory scale activated sludge unit was operated under highly controlled conditions. Hydraulic detention time was maintained constant and between 6 and 6.5 h. Sludge wasting rate was the only process parameter varied. By varying sludge wasting rate the mean cell residence was varied between 2 and 18 days. Within the span of 2–18 days only a minimal change in effluent COD was observed. Sludge production, however, was significantly altered. The data obtained were found to be described by both linear equation and an exponential equation.
Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization (SELDI) Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry to Identify Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

There are currently no blood tests to identify the majority of smokers at risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We used plasma protein profiles from surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify a panel of protein biomarkers that can distinguish patients with COPD from closely matched controls. Plasma was obtained from 30 COPD subjects and 30 controls matched for age, sex, and smoking history. Plasma protein profiles were generated using Cu2+-immobilized metal affinity capture (IMAC) and strong anion exchanger (Q10) protein chips. Classification and regression tree (CART) analysis identified a panel of 5 biomarkers using the IMAC protein chip that could distinguish COPD patients from controls with sensitivity and specificity of 91.67% and 88.33%, respectively. The 10-fold cross-validation yielded 81.67% sensitivity and 81.67% specificity. This demonstrates the feasibility of using SELDI as a diagnostic test for COPD; however, larger cohorts will be needed to validate these biomarkers and determine their predictive value longitudinally.
Estimation of feature-dependent markov process transition probability matrices

This article is concerned with the estimation of Markov process transition probabilities for nonhomogeneous populations. This estimation problem is shown to be solvable using general pattern recognition techniques. Numerous multivariate estimation techniques exist in the field of statistical pattern recognition, and many of these will be useful to researchers who use Markov process models of a population's behavior. These techniques are particularly called for when the behavior of members of a population is suspected to depend upon a set of descriptive feature values. One such technique, that of linear discriminant analysis, is presented in detail as an illustration of a statistical pattern recognition approach to a specific Markov process estimation problem. A brief example is given.
Axonal regeneration and formation of synapses proximal to the site of lesion following hemisection of the rat spinal cord

Although the central nervous system of the mammal is reported not to regenerate, axonal sprouting has recently been demonstrated in various regions of brain and spinal cord. The following study investigates the regenerative capacity of 72 rat spinal cords following left hemisection at T2. In addition to nine normals, rats were killed at 5, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 days after making the lesion. Three animals per groups were prepared for Golgi, Protargol-eosin-cresyl violet staining, and electron microscopy. Three additional animals had hemisections at C5 and the cord from C5 to T5 was stained by the Fink-Heimer method. Six animals had hemisections at T2 and the cords were subsequently rehemisected 90 days later at C5; three animals were prepared for the Fink-Heimer stain and three for electron microscopy. The dendrites of the reactive motor neurons proximal to the site of lesion became varicose from day 10 to day 60–90 after the lesion, until the entire dendrite was replete with irregularly shaped varicosities. At 15 days postoperatively, processes grew into the reactive neural zone and by day 30 could be identifified as axons (0.1–0.5 μ in diameter) and dendrites. The axons grew in fascicles, usually free of neuroglial cell processes. The amjority of the axons formed axodendritic synapses on the indentations of the dendritic varicosities by 60–90 days postoperatively. The Fink-Heimer stain reveled that a limited number of axons regenerated from long tracts into the reactive neural zone. Most regenerated axons appear to be axonal sprouts from the operated and unoporated portions of the spinal cord. The central nervous system of the rat does regenerate, but the regenerating axons do not grow past the reactive neural zone and thus do not reach the neuroglial scar.
On the prediction of thermodynamic properties of simple real fluid mixtures from perturbation theory

Abstract A first-order perturbation theory based on the hard-sphere mixture as reference has been applied to describe the equilibrium properties of simple binary fluid mixtures. The intermolecular forces are assumed to be a sum of pair and triplet interactions represented, respectively, by the Maitland-Smith-Kihara (MSK) pair potential and the leading nonadditive dispersion Axilrod-Teller term. The quantum corrections are also included. The adequacies of three sets of combining rules are examined. The theory is used to compute (1) the total thermodynamic properties of Ar+Kr and Ne+Ar, (2) the excess properties of Ar+Kr, Ar+Xe, Kr+Xe and Ar+CH4, and (3) Henry's constants of solute Ne in solvents Kr and Ar and of He in CH4 and Ar. Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data indicates that the perturbation theory performs reliably, when used with the Kohler-Smith-Kong (KSK) combining rule.
Long-Term Results of Excision Followed by Radiofrequency Ablation as the Sole Means of Local Therapy for Breast Cancer

Introduction Clinical trials have yet to find a size or grade of invasive cancer which can be treated with lumpectomy alone due to the higher local recurrence (LR) rate without radiation (XRT). Excision followed by radiofrequency ablation (eRFA) is an intraoperative method which utilizes heat to create an additional tumor-free zone around the lumpectomy cavity. We hypothesized that eRFA after lumpectomy for invasive breast cancer could reduce the need for re-excision in close margins and potentially maintain local control without the need for XRT.
Lithotectonic elements of the Grenville Province: review and tectonic implications

Abstract The Grenville Province formed the southeastern limit of Proterozoic Laurentia and is composed of lithologic units that range in age from Archean to Late Mesoproterozoic. Reworked continuations of Archean, Early and Middle Paleoproterozoic orogens extend at the surface and at depth well into the southwestern and central Grenville Province, but are absent in the northeast. There is evidence for the existence of an active margin, with subduction-accretion and arc formation, along southeastern Laurentia for >400 Ma from the Late Paleoproterozoic to the Late Mesoproterozoic. Major juvenile crustal additions to the Laurentian margin, comprising Andean-style, calc-alkaline magmatic arcs and coeval inboard backarc deposits, occurred between ∼ 1.71 and 1.61, 1.51 and 1.42, and 1.40 and 1.23 Ga. Backarc magmatic and (or) sedimentary products document variable degrees of backarc extension and basin formation. Examples include the coeval oceanic and continental backarc basin settings of Hastings/Frontenac and Wakeham/Seal Lake groups respectively during geon 12, and the incipient continental backarc extensional settings of the Michael-Shabogamo dyke swarm during geon 14 and of alkali granite and anorthosite complexes during geons 13 and 12. Arc magmatism was followed by accretionary orogenesis during the Labradorian (∼ 1680-1660 Ma), Pinwarian (∼ 1500-1450 Ma) and Elzevirian (∼ 1250-1190 Ma) orogenies, respectively, resulting in substantial growth of Laurentia. A result of this growth is that the ages of most major units tend to young towards the southeast of the Grenville Province, except for those that formed inboard of the continent margin in a backarc setting. The continent-continent Grenvillian Orogeny took place between ∼ 1.19 and 0.98 Ga and comprised three distinct pulses of crustal shortening at ∼ 1.19-1.14, 1.08-1.02 and 1.00-0.85 Ga, separated by periods of extension. The loci of the earlier (Shawinigan and Ottawan) pulses of crustal shortening were in the hinterland of the orogen, whereas the latest (Rigolet) pulse caused northwesterly propagation of the orogen into its foreland. Periods of crustal extension during the Grenvillian Orogeny were coeval with emplacement of mafic magmas and anorthosite complexes, implying that large quantities of mantle magma and heat had access to the base of the previously thickened orogenic crust. This scenario is compatible with extensional collapse of the orogen following delamination or convective removal of the lower lithosphere, as suggested previously by others. An inference from these conclusions is that anorthosite complexes formed in two contrasting extensional tectonic environments in southeastern Laurentia during the Mesoproterozoic, that is, in areas of backarc extension inboard from an active continental-margin magmatic arc and within a collisional orogen during periods of tectonic collapse and rising isotherms.
Making American Industry Safe for Democracy: Comparative Perspectives on the State and Employee Representation in the Era of World War I

In Making American Industry Safe for Democracy, a work of historical sociology, Jeffrey Haydu explores how basic political and economic relationships were restabilized in the aftermath of the war. Haydu compares U.S. efforts to reconstruct an open-shop regime that excluded trade unions with the reform of industrial relations in Britain and Germany. Then he compares industries within the United States and traces the extraordinarily complex manner in which prewar class relations and wartime crisis led the state to restructure employee representation. In this important study of new strategies for managing work and conflict that were emerging by the 1920s, the author also forces us to reassess the role of organization in shaping working-class mobilization and protest.
662 ASPIRIN (ASA) AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H 2 O 2 ) INDUCED RED BLOOD CELL INJURY, MEMBRANE PROTEIN ALTERATIONS

Previous studies have demonstrated that normal intact red blood cells (RBC's) will undergo membrane lipid peroxidation and will hemolyze in vitro in the presence of ASA+H2O2 but not with either agent alone (Ped. Res. 9:326, 1975). In order to determine whether ASA+H2O2 induced oxidant injury results in RBC membrane protein damage, 5% RBC suspensions were incubated with equal volumes of buffer, ASA (25 mg%), H2O2 (1.2%) or ASA (25 mg%)+ H2O2 (1.2%). Following incubation, RBC membrane proteins were separated on SDS gel. ASA+H2O2 resulted in the production of a high M. Wgt. membrane protein complex (M. Wgt. 300,000-600,000) with a decrease in other membrane protein fractions. Similar changes were not observed with ASA alone or H2O2 alone. Incubation with 14C-acetyl and 14C-carboxyl tagged ASA+H2O2 failed to label any membrane protein fraction. Although prior incubation with water soluble ≥ tocopherol in concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/ml completely prevented hemolysis and membrane lipid peroxidation in the presence of ASA+H2O2, no protective effect on RBC membrane protein was found. While in this system lipid peroxidation is more predictive of in vitro hemolysis than is the membrane protein change, such protein change, if it were to occur in vivo, might result in hemolysis. ASA+H2O2 induced hemolysis represents an interesting model by which to study the multiple effects of oxidative damage on the normal intact RBC and the mechanism of the protection afforded by antioxidants.
An Investigation on Key Parameters That Influence the Resolution of Omeprazole Sodium

In this document are highlighted systematic studies on factors such as water content, temperature, solvent, and mole ratio of the resolving agents that influence the resolution of omeprazole sodium.
A hybrid silicon colliding pulse mode-locked laser with integrated passive waveguide section

A hybrid silicon colliding pulse mode-locked laser with an integrated passive waveguide section is shown. The laser operates at 18GHz with a 20dB RF bandwidth of 1.6MHz.
Assessment of c-myc expression in individual leukemic cells

The expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc was studied at the protein level in cells obtained from patients with AML and CML. In florid AML and during the blastic phase of CML the majority of cells contain c-myc protein with the amount of protein differing widely among the cells of individual patients. In contrast, during complete remission in AML and during the chronic phase of CML cells containing c-myc protein are rare. Several studies demonstrated a discordance in the amount of c-myc transcript and the amount of c-myc protein present in cell populations thereby suggesting the presence of translational or post-translational regulation of c-myc expression. Further, the data suggest that high levels of c-myc protein in the leukemic cells of AML patients are associated with a poor response to therapy and that high levels in AML patients in CR or in the peripheral blood of chronic phase CML patients may be indicative of impending acute leukemia.
Argument Structure and Ditransitive Verbs in Japanese

Ditransitive verbs such as send and give appear in two distinct structures in English, the double object and the to-dative constructions. It is well known that the two differ semantically and syntactically. In some recent works, it is suggested that the semantic differences observed by Bresnan (1978), Oehrle (1976) and others, and the structural properties noted by Barss and Lasnik (1986), Larson (1988), and others, can both be captured by postulating an extra head for the Double Object Construction (DOC, e.g., Marantz (1993), Harley (1995), Pylkkanen (2002)). This head, which corresponds to the applicative head in Bantu languages, takes the goal as its specifier and relates it either to the VP that contains the verb and the theme (Marantz (1993)), or directly to the theme (Pylkkanen (2002)). The applicative head contributes the meaning distinct to the DOC, and it gives rise to the hierarchical structure noted by Barss and Lasnik. This applicative head is missing in the to-dative so that this construction has an argument structure distinct from the DOC. In this paper, we will look at the corresponding construction(s) in Japanese. Unlike English, Japanese appears to have only one structure, in which the goal is marked with the dative and the theme with the accusative case marking. The goal-theme order is assumed to be the basic order (Hoji (1985), Takano (1998), Yatsushiro (1998, 2003)). The only variation is that the theme can occur before the goal, but this is viewed simply as an instance of optional scrambling. We will give arguments that the difference between English and Japanese is only apparent. With close scrutiny, we find that the two argument structures corresponding to the DOC and the to-dative in English exist in Japanese.
Metal site occupancy and allosteric switching in bacterial metal sensor proteins.

All prokaryotes encode a panel of metal sensor or metalloregulatory proteins that govern the expression of genes that allows an organism to quickly adapt to toxicity or deprivation of both biologically essential transition metal ions, e.g., Zn, Cu, Fe, and heavy metal pollutants. As such, metal sensor proteins can be considered arbiters of intracellular transition metal bioavailability and thus potentially control the metallation state of the metalloproteins in the cell. Metal sensor proteins are specialized allosteric proteins that regulate transcription as a result direct binding of one or two cognate metal ions, to the exclusion of all others. In most cases, the binding of the cognate metal ion induces a structural change in a protein oligomer that either activates or inhibits operator DNA binding. A quantitative measure of the degree to which a particular metal drives metalloregulation of operator DNA-binding is the allosteric coupling free energy, ΔGc. In this review, we summarize recent work directed toward understanding metal occupancy and metal selectivity of these allosteric switches in selected families of metal sensor proteins and examine the structural origins of ΔGc in the functional context a thermodynamic “set-point” model of intracellular metal homeostasis.
Thermodynamic stability of polyacrylamide and poly(N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide)

Based on theoretical thermodynamic principles, the possibility of environmental degradation of polyacrylamide to its starting monomer was investigated. Theoretical electronic structure studies on the geometry and fragmentation energy of acrylamide and N,N-dimethyl acrylamide tetramer models were carried out using a first principles gradient corrected density functional approach. Thermal degradation to form a radical would require the cleavage of carbon–carbon bonds in the polymer chain; the energy needed for this cleavage was found to depend on the structure of the repeat unit which ranged from low of 72.5 kcal for a rare head-to-head construct to 86.2 kcal for a normal head-to-tail polymer construct (therefore, for the cleavage of a normal head-to-tail repeat unit, temperatures of approximately 450°C would be required). The thermodynamics of the unzipping, disproportionation, and back-biting reactions in the resulting radical fragments were also investigated; the back-biting process was found to require the least energy and provided the most stable radical fragment with a low probability for disproportionation or releasing of monomer to occur. The effect of solvation on the hydrogen-bonding network in the acrylamide tetramer was studied by adding explicit molecules of water to the tetramer models. The addition of water had a significant effect on the stability of the model polymer slightly stabilizing the head-to-head polymer, and slightly destabilizing the head to tail polymer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of deuterium to investigate extent of branching in polystyrene

The extent of branching in polystyrene is attributed to a polymer transfer step occurring during polymerization. In this process a radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from along a chain which then adds monomer at the site of the abstraction. The rate of this process should be decreased if the hydrogen is replaced by deuterium, and consequently deuterated monomers should polymerize to form polymers less branched than those from the nondeuterated monomer. Polymers of α- and β-deuterostyrene were synthesized and thier intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight by light scattering determined. In the case of the α-deuterostyrene, the polymer was also fractionated and measurements were made on the fractions. The data for the deuterated styrenes fit quite closely the same relationships as a normal styrene sample prepared simultaneously and under the same conditions, i.e., 70°C. and without catalyst. The results indicate, therefore, that branching is quite small in polystyrene prepared under such typical conditions. A check of the isotope effect on the transfer process was made utilizing S-deuterobutyl mercaptan. A value of 4.0 was obtained at 60°C. for the relative rate of transfer with butyl mercaptan to that for the deuterated mercaptan.
Considering Thermal Deformation in Gear Transmission Error Calculation

This research analyze the gear for body temperature field, according to the body temperature field, it calculates comprehensive deformation of the loaded gear by using the contact method. It extracts the deformation of gear surface along the gear thickness and gear tall direction, calculating the gear non-involute error. It calculates the gear transmission error considering the thermal deformation. The results show that: Considering thermal deformation non-involute error of addendum is maximum, and there are no mutations in gear non-involute error the transmission error caused by mutation of elastic deformation mutate at single and double tooth alternating position. The bigger mutation becomes, the bigger vibration amplitude will be. The results of the study provide a solid basis to improve the motion transmission accuracy of gear.
Virtual Hopf phenomenon: A new precursor of period-doubling bifurcations

A new type of noise-induced precursor of a period-doubling bifurcation is described. The usual noise rise in the power spectrum at half the fundamental frequency, typical just before the onset of period doubling, may be preceded by a pair of symmetrically located noise bumps characteristic of a Hopf bifurcation precursor. The continuous evolution from the Hopf precursor to the period-doubling precursor may be understood in terms of the behavior of the Floquet multipliers as a control parameter is varied. The necessary appearance of the virtual Hopf phenomenon may be proven for a large class of low-dimensional systems, including the driven damped pendulum and the Lorenz equations, between each successive period doubling in the infinite cascade leading to chaos.
A 4-bit 1 GHz sub-half micrometer CMOS/SOS flash analog-to-digital converter using focused ion beam implants

A description is given of a novel 4-bit, ultrafast, low-power flash analog-to-digital converter (ADC) chip that was fabricated using digital CMOS/SOS SPEAR technology with sub-half-micrometer (0.3- mu m) gates and focused-ion-beam (FIB) channel implants. The FIB technology allows localized implants to be used to customize the threshold voltages of the MOSFETs used in each comparator. The maximum sample rate of the circuit exceed 1 GHz at a supply voltage of 5.0 V and decreased slightly to 900 MHz when the supply voltage was lowered to 3.3 V. the power dissipation, apart from the output buffers, at 3.3 V and 900 MHz was only 80 mW. Because of the very low power dissipation and small size ( >
Mechanism of the Asymmetric Monsoon Transition as Simulated in an AGCM

Abstract Atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations are carried out to test a hypothesis (Chang et al.) for the asymmetric monsoon transition in which the maximum convection marches gradually from the Asian summer monsoon to the Asian winter monsoon during boreal fall but experiences a sudden transition in the reverse during boreal spring. In the control run, the AGCM is driven by the climatological mean sea surface temperature (SST) with a realistic annual cycle, and it reproduces the observed asymmetric monsoon transition. In the sensitivity test, the model is driven by a similarly realistic SST but whose annual cycle is symmetric. The northwestward march of the maximum convection in boreal spring becomes more gradual, resulting in an overall near-symmetric pattern for the monsoon seasonal transition. The AGCM simulations confirm the hypothesis that the atmospheric mass redistribution due to the different land–ocean thermal memories leads to a seasonally different horizontal convergence fi...
Strongly unfoldable cardinals made indestructible

I provide indestructibility results for large cardinals consistent with V=L, such as weakly compact, indescribable and strongly unfoldable cardinals. The Main Theorem shows that any strongly unfoldable cardinal κ can be made indestructible by < κ-closed, κ-proper forcing. This class of posets includes for instance all < κ-closed posets that are either κ⁺-c.c. or ≤ κ-strategically closed as well as finite iterations of such posets. Since strongly unfoldable cardinals strengthen both indescribable and weakly compact cardinals, the Main Theorem therefore makes these two large cardinal notions similarly indestructible. Finally, I apply the Main Theorem to obtain a class forcing extension preserving all strongly unfoldable cardinals in which every strongly unfoldable cardinal κ is indestructible by < κ-closed, κ-proper forcing.
Ethical Issues in Multiple-Authored and Mentor-Supervised Publications

This paper explores the ethical issues related to publication, authorship, and mentoring with the goal of better defining coauthorship standards and encouraging research ethics discussion and education within the academic civil engineering research community. Graduate students, junior and tenured faculty, technicians, administrators, and field practitioners in the civil engineering research community need to address the evolving ethical issues in multiple-authored and mentor-supervised publications. By using a five-step interrelated research methodology, the authors examine the current factors affecting the academic research environment and describe some of the unspoken but ethically questionable practices in the academic community. Most tangible rewards are on the basis of a faculty member’s or researcher’s publication record, and the increasing pressure to produce publications earlier and more often in the academic’s career exacerbate the problem of a lack of clarity in ethical standards for multiauthor...
What is the role of “pressure” in the use of capillary and slit flows to determine the shear‐rate dependent viscosity of a viscoelastic fluid?

The purpose of this review article is to clear the confusion created by some investigators, who erroneously thought that the pressure transducers mounted on the wall of a capillary or slit die measured a quantity that could meaningfully be called “pressure,” accurately stated “indeterminate isotropic contribution to the total stress,” and then reported on the effect of “pressure” on the shear-rate dependent viscosity of a viscoelastic fluid. On the other hand, reference to such a quantity is not needed to calculate the wall shear stress and thus shear viscosity in fully developed flow of incompressible, viscoelastic polymer melts in a capillary or slit die; instead only information on the gradient of the total wall normal stress is needed. Further, it is pointed out that much of the literature discussing “pressure shift factor” to describe the effect of “pressure” on the viscosity of polymer melts in flow through a capillary or slit die is based on an erroneous belief that there exists a physically meaningful isotropic “pressure” that can be measured. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers.
THE EFFECTS OF TWO NORMATIVE STRUCTURAL INTERVENTIONS ON ESTABLISHED AND AD HOC GROUPS: IMPLICATIONS FOR IMPROVING DECISION MAKING EFFECTIVENESS

This paper focuses on a direct comparison of consensual, nominal, and conventional decision making techniques in established and ad hoc groups. The impact of the structural interventions on group decision quality and group attitudes is examined, and the appropriateness of the techniques in various situations is discussed.
Mechanical performance of various nylon 6 composites formed by in‐situ polymerization of caprolactam

This paper describes the fabrication and mechanical characterization of composites made by incorporating various types of glass as bead or fiber into an activated caprolactam melt, which is then caused to anionically polymerize to a nylon 6 resin. Three types of composites are discussed and compared under separate headings: glass bead filled, sheet reinforced with a random fiberglass mat, and sheet reinforced with a unidirectional fiberglass mat that is studied under transverse loading to emphasize the role of the nylon 6 matrix resin. High molecular weight, better wet-out and adhesion to the reinforcement, and cold drawing of the polycaprolactam resin lead to homogeneous cavitation that increases composite toughness in comparison to epoxy or other nylon matrices of equivalent stiffness.
Daydreaming, Current Concerns and Personality

The study evaluated the impact of personality traits and current concerns as determinants of the content of daydreams. Subjects completed thirteen scales of the Personality Research Form, a current concern list, and kept a log of their daydreams for two weeks. Each daydream was rated on a semantic differential type scale. The relationship between daydreaming and personality was evaluated with canonical correlations and none were significant. The themes of the daydream were, however, related to the current concerns. A total of 65.4 percent of the daydreams reflected subject's current concerns. More than half of the daydreams focused on the five current concerns. In this study, current concerns were found to be consistent with the themes represented in subject's daydreams while personality traits were independent of the meaning attributed to the day dreams.
The Population Genetics of Adaptation: Multiple Substitutions on a Smooth Fitness Landscape

Much recent work in the theoretical study of adaptation has focused on the so-called strong selection–weak mutation (SSWM) limit, wherein adaptation is due to new mutations of definite selective advantage. This work, in turn, has focused on the first step (substitution) during adaptive evolution. Here we extend this theory to allow multiple steps during adaptation. We find analytic solutions to the probability that adaptation follows a certain path during evolution as well as the probability that adaptation arrives at a given genotype regardless of the path taken. We also consider the probability of parallel adaptation and the proportion of the total increase in fitness caused by the first substitution. Our key assumption is that there is no epistasis among beneficial mutations.
Signaling switches and bistability arising from multisite phosphorylation in protein kinase cascades

itogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades can operate as bistable switches residing in either of two different stable states. MAPK cascades are often embedded in positive feedback loops, which are considered to be a prerequisite for bistable behavior. Here we demonstrate that in the absence of any imposed feedback regulation, bistability and hysteresis can arise solely from a distributive kinetic mechanism of the two-site MAPK phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Importantly, the reported kinetic properties of the kinase (MEK) and phosphatase M (MKP3) of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) fulfill the essential requirements for generating a bistable switch at a single MAPK cascade level. Likewise, a cycle where multisite phosphorylations are performed by different kinases, but dephosphorylation reactions are catalyzed by the same phosphatase, can also exhibit bistability and hysteresis. Hence, bistability induced by multisite covalent modification may be a widespread mechanism of the control of protein activity.
A Human CD4+ T Cell Epitope in the Influenza Hemagglutinin Is Cross-Reactive to Influenza A Virus Subtypes and to Influenza B Virus

The hemagglutinin protein (HA) of the influenza virus family is a major antigen for protective immunity. Thus, it is a relevant target for developing vaccines. Here, we describe a human CD4(+) T cell epitope in the influenza virus HA that lies in the fusion peptide of the HA. This epitope is well conserved in all 16 subtypes of the HA protein of influenza A virus and the HA protein of influenza B virus. By stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a healthy adult donor with peptides covering the entire HA protein based on the sequence of A/Japan/305/1957 (H2N2), we generated a T cell line specific to this epitope. This CD4(+) T cell line recognizes target cells infected with influenza A virus seasonal H1N1 and H3N2 strains, a reassortant H2N1 strain, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain, and influenza B virus in cytotoxicity assays and intracellular-cytokine-staining assays. It also lysed target cells infected with avian H5N1 virus. We screened healthy adult PBMCs for T cell responses specific to this epitope and found individuals who had ex vivo gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses to the peptide epitope in enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays. Almost all donors who responded to the epitope had the HLA-DRB1*09 allele, a relatively common HLA allele. Although natural infection or standard vaccination may not induce strong T and B cell responses to this highly conserved epitope in the fusion peptide, it may be possible to develop a vaccination strategy to induce these CD4(+) T cells, which are cross-reactive to both influenza A and B viruses.
PKIKP and Pseudo-PKIKP Phases at distances of less than 140°

In several attempts to establish from observations the travel-time curve for PKIKP (called P′ or P″ by some authors) the beginning of this curve has been drawn with a relatively strong curvature corresponding to a decrease of dt/dθ from roughly 4 s/deg at θ = 110° to about 2 s/deg at 130°. Apparently, travel times of different wave types had been combined. Actually, the observed travel-time curve of PKIKP is nearly a straight line in agreement with calculations. Near an epicentral distance of 115° the amplitudes of PKIKP increase by a factor of roughly 5. This probably indicates the transition from the diffracted to the direct PKIKP. The portions of the travel-time curves with a slope corresponding to dt/dθ near 4 s/deg which erroneously had been attributed to PKIKP belong to several wave types which seem to follow P, pP and sP or precede PP, each at roughly constant time intervals. Among causes for such multiplicity of phases are effects of irregularities in the Earth, of discontinuities and of diffraction.
On connecting periodic trajectories with quasi-periodic paths

In this paper, we delve further into the Gluskabi raccordation problem introduced in [8]. The problem involves the connection of any two trajectories with a particular behavior in such a way that this behavior persists during the transition. Specifically, we will consider connecting two periodic trajectories with quasi-periodic paths; we will compare the two approaches laid out in [8] and show how they are related. One of the two methods has a frequency domain flavor while the other deals explicitly with the time domain trajectory. We also derive an algorithm to compute such trajectories.
CTF determination and correction for low dose tomographic tilt series

The resolution of cryo-electron tomography can be limited by the first zero of the microscope’s contrast transfer function (CTF). To achieve higher resolution, it is critical to determine the CTF and correct its phase inversions. However, the extremely low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the defocus gradient in the projections of tilted specimens make this process challenging. Two programs, CTFPLOTTER and CTFPHASEFLIP, have been developed to address these issues. CTFPLOTTER obtains a 1D power spectrum by periodogram averaging and rotational averaging and it estimates the noise background with a novel approach, which uses images taken with no specimen. The background-subtracted 1D power spectra from image regions at different defocus values are then shifted to align their first zeros and averaged together. This averaging improves the SNR sufficiently that it becomes possible to determine the defocus for subsets of the tilt series rather than just the entire series. CTFPHASEFLIP corrects images line-by-line by inverting phases appropriately in thin strips of the image at nearly constant defocus. CTF correction by these methods is shown to improve the resolution of aligned, averaged particles extracted from tomograms. However, some restoration of Fourier amplitudes at high frequencies is important for seeing the benefits from CTF correction.
H.M., Word Knowledge, and Aging: upport for a New Theory of Long-Term Retrograde Amnesia

This study develops a new theory of long-term retrograde amnesia that encompasses episodic and semantic memory, including word knowledge. Under the theory, retrograde amnesia in both normal individuals and hippocampal amnesics reflects transmission deficits caused by aging, nonrecent use of connections, and infrequent use of connections over the life span. However, transmission deficits cause severe and irreversible retrograde amnesia only in amnesics who (unlike normal persons) cannot readily form new connections to replace nonfunctioning ones. The results of this study are consistent with this theory: For low-frequency but not high-frequency words, a famous “hippocampal amnesic” (H.M.) at age 71 performed worse than memory-normal control participants in a lexical decision experiment and a meaning-definition task (e.g., What does squander mean?). Also as predicted, H.M.'s lexical decision performance declined dramatically between ages 57 and 71 for low-frequency words, but was age-invariant for high-freq...
Resource Planning for Parallel Processing in the Cloud

Before the emergence of commercial cloud computing, interests in parallel algorithm analysis have been mostly academic. When computing and communication resources are charged by hours, cost effective parallel processing would become a required skill. This paper reports a resource planning study using a method derived from classical program time complexity analysis, we call Timing Models. Unlike existing qualitative performance analysis methods, a Timing Model uses application instrumented capacity measures to capture the quantitative dependencies between a computer program (sequential or parallel) and its processing environments. For applications planning to use commercial clouds, this tool is ideally suited for choosing the most cost-effective configuration. The contribution of the proposed tool is its ability to explore multiple dimensions of a program quantitatively to gain non-trivial insights. This paper uses a simple matrix multiplication application to illustrate the modeling, program instrumentation and performance prediction processes. Since cloud vender do offer HPC hardware resources, we use Amazon EC2 as the target processing environments. The computing and communication models are not only useful in choosing the processing platform but also for understanding the resource usage bills. Comparisons between predicted and actual resource usages show that poor processing granularity wastes resources. Prediction errors are minimized near the optimal number of processors.
Scapholunate Instability: Current Concepts in Diagnosis and Management

Injuries to the scapholunate joint are the most frequent cause of carpal instability and account for a considerable degree of wrist dysfunction, lost time from work, and interference with activities. The complex arrangement and kinematics of the 2 rows of carpal bones allows for an enormous degree of physiologic motion, and a hierarchy of primary and secondary ligaments serves to balance an inherently unstable structure. Although insufficient to cause abnormal carpal posture or collapse on static radiographs, an isolated injury to the scapholunate interosseous ligament may be the harbinger of a relentless progression to abnormal joint mechanics, cartilage wear, and degenerative change. Intervention for scapholunate instability is aimed at arresting the degenerative process by restoring ligament continuity and normalizing carpal kinematics. In this review, we discuss the anatomy, kinematics, and biomechanical properties of the scapholunate articulation and provide a foundation for understanding the spectrum of scapholunate ligament instability. We propose an algorithm for treatment based on the stage of injury, degree of secondary ligamentous damage, and arthritic change.
Immune Cell Location and Function During Post-Natal Mammary Gland Development

Post-natal mammary gland development requires complex interactions between the epithelial cells and various cell types within the stroma. Recent studies have illustrated the importance of immune cells and their mediators during the various stages of mammary gland development. However, the mechanisms by which these immune cells functionally contribute to mammary gland development are only beginning to be understood. This review provides an overview of the localization of immune cells within the mammary gland during the various stages of post-natal mammary gland development. Furthermore, recent studies are summarized that illustrate the mechanisms by which these cells are recruited to the mammary gland and their functional roles in mammary gland development.
Employing A Tax Practitioner: A Different Perspective

In this paper, we analyze the value of services rendered by tax practitioners, demonstrating that the conventional single-period solution may be inconsistent with their role. We contend that the value of these services stems from tax practitioners' knowledge of the tax code and not from the signal they convey to tax authorities when they sign the returns. We take the position that taxpayers' actions may not convey a signal to the tax enforcement agent, thereby enabling the latter to set different detection rates for different taxpayers. If taxpayers' actions were to convey a signal, the solution would not be sustainable, since it would eventually lead to a self-revealing “corner solution,” in which all taxpayers would take the same action. In a single-period framework, the taxpayer’s decision to hire a practitioner is dependent upon two variables: the practitioners’ fee, which is known to the tax enforcement agent, and taxpayers' risk attitude. The tax enforcement agent can infer the latter if the taxpayers use practitioners who sign the tax returns. If taxpayers use practitioners’ services, we are able to derive the same exact solution irrespective of whether or not practitioners sign the returns. Thus, we suspect that the value of these services does not stem from the fact that the returns are signed.
Abstract 20531: C-Abl Mediated Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Paxillin is Essential for LPS-Induced Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction and Acute Lung Injury

Paxillin, a multi-domain scaffold-adapter focal adhesion (FA) protein, plays an important role in facilitating protein networking and efficient signaling transduction. Paxillin is phosphorylated at multiple serine/threonine and tyrosine residues; however, the role of tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin in endothelial barrier dysfunction and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains unclear. In this study, we used paxillin-specific siRNA and site-specific non-phosphorylatable mutants of paxillin to abrogate the function of paxillin, both in vitro and in vivo, to determine its role in the regulation of lung endothelial permeability and ARDS. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) resulted in paxillin accumulation at focal adhesions, enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin at Y31 and Y118, and significant endothelial barrier dysfunction. However no significant changes in Y181 phosphorylation by LPS challenge was observed. Paxillin silencing (siRNA) attenuated LPS-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction and dissociation of VE-cadherin from adherens junctions. LPS-induced paxillin phosphorylation at Y31 and Y118 was mediated by c-Abl tyrosine kinase and not by Src or focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in human lung microvascular ECs. Furthermore, down-regulation of c-Abl (siRNA) significantly reduced LPS-mediated endothelial barrier dysfunction. Transfection of human lung microvascular ECs with paxillin Y31, Y118 and Y31/Y118 mutants mitigated LPS-induced barrier dysfunction and VE-cadherin destabilization at adherens junctions. In vivo, knockdown of paxillin with siRNA in mouse lungs ameliorated LPS-induced pulmonary protein leak and lung inflammation. Together, these results suggest that c-Abl-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of paxillin at Y31 and Y118 regulates LPS-mediated pulmonary vascular permeability and injury.