cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Penetration of 14C-antipyrine and 14C-barbital into the choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid of the rat in vivo.

The nature of the transport and distribution of two organic compounds, antipyrine and barbital, in the in vivo choroid plexus was studied in the adult rat. The rate of penetration of 14C-barbital into the lateral ventricular plexus (LVP) was approximately one fourth that of 14C-antipyrine; a similar quantitative relationship was found with respect to the penetration of these two drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The 14C-antipyrine and 14C-barbital spaces for the choroid plexus (as well as for skeletal muscle for comparison), together with radioisotope data for the extracellular fluid volume (3H-inulin) and residual erythrocyte volume (51Cr-erythrocyte space), were used to analyze the partitioning of these drugs between the extracellular and intracellular fluids. The steady-state distribution of 14C-antipyrine was characterized by its penetration into virtually the entire water of all the tissue compartments investigated; there was no concentration gradient for radioantipyrine from plasma to choroidal epithelium to CSF. On the other hand, the steady-state concentration of [14C]barbital in the epithelial cells of the LVP was about 20% less than that in plasma H2O, but about 10% greater than that in the CSF. Additional data suggest that the steady-state level of radiobarbital in the epithelium of the LVP is determined primarily by the H+ gradient across the cell membrane and perhaps also by sieving of barbital by the CSF secretory process. Although carrier barbital (20 mg/kg) did not significantly change the [14C]barbital space in LVP, it is not possible to rule out carrier-mediated transport of barbital in this tissue.
Highway network bridge fatigue damage potential of special truck configurations

A study of the fatigue damage potential of special truck configurations was conducted to facilitate informed decisions by state transportation agencies in considering various truck size and weight and permit policies as well as to provide relative damage information that will be useful in ongoing network damage evaluations. The primary objective was to evaluate 78 existing common and FHWA-proposed truck configurations for relative fatigue damage potential. To accomplish this objective, an analytical fatigue evaluation tool was developed to determine the relative fatigue damage induced in highway network bridges by simulation of a highway fleet mix database crossing actual bridges modeled analytically. Additional objectives were to evaluate the influence of impact values and endurance limits used for a fatigue analysis. The semicontinuum analysis method, the Palmgren-Miner hypothesis, and the rain-flow cycle counting algorithm are incorporated. A 39-bridge database statistically selected as representative ...
Livestock Transfers, Risk Management, and Human Careers in a West African Pastoral System

Pastoralists employ different strategies to minimize the risk of losing their livelihood due to drought, disease, and other disasters. Livestock transfers have been considered critical because they provide not only a safety net during disasters but also contribute to the resilience of pastoral societies by allowing pastoralists to rebuild their herds after disasters. I examine whether and how livestock transfers serve as risk management strategies in a comparative, ethnographic study of three pastoralist communities in the Far North Region of Cameroon. The findings show that livestock transfers contribute to short-term survival of households but not long-term viability of family herds. Here I argue for a more holistic, anthropological approach that considers the social and cultural aspects of strategic decisions that individual pastoralists make when they engage in these transfers.
Corotation of the kronian magnetosphere

Observations of the radial variation of azimuthal plasma velocity in the inner part of the magnetosphere of Saturn show deviations from corotation occur as far in as L = 4. Major deviations from rigid corotation occur near the orbits of Rhea and Dione. Voyager-derived neutral and plasma density and temperature vs. altitude profiles in the upper atmosphere to verify that the atmospheric torque needed to drive corotation through neutral-ion coupling is available are used. It is found that the observed azimuthal velocities and calculated Pedersen conductance are consistent with one another, but that the conductance is much less than previous values estimated for Saturn and Jupiter. The lower than anticipated conductivity is attributed to the large heliocentric distance, to the absence of an active satellite (such as Jovian Io) and to a possible role of ring material in depleting the ionosphere.
An Analysis of Preflight Weather Briefings

Weather is often cited as a factor in general aviation (GA) accidents and mishaps. The type of weather information requested from, or provided by, automated flight service station (AFSS) specialists is dependent on weather conditions at the time the preflight briefing occurs. However, little is known about how this weather information is used by GA pilots. The purpose of this research was to document the types of AFSS weather information that GA pilots requested and received and how this information might influence flight planning and weather–based decisions. A content analysis was performed on 306 GA pilot telephone conversations with AFSS specialists who staffed the preflight position. Twenty-four hours of continuous recordings of one good, typical, and bad weather day at an AFSS in the New England, Northwest Mountain, and Southwest Region were obtained prior to the Federal Aviation Administration contracting out those services. The data show that more calls were made on days of bad weather than on days of good and typical weather within the vicinity serviced by the AFSS. Approximately 78% of the pilots requested a preflight briefing (they requested a standard weather briefing more often than any other), and about 15% declined a weather briefing when asked by the AFSS specialist. Of the pilot-requested preflight weather briefings, specialists relayed the following weather items: Weather synopsis, sky conditions (clouds), visibility, and weather conditions at the departure, en route, and destination point. When pilots declined preflight weather briefings, as they did in 15.4% of the calls (good weather 16.7%, typical weather 5.0%, bad weather 20.6%), AFSS still relayed weather synopsis and sky conditions (clouds) in addition to any other weather conditions that might prove to be significant during a flight. Whether by asking for additional information or receiving weather information from specialists, 31 pilots decided that it was best to change their flight plans (46.9% delayed, 15.6% postponed or cancelled their flights, and 15.6% looked for alternate routes and destination points). Surprisingly, 27% of the pilots who were told ‘VFR Flight Not Recommended’ went ahead and filed a VFR flight plan anyway.
SNR analysis for multi-rate UWB-IR

This letter is motivated by the need to design MAC protocols for impulse radio ultrawide bandwidth systems. It evaluates the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in such multi-rate systems in which the different users transmit with different rates and different power levels. The SNR is obtained for all combinations of pulse-position modulation or pulse-amplitude modulation, with time-hopping and/or direct-sequence spreading. We show that the SNR in a multi-rate time-hopping system is different from a single-rate system, and is highly affected by the low-rate users
The Metabolic Gradient and its Applications

1. In Nereis virens the rate of carbon dioxide discharge for the whole worm is roughly 0.01 milligram of gas per gram of worm per minute. In similar terms the rate for the mid-trunk is a little over 0.01 milligrams and that for the head and tail regions about half of this rate. 2. In Planaria metadata large worms (87 mgm.) show a lower rate of carbon dioxide discharge (0.0050 mgm. per gram of worm per minute) than small ones (55 mgm.) (0.0069 mgm. per gram of worm per minute). Also normal worms have a lower rate (0.0050 mgm.) than cut worms (0.0063 mgm.). Planarians cut transversely into halves, quarters or sixths show in such fragments so uniform a rate of carbon dioxide discharge that there is no reason to believe that the rate is really different in different parts. 3. In the actinians Sagartia luciae and Metridium marginatum the rate of discharge of the oral halves is indistinguishable from that of the aboral halves and these two rates are very close to the rates of the animals as wholes. 4. These results point to the absence of the assumed metabolic gradients in Nereis, Planaria and the actinians. 5. Hyman9s results on annelids with the susceptibility method were obtained on Nereis but are believed to be due to differential penetration and are not accepted as a proof of a metabolic gradient. Hyman and Galigher9s results on annelids involve a misuse of the Winkler method. Shearer9s results on earthworms apply only to the head and tail ends and should have been supplemented, to be conclusive, with determinations for the mid-trunk. 6. Metabolic gradients if present are not factors in morphogenesis but are at best measures of activity which may serve as features in the description of organisms.
Determination of the flow stress of five AHSS sheet materials (DP 600, DP 780, DP 780-CR, DP 780-HY and TRIP 780) using the uniaxial tensile and the biaxial Viscous Pressure Bulge (VPB) tests

Room temperature uniaxial tensile and biaxial Viscous Pressure Bulge (VPB) tests were conducted for five Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) sheet materials, and the resulting flow stress curves were compared. Strain ratios (R-values) were also determined in the tensile test and used to correct the biaxial flow stress curves for anisotropy. The pressure vs. dome height raw data in the VPB test was extrapolated to the burst pressure to obtain the flow stress curve until fracture. Results of this work show that the flow stress data can be obtained to higher strain values under biaxial state of stress. Moreover, it was observed that some materials behave differently if subjected to different state of stress. These two conclusions, and the fact that the state of stress in actual stamping processes is almost always biaxial, suggest that the bulge test is a more suitable test for obtaining the flow stress of AHSS sheet materials for use as an input to Finite Element (FE) simulation models.
Preoperative Dehydration Increases Risk of Postoperative Acute Renal Failure in Colon and Rectal Surgery

There is limited data regarding the effects of preoperative dehydration on postoperative renal function. We sought to identify associations between hydration status before operation and postoperative acute renal failure (ARF) in patients undergoing colorectal resection. The NSQIP database was used to examine the data of patients undergoing colorectal resection from 2005 to 2011. We used preoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio >20 as a marker of relative dehydration. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to quantify the association of BUN/Cr ratio with ARF. We sampled 27,860 patients who underwent colorectal resection. Patients with dehydration had higher risk of ARF compared to patients with BUN/Cr <10 (AOR, 1.23; P = 0.04). Dehydration was associated with an increase in mortality of the affected patients (AOR, 2.19; P < 0.01). Postoperative complication of myocardial infarction (MI) (AOR, 1.46; P < 0.01) and cardiac arrest (AOR, 1.39; P < 0.01) was higher in dehydrated patients. Open colorectal procedures (AOR, 2.67; P = 0.01) and total colectomy procedure (AOR, 1.62; P < 0.01) had associations with ARF. Dehydration before operation is a common condition in colorectal surgery (incidence of 27.7 %). Preoperative dehydration is associated with increased rates of postoperative ARF, MI, and cardiac arrest. Hydrotherapy of patients with dehydration may decrease postoperative complications in colorectal surgery.
Failure resistant digital filters based on residue number system product codes

Residue number system product codes are proposed for the design of self-checking digital filters. It is shown that product codes require redundancy that is similar to, but slightly less than that of systematic codes for simultaneous overflow detection and single error correction. The design of a product code error checker is presented, and compared to a systematic code error checker. Also, a new concept called expanded mixed radix conversion is presented to simplify the error checker hardware design.
Breastfeeding Multiples: It Can Be Done

The recognition of the benefits of breastfeeding and the perils of formula feeding makes it incumbent upon the nursing profession to become knowledgeable in the realm of evidence-based care for all breastfeeding women. This is even more apparent with the rise in the number of multiple births and the potential subsequent sequelae that frequently arises from multiple gestations, that is, preterm births. Breastfeeding organizations such as La Leche League promote and support breastfeeding for women with multiple births. The aim of this article is to address those issues that hinder a mother's desire to breastfeed her twins, triplets, or even quadruplets. The numerous benefits of breastfeeding are elucidated together with guidelines for the health care professional to use in assisting the breastfeeding mother.
High frequency contrast imaging

Ultrasound contrast agents enhance echoes from the microvasculature and enable the visualization of flow in smaller vessels. We optically and acoustically investigate the dynamics of a microbubble with 10 MHz ultrasound insonation. Results of a numerical evaluation of the modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation are used to predict the dynamics of a microbubble. From the optical observations of a single microbubble, nonlinear oscillation (such as subharmonic components), destruction and radiation force are observed. The maximum bubble expansion using a 20 cycle 10 MHz chirp with pressure up to 3.5 MPa has been tested with initial diameters ranging from 1.5 to 5 /spl mu/m, resulting in a maximum diameter kept below 8 /spl mu/m. Optical and acoustical experiments provide insight into the mechanisms of destruction, including fragmentation and acoustically-driven diffusion. High frequency pulse transmission may provide the opportunity to detect contrast echoes resulting from a single pulse, may be robust in the presence of tissue motion, and may provide the opportunity to incorporate high frequency ultrasound into destruction-replenishment techniques.
Measuring the Biocorrosion of Carbon Steel by Mapping and Quantifying Topography with SEM

Anaerobic corrosion of iron is frequently linked to anaerobic microorganisms, especially when they are in association with the metal surface forming a biofilm. This microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC, referred to here as “biocorrosion”) affects nearly every industry, with huge economic (billions of US dollars) and environmental costs incurred by the petroleum chemical industry and nuclear power plants [1]. Anaerobic microorganisms such as the sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) have long been implicated in biocorrosion [2]. Damage to steel by SRB is usually localized, taking on the form of pits. The mechanism of pitting believed to be an autocatalytic stabilization of a galvanic cell, between a small corroding area (the anode) and its non-corroding surroundings (the cathode) [3,4].
MRI in osteoarthritis of the hip: gradations of severity.

In a prospective study, 10 patients with well-documented osteoarthritis (O.A.) of the hips were imaged using spin-echo pulse sequences (TR = 0.5 to 1.5 s and TE = 28 to 60 ms). After analyzing the changes observed, an MR grading system for assessing severity of O.A. in the hips was developed. Using this grading system and an established grading system for osteoarthritis using roentgenograms (both systems use grades 0-4), two radiologists independently graded the MR studies and plain films separately, twice. The roentgenogram grading system was more accurate in predicting symptoms in the more severe cases, whereas the MR grading system was slightly more useful in the less severe cases. Our results show that MR can demonstrate a spectrum of changes of O.A. in the hips. Its ability to directly image articular cartilage makes it a powerful research and clinical tool.
Investigation of volumetric radiation effects in lightpipe thermometry

A major obstacle to the widespread implementation of rapid thermal processing (RTP) is the challenge of wafer temperature measurement. Frequently, lightpipe radiation thermometers (LPRT) are used to measure wafer temperatures in RTP reactors. While the lightpipe distorts the wafer temperature profile less than temperature measurement techniques which require physical contact, the presence of the lightpipe influences the wafer temperature profile. This paper presents the results of a theoretical study exploring that influence. Radiation transfer in the LPRT is modeled with varying levels of rigor, ranging from a volumetrically non-participating treatment to a full (gray) solution of the radiative transfer equation. The results of the study clearly indicate the need to model the lightpipe as a volumetrically participating, semitransparent medium and further, underline the need for knowledge of accurate radiative properties of the lightpipe material
Using parallel resonators to create improved maximally flat quarter-wavelength transformer impedance-matching networks

This paper presents a general approach for designing maximally flat quarter-wave transformer impedance-matching networks (QWT-IMNs) used in conjunction with parallel resonators. The approach used finds a maximally flat form by setting lower order terms of the general form to zero. This general form is found using ABCD matrices. The resulting maximally flat form is identical to the form for quarter-wavelength-coupled filters. Using parallel resonators improves QWT-IMN designs in three ways. First, adding parallel resonators to a QWT-IMN improves the poor stopband rejection from which QWT-IMN's suffer. Second, for a given load-to-source mismatch, a QWT-IMN has a fixed response, i.e., a fixed total Q. By using more than one parallel resonator, numerous response realizations, i.e., values of total Q, can be achieved for a given load-to-source mismatch. Third, using parallel resonators requires one less quarter-wave transformer to achieve the same order of response.
The Relation Between Age-Related Changes in Neuromusculoskeletal System and Dynamic Postural Responses to Balance Disturbance

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to identify some critical factors whose functional changes with age in the neuromusculoskeletal systems would potentially relate to the maintenance of standing balance. METHODS A total of 38 healthy subjects were tested (age range, 21-77 years). A postural disturbance at the foot was provided, and the range of movement of the head, trunk, thigh, shank, and foot was examined. Three supporting surfaces were tested: hard, soft, and reduced. The functions evaluated in each subject included general health, touch, and cutaneous vibratory perception threshold at four different locations, ankle strength, and range of motion. The functions were then correlated with the maximum magnitude of the body movement. RESULTS There were significant age-related changes in cutaneous vibratory perception threshold at all four locations of the foot, in plantarflexor strength, and in touch sensation at the heel region. Age had a positive correlation with head movement regardless of the supporting surface and the movement direction of the platform. Plantarflexor strength was also correlated with head movement but only when the platform moved in the backward direction. When standing on a large supporting base the change in cutaneous vibratory perception threshold at the 5th metatarsal head with respect to age showed a larger, although weak, effect on the head movement than the cutaneous vibratory perception threshold at other regions. CONCLUSIONS The stabilization of an upright balance, especially the head, was related to age, plantarflexor strength, and vibratory perception at the foot. The laboratory test in this study identified such correlations.
Propagation dynamics of controlled cross-talk via interplay between χ (1) and χ (3) processes

We investigate theoretically and experimentally the propagation dynamics of a nonlinear cross-talk effect between two probe channels in a double-ladder system and show that an interplay between ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(1)}$ and ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ processes leads to the control of cross-talk. We derive analytical solutions to describe the propagation dynamics of the probe fields with the cross-talk effect built in. From the analytical results we identify and examine the regimes of interest where contributions of either ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(1)}$ or ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(3)}$ or both are significant. The control of cross-talk is demonstrated experimentally, and good quantitative agreement is found between the analytical solutions and the experiment.
Paradoxes of nitric oxide in the diabetic kidney.

As an important modulator of renal function and morphology, the nitric oxide (NO) system has been extensively studied in the diabetic kidney. However, a number of studies in different experimental ...
Measurement of Receptor-Activated Phosphoinositide Turnover in Rat Brain: Nonequivalence of Inositol Phosphate and CDP-Diacylglycerol Formation

: Two methods for the measurement of receptor-activated phosphoinositide turnover were evaluated for their degree of correspondence in slices of rat brain; they involved the Li+-dependent accumulations of either [3H]-inositol-labeled inositol phosphates or [3H]cytidine-labeled CDP-diacylglycerol. In contrast to the expectation that the ratio of these two responses would remain approximately constant, varying degrees of correspondence were obtained. The two extremes are exemplified by carbachol, which elicited large increases in both inositol phosphate and CDP-diacylglycerol labeling, and endothelin, which gave a robust inositol phosphate response with little or no accumulation of 3H-CDP-diacylglycerol. No instance of the presence of the latter response in the absence of 3H-inositol phosphate accumulation was observed. Measurement of 3H-CDP-diacylglycerol accumulation thus may add additional insight into the regulation of phosphoinositide turnover and the complex actions of Li+.
The LaPaz Icefield 04840 meteorite : Mineralogy, metamorphism, and origin of an amphibole-and biotite-bearing R chondrite

The R chondrite meteorite LaPaz Icefield (LAP) 04840 is unique among metamorphosed, non-carbonaceous chondrites in containing abundant OH-bearing silicate minerals: ~13% ferri-magnesiohornblende and ~0.4% phlogopite by volume. Other minerals include olivine (Fo(62)), orthopyroxene (En(69)Fs(30)Wo(1)), albite (An(8)Ab(90)Or(2)), magnetite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and apatite. Ferromagnesian minerals are rich in Fe3+ as determined by Mossbauer spectrometry and electron microprobe chemical analyses. Fe3+/Fe-tot values are olivine ≤ 5%, amphibole 80%, phlogopite 65%, and magnetite 42%. Mineral compositions are nearly constant across grains and the section, except for a small variability in amphibole compositions reflecting the edenite exchange couple (Na-A + Al-IV ⇌ (A)rectangle + Si). These mineral compositions, the absence of Fe-Ni metal, and the oxygen isotope data support its classification as an R (Rumuruti) chondrite. LAP 04840 is classified as petrologic grade 5, based oil the chemical homogeneity of its minerals, and the presence of distinctly marked chondrules and chondrule fragments in a fine-grained crystalline matrix. The mineral assemblage of LAP 04840 allows calculation of physical and chemical conditions at the peak of its metamorphism: T = 670 ± 60 degrees C from a amphibole-plagioclase thermometer; P-H2O between 250 and 500 bars as constrained by the assemblage phlogopite + orthopyroxene + olivine + feldspar and the absence of diopside; P-CO2 unconstrained: f(O2) at QFM + 0.5 log units; log(f(HF)/f(H2O))≈-5.8; log(f(HCl)/f(H2O)) ≈-3.3; and log(f(HCl)/f(HF)) ≈-2.6. The hydrogen in LAP 04840 is very heavy, an average delta D value of +3660 +/- 75% in the magnesiohornblende. Only a few known sources of hydrogen have such high δD and are suitable sources for LAP 04840: ordinary chondrite phyllosilicates (as in the Semarkona chondrite), and insoluble organic matter (IOM) in ordinary chondrites and CR chondrites. Hydrogen from the IOM could have been released by oxidation, and then reacted with an anhydrous R chondrite (at high temperature), but it is not clear whether this scenario is correct.
Relationships among canopy scale energy fluxes and isoprene flux derived from long-term, seasonal eddy covariance measurements over a hardwood forest

The flux of isoprene, one of the more reactive biogenic volatile organic compounds, was measured using eddy covariance techniques on a continuous basis during the 2000‐2002 growing seasons at a mixed hardwood forest in northern lower MI. Daytime fluxes of isoprene and both sensible (H) and latent heat flux (LE) were linearly correlated with a positive slope on a daily basis, but the slopes of these relationships varied from one day to the next. Under drought conditions and longer time periods, LE fluxes were suppressed yet isoprene emissions were enhanced; thus, the slope of the isoprene to LE relationship was increased. For example, seasonally averaged LE fluxes were reduced in 2000 as a result of reduced rainfall, and average isoprene fluxes were 1.5 times greater in 2000 compared to years 2001 and 2002. The strong daily correlation between isoprenefluxesand associated energyfluxes is an important relationship that should be accurately reflected in canopy models used for estimating biogenic emissions. In addition, in cases where land surface model output includes latent heat fluxes, the latent heat fluxes may be used as a surrogate for above canopy light and temperature to provide a simple estimate of isoprene emissions. Observed isoprene fluxes are compared to the Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BEIS3) biogenic emission model and to a canopy scale biogenic emission model (WSUBEIS) that includes a leaf energybudget and accounts for verticalchanges in light and temperature through the canopy. Comparison of the emission models with observations showed that the fractional gross errors in isoprenefluxestimates were approximately 37% for both models in 2001and 2002, butincreased to approximately 62% in 2000 when less rain occurred and LEfluxeswere reduced. The BEIS3 model does not treat sensible or latent heat flux, but the simple scaling and leaf energy budget used in WSU-BEIS yields estimates of LE within approximately 50% of observations. Estimates of sensible heat flux with WSU-BEIS were larger than observed and indicate that the simple scaling approach may not be capable of treating all of the dynamics of canopy energy transfer accurately. Nonetheless, the strong relationships observed between isoprene flux and the energy flux terms provide a basis for testing these and other canopy models used for estimates of biogenic emissions. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Graduates: Perceptions Of MBA Value

MBA worth who decides? Much of the current assessment comes from market driven and/or institutional perspectives. This research examines responses from Meredith College MBA graduates to determine their perceptions of the worth and value of their MBA experience.
BioPlanner: A Plan Adaptation Approach for the Discovery of Biological Pathways across Species

We present an implementation of a plan adaptation system, BioPlanner, built for biological pathway prediction across species. BioPlanner formulates a pathway discovery problem as a Hierarchical Task Network (HTN) planning problem and solves it by adapting a plan solution of another well-studied pathway. BioPlanner provides the following functionalities: • It automatically builds HTN planning models for a biological pathway domain from the semantic web biological knowledge bases (KBs). • It retrieves plan cases from the biological KBs. • It generates hypothetical pathways using plan adaptation strategies with the aid of biological domain knowledge. • It evaluates the hypothetical plan candidates, ranks them, and recommends the most likely hypotheses to users. • It employs an information gathering multi-agent system to capture knowledge from heterogeneous sources to help the hypothetical plan generation process. We utilize BioPlanner to predict Signaling Transduction pathways for Mus musculus, Gallus gallus ,a ndDrosophila melanogaster from Homo sapiens.
Eleventh-century shift in timber procurement areas for the great houses of Chaco Canyon

An enduring mystery from the great houses of Chaco Canyon is the origin of more than 240,000 construction timbers. We evaluate probable timber procurement areas for seven great houses by applying tree-ring width-based sourcing to a set of 170 timbers. To our knowledge, this is the first use of tree rings to assess timber origins in the southwestern United States. We found that the Chuska and Zuni Mountains (>75 km distant) were the most likely sources, accounting for 70% of timbers. Most notably, procurement areas changed through time. Before 1020 Common Era (CE) nearly all timbers originated from the Zunis (a previously unrecognized source), but by 1060 CE the Chuskas eclipsed the Zuni area in total wood imports. This shift occurred at the onset of Chaco florescence in the 11th century, a time with substantial expansion of existing great houses and the addition of seven new great houses in the Chaco Core area. It also coincides with the proliferation of Chuskan stone tools and pottery in the archaeological record of Chaco Canyon, further underscoring the link between land use and occupation in the Chuska area and the peak of great house construction. Our findings, based on the most temporally specific and replicated evidence of Chacoan resource procurement obtained to date, corroborate the long-standing but recently challenged interpretation that large numbers of timbers were harvested and transported from distant mountain ranges to build the great houses at Chaco Canyon.
Geometry and the Story Theory of Truth

Sooner or later, people who study hyperbolic geometry develop a “hyperbolic” intuition. Pictures stop looking wrong. Theorems can be anticipated. The world can be seen, at will, in either Euclidean or hyperbolic terms.
PLZF Controls the Development of Fetal-Derived IL-17+Vγ6+ γδ T Cells

Expression of promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein directs the effector differentiation of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and IL-4(+) γδ NKT cells. In this study, we show that PLZF is also required for the development and function of IL-17(+) γδ T cells. We observed that PLZF is expressed in fetal-derived invariant Vγ5(+) and Vγ6(+) γδ T cells, which secrete IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively. PLZF deficiency specifically affected the effector differentiation of Vγ6(+) cells, leading to reduced numbers of mature CD27(-)CD44(+) phenotype capable of secreting IL-17. Although PLZF was not required for Vγ5(+) γδ T cells to develop, when these cells were reprogrammed into IL-17-secreting cells in Skint-1 mutant mice, they required PLZF for their effector maturation, similarly to Vγ6(+) γδ T cells. The impaired effector differentiation of PLZF-deficient Vγ6(+) γδ T cells was not due to increased apoptosis and it was related to reduced proliferation of immature CD27(+)CD44(-) Vγ6(+) γδ T cells, which was required for their differentiation into mature CD27(-)CD44(+) IL-17-secreting cells. Thus, the present study identifies that PLZF function is not restricted to NKT or IL-4(+) T cells, but it also controls the development of IL-17(+) γδ T cells.
Gender Awareness Inventory-VA: A Measure of Ideology, Sensitivity, and Knowledge Related to Women Veterans' Health Care

Within the Veterans Health Administration, it has become increasingly important to assess health-care workers' attitudes toward and beliefs about female patients, sensitivity to the unique needs of female patients, and knowledge about women veterans and the programs and services available to them. The current study describes the development of the Gender Awareness Inventory-VA, an instrument that assesses 3 components: gender-role ideology, gender sensitivity, and knowledge among health-care staff. Data were drawn from various samples of Veterans Health Administration employees in a large geographical region (overall N > 1,100; nationally, this population includes roughly 37% minorities). In a series of psychometric inquiries, evidence for reliability and validity was established, and preliminary evidence was provided for the instrument's underlying factor structure.
Atom-Surface Potential Information from Low-Energy Atom-Surface Scattering

Progress in surface science has been limited by the absence of easily interpreted experiments which specifically probe the surface region. Over the past several years low energy light atom-surface scattering has received increased attention. Experimental data suggests that of the experimental probes developed so far, He scattering is the most sensitive to properties specific to the surface region (first atomic layer only). Consequently, there is a continuing search for new classes of beam experiments which investigate selective features of the surface.
Effective-Pair-Interactions from Supercell Total Energy Calculations: Al-Transition Metal Alloys

Effective-pair-interactions (EPI) are computed for alloys of Al with transition metals, Li, and Zn, using a method in which concentration- independent cluster interactions are resummed to obtain the concentration- dependent EPI. The method includes alloy fluctuations in the interatomic charge transfer, enables one to transcend the muffin-tin approximation and thus treat surfaces and layered structures, and allows the inclusion of lattice strain effects. The calculated EPI have a large magnitude when d-bonding effects are important. For transition metals the EPI are strongly concentration-dependent. In Ni-Al, results for bcc and fcc lattices are similar and exhibit a quick decay of the EPI with interatomic separations. The concentration dependence of the transition metalEPI exhibits rapid oscillations with the number of valence electrons. The concentration-averaged EPI varies less dramatically. The oscillations in the concentration dependence of the EPI are interpreted in terms of the position of the Fermi level relative to peaksand valleys in the one-electron density of states.
Serotyping of 952 Shigella Strains and Its Resistance Analysis in Minhang District of Shanghai City

[Objective]To understand the local winners of dysentery bacteria and its drug sensitive characteristics in Minhang District of Shanghai City,and provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of dysentery. [Methods]Serum agglutination test,biochemical identification system of bacteria and sensitivity test of K-B method was used for epidemiological typing and drug sensitivity testing of Shigella bacteria from diarrhea patients. [Results]Of 952 strains of Shigella,694 were Shigella Flexneri and 258 were Shigella Sonnei.All had 13 serotypes.Of Shijella spp,288 were S Flexneri Ⅳc,119 were S Flexneri la,118 were S Flexneri Ⅱb,84 were S Flexneri Ⅱa,43 were S Flexneri Variant X,and 42 of other serotype.The antibiotics resistance rate of Shijella spp to sulfamethoxazole compound and ampicillinum and chloromycetin was 89.69% and 88.14% and 60.31%,respectively.The resistance rates of Shijella spp to other antibiotics were all under 10%.Shijella spp was sensitive to cefotaxime,amikacin,cephalothin,cefazolin,norfloxacin. [Conclusion]The main scrotypes of Shijella spp are Shijella Flexneri Ⅳc,Shijella Sonnei,Shijella Flexneri la,Shijella Flexneri Ⅱb and Shijella Flexneri Ⅱa.Cefotaxime,amikacin,cephalothin,cefazolin can be commonly used in clinical treatment of diarrhea
Intervention Effectiveness of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention for Migrant Workers in Private Enterprises

[Objective] To understand the changes in knowledge of infectious disease control and prevention before and after a health education intervention program for migrant workers in selected private enterprises, and to provide evidence for developing health promotion strategies. [Methods] Two hundred migrant workers were selected from each of the 2 private enterprises in Cixi city using stratified cluster sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey on knowledge of infectious disease control and prevention. At the end of a one-year health education intervention program, the investigators used the same method to select subjects and the same questionnaire to evaluate the intervention effectiveness. [Results] After the intervention, the total awareness rate of infectious disease control and prevention increased from 50.46% to 62.84%; the healthy behavior rate increased from 69.04% to 81.00%; the awareness rate of the three routes of HIV transmission increased from 69.59% to 83.53%; and the awareness rate of infectious disease control and prevention among migrant workers with junior high school education increased from 42.38% to 59.09%. [Conclusion] Health education is an important sector to prevent infectious disease outbreak and potential epidemic in migrant workers.
mTORC1–S6K1 inhibition or mTORC2 activation improves hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning in Angelman syndrome mice

Emerging evidence is implicating abnormal activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in several monogenetic neuropsychiatric disorders, including Angelman syndrome (AS), which is caused by deficiency in maternally inherited UBE3A. Using an AS mouse model, we show that semi-chronic rapamycin treatment improves long-term potentiation (LTP) and actin polymerization in hippocampal slices, spine morphology, and fear-conditioning learning. Activity of mTORC1 and of its downstream substrate, S6K1, was increased in hippocampus of AS mice. However, mTORC2 activity, as reflected by PKCα levels, was decreased. Both increased mTORC1 and decreased mTORC2 activities were reversed by semi-chronic rapamycin treatment. Acute treatment of hippocampal slices from AS mice with rapamycin or an S6K1 inhibitor, PF4708671, improved LTP, restored actin polymerization, and normalized mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity. These treatments also reduced Arc levels in AS mice. Treatment with Torin 1, an inhibitor of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, partially rescued LTP and actin polymerization in hippocampal slices from AS mice, while partially impairing them in wild-type (WT) mice. Torin 1 decreased mTORC1 and increased mTORC2 activity in slices from AS mice but inhibited both mTORC1 and mTORC2 in WT mice. Finally, an mTORC2 activator, A-443654, increased hippocampal LTP in AS mice and actin polymerization in both WT and AS mice. Collectively, these results indicate that events set in motion by increased mTORC1 and decreased mTORC2 activities, including increased Arc translation and impaired actin remodeling, are crucial in AS pathogenesis. Therefore, selectively targeting these two master kinase complexes may provide new therapeutic approaches for AS treatment.
Acute nicotine administration increases BOLD fMRI signal in brain regions involved in reward signaling and compulsive drug intake in rats.

Background: Acute nicotine administration potentiates brain reward function and enhances motor and cognitive function. These studies investigated which brain areas are being activated by a wide range of doses of nicotine, and if this is diminished by pretreatment with the nonselective nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine. Methods: Drug-induced changes in brain activity were assessed by measuring changes in the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal using an 11.1-Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. In the first experiment, nicotine naive rats were mildly anesthetized and the effect of nicotine (0.03–0.6mg/kg) on the BOLD signal was investigated for 10min. In the second experiment, the effect of mecamylamine on nicotine-induced brain activity was investigated. Results: A high dose of nicotine increased the BOLD signal in brain areas implicated in reward signaling, such as the nucleus accumbens shell and the prelimbic area. Nicotine also induced a dose-dependent increase in the BOLD signal in the striato-thalamo-orbitofrontal circuit, which plays a role in compulsive drug intake, and in the insular cortex, which contributes to nicotine craving and relapse. In addition, nicotine induced a large increase in the BOLD signal in motor and somatosensory cortices. Mecamylamine alone did not affect the BOLD signal in most brain areas, but induced a negative BOLD response in cortical areas, including insular, motor, and somatosensory cortices. Pretreatment with mecamylamine completely blocked the nicotine-induced increase in the BOLD signal. Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that acute nicotine administration activates brain areas that play a role in reward signaling, compulsive behavior, and motor and cognitive function.
Csorba, G., P. Ujhelyi, and N. Thomas. 2003. Horseshoe Bats of the World. Alana Books, Bishop's Castle, Shropshire, United Kingdom, xxx + 160 pp. ISBN 0-9536049-1-8, price (paper) £50.00 (approximately US$90)

G. Csorba, P. Ujhelyi, N. Thomas. 2003. Horseshoe Bats of the World. Alana Books, Bishop's Castle, Shropshire, United Kingdom, xxx + 160 pp. ISBN 0-9536049-1-8, price (paper) £50.00 (approximately US$90). Sometime during World War I, systematic mammalogy lost a leading figure: Knud Andersen vanished from the face of the planet. Rumors still abound regarding his disappearance; Corbet and Hill (1992:424) merely stated “disappeared mysteriously in 1918.” Guillen and coauthors (chapter in this work, see below) further indicate that Andersen's last (1918) paper actually was presented by Oldfield Thomas, because Andersen “by then had disappeared under mysterious circumstances.” Although best known for his magnum opus on Pteropodidae (Andersen 1912), Andersen is perhaps less well known for a wealth of articles on bats of the family Rhinolophidae and was responsible for 15 of the species names currently recognized in Rhinolophus pursuant to Koopman (1993). Hired by the British Museum in 1904, he published 13 papers on Southeast Asian Rhinolophoidea, including his aforementioned last paper in 1918. Perhaps the complexity of addressing evolutionary relationships among a group of animals displaying highly conservative morphology dictated that—barring J. E. Hill's 1963 revision of the Hipposideridae—no one took on the broad issue of rhinolophoid revisionary efforts until the 2 works by Bogdanowicz (1992) and Bogdanowicz and Owen (1992; jointly cited some 24 times), with the possible exception of 2 broader works on African Chiroptera by Aellen in the 1950s (Aellen 1952, 1957), distressingly cited only in 11 articles to present. Andersen's various papers on Rhinolophidae have been cited in at least 56 papers since 1977. This dearth of literature on a globally, ecologically, and numerically important group of animals leads to a chasm of ignorance regarding this—in every sense of the word—absorbing genus of animals. Sixty-five species were listed by Honacki et al. (1982), 64 by Koopman (1993), and 71 in the work under consideration here, with more undoubtedly to come in the future. It is this remarkable and inexplicable …
Thermo-Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Utilising Transient Volume Holograms

Passive self-pumped phase conjugation by the photorefractive effect in BaTi03 is used as a sensitive volume spatial filter in thermal lens spectroscopy, allowing the extension of thermal lens spectroscopy to scattering and optically inhomogeneous samples.
Truces in the Western Tradition

So far, we have sketched a theory of truces and defended it from charges of political cynicism. We now move to show that truce thinking has deep roots in Western thought; that it is grounded in existing if marginalized ways of thinking about war’s end; that there is, if you will, an alternative history of thinking about winding down wars in which truces figure prominently. Locating such canonical sources can confer a degree of political legitimacy on the practice (much in the same way that calling on the new testament or the cosmopolitan tradition as foundations of the idea of human rights confers legitimacy on that field). More importantly, excavating this history provides a foil against which to examine and elucidate the attributes of truce thinking we have been discussing. Finally, the investigation suggests further features that need to be added to our theory. I draw on both historical and cultural sources in this chapter, focusing on truces in Homer’s Iliad, Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War, the book of Genesis, the doctrines of the Peace of God and Truce of God in medieval Christianity, and finally, on the discussion of truces in Hugo Grotius’s De Jure Belli ac Pacis.
FSMS: A Frequent Subgraph Mining Algorithm Using Mapping Sets

With the increasing prevalence of data that model relationships between various entities, the use of a graph-based representation for real-world problems offers a logical strategy for organizing information and making knowledge-based decisions. In particular, often it is useful to identify the most frequent patterns or relationships amongst the data in a graph, which requires finding frequent subgraphs. Algorithms for addressing that problem have been proposed for over 15 years. In the worst case, all subgraphs in the graph must be examined, which is exponential in complexity, and subgraph isomorphisms must be computed, which is an NP-complete problem. Frequent subgraph algorithms may attempt to improve the actual runtime performance by reducing the size of the search space, avoiding duplicate comparisons, and/or minimizing the amount of memory required for compiling intermediate results. Herein we present a frequent subgraph mining algorithm that leverages mapping sets in order to eliminate the isomorphism computation during the search for non-edge-disjoint frequent subgraphs. Experimental results show that absence of isomorphism computation leads to much faster frequent subgraph detection when there is a need to identify all occurrences of those subgraphs.
Black carbon absorption at the global scale is affected by particle-scale diversity in composition.

Atmospheric black carbon (BC) exerts a strong, but uncertain, warming effect on the climate. BC that is coated with non-absorbing material absorbs more strongly than the same amount of BC in an uncoated particle, but the magnitude of this absorption enhancement (Eabs) is not well constrained. Modelling studies and laboratory measurements have found stronger absorption enhancement than has been observed in the atmosphere. Here, using a particle-resolved aerosol model to simulate diverse BC populations, we show that absorption is overestimated by as much as a factor of two if diversity is neglected and population-averaged composition is assumed across all BC-containing particles. If, instead, composition diversity is resolved, we find Eabs=1−1.5 at low relative humidity, consistent with ambient observations. This study offers not only an explanation for the discrepancy between modelled and observed absorption enhancement, but also demonstrates how particle-scale simulations can be used to develop relationships for global-scale models. Model and laboratory experiments disagree with observations regarding the absorption properties of black carbon particles. Here, using a particle-resolved aerosol model, the authors show that when composition diversity is considered, absorption enhancement is consistent with ambient observations.