cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solute Changes During Aquifer Storage Recovery Testing in a Limestone/Clastic Aquifer.

Aquifer storage recovery (ASR) was tested in the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer near Charleston, South Carolina, to assess the feasibility for subsurface storage of treated drinking water. Water quality data obtained during two representative ASR tests were interpreted to show three things: (1) recovery efficiency of ASR in this geological setting; (2) possible changes in physical characteristics of the aquifer during ASR testing; and (3) water quality changes and potability of recovered water during short (one- and six-day) storage durations in the predominantly carbonate aquifer. Recovery efficiency for both ASR tests reported here was 54%. Successive ASR tests increased aquifer permeability of the Santee Limestone/Black Mingo Aquifer. It is likely that aquifer permeability increased during short storage periods due to dissolution of carbonate minerals and amorphous silica in aquifer material by treated drinking water. Dissolution resulted in an estimated 0.3% increase in pore volume of the permeable zones. Ground water composition generally evolved from a sodium-calcium bicarbonate water to a sodium chloride water during storage and recovery. After short duration, stored water can exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level (MCL) for chloride (250 mg/L). However, sulfate, fluoride, and tri-halomethane concentrations remained below MCLs during storage and recovery.
Tutorial: artificial intelligence and simulation

The term "simulation" is often interpreted quite narrowly: as a way of making predictions by running a behavioral model to answer questions of the form "What-if...?". The major impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research on simulation is to encourage the use of additional kinds of modeling based on inferencing, reasoning, search methods, and representations that have been developed in AI. This natural--though long overdue--extension of simulation can produce behavioral models that answer questions Beyond "What-if...?". The result is sometimes referred to as "Knowledge-Based Simulation". This tutorial presents some of the major concepts of Artificial Intelligence and illustrates their applicability to simulation using examples drawn from recent Knowledge-Based Simulation research. It focuses on the present state-of-the-art, current problems and limitations, and future directions and possibilities.
A Case Study in the Use of Design Exemplar as a Search and Retrieval Tool

This paper presents a case study examining the utility of design exemplar technology as a search and retrieval tool with respect to retrieving mold inserts for a tire manufacturing company. Limitations of using the geometric-based exemplar approach such as tediousness of authoring exemplars and time complexity are identified. These limitations are addressed by developing a new parametric-based exemplar approach. This approach calculates a set of maxima and minima based on the specifications of the query mold insert. The design exemplar is essentially useful to prototype the query mechanism. However due to time complexity, the parametric approach was implemented as a dedicated software package.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Information Continuity: A Temporal Approach to Assessing Metadata and Organizational Quality in an Institutional Repository

Repositories provide a vital infrastructure for an institution to aggregate and disseminate creative output, yet this task is only as successful as the effective organization of its content. The University of Kansas is currently undergoing a systematic review to analyze metadata and content organization in its own repository. This paper argues that for a full assessment to be achieved it is necessary to not view the repository as a fixed item, but as an entity with its own continuity. This temporal approach has a significant impact on establishing resource provenance for metadata policy adjustments, disciplinary migration, and resource extensibility. For any repository it is essential for ensuring long-term viability.
Transient Strain Fields of Ductile Fracture of a Centrally Cracked Aluminum Sheet

In the study of fracture mechanics many analytical difficulties are encountered in the modelling of a ductile material’s fracture characteristics whose geometrical configuration closely resembles that of plane stress. Theoretical works such as the one presented by Rice [1], provide solutions for small scale yielding about the crack tip subject to several types of loading conditions in which most of the analysis is made with regard to the geometrical consideration of plane strain. Theories dealing with crack propagation [2], are usually examined by energy methods which may adequately describe brittle fracture, but has limited application to ductile, polycrystalline engineering alloys. To avoid many of these theoretical complications, the moire method can be readily applied to many types of fracture specimens as a means of observing the large deformations associated with the fracture of ductile engineering alloys. Liu and Ke [3] have provided a comprehensive treatise on the application of the in-plane moire method to examine the fracture characteristics of a variety of specimen configurations and loading parameters.
Impact of Feeding by Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Homoptera: Membracidae): Greenhouse and Field Study

Feeding by threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), in a greenhouse experiment resulted in girdled alfalfa stems and significantly reduced root dry weights. Field experiments using selective insecticides separated the feeding effects of S. festinus from those of lepidopterous larvae. Both insect groups caused significant changes in alfalfa quality and dry-matter yield during the sixth cutting period.
Assessment of Design and Build Projects in Sophomore Design

One requirement in our sophomore design class is for the students to work in teams to design and build devices that satisfy several requirements subject to physical constraints. The evaluation of these devices is based on how individuals and the team perform on written documents as well as how well the device performs during testing and satisfies given design criteria. The performances in various parts of this assignment are used as a basis for student outcomes assessment. The paper will provide an example of a team project description including the figure of merit that assesses the functionality of the device and the rubric used to assess the quality of the design in four areas:• creativity demonstrated in the design concept,• creativity demonstrated in the execution of the concept,• overall craftsmanship and esthetics, and,• robustness,plus a sales brochure.Examples of student work and assessment documentation will also be provided.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Expression of dopamine D2 receptor in PC-12 cells and regulation of membrane conductances by dopamine

PC-12 cells depolarize during hypoxia and release dopamine. The hypoxia-induced depolarization is due to inhibition of an O2-sensitive K+ current. The role of dopamine released during hypoxia is un...
EFFECT OF CLAY CONTENT ON STRENGTH OF SOILS

Engineers have worked greatly on measuring the strength of soils but relatively little on the fundamental geologic causes of strength. Strength depends principally upon the content of (1) water, (2) clastic materials and (3) plastic materials. Soils are primarily of two types (1) cohesionless soils in which the strength is produced mainly by the friction of clastic particles against one another, and (2) cohesive soils in which the strength, among other things, is influenced by forces between clay particles. The present investigation is a study of the effect of clay content upon the strength of cohesive soils. The strength was measured by a shear vane device working upon synthetic mixtures of clays of known composition. In each mixture strength varies inversely with water content in a straight line relationship when strength is plotted logarithmically and water arithmetically. Mixtures of glycerine with vol-clay (a montmorillonite) give a curvilinear relationship. For given water content the strength increases with respect to type of clay from kaolin through illite, ball clay to montmorillonite. Strength also increases progressively with increasing clay-sand ratio for all types of clay. In clay-sand mixtures of given clay composition strength increases with increasing fineness of grain of the sand mixed with clay. The liquid limit likewise increases regularly with increasing clay concentration and varies with clay type fci the same way as does strength. Strength varies inversely with temperature to a slight extent, changingjess than one percent per degree Centrigrade. Hydrogen kaolin clay, for given water content is several times stronger than sodium clay.
Sociological and Demographic Approaches to Sex Differences

Given that the granting of a separate chapter to the work of I. S. Kon was justified at least partly on the grounds of the difficulty of placing him in one academic pigeon-hole, then another explanation is required for including in a single chapter the approaches of two separate disciplines, sociology and demography. There are, in fact, a number of reasons for doing so.
An Integrated Approach: Tobias Mayer

Three years after Dunthorne published the first detailed study of the moon’s secular acceleration, Tobias Mayer produced the first set of lunar tables which incorporated the secular acceleration directly into the calculation of the moon’s longitude. Dunthorne had provided a table that allowed a correction to be applied to lunar positions calculated from his lunar tables. Dunthorne’s correction, however, was applied after the moon’s position had been calculated. By contrast, Mayer integrated the secular acceleration within the initial calculation of the moon’s mean position. This meant that the effect of the secular acceleration was taken into account when determining the various equations of anomaly (which depend upon the elongation of the mean moon from the sun and the mean moon from the apogee). The difference between applying the correction for the secular acceleration before or after calculating the anomaly is small but not trivial, and Mayer’s method was the theoretically correct one. Mayer adopted a value for the size of the secular acceleration that was considerably smaller than that found by Dunthorne. Mayer did not explain how he had derived this value in the introduction to his published tables, but it is possible to reconstruct his general method from his preserved manuscript notes.
Morphological response of Zostera marina reproductive shoots to fertilized porewater

Abstract Exposing Zostera marina to fertilized porewater has been shown to increase vegetative shoot density and leaf growth rates, and affect shoot morphology. However, aside from changes in shoot density, records of morphological changes to reproductive shoots are lacking. To address this, five replicate ambient and nutrient enriched patches, each between 0.5 and 2.0 m 2 , were selected within a developing Z. marina meadow in Shinnecock Bay, NY. Fertilizer stakes, with a N:P:K of 15:3:3, were used to amend the sediments of a subset of patches in the late fall and early spring. In June, morphological measurements of reproductive shoots and stages of anthesis were recorded. We found significantly increased reproductive shoot height, number of rhipidia, and number of spathes on each rhipidium in response to fertilization. Nutrient enrichment also advanced the stage of ovary development in the first spathes at the time of sampling, indicating that the rate of development had been accelerated or the reproductive shoot had flowered earlier. Additionally, the number of normally developing ovaries, as determined by the size of the seed embryo, was significantly greater in enriched patches. We estimated that these changes acted to increase seed output per reproductive shoot, and may have enhanced pollen access by elevating receptive stigma above the local vegetative canopy.
α-heavy chain disease, Mediterranean lymphoma, and immunoproliferative small intestinal disease: A review of clinicopathological features, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis

There are a number of clinical syndromes associated with chronic diarrhea, malabsorption, and lymphoplasmacytic proliferation of the small intestine. In Middle-Eastern and Mediterranean countries immunoproliferative small intestinal disease is endemic, whereas in other parts of the world (including Northwestern Europe and North America) celiac sprue, and other sprue-like syndromes refractory to dietary gluten withdrawal, predominate. All of these syndromes appear to involve chronic stimulation of intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and are associated with a heightened risk of malignant transformation. The clinicopathological features of these diseases, and distinction of the Middle Eastern syndromes from those more common in the Western hemisphere, have been reviewed.
An Improved Test of Equality of Mean Directions for the Langevin-von Mises-Fisher Distribution.

Summary A multi-sample test for equality of mean directions is developed for populations having Langevin-von Mises-Fisher distributions with a common unknown concentration. The proposed test statistic is a monotone transformation of the likelihood ratio. The high-concentration asymptotic null distribution of the test statistic is derived. In contrast to previously suggested high-concentration tests, the high-concentration asymptotic approximation to the null distribution of the proposed test statistic is also valid for large sample sizes with any fixed nonzero concentration parameter. Simulations of size and power show that the proposed test outperforms competing tests. An example with three-dimensional data from an anthropological study illustrates the practical application of the testing procedure.
Platelet activation of mechanical versus bioprosthetic heart valves during systole.

Abstract Thrombus formation is a major concern for recipients of mechanical heart valves (MHVs), which requires them to take anticoagulant drugs for the rest of their lives. Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) do not require life-long anticoagulant therapy but deteriorate after 10–15 years. The thrombus formation is initiated by the platelet activation which is thought to be mainly generated in MHVs by the flow through the hinge and the leakage flow during the diastole. However, our results show that the activation in the bulk flow during the systole phase might play an essential role as well. This is based on our results obtained by comparing the thrombogenic performance of a MHV and a BHV (as control) in terms of shear induced platelet activation under exactly the same conditions. Three different mathematical activation models including linear level of activation, damage accumulation, and Soares model are tested to quantify the platelet activation during systole using the previous simulations of the flow through MHV and BHV in a straight aorta under the same physiologic flow conditions. Results indicate that the platelet activation in the MHV at the beginning of the systole phase is slightly less than the BHV. However, at the end of the systole phase the platelet activation by the bulk flow for the MHV is several folds (1.41, 5.12, and 2.81 for linear level of activation, damage accumulation, and Soares model, respectively) higher than the BHV for all tested platelet activation models.
Immune System Involvement in Specific Pain Conditions.

Chronic pain is a significant problem worldwide and is the most common disability in the United States. It is well known that the immune system plays a critical role in the development and maintena...
Efficient C1-continuous phase-potential upwind (C1-PPU) schemes for coupled multiphase flow and transport with gravity

Abstract In the presence of counter-current flow, nonlinear convergence problems may arise in implicit time-stepping when the popular phase-potential upwinding (PPU) scheme is used. The PPU numerical flux is non-differentiable across the co-current/counter-current flow regimes. This may lead to cycles or divergence in the Newton iterations. Recently proposed methods address improved smoothness of the numerical flux. The objective of this work is to devise and analyze an alternative numerical flux scheme called C1-PPU that, in addition to improving smoothness with respect to saturations and phase potentials, also improves the level of scalar nonlinearity and accuracy. C1-PPU involves a novel use of the flux limiter concept from the context of high-resolution methods, and allows a smooth variation between the co-current/counter-current flow regimes. The scheme is general and applies to fully coupled flow and transport formulations with an arbitrary number of phases. We analyze the consistency property of the C1-PPU scheme, and derive saturation and pressure estimates, which are used to prove the solution existence. Several numerical examples for two- and three-phase flows in heterogeneous and multi-dimensional reservoirs are presented. The proposed scheme is compared to the conventional PPU and the recently proposed Hybrid Upwinding schemes. We investigate three properties of these numerical fluxes: smoothness, nonlinearity, and accuracy. The results indicate that in addition to smoothness, nonlinearity may also be critical for convergence behavior and thus needs to be considered in the design of an efficient numerical flux scheme. Moreover, the numerical examples show that the C1-PPU scheme exhibits superior convergence properties for large time steps compared to the other alternatives.
Self-similar rupture of thin films of power-law fluids on a substrate

Thinning and rupture of a thin film of a power-law fluid on a solid substrate under the balance between destabilizing van der Waals pressure and stabilizing capillary pressure is analysed. In a power-law fluid, viscosity is not constant but is proportional to the deformation rate raised to the power, where is the power-law exponent ( for a Newtonian fluid). In the first part of the paper, use is made of the slenderness of the film and the lubrication approximation is applied to the equations of motion to derive a spatially one-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation for film thickness. The variation with time remaining until rupture of the film thickness, the lateral length scale, fluid velocity and viscosity is determined analytically and confirmed by numerical simulations for both line rupture and point rupture. The self-similarity of the numerically computed film profiles in the vicinity of the location where the film thickness is a minimum is demonstrated by rescaling of the transient profiles with the scales deduced from theory. It is then shown that, in contrast to films of Newtonian fluids undergoing rupture for which inertia is always negligible, inertia can become important during thinning of films of power-law fluids in certain situations. The critical conditions for which inertia becomes important and the lubrication approximation is no longer valid are determined analytically. In the second part of the paper, thinning and rupture of thin films of power-law fluids in situations when inertia is important are simulated by solving numerically the spatially two-dimensional, transient Cauchy momentum and continuity equations. It is shown that as such films continue to thin, a change of scaling occurs from a regime in which van der Waals, capillary and viscous forces are important to one where the dominant balance of forces is between van der Waals, capillary and inertial forces while viscous force is negligible.
Decadal flood trends in Bangladesh from extensive hydrographic data

Bangladesh is a country that comprises much of the world’s largest delta, formed from the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna (GBM) rivers and their tributaries. Flooding is a fact of life in Bangladesh where up to two-thirds of the country is flooded annually from combined monsoonal rains and Himalayan snowmelt. For this reason, understanding flood dynamics on both local and regional scales is critical. However, flood hazard studies to date typically rely on single flooding events to create flood maps and to evaluate flood hazards using satellite imagery. Here we use geographic information systems to analyze weekly water level data from 304 river gauges and over 1200 groundwater gauges from the Bangladesh Water Development Board to determine the spatial and temporal changes in flood depth and extent. These data cover an eight year period from 2002 to 2010 and provide a temporal resolution that match or are better than that of available satellite imagery. Country-wide ground and surface water levels and corresponding annual flooding events were determined along with groundwater level, flooding, and precipitation trends in Bangladesh at multiple scales. We find that while precipitation within the GBM basin has steadily increased through the time series, the average country-wide inundation depth and absolute water level has been decreasing. These respective trends could be attributed to improved flood management strategies in Bangladesh and surrounding countries that are within the GBM basin, as well as fluctuating weather patterns, declining volume of Himalayan snowmelt runoff, dam construction upriver from the GBD both within and outside the Bangladesh border, and increased groundwater abstraction of shallow groundwater aquifers for sustaining life in the eighth most populous country in the world.
The Process of Clinical Teaching

The reality of the clinical situation is its strength. It is easy to forget this when confronted by the imperfections which are also part of most clinical environments—the equipment which is lacking or broken, the crowding of patients into clinic waiting rooms, and so on. But no classroom discussion can convey to the student the joys and satisfactions of nursing as vividly and meaningfully as holding and feeding a sick baby, seeing the pride in the face of a new father, or easing a postoperative patient’s pain. One student worked day after day with an aphasic patient helping him learn to talk again. The day he spoke his first word, she said, with tears of happiness in her eyes, “He said his dog’s name, and I feel as though I’ve received a lovely present.”
Célibes, Mothers, and Church Cockroaches

Most analyses of religious ritual in Mexico focus on the mayordomiacargo system (the sponsorship of fiestas) and, more specifically, on the overt public roles played by men in this male-dominated endeavor (see, for example, Cancian 1965). The religious roles taken by women have not been explored to the same degree. Yet, when one considers that Eric Wolf (1958) has analyzed the Virgin of Guadalupe as the “master symbol” of Mexico, one would expect that women’s contributions in the ritual sphere would be great. This chapter explores the symbol of the Virgin and her Mexican cultural meanings, in relationship to roles played by women in Catholic ritual.
Culture Change and Career Transition

Starting with the recession of the early 1980s, white-collar workers in America began to experience layoffs or displacement at an increasing rate. In a February 2000 survey conducted by the U.S. Employment and Training Administration, they found that “managerial and professional specialty occupations1 account for 30 percent of all displacements. This proportion has doubled since the early 1980s” (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2000a, p. 3). During the period 1979-1995, 18.7 million white-collar jobs were eliminated (“More Than 43 Million Jobs Lost,” p. 27). U.S. firms continue to downsize, having eliminated 179,144 jobs in the first four months of 2000 (Joyner, 2000, p. 1R). Despite the booming U.S. economy of the late 1990s, older workers aged 55 to 64 have a reemployment rate of 56 percent, and persons aged 65 years and older have a reemployment rate of 26 percent (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2000a, p. 2). Two percent of the current U.S. workforce or 4.4 million people are considered “discouraged workers,” those who want to work but have essentially given up (Joyner, 2000, p. 1R).
Two students and a corpse: the semantics of disgust in the making of colonial knowledge

ABSTRACTThe central piece in Cairo medical school’s museum is a painting portraying the school’s first dissection lesson. Dissection was central to the agenda of the school’s founder, Antoine Barthelemy Clot (d. 1868). In Clot’s narrative, dissection was key to modern scientific education. In his writings, he chronicled what he believed to be his students’ resistance and disgust with the practice. This article investigates the emotional underwriting of colonial science, and explores the role played by disgust in constructing colonial narratives of progress and scientific authority, and in the postcolonial narratives of colonial and precolonial history. It argues that disgust, along with similar emotions, functions on a moral economy that underwrites and authorizes the production of colonial scientific authority.
Real and “Ghost” Masses in a Statics Problem

The location of the center of mass of a beam can be calculated using the values of the reaction forces at its ends. The success of an apparently erroneous solution leads the authors to seek and find an explanation for why this solution works. We illustrate the procedure with an asymmetric beam.
College student behavior and student loan default

This paper shows that perseverant behavior during college predicts default risk later in life. Using college transcripts, we find that students who voluntarily repeat courses after performing poorly are 10% less likely to default than peers who give up after comparably poor performance in the same courses at the same institutions. Conversely, students who quit courses mid-semester are more likely to default than their perseverant peers. Utilizing post-college financial distress, second differences, and proof by contradiction, we show that factors potentially confounding the observed behavior, such as students’ private information about human capital value, are unlikely to explain our results.
Finite-time control of perturbed dynamical systems based on a generalized time transformation approach

Abstract We study finite-time control of perturbed dynamical systems based on the time transformation approach. For addressing time-critical applications, where the execution of a control algorithm over a prescribed time interval [ 0 , τ ) is necessary with τ being a user-defined convergence time, we introduce a new class of scalar, time-varying gain functions entitled as “generalized finite-time gain functions” that have the capability to convert an original baseline control algorithm into a time-varying one. Based on these generalized finite-time gain functions, in particular, the corresponding “generalized time transformation functions” are obtained and used to transform a resulting algorithm over the prescribed time interval [ 0 , τ ) to an equivalent algorithm over the stretched infinite-time interval [ 0 , ∞ ) for stability analysis, where the connection between the generalized finite-time gain functions and their corresponding generalized time transformation functions are investigated in detail. A procedure for designing finite-time control algorithms is further proposed and illustrated by numerical examples showing that the method is applicable to, but not limited to, a class of nonlinear systems as well as multiagent systems. In addition, we show all the conditions on the proposed generalized finite-time gain functions that guarantee the boundedness and convergence of the state and control signals. An application of our theoretical findings to the distributed control of networked multiagent systems problem over a prescribed time interval is also presented.
Gender variation in clinical activity and Medicare payments among medical oncologists and hematologists.

11014Background: While physician sex has been shown to impact salary even after adjusting for productivity, gender-based differences in clinical activity and reimbursement for oncologists and hemat...
Engineering the MSC Secretome: A Hydrogel Focused Approach

The therapeutic benefits of exogenously delivered mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been largely attributed to their secretory properties. However, clinical translation of MSC-based therapies is hindered due to loss of MSC regenerative properties during large-scale expansion and low survival/retention post-delivery. These limitations might be overcome by designing hydrogel culture platforms to modulate the MSC microenvironment. Hydrogel systems could be engineered to i) promote MSC proliferation and maintain regenerative properties (i.e., stemness and secretion) during ex vivo expansion, ii) improve MSC survival, retention, and engraftment in vivo, and/or iii) direct the MSC secretory profile using tailored biochemical and biophysical cues. Herein, it is reviewed how hydrogel material properties (i.e., matrix modulus, viscoelasticity, dimensionality, cell adhesion, and porosity) influence MSC secretion, mediated through cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. In addition, it is highlighted how biochemical cues (i.e., small molecules, peptides, and proteins) can improve and direct the MSC secretory profile. Last, the authors' perspective is provided on future work toward the understanding of how microenvironmental cues influence the MSC secretome, and designing the next generation of biomaterials, with optimized biophysical and biochemical cues, to direct the MSC secretory profile for improved clinical translation outcomes.
The effects of early-life immune activation on microglia-mediated neuronal remodeling and the associated ontogeny of hippocampal-dependent learning in juvenile rats.

Abstract Many neurodevelopmental disorders and associated learning deficits have been linked to early-life immune activation or ongoing immune dysregulation ( Laskaris et al., 2016 , Leckman, 2014 , Frick et al., 2013 ). Neuroscientists have begun to understand how the maturation of neural circuits allows for the emergence of cognitive and learning behaviors; yet we know very little about how these developing neural circuits are perturbed by certain events, including risk-factors such as early-life immune activation and immune dysregulation. To answer these questions, we examined the impact of early-life immune activation on the emergence of hippocampal-dependent learning in juvenile male and female rats using a well-characterized hippocampal-dependent learning task and we investigated the corresponding, dynamic multicellular interactions in the hippocampus that may contribute to these learning deficits. We found that even low levels of immune activation can result in hippocampal-depedent learning deficits days later, but only when this activation occurs during a sensitive period of development. The initial immune response and associated cytokine production in the hippocampus resolved within 24 h, several days prior to the observed learning deficit, but notably the initial immune response was followed by altered microglial-neuronal communication and synapse remodeling that changed the structure of hippocampal neurons during this period of juvenile brain development. We conclude that immune activation or dysregulation during a sensitive period of hippocampal development can precipitate the emergence of learning deficits via a multi-cellular process that may be initiated by, but not the direct result of the initial cytokine response. Significance Statement Many neurodevelopmental disorders have been linked to early-life immune activation or immune dysregulation; however, very little is known about how dynamic changes in neuroimmune cells mediate the transition from normal brain function to the early stages of cognitive disorders, or how changes in immune signaling are subsequently integrated into developing neuronal networks. The current experiments examined the consequences of immune activation on the cellular and molecular changes that accompany the emergence of learning deficits during a sensitive period of hippocampal development. These findings have the potential to significantly advance our understanding of how early-life immune activation or dysregulation can result in the emergence of cognitive and learning deficits that are the largest source of years lived with disability in humans.
A Review of “The Transformed Library: E-Books, Expertise, and Evolution”

That libraries have suffered during the economic recession of the past several years is beyond dispute. Slashed budgets and closed libraries are an ever-present reminder of the grim situation many ...
Mapping the Constitutional Process: Lessons from 18 Constitution-writing Procedures

It is generally accepted that process bears on constitutional outcomes, and drafters increasingly desire to divine predictive guidelines from comparison — a 'roadmap to success' — drawn from the experience of others. Developing a methodology for such a comparison is difficult, and the appearance of a pre-written 'recipe for success' conceals obvious pitfalls. In particular, there is an inherent tension between comprehensiveness and granularity, in that the more jurisdictions studied the less country-specific details can be included. This paper sketches the findings of a chart prepared for the Libyan Constitutional Drafting Assembly ('CDA') in June 2014, which compares eighteen contemporary and historical constitutional drafting processes to aide the CDA in setting its own procedure under the terms of the Libyan Constitutional Declaration (2011). The methodology presented here breaks the constitution-making process into four 'phases', which together encompass 35 distinctive elements of process design, ranging from the mundane (e.g. appointment of a secretariat) to the complex (e.g. public participation programmes). These are analysed temporally to draw some preliminary conclusions about process design with the aim of identifying guidelines that lead to successful constitutional outcomes. As more countries enter one or the other phase of constitutional transition, developing a more rigorous methodology for comparative study would seem imperative.
Examining Grandparents’ Perceptions of Expectations and Family Communication Patterns in the Development of Grandparent–Grandchild Relationships

Framed using Family Communication Patterns Theory, this study examined today’s grandparent experience by drawing connections among grandparental role expectations, family communication patterns, an...
A Stateless Spatial IPv6 Address Configuration Scheme for Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is going to create a heterogeneous network of billions or trillions of connected things with self-aware, self-configuration capabilities that will exchange data with ea...
A resonance ionization spectroscopy/resonance ionization mass spectrometry data service: V—Data sheets for Ga, Mn, Sc and Tl

Abstract A data service has been established at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to provide the necessary information to apply the techniques of resonance ionization spectroscopy (RIS) and resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) to routine use in analytical chemistry. This service collects and calculates the relevant atomic data, chooses appropriate resonance ionization schemes, and indicates pertinent operating details of successful RIMS studies. The first group of data sheets was published previously covering the elements As, B, Cd, C, Ge, Au, Fe, Pb, Si and Zn. The second group published covered the elements Al, Ca, Cs, Cr, Co, Cu, Kr, Mg, Hg and Ni. The third group published covered the elements Sb, Bi, P, Na and Sn. The fourth group published covered the elements Be, In, Li, K, Rb, Ag, Ti and V. The fifth group of data sheets is presented here. It covers the elements Ga, Mn, Sc and Tl.
Radiometric ages for basement rocks from the Emperor Seamounts, ODP Leg 197

[1] The Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain is the “type” example of an age-progressive, hot spot-generated intraplate volcanic lineament. However, our current knowledge of the age distribution within this province is based largely on radiometric ages determined several decades ago. Improvements in instrumentation, sample preparation methods, and new material obtained by recent drilling warrant a reexamination of the age relations among the older Hawaiian volcanoes. We report new age determinations (40Ar-39Ar incremental heating method) on whole rocks and feldspar separates from Detroit (Sites 1203 and 1204), Nintoku (Site 1205), and Koko (Site 1206) Seamounts (Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 197) and Meiji Seamount (Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Leg 19, Site 192). Plateaus in incremental heating age spectra for Site 1203 lava flows give a mean age of 75.8 ± 0.6 (2σ) Ma, which is consistent with the normal magnetic polarity directions observed and biostratigraphic age assignments. Site 1204 lavas produced discordant spectra, indicating Ar loss by reheating and K mobilization. Six plateau ages from lava flows at Site 1205 give a mean age of 55.6 ± 0.2 Ma, corresponding to Chron 24r. Drilling at Site 1206 intersected a N-R-N magnetic polarity sequence of lava flows, from which six plateau ages give a mean age of 49.1 ± 0.2 Ma, corresponding to the Chron 21n-22r-22n sequence. Plateau ages from two feldspar separates and one lava from DSDP Site 192 range from 34 to 41 Ma, significantly younger than the Cretaceous age of overlying sediments, which we relate to postcrystallization K mobilization. Combined with new dating results from Suiko Seamount (DSDP Site 433) and volcanoes near the prominent bend in the lineament [Sharp and Clague, 2002], the overall trend is increasing volcano age from south to north along the Emperor Seamounts, consistent with the hot spot model. However, there appear to be important departures from the earlier modeled simple linear age progression, which we relate to changes in Pacific plate motion and the rate of southward motion of the Hawaiian hot spot.
Dynamical Hole-Burning Requirements for Frequency Domain Optical Storage

One potentially important application of laser spectroscopy and photochemistry of molecular and ionic defects in solids at low temperatures is the use of persistent spectral hole-burning to form a frequency domain optical storage system [1]–[5] . PHB (also called photochemical hole-burning although photophysical hole-burning also occurs) has the interesting property of allowing as many as 1000 or more bits of information to be stored in the volume irradiated by a single focused laser beam. PHB utilizes an additional dimension beyond x-y spatial dimensions to achieve this dramatic increase in areal storage density. In effect, various bits arc addressed by the laser frequency or wavelength at which they are stored, hence the name “frequency domain optical storage” means the use of PHB for optical storage of digital data. Of course, the feasibility of such a data storage scheme depends critically upon having recording materials that undergo spectral hole-burning with certain well-defined dynamical characteristics. It is a stimulating and interdisciplinary challenge for the solid-state spectroscopist, photochemist, and laser physicist to find suitable mechanisms and to devise detection techniques that make this application possible.
A Group Therapy Approach in the Treatment of the Spouses of Alcoholics

This paper reported on an outpatient group phase approach for the treatment of the spouse of an alcoholic. The approach is based on Jackson's Seven Stages of family adjustment. Individual therapy as well as groups provide a continuous support system. The unique aspect of having a group phase approach is that it views the spouse's recovery as a gradual process which enables the spouse to have his or her needs met at various stages in recovery. The spouse's need for treatment is viewed as essential whether or not the alcoholic is in treatment. The approach as described can help the spouses to lead independent, productive and gratifying lives.
A low-power low-noise amplifier in 0.35-/spl mu/m SOI CMOS technology

A low-power 435-MHz single-ended low-noise amplifier was implemented in a 0.35-/spl mu/m silicon on insulator (SOI) CMOS technology. The SOI CMOS LNA has a simulated noise figure of 0.6 dB, input 1-dB compression point of -12.5 dBm, input third-order intercept point of -5 dBm, and small-signal gain of 22 dB. Total power dissipation is 10 mW from a 2.5-V supply. LNA chip area is 1.4 mm /spl times/ 0.58 mm. Due to high-resistivity silicon substrate and buried oxide isolation, SOI CMOS technology offers significant performance improvements for mixed-signal VLSI and RF/Microwave integrated circuits.
Teachers Working Cooperatively with Parents and Caregivers when Implementing LGBT Themes in the Elementary Classroom

Many teachers are interested in having a more inclusive multicultural education that includes lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) themes and gay-themed children's literature; unfortunately, research has found that many teachers do not implement gay themes in their multicultural education curriculum because of fear of criticism from parents and administrators, lack of professional training, and their own negative attitudes. Moreover, the most common topic that surfaces during teacher discussions are concerns over parental objections. This article will detail techniques and strategies when implementing LBGT themes and gay-themed children's literature in the classroom and how to deal positively, cooperatively, and proactively with parents and caregivers.
Evaluating the Sex-Discrimination Argument for Lesbian and Gay Rights

This essay offers a detailed analysis and critique of the argument that discrimination against lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals is a form of sex discrimination. This argument has been advanced by feminists, legal theorists, advocates for gay rights, and, in a few instances, by courts (most notably, Hawaii's Supreme Court). The essay articulates the strongest version of the sex-discrimination argument and then critically examines it. The essay shows that socially, morally, and theoretically, the sex-discrimination argument mischaracterizes the wrong of discrimination against lesbians and gay men. Further, the essay enumerates some practical problems facing this argument. The essay concludes that, as the sex-discrimination argument has flaws, it should be made only with caution and only when coupled with alternative arguments for lesbian and gay rights.
An 80‐year record of sediment quality in the lower Mississippi River

In 1937, the US Army Corps of Engineers cut through the “neck” of a large meander on the lower Mississippi River (below the confluence with the Ohio River) forming the Caulk Neck cutoff and creating Lake Whittington, a 26-km long oxbow lake, in northern Mississippi. Since 1938, seasonal flooding and a boat channel connecting the lake with the Mississippi River have led to sediment accumulation in the lake, resulting in an 80-year record of sediment quality in the river. On the basis of an age-dated sediment core from the lake, trends in trace metals and hydrophobic organic compounds (except polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) follow well-known patterns with upward trends from the 1930s to the ca 1970s, followed by downward trends to the present. Two factors contribute to these patterns: reservoir construction and changes in emissions. The construction of seven large reservoirs on the Missouri River, in particular the closure of the Fort Randall (1953) and Gavins Point (1955) Dams, greatly reduced the load of relatively clean sediment to the Mississippi River, likely contributing to downstream increases in contaminant concentrations in the Mississippi River. Increasing anthropogenic emissions also contributed to upward trends until ca 1970 when major environmental policy actions began resulting in broad decreases in emissions and downward trends in the concentrations of most of the contaminants monitored. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phosphorus are partial exceptions to this pattern, with increases to the 1960s and variable concentrations showing no clear trend since. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Biological mechanisms involved in the formation of deoxysugars. VI. Role and function of enzyme-bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in thymidine diphosphate D-glucose oxidoreductase.

Abstract Studies with crystallized homogeneous enzyme permit formulation of the following reaction sequence to be catalyzed by thymidine diphosphate-d-glucose oxidoreductase. TDP-glucose + enzyme-NAD+ ⇄ TDP-4-ketoglucose + enzyme-NADH + H+ (1) TDP-4-ketoglucose → TDP-4-keto-5,6-glucoseen + H2O (2) TDP-4-keto-5,6-glucoseen + enzyme-NADH + H+ → TDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose + enzyme-NAD+ (3) A detailed examination of Reaction 1 was achieved by the use of TDP-6-deoxy-d-glucose, a close structural analogue of the substrate. Direct proof for the participation of enzyme-bound NAD+ in this reaction was provided by spectrophotometric observation of enzyme-NADH, as well as by tritium incorporation from TDP-6-deoxy-d-glucose specifically labeled at carbon 4 of the glucose moiety with tritium. Hydrogen transfer Reactions 1 and 3 mediated by enzyme-bound coenzyme were found to have "B" stereospecificity with respect to the nicotinamide moiety. Formation of enzyme-NADH was accompanied by a proportional decrease of enzymatic activity. Conversely, upon incubation of TDP-4-keto-6-deoxyglucose with enzyme-NADH, enzyme-NAD+ was obtained, resulting in restoration of enzymatic activity.
Erratum: "Indentation responses of time-dependent films on stiff substrates" [J. Mater. Res. 19, 2487 (2004)]

One mechanism to explore changes in the shape of an indentation load-displacementresponse is to normalize the trace by its peak point. It has been demonstrated that the normalized [h/h(PMAX), P/PMAX] experimentalresponses for bulk polymers indented at constant loading- and unloading rate with the same rise time (but at different peak load levels) are identical.6 Figure 1(a) shows raw load-displacement data for indentation tests performed at small peak loads in the thickest polymer film (Epon) in the current study. The peak loads, 1 and 2 mN, were chosen to correspond to depths less than 10% of the film thickness in both cases. Theresponses normalize to the same shape [Fig. 1(b)]. When the 1-mN normalizedresponse is compared with those from much greater load levels (50 and 500 mN), there are clear changes in the shape of theresponse, both loading and unloading [Fig. 1(c)]. In particular, the loadingresponse shifts from slightly less than quadratic (power law fit with exponent 1.8) for the 1-mNresponse, as would be expected for a quadratic material with some creep effect; to aresponse between quadratic and cubic (power law fit with exponent 2.6) for the 500-mNresponse. The unloadingresponse is also altered in shape, with a steeper unloading tangent at the larger load.