cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Weakfish sonic muscle: influence of size, temperature and season

The influence of temperature, size and season on the sounds produced by the sonic muscles of the weakfish Cynoscion regalis are categorized and used to formulate a hypothesis about the mechanism of sound generation by the sonic muscle and swimbladder. Sounds produced by male weakfish occur at the time and location of spawning and have been observed in courtship in captivity. Each call includes a series of 6-10 sound pulses, and each pulse expresses a damped, 2-3 cycle acoustic waveform generated by single simultaneous twitches of the bilateral sonic muscles. The sonic muscles triple in mass during the spawning season, and this hypertrophy is initiated by rising testosterone levels that trigger increases in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic cross-sectional area of sonic muscle fibers. In response to increasing temperature, sound pressure level (SPL), dominant frequency and repetition rate increase, and pulse duration decreases. Likewise, SPL and pulse duration increase and dominant frequency decreases with fish size. Changes in acoustic parameters with fish size suggest the possibility that drumming sounds act as an 'honest' signal of male fitness during courtship. These parameters also correlate with seasonally increasing sonic muscle mass. We hypothesize that sonic muscle twitch duration rather than the resonant frequency of the swimbladder determines dominant frequency. The brief (3.5 ms), rapidly decaying acoustic pulses reflect a low-Q, broadly tuned resonator, suggesting that dominant frequency is determined by the forced response of the swimbladder to sonic muscle contractions. The changing dominant frequency with temperature in fish of the same size further suggests that frequency is not determined by the natural frequency of the bladder because temperature is unlikely to affect resonance. Finally, dominant frequency correlates with pulse duration (reflecting muscle twitch duration), and the inverse of the period of the second cycle of acoustic energy approximates the recorded frequency. This paper demonstrates for the first time that the dominant frequency of a fish sound produced by a single muscle twitch is apparently determined by the velocity of the muscle twitch rather than the natural frequency of the swimbladder.
Decrease in Prostate Cancer Testing Following the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Recommendations

Purpose: To assess changes of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing following recent US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) prostate cancer screening recommendations using 2005 to 2013 National Health Interview Survey data. Methods: We calculated the percentage of PSA testing among men ≥40 years by age group and age-adjusted race for each survey year. Differences between years were assessed with linear contrasts after combining all years9 data. Results: The overall percentage of PSA testing was highest in 2008 and decreased significantly in 2013. Compared with 2008, each age group had significantly lower screening percentages in 2013, especially men ≥75 years old (−14.0% points; P Conclusions: Significant declines in PSA testing from 2008 to 2013 in men ≥75 years old may reflect the impact of the 2008 USPSTF recommendations. While the cause of the decreases in PSA testing between 2010 and 2013 among men aged 50 to 74 years old and white men is unknown, the decreases may suggest the early effects of the 2012 recommendations.
Exploring Transporters within the Small Multidrug Resistance Family Using Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

Small multidrug resistance (SMR) proteins comprise a family of bacterial secondary active transporters that confer drug resistance to antiseptics and antibiotics. EmrE has emerged as the model protein of the SMR family and an archetype to understand the ion-coupled transport mechanism. The importance of EmrE is further underscored by its proposed role as an evolutionary predecessor to larger transporters, which stems from the similarity of the antiparallel and asymmetric structure of the EmrE dimer with the inverted repeat fold of efflux pumps within other transport families such as the major facilitator superfamily. This review describes progress to reveal the atomic-scale structure and dynamics of SMR proteins determined under native-like conditions in lipid bilayers using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The combination of MAS and oriented solid-state NMR approaches developed to study the SMR family serves as a framework for future efforts to uncover structural details of other secondary active transporters that are abundant in biology. Keywords: small multidrug resistance family; EmrE ; membrane proteins; protein conformational dynamics; solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Pregnancy in women with systemic sclerosis

Abstract Objective: To determine pregnancy outcomes in women with systemic sclerosis. Methods: Women of childbearing age with systemic sclerosis seen at the University of Pittsburgh between 1987 and 1996 were observed prospectively. Pregnancy outcomes included abortion, miscarriage, preterm and term birth, and perinatal death. Complications of pregnancy and scleroderma were determined during and after pregnancy. Results: Fifty-nine women with systemic sclerosis had 91 pregnancies during the 10-year period. No increase in the frequency of miscarriage was found, except in those with long-standing diffuse scleroderma. Preterm births occurred in 29% of pregnancies, and all but one of the infants survived. Symptoms related to scleroderma, particularly Raynaud phenomenon, improved during pregnancy, but esophageal reflux became worse. After pregnancy, some women with diffuse scleroderma had increased skin thickening. There were three cases of renal crisis during pregnancy, all in women with early diffuse scleroderma. Four women had five healthy infants while taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. Conclusion: Women with systemic sclerosis can safely have healthy pregnancies. Those with early diffuse scleroderma should wait until their disease stabilizes before becoming pregnant to decrease the risk of renal crisis. High-risk pregnancy management should be standard for all scleroderma pregnancies because of the high frequency of premature births.
Chemisorption of carbon monoxide on finely divided platinum held in aqueous suspension

Abstract Finely divided platinum having a high surface area was prepared by the careful reduction of platinum dioxide. The chemisorption of carbon monoxide on the finely divided platinum suspended in water was then measured and found to compare favorably with the volume of carbon monoxide chemisorbed by the dry platinum. It appears that the surface area of finely divided platinum catalysts suspended in a liquid phase may be measured by this procedure.
Cutting to the chase: calpain proteases in cell motility

Calpains are a large family of intracellular proteases whose precise and limited cleavage of specific proteins might be an integral regulatory aspect of signaling pathways. This intriguing mechanism for transducing biochemical and biophysical information from the external milieu seems to operate during cell motility. The two first described and ubiquitous isoforms, mu-calpain and M-calpain, have been implicated in enabling cell spreading by modifying adhesion sites and in promoting locomotion of adherent cells by facilitating rear-end detachment. Recent elucidation of the molecular structure of calpain opens the door for understanding how these pluripotential signal proteins are regulated to help govern migration. Armed with this knowledge, the precise roles of calpains in inflammation, wound repair and tumor progression can be ascertained and offer novel therapeutic targets.
Structure and spectral properties of two novel isomeric 2,4-dimethyl- 2-methoxy-3,8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octanes

Abstract The preparation and structure of the novel bicyclic ketals 5 and 6 is reported. A single crystal X-ray structure of compound 5 establishes the structures of 5 and 6. 1H and 13C NMR spectra are interpreted in terms of chair conformations for both 5 and 6, even though an unfavorable syn-diaxial interaction is present in 6. In the 1H spectra, the axial C-4 proton of compound 5 absorbs downfield of its equatorial counterpart in 6. This is apparently due to a deshielding effect of the syn-diaxial C-2 methoxy group in compound 5.
Compositional object pattern: a new model for album event recognition

In this paper, we study the problem of recognizing events in personal photo albums. In consumer photo collections or online photo communities, photos are usually organized in albums according to their events. However, interpreting photo albums is more complicated than the traditional problem of understanding single photos, because albums generally exhibit much more varieties than single image. To solve this challenge, we propose a novel representation, called Compositional Object Pattern, which characterizes object level pattern conveying much richer semantic than low level visual feature. To interpret the rich semantics in albums, we mine frequent object patterns in the training set, and then rank them by their discriminating power. The album feature is then set as the frequencies of these frequent and discriminative patterns, called Compositional Object Pattern Frequency(COPF). We show with experimental result that our algorithm is capable of recognizing holidays with accuracy higher than the baseline method.
Correlation of infrared CD stretching intensity with substituent constants

Abstract A linear correlation between the intensifies of the infrared CD stretching absorption and the sigma substituent constant has been found. The intensity increases with increasing electron donating property of the substituent. The results are attributed to the polarity of the bond and a polarisation of C+D− is suggested. The use of the CD stretching frequency in deuterium analysis is discussed.
The 46, 48, 50Ti (su3He, α) reactions and analogue state in T = 32 isobaric pairs

Abstract States in 45, 47, 49Ti, which are analogues to the 7 2 − ground states and the 3 2 + , 1 2 + hole states in 45,47,49Sc, respectively, are studied by means of the (3He,α) reaction. Good agreement is found between the energy sequences for the T = 7 2 isobaric pair, whereas discrepancies of 30 keV and 60 keV are observed in the energy sequences for the T = 5 2 and T = 3 2 pairs, respectively.
Preliminary identification of flags for a novel algorithm-based approach for explosives detection using neutron interrogation for a simulated idealized cargo container scenario

Abstract The use of all information provided by induced photons and scattered neutrons has the potential of optimizing the performance of fast neutron interrogation for explosives detection. A new method is proposed that involves the usage of flags relating the secondary radiation to the presence of explosives. These flags would consist of mathematical relationships among scattered neutrons at specific energies and angles, possibly combined with data concerning emitted photons from neutron inelastic scatter off light elements. This study involves the preliminary identification of potential flags by simulating a large RDX (C 3 H 6 N 6 O 6 ) mass in an idealized cargo container using Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations. An analysis of the effect of changing hidden explosive mass and position on the detectability of the explosive was completed. Preliminary analysis revealed several promising algorithmic flags for the new method, although more realistic detection scenarios and experiment are needed to fully assess the approach's viability.
The origin of rock boring in mytilacean pelecypods

Rock boring is a widespread mode of life in pelecypods, occurring in some representatives of eight superfamilies. After a brief review of rock boring mechanisms of the Mytilacea, the systematic position and taxonomy of Corallidomus scobina new name are discussed and evidence is presented for regarding this species as a facultative rock boring mytilacean pelecypod. This is the oldest known (Late Ordovician) occurrence of rock boring by pelecypods in the fossil record.
Survey of Mycorrhizal Colonization in Native, Open-Pollinated, and Introduced Hybrid Maize in Villages of Chiquimula, Guatemala

ABSTRACT Replacing native plant types with introduced cultivars may have unexpected cropping system consequences. Native species and introduced cultivars may vary in their ability to form mycorrhizal symbioses with soil fungi and consequently affect phosphorus (P) nutrition. Low-input cropping systems often depend on mycorrhiza for adequate nutrition and growth, while high-input systems minimize the benefit of and need for colonization. Studies in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) suggest that improving cultivars reduced the ability to form mycorrhiza. This study was conducted at six sites in the province of Chiquimula, Guatemala, to determine the difference in mycorrhizal infection rates between two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars—‘Cushpeno,’ a native, open-pollinated variety, and ‘HB-83,’ an introduced, improved hybrid. The ‘HB-83’ was colonized at a significantly lower percentage (67%) than was ‘Cushpeno’ (72%; α = 0.0137). A strong negative correlation (r = −0.953) existed between Mehlich-3 extractable soil ...
The Role of Serotonin in the Pathophysiology of Depression: As Important As Ever

Featured Article: Owens MJ, Nemeroff CB. Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of depression: focus on the serotonin transporter. Clin Chem 1994;40: 288–95.1 Fifteen years have elapsed since we published this article focusing on the serotonin transporter (SERT)2 . Although developed as a review, this report ultimately included original data from a large study of drug-free depressed patients and controls showing that platelet [3H]imipramine binding, the ligand of choice for labeling serotonin transporters, was significantly decreased in depression. We also showed data indicating that the decreased platelet [3H]imipramine binding was specific for major depression. The high number of citations, including numerous citations even in 2009, reflects the ongoing importance of serotonin in depression. Since this report was published, remarkable advances have occurred in our understanding of the molecular neurobiology of serotonergic neurons, and in functional brain imaging studies, which have provided further evidence for a preeminent role for serotonergic circuits in the pathogenesis of major depression and suicide (1). These advances include (a) the development of specific positron-emission tomography ligands for the SERT and their use in detecting alterations in serotonergic circuits in patients with major depression and suicidality, as well as quantifying the magnitude of SERT occupancy associated with antidepressant treatment; (b) functional polymorphism in the promoter region of …
Descending modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.

The quantitative approach to the study of descending inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission was initiated in Heidelberg through the use of natural, noxious stimulation and examination of the modulation of the encoding properties of spinal dorsal horn neurons. This important approach required control of the noxious stimulus, which had previously been inadequately considered, and the parametric assessment of modulatory influences on the encoding properties of spinal dorsal horn neurons. As a consequence, descending inhibition of spinal nociceptive transmission was found not to be homogeneous throughout the brainstem, but rather to be significantly different from different brainstem nuclei. The early contributions from Zimmermann’s laboratory and subsequent contributions, mostly by previous coworkers, led to a clearer understanding of how these inhibitory systems were organized in the brainstem. For example, it was established in the early 1980s that the nucleus raphe magnus was not the requisite or the only bulbar relay between the midbrain and the spinal cord important to the endogenous pain control system. The same quantitative approach has proved useful in studies of nociceptive reflexes evoked either by noxious thermal or visceral stimuli and in electrophysiological studies of neuronal responses to noxious stimulation of hollow visceral organs. Most recently, the same approach has been profitably applied to studies that have focused onfacilitatory influences descending from many of the same brainstem sites. As a consequence, it has been proposed that there exists an endogenous pain facilitating system analogous to the well-accepted endogenous pain inhibitory system. While the function of the facilitatory system remains unknown, it is proposed that it may be important to long-lasting pain conditions that exist in the absence of pathology.
Design of Adiabatic Dynamic Differential Logic for DPA-Resistant Secure Integrated Circuits

Production of cost-effective secure integrated chips, such as smart cards, requires hardware designers to consider tradeoffs in size, security, and power consumption. To design successful security-centric designs, the low-level hardware must contain built-in protection mechanisms to supplement cryptographic algorithms, such as advanced encryption standard and triple data encryption standard by preventing side-channel attacks, such as differential power analysis (DPA). Dynamic logic obfuscates the output waveforms and the circuit operation, reducing the effectiveness of the DPA attack. For stronger mitigation of DPA attacks, we propose the implementation of adiabatic dynamic differential logic (ADDL) for applications in secure integrated circuit (IC) design. Such an approach is effective in reducing power consumption, demonstrated using HSPICE simulations with 22-nm predictive technology. The benefits of our design are demonstrated by comparing instantaneous power waveforms and observing the magnitude of differential power spikes during switching events. First, simulation results for body biasing on subthreshold adiabatic inverters show an improvement in differential power up to 43.28% for similar inverters without body biasing. Then, a high-performance ADDL is presented for an implementation in high-frequency secure ICs. This method improves the differential power over previous dynamic and differential logic methods by up to 89.65%. Finally, we propose a body-biased ADDL for ultralow power applications. Simulation results show that the differential power was improved upon by a factor of 199.16.
COMPARISON OF LONG-TERM CHANGES IN AIR AND SOIL TEMPERATURES AT URBANA, ILLINOIS

Abstract Research concerning long-term temperature changes in the United States has shown the need to adjust measured increases in the 1901–1950 period to remove the effects of environmental changes. Unique long-term 3-ft. soil temperature data at Urbana, III., provide a measure of the natural increase in temperature in the 1903–1947 period and also permit an evaluation of the increase shown by the air temperature at Urbana. The increase in mean annual soil temperatures between 1903 and 1947 amounted to 1.2° F. The mean annual air temperatures during this period inercased 2.3° F., but when adjusted statistically to remove environmental effects, the natural increase in the air temperature was 1.1° F. Thus, at Urbana, the adjusted increase in air temperatures appears to be substantiated by the increase shown by the 3-ft. soil temperature data.
T-cell stimulation and regulation: with complements from CD46

Crosslinking of CD46 and CD3 on naive human CD4+ T-lymphocytes induces interleukin-10 secretion and granzyme B expression. These highly proliferative T-regulatory type 1-like T-regulatory T-cells (Tregs) can suppress an immune response. We propose that this process is important in the prevention of chronic inflammation such as at epithelial borders and in deactivation of a successful immune response. Relative to the latter, once a complement-fixing polyclonal antibody response has been mounted, in most cases, the pathogen will be rapidly destroyed. At this time, the C3b/C4b-bearing immune complexes could initiate the deactivation arm of an immune response by shutting down immunocompetent cells through CD46-generated T-cells. Herein, we review this pathway for the induction of Tregs, focusing on a role for the complement system and especially signaling through CD46 on human T-cells.
Absence of increased in-hospital complications with reused balloon catheters

A reanalysis of data from a prospective Canadian study suggests that catheter reuse is not associated with an increased rate of in-hospital complications. However, these results should be replicated in clinical trials before catheter reuse becomes routinely established.
11.4.3 Proposed Attribute Method: A Flexible Method of Change Control for DOORS®

A flexible, understandable, inexpensive, and native method of change control is needed for the DOORS® requirements management tool. The Proposed Attribute Method (PAM) has been developed as a cost-effective approach for change control. For those attributes to be change controlled, proposed attributes are created. Proposed change views are created that contain the actual and proposed attributes. DOORS eXtension Language (DXL) scripts are executed to lock down attribute and type definitions, as well as the values of the attributes to be controlled. Responsible Engineers fill in the proposed attribute values and obtain approval for the proposed changes. A DXL script is run to move the proposed values to the actual values. Implementation of the proposed changes usually takes a few minutes or less. The PAM method provides instant visibility into all proposed changes in work. Minimal knowledge of DXL scripting is needed to tailor the scripts for new projects (assuming only a certain format for identifying the change control authority). Pros and cons of PAM are discussed. While this paper focuses on a DOORS implementation, the PAM process should be applicable to other requirements management tools as well.
Shareholder valuation of foreign investment and expansion

This study analyzes when different foreign investment location choices are value creating for firms at different stages of international expansion. I argue that because direct investment in developing countries is riskier than in advanced countries, shareholders may not value a firm's investment in developing countries until that firm has experience from previous international investments and capabilities to better manage and hedge the higher levels of risk and uncertainty. Using a panel of 191 U.S. manufacturing firms and their foreign investments over a 20-year period (1981–2000), the empirical results show that firm investments in advanced and developing countries are valued differently by shareholders, depending on the firm's prior international expansion, the firm's capabilities and experiences, and the knowledge intensity of the firm's industry. These results highlight the importance of considering firm location decisions, prior experiences, and resources when analyzing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection and treatment of small brain metastases resulting from renal cell carcinoma predict improved survival after stereotactic radiosurgery

Local failure and subsequent neurologic death continue to be problematic for brain metastases resulting from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which are highly resistant to whole brain radiation therapy. The objective of this single-institution series is to determine the outcomes of patients with RCC brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Between January 2005 and December 2011, 51 patients with a total of 104 brain metastases from RCC were treated with linac-based SRS. The median age of this cohort was 60 years (range, 39–82) and consisted of 39 males and 12 females. The average size of the target lesion was 1.6 cc (0.2–82.7) of which 97 (93 %) lesions were treated with a single fraction of 14–24 Gy. Median follow-up for this cohort was 37.5 months. The actuarial 6- and 12-month rates of local control were 89 and 80 %, respectively. By Cox regression analysis, volume was the only predictor of local failure (p = 0.04). Overall survival determined from the time of SRS at 6 and 12 months was 56 and 44 %, respectively. Smaller tumor volume was found to be a significant predictor of improved survival (p = 0.01). None of the patients experienced grade 3 or greater acute or late toxicities. SRS for brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma is a safe and effective treatment resulting in a high rate of local control. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating a relationship between smaller tumor volume and improved outcomes.
Type 1 IFN-independent activation of a subset of interferon stimulated genes in West Nile virus Eg101-infected mouse cells

Although infection of mouse embryofibroblasts (MEFs) with WNV Eg101 induced interferon (IFN) beta production and STAT1 and STAT2 phosphorylation, these transcription factors (TFs) were not detected in the nucleus or on the promoters of four IRF-3-independent interferon stimulated genes (ISGs): Oas1a and Irf7 (previously characterized as IFN/ISGF3-dependent), Oas1b and Irf1. These ISGs were upregulated in WNV Eg101-infected STAT1−/−, STAT2−/−, and IFN alpha/beta receptor −/− MEFs. Although either IRF-3 or IRF-7 could amplify/sustain Oas1a and Oas1b upregulation at later times after infection, these factors were not required for the initial gene activation. The lack of upregulation of these ISGs in WNV Eg101-infected IRF-3/9−/− MEFs suggested the involvement of IRF-9. Activation of Irf1 in infected MEFs did not depend on any of these IRFs. The data indicate that additional alternative activation mechanisms exist for subsets of ISGs when a virus infection has blocked ISG activation by the canonical IFN-mediated pathway.
Effects of tree species and N additions on forest floor microbial communities and extracellular enzyme activities.

Forest nitrogen (N) retention and soil carbon (C) storage are influenced by tree species and their associated soil microbial communities. As global change factors alter forest composition, predicting long-term C and N dynamics will require understanding microbial community structure and function at the tree species level. Because atmospheric N deposition is increasing N inputs to forested ecosystems across the globe, including the northeastern US, it is also important to understand how microbial communities respond to added N. While prior studies have examined these topics in mixed-species stands, we focused on the responses of different tree species and their associated microbial communities within a single forest type - a northern hardwood forest in the Catskills Mountains, NY. Based on prior studies, we hypothesized that N additions would stimulate extracellular enzyme activities in relatively labile litters, but suppress oxidative enzyme activities in recalcitrant litters, and tested for independent tree species effects within this context. During the 2007 growing season (May-June), we measured enzyme activities and microbial community composition (using phospholipid fatty acid analysis - PLFA) of the forest floor in single-species plots dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), red oak (Quercus rubra), American beech (Fagus grandifolia) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), species whose litters range from relatively labile to recalcitrant. Half the plots were fertilized with N by adding NH4NO3 (50 kg ha-1 y-1) from 1997 to 2009. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and multi-response permutation procedures (MRPP) were used to examine microbial community structure and relationship to enzyme activities.
Abdominal aortic dissection with retrograde extension into the thoracic aorta: Case report

A case of spontaneous dissection originating in the infrarenal abdominal aorta with retrograde extension into the thoracic aorta is reported along with the computed tomography and angiographic findings. Surgical repair resulted in the obliteration of the false lumen, healing of the thoracic hematoma, and clinical recovery. The principles for radiologic evaluation and therapeutic management are discussed.
The Final Flight of a Sun-Diving Comet

Over the past decade, solar monitoring observatories have detected and discovered more than 1600 discrete members of the Kreutz family of comets. These comets are associated by common orbits and their propensity to come within a few solar radii ( R Sun) of the Sun. They can be detected as they evaporate and disintegrate, throwing out huge amounts of fine dust and gas, which can be seen even against the Sun's glare. Thought to be the fragmented remnants of the passage of a giant (∼10 to 50 km radius) parent comet several thousand years ago, the Kreutz family has been the subject of intense study by both amateur and professional astronomers using a plethora of optical and ultraviolet instrumentation onboard a number of spacecraft designed to study the Sun. On page 324 of this issue, Schrijver et al. ( 1 ) report combined observations from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), and Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) detailing the path of comet C/2011 N3 (SOHO) as it passes through and disintegrates in the Sun's lower corona. Such a method of cometary study may provide insight into the makeup of the parent body as well as the constituent material of the early solar system.
Nitrate Leaching under a Cereal Rye Cover Crop

Winter cover crops hold potential to capture excess NO 3 - and reduce leaching by recycling nutrients. The objective of this study was to compare winter NO 3 -N leaching losses under winter-fallow and a winter cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop following the harvest of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) or broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck). Leachate was sampled with passive capillary wick samplers that apply a suction of 0 to 5 kPa to the soil-pore water and intercept leachate in a pan of known area. Without disturbing the over-laying soil profile, 32 samplers (0.26 m 2 ) were installed at a depth of 1.2 m in a Willamette loam (fine-silty mixed mesic Pachic Ultic Argixeroll). The randomized complete-block split plot design of this cover crop-crop rotation study (initiated in 1989) has cropping system (winter fallow vs. winter cereal rye) as main plots and three N application rates, ranging from 0 to 280 kg N ha -1 yr -1 , as subplots. At the recommended N rate for the summer crops, NO 3 leaching losses were 48 kg N ha -1 under sweet corn-winter-fallow for winter 1992-1993, 55 kg N ha -1 under broccoli-winter-fallow for winter 1993-1994, and 103 kg N ha -1 under sweet corn-winter-fallow for winter 1994-1995, which were reduced to 32, 21, and 69 kg N ha -1 , respectively, under winter cereal rye. For the first two winters, most of the variation (61%) in NO 3 - leaching was explained by N rate (29%), cereal rye N uptake (17%), and volume of leachate (15%). Seasonal, flow-weighted concentrations at the recommended N rate were 13.4 mg N L -1 under sweet corn-winter-fallow (1992-1993), 21.9 mg N L -1 under broccoli-winter-fallow, and 17.8 mg N L -1 under sweet corn-winter-fallow (1994-1995), which were reduced by 39, 58, and 22%, respectively, under winter cereal rye.
Remembering Richard [A. Richard Newton]

A. Richard Newton was larger than life in the eyes of the ones who had the fortune of meeting him. His outlook on life was so different, innovative, and refreshing that one could not avoid being enthralled by his ideas long after parting ways. In this paper, I remember him both as a wonderful human being and as an old and dearest friend. It is not easy for me to do justice to the great contributions that he made to the EDA community and to the world in general. I begin with my own rendition of his accomplishments and his biography decorated with comments from students and colleagues. The body of the paper is about his most significant speeches, which are the best witnesses of his vision and legacy. His own words are so eloquent and convincing that any editing would dilute the message. I will first quote excerpts from his DAC key note address of 1995 and conclude with his unabridged presentation in Berkeley about "the future of the future."
Physiological origin for the BOLD poststimulus undershoot in human brain: Vascular compliance versus oxygen metabolism

The poststimulus blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) undershoot has been attributed to two main plausible origins: delayed vascular compliance based on delayed cerebral blood volume (CBV) recovery and a sustained increased oxygen metabolism after stimulus cessation. To investigate these contributions, multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed to monitor responses of BOLD, cerebral blood flow (CBF), total CBV, and arterial CBV (CBV(a)) in human visual cortex after brief breath hold and visual stimulation. In visual experiments, after stimulus cessation, CBV(a) was restored to baseline in 7.9±3.4 seconds, and CBF and CBV in 14.8±5.0 seconds and 16.1±5.8 seconds, respectively, all significantly faster than BOLD signal recovery after undershoot (28.1±5.5 seconds). During the BOLD undershoot, postarterial CBV (CBV(pa), capillaries and venules) was slightly elevated (2.4±1.8%), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO(2)) was above baseline (10.6±7.4%). Following breath hold, however, CBF, CBV, CBV(a) and BOLD signals all returned to baseline in ∼20 seconds. No significant BOLD undershoot, and residual CBV(pa) dilation were observed, and CMRO(2) did not substantially differ from baseline. These data suggest that both delayed CBV(pa) recovery and enduring increased oxidative metabolism impact the BOLD undershoot. Using a biophysical model, their relative contributions were estimated to be 19.7±15.9% and 78.7±18.6%, respectively.
Immune-cell lineage commitment : Translation from mice to humans

Much of the current understanding in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation into immune-cell lineages comes from mouse studies, but how well does it translate to the human system?
Suspended AlGaAs waveguides for tunable difference frequency generation in mid-infrared.

A birefringent phase-matching scheme for difference-frequency generation in a slotted air-clad waveguide with a tunable gap is proposed and theoretically analyzed. A tunability of 300 cm−1 and an efficiency of 400 W−1 cm−2 is predicted.
Schrödinger operators on manifolds, essential self-adjointness, and absence of eigenvalues

Suppose thatM n is a complete, noncompact, Riemannian manifold. If Δ denotes the Laplace operator ofM, one has associated Schrodinger operators − Δ +V. Conditions onV are formulated, which ensures the essential self-adjointness of − Δ +V. In particular, ifV ∈ Qα,loc (M n), the local Stummel class, andV ≥ − c outside of a compact set, then − Δ +V is essentially self-adjoint on C 0 ∞ (M n). In addition, essential self-adjointness is proved for potentials which are strongly singular at a point. The absence of eigenvalues of −Δ +V is also studied. This relies upon Rellich-type identities. The results on strongly singular potentials make use of a generalization of the classical uncertainty principle, inR n, to Riemannian manifolds with a pole.
Nmrglue: an open source Python package for the analysis of multidimensional NMR data

Nmrglue, an open source Python package for working with multidimensional NMR data, is described. When used in combination with other Python scientific libraries, nmrglue provides a highly flexible and robust environment for spectral processing, analysis and visualization and includes a number of common utilities such as linear prediction, peak picking and lineshape fitting. The package also enables existing NMR software programs to be readily tied together, currently facilitating the reading, writing and conversion of data stored in Bruker, Agilent/Varian, NMRPipe, Sparky, SIMPSON, and Rowland NMR Toolkit file formats. In addition to standard applications, the versatility offered by nmrglue makes the package particularly suitable for tasks that include manipulating raw spectrometer data files, automated quantitative analysis of multidimensional NMR spectra with irregular lineshapes such as those frequently encountered in the context of biomacromolecular solid-state NMR, and rapid implementation and development of unconventional data processing methods such as covariance NMR and other non-Fourier approaches. Detailed documentation, install files and source code for nmrglue are freely available at http://nmrglue.com. The source code can be redistributed and modified under the New BSD license.
AMPA prevents glutamate-induced neurotoxicity and apoptosis in cultured cerebellar granule cell neurons.

Exposure of cultured cerebellar neurons to ±-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) in the presence of aniracetam protects all of the vulnerable neurons against the excitotoxic actions of glutamate acting on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. The protective effect of AMPA was both time- and concentration-dependent. Aniracetam alone did not protect the neurons against the excitotoxic effects of glutamate. Pretreatment of cerebellar neurons with the AMPA antagonist, 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione blocked the neuroprotective effect mediated by AMPA indicating that the neuroprotective effect is mediated specifically by AMPA receptors. An excitotoxic concentration of glutamate, which killed between 60–80% of granule cell neurons on day 8in vitro, mediated its toxic effect via a time-dependent apoptotic pathway. Pretreatment of cerebellar granule cell neurons with AMPA (500 μM) completely blocked glutamate-mediated apoptosis. Our results suggest that AMPA receptors may play an important role in neuronal survival.
The Ideal Worker or the Ideal Father: Organizational Structures and Culture in the Gendered University

While literature has focused on the ways in which organizational structures exclude women from the workplace, this article suggests that the inverse is also true: organizational structures and culture prevent men from being involved in the home. Using theories of gendered organizations as a guide, this article draws on interviews with 70 faculty fathers at four research universities to explore the tension that many men feel navigating their responsibilities in the home while simultaneously aiming to fulfill the norms of the ideal worker, which holds that employees are always available to perform work and have few responsibilities in the home. Data suggest that institutions and those within them penalize men who appear too committed to their families. Some participants crafted identities for themselves that separated their roles as professor and father while others struggled to reconcile their two roles. In short, institutional structures and culture play a critical role in shaping faculty identity, both on and off-campus.
Correlates of attitudes toward sexual harassment among early adolescents

A survey of 458 early adolescents (87% White; 278 females and 280 males; Mage = 13) examined the interacting relationship between family environment and involvement with pop music, and attitudes toward sexual harassment, while also controlling for sex. Attitudes toward sexual harassment were assessed by an eight-item Likert-type scale constructed from common behavioral definitions of sexual harassment (reliability alpha = .89). Results indicated females held less accepting attitudes toward sexual harassment than males. Involvement with pop music was associated with acceptance of sexual harassment, especially for females. The combination of a high level of exposure to pop music videos, and being from an unsatisfactory or nonintact family, was strongly associated with acceptance of sexual harassment for females and less so for males. The findings of this study could have implications for the etiology of acceptance of other coercive behaviors among adults.
SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF PULMONARY SURFACTANT PROTEOLIPID SPL(Phe) IN FETAL LUNG

Surfactant proteolipid, SPL(Phe), a small molecular weight hydrophobic protein isolated from pulmonary surfactant, has been associated with enhanced surface properties of surfactant phospholipids from various species. We have isolated cDNA's encoding SPL(Phe) and studies the induction of SPL(Phe) RNA and protein synthesis in human fetal lung tissue during explant culture usng the labelled SPL(Phe) cDNA to probe SPL(Phe) RNA. SPL(Phe) synthesis was not detected after [35S]methionine labelling and immunoprecipitation in fetal lung from 18-23 weeks gestation but increased markedly after 1-5 days in organ culture. Primary in vitro translation product of SPL(Phe) was a charge train of Mr=38-39,000, pI 5.0-5.4 processed in vitro to larger proteins of Mr=40,000. Hybrid selected and arrested translation of human lung RNA confirmed the relationship of the Mr=40,000 precursors to SPL(Phe). Synthesis of SPL(Phe) preprotein, Mr=40-41,000, pI 5.0-5.4, containing N-linked oligosaccharide, was enhanced between 0-4 days of fetal lung explant culture; Northern blot analysis of RNA of low abundance demonstrated a single 2.0 kilobase mRNA (in fetal lung), prior to explant culture and increased dramatically during 1-4 days of culture. Proteolytic processing of the SPL(Phe) to smaller peptides of Mr=6-14,000, which co-migrated with the peptides isolated from human surfactant was demonstrated in the fetal lung explants after organ culture. SPL(Phe) is a Type II cell surfactant-associated hydrophobic protein whose synthesis and RNA increased dramatically during organ culture of fetal lung in association with the morphologic saturation of the Type II epithelial cell.
Effectiveness of Several Polyunsaturated Seed Oils as Boll Weevil Feeding Deterrents

Prompted by the previous discovery that (9Z,11E,13E)-9,11,13-octadecatrienoic acid (α-eleostearic acid) was one of the compo-nents responsible for the boll weevil feeding deterrency of tung oil, the seeds of 11 other plant species were extracted with pentane and the oils were evaluated for their feeding deterrency in the laboratory. The oils ofCalendula suffruticosa, Centrantbus macro-siphon, Jacaranda mimosifolia andMomordica cochincbinenis were effective feeding deterrents for the boll weevil.
The equivalence of TLS and correspondence analysis

The total least squares (TLS) technique is will known in numerical analysis and modern signal processing, while correspondence analysis (CA) has found applications in applied data and clustering analysis. Both techniques use the SVD method to determine their respective optimum solutions. Upon an appropriate preprocessing operation of centering the data matrix, it is shown by minimizing the energy of the perturbation imposed on the data matrix that the two approaches are equivalent. Some simple graphical interpretations and examples are given. >
Characterization of Piezoelectric Nanofiber Composites Acoustic Emission Sensor for Structure Health Monitoring

A nanoscale active fiber composites (NAFCs) based acoustic emission (AE) sensor with high sensitivity is developed. The lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanofibers, with the diameter of approximately 80 nm, were electrospun on a silicon substrate. Nanofibers were parallel aligned on the substrate under a controlled electric field. The interdigitated electrodes were deposited on the PZT nanofibers and packaged by spinning a thin soft polymer layer on the top of the sensor. The hysteresis loop shows a typical ferroelectric property of as-spun PZT nanofibers. The mathematical model of the voltage generation when the elastic waves were reaching the sensor was studied. The sensor was tested by mounting on a steel surface and the measured output voltage under the periodic impact of a grounded steel bar was over 35 mV. The small size of the developed PZT NAFCs AE sensor shows a promising application in monitoring the structures by integration into composites.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Alcohol ingestion is independently associated with complications after work place injuries: a national trauma data bank analysis of injury severity and outcomes.

BACKGROUND:: Work place injuries have socioeconomic and workforce health implications. Results of clinical studies on the effect of alcohol (ETOH) ingestion on short-term outcomes in trauma are varied. We performed this study to estimate the prevalence of ETOH-related injury in the workplace and its relevance to outcomes. METHODS:: Using the National Trauma Data Bank v. 7.0, incident codes identified as being work related were extracted. The study group comprised those work-related injury cases wherein an ETOH result was documented. The ETOH (+) group was compared with the ETOH (-) group with respect to injury mechanism, injury severity, complications, and mortality. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent associations with these outcomes. RESULTS:: There were 31,028 cases who met inclusion criteria. Overall mortality was 2.9% (909, odds ratio [95% confidence interval], p-value) while complication rate was 2.9% (911). The incidence of a ETOH (+) screen was 10.8% (3356). Mortality in the ETOH (+) group was 3.5% (117) versus 2.9% (792) in the ETOH (-) group. This was not significantly different on logistic regression (0.88 [0.69-1.12], 0.30). The overall complication rate in the ETOH (+) group was 5.9% (197) versus 2.6% (714) in the ETOH (-) group (2.27 [1.95-2.65], Language: en
Reducing the Gap between Skills Sought by Employers and Developed by Education

The process of transforming students from novices into experts relies on active learning and the development of an appreciation for the links among topics. Since rote or stimulus-response learning is preferred by a majority of students who are beginning their programs of study but does not optimize learning and understanding, the first step in the process is changing students' preference to active learning. As students progress from 100- to 400-level courses, this outcome can be accomplished by reducing the amount of class time that instructors dedicate to lectures that introduce new material and increasing the amount of time dedicated to active learning strategies. Because of PowerPoint's linear structure, teachers can foster learning by supplementing traditional slides with tables, charts, graphs, and concept maps that explicate the links among topics. Concept maps also lend themselves to assessing students' mastery of concepts and the value added by class discussions. Both measures enable instructors to enhance their teaching effectiveness and, over time, use class sessions more efficiently.
Chirally directed formation of nanometer-scale proline clusters.

Ion mobility measurements, combined with molecular mechanics simulations, are used to study enantiopure and racemic proline clusters formed by electrospray ionization. Broad distributions of cluster sizes and charge states are observed, ranging from clusters containing only a few proline units to clusters that contain more than 100 proline units (i.e., protonated clusters of the form [xPro + nH]n+ with x = 1 to >100 and n = 1−7). As the sizes of clusters increase, there is direct evidence for nanometer scale, chirally induced organization into specific structures. For n = 4 and 5, enantiopure clusters of ∼50 to 100 prolines assemble into structures that are more elongated than the most compact structure that is observed from the racemic proline clusters. A molecular analogue, cis-4-hydroxy-proline, displays significantly different behavior, indicating that in addition to the rigidity of the side chain ring, intermolecular interactions are important in the formation of chirally directed clusters. This is t...
Soft Errors Due to Protons in the Radiation Belt

This paper examines the problem of soft errors in semiconductor devices caused by the protons in the radiation belts. The errors can be produced by a variety of nuclear reactions in silicon. A previous paper presented a calculation of the likelihood of some of these reactions. This information can be combined with knowledge of the proton environment in order to estimate the upset rate for various devices in spacecraft. This paper discusses the proton environment, the effect of spacecraft shielding, the various proton induced reactions in silicon, the calculation of soft error sensitivity, and the soft error rate in a representative satellite.