cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-pot solvothermal synthesis of a well-ordered layered sodium aluminoalcoholate complex: a useful precursor for the preparation of porous Al2O3 particles

One-pot solvothermal synthesis of a robust tetranuclear sodium hexakis(glycolato)tris(methanolato)aluminate complex Na3[Al4(OCH3)3(OCH2CH2O)6] via a modified yet rigorous base-catalyzed transesterification mechanism is presented here. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) studies indicate that this unique Al complex contains three pentacoordinate Al3+ ions, each bound to two bidentate ethylene glycolate chelators and one monodentate methanolate ligand. The remaining fourth Al3+ ion is octahedrally coordinated to one oxygen atom from each of the six surrounding glycolate chelators, effectively stitching the three pentacoordinate Al moieties together into a novel tetranuclear Al complex. This aluminate complex is periodically self-assembled into well-ordered layers normal to the [110] axis with the intra-/inter-layer bonding involving extensive ionic bonds from the three charge-counterbalancing Na+ cations rather than the more typical hydrogen bonding interactions as a result of fewer free hydroxyl groups present in its structure. It can also serve as a valuable precursor toward the facile synthesis of high-surface-area alumina powders using a very efficient rapid pyrolysis technique.
The Challenge of Upgrading in African Industries: Socio-Spatial Factors and the Urban Environment in Mwanza, Tanzania

Summary This paper examines the challenges facing small-scale furniture makers in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania, assesses the prospects for these firms to upgrade their manufacturing activities, and evaluates the degree to which clustering activities are influencing the prospects for upgrading. Through in-depth observations of firms and interviews with business owners, data on the demographic characteristics, networking strategies, market orientations, and the physical location and situational attributes of furniture making firms are analyzed in relation to their performance and innovation levels. The data and analyses reveal several significant findings regarding the performance of manufacturers in Tanzania, the value (or limited utility) of clusters, the ways in which Mwanza’s markets, institutions, and spatial characteristics influence clustering activities and the marketing strategies of firms, and about how upgrading in Tanzania’s manufacturing sector might be better supported by state and municipal governments.
Asymptotic behaviour of small solutions for the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger and Klein–Gordon equations

We show decay estimates for the propagator of the discrete Schrodinger and Klein–Gordon equations in the form . This implies a corresponding (restricted) set of Strichartz estimates. Applications of the latter include the existence of excitation thresholds for certain regimes of the parameters and the decay of small initial data for relevant lp norms. The analytical decay estimates are corroborated with numerical results.
The Power of the Picture: How Narrative Film Captures Attention and Disrupts Goal Pursuit.

Narrative transportation is described as a state of detachment that arises when one becomes immersed in the narrative of a story. Participants viewed either an intact version of an engaging 20 min film, “Bang You’re Dead!,” (1961) by Alfred Hitchcock (contiguous condition), or a version of the same film with scenes presented out of order (noncontiguous condition). In this latter condition, the individual scenes were intact but were presented out of chronological order. Participants were told a cover story that we were interested in the amount of gun violence depicted in films. Both groups were given the goal to remember to lift their hand every time they heard the word “gun” spoken during the film. Results revealed that participants were significantly less likely to remember to execute their goal in the contiguous condition, presumably because this narrative transported viewers’ attention and thereby “hijacked” processing resources away from internal goals.
Selective Transport of an Oligomeric Iga Into Canine Saliva

Evidence is presented which shows that an oligomeric IgA myeloma protein, possessing J-chain but lacking secretory component, is selectively transferred from serum into canine saliva. The data also demonstrate that 125l-label remains with the IgA during the transfer process. These data interpreted in the light of findings in humans support the concept that the oligomeric form of IgA, devoid of secretory component, is required to achieve selective transport.
Effect of Castration and Sex Hormones on Blood of the Rat

Summary1. The RBC and hemoglobin content of normal rats show higher values than those of normal females. 2. Following castration, the RBC and hemoglobin contents of the males drop, while those in the females rise. 3. Injections of estradiol into castrated females, and testosterone into castrated males produce, respectively, a drop and rise in RBC and hemoglobin. 4. Bone marrow studies indicate that androgens stimulate and estrogens inhibit erythro-cytopoiesis. 5. Additional support is thus given to the sex hormone explanation of the normal sex difference in RBC reported for many species of animals.
Decline in health status of extremely premature neonates with patent ductus arteriosus after second course of medical therapy.

INTRODUCTION Many neonatal centers offer surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) after two failed courses of pharmacologic therapy. This study compares health status of extremely premature (< 28 weeks gestation) neonates who failed medical therapy at the time of their second course of medical treatment versus operation. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on neonates born at less than 28 weeks gestation who underwent PDA ligation after two rounds of medical therapy over a 7.5-year period. Measurements of health status at the time of the second course of medical therapy and the time of operation were compared. RESULTS Neonates (n = 34) required less fraction of inspired oxygen (33.5 ± 12.9% vs. 48.5 ± 24%, p < 0.0001), had lower mean airway pressure (7.5 ± 1.9 vs. 9.1 ± 2.4 mm Hg, p < 0.0001), and were less likely to require vasopressor support (16.7 vs. 60%, p = 0.0126) at the time of the start of second course than at surgery. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that extremely premature neonates show a decline in cardiopulmonary reserve between a second course of medical therapy and surgical intervention.
A New Variable Stiffness Suspension Mechanism

A new variable stiffness suspension system based on a recent variable stiffness mechanism is proposed. The overall system is composed of the traditional passive suspension system augmented with a variable stiffness mechanism. The main idea is to improve suspension performance by varying stiffness in response to road disturbance. The system is analyzed using a quarter car model. The passive case shows much better performance in ride comfort over the tradition counterpart. Analysis of the invariant equation shows that the car body acceleration transfer function magnitude can be reduced at both the tire-hop and rattle space frequencies using the lever displacement transfer function thereby resulting in a better performance over the traditional passive suspension system. An H¥ controller is designed to correct for the performance degradation in the rattle space thereby providing the best trade-off between the ride comfort, suspension deflection and road holding.
Pushing the Paperless Envelope: Digital Recording and Innovative Ways of Seeing at a Classic Maya Site

Archaeological documentation is in the midst of a technological shift as recording systems transition from paper-based forms to digital formats. Digital systems effectively replicate the information recorded on paper forms, while also offering recording advantages for archaeologists in the field. In addition to such logistical contributions to archaeological workflows, digital technology also has tremendous potential to transform the ways that archaeology is done by shifting how we see our sites, and how we document them through diverse data types. With the goal of exploring this potential, we developed a tablet-based relational database, using FileMaker, which provides the ability to simultaneously record specific characteristics of artifacts and features according to two cultural perspectives—modern archaeological understandings and also those of the Classic Maya. In this article, we describe the database and discuss the results of a pilot field season using the database to record excavations at the site of Say Kah, Belize. Our experiences yield several broader reflections on the impact of using digital recording systems both for practical advantage and for productive shifts in perception.
Dentistry of ancient Egypt.

Les manuscrits de dentisterie les plus anciens proviennent de la civilisation egyptienne ancienne et montrent qu'a cette epoque, l'art dentaire etait une specialite medicale qui traitait deja de la prevention et du traitement des problemes dentaires
Production and destruction of eddy kinetic energy in forced submesoscale eddy-resolving simulations

Abstract We study the production and dissipation of the eddy kinetic energy (EKE) in a submesoscale eddy field forced with downfront winds using the Process Study Ocean Model (PSOM) with a horizontal grid resolution of 0.5 km. We simulate an idealized 100 m deep mixed-layer front initially in geostrophic balance with a jet in a domain that permits eddies within a range of O(1 km–100 km). The vertical eddy viscosities and the dissipation are parameterized using four different subgrid vertical mixing parameterizations: the k − ϵ , the KPP, and two different constant eddy viscosity and diffusivity profiles with a magnitude of O ( 10 − 2 m 2 s − 1 ) in the mixed layer. Our study shows that strong vertical eddy viscosities near the surface reduce the parameterized dissipation, whereas strong vertical eddy diffusivities reduce the lateral buoyancy gradients and consequently the rate of restratification by mixed-layer instabilities (MLI). Our simulations show that near the surface, the spatial variability of the dissipation along the periphery of the eddies depends on the relative alignment of the ageostrophic and geostrophic shear. Analysis of the resolved EKE budgets in the frontal region from the simulations show important similarities between the vertical structure of the EKE budget produced by the k − ϵ and KPP parameterizations, and earlier LES studies. Such an agreement is absent in the simulations using constant eddy-viscosity parameterizations.
A FETI-DP Algorithm for Saddle Point Problems in Three Dimensions

A FETI-DP algorithm is proposed for solving the system of linear equations arising from the mixed finite element approximations of a three dimensional saddle problem. A preconditioned conjugate gradient method is used in the algorithm with either a lumped or a Dirichlet preconditioner, and scalable convergence rates are proved without a divergence free condition for the coarse space. Numerical experiments of solving a three-dimensional incompressible Stokes problem demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
A Design Methodology for Developing Resilient Cloud Services

Cloud computing is emerging as a new paradigm that aims at delivering computing as a utility. For the cloud computing paradigm to be fully adopted and effectively used, it is critical that the security mechanisms are robust and resilient to malicious faults and attacks. Security in cloud computing is of major concern and a challenging research problem since it involves many interdependent tasks including application layer firewalls, configuration management, alert monitoring and analysis, source code analysis, and user identity management. It is widely accepted that we cannot build software and computing systems that are free from vulnerabilities and cannot be penetrated or attacked. Therefore, it is widely accepted that cyber resilient techniques are the most promising solutions to mitigate cyberattacks and change the game to advantage the defender over the attacker. Moving Target Defense (MTD) has been proposed as a mechanism to make it extremely difficult for an attacker to exploit existing vulnerabilities by varying the attack surface of the execution environment. By continuously changing the environment (e.g., software versions, programming language, operating system, connectivity, etc.), we can shift the attack surface and, consequently, evade attacks. In this chapter we present a methodology for designing resilient cloud services that is based on the following capabilities: Redundancy, Diversity, Shuffling, and Autonomic Management. Redundancy is used to tolerate attacks if any redundant version or resource is compromised. The diversity is to use to avoid the software monoculture problem where one attack vector can successfully attack many instances of the same software module. Shuffling is needed to randomly change the execution environment and is achieved by “hot” shuffling of multiple functionally equivalent, behaviorally different software versions (code implementation) at runtime (e.g., the software task can have multiple versions where each version can be a different algorithm implemented in different programming language running on different computing systems). We also present our experimental results and evaluation of the RCS design methodology. We have implemented the applications on an IBM blade server with four blades, where each blade has 24 cores and can run several virtual machines. Our experimental results show that our environment is resilient against attacks with less than 7% in overhead time.
Exercise Mimetics: Impact on Health and Performance

The global epidemic of obesity and its associated chronic diseases is largely attributed to an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. While physical exercise remains the best solution, the development of muscle-targeted "exercise mimetics" may soon provide a pharmaceutical alternative to battle an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. At the same time, these advances are fueling a raging debate on their escalating use as performance-enhancing drugs in high-profile competitions such as the Olympics.
A Brief Overview and Critique of Perspective II on Probabilistic and Statistical Reasoning

In this overview and critique of perspective II, we briefly focus on several ways that Models & Modeling Perspectives (MMP) can be used to provide a unifying theoretical framework for developing both: (a) a coherent summary of the kind of research reported in this book, and (b) a useful list of testable claims that appear to be priorities to investigate in future research emanating from the kind of studies reported here. In particular, MMP was developed to identify: (a) emerging new types of mathematical thinking that appear to be needed beyond mathematics classrooms—including in situations involving new sciences (e.g., social sciences, engineering) not traditionally emphasized in K-12 curriculum materials, (b) new ways to operationally define important achievements currently being ignored in both school testing programs and documents specifying standards for teaching and learning, and (c) new teaching and learning opportunities made possible by new model-development tools for students (Lesh and Doerr, Beyond constructivist: a models & modeling perspective on mathematics teaching, learning, and problems solving, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 2003; Lesh, Models & Modeling in Mathematics Education, Monograph for International Journal for Mathematical Thinking & Learning, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, 2003b).
Pro-inflammatory, chemotactic, and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses associate with HPA, but not SNS, function in lung cancer patients

Disrupted cortisol rhythms are associated with earlier mortality across a number of cancer types; however, immune mechanisms by which circadian disruption may accelerate tumor progression have not been adequately defined in humans. Using blood samples from 62 lung cancer patients, PBMC were incubated with stimulators of acquired and innate immunity (PHA, LPS), and cytokines were measured. Serum DHEA, diurnal salivary cortisol, and overnight urinary catecholamines were collected. Hypothesized associations between stimulated analytes (pro-inflammatory: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17; chemotactic: eotaxin; anti-inflammatory: IL-10; Type 1/TH1: IFN-γ; Type 2/TH2: IL-13, IL-5) and endocrine disruption (HPA axis: DHEA, cortisol; SNS: epinephrine, norepinephrine) were examined using linear regressions. Increased release of eotaxin in unstimulated control (p = 0.030) and LPS (p = 0.025) was associated with dysregulated diurnal cortisol, while increased release of IL-10 stimulated in LPS (p = 0.018) was associated with higher mean cortisol secretion. When adjusting for unstimulated controls, an increased release of IL-6 stimulated in PHA (p = 0.021) and IL-10 stimulated in LPS (p = 0.019), was associated with higher mean cortisol secretion. Response to an immune challenge was associated with HPA axis disruption, but not markers of SNS function. These findings suggest immune mechanisms may partly explain the prognostic significance of HPA axis dysregulation in patients with lung cancer.
Enabling fast charging – Battery thermal considerations

Abstract Battery thermal barriers are reviewed with regards to extreme fast charging. Present-day thermal management systems for battery electric vehicles are inadequate in limiting the maximum temperature rise of the battery during extreme fast charging. If the battery thermal management system is not designed correctly, the temperature of the cells could reach abuse temperatures and potentially send the cells into thermal runaway. Furthermore, the cell and battery interconnect design needs to be improved to meet the lifetime expectations of the consumer. Each of these aspects is explored and addressed as well as outlining where the heat is generated in a cell, the efficiencies of power and energy cells, and what type of battery thermal management solutions are available in today's market. Thermal management is not a limiting condition with regard to extreme fast charging, but many factors need to be addressed especially for future high specific energy density cells to meet U.S. Department of Energy cost and volume goals.
HTLV-1 presenting as a motor neuropathy (P6.113)

Objective: To report two cases of HTLV-1 presenting as a predominant motor neuropathy. Background: Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus best known to neurologically manifest as a myelopathy, also known as tropical spastic paraparesis. It is important to recognize that HTLV can also present with other neurological symptoms including motor neuropathy. Design/Methods: Patient 1: A 49-year-old woman from Barbados presented with seven years of progressive weakness, bowel and urinary incontinence, and muscle fasciculations. Her exam revealed atrophy of bilateral forearms, hands, thighs, and calves, fasciculations in both arms, distal weakness in upper and lower extremities, and hyperreflexia. Patient 2: A 53-year-old Jamaican female requested a second opinion for three years of bilateral hand and foot weakness. The patient was initially told that she had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Exam was notable for bilateral hand contractures and atrophy, distal greater than proximal arm muscle weakness, and normal reflexes. Results: Patient 1 had NCS and EMG showing evidence of axonal motor neuropathy. Her MRI of the cervical and thoracic spine was unremarkable. Brain MRI showed non-specific T2 and flair abnormalities. Autoimmune and infectious workup was unremarkable except for the presence of HTLV-1 antibodies. Patient 2 had NCS and EMG with evidence of an axonal motor neuropathy, without sensory involvement or demyelination. MRI of her entire neural axis was unremarkable. Laboratory workup revealed positive HTLV-1 reactivity. Conclusions: Motor neuropathy is part of the spectrum of neurological manifestations associated with chronic HTLV-1 infection and can be easily mistaken for ALS. It is important to consider HTLV-1 infection when evaluating patients with motor neuron disorders as this diagnosis may alter prognosis and management. More coordinated research and evaluation of this patient population may lead to advances in treatment for patients with HTLV-1 related disorders. Disclosure: Dr. Kim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tiongson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pleninger has nothing to disclose.
Social media as social support in pregnancy and the postpartum.

Abstract Based on the rapidly growing use of social media and its influence on society an online survey to explore social media use and perceptions of social support was developed. A survey link or QR, quick read code was provided to new mothers in the postpartum setting of an academic medical center, posted on the hospital hosted website for new mothers and shared with Centering Pregnancy groups at the research hospital. The survey link was available for 4 weeks and 117 mothers from 64 different zip codes across the United States completed the survey. The majority of respondents indicated the main source of social support came from their current partner (92%). In addition, 43% used blogs to communicate with other mothers, 99% used the internet for answers to parenting questions, 89% used social media sites for questions and advice related to pregnancy and/or their role as a parent, and 84% considered social media friends a form of social support. These results demonstrate social media plays a substantial role in the lives of mothers today. Providers of healthcare should become familiar and comfortable with social media resources to support mothers of young children.
Chemical Induction of Lung Carcinomas in Rats

Lung carcinomas were induced in rats with intratracheal instillations of benzo(a)pyrene in combination with ferric oxide suspended in sterile saline. The development of lung tumors was followed by sequential sacrifice and histologic observation of the lung and other involved tissues. Lung lesions were early squamous metaplasia without keratinization, followed by metaplasia with keratinization which developed into microtumors. The microtumors progressed to visible masses and appeared as highly differentiated squamous cell keratinizing tumors with limited local invasion and no distant metastases. With time the tumors appeared less well differentiated with the presence of local invasion and extension to the pleura. In the late stages of tumorigenesis the chest wall, diaphragm and liver were invaded by the induced epidermoid carcinoma. Metastases were seen in the liver, pancreas, kidney, adrenal and lymph nodes. In addition to the epidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell anaplastic (oat cell like) carcinoma were observed. The small cell tumors were found in approximately 20% of the rats and were associated with a sudden weight loss and death of animals.
Surface Science Studies of Metal Oxide Gas Sensing Materials

In this chapter we present recent advances in the study of metal oxide surfaces and put them in relation to gas sensing properties. A reoccurring scheme is the dependence of chemical surface properties on the crystallographic orientation of the surface. This dependence will become more important in gas sensing applications as nanomaterials with controlled crystal shapes are being designed. In particular we focus on differences of the surface properties of the two polar surfaces of ZnO and the two most abundant bulk terminations of rutile TiO2, i.e. the (110) and (011) crystallographic orientations. On the example of these metal oxides, we describe the use of vacuum based surface science techniques, especially scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission spectroscopy, to obtain structural, chemical, and electronic information.
Reconnection of Flux Tubes: Specifics of High Plasma β

Two fundamental mechanisms of magnetic reconnection worked out by Sweet–Parker tandem (Parker, J Geophys Res 62:509, 1957; Sweet, IAU symposium on electromagnetic phenomena in cosmic plasmas, Stockholm, 1956 (1958), p 123) and Petschek (The physics of solar flares, ed. by W.N. Hess. Proceedings of the AAS-NASA symposium on physics (NASA, Washington, 1964), pp 425–439) were both aimed to explain an enormous amount of energy produced by coronal flares. Since then, extensive studies of a topological change of magnetic field resulted in a huge body of refined reconnection theories, beautiful laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling. One thing, however, remained for a long time unchanged: the subject of studies, magnetized plasma, has been a priori considered magnetically dominated, i.e., having very low plasma beta, β = 8πp∕B2 ≪ 1. It is just this condition that provides release of a huge amount of energy stored in magnetic fields due to their topological change. This simple fact dominated so strongly that during almost six decades there was no attempt to investigate the opposite situation, i.e., when topologically favorable conditions for reconnection appear in gas-dominated plasma with finite or even larger than unity plasma beta, β = 8πp∕B2 ≥ 1. As quest was for large amount of magnetic energy, the case of high-beta plasma (with magnetic energy less that gas-kinetic energy) did not seem promising. This, however, proved to be wrong. It turned out that in case of small-scale magnetic flux tubes under real conditions of solar photosphere, high β reconnection is unavoidable process. In the photosphere, magnetic flux tubes buffeted by convective motions collide and reconnect. True that the photospheric reconnection does not give the immediate gain in energy, but it sets the system in strongly unstable state. Now, the central problem becomes to understand how the post-reconnection products evolve. In this chapter, we shall study the peculiarities of high β reconnection , and what is more important, the post-reconnection processes. We shall see that high-beta reconnection triggers various nonlinear processes that are responsible for wide range of observed phenomena.
Same-Sex Sexuality and the Risk of Divorce: Findings from Two National Studies.

Despite symbolic linkages between heterosexuality and marriage, and a pervasive heteronormative ideology of romantic love, little population-representative research examines whether same-sex sexual...
Codes of Ethics in a Post-Truth World

Addresses the significance of codes of conduct as it relates to the computer industry, technological development, and government policies.
The National Economic Association at 50: Getting Back to Our Roots:

The National Economic Association (NEA) started out as the Caucus of Black Economists in December 1969. At the onset of the 50th Anniversary of the NEA’s founding, this presidential address looks a...
Synthesis and Structure of Ca14GaP11 with the New Hypervalent P37- Anion. Matrix Effects within the Family of Isostructural Alkaline-Earth Metal Pnictides1

The new Zintl phase Ca{sub 14}GAP{sub 11} has been synthesized and studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compound is isostructural with Ca{sub 14}AlSb{sub 11} and contains as separate anions a GaP{sub 4}{sup 9{minus}} tetrahedron, the novel hypervalent linear P{sub 3}{sup 7{minus}}, and four isolated P{sup 3{minus}}. The central P4 atom in P{sub 3}{sup 7{minus}} refines with its position split by 0.82 {Angstrom} which in the limit corresponds to disordered P{sup 3{minus}} and P{sub 2}{sup 4{minus}}. Matrix effects in all 20 refined pnictide (Pn = P-Bi) examples of this structure are reflected by the cation environment about the Pn{sub 7}{sup 3{minus}} anions. This approach provides complete correlation of the splittings of the central Pn4 atoms (or their displacement ellipsoid asymmetry) and the average distances in Pn{sub 7}{sup 3{minus}}. Increased asymmetry of and bond lengths in Pn{sub 3}{sup 7{minus}} and, by implication, lesser phase stability are logically associated with smaller Pn, larger cations, and, to a smaller degree, increased size of the metal that centers the MPn{sub 4} tetrahedra. Angular distortions of the last are similarly based. 24 refs., 4 figs., 5 tabs.
Globalism and the arts: implications for policy

One of the goals of global education in the United States is to create more culturally aware students, an educational imperative originating almost forty years ago with the nurturing of multicultur...
Statistical Distances and the Construction of Evidence Functions for Model Adequacy

Over the past years, distances and divergences have been extensively used not only in the statistical literature or in probability and information theory, but also in other scientific areas such as engineering, machine learning, biomedical sciences, as well as ecology. Statistical distances, viewed either as building blocks of evidence generation or as evidence generation vehicles in themselves, provide a natural way to create a global framework for inference in parametric and semiparametric models. More precisely, quadratic distance measures play an important role in goodness-of-fit tests, estimation, prediction or model selection. Provided that specific properties are fulfilled, alternative statistical distances (or divergences) can effectively be used to construct evidence functions. In the present article, we discuss an intrinsic approach to the notion of evidence and present a brief literature review related to its interpretation. We examine several statistical distances, both quadratic and non-quadratic, and their properties in relation to important aspects of evidence generation. We provide an extensive description of their role in model identification and model assessment. Further, we introduce an explanatory plot that is based on quadratic distances to visualize the strength of evidence provided by the ratio of standardized quadratic distances and exemplify its use. In this setting, emphasis is placed on determining the sense in which we can provide them meaningful interpretations as measures of statistical loss. We conclude by summarizing the main contributions of this work.
Influence of Provider Communication on Emerging Adults’ Medication Cognitions and Provider Satisfaction

Objective This study examined how the content of medical provider communication related to medication prescriptions influenced emerging adults' (EA) medication-related cognitions and satisfaction with care. Methods In total, 257 EA (ages 18-25) were randomized to one of three audio vignettes depicting a medical appointment in which the EA imagined him/herself as the recipient of an oral antibiotic prescription. Provider communication content varied by vignette as follows: the positive outcome expectancy (POE) vignette focused on enhancing patient POE related to antibiotic use; the negative outcome expectancy (NOE) vignette focused on reducing patient NOE; and the standard care vignette focused on providing factual medication information. Following the vignette, participants self-reported on demographics, select medication-related cognitions, and provider satisfaction from vignette. Results Those in the NOE vignette condition reported higher provider satisfaction, perceived the provider to have given more information, and evidenced lower NOE and higher POE about the antibiotic compared with those in the other conditions. Intent to adhere did not vary by vignette condition. Conclusions Brief, provider-initiated communication focused on reducing patient NOE may have unique value in altering EA's medication-related cognitions. Given that medication-related beliefs are known correlates of adherence, future research should replicate and expand these findings in the context of real-world medical encounters and through the utilization of objective indices of medication adherence to more fully understand the potential significance of provider language emphasizing reduction of NOE on medication adherence.
Representing Whole Slide Cancer Image Features with Hilbert Curves

Regions of Interest (ROI) contain morphological features in pathology whole slide images (WSI) are delimited with polygons[1]. These polygons are often represented in either a textual notation (with the array of edges) or in a binary mask form. Textual notations have an advantage of human readability and portability, whereas, binary mask representations are more useful as the input and output of feature-extraction pipelines that employ deep learning methodologies. For any given whole slide image, more than a million cellular features can be segmented generating a corresponding number of polygons. The corpus of these segmentations for all processed whole slide images creates various challenges for filtering specific areas of data for use in interactive real-time and multi-scale displays and analysis. Simple range queries of image locations do not scale and, instead, spatial indexing schemes are required. In this paper we propose using Hilbert Curves simultaneously for spatial indexing and as a polygonal ROI representation. This is achieved by using a series of Hilbert Curves[2] creating an efficient and inherently spatially-indexed machine-usable form. The distinctive property of Hilbert curves that enables both mask and polygon delimitation of ROIs is that the elements of the vector extracted ro describe morphological features maintain their relative positions for different scales of the same image.
Effects of mercury and tin on frustular ultrastructure of the marine diatom, Nitzschia liebethrutti

Cultures of the marine diatom, Nitzschia liebethrutti were maintained in 1.5 μg-at/L of either inorganic Hg or Sn ions. Electron micrographs of cleaned frustules from these cultures were analyzed for frustule abnormalities. Abnormalities were significantly greater in diatoms grown with Hg and Sn ions than in controls. Frustule abnormalities common to both Hg and Sn were reduction in length/width, fused carinal dots and reduction in the number of carinal dots/frustule. Curved raphes and carinal dots aligned parallel to the raphe appeared only in frustules from Sn treatment.
Interfacial States, Energetics, and Atmospheric Stability of Large-Grain Antifluorite Cs2TiBr6

Recent reports post conflicting results on the atmospheric stability of Cs2TiBr6, a nontoxic, Earth-abundant solar energy conversion material. Here, a high-temperature melt of CsBr and TiBr4 yielde...
Effects of prepelleting whole corn inclusion on feed particle size, pellet quality, growth performance, carcass yield, and digestive organ development and intestinal microbiome of broilers between 14 and 42 d of age

Summary This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of prepelleting whole corn (WC) inclusion on body weight (BW), feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), processing yield, organ development, and gut microbiome of broilers from 14 to 42 d of age. One thousand male Ross × Ross 708 broilers were randomly distributed among 4 treatments with 10 replicate pens per treatment and 25 broilers per pen (0.12 m2/chick). A common starter was fed from 1 to 14 d of age. At 14 d, 4 experimental treatments containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% WC prepelleting were provided. Feed consumption and BW were determined at 14, 28, and 42 d of age and FCR was calculated including the weights of the mortality. On day 28, 2 birds per pen were selected to evaluate the ileal and cecal microbiota. At 43 d, 10 birds/pen were processed for yield determination. Data were statistically evaluated using ANOVA procedure and means were separated by Tukey HSD test. The inclusion of WC did not influence growth performance from 14 to 42 d of age (P > 0.05), but 9% WC increased the carcass yield (P 0.05). Inclusion of 9% WC reduced the relative proventriculus weight (P
Cosmography with cluster strong lenses: the influence of substructure and line-of-sight haloes

We explore the use of strong lensing by galaxy clusters to constrain the dark energy equation of state and its possible time variation. The cores of massive clusters often contain several multiply imaged systems of background galaxies at different redshifts. The locations of lensed images can be used to constrain cosmological parameters due to their dependence on the ratio of angular diameter distances. We employ Monte Carlo simulations of cluster lenses, including the contribution from substructures, to assess the feasibility of this potentially powerful technique. At the present, parametric lens models use well-motivated scaling relations between mass and light to incorporate cluster member galaxies and do not explicitly model line-of-sight structure. Here, we quantify modelling errors due to scatter in the cluster-galaxy scaling relations and unmodelled line-of-sight haloes. These errors are of the order of a few arcseconds on average for clusters located at typical redshifts (z ∼ 0.2-0.3). Using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, we show that the inclusion of these modelling errors is critical to deriving unbiased constraints on dark energy. However, when the uncertainties are properly quantified, we show that constraints competitive with other methods may be obtained by combining results from a sample of just 10 simulated clusters with 20 families each. Cosmography with a set of well-studied cluster lenses may provide a powerful complementary probe of the dark energy equation of state. Our simulations provide a convenient method of quantifying modelling errors and assessing future strong lensing survey strategies.
Biologic Therapy in Chronic Pain Management: a Review of the Clinical Data and Future Investigations.

With the aging population, it is clear that the demand for future chronic pain treatment modalities is at an all-time high. One of the newest treatment modalities that is gaining popularity with both practitioners and patients alike is that of regenerative medicine and the use of stem cells to treat chronic painful conditions. This article aims to distill the most recent, available data from both laboratory research and clinical trials to better illuminate the potentials for these therapies in the treatment of chronic pain. There are numerous investigations underway using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat painful, largely degenerative conditions. A large majority of these investigations focus on osteoarthritis of the knee and have demonstrated significantly improved pain scores. Some of these investigations have demonstrated significantly increased articular cartilage and meniscus growth as well as improved function. These studies have been smaller (n, 18) and need to be corroborated on a macrolevel. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-based therapies have been most extensively studied in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Multiple prospective and randomized trials and meta-analyses have afforded level I evidence in support of PRP’s safety and efficacy in chronic knee pain demonstrating both decreased pain (via VAS) and increased functional status (via WOMAC and IKDC). There have been randomized controlled trials examining PRP therapies in treatment degenerative disc disease (intradiscal treatment), facet arthropathy (intra-facet injections), and sacroiliitis (SIJ) which have all yielded similar positive results. Each RTC demonstrated decreased pain scores and increased function but lacks the scale to derive concrete guidelines. Newer investigations are underway examining modified PRP formulas with increased fibrin (PRF) or various growth factors (PRGF) and have shown positive outcomes with respect to osteoarthritic conditions in small trials. Animal trials are underway further investigating these therapies as well as specific gene modulation therapies. This review of the most recent investigations into the application and uses of biologic stem cell–derived treatments for chronic painful conditions should act to illustrate the growing, favorable data for these types of modalities both with respect to pain control and functional improvement.
Determining the Electronic Signature of Infection in Electronic Health Record Data.

OBJECTIVES Recent sepsis studies have defined patients as "infected" using a combination of culture and antibiotic orders rather than billing data. However, the accuracy of these definitions is unclear. We aimed to compare the accuracy of different established criteria for identifying infected patients using detailed chart review. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING Six hospitals from three health systems in Illinois. PATIENTS Adult admissions with blood culture or antibiotic orders, or Angus International Classification of Diseases infection codes and death were eligible for study inclusion as potentially infected patients. Nine-hundred to 1,000 of these admissions were randomly selected from each health system for chart review, and a proportional number of patients who did not meet chart review eligibility criteria were also included and deemed not infected. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The accuracy of published billing code criteria by Angus et al and electronic health record criteria by Rhee et al and Seymour et al (Sepsis-3) was determined using the manual chart review results as the gold standard. A total of 5,215 patients were included, with 2,874 encounters analyzed via chart review and a proportional 2,341 added who did not meet chart review eligibility criteria. In the study cohort, 27.5% of admissions had at least one infection. This was most similar to the percentage of admissions with blood culture orders (26.8%), Angus infection criteria (28.7%), and the Sepsis-3 criteria (30.4%). Sepsis-3 criteria was the most sensitive (81%), followed by Angus (77%) and Rhee (52%), while Rhee (97%) and Angus (90%) were more specific than the Sepsis-3 criteria (89%). Results were similar for patients with organ dysfunction during their admission. CONCLUSIONS Published criteria have a wide range of accuracy for identifying infected patients, with the Sepsis-3 criteria being the most sensitive and Rhee criteria being the most specific. These findings have important implications for studies investigating the burden of sepsis on a local and national level.
The Effect of Adoption on Functioning and Psychosocial Well-Being in Patients With Congenital Upper-Extremity Differences.

Purpose Adoption status has been investigated in numerous populations, identifying negative and positive effects on patient outcomes. This study compared parent-reported outcomes in adopted and nonadopted individuals with congenital upper-extremity (UE) anomalies to determine whether there was a measurable difference in parent perceptions of psychosocial health and functioning. Methods The Congenital Upper Limb Differences registry identified adopted individuals from a large cohort of patients. Each adopted patient was matched to 2 nonadopted patients by sex, age, and diagnosis of UE difference using the Oberg-Manske-Tonkin classification. Parent-reported scores on functional and psychosocial subjective outcomes were compared between the 2 cohorts using the Pediatric Outcome Data Collection Instrument. Results Ninety-one adopted pediatric patients with congenital UE differences were identified. Sixty had complete matches for comparison, and the remaining 31 patients were not able to be matched and were excluded from the analysis. Pediatric Outcome Data Collection Instrument scores for the UE function domain were worse in the adopted cohort as judged by minimally clinically important difference. In contrast, scores for Pediatric Outcome Data Collection Instrument domains of transfer and mobility, sports and physical function, pain and comfort, and happiness did not exceed the minimally clinically important difference, although the adopted cohort scores were all relatively lower than the nonadopted cohort scores. Conclusions In pediatric patients with UE differences, adoption status is seen to affect only the parent-reported domain of UE function. While differences by specific congenital diagnosis call for additional investigation, overall, these findings should be reassuring to families planning to adopt children with UE differences, and they should be supported in their expectations of UE functioning. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic III.
The Public Health Turn in Reproductive Rights

Over the last decade, public health research has demonstrated the short-term, long-term, and cumulative costs of delayed or denied abortion care. These costs are imposed on people who share common characteristics: abortion patients are predominantly low income and disproportionately people of color. Public health evidence, by establishing how law contributes to the scarcity of services and thereby entrenches health disparities, has vividly highlighted the connections between abortion access, race, and income. The contemporary attention to abortion law’s relationship to inequality is no accident: researchers, lawyers, and advocates have built an infrastructure for generating credible empirical studies of abortion restrictions’ effects. What might surprise even close observers of abortion policy, however, is how the federal courts, including the Supreme Court, have embraced this new wave of public health research. Recent litigation around the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s requirement that patients collect in-person the first drug of a medication abortion – a two-drug regimen taken over two days – is an example. Betting on courts to strike down abortion restrictions, however, is a risky wager, particularly given the current ambiguity about how the constitutional standard for evaluating abortion restrictions applies. This Article shows that abortion law is moving beyond constitutional litigation and toward building capacity for delivering care across state borders. The confluence of regulation, funding, and evidence have helped facilitate remote abortion care (or telehealth for abortion care) and self-managed abortions – overcoming legal barriers imposed by numerous states and extending abortion access despite the evisceration of constitutional rights. This Article argues that an understudied development in abortion law suggests a way forward that hinges neither on defending nor abandoning a right to an abortion. Scholars in the field of reproductive justice have called for a move beyond constitutional doctrine for a long time. That shift, with its attention to structural and systemic inequalities, has never seemed more urgent – or more possible – than it is right now.
Toward Establishing a Pre-Extinction Definition of

Some define “nationwide injunctions” as injunctions with: (1) no geographic limitations and (2) benefits to people beyond named plaintiffs or plaintiff classes. In this Article, I pose several questions central to figuring out what these so-called “nationwide injunctions” are. I argue that continuing to debate about injunctions in isolation from any developed, conceptual framework leads to potentially misguided arguments. The balance of criticisms regarding the targeted injunctions involve issues that are structural, jurisprudential, prudential, and formalist in ways that would curtail “nationwide injunctions” to protect Article II actors, to the relative detriment of those injured by Article II actors. There has been comparatively little focus on the potential costs of curtailing “nationwide injunctions” for those injured by Article II actors—marginalized communities in particular. There could be significant consequences of cutting off, or severely limiting access to, meaningful relief. I highlight what may be at stake if proceduralists and remedies scholars continue to make recommendations about “nationwide injunctions” without even knowing the costs to marginalized communities, let alone including those concerns as part of this discussion and our analyses.