cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Verbal hallucinations and language production processes in schizophrenia

How is it that many schizophrenics identify certain instances of verbal imagery as hallucinatory? Most investigators have assumed that alterations in sensory features of imagery explain this. This approach, however, has not yielded a definitive picture of the nature of verbal hallucinations. An alternative perspective suggests itself if one allows the possibility that the nonself quality of hallucinations is inferred on the basis of the experience of unintendedness that accompanies imagery production. Information-processing models of “intentional” cognitive processes call for abstract planning representations that are linked to goals and beliefs. Unintended actions - and imagery - can reflect planning disruptions whereby cognitive products do not cohere with concurrent goals. A model of schizophrenic speech disorganization is presented that postulates a disturbance of discourse planning. Insofar as verbal imagery can be viewed as inwardly directed speech, a consequence of such planning disturbances could be the production of unintended imagery. This link between the outward disorganization of schizophrenic speech and unintended verbal imagery is statistically supported by comparing the speech behavior of hallucinating and nonhallucinating schizophrenics. Studies of “borderline” hallucinations during normal, “goal-less” relaxation and drowsiness suggest that experiential unintendedness leads to a nonpathological variant of hallucinatory otherness that is correctable upon emerging from such passive cognitive states. This contrasts with the schizophrenic case, where nonconcordance with cognitive goals reinforces the unintendedness of verbal images and sustains the conviction of an external source. This model compares favorably with earlier models of verbal hallucinations and provides further evidence for a language production disorder in many schizophrenics. Short Abstract: How is it that many schizophrenics identify certain instances of verbal imagery as hallucinatory? This paper proposes that the critical feature identifying hallucinations is the experience of unintendedness. This experience is nonpathological during passive conscious states but pathological if occurring during goal-directed cognitive processing. A model of schizophrenic speech disorganization is presented that postulates a disturbance of discourse planning that specifies communicative intentions. These alterations could generate unintended verbal imagery as well. Statistical data are offered to support the model, and relevant empirical studies are reviewed.
Fast-neutrons incident on rotors: Tantalum

Reports in the Argonne National Laboratory Nuclear Data and Measurement Series present results of studies in the field of microscopic nuclear data. The primary objective of the series is the dissemination of information in the comprehensive form required for nuclear technology applications. This series is devoted to: (a) measured microscopic nuclear parameters, (b) experimental techniques and facilities employed in measurements, (c) the analysis, correlation and interpretation of nuclear data, and (d) the compilation and evaluation of nuclear data.
Heterologous Acidothermus cellulolyticus 1,4-β-Endoglucanase E1 Produced Within the Corn Biomass Converts Corn Stover Into Glucose

Commercial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars requires inexpensive bulk production of biologically active cellulase enzymes, which might be achieved through direct production of these enzymes within the biomass crops. Transgenic corn plants containing the catalytic domain of Acidothermus cellulolyticus E1 endo-1,4-β glucanase and the bar bialaphos resistance coding sequences were generated after Biolistic® (BioRad Hercules, CA) bombardment of immature embryo-derived cells. E1 sequences were regulated under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and tobacco mosaic virus translational enhancer, and E1 protein was targeted to the apoplast using the signal peptide of tobacco pathogenesis-related protein to achieve accumulation of this enzyme. The integration, expression, and segregation of E1 and bar transgenes were demonstrated, respectively, through Southern and Western blotting, and progeny analyses. Accumulation of up to 1.13% of transgenic plant total soluble proteins was detected as biologically active E1 by enzymatic activity assay. The corn-produced, heterologous E1 could successfully convert ammonia fiber explosion-pretreated corn stover polysaccharides into glucose as a fermentable sugar for ethanol production, confirming that the E1 enzyme is produced in its active from.
Host-Feeding Patterns of Potential Mosquito Vectors in Connecticut, USA: Molecular Analysis of Bloodmeals from 23 Species of Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Coquillettidia, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia

We evaluated the blood-feeding patterns in several mosquito species that may serve as vectors of disease agents in the northeastern United States. Blood-fed mosquitoes were collected from 91 different sites throughout Connecticut over a 6-yr period (JuneÐOctober 2002Ð2007), and the host-feeding patterns of 23 mosquito species representing six genera were examined by using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay and sequencing portions of the cytochrome b gene of mito- chondrial DNA. This study was part of a statewide surveillance program and for some of the mosquito species a limited number of specimens were examined (e.g.,Aedescommunis (De Geer) (1),Anopheles barberi Coquillett (1), Uranotaenia sapphirina (Osten Sacken) (5)). With the exception of Culex territans Walker that acquired bloodmeals from all four classes of vertebratesN birds, reptiles, am- phibians, and mammalsNall species of Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Psorophora, and to a lesser degree, Uranotaenia, were found to feed predominately upon mammalian hosts. Fourteen mammalian species were identiÞed as sources of blood, but the majority of feedings were taken from the white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus. Human-derived bloodmeals were identiÞed from 13 of the 23 mosquito species. Limited avian-derived bloodmeals were detected in Aedes canadensis (Theobald), Aedes cantator (Coquillett), Aedes cinereus Meigen, Aedes triseriatus (Coquillett), Aedes trivittatus (Coquillett), Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) Cx. territans, Psorophora ferox (von Hum- boldt), and Ur.sapphirina. American robin, Turdus migratorius, was the most common source of avian blood, followed by a few other mostly Passeriformes birds. We conclude that the white-tailed deer serve as the main vertebrate host for these mammalophilic mosquitoes in this region of the United States. This feeding pattern supports enzootic ampliÞcation of arboviruses, including Jamestown Canyon, Cache Valley, and Potosi viruses that perpetuate in cervid hosts. Occasional feeding on avian hosts suggests that some of these mosquito species, such as Cq. perturbans, also could facilitate transmission of West Nile and eastern equine encephalitis viruses from viremic birds to mammalian hosts.
Human Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Genes That Transform and Transactivate

This review is an update on the transforming genes of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Both viruses have been implicated in the etiology of several human cancers. In particular, HCMV has been associated with cervical carcinoma and adenocarcinomas of the prostate and colon. In vitro transformation studies have established three HCMV morphologic transforming regions (mtr), i.e., mtrI, mtrII, and mtrIII. Of these, only mtrII (UL111A) is retained and expressed in both transformed and tumor-derived cells. The transforming and tumorigenic activities of the mtrII oncogene were localized to an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 79-amino-acid (aa) protein. Furthermore, mtrII protein bound to the tumor suppressor protein p53 and inhibited its ability to transactivate a p53-responsive promoter. In additional studies, the HCMV immediate-early protein IE86 (IE2; UL122) was found to interact with cell cycle-regulatory proteins such as p53 and Rb. However, IE86 exhibited transforming activity in vitro only in cooperation with adenovirus E1A. HHV-6 is a T-cell-tropic virus associated with AIDS-related and other lymphoid malignancies. In vitro studies identified three transforming fragments, i.e., SalI-L, ZVB70, and ZVH14. Of these, only SalI-L (DR7) was retained in transformed and tumor-derived cells. The transforming and tumorigenic activities of SalI-L have been localized to a 357-aa ORF-1 protein. The ORF-1 protein was expressed in transformed cells and, like HCMV mtrII, bound to p53 and inhibited its ability to transactivate a p53-responsive promoter. HHV-6 has also been proposed to be a cofactor in AIDS because both HHV-6 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been demonstrated to coinfect human CD4+ T cells, causing accelerated cytopathic effects. Interestingly, like the transforming proteins of DNA tumor viruses such as simian virus 40 and adenovirus, ORF-1 was also a transactivator and specifically up-regulated the HIV-1 long terminal repeat when cotransfected into CD4+ T cells. Finally, based on the interactions of HCMV and HHV-6 transforming proteins with tumor suppressor proteins, a scheme is proposed for their role in oncogenesis.
Using speculation to reduce server load and service time on the WWW

Abstract Speculative service implies that a client''s request for a document is serviced by sending, in addition to the document requested, a number of other documents that the server speculates will be requested by the client in the near future. This speculation is based on statistical information that the server maintains for each document it serves. The notion of speculative service is analogous to prefetching, which is used to improve cache performance in distributed/parallel shared memory systems, with the exception that servers (not clients) control when and what to prefetch. Using trace simulations based on the logs of our departmental HTTP server http://cs-www.bu.edu, we show that both server load and service time could be reduced considerably, if speculative service is used. This is above and beyond what is currently achievable using client-side caching and server-side dissemination. We identify a number of parameters that could be used to fine-tune the level of speculation performed by the server based on the level of lookahead, the state of the network, the tradeoffs between bulk and individual transmission of documents, and the relative popularity of documents, among other factors.
Artificial Planar Bilayer Lipid Membranes

About two decades ago, when a method for forming bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) was discovered, the principal feature of the molecular architecture of biological membranes was being established as a bimolecular lipid leaflet (now called a lipid bilayer). First proposed by Gorter and Grendel in 1925, the existence of a lipid bilayer, which constitutes the key element of all biological membranes, has since been firmly established, largely through experiments with artificial BLMs (and liposomes).
Constraint Handling Rules with Multiset Comprehension Patterns

CHR is a declarative, concurrent and committed choice rule-based constraint programming language. We extend CHR with multiset comprehension patterns, providing the programmer with the ability to write multiset rewriting rules that can match a variable number of constraints in the store. This enables writing more readable, concise and declarative code for algorithms that coordinate large amounts of data or require aggregate operations. We call this extension $\mathit{CHR}^\mathit{cp}$. We give a high-level abstract semantics of $\mathit{CHR}^\mathit{cp}$, followed by a lower-level operational semantics. We then show the soundness of this operational semantics with respect to the abstract semantics.
Physiological significance of volume-regulatory transporters

Research over the past 25 years has identified specific ion transporters and channels that are activated by acute changes in cell volume and that serve to restore steady-state volume. The mechanism by which cells sense changes in cell volume and activate the appropriate transporters remains a mystery, but recent studies are providing important clues. A curious aspect of volume regulation in mammalian cells is that it is often absent or incomplete in anisosmotic media, whereas complete volume regulation is observed with isosmotic shrinkage and swelling. The basis for this may lie in an important role of intracellular Cl- in controlling volume-regulatory transporters. This is physiologically relevant, since the principal threat to cell volume in vivo is not changes in extracellular osmolarity but rather changes in the cellular content of osmotically active molecules. Volume-regulatory transporters are also closely linked to cell growth and metabolism, producing requisite changes in cell volume that may also signal subsequent growth and metabolic events. Thus, despite the relatively constant osmolarity in mammals, volume-regulatory transporters have important roles in mammalian physiology.
Synthesis of nanostructured Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) coatings

On the basis of the nanocrystalline Cr3C2-25 (Ni20Cr) feedstock powders produced by mechanical milling, a nanostructured coating has been synthesized using high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. The properties of the nanostructured coating were compared to those of the conventional coating of the same composition using scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and microhardness tests. The nanostructured Cr3C2-25 (Ni20Cr) coating synthesized in this study had an average carbide particle size of 24 nm. Discontinuous elongated amorphous phases were observed in the nanostructured coating. The conventional Cr3C2-25 (Ni20Cr) coatings produced using blended elemental powders exhibited an inhomogeneous microstructure. The observed homogeneity of the nanostructured coating is attributed, in part, to the microstructural improvement of the starting powder. The nanostructured Cr3C2-25 (Ni20Cr) coating yielded an average microhardness value of 1020 DPH300, which corresponds to a 20 pct increase in microhardness over that of the conventional coating. The nanostructured Cr3C2-25 (Ni20Cr) coating also exhibited a higher apparent fracture toughness relative to that of the conventional coating. The apparent mechanical property improvements in the nanostructured coating were thought to result from the uniformity of the microstructure and the high performance associated with a nanostructured structure. In addition, the mechanism that is present during the milling of a system containing nondeformable particles is discussed in light of the TEM observations.
Coronary artery disease in diabetic patients with nephropathy

Patients with juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are at high risk of premature coronary artery disease. The risk is concentrated in diabetic patients who develop nephropathy. Synergy in atherogenesis is likely to be present between hyperglycemia and the metabolic alterations of diabetic nephropathy, which include hyjrertension, hypercholesterolemia, and high lipoprotein (a) levels. The accumulation of advanced glycation end-products in blood vessel walls and on lipoproteins may result in increased vascular permeability and uptake of cholesterol, particularly in the setting of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. The net result may be acceleration of atherogenesis
Kindergartners’ Development of Privileged Subjectivities within an Elite School

This case study investigates how kindergarten children thought and talked about their school in three socially stratified school settings: public, charter and private, and the extent to which they grasped sociocultural understandings related to social class. Data included field notes, interviews with the children and teachers, and parent surveys. A Bourdieuian lens illuminated emergent themes. Results indicate that children in the elite setting had developed sophisticated understandings of their privileged social locations and understood their position as distinct from other children.
More Efficient Procedures for Screening Corn Genotypes for Resistance to Second-Brood Southwestern Corn Borer

In a search for methods to reduce the time and labor required to evaluate corn, Zea mays L., genotypes for response to artificial infestation with 2nd-brood Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar), 5 dates of infestation and 2 procedures for evaluating plant damage were compared. The number of larval entry and exit holes and the extent of tunneling within the stalk were used to assess stalk damage. The correlation between these 2 criteria was highly significant. Counting the number of holes in the stalk, which requires only ca. ½ as much time as measuring the tunnels, appears to be a valid technique for evaluating stalk damage when screening corn genotypes for resistance to the 2nd-brood southwestern corn borer. Differences in damage to plants infested at anthesis or during the following 2 weeks were not statistically significant. Also, genotypes with different levels of resistance did not respond differentially to variations in time of infestation. Therefore, when evaluating corn genotypes for resistance to damage by the 2nd-brood southwestern corn borer, infestations apparently can be made at anthesis or any time during the following 2 weeks.
Abstract 053: Uncoupling the Metabolic and Cardiovascular Actions of Leptin through mTORC1 Signaling

The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin has a well-established role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, acting in the brain to decrease food intake and promote energy expenditure. Additionally, leptin increases regional sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial pressure. Multiple intracellular signaling cascades are activated by leptin via its long form receptor (LRb), but the specific roles of these pathways in mediating leptin’s various effects have not been fully understood. Recent evidences suggest that the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays an important role in mediating leptin action. To determine the contribution of mTORC1 to the metabolic and cardiovascular effects of leptin, we generated conditional knockout mice that lack the critical mTORC1 subunit, Raptor, specifically in LRb-expressing cells (LRbCre/Raptorfl/fl). Interestingly, body weight was comparable between LRbCre/Raptorfl/fl mice and controls (29.6±0.8 g vs 31.0±0.8g at 14 weeks of age). Moreover, leptin treatment (1μg/g bw, intraperitoneally, twice daily for 4 days) led to a similar decrease in food intake (-1.6±0.8 g in LRbCre/Raptorfl/fl mice vs -1.1±1.7 g in controls) and body weight (-5.9±0.8% vs -5.7±0.7%) in both groups. Next, we measured arterial pressure using radiotelemetry at baseline and in response to 2 μg intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin. Baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) was comparable between LRbCre/Raptorfl/fl mice (108±9 mmHg) and controls (103±7 mmHg). However, ICV leptin significantly increased MAP in control mice (30±14 mmHg), but not in LRbCre/Raptorfl/fl mice (1±9 mmHg, P<0.05 vs controls). The same pattern was observed for systolic and diastolic arterial pressure. Consistent with leptin’s action on MAP, we observed a significant increase in renal SNA in response to ICV leptin in control littermates (106±20%) that was absent in LRbCre/Raptorfl/fl mice (-28±11%, P<0.05 vs controls) as determined by multifiber sympathetic nerve recordings. Our data suggest a critical role for mTORC1 signaling in mediating the cardiovascular sympathetic but not the metabolic actions of leptin, a dissociation that may have important implications for obesity-associated hypertension.
Analysis on monitoring results of food borne pathogens in foods of Shenyang City in 2012

[Objective]To understand the real level of food hygiene in Shenyang City,know the condition of food borne pathogen pollution,and provide scientific and effective data for food safety risk assessment.[Methods]According to the Plan for food borne pathogens monitoring in Liaoning,refer to the sampling requirements of the Manual for food borne pathogens monitoring,80 monitoring sites were established in 4 districts / counties of Shenyang City,including farmer's markets,supermarkets( stores and convenient stores) and restaurants. The monitoring foods were meat,raw animal aquatic products,baking food,cooked rice flour products,fruits and vegetables,baby food and cold noodles. The monitoring items included Vibrio parahaemolyticus,Listeria monocytogenes,Salmonella,Shigella,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli O157: H7,Norovirus,Anisakis,Bacillus cereus,Vibrio vulnificus,Enterobacter sakazakii and Escherichia coli.[Results]A total of 240 food samples( 7 types) were detected in 80 monitoring sites,970 items / times of food borne pathogens were tested,and the total detection rate was 2. 7%. The food borne pathogens were found in 26 food samples( 5 types),which accounted for 10. 8% of total samples.[Conclusion]The condition of food borne pathogen pollution is serious. It is necessary to strengthen surveillance of pathogenic bacteria in foods,to prevent the outbreak of food poisoning.
Postnatal lead exposure and MK-801 sensitivity.

Postweaning Pb exposure has been associated with subsensitivity to the stimulus properties of the non-competitive NMDA receptor complex antagonist MK-801 (Cory-Slechta, 1995a). This study sought to determine whether Pb exposures occurring postnatally, i.e., during the primary period of development of many NMDA receptor subunits, would alter the nature of these glutamatergic system changes. Rat pups were exposed to Pb from 0-21 days of age via lactating dams consuming solutions of 0, 100 or 350 ppm Pb acetate. Beginning at 9 mos of age, rats were trained to discriminate 0.05 mg/kg MK-801 from saline using standard operant drug discrimination procedures. Following acquisition of the discrimination, various doses of MK-801, the non-competitive antagonist phencyclidine (PCP), the competitive antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonate (CPP) and the agonist N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) were substituted for 0.05 mg/kg MK-801 and percent MK-801 lever responding to each determined. Subsequently, a drug washout period was imposed, after which MK-801 dose-effect curves were re-established. Increasing doses of MK-801 and PCP produced dose-dependent increases in MK-801 lever responding resulting in full substitution, whereas CPP and NMDA evoked primarily saline-appropriate responding. Pb exposure was associated with enhanced MK-801 sensitivity during the pre-washout phase, but attenuated sensitivity following MK-801 washout. In both cases, however these effects were of relatively modest magnitude. No systematic Pb-related changes in response to PCP, CPP or NMDA were observed. These data raise the possibility, particularly when considered in relation to studies based on other Pb exposure protocols, that NMDA receptor changes may depend upon ongoing or extant Pb exposures, or that postnatal exposure effects on this system may be largely reversible. In addition, the differential nature of the effects seen with postnatal vs postweaning exposure (Cory-Slechta, 1995a) underscores the significance of the developmental period of exposure to Pb effects on the NMDA receptor complex.
Education, Economics and the Philosophy of Frédéric Bastiat

Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) was an economist and journalist. A member of the French Liberal School, he is best known for his free trade ideas and his philosophy of law. Mark Blaug ranks him as one of the 100 greatest economists before Keynes. Schumpeter called him a brilliant economic journalist. Haney devoted a chapter of his History of Economic Thought to Bastiat.Although Bastiat is known for his work on free trade and the philosophy of law, he also wrote on other topics. To date, no one has examined his views on education. The purpose of this study is to fill that gap in the literature. A bibliography with links to other Bastiat studies is also included.
The multiple markets competitive location problem

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate a competitive location problem to determine how to allocate a budget to expand company’s chain by either adding new facilities, expanding existing facilities, or a combination of both actions. Solving large problems may exceed the computational resources currently available. The authors treat a special case when the market can be divided into mutually exclusive sub-markets. These can be markets in cities around the globe or markets far enough from each other so that it can be assumed that customers in one market do not patronize retail facilities in another market, or that cross-patronizing is negligible. The company has a given budget to invest in these markets. Three objectives are considered: maximizing profit, maximizing return on investment (ROI), and maximizing profit subject to a minimum ROI. An illustrative example problem of 20 sub-markets with a total of 400 facilities, 4,800 potential locations for new facilities, and 5,000 demand points is ...
An integrative method for mapping urban land use change using "geo-sensor" data

Due to lack of high-resolution data both in space and time, mapping land use change in built-up areas remain challenging. In this work, we developed an approach that integrates multiple "geo-sensor" data sources, including remote sensing and social media, for mapping urban land use changes. The approach starts by mapping built-up expansion annually in small patches, using dense time periods of remotely sensed imagery. We refine these patches and identify the major categories of land use such as residential, commercial, manufacturing, recreational, and office. We further select one major category---residential---and use social media data and house trading records to classify it into three sub-categories: gated communities, ordinary communities, and urban slums. We demonstrate our approach using the multi-sourced data of Kunming, a medium-sized city in China. The results showed that our approach provides an efficient and integrative way for mapping large-scale land use change in urban regions with significant details that are not feasible only with limited remote sensing data.
The United States and the New Europe in the 1990s

The stunning political changes in Eastern and Central Europe during 1989/90 fundamentally altered the familiar political context of European international relations that had evolved since World War II. These changes, each dramatic in itself, combined to produce a diplomatic environment of unparalleled complexity and challenge as governments sought to design and put in place a post-cold war political and security order in Europe. The main elements of the new situation included the following:
The Face Ring of a Simplicial Complex

Let Δ be a finite simplicial complex on the vertex set V = {x1, ..., xn}. Recall that this means that Δ is a collection of subsets of V such that F ⊆ G ϵ Δ ⇒ F ϵ Δ and {xi} ϵ Δ for all xi ϵ V. The elements of Δ are called faces. If F ϵ Δ, then define dim F := ∣F∣ − 1 and \(\Delta : = \mathop {\max }\limits_{F \in \Delta }\). Let d = dim Δ + 1 Given any field k we now define the face ring (or Stanley-Reisner ring) k[Δ] of the complex Δ.
Biased extinction and evolutionary trends

The directionality of long-term trends can be strongly biased by forces intrinsic to a clade. Trends in body size and skeletal shape may be dictated more by variations in survivorship that reflect differences in ecology than by long-term directional changes in the environment. Hence, mass extinctions can help drive evolutionary trends by selectively eliminating some morphologies and permitting the survivors to found the next radiation.Examples include repeated trends toward larger maximum body size and the evolution of keeled species from those with globose tests in planktonic foraminifera. Both the trends in size and shape develop because small species with globose tests are significantly more resistant to extinction than species that are large or have peripheral keels. Hence, the survivors of both the Cretaceous-Tertiary and Eocene-Oligocene extinction episodes are small, unkeeled taxa. Large species and species with keels evolved convergently after both mass extinctions as the founders radiated anew.Comparison of three radiations of planktonic foraminifera suggest that the convergent evolution of similar test shapes and sizes is not due to synchronous changes in oceanography that track evolutionary trends. Instead, the reestablishment of habitat heterogeneity is needed to permit the ensuing radiation to unfold rather than to closely guide its progress. Similar evolutionary trends will develop in each radiation as long as the founders have similar morphology and the evolution of variants present in the previous radiation is not precluded by the environment.
The Ethics of Respect for Persons

The ethical standard to be considered here finds its classical statement in the words of Immanuel Kant: Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.1 Kant claims that human beings are to be treated in ways which respect the special moral status which persons have; they are to be treated as persons. Doing this can be understood to mean not using human beings as mere resources, respecting their autonomy, respecting their rights, respecting their choices. According to this principle, the test of whether an action is right is that of whether the action treats persons as persons or fails to do so. Those actions which fail to treat persons as persons are morally unacceptable. The principle is not restricted in its scope nor does it refer only to specific kinds of actions, and thus we have in this principle a standard with sufficient generality that it might be capable of serving as the single, fundamental moral principle in a system of moral thought.
A Quantitative Analysis of the Relative Efficiency between Overt and Covert Market Signals

This paper examines the relative efficiency between overt and covert marketing signals. Information for the study was generated from a game-based experiment involving airline pricing along a single route using 24 student teams from undergraduate advanced marketing classes at a large midwestern university. Overt signalers (verbal or published signals) are shown to have higher levels of profits and reputation than do covert (actions or activity alone) signalers. The use of market signals by firms within an industry is positively related to the profitability of the industry and its individual firms. The marginal contribution by the addition of another signaler to the industry is significant
Vanadium interactions in crystalline silicon

The properties of interstitial vanadium $({\mathrm{V}}_{i})$ in Si and its interactions with the vacancy and the self-interstitial, as well as with hydrogen, are calculated using first-principles techniques. The stable configurations, gap levels, and binding energies agree well with the available experimental data. The nudged-elastic-band method is used to calculate the activation energies for diffusion of ${\mathrm{V}}_{i}$ in various charge states. They range from 1.46 (for ${{\mathrm{V}}_{i}}^{+}$) to 2.04 eV (for ${{\mathrm{V}}_{i}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$). The (trigonal) ${{\mathrm{V}}_{i},\mathrm{H}}$ pair has a binding energy of 1.15 eV, a donor level at ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.61\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, and possibly an acceptor level ${E}_{c}\ensuremath{-}0.07\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. Substitutional vanadium $({\mathrm{V}}_{s})$ can also trap H interstitials and form electrically active ${{\mathrm{V}}_{s},\mathrm{H}}$ and ${{\mathrm{V}}_{s},\mathrm{H},\mathrm{H}}$ complexes.
Deconstructing Reorganizations in Libraries

This article deconstructs the motivations and outcomes of library reorganizations. Deconstructive analysis can be applied to help library administrators be aware of the consequences of their decisions while planning reorganizations.
Contextual modulation revealed by optical imaging exhibits figural asymmetry in macaque V1 and V2

Neurons in early visual cortical areas are influenced by stimuli presented well beyond the confines of their classical receptive fields, endowing them with the ability to encode fine-scale features while also having access to the global context of the visual scene. This property can potentially define a role for the early visual cortex to contribute to a number of important visual functions, such as surface segmentation and figure-ground segregation. It is unknown how extraclassical response properties conform to the functional architecture of the visual cortex, given the high degree of functional specialization in areas V1 and V2. We examined the spatial relationships of contextual activations in macaque V1 and V2 with intrinsic signal optical imaging. Using figure-ground stimulus configurations defined by orientation or motion, we found that extraclassical modulation is restricted to the cortical representations of the figural component of the stimulus. These modulations were positive in sign, suggesting a relative enhancement in neuronal activity that may reflect an excitatory influence. Orientation and motion cues produced similar patterns of activation that traversed the functional subdivisions of V2. The asymmetrical nature of the enhancement demonstrated the capacity for visual cortical areas as early as V1 to contribute to figure-ground segregation, and the results suggest that this information can be extracted from the population activity constrained only by retinotopy, and not the underlying functional organization.
Age-related effect of cell death on fiber morphology and number in tongue muscle.

Introduction Multiple pathways may exist for age-related tongue muscle degeneration. Cell death is one mechanism contributing to muscle atrophy and decreased function. We hypothesized with aging, apoptosis, and apoptotic regulators would be increased, and muscle fiber size and number would be reduced in extrinsic tongue muscles. Methods Cell death indices, expression of caspase-3 and Bcl-2, and measures of muscle morphology and number were determined in extrinsic tongue muscles of young and old rats. Results Significant increases in cell death, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 were observed in all extrinsic tongue muscles along with reductions in muscle fiber number in old rats. Conclusions We demonstrated that apoptosis indices increase with age in lingual muscles and that alterations in apoptotic regulators may be associated with age-related degeneration in muscle fiber size and number. These observed apoptotic processes may be detrimental to muscle function, and may contribute to degradation of cranial functions with age. Muscle Nerve, 2017
Combination of correlated phase error correction and sparsity models for SAR

Direct image formation in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) involves processing of data modeled as Fourier coefficients along a polar grid. Often in such data acquisition processes, imperfections in the data cannot simply be modeled as additive or even multiplicative noise errors. In the case of SAR, errors in the data can exist due to imprecise estimation of the round trip wave propagation time, which manifests as phase errors in the Fourier domain. To correct for these errors, we propose a phase correction scheme that relies on both the on smoothness characteristics of the image and the phase corrections associated with neighboring pulses, which are possibly highly correlated due to the nature of the data off setting. Our model takes advantage of these correlations and smoothness characteristics simultaneously for a new autofocusing approach, and our algorithm for the proposed model alternates between approximate image feature and phase correction minimizers to the model.
Lower extremity bypass and endovascular intervention for critical limb ischemia fail to meet Society for Vascular Surgery's objective performance goals for limb-related outcomes in a contemporary national cohort.

Abstract Objective In 2009, the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) developed objective performance goals (OPGs) to define the therapeutic benchmarks in critical limb ischemia (CLI) based on outcomes from randomized trials of lower extremity bypass (LEB). Current performance relative to these benchmarks in both LEB and infrainguinal endovascular intervention (IEI) remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether LEB and IEI performed for CLI in a contemporary national cohort met OPG 30-day safety thresholds. Methods SVS OPG criteria were applied to 11,043 revascularizations for CLI performed from 2011 to 2015 in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) vascular targeted modules. Primary 30-day safety OPGs including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), major adverse limb events (MALEs), and amputation were calculated for the NSQIP LEB (n = 3833) and IEI (n = 3526) cohorts as well as for subgroups at “high anatomic risk” (infrapopliteal revascularization) and “high clinical risk” (age >80 years and tissue loss). These were compared with SVS OPG benchmarks using χ2 comparisons. Results Compared with the SVS OPG cohort, both the NSQIP LEB and IEI cohorts had fewer patients at high anatomic risk (LEB, 51%; IEI, 27%; SVS OPG, 60%; both P Conclusions In contemporary real-world practice, LEB and IEI for CLI failed to meet SVS OPG limb-related 30-day safety benchmarks for the entire CLI cohort as well as for the patients at high anatomic risk. Additional investigation using SVS OPGs as consistent end points is required to determine why limb-related outcomes after revascularization for CLI remain suboptimal. LEB and IEI surpassed OPG benchmarks for 30-day cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OPGs for cardiovascular morbidity in patients undergoing revascularization for CLI deserve re-evaluation using contemporary data.
Abstract IA18: Mechanistic participation of cancer testes antigens in tumor initiation and progression

Tumors frequently activate genes whose expression is otherwise biased to the testis, collectively known as cancer-testis antigens (CTAs). The extent to which the anomalous expression of CTAs represents epiphenomenon or confers tumorigenic traits is unknown. To gain a systems level view of CTA activity, we implemented a multidimensional functional genomics approach that incorporated seven different phenotypic assays in 11 distinct disease settings. This analysis identified 16 CTAs that are essential for tumor cell viability and 10 CTAs that are pathological drivers of HIF, WNT or TGFb signaling. In particular, we discovered that Fetal and Adult Testis Expressed 1 (FATE1), is a key survival factor in multiple oncogenic backgrounds. FATE19s mechanism of action is to prevent the accumulation of the stress sensing, BH3-only protein, BIK, thereby permitting viability in the presence of toxic stimuli. Importantly, FATE1 expression correlates with significantly decreased survival time in colorectal and lung cancer patients. We also found that the CTA, ZNF165, promotes TGFb signaling by directly inhibiting the expression of negative feedback regulatory pathways. This action is essential for survival of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells in vitro and in vivo. Given these robust phenotypes, we hypothesize that ectopically expressed testes proteins can buttress deviant tumor cell processes that promote tumor initiation and progression. Citation Format: Angelique Whitehurst. Mechanistic participation of cancer testes antigens in tumor initiation and progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Opportunities and Challenges of Exploiting Synthetic Lethality in Cancer; Jan 4-7, 2017; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2017;16(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA18.
Automatic Text Categorization of Mathematical Word Problems

This paper describes a novel application of text categorization for mathematical word problems , namely Multiplicative Compare and Equal Group problems. The empirical results and analysis show that common text processing techniques such as stopword removal and stemming should be selectively used. It is highly beneficial not to remove stopwords and not to do stemming. Part of speech tagging should also be used to distinguish words in discriminative parts of speech from the non-discriminative parts of speech which not only fail to help but even mislead the categorization decision for mathematical word problems. An SVM classifier with these selectively used text processing techniques outperforms an SVM classifier with a default setting of text processing techniques (i.e. stopword removal and stemming). Furthermore, a probabilistic meta classifier is proposed to combine the weighted results of two SVM classifiers with different word problem representations generated by different text preprocessing techniques. The empirical results show that the probabilistic meta classifier further improves the categorization accuracy.
Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa

This book explores the historical roots of economic nationalism within Japan. By examining how mercantilist thought developed in the eighteenth-century domain of Tosa, the author shows how economic ideas were generated within the domains. During the Edo period (1600–1867), Japan was divided into over 230 realms, many of which developed into competitive states that struggled to reduce the dominance of the shogun's economy. The seventeenth-century Japanese economy was based on samurai notions of service and a rhetoric of political economy which centred on the lord and the samurai class. This 'economy of service', however, led to crises of deforestation and land degradation, government fiscal insolvency and increasingly corrupt tax levies, and finally a loss of faith in government. Commoners led the response with a mercantilist strategy of protection and development of the commercial economy. They resisted the economy of service by creating a new economic rhetoric which decentred the lord, imagined the domain as an economic country, and gave merchants a public worth and identity unknown in Confucian economic thought.
Cell Signaling and Cancer: Integrated, Fundamental Approach Involving Electron Transfer, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Antioxidants

Cell signaling has played an important role in the life sciences. Therefore, it is not surprising to find extensive literature devoted to the cancer area. The present review presents an integrated approach to the topic involving electron transfer (ET), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidants (AOs). Since carcinogenesis and cancer biochemistry involve a complex area, a broad, encompassing approach dealing with fundamental aspects should provide important insight. Our presentation includes both endogenous and exogenous agents, as well as participation of AOs as preventive agents and chemotherapeutics as curatives. It should be emphasized that our mechanistic approach is just one aspect of a multifaceted subject. Our objective does not include other modes of action. Some original references can be found in cited reviews and books.
The Personality Research Paradigm in Environmental Psychology

The personality research paradigm, one of several strands of normal science that have been usefully engaged by the challenge of man-environment relations, is briefly described in this paper. Two extensions of the scope of personality research are reviewed: (1) the development of new techniques for assessing environmental dispositions, and (2) the use of personality assessment in predicting a range of environmental behaviors and outcomes. Application of the personality paradigm in environmental psychology may facilitate the paradigm’s further articulation and refinement. Two illustrations of this possibility are discussed: (1) analyses of the concept of personal disposition, and (2) investigations of the interplay between persons and environments.
Elementary Differential Equations

Elementary Differential Equations presents the standard material in a first course on diﬀerential equations, including all standard methods which have been a part of the subject since the time of Newton and the Bernoulli brothers. The emphasis in this book is on theory and methods and diﬀerential equations as a part of analysis. Diﬀerential equations is worth studying, rather than merely some recipes to be used in physical science. The text gives substantial emphasis to methods which are generally presented ﬁrst with theoretical considerations following. Essentially all proofs of the theorems used are included, making the book more useful as a reference. The book mentions the main computer algebra systems, yet the emphasis is placed on MATLAB and numerical methods which include graphing the solutions and obtaining tables of values. Featured applications are easily understood. Complete explanations of the mathematics and emphasis on methods for ﬁnding solutions are included.
Balancing Equity and Effectiveness: The Paris Agreement & The Future of International Climate Change Law

International climate change law is approaching its third decade of existence, yet global greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase. Absent more effective efforts to limit emissions, the range and magnitude of negative impacts climate change gives rise to will continue to deepen, posing pervasive threats to human and natural systems worldwide. The 2015 Paris Agreement offers the parameters for a new approach to climate change law premised on inclusiveness and voluntary cooperation, but it continues to reflect collective discord over how to achieve progress in a fair and equitable way. This Article examines the normative framework underlying the international climate change regime and the way in which the Paris Agreement seeks to create a more cohesive and cooperative strategy to simultaneously mitigate climate change and move towards a more just world. This Article suggests that the Paris Agreement signals a modest but important shift in the normative framework of international climate change law and argues that this shift creates an opportune moment to examine the degree to which evolving concepts of justice, equity, and fairness underlie and advance the goals of international climate change law. In key part, this Article suggests that the exclusion of justice from international climate change law undermines efforts to conceptualize the collective and individual equity concerns that climate change poses. The new framework, even if only nominally different, provides more expansive opportunities to integrate considerations of climate justice and fairness into the institutional structure of the regime by creating a more open and transparent forum within which parties can formally stake out their positions on both the substantive and normative dimensions of climate change. In so doing, this Article shows that although the Paris Agreement falls short of offering a precise roadmap forward, it represents a more effective model for international cooperation.
Post-Custodial Archiving for the Collective Good: Examining Neoliberalism in US-Latin American Archival Partnerships

LLILAS Benson Latin American Studies and Collections at the University of Texas at Austin applies post-custodial archival methods in pursuit of a new vision of digital archival practice and the transnational construction of historical memory. This work seeks to develop a practice for digital archiving that enables the redistribution of resources while centering communities as contributors and owners of their own documentary heritage. Although LLILAS Benson has successfully built partnerships and continues to manage widely recognized collections using a post-custodial model, the anti-colonial framework through which this work has been understood does not fully account for the power imbalances at play. Using Cifor and Lee’s survey of neoliberalism in the archives as a launching point, this article considers how neoliberalism has shaped post-custodial practices at LLILAS Benson, focusing on ideas and practices of labor, digitization, and the common good. Through this analysis, the authors describe not a static set of methodologies, but rather an ongoing process of learning, unlearning, and restructuring in pursuit of a collective good. Pre-print first published online 03/03/2018