cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Percolation and conductivity: A computer study. I

In this paper we present a large number of computer solutions of various types of resistor networks. Some of these are analogous to physical problems such as impurity conduction in lightly compensated semiconductors and variable-range hopping in amorphous semiconductors. A significant extension of the standard relaxation techniques was required to implement these solutions. The results of these calculations are compared to percolation-model predictions based on concepts developed in the first paper of this series. A simple criterion is found for the applicability of the critical-percolation-path analysis to problems of this type and this is used to formulate an accurate prediction for the impurity-conduction case. Arguments based on percolation models are also given to show that the ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{4}}$ and ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$ dependence of ${log}_{10}\ensuremath{\sigma}$ often predicted for three-dimensional and two-dimensional variable-range hopping are indeed expected to be observed, and results on resistivity networks analogous to these problems are shown to be consistent with these arguments. Accurate empirical formulas are deduced from these computer calculations and we use them to analyze some recent data on films of $a$-Ge. Employing the results of the preceding paper, several experimental studies, and our computer models we have also examined the utility of the critical-volume-fraction rule of Sher and Zallen in solving various types of mixture conduction problems. We find that application of this rule is appropriate only in rather limited circumstances, and that in general a knowledge of the topological properties of these problems must be employed in finding the percolation threshold.
4-GHz analog data acquisition system using high-frequency guided-wave modulators

High-frequency modulators have been used to record very fast analog voltage pulses in the Nuclear Test Program at LLNL. A system consisting of 810 nm laser diode carrier sources, 7 GHz H-branched, balanced bridge modulators (YBBM), a kilometer of single-mode optical fiber and a streak camera recorder has been successfully fielded. The total system -3 db bandwidth is 4 GHz with a slow roll-off allowing the recoverable data capabilities of the system to approach 10 GHz. This system has provided us with a diagnostic tool that allows us to resolve high-frequency structure in our signals which has been calculated but never measured because of limitations in the resolution of previous measuring systems. A description of the system will be given with particular emphasis given to the YBBM modulator characteristics and performance. Fast pulse data recorded by the system will be shown and an indication of the accuracy with which the pulse can be reproduced will be provided. We expect this system to be a valuable tool that will be used regularly to study the physics of materials at extremely high temperatures and densities. Plans for upgrading the system to have a -3 db bandwidth of 7 - 8 GHz will also be discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A statistical model for relational analysis

The diadic relationships existing in a group can be defined in terms of the members' choices, rejections, and their perceptions of being chosen and rejected. The number of possible distinct diads is 45. Formulas are given for computing the expected frequency and variance of the different diadic forms expected, when certain random factors are taken into account. These values must be known if the operation of factors other than the specified random ones is to be studied. Values obtained from two models with different assumptions are compared with empirical values. A simplified treatment is possible for groups with ten or more members.
Productive development of World Wide Web sites intended for international use

This article focuses on productive development of World Wide Web sites intended for international use (e.g., global e-commerce, e-government and e-education sites), versus simple sites developed for localized use (e.g., personal or regional-content sites). The productive development of sites in this category is currently very difficult due to numerous complicating factors. One impacting factor is that the complexity of the e-business environment continues to increase-economically, legally, politically, and socially. Another impacting factor is that a large-scale, single-language Web development project increases exponentially in complexity when implemented globally into multiple languages and cultures. Additionally, the increasing amount of environmental volatility present during information systems development has a detrimental impact on productivity, and the time available to react to organizational instability during project development is decreasing. Differing views among system developers concerning the best approach to use add to the state of confusion. This article evaluates current system-development methodological theory, and provides realistic suggestions acquired through practitioner experience; the purpose is to combine a solid infrastructure derived from current methodological theory with practitioner experience to accomplish the productive development of World Wide Web sites intended for international use.
Role of oxygenated oils in n-alkyl β-D-monoglucoside microemulsion phase behavior

The phase behavior of mixtures of water, alkyl ethylene glycol ethers (CkOC2OCk) and n-alkyl β-d-glucopyranosides (CmG1) is systematically reported as a function of temperature and composition. Pre...
Flavor quality of fruits and vegetables

Fruits and vegetables are important sources of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and antioxidants. The relative contribution of each commodity to human health and wellness depends upon its nutritive value and per capita consumption; the latter is greatly influenced by consumer preferences and degree of satisfaction from eating the fruit or vegetable. Flavor quality of fruits and vegetables is influenced by genetic, preharvest, harvesting, and postharvest factors. The longer the time between harvest and eating, the greater the losses of characteristic flavor (taste and aroma) and the development of off-flavors in most fruits and vegetables. Postharvest life based on flavor and nutritional quality is shorter than that based on appearance and textural quality. Thus, it is essential that good flavor quality be emphasized in the future by selecting the best-tasting genotypes to produce, by using an integrated crop management system and harvesting at the maturity or ripeness stage that will optimize eating quality at the time of consumption, and by using the postharvest handling procedures that will maintain optimal flavor and nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables between harvest and consumption. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Health and the Social Status of Blacks in the United States

Abstract Inequalities in health status among various racial and ethnic groups form a prominent chapter history of public health in the United States. Inequalities are observed for a wide range of specific conditions, and evolve over time. Little evidence is available to support the contention that any sizable proportion of this overall inequality is caused by genetic factors operating at the population level. On the other hand, social status, as measured by proxy variables like income and education, does provide important information about the black-white differential in health status when used in standard epidemiologic analyses. What is often neglected in these analyses, however, is an attempt to define underlying pathogenic mechanisms that incorporate social processes. Causal explanations based on the broader observation that inequality determined by the structure of social relations is associated with health differentials in all populations offer a plausible theoretic framework. At the same time, the unique character of the experience of specific ethnic subpopulations must be accounted for. Any attempt to account for the impact of race with greater precision will require an attempt to define this demographic variable within the context of social class relations.
Erosion characteristics of catalyzed poly(ortho ester) matrices

Abstract The erosion of poly(ortho ester) matrices that contain a catalyst, phthalic anhydride, have been studied to characterize the events that lead to controlled drug release from polymeric drug delivery systems. The release from devices containing more than 0.5% phthalic anhydride is closely associated with surface erosion: at lower anhydride contents predominantly bulk erosion occurs. Loss of the catalyst from the surface layer can lead to the formation of a shell. Bulk degradation occurs when diffusion of water into the matrix exceeds le consumption rate of the hydrolytic reaction.
Atypical post-adenoidectomy Grisel's syndrome in Crouzon child with kyphotic skull base

Crouzon syndrome is characterized by abnormal craniofacial growth due to craniosynostosis. Skull base may also be involved in the pattern of malformations. Grisel's syndrome, an inflammation-mediated atlanto-axial instability occurs rarely in children after adenoidectomy. We report a 9-year-old female Crouzon patient, without vertebral anomalies, who developed severe torticollis few days after adenoid curettage. A deformity of the skull base alone might have induced an irregular arrangement of the craniocervical junction elements, thus increasing the susceptibility to cervical spine complications.
Quantile regression, Box-Cox transformation model, and the U.S. wage structure, 1963–1987

Abstract This study examines changes in the increments (‘returns’) to education and experience at different points of the wage distribution. It also examines changes in within-group wage inequality. Newly developed quantile regression techniques are applied to the Box-Cox transformation model using the Current Population Survey data. The increments differ, but they changed in similar pattern at different points of the wage distribution. They are larger at the low end of the distribution for the less skilled workers, and larger at the high end for the more skilled workers. Wage inequality increased differentially for all skill groups. These increases result mainly from a longer tail at the lower end of the wage distributions.
Helminth Parasites of Unisexual and Bisexual Whiptail Lizards (Teiidae) in North America. III. The Chihuahuan Spotted Whiptail (Cnemidophorus exsanguis)

Twenty-four of 87 (28%) parthe-nogenetic Chihuahuan spotted whiptails (Cnemidophorus exsanguis) from nine counties of New Mexico and seven counties of Texas were infected with one or more endoparasites. These included a linstowiid cestode (Oochoristica bivitellobata) in seven (8%), a larval spirurid nematode (Physaloptera sp.) in nine (10%) and an oxyurid nematode (Pharyngodon warneri) in 10 (11%). This note, the third in a series of reports on helminths of Cnemidophorus spp., documents parasites in C. exsanguis for the first time.
Hadronic fragmentation as a probe of the underlying dynamics of hadron collisions

We demonstrate that measurements of the power-law behavior of single and double fragmentation cross sections ($A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}C+X$ and $A+B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}C+D+X$) at high energies are capable of distinguishing between different models of hadronic interactions. Present evidence supports the idea that quark exchange or annihilation is the dominant strong interaction at present energies; further tests are proposed.
Levels of Various Elements of Concern in Feed Phosphates of Domestic and Foreign Origin

Thirty-six feed phosphates, including nine mono-dicalcium phosphates (M-DCP, 21% P), 13 di-monocalcium phosphates (D-MCP, 18.5% P), and 14 thermochemically produced defluorinated phosphates (DFP, 18.0% P), were analyzed for moisture, Ca, P, and 9 essential minerals (K, Mg, Na, Cl, Fe, Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn). Also, nine potentially toxic elements (Al, F, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Ni, and V) were determined. All of the M-DCP were of domestic origin; 5 of the 13 D-MCP samples were obtained in Algeria, Peru, Holland, and South Africa. The DFP samples included 10 domestic products, 2 samples from Russia, 1 from Poland, and 1 from Japan. Levels of Na were high in the DFP samples (3.96 to 5.78%), except for the two Russian samples, which contained only .16 and .19%. Magnesium levels varied from .09 to .76%, .02 to 1.21%, and .01 to 1.54% in the M-DCP, D-MCP, and DFP samples, respectively. Two Russian DFP samples contained 1.51 and 1.54% Mg. Chlorine levels were generally quite low (.002 to .020%); however, two precipitated D-MCP samples contained .12 and 1.47% Cl. Iron levels were high (.24 to 1.41%) in all samples except the bone-precipitated D-MCP (.039%), and the reference standard, calcium phosphate, dibasic dihydrate, USP (.029%). Levels of Cu, Mn, and Zn were quite variable. Cadmium varied from < 1 ppm in the DFP samples to 67 ppm in one experimental M-DCP. Vanadium levels varied from 20 to 796 ppm in one experimental M-DCP sample. Fluorine levels were in the acceptable range, .05 to .21%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparative Analysis of Sentinel Lymph Node Operation in Male and Female Breast Cancer Patients

Background Male breast cancer accounts for Study design Between 1999 and 2005, 30 men and 2,784 women underwent SLN operation. Clinical and pathologic data were reviewed and statistical analysis performed. Results Men presented at an older age (p = 0.005) and with larger tumors than women (p = 0.04). The SLN was identified in 100% of men and in 98.3% of women (p = NS). The mean number of SLNs harvested was 3.5 in men and 3.0 in women (p = NS). The incidence of positive SLNs was higher in men (37.0% versus 22.3%), although this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.1). In patients with a positive SLN there were additional non-SLNs positive in 62.5% of men, compared with 20.7% in women (p = 0.01). The median size of the largest lymph node metastasis was 10 mm in men and 3 mm in women (p = 0.03). Conclusions SLN operation in clinically node-negative men is feasible and accurate. Male breast cancer patients present at an older age and with larger tumors than female breast cancer patients. Male patients have higher nodal tumor burden reflected in a larger size of nodal metastasis and increased risk of harboring additional disease in axillary lymph nodes when the SLN is positive. Intraoperative SLN evaluation should be considered in the surgical management of male breast cancer.
Homology modelling of the DNA 5mC methyltransferase M.BssHII. Is permutation of functional subdomains common to all subfamilies of DNA methyltransferases

This work presents a full tertiary model of the M.BssHII methyltransferase (MTase) complexed with substrate DNA and cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine, built by homology modelling based on previously solved complete structures of DNA MTases M.HaeIII and M. HhaI. M.BssHII and the template proteins show high sequence similarity, which indicates that they are evolutionary related. However, they are topologically different: M.BssHII is a circularly permuted variant of template MTases (Xu et al. Nucleic Acids Res 1997;25:3991). The model developed in this work will be a good starting point and valuable help in designing mutagenesis experiments to better understand the biological function of methyltransferases and the process of domain swapping.
Cholesterol Oxidation by Microencapsulated Cholesterol Oxidase

Cholesterol oxidase from Brevibacterium was microencapsulated using a phase-separation technique. The stability of the enzyme during storage and the activity of the microencapsulated enzyme were determined and compared with the soluble enzyme. The effects of various parameters during microencapsulation on enzyme activity are discussed.
Young patients with diminished ovarian reserve undergoing assisted reproductive treatments : a preliminary report

Young assisted-reproduction patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) are one of the most challenging issues for IVF specialists. A retrospective study of 70 assisted reproduction patients younger than 35 years with DOR determined based on antral follicle count was conducted, investigating: (i) correlation of day 3 FSH measurement with antral follicle count; and (ii) cycle outcome of young DOR patients compared with 53 young assisted reproduction patients with normal ovarian reserve (NR). DOR was considered as antral follicle count of <6 per ovary. Day 3 FSH in the DOR group was significantly higher than in the NR group (8.3 and 6.6 mIU/ml respectively; P < 0.05). Implantation rates between the groups were similar (15% in DOR and 18% in NR). Pregnancy rate was 35.8% in the DOR group, significantly lower than that of the NR group, which was 54.7% (P = 0.028). Although the pregnancy rate was significantly lower in the DOR group compared with the NR group, the statistically insignificant difference in implantation rates demonstrated that the problem in young DOR patients was mainly the number of retrieved oocytes. Therefore, such couples should be informed that lower oocyte numbers will result in statistically lower, but still encouraging, pregnancy rates. Basal FSH should also be measured during evaluation as an adjunct to antral follicle count.
Estimation of Electrode Kinetic Parameters of the Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Cell Using a Mathematical Model

Etude de la cinetique des reactions electrodes lors de l'oxydation du lithium. Modelisation mathematique. Donnees numeriques
COLONIZATION, POPULATION GROWTH, AND NESTING SUCCESS OF BLACK OYSTERCATCHERS FOLLOWING A SEISMIC UPLIFT

Abstract We present data on the colonization of Middleton Island, Alaska, by Black Oystercatchers (Haematopus bachmani) following the creation of an extensive rocky intertidal zone after the Alaskan earthquake of 1964. The first pair of oystercatchers was detected in 1976, and it was another 5 years before the population increased to three pairs. Oystercatcher numbers increased steadily thereafter, with a population explosion occurring in the 1990s. By 2002, there were 171 territorial pairs on the island. The total number of birds increased from two in 1976 to 718 in 2002. Breeding-pair densities on Middleton Island are the highest recorded for any portion of Alaska, averaging more than 5 pairs per km of shoreline in 2002. Nesting success in 2001 and 2002 was greater (83% or more of the eggs laid hatched) than that reported for any other population of oystercatchers in Alaska or along the Pacific Coast. We attribute this exponential growth rate and exceptionally high reproductive success to the large area...
Shoulder activity level varies by diagnosis.

Patient activity level may be an important prognostic variable relating to outcome in patients with shoulder disorders. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to test the hypothesis that a shoulder activity scale will detect differences in shoulder activity based on the patient diagnosis and age. A total of 157 patients of four academic orthopedic surgeons with a diagnosis of rotator cuff disease (86), glenohumeral instability (31) or osteoarthritis (40) were asked to fill out a previously validated shoulder activity scale and the ASES shoulder questionnaire. The patient’s diagnosis, gender and age were recorded. The activity level was significantly higher in patients with instability than in patients with rotator cuff disease or osteoarthritis. Patients with rotator cuff disease were significantly more active than patients with osteoarthritis. Linear regression of activity level on patient age and diagnosis demonstrated a statistically significant relationship between activity level and both independent variables. Diagnosis influenced activity level independent of age. This is the first study to document diagnosis-based differences in the shoulder activity level of patients with different shoulder disorders. Shoulder activity level should be evaluated as a prognostic variable in studies of patients with shoulder disorders that may predict outcome and guide treatment in these patients.
Bacteriophage λ DNA fragments replicate in the Paramecium macronucleus: Absence of active copy number control

We show that bacteriophage λ DNA fragments microinjected into the macronucleus of the ciliated protozoan Paramecium can replicate as unit-length linear molecules. These linear DNA molecules are substrates for the addition of Paramecium telomeres by an endogenous telomerase. The linear DNA pieces can exist at copy numbers much higher than that of typical endogenous macronuclear chromosomes. We show that the copy number of injected DNA many fissions after microinjection reflects that of the original input copy number, suggesting that active control of copy number does not occur. Instead, the results suggest that injected DNA is replicated once per cell division. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Review of beam dynamics experiments and issues in large colliders

The nonlinear dynamics of transverse particle oscillations are being studied experimentally with several large synchrotrons. In the Tevatron and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), sextupole magnets are used as the source of nonlinear forces. Studies are also being performed in the FNAL Main Ring at its injection energy, an inherently nonlinear environment. Field quality and aperture issues in large hadron colliders are discussed. It is noted that a gratifying amount of phase-space structure detail has been observed experimentally. With suitable preparation, a beam can exhibit a reasonable approximation to single particle behavior. Entities such as resonance islands that have been previously restricted to theory are now easily measured, uncovering a rich subject for further investigations. >
Resistant Hypertension: Bad and Getting Worse

See related article, pp 1076–1080 Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is most simply defined as high blood pressure (BP) requiring ≥4 antihypertensive medications, whether controlled or uncontrolled.1 The true prevalence of RHNT is unknown and is likely to remain so, because determining an accurate estimation of prevalence would require a large prospective study of a diverse hypertensive cohort in which subjects' medications are force titrated if the BP remains above goal, adherence is closely monitored, and ambulatory BP monitoring is done to exclude white-coat RHTN. Given the cost and logistical challenges, such a study has not been done and is not likely to ever be done. In the absence of a definitive study, clinical trials have been largely relied on to serve as surrogate opportunities to estimate the prevalence of RHTN. In that regard, the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) is probably the most relevant in that it included a large and diverse cohort, and, per protocol, subjects were to have continued escalation of their treatment regimen as long as the BP remained elevated.2 At the end of the 5-year treatment period, uncontrolled hypertension was common in ALLHAT, with 34% of subjects never having achieved BP control and with 27% of subjects receiving ≥3 antihypertensive medications.3 These data, as well as control rates from other clinical trials, have been interpreted to suggest a prevalence of RHTN of 20% to 30% of general hypertensive cohorts.1 The problem, of course, is that ALLHAT and other clinical trials …
Brainstem Auditory‐Evoked Responses in Horses with Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy

Background: Facial and vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction occurs commonly in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO); however, auditory dysfunction has not been thoroughly assessed. Objective: To determine if auditory abnormalities occur in horses with THO. Animals: Eleven diseased and 8 control horses. Methods: This is a prospective study in which brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAER) were recorded in 11 horses diagnosed with THO through neurologic, endoscopic, radiographic, or computed tomographic examinations. BAER findings were compared with those recorded from 8 adult control horses. Results: All horses with THO were found to have BAER abnormalities that included complete unilateral BAER loss (82%, n = 9/11), partial unilateral BAER loss (18%, n = 2/11) on the most affected side, and contralateral partial BAER loss (46%, n = 5/11). Nine horses had bilateral THO based on diagnostic imaging findings; of these, 5 (56%) horses also had bilateral BAER abnormalities. The complete absence of BAER in affected horses was most consistent with peripheral sensorineural hearing loss. There was a significant association between complete BAER loss and neurologic and diagnostic abnormalities. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Auditory abnormalities such as complete or partial BAER loss are common in horses with THO. The BAER test is an objective diagnostic tool that can aid along with other diagnostic modalities in the assessment, management, and follow-up of horses with THO. Furthermore, BAER studies may help to elucidate the pathophysiology of THO in horses.
Antihypertensive pharmacotherapy and long-term outcomes in pediatric kidney transplantation.

Hypertension (HTN) is common in pediatric recipients following kidney transplantation (KT). We retrospectively assessed the impact of HTN on long-term (>10-yr) outcomes in pediatric KT recipients (aged 5 yr (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.5, p = 0.02), but HTN treated with an ACEI was not (HR = 0.6, p = 0.7). HTN at five yr post-KT is associated with poorer long-term GS in pediatric recipients, but ACEI therapy may enable better outcomes and should be studied further.
Two G-box-related sequences confer different expression patterns in transgenic tobacco.

We have analyzed the expression patterns conferred by two G-box-related motifs, a perfect palindromic sequence (PA, 59-GCCACGTGGC-39) and motif I (Iwt, 59-GTACGTGGCG-39), in transgenic tobacco plants. A mutant version of motif I, Imu, was used as a negative control. PA is present in the promoters of several different genes, whereas Iwt is a conserved sequence found in abscisic acid-inducible promoters. Previously we have demonstrated that PA and Iwt, but not Imu, can bind to the tobacco transcription activator TAF-1 in vitro, with the PA sequence showing a 70-fold higher affinity as compared to Iwt. We found that tetramers of PA and Iwt, which differ by only 2 bp per 10-bp repeat, confer very different tissue-specific and expression patterns in transgenic tobacco plants. PA confers preferential expression in root tissues with a low level of activity in leaves, whereas Iwt directs developmentally regulated expression in seeds beginning 15 days after petals have fully expanded until seed maturation. Imu appears to be inactive because it gives the same expression pattern as the -90 cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter control. RNA gel blot analysis showed that the expression pattern of TAF-1 mRNA is similar to that directed by PA, suggesting that TAF-1 may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of PA.
Critical Assessment of Use of Central Venous Oxygen Saturation as a Mirror of Mixed Venous Oxygen in Severely Ill Cardiac Patients

Bedside catheterization of the right heart with a percutaneously introduced flowdirected catheter was carried out in 24 critically ill patients; 71 determinations of mixed venous oxygen saturation (MVo2) were obtained. A second catheter was inserted either into a central intrathoracic vein or the right atrium for simultaneous sampling of central venous (CVo2) or right atrial (RAo2) oxygen saturation. For the group as a whole, mean CVo2 (57.9% ± 15.25) was significantly greater than mean MVo2 (53.3% ± 14.84) (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference and correlation was good between changes in central venous compared to changes in mixed venous oxygen saturation. On the other hand, there was no significant mean difference as well as an excellent correlation between individual values of RAo2 and MVo2 (r=+0.95). Patients with heart failure or shock showed poor correlation between CVo2 and simultaneously determined MVo2. Furthermore, subjects with shock showed a mean CVo2 (58.0%±13.05) that was signifi...
Mechanistical Analysis of Release Kinetics for Lipophilic Drug from Matrix-Type Drug Delivery Devices

AbstractThe release kinetics of lipophilic drug from hydrophobic polymer-based matrix-type drug delivery system was studied. Using the “intrinsic formula”, several experimental problems can be analyzed and solved. The results reveal that intrinsic release, calculated from the model, shows the true properties of the drug delivery system, which might have been disguised by the boundary layer effect. The results also demonstrated the needs of maintaining sink condition and uniform distribution of dispersed phase in studying the matrix diffusion-controlled drug release.
A rigid sphere model for the melting of argon

A model is proposed for liquid and solid argon, in which the repulsive forces are represented by rigid cores and the attractive forces by a uniform background potential which depends on density but not on temperature. Thermodynamic consistency implies the equation of state: where p 0 is the pressure exerted by rigid spheres at the same number density n and temperature T, and a is independent of n and T. When p 0 is taken from the calculations of Alder and Wainwright it becomes possible to make an absolute calculation of the values of several dimensionless thermodynamic quantities characteristic of the triple point. All of these except certain second derivatives of the free energy agree very well with experiment, suggesting that the structure of liquids and solids near the triple point is mainly determined by the repulsive forces, the attractive forces serving merely to keep the molecules together.
Secular changes in migration between birth and marriage

Although recent historic studies have shown high rates of population turnover prior to during and after the demographic transition little is known about the causes and consequences of migration particularly during late adolescence when migration rates are highest. This paper assesses the relationship 1) between socio-occupational mobility and premarital migration patterns and 2) between these measures of mobility and family formation. Linked vital data for ever-married cohorts born between 1855 and 1974 on Sanday Orkney Islands Scotland provided an opportunity for evaluation of changes in 1) distance migrated between birth and marriage and 2) age at marriage in a small rural isolate characteristic of other populations undergoing modernization. Measures of socio-occupational mobility indicated a secular increase in upper social classes and in laborforce participation particularly in nonagricultural sectors of the economy. Migration distance between birth and marriage decreased over time associated with a convergence in the pattern of spatial mobility between population subgroups. Whereas there was little relationship between age at marriage and measures of spatial and socio-occupational mobility changes in migration were strongly influenced by opportunities which differed between social classes and between agricultural and nonagricultural sectors of the island economy. (authors modified)
Formulation and process modeling of biopolymer (polyhydroxyalkanoates: PHAs) production from industrial wastes by novel crossed experimental design

Abstract The medium formulation and robust process modeling for PHA production by fermentation from industrial waste (ice cream residue) was studied by employing novel crossed experimental design. A crossed design, mixture design combined with process factor (fermentation time), was performed to find the optimal medium formulation and process time. The optimal settings for three major components (50.00 ml of ice cream, 8.64 ml of buffer, and 41.36 ml of distilled water) characterized by lipid (16.2 mg/ml) and % lipid (89.5%) values were found and further investigated to find robust process conditions (51.52 ml of ice cream, 7.94 ml of buffer, 40.54 ml of distilled water, and 215.37 h of fermentation time) for PHA production (16.2 mg/ml for lipid, 87.7% for % lipid) by applying propagation of error (POE).
Cell cycle regulation of BRCA1 messenger RNA in human breast epithelial cells.

BRCAI was originally isolated as a gene that conferred susceptibility to early-onset familial breast and ovarian cancers. The function and regulation of this gene is presently unknown. Northern blot analyses using probes that recognize different regions of the BRCAI cDNA revealed the presence of at least two distinct mRNA species. In synchronized normal and immortalized human mammary epithelial cells, BRCAI mRNA levels were high in exponentially growing populations, decreased upon growth factor withdrawal, and subsequently increased again in late G1 just prior to S-phase entry. BRCAI mRNA levels were found to be dramatically reduced in senescent normal human mammary epithelial cells and in normal human mammary epithelial cells treated with transforming growth factor IJ�. When considered together, these data indicate that expression of BRCAI mRNA is highly sensitive to changes in growth conditions in vitro. BRCAI proteins with apparent molecular weights of Mr 210,000, 185,000, 160,000, 135,000, and 85,000, respectively, were detected at varying levels in all breast epithelial cells examined. Further molecular characterization of the nature and function of the different BRCAI mRNAs and proteins should increase our understanding of this gene in the etiology of human breast cancers.
Dynamic User Equilibrium Departure Time and Route Choice on Idealized Traffic Arterials

An extension of a recent framework for analyzing the time-dependent departure pattern arising in an idealized situation of a pool of commuters going from a single origin to a single destination along a unique route is presented. Congestion along this route is represented using elementary traffic flow theoretic relationships; time-varying patterns of basic traffic variables are derived under user equilibrium conditions, along with the corresponding time-dependent departure pattern of system users. After demonstrating the basic model in the single-route context, an additional dimension of choice is introduced by considering the joint departure time and route choice decisions of users. Results are derived in a simplified two-route context and numerical illustrations provided.
Spin–orbit and dispersion energy effects in XeF

Spin–orbit and dispersion energy contributions to the energy curves of XeF are examined. A rapid variation in the spin–orbit coupling with internuclear separation is found for both the ground and excited states. This result can explain the experimentally observed ordering of the ionic excited states when the spin–orbit perturbation couples 2σ and 2π energy curves obtained by both all-electron and effective core potential (ECP) calculations at the first-order configuration interaction (FOCI) level of accuracy. Damped dispersion energy contributions to the ground-state energy curve are shown to be comparable to the charge transfer contribution. The energy curve for XeF is in reasonable agreement with experimental results and a calculation of the analogous XeCl curve confirms the qualitative correctness of the calculation. The energy curves and transition moments were then applied to two problems related to the efficiency of the XeF laser. Photodissociation of the X state provides a means of removing a bottlenecked vibrational level but a calculation of the radiative transition probability between the X and A states finds the cross section is too small to yield rates competitive with collisional deactivation. The bottlenecked state may also be removed by electron dissociative attachment but the calculated energy curves for the X states of XeF and XeF− do not cross at a low energy indicating a small cross section.
Management of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis are serious infections that demand prompt clinical attention to ensure good outcomes. Of foremost importance is identifying and managing the source of infection and any associated complications. Evaluation for the presence of cardiac involvement is essential because inadequately managed S. aureus endocarditis is life threatening. Thus, physicians must aggressively negotiate treatment paths, considering whether the S. aureus bacteremia is complicated, whether foreign sources of infection should be removed or replaced, and whether surgical intervention is necessary. Selection of an antibiotic treatment is also an essential factor for optimal management. The increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections has created a tremendous demand for effective and safe antimicrobial agents other than the historic anti-MRSA agent vancomycin.
Studying Differential Item Functioning via Latent Variable Modeling: A Note on a Multiple-Testing Procedure

This note is concerned with a latent variable modeling approach for the study of differential item functioning in a multigroup setting. A multiple-testing procedure that can be used to evaluate gro...
Reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA, 2004): The peer-reviewed research requirement

Due to an insufficient focus on efficacious practices, the reauthorized IDEA requires Individualized Education Program (IEP) teams to base the selection of special education, related services, and supplementary aids and services on peer-reviewed research (PRR), to the extent practicable. This article examines the litigation addressing the PRR requirement, presents the federal policy initiatives to support implementation of PRR and the controversy surrounding an expanded federal influence, and poses several questions pertaining to the implementation of the PRR requirement.
The Tony Sender Papers

For many years students of German Labor history have speculated about the possible existence of a Tony Sender Nachlass somewhere in the United States. Ms. Sender, a Social Democratic journalist, was active in the Socialist Women's anti-war movement during World War I, played an important local role in the German Revolution of 1918 (in Frankfurt/Main), was a leading member of the Independent Social Democratic and later the Social Democratic party, held an important position in the German Metal Workers Union, and sat in the Reichstag throughout the Weimar Republic. She'fled Germany in 1933 and eventually migrated to the United States where she died in 1964 at the age of 76. Following her death what remained of her papers were entrusted to the State Historical Society of Wisconsin in Madison where they are now located and available for use.
Reality Television and Arab Politics: Contention in Public Life, by Marwan Kraidy

Political scientists have tended to assume that political television is restricted to a small number of easily identifiable genres: news, current affairs programs, and certain kinds of talk shows. ...
Preparation and properties of in-situ YBaCuO films on Si substrates with buffer layers

High-T/sub c/ YBaCuO superconducting films have been prepared in-situ on Si substrates with buffer layers using off-axis single-target RF magnetron sputtering. A special cylinder heater with a reflecting cone was used to grow in-situ YBaCuO films on different buffer layers, such as Y-stabilized ZrO/sub 2/ (YSZ), LaAlO/sub 3/, LaGaO/sub 3/, NdAlO/sub 3/, NdGaO/sub 3/, SrTiO/sub 3/, and MgO. The YBaCuO films on YSZ and LaAlO/sub 3/ buffer layers have T/sub c/(zero) of 84 K and 83 K, respectively. Films deposited at substrate temperatures above 650 degrees C have preferential orientation with c-axis perpendicular to the film surface. The films also show excellent surface smoothness up to atomic scale with a roughness of 5 AA. The qualities of the films as well as the dielectric properties of the substrate and buffer layers are favorable for microelectronic applications, especially for high-frequency applications. High-T/sub c/ microbridges have been fabricated using the films.
Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Transition to the Sustainable City: Values, Philosophy, and Action

Cities in the United States have faced declining public funds for at least two decades, and in California since the passage of the 1978 property tax initiative, Proposition 13. The first areas cut were parks and recreation. This chapter describes the emerging new urban ecosystem and greenspace public/private initiatives for greater urban sustainability taking place in Los Angeles. It argues that a complex heterarchic (self-organizing) set of opportunistic relationships and programs have evolved involving tree planting, stormwater infiltration, small park creation and street tree planting. They are led by public/nonprofit partnerships and characterized by opportunism. Little accountability or transparency exists – there are rarely public hearings or documents that can be accessed by the public. This is quite different than the twentieth sanitary/modernist city that was built on siloed departments with public hearings, developed workplans and capital budgets (Melosi MV, The sanitary city, urban infrastructure in America from colonial times to the present. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2000). While projects are created and implemented, they are done so with the expectation of public acceptance – but no hearings or consultation. In low income communities, they may create an additional burdens of responsibility and labor for maintaining these new infrastructures.
Bach, Beethoven, and benefactors: Facebook engagement between symphonies and their stakeholders

This study analyzes Facebook engagement among the nation's symphonies and their stakeholder publics. Factors such as reliance on donor contributions, program revenues, government grants, investment income, and total assets are proposed as contributing factors in predicting effective stakeholder relations. Public relations scholarship emphasizes the significance of relationships between the organization and its stakeholders and argues that positive relationships are integral to organizational success. Stewardship theory suggests nonprofits rely on a number of tools, including relationship nurturing, to sustain relationships with supportive publics. Scholars have increasingly identified stewardship as an effective method by which to build and maintain relationships. This study assesses one particular aspect of stewardship – relationship nurturing – and the attributes of nonprofit organizations that are successfully cultivating relationships with their stakeholders via social media. We find that benefactors matter. As dependence on stakeholder contributions increases so does stakeholder engagement via Facebook. Findings regarding program revenues and total assets are also significant. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atlas of Gross Neuropathology: A Practical Approach

Atlas of Gross Neuropathology: A Practical Approach Kathreena M. Kurian, Tim H. Moss, Sandra Camelo-Piragua Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2014 234 pages; £85 ($145) This atlas contains 418 photos of brain lesions, all in color and almost all gross, including a few whole mounts. The photos are excellent … jnen{at}pathology.wisc.edu
Influence of Fabric Architecture on Damage Progression Evidenced by Acoustic Emission Measurements

Previous experimental results have studied the effect of fabric architecture on the static and fatigue response of glass reinforced polymer composites. Additional studies have analyzed the acoustic emission (AE) signatures of glass/epoxy composites which are monotonically loaded to failure [1-3]. These studies have identified systematic testing methodologies, and general relationships between measured acoustic properties and specific internal damage modes. The primary acoustic emission property utilized within this work is the peak frequency of each acoustic event. A plot of this peak frequency as a function of the applied strain show distinct levels, or bands, often attributed to specific damage modes, e.g., matrix cracking, interphase failure etc. Common fiberglass fabrics utilized within wind turbine blades have heavy unidirectional fibers held in place with stitching, a layer of random mat, or a combination of both. Results presented within this paper include the acoustic emission results for unidirectional composites monotonically loaded in both longitudinal and transverse directions, and biaxial composites from the same fabric. These results are compared with acoustic emission frequencies from glass/epoxy pre-preg materials with no stitching or additional backing material. It is shown that the addition of plies at different orientations and the removal of stitching effect the number of acoustic events and the strain to failure.
PECAM-1 and caveolae form the mechanosensing complex necessary for NOX2 activation and angiogenic signaling with stopped flow in pulmonary endothelium

We showed that stop of flow triggers a mechanosignaling cascade that leads to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, a mechanosensor coupled to the cytoskeleton that could potent...
A new dialyzer for use as an artificial kidney.

SummaryAn efficient and safe dialyzer‡ suitable for continuous operation under sterile conditions is described. It is made up of a variable number of component channels according to surface area desired. Sterility is accomplished by autoclaving as a whole and optional controlled ultrafiltration is possible.
Abstract ES4-3: Regimens in HER2+ disease

The discovery of the HER2 alteration and subsequent development of HER2-targeted therapy has substantially improved the natural history of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. In the past 17-years, four biologically targeted agents have been approved for the treatment of this disease subtype. These therapeutic advances have, in large part, been responsible for the significant improvement in median overall survival that can be expected now for a patient diagnosed with advanced HER2+ disease. While this progress has been remarkable, long-term durable remission is still rare, as the vast majority of patients will experience tumor progression with all available therapies. Thus the development of agents that prevent or circumvent mechanisms of resistance is still needed. During this educational session, data relating to the use of trastuzumab, lapatinib, pertuzumab and trastuzumab emtansine will be explored in detail. Regimens involving chemotherapy, anti-hormonal treatment, and combinations of HER2-targeted agents will be evaluated. Specifically, questions surrounding optimal choice for first- and second-line therapy will be addressed by discussing the results of the CLEOPATRA, EMILIA and MARIANNE trials. The challenge of treating central nervous system metastases will be examined with a focus on promising agents under clinical investigation. In addition, differences in treatment response and disease outcome will be explored based on hormone receptor co-expression or activation of the PI3K pathway. As key evidence is discussed, the audience will be led through the decision-making process using case-based examples. Finally, innovative treatments undergoing clinical evaluation will be considered with a critical appraisal of preclinical and early clinical data. It is expected that by the end of this session, audience members will possess an in-depth understanding of data relating to optimal treatment of HER2+ advanced disease and will be aware of promising avenues of research for continued areas of unmet need. Citation Format: Hurvitz SA. Regimens in HER2+ disease. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES4-3.