cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Built Environment Characteristics to Predict Walking for Exercise

Environments conducive to walking may help people avoid sedentary lifestyles and associated diseases. Recent studies developed walkability models combining several built environment characteristics to optimally predict walking. Developing and testing such models with the same data could lead to overestimating one's ability to predict walking in an independent sample of the population. More accurate estimates of model fit can be obtained by splitting a single study population into training and validation sets (holdout approach) or through developing and evaluating models in different populations. We used these two approaches to test whether built environment characteristics near the home predict walking for exercise. Study participants lived in western Washington State and were adult members of a health maintenance organization. The physical activity data used in this study were collected by telephone interview and were selected for their relevance to cardiovascular disease. In order to limit confounding by prior health conditions, the sample was restricted to participants in good self-reported health and without a documented history of cardiovascular disease. For 1,608 participants meeting the inclusion criteria, the mean age was 64 years, 90 percent were white, 37 percent had a college degree, and 62 percent of participants reported that they walked for exercise. Single built environment characteristics, such as residential density or connectivity, did not significantly predict walking for exercise. Regression models using multiple built environment characteristics to predict walking were not successful at predicting walking for exercise in an independent population sample. In the validation set, none of the logistic models had a C-statistic confidence interval excluding the null value of 0.5, and none of the linear models explained more than one percent of the variance in time spent walking for exercise. We did not detect significant differences in walking for exercise among census areas or postal codes, which were used as proxies for neighborhoods. None of the built environment characteristics significantly predicted walking for exercise, nor did combinations of these characteristics predict walking for exercise when tested using a holdout approach. These results reflect a lack of neighborhood-level variation in walking for exercise for the population studied.
A scientific sampler

From Gaia to Selfish Genes: Selected Writings in the Life Sciences. Edited by Connie Barlow. MIT: 1991. Pp.273. $17.50, £15.75.
Natural Selection and the Development of Mortality Rates in Young Birds

Although different birds have evolved different patterns of development, the total force of mortality acting on the period of development is similar for each species.
Effect of various processing variables on grain alignment at Bi-2212/Ag interface

Abstract The effect of conductor geometry, maximum melt-processing temperature, Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x (2212) composition, and preannealing and intermediate rolling on grain alignment at the 2212/Ag interface was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Radon transport through a cool-season grass

222Rn released by mature tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) growing on uranium mill wastes in a controlled environment was a direct function of leaf area and essentially unrelated to the quantity of water transpired by the plants. The quantity of 222Rn released by the grass blades at maturity was approximately 0·01 Bq m−2 s−1 (0·3 pCi m−2 s−1). We suggest that the radioactive gas is transported from the rooting medium to leaves by mass flow in liquid water, but from leaves to the atmosphere by a path generally independent of water, i.e., primarily through the leaf cuticle and epicuticular wax.
Generalized inverses of matrices over fields of characteristic two

Abstract For F a field of characteristic two, the problem of determining which m × n matrices of rank r have normalized generalized inverses and which have pseudoinverses is solved. For F q a finite field of characteristic two, both the number of m × n matrices of rank r over F which have normalized generalized inverses and the number of m × n matrices of rank r over F q which have pseudoinverses are determined.
All-Fiber-Optic Based Catheter System for Simultaneous Endoscopic Optical Coherence Tomography and Fluorescence Imaging

An all-fiber-optically based balloon catheter for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and OCT has been implemented. The performance of this multimodal catheter is demonstrated on tissue phantom, ex vivo pig esophagus and mouse tumor imaging.
Mothering in public: The division of organized child care in the kindergarten and day nursery, St Louis, 1886-1920

Abstract Two case studies from turn-of-the-century St. Louis, the public school kindergarten and a privately run day nursery, reveal that both organizations provided compensatory child rearing, yet one was legitimated through the public school and the other continued as an impoverished, largely illegitimate institution. Distinctions were supported by leaders' overt and covert intentions and organizations were kept separate through the elimination from the kindergarten of the “nursery element” and resistance to educational offerings in the day nursery. Implications for merging the two organizations and for attitudes about working mothers and the public care of children are discussed.
ICE: information center expert: a consultation system for resource allocation

This paper demonstrates the viability of a rule-based consultation system as a mechanism for effective resource management through integration of knowledge about users, business problems, and resources. The specific domain within which the expert system will be tested is the Information Center (IC), which deals with end-user computing resources. In the last decade, the information center concept has been proposed repeatedly as an organizational solution to resource management problems related to end user computing. The research hypothesis is that the knowledge and methodologies of IC consultants, as well as institutional policies, can be represented in a knowledge base. The system will then draw conclusions about appropriate software or training solutions based on the interaction of user and resource profiles with the problem definition. The output of the model should be identical to the situation which it is modeling.Currently, a rule-based ES is being developed at the University of Arizona Department of Management Information Systems. This paper will present methodologies for design and implementation of the system. The development approach for the IC environment is unique as compared to expert system development as discussed in the literature. First, the use of prototyping has been stressed for expert system development with the view of using it as a throw-away system. The prototyping of an ES for the IC environment, however, has to take into account the difference between two aspects of a prototype: user interface (dialogue) and system structures (knowledge representation, inferencing techniques). There needs to be iteration of the prototype until the user if comfortable with the dialogue. The prototype will be used to extract more knowledge form the experts as well as for enhancing user dialogue. The system structures will be changed only when the user dialogue has been settled.Second, because of changes in tool availability, resulting in a need for new descriptions of the tools available, the design of an expert system for ICs has to respond dynamically to unique flexibility, portability, and maintenance issues. The ability to transport such a system to similar, but not identical, ICs should be addressed in the design as well.An IC has been described as an organization specifically designed to produce guided services to help end users help themselves. A consultation expert system might be useful in reaching that goal.
Transient phase-change around a horizontal cylinder

Abstract The integral method is applied to study the effects of the natural convection on the melting of a solid around a hot horizontal cylinder. The results demonstrate that the melting process is affected by the following five dimensionless parameters: subcooling; Rayleigh, Stefan and Prandtl numbers; and the ratio of thermal diffusivities. Their effects are quantitatively assessed. The integral solution shows surprising accuracy when it is compared with the quasi-steady solution when Stefan number is small.
Solution to the inverse problem in selective excitation in magnetic resonance imaging

Inverse scattering is used to solve the general problem of finding an applied rf field to produce a desired selective excitation profile for MRI. The formalism is used to calculate the exact, closed form solutions to the waveforms which produce a collection of slice profiles, the limit of which is a rectangular section. These solutions are effective at producing waveforms for excitation, refocusing, or inversion pulses. The incorporation of bound states in the inverse scattering problem allow for the calculation of excitation pulses with phase control.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Coupling of carbon dioxide and water vapor exchanges of irrigated and rainfed maize–soybean cropping systems and water productivity

Abstract Continuous measurements of CO2 and water vapor exchanges made in three cropping systems (irrigated continuous maize, irrigated maize–soybean rotation, and rainfed maize–soybean rotation) in eastern Nebraska, USA during 6 years are discussed. Close coupling between seasonal distributions of gross primary production (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) were observed in each growing season. Mean growing season totals of GPP in irrigated maize and soybean were 1738 ± 114 and 996 ± 69 g C m−2, respectively (±standard deviation). Corresponding mean values of growing season ET totals were 545 ± 27 and 454 ± 23 mm, respectively. Irrigation affected GPP and ET similarly, both growing season totals were about 10% higher than those of corresponding rainfed crops. Maize, under both irrigated and rainfed conditions, fixed 74% more carbon than soybean while using only 12–20% more water. The green leaf area index (LAI) explained substantial portions (91% for maize and 90% for soybean) of the variability in GPPPAR (GPP over a narrow range of incident photosynthetically active radiation) and in ET/ETo (71% for maize and 75% for soybean, ETo is the reference evapotranspiration). Water productivity (WP or water use efficiency) is defined here as the ratio of cumulative GPP or above-ground biomass and ET (photosynthetic water productivity = ∑GPP/∑ET and biomass water productivity = above-ground biomass/∑ET). When normalized by ETo, the photosynthetic water productivity ( W P E T o ) was 18.4 ± 1.5 g C m−2 for maize and 12.0 ± 1.0 g C m−2 for soybean. When normalized by ETo, the biomass water productivity ( W P E T o ) was 27.5 ± 2.3 g DM m−2 for maize and 14.1 ± 3.1 g DM m−2 for soybean. Comparisons of these results, among different years of measurement and management practices (continuous vs rotation cropping, irrigated vs rainfed) in this study and those from other locations, indicated the conservative nature of normalized water productivity, as also pointed out by previous investigators.
A six‐mask TFT‐LCD process using copper‐gate metallurgy

— A novel reduced mask process is used to fabricate high-resolution high-aperture-ratio 10.5-in. SXGA (1280 × 1024) displays. The process uses copper gate-metallurgy with redundancy, without the need for extra processing steps. The resulting displays have 150-dpi color resolution, an aperture ratio of over 35%, and excellent image quality, making them the first high-resolution displays that are suitable for notebook applications.
Microbial ecology on land and sea

The paper reviews the fundamental ways in which microbes and microbial communities differ between terrestrial and aquatic habitats. It concludes that the fundamental principles and problems of microbial ecology on land and sea are similar. These include the basis in microbial physiology, the diversity in microbial metabolism and the fact that microbes perform key roles in element cycling within the biosphere and in carbon cycling in almost all ecosystems. Finally, the paper proposes that one of the major future roles of microbial ecology will be to achieve a more profound understanding of microbial diversity in nature.
Acute thermal tolerance in the round goby, Apollonia melanostoma (Neogobius melanostomus)

Abstract 1. We constructed a cost-effective environmental chamber by modifying a dual heating–cooling microbiological incubator. 2. In round gobies, Apollonia melanostoma , critical thermal maximum temperature (onset of spasms, OS) was significantly higher than the mean loss of righting response (LRR) temperature. Neither temperature endpoint was correlated to body mass or total body length. 3. Opercular ventilation rates (OVR) were positively correlated to ambient temperature change. Q 10 values for OVR were 1.26 ( Δ 16→26 °C) to 1.23 ( Δ 20→30 °C). 4. With respect to thermal tolerance, the round goby is unlikely a factor in recruitment failure of the mottled sculpin, Cottus bairdi .
SIST: stress-induced structural transitions in superhelical DNA.

SUMMARY Supercoiling imposes stress on a DNA molecule that can drive susceptible sequences into alternative non-B form structures. This phenomenon occurs frequently in vivo and has been implicated in biological processes, such as replication, transcription, recombination and translocation. SIST is a software package that analyzes sequence-dependent structural transitions in kilobase length superhelical DNA molecules. The numerical algorithms in SIST are based on a statistical mechanical model that calculates the equilibrium probability of transition for each base pair in the domain. They are extensions of the original stress-induced duplex destabilization (SIDD) method, which analyzes stress-driven DNA strand separation. SIST also includes algorithms to analyze B-Z transitions and cruciform extrusion. The SIST pipeline has an option to use the DZCBtrans algorithm, which analyzes the competition among these three transitions within a superhelical domain. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The package and additional documentation are freely available at https://bitbucket.org/benhamlab/sist_codes. CONTACT dzhabinskaya@ucdavis.edu.
The Paradigm Developmental Model of Treatment

Abstract This article describes a developmental model of intervention for multiple DUI offenders, the Paradigm Developmental Model of Treatment (PDMT). Drawing on a variety of intervention models, the PDMT provides a framework for counselors to help move clients through a series of four “paradigm shifts” which utilize themes extrapolated from the 12 steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. A paradigm shift includes changes in the way one views one's self and the world and responds to it. Continued assessment of motivation to change within each paradigm is critical. Examples are given of how these shifts are encouraged and a case example is provided.
The OECD Agreement to Criminalize Bribery: A Negotiation Analytic Perspective

This article examines a negotiation under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on a Convention Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. We view the OECD negotiation as the culmination of 20 years of US diplomatic pressure. The investigation provides a detailed description of the Bribery Convention in terms of negotiators' preferences. To accomplish this we structure the talks within a negotiation analytic framework specifying parties, issues, resolutions, preferences, and reservation values. Preference data for the ten largest OECD exporters are presented. This permits the outcome to be described in quantitative terms. Pushing the analysis forward, we assess the impact on the negotiation process of the addition of a highly divisive issue. The divisive issue splits the parties into two coalitions, threatens deadlock, and is left unresolved until the final hours of the negotiation, setting up a game of Chicken. This study offers lessons for the management of future international economic negotiations. Complex multiparty negotiations can benefit from small teams of facilitators focused on designing and managing the negotiation process.
Early Upper Paleolithic Approaches to Bone and Antler Projectile Technology

Results of a study of Early Upper Paleolithic bone and antler projectile points indicate that different strategies of design, manufacture, and performance of projectile technology were emphasized throughout the Early Upper Paleolithic. An integrated analysis of morphology and wear, as well as experimentation in the production and use of various Early Upper Paleolithic projectile technologies has demonstrated that, while there is change through time in Early Upper Paleolithic projectile technology, there are considerable similarities among contemporaneous approaches to organic projectile technology. Moreover, while Aurignacian organic projectile technology was the same throughout western Europe, Gravettian organic projectile point design varied among regions.
Ultrastructural surface characteristics of seminiferous tubules from men with varicocele.

Zusammenfassung Ultrastruktur-Oberflachen-Charakteristika der Tubuli seminiferi bei Mannern mit Varikocele Von 40 sonst gesunden Manern, bei denen man eine Varikocele diagnostizierte, wurde eine Hodenbiopsie entnommen und fur die Rasterelektronenmikroskopie aufbereitet. Als Kontrolle diente die Hodenbiopsie von Mannern, bei denen lediglich Hodenschmerzen vorlagen. Das Tubulusepithel war unterschiedlich angegriffen, teils in einem noch als normal anzusehenden, teils in einem stark veranderten Zustand. In den Tubuli seminiferi, in denen normale Zellverbande vorhanden waren, war die Oberflachenanatomie des Tubulusepithels verzerrt, das adluminale Sertoli-Zell-Zytoplasma war verkurzt und es bestand eine offensichtliche Unordnung, eine zahlenmasige Verringerung und in einigen extremen Fallen auch ein volliges Fehlen von Keimzellen. Durch die Methode der Rasterelektronenmikroskopie konnten das Ausmas und der dreidimensionale Charakter der Auflosung des adluminalen Compartments deutlicher als bisher moglich gemacht werden. Die Autoren sind der Auffassung, das ihre vier-Stufen-Klassifizierung der Tubuli seminiferi damit eine Bestatigung erfahrt.
The Stabilizing Token Ring in Three Bits

We present the first stabilizing, unidirectional, deterministic token ring where each process has a constant number of states. In our token ring, each process has three bits, or eight states. In comparison, all previous stabilizing, unidirectional rings are probabilistic or have at least one process withnstates, wherenis an upper bound on the number of processes in the ring. The simplicity of our token ring makes it an attractive candidate for hardware implementation.
Rainfall and conflict: A cautionary tale

Abstract There is evidence that, in some contexts, income shocks cause conflict. The literature demonstrating this relationship uses rainfall shocks to instrument for income shocks, arguing that in agriculturally-dependent regions, negative rain shocks lower income which incites violence. This identification strategy relies on the assumption that rainfall shocks affect conflict only through their impacts on income. This paper evaluates this exclusion restriction in the context of religious conflict in India. Using data on dam construction, I identify districts that are downstream from irrigation dams and show that income in these areas is much less sensitive to rainfall fluctuations. However, rain shocks remain equally strong predictors of riot incidence in these districts. I explore other channels through which rainfall might affect conflict.
Expression of the sialyltransferase, ST3Gal4, impacts cardiac voltage-gated sodium channel activity, refractory period and ventricular conduction.

Abstract The sequential glycosylation process typically ends with sialic acid residues added through trans-Golgi sialyltransferase activity. Individuals afflicted with congenital disorders of glycosylation often have reduced glycoprotein sialylation and present with multi-system symptoms including hypotonia, seizures, arrhythmia and cardiomyopathy. Cardiac voltage-gated Na+ channel (Nav) activity can be influenced by sialic acids likely contributing to an external surface potential causing channels to gate at less depolarized voltages. Here, a possible pathophysiological role for reduced sialylation is investigated by questioning the impact of gene deletion of the uniformly expressed beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 4 (ST3Gal4) on cardiac Nav activity, cellular refractory period and ventricular conduction. Whole-cell patch-clamp experiments showed that ventricular Nav from ST3Gal4 deficient mice (ST3Gal4−/−) gated at more depolarized potentials, inactivated more slowly and recovered from fast inactivation more rapidly than WT controls. Current-clamp recordings indicated a 20% increase in time to action potential peak and a 30 ms decrease in ST3Gal4−/− myocyte refractory period, concurrent with increased Nav recovery rate. Nav expression, distribution and maximal Na+ current levels were unaffected by ST3Gal4 expression, indicating that reduced sialylation does not impact Nav surface expression and distribution. However, enzymatic desialylation suggested that ST3Gal4−/− ventricular Nav are less sialylated. Consistent with the shortened myocyte refractory period, epicardial conduction experiments using optical mapping techniques demonstrated a 27% reduction in minimum ventricular refractory period and increased susceptibility to arrhythmias in ST3Gal4−/− ventricles. Thus, deletion of a single sialyltransferase significantly impacts ventricular myocyte electrical signaling. These studies offer insight into diseases of glycosylation that are often associated with pathological changes in excitability and highlight the importance of glycosylation in cardiac physiology.
Ventral tegmental area involvement in pair bonding in male prairie voles

Dopamine is known to play a critical role in social attachment in monogamous voles. However, little is known about the neurochemical regulation of central dopamine release during pair bond formation. Here we examine the effects on partner preference formation in male prairie voles of neurochemical manipulations in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a major source of dopamine to brain regions implicated in pair bonding. Administration of NBQX, an AMPA receptor antagonist, or bicuculline, a GABA receptor antagonist, into the VTA induced partner preferences within 6 h in the absence of mating. We also found that, after unilateral administration of NBQX into the VTA, neuronal activation, as indicated by the expression of the immediate early gene c-fos, was decreased in the nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, and medial amygdala, but was unchanged in the lateral septum and in a control region, the arcuate nucleus. These results confirm a role for the VTA in partner preference formation in monogamous voles and extend the list of neurochemicals important in pair bonding to include glutamate and GABA.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PRIMING DOSES OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE IN PROTECTING THE ADRENALECTOMIZED DOG AGAINST WATER INTOXICATION

THE SEQUENCE of symptoms in the response of an animal to the continued forcing water have been well described (1–4). The major features are a progressive excitability, salivation, and finally severe convulsions with opisthotonus. These symptoms are believed linked in some way with intracellular hydration, the terminal convulsions being attributed to a cerebral edema. Fatal intoxication in the normal animal is difficult to produce, for large amounts of water must be frequently given over long periods of time, and the cessation of water administration even when convulsions have ensued is usually followed by spontaneous recovery. In the adrenalectomized animal, however, a relatively small quantity of water will produce convulsions, and spontaneous recovery is never manifested (5–7). Anintravenous injection of large amounts of cortical extract or hypertonic salt is required to save the life of the animal (5).
Security Evaluation in Power Systems Using Pattern Recognition

Security evaluation is becoming an important part of power system operation. This paper presents a feasible pattern recognition approach to security evaluation in power systems. The evaluation problem is defined in the framework of pattern recognition and methods to obtain security functions are outlined. Simulation results on steady state and transient securities of the CIGRE 225 kv system are included.
Environmental exposure to pyrethroids and sperm sex chromosome disomy: a cross-sectional study

The role of environmental pesticide exposures, such as pyrethroids, and their relationship to sperm abnormalities are not well understood. This study investigated whether environmental exposure to pyrethroids was associated with altered frequency of sperm sex chromosome disomy in adult men. A sample of 75 subjects recruited through a Massachusetts infertility clinic provided urine and semen samples. Individual exposures were measured as urinary concentrations of three pyrethroid metabolites ((3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3PBA), cis- and trans- 3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-1-methylcyclopropane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (CDCCA and TDCCA)). Multiprobe fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosomes X, Y, and 18 was used to determine XX, YY, XY, 1818, and total sex chromosome disomy in sperm nuclei. Poisson regression analysis was used to examine the association between aneuploidy rates and pyrethroid metabolites while adjusting for covariates. Between 25-56% of the sample were above the limit of detection (LOD) for the pyrethroid metabolites. All sex chromosome disomies were increased by 7-30% when comparing men with CDCCA and TDCCA levels above the LOD to those below the LOD. For 3PBA, compared to those below the LOD, those above the LOD had YY18 disomy rates 1.28 times higher (95% CI: 1.15, 1.42) whereas a reduced rate was seen for XY18 and total disomy (IRR = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.77, 0.87; IRR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87-0.97), and no association was seen for XX18 and 1818. Our findings suggest that urinary concentrations of CDCCA and TDCCA above the LOD were associated with increased rates of aneuploidy. However the findings for 3BPA were not consistent. This is the first study to examine these relationships, and replication of our findings is needed before the association between pyrethroid metabolites and aneuploidy can be fully defined.
Simulating the temporal evolution of neuronal discharge

Abstract Computer simulation was employed to explore the discharge behavior of one- and two-compartment models of a cerebellar Purkinje cell in response to climbing fiber and current pulse stimulation. We could not find a unique parameter set for any model that replicated the full temporal detail of reported discharge patterns. However, simplified composite models gave a better match than those employing Hodgkin–Huxley (HH)-type conductances. The better match achieved by the simpler models suggests that the composite level of description is well suited to simulation of the temporal detail required for the realistic simulation of large-scale neuronal networks.
EPIDEMIC MALATHION POISONING IN PAKISTAN MALARIA WORKERS

In 1976, epidemic organophosphate insecticide poisoning due to malathion occurred among 7500 field workers in the Pakistan malaria control programme. In July, the peak month of the epidemic, it is estimated that there were about 2800 cases. In field studies low red-cell cholinesterase activities were associated with the signs and symptoms of organophosphate insecticide intoxication. Toxicity was seen with 3 different formulations of the insecticide and was greatest with the products containing increased amounts of isomalathion, a toxic malathion degradation product. Poor work practices, which had developed when D.D.T. was the primary insecticide for malaria control, resulted in excessive skin contact with and percutaneous absorption of the pesticide. Airborne malathion concentrations were very low. Implementation of good work practices and proscription of use of the 2 pesticide formulations most contaminated with isomalathion halted the epidemic in September. An extensive training programme and surveillance system for pesticide toxicity preceded 1977 spraying operations.
Lyapunov-based nonlinear observer, design for stochastic systems

An observer design methodology which is applicable to more general nonlinear stochastic system models is given. The method relies not on the optimization theory but on Lyapunov-type stochastic stability results which can guarantee a mean square exponential rate of convergence for the estimation error. It is proved that discrete- and continuous-time state estimation is possible using the method. An example is given to illustrate the performance of this observer relative to some of the most commonly used filters in this field. >
Nucleic Acid Hybridization Detected by Piezoelectric Resonance

Abstract Ordinary AT-cut, quartz, piezoelectric crystals as commonly used in watches, radios, computers, etc., were used to detect the hybridization of complementary strands of synthetic RNA's. The method is based on the large absolute mass increase accompanying hybridization. Nucleic acid strands were covalently attached to the polymer-modified surface of a piezoelectric crystal. When these immobilized probe strands were melted and then incubated with complementary target strands in solution, association of probe and target to form duplexes resulted in an increase in the effective mass of the crystal. After washing away indifferently bound material, a mass increase was detectable as a decrease of several hundred Hertz in the crystal's resonance frequency, relative to control crystals on which non-complementary strands were incubated. The encouraging preliminary results suggest that the method may be useful as a non-radioactive means of identifying DNA and RNA. Furthermore, the method requires only very s...
Limitations of Magnetic Devices Due to Noise and Thermal Fluctuations

The impact of noise and thermal fluctuations on the design of some magnetic devices are discussed. In particular, field sensitivities of magnetic field sensors can be enhanced when 1/f noise is minimized. Also, thermal fluctuations limit that performance of nanomagnetic microwave devices such as spin-transfer nano-oscillators. The origins of noise in magnetic systems are reviewed.
Case 4 Wolman's Disease

CLINICAL HISTORY The infant was a 3470 g male of English-Irish ancestry delivered at 43 weeks’ gestation. The neonatal period was unremarkable. At a routine 6-week examination, the liver edge was noted to be firm and rounded although not enlarged; SGOT was 149 IU/l and SGPT was 60 IU/l. He was admitted to Montefiore Medical Center at 7 weeks of age for further evaluation. Physical examination revealed a pale but alert and happy baby. The liver was firm and extended 4 cm below the right costal margin. No other abnormalities were noted. Pertinent laboratory values included hematocrit 27 % ; white blood cell count 7600/m3 with 39 % neutrophils, 57 % lymphocytes (with intracytoplasmic clusters of small clear vacuoles), and 4% eosinophils; erythrocytes were hypochromic with basophilic stippling, SGOT 200 IU/L, SGPT 50 IU/L, cholesterol 116 mg/dl, and triglycerides 240 mg/dl. Bone marrow aspiration revealed many lipid-filled histiocytes and vacuolated lymphocytes, and a percutaneous liver biopsy revealed steatosis of hepatocytes and lipid-laden Kupffer’s cells and portal tract histiocytes. A flat plate X-ray of the abdomen had calcifications in the area of the adrenal glands. A diagnosis of Wolman’s disease was made, and cells were cultured for analysis and confirmed the absence of acid lipase. Following discharge from the hospital, he was given supportive care. At 10 weeks of age he developed Staphylococcus aureus sepsis that was treated successfully, and he required transfusions for anemia. At 3 months of age, his weight was 4.86 kg; he was pale, lethargic, irritable, and had gross edema of all extremities. A grade II/IV systolic ejection murmur was noted. The abdo
Papa's got a brand new tag: advances in identification of proteases and their substrates

Characterization of proteolytic enzymes and their substrates presents a formidable challenge in the context of biological systems. Despite the fact that an estimated 2% of the human genome codes for proteases, only a small fraction of these enzymes have well-characterized functions. Much of the difficulty in understanding protease biology is a direct result of the complexity of regulation, localization and activation exhibited by this class of enzymes. Here, we focus on several recently developed techniques representing crucial advances toward identification of proteases and their natural substrates.
Coercion and the Mentally Ill: Ethical Perspectives:

Legal procedures have long been implemented to protect the rights of persons with mental illness, to mandate treatment for those unable to care for themselves, and to protect society from dangerous...
Design of a frequency selective surface (FSS) with very low cross-polarization discrimination via the parallel micro-genetic algorithm (PMGA)

We discuss the design of a frequency selective surface (FSS) with low cross-polarization discrimination. In the past, FSS screens have been employed to improve the cross-polarization performance. The objective of this paper is to synthesize an FSS subreflector with low cross-polarization via the application of a parallel binary coded micro-genetic algorithm (PMGA). The PMGA optimizes the metallization pattern and the periodicity of the FSS screen in both the x- and y-directions to maintain a low cross-polarization level for a wide band of frequencies and a range of incident angles.
On Currents and Comparisons: Gender and the Atlantic ‘Turn’ in Spanish America

This article is part of a History Compass cluster on ‘Rethinking Gender, Family and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic World’. The cluster is made up of the following articles: ‘On Currents and Comparisons: Gender and the Atlantic ‘Turn’ in Spanish America’, Bianca Premo, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 223–237, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00658.x ‘Women and Families in Early (North) America and the Wider (Atlantic) World’, Karin Wulf, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 238–247, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00659.x ‘Family Matters: The Early Modern Atlantic from the European Side’, Julie Hardwick, History Compass 8.3 (2010): 248–257, doi: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00660.x The following essay originated as one of these three contributions to a roundtable discussion held at the 14th Berkshire Conference on the History of Women, June 2008. The roundtable, ‘Rethinking Gender, Family, and Sexuality in the Early Modern Atlantic World’, was meant to be as much invitation as inventory and was astonishingly well attended at 08:00 in the morning, with standing room only for a thoughtful, lively audience whose comments, questions, and suggestions are reflected here (although in no way fully represented). As historians of gender and family in the North Atlantic, European, and Iberian worlds, we had hoped to encourage more central and systematic attention to gender within the Atlantic World paradigm by cataloging some recent works in their fields and pointing the way for future studies. Yet, a funny thing happened on the way to the conference. Independently, each of us began to engage with the challenges of simply inserting family and gender into ‘the Atlantic’ as both as conceptual place and a historical practice. The essays that emerged, therefore, departed from conventional historiographies that survey the state of the field. Rather, these are theoretical and methodological reflections on the implications of de-centering national and colonial narratives about the history of gender. At a time when transnational historical scholarship on early modern women promises to explode, these essays aim to inspire debate about the conceptual utility of the Atlantic as a paradigm for understanding issues of gender, family, and sexuality, as well as its ramifications for feminist scholarship everywhere.
Abscission Responses to Moisture Stress, Auxin Transport Inhibitors, and Ethephon

The three abscission-inducing agents - water stress, Ethephon, and auxin transport inhibitors-acted synergistically to promote leaf fall in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). However, the synergism was primarily between stress and Ethephon. Auxin transport inhibitors did not promote the effect of stress alone, only promoted the effect of Ethephon in well watered plants and gave a very small promotion with stress and Ethephon together. Abscission was rapid in stressed plants treated with Ethephon and an auxin transport inhibitor, while leaves fell more slowly from well watered plants treated with Ethephon alone. This suggests that water stress or auxin transport inhibitors influence initial events in abscission; since an auxin transport inhibitor will replace the effect of stress but not Ethephon, an initial event in stress-induced abscission appears to be inhibition of auxin transport. Ethephon promoted lateral bud release, and auxin transport inhibitors did not duplicate that effect alone or promote it in combination with Ethephon.
Deuterium spin relaxation and guest motion in the n-nonadecane/urea clathrate

Deuterium spin-lattice relaxation are reported as a function of temperature and crystal orientation at two magnetic field strengths for bulk methylene and terminal methyl deuterons of n-nonadecane-d40 urea clathrate. Jeener-Broekaert pulse sequences were used to measure simultaneously the rates of growth of Zeeman order and decay of quadrupolar order, from which the spectral densities of motion J 1(ω0) and J 2(2ω0) were determined. Relaxation data for the methylene groups are analysed with the aid of five different models, in order to determine features of the motion that transcend the validity of any particular model. It is found that out-of-plane (‘wobble’) motion of the CD2 groups occurs over a restricted range of angles (on the order of 20°–30° depending on the choice of quadrupole coupling constant) which changes only slightly between -35°C and 56°C. In this temperature range the rate of the CD2 wobble is slower by a factor of 5–10 than that of overall alkane rotation about the long axis, although th...
Special Education Supervisors' Perceptions of Secondary LD Programs: A Comparison with LD Teachers' Views

Perceptions of secondary LD program supervisors were identified and compared with views of secondary LD teachers regarding the presence of specific program features, field-related issues, and suggestions for program improvement. Responses indicated that the supervisors were more positive and, in many cases, held significantly different views than LD teachers.
ZOOGEOGRAPHY AND HOST PLANT ECOLOGY OF THE ALTICINAE OF ISRAEL, ESPECIALLY PHYLLOTRETA; WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)

ABSTRACT This paper discusses evolution, host plant relationships, and zoogeography of Israeli Alticinae (flea beetles), the largest subfamily of Chrysomelidae (leaf beetles). The major biogeographic regions and subregions (elements) that make Israel a unique biogeographic transitional zone, with seven such elements converging to varying degrees, are discussed. A percentage analysis of regional affinity and endemicity, for each of 17 genera, of the 127 taxa known from Israel shows that alticine endemicity is high (25%); the strongest affinity is with the Eastern Mediterranean element (39%); the Circum-Mediterranean, Euro-Siberian, Eremian, Irano-Turanian are approximately the same (between 11–14%); the Western Mediterranean (8%) and Ethiopian (1.5%) are significantly less. A detailed treatment of the second largest Israeli genus, Phyllotreta (23 species), deals with its zoogeography and host plant relationships, especially the known co-evolutionary phytochemistry. A list of all Israeli species with detail...
Lunar cryptomaria: Mineralogy and composition of ancient volcanic deposits

Abstract Ancient lunar volcanic deposits, known as cryptomaria, have been detected by remote telescopic and orbital measurements since the 1970s. Cryptomaria are most easily identified by the presence of dark-halo impact craters and are associated with a mare basalt mineralogy, which is indicated by two pyroxene spectral absorption features near 1 μm and 2 μm in the visible to near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths. However, there are many early igneous lithologies that have been identified in the Apollo sample collection that have a similar VNIR spectral signal, implying a pyroxene-dominant mineralogy. In this study we use high resolution Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) VNIR spectral data and the Modified Gaussian Model (MGM) to determine cryptomare mineralogy as well as Lunar Prospector gamma-ray spectrometer (LP GRS) FeO and Th compositional measurements to evaluate which ancient igneous rocks (e.g., low-Ti mare basalt, high-Ti mare basalt, Mg-suite rocks, dunite, high-Al mare basalt, KREEP basalt) are consistent with our mineralogical observations. In addition, spectra from different M3 optical periods were compared to determine how the MGM-derived absorption band centers vary between datasets. Band center differences between optical periods are on the order of ~6±4 nm and ~25±10 nm for the 1 μm and 2 μm features, respectively. Cryptomare mineralogies are dominated by clinopyroxene and are consistent with measurements from locally exposed mare basalts. LP GRS measurements support a mare basalt rock type when regolith mixing is taken into account.
The age of the thumb: A cultural reading of mobile technologies from Asia

Genevieve Bell develops these themes of identity management further to look across Asian societies to see how the mobile phone is used to maintain individual identities and social roles within families and tight-knit social groupings. Bell doc- uments how the technological advances of the mobile phone enable new ways of navigating the often complex social structure of Asian society. Rigid hierarchies in such cultures can be more easily deferred to when the name of the caller is dis- played to the user before a call is taken. Bell also discusses how the mobile phone is used specifically to negotiate social interaction between family members, not only in maintaining hierarchies but also in providing a sense of security. Mobile phones are bought for children so that they can be used to communicate with them, but also as a sort of game that parents perform with their children, whereby the phone provides a constant umbilical link spooled out from parent to child that the parent is able to use to reassure him/herself of their child's safety.
Assembly of eukaryotic algal chromosomes in yeast

Background Synthetic genomic approaches offer unique opportunities to use powerful yeast and Escherichia coli genetic systems to assemble and modify chromosome-sized molecules before returning the modified DNA to the target host. For example, the entire 1 Mb Mycoplasma mycoides chromosome can be stably maintained and manipulated in yeast before being transplanted back into recipient cells. We have previously demonstrated that cloning in yeast of large (> ~ 150 kb), high G + C (55%) prokaryotic DNA fragments was improved by addition of yeast replication origins every ~100 kb. Conversely, low G + C DNA is stable (up to at least 1.8 Mb) without adding supplemental yeast origins. It has not been previously tested whether addition of yeast replication origins similarly improves the yeast-based cloning of large (> 150 kb) eukaryotic DNA with moderate G + C content. The model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum has an average G + C content of 48% and a 27.4 Mb genome sequence that has been assembled into chromosome-sized scaffolds making it an ideal test case for assembly and maintenance of eukaryotic chromosomes in yeast.
SHORT‐ AND LONG‐TERM EVALUATION OF NORMAL AND ABNORMAL HUMAN THYROID CELLS IN MONOLAYER CULTURE

We have investigated the TSH responsiveness of normal and abnormal human thyroid cells cultured in the short term with high serum concentrations and for up to 6 months in a low serum, chemically-defined, medium. Cells from normal human thyroid tissue (n = 9), multinodular goitre (n = 6), benign follicular adenomata (n = 6), and differentiated thyroid carcinoma (n = 3) formed confluent monolayers which were sensitive to bovine TSH (bTSH) in concentrations greater than 25 microU/ml when assessed by the intracellular response of cyclic AMP at 7 d of culture. Such sensitivity was less than that observed with a continuously proliferating thyroid cell line (FRTL-5) derived from Fisher rat thyroid and which responded to concentrations of bTSH as low as 5-10 microU/ml. Human cells derived from iodine/antithyroid drug treated Graves' thyroid tissue (n = 6) were less sensitive than normal cells requiring up to 500 microU/ml bTSH to increase intracellular cyclic AMP and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer cells (n = 3) failed to respond to bTSH. Long-term human thyroid cultures of normal and follicular adenoma cells in the chemically-defined medium used for the FRTL-5 cells had absent fibroblast growth and continued in monolayer form without significant follicle formation. These cells remained highly sensitive to bTSH stimulation when tested after 4, 13, and 26 weeks of continuous culture. All such cell preparations failed to proliferate under conditions which favoured the rapid growth of the rat thyroid cells. These data demonstrated that while thyroid cell culture conditions described in the literature do not permit proliferation of human thyroid cells, they do allow an assessment of their functional state in vitro which may lead to a further understanding of thyroid cell pathophysiology.
URETEROSCOPY IS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE IN PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN

Purpose: We present our experience performing ureteroscopy in prepubertal children. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of children 12 years or younger who underwent ureteroscopy at 2 institutions between 1993 and 2003. Patient demographics, indications for surgery, operative technique, surgical outcomes and complications were recorded. Results: A total of 39 boys and 32 girls underwent 34 flexible and 47 rigid ureteroscopies. Retrograde access was obtained in 77 procedures, while 4 were performed via an antegrade approach. Mean age was 7.5 years (range 1 to 12) and mean followup was 2.2 years (0.5 to 10). Endoscopic lithotripsy was performed in 65 cases, with a success rate of 98%. A ureteral stent was placed postoperatively in 55 patients. Endoscopic incision was performed for a ureteral stricture in 3 patients and for ureteropelvic junction obstruction in 6. An obstructing fibroepithelial polyp was found in 2 patients, 1 underwent removal of a foreign body and 4 did not have intraluminal pathology. Dilation of the ureteral orifice was required in 23 cases (30%). There were no intraoperative ureteral injuries. One patient had development of a ureteral stricture (complication rate 1.3%) that was successfully treated endoscopically. Conclusions: Rigid and flexible ureteroscopy can be performed safely and effectively in prepubertal children. Successful outcomes can be obtained for calculi that are similar to those in the adult population. Ureteroscopic treatment can be effective in selected children with intraluminal obstruction. To our knowledge this is the largest series in the literature to document outcomes of ureteroscopy in this age group.