cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual-modality imaging of function and physiology

Dual-modality imaging is a technique where computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is combined with positron emission tomography or single-photon computed tomography to acquire structural and functional images with an integrated system. The data are acquired during a single procedure with the patient on a table viewed by both detectors to facilitate correlation between the structural and function images. The resulting data can be useful for localization for more specific diagnosis of disease. In addition, the anatomical information can be used to compensate the correlated radionuclide data for physical perturbations such as photon attenuation, scatter radiation, and partial volume errors. Thus, dual-modality imaging provides a priori information that can be used to improve both the visual quality and the quantitative accuracy of the radionuclide images. Dual-modality imaging systems also are being developed for biological research that involves small animals. The small-animal dual-modality systems offer advantages for measurements that currently are performed invasively using autoradiography and tissue sampling. By acquiring the required data noninvasively, dual-modality imaging has the potential to allow serial studies in a single animal, to perform measurements with fewer animals, and to improve the statistical quality of the data.
Response of kidney bean to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and mycorrhizal dependency in P and Zn deficient soils

Abstract Since most of the Central Anatolian soils are P and Zn deficient, mycorrhizae may help plants to obtain sufficient nutrients from the soil without the need to apply additional chemical fertilizers. As far as is known, some plants are strongly mycorrhizal dependent for P nutrition, but less is known about the mycorrhizal dependence with Zn nutrition. Hypotheses were tested under P and Zn deficient soils to find out whether kidney bean plants are mycorrhizal dependent or not. Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants were grown for 8 weeks in two widely distributed calcareous clay soils with low nutrient content from Central Anatolian Sultanonu and Konya soils (sterilized by autoclaving). The experiment was conducted with three levels of phosphorus (0, 25, 125 mg P kg−1 soil), and two rates of Zn (0 and 5 mg Zn kg−1soil) Two selected arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) species (Glomus mosseae and G. etunicatum) were inoculated. In the Sultanonu soil, mycorrhizal inoculation increased plant growth and P an...
Blunting of the heart rate response to adenosine and regadenoson in relation to hyperglycemia and the metabolic syndrome.

Adenosine and regadenoson cause an increase in heart rate (HR) during myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). It has been shown that patients with diabetes mellitus have a blunted HR response due to cardiac autonomic dysfunction. It is not known whether the HR response is related to hyperglycemia and the metabolic syndrome (MS). HR changes were assessed in 2,000 patients (643 with diabetes mellitus [DM]) in the Adenoscan Versus Regadenoson Comparative Evaluation for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (ADVANCE MPI 1 and ADVANCE MPI 2) trials in relation to MS status and blood sugar level on the day of MPI. The HR response was lower in patients with MS (32.43 ± 0.52% vs 36.15 ± 0.71%, p
THE EFFECT OF THEOPHYLLINE AND THE VAGUS ON C02 PRODUCTION DURING ACUTE HYPOXIA IN THE NEWBORN PIGLET: RELATIONSHIP TO VENTILATORY DEPRESSION

We have previously demonstrated that theophylline decreases the depressive phase of the hypoxic ventilatory response in the newborn piglet. It has been suggested that the sustained decrease in ventilation during hypoxia is the result of a decrease in metabolic rate. Also, theophylline increases CO2 production (VCO2) in infants treated for apnea. To determine whether VCO2 decreases during hypoxia and to evaluate the effect of vagotomy and theophylline, we measured VCO2 in nine newborn piglets less than three days of age during 6 minutes of 10% oxygen breathing. Each animal was studied under three experimental conditions 1) intact; 2) after vagotomy; and 3) vagotomy + theophylline. Our experimental design allowed us to detect changes in pCO2 and thus VCO2 unaffected by compensatory changes in ventilation. Recordings of expiratory flow and integrated volume, EKG, arterial blood pressure, and expiratory CO2 concentration were made during six minutes of hypoxia before and after vagotomy and then 30 minutes after the intra-arterial administration of theophylline (15 mg/kg). There were no changes in pCO2, pH, or calculated HCO3- during hypoxia in any of the experimental conditions. As illustrated in the graph, there was no significant change in VCO2 during hypoxia in the control group and this was not altered by vagotomy or theophylline. We conclude that in our experimental model, the decrease in ventilation during hypoxia in the newborn piglet at thermoneutrality is not secondary to a decrease in metabolic rate and suggest that the stimulatory effect of theophylline on ventilatory depression is due to a direct effect on the CNS rather than an indirect stimulation of metabolism.
Effects of biphasic vs monophasic defibrillation on the scaling exponent in a swine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation.

Objective: Mathematical analyses of ventricular fibrillation (VF) have resulted in the derivation of a measure termed the scaling exponent (ScE) that characterizes the duration of VF and probability of defibrillation success. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of biphasic defibrillation waveform (BDW) and monophasic defibrillation waveform (MDW) rescue shocks on ScE in a swine model of prolonged VF. Methods: Utstein guidelines for the laboratory study of cardiopulmonary resuscitation were followed. Twenty mixed-breed domestic swine (mass range 20.5-26.8 kg) were instrumented and randomized to receive either MDW or BDW rescue shocks. Ventricular fibrillation was induced and untreated for a nonintervention interval of 8 minutes. Rescue shocks were delivered at 8, 10, and 12 minutes of elapsed VF time. The energy sequence for the three MDW shocks was 70, 100, and 150 J (approximately 3, 4, and 6 J/kg). All BDW shocks were delivered at 50 J (approximately 2.5 J/kg). Only VF was shocked. Chest compressions and drugs were not provided. Rhythm analysis and ScE calculation were performed offline. Continuous and discontinuous linear regression models were fit to plots of ScE vs time. Defibrillation success and progression of ScE slope were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, paired t-tests, and repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Baseline characteristics were similar for both groups. Successful termination of VF occurred on the first rescue shock in 1 of 10 (10%) in the MDW group and 3 of 10 (30%) in the BDW group; this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.58). No other defibrillation successes were observed. No animals achieved return of spontaneous circulation. The ScE values during the protocol progressed from 1.330 (95% CI = 1.287 to 1.373) to 1.724 (95% CI = 1.603 to 1.845) for MDW and 1.338 (95% CI = 1.261 to 1.415) to 1.639 (95% CI = 1.530 to 1.745) for BDW. Both groups showed a trend toward increasing ScE values with successive rescue shocks. Repeated-measures ANOVA using both continuous and discontinuous models demonstrated no difference in overall ScE slope progression between study groups. Conclusions: Mode of defibrillation waveform (BDW vs MDW) does not appear to impact ScE trends. Additional studies must be performed to better evaluate the clinical implications of this finding.
Serine proteases in the spiny lobster olfactory organ: their functional expression along a developmental axis, and the contribution of a CUB-serine protease.

Several serine proteases and protease inhibitors have been identified in the crustacean olfactory organ, which is comprised of the lateral flagellum of the antennule and its aesthetascs sensilla that house olfactory receptor neurons and their supporting cells. The function of these proteases in the olfactory organ is unknown, but may include a role in perireception (e.g., odor activation or inactivation) or in the development or survival of olfactory receptor neurons. To examine directly the function of proteases in the olfactory organ of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus, we used different tissue fractions from the lateral flagellum in an enzyme activity assay with a variety of protease substrates and inhibitors. Trypsin-like serine protease activity occurs throughout the lateral flagellum but is enriched in the cell membranes from aesthetascs. Cysteine- and metalloprotease activities also occur in olfactory tissue, but are more abundant in tissue fractions other than aesthetascs. To assess the contribution of one of the olfactory serine proteases—CUB-serine protease (Csp)—Csp was immunoprecipitated using an antibody; results with the remaining fraction suggest that Csp accounts for at least 40% of the total serine protease activity in the olfactory organ. The amount of total serine protease activity follows a developmental axis in the lateral flagellum. Total protease activity is lowest in the proximal zone, which lacks aesthetascs, and the proliferation zone, where olfactory receptor neurons and associated cells are born, and highest in aesthetascs of the distally-located senescence zone, which has the oldest olfactory tissue. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2004
Three-Component Synthesis of Substituted η5-Cyclopentadienyltricarbonylrhenium Complexes: Scope, Limitations, and Mechanistic Interpretations

We have investigated the scope and mechanism of the “three-component” synthesis of substituted CpRe(CO)3 complexes which involves the reaction of nucleophiles with diazocyclopentadiene (C5H4N2) and a fac-Re(CO)3+ species. We found that only moderately strong nucleophiles (halogen, carboxylates, boronic acids) are suitable for this transformation and that it shows a great sensitivity to the steric and electronic features of the nucleophile. A Hammett-type ρσ analysis of the effect of para-substituents on the relative rate of this reaction with several benzoates showed that the reaction is accelerated by electron-donating substituents. A mechanistic analysis, based on structure/reactivity relationships and NMR experiments, indicated that the nucleophile initially reacts with the rhenium precursor. Then, in the rate-determining step, the resulting preassociated rhenium−nucleophile intermediate reacts with C5H4N2 via a concerted SN2-like transition state. The same general mechanistic pathway seems to be follo...
Influence of oxygen partial pressure on structural, transport and magnetic properties of Co doped TiO2 films

Abstract Pulse laser deposited (PLD) thin films of Co doped TiO2 on silicon and quartz substrates are investigated. A mixture (1:1) of argon and oxygen with various total pressures (6.6 mPa to 53 Pa) is used to vary the oxygen content in the samples. The crystal structure and transport/ magnetic properties of CoxTi1−xO2−δ ( x = 0.01 , 0.03, 0.06) thin films are found to have strong dependence on oxygen stoichiometry. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data reveal mixed phase material containing both anatase and rutile. However, the stability of each phase depends on the amount of oxygen present in the chamber during the growth of the films. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) shows the incorporation of Co in TiO2 and is in the 2+ oxidation state. There occurs an enhancement in electrical conductivity and magnetization due to the off stoichiometric oxygen. The resistivity data follow a simple thermal activation model, giving carriers’ activation energies in the range of 20 to 140 meV. A bound magnetic polaron model is adopted to explain the observed magnetic behavior of the films.
Long-term outcome comparison between rashkind umbrella and gianturco coils occlusion in native patent ductus arteriosus

Abstract Background: The Rashkind Umbrella device has proven effective in closing small to moderate size patent ductus arteriosus. A comparable early occlusion rate was also seen in PDA occlusion using Gianturco coils. This study addresses the long-term outcome of both techniques in a single centre. Methods: Review was undertaken of 522 patients with PDA who underwent transcatheter occlusion before January 1997; 244 patients (mean: age 8.0±6.7 years, weight 21.8±12.9 kg, PDA size 3.2±1.0 mm) were intended to receive the Rashkind Umbrella device and the remaining 278 patients (mean: age 6.4±5.6 years, weight 18.6±11.2 kg, PDA size 2.5±1.0 mm) would receive Gianturco coils. Deployment failure occurred in 8 patients (3%) and 6 (2%) during the initial learning curve of the Rashkind Umbrella and Gianturco coil, respectively. In the Rashkind Umbrella group, haemolysis occurred in 6, device embolisation in 3, and 1 patient died from anaesthetic sequelae. Peripheral pulmonary embolisation of coils occurred in 7 patients and all were successfully retrieved. Results: Results were analysed from 228 and 258 patients who had successful Rashkind Umbrella device and Gianturco coil deployment respectively. All had completed at least 1 year follow-up. They were evaluated clinically for residual ductal murmur and echocardiographically for a residual ductal shunt and presence of pulmonary artery or aortic obstruction. The Rashkind Umbrella group had significantly higher residual shunt compared to the Gianturco coil group at various stages of follow-up (p Conclusions: Transcatheter occlusion of PDA using the Gianturco coil is safer and more effective than the Rashkind Umbrella device. It has become the first choice for treating small to moderate size native PDA at our institution.
Treatment of tacrolimus‐related adverse effects by conversion to cyclosporine in liver transplant recipients

When tacrolimus side effects persist despite dose reduction, conversion to cyclosporine-based immunosuppression (CyA) is necessary. We characterized tacrolimus side effects that warranted discontinuation of the drug, and outcomes after conversion. Of 388 liver recipients who received tacrolimus as primary immunosuppression, 70 required conversion to CyA. We recorded indication for conversion, whether conversion was early or late after transplantation, tacrolimus dose and trough blood level at conversion, and incidence of rejection after conversion. Conversion was early in 29 patients (41.4%) and late in 41 (58.6%). Indications for early conversion were neurotoxicity (20), (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (5), nephrotoxicity (3), gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity (6), and cardiomyopathy (1), and for late conversion were neurotoxicity (15), IDDM (12), nephrotoxicity (3), GI toxicity (5), hepatotoxicity (6), post-transplant lmphoproliferate disease (PTLD) (2), cardiomyopathy (1), hemolytic anemia (1), and pruritus (1). All early-conversion patients showed improvement/resolution of symptoms. Among late-conversion patients, 37 (90.2%) had improvement/resolution; in 4 (9.8%), adverse effects persisted. The overall rejection rate was 30%. Sixty-two patients (88.6%) are alive with functioning grafts 686 +/- 362 days (range, 154-1433 days) after conversion. When tacrolimus side effects are unresponsive to dose reduction, conversion to CyA can be accomplished safely, with no increased risk of rejection and excellent long-term outcome.
RELEASE OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE BY ONION ROOTS GROWING IN SOLUTIONS OF RIBONUCLEASE

IMMERSION OF growing roots of onion in solutions of ribonuclease leads to production in the meristematic cells of chromosomal aberrations and mitotic abnormalities (Kaufmann and Das, 1954, 1955; Kaufmann et al., 1952, 1953). In the course of the treatment, solutions of ribonuclease in which the roots are immersed gradually acquire the property of degrading deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), as determined by their ability to depolymerize isolated DNA and to reduce Feulgen stainability of sections of fixed plant and animal tissues. The present article offers evidence that this response is due to release of deoxyribonuclease into the solution by the action of ribonuclease concomitantly with the modification of mitotic processes. MATERIALS ANID METHODS. -Roots of onion (Alliuwm cep-a L.) were immersed in solutions containing 1 mg. of ribonuclease per ml. of tap water at pH 6, in accordance with procedures developed in earlier studies (Kaufmann and Das, 1954, 1955). The controls included tap water (which in this laboratory has a pH of about 6), solutions of ribonuclease that had been inactivated by boiling or by exposure to ultraviolet radiation of wave length 2537 A (or to a combination of these two treatments) , lysozyme and cytochrome c (proteins with isoelectric points around 10.5 and molecular weights about 13,000, which are similar to those of ribonuclease), egg albumin, sucrose, and colchicine (an alkaloid that is known to affect mitotic processes). These solutions were tested at pH 6 in concentrations essentially equimolar with that of ribonuclease. All solutions were aerated during the course of treatment, which was carried out at room temperature (ca. 220 C.). Aliquots of the solutions in which the roots had been growing were removed from the containers, adjusted when necessary to pH 6, and then used to determine their ability to modify the stainability of deoxyriboseand ribose-nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) in sections of previously untreated tissues. For this purpose 5-12-,u sections of onion root tips (which had been removed from bulbs growing in sand, fixed in acetic acid-alcohol, imbedded in paraffin, and mounted on cover slips) were exposed to the action of the solutions and then stained, either by the Feulgen procedure, or in aceto-orcein, methyl green, Unna's combination of pyronin and
HIV/AIDS Risk in Heterosexual College Students: A Review of a Decade of Literature

Abstract Empirical studies dealing with the psychosocial correlates of HIV risk among heterosexual college students are reviewed, including findings related to such theoretical variables as HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, personal and partner's attitudes toward condom use, perceived susceptibility, communication with sex partners, and sexual self-efficacy. Although college students are highly knowledgeable about basic HIV/AIDS facts, they retain some misperceptions about disease transmission. They hold neutral-to-negative hedonistic and practical attitudes about using condoms; those who have engaged in risky behavior accurately perceive their greater susceptibility to infection and experience anxiety regarding transmission of HIV infection. Heterosexual college students communicate infrequently with their partners about safer sex, but they often agree to a partner's suggestion that they use condoms. Higher levels of sexual self-efficacy among college students have been associated with a lower risk for HIV tra...
Relationship of the Number of Crohn's Strictures and Strictureplasties to Postoperative Recurrence

BACKGROUND: Strictureplasty is well established as a safe and effective surgical therapy for Crohn’s disease (CD). Yet, postoperative recurrence after strictureplasty remains a problem for CD patients, and associated risk factors are still uncertain. The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between recurrence and the number of strictures (NSX) and strictureplasties (NSXP). STUDY DESIGN: The authors’ prospectively created database was used to retrospectively identify patients who had undergone strictureplasty between 1984 and 2004. Recurrence was defined as reoperation, and rates were compared based on the NSX and NSXP using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between both NSX and NSXP and recurrence after adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: There were 339 strictureplasties performed in 88 patients at initial operation. The 5-year reoperation rates were 14% for patients with 8 strictures compared with 31% for those with 8 strictures (p 0.01). Five-year reoperation rates were 14% for patients with 4 strictureplasties compared with 33% for those with 4 strictureplasties (p 0.01). In multivariate regression of NSX and NSXP as continuous variables, both were independently associated with recurrence (p 0.02), with a 7% increase in recurrence for each additional stricture and 23% increase in recurrence for each additional strictureplasty. CONCLUSIONS: ThesedatasuggestthatboththeNSXandNSXPareassociatedwithCDrecurrenceandmaybe used as prognostic indicators for CD. (J Am Coll Surg 2009;208:1065–1070. © 2009 by the American College of Surgeons) Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the enteric tract that remains incurable. Although nonsurgical therapy for the disease has advanced dramatically over the past decade, most patients will ultimately require surgery. 1-4 Since its introduction, strictureplasty has become an increasingly common treatment for CD, particularlyforpatientswithmultiplefibroticstricturesand“skip” areas of normal bowel. 5-7 Despite advances in our knowledge about CD, consensusonriskfactorsassociatedwithCDrecurrenceafterstrictureplasty remains unattained. 7-11 So we reviewed our experiencetoevaluateriskfactorsandtestthehypothesisthat the number of strictures (NSX) discovered and number of strictureplasties (NSXP) performed would be significantly associated with the need for reoperation.
Comprehensive long-term care of patients with lung cancer: development of a novel thoracic survivorship program.

Background Recent advances have improved the likelihood of long-term survival for patients with lung cancer. However, little attention has been given to the growing need for dedicated survivorship care for these patients. To address this unmet need, we developed a unique follow-up care model. Methods In 2006, we convened a multidisciplinary working group to design a thoracic survivorship program (TSP) that provides follow-up by a nurse practitioner (NP) trained in survivorship care. Patients with early-stage lung cancer who were disease free for at least 1 year after resection were eligible for the program, which incorporates a standardized approach to cancer surveillance. Data on symptoms and outcomes were prospectively collected. Real-time electronic medical documentation was developed to optimize communication with primary physicians. Results Data were analyzed for the initial phase of the program, which comprised 655 patients. Ninety-two percent of eligible survivors who remained disease free chose to continue their care in the TSP, rather than receive follow-up with their thoracic surgeon. Clinically significant posttreatment symptoms were common, including fatigue (46%), anxiety (32%), chronic pain (25%), dyspnea (14%), and depression (12%). The majority of recurrences (72%) and second primary cancers (91%) in this cohort were identified by scheduled chest computed tomography at TSP visits. Conclusions Survivorship care for patients with lung cancer, delivered in our NP-led TSP, is feasible, effective, and well accepted by patients. Through the implementation of a uniform self-sustaining patient-centered system, the TSP model improves on the variation of physician-led follow-up care.
The role of potassium in the control of ammonium excretion during starvation.

Abstract Administration of KC1 0.5 mmol/kg/day to subjects undergoing prolonged starvation reduced daily urimary ammonium and β-hydroxybutyrate excretion by one-third. These changes were accompanied by an improvement in potassium balance and an increased rate of chloride excretion. A similar fall in ammonium excretion occurred in a second group of subjects after administration of KHCO 3 0.5 mmol/kg/day. Ketone body and bicarbonate excretion remained unchanged in this group while potassium balance improved. In both the first and second groups urine pH fell significantly as the rate of excretion of urinary buffer (ammonium) decreased. When the dose of KHCO 3 was increased to 1.5–2.0 mmol/kg/day in fasting subjects, the urine was alkalinized, and ammonium excretion fell to negligible levels, resulting in nitrogen sparing of 2.0 g/day. The results indicate that one-half of the increase in ammonium excretion observed in starvation is due to potassium deficiency. Nitrogen wastage caused by losses of urinary ammonium during starvation can be virtually eliminated by potassium supplementation and urinary alkalinization. The decrease in β-hydroxybutyrate excretion after potassium chloride administration was not caused by a fall in the rate of nonionic diffusion of this organic acid related to the reduction in urine pH. The reason for the fall in β-hydroxybutyrate excretion is not apparent, though it was associated with an increase in chloride excretion.
Dynamics and coordination of torso motions in human locomotion

Abstract A model is presented which compactly expresses the magnitudes and phasings of torso motions and indicates the character of bipedal support and stabilization by foot placement. The model includes all of the principal inertial body components: upper torso (and head), both arms, lower torso, and both legs. In this study specific arm-thorax and leg-pelvis phasings are assumed, based on data. However, the possibility of other phasings is retained in the analysis. The analysis indicates that arm and leg swing are significant inertial influences, and must be included (somehow) in a dynamical characterization. The model retains all of the intuitive dynamical properties such as the inverted pendulum aspect of human support and effect of foot placement (lateral support point) for stabilization. The resulting expressions are actually quite simple, partly because of the small torso angular motion assumptions and partly because of fortuitious geometric and kinematic properties. The predicted phasings and the magnitudes are generally corroborated by data.
A larger investment into exudation by competitive versus conservative plants is connected to more coupled plant–microbe N cycling

Plant–microbe interactions actively control nitrogen (N) cycling in the ecosystem. We hypothesize that the investment into exudation and the coupling of plant–microbe N cycling will be larger in competitive plants compared to the more conservative species. Root exudation of competitive (Glyceria maxima) and conservative (Carex acuta) plants was estimated by 13C-CO2 labeling. Seasonal changes in plant, microbial, and soil soluble N pools as well as potential net microbial N transformations were determined to interconnect the C and N cycling within grassland ecosystems dominated by these species. We showed that competitive Glyceria, as compared to conservative Carex, appears to affect soil N cycling through a more direct temporal and spatial influence on soil microbes due to a larger investment into root exudation. This makes the system highly dynamic, with faster soil N cycling and pronounced seasonal N redistribution between plants and microbes. The conservative Carex, irrespective of its larger root system, invested less C to exudation. In this case, the plant–microbe relationships appear to be less-coupled in time and space with the plant N supply likely relying mainly on the relatively slow microbial mineralization of organic matter than on rhizosphere priming effect. We showed that differences in soil N cycling associated with competitive versus conservative plants are closely connected with their different investments into root exudation, which govern the coupling of plant–microbe interactions in time and space.
Postembryonic proliferation in the spiny lobster antennular epithelium: rate of genesis of olfactory receptor neurons is dependent on molt stage.

Olfactory systems undergo continuous growth and turnover in many animals. Many decapod crustaceans, such as lobsters and crayfish, have indeterminate growth, and in these animals, turnover of both peripheral and central components of the olfactory system occurs continuously throughout life. In this study, we examine the dynamics of olfactory receptor neuron (ORN) proliferation in the antennule of the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, using in vivo incorporation of the cell proliferation marker BrdU. We show that addition of ORNs occurs in a “proximal proliferation zone” (PPZ), which exists on the proximo-lateral margin of the existing ORN population. The PPZ is spatially and temporally dynamic in that it travels as a wave in the proximal and lateral directions in the antennule. This wave results in continuous addition of ORNs throughout the molt cycle. The rate of proliferation, as measured by the size and shape of the PPZ, changes depending on the animal's molt stage. The rate is highest during premolt and lowest during intermolt. ORNs are the most prominent cell-type produced in the PPZ, but other cell types, including glia, are also produced. Patches of proliferating epithelial cells occur immediately proximal to the PPZ, suggesting that neuronal and glial precursors reside in this region. Possible mechanisms for peripheral and central modulation of ORN development are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 47: 51–66, 2001
Repellent mulches for control of the gladiolus thrips.

Reflective mulches reduced the aphid-borne cucumber mosaic virus in gladiolus by repelling the vectors, winged aphids (Aphididae) (Johnson et al. 1967) and also reduced the number of flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), and their damage to outdoor roses (Ota and Smith 1968). Therefore, experiments were conducted at Beltsville, Md., in 1970 and 1971 to test the repellency of aluminum and black-plastic soil mulches against the gladiolus thrips, Taeniothrips simplex (Morison), which damages the flowers.
INCORPORATING SALES FORCE PREFERENCES IN A GOAL PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR THE SALES RESOURCE ALLOCATION PROBLEM

This note presents a model for the sales territory assignment and resource allocation problem. The integer-goal-programming model includes input from the sales representatives in the form of preference values along with organizational goal values from management. The approach integrates the multiple objectiive inputs both for individual sales reprresentatives and for the organization into a single model by employing the approaches of multiattribute utility theory and multicriteria decision making. The purpose of the model is to provide a vehicle for testing various strategies and assessing the impact of those strategies on the sales representatives’utilities and the organization's goals.
Photo-nano immunotherapy for metastatic breast cancer using synergistic single-walled carbon nanotubes and glycated chitosan

In our previous work, we constructed a multifunctional nano system, using single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) and glycated chitosan (GC), which can synergize photothermal and immunological effects. To further confirm the therapy efficacy, with a metastatic mouse mammary tumor model (4T1), we investigate the therapy effects and immune response induced by SWNT-GC, under laser irradiation. Laser+SWNT-GC treatment not only suppressed the prime tumor, but also induced antitumor immune response. It could be developed into a promising treatment modality for the metastatic breast cancer.
Src Directly Phosphorylates Bif-1 and Prevents Its Interaction with Bax and the Initiation of Anoikis

Bif-1 interacts with Bax and enhances its conformational rearrangement, resulting in apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism governing the interaction between Bif-1 and Bax is poorly defined. Here we provide evidence that Bif-1 is phosphorylated, an event that can be repressed by apoptotic stimuli. The protein kinase c-Src binds to and directly phosphorylates Bif-1 on tyrosine 80. Moreover, Src phosphorylation of Bif-1 suppresses the interaction between Bif-1 and Bax, resulting in the inhibition of Bax activation during anoikis. Together, these results suggest that phosphorylation of Bif-1 impairs its binding to Bax and represses apoptosis, providing another mechanism by which Src oncogenic signaling can prevent cell death.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Studies of Valence States Produced by Ion-Sputtering Reduction:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements of various valence states of Fe and Cu in several compounds using ion-sputtering reduction are presented, and the potential usefulness of this time-dependent and in situ method is discussed.
An Astrometric Study of the Binary Star α Ophiuchi

The work reported here combines data from the Multichannel Astrometric Photometer (MAP), the European astrometric satellite, Hipparcos, and infrared speckle observations of the nearby subgiant binary star system α Oph. The A5 IV primary is found to have a mass of 2.84 ± 0.19 M⊙, while the approximately K2 V companion has a mass of 0.78 ± 0.058 M⊙. The distance modulus is 0.834 ± 0.024 mag, yielding an absolute visual magnitude of 1.248 ± 0.025 mag and an absolute K magnitude of the secondary of 4.3 ± 0.2 mag. Tables list the MAP data and an ephemeris that indicates that the next 4 yr are ideal for further interferometry.
A Parallel-Vector Algorithm for Rapid Structural Analysis on High-Performance Computers

A fast, accurate Choleski method for the solution of symmetric systems of linear equations is presented. This direct method is based on a variable-band storage scheme and takes advantage of column heights to reduce the number of operations in the Choleski factorization. The method employs parallel computation in the outermost DO-loop and vector computation via the "loop unrolling" technique in the innermost DO-loop. The method avoids computations with zeros outside the column heights, and as an option, zeros inside the band. The close relationship between Choleski and Gauss elimination methods is examined. The minor changes required to convert the Choleski code to a Gauss code to solve non-positive- definite symmetric systems of equations are identified. The results for two large-scale structural analyses performed on supercomputers, demonstrate the accuracy and speed of the method.
Dissolved silicate dynamics of the Rhode River watershed and estuary

We continuously measured dissolved silicate concentrations and fluxes discharged from various Rhode River subwatersheds for a period of 14 yr from 1984 to 1998 and for 15 mo in 1971–1972. We also measured dissolved silicate concentrations along a transect from the head of the tide in Rhode River estuary to Chesapeake Bay. The average concentration of dissolved silicate discharged from the Rhode River watershed was 10.8 mg Si l−1. There were consistent and significant differences in silicate concentrations discharged over time and space among subwatersheds. Mean annual silicate flux from the watershed was 26.6 kg Si ha−1 and 93% of this occurred during the winter and spring seasons. There were large interannual variations in silicate flux, due primarily to differences in precipitation and water discharge, rather than silicate concentration. Land use had little or no effect on silicate flux from various subwatersheds. Silicate concentrations discharged from a subset of subwatersheds in 1995–1996 were 25% to 35% lower than in a period with similar precipitation in 1971–1972. Mean annual concentrations of silicate discharged from nine subwatersheds have been declining about 1.5% yr−1 or by 0.21–0.26 mg Si l−1 yr−1 over the last 25 yr. Despite high average silicate fluxes from the watershed, at times the Rhode River estuary developed low dissolved silicate concentrations, which could have been limiting to the growth of diatoms. Examples were in the spring after a winter with low watershed discharge (as low as 0.019 mg Si l−1 in 1995) and after protracted drought (as low as 0.041 mg Si l−1 in 1993).
Where is the New World Order: at the end of history or clash of civilisations?

Is there a new world order? The simple answer to that simple question is yes, no, and maybe. Nothing in international life is, alas, comfortably simple. No, because since the end of the Cold War, n...
The selectivity of preparation.

This paper examines the extent to which preparatory processes are selective (a) between two performance measures, speed and accuracy, (b) within a processing stage, for example, stimulus encoding and response execution, and (c) among possible stimulus presentation times. It is shown that the appearance of selectivity between speed and accuracy depends on whether these variables are considered over the possible preparatory states on a given trial, over the trials within an experimental condition, or over different conditions, and the relevance of this result to the measurement of processing capacity is discussed. Selectivity within processing stages is demonstrated by applying a parametric processing model to data from letter-matching tasks in which the identity of the first letter is probabilistically related to that of the second letter. In these tasks, reaction time differences between physical and name matches and between same and different responses depend on the stimulus and response contingencies and on the stimulus presentation times. Finally, a method is presented for resolving observed error rates into components that reflect the accuracy of each processing stage.
Using critical incidents in teaching to promote reflective practice

Literature in teacher education stresses the importance of preparing thoughtful reflective practitioners. This study examined the use of critical incidents as a tool for reflection employed by teacher candidates during their clinical teaching semester. All participants were required to write weekly reflections using either a traditional journaling format (N=10) or an on-line weblogging format (N=10). Two independent readers analyzed the narratives and collaborated to reach censuses using open and axial coding to determine key phrases and words and to assign themes. The quantitative method used to analyze reflection entries was a Two-way ANOVA design. The results indicated a significant difference between the reflections of those who weblogged and the reflections of those who wrote in traditional journals. Participants who wrote in journals wrote complex investigative reflections of classroom events. Participants who wrote using weblogs wrote less complex descriptions of classroom events. In addition, part...
SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE SUCKER CREEK AND TROUT CREEK MIOCENE FLORAS OF SOUTHEASTERN OREGON

GRAHAM, ALAN. (U. Michigan, Ann Arbor.) Systematic revision of the Sucker Creek and Trout Creek Miocene floras of southeastern Oregon. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(9): 921-936. Illus. 1963.-The Sucker Creek flora is preserved in shales of volcanic origin exposed in Malheur County, southeastern Oregon. A study of the flora has been made and the systematic revisions presented. The following new species are described: Osmunda claytonites, Davallia solidites, Shepherdia argenteaites, Magnolia ovulata, Anoda suckerensis, and Platanus youngii. A new combination, Hiraea knowltoni (Berry), is proposed. Additional synonymies, Incertae Sedis, and other taxonomic changes are included. The Trout Creek flora is to the west of Sucker Creek in Harney County, southeastern Oregon. The fossils are preserved in diatomite. Four new species are described: Equisetum miocenicum, Gossypium arnoldii, Urena miocenica, and Spiraea miocenica. New combinations are Pteridium calabazensis (Dorf), and Nymphaea rotunda (Arnold). A revised species list is given for the 2 floras. The Sucker Creek flora contains 47 families, 60 genera, and 69 species, presently identified. The Trout Creek flora contains 29 families, 51 genera, and 75 species. The distributional, ecologic, and geologic interpretations of the 2 floras will be presented in a subse-
Regression analysis of mean quality-adjusted lifetime with censored data.

SUMMARY In clinical trials of chronic diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cancer, or cardiovascular diseases, the concept of quality-adjusted lifetime (QAL) has received more and more attention. In this paper, we consider the problem of how the covariates affect the mean QAL when the data are subject to right censoring. We allow a very general form for the mean model as a function of covariates. Using the idea of inverse probability weighting, we first construct a simple weighted estimating equation for the parameters in our mean model. We then find the form of the most efficient estimating equation, which yields the most efficient estimator for the regression parameters. Since the most efficient estimator depends on the distribution of the health history processes, and thus cannot be estimated nonparametrically, we consider different approaches for improving the efficiency of the simple weighted estimating equation using observed data. The applicability of these methods is demonstrated by both simulation experiments and a data example from a breast cancer clinical trial study.
Within-Culture Variations of Collectivism in Japan

Modeling after Vandello and Cohen’s American Collectivism Index, the researcher developed a scale to measure collectivism in prefectures (similar to U.S. states) in Japan. The new scale was evaluated against results from the Japanese General Social Survey, a national survey of individuals conducted annually, and was tested for association with common correlates of cultural syndromes. As expected, the Japanese Collectivism Scale (JCS) was reliable and was significantly associated with results of the individual-level attitudinal survey and the correlates of collectivism. The JCS also showed within-culture variations of collectivism in Japan—variations that are important to consider when interpreting cross-cultural differences in attitudes and behavior.
Allergy testing in the dog and cat

Allergic skin diseases are amongst the most common reasons for the presentation of dogs and cats to a veterinarian. Unfortunately, there is a great deal of similarity in the clinical signs associated with these diseases. In this article, the role of intradermal and serological allergy testing in the diagnosis and management of allergic skin diseases is reviewed, together with other diagnostic approaches.
Fidelity of SNP array genotyping using Epstein Barr virus-transformed B-lymphocyte cell lines: implications for genome-wide association studies.

Background: As availability of primary cells can be limited for genetic studies of human disease, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) are common sources of genomic DNA. LCL are created in a transformation process that entails in vitro infection of human B-lymphocytes with the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Methodology/Principal Findings: To test for genotypic errors potentially induced by the Epstein-Barr Virus transformation process, we compared single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotype calls in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and LCL from the same individuals. The average mismatch rate across 19 comparisons was 0.12% for SNPs with a population call rate of at least 95%, and 0.03% at SNPs with a call rate of at least 99%. Mismatch rates were not correlated across genotype subarrays run on all sample pairs. Conclusions/Significance: Genotypic discrepancies found in PBMC and LCL pairs were not significantly different than control pairs, and were not correlated across subarrays. These results suggest that mismatch rates are minimal with stringent quality control, and that most genotypic discrepancies are due to technical artifacts rather than the EBV transformation process. Thus, LCL likely constitute a reliable DNA source for host genotype analysis.
2009 Association for the Sociology of Religion Presidential AddressCan Post-Secular Society Tolerate Religious Differences?,

Amidst the visibility of religion in everyday culture and in political and civic debates, Jurgen Habermas's recent construal of post-secular society offers an intriguing shift in his approach to the accommodation of religion in the public sphere. The post-secular society is one that recognizes the relevance of religious ideas and intuitions in informing civic discourse and contributing to remedying the social pathologies of modernity. This paper welcomes Habermas's recent religious turn, but it also underscores some of the challenges and limits religion poses to its civic accommodation. The active tolerance of, and reflexive engagement with, religion required of post-secular society unearths several tensions in how religion itself is understood and practiced, and in how western societies deal with religious and cultural Otherness. Moreover, while the state may appear as a neutral actor mediating religious-based civic disputes, it too is encrusted with culturally particular understandings of what is normal and normative.
Direct observation of biofouling in cross-flow microfiltration: mechanisms of deposition and release

Abstract A laboratory-scale membrane filtration cell was constructed to enable direct microscopic observation of microbial cell deposition and release in cross-flow microfiltration. Initial deposition rates determined from microscopic images were interpreted through an interaction force model. Experimentally derived deposition rates and model calculations confirmed that initial cell and particle deposition was governed by permeation drag and electrostatic double layer forces. Microbial deposition rates increased linearly with increasing permeation velocity over several orders of magnitude, but decreased dramatically with small increases to membrane and particle zeta potential. Cross-flow velocity had no effect on initial deposition up to cross-flow Reynolds numbers of 600. Cell deposition rates were significantly lower at high ionic strength and low pH due to cell aggregation in the bulk. Model equations suggested that cell aggregates were more strongly influenced by tangential shear and lift forces, which tend to reduce deposition. The interaction force model predicted at a set of “critical operating conditions” at which cells were reversibly deposited. Direct observation experiments verified that most cells deposited under the predicted “critical” conditions were easily removed when permeation ceased – without the need for back-pulsing or chemical cleaning. Beyond the fundamental knowledge gained from this study, the experimental and theoretical techniques presented may prove valuable in identifying particle and biological fouling potentials of new membrane materials, as well as in developing effective fouling control strategies for environmental membrane separations.
Bayesian Model Selection: Examples Relevant to NMR

The model selection problem is one of the most basic problems in data analysis. Given a data set one can always expand the model almost indefinitely. How does one pick a model which explains the data, but does not contain spurious features relating to the noise? Here we present the results of a Bayesian model selection calculation started in [1] and then extended in [2], and show that the Bayesian answer to this question is essentially a quantitative statement of Occams razor: When two models fit the evidence in the data equally well, choose the simpler model.
The mean field theory in EM procedures for blind Markov random field image restoration

A Markov random field (MRF) model-based EM (expectation-maximization) procedure for simultaneously estimating the degradation model and restoring the image is described. The MRF is a coupled one which provides continuity (inside regions of smooth gray tones) and discontinuity (at region boundaries) constraints for the restoration problem which is, in general, ill posed. The computational difficulty associated with the EM procedure for MRFs is resolved by using the mean field theory from statistical mechanics. An orthonormal blur decomposition is used to reduce the chances of undesirable locally optimal estimates. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world images show that this approach provides good blur estimates and restored images. The restored images are comparable to those obtained by a Wiener filter in mean-square error, but are most visually pleasing. >
New methods in the practice of microwave engineering education

The authors discuss their efforts and innovations in developing a low-cost microwave laboratory course at Cornell. In this two-semester course, students can design, build, and test a variety of microstrip circuits, making use of a computer-aided design program, a nonconventional fabrication procedure, and computer controlled test equipment. >