cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduced-basis approximation of the viscous Burgers equation: rigorous a posteriori error bounds

Abstract We present rigorous, sharp, and inexpensive a posteriori error bounds for reduced-basis approximations of the viscosity-parametrized Burgers equation. There are two critical ingredients: the Brezzi, Rappaz and Raviart (Numer. Math. 36 (1980) 1–25) framework for analysis of approximations of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations; and offline/online computational procedures for efficient calculation of the necessary continuity and stability constants, and of the dual norm of the residual. Numerical results confirm the performance of the error bounds. To cite this article: K. Veroy et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 337 (2003).
Excited states and photochemistry of saturated molecules. ab initio calculations on methane

Abstract STO 4G calculations are carried out on methane in both tetrahedral and Jahn—Teller distorted C 2v and C 3v symmetries. Large increases in CH bond lengths are predicted in all states, and the I B 1 state in C 2v symmetry is predicted to dissociate to I B 1 methylene and 1 A 1 H 2 width no energy barrier. THe results are compared with earlier INDO calculations, and the latter are found to qualitatively consistent with the ab initio results.
Element content of mosses as possible indicators of air pollution

Since mosses derive their nutrients largely from air, they may serve as possible indicators of the magnitude of air pollution. Samples ofSphagnum mosses were collected in the Adirondack region of northeastern New York and analyzed for 46 elements. High concentrations of barium, chromium, iron, lead, molybdenum, titanium and vanadium were found. Concentrations of aluminum and fluorine were correlated and may be related to aluminum and glass smelting activities in the area. The concentrations of a number of other element pairs in the mosses also indicated some correlation.
Value of computed tomography in the detection of complications of Crohn's disease.

Abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans were performed on 17 patients with suspected complications of Crohn's disease. CT was superior to conventional barium studies and colonoscopy in demonstrating mural, serosal, and mesenteric pathology such as bowel wall thickening (100%), abscess (59%) and phlegmon (6%) formation, and fibrofatty proliferation of the mesentery (41%). While not advocated as the primary means of evaluating Crohn's disease, CT can provide information vital to the management of complications of this disease.
Ab initio study of substituent effects in the interactions of dimethyl ether with aromatic rings

Ab initio calculations have been used to investigate the interaction energies of dimers of dimethyl ether with benzene, hexafluorobenzene, and several monosubstituted benzenes. The potential energy curves were explored at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level for two basic configurations of the dimers, one in which the oxygen atom of the dimethyl ether was pointed towards the aromatic ring and the other in which the oxygen atom was pointed away from the aromatic ring. Once the optimum intermolecular distances between the dimethyl and the aromatic ring had been determined for each of the dimers in both configurations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level, single point energy calculations were performed at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level. A CCSD(T) correction term to the energy was determined and this was combined with the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ energies to estimate the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ interaction energies of the dimers. The estimated CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ interaction energies are predicted to be attractive for all of the dimers in both configurations and dispersion interactions are found to be a large component of the stabilization of the dimers. For the dimers with the dimethyl ether oxygen pointing towards the aromatic ring, the strengths of interaction energies are found to increase as the aromatic ring becomes more electron deficient, while for the dimers with the dimethyl ether oxygen pointing away from the aromatic ring, they increase as the aromatic ring becomes more electron rich. In both cases, the trends can be explained in terms of the electrostatic potentials of the dimethyl ether and the aromatic rings.
Timing of diapause in relation to temporally variable catastrophes

This paper analyses the response of the distribution of diapause switching times in an arthropod population with respect to variation in a catastrophe, which kills nondiapause individuals. For concreteness, the catastrophe will be taken to the onset of winter. The relationship between an individual's switching time and the decision whether to diapause is defined as follows: If she passes through the end of the sensitive period, during which the diapause decision is made, before her switching time, she will complete development and reproduce rather than diapause. If she passes through the sensitive period on or after her switching time, she will diapause. The model follows the evolution of the distribution of switching times for a population over a sequence of years. Random variation in the end of the season is created by sampling from a normal distribution of times at the end of the growing season. The model is for a haploid population in which the distribution of switching times that a female passes to her offspring is normally distributed having her switching time as its mean. This approximates a sexual population with strong positive assortative mating and heritability near 1. This mode of inheritance permits a rapid response to yearly changes in the end of the season as a contrast to earlier models, which incorporated a slow response. Patterns of temporal change in the median switching time are analyzed. The influences of three parameters are considered: the mean and standard deviation of the end of the season, and standard deviation of the offspring distribution. The main conclusion differs from the results of earlier models in that the end of the season must be extremely variable before the median of the distribution of switching times displays conservative behavior, i. e., before it becomes significantly earlier than the median expected when the end of the season is constant and equal to the mean of the normal distribution for the end of the season used in the simulation. Previous models predicted a conservative response even in moderately variable environments.
A nomenclature for avian coronavirus isolates and the question of species status

Currently, there is no agreed naming system for isolates of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), whose host is the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). A uniform, informative system for naming IBV isolates would be very helpful. Furthermore, the desirability of a single naming system has become more important with the recent discoveries that coronaviruses with genome organizations and gene sequences very similar to those of IBV have been isolated from turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and pheasants (Phasianus colchicus). To date, no genetic features have been found that are unique to turkey isolates and to pheasant isolates that would permit unequivocal differentiation from IBVs. Should the avian coronaviruses from turkeys, pheasants and other birds each be considered as distinct coronavirus species? Or should avian coronaviruses that have gene sequences similar to those of IBV be treated as host-range variants of IBV or, more objectively, as host-range variants of a species that might be called avian coronavirus (ACoV)? Clearly, the topic of avian coronavirus species differentiation requires debate. For the moment, a naming system for avian coronavirus isolates is overdue. Increasingly, papers will include data of coronaviruses isolated from more than one species of bird. It is desirable to have a nomenclature for avian coronaviruses that indicates the host species of origin. Furthermore, it would be helpful if the name of an isolate included the country/region of origin, an isolate number and the year of isolation. The names of avian paramyxovirus (APMV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) isolates have long since contained this information; I suggest that we adopt a similar convention for isolates of avian coronaviruses. For example, the D274 isolate of IBV could be named chicken/Netherlands/D274/78. Representatives of avian coronaviruses from turkey and pheasant would include turkey/United States(Nc)/NC95/95 and pheasant/UK/750/83. Two upper case letters would be used to denote country of isolation, whereas one upper and one lower case letter would be used to indicate state or province, e.g. Nc, North Carolina. The full-length names could be abbreviated, when desired, similar to the convention used for AIV isolates, e.g. chNL78, tyUS(Nc)95 and phUK83. If the serotype of an isolate has been clearly established, this might be included in the name at end, like the serotype designation of AIVs, e.g. chicken/China/NRZ/91 (Mass.) for the Chinese isolate of the Massachusetts serotype. This suggested naming system for isolates is essentially neutral with regard to whether viruses from different bird species should be considered as different coronavirus species or simply as variants of just one avian coronavirus species. In my opinion an informative nomenclature for avian coronavirus isolates is required now, to improve communication, and need not be delayed until a decision on the definition of coronavirus species has been made.
The Prognostic Value of Percentage of Positive Biopsies, Percentage of Cancer Volume, and Maximum Involvement of Biopsy Cores in Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Proton Beam Therapy

Materials/Methods: From 2003 to 2009, a total of 705 men with intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer were treated with I-125 brachytherapy. NAHT was given in order to reduce prostate sizes or for long waiting lists. Only 417 patients, who had received between 1 and 12 months of NAHT, were included. No patients received concurrent or adjuvant hormone therapy (HT). Various drugs of NAHT were used; anti-androgen drugs in 199, LHRH agonist in 113, and these combination in 107. Neoadjuvant (NA) PSA nadir was assessed within 2 weeks before brachytherapy. After NAHT, 124 men with lowtier (PSA 0.5 ng/mL (96% vs 90%, p Z 0.005). The 5-year bFFS was significantly higher for BED >180 Gy2 compared with BED 180 Gy2 (94% vs 80%, p Z 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed NA PSA nadir and BED to be significant (p Z 0.014 and p Z 0.001, respectively). To examine for an effect of BED on NA PSA nadir, when restricted to patients with PSA nadir >0.5 ng/mL, bFFS was significantly in favor of the patients with BED >180 Gy2 compared with BED 180 Gy2 (93% vs 70%, p Z 0.001). For patients with PSA nadir 0.5 ng/mL, BED did not predict for bFFS (95% vs 97%). Conclusions: We identified NA PSA nadir and BED as independent predictors of biochemical outcomes of I-125 brachytherapy with or without external beam radiation for intermediate-risk prostate cancer. Patients without adequate PSA nadir during NAHT should be treated with dose escalation. Author Disclosure: A. Yorozu: None. S. Saito: None. K. Toya: None. K. Yoshida: None. A. Takahashi: None. T. Tanaka: None. N. Kuroiwa: None. Y. Shiraishi: None. T. Ohashi: None.
Reactions of 1-chloro-3-phenylpropane, 2-chlorotoluene, and 4-chlorophenol in supercritical water

Abstract The influence of supercritical water (SW) on reactions of organic chlorides at concentrations of 1.5 to 7 mole % has been examined. The aliphatic compounds were represented by 1-chloro-3-phenylpropane which reacted rapidly and completely at 400 °C by both pyrolysis and with SW. The presence of SW produced only a minor shift in organic products. SW did promote the reaction between the metal walls (whether Inconel or stainless steel) and the chloride, or HCl formed from it, to quantitatively produce metal chlorides, as confirmed by Inductively-Coupled Plasma (ICP) analysis. After dry pyrolysis, some HCl still remained. SW did significantly increase the rate of consumption of the aromatic chloride, 2-chlorotoluene, over that of dry pyrolysis at 450 and 500 °C. Metal chlorides were evident in the water layer, and HCl was not detected in the SW reaction. Because the reaction of organic chlorides, and/or the HCl formed from them, with the reactor walls may influence the rates and product distributions, experiments were conducted using Vycor ™ inserts to provide a more inert surface. The results of these experiments, plus those with added NiCl 2 or FeCl 2 Solutions in the Vycor ™ insert, showed conclusively that both the metal wall and the metal salts had a catalytic effect in the reaction. Similar catalysis by the reactor wall was observed in a brief examination of the SW-4-chlorophenol reaction.
UNIVERSITY‐BASED TREATMENT PROGRAM FOR THE PSYCHIATRIC ELDERLY—HOW EFFECTIVE?

A psychosocial educational rehabilitation model coupled with more traditional individual and group psychotherapy services is used by a university‐based treatment program in Florida. The unique advantage of including such a model as part of a professional school in psychology is that it provides (a) a wide range of clinical services, (b) training opportunities, (c) avenues for applied research, (d) interaction between staff/students and faculty, and (e) an environment of growth and development. Preliminary examination of discharge data resulting from this model indicates a high rate of successful community adjustment and decline in psychiatric hospital readmission. The educational and training programs for psychologists in the area of clinical gerontology include one‐to‐one supervision; exposure to individual and group psychotherapy techniques; inter‐disciplinary treatment team planning; and personality, cognitive, and neuropsychological assessment.
Radiative lifetimes of some group II ions by the Hanle effect in a fast-flowing helium afterglow

Radiative lifetimes of the first $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state of Mgu, Cau, Znu, Sru, Cdu, and Bau are reported as measured by the Hanle effect in a fast-flowing helium afterglow. They are, respectively, 3.65(0.12), 6.61(0.30), 2.4(0.3), 6.64(0.10), 2.86(0.25), 6.78(0.40) in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ sec. The ions in the afterglow are created by Penning ionization of the neutral metal atoms, thus providing a steady-state, field-free region for observation. Comparisons are made with measurements by other methods, and discrepancies are discussed.
The acupuncture wars: the professionalizing of American acupuncture--a view from Massachusetts.

Since the 1970s acupuncturists in the United States have confronted the dilemma of how to define themselves not only as practitioners in relation to an evolving Americanized version of Chinese medicine but also with respect to definitions of biomedical professional identity, which are currently in flux. The central issue is that of professionalization. This study traces the process of professionalization through the initial reception of the modality; the first steps toward specialized training; and the further steps through professional associations, credentialing, and licensing. This process takes place within the broader social frame of fluctuating definitions of biomedical professionalism. It is within this context that acupuncturists are assessing role definition, status, and compensation. Part of the process also involves the renewed use of the clinical trial and the potential co-opting of acupuncture. The potential for resistance is tied in with alliances with holistic physicians and with acupunctur...
Ab interno approach to Schlemm canal: Ab interno trabecular ablative procedures

The high risk of complications and long period of recovery associated with glaucoma filtration procedures have been significant deterrents to surgery for both clinicians and patients. With the advent of microinvasive glaucoma procedures and the persistence of glaucoma medical compliance issues, clinicians have demonstrated a renewed interest in earlier glaucoma surgical intervention. This article reviews the indications, technique, and surgical results for trabecular ablation to lower intraocular pressure. Financial Disclosure Dr. Vold has received research support and is on the speakers bureau for Neomedix Corp. No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
What Dennett can't imagine and why

Woven into Dennett's account of consciousness is his belief that certain possibilities are not conceivable. This is manifested in his view that we are not conscious in any sense in which we can imagine that philosophers’ ‘zombies’ might not be conscious, and also in his claims about ‘Hindsight’, and what possibilities this can coherently suggest to us. If the possibilities Dennett denies none the less seem conceivable to us, then if he does not give us reason to think they are actually incoherent, we ought to reject his theory, since it denies the intelligibility of the very notion we should want a theory of consciousness to discuss. I argue that Dennett does not provide us with convincing reasons of the relevant sort, and I suggest that his difficulty with the concept of consciousness is rooted in questionable epistemological assumptions which he fails to justify.
Exploration of the role of sodium in the α-adrenergic regulation of hepatic glycogenolysis

A large body of evidence is accumulating which suggests the existence of an intracellular second messenger for the cradrenergic system in liver [l-6]. Current findings suggest that, following catecholamine binding to hepa’tic a-adrenergic receptors located in the plasma membrane [3,7] a factor or signal is generated which produces an efflux of calcium from mitochondria [3,5,6]. The released calcium is then thought to activate phosphorylase b kinase allosterically. The nature of this putative messenger is unknown. Several physiologically occurring factors are known to influence the release of calcium from mitochondria in vitro (e.g., Na+, phosphoenolpyruvate, prostaglandins, oxidation of nicotinamide nucleotides) [8,9]. It was originally thought that the rat liver mitochondrial calcium-transport system is not affected by Na’ [8]. However, it has recently been demonstrated that sodium does produce a release of calcium from rat liver mitochondria [ lo,11 ] as it does with heart and brain mitochondria [8,12]. It has also been suggested that sodium may act as the intracellular second messenger for the a-adrenergic system in rat liver [ 10,111 and that Na+ is important for other hepatic a-adrenergic effects [13-i 51. Here we show that Na’ is able to alter the calcium buffering point of rat liver mitochondria in vitro. However, sodium depletion experiments together with studies utilizing the monovalent cationophore monensin [ 161 in isolated hepatocytes demonstrate that sodium is an unlikely candidate for the putative cY-adrenergic second messenger.
p-Toluenesulfonyl esters of perfluorinated tertiary alcohols: crystal structure determination of the absolute configuration of C6F5(CF3)2COSO2C6H4CH3

Abstract Selected perfluorinated tertiary alcohols can be treated with p -toluenesulfonyl chloride to form their p -toluenesulfonyl esters C 6 F 5 (CF 3 ) 2 COSO 2 C 6 H 4 CH 3 ( 1 ), CF 3 C 6 F 4 OC 6 F 4 (C 3 F 7 ) (C 8 F 17 )COSO 2 C 6 H 4 CH 3 ( 2 ) and (CF 3 C 6 F 4 OC 6 F 4 ) 2 (C 7 F 15 )COSO 2 C 6 H 4 CH 3 ( 3 ). The absolute configuration of 1 is established by X-ray diffraction.
Ecosystem consequences of fish parasites

In most aquatic ecosystems, fishes are hosts to parasites and, sometimes, these parasites can affect fish biology. Some of the most dramatic cases occur when fishes are intermediate hosts for larval parasites. For example, fishes in southern California estuaries are host to many parasites. The most common of these parasites, Euhaplorchis californiensis, infects the brain of the killifish Fundulus parvipinnis and alters its behaviour, making the fish 10–30 times more susceptible to predation by the birds that serve as its definitive host. Parasites like E. californiensis are embedded in food webs because they require trophic transmission. In the Carpinteria Salt Marsh estuarine food web, parasites dominate the links and comprise substantial amount of biomass. Adding parasites to food webs alters important network statistics such as connectance and nestedness. Furthermore, some free-living stages of parasites are food items for free-living species. For instance, fishes feed on trematode cercariae. Being embedded in food webs makes parasites sensitive to changes in the environment. In particular, fishing and environmental disturbance, by reducing fish populations, may reduce parasite populations. Indirect evidence suggests a decrease in parasites in commercially fished species over the past three decades. In addition, environmental degradation can affect fish parasites. For these reasons, parasites in fishes may serve as indicators of environmental impacts. Journal compilation # 2008 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles No claim to original US government works
Orthogonal point-set embeddings of 3-connected and 4-connected planar graphs

An orthogonal point-set embedding of a planar graph G on a set S of points in Euclidean plane is a drawing of G where each vertex of G is placed on a point of S, each edge is drawn as a sequence of alternate horizontal and vertical line segments and any two edges do not cross except at their common end. In this paper, we devise an algorithm for orthogonal point-set embedding of 3-connected cubic planar graphs having a hamiltonian cycle with at most (5n over 2 + 2) bends, where n is the number of vertices in G. We also give an algorithm for finding an orthogonal point-set embedding of 4-connected planar graphs with at most 6n bends. Both the algorithms run in linear time. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work on orthogonal point-set embeddings with fewer bends.
Modeling with bivariate geometric distributions

This article describes two bivariate geometric distributions. We investigate characterizations of bivariate geometric distributions using conditional failure rates and study properties of the bivariate geometric distributions. The bivariate models are fitted to real-life data using the Method of Moments, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayes Estimators. Two methods of moments estimators, in each bivariate geometric model, are compared and evaluated for their performance in terms of bias vector and covariance matrix. This comparison is done through a Monte Carlo simulation. Chi-square goodness-of-fit tests are used to evaluate model performance.
Paradoxes in parallel processing (abstract)

Intuition suggests that when a computation is moved from a single processor to n parallel processors, the speedups possible range from a factor of n for a completely parallelizable procedure to no speedup at all for a strictly sequential procedure. It is shown, however, that in some cases speedups greater than n can be achieved, while in other cases the use of parallel processors would cause a slowdown. Some earlier published claims of superlinear speedups are shown to be false, due only to inefficiency of the single-processor algorithm. However, it is proven that if internal memory is a constraint, superlinear speedups are indeed possible, even for the most efficient algorithm. On the other hand, if the exchange of data between processors is sufficiently time-consuming, it can be faster to perform an algorithm on a single processor. There also exist intermediate speedups, close to linear (in the order of n/log2n) for certain vector operations, and an extremely low speedup in the order of log2n for some binary search procedures.
New insights into the functions of anthrax toxin

Anthrax is the disease caused by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Two toxins secreted by B. anthracis - lethal toxin (LT) and oedema toxin (OT) - contribute significantly to virulence. Although these toxins have been studied for half a century, recent evidence indicates that LT and OT have several roles during infection not previously ascribed to them. Research on toxin-induced effects other than cytolysis of target cells has revealed that LT and OT influence cell types previously thought to be insensitive to toxin. Multiple host factors that confer sensitivity to anthrax toxin have been identified recently, and evidence indicates that the toxins probably contribute to colonisation and invasion of the host. Additionally, the toxins are now known to cause a wide spectrum of tissue and organ pathophysiologies associated with anthrax. Taken together, these new findings indicate that anthrax-toxin-associated pathogenesis is much more complex than has been traditionally recognised.
Health-related quality of life and help seeking among American Indians with diabetes and hypertension.

Objective To evaluate the Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of American Indians with diabetes, hypertension, or both conditions using the SF36; and to explore how the HRQoL is associated with help seeking among American Indians with and without these chronic conditions.
Fractures of the Knee and Tibia

Distal femoral extra-articular physeal fractures account for 1% of all fractures in children and 5% of physeal injuries. In hyperextension injuries the epiphysis is displaced anteriorly while the metaphysis is displaced into the popliteal fossa. The more frequent varus–valgus fractures result from abduction or adduction force in the coronal plane. Only a few are Salter–Harris I lesions (Fig. 49.1); the vast majority are Salter–Harris II fractures [1]. In children 2–11 years old these fractures are inevitably caused by severe trauma. In the adolescent, Salter–Harris I and II lesions are caused by less extensive trauma, usually sports injuries [2].
Survey of bariatric surgical patients' experiences with behavioral and psychological services

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery continues to grow in popularity as a treatment of obesity; however, weight regain and noncompliance with behavioral recommendations remain an issue. Little is known about the type and frequency of services completed by bariatric patients and their satisfaction with these services. However, preliminary research has shown that the use of behavioral and psychological services is less common after surgery. We assessed the behavioral and psychological services completed by bariatric patients before and after surgery, patient satisfaction with the surgery and services, and the relationship between the completed services and the outcomes. The participants were solicited for participation using an on-line support Web site dedicated to obesity and bariatrics. Methods A convenience sample of 380 subjects were included in the present study. They completed an Internet-based survey that assessed the psychological, dietary, exercise, and lifestyle services completed before and after surgery, their satisfaction with these services, and their weight loss outcomes. Results Overall, the participants reported completing more services before surgery. After surgery, the most frequently reported services completed were support groups and dietary consultation. More than one half of the participants did not meet with either a mental health professional or an exercise professional after surgery. The participants expressed high satisfaction with their surgery and services, with exercise services receiving the lowest satisfaction rating. A statistically significant relationship was found between the total number of postoperative psychological and behavioral services completed and a greater percentage of excess weight lost. The t tests showed that participants who completed group exercise sessions and nutritional consultation after surgery lost more weight than did those who did not complete these services. Conclusion The participants in the present sample reported completing few behavioral and psychological services after surgery. However, our findings showed that these services could promote greater weight loss and maintenance. Thus, it is recommended that bariatric facilities and insurance providers consider requiring patients to complete postoperative behavioral modification programs that target improvement in diet and physical activity behaviors.
The Argonne Voyager multimedia server

With the growing presence of multimedia-enabled systems, we will see an integration of collaborative computing concepts into future scientific and technical workplaces. Desktop teleconferencing is common today, while more complex teleconferencing technology that relies on the availability of multipoint-enabled tools is starting to become available on PCs. A critical problem when using these collaborative tools is archiving multistream, multipoint meetings and making the content available to others. Ideally, one would like the ability to capture, record, play back, index, annotate, and distribute multimedia stream data as easily as we currently handle text or still-image data. The Argonne Voyager project is exploring and developing media server technology needed to provide such a flexible, virtual multipoint recording/playback capability. In this article we describe the motivating requirements, architecture, implementation, operation, performance, and related work.
Long‐term vegetation responses to reintroduction and repeated use of fire in mixed‐conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada

Nearly a century of fire suppression has changed fundamental aspects of the structure and functioning of fire-adapted forests throughout the western U.S. Prescribed fire is increasingly used to restore forest structure and reduce surface fuels with limited consideration of its consequences for biological diversity. In this study, we used more than two decades of data from permanent plots in mixed-conifer forests of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California, to explore changes in plant diversity and abundance following reintroduction and repeated use of fire. Data on stand structure, fuel loading, fire severity and heterogeneity, and the richness and abundance of major growth forms were collected on 51 plots representing one of three treatments: control, first-entry burn, and second-entry burn. Understories showed distinct compositional changes over time in first- and second-entry burns. Burned plots supported more than twice as many species as controls 10 yr after treatment; first-entry plots showed a nearly threefold increase in richness by year 20. Burned plots supported four to five times as many shrub species as controls 5–10 yr after burning. Total plant cover (dominated by perennial forbs and shrubs) increased in first-entry plots, but did not differ from controls until 20 yr after treatment. Following second-entry, cover did not change through final sampling (year 10). Nonnative species were rare, occurring in only three plots at low abundance. Higher severity fires led to greater numbers of species and to greater plant cover. Species richness was not correlated with burn heterogeneity. Long-term observations suggest that reintroduction of fire in previously unmanaged forests can gradually enhance the diversity and abundance of understory species. Repeated burning—necessary to achieve structural and fuel-reduction objectives—does not appear to have a detrimental effect on plant diversity and may enhance the distributions of species that are adversely affected by fire exclusion. If fire is to play an important role in restoration, however, it will need to be maintained as a frequent and spatially dynamic process on the landscape.
Hybrid femtosecond/picosecond rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering at flame temperatures using a second-harmonic bandwidth-compressed probe

We demonstrate an approach for picosecond probe-beam generation that enables hybrid femtosecond/picosecond pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) measurements in flames. Sum-frequency generation of bandwidth-compressed picosecond radiation from femtosecond pumps with phase-conjugate chirps provides probe pulses with energies in excess of 1 mJ that are temporally locked to the femtosecond pump/Stokes preparation. This method overcomes previous limitations on hybrid femtosecond/picosecond rotational CARS techniques, which have relied upon less efficient bandwidth-reduction processes that have generally resulted in prohibitively low probe energy for flame measurements. We provide the details of the second-harmonic approach and demonstrate the technique in near-adiabatic hydrogen/air flames.
Monitoring tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines and nicotine in novel Marlboro and Camel smokeless tobacco products: findings from Round 1 of the New Product Watch.

Introduction: Information on chemical composition of the new oral "spitless" smokeless tobacco products is scarce, and it is not clear whether there is some variability as a function of purchase place or time due to either unintended or intended manufacturing variations or other conditions. Methods: We analyzed tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) and nicotine in Marlboro Snus, Camel Snus, and dissolvable Camel products Orbs, Sticks, and Strips that were purchased in various regions of the country during the summer of 2010. Results: A total of 117 samples were received from different states representing six regions of the country. Levels of unpro- tonated nicotine in Marlboro Snus and Camel Snus varied sig- nificantly by regions, with the differences between the highest and the lowest average regional levels being relatively small in Marlboro Snus (~1.3-fold) and large in Camel Snus (~3-fold). Some regional variations in TSNA levels were also observed. Overall, Camel Snus had significantly higher TSNA levels than Marlboro Snus, and Camel Strips had the lowest TSNA levels among all novel products analyzed here. The amount of unpro- tonated nicotine in the dissolvable Camel products was compa- rable to the levels found in Marlboro Snus. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates some regional varia- tions in the levels of nicotine and TSNA in Marlboro and Camel novel smokeless tobacco products. Continued monitoring of this category of products is needed as the existing products are being test marketed and modified, and new products are being introduced. This information is particularly important given its
Atrial Fibrillation After Aortic Arch Repair Requiring Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest: Incidence, Clinical Outcome, and Clinical Predictors

Objective: To delineate the incidence, outcome impact, and clinical predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF) after adult aortic arch repair requiring deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (AAR-DHCA) Aims: To determine the incidence of AF after AAR-DHCA, to determine whether AF after AAR-DHCA affects mortality or stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), to determine multivariate predictors for AF after AAR-DHCA, and to determine whether aprotinin protects against AF after AAR-DHCA. Study Design: Retrospective and observational. Study Setting: Single large university hospital. Participants: All adults undergoing AAR-DHCA in 2000 and 2001. Main Results: The cohort size was 144. Antifibrinolytic exposure was 100%, aprotinin 66% and aminocaproic acid 34%. The incidence of AF was 34.0%. AF was not significantly associated with increased mortality or prolonged ICU stay. Advanced age was a multivariate risk factor for AF. Lower temperature nadir during DHCA was protective against postoperative AF. Aprotinin had no demonstrable effect on AF after AAR-DHCA. Conclusions: AF after AAR-DHCA is common but does not independently increase mortality or ICU stay. The risk of AF after AAR-DHCA increases with age but decreases with the degree of hypothermia during DHCA. Aprotinin does not appear to affect the risk of AF after AAR-DHCA.
Neuroimaging studies of language production and comprehension.

The 1990s were dubbed the “Decade of the Brain.” During this time there was a marked increase in the amount of neuroimaging work observing how the brain accomplishes many tasks, including the processing of language. In this chapter we review the past 15 years of neuroimaging research on language production and comprehension. The findings of these studies indicate that the processing involved in language use occurs in diffuse brain regions. These regions include Broca's and Wernicke's areas, primary auditory and visual cortex, and frontal regions in the left hemisphere, as well as in the right hemisphere homologues to these regions. We conclude the chapter by discussing the future of neuroimaging research into language production and comprehension.
Flow and conduit formation in the external fluid-transport system of a suspension feeder

SUMMARY To what extent is the development of a fluid-transport system related to flow within the system? Colonies of the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea have a simple external fluid-transport system with three components: the canopy of lophophores (crowns of ciliated tentacles), the edge of the canopy, and chimneys (raised openings in the canopy). The lophophores pump seawater into the colony and capture food particles from the seawater. The chimneys and canopy edge let the water back out of the colony. New chimneys form at the canopy edge as the colony grows. I tested whether there was a correlation between chimney formation and excurrent flow speed at the canopy edge by measuring excurrent flow speeds prior to chimney formation. Excurrent flow speeds were higher in regions that produced chimneys than in regions that did not form chimneys. Observations of changes in chimney shape after anesthetization with MgCl2 suggest that both growth and behavior determine chimney shape. Together, the results suggest that there is a strong correlation between growth and flow in this external fluid-transport system, with new chimneys forming at sites of high flow.
Targeting of Chitin Synthase 3 to Polarized Growth Sites in Yeast Requires Chs5p and Myo2p

Chitin is an essential structural component of the yeast cell wall whose deposition is regulated throughout the yeast life cycle. The temporal and spatial regulation of chitin synthesis was investigated during vegetative growth and mating of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by localization of the putative catalytic subunit of chitin synthase III, Chs3p, and its regulator, Chs5p. Immunolocalization of epitope-tagged Chs3p revealed a novel localization pattern that is cell cycledependent. Chs3p is polarized as a diffuse ring at the incipient bud site and at the neck between the mother and bud in small-budded cells; it is not found at the neck in large-budded cells containing a single nucleus. In large-budded cells undergoing cytokinesis, it reappears as a ring at the neck. In cells responding to mating pheromone, Chs3p is found throughout the projection. The appearance of Chs3p at cortical sites correlates with times that chitin synthesis is expected to occur. In addition to its localization at the incipient bud site and neck, Chs3p is also found in cytoplasmic patches in cells at different stages of the cell cycle. Epitope-tagged Chs5p also localizes to cytoplasmic patches; these patches contain Kex2p, a late Golgi-associated enzyme. Unlike Chs3p, Chs5p does not accumulate at the incipient bud site or neck. Nearly all Chs3p patches contain Chs5p, whereas some Chs5p patches lack detectable Chs3p. In the absence of Chs5p, Chs3p localizes in cytoplasmic patches, but it is no longer found at the neck or the incipient bud site, indicating that Chs5p is required for the polarization of Chs3p. Furthermore, Chs5p localization is not affected either by temperature shift or by the myo2-66 mutation, however, Chs3p polarization is affected by temperature shift and myo2-66. We suggest a model in which Chs3p polarization to cortical sites in yeast is dependent on both Chs5p and the actin cytoskeleton/Myo2p.
A measurement of balanced transmission lines using S-parameters

A new method for measuring both balanced and unbalanced parameters of a twisted pair cable up to 500 MHz is presented. The parameters are derived from the unbalanced data measured by a conventional network analyzer with an S-parameter test set without using balanced-to-unbalanced conversion transformers (baluns). The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of the measurement system is -70 dB constant over the frequency range from 10 kHz to 500 MHz. The resultant data matched within 0.5 dB for insertion loss and 3% for the characteristic impedance with those measured by a conventional method using balun. The data of the near end crosstalk also matched well at the frequency range higher than 1 MHz. >
Clients' perceptions of the process and consequences of self-disclosure in psychotherapy

The primary aim of this multimethod study was to investigate client perceptions of the process, benefits, difficulties, and consequences of disclosing and withholding material in psychotherapy sessions. Twentyone clients in psychotherapy, most engaged in long-term psychodynamically oriented treatment, participated in semistructured interviews and completed several Likert-type scales. Results indicate that most clients feel that therapy is a safe place to disclose, made especially so by the goodness of the therapeutic relationship; that the disclosure process initially generates shame and anticipatory anxiety but ultimately engenders feelings of safety, pride, and authenticity; that keeping secrets inhibits the work of therapy, whereas disclosing produces a sense of relief from physical as well as emotional tension; that disclosures in therapy facilitate subsequent disclosures to one’s therapist as well as to family members and friends; and that therapists should actively pursue material that is difficult to disclose. Speak to me as to thy thinkings, as thou dost ruminate, and give thy worst of thoughts the worst of words—Shakespeare, Othello Western culture historically has emphasized the importance of revealing secrets. This is perhaps seen most profoundly in the orthodoxy of the Catholic Church, which not only stresses the importance of confessing one’s sins but also requires it for absolution. Still, more so than in many decades, self-disclosure seems to be of intense contemporary interest. In “reality” television programming, talk-show radio, tabloid newspapers, books, and politics, a tell-all mentality now prevails. New and formidable social, economic, and political pressures—including rapid technological advances, failing financial markets, and global terrorism— seem to be increasing the need for individuals to feel intimately connected with others, in part by revealing themselves to others. However, it is within the confines of the psychotherapist’s office that self-disclosure is most expected, emphasized, and valued. The present study aimed to investigate the phenomenology of clients’ disclosures in therapy as they unfold throughout the course of treatment.
Adaptive model predictive control for co-ordination of compression and friction brakes in heavy duty vehicles

SUMMARY In this paper, an adaptive model predictive control scheme is designed for speed control of heavy vehicles. The controller co-ordinates use of compression brakes and friction brakes on downhill slopes. Moreover, the model predictive controller takes the actuator constraints into account. A recursive least square scheme with forgetting is used in parallel with the controller to update the estimates of vehicle mass and road grade. The adaptation improved the model predictive controller. Also online estimation of the road grade enhanced the closed-loop performance further by contributing through feedforward control. Simulations of realistic driving scenarios with a validated longitudinal vehicle model are used throughout this paper to illustrate the benefits of co-ordinating the two braking mechanisms and influence of unknown vehicle mass and road grade. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sexual Size Dimorphism in the Red Hills Salamander, Phaeognathus hubrichti (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Desmognathinae)

Body size is an important variable used in life-history and sexual selection theory to predict reproductive, behavioral, and ecological traits. Except for the presence of special skin glands in males, sexual dimorphism has not been reported in the Red Hills Salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti), the basal member of the Desmognathinae. These data provide insight into the evolution of SSD (sexual size dimorphism) in the entire subfamily. We conducted multivariate and univariate tests on eight morphological measurements of 92 preserved P. hubrichti. We also examined specimens for broken tails and U-shaped scars, which may indicate bites from conspecifics. Male salamanders were larger than females in all measurements except tail length and had more scars than either females or juveniles. This species exhibited male-biased SSD in shape and size: males were broad and bulky, females were long and thin. Regression analysis showed differences in resource allocation between male and female salamanders. Differences in life-history strategies and sexual selection in the form of male-male combat may explain these differences in body size.
Identification of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor HIF-1A as Transcriptional Regulator of the A2B Adenosine Receptor during Acute Lung Injury

Although acute lung injury (ALI) contributes significantly to critical illness, resolution often occurs spontaneously through endogenous pathways. We recently found that mechanical ventilation increases levels of pulmonary adenosine, a signaling molecule known to attenuate lung inflammation. In this study, we hypothesized a contribution of transcriptionally controlled pathways to pulmonary adenosine receptor (ADOR) signaling during ALI. We gained initial insight from microarray analysis of pulmonary epithelia exposed to conditions of cyclic mechanical stretch, a mimic for ventilation-induced lung disease. Surprisingly, these studies revealed a selective induction of the ADORA2B. Using real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting, we confirmed an up to 9-fold induction of the ADORA2B following cyclic mechanical stretch (A549, Calu-3, or human primary alveolar epithelial cells). Studies using ADORA2B promoter constructs identified a prominent region within the ADORA2B promoter conveying stretch responsiveness. This region of the promoter contained a binding site for the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1. Additional studies using site-directed mutagenesis or transcription factor binding assays demonstrated a functional role for HIF-1 in stretch-induced increases of ADORA2B expression. Moreover, studies of ventilator-induced lung injury revealed induction of the ADORA2B during ALI in vivo that was abolished following HIF inhibition or genetic deletion of Hif1a. Together, these studies implicate HIF in the transcriptional control of pulmonary adenosine signaling during ALI.
Markov-based channel characterization for tractable performance analysis in wireless packet networks

Finite-state Markov chain (FSMC) models have often been used to characterize the wireless channel. The fitting is typically performed by partitioning the range of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) into a set of intervals (states). Different partitioning criteria have been proposed in the literature, but none of them was targeted to facilitating the analysis of the packet delay and loss performance over the wireless link. In this paper, we propose a new partitioning approach that results in an FSMC model with tractable queueing performance. Our approach utilizes Jake's level-crossing analysis, the distribution of the received SNR, and the elegant analytical structure of Mitra's producer-consumer fluid queueing model. An algorithm is provided for computing the various parameters of the model, which are then used in deriving closed-form expressions for the effective bandwidth (EB) subject to packet loss and delay constraints. Resource allocation based on the EB is key to improving the perceived capacity of the wireless medium. Numerical investigations are carried out to study the interactions among various key parameters, verify the adequacy of the analysis, and study the impact of error control parameters on the allocated bandwidth for guaranteed packet loss and delay performance.