cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synaptosomal transport: a chloride dependence for choline, GABA, glycine and several other compounds.

— The synaptosomal transport of fourteen different neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter precursors and other amino acids was tested for a chloride dependence. Those compounds having sodium-dependent‘high-affinity’transport systems exhibited a chloride dependence which was maintained over time and which was concentration dependent. Low chloride concentrations altered the transport kinetics of the compounds examined. The reduced accumulation of these compounds in chloride deficient media was not due to increased efflux or alterations in metabolism. The significance of these results for models of transport, methods in transport studies and for other factors are discussed.
The remarkable vision of robert Hooke (1635-1703) : first observer of the microbial world

Robert Hooke played important roles in the early development of the Royal Society of London. As Curator of Experiments of the Society, he became a pioneering microscopist, prolific inventor, astronomer, geologist, architect, and an effective surveyor of the City of London following the Great Fire of 1666. Hooke's Micrographia (1665) revealed the microscopic structures of numerous biological and inorganic objects and became an important source of information for later studies. Aside from the body of detailed observations reported and depicted in Micrographia, the Preface is in itself an extraordinary document that exhibits Hooke's fertile mind, philosophical insights, and rare ability to look into the future.
Validation of In Situ Ionospheric Density Measurements with Ground-Based Radar

TheinsitusensorsaboardspacecraftoftheDefenseMeteorologicalSatelliteProgram routinely measuretop-side ionospheric ion densities near 840 km. This report presents data that demonstrate that the satellite ion density measurements are accurate. This verie cation is done by comparing the ion densities determined by the thermal plasma instrument with plasma densities determined by the incoherent scatter radar station at Millstone Hill, Westford, Massachusetts. The radar measurements were obtained at nearly the same location and same time as the satellite measurements and are completely independent of the satellite observations. This report describes the collection and comparison of the radar and spacecraft data for the years 1989 and 1991. The principal result of the study is that ion densities determined by the spacecraft differ from radar plasma densities by less than 10%.
Aircraft Measurements of Convective Draft Cores in MONEX

Abstract Refinements have been made to a standard procedure for calculating vertical air velocities from parameters measured routinely during flights by the Electra aircraft of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. Accuracies generally near one or two meters per second have been attained. Using this procedure with the Electra aircraft, together with data from one of the WP-3D aircraft of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a survey has been made of 99 different updraft cores and 43 downdraft cores encountered during the Winter and Summer Monsoon Experiments, in which vertical air speed exceeded 2 m s−1 for 1 s. Ignoring peripheral drafts of speed less than the threshold 1 m s−1, MONEX updraft cores were of median width 1.4 km, median peak updraft 3.2 m s−1, mean updraft 2.3 m s−1 and log10(mass transport, in kg s−1 m−1 normal to the flight track) equal to 3.4. Downdraft cores were of median width 1.3 km, peak downdraft 2.6 m s−1, mean downdraft 1.9 m s−1 and log(mass transport) eq...
A gene mapping expert system

Expert systems are now commonly developed to solve practical problems. Nevertheless, genetics has just begun to benefit from this new technology, since genetic expert systems are extremely rare and often purely experimental. A prototype for risk calculation in pedigrees was developed at the University of Utah, using a commercial frames/rules developmental shell (Intelligence Compiler), which runs on an IBM PC. When small data sets were used, the implementation functioned well, but it could not handle larger data sets. Performance became a major issue, with two possible solutions. The first possibility would have been to port the system to a more powerful machine, and the second would have been to use several different shells or languages, each efficiently representing a specific type of knowledge. Neither of these solutions was applicable in this case. From this experience, we learned that performance, portability, and modifiability were three major requirements for genetic expert systems. To achieve these goals, we implemented the gene mapping expert system GMES: (GMES is unrelated to the gene mapping system, GMS in Lisp combined with a frame/object shell (FROBS). We were able to efficiently represent, control, and optimize a gene mapping experiment, achieving portability by building GMES on top of a C-based version of Common Lisp. Lisp combined with the FROBS expert system shell permitted a declarative representation of each of the components of the experiment, resulting in a transplant specification of the problem within a maintainable system.
Toxicity of dibenzothiophene to thermophile Sulfolobus acidocaldarius grown in sucrose medium

Abstract Sulfolobus acidocaldarius had been found earlier to grow and desulfurize dibenzothiophene (DBT) in a tryptone medium. Its characteristics were investigated in a cheaper sucrose medium in this study. In DBT-free systems the growth at 70°C and pH 2.5 proceeded with a specific rate of 0.14 h −1 and a cell yield of 0.35 g dry cells g sucrose −1 . The maximum cell concentration attainable in the fermentor (3.5 l) was only 0.4 g l −1 under the agitation speed of 600 rpm and aeration rate of 1 l min −1 . It increased to 2.0 g l −1 with higher agitation (700 rpm) and aeration (2 l min −1 ). The strong dependency on agitation and aeration suggested that the growth limitation be related to the gas–liquid interfacial mass transfer, presumably for oxygen supply. As for the study of DBT desulfurization, immediate cessation of cell growth and rapid cell death were observed when an oil phase (2% in volume) containing 10 g l −1 DBT was added to the culture grown in the sucrose medium. Further experiments confirmed that DBT was responsible for the toxicity. Normal cell growth, however, could be obtained by employing gentle mixing to keep the oil and aqueous phases as rather separate layers. The water-soluble DBT was therefore not the cause of the toxicity and the contact frequency of the cells with the oil–water interface might play an important role. Under high agitation, the cells could also overcome the toxicity if a lower DBT concentration (2 g l −1 ) was involved. Nonetheless, no appreciable DBT transformation could be detected in any of the above systems. Sucrose was shown unsuitable as the substrate for the desulfurization process.
A new example of singular height transition for capillary surfaces

Finn and Kosmodem’yanskii, Jr. gave an example of a domain ${\cal D}_{1}$ containing a disk ${\cal D}_{0}$ , and of a family of domains ${\cal D}_{t}$ converging to ${\cal D}_{0}$ as $t \to 0$ , such that the heights u t of capillary surfaces in vertical tubes with the sections ${\cal D}_{t}$ in a gravity field g satisfy $\mathop{\lim}\limits_{g \to 0} \left\{{\mathop{\inf}\limits_{{\cal D}_t} u^1- \mathop{\sup}\limits_{{\cal D}_t} u^t} \right\} = \infty$ for every $t \in (0,1)$ , but for which u 1< u 0 over ${\cal D}_{0}$ for all g > 0. In subsequent work, Finn and Lee characterized the most general convex ${\cal D}_{1}$ that leads to such a discontinuous transition when ${\cal D}_{0}$ is a disk. It has been suggested that the cause for this curious behavior is related to the fact that in all cases considered the boundaries of the ${\cal D}_{t}$ have a discontinuity in their curvatures, that is bounded below in magnitude. In the present note we present an alternative form of the example, in which the domains ${\cal D}_{t}$ are disks concentric to ${\cal D}_{0}$ . Thus, the limited smoothness in the original example of the convergence to ${\cal D}_{0}$ of the approxim ating domains cannot be viewed as the root cause of the anomaly. The procedure presented here leads to explicit bounds, which were not available in the earlier forms of the example.
Tillage and rotational effects on exchangeable and enzyme-labile phosphorus forms in conventional and organic cropping systems

Transformations of crop residues and bio- fertilizers, used as primary sources of nutrients for organic crop production are influenced by soil manage- ment practices. The release and distribution of labile phosphorus (P) forms were studied in three organic and two conventional crop management systems after 18 years. Spatial variability and stratification in inor- ganic P (Pi), organic, and total P in the top 20-cm depth showed that reducing accumulation and potential trans- port of exchangeable inorganic (EEPi) and enzyme- labile organic P (EDTA-PHP), that averaged 17.2 and 40.4 mg kg -1 , remained a high priority in chisel-till and no-till soils. In the organic systems, annualized rates of P addition were within soil test recommendations. How- ever, P surpluses, likely caused by yield-limiting condi- tions and overestimates of plant P requirements, resulted in large pools of EEPi and EDTA-PHP, averaging 30.9 and 68.2 mg kg -1 , respectively. Soil drying and rew- etting enhanced extractability of all labile P forms, which included a 2.4- to 3-fold increase in EEPi. Differences in P loading between conventional and organic treatments suggested that new soil tests may be needed to assess crop needs in organic systems since current procedures do not account for presence and size of the EDTA-PHP pool. The impact of large P loadings is long-lived as these additions continued to contribute to elevated bioactive P concentrations 12 or more years later. Accurate estimates of crop requirements and lability of soil P pools, and real-time plant and soil P sensing systems are critical considerations to optimally manage manure-derived nutrients in organic production systems.
Some characteristics of the conduction heat flux at the surface of a wedge enclosure

Presentation d'une analyse mathematique pour la quantification de l'effet bidimensionnel de coin sur le flux thermique de conduction a la surface d'une enceinte a coins. Application a la simulation des profils de solidification dans des moules a sable
Monolith and TAP reactor studies of NOX storage on Pt/BaO/Al2O3: Elucidating the mechanistic pathways and roles of Pt

Abstract The multiple roles of Pt are examined during NO and NO 2 storage in the presence of O 2 on a series of Pt/BaO/Al 2 O 3 catalysts spanning 0–3.7 wt.% Pt and employing both a bench-scale monolith and TAP (Temporal Analysis of Products) reactor system. Pt enhances the storage of both NO and NO 2 , although the extent of enhancement diminishes at higher Pt loadings. The promotional effect of Pt observed even for short-time NO 2 storage suggests the importance of a Pt–Ba couple and associated spillover processes. During short-time exposure, NO and NO 2 in O 2 store at comparable rates, suggesting the formation of barium mono nitro species in close proximity to Pt. At longer exposure times deeper nitration occurs, apparently involving Ba sites further removed from Pt. NO and NO 2 TAP pulsing experiments reveal coupled NO/NO 2 decomposition and storage on a pre-reduced catalyst which, as oxygen accumulates on the surface, evolves to a storage-only process. A phenomenological storage model is proposed that integrates previous theories from the literature in an attempt to reconcile the observed effects of Pt and the similarities and differences in NO and NO 2 storage. The trends in the data are consistent with the concurrent pathways of NO X storage; specifically, the “nitrite” and “disproportionation” pathways, both of which have been proposed in the literature.
Kinetics of binary nucleation of vapors in size and composition space.

We reformulate the kinetic description of binary nucleation in the gas phase using two natural independent variables: the total number of molecules $g$ and the molar composition $x$ of the cluster. The resulting kinetic equation can be viewed as a two-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation describing the simultaneous Brownian motion of the clusters in size and composition space. Explicit expressions for the Brownian diffusion coefficients in cluster size and composition space are obtained. For characterization of binary nucleation in gases three criteria are established. These criteria establish the relative importance of the rate processes in cluster size and composition space for different gas phase conditions and types of liquid mixtures. The equilibrium distribution function of the clusters is determined in terms of the variables g and x. We obtain an approximate analytical solution for the steady-state binary nucleation rate that has the correct limit in the transition to unary nucleation. To further illustrate our description, the nonequilibrium steady-state cluster concentrations are found by numerically solving the reformulated kinetic equation. For the reformulated transient problem, the relaxation or induction time for binary nucleation was calculated using Galerkin's method. This relaxation time is affected by processes in both size and composition space, but the contributions from each process can be separated only approximately.
Measurement of absolute gamma emission probabilities

Abstract The energies and emission probabilities (intensities) of gamma-rays emitted in radioactive decays of particular nuclides are the most important characteristics by which to quantify mixtures of radionuclides. Often, quantification is limited by uncertainties in measured intensities. A technique was developed to reduce these uncertainties. The method involves obtaining a pure sample of a nuclide using radiochemical techniques, and using appropriate fractions for beta and gamma measurements. The beta emission rates were measured using a liquid scintillation counter, and the gamma emission rates were measured with a high-purity germanium detector. Results were combined to obtain absolute gamma emission probabilities. All sources of uncertainties greater than 0.1% were examined. The method was tested with 38 Cl and 88 Rb.
Cytofluorometric Analysis for Estrogen Receptors Using Fluorescent Estrogen Probes

Estrogen receptor (ER) analysis of breast cancer tissue has been shown to be very useful in predicting which patients will respond to hormone therapy and have a better prognosis. The ER assay is, however, tedious and time consuming. Measurement of ER by flow cytometry would be rapid and based on either an average fluorescence-E2 probe intensity per cell or the percentage of the ER+ cells per cell suspension. Analysis of E2 modified structures for relative binding affinity to the ER determined by competition studies and for fluorescence uptake into cell suspensions determined by flow cytometry was performed. Lack of high affinity to the ER and purity of the compound were major problems for the fluorescein-labeled estrogen in fluorescein-E2 compounds demonstrated by HPLC very little estradiol derivative in the parent compounds compared to total components present. A second type of fluoresceinated estrogen which has a peptide bond between the steroid and the chromophore was also tested. It was less contaminated but was unable to get into the cell and showed no binding activity to the ER. A pure plant fluorescent estrogen, coumestrol, has Ka of 6 × 108 M−1 for the ER and is a single component as determined by HPLC. Specific fluroescent uptake of coumestrol was performed on ER+ and ER− viable cell suspensions. When these coumestrol-cell suspensions were excited at 350–360 nm and the blue emission was measured using flow cytometry, the result was a fluroescence uptake that was not highly displaceable by exess nonfluorescence E2 probes. Further studies on the modification of several parameters of the incubation step to enhance specific fluorescent uptake were also unsuccessful. Coumestrol was, however, a good competitor for both cellular and nuclear uptake of 3H-E2.
Phrases vs meaning in the immediate recall of sentences

This study evaluated Johnson’s (1965) measure of phrase independence in the recall of sentences. Twenty-five Ss were presented with groups of three sentences that differed in structure and were immediately asked to recall the sentences. Fewer errors were made on subject, verb, and object words for all sentence types, but the probability of a transitional error (TEP) at the phrase boundary was not always greater than at other transitions in the sentence. The results indicate that the TEP is a misleading measure and that sentence meaning is more appropriate as a unit of recall than is the sentence phrase. The number of underlying clauses in the sentence proved to be a valuable metric in predicting errors in recall.
Dynamics of Globally and Dissipatively Coupled Resonators

This work explores the dynamics of arrays of globally and dissipatively coupled resonators. These resonator arrays are shown to be capable of exhibiting seemingly new collective behaviors which are highly sensitive to the dispersion of the natural frequencies of the constituent resonators in the array, the intrinsic damping of the resonators in the array, and the magnitude of the global coupling coefficient that captures the strength of the dissipative coupling. These behaviors have been identified within the work as group attenuation, confined attenuation, and group resonance. Group and confined attenuation are associated with an absence of energy and are strongly dependent on the dispersion of the natural frequencies. In cases of moderate dissipative coupling, the effects of group and confined attenuation could be interpreted as frequency-dependent damping. In cases where the global coupling coefficient is large, group resonance is significant. This effect is synonymous with the resonances of the constituent resonators being shared and occurring at frequencies in between the isolated resonators' natural frequencies. Accordingly, one could view group resonance as the antithesis of localization, in that the localization of the modes of a conservatively coupled system with a finite dispersion of the constituent resonators' natural frequencies is most significant when the coupling is weak. The authors believe that collective behaviors, such as those described herein, have direct applicability in new single-input, single-output resonant mass sensors, and, with extension, a variety of other sensing and signal processing systems.
LDPC Code for Reduced Routing Decoder

A design approach that reduces the routing complexity in a VLSI implementation of low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder is presented. An LDPC code is a linear-block code for forward error correction, attributed by a sparse parity-check matrix. Iterative decoding of this code is shown to yield bit error rate (BER) performance approaching Shannon limit. However, implementation of decoder for this code is difficult due to the routing requirements of its massive number of data-flow structures in decoding logic. We present a routing approach for a parallel LDPC decoder implementation by 1) analyzing the physical routability limitations and 2) designing the code parameters to limit the interconnect lengths to a bounded region. The approach does not compromise the BER performance, and yet achieves a much higher throughput resulting from significantly reduced wires lengths
Reflections on an operating system design

The main features of a general purpose multiaccess operating system developed for the CDC 6400 at Berkeley are presented, and its good and bad points are discussed as they appear in retrospect. Distinctive features of the design were the use of capabilities for protection, and the organization of the system into a sequence of layers, each building on the facilities provided by earlier ones and protecting itself from the malfunctions of later ones. There were serious problems in maintaining the protection between layers when levels were added to the memory hierarchy; these problems are discussed and a new solution is described.
A Contact-Mechanics Based Model for Dishing and Erosion in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing

We present a new model for dishing and erosion during chemical-mechanical planarization. According to this model, dishing and erosion is controlled by the local pressure distribution between features on the wafer and the polishing pad. The model uses a contact mechanics analysis based on the work by Greenwood to evaluate the pressure distribution taking into account the compliance of the pad as well as its roughness. Using the model, the effects of pattern density, line width, applied down-force, selectivity, pad properties, etc. on both dishing and erosion can be readily evaluated. The model may be applied to CMP used for oxide planarization, metal damascene or shallow trench isolation. The model is implemented as an algorithm that quickly calculates the evolution of the profile of a set of features on the wafer during the polishing process. With proper calibration of the process parameters, it can be used as a tool in optimizing the CMP process and implementing CMP design rules.
Mixed Methods Approaches in Family Science Research

The complex phenomena of interest to family scientists require the use of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Researchers across the social sciences are now turning to mixed methods designs that combine these two approaches. Mixed methods research has great promise for addressing family science topics, but only if researchers understand the design options and procedures that accompany this methodological choice. Discussions of mixed methods in the family science literature are difficult to locate, and little has been written about how family scientists apply this approach in practice. This article presents an overview of mixed methods research, including its definition, terminology, and design types, and examines how it is being successfully used and reported in family research journals. The authors review the application of mixed methods designs in 19 studies and discuss design features and issues that arose during implementation. They conclude with recommendations for family scientists considering ...
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-enzyme-linked coagulation assay for detection of antibodies to Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins A, B, and E and solution-phase complexes.

The solution-phase complex assay for toxins A, B, and E from Clostridium botulinum (Elcatech, Inc., Winston-Salem, N.C.) was modified to measure antibody. The addition of unlabeled polyclonal antibodies to a mixture consisting of toxin with chicken antibody and RVV-XA-labeled horse antibody reduces the sensitivity of detection of neurotoxin. This reduction in sensitivity can be used as a measure of the specific antibody titer.
Exposure to Rumen Protozoa Leads to Enhancement of Pathogenicity of and Invasion by Multiple-Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica Bearing SGI1

Multiple-antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen that has been purported to be more virulent than antibiotic-sensitive counterparts. The paradigm for this multiresistant/hyperpathogenic phenotype is Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium phage type DT104 (DT104). The basis for the multiresistance in DT104 is related to an integron structure designated SGI1, but factors underlying hyperpathogenicity have not been completely identified. Since protozoa have been implicated in the alteration of virulence in Legionella and Mycobacterium spp., we attempted to assess the possibility that protozoa may contribute to the putative hypervirulence of DT104. Our study reveals that DT104 can be more invasive, as determined by a tissue culture invasion assay, after surviving within protozoa originating from the bovine rumen. The enhancement of invasion was correlated with hypervirulence in a bovine infection model in which we observed a more rapid progression of disease and a greater recovery rate for the pathogen. Fewer DT104 cells were recovered from tissues of infected animals when protozoa were lysed by preinfection chemical defaunation of the bovine or ovine rumen. The protozoan-mediated hypervirulence phenotype was observed only in DT104 and other Salmonella strains, including serovars Agona and Infantis, possessing SGI1.
Does phenobarbital improve the effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?

Does phenobarbital improve the effectiveness of therapeutic hypothermia in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy?
An accurate model for power DMOSFETs including interelectrode capacitances

A novel methodology for modeling power MOS devices using a SPICE-compatible subcircuit is proposed. The interelectrode capacitances are modeled accurately as nonlinear functions of the applied biases. Simulations and measured data support the accuracy of the new models. Various second-order effects relating to the gate capacitance model are discussed, and stratagies are presented to include them in the model. The model parameters can be obtained from device measurements. The approach is verified by gate charge measurements over a wide range of applied biases. >
Cystic mass at the suprasternal notch of a newborn: congenital suprasternal dermoid cyst

We report a case of a newborn female with an unusual suprasternal simple cystic mass found to be a dermoid cyst. Dermoid cysts of the head and neck are rare lesions, but a midline location is characteristic for these congenital masses. A dermoid cyst should be high on the list of differential diagnoses given a unilocular midline cyst in a neonate even if no fat elements are demonstrated on imaging studies.
Feminist theology and a generous orthodoxy

How do a generous orthodoxy and contemporary feminist theology relate and work together, if at all? Can feminist theology have something to say to a generous orthodoxy other than blatant critique? Orthodoxy is seen as that view expressed in the rule of faith as early as Irenaeus and Tertullian, and is a constellation of beliefs which link Creator with Christ, OT with NT, and which employs the interpretation of scripture ‘according to itself’. A definition of generous orthodoxy means a Christ-like submission to the Other, and reasoning about God, three in one, through meditation on the scriptures and tradition of the church such that one's soul is turned to praise. A simple definition of feminist theology is ‘the radical notion that women are people too’ (so Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza, Sharing Her Word: Feminist Biblical Interpretation in Context , 1998). Can these two ways of envisioning the theological task work together, and if so, to what extent? With key doctrines and concepts of feminist theology such as patriarchy, women's experience, feminist consciousness, one questions the fit between orthodoxy and feminist theology, but of course this is purposefully so on the basis of feminist principles and dogmas. We will examine and compare the construction of sin, Christology and the trinity in feminist theologies and generously orthodox theologies to clarify the discussion.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNA expression in the basal ganglia of the rat

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) couple the actions of glutamate to intracellular second messenger systems through G-proteins. The mGluRs play an important role in the regulation of basal ganglia function. Ligand binding studies have revealed that the basal ganglia contain at least two pharmacological types of metabotropic binding sites. Agonists of mGluRs can affect both in vitro electrophysiologic responses of striatal neurons and motor behavior in vivo. Recently, cDNAs encoding five mGluRs have been cloned, each with distinct structural and pharmacological properties. In order to elucidate the function of these receptors in the biology of the extrapyramidal motor system, we have used in situ hybridization to examine the regional and cellular expression patterns of mGluR1-mGluR5 in the adult rat basal ganglia. In the striatum, all of these mGluRs were present in widely varying relative densities and cellular patterns. MGluR5 was particularly prominent, and exhibited a heterogeneous cellular distribution, with labeled and unlabeled populations of neurons. MGluR2 was expressed in a small population of large polygonal striatal neurons. The subthalamic nucleus was the only other basal ganglia structure that expressed mGluR2. Distinct cellular distributions of mGluR expression were also observed within the nucleus accumbens, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, and substantia nigra pars reticulata. MGluR3 was expressed in glia in all basal ganglia structures, but was observed in neurons only in the striatum, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and very weakly in the subthalamic nucleus. Comparison of the restricted mGluR2 and mGluR3 mRNA distributions with that of metabotropic ligand binding sites supports a possible presynaptic location for these receptors in the basal ganglia. MGluR1 was the only mGluR message prominently expressed in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, suggesting the involvement of this receptor in the regulation of dopamine release from nigrostriatal terminals.
Rate of Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction in the United States from 1988 to 2004 (from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample)

Advances in the management of atherosclerosis risk factors have been dramatic in the previous 10 years. The goal of this study was to evaluate any decrease in age-adjusted incidence of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in a very large database of inpatient admissions from 1988 to 2004. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used to calculate the age-adjusted rate for STEMI from 1988 to 2004 retrospectively. Specific International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes for MIs consistent with STEMI were used. Patient demographic data were also analyzed and adjusted for age. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database contained 1,352,574 patients >40 years of age who had a diagnosis of STEMI from 1988 to 2004. Mean age for these patients was 66.06 ± 13.69 years. Men had almost 2 times the age-adjusted STEMI rate as women (men 62.4%, women 37.6%). From 1988 the age-adjusted rate for all acute STEMIs remained steady for 8 years (108.3 per 100,000, 95% confidence interval [CI] 99.0 to 117.5, in 1988 and 102.5 per 100,000, 95% CI 94.7 to 110.4, in 1996). However, from 1996 onward, the age-adjusted incidence of STEMI steadily decreased to 1/2 the incidence of the previous 8 years (50.0 per 100.000, 95% CI 46.5 to 53.5, by 2004, p
Encapsulant for buried u.h.f. antennas

Certain applications for above-ground communications require antennas placed below the ground surface. Under these conditions, reasonable antenna performance can be achieved if the antenna is encapsulated in a uniform low-loss dielectric having a relative permittivity near that of the surrounding earth. It is shown that, with special conditioning, refractory concrete is a suitable encapsulant. It is castable, extremely durable and has a relative permittivity of 6.5-7.0 and a loss tangent of 0.005-0.006 at 400 MHz. Resonator measurements have shown that the desired electrical properties can only be achieved, however, if the material is dried at a temperature of 125-150°C. Once dry, the concrete surface must be sealed to prevent water absorption.
The Emergence of Farm Labor Markets and the Transformation of the Rural Economy: Massachusetts, 1750–1855.

This article proposes to do three things: to test for and date the emergence and integration of regional farm labor markets in Massachusetts; to demonstrate their growth consequences for the preindustrial economy; and to present new wage and labor productivity indices for the agricultural economy of Massachusetts from 1750 to 1855. Together with my previous studies it makes the case that the economy of rural Massachusetts was transformed by and under the subtle dominion of commodity, capital, and labor markets, the simultaneous emergence of which by 1800 is observed in the behavior of relevant prices and ratified in the growth of labor productivity.
A simulation-based approach to stochastic dynamic programming

In this paper we develop a simulation-based approach to stochastic dynamic programming. To solve the Bellman equation we construct Monte Carlo estimates of Q-values. Our method is scalable to high dimensions and works in both continuous and discrete state and decision spaces while avoiding discretization errors that plague traditional methods. We provide a geometric convergence rate. We illustrate our methodology with a dynamic stochastic investment problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE IDEAL OF DIVERSITY IN ORGANIZATIONS

This article offers a psychodynamic exploration of the organizational commitment to diversity. Based on a brief review of organizational rhetoric, two themes are identified. The first is the denial of hatred, which is argued to express the operation of a fantasy of the organization as the peaceable kingdom. This fantasy imagines the organization as a home for those with strong originary group identifications, while refusing to consider how attachment to group identity can foster hate and exclusion. The second theme is the equation of knowledge useful to the organization with life experience connected to group identity. The emphasis in the rhetoric of diversity on the value of experience is linked to a strategy for coping with loss that seeks to make the experience of loss a source of strength. The importance of acknowledging the reality of hate and of coping with, rather than denying, the consequences of loss is emphasized.
Towards optimal expert system design

Expert system research has emphasized the development of systems that attempt to perform tasks at the level of experts in the field. There has been little attention paid to determining whether such an emphasis will result in expert systems that provide maximum value to the users of these systems. The authors briefly discuss past research to show that current development tools and methods will not result in systems that maximize value. While the emphasis has been on improving the outputs of these systems, the associated costs have not been carefully considered. As a consequence, the cost of providing the information that is required when using expert systems may be much more than it need be. One way to improve the situation is to produce the same quality outputs at a lower cost. Given an existing rule-base, the costs of acquiring inputs, and the probabilities of each input state, they show how a cost minimizing information acquisition strategy can be determined. Alternative approaches to implementing such a strategy are discussed. >
Phonetic recognition for spoken document retrieval

This paper describes the development and application of a phonetic recognition system to the task of spoken document retrieval. The recognizer is used to generate phonetic transcriptions of the speech messages which are then processed to produce subword unit representations for indexing and retrieval. Subword units are used as an alternative to words units generated by either keyword spotting or word recognition. We first investigate the use of different acoustic and language models in the speech recognizer in an effort to improve phonetic recognition performance. Then we examine a variety of subword unit indexing terms and measure their ability to perform effective spoken document retrieval. Finally, we look at some simple robust indexing and retrieval methods that take into account the characteristics of the recognition errors in an attempt to improve retrieval performance.
A new real time space vector PWM strategy for high performance converters

A simple real time space vector pulse width modulation (PWM) strategy for high-performance converters is presented. The application of the proposed modulator in AC-to-AC rectifier and DC-to-DC inverter systems is investigated. In AC-to-DC rectifier systems the proposed modulator adapts to any voltage unbalance or distortion in the input and suitably generates gating signals to maintain high-quality output voltage. In DC-to-AC inverter systems the proposed system maintains a low THD at the output terminals even with substantial voltage ripple in the input DC. Implementation of the proposed system on a TMS 320 C30 DSP (digital signal processor) is suggested, and selected results are experimentally verified. >
Delivering Sustainability: Lean Principles for Green Projects

Corporate facility owners have developed an increased interest in high performance “sustainable” or “green” facilities. The superior long term performance of these facilities in energy efficiency and indoor environment quality makes them excellent investments for both public and private facility owners. However, project budget increases often result due to complex design processes requiring elevated levels of interaction between design and construction disciplines. Lean production principles are able to reduce waste and streamline processes in highly complex development and production environments. When utilized they can greatly shorten lead times, reduce costs, and show considerable promise for improving the delivery of high performance green facilities. This paper reports a research project between Penn State University and the Toyota Motor Corporation into the successful delivery processes for high performance green facilities. Guided by the principles of the Toyota Production System, the objective of this research is to map in detail the delivery processes for high performance green facilities at Toyota. The outcome of this research has revealed the critical factors that contribute to Toyota’s success at high performance green facility delivery, thereby providing corporate facility owners with much needed insight to achieve better delivered high performance green facilities.
Anomalous Formation Properties of Nicotinamide Co-crystals

Co-crystals provide an opportunity to improve the properties of organic materials. We report that co-crystals containing nicotinamide (NIC) are anomalous as their formation generally decreases energy but expands volume. This conclusion is demonstrated first for an extraordinary system of co-crystals of NIC and (R)-mandelic acid (RMA) and then for all NIC co-crystals in general. The volume expansion is evaluated using the crystallographic densities of the co-crystals and their component crystals. The energy decrease upon co-crystallization is demonstrated using experimental data on four co-crystals of NIC and RMA and then generalized for all NIC co-crystals using computed values from a dispersion-corrected DFT model, after validating the model on the experiment. The anticorrelation between energy and volume on the formation of NIC co-crystals is in contrast to most physical processes, but similar to water freezing. As in the case of water freezing, the co-crystallization with NIC leads to stronger hydrogen bonds and looser molecular packing, a combination that is likely responsible for the anomalous formation properties. NIC has two conformers 4 kJ/mol apart in energy and both can form co-crystals, with the resulting structures having comparable formation energies and volumes. These results are relevant for understanding the nature of co-crystallization and why NIC is a prolific co-crystal former.
Selection on Product Appearance Design Alternative Considering Aspiration on Criteria

Aim to the selection problem of product appearance design alternative with aspiration on criteria,an analytic method based on evidential reasoning is given.Firstly,the kansei evaluation information of each product appearance design alternative given by participants is aggregated into the distribution of the group kansei evaluation information.Then,considering three patterns such as hard consensus,hard strength and soft aspiration on criteria,the probability distribution of the satisfaction degree about each criteria is calculated.Further,the credibility distribution of the comprehensive satisfaction degree of each product appearance design alternative is calculated by using the evidential reasoning method.And based on the stochastic dominance rule,the ranking result of product appearance alternatives is obtained.Finally,apractical example is given to illustrate the feasibility and validity of proposed method.
Effect of chemical grafting on the surface structure of carbon fiber

Chemical grafting was usually to modify the carbon fiber surface to improve interfacial adhesion properties of the carbon fiber/epoxy composite.XPS,Raman spectra,SEM and electronic universal testing machine were employed to characterize chemical states,morphology and interlaminar shear strength(ILSS)of untreated,oxidation,C2H8N2reduction,C2H6O2reduction carbon fiber surface.The results indicated that carbon fiber surface O/C ratio,the content of oxygen functional groups,the fiber surface roughness of carbon and the ILSS of carbon fiber/epoxy composite was increased after oxidation and chemical grafting on the surface of carbon fiber.Under the same conditions,the 1.2-ethanediamine graft solutions can make the carbon fiber/epoxy composite ILSS was increased by the rate of 52.5%and the 1.2-ethanediol graft solutions can make the carbon fiber/epoxy composite ILSS was increased by the rate of 47.9%,the 1.2-ethanediamine graft solutions have ideal grafting effect on carbon fiber surface.
Effects of toxic and nontoxic endotoxin derivatives on glucose kinetics

Although the polysaccharide portion of bacterial endotoxins (ET) and other components of the bacterial cell wall are known to possess biological activity, the toxic effects produced by ET have been attributed mostly to the lipid-A component. The present study examined the influence of selected gram-negative cell wall components on in vivo carbohydrate homeostasis. Chronically catheterized conscious rats were injected with either ET, lipid A, the White polysaccharide supernatant (WPS-S; polysaccharide-rich and lipid-A-free) or the WPS-precipitate (WPS-P; rich in cell wall components and lipid-A-free) at sublethal doses of 100, 10, and 1 microgram/100 g. The acute hypotensive response to ET and lipid A were similar, while the WPS-P induced a smaller reduction in pressure. Endotoxin, lipid A, or the WPS-P (100 and 10 micrograms) all produced hyperglycemia. Hyperlactacidemia was evident in rats receiving ET, lipid A, and WPS-P; ET-treated animals exhibited the highest lactate concentrations. At the highest doses used, these three fractions increased the rate of glucose appearance. The polysaccharide-rich WPS-supernatant elicited no significant alterations in any of the variables studied. These results indicate that cell wall components of gram-negative bacteria, other than the lipid A of endotoxin, induce changes in carbohydrate metabolism that are similar to those produced by the toxic, lipid-A component of endotoxin.
Interleukin-5 Antagonists Usher in a New Generation of Asthma Therapy

Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in the USA. A subset of patients with asthma have refractory symptoms, persistent eosinophilic inflammation, and recurrent exacerbations despite maximal medical therapy. The monoclonal antibodies targeting the IL-5 pathway are a new class of medications designed to target severe eosinophilic asthma. There are two medications clinically available: mepolizumab and reslizumab, both of which target IL-5. A third medication, benralizumab, is currently under development and targets the IL-5 receptor. Clinical data suggest these medications can reduce asthma exacerbations and improve lung function in patients with peripheral eosinophilia and poorly controlled asthma despite maximal medical therapy. The anti-IL-5 medications are among the first targeted molecular therapies for asthma and will usher in an exciting new era in the treatment of severe asthma.
Is Technological Unemployment Real? An Assessment and a Plea for Abundance Economics

In our increasingly automated economy, technology has replaced much of the need for non-elective human labor: in others words, we increasingly face a situation of technological unemployment. Thus automation is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, technological unemployment worsens income inequality and wealth disparity. On the other hand, there are purported gains in productivity and economic growth. I posit Abundance Economics as a new theory of economics that addresses this problematic disparity in two phases. First, in the automation economy phase, there would be an alleviation of material-goods scarcity for human survival, and second, in the actualization economy phase, there would be a focus on social goods for greater human thriving.
Response by Desai et al to Letter Regarding Article, “Defining Prolonged Dwell Time: When Are Advanced Inferior Vena Cava Filter Retrieval Techniques Necessary? An Analysis in 762 Procedures”

We appreciate the commentary by Drs Jia and Jiang on our study1 and offer a response. The intent of this study was to identify a retrievable inferior vena cava filter (rIVCF) dwell time when the risk of standard retrieval technique failure increases significantly, thereby requiring advanced techniques to maintain overall technical success. At 7 …
Energy Communication: Theory and Praxis Towards a Sustainable Energy Future

This essay comments and expands upon an emerging area of research, energy communication, that shares with environmental communication the fraught commitment to simultaneously study communication as...
Approaches to the Management of Young Children’s Externalizing Behavior Problems in the Primary Care Setting

The current review summarizes the management of early-childhood externalizing behavior problems (ages 2–5) within the primary care setting. The review highlights factors pediatricians should consider when addressing externalizing behavior problems and summarizes general principles, opportunities for prevention and health promotion, parent-training interventions, integrated models, and therapies to consider when referring families to a specialty mental health provider. Pediatricians have an important role in addressing early-childhood externalizing behavior problems in the primary care setting, and practices can take a range of meaningful steps to address these issues both universally and for children with higher levels of impairment. In particular, integrated approaches offer the opportunity to increase access to behavioral health services while also providing the chance to build medical providers’ skills in managing early-childhood externalizing behavior problems in the primary care setting. Pediatricians have a range of options to consider and can use the literature regarding evidence-based programs to guide their decisions on the best interventions to implement in their settings. Further dissemination work is needed to better understand which programs are most effective when implemented in community settings.
Using grade of tumor recurrence after BCG to guide further therapy.

523Background: Tumors that recur after BCG therapy are considered to be high risk and patients are often recommended to undergo radical cystectomy (RC). However, the nuances associated with the gra...
Ubiquilin 2: Shuttling Clients Out of Phase?

Ubiquilin 2 (UBQLN2) is an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked molecular chaperone with a prion-like domain that directly engages ubiquitin to triage clients for proteasomal degradation. Dao et al. (2018) now establish that UBQLN2 forms ubiquitin-labile liquids, which may enable UBQLN2 to specifically extract ubiquitylated clients from stress granules for degradation.