cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Oxygen Concentration on the Expression of Cytochrome c and Cytochrome c Oxidase Genes in Yeast

Abstract Oxygen is an important environmental regulator for the transcription of several genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but it is not yet clear how this yeast or other eukaryotes actually sense oxygen. To begin to address this we have examined the effects of oxygen concentration on the expression of several nuclear genes (CYC1, CYC7,COX4, COX5a, COX5b,COX6, COX7, COX8, andCOX9) for proteins of the terminal portion of the respiratory chain. COX5b and CYC7 are hypoxic genes; the rest are aerobic genes. We have found that the level of expression of these genes is determined by oxygen concentrationper se and not merely the presence or absence of oxygen and that each of these genes has a low oxygen threshold (0.5–1 μm O2) for expression. For some aerobic genes (COX4, COX5a, COX7,COX8, and COX9) there is a gradual decline in expression between 200 μm O2 (air) and their oxygen threshold. Below this threshold expression drops precipitously. For others (COX5a and CYC1) the level of expression is nearly constant between 200 μmO2 and their threshold and then drops off. The hypoxic genes COX5b and CYC7 are not expressed until the oxygen concentration is below 0.5 μm O2. These studies have also revealed that COX5a andCYC1, the genes for the aerobic isoforms of cytochromec oxidase subunit V and cytochrome c, andCOX5b and CYC7, the genes for the hypoxic isoforms of cytochrome c oxidase subunit V and cytochromec, are coexpressed at a variety of oxygen concentrations and switch on or off at extremely low oxygen concentrations. By shifting cells from one oxygen concentration to another we have found that aerobic genes are induced faster than hypoxic genes and that transcripts from both types of gene are turned over quickly. These findings have important implications for cytochrome coxidase function and biogenesis and for models of oxygen sensing in yeast.
Using a 2D colon to guide 3D navigation in virtual colonoscopy

We introduce a method of navigation to perform virtual colonoscopy guided by a 2D mathematically opened colon. The main goals of this approach are to reduce the attention load of visual polyp search from 3D to 2D; to avoid missing areas due to occlusion; and to reduce the time needed for a complete examination.
Two entities in angiolipoma(A study of 459 cases of lipoma with review of literature on infiltrating angiolipoma)

A study of lipomas collected over the past 20 years in a university hospital indicated that there are two types of angiolipoma, namely noninfiltrating and infiltrating. Noninfiltrating angiolipoma is seen in young individuals and presents as painful, soft, cutaneous nodules. Occasional compression of nerve fibers that accompany the vascular channels could be demonstrated. Treatment is merely enucleation. Infiltrating angiolipoma is rather rare. Only 23 cases have been reported in the English literature. Though histologically benign, the tumor can infiltrate bony, muscular, neural, and fibrocollagenous tissues to cause unusual symptoms and signs and can clinically simulate malignant neoplasms. Wide excision to include the normal tissue surrounding the tumor is mandatory. Radiotherapy should be rendered to cases with recurrence.
Helping Women Choose Appropriate Hormonal Contraception: Update on Risks, Benefits, and Indications

Primary care physicians frequently provide contraceptive counseling to women who are interested in family planning, have medical conditions that may be worsened by pregnancy, or have medical conditions that necessitate the use of potentially teratogenic medications. Effective counseling requires up-to-date knowledge about hormonal contraceptive methods that differ in hormone dosage, cycle length, and hormone-free intervals and are delivered by oral, transdermal, transvaginal, injectable, or implantable routes. Effective counseling also requires an understanding of a woman's preferences and medical history as well as the risks, benefits, side effects, and contraindications of each contraceptive method. This article is designed to update physicians on this information.
Effects of multilayer relaxation and surface roughness on the electronic properties of Pd/W(110) and Pd/W(001)

Abstract By using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave method, the structural and electronic properties of Pd/W(001) and Pd/W(110) are investigated. Through force calculations, the Pd adlayer is found to remove the surface relaxation almost completely for the W(110) substrate but only partially for the W(001) substrate. While the interfacial charge polarization plays a key role for the Pd/W bonding in both systems, the effects of interfacial hybridization is also important for Pd/W(001). Interestingly, the change of work function induced by the Pd adlayer is +1.04 eV for W(001) but is −0.13 eV for W(110) — a result which agrees with experiment.
Frequent subgraph mining on a single large graph using sampling techniques

Frequent subgraph mining has always been an important issue in data mining. Several frequent graph mining methods have been developed for mining graph transactions. However, these methods become less usable when the dataset is a single large graph. Also, when the graph is too large to fit in main memory, alternative techniques are necessary to efficiently find frequent subgraphs. We investigate the task of frequent subgraph mining on a single large graph using sampling approaches and find that sampling is a feasible approach for this task. We evaluate different sampling methods and provide a novel sampling method called 'random areas selection sampling', which produces better results than all the current graph sampling approaches with customized parameters.
THE WELL-INFORMED CITIZEN. ALFRED SCHUTZ AND APPLIED THEORY

There are at least three ways to read Alfred Schutz’s The Well-informed Citizen: An Essay on the Social Distribution of Knowledge.’ One may view it as a contribution to what Schutz calls a ‘theoretical science dealing with the social distribution of knowledge’ (1964, Schutz, p. 121). Seen thus, the essay poses a challenge to the ‘claim that the sociology of knowledge was the exclusive field of a Marxian interpretation of all thinking as “product” of material social conditions’ (Wagner, 1983, p. 89).
Wafer-Level Hall Measurement on SiC MOSFET

Low channel mobility is one of the biggest challenges to commercializing SiC MOSFETs. Accurate mobility measurement is essential for understanding the mechanisms that lead to low mobility. The most widely used effective mobility measurements overestimate the inversion charge for devices that have high level of defects. Mobility measured by the Hall effect is more accurate; however the conventional Hall mobility measurement is tedious. In this work, we demonstrate a wafer-level Hall measurement technique, which is simple and convenient to implement. With this method, extensive study of the mobility degradation is possible.
Synthesis and structural characterization of solid phases of the Sn(II) - Organophosphonate system: The 1-Dimensional [Sn(HO3PCH2PO3H)] · H2O and the 3-Dimensional [Sn2{O3PC(OH)(CH3)PO3}]

Abstract The first Sn(II)–organophosphonate solid phases have been prepared and structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The one-dimensional species [Sn(HO3PCH2PO3H)] ·H2O (1) was prepared conventionally from a mixture of SnCl2, CH2(PO3H2)2, and H2O in the mole ratio 1:2.9:8.17 kept at 4°C for 12 h. The three-dimensional phase [Sn2{O3PC(OH)(CH3)PO3}] (2) was prepared hydrothermally from a mixture of SnCl2, CH3C(OH)(PO3H)2, 1,4 diaminopropane · HCl, and H2O in the mole ratio 1:3.87:1.9:2215 with pH adjusted to 3.5 by addition of (CH3)4NOH, heated at 150°C for 135.5 h. Compound 1 consists of linear chains of {SnO3} pyramids bridged by (HO3PCH2PO3H)2−groups. The structure of 2 is a three-dimensional open framework. Crystal data: 1, triclinic P1a= 4.8777(1) A,b= 8.786(2) A,c= 9.446(2) A, α = 84.52(3)°, β = 78.78(3)°, γ = 74.39(3)°,V= 382.0(2) A3,Z= 2,Dcalc= 2.701 g cm−3, structure solution and refinement based on 1059 reflections converged atR= 0.060; 2, monoclinic P21/c,a= 10.889(2) A,b= 8.556(2) A,c= 9.460(2) A, β = 96.92(2)°,V= 874.9(4) A3,Dcalc= 3.336 g cm−3, structure solution and refinement based on 1121 reflections, converged atR= 0.055.
A Lack of Depth: One Preservice Teacher's Experiences in a Post-NCLB World.

As a graduate student in a teacher-training program, I saw firsthand the gulf between the methods suggested by my professors and classroom practices that are didactic and lack depth. My concern over these issues has led me to examine research related to them, and the findings suggest that the perception that social studies is in trouble is very real and that there are many teachers who do not attempt to teach social studies in a relevant, thought-provoking way. Researchers are not in agreement on the reasons for the decline in both the quantity and quality of social studies lessons. Many blame the restrictions placed on teachers by high-stakes testing, while others blame teachers themselves, and others blame teacher-training programs for inadequately preparing new teachers to present in-depth lessons. This article looks at research on these issues and considers what can be done to address the decline in the quantity and quality of social studies lessons.
Evolution of immunoglobulin deposition in C3-dominant membranoproliferative glomerulopathy

Complement 3 glomerulopathy (C3GN) is a newly proposed subcategory of glomerular disease with features including membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), C3-dominant immunofluorescent staining without appreciable immunoglobulin deposition, and electron-dense deposits. Aberrations of alternative complement pathway (AP) have been found in many C3GN patients. A 13-year-old boy presented with edema in association with an upper respiratory infection. Studies demonstrated nephrotic syndrome with hematuria and markedly low C3 and C4. Initial renal biopsy showed MPGN with strong C3 and immunoglobulin deposition. The patient partially responded to immunosuppression. Follow-up biopsies at 10 months and 3 years demonstrated MPGN with strong C3, with little to no immunoglobulin deposition. Based on this and elevated SC5b-9, treatment was changed to eculizumab with further decrease in proteinuria. Serial biopsies illustrated marked variability in immunoglobulin deposition in MPGN with persistently strong C3 deposition. Whether this evolution was related to the course of disease or to therapeutic intervention, the pathologic progression documented in this series of biopsies challenges the newly proposed subcategories of MPGN.
Synthesis of a metal-free texaphyrin.

The synthesis of a metal-free form of texaphyrin, an aromatic porphyrin-like macrocycle, is described. Previously, texaphyrins could only be obtained reproducibly in the form of metal complexes. Using ferrocenium cation as the oxidizing agent and starting with a reduced porphyrinogen-like nonaromatic form of texaphyrin, we isolated, in good yield, the metal-free oxidized texaphyrin as its HPF6 salt. This product was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, UV−vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry.
A socratic lesson on the elementary teacher’s responsibility in the teaching of science

(1992). A socratic lesson on the elementary teacher’s responsibility in the teaching of science. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 40-41.
Matrix-induced modification of imprinting effect for Cu2+ adsorption in hybrid silica matrices

Matrix-induced modification of the imprinting effect for Cu2+ adsorption in sol–gel sorbents has been investigated. This investigation shows that the hydrophobicity of the sol–gel matrices enhances the imprinting effect and selectivity of the sorbents toward target ions. Modification of the matrix hydrophobicity can be easily achieved by copolymerizing tetramethylorthosilicate and methyltrimethoxysilane or phenyltrimethoxysilane.
Power efficiency benchmarking of a partially reconfigurable, many-tile system implemented on a Xilinx Virtex-6 FPGA

Field Programmable Gate Arrays are an attractive platform for reconfigurable computing due to their inherent flexibility and low entry cost relative to custom integrated circuits. With modern programmable devices exploiting the most recent fabrication nodes, designs are able to achieve device-level performance and power efficiency that rivals custom integrated circuits. This paper presents the benchmarking of performance and power efficiency of a variety of standard benchmarks on a Xilinx Virtex-6 75k device using a tiled, partially reconfigurable architecture. The tiled architecture provides the ability to swap in arbitrary processing units in real-time without re-synthesizing the entire design. This has performance advantages by allowing multiple processors and/or hardware accelerators to be brought online as the application requires. This also has power efficiency advantages by keeping unused tiles un-programmed to reduce static power consumption. This paper presents the benchmarking results using a custom Virtex-6 board with a power regulation system that allows instrumentation of each power supply on the Virtex-6 to measure both performance and power efficiency simultaneously.
The Physiologic Basis of Diuretic Synergism: Its Role in Treating Diuretic Resistance

Diuretic drugs usually improve edema when used judiciously. Some patients, however, become resistant to their effects. Diuretic resistance may result from dietary indiscretion, poor compliance, impaired bioavailability, imparied diuretic secretion into the lumen of the renal tubule, or because other drugs interfere with diuretic activity. When easily treatable causes of diuretic resistance have been excluded, resistance often reflects the intensity of the stimuli to sodium retention. Recent experimental work has indicated ways in which the kidney adapts to chronic diuretic treatment and has indicated how these adaptations may limit diuretic effectiveness. First, nephron segments downstream from the site of diuretic action increase sodium-chloride (NaCl) reabsorption because the delivered NaCl load increases. Second, diuretic-induced contraction of the extracellular fluid volume stimulates kidney tubules to retain NaCl until the next dose of diuretic is administered. Third, kidney tubules themselves may become hypertrophic because they are chronically stimulated by diuretic-induced increases in NaCl delivery. These adaptations all increase the rate of NaCl reabsorption and blunt the effectiveness of diuretic therapy. When diuretic resistance is present, using a second diuretic drug that acts in a different nephron segment is often effective. Recent experimental results suggest that a second class of drug may act synergistically with the first by blocking the adaptive processes that limit diuretic effectiveness. On the basis of an understanding of the mechanisms of diuretic adaptation and resistance, treatment regimens can be designed to block specific adaptive mechanisms and to improve diuretic therapy.
Pathogenic Lrrk2 substitutions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Pathogenic Lrrk2 Y1699C substitution observed in a large German-Canadian kindred presents a neurodegenerative disorder that is reminiscent of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex. We screened 54 patients with ALS for seven known Lrrk2 pathogenic substitutions in the Roc, COR and kinase domains. No mutations were observed suggesting that this locus does not have a major influence on the ALS phenotype. However we can not rule out other genetic variation at the LRRK2 locus may play a role in parkinsonian disorders with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and may be considered candidates for genetic screening.
Health-enhancing multibehavior and medical multimorbidity.

Abstract Objective To examine the association of multibehavior on multimorbidity. Patients and Methods Data from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. The study duration was from October 20, 2013, through December 16, 2014. A multimorbidity index variable was created that indicated the number of 14 morbidities that each patient had. A multibehavior index variable was created that indicated the number of 4 health-enhancing behaviors each participant had; physical activity was assessed via accelerometry, dietary behavior was assessed via an interview, smoking was determined via cotinine levels, and sleep duration was self-reported. Results For the entire sample of 2048 participants, those with 1, 2, 3, and 4 health behaviors, compared with 0 health behaviors, had a 35% (odds ratio [OR], 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90; P =.01), 44% (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.38-0.82; P =.006), 63% (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.26-0.51; P P Conclusions Americans engaging in more health behaviors were less likely to be multimorbid. Physical activity was independently, as well is in combination with other health behaviors, associated with multimorbidity. Implications for developing a multibehavior-multimorbidity framework to treat the patients' holistic needs is discussed.
Diagnosing abusive head trauma: the challenges faced by clinicians

This article highlights five important aspects of the clinical problem of evaluating young children who are suspected of having abusive head trauma: 1) the clinical questions to be addressed, 2) challenges when evaluating young children with suspected abuse, 3) key aspects of clinical practice and data collection, 4) a framework for decision-making and 5) key articles in the literature that can help inform a sound clinical decision about the likelihood of abuse.
Cortisol secretion and Alzheimer's disease progression: A preliminary report

Abstract We report preliminary findings in a study of the relationship of plasma cortisol concentration (CORT) to the clinical progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD), testing the hypotheses that CORT predicts AD progression and that CORT increases as the disease advances. In 12 subjects with NINCDS/ADRDA probable AD, we performed cognitive testing and plasma cortisol determinations at baseline and again in 12 months. A modified Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive (ADAS-COG) measured disease progression. Plasma cortisol concentration CORT was determined at 12 am and 1 pm , and an Afternoon Cortisol Test (ACT) was used to estimate average 24-hr CORT. Baseline 12 am CORT correlated with the change in ADAS-COG from start of study to 12 months. No cortisol measure increased over the study period; estimated average 24-hr CORT and 12 am CORT remained constant, whereas while 1 pm CORT declined. There was no relationship between age or duration of illness and any of the cortisol measures at baseline.
Late recurrence of Castleman’s disease with mixed angiomyoid, histiocytic reticulum cell, follicular dendritic cell stroma-rich proliferations: a case report and review of the literature

Castleman disease, hyaline vascular variant (HV-CD) involving lymph nodes is characterized by abnormal follicles with increased vascularity, hypervascular interfollicular tissue, absence of sinuses, and follicles having the characteristic “onion skin-like” appearance. We present a rare case of HV-CD, stroma-rich variant, which recurred less than 5 years after initial surgical therapy. The recurrent lesion varied in appearance from classical morphology of HV-CD with a stromal proliferation of follicular dendritic, angiomyoid cells, and histiocytic reticulum cells. Less than fifty cases of stroma-rich Castleman disease have been reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case showing a mixed proliferation of stromal elements with rims of compressed normal lymphoid tissue and recurrence after surgical excision.
The stability of inclined sessile drops

Abstract The limits of stability are determined for sessile drops with fixed volume and attached at prescribed wetting lines to inclined solid surfaces. Finite element techniques developed in an earlier paper [Lawal and Brown, J. Colloid Interface Sci. , 89, 332 (1982).] are used to calculate the critical points, defined in terms of inclination angle and gravitational Bond number, at which the sessile drop loses stability. For fixed Bond number, axisymmetric sessile shapes on horizontal surfaces lose stability at a drop volume that corresponds to a point of bifurcation to a family of asymmetric shapes. The asymmetric shapes develop toward decreasing volume and are also unstable. Inclining the drop disrupts the axial symmetry and ruptures the bifurcation point into a limit point that marks the maximum volume for existence of stable drop shapes. This mode for loss of equilibrium persists for all inclination angles and is not changed qualitatively by changing the shape of the wetting curve.
Conformational equilibria in N-alkylpiperidinium salts

less than 0.8 kcal/mol given in the earlier literature8 (see also ref. 7) cannot be correct. Recent work involving freezing of the equilibrium shown in Scheme 1 (e.g. for N-cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidine, 1) by irreversible quenching of dilute solutions or dilute vapors of the amine by concentrated acid and NMR measurements of the composition of the salts so formed 1,234 supports a -AGO-value as high as 3.0 kcal/mol. Although we have earlier espoused a somewhat lower value,5 recent results from our own laboratories' and elsewhere' suggest that the 3.0 kcal/mol value is probably correct. One remaining concern5 with so large a -aGo value relates to its comparison with the corresponding value for N-methylpiperidinium salts (Scheme 2). Booth,6 in earlier attempts to quench the equilibrium (Scheme 1) with acid, had obtained values considerably less than 3.0 kcal/mol for
MPTP-induced parkinsonism: acceleration of biochemical and behavioral recovery by GM1 ganglioside treatment.

The effects of GM1 ganglioside administration on functional recovery and recovery of caudate nucleus dopamine levels have been assessed in cats made parkinsonian by administration of the dopaminergic neurotoxin l-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Cats made severely parkinsonian by MPTP administration began to show spontaneous functional recovery by the third week after MPTP, as had been observed in previous studies with this model. In contrast, cats with similar initial impairment but which received 3 weeks of GM1 ganglioside treatment (30 mg/kg, i.p. daily) showed an accelerated behavioral recovery, showing significant functional improvement after the first week of GM1 treatment and almost normal function by the end of the third week of treatment. The GM1-treated cats had caudate nucleus dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and HVA levels significantly increased above levels measured in saline-treated MPTP control cats. A second group of cats received MPTP only until the first signs of parkinsonism were observed and thus overall had a less severe initial syndrome than the cats described previously. Again, while all cats showed functional recovery over time, the recovery process was accelerated in GM1 -treated cats. GM1 treatment also caused a significant increase in caudate dopamine levels in these cats. These results suggest that GM1 ganglioside administration can result in increased dopamine levels even in the heavily denervated striatum and accelerate functional recovery after an MPTP-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine system in the cat. This suggests that GM1 or other trophic factor therapies may be fruitful treatment strategies for a disorder of nigrostriatal function such as Parkinson's disease.
Abstract IA12: The noncoding RNA revolution in cancer research

We will discuss exciting new data regarding the role of pseudogenes, lincRNAs and miRNAs in the pathogenesis of human cancer as also studied in vivo in the mouse. We will also focus on competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), circular(circ)-ceRNAs and pseudo-ceRNAs and give important attention to how understanding the ceRNA language will facilitate efforts to deconvolute ceRNA networks and their role in tumorigenesis. Citation Format: Pier Paolo Pandolfi. The noncoding RNA revolution in cancer research. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr IA12.
The Limiting Sensitivity of the Alternating-Current Method of Photo-Cell-Current Amplification

The limiting sensitivity of an alternating-current system of amplification is considered. The practical limit is determined theoretically and experimentally for measured circuit parameters. A particular circuit using an electrometer-tube and a cesium-antimony cell is shown to be capable of detecting 4.5×10−15 watt in 30 seconds. Data on various input-tubes and photoelectric cells are given.
Assessing the Relationship Between Waiting Services and Customer Satisfaction in Family Restaurants

Managing customers in long waiting lines and protecting against consequent lost revenue has been an important area of concern for many restaurants across the globe. Using surveys, factor analysis, and regressions, this study examined the relationship between the services offered to waiting customers and customer satisfaction in family restaurants. Analysis of the data using exploratory factor analysis indentified five key constructs that summarized important areas of waiting service: human service, visual media service, menu service, sitting service, and notice service. Multiple regression analysis indicated that all five factors influenced customer satisfaction. The results provide useful insight for owners and managers of family restaurants on important waiting management tools for improving the satisfaction of their customers. As such the importance of waiting service management in family restaurants is better understood.
An Investigation on the New Mobile Service/Technology Adoption

A broad trend in the information and communication technology (ICT) industry is the customers’ expectation that services will continue to improve in terms of service/techn ology qualities (i.e., faster, easier to use, and more advanced service features). To meet these challenging demands, many ICT companies seek to provide new service/technology to customers based on innovations developed through research and development. Unfortunately, the customers’ willingness to adopt new technologies is not always a given, even if new technologies offer high quality improvements. Given the investments that carriers have had to make to roll out new generation mobile services and technologies, it is prudent to consider how experiences with initial mobile Internet service/technology relate to adoption/retention intentions as well as other factors that affect a consumer’ s new technology adoption decision. Therefore, the purposes of this study are i) to develop a theoretical model for the mobile Internet technology adoption decision, ii) to test the proposed model empirically, and finally iii) to provide some insights for the mobile Internet service/technology provider community from a mobile user’ s perspective.
Immunization with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor induces neurological autoimmune disease

Neuronal nicotinic AChRs (nAChRs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse neurological disorders and in the regulation of small-cell lung carcinoma growth. Twelve subunits have been identified in vertebrates, and mutations of one are recognized in a rare form of human epilepsy. Mice with genetically manipulated neuronal nAChR subunits exhibit behavioral or autonomic phenotypes. Here, we report the first model of an acquired neuronal nAChR disorder and evidence for its pertinence to paraneoplastic neurological autoimmunity. Rabbits immunized once with recombinant α3 subunit (residues 1–205) develop profound gastrointestinal hypomotility, dilated pupils with impaired light response, and grossly distended bladders. As in patients with idiopathic and paraneoplastic autoimmune autonomic neuropathy, the severity parallels serum levels of ganglionic nAChR autoantibody. Failure of neurotransmission through abdominal sympathetic ganglia, with retention of neuronal viability, confirms that the disorder is a postsynaptic channelopathy. In addition, we found ganglionic nAChR protein in small-cell carcinoma lines, identifying this cancer as a potential initiator of ganglionic nAChR autoimmunity. The data support our hypothesis that immune responses driven by distinct neuronal nAChR subtypes expressed in small-cell carcinomas account for several lung cancer–related paraneoplastic disorders affecting cholinergic systems, including autoimmune autonomic neuropathy, seizures, dementia, and movement disorders.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu and cellular TASK proteins suppress transcription of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA

Unintegrated HIV-1 DNA serves as transcriptionally active templates in HIV-infected cells. Several host factors including NF-κβ enhance HIV-1 transcription. HIV-1 induced NF-κβ activation can be suppressed by viral protein U (Vpu). Interestingly HIV-1 Vpu shares amino acid homology with cellular Twik-related Acid Sensitive K+ (TASK) channel 1 and the proteins physically interact in cultured cells and AIDS lymphoid tissue. Furthermore, the first transmembrane domain of TASK-1 is functionally interchangeable with Vpu and like Vpu enhances HIV-1 release. Here we further characterize the role of TASK channels and Vpu in HIV-1 replication. We demonstrate that both TASK channels and Vpu can preferentially inhibit transcription of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA. Interestingly, TASK-1 ion channel function is not required and suppression of HIV-1 transcription by TASK-1 and Vpu was reversed by overexpression of RelA (NF-κβ p65). TASK proteins and Vpu suppress transcription of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA through an NF-κβ-dependent mechanism. Taken together these findings support a possible physiological role for HIV-1 Vpu and TASK proteins as modulators of transcription of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA genomes.
Comparative study of photothermolysis of cancer cells with nuclear-targeted or cytoplasm-targeted gold nanospheres: continuous wave or pulsed lasers

We conduct a comparative study on the efficiency and cell death pathways of continuous wave (cw) and nanosecond pulsed laser photothermal cancer therapy using gold nanospheres delivered to either the cytoplasm or nucleus of cancer cells. Cytoplasm localization is achieved using arginine-glycine-aspartate peptide modified gold nanospheres, which target integrin receptors on the cell surface and are subsequently internalized by the cells. Nuclear delivery is achieved by conjugating the gold nanospheres with nuclear localization sequence peptides originating from the simian virus. Photothermal experiments show that cell death can be induced with a single pulse of a nanosecond laser more efficiently than with a cw laser. When the cw laser is applied, gold nanospheres localized in the cytoplasm are more effective in inducing cell destruction than gold nanospheres localized at the nucleus. The opposite effect is observed when the nanosecond pulsed laser is used, suggesting that plasmonic field enhancement of the nonlinear absorption processes occurs at high localization of gold nanospheres at the nucleus. Cell death pathways are further investigated via a standard apoptosis kit to show that the cell death mechanisms depend on the type of laser used. While the cw laser induces cell death via apoptosis, the nanosecond pulsed laser leads to cell necrosis. These studies add mechanistic insight to gold nanoparticle-based photothermal therapy of cancer.
Analytical tools for power system restoration-conceptual design

A conceptual framework for computer-aided monitoring and assessment during system restoration using analytical tools is proposed. The basic structure is similar to one for security monitoring and assessment (ibid., vol.3, no.1, p.1-9, 1988). State estimation and the related functions, such as observability analysis, bad-data identification and external network modeling which are used in security analysis, are modified for application to system restoration monitoring. In addition to the load flows and optimal power flows that are used in security assessment, a host of analysis/optimization programs is required. These analytical tools are identified and categorized. A knowledge-based expert system architecture is suggested for synthesizing possible control sequences and to select and coordinate analysis procedures for assessing restoration plans. The conceptual design of the knowledge-based system and its interface with analytical tools are presented. >
Critical Changes in Cortical Neuronal Interactions in Anesthetized and Awake Rats

Background:Neuronal interactions are fundamental for information processing, cognition, and consciousness. Anesthetics reduce spontaneous cortical activity; however, neuronal reactivity to sensory stimuli is often preserved or augmented. How sensory stimulus–related neuronal interactions change unde
Predicting the characteristics of people living in the South USA using logistic regression and decision tree

Analysis of social data is at the core of social studies and an important application area of data mining and knowledge discovery. One aspect of such social data analysis is based on demographic and/or economic data. In this paper, we apply data mining techniques to find the characteristics of people living in the south of USA. The data used in our study is the WAGE2 data set with 935 observations that has been used in some previous social study research. The software tool SAS Enterprise Miner was used to analyze the data, particularly the regression and decision tree models. The results of our analysis show that the decision tree model produced a better variable selection than the logistic regression model did to predict if a person is likely to live in the south than the logistic regression model, at least from the given data set.
Measurements of the beatwave dynamics in time and space

We report on continuing experiments on the plasma beat wave accelerator, which uses an intense two-frequency CO/sub 2/ laser pulse to resonantly drive a large amplitude, relativistically-propagating electron plasma wave suitable for electron acceleration. Previously, energy gains of a factor 15 (from 2 MeV to 30 MeV) have been obtained. Also, collective scattering of a probe laser beam has allowed us to measure n/spl tilde/(/spl omega/,k) and n/spl tilde/(/spl omega//sub m/,t) where m=1,2 are the fundamental and harmonic of the large amplitude plasma wave. This powerful Thomson scattering technique has now been extended to measure n/spl tilde/(z,t), where z is the coordinate along the CO/sub 2/ propagation direction. Nonlinear dynamics such as relativistic detuning and ponderomotive effects can complicate the longitudinal amplitude profile and coherence. Experimental results show a plasma wave with a peak amplitude of approximately 35%, with a FWHM of 100 ps, and extending for 1 cm in space. These wave parameters are consistent with the observed energy gains of accelerated electrons.
Are Long-Distance Users an Inconvenient Truth? Profiling U.S. Newspapers' Online Readership in the Dual-Geographic Market

In response to the newspaper crisis, U.S. newspapers are seeking new business models for their online operation, but often ignore non-local readers who constitute a non-traditional niche audience with market potential. This study attempts to expand the understanding of the U.S. online newspaper readership in the dual-geographic market by empirically comparing local and long-distance users on demographic characteristics, online behavior, and satisfaction level with the newspaper site. Utilizing a dataset containing 28 newspaper Web sites' 25,964 visitors, this study performed a large-scale, in-depth analysis of online newspapers' long-distance readership unseen in previous research. Results show that more than one fourth of these newspaper sites' online users reside outside the print market. Most long-distance users have personal ties with the geographic area associated with the newspaper. Compared with local users, long-distance users tend to be male, older, better educated, and with a higher income. They are more likely to obtain local sports information from the site, but are less likely to visit the classifieds areas of the site. They also tend to be more loyal to and satisfied with the newspaper site. Newspapers should perceive long-distance users as a potential audience segment rather than an inconvenient truth when developing content, pricing, and marketing strategies. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Induction of Apatite by the Cooperative Effect of Amelogenin and the 32-kDa Enamelin

Extracellular matrix proteins are considered to play essential roles in controlling the nucleation, growth, and organization of hydroxyapatite crystals during enamel formation. The effects of amelogenin and the 32-kDa enamelin proteins on apatite nucleation were investigated by a steady-state gel diffusion device containing 10% gelatin gels loaded with 0, 0.75%, and 1.5% (w/w) native porcine amelogenins. It was found that the induction time for hydroxyapatite precipitation was strongly increased by the presence of amelogenins, suggesting an inhibitory effect of apatite nucleation. Addition of 18 micro g/mL of 32-kDa enamelin to 10% gelatin also caused inhibition of nucleation. Remarkably, addition of 18 and 80 micro g/mL of 32-kDa enamelin in gels containing 1.5% amelogenin accelerated the nucleation process in a dose-dependent manner. Our observations strongly suggest that the 32-kDa enamelin and amelogenins cooperate to promote nucleation of apatite crystals and propose a possible novel mechanism of mineral nucleation during enamel biomineralization.
Excess amplitude and excess phase noise of RF photodiodes operated in compression

We present a study of amplitude noise (AN) and residual phase noise (PN) in radio-frequency (RF) photodetectors. Using a heterodyned optical source with a 1-GHz beat frequency, the AN and residual PN spectra of p-i-n photodiodes were measured and found to vary with the level of space-charge-induced RF compression, hereby quantifing the excess AN and PN in the photodetection process.
Uniform versus non-uniform band switching in WDM networks

We compare the effectiveness of uniform versus non-uniform waveband switching under the dual cost metrics of switching requirements and fiber capacity. We consider a star topology and begin by characterizing the optimal performance frontier achievable under no restrictions on waveband sizing, and provide algorithms employing non-uniform waveband sizing that approach or achieve this optimum. We then consider the special case of uniform waveband sizing, and show that the performance compares very favorably. We also extend our results to general topologies.
Density prediction from ground-roll inversion

Summary Bulk densities are often predicted from seismic velocities using the Gardner’s relation if density information is unavailable. P-wave velocity is used in the Gardner’s relation. We used a modified Gardner’s relation to predict bulk densities from S-wave velocities where we estimated S-wave velocities using the noninvasive ground-roll inversion method. Different types of seismic data sets have been used: i) numerical and physical modeling; ii) data from: Red Lodge, Montana, and the Barringer (Meteor) Crater, Arizona. The main objectives of the paper are: i) to test the modified Gardner’s relation for different types of materials, ii) to estimate errors between known and predicted bulk densities, and iii) to compare different empirical exponent values to minimize the error. We estimate predicted densities with maximum error of 0.5 gm/cc for known values (the blank glass model and Montana site). A maximum change of ± 0.01 in the exponent values provide a better match for the known models. We find exponential values for the modified Gardner’s relation varying from 0.21 to 0.23 for all the cases compared to the suggested value of 0.22. So, the prediction of bulk densities for varied materials maintains a confidence level of above 90%.
T Cell Receptor Binding to a pMHCII Ligand Is Kinetically Distinct from and Independent of CD4

Abstract Immune recognition of pMHCII ligands by a helper T lymphocyte involves its antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) and CD4 coreceptor. We have characterized the binding of both molecules to the same pMHCII. The D10 αβ TCR heterodimer binds to conalbumin/I-Ak with virtually identical kinetics and affinity as the single chain VαVβ domain module (scD10) (K d = 6–8 μm). The CD4 ectodomain does not alter either interaction. Moreover, CD4 alone demonstrates weak pMHCII binding (K d = 200 μm), with no discernable affinity for the αβ TCR heterodimer. Hence, rather than providing a major contribution to binding energy, the critical role for the coreceptor in antigen-specific activation likely results from transient inducible recruitment of the CD4 cytoplasmic tail-associated lck tyrosine kinase to the pMHCII-ligated TCR complex.
Applicative style programming, program transformation, and list operators

An important feature of the applicative style is the use of operators that package common patterns of computation. For example, the list operator map applies a function to every element of a list. Practical use of this style has been hampered by the fact that it can be very inefficient to execute. One remedy for this situation is to use source-to-source program transformation to convert applicative style programs to more efficient equivalents. This paper examines how list operators can be used to guide the transformation process. It describes a small set of list operators that possess a “complete” set of transformation rules, allowing transformations to be performed very efficiently. Whereas most previous transformation methods resemble proofs, this transformation method resembles algebraic manipulation.
Navigating the Ever-Changing Educational System

This article provides an overview of the articles in this issue of the Journal of Curriculum and Instruciton.
The Effect of Posterior Spine Fusion on Vertebral Growth in Dogs

1. Posterior fusion of the thoracic spine in growing dogs produces both gross and histological alterations in the fused segments. 2. The gross changes include the production of lordosis in a normally straight or kyphotic canine spine and decreased growth in the over-all length of the fused area. 3. The microscopic changes include progressive maturation of the bone in the fusion mass, narrowing of the discs spanned by the graft with associated increased tissue density and decreased cellular activity within the disc, and slight alterations in the arrangement of the cell columns in the involved epiphyseal growth cartilages.
Attitude and Gender as Predictors of Insurance Loyalty

Financial services marketing issues related to consumer loyalty with insurance products continues to grow in both importance and challenge, none-the-less, remain poorly understood. A scenario-based study is presented that empirically validates via structural equation-based mediation analyses existing arguments that (1) both cognitive and affective considerations affect consumer decision-making vis-a-vis loyalty intentions to auto insurers post-poor service delivery, and (2) these considerations vary by gender. The research and managerial implications are presented and discussed.
Control of eye fixation by auditory feedback

The results of an experiment with two Ss indicate that auditory information can be utilized in controlling eye fixation, particularly as normal visual control of fixation is decreased. It is concluded that the retinal component of the normal visual feedback loop is not a necessary condition for maintaining eye position.
A Simple Nonlinear Circuit Contains an Infinite Number of Functions

The complex dynamics of a simple nonlinear circuit contains an infinite number of functions. Specifically, this brief shows that the number of different functions that a nonlinear or chaotic circuit can implement exponentially increases as the circuit evolves in time, and this exponential increase is quantified with an exponent that is named the computing exponent. This brief argues that a simple nonlinear circuit that illustrates rich complex dynamics can embody infinitely many different functions, each of which can be dynamically selected. In practice, not all of these functions may be accessible due to factors such as noise or instability of the functions. However, these infinitely many functions do exist within the dynamics of the nonlinear circuit regardless of accessibility or inaccessibility of the functions in practice. This nonlinear-dynamics-based approach to computation opens the door for implementing extremely slim low-power circuits that are capable of performing many different types of functions.
Timing SDN Control Planes to Infer Network Configurations

In this paper, we study information leakage by control planes of Software Defined Networks. We find that the response time of an OpenFlow control plane depends on its workload, and we develop an inference attack that an adversary with control of a single host could use to learn about network configurations without needing to compromise any network infrastructure (i.e. switches or controller servers). We also demonstrate that our inference attack works on real OpenFlow hardware. To our knowledge, no previous work has evaluated OpenFlow inference attacks outside of simulation.
Difficulty in predicting shallow defects with hybrid functionals: Implication of the long-range exchange interaction

We identify an important issue in defect studies using hybrid functionals. When modeling a defect, which is supposedly an isolated system, with a finite-size supercell, the inclusion of a fraction of the Hartree-Fock interaction results in a strong cell-size dependence and an extremely slow convergence of the calculated defect properties, especially for shallow defect. These behaviors may give rise to a number of errors in calculated defect properties, including the deepening of transition level and overstabilization of shallow defects. Numerical results from hybrid functional calculations for a diverse array of systems can be understood within the Hartree-Fock theory of an electron-gas model, indicating that the long-range exchange is the main cause for the errors in the calculated defect properties within hybrid functionals.
Immunologic and Electrophoretic Heterogeneity of Hepatitis-Associated Antigen

The discovery of hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) in the blood of an Australian aborigine and the subsequent documentation of its strong correlation with long-incubation period hepatitis have greatly facilitated the epidemiological investigation of viral hepatitis [1-4]. Several reports have recently indicated that both sera containing HAA and that containing antibody to HAA (antiHAA) may sometimes manifest more than one immunologic specificity as indicated by alterations in the expected double-diffusion precipitin reaction [5, 6]. Before HAA can be confidently correlated with clinical syndromes, it will be necessary to understand the kinds of precipitin reaction that may occur and establish their relative importance in the determination of immunologic specificity. Any additional criteria that might be available for typing HAA should clearly be utilized. In this report, we describe the types of precipitin reaction that have been observed during the routine screening for HAA of many individuals with and without clinical hepatitis. We have attempted to determine the significance of each reaction. Highly purified HAA and heterologous antisera to HAA prepared in this laboratory, as
Interassociates of the bicyclic semigroup

An interassociate of a semigroup \((S,\cdot )\) is a semigroup \((S, *)\) such that for all \(a, b, c \in S\), \(a\cdot (b*c)=(a\cdot b) *c\) and \(a*(b\cdot c)=(a*b) \cdot c\). We investigate the bicyclic semigroup C and its interassociates. In particular, if p and q are the generators of the bicyclic semigroup and m and n are fixed nonnegative integers, the operation \(a*_{m,n} b= aq^mp^n b\) is known to be an interassociate. We show that for distinct pairs (m, n) and (s, t), the interassociates \((C, *_{m,n})\) and \((C, *_{s,t})\) are not isomorphic. We also generalize a result regarding homomorphisms on C to homomorphisms on its interassociates.