cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
30 Hz-linewidth, diode-laser-pumped, Nd:GGG nonplanar ring oscillators by active frequency stabilisation

A heterodyne linewidth of less than 30 Hz for the beatnote between the outputs of two 282 THz Nd:GGG nonplanar ring oscillators (NPROs) is reported. The lasers were independently locked to adjacent axial modes of a high-finesse interferometer. The remnant frequency noise appears to be dominated by free spectral range fluctuations in the reference interferometer rather than by residual laser noise.
Changing patterns of urban public space

Abstract This paper looks at new, high-profile redevelopment projects in Tokyo and New York City and their surroundings for examples of trends in the design of urban public spaces and changing patterns in how they are used. This includes new parks and other open spaces, landscaped plazas or public squares associated with new office towers, shopping centers and other large-scale commercial developments, and various popular “festival sites” such as those along recreation waterfronts. A comparison indicates that both cities have quite a few new public spaces that enhance the quality of urban life and add aesthetic appeal, but that also reflect certain social problems and divisions. We see the following common trends: (1) increasing privatization of spaces that were once more clearly in the public domain; (2) increasing surveillance of public spaces and control of access to them in order to improve security; and (3) increasing use of design themes that employ “theme park” simulations and break connections with local history and geography. In the Tokyo area there is also a curious trend to create large, landscaped open areas near new development projects that few people use. They can be called “planned wastelands” or “new urban deserts”. New York City, on the other hand, has succeeded in having more people come together for enjoyment in parts of the city that were once all but abandoned. The paper is illustrated with photographs, and draws on the examples of Times Square, South Street Seaport and Battery Park City in New York, and Yebisu Garden Place, Teleport–Daiba, Makuhari New Town and Minato Mirai 21 in the Tokyo–Yokohama area.
On the Effect of Dual Weights in Computer Aided Design of Rational Motions

In recent years, it has become well known that rational Bezier and B-spline curves in the space of dual quaternions correspond to rational Bezier and B-spline motions. However, the influence of weights of these dual quaternion curves on the resulting rational motions has been largely unexplored. In this paper, we present a thorough mathematical exposition on the influence of dual-number weights associated with dual quaternions for rational motion design. By deriving the explicit equations for the point trajectories of the resulting motion, we show that the effect of real weights on the resulting motion is similar to that of a rational Bezier curve and how the change in dual part of a dual-number weight affects the translational component of the motion. We also show that a rational Bezier motion can be reparameterized in a manner similar to a rational Bezier curve. Several examples are presented to illustrate the effects of the weights on rational motions.
Central American Tax ReformTrends and Possibilities

Central American tax systems are modern in their orientation, though there remains scope for beneficial reform. Value-added taxes are the mainstay of collections, but their performance varies. Income and property taxes remain relatively underused and should apply to higher-income taxpayers more comprehensively. Tax reform needs to be mindful of global competition. Continuing improvement in administrative performance is also essential.
Interventions to Increase Treatment Adherence in Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review

Poor adherence to treatment is a major factor limiting treatment outcomes in patients with atopic dermatitis. The purpose of our systematic review is to identify techniques that have been tested to increase treatment adherence in atopic dermatitis. A MEDLINE search was performed for clinical trials focusing on interventions used to increase adherence in atopic dermatitis. Four articles were retrieved. References of these studies were analyzed yielding three more trials. The seven results were evaluated by comparing the intervention used to improve adherence, how adherence was assessed, and the outcome of the intervention tested. Different approaches to increase adherence such as written eczema action plans, educational workshops, extra office visits, and use of an atopic dermatitis educator were evaluated. All interventions increased adherence rates or decreased severity in patients, except for two. The MEDLINE search yielded limited results due to a lack of studies conducted specifically for atopic dermatitis and adherence was measured using different methods making the studies difficult to compare. Interventions including patient education, eczema action plans, and a quick return for a follow-up visit improve adherence, but based on the lack of clinical trials, developing new techniques to improve adherence could be as valuable as developing new treatments.
High Genetic Diversity Despite the Potential for Stepping-Stone Colonizations in an Invasive Species of Gecko on Moorea, French Polynesia

Invasive species often have reduced genetic diversity, but the opposite can be true if there have been multiple introductions and genetic admixture. Reduced diversity is most likely soon after establishment, in remote locations, when there is lower propagule pressure and with stepping-stone colonizations. The common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus) was introduced to Moorea, French Polynesia in the remote eastern Pacific within the last two decades and accordingly is expected to exhibit low diversity. In contrast, we show that H. frenatus on Moorea has exceptionally high genetic diversity, similar to that near the native range in Asia and much higher than reported for other Pacific island reptiles. The high diversity in this recently founded population likely reflects extensive genetic admixture in source population(s) and a life history that promotes retention of diversity. These observations point to the importance of understanding range-wide dynamics of genetic admixture in highly invasive species.
Microwave absorption of oxygen measured with a Fabry-Perot spectrometer

A semiconfocal configuration of a Fabry-Perot interferometer is described, which can be used for measuring moderately weak absorption at a fixed microwave frequency as a function of pressure by measuring the change in the Q of the system when the gas is introduced. An accuracy of 0.3 dB/km at 58.82 GHz is achieved with just conventional laboratory equipment. The absorption need not be resonant, and can be determined as a function of such physical factors as pressure, temperature, and mixture composition. Oxygen absorption measurements support calculations based on theories of line overlap inside the oxygen absorption band at subatmospheric pressure.
Assembly and electrochemical characterization of nanometer-scale electrode|solid electrolyte interfaces.

A technique is herein described for the assembly and characterization of nanometer-scale metal electrode|solid electrolyte interfaces of variable dimensions. The specific system examined in this work involves a sharp Pt tip attached to the piezo-driven head of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) allowing the tip to be inserted into (or retrieved from) a Nafion membrane placed normal to the direction of tip travel. The actual Pt|Nafion area of contact was determined by coulometric analysis of the characteristic voltammetric features of Pt, using the tip as the working electrode and a much larger Pt gauze attached to the other side of the Nafion as a counter-reference electrode, yielding for some of the interfaces examined values equivalent to as low as 35 000 Pt surface atoms. This rather versatile arrangement allows experiments to be performed in both inert (Ar) and reactive atmospheres, such as oxygen or hydrogen on either or both sides of the membrane, under controlled humidity conditions, and thus sh...
The influence of the reactive element yttrium on the stress in alumina scales formed by oxidation

The addition of reactive elements, such as yttrium, to high temperature alloys significantly improves the adherence of thermally-grown oxide scales but there is still no agreement as to the reason for this improved behavior. Some of the proposed mechanisms are based on the premise that yttrium helps to decrease the residual compressive stress in the oxide, thus decreasing the driving force for spalling of the oxide scale. This investigation followed the oxide stress development in three alumina-forming alloy compositions, each with and without an addition of yttrium over various oxidation times and temperatures. The stress in the oxide scales were measured at room temperature using a piezospectroscopic technique. The results clearly show that the addition of yttrium does not decrease the residual stress in the scales but makes them more compressive, at least at short oxidation times.
Cross-Linked Polypropylene Prepared by PP Copolymers Containing Flexible Styrene Groups

This paper discusses an effective method to prepare cross-linked isotactic polypropylene (PP-X) with high purity (almost 100% gel content and no contamination) and high melting temperature and crystallinity. The reaction scheme involves a linear poly(propylene-co-p-(3-butenylstyrene)) copolymer (PP-BSt) containing few pendent styrene groups and the subsequent thermal treatment without any external reagent. The intermediate PP-BSt copolymers were prepared by a specific rac-CH2(3-tert-butyl-Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO catalyst that not only performs iso-specific propylene insertion but also incorporates BSt units with a preferred α-olefin insertion over styrene moiety. The combined features permit the preparation of linear PP-BSt copolymers with high molecular weight and high catalyst activity, without the presence of hydrogen. The resulting PP-BSt copolymers having some flexible pendent styrene moieties are completely soluble in xylene at elevated temperatures, and the solution case films show active cross-linking acti...
Infants' conventionalized acts: Gestures and words with mothers and peers☆

Abstract The present study provides empirical support for several ideas about the importance of social context during early communication development that Bruner and others have found compelling. Twenty-eight infants were videotaped at home playing with their mothers, with peers, and while alone at 9, 12, and 15 months of age. Occurrences of gestures and words were noted as well as whether infants and their partners were both attending to the same object and whether infants were engaged in “action formats”. Results suggest that, as conventionalized acts emerge toward the end of infancy, their production is facilitated by the availability of an attentive, comprehending partner, joint attention toward an object with that partner, and the enactment of an action format.
Medical Disparagement of the Disability Experience: Empirical Evidence for the “Expressivist Objection”

Fetal screening and selection (FSS) services offered in the context of prenatal care have been criticized for decades. One important objection has charged that the utilization of FSS expresses disparagement toward the lives, value, and experiences of people with disabilities. Critiques of this expressivist objection to FSS attempt to challenge the interpretability of FSS decisions, or emphasize the importance of autonomy in defending FSS services against concerns about social injustice. The following discussion of sociomedical research demonstrates that FSS practices are too often derivative of inaccurate and disparaging models of disability and disability experience. A disregard for the disability experience and sustained ignorance of disability issues are evident in medical attitudes, practice, education, and research. Thus, critiques of the expressivist objection do not hold up when examined in the context of actual practices.
Effect of alteration of nerve terminal Ca2+ regulation on increased spontaneous quantal release of acetylcholine by methyl mercury.

Abstract Agents known to disrupt intraterminal Ca 2+ buffering, N,N -dimethylamino-8-octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8), 25 μ m ; caffeine, 7.5 m m ; N,N -bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)- N -methylamine (YS035), 180 μ m ; ouabain, 200 μ m ; and dantrolene, 50 μ m , were tested for the ability to alter effects of methyl mercury (MeHg) on spontaneous quantal release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the rat neuromuscular junction. In particular, we sought to determine whether any of the above agents could prevent the MeHg-induced increase of spontaneous release of ACh, an effect measured electrophysiologically as increased frequency of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs). MEPPs were recorded continuously from myofibers of the rat hemidiaphragm using conventional, intracellular recording techniques during pretreatment with an inhibitor of Ca 2+ regulation and subsequently with the inhibitor plus MeHg (100 μ m ). When given alone, caffeine and ouabain, which release Ca 2+ from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, respectively, increased MEPP frequency in a biphasic manner. Following pretreatment, concomitant application of MeHg with caffeine or ouabain increased MEPP frequency after a brief latent period to peak values of 53 and 92 Hz, respectively. TMB-8 and dantrolene, putative inhibitors of Ca 2+ release from smooth endoplasmic reticulum, differed in their effects on MEPP frequency; TMB-8 alone decreased MEPP frequency to approximately 10% of drug-free control, whereas dantrolene did not significantly alter control MEPP frequency. Subsequent concomitant application of MeHg with TMB-8 or dantrolene increased MEPP frequency to peak values of 40 and 100 Hz after 17 and 30 min, respectively. YS035, a putative inhibitor of mitochondrial uptake and release of Ca 2+ , decreased MEPP frequency to less than 10% of control after 15 min when given alone. Application of MeHg following YS035 pretreatment failed to increase MEPP frequency for up to 90 min. YS035 did not mask a MeHg effect by blocking postsynaptic sensitivity to ACh or preventing its release since subsequent treatment with La 3+ (2 m m ) after YS035 had abolished spontaneous release, increased MEPP frequency within 5 min. Thus, of the five inhibitors of nerve terminal Ca 2+ regulation tested, only YS035 prevented the stimulatory action of MeHg on MEPP frequency. Results of the present study suggest that release of Ca 2+ from nerve terminal mitochondria contributes to the increased MEPP frequency caused by MeHg while release of Ca 2+ from smooth endoplasmic reticulum may not.
Medical Home Care for Children With Special Needs: Access to Services and Family Burden

Medical home services, family burden, and time coordinating health care may differ across disorder groups. Children ages 3 to 17 years from the 2005–2006 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs were divided into 5 groups: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, mental health disorder, chronic illness, cognitive/developmental disorder, and healthy children. Children with mental health or cognitive/developmental conditions were significantly less likely to receive medical home services but more likely to present family burden, with similar findings for children from low socioeconomic status, exhibiting moderate to severe symptoms, and/or from non-White backgrounds. Health professionals must screen children for mental disorders and assist parents in obtaining necessary services.
Discriminant Analysis of Student Ratings as a Means for Identifying Lecturers who Differ in Enthusiasm or Information-Giving

This investigation employed discriminant analysis to improve the usefulness of student-faculty ratings in detecting differences in lecturer types. Equivalent groups of college students in each of two studies viewed lectures delivered by a Hollywood actor so as to vary in number of substantive teaching points covered (high, low) and presentation manner (enthusiastic, unenthusiastic). Students rated lecturer effectiveness using an 18-item questionnaire like those commonly used. Optimal scoring methods were derived in the first study for the purpose of differentiating among lecturer types and were cross-validated in a second study of groups of students who saw and rated the same lectures. Scoring methods derived in the first study were valid in relation to differences in lecturer enthusiasm in the first and second studies and were valid in relation to differences in information-giving in the first but not in the second study. Results were explained in terms of the "Doctor Fox Effect" and suggestions were off...
New insights into thyroid hormone action

Thyroid hormones (THs) have important effects on cellular development, growth, and metabolism. They bind to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, which belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. These receptors also bind to enhancer elements in the promoters of target genes, and can regulate both positive and negative transcription. Recent emerging evidence has characterized some of the molecular mechanisms by which THs regulate transcription as co-repressors, and co-activators have been identified and their effects on histone acetylation examined. THs also have rapid effects that do not require transcription. These can occur via TRs or other cellular proteins, and typically occur outside the nucleus. It appears that THs regulate multiple cellular functions using a diverse array of receptors and signaling systems. TR isoform- or pathway-specific drugs might provide the therapeutic benefits of TH action such as decreasing obesity or lowering cholesterol levels without some of the side effects of hyperthyroidism.
STATE-ING SEX AND GENDER Collecting Information from Mothers and Fathers in Paternity Cases

Analysis of the local implementation of paternity establishment and child support policy in four Wisconsin counties suggests that these policies reproduce some aspects of patriarchal gender relations. The counties' information-collecting practices focused on nonmarital mothers' sexual activity and nonmarital fathers' employment and income. Women were questioned far more extensively than men about their sexual practices and partners; women's accounts of their sexual activity were used to evaluate their overall truthfulness, and administrative practices in effect encouraged alleged fathers to state whether they were convinced of the mother's sexual fidelity. By demonstrating the gendered nature of the terms under which public assistance is granted, the findings highlight the significance of the process of policy implementation for understanding the gendered character of state systems of social provision.
Progress and challenges in building evolvable devices

This paper presents JPL progress in building evolution-oriented reconfigurable devices. It surveys the FPTA family, and presents details of the latest chip, FPTA2, an array of 64 reconfigurable cells that can implement mixed-signal functions, include programmable capacitors and resistors and integrate photodetectors as part of a built-in vision sensor. The chip was fabricated in 0.18 micron CMOS. The paper also discusses some of the challenges in building such chips, as well as lessons learned while evolving circuits.
A novel method to assess degree of crystallinity of aramid filament yarns

An equation was developed to predict the morphology of aramid fibers using dissolution time (t) data of Kevlar and Nomex multifilament yarns, which were heat set at various temperatures. The degree...
Biological Characterization of Rev Variation in Equine Infectious Anemia Virus

Sequence analysis identified significant variation in the second exon of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) rev. Functional analysis indicated that limited amino acid variation in Rev significantly altered the export activity of the protein but did not affect Rev-dependent alternative splicing. EIAV Rev can mediate export through two independent cis-acting Rev-responsive elements (RREs), and differences among Rev variants were more pronounced when both RREs were present. Variation in Rev may be an important mechanism for regulation of virus replication in vivo and may contribute to changes in clinical disease.
Rare earth element geochemistry and taphonomy of the Early Cretaceous Crystal Geyser Dinosaur Quarry, east-central Utah

Abstract The Crystal Geyser Dinosaur Quarry contains a large monospecific accumulation of bones from a basal therizinosaur, Falcarius utahensis. The quarry is located approximately 16 km south of Green River, Utah, at the base of the early Cretaceous (Barremian) Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation. Fossil bones in the quarry occur in three units that have distinct taphonomic, lithologic, and geochemical characteristics. Rare earth element compositions of fossils suggest that bones from each unit were drawn from different reservoirs or sources having distinctly different compositions, and fossils were not reworked between units. Compositions of bones differ greatly within Units 1 and 2, even within the same 1-m2 quarry grid. These chemical differences and taphonomic characteristics, such as current orientation, hydraulic sorting, and occasional extensive abrasion, suggest that bones from these two units are allochthonous and were fossilized at other localities, possibly over an area of severa...
Oxidation of glutamine by the splanchnic bed in humans

[1,2-13C2]glutamine and [ring-2H5]phenylalanine were infused for 7 h into five postabsorptive healthy subjects on two occasions. On one occasion, the tracers were infused intravenously for 3.5 h an...
The Gift in Sixteenth‐Century France

The Gift in Sixteenth-Century France. Natalie Zemon Davis. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 2000. 196 pp.
Dietary Patterns Predict Mortality in a National Cohort: The National Health Interview Surveys, 1987 and 1992

We examined the association of mortality and dietary patterns using data from the National Health Interview Surveys of 1987 and 1992 (n = 10,084), aged >/=45 y at baseline (with 2287 deaths due to all causes over 5.9 median years of follow-up). The approximately 60-item FFQ administered at baseline was examined for mentions of foods and dietary behaviors recommended in current dietary guidance (fruits, vegetables, lean poultry and alternates, low-fat dairy, and whole grains), and the resulting patterns were expressed as follows: 1) a Recommended Foods and Behavior Score (RFBS), 2) factor scores from factor analysis, and 3) clusters from cluster analysis. The multivariate-adjusted relative risk (RR) of mortality for each of the 3 types of dietary patterns was examined using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. In men, RR of all-cause mortality was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.92, P for trend < 0.001) for RFBS, and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.95, P for trend = 0.002) for the fruit-vegetable-whole grain factor score when comparing extreme quartiles. Membership in 1 of the 4 clusters also was associated with lower risk in men (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.66, 1.01). For women, the RFBS was a modest inverse predictor of mortality after multivariate adjustment (RR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.61, 1.04, P for trend = 0.04), but estimates for factor and cluster patterns were attenuated. The population-attributable fraction due to diet was 0.16 in men and 0.09 in women. Dietary patterns characterized by compliance with prevailing food-based dietary guidance were associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality.
Cross-validation without a validation set in BP-trained neural nets

Generalization in backprop-trained multilayer neural networks is discussed for problems where training data is either scarce or else extremely costly to obtain. In this case, the usual method of cross-validation, whereby the data set is partitioned into training, testing, and validation sets, is not feasible. In this paper we demonstrate that it is sometimes possible to use all available data for training a large network (a network capable of overfitting the data) and yet still determine an appropriate stopping point to ensure that the network generalizes properly.
Lattice anharmonicity in low-dimensional carbon systems

The anharmonic properties of low-dimensional carbon crystal lattices are reviewed. The energy and crystal momentum conservation rules in two- and one-dimensional crystals lead to a drastic reduction of the phase space available for anharmonic phonon decay. This is illustrated with first principles calculations of the anharmonic properties of graphite and graphene. Experimental Raman linewidth data for the Radial Breathing Mode (RBM) in suspended single-walled carbon nanotubes are also interpreted in terms of a simple model in which a phonon decay bottleneck induced by the low dimensionality leads to a population time dependence in which a fast initial decay is followed by a slow decay determined by the decay rate of a large population of secondary phonons. These results are key to understanding the combined dynamics of electrons and phonons that determines the electrical transport properties in low-dimensional carbon nanostructures. In the case of the RBM in carbon nanotubes, they raise the intriguing possibility of using the linewidth of the Raman peak to determine the, chirality of the nanotube. (C) 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Genomic evidence of rapid and stable adaptive oscillations over seasonal time scales in Drosophila.

In many species, genomic data have revealed pervasive adaptive evolution indicated by the fixation of beneficial alleles. However, when selection pressures are highly variable along a species' range or through time adaptive alleles may persist at intermediate frequencies for long periods. So called “balanced polymorphisms” have long been understood to be an important component of standing genetic variation, yet direct evidence of the strength of balancing selection and the stability and prevalence of balanced polymorphisms has remained elusive. We hypothesized that environmental fluctuations among seasons in a North American orchard would impose temporally variable selection on Drosophila melanogaster that would drive repeatable adaptive oscillations at balanced polymorphisms. We identified hundreds of polymorphisms whose frequency oscillates among seasons and argue that these loci are subject to strong, temporally variable selection. We show that these polymorphisms respond to acute and persistent changes in climate and are associated in predictable ways with seasonally variable phenotypes. In addition, our results suggest that adaptively oscillating polymorphisms are likely millions of years old, with some possibly predating the divergence between D. melanogaster and D. simulans. Taken together, our results are consistent with a model of balancing selection wherein rapid temporal fluctuations in climate over generational time promotes adaptive genetic diversity at loci underlying polygenic variation in fitness related phenotypes.
The Effect of Visual Search Efficiency on Response Preparation Neurophysiological Evidence for Discrete Flow

Most models assume that response time (RT) comprises the time required for successive processing stages, but they disagree about whether information is transmitted continuously or discretely between stages. We tested these alternative hypotheses by measuring when movement-related activity began in the frontal eye field (FEF) of macaque monkeys performing visual search. Previous work showed that RT was longer when visual neurons in FEF took longer to select the target, a finding consistent with prolonged perceptual processing during less efficient search. We now report that the buildup of saccadic movement-related activity in FEF is delayed in inefficient visual search. Variability in the delay of movement-related activity accounted for the difference in RT between search conditions and for the variability of RT within conditions. These findings provide neurophysiological support for the hypothesis that information is transmitted discretely between perceptual and response stages of processing during visual search.
Indolent lymphoma: follicular lymphoma and the microenvironment—insights from gene expression profiling

As shown with gene expression profiling (GEP), the development and progression of follicular lymphoma (FL) involves complex interactions between neoplastic B cells and the surrounding microenvironment. GEP further reveals that the tumor microenvironment may predict survival in patients with FL and influence the response to therapy and the risk of transformation. Here, we briefly review GEP technology and summarize the role of the tumor microenvironment in FL diagnosis, prognosis, and transformation. Genes expressed by infiltrating T cells and macrophages appear to be the most important predictors of survival, clinical behavior, and outcome. These findings provide a basis for future studies into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of FL and may ultimately provide guidance in the choice of therapy and the identification of potential therapeutic targets.
Social ties and their relevance to churn in mobile telecom networks

Social Network Analysis has emerged as a key paradigm in modern sociology, technology, and information sciences. The paradigm stems from the view that the attributes of an individual in a network are less important than their ties (relationships) with other individuals in the network. Exploring the nature and strength of these ties can help understand the structure and dynamics of social networks and explain real-world phenomena, ranging from organizational efficiency to the spread of information and disease.In this paper, we examine the communication patterns of millions of mobile phone users, allowing us to study the underlying social network in a large-scale communication network. Our primary goal is to address the role of social ties in the formation and growth of groups, or communities, in a mobile network. In particular, we study the 'evolution of churners in an operator's network spanning over a period of four months. Our analysis explores the propensity of a subscriber to churn out of a service provider's network depending on the number of ties (friends) that have already churned. Based on our findings, we propose a spreading activation-based technique that predicts potential churners by examining the current set of churners and their underlying social network. The efficiency of the prediction is expressed as a lift curve, which indicates the fraction of all churners that can be caught when a certain fraction of subscribers were contacted.
Radio link protocols for digital cellular systems

Radio link protocols (RLPs) which have been proposed for data transmission over communications links in digital cellular systems are presented. In order to achieve high transmission throughput in the multipath fading environments that these cellular channels encounter, automatic-repeat-request (ARQ)-based schemes are combined with auxiliary error protection techniques, such as forward error correction (FEC) and diversity reception. These schemes are incorporated into radio link protocols which are referred to as ARQ/FEC/DIV protocols. These protocols can be used to provide high quality facsimile signal transmission and async data services in mobile radio environments. The throughput performance of ARQ/FEC/DIV protocols is discussed. The performance of a proposed frequency-hopped multi-frequency-shift-keying (FH-MFSK) system as a function of fading parameters for different communication channels is investigated.
Adenosine and insulin mediate glucose uptake in normoxic rat hearts by different mechanisms.

The effect of adenosine (ADO) and its interaction with insulin (I) on myocardial glucose uptake was evaluated in the normoxic isolated rat heart using 2-[3H]deoxyglucose. Isovolumic hearts were per...
Market-Power Problems of Agricultural Producers:

What are the real bases of the bargaining power problem in agricultural markets? Is antitrust action an effective remedy? Can cooperative marketing improve farmers’ bargaining positions? What is th...
Creep Deformation of Ultrafine Grained Ni7 5B1 7Si8

The creep behavior of the fine grained, intermetallic superplastic alloy of overall composition Ni 7 5 B 1 7 Si 8 prepared by crystallizing an amorphous precursor was studied in the temperature range between 500 and 615°C, the stress range between 36 and 800 MPa, and for grain sizes between 6.8 and 1.12*10− 5 mm. The strain rates measured varied between 10−7 and 6*10−5 sec −1 . Two different creep deformation mechanisms were observed. At low applied stresses, the material deformed in a diffusion controlled mode, with proportional to σ 1 . No dislocations developed in the grains, and the activation energy for creep was 4 eV. This value is higher than the self-diffusion of Ni in Ni (the principal constituent in the alloy) in agreement with observation in other Ni based alloy systems. At high applied stresses, a second mechanism became rate limiting. The activation energy of this process is about 0.6 eV and dislocations develop in the interior of grains when this mechanism operates. The transition between the two regimes is grain size and temperature dependent and occurs at about 400 MPa at a deformation temperature of 550°C and a grain size of 6.8 10 −5 mm. An analysis of the grain size dependence of creep strain rate as well as its absolute value indicates that the low stress regime is Coble type creep.
Blended Source Imaging By Amplitude Encoding

The computational cost of conventional imaging is large for today’s wide-azimuth seismic surveys. One strategy to reduce the overall cost of seismic imaging is to migrate with multiple shot-gathers at once, a technique which is known as blended source imaging. Blended source imaging trades the reduced cost of imaging with the presence of artifacts (cross-talk) in the image. We show that a theoretical framework using a matrix representation of the imaging process adequately describes conventional, and blended source imaging. Furthermore, the matrix representation predicts both the quantity and strength of cross-talk artifacts prior to imaging, thus allowing us to decide a priori the trade off between cross-talk and speed. By exploiting our theoretical framework, we are able to design an amplitude encoding scheme, referred to as Truncated Singular Vector (TSV), that trades a significantly reduced cost of imaging with spatial resolution and cross-talk noise. The TSV encoding allows us to reduce the cost of imaging by at least an order of magnitude relative to conventional shot-record migration. Overall, we provide a framework for finding blended source encoding schemes, that produce good quality images at lower computational cost.
Attitudinal Correlates of Social Participation

emerging personality. On the basis of the earlier experimental studies and theory building with regard to the development of achievement motivation, the present paper takes the position that the development of n A ch, if it is dependent on what has been called independence training, must take place in a social setting in which there are stable norms on the basis of which parents may judge (and thus reward or punish) a child's behavior. In the case of the Chippewa, anomie rather than a stable normative structure seemed to be the dominant pattern. The findings of this study can thus be interpreted to indicate that populations in which a stable normative structure is lacking will not produce individual personalities with high levels of n Ach and that within such populations those individuals who have been least successful in defining a consistent self-image vis a vis a major population segment will be least likely to develop high levels of n Ach. The present data also offer some evidence relative to the controversial question of the pattern of development of n Achz during the life of the individual. The data here seem to indicate that n Ach development continues into the 10th to 14th years of the individual's life, at least for the subjects studied. The study reported here is not, of course, a sufficient basis for making definitive statements about either of these matters. It has too many "unknowns" of its own. It does give some indication, however, that the whites express more n Ach than the Indians, that within the Indian group those with mixed or ambivalent group identifications indicate the least n Ach, and that in both groups older children show more n Ach than younger children. All of these findings are consistent with what has been called a genetic social psychological conception of achievement motivation, but further data and theory building are required before a completely clear conceptualization can be developed.
Structure, function and regulation of jade family PHD finger 1 (JADE1)

The family of JADE proteins includes three paralogues encoded by individual genes and designated PHF17 (JADE1), PHF16 (JADE2), and PHF15 (JADE3). All three JADE proteins bear in tandem two Plant Homeo-domains (PHD) which are zinc finger domains. This review focuses on one member of the JADE family, JADE1. Studies addressing the biochemical, cellular and biological role of JADE1 are discussed. Recent discoveries of JADE1 function in the regulation of the epithelial cell cycle with potential relevance to disease are presented. Unresolved questions and future directions are formulated.
Han Jiang Lin Fan;Flavor of Painting in Wang Wei's Poetry

This thesis holds that there exists a homogeneous relation between Wang Wei's personal experiences and the changes of his style in both poetly and painting. As an outstanding poet and painter, Wang Wei often often to borrow certain patterns and techniques for Chinese painting in writhe poetry. His poem Han Jiang Lin Fan (go sailing on the Hanjing River) shows the artistic conception of Chinese ink and wash landscape painting in the aspects of texture, color and compostition, as representative of his poetry in the later period of life, exhibiting his great genius in merging the flavor of painting into poems.
Childhood Immunization Status Related to Social and Educational Status of Parents in a Peripheral Northern Town of Saudi Arabia

A study of 1,436 Saudi children and 1,174 parents was carried out in September - October 1987 at the children’s outpatient clinic of King Faisal Hospital, Gurayat. This is the only hospital in the ...
The Function of the Public Schools In Dealing With Religion

(1953). The Function of the Public Schools In Dealing With Religion. Religious Education: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 67-72.
Public Policy for Working People

Given the ineffectiveness of contemporary monetary and fiscal policy, this chapter begs the question, is there a better alternative? The chapter opens with New Keynesian fallacies and the need for public policy centered on workers. The hope is that this chapter can provide further justification for the Employer of Last Resort (ELR) approach to full employment, by rooting it in the theoretical framework of Classical Keynesian Political Economy. Further, while modeling the ELR within a CKPE production model, this chapter deviates slightly from the existing literature on the ELR by modeling a fully funded, budget-neutral ELR program; but (hopefully) with good reason. Elsewhere, Wray (1998) and others have discussed the macroeconomic outcomes of an ELR program operating under the principles of Modern Money Theory (MMT). Wray, and proponents of MMT, more or less, articulate the outcomes of a fully deficit-financed ELR. Here the opposite extreme is analyzed, and the simulation asks … what are the macroeconomic outcomes of a budget-neutral ELR? These results are important for governments operating non-sovereign currencies to understand. But the result may also be interesting for countries wishing to operate an ELR with a sovereign currency. In practice, even with a sovereign currency, a government would most likely not operate an ELR at either extreme; rather the government would partially fund an ELR (perhaps for political reasons if anything else). Thus by countering the MMT model with a balanced budget model, public policy officials can understand the effects at each extreme and get a better idea of what the macroeconomic outcomes would be if an ELR were operating some place in the middle.
Microvesicle Mediated Genetic Phenotype Modulation.

Abstract Abstract 4509 Objective We have previously reported that lung-derived microvesicles (MVs) can enter target marrow cells, resulting in increased levels of lung-specific mRNAs (Stem Cells 25:2245, 2007). Marrow cells which have been exposed to MVs also show increased production of pulmonary epithelial cells after transplantation into irradiated mice. The present studies have addressed the universality of the mRNA modulation and the underlying mechanisms. Methods/Results Co-culture of heart, brain, liver, and lung tissue across from murine marrow, but separated by a 0.4 micron cell-impermeable membrane, show tissue specific elevations of mRNA. MVs were found to contain lung-specific mRNA and 200 microRNAs. Proteomic studies of MVs showed up to 75 individual proteins, some of which are known to be associated with MV biogenesis and trafficking. Studies using rat/mouse hybrid cultures demonstrated that the target cell induced lung-specific mRNA elevations were mediated by transcriptional mechanisms. In these experiments, rat lung was co-cultured across from murine marrow cells and RT-PCR was performed using rat or mouse-specific primers for surfactant B. High levels of rat-specific surfactant B were seen in the co-cultured marrow cells indicating that transcription had been induced in the target cells. These conclusions were supported by additional studies employing the transcription factor inhibitors actinomycin-D and alpha-amantin. RNase treatment of conditioned media prior to marrow cell co-culture suggested that transfer of RNA may be involved in these mRNA elevations. However, our transcriptional studies indicate that we are not observing a simple transfer of MV lung-specific mRNA. One possible mechanism may be transfer of microRNA with epigenetic changes resulting in lung-specific mRNA production. Conclusion In summary, these observations suggest the existence of unique pathways for information transfer and cell phenotype determination. MV transfer could represent an underlying mechanism for much of the previous reported stem cell plasticity in different tissues. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
130 : Interplay between epigenetic mechanisms and signaling pathways will determine macrophage phenotypes in response to environmental cues

An innate immune response clears herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) from the corneal epithelium following primary corneal infection. Herpetic epithelial keratitis is the most common form of HSV-1 corneal infection seen in the clinic, and can lead to an inflammatory sequel called herpes stromal keratitis that is the leading infectious cause of blindness in the United States. Interaction of the inhibitory receptor Programmed Death (PD)-1on inflammatory cells with its ligand (PD-L1/B7-H1) dampens adaptive immune responses, but its precise role in innate immune regulation is not fully understood. HSV-1 clearance from infected corneas was significantly enhanced in B7-H1 −/− mice compared to wild type mice as early as 1 day post infection (DPI), prior to the initial involvement of NK cells at 4 dpi. Normal corneas express PD-L1 on epithelial cells, and also possess resident CD45 + cells including dendritic cells and macrophages that might also express PD-L1. Fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed an increased number of infiltrating CD45 + cells, Gr-1 high cells, and CCR2 + cells in the central cornea of B7-H1 −/− mice at 1 DPI, in association with increased expression of the chemokines CCL2 by CD45 + cells in the central cornea, and CXCL2 by CD45 − cells around the viral lesion. Bone marrow chimera mice that expressed PD-L1/B7H1 only on bone marrow derived cells did not exhibit enhanced HSV-1 clearance until 4 DPI, at which time PD-L1 deficiency on parenchymal cells was associated with increased numbers of CD69 + and granzyme B + NK cells in the cornea. We conclude that PD-1 interaction with PD-L1 on hematopoetic cells suppresses effective viral clearance at 1 dpi by inhibiting local chemokine production and leukocytic infiltration, whereas the effect of PD-1 interaction with PD-L1 on non-hematopoetic cells (likely cornea epithelial cells) is delayed until 4 dpi and appears to involve inhibition of NK cell activation.
Absence of a Detectable Lunar Nanodust Exosphere During a Search with LRO's LAMP UV Imaging Spectrograph

The Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) UV spectrograph on board the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) performed a campaign to observe the Moon's nanodust exosphere, evidence for which was provided by the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer (UVS) during the 2014 Quadrantid meteoroid stream. These LADEE/UVS observations were consistent with a nanodust exosphere modulated by meteoroid impacts. LRO performed off-nadir maneuvers around the peak of the 2016 Quadrantids, in order to reproduce, as closely as possible, the active meteoroid environment and observing geometry of LADEE/UVS. We analyzed LAMP spectra to search for sunlight backscattering from nanodust. No brightness enhancement attributable to dust, of any size, was observed. We determine an upper limit for dust column concentration of ~10(^ 5) sq. cm for grains of radius ~25 nm, and an upper limit for dust column mass of ~10 11 g sq. cm, nearly independent of grain size for radii <100 nm.
Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance: a WHO high priority?

The WHO listed Helicobacter pylori among 16 antibiotic-resistant bacteria that pose the greatest threat to human health. Given the alarmingly high H. pylori antibiotic resistance rates, antibiotic stewardship programmes need to be developed and implemented. Future research should explore provider and systems-level barriers to H. pylori antibiotic susceptibility testing.
A simulation model for wave propagation and scattering of beam waves in vegetation using scalar transport theory

AbstractRepresenting an accurate model of how pulse waves are propagated and scattered in the vegetation is an interest in the area of wireless communications. Several research projects on this problem have supplied similar techniques using scalar transport theory when the incident, pulse waves have been altered to emulate a particular radiation condition in the real world. This paper will principally investigate a simulation model – a digital prototype that represents a physical problem – to correlate among these research projects that have tendencies of evolving progressively by facilitating a model-driven approach, thus establishing some of the computational models reliably. By providing summaries of these research projects, this paper has identified all commonalities and differences among these projects to delineate them into a simulation model, which is then divided into smaller submodels. These submodels are further validated to meet the minimum error criteria and conditions for better numerical res...
The First 10 Years (2006-15) of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Serotype 6 in the USA.

Abstract Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a Culicoides biting midge–transmitted orbivirus (family Reoviridae) of wild and domestic ruminants and is an important pathogen of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Historically, only two serotypes, EHDV-1 and EHDV-2, have been known to be endemic in the US. However, in 2006, an exotic serotype (EHDV-6) was first detected in the US by a long-term passive surveillance system for EHDV and bluetongue viruses. Here we report EHDV-6 detections made through these passive surveillance efforts by the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA) and the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (US Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA) over a 10-yr period (2006–15). The results demonstrated that EHDV-6 was detected from ruminants every year since 2006 and was widespread in the central and eastern US, providing evidence that EHDV-6 is likely now established in the US.