cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of the Earth with respect to the spin axis for the last 130 million years

Abstract Recently continental paleomagnetic data rotated into a hotspot reference frame have been used to suggest the Earth rotated 18° with respect to the spin axis at 110 Ma. We test this true polar wander (TPW) hypothesis using paleomagnetic data from widespread granitic rocks of cratonal North America. These data conflict with TPW predictions leading to rejection of the hypothesis. The calculated polar displacement is instead consistent with motion of the Atlantic hotspots during the mid-Cretaceous. This analysis suggests that the time-averaged position of the spin axis has deviated by no more than ∼5° over the last 130 million yr, indicating that mantle mass heterogeneities have not changed rapidly enough to drive TPW.
Skeletal tuberculosis in children

The objective of this review is to present the imaging findings of skeletal tuberculosis in children. The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing and skeletal tuberculosis accounts for 10-20% of all extra-pulmonary cases. The most common manifestations of skeletal tuberculosis in children are spondylitis, arthritis and osteomyelitis. Tuberculous spondylitis involves the intervertebral disc only late in the disease. Subligamentous spread of the infection may lead to multiple levels of vertebral body involvement that may either be continuous or skipped. Extension of the disease into the paravertebral or extra-dural space may occur. Tuberculous arthritis usually occurs as a result of metaphyseal spread to the joint. Tuberculous osteomyelitis may appear as cystic, well-defined lesions, infiltrative lesions or spina ventosa. The latter is a term used to describe a form of tuberculous osteomyelitis where underlying bone destruction, overlying periosteal reaction and fusiform expansion of the bone results in cyst-like cavities with diaphyseal expansion. Radiographs are still the mainstay of evaluation of patients with bony lesions. Ultrasonography can detect soft-tissue extension of the bony lesions and guide drainage or biopsy procedures. CT accurately demonstrates bony sclerosis and destruction, especially in areas difficult to assess on radiographs such as the posterior elements of the vertebral body. MRI is the modality of choice in evaluating early marrow involvement and soft-tissue extension of the lesion.
Current Perspective on the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Disease and Ophthalmopathy

Graves' disease (GD) is a very common autoimmune disorder of the thyroid in which stimulatory antibodies bind to the thyrotropin receptor and activate glandular function, resulting in hyperthyroidism. In addition, some patients with GD develop localized manifestations including ophthalmopathy (GO) and dermopathy. Since the cloning of the receptor cDNA, significant progress has been made in understanding the structure-function relationship of the receptor, which has been discussed in a number of earlier reviews. In this paper, we have focused our discussion on studies related to the molecular mechanisms of the disease pathogenesis and the development of animal models for GD. It has become apparent that multiple factors contribute to the etiology of GD, including host genetic as well as environmental factors. Studies in experimental animals indicate that GD is a slowly progressing disease that involves activation and recruitment of thyrotropin receptor-specific T and B cells. This activation eventually results in the production of stimulatory antibodies that can cause hyperthyroidism. Similarly, significant new insights have been gained in our understanding of GO that occurs in a subset of patients with GD. As in GD, both environmental and genetic factors play important roles in the development of GO. Although a number of putative ocular autoantigens have been identified, their role in the pathogenesis of GO awaits confirmation. Extensive analyses of orbital tissues obtained from patients with GO have provided a clearer understanding of the roles of T and B cells, cytokines and chemokines, and various ocular tissues including ocular muscles and fibroblasts. Equally impressive is the progress made in understanding why connective tissues of the orbit and the skin in GO are singled out for activation and undergo extensive remodeling. Results to date indicate that fibroblasts can act as sentinel cells and initiate lymphocyte recruitment and tissue remodeling. Moreover, these fibroblasts can be readily activated by Ig in the sera of patients with GD, suggesting a central role for them in the pathogenesis. Collectively, recent studies have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of GD and GO and have opened up potential new avenues for developing novel treatments for GD and GO.
Cytokinesis is more rapid in Ha-T24-ras transfected rat embryo fibroblasts than in non-transfected control cells.

It has long been known that neoplastic cells are characterized by increases in cell motility. Earlier studies from this laboratory indicated that rnitotic events were also altered in many tumor and experimentally transformed cells and that this included increases in metaphase duration and a reduction in the duration of cytokinesis. The studies presented in this paper were done to determine whether or not transfection of normal rat embryo fibroblasts by the Ha-T24-ras oncogene could also produce such alterations in mitotic events. The results obtained with the use of time lapse video microscopy indicate that neither the duration of metaphase nor the rate of chromosome movement during anaphase was altered but that the rate of furrow progression during cytokinesis occurred at a significantly more rapid rate. Thus, the cellular alteratioons induced by transfection with Ha-T24-ras accelerate microfilament-dependent cytokinetic furrowing without significant effects on microtubule-dependent mitotic events. One of several possible mechanisms that could account for these observations involves a down regulation of protein kinase C which has been reported to occur in many neoplastic cells including those transformed by ras. Such a hypothesis could also have broader implications because it may be applicable to the increase in motility and metastatic activity generally observed in transformed cells.
Efficiencies of self-propulsion at low Reynolds number

Etude de l'efficacite des mouvements natatoires dus a de faibles deformations de corps spheriques ou cylindriques aux faibles nombres de Reynolds. Application a la determination de mouvements de nage optimaux. Ces mouvements sont composes d'ondes se propageant symetriquement autour de l'axe de propulsion
Longwave plasmonics on doped silicon and silicides

The realization of plasmo-electronic integrated circuits in a silicon chip will be enabled by two new plasmonic materials that are proposed and modeled in this article. The first is ion-implanted Si (n-type or p-type) at the surface of an intrinsic Si chip. The second is a thin-layer silicide such as Pd(2)Si, NiSi, PtSi(2) WSi(2) or CoSi(2) formed at the Si chip surface. For doping concentrations of 10(20) cm(-3) and 10(21) cm(-3), our dispersion calculations show that bound surface plasmon polaritons will propagate with low loss on stripe-shaped plasmonic waveguides over the 10 to 55 microm and 2.8 to 15 microm wavelength ranges, respectively. For Pd(2)Si/Si plasmonic waveguides, the wavelength range of 0.5 to 7.5 microm is useful and here the propagation lengths are 1 to 2300 microm. For both doped and silicided guides, the SPP mode field extends much more into the air above the stripe than it does into the conductive stripe material.
Detection probabilities of interconnect breaks

An interconnect break is a break that occurs in the interconnect wiring, resulting in logic gate inputs being disconnected from the drivers and causing the wire to float. Interconnect breaks are the most common types of breaks in modern CMOS integrated circuits, so testing and detecting these breaks has become very important. This paper proposes a model by which standard tests for stuck-at-faults can be used to detect interconnect breaks in a circuit. This paper presents a worst-case analysis of the detection of these breaks and calculate the minimum number of test vectors required to detect breaks with a specified confidence level, using n-detection principles. To enhance the understanding of the breaks in the circuit, we present a statistical model based on the length distribution of the wires surrounding the floating wire where the break occurs. From the model we compute the detection probabilities of such breaks and show that the worst case of detection is when the bias voltage is the same as the logic threshold voltage.
Reduction of extracellular matrix protein expression in human amnion epithelial cells by glucocorticoids: a potential role in preterm rupture of the fetal membranes.

Low levels of expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in chorioamniotic membranes is a characteristic of prematurely ruptured membranes, a condition associated with 40% of preterm deliveries. In light of the rise in levels of glucocorticoids (GC) in amniotic fluid associated with preterm labor, in the present study we examined the effects of GC on the expression of major ECM proteins in cultures of amnion epithelial cells recovered after digestion of human term amnions. Amnion cells were maintained with and without 10(-7) mol/L dexamethasone (DEX), and levels of the ECM protein fibronectin (FN) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. DEX treatment reduced FN expression in amnion epithelial cells to 15-30% of control levels and reduced FN expression in placental cells to 30-50% of control levels. Conversely, DEX treatment weakly stimulated FN expression in chorion cell cultures. DEX treatment did not affect the total level of amnion cell protein, indicating that the effects of DEX i...
Global stratospheric balloon constellations

A revolutionary concept is discussed for a global constellation and network of hundreds of stratospheric superpressure balloons that can address major scientific questions relating to Earth science. Global Aerospace Corporation is proposing this role for a new generation of stratospheric platform based on advanced balloon technology, called the StratoSat. StratoSat constellations can address issues of high interest to the Earth science community including global change, especially tropical circulation and radiation balance; global and polar ozone; hurricane forecasting and tracking; global circulation; and global ocean productivity. StratoSat constellations operating at a 35-km altitude and for 5 to 10 years in duration could augment and complement satellite measurements and possibly replace satellites for making some environmental measurements. The keys to this new concept are (a) affordable, long-duration balloon systems, (b) balloon trajectory control capability, and (c) a global communications infrastructure. Technology for these very long-duration and guided stratospheric balloons is summarized, constellation geometry management is discussed, international overflight issues are explored, and the StratoSat system design is described.
In situ x-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity and thermal measurements using a Paris-Edinburgh cell at HPCAT 16BM-B beamline

We have established a new type of experimental set-up utilizing a Paris-Edinburgh (PE) type large volume press with a dedicated sample cell assembly for simultaneous x-ray diffraction, electrical resistance, and temperature gradient measurements at the High-Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT) at Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory 16BM-B beamline. We demonstrate the feasibility of performing in situ measurements and correlating the measured electrical-thermal-structural properties over a broad range of P-T conditions by observing the well-known solid-solid and solid-melt transitions of bismuth (Bi) up to 5 GPa and 600° C. The goal of developing this new multi-probe measurement capability is to further improve detection of the onset of solid-solid and solid-melt transitions, relate structural and electrical properties of materials, determine changes in thermal conductivity at high P-T, and ultimately extend the technique for investigating other parameters, such as the Seebeck coefficient of thermoelectric materials.
Value of the leukocyte count in predicting mortality of patients with community-acquired bacteremia

Study objectives: The overall leukocyte and immature neutrophil count is commonly measured in the emergency department and is often considered to be a predictor of severe illness. We determine the value of an elevated or decreased total leukocyte count in predicting the mortality of patients with community-acquired bacteremia. Methods: Demographic and laboratory data were gathered from 2 hospitals on 806 consecutive patients aged 1 day to 101 years with positive blood culture results. Total leukocyte and immature neutrophil count were measured within 24 hours of the index culture. Clinical outcomes, including mortality and clinical significance, were monitored throughout hospitalization and compared by χ 2 analysis or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, as appropriate. Results: In 314 of the patients, the organism recovered was eventually determined to be a contaminant. The remaining 492 (61%) patients were diagnosed with and treated for bacteremia. Overall inhospital mortality for patients with bacteremia was 13%. The all-cause mortality rate of patients with a normal leukocyte count (4,500 to 12,499/mL 3 ) was 10.3%. There was no significant difference in the mortality rate for patients with high leukocyte counts (>12,499/mL 3 , 10.9%); however, the mortality rate for patients with a low WBC count ( P =.02, 23.5%). Percent immature neutrophils provided some predictive information, but not until it reached a level of greater than 20%, which occurred in only 12.2% of the patients with bacteremia (23% mortality rate). Conclusion: Elevation of the absolute leukocyte count does not predict mortality in patients with community-acquired bacteremia. Patients with suspected bacteremia and a low absolute leukocyte count or very high percentage of immature neutrophils are at increased risk of a poor outcome.
Comment on "Analytical Prediction of Vortex Lift"

S comments are warranted concerning the paper by J.W. Purvis entitled "Analytical Prediction of Vortex Lift," which appears in the April 1981 issue of the Journal of Aircraft. The first comment is relative to the use of singular loadings in the design of mean camber shapes for wings experiencing leading-edge-vortex separated flow. By comparison, Ref. 1 outlines a low-drag, separated-flow design procedure which uses a more appropriate attached-flow initial loading that is nonsingular. There the final solution for the mean camber surface is obtained by iterating to find the shape-yielding minimum separated-flow drag at the required lift coefficient. The second comment is that the section-induced drag, see Eq. (12), does not have an elliptical distribution over the wing as proposed, but only in the Trefftz plane. This is well known (e.g., Ref. 2), and means that for most wings of interest the section-induced drag has to be determined in the near field. The consequence of this wrong assumption leads to an error in Eq. (26) and, hence, in the magnitude of the leading-edge suction force and vortex flow aerodynamics for wings with varying leading-edge sweep. The third comment deals with the missing multiplication by 2 in Eqs. (27), (30), (33), and (34), the missing division by 2 in Eqs. (28) and (37), and the typographical error in Eq. (32). Equation (32) should read
La década del 70 en el Cono Sur: Discursos nostálgicos que recuerdan la revolución y escriben la historia

Abstract This article explores how different authors who suffered the violence of the 1970s and 1980s revolutionary movements and military dictatorships in the Southern Cone countries of Latin America look back from a post-dictatorship present to write the history of their recent past. Nostalgia and critical reflection join forces to recreate the feelings of loss of individuals whose identities crashed due to the failure of political projects that once were conceived as messianic, as well as to critically reclaim the past in order to construct alternative futures for themselves as individuals and for the community. The article focuses mainly on the Chilean Diamela Eltit's novel Jamas el fuego nunca (2007), in which an old couple of former revolutionary militants of the Left imprisoned in a claustrophobic space—an old bed—explore their past as militants and as a couple to understand and question notions of individual and collective identity in the aftermath of traumatic and tumultuous experiences. The nove...
Rape and Accident Counterfactuals: Who Might Have Done Otherwise and Would It Have Changed the Outcome?1

Four experiments assessed the blame assigned to the two persons involved in a rape or an auto accident. After reading a description of one of the events, participants were asked to generate different types of counterfactuals in 2 of the studies, and in the other 2 they viewed a videotape of an attorney who suggested to them a specific counterfactual. In the rape context, when changes to the victim's behavior produced a new outcome, blame to the victim was highest and rapist blame was lowest. Counterfactuals where changes in the victim's behaviors did not undo the event resulted in the highest assailant blame and the least victim blame. When the event was an auto accident, blame increased for whichever driver's actions were mentally undone. How attorneys can increase or decrease the blame assigned to their clients depending on the type of counterfactual that they present is discussed.
Spatial variability and trends in observed snow depth over North America

[1] This study uses a gridded dataset of daily U.S. and Canadian surface observations from 1960–2000 to study regional spatial and temporal variability and trends in snow depth across North America. Analysis shows minimal change in North American snow depth through January, with regions of decreasing snow depths beginning in late January. These regional decreases grow in intensity and extent through March and into April, implying an earlier onset of spring melt. The region showing the greatest decreases in snow depth occurs in central Canada, along a line from the Yukon Territory in northwestern Canada to the Great Lakes region. The regional decreases in spring snow depth across central Canada are likely a result of more rapid melt of shallower winter snowpacks, evident through shallower snow cover (2–10 cm) during May and October and a decrease in extent of deeper snowpacks (>40cm) through March and April.
Deformation of CFT beyond the first order and closed string field theory

A self-consistent string field theory with interaction is formulated. The symmetry algebra of this theory includes, in the low-energy limit, local space-time symmetries, and the Brans-Dicke equation describes a class of low-energy solutions.
Computationally Efficient Approaches to Simulate the Dynamics of Microbeams Under Mechanical Shock

We present computationally efficient models and approaches and utilize them to investigate the dynamics of microbeams under mechanical shock. We explore using a hybrid approach utilizing a beam model combined with the shock spectrum of a spring-mass-damper model. We conclude that this approach is computationally efficient and yields accurate results in both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. We utilize a reduced-order model based on the nonlinear Euler-Bernoulli beam model. We demonstrate that this model is capable of capturing accurately the dynamic behavior of microbeams under shock pulses of various amplitudes (low-g and high-g), in various damping conditions, structural boundaries (clamped-clamped and clamped-free), and can capture both linear and nonlinear behavior. We investigate high-g loading cases. We report significant increase in the computational cost of simulations when using traditional nonlinear finite-element models because of the activation of higher-order modes. We demonstrate that the developed reduced-order model can be very efficient in such cases.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Eczematoid dermatitis following ingestion of “Pyribenzamine Hydrochloride,” N.N.R. tablets

Abstract 1.1. A case of an eczematoid dermatitis following the ingestion of pyribenzamine hydrochloride N.N.R. tablets is reported. 2.2. This case fulfills the criteria of an allergic reaction because: (a) it followed a suitable period of sensitization; (b) readministration of the table after all lesions had cleared up produced an accelerated reaction (reappearance of the dermatitis within six hours); (c) the dermatitis could be reproduced at will by subsequent administration of the tablet; (d) the reaction resulting from the ingestion of pyribenzamine tablets was entirely independent of the chemical and pharmacodynamic properties of pyribenzamine.
The role of ruminal carboxymethylcellulases in the degradation of β‐glucans from cereal grain

The non-cellulolytic ruminal bacterium, Prevotella bryantii, grew rapidly on water soluble β-glucans, but a mutant deficient in carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) activity could not. Native activity gels prepared with CMC and β-glucan indicated that the CMCase and β-glucanase activities migrated at similar rates. When a plasmid carrying the P. bryantii CMCase was transferred to Escherichia coli, the clone had CMCase and β-glucanase activities. P. bryantii grew on mixed β-1,3-1,4 glucans, but not on β-1,3 glucan, and similar results were obtained with the cellulolytic ruminal bacteria (Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD1 and Ruminococcus albus B199). Mixed ruminal bacteria from cattle fed hay had twice as much CMCase activity as bacteria from cattle fed 90% cereal grain (P<0.05), and the CMCase and β-glucanase activities were highly correlated (r2=0.93) for the 22 samples tested. The CMCase and β-glucanase activities of mixed ruminal bacteria migrated slowly through polyacrylamide gels, but the migration distances were approximately the same. When β-glucan-utilizing ruminal bacteria were isolated from cattle fed hay or 90% cereal grain, 70 and 38% of the strains, respectively, had CMCase activity. A similar trend was observed with cellobiose-utilizing isolates (70 and 35%, respectively, were CMCase positive). All CMCase positive, cellobiose-utilizing ruminal bacteria could grow on β-glucan. CMCase activity was not strongly correlated with cellulose utilization, and less than 15% of the CMCase positive isolates grew on ball-milled cellulose. Based on these results, the cell-associated CMCases of ruminal bacteria provide a mechanism for utilizing water soluble β-glucans from cereal grains.
Mechanisms and management of the heart in myotonic dystrophy

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common form of adult onset muscular dystrophy and is caused by expansion of short nucleotide repeats that, in turn, produce toxic RNA aggregates within cells. DM is multisystemic, and the heart is primary site of pathology. DM patients exhibit cardiac conduction disorders including atrial fibrillation, atrio-ventricular heart block and ventricular arrhythmias. DM patients are also at risk for cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. Myotonic dystrophy is also characterized by myotonia, muscle weakness, and profound fatigue. The management of these symptoms requires input from the cardiologist and a team approach to minimize the debilitating aspects of the disorder and optimize cardiac function.
Kinetic studies of methanol steam reforming over Pd/ZnO catalyst using a microchannel reactor

Abstract A microchannel reactor with effective heat exchange has been developed to evaluate catalyst performance and measure reaction kinetics. The reactor provides an isothermal environment for rate measurement of the endothermic methanol steam reforming reactions over a Pd/ZnO catalyst in a wide temperature range (160–310 °C). The apparent activation energy and rate equation have been determined to fit the power law expression: −r A (mmol/kg cat / s )=2.9047×10 10 e −94 800/RT p MeOH 0.715 p H 2 O 0.088 This result provides kinetic data for the design of a miniature fuel processor for small fuel cell applications. The rate equation has been applied to a three-dimensional pseudo-homogeneous model to simulate temperature profiles in both microchannel and conventional fixed bed reactors.
Vibrational assignments for propane from the nonrigid molecular symmetry group

Abstract The nonrigid molecular symmetry group (supergroup) for propane and three deuterated derivatives is used as an aid in making vibrational assignments. Higher energy vibrations retain the symmetry-induced degeneracies of the supergroup, while lower energy vibrations must be classified according to the point group symmetry.
A Study of the Pattern and Combinations of Congenitally Missing Teeth in Man

According to the established dental formula, man has 32 teeth in his permanent set. It is frequently observed that many persons fail to develop 1 or more of their third molars, thereby causing the formula to lie between 28 and 32. A small percentage of persons also fails to develop even that allotted number. A tooth that has failed to develop is considered to be congenitally missing. The congenital deficiency in teeth cannot always be considered a detrimental anomaly provided there is no associated glandular defect which is more harmful in its reaction. Actually, the deficiency may represent a prediction of man's future dental formula. However, the deficiency is a disturbing factor for some persons, particularly if the absence of the teeth mars the facial features. Some affected persons are extremely conscious of their anomalies, especially if the anterior teeth are involved. Several theories have been offered to explain the congenital absence of teeth. One finds rather frequently in the literature the suggestion that the dental anomaly is associated with congenital syphilis. Although congenital syphilis can and does cause anomalies of the teeth, many persons who lack teeth or have abnormally shaped teeth are not syphilitic, and syphilitic stigmata and dental anomalies should be considered as separate entities. Congenitally missing teeth are considered by some investigators to be the expression of an evolutionary trend. A reduced dentition would thus be related to the attempt by nature to fit the shortening of the arches. In support of the theory, Schultz (11) cited the high frequencies with which the third molars in the posterior part of the arches and the upper second incisors and lower first incisors in the anterior portion are missing. However, he did not consider the second premolars which are also missing very frequently and yet do not have a like anatomical relationship to the ends of the arches. Those investigators who suggest that the theory of disuse may satisfactorily explain the congeniital absence of teeth in modern man will also find it difficult to explain the absence of second premolars. It is hard to establish a relationship wlth function or disuse which can explain why the first premolar, the second molar, or possibly the first
The CBI architecture for computational simulation of realistic neurons and circuits in the GENESIS 3 software federation

Introduction As computational neuroscience in particular and computational biology in general continue to expand, simulator flexibility and adaptability will be increasingly important. Unfortunately, most current simulators have been constructed by either single individuals or a restricted group of insiders and therefore are limited in their scalability and adaptability. While, the scripting language interface of most neuronal modeling platforms generate highly efficient simulations, neither simulations nor the platform are easy to modify or extend. The primary reason is that the basecode for these simulators does not cleanly separate into its underlying components, thus reducing the scalability of the software. This results in increasing difficulty in the addition of more modern interfaces and new simulator functionality, alternate script parsers, or the implementation of different, field specific, interfaces including those facing the world wide web [1]. In this presentation we will describe an architecture we have developed within the Computational Biology Initiative (CBI) in San Antonio that was specifically designed to allow for simulator scalability. The CBI architecture is the basis for the third generation of the GENESIS simulator (GENESIS 3.0).
Laboratory measurements of sea ice: connections to microwave remote sensing

The connections between laboratory measurements and remote-sensing observations of sea ice are explored. The focus of this paper is on thin ice, which is more easily simulated in a laboratory environment. The authors summarize results of C-band scatterometer measurements and discuss how they may help in the interpretation of remote-sensing data. They compare the measurements with observations of thin ice from ERS and airborne radar data sets. They suggest that laboratory backscatter signatures should serve as bounds on the interpretation of remote-sensing data. They examine these bounds from the perspective of thin ice signatures, the effect of temperature, and surface processes, such as frost flowers and slush on these signatures. Controlled experiments also suggest new directions in remote-sensing measurements. The potential of polarimetric radar measurements in the retrieval of thickness of thin ice is discussed. In addition to the radar results, the authors discuss the importance of low-frequency passive measurements with respect to the thickness of thin ice.
Factors Determining the Location of the Chlorophyll Maximum and the Fate of Algal Production within the Tidal Freshwater James River

Longitudinal variation in factors affecting phytoplankton production were analyzed to better understand the mechanisms that cause the formation of a chlorophyll maximum within the tidal freshwater James River. Phytoplankton production was two- to threefold higher in the region where persistent elevated chlorophyll concentrations occurred. Near this site, the morphology of the James transitions from a narrow, deep channel to a broad expanse with shallow areas adjoining the main channel. Shallower depths resulted in greater average irradiance within the water column and suggest that release from light limitation was the principal factor accounting for the location of the chlorophyll maximum. Grazing rates were low indicating that little of the algal production was directly consumed by zooplankton. Low exploitation by zooplankton was attributed to poor food quality due to high concentrations of non-algal particulate matter and potential presence of cyanobacteria. Metabolism data suggest that two thirds of net primary production was respired in the vicinity of the chlorophyll maximum and one third was exported via fluvial and tidal advection. Comparison of water column and ecosystem metabolism indicates that the bulk of respiration occurred within the sediments and that sedimentation was the dominant loss process for phytoplankton.
Application of the group contribution method for predicting the toxicity of organic chemicals

A group contribution method has been developed that uses the LC50 values (measured for fathead minnow) for 130 diverse organic compounds. The 130 selected compounds were constituted from 16 chemical groups with —log(LC50) values ranging from 0.85 to 6.09. The method was then used to predict the LC50 values for 10 additional compounds, not in the training set, with good agreement between the predicted and measured values.
The City and Political Psychology

Alternative theories—“social mobilization” and “urban anomie”— predict different relationships between urbanism and political involvement, i.e., that urbanism stimulates, or that urbanism alienates individuals. (Dahl has predicted a curvilinear association.) This study examines these theories using the 1968 Michigan S.R.C. election survey. Three methodological tools are employed— formulating a causal model among political psychological variables, distinguishing size of polity from size of urban area, and using path analysis—to answer three questions: the effect of urbanism, the effect of polity size, and the effect of their interaction. Overall, the results show little independent association be-tween the urban variables and involvement. Trends indicate that largeness may have slight mobilizing effects even though it also slightly reduces sense of political efficacy, and that the mobilization is a shift in involvement from local to national politics. A partial replication is obtained in the Almond and Verba data.
Designing an Undergraduate Software Security Course

Software systems continue to become more complex. However, with this increased complexity, also comes an increased chance of malicious attacks resulting in system failures. Since 1988 statistics indicate that corresponding to the phenomenal growth of the Internet, the number of security incidents reported to the Computer Emergency Response Team has increased by 498%, and the number of Internet sites affected by security lapses worldwide has increased by 702%. Consequently, as computer science educators, we have been charged with the task of providing our students with the requisite skills and knowledge needed to design and develop secure software. However, a survey of software security courses found that the target audiences for many of the courses are either graduate students or software security professionals. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of an undergraduate software security course. The paper presents the motivation behind the course and describes challenges faced.
Lymphatic spread of cervical cancer : An anatomical and pathological study based on 225 radical hysterectomies with systematic pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy

To assess the patterns of lymphatic spread in cervical carcinoma, radical hysterectomy with systematic lymphadenectomy was performed in 66 patients FIGO stage IB-IIA 4 cm to stage IV. The latter patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Parametria were evaluated by the giant section technique in 109 patients. In 40 of these, the superficial and deep layers of the vesicouterine ligament, the sacrouterine ligament, and the distal part of the cardinal ligament were separately evaluated. The median number of nodes removed was 48 pelvic (range 20-107) and 22 aortic (range 7-64). Positive nodes were found in 14 (21%) stage IB-IIA <4 cm and in 38 (23%) NACT-treated patients, all having pelvic node metastasis. Aortic nodes were involved in 2 (3%) and 5 (3%) patients, respectively. Solitary metastases were found in the superficial obturator (21% of stage IB-IIA <4 cm and 31% of NACT-treated positive node patients, respectively), external iliac (7 and 3%, respectively), and common iliac nodes (7 and 3%, respectively). Parametrial nodes were found in 59% of giant sections (8% metastatic). The superficial and deep layers of the vesicouterine ligament, the uterosacral ligament, and the distal part of the lateral parametrium revealed the presence of nodes in 33% (no metastatic nodes), 26% (3% metastatic), 5% (no metastatic nodes), and 70% (5% metastatic) of patients, respectively. Overall, parametrial nodes were positive in 12% of stage IB-IIA <4 cm and 7% of NACT-treated patients. The diameter of node metastasis was <10 mm in more than 80% of positive nodes. In conclusion, parametrial nodes were mainly located in the cardinal and vesicouterine ligaments, both being a potential site of metastasis. The superficial obturator, external iliac, common iliac, paracaval, intercavoaortic, and paraaortic nodes were the groups more frequently involved. These data may be useful for tailoring radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy according to the primary tumor and the surgeon's intent.
Lower Transient Stresses in an Aortic Valve Leaflet With Oblique Reinforcement Fibers: A Finite Element Study

Native aortic valve leaflets contain a network of strong collagen fibers within a matrix of relatively distensible tissue. This composite structure leads to anisotropic mechanical properties and is believed to play an important role in the ability of the structure to withstand the stresses of cyclic loading over billions of heart beats. Replacement valves that consist of animal tissues also contain such fibers, but all designs in clinical use are chemically cross-linked, which increases the in-plane stiffness of the tissue and decreases anisotropy. Tissue replacement valves suffer from poor durability due to calcification and tissue degeneration in regions of high stress, including at the base of the coaptation region and at the leaflet commissures [1]. A better understanding of leaflet stresses in these regions and how to mitigate them is important in order to improve the design of replacement heart valves to improve durability.© 2012 ASME
Corporate Donor–Charitable Organization Partners: A Coorientation Study of Relationship Types

Using the coorientation model, this study examines the views of leading U.S. corporations and charitable organizations about types of relationships between corporate donors and charities that recei...
Arteries engineered from vascular cells

A tissue engineering approach was developed to produce arbitrary lengths of vascular graft material from smooth muscle and endothelial cells that were derived from a biopsy of vascular tissue. A "biomimetic" pulsatile perfusion system was developed which mimicked some of the physical forces experienced by native arteries in vivo. Tissue engineered arteries were also made from porcine vascular cells, and were implanted in miniature swine, with patency documented up to 24 days by digital angiography.
Assessing the cognitive abilities of culturally and linguistically diverse students: Predictive validity of verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal tests

Verbal and quantitative reasoning tests provide valuable information about cognitive abilities that are important to academic success. Information about these abilities may be particularly valuable to teachers of students who are English-language learners (ELL), because leveraging reasoning skills to support comprehension is a critical aptitude for their academic success. However, due to concerns about cultural bias, many researchers advise exclusive use of nonverbal tests with ELL students despite a lack of evidence that nonverbal tests provide greater validity for these students. In this study, a test measuring verbal, quantitative, and nonverbal reasoning was administered to a culturally and linguistically diverse sample of students. The two-year predictive relationship between ability and achievement scores revealed that nonverbal scores had weaker correlations with future achievement than did quantitative and verbal reasoning ability scores for ELL and non-ELL students. Results do not indicate differential prediction and do not support the exclusive use of nonverbal tests for ELL students. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Statistical measure and characterization of robot errors

For the accurate control and implementation of robots in an integrated manufacturing environment, a knowledge of the position errors of the end effector is important. The authors present a framework which can be used to characterize the position errors of robot manipulators. The objectives are to study the statistical properties of the errors and to characterize their distribution over the work space. The implications of the position-error field of a robot in its design and applications are also discussed. >
Maintenance of Antibody to Pathogen Epitopes Generated by Segmental Gene Conversion Is Highly Dynamic during Long-Term Persistent Infection

Multiple bacterial and protozoal pathogens utilize gene conversion to generate rapid intrahost antigenic variation. Both large- and small-genome pathogens expand the size of the variant pool via a combinatorial process in which oligonucleotide segments from distinct donor loci are recombined in various combinations into expression sites. Although the potential combinatorial diversity generated by this segmental gene conversion mechanism is quite large, the functional variant pool depends on whether immune responses against the recombined segments are generated and maintained, regardless of their specific combinatorial context. This question was addressed by tracking the Anaplasma marginale variant population and corresponding segment-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses during long-term infection. Antibody was induced early in A. marginale infection, predominately against the surface-exposed hypervariable region (HVR) rather than against the invariant conserved flanking domains, and these HVR oligopeptides were most immunogenic at the time of acute bacteremia, when the variant population is derived via recombination from a single donor locus. However antibody to HVR oligopeptides was not consistently maintained during persistent infection, despite reexpression of the same segment, although in a different combinatorial context. This dynamic antibody recognition over time was not attributable to the major histocompatibility complex haplotype of individual animals or use of specific msp2 donor alleles. In contrast, the position and context of an individual oligopeptide segment within the HVR were significant determinants of antibody recognition. The results unify the genetic potential of segmental gene conversion with escape from antibody recognition and identify immunological effects of variant mosaic structure.
Cellular Pharmacology and Potency of HIV-1 Nucleoside Analogs in Primary Human Macrophages

Understanding the cellular pharmacology of antiretroviral agents in macrophages and subsequent correlation with antiviral potency provides a sentinel foundation for definition of the dynamics between antiretroviral agents and viral reservoirs across multiple cell types, with the goal of eradication of HIV-1 from these cells. Various clinically relevant nucleoside antiviral agents, and the integrase inhibitor raltegravir, were selected for this study. The intracellular concentrations of the active metabolites of the nucleoside analogs were found to be 5- to 140-fold lower in macrophages than in lymphocytes, and their antiviral potency was significantly lower in macrophages constitutively activated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) during acute infection than in resting macrophages (EC(50), 0.4 to 9.42 μM versus 0.03 to 0.4 μM, respectively). Although tenofovir-treated cells displayed significantly lower intracellular drug levels than cells treated with its prodrug, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, the levels of tenofovir-diphosphate for tenofovir-treated cells were similar in lymphocytes and macrophages. Raltegravir also displayed significantly lower intracellular concentrations in macrophages than in lymphocytes, independent of the activation state, but had similar potencies in resting and activated macrophages. These data underscore the importance of delivering adequate levels of drug to macrophages to reduce and eradicate HIV-1 infection.
Conceptual model: The aerohemodynamics metatheory

Abstract Nursing in the 21st century demands new conceptual models to guide practice within foreign ambient environments that pose complicated threats to life and well-being. Knowledge development through research must study variables of interest within this foreign ambient environment that sustains the dynamic relationship of the variables within the nursing metaparadigm: health, environment, person, and nursing. This article describes a new conceptual model based on the aerohemodynamics theory. The aerohemodynamics conceptual model applies material from every aspect of the flight environment that is necessary to sustain life: oxygen, temperature, pressure, and positional comfort. The conceptual model of the aerohemodynamics theory provides a framework interrelating the dynamics of physiology with stressors endemic within the flight environment. Once cognizant of the physiological, psychological, environmental, ergonomical, and task-related stressors, a nurse can appropriately care for patients in the airborne environment. In 2002, commercial airlines transported over 2 billion passengers. Although the incidence of death onboard an aircraft is low, occurring only 0.1–3,000,000 passengers per year, the incidence of injury or cardiopulmonary insult is much higher at 1–14,000–40,000 pssengers per year.
Exceptional Responders Inspire Change: Lessons for Drug Development From the Bedside to the Bench and Back

Targeted therapies have changed the landscape of cancer treatment, although they fail too many patients with advanced cancer. Still, insight gained from an exceptional responder has the power to identify new biomarkers of sensitivity that can unlock subsets of patients across anatomic disease sites who may also derive benefit and facilitate development of novel therapeutic strategies that may overcome resistance. The use of large-scale genomic profiling is a promising first step.
Validation methods for flight crucial systems

Research to develop techniques that can aid in determining the reliability and performance of digital electronic fault-tolerant systems, that have probability of catastrophic system failure on the order of 10 to the -9th at 10 hours, is reviewed. The computer-aided reliability estimation program (CARE III) provides general-purpose reliability analysis and a design tool for fault-tolerant systems; large reduction of state size; and a fault-handling model based on probabilistic description of detection, isolation, and recovery mechanisms. The application of design proof techniques as part of the design and development of the software implemented fault-tolerance computer is mentioned. Emulation techniques and experimental procedures are verified using specimens of fault-tolerant computers and the capabilities of the validation research laboratory, AIRLAB.
Comparison of AlN Encapsulants for Bulk GaN Multicycle Rapid Thermal Annealing

Sputtered AlN capping layers deposited at different temperatures were compared for their efficacy in protecting bulk GaN substrates during high temperature annealing. AlN sputtered at a substrate temperature of 400◦C on the epi-ready surface of bulk GaN cracked due to the strain associated with the lattice mismatch between AlN and GaN. AlN caps sputtered on the rougher optically-polished surface did not crack due to strain relief that results from polishing damage. During heating pulses with a maximum temperature of 1400◦C, the exposed GaN in the cracked regions was damaged due to GaN decomposition. In contrast, AlN capping layers deposited at room temperature did not exhibit cracking since this condition energetically prevents the AlN from orienting to the GaN surface and forming cracks. Even after 20 rapid heating cycles with a maximum temperature of 1400◦C, the GaN surface remains very smooth (0.70 nm RMS) over a 350 μm × 260 μm area. The ability to anneal bulk GaN at high temperatures without surface degradation using the AlN cap developed herein is a critical processing step that will enable planar processing for future vertical III-nitride devices. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0031512jss] All rights reserved.
Stopping times of one-sample rank order sequential probability ratio tests

Abstract Weed, Bradley and Grovindarajulu (1974) propose one-sample probability ratio tests based on Lehmann alternatives. They also study the finite sure termination of the stopping times. Motivated by Stein's proof of (1946) of the termination of a sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) in the case of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables and the work of Sethuraman (1970) for the two- sample rank order SPRT, we obtain a very mild condition (namely, that a certain random variable U ( Z ) is not identically zero) for the finite sure termination of the existence of the moment generating function (m.g.f.) for the stopping time of one- sample rank order SPRT's.