cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Availability-adjusted X-factor

The notion of extended X-factor contribution has been proposed and evaluated recently as a tool to identify system capacity constraints based on machine group utilization and raw processing time. This provides a great convenience for factory-floor managers examining system capacity issues by using only local- or machine-level information. The purpose of this study is twofold: to study fundamental properties of the extended X-factor contribution measure augmented with availability, and to use this new measure to investigate resource allocation for optimizing mean cycle time. The availability-adjusted X-factor was first introduced in the context of local cycle time and its relation to allocation of personnel in individual machine groups. The availability-adjusted X-factor contribution measure developed and evaluated in the current study differs from the previous measure by its ability to identify capacity-constraining machines in the entire system. The measure presented herein is a more accurate indicator o...
On the QCD corrections to Vainshtein's theorem for correlator

We point out that, contrary to existing claims of the opposite, Vainshtein's theorem on the non-renormalization of the correlator of an axial and two vector currents, is only valid in the chiral limit. When quarks, that contribute to the correlator, are massive, the QCD corrections do not vanish and the transversal and longitudinal functions are renormalized differently. We compute those corrections and study their implications for QCD effects in electroweak corrections to the muon anomalous magnetic moment.
"Mi'ja, you should be a writer": Latino parental support of their first-generation children

This retrospective interview study investigated the role of parental support in the writing growth of eight first-generation Latino college students in the years prior to admission to a 4-year university. All of the students came from low-income households in urban settings and spoke zero English at the time they entered kindergarten. Participants provided a nuanced view of the ways parents simultaneously provided support and barriers to their writing growth prior to college. This article suggests the need for teachers and researchers to reexamine assumptions about the literacy experiences first-generation Latinos bring to the undergraduate writing curriculum from their home communities.
Shortest Paths Through 3-Dimensional Cluttered Environments

This paper investigates the problem of finding shortest paths through 3-dimensional cluttered environments. In particular, an algorithm is presented that determines the shortest path between two points in an environment with obstacles which can be implemented on robots with capabilities of detecting obstacles in the environment. As knowledge of the environment is increasing while the vehicle moves around, the algorithm provides not only the global minimizer – or shortest path – with increasing probability as time goes by, but also provides a series of local minimizers. The feasibility of the algorithm is demonstrated on a quadrotor robot flying in an environment with obstacles.
Evidence for magnetic-field-induced anisotropy of the interstellar medium

TURBULENCE in the interstellar medium transfers energy from parsec-sized regions to much smaller scales, and may be respon-sible for supporting clouds against gravitational collapse1. Fluctua-tions in the electron density, which trace turbulence, occur on scales ranging from 106 to >1013 cm—the largest range of spatial scales seen in natural turbulence. Despite almost thirty years of study, however, the causes and effects of interstellar turbulence are still poorly understood. Here we present observations of OH masers in the Galactic star-forming complex W49N, which we use as point sources to investigate scattering along the line of sight. The masers' images are elliptical, and aligned roughly perpendicular to the Galactic plane. This alignment suggests that the magnetic field of our Galaxy influences interstellar turbulence2'3 by mediating the transfer of energy from large to small spatial scales.
Drug Addiction: The Yin and Yang of Hedonic Homeostasis

Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, and relapse is associated with states of craving and protracted abstinence that are difficult to define but reflect some prolonged post-acute withdrawal perturbation or vulnerability to reinstatement of drug-taking behavior and ultimately compulsive use. There may be either a residual deficit state or a sensitization of the reward system to stimuli that predict drug effects or both. One could speculate that the combination would be particularly powerful as a motivator for reinstatement of drug use. Animal models of drug craving and relapse are being developed and refined and usually reflect secondary sources of reinforcement. The neural substrates for conditioned positive reinforcement may involve elements of afferent input of the extended amygdala such as the afferents from the basolateral amygdala and the mesolimbic DA system. The neural substrates for conditioned negative reinforcement are largely unknown. The challenge for future studies in the neurobiology of drug dependence will be to elucidate the neuroadaptive changes, such as changes in signal transduction function and gene expression, produced by chronic drug use in animal models of protracted abstinence and relapse. Presumably, the same molecular and cellular changes in the neurochemical systems and neurocircuitry responsible for the positive and negative reinforcement associated with chronic drug use will hold the key.
Atmospheric absorption of a 100 m path for the spectral region λ 2400 to 9000 Å

Abstract The absorption spectrum from λ 2400 to 9000 A of a 100 m air path at about 50 m above sea level was photographed with a 3·4 m Ebert-Spectrograph. About 220 clearly discernible absorption lines from atmospheric oxygen or water vapor are presented as spectrograms or as microphotometer charts, together with the lines of a superpositioned Fe-arc, which serve for the wavelength calibration.
Acute respiratory failure in critically ill patients with interstitial lung disease.

Background Patients with chronic known or unknown interstitial lung disease (ILD) may present with severe respiratory flares that require intensive management. Outcome data in these patients are scarce. Patients and Methods Clinical and radiological features were collected in 83 patients with ILD-associated acute respiratory failure (ARF). Determinants of hospital mortality and response to corticosteroid therapy were identified by logistic regression. Results Hospital and 1-year mortality rates were 41% and 54% respectively. Pulmonary hypertension, computed tomography (CT) fibrosis and acute kidney injury were independently associated with mortality (odds ratio (OR) 4.55; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) (1.20–17.33); OR, 7.68; (1.78–33.22) and OR 10.60; (2.25–49.97) respectively). Response to steroids was higher in patients with shorter time from hospital admission to corticosteroid therapy. Patients with fibrosis on CT had lower response to steroids (OR, 0.03; (0.005–0.21)). In mechanically ventilated patients, overdistension induced by high PEEP settings was associated with CT fibrosis and hospital mortality. Conclusion Mortality is high in ILD-associated ARF. CT and echocardiography are valuable prognostic tools. Prompt corticosteroid therapy may improve survival.
Surface-directed, graft polymerization within microfluidic channels.

We demonstrate a simple procedure to coat the surfaces of enclosed PDMS microchannels by UV-mediated graft polymerization. In prior applications, only disassembled channels could be coated by this method. This limited the utility of the method to coatings that could easily and tightly seal with themselves. By preadsorbing a photoinitiator onto the surface of PDMS microchannels, the rate of polymer formation at the surface was greatly accelerated compared to that in solution. Thus, a gel did not form in the lumen of enclosed microchannels. We demonstrate that the photoinitiator benzophenone remained on the surface of PDMS even after extensive washing. After addition of a variety of monomer solutions (acrylic acid, poly(ethylene glycol) monomethoxyl acrylate, or poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate) and illumination with UV light, a stable, covalently attached surface coating formed in the microchannels. The electroosmotic mobility was stable in response to air exposure and to repeated cycles of hydration−dehyd...
Remote magnetic navigation system provides a superior catheter stability in acquisition of His bundle electrogram.

Catheter stability is a key prerequisite for a successful EP procedure. Remote magnetic navigation system (RMNS) was recently introduced for the manipulation of EP catheters. It may provide an improved catheter stability but this has not been tested prospectively. We performed a prospective cross-over study which compares the amplitude and stability of the His-electrogram obtained by catheters using RMNS vs conventional manual catheter placement. His-electrograms were continuously recorded for 3 min with a conventional His mapping catheter and magnetically tipped catheter capable of alignment in the direction of an externally controlled magnetic field (0.08–0.1 Tesla) in the same patient. First 100 beats of each recording were used for data analysis. The amplitudes of each set of His-electrograms were measured and compared in microvolts. Coefficient of variation of the measured His-signal amplitude was calculated for each beat. Miller’s test for the equality of the coefficients of variation and Levene’s test of homogeneity of variance were used for statistical analysis. Fourteen patients (6 males; aged 48 ± 25 years) were included in the study. His-electrograms were more stable and homogenous with RMNS than manual method in 10/14 patients. Pooled variance of all RMNS recordings was significantly less than pooled variance of manual recordings (p = 0.01). His-electrogram recording using RMNS is more stable and homogeneous than traditional manual method in most patients. These data indicate a superior catheter stability with RMNS.
Early predictors of outcome in trauma patients

IN ORDER TO identify early clinical and laboratory predictors of outcome in trauma patients, we reviewed prospectively collected data from patients admitted to the Ryder Trauma Center at the University of Miami. There was a high incidence of early coagulation defects among trauma victims, as indicated by prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, and such abnormalities were found to predict mortality independently of other risk factors. Other significant, independent predictors of both early and late death included advanced age and low values for Glasgow Coma Scale, low systolic blood pressure, hematocrit, and HCO3 levels. In addition, massive blood transfusion within the first 24 hours postinjury not only increased the risk of mortality, but also led to a greater probability of developing deep vein thrombosis (DVT). These observations suggest that the use of an effective hemostatic agent to reduce coagulopathy and blood loss may decrease the unfavorable influence of these variables on outcome, leading to a decline in mortality rates among trauma patients.
An isolated perfused lung preparation for metabolic studies

Abstract The isolated perfused lung preparation described in this report offers great potential in studying the distribution, binding, rates and pathways of metabolism of foreign compounds under conditions closely resembling those which occur in living animals. Lungs from either normal or perturbed animals may be investigated. Criteria have been developed that are necessary to insure viability and provide optimum conditions for metabolic studies.
‘Inevitably every man has his threshold’: Soviet military psychiatry during world war ii ‐ a comparative approach

This article examines Soviet military psychiatry and its performance during World War II, using both an historical and a comparative approach. It argues that Soviet military psychiatry had strong roots in pre‐revolutionary Russian psychiatry, especially its emphasis on the materialistic view of mental illness. This is highlighted by comparing Soviet military psychiatry with the American experience during the war. American psychiatry was oriented towards the individual patient and had a difficult time adjusting to wartime conditions. However, Soviet military psychiatry was geared towards service to the militarized state formed by the Bolsheviks. It assumed war and therefore planned for it, thus Soviet psychiatry was legitimized by its ability to provide assistance during wartime.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHYSIOLOGY OF PROROCENTRUM MARIAE‐LEBOURIAE (DINOPHYCEAE) DURING ITS SUBPYCNOCLINE TRANSPORT IN CHESAPEAKE BAY1

This paper presents results of field studies on the estuarine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae (Parke & Ballantine) Faust in Chesapeake Bay. We tested the hypothesis that the photosynthetic physiology of Prorocentrum shows adaptive responses to low-light during a lengthy subpycnocline transport in estuarine circulation. Prorocentrum underwent a seasonal, northward trnasport between February and June, 1984 and 1985. Low cell densities occurred in the seaward part of the estuary during winter and early-spring, subpycnocline populations progressed up-estuary in the ensuring 2–3 months, and dense surface populations developed in the mesohaline portion of the estuary thereafter. We sampled Prorocentrum from surface and subpycnocline waters and measured photosynthesis-light (P-I) relations with in situ incubations. The photophysiology of Prorocentrum collected below the pycnoline differed from that of cells in the surface mixed layer in that photosynthetic efficiency, α-cell−1, was higher, photosynthetic capacity, Pmax-cell−1 was ·4 times greater for subpycnocline (≦ 10m) samples than for those from the surface mixed layer (≧ 6m). Comparison of in situ photosynthetic properties to those generated in laboratory studies showed that values of α·cell−1 for both surface and subpycnocline samples were in the range found for cultures in low-light. Concentrations of Chls a, c and peridinin·cell−1 and molar pigment ratios peridinin: Chl a and Chl a: Chl c were not significantly different for the surface and subpycnocline samples, nor were C · cell−1 or C : Chl a. Chloroplast and starch volume fractions and the number of thylakoids were the same for samples collected at different depths, and there was no evidence of cytoplasmic vacuolization in any field samples. These morphometric data for cells from natural populations of Prorocentrum most closely resembled data for laboratory cultures grown at or near 2.6E·m-−2·4d−1. A lower growth irradiance of 0.3E·m−2·d−1 produced indications of stress in cultures, including starch depletion and vacuolization, that were never observed in natural populations. Based on the combination of these findings, we conclude that Prorocentrum is adapted to low-light both in the surface mixed layer and beneath the pycnocline, although certain photophysiological characteristics distinguish these two groups of samples.
A Neutron Counting System with a Fission Detector and a Flexible, Balanced Line

A neutron counting system containing a fission detector and a pulse transformer driving a balanced transmission cable was investigated to determine its usefulness as an instrument for reactor control. Because of the noise rejection capability of the balanced system input, all active elements can be located away from the hostile environment of the reactor, resulting in longer periods of trouble-free operation. The design criteria of Fowler were used as a guide. The primary objective was to measure the response of the system to electrical interference characteristic of the Oak Ridge Research Reactor (ORR). The results showed no noise pulses in excess of the alpha threshold after six days of operation at the ORR. A detector without 235U was used to make this measurement. The input cable, with a characteristic impedance of 250 ohms, was a 40-ft long double-shielded twisted pair. Its outer jacket and inner dielectric were made of irradiated polyolefin compounds. The cable was enclosed in a flexible, stainless steel conduit for underwater operation. The quality of the shield of this cable and four other types of balanced cables was determined by a measurement of their transfer impedance. To determine the effect of the flexible conduit, a separate measurement was made with the cable-conduit combination. The techniques required to make these measurements are critical and are described. The signal from the detector-cable combination requires a preamplifier with a lownoise input stage. A series-shunt feedback stage using two 2N2857 transistors gave an input noise of approximately 2.
A Prototype TOF PET Detector Module Using a Micro-Channel Plate Photomultiplier Tube with Waveform Sampling.

Abstract We are exploring a large area flat panel micro-channel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP PMT) under development for an application to Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography (TOF PET). High speed waveform sampling with transmission-lines is adopted for reading out the signal with precise time and space information with a small number of low-power channels. As a demonstration of the concept, detector modules have been built using 2 in.×2 in. Photonis Planacon MCP PMTs (XP85022) and prototype transmission-line (TL) boards. The signals from the MCP PMT through the transmission-lines are sampled by DRS4 evaluation boards running at 5 giga-samples per second (GS/s). The event information is extracted by processing the digitized waveforms. For experimental tests, a single 3×3×10 mm3 LYSO crystal is optically coupled to each MCP PMT; the detector responses to 511 keV annihilation photon from a 22Na source are measured using the data taken in coincidence mode. As a preliminary result, we obtain a position resolution of ∼ 2.8 mm (0.3 mm) (FWHM) along (perpendicular to) the transmission-line, ∼ 309 ps (FWHM) for coincidence time resolution, and ∼ 14 % (FWHM) of energy resolution at 511 keV. This initial result gives a promise that the large area MCP PMT is applicable to TOF PET.
Enumeration of plane trees by branches and endpoints

In the count of branches, a branchpoint is defined as a point of degree at least three, and a branch is a line, or several lines in tandem, joining two branch-points, two endpoints, or a branchpoint and an endpoint. More briefly, a branch is a line in the series-reduced tree. The enumerator of plane trees by number of branches, b n (x) , is found to be b n ( x ) = ∑ 0 n − 1 ( n − 1 k ) m k x k + 1 with m 0 =∑( 2 j k c j , c n =(2 n )!/ n !( n +1)! ( m is for Th. Motzkin). The corresponding enumerator by number of endpoints other than the root, e n (x) , is shown to be equal to dn(x) , the enumerator of ballot paths by length of horizontal segments: d n ( x ) = 1 n + 1 ∑ 1 n ( n + 1 k ) ( n − 1 k − 1 ) x k , n = 1 , 2.... The enumerator by endpoints including the root, f n (x) , is shown to be f 1 ( x )= x 2 , f n (x) = e n (x) +( x −1) e n −1 ( x ), n =2,3,…. Robert Donaghey's discovery of the first result was the occasion for this paper, which presents all results in a single setting.
Surfactant phospholipid changes after antigen challenge: a role for phosphatidylglycerol in dysfunction.

In asthma, inflammation-mediated surfactant dysfunction contributes to increased airway resistance, but the mechanisms for dysfunction are not understood. To test mechanisms that alter surfactant f...
Buckling Analysis of Thick-Walled Composite Pipe under External Pressure

Composite pipe has been used in transporting corrosive fluid in many chemical processes in the petrochemical and pulp and paper industries. It is often subjected to external pressures due to process conditions (vacuum), water hammer, pump suction, and differences in elevation head. Most composite pipe designers are currently using traditional metallic pipe standards which do not take into account the anisotropic nature of composite materials. An analytical model for the buckling of orthotropic composite pipe under external pressure has been developed in this study. In this study, first-order laminated anisotropic plate theory was used to construct models of the kinematic and constitutive behavior of the composite cylinders. The Ritz Method was then applied to determine the buckling load under external pressure. Results obtained from the developed model were compared with the theory derived by Flugge for the case of metallic pipe. Due to the inclusion of shear deformation, the new model gave lower buckling...
The TIES program: A transfer initiative for engineering students

Strategies to recruit and retain underrepresented students in the STEM fields are as diverse as the students they seek to engage. The community college pipeline is well recognized as a source for both nontraditional and underrepresented students for engineering programs. The Transfer Initiative for Engineering Scholars (TIES) addresses the unique needs of this cohort who transfer as juniors from the community college environment. TIES is currently in the fourth year of receiving funding from NSF's S-STEM program and providing financial support to eligible students in an environment committed to smooth transitions, multiple options for student support services, community building with peers and faculty, leadership development, and mentor relationships. Many of the support activities build upon previously existing retention programs, but new components, such as leadership seminars, community building, and industry mentoring, were developed specifically for TIES participants. Among the several components of the program, those that contribute to a supportive community environment were seen by the students as extremely important for a successful transition to Georgia Tech's undergraduate electrical engineering and computer engineering programs.
BMP4 supports noradrenergic differentiation by a PKA-dependent mechanism.

Abstract Differentiation of neural crest-derived noradrenergic neurons depends upon signaling mediated downstream of BMP binding to cognate receptors and involving cAMP. Compiled data from many groups suggest that neurogenesis and cell type-specific noradrenergic marker gene regulation is coordinated through the expression and function of the basic helix–loop–helix DNA binding protein HAND2 and the homeodomain DNA binding protein Phox2a. However, information detailing how BMP-mediated signaling and signaling through cAMP are coordinated has been lacking. We now provide compelling data suggesting that differentiation of noradrenergic sympathetic ganglion neurons depends upon both canonical and non-canonical pathways of BMP-mediated signaling. The non-canonical pathway involves the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) independent of cAMP. This is a novel mechanism in neural crest-derived cells and is necessary to support neurogenesis as well as aspects of DBH promoter regulation involving HAND2 phosphorylation and dimerization. The expression of transcripts encoding HAND2 and Phox2a is regulated via canonical BMP signaling and thus affects both neurogenesis and cell type-specific gene expression. Interestingly, cAMP- and MapK-mediated signaling modulate specific target sites in both the canonical and non-canonical BMP pathways. Activity of MapK is required for HAND2 transcription and thus affects neurogenesis. Signaling affected by cAMP is necessary for the transcription of Phox2a as well as regulation of DBH promoter transactivation by Phox2a and HAND2. We suggest a comprehensive model that shows how BMP- and cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling integrate neurogenesis and cell type-specific noradrenergic marker gene expression and function.
Urban Primacy and World-System Position

Urban primacy emerged in many developing countries during the twentieth century. The author of this cross-national study applies generalized least-squares panel regressions of world-system position, level of economic development, and land area to a standardized urban primacy index. Although core nations remained stable, peripheral and semiperipheral nations became more primate from 1930 to 1970. The trend toward higher urban primacy among peripheral nations slackened dramatically in the 1970s. National city-size distributions clearly diverged in the twentieth century, and world-systems theory provides insight into the international influences that mediate internal urban processes.
Genetic aspects of the effects of methylmercury in mice: The incidence of cleft palate and concentrations of adenosine 3′:5′ cyclic monophosphate in tongue and palatal shelf

Concentrations of adenosine 3′:5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) were measured in the tongues and palates of 14.5-day-old fetuses from control and methylmercury-treated mothers of four inbred lines of mice which represent the four possible combinations of two H-2 alleles and two residual genetic backgrounds. The incidence of cleft palate in fetuses from control and methylmercury-treated mothers was also examined. The H-2 alleles significantly affected the degree of reduction of cAMP concentration in palates seen in fetuses from mothers treated with methylmercury. Neither the H-2 allele nor the residual genetic background played a role in the effect of methylmercury on cAMP concentrations in fetal tongues. The magnitude of increase in the incidence of cleft palate with methylmercury treatment was approximately the same for all lines. Thus, methylmercury-induced cleft palate may not be mediated by the reduction of cAMP. Finally, fetuses with cleft lip had increased palatal cAMP levels, whether or not they were from control or methylmercury treated mothers.
An Experimental Investigation of Collisions of NH 3 with Para-H 2 at the Temperatures of Cold Molecular Clouds

Experimentally measured cross sections for collisional broadening of ammonia by J = 0, para-H2 are presented for the (J,K) = (1, 1),(2, 2), and (3, 3) NH3 inversion transitions at temperatures from 12.5 to 40 K. The cross sections were obtained in a quasi-equilibrium environment utilizing the collisional cooling technique. These are the first laboratory measurements of interactions between NH3 and J = 0, para-H2 at the temperatures of cold molecular clouds. The measured cross sections are compared to theoretical predictions using two existing ab initio NH3-H2 potential surfaces and to previously measured He broadening cross sections. In comparison to He broadening cross sections at these temperatures, the para-H2 results are up to 4 times larger. This is in contrast to 300 K experimental results where para-H2 cross sections are only 50% larger than He.
Evaluation of Hybrid Fuel Cell Turbine System Startup With Compressor Bleed

Current design concepts for hybrid systems call for the use of presently available turbine systems. Simply stated, the combustor of a turbine system is replaced with a high temperature fuel cell whose excess heat is used to drive the turbine. However, the startup of a turbine in such a direct fired fuel cell turbine hybrid system is made problematic through the increased pressure losses introduced by heat recuperation, and the relatively large cathode volume now present between the compressor discharge and the turbine inlet. This work evaluates the use of compressor bleed air to avoid stall and surge during the startup of a fuel cell turbine hybrid power system using the Hybrid Performance (Hyper) project hardware simulation facility at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), U.S. Department of Energy. Because integration of a fuel cell and often multiple recuperators into the compressed air stream results in a higher required pressure ratio for any given compressor inlet mass flow, a strategy must be developed to avoid compressor stall during startup. Turbine starts were attempted using the NETL Hyper project facility over a range of compressor bleed mass flows. The experimental facility at NETL makes use of a natural gas burner controlled by a real time fuel cell model to simulate the thermal output of a solid oxide fuel cell. Pressure vessels, used for simulating the cathode and post combustion volumes, and exhaust gas recuperators are integrated into the system with a modified turbine and compressor on a single shaft. The startup profiles are compared to the stall line of the compressor map to quantitatively evaluate the efficacy of the applied method in avoiding stall and surge during startup events.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Modeling Elastic Stresses in Long Ridges with the Displacement Discontinuity Method

—Elastic stresses at ridges formed by (a) erosion and (b) volcanism are calculated here by the method of particular integrals with a displacement-discontinuity boundary element method. The two geologic scenarios require treating the far-field stresses in the analyses differently. For a continuous body, the elastic governing equation requires that the second partial derivatives of the vertical and horizontal far-field normal stresses with respect to horizontal and vertical directions be defined throughout the solution domain. This constrains admissible solutions for continuous bodies in both two- and three-dimensional analyses. For example, if the horizontal far-field normal stress varies linearly with depth over any depth interval in a continuous body, then it must be continuous and vary linearly over the entire elevation range of the solution domain. This far-field stress distribution permits the description of a ridge formed by erosion of the surrounding material. A discontinuous or a piecewise linear distribution of horizontal far-field stresses does not yield admissible solutions for a continuous body but can apply to a ridge constructed by volcanism. Stresses induced by topography in volcanic ridges will inhibit dikes from propagating to the surface, favor the formation of near-surface magma chambers, and promote slope instability. The analyses demonstrate that topography and the extant tectonic stresses will not by themselves fully determine the stresses in a ridge; the geologic history is also important.
ESPRIT--A subspace rotation approach to estimation of parameters of cisoids in noise

The application of a subspace invariance approach (ESPRIT) to the estimation of parameters (frequencies and powers) of cisoids in noise is described. ESPRIT exploits an underlying rotational invariance of signal subspaces spanned by two temporally displaced data sets. The new approach has several advantages including improved resolution over Pisarenko's technique for harmonic retrieval.
Rare earth abundances in alpine ultramafic rocks

Abstract The rare-earth (RE) abundances of some alpine ultramafic rocks have been determined. A variety of RE distributions were observed. The high-temperature peridotites are markedly depleted in the light RE. The high-temperature peridotite at Lizard, Cornwall was studied in detail. The results are interpreted as providing evidence that the Lizard peridotite is a residue rock left after basaltic magma formation. The RE content of the marginal portions of the peridotite appear to have been contaminated by the country rock. Mineral RE abundances imply that the RE are located in structural sites of the host minerals. The observed mineral RE distributions can be used to develop a partial melting model for basalt generation. The residue mineralogy of this model is not consistent with residue mineralogies proposed to explain basaltic major element composition.
Creativity and Discovery as Blind Variation: Campbell's (1960) BVSR Model after the Half-Century Mark:

This article assesses and extends Campbell's (1960) classic theory that creativity and discovery depend on blind variation and selective retention (BVSR), with special attention given to blind vari...
Human Rights and Foreign Aid A Comparison of the Reagan and Carter Administrations

Although President Carter spoke forcefully about the importance of human rights in his foreign policy, President Reagan disavowed such a claim. A number of scholars have gone beyond the rhetoric and estimated the relationship between foreign aid allocations and human rights in the two administrations; few have found significant differences. This research differs from past work by using data from all but two of the recipient countries of U.S. aid and by employing an incremental model of decision making to explain the pattern of aid allocations. Contrary to the author's expectations, the author concludes that a concern for human rights was more prevalent in the foreign aid allocations of the Reagan administration than in the aid allocations of the Carter administration.
Some results on sensitivity of general input-output systems

We consider general input-output systems, which need not be of a feedback type, that are governed by nonlinear operator equations which relate the input, state, and output. Assuming that these equations depend on a parameterA which is allowed to vary in a neighborhood of a “nominal value”A0, we study the dependence of the output onA when the input is fixed. Essentially, we call a system insensitive if the output depends continuously onA. Two insensitivity concepts are introduced, and it is shown that certain monotonicity-like conditions ensure insensitivity. Also, several particular cases of the governing equations are studied. As examples, a control system described by a singular system of ordinary differential equations and a nonlinear feedback system are discussed.
Patterns of projection and branching of reticulospinal neurons

Extracellular microelectrodes were used to record the activity of reticulospinal neurons within the medial ponto-medullary reticular formation in the cat. In one series of experiments reticulospinal neurons were activated from electrodes in the ventro-medial reticulospinal tract (RSTm) and in the ipsiand contralateral lateral reticulospinal tracts (RSTi, RSTC) at spinal levels C1–2, C4, Th1 and L1. RSTm neurons were found primarily in n.r. pontis caudalis and the rostro-dorsal part of n.r. gigantocellularis. 71% of these neurons projected as far as the lumbar spinal cord. RSTi neurons projecting to C4 and beyond were clustered in the caudo-ventral part of n.r. gigantocellularis, but those RSTi neurons projecting to the first three cervical segments were located more rostro-dorsally. In all, 63% of the RSTi neurons projected to the lumbar spinal cord. RSTc neurons, which comprised only 5% of the reticulospinal population, were found throughout n.r. gigantocellularis. RSTm neurons had a median conduction velocity of 101 m/sec whereas RSTi and RSTc had median conduction velocities on the order of 70 m/sec.
Modeling of the Acidizing Process in Naturally-Fractured Carbonates

When a naturally fractured carbonate formation is treated with acid at pressures below the fracturing pressure, the acidizing process will likely be different from either a matrix treatment or an acid fracturing treatment. Our previous experimental study shows three kinds of acid etching patterns after acidizing naturally-fractured carbonates and also illustrates their relationships with the fracture properties and acidizing conditions. Based on the experimental observations, a mathematical model of acidizing naturally-fractured carbonates has been developed. The model includes bulk solution transport, acid transport and reaction, and the change of fracture width by acid dissolution. A new approach was used to treat leakoff acid and acid-rock reactions at the fracture walls. The new acidizing model for numerically generated rough-surfaced fractures predicts the same kinds of acid etching patterns and the same relationships between acid etching patterns and the fracture width, surface roughness and leakoff rate as observed in experiments.
Effect of Malalignment and Friction on Contact Pressure in the Polyethylene Component in the Total Knee Replacement

The articulation of the femoral and tibial component contact surface is influenced by the alignment of these components. Malalignment of the total knee is perceived to increase the contact pressure and reduces the life of the polyethylene component. In this paper the contact pressure obtained from a experimental results [2] are used as the loading condition for a normal TKA alignment. In the case of a malalignment, we assumed that the loads at the interface do not change and the malalignment is to the femur component rotation. The results show that the pressure distribution is higher in the malaligned fit, which implies a reduced lifetime for the TKA. In the analysis, the experimental loads derived from cadaver knee testing are increased by a scale factor of 5, 10, 20, 50 to predict a more realistic loading condition of the knee. The effect of malrotation on the pressure distribution under these condition shows that the percentage change in the pressure distribution is slightly larger than that from the experimental loads.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Kinetics of active and passive components of water exchange between the air and a mite, Dermatophagoides farinae.

Abstract Female North American house dust mites were found to exchange water with the ambient air from two compartments. At humidities above the critical equilibrium activity (CEA), transpiration out of a single large compartment was observed using HTO as a tracer for water. Total sorption into this compartment was also observed by following changes in the specific radioactivity. The sorption data required that an active process or pump be present. The water in this pump is the second compartment above the CEA. Below the CEA the large compartment could be identified as a compartment characterized by a small transpiration rate constant. The pump below the CEA becomes a rapidly transpiring fast compartment. By separating the water pool into two compartments, it was possible to relate av to k and m S . The major effect of av on k was related to its effect on the permeability of the cuticle. The influence of av on m S was different for active and passive sorption. Above the CEA the pump operated at full capacity and active m S was directly proportional to av. Passive sorption was influenced by av in two ways. The driving force for m S was further reduced below saturation by the effect of av on the permeability of the exchange surface.
Adjoint Estimation of the Variation in Model Functional Output due to the Assimilation of Data

Abstract A parametric approach to the adjoint estimation of the variation in model functional output due to the assimilation of data is considered as a tool to analyze and develop observation impact measures. The parametric approach is specialized to a linear analysis scheme and it is used to derive various high-order approximation equations. This framework includes the Kalman filter and incremental three-and four-dimensional variational data assimilation schemes implementing a single outer loop iteration. Distinction is made between Taylor series methods and numerical quadrature methods. The novel quadrature approximations require minimal additional software development and are suitable for testing and implementation at operational numerical weather prediction centers where a data assimilation system (DAS) and the associated adjoint DAS are in place. Their potential use as tools for observation impact estimates needs to be further investigated. Preliminary numerical experiments are provided using the fif...
Layered synthetic microstructure technology considerations for the extreme ultraviolet

It is demonstrated that layered synthetic microstructures (LSMs) can provide mirrors with enhanced normal incidence reflectance in the 300-A spectral region. Experimental results are presented for Pt-Si and Ir-Si structures fabricated by electron-beam deposition at pressures of about 10 to the -6th Torr, and it is shown that the enhancement is realized over a limited bandwidth of 75 A. One potential application of LSMs is their use as coatings on diffraction gratings to enhance normal incidence reflection efficiencies. Preliminary results for the Ir-Si combination on a diffraction grating show that LSMs enhance grating efficiencies in the EUV by a factor of about 3.
Abstract P2-09-18: Identification of synergistic drug combination for HER2 positive breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. 25-30% of breast cancer has HER2 gene amplification, which tend to give rise to poorly-differentiated and high grade tumor with a higher likelihood of spreading. Currently, trastuzumab and lapatinib are the only two FDA-approved treatments that target HER2 positive breast cancer. However, resistance to both drugs is already reported. Since breast cancer is considered to be one of genetic diseases caused by multiple gene aberrations, we used synergistic drug combination as a strategy to overcome these growth signaling pathway abnormalities. To identify new drug combination with lapatinib, we performed a cell-based screen against a library of clinical drugs of 3,200 compounds. Triptolide, a traditional Chinese medicine emerged from the screen with strong synergistic effect with lapatinib in HER2 positive breast cancer cells. This effect was specific to HER2 positive breast cancer. The whole HER2 signaling pathway was inhibited and more cells underwent apoptosis. Besides, both HER2 protein and mRNA levels were decreased in cells treated with the combination. This drug combination was also effective in breast cancer xenograft models of mice. Together, these findings suggest that both triptolide and lapatinib can be used as a promising drug combination for HER2 positive breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-09-18.
The effect of Stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction on deep compartment muscle strength: a new strength test.

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare isometric subtalar inversion and forefoot adduction strength in subjects with Stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) to controls. Materials and Methods: Twenty four subjects with Stage II PTTD and fifteen matched controls volunteered for this study. A force transducer (Model SML-200, Interface, Scottsdale, AZ) was connected with a resistance plate and oscilloscope (TDS 410A, Tektronix, Beaverton, OR) to the foot. Via the oscilloscope, subjects were given feedback on the amount of force produced and muscle activation of the anterior tibialis (AT) muscle. Subjects were instructed to maintain a plantar flexion force while performing a maximal voluntary subtalar inversion and forefoot adduction effort. A two-way ANOVA model with the factors including, side (involved/uninvolved) and group (control/PTTD) was used. Results: The PTTD group on the involved side showed significantly decreased subtalar inversion and foot adduction strength (0.70 ± 0.2...
Targeting mitochondrial glutaminase activity inhibits oncogenic transformation

Rho GTPases impact a number of activities important for oncogenesis. We describe a small molecule inhibitor that blocks oncogenic transformation induced by various Rho GTPases in fibroblasts, and the growth of human breast cancer and B lymphoma cells, without affecting normal cells. We identify the target of this inhibitor to be the metabolic enzyme glutaminase, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate. We show that transformed fibroblasts and breast cancer cells exhibit elevated glutaminase activity that is dependent on Rho GTPases and NF-κB activity, and is blocked by the small molecule inhibitor. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated connection between Rho GTPase activation and cellular metabolism and demonstrate that targeting glutaminase activity can inhibit oncogenic transformation.
Nutrient Intakes Linked to Better Health Outcomes Are Associated with Higher Diet Costs in the US

Purpose Degrees of nutrient intake and food groups have been linked to differential chronic disease risk. However, intakes of specific nutrients may also be associated with differential diet costs and unobserved differences in socioeconomic status (SES). The present study examined degrees of nutrient intake, for every key nutrient in the diet, in relation to diet cost and SES. Methods Socio-demographic data for a stratified random sample of adult respondents in the Seattle Obesity Study were obtained through telephone survey. Dietary intakes were assessed using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) (n = 1,266). Following standard procedures, nutrient intakes were energy-adjusted using the residual method and converted into quintiles. Diet cost for each respondent was estimated using Seattle supermarket retail prices for 384 FFQ component foods. Results Higher intakes of dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, D, E, and B12, beta carotene, folate, iron, calcium, potassium, and magnesium were associated with higher diet costs. The cost gradient was most pronounced for vitamin C, beta carotene, potassium, and magnesium. Higher intakes of saturated fats, trans fats and added sugars were associated with lower diet costs. Lower cost lower quality diets were more likely to be consumed by lower SES. Conclusion Nutrients commonly associated with a lower risk of chronic disease were associated with higher diet costs. By contrast, nutrients associated with higher disease risk were associated with lower diet costs. The cost variable may help somewhat explain why lower income groups fail to comply with dietary guidelines and have highest rates of diet related chronic disease.
Smooth Scheduling for Electricity Distribution in the Smart Grid

The emergence of smart grid (SG) brings about many fundamental changes in electric power systems. In this paper, we study the problem of smooth electric power scheduling in power distribution networks. We introduce an electricity supply/demand model that takes into account the time-varying demands and their deadlines. We formulate a constrained nonlinear programming problem and incorporate the theory of majorization to develop algorithms that can compute smoothness optimal schedules for the deferrable load dominant system. An effective heuristic algorithm is also presented by extending the majorization-based algorithm for the general scenario with both priority loads and deferrable loads. After obtaining the smooth power schedule, a distributed user benefit maximization load control scheme is used to allocate the scheduled power to individual users, while maximizing their levels of satisfaction. The analysis and simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms on smooth electric power scheduling, peak power minimization, and reducing power generation cost.
How do friendship maintenance behaviors and problem-solving styles function at the individual and dyadic levels?

Friendship maintenance behaviors and problem-solving styles are both important for relationship satisfaction and commitment. However, the association between maintenance and problem-solving styles is unclear. Furthermore, it has not been determined if maintenance and problem-solving styles are individual- or dyadic-level behaviors. One hundred forty-eight friendship dyads completed measures of friendship maintenance, problem solving, and satisfaction/commitment. Utilizing the pairwise latent variable model (G. Griffin & R. Gonzalez, 1995), this research found that although there were both individual- and dyadic-level components, maintenance behaviors occurred primarily at the dyadic level, but problem-solving styles tended to be more of an individual-level behavior. Maintenance behaviors were positively correlated with the problem-solving styles of voice and loyalty but were negatively correlated with neglect and exit. Furthermore, friendship maintenance behaviors predicted dyadic-level satisfaction/commitment. However, problem-solving behaviors predicted individual-level satisfaction/commitment. The results are discussed in terms of implications for the friendship maintenance and problem-solving literature.