cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust supervisory control for Production Systems with multiple resource failures

Supervisory control for deadlock-free resource allocation has been an active area of manufacturing systems research. To date, most work assumes that allocated resources do not fail. Little research has addressed allocating resources that may fail. In our previous work, we assumed a single unreliable resource and developed supervisory controllers to ensure robust deadlock-free operation in the event of resource failure. In this paper, we assume that several unreliable resources may fail simultaneously. In this case, a controller must guarantee that a set of resource failures does not propagate through blocking to stall other portions of the system. That is, the controller must ensure that every part type not requiring any of the failed resources should continue to produce smoothly without disruption. To do this, the controller must constrain the system to states that serve as feasible initial states for: 1) a reduced system when resource failures occur and 2) an upgraded system when failed resources are repaired. We develop the properties that such a controller must possess and then develop supervisory controllers that satisfy these properties. Note to Practitioners-For the past decade or so, researchers have begun to actively address the issue of ensuring smooth and continuous operation for flexibly automated manufacturing systems. This research effort has been motivated by the many failed attempts to implement flexible automation throughout the 1980s. During this time, much has been learned about modeling the control functions of a flexible, automated system. In fact, ladder logic control code can now be generated automatically from mathematical models, such as Petri nets, which compactly capture the required operating system logic. Because the code is based on a formal model with well-established properties, it is guaranteed to ensure proper operation without significant startup troubleshooting. One area that has not been investigated is controlling these systems when machines or tools "fail". The question is not how to fix what has failed, but rather how to control the system so that if something does fail, the system can continue producing items that do not require the failed elements. This is essential work since automated manufacturing systems consist of thousands of components, any of which are subject to failure. If failures in the system are not handled gracefully, it becomes difficult to keep the automated system running, in which case, system production does not meet expectations. In our previous work, we investigated ensuring smooth operation for systems with a single unreliable resource. We developed supervisory controllers to guarantee this requirement for these systems. In this paper, we extend the previous results to a more general class of systems where there are multiple unreliable resources. We establish a set of desired properties that the supervisory controller must possess in order to guarantee robust operation for these systems, and then develop a number of controllers that satisfy these properties.
Assessing researcher interdisciplinarity: a case study of the University of Hawaii NASA Astrobiology Institute

In this study, we combine bibliometric techniques with a machine learning algorithm, the sequential information bottleneck, to assess the interdisciplinarity of research produced by the University of Hawaii NASA Astrobiology Institute (UHNAI). In particular, we cluster abstract data to evaluate Thomson Reuters Web of Knowledge subject categories as descriptive labels for astrobiology documents, assess individual researcher interdisciplinarity, and determine where collaboration opportunities might occur. We find that the majority of the UHNAI team is engaged in interdisciplinary research, and suggest that our method could be applied to additional NASA Astrobiology Institute teams in particular, or other interdisciplinary research teams more broadly, to identify and facilitate collaboration opportunities.
Advantages of the color octet gluon picture

It is pointed out that there are several advantages in abstracting properties of hadrons and their currents from a Yang-Mills gauge model based on colored quarks and color octet gluons.
Event-Related fMRI of Frontotemporal Activity During Word Encoding and Recognition in Schizophrenia

Objective: Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated verbal episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia during word encoding and retrieval. This study examined neural substrates of memory in an analysis that controlled for successful retrieval. Method: Event-related blood-oxygenlevel-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation during word encoding and recognition in 14 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy comparison subjects. An unbiased multiple linear regression procedure was used to model the BOLD response, and task effects were detected by contrasting the signal before and after stimulus onset. Results: Patients attended during encoding and had unimpaired reaction times and normal response biases during recognition, but they had lower recognition discriminability scores, compared with the healthy subjects. Analysis of contrasts was restricted to correct items. Previous findings of a deficit in bilateral prefrontal cortex activation during encoding in patients were reproduced, but patients showed greater parahippocampal activation rather than deficits in temporal lobe activation. During recognition, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was lower in the patients and right anterior prefrontal cortex activation was preserved, as in the authors’ previous study using positron emission tomography. Successful retrieval was associated with greater right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation in the comparison subjects, whereas orbitofrontal, superior frontal, mesial temporal, middle temporal, and inferior parietal regions were more active in the patients during successful retrieval. Conclusions: The pattern of prefrontal cortex underactivation and parahippocampal overactivation in the patients suggests that functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal-limbic structures is disrupted by schizophrenia. This disruption may be reflected in the memory strategies of patients with schizophrenia, which include reliance on rote rehearsal rather than associative semantic processing.
Singularities in the Entropy of Asymptotically Large Simple Graphs

We prove that the asymptotic entropy of large simple graphs, as a function of fixed edge and triangle densities, is nondifferentiable along a certain curve. We also determine the precise modified-bipartite structure of asymptotic graphs with edge density 1/2 and triangle density in the interval $$\displaystyle [0,1/8]$$ .
Investing in Agriculture as an Asset Class

There has been massive investment in agricultural assets including farmland, handling and trading, technology, fertilizer, and others. A number of studies have analyzed investing in farmland, but there has been limited focus on investing in non-farmland agricultural assets. This article analyzes the role of farmland and other agricultural investments in class-specific portfolios. We use a Mean-Value at Risk (M-VaR) model with restrictions to find, compare, and contrast the optimal portfolio composition among U.S. farmland, agricultural equities and grain futures. Copulas are used to account for non-normal distributions and asymmetric dependence relationships. The results illustrate that farmland is attractive as an investment. However, as risk tolerance is increased, a shift to other agricultural assets would bring greater returns.
Confidence Set Inference With A Prior Quadratic Bound

Neyman's (1937) theory of confidence sets is developed as a replacement for Bayesian interference (BI) and stochastic inversion (SI) when the prior information is a hard quadratic bound. It is recommended that BI and SI be replaced by confidence set interference (CSI) only in certain circumstances. The geomagnetic problem is used to illustrate the general theory of CSI.
Conformally invariant scaling limits in planar critical percolation

This is an introductory account of the emergence of conformal invariance in the scaling limit of planar critical percolation. We give an exposition of Smirnov's theorem (2001) on the conformal invariance of crossing probabilities in site percolation on the triangular lattice. We also give an introductory account of Schramm-Loewner evolutions (SLE ĸ ), a one-parameter family of conformally invariant random curves discovered by Schramm (2000). The article is organized around the aim of proving the result, due to Smirnov (2001) and to Camia and Newman (2007), that the percolation exploration path converges in the scaling limit to chordal SLE 6 . No prior knowledge is assumed beyond some general complex analysis and probability theory.
The Effects of the Cost of Foreign Internal Funds on the Probability That a Firm Issues Domestic Debt

This paper investigates whether U.S. multinational firms' use of domestic debt to fund investments depends upon their cost of foreign internal funds. The pecking order theory predicts that firms should generally prefer internal funds as a financing source over debt. Holding total internal funds constant, I investigate an exception to this general relation by examining whether firms are more likely to issue domestic debt as the tax cost of their foreign internal funds increases. Using a sample of 268 firmyears, I find that the probability of firms with non‐binding foreign tax credit limitations using domestic debt relates positively to their permanently reinvested earnings. This finding contributes to the literature by suggesting that tax and financial reporting costs associated with foreign repatriations influence firms to forgo internal funds as a financing choice in favor of debt.
One‐pot Unsymmetrical Ketone Synthesis Employing a Pyrrole‐Bearing Formal Carbonyl Dication Linchpin Reagent

A one-pot procedure for the synthesis of unsymmetrical ketones utilizing a pyrrole-bearing carbonyl linchpin reagent (carbonyl linchpin N,O-dimethylhydroxylamine pyrrole; CLAmP) is reported. In contrast to other carbonyl dielectrophile equivalents, CLAmP enables the synthesis of ketones from a variety of organolithium and Grignard reagents. The electrophilic nature of CLAmP enables the addition of less reactive as well as thermally unstable nucleophiles. CLAmP was designed to form kinetically stable tetrahedral intermediates upon the addition of organometallic nucleophiles. Evidence for the existence of persistent tetrahedral intermediates was obtained through in situ IR studies.
WHO BEARS THE BURDEN OF U.S. NONTARIFF MEASURES

Thisarticle provides evidence onthe incidence of U.S. nontariff measures (NTMs) by investigating the relationship between per capita income and various indicators of NTM use. Collectively, NTMs are found to bear heavily on products of export interest to the poorer countries. Antidumping duty actions and voluntary export restraint agreements primarily target newly industrializing and industrial nations in the middle third of the income scale. The overall protection pattern suggests poorer countries will find it difficult to escape NTMs by attaining higher levels of economic development.Results also provide insightintocountryand industry-leveldeterminants of NTM use. (JEL F0, F1)
Single-particle distributions in inclusive π-p reactions at 10.0 and 15.5 GeV/c

Single-particle distributions have been measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center for the inclusive processes ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}X$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}X$ at 10.0 and 15.5 GeV/c. The kinematic range for secondary pions was ${p}_{T}=0.15$ GeV/c to 0.9 GeV/c and $x=0 \mathrm{to} 0.5$. The differential cross sections have been assumed to be slowly varying and have been fitted to smooth functions of $x$ and ${p}_{T}$. Cross sections have been obtained for all incoming and outgoing pion charges. The cross sections for the reactions with incident and outgoing pions of like charge are higher than those for unlike charge, but have similar shape. The cross section as a function of the rapidity is plotted together with that of $pp$ inclusive scattering at CERN ISR energies, for the purpose of comparing pion and proton fragmentation.
Polymer-nanoparticle interfacial interactions in polymer nanocomposites: Confinement effects on glass transition temperature and suppression of physical aging

The effects of confinement on glass transition temperature (Tg) and physical aging are measured in polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (P2VP) nanocomposites containing 10- to 15-nm-diameter silica nanospheres or 47-nm-diameter alumina nanospheres. Nanocomposites are made by spin coating films from sonicated solutions of polymer, nanofiller, and dye. The Tgs and physical aging rates are measured by fluorescence of trace levels of dye in the films. At 0.1–10 vol % nanofiller, Tg values can be enhanced or depressed relative to neat, bulk Tg (Tg,bulk) or invariant with nanofiller content. For alumina nanocomposites, Tg increases relative to Tg,bulk by as much as 16 K in P2VP, decreases by as much as 5 K in PMMA, and is invariant in PS. By analogy with thin polymer films, these results are explained by wetted P2VP–nanofiller interfaces with attractive interactions, nonwetted PMMA–nanofiller interfaces (free space at the interface), and wetted PS–nanofiller interfaces lacking attractive interactions, respectively. The presence of wetted or nonwetted interfaces is controlled by choice of solvent. For example, 0.1–0.6 vol % silica/PMMA nanocomposites exhibit Tg enhancements as large as 5 K or Tg reductions as large as 17 K relative to Tg,bulk when films are made from methyl ethyl ketone or acetic acid solutions, respectively. A factor of 17 reduction of physical aging rate relative to that of neat, bulk P2VP is demonstrated in a 4 vol % alumina/P2VP nanocomposite. This suggests that a strategy for achieving nonequilibrium, glassy polymeric systems that are stable or nearly stable to physical aging is to incorporate well-dispersed nanoparticles possessing attractive interfacial interactions with the polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2935–2943, 2006
A divergent teichmüller geodesic with uniquely ergodic vertical foliation

We construct an example of a quadratic differential whose vertical foliation is uniquely ergodic and such that the Teichmuller geodesic determined by the quadratic differential diverges in the moduli space of Riemann surfaces.
Out-of-Band Response of Reflector Antennas

The response of reflector antennas to out-of-band frequencies has been analyzed using physical optics. A simple approximate expression has been obtained for the effective aperture, and this expression yields both the receiving pattern and the frequency dependence of the on-axis gain. The theory has been compared with published out-of-band measurements, and the pattern agreement is good, but the measured gain falls below the theory. This discrepancy is caused by mismatch loss in the coax-to-waveguide adapter.
Efficient and regioselective nickel-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization of ynoates and related alkynes

A nickel-based catalytic system has been developed for [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization of various alkynes, especially ynoates. This catalytic system enables facile construction of substituted aromatic compounds in excellent yields with high regioselectivity.
The Relationship between Budget Deficits and Capital Inflows: Further Econometric Evidence

Abstract This research note examines the impact of federal deficits on U.S. capital inflows. Expanding on the previous work of Bahmani-Oskooee and Payesteh (1994), we employ the relatively new maximum likelihood procedure developed byJohansen (1988) andjohansen andJuselius (1990) to do cointegration tests. The results find a long run relationship between budget deficits and capital inflows. In addition, findings from error-correlation modeling reveal that short-run disequilibria in financial markets are corrected very rapidly, suggesting that these markets are efficient.
Secondary electron emission properties of conducting surfaces for use in multistage depressed collectors

Secondary electron emission measurements were made in an Auger spectrometer, which allowed the surface chemical constituents to be determined also. Materials studied were beryllium, soot, pyrolytic graphite, copper, titanium carbide and, tantalum. Pyrolytic graphite roughened by sputter etching showed the most favorable results for depressed collector use.
Stereoselective methylations of bicyclic lactams derived from pyroglutamic acid

Abstract Reaction of the lithium enolate of (−) 7 with iodomethane provides a stereoselective synthesis of (2R,4S)-4-amino-2-methylpentanamide derivatives.
Synthesis and X-ray information of substituted gem-difluoroallenyl amines

An O to N substitution in 4,4-difluorobutadiene-2,3-ol-1 has been accomplished in very satisfactory yields, and without compromising the gem-difluoroallenyl integrity, using modified Mitsunobu conditions. Recrystallization of the resulting tosyl-substituted amines furnished the first X-ray crystallographic analysis of difluoroallenes.
All-Metal Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity

Metals and organic molecules are at the opposite sides in chemistry. Thus one may think that chemical bonding models, such as aromaticity, developed in organic chemistry will not be applicable in systems involving metallic elements. Yet in recent years there have been significant advances in extending the aromaticity and antiaromaticity concepts into the realm of metal clusters and alloys. These new developments have shown that aromaticity and antiaromaticity in metal systems have frequently multiple nature, being o-aromatic/antiaromatic and n-aromatic/antiaromatic, which is not found in organic aromatic/antiaromatic molecules.
Where's the "party" in "multi-party"?: analyzing the structure of small-group sociable talk

Spontaneous multi-party interaction -- conversation among groups of three or more participants -- is part of daily life. While automated modeling of such interactions has received increased attention in ubiquitous computing research, there is little applied research on the organization of this highly dynamic and spontaneous sociable interaction within small groups. We report here on an applied conversation analytic study of small-group sociable talk, emphasizing structural and temporal aspects that can inform computational models. In particular, we examine the mechanics of multiple simultaneous conversational floors -- how participants initiate a new floor amidst an on-going floor, and how they subsequently show their affiliation with one floor over another. We also discuss the implications of these findings for the design of "smart" multi-party applications.
Do investment banks compete in IPOs?: the advent of the “7% plus contract”

Abstract The large number of initial public offerings (IPOs) with a 7% spread suggests either that investment bankers collude to profit from 7% IPOs or that the 7% contract is an efficient innovation that better suits the IPO. My tests do not support the collusion theory. Low concentration and ease of entry characterize the IPO market. Moreover, the 7% spread is not abnormally profitable, nor has its use been diminished by public awareness of collusion allegations. In support of the efficient contract theory, banks compete in pricing 7% IPOs on the basis of reputation, placement service, and underpricing.
Heterogeneity and Redistribution: By Monetary or Fiscal Means? ∗

In models with heterogeneous agents, issues of distribution and redistribution jump to the fore, raising the question: which policies–monetary or fiscal–work most effectively in transferring income from one group to another? To begin answering this question, this note works through a series of examples using Townsend’s turnpike model. Two basic results emerge. First, the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates often appears as an obstacle to redistribution by monetary means. Second, assumptions made about the government’s ability to raise tax revenue without distortion and to discriminate between agent types in distributing that tax revenue play a large role in determining whether agents prefer to redistribute income by monetary or fiscal means.
The political economy of workers' compensation benefit levels, 1910-1930

Abstract Most members of the key economic interest groups with a stake in workers' compensation anticipated gains. Despite their general agreement on the superiority of a no-fault system of accident compensation, the various interest groups fought over the level of accident benefits the new law would provide. These legislated benefit levels were important because they determined each group's share of the rents that workers' compensation created. The disputes were ultimately settled by state legislators who responded to pressures from both employer and worker groups. An empirical analysis of the workers' compensation benefit parameters that emerged from the political process shows that employers in high-accident risk industries succeeded in securing relatively lower benefits, while those in high-wage industries succeeded in keeping benefit levels in check. Employers' successes in lobbying for their optimal benefits were tempered in states where organized labor was strong, where political reform movements led to political shifts in the state legislature, and where bureaucratic agencies administered the workers' compensation system.
Cowards and Heroes: Group Loyalty in the American Civil War

What motivated men to risk death in the most horrific war in U. S. history when pay was low and irregular and military punishment strategies were weak? In such a situation creating group loyalty by promoting social capital is of paramount importance and in the Civil War was the cement of both armies. We find that individual and company socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, ideology, and morale were important predictors of group loyalty in the Union Army. Company characteristics were more important than ideology or morale. Soldiers in companies that were more homogeneous in ethnicity, occupation, and age were less likely to shirk.
Transcriptome Differences between Alternative Sex Determining Genotypes in the House Fly, Musca domestica

Sex determination evolves rapidly, often because of turnover of the genes at the top of the pathway. The house fly, Musca domestica, has a multifactorial sex determination system, allowing us to identify the selective forces responsible for the evolutionary turnover of sex determination in action. There is a male determining factor, M ,o n theY chromosome (Y M ), which is probably the ancestral state. An M factor on the third chromosome (III M ) has reached high frequencies in multiple populations across the world, but the evolutionary forces responsible for the invasion of III M are not resolved. To test whether the III M chromosome invaded because of sexspecific selection pressures, we used mRNA sequencing to determine whether isogenic males that differ only in the presence of the Y M or III M chromosome have different gene expression profiles. We find that more genes are differentially expressed between Y M and III M males in testis than head, and that genes with male-biased expression are most likely to be differentially expressed between Y M and III M males. We additionally find that III M males have a “masculinized” gene expression profile, suggesting that the III M chromosome has accumulated an excess of male-beneficial alleles because of its male-limited transmission. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that sex-specific selection acts on alleles linked to the male-determining locus driving evolutionary turnover in the sex determination pathway.
Sensor modeling, probabilistic hypothesis generation, and robust localization for object recognition

In an effort to make object recognition efficient and accurate enough for real applications; we have developed three probabilistic techniques-sensor modeling, probabilistic hypothesis generation, and robust localization-which form the basis of a promising paradigm for object recognition. Our techniques effectively exploit prior knowledge to reduce the number of hypotheses that must be tested during recognition. Our recognition approach utilizes statistical constraints on the matches between image and model features. These statistical constraints are computed using a model of the entire sensing process-resulting in more realistic and tighter constraints on matches. The candidate hypotheses are pruned by probabilistic constraint satisfaction to select likely matches based on the image evidence and prior statistical constraints. The resulting hypotheses are ordered most-likely first for verification. Thus minimizing unnecessary verifications. The reliability of the verification decision is significantly increased by the use of a robust localization algorithm. >
Towards Holistic Scene Understanding: Feedback Enabled Cascaded Classification Models

In many machine learning domains (such as scene understanding), several related sub-tasks (such as scene categorization, depth estimation, object detection) operate on the same raw data and provide correlated outputs. Each of these tasks is often notoriously hard, and state-of-the-art classifiers already exist for many sub-tasks. It is desirable to have an algorithm that can capture such correlation without requiring to make any changes to the inner workings of any classifier. We propose Feedback Enabled Cascaded Classification Models (FE-CCM), that maximizes the joint likelihood of the sub-tasks, while requiring only a 'black-box' interface to the original classifier for each sub-task. We use a two-layer cascade of classifiers, which are repeated instantiations of the original ones, with the output of the first layer fed into the second layer as input. Our training method involves a feedback step that allows later classifiers to provide earlier classifiers information about what error modes to focus on. We show that our method significantly improves performance in all the sub-tasks in two different domains: (i) scene understanding, where we consider depth estimation, scene categorization, event categorization, object detection, geometric labeling and saliency detection, and (ii) robotic grasping, where we consider grasp point detection and object classification.
Reactions of vinyltributylgermanes and aryl halides under Heck conditions

We describe the palladium-mediated reaction of vinyltributylgermanes with aryl halides under Heck conditions. Depending on their degree of substitution, (E)-vinyltributylgermanes preferentially afford either the cine or Z-alkenyl coupled products in moderate yields. Substituents at the allylic position, especially oxygen, impact regio- and stereoselectivity.
Stigma Without Sanctions: The (Lack of) Impact of Private School Vouchers on Student Achievement

Under the Florida A+ Accountability Program, Florida’s schools are graded based on student performance on the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test. Previously, when schools would earn their second failing grade within four years, students assigned to these schools were offered school vouchers which parents and guardians could use to transfer students to a private or another traditional public school. In January of 2006 the Florida Supreme Court declared that private school voucher component of the Florida A+ Accountability Program was unconstitutional, eliminating the threat of having these students and funds leaving to attend private schools. This exogenous shock allows us to test whether private voucher threats and the funding tied to these students led to increases in student achievement. We find no evidence that the private school voucher threats drive academic improvement beyond what is seen in schools when this private school voucher threat is removed.
Synthesis of 2,6-diamino-5-[(2-substituted phenylamino)ethyl]pyrimidin-4(3h)-one as inhibitors of folate metabolizing enzymes†‡

A series of eleven novel 2,6-diamino-5-[(2-substituted phenylamino)ethyl]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivatives were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS). The synthesis of analogues 2a-f, 3a and 3e was achieved via an improved method. Commercially available anilines 12a-f were used as starting materials which on reaction with chloroacetaldehyde followed by cyanoacetate and cyclocondensation with guanidine afforded 2,6-diamino-5-[(2-substituted phenylamino)ethyl]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one 2a-f in three steps. The N-methyl analogues 3a-3e were prepared by reductive methylation. These compounds were evaluated against dihydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli, Toxoplasma gondii, Pneumocystis carinii, human, and rat liver. Few compounds were marginally active against dihydrofolate reductase. The most potent inhibitor, (2c) which has a 1-naphthyl substituent on the side chain, has an IC50 = 150 μM and 9.1 μM against Escherichia coli and Toxoplasma gondii DHFR, respectively.
Impacts of periodic tillage on soil C stocks: A synthesis

Abstract Long-term loss of soil C stocks under conventional tillage and accrual of soil C following adoption of no-tillage have been well documented. No-tillage use is spreading, but it is common to occasionally till within a no-till regime or to regularly alternate between till and no-till practices within a rotation of different crops. Short-term studies indicate that substantial amounts of C can be lost from the soil immediately following a tillage event, but there are few field studies that have investigated the impact of infrequent tillage on soil C stocks. How much of the C sequestered under no-tillage is likely to be lost if the soil is tilled? What are the longer-term impacts of continued infrequent no-tillage? If producers are to be compensated for sequestering C in soil following adoption of conservation tillage practices, the impacts of infrequent tillage need to be quantified. A few studies have examined the short-term impacts of tillage on soil C and several have investigated the impacts of adoption of continuous no-tillage. We present: (1) results from a modeling study carried out to address these questions more broadly than the published literature allows, (2) a review of the literature examining the short-term impacts of tillage on soil C, (3) a review of published studies on the physical impacts of tillage and (4) a synthesis of these components to assess how infrequent tillage impacts soil C stocks and how changes in tillage frequency could impact soil C stocks and C sequestration. Results indicate that soil C declines significantly following even one tillage event (1–11% of soil C lost). Longer-term losses increase as frequency of tillage increases. Model analyses indicate that cultivating and ripping are less disruptive than moldboard plowing, and soil C for those treatments average just 6% less than continuous NT compared to 27% less for CT. Most (80%) of the soil C gains of NT can be realized with NT coupled with biannual cultivating or ripping.
Industrial hygiene concerns during the decontamination and decommissioning of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

A significant industrial hygiene concern during the decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) was the oxidation of the lead bricks' surface, which were utilized for radiation shielding. This presented both airborne exposure and surface contamination issues for the workers in the field removing this material. This paper will detail the various protection and control methods tested and implemented to protect the workers including those technologies deployed to decontaminate the work surfaces. In addition, those techniques employed to recycle the lead for additional use at the site will be discussed.
Ribonucleotide reductases: radical chemistry and inhibition at the active site.

Abstract Ribonucleoside 5′-diphosphate reductases (RDPRs) have been studied for several decades. Increasingly sophisticated mechanisms have been proposed for the reduction of natural substrate ribonucleotides to their 2′-deoxy counterparts and for mechanism-based inactivation of RDPRs with 2′-substituted-ribonucleotides. We now discuss biomimetic reactions of model substrate and inhibitor analogues, which clarify three aspects of previously proposed mechanisms postulated to occur at the active site of RDPRs.
Rhodium (II) catalyzed intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition reactions of carbonyl ylides. Computational and empirical studies of the regio- and chemoselective effect of catalyst ligand

Ligand substitution in the rhodium (II) catalyzed decomposition of α-diazo ketones containing tethered alkenes result in differing product ratios for intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition and cyclopropanation.
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition as applied to the synthesis of 5-cyano-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide

The title compound was synthesized via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of diazoacetonitrile and diethyl fumarate.
Historical Legacies of Interethnic Competition: Anti-Semitism and the EU Referendum in Poland

How do historical legacies shape contemporary political outcomes? The article proposes a novel attitudinal mechanism through which distant interethnic competition can influence political preferences in the present. It theorizes that historically conditioned predispositions at the local level can moderate the effects of national-level framing of a policy issue. Using Poland as a test case, I show that subnational variation in support for EU accession was influenced by populist claims about the increase in Jewish influence in the postaccession period. Anti-Semitic cues resonated with voters in areas with historically large Jewish populations and a contentious interethnic past, where latent anti-Semitism persisted throughout the communist period. To provide evidence for this argument, the article draws on rich historical and contemporary data at the county, town, and individual level of analysis and utilizes novel research methods.
Drainage and Water Management Research in Western Europe

This paper attempts to indicate to the reader the ease with which an American visitor can communicate with the engineers of western Europe. The author presents a description of the research facilities visited and the names and works of the engineers with whom he conversed and exchanged ideas. In addition, a brief description is presented of the vast number of institutions engaged in this type of research in the Netherlands.
On IQC approach to the analysis and design of linear systems subject to actuator saturation

This paper establishes IQC-based (Integral Quadratic Constraints) conditions under which an ellipsoid is contractively invariant for a single input linear system under a saturated linear feedback law. Based on these set invariance conditions, the determination of the largest such ellipsoid, for use as an estimate of the domain of attraction, can be formulated and solved as an LMI optimization problem. Such an LMI problem can also be readily adapted for the design of the feedback gain that achieves the largest contractively invariant ellipsoid. While the advantages of the proposed IQC approach remain to be explored, it is shown in this paper that the largest contractively invariant ellipsoid determined by this approach is the same as the one determined by the existing approach based on expressing the saturated linear feedback as a linear differential inclusion (LDI), which is known to lead to non-conservative result in determining the largest contractively invariant ellipsoid for single input systems.
Cross-generational impact of a male murine pheromone 2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole in female mice

The current understanding of the activity of mammalian pheromones is that endocrine and behavioural effects are limited to the exposed individuals. Here, we demonstrate that the nasal exposure of female mice to a male murine pheromone stimulates expansion of mammary glands, leading to prolonged nursing of pups. Subsequent behavioural testing of the pups from pheromone-exposed dams exhibited enhanced learning. Sialic acid components in the milk are known to be involved in brain development. We hypothesized that the offspring might have received more of this key nutrient that promotes brain development. The mRNA for polysialyltransferase, which produces polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecules related to brain development, was increased in the brain of offspring of pheromone-exposed dams at post-natal day 10, while it was not different at embryonic stages, indicating possible differential brain development during early post-natal life.
The way we live now: Financialization and securitization

Abstract Securitization is a global multi-trillion dollar market that embodies financialization. Prior to the recent financial crisis, securitization fueled an unsustainable increase in mortgage credit. As the recent financial crisis reveals, securitization increased credit market volatility and was heightened by a reliance on debt and incentive schemes that focused on short-term profits. As extensive global reform of the securitization market takes place, there are serious reservations about the sustainability of securitization. In this paper I provide a critical perspective on securitization through a number of lenses. The story of securitization comes down to the globalization of finance and the declining importance of banks. I provide an historical assessment of securitization as well as its rise and fall over the last four decades. I also provide a critical perspective on the role of ethics and risk management in securitization in the context of the recent financial crisis. Finally, as many agencies reconsider the future of securitization, I discuss whether all assets are necessarily suitable candidates for the process.
Current Issues of Conceptual Modeling: A Summary of Selective Active Research Topics

This is a summary of the individual papers and workshop summaries collected in this volume ("Current Issues of Conceptual Modeling," edited by P. P. Chen, J. Akoka, H, Kangassalo, and B. Thalheim, Springer-Verlag, 1999, Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences, No. 1565).
Measuring the Effects of Lighting Distribution on Walking Speed and Head Pitch With Wearable Inertial Measurement Units

A comparative human performance evaluation of a miner's walking speed and head pitch was conducted on miners wearing two types of LED cap lamps. Walking speed and head pitch are indirect indicators of improved lighting. The better that miners can see the floor, the faster they can walk and the less they pitch their heads downward to illuminate the floor with their cap lamps. NIOSH researchers developed a non-contact way to quantify human performance by using two small wireless, wearable inertial measurement units. Data were collected in the field from nine coal miners in an underground coal mine. The field results showed no statistical difference between the two cap lamps for walking speed. However, there was a trend of 2 ° lower head pitch for one of the cap lamps. The field testing procedures were then replicated in a controlled laboratory environment and the results indicated a 5-degree lower head tilt when using the same cap lamp and a corresponding difference in walking speed. A novel application of magnetometers for distance flagging is also presented. Finally, study limitations and a follow-up study are discussed.
A vision for ubiquitous sequencing

Genomics has recently celebrated reaching the $1000 genome milestone, making affordable DNA sequencing a reality. With this goal successfully completed, the next goal of the sequencing revolution can be sequencing sensors--miniaturized sequencing devices that are manufactured for real-time applications and deployed in large quantities at low costs. The first part of this manuscript envisions applications that will benefit from moving the sequencers to the samples in a range of domains. In the second part, the manuscript outlines the critical barriers that need to be addressed in order to reach the goal of ubiquitous sequencing sensors.
How Destructive Is Innovation

Entering and incumbent firms can create new products and displace other firms’ products. Incumbents can also improve their existing products. How much of aggregate growth occurs through each of these channels? The answer matters for optimal innovation policy because knowledge spillovers and business stealing differ depending on the source of growth. Using U.S. Census data on manufacturing firms from 1963 through 2002, we arrive at three main conclusions: First, most growth comes from incumbents’ innovation rather than innovation by entrants. This follows from the modest market share of entering firms. Second, most growth comes from improvements of existing varieties rather than creation of brand new varieties. Third, own-product improvement by incumbents is roughly as important as quality improvements through creative destruction.
China and the global economy

As a result of the extraordinary performance in the past twenty years, China's status in the global economy has dramatically changed. In this paper, the author reflect on China's unprecedented growth, examine the reasons of that growth, and discuss promising prospects for the Chinese economy to maintain an eight percent annual growth rate in the coming two decades. Although to maintain that growth rate, China will definitely encounter many challenges - both internally and externally. The 21st century has witnessed the emergence of a multi-polar growth world, with many of the new growth poles are emerging market economies. China has become the top contributor of the global gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the decade of 2000-2009. If China appropriately copes with challenges and deepens its structural reforms, it has the potential to continue its role as a leading power in supporting a multi-polar economic architecture that benefits both developing and high-income countries in various ways.
A natural law of succession

We present a new solution to multinomial estimation and demonstrate that our solution outperforms standard solutions both in theory and in practice. The novelty of our approach lies in our use of combinatorial priors on strings.
A Practical Asymptotic Variance Estimator for Two-Step Semiparametric Estimators

Abstract The goal of this paper is to develop techniques to simplify semiparametric inference. We do this by deriving a number of numerical equivalence results. These illustrate that in many cases, one can obtain estimates of semiparametric variances using standard formulas derived in the well-known parametric literature. This means that for computational purposes, an empirical researcher can ignore the semiparametric nature of the problem and do all calculations as if it were a parametric situation. We hope that this simplicity will promote the use of semiparametric procedures.
Openness, Growth, and Productivity in Indonesia's Development Agenda

The government of Indonesia has set ambitious goals for development, envisioning high, inclusive and sustainable growth over the coming years. Indonesia has the resource endowments and the potential to attain these goals. To turn this potential into reality, the private sector needs to increase investment and productivity to become a growth-engine for quality jobs to meet the needs of a rapidly increasing labor force. This note argues that maintaining and deepening Indonesia’s integration into the global marketplace will facilitate this process. Policies that encourage greater integration into the world economy are no substitute, however, for a broader development strategy that takes into account, on one hand, that public support may be needed to improve the general business climate and quality of human capital, particularly logistics services, and on the other, that there remains room for corrective action to compensate groups that may be negatively impacted in the process of integration into the world economy.
Controlling Bias in Adaptive Data Analysis Using Information Theory

Modern data is messy and high-dimensional, and it is often not clear a priori what are the right questions to ask. Instead, the analyst typically needs to use the data to search for interesting analyses to perform and hypotheses to test. This is an adaptive process, where the choice of analysis to be performed next depends on the results of the previous analyses on the same data. It's widely recognized that this process, even if well-intentioned, can lead to biases and false discoveries, contributing to the crisis of reproducibility in science. But while adaptivity renders standard statistical theory invalid, folklore and experience suggest that not all types of adaptive analysis are equally at risk for false discoveries. In this paper, we propose a general information-theoretic framework to quantify and provably bound the bias and other statistics of an arbitrary adaptive analysis process. We prove that our mutual information based bound is tight in natural models, and then use it to give rigorous insights into when commonly used procedures do or do not lead to substantially biased estimation. We first consider several popular feature selection protocols, like rank selection or variance-based selection. We then consider the practice of adding random noise to the observations or to the reported statistics, which is advocated by related ideas from differential privacy and blinded data analysis. We discuss the connections between these techniques and our framework, and supplement our results with illustrative simulations.
Procedural Justice in International Criminal Courts: Assessing Civil Parties’ Perceptions of Justice at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

Procedural justice advocates argue that fair procedures in decision making processes can increase participant satisfaction with legal institutions. Little critical work has been done however to explore the power of such claims in the context of mass violence and international criminal justice. This article critically examines some of the key claims of procedural justice by exploring the perceptions of justice held by victims participating as Civil Parties in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia ( ECCC ). The ECCC has created one of the most inclusive and extensive victim participation regimes within international criminal law. It therefore provides a unique case study to examine some of claims of ‘victim-centred’ transitional justice through a procedural justice lens. It finds that while procedural justice influenced civil parties’ overall perceptions of the Court, outcomes remained of primary importance. It concludes by analysing the possible reasons for this prioritisation.