cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal Intratubular Crystals and Hyaluronan Staining Occur in Stone Formers with Bypass Surgery but not with Idiopathic Calcium Oxalate Stones

Whether idiopathic calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formers form inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) crystal deposits bears on pathogenetic mechanisms of stone formation. In prior work, using light and transmission electron microscopy, we have found no IMCD crystal deposits. Here, we searched serial sections of papillary biopsies from a prior study of 15 idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers, 4 intestinal bypass patients with CaOx stones, and 4 non-stone-forming subjects, and biopsies from an additional hitherto unreported 15 idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers and 1 bypass patient using polarized light oil immersion optics, for deposits overlooked in our original study. We found no IMCD deposits in any of 1,500 serial sections from the 30 idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers, nor in 87 additional sections from a frozen idiopathic calcium oxalate stone former biopsy sample processed without exposure to aqueous solutions. Among 4 of the 5 bypass patients but in none of the 30 idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers or 4 normal stone formers, we found tiny birefringent thin crystalline overlays on scattered IMCD cell membranes. We also found IMCD lumen deposits in two bypass patients that contained mixed birefringent and nonbirefringent crystals, presumably CaOx and apatite. In the bypass patients, we observed focal apical IMCD cell hyaluronan staining, which was absent in idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers. The absence of any IMCD deposits in 1,500 serial sections of biopsies from 30 idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers allows us to place the upper limit on the probability of their occurrence at approximately 0.002 and place the lower limit of their size at the resolution of the optics (<0.2 mu). The tiny deposits in bypass patients may be the initial crystal lesion.
Runaway electrons as a source of red sprites in the mesosphere

Large quasi-electrostatic (QE) fields above thunderclouds [Pasko et al., 1995] produce an upward traveling beam of ∼1 MeV runaway electrons which may contribute to the production of optical emissions above thunderclouds referred to as Red Sprites. Results of a one dimensional computer simulation model suggest that the runaway electrons can produce optical emissions similar in intensity and spectra to those observed in Red Sprites, but only for large QE fields produced by positive CG discharges lowering 250 C or more to ground from an altitude of at least 10 km. Differences in predicted optical spectra from that of other mechanisms suggest that the runaway electron mechanism can be readily tested by high resolution spectral measurements of Red Sprites.
Microwave free-electron laser applications for electron cyclotron heating of plasmas

Millimeter wave power may be the ideal source of heat for a plasma, but advances in technology are needed to meet requirements of next generation fusion devices. Free electron lasers (FEL) are one candidate for such sources, and this paper reviews the progress, issues of physics and technology, and potential benefits for fusion from these devices. 15 refs., 13 figs.
Mutagenic potential of cis-dichlorodiammine platinum II in rodents.

Abstract The ability of cis -dichlorodiammine platinum II to cause chromosomal aberrations in rats and dominant lethaloty in mice was studied. Five daily intraperitoneal doses raging from 0.25 to 2.00 mg/kg/day failed to result in the observance of dominant lethal mutations in mice. Intraperitoneal doses of 0.13 and 0.52 mg/kg/day for 5 days in rats did, however, cause chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells collected and harvested 24 h after the last dose. The incidence of total aberrations obeserved at the 0.52 mg/kg/day dose level was 5.5-fold greater than that seen for the vehicle control group. Thus, cis -dichlorodiammine platinum II appears to be clastogenic in rats.
Silicon implementation of computational intelligence for mechatronics

Digital implementations of neurocomputers are presently quite expensive, they require excessive power, they suffer from a number of issues that cause performance characteristics to differ from the theoretical model of the system, and they are relatively intolerant of fault conditions. The inherent advantages of the massively parallel structure of these systems are also lost in the common practice of executing algorithms sequentially on a conventional computer. The paper presents nonlinear analog signal methodology where for nonlinear processing nonlinear characteristics of MOS transistors are used.
Data Integrty in Digital Optical Disks

Digital optical disks are interesting as a storage medium because they combine large inexpensive storage capacity with relatively fast access. They also have a property which appears to make them attractive to the security minded, namely they do not permit bits to be rewritten. In other words, a 0 can be changed to a 1, but a 1 cannot be changed back to a 0. In a recent paper, however, Rivest and Shamir show that this does not prevent the changing of information; in fact, at relatively small additional cost (slightly longer codes), information can be changed as often as is desired. In the present paper we are concerned with issues in the integrity of data stored on digital optical disks or any other write-once storage medium, for that matter. A number of practically useful schemes are presented. In particular, immutable codes are discussed, both fixed length and variable length. These are codes which guarantee that information may not be changed. Also introduced are alternative schemes, such as control key schemes, which guarantee either unconditionally or with a certain probability that information cannot be changed if it is stored on digital optical disks. The main distinguishing feature of these schemes is the price to be paid for implementing them, i. e., the number of additional bits required for obtaining the desired protection against subversion.
Impact of a Positive Youth Development Program in Urban After-School Settings on the Prevention of Adolescent Substance Use

Abstract Purpose Positive youth development (PYD) emphasizes a strengths-based approach to the promotion of positive outcomes for adolescents. After-school programs provide a unique opportunity to implement PYD approaches and to address adolescent risk factors for negative outcomes, such as unsupervised out-of-school time. This study examines the effectiveness of an after-school program delivered in urban settings on the prevention of adolescent substance use. Methods A total of 304 adolescents participated in the study: 149 in the intervention group and 155 in a control group. A comprehensive PYD intervention that included delivery of an 18-session curriculum previously found to be effective in preventing substance use in school settings was adapted for use in urban after-school settings. The intervention emphasizes adolescents' use of effective decision-making skills to prevent drug use. Assessments of substance use attitudes and behaviors were conducted at program entry, program completion, and at the 1-year follow-up to program entry. Propensity scores were computed and entered in the analyses to control for any pretest differences between intervention and control groups. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses were conducted to assess program effectiveness. Results The results demonstrate that adolescents receiving the intervention were significantly more likely to view drugs as harmful at program exit, and exhibited significantly lower increases in alcohol, marijuana, other drug use, and any drug use 1 year after beginning the program. Conclusions A PYD intervention developed for use in an urban after-school setting is effective in preventing adolescent substance use.
Studies of the humoral immune response.

The humoral immune response arises from a complex choreography of cells and molecules that in teract to produce lasting and effective defenses against pathogens. For more than fifteen years, our laboratory has studied how humoral responses are initiated, how they mature, and how they are remembered. This work has come from many hands and in this brief synopsis, 1 cannot provide the full recognition that my, students, postdoctoral fellows, and collaboratorsmerit. I hope that my colleagues can accept this translucence and know that their efforts are recognized and deeply appreciated, nonetheless.
Introducing Provenance Capture into a Legacy Data System

Accurate provenance information facilitates improved understanding of Earth science data and scientific reproducibility and can serve as an indicator of data quality. Provenance capture is an integral part of many modern workflow systems but may not have been considered in the design of legacy data production systems. Furthermore, in addition to data lineage, it is also important to capture contextual information needed for understanding how a data set was produced. This paper describes our experience in retrofitting a legacy data system to support capture, storage, and dissemination of provenance. Data inputs and transformations are logged automatically, while broader context information describing science algorithms and ancillary files is manually compiled. Provenance and context information are integrated for interactive user access and embedded into data files as XML documents compliant with the “Lineage” specification for geographic metadata defined by the International Organization for Standardization in the ISO 19115-2 standard. Lessons learned from this approach can inform others who need to incorporate provenance into a data system after the fact.
Understanding students' explanations of biological phenomena: Conceptual frameworks or p‐prims?

This study explores two differing perspectives of the nature of students' biological knowledge structures, conceptual frameworks, and p-prims. Students from four grade levels and from three regions of the United States were asked to explain a variety of biological phenomena. Students' responses to the interview probes were analyzed to describe 1) patterns in the nature of students' explanations across grade levels and interview probes, and 2) the consistency of students' explanations across individual interview probes and across the range of probes. The results were interpreted from both perspectives of knowledge structures. While definitive assertions supporting either perspective could not be made, each hypothesis was explored. Although the more prevalent description of student conceptions within a broader conceptual framework could not be discounted, the p-prim of need as a rationale for change was also found to offer a useful description of knowledge frameworks for this content area. The difficulties endemic to the use of biology for the study of basic knowledge structures are also discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed85:328–348, 2001.
Chaos in deterministic systems: Strange attractors, turbulence, and applications in chemical engineering

Abstract It is now well established that seemingly innocuous dynamical systems, dissipative or not, can produce complicated phase trajectories and, eventually, chaos. There is now an enormous amount of mathematics and physics literature on this subject, little of which has permeated into the chemical engineering community at large. This article is divided into two parts: the first one considers dissipative systems, the second Hamiltonian systems. One of the major achievements of the research in these areas has been the recognition that both difference and differential models share a group of universal features that go quite beyond the formal details of the models. For example, one of the fingerprints of many dissipative systems is the Feigenbaum cascade of period-doubling. The limit of the cascade is a chaotic situation resembling turbulence. Feigenbaum's analysis provides“universal” scaling laws and statistics which characterize“turbulent motions” arising via the period-doubling route. A sound mathematical framework characterizes the behavior of Hamiltonian systems. Chaos arises due to transversal intersections of stable and unstable manifolds belonging to hyperbolic points and prevented from becoming widespread by surviving invariant tori whose behavior is controlled by the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theorem. In this article, emphasis is placed on differential models since they arise naturally in chemical engineering applications. An interesting example, in the context of fluid mechanics, is provided by mixing problems. The particle trajectory of every fluid particle in every fluid mechanical problem is represented by a dynamical system of three ODEs, autonomous if the flow field is steady, nonautonomous if it is not. In two dimensions, the problem can be framed in terms of Hamiltonian mechanics. An analysis of the particle trajectories (flows) provides a rational way to create chaotic (or good) mixing. Other applications can be drawn from fluid mechanics, transport processes, and reaction engineering. It is important to recognize that these new techniques provide additional ways of interpreting experimental data and they suggest new experiments for discriminating between possible mechanisms and routes to complex or turbulent behavior.
Continuous-time optimal control of impacting mechanical systems via a projected Hamilton's principle

In this paper we present a method of generating an optimal controller for impulsive hybrid mechanical systems, such as those undergoing impact. Our goal is for the optimization procedure to incorporate the dynamics of the impact rather than treating it as a disturbance. To this purpose we make use of a projection operator-obtained from a projected version of Hamilton's principle-to build an equivalent switched system that is expressed throughout the state space, including the infeasible regions. This eliminates the discontinuous jumps in velocity of impulsive systems. The approach allows us to apply continuous-time optimization techniques intended for normed function spaces (rather than generalized function spaces) and concretely produces an optimal controller hybrid mechanical system. We developed a Python package that applies the required transformation to simple mechanical systems undergoing impact and implements optimal control methods. Finally, we apply the projection-based technique described to a simple bouncing ball example.
Helicobacter pylori Infection in Preschool and School-Aged Minority Children: Effect of Socioeconomic Indicators and Breast-Feeding Practices

Helicobacter pylori infection was examined among 356 asymptomatic white Hispanic and black children aged 2--16 years attending 13 licensed day care centers in Houston. Demographic information and socioeconomic factors were evaluated. H. pylori status was determined by (13)C-urea breath testing. The prevalence of active H. pylori infection was 24% and increased with age. Prevalence was almost identical among white Hispanic and black children. Children living in the most crowded conditions were at the greatest risk for H. pylori acquisition, and an inverse correlation was seen between the mother's education and H. pylori positivity in children. Breast-feeding played a protective role against the acquisition of H. pylori infection. Understanding the epidemiology of H. pylori infection in childhood requires better understanding of the interactions between environment, ethnic group, and socioeconomic conditions.
Lysosomal Signaling Enhances Mitochondria‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in A431 Cancer Cells: Role of Iron

In photodynamic therapy (PDT), light activates a photosensitizer added to a tissue, resulting in singlet oxygen formation and cell death. The photosensitizer phthalocyanine 4 (Pc 4) localizes primarily to mitochondrial membranes in cancer cells, resulting in mitochondria-mediated cell death. The aim of this study was to determine how lysosomes contribute to PDT-induced cell killing by mitochondria-targeted photosensitizers such as Pc 4. We monitored cell killing of A431 cells after Pc 4-PDT in the presence and absence of bafilomycin, an inhibitor of the vacuolar proton pump of lysosomes and endosomes. Bafilomycin was not toxic by itself, but greatly enhanced Pc 4-PDT-induced cell killing. To investigate whether iron loading of lysosomes affects bafilomycin-induced killing, cells were incubated with ammonium ferric citrate (30 μM) for 30 h prior to PDT. Ammonium ferric citrate enhanced Pc 4 plus bafilomycin-induced cell killing without having toxicity by itself. Iron chelators (desferrioxamine and starch-desferrioxamine) and the inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium (and ferrous iron) uniporter, Ru360, protected against Pc 4 plus bafilomycin toxicity. These results support the conclusion that chelatable iron stored in the lysosomes enhances the efficacy of bafilomycin-mediated PDT and that lysosomal disruption augments PDT with Pc 4.
A Formal Framework for the Correct-by-construction and Verification of Distributed Time Triggered Systems

In modern day automobiles, several critical vehicle functions are handled by ECS (electronics and control software) applications. These are distributed, real-time, embedded systems and due to the level of criticality in their operation, they require a high-integrity development and verification process. Model-based development of such applications aims to increase the integrity of these applications through the usage of explicit models employed in clearly defined process steps leading to correct-by-construction artifacts. Ensuring consistency and correctness of models across the various design steps is crucial in model-based development methodologies. This work proposes a formal framework for this purpose. The proposed framework captures models in two stages of development -an initial abstract, centralized functional model and a subsequent model of the distributed system consisting of several ECUs (electronic control units) communicating over a common bus. The proposed framework can be used both for the correct-by-construction of distributed models from the abstract functional model and for the verification of existing distributed implementations against a given functional model. We have demonstrated the utility and effectiveness of the proposed framework with two case studies - one using a conventional cruise control system and the other using a brake-by-wire sub-system.
An architectural framework for complex cognition

Any non-trivial task requires an appropriate representational formalism. Usually, for single-task or single-domain problems this choice of formalism is not explicitly made by the agent itself, but by the agent designer, and is implicit in the choice of data structures and algorithms used by the agent. However, complex cognition involves domains where the type of problems that the agent is expected to solve is not clear at the outset. Instead, at each stage of the problem solving process, the agent is expected to choose an appropriate formalism, solve the problem and integrate these results over the course of the entire problem solving episode. In this paper, we present one approach to solving two of the above problems - how does an agent choose the right representation and how can it integrate results from multiple representations over the course of problem solving? We present this approach in the context of Polyscheme, a cognitive architecture that is strongly integrated, focused on inference and adaptive to new information. We describe the representational formalisms and associated processes present in Polyscheme (propositional and spatial) and the decision cycle that allows information from multiple representations to be integrated. Using examples from complex tasks such as constraint satisfaction, language understanding and planning, we show how a Polyscheme agent can show improved performance by leveraging its multiple representations without the hindsight of representational choice.
Further characterization of intracellular precursor polyproteins of Rauscher leukemia virus.

Abstract The identity and pathway of post-translational processing of viral primary gene products in cells infected with Rauscher leukemia virus were investigated in pulse-chase studies by precipitation with monospecific antisera and by the use of inhibitors of proteolytic cleavage. High molecular weight precursor polypeptides, designated Pr1a+b, of molecular weight of about 200,000, are precipitated both with antisera made against either one of the viral group-specific antigens (gag) p30, p15, p12, or p10 and with antisera made against the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). This indicates that these polypeptides contain determinants of both the “gag” and the polymerase (pol) gene products. Two pulse-labeled polypeptides, Pr3 (≅80,000–85,000 daltons) and its cleavage product Pr4 (≅70,000 daltons), are precipitated with anti-p30, -p15, -pl2, or -p10 sera, but not with anti-RT serum. Pr3 and Pr4 thus represent gag gene precursor polyproteins. Three other polypeptides, Pr RTl (≅145,000 daltons), Pr RT2 (≅135,000 daltons), and Pr RT3 (≅80,000–85,000 daltons), are precipitated with anti-RT serum only. Anti-gp69/71 serum precipitates the glycoprotein precursors Pr2a+b (≅90,000 daltons), but none of the above-mentioned polypeptides. Quantitative measurements of pulse-chase profiles and results obtained with the inhibitor TPCK and the arginine analog canavanine indicate that the proteolytic cleavage of Pr1a+b is the primary pathway for the formation of intermediate RT precursors Pr RT1, 2, 3. The same measurements did not clarify whether or not the cleavage of Pr1a+b is involved in the formation of gag gene products. However, they indicated that most of the detected amount of the gag gene precursors Pr3 and Pr4 is made by a mechanism that does not involve the cleavage of preformed Pr1a+b. A possible explanation of these results is suggested in a model in which translation proceeds from one initiation site to give rise either to a gag gene product or, less frequently, to a common gag-pol precursor that is made by overriding a termination site at the end of the gag gene.
Sexual activity and body image: examining gender variability and the influence of psychological distress in cancer patients.

Psycho-social factors impacting on the overall quality of life for cancer patients may differ between men and women. This study examined the influence that psychological distress and clinical and social variables have on sexual activity and body image in adult oncology patients. Symptom data were collected from the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MSAS). Analysis indicated women and patients with reported functional limitations were more likely to be less satisfied with how they looked. The final model showed that younger adults, Caucasians, those who were married, and patients with some functional limitations were more likely to have problems with sexual interest/activity. Gender was not a significant predictor of having problems with sexual interest/activity. These results can be used by clinicians to identify patients who may be at an increased risk for negative body image and problems in sexual functioning. Further research regarding gender differences in cancer-related psychological symptoms is nee...
Transfer gibbs free energies from H2O to CH3OH for a series of substituted phenyltropylium ions, Malachite Green, and Crystal Violet

The solubilities of the perchlorate salts of phenyltropylium,para-methoxyphenyltropylium, andpara-dimethylaminophenyltropylium and the fluoroborate salts of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet have been determined in H2O and CH3OH. From these data the transfer Gibbs free energies from H2O to CH3OH have been calculated and compared to the predictions of Ritchie and Virtanen. The introduction of a dimethylamino substituent in thepara position of the phenyl ring substantially increases the relative stability of the cations in CH3OH compared to H2O. This observation is accounted for in terms of London dispersion forces.
Direct determination of activities in liquid metal mixtures by mass spectrometry

Abstract A technique has been developed to measure thermodynamic activities of individual components in liquid-metal mixtures at elevated temperatures. This method utilizes mass-spectrometric detection of beams from multiple Knudsen-cell sources to determine individually the partial pressure of each species over an alloy at the same time as corresponding pure-component vapor pressures. Such a technique is unique in that virtually all other previous thermodynamic methods used for chemical activities in liquid-metal mixtures involve the measurement of a single-component activity, or of relative activities, and require application of the Gibbs-Duhem equation to generate complete activities for both species. Results are reported for (copper + tin) at 1473 K over the entire composition range; not only are the results in good agreement with literature values, but they satisfy a thermodynamic consistency check which cannot be performed on any previous set.
Georgic Disenchantment in American Poetry

This essay examines a georgic inheritance in American poetry that reconfigures the disenchanted character of Virgilian georgic in light of the changing historical conditions of capitalist modernization. These poems, rather than portraying agrarian labor as a figure for social stability and imperial renewal, instead explore the evolving effects of capital's modes of organization on the material particulars, cultural position, and human value of labor. Reading poems by Walt Whitman and Robert Frost as disenchanted georgics, the essay argues that these works dramatize the irreconcilable paradoxes of labor under industrial capitalism while speculating on the compensatory value poetry alone can produce.
On minimizing the risk in certain sequential tests

SUMMARY For tests of two values of a parameter 0 from a family of distributions indexed by 0, the class of sequential probability ratio tests is considered, including procedures in which no observations are taken. With a simple loss structure, the Bayes risk for given error probabilities is minimized in this class; in this paper, the nominal risk is minimized without constraints on the error probabilities, and the results compared numerically with approximations of Chernoff. This is done for 0 in a general class of distributions, in more detail when 0 is the mean of a multinormal distribution and losses for wrong decision are equal, and also for tests in which the error probabilities are equal.
Role of intestinal lymphatics in copper absorption.

THE immediate appearance of copper-64 in the peripheral blood of rats, rabbits, sheep and men after oral ingestion of the isotope indicates that the upper gastrointestinal tract is an important site for the absorption of copper1–3. The role, if any, of the intestinal lymphatics in the absorption mechanism is unknown and has not been reported. In order to elucidate this role, we have compared the relative proportions of absorbed copper which are transported from the intestine by portal blood and by lymph.
Deformable-mirror concept for adaptive optics in space

A concept for correcting long wave low order distortions of a lightweight composite mirror for space applications is described. One of the attractive features of this concept for space applications is that a backup structure is not required. The actuation system consists of piezoelectric elements, attached directly to the back of the mirror surface. The system is self balancing. This paper describes the test results for a one-half meter curved composite reflector.
Transcriptional activation of the F1F0 ATP synthase α-subunit initiator element by USF2 is mediated by p300

Abstract We have been studying the transcriptional regulation of the mammalian F 1 F 0 ATP synthase α-subunit gene ( ATPA ), a TATA-less initiator-containing gene. We have previously determined that the transcription factor, upstream stimulatory factor 2 (USF2), can activate the ATPA gene through an initiator element in the core promoter. Here, we demonstrate that the coactivator p300 interacts functionally with USF2 proteins to potentiate the activation of the ATPA initiator element by USF2. The physiological relevance of this interaction was shown in vivo by expression of the adenovirus E1A oncoprotein. Wild-type E1A, but not E1A mutants that lacked p300-binding sites, inhibited the USF2-dependent transactivation of the ATPA initiator element. Furthermore, overexpression of p300 could reverse the inhibitory effect of E1A. Collectively, our results indicate that the USF2-dependent transcriptional activation of the ATPA initiator element is mediated by p300.
Residues Surrounding Arg336 and Arg562 Contribute to the Disparate Rates of Proteolysis of Factor VIIIa Catalyzed by Activated Protein C

Activated Protein C (APC) inactivates factor VIIIa by cleavage at Arg336 and Arg562 within the A1 and A2 subunits, respectively, with reaction at the former site occurring at a rate ∼25-fold faster than the latter. Recombinant factor VIII variants possessing mutations within the P4-P3′ sequences were used to determine the contributions of these residues to the disparate cleavage rates at the two P1 sites. Specific activity values for 336(P4-P3′)562, 336(P4-P2)562, and 336(P1′-P3′)562 mutants, where indicated residues surrounding the Arg336 site were replaced with those surrounding Arg562, were similar to wild type (WT) factor VIII; whereas 562(P4-P3′)336 and 562(P4-P2)336 mutants showed specific activity values
Raman microspectroscopy analysis of pressure-induced metallization in scratching of silicon

A single-point diamond turning machine was used to make grooves on (111) p-type single-crystal silicon wafers at room temperature. Scratch tests have been performed with both sharp (Vickers and conical) diamond tools, and a spherical (Rockwell) diamond tool. Our results showed that material removal mechanisms differed between these tools. Pressure-induced metallization of Si allows the ductile regime mechanical micromachining of wafer surfaces. Raman microspectroscopy and electron microscopy were used to determine the machining parameters that do not introduce cracking or other types of damage. The surface of the groove, after machining, was covered by a mixture of metastable, high-pressure silicon phases and amorphous silicon. Further, these phases can be transformed into cubic silicon by annealing. The maximum depth of cut in the ductile regime has been determined for the given scratch test conditions and tools. The developed technique can be used to machine Ge, GaAs and other semiconductors. Applications drawing from this research are many. For example, channels for microfluidic devices can be engraved with a channel cross-section that is determined by the shape of the tool, which allows patterns that cannot be produced using etching. There are no limitations on the channel length or direction, and the channel width can vary from potentially a few nanometres to several micrometres.
Auditory and visual attention modulate motion processing in area MT

Behavioral and physiological studies have established that visual attention to a given feature or location can modulate early visual processing. In the present experiment, we asked whether auditory attention can likewise influence visual processing. We used a visual illusion, the motion aftereffect (MAE), to assess the effects of visual and auditory attention on motion processing in human area MT+. We acquired psychophysical and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while subjects fixated and viewed moving and stationary stimuli in alternating blocks. For each of four motion conditions, we measured the duration of the subsequent MAE, the time for activity in MT+ to return to baseline after motion adaptation (decay time), and the magnitude of MT+ activity during motion adaptation. For each subject, we first obtained measures of motion processing in the absence of attentional demands, by comparing reversing and expanding motion conditions. Subjects perceived the MAE following adaptation to expanding but not reversing motion, as observed previously, and decay times in MT+ were selectively prolonged after expanding motion. We then assessed the effects of performing either a visual or an auditory attentional task during expanding motion adaptation. Performance of the attentional task, whether visual or auditory, produced a significant reduction of subsequent MAE perception and associated decay times in MT+, as compared to expanding motion with fixation only. Both attentional tasks also reduced the magnitude of activation during motion adaptation. These data show that auditory attention, like visual attention, can modify sensory processing at a remarkably early stage of the visual hierarchy.
Determining nodes for the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation

We show that solutions of the 1D Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation with periodic boundary conditions are asymptotically determined by their values at four points. That is, there existx1,x2,x3, andx4 in the (periodic) domainΩ such that if $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } \left| {u_1 (x_j ,t) - u_2 (x_j ,t)} \right| = 0, j = 1,2,3,4$$ for two solutionsu1 andu2, then $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } \left\| {u_1 ( \cdot ,t) - u_2 ( \cdot ,t)} \right\|_{L^2 (\Omega )} = 0$$
Cloning and Expression of a Novel, Tissue Specifically Expressed Member of the UDP-GalNAc:Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase Family

We report the cloning and expression of the fifth member of the mammalian UDP-GalNAc:polypeptideN-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (ppGaNTase) family. Degenerate polymerase chain reaction amplification and hybridization screening of a rat sublingual gland (RSLG) cDNA library were used to identify a novel isoform termed ppGaNTase-T5. Conceptual translation of the cDNA reveals a uniquely long stem region not observed for other members of this enzyme family. Recombinant proteins expressed transiently in COS7 cells displayed transferase activity in vitro. Relative activity and substrate preferences of ppGaNTase-T5 were compared with previously identified isoforms (ppGaNTase-T1, -T3, and -T4); ppGaNTase-T5 and -T4 glycosylated a restricted subset of peptides whereas ppGaNTase-T1 and -T3 glycosylated a broader range of substrates. Northern blot analysis revealed that ppGaNTase-T5 is expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner; abundant expression was seen in the RSLG, with lesser amounts of message in the stomach, small intestine, and colon. Therefore, the pattern of expression of ppGaNTase-T5 is the most restricted of all isoforms examined thus far. The identification of this novel isoform underscores the diversity and complexity of the family of genes controllingO-linked glycosylation.
The role of sulfate exclusion in buoyancy maintenance by siphonophores and other oceanic gelatinous zooplankton

1. 1. In order to determine if a sulfate exclusion buoyancy system is operating in siphonophores, representative species were collected and analyzed for their sulfate content so that a calculated lift could be determined. 2. 2. All the gelatinous Zooplankton examined had sulfate concentrations that were significantly (P < 0.005) lower than local seawater samples. 3. 3. Protein concentrations were determined in a few species and compared with the calculated lifts in order to quantitate the importance of this kind of buoyancy compensation. 4. 4. Buoyancy maintenance mediated by the partial exclusion of sulfate appears to be important in offsetting the protein-induced negative buoyancy of gelatinous Zooplankton. 5. 5. The ecological importance of this type of buoyancy system is discussed in light of the behavior patterns of these animals.
Unusual selectivity of a (pincer)Ni-hydride reacting with CO2

The reaction of (PNP)NiH, where PNP is (tBu2PCH2SiMe2)2N−1, with CO2 occurs over a period of hours at 25 °C to form (POP)NiH(NCO), which involves transposition of the initial amide nitrogen and one oxygen of CO2.
Photodisintegration Cross Section of Beryllium near Threshold

The cross section for the reaction Be/sup 9/ ( gamma ,n) was measured near threshold using gamma rays from radioisotopes. Using an Sb/sup 124/ source (E/sub gamma / = 1.692 Mev) the cross section is 1.31 plus or minus 0.08 mb, in agreement with a determination by Gibbons et al. Using Bi/sup 206/ (E/sub gamma / = 1.720 Mev), the cross section is 0.93 plus or minus 0.05 of the cross section at 1.692 Mev, while for Al/sup 28/ (E/sub gamma / = 1.78 Mev) the cross section is 0.67 plus or minus 0.03 of the cross section at 1.692 Mev. These results can be fitted by the single-nucleon calculation of Francis, et al., which employs Woods and Saxon potential wells. The value for the diffuseness parameter of the final state is reduced to a normal value by using the modified theory including coupling to the Be6 core. (auth)
A bilateral silicon switch

The bilateral switch is a new semiconductor device which abruptly lowers its impedance as a result of the application of a voltage of sufficient amplitude. The switch is used for pulse generation, and more specifically for the precise firing of Triacs and silicon controlled rectifiers. The switch is in the form of a monolithic circuit of the planar passivated type. The tested device has a switching voltage of 6.4 V at 25°C, and the temperature coefficient is less than 0.05 percent/°C. The dc forward current is 200 mA, the peak forward current is 1 A, based on a 10-µs pulsewidth, 1-percent duty cycle, and an ambient temperature of 100°C. The paper describes the principle of operation, the basic design, and shows test data.
Juvenile Active Ossifying Fibroma

A case of juvenile active ossifying fibroma affecting a 27 year-old man will be discussed. The characteristic radiologic and histologic features of the entity will be described.
3D object modeling with a Kinect camera

RGB-D (Kinect-style) cameras are novel low-cost sensing systems that capture RGB images along with per-pixel depth information. In this paper we investigate the use of such cameras for acquiring multiple images of an object from multiple viewpoints and building complete 3D models of objects. Such models have applications in a wide range of industries. We implemented a complete 3D object model construction process with object segmentation, registration, global alignment, model denoising, and texturing, and studied the effects of these functions on the constructed 3D object models. We also developed a process for objective performance evaluation of the constructed 3D object models. We collected laser scan data as the ground truth using a Roland Pieza LPX-600 Laser Scanner to compare to the 3D models created by our process.
Searching with probabilities

Abstract : In this thesis we investigate two issues relating to heuristic search algorithms. The first and most important issue addressed is the technique used to represent knowledge within a search tree. Previous techniques have used either single values or ranges. We demonstrate that probability distributions, using a modified B*-type search algorithm, can successfully be used as a knowledge representation technique. Furthermore we show that the use of probability distributions is superior to the use of either of the previous techniques. The former conclusion is based on experiments that show that the probability-based algorithm is able to solve a wide variety of tactical chess problems. The latter conclusion is based on both analytical examples as well as experimental results. In analyzing search algorithms that use single-valued or range-based state descriptions, several important problems arise. For each problem we show how it is solved by the use of probability-based state descriptions. Experimentally we show that the probability-based algorithm solves over one-third more problems than the comparable range-based algorithm and expands approximately one-tenth the nodes on problems that both algorithms solve. Keywords: Reports, Military publications, Periodicals.
Revisiting the restorative effects of positive mood: An expectancy-based approach to self-control restoration

Abstract The present research explored the empirical relation between positive mood and self-control restoration. In line with recent work on the perceptual correlates of self-control exertion, we tested whether positive mood's restorative effects could be partly attributable to expectancies of mental energy change. Results showed that positive mood elicited a general expectancy of mental energy restoration and that negative mood elicited a general expectancy of mental energy depletion. Furthermore, these expectancies were shown to alter perceptual and cognitive state in manners predictive of downstream self-control performance. Together, these results compliment emerging work on the importance of perceptual processes in the modulation of self-control performance, and warrant future work on the role of expectancies and subjective fatigue in self-regulatory pursuits.
Bone and the Perimenopause

The loss of ovarian function during the menopausal transition has a profound impact on female skeletal health. Currently it is estimated that one in every two Caucasian women will experience an osteoporotic fracture during her lifetime,1 contributing to considerable morbidity and an enormous economic burden within the aging female population. However, most studies have been conducted in postmenopausal women, with fewer investigations focusing specifically on perimenopausal bone health. The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is the largest prospective cohort to date where changes in bone mineral density and bone turnover have been examined in relation to ovarian aging among women followed across the menopause transition.2–3 As defined by bleeding pattern in SWAN, early perimenopause is characterized by increasing menstrual irregularity but less than 3 months of amenorrhea, late perimenopause by amenorrhea lasting greater than 3 months but less than 1 year, and postmenopause by the absence of menstrual bleeding for twelve consecutive months or more.3–4 A recent multi-study collaboration has further recommended that the early menopause transition be defined by a persistent 7+ day difference in consecutive cycle lengths and the late menopause transition by at least 60 days of amenorrhea.5–6 A serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) level of 40 IU/L or greater has also been found to be an independent marker of the transition that may facilitate predicting the time to the final menstrual period.6–7
Mechanisms of the resilience of bicultural exchange and prevention of demoralization under prolonged and persistent acculturative stress

This article describes how the exchange of ideas and values between members of two different and conflicting cultures may persist despite systematic opposition under certain circumstances. Examples are drawn from the historical experience of Hindus and Christians in Goa, a former Portuguese state on the western coast of India, spanning over four centuries (from 1510 till 1961). Three types of mechanisms are described in terms of three aspects of the sociocultural system: structure (e.g., biological dispositions, availability of an exit, and preservation of the social framework), process (e.g., sharing of business interests and symbolic systems), and outcome (e.g., management of stigma and creation of a bicultural ambient world). The result was the creation of a hybrid vibrant culture, the Indo-Portuguese culture of Goa, and the minimization or prevention of demoralization.
Molecular engineering of liquid crystal polymers by living polymerization. XXII. Synthesis and characterization of binary copolymers of 11-[4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]undecanyl vinyl ether with (2S, 3S)-(+)-2-chloro-3-methylpentyl 4′-(8-vinyloxyoctyloxy)biphenyl-4-carboxylate, and of (2S, 3S)-(+)-2-chloro-3-methylpentyl 4′-(8-vinyloxyoctyloxy)biphenyl-4-carboxylate with 3-[4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]propyl vinyl ether

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of poly{11-[(4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]undecanyl vinyl ether-co-(2S, 3S)-(+)-2-chloro-3-methylpentyl 4′-(8-vinyloxyoctyloxy)biphenyl-4-carboxylate}X/Y {poly[(6–11)-co-(15–8)]X/Y} (where X/Y represents the molar ratio of the two structural units) and poly {(2S, 3S)-(+)-2-chloro-3-methylpentyl 4′-(8-vinyloxyoctyloxy)biphenyl-4-carboxylate-co-3-[(4-cyano-4′-biphenyl)oxy]propyl vinyl ether}X/Y poly[(15–8)-co-(6–3)]X/Y} with degree of polymerization of about 20 and molecular weight distribution of about 1·1 are described. The mesomorphic behaviour of all copolymers determined from both first, second and subsequent DSC scans was discussed as a function of composition. As determined from the second DSC scans, poly(6–11) exhibits enantiotropic smectic A (SA) and SX (unidentified smectic), poly(6–3) enantiotropic nematic, while poly(15–8) exhibits enantiotropic SA, chiral smectic C (SC*) and SX (unidentified smectic) mesophases. Poly[(6–11)-co-(15–8)]X/Y exhibit a SA phase...
DNA damage: walking the edge.

An inhibitor of the deubiquitinase complex USP1-UAF1 highlights the requirement for reversible ubiquitination in DNA repair pathways that are critical for human development and disease.
Effects of Packaging Conditions on the Flavor Stability of Dry Whole Milk

The flavor stability of dry whole milk packed with air, nitrogen, or a mixture of 92% nitrogen and 8% hydrogen (NH) in gas-impermeable pouches containing palladium as a catalyst was evaluated by measuring headspace volatile, oxygen, carbon dioxide contents using gas chromatography, brown color formation by reflective spectroscopy, and sensory scores. The headspace volatile and carbon dioxide contents of the dry whole milks packed with air or nitrogen were significantly higher (P <0.05) than the samples packed with NH. Brown color formation and sensory scores of products packed with air were significantly different (P <0.05) from the samples packed with 92% nitrogen and 8% hydrogen. The flavor stability of dry whole milk could be increased by packaging the products with NH in pouches containing palladium.
Early time spectroscopic measurements during high-explosive detonation breakout into air

Explosive breakout of PBX-9407 into air is examined using time-resolved optical spectroscopy over a period of several microseconds. Emission is monitored over the 250–700 nm range, and several atomic and molecular species are observed including atomic calcium, and copper, as well as OH and CN. Several lines and bands remain unidentified. Fits to Ca and OH spectra suggest that early time temperatures exceed 13,000 K behind the air shock and that temperature decay is fairly rapid over the first $$10\,\upmu \mathrm{s}$$ . Considering the proposed shock structure of the blast wave, it is likely that these temperatures are confined to a narrow region behind the blast wave, but nevertheless generate emission signatures that dominate the spectra at early times.