cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk factors associated with the development of skin cancer after liver transplantation

Skin cancer is a well-recognized long-term complication of transplantation and immunosuppression. Although risk factors for the development of skin cancer in the general population are well defined, risk factors for the development of these lesions have not been identified clearly in the liver transplant population. We surveyed 151 liver transplant (LTx) recipients for risk factors associated with cutaneous malignancies in the general population. Variables included were: demographics, primary liver disease, severity of disease at LTx, immunosuppression history, complexion, hair color, eye color, tanning profile, number of moles, occupational history, sun exposure history, sunburn history, family history of skin cancer, and any history of removed skin lesions. All skin cancers were confirmed histologically. There were 86 documented skin cancers in 34 patients: 56 squamous cell, 23 basal cell and 7 melanomas. Median follow-up was 1490 days. In a univariate analysis, age, male gender, red hair, brown eyes, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cirrhosis (protective), cyclosporine, number of second degree sunburns, and frequent lifetime sun exposure were associated with the development of new skin cancers. In a multivariate model, age, male gender, red hair, brown eyes, PSC, and cyclosporine remain the strongest predictors. The incidence of skin cancer after liver transplantation is underestimated. In particular, there is a higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma compared with the general population. Recipients with identified risk factors may be candidates for prophylactic treatment and should be followed more intensively after liver transplantation.
Is matching performance an adequate test of “extinction” effects on individual association?

Using an RI design, two sorts of interpolated conditions were employed. In one, bidirectional extinction was introduced (A-D, B-C), and in the other, unidirectional extinction was given [(A-D, A-E) or (A-D, E-F)]. Retention was measured by a matching task, and it was found that bidirectional extinction was more detrimental to performance than was unidirectional extinction. The findings raise a question about the validity of rejecting the notion of the extinction of individual associations as a contributor to forgetting if only unidirectional extinction has been given, since Ss can use either backward or forward associations in the matching task. In addition, the experiment offers evidence for the loss of specific associations in the A-B, A-D type of paradigm when bidirectional extinction is employed.
Fluid Dynamic Analysis of the 50 cc Penn State Artificial Heart Under Physiological Operating Conditions Using Particle Image Velocimetry

In order to bridge the gap of existing artificial heart technology to the diverse needs of the patient population, we have been investigating the viability of a scaled-down design of the current 70 cc Penn State artificial heart. The issues of clot formation and hemolysis may become magnified within a 50 cc chamber compared to the existing 70 cc one. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was employed to map the entire 50 cc Penn State artificial heart chamber Flow fields constructed from PIV data indicate a rotational flow pattern that provides washout during diastole. In addition, shear rate maps were constructed for the inner walls of the heart chamber. The lateral walls of the mitral and aortic ports experience high shear rates while the upper and bottom walls undergo low shear rates, with sufficiently long exposure times to potentially induce platelet activation or thrombus formation. In this study, we have demonstrated that PIV may adequately map the flow fields accurately in a reasonable amount of time. Therefore, the potential exists of employing PIV as a design tool.
25-Hydroxy(26,27-methyl-3H)vitamin D3-3β-(1,2-epoxypropyl)ether: An Affinity Labeling Reagent for Human Vitamin D-Binding Protein

Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) is primarily involved in the binding and transportation of vitamin D3 and its various metabolites to target organs and tissues. This is manifested by the ability of DBP to bind vitamin D3 and its metabolites with high affinity. In the present study we developed 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-3 beta-(1,2-epoxypropyl)ether (25-OH-D3-epoxide) as an affinity labeling reagent of human DBP (hDBP). Competitive radioligand binding assays of 25-OH-D3-epoxide with hDBP demonstrated that the binding affinity of this analog was similar to that of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-OH-D3). Incubation of 25-hydroxy[26(27)-3H]-vitamin D3-3 beta-(1,2-epoxypropyl)ether [[3H]25-OH-D3-epoxide] with hDBP covalently labeled the protein. When the incubation was carried out in the presence of a large excess of 25-OH-D3, labeling was removed completely. When human Cohn IV fraction, containing hDBP, was incubated with [3H]25-OH-D3-epoxide a single protein band, corresponding to hDBP, was labeled. Labeling was completely obliterated in the presence of a large amount of 25-OH-D3. However, an equivalent amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol had no effect on labeling. These results demonstrated that [3H]25-OH-D3-epoxide most probably labeled the vitamin D sterol-binding domain of hDBP.
A role for preferred stock in the financing decision of a public utility

We have shown that preferred stock has a unique role in the financing of public utility capital expenditures, particulary when returns allowed by regulatory commissions are perceived to be inadequate. From the firm's perspective there is no tax advantage for debt because the commission effectively passes the tax savings through the consumers. If allowed returns on common stock are inadequate and the firm has exhausted its perceived debt capacity, then preferred stock becomes the optimal financing instrument. The regulatory commissions compute the costs of debt and preferred stock so that companies can expect returns to cover payments on debt and preferred stock if the assets being financed are necessary and will be included in the rate base. During extremely bad years when revenues are much less than expected, the companies can delay or miss preferred stock dividends without running the risk of default. The data on new capital sources for the electric and gas utilities indicate that these companies made adjustments which are consistent with the implications of our model, but they did not follow the extreme policy of using only debt and preferred stock when market-to-book ratios for common stock were below one. Regulators have, on occasions, used capital structures for rate-making that differ from actual capital structures, and a utility might be penalized for using an extreme capital structure policy. The main emphasis of regulatory review of capital structure, however, has been on the debt component. One strategy would be to use a debt level that satisfies the regulatory commission and then adjust equity between preferred stock and common stock to maximize value for common stockholders.
from Tupã to the land without evil: the Christianization of Tupi‐Guarani cosmology

Throughout history, missionaries have appropriated items from the cultural repertoires of the missionized in the interests of spreading Christianity among culturally diverse peoples. Missionaries in eastern South America during the early colonial period translated the Christian message into terms taken from the cosmology of the Tupi-Guarani peoples. Recent cultural borrowings by progressive missionaries, however—notably their use of the Tupi-Guarani belief in an earthly paradise—have a different purpose, aiming not at the conversion of the Indians, but at the conversion of the church.
A Contribution to the Theory of the B. W. K. Method

In order to put Zwaan's scheme for deriving the Kramers connection formulas on a rigorous basis, differential equations are set up governing the variation in the coefficients used to fit a linear combination of the B. W. K. type approximation functions to an exact solution of Schr\"odinger's equation in one dimension. Approximate solutions of the differential equations are worked out which lend themselves to the setting up of the connection formulas and give definite upper bounds to the errors involved in their use. The method is also used to set up the Sommerfeld phase integral quantum condition independently of the connection formulas. An upper limit to the error in the energy is worked out. A similar treatment of the problem of the transmission of matter waves through rounded potential barriers is formulated.
Long-term results after colectomy and ileoanal pull-through procedure in children.

Objective: To review the clinical experience with colectomy and ileoanal pull-through procedure in children from 1 hospital. Design: Since 1977, 116 children 18 years of age or younger underwent colectomy and ileoanal pull-through procedure at University of California—Los Angeles Medical Center. Ninety-four children had ulcerative colitis, 17 had familial polyposis coli, and 5 had Hirschsprung disease. Sixty-two children had a lateral pouch, 47 a J-pouch, and 7 a straight pull-through. A diverting ileostomy was used for 4 months for all patients except 9 with polyposis coli and 2 with Hirschsprung disease. During the same period, an additional 414 patients older than 18 years underwent the ileoanal pull-through procedure. Results: Forty-eight children (41%) developed complications; the most common was pouchitis, which occurred in 18 patients with ulcerative colitis. Forty-two children underwent reoperation; 38 had ulcerative colitis. There were no deaths. Six children (5.2%) (3 with Crohn disease) required a permanent ileostomy. Six straight pull-throughs were converted to J-pouches because of stool frequency; 19 patients with lateral pouches underwent pouch reconstruction or spout resection because of stasis. With a mean follow-up of 7.1 years, 107 children (92.2%) were progressing well. Conclusions: Ulcerative colitis is a more severe disease in children. The ileoanal pull-through procedure is the preferred operation for children with ulcerative colitis, polyposis coli, and selected patients with Hirschsprung disease. The J-pouch is preferred because of simplicity of construction and scarcity of complications. Arch Surg. 1996;131:881-886
Effect of Diet-Induced Vitamin D Deficiency on Rotator Cuff Healing in a Rat Model

Background:Few studies have considered hormonal influences, particularly vitamin D, on healing.Hypothesis:Vitamin D deficiency would have a negative effect on the structure of the healing tendon-bone interface in a rat model and would result in decreased tendon attachment strength.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Vitamin D deficiency was induced in 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats using a specialized vitamin D–deficient diet and ultraviolet light restriction. Serum levels of vitamin D were measured after 6 weeks. These vitamin D–deficient animals (experimental group) plus 32 rats with normal vitamin D levels (controls) underwent unilateral detachment of the right supraspinatus tendon from the greater tuberosity of the humerus, followed by immediate repair using bone tunnel suture fixation. The animals were sacrificed at 2- and 4-week intervals after surgery for biomechanical analysis. A paired t test was used to compare serum vitamin D levels at day 0 and at 6 weeks. A nonparametric Mann-Whitne...
Total Dose Hardness Assurance for Microcircuits for Space Environment

A hardness assurance procedure is being developed that can be used to predict the degradation of certain CMOS microcircuits in space environment based on the results of total dose testing at high dose rate. The procedure includes heating the device, following irradiation, at specified temperature, time, and bias conditions. The interface state charge density is shown to vary inversely with dose rate. Therefore a correction in device hardness is required for space applications due to the increase in interface state charges at low dose rates. The annealing of oxide and interface state traps follows a first order reaction with an activation energy of 0.2 eV and 0.6 eV respectively.
Marriage and Marital Therapy

The dynamics of marriage and marital therapy are explored by means of outcome and process research.
Fast Food, Race/Ethnicity, and Income: A Geographic Analysis

Background: Environmental factors may contribute to the increasing prevalence of obesity, especially in black and low-income populations. In this paper, the geographic distribution of fast food restaurants is examined relative to neighborhood sociodemographics. Methods: Using geographic information system software, all fast-food restaurants within the city limits of New Orleans, Louisiana, in 2001 were mapped. Buffers around census tracts were generated to simulate 1-mile and 0.5-mile “shopping areas” around and including each tract, and fast food restaurant density (number of restaurants per square mile) was calculated for each area. Using multiple regression, the geographic association between fast food restaurant density and black and low-income neighborhoods was assessed, while controlling for environmental confounders that might also influence the placement of restaurants (commercial activity, presence of major highways, and median home values). Results: In 156 census tracts, a total of 155 fast food restaurants were identified. In the regression analysis that included the environmental confounders, fast-food restaurant density in shopping areas with 1-mile buffers was independently correlated with median household income and percent of black residents in the census tract. Similar results were found for shopping areas with 0.5-mile buffers. Predominantly black neighborhoods have 2.4 fast-food restaurants per square mile compared to 1.5 restaurants in predominantly white neighborhoods. Conclusions: The link between fast food restaurants and black and low-income neighborhoods may contribute to the understanding of environmental causes of the obesity epidemic in these populations.
Evaluation of equilibrium turbulence for a naturally developing hypersonic boundary layer at nonadiabatic wall conditions

Experimental data for defining test conditions necessary for a naturally developing hypersonic equilibrium turbulent boundary layer are presented. The tests were conducted at nominal boundary-layer edge Mach number of 6.2 and 5.0; the adiabatic wall to actual wall temperature ratio was 5.4. The data indicate that a momentum thickness Reynold number of at least 4000 is required for an equilibrium turbulent boundary layer. Based on the above results, a test envelope defining equilibrium flow conditions for an eight-foot high-temperature tunnel in terms of the basic facility operating conditions is given for a Mach-7 nozzle configuration. Representative experimental results for two-dimensional and three-dimensional test articles are assessed, including results of complete and partial adaptation and of residual-interference calculations.
Effect of tetanus immunization on T helper (Th) cytokine production in adults with and without allergic rhinitis

Abstract Rationale Epidemiologic evidence links Th2 cytokine responses to the pathogenesis of atopy/asthma. It is hypothesized that certain immunizations may induce/amplify Th2 cytokine responses. The objective of this study was to determine whether Th cytokine responses to immunization with tetanus toxoid differ in AR and non-AR adults. Methods Thirty subjects were enrolled (15 with allergic rhinitis and 15 without allergic rhinitis as confirmed by history and allergy skin testing). Blood was collected before (day 0) and on days 3, 7, 14 and 28 following immunization with tetanus toxoid. PMNCs were purified and cultured with either PHA or tetanus toxoid for 2 or 6 days, respectively. Supernatants were harvested and assayed for IFN-γ and IL-13 levels by EIA. Results were normalized by log transformation and analyzed by step-wise regression. Results Baseline (day 0) cytokine values were similar in both groups. PHA and tetanus-induced IFN-γ were increased (p Conclusions These results demonstrate differential Th cytokine responses in AR and non-AR subjects following immunization with tetanus toxoid. Future studies in this area are warranted and may result in the identification of potential prevention/treatment strategies for atopy/asthma.
Conservation properties of multisymplectic integrators

Recent results on the local and global properties of multisymplectic discretizations of Hamiltonian PDEs are discussed. We consider multisymplectic (MS) schemes based on Fourier spectral approximations and show that, in addition to a MS conservation law, conservation laws related to linear symmetries of the PDE are preserved exactly. We compare spectral integrators (MS versus non-symplectic) for the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation, focusing on their ability to preserve local conservation laws and global invariants, over long times. Using Lax-type nonlinear spectral diagnostics we find that the MS spectral method provides an improved resolution of complicated phase space structures.
The sexual other in Brazilian television: Public and institutional reception of sexual difference

This article explores the representation of sexual others in prime-time Brazilian telenovelas. It investigates how gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered (GLBT) individuals have been portrayed in those media texts. It presents an account of the few images of gay males on telenovelas, with the even fewer ones of lesbian, bisexual and transgendered characters, and attempts to discuss these images in a particular historical moment in Brazil. It also looks at the impact that official censorship, audience ratings, pressure from conservative groups, such as the Catholic Church, and advertisers have on the fate and range of those images. This article ends with two case studies of recent telenovelas that included the most progressive representations in the history of the genre in Brazil.
Biochemical and Molecular Inhibition of Plastidial Carbonic Anhydrase Reduces the Incorporation of Acetate into Lipids in Cotton Embryos and Tobacco Cell Suspensions and Leaves

Two cDNAs encoding functional carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes were recently isolated from a non-photosynthetic, cotyledon library of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) seedlings with putative plastid-targeting sequences (GenBank accession nos. AF132854 andAF132855). Relative CA transcript abundance and enzyme activity increased 9 and 15 times, respectively, in cotton embryos during the maximum period of reserve oil accumulation. Specific sulfonamide inhibitors of CA activity significantly reduced the rate of [ 14 C]acetate incorporation into total lipids in cotton embryos in vivo, and in embryo plastids in vitro, suggesting a role for CA in plastid lipid biosynthesis. CA inhibitors did not affect acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase activity or total storage protein synthesis. Similar results were obtained for two other plant systems: cell suspensions (and isolated plastids therefrom) of tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ), and chloroplasts isolated from leaves of transgenic CA antisense-suppressed tobacco plants (5% of wild-type CA activity). In addition, tobacco cell suspensions treated with the CA inhibitor ethoxyzolamide showed a substantial loss of CO 2 compared with controls. The rate of [ 14 C]acetate incorporation into lipid in cell suspensions was reduced by limiting external [CO 2 ] (scrubbed air), and this rate was further reduced in the presence of ethoxyzolamide. Together, these results indicate that a reduction of CA activity (biochemical or molecular inhibition) impacts the rate of plant lipid biosynthesis from acetate, perhaps by impairing the ability of CA to efficiently “trap” inorganic carbon inside plastids for utilization by acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and the fatty acid synthesis machinery.
Osteoblasts on hydroxyapatite, alumina and bone surfaces in vitro: morphology during the first 2 h of attachment.

Abstract The morphological responses of individual osteoblasts as they attached and spread on hydroxy-apatite, bovine bone, alumina with rough and polished surfaces, and tissue culture polystyrene in vitro were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Depending on the surface tested two different morphological sequences were observed during 2 h of adhesion. On alumina, both rough and smooth, bone, and tissue culture polystyrene the cells were round after 0.5 h, and spread radially during the next 1.5 h until they were almost flat, with a nuclear bulge. On hydroxyapatite, however, the cells were flat and circular at 0.5 h, and the edge of the cytoplasm was hardly discernable. This morphology did not change much during the subsequent 1.5 h. The observed cellular morphological response may be related to the bioreactivity of hydroxyapatite.
Finite Element Analysis of Internal Winding Faults in Distribution Transformers

With the appearance of deregulation, distribution transformer predictive maintenance is becoming more important for utilities to prevent forced outages with the consequential costs. To detect and diagnose a transformer internal fault requires a transformer model to simulate these faults. This paper presents finite element analysis of internal winding faults in a distribution transformer. The transformer with a turn-to-earth fault or a turn-to-turn fault is modeled using coupled electromagnetic and structural finite elements. The terminal behaviors of the transformer are studied by an indirect coupling of the finite element method and circuit simulation. The procedure was realized using a commercially available software. The normal case and various faulty cases were simulated and the terminal behaviors of the transformer were studied and compared with field experimental results. The comparison results validate the finite element model to simulate internal faults in a distribution transformer.
Synthesis of Copper Nanocatalysts with Tunable Size Using Diblock Copolymer Solution Micelles

Self-assembled solution micelles prepared from polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) and polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP), have been employed as templates to synthesize copper nanocatalysts which are regarded as an excellent catalyst system for 1D nanomaterial synthesis. We have demonstrated that uniform-sized nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 1 to 15 nm have been generated. We have revealed that nanocatalyst size can be rationally tailored by adjusting the interaction between copper precursors and ligands and metal sequestration time. Ordered arrays of copper nanocatalysts derived from depositing a monolayer of solution micelles exhibit excellent thermal stability and do not agglomerate during the thermal treatment at 850 °C, typical growth temperature for 1D nanomaterial using the chemical vapor deposition technique. High-density and aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes with uniform diameter have been synthesized using the chemical vapor deposition technique. The average diameter is 1.4 nm, which is on the same order of catalyst size, around 2.0 nm. The combination of tunable size and spacing with superb thermal stability and outstanding catalytic activity offered by this new copper nanocatalyst system will enable growth of high-yield 1D nanomaterials with controllable diameter and spacing consistently and reproducible properties. It also paves a new path to study the effect of nanocatalyst size on 1D nanomaterial synthesis and their properties.
Baseline neuropsychiatric symptoms and the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment: A population-based study

Objective: The authors conducted a prospective cohort study to estimate the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment in cognitively normal elderly (aged $70 years) individuals with or without neuropsychiatric symptoms at baseline. The research was conducted in the setting of the populationbased Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. Method: Ac lassification of normal cognitive aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia was adjudicated by an expert consensus panelbased onpublished criteria. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed usingCoxproportionalhazardsmodel,withage as a time scale. Baseline Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire data were available for 1,587 cognitively normal persons who underwent at least one follow-up visit. Results: The cohort was followedto incident mild cognitive impairment (N=365) or censoring variables (N=179) for a median of 5 years. Agitation (hazard ratio=3.06, 95% CI=1.89– 4.93),apathy(hazard ratio=2.26,95%CI=1.49– 3.41), anxiety (hazard ratio=1.87, 95% CI=1.28–2.73), irritability (hazard ratio=1.84, 95% CI=1.31–2.58), and depression (hazard ratio=1.63, 95% CI=1.23–2.16), observed initially, increased risk for later mild cognitive impairment. Delusion and hallucination did not. A secondary analysis, limited in significance by the small number of study participants, showed that euphoria, disinhibition, and nighttime behaviors were significant predictors of nonamnestic mild cognitive impairment but not amnestic mild cognitive impairment. By contrast, depression predicted amnestic mild cognitive impairment (hazard ratio=1.74, 95% CI=1.22–2.47) but notnonamnesticmildcognitiveimpairment. Conclusions: An increased incidence of mild cognitive impairment was observed in community-dwelling elderly adults who had nonpsychotic psychiatric symptoms at baseline. These baseline psychiatric symptoms were of similar or greater magnitude as biomarkers (genetic and structural MRI) in increasing the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment. (Am J Psychiatry 2014; 171:572–581)
Yeast Pre-mRNA Splicing Requires a Pair of U1 snRNP-Associated Tetratricopeptide Repeat Proteins

The U1 snRNP functions to nucleate spliceosome assembly on newly transcribed pre-mRNA. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is unusual among eukaryotes in the greatly extended length of its U1 snRNA and the apparent increased polypeptide complexity of the corresponding U1 snRNP. In this paper, we report the identification of a novel U1 snRNP protein, Prp42p, with unexpected properties. Prp42p was identified by its surprising structural similarity to the essential U1 snRNP protein, Prp39p. Both Prp39p and Prp42p possess multiple copies of a variant tetratricopeptide repeat, an element implicated in a wide range of protein assembly events. Yeast strains depleted of Prp42p by transcriptional repression of a GAL1::PRP42 fusion gene arrest for splicing prior to pre-mRNA 5′ splice site cleavage. Prp42p was not observed in a recent biochemical analysis of purified U1 snRNPs from S. cerevisiae (28). Nevertheless, antibodies directed against an epitope-tagged version of Prp42p specifically precipitate U1 snRNA from yeast extracts. Furthermore, Prp42p is required for U1 snRNP biogenesis, because yeast strains depleted of Prp42p formed incomplete U1 snRNPs that failed to produce stable complexes with pre-mRNA in vitro. The evidence shows that Prp39p and Prp42p are both required to configure the atypical yeast U1 snRNP into a structure compatible with its evolutionarily conserved role in pre-mRNA splicing.
Identification of endothelin receptors by chemical cross-linking.

Specific binding sites for human/porcine endothelin have been found in rat brain membrane preparations using an [125I]endothelin. The apparent Kd value was 3 ± 2 nM with a Bmax value of 2,200 ± 200 fmol/mg protein. Chemical cross-linking of [125I]endothelin to rat brain membranes by using the cross-linking reagent disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS) revealed two specific proteins of Mr = 52,000 and Mr = 30,000. The same results were obtained by photoaffinity labeling of [125I]azidoendothelin to rat brain membranes. The labeling of the two proteins was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by unlabeled endothelin but not by unrelated peptides. Peptide map comparisons of the Mr = 52,000 and Mr = 30,000 protein bands using Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and papain revealed that the Mr = 30,000 band is a proteolytic degradation product of the Mr = 52,000. The apparent mol wt of the endothelin receptor is, therefore, 50,000, subtracting the mol wt of the iodinated endothelin. (Endocrinology 126: 1829–1833, 1990)
BÉCQUER: MODELOS DE INTENSIFICACIÓN Y CIERRE EN SUS RIMAS

RESUMEN: De todos los poetas hispanos de cualquier epoca, ninguno como Becquer ha demostrado tanto magisterio en la creciente intensificacion emocional y el cierre impactante de sus poemas. El presente estudio muestra como el poeta maneja con destreza elementos como el hiperbaton, la progresion descriptiva que procede de lo mas general a los mas preciso, el empleo del verso quebrado, la colocacion al final absoluto del poema de la palabra clave del mismo y una larguisima etcetera de semejantes recursos que le permiten producir consistentemente poesia a la vez estremecedora e inolvidable.
The Design of Supranational Organizations for the Provision of International Public Goods: Global Environmental Protection

An international environmental organization would need to be loosely structured initially with a focus on a narrow range of environmental issues. It also would need to emphasize consensus and limit the scope of its interventions to avoid defections by important participants. The benefits of such an organization include the potential for achieving more nearly optimal levels of environmental protection, cost savings from reduction of duplication and managerial economies of scale, and the strengthening of environmental interests in negotiations on the coordination of the environmental regime with other international regimes such as those focusing on trade or development.
Effect of Temperature on Microparticle Rebound Characteristics at Constant Impact Velocity—Part II

Many gas turbine engines operate in harsh environments where the engines ingest solid particles. Ingested particles accelerate the deterioration of engine components and reduce the engine’s service life. Understanding particle impacts on materials used in gas turbines at representative engine conditions leads to improved designs for turbomachinery operating in particle-laden environments. Coefficient of Restitution (COR) is a measure of particle/wall interaction and is used to study erosion and deposition. In the current study, the effect of temperature (independent of velocity) on COR was investigated. Arizona Road Dust (ARD) of 20–40/μm size was injected into a flow field to measure the effects of temperature and velocity on particle rebound. Target coupon materials used were 304 stainless steel and Hastelloy X. Tests were performed at three different temperatures, 300 K (ambient), 873 K, and 1073 K while the velocity of the flow field was held constant at 28 m/s. The impingement angle of the bulk sand on the coupon was varied from 30 ° to 80 ° for each temperature tested. The COR was found to decrease substantially from the ambient case to the 873 K and 1073 K cases. This decrease is believed to be due to the changes in the surface of both materials due to oxide layer formation which occurs as the target material is heated. The Hastelloy X material exhibits a larger decrease in COR than the stainless steel 304 material. The results are also compared to previously published literature.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Effects of cannabinoids on synaptic membrane enzymes. II. In vivo studies of NaK-ATPase in synaptic membranes isolated from rat brain.

Earlier work from this laboratory showed that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from marijuana added in vitro to synaptic membranes from rat brain bound to the membranes and inhibited the NaK-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3) enzyme system. The present study was carried out in vivo on the same enzyme. The dosages of THC given to the animals are less than the hypothermic dosages and in some instances are less than the dosages required to give the lethargic or anesthetic-like effects of THC when combined with alcohol. The dosages used in this study were 2 mg/kg in 10% ethanol in 5 ml of balanced salt solution (BSS), and 1 mg/kg in 5% ethanol in 5 ml of BSS. All percentage depressions of the NaK-ATPase in the rat synaptic membranes were calculated above the change brought about by ethanol alone. Inhibition was shown in this study to vary with the dosages of THC, and in all instances a high degree of inhibition was shown in the sodium pump activity of synaptic membranes at 20 minutes after THC administr...
Increasing Research and Evaluation Productivity: Tips for Successful Writing Retreats:

Part of the responsibilities of researchers, evaluators, and program planners is ensuring that the results of their studies are disseminated promptly and efficiently. Yet, many, if not most, projects, particularly those involving senior staff, suffer from time constraints and competing demands placed on investigators. In this article, writing retreats are discussed as an innovative strategy for prioritizing research and evaluation, planning publications, and ensuring prompt analysis of data and efficient writing of results. Ten tips are offered for a successful and productive writing retreat: (a) get the buy-in of all investigators, (b) be goal oriented, (c) set tasks to be completed before the retreat, (d) select an environment conducive to writing, (e) prioritize writing, (f) create opportunities for midcourse correction and the mentoring of junior researchers and evaluators, (g) protect the principal investigator’s time for writing, (h) ensure adequate and compatible technology, (i) ensure the writers’...
Murine IgG subclass responses to herpes simplex virus type 1 and polypeptides.

SUMMARY The antibody response to herpes simplex virus (HSV) is complex and involves antibody to at least 33 virus-induced polyeptides. Serum IgG contains four isotypes in mice and it is known that the isotypes differ in their biological functions and that individual antigenic proteins may preferentially elicit restricted isotype responses. We therefore examined the anti-polypeptide isotypes induced in immune mouse serum. By ELISA, we found that the total serum virus-specific antibody activity was 51% IgG1, 39% IgG2a, 11% IgG2b and 1% IgG3 in immune ICR strain mice and 51 ~o, 45%, 4% and 0.4% respectively in strain BALB/c mouse immune serum. These proportions are significantly different from those reported for other virus infections. Sepharose-Protein A affinity-purified isotypes were also studied and showed IgG 1 > IgG2a ~> IgG2b ~ IgG3 activity per ~tg of isotype, indicating that competition between isotypes present in high concentrations did not significantly alter the results. Immunoblotting studies of the purified isotypes showed that the major immunogenic HSV-1 proteins (VP155, gC, gB, pgB, gD and nucleocapsid proteins 42K and 44K) induced all isotypes. However, the isotype responses were not uniform among the glycoproteins and some other proteins. In addition neutralization assays of the purified isotypes indicated that IgG2a and IgG2b had significantly greater neutralizing capacity than IgG1, suggesting that less of the IgG1 was directed against neutralizing virion epitopes. These data are discussed with respect to the biological implications in host defence.
Mutual Interference of Pheromone Traps Within Trap Lines on Captures of Boll Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract Traps baited with the synthetic aggregation pheromone of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) are often used to monitor population fluctuations, distribution, and behavior. However, many factors generate variability in daily captures, making interpretation of trapping data difficult. Previous studies have shown that wind speed in the microenvironment around a trap can greatly affect numbers captured on a given day. It is possible that variation in air movement may also generate variation in trap captures through its effects on the pheromone plume. The current study was conducted to determine whether five traps placed in a line at two commonly used spacings (15 and 20 m) interfere with one another. There was no evidence for interference on days when winds struck the trap line at a nearly perpendicular angle. However, for both spacings, there were significant and substantial effects of relative trap placement within a line on days when winds struck it at an angle (>22.5°) away from the perp...
Followership Characteristics among US Federal Government Employees

Empowering collective action among leaders and followers in the US public sector has been encouraged to solve public problems in a complex and globalized society. However, without considering who the participants are, how much influence they have, and the various situations in which they find them- selves, empowerment is not an adequate solution to existing public challenges. Understanding followership—the process empowered participants use to follow— is a prerequisite to understanding successful empowerment. This study examines followership as it is practiced within the US federal government. Data from the Federal Human Capital Survey data, which had 212,223 respondents and was administered by the Office of Personnel Management in 2008, were used. The results indicate that different followership styles are dominant in different agen- cies. Followership styles also differ depending on job rank, which also explains possible distinctions between different groups in public organizations.
''Interns of America: Re-Inventing Race Through the Japanese Internment

This paper focuses on the discursive shift Japanese internees experienced in the course of their internment. Initially justified as removing ﾓenemy aliensﾔ in the racist hysteria leading up to internment, the War Relocation Authority in the span of two years transformed the rationale of the internment camps into one of ﾓtrainingﾔ the Japanese internees in the ways of being ﾓpioneerﾔ Americans. This shift has been little analyzed primarily because scholars have dismissed it as war propaganda, but examining this shift more closely reveals how the New Deal political order sought to remake race in the postwar period with heterogenous consequences. For Japanese Americans and other Asian American groups, this shift had an amnesic effect in public discourse on the century long history of Asian Americans prior to WWII. It also connects with a wider cultural shift during this period in which other racial groups, most notably African Americans in the North and Chicanos in the Southwest, were increasingly cast as recent immigrants. Finally, I hope to explore linkages between this shift and the special resonance captivity narratives have had in American political culture.
Correlation between Activity and Domain Complementation in Adenylyl Cyclase Demonstrated with a Novel Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Sensor

Adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity relies on multiple effectors acting through distinct binding sites. Crystal structures have revealed the location of these sites, and biochemical studies have explored the kinetics of ACs, but the interplay between conformation and activity remains incompletely understood. Here, we describe a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) sensor that functions both as a soluble cyclase and a reporter of complementation within the catalytic domain. We report a strong linear correlation between catalytic domain complementation and cyclase activity upon stimulation with forskolin and Gαs. Exploiting this, we dissect the mechanism of action of a series of forskolin analogs and a P-site inhibitor, 2'-d3'-AMP. Finally, we demonstrate that this sensor is functional in live cells, wherein it reports forskolin-stimulated activity of AC.
Food Habits of the Newfoundland Red Fox

The Newfoundland red fox ( Vulpes fulva deletrix ) is increasing rapidly. High populations exist in many parts of the Island, but the low price of the fur prevents heavy trapping pressure. Because of the rapid increase in fox numbers and the fact that prey animals are not plentiful, a collection of fifty scats was …
The Role of School Counselors in the Career and College Readiness of Foster Care Youth: An Ecological Systems Theory Approach

ABSTRACTSchool counselors are in a position to facilitate the educational needs of foster care youth who often face numerous barriers to higher education. In this article, the author proposes using Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model of Human Development and the four themes of the American School Counselor Association to conceptualize the role school counselors have in enhancing the career and college readiness of foster care youth. School counselors as leaders and advocates is emphasized.
Pore-size dependent protein adsorption and protection from proteolytic hydrolysis in tailored mesoporous silica particles.

Protein adsorption and interactions with mesoporous silica are of interest for a broad range of applications including drug delivery, chemical synthesis, biosensors, and bioseparations. A major challenge in designing mesoporous silica supports for tailored protein interaction is the differentiation of protein interactions at the surface of the particle from interactions within the pore, important features when considering mesoporous silica as a protective support for active proteins. In this investigation, the location of Enhanced Green Fluorescent Proteins (EGFPs) adsorbed on tailored mesoporous silica particles is examined as a function of pore diameter using proteolytic hydrolysis to distinguish between accessible and inaccessible proteins. Pore size control is achieved by tuning the hydrothermal aging temperature (60–110 °C) during synthesis, where the synthesis results in 5–15 μm diameter spherical particles appropriate for imaging by confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). In low pH environments,...
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Low-Energy Ion/Surface Interactions During Vapor Phase Crystal Growth: 10 eV Si Incident on Si(001)2×1

Molecular dynamics simulations, utilizing the Tersoff many-body potential, were used to investigate the effects of 10 eV Si atom bombardment of a (001)2×1 terminated Si lattice. The irradiation events were initiated at an array of points in the primitive surface unit cell. Each event was followed to determine kinetic energy redistribution in the lattice as a function of time, projectile and lattice atom trajectories, and the nature, number, and depth of residual defects. Dimer breaking, epitaxial growth, position exchange, and the formation of residual hexagonal and split interstitials were observed. There were no residual vacancies. Impact points leading to each of the above results clustered in distinctly different regions of the surface unit cell. Bulk interstitials were annealed out over time scales corresponding to monolayer deposition during Si MBE.
Is phantom tooth pain a deafferentation (neuropathic) syndrome

The symptoms of phantom tooth pain are often considered to be of psychological origin by those unfamiliar with its clinical characteristics. Part of the problem is that phantom tooth pain is often confused with atypical facial pain. Extensive literature exists for the latter that suggests a psychological cause. Many studies of atypical facial pain, however, suffer from one or more of four methodologic problems. In the present study, 115 phantom tooth pain cases are compared with a contrast group of 151 facial pain cases and 137 nonpain controls on a variety of personality characteristics. Only one trait personality factor, locus of control, statistically differentiates the three groups. The chief psychological difference of the phantom tooth pain sample compared with the control and contrast groups was higher scores on a measure of demoralization. Demoralization can be interpreted as a consequence as well as an antecedent of the chronic pain state. Evidence for each opinion is presented. Suggestions for obtaining informed consent of prospective endodontic patients are suggested. This study has not demonstrated that phantom tooth pain cases are characterized by a specific premorbid personality.
Stable, coherent free-electron laser pulses using echo-enabled harmonic generation

Beam lines using echo-enabled harmonic generation can be designed to have extremely low sensitivity to energy chirps in the electron beam, as shown through theory and detailed simulations. These designs would allow stable and coherent radiation to be produced even when using electron beams with a large amount of shot-to-shot jitter in the longitudinal profile.
Is there a relationship between hospital volume and patient outcomes in gastroschisis repair

Abstract Purpose Given the well-established relationship between surgical volume and outcomes for many surgical procedures, we examined whether the same relationship exists for gastroschisis closure. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of infants who underwent gastroschisis closure between 1999 and 2007 using a California birth-linked cohort. Hospitals were divided into terciles based on the number of gastroschisis closures performed annually. Using regression techniques, we examined the effects of hospital volume on patient mortality and length of stay while controlling for patient and hospital confounders. Results We identified 1537 infants who underwent gastroschisis repair at 55 hospitals, 4 of which were high-volume and 42 of which were low-volume. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 4.8% and the median length of stay was 46.5days. After controlling for other factors, patients treated at high-volume hospitals had significantly lower odds of inpatient mortality (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.21, 0.76). There was a near-significant trend towards shorter hospital length of stay at highvolume hospitals (p=0.066). Conclusions Patients who undergo gastroschisis closure at high-volume hospitals in California experience lower odds of in-hospital mortality compared to those treated at low-volume hospitals. These findings offer initial evidence to support policies that limit the number of hospitals providing complex newborn surgical care.
The Electron Beam in Tumor Therapy

Experience with 1,300 patients indicates that therapy with the electron beam is effective for selected malignancies, particularly tumors involving or located near the skin surface. Because the electron beam rapidly loses energy as it travels through tissue, deeper structures are spared the effects of more penetrating forms of irradiation. When indicated, the electron beam can be combined with other radiation sources.
Plath’s Triumphant Women Poems

Sylvia Plath would have been the first to admit that there were multiple roles for women during the 1960s besides mothering or not mothering. In the age of professionalism, of incipient careerism, a woman would have been expected to have identities other than her status as a bearer of children. Just as so many of Plath’s journal entries dealt with her future work, and the conundrum of which work a talented woman writer, artist, and teacher should take up, so many of her poems deal with the varieties of achieving women. It is also clear in her journals that she was intentionally searching for women writers to emulate. She regularly mentions Virginia Woolf, Emily Dickinson, Stevie Smith, Willa Cather, Lillian Hellman, Louise Bogan, Adrienne Cecile Rich (often with some asperity, since Rich was her contemporary and by having won the Yale Younger Poets competition, already headed toward an important career as poet).1 In fact, Liz Yorke has concluded that the journal entries “make it clear that Plath made a self-conscious decision to study women. Her critique of the ideology of the feminine; her critical consciousnes of women’s emotional, erotic and economic loyalty and their subserviance to men can be shown as developing continuously from this time [1958].”2
Regulation of Plasma Protein Synthesis in Cultured Embryonic Chick-liver Cells: Lack of Translational Control

In chick embryo liver cells in primary culture, mRNA for chicken serum albumin is not made as suggested by an exponential decay of the synthesis of this protein. At the same time other plasma proteins are synthesized at an increased rate. Our interpretation is that as the mRNA for serum albumin decays, more of the translational components become available for other mRNAs. The differing behavior of mRNA synthesis for serum albumin suggests that there may be a special control on the transcriptional level for this protein which differs from the controls on the mRNA syntheses of the other plasma proteins.