cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spider crabs of the Western Atlantic with special reference to fossil and some modern Mithracidae

Spider crabs (Majoidea) are well-known from modern oceans and are also common in the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. When spider crabs appeared in the Western Atlantic in deep time, and when they became diverse, hinges on their fossil record. By reviewing their fossil record, we show that (1) spider crabs first appeared in the Western Atlantic in the Late Cretaceous, (2) they became common since the Miocene, and (3) most species and genera are found in the Caribbean region from the Miocene onwards. Furthermore, taxonomic work on some modern and fossil Mithracidae, a family that might have originated in the Western Atlantic, was conducted. Specifically, Maguimithrax gen. nov. is erected to accommodate the extant species Damithrax spinosissimus, while Damithrax cf. pleuracanthus is recognized for the first time from the fossil record (late Pliocene-early Pleistocene, Florida, USA). Furthermore, two new species are described from the lower Miocene coral-associated limestones of Jamaica (Mithrax arawakum sp. nov. and Nemausa windsorae sp. nov.). Spurred by a recent revision of the subfamily, two known species from the same deposits are refigured and transferred to new genera: Mithrax donovani to Nemausa, and Mithrax unguis to Damithrax. The diverse assemblage of decapods from these coral-associated limestones underlines the importance of reefs for the abundance and diversity of decapods in deep time. Finally, we quantitatively show that these crabs possess allometric growth in that length/width ratios drop as specimens grow, a factor that is not always taken into account while describing and comparing among taxa.
Non-Peptide αvβ3 antagonists. Part 6: Design and synthesis of αvβ3 antagonists containing a pyridone or pyrazinone central scaffold

Abstract Two novel series of small-molecule RGD mimetics containing either a substituted pyridone or pyrazinone central constraint were prepared. Modification of the β-alanine 3-substituent produced compounds that are potent and selective α v β 3 antagonists and exhibit a range of physicochemical properties.
Interplay between Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the innate immune system

Understanding of the innate immune response to viral infections is rapidly progressing, especially with regards to the detection of DNA viruses. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a large dsDNA virus that is responsible for three human diseases: Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. The major target cells of KSHV (B cells and endothelial cells) express a wide range of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play a central role in mobilizing inflammatory responses. On the other hand, KSHV encodes an array of immune evasion genes, including several pirated host genes, which interfere with multiple aspects of the immune response. This review summarizes current understanding of innate immune recognition of KSHV and the role of immune evasion genes that shape the antiviral and inflammatory responses.
VARIANCE FUNCTION REGRESSIONS FOR STUDYING INEQUALITY

Regression-based studies of inequality model only between-group differences, yet often these differences are far exceeded by residual inequality. Residual inequality is usually attributed to measurement error or the influence of unobserved characteristics. We present a model, called variance function regression, that includes covariates for both the mean and variance of a dependent variable. In this model, the residual variance is treated as a target for analysis. In analyses of inequality, the residual variance might be interpreted as measuring risk or insecurity. Variance function regressions are illustrated in an analysis of panel data on earnings among released prisoners in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. We extend the model to a decomposition analysis, relating the change in inequality to compositional changes in the population and changes in coefficients for the mean and variance. The decomposition is applied to the trend in U.S. earnings inequality among male workers, 1970 to 2005.
`I'm tired': Differential effects of physical and emotional fatigue on workload management strategies

This article integrates self-efficacy theory with decision latitude theory to generate a typology of workload management strategies used by knowledge workers working under conditions of high job demands. We then propose that physical and emotional fatigue should differentially influence usage of these workload management strategies based on anticipated differences in their effects on selfefficacy. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of our model with regards to knowledge workers who often face ongoing challenging job demands.
Power spectral geodesics and tracking

It is often reasonable to assume that a power spectral density can be used to reflect, locally in time, properties of a non-stationary time series; for instance, the short-time Fourier transform is based on this hypothesis and provides a succession of estimated power spectra over successive time intervals. In this paper we consider such families of power spectral densities, indexed by time, to represent changes in the spectral content of non-stationary processes. We propose as a model for the drift in spectral power over time, the model of mass transport; that is, at least locally, spectral power shifts along geodesics of a suitable mass-transport metric. We show that fitting spectral geodesics in the Wasserstein metric to data is a convex quadratic program. Finally, we highlight the effectiveness of this proposition in tracking features (e.g., spectral lines, peaks) of non-stationary processes.
A teachers' guide to teaching medical interviewing

Summary Success in teaching a course in medical interviewing requires competence on the part of instructors, who also need training, and have to provide a structured approach. Problems encountered by course coordinators at the Department of Family Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida have been: (1) a shortage of skilled teachers; (2) inadequate motivation of instructors for teaching the course; (3) differences in content, teacher's style, and outcomes from small groups; and (4) ambiguities in structure or guidelines provided for teachers. The development of a teacher's guide, giving specific objectives and step-by-step methods for teaching significantly improved teacher satisfaction and commitment to the course, as well as student learning.
Toward an understanding of the impact of software personal assistants on human organizations

Intelligent software personal assistants for human organizations are an active research area within the multiagent community. However, while many capabilities for these software personal assistants are imagined or already developed, there has been no quantification of how an organization's performance is improved by software personal assistants. Moreover, while intuitively organizations will adapt to take advantage of the new technology, there has been no work looking at how organizations should or will change in response to the new technology. This paper presents a first step toward addressing this oversight. Specifically, a computational model of the working of an organization and how software personal assistants will affect that organization is developed that allows effects of software personal assistants to be modeled. By varying the potential capabilities of the software personal assistants and the structure of the organization, we can explore the impact of the technology. Our results show that managing task contingencies can greatly improve organizational performance by as much as 45%.
Measurable majorants in L 1

Given a probability space ( X , ℱ, μ) and a σ-algebra A ⊂ ℱ, arguably the most powerful tool in gaining information about an ℱ-measurable function f from restricted knowledge of -measurability is that of the conditional expectation E ( f | ); written throughout the remainder of this note. Two properties of conditional expectation that may be exploited to gain information, but which also limit conditional expectation's use are the following.
Survey on Infection of HBV,HCV and HIV among Addicts Receiving Methadone Therapy

[Objective]To understand the infection status of HBV,HCV and HIV among addicts in urban Jiangyin,and provide evidence for viral hepatitis and HIV control among focus groups of local area.[Methods]Totally 210 serum samples from addicts who primarily registered in clinic for methadone therapy were collected for HCV-IgG,HBsAg and HIV antibody detection.[Results]The positive rate of HCV-IgG,HBsAg and HIV antibody among addicts with methadone therapy was 70.48%,7.14% and 1.43%,respectively.9 addicts(4.29%) infected with both HBV and HCV;2(0.95%) infected with HIV and HCV;1(0.48%) infected with HIV,HBV and HCV.[Conclusion]The infection of HCV and HIV among addicts should be attached importance.The addicts should be supervised and monitored strictly to prevent the spread of HCV and HIV.
Discussion on strengthening the medical security under new situation

This paper discusses how to strengthen the medical security.To promote the hospital security work and long-enduring development,we must strengthen management from some aspects including strengthening the security education for medical personnel,raising the security consciousness,carrying out the rules and regulations strictly,observing the procedure of diagnosis,strengthening technique training,improving medical quality level,strengthening the environment security,searching the hidden danger of security,improving service attitude,strengthening supervision measures and etc.
Pediatric Radiation Therapy: Introduction

Major changes have occurred in the practice of pediatric radiation oncology in the past two to three decades. Common practices of the 1960s and 1970s, such as routine postoperative tumor bed irradiation for Wilms’ tumor and irradiation of stage II neuro-blastoma, are no longer indicated. Many factors, including improved systemic therapy, improved knowledge of the natural history of these tumors, and better risk-group analyses, have led to these changes. A curative goal at first presentation, even in the face of established metastatic disease, has been adopted more frequently in the child. Advances in the treatment of Wilms’ tumor and osteosarcoma illustrate this fact, as does the nearly routine use of adjuvant systemic treatment as salvage of children who have developed metastases is often less effective.
Two-Level Atoms in an Intense Monochromatic Field: A Review of Recent Experimental Investigations

The effect of an intense monochromatic field on the behavior of a two-level atom with natural damping has recently been studied experimentally using stable tunable lasers and atomic beams. A number of researchers have measured the spectrum of the emission, and more recently, the absorption of the strongly driven atoms for both on-resonance and off-resonance excitation. In addition, the energy levels of the atoms have been carefully probed to examine in some detail, the ac Stark effect induced by a strong resonant and nearly resonant field. The paper will cover a brief review of the measurements that have been performed so far by the various groups, a comparison of the experimental results with theoretical predictions, as well as a discussion of the experimental problems in performing such measurements.
Beliefs and Attitudes Associated With Hookah Smoking Among a United States College Population.

BACKGROUND: This study explores the differences among smokers of waterpipe tobacco in a college population to better inform campaigns to curb waterpipe use. METHODS: Participants included undergraduate and graduate students attending a liberal arts university in Florida. E-mail-based, cross-sectional surveys were collected in 2 sequential years. RESULTS: The majority of respondents (64%) reported having ever smoked a hookah, even if just 1–2 puffs. Of those who had ever smoked a hookah, 34% reported smoking a hookah within the previous 30 d. Constructs from the theory of reasoned action were all correlated with smoking behavior. The range of beliefs endorsed by smokers were more strongly associated with hookah-related attitudes compared with subjective norms. Concerns about health were stronger among never-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Young adult college students continue to engage in waterpipe tobacco smoking at high rates. Campaigns need to focus on subsets of smokers and nonsmokers, independently.
Automating Printing Configuration

Maintaining the printing configuration files for a large site (400 machines, 60 public printers, 40 private printers, 30 print spoolers) can be a major job. At RPI, we developed a system that will automatically generate the printer configuration file for any machine, depending on what printers are driven by that machine. It also allows us to only have a printer appear only on a subset of machines, rather than on all machines. This paper describes the design and deployment of the system. We use a relational database to manage the printer information, printer type attributes, host grouping and to track hosts using the system. All sources and related information are available for anonymous FTP.
Near and Distant Neighbors: A New History of Soviet Intelligence: Haslam, Jonathan, New York: Farrr, Straus and Giroux 366 pp., $30.00, ISBN 978-0-374-21990-1 Publication Date: September 2015

How do you tell the story of an intelligence agency or any executive agency? Do you focus on its relationships with its political masters, rival agencies, and domestic politics; the professionaliza...
La maternidad glorificada: análisis de los discursos sobre maternidad de mujeres que participan en grupos de crianza respetuosa de la región de Valparaíso, Chile

Today more than ever women are exposed to unending ambiguous social representations of gender and family. In this context a new movement seeks to resignify motherhood: this movement is about so-called respectful child rearing, which has mainly been assembled by young professional mothers. The following article tries to understand the complex articulation between motherhood and citizenship, understood as the relation between the private and the political. To this end, motherhood discourses are described and analyzed, from which two main consequences are extracted: on the one hand, the reproduction of traditional gender roles and, on the other, the resistance that these discourses pose to the dominant social order. All this under the glorification of motherhood as a mechanism for social transformation.
Magnetic nanoparticle synthesis

Magnetic nanoparticles can be used in a variety of biomedical applications. In this chapter, we survey a wide range of methods that have been used for nanoparticle production. The optimum method of production depends on the intended specific application. Normally, after preparation a nanoparticle needs to be coated to stabilize it and possibly, to provide a surface that can be functionalized. Therefore we also outline methods that can be used to coat nanoparticles.
Green and socioeconomic infrastructures in the Brazilian Amazon: implications for a changing climate

Amazonia is one of the world’s most vulnerable regions to climate change but few studies pinpointing priority areas for local adaptation programmes exist. This paper aims to identify socio-climatic hotspots among the 515 municipalities that compose the Brazilian Amazon by using a three-step process. First, we identified the regional social hotspots, that is, municipalities that have currently low adaptive capacity, by calculating a composite infrastructure index based on the assessment of both current green and socioeconomic infrastructures. Second, we used a Regional Climate Change Index to identify the climate change hotspots, that is, those municipalities that have a high likelihood to experience future climate change risks. Third, we evaluated the geographic coincidence of social and climate change hotspots to identify the socio-climatic hotspots. We found that 117 municipalities are regional social hotspots and that 60 municipalities are regional climate change hotspots. Forty-six municipalities are ...
Whither the humanities?— Reinterpreting the relevance of an essential and embattled field:

Contrary to the narrative of collapse that attends much of the discussion of the humanities today, recent data suggest that for many programs in the United States, at least, stagnation is the real ...
Recruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures

The ABCD study is a new and ongoing project of very substantial size and scale involving 21 data acquisition sites. It aims to recruit 11,500 children and follow them for ten years with extensive assessments at multiple timepoints. To deliver on its potential to adequately describe adolescent development, it is essential that it adopt recruitment procedures that are efficient and effective and will yield a sample that reflects the nation's diversity in an epidemiologically informed manner. Here, we describe the sampling plans and recruitment procedures of this study. Participants are largely recruited through the school systems with school selection informed by gender, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and urbanicity. Procedures for school selection designed to mitigate selection biases, dynamic monitoring of the accumulating sample to correct deviations from recruitment targets, and a description of the recruitment procedures designed to foster a collaborative attitude between the researchers, the schools and the local communities, are provided.
Suppression of Localized Plastic Flow in Irradiated Materials

Abstract Suppressing deformation localization caused by dislocation channels is crucial in the reliable service of irradiated materials. Through 3D Discrete Dislocation Dynamics simulations, the evolution of deformation localization extent is quantitatively studied, and the effect of internal dislocation structure and slip mode are revealed. Results show that to inhibit dislocation channel formation, the material is required to be pretreated so as to enhance short-range dislocation interactions. This can be attained by introducing a homogeneously dense dislocation structure before irradiation, and by loading along orientations that activate multiple slip systems. Implications for the design of radiation-resistant materials are discussed.
Advances in diagnosis of mastocytosis and hypereosinophilic syndrome

Mastocytosis and hypereosinophilic syndrome is very rare neoplastic hematopoietic diseases. Mastocytosis is characterized by expansion and accumulation of clonal tissue mast cells in skin and/or various internal organs, while hypereosinophilic syndrome manifests with an increased number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood and tissue damage. These diseases represent a diagnostic challenge, since they can have overlapping clinical and pathologic features. Recently, great advances in the molecular and immunophenotypic diagnosis of these two entities were achieved, contributing to the new World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The WHO classification of myeloid neoplasms has been revised in 2016 by adding several new entities and refinement of the 2008 WHO classification, in an attempt to incorporate up-to-date clinical, prognostic, morphologic, and molecular genetics data that emerged since 2008. Here we overview the recent advances in disease diagnosis, with a focus on the updated WHO classification, refined diagnostic criteria, and up-to-date molecular findings in these two rare diseases.
VEATCH, MAY, AND MODELS: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND A NEW VIEW*

This is a critical review of two articles which, apparently, have become important and well-known in the literature of the physician-patient relationship. They are: Robert Veatch’s ‘Models for Ethical Medicine in a Revolutionary Age’ [5] and William F. May’s ‘Code, Covenant, Contract or Philanthropy’ [4]. It is out of character for me to devote an article to criticizing others. It seems therefore appropriate to mention that I was enlisted in this task by the editor of this volume because of the role these two papers play in the unfolding discussion that has become this volume’s theme. I do it in the interests of continuing and advancing this discussion.
Approximate Models for Structural Optimization

Practical methods for optimal design of structures are usually based on approximation concepts. Some approximate models for structural optimization are presented in this article. Two classes of such models are discussed: (a) Approximate equilibrium models, where approximations of the displacements in terms of the design variables will lead to an optimal solution which does not necessarily satisfy equilibrium. (b) Approximate compatibility models, where approximations of the forces will lead to an optimal solution which does not necessarily satisfy compatibility. High quality approximations for the two classes are presented. The relationships between the various approximations are derived and some models are shown to be equivalent under certain assumptions. It is shown that the improved behaviour models proposed in this study often provide sufficient results with a moderate computational effort. The possibility of improving the optimal solution by prestressing and passive control devices is demonstrated.
Limits of Parallelism in Fault-Tolerant Multiprocessors

Using simple and realistic models we show that, in the presence of failures, there is a limit to the amount of effective parallelism in a multiprocessor system, even if the application is infinitely parallelizable. We consider the execution of a given application on a multiprocessor system with fault-tolerance capabilities, and use its expected completion time as a measure of computational efficiency. We show that more parallelism may not necessarily decrease the expected task completion time, and if it does, there exists an optimal number of processors beyond which the expected task completion time starts to increase monotonically. This optimal number may also be interpreted as a limit on the effective parallelism in a multiprocessor system. This phenomenon occurs regardless of the fault-tolerance mechanism used in the system; however, the optimal number of processors depends on that mechanism. We consider four different methods of fault-tolerance: 1 Restarts 2 Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with restarts 3 Checkpointing, centralized and distributed 4 Resilient applications, e.g., iterative or hill-climbing methods.
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Ovarian Gene Regulation

Epigenetics refers to alterations in gene function that are heritable between generations of cells or animals and that do not involve a change in the DNA sequence itself [1]. Such alterations occur at the level of chromatin and include post-translational modifications of histone tails and methylation of DNA. In a more narrow sense, epigenetics can be used to describe chromatin altering events within a single cell or groups of cells that leads to changes in gene function in response to hormones or growth factors. This chapter will briefly describe the most common epigenetic marks and review studies of chromatin alterations as they relate to gene function in cells of the developing ovarian follicle and corpus luteum.
Does taking statins affect the pathological burden in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s dementia?

The efficacy of cholesterol lowering agents, specifically statins, in slowing the rate of decline of cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients is not yet fully understood. Our team’s previously published paper showed that patients who used statins demonstrated no increase in cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment when compared with nonusers. Further, AD patients on statins demonstrated a slight decreasing trend in cognitive decline. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate the association between stain use in AD confirmed by clinical diagnosis and autopsy and the pathological burden (plaques, tangles, Braak stage). The hypothesis leading this investigation is that prolonged statin use associates with lower AD pathology at autopsy. We queried the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) database for autopsy-confirmed AD cases. Of the Uniform Data Set (UDS) participants who are deceased, 16,163 were diagnosed with dementia at their last UDS visit prior to death, and autopsy data are available for 3945 patients. These patients were then stratified into two groups based upon statin use. The two groups were then analyzed for their pathological AD burden, including total plaques, total tangles, age at death, age of onset, and Braak stage. NACC data were available for 1816 subjects with clinically and pathologically confirmed AD; 1558 were not on statins and 258 were on statins. No significant differences in age at death, age at onset, Braak stages, mean total tau, and mean total amyloid were found between the two subject groups. When statin use was analyzed by apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype carrier statins, the presence of ApoE4 did not influence the effects (or lack thereof) of statin use. Prolonged statin use in pathologically confirmed AD dementia does not appear to influence the amount of burden of plaques and tangles or Braak stage. These observations were not altered by the presence of absence of ApoE4.
Review: Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History, by Felix Arnold

Felix Arnold Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History New York: Oxford University Press, 2017, 359 pp., 174 b/w illus. $99 (cloth), ISBN 9780190624552 The Alhambra, the palace complex of the Nasrid sultans (r. 1230–1492), perched on a hill overlooking Granada, is—along with the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Taj Mahal in Agra—one of the iconic monuments of Islamic architecture. Romantically beautiful, with its stuccoed halls and courtyards, sparkling fountains, and lush gardens looking out on the snowy Sierra Nevada and the verdant vega of Granada, it is also the most visited tourist site in Spain, with 2.4 million visitors in 2014. Felix Arnold, a senior research fellow of the German Archaeological Institute in Madrid and a trained architect and archaeologist who has conducted extensive fieldwork in Spain, Egypt, and Syria, places the Alhambra in a continuous tradition of palace building in the western Islamic lands—principally Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, but also, tangentially, Sicily, Libya, and even Timbuktu—between the ninth and nineteenth centuries. The good news is that Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean , the first book ever on the subject, provides invaluable access to much of the literature on the surviving physical and textual evidence for the region's approximately seventy-five palaces. In many cases, Arnold has drawn new plans, often based on his own investigations. He focuses primarily on the Iberian Peninsula, although he also touches upon the much less published sites of North Africa. To judge from the more than 550 titles in his bibliography, Arnold is an indefatigable researcher. The book is divided chronologically into six chapters, the first of which covers the “formative period” in the ninth century and the appearance of the “broad hall,” the wide room opening onto a courtyard that was a characteristic feature of palatial and domestic architecture in the western Islamic lands for centuries. The second chapter focuses on the tenth century, when two rival caliphates with pretensions to …
Topological descriptions of protein folding.

How knotted proteins fold has remained controversial since the identification of deeply knotted proteins nearly two decades ago. Both computational and experimental approaches have been used to investigate protein knot formation. Motivated by the computer simulations of Bolinger et al. [Bolinger D, et al. (2010) PLoS Comput Biol 6:e1000731] for the folding of the [Formula: see text]-knotted α-haloacid dehalogenase (DehI) protein, we introduce a topological description of knot folding that could describe pathways for the formation of all currently known protein knot types and predicts knot types that might be identified in the future. We analyze fingerprint data from crystal structures of protein knots as evidence that particular protein knots may fold according to specific pathways from our theory. Our results confirm Taylor's twisted hairpin theory of knot folding for the [Formula: see text]-knotted proteins and the [Formula: see text]-knotted ketol-acid reductoisomerases and present alternative folding mechanisms for the [Formula: see text]-knotted phytochromes and the [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-knotted proteins.
Lymphoproliferative disorders associated with immune deficiencies, histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms, and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm

Abstract The immune deficient state predisposes a patient not only to infectious diseases but also to cancer, particularly cancer of the immune system. Immune deficiencies are associated with a range lymphoproliferative disorders that range from benign reactive hyperplasia to atypical hyperplasias to frank lymphomas. Of the lymphomas, non-Hodgkin lymphomas are the most common type seen in such situations. These lymphomas are known to be aggressive and resistant to therapy. Patients infected with HIV are also at a higher risk of developing lymphoproliferative disorder. Histiocytic and dendritic cell tumors are rare diseases, and their pathogenesis is still not completely understood. In this chapter, lymphoproliferative disorders associated with primary immune deficiency, lymphoproliferative disorders associated with HIV infection, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders are discussed in detail. Various diagnostic criteria are also addressed.
Sparse, Predictive, and Interpretable Functional Connectomics with UoI Lasso

Network formation from neural activity is a foundational problem in systems neuroscience. Functional networks, after downstream analysis, can provide key insights into the nature of neurobiological structure and computation. The validity of such insights hinges on accurate selection and estimation of the edges connecting nodes. However, commonly used statistical inference procedures generally fail to identify the correct features, and further introduce consequential bias in the estimates. To address these issues, we developed Union of Intersections (UoI), a flexible, modular, and scalable framework for enhanced statistical feature selection and estimation. Methods based on UoI perform feature selection and feature estimation through intersection and union operations, respectively. In the context of linear regression (specifically UoI Lasso ), we summarize extensive numerical investigation on synthetic data to demonstrate tight control of false-positives and false-negatives in feature selection with low-bias and low-variance estimates of selected parameters, while maintaining high-quality prediction accuracy. We demonstrate, with UoI Lasso , the extraction of sparse, predictive, and interpretable functional networks from human electrocorticography recordings during speech production and the inference of parsimonious coupling models from nonhuman primate single-unit recordings during reaching tasks. Our results establish that UoI Lasso generates interpretable and predictive functional connectivity networks.
Interactive group-based orientation sessions: A method to improve adherence and retention in pragmatic clinical trials

Abstract Background Intervention adherence and trial retention are challenging for clinical trials testing intensive behavioral interventions. Operational constraints or trial designs may preclude using effective retention strategies such as financial incentives. We examined whether implementing pre-enrollment orientation sessions was associated with higher intervention adherence and retention in a pragmatic clinical trial. Methods The trial tested an intensive behavioral intervention for patients with chronic pain on long-term opioids. Orientation sessions were implemented two years into trial recruitment at one site. Held before informed consent and randomization, these mandatory, group-based orientation sessions provided trial specifics, explained research methods principles, and leveraged motivational interviewing techniques. Using a pre-post design and multivariate models, we assessed adherence (number of intervention meetings attended) and retention (completed quarterly pain assessments over 12 months) before (04/2014–12/2015; n = 209) and after (01/2016–02/2017; n = 258) implementation. Also, we evaluated whether session implementation affected the proportion and characteristics of enrolled patients. Results After implementing orientation sessions, patients had higher intervention adherence than before (M = 7.6, SD = 3.8 vs. M = 5.6, SD = 4.5, respectively; mean difference = 2.0, 95% CI [0.9, 3.2], p = .001), and 2.8 times greater odds of completing quarterly assessments (95% CI [1.3, 5.8], p = .007). Fewer patients enrolled after implementing sessions than before (38.1% vs. 70.8%, 95% CI [26.4, 39.1], p Conclusions Implementing orientation sessions during recruitment may be useful for promoting trial adherence and retention. To ensure enrollment goals are met, target population size and barriers affecting patients’ ability to attend orientation sessions should be considered, especially for patients with complex medical conditions. Clinical trials registration number NCT02113592.
Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: An Umbrella Review

Introduction A deeper understanding of risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) is essential to better target prevention and screening. An umbrella review was conducted to summarize and synthesize previously published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Methods Eight databases were searched in October of 2016, including PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, SCOPUS, PsycEXTRA, and Cochrane. Studies were included if they were reviews examining one or more risk factors for PPD and published between 1996 and 2016. The final sample included 21 articles, which varied in numerous ways, including the scope of risk factors explored and statistical methods. Results Because of methodological variations between reviews, standardized statistical aggregation was not possible. From this body of literature, 25 statistically significant risk factors emerged with 2 additional risk factors presenting inconclusive findings. The most common risk factors identified were high life stress, lack of social support, current or past abuse, prenatal depression, and marital or partner dissatisfaction. The 2 strongest risk factors for PPD were prenatal depression and current abuse. Discussion Because untreated PPD leaves women and their children vulnerable to numerous negative short-term and long-term outcomes, a better understanding of PPD risk factors serves to improve maternal and child outcomes by allowing health care providers to better anticipate the needs of affected women.
Post-canard symmetry breaking and other exotic dynamic behaviors in identical coupled chemical oscillators

We analyze a model of two identical chemical oscillators coupled through diffusion of the slow variable. As a parameter is varied, a single oscillator undergoes a canard explosion---a transition from small amplitude, nearly harmonic oscillations to large-amplitude, relaxation oscillations over a very small parameter interval. In the coupled system, if the two oscillators have the same initial conditions, then the oscillators remain synchronized and exhibit the same canard behavior observed for the single oscillator. If the oscillators are separated initially, then in the region of the canard they display a variety of complex behaviors, including intermittent spiking, mixed-mode oscillation, and quasiperiodicity. Further variation of the parameter leads to a return to synchronized large-amplitude oscillation followed by a post-canard symmetry-breaking, in which one oscillator shows small-amplitude, complex behavior (mixed-mode oscillation, quasiperiodicity, chaos,...) while the other undergoes essentially periodic large amplitude behavior, resembling a master-slave scenario. We analyze the origins of this behavior by looking at several modified coupling schemes.
Axon guidance: Netrins

Abstract Circumferential axon migrations toward and away from the midline are a major feature of the development of all bilateral animals. Prominent among the guidance cues regulating midline guidance are Netrins, a small family of secreted proteins that have a conserved role across species in attracting some axons to the midline while repelling others away. Netrins also guide other axons throughout the nervous system. In some settings, Netrins guide axons at longrange (over hundreds of micrometers) but in others only at shortrange (i.e., in a contact-dependent manner). Attraction is mediated principally by receptors of the DCC family and repulsion by receptors of the UNC-5 family. Netrins are multifunctional, regulating multiple aspects of development and function not just in the nervous system but also in nonneural systems. Mutations in theNetrin-1 and DCC genes in humans cause inherited neurological defects, shedding light on how normal and abnormal patterns of brain wiring control key aspects of human behavior.
Letter from the Editors: Special Issue on “Responsibilities of Educators in International Business”

Working in cooperation with the AIB Teaching and Education Shared Interest Group and the Consortium for Undergraduate International Business Education, this focused issue of AIB Insights seeks to flesh out the contours of responsible IB education and promote a dialogue about enhancing the quality of IB education through an acceptance of greater accountability. The eight articles in the issue help us to better understand the responsibilities of educators in international business, while also proscribing actions we can pursue to achieve this important goal.
Conferencia plenaria: Auto, alo y xenotrasplante de islotes

Plenary conference: Auto, alo and islet xenotransplantation Islet transplantation is a cell therapeutic approach finalized to improve glycemic control in patients that have lost beta cells to autoimmune destruction (as in type 1 diabetes) or due to surgical excision of the pancreas (typically for severe, untreatable chronic pancreatitis). Autologous islet transplantation entails the isolation of pancreatic islets from one patient undergoing total pancreatectomy and intraportal infusion of the islets to the same patient in order to maintain endogenous production of insulin in the absence of immune rejection. This is a clinically viable procedure that successfully allows at least 60% of islet autotransplantation recipients to control glycemias often enjoying years of insulin independence.
Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Prior to 1978, investigations related to obstructive sleep apnea pathogenesis focused on obesity-hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). At the time, OHS was a disorder associated with many theories of pathogenesis, but there was little strong support for any of them. In the mid- to early 1960s, Gastaut et al. were the first to describe obstructive sleep apnea in these patients [16, 17], and over the ensuing years multiple reports appeared demonstrating the successful reversal of OHS after treatment of obstructive sleep apnea [50, 51, 66]. (Hereafter, OSA will be used to represent the entire spectrum of sleep-related obstructive events: apneas, hypopneas, and respiratory effort-related arousals.) A landmark study published in 1978 by Remmers et al., demonstrated that OSA events were accompanied by a closed upper airway and that negative pharyngeal pressure behind the tongue prevented forward tongue movement causing, in essence, asphyxia. This continued until an arousal-mediated recruitment of the airway dilator muscles opened the airway, with a surge in anterograde tongue activity associated with the arousal [52]. These findings changed the focus of physiology research to examine the pathogenesis of OSA with or without OHS: to attempt to understand why the pharynx is narrowed, how this affects the flow of air, circumstances of activation of pharyngeal muscles, and mechanism of arousals [73].
Development and Validation of a Deep Learning Model to Quantify Glomerulosclerosis in Kidney Biopsy Specimens.

Importance A chronic shortage of donor kidneys is compounded by a high discard rate, and this rate is directly associated with biopsy specimen evaluation, which shows poor reproducibility among pathologists. A deep learning algorithm for measuring percent global glomerulosclerosis (an important predictor of outcome) on images of kidney biopsy specimens could enable pathologists to more reproducibly and accurately quantify percent global glomerulosclerosis, potentially saving organs that would have been discarded. Objective To compare the performances of pathologists with a deep learning model on quantification of percent global glomerulosclerosis in whole-slide images of donor kidney biopsy specimens, and to determine the potential benefit of a deep learning model on organ discard rates. Design, Setting, and Participants This prognostic study used whole-slide images acquired from 98 hematoxylin-eosin–stained frozen and 51 permanent donor biopsy specimen sections retrieved from 83 kidneys. Serial annotation by 3 board-certified pathologists served as ground truth for model training and for evaluation. Images of kidney biopsy specimens were obtained from the Washington University database (retrieved between June 2015 and June 2017). Cases were selected randomly from a database of more than 1000 cases to include biopsy specimens representing an equitable distribution within 0% to 5%, 6% to 10%, 11% to 15%, 16% to 20%, and more than 20% global glomerulosclerosis. Main Outcomes and Measures Correlation coefficient (r) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) with respect to annotations were computed for cross-validated model predictions and on-call pathologists’ estimates of percent global glomerulosclerosis when using individual and pooled slide results. Data were analyzed from March 2018 to August 2020. Results The cross-validated model results of section images retrieved from 83 donor kidneys showed higher correlation with annotations (r = 0.916; 95% CI, 0.886-0.939) than on-call pathologists (r = 0.884; 95% CI, 0.825-0.923) that was enhanced when pooling glomeruli counts from multiple levels (r = 0.933; 95% CI, 0.898-0.956). Model prediction error for single levels (RMSE, 5.631; 95% CI, 4.735-6.517) was 14% lower than on-call pathologists (RMSE, 6.523; 95% CI, 5.191-7.783), improving to 22% with multiple levels (RMSE, 5.094; 95% CI, 3.972-6.301). The model decreased the likelihood of unnecessary organ discard by 37% compared with pathologists. Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this prognostic study suggest that this deep learning model provided a scalable and robust method to quantify percent global glomerulosclerosis in whole-slide images of donor kidneys. The model performance improved by analyzing multiple levels of a section, surpassing the capacity of pathologists in the time-sensitive setting of examining donor biopsy specimens. The results indicate the potential of a deep learning model to prevent erroneous donor organ discard.
Litigating Identity in Fascist and Post-Fascist Romania, 1940–1945

This paper examines legal mobilization and resistance to efforts through law to delineate ethnic identities during World War Two in Romania. Anti-Semitic legislation adopted under the fascist regime attempted to create and classify Jewish identity, while the end of war legislation formally reversed all discriminatory statutes and decrees and more broadly banned all inquiries into the ethnicity of Romanian citizens. Under both legal regimes, one’s identity, whether de jure or de facto, was decisive for repressive state policies that targeted Romanian citizens based on their ethnic identity. The concept and content of ethnic identity, however, were far from a clear matter. I explore in this paper how the local administrative court in the city of Timisoara (both first instance and appeal) constructed ethnic identity based on the wartime racial legislation, and how the court continued to apply this judge-made identity to the newly disfavored groups, primarily Germans, at the end of the war.
Age group differences in learning-related activity reflect task stage, not learning stage.

Abstract Healthy aging is accompanied by declines in the ability to learn associations between events, even when their relationship cannot be described. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have attributed these implicit associative learning (IAL) deficits to differential engagement of the hippocampus and basal ganglia in older relative to younger adults in early and late stages of the task, respectively. However, these task stages have been confounded with age group differences in learning performance that emerge later and to a lesser degree in older adults. To disentangle the effects of task stage from learning stage (i.e., when there is significant evidence of learning) on age group differences in the neural substrates of IAL, we acquired fMRI data while 28 younger (20.8 ± 2.3 years) and 22 older (73.6 ± 6.8 years) healthy adults completed the Triplets Learning Task, in which the location of two cues predicted the location of a target with high (HF) or low (LF) frequency. When matched for task stage, results revealed worse learning performance and increased IAL-related activity in the hippocampus during the early stage and in the globus pallidum during the late stage in older relative to younger adults. However, when matched for learning stage, there were no significant age group differences in learning performance or IAL-related activity. Thus, although learning emerges later for older adults, they are engaging similar brain regions as younger adults when learning the associations, suggesting that previous reports of age group differences reflect effects of age on task stage, but not learning stage.