cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technological Development in the Developing Countries

The current process of technological transfer with limited adaptation from the developed to the less developed countries is questioned. The most important features of the economic environment of the less developed countries—the levels of per capita output and consumption, the availability of capital per worker, and the rising trends in unemployment—are reviewed. The implications are sketched for the development of a technology appropriate to the developing context, appropriate in the capital intensity of its production techniques and in the design of its products. The man-machine system focus of human factors researchers is seen as potentially very productive in these questions.
Success of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy in disk displacement with and without reduction

Forty-three subjects with disk displacement without reduction (DNR) or disk displacement with reduction (DWR) underwent arthroscopic lysis and lavage of the temporomandibular joints. Both groups of subjects were assessed by clinical examination, a questionnaire, and joint imaging, to determine the impact of internal derangement type (DWR vs DNR) on postsurgical outcome. There were no significant differences in postsurgical outcomes between the two groups of meniscal disorders with respect to clinical and questionnaire data. However, the DNR group generally exhibited a smoother, less erratic recovery. After surgery dramatic improvements were in range of motion, pain, and function in both groups, although some level of residual pain and dietary limitation remained in approximately half the subjects. The incidence of joint sounds and deviation were not improved by surgery. Significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to imaging results. Arthroscopy had little effect on the disk positions of DNR subjects: 84% were unchanged after surgery, and the remaining 16% were improved. The disk position of DWR subjects appeared more labile, with 31% unchanged, 38% worsened, and 31% improved.
PGE2/TXB2 imbalance in neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Background: An imbalance of vaso-constrictor and -dilator mediators has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the pulmonary hypertension accompanying neonatal hypoxemic respiratory failure (NHRF). Aim: To characterize plasma PGE2, TXB2 and their ratio in normal newborns and in those with NHRF. Methods: Twenty newborns with NHRF received inhaled PGE1 (IPGE1) by jet nebulizer in doses of 25, 50, 150 and 300 ng/kg/min followed by weaning. Blood for PGE2 and TXB2 assay using EIA was available in 8 neonates with NHRF prior to IPGE1. Umbilical cord arterial samples were also obtained at delivery from 10 normal newborns to serve as controls. Results: Compared to normal newborns, those with NHRF had significantly lower PGE2/TXB2 ratios after controlling for preterm gestation ( 1.0 in all subjects in the Control group (range 1.1–5.2). Conclusions: Lower PGE2/TXB2 ratio in subjects with NHRF compared with controls reflects a predominance of vaso-constrictor activity in these patients as the basis of pulmonary hypertension. Plasma PGE2/TXB2 ratio may have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of NHRF.
Application of the quantum clock of Salecker and Wigner to the “tunneling time problem”

Abstract Peres used Salecker and Wigner's prescription for a quantum clock in a theoretical study of time-of-flight determination of the velocity of a free particle. In the present paper, the quantum clock is applied to a closely related problem, determination of the average time spent inside a one-dimensional potential barrier V(z)Θ(z)Θ(d-z) by initially free “incident” electrons of energy E. For an opaque rectangular barrier straightforward application of the approach leads to a “clocked” result that differs by orders of magnitude from the result postulated by Buttiker for the average “intrinsic” dwell time τD(0,d;E). It is shown that this difference can be eliminated by appropriate choice of initial state for the ensemble of identical clocks and by applying to their average behaviour when coupled to tunneling particles the calibration determined for the corresponding ensemble of freely running clocks. The difference that persists for more transparent barriers is attributed, following Peres, to perturbation of the clock and/or particle dynamics during the measurement process. It is most serious in the limit d→0 where the ratio of clocked to intrinsic times peaks at a value of about 1.6. Because of the nonlinear relation between “actual” time (i.e. the parameter t in the Schrodinger equation) and uncalibrated clock time it does not seem possible to decompose the mean dwell time for an opaque barrier as “measured” by the quantum clock approach considered here into individual components associated with transmitted and reflected particles. This is consistent with the point of view that the “tunneling time”, which refers only to the transmitted particles, is not a meaningful concept within conventional interpretations of quantum mechanics.
Limits on the lunar temperature profile

Limits on the selenotherm are estimated using (1) a preferred set of bounds on the lunar electrical conductivity profile; (2) published laboratory conductivity vs. temperature data for an olivine and several aluminous orthopyroxenes; and (3) estimates for the Al2O3 content of the deep interior suggested by bulk composition models. The inferred limits are narrowest in the depth range 450 to 1350 km and are in accord with independent geophysical constraints. Thermal history models which yield present-day selenotherms that are in best agreement with these limits are those which permit subsolidus convection at depths greater than 800 km in the moon.
The role of duplex ultrasound in the workup of pelvic congestion syndrome.

Background Pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS) imaging workup algorithms are not well-defined. The purpose of our study is to gauge the impact and accuracy of duplex ultrasound (DU) to assist in the diagnosis of PCS. Methods We reviewed the records of 48 patients with PCS seen at a vein center from June 2010 to June 2012. All patients had DU plus either computed tomography venography (CTV) or conventional venography (CV). Measurements of the left (LOV) and right ovarian vein (ROV) diameter and the presence or absence of ovarian vein reflux were obtained using DU and compared with either CTV or CV to assess sensitivity and specificity. An ovarian vein diameter >6 mm was considered abnormal. Results All patients were female (29 Caucasians, 18 Hispanic, and 1 Asian). The mean number of pregnancies was 3 (range, 1-5). All patients had lower extremity varicose veins, and 14 (29%) had vulvar varicosities. Thirty-four (71%) patients reported pelvic pain, 22 (46%) dyspareunia, 2 (4%) dysuria, and 1 (2%) hematuria. The median diameter of the LOVs and ROVs measured using DU compared with either CTV/CV were similar (DU, 8.6 and 5.6; CTV/CV, 8.3 and 6). The sensitivity and specificity of DU to demonstrate a dilated LOV were 100% and 57%, and for the ROV were 67% and 90%. Pelvic varicosities were identified in all but one patient with good correlation between DU and CV. Conclusions DU has a high sensitivity to identify an abnormal LOV diameter that is greatly reduced when evaluating the ROV; however, the latter can be evaluated with another imaging modality such as CTV especially when DU results are equivocal or negative. A moderate specificity was found to determine both LOV and ROV abnormal diameters. All three imaging modalities are equally accurate to show the presence of pelvic varices.
Automated synthesis and characterization of diverse libraries of macroporous alumina

This paper describes the combinatorial fabrication of porous alumina membranes by electrochemical synthesis. Combinatorial methods were successfully applied to generate a 256 member library of porous aluminum oxide with different pore sizes and pore densities. An alternating anodization and etching sequence was performed. Diversity within the library was achieved by changing the anodization time, the number of etching and anodization steps and the applied potential during anodization. It could be shown that the pore size strongly depends on the anodization potential and the uniformity of the pores depends on the last anodization time. A new combinatorial system and approach are presented which have advantages over previous cells and methods in a variety of electrochemical research applications.
Retinal Vessel Alterations and Cerebral White Matter Microstructural Damage in Obese Adolescents With Metabolic Syndrome

Importance Cerebral white matter (WM) damage has been reported in childhood obesity and in metabolic syndrome (MetS) but mechanisms remain unclear. Objectives To ascertain whether adolescents with MetS have retinal vessel alterations and if the anticipated reductions in retinal arteriolar diameter are associated with diminished cerebral WM microstructural integrity and to test a model for vascular etiology of the WM abnormalities. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study of the brain correlates of obesity and related metabolic disease in youths. This study was conducted at the Brain, Obesity, and Diabetes Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York. Thirty-nine obese adolescents with MetS and 51 matched adolescents without MetS received comprehensive endocrine, neuropsychological, retinal vessel, and diffusion tensor imaging–based cerebral WM evaluations. Main Outcomes and Measures Retinal arteriolar diameter, cerebral WM microstructural integrity, waist circumference, and insulin resistance. Results Obese adolescents with MetS had significant reductions in retinal arteriolar diameter relative to adolescents without MetS (mean [SD] central retinal arteriolar equivalent, 182.35 [16.10] vs 198.62 [19.03] μm, respectively; P r 2 = 0.335; ∆ F 1,83 = 70.79; P rp [85] = −0.661; P Z = −2.56; P = .01). Consistent with our prior report of nondiabetic adolescents with MetS, we also uncovered cerebral WM microstructural damage. These subtle WM changes were associated with reductions in retinal arteriolar diameter, a proxy for cerebral microvascular health (3150 voxels or 3.15 cm 3 ; P Conclusions and Relevance We document, for the first time to our knowledge, the associations between retinal vessel alterations and subclinical WM pathology among obese adolescents with MetS. This suggests that the subtle WM pathology in adolescents with MetS may have a vascular origin. Future work should include direct assessments of cerebral microvascular health.
Phagostimulants for larvae of the mimosa webworm, Homadaula anisocentra.

The chemical constituents of honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos L., leaves were investigated as feeding stimulants for larvae of Homadaula anisocentra Meyrick. A water-soluble fraction evoked a significant feeding response. Several sugars and amino acids were present in this extract, but only sucrose and fructose stimulated feeding significantly; several amino acids stimulated feeding to a lesser degree. The presence of other active watersoluble constituents is probable, but none was isolated during this study. A chloroform-soluble fraction from the leaves apparently synergized the activity of sugars and other water-soluble constituents but was relatively inactive itself.
Somatic damage to the X chromosome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans induced by gamma radiation

Wild-type male embryos and young larvae of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were more sensitive than wild-type hermaphrodites to inactivation by gamma rays; wild-type males have one X chromosome per cell (XO), whereas wild-type hermaphrodites have two (XX). Furthermore, after transformation into fertile hermaphrodites by a her-1 mutation, XO animals were more radiosensitive than XX her-1 animals; and XX animals transformed into fertile males by a tra-1 mutation did not show increased radiosensitivity. It is concluded that wild-type males are more radiosensitive than wild-type hermaphrodites because they have one X chromosome rather than two, and the predominant mode of inactivation of XO animals involves damage to the single X chromosome. No sex-specific differences in survival were observed after UV irradiation.
Understanding how transcriptional enhancers work.

The regulation of transcription plays a central and critical part in differential gene expression. Transcription initiation is often modulated by control sequences called 'enhancers' that may be located either upstream or downstream of a promoter and at considerable distance from the promoter. These enhancers provide binding sites for regulatory proteins. Although enhancers are often thought of as distinguishing features of eukaryotic transcription, the expression of many bacterial genes is controlled by multiple, distal regulatory sequences [1]. Analysis of such bacterial systems has been particularly illuminating because these transcription reactions can be studied in vitro using purified proteins and well defined DNA substrates. Recent biochemical studies of the transcription of several bacterial genes have provided a clear molecular view of how activator proteins bound at enhancers can communicate with RNA polymerase bound at a distant promoter to modulate transcription initiation.
Immobilization of excess alternative to glass

The United States plans to immobilize several metric tons of excess weapons plutonium in a solid matrix. The selected material must achieve the short‐term goal of deterring proliferation through theft or host‐nation reuse, and the long‐term goal of preventing plutonium exposures over geologic time. The Department of Energy, after internal review, has recently decided on Synroc, a crystalline ceramic, to immobilize the plutonium. This paper presents an independent technical comparison of glass versus ceramic immobilization options, and reaches similar conclusions to those of the Department of Energy. On a technical basis, Synroc performs better than glass in a number of areas. It is more proliferation resistant than glass due to the more complicated and less well‐known extraction process that would be required to separate the plutonium. Synroc is more chemically durable than borosilicate glass and can dissolve more depleted uranium than glasses to address future criticality problems. Now that the Departmen...
Gravimetrical and Mycological Investigations of Soil Suspensions in the Soil Dilution Plate Technique

Summary Certain common methods used for agitating and sampling soil suspensions in the dilution plate method were tested gravimetrically for accuracy and precision and compared mycologically on the basis of colony counts. No method could be relied upon for gravimetrically representative samples and in general methods with high precision were very biased and those with low bias were very variable. Some methods, such as magnetic stirring of soil in a viscous diluent, were better overall methods on the gravimetric criterion. Pipette samples underestimated and dipper samples overestimated the weight of soil in the primary suspension. Continuous agitation during sampling was essential for the highest colony counts and permitting settling for 4–5 min significantly decreased counts. Viscous diluents and other minor refinements were not significant improvements mycologically. In a comparison between a positively biased sampling method and a negatively biased one, transferring only one quarter as much soil from the primary soil suspension, no significant difference in colony counts occurred. The possible interpretations of this are discussed.
Cracking of coated materials under transient thermal stresses

The crack problem for a relatively thin layer bonded to a very thick substrate under thermal shock conditions is considered. The effect of surface cooling rate is studied by assuming the temperature boundary condition to be a ramp function. Among the crack geometries considered are the edge crack in the coating layer, the broken layer, the edge crack going through the interface, the undercoat crack in the substrate and the embedded crack crossing the interface. The primary calculated quantity is the stress intensity factor at various singular points and the main variables are the relative sizes and locations of cracks, the time, and the duration of the cooling ramp. The problem is solved and rather extensive results are given for two material pairs, namely a stainless steel layer welded on a ferritic medium and a ceramic coating on a steel substrate.
PUBLISHED SCHOLARSHIP ON MARITAL THERAPY

This article is a content analysis of 10 prominent marital and family therapy journals during a 6-year period. Marital therapy articles were the focus of the analysis. Prolific authours, institutions, types of articles being published, and publication outlet were described. The aim is to survey the field and facilitate future scholarship.
Effective scaling regime for compution the correlating dimension from chaotic time series

Abstract In the analysis of chaotic time series, a standard technique is to reconstruct an image of the original dynamical system using delay coordinates. If the original dynamical system has an attractor, then the correlation dimension D2 of its image in the reconstruction can be estimated using the Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm. The quality of the reconstruction can be probed by measuring the length of the linear scaling region used in this estimation. In this paper we show that the quality is constrained by both the embedding dimension m and, more importantly, by the delay time τ. For a given embedding dimension and a finite time series, there exists a maximum allowed delay time beyond which the size of the scaling region is no longer reliably discernible. We derive an upper bound for this maximum delay time. Numerical experiments on several model chaotic time series support the theoretical argument. They also clearly indicate the different roles played by the embedding dimension and the delay time in the reconstruction. As the embedding dimension is increased, it is necessary to reduce the delay time substantially to guarantee a reliable estimate of D2. Our results imply that it is the delay time itself, rather than the total observation time (m − 1)τ, which plays the most critical role in the determination of the correlation dimension.
Simulation and Diagnosis of the Regional Summertime Precipitation Climatology of South America

Abstract The regional precipitation climatology of South America during austral summer is studied by means of an R30 general circulation model (GCM). Results from perpetual January experiments, which differ only in their distributions of topography and sea surface temperature (SST), are presented. The precipitation field of the most realistic experiment compares well with the observed January precipitation climatology of South America. reproducing, in particular, five regions of maximum precipitation. To understand how structure in the surface conditions is mapped onto the precipitation field. the results of the three GCM experiments are compared. Continentality, through the generation of a thermal low, is responsible for much of the structure in the modeled precipitation field of South America. Topography introduces orographic precipitation maxima in the Central and Southern Andes and modifies precipitation rates elsewhere. Longitudinal structure in SSTs, which is also largely an expression of continenta...
Effect of alanine concentration independent of changes in insulin and glucagon on alanine and glucose homeostasis in the conscious dog.

The effect of an alanine load per se on hepatic alanine balance and hepatic glucose production is unclear. To examine this question, alanine was infused into six postabsorptive dogs at a rate of 6 μmol/kg-min, while maintaining insulin and glucagon levels using the pancreatic clamp technique. The arterial alanine concentration rose from a basal level of 227 ± 16 μmol/L to 497 ± 40 μmol/L during alanine infusion (P < .01). The net hepatic fractional extraction of alanine remained unchanged, while hepatic alanine uptake increased from 3.0 ± 0.3 to 6.0 ± 0.4 μmol/kg-min (P < .01). Conversion of alanine into glucose increased 87% to 2.7 ± 0.3 μmol/kg-min during alanine infusion (P < .01) while gluconeogenic efficiency remained essentially unchanged. Despite the increased gluconeogenic rate, the total rate of glucose production was unchanged. These data suggest that an increase in the alanine load to the liver causes a proportional increase in net hepatic alanine uptake and the gluconeogenic rate, but that in an overnight fasted animal this increase is insufficient to significantly increase glucose production.
Industrialization and the Transformation of American Life: A Brief Introduction. By Jonathan Rees. (New York, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2013. Pp. xix, 138. $26.95.)

For many, the profound changes brought on by the Civil War—emancipation, triumph of the free‐market system, and a more proactive government, if but for a fleeting moment—mark a definitive change in...
Invariant subspaces of Toeplitz operators with piecewise continuous symbols

Sufficient conditions are found for the existence of nontrivial in- variant subspaces for Toeplitz operators with piecewise continuous symbols. The results are obtained by estimating the norm of the resolvents.
Characterization of directionally solidified Hg1-xZnxSe semiconducting alloys

Hg(1-x)Zn(x)Se alloys with composition between x = 0.08 and 0.115 were synthesized from elemental constituents and were resolidified using a Bridgman-Stockbarger growth technique. By performing precision mass-density measurements on selected wafers cut perpendicular to the growth axis, it was shown that the axial compositional profiles fit a numerical solution to the 1D diffusion equation which takes into account the variation of interface velocity with time. Infrared transmission-edge measurements performed on selected transverse slices from each ingot showed that the relative radial variations in composition decreased with decreasing growth rate. Van der Pauw measurements on selected wafers showed that the 10 exp 18/cu cm electron concentration, typical of as-grown crystals, could be reduced by approximately an order of magnitude by annealing in Se vapor.
The structures of molecules in excited electronic states

Abstract A rule originally due to Walsh for predicting the shapes of electronically excited molecules can also be derived from structure theory based on the second-order Jahn-Teller effect. The first excited state of a molecule containing n electrons should belong to the same point group as the ground state of a similar molecule containing n + 1 or n + 2 electrons. The rule is tested by examining recent information on structures of excited states.
Nitric oxide-endothelin-1 interactions after surgically induced acute increases in pulmonary blood flow in intact lambs

Several congenital heart defects require surgery that acutely increases pulmonary blood flow (PBF). This can lead to dynamic alterations in postoperative pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and can...
On the Role of Neighboring Group Participation and Ortho Esters in β-Xylosylation: 13C NMR Observation of a Bridging 2-Phenyl-1,3-dioxalenium Ion.

The role of ortho esters in the formation of 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-β-xylopyranosides from various donor/promoter pairs has been investigated. It is concluded that for the activation of sulfoxides with Tf2O, thioglycosides with PhSOTf, and bromides with AgOTf the anomeric configuration of the donor is of no consequence on the outcome of the reaction. In all methods studied, the presence or absence of a non-nucleophilic, hindered base is of crucial importance with ortho esters only being discernible in its presence. S-Phenyl 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-1-deoxy-1-thia-β-d-xylopyranoside was synthesized enriched with 13C at each of the three carbonyl carbons. Activation of this thioglycoside with PhSOTf in CD2Cl2 at −78 °C with or without the base permits, for the first time, the observation by 13C NMR spectroscopy of a bridging dioxalenium ion as an intermediate in a neighboring group directed glycosylation. Quenching of this cation in the presence of the base leads to the ortho ester, whereas in the absence of the ba...
In situ infrared external reflection spectroscopy as a probe of the interactions at the liquid-solid interface of long-chain alkanethiol monolayers at gold

The in situ infrared external reflection spectra of a monolayer film of n-octadecanethiol at gold in aqueous and various nonaqueous solvents are reported. Differences in the peak positions and widths of bands in the C-H stretching region relative to an ex situ (dry N{sub 2} atmosphere) spectrum provide preliminary insights into the interactions between solvent and monolayer. Changes in the width and positions of the CH{sub 3} stretches, which qualitatively correlate with the polarizability of the solvent, suggest a slight increase in conformational disorder near the chain terminus.
Species and Stockpile Initiation Date Effects on Yield and Nutritive Value of Irrigated Cool-season Grasses

Stockpiling forage for fall and winter grazing can extend the grazing season and reduce costs associated with harvesting, storing, and feeding forages. The objectives of this study were to determine species, stockpile initiation date, and winter harvest date effects on yield and nutritive value of eight cool-season grasses grown under irrigated conditions near North Platte, NE. Treatments included stockpile initiation dates of15 July or 15 August and winter harvest dates of mid-November, December, January, and February arranged in a split-plot design. Stockpiled dry matter (DM) yield for the eight grass species ranged from 3.79 to 5.19 Mgha -1 in 2005 and from 3.68 to 4.54 Mgha -1 in 2006. Delaying initiation of stockpiling from 15 July to 15 August resulted in 30% less DM yield in November (P < 0.05). In 2005, stockpiled DM yield declined 18% from November to February while the decline was 24% for the same period in 2006. Species did not respond consistently to treatment effects for nutritive value of the stockpiled herbage. Herbage crude protein (CP) in November and December was greater when stockpiling was initiated in August (132 g kg -1 ) compared with July (112 g kg -1 ; P < 0.01). Initiating stockpiling in August resulted in greater in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) throughout the winter period (P < 0.05). Late summer and fall growth of irrigated cool-season grasses and retention of adequate levels of nutrients supports their possible use as stockpiled forages in this area. However, cost-effectiveness of stockpiling grazing declines as hay value increases. Stockpiled forage grazing during the early part of the winter period (November and December) would be most advantageous because of weathering losses.
The Use of Topical Fluorides to Prevent Dental Caries in Adults: A Review of the Literature

Many studies have been done concerning the benefits of fluorides in children, but only limited conclusions can be drawn about the benefits in adults.
Scale-up and On-line Monitoring of Gas-solid Systems Using Advanced and Non-invasive Measurement Techniques

Abstract Industry relieson gas-solid systems for numerous processes. Flow dynamics play an important role in achieving the desired results. The present study proposes, validates and demonstrates a novel mechanistic scale-up approach based on maintaining similar radial profile or cross sectional distribution of gas holdup in two different gas-solid systems in order to achieve hydrodynamics similarity using advanced measurement techniques. This new methodology for scale-up and design has been implemented on gas-solid spouted bed which has been used for drying, granulation and coating. The development can be extrapolated to other gas-solid systems encountered in phosphate processes.
Studies on the Local Structure of Dilute 3d Transition Metal Ternary Dopants in L12 Ordered Ni3Al-Based Alloys

We have utilized the technique of XAFS to study the local environment of transition metal (TM) temary dopants (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe and Co) in Ni 75 TM x Al 25-x . In γ- Ni 3 Al, the first shell around Al consists of 12 Ni atoms. Ni is surrounded by 8 Ni and 4 Al atoms. In all cases, the dopant K-edge XAFS results show only Ni backscattering contribution in the first peak of the Fourier transform. Al backscattering contribution is either completely absent or is so weak that it is masked by the strong dopant-Ni bond. The number of Ni near neighbors suggests that for Ti, V, Cr, Mn and Fe absorbers, a majority of the dopant atoms occupy the Al sublattice. However, even in the case of Co dopants where studies by others indicate that the Co atoms occupy the Ni sublattice, no Al backscattering contribution can be detected. Also, the XANES of the various dopants exhibit a special feature at the edge, which appears to be due to p-d mixing.
The extended finite element method (XFEM) for solidification problems

An enriched finite element method for the multi-dimensional Stefan problems is presented. In this method the standard finite element basis is enriched with a discontinuity in the derivative of the temperature normal to the interface. The approximation can then represent the phase interface and the associated discontinuity in the temperature gradient within an element. The phase interface can be evolved without re-meshing or the use of artificial heat capacity techniques. The interface is described by a level set function that is updated by a stabilized finite element scheme. Several examples are solved by the proposed method to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite Films of Surfactants, Nafion, and Proteins with Electrochemical and Enzyme Activity

Stable, functional composite films were made from the ionomer Nafion, water-insoluble surfactants, and heme proteins or the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Rates of electron transfer between myoglobin (Mb) and hemoglobin (Hb) and edge plane pyrolytic graphite (PG) electrodes in these composite films were much larger than those for Hb and Mb in solution on Nafion-coated or bare PG electrodes. Films containing Nafion, didodecydimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), and hemoglobin or myoglobin retained about 90% of the initial redox activity during 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C. DDAB is arranged in lamellar liquid crystal bilayers in these films at 25 °C, which were more stable than films of the proteins and DDAB alone. Films of Nafion−lecithin−Cyt c on edge plane PG also had good electrochemical properties but were much less stable. Electronic and vibrational spectra indicate that the heme proteins are not denatured in the composite films, but conformational differences from the native state may exist. Linear dichroism...
A causal relationship between pre-treatment matching or motor imitation skills and later acquisition of manual signing or picture exchange communication in children with ASD remains to be established

Abstracted from: Gregory, M. K., DeLeon, I. G., & Richman, D. M. (2009). The influence of matching and motor-imitation abilities on rapid acquisition of manual signs and exchange-based communication responses, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 42, 399–404. Source of funding: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Trace elements in ancient human bone and associated soil using NAA

The elemental composition of 44 human bone samples and 56 soil samples from the Pre-Colombian Tutu site, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands were determined by neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Soils from the site were analyzed for the purpose of assessing diagenetic change in the bone samples after deposition. Twenty two elements were observed in the Tutu bones. The compositional data will be considered for use, along with other archaeological information, to aid in dietary reconstruction at the Tutu site.
Test and Diagnosis Procedure for Digital Networks

Fundamental to the usefulness of any device, instrument or system are the initial verification of its correct functioning and the maintenance of its performance during ing operation. The following discussion is concerned with such problems of initial verification and maintenance for digital systems. Systems can fail to function properly either because of incorrect specification, design, or implementation; or else because of physical deterioration or damage. Problems caused by incorrect specification are extremely difficult to deal with formally. Many cases of faulty design or implementation can be detected either by formal analysis techniques (e.g., logic circuit analysis) or by simulation methods. Of course, actual physical implentations such as integrated circuits must be subjected to measurement before final acceptance. This process of measuring the output response with specified signals applied to the inputs is called testing and is useful both for initial acceptance and also for verification of continued validity during use.
Biosynthesis of reovirus-specified polypeptides: The reovirus s1 mRNA encodes two primary translation products

Abstract Reovirus serotypes 1 (Lang strain) and 3 (Dearing strain) code for a hitherto unrecognized low-molecular-weight polypeptide of M r ∼ 12,000. This polypeptide (p12) was synthesized in vitro in L-cell-free protein synthesizing systems programmed with either reovirus serotype 1 mRNA, reovirus serotype 3 mRNA, or with denatured reovirus genome double-stranded RNA, and in vivo in L-cell cultures infected with either reovirus serotype. The synthesis of p12 in vivo was insensitive to actinomycin D, and occurred at similar times after infection as the previously identified reovirus encoded λ, μ, and σ polypeptides. Pulse-chase experiments in vivo , and the relative kinetics of synthesis of p12 in vitro , indicate that it is a primary translation product. Fractionation of reovirus mRNAs by velocity sedimentation and translation of separated mRNAs in vitro suggests that p12 is coded for by the sl mRNA, which also codes for the previously recognized σ 1 polypeptide. Synthesis of both p12 and a, in vitro in L-cell-free protein synthesizing systems programmed with denatured reovirus genome double-stranded RNA also suggests that these two polypeptides can be coded by the same mRNA species. The M r ∼ 12,000 ∼ypeptide was not a detectable structural component of purified virions, and antiserum prepared against purified reovirions did not immunoprecipitate p12. It is proposed that the M r ∼ 12,000 polypeptide encoded by the Sl genome segment be designated σ 1bNS and that the polypeptide previously designated σ 1 be renamed σ 1a .
Optical Activity of Nascent Twisted Allene and its Induction by Circularly Polarized Light

The evolution of optically active twisted allene (D2 symmetry) from orthogonal (D2d) and planar (D2h) structures is traced by construction of “chiral” molecular orbitals as a function of the twist angle. By substitution it is shown that cis-L, cis-R, trans-L and trans-R enantiomers are all possible. The consistency of these orbitals is shown by their interconversion upon mirror reflection and their reduction to those of orthogonal and planar allenes. For a doubly degenerate excited state in D2d, it is demonstrated that the Jahn—Teller effect due to the torsional vibration of pseudoscalar symmetry can have an equal chance of generating left or right (D2) enantiomers in a symmetrical double-well potential. A second-order interaction with circularly polarized light, that is also of pseudoscalar symmetry, is derived and shown to destroy theoretically the parity of the double-well resulting in a preference for one enantiomer over the other. The magnitude of this radiative interaction and the time factors relative to tunneling frequency are briefly discussed. Potential use of this pseudoscalar and “chiral” vibration in allene as a surrogate for circularly polarized light in asymmetric synthesis is alluded to.
Simplified Models for Induction Machine Transients under Balanced and Unbalanced Conditions

Several simplified models of induction machines are presented. Included is a novel second-order model, which reduces the computational requirements previously considered necessary to predict electrical rotor transients, as well as mechanical transients. It is shown that the reduced-order models can be readily adapted to unbalanced voltage inputs without raising model order, thus providing increased flexibility. The model responses are compared for symmetrical voltage dips, start-up, and a sudden single-phasing condition.
Loss of viral receptors in homologous interference by ultraviolet-irradiated Newcastle disease virus.

Abstract When homologous interference is established in chick cells through the use of ultraviolet-irradiated Newcastle disease virus, the host cells lose their ability to adsorb active virus. After adsorption of about 10 irradiated particles per cell, specific anti-NDV serum can restore the cells to their original infectible state if employed within 30 minutes after exposure to the interfering agent. The ability of cells to adsorb virus was still absent 49 hours after the addition of irradiated virus. The induction of interference was shown to be temperature-dependent and there was some correlation between the enzymatic activity of the virus and its interfering ability. The data suggest that the interfering agent modifies the cell surface from an extracellular position.
Purchasing habits of senior farmers' market shoppers: utilizing the theory of planned behavior.

The purpose of this study was to understand fresh fruit and vegetable purchasing habits among senior farmers' market shoppers using the theory of planned behavior. A survey instrument was developed to collect information on seniors' fruit and vegetable purchasing habits. A convenience sample of seniors shopping at farmers' markets was employed. A total of 184 surveys were collected. Respondents were divided into two groups based on response to a question of whether they received Senior Farmers' Market Nutritional Program (SFMNP) checks: 35 were on the SFMNP and 149 were not. Results indicated attitudes, subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were all significantly correlated with intentions at the p < 0.01 level. Attitude had the strongest association with intentions (0.730), followed by PBC (0.666) and SN (0.587). Regression analysis was significant and explained 66% of the variance (F = 86.151, p < 0.001, adjusted R square = 0.656). Results indicated attitude to be the strongest p...
The negotiative dimension of teaching: teachers sharing power with the less powerful

Abstract The present study examined my relations with students when I went back to the classroom as an elementary teacher during my sabbatical as a university teacher educator. The data consists of journal entries and reflections on those entries. My interpretation of the data reflects interactionist and critical perspectives. The goal of this research was for me to more deeply understand the complexity of teacher–student relations and, then, to use these ideas in my work as a teacher educator. My thesis is that teacher–student relations are characterized by a negotiative process that reflects the situational nature of the teacher–student relationship in the context of the larger political, historical and structural contexts of the teaching situation.
Thermodynamics of the dissociations of glycine in 50 mass % aqueous monoglyme from 5 to 55°C

Electromotive-force measurements on cells without liquid junction have been used to determine the pK1 and pK2 values of glycine in 50 mass % aqueous monoglyme at 11 temperatures from 5 to 55°C. The change in the first dissociation constant is given as a function of the thermodynamic temperatureT by the equation pK1=−2058.6/T+15.421−0.019169T, whereas that for the second dissociation constant is given by the equation pK2=1200.5/T+6.7211−0.0042897T. At 25°C, the pK1 is 2.806 in the mixed solvent, as compared with 2.350 in water; hence, protonated glycine becomes a weaker acid in the mixed solvent. The pK2 is 9.453 in the mixed solvent, whereas that in water is 9.780, suggesting that the second dissociation process becomes stronger in terms of acidity. The thermodynamic quantities ΔGo, ΔHo, ΔSo, and ΔCpo have been calculated, and the results have been discussed with respect to preferential solvation and also compared with similar data for the same two processes in 50 mass % methanol.
Effort rewarding incentive mechanisms for public enterprise managers

Abstract Management incentive schemes leading to welfare optimal pricing and efficient production of public enterprises have so far been mainly concerned with the information advantages that public enterprise managers hold over their supervising government or central planning agency. Managers under these schemes are induced to improve their firm's performance in adjustment processes which in the limit lead to optimal firm decisions. Such managers are supposed to be income maximizers disregarding any personal effort which could influence their performance and utility. In this paper I show that two incentive schemes recently proposed by Tam (1981) and Finsinger and Vogelsang (1982) can also help to induce managers to provide an optimal level of effort. Here effort is assumed to reduce managers' utility and the firm's costs. The result depends crucially on myopic managerial utility maximization. Once managers maximize the discounted value of future utility levels they will deviate from the optimal behavior. Under Tam's scheme, this can hold independent of the optimal effort level. Under the Finsinger-Vogelsang performance index managers will always show suboptimal effort levels in a steady state equilibrium, because the index only rewards welfare improvements. Effort, however, has to be rewarded even with no improvement in behavior. An improved performance index, which provides cumulative rewards is shown to be strategy proof and lead to a welfare optimum. This reward structure basically treats managers as if they were private entrepreneurs. It looks extremely generous in that it gives managers the fruits of all costs reductions due to increases in effort. Suggestions are made to mitigate this income distributional impact.
A model of crossing-over based on alternately-oriented dipoles.

Abstract The model is built upon two formal postulates. (1) Alternately-oriented dipoles exist in meiotically dividing chromosomes, so that if the exposed polarities along a portion of one chromatid surface run + − + −, those on the opposite surface of the corresponding portion of the sister chromatid will run − + − +. Variations in spacing between dipoles offer a basis for unique code patterns on homologous chromosomes. (2) All incipient dipole loci are ready for polarity establishment at about the same time, so that one or more points may become established spontaneously, the orientation of dipoles to each side then being induced in waves of successive polarity establishments. Two such waves meeting out of phase produce a point of discordance in the pattern of alternate dipole orientations. Between concordant homologues, which lack such points of discordance, crossing-over can occur if synapsis begins between opposite combinations of pairing surfaces at two widely separated points. It is then necessary for the homologues to switch pairing surfaces abruptly at a point that becomes isolated as the homologues zipper together. A second variant of crossing-over occurs when one homologue is concordant throughout its length, while the other has a point of discordance. Synapsis can proceed from either end to the point of discordance, but beyond this point the homologues must combine to effect at 180° rotation before the dipole code patterns can continue to attract the homologues into tight synapsis. Again the bending of chromatids is isolated at a common point in both homologues, so that equal crossing-over at identical breakpoints is assured by both variants of the model. Possible extension of the model to permit a unified theory of mitotic and meiotic mechanisms is discussed.
A General Rollback Model for Regional Air Pollution Control Planning

A more general form of proportional model has been derived from the steady-state dispersion equation. Since the model is based on the diffusion model, it can take into account diffusion effects of stack height and spatial distribution of sources. The model, however, does not require so much input data and complex computations as does a diffusion model. In addition to the good features of a proportional model, namely, minimum input requirement and ease of handling, the model explicitly interrelates percentages and amounts of emission reduction with the resulting improvement in air quality. It is applicable for multicategory emission-source situations (for example industrial-residential emission sources) as well as for single-category emission situations (for example automotive emission sources). In the process of model formulation a number of new parameters such as growth factors and relative transfer coefficients are introduced and values of some of these parameters are determined. Several numerical examp...
Communicating with individuals with dementia. The impaired person's perspective

1 To better meet needs of individuals with dementia, caregivers should focus on receiving and interpreting verbal and nonverbal messages conveyed by the afflicted individuals. 2 Prior research has focused on enhancing communication from caregivers to individuals with dementia; however, the content and meaning of communication received from individuals with dementia remains largely unexplored. 3 This study demonstrates that individuals with dementia are able to transmit meaningful communication and this communication can be interpreted by others, making client-centered interventions possible with this population. 4 If care models based on communication interpretation techniques can be built, perhaps the needs of individuals with dementia can be better met, tensions reduced, problematic behaviors decreased, and quality of life enhanced.
Digital transformations and the archival nature of surrogates

Large-scale digitization is generating extraordinary collections of visual and textual surrogates, potentially endowed with transcendent long-term cultural and research values. Understanding the nature of digital surrogacy is a substantial intellectual opportunity for archival science and the digital humanities, because of the increasing independence of surrogate collections from their archival sources. The paper presents an argument that one of the most significant requirements for the long-term access to collections of digital surrogates is to treat digital surrogates as archival records that embody traces of their fluid lifecycles and therefore are worthy of management and preservation as archives. It advances a theory of the archival nature of surrogacy founded on longstanding notions of archival quality, the traces of their source and the conditions of their creation, and the functional “work of the archive.” The paper presents evidence supporting a “secondary provenance” derived from re-digitization, re-ingestion of multiple versions, and de facto replacement of the original sources. The design of the underlying research that motivates the paper and summary findings are reported separately. The research has been supported generously by the US Institute of Museum and Library Services.