cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyses on Integration of Wind Power into Gansu Power Grid

In recent years, wind power penetration into the grid has increased rapidly with abundant wind resources in Jiuquan, according to the policy of the Chinese government to “establish a ‘Hexi Wind Power Corridor’ and rebuild another Western ‘Terrestrial Three Gorges Dam’”. By the end of 2010, the total installed capacity of wind power in Jiuquan has reached 5160 MW. The wind farms are connected to 110 kV transmission network or above in Jiuquan, the studies of their impacts on the grid, in particular, the grid operation are becoming serious and urgent. Jiuquan is far away from the load center with a weak grid configuration, therefore issues such as transmission line overloading, local grid voltage fluctuation, and transient stability limitation are looming with large scale wind power integration. The power system dispatch and operation are influenced by the intermittent nature of the wind power, which should be regulated by the system reserves. This paper discusses the recent integration of wind power into the grid with a focus on the impact on the Gansu power grid operation. The paper also presents the measures to deal with these issues.
Inter‐organizational trust in EDI adoption: the case of Ford Motor Company and PBR Limited in Australia

Inter‐organizational‐systems such as EDI have been the main form of business to business e‐commerce application in the automotive industry for the last two decades. However, previous studies in EDI adoption mostly examined environmental, organizational and technological factors. This study examines behavioral dimensions of trading partner trust in EDI adoption via a qualitative interpretative case study conducted between an automotive manufacturer and their first tier supplier. While trading partner trust was observed to be an implicit factor embedded in pre‐arranged contractual agreements, the findings of this study suggests that trading partner trust is important for cooperative long term trading relationships and contributes to increased awareness on the importance of trading partner trust in EDI adoption.
Unlearning to not speak

We regret to inform our readers that Marianne (Tracy) Paget died of cancer in December 1989. She continued her work virtually until her death. She left a manuscript in which she writes about her own experiences with cancer. “The Text from Life”, which her colleagues and friends will have published. She was a courageous and remarkable scholar, a life long friend of this journal, and a dedicated phenomenologist. She will be greatly missed. The Editor.
Effects of norepinephrine on rat neocortical neurons in dissociated cell culture

Intracellular recordings were made from neurons in dissociated cell culture of neocortex during application of norepinephrine (NE) or other adrenergic agonists. In the population of neurons generally studied, greater than 18 micron in diameter, adrenergic agonists from 1 nM to 50 microM produced no change in membrane potential or input resistance 120 cells). Adrenergic agonists increased synaptic activity impinging on the impaled cell in 25/120 neurons (21%). In neurons in cocultures of locus coeruleus and cerebral cortex, again the same synaptic response to perfusion with NE was noted in 13/93 neurons (14%). In addition, direct effects of NE were noted on 6/93 neurons recorded from in cocultures, all close to the explant. In these cells, NE hyperpolarized the membrane in association with a small decrease in input resistance (11%). These responsive cells may have originated within the explant. A paradigm was used for testing the possibility of a responsive element in the cultures distinct from the impaled soma. 'Hot spots' were found using concentrations of isoproterenol as low as 10 nM.
CCD For Two-Dimensional Transform

With the ever increasing demand for image transmission and image storage, various algorithms for image data compression have been developed. 1 To transmit pictures at lower bandwidth or to minimize the memory size for storage, the image must be compressed by the removal of redundant information. Transform image coding has been proven to be an efficient method for image compression.2,3 In the basic transform image coding concept, an image is divided into small blocks of pixels and each block undergoes a two-dimensional transformation to produce an equal-sized array of transform coefficients. The coding process is then performed on the transformed block image. It has been shown that the compression factor of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) compares closely with that of the Karhunen-Loeve transform, which is considered to be the optima1.4 But, comparatively, using the fast cosine transform (FCT) algorithm, the implementation of DCT is much simpler. Therefore, in many transform coding systems a large amount of digital hardware is dedicated to perform the 2-D FCT, because it is believed to be the only practical approach to get close to optimal performance. This consideration leads the recent research efforts on the transform image coding concentrated on the improvement of the coding process only.
Feasibility of transdermal delivery of fluoxetine.

Feasibility of developing a transdermal drug delivery of fluoxetine has been investigated. Permeation studies of fluoxetine across human cadaver skin were carried out using Franz diffusion cells. The receptor phase consisted of pH 7.4 phosphate buffer maintained at 37°C. Permeation enhancement of fluoxetine, either in the salt or base form, was achieved using various enhancers like azone, SR-38, and ethanol. Various O/W microemulsion systems of fluoxetine were developed to study their effect on the skin permeation of fluoxetine. The results indicated that ethanol at 65% vol/vol was able to increase the permeation of fluoxetine the most, while microemulsion systems showed decrease in the permeation of fluoxetine. The permeation of fluoxetine obtained using a 65% vol/vol ethanolic solution was found to be sufficient to deliver the required dose (20–80 mg) from a patch of feasible size. The results seem promising for developing a transdermal drug delivery system of fluoxetine.
Toward a more complete understanding of offshoring: bringing employees into the conversation

The rapid increase in the practice of offshoring over the past decade has generated considerable debate about the consequences of this trend for the economy and for labor. A burgeoning literature examines a variety of issues related to offshoring; however, the majority have focused primarily on macro-level issues such as why organizations decide to offshore or why some ventures succeed and some fail. Very little research has examined the impact of exporting work on the attitudes and behaviors of employees in the destination country who are performing the work. We seek to address this gap in the literature by identifying the distinguishing characteristics of the offshore work environment and developing a theoretical framework for understanding destination workers' experiences and responses in this environment. Drawing on social identity theory and related research, we develop a multilevel model for explaining the antecedents and consequences of the identity conflicts that often arise among destination work...
SU‐GG‐T‐28: Physical Principles of Intensity Modulated Electronic Brachytherapy (IMEB)

Purpose: To describe a new collimator design and methodology for controlling the effective intensity of radiation produced by a microminiature x‐ray source which allows the modulation of dose distributions for electronic brachytherapy applications. Method and Materials: A close fitting, two‐section adjustable leadcollimator consisting of a lower cylindrical band and an upper cap was constructed for a 50kV electronic brachytherapy source (Xoft Inc., Fremont, CA) to provide controllable beam hardening and attenuation. Micro‐indexing the source through an indwelling catheter using variable step sizes, in combination with adjustment of the collimator gap width, modifies the resulting depth‐doses. Results: Depth dose increases with wider collimator aperture settings and for decreasing step sizes. For a multi‐stepped plan using step sizes of 1mm, the relative dose at 1cm depth was 0.50 for a gap of 0.5mm and 0.74 for a gap of 2.0mm. For a multi‐stepped plan with a constant 2mm aperture size, the relative dose at 1cm depth increased from 0.70 for a step size of 2.5mm to 0.74 for a step size of 1.0mm. Conclusion: Appropriate depth dose adjustment by microindexing and variable collimation of an electronic brachytherapy source facilitates the development of IMEB plans that can be made to conform to irregularly shaped tumor cavities or those closely bounded by critical structures. Conflict of Interest: Partial financial support was provided by Xoft, Inc.
Control of the activation/inactivation of pyruvate, Pi dikinase from the C4 plant maize by adenylate energy charge, pyruvate, and analogs of pyruvate*

Summary Pyruvate, Pi dikinase, which is localized in the mesophyll chloroplasts of C 4 plants, requires a high adenylate energy charge for conversion of the enzyme from the inactive to the active form. The inactivation process is favored by a low energy charge, being maximal at values below 0.7. Pyruvate and analogs of pyruvate, oxamate and oxalate, strongly inhibit the inactivation process at millimolar levels. The results suggest that light activation of the enzyme in vivo may be mediated by an increased adenylate energy charge in the chloroplast. Pyruvate may allow a higher steady-state level of activation to be achieved in vivo by inhibiting inactivation.
Liquid Ion Exchanger Membrane Electrode Sensitive to Perrhenate and Thiocyanate; U-Shaped Potentiometric Titration Curves

Abstract The Orion Perchlorate Ion Activity Electrode also is sensitive to perrhenate and thiocyanate activities. Response is Nernstian over several orders of magnitude, with detection limits about 10−6 F for perrhenate and 10−5 F for thiocyanate. Titrations can be carried out with ±0.5% relative standard deviations at the 10−1 to 10−2 F concentration level. Titration curves for addition of mercury (II) to thiocyanate, chloride, bromide, and iodide are U-shaped. The electrode appears to be highly sensitive to the anionic mercury-halide complexes formed in the early stages of these titrations. The data are consistent with the stabilities of the complexes.
Math Anxiety in the Classroom

(1981). Math Anxiety in the Classroom. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 106-110.
Multiple Daily Amphetamine Administration: Behavioral and Neurochemical Alterations

In rats, multiple daily amphetamine injections (2.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, injected subcutaneously every 4 hours for 5 days) resulted in a progressive augmentation in response, characterized by a more rapid onset and an increased magnitude of stereotypy. By contrast, offset times of both the stereotypy and the poststereotypy hyperactivity periods were markedly shortened. When the animals were retested with the same dose of amphetamine 8 days after the long-term treatment was discontinued, the time of offset of the stereotypy and hyperactivity phases had recovered to values found with short-term amphetamine treatment, whereas the more rapid onset of stereotypy persisted. Brain monoamine and amphetamine concentrations and tyrosine hydroxylase activity were determined in comparably treated rats at times corresponding to the behavioral observations. The behavioral data indicate that enhanced responsiveness to amphetamine following its repeated administration may contribute to the development of amphetamine psychosis.
Anomalous charge transport phenomena in molecular‐based magnet V(TCNE)x⋅y(solvent)

We present charge transport studies on recently developed molecular‐based magnets V(TCNE)x⋅y(solvent) (TCNE=tetracyanoethylene) which show local magnetic ordering at temperatures, T, as high as 400 K. V(TCNE)x⋅y(solvent) prepared from the solvent CH2Cl2 has σ(300 K)∼10−3 S/cm, and that prepared from the solvent CH3CN has σ(300 K)∼10−5 S/cm. The σ(T) of both materials follows the Mott 3D variable range hopping [log(T1/2σ)∝T−1/4] behavior. An anomalously strong T‐dependent ac conductivity is likely caused by the short‐range ferrimagnetic correlations. Cole–Cole analysis of the ac complex dielectric constant suggests there are two relaxation mechanisms, with an Arrhenius relation fitted to both. The microwave frequency response is consistent with audio frequency data and yields a localization length of ∼ 5 A, comparable with the dimensions of a [TCNE]−. group.
Separation and quantitation of isoquinoline alkaloids occurring in goldenseal

An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of hydrastinine, palmatine, berberine, hydrastine, and canadine, all alkaloid components known to be present in goldenseal root powder. Optimized separation was achieved on a Zorbax Eclipse-XDB column at 30°C using a mobile phase of 10 mM ammonium acetate/acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with ultraviolet detection at 235 nm. The method showed linearity for palmatine, berberine, hydrastine, and canadine at approximately 4–400 μg/mL, while hydrastinine was linear at approximately 4–80 μg/mL. Method precision and robustness were investigated. An example of an HPLC analysis of goldenseal root powder extract is presented here also. These studies indicate that the method described here is usable for analysis of goldenseal extracts.
3.3.3 TEAMING TECHNIQUES DERIVED FROM HUMAN SYSTEMS THEORY: NEUTRALITY, HYPOTHESIZING AND CIRCULARITY

Systems engineers who work effectively with teams of engineers and stakeholders can improve the efficiency of the overall engineering process. This paper discusses techniques that are used by human systems analysts to understand, guide and improve human interaction. Three cooperating principles: neutrality, hypothesizing and circularity, enacted through questioning strategies, are used to understand, validate and intervene in any human interaction situation. An example is given which shows how questioning with the aid of neutrality, hypothesizing and circularity can lessen a confrontational situation and improve human dialogue. A drill is also provided to help systems engineers practice and learn these techniques. If team members can learn these techniques, engineering communications problems will be lessened.
Brand Awareness and Attitudes Towards Political Advertisements in Sport Video Games

Due to the growth of the video game industry, the practice of in-game advertising, and the desirable game player demographics, then U.S. Presidential candidate Barack Obama placed early voting advertisements in a series of online sport video games during his 2008 presidential campaign. The purpose of this study was to examine the awareness of these political ads and the attitudes towards the ads when compared to advertisements featuring corporate brands. The results suggest there were higher levels of awareness for the political themed advertisements while attitude enhancement was more likely to occur for advertisements which featured corporate brands.
A quantitative method for the determination of the activities of mushroom tyrosinase

Abstract A sensitive, rapid, quantitative method for the determination of the activities of the bifunctional enzyme, mushroom tyrosinase (o-diphenol: O2 oxido-reductose, EC 1.10.3.1) has been developed. The spectrophotometric method utilizes p-cresol and 4-methyl catechol as substrates at pH 4.8. By maintaining this low pH value, the rates of the nonenzymic reactions are negligible during the course of the assay. Preliminary analysis of the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions gave typical results for both substrates: Lineweaver-Burk plots yielded straight lines and the initial velocities for the reactions were proportional to enzyme concentration. Tyrosinase preparations judged to be as pure as those previously reported could be assayed to enzyme concentrations as low as 1 mg/liter with p-cresol while catechol allowed lower concentrations to be assayed (0.3 mg/liter). The precise specific activities towards p-cresol and 4-methyl catechol were found to vary between enzyme solutions and were used to characterize enzyme preparations.
Implementing Fuzzy Logic in the Control of a Biologically Inspired Robotic Cat Leg

This research discusses the implementation of a fuzzy logic control system to drive the movement of a simplified cat leg model. The system’s movement in this paper addresses a planar motion where the model experiences a fixed horizontal velocity and a harmonic vertical displacement. The fuzzy logic (FL) controller applies membership functions to fuzzify the position and velocity errors and applies height defuzzification to generate the time dependant forcing function for the system’s horizontal and vertical governing equations. A PID controller is also applied as a benchmark for this research. Both controllers are optimized using the simplex method for which the FL controller performed just as well as the PID controller with more promise of accounting for the nonlinear influences that were neglected in this simplified cat leg model and requiring actuators with a lower required force range. This research provides the skeletal structure for which an effective total controller can be built on.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
The Rationality of Hegel's Concept of Monarchy

In this essay I argue that Hegel's concept of monarchy, far from being more evidence of his supposed abstract rationalism or deference to Prussia, is the most complete modern account of the necessary political conditions of a rational state. Hegel believed that the peculiar historical development of European monarchy made the rational state politically possible. Who rules is the fundamental political problem. Some person or persons must have the final power of decision, even in constitutional and parliamentary regimes, and thus stamp the regime with their own particular views. Hegel believed that only the constitutional monarch of a modern state, bom to sovereignty regardless of his personal abilities or constituencies, limited by harsh experience and public sentiments to legitimization of public acts, could depoliticize this final power of decision. This alone would allow unimpeded public administration according to rational legal standards. Marxist and technocratic dreams of rational administration will remain mere dreams as long as the dreamers offer no alternative solution to the fundamental political problem.
Theoretical aspects of solid hydrogen halides under pressure.

The electronic and dynamic properties of the solid phases of HF, HCl, and HBr under pressure are studied theoretically. A simple model is constructed so that the pressure-dependent properties of these systems and possibly other hydrogen-bonded systems can be studied in terms of a few parameters. The model predicts quite simply the pressure dependence of the stretching-mode frequency and the nature of the phase transition from the molecular hydrogen-bonded phase to a new symmetrical hydrogen-bonded (nonmolecular) phase. Quantum effects due to the light hydrogen atom are taken into account within a many-body Hartree approximation. New experimental data on the pressure dependence of the symmetric-stretching-mode frequency in HF is presented. The possibility of soliton formation is discussed and it is shown how pressure may act as a unique tuner to adjust the energetics of these nonlinear excitations. In addition, we report the results of our ab initio calculations of the total energy of ringlike structures of HF and the first ab initio pseudopotential calculation of the band structure and total energy of solid HBr. The calculations for HF are within the Hartree-Fock approximation, while those of solid HBr are within the local-density approximation and have been simplified by considering a linearmore » instead of a zigzag geometry. The use of the local-density approximation for hydrogen is also discussed.« less
Modelling control of crystal growth processes

Abstract The goal of this paper is to describe an efficient cost-effective mathematical modelfor controlling the Czochralski crystal growth process. We first consider the governing equations for a class of MHD problems. We then choose the use of an externally applied magnetic field as a control mechanism. We examine theoretical and numerical results applicable to the optimal control of evolutionary magnetically conducted flows. The appropriate state equations are derived. First-order necessary conditions are examined. Next, we develop numerical methods for solving the necessary conditions of optimality, and alternative cost-efficient algorithms are discussed. Finally, these results are used to design a control strategy for the Czochralski crystal growth process.
Generativity and transference heroics

Abstract One of the principal themes in John Kotre's Outliving the Self is the relationship between culture and generativity. This article summarizes Kotre's ideas about that relationship and then presents a perspective on the relationship between culture and generativity based on Ernest Becker's idea of transference heroics.
Starling's equation and bedside critical care.

Two landmark studies suggest that fluid management affects outcomes of critically ill patients. Early intravascular resuscitation reduced mortality of patients with sepsis/ systemic inflammatory response syndrome [1], whereas fluid restriction reduced duration of invasive ventilation of patients with lung injury [2]. Since sepsis is the most common cause of lung injury, these data may seem contradictory. Although future studies will clarify optimal end points of resuscitation, the purpose of this article is to review how Starling's equation explains and unifies these seminal observations [1,2]. Consider critical illness as metaphor with flood (resuscitation) and ebb (recovery) phases.
Solution Structure of a β-Peptide Ligand for hDM2

We recently reported a β-peptide foldamer, β53−1, that folds into a 14-helix in aqueous solution, binds the oncoprotein hDM2 with submicromolar affinity, and potently inhibits the interaction of hDM2 with a peptide derived from the activation domain of p53 (p53AD). Here, we present the solution structure of β53−1 in methanol. Details of the structure illustrate fundamental and novel elements of β-peptide folding and recognition. These elements include the detailed arrangement of a complex, 14-helix-stabilizing salt bridge on one helical face, and a unique “wedge into cleft” packing interaction along a second. The structure also reveals how a subtle distortion in the β53−1 14-helix geometry alters the presentation of its recognition epitope, rendering it particularly well suited for α-helix mimicry. The solution structure of β53−1 demonstrates that well folded β-peptide oligomers can effectively present an extended, highly variable surface that could be used as a general platform for targeting critical pro...
Mechanisms of spontaneous mutagenesis: An analysis of the spectrum of spontaneous mutation in the Escherichia coli lacI gene

Abstract We have obtained via DNA sequence analysis a spectrum of 174 spontaneous mutations occurring in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli . The spectrum comprised base substitution, frameshift, deletion, duplication and insertion mutations, of which the relative contributions to spontaneous mutation could be estimated. Two thirds of all lacI mutations occurred in the frameshift hotspot site. An analysis of the local DNA sequence suggested that the intensity of this hotspot may depend on structural features of the DNA that extend beyond those permitted by the repeated tetramer at this site. Deletions comprised the largest non-hotspot class (37%). They could be divided into two subclasses, depending on whether they included the lac operator sequence; the latter was found to be a preferred site for deletion endpoints. Most of the deletions internal to the lacI gene were associated with the presence of directly or invertedly repeated sequences capable of accounting for their endpoints. Base substitutions comprised 34% of the non-hotspot events. Unlike the base substitution spectrum obtained via nonsense mutations, G · C → A · T transitions do not predominate. A new base substitution hotspot was discovered at position +6 in the lac operator; its intensity may reflect specific features of the operator DNA. IS1 insertion mutations contributed 12% of the non-hotspot mutations and occurred dispersed throughout the gene in both orientations. Since the lacI gene is not A + T-rich, the contribution of IS1 insertion to spontaneous mutation in general might be underestimated. Single-base frameshift mutations were found only infrequently. In general, they did not occur in runs of a common base. Instead, their occurrence seemed based on the “perfection” of direct or inverted repeats in the local DNA sequence. Three (tandem) duplication events were recovered. No repeated sequences were found that might have determined their endpoints.
Molecular dynamics simulations of γ-alumina surface stabilization by deposited silicon ions

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of the pure and doped sufaces of γ-alumina have been performed. An onset of surface diffusion is observed in the pure samples near the temperature of 1200 K. The instability is caused by the cation vacancies adjacent to the surface. Silicon ions deposited into the vacancies reduce mobility of the surface ions and prevent the onset of diffusion. This forms a microscopic picture of the role of additives in stabilization of the γ-alumina surfaces. Presence of the vacancies and their closing by the dopant ions also enables a new interpretation of the recent LEIS data.
Observation of a well defined transition from weak to strong localization in two dimensions.

We have measured the low temperature $T\ensuremath{\le}20\mathrm{K}$ magnetoconductance (MC) of ultrathin films that have strong spin-orbit interactions and conductances $G$ spanning the weakly $G\ensuremath{\gg}{G}_{00}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}e}^{2}/2{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}$ and strongly localized $G\ensuremath{\ll}{G}_{00}$ regimes. For $G\ensuremath{\gg}{G}_{00}$, the MC is negative in agreement with weak localization theory, and for $G\ensuremath{\ll}{G}_{00}$, it is positive in accord with theories of electron hopping transport. The MC changes sign when $G\ensuremath{\approx}{G}_{00}$, independent of material and temperature. The data suggest that a well defined conductance separates the weak and strong localization regimes in two dimensions.
Effects of marital conflict on subsequent parent-son interactions**

This research examined effects of marital conflict on subsequent parent-son interactions. Subjects were 48 maritally intact families with sons between 41 and 82 months. Families were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions: (1) a nonconflictual marital interaction followed by a mother-son interaction; (2) a nonconflictual marital interaction followed by a father-son interaction; (3) a conflictual marital interaction followed by a mother-son interaction; or (4) a conflictual marital interaction followed by a father-son interaction. Marital conflict altered parents' general conversation with their sons, fathers' delivery of confusing and threatening commands, and sons' noncompliance to fathers' commands. Effects of marital conflict on each of these behaviors dissipated over time. Additionally, marital conflict was found to interact with parent gender, differentially influencing the probability of parents responding to noncompliance with vague/confusing commands. Discussion focuses on theory linking marital conflict to parenting.
A new control for heavyweight rapid-transit cars

An advance over the original combination of electric-operated cam controller with pneumatic circuit contactors, this new system utilizes two motor-operated controllers; one to establish main circuits, and the other to commutate resistance. Refinements, introduced as the result of operating experience with equipment of the previous type, give smoother operation and improved dynamic braking characteristics. Compactness and ease of maintenance have been achieved to a marked degree.
Modifications to beam theory for bending and twisting of open-section composite beams — experimental verification

Abstract The experimental verification of a modified beam theory for open-section, thin-walled, anisotropic composite beams is described. Symmetric and anti-symmetric glass/polyester I-beams were fabricated by hand-layup and vacuum bag techniques. These beams were supported as cantilevers and tested under trip loads (transverse loading) and end moments (pure bending). Anisotropically induced twist and out-of-plane lateral deflection as well as in-plane transverse deflection (bending deflection) were measured. Comparisons with finite-element analysis using a commercial code are also presented. Good correlation was found between the experimental, finite-element analysis, and the theory for the twist and bending deflection of the beams. Out-of-plane deflections were found to be too small to be measured accurately.
Design techniques for reducing the impact of component variations on narrow-band low noise amplifiers

Given the increasing demand for integrated wireless systems in system-on-chip technology, narrow-band low noise amplifier (LNA) designs must be robust against variations in device parameters and passive component values to improve manufacturing yield for high volume applications. In this paper, we develop two design techniques for reducing the impact of component variations on narrow-band LNA performance. The results demonstrate that by increasing the bandwidth of the narrow-band LNA and applying more conservative design constraints, we can mitigate the reliability implications of process variations on impedance matching, gain, and power consumption.
Effect of trench edge on pMOSFET reliability

Abstract Scaling of MOSFET increases the portion of the device channel that is affected by proximity to the shallow trench isolation (STI) trench. Experimental data show that this proximity effect results in a channel-width dependent hot-carrier degradation of pMOSFETs in a 0.25 μm CMOS technology. Device simulations are used to show that electric field differences between the STI edge and center channel region are responsible for the channel-width dependent degradation. Discrete device measurements and product burn-in data are presented to support this explanation of the pMOSFET degradation mechanism.
Cracking the Glass Ceiling: Factors Affecting Women's Advancement into Upper Management

The article discusses factors which affect women's advancement into upper management. Shortcomings of previous research on the subject is detailed. The women in prior studies were already in elite managerial positions, limiting the study's scope of advancement. New research conducted by Phyllis Tharenou of Monash University is looked at. Her findings don't fully account for the under-representation of women in senior leadership positions, given that women are supposed to make up half of the workforce. The author looks at the effects of personality traits and external support in the early stages of career development.
Nutrition and Somatomedin. I. Effect of Fasting and Refeeding on Serum Somatomedin Activity and Cartilage Growth Activity in Rats

The relationship between nutrition, somatomedin, and growth was studied in young male rats which were fasted for 72 h, and then refed. Cartilage growth activity was measured by the incorporation of SO4 by costal cartilage incubated in vitro. Serum somatomedin activity was measured by the ability of sera to stimulate the incorporation of SO4 in vitro by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats or normal young pigs. Cartilage growth activity was unchanged after 24 h of fasting, but decreased significantly to hypopituitary levels after 72 h. The decrease in cartilage growth activity could not be attributed to a decrease in the ability of cartilage to respond to somatomedin, since fasted rat cartilage incubated in vitro had significantly greater stimulation from the addition of normal rat serum (normal somatomedin) than from the addition of hypophysectomized rat serum (low somatomedin). A decrease in serum somatomedin preceded the decrease in growth activity; somatomedin was significantly decreased after 24 h of fasting, and fell to hypopituitary levels after 72 h of fasting. The decrease in somatomedin could not be attributed to growth hormone deficiency, since treatment with bGH did not prevent the fall in somatomedin. The direct addition of fasted rat serum to normal rat serum did not inhibit the somatomedin activity of the normal serum. The refeeding of 72h-fasted rats was associated with an increase in serum somatomedin which was significant after 6 h, and comparable to control levels after 24 h of refeeding. The increase in somatomedin was followed by an increase in cartilage growth activity, which was significant after 12 h, and comparable to control levels after 48 h of refeeding. We conclude that adequate food intake appears to be required for the maintenance of normal levels of somatomedin; the processing of nutrients may modulate the generation of somatomedin.
Distinct Roles for the p110α and hVPS34 Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinases in Vesicular Trafficking, Regulation of the Actin Cytoskeleton, and Mitogenesis

We have examined the roles of the p85/ p110α and hVPS34 phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3′-kinases in cellular signaling using inhibitory isoform-specific antibodies. We raised anti-hVPS34 and anti-p110α antibodies that specifically inhibit recombinant hVPS34 and p110α, respectively, in vitro. We used the antibodies to study cellular processes that are sensitive to low-dose wortmannin. The antibodies had distinct effects on the actin cytoskeleton; microinjection of anti-p110α antibodies blocked insulin-stimulated ruffling, whereas anti-hVPS34 antibodies had no effect. The antibodies also had different effects on vesicular trafficking. Microinjection of inhibitory anti-hVPS34 antibodies, but not anti-p110α antibodies, blocked the transit of internalized PDGF receptors to a perinuclear compartment, and disrupted the localization of the early endosomal protein EEA1. Microinjection of anti-p110α antibodies, and to a lesser extent anti-hVPS34 antibodies, reduced the rate of transferrin recycling in CHO cells. Surprisingly, both antibodies inhibited insulin-stimulated DNA synthesis by 80%. Injection of cells with antisense oligonucleotides derived from the hVPS34 sequence also blocked insulin-stimulated DNA synthesis, whereas scrambled oligonucleotides had no effect. Interestingly, the requirement for p110α and hVPS34 occurred at different times during the G1–S transition. Our data suggest that different PI 3′-kinases play distinct regulatory roles in the cell, and document an unexpected role for hVPS34 during insulin-stimulated mitogenesis.
Closing anterior open bites: The extrusion arch

Abstract The principles of mechanics can be adapted to the treatment of clinical problems in many ways. Anterior open bites, long a troublesome problem in clinical practice, can be addressed with arch wire mechanics using asymmetrical V bends in the wire. The activation of the wire is the reverse of the intrusion arch and will effectively work as an extrusion arch to close anterior open bites without the use of anterior vertical elastics. The open bite closure can involve both jaws or be limited to extruding the teeth in 1 jaw only. All of the mechanics are opposite to those associated with a 1-couple intrusion arch. The system can be designed so that the reciprocal forces and moments, acting at the molar, can be controlled. Strategies for control of unwanted tooth movements require attention to all of the components of the force system and not just the desired bite closing forces.
Interaction of lysine-rich histones and DNA.

Abstract Complexes of lysine-rich histones (f1) with native linear calf thymus DNA were prepared in soluble form by a salt-gradient dialysis method and examined by a variety of physico-chemical methods. Absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism revealed minimal differences between DNA and histone-DNA complexes, suggesting that the DNA remains in the B conformation with histone present. Thermal denaturation and thermal renaturation studies indicated that the presence of histone resulted in a marked stabilization of DNA structure and permitted rapid renaturation of denatured regions. Maximum renaturation was effected with as few as 20 to 40 histone molecules per DNA molecule (107 mol. wt). Sedimentation velocity measurements of the complexes indicated that, at infinite dilution, the particles behave as single DNA molecules with associated histones. Evidence for concentration-dependent aggregation of the histone-DNA particles was also obtained. Dye-binding studies suggested that lysine-rich histone does not bind in the small groove of DNA; the presence of histone on DNA does not inhibit actinomycin binding. Furthermore, evidence was obtained indicating that histone might bind within the large groove of DNA; histone complexes with unglucosylated T2∗ DNA were less effective substrates for glucosylation by α-glucosyl transferase than was T2∗ DNA.
Kawasaki's syndrome in a man with the human immunodeficiency virus.

Purpose/Methods We examined a 25-year-old man who was positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with Kawasaki's syndrome. He responded dramatically to intravenous immunoglobulin. Results/Conclusions Although Kawasaki's syndrome is exceedingly rare in adults, it should be considered in any patient with fever, conjunctivitis, and other characteristic findings. The efficacy of treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin underscores the importance of prompt diagnosis.
Poly-Victimization Among Girls in the Justice System Trajectories of Risk and Associations to Juvenile Offending

Life History Calendars and the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire were used to collect data from 100 delinquent girls to (a) examine range and co-occurrence of different types of violence over the life span, (b) examine independent and cumulative trajectories of risk for varied types of victimization, and (c) examine the relationship of victimization to girls’ offending. Risk trajectories demonstrate critical risk periods for different forms of violence exposure. Cox regression was used to examine the predictive value of different forms of violence exposure for the onset of delinquent and criminal behavior. Findings illuminate the need for programs addressing substance use and alternative coping mechanisms.
A comparison of the platelet-derived growth factor-dependent tyrosine kinase activity in sparse and confluent fibroblasts.

Confluent (density-inhibited) human foreskin fibroblasts require a higher concentration of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) to elicit a mitogenic response than do sparse (nondensity-inhibited) fibroblasts. The PDGF receptor number and apparent affinity were similar in the two preparations of cells. The intrinsic kinase activity of the PDGF receptor from sparse and confluent fibroblasts was therefore examined in an attempt to explain the differential mitogenic response to PDGF. When membranes from sparse and confluent cells containing equal PDGF binding capacity were incubated with increasing concentrations of PDGF, the putative PDGF receptor (a 180-kD component), was phosphorylated on its tyrosyl residues to a similar extent. The time course of tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGF receptor from sparse and confluent cell membranes was also found to be similar. To determine whether the phosphorylation of the PDGF receptor from isolated membranes differed from the analogous phosphorylation in intact cells, sparse and confluent fibroblasts were metabolically labeled with [32P]H3PO4, stimulated with PDGF, solubilized, and the cell proteins were immunoprecipitated with a phosphotyrosine-specific antibody. The extent of PDGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGF receptor from sparse vs. confluent fibroblasts was quite similar. The time course of the tyrosine dephosphorylation of the PDGF receptor was also similar in the two populations. Because comparable extents of PDGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGF receptor were observed despite the differential PDGF-induced mitogenic response of sparse and confluent fibroblasts, we tentatively conclude that (1) PDGF-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGF receptor is not tightly coupled to the propagation of the mitogenic signal and (2) density-dependent inhibition of growth does not reflect any measurable change in the quantity of kinase activity of the PDGF receptor.
Influence of dietary fatty acids on the composition of plasma fatty acids in the tundra wolf (Canis lupus tundrarum).

Abstract 1. 1. Fatty acid composition of the blood plasma of nine male tundra wolves and the diet consumed by the wolves was investigated by means of gas chromatography. 2. 2. The monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids predominated in both the tundra wolf blood plasma and the diet. 3. 3. It was concluded that distribution of free fatty acids found in the plasma of the wolf reflects the distribution found in the diet.
Use of Swabs without Transport Media for the Gen-Probe Group A Strep Direct Test

For several years we used rayon or Dacron swabs with liquid transport media for collection and transport of throat swab specimens for testing with the Gen-Probe Group A Strep Direct Test (GASDT). A report of favorable results with a Dacron swab without any transport media for GASDT by another laboratory prompted us to compare detection of group A streptococci (GAS) with and without transport media (referred to as “wet” and “dry” swabs, respectively). Phase one of this study used swabs seeded with GAS. Initially, six recent clinical isolates of GAS were inoculated onto wet and dry swabs and stored at room temperature (RT). After 1, 2, and 3 days of storage, colony counting and GASDT were performed with the swabs. The results, expressed as the mean percentage of the results at zero time, were as follows: for GASDT with wet swabs at 1, 2, and 3 days, 62, 51, and 56%, respectively; for GASDT with dry swabs at 1, 2, and 3 days, 105, 80, and 85%, respectively; for colony counts with wet swabs at 1, 2, and 3 days, 52, 26, and 13%, respectively; for colony counts with dry swabs at 1, 2, and 3 days, 10, 0, and 0%, respectively. An additional six strains of GAS were tested in a similar manner, except that extracts of pharyngeal flora (PF) were added to the inocula. The results obtained with extracts of PF were comparable to those obtained with GAS alone. We also compared the performance of GASDT with wet and dry swabs stored at RT and 4°C. Ten strains of GAS were inoculated onto wet and dry swabs, and GASDT was performed each day for 9 days. The GASDT results for swabs on day 9, expressed as the mean percentage of the results obtained at zero time, were as follows: dry swab and 4°C, 59%; wet swab and 4°C, 31%; dry swab and RT, 33%; and wet swab and RT, 19%. In phase two of this study we conducted a clinical evaluation to determine whether the differences observed with seeded specimens would also be evident with patient specimens. We used a single dry Dacron swab paired with a single rayon Bacti-Swab with liquid Stuart transport medium for the clinical evaluation. Specimens were collected from 1,005 outpatients, plated onto a Strep Selective Agar plate, and then tested within 30 min by GASDT. If culture of GAS from the same swab is used to define a true-positive test result, the sensitivities and specificities were as follows: GASDT with wet swabs, 86.2 and 98.5%, respectively; GASDT with dry swabs, 90.7 and 98.1%, respectively. However, the use of culture as the “gold standard” may understate the actual performance characteristics of GASDT, particularly for the dry swabs. In conclusion, for GASDT the use of swabs without transport media may be preferable to the use of swabs with transport media.
AIDS update: oral findings, diagnosis, and precautions

This article describes the oral findings associated with AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC) in an attempt to familiarize dentists with the recognizable signs of these disease states. These oral findings are necessary considerations in treatment planning and staging for patients with AIDS and ARC. The dimensions of AIDS continue to increase. The number of people infected with the AIDS virus (HIV) grows and no effective vaccine or curative treatment is expected in the near future. This article describes the oral findings of AIDS and AIDS-related complex (ARC). It will help dentists in recognition, diagnosis, consultation, and office precautions. These oral findings are important considerations in treatment planning and staging for patients with AIDS and ARC.
Effects of Age on the Types and Severity of Excessive Fear or the Absence of Fear in Children and Young Adults With Autism

This study identified (a) patterns of fearful stimuli for children and young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), (b) the severity of the fear, and (c) whether excessive fear or the absence of fear negatively affected the participant's quality of life. A web-based survey was used to distribute a modified and extended version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (Ollendick, 1983) to 328 families with children with ASD. Sixty respondents completed the survey, representing a cross section of individuals with ASD from 3 to 22 years old. Responses were analyzed using both descriptive and multivariate statistical analyses for the total sample and the 3 age groups: 3–7, 8–13, and 14–22 years old. The overall severity of fears decreased and the types of stimuli feared changed from concrete (getting a shot, going to the dentist) to more socially based (being evaluated, being teased) with increasing age. Thus, although the severity of fears may decrease throughout childhood and into early adultho...
Neighborhood Evaluation in Residential Mobility

The evaluative dimensions used to rate neighborhoods, within the context of residential mobility, are investigated. It is shown that different sets of dimensions are used to evaluate different neighborhoods, although similar dimensions tend to be used for similar neighborhoods. There is also evidence that the relative importance of the neighborhood attributes, in terms of determining neighborhood preferences, are not invariant across different neighborhoods. Both these findings suggest that the evaluative process may be largely context specific.
Semiconductor-Based Interfacial Electron-Transfer Reactivity: Decoupling Kinetics from pH-Dependent Band Energetics in a Dye-Sensitized Titanium Dioxide/Aqueous Solution System

Hexaphosphonation of Ru(bpy)32+ provides a basis for surface attachment to nanocrystalline TiO2 in film (electrode) or colloidal form and for subsequent retention of the molecule over an extraordinarily wide pH range. Visible excitation of the surface-attached complex leads to rapid injection of an electron into the semiconductor. Return electron transfer, monitored by transient absorbance spectroscopy, is biphasic with a slow component that can be reversibly eliminated by adjusting the potential of the dark electrode to a value close to the conduction-band edge (ECB). Evaluation of the fast component yields a back-electron-transfer rate constant of 5(±0.5) × 107 s-1 that is invariant between pH = 11 and H0 = −8, despite a greater than 1 eV change in ECB (i.e., the nominal free energy of the electron in the electrode). The observed insensitivity to large changes in band-edge energetics stands in marked contrast to the behavior expected from a straightforward application of conventional interfacial electro...
Mycobacterial disease associated with aplastic anaemia

Summary Haematological changes associated with infectious diseases are relatively common but true aplastic anaemia secondary to infection is rare. We describe a patient with disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection and who had a histologically proven remission of his aplastic anaemia accompanying antimycobacterial therapy. We also review the literature on the haematological changes associated with mycobacterial infections and other infectious causes of aplastic anaemia.