cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiments and analyses of upstream-advancing solitary waves generated by moving disturbances

In this joint theoretical, numerical and experimental study, we investigate the phenomenon of forced generation of nonlinear waves by disturbances moving steadily with a transcritical velocity through a layer of shallow water. The plane motion considered here is modelled by the generalized Boussinesq equations and the forced Korteweg-de Vries (fKdV) equation, both of which admit two types of forcing agencies in the form of an external surface pressure and a bottom topography. Numerical results are obtained using both theoretical models for the two types of forcings. These results illustrate that within a transcritical speed range, a succession of solitary waves are generated, periodically and indefinitely, to form a procession advancing upstream of the disturbance, while a train of weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive waves develops downstream of an ever elongating stretch of a uniformly depressed water surface immediately behind the disturbance. This is a beautiful example showing that the response of a dynamic system to steady forcing need not asymptotically tend to a steady state, but can be conspicuously periodic, after an impulsive start, when the system is being forced at resonance. A series of laboratory experiments was conducted with a cambered bottom topography impulsively started from rest to a constant transcritical velocity U, the corresponding depth Froude number F = U/(gh[sub]0)^1/2 (g being the gravitational constant and h[sub]0 the original uniform water depth) being nearly the critical value of unity. For the two types of forcing, the generalized Boussinesq model indicates that the surface pressure can be more effective in generating the precursor solitary waves than the submerged topography of the same normalized spatial distribution. However, according to the fKdV model, these two types of forcing are entirely equivalent. Besides these and some other rather refined differences, a broad agreement is found between theory and experiment, both in respect of the amplitudes and phases of the waves generated, when the speed is nearly critical (0.9 F > 0.2, finally disappear at F ~= 0.2. In the other direction, as the Froude number is increased beyond F ~= 1.2, the precursor soliton phenomenon was found also to evanesce as no finite-amplitude solitary waves can outrun, nor can any two-dimensional waves continue to follow, the rapidly moving disturbance. In this supercritical range and for asymptotically large times, all the effects remain only local to the disturbance. Thus, the criterion of the fascinating phenomenon of the generation of precursor solitons is ascertained.
One Key to Success: Working with Professors. . . Outside the Classroom

This article will focus on why out-of-classroom interaction with a law professor can be one of the most fulfilling in the law school experience.
Form Over Substance: A Jurisprudential Critique of the Religious Right

Religious conservatives usually criticize liberal judicial decisions – especially those related to moral issues like homosexuality and abortion – on Positivist or Formalist grounds rather than on Natural-Law grounds. While some take the position that such decisions are substantively immoral, most argue that they are procedurally illegitimate because judges are incorrectly interpreting constitutional rules and/or giving insufficient weight to the wishes of democratic majorities. I analyze the arguments made by conservatives on both sides, paying special attention to the work of Robert Bork and Robert George, arguing that the standard religious conservative critique is inconsistent. Its Positivist-Formalist orientation entails an agnostic attitude toward the substantive content of law, requiring only that judges use the right formula and follow the established rules, however disagreeable the rules may be. But this contradicts the larger religious conservative aim of defending and advancing Judeo-Christian ethical norms as the basis of legal legitimacy. This contradiction is understandable because it allows conservatives to take the politically popular position of defending democratic majorities against judicial activism while avoiding the less popular and more arduous task of defending substantive norms. However, it too often causes the critique to degenerate into political opportunism and demagoguery.
Circadian rhythms and time course of adaptive sodium and potassium excretion in rats after uninephrectomy

The relationship between renal circadian cyclic excretion and renal compensatory adaptation after uninephrectomy for K, Na, and water was studied. Rats in a 12:12-h light-dark environment were given a liquid diet, and urine was collected for 16 days with consecutive 90-min periods. Days 1-4 were control, 5-10 followed a sham operation, and 11-16 followed uninephrectomy. The major findings were 1) the circadian cycles in excretion were virtually unchanged after sham and uninephrectomy; 2) an adaptive increase in excretion of Na, K, and water by the remaining kidney occurred within 90 min after uninephrectomy; 3) after uninephrectomy the distribution of the 24-h increment in excretion for the remaining kidney closely followed the preexisting pattern of circadian excretion for Na but was evenly distributed between light and dark phases for K; and 4) after uninephrectomy the ratio of excretion to intake was unchanged. This is the first study to document the time course of adaptation to uninephrectomy using consecutive brief collections over several days in unanesthetized and undisturbed rats. Adaptation after uninephrectomy occurred essentially immediately; was maintained unchanged; and preserved Na, K, and water homeostasis. Uninephrectomy did not alter the circadian control of excretion.
The Long-Term Economic Benefit of Financial Compensation Distributed by the South African Land Restitution Commission

After the fall of apartheid, one of the new democratically elected government’s priorities was to ensure that blacks and other previously disadvantaged groups were compensated for property that the apartheid and colonial era governments ruthlessly expropriated without just compensation. Section 25 of the South African Constitution requires the state to compensate all those dispossessed of land after 1913 because of racially discriminatory laws or practices. The Restitution of Land Rights Act provides the legal framework for the fulfillment of this constitutional obligation. One central objective of the Act is to promote sustainable socio-economic development. Using data from 80 semi-structured interviews, this study investigates whether the financial compensation that South African has paid to people evicted from urban areas has increased their net assets or if the compensation was consumed and had no sustainable economic impact. Existing quantitative studies done by economists provide a narrow response to this important research question — people are more likely to save larger restitution awards while smaller awards are consumed and have no sustainable economic impact. This qualitative study gives deeper insight into the complex circumstances under which restitution awards have had an enduring economic impact.
Sharing and compassion: fosterage in a Polynesian society.

This article is an ethnographic description of fosterage on Sikaiana a society in Solomon Islands characterized by flexibility and diversity of family relations. Additionally the paper uses the analysis of Sikaiana fosterage as a comparative lens for exploring and reconsidering certain features of family life in contemporary Western industrialized societies especially those belonging to the White-Anglo middle-class American background. Ethnographic data were obtained from a variety of sources: census data common Sikaiana terms and idioms structured interviews casual interviews and the authors own familiarity with Sikaiana culture. Sikaiana fosterage should be viewed as an expression of general cultural values that emphasize sharing and caring. Fosterage transfers children between households for extended periods of time builds support among kins but does not permanently sever the childs tie to its biological parents. Fosterage is one of the powerful ties among Sikaiana families. From the perspective of the Sikaiana many American and European families lack compassion because of their weak relations with relatives outside the nuclear family and because they usually assume that one family will have exclusive control over rearing a child. Sikaiana fosterage provides a vantage point for examining and understanding the benefits and costs of family systems that are structured around defining a single family as the primary caretaker of a child as opposed to one which includes several other families and relatives.
Nonextensivity and Nonintensivity in Nanosystems: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Using extensive molecular dynamics simulations, we have investigated the extensivity of the internal energy and entropy as well as the intensivity of temperature and pressure in small thermodynamic systems. Atomic systems consisting of n3 n = 2 3 10 argon-like particles interacting through the Lennard-Jones potential energy function have been studied. It is found that in small systems, contrary to macroscopic systems, internal energy and entropy are nonextensive whereas temperature and pressure are nonintensive. These deviations from macroscopic thermodynamics, that continue to remain detectable even in systems containing as many as 1000 particles, are in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Myocardial and splenic levels of catecholamines in burn shock.

SummaryThe norepinephrine and epinephrine content of ventricular cardiac muscle and spleen were analyzed in 2 groups of anesthetized white rats. One group served as controls, while the other group was subjected to burn shock induced by immersing the lower 1/2 of the body for 90 sec in water heated to 90°C. Myocardial norepinephrine and epinephrine levels of control rats averaged 0.74 ± 0.15 and 0.07 ± 0.06 μg/gm, respectively. In burn shock, norepinephrine decreased markedly to 0.26 ± 0.20 μg/gm (p <.003), while epinephrine rose to 0.24 ± 0.07 μg/gm (p<.003). On the other hand, splenic norepinephrine rose from 0.55 ± 0.15 to 1.02 ± 0.25 μg/gm (p<.05), while epinephrine content declined from 0.36 ± 0.12 to 0.09 ± 0.06 μg/gm (p<.003) in burn shock. Excessive sympathetic nervous system stimulation, or the formation of toxic substances may be involved in reducing norepinephrine stores of the myocardium in burn shock. Unlike the depletion of splenic norepinephrine in hemorrhagic shock, the norepinephrine conte...
Direct, Concurrent Measurements of the Forces and Currents Affecting DNA in a Nanopore with Comparable Topography

We report direct, concurrent measurements of the forces and currents associated with the translocation of a single-stranded DNA molecule tethered to the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever through synthetic pores with topagraphies comparable to the DNA. These measurements were performed to gauge the signal available for sequencing and the electric force required to impel a single molecule through synthetic nanopores ranging from 1.0 to 3.5 nm in diameter in silicon nitride membranes 6-10 nm thick. The measurements revealed that a molecule can slide relatively frictionlessly through a pore, but regular fluctuations are observed intermittently in the force (and the current) every 0.35-0.72 nm, which are attributed to individual nucleotides translating through the nanopore in a turnstile-like motion.
Abstract 995: The role of intracellular ATP in regulating glycolysis, HIF1α and drug resistance of cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Cancer is also considered to be a metabolic disease due to a shift of glucose metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. This study is to understand the effect of intracellular ATP of cancer cells on various metastatsis related phenotypes, including glycolysis, hypoxia stability and drug resistance. In this study, we delivered ATP directly into cancer cells by embedding ATP into liposomes. Normal cells and its corresponding tumor cells were measured for their whole cell ATP content. Glycolysis was evaluated by measurement of glucose consumption and lactate accumulation of cell culture media. Cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry after drug treatment and delivery of ATP. HIF-1α expression level was measured by western blot after delivery of ATP. In summary, normal cells have overall higher ATP content than tumor cells. After delivery of ATP, cells consumed less glucose and produced less lactate acid, which indicated a decrease in glycolysis. ATP liposomes prevented MDA-MB-231 cells from G2 arrest by adriamycin. HIF1a was down regulated after delivery of ATP. Taken together, ATP content is lower in cancer cells than normal cells, and intracellular ATP plays a role in regulating glycolysis, HIF-1α stability and drug resistance of cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 995. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-995
Fault Diagnosis Technology Applied in Metering Automation Systems

Aiming at the development of the remote fault diagnosis technology and the metering automation system home and abroad, and analyzing some fault maintenance problems of the metering automation terminal, this paper puts forward a solution to the field operation metering automation terminal fault remote diagnostic, and independently develops an expert system of the metering automation terminal remote fault diagnosis. The system has realized the field large-scale measurement automation terminal remote fault diagnosis for the first time.
Study of Application of Peritoneoscope and Ultrasonic Surgical Knife in Radical Operation of Giant Colon

Objective To research the respects of peritoneoscope and ultrasonic surgical knife used for radical operation of congenital giant colon. Method 128 children with congenital gaint colon, included general type in 107 cases, a long segment type in 9 cases and a short segment type in 12 cases, all patients mesocolons were freed and were excised by ultrasonic knife with peritoneoscope guide,then rectal mucosas were isolated using anus approach.Final,the modified Soave radical operation of gaint colon were performed.Results The free operation of the mesocolon was performed in 118 cases by peritoneoscope only,other 7 cases,in addition to the operation,on abdomen plus celiotomy,which had a 4cm~5cm incision.One cases of them occurred retroperitoneal hematom,5 cases had intestine prolapse in the perianal part,after the above operation No severe complication was seen.A short term followed up showed that the operation acquired a good efficacy.Conclusions In combination of peritoneoscope and ultrasonic surgical knife could overcome the difficulty in deal with mesentery blood vessels.It is best suitable extensively applied in the microtraumatic operation for various congenital megacolon.
Delusions in the Transference: Psychotherapy with the Paranoid Patient

This article has attempted to combine a theoretical and practical approach to the challenge presented in psychotherapy of paranoid and delusional patients. The essential ingredients of psychotherapy of non-psychotic patients--such as the frame, the therapeutic alliance, transference, countertransference, and interpretation--all play roles in the psychotherapy of paranoid, psychotic, delusional patients as well. Differences in defense mechanisms and dynamics and their working through, however, can make unfamiliar the factors that are basic to any psychotherapy. A familiarity with the unique problems of psychotic individuals in psychotherapy may help to make the work less bewildering and frightening, although no less challenging.
Bringing Religion to Work: Patterns and Influences of Work-Faith Integration

Religiosity can significantly impact human behavior yet little is known about how religious belief and practice integrate with work. Using the Faith at Work Scale, we surveyed Christian workers in the United States (n = 374) and found that work-faith integration was positively associated with faith maturity, church attendance, age and denominational strictness, and negatively associated with organizational size. Denominational groups varied in their degree of integration but displayed similar patterns across dimensions of integration. Work-faith integration was manifest most strongly in integration related to the self, and somewhat less so in areas related to others and in transcendent aspects of work. Respondents attributed spiritual disciplines and workplace mentors as salient influences of work-faith integration. Implications for workplace spirituality scholarship and management are explored.
Spontaneous photon emission from 32 nm and 14 nm SOI FETs

The very faint spontaneous near-infrared photon emission of scaled SOI FETs fabricated in 32 nm planar and 14 nm FinFET technologies is characterized and modeled for the first time. A high sensitivity and low noise detector is leveraged to measure emission at low voltages, including sub-threshold and linear regions that are extremely faint. Furthermore, the effect of device threshold is studied and modeled for the first time by comparing the emission from FETs with different Vt.
Synthetic Aperture Processing for creating completely virtual arrays from towed co-prime sensor array data

In this paper, we consider the use of synthetic aperture processing for developing completely virtual arrays designed for an operational wavelength other than that of a physical array. In towed array scenarios, we show it is possible to exploit existing array motion to mitigate the effects of main-lobe widening and spatial aliasing when source wavelengths are different from the operational wavelength of the towed array. In particular, we demonstrate the advantage of using a class of thinned arrays know as co-prime linear sensor arrays in conjunction with synthetic aperture processing for creating virtual uniform linear arrays derived form physical channel data.
Visualizing flow fields using fractal dimensions

Streamlines are a popular way of visualizing flow in vector fields. A major challenge in flow field visualization is selecting the streamlines to view. Rendering too many streamlines clutters the visualization and makes features of the field difficult to identify. Rendering too few streamlines causes viewers to completely miss features of the flow field not rendered. The fractal dimension of a streamline represents its space-filling properties. To identify complex or interesting streamlines, we build a regular grid of scalar values which represent the fractal dimension of streamlines around each grid vertex. Vortices and turbulent regions are often associated with regions of high fractal dimension. We use this scalar grid both to filter streamlines by fractal dimension and to identify and visualize regions containing vortices and turbulence. We describe an interactive tool which allows for quick streamline selection and visualization of regions containing vortices and turbulence.
Specific heat of iron-vanadium alloys between 125°K and 625°K

Abstract The specific heat of iron-vanadium alloys with 8–45 at.% iron was measured between 125°K and 625°K in an adiabatic calorimeter. The total specific heat was separated into a lattice contribution, a dilatation correction, and a term linear in temperature. The coefficient of the linear term was associated with the electronic specific heat coefficient, γ, and compared with results of specific heat measurements at liquid helium temperatures. These agree for the alloys with up to 33 at.% iron, but differ considerably for the alloys with higher iron concentration. A similar analysis of enthalpy measurements made on these alloys from 800 to 1200°K yields γ values which agree with the liquid helium results for all alloy compositions. It is concluded that the interpretation of the liquid helium measurements is essentially correct and that between 100°K and 700°K there are magnetic contributions to the specific heat of the alloys of 35 and 45 at.% iron.
Cognitive deficit in methamphetamine users relative to childhood academic performance: link to cortical thickness

Individuals with cognitive problems may be predisposed to develop substance use disorders; therefore, differences in cognitive function between methamphetamine users and control participants may be attributable to premorbid factors rather than methamphetamine use. The goal of this study was to clarify the extent to which this is the case. Childhood academic transcripts were obtained for 37 methamphetamine-dependent adults and 41 control participants of similar educational level and premorbid IQ. Each participant completed a comprehensive cognitive battery and received a structural magnetic resonance imaging scan. Data from control participants and linear regression were used to develop a normative model to describe the relationship between childhood academic performance and scores on the cognitive battery. Using this model, cognitive performance of methamphetamine users was predicted from their premorbid academic scores. Results indicated that methamphetamine users' childhood grade point average was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Further, methamphetamine users' overall cognitive performance was lower than was predicted from their grade point average prior to methamphetamine use (p = 0.001), with specific deficits in attention/concentration and memory (ps < 0.01). Memory deficits were associated with lower whole-brain cortical thickness (p < 0.05). Thus, in addition to having an apparent premorbid weakness in cognition, methamphetamine users exhibit subsequent cognitive function that is significantly lower than premorbid estimates would predict. The results support the view that chronic methamphetamine use causes a decline in cognition and/or a failure to develop normative cognitive abilities, although aside from methamphetamine use per se, other drug use and unidentified factors likely contribute to the observed effects.
Tyler Cowen on Austrian Business Cycle Theory: A Critique

Cowen (1997) criticizes Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT) on eight grounds: 1. systematic errors; 2. inflation volatility; 3. confusion of inflation and savings; 4. confusion of inflation and investment; 5. real vs. nominal rates of interest; 6. interest rate information; 7. investor interpretation of interest rates; 8. validation of inflationary investments. The present paper rejects all of these claims, and defends ABCT against them.
Collective Learning from Success as Perceived by School Superintendents.

School superintendents’ role has shifted from the traditional emphasis on managerial aspects to one on instructional leadership (on teaching and learning issues) achieved by generating collaborativ...
Stroke in young adults: Five new things.

Purpose of review The incidence of stroke in young adults is increasing, mainly driven by an increasing incidence of ischemic stroke in this population. We provide new information that has been recently presented regarding the risk factor prevalence, some specific etiologic causes, and management strategies in ischemic stroke in this population. Recent findings Recent studies indicate a rapid increase in traditional risk factors in young adults. New information regarding the management of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic stroke and cervical artery dissection is available. Summary Stroke in young adults is a rapidly growing problem with deep public health implications. There are many areas in this field, which require further research.
Introduction: Fertility as a window to health

Infertility has long-term effects beyond the inability to conceive. Infertility may be a harbinger of future disease and altered longevity. Understanding the mechanisms of how fertility is a window to health opens new avenues of important investigation addressing interdependent physiologic processes. Identification of healthy persons at risk for future cardiovascular disease, diabetes, or cancer could allow a change in reproductive medical care by altering long-term surveillance and reduction of risk.
Astrovirus evolution and emergence.

Abstract Astroviruses are small, non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Astroviridae family. Astroviruses infect diverse hosts and are typically associated with gastrointestinal illness; although disease can range from asymptomatic to encephalitis depending on the host and viral genotype. Astroviruses have high genetic variability due to an error prone polymerase and frequent recombination events between strains. Once thought to be species specific, recent evidence suggests astroviruses can spread between different host species, although the frequency with which this occurs and the restrictions that regulate the process are unknown. Recombination events can lead to drastic evolutionary changes and contribute to cross-species transmission events. This work reviews the current state of research on astrovirus evolution and emergence, especially as it relates to cross-species transmission and recombination of astroviruses.
Virus-specific memory T cells populate tumors and can be repurposed for tumor immunotherapy.

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment limits the success of current immunotherapies. The host retains memory T cells specific for previous infections throughout the entire body that are capable of executing potent and immediate immunostimulatory functions. Here we show that virus-specific memory T cells extend their surveillance to mouse and human tumors. Reactivating these antiviral T cells can arrest growth of checkpoint blockade-resistant and poorly immunogenic tumors in mice after injecting adjuvant-free non-replicating viral peptides into tumors. Peptide mimics a viral reinfection event to memory CD8+ T cells, triggering antigen presentation and cytotoxic pathways within the tumor, activating dendritic cells and natural killer cells, and recruiting the adaptive immune system. Viral peptide treatment of ex vivo human tumors recapitulates immune activation gene expression profiles observed in mice. Lastly, peptide therapy renders resistant mouse tumors susceptible to PD-L1 blockade. Thus, re-stimulating known antiviral immunity may provide a unique therapeutic approach for cancer immunotherapy. The immunosuppressive tumor environment and the lack of functional anti-tumor immunity are major limiting factors in immunotherapy. Here the authors show that human and mouse tumors are infiltrated by virus-specific memory T cells, which can be harnessed by viral peptides to induce local and systemic anti-tumor immunity and synergize with checkpoint blockade.
Direct detection of dark matter particles by nonlinear effects in crystal vibrations

The energetic dark matter particles (EDP) of (4 + 1.5) x 1015 eV mass-energy propagating from the central region of the Milky Way galaxy (CMW) are directly detected with the help of half-inch ~10 MHz quartz vibrators. The spectra of acousto-electric vibrations of thin piezoelectric crystal are theoretically calculated, and a nonlinear effect of external frictional influence is taken into account. The EDP produce the changes in the spectra of vibrations under specific orientation of the crystallographic axes toward the CMW. The mechanism of EDP-crystal interaction may be associated with the gravitational influence of EDP and their quantum properties, such as matter waves. The EDP average energy density is 0.71 + 0.29 (GeV/cm3) near Earth, which agrees with the expectations and existing astrophysical bounds of dark matter density in the solar neighborhood. The EDP can transfer their momenta-energy to a media of propagation. The influences of EDP, or naviten, on vibrating atoms are detected from 10 different samples during 5 years. The micro-void tracks of EDP-particles are also observed in the vibrating plates of fuzzed quartz, which appear due to EDP decay inside solid media. The existence of EDP-particles is in agreement with recent detection of the ~1015 eV energy neutrinos from the CMW region.
Update on Therapeutic Protein-Drug Interaction: Information in Labeling.

This review evaluated the significance of therapeutic protein (TP)–drug interactions and the current practices for assessing the interaction potential. We reviewed US FDA labels of approved TPs with drug–drug interaction (DDI) assessment. TP–drug interactions have been evaluated from in vitro studies, animal studies, and/or clinical settings. Of the 150 FDA-approved TPs as of May 2019, 49 TP labels contained pharmacokinetic (PK)-related DDI information derived from at least one study method. Our review found that more than half of the clinical PK DDI evaluations showed no interaction, and no dose adjustment has been recommended for any of the rest TPs. The results and trends observed in this review may further enhance and inform risk-based approaches to evaluating the potential for TP–drug interactions.
Mapping ice formation to mineral-surface topography using a micro mixing chamber with video and atomic-force microscopy

Abstract. We developed a method for examining ice formation on solid substrates exposed to cloud-like atmospheres. Our experimental approach couples video-rate optical microscopy of ice formation with high-resolution atomic-force microscopy (AFM) of the initial mineral surface. We demonstrate how colocating stitched AFM images with video microscopy can be used to relate the likelihood of ice formation to nanoscale properties of a mineral substrate, e.g., the abundance of surface steps of a certain height. We also discuss the potential of this setup for future iterative investigations of the properties of ice nucleation sites on materials.
Clinical features and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma at a cancer treatment facility

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. This study aimed to determine the survival of patients with HCC at our treatment facility. Methods: We retrospectively studied 278 patients with HCC who were seen between 2007 and 2013. Of these patients, 84.4% had evidence of prior infection with hepatitis C, while 7.8% had markers of hepatitis B infection. Results: Median survival was 24.6 months for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), 61 months for ablative therapies, and 31.5 months for those undergoing surgical resection. Increasing tumor size, multifocality, advanced Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage, and poor liver function (Child-Pugh class B-C) were significantly associated with worse prognosis; pvalues were 0.002, 0.009, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively. Conclusion: Most patients in our series presented with advanced liver disease, with multifocal tumors and were candidates for palliative treatment only. Public education to minimize hepatitis B and C transmission, screening programs to detect disease at an earlier stage, and the development of specialist liver units and liver transplant programs can bring a change in HCC survival in developing countries.
Bodies That Remember: History and Age in The Children Star and Brain Plague

Derek J. Thiess studies connections among material history, place, and human embodiment in Slonczewski’s microbe novels. The children of Children Star that become the micros of Brain Plague represent the physical consequences of pure social construction. These novels provide a cautionary demonstration that the revision of history necessarily involves the destruction of competing histories, not only by revision, but also by ecocide, the destruction of a historical place and of the humans who embody their own lived histories. Slonczewski’s work explores the social construction of race and gender but still allows for a critical intervention that is sensitive to the embodied, physical limits and consequences of relativist and constructivist approaches in our critical considerations.
The Influence on Public Knowledge of Exposure to Mental Health Professions

ABSTRACTThe current study explored whether exposure to mental health professions through college-level coursework or as a client influenced participants’ knowledge of mental health professions. Res...
Non-adiabatic reflection of particles in a multipole plasma trap configuration

Abstract Charged particles incident on a region of time-varying, spatially inhomogeneous electric field may be reflected back toward the region of weaker field. This effect is used for adiabatic particle confinement in charged particle traps, but it may also be subject to non-adiabatic reflection that increases the particle energy. The electrons of a plasma in a multipole plasma trap may be heated by this effect. This work explores the energy gain of electrons in such a device with parameters relevant to laboratory experimentation, and it presents in one representative case an average 10% energy gain after a single reflection.
Multi-Wear Sustainable Bridal: A Co-design Process with Lead Users

Alternative wedding dresses are gaining popularity in the bridal market. Wedding gowns are not sustainable in the sense that they are designed to be worn once. A solution to this issue might be to work with brides identified as 'lead users' to design dresses they would want to wear on more occasions beyond their wedding. The researchers recruited participants for a two-part survey though Facebook wedding chat groups, convenience, and snowball sampling of women engaged and recently married. The first qualitative survey was used to identify lead users. Participants were asked open-ended and multiple-choice questions regarding their wedding and wedding dress as well as had the ability to upload images. 39 participants completed the initial survey. The second survey was sent to 15 participants identified as 'lead users' and included images of the designer's detail samples and initial sketches for sustainable wedding dresses. The dresses were designed to be worn on the wedding day but also for other occasions and participants were asked for feedback. Findings from this research confirmed the market potential for sustainable bridal apparel. Additionally, there were suggestions from the participants regarding multi-wear design for bridal party dresses, indicating several implications for the bridal industry.
Effect of Maternal Hypertension on Preterm Infant Body Composition at Discharge

Background: Maternal hypertension is associated with placental dysfunction and fetal growth restriction. Purpose: To examine the effect of maternal hypertension on the body composition of preterm infants at discharge. Methods: All Preterm infants born at < 35weeks of gestation (2011-2016) who had an Air Displacement Plethysmography (ADP ) measurement close to discharge were included in the study. All infants were …
Post-viral fatigue and COVID-19: lessons from past epidemics

The COVID-19 pandemic, resulting from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has severely impacted the population worldwide with a great mortality rate. The current article r...
Detecting acute pain signals from human EEG.

Abstract Background Advances in human neuroimaging has enabled us to study functional connections among various brain regions in pain states. Despite a wealth of studies at high anatomic resolution, the exact neural signals for the timing of pain remain little known. Identifying the onset of pain signals from distributed cortical circuits may reveal the temporal dynamics of pain responses and subsequently provide important feedback for closed-loop neuromodulation for pain. New method Here we developed an unsupervised learning method for sequential detection of acute pain signals based on multichannel human EEG recordings. Following EEG source localization, we used a state-space model (SSM) to detect the onset of acute pain signals based on the localized regions of interest (ROIs). Results We validated the SSM-based detection strategy using two human EEG datasets, including one public EEG recordings of 50 subjects. We found that the detection accuracy varied across tested subjects and detection methods. We also demonstrated the feasibility for cross-subject and cross-modality prediction of detecting the acute pain signals. Comparison with existing methods In contrast to the batch supervised learning analysis based on a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, the unsupervised learning method requires fewer number of training trials in the online experiment, and shows comparable or improved performance than the supervised method. Conclusions Our unsupervised SSM-based method combined with EEG source localization showed robust performance in detecting the onset of acute pain signals.
On the images of generalized polynomials evaluated on matrices over an algebraically closed skew field

Abstract Let K be a Makar-Limanov algebraically closed skew field. In the first part of this paper, we prove that the image of a generalized multilinear polynomial, with coefficients in K, evaluated over M m ( K ) , is M m ( K ) . In the second part, we show that any matrix in M m ( K ) may be written as the sum of three or fewer elements from the image of a generalized polynomial, with coefficients in K, evaluated over M m ( K ) .
Vaping Disrupts Ventilation-Perfusion Matching in Asymptomatic Users

This research provides evidence of vaping-induced disruptions in ventilation-perfusion matching in young, healthy, asymptomatic adults with normal spirometry who habitually vape. The changes in ven...
Phase Perturbation as a Measurement Metric: A Novel Noncontact In-Line Production Measurement Through an All-Electronic Millimeter-Wave System Tracking Millidegree Perturbations in Phase

The market value for the plastics manufacturing industry is projected to exceed USd700 billion in the coming decade [1]. Technology for reliable quality control is an essential component of the manufacturing process. Present technology for monitoring the thickness profile of manufactured plastics typically makes use of interferometry with a white-light (broadband or tunable-wavelength) laser source. [2]-[5]. While this method has found satisfactory implementation as a quality control mechanism to monitor deviations in the thickness of plastics, the cost and complexity of implementation can be prohibitive. In addition, laser-based time-of-flight terahertz time-domain spectroscopic (THz-TDS) tomography systems have been presented as a suitable alternative; however, a femtosecond pulsed laser is still required to render measurements on the order of a micron (mm) [6].
Hyponatremia and other electrolyte abnormalities in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND Hyponatremia due to endocrinopathies such as adrenal insufficiency and hypothyroidism has been reported in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We determined the risk and predictors of hyponatremia and other electrolyte abnormalities in a 'real-world' sample of patients receiving ICIs to treat advanced malignancies. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study of all patients who received ICIs from a single cancer center between 2011 and 2018. Patients were followed for 12 months after initiation of ICIs or until death. Common Terminology for Cancer Adverse Events version 5.0 criteria were used to grade the severity of hyponatremia and other electrolyte abnormalities. The predictors of severe (Grade 3 or 4) hyponatremia were determined using a multivariable logistic regression model. The etiology of Grade 3 or 4 hyponatremia was determined by chart review. RESULTS A total of 2458 patients were included. Their average age was 64 years [standard deviation (SD) 13], 58% were male and 90% were white. In the first year after starting ICIs, 62% experienced hyponatremia (sodium <134 mEq/L) and 136 (6%) experienced severe hyponatremia (<124 mEq/L). Severe hyponatremia occurred on average 164 days (SD 100) after drug initiation. Only nine cases of severe hyponatremia were due to endocrinopathies (0.3% overall incidence). Risk factors for severe hyponatremia included ipilimumab (a cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 inhibitor) use, diuretic use and non-White race. Other severe electrolyte abnormalities were also commonly observed: severe hypokalemia (potassium <3.0 mEq/L) occurred in 6%, severe hyperkalemia (potassium ≥6.1 mEq/L) occurred in 0.6%, severe hypophosphatemia (phosphorus <2 mg/dL) occurred in 17% and severe hypocalcemia (corrected calcium <7.0 mg/dL) occurred in 0.2%. CONCLUSIONS Hyponatremia is common in cancer patients receiving ICIs. However, endocrinopathies are an uncommon cause of severe hyponatremia.
Prioritization of Osteoporosis-Associated Genome-wide Association Study (GWAS) Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) Using Epigenomics and Transcriptomics

Genetic risk factors for osteoporosis, a prevalent disease associated with aging, have been examined in many genome-wide association studies (GWASs). A major challenge is to prioritize transcription-regulatory GWAS-derived variants that are likely to be functional. Given the critical role of epigenetics in gene regulation, we have used an unusual epigenetics-based and transcription-based approach to identify some of the credible regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) relevant to osteoporosis from 38 reported bone mineral density (BMD) GWASs. Using Roadmap databases, we prioritized SNPs based upon their overlap with strong enhancer or promoter chromatin preferentially in osteoblasts relative to 12 heterologous cell culture types. We also required that these SNPs overlap open chromatin (Deoxyribonuclease I [DNaseI]-hypersensitive sites) and DNA sequences predicted to bind to osteoblast-relevant transcription factors in an allele-specific manner. From >50,000 GWAS-derived SNPs, we identified 14 novel and credible regulatory SNPs (Tier-1 SNPs) for osteoporosis risk. Their associated genes, BICC1, LGR4, DAAM2, NPR3, or HMGA2, are involved in osteoblastogenesis or bone homeostasis and regulate cell signaling or enhancer function. Four of these genes are preferentially expressed in osteoblasts. BICC1, LGR4, and DAAM2 play important roles in canonical Wnt signaling, a pathway critical for bone formation and repair. The transcription factors predicted to bind to the Tier-1 SNP-containing DNA sequences also have bone-related functions. We present evidence that some of the Tier-1 SNPs exert their effects on BMD risk indirectly through little-studied long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) genes, which may, in turn, control the nearby bone-related protein-encoding gene. Our study illustrates a method to identify novel BMD-related causal regulatory SNPs for future study and to prioritize candidate regulatory GWAS-derived SNPs, in general. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Use of the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale in a Juvenile Delinquent Population: A Convergent Validity Study

The validity of the Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale (SISE) in adolescents was not well established, and how self-esteem manifested in newly incarcerated juvenile delinquents was poorly described. Using a retrospective study with archival records, the SISE was compared to other measures of self-esteem, grit, mental health, and academic self-concept in a small juvenile detention center in the Midwest of the United States. Demographic data were analyzed, and a correlation, intraclass correlation, and kappa statistic were run to test relationships and reliability. The SISE was found to be a reliable and efficient tool to use with adolescents and juvenile delinquents. Policy recommendations applicable to juvenile delinquents and schools in general give direction using the findings.
Rehabilitation and Return-to-Play Criteria After Fresh Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation: A Systematic Review:

Background:Fresh osteochondral allograft (OCA) is a treatment option that allows for the transfer of size-matched allograft cartilage and subchondral bone into articular defects of the knee. Althou...
Conversion Strategies in Eastern Europe and the former USSR: a thematic overview

This is the first of two thematic chapters which introduce perspectives on the subject of defence conversion from the East and the West. The plan of this chapter is as follows: First, a systems representation of an enterprise is introduced. This helps us to analyse how conversion affects the main subsystems of a former military enterprise. The elements of the system that will be addressed are the goal setting subsystem, the technology base, the human resource base, the structure, and the management. Second, this approach is used to analyse and compare different conversion concepts and strategies proposed in recent years. Third, various possible ways to elaborate a sound conversion project at the enterprise level are discussed. Three specific domains in conversion project design/implementation are described. These concern the inter-relations between potential markets, necessary investments and the ‘technological gap’ between available military technology and its potential civil analogues. Fourth, concrete conversion activities are described and analysed, drawing principally upon experience from Russia, but with observations from other countries. Examples are presented based upon regional policy in the conversion of military industries and institutions in St. Petersburg; conversion support infrastructures in Bratislava and StPetersburg; and experience of German and Russian participants in conversion projects. Finally, the role of international cooperation and foreign investment in conversion is considered, once more on the basis of concrete examples.
The use of estrogens in the treatment of dysuria and incontinence in postmenopausal women

Abstract The study reported here stems from the observation that a number of women with disorders of micturition, consisting of urinary frequency, urgency, and incontinence, experienced relief of these symptoms while being treated with estrogens for the usual menopausal complaints. In order to determine the relationship of the estrogen therapy to the amelioration of the urinary symptoms, a group of postmenopausal patients with urgency, dysuria, and stress incontinence were selected for study and treatment.
Magnetization and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of reduced uteroferrin and its "EPR-silent" phosphate complex.

The exchange coupling of reduced uteroferrin has been measured (19.8(5) cm-1 S1.S2) using recently developed techniques for studying metalloprotein magnetization. A spin Hamiltonian describing the coupled binuclear Fe(II).Fe(III) center has been used to fit the low and high field magnetization data, the EPR g values, and the highly anisotropic effective hyperfine tensor of the ferric site. The exchange coupling of the phosphate complex of reduced uteroferrin has also been measured (6.0(5) cm-1 S1.S2) using the same techniques. The smaller exchange coupling of the phosphate complex is comparable with the zero field splittings of the iron sites. This results in increased sensitivity of the system g values (found by calculation from the spin Hamiltonian) to variations of the zero field splitting parameters arising from heterogeneities in the protein microenvironment. Consequently, there is a very significant (9-fold) increase in the "effective g strain" of the system compared to the situation in the absence of phosphate. This, together with the larger g anisotropy (g = (1.06, 1.51, 2.27)), gives rise to an EPR signal for the phosphate complex of reduced uteroferrin which is extremely broad and difficult to detect but which has now been identified for the first time.