cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Relief: The Development of Social Welfare Programs in Depression-Era Michigan, 1930–1940

Review of: "Negotiating Relief: The Development of Social Welfare Programs in Depression-Era Michigan, 1930–1940," by Susan Stein-Roggenbuck.
Online health information seeking, medical care beliefs and timeliness of medical check-ups among African Americans.

Abstract Objective This study aims to investigate the relationship among different types of internet sources for health, medical check-up beliefs and the timeliness of annual medical check-ups among African Americans, accounting for both health TV usage and health service use. Methods Hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted on data from 1734 African Americans surveyed in the 2013 Consumer Health Multimedia Audience Research Systems national pharmaceutical study of 19,420 U.S. adults. Results The results indicate a positive association between seeking health information on medical websites (β = 0.052, p = 0.04) and consumer-driven health sites (β = 0.066, p Conclusion Seeking information on health-specific websites was associated with more timely check-ups in African Americans and more positive preventative medical care belief, even after controlling for traditional barriers, such as poor provider relationship. Practice Implications Health specific websites may provide an avenue for intervention to improve preventative care use in African Americans.
Rapid two-anchor crawling from a milliscale prismatic-push-pull (3P) robot.

Many crawling organisms such as caterpillars and worms use a method of movement in which two or more anchor points alternately push and pull the body forward at a constant frequency. In this paper we present a milliscale push-pull robot which is capable of operating across a wide range of actuation frequencies thus enabling us to expand our understanding of two-anchor locomotion beyond the low-speed regime. We designed and fabricated a milliscale robot which uses anisotropic friction at two oscillating contact points to propel itself forward in a push-pull fashion. In experiments we varied the oscillation frequency, f, over a wide range (10-250~Hz) and observe a non-linear relationship between robot speed over this full frequency range. At low frequency (f 100 Hz) speed was relatively constant with increasing frequency. Lastly, at higher frequency (f > 170 Hz) the linear speed-frequency relationship returned. The speed-frequency relationship at low actuation frequencies is consistent with previously described two-anchor models and experiments in biology and robotics, however the higher frequency behavior is inconsistent with two-anchor frictional behavior. To understand the locomotion behavior of our system we first develop a deterministic two-anchor model in which contact forces are determined exactly from static or dynamic friction. Our experiments deviate from the model predictions, and through 3D kinematics measurements we confirm that ground contact is intermittent in robot locomotion at higher frequencies. By including probabilistic foot slipping behavior in the two-anchor friction model we are able to describe the three-regimes of robot locomotion.
Utility of dormant season pruning wood to predict nutrient status of grapevines

Grape growers utilize leaf blades or petioles collected during the growing season to monitor vine nutrition. However, an earlier indicator of vine nutrient status is desirable. The pruning wood der...
Precision Agriculture: An Overview of the Field and Women’s Contributions to It

Precision agriculture is about viewing and treating the agricultural process as a system and incorporating information available from all its parts to improve its performance. In order to do so, new enabling processes, tools, and technologies had to be developed to enable the observation and measurement of important variables, facilitate the study and assessment of these variables to extract relevant information and knowledge, and use this knowledge to control the agricultural process and its inputs/outputs. This book is a compilation of contributions, breakthroughs, and impactful research done by leading female researchers and scholars from various fields and from around the world toward making precision agriculture a reality. These researchers are creating new technological advances that are revolutionizing agriculture and providing innovative solutions to some of today’s most challenging global food problems, paving the way for a smarter, more precise, more efficient, and more profitable agriculture for the twenty-first century. This is the only known book focused on advances in precision agriculture for both land and livestock, led by women researchers and scholars, hence providing a unique woman’s perspective in a field primarily dominated by men. This chapter presents a holistic overview of the field, highlighting relevant technologies, decision-making strategies, practices, applications, economics, opportunities, and challenges for both land and livestock applications.
Recurrence of Sarcoidosis After Lung Transplantation Presenting as Neurosarcoidosis.

Recurrence of pulmonary sarcoidosis after transplantation of the lung is known to occur and has not been shown to lead to negative outcomes. However, recurrence in a new primary organ is incredibly rare and not an established pattern of clinical presentation. Neurosarcoidosis can present in a variety of ways, one of which is development of acute encephalopathy and diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI imaging. In the case we present, the MRI findings, the improvement of symptoms and imaging abnormalities with steroid treatment support a diagnosis of probable neurosarcoidosis. Since a minority of patients who undergo lung transplantation have sarcoidosis, it is possible that subsequent development of neurosarcoidosis may be under recognized.
Life cycle assessment of salinity gradient energy recovery using reverse electrodialysis

This study is the first comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of reverse electrodialysis (RED), a technology that converts salinity gradient energy into electricity. Our goal is to identify RED system components of environmental concern and provide insights on potential environmental impacts. We conduct an attributional LCA of two RED scenarios: large‐scale energy generation from natural bodies of water and smaller‐scale energy generation from industrial processes. A functional unit of 1 MWh of net electricity production enables comparison to existing renewable energy technologies, including wind and solar photovoltaics. Under theoretical, favorable conditions, environmental impacts from RED are found to be comparable to, and often lower than, established renewable energy technologies. Processes associated with membrane manufacture are primary contributors to six of the nine evaluated impact categories. Under baseline assumptions, impacts are an average of 50% higher for the Natural Water scenario compared to the Concentrated Brine scenario because of the increased power density achieved with concentrated brines. This early‐stage LCA demonstrates that the expected environmental impacts of RED are comparable to existing renewable technologies and a large improvement over fossil‐based generation. However, eutrophication, ecotoxicity, and carcinogenic impacts are larger for RED than other technologies under some assumptions.
Determination of Income Mobility Using Tax Return Data

This research addresses the question of whether taxpayers are income-mobile during 1979-1990. Following prior research, we compare ranks of individuals in the full distribution of income across years. Extending prior research we ask: Does an individual draw his income from some fixed subset of the distribution of possible incomes, implying a limited income opportunity set, or from the total distribution of incomes, implying an unlimited income opportunity set. We analyze group income distributions within each year using stochastic dominance. We find limited income mobility over 1979-1990 and that individuals face a limited income opportunity set based on their group membership.
Future Well-Being Among People Who Attempt Suicide and Survive: Research Recommendations

Abstract Over 48,000 people died by suicide in 2018 in the United States, and more than 25 times that number attempted suicide. Research on suicide has focused much more on risk factors and adverse outcomes than on protective factors and more healthy functioning. Consequently, little is known regarding relatively positive long-term psychological adaptation among people who attempt suicide and survive. We recommend inquiry into the phenomenon of long-term well-being after nonfatal suicide attempts, and we explain how this inquiry complements traditional risk research by (a) providing a more comprehensive understanding of the sequelae of suicide attempts, (b) identifying protective factors for potential use in interventions and prevention, and (c) contributing to knowledge and public education that reduce the stigma associated with suicide-related behaviors.
Addiction is a Disability, and it Matters

Previous discussions of addiction have often focused on the question of whether addiction is a disease. This discussion distinguishes that question – the disease question – from the question of whether addiction is a disability. I argue that, however one answers the disease question, and indeed on almost any credible account of addiction, addiction is a disability. I then consider the implications of this view, or why it matters that addiction is a disability. The disease model of addiction has led many to see addiction as primarily a medical problem, and to make medical treatment of the addicted person the first priority in addressing addiction. Once addiction is viewed as a disability (whether or not it is also a disease), different concerns are foregrounded. The problem of addiction resides not only in the addicted person, but also in the social environment in which the addicted person finds herself. The fundamental ethical question about addiction is not how addicted persons can be treated or otherwise changed, but how a just society can make reasonable accommodations for addicted persons.
Optimal Decisions: Theory and Practice

Rules for optimal decisions using some form of quantitative models have been developed and applied in several disciplines including economics, management science, cybernetic and social systems. Two types of model formulations have been most common e.g. static and dynamic, or deterministic and stochastic. In the former case the role of time is explicitly introduced in the specification, whereas in the latter the probabilistic variations in data are of great interest.
Low bias, low noise single-avalanche-stage APDs

Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are attractive for use in large capacity long distance optical communication systems. They provide an advantage over p-i-n detectors because of their internal gains. A gain-bandwidth product of /spl sim/300 GHz has been achievable using an APD with a <100 nm thick multiplication layer. Avalanche multiplication based on impact ionization is a noisy process intrinsically. In a conventional APD, the multiplication region is long. Carriers can be ionized essentially anywhere within the avalanche region. This causes a large gain fluctuation; therefore, it becomes another source of noise in an APD in addition to the shot noise. The ultra low noise APDs device has two large band discontinuities (and high E-field regions too), where the deterministic impact ionizations will take place. Such a device will have a very high operational speed limited by the drifting time in the absorption region. Competing with the impact ionization processes, the tunneling effect increases with the reverse bias voltage and the tunneling leakage current can dominate the total current. Although the leakage current has limited us to do more meaningful system measurement at this moment, we have demonstrated avalanche gains at quite low bias voltage. We also expect that by using a combination of the InAIAs and InP materials. We will be able to obtain better results and achieve our proposed device performance.
CD47 contributes to neutrophil recruitment (146.2)

Leukocyte recruitment plays a key role in an inflammatory response. CD47 associates “in cis” with β1, β2 and β3 integrins. CD47 also interacts “in trans” with Signal Regulatory Proteins (SIRP-α and -γ) and thrombospondin (TSP). CD47 plays an important but incompletely understood role in the innate and adaptive immune responses. Neutrophil recruitment in CD47KO mice is reduced in models of peritonitis, lung injury and dermal air pouch inflammation, but the exact contribution(s) of CD47 to neutrophil (PMN) extravasation is unclear. Here we report that in the TNF-α-stimulated cremaster muscle microcirculation, PMN rolling velocity is elevated compared to WT (17.8±1.5μm/s vs. 14.3±1.0μm/s, respectively; p<0.05), whereas there was no difference between WT and CD47KO mice in CXCL1-induced arrest. Also, PMN transendothelial migration (TEM) is reduced by 30% in CD47KO mice compared to WT mice (p<0.05). In vitro flow chamber assays demonstrate reduced adhesion (30% reduction vs. WT; p<0.05) and TEM (60% reduction ...
Abstract 5589: Molecular diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic role of mir-221 in pancreatic cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: Comprehensive molecular profiling of microRNAs (miRNAs) and subsequent target gene analysis of pancreatic cancer (PaCa) can provide tumor specific miRNAs signatures to improve diagnostic accuracy, refine prognostic and predictive capabilities, and may also serve as therapeutic targets. In PaCa such a comprehensive analysis has not been reported.Design: RNA extracted from scant amounts of formalin fixed paraffin embedded PaCa tumor and normal pancreatic tissues were profiled for miRNA expression using microfluidic biochip microarrays (which interrogate 2019 unique mature miRNAs,LC Sciences). The expression of abnormal miRNAs was then validated and quantified using real time RT-PCR. Data was statistically analyzed using the Student's t-test. Survival data obtained in each case was correlated with the miRNA data using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Oncogenic potential, therapeutic modulation and downstream target genes of altered miRNA were evaluated by real time RT-PCR using PaCa cells for mRNA expression.Results: miRNA profiling showed high expression of miR-221 in PaCa tissues compared to normal pancreas (p=0.001). These findings were validated and quantified using qRT- PCR (p=0.0029) . Survival analysis using Kaplan-Meier, demonstrated shorter survival of patients with higher expression of miR-221 compared to those with relatively lower levels of miR-221 . The cell proliferation index of PaCa cells was increased by miR-221 mimics transfection and decreased by miR-221 inhibitors. The predicted target genes of miR-221 identified by RT-PCR were PTEN, p27kip1, p57kip2 and PUMA.Conclusions: High throughput miRNA expression profiling showed high expression of miR-221 in PaCa tissues. Higher levels of miR-221 demonstrated poorer prognosis, suggesting the oncogenic potential of miR-221 in PaCa. Its target genes are PTEN, p27kip1, p57kip2 and PUMA which are tumor suppressors, and found to be deregulated by over-expression or under-expression of miR-221 transfection studies in PaCa cells. These results provide molecular evidence of oncogenic potential of miR-221 in PaCa which may have a significant clinical impact on prognosis & risk stratification and in designing novel targeted molecular therapeutics in the future to achieve the goal of personalized and precision medicine. Citation Format: Seema Sethi, Shaan Sarkar, Hala Dubaybo, Shadan Ali, Priscila Goncalves, Spilakshmi Kollepara, Philip Philip, Yiwei Li. Molecular diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic role of mir-221 in pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5589. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5589
A Multilinear Parametrization Approach for Identification of Partially Known Systems

This paper deals with an identification problem which arises in adaptive control for partially known systems. The linear systems under consideration can be represented by a nonlinear parametric model which is polynomial in the unknown physical parameters, as opposed to the linear parametric model used in most black-box identification problem. A multilinear parametrization approach is proposed and an identification algorithm based on the multilinear model is developed. The properties of the multilinear identification algorithm are explored and analyzed. Simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Static dielectric response of icosahedral fullerenes from C 60 to C 2160 characterized by an all-electron density functional theory

The static dielectric response of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{180}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{240}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{540}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{720}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{960}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{1500}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{2160}$ fullerenes is characterized by an all-electron density functional method. First, the screened polarizabilities of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{180}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{240}$, and ${\mathrm{C}}_{540}$ are determined by the finite-field method using Gaussian basis set containing 35 basis functions per atom. In the second set of calculations, the unscreened polarizabilities are calculated for fullerenes ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}--{\mathrm{C}}_{2160}$ from the self-consistent Kohn-Sham orbitals and eigenvalues using the sum-over-states method. The approximate screened polarizabilities, obtained by applying a correction determined within linear response theory, show excellent agreement with the finite-field polarizabilities. The static dipole polarizability per atom in ${\mathrm{C}}_{2160}$ is $(4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3})$ three times larger than that in ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ $(1.344\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{3})$. Our results reduce the uncertainty in various theoretical models used previously to describe the dielectric response of fullerenes and show that quantum size effects in polarizability are significantly smaller than previously thought.
Computational design of a β–peptide that targets transmembrane helices

The design of β-peptide foldamers targeting the transmembrane (TM) domains of complex natural membrane proteins has been a formidable challenge. A series of β-peptides was designed to stably insert in TM orientations in phospholipid bilayers. Their secondary structures and orientation in the phospholipid bilayer was characterized using biophysical methods. Computational methods were then devised to design a β-peptide that targeted a TM helix of the integrin α(IIb)β(3). The designed peptide (β-CHAMP) interacts with the isolated target TM domain of the protein and activates the intact integrin in vitro.
Can companies buy legitimacy? Using corporate political strategies to offset negative corporate social responsibility records

Purpose – Organizational legitimacy is greatly influenced by firm corporate social responsibility (CSR) records. An organization with a poor CSR record can either try to improve its practices or attempt to manipulate institutional norms and belief systems in order to convince the society that its practices are acceptable. The authors argue that firms’ corporate political strategies (CPS) – attempts by firms to influence public policy outcomes in a favorable way – can be very effective in shaping legitimacy norms and offsetting negative public image. The purpose of this paper is to draw on institutional theory and propose that firms with negative CSR records consider investing in political strategies necessary in order to construct new legitimate standards in line with their strategies. Design/methodology/approach – The authors test the hypotheses on 348 manufacturing firms using data from “The Center for Responsive Politics.” MSCI (formerly known as KLD) and COMPUSTAT. Research methodology used to test hy...
PMMA Adsorption Over Previously Adsorbed PS Studied by Polarized FTIR-ATR

SYNOPSIS Polarized infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection was used to investigate the adsorption of PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) onto PS (polystyrene) that was previously adsorbed onto oxidized silicon from dilute solution in carbon tetrachloride at 30°C. The carbonyl group of PMMA forms hydrogen bonds with surface silanol groups, giving segmentsurface interaction energy of 4 kT as against 1 kT for PS (k is the Boltzmann constant, T the absolute temperature). The formation of hydrogen-bonding by PMMA was unaffected, in rate or amount, by preadsorbed PS, but a lesser total amount of PMMA adsorbed onto PS, resulting in a higher average bound fraction. The histogram of the mass adsorbed, attributable to subpopulations of chains with different bound fractions, was inferred by subtracting infrared spectra acquired at successive times. Whereas this histogram was broad and bimodal for adsorption onto bare surface, it was narrower and unimodal for adsorption onto preadsorbed PS. 0 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Estimation of own- and cross-price elasticities from household survey data

Abstract A methodology is proposed that allows the use of expenditure and quantity data from household surveys to estimate a system of demand equations including freely estimated own- and cross-price elasticities. Unit values of purchases by individual households are used to indicate spatial variation in prices, and the fact that households in such surveys are geographically clustered is used to separate out the effects of measurement error from genuine price variation. The method also allows for variation in quality with household incomes and with prices. Results for a five good system for the Cote d'Ivoire are presented and discussed.
Aminoacylation and acetylaminoacylation of homopolyribonucleotides

Abstract The reactions catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and polypeptide synthetase were modeled by using N- (acetylaminoacyl)-imidazoles and trifluoroacetate salts of N- (aminoacyl)-imidazoles to acetylaminoacylate and aminoacylate homopolyribonucleotides, respectively. These chemical models were employed to investigate selective interactions between amino acid derivatives and homopolyribonucleotides by determining the relative rates of aminoacylation and acetylaminoacylation. N- (Acetylaminoacyl)-imidazoles were synthesized by reacting each N- acetylamino acid with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole in N,N′- dimethylacetamide . The identities of N- (acetylphenylalanyl)-imidazole , N- (acetylglycyl)-imidazole , and N- (acetylprolyl)-imidazole were confirmed by elemental analysis of their respective hydroxamate derivatives. The half-lives of hydrolysis at 0 °C of several N- (acyl)-imidazoles were determined. The relative rates of acetylaminoacylation of homopolyribonucleotides at 0 °C followed the sequence poly(U) > poly(A) > poly(C) . Maximal acetylphenylalanylation of poly(U) at 0 °C yielded one acyl linkage per three nucleotide residues of poly(U). The trifluoroacetate salts of phenylalanine, glycine, and proline were prepared and their identities confirmed by elemental analysis. N- (Aminoacyl)-imidazoles of phenylalanine, glycine, proline, and lysine were synthesized by reacting the trifluoroacetate salt of each amino acid with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole in dimethylsulfoxide. The half-lives of hydrolysis at 25 °C of the N- (aminoacyl)-imidazoles were determined. The relative rates of aminoacylation of homopolyribonucleotides at 25 °C decreased in the sequence: poly(U) > poly(A) ≧ poly(G) > poly(C) . The rank order of rates of acylation of homopolyribonucleotides was thus the same for either the N- (acetylaminoacyl)-imidazoles or the salts of the N- (aminoacyl)-imidazoles .
Solubilization and properties of the hydrogenase of Chromatium.

Abstract Cell-free extracts of Chromatium were separated into a soluble and a particulate chromatophore fraction and the latter fraction contained most of the hydrogenase activity of the cells as well as the ferrodoxin-dependent H 2 NAD + reducing activity. The particulate hydrogenase was solubilized by treating either cells or particles with Triton X-100 or deoxycholate. The solubilized hydrogenase prepared from cells could reduce NAD + in the presence of ferrodoxin while the solubilized hydrogenase prepared from particles could not. Benzyl viologen stimulated NAD + reduction in all preparations. The hydrogenase of Chromatium activates H 2 by a heterolytic split to form an enzyme hydride.
Preparing Novice History Teachers to Meet Students’ Literacy Needs

In spite of calls for increased literacy instruction in secondary content classes, there appears to be little change in practice. One reason for this may be that content area literacy courses inadequately prepared teachers to teach literacy skills specific to their content area. This article describes a program that embeds content area literacy instruction in a methods course taken by preservice history teachers. In this course, teaching candidates explore issues of literacy specific to history classrooms. Candidates’ written reflections, examination responses, and course evaluations reveal the development of knowledge, skills, and dispositions necessary to include literacy instruction in history classes.
Stego sensitivity measure and multibit plane based steganography using different color models

There are several steganographic methods that embed in palette-based images. In general these schemes are using RGB palette models. The restrictions of palette-based image formats impose limitations on existing models. For example, how to divide colors from a palette-vector for embedding purposes without causing visual degradation to the image. Another crucial intricacy is embedding using multiple bit planes while preserving the image's characteristics. Possible solutions to these problems could be: a) using a multi-bit embedding procedure; b) using other color models and c) embedding only in non-informative regions. Therefore we present a new secure high capacity palette based steganographic method used to embed in multiple bit planes using different color models. The performance of the developed algorithm posts the following advantages shown through computer simulations: 1) Fewer modifications are present when compared to BPCS Steganographic method for palette-based images [1]. 2) Provides additional security through a simple selective color and cover image algorithm. 3) The proposed method offers an increased capacity by embedding in multiple bit planes. 4) Finally, the secure media storage system contains an independent steganographic method that provides an additional level of security. The proposed method was proven to be immune to Chi-square and Pairs Analysis steganalysis attacks. In addition, the presented method uses different color model to represent the palettes. Analysis shows that the presented algorithm was also secure against detection from RS Steganalysis when using different color models.
Beyond Thrombosis: The Versatile Platelet in Critical Illness

Sepsis, acute lung injury, and ARDS contribute substantially to the expanding burden of critical illness within our ICUs. Each of these processes is characterized by a myriad of injurious events, including apoptosis, microvascular dysfunction, abnormal coagulation, and dysregulated host immunity. Only recently have platelets—long considered merely effectors of thrombosis—been implicated in inflammatory conditions and the pathobiology of these disease processes. A growing body of evidence suggests a prominent role for maladaptive platelet activation and aggregation during sepsis and ARDS and has begun to underscore the pluripotential influence of platelets on outcomes in critical illness. Not only do platelets enhance vascular injury through thrombotic mechanisms but also appear to help orchestrate pathologic immune responses and are pivotal players in facilitating leukocyte recruitment to vulnerable tissue. These events contribute to the organ damage and poor patient outcomes that still plague the care of these high-risk individuals. An understanding of the role of platelets in critical illness also highlights the potential for both the development of risk stratification schema and the use of novel, targeted therapies that might alter the natural history of sepsis, acute lung injury, and ARDS. Future studies of adenosine, platelet polyphosphates, and the platelet transcriptome/proteome also should add considerably to our ability to unravel the mysteries of the versatile platelet.
Stable isotope dynamics in elasmobranch fishes

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses have improved our understanding of food webs and movement patterns of aquatic organisms. These techniques have recently been applied to diet studies of elasmobranch fishes, but isotope turnover rates and isotope diet-tissue discrimination are still poorly understood for this group. We performed a diet switch experiment on captive sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) as a model shark species to determine tissue turnover rates for liver, whole blood, and white muscle. In a second experiment, we subjected captive coastal skates (Leucoraja spp.) to serial salinity reductions to measure possible impacts of tissue urea content on nitrogen stable isotope values. We extracted urea from spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) white muscle to test for effects on nitrogen stable isotopes. Isotope turnover was slow for shark tissues and similar to previously published estimates for stingrays and teleost fishes with low growth rates. Muscle isotope data would likely fail to capture seasonal migrations or diet switches in sharks, while liver and whole blood would more closely reflect shorter term movement or shifts in diet. Nitrogen stable isotope values of skate blood and skate and dogfish white muscle were not affected by tissue urea content, suggesting that available diet-tissue discrimination estimates for teleost fishes with similar physiologies would provide accurate estimates for elasmobranchs.
Scale-up strategy for continuous powder blending process

Abstract Continuous powder mixing has attracted a lot of interest within the pharmaceutical industry. Much work has been done recently that targets the characterization of continuous powder mixing. In this paper, a quantitative scaling up strategy is introduced that allows the transition from lab to industrial scale. The proposed methodology is based on the variance spectrum analysis, and the residence time distribution, which are key indexes in capturing scale-up of the batch-like mixing, and scale-up of the axial mixing and motion, respectively. Our simulation results are used as preliminary guidance for scaling up different powder mixing cases.
Future Shock on the National Mall: Washington, DC, as Disputed Ideological Space in Robert Wise's The Day the Earth Stood Still

In The Day the Earth Stood Still, director Robert Wise takes advantage of the film's Washington, DC, locale. Moving back and forth between the national icons of Washington and the workaday world of ordinary Washingtonians, Wise depicts post-World War II Washington as a site of ideological struggle.
CAUDATE-PUTAMEN DOPAMINE AND STEREOTYPY RESPONSE PROFILES AFTER INTRAVENOUS AND SUBCUTANEOUS AMPHETAMINE

We compared the behavioral and caudate–putamen extracellular dopamine responses following intravenous (3.6 mg/kg) and subcutaneous (8 mg/kg) amphetamine administration using 2-min microdialysate sampling intervals, and doses of the drug selected to achieve comparable maximal brain concentrations. Following intravenous amphetamine, dopamine peaked within the first 2 min, then declined with a first-order decay rate of 0.018 ± 0.007 min−1. Following subcutaneous amphetamine, dopamine achieved maximum concentrations at 9 min and remained near peak levels for about 30 min before declining with a first-order decay rate of 0.019 ± 0.008 min−1. Maximal brain amphetamine levels and peak dopamine concentrations were equivalent following either route of drug administration. In contrast to the short latency to maximal extracellular dopamine, the onset of oral stereotypies was delayed until about 30 min following both routes of drug administration. Furthermore, in contrast to the behavioral response to amphetamine, apomorphine administration resulted in the rapid appearance of oral stereotypies within 5–10 min after drug administration. These results suggest that although caudate–putamen dopamine receptor activation may be a critical factor in the expression of focused oral stereotypies, other effects of amphetamine may interfere with the ability of animals to exhibit these behaviors. Synapse 31:125–133, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Ambivalent Dynamics of Secretarial `Bitching': Control, Resistance, and the Construction of Identity

We conceptualize bitching as an ambivalent communicative practice that takes place in and contributes to the construction of gendered organizational identities. Through interpretive analyses of in situ bitching among corporate secretaries, we show how the ambivalent dynamics of their collective bitching both maintained stereotypical gender attributes and destabilized the properly professional secretarial identity. By elaborating the ambivalent dynamics of bitching, we offer a more nuanced understanding of the interplay of control and resistance in the communicative construction of gendered workplace identities.
Aggregation kinetics of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in aquatic systems: measurements and environmental implications.

The initial aggregation kinetics of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were examined through time-resolved dynamic light scattering. Aggregation of MWNTs was evaluated by varying solution pH and the concentration of monovalent (NaCl) and divalent (CaCl2 and MgCl2) salts. Suwannee River humic acid (SRHA) was used to study the effect of background natural organic matter on MWNT aggregation kinetics. Increasing salt concentration and addition of divalent calcium and magnesium ions induced MWNT aggregation by suppressing electrostatic repulsion, similar to observations with aquatic colloidal particles. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) values for MWNTs were estimated as 25 mM NaCl, 2.6 mM CaCl2, and 1.5 mM MgCl2. An increase in solution pH from acidic (pH 3) to basic (pH 11) conditions resulted in a substantial (over 2 orders of magnitude) decrease in MWNT aggregation kinetics, suggesting the presence of ionizable functional groups on the MWNT carbon scaffold. The presence of humic acid in soluti...
Visualization and quantification of mouse prostate development by in situ hybridization

The purpose of this study was to validate a combined in situ hybridization (ISH)/immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining method for visualizing and quantifying mouse prostatic buds. To refine animal usage in prostate development studies, we also determined whether a comparable number of prostatic buds were formed in male and female mouse urogenital sinus (UGS) explants grown in vitro in the presence of androgen. We used IHC to label UGS epithelium and ISH to label prostatic buds with one of three different prostatic bud marking riboprobes: a previously identified prostatic bud marker, NK-3 transcription factor, locus 1 (Nkx3-1), and two newly identified prostatic bud markers, wingless-related MMTV integration site 10b (Wnt10b) and ectodysplasin-A receptor (Edar). We calculated total buds formed per UGS and the proportion marked by each mRNA after male UGS development in vivo and male and female UGS development in vitro. Nkx3-1 was first to mark the prostate field during UGS development in vivo but all three mRNAs marked prostatic buds during later developmental stages. The mRNAs localized to different domains: Nkx3-1 was present along about half the prostatic bud length while Edar and Wnt10b were restricted to distal bud tips. None of the mRNAs marked all buds formed in vitro and the proportion marked was developmental stage- and gender-dependent. Nkx3-1 marked the highest proportion of prostatic buds during in vitro UGS development. Together, our results reveal that ISH staining of mouse UGS can be used to quantify prostatic bud number, Nkx3-1 is currently the best suited riboprobe for this method, and female UGSs cannot be used interchangeably with male UGSs when conducting prostate development studies in vitro. We also found that Nkx3-1, Edar, and Wnt10b mark different prostatic bud regions and are likely to be useful in future studies of regional differences in prostatic bud gene expression.
Shiftwork and sickness absence among police officers: the BCOPS study.

Shiftwork, regarded as a significant occupational stressor, has become increasingly prevalent across a wide range of occupations. The adverse health outcomes associated with shiftwork are well documented. Shiftwork is an integral part of law enforcement, a high-stress occupation with elevated risks of chronic disease and mortality. Sickness absence is an important source of productivity loss and may also serve as an indirect measure of workers’ morbidity. Prior studies of shiftwork and sickness absenteeism have yielded varying results and the association has not been examined specifically among police officers. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence rate of sick leave (any, ≥3 consecutive days) among day-, afternoon-, and night-shift workers in a cohort of police officers and also examine the role of lifestyle factors as potential moderators of the association. Participants (N = 464) from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress (BCOPS) study examined between 2004 and 2009...
Policy Implications for Modeling the Next Generation of Target Date Funds

This article outlines some policy parameters for designing a new investment vehicle, with similar features to today’s target date fund that is specifically designed for investors in the withdrawal phase. Since these portfolios appeal to less informed investors, it is recommended that target date funds for the withdrawal phase be designed to provide a set real withdrawal rate. Investors should seek professional advice, either through firm-provided professionals or outside advisors, on the appropriate withdrawal rate class of funds, based on their personal financial situation, legacy goals, and life expectancy. Consistent with the results of Merton [1969] and Samuelson [1969] portfolio managers should maintain a constant allocation to equity to minimize the probability of shortfall risk for these clients.
Distinct Domains within the Human Cytomegalovirus UL26 Protein Are Important for Wildtype Viral Replication and Virion Stability

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL26 gene encodes a virion protein that is important for high titer viral replication. To identify specific domains within the UL26 protein that contribute to viral infection, we created a panel of site-directed UL26 mutant viruses and assessed their impact on phenotypes attributed to UL26. We find that the C-terminal 38 amino acids of the UL26 protein are absolutely necessary for UL26 function. A stop-insertion mutant that produced a truncated UL26 protein lacking this region behaved identically to UL26-null viruses. This included reduced accumulation of IE1 protein at early time points, smaller plaque size, reduced virion stability, and growth with similarly attenuated kinetics. This C-terminal truncation decreased the amount of UL26 packaged into the virion resulting in reduced delivery of UL26 to newly infected cells. Further, this C-terminal truncated UL26 exhibited substantially reduced nuclear localization compared to wildtype UL26. Translation of UL26 mRNA is initiated from two separate in frame methionines that give rise to a long and a short isoform of UL26. We find that the N-terminal 34 amino acids, which are unique to the long isoform of UL26, are also important for the function of the UL26 protein. A viral mutant that produces only the short isoform of UL26 and lacks these N-terminal 34 amino acids exhibits delayed IE1 accumulation, and demonstrates intermediate defects in viral plaque size, virion stability and viral growth kinetics. Ablation of the short UL26 isoform in the presence of the long UL26 isoform did not impact any of the in vitro phenotypes tested. These experiments highlight important domains within the UL26 protein that contribute to HCMV infection.
Prescribed fire and the response of woody species in Willamette Valley wetland prairies.

A single fall-season prescribed burn and two consecutive fall-season prescribed burns were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to quantify the effects of fire intensity and frequency on woody species in two Willamette Valley wet prairies. Fuel biomass, fuel properties, fire behavior, biomass consumption, and changes in woody species density and height were documented before and after the burns. Before burning, Rosa nutkana (Nootka rose) was the most abundant woody species at both sites. In 1988, burns were significantly more intense, produced more heat per unit area at Fisher Butte than at Rose Prairie, and were fairly complete, with 37% and 35% woody biomass consumption, respectively. In 1989, burns were spotty; only 11% of woody biomass was consumed at Fisher Butte. The one-burn treatment did not affect R. nutkana density in 1 × 15 m transects at either site; the two-burn treatment significantly increased its density in three of the five communities sampled. Burning significantly reduced height growth by eliminating taller individuals while stimulating sprouts from belowground tissues. Redistribution of R. nutkana and trees into shorter height classes indicates the possibility of reducing the visual dominance of woody species if periodic burns were conducted in native Willamette Valley prairie. The low-intensity burns in this study were sufficient to remove the woody shoots under 3 m tall but did not reduce their capacity to regenerate and did not reduce the density of woody species. After decades of fire suppression, two burns were not sufficient to reestablish the desired balance between native herbaceous and woody species or to reduce the presence of introduced woody species. A long-term commitment to the reintroduction of fire as a management tool will be required to maintain native wetland prairies in the Willamette Valley.
Nocturnal polyuria in type 2 diabetes: a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSEPolyuria and nocturia in individuals with type 2 diabetes may be due to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a recently recognized etiology of excess nighttime urine production. This exploratory study examined the relationships among glucose control, OSA, and nocturnal urine production.METHODSA sample of community-dwelling older adults (20 nondiabetic subjects and 10 poorly controlled type 2 diabetes subjects) was recruited based on self-report of nocturia more than twice per night. Participants were monitored on a metabolic research unit for 24 hours to track intake/output, collect blood and urine samples, and conduct an overnight polysomnography sleep study.RESULTSNone of the subjects had fasting serum glucose levels above the renal threshold. OSA was found in 65% of subjects. Those with moderate/severe OSA had significantly greater overnight urine production than subjects without OSA. Subjects with type 2 diabetes and moderate/severe OSA had the highest nocturnal urine production.CONCLUSIONSThe high i...
A germanium–silver complex containing aGe—Ag bond, Ag[Ge(OC6HPh4-2,3,5,6)3(AgOSO2CF3)]·4C6H6

The title compound, tris­[μ-2,3,5,6-tetra­phenyl­phenoxy(1−)-1:3κ2O,1κC2](tri­fluoro­methyl­sulfonato-2κO)­disilvergermanium(Ag—Ge) ­benzene tetrasolvate, Ag[Ge(OC6HPh4-2,3,5,6)3(AgOSO2CF3)]·4C6H6 or [Ag2Ge(CF3O3S)(C30H21O)3]·4C6H6, is a rare example of a compound containing a GeII—AgI bond. The anion consists of a Ge atom bound to three tetra­phenyl­phenoxide ligands and to a mol­ecule of silver tri­fluoro­methane­sulfonate. The AgI counter-ion is encapsulated by the three O atoms of the tetra­phenyl­phenoxide ligands and exhibits π-interactions with the ortho-phenyl rings of these ligands.
Raman study of the improper ferroelectric phase transition in iron iodine boracite

The reduction in the dielectric anomaly near the phase transition temperature in improper ferroelectrics suggests that this behavior may be exploited to significantly enhance the figure-of-merit for pyroelectric infrared detection. This reduction is associated with a decoupling of the thermal and dielectric responses which, in turn, reflects the unusual nature of the lattice instability at the phase transition. In order to elucidate the characteristics of the phonon behavior connected with the lattice instability, Raman scattering of Fe3B7O13I has been examined in both the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases. The results of this study as well as results from earlier measurements on other boracites, provides insight into the nature of the mode softening.
Temperature Measurements by Ultraviolet Filtered Rayleigh Scattering Using a Mercury Filter

We report the development of Ultraviolet Filtered Rayleigh Scattering (UV FRS) as a diagnostic tool for measurements of gas properties. A frequency tripled, narrow linewidth, Ti:sapphire laser illuminates a sample, and Rayleigh scattered light is imaged through a mercury vapor absorption e lter. The strong absorption of the e lter may be used to suppress elastic background. Tuning the laser through the absorption notch of the e lter is a means of probing the scattering line shape, which contains temperature information. Temperature measurements of air are shown to have uncertainties of less than 3%, whereas measurements of a weakly ionized discharge have uncertainties of less than 4%. An enhanced scattering cross section as well as nearly ideal e lter properties lead to temperature sensitivities for the mercury e lter in the ultraviolet which are comparable to those available with an iodine e lter in the visible. The absorption for the mercury e lter is modeled to be at least 5 orders of magnitude higher than for the iodine e lter, meaning that stronger background suppression may be achieved.
Immunogenicity and efficacy of childhood vaccines in HIV-1-infected children

Summary Children infected by HIV-1 are particularly vulnerable to severe, recurrent, or unusual infections by vaccinepreventable pathogens. Routine immunisations seem to be generally safe for HIV-1-infected children, but responses may be suboptimal. Early HIV-1-induced immune attrition associated with viral replication may particularly interfere with the development of memory responses. In high HIV-1 prevalence regions, the accumulation of susceptible hosts may compromise disease-control efforts. Although early control of viral replication through treatment with highly active therapy may preserve immune function and responses to routine childhood vaccines, availability is limited in the areas most affected. In this review, we provide an overview of the immunogenicity and efficacy of childhood vaccines in HIV-1-infected children. The possible immunological bases for defective responses are discussed; unanswered questions and the need for further research are delineated
A computational understanding of partial and part determination coefficients

A computational understanding of partial and part determination coefficients brings additional insight concerning their interpretations in regression. It also enables one to easily identify synergistic combinations. Benefits from the practical interpretation of synergism have yet to be fully explored and exploited. Hence, this study provides a new dimension in the analysis of data.