cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Through-wall detection of human breathing rate using compressive sensing technique

In this paper, a non-invasive detection of human breathing rate using a stepped-frequency continuous wave (SFCW) radar by using compressive sensing is presented. A small number of randomly selected frequencies and slow-time samples are used to recover the range profiles and respiratory rate signatures. A full-wave electromagnetic scattering model and through-wall plane wave spectrum approach are incorporated to calculate the scattering fields from a breathing human behind the wall. Real-life measurements using SFCW radar are also processed to validate the simulated results.
Validation of the Pain Resilience Scale in a Chronic Pain Sample.

Abstract Psychosocial factors that protect against negative outcomes for individuals with chronic pain have received increased attention in recent years. Pain resilience, or the ability to maintain behavioral engagement and regulate emotions as well as cognitions despite prolonged or intense pain, is one such factor. A measure of pain-specific resilience, the Pain Resilience Scale, was previously identified as a better predictor of acute pain tolerance than general resilience. The present study sought to validate this measure in a chronic pain sample, while also furthering understanding of the role of pain resilience compared with other protective factors. Participants with chronic pain completed online questionnaires to assess factors related to positive pain outcomes, pain vulnerability, pain intensity, and quality of life. A confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 2-factor structure of the Pain Resilience Scale previously observed among respondents without chronic pain, although one item from each subscale was dropped in the final version. For this chronic pain sample, structural equation modeling showed that pain resilience contributes unique variance to a model including pain acceptance and pain self-efficacy in predicting quality of life and pain intensity. Further, pain resilience was a better fit in this model than general resilience, strengthening the argument for assessing pain resilience over general resilience. Perspective A modified version of the Pain Resilience Scale retained the original factor structure when tested in a chronic pain sample. Construct validity was supported by expected relationships with pain-related protective and vulnerability measures. Further, a model including positive pain constructs showed that pain resilience accounts for unique variability when predicting quality of life and pain intensity.
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle and other Features of Nuclear Power: Reaching a Public Consensus

Before 1975 there were coherent and widely accepted plans for a nuclear fuel cycle in the world which for brevity I will call Fermi’s dream. One starts from uranium ore, processing it to form uranium metal, burning the uranium 235 in an electric power producing reactor, reprocessing the fuel to separate the uranium 235 and plutonium 239 for use in subsequent reactors. If the reactor is a fast neutron reactor, other transuranic elements can also be broken up and destroyed by fission. All that would be left for subsequent waste disposal would be fission products themselves, almost all with half lives of 30 years or less. The fast neutron reactor of preference was cooled with liquid sodium. With this it was envisaged that all the energy in uranium, including both isotopes could be unlocked.
Naked Mole Rat

Publisher Summary Naked mole rats are mouse-sized rodents that have become an important animal model in biomedical research. They play a unique mammalian role in behavioral and ecophysiological research of life underground. This chapter studies the general physiology, anatomy of organ systems, husbandry, and uses in research of the naked mole rats. Naked mole rats belong to the order Rodentia in that they have two incisor teeth on the upper and lower arcade that continuously grow. The skin is loose, wrinkled, and brownish pink in color. The body is for the most part absent of hairs with the exception of tactile hairs that are regularly arranged throughout the body and which are particularly prominent around the face and to a lesser extent on the tail. They are typically housed at 28–30°C, and at 50–60% relative humidity. Because naked mole rats are social and have cooperative behaviors, the study of their conduct has more applicability to people. The chapter describes the models of experimental research on the naked mole rat such as the model of reproductive suppression, model of somatosensory processing, model of bone elongation, and model of aging.
Settlement shifts in the wake of catastrophe

Abstract Urban risk may be understood as a function of hazard (in the case of New Orleans, hurricane storm surge), exposure (human occupancy of spaces prone to the hazard, namely low-lying flood zones), and social vulnerability (the ability of humans to react resiliently after having been exposed to a hazard, which itself is a function of education, income, age, social networks, etc.) This research focuses on the second of those three variables, exposure, by analyzing empirically how postdiluvian residential settlement patterns have shifted both vertically (topographically) and horizontally (latitudinally and longitudinally). The results shed light on whether and how residents, spatially analyzed by race and ethnicity, have shifted their occupancy of the deltaic metropolis, and how those movements might affect exposure to future hazards.
Arsenic Speciation of Contaminated Soils/Solid Wastes and Relative Oral Bioavailability in Swine and Mice

Arsenic (As) is one of the most widespread, toxic elements in the environment and human activities have resulted in a large number of contaminated areas. However abundant, the potential of As toxicity from exposure to contaminated soils is limited to the fraction that will dissolve in the gastrointestinal system and be absorbed into systemic circulation or bioavailable species. In part, the release of As from contaminated soil to gastrointestinal fluid depends on the form of solid phase As also termed "As speciation." In this study, 27 As-contaminated soils and solid wastes were analyzed using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and results were compared to in vivo bioavailability values determined using the adult mouse and juvenile swine bioassays. Arsenic bioavailability was lowest for soils that contained large amounts of arsenopyrite and highest for materials that contained large amounts of ferric arsenates. Soil and solid waste type and properties rather than the contamination source had the greatest influence on As speciation. Principal component analysis determined that As(V) adsorbed and ferric arsenates were the dominant species that control As speciation in the selected materials. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was used to determine the ability of As speciation to predict bioavailability. Arsenic speciation was predictive of 27% and 16% of RBA As determined using the juvenile swine and adult mouse models, respectively. Arsenic speciation can provide a conservative estimate of RBA As using MLR for the juvenile swine and adult mouse bioassays at 55% and 53%, respectively.
Apoptosis and Arabinoxylan Rice Bran

Abstract This chapter investigates the evidence available to support the use of MGN-3/BioBran® as an adjuvant to the existing immunotherapeutic modalities and anticancer drugs. Many immunotherapeutic agents, such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), and chemotherapeutic drugs are toxic. Increased efficacy while lowering doses of the aforementioned modalities would offer better options for patients. MGN-3/BioBran is an enzymatically modified arabinoxylan rice bran that has the ability to activate different arms of the immune system, such as natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DC); increase the proliferation of T and B cells; and enhance the production of several cytokines. In addition, data have shown that human NK cells treated with MGN-3/BioBran in the presence of IL-2 demonstrate higher activity than with either treatment alone. Studies have also showed that MGN-3/BioBran exhibits a synergistic effect on cancer cell apoptosis when combined with anticancer drugs such as daunorubicin and adriamycin, as well as other natural anticancer agents such as curcumin, caffeine, and baker's yeast. Results suggest that MGN-3/BioBran could be used as an adjuvant to the existing immunotherapeutic and anticancer modalities.
Light Detecting Semiconductor Devices

Photodetectors and light emitting sources (LEDs or lasers) form the basis of many optical control or information processing systems at visible and infrared wavelengths. The photodetector may involve conductivity changes in bulk semiconductors by excitation of carriers from doping levels at low temperatures for infrared detection (as in Zn- or Au-doped Ge detectors) or by excitation across the bandgap in an intrinsic semiconductor detector. In some intrinsic detectors, for example CdS and CdSe, the sensitivity is increased by trapping of one carrier type. The increase in sensitivity is at the expense of speed of response.
Employing electronic health record data to predict risk of emergency department visits for new patients.

314Background: Acute care accounts for half of cancer expenditures and is a measure of poor quality care. Identifying patients at high risk for ED visits enables institutions to target symptom management resources to those most likely to benefit. Risk stratification models developed to date have not been meaningfully employed in oncology, and there is a need for clinically relevant models to improve patient care. Methods: We established a predictive analytics framework for clinical use with attention to the modeling technique, clinician feedback, and application metrics. The model employs EHR data from initial visit to first antineoplastic administration for new patients at our institution from January 2014 to June 2017. The binary dependent variable is occurrence of an ED visit within the first 6 months of treatment. From over 1,400 data features, the model was refined to include 400 clinically relevant ones spanning demographics, pathology, clinician notes, labs, medications, and psychosocial informatio...
Single Locked Nucleic Acid-enhanced nanopore genetic discrimination of pathogenic serotypes and cancer driver mutations

Rapid and accurate detection of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in pathogenic mutants is crucial for broad fields from food safety monitoring to disease diagnostics and prognosis. Here, we developed a nanopore single-molecule sensor, coupled with the locked nucleic acid (LNA) technique, to accurately discriminate SNPs for detection of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 pathogen serotype, and cancer-derived driver mutations EGFR L858R and KRAS G12D. This sensitive method, with a simplified, low cost, easy-to-operate LNA design, can be applied in food science and medical detection that need rapid and accurate determination of genetic variations.
Friendship in Adolescents and Young Adults With Experience of Cancer: A Dimensional Analysis.

Background Friendship is a complex social phenomenon important to human development, emotional health, and socialization. While making and maintaining peer friends are an emphasized task of adolescent and young adult development, the multidimensional experience of friendship is incompletely defined, particularly in the context of adolescents and young adults with cancer. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the nature of friendship more deeply and completely by breaking down and then rebuilding meaning in this phenomenon. Methods The author searched 8 databases for relevant literature and conducted a dimensional analysis of the textual data from articles found in database searches and theoretical sampling. Dimensional analysis was an inductive process of determining all the components and attributes of the friendship concept. The author broke down and built up the meaningful units of friendship until a story of friendship in adolescents and young adults with experience of cancer emerged. Results Data from 80 empirical and theoretical articles published from 2013 to 2018 formed the literature base for this dimensional analysis. Conclusions An explanatory matrix built from the perspective of "Time Marking" reveals contexts, conditions, processes, and consequences that together provide an explanation of the nature of friendship in this population. Implications for practice This concept analysis, combined with the limitations of this inquiry, impels future empirical and theoretical research and implies preliminary clinical implications. In particular, the understanding of friendship as conceptually distinct from social support and the experience of friendships in narrative time suggest a need to reconceptualize supportive care services for adolescents and young adults who experience cancer.
Pendant-medians

The median of a network is any point in the network that minimizes the sum of the shortest distances from it to each vertex. Let's omit from this sum the distance to any vertex that is intermediate on the shortest path from the median to another vertex. In other words, include in the sum only the pendant vertices of the shortest distance spanning free. A pendant-median is any point in the network that minimizes this revised sum of the shortest distances. A pendant-median models facility locations in which customers can be served without penalty along the route to other, more distant customers. This paper presents a simple algorithm to locate a pendant-median of a tree network and presents several results for general networks.
Nonuremic calciphylaxis in a post renal transplant patient

Background: Calciphylaxis is a potentially fatal condition previously observed in patients with poor renal function. We present a case of atypical presentation in a patient with good renal function after transplantation. Case Presentation: A-68-year old African American female with history of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) secondary to type II diabetes mellitus on hemodialysis for ten years, status post living related donor kidney transplant from her son three years prior to this presentation, parathyroidectomy, and atrial fibrillation on warfarin presented to our institution with progressively worsening, severely tender bilateral thigh lesions that were diagnosed as calciphylaxis. She was treated with sodium thiosulfate infusions for six months and continues to do well. Conclusions: Calciphylaxis, also known as calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA), has traditionally been associated with ESRD patients on maintenance dialysis, however several nonuremic cases of CUA have been reported in recent years. Multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms for CUA development have been proposed expanding the scope of known risk factors and possible triggers. CUA can be a life-threatening condition that is important for clinicians to recognize and treat as soon as possible.
SURVIVAL OF PINUS WASHOENSIS (PINACEAE) FOLLOWING FIRE ON BABBITT PEAK, SIERRA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA

The Cottonwood Fire consumed about 185 square kilometers in the Tahoe and Toiyabe National Forests near Loyalton and Sierraville, CA in 1994. The wildfire reached a population of one of the rarest pines in North America, Pinus washoensis H.Mason & Stockw. (Washoe pine), in the Babbitt Peak Research Natural Area (RNA). A field survey and census was conducted in 1996 to find, map, and count living and dead P. washoensis individuals, and to assess the effects of the fire on the population. Although the fire reached most of the P. washoensis stands, 763 living reproductive individuals were found and less than 5.2% mortality was observed. The fire's intensity declined as it crossed the Bald Mountain ridge and mostly consumed understory vegetation and litter in the P. washoensis stands. The fire had the potential to devastate or eliminate this rare population, but instead, a combination of stochastic, vegetative, and topographic controls spared the P. washoensis stands and appears to have had beneficial effects for this population. All age classes of P. washoensis except seedlings were found in the Bald Mountain Range. The lack of seedlings is surprising because the two years between fire and survey had high precipitation. No sign of hybridization with other yellow pine species was evident. While it is promising that the stands of this rare pine survived the Cottonwood Fire, prospects for the continued persistence of this population are not good until there is a reproductive year that provides many recruits.
Serpent Heart : Animality, Jealousy, and Transgression in Martha Graham’s Medea

This paper explores Martha Graham’s Cave of the Heart and her approach to the Medea myth. It focuses especially on Graham’s decisions to situate Medea in a gynocentric world, not to include the children, and to make Medea’s sexual jealousy the central theme. I examine the similarities and differences between Martha Graham’s approach and that of Euripides and show that the two works have a different focus but bring about a similar effect: they both show Medea triumphant at the end, a woman who asserts her power by taking on both subhuman and superhuman features. The similarity of the endings serves in turn to underline basic differences in the two artists’ interests and approaches to the myth: Euripides focuses on the characters’ intellect and mental experience and questions sexual jealousy as being trivial and insignificant, while Martha Graham examines emotion through complex and unfamiliar movements of the body, showcases the overwhelming power of jealousy, and celebrates its intensity and importance.
Training Model for Laparoscopic Salpingectomy using an Energy Device: Practice Before the Or

Video Objective To develop an animal tissue model that can provide training on the use of electrosurgical devices as well as serve as a benchmark for performing laparoscopic salpingectomy procedures by gynecologic trainees. Setting Laparoscopic salpingectomy is a milestone procedure for gynecologic trainees. Despite the prevalence of laparoscopic salpingectomy, there is not an established animal tissue model to provide training in this procedure. This limits opportunities to practice with laparoscopic electrosurgical devices prior to performing the procedure in the operating room. Interventions An existing model with porcine uterus was modified for the purpose of this study1. Copper wire simulated the round and utero-ovarian ligaments, and felt pads simulated the ovaries. Gynecologic trainees used a bipolar device (LigaSure) to perform laparoscopic salpingectomies on the model during a pilot study. Each salpingectomy simulation was recorded, to be graded by two blinded gynecologic surgeons using the Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) and Objective Structured Assessment of Laparoscopic Salpingectomy (OSA-LS) and has been previously reported2. Each trainee completed a survey to provide feedback on the model. Conclusion The animal tissue model shows promise for training in laparoscopic salpingectomy. On the 5-point Likert scale, 8 trainees who had previously performed this procedure in the operating room rated overall satisfaction at 4.9, realism 4.4, tactility 4.5, tissue quality 4.5, model anatomy 4.6. Data will be further evaluated to assess construct validity amongst trainee levels.
“It’s Fine; I’m Fine”: Considerations for Trauma-Informed Healthcare Practices

There is a myriad of factors that impact the degree to which a person engages in effective health behaviors, particularly in help-seeking and service utilization. Trauma exposure is among one of th...
Sarcoma of the uterus

Abstract 1. 1. A review of 15 cases of sarcoma of the uterus which occurred at the Louisville General Hospital during the period 1927 through 1950 is presented. 2. 2. These 15 cases represented 2 per cent of all uterine malignancies seen during this period, and a relationship of sarcoma to carcinoma of 1 to 49. 3. 3. The incidence of sarcomatous change in myomas was found to be 0.26 per cent. 4. 4. The symptoms are not specific; however, pain, abnormal bleeding, and rapid enlargement of the uterus should suggest sarcoma. 5. 5. Surgical removal is the accepted treatment, radiotherapy being of doubtful benefit. 6. 6. The five-year survival rate was 15 per cent. 7. 7. In our experience, true sarcoma of the uterus is an uncommon but highly fatal disease. 8. 8. Suggested means of increasing the cure rate are (a) early diagnosis by routine cytological studies, (b) alertness to the possibility of sarcoma, both clinically and in the operating room, and (c) performance of total hysterectomy whenever hysterectomy is indicated for any reason.
Developing judgments about peers' obligation to intervene.

Abstract In some contexts, punishment is seen as an obligation limited to authority figures. In others, it is also a responsibility of ordinary citizens. In two studies with 4- to 7-year-olds (n = 232) and adults (n = 76), we examined developing judgments about whether certain individuals, either authority figures or peers, are obligated to intervene (Study 1) or to punish (Study 2) after witnessing an antisocial action. In both studies, children and adults judged authority figures as obligated to act, but only younger children judged ordinary individuals as also obligated to do so. Taken together, the present findings suggest that younger children, at least in the United States, start off viewing norm enforcement as a universal responsibility, entrusting even ordinary citizens with a duty to intervene in response to antisocial individuals. Older children and adults, though, see obligations as role-dependent—only authority figures are obligated to intervene.
Conceptual Evolution and the Eye of the Octopus

Publisher Summary Concepts are traditionally treated as classes of similar (or identical) tokens. For example, in this chapter, five tokens of the term-type “evolution” have appeared. If concepts are to evolve, then they can no more be construed as similar tokens of the same type than can species be interpreted as classes of similar organisms. Both must be construed as lineages. Just as not all eyes are “eyes,” not every set of axioms with the same assertive content can count as the same theory. Not all instances of Darwin's theory count as “Darwin's theory.” The chapter presents a brief justification of treating biological phenomena using the eye of the octopus as an example. The chapter discusses parallel arguments for treating concepts in the same way. Objections are likely to arise at three junctures. First, certain readers may disagree with the understanding of the evolutionary process—for example, it is not necessarily localized in space and time. Second, they might object to any attempt to treat conceptual evolution as analogous to biological evolution, regardless of the nature of the biological analogy. Finally, they might be willing to accept analysis of biological evolution and the attempt to present an analogous treatment of conceptual evolution but disagree with the particular attempt of this chapter.
Prospect of utilizing coal mine drainage sludge as an iron source for value-creating applications

Large quantities of sludge produced from acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment require proper disposal due to their potential environmental impacts. Sludge handling and disposal practices are used to address the environmental concerns, and they represent significant economic liability. As a sustainable management strategy, utilization of AMD sludge for beneficial applications can not only eliminate or alleviate the need of disposal, but create value from the materials. In particular, coal mine drainage sludge (CMDS) can potentially be used for various applications due to its high ferric content. However, conventional coal mine drainage (CMD) treatment and sludge disposal practices do not necessarily produce sludge with optimal properties for the applications. This calls for development and implementation of application-driven treatment and sludge management practices to generate sludge materials tailored for the target applications. This study systematically characterized causal linkages between various CMD treatment and sludge disposal factors and sludge properties reported in literature. It also reviewed and documented optimum sludge properties for beneficial applications including adsorptive pollution control, microbially facilitated ferric reduction, and catalytic degradation of wastes. The systematic understanding was then used to develop CMD treatment and sludge disposal guidelines that would facilitate production of application-specific sludge materials. Such an application-driven CMDS management approach, if successfully implemented, is expected to bring about modernization of waste management infrastructure and create values in mineral producing regions.
A statistical model of the spatial variability of weather for use in building simulation practice

Abstract Traditionally, statistically representative (e.g. TMY) weather data is used as boundary condition in building simulation practice and is deemed homogenous for a defined region, e.g., a city. However, this presumed homogeneity does not exist in most cases because due to the effect of variable urban morphology, local weather may be different in different parts of the region. This paper uses Multiple Tensor on Tensor Regression (MTOT) for creation of meso-scale weather for applications in building simulation practice, which is fast and efficient, provided that enough local weather station data and regional morphology data are available. The derived statistical weather model captures variation in local weather due to change in urban morphology with an ensemble mean of standardized mean square error 0.038, i.e, 96.2% of the variation in weather may be predicted by this method. Chicago is used as a demonstration region with a case study of single family dwelling to exemplify the impact of local weather on building performance indicators. A standard deviation of approximately 372 kWh for end use heating, 33.6 kWh for end use cooling and 4 h for hours of discomfort in winters is observed, highlighting the variation caused by the use of local weather in building performance simulation.
Uremic toxins: an integrated overview of classification and pathobiology

Abstract Uremic toxins are defined as substances, organic or inorganic, that accumulate in the body fluids of subjects with acute or chronic kidney disease and impaired kidney function. They collectively contribute to the diverse clinical manifestations of the uremic syndrome. They can be classified according to physicochemical properties, especially with regard to molecular size and protein binding, and organ tropism for their adverse effects. Many such substances have been identified. A substantial number of uremic toxins are the product of protein metabolism and are influenced by colonic microbiota and enterohepatic circulation. The composition of the diet, particularly the contributions of animal versus vegetable proteins, influences the generation of certain uremic toxins. Many low- and middle-molecular-weight toxins are generally removed from the body by glomerular filtration, while protein-bound uremic toxins utilize tubular secretion as a removal pathway. Some uremic toxins are elaborated endogenously by dysregulated secretion (e.g., parathyroid hormone). Dialysis is efficient for the removal of low-molecular-weight uremic toxins, but very inefficient for the removal of high-molecular-weight or protein-bound uremic toxins. This chapter provides an integrated overview of the present status of the biology and clinical significance of uremic toxins.
Mathematical modeling and thermodynamic investigation of the use of two-phase ejectors for work recovery and liquid recirculation in refrigeration cycles.

This paper presents the results of a numerical investigation on the performance of ejector cycles in which the work recovered is used to recirculate liquid through the evaporator. The ejector recirculation cycle, in which the ejector is only used to recirculate liquid and improve evaporator performance, and the standard ejector cycle, in which the ejector can be used to both recirculate liquid and directly unload the compressor, are investigated. The analysis uses a microchannel evaporator and refrigerants R134a, R410A, and CO2. It is seen that fluids that have large throttling loss but gain little benefit from liquid recirculation (CO2) should use the ejector to directly unload the compressor, while fluids that have lower throttling loss but gain significant benefit from liquid recirculation (R134a) should use the ejector to improve evaporator performance through liquid recirculation. It is also seen that the ejector recirculation cycle is better suited for ejector off-design operation.
Towards Human Friendly Hydraulics - Passive Teleoperation of Hydraulic Equipment Using a Force Feedback Joystick

Hydraulic systems, as power source and transmission, offer many advantages over electromechanical or purely mechanical counterparts in terms of power density, flexibility and portability. Many hydraulic systems require touching and contacting the physical environments; and many of these systems are directly controlled by human. If hydraulic systems are passive, they would be safer to interact with, and easier for human to control. In this paper, we describe our current research in developing bilateral passive teleoperated hydraulic machines which a human operator controls via a force feedback joystick. Two key developments are 1) methodologies to passify the electrohydraulic valves as a two-port device, and 2) the passive teleoperation controllers.
[10] Immunological and related techniques for studying neurohypophyseal peptide-processing pathways

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the development and availability of antibody reagents that, in combination with various separation techniques, can detect and quantify the intermediate peptide forms for oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP). It is suggested that it is possible to bias the epitope of the antibody to the N terminal peptide by coupling the free carboxyl group to the carrier, as was done for the VA series of OT and AVP antibodies. Because the peptide intermediates differ from one another by various charged groups, that is, free carboxyl versus amidated, additional basic amino acids (lysine or arginine), high-voltage electrophoresis (HVE) of the OT and AVP intermediates offers a rational choice for their separation. The use of HPLC separation coupled with specific RIAs provides another method for the identification and quantitation of the products of peptide processing. This methodology has proved useful in the study of the development of peptide systems in the fetal sheep.
The large scale structure and dynamics of gene control circuits: An ensemble approach

Assessment of large scale features of eukaryotic cell regulatory systems will require use of known small scale features to predict likely large scale organization and dynamics. This paper shows that nearly all known regulated genes are governed according to a small class of control rules, by their regulating variables. The average large scale properties of the ensemble of control systems constructed using this set of contol scales gives the most probable large scale features to expect from this single small scale feature. Restriction to the small class of control rules predicts the common occurrence of a characteristic large control circuit, a forcing structure. Bacteriophage lambda appears to contain a forcing structure. The same class of rules predicts a number of known large scale dynamic properties of eukaryotic cells: o (1) the highly restricted pattern of gene activities corresponding to one cell type; (2) the stability of cell types to most perturbations; (3) the fact that any cell type differentiates directly into at most three or four new cell types; (4) the fact that the number of cell types per organism increases more slowly than the probable number of genes. The relative success of this ensemble approach, using only the simplest small scale property, lends hope to the idea that it may prove useful with more complete knowledge of small scale features to predict the large scale organization and dynamic behaviors of cell control systems.
Chapter 34 The labor market implications of international trade

Abstract The general equilibrium analysis of many important labor market issues is very different in an economy that is open to international trade than an economy (like the US in the 1950s) in which trade is not very important. Despite the fact that individual national economies have become increasingly interdependent over the last few decades, labor economists have generally used a closed economy framework to attack many important issues (such as the determinants of the distribution of earnings) that should, in fact, be approached very differently in an open economy setting. A major task of this paper is the exposition of the correct approach to labor market analysis for the case in which the focus economy is open rather than closed. Perhaps the most important implication of neoclassical trade theory for labor economics is that, under certain conditions, the skill distribution of wages in a particular economy is unaffected by the skill distribution of the supply of labor in that economy. Our review of the trade literature focuses on the question of the degree to which these conditions are likely to be satisfied. Our general conclusion — inspired more from the empirical than the purely theoretical branch of the trade field — is that the correct specification of the behavior of the labor market is a blend of the closed and open models.
Effects of Particle Size and Modified SAPO-34 on Conversion of Methanol to Light Olefins and Dimethyl Ether

Abstract Selectivity of SAPO-34 and modified SAPO-34 to ethylene and propylene in the MTO process was studied using a fixed bed reactor at 1 atm pressure and a temperature range of 400-450 °C. Particle size of 1.1 mm and powder of 1.1 μm SAPO-34 catalyst were compared. Powder catalyst gave higher selectivity to hydrocarbons compared to bigger particle sized SAPO-34. Also conversion of methanol to light olefins was studied by using modified SAPO-34(O) with larger pore size prepared using a surfactant. TPD-NH3 and FTIR-NH3 showed that SAPO-34(O) had stronger acid sites and also more coke was deposited. SAPO-34 (O) had greater average pore size and less surface area compared to SAPO-34. Increased stronger acid sites and increased average pore size may have led to increased selectivity to ethylene and propylene.
Low weight as an independent risk factor for adverse events during cardiac catheterization of infants.

Background Studies have documented the importance of procedure type and hemodynamic variables on the incidence of procedure related adverse events (AE) after cardiac catheterization. However, little is known about the impact of low weight on the incidence and severity of AE. Methods: Data were prospectively collected using a multicenter registry (C3PO). Infants <1 year were divided into four weight categories: <2 kg, 2–3 kg, 3–5 kg, ≥5 kg. AE severity was classified as level 1–5 (none, minor, moderate, major, death). Results Eight centers submitted details on 3,679 cases (34% diagnostic) performed in infants <1 year from 2/07 to 6/10: <2 kg: 57 (1.5%), 2–3 kg: 403 (11%), 3–5 kg: 1,527 (41.5%), ≥5 kg: 1,692 (46%). AE occurred in 20% of cases (<2 kg: 28%, 2–3 kg: 25%, 3–5 kg: 23%, ≥5 kg: 16%) with 41% of all AE being level 3–5 AE. Death occurred more frequently in the <2 kg group (12%), 71% of which were interventional cases. The case-related mortality in all other weight groups was <1%. By multivariable analysis, weight <2 kg, 2–3 kg, and 3–5 kg were independent risk factors for high severity (level 3–5) AE (<2 kg: OR 2, 95%CI 1.1–3.6; 2–3 kg: OR 1.4, 95%CI 1–1.8; 3–5 kg: OR 1.3, 95%CI 1.1–1.5), with similar findings for all AE. Blood transfusions were more common in lower weight categories (<2 kg: 42%, 2–3 kg: 29%, 3–5 kg: 25%, ≥5 kg: 15%, p<0.001). Conclusions: The risk of AE during cardiac catheterization of infants increases with lower weight. Infants who weigh less than 2 kg have a significantly higher risk of adverse events (most notably death) even after correcting for hemodynamic vulnerability and procedure type risk group. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical signals responsible for appressorium formation in the rice blast fungusMagnaporthe grisea

Abstract Magnaporthe grisea, the causative agent of rice blast disease, penetrates the host cuticle directly by way of a highly melanized attachment cell called an appressorium. The signals responsible for appressorium formation are not well known. We report on the sufficiency of a hydrophobic surface to induce appressorium formation in vitro for a collection of M. grisea isolates. Chemical cues, similar to those available on the host surface, were also found to induce appressorium formation selectively using a novel in vitro assay. The plant cutin monomers cis- 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid and cis -9-octadecen-1-ol were found to induce infection structure formation in the nanomolar range, while other monomers were effective only at the micromolar range. No differences were detected for appressorium formation rates on various host and non-host plants suggesting appressorium initiation is not host specific. Plant lipid and wax compounds were also tested; the two most effective inducers were found to be 1,16-hexadecanedial and 1,16-hexadecanediol which had AID 50 s (chemical dose at which appressoria induction equals 50% for germinated conidia) of 3.86n m and 7.25n m respectively. Structural studies of the inducing compounds were performed, and terminal hydrogen bonds and chain length were found to be important for high activity. The thigmotropic effects and chemical cues are discussed in the context of possible mechanisms involved and a working model of infection related morphogenesis of the plant surface is presented.
De Novo Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis III in a renal transplant patient: Case report and review of the literature

Idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is a rare cause of renal failure with a cumulative incidence of 0.3% of all ESRD and 4% of all primary glomerulonephritis for types I and II. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type III is more uncommon and idiopathic de novo MPGN III in a renal transplant patient has not been reported. We present the case of a 57-year old white female with a diagnosis of lithium toxicity as cause of endstage renal disease (ESRD) who developed MPGN III in her allograft 6 years after a renal transplant. Despite treatment, she progressed to ESRD within 4 and a half years from the time of diagnosis.
Correlates of cognitive development in low-birth-weight infants from low-income families

Abstract A descriptive correlational design was used to investigate the relationship between environmental and perinatal variables and cognitive development in a sample of 30 low-birth-weight (LBW) preterm from infants low-income families. The incidence of mental or gross motor delay in this convenience sample was 20% ( n = 6). Quality of home environment (Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment, Caldwell & Bradley, 1984) was significantly correlated with cognitive development as measured by the Bayley Scales of Mental Development (Mental Development Index [MDI]) ( r = .54, p = 0.002). The HOME score predicted 29% of the variance (β = .542, p = 0.002) in MDI scores. Birth weight and maternal education level were not significantly correlated with cognitive development in this sample. The correlation between the level of maternal depressive symptoms and the MDI scores of the infants approached significance at the p = 0.05 level, ( r = − .35, p = 0.055). These findings demonstrate that the home environment is significant to developmental outcomes in high-risk infants. Implications for further research and nursing practice are discussed.
Experience with the EPICS PV Gateway at the APS

The EPICS Process Variable Gateway [1] has become a stable, high-performance application that provides access to process variables while minimizing the impact on critical Input-Output Controllers (IOCs) and implementing additional access security. The additional access security typically prevents write access but is highly configurable. The Advanced Photon Source (APS) currently uses 40 Gateways running on 11 workstations to provide access to the machine subnet from the offices and for the individual experimental teams. These include reverse Gateways that allow administration of all 40 APS Gateways from a single MEDM [2] screen, even though the Gateways are running on separate networks. This administration includes starting, stopping, making and viewing reports, and viewing and editing access security files. There is one Gateway that provides process variable renaming. This paper provides an overview of the Gateways at the APS and describes the procedures that have been set up to use and administer them.
Clinical and Economic Evidence for Intravenous Acetaminophen

Intravenous acetaminophen received United States Food and Drug Administration approval in November 2010 for the management of mild-to-moderate pain, management of moderate-to-severe pain with adjunctive opioid analgesics, and reduction of fever. Although intravenous acetaminophen generally improved pain relief and demonstrated opioid-sparing effects compared with placebo, it did not consistently reduce the frequency of opioid-related adverse events (e.g., postoperative nausea and vomiting). The safety and efficacy of intravenous acetaminophen as an antipyretic agent have been documented in adults and children; however, its cost is several-fold higher than that of the oral and rectal formulations. Although use of intravenous acetaminophen has reduced other postoperative resource utilization (e.g., hospital length of stay) in some studies outside the United States in patients undergoing abdominal surgery, a full economic evaluation in the United States has yet to be undertaken. In addition, its administration time (15-min infusion) and packaging (glass, single-use vial) have the potential to adversely affect patient flow in the postanesthesia care unit, create burden on patient care units, and lead to drug waste. Furthermore, 1 g of intravenous acetaminophen is formulated in 100 ml of solution, which may be an issue for patients with fluid restrictions. Given the clinical and economic evidence currently available, intravenous acetaminophen should not replace oral or rectal acetaminophen, but its use may be considered in a limited number of patients who cannot receive drugs orally and rectally and who cannot tolerate other parenteral nonopioid analgesic or antipyretic agents.
Home range and habitat selection of northern bobwhite coveys in an agricultural landscape

Northern bobwhites thrive in fine-grained landscapes with a diversity of early succession woodland, grassland, and agriculture-associated habitat types. Bobwhite conservation has proved challenging in the increasingly coarse-grained Midwestern landscape as simplified agricultural cropping systems are implemented at larger spatial scales. Regardless, managing agricultural landscapes on private lands is the primary opportunity to restore bobwhite populations in the Midwestern United States. Although bobwhite habitat requirements are well understood, habitat selection in contemporary Midwestern landscapes is not well understood, especially on private lands where populations are declining. We used compositional analysis to investigate second- (study area) and third- (home range) order habitat selection by radiomarked bobwhite coveys on 4 private land study areas in southwestern Ohio. Mean covey home range size was 26.1 ± 2.2 ha (n = 48). Although home ranges were established in areas with more grassland cover, bobwhites most strongly selected early succession woody habitat (e.g., fencerows and ditches) at all scales, and selection for grassland diminished between the study area and home range scales. Grassland selection varied among sites and was strongest on sites with more row crop area. Woodlots were avoided at the study area scale, but were selected within home ranges. Grassland cover, like that provided by contemporary conservation programs, is an essential component of bobwhite habitat in the Midwest, but our results suggest more emphasis should be placed on early succession woody cover. Woody cover associated with fencerows, ditches, and woodlots adjacent to food sources and breeding habitat will likely improve non-breeding season survival, which is an influential vital rate in northern populations. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Solutions (or Resolutions) of Financial Stress Problems from the Private and Public Sectors

The current financial stress problem stated succinctly is that farmers and farm lenders are experiencing financial losses, and indeed business failures, in near-crisis proportions. Various data describe the problems including debt-asset ratios of farmers, delinquencies of farm debt, net charge-offs of debt by lenders, loss of capital and failures of farm lenders (USDA, Melichar 1985, Bullock, and Barkema and Doye). Unfortunately, no quick turnaround is in sight unless public policy or acts of nature change the situation. The private sector will bear the brunt of the continuing adjustment, at least until the cost becomes so great that the public is asked to share the burden. While not delineated here, the root causes of financial stress are many (Bullock, Brake, USDA, Melichar 1984). The common element in farm financial problems, however, is unserviceable debt; and, in lender problems, increased default risk and excessive concentra-
Age-related changes in potassium-evoked overflow of dopamine in the striatum of the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Rapid (5Hz) chronoamperometric recordings using Nafion-coated carbon fiber electrodes (30–90 microns o.d.) combined with pressure-ejection of potassium from micropipettes were used to investigate potassium-evoked overflow of dopamine (DA) in the striatum of young (5 to 10 years old) and middle-aged (19 to 23 years old) anesthetized rhesus monkeys. The potassium-evoked DA-like signals from the 19- to 23-year-old animals were significantly lower in amplitude than those recorded in the young animals. In addition, the temporal dynamics of DA signals in the caudate nucleus of middle-aged animals were faster, while the time courses of the signals recorded in the putamen of middle-aged monkeys were significantly longer as compared to the signals recorded from young animals. Moreover, home cage activity levels of the middle-aged animals were significantly lower. Taken together, these data support age-related changes in the output of DA from DA fibers in the striatum of middle-aged monkeys.
Teaching An Interactive Television Course On Adulthood and Aging: Making It Happen

This article describes the design, development, and successful implementation of a hybrid distance education course on adulthood and aging. The focus is on the pedagogical and technological transitions made in converting a traditional course into an interactive television course (iTV). The course was taught a total of three times, first as a traditional one-site course and twice as an iTV course delivered to three sites. Details are provided on the development of a core team, design of a teaching platform, unexpected challenges and benefits, and implemented changes. Student feedback and lessons learned are also provided.