cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Water Allocation and Freshwater Inflow on Oyster Production: A Hydrodynamic–Oyster Population Model for Galveston Bay, Texas, USA

A hydrodynamic–oyster population model was developed to assess the effect of changes in freshwater inflow on oyster populations in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. The population model includes the effects of environmental conditions, predators, and the oyster parasite, Perkinsus marinus, on oyster populations. The hydrodynamic model includes the effects of wind stress, river runoff, tides, and oceanic exchange on the circulation of the bay. Simulations were run for low, mean, and high freshwater inflow conditions under the present (1993) hydrology and predicted hydrologies for 2024 and 2049 that include both changes in total freshwater inflow and diversions of freshwater from one primary drainage basin to another. Freshwater diversion to supply the Houston metropolitan area is predicted to negatively impact oyster production in Galveston Bay. Fecundity and larval survivorship both decline. Mortality from Perkinsus marinus increases, but to a lesser extent. A larger negative impact in 2049 relative to 2024 originates from the larger drop in fecundity under that hydrology. Changes in recruitment and mortality, resulting in lowered oyster abundance, occur because the bay volume available for mixing freshwater input from the San Jacinto and Buffalo Bayou drainage basins that drain metropolitan Houston is small in comparison to the volume of Trinity Bay that presently receives the bulk of the bay's freshwater inflow. A smaller volume for mixing results in salinities that decline more rapidly and to a greater extent under conditions of high freshwater discharge. Thus, the decline in oyster abundance results from a disequilibrium between geography and salinity brought about by freshwater diversion. Although the bay hydrology shifts, available hard substrate does not. The simulations stress the fact that it is not just the well-appreciated reduction in freshwater inflow that can result in decreased oyster production. Changing the location of freshwater inflow can also significantly impact the bay environment, even if the total amount of freshwater inflow does not change.
Identification of a cAMP‐dependent protein‐dan interaction at a sequence near the yeast mitochondrial rRNA genes

We have shown that expression of yeast mitochondrial (mt) rRNA genes (S. cerevisiae) is controlled in a cAMP-dependent manner via PKA, suggesting a trans-activation process involving phosphorylation-dependent protein-mt DNA interaction. We used filter-binding assays, mt protein extracts, and mt DNA from a rho-mutant strain retaining the 21S rRNA gene to demonstrate such an interaction. Competition assays with the cloned 21S-related mt DNA fragment undergoing interaction showed that a sequence in that fragment is present in mt DNA from a rho-strain retaining the 16S mt rRNA gene, but not in a VAR1-retaining rho-strain that lacks cAMP-mediated mt transcription. The sequence of the 21S-related mt DNA fragment undergoing protein interaction includes a GC cluster; that GC cluster sequence is also present near the 16S gene but not near VAR1. These and other data are consistent with a role for the GC cluster in cAMP-mediated expression of mt rRNA genes.
2(1)(+)-> 0(1)(+) transition strengths in Sn nuclei

The lifetime of the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ state at 1256.7 keV in $^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ has been determined using the ($n$,${n}^{'}\ensuremath{\gamma}$) reaction. Angular distribution measurements were carried out at a neutron energy of 1.7 MeV, above the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ energy threshold and below that of the second excited level. Through the Doppler-shift attenuation method, the lifetime of the ${2}_{1}^{+}$ state is determined as ${750}_{\ensuremath{-}90}^{+125}$ fs, which gives a $B(E2;{2}_{1}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}_{1}^{+})$ value of ${10.9}_{\ensuremath{-}1.6}^{+1.5}$ W.u. This $E2$ strength in $^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ also allows a redetermination of the $B(E2;{2}_{1}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{0}_{1}^{+})$ in $^{108}\mathrm{Sn}$ as 10.8(3.0) W.u. These values result in a symmetric trend around the neutron midshell in the systematics of $E2$ strengths in the even-mass tin isotopes and do not support $N=64$ or $N=66$ subshell gaps. The symmetric trend is in agreement with recent shell model predictions, where proton-core excitations were allowed in the calculations.
Commentary: Differentiated Measures of Temperament and Multiple Pathways to Childhood Disorders.

Provided is a commentary on articles written for a special section on temperament and childhood disorders. Temperament's contributions to the development of childhood disorders are considered both generally and specifically. Questions are raised about the use of terminology in the field, particularly the term difficult. Differentiation of outcomes and predictors is discussed, with a view to identifying multiple pathways to adaptation or disorder.
A video-based augmented reality golf simulator

Recent advances in augmented reality technology (AR) have opened a tremendous scope of applications. We describe a use of the technology in virtual golf gaming that exemplifies how the technology can be made to suit the specific needs of distinct applications. Various challenges involved challenges involved, proposed solutions, and the results obtained are described.
The Role of Low-Frequency Plasmons in Molecular Adsorption : A Theoretical and Spectroscopic Study of Gold and Titanium Compounds

We explore the question of whether surface plasmons arising from metallic nanostructures can be used advantageously to affect binding interactions of adsorbed molecules, specifically, the adsorption of dihydrogen leading to enhanced binding energies under ambient conditions. To begin to address this question, we report a systematic, theoretical survey of the plasmon spectra of gold (AuLi, AuNa 2 , AuB 2 , AuAl 2 , AuGa 2 , and AuIn 2 ) and titanium (TiB 2 ) compounds, examining closely the low-frequency characteristics of these spectra in relation to crystal structure. First-principle calculations of the real and imaginary components of the dielectric function were performed, and the energy-loss function was derived. These calculations show that most of the compounds give rise to low-intensity, plasmon-like modes at low frequencies and can be attributed to interband transitions between states lying close to the Fermi level. We further determined experimentally whether these plasmon-like modes are excited at low frequencies from clusters of two gold compounds (AuLi and AuAl 2 ) by measuring surface-enhancement effects in the near-infrared Raman spectrum. Strong surface-enhancement effects were indeed observed, and we report the first observation of near-infrared, surface-enhanced Raman from compounds of this kind.
Ventricular arrhythmias and biventricular dysfunction after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.

To test the hypothesis that subclinical levels of ventricular dysfunction contribute to the development of ventricular arrhythmias after repair of tetralogy of Fallot, 38 postoperative patients were studied by radionuclide ventriculography and M-mode echocardiography. Eighteen patients (group I) had Lown grade 2 or greater ventricular arrhythmias on ambulatory electrocardiography or treadmill exercise, or both; 20 patients (group II) had no documented ventricular arrhythmias. Radionuclide ventriculograms were performed using technetium-99m—labeled red cells; ejection fractions were derived by computer from multigated images, with normal values being 45% for the right ventricle and 55% for the left ventricle. From M-mode echocardiography, right and left ventricular end-diastolic dimensions were expressed as a ratio, the highest normal value being 0.45. By radionuclide ventriculography, right ventricular ejection fraction was lower for group I (28 ± 3%) than for group II (31 ± 2%), but the difference was not significant (p This study provides evidence for right ventricular dilation by M-mode echocardiography and for biventricular dysfunction by radionuclide ventriculography in patients who have undergone repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Patients with ventricular arrhythmias, a finding well correlated with risk of sudden death, had significantly more right ventricular enlargement and a significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction. The findings suggest that ventricular dysfunction may contribute to the development of ventricular arrhythmias after repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
Analysis of a hepatitis C screening programme for US veterans

SUMMARY This study analyses a screening programme for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among US veterans in a suburban Veterans Affairs Medical Center, in New York. This is the first study examining all 11 potential risk factors listed in the 2001 National U.S. Veterans Health Administration Screening Guidelines. A retrospective study was conducted of 5400 veterans 'at risk' of HCV, identified through a questionnaire in this institution's primary-care outpatient departments between 1 October 2001 and 31 December 2003. Multivariate logistic regression models were built to identify independent predictors of infection. Of 2282 veterans tested for HCV, 4-6 % were confirmed by HCV PCR to be HCV infected. In the multivariate model developed, injection drug use, blood transfusion before 1992, service during the Vietnam era, tattoo, and a history of abnormal liver function tests were independent predictors of HCV infection. Our data support considering a more targeted screening approach that includes five of the 11 risk factors.
SELF-PRESERVATION OF TURBULENT WAKES

The present experiment has ascertained the development of the wake flow behind NASA GA(W)-1 airfoils, showing that, in the far wake, the mean velocity profiles exhibit self-similar behavior irrespective of the upstream boundary layer's character. It is noted, however, that the processes by means of which different wakes reach the asymptotic stage can be very different for different types of wake generators.
Active removal of residual bubble nuclei following a cavitation event

Residual microscopic bubble nuclei can persist on the order of 1 second following a cavitation event. These bubbles may limit the efficiency of ultrasound therapies such as shock wave lithotripsy and histotripsy, as they attenuate pulses that arrive subsequent to their formation and seed cavitation memory. Here, we explore a strategy for the removal of residual bubble nuclei following a cavitation event, using a low amplitude ultrasound burst to stimulate bubble coalescence. All experiments were conducted in degassed water and monitored using high speed photography. The following general pulse scheme was used: (A) Cavitation Initiation Pulse: A cavitational bubble cloud was initiated by a 1 MHz therapy transducer using a very short intense pulse (P- > 30 MPa); (B) Nuclei Removal Pulse: Residual bubble nuclei were sonicated using a 2 ms pulse from a separate 350 kHz unfocused transducer to stimulate coalescence. Nuclei removal pulses with amplitudes ranging from 0 to 750 kPa were tested; (C) Interrogation Pulse: The presence of residual nuclei following the removal pulse was probed using a second lower amplitude pulse from the therapy transducer sufficient to cause residual microscopic nuclei to expand and be more easily detected via high speed imaging. The backlit area of shadow from expanded bubbles was calculated to quantify the efficacy of nuclei removal. It was found that the control case (nuclei removal pulse amplitude = 0) generated a bubble shadow area of 0.64 ± 0.08 mm2. For nuclei removal pulse amplitudes of 50 to 150 kPa, minimal coalescence was observed in high speed video, and the area of bubbles excited by the interrogation pulse did not differ significantly from control (p> 0.08). Pronounced bubble coalescence was observable for nuclei removal pulses ≥250 kPa, with the extent of coalescence increasing with pulse amplitude. Bubble shadow area was significantly reduced relative to control in these cases (p≤ 0.02). We hypothesize that the primary and secondary Bjerknes forces act in concert to produce the bubble coalescence observed in this study.
A mechanistic differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and in situ fourier transform infrared investigation of dimethoxymethane electro-oxidation at platinum

The electro-oxidation of dimethoxymethane (DMM) at carbon-supported Pt nanoparticles was studied, and the effects of solution convection, specific anion adsorption, and DMM concentration were inves...
Role of vascular endothelial growth factor in the pathophysiology of intracranial arteriovenous malformations

I have read, with great interest, a recently published article in the British Journal of Neurosurgery by Kashiwazaki et al. titled “ Increasing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VGEF) and its receptor (VEGFR) in enlarging brain arteriovenous malformations – a case report ” . 1 Th e authors describe a unique case of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) located in the motor cortex of a 26-year-old patient which grew markedly in size. Th e patient initially presented with a seizure which led to the diagnosis of a Spetzler – Martin grade III AVM which was fed by the middle meningeal artery as well as by distal branches of the anterior cerebral and middle cerebral (MCA) arteries. After failing medical therapy with anticonvulsants and experiencing functional decline, follow-up angiography at 5 years showed signifi cant AVM growth to a classifi cation of Spetzler – Martin grade IV. Two years later, the AVM ruptured and was treated with hematoma evacuation and subtotal excision of the nidus. Postoperative angiography 18 months after resection demonstrated a residual nidus which had recruited deep arterial feeders from the lenticulostriate branches of the proximal MCA. At this time, the remainder of the nidus was surgically extirpated. Th e AVM endothelial cells (EC) and adjacent dura were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis and stained positively for VEGF and VEGFR. Several aspects of this unusual case, beyond the molecular fi ndings, are worth mentioning because they raise important issues in the overall management of AVMs. Th e optimal management of a patient with a symptomatic, unruptured Spetzler – Martin grade III AVM was addressed with the recently published randomized controlled trial, A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain AVMs (ARUBA), which reported a higher rate of stroke or mortality in the intervention arm (surgery, radiosurgery, or embolization
Theoretical Studies on Nanocrystalline Diamond: Nucleation by Dicarbon and Electronic Structure of Planar Defects

Density functional theory and ab initio molecular orbital theory have been used to calculate the energetics of C2 insertion into C9H12 and C9H14 clusters that model unhydrided and monohydrided (100) diamond surfaces, respectively. The reaction of C2 with either the C9H12 or C9H14 cluster is exothermic by more than 100 kcal/mol, but the lowest energy product is different for the two clusters. The reaction of singlet C2 with the CC double bond of the C9H12 cluster leads to either carbene structures or a cyclobutyne-like structure, with the former having the lower energy at both the HF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory. No barrier for insertion into the CC double bond of the C9H12 cluster was found at the HF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels of theory. The reaction of singlet C2 with the HC−CH single bond or C−H bonds of the C9H14 cluster leads to a structure having a cyclobutene-like geometry. We propose that the disparate nucleation rates of diamond crystallites grown in hydrogen-rich vs hydrogen-poor ...
Investigation of Terahertz (THz) electromagnetic band gap structures

Three important EBG structures with low to high dimensions have been demonstrated at THz. Designed and fabricated samples are characterized by different methods. Agreements between experiments and EM simulations are good. The success of this work proves the feasibility of high-quality THz EBG structure fabrications and accurate characterizations.
Hierarchical Sparse Dictionary Learning

Sparse coding plays a key role in high dimensional data analysis. One critical challenge of sparse coding is to design a dictionary that is both adaptive to the training data and generalizable to unseen data of same type. In this paper, we propose a novel dictionary learning method to build an adaptive dictionary regularized by an a-priori over-completed dictionary. This leads to a sparse structure of the learned dictionary over the a-priori dictionary, and a sparse structure of the data over the learned dictionary. We apply the hierarchical sparse dictionary learning approach on both synthetic data and real-world high-dimensional time series data. The experimental results demonstrate that the hierarchical sparse dictionary learning approach reduces overfitting and enhances the generalizability of the learned dictionary. Moreover, the learned dictionary is optimized to adapt to the given data and result in a more compact dictionary and a more robust sparse representation. The experimental results on real datasets demonstrate that the proposed approach can successfully characterize the heterogeneity of the given data, and leads to a better and more robust dictionary.
Comprehensive management of severe Asherman syndrome and amenorrhea.

Objective To describe a comprehensive approach to women with severe Asherman syndrome and amenorrhea, including preoperative, operative, and postoperative care and subsequent resumption menses, and pregnancy. Design Retrospective case series. Setting Tertiary care teaching hospital. Patient(s) Twelve women with severe Asherman syndrome and amenorrhea. Intervention(s) Preoperative administration of prolonged preoperative and postoperative oral E 2 to enhance endometrial proliferation, intraoperative abdominal ultrasound-directed hysteroscopic lysis of uterine synechia to ensure that the dissection is performed in the proper tissue plane, placement of a triangular uterine balloon catheter during surgery, and postoperative removal with placement of a copper intrauterine device (IUD) to maintain separation of the cavity and mechanically lyse newly formed adhesions during removal. Main Outcome Measure(s) Resumption of menses, pregnancy, and delivery. Result(s) All women resumed menses, although 5 of 12 had a preoperative maximal endometrial thickness of 4 mm or less, with follow-up ranging from 6 months to 10 years. Six of nine women less than age 39 years (67%) became pregnant, and four of six achieved a term or near-term delivery. Conclusion(s) Comprehensive management provides the best possible outcomes in poor-prognosis women with severe Asherman syndrome.
Applications Of Probability And Entropy Concepts In Open Channel Hydraulics

Methods to apply the probability and entropy concepts in open channel hydraulics are presented. Recent applications of an approach based on these concepts produced results that had been impossible to obtain by using only the traditional, deterministic principles. The approach has great potentials in future efforts to obtain knowledge still missing in open channel hydraulics today.
Expression, purification and proteomic analysis of recombinant histone H4 acetylated at lysine 16

Many histone co-valent modifications have been identified and shown to play key regulatory roles in eukaryotic transcription, DNA damage repair and replication. In vitro experiments designed to understand the mechanistic role of individual modifications require the availability of substantial quantities of pure histones, homogeneously modified at specific residues. We have applied the amber stop codon/suppressor tRNA strategy to the production of histone H4 acetylated at lysine 16, a particularly important isoform of this histone. Our success relies on adapting the H4 DNA sequence to the codon preference of E. coli and on preventing the premature decay of the H4 mRNA. These modifications to the original procedure render it easily applicable to the generation of any co-valently modified histone H4 isoform.
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 and insulin: studies in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and maturity-onset diabetes of the young.

The regulation of circulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) in humans is not well understood. In vitro and animal data have identified the role of insulin in the regulation of IGFBP-2, but such a relationship has not been established clearly in humans. In the present study, serum IGFBP-2 concentrations were assessed by Western ligand blot and immunoblot analysis in children with newly diagnosed and untreated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and maturity-onset diabetes of the young before and at various times after insulin therapy. For comparison, IGFBP-2 levels were also determined in lean and obese age-matched controls. Children with IDDM were grouped according to their serum bicarbonate levels at the time of presentation (group A, > 20; group B, 13-20; group C, < 13 milliequivalents/L). Densitometric analysis demonstrated that before insulin therapy, group A patients had serum IGFBP-2 levels comparable to those in lean controls, and no significant change in IGFBP-2 was...
Premilking Udder Hygiene

Incidence of intramammary infection is highly correlated to the number of mastitis pathogens on the teat end at milking. The objective of premilking teat sanitation is to reduce the microbial population in order to minimize the probability of mastitis. Milking time hygiene is extremely important due to the potential interaction between milking machine functions and microflora of teat skin. Current recommended procedures for premilking udder preparation range from water hose wash, manual drying, wet paper towel wash plus paper towel dry, to predipping alone plus paper towel dry. Regardless of udder cleaning procedure, manual drying of teats is a significant factor in reduction of total bacteria counts. Predipping with iodine-based sanitizers, .1 to .25% iodine concentration, reduced intramammary infection with environmental pathogens 51% compared with good udder preparation in a field trial on four commercial dairy farms. Infections by coagulase-negative staphylococci were not reduced by predipping. Effective premilking udder hygiene is essential for the production of high quality milk. Bacteria, preincubation and pasteurized milk counts are reduced. Sediment is minimized. Incidence of mastitis is reduced. Proper udder hygiene procedures should be practiced at every milking.
CT And MRI Measurements Of Tibial Tubercle To Trochlear Groove Distances (TT-TG) Are Not Equivalent:

Objectives:TT-TG distance is a commonly used measurement for surgical decision-making in patients with patellofemoral malalignment and instability. This measurement has historically been performed utilizing axial CT scans. More recently, MRI has been proposed as an equivalent test for measurement of TT-TG distance. We sought to determine the reliability of TT-TG measurements on both MRI and CT, and to determine whether the measurements can be used interchangeably.Methods:All patients diagnosed with patellar instability who had received both CT and MRI of the knee between 2003 and 2011 were included (n=59 knees in 54 patients). Two fellowship trained musculoskeletal radiologists measured the TT-TG distances for each patient by CT and MRI in a randomized, blinded fashion for a total of 236 measurements. Inter-observer reliability was calculated between radiologists for both imaging modalities and inter-methods reliability was calculated between the two imagining modalities. The results are reported using in...
Ten more unsolved problems in computer graphics

The tradition of posing unsolved problems in computer graphics goes back to Ivan Sutherland's article "Ten unsolved problems in computer graphics", Datamation, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 22-7 (1966). In this article, the author presents his own personal top 10: (1) novelty; (2) education; (3) systems integration; (4) simplicity; (5) better pixel arithmetic theory; (6) legacy compatibility; (7) arithmetic sloppiness; (8) antialiasing; (9) a modelling/rendering/animation challenge; and (10) finding a use for real-time 3D. Some of the problems I decry have, indeed, been solved in the theoretical sense. The problems remain unsolved in the practical sense, though, because cheap and fast solutions remain elusive. Many of the problems are more sociological and marketing issues than technical. Also, many of them have multiple parts with much overlap.
The Disabled Learner: Early detection and intervention (Modern approaches to the diagnosis and instruction of multi-handicapped children, vol. 8), edited by P. Satz, and J. Ross. The Netherlands: The Rotterdam University Press, 1973, 297 pp., $18.65

In The Disabled Learner editors Satz and Ross present a potpourri of articles previously delivered at a conference held to acquaint physicians, educators and psychologists with new basic information in the field of learning disorders and to review new methods of intervention. The book falls far short of this goal. The biology is naive, the language development section is uninformed, or at least systematically ignores a broad literature in this discipline, and the chapters that deal with specific learning disability and developmental dyslexia are unrewarding.
When Vendor Statistics Are Not Enough: Determining Use of Electronic Databases

Many libraries have large collections of electronically available databases including journal article and conference paper indexes, full-text vendor catalogs, and standards databases. Which of these resources are being used and to what level becomes a point of interest. A quick re-direct Web-log has been created to track the number of times a particular link is selected, providing a consistent comparison of different resources. The resulting information can be used to determine if what the library provided is being used and if it can be marketed more effectively, which, ultimately, will aid in a cost/benefit analysis for budget decisions.
Homocysteine versus the vitamins folate, B6, and B12 as predictors of cognitive function and decline in older high-functioning adults: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

Background Elevated plasma total homocysteine concentration may be a risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease, but data from prospective studies are limited. Further, high homocysteine levels are associated with low vitamin status, and it is unknown whether it is homocysteine toxicity or vitamin insufficiency that is responsible for the observed cognitive dysfunction. Methods We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of a cohort of 499 high-functioning community-dwelling persons aged 70 to 79 years to determine the effect of homocysteine and related vitamin plasma concentrations on cognitive function and cognitive decline. Nonfasting plasma concentrations of homocysteine, folate, vitamin B 6 , and vitamin B 12 were measured at baseline. Summary measures of cognitive function were created from tests of multiple cognitive domains administered at baseline and again after 7 years. Results In cross-sectional analyses investigating each variable separately, subjects with elevated homocysteine levels, or low levels of folate or vitamin B 6 , demonstrated worse baseline cognitive function. In longitudinal analyses, after adjusting for multiple covariates, including homocysteine, those in the bottom quartile of folate had a 1.6-fold increased risk (95% confidence interval: 1.01 to 2.31; P =0.04) of being in the worst quartile of 7-year cognitive decline. Low folate levels largely accounted for a trend towards greater cognitive decline with elevated homocysteine level. Conclusion In high-functioning older adults, low folate levels appear to be a risk factor for cognitive decline. The risk of developing cognitive decline might be reduced through dietary folate intake.
Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in AIDS Patients Using Amplification-Mediated Hybridization Analyses: Reproducibility and Quantitative Limitations

Eighty-six peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from 30 patients with AIDS were analyzed using a transcription-based amplification system (TAS) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Human immunodeficiency virus tpe 1 (HIV-1) sequences were detected by amplification-mediated hybridization in 98% of the samples, 52% of which were positive for p24 antigen by ELISA. Neither TAS (93%) nor PCR (95%) detected HIV-1 sequences in all 86 samples. The hybridization-detection methods (slot blot, bead-based sandwich, and solution) used to detect the HIV-1-specific TAS products had a clear influence on the efficiency of detecting and quantitating the levels of HIV-1 present in these samples. The reproducibility of amplification of constant amounts of HIV-1 RNA and β-globin DNA by TAS and PCR was studied over 3 months. The results indicated that variations of 10- and 5-fold in the HIV-1 sequence levels could be detected between samples by TAS and PCR, respectively. Within the range of sensitivities for each assay used, the administration of zidovudine did not appear to reduce the amount of HIV-1 nucleic acid sequences as observed in PBMC obtained serially from six AIDS patients.
Mothers Who Care Gender, Disability, and Family Life

Based on a qualitative study of families of children with disabilities, this article examines the role of gender in caring for a child with a disability. Findings reveal caring as a complex phenomenon that has at least three meanings: (a) “caring for,” which refers to the caregiving work, (b) “caring about,” referring to the love, and (c) “the extended caring role,” when mothers of children with disabilities extend their caring to a broader societal concern. The findings, which suggest that the responsibilities for caring are still ascribed on the basis of gender, are discussed in relation to traditional disability family studies and the situation of women in today's society.
Function flattening for lease-based, information-leak-free systems

Recent research has proposed security-critical real-time embedded systems with provably-strong information containment through the use of hardware-enforced execution leases. Execution leases bound the time and address space used by functions to prevent information leakage between functions. Nested functions, however, require a relatively expensive hardware stack of execution leases. We introduce techniques to flatten nested functions and reduce overhead of the hardware stack. We note that while function flattening is impractical for conventional systems, avoiding information leakage results in constraints on program control that also make flattening possible in this setting. Through a combination of code hoisting and function splitting, we find that leases for nested functions can be substantially flattened in several practical examples. We note that some nested loop and function structures can lead to exponential growth in code size due to flattening, but that our techniques give system designers the ability to trade code size with hardware cost.
Reliable transfer on wireless sensor networks

Many applications in wireless sensor networks, including structure monitoring, require collecting all data without loss from the nodes. End-to-end retransmission, which is used in the Internet for reliable transport, becomes very inefficient in wireless sensor networks, since wireless communication, and constrained resources pose new challenges. We look at factors affecting reliability, and search for efficient combinations of the possible options. Information redundancy like retransmission, and erasure codes, can be used. Route fix, which tries alternative next hop after some failures, also reduces packet loss. We implemented and evaluated these options on a real test bed of Berkeley Mica2Dot motes. Our experimental results show that each option overcomes different kinds of failures. Link-level retransmission is efficient but limited in achieving reliability. Erasure code enables very high reliability by tolerating packet losses. Route fix responds to link failures quickly. Previous work had found it difficult to increase reliability past a certain threshold. We show that the right combination of primitives can yield more than 99% reliability with low overhead, providing a viable alternative to end-to-end retransmission over multiple hops.
Hippocampal neurons inhibit meal onset

There is extensive research regarding the neural mechanisms involved in satiety and meal termination; in contrast, there is very limited understanding of how meal onset is regulated. On the basis of several converging lines of evidence, we hypothesized that hippocampal neurons form a memory of a meal and inhibit meal onset during the postprandial period. As a first step, we tested whether reversible inactivation of the hippocampus with muscimol infusions after the end of one meal would accelerate the onset of the next meal. To test this, adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (N = 23) were implanted with a cannula aimed at the right or left dorsal hippocampus and then trained to consume a 32% sucrose solution at a scheduled time daily. On the experimental day, hippocampal neuronal activity was temporarily disrupted during the postprandial period by infusing muscimol (0.5 μg/μl; 1 μl) 5 min after the rats stopped consuming the sucrose solution. Compared to vehicle infusions, muscimol infusions significantly decreased the latency to start the postinfusion meal and increased the size of the postinfusion meal. In addition, muscimol disrupted the relationship between the size of a meal and length of the following postprandial period. These effects of muscimol on meal onset were not due to an effect on the speed of consumption. Collectively, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that hippocampal neurons suppress meal initiation during the postprandial period. Given that overeating can impair hippocampal function, these findings suggest that impaired hippocampal functioning is a cause and consequence of overeating and obesity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface-plasmon-enhanced multiphoton photoelectric emission from thin silver films.

We report the enhancement of multiphoton photoelectric emission, from a thin silver film, by surface plasmons excited at the single-metal–vacuum interface. The surface plasmons are resonantly pumped by femtosecond laser pulses in the Kretchmann attenuated-total-internal-reflection configuration. A quantum yield approaching 2 × 10−8 at a photon fluence of 10 MW/cm2 from a two-photon process was observed, which is 5 × 103 higher than that of the bulk emission measured for the same film at the same power fluence.
The ecological morphology of darter fishes (Percidae: Etheostomatinae)

Darters are a species-rich radiation of small benthic and benthic-associated stream fishes that comprise approximately 20% of the diversity of the North American freshwater fish fauna. Here, we gather data from 165, or 87%, of described species and use this information to characterize the morphological diversity of the darter radiation. We focus on characters of the oral jaws known to function in prey capture and consumption in other perciform taxa in order to explicitly link morphological diversity to ecological diversity. In addition to a quantitative description of the morphospace occupied by darters, we identify several instances of significant morphological convergence. We also describe three groups of darter species that exhibit unusual jaw morphologies that are used in previously undescribed prey capture behaviours. Despite these new ecomorphs, we find that darters exhibit relatively low variation in trophic morphology when compared with two other radiations of teleost fishes, and that the observed variation is related more to differences in microhabitat use than to differences in prey type. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 30‐45.
Pathogenesis of Chicken-Passaged Newcastle Disease Viruses Isolated from Chickens and Wild and Exotic Birds

SUMMARY. The pathogenesis of six Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates recovered from chickens (Ckn-LBM and Ckn-Australia) and wild (Anhinga) and exotic (YN parrot, pheasant, and dove) birds was examined after the isolates had been passaged four times in domestic chickens. Groups of 10 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free white leghorn chickens were inoculated intraconjunctivally with each one of the isolates. The infected birds were observed for clinical disease and were euthanatized and sampled at selected times from 12 hr to 14 days postinoculation or at death. Tissues were examined by histopathology, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect viral nucleoprotein (IHC/NP), and by in situ hybridization to detect viral mRNA and were double labeled for apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling ([TUNEL] or IHC/caspase-3) and viral nucleoprotein (IHC/NP). Birds infected with the three low virulence viruses (Ckn-LBM, YN parrot, and Ckn-Australia) did not develop clinical disease. Microscopic lesions were observed only at the inoculation site and in organs of the respiratory system. The detection of viral nucleoprotein (N) was restricted to the inoculation site. The pheasant and dove isolates were highly virulent for chickens with marked tropism for lymphoid tissues, confirmed by the presence of large numbers of cells positive for viral N protein and viral mRNA. Viral N protein was detected early in the cytoplasm of cells in the center of the splenic ellipsoids. The apoptosis assays (TUNEL and IHC/caspase-3) showed increased apoptosis in the splenic ellipsoids as well. Apparently, apoptosis is an important mechanism in lymphoid depletion during NDV infection.
Abstract 318: Distance From Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Site is Not Associated with 30-day Readmission Length of Stay: Insights From the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting and Tracking (VA CART) Program

Background: Although readmission following PCI is an emerging quality measure, it is unclear to what extent readmissions post-PCI are avoidable. Many VA patients travel long distances to receive PCI, and a prior study suggests that those living closest to their PCI site are most likely to be readmitted. Using length of stay (LOS) as a proxy for readmission complexity, we explored whether this lower readmission rate reflects a higher threshold for readmission among patients living farther away from PCI sites. Methods: We identified all VA patients undergoing PCI from 2008-2012, excluding those with private insurance or non-VA sources of care to minimize the likelihood of readmissions outside of VA hospitals. Distance to PCI site was determined by straight-line distance (SLD) from patient residence to the site. The primary exposure was quintile SLD to PCI site. We compared risk-adjusted post-PCI readmission mean LOS by quintile, as well as the trimmed mean (excluding the top 5% LOS per quintile) to minimize outlier effects. We also grouped readmission diagnoses into 8 categories (cardiac ischemic, cardiac-nonischemic, peripheral/cerebrovascular ischemia, procedural, bleeding/anemia, respiratory, renal, and other), comparing diagnoses by SLD quintile. Results: Among 38,937 patients undergoing PCI, the median SLD to PCI site was 37 mi., IQR 12-85. Crude readmission rates ranged from 16.5% (Q1: 0-9 miles) to 10.2% (Q5: 99-300 mi.). Compared to Q1, the relative difference in mean LOS was significantly lower in Q3 (Q3: 0.77, p = 0.03) and unchanged in all other quintiles (Q2: 0.95, p=0.75; Q4: 0.79, p=0.07; Q5: 0.92, p=0.56; Table). Comparing trimmed means, no quintile was significantly different from Q1. Diagnosis review found higher rates of cardiac ischemia diagnoses in higher SLD quintiles without other clinically significant differences in diagnoses by SLD. Conclusions: We did not find an association between patient distance to PCI site and LOS for post-PCI readmissions, and readmission diagnoses were overall similar across quintiles. Thus, post-PCI readmissions across quintiles are likely of similar complexity and for similar diagnoses. Identifying other possible contributors to differences in readmission rates by distance may have important implications for policy and resource allocation. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Effect of nutrition on the health of the elderly.

Nutrition may play a role in the progressive decline of several body functions with aging. Progressive decline in energy, lean body mass, and protein intake are also associated with aging. Many elderly (>55 years old) drink less than the recommended amounts of water and consume less than the Recommended Dietary Allowances of calcium, iron, zinc, copper, thiamin, riboflavin, folate, and vitamins B-12 and D. Nutrition needs of the elderly to maintain activities of daily living are expected to increase in future years. Because diminished physical activity and old age disabilities cause the elderly to modify eating habits acquired at a younger age, dietary and other life-style changes should be implemented early in life so that optimal tissue function will be maintained. More research and development is needed in the areas of nutrient requirements for the elderly, effect of nutrition on chronic diseases, improved methods for assessing nutritional status and screening the elderly for nutritional risk, nutrient-$$$nutrient and nutrient-drug interactions, and educational strategies to provide better nutrition and eliminate health fraud. Dietary interventions show promise, but must be monitored for effectiveness.
Abstract 17653: Improving Detection of Preclinical Organ Damage in Hypertension: Non-dipping Status versus Nocturnal Hypertension

Introduction: The clinical relevance of nocturnal hypertension (NH) in comparison with non-dipping status has not been clarified yet regarding subclinical target organ damage. Hypothesis: In the present study we aimed to elucidate whether nocturnal hypertension or dipping status reflects better organ damage and to explore potential underlying mechanisms. Methods: The study population consisted of 319 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. In all participants, several indices of preclinical organ damage were evaluated. Based on the nocturnal BP levels (systolic BP >120 mmHg and/or diastolic BP >70 mmHg) the study population was divided into two groups: nocturnal hypertensives (NH, n=161) and nocturnal normotensives (NN, n=158). Also, individuals with ≥ 10% difference in nocturnal systolic blood pressure (SBP) relative to daytime values were defined as dippers, while non-dippers were defined as <10% nocturnal decrease in SBP. Results: Patients with NH were characterised by increased arterial pulse wave velocity (PWV) (9.1±1.7 vs 8.4±1.5 m/sec, p=0.0001) and marginally decreased flow mediated dilation values (5.1±3.4 vs 4.1±2.6, p=0.066). In addition, this group showed increased carotid intima-media thickness (0.77±0.18 vs 0.69±0.15 mm, p=0.016) compared to normotensive subjects, whereas no other significant differences were observed, regarding other vascular indices. Notably, they also exhibited higher values of LVMI (88.1±22.9 vs 82.8±16.6 gr/m2, p=0.043) and E/A (0.90±0.26 vs 0.88±0.43, p=0.030), respectively. On the contrary, non-dipping status was associated only with differences in PWV (9.26±0.2 vs 8.64±0.2 m/s, p=0.031,) and also in creatinine clearance values in the group of NH (95±3 vs 106±4, p=0.025). Conclusions: The presence of NH is accompanied by subclinical atherosclerosis, as well as structural and functional abnormalities of the left ventricle, however without significant impairment of renal function. Therefore, NH should be preferably integrated with the risk of target organ damage rather than non-dipping status.
Peer support and outcome for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a residential rehabilitation program

This observational study aims to determine the characteristics of peer support that change attitudes toward recovery and PTSD symptom severity. The study respondents were a sample of 55 VA patients who were residents at a residential rehabilitation program for PTSD where they were the recipients of peer support. Veterans perceived greater support from other veterans (mean = 4.04 on 1–5 scale, SD = 0.78) than from any other source. Greater perceived support from the peer support provider, other veterans and mental health staff was associated with improvements from intake to discharge in recovery attitudes. Greater perceived support from other veterans and mental health staff was associated with an improvement in PTSD symptoms. Results from this study suggest that positive perceptions of peer support favorably influences attitudes toward recovery, from PTSD, in veterans who are the recipients of such support.
Just a Collection of Recollections: Clinical Ethics Consultation and the Interplay of Evaluating Voices.

Despite increased attention to the question of how best to evaluate clinical ethics consultations and emphasis on external evaluation (Hastings Center Report, ASBH Quality Attestation Process), there has been little sustained focus on how we, as clinicians, make sense of and learn from our own experiences in the midst of any one consultation. Questions of how we evaluate the request for, unfolding of, and conclusion of any specific ethics consultation are often overlooked, along with the underlying question of whether it is possible to give an accurate account of clinical ethics consultants’ experience as experienced by ethics consultants. Before the challenge of submitting one’s accounts or case reports for review and evaluation from others (at one’s local institution or in the broader field), there is an underlying challenge of understanding and evaluating our own accounts. To highlight this crucial and deeply challenging dimension of actual clinical ethics practice, we present an account of a complex consultation, explicitly constructed to engage the reader in the unfolding experience of the consultant by emphasizing the multiple perspectives unfolding within the consultant’s experience. Written in script format, the three perspectives presented—prototypical clinically descriptive account; didactically reflective and self-evidentiary account often seen in journal presentations; highly self-critical reflective account emphasizing uncertainties inherent to clinical ethics practice—reflect different manners for responding to the ways actual clinical involvement in ethics consultation practice accentuates and refocuses the question of how to understand and evaluate our own work, as well as that of our colleagues.
Experimental cinema in state socialist Eastern Europe

The publication of this guest edited special issue of Studies in Eastern European Cinema came about as an extension of a curatorial project first undertaken at the National Gallery of Art in 2013 b...
Transfer of hydrostatic loading from one boundary to another

If a portion of the surface of a body subjected to uniform pressure is let free, and if that same amount of pressure is applied to the rest of the surface which was originally free, the resultant stress field is the same in both cases but for a sign and a hydrostatic component. Applications may be important especially in experimental work.
Arithmetic Functions in an Unusual Setting

(1966). Arithmetic Functions in an Unusual Setting. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 582-590.
Media framing of complex issues: The case of endangered languages.

This study investigates how media frame a global trend that is complex in nature, emergent in terms of scientific understanding, and has public policy implications: the rapid disappearance of langu...