cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Parenting: Nursing Resources

Successful parenting has a major impact on the emotional well-being and cognitive development of young children. Infants gain their sense of self at an early age through their interactions with their caregivers. Nurses can play a unique role in helping parents and caregivers learn about their infant's abilities and behavior and in providing interventions to foster positive parent-infant interactions. Several resources are presented that the professional can use to help parents learn about their newborn's individual communication patterns and needs.
Biodefense: spend, but spend wisely.

*The views expressed in this commentary are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the American Medical Association.
Synergistic effects of child abuse and intimate partner violence on depressive symptoms in women.

Abstract Objective Few population-based studies have examined the association of both child abuse (i.e., physical and sexual abuse) and intimate partner violence (IPV) with depressive symptoms in women. This study estimated the odds of depressive symptoms over the prior week among women exposed to child abuse or IPV alone, and both child abuse and IPV. Method Cross-sectional analysis of 7918 women respondents to the 1995 National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS). Results The prevalence of self-reported depressive symptoms was 50.2% in women reporting both child abuse and IPV, followed by women reporting IPV (35.7%) or child abuse alone (34.9%), and 25.2% in those with no reported abuse. Multivariable logistic regression found that women who reported both child abuse and IPV had over twice the odds of depressive symptoms than women reporting no abuse (adjusted odds ratio, OR = 2.80 95% confidence interval, CI = 2.35, 3.32). Smaller, though significantly elevated odds of depression were found among respondents with child abuse only (OR = 1.63, 95% CI 1.42, 1.86) and IPV only (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.30, 1.84). Conclusion The results demonstrate a super-additive risk of depressive symptoms in women exposed to both child abuse and IPV, and underscore the adverse psychological effects of these exposures.
Multistage Ranking Models

Abstract Suppose that a sample of people independently examines a fixed set of k items and then ranks these items according to personal judgment. The process of ranking the items is decomposed into k −1 stages. In the forward model, the most preferred item is selected at the first stage, the best of the remaining items is selected at the second stage, and so on until the least preferred item is selected by default. Various probability models are adopted at each stage, and properties of the resulting models for randomly sampled rankings are investigated. Luce (1959) first proposed such a modeling scheme, where each item i was thought to have an intrinsic value θi , and the probability of choosing a particular item i at any stage, conditional on the set S of items not previously chosen, was given by I{i ∈ S}θ i /Σ j∈S θ j , where I{} is an indicator function. Plackett (1975) began with the same model but added interaction terms that would theoretically extend the usefulness of this approach when the basic m...
Analytical study on a new bond test method for measuring adhesion

Abstract A new bond strength test method proposed by Lin et al. (Lin CP, Douglas WH, Fields RP. J Dent Res 1992;71(IADR Abstracts #74):524) is presented to overcome the shortcomings of traditional bond strength measurements, which are based on nominal stress concepts. This paper is a theoretical analysis based on a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach. The analytical relationship between the elastic energy release rate G Ic and the critical load is derived approximately as a function of specimen shape and material properties.
Seasonal variations in sexual behavior, testosterone, testicular size and semen characteristics, as affected by social dominance, of tropical hair rams (Ovis aries)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of day length on seminal characteristics, testicular size, sexual behavior and testosterone concentration (T4) in dominant and subordinate Pelibuey rams. Six groups of three animals were evaluated every 2 weeks over a 12 month period. Dominant (D), medium (M) and subordinate (S) animals in each group were identified through a food competition test every 15 days. All rams ejaculated and produced semen throughout the year. A linear hierarchy was clearly established and maintained during the year. S rams had lower levels (P 0.05) by their social position. D rams were more affected by the photoperiod, decreasing (P < 0.05) reaction times, increasing (P < 0.05) T4 and producing more (P < 0.05) sperm per ejaculation than S rams during short days (14.65 ± 1.22 vs 26.92 ± 1.65 s; 8.68 ± 0.44 vs 7.37 ± 0.40 ng/mL and 3.37 ± 0.17 vs 2.04 ± 0.16 sperm/109, respectively). Semen volume and sperm concentration were significantly (P < 0.05) greater during short days in all rams, regardless of their social status, with the exception of sperm concentration in D rams where no variation was found. M rams displayed variable values in the range between the D and S rams. It was concluded that the magnitude of the seasonal effects was not sufficient to prevent the rams being used for breeding throughout the year and that seasonal variation within the variables affected the social ranks differently.
Determining fracture facet crystallography using electron backscatter patterns and quantitative tilt fractography

A methodology is presented to characterize the crystallography of individual fracture surface facets. Electron backscatter patterns (EBSP’s) from a metallographic section through a facet identify grain orientation, and quantitative tilt fractography identifies facet orientation; these results are combined to establish fracture facet crystallography. For this technique, facet electropolishing is not required, the facet alignment procedure is accurate and quick, and the method can be generalized to different microstructures, test environments, or facet orientations. Method accuracy is illustrated for 25 to 50 μm fatigue crack facets in an unrecrystallized Al–Li–Cu alloy (AA2090) that has 5 μm thick subgrains in elongated grains that are 10 to 200 μm thick. The fine subgrain structure and tortuous fatigue crack profile precludes the use of other diffraction techniques for determining AA2090 facet crystallography. EBSP and tilt fractography results demonstrate that vacuum fatigue cracks in AA2090 are nearly parallel to local {111} planes.
Developmental sodium restriction and gustatory afferent terminal field organization in the parabrachial nucleus.

Abstract WALKER, B. R. AND D. L. HILL. Developmental sodium restriction and gustatory afferent terminal field organization in the parabrachial nucleus. Physiol Behav 64 (2) 173–178, 1998. Dietary sodium restriction instituted early in prenatal development produces physiological, anatomical, and functional changes in the gustatory system. For example, a rearrangement of the chorda tympani nerve terminal field within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) is observed in rats sodium restricted during development. The altered pattern of the chorda tympani nerve innervation within the nucleus of the solitary tract remains even after dietary sodium is restored in the diet at adulthood. In light of these observations, the terminal fields of second-order projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the parabrachial nucleus (PBn) were examined. To determine the possible rearrangements of the second-order projections, the rostral pole of the NST in control, restricted, and repleted rats was injected with the fluorescent tracer Fluoro-Ruby and the terminal fields in the parabrachial nucleus were analyzed. Results show no differences in the size or topography of the parabrachial nucleus terminal field among control, restricted, and repleted rats. These results suggest that the terminal field of second-order gustatory neurons is resistant to dietary sodium restriction during development. The apparent target-dependent effects may relate to differences in the developmental processes along the gustatory pathway.
Weak-interaction-induced neutrino oscillations

Neutrino oscillation is a natural theoretical possibility in gauge theories if we do not a priori exclude the right-hand components of neutrino fields. The quantitative aspects of the oscillation phenomenon (oscillation length, etc.) are controlled by the neutrino mass matrix. We explore the possibility that neutrinos are massless in the lowest order of weak interactions and higher-order radiative corrections bring about small, but calculable, masses. We have made a systematic search of models which would have such a feature. We find that in one class of models, the neutrino-mass matrix elements would generally be less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ eV. But such theories would contain flavor-changing neutral currents involving charged lepton fields. Another class of models, which can easily be compatible with all known weak-interaction phenomenology, would necessarily involve large gauge groups (e.g., direct products of at least three non-Abelian factors) and a large number of unknown parameters (making it impossible to meaningfully estimate the neutrino masses).
Genetic Variation and Covariation of Partial and Complete Egg Records in Turkeys

ABSTRACT THE program of using breeders during their pullet year of production has gained considerable momentum during recent years. Dempster and Lerner 1947 have made a study of the optimum structure of the breeding flock in relation to the age of birds in the flock. This study indicated that greater efficiency would be obtained by a prevalence of younger birds in the flock. The optimum plan was one in which 90 percent of the breeding flock consisted of pullets selected on the basis of their own sisters’ production to January 1 of their first laying year. The gain per year expected under this plan, however, would be only slightly larger than that attained when the breeding flock was made up entirely of young birds. Although the chicken has been the subject of rather extensive investigations concerning selection, similar studies involving turkeys have been neglected. The present study began with the practical . . .
Early warning signs of endocrine disruption in adult fish from the ingestion of polyethylene with and without sorbed chemical pollutants from the marine environment

Plastic debris is associated with several chemical pollutants known to disrupt the functioning of the endocrine system. To determine if the exposure to plastic debris and associated chemicals promotes endocrine-disrupting effects in fish, we conducted a chronic two-month dietary exposure using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and environmentally relevant concentrations of microplastic (<1mm) and associated chemicals. We exposed fish to three treatments: a no-plastic (i.e. negative control), virgin-plastic (i.e. virgin polyethylene pre-production pellets) and marine-plastic treatment (i.e. polyethylene pellets deployed in San Diego Bay, CA for 3 months). Altered gene expression was observed in male fish exposed to the marine-plastic treatment, whereas altered gene expression was observed in female fish exposed to both the marine- and virgin-plastic treatment. Significant down-regulation of choriogenin (Chg H) gene expression was observed in males and significant down-regulation of vitellogenin (Vtg I), Chg H and the estrogen receptor (ERα) gene expression was observed in females. In addition, histological observation revealed abnormal proliferation of germ cells in one male fish from the marine-plastic treatment. Overall, our study suggests that the ingestion of plastic debris at environmentally relevant concentrations may alter endocrine system function in adult fish and warrants further research.
Molecular geometries from spin Hamiltonian calculations through simultaneous optimization of geometry and wave function

The recently developed spin Hamiltonian approach to conjugatedπ-electron molecules is reexamined. A simultaneous optimization of the geometry and wave functions, achieved by the use of the conjugate gradient method, facilitates calculations of the molecular geometries in the ground and excited electronic states. The computation time increases approximately linearly with the number of basis functions, making calculations for molecules having up to 18 carbon atoms (48 620 basis functions) readily available. Geometries of several benzenoid hydrocarbons are optimized and the results are discussed.
Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of the surface of a deep-sea ferromanganese nodule

Abstract In an effort to elucidate the mechanism of formation and accretion of ferromanganese nodules, transverse sections of undisturbed botryoid surfaces of nodules from the abyssal central North Pacific were examined by X-ray analyses both by multiple replicate sample transects and mapping. Surface concentrations of Mn and Fe were found of the size and shape of microorganisms. Abundant microorganism-like objects covering the surface and the apparent absence of Si (i.e. no sediment) with the Mn and Fe concentrations suggests microorganisms may be involved either in the selective accretion or removal of these metals. If metal accretion was simply physicochemical, one would expect a more or less even distribution of Mn and Fe on the botryoid surfaces. The replicate X-ray sample transects showed that Mn and Fe have a distribution corresponding to botryoid zonation. Areas of high Mn X-ray intensity were found associated with the cap and equatorial zones of the botryoid. Most of the valley zone of the botryoid show a more or less even Mn distribution and an increase in Fe X-ray intensity. At the base of the botryoid both metals apparently precipitously decrease.
A Low-Cost GPS-Based Protocol to Create High-Resolution Digital Elevation Models for Remote Mountain Areas

Researchers and development practitioners in remote mountain areas rely on elevation data to study vegetation dynamics, natural hazards, land use, and other patterns. However, despite advances in technology, accurate digital elevation models (DEMs) with spatial resolution ,30 m do not exist for most of the world’s montane regions. We used a low-cost GPS-based protocol to construct a high-resolution (10 m) DEM for a rugged, remote mountain site in the northern Peruvian Andes. Elevation data were collected with handheld GPS units and combined with digitized and interpolated points within a Geographic Information System to generate a 10 m DEM. Additional DEMs were generated using 50%, 20%, and 15% of the surface points collected and from a 1:100,000 topographic map and ASTER GDEMv2 data. Estimated absolute vertical accuracy of the GPS surface-point DEMs was significantly lower than that of the ASTER GDEMv2 and topographic map DEMs. Relative vertical accuracy, a better measure of DEM quality, was considerably lower for all 6 DEMs than absolute vertical accuracy. Depending on project budget, time, and labor availability, this method can be used to produce DEMs with high spatial resolution and substantially improved relief maps for research, visualization, and communication purposes. Implementation of this method is practical in locations without access to electricity or postprocessing correction facilities, open-canopy land covers, and projects with small budgets that involve local participants.
Large eddy simulation of turbulent horizontal buoyant jets

Large eddy simulations (LESs) of turbulent horizontal buoyant jets are carried out using a high-order numerical method and Sigma subgrid-scale (SGS) eddy-viscosity model, for a number of different Reynolds (Re) and Richardson (Ri) numbers. Simulations at previous experimental flow conditions (Re = 3200, 24, 000 and Ri = 0, 0.01) are carried out first, and the results are found to be qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the experimental results, thus validating the numerical methodology. The effect of varying Ri (values 2×10−4, 0.001, 0.005, and 0.01) and Re (3200 and 24, 000) is studied next. The presence of stable stratification on one side and unstable stratification on the other side of the jet centreline leads to an asymmetric development of horizontal buoyant jets. It is found that this asymmetry, the total radial spread and the vertical deflection are significantly affected by Ri, while Re affects only the radial asymmetry. The need for developing improved integral models, accounting for this...
PHENOTYPICALLY SELECTED MUTATIONS IN MYOSIN'S ACTIN BINDING DOMAIN DEMONSTRATE INTERMOLECULAR CONTACTS IMPORTANT FOR MOTOR FUNCTION

Here, we biochemically characterize Dictyostelium myosin II mutants that were previously phenotypically selected following random mutagenesis and shown to lie in the actin binding domain [Patterson, B., & Spudich, J. A. (1996) Genetics 143, 801−810]. We show that the conditional loss of myosin-dependent activity in vivo, which results from the mutations E531Q, P536R, and R562L, is likely due to the loss of important contacts with actin. Purified wild-type and mutant myosin subfragments 1 (S1), expressed in Dictyostelium, are alike in binding to actin and releasing it in an ATP-dependent manner. Furthermore, the rates of ATP hydrolysis without actin are similar for the mutant and wild-type S1s. Thus, the mutations in the actin binding site have little effect on ATP binding or product release in the absence of actin. All three mutants, however, have impaired actin-activated ATPase activity, with apparent second-order rate constants for actin interactions that are 4−25-fold smaller than that of wild-type S1 ...
Effect of Formation Temperature and Roughness on Surface Potential of Octadecyltrichlorosilane Self-Assembled Monolayer on Silicon Surfaces†

Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are employed to probe the surface potential and topography of octadecyltrichlorosilane [OTS, CH3(CH2)17SiCl3] self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on oxidized Si(100) and polycrystalline silicon surfaces as a function of deposition temperature and substrate roughness with particular attention paid to the monitoring of SAM adsorption on highly rough surfaces. In these studies, it is found that the surface potential magnitude of the adsorbed layer is larger for monolayers formed in the liquid-condensed (LC) phase than for those formed in the liquid-expanded (LE) phase. Experiments on individual islands in the LC phase show that surface potential and monolayer thickness increase with increasing island size; islands larger than about 1.5 μm reach maximum potential and height values of 48 ± 4 mV and 2.7 ± 0.1 nm, with respect to the underlying oxidized surface. It is also shown that KPFM is suitable for the study of monolayer adsorption on poly...
Transneuronal degeneration in substantia nigra pars reticulata following striatal excitotoxic injury in adult rat: time-course, distribution, and morphology of cell death.

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars reticulata following excitotoxic injury to the striatum of adult rats, and have considered this to be an anterograde transneuronal effect. However, the mode and temporal pattern of cell death in this model are unknown. We injected ibotenate into the striatum of adult rats and performed Nissl and silver staining of the substantia nigra, the globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus at multiple times up to postlesion day 28. Silver-stained degenerating cells were identified in the substantia nigra pars reticulata at days 31¯4 after the lesion, with maximal occurrence at day 3. Degenerating cells and fibers were preferentially distributed in the central region of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. At the cellular level, degenerating cells, frequently demonstrating morphological characteristics of neurons, showed intense silver staining of the nucleus and punctate staining of the cytoplasm. Apoptosis was not observed. In situ end-labeling confirmed the non-apoptotic nature of the cell death. There was no secondary cellular degeneration in other striatal targets, including the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars compacta or entopeduncular nucleus. Double staining with silver and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry disclosed degenerating cells within the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive ventral tier in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, but in no instance was there double staining within a single cell. Our results demonstrate that secondary neuronal degeneration occurs within the substantia nigra pars reticulata within a few days following excitotoxic injury to the striatum of adult rats. The cell death is non-apoptotic, unlike that occurring in the substantia nigra of neonatal rats following similar striatal lesion. This mode of transneuronal cell death may be relevant to human diseases, such as Huntington's disease and the multiple system atrophies, in which, in addition to the major striatal neuronal loss, there is considerable loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
An Integrative Nutrition Education Framework for Preschool through Grade 12

The need for "a comprehensive and sequential pro­ gram in nutrition education ... as an integral part of the curriculum of every school in the United States" was recommended in the final report of the 1969 White House Conference on Food. Nutrition. and Health (1). This recommendation culminated in the establishment of the federal Nutrition Education and Training (NET) pro­ gram in 1977. After the Tennessee NET program was established. a needs assessment revealed that the state lacked a comprehensive and sequential framework for school-based nutrition education. Elementary teachers wanted a program that could be integrated into several subject matter areas; and secondary teachers in health. home economics. science. and social studies indicated interest in teaching nutrition. As part of a NET contract. we developed and evaluated a framework for nutrition education designed to meet these needs. The framework consists of goals. objectives. and sequential topics for children in preschool through grade 12. Development of the framework. Our interdisciplinary team included specialists in nutrition and food sciences. human development. curriculum and instruction. home economics education. and health education. Most team members also had expertise in a second of these areas or another area related to nutrition education. For each year of the project. an advisory board with statewide representation was established. Members included teachers in various disciplines. school administrators. district and state supervisors. foodservice supervisors. and parents. Based on a review of the literature. Tennessee's needs assessment. and consultation with the year 1 advisory board. we established criteria for an optimal nutrition education framework and subsequent curriculum. These criteria were that the framework be a) compre
Comparative studies on biological activities of subcomponents C1q of the first component of human, bovine, mouse and guinea-pig complement.

Abstract Both the haemolytic activity and the binding ability to immunoglobulin G(IgG) (Fc-binding ability) were comparatively assayed among human, bovine, mouse and guinea-pig (C1q. The haemolytic activity was measured by using the sensitized sheep erythrocytes with rabbit immunoglobulin M(IgM)- or IgG-haemolysin. The Fc-binding ability was assayed by using immune complexes made of rabbit IgG-antibody against human serum albumin as well as agglutination of latex particles coated with human, bovine or rabbit IgG (IgG-latex). The specific haemolytic activity was comparable with between bovine and mouse C1q, while those of guinea pig and human C1q were significantly lower than those of the others. Only the human and mouse C1q showed significantly positive agglutinating activity of human or bovine IgG-latex. In the case of the use of rabbit IgG-latex, each of these C1q gave much weaker agglutination. On the other hand, the ability of all these C1q to bind to Fc of immune complexes specifically was almost comparable. The discrepancy in specific activities between the haemolysis and the Fc-binding ability may suggest that these two biological activities are not always correlative and that these are independent biological phenomena.
Grafting for Management of Southern Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in Watermelon.

ABSTRACTFour bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) cultivars, one squash (Cucurbita moschata × C. maxima) hybrid, five wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) germplasm lines, and one comme...
On the equivalence of algebraic conditions for convexity and quasiconvexity of polynomials

This paper is concerned with algebraic relaxations, based on the concept of sum of squares decomposition, that give sufficient conditions for convexity of polynomials and can be checked efficiently with semidefinite programming. We propose three natural sum of squares relaxations for polynomial convexity based on respectively, the definition of convexity, the first order characterization of convexity, and the second order characterization of convexity. The main contribution of the paper is to show that all three formulations are equivalent; (though the condition based on the second order characterization leads to semidefinite programs that can be solved much more efficiently). This equivalence result serves as a direct algebraic analogue of a classical result in convex analysis. We also discuss recent related work in the control literature that introduces different sum of squares relaxations for polynomial convexity. We show that the relaxations proposed in our paper will always do at least as well the ones introduced in that work, with significantly less computational effort. Finally, we show that contrary to a claim made in the same related work, if an even degree polynomial is homogeneous, then it is quasiconvex if and only if it is convex. An example is given.
Stochastic iterative learning control design for nonrepetitive events

This paper proposes a lifted domain ILC design technique for repetitive processes with significant non-repetitive disturbances. The learning law is based on the minimization of the expected value of a cost function (i.e., error norm) at each iteration. The derived learning law is iteration-varying and depends on the ratio of the covariance of non-repetitive component of the error to the covariance of the residual total error. This implies that in earlier iterations the learning is rapid (large learning gains) and as iterations go by, the algorithm is conservative and learns slowly. The proposed algorithm is also extended to the case where the learning filter is fixed and the optimal (iteration-varying) learning rate needs to be determined. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated vis-a-vis a geometrically decaying learning algorithm and an optimal fixed-rate learning algorithm through simulation of a Micro-robotic deposition system.
Human placental Fc receptors and the transmission of antibodies from mother to fetus

During human pregnancy, maternal IgG is transported across the placenta to the fetus. On the way, some maternal antibodies against fetal antigens are removed as immune complexes. The placenta contains several known Fc receptors and also other proteins that bind immunoglobulins. A consideration of the binding properties and distribution of these proteins suggests that the neonated Fc receptor (FcRn) transports IgG across the syncytiotrophoblast, and possibly the fetal blood vessel endothelium. FcγRI, FcγRII and FcγRIII on Hofbauer cells in the stroma probably clear immune complexes, together with FcγRII on endothelial cells.
The Revenue Impact of Repeated Tax Amnesties

Proponents argue that tax amnesties raise revenue both in the short and long run, by bringing former nonfilers back into the tax system. Opponents contend that amnesties produce little short-run revenue and weaken incentives for long-run tax compliance. However, over the last 21 years, 27 states offered tax amnesties for a second or third time. While previous research has estimated the impact of specific tax amnesties, none have estimated how the impact changes when offered repeatedly. We find that these additional tax amnesties generate less short-run revenue than predecessors and tend to magnify revenue losses associated with disincentives for long-run tax compliance.
Bilateral oophorectomy and premature menopause

The ovary is a complex metabolic organ. The follicles produce both androgens and estrogens, whereas the stromal tissue synthesizes androgens only. When menopause occurs, both androgen and estrogen levels decrease. The postmenopausal ovary remains a source of endogenous androgens that are converted to estrogen. The consequences of premature removal of the ovaries are not well known. The risks and benefits of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) in women with premature menopause have not been studied. Women who have had surgical menopause experience more severe symptoms and will need to stop estrogen therapy at some point in their lives. Intense symptoms such as hot flashes, night sweats, and insomnia will redevelop, so women should be given informed consent about the need for long-term use of HT and the greater difficulty in discontinuing therapy.
An Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assay for the Detection of Antibodies against Swine Influenza Virus

An immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) has been developed to detect antibodies against swine influenza A virus (SIV) in pig sera. The test was evaluated by using sequential sera from pigs experimentally infected with H1N1 subtype of SIV. Two hundred field serum samples that had been examined by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test were also tested. Antibodies specific to SIV were detected as early as 3 days postinoculation (dpi) in the IPMA test as compared with 7 dpi by the HI test. Unlike HI, no serum treatment was required in the IPMA test. Regardless of the virus used in the test, IPMA detected antibodies to both H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes of SIV whereas HI detects antibodies against either H1N1 or H3N2, depending upon the virus used in the test. Results of this study indicate that IPMA is a useful test for screening of pig sera for SIV antibodies.
Combined effects of ECS and Metrazol on passive avoidance learning

Abstract The combined effects of a non-convulsant dosage (10 mg/kg of body weight) of Metrazol and 60 min ECS were investigated in order to find out if the interaction of the two would produce an amnesic effect upon passive avoidance learning. The main group of rats was given FS, with an immediate posttrial injection of Metrazol, followed by ECS at 60 min. Four other groups were given footshock (FS) followed by saline injection. Three of these 4 groups received ECS following FS at 30, 45, and 60 min respectively, leaving one group receiving only footshock. The footshock only and 60 min ECS groups had the same mean starting and running times, indicating no amnesia with 60 min ECS. The Metrazol 60 min ECS group had a significant retention deficit, falling between the 45 and 30 min groups. The results support the consolidation disruption hypothesis of ECS induced amnesia, and are contrary to the incubation interpretation of these effects.
Evidence for a High Free Radical State in Low-grade Astrocytomas

OBJECTIVE: It is postulated that reactive oxygen species may play an inductive role in neuro-oncogenesis. However, data pertaining to the redox state of astrocytomas are limited, which prompted us to undertake this study. METHODS: Intraoperative snap-frozen samples were obtained from the surface and core of 8 low-grade and 11 high-grade astrocytomas. Small portions of each specimen were fixed in 10% neutral formalin or cacodylate-buffered glutaraldehyde. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and total glutathione levels were determined. Light microscopy was performed to define the relevant histopathology, and electron microscopy was used to quantitate peroxisomal content. RESULTS: Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values for low-grade astrocytomas were significantly elevated compared to those for malignant lesions, as was the case for total glutathione. This discrepancy was especially marked at the tumor surface. Peroxisomes predominated in the low-grade category. CONCLUSION: We speculate regarding malignant transformation as a possible consequence of this decline in antioxidant capacity, as well as regarding the role of seizures and astrocytoma glutamate receptors in the initiation of free radical cascades. The therapeutic and teleological implications are considerable.
The Two Alternate Questions Randomized Response Model for Human Surveys

Abstract The present model is applicable when π Y , the population proportion with a nonsensitive attribute Y, is not known in advance and two samples are required to estimate π A , the population proportion with a sensitive attribute A. It consists of using the sensitive question and two nonsensitive alternate questions in each sample, yielding two unbiased estimates of π A . The optimum estimator, a weighted average of these two estimates, is described and its minimum variance calculated. The efficiency of this estimator is compared with Moors' optimized version of the standard two sample single alternate question model, and with the one sample single alternate question model when π Y is known.
Exercise testing for arrhythmia: Children and adolescents

Abstract The physiologic effects of exercise alter the electrical conduction of the heart. Changes in intrinsic sympathetic and parasympathetic activity and in exogenous stimuli to the heart seem to change the substrate for rhythm disturbance. The major clinical use of any medical test is its predictive value. For primary rhythm disturbances, the main benefit of exercise testing appears to be its negative predictive value. More study is needed to determine its positive predictive value. The opposite appears to be the case with secondary arrhythmia. Induction of arrhythmia during exercise is more predictive than is noninduction or suppression.
Lattice properties of MgB 2 versus temperature and pressure

We have determined the structural properties of the superconducting compound ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ as a function of temperature from 11 to 297 K and as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to 0.62 GPa using neutron powder diffraction. This compound, when compared to other diborides with the same structure, is characterized by unusually large anisotropies of both the thermal expansion and compressibility, with the c-axis responses being substantially larger. We speculate that the comparatively weaker metal-boron bonding in ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ manifested by these lattice responses, is important for establishing the structural features that give rise to high-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity in this structure type.
Anamnestic antibody response in rabbits to topically applied 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene.

SummaryMost rabbits treated topically with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene produced circulating precipitins and passive hemagglutinins. Animals sensitized by a primary painting series and re-exposed topically to DNFB all demonstrated anamnestic antibody response. The time required for a peak titer to be reached after a second contact with the chemical was approximately one-half of that following the first application series. The relative titers following a skin test versus a second painting series suggested that the magnitude of the anamnestic response may have been dose dependent. The antibodies produced by this treatment were apparently directed only against the dinitrophenyl group. No precipitating antibodies against the autologous carrier were detected. No correlation was seen between the amount of precipitating antibody present and the intensity of the skin test. The development of contact hypersensitivity to a simple chemical compound in the rabbit was shown.
Inspection of Voids in External Tendons of Posttensioned Bridges

Segmental posttensioned bridges are major structures that carry significant traffic. Recent investigations of these bridges identified voids in their ducts. The exposed strands at these void locations can undergo corrosion. The corrosion of strands may lead to the failure of tendons. As such, an effective inspection process for identifying these voids is needed. From a literature review, several nondestructive testing methods are compared for applicability to void inspection in external tendons. The impact echo, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and sounding inspection methods are then selected and assessed for further preliminary testing. The sounding inspection method is further assessed for its effectiveness in identifying voids in a full-scale, external tendon system. The results indicate that sounding inspection slightly underestimates the size of the voids. However, the inspected size and locations of voids have a close correlation with actual voids in ducts. Thus, sounding inspection can be an effective t...
Simulation of resin flow during compression of copper-clad thermoset composite laminates

This research included the modeling and simulation of the flow of epoxy resin during manufacturing of copper-clad laminates. Three conceptual models were proposed, based on the three resin flow mechanisms during processing: squeezing flow in thin fluid channels, seepage though a permeable medium, and a combination of squeezing and seepage flow. The similarity between the governing equations of each of the models was illustrated using dimensional analysis. The viscosity effect caused by the resin curing process was taken into consideration in the flow models. The results from the simulations provided deep insight into the dependence of the models on the respective geometric and empirical parameters.
Aerodynamic conductances at the soil surface in a vineyard

Abstract Knowledge of aerodynamic conductances at the soil surface helps in estimating energy and water vapor fluxes. This research was conducted to determine the effects of wind direction and wind speed on aerodynamic conductances at the soil surface in a vineyard. Aerodynamic conductances for heat transport g h were determined from energy balances on pairs of adjacent sensors, heated and unheated. Twelve-minute average g h values, above-canopy wind speeds u , and wind directions, were measured over a 9 day period in a 5 ha commercial vineyard near Lamesa, TX. In the vineyard, grapevines were growing on vertical, bilateral cordon trellises with cordon wires 1.0 m above the soil surface, and catch wires 0.25 and 0.5 m above the cordon wires. Row and plant spacing were 3.15 m and 1.7 m, respectively. Sensors were placed beneath the row and at 0.63 m intervals between the rows. Measurements at each location were replicated twice. Spatial mean values of aerodynamic conductances 〈 g h 〉 were calculated as the arithmetic average g h of all locations. For a uniform surface, neither 〈g h 〉 u 1 2 nor g h 〈g h 〉 should vary with wind direction. Measured values of 〈g h 〉 u 1 2 in the vineyard were 17% higher when the wind direction was parallel to row direction compared with when the wind direction was perpendicular. The spatial distribution of g h 〈g h 〉 varied with wind direction. The dependence of relative aerodynamic conductances on wind direction for any given wind speed was calculated from the directional dependences of g h 〈g h 〉 and the ratio of 〈g h 〉 u 1 2 to its directional mean. The relative aerodynamic conductances beneath the row were above unity at wind directions less than 45° from parallel and were only slightly below unity for wind directions perpendicular to the row. The relative conductances near the midpoint between rows were greater than the conductances beneath the row when the wind direction was parallel to the row direction and less than them when the wind direction was perpendicular to the row direction.
Origin of preferential sputtering in a-SiO 2 during ion beam synthesis of nanocrystals

Ion implantation into a-SiO{sub 2} leads to the self-assembly of nanocrystal arrays having application in optical and nonvolatile memory devices. It was recently noted that nanocrystal nucleation occurs in oxide regions exhibiting variations in oxygen concentration resulting from preferential sputtering. Here we report quantum-mechanical calculations that probe the atomic-scale dynamics following ion-induced low-energy recoils and show that preferential sputtering does not result directly from short-time collisional processes. These processes do, however, result in a population of loosely bound oxygen atoms connected to the amorphous network by a single Si-O bond. Thus, the well-known diffusion and relaxation processes that control stable defect formation at long times following recoil events lead to variations in O concentration in damaged regions.
Randomized cuts for 3D mesh analysis

The goal of this paper is to investigate a new shape analysis method based on randomized cuts of 3D surface meshes. The general strategy is to generate a random set of mesh segmentations and then to measure how often each edge of the mesh lies on a segmentation boundary in the randomized set. The resulting "partition function" defined on edges provides a continuous measure of where natural part boundaries occur in a mesh, and the set of "most consistent cuts" provides a stable list of global shape features. The paper describes methods for generating random distributions of mesh segmentations, studies sensitivity of the resulting partition functions to noise, tessellation, pose, and intra-class shape variations, and investigates applications in mesh visualization, segmentation, deformation, and registration.
Reaction time to cortical stimulation

A monkey was trained to release a lever when a stimulus was applied to the striate cortex. Reaction times to stimulation of the striate cortex were consistently 30 milliseconds shorter than reaction times to visual stimulation. The technique appears to be fruitful for analysis of neural mechanisms in a simple behavioral task.
Laser-induced activation of methane at oxide surfaces: a probe of radical-surface interactions

C-H bond activation was studied via pulsed laser irradiation of oxides in a methane atmosphere. Carbon monoxide was the major product observed at low power densities and room temperature. Significant amounts of C{sub 2} products, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene were formed. CO, C{sub 2}H{sub 6}, C{sub 2}H{sub 4}, and C{sub 2}H{sub 2} are assigned as primary products of the reaction. Laser-induced methane activation produces {sup {sm bullet}}CH{sub 3} and :CH{sub 2} radical species in the gas phase via a plasma mechanism and is utilized as a tool to study radical-oxide surface interactions. These reactions are surface sensitive as evidenced by the changes in conversion and product selectivity as a function of oxide pretreatment and oxides used.
An unusual presentation of carcinoma of the lung: 26 patients with cervical node metastases

Carcinoma of the lung should be considered in the search for an unknown primary lesion when there is evidence of cervical lymph node involvement. Of 1,686 patients with a final diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma seen during a 10-year period at the University of Louisville Hospitals, 26 presented one or more clinically positive cervical nodes. The frequency of lung cancer in such instances varies from 1.5% (in the present report) to 32%, possibly because the term "cervical node" is used without clarification. More precise description of such metastases is urged.
Ultrasonic Calling in Isolated Infant Prairie Voles (Microtus Ochrogaster) and Montane Voles (M. Montanus)

Abstract I compared number of ultrasonic calls infant prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) and montane voles (M. montanus) emit when isolated. Typically, murid infants produce ultrasonic calls when they cannot thermoregulate adequately. Infant prairie voles called much more than did infant montane voles (average of 954 versus 17 calls/20 min at ages 0–10 days, P < 0.001) and more than other murids. Prairie voles also differed from montane voles in calling at high rates from day of birth, which is not typical of murids. The 2 species developed thermoregulatory competency at the same ages, so differences in calling could not be explained by differences in ontogeny. I suggest that rates of calling are related to social organization for, unlike montane voles and most murid species, prairie voles display monogamous mating behavior and a high level of biparental care. High calling rates could be adaptive for infant prairie voles, as parents are near almost all the time and can retrieve them; in contrast, montan...
Practice satisfaction and dissatisfaction in general internal medicine departments of large multispecialty clinics

General internal medicine (GIM) physician practice satisfaction and dissatisfaction in large multispecialty clinics were assessed utilizing a survey designed to elicit physician perceptions of practice. 420 GIM physicians in 22 multispecialty clinics were contacted, and 168 participated in the survey. The most significant positive components of practice satisfaction were patient interactions and favorable physician colleague interactions. The prominent negative components were paperwork hassles and perceived “second-class” physician status. Coping strategies were varied and included increased political involvement, career change, and withdrawal via depression.
A new occurrence of xitieshanite [Fe3+(SO4)Cl⋅6H2O] crystals in acid-mine seepways, Green Valley, Vigo County, Indiana, U.S.A.

A new occurrence of the rare efflorescent sulfate mineral xitieshanite [Fe 3 + (SO 4 )Cl.6H 2 O] has been documented from acid mine drainage (AMD) flows at Green Valley, Vigo County, Indiana, U.S.A. This represents only the second documented occurrence of the mineral, and is a new environment of deposition. Previously, xitieshanite had been documented only within the oxidation zone at the Xitieshan Mine, Quinghai Province, China. The presence of xitieshanite at Green Valley was confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction and chemical analyses. The mineral forms botryoidal semi-gelatinous lumps. as well as radiating clusters of light-green bladed and rod-like acicular crystals up to 1 mm long, in some cases pseudomorphically replacing melanterite. This is the only documented occurrence of the mineral as distinct observable crystals that indicate pseudomorphism. The xitieshanite forms following large summer storms that provide oxygenated waters in the AMD seepways, and a warm, humid environment of deposition. The chlorine in the mineral may originate from coal waste or anthropogenic sources related to de-icing operations at the mine plant.
I Think of Ronald Reagan: Future Selves in the Present.

A nonlinear perspective on time (where the future exists in and affects the present) has been described by several theorists but there is little research on the extent, quality or origins of the personal future perspective. The present study examined the existence and origin of the future in the present by asking adults aged nineteen to eighty-three to: 1) project themselves into the oldest age imaginable, 2) describe their hopes and fears for that age, and 3) name role models for those hopes and fears. Data analysis revealed that length of future perspective, number of hopes and number of role models for the distant future declined with age. In addition, types of fears for the future varied with age, with older adults stressing dependency issues while younger adults reported concerns about personality and mental health. Despite age differences, most participants could name role models for both their hopes and fears for aging, but specific models were identified more often for hopes than for fears. Person...
Reichenbach's writings

Selected Writings, 1909–1953. Two volumes. By Hans Reichenbach. Principal translations by Elizabeth Hughes Schneewind. Edited by M. Reichenbach and R. S. Cohen. Pp. 500+435. (D. Reidel: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Boston, and London, 1979.) Vol. 1: hardback Dfl. 145, $64.50; paperback Dfl.60, $27; Vol. 2: Dfl. 130, $59 and Dfl.60, $27.