cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scheme Liability, Federal Securities Fraud, and John Wayne's i-Pod

The Supreme Court held in Central Bank that if Congress had wanted to include an aiding and abetting form of secondary liability in Section 10(b of the 1934 Securities Exchange Act), it would have done so. Strictly construed, this is a defensible holding. After Central Bank, defrauded investors have been forced to (a) argue for a broad view of primary liability, and (b) assert "scheme liability" claims under subsections (a) and (c) of Rule 10b-5. Most lower courts have rejected both these approaches and thereby excused from liability many parties, particularly investment banks, that knowingly participated in issuers' securities fraud. This article initially demonstrates that Congress did not include an aiding and abetting provision as a form of secondary liability under Section 10(b) because it necessarily expected "aiding" or "aiding and abetting" of securities fraud to constitute a primary violation of Section 10(b) with or without any explicit mention in the statute. In 1934, the common law of fraud and virtually every statutory antecedent of Section 10(b) imposed liability upon those who "participated" in fraud. The law of intentional torts in 1934 made virtually no distinction between primary and secondary liability. Aiding and abetting as a form of secondary activity in the field of securities fraud was invented by the lower federal courts in 1966. It became meaningful only after 1994 when lower courts began applying Central Bank's reasoning in a narrow way. Lower courts have been able to justify their narrow interpretation of Central Bank's holding only by committing the anachronistic error of assuming that the law of deceit was the same in 1934 as in 1994. The Supreme Court has often warned against the making of such anachronistic errors. This article then demonstrates the unquestionable validity of "scheme liability" under subsections (a) and (c) of Rule 10b-5. The lower courts that have rejected scheme liability have misread Central Bank, ignored the plain language of both Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, and committed a host of other mistakes.
3D mesh metamorphosis from spherical parameterization for conceptual design

Engineering product design is an information intensive decision-making process that consists of several phases including design specification definition, design concepts generation, detailed design and analysis, and manufacturing. Usually, generating geometry models for visualization is a big challenge for early stage conceptual design. Complexity of existing computer aided design packages constrains participation of people with various backgrounds in the design process. In addition, many design processes do not take advantage of the rich amount of legacy information available for new concepts creation. The research presented here explores the use of advanced graphical techniques to quickly and efficiently merge legacy information with new design concepts to rapidly create new conceptual product designs. 3D mesh metamorphosis framework ―3DMeshMorpher‖ was created to construct new models by navigating in a shape-space of registered design models. This efficient software framework enables designers to create numerous geometric concepts in real time with a simple graphical user interface. The framework is composed of: 1) a fast spherical parameterization method to map a geometric model (genus-0) onto a unit sphere; 2) a geometric feature identification and picking technique based on 3D skeleton extraction; and 3) a LOD controllable 3D remeshing scheme with spherical mesh subdivision based on our spherical parameterization. Our spherical parameterization is focused on closed genus-zero meshes. The method is based upon barycentric coordinates with convex boundary. Unlike most existing similar
The role of PTEN tumor suppressor pathway staining in carcinoma in situ of the bladder.

Abstract Objectives The PI3k/Akt pathway has been associated with the development and progression of bladder tumors, with most studies focused on papillary or muscle-invasive tumors. We sought to characterize the expression patterns of the PI3K/Akt pathway in a large cohort of high-risk preinvasive carcinoma in situ (CIS) tumors of the bladder. Our goal was to understand whether PI3K/Akt pathway alterations associated with CIS resemble early- or late-stage bladder cancers. Material and methods We evaluated tissue specimens from 97 patients with CIS of the bladder, of which 14 had a concomitant papillary tumor. All patients were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin. All specimens were evaluated for PTEN, p-AKT, and p-S6 immunoreactivity. Markers were evaluated for percentage and intensity of staining and were scored using a 0 to 3+grading system. Results PTEN staining was noted as least intense in 67% of tumor specimens and 22% of normal urothelium. P-Akt and p-S6 had intense staining in 77% and 90% of tumor specimens vs. 44% and 68% in normal tissue, respectively. Low-intensity staining for PTEN at 12 months correlated with higher recurrence risk ( P = 0.026). Conclusion We describe a large cohort of CIS bladder tumors with decreased staining intensity of PTEN and increased staining intensity of p-AKT and p-S6, similar to high-grade and high-stage papillary tumors. Low-intensity staining of PTEN at 12 months was associated with an increased risk of recurrence.
Tradeoffs in the estimation problem with respect to two performance criteria

We study a class of suboptimal group filters derived from a filter with a diagonal impulse response matrix to which off-diagonal entries are being added in a systematic way. Two different approaches of trading off computational and stochastical performances of the resulting filters are discussed. The systematic procedures-both in the time and in the spectral domains-are for achieving a desired tradeoff between the two criteria. Examples of filtering of 1st order Markov processes out of a white noise are given. The results are compared with the optimal Wiener filter under similar conditions. It is shown that for group filters and 1st order Markov processes, significant computational gains can be achieved at the expense of small deviations from the optimal stochastical performance. >
Histamine H2 receptor stimulation increases gastric emptying in monkeys.

We studied the effect of the specific H2 receptor agonist dimaprit on gastric emptying using a dye dilution technique in five chair-adapted rhesus monkeys to determine simultaneously gastric emptying and H+ secretion. Continuous subcutaneous injections of either saline alone or dimaprit (15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 nmol.kg-1.min-1) were given in random order on separate days. Both fractional emptying rate and H+ output were significantly increased by higher doses of dimaprit, with resulting twofold concurrent increase of intragastric H+ concentration. Because intragastric administration of H+ decreases gastric emptying and secretion, we evaluated the possibility that the stimulatory action of a histamine H2 agonist was underestimated when gastric pH was greater during control than after dimaprit. When exogenous HCl was added to the stomach to achieve H+ concentrations similar to those measured after dimaprit, both fractional emptying and H+ secretion were decreased twofold. When these "acidified control values" were used as a point of comparison, the stimulatory effect of dimaprit on both fractional emptying and gastric secretion was greater, suggesting that the stimulatory actions of dimaprit are underestimated if one does not take into account the differences in intragastric H+ concentrations.
Thrust stand for high‐power electric propulsion devices

This paper describes a new high-power thrust stand developed for use with high-power (up to 250 kW) magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters, which is installed in a high-vacuum MPD facility at Lewis Research Center. The design of the stand is based on inverted pendulum configuration, with the result of large displacements and high resolution. Calibration results showed that thrust measurements were linear and repeatable to within a fraction of 1 percent. The thrust stand was used for testing water-cooled MPD thrusters at power levels up to 125 kW. The thruster, however, is quite well suited for testing other types of electric propulsion devices.
Vibrational energy relaxation dynamics of SiH stretching modes on stepped H/Si(111) 1×1 surfaces

Abstract The vibrational energy relaxation rates of excited SiH stretching modes on the monohydride steps of miscut H/Si(111) 1×1 surfaces are calculated using Bloch-Redfield theory combined with classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The structure and vibrational frequencies of the surface are first investigated using the Car-Parrinello ab initio MD method. The calculated SiSiH bending frequencies and relaxed structures are then used to refine the empirical potential for the classical MD simulations. The lifetime of the excited SiH stretching mode at the step is found to be shorter than the modes on the terrace. Both the magnitude and the trend of the calculated results agree well with the experimental measurement on the 9° monohydride stepped surface. The vibrational relaxation rate of the SiH stretching modes on the 15° monohydride stepped surface are also calculated and predicted to have a slightly shorter lifetime than for the 9° surface.
Research on the Penetration Depth in Aluminum Reduction Cell with New Type of Anode and Cathode Structures

In this article, a cold water model experiment based on the principle of similitude was conducted to study penetration depth and to investigate the rules of penetration depth (the thickness of bubble sheet) in new anode structure electrolytic cell. New structure anodes and new structure cathodes were designed to examine penetration depth induced by anodic gas in the electrolytic cell. A high-speed camera was used to take photographs of the water model experiment. After that, photographs were analyzed by Image-Pro Plus software. The results revealed the effect of different parameters such as slit width, anode–cathode distance, electrolyte level, and gas rate on the penetration depth. The results provide several meaningful suggestions in selecting electrolysis apparatus. Finally, through dimensional analyzing, the penetration depth criterion equation of the 1/2 anode structure electrolytic cell was obtained. In sum, water model experimental results provide theoretical and experimental basis for the new anode structure and new cathode structure electrolysis cell’s design and practice.
Ascorbate availability and neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Abstract Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which upper and lower motoneurons progressively deteriorate and die. Neuronal damage is most evident in the lower central nervous system, and death generally occurs following central respiratory failure. Proposed and demonstrated mechanisms for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are diverse, and include altered superoxide dismutase and neurofilament proteins, autoimmune attack, and hyperglutamatergic activity. However, they do not account for the late onset of the disease, its earlier onset in males, and the differential vulnerability of neurons located in the brainstem and spinal cord. It is proposed here that, within the context of a specific defect such as altered superoxide dismutase, age-dependent decline in ascorbate availability triggers the disease. A role for ascorbate, which is found in millimolar levels in neurons, is suggested by a number of consistencies: 1) superoxide radicals being a common substrate for superoxide dismutase and ascorbate; 2) a close association between central nervous system ascorbate levels and injury tolerance; 3) a steady decline in ascorbate plasma levels and cellular availability with age; 4) plasma ascorbate levels being lower in males; 5) an association of ascorbate release with motor activity in central nervous system regions, in vivo; 6) the coupling of brain-cell ascorbate release with glutamate uptake; 7) possible roles for ascorbate modulation of N-methyl - D -aspartate receptor activity; 9) the ability of ascorbate to prevent peroxynitrite anion formation; and 10) evidence supporting the scorbutic guinea pig as a model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Emphasis is placed on the probable competition between superoxide dismutase and ascorbate within the context of a primary defect of metal-binding or metal access in high-concentration proteins such as superoxide dismutase and human heavy neurofilaments. Finally, distinct features of alpha-motoneuronal physiology suggest that cell physiological characteristics such as high metabolic activity and extensive calcium dynamics may render neurons differentially vulnerable in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
A Review of “Not “Just Friends”: Rebuilding Trust and Recovering Your Sanity After Infidelity”

In Not “Just Friends,” Glass (2003) provides readers with a thorough and easy-to-read account of infidelity. The book is broken down into four parts that address the slippery slope to infidelity, t...
Two sample applications of a classical isoperimetric problem of the calculus of variations to fluid mechanical problems in fluidization and spouting

Abstract This paper is devoted to outlining precisely the basic mathematics of a classical isoperimetric problem of the calculus of variations and showing how significant fluid mechanical problems in fluidization and spouting can be addressed using this approach.
Datura Tissue Cultures: Production of Minor Alkaloids from Chlorophyllous and Nonchlorophyllous Strains

The highest medium concentration of manganese used (14 p.p m.) appeared to stimulate the production of cuscohygrine, choline, and pseudotropine from Datura stramonium L., strain 5450, suspension cultures. Amino acid precursors, or chlorophyllous tissue had no significant effect upon the production of these alkaloids. No hyoscyamine or scopolamine was detected. Significant amounts of Datura suspension tissues were grown in multiliter fermentors.
Quark-antiquark binding force in the skyrme model

Abstract In the skyrme model, we can extract both a linear potential and a Coulomb potential between a quark and antiquark; a quark (antiquark) is identified with a part of a certain poin field configuration, which has baryon number = 1 3 (− 1 3 ) . We ind good agreement with the phenomenological values used in computations of the charmonium spectrum.
Isabella d'Este and the Gender Neutrality of Renaissance Ceramics

When Judy Chicago created The Dinner Party (1974–1979), she employed artistic media that implied connections to women. Through the use of decorative ceramic, porcelain, and textile on the large, tr...
Unexpectedly high variability of the histone H4 gene in Leishmania.

The sequence of the cDNA of the histone H4 gene of Leishmania tarentolae is reported herein. The predicted 100-amino-acid-long protein has the highest degree of identity with the histone H4 gene of L. infantum and shares with it a 5′ region that shows a very low degree of identity with the corresponding region of histone H4 genes from other organisms. However, between these two genes is a 7.7% nucleotide difference that results in seven different amino acids, located in the 5′, central, and 3′ regions of the coding sequence. Such a divergence in the H4 gene, which is considered to be one of the most highly conserved genes, between closely related members of the genus Leishmania is unexpected and may reflect some unusual features of these important proteins in kinetoplastid flagellates.
The measurement of electric fields in clouds

The theory and practice of construction of field mills for static and slowly varying electric fields are discussed. A developed design for a differential field mill suitable for use inside thunderclouds is presented with methods for optimization of the device under usual conditions. This design has been tested both in clouds and in fair weather fields, comparing in the latter case with normal ground based electric field meters.
Self-assembly and dynamics of oxide nanorods on NiAl(110)

We observe the spontaneous formation of parallel oxide rods upon exposing a clean NiAl(110) surface to oxygen at elevated temperatures (850--1350 K). By following the self-assembly of individual nanorods in real time with low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), we are able to investigate the processes by which the rods lengthen along their axes and thicken normal to the surface of the substrate. At a fixed temperature and ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ pressure, the rods lengthen along their axes at a constant rate. The exponential temperature dependence of this rate yields an activation energy for growth of $1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. The rod growth rates do not change as their ends pass in close proximity $(l40\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ to each other, which suggests that they do not compete for diffusing flux in order to elongate. Both LEEM and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies show that the rods can grow vertically in layer-by-layer fashion. The heights of the rods are extremely bias dependent in STM images, but occur in integer multiples of approximately 2-\AA{}-thick oxygen-cation layers. As the rods elongate from one substrate terrace to the next, we commonly see sharp changes in their rates of elongation that result from their tendency to gain (lose) atomic layers as they descend (climb) substrate steps. Diffraction analysis and dark-field imaging with LEEM indicate that the rods are crystalline, with a lattice constant that is well matched to that of the substrate along their length. We discuss the factors that lead to the formation of these highly anisotropic structures.
Preparation and characterization of elastin-like polypeptide scaffolds for local delivery of antibiotics and proteins.

Tissue engineering applications could benefit from simultaneous release of growth factors, signaling molecules, and antibiotics to obtain optimal healing of tissues. Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are genetically engineered polymers that possess good biocompatibility, are biodegradable, and exhibit mechanical properties similar to natural elastin. In addition, ELPs exhibit a characteristic inverse phase transition temperature (T(t)). This T(t) behavior is widely exploited in hyperthermia mediated drug delivery. The objectives of this research were to prepare ELP hydrogel scaffolds using a novel ultrasonication method and to investigate the release of a model protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) and a commonly used antibiotic in periodontal therapy (doxycycline) from the scaffolds at two different temperatures (25 °C T(t)). Both BSA and doxycycline showed a gradual time dependent release and showed a trend of higher release fractions with higher loading doses. Based on the comparison between the release profiles at the two selected temperatures, the release was higher at 37 °C compared to that at 25 °C for both the loading concentrations of doxycycline (0.05 and 0.1 % v/v) and only one of the loading concentrations of BSA (0.5 % v/v) studied, while the release was higher at 25 °C compared to that at 37 °C only for the other loading concentration of BSA (1 % v/v) studied. These results suggested that the drug molecular weight and loading concentration were significant factors that affected the release kinetics. The experiments in this study demonstrated that the ELP hydrogel scaffolds can successfully release proteins and antibiotics critical to tissue engineering.
A novel coded excitation scheme to improve spatial and contrast resolution of quantitative ultrasound imaging

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) imaging techniques based on ultrasonic backscatter have been used successfully to diagnose and monitor disease. A method for improving the contrast and axial resolution of QUS parametric images by using the resolution enhancement compression (REC) technique is proposed. Resolution enhancement compression is a coded excitation and pulse compression technique that enhances the -6-dB bandwidth of an ultrasonic imaging system. The objective of this study was to combine REC with QUS (REC-QUS) and evaluate and compare improvements in scatterer diameter estimates obtained using the REC technique to conventional pulsing methods. Simulations and experimental measurements were conducted with a single-element transducer (f/4) having a center frequency of 10 MHz and a -6-dB bandwidth of 80%. Using REC, the -6-dB bandwidth was enhanced to 155%. Images for both simulation and experimental measurements contained a signal-to-noise ratio of 28 dB. In simulations, to monitor the improvements in contrast a software phantom with a cylindrical lesion was evaluated. In experimental measurements, tissue-mimicking phantoms that contained glass spheres with different scatterer diameters were evaluated. Estimates of average scatterer diameter in the simulations and experiments were obtained by comparing the normalized backscattered power spectra to theory over the -6-dB bandwidth for both conventional pulsing and REC. Improvements in REC-QUS over conventional QUS were quantified through estimate bias and standard deviation, contrast-to-noise ratio, and histogram analysis of QUS parametric images. Overall, a 51% increase in contrast and a 60% decrease in the standard deviation of average scatterer diameter estimates were obtained during simulations, while a reduction of 34% to 71% was obtained in the standard deviation of average scatterer diameter for the experimental results.
Inaugural Editorial: Riding the Tidal Wave of Human-Centric Information Processing — Innovate, Outreach, Collaborate, Connect, Expand, and Win

Riding the Tidal Wave of Human-Centric Information Processing— Innovate, Outreach, Collaborate, Connect, Expand, and Win.
Mechanisms of Disease: the role of high-mobility group protein 1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis

High-mobility group protein 1 (HMG1) is a nonhistone nuclear protein that is a prototype of a dual-function alarmin whose immune activity is dependent upon its cellular location. Inside the cell, HMG1 binds to DNA and has a role in transcriptional regulation. Outside the cell, HMG1 acts as a cytokine and has activities that resemble those of tumor necrosis factor. The cytokine activities of HMG1 become manifest when this protein translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and, eventually, into the external milieu; this translocation occurs during cell activation and cell death. Given its cytokine activity, HMG1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a broad range of immune-mediated diseases including arthritis. The role for this protein in arthritis was established by observations of the expression of HMG1 in synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis as well as in the joints of animals used to model arthritis. Furthermore, in the mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis, treatment with antibodies to HMG1 or to an inhibitory domain of HMG1 can attenuate joint inflammation and damage. These studies identify a novel pathway in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, as well as a new target for biologic therapy.
Collagen gel contraction by ARPE-19 cells is mediated by a FAK-Src dependent pathway.

Abstract Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) may result in part from de-differentiation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in an aberrant wound-healing strategy. An in vitro model of PVR, collagen gel contraction by RPE, likely requires integrin engagement and activation as an important initial step. The purpose of this study was to identify the important associated integrins and signal transduction pathway. The retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 was used in these studies. Cell surface integrin expression was assessed using flow cytometry. An in vitro contraction assay was performed and the percent contraction quantified at specific time intervals using image capture (Gel Doc) and NIH Image software. Cells were pretreated with either small molecule inhibitors of signal transduction pathways or monoclonal antibodies with specificity for specific integrin isoforms. Transient transfections with a FAK siRNA were used to decrease FAK expression. ARPE-19 cells express α1, α2, and α3 integrin, isoforms involved in collagen ligation. Cell surface integrin blockade using anti-integrin α2 (P = 0.02), α3 (P = 0.01), or a combination of α1, α2, and α3 (P = 0.001) antibodies significantly reduced collagen gel contraction. Inhibition of the FAK-Src complex, but not MEK or PI3K, significantly decreased contraction (P = 0.0001). FAK siRNA transient transfection significantly reduced FAK protein expression by 71% (P = 0.02) and concordantly decreased gel contraction (P = 0.0001). RPE-mediated collagen gel contraction is a multi-step process. Integrin ligation and FAK-Src activation is necessary for collagen gel contraction produced by the ARPE-19 cell line. Validation of these observations in primary RPE cells may suggest new targets for therapeutic intervention in PVR.
Ho's algorithm, commutative diagrams, and the uniqueness of minimal linear systems

Two minimal linear systems having the same input-output behavior are linearly isomorphic. There is an efficient construction for a minimal linear system having a given input-output behavior. Here we prove the former fact and verify the latter construction by chasing appropriate commutative diagrams; the diagrammatic method is attractive because it is easy to remember.
Fellow travellers: Enver Pasha and the Bolshevik government 1918–1920

(1982). Fellow travellers: Enver Pasha and the Bolshevik government 1918–1920. Asian Affairs: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 288-296.
An empirically derived scoring system for intermale aggression in mice

Scoring systems used to assess intermale aggression have been characterized by arbitrary scales and wide variability in the behaviors selected for measurement. The use of such different systems severely limits the ability of investigators to make meaningful comparisons among studies and indicates that there is a need for a common, statistically derived evaluative system for intermale aggression. We measured the frequency and duration of five major components of agonistic behavior exhibited by intact males toward olfactory bulbectomized stimulus males and then analyzed the data using a number of univariate and multivariate procedures. The results were used to generate two statistically based scoring systems, one a short-form index and the other a composite index for more detailed studies of aggression. It is hoped that these statistically derived systems will be adopted by other investigators to increase methodological congruence in the field.
BLOOD PARASITES OF NEARCTIC–NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT PASSERINE BIRDS DURING SPRING TRANS-GULF MIGRATION: IMPACT ON HOST BODY CONDITION

To test the hypothesis that migrants infected with blood parasites arrive on the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico in poorer condition than uninfected birds, we examined 1,705 migrant passerine birds representing 54 species of 11 families from 2 Gulf Coast sites for blood parasites. Three hundred and sixty (21.1%) were infected with 1 or more species of 4 genera of blood parasites. The prevalence of parasites was as follows: Haemoproteus spp. (11.7%), Plasmodium spp. (6.7%), Leucocytozoon spp. (1.3%), and Trypanosoma spp. (1.2%). Both prevalence and density of Haemoproteus spp. infection varied among species. We found no relationship of gender or age with the prevalence of Haemoproteus spp. infection or Plasmodium spp. infection, with the exception of the orchard oriole (Icterus spurius) for which older birds were more likely to be infected with Haemoproteus spp. than younger birds. We also found that scarlet tanagers and summer tanagers infected with species of Haemoproteus have lower fat scores than ...
Gamma-irradiated polymer-odified mercury film electrodes

Abstract Polymer-modified mercury film electrodes were prepared by electrochemical deposition of mercury onto electrodes which had previously had poly(styrene sulfonic acid, sodium salt) (SSASS) or poly(dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (DMDAAC) immobilized on them by gamma-irradiation. The anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) characteristics of these electrodes were compared to those of unmodified mercury film electrodes (MFEs) in solutions of Pb2+, Cd2+, and In3+. Linear sweep ASV responses of the SSASS-MFE and the DMDAAC-MFEs were nearly the same as that of the MFEs. Osteryoung square wave ASV and differential pulse ASV showed the reduction of In3+ at the SSASS-MFE to be less reversible, resulting in a lower sensitivity of the modified electrode to In3+ when pulse methods were used in the stripping step. At the DMDAAC-MFE, the reductions of Cd2+ and In3+ were less reversible. The DMDAAC-MFE prevented the fouling effect of gelatin on cadmium peak stripping currents.
The house fly aliesterase gene (MdαE7) is not associated with insecticide resistance or P450 expression in three strains of house fly

Abstract It was recently proposed that a mutation (G137D) in the MdαE7 gene was responsible for increasing transcription of a P450 ( CYP6A1 ) resulting in resistance to diazinon. To examine if MdαE7 had a role in resistance in other strains we sequenced a fragment (~700 bp) of the MdαE7 gene from individual flies of two insecticide susceptible and three insecticide resistant (due to increased monooxygenase-mediated detoxification) strains. Five unique alleles were discovered. While all of the susceptible strains had Gly137, so did the resistant LPR and NG98 strains. Of the two alleles in the YPER strain one had the G137D substitution and the other did not. Based on the lack of correlation between the presence of the ‘mutant’ MdαE7 and resistance (or P450 levels), we conclude that the G137D mutation in MdαE7 is not involved in transcriptional control of the P450s involved in resistance in the LPR, NG98 or YPER strains. The relationship between MdαE7 alleles and insecticide resistance is discussed in light of these findings.
A theory of crack growth in viscoelastic materials

Abstract The principle of the conservation of energy is used to derive a solution for the velocity of crack growth in viscoelastic materials. This work generalizes earlier work by the same method that yielded only asymptotic solutions for crack velocity.
What is mathematics? Another example: computer science

The question ‘What is mathematics?’ has been answered in numerous ways, each providing its contribution to the general understanding of the nature of mathematics. The perspective offered in the present note sees mathematics as a science of model building. To confirm that the situation with respect to computer science is not an isolated phenomenon, we shall begin in § 1 with an historical overview of the model building‐character of mathematics. Following this, in §2, we shall consider the example of computer science. In §3, observations concerning this view of mathematics are given.
Reciprocal relationship between the in vitro synthesis and secretion of prolactin and growth hormone.

SummaryA comparison was made of the amount of radioactive leucine incorporated in vitro into prolactin and growth hormone by rat pituitary glands. It was demonstrated that when the production of prolactin is high, the production of growth hormone is low. The converse of this was also observed. The injection of male rats with estradiol or other agents which significantly increased prolactin production caused a decrease in growth hormone production. It is suggested that the pituitary gland tends to produce a constant amount of prolactin and growth hormone and reciprocal changes are brought about by the production of either hormone through some intracellular control mechanism when the hormonal balance is disturbed through a secondary mechanism.We thank Mr. Ronald C. Pace for his excellent technical assistance.
Coherence effects in a normal-metal-insulator-superconductor junction.

Coherence effects arising due to Andreev reflections in a superconductor--insulator--normal-metal junction are considered. It is shown that in the absence of electron-electron interaction in the metal at low temperatures, the electrical potential drop on the insulator ${\mathit{I}}_{0}$${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{I}}$, caused by the current density ${\mathit{I}}_{0}$ through the junction, vanishes, although the resistance of the device ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\infty}}}$ measured by the two-probe method can be large. The electron-electron interaction determines the zero-temperature value of ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{I}}$. The implications of these effects for the theory of the superconductor--normal-metal--superconductor junction are discussed.
Room temperature ferromagnetism in spin-coated anatase- and rutile-Ti0.95Fe0.05O2 films

Thin films of Ti1?xFexO2?(x = 0 and 0.05) have been prepared on sapphire substrates by the spin-on technique starting from metal?organic precursors. When heat treated in air at 550 and 700??C respectively, these films present pure anatase and rutile structures as shown both by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Optical absorption indicates a high degree of transparency in the visible region. Such films show a very small magnetic moment at 300?K. However, when the anatase and the rutile films are annealed in a vacuum of 1 ? 10?5?Torr at 500 and 600??C respectively, the magnetic moment, at 300?K, is strongly enhanced, reaching 0.46??B/Fe for the anatase sample and 0.48??B/Fe for the rutile one. The ferromagnetic Curie temperature of these samples is above 350?K. When the ferromagnetic rutile sample is reheated in air, the magnetic moment reduces strongly. The data seem to indicate that oxygen defects created as a result of vacuum annealing may be responsible for the observed ferromagnetism in our samples.
Focus Issue: Systems Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation

Kinases and phosphatases are key regulatory molecules that participate in most cell signaling pathways. Systems-level analyses are providing new insights into phosphorylation sites and kinase specificity, and phosphoproteomic analyses are creating not just a wealth of data, but are also revealing rich revelations about cellular behavior, cellular responses to changing environmental conditions, and mechanisms of disease. Phosphatases are not merely signal terminators, but play active roles in signal transduction and are especially important in redox signaling. In this Focus Issue, Science Signaling highlights protein phosphorylation as the center of the signaling universe.
Effect of interface defects on the mechanical properties of autogenous diffusion bonded joints

Autogenous diffusion bonding, by which the bonding interface cleans itself during bonding, was evaluated in tension, fatigue, and light microscopy. Depending on the temperature, time, and pressure, interfacial defects can be reduced to the point where the bond region is superior to the bulk material (AISI 1020 steel) in both tension and fatigue resistance.
Cocoa butter equivalent through enzymic interesterification of palm oil midfraction

Abstract The production of a cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) through enzymic interesterification of palm oil midfraction (POMF) with stearic acid in a solvent free system using Novo lipase Lipozyme™ as a catalyst was analyzed. A two level factorial design was used to study the effect of the initial ratio of stearic acid–POMF, initial humidity of the enzyme preparation and the enzyme–substrate ratio on the yield, mass productivity and specific productivity. Studies were carried out both in batch and in a continuous packed bed reactor. The highest specific productivity obtained in shake flask was 0.0393 g/Batch Interesterification Unit (BIU) h at a stearic acid–POMF ratio of 1.6 and enzyme–substrate ratio of 23 BIU/g. In the continuous packed bed reactor the highest mass productivity observed was 1.54 g/g·h, using an enzymic load of 73 BIU/g. Unreacted fatty acids were separated from the intereresterified products by short path distillation at 0.2 mbar and 140°C obtaining a product practically without free fatty acids. Thermograms of the products obtained by scanning differential calorimetry were similar to cocoa butter (CB), but exhibited several distinct peaks, due presumably to the presence of diglycerides and trisaturated triglycerides.
Bayesian optical diffusion imaging

Frequency-domain diffusion imaging is a new imaging modality which uses the magnitude and phase of modulated light propagation through a highly scattering medium to reconstruct an image of the scattering and/or the absorption coefficient in the medium. In this paper, the inversion algorithm is formulated in a Bayesian framework and an efficient optimization technique is presented for calculating the maximum a posteriori image. Numerical result show that the Bayesian framework with the new optimization scheme out-performs conventional approaches in both speed and reconstruction quality.
Adaptive lung growth during chronic cold plus hypoxia is age-dependent.

Wealing male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) of initial body weight 207–271 g and 2–3 weeks of age were exposed for up to 16 weeks to combined cold (Ta = 6°C) and hypoxia (ambinet P = 85 torr) before analysis (range of body weights at sacrifice, 253–932 g). The body growth rate of the cold + hypoxia guinea pigs was not different from that of the control animals raised at Ta = 22°C and an ambient P = 133 torr. After 3 weeks of cold + hypoxia exposure, and a mean body weight of 402 g, the weight-specifi lung volume, VL, of 3.59 ± 0.29 ml/100 g BW (mean ± SEM) in cold + hypoxia was significantly greater than the value of 2.65 ± 0.16 for age- and weight-matched controls. However, by week 16 of exposure, there wer no significant differences in VL betweent he experimentals (2.24 ± 0.08) and the controls (2.04 ± 0.15). Similar relationships were found between the two groups for weight-specific alveolar epithelial and capillary endothelial surface areas. Although chronic exposure to both increased oxidative demand and reduced oxygen availability trasiently increased the pulmonary dimensions suitable for gas exchange, normal adult dimensions were ultimately achieved. Furthermore, the similarity of lung growth in cold plus hypoxia to the patterns reported for exposure to cold or hypoxia alone suggests a common and rather nonspecific response mechanism for such adaptive growth in the lung.
Cost-Effective Systems for Atomic Layer Deposition.

Herein, we describe the design and testing of two different home-built atomic layer deposition (ALD) systems for the growth of thin films with sub-monolayer control over film thickness. The first reactor is a horizontally aligned hot-walled reactor with a vacuum purging system. The second reactor is a vertically aligned cold-walled reactor with a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and a vacuum purging system. This latter reactor was also built to be capable of the addition of liquid- or solution-phase precursors, including the addition of a solution-based precursor containing nanoparticles. Each system cost less than $10,000, and they were used to deposit aluminum oxide thin films using trimethylaluminum and water/isopropyl alcohol as coreactants. Whereas the horizontal hot-walled system was able to deposit alumina thin films at a growth rate of 1.2-1.4 A/cycle, the more sophisticated vertically aligned reactor deposited films at 0.95-1.1 A/cycle, which is comparable to commercial systems costing $100,000 or more. Most importantly, both systems were fabricated entirely by M.S. and undergraduate students at Central Michigan University.
Coalescence in fibrous beds

The factors affecting the efficacy of a closely packed bed of mixed cotton and a supporting fiber (Teflon, glass, Dynel) were evaluated for oil-in-water dispersions. Several other water-organic systems were also tested. Superficial velocities ranged from 0.2 to 3.5 ft./min. Successful coalescence was attained at interfacial tensions as low as 3.5 dynes/cm. Dispersed phase viscosity was varied form 1.4 to 137 centipoise. For a mixed-fiber bed with a specific ratio of fiber species, there is an optimum bed depth for best performance. High-speed cinephotomicrographic observations at 100 × and up to 4,000 frames/sec. indicated that fiber wettability is not the most important factor for successful operation.
Forty years of the corporate information technology function at Texaco Inc. - A history

This paper is a history of Texaco's Corporate IT Function (IT) from its inception until Chevron acquired Texaco in 2001. The four decades of Texaco IT are best characterized by a contrast between the function's performance and its resources. According to third party measures, Texaco IT was a top performer amongst oil-industry IT functions and third party service providers. Yet starting soon after its inception, the department endured a resource squeeze. As the workload increased, IT's relative resources shrank. Throughout its history, user dissatisfaction with the unit was prevalent. We believe that the Texaco IT story is a typical account of the experiences of many large corporate IT organizations. The unit was a success by the measures of the profession, but failed in the eyes of top management and business units.
Using Confusion Matrices to Estimate Mutual Information between Two Categorical Measurements

Many data analysis problems in neuroimaging are set up as classification problems, frequently involving multiple classes. Typically, only the fraction of correct classifications is reported as aggregate accuracy. However, the structure of the classification errors contains valuable information as well. By reinterpreting confusion matrices as conditional probabilities we not only demonstrate a procedure for computing the mutual information between a categorical measurement and ground truth, but we also derive a mechanism for computing mutual information between two separate measurements of the same shared ground truth. We demonstrate this approach with fMRI and behavioral data for categorization of natural scenes.
Opinion: Sex, gender and the diagnosis of autism—A biosocial view of the male preponderance

Abstract Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorders. The best known yet less understood characteristic of autism is its unexplained male preponderance. Using a biosocial perspective, the goal of this article is to draw attention to the role of gender-based socialization practices and behavioral expectations during the clinical evaluation. Together with gender-biased standardized instruments used to support the diagnosis of ASD, these factors may contribute to the higher prevalence of males with ASD. The assumption is that both biological sex and gender identity contribute, in distinct ways, to the male preponderance. While sex is genetically defined, gender is a psycho-social construct expressed through specific behaviors consistent with socio-cultural expectations based on individuals’ genetic sex. As such, clinicians are influenced by the expected behaviors based on the prominent gender socialization attribute. Concurrently, most standardized clinical instruments used for the diagnosis of ASD do not include gendered-norms. The first question raised here pertains to the role of a child's biological sex and the effect of hormones, be it protective versus increase vulnerability for ASD. The second question focuses on the function of gendered socialization practices, especially in regard to externalizing and internalizing behaviors and how these practices may bias the diagnosis and thus the sex ratio.
Juxtaglomerular cells, renal pressor substances and nephrosclerosis.

Eine Kritik der Methoden, die zur Bestimmung der Aktivitat der renalen Pressorfunktion wahrend Hypertension oder Natriumgleichgewicht benutzt wurden, ergibt eine gute Ubereinstimmung der Ergebnisse. Es scheint eine umgekehrte Beziehung zwischen den Mengen der renalen pressorischen Substanzen in den Nieren und dem Auftreten der Nephrosklerose zu bestehen. Fur die Beteiligung des Renins an der Pathogenese der benignen, renal und hormonell bedingten Hypertension besteht kein Anhaltspunkt.
Three-dimensional organization of chromosomes studied by in-situ hybridization and optical-sectioning microscopy

We have examined the three-dimensional arrangement of chromosomes in embryos of Drosophila melanogaster at the syncytial blastoderm stage using three-dimensional optical sectioning microscopy. High-resolution optical sectioning in fixed embryos, in conjunction with in situ hybridization, has revealed the location of specific chromosomal regions within diploid interphase nuclei, as well as the spatial arrangement of mitotic chromosomes. Time-lapse in vivo optical sectioning has revealed the dynamic behavior of chromosomes throughout the mitotic cycle. Combination of these observations has provided insights into the dynamic aspects of three-dimensional chromosome behavior.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influence of chromophore solubility on optical absorption and two-beam coupling gain in guest–host photorefractive polymer composites

Recently developed photorefractive materials such as PVK:TNF:ECZ:DMNPAA are based on polymers doped with nonlinear optical chromophores. The high chromophore concentration necessary for macroscopic nonlinear optical effects necessitates investigation of methods to enhance chromophore solubility in the host polymer. We have modified the chromophore DMNPAA producing two new chromophores DMNPAPOE and DMNPAPBE with different solubilities in the polymer. Two-wave mixing experiments indicate that composites containing these two chromophores are photorefractive. Absorption measurements indicate that polymer composites doped with DMNPAPBE exhibit a significantly different rate of opacity development than composites doped with DMNPAPOE, demonstrating the role of chromophore solubility in the development of enhanced lifetime photorefractive polymer composite materials.
Achieving conversational success in aphasia by focusing on non-linguistic cognitive skills: A potentially promising new approach

Background : Recent reports from a variety of labs have demonstrated that some patients with aphasia have concomitant non-linguistic cognitive compromises, especially in the area of attention/executive functions. Recent findings also suggest that attention/executive functions may play an important role in the conversational success of persons with aphasia. Aims : This paper provides a review of recent work being carried out in a number of centres having to do with treatment of attention/executive function problems in persons with aphasia. Main Contribution : Although results of the studies reviewed herein must be interpreted with caution, there is growing support for the notion that attention/executive function skills in persons with aphasia are remediable, and that there is an important relationship between attention/executive function and functional communication in people with aphasia. The results suggest that treatment of attention/executive function in aphasia—even in people many years post-onset—may...