cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An organolithium route to substituted η4-cyclobutadienecobalt complexes

Abstract The reaction of η 5 -cyclopentadienyl-η 4 -1,3-bis(triphenylstannyl)-2,4-diphenylcyclobutadienecobalt with phenyllithium in tetrahydrofuran gave an organolithium reagent in which one Ph 3 Sn substituent was replaced by lithium. Reaction of this reagent with trimethylchlorosilane gave the expected trimethylsilyl derivative. The Ph 3 Sn group in this product could be replaced by lithium in a second reaction with phenyllithium, but a dilithio derivative could not be prepared directly from the bis(triphenylstanyl) compound in a single step.
Alternate operating scenarios for NDCX-II

Abstract NDCX-II is a newly completed accelerator facility at LBNL, built to study ion-heated warm dense matter, as well as aspects of ion-driven targets and intense-beam dynamics for inertial-fusion energy. The baseline design calls for using 12 induction cells to accelerate 30–50 nC of Li + ions to 1.2 MeV. During commissioning, though, we plan to extend the source lifetime by extracting less total charge. Over time, we expect that NDCX-II will be upgraded to substantially higher energies, necessitating the use of heavier ions to keep a suitable deposition range in targets. For operational flexibility, the option of using a helium plasma source is also being investigated. Each of these options requires development of an alternate acceleration schedule. The schedules here are worked out with a fast-running 1-D particle-in-cell code ASP.
Residual stress in membranes

There can be stress inside a body even when it is at rest in an unloaded configuration. Such stresses are commonly referred to as residual. Hencefor th when we speak of residual stress in a body, we always refer to some given unloaded configurat ion of the body. It should be clear f rom the context which part icular configuration is at issue. The residual stress in a three-dimensional body must satisfy the equations o f equil ibrium and the boundary condit ion o f zero traction. Recently Hoger (1985) showed that the foregoing conditions, when coupled with those implied by material symmetry, restrict the class o f possible residual stresses in an elastic body. For instance, an isotropic elastic body can support no residual stress (cf. §3 of Hoger ' s paper). Using a transversely-isotropic right-circular cylinder as illustration, Hoger (1985, §6) also pointed out that the shape o f a body can influence the form of residual stress that is possible in it. In this paper we shall investigate whether membranes can support residual stress. The equat ions of equilibrium for a membrane modeled as an
Temporary cardiac pacing in traumatic arrest victims

Temporary ventricular pacing was successfully employed in two patients suffering refractory bradycardia following traumatic cardiac arrest. The hemodynamic response to pacing was dramatic and both patients eventually recovered fully from an apparent moribund state. Cardiac pacing may be an effective adjuvant in the early resuscitation of the massively injured patient.
144 COMPARISON OF THE SENSITIVITY OF M-MODE CONTRAST AND DOPPLER CONTRAST

Ultrasonic contrast techniques allow tracking of blood flow in patients with cardiac malformations. One problem often encountered in M-mode contrast is inability to generate adequate micro-bubbles for recording. To test if echo Doppler is more sensitive than M-mode for detection of microbubbles, results of 63 saline injections were studied at catheterization in 12 patients by simultaneously recording contrast M-mode and echo Doppler studies. Seven other injections were studied with a prototype (PROTO) two-dimensional echo Doppler system (Honeywell). Records were evaluated without identification of the patient. Contrast in the direction of flow was visualized in 61 of 63 injections by echo Doppler. In these, a frequency dispersion was present, but even more striking was a marked rise in the time interval histographic input signal strength indicator. Only 36/61 simultaneous M-mode echoes showed a contrast effect (p<.05). In 24 of the disagreements, the M-mode showed no contrast effect whereas the Doppler correctly demonstrated the presence of microbubbles. The PROTO system used Fourier analysis and displayed microbubbles as a low level signal with marked frequency dispersion over the flow pattern. An important difference between M-mode and echo Doppler contrast is that M-mode evaluates contrast at any level along the beam but echo Doppler evaluates only on the range gate. This investigation demonstrated that echo Doppler contrast is more sensitive for detection of microbubbles than M-mode.
From seduction to fulfillment: the use of anthropomorphic form in design

In this paper, we discuss the use of anthropomorphic form in the design of products. We assert that anthropomorphic form is not merely an embellishment but that it can be used as a means of solving design problems. Through a series of examples we illustrate the various uses of anthropomorphic form in the design of products. Our distinctions provide designers and researchers a way to classify and understand the use of anthropomorphic form in design and in doing so, increase the potential that anthropomorphic form be used in an appropriate and compelling manner.
Tenderness Improvement of the Major Muscles of the Beef Carcass by Electrical Stimulation

Steaks (arm; blade; seven-bone; rib, small-end; top loin; tenderloin; top sirloin; tip, cap-off; and round) from electrically stimulated (ES) and control sides of 20 beef carcasses were cut and frozen at 5 days postmortem. Forequarter muscles that were improved by ES were the longissimus dorsi (rib steak), the subscapularis and supraspinatus (blade steak), and the superficial pectoral (arm steak). Hindquarter muscles that were improved by ES were the longissimus dorsi (top loin steak), the biceps femoris and gluteus medius (top sirloin steak), and the semimembranosus and biceps femoris (round steak). ES, in addition to improving tenderness of the longissimus dorsi, increased tenderness of other major muscles in the carcass.
Quantitation of benzoylnorecgonine and other cocaine metabolites in meconium by high-performance liquid chromatography

A method for simultaneous extraction of cocaine and metabolites benzoylnorecgonine, benzoylecgonine and norcocaine from meconium was developed. The procedure uses solid-phase extraction columns with both cation-exchange and hydrophobic properties after vortex-mixing meconium with methanol. Chromatography utilizes reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a C18 column and phosphate buffer—acetonitrile as mobile phase. The method is specific and sensitive to 50 ng/g meconium for all compounds. Standard curves are linear from 0.05 to 5.0 μg/g (r2 ≥ 0.989). Intra-assay coefficients of variation were ≤6.9%. Meconium from infants exposed to cocaine in utero contained varying combinations of the four drugs.
Study the effect of TiO 2 annealing and TiCl 4 treatment on the performance of dye-sensitized solar cells

The structure and quality of the TiO2 is crucial for achieving high efficiency in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In this work we have studied the effect of annealing temperature, TiCl4 concentration/ treatment time and the number of the TiO2 layers on the performance of a DSC device. It is found that increasing the annealing temperature and treatment time with application of diluted TiCl4 increased the efficiency. These items along with including a bi-layer semiconductor led to a 30% performance increase in comparison to the original solar cell just by considering the best concentration and time product for TiCl4 treatment step. The enhancement in the performance is likely due to high porosity of the semiconductor layer. Also, the lessened TiCl4 concentration decreases the harmful effects of the harsh solution but still allows for band edge improvement. Lastly, the bi-layer consisted of transparent and opaque TiO2 paste. The first consist of 15-20nm particles and the latter comprises of ~100 nm particles. Each contributes to enhancement, as the dye and sunlight have greater absorption and scattering capabilities. Currently in progress is the synthesis and fabrication of new dyes, for compatibility efforts with the semiconductor.
Pavlovian determinants of the autoshaped keypeck response

Groups of pigeons were autoshaped to peck a key following three pretreatments in which the keypeck was prevented by a barrier which separated the subject from the response key and the hopper. The experimental group (Group PR) received explicit pairings of the keylight and the hopper cues, while the control groups received either a random pairing of the keylight and hopper cues (Group RC) or no stimuli (Group CH). Group PR autoshaped most quickly, with Groups CH and RC following in order. Groups PR and RC were significantly different. This difference was taken as evidence that the Pavlovian pairing operation is central to the acquisition of the autoshaped keypeck response.
Tuberculosis of the Spine: A Reminder

Tuberculosis of the vertebral spine is an uncommon condition in the western world. Five patients are presented to illustrate the diagnostic pitfalls and problems concerned with the diagnosis of spinal tuberculosis. A brief review of clinical features, pathogenesis, pathology, radiologic appearance and principles of therapy is presented.
Survey of the fatty acid composition of peanut (arachis hypogaea) germplasm and characterization of their epoxy and eicosenoic acids

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) plant introductions (732) were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Palmitate varied from 8.2 to 15.1%, stearate 1.1 to 7.2%, oleate 31.5 to 60.2%, linoleate 19.9 to 45.4%, arachidate 0.8 to 3.2%, eicosenoate 0.6 to 2.6%, behenate 1.8 to 5.4%, and lignocerate 0.5 to 2.5%. The eicosenoate was shown to be cis-11-eicosenoate. In addition, epoxy fatty acids were found in many plant introductions in percentages ranging as high as 2.5%. These were tentatively identified as chiefly 9,10-epoxy stearate and coronarate with smaller amounts of vernolate. The percentage of palmitate was shown to be correlated positively with linoleate and negatively with oleate, eicosenoate, and lignocerate. Stearate was highly correlated with arachidate and negatively with eicosenoate and lignocerate. Oleate and linoleate, the two major fatty acids, were negatively correlated. Arachidate was negatively correlated with eicosenoate, and eicosenoate was positively correlated with lignocerate. Behenate and lignocerate were positively correlated. Epoxy esters were positively correlated with palmitate and negatively with oleate. Segregation of the plant introductions by axis flower, growth habit, and pod types showed significant differences that reflected the same fatty acid groupings revealed by the correlations.
K-shell x-ray production cross sections for 12 C, 14 N, and 16 O ions on Ni, Rb, Ag, and Sb: 0.4-2.4 MeV/amu

$K$-shell x-ray production corss sections for $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{14}\mathrm{N}$, and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ ions on thin targets of Ni, Rb, Ag, and Sb were measured over the incident-ion energy range of 0.4-2.4 MeV/amu. Comparisons to theoretical predictions of the binary-encounter, semiclassical, and plane-wave Born approximations (PWBA) show that these theories overpredict the magnitude of the measured cross sections. The PWBA calculations with perturbation corrections for binding energy and Coulomb deflection effects included are in better agreement with the measured data for $\frac{E}{M}l1.2$ MeV/amu. Comparison of the data to the perturbed PWBA calculations which also include corrections of electron polarization effects in the case of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ on Ni gives good agreement between these theoretical estimates and the measured $K$-shell x-ray production cross sections.
Bringing business intelligence to healthcare informatics curriculum: a preliminary investigation

Business intelligence (BI) and healthcare analytics are emerging technologies that provide analytical capability to help healthcare industry improve service quality, reduce cost, and manage risks. However, such component on analytical healthcare data processing is largely missed from current healthcare information technology (HIT) or health informatics (HI) curricula. This paper conducts a preliminary analysis on how healthcare business intelligence can be incorporated into a HIT program. A general framework and several exemplar implementation strategies are presented. They can be used to guide the development and improvement of HIT curriculum.
Human alveolar macrophage-56 and carcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibodies in the differential diagnosis between primary ovarian and metastatic gastrointestinal carcinomas

The immunohistochemical expression and localization of monoclonal antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and human alveolar macrophage (HAM-56) were evaluated in primary ovarian and metastatic gastrointestinal (GI) carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was performed using an avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method with capillary gap technology on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 41 primary ovarian epithelial neoplasms, 17 metastatic gastrointestinal malignancies, and 10 tumors of uncertain primary origin. Overall, immunostaining for HAM-56 was positive in 35 (85%) ovarian epithelial neoplasms compared with only two (12%) gastrointestinal cancers. Carcinoembryonic antigen was positive in 16 (39%) ovarian versus 13 (76%) GI tumors. Of the primary ovarian neoplasms, 22 were positive for HAM-56 only, 13 were positive for both HAM-56 and CEA, three were positive for CEA only (all mucinous neoplasms), and three were negative for both. Of the primary GI neoplasms, 12 were positive for CEA only (including all eight colon cancers), one was positive for both HAM-56 and CEA, one was positive for HAM-56 only, and three were negative for both. Of the 10 neoplasms of unknown origin at initial presentation, six were positive for HAM-56 only, three were positive for CEA only, none was positive for both HAM-56 and CEA, and one was negative for both. Only three of these 10 neoplasms remained of indeterminate origin after pathological review and clinical follow-up. When positive, CEA was usually strong and generalized in GI cancers but weak and focal in ovarian neoplasms. The HAM-56 positivity in ovarian neoplasms was typically focal and largely limited to areas with glandular or papillary differentiation with apical linear accentuation. We conclude that an immunohistochemical panel using both HAM-56 (Enzo Diagnostics, Syosset, NY) and CEA monoclonal antibodies is helpful in differentiating primary ovarian neoplasms from metastatic gastrointestinal malignancies, and in evaluating metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site.
Use of an opto-galvanic effect to frequency-lock a continuous wave dye laser

An electrical signal, derived from a gas discharge irradiated by a CW dye laser, is used to lock the laser to characteristic transition frequencies of species in the discharge. The technique may be used with commercial hollow cathode lamps to lock to both resonance and excited state transitions in a wide variety of elements.
THE CONTROL OF THE ORIENTATION OF CELL DIVISIONS IN FERN GAMETOPHYTES

Time-lapse observations of filamentous fern gametophytes were used to evaluate whether the plane of cell division is referable to the plane of minimal surface area before and during the transition to two-dimensional growth. Cell dimensions of the apical cell were related to the length/width ratios associated with minimal area in the transverse plane vs. longitudinal plane, by modeling the apical cell as a hemisphere subtended by a cylinder. Our working hypothesis predicts that filamentous growth is perpetuated by an apical cell geometry that makes the transverse division plane the orientation of minimal surface area, whereas the transition to twodimensional growth (longitudinal division of the apical cell) occurs once the longitudinal plane becomes the position of minimal surface area. The predictions of this hypothesis are fulfilled regardless of variations in light intensity and light quality, the presence of regulators of metabolism, or whether the experimental perturbation causes a corresponding selective inhibition of the transition to two-dimensional growth. Thus, the control of the plane of cell division in this system seems to depend on thermodynamic considerations of surface area. Furthermore, we favor the conclusion that the role of the genome in the transition to two-dimensional growth involves its influence on apical cell dimensions rather than the induction of specific genes for
Crucial role of the C-terminus of PTEN in antagonizing NEDD4-1-mediated PTEN ubiquitination and degradation

PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), a potent tumour suppressor and multifunctional signalling protein, is under intricate regulation. In the present study, we have investigated the mechanism and regulation of PTEN ubiquitination catalysed by NEDD4-1 (neural-precursor-cell-expressed, developmentally down-regulated 4-1), a ubiquitin ligase for PTEN we identified recently. Using the reconstituted assay and cellular analysis, we demonstrated that NEDD4-1-mediated PTEN ubiquitination depends on its intact HECT (homologous to E6-associated protein C-terminus) domain. Instead of using its WW domains (protein-protein interaction domains containing two conserved tryptophan residues) as a protein interaction module, NEDD4-1 interacts with PTEN through its N-terminal region containing a C2 domain as well as the HECT domain. Strikingly, we found that a C-terminal truncated PTEN fragment binds to NEDD4-1 with higher affinity than the full-length PTEN, suggesting an intrinsic inhibitory effect of the PTEN C-terminus on PTEN-NEDD4-1 interaction. Moreover, the C-terminal truncated PTEN is more sensitive to NEDD4-1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. Therefore the present study reveals that the C-terminus of PTEN plays a critical role in stabilizing PTEN via antagonizing NEDD4-1-induced PTEN protein decay; conversely, truncation of the PTEN C-terminus results in rapid NEDD4-1-mediated PTEN degradation, a possible mechanism accounting for attenuation of PTEN function by certain PTEN mutations in human cancers.
Power-controlled CDMA cell sectorization with multiuser detection: a comprehensive analysis on uplink and downlink

We consider the joint optimization problem of cell sectorization, transmit power control and multiuser detection for a CDMA cell. Given the number of sectors and user locations, the cell is appropriately sectorized such that the total transmit power, as well as the receiver filters, is optimized. We formulate the corresponding joint optimization problems for both the uplink and the downlink and observe that in general, the resulting optimum transmit and receive beamwidth values for the directional antennas at the base station are different. We present the optimum solution under a general setting with arbitrary signature sets, multipath channels, realistic directional antenna responses and identify its complexity. We propose a low-complexity sectorization algorithm that performs near optimum and compare its performance with that of optimum solution. The results suggest that by intelligently combining adaptive cell sectorization, power control, and linear multiuser detection, we are able to increase the user capacity of the cell. Numerical results also indicate robustness of optimum sectorization against Gaussian channel estimation error.
Generalized gauss-chebyshev inequalities for unimodal distributions

Letg be an even function on ℝ which is nondecreasing in |x|. Letk be a positive constant. Sharp inequalities relatingP(|X|≥k) toEg(X) are obtained for random variablesX which are unimodal with mode 0, and for random variablesX which are unimodal with unspecified mode. The bounds in the mode 0 case generalize an inequality due to Gauss (1823), whereg(x)=x 2. The bounds in the second case generalize inequalities of Vysochanskiĭ and Petunin (1980, 1983) and Dharmadhikari and Joag-dev (1985).
The Pathology of Rubella Deafness

(1970). The Pathology of Rubella Deafness. International Audiology: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 58-67.
Academic needs in developing countries: a survey of the West African College of Surgeons.

Background The inaugural Fundamentals of Surgical Research Course was held in Sierra Leone in conjunction with the West African College of Surgeons (WACS). We subsequently performed a formal assessment of the academic needs of West African surgeons to plan for future courses, and hypothesized that they would differ from the goals of the U.S. course. Methods A survey was distributed via email to members of the WACS and returned by the same mechanism. It consisted of 6 questions addressing specific elements of the inaugural course, and potential new topics for future courses. Results Over half (53%, 25/47) of the respondents had not attended the inaugural course, while 85% (40/47) planned on attending the next course. Respondents identified least useful topics from the initial course as “Molecular Biology: Tools of the Trade” (45%, 21/47) and “Getting Promoted” (23%, 11/47). The least popular potential new topics were “Use and Abuse of Administrative Databases” (9%, 4/47), “Animal Models” (21%, 10/47), and “Genomics and Proteomics” (21%, 10/47). Conclusions The self-reported academic needs of West African surgeons are oriented toward clinical research. Basic and translational research topics are of secondary interest to the majority of respondents. Future courses in this region must address specific local needs.
THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE RIBONUCLEIC ACID-ANTIGEN COMPLEX PERSISTING IN THE LIVER OF IMMUNIZED RABBITS.

Abstract Antigen fragments were found associated with S-RNA obtained from the livers of rabbits immunized against S 35 -BSA. Ecteola-cellulose chromatography of S-RNA complex revealed three peaks. Study of the distribution of antigen fragments in the different liver fractions showed a redistribution of the antigen fragments during the immunization. A similar redistribution of the antigen fragments was also observed with S-RNA complex as isolated from RNP fractions and also with n-p ∗ complexes. A steady fall in radioactivity with time was observed with RNP fractions and n-p ∗ complexes, while the radioactivity in S-RNA complexes reached the maximum on the second day after the injection of the radioactive antigen. Column chromatography of n-p ∗ complexes on DEAE-cellulose showed that the n-p ∗ complexes may be resolved into six peaks. A slow transition in the relative amounts of radioactivity from the fast-moving zones to slow-moving ones occurred during the immunization. Peptide mapping of n-p ∗ complexes revealed a definite pattern of antigen fragmentation, with the maximal radioactivity present in histidine and/or tyrosine containing peptides.
Media Selection for Deceptive Communication

What media do deceivers choose for their deceptions and why do they choose them? Few past studies of media selection have investigated media choice for deception. Media richness theory predicts that the most common media choice for deception would be face-to-face, while Hancock et als three-factor model predicts that phone would be the dominant choice. Our data allow us to compare these two perspectives. We also investigate two aspects of communication event context: severity of the problem and familiarity of the deceiver with the recipient. To investigate these issues, we conducted a sample survey of over 500 middle and upper managers. Our findings tend to support media richness theory, as the favored media for deception was face-to-face. The importance of face-to-face was amplified when the recipient was a friend of the deceiver instead of a stranger. The situation's urgency only helped respondents decide if they would lie or not.
Predictors of Prolonged Grief, Resilience, and Recovery Among Bereaved Spouses

Objective Most reactions to loss can be characterized by three prototypical trajectories of resilience, gradual recovery, and chronic distress (Bonanno, 2004). However, research on the factors that uniquely predict these trajectories of response has been limited. We examined theoretically relevant predictors of each of the trajectory patterns. Method We assessed 115 bereaved spouses at 1.5 to 3 years postloss and 74 married controls. To identify grief trajectory, we provided bereaved participants with a graphical depiction of the trajectories and asked them to select the one that best described their experience. Results Group comparisons revealed substantial differences between resilient and prolonged grievers, and almost no differences between resilient and married controls. Multivariate analyses indicated that prolonged grief, when compared to resilience, was uniquely associated with maladaptive dependency traits, difficulty accessing positive memories of the deceased, and higher recalled marital adjustment. Conclusion The present results extend our understanding of factors associated with distinct trajectories of adjustment after loss.
Export relational governance and control mechanisms

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and interaction effects of relational governance and two control mechanisms, output control and process control in the context of international exchange relationships. Cross-border exchange relationships receive growing attention in the literature. Yet extant research has mainly examined single governance mechanisms. Among the few studies that investigate the interaction effects of relational governance and control mechanisms, some believe that the two mechanisms have conflicting effects, whereas others argue that they are complementary in nature. Design/methodology/approach – Based on a sample of 184 Chinese export ventures, the empirical paper adopts the hierarchical moderated multiple regression approach. Findings – The authors find that relational governance contributes positively to export performance, while output control leads negatively to export performance. The findings further suggest that output control complements relational governa...
Hydrological effects of forest transpiration loss in bark beetle-impacted watersheds

The forests of the Rocky Mountains of North America are suffering the effects of a climate-exacerbated bark-beetle epidemic. This study shows that the transpiration loss due to widespread tree death is affecting stream flow-generating processes at watershed scale, with potential implications for water quality.
Interpregnancy interval and birth defects.

Background Interpregnancy interval is a risk factor for various adverse birth outcomes including birth defects. We investigated the relationship between interpregnancy interval and birth defects. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using linked data from Nevada Birth Outcomes Monitoring System and birth certificate data for 124,341 singleton live births, of which 4641 infants had 7192 birth defects, among Nevada resident women between 2006 and 2011. We used logistic regression to assess factors independently associated with birth defects. Results Women who had an interpregnancy interval of 36 months or more, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01–1.33, were more likely to have an infant with a birth defect compared with women with an interpregnancy interval of 18 to 23 months. Other independent risk factors for birth defects included male infants, AOR = 1.34, 95% CI, 1.26–1.42; maternal age (30–34 years) and advanced maternal age (35 years and older), AOR = 1.10, 95% CI, 1.01–1.19 and AOR = 1.29, 95% CI, 1.18–1.42, respectively; being a Black woman, AOR = 1.46, 95% CI, 1.32–1.61; three and four or more previous births, AOR = 1.12, 95% CI, 1.02–1.23 and AOR = 1.24, 95% CI, 1.11–1.38, respectively; smoking, AOR = 1.23, 95% CI, 1.10–1.38; and prescription drug use, AOR = 1.14, 95% CI, 1.07–1.21. Conclusion A long interpregnancy interval is an independent risk factor for birth defects. It may be helpful for maternal and child health programs and health care providers to highlight the deleterious effects of a long interpregnancy interval. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elastic Dislocation Theory for a Self‐Gravitating Elastic Configuration with an Initial Static Stress Field ii. Energy Release

Summary Three types of energy must be considered in a discussion of the energy distribution in the infinitesimal dynamic elastic-gravitational deformations of a uniformly rotating, self-gravitating, elastic configuration with a possibly large, anisotropic initial static stress: thermodynamic elastic internal energy, gravitational potential energy, and kinetic energy. Suitable expressions for these three types of energy are deduced, and are used to construct a Lagrangian from which the possible deformations of the system may be found by the principle of least action. The net energy change resulting from the introduction of a kinematically prescribed static tangential displacement dislocation is determined, and is shown to be very similar to the traditional expression first used by Reid, even though the theory is developed in such a way that the initial static stress is not necessarily assumed to arise from an initial elastic strain away from some natural stress-free configuration.
Rigidity in bilateral trade with holdup

This paper studies bilateral trade in which the seller makes a hidden investment that influences the buyer’s hidden valuation. In general it is impossible to implement both first-best efficient trade and efficient investment using budgetbalanced trading mechanisms. The paper fully characterizes the constrained efficient contracts. It is shown that the optimal tradeoff between allocative efficiency and incentive provision results in rigidity in trade, the degree of which depends on the seriousness of the holdup problem. Sufficient conditions are also provided for full separation of buyer types to take place in optimal contracts when the holdup problem is not too severe. The seller may overinvest relative to the first best.
T cell substance P receptor governs antigen-elicited IFN-γ production

Substance P (SP) enhances antigen-dependent T cell IFN-γ production. It was determined if a T cell neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) was critical for IFN-γ regulation. T cells from schistosome-infected...
Introduction: Blogs, politics and power: a special issue of Public Choice

There is good reason to believe that blogs are changing politics, but we don't know exactly how. Nor do we know whether the normative consequences of blogs for poli- tics are likely to be good or bad. In this special issue, we and our co-authors undertake the first sustained effort to map the empirical and normative consequences of blogs for politics. We begin by setting out basic information about blogs, and some anecdotal evidence sug- gesting that they are indeed politically important. We go on to identify the key empirical and normative questions that blogs raise, and discuss the dearth of relevant data in the exist- ing literature. We conclude by summarizing how the authors of the articles gathered in this special issue help fill this gap.
Modeling a Monolithic Comb Drive for Large-Deflection Multi-DOF Microtransduction

To help extend the investigation and exploitation of nanoscale phenomena, there is a need for high precision, large deflection microtransducers with multiple degrees of freedom (DOF). In this paper, we investigate the predicted performance of such a large deflection microtransducer using finite element analysis. To sense and actuate in three dimensions, we use three types of comb drives: a vertical comb drive, a planar comb drive, and a novel planar monolithic comb drive, which operates as an in-situ RC circuit. The two planar comb drives are used to translate a proof mass with independent in-plane x- and y- directions, and the vertical comb drive translates the proof mass in the out-of-plane z-direction. The device resists rotation about the z axis. We address precise sensing and actuation by using high-precision capacitance and voltage to detect position and to apply force, respectively. We explore design issues such as geometry and material properties, and we characterize the monolithic comb drive. We limit the geometry of the transducer to one structural layer, which is amenable to a simple one-mask fabrication process such as silicon-on-insulator (SOI).
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance and Pancreatic Islet β-Cell Function in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis During 2-yr Treatment With Cyclosporin

Cyclosporin is an immunosuppressive drug used with increasing frequency in patients with diabetes mellitus both as experimental primary therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and as therapy accompanying pancreatic transplantation. However, reports have appeared contending that cyclosporin causes glucose intolerance and inhibits pancreactic islet β-cell function. Consequently, concern has been raised that the beneficial effects of immunosuppression may be offset by adverse metabolic effects of the drug. To address this issue, we examined intravenous glucose tolerance and pancreatic islet β-cell function in a group of nondiabetic multiple sclerosis patients before and during a 2-yr course of cyclosporin or placebo therapy. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the two drug groups and followed in a double-blind manner. Basal levels of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide as well as glucose disappearance rates and pancreatic islet β-cell function after stimulation with intravenous glucose and arginine were determined immediately before therapy and after 3 wk, 6 mo, 1 yr, and 2 yr of therapy. No abnormalities in these parameters were observed in the cyclosporin or the placebo-treated group. It appears that cyclosporin can be given in conventional doses for as long as 2 yr without encountering evidence for impaired glucose homeostasis. However, whether adverse effects will materialize over longer periods of drug use remains a question.
A novel chaotic watermarking scheme for MP3 audio signals

This paper proposes a novel chaotic watermarking scheme for MP3 encoded audio signals. MP3 standard encodes audio signals in frequency domain and performs audio compression task by employing the psychoacoustic model of the audio signals. Spread spectrum chaotic signal that represents the copyright of the audio is embedded in the audio signal in the process of conducting MP3 encoding in which psychoacoustic model is used to control the perceptual distortion caused by both MP3 compression and chaotic watermarking.
Learning by Design: good video games as learning machines

This article asks how good video and computer game designers manage to get new players to learn long, complex and difficult games. The short answer is that designers of good games have hit on excellent methods for getting people to learn and to enjoy learning. The longer answer is more complex. Integral to this answer are the good principles of learning built into successful games. The author discusses 13 such principles under the headings of 'Empowered Learners', 'Problem Solving' and 'Understanding' and concludes that the main impediment to implementing these principles in formal education is cost. This, however, is not only (or even so much) monetary cost. It is, importantly, the cost of changing minds about how and where learning is done and of changing one of our most profoundly change-resistant institutions: the school.
Fostering metaphorical creativity using computational metaphor identification

Metaphor is often seen as a mode of creative thinking or as a means of fostering creativity. However, little work has studied creative generation of novel metaphors. This paper explores the use of computational metaphor identification (CMI) to foster creative generation of novel metaphors. CMI is a technique for analyzing textual corpora to identify potential conceptual metaphors. Drawing those metaphors to readers' attention can provide an opportunity to consider alternatives to current metaphors. This paper describes results from a study using CMI to foster metaphorical creativity in the context of science education. The results show that CMI leads to more creative mappings within metaphors. The key contributions of this paper are a demonstration that CMI can be used to foster more original metaphorical reasoning, and, more generally, implications for the study of metaphorical creativity.
The Magnesium Load Test: II. Correlation of Clinical and Laboratory Data in Neonates:

Parenteral magnesium load tests were con ducted on 91 infants less than one month of age, most of whom had marked hyperirritability and symptoms compatible with the diagnosis of electrolyte imbalance with relative or absolute magnesium deficiency. Most of the patients studied had a 40-hour test, with an eight-hour preload and a 32-hour postload collection of urine. Of 43 premature infants studied, only three retained less than 40 per cent of the load: one was untreated, one had low retention of a second load following a course of therapy, and the mother of the third had received magnesium within 24 hours of delivery. Of 48 full-term infants studied, ten retained less than 40 per cent of the load. These were asymptomatic or had minor problems. Irritability was common in both high and low retention groups. Ten per cent of the low retention group and 50 per cent of the high retention group manifested two or more of the nonspecific signs compatible with the diagnosis of magnesium deficiency; the difference wa...
Combined Fluid and Corticosteroid Therapy in Septic Shock in Puppies

The optimal treatment of septic shock remains controversial. In order to evaluate the efficacy of fluid resuscitation and corticosteroid administration, the following experimental study was undertaken. Forty-five puppies (1.6–5.4 kg) were randomly divided into 9 groups generated by combining 3 different fluid regimens and 3 different timings for steroid administration. Arterial, venous, and pulmonary artery catheterization allowed continuous hemodynamic and metabolic monitoring. Septic shock was achieved by a slow bolus infusion of 109/kgEscherichia coli organisms. Methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg) was administered either 30 min before bacterial infusion, at the time of shock, or 30 min after shock. When cardiac output dropped to less than 50% of control values, 1 of the 3 following fluid resuscitation regimens was begun: 5% albumin in lactated Ringer's (LR) at 35% of the estimated blood volume (EBV), LR at 105% EBV, or 5% albumin in LR at 105% EBV. When all the groups were combined, early steroid treatment was more effective than delayed therapy, yielding respective survival rates of 47% and 7% at 180 min. Similarly, the large-volume resuscitation groups achieved a 43% survival rate compared to 13% for the smaller fluid protocols. Neither early steroid therapy nor large volume fluid therapy was shown by itself to increase survival, however. Despite steroid pretreatment, none of the puppies given the lower-volume infusion survived. Also, despite large-volume fluid resuscitation, there were no survivors when this was combined with steroid treatment that was delayed 30 min. Only by combining early steroid administration with large-volume fluid therapy was a markedly increased survival rate achieved: 60% with simultaneous steroid treatment, and 70% with steroid pretreatment. A definite increase in animal survival has, therefore, been shown in the acute period of severe septic shock using a combination of high-volume fluid resuscitation and the early administration of steroids.
Use of Solvatochromism to Assay Preferential Solvation of a Prototypic Catalytic Site

The composition of the reaction medium near photoactive catalytic sites can be inferred from the solvatochromism of the absorption and emission spectra of the wetted sites, which depend on the polarizability of the fluid. In brief, solvatochromism measures the interaction of the dipole moments of the ground and excited states with the electric field imposed by the solvent shell: a field, which does not relax on the time scale of the absorption or emission events. To establish the utility of the technique for inorganic catalysts that operate in complex reaction media, such as encountered in the upgrading of biogenic fuels, we have measured the solvatochromism of a common, structural feature of metal oxide catalysts, mono-oxide or dioxide of a transition metal prepared by incorporating the OM or O2M moiety into the framework of a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS). In toluene, cyclohexene, chloroform and tetrahydrofuran, POSS-ligated oxometalates exhibit strong ligand-to-metal charge-transfer bands in their UV–visible absorption and emission spectra. From the solvatochromism of the chromophores dissolved in toluene-chloroform mixtures we inferred an unexpectedly strong, preferential solvation of the chromophore even when all three components (oxometalate and the two solvents) were highly miscible.
Improving the Performance of Tracking Studies

Tracking studies are prevalent in the social sciences. These studies are predominantly implemented via repeated cross-sectional surveys of independent, non-overlapping samples, which are much less costly than recruiting and maintaining a longitudinal panel that track the same sample of respondents over time. In the existing literature, data from repeated cross-sectional surveys are analyzed either independently for each time period, or longitudinally by focusing on the dynamics of the aggregate measures (e.g., sample averages). In this study, we propose a multivariate latent state-space model that can be applied directly to the individual-level data from each of the cross-sectional surveys over time, taking full advantage of three patterns embedded in the data: a) inter-temporal dependence within the population means of each survey variable, b) temporal co-movements across the population means of different survey variables and c) cross-sectional co-variation across individual responses within each sample. We illustrate our proposed model on two applications. In the first application, we have access to all the individual-level purchase data from one large population of grocery shoppers over a span of 36 months. This provides us with a testing ground for benchmarking our proposed model against existing approaches in a Monte Carlo experiment, in order to determine which model performs best in inferring population trends using data sampled through repeated cross-sections. In the second application, we apply the proposed model to repeated cross-sectional surveys that track customer perceptions and satisfaction for an automotive dealer, a situation that is often encountered by marketing researchers.
Survival benefit in bevacizumab-based therapy in sickle cell trait patients diagnosed with renal medullary carcinoma

e16096 Background: Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) is an epithelial malignant tumor arising from collecting duct epithelium. The tumor is almost exclusive to young black patients with the sickle cell hemoglobinopathies, primarily sickle cell trait. This is a rare and highly aggressive tumor that is shown to be most resistant to chemotherapy. In an effort to evaluate treatment outcomes, we retrospectively examined those patients diagnosed with RMC who were treated with and without bevacizumab based regimens. Methods: We reviewed the genitourinary medical oncology database at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for patient diagnosed between 1999–2008 with histology proven RMC. Vital statistics of birth and death dates were noted. In addition, detailed chemotherapy regimen as well as medical and radiological data were also obtained. Results: All patients had metastatic disease (stage IV) to at least one distant site at presentation. Distant sites included bone, liver or lungs. A sample of five black males 5/9 (53%)...
Nuclear Structure Effects in Double beta Decay

Using the quasiparticle random phase approximation, we calculate the nuclear matrix elements governing two-neutrino and neutrinoless double-beta decay. We show that a consistent treatment, including both particle-hole and particle-particle interactions, helps to resolve the longstanding discrepancy between experimental and calculated two-neutrino decay rates. The particle-particle force, which allows us to bring calculated EC/β+ decay rates in semimagic nuclei into closer agreement with experiment, is in large part responsible for suppressing calculated two-neutrino decay rates that are otherwise too fast. We test the validity of our procedure by comparing quasiparticle random phase approximation results with exact solutions for a solvable model, in which the suppression of two-neutrino decay by the particle-particle interaction is confirmed. We then extend our approach to the neutrinoless decay associated with a finite Majorana neutrino mass and, conceivably, with majoron emission, and demonstrate that the nuclear matrix elements governing these processes are also suppressed. We present predicted half-lives for both two-neutrino and neutrinoless double-beta decay in several candidate nuclei, and discuss the difficulties associated with the calculation of such highly suppressed quantities.
Founding a cybersecurity club in a higher education environment: A case study

There are numerous concerns on an enterprise network. Especially one populated by uncontrollable users and devices. The network this paper focuses on is the network of an academic higher education institution. This paper will concentrate on a case study of how to facilitate the formation of an on-campus cybersecurity student-run club. In our case, we had to find a way to segregate unwanted, possibly malicious traffic and activity from the sensitive main campus network. We propose the use of an entirely separate private network for the club's use only. The club must manage the private network to provide ample learning opportunities for the members. Appropriate safeguards should be in place between the private network and the Internet. However, those safeguards should be entirely selected, deployed, and maintained by the club. Approval from and consultations with the university's Information and security divisions is crucial for members' learning.
A peptide of the RGS domain of GRK2 binds and inhibits Gαq to suppress pathological cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) play a critical role in cardiac function by regulating GPCR activity. GRK2 suppresses GPCR signaling by phosphorylating and desensitizing active GPCRs, and through protein-protein interactions that uncouple GPCRs from their downstream effectors. Several GRK2 interacting partners, including Gα(q), promote maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, which leads to heart failure, a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) domain of GRK2 interacts with and inhibits Gα(q) in vitro. We generated TgβARKrgs mice with cardiac-specific expression of the RGS domain of GRK2 and subjected these mice to pressure overload to trigger adaptive changes that lead to heart failure. Unlike their nontransgenic littermate controls, the TgβARKrgs mice exhibited less hypertrophy as indicated by reduced left ventricular wall thickness, decreased expression of genes linked to cardiac hypertrophy, and less adverse structural remodeling. The βARKrgs peptide, but not endogenous GRK2, interacted with Gα(q) and interfered with signaling through this G protein. These data support the development of GRK2-based therapeutic approaches to prevent hypertrophy and heart failure.