cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
\(\beta \)-Schemes with Source Terms and the Convergence Analysis

The schemes concerned in this study are non-homogeneous \(\beta \)-schemes for \(m = 2\). The homogeneous counterparts (HCPs) of the schemes were constructed by Osher and Chakravarthy (J Oscil Theory Comput Methods Compens Compact 229–274, 1986, [8]). The entire families of \(\beta \)-schemes are defined for \(0<\beta \le (m \left( {\begin{array}{c}2m\\ m\end{array}}\right) )^{(-1)}\), where m is an integer between 2 and 8. These schemes are \(2m-1\) order accurate, variation diminishing, \(2m+1\) point bandwidth, conservative approximations to the conservation laws. Although the numerical results have been shown to be very effective (Osher and Chakravarthy in J Oscil Theory Comput Methods Compens Compact 229–274, 1986, [8], Osher and Chakravarthy in SIAM J Numer Anal 21:955–984 1984, [7]), the entropy convergence of these schemes has been open. The goal of this paper is to show that, when \(m = 2\), \(\beta \)-schemes with source terms indeed persist entropy consistency for non-homogeneous scalar convex conservation laws by using author’s recent result on extended Yang’s wave tracing theory (Jiang in On wavewise entropy inequalities for high-resolution schemes with source terms II: the fully-discrete case, submitted, [4], Yang in SIAM J Numer Anal 36(1):1–31, 1999, [10]). The entropy convergence of the HCPs of these schemes was established by the author (Jiang in Int J Numer Anal Model 14(1):103–125, 2017, [6]).
Sufficient Dimension Reduction for Tensor Data

With the rapid development of science and technology, a large volume of array data has been collected in areas such as genomics, finance, image processing, and Internet search. How to extract useful information from massive data becomes the key issue nowadays. In spite of the urgent need for statistical tools to deal with such data, there are limited methods that can fully address the high-dimensional problem. In this chapter, we review the general setting of sufficient dimension reduction framework and its generalization to tensor data. Tensor is a multi-way array, and its usage is becoming more and more important with the advancement of social and behavioral science, chemistry, and imaging technology. The vector-based statistical methods can be applied to tensor data by vectorizing a tensor into a vector. However, vectorized tensor usually has a large dimension which may largely exceed the number of samples. To preserve the tensor structure and reduce the dimensionality simultaneously, we revisit the tensor sufficient dimension reduction model and apply it to colorimetric sensor arrays. Tensor sufficient dimension reduction method is simple but powerful and exhibits a competent empirical performance in real data analysis.
Alcohol Consumption and Management Strategies Among Gay Bar Patrons in San Francisco and Oakland, CA:

Despite significant attention on gay men’s substance use, much remains unknown about how environmental factors may contribute to gay men’s elevated drinking patterns. We undertook a qualitative stu...
Abstract P216: Plant-Based Diets Are Associated With a Lower Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Disease Mortality, and All-Cause Mortality

Introduction: Previous studies of plant-based diets and chronic diseases have limited generalizability because most have been conducted among vegetarians or Adventists who may have healthier lifest...
Mitochondrial dynamics: The dynamin superfamily and execution by collusion

Distinct dynamin superfamily GTPases catalyze the constant fission and fusion of the elaborate mitochondrial networks that navigate the eukaryotic cytoplasm. Long believed to be the singular handiwork of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a cytosolic family member that transiently localizes to the mitochondrial surface, the execution of mitochondrial fission is now arguably believed to entail membrane remodeling events that are initiated upstream of Drp1 by ER-associated cytoskeletal networks and completed downstream by the prototypical dynamin, dynamin 2 (Dyn2). Recent developments in the field have also placed a sharp focus on the membrane microenvironment around the division apparatus and the potential facilitatory role of specific lipids in mitochondrial fission. Here, I will review current progress, as well as highlight the most visible gaps in knowledge, in elucidating the varied functions of the dynamin superfamily in the coordinated events of mitochondrial fission and fusion. The essential roles of protein and lipid cofactors are also highlighted.
Relational Aspects in Research Mentoring of Women Doctoral Counseling Students

Although scholars endorse research mentoring as a critical structure for graduate students’ increased productivity and success, women in academia have indicated a difficult time accessing and navig...
Food Sensitivity and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: Preliminary Observations

Reflux is an expensive, high prevalence disease that affects at least half of patients with laryngeal and voice disorders. Approaches to treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux include medical, lifestyle, dietary, and surgical treatment options.2 We review four patients who had persistent reflux signs and symptoms on appropriate lifestyle including elevating head of bed and dietary modifications, as well as antacid, H2 receptor blockers, and proton pump inhibitor therapy, who improved substantially on specific food avoidance diets. This raises food sensitivity as a possible factor in patients with intractable LPR.
Complete Genome Sequence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Strain Al Ain, Isolated from Camel Feces in the United Arab Emirates.

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a common food pathogen which has a serious effect on human health. We report here the complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain Al Ain, isolated from camel feces in the United Arab Emirates.
Picture Book Portrayals of the Transition to Kindergarten: Who is Responsible?

Children’s picture books have been used in a variety of situations to introduce young children to unfamiliar experiences, including the transition to kindergarten. This study examines the ways in which children’s transition to formal schooling is portrayed in 52 American picture books about starting kindergarten. Grounded in the ecological and dynamic model of the kindergarten transition, this content analysis explores the role of the entering kindergartner’s family and the elementary school in supporting children during the kindergarten transition. Results show a high frequency of books (73%) depicting families (predominantly women) as supporting their children to start kindergarten and a low frequency of books (10%) depicting schools as supporting children and families with this transition. Kindergarten readiness skills were both discussed and performed in the home more often than they were mentioned or practiced in the kindergarten classroom, with an emphasis placed on children’s social-emotional development and approaches to learning skills. Findings indicate a need for more picture books about starting kindergarten that portray a wider array of kindergarten transition experiences reflective of best practices for supporting children with the transition, and a diverse range of family constellations including families from various racial, ethnic, and sociodemographic backgrounds.
Elastic Scattering of 40-Mev Protons by He 4

Monoenergetic 39.8-Mev protons, accelerated by the Minnesota linear accelerator, were scattered by purified helium gas. The elastically scattered protons were detected at forty-three angles between 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and the results are presented in terms of the absolute differential scattering cross section per unit solid angle in the center-of-mass system of coordinates. Definite minima and maxima in the variation of cross section with angle were observed.
Bed bugs are associated with anemia.

Abstract Introduction Bed bugs are hematophagous insects that can be problematic in some urban emergency departments. The objective was to determine if red blood cell (RBC) and coagulation indices of bed bug–infested emergency department (ED) patients differed from those of noninfested control patients. Methods A chart review from a single health system was performed for ED patients between February 1, 2011, and February 1, 2017. Bed bug–infested patients were matched to noninfested control patients on the basis of age, sex, and the presenting ED. Variables were analyzed with the t-test and Pearson χ2 test and were modeled with multivariable logistic regression. Results The study had 332 bed bug–infested patients and 4952 controls. Infested patients had lower hemoglobin (11.7 g/dL vs 12.8 g/dL), hematocrit (35.0% vs 37.9%), RBC counts (4.1 × 109/L vs 4.4 × 109/L), mean corpuscular volume (86.0 vs 87.5 fL/cell), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations (33.2 vs 33.7 g/dL) and higher RBC distribution width-coefficient of variation (RDW-CV) (15.2% vs 14.2%) than noninfested patients (all P ≤ .003). Infested patients were more likely to be anemic (59.5% vs 36.9%) and to have severe anemia (4.4% vs 0.7%) (P Conclusion Bed bug infestated patients in the ED are associated with anemia.
Updating Accounting Systems: Longitudinal Evidence from the Health Care Sector

This paper provides evidence on the determinants and economic outcomes of updates of accounting systems (AS) over a 24-year time-span in a large sample of U.S. hospitals. We provide evidence that hospitals update their AS in response to three types of pressures: economic pressures, such as increases in the quality of accounting information driven by vendor rollouts of improved AS; coercive pressures imposed by regulators mandating certain practices, such as internal control practices imposed by Sarbanes-Oxley Section 404; and mimetic pressures for hospitals to conform their AS to those of their peers, such as local county and prominent “celebrity” peers. We find that only economically driven updates lead to economic benefits in the form of lower operating expenses and higher revenues. In contrast, we find some evidence that AS updates prompted by coercive regulatory pressures actually impose economic costs in the form of higher operating expenses.
Teaching labour economics: Moving from microeconomics to social provisioning

Bridging the gap between the microeconomic models that have come to comprise much of the content of undergraduate labour economics textbooks and the 'real world' has posed a challenge for many instructors of labour economics. This essay considers the advantages of pluralistic approaches to teaching labour economics and how such courses might be reconceptualised in light of the COVID-19 crisis.
Early Medicaid Expansion and Cancer Mortality.

Background While Medicaid expansion is associated with decreased uninsured rates and earlier cancer diagnoses, no study has demonstrated an association between Medicaid expansion and cancer mortality. Our primary objective was to quantify the relationship between early Medicaid expansion and changes in cancer mortality rates. Methods We obtained county-level data from the National Center for Health Statistics for adults ages 20-64 who died from cancer from 2007-2009 (pre-expansion) and 2012-2016 (post-expansion). We compared changes in cancer mortality rates in early Medicaid expansion states (CA, CT, DC, MN, NJ, and WA) vs. non-expansion states through a difference-in-differences (DID) analysis using hierarchical Bayesian regression. An exploratory analysis of cancer mortality changes associated with the larger-scale 2014 Medicaid expansions was also performed. Results In adjusted DID analyses, we observed a statistically significant decrease of 3.07 (95% credible interval = 2.19 to 3.95) cancer deaths per 100,000 in early expansion vs. non-expansion states, which translates to an estimated decrease of 5,276 cancer deaths in the early expansion states during the study period. Expansion-associated decreases in cancer mortality were observed for pancreatic cancer. Exploratory analyses of the 2014 Medicaid expansions showed a decrease in pancreatic cancer mortality (-0.18 deaths per 100,000, 95% confidence interval = -0.32 to -0.05) in states that expanded Medicaid by 2014 compared to non-expansion states. Conclusion(s) Early Medicaid expansion was associated with reduced cancer mortality rates, especially for pancreatic cancer, a cancer with short median survival where changes in prognosis would be most visible with limited follow-up.
Chapter 22 – Fiber Optics

This chapter discusses the fiber optics and its applications. Fiber optic cables are used along with lasers to transmit laser beams to remote locations. They are best known because of their use in lightwave communications, but have other applications as well, such as beam delivery for material processing and as sensors. Fiber optic elements are a type of optical waveguide. An optical waveguide is a small volume of the transparent material with index of refraction higher than that of the surrounding material. The optical fibers are characterized as either single-mode fibers or multimode fibers. A mode is an allowed solution to Maxwell's equations for the particular fiber geometry. Light inserted into one end of the fiber is transmitted along the length of the fiber with low loss and emerges from the other end. The highest-performance fibers utilize a glass core with a glass cladding. The fiber optic devices are widely used to transmit light over short distances to the inaccessible places.
Condition-based maintenance of electrical machines

Twenty-five years ago, the former US Bureau of Mines funded a research project aimed at developing the enabling technology for incipient failure prediction in electric power system components as a means of reducing the injuries and fatalities that sometimes occur when equipment malfunctions. Over the ensuing years, interest in this has waxed and waned, but interest has been growing for both civilian and military applications. This paper addresses the level of turn-to-turn insulation deterioration that can be resolved using an on-line monitoring technique. The detection of turn-to-turn defects is especially important because they are believed to represent the beginning stage of most motor winding failures.
THE AMBIGUITY OF STRIKE REPLACEMENT LEGISLATION AND WAGES: A SEQUENTIAL INVESTMENT-BARGAINING MODEL

The effect of strike replacement, or striker replacement, bans has been theoretically modeled using private information bargaining models which predict that strike replacement restrictions will increase wages. These models, however, assume that the capital stock is constant. This paper develops a sequential model in which a capital investment decision precedes wage bargaining. Strike replacement legislation which increases labor’s bargaining power and reduces the productivity of capital during a strike can cause reduced investment. Consequently, the theoretical effect of strike replacement restrictions on wage outcomes is ambiguous. This model can also be applied to other public policy debates in labor relations.
Nano-photonic phenomena in van der Waals heterostructures

In van der Waals heterostructures assembled from atomically thin layers of graphene, hexagonal boron nitride and other related materials electronic, plasmonic and phonon polaritonic phenomena are all intertwined. We explored these effects via infrared nano-imaging.
Chelation Therapy for Mercury Poisoning

Chelation therapy has been the major treatment for heavy metal poisoning. Various chelating agents have been developed and tested for treatment of heavy metal intoxications, including mercury poisoning. It has been clearly shown that chelating agents could rescue the toxicity caused by heavy metal intoxication, but the potential preventive role of chelating agents against heavy metal poisoning has not been explored much. Recent paper by Siddiqi and colleagues has suggested a protective role of chelating agents against mercury poisoning, which provides a promising research direction for broader application of chelation therapy in prevention and treatment of mercury poisoning.
α3/4 Fucosyltransferase 3–Dependent Synthesis of Sialyl Lewis A on CD44 Variant Containing Exon 6 Mediates Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Detachment from Intestinal Epithelium during Transepithelial Migration

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration across the intestinal epithelium closely parallels disease symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PMN transepithelial migration (TEM) is a multistep process that terminates with PMN detachment from the apical epithelium into the lumen. Using a unique mAb (GM35), we have previously demonstrated that engagement of the CD44 variant containing exon 6 (CD44v6) blocks both PMN detachment and cleavage of CD44v6. In this article, we report that PMN binding to CD44v6 is mediated by protein-specific O-glycosylation with sialyl Lewis A (sLe(a)). Analyses of glycosyltransferase expression identified fucosyltransferase 3 (Fut3) as the key enzyme driving sLe(a) biosynthesis in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Fut3 transfection of sLe(a)-deficient IECs resulted in robust expression of sLe(a). However, this glycan was not expressed on CD44v6 in these transfected IECs; therefore, engagement of sLe(a) had no effect on PMN TEM across these cells. Analyses of sLe(a) in human colonic mucosa revealed minimal expression in noninflamed areas, with striking upregulation under colitic conditions that correlated with increased expression of CD44v6. Importantly, intraluminal administration of mAb GM35 blocked PMN TEM and attenuated associated increases in intestinal permeability in a murine intestinal model of inflammation. These findings identify a unique role for protein-specific O-glycosylation in regulating PMN-epithelial interactions at the luminal surface of the intestine.
Synthesis, photophysical characterization, and photoelectrochemical evaluation of a palladium porphyrin sensitizer for TiO2-based dye-sensitized solar cells

An unsymmetrical (A3B) palladium porphyrin bearing a cyanoacrylic acid at one meso position has been synthesized for evaluation as a photosensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a comparison to other metalloporphyrins and as a proxy for other potential triplet-state photosensitizer compounds. The synthesis of this palladium porphyrin has provided new insight into the mechanism and product distribution of decarboxylative hydrolysis of malonic acid when attached at the porphyrin meso position. A crystal structure determination for a meso-formyl palladium porphyrin has been determined, showing saddle-distortion of the porphyrin core. The photophysical behavior of the palladium porphyrin sensitizer and its performance in photoelectrochemical cells are described and interpreted in the context of bimolecular excited state quenching pathways including oxygen sensitization, triplet–triplet annihilation and electron transfer events. Palladium porphyrins are proposed as a sensitizer class with potential for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells, but with the caveat that some overpotential for electron injection is necessary to compete against the multiple decay pathways that are specially available to triplet state photosensitizers.
Modernity and Locality: Visual Spaces in an African Culture

The article examines the social, historical and cultural origins that produced Nigerian home video as a visual aesthetic practice. While the article recognizes the different aesthetic goals of the producers, the article argues that the lived experiences of the people which video producers press into their works contain echoes, silences and arrest of the modern in peoples’ cultural lives. These echoes, silences and stagnation show the tentativeness, ambiguities and ambivalences, which often form the templates for entertainments in the videos. The article concludes that the selected videos show the rupture of the modern in the cultural lives of the people and the failure of the cultural and political elites in Nigeria to help carry it through in the society.
Dissociation of putrescine-activated decarboxylation of S-adenosyl-L-methionine from the enzymic synthesis of spermidine and spermine by purified prostatic enzyme preparations.

Abstract The S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase that is specifically activated by putrescine or spermidine has been purified more than 500-fold from rat ventral prostate by a new procedure. At later stages of the purification, stoichiometric coupling of S-adenosyl-methionine decarboxylation and the synthesis of spermidine (in the presence of putrescine) and of spermine (in the presence of spermidine) is lost. Certain properties of the purified decarboxylase are described.
Kinetic studies of iron deposition in horse spleen ferritin using H2O2 and O2 as oxidants.

The reaction of horse spleen ferritin (HoSF) with Fe(2+) at pH 6.5 and 7.5 using O2, H2O2 and 1:1 a mixture of both showed that the iron deposition reaction using H2O2 is approx. 20- to 50-fold faster than the reaction with O2 alone. When H2O2 was added during the iron deposition reaction initiated with O2 as oxidant, Fe(2+) was preferentially oxidized by H2O2, consistent with the above kinetic measurements. Both the O2 and H202 reactions were well defined from 15 to 40 C from which activation parameters were determined. The iron deposition reaction was also studied using O2 as oxidant in the presence and absence of catalase using both stopped-flow and pumped-flow measurements. The presence of catalase decreased the rate of iron deposition by approx. 1.5-fold, and gave slightly smaller absorbance changes than in its absence. From the rate constants for the O2 (0.044 per second) and H2O2 (0.67 per second) iron-deposition reactions at pH 7.5, simulations of steady-state H2O2 concentrations were computed to be 0.45 micromolar. This low value and reported Fe2(+)/O2 values of 2.0-2.5 are consistent with H2O2 rapidly reacting by an alternate but unidentified pathway involving a system component such as the protein shell or the mineral core as previously postulated.
Command steering of trailers and command-steering-based optimal control of an articulated system for tractor-track following

AbstractFirst the effectiveness of command steering of trailers in reducing off-tracking during a 90° turn for a truck with three trailers is examined. In command steering, front trailer axles are ...
Dorsal caudal tail and sciatic motor nerve conduction studies in adult mice: Technical aspects and normative data

Mice provide an important tool to investigate human neuromuscular disorders. The variability of electrophysiological techniques limits direct comparison between studies. The purpose of this study was to establish normative motor nerve conduction data in adult mice. The dorsal caudal tail nerve and sciatic nerve motor conduction studies were performed bilaterally on restrained anesthetized adult mice. The means and standard deviations for each electrophysiological parameter were determined in normal mice. Data were compared with inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy mice to determine whether these parameters discriminate between normal and abnormal peripheral nerves. Normal adult mice had a distal latency of 0.89 (±0.17) ms and 0.75 (±0.09) ms, distal compound motor unit action potential amplitude of 13.2 (±5.9) mV and 28.1 (±8.3) mV, and conduction velocity of 74.6 (±9.0) m/s and 76.5 (±8.3) m/s, respectively. These data were validated by the finding of statistically significant differences in several electrophysiological parameters that compared normal and polyneuropathy-affected mice. A standardized method for motor nerve conduction studies and associated normative data in mice should facilitate comparisons of disease severity and response to treatment between studies that use similar models. This would assist in the process of translational therapeutic drug design in neuromuscular disorders. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Hormonal and immunological properties of insulin fragments. I. The individual peptide chains.

Hormonal and immunological properties of the 2 polypeptide chains of beef insulin were compared with those of the parent molecule. The identity and integrity of the preparations was established by demonstrating regeneration of insulin activity on recombination of the separate chains. Using insulin immunoassays and bioassays the following observations were made: The isolated A chain has a weak stimulatory effect (about 1/1000 that of insulin) on glucose uptake by rat diaphragm, and to this extent is insulin-like. Immunologically it is unlike insulin, failing to interact with insulin neutralizing or reaginic antibodies. The B chain appeared to be quite inert, hormonally and immunologically, in the test systems used. We were unable to confirm that it is an antagonist to the action of insulin on muscle, either alone or in combination with albumin. (Endocrinology85: 368, 1969)
Multipattern Scan-Based Test Sets With Small Numbers of Primary Input Sequences

When a multipattern scan-based test is applied at-speed to detect delay defects, it is necessary to change the primary input vectors at-speed. However, tester limitations can make this infeasible. The solution where the primary input vectors are held constant during the test reduces the fault coverage. An alternative solution is to store the primary input sequences of a multipattern test set on-chip and apply them at-speed from an on-chip memory. To support such a solution, this paper describes a procedure for computing a multipattern test set that requires a small number of different primary input sequences. Experimental results for single stuck-at faults and for transition faults show that a multipattern test set that detects all the detectable faults requires a number of primary input sequences that is significantly smaller than the number of tests.
Early development of locomotor behavior in vervet monkeys

The locomotor development of three vervet infants across approximately the first 2 months of life is described. Fairly normal-looking walking movements (as compared to adults) were seen in all the animals by approximately 1 month of age and galloping was observed by 2 months. Early locomotor footfall patterns were often aberrant and bounding-type gaits were sometimes exhibited. Most of the symmetrical gaits observed were classifiable as lateral sequence. Across the 2-month period the animals showed decreased three- and four-foot support and improvements in joint angular displacement patterns. From their earliest locomotor movements the infants showed significant linear relationship between both cycle duration and swing and stance durations of the limbs. We suggest that locomotor control mechanisms are probably fairly mature at birth but that weight support and postural control problems explain the initial locomotor difficulties exhibited by these infants.
PACS economics and the referring physician

One of the touted potential benefits of Picture Archive and Communications Systems (PACS) is that these systems will save referring physicians significant time by eliminating their trips to andfrom the radiology departmentfile room. To date, this potential savings has not been quantified in any hospital setting. Economic modeling of PACS by the University of Washington demonstrates that the cost savings of PACS is extremely sensitive to small productivity changes in referring physician time savings. To provide analytical strength to this argument and supportfor the overall importance of the referring physician in PACS economics, trip distribution data was collected at the University to determine the average time referring physicians spend traveling to andfrom the radiology departmentfile room. This travel time is significant and it corroborates other work by the authors suggesting the benefits of PACS may be, in fact, larger outside the radiology department than inside it. Information for this study was obtained from two sources. In one case, referring physicians were queried about the time they and their support staffspend requesting and retrievingfilmfilesfrom thefile room by using a comprehensive hospital-wide survey. In the second case, the distance between all major clinics in the University medical center and the number offilm files each clinic checks out weekly were entered into a conventional transportation trip distribution model toforecast the time staffspend on this activity. While some differences in the results occurredfrom the two cases, each case generally showed a significant expenditure of effort approaching approximately two-weeks per year per referring physician with a potential recovery value of between $3 to $8 million dollars annually in additional billable revenue, assuming adequate patient demand.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Developing Science: Scientific Performance and Brain Drains in the Developing World.

Abstract Establishing a strong scientific community is important as countries develop and requires both producing and retaining of important scientists. We show that developing countries produce a sizeable number of important scientists, but that they experience a tremendous brain drain. Education levels, population, and per capita GDP are positively related to the number of important scientists born in and staying in a country. Our analysis indicates that democracy and urbanization are associated with the production of more important scientists although democracy is associated with more out-migration.
Orchestrating the Demise of All-Male Boards

A framework is presented for analyzing how best to bring about meaningful change in gender diversity on corporate boards. Examining whether board searches are inclusive and whether the directors take an active role in the search produces a typology to guide change efforts. Suggested actions are discussed.
A finite element electrical impedance imaging system for binary media: 2. experimental methods in two dimensions with emphasis on distinguishability

In this paper, the second in a series of three, we summarize the basic two-dimensional experimental methods for using electrical fields to image binary media at the Rensselaer Multiphase Imaging Laboratory. We describe the methods used to energize the field using simultaneous excitation of all boundary electrodes, and the methods utilized to optimize the results with regard to the accuracy of the data acquired. We also show how the accuracy of the image depends on the conductivity of the continuous medium. Experimental methods are described which apply the distinguishability concept first presented by Isaacson and extended to voltage excitation and multiple target discrimination. This concept is applied to differently-sized cylindrical targets on center and for 32.8-mm diameter target pairs separated at incremental distances along both horizontal and diagonal centerlines. We demonstrate directly a resolution of six parts in 200, and, through the distinguishability results, show the potential for linear re...
Organocatalyzed, enantioselective synthesis of bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octanes containing benzylic, all-carbon quaternary centers

Proline aryl sulfonamide-catalyzed, multi-component couplings have been developed for accessing densely functionalized [2.2.2] bicyclic ketones containing up to four contiguous chiral centers including an all-carbon benzylic quaternary center in high enantio- and diastereoselectivity. Application to the bicyclic core of the recently isolated alkaloid kopsonoline is illustrated.
Binocular field expansion in adults after surgery for esotropia.

Objectives: To determine how frequently adults with longstanding esotropia will experience an expansion of their binocular visual field after surgical correction of their strabismus and to determine if the postoperative expansion of binocular fields in esotropic adults correlates with the type of esotropia (infantile vs acquired), duration of the deviation, visual acuity in the deviating eye, or a history of satisfactory alignment in early childhood. Design: Preoperative and postoperative binocular visual fields were measured in a consecutive series of 37 adults undergoing surgery for esotropia. The fields were obtained and graded by masked observers. Results: Before surgery, all patients had a constricted binocular field on the side of the deviating eye. In 35 of the 37 patients, the visual fields met predetermined criteria for accuracy and were included in data analysis. After surgery, 34 of those 35 patients experienced an expansion of their binocular field consistent with the degree to which the eye was surgically straightened. There was no correlation with binocular field expansion after surgery and the type of esotropia (infantile vs acquired), duration of the deviation, visual acuity in the deviating eye, or a history of satisfactory alignment in early childhood. Conclusions: Binocular field expansion occurs in the vast majority of esotropic patients after strabismus surgery if the surgery is successful in correcting esotropia. The developmental gains that are reported in infants undergoing surgery for infantile esotropia may be due to an expansion of their binocular field after surgery.
Encapsulation of enzymes and cells in sol-gel matrices for biosensor applications

Porous silicate materials made by low temperature sol-gel process are promising host matrices for encapsulation of biomolecules. Their mechanical strength, chemical inertness, hydrophilic nature, and above all, their optical transparency makes them an exciting platform for development of biosensors. To date, researchers have focused on sol-gel routes using alkoxides for encapsulation of biomolecules. However, formation of alcohol as a byproduct is an undesired complication as it can have detrimental effect on the activity of entrapped biomolecules. We have developed a novel sol-gel process to encapsulate biological molecules (such as enzymes, antibodies and cells) that uses neutral pH, room temperature, and does not generate alcohol as a byproduct. The process uses sodium silicate as precursor and is carried out in two steps--preparation of a low pH silicate sol followed by gelation at neutral pH in a buffer containing biomolecules. We developed a novel homogeneous immunoassay for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), and have encapsulated the immunoassay reagents in sol-gel matrices to product dispersible biosensors for the detection of TNT. Using the sol-gel doped with immunoassay reagents, we can detect TNT at low ppm levels. We also report encapsulation of E. Coli cells expressing the enzyme organophosphorus hydrolase on the cell surface in sol-gel matrices. The cell- doped sol-gel material can be used to develop biosensors for detection of organophosphates.
Electromagnetic field calculations for an irregularly shaped, near-spheroidal particle with arbitrary illumination

A spheroidal coordinate separation-of-variables solution has been developed for the determination of the internal, near-surface, and far-scattered electromagnetic fields for irregularly shaped elongated (prolatelike) and irregularly shaped flattened (oblatelike) particles with arbitrary monochromatic illumination. Calculated results are presented, for both plane-wave and focused-Gaussian-beam illumination, which demonstrate the effects of particle geometry on the internal, near-surface, and far-scattered-field distributions.
Breakdown of the born—oppenheimer approximation in radiative transitions

Abstract Evidence demonstrating an explicit nuclear coordinate dependence of electronic matrix elements in the transition moment for phosphorescene to the ground state vibrational manifold has been found for substituted benzenes by an optically detected microwave double resonance experiment. Theoretical expressions for the experimental observations developed within the framework of the Condon and Herzberg—Teller approximations fail to explain the results, implying that these approximations are not general enough to give a good description of radiative transitions in aromatic molecules. Additional terms in the Herzberg—Teller expansion and the breakdown of the Born—Oppenheimer approximation are briefly discussed as alternatives which can be used to explain the experimental observations.
Tolerating spelling errors during patient validation

Misspellings, typographical errors, and variant name forms present a considerable problem for a Clinical Information System when validating patient data. Algorithms to correct these types of errors are being used, but they are based either on a study of frequent types of errors associated with general words in an English text rather than types of errors associated with the spelling of names, or on errors that are phonologically based. This paper investigates the types of errors that are specifically associated with the spelling of patient names, and proposes an algorithm that effectively handles such types of errors. This paper also studies the effectiveness of several relaxation techniques and compares them with the one that is being proposed.
Transcription of nucleosomes from human chromatin

Nucleosomes (chromatin subunits) prepared by micrococcal nuclease digestion of human nuclei are similar in histone content but substantially reduced in non-histone proteins as compared to undigested chromatin. Chromatin transcription experiments indicate that the DNA in the nucleosomes is accessible to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in vitro. The template capacities of chromatin and nucleosomes are 1.5 and 10%, respectively, relative to high molecular weight DNA, with intermediate values for oligonucleosomes. Three distinct sizes of transcripts, 150, 120 and 95 nucleotides in length, are obtained when nucleosomes are used as templates. However, when nucleosomal DNA is used as a template, the predominant size of transcripts is 150 nucleotides. When oligonucleosomes are used as templates longer transcripts are obtained. This indicates that RNA polymerase can transcribe the DNA contained in the nucleosomes.
How does the hippocampus contribute to memory

Recently, Wirth et al. reported that hippocampal neurons signal the acquisition of new associations by altering the selectivity of their responses to crucial stimuli. The course of these changes was gradual, with some neurons recruited before, others at the time of, and yet others shortly after learning. These observations suggest the hippocampus might contribute to memory by identifying consistencies across experiences that constitute important new associations.
Liposomal entrapment of the neutrophil-derived peptide indolicidin endows it with in vivo antifungal activity

Indolicidin, a cationic tridecapeptide amide isolated from the granules of bovine neutrophils, has been found to possess potent antimicrobial activity in vitro but its nonselective toxicity could restrict its therapeutic utility. We found that the concentration at which indolicidin disrupts washed human red blood cell membranes coincided with the concentration at which indolicidin self associates. Because of a preponderance of hydrophobic residues, we believed that indolicidin would partition into liposomes which would restrict its exchange with biological tissues and consequently reduce its toxicity. Fluorescence spectroscopy of indolicidin added to 100 nm liposomes comprised of POPC, POPC/cholesterol (60:40 mol%), DPPC, or DPPC/cholesterol (60:40) revealed a large blue-shift and an increase in intensity of the emission profile indicating insertion into the bilayer. Of the lipids tested, POPC exhibited the highest degree of indolicidin binding as determined by fluorescence and encapsulation efficiency. By sequestering indolicidin within the lipid bilayer of 100 nm POPC liposomes we significantly reduced its toxicity to CHO/K1 cells. Likewise, the systemic toxicity of liposomal indolicidin in Balb/c mice was decreased dramatically relative to aqueous solutions; the maximum dose at which no deaths occurred was 0.4 mg/kg for free indolicidin versus 40 mg/kg for indolicidin-POPC. Because of this decrease in toxicity, we were able to administer liposomally encapsulated material at significantly higher concentrations than unencapsulated aqueous material and achieve efficacy in treating animals systemically infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. Liposomal but not free indolicidin was found to be effective in obtaining cures. This report is the first description of the in vivo therapeutic activity of a neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptide and suggests that liposomal treatment modalities will provide effective strategies for endowing this class of compounds with pharmacological utility.
Using potential energy surface scans to examine the bond dissociation energies of trans-ReOS2N2 and [ReOS3N]1− model complexes

Abstract Developing Re(V)-based therapeutic agents, where the ReO3+ core is coordinated to a multidentate ligand, is of interest in the radiopharmaceutical sciences because of the desirable nuclear properties of 186Re/188Re. A reliable yet cost-effective computational method for evaluating the strength of each coordination bond while preserving the integrity of the metal–ligand complex would provide quantitative input for ligand design. A relaxed potential energy surface (PES) scan approach is assessed for trans-ReO(SH)2(NH2)(NH3), [ReO(SH)3(NH2)]1−, and [ReO(SH)3(N(H)CHO)]1− model complexes to calculate bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for Re NH3, Re NH2, Re N(H)CHO and Re SH bonds, common components of Re(V) coordination environments. The PES scans were performed using various combinations of DFT/coupled-cluster methods and basis sets, and the effect of bulk solvent was examined by using the integral equation formalism of the polarizable continuum model (IEF–PCM). BDEs obtained from the PES scans are compared to those obtained for infinite separation. In the gas phase, the BDE curves reach about 90% of the total BDE at 2 A and plateau by 3.0–3.5 A beyond the equilibrium bond length; in the presence of implicit solvent, the BDEwater curves plateau at a shorter distance and more than 90% of the total BDE is recovered at 2 A. The gas-phase PES scans follow the desired reaction coordinate for NH3, [N(H)CHO]1− and SH1−, but not for the poor leaving group NH 2 1 - . The desired heterolytic cleavage of the Re NH2 bond is achieved when the PES scans are performed in the presence of solvent. Elongating the Re S/N bonds in a rigid, multidentate trans-ReO-N2S2 complex yields BDE trends similar to those found for the model complexes (Re NH2 > Re N(H)CHO > Re SH > Re NH3).
My early days in photobiology with Philip Hanawalt

Abstract Phil and I started our careers on somewhat similar scientific paths. I had an undergraduate degree in physics from Swarthmore College and a Ph.D. degree in physics from Yale for research in the field for ultraviolet spectroscopy. Phil received an undergraduate degree in Physics from Oberlin College, joined the Yale Physics Department in 1954, and transferred to the new Biophysics Department in 1955. We began our interactions then by virtue of the fact that Phil had to take a Laboratory Course in Experimental Physics, one part of which was spectroscopy in which I was the instructor. One of my principal interests was in the effects of different wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on proteins, viruses and bacterial cells. So what was more natural than for Phil to dream up a Ph.D. research project to investigate the effects of different wavelengths of UV on macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli . I became his mentor with expertise in UV, whereas he did most of the microbiological/biochemical work. Thus began a collaboration and a communicating friendship, the latter going on for 50 years. That communication was essential in elucidating some of the important steps in nucleotide excision repair—a field in which Phil is a pre-eminent scholar and investigator.
Design and Analysis of the Community Youth Development Study Longitudinal Cohort Sample

Communities That Care (CTC) is a prevention system designed to reduce adolescent substance use and delinquency through the selection of effective preventive interventions tailored to a community's specific profile of risk and protection. A community-randomized trial of CTC, the Community Youth Development Study, is currently being conducted in 24 communities across the United States. This article describes the rationale, multilevel analyses, and baseline comparability for the study's longitudinal cohort design. The cohort sample consists of 4,407 fifth- and sixth-grade students recruited in 2004 and 2005 and surveyed annually through ninth grade. Results of mixed-model ANOVAs indicated that students in CTC and control communities exhibited no significant differences (ps > .05) in baseline levels of student outcomes.
High-resolution monochromator for inelastic scattering studies of high-energy phonons using undulator radiation at the Advanced Photon Source

A monochromator for use at 13.84 keV with a calculated bandpass of 5.2 meV was designed built, and tested. Tuning was performed by rotating the inner crystal of a pair of nested silicon channel-cut crystals. The inner crystal employs the (884) reflection, and the outer crystal employs a collimating asymmetric (422) reflection (dynamical asymmetry factor, b, equal to {minus}17.5). Tests were done with a double-crystal Si(111) pre-monochromator situated upstream of the high resolution monochromator and a Si(777) backscattering crystal situated downstream. For this optical arrangement an ideal value of 6.3 meV as calculated by x-ray dynamical diffraction theory applies for the FWHM of the convolution of the net monochromator reflectivity function with that of the Si(777) reflection. This calculated value is to be compared to the value of 7.1 meV measured by tuning the high resolution monochromator. Measured efficiencies were less than ideal by a factor of 3.2 to 4.9, where the larger flux reduction factors were found with higher positron storage ring currents.
The Infrared Spectra of Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Cesium Bromide Region

The infrared spectra of 54 C1 to C4 chlorinated hydrocarbons in the cesium bromide region are presented Rough frequency correlations are seen for various structural features in the compounds studied However, these correlations are not sufficiently definitive for structure determination. Many of the compounds give unique absorption bands which would permit their detection and determination in the presence of very closely related compounds. This is especially important in a mixture of compounds such as cis- and trans-1-chloro-1,3-butadiene where a determination of the ratio of the isomers is difficult in the rocksalt region.
Oven melting encapsulization of hypodermic needles by syringes.

The results of a study to determine the time and temperature conditions necessary to melt standard injection syringes are presented. The polypropylene syringes are melted to form a solid block of m...
Separate neural sites for d-amphetamine suppression of mouse killing and feeding behavior in rats

The present study was conducted to investigate several possible neural sites for d-amphetamine's effect on mouse killing and feeding behaviors. d-Amphetamine (10, 20, and 30 μg) injected into each lateral ventricle, suppressed mouse kiling, food, and water intake in a dose-dependent manner. Bilateral adminstration of d-amphetamine (20 μg) into the central amygdaloid nucleus abolished mouse killing behavior but did not affect feeding and drinking. By contrast, bilateral amphetamine injections into the substantia nigra, or into the ventral region of the caudate nucleus, did not suppress mouse killing behavior, but significantly decreased food and water intake. The lateral hypothalamus was sensitive to d-amphetamine injections, which suppressed mouse killing and food intake as well as water intake. d-Amphetamine injections into the nucleus accumbens produced inconsistent effects on mouse killing and feeding. Our observations suggest a differentiation of the neural sites that mediate feeding from those underlying mouse killing behavior.