cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevation of blood lead concentration by confinement in the rhesus monkey.

Rhesus monkeys were exposed to lead (Pb) acetate under various regimens during the first 12 months of life. At 30 months of age, these animals and unexposed controls were confined to an unfamiliar experimental chamber for one week. Serum cortisol concentration and Pb concentration in whole blood (PbB) were measured prior to, during, and after this confinement. Cortisol concentrations rose 60–90% within 2 hours of confinement, and declined to baseline levels after 98 hours of confinement. Mean baseline PbB levels reflected the state of clearance of the previously-ingested lead, rose 25–35% within 2 hours of confinement, and reached mean maximum levels as much as 100% above baseline after 98 hours of confinement. The data are discussed in terms of hormonal mobilization of Pb stored in bone, and subgest (1) that this storage is multicompartmental, (2) that more than one process is probably involved in its mobilization, (3) that cortisol probably does not directly affect PbB levels, and (4) that stress should be considered a potential factor in determining the PbB in studies of Pb metabolism.
Quartzose turbidites of the accretionary complex of Barbados, II: Variations in bedding styles, facies and sequences

Abstract Barbados provides the only subaerial exposures of the Barbados Ridge, an accretionary complex lying outboard of the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc. Within nine measured sections of quartzose turbidites, five major types of sequences are recognized: 1. (1) Progradational sequences (basin plain-outer fan) of uniformly fine-grained, flat-based, base-absent turbidites that thicken upward and gradually become coarser-grained and base-present at the top of the sequence. 2. (2) A single rejuvenation (rapid progradational) sequence was identified as an abrupt progradational sequence above abandoned-lobe deposits, and is not characterized by stacked, well-developed, upward-thickening successions as many progradational sequences are. 3. (3) Channelized successions of coarse-grained, base-present turbidites arranged in packets 5–20 or 50–140 m thick which are midfan and inner-fan deposits, respectively. The distinction between predominance of base-present and base-absent turbidites seems to correspond with the interpreted change from midfan channelized to outer-fan sheet flow deposition. 4. (4) One example of a major retrogradational sequence , of midfan deposits above inner-fan (?) sandstones, has been found on Barbados. Minor sequences of facies retrogradation are relatively common in the outer-fan environment where upward-thinning sandstone beds overlie upward-thickening units to define symmetric sequences. 5. (5) Abandonment successions are: major, as indicated by massive accumulations of mudstone; minor, as indicated by abrupt reversals of upward-thickening trends in outer-fan lobe deposits; and cryptic where indicated by thick (> 4 m) bioturbated zones of massive sandstone.
Predictors of functional outcome after revision total knee arthroplasty following aseptic failure

Abstract Background There are a limited number of studies related to quality of life and functional outcome after revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The present study aimed to identify predictors of functional outcome after revision TKA for aseptic failure. Methods One hundred seventy-five patients with mean age of 66.6 years (range, 35–88) who underwent revision TKA for aseptic failure at our institute from 2003 to 2007 were identified. Short-form 36 (SF-36), Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Knee Society Scores (KSS) collected preoperatively and at 2 years follow up were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine predictors of functional outcome in studied patients. Results Both physical and mental dimensions of SF-36, pain, functional, and stiffness subscales of WOMAC and both functional and clinical scores of KSS improved significantly after revision TKA (p Conclusions BMI is a modifiable predictor of functional outcome after revision TKA. Moreover, patients with higher preoperative functional scores appear to have better postoperative function. Level of evidence Level II.
Limiting amino acids after methionine and lysine with growing turkeys fed low-protein diets

Abstract The effectiveness of Thr and other amino acids (AA) replacing CP in Met- and Lys-adequate diets of Large White male turkeys was studied from 6 wk to market age. Experiment (EXP) 1 examined efficacy of Thr and an AA grouping in corn-soybean (CS) diets containing 82.8 and 77.0% of NRC CP and in corn-soybean-canola-meat (CSCM) diets containing 85.2 and 79.4% of NRC (1984) CP. Experiment 2 compared AA responses in CSCM diets containing 100, 92.5, 85, and 77.5% of NRC (1994) CP. Compared with control CP, 1) 92.5% of NRC CP supported maximum BW, and supplemental Thr or Trp was without effect; 2) 82.8 to 85.2% of NRC CP resulted in reduced BW and breast meat yield (BMY), and supplemental Thr or Trp was ineffective in reversing this reduction, and 3) 77 to 79% of NRC CP resulted in depressed BW and BMY. Supplemental Thr provided a substantial positive BW but no BMY response, whereas a combination of Thr, Ile, Val, Arg, and Trp completely returned BW and partially returned BMY to that of the normal CP control. Turkeys on CS and CSCM assay diet series supported BW responses to CP and AA similarly. We concluded that in low-CP diets containing Met and Lys to requirement, supplemental Thr resulted in improved BW, whereas Thr, Ile, Val, Trp, and Arg returned BW, but not BMY, to normal CP control.
“We’re Who We’ve Been Waiting For”: Intergenerational Community Organizing for a Healthy Community

This study, guided by principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR), presents the processes, challenges, and effects of intergenerational community organizing practice of a local grassroots organization to promote community health in multiracial and historically marginalized communities. Three major lessons emerged: (1) the central role of experiential communal learning and critical analysis in collective knowledge creation, (2) development of collective efficacy through a genuine sense of connection and mutual affirmation, and 3) the importance of a co-learner stance in fostering intergenerational leadership. The interconnection between process and product is emphasized as the central tenet in both community organizing and CBPR processes.
Military coups and the consequences of durable de facto power: the case of Pakistan

We analyze the role of the military as an independent interest group within the State, based on the two-player theoretical framework of Acemoglu and Robinson (Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006); we innovate by introducing the military as a third player, a specialist in violence. In particular, we study the conditions under which a democratic regime can prevent a transition to an authoritarian regime via a military coup, when a coup requires the support of both the military and the elite sections of the civilian population. We carry out an historical case study of Pakistan to motivate and illustrate our argument, and show that Pakistan’s three coups since independence are associated with parameter shifts in our model.
A ‘Simple’ Farmer Accused of Murder: Community Acceptance and the Meaning of Deviance

ABSTRACT For all of their adult years the Ward brothers have been subsistence dairy farmers in a small rural community in central New York. In the spring of 1990 one of them was found dead and his brother, Delbert, was charged with murder and subsequently tried. A psychologist who testified for the defense put Delbert through a range of standard diagnostic procedures and declared he was “mentally retarded.” Townfolks reacted to the events with a tremendous outpouring of unified support for Delbert and his brothers. Their reaction was so emphatic and so pronounced it attracted regional and national media attention. Parallelling current interest in the integration of people with various disabilities into the community, this paper discusses this family's natural acceptance in the community and the nature of community support.
Maternal corticosteroid therapy and the fetal brain in experimental hyaline membrane disease

Maternal Corticosteroid Therapy and the Fetal Brain in Experimental Hyaline Membrane Disease
The Swedish patient compensation system: Myths and realities

The Swedish compensation system for medical injuries has been suggested as a possible model for medical malpractice reform in the United States and in other countries.2 Patient compensation in Sweden is provided by the Patient Compensation Insurance (PCI), a voluntary, contractual administrative mechanism that provides compensation without proof of provider fault. The discipline of medical providers is handled by a separate Medical Responsibility Board (MRB). The frequency of claims filed per physician is at least 50% higher under the PC1 than under the U.S. medical malpractice system, but the PC1 is widely accepted by the medical profession. The PC1 costs roughly $2.38 per capita, or 0.16% of health care costs in Sweden, whereas U.S. medical malpractice insurance premiums account for l-2% of (higher) health care expenditures, more than a lo-fold difference. Administrative overhead is 18% of total PC1 premiums, compared to roughly 60% in the United States. Recent proposals in the United States for a rule of no-fault (strict) enterprise liability for medical injuries cite the PCI’s low overhead rate as evidence of the potential savings from switching from a negligence rule to a causation-based rule of liability.” In this regard, the PC1 has also been compared to strict enterprise liability under workers’ compensation, which also has a lower overhead percentage than tort liability.4 The purposes of this paper are three. First, it provides a brief description of the structure and experience of the PC1 and the MRB. Second, it explains the PCI’s low overhead, using a simple model of optimal litigation effort. This model challenges the conventional wisdom that the PCI’s low overhead derives from a no-fault rule of liability. More generally, any analogy between no-fault as applied in the PC1 and nofault systems of strict liability-either workers’ compensation or strict enterprise liability for medical injuries-is misplaced. On the contrary, the PC1 experience illustrates that a causation-only test for compensability is neither necessary nor sufftcient for low overhead costs. Rather, the PC1 achieves low overhead costs by foregoing any attempt at deterrence. The MRB, which is totally decoupled from the PCI, is ineffectual. In general, low overhead is a very misleading indicator of the efficiency of any insurance system. A third purpose of this paper is to examine lessons from the PC1 for a proposed contractual alternative for medical injuries. 5 The fact that patients and providers overwhelmingly opt into the PC1 rather than tort suggests that it offers a Paretosuperior alternative. However, contractual options are constrained by transactions
Optimal estimation policies of stochastic linear systems with time-varying parameters

Abstract The paper is concerned with the problem of designing optimal strategies for precise parameter estimation in the context of regression models with stochastically varying coefficients. The maximum accuracy problem considered in this paper can also be treated as an initial phase of a stochastic control problem. Before the control policies are implemented, an estimation phase is introduced to determine the unknown model parameters. This will avoid solution to a difficult dual control problem.
Crystal structure of canine and bovine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF).

Abstract The crystal structures of recombinant canine and bovine granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) have been determined by X-ray crystallography, using molecular replacement with recombinant human G-CSF as a model. G-CSF is a member of the cytokine family of glycoproteins that stimulate the differentiation and proliferation of blood cells. Human, bovine and canine G-CSF all have a molecular mass of about 19 kDa and share an amino acid sequence identity of about 80%. Two crystal forms of canine G-CSF have been solved. Form I recombinant canine G-CSF (rcG-CSFI; space group C2) contains one molecule in the asymmetric unit while form II canine G-CSF (rcG-CSFII; space group P21) has two molecules in the asymmetric unit and bovine G-CSF (rbG-CSF; space group P 212121) contains one molecule in the asymmetric unit. rcG-CSFI has been refined to an R factor of 20·7% with data to 2·3 A resolution and rcG-CSFII has been refined to an R factor of 19·3% with data to 2·2 A resolution. rbG-CSF has been refined to an R factor of 21·3% with data to 1·7 A resolution. The structure of human, canine and bovine G-CSF is an antiparallel 4-α-helical bundle with up-up-down-down connectivity. With the exception of one highly exposed loop (residues 66 to 74), the human, canine and bovine structures are very similar to each other. Using our series of G-CSF crystal structures we developed a function that describes the probability that a particular residue position (i) contributes to a G-CSF receptor binding site based on two principles, (1) high sequence conservation in the primary sequence of human, bovine, canine and murine G-CSF and (2) conservation of high solvent accessibility in the human, bovine and canine crystal structures. On the basis of this probability function as well as a comparison of G-CSF to the crystal structure of human growth hormone (hGH) complexed with the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone receptor (hGHbp), residues that contribute to potential G-CSF receptor binding sites are identified.
Global outsourcing: effective functional strategy or deficient corporate governance?

Outsourcing information technology functions has become an increasingly accepted cost‐reducing strategy in both the USA and Western Europe. What these managerial decisions mean in human resource terms is the elimination of high paying employment. In the USA, global outsourcing is now raising public policy concerns about its effects on the nation’s long‐term technological leadership and the ethical propriety of such corporate decisions on a key stakeholder – employees. Global outsourcing is a direct challenge to corporate citizenship (the new corporate governance model) and human capital theory (which recognizes the value of the knowledge worker to the success of the firm) now recognized by many US corporations. While accepting the managerial limits of these approaches, it is argued that corporations and industry associations need to develop and implement a human capital strategy which balances the negative consequences of global outsourcing with corporate citizenship responsibilities to employee and community stakeholders.
Pathologic analysis of routine tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy specimens.

OBJECTIVES: Recent literature has suggested that histopathologic analysis of routine tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) specimens may be unnecessary. This study investigates T&A specimen handling practices in the United States between 1989 and 1999.METHODS: Surveys were sent to 4715 members of the American Academy of Otolaryngology. Surveys assessed practice type, pathologic processing practices (full, gross, no pathology), and reasons for change. The authors also performed a retrospective analysis of 1583 pediatric T&A specimens for evidence of occult malignancy.RESULTS: Practice types were 80% private, 12% academic, 6% salaried, and 2% military. Chi squared analysis revealed a significant increase (P < 0.001) in respondents ordering “gross only” and “no pathology.” The retrospective analysis found no occult malignancies.CONCLUSIONS: There is a statistically significant increase in the number of otolaryngologists sending routine T&A specimens for “gross only” and “no pathology.” There was no correlati...
Behind closed doors: accountability and responsibility in patient care.

In this paper, I examine the notion of accountability and its historical evolution in health care. Using medical mistakes and adverse patient outcomes as my focus, I examine the interests served by particular models of accountability and argue for a model of collective fiduciary responsibility in U.S. health care today.
Metabolism of low density lipoproteins in nephrotic dyslipidemia: Comparison of hypercholesterolemia alone and combined hyperlipidemia

Metabolism of low density lipoproteins in nephrotic dyslipidemia: comparison of hypercholesteremia alone and combined hyperlipidemia. High levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (hypercholesterolemia) are commonly present in the nephrotic syndrome. Another pattern of dyslipidemia in nephrotic patients is an elevation of both cholesterol and triglyceride levels (combined hyperlipidemia). It has been postulated that the underlying cause of nephrotic dyslipidemia is an hepatic overproduction of apolipoprotein B (apo B)-containing lipoproteins. To examine this hypothesis, the metabolism of LDL-apo B was compared between nephrotic patients with hypercholesterolemia and with combined hyperlipidemia. Thirteen patients (7 with hypercholesterolemia, and 6 with combined hyperlipidemia) underwent measurements of turnover rates of autologous LDL apo B. The results were compared to normolipidemic controls and to patients with primary combined hyperlipidemia previously studied in our laboratory. Nephrotic patients with hypercholesterolemia generally had: (a) lower fractional catabolic rates of LDL apo B than normolipidemic healthy individuals; (b) LDL particles enriched in cholesterol; but (c) no overproduction of LDL apo B. In contrast, patients with combined hyperlipidemia were found to have: (a) high fractional catabolic rates for LDL apo B compared to normolipidemic controls; (b) cholesterol-poor LDL particles; and (c) markedly elevated production rates for LDL. Also, for the group as a whole, there was a positive correlation between plasma triglyceride levels and fractional catabolic rates. These data indicate that the metabolism of LDL is strikingly different between the two forms of nephrotic dyslipidemia. Although there may be common mechanisms contributing to LDL levels in nephrotic patients, there also appears to be a divergence of mechanisms depending on whether hypertriglyceridemia is associated with hypercholesterolemia.
Studies on sodium-potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase. V. Correlation of enzyme activity with cation flux in six tissues.

Abstract The activity of the enzyme Na-K-activated ATPase, which is closely related to the active transport system of sodium and potassium in human erythrocytes, was determined in human erythrocytes, frog toe muscle, squid giant axone, frog skin, toad bladder, and in the noninnervated membrane of the Sachs organ of the electric eel. The temperature coefficient of the enzyme was determined in each tissue except the erythrocytes. The results were expressed in moles/sq. cm./sec. and compared with the active cation fluxes, expressed in the same units, for these tissues reported by other investigators. The enzyme activities were corrected for the temperature, at which the flux values had been obtained. A significant correlation was found between Na-K-activated ATPase activity and active cation flux over a 25,000-fold range. The average ratio of equivalents cation transported per mole ATP hydrolyzed (cation/ATP ratio) was 2.56 ± 0.19, which is significantly higher than 2, but not significantly different from 3. The total ATPase activity was not significantly correlated with the flux values. The value of 2.56 for the cation/ATP ratio agrees with many other determinations of this ratio for various tissues reported in the literature. These findings further strengthen the assumption that the Na-K-activated ATPase is closely related to the active cation transport involved in maintenance of ion gradients in single cells, transport of salt and water across epithelial membranes, and repolarization processes in muscle, nerve, and electric organs.
Identification and determination of impurities in pentaerythritol tetranitrate

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) combined with photometry has been used successfully for the simultaneous determination of PETriN, DiPEHN, and TriPEON in PETN samples. The impurities are separated by one-dimensional TLC on Silica Gel G-Zn-sodium sulfanilate plates with an acetone-benzene mixed solvent. When the chromatogram is sprayed with N,N-dimethyl- i -naphthylamine (DMNA)-acetic acid reagent, the separated components are converted to a diazo dye to produce red spots on an off-white background. The intensities of the spots are measured by visible reflectance and are related to concentration by calibration curves. The standard deviations obtained in the analysis of various synthetic mixtures and authentic samples are less than 0.2%. Identification of the impurities is accomplished by their RG values, measured relative to PETN.
Predicting career decisions in primary care medicine: a theoretical analysis.

Entering the 1960s, more than half of the medical doctors in the United States were family physicians, pediatricians, or general internists. Today, about one-third of all U.S. physicians are primary care practitioners. Although opinions vary on the optimal ratio of primary care to specialty physicians, in the mid-1990s, the consensus among leaders in medicine was that more primary care physicians would be needed to ensure access to quality care. The target output of graduates was set for a minimum of 50% primary care physicians, and medical school admission committees responded. The present study examines research related to career decision making in primary care medicine. We address career decision making in primary care with the expectation that selection of a medical residency is based on multiple factors, and multivariate statistical techniques comprise the most appropriate statistical procedure for developing predictive models of medical student residency choice. Additional multivariate studies for simultaneous analysis of multiple dependent and multiple independent variables are needed to determine whether health policy planners and medical schools should continue to address the distribution of primary care physicians through medical school admissions. Further to enabling prediction, researchers must renew efforts to base investigations on theoretical models, summarizing and organizing previous research, and providing one another with means to focus future studies while building on previous work.
Bilateral Neck Exploration Decreases Operative Time Compared to Minimally Invasive Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Discordant Imaging

Unilateral parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has a high success rate in patients with concordant imaging by sestamibi and ultrasound. However, the optimal procedure when imaging is discordant remains controversial; therefore we compared unilateral exploration with intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring to bilateral neck exploration without IOPTH monitoring in patients with discordant localization studies. We conducted a retrospective study of 324 consecutive patients with PHPT treated at our institution from October 2005 to September 2009. We collected information regarding imaging, localization site, procedure performed, operative time, and calcium/PTH measurements. Of the 324 patients in the study, 79 (24 %) had discordant imaging by sestamibi and ultrasound. Of these, 62 patients (78 %) underwent bilateral neck exploration without IOPTH monitoring, and 14 patients (18 %) had unilateral exploration with IOPTH monitoring. IOPTH monitoring during unilateral exploration correctly predicted removal of single adenomas in 10/14 patients (71 %) and altered operative management in 4/14 cases (29 %), resulting in conversion to bilateral neck exploration. Operative time for unilateral exploration with IOPTH [median time: 96 min (range: 51–153 min)] was significantly increased relative to bilateral exploration [median time: 52 min (range: 28–149 min)]; p = 0.0027. We identified single-gland disease in 53/76 patients (70 %), double adenomas in 13/76 patients (17 %), and multiglandular hyperplasia in 10/76 patients (13 %). There was no difference in cure rate between these two surgical approaches (p = 1.0) In contrast with prior studies, we found that operative time for unilateral exploration with IOPTH was significantly increased compared to bilateral neck exploration. In patients with discordant imaging, IOPTH is a useful adjunct in limiting exploration to a single side despite a high false negative rate.
Prostate cancer in patients with an abnormal digital rectal examination and serum prostate-specific antigen less than 4.0 ng/mL.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate men with abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) findings and a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level less than 4.0 ng/mL who underwent prostate biopsy. Methods A total of 986 patients undergoing prostate biopsy were documented to have DRE findings suspicious for prostate cancer and a serum PSA level of less than 4.0 ng/mL. We examined the serum PSA level, age, and race to see which patient characteristics were statistically significant predictors of prostate cancer on biopsy. The pathologic findings of the biopsy and prostatectomy specimens were examined to determine which patients had serendipitously diagnosed prostate cancer. Results The positive predictive value of an abnormal DRE was 8.8%. The PSA level and increasing age were statistically significant predictors of a positive biopsy, but race was not. Well-differentiated cancer (Gleason score 6 or less) was diagnosed in 72.8% of the biopsies. Also, 87.5% of the patients undergoing radical prostatectomy had pathologic Stage T2 disease. Using specific pathologic criteria, prostate cancer was diagnosed serendipitously in 19% of the biopsies and in 43% of the radical prostatectomy specimens. Conclusions Higher serum PSA levels even if less than 4.0 ng/mL were associated with dramatic increases in prostate cancer detection. Age was also a statistically significant predictor of cancer. Although the overall positive predictive value of the DRE was poor, most patients diagnosed with prostate cancer had an abnormality on the DRE that corresponded either to the location of cancer detected on biopsy or had cancer volumes on prostatectomy specimens large enough to be palpable.
Preliminary Report on the Malacca Tilapia Hybrid as a Sport Fish in Arizona

UNSATISFACTORY FISHING has generally resulted from using the bluegill and redear sunfish as pond fish in Arizona. It is usually difficult to convince western anglers that any fish less than 6 inches in length is desirable, and few individuals of either species reach this length in most Arizona ponds. During the search for an easily produced fish commonly exceeding 6 inches in length, the Malacca Tilapia hybrid was tried. This paper describes its performance as a sport fish and some problems involved in its production. Data are presented to point out possible advantages of the Malacca hybrid and to suggest the course of more intensive investigations. The Malacca hybrid is produced by mating the male Tilapia mossambica (Peters) of the Zanzibar strain with the female of the Java strain of the same species. The resulting progeny are all males and show more rapid growth than the parent stocks (Hickling, 1960, 1962, 1963). Obviously, the usual tendency of T. mossambica to overpopulate and become stunted is eliminated by using all male hybrids. Additional advantages are that the males of both races of T. mossambica grow at a significantly greater rate than the female after sexual maturity, and are easier to catch on hook and line because they are never preoccupied with mouth brooding.
Adenylate kinase of porcine heart.

The activity of adenylate kinase (ATP : AMP-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.3) in porcine heart is about one-sixth that in porcine skeletal muscle on a wet weight basis. Essentially all of the activity of the heart preparations, 70–80 units/g tissue, was present in the soluble fraction. On the basis of acid stability at pH 3.5 and O °C and behavior on isoelectrofocusing, there appear to be at least two adenylate kinases in heart, one acid-labile type having an isoelectric point between 4.7–7.5 and the other an acid-stable type having an isoelectric point at 9.3. The acid-stable adenylate kinase was purified approximately 1300-fold from heart homogenate. The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of 21500 and migrated in gel electrophoresis as a single band. A mixture prepared together with purified muscle enzyme also gave a single narrow band in gel electrophoresis. Amino acid composition was found to be Asx13, Thr14, Ser11, Glx25, Pro6, Gly19, Ala8, Val17, Met6, Ile9, Leu18, Tyr7, Phe5, His2, Lys21, Arg11, Cys2 (as cysteine) and no tryptophan. Fingerprinting showed correspondence of all major spots of the tryptic peptides from heart and skeletal muscle enzymes preparations. The total amino acid sequence of the skeletal muscle enzyme is accounted for by the peptides found on fingerprinting. These results strongly suggest that the major acid-stable adenylate kinase from porcine heart is identical to porcine skeletal muscle adenylate kinase.
Case study: Treatment of oral and locomotory stereotypic behaviors in a mature sow

A 32-month-old female 225-kg nonpregnant cross-bred Newsham sow presented a 6-week history of stereotypic behaviors when housed in a laboratory research facility. A behavioral examination over 12 daylight hours revealed 3 main stereotypic motor patterns, namely (1) oral-nasal gate manipulation defined as placement of the snout between the bars of the pen gate with repetitive, forceful up and down movement; (2) head weaving defined as repetitive lateral head and snout movement toward the pen gates while rocking back and forth on her forequarters with hooves remaining on ground at all times; and (3) body weaving defined as repetitive shifting of body weight from one side to the other with front hooves lifting alternately off the ground. The sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 4.0%, 12.4%, and 6.8% of her total baseline time budget, respectively. The presumptive diagnosis was oral-nasal and locomotory stereotypies. Three treatments were used to mitigate the duration and frequency of these stereotypic behaviors. Treatment 1—Social treatment (change social stimuli by providing visual and nose-to-nose contact with different neighboring sows); Treatment 2—Forage treatment (change foraging substrates by providing peat moss as a rooting substrate); and Treatment 3—Space treatment (change pen configuration by increasing space). The sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0%, 0.4%, and 0.1% of her total time budget, respectively; social treatment: the sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0.9%, 15.3%, and 11.3% of her total time budget, respectively; and forage treatment: the sow performed the oral-nasal gate manipulation and head and body weaving 0.5%, 28.0%, and 15.5% of her total time budget, respectively. This study is one of the first reports to evaluate the treatment of established stereotypies in a mature sow. Results suggest the promise of environmental enrichment as an effective treatment strategy. Further research is needed to evaluate the persistence of these behavioral changes and relative importance of different environmental manipulations provided.
Moving Agent Pedestrians Through Space and Time

The choreography of pedestrian movement is important to many domains of interest, particularly in the geographical sciences. Agent-based models have become a popular tool for simulating movement, allowing experimentation with scenarios in computer models that might not be amenable to real-world investigation. The fidelity of agent-based movement models is naturally most acute when the models driving their synthetic characters reproduce the geography of their behaviors appropriately: by placing people in the right places, at the right times, doing the right things, in the right contexts. Most simulation environments for moving agent pedestrians, however, rely on simple, abstract physical heuristics to drive synthetic characters and they focus on generating plausible coarse-grained movement patterns, which might not always map to real-world pedestrian behavior. Moreover, existing approaches often produce serious mechanical artifacts in simulation. I contend that agent-based models of pedestrian movement can...
Acyl-protected hydroxylamines as spin label generators for EPR brain imaging.

In a search for novel electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) brain imaging agents, we have designed and synthesized the acyl-protected hydroxylamines 1-acetoxy-4-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylp...
Abnormal incorporation of arachidonic acid into platelets of drug-free patients with schizophrenia

Incorporation of [3H]arachidonic acid (AA) into resting platelets was studied in samples from schizophrenic patients before and after haloperidol withdrawal, and from normal subjects. Eicosanoid biosynthesis was subsequently evaluated in prelabeled platelets by sequential events of thrombin activation. The total incorporation of [3H]AA in drug-free patients was significantly lower than in the same individuals during haloperidol treatment as well as in normal volunteers. No significant difference of [3H]AA incorporation was demonstrated between relapsed and nonrelapsed drug-free patients. The majority of 3H-labeled lipids were found in platelet phospholipids, and < 10% of incorporated lipids were found in free AA, diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerol, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) of normal resting platelets. After thrombin activation, however, there was an increased 3H-labeling in 12-HETE, 12-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid, and thromboxane B2. The thrombin-induced formation of eicosanoids was found to be significantly higher in haloperidol-treated patients than in normal volunteers. This increased formation of eicosanoids appeared to be normalized after haloperidol withdrawal. In addition, both haloperidol-treated and drug-free patients showed increased 3H-labeling in thrombin-induced DAG compared with normal volunteers. Such an increase in the second messenger formation may be due, at least in part, to an increased turnover of membrane phosphoinositides via phospholipase C reaction. The present data support our previous findings demonstrating altered membrane dynamics in schizophrenia.
Masking action of basic proteins on sialic acid carboxyls in epithelial mucins.

In questo lavoro si e cercato di dimostrare, con mezzi istochimici, che l'acido sialico presente in tessuti di ghiandole mucose e sierose si trova in due forme differenti. Per la maggioranza tale acido e libero ed il suo gruppo carbossilico interagisce con alcuni coloranti cationici. Una piccola quantita di acido neuramminico e, invece, bloccata da proteine basiche e puo essere istochimicamente rivelata solo dopo trattamento con enzimi proteolitici.
Spontaneous motor activity during the development and maintenance of diet-induced obesity in the rat

More than 80% of most daily spontaneous activities (assessed in an Omnitech activity monitor) occurred during the last hour of light and 12 h of the dark phase in 8 chow-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats. Thirty additional rats were, therefore, monitored over this 13-h period to assess the relationship of activity to the development and maintenance of diet-induced obesity (DIO) on a diet high in energy, fat and sucrose (CM diet). Nine of 20 rats became obese after 3 months on the CM diet, with 71% greater weight gain than 10 chow-fed controls. Eleven of 20 rats were diet resistant (DR), gaining the same amount of weight as chow-fed rats. Neither initial activity levels nor initial body weights on chow (Period I) differed significantly across retrospectively identified groups. After 3 months on CM diet or chow (Period II), as well as after an additional 3 months after CM diet-fed rats returned to chow (Period III), there were significant inverse correlations (r = -.606 to -.370) between body weight at the time of testing and various measures of movement in the horizontal plane. There was no relationship to dietary content nor consistent correlations of body weight or diet group to vertical movements, an indirect measure of ingestive behavior. Patterns of time spent in the vertical position were significantly different for DIO vs. DR rats in Period III, however. Thus, differences in food intake and metabolic efficiency, rather than differences in nocturnal activity, are probably responsible for the greater weight gain in DIO-prone rats placed on CM diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
NKG2A is a marker for acquisition of regulatory function by human CD8+ T cells activated with anti-CD3 antibody

Treatment with anti-CD3 mAb modulates immune responses that cause type 1 diabetes and other diseases. CD8+ Tregs can be induced in vitro and in vivo by mAb. However, 1/3 of patients do not respond to drug therapy and in an equal proportion, anti-CD3 mAb does not induce Tregs in vitro. The acquisition of CD8+ Treg activity is a function of the CD8+ cells and not the targets in the assay. To identify markers to differentiate responses of CD8+ Tregs, we analyzed genes differentially expressed in CD8+ T cells of non-responders compared with responders, and found that an inhibitory receptor NKG2A (CD159a) was highly expressed in cells from all non-responders tested. Application of a mAb agonistic to NKG2A during in vitro CD8+ Treg induction by anti-CD3 prevented induction of CD8+ Tregs. CD8+ T cells that are TNFR2+ but NKG2A- are the most potently induced Tregs. The level of NKG2A expression on resting CD8+ T cells inversely correlated with acquisition of regulatory function when activated. We suggest that the induction of human CD8+ Tregs by anti-CD3 mAb is controlled by a negative signaling through NKG2A, and that NKG2A may serve as a negative marker of human CD8+ Tregs.
Family-based interventions for substance use and misuse prevention.

Because "substance abuse" is a "family disease" of lifestyle, including both genetic and family environmental causes, effective family strengthening prevention programs should be included in all comprehensive substance abuse prevention activities. This article presents reviews of causal models of substance use and evidence-based practices. National searches by the authors suggest that there is sufficient research evidence to support broad dissemination of five highly effective family strengthening approaches (e.g., behavioral parent training, family skills training, in-home family support, brief family therapy, and family education). Additionally, family approaches have average effect sizes two to nine time larger than child-only prevention approaches. Comprehensive prevention programs combining both approaches produced much larger effect sizes. The Strengthening Families Program (SFP) is the only one of these programs that has been replicated with positive results by independent researchers with different cultural groups and with different ages of children. Few research-based programs have been adopted by practitioners, partly because of technology transfer issues. Overall, research on ways to improve dissemination, marketing, training, and funding is needed to improve adoption of effective prevention programs.
A proposed grading system for endovascular treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: Buffalo score.

Background The Spetzler-Martin arteriovenous malformation (AVM) grading system has proven to be useful in guiding treatment of cerebral AVMs with craniotomy. It is based on anatomical characteristics each of which makes surgical resection of an AVM more difficult, namely, deep venous drainage, eloquence of surrounding tissue, and large nidus size. A higher score correlates with more complications after treatment. Although this grading system has proven reliable over time, it does not reflect the major determinants of risk associated with endovascular treatment. The authors developed a grading system unique to endovascular treatment of cerebral AVMs. Methods The proposed grading system accounts for the principal AVM anatomical and physiological features that make endovascular embolization more difficult and, thus, the likelihood of complications greater. These include number of arterial pedicles, diameter of arterial pedicles, and eloquent location of AVM nidus. The proposed grading system was retrospectively applied to 50 patients undergoing endovascular AVM embolization, and its ability to predict complications was compared to the Spetzler-Martin grading system. Results Perioperative complications among the 50 patients included 4 major and 9 minor complications. The proposed grading system was predictive of complication risk, with an increasing rate of perioperative complications associated with an increasing AVM grade. An improved correlation of perioperative complication incidence was noted with the proposed system (P = 0.002), when compared with the Spetzler-Martin grading system (P = 0.33). Conclusion This grading system for the endovascular treatment of AVMs is simple, easily reproduced, and clinically valuable.
The role of silica colloids on facilitated cesium transport through glass bead columns and modeling

Groundwater colloids can act as a vector which enhances the migration of contaminants. While sorbed to mobile colloids, contaminants can be held in the aqueous phase which prevents them from interacting with immobile aquifer surfaces. In this study, an idealized laboratory set-up was used to examine the influence of amorphous silica colloids on the transport of cesium. Synthetic groundwater and saturated glass bead columns were used to minimize the presence of natural colloidal material. The columns were assembled in replicate, some packed with 150–210 μm glass bead and others packed with 355–420 μm glass beads. The colloids used in these experiments were 100 nm amorphous silica colloids from Nissan Chemical Company. In the absence of these colloids, the retardation factor for cesium was 8.0 in the 150–210 μm glass bead columns and 3.6 in the 355–420 μm glass bead columns. The influence of anthropogenic colloids was tested by injecting 0.09 pore volume slugs of an equilibrated suspension of cesium and colloids into the colloid-free columns. Although there was little noticeable facilitation in the smaller glass bead columns, there was a slight reduction in the retardation of cesium in the larger glass bead columns. This was attributed to cesium having less of a retention time in the larger glass bead columns. When cesium was injected into columns with a constant flux of colloids, the retardation of cesium was reduced by 14–32% in the 150–210 μm glass bead columns and by 38–51% in the 355–420 μm glass bead columns. A model based on Corapcioglu and Jiang (1993) [Corapcioglu, M.Y., Jiang, S., 1993. Colloid-facilitated groundwater contaminant transport, Water Resour. Res., 29 (7) 2215–2226] was compared with the experimental elution data. When equilibrium sorption expressions were used and the flux of colloids through the glass bead columns was constant, the colloid facilitated transport of cesium was able to be described using an effective retardation coefficient. Fully kinetic simulations, however, more accurately described the colloid facilitated transport of cesium.
Class I histocompatibility antigen expression: A prognostic factor for aneuploid ovarian cancers

Abstract Epithelial ovarian cancers with aneuploid DNA content are associated with a poorer clinical course than diploid tumors. Flow cytometric analysis may further categorize aneuploid tumors based on the relative expression of cell surface histocompatibility (HLA) antigens. Surgical specimens from 20 patients with aneuploid tumors were stained using an indirect immunofluorescence method with primary murine monoclonal antibodies W3622 (class I HLA surface antigens) and L5.1 (irrelevant antibody), counterstained with propidium iodide (DNA stain), and analyzed with the flow cytometer using a computer program to correct staining intensity for cell size. Patients with high or low class I expression were similar with respect to age, stage, histology, grade, and residual disease following surgical debulking; all patients were treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Women with low class I HLA antigen expression had higher progression rates and death rates than patients with high class I HLA expression. Low class I HLA antigen expression is a poor prognostic factor among patients with aneuploid ovarian cancers
Capturing the nature of cooperation, unstable cooperation and conflict over international rivers: the story of the Indus, Yarmouk, Euphrates and Tigris rivers

This article analyses the existing definitions of conflict and cooperation over international rivers and introduces new definitions to remedy some of the shortcomings. Conflict tends to be defined as militarised confrontation, firing guns, political flare-ups or deterioration in relations. This range of violence is too wide. To remedy this weakness, it is necessary to incorporate the category of unstable cooperation introduced by Wolf (1997, 1998). Existing definitions of cooperation also have drawbacks. There is a tendency to associate the signing of treaties with cooperation. Unfortunately, treaties can remain unimplemented or states might not comply with them. The underlying weakness with existing definitions is an insufficient examination of the problem structure that states confront. States sharing international rivers confront a management problem, which involves continuous disputes that require constant negotiations. As this article argues, how states manage their water disputes is an indicator of whether they exist in a condition of conflict, unstable cooperation or cooperation.
SU-E-T-335: Healthy Tissue Dose Modeling Using Monte Carlo Methods for HDR Ir-192 Breast Brachytherapy Applicators

Purpose: The AccuBoost applicators were developed to deliver boost dose to early‐stage breast cancer. While efforts have been made to improve dose coverage and skin sparing, dose to healthy tissues such as chestwall and lung has not been quantified. The aim of this study was to simulate dose to these healthy tissues using Monte Carlo (MC) methods for radiation transport. Methods: The D‐Shaped, Round, SDO, and DRO applicators were modified with a bevel tilting 5° away from the breast:chestwall boundary. The MCNP5 code was used for MC simulations. As a preliminary study, the healthy tissues were simulated as 15×15×10cm^3 with breast composition. Dose was normalized to 100% at 3cm depth on CAX of breast. Doses were calculated in breast, on chestwall surface, and into the chestwall using the*,F4 FMESH tally with (0.1cm)^3 grid. 10^9 histories gave ∼ 3% statistical uncertainties (k=1). Results: Dose distributions were identical in breast for corresponding flat and beveled applicators. The maximum dose on chestwall surface (mimic the skin) was on source level, with 66%, 66%, 46%, and 49% for flat applicators and 112%, 98%, 93%, and 96% for beveled applicators. Dose at 2 cm depth into chestwall (mimic the rib) was 28%, 24%, 16%, and 18% for flat applicators, while 36%, 27%, 21%, and 21% for beveled applicators. Dose at 5cm depth into chestwall (mimic the lung) was < 10% for both flat and beveled applicators. Conclusion: As expected, both flat and beveled SDO and DRO applicators provided lower dose to healthy tissue than round applicators due to the internal shielding. Dose to healthy tissues was higher for the beveled applicators than flat applicators, but still not clinically significant compared to the prescription dose. Dr. Mark Rivard is a share holder of Advanced Radiation Therapy