cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small area pesticides data: multiplicity and variability of pesticide usage on southern row crops.

Epidemiologic studies of possible effects of agricultural environments upon human health suffer from lack of reliable pesticides usage data. The Arkansas Reproductive Health Monitoring System has developed a method for estimating specific pesticides usage annually for sub-county regions, including amounts, application method, and months. This method is applied to 39 regions of 8 central Arkansas counties for 1980–82. The huge variability of pesticides usage on individual crops demonstrates the inaccuracy likely if general survey estimates are employed. Annual usage of pesticides in a single sub-county region of 53,000 hectares (130,880 land acres) was >1/2 million pounds (248,670 kg) of 60 pesticides, 40 of which were applied during a four month period. The multiplicity and variability of pesticides usage indicate the need for locally developed pesticides data for epidemiologic studies and for combined studies across regions with widely differing agricultural practices.
The near‐term financial performance of capital expenditures: a managerial perspective

Notes that although previous research has found capital expenditure to be value relevant, there has been no direct evidence that it has a positive linear association with future earnings. Uses 1976‐1989 data from a sample of US manufacturing firms to examine this link and finds that firms do not systematically invest in earnings increasing projects. Shows that firms without future losses (“winners”) had a positive association between capital expenditure and future earnings but those with losses (“losers”) had a negative one; and that if losses are excluded, capital expenditure generally gives positive information about future earnings. Considers consistency with other research, the limitations of the study and avenues for further research.
Improved self-confidence was a mechanism of action in two geriatric trials evaluating physical interventions.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the mechanisms of action in two successful geriatric clinical trials that tested multicomponent physical conditioning programs and to determine whether the pathways for overall benefit were through improvement in physical ability and/or self-confidence. Study Design and Setting PREHAB and DRIVER were conducted by the Yale Pepper Center. PREHAB participants received an individualized program that focused on the impairments present (standardly tailored design); DRIVER participants received the entire intervention (global design). PREHAB enrolled 188 community-living persons, aged 75 years or older, who were physically frail but ambulatory; DRIVER enrolled 178 drivers aged 70 years or older with physical impairments associated with poor driving performance. The primary outcome for PREHAB was a disability score and for DRIVER it was a driving score; potential mediators were measures of physical ability and self-confidence. Results In PREHAB, pathways for the intervention were established through improvement in physical ability and self-confidence. In DRIVER, there was some evidence for a pathway through improved driving self-confidence but not through physical ability; however, the intervention effect was largely unexplained. Conclusion Multicomponent physical interventions may operate through psychological mechanisms, and these mechanisms should be anticipated in trial designs so that the component effects can be suitably evaluated.
Effect of Thymectomy on Mast Cells in Mice.

SummaryNeonatal thymectomy did not significantly reduce the size of the mast cell population in young and adult mice. Consequently, the thymus is not necessary for mast cell production during postnatal development.
Glutamate neurotoxicity in rat auditory system: cochlear nuclear complex.

Abstract In other systems such as the hypothalamus and hippocampus, it has been shown that cells postsynaptic with respect to glutamatergic inputs degenerate when exposed to large doses of glutamate (“glutamate neurotoxicity”). We have shown that large doses of glutamate administered intraperitoneally are toxic to spiral ganglion cells in the inner ear of the rat. In the present study, we have investigated whether similar levels of glutamate cause alterations in the neurons of the cochlear nuclei. Specifically, we have studied the morphology and size of the cochlear nuclear complex and its subdivisions as well as the size and density of cochlear nucleus neurons following administration of glutamate. The morphological evidence indicates that glutamate caused severe anatomical alteration of the cochlear nuclei. The changes were most pronounced in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus, especially in the neurons that receive terminals of the end bulbs of Held from the cochlear nerve. This could be a direct effect of glutamate in the cochlear nuclei or secondary to degeneration of cochlear nerve fibers in the inner ear.
Nonverbal working memory deficits in schizophrenia patients: evidence of a supramodal executive processing deficit.

Background: Although there have been several investigations of spatial working memory performance in schizophrenia patients, there have been considerably fewer studies of object working memory. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the domain specificity of nonverbal working memory impairment in schizophrenia patients. Methods: Delayed matchto-sample tasks involving spatial, identity and affective information were administered to schizophrenia and schizophreniaspectrum patients (n=36) and normal controls (n=29). Results: Using visual stimuli that can be considered prototypical of object vision, namely, faces we observed that schizophrenia patients perform poorly on working memory tasks that are based on the identity and/or features of the stimulus (i.e., object-based working memory tasks) as well as on a working memory task based on the spatial location of the stimulus. We observed significant associations between global ratings of negative symptoms and working memory performance. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that the working memory deficit displayed by schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum patients extends to nonspatial visual domains. D 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Psychiatric pharmacy practice sites: Continuously evolving to meet patients' needs

The field of psychiatric pharmacy has continuously advanced for the past few decades with origins dating back to the 1960s and 1970s. Historically, psychiatric pharmacists practiced in traditional settings such as private or academic hospitals, Veteran’s Affairs hospitals, mental health clinics, pharmaceutical industry, and academia. However, psychiatric pharmacists’ training and expertise in neuropsychiatric medications make them ideally suited to work in a wide variety of clinical settings. Their pharmacotherapy knowledge regarding both medical and psychiatric medications allows them to proficiently serve in capacities unique among healthcare professionals.
Unconventional preferences: do they explain foreign exchange risk premia?

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of non-standard preferences in an incomplete-markets, equilibrium model of the forward foreign exchange market. I find that habit persistence has almost no impact on the mean or standard deviation of either real or nominal risk premia. With ordinal-certainty-equivalent preferences, the mean and standard deviations of risk premia are sensitive to the intertemporal elasticity of substitution; however, even extreme values of this variable do not allow replication of actual data.
Serotonin Receptors Antagonistically Modulate Caenorhabditis Elegans Longevity

The neurotransmitter serotonin has been implicated in affecting the variation of longevity in natural Drosophila populations and age-related diseases in mammals. Based on these observations, it has been predicted that serotonin signal, perhaps at levels of serotonin biosynthesis, may control lifespan. Here, we investigated a variety of mutations in serotonin-signal genes, including serotonin biosynthesis genes, a serotonin transporter gene, and serotonin receptor genes. Despite this prediction, mutations in the serotonin biosynthesis genes had little or modest effects on lifespan, while the mod-5 mutation with increased availability of serotonin caused a modest life-shortening effect. In contrast, a deletion mutation of the ser-1 serotonin receptor gene increased longevity by up to 46%, likely through the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 pathway. This result suggests an interaction between the serotonin pathway and the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 pathway. A deletion mutation of another serotonin receptor gene, ser-4, shortened early to mid lifespan. The results suggest that serotonin signal antagonistically modulates longevity through different serotonin receptors. This study may indicate serotonin receptors as a potential target for antigeric interventions.
Modeling of SONOS Memory Cell Erase Cycle

This paper investigates the Silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory cell erase cycle. A nonquasi-static (NQS) MOSFET model was developed and implemented in software. The model equations were incrementally solved at each time step. During an erase cycle, a negative pulse is applied to the gate which causes Fowler-Nordheim tunneling between the floating gate and channel. The SONOS floating gate voltage, tunneling current, and threshold voltage were characterized during this erase cycle. Comparisons were made between the model predictions and experimental data for the threshold voltage.
Mountain pine beetle infestation of lodgepole pine in areas of water diversion

The Rocky Mountains have experienced extensive infestations from the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), affecting numerous pine tree species including lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia). Water diversions throughout the Rocky Mountains transport large volumes of water out of the basins of origin, resulting in hydrologic modifications to downstream areas. This study examines the hypothesis that lodgepole pine located below water diversions exhibit an increased incidence of mountain pine beetle infestation and mortality. A ground survey verified diversion structures in a portion of Grand County, Colorado, and sampling plots were established around two types of diversion structures, canals and dams. Field studies assessed mountain pine beetle infestation. Lodgepole pines below diversions show 45.1% higher attack and 38.5% higher mortality than lodgepole pines above diversions. These findings suggest that water diversions are associated with increased infestation and mortality of lodgepole pines in the basins of extraction, with implications for forest and water allocation management.
Mn‐Al‐C for permanent magnets (invited)

Mn‐Al‐C alloy for permanent magnets has merit for several reasons: a) carbon stabilizes the metallurgical phases, deformation temperature is high enough for plastic transformation to produce anisotropic τ‐phase efficiently; b) useful magnetic energy exceeds the best hexaferrites; the alloy can be more efficient than Alnico 8 and some other high‐cobalt materials; c) Mn sources are more widely distributed and the metal is much less costly to obtain than cobalt. Carbon control and tooling life are key factors to obtain a commercial product. Micrographs illustrate the metallurgical phases. Although Mn‐Al‐C has a lower temperature coefficient for magnetic flux changes than the hexaferrites, its maximum use will be limited to 100–125 °C. Certain energy‐efficient electric motors could be an important application.
Integrating Ethics into the Business School Curriculum

To justify fully the inclusion of a business ethics course in the business school curriculum, it is necessary that the course achieve four goals. Yet two of these goals are not even addressed in the business ethics texts used today in business ethics courses. The other two goals are addressed in business ethics texts, and research indicates these goals are achievable. The best way to realize these attainable goals is to incorporate the teaching of ethics into regular business courses.
Temporary monetary and fiscal policy in an optimizing model of exchange rate determination

Abstract This paper considers a monetary model of a small open economy with perfect foresight. We perform temporary monetary and fiscal policy experiments focusing on the intercoordination between both, as well as on intracoordination within the fiscal authority. Specifically, we show that, in a small open economy, the natural means of attaining a steady state that satisfies the overall economy intertemporal budget constraint involves the endogenous adjustment of one of the fiscal or monetary policy instruments. The dynamics of the cases of rate of monetary growth and level of government expenditures accomodation are investigated in some detail.
AIDing the pursuit of IgA diversity

Direct evaluation of the contribution of somatic hypermutation (SHM) to mucosal immunity has been hampered by the lack of models able to dissociate SHM from class-switch recombination, which are both dependent on the cytidine deaminase AID. A new mouse AID model now demonstrates the critical role of SHM in the control of gut bacteria.
Auger study of Cr/Au thin films deposited on alumina and sapphire☆

Abstract R.f. sputtered Cr/Au films on alumina and sapphire substrates were subjected to thermal annealing treatments at 300 and 450 °C in vacuum and in air. These specimens were studied using Auger depth profiling and by measuring their sheet resistances. These results were analyzed and the Cr-Au interactions are described. At 300°C a grain boundary diffusion coefficient of 4X10 −15 cm 2 s −1 for chromium in gold is derived.
Male reproductive systems under chronic fluoxetine or trimipramine treatment

Adult male Long-Evans rats (n = 9 per group) received daily exposure for 4 weeks to fluoxetine (0.75 mg FLUOX/kg body weight) or trimipramine (1.6 mg TRIMI/kg body weight). Separate tests of copulation, sexual motivation, and intermale aggressive behaviors were used to evaluate functional changes during chronic exposure to either typical or atypical antidepressant drugs with more or less serotonin specificity. Circulating hormones, primary and secondary sex structures, and concentrations of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) from mesolimbic tissue were assessed at necropsy. Results of tests with estrous females and untreated males revealed progressive disruption to sexual performance and aggressive responsiveness over time of treatment with TRIMI and, to a lesser extent, with FLUOX. By contrast, motivation, testosterone, and all measures of reproductive physiology were indistinguishable from controls. Ratios of transmitter metabolites relative to the parent compounds indicated similar reductions of 5-HT turnover with FLUOX and TRIMI. However, influences on DA turnover were significantly less with FLUOX than with TRIMI. Conclusions are that long-term intervention with antidepressant drugs may disrupt sociosexual exchanges without compromising male rats' interest in sexual contact or integrity of their reproductive physiology. Lessened disruption of sociosexual behaviors with this regimen of chronic FLUOX treatment may be related to the greater selectivity on serotonin relative to dopamine turnover.
Magnetic flux quantization effects in disordered bismuth

Measurements have been carried out on the oscillatory part of the low field magnetoresistance of thin disordered bismuth films. Observations of the flux quantization oscillations and their harmonics yield values for the electron diffusion length in this material, Lϕ. The results are discussed in terms of the implications of the weak localization theory of Altshuler, Aronov and Spivak.
Comparison of topical medication delivery systems after sinus surgery.

Objectives: To compare the distribution patterns of topical medication delivery systems in the sinonasal region and upper respiratory tract after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Study Design: Prospective descriptive evaluation. Methods: Four topical delivery systems (spray bottle, atomizer, nebulizer, and bulb syringe) were studied. Using a dye solution as a marker, we independently applied the four topical delivery systems to a population of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who had undergone functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The anatomic distributions were videotaped using flexible fiberoptic endoscopy. Three blinded observers independently rated the anatomic distribution of dye using a 4 point scale. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Dunn posttesting. Results: Seven participants completed the study. All participants had undergone bilateral maxillary antrostomies, bilateral total ethmoidectomies, and bilateral sphenoidotomies. Five sinonasal sites and the larynx were evaluated for dye deposition. Interobserver agreement reached 95.6%. There was no statistical difference between the atomizer and spray bottle. The bulb syringe was statistically superior to the nebulizer in all sinonasal sites and statistically superior to the atomizer and spray bottle in the ethmoidal region. Dye was rarely seen within the larynx. Conclusions: The delivery systems tested were shown to have significant differences in their capability to place dye in specific sinonasal areas. Because topical medications are commonly administered to postoperative patients, these differences may have important clinical implications.
Teaching American migrations with GIS census webmaps: A modified “backwards design” approach in middle-school and college classrooms

Abstract Learning to use new technologies often involves significant challenges for teachers and learners. This study follows Tally׳s (( 2007 ). Digital technology and the end of social studies education. Theory & Research in Social Education, 35(2), 305–321) challenge to put the “why” of social studies education first, and then “tinker” with technologies to discover how they can address learning goals. Using a modified “backward design” approach ( Wiggins & McTighe (2005) . Understanding by design. ASCD), a design team of middle school teachers, researchers, and disciplinary experts designed, enacted, and studied historical inquiry projects in middle school and college classrooms. Students used online, interactive, historical census data GIS “webmaps” ( Baker (2005) . Internet-Based GIS Mapping in Support of K-12 Education. The Professional Geographer, 57(1), 44–50) to investigate African American and Latino migrations. The study presents findings detailing three emergent learning objectives, highlighting how students׳ presentations with GIS maps evidenced three modes of reasoning with webmaps: (1) making observations with data; (2) drawing inferences from data; and (3) explaining the limitations of data for inquiry.
Recent progress on GaAs quantum well intersubband infrared photodetectors

The current status of GaAs quantum well intersubband infrared photodetectors are presented by briefly reviewing some examples of the detector structures and their characteristics. The uniqueness of this new approach to infrared detection is painted out by presenting the multicolor and high-speed capabilities.
Providing students with voice and choice: lessons from intervention research on autonomy-supportive climates in physical education

This article examines the latest thinking about autonomy-supportive climates within physical education. The basis for the inclusion of these climates are self-determination and achievement goal theories which suggest that a teacher's motivating style towards students can be conceptualised along a continuum that ranges from highly controlling to highly autonomy supportive. In general, autonomy-supportive teachers facilitate, whereas controlling teachers interfere with, the congruence between students' self-determined inner motives and their classroom activity. Drawing upon research involving interventions at pre-school, primary and secondary school levels, the paper examines how 27 studies that demonstrate providing pupils with opportunities to become self-directed leads to higher levels skill attainment, physical activity and perceived competence. Implications for curriculum, pedagogy and assessment are addressed and directions for future research are noted.
Timing of the administration of suramin treatment after muscle injury

Introduction: It has been reported that suramin treatment can improve muscle healing; however, details about optimizing the dosing requirements remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal timing of suramin administration and investigate the effects it had on the expression of myostatin, follistatin, and muscle vascularity after muscle injury. Methods: Contusion injured muscles of mice were treated with suramin at 1, 2, or 3 weeks post-injury and evaluated histologically and physiologically at 1, 2, and 10 days after injection. Results: Suramin treatment initiated at 2 weeks post-injury was observed to promote muscle regeneration and muscle strength, and to decrease fibrosis. Suramin reduced myostatin expression and increased follistatin expression and vascularity in injured skeletal muscle. Conclusions: Suramin's positive effect on muscle regeneration is thought to be due to its enhancement of follistatin expression which increases neoangiogenesis and inhibits myostatin's promotion of fibrosis. Muscle Nerve 46: 70–79, 2012
Validation of Longitudinal Vehicle Estimation Techniques on a Heavy Truck Test-Bed

Commercial vehicles display a large variation in their parameters, and due to many current trends in vehicle control systems, identifying these parameters has been the subject of much research. Using the National Center for Asphalt Technology’s test track and instrumented Freightliner vehicles as a test bed, this paper sets out to provide analysis of real world and simulated estimation results and explore how sensor accuracies can degrade these results. Various vehicle parameters are identified using both the existing test conditions of the facility and simulated data. The estimation accuracy and performance are then analyzed for validation and use in other vehicle design arenas.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Improved Loading Rule for FEXT Noise Impaired Users in Vectored VDSL Systems

The present paper proposes an original rule that aims at maximizing the number of bits loaded to each subcarrier of far-end crosstalk (FEXT) noise impaired VDSL systems while guaranteeing an error probability below a set target. This rule exploits the knowledge of the coupling between pairs in a cable bundle as well as the modulation scheme used by the FEXT noise source(s) and becomes particularly attractive in vectored VDSL systems with residual FEXT noise since such systems facilitate the coupling estimation. We show that this new rule may significantly improve spectral efficiency of VDSL systems compared to the traditional loading rule derived under pure Gaussian noise assumption and that, under particular FEXT noise conditions, the SNR loading threshold per subcarrier can be reduced by up to 14.3dB.
Sport, Wholehearted Engagement and the Good Life

I present an account of the good life as one in which wholesale engagement in the social practices that human agents take up is the signature feature. I then argue that sport, because it is one of a select few human undertakings in which such full-blown action is the rule rather than the exception, is a paradigmatic example of such a good life. I close by claiming that equating the good life with wholehearted action is an especially promising way not only to appreciate the contribution sport makes to our lives but to legitimize that contribution to would-be detractors.
Bias in Favor of the Status Quo

People favor the existing and longstanding states of the world. Rational explanations for status quo maintenance are complemented by a number of non-rational mechanisms; loss aversion, regret avoidance, repeated exposure, and rationalization create a preference for existing states. We show that the status quo also benefits from a simple assumption of goodness due to mere existence and longevity; people treat existence as a prima facie case for goodness, aesthetic and ethical Longevity increases this preference. These biases operate heuristically, forming barriers to cognitive and social change. The principle rule of induction is that we expect the future to be like the past. We effortlessly and unconsciously expect gravity to hold us to the ground every morning, we expect water to be wet, ice cream to be cold, that particle physics and brain surgery are difficult and cultivating dandelions is easy. The expectation of stability is critical; it is axiomatic. We expect stasis. We argue that there are a variety of fundamental judgmental, affective, and aesthetic processes that are affiliated with this expectation that guide our likes and dislikes, and especially our judgments about what is good, desirable, legitimate, and moral. One primary way that our fundamental expectation of stability expresses itself is in a handful of biases that include status quo bias, system justification, the existence bias, the naturalistic fallacy, endowment effect, and the longer-is-better phenomenon. Many of these biases are based in a similar equation about the status quo ‐ what is, is good. Although these terms share much conceptual space, we will distinguish among them to highlight specific psychological processes.
Allometry of acetylene reduction and nodule growth of Robinia pseudoacacia families subjected to varied root zone nitrate concentrations

The effects of nitrate (NO(3) (-)) on acetylene reduction and growth were examined in nodulated seedlings from three open-pollinated families of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) grown in sand culture. In the first study, nine-week-old seedlings were supplied with 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 or 15.0 mM NO(3) (-), for two weeks during which acetylene reduction and biomass were measured five times. In the second study, eight-week-old seedlings were supplied with 0.0, 1.0 or 5.0 mM NO(3) (-) for 51 days during which acetylene reduction and biomass were measured six times. Results were analyzed with and without adjustments for seedling size. In the first study, 15.0 mM NO(3) (-) significantly decreased total acetylene reduction but lower concentrations did not. In seedlings given 15.0 mM NO(3) (-), both nitrogenase activity and nodule biomass were reduced. Inhibition of nitrogenase activity by NO(3) (-) was reversible. In the second study, both the 1.0 and 5.0 mM NO(3) (-) treatments increased plant growth compared to the control (0.0 mM). At the end of the 51-day treatment period, total acetylene reduction and nodule biomass were greatest in the 1.0 mM NO(3) (-) treatment and least in the 5.0 mM NO(3) (-) treatment. However, when adjusted for seedling size, total acetylene reduction and nodule biomass were similar in the 0.0 and 1.0 mM NO(3) (-) treatments. The greater total acetylene reduction and nodule biomass of seedlings grown with 1.0 mM NO(3) (-) resulted from increased seedling size due to fertilization. After adjustment for plant size, total acetylene reduction, nodule biomass and nitrogenase activity were significantly lower in the 5.0 mM NO(3) (-) treatment compared with the control or 1.0 mM NO(3) (-) treatment. Adjustment for seedling size, by means of allometric principles, appears necessary to interpret treatment effects on total acetylene reduction and its components, nodule biomass and nitrogenase activity correctly.
Systematic, non-defect, yield and performance optimization on 90, 65 & 45nm microprocessors

Key elements of systematic yield optimization used for SOI 90, 65 & 45nm microprocessors performing between 1.5 – 5 GHz (Table 1) will be reviewed. A method for isolating, measuring and acting upon systematic yield elements is shown. Models for optimizing performance limited yield and optimizing FET performance for maximum yield are reviewed. Finally, techniques for ship product quality level yield optimization are shown.
Developmental Expression of a Trypanosoma cruzi Phosphoinositide-Specific Phospholipase C in Amastigotes and Stimulation of Host Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis

Phosphoinositide phospholipase C (PI-PLC) plays an essential role in cell signaling. A unique Trypanosoma cruzi PI-PLC (TcPI-PLC) is lipid modified in its N terminus and localizes to the outer surface of the plasma membrane of amastigotes. We show here that TcPI-PLC is developmentally regulated in amastigotes and shows two peaks of surface expression during the developmental cycle of T. cruzi, the first immediately after differentiation of trypomastigotes into amastigotes and the second before differentiation of amastigotes into trypomastigotes. Surface expression of TcPI-PLC coincides with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) depletion in the host cell membrane and with an increase in the levels of its product, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. During extracellular differentiation, PI-PLC is secreted into the incubation medium. Maximal early expression of TcPI-PLC on the surface of amastigotes and PIP2 depletion coincide with host cytoskeletal changes, Ca2+ signaling, and transcriptional responses described previously. The presence of TcPI-PLC on the outer surface of the plasma membrane of the parasite and the capacity to be secreted and to alter host phospholipids are novel mechanisms of the host-parasite interaction.
Reflections on the Establishment of the PCAOB and Its Audit Standard-Setting Role

SYNOPSIS: This is an essay on the causes of the establishment of the PCAOB as the U.S. regulator of auditors of the financial statements of public companies, and the key developments in its role as a professional standard setter. From its inception in the U.S., the accounting profession was largely self-regulated. There was a degree of governmental regulation by state licensing laws, and the SEC's regulation of the offering and trading of securities of public companies. The federal securities laws gave the SEC direct authority over accounting standards, and indirect authority over auditing requirements through its ability to specify the form of audit reports. The SEC, however, looked primarily to the accounting profession to set its own standards. Some viewed the ability to set professional standards as an essential hallmark of professionalism. In 2002, that comfortable arrangement changed dramatically, and the regulation of auditors of public companies became the purview of the PCAOB.
THE ROLE OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS

Golgi is the main locus in mammalian cells for a number of enzymes involved in glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis. Galactosyl- and sialyltransferases, which add terminal sugars to glycoproteins, are localized in Golgi in both liver and kidney. Galactosyltransferase can be solubilized using Triton X-100 and is probably an intrinsic membrane protein. Sulfo- and galactosyltransferases involved in the terminal steps of sulfatide and lactosylceramide synthesis are localized in kidney Golgi, while a sialyltransferase involved in ganglioside formation is localized in Golgi of both liver and kidney. In vivo, incorporation of 35 S-sulfate into sulfatide in the Golgi precedes that into sulfatide of plasma membranes in rat kidney, consistent with the view that sulfatide is synthesized first in the Golgi apparatus and then transferred to the plasma membrane.
Navigating the innovation trajectories of technology by combining specialization score analyses for publications and patents: graphene and nano-enabled drug delivery

In this study, we combine the specialization scores for publications and patents (the latter is a new indicator of cross-disciplinary engagement) to achieve more comprehensive navigation of the innovation trajectory of a technology. The patent specialization score draws upon counterpart research publication indicator concepts to measure patent diversity. Two nano-based technologies--Nano-enabled drug delivery (NEDD) and Graphene--provide contrasting explorations of the behavior of this indicator, alongside research publication indicators. Results show distinctive patterns of the two technologies and for the respective publication and patent indicators. NEDD research, as evidenced by publication and citation patterns, engages highly diverse research fields. In contrast, NEDD development, as reflected in patent International Patent Classifications (IPCs), concentrates on relatively closely associated fields. Graphene presents the opposite picture, with closely linked disciplines contributing to research, but much more diverse fields of application for its patents. We suggest that analyzing the field diversity of research publications and patents together, employing both specialization scores, can offer fruitful insights into innovation trajectories. Such information can contribute to technology and innovation management and policy for such emerging technologies.
Mouse Models for the Dissection of CHD7 Functions in Eye Development and the Molecular Basis for Ocular Defects in CHARGE Syndrome.

Purpose CHARGE syndrome (Coloboma of the eye, Heart defects, Atresia of the choanae, Retardation of growth and/or development, Genital and/or urinary tract abnormalities, and Ear abnormalities and deafness) is the second-leading cause of deaf-blindness after Usher syndrome. Heterozygous mutations in CHD7 cause CHARGE syndrome in 70% to 90% of patients. We tested the hypothesis that tissue-specific mutant mice provide models for molecularly dissecting CHD7 functions during eye development.
Thermally conductive separator with hierarchical nano/microstructures for improving thermal management of batteries

Abstract Thermal management is critical to improving battery performance and suppressing thermal runaway. Besides developing external cooling technologies, it is important to understand and control thermal transport inside batteries. In this paper, heat transfer inside batteries is first analyzed and the thermal conductivity of each component is measured. The results show that low thermal conductivity of the separator is one major barrier for heat transfer in Li-ion batteries. To improve thermal conductivity of the separator, a hierarchical nano/micro-Al2O3/polymer separator is prepared with thermal conductivity of ~1 W m−1 K−1, representing an enhancement of 5× compared to commercial polyethylene-based separators. Modeling has been performed to understand mechanism behind the enhancement of thermal conductivity, which suggests that addition of nanoparticles significantly reduces thickness of polymer coating on micron-sized Al2O3 particles and thus increase the thermal conductivity of the composite separator. This Al2O3-based separator also has similar ionic conductivity with commercial polymer separators. Such composite separator may have potential applications in developing batteries with better performance and safety.
Algorithm 957: Evaluation of the Repeated Integral of the Coerror Function by Half-Range Gauss-Hermite Quadrature

Nonstandard Gaussian quadrature is applied to evaluate the repeated integral inerfc x of the coerror function for n ∈ N0, x ∈ R in an appropriate domain of the (n, x)-plane. Relevant software in MATLAB is provided: in particular, two routines evaluating the function to an accuracy of 12 respective 30-decimal digits.
Oral English language proficiency and reading mastery: The role of home language and school supports

ABSTRACTThe analysis of 21,409 participants of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten cohort focused on home and school factors sought to understand the level of reading mastery that children experienced throughout elementary school and Grade 8 by relating home language use, timing of oral English language proficiency, and the provision of school-based English language learner services to reading mastery. Results confirm that non-English language use at home is associated with a decreased reading mastery at higher levels of proficiency in Grades 1 and 3, and is reduced to nonsignificance in Grades 5 and 8 with the inclusion of teacher and school factors. Also, the negative association between timing of oral English language proficiency and reading mastery is partially explained by teacher and school factors, particularly children's receipt of English language learner services. The findings provide support for policies that provide language services for language minority children and families ...
Twin Problems of Interfacial Carbonate Formation in Nonaqueous Li-O2 Batteries.

We use XPS and isotope labeling coupled with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) to show that small amounts of carbonates formed during discharge and charge of Li–O2 cells in ether electrolytes originate from reaction of Li2O2 (or LiO2) both with the electrolyte and with the C cathode. Reaction with the cathode forms approximately a monolayer of Li2CO3 at the C–Li2O2 interface, while reaction with the electrolyte forms approximately a monolayer of carbonate at the Li2O2–electrolyte interface during charge. A simple electrochemical model suggests that the carbonate at the electrolyte–Li2O2 interface is responsible for the large potential increase during charging (and hence indirectly for the poor rechargeability). A theoretical charge-transport model suggests that the carbonate layer at the C–Li2O2 interface causes a 10–100 fold decrease in the exchange current density. These twin “interfacial carbonate problems” are likely general and will ultimately have to be overcome to produce a high...
Progesterone, LH, estrus and ovulation after prostaglandin F 2 in heifers.

SummaryPGF2α (30 mg Tham salt) was injected im into five heifers during diestrus (Days 9 to 13 of the estrous cycle), im into six heifers during metestrus (Day 3), and intravaginally into six heifers during diestrus. After im PGF2α during diestrus, (a) luteal diameter decreased from 2.3 ± 0.1 cm to 1.8 ± 0.1 cm at 24 hr and to 0.6 ± 0.3 cm at 72 hr, (b) blood serum progesterone fell from 4.0 ± 0.4 ng/ml to 1.5 ± 0.2 ng/ml at 12 hr and to 1.0 ± 0.2 ng/ml at 72 hr, and (c) estrus began at 74 ± 3 hr and ovulation occurred at 104 ± 6 hr. After intravaginal PGF2α during diestrus, one heifer failed to respond; the other five responded similarly to those given im PGF2α during diestrus except that luteolysis was more variable and delayed about 1 or 2 days compared to that after im PGF2α. PGF2α (im) was neither luteolytic nor luteostatic in metestrus. We conclude that 30 mg PGF2α is luteolytic during diestrus in heifers, but im administration is more effective than intravaginal administration.
Determining the Overpotential for a Molecular Electrocatalyst

“The additional potential (beyond the thermodynamic requirement) needed to drive a reaction at a certain rate is called the overpotential.”1 Over the last decade there has been considerable interest in the design and testing of molecular electrocatalysis for the interconversion of renewable energy and chemical fuels.2-5 One of the primary motivations for such research is the replacement of expensive and rare precious metal catalysts, such as platinum, with cheaper, more abundant metals.2,6-8 To become competitive with current electrocatalytic energy conversion technologies, new catalysts must be robust, fast, and energy-efficient. This last feature, the energy-efficiency, is dependent upon the overpotential. For molecular catalysts, the determination and reporting of overpotentials can be complicated by the frequent dependence on assumptions, especially when working in nonaqueous solvents. As overpotentials become lower, the meaningful comparison of molecular catalysts will require improved accuracy and precision. The intended purpose of this viewpoint is to provide a clear and concise description of overpotential and recommendation for its determination in molecular electrocatalysis. This material is based upon work supported as part of the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
An Ethical Reflection on the Development of Tourism Resources

As a main constitution of China's tertiary industry, tourism plays a key role in improving the economic development and people's living condition. However, aiming at the economic growth, the ex- ploitation of tourism resources seriously destroys the environment and leads to unimaginable ecological crisis. The ethical reflection on the development of tourism will involve that much value objectively exists in Nature which is also the source of values, and keeping a good eco-environment and humane environ- ment is key to the existence and development of tourism. So the development of tourism resources must meet the eco-ethical requirements and the regularities of ecological system.
Does Making Something Move Matter? Representations of Goals and Sources in Motion Events With Causal Sources

Previous studies have shown a robust bias to express the goal path over the source path when describing events ("the bird flew into the pitcher," rather than "… out of the bucket into the pitcher"). Motivated by linguistic theory, this study manipulated the causal structure of events (specifically, making the source cause the motion of the figure) and measured the extent to which adults and 3.5- to 4-year-old English-speaking children included the goal and source in their descriptions. We found that both children's and adults' encoding of the source increased for events in which the source caused the motion of the figure compared to nearly identical events in which the source played no such causal role. However, a goal bias persisted overall for both causal and noncausal motion events. These findings suggest that although the goal bias in language is highly robust, properties of the source (such as causal agency) influence its likelihood of being encoded in language, thus shedding light on how properties of an event can influence the mapping of event components into language.
Hybrid network-on-chip architectures for accelerating deep learning kernels on heterogeneous manycore platforms

In recent years, designing specialized manycore heterogeneous architectures for deep learning kernels has become an area of great interest. However, the typical on-chip communication infrastructures employed on conventional manycore platforms are unable to handle both CPU and GPU communication requirements efficiently. Hence, in this paper, our aim is to enhance the performance of heterogeneous manycore architectures through the design of a hybrid NoC consisting of both wireline and wireless links. To this end, we specifically target the resource-intensive backpropagation algorithm commonly used as the training method in deep learning. For backpropagation, the proposed hybrid NoC achieves 1.9× reduction in network latency and improves the network throughput by a factor of 2 with respect to a highly optimized mesh NoC. These network level improvements translate into 25% savings in full system energy-delay-product (EDP). This demonstrates the capability of the proposed hybrid and heterogeneous manycore architecture in accelerating deep learning kernels in an energy-efficient manner.
Use of a Resident-Intruder Paradigm to Measure the Influence of Environmental Adaptation on Mounting Behavior

The course of adaptation to familiar environments was measured with a resident-intruder paradigm in which length of prior adaptation was varied and the outcome of male albino rats’ competitive, homosexual mounting encounters was observed. The percentage of total mounts in which the resident was the mounter varied directly with the duration of the resident’s prior adaptation, reaching 90% after 3 min. Longer adaptation periods did not increase this percentage significantly. Removal from an environment for up to 3 min. did not reduce the resident’s mounting dominance in that environment nor did the presence of another animal alter the course of adaptation. Odor associated with straw bedding was the primary sensory cue used by rats to distinguish different environments. The generality of the resident-intruder method was discussed.
Per Fretum Febris: The Diseased Body in John Donne and Brett Foster

John Donne’s Devotions upon Emergent Occasions has long been appreciated for the allegorical resonances of its self-scrutiny, but it also uses the precise and painstaking details of its investigation into illness as an instrument for producing compassion. The imbrication of dogged analysis and empathy on display in Devotions is bequeathed as a striking heirloom in the late work of Brett Foster, a poet who likewise records the unsparing details of his own mortal decline in an effort to register, and to produce, human understanding. Foster’s engagement with Donne’s meditative project helps to reveal the humane investment at the heart of both writers’ work in extremis.
Digital PCR in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory: Another Tool on the Molecular Horizon

Abstract Digital PCR was first described in 1999. Improvements in instrumentation and reagents have increased its routine use in molecular pathology laboratories. For clinical microbiology laboratories, digital PCR applications could cover a broad range of purposes, from absolute pathogen quantification to the detection of rare mutations that confer resistance to antibiotics. In this review, we describe several potential applications of digital PCR in the clinical microbiology laboratory. As this method continues to evolve, digital PCR may become an important tool on the horizon for clinical and molecular microbiology laboratories.
Mexico’s Ethnic Conflict

In this chapter, Martin describes the social and political movements that have impacted ethnic minorities in Mexico. Detailed history is presented as it provides insight into the current identity of ethnic minorities and associated treatment by the government. Suggestions for improvement through government policy are offered. The actions and effects of the Zapatista Movement are examined as an influential force through which different groups of minority Indians came together to work toward equal inclusion in power, politics, and economics while still being appreciated as culturally different. This movement is emphasized as it provided several positive changes for Indian minorities, including the government permitting education in native languages and building more schools in Indian communities. Martin notes that ethnic pride among local Indians has increased as a result of the government rejection of proposed legislation to promote equality and diversity. The author explains the government efforts to reduce ethnic tension through application of the term Mestizo to all people as an attempt to ignore cultural differences. Historical origins and meanings of “Mestizo” are explored as Martin describes this term from the Indian perspective as a representation of colonial domination and rejection of indigenous knowledge and culture. This is noted as indicative of the ongoing struggle for Indian identity in Mexico. Martin suggests several things the government of Mexico can do in order to improve ethnic relations, which include recognizing indigenous people as both Indian and Mexican, providing better schools in order for Indians to be competitive economically, and equality of political representation. It is noted that the government is currently working with the people to enact change.