cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of feline acquired immune deficiency syndrome by feline leukemia virus: alteration in response to hormones in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system

Male kittens who were infected with the feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were found at various times after exposure to contain a sequence of dysfunction in their hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) system. To understand whether the involved endocrine glands in this system were damaged by FeLV, the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testes were tested for hormonal responsiveness in vivo and in vitro. The infected cats were administered with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Their response to the treatment was studied, and they were then compared with untreated control cats. Normal response to LHRH for the synthesis of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were found in the infected cats prior to 10 weeks of infection. After 10 weeks, the response was reduced by 25%, 38%, and 42%, respectively. Twelve weeks after infection, the response to hCG for testosterone synthesis was drastically reduced. The control cats, however, demonstrated normal prolonged biphasic patterns of response to hCG. The in vivo administration of the tropic hormones had no effect on the titer of FeLV gs antigen in the blood of the infected cats. The medial basal hypothalamus (MBH) from the control cats and cats in their 13th week of infection were cultured in vitro, with the presence of high K+ ion (60 mM). The control MBH responded to K+ ion stimulation for LHRH release. The K(+)-stimulated release of LHRH in the control MBH was 99% higher than that of the infected MBH. In contrast, the amount of unreleased LHRH in the infected MBH was 74% higher than that of the control MBH. In in vitro culture, the control pituitary gland responded markedly higher to LHRH stimulation for the release of gonadotropins (FHS and LH) than that of the infected one (140% compared with 56% for FSH, and 70% compared with 28% for LH, respectively). Whereas, the amount of unreleased FSH and LH in the infected pituitary gland were 59% and 31%, higher than that of the control gland. These results suggest that (i) the progressive development of neuroendocrine glands' dysfunction is related to viral replication time; (ii) the in vivo and in vitro responses to tropic hormones in the infected endocrine glands are drastically reduced; and (iii) this reduction in hormonal response may be caused by defective regulation of peptide hormonal secretion.
Flow of drilling fluids in eccentric annuli

The effect of pipe eccentricity on the flow of well bore fluids in annuli is investigated both analytically and experimentally. The expression for azimuthal velocity as a function of the eccentricity ratio and rheological parameters of the fluid was obtained analytically using a linear fluidity model. Velocity profiles were measured for a Newtonian glycerol/water mixture and a non-Newtonian oil field spacer fluid in eccentric annuli using the stroboscopic flow visualization method. Measured velocity profiles in the eccentric annulus compare well to analytical predictions.
Opening New Doors: The Jewish Women's Experience in the Early American West, 1848–1930

Opening New Doors examines the lives of Jewish women in the early American West to provide a deeper understanding of their diverse roles. Given the still-forming social landscape, beginning with the 1848 Gold Rush, Jews were able to integrate more fully into local communities than they had in the East. Jewish women in the West took advantage of the unsettled nature of the region to “open new doors” for themselves in ways often not yet possible elsewhere in the country. As the stories of the Jewish women in this study demonstrate, they played an integral role in settling America's western frontier as well as promoting Jewish continuity as they built new lives in a region that offered them a host of expanded possibilities.
Cyber Terror: Missing in Action

This article discusses the limited utility of the concepts of “cyber terrorism” or “electronic Pearl Harbor.” It contrasts the absence of cyber terror incidents with the large number of terrorist attacks and computer security incidents in recent years. It suggests that this discrepancy is explained both by the low appeal of cyber weapons to terrorists and because critical infrastructures and nations are not vulnerable to computer attacks. The article calls for a more rigorous approach to data collection for cyber security incidents, and suggests cyber security should not be seen primarily as a national security issue.
When and how to do longer term therapy … without feeling guilty

Although short-term cognitive behavior therapies (CBT) are widely effective, we have noticed that patients with personality disorders do not make sufficient progress with these treatments. We contend that optimal treatment can only be accomplished for these patients if it is modified to address the personality disorder. Schema-focused therapy (SFT) was developed by Young (1990) to specifically address the needs of these patients and combines cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, and experiential techniques in treatment. Compared to short-term cognitive therapy (CT) 1 , SFT emphasizes the therapeutic relationship as a vehicle of change, utilizes emotive techniques to address early issues and later life problems, involves less guided discovery, more active confrontation of cognition and behavior patterns, and a greater concern with identifying and overcoming cognitive and behavioral avoidance. Finally, because there is far more resistance to change, the course of treatment is longer in SFT. Assessment, treatment strategies, and an illustrative case example will be provided in the present paper.
Drinking motives, protective behavioral strategies, and experienced consequences: Identifying students at risk

The association between drinking motives and protective behavioral strategies was explored, including whether individuals with different drinking motives were more or less likely to utilize protective behavioral strategies and whether the combination of drinking motives and use of protective strategies may help identify individuals at elevated risk for alcohol-related problems. The final sample included 358 college students (59.2% female; M=18.47 years old, SD=.58). Individuals who had greater enhancement and social motives for drinking used protective strategies less frequently, controlling for number of drinks per week; those who had greater conformity motives used protective strategies more frequently. Coping motives were not significantly correlated with the mean of protective factors, but were associated with less frequently using individual strategies. Using protective strategies more frequently was associated with consuming fewer drinks and having lower RAPI scores. Interactions of drinking motives with the number of protective strategies tended to be non-significant; however, significant interactions indicated that greater coping and conformity motives were especially associated with negative outcomes among individuals who used fewer protective strategies.
31P-nmr studies of the effect of various metals on substrate binding to yeast enolase.

Abstract The 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra of product (phosphoenolpyruvate) and substrate (2-phosphoglycerate) binding to 1:1 molar ratios ot yeast enolase were obtained as functions of the level of various metal ions. Levels sufficient to produce substrate and product binding but not catalysis ( 1 equivalent/subunit), produced shifts (with respect to 86% H 3 PO 4 ) to lower shielding of ca. 30 ppm in the case of Co 2+ , 5–8 ppm in the case of Mg 2+ , and 2–3 ppm in the case ofCa 2+ , but virtual obliteration in the case of Mn 2+ . The effects of Mn 2+ and Co 2+ are consistent with a close approach of the metal ions to the phosphate groups. The effects of the physiological cofactor and optimum activator Mg 2+ and the nonactivator Ca 2+ are interpreted as indicating different degrees of distortion of the R-O-P bond angle in the two metal-enzyme-substrate complexes. Levels of Mg 2+ sufficient for optimal or near optimal catalysis (2 equivalents/subunit) produce shifts to higher shielding in the 31 P resonances of both substrate and product. These shifts are intermediate between those in the presence of 1 equivalent/subunit and those of the free ligands. Addition of a second equivalent of Ca 2+ produces a slight shift to lower shielding of the phosphoenolpyruvate resonance and a small shift to higher shielding in the resonance for 2-phosphoglycerate. Similar levels of Co 2+ eliminate the resonances for both substrate and product. These effects are interpreted as arising from direct coordination between substrate-dependent metal ion binding and the phosphate esters. Higher levels of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , or Co 2+ or addition of KF, all of which inhibit enzyme activity, have only minor effects on the spectra. The spectrum of inorganic phosphate, a competitive inhibitor, was also examined. KF strongly enhances binding, as does excess Mg 2+ , and the binding is accompanied by a chemical shift to lower shielding of ca 2 ppm. This is not due to formation of a magnesium-fluorophosphate complex, consistent with the findings of other workers.
“The Times They Are a-Changin”: Family Responsibilities Discrimination and the EEOC

Family responsibilities discrimination, bias against workers based on their responsibilities to care for family members is widespread in many organizations and is rapidly becoming a twenty-first century workplace concern. Employers who harass, pass over for promotion, and even terminate workers because they care for children, elderly parents or spouses, or disabled family members have been sued with more frequency and have been paying increasing amounts in verdicts. Recently, the EEOC took an important step toward ending this discrimination by issuing enforcement guidelines that will educate employers and employees about family responsibilities discrimination and caregivers’ rights and responsibilities. The Guidelines explain how federal equal employment opportunity laws apply to workers who struggle to balance work and family, and what firms can do to avoid potential legal problems and accompanying liabilities with respect to family responsibilities and caregiving discrimination.
Interpretation of Empirical Criterion for Cluster Phase. Reexamination of Prefactor in Nucleation Theory

An explanation of a succesful empirical criterion for the phase of clusters produced in a supersonic jet is reexamined in the light of a kinetic prefactor for freezing proposed by Grant and Gunton. It is found that the Grant-Gunton theory accounts significantly more faithfully for the empirical criterion than does the theory of molecular jumps based on a model of viscous flow and confirms the essential correctness of the kinetic explanation.
Computational modeling of Fontan physiology: at the crossroads of pediatric cardiology and biomedical engineering.

The Fontan operation has evolved over the last four and a half decades and is now widely applied to patients with various forms of “single ventricle” congenital heart disease. Survival has greatly improved since the early years, but long-term morbidity and mortality continue to occur. Modeling of Fontan geometries, both in vitro and using computational fluid dynamics, has been instrumental in designing novel changes to Fontan’s operation, including the application of staged surgical procedures leading to a total cavopulmonary anastomosis, lateral tunnel, extracardiac conduit, and most recently bifurcated Y-graft modifications. In this review, the history of modeling of Fontan physiologies, current state-of-the-art methodologies, and future directions are explored. The application of these techniques to cardiac magnetic resonance imaging to construct patient specific anatomies offers the possibility of individualized surgical planning to optimize hemodynamics, including minimizing power loss, balancing hepatic factor distribution, and ultimately improving patient outcomes.
Parallel creation of non-redundant gene indices from partial mRNA Transcripts

This paper describes the UIcluster software tool, which partitions expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences and other genetic sequences into "clusters" based on sequence similarity. Ideally, each cluster will contain sequences that all represent the same gene. UIcluster has been developed over the course of 4 years to solve this problem efficiently and accurately for large data sets consisting of tens or hundreds of thousands of EST sequences. The latest version of the application has been parallelized using the MPI standard. Both the computation and memory requirements of the program can be distributed among multiple (possibly distributed) UNIX processes.
Expression of a Streptomyces 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase gene in oilseeds for converting phytosterols to phytostanols.

Plant sterols and their hydrogenated forms, stanols, have attracted much attention because of their benefits to human health in reducing serum and LDL cholesterol levels, with vegetable oil processing being their major source in several food products currently sold. The predominant forms of plant sterol end products are sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and brassicasterol (in brassica). In this study, 3-hydroxysteroid oxidase from Streptomyces hygroscopicus was utilized to engineer oilseeds from rapeseed (Brassica napus) and soybean (Glycine max), respectively, to modify the relative amounts of specific sterols to stanols. Each of the major phytosterols had its C-5 double bond selectively reduced to the corresponding phytostanol without affecting other functionalities, such as the C-22 double bond of stigmasterol in soybean seed and of brassicasterol in rapeseed. Additionaly, several novel phytostanols were obtained that are not produced by chemical hydrogenation of phytosterols normally present in plants.
Science, Sustainability, and the Human Prospect

In this essay adapted from his Presidential Address to the AAAS annual meeting, Peter Raven reviews the state of modern humans9 impact on Earth9s global ecosystem and calls for sweeping changes.
UK's electricity from wind analyses: When the wind was not blowing in 2013 and what will happen in 2020

The paper offers analysis of the UK's electricity projections for the 2020 electricity generation mix that have been put forward by various stakeholders: the National Grid's UK Future Energy Scenarios 2013, Ofgem's Electricity Capacity Assessment Report 2013, and Parsons Brinckerhoff's own practical assessment of planned and consented power plants. The data is presented in a unique manner using the Capacity Energy (CapEn) Staircase. Electricity energy data is analysed for 2013 and projections for 2020 are discussed. A capacity gap that may appear is discussed and ways to bridge it, while minimising carbon emissions, are suggested. The authors consider that because wind generation cannot be relied on for providing significant dependable capacity and while unabated coal is due to be shut down before 2020, the gap may need to be plugged by new and efficient gas plant.
Phylogenetic characterization of bacteria in the subsurface microbial culture collection.

The Subsurface Microbial Culture Collection (SMCC) was established by the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) and contains nearly 10,000 strains of microorganisms (mostly bacteria) isolated from terrestrial subsurface environments. Selected groups of bacterial isolates from three sample sites situated above geochemically and hydrologically different subsurface environments have been characterized by phylogenetic analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene nucleotide sequences. Among these isolates were members of six major phylogenetic groups of bacteria: the high-G+C and low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria; the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-subdivisions of the Proteobacteria; and the Flexibacter/Cytophaga/Bacteroides group. A small number of the SMCC strains may be members of new bacterial genera, but most of them could be placed with reasonable confidence into more than 35 previously described genera. The majority of the Gram-positive isolates were species of Arthrobacter, Bacillus, or Streptococcus, whereas Acinetobacter, Comamonas, Pseudomonas, Sphingomonas, and Variovorax were among the most frequently encountered Gram-negative genera. A high proportion of the strains were placed in fewer than 10 genera, implying that there is substantial duplication within the SMCC at the genus level. When groups of isolates assigned to Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, or Sphingomonas were analyzed in more detail, however, it was found that each group consisted of subgroups of strains that probably differed at the species level. Restriction endonuclease analysis (applied to the strains from one sample site) indicated that additional diversity was present at the strain level. Most of the SMCC isolates assigned to some genera (e.g., Acinetobacter) were very closely related to previously described species in those genera, but most of the isolates assigned to other genera (e.g., Arthrobacter and Sphingomonas) appeared (or were shown) to be new species, thereby indicating that a reasonable amount of novelty is present within the SMCC at the species level.
Microstructure of directionally solidified poly(ethylene oxide)

Abstract Poly(ethylene oxide), zone solidified within a temperature gradient, has been examined by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Longitudinal fracture replicas show the lamellae to be oriented parallel to the direction of solidification, with no observable order in the transverse direction. These results are also substantiated by X-ray diffraction. In contrast to a drawn fibre, the crystallites are not oriented in a single direction, but rather parallel to the 100 planes. This is consistent with growth on the 120 faces. These are inclined by 45° with respect to the a∗ axis, which is parallel to the direction of solidification and to the direction of the temperature gradient.
The topological completion of a bilinear form

Let M=Mn,m be the Euclidean space Rp equipped with a symmetric bilinear form BM of rank p=n+m and signature n−m. We compactify M so that Mc is homogeneous and has as its group of isometries a Lie group whose dimension is the dimension of M plus 2p+1. We observe that Mc is in two ways the total space of a non-trivial sphere bundle with base space real projective space. The compactification is well understood in the classical case when M is Minkowski space. The contribution here is to observe that the construction works generally and that it admits a natural bundle description.
726 BIOAVAILABILITIES OF CALCIUM (CA) AND PHOSPHORUS (P) ARE HIGHER IN FORTIFIED MOTHER'S MILK COMPARED TO COMMERCIAL FORMULA

Bioavailabilities of Ca and P in human milk and commercial formula preparations have not been assessed at similar levels of nutrient intakes. In this study, the utilization of Ca and P was compared during the first two postnatal mo in 2 groups of preterm infants fed either fresh mother's milk fortified with lyophiiized human milk skim fractions and added Ca lactate and P salts (Group FM, birthweight, 1088 ± 53 g; gestation 28 ± 0.3 wk, Mean ± SEM) or a commercial formula designed for preterm infants (Group CM, 1057 ± 49 g; 29 ± 0.2 wk). Two 96-h balance studies were conducted at wk 3 and 7. Similar daily intakes were maintained in both groups: Ca 112 ± 2, P 68 ± 3, and nitrogen 486 ± 6 mg/kg and energy 129 ± 1 kcal/kg. Net Ca retention and absorptions of Ca and P were higher for group FM. The ratio and absolute values of Ca/P retention observed in Group FM approximated estimates of fetal retention more closely than those in Group CM. These results indicate that despite similar levels of intake for both groups, the bioavailability of Ca and P in FM was higher than in CM and that Ca and P adequacy can be maintained in preterm infants for two months when they are fed FM.
Comments on: Control of the false discovery rate under dependence using the bootstrap and subsampling

In this enlightening and stimulating paper, Professors Romano, Shaikh, and Wolf construct two novel resampling-based multiple testing methods using the bootstrap and subsampling techniques and theoretically prove that these methods approximately control the FDR under weak regularity conditions. The theoretical results provide a satisfactory solution to an important and challenging problem in multiple testing on developments of FDR controlling procedures by exploiting unknown dependence among the test statistics using resampling techniques. In my comments, I address the related statistical and computational issues when applying their bootstrap method to analyze high-dimensional, low sample size data such as microarray data and suggest several possible extensions.
A Review of Thermal Conductivity of Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams—Effect of Hollow Particle Wall Thickness and Volume Fraction

Hollow-particle-filled composites called syntactic foams are lightweight particulate composites that are useful in weight-sensitive applications such as aerospace and marine structures. Extensive literature is now available on the mechanical properties of syntactic foams. The upcoming applications for syntactic foams in aerospace structures require understanding of their thermal properties, such as the thermal conductivity. The present review article summarizes the available experimental results and theoretical models related to the thermal conductivity of syntactic foams. Experimental results are available for only a few compositions of syntactic foams. Basic understating of the relationship between thermal conductivity of syntactic foams and the material parameters, such as hollow particle volume fraction and wall thickness, is not available through experimental results at this point. Four theoretical models are tested with the experimental data and found to provide close predictions. These models are used to conduct parametric studies. It is observed that the thermal conductivity of syntactic foams decreases as the volume fraction of thin-walled particles is increased. An inverse relationship is observed for thick-walled, hollow-particle-filled syntactic foams. These models can help in designing syntactic foams with required thermal conductivity.
F1000Research : Tics welcomes you to 21st century biomedical publishing

Tics are repeated, usually suppressible movements or vocalizations. They are the defining features of tic disorders including Tourette syndrome, but many people have them for shorter durations at some point in childhood. This editorial marks the beginning of the F1000Research: Tics specialty section, an effort to provide a single portal to modern research on tics and tic disorders. Publications in F1000Research: Tics benefit from F1000Research’s novel approach to publishing, in which articles can be published within days of submission. Peer review happens after publication and is fully open. When the submitted article or a revision is approved, it is promptly submitted to repositories including NIH’s PubMed Central. In addition to research articles and reviews, F1000Research: Tics will publish study protocols, clinical practice articles, case reports, and data notes. The home page will also provide links to expert recommendations of articles that have appeared elsewhere, and to relevant posters from scientific meetings (http://f1000.com/posters/). F1000Research’s approach is enabled by the capabilities of internet publication, including space to publish the full results of a study rather than just a few graphs selected from the data. Publishing methodologically sound studies without requiring subjective editorial judgments of novelty or broad appeal brings numerous advantages, including minimizing publication bias and shining the light of openness on peer review. To celebrate the launch of the Tics section, F1000Research is offering discounted article processing charges for manuscripts submitted by March 1st 2015. I have had good experiences publishing in F1000Research, and look forward to seeing a wide range of tic-related manuscripts submitted.
The crystal and molecular structure of isoalfileramine dihydrobromide

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of isoalfileramine dihydrobromide has been determined from 3-dimensional single crystal X-ray diffraction data collected by counter techniques. Isoalfileramine is a cyclized derivative of the novel alkaloid, alfileramine, which has been isolated from leaves of Zanthoxylum punctatum Vahl. The crystals of isoalfileramine dihydrobromide were triclinic, space group P1 (No. 2), with two formula units in a unit cell of dimensions a = 16.380(12) A, b = 9.917(7) A, c = 10.648(7) A, α = 116.39(2)°, β = 91.10(2)° and γ = 101.40(2)°. The structural model, which employed anisotropic thermal parameters only for the bromide ions, was refined using full matrix least squares methods to an R value of 0.089 (Rw = 0.090) for 1053 independent reflections with F2 > 3σ(F2). Isoalfileramine dihydrobromide is shown to be a unique pentacycle exhibiting a strained pyran ring. This work was critical in establishing structure for the parent alkaloid, alfileramine, and pointed out the clear structural relationship of alfileramine to tetrahydrocannabinols.
Generating lunar bistatic SAR images using Arecibo and Mini-RF

We have employed the Arecibo Observatory Planetary Radar (AO) transmitter and the Mini-RF radar onboard NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) as a receiver to collect bistatic data of the lunar surface. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to form bistatic polarimetric imagery with spatial resolution on the order of 50m, and to create polarimetric maps that could potentially reveal the presence of ice in lunar permanently shadowed craters. We discuss the details of the signal processing techniques that are required to allow these products to be formed.
State antitrust enforcement in the US and implications for small business entry and relocation

This article examines the impact of the important, yet little studied, state-level antitrust enforcement activity on entry and relocation behaviour by small US firms. Feinberg and Husted (2011) have shown that this enforcement, especially nonhorizontal cases, may be viewed by potential entrants as a negative aspect of the state business climate. However, they did not pursue a more disaggregate analysis of small firm entry behaviour; nor did they investigate different responses between manufacturing, wholesaling and retailing firms. Another related issue is the extent to which state cases filed in tandem with federal investigations have the same impact on establishment entry as do purely ‘independent’ cases. These considerations are dealt with in this article. The author uses annual state-level data from the Statistics of US Business to examine entry and relocation reactions to state antitrust enforcement by firms within three small-business categories: 1–19 employees; 20–99 employees; 100–499 employees. G...
Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation in the diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer

Abstract It is therefore apparent that great use has been made of the multiple antibodies available in the diagnosis of lung tumours. Their role in prognosis remains to be established. It may perhaps be with the proliferation markers, oncogene and abnormalities of tumour suppressor gene expression that prognostic information may be forthcoming in the near future. The combination of immunohistochemistry and molecular biology is an essential tool in the clarification of the complex story of lung carcinogenesis.
Stress incontinence and the combined synchronous vaginal-abdominal operation in its management.

Summary The physiology of micturition and the mechanisms involved in maintaining continence are briefly outlined. The place of a combined synchronous vaginal and suprapubic operation in the management of stress incontinence is discussed and one variant of such an operation is described. The importance of complete vaginal and suprapubic dissection of the urethra and bladder neck is stressed, particularly in patients with recurrence, before proceeding to surgical correction. It is in such patients that the synchronous operation is particularly recommended.
Multiple testing and interval estimates of correlated correlations

Abstract The method of Cohen, Ma and Sackrowitz (2012) [3] is applied to the problems of multiple testing and simultaneous interval estimation of correlated correlations. A large sample method is assumed and thus the basic statistics considered are Fisher’s z statistics. The asymptotic joint distribution of the z statistics is derived and utilized in the procedure. An example using data from Westfall and Young (1993) [10] is provided.
Competency Concerns in Group Co-Leader Relationships

ABSTRACT Group co-leaders' descriptions of their experiences and perceptions of each other as they led groups together illuminated competency concerns as a factor that strongly influenced their relationships and performance. Based on their narratives, group co-leaders' perceptions of their ability to form intimate relationships and beliefs regarding their interactions with their groups and group members also emerged as significant aspects of their co-leadership experiences. Discussion presents implications for training, supervision, and future research.
STING-IRF3 pathway links endoplasmic reticulum stress with hepatocyte apoptosis in early alcoholic liver disease

Emerging evidence suggests that innate immunity drives alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and that the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3),a transcription factor regulating innate immune responses, is indispensable for the development of ALD. Here we report that IRF3 mediates ALD via linking endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with apoptotic signaling in hepatocytes. We found that ethanol induced ER stress and triggered the association of IRF3 with the ER adaptor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING), as well as subsequent phosphorylation of IRF3. Activated IRF3 associated with the proapoptotic molecule Bax [B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)-associated X protein] and contributed to hepatocyte apoptosis. Deficiency of STING prevented IRF3 phosphorylation by ethanol or ER stress, and absence of IRF3 prevented hepatocyte apoptosis. The pathogenic role of IRF3 in ALD was independent of inflammation or Type-I interferons. Thus, STING and IRF3 are key determinants of ALD, linking ER stress signaling with the mitochondrial pathway of hepatocyte apoptosis.
Chronic Partial Ureteral Obstruction in the Neonatal Guinea Pig. II. Pressure Gradients Affecting Glomerular Filtration Rate

ABSTRACT: Neonatal guinea pigs with chronic partial ureteral obstruction (CPUO) and contralateral nephrectomy develop hydroureteronephrosis and reduced glomerular nitration rate (GFR) without significant reduction of renal blood flow. To investigate the role of pressure gradients in determination of GFR, micropuncture studies were performed in animals 23 ± 3 days of age subjected to left ureteral constriction and right nephrectomy within the first 2 days of life and compared to uninephrectomized controls. Resulting ureteral dilatation was variable, with kidney weight and ureteral diameter being proportional to the rise in ureteral pressure (PU). In individual animals with severe CPUO (ureteral diameter > 3 mm), distal tubular transit time was either normal (31-90 s) or prolonged ( > 120 s). Superficial single nephron GFR (SNGFR) was inversely correlated with PU. Glomerular capillary pressure and afferent arteriolar colloid oncotic pressure were not affected by CPUO while peritubular capillary, proximal and distal intratubular hydrostatic pressure increased as a function of Pu. As a result, afferent effective filtration pressure (EFPA) was reduced in severe (10.0 ± 1.1 mm Hg) compared to mild CPUO (13.4 ± 0.5 mm Hg), but was not different from controls (11.3 ± 0.9 mm Hg). For both control and CPUO groups, superficial SNGFR increased by 0.5 nl/min for each mm Hg increase in EFPA but for a given EFPA, SNGFR was 6 nl/min lower in guinea pigs with CPUO. These results indicate that higher EFPA in animals with mild compared to severe CPUO contributes to maintenance of higher SNGFR. However, a 70% reduction in superficial SNGFR for guinea pigs with severe CPUO is due in large part to reduced ultrafiltration coefficient. The mechanisms whereby chronically elevated PU in the neonate result in these complex changes of glomerular dynamics may relate to altered intrarenal production of vasoactive hormones.
Binding and orientations of O2 on Ag(100) and Pb/Ag(100): Relationships to O2 reduction by UPD lead on a silver electrode

Molecular orbital calculations using the atom superposition and electron delocalization method predict that O2 favors binding parallel to the Ag(100) surface on the high-coordinate 4-fold site with its axis oriented in such a way that the O-ends point toward the neighboring 2-fold surface sites. In this orientation, the filled O2 5σ and πu Orbitals donate to the Ag sd-hybrid orbitals and the surface back-donates to the half-filled O2 πg orbitals. For the Pb-covered Ag(100) surface, the calculations show that the favored binding site and orientation for O2 depend on the adatom coverage. At low coverages (θpb≈14), O2 is predicted to bind perpendicular to the surface on the top of a Pb atom, whereas at higher coverages (θpb≳12), a lying-down O2 with its axis bridging two nearest-neighbor Pb atoms on the surface is favored. These results for O2 adsorption are related to the electrochemical results for O2 reduction on the bare and UPD Pb-covered silver electrodes.
Using Databases in the Design of User Interfaces for Complex Systems

Because of the increasing complexity and size of systems for which user interfaces must be designed, manual analysis of user and system requirements are inadequate. Methods for employing database tools in top down design strategies have been developed to manage design information in the development of user interfaces for large and complex systems. These methods have been useful in the design of user interfaces that are internally consistent with the user's model of the system and that are consistent across related software applications.
Isomeric state in Y86

Abstract A 48 ± 1 min isomeric level in Y86 has been produced by irradiations of rubidium (natural and enriched in Rb85) with alpha particles and of strontium (natural and enriched in Sr86) with deuterons. Two transitions with energies 10.15 ± 0.1 keV and 208.0 ± 0.3 keV are observed in the decay of Y86m. From the L sub-shell ratios, the multipolarity of the 10 keV transition is determined to be E3. The K-conversion coefficient of the 208 keV transition is eK = 0.04 ± 0.01.
The Unquiet Death of Guglielmo Olivotto

Historical narratives about racism in the U.S. military in World War II often center on the injustice directed against black military personnel by white political leaders, military personnel, and civilians, but give less attention to the pressures placed on Americans of all races during wartime to support and even enact violence against selected enemies. In 1944, black soldiers were tried in a court martial in Seattle, Washington, for the murder of an Italian man who had been a prisoner of war until the capitulation of Italy to the Allies. The history of their trial and surrounding public debates about the justification of violence during wartime demonstrates that the pursuit of antiracist justice by and for the black soldiers was strongly complicated by the ambiguous but powerful evocations of patriotic justice that arose during war and constituted a test of citizens’ value to the nation.
Automated evaluation of fetal cardiotocograms using neural network

Cardiotocograms (CTG) monitor fetal heart rate and uterine contractions and are routinely used as a diagnostic tool by obstetricians to determine fetal state. Evaluation of CTG traces require an extensive visual interpretation subject to extensive inter and intra observer variability. A neural network implementation would automatically evaluate fetal state via CTG parametric inputs in a short period of time and reduce resource costs associated with electronic fetal monitoring. The optimal neural network designed included a topology of four hidden layers with 200 neurons per layer, a scaled conjugate gradient back propagation method, and a threshold of 1.915. The optimized network performed with an absolute accuracy of 84.26%, a positive error of 10.18%, and a negative error of 5.56%. Conceptually the network performs such that only 15.74% of patients are misclassified, and of that percentage, only 5.56% of those are incorrect decisions could potentially harm the patients. Overall, substantial costs in resources and medical expertise are obviated by preventing the unnecessary investigation of 69.9% of all patients. Despite its scholastic merit, the neural network may not be suitable for medical incorporation due to strict FDA regulations and political and public scrutiny over endangerment of 5.56% of all fetal patients. Use of a developmental parameter could potentially reduce error and make such an interactive decision support tool feasible and should be investigated.
EFFECTS OF HEMATOCRIT LEVEL ON THE BLOOD FLOW IN THE CORRUGATED VESSEL DUE TO THE IMPLANTATION OF INTRAVASCULAR STENTS

The vascular stenting has been accepted as a very effective treatment of occlusive vascular disease. But the implantation of vascular stent will change the geometric shape of stenosed vessel to be corrugated and create some local hemodynamic features characterized by the flow separation, recirculation in the area close to the stent. Under the physiological conditions of left coronary artery and specific geometric shapes created by the implantation of stent, the numerical method has been used to solve the blood flow and the shear stress distribution patterns in the vicinity of the stent. The non-Newtonian fluids with different levels of hematocrit (H), 25%, 45%, 65% are employed for the numerical simulation and compared with the numerical results of the Newtonian fluid in which the blood viscosity is assumed to be constant. The simulations have revealed that the surface of stent and atheroma bumps experience lower time-averaged wall shear stress by the non-Newtonian fluid with lower level of hematocrit. The value of wall shear stress on the peak of atheroma bumps has also been studied because it may associate with the cause the rupture of atheroma plaque. The numerical results of Newtonian fluid were compared with those of non-Newtonian fluid with hematocrit level of 45%, the average hematocrit value inherent in normal person. It is noted that non-Newtonian effect on the time-averaged wall shear stress distribution along the stent surface is not significant. The outline of bulged atheroma experiences almost same time-averaged shear stress distribution acting by the fluid with or without the non-Newtonian property. It means that for the non-Newtonian fluid with hematocrit level of 45% the property of changing viscosity in the flow field didn't affect the results of wall shear stress distribution on the surfaces of stent and atheroma bump resulted from the simulation of Newtonian fluid flow. These results will provide insight into the effects of different levels of hematocrit on the blood flow in the corrugated vessel due to the implantation of stent. Our findings suggest that the level of hematocrit is closely associated with the value of wall shear stress distribution. It is particularly significant to acute stage of atherogenesis, intimal hyperplasia, platelet deposition, thrombosis, endothelial cell orientation and the rupture of atheroma plaque after the implantation of stent. Some of the results presented can be used to explain the clinical performance of vascular stenting.
A Geometric Theory of the Buchsbaum-Rim Multiplicity

Abstract We develop a self-contained theory of a generalized Buchsbaum-Rim multiplicity based on elementary abstract algebraic geometry. We define the multiplicity as the sum of certain natural intersection numbers and recover the traditional definition in terms of the leading coefficient of the polynomial that gives the appropriate lengths. We interpret the partial sums as the multiplicities in certain closely associated cases. We prove an additivity formula in the rings and relate constancy to a generalized notion of "reductions." We establish a polar multiplicity formula and a mixed multiplicity formula, and we determine when each of the four types of multiplicities vanish. We end by generalizing the height inequality for maximal minors and a celebrated theorem of Boger.
Managing Disaster Networks in India

This article studies a disaster management network in the state of Gujarat, India. Through social network analysis and interviews, the article examines the governance structure of a disaster management network and identifies factors that affect its effectiveness. Four factors – trust, number of participants in the network, goal consensus and the need for network-level competencies based on the nature of the task – were examined. The article concludes by discussing how the dynamics of these factors affected this particular disaster management network.
Measurements of Non-classical Rotational Inertia of Solid 4 He at Two Frequencies

We have developed a double resonance compound torsional oscillator for studying non-classical rotational inertia (NCRI) of solid 4He at two different frequencies. The torsional oscillator consists of two beryllium copper torsion members, and two masses. The two masses rotate in phase in the first mode and out of phase in the second mode at resonance frequencies, 496 Hz and 1173 Hz, respectively. Samples of solid 4He (commercial grade with 3He impurity level less than 1 ppm) are grown with the blocked capillary method at pressures between 27 and 42 bar. Temperature dependences of NCRI signals at two different frequencies are observed in identical solid 4He at 37 bar.
Osmolal Gap without Anion Gap in a 43-Year-Old Man

A 43-year-old man presented to the emergency department (ED)3 2 h after ingesting 10 oz of antifreeze mixed with Gatorade in a suicide attempt. The antifreeze was green, of an unknown brand, and purchased at a local gas station. He subsequently confessed to his wife, who brought him to a community hospital ED. He denied abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, urinary symptoms, or visual changes. Initial laboratory tests (Table 1) were clinically relevant for the following: arterial whole-blood pH, 7.34; P co2, 33 mmHg (4.4 kPa); serum bicarbonate, 18 mmol/L; serum ethanol, 10 mg/dL (2.17 mmol/L); and serum anion gap, 18 mmol/L. The serum osmolal gap (75 mOsm/kg) was calculated as follows: Osmolal gap = freezing-point depression osmometer value − (2 × [Na+] + [glucose]/18 + [blood urea nitrogen]/2.8 + [ethanol]/4.6), where the Na+ concentration is in millimoles per liter and the glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and ethanol concentrations are in milligrams per deciliter. View this table: Table 1. The patient's laboratory results on presentation, after transfer to the tertiary care center, and on hospital day 2 after hemodialysis.a With the advice of the local Poison Control Center, the patient was given 15 mg/kg fomepizole intravenously. He was placed on suicide precautions and transferred to a tertiary care center for further evaluation and treatment. On arrival at the tertiary care ED 8 h after ingestion and 3 h after fomepizole administration, the patient had a normal mental status and normal vital signs. Thiamine (100 mg), folic acid (50 mg), and pyridoxine (50 mg) were administered intravenously as cofactors for secondary metabolic pathways. At that time, laboratory test results (Table 1) were clinically relevant for the following: arterial whole-blood pH, 7.39; P co2, 28 mmHg (3.7 kPa); serum bicarbonate, 18 mmol/L; creatinine, 1.1 mg/dL (97.2 μmol/L); lactate, 5.3 mmol/L; anion gap, 14 mmol/L; and osmolal gap, 72 mOsm/kg. No crystals were visible in the urine. ### QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 1. What are the major …
Forwarding without loops in Icarus

Packets trapped in a forwarding loop can rapidly saturate network links and disrupt communications until they are removed by the IP Time-To-Live (TTL) mechanism. This does not pose a significant problem when loops are rare, as is the case with mature routing protocols such as OSPF and BGP. However, in newer and more experimental settings, such as peer-to-peer overlays, active networks and multicast, routing faults are more likely. In these cases, a greater degree of protection against the effects of forwarding loops is desirable. This paper presents Icarus, a framework for detecting forwarding loops in experimental protocols. Our key insight is to add a small Bloom filter to the packet header to probabilistically detect looping behavior. We have implemented Icarus inside the ANTS active network toolkit. We find that the scheme is simple, efficient and widely applicable like a TFL, yet ensures significantly earlier loop detection.
The Pharmaceutical Industry's Role in Defining Illness.

The pharmaceutical industry's influence on the process of defining illness can be positive, as when drug companies increase public awareness of disease and develop effective therapies, or negative, if it pushes the boundaries of illness too far in pursuit of profit.
Evaluating a new clinical palatometry system

EPG (Electropalatography) is a visual feedback device designed for clinical and research applications centered on articulation in terms of tongue-to-hard palate contact. EPG has been shown to be effective for a range of speech sound disorders. Several EPG systems have been marketed. One factor that has limited access to EPG treatment, especially in a clinical setting, is the cost of manufacturing the pseudopalates. A new EPG system from Logometrix utilizes a glued on strip of electrodes rather than individually placed electrodes, significantly reducing production expense. Clinical use of the new EPG system is reviewed for 13 clients with varying speech sound disorders, for whom EPG was beneficial in phonetic treatment. Two children were unable to tolerate the pseudopalates, suggesting that practice palates without electrodes be utilized.
Models of Care and Organization of Services

This article examines the overall organization of services and delivery of health care in the United States. Health maintenance organization, fee-for-service, preferred provider organizations, and the Veterans Health Administration are discussed, with a focus on structure, outcomes, and areas for improvement. An overview of wait times, malpractice, telemedicine, and the growing population of physician extenders in dermatology is also provided.
Defining the Semantics of Verbal Modifiers in the Domain of Cooking Tasks

SEAFACT (Semantic Analysis For the Animation of Cooking Tasks) is a natural language interface to a computer-generated animation system operating in the domain of cooking tasks. SEAFACT allows the user to specify cooking tasks using a small subset of English. The system analyzes English input and produces a representation of the task which can drive motion synthesis procedures. This paper describes the semantic analysis of verbal modifiers on which the SEAFACT implementation is based.