cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Things We Like: Human Preferences among Similar Organisms and Implications for Conservation

Human preferences will increasingly determine many species’ prospects for survival. However, aside from a small number of survey-based studies of preference among disparate taxa, human species preferences have received little attention. I determined human aesthetic preferences among a relatively homogenous group, the penguins, from representation in all recently published, comprehensive, popular books of photographs of penguins (n = 4 books; 304 photographs). Representation of visually distinguishable types of penguins, measured by total photograph area, was highly skewed and rankings were highly concordant across books, suggesting large and commonly held differences in aesthetic appeal. Multiple regression analysis indicated that amount of warm color was the only significant determinant of representation, and warm color was highly correlated (r 2 = 0.96) with mean representation of the penguin types. Body size and neotenic form, traits found to influence human preferences among other animals, were not significant, suggesting that the bases of human species preferences differ by species type. The results of this study indicate that human aesthetic preferences discriminate finely among species and may be based on minor features. Conservationists must be vigilant to the potential for aesthetic responses to influence conservation efforts.
Utilizing reamer irrigator aspirator (RIA) autograft for opening wedge high tibial osteotomy: A new surgical technique and report of three cases

INTRODUCTION The lateral closing wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) was popularized by Coventry in the 1960s. In the 1990s the medial opening wedge osteotomy gained popularity because it could achieve greater valgus correction and it did not require dissociation of the fibula from the tibia, an important consideration when treating varus knees with lateral and posterolateral ligament deficiencies (Noyes’ double-varus and triple-varus knees). However, it has the disadvantage of requiring bone graft to fill bony defects. Recently, the reamer-irrigator-aspirator (RIA; Synthes, Paoli, PA) system was developed, and as a result of this procedure, a large amount of usable autogenous bone graft can be collected safely for use. To our knowledge, there is no published series combining opening wedge HTO with the use of RIA obtained autogenous bone graft.
Control of underactuated spacecraft with bounded inputs

Bounded feedback control laws are designed for stabilization and tracking of underactuated spacecraft. The flat outputs of the system are computed and are used to generate reference trajectories for the tracking problem.
Architectural evolution and its implications for domestication in grasses.

† Background The cereal crops domesticated from grasses provide a large percentage of the calories consumed by humans. Domestication and breeding in individual cereals has historically occurred in isolation, although this is rapidly changing with comparative genomics of the sequenced or soon-to-be sequenced genomes of rice, sorghum, maize and Brachypodium. Genetic information transferred through genomic comparisons is helping our understanding of genetically less tractable crops such as the hexaploid wheats and polyploid sugarcane, as well as the approx. 10 000 species of wild grasses. In turn, phylogenetic analysis helps put our knowledge of the morphology of cereal crops into an evolutionary context. † Grass Architecture Domestication often involves a change in the pattern and timing of branching, which affects both vegetative and inflorescence architecture, and ultimately yield. Cereal grasses exhibit two main forms of vegetative architecture: the pooid and erhartoid cereals such as wheat and rice have multiple basal tillers, while panicoid cereals such as maize, sorghum and the millets have few tillers or even only a single main stem. These differences are reflected in the differences between the wild species of pooid and some erhartoid grasses, which emphasize basal branching over axillary branching, and the panicoid grasses, where axillary branching is more frequently found. A combination of phylogenetic and genomic analysis is beginning to reveal the similarities and differences between different cereal crops, and relate these to the diversity of wild grasses to which they are related. Recent work on genes controlling branching emphasizes that developmental genetics needs to be viewed in both an evolutionary and ecological framework, if it is to be useful in understanding how morphology evolves. Increasingly, exploring the phylogenetic context of the crop grasses will suggest new ways to identify and create combinations of morphological traits that will best suit our future needs.
Multiple user motion capture and systems engineering

The objective of the Multiple User Motion Capture Senior Design project is to enrich the virtual training experience of the United States Marine Corps when using Virtual Battlespace 2, a military training software suite used by a range of Military agencies. Traditionally, Virtual Battlespace 2 is controlled in a similar fashion to traditional first person perspective, war-simulation video games, and the Marine Corps wants a more immersive training environment to properly prepare Marines. Currently, the Marines use training equipment in which they use customized buttons to activate hand gestures in the virtual training environment. The Multiple User Motion Capture group's specific objective is to implement a method of capturing and mapping hand gestures from a Marine to their corresponding avatar in the virtual training environment. Finding a solution to the problem demonstrates the importance of systems engineering design process components, including risk mitigation, integration, and decision analysis. Early designs lack the precision and light-weight responsiveness the final solution offers, and centrally include Augmented Reality tags and cameras, LED lights, and sensors. The final solution builds upon the Microsoft Kinect motion tracking hardware and the intermediate drivers and software technologies of OpenNI, OpenKinect, and PrimeSense. Body tracking data from the Kinect are analyzed with a series of tests based on communication gestures featured in the Virtual Battlespace 2 software. Once a gesture is recognized by a test, an application scripting interface is used to communicate the gesture to the virtual training environment.
Shamanism and Its Discontents

Shamanistic healing is often represented in the anthropological literature as a dyadic transactional process in which the shaman helps the patient find meaning in the face of the disordering impact of an illness. A close textual analysis of a curing session among the Aguaruna Jivaro of Peru reveals that the experience created through the ritual is markedly polyphonic rather than dyadic, the clients subtly vying with the shaman to shape the session's discursive contours. While generating a highly charged atmosphere, the event's fusion of political and medical themes betrays the contradictions inherent in a belief system in which shamanism and sorcery are inescapably linked. While there may be a degree of symbolic closure in the session itself, the shaman's revelations only shift disorder from the body human to the body politic.
Tactile tracking of arteries in robotic surgery

Locating arteries hidden beneath superficial tissue can be a difficult task in minimally invasive surgery. This paper reports the development of a system that finds the paths of arteries using tactile sensing. The surgeon begins by using the surgical robot to place the tactile sensor instrument on a known artery location. Signal processing algorithms locate the artery from its pulsatile pressure variation. An adaptive extrapolation algorithm then generates predicted locations for the artery based on previous measurements. After moving to the predicted location, if the artery is not located then a backtracking mechanism moves the sensor towards previously detected locations. Tests with model arteries show good tracking ability for circular arcs with curvatures as small as 80 mm, although problems with compliance in the system result in occasional loss of the artery path. Preliminary tests demonstrate the ability to transcutaneously track the radial artery in the human wrist.
Ensuring every candidate wins under positional voting

Given a fixed set of voter preferences, different candidates may win outright given different scoring rules. We investigate how many voters are able to allow all n candidates to win for some scoring rule. We will say that these voters impose a disordering on these candidates. The minimum number of voters it takes to impose a disordering on three candidates is nine. For four candidates, six voters are necessary, for five candidates, four voters are necessary, and it takes only three voters to disorder nine candidates. In general, we prove that m voters can disorder n candidates when m and n are both greater than or equal to three, except when m = 3 and n ≤ 8, when n = 3 and m ≤ 8, and when n = 4 and m = 4 or 5.
Introduction to the logic modeling minitrack

Logic is the science of deduction. It is the study of arguments, of what makes certain arguments sound, compelling, worthless, or of intermediate value. Logic modeling is the use of logic as a problem-solving tool. It involves the development and application of formal and informal logics to solve problems of interest in a certain field. The paper reviews research areas most active in the logic modelling community. >
Deficiency of maize starch-branching enzyme i results in altered starch fine structure, decreased digestibility and reduced coleoptile growth during germination

Two distinct starch branching enzyme (SBE) isoforms predate the divergence of monocots and dicots and have been conserved in plants since then. This strongly suggests that both SBEI and SBEII provide unique selective advantages to plants. However, no phenotype for the SBEI mutation, sbe1a, had been previously observed. To explore this incongruity the objective of the present work was to characterize functional and molecular phenotypes of both sbe1a and wild-type (Wt) in the W64A maize inbred line. Endosperm starch granules from the sbe1a mutant were more resistant to digestion by pancreatic α-amylase, and the sbe1a mutant starch had an altered branching pattern for amylopectin and amylose. When kernels were germinated, the sbe1a mutant was associated with shorter coleoptile length and higher residual starch content, suggesting that less efficient starch utilization may have impaired growth during germination. The present report documents for the first time a molecular phenotype due to the absence of SBEI, and suggests strongly that it is associated with altered physiological function of the starch in vivo. We believe that these results provide a plausible rationale for the conservation of SBEI in plants in both monocots and dicots, as greater seedling vigor would provide an important survival advantage when resources are limited.
Regulation of the Drosophila transcription factor, Cubitus interruptus, by two conserved domains.

Abstract Hedgehog signaling is required for the development of many organisms, including Drosophila . In flies, Hh patterns the embryonic epidermis and larval imaginal discs by regulating the transcription factor, Cubitus interruptus (Ci). To date, three levels of regulation have been identified: proteolytic processing into a repressor, nuclear import, and activation. In this report, we characterize the function of two Ci domains that are conserved in the vertebrate homologues, GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3. One domain includes the first two of five C 2 –H 2 zinc-fingers. While conserved in all members of the GLI/Ci family, the first two fingers do not appear to make significant contacts with the DNA target sequence. Ci protein lacking this region is still able to interact with the cytoplasmic complex and activate transcription in embryos and wing imaginal discs, but it is no longer processed into the repressor form. The second domain, termed NR for “N-terminal Regulatory”, binds Suppressor of Fused. Deletion of this region has little effect on embryonic patterning, but compromises cytoplasmic retention of Ci. Analysis of the amino acid sequence of this domain identifies 11 perfectly conserved serines and one tyrosine. We propose that this region may be modified, possibly by phosphorylation, to regulate Ci nuclear import.
Normal-fault development during two phases of non-coaxial extension: An experimental study

We use scaled experimental (analog) models to study the effect of a pre-existing fault fabric on fault development during extension. In our models, a homogeneous layer of wet clay undergoes two noncoaxial phases of extension whose directions differ by up to 45 � . The normal faults that develop during the first phase create a pronounced fault fabric that influences normal-fault development during the second phase. In all models, the pre-existing faults are reactivated during the second phase of extension. Their sense of slip depends on the angle between the first- and second-phase extension directions. Specifically, the component of dip slip relative to strike slip decreases as the angle between the first- and second-phase extension directions increases. New normal faults also form during the second phase of extension in all models. The number of new fault segments increases as the angle between the first- and second-phase extension directions increases. The orientations of the new normal-fault segments are both orthogonal and oblique to the second-phase extension direction, indicating that both the secondphase extension direction and the pre-existing fault fabric control the orientation of new fault segments. Some of the new normal faults cut and offset the pre-existing faults, whereas others terminate against them, producing complex fault patterns and interactions. The modeling results explain fault interactions observed in the Jeanne d’Arc rift basin of offshore Newfoundland, Canada, and the reactivation of abyssal-hill normal faults at outer highs near subduction zones.
Two molecularly distinct G(2)/M checkpoints are induced by ionizing irradiation.

Cell cycle checkpoints are among the multiple mechanisms that eukaryotic cells possess to maintain genomic integrity and minimize tumorigenesis. Ionizing irradiation (IR) induces measurable arrests in the G1, S, and G2 phases of the mammalian cell cycle, and the ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) protein plays a role in initiating checkpoint pathways in all three of these cell cycle phases. However, cells lacking ATM function exhibit both a defective G2 checkpoint and a prolonged G2 arrest after IR, suggesting the existence of different types of G2 arrest. Two molecularly distinct G2/M checkpoints were identified, and the critical importance of the choice of G2/M checkpoint assay was demonstrated. The first of these G2/M checkpoints occurs early after IR, is very transient, is ATM dependent and dose independent (between 1 and 10 Gy), and represents the failure of cells which had been in G2 at the time of irradiation to progress into mitosis. Cell cycle assays that can distinguish mitotic cells from G2 cells must be used to assess this arrest. In contrast, G2/M accumulation, typically assessed by propidium iodide staining, begins to be measurable only several hours after IR, is ATM independent, is dose dependent, and represents the accumulation of cells that had been in earlier phases of the cell cycle at the time of exposure to radiation. G2/M accumulation after IR is not affected by the early G2/M checkpoint and is enhanced in cells lacking the IR-induced S-phase checkpoint, such as those lacking Nbs1 or Brca1 function, because of a prolonged G2 arrest of cells that had been in S phase at the time of irradiation. Finally, neither the S-phase checkpoint nor the G2 checkpoints appear to affect survival following irradiation. Thus, two different G2 arrest mechanisms are present in mammalian cells, and the type of cell cycle checkpoint assay to be used in experimental investigation must be thoughtfully selected.
Minimum electrode spacing for mapping ventricular fibrillation using spatial sampling theory

Electrode arrays are commonly used to study spatial patterns during ventricular fibrillation (VF) where the choice of spacing between electrodes is an important decision. The Nyquist criterion states that an electrode spacing smaller than half the smallest significant wavelength is required to avoid spatial aliasing. The authors select a minimum interelectrode spacing on the basis of band-limited wavenumber power spectra of high-resolution VF data. Data were simultaneously recorded from a square 11*11 array of unipolar electrodes spaced 0.28 mm part. 140 Wavenumber spectra were calculated using the zero delay wavenumber spectrum method. Insignificant power was associated with almost all wavelengths shorter than 2.8 mm, suggesting that, for unipolar electrodes, spacing of 1 mm is adequate to study early VF. >
An Estimate of the Burden of Chagas Disease in the United States

Chagas disease causes the highest burden of any parasitic disease in the Western hemisphere. By applying published seroprevalence figures to immigrant populations, we estimate that 300,167 individuals with Trypanosoma cruzi infection live in the United States, with 30,000-45,000 cardiomyopathy cases and 63-315 congenital infections annually. T. cruzi causes a substantial disease burden in the United States.
Application of through mold via (TMV) as PoP base package

In recent years, package-on-package (PoP) has been rapidly adopted for 3D integration of logic and memory within mobile handsets and other portable multimedia devices. However, existing methods of making the PoP base package may not satisfy next generation applications that will require reduced memory interface pitches, higher memory interface pin-counts, reduced thickness, tight warpage control and higher levels of integration within the PoP base package. This paper introduces a new PoP base package structure that addresses the challenges of next generation applications. A PoP base package with through mold vias (TMV) will be described. Package flatness and package stacking results will be presented and advantages of TMV technology will be reviewed.
The Interaction of cAMP With Modeled Bull Sperm

Demembranated and membrane disrupted bull sperm models exhibit an increase in motility when exposed to CAMP. Tritium-labeled cAMP was used to locate the initial site of action of cAMP in the modeled sperm preparations. cAMP did not bind selectively to the modeled cells, and the presence or absence of plasma membrane fragments on the models did not significantly alter this result. When suspension medium taken from modeled sperm preparations was subjected to gel filtration on Sephadex G25-150 columns, cAMP bound to a high molecular weight component that eluted with the void volume. The responsible binding factor is a soluble component that is released when the plasma membranes of the sperm are disrupted during the modeling procedure. To test the importance of the cAMP binding factor, modeled sperm were centrifuged, the supernatant solution was decanted, and the cells were resuspended in fresh medium. After this treatment the cells could be restored to motility with Mg-ATP but no longer exhibited a response to CAMP. Furthermore, addition of cAMP binding factor isolated by gel filtration partially restored the response of these sperm to CAMP. Investigation of the properties of the CAMP-binding factor have confirmed that it is specific for CAMP, with a much lower affinity for AMP and cGMP. In the presence of a large excess of unlabeled cAMP the labeled complex has a half-life of approximately 1 hour. Our results indicate that the action of cAMP on the motility of modeled sperm is mediated by its attachment to a high molecular weight, soluble component of the cell cytoplasm.
The multisensory physiological and pathological vertigo syndromes

Vertigo occurs with either physiological stimulation or pathological dysfunction of any of the three stabilizing sensory systems: vestibular, visual, and somatosensory. The physiological syndromes, induced by intersensory or intrasensory mismatches, include motion sickness and space sickness as well as height, visual, somatosensory, auditory, head-extension, and bending-over vertigo. This review emphasizes the relationship between these physilological forms of vertigo and the pathological clinical vertigo syndromes.
Microtubules Regulate Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α Protein Trafficking and Activity IMPLICATIONS FOR TAXANE THERAPY

Disruption of the microtubule cytoskeleton impairs tumor angiogenesis by inhibiting the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) pathway. However, the signaling cascade linking microtubule disruption to HIF-1α inactivation has not been elucidated. Here, we show that microtubule-targeting drug (MTD) treatment impaired HIF-1α protein nuclear translocation, which significantly down-regulated HIF transcriptional activity. We provide strong evidence that HIF-1α protein associates with polymerized microtubules and traffics to the nucleus, with the aid of the dynein motor protein. Together, these data suggest that microtubules are critically involved in the nuclear trafficking and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α. We also show that the connection between the microtubule cytoskeleton and HIF-1α regulation is lost in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), where HIF-1α is overexpressed because of mutations in the von Hippel Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein. Specifically, we show that MTD treatment of RCC cells did not impair HIF-1α nuclear accumulation or transcriptional activity, and had no effect on the polysome association profile of HIF-1α. Interestingly, we found that HIF-1α protein did not bind microtubules in RCC. Moreover, restoration of VHL function failed to restore the ability of MTDs to inhibit HIF-1α, suggesting that VHL does not contribute to this phenotype. Together, these results suggest that HIF-1α regulation is microtubule-independent, and likely contributes to the chemoresistant nature of RCCs. Further understanding of the microtubule-dependent HIF-1α regulation, and lack thereof in RCC, is essential given the importance of HIF-1α in tumor biology, and the widespread use of MTDs in clinical oncology.
Identifying Individuals with Autism in a State Facility for Adolescents Adjudicated as Sexual Offenders: A Pilot Study.

Using the criteria established by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the assessment procedures for establishing an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in a previously undiagnosed adjudicated group is detailed. We examined 37 male adolescents adjudicated delinquent for sexual offenses who were sentenced to treatment. Ultimately, 22 (60%) were found to meet the diagnostic criteria for an ASD. All had intelligence quotients in the average range. For the offenders with ASD, we recommend modifying traditional treatment protocols (i.e., relying on individual and group talk therapy) to match their learning styles (e.g., visual learning, modeling with practice, and feedback) and restricting contact with neurotypical sexual offenders to improve therapeutic outcomes. Deterrent programming aimed at bridging the gap between social deficits, Theory of Mind deficits, and sexual knowledge acquisition is discussed. Language: en
Low-Porosity Haloes at Stylolites in the Feldspathic Upper Jurassic Ula Sandstone, Norwegian North Sea: An Integrated Petrographic and Chemical Mass-Balance Approach

Abstract Although stylolites in quartz-rich sandstones have been described and modeled, more feldspathic sandstones have not been similarly investigated. The Upper Jurassic Ula sandstone, Norwegian North Sea, a subarkose with 15 to 25% feldspar, displays stylolites with prominent low-porosity haloes up to 10 cm wide. Detailed mineralogical and chemical profiles across several stylolites and haloes are used to investigate the role of feldspar in mineral reactions at stylolites and to constrain the transport of chemical components. Quartz and feldspar are intensely dissolved at the margins of stylolites. The surrounding haloes are characterized by: dissolution of quartz and feldspar, intense compaction, anomalously high feldspar content, high concentrations of clay, and oxide cement volumes that increase away from the stylolite. Chemical mass-balance calculations demonstrate that silica and elements associated with feldspar (Al2O3, Na2O, K2O) were exported from the haloes. Grain-size data and evidence for aluminum loss from the halo indicate that primary concentrations of clay and mica were not higher near the stylolites and that the petrographic and geochemical patterns reflect the diagenetic concentration of clay. The analysis suggests that K-feldspar dissolution at and near the stylolite resulted in precipitation of authigenic illite near the site of K-feldspar dissolution, due to the low solubility of Al3+. This in turn catalyzed chemical dissolution of quartz in the low-porosity halo. Transport of CaO, MgO, and MnO into the haloes suggests that the haloes were zones of higher pH. The increased pH, perhaps due to the presence of clays, would have also increased quartz solubility, consistent with evidence for silica export from the halo. The dissolution of K-feldspar in the absence of kaolinite would also have raised pH around the site of K-feldspar dissolution and illite precipitation, favoring carbonate precipitation. This interpretation of stylolite diagenesis differs from conventional models based on quartz-rich sandstones, in which quartz cement volumes decrease away from stylolites. Models for compaction in arkosic sandstones need to account for the enhanced dissolution of quartz that is driven by K-feldspar dissolution and for catalysis by the resulting illite.
TESTICULAR ATROPHY IN A MULE DEER POPULATION

Monitoring mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on a former plutonium production site along the Columbia River at the Hanford Site, Washington (USA) revealed 27 (23%) of 116 adult males had unusually shaped, velvet-covered antlers and abnormally developed testicles. We captured 32 males to examine age-class differences and the ratio of affected to unaffected deer and determine whether affected testicles were atrophic or hypoplastic. We found testicular atrophy in most deer with velvet-covered antlers, primarily in animals older than 5 yr. Deer had marked to extreme stages of testicular atrophy, indicating permanent sterility. Decreased serum levels of testosterone and compensatory increased levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone were detected in all affected males; thus, the gondopituitary hormonal pathway may have responded to abnormally low levels of testosterone in the affected animals. Brucella spp. antibodies in sera were not detected and 9 (90%) of 10 affected animals were seropos...
Improved 1-D FDTD modeling of parallel and series RLC loads in a lossless transmission line

This paper presents improved finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) update equations to model a parallel RLC load in series and a series RLC load in parallel with a simple, lossless transmission line. A one-dimensional (1-D) FDTD model of a simple, lossless transmission line was developed, and extended to model discrete circuit elements (e.g., capacitors, inductors, and resistors). Later, FDTD update equations were developed for parallel or series RLC loads placed in parallel or series with a transmission line, and for use with voltage sources and/or terminations.
Optimal allocation of instructional effort to interrelated learning strands

Abstract The problem of allocating instructional effort to two interrelated blocks of learning material is studied. In many learning environments, the amount of material that has been mastered in one area of study affects the learning rate in another distinct but related area—for example, the curriculum subjects of mathematics and engineering. A model is developed that describes this phenomenon, and the Pontryagin Maximum Principle of control theory is applied to determine optimal instructional policies based on the model. The nature of this optimal solution is to allocate instructional effort so that the learner follows a maximal average learning rate “turnpike” path until near the end of the study period and then concentrates on only one strand. This strategy, when applied to a more realistic stochastic model, defines a closed-loop feedback controller that determines daily instructional allocation based on the best current estimate of how much the student has learned. This estimate is calculated by a multistage linear filter based on the Kalman filtering technique.
Fear and Risk in 'Times of Crisis': The Media's Challenge

With five to ten minutes to comment at the very end of an intellectually exhilarating two-day symposium, I am quite frankly tempted to say “You know, they’ve all got a point,” and leave it at that. But this has been an important discussion, and in this comment I’d like to at least try to make a small contribution to it. Let me begin by very briefly reviewing some of the central theses we have explored here at the conference: • Fear is a particularly powerful emotion that can cloud rationality and distort decision making by individuals and groups. • This emotion can, and indeed, has been repeatedly exploited by national political leaders in “times of crisis” to shape political agendas and to justify encroachments on civil liberties that likely would not otherwise be acceptable in a democratic society. More than a half century later, McCarthyism still provides a salient example. • Fear and the repression it can inspire cascade through both the formal institutions of government and the informal institutions of civil society. Black-listing, after all, was not an act of the government. • So natural, pervasive, and consistent is this tendency that institutional correctives are appropriate to prevent the excessive sacrifice of individual liberties. Professor Stone rightly observes that while Congress has a role, our constitutional democracy relies heavily on independent courts to constrain the executive. But our system of checks and balances does not always work as envisioned by the Framers. Indeed, as Professor Wells admonishes, our courts are often the most deferential to government when they should be the most criti-
Distribution of Gambusia (Poeciliidae) in a Southeastern River System and the Use of Fin Ray Counts for Species Determination

Abstract Recent collections from the Conasauga River system revealed the presence of Gambusia holbrooki, previously unreported in the Coosa River portion of the Mobile River drainage. We analyzed Gambusia specimens in 36 collections from the Conasauga River system to determine the relative distribution of G. affinis, G. holbrooki, or their hybrid progeny. We used gonopodial characters and ray counts from the anal and dorsal fins, which required reconciling differences among published accounts, to make species determinations. We counted all fin rays separately for dorsal and anal fins and recommend this method to clarify discrepancies among previous reports. This method yielded counts of seven dorsal and 10 anal rays for G. affinis and eight dorsal and 11 anal rays for G. holbrooki. Both species and their hybrids were collected in the Conasauga River system. Gambusia affinis is widespread in the Conasauga River system and is presumably native. Gambusia holbrooki currently has a limited distribution but app...
Current control of magnetic anisotropy via stress in a ferromagnetic metal waveguide

Current control of magnetism, especially in multilayer thin films, hold great promise for applications in spintronics. Efficient control can be achieved using spin-orbit torques originating from either the spin Hall effect or the Rashba effect. In the context of spin waves, direct current pass through a heavy metal/ferromagnetic bilayer may be used to reduce/amplify damping or shift the resonant field. The effective field or damping introduced by the spin Hall or the Rashba effects depends on the current linearly, reversing the sign with a direct current in the opposite direction. The authors of this study report unexpected symmetric magnetic resonance shifts for spin waves passing through a CoFeB/Ta waveguide. This second-order effect arises from the dc modified magnetic anisotropy via anisotropic stress introduced between the substrate and the bilayer. Similar current-induced magnetoelastic effects may be relevant in many ferromagnetic heterostructures subject to large direct current.
Donor and Recipient Selection

Kidney transplantation has evolved from an experiment to the preferred form of replacement therapy for the majority of patients suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) (1,2). During the 1980s, the number of transplants performed in the United States increased yearly, but has now plateaued at about 10,000 cases per year due primarily to the current ceiling of available cadaveric organs (3,4). This fact, coupled with an ever-increasing number of new patients maintained on dialysis, has made transplantation available to no more than 5% of the current ESRD population. As reported to the Health Care Financing Administration by January 1, 1992, there were 180,000 patients receiving dialysis therapy of all types in the United States (5). In the previous year, 10,052 received kidney transplants—7667 from cadaveric donors and 2385 from living donors—which left an additional 18,314 patients on active waiting lists for a donor kidney (6). It has also been estimated that an additional 10,000–20,000 ESRD patients would elect to receive a kidney transplant if they received further education and information and if the available pool of cadaveric kidneys were expanded.
Effects of physical exercise on colonic motor activity.

We investigated the effect of physical exercise on colonic motor activity in the fasted and fed states in six conscious dogs. Each dog was implanted with nine strain gauge transducers: three on the...
A feasibility study of malaria elimination in Guangdong province

Objective To explore the problems in the implementation of the malaria elimination program and to provide basis for the formulation of a malaria elimination plan.Method Random group sampling by layer and combination of methods in return epidemiology and in-site survey.Results The mean awareness rates of malaria prevention knowledge of villagers(73.8% vs 35.0%),the density of mosquito vector(6 vs 454),the skill of using microscopic examination by the technicians(69.2% vs 37.5%) and the rate of awareness of malaria diagnosis and treatment knowledge of the medical workers(75.0% vs 54.5%) in Huicheng district(a Class 2 malaria epidemic area) were significantly different from Xingning city(a Class 3 malaria epidemic area).The coverage rate of mosquito prevention facilities in these 2 cities was 93.9% and 91.4%,respectively,and the difference was not significant.The serum antibody for malaria from the primary and middle school students in these two areas were all negative.The microscopes used for microscopic examination in these two regions were all worn-out and not suitable for the examination of plasmodium.Conclusion To eliminate malaria in the Guangdong province,it is more difficulty to implement in the Class 3 malaria epidemic areas than in the Class 2 areas.The goal of malaria elimination may be achieved,if the health education and training programs are strengthened.Surveillance capability will be enhanced using the new microscopis.
High Order and High Resolution Numerical Schemes for Computational Aeroacoustics and Their Applications

A class of high order central compact schemes with spectral-like resolution are designed for the computational aeroacousitcs (CAA). The schemes have the features of high order, high resolution, low dissipation and the ability to capture strong shock wave in flow field, which are perfect methods for computational aeroacoustics. Typical problems are solved through direct numerical simulation, including the merging process of two co-rotating Gaussian vortices, the interaction between an oblique shock wave and a shear layer and cavity flow. The mechanisms of noise generation are studied.
Abstract A33: Utility of multiplexed biomarker analysis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with discrepancies between FISH and immunohistochemical results of ALK testing

Background: The clinical implications in Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with discrepancy between fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assessing ALK status are unclear. Materials and Methods: From 1131 archived tissue samples, we identified 41 NSCLC patients with discrepant results showing positive or borderline ALK FISH and negative IHC using ALK1 antibody. Of these, 21 cases with sufficient tissue remaining for selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and an additional case within normal range FISH split (4%) were sent to confirm ALK IHC using other antibodies (5A4 and D5F3). Target protein levels measured by multiplexed SRM were correlated with records of clinical outcomes after treatment with crizotinib or cytotoxic chemotherapy. Results: Of 22 cases with various ALK FISH results and negative IHC (ALK1), IHC using other antibodies (5A4 and D5F3) identified 4 positive cases, whereas the SRM assay identified 7 cases with tumor-specific ALK protein. IHC showed lower sensitivity in specimen with delayed fixation but SRM showed superior sensitivity in those samples as SRM is independent to modified epitope. Of 8 crizotinib-treated cases, 4 cases with detectable levels of either ALK or cMET proteins had complete or partial responses; cases without either of these proteins (n = 4) did not respond to crizotinib regardless of ALK FISH results. Cases with 3 or more predictive proteins specific to chemotherapeutic agents were found to be more responded to those agents and had a higher probability of progression-free survival. Conclusions: The SRM assay showed superior sensitivity in poorly fixed specimens and can inform therapeutic decision-making in NCSLC patients with ALK screening discordances. Citation Format: TAE-JUNG KIM, HIDEKI TERAI. Utility of multiplexed biomarker analysis in non-small-cell lung cancer patients with discrepancies between FISH and immunohistochemical results of ALK testing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A33.
121. Die Therapie des Mammacarcinoms

In der Mammaklinik in Columbia erreichen wir mit der radikalen Mastektomie nach Haagensen fur alle Mammacarcinome im Stadium A und B eine 10-Jahres-Uberlebensrate von 70% und 43%. Fast alle Patientinnen erhalten prophylaktische Bestrahlung der inneren Mammaregion, diejenigen Patientinnen mit 8 oder mehr befallenen Lymphknoten erhalten Vollbestrahlung. Patientinnen der Stadien C und D werden nur bestrahlt. Bei Vergleich der verschiedenen Behandlungsmethoden ergibt die radikale Mastektomie nach Haagensen die besten Resultate in operablen Fallen.
Developmental Pathway of the MPER-Directed HIV-1-Neutralizing Antibody 10E8.

Antibody 10E8 targets the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41, neutralizes >97% of HIV-1 isolates, and lacks the auto-reactivity often associated with MPER-directed antibodies. The developmental pathway of 10E8 might therefore serve as a promising template for vaccine design, but samples from time-of-infection-often used to infer the B cell record-are unavailable. In this study, we used crystallography, next-generation sequencing (NGS), and functional assessments to infer the 10E8 developmental pathway from a single time point. Mutational analysis indicated somatic hypermutation of the 2nd-heavy chain-complementarity determining region (CDR H2) to be critical for neutralization, and structures of 10E8 variants with V-gene regions reverted to genomic origin for heavy-and-light chains or heavy chain-only showed structural differences >2 A relative to mature 10E8 in the CDR H2 and H3. To understand these developmental changes, we used bioinformatic sieving, maximum likelihood, and parsimony analyses of immunoglobulin transcripts to identify 10E8-lineage members, to infer the 10E8-unmutated common ancestor (UCA), and to calculate 10E8-developmental intermediates. We were assisted in this analysis by the preservation of a critical D-gene segment, which was unmutated in most 10E8-lineage sequences. UCA and early intermediates weakly bound a 26-residue-MPER peptide, whereas HIV-1 neutralization and epitope recognition in liposomes were only observed with late intermediates. Antibody 10E8 thus develops from a UCA with weak MPER affinity and substantial differences in CDR H2 and H3 from the mature 10E8; only after extensive somatic hypermutation do 10E8-lineage members gain recognition in the context of membrane and HIV-1 neutralization.
Distinguishing Weather Phenomena from Bird Migration Patterns in Radar Imagery

Data archived by the United States radar network for weather surveillance is useful in studying ecological phenomena such as the migration patterns of birds. However, all such methods require a manual screening stage from domain experts to eliminate radar signatures of weather phenomena, since the radar beam picks up both biological and non-biological targets. Automating this screening step would be of significant help to the large-scale study of ecological phenomenon from radar data. We apply several techniques to this novel task, comparing the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) models against a baseline of the Fisher Vector model on SIFT descriptors. We compare the performance of deeper and shallower network architectures, deep texture models versus the regular CNN model and the effect of fine-tuning ImageNet pre-trained networks on radar imagery. Fine-tuning the networks on the radar imagery provides a significant boost, and we achieve an accuracy of 94.4% on a dataset of 13,194 radar scans, 3,799 of which contained rain.
Infectious Causes of Neonatal Seizures

Publisher Summary Infection is an important diagnostic consideration in any newborn infant with seizures. Signs of meningitis, parameningeal infection, and encephalitis often are subtle and nonspecific, making clinical diagnosis difficult. Most neonates with bacterial meningitis also are bacteremic, but lumbar puncture and examination of cerebrospinal fluid are necessary for confirmation of the diagnosis. Neonatal CSF differs from that of older infants and children with respect to total and differential white blood cell count and protein and glucose concentrations. Seizures that develop or persist beyond the first 2 days of hospitalization for bacterial meningitis may indicate the presence of syndrome of inappropriate production of antidiuretic hormone and hyponatremia, subdural effusion or empyema, vascular thrombosis, or brain abscess. Most cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections are asymptomatic, and clinically evident infection is observed at birth in about 10% of congenitally infected infants. Clinical signs of congenital infection include microcephaly, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, petechiae or purpura, thrombocytopenia, and hepatitis. The clinical manifestations of congenital herpes simplex virus infection resemble those of congenital CMV, but usually skin vesicles or bullae are present. It is found that most infants with human immunodeficiency virus infection are clinically normal in their newborn period.
Matrix Factorization and Lifting

As a result of recent interdisciplinary work in signal processing (audio, still-images, etc.), a number of powerful matrix operations have led to advances both in engineering applications and in mathematics. Much of it is motivated by ideas from wavelet algorithms. The applications are convincingly measured against other processing tools already available, for example, better compression (details below). We develop a versatile theory of factorization for matrix functions. By a matrix valued function we mean a function of one or more complex variables taking values in the group GLN of invertible N × N matrices. Starting with this generality, there is a variety of special cases, also of interest, for example, one variable, or restriction to the case n = 2; or consideration of subgroups of GLN or SLN, i.e., specializing to the case of determinant equal to one. We will prove a number of factorization theorems and sketch their applications to signal (image processing) in the framework of multiple frequency bands.
Predictors of WAIS-R vocabulary in late life: Differences by race.

BACKGROUND Vocabulary scores tend to be significantly related to education in heterogeneous groups of older adults, even after controlling for confounding variables. However, there may be other factors that impinge on cognitive functioning for certain demographic groups, particularly those whose educational opportunities were limited, and who may have experienced considerable stress as a result of their minority status. OBJECTIVES This study sought to explore possible predictors of vocabulary scores among African American and White older adults. METHOD In this study, samples of African American (N = 165) and White (N = 146) community-dwelling older adults reported their level of education, perceived health status, and number of stressful life events, and were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) Vocabulary subtest. RESULTS Among the White participants, level of education was the only significant predictor of vocabulary score after controlling for perceived health and exposure to stress. Among African American participants, education was also a significant predictor of vocabulary score. However perceived health and number of stressful life events were also significantly predictors of vocabulary score. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that for certain cohorts of older adults, especially those who may have experienced stressful life circumstances and health disparities as a result of racial inequality, education may not be the only variable that predicts verbal intelligence. The importance of investigating cognitive functioning within a broader sociocultural context is discussed.
Objective Measures of Sleep Duration and Continuity in Major Depressive Disorder with Comorbid Hypersomnolence: A Primary Investigation with Contiguous Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Summary Hypersomnolence plays an important role in the presentation, treatment and course of mood disorders. However, there has been relatively little research that examines objective measures of sleep duration and continuity in patients with depression and hypersomnolence, despite the use of these factors in sleep medicine nosological systems. This study compared total sleep time and efficiency measured by naturalistic actigraphic recordings followed by ad libitum polysomnography (PSG; without prescribed wake time) in 22 patients with major depressive disorder and co-occurring hypersomnolence against age- and sex-matched healthy sleeper controls. The major depressive disorder and co-occurring hypersomnolence group demonstrated significantly longer sleep duration compared with healthy sleeper controls quantified by sleep diaries, actigraphy and ad libitum PSG. No between-group differences in sleep efficiency (SE), latency to sleep or wake after sleep onset were observed when assessed using objective measures. To further contextualize these findings within the broader scientific literature, a systematic review was performed to identify other comparable investigations. A meta-analysis of pooled data demonstrated patients with mood disorders and co-occurring hypersomnolence have significantly greater sleep duration and similar SE compared with healthy controls when assessed using ad libitum PSG. These results suggest current sleep medicine nosology that distinguishes hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders primarily as a construct characterized by low SE and increased time in bed may not be accurate. Future studies that establish the biological bases hypersomnolence in mood disorders, as well as clarify the accuracy of nosological thresholds to define excessive sleep duration, are needed to refine the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.