cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of diabetes in the BB rat by injection of major histocompatibility complex- (MHC-) compatible bone marrow cells.

The emerging consensus that Type I diabetes mellitus has an autoimmune etiology has led to speculation that it could be prevented or cured by manipulation of the immune system. A concise understanding of the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of Type I diabetes is crucial to devising preventive measures. Our understanding of the events that precede the onset of Type 1 diabetes comes mainly from the study of animal models. The availability of these models has prompted efforts to gain better understanding of the fundamental nature of autoimmune diseases in generl, and of type 1 diabetes in particular, through extensive studies of their immunologic abnormalities.
Evaluation of the immune response directed against the Salmonella antigenic factors O4,5 and O9.

A pair of O4,5,12 and O9,12 his+ sister transductants derived from a virulent Salmonella typhimurium parent were used as intraperitoneal and oral challenge strains to determine whether immunity directed against the O9 and O4,5 antigenic components could be detected after immunization with heat-killed vaccines containing one or the other of these antigenic components. Challenge with a mixture (ca. 1:1) of the two strains and culturing of livers and spleens at intervals indicated that the O4,5,12 strain multiplied to a greater extent than the O9,12 strain after both oral and intraperitoneal challenge of CF1 and C57BL/6J control mice. Immunization with O4,5,12 or O9,12 vaccine resulted in diminished bacterial counts from the livers and spleens for the homologous strain but had little effect on the heterologous strain. The diminution of the homologous strain was more evident after intraperitoneal challenge but was clearly demonstrable after oral challenge, particularly in the C57BL/6J mice. Of several live vaccines tested, an FOR S. typhimurium (O4,5,12) strain phenotypically smooth but avirulent seemed the most promising, suppressing the multiplication of both members of the challenge pair. After oral challenge suppression of the O4,5,12 strain was greater. These results indicate that the specific immune response directed against either the O4,5 (O-acetyl abequose) or the O9 (tyvelose) antigen is a measurable component of the overall response after both intraperitoneal and oral challenge.
Eating high fat chow and the behavioral effects of direct-acting and indirect-acting dopamine receptor agonists in female rats.

Eating high fat chow increases sensitivity of male rats to some behavioral effects of the direct-acting dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole; it is not known whether sensitivity to quinpirole is similarly enhanced in female rats eating high fat chow. Female Sprague-Dawley rats had free access to standard chow (5.7% fat) or either free or restricted access (i.e., body weight matched to rats eating standard chow) to high fat (34.3% fat) chow. Quinpirole (0.0032–0.32 mg/kg) produced hypothermia and a low frequency of yawning. Eating high fat chow produced insulin resistance without affecting quinpirole-induced yawning or hypothermia. Pretreatment with the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist L-741,626 failed to increase quinpirole-induced yawning, indicating that the low frequency of yawning was not due to enhanced D2 receptor sensitivity. Compared with younger (post natal day [PND] 75), drug-naive female rats in a previous study, rats in the present study (PND 275) were more sensitive to cocaine-elicited (1–17.8 mg/kg) locomotion and the development of sensitization across 5 weeks; however, eating high fat chow did not further enhance these effects. These results suggest that drug history and age might modulate the effects of diet on sensitivity to drugs acting on dopamine systems.
Medical Professionalism from the Patient's Perspective: Is There an Advocate in the House?

The medical profession, like other guilds, was left to define it's own notions of professionalism relatively unfettered, from the earliest days until the modern era. But from the time when "patients" were patient, until now, much has changed for physicians and the patients they see. Professionalism in medicine, once delineated by twin notions of "autonomy" and "altruism," is now being reexamined to see if more collaborative values such as "interdependence," "team-based care" and "advocacy" might find a home there.
A modified neck dissection for carcinoma of the thyroid.

The standard radical neck dissection with removal of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and sectioning of the spinal accessory nerve is both disfiguring and disabling. A modified dissection reduces these defects and appears to adequately protect the patient from recurrent disease.
Nanoparticle Interactions with Giant Vesicles Fabricated from Inverted Headgroup Lipids

The surface chemistry of the cell membrane plays an important role in how cells interact with particulate species. These interactions are dictated in large part by lipid headgroup charge. To investigate the nature of electrostatic interactions between lipid bilayers and nanoparticles in solution, we investigated nanoparticles interacting with lipids in which the zwitterionic head group was inverted from its natural configuration. This inverted lipid species, referred to as DOCP, is based on 1,2-dioleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) but has the positions of the phosphate and choline groups reversed. Membrane interactions with nanoparticles were investigated by forming giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and introducing differently charged nanoparticles to both DOPC GUVs and DOCP GUVs. GUVs in the presence of nanoparticles displayed various deformational modes including contraction, budding, and even rupture. The differences in responses between the two lipid species investigated illuminate how the relative positions of the phosphate and amine groups contribute to the nanoparticle-membrane electrostatic interaction. This provides fundamental insights regarding the nature of this interaction, which has implications for the development of new drug delivery vehicles as well as the environmental toxicity of nanomaterials.
methods for complete characterization of single attosecond pulses

Determining the temporal profile of single attosecond X-ray pulses is a challenging experimental problem, mostly because the peak intensity of these pulses is not high enough to efficiently induce non-linear effects. This is also a major obstacle for pump-probe experiments with attosecond pulses.
Effect of progressively increasing lithium conditioning on edge transport and stability in high triangularity NSTX H-modes

Abstract A sequence of H-mode discharges with increasing levels of pre-discharge lithium evaporation (‘dose’) was conducted in high triangularity and elongation boundary shape in NSTX. Energy confinement increased, and recycling decreased with increasing lithium dose, similar to a previous lithium dose scan in medium triangularity and elongation plasmas. Data-constrained SOLPS interpretive modeling quantified the edge transport change: the electron particle diffusivity decreased by 10–30x. The electron thermal diffusivity decreased by 4x just inside the top of the pedestal, but increased by up to 5x very near the separatrix. These results provide a baseline expectation for lithium benefits in NSTX-U, which is optimized for a boundary shape similar to the one in this experiment.
Fissile Mass Flow Monitor Source-Strength Calibration Using the ORNL Neutron Detector System

This paper describes the neutron detector system (NDS) developed to measure the neutron source strength of the 252Cf neutron sources used in the fissile mass flow monitor (FMFM). The FMFM measures the 235U fissile mass flow in the UF6 gas streams and uses 252Cf neutron sources for the fission activation of the UF6 gas. Four FMFMs are operational in three Russian facilities for the U.S. Department of Energy's Highly Enriched Uranium Transparency Program. The 252Cf sources are replaced about every 2 years due to their short half-life (~2.65 years). During FMFM source replacement, the new 252Cf sources are calibrated and verified with the previously installed sources (i.e., a relative source mass check) to ensure proper and seamless FMFM performance. The NDS consists of a neutron detector (a commercially available high-efficiency 3He proportional counter) and the electronics, which are commercial nuclear instrument modules. A measurement time of 10 s is sufficient to take the data; the NDS yields about les 0.5% error from the average count taken up to 100 s. Measurement repeatability is good (< 1%), and it is not sensitive (< 0.5%) to the orientation of the source plug inside the NDS polyethylene source plug holder. The NDS is then calibrated for the measured source mass strength, and it is established that the sources can be measured with an overall uncertainty of 1.4% for a typical FMFM source mass of 3 mug. A detailed description of the NDS, its performance characteristics, and results of measurements performed on the latest FMFM sources are presented.
Robust control of a powered transfemoral prosthesis device with experimental verification

This paper presents, compares, and experimentally implements two robust model-based controllers for transfemoral prosthetic walking: the robust passivity (RP) controller and the robust sliding mode (RS) controller. These findings constitute the first steps toward using model-based controllers for prosthetic devices as an alternative to commonly-used variable impedance and proportional-derivative (PD) control methods. The model upon which the controllers are based is a 5-link planar hybrid system (both continuous and discrete behaviors) with point feet, to represent a transfemoral amputee's body and limbs. A desired walking trajectory is generated through the framework of human-inspired control by solving an optimization problem. Smooth humanlike gait is achieved by combining model information with a desired trajectory. The stability of both controllers is proven for continuous dynamics within the framework of the Lyapunov stability theorem. Simulations show the proposed controllers are capable of meeting specific performance requirements regarding trajectory tracking of the prosthetic knee and convergence to a stable periodic orbit while walking on flat ground. Finally, both RP and RS controllers are experimentally implemented on AMPRO3 (the third iteration of Advanced Mechanical Prosthesis), a custom self-contained powered transfemoral prosthesis. Results show that both controllers provide humanlike walking and accurate tracking performance for a healthy human subject utilizing a transfemoral prosthesis.
The Neighborhood-Level Association Between Alcohol Outlet Density and Female Criminal Victimization Rates:

The aim of this study was to explore the neighborhood-level association between alcohol outlet density and non–intimate partner violent victimization rates among females. Violent offending and vict...
Traffic signal timing optimization in connected vehicles environment

We study the traffic signal control problem under the connected vehicle (CV) environment by assuming a fixed cycle length so that the proposed model can be extended readily for the coordination of multiple signals. The signal control problem is to minimize the weighted sum of total system fuel consumption and travel times. Due to the large dimension of the problem and the complexity of the nonlinear car-following model, we propose a Dynamic programming (DP) formulation by dividing the timing decisions into stages (one stage for a phase) and approximating the fuel consumption and travel time of a stage as functions of the state and decision variables of the stage. We also propose a two-step method, the end stage cost, and a branch and bound algorithm, to make sure that the obtained optimal solution can lead to the fixed cycle length. Numerical experiments are provided to test the performance of the proposed model using data generated by traffic simulation.
THE POLITICS OF HIV/AIDS IN CHINA*

This article provides a political analysis of the sequence and substance of China's policy response toward HIV/ AIDS. Using an analytical framework that integrates historical institutionalism with policy process , the article examines how political institutions interacted with three policy streams (problem identification, policy generation , and elite politics) to delay an effective Chinese government response to the HIV/ AIDS epidemic. It also demonstrates how the political problem, and policy streams joined in the 2003 SARS crisis to prompt the government to take decisive action on HIV/ AIDS.
The 2017 Visualization Technical Achievement Award

The 2017 Visualization Technical Achievement Award goes to Jeffrey Heer in recognition of his work on the design, development, dissemination, and popularization of languages for visualization. The IEEE Visualization & Graphics Technical Committee (VGTC) is pleased to award Jeffrey Heer the 2017 Visualization Technical Achievement Award.
The Influence of Gender and Parental Attitudes on Preschool Children's Interest in Babies: Observations in Natural Settings

This paper reports on two studies of parents'observations of their preschool children's interactions with infants. In Study 1 parents observed 69 3- and 5-year-old white children with three nonsibling infants whom the children encountered during their daily lives. In Study 2 parents observed 46 3- to 6-year-old primarily white children with three nonsibling infants and completed measures of their own gender-related child-rearing attitudes.Consistent with findings from previous laboratory research, this research in naturalistic settings found girls to show more interest in, more nurturance toward,and more interaction with babies than did boys. In Study 2, children whose parents had traditional gender-stereotyped attitudes were more likely to show this gender difference than children whose parents had more egalitarian child-rearing attitudes.
Double vascularized omentum lymphatic transplant (VOLT) for the treatment of lymphedema.

Background and objectives Orthotopic vascularized lymph node transplant has been successfully used to treat lymphedema. A second, heterotopic lymph node transplant in the distal extremity may provide further improvement. The vascularized omentum lymphatic transplant (VOLT) provides adequate tissue for two simultaneous flap transfers to one limb. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with this technique. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent VOLT, with a subgroup analysis of patients who underwent double VOLT. Technical aspects of the procedure, complications, and early outcomes were reviewed. Results From May 2015 to August 2017, 54 VOLTs were performed in 38 patients, of whom 16 received double VOLT. Among patients in the double VOLT group with postoperative imaging at 1 year, uptake into the transplanted omentum was seen in three of six (50%) patients on lymphoscintigraphy and in one of five (20%) patients on indocyanine green lymphangiography. One patient (3.1%) in the double VOLT group required a return to the operating room. There were no donor site complications in the double VOLT group. The overall complication rate was 15.8%. Conclusions Double VOLT to the mid-level and proximal extremity is a safe and viable option.
Autoethnography and the other: unsettling power through utopian performatives

Representation. Privilege. Self. Other. Difference. Blues. Relationality. Possibility. Transformation. Jazz. For critical performance (auto)ethnographers, the politics of “I” and the ethics of repr...
Adoptive Mothers' and Fathers' Psychological Distress: Parenting Teens Adopted from Birth

This study tests pathways to adoptive parents' psychological distress over time and then examines gender differences in psychological distress. Participants included 190 adoptive mothers and 190 ad...
Inversion and Reflecting Brownian Motion

For a class of domains E ⊂ R p R 2, we construct a function Φ and a time change p t of two dimensional Brownian motion b t such that Φ(b(p t)) is Brownian motion with normal reflection at the boundary of E.
TNF alpha inhibitors in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can lead to significant physical and psychologic distress for patients. Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), originally thought to be quite a mild disorder, is now recognized as a progressive and destructive arthritis. To date, therapies for both these conditions have been non-specific and unable to maintain long-lasting remission. In addition, many of the current therapies have significant adverse effects, limiting their usefulness. However, elucidation of the pathogenesis of psoriasis and PsA at a molecular level and the development of selective biologic agents have led to an enormous expansion of the armamentarium available to psoriasis patients. Two agents (infliximab and etanercept) selectively block the role of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and have proved effective in clinical trials in the treatment of both the skin and the joint manifestations of psoriasis. A third anti-TNFα agent (adalimumab Humira®) is licensed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; however, no studies have been published to date on its use in PsA or psoriasis. It is known that TNFα is elevated in both the skin and synovium of psoriatic patients and the effectiveness of its blockade by these two agents in psoriasis and PsA confirms its role in their pathogenesis. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have been performed with both agents in the treatment of psoriasis and PsA; in the case of etanercept these have been to support US FDA approval for use in psoriatic arthropathy. These studies are supported by smaller cohorts in open-label studies and anecdotal reports in the literature. Anti-TNFα therapy has proved to have disease-reducing activity in PsA and psoriasis and appears to be well tolerated. These studies have generally featured small numbers of patients and, until a larger cohort of treated patients is available, vigilance must be exercised. A considerable body of post-marketing safety data exists on the use of infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn disease and for etanercept in rheumatoid arthritis and PsA. Certain issues, particularly the risk of infection, have emerged as features of the use of these agents. It remains to be seen whether effects seen in other disease entities may be extrapolated to psoriatic patients. More long-term data and experience are needed to define the role of anti-TNFα agents in the management of psoriasis and PsA. In particular, more studies are required to elucidate the finer points of co-medication; in some studies both agents have been used with other medications but there have been no formal trials of various possible combinations.
The CyPass Suprachoroidal Micro-Stent

The CyPass Micro-Stent (Transcend Medical, Menlo Park, CA) is a fenestrated device that is implanted in the supraciliary space to provide a permanent conduit for uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber in patients with glaucoma. Implantation is achieved with a blebless, minimally invasive clear cornea incision that spares the conjunctiva and the sclera and which can be performed with or without the use of surgical intraoperative gonioscopy. By exploiting the negative pressure gradient between the suprachoroidal space and the anterior chamber, the successfully positioned micro-stent facilitates aqueous outflow and thereby lowers IOP and reduces the patient’s need for IOP-lowering medications. Clinical experience to date indicates a good safety profile and prolonged efficacy for the micro-stent when used either as a stand-alone treatment for open-angle glaucoma or in combination with phacoemulsification surgery in glaucomatous patients undergoing cataract removal.
Online adaptive learning for speech recognition decoding.

We describe a new method for pruning in dynamic models based on running an adaptive filtering algorithm online during decoding to predict aspects of the scores in the near future. These predictions are used to make well-informed pruning decisions during model expansion. We apply this idea to the case of dynamic graphical models and test it on a speech recognition database derived from Switchboard. Results show that significant (approximately factor of 2) speedups can be obtained without any increase in word error rate or increase in memory usage.
Care of Souls in a Neoliberal Age

There are scholarly books written for one’s guild and then, more uncommonly, there are books that, because of the subject matter, appeal to readers in numerous disciplines. There are scholars who d...
Effect of metformin on survival in CLL and risk stratification using age-adjusted comorbidity indexes: A retrospective analysis of the Roswell Park CLL Database.

e19511Background: CLL is an indolent disease with long disease course and is notable for one of the oldest median ages of onset of all cancers. As such, patients have the potential for many years o...
The Role of the Peripheral Nerve Surgeon in the Treatment of Pain

Pain is a frequent cause of physician visits. Many physicians find these patients challenging because they often have complicated histories, emotional comorbidities, confusing examinations, difficult problems to fix, and the possibility of factitious complaints for attention or narcotic pain medications. As a result, many patients are lumped into the category of chronic, centralized pain and relegated to pain management. However, recent literature suggests that surgical management of carefully diagnosed generators of pain can greatly reduce patients’ pain and narcotic requirements. This article reviews recent literature on surgical management of pain and four specific sources of chronic pain amenable to surgical treatment: painful neuroma, nerve compression, myofascial/musculoskeletal pain, and complex regional pain syndrome type II.
Tumours and Infections (Open image in new window SOL)

The most important fact about tumors and abscesses on brain CT scan is that they could look alike. It is akin to the devil looking like an angel since brain cancer has a poor prognosis, and brain abscesses generally have good prognosis. It is to emphasize this important caveat that these two subjects are discussed together with emphasis on caution when in doubt. Mistaking a brain abscess for brain cancer is not any more desirable hence the need to treat space occupying rim enhancing lesions with great care. Compounding all this is that the clinical presentation could also be similar because not all brain abscess patients have fever. Therefore, a rim enhancing lesion in the brain always requires caution and careful evaluation. Comments to the family have of necessity got to be guarded until additional information is available. Some tumors such as meningiomas do not look like abscesses at all and are easily identified even by a beginner.
HIV Care for Patients With Complex Needs: A Controlled Evaluation of a Walk-In, Incentivized Care Model.

Background New approaches are needed to provide care to persons with HIV who do not engage in conventionally organized HIV clinics. The Max Clinic in Seattle, Washington, is a walk-in, incentivized HIV care model located in a public health STD clinic that provides care in collaboration with a comprehensive HIV primary care clinic (the Madison Clinic). Methods We compared outcomes in the first 50 patients enrolled in Max Clinic and 100 randomly selected matched Madison Clinic control patients; patients in both groups were virally unsuppressed (viral load [VL] >200 copies/mL) at baseline. The primary outcome was any VL indicating viral suppression (≥1 VL <200 copies/mL) during the 12 months postbaseline. Secondary outcomes were continuous viral suppression (≥2 consecutive suppressed VLs ≥60 days apart) and engagement in care (≥2 medical visits ≥60 days apart). We compared outcomes in the 12 months pre- and postbaseline and used generalized estimating equations to compare changes in Max vs control patients, adjusting for unstable housing, substance use, and psychiatric disorders. Results Viral suppression improved in both groups pre-to-post (20% to 82% Max patients; P < .001; and 51% to 65% controls; P = .04), with a larger improvement in Max patients (adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-5.9). Continuous viral suppression and engagement in care increased in both groups but did not differ significantly (continuous viral suppression: aRRR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.5-5.2; engagement: aRRR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9-1.9). Conclusions The Max Clinic improved viral suppression among patients with complex medical and social needs.
Laryngeal and Extralaryngeal Botulinum Toxin Injections

This chapter reviews the use of different laryngeal and extralaryngeal botulinum toxin injections to help treat various neurologic conditions affecting the larynx. Basics of botulinum toxin are first reviewed including the historical context for its introduction into medicine, the mechanism of action for its clinical effect, and an overview of different commercial formulations. We discuss the diverse array of clinical indications within the scope of this book, which include adductor/abductor spasmodic dysphonia, essential voice tremor, bilateral vocal fold paresis/paralysis, respiratory dystonia, paradoxical vocal fold motion disorder, neurogenic cough, and cricopharyngeal dysfunction. The initial focus is on procedural technique/approaches to achieve therapeutic injection of end organ muscle targets: the thyroarytenoid-lateral cricoarytenoid complex, posterior cricoarytenoid, false vocal folds, and cricopharyngeus. Potential complications are briefly examined. Within the context of the aforementioned conditions, we delve into optimal dosing strategies as well as expected outcomes. The understanding gained from this chapter should help the reader incorporate botulinum toxin injections into their practice and treat clinical phenomenology arising from numerous neurologic diseases that affect the larynx.
Patient Complications after Interscalene Block: A Retrospective Comparison of Liposomal Bupivacaine to Nonliposomal Bupivacaine.

Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the addition of liposome bupivacaine (LB) to an interscalene block (ISB) had an effect on the number of patients with surgical- or block-related complications. Methods. This was a single-center retrospective chart view performed by identifying patients who received an ISB from January 1, 2014, through April 26, 2018, at the University of Minnesota. 1,518 patients were identified who received an ISB (LB = 784, nonliposomal bupivacaine = 734). Patients were divided into two groups those who did receive liposome bupivacaine in their ISB and those who did not receive liposome bupivacaine in their ISB. Medical records were individually reviewed for surgical procedure, block medications, complications related to the block or surgical procedure, phone calls to the healthcare system for issues related to opioids or pain within 3 and within 30 days, readmissions within 30 days, and emergency room visits for complications within 3 and 30 days. Results. There was no significant difference in the number of patients with surgical or anesthetic complications. Only phone calls for pain within 3 days were significantly different. The LB group had 3.2% of patients call compared to 5.6% in the nonliposomal bupivacaine group (aOR = 1.71 (95% CI: 1.04–2.87), ). We found no significant difference in any of the other secondary outcomes. Conclusions. The use of LB in an ISB demonstrated no significant difference compared to nonliposomal bupivacaine in numbers of complications, emergency room visits, and readmissions.
Development of a low-cost balance assessment system for use in an affordable robot gym in low and middle income countries

Stroke results in adult disability worldwide with 80% of the occurrences in low and middle income countries (LMIC). There is a need for affordable and accessible rehabilitation to support functional recovery of these stroke survivors. Hemiplegia affects most stroke survivors and frequently can result in asymmetric gait and impaired balance. Low cost force boards using the Wii balance board have been shown to be an acceptable replacement to expensive clinical force plates. Center of pressure, velocity and step length are key gait and balance metrics that are measurable using low cost force boards. This paper describe two attempts to design and develop a low-cost gait assessment and training station within a novel robot gym for stroke neurorehabilitation of the upper and lower limbs. The final design will consist of low-cost two board force platform is now a part of the Rehab C.A.R.E.S (Community-based Affordable Robotic Exercise System).
Elevated feeding rates of fishes within octocoral canopies on Caribbean reefs

Increasing abundance of arborescent octocorals (often referred to as gorgonians) on Caribbean reefs raises the question of whether habitat structure provided by octocorals can mediate a transition between coral- and algal- dominated states by increasing fish abundance and herbivory. This study tested the hypotheses that feeding rates and densities of demersal reef fishes are affected by the habitat structure provided by dense octocoral communities. Surveys of fishes on coral reefs in St John, US Virgin Islands, found 1.7-fold higher densities, and 2.4-fold higher feeding rates within versus outside of dense octocoral canopies. This difference, however, was only seen at sites with octocoral densities > 8 colonies m−2. Furthemore, the proximity of octocoral colonies to fish had an effect on the grazing rate of key herbivores (surgeonfishes and parrotfishes), with a 53% higher feeding rate (1.90 ± 0.11 bites min−1 m−2) near octocorals (< 20 or 30 cm, depending on the site) versus farther from them (1.24 ± 0.09 bites min−1 m−2). Finally, within the canopy of dense octocoral communities (17 colonies m−2), reef fishes fed at a rate that was 2.2-fold higher within the community than at the edge of the community that faced an adjacent sand patch. Fish abundance, however, was not uniformly higher within versus at the edge of the octocoral community, as ecotone specialists such as gobiids, blennioids, ostraciids, holocentrids, labrids, and pomacentrids were 1.3—2.3 times more abundant at the edge. In contrast, other taxa of demersal fishes, notably herbivores, were twice as abundant within octocoral communities than at the edges. Together, these results reveal an association between habitat structure created by octocorals on shallow reefs and increased feeding rates of demersal fishes (including those of herbivores). The potential of octocorals to increase herbivory that could mediate stony coral recovery is therefore worthy of further study.
735 Impact of reversing an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program on tumor metabolism and immune suppression

Background To identify novel molecular mechanisms used by triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) to facilitate metastasis, we manipulated oncogenic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by restoring the microRNA-200c (miR-200c), termed ‘the guardian of the epithelial phenotype.’ We identified several tumor cell catabolizing enzymes, including tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). The Richer lab has published that TDO2 promotes anchorage independent cell survival during TNBC metastasis via its catabolite kynurenine, which also induces CD8+ T cell death. Similarly, published studies have demonstrated that HO-1 supports BC anchorage independent survival. However, effects of the HO-1 catabolite bilirubin on the tumor microenvironment had not been studied. We postulated that TNBC utilize targetable catabolizing enzymes, like HO-1, to simultaneously support tumor cell survival and dampen the anti-tumor immune response. Methods To test our hypothesis in an immune competent mouse model, Met-1 mammary carcinoma cells from a late stage MMTV-PyMT tumor were engineered to inducibly express miR-200c. Tumor cell infiltrates were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), flow cytometry and multispectral fluorescence. RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were cultured with conditioned medium from carcinoma cells ± miR-200c or the HO-1 competitive inhibitor tin mesoporphyrin (SnMP). RAW264.7 macrophages were also treated with 0–20 µM bilirubin and macrophage polarization and efferocytic capacity, the ability to engulf dead tumor cells, were assessed using qRT-PCR and IncuCyte assays. Results MiR-200c restoration to Met-1 orthotopic tumors decreased growth by 45% and increased infiltration of CD11c+ dendritic cells and activation, determined by CD44 expression, of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. While the number of F4/80+ macrophages was unchanged by miR-200c, the percent of M1 anti-tumor macrophages (F4/80+iNOS+/total cells) increased by >6-fold in miR-200c+tumors. RAW264.7 macrophages cultured with conditioned medium from miR-200c-restored mammary carcinoma cells had a 25–95% decrease in M2 pro-tumor genes (Arg1, Il4 and Il13) and a 15–55% increase in M1 genes (Nos2, Tnfa and Cxcl10). A similar decrease in M2 (30–50%) and increase M1 (35–160%) genes was seen in macrophages cultured with conditioned medium from SnMP treated mammary carcinoma cells. Conversely, bilirubin treatment alone enhanced M2 macrophage polarization and inhibited efferocytosis in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions Use of miR-200c to reverse EMT revealed that HO-1 promotes simultaneous TNBC cell survival and immune suppression. These studies are the first to show that tumor cell-HO-1 activity and subsequent bilirubin production may alter macrophage function in the tumor microenvironment. This finding could be clinically relevant since HO-1 inhibitors like SnMP are already FDA approved for treatment of other diseases.
Conversion of Formic Acid on Single- And Nano-Crystalline Anatase TiO2(101)

Understanding thermochemical transformations of formic acid (FA) on metal oxide surfaces is important for many catalytical reactions. Here we study thermally induced reactions of FA on a single-cry...
Measuring Intra-Household Inequality: Explorations using the Body Mass Index

This paper tests for relationships between level of well-being and inequality at both inter-country and intra-household levels, but using a different indicator of well-being, the body mass index (BMI). BMI captures individual's consumption relative to their needs, and reflects a combination of both consumption (of calories, sanitation, and health care) and health status, two important dimensions of well-being. We do not find any evidence to support either the across country Kuznets curve or the intra-household Kuznets curve. Instead, we find consistent evidence for an increase in BMI inequality as average living standards (of countries or households) improve. A distinct and surprising result is that between one half and two-thirds of BMI inequality is accounted for by within-household BMI. This finding clearly suggests that a large share of the inequality that is measured using household surveys which assumes that the well-being of all household members is the same, is likely grossly under-estimating overall inequality in a given country. In examining the within-household ratios of adult to child body mass indexes we also find some evidence that health shocks are both large and affect children more than adults; although, there are also indications that in households with chronic food deficits, there is an attempt to protect young children from food and related stresses that contribut to low BMI. It is thus clear that policies and programs that target households, not individuals, will be largely ineffective.
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 47

Douglas J. Futuyma, H. Bradley Shaffer, & Daniel Simberloff, eds. 2016. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 47. (ISSN: 1543-592X; ISBN: 978-0-8243-1447-7, hbk). Annual Reviews, Inc., 4139 El Camino Way, P.O. Box 10139, Palo Alto, California 94303, U.S.A. (Orders: www.AnnualReviews.org, science@annualreviews.org, 1-800-523-8635, 1-650-493-4400). $102.00 indiv. US, 545 pp., 7 5/8" x 9 3/8".
Structural Insights into the Human Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carrier Complexes

Pyruvate metabolism requires the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) proteins to transport pyruvate from the intermembrane space through the inner mitochondrial membrane to the mitochondrial matrix. The lack of the atomic structures of MPC hampers the understanding of the functional states of MPC and molecular interactions with the substrate or inhibitor. Here, we develop the de novo models of human MPC complexes and characterize the conformational dynamics of the MPC heterodimer formed by MPC1 and MPC2 (MPC1/2) by computational simulations. Our results reveal that functional MPC1/2 prefers to adopt an inward-open conformation, with the carrier open to the matrix side, whereas the outward-open states are less populated. The energy barrier for pyruvate transport in MPC1/2 is low enough, and the inhibitor UK5099 blocks the pyruvate transport by stably binding to MPC1/2. Notably, consistent with experimental results, the MPC1 L79H mutation significantly alters the conformations of MPC1/2 and thus fails for substrate transport. However, the MPC1 R97W mutation seems to retain the transport activity. The present de novo models of MPC complexes provide structural insights into the conformational states of MPC complexes and mechanistic understanding of interactions between the substrate/inhibitor and MPC proteins.
Neurogenic Hypertension Mediated Mitochondrial Abnormality Leads to Cardiomyopathy: Contribution of UPRmt and Norepinephrine-miR- 18a-5p-HIF-1α Axis

1. Abstract: Aims: Hypertension increases the risk of heart disease. Hallmark features of hypertensive heart disease is sympathoexcitation and cardiac mitochondrial abnormality. However, the molecular mechanisms for specifically neurally mediated mitochondrial abnormality and subsequent cardiac dysfunction are unclear. We hypothesized that enhanced sympatho-excitation to the heart elicits cardiac miR-18a-5p/HIF-1α signaling that lead to mitochondrial abnormalities and consequent pathological cardiac remodeling. Methods and Results: Using a model of neurogenic hypertension (NG-HTN), induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of Ang II (NG-HTN; 20ng/min, 14 days, 0.5µl/h, or Saline; Control, 0.9%) through osmotic mini-pumps in Sprague-Dawley rats (200-300g), we attempted to identify a link between sympathoexcitation (norepinephrine; NE), miRNA and HIF-1α signaling to produce mitochondrial abnormalities resulting in cardiomyopathy. Cardiac remodeling, mitochondrial abnormality and miRNA/HIF-1α signaling were assessed using histology, immunocytochemistry, electron microscopy, Western blotting or RT-qPCR. NG-HTN demonstrated increased sympatho-excitation with concomitant reduction in miRNA-18a-5p and increased level of HIF-1α in the heart. Our In-silico analysis indicated that miR-18a-5p targets HIF-1α. Direct effects of NE on miRNA/HIF-1α signaling and mitochondrial abnormality examined using H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes showed NE reduces miR-18a-5p but increases HIF-1α. Electron microscopy revealed cardiac mitochondrial abnormality in NG-HTN, linked with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and fibrosis. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) was decreased in NG-NTN indicating mitochondrial proteinopathy and proteotoxic stress, associated with increased mito-ROS and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and oxidative phosphorylation. Further, there was reduced cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion, but increased mitochondrial fission, coupled with mitochondrial impaired TIM-TOM transport and UPRmt. Direct effects of NE on H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes also showed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased mitochondrial ROS generation, and UPRmt corroborating the in-vivo data. Conclusions: In conclusion, enhanced sympatho-excitation suppress miR-18a-5p/HIF-1α signaling and increased mitochondrial stress proteotoxicity, decreased UPRmt leading to decreased mitochondrial dynamics/OXPHOS/ΔΨm and ROS generation. Taken together, these results suggest that ROS induced mitochondrial transition pore opening activates pro-hypertrophy/fibrosis/inflammatory factors that induce pathological cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis commonly observed in neurogenic hypertension.
The effect of H2O on partial melting of garnet peridotite at 3.5 GPa

[1] We present experimental determinations of the influence of H2O on partial melting of garnet peridotite (+1.5, 2.5, and 5 wt. % added H2O) at 3.5 GPa and 1200–1450°C. Experiments produced complex polyphase regions of quenched melt and equilibrium partial melt compositions were reconstructed by combined EMP and LA-ICP-MS analyses. Mass balance-derived melt fractions (F) range from 0.18 to 0.33 and dissolved water contents range from 4.5 to 23.5 wt. %. One exceptional experiment quenched glass, allowing independent verification of H2O concentration by FTIR. The influence of H2O on melt production is quantified by the temperature difference required to achieve a given F under dry and wet conditions, ΔT, which is controlled by the H2O concentration in partial melts. Melts with 1.5, 5, 10, and 15 wt. % H2O yield ΔT values of 50, 150, 250, and 320°C, respectively, consistent with a cryoscopic parameterization that assumes 3 oxygens per mole of silicate melt. Based on this parameterization, we calculate that beneath oceanic ridges, peridotite H2O storage capacity increases from 0 to 240 ppm from 66 to 110 km depth. For H2O to be solely responsible for melting in the oceanic low velocity zone (LVZ) at least 5.7 wt. % H2O must be dissolved in the melt at 110 km, and considerably more (e.g., 15 wt.% at 220 km) is required for melting throughout the entire observed interval. The addition of H2O results in 3.5 GPa partial melts of garnet peridotite (normalized anhydrous) that are SiO2 and Al2O3 poor (43–50 and 9–11.5 wt. %, respectively), and MgO and CaO rich (18–27 and 7–12 wt. %, respectively) when compared to anhydrous analogues. These effects become highly pronounced deep in the upper mantle, and are opposite to the effect of H2O on melt compositions in the spinel stability field, potentially owing in part to OH−association with network modifying cations in high pressure, depolymerized melts and in part to low-temperature stabilization of garnet, which enhances CaO/Al2O3.
Plasma lipid and lipoprotein changes during "pill-a-month" contraceptive steroid administration.

Abstract An oral contraceptive combining quinestrol and quingestanol acetate was administered on a once-a-month program, and its effects on plasma lipids and lipoproteins were studied. Significant increases in triglyceride (+32 per cent) and phospholipids (+16 per cent) were noted, but the average plasma cholesterol levels did not change. The average increases were qualitatively similar to those previously reported with the more traditionally administered contraceptives but were of lesser magnitude.
Eigenfrequencies of standing waves and the masses of the stable elementary particles

The spectrum of the masses of the stable neutral mesons and baryons is compared with the eigenvalues of a fourth-order differential equation which describes standing torsional-flexural waves. The eigenvalues of the equation split into two different types. The first spectrum of only three eigenvalues corresponds to the masses of the mesons. The second corresponds to the baryons. Agreement of the frequencies of the oscillation with the frequencies corresponding to the masses is in the 1% range, exempting the η-meson. The eigenfrequencies of the oscillations are either positive or negative, the negative eigenfrequencies corresponding to the antiparticles. The value of Young’s modulus of the material of the particles is determined and is compatible with the value of the compressibility of the nucleon determined by others. The torsional waves corresponding to the mesons do not have intrinsic angular momentum which is compatible with spins=0. The flexural part of the second eigenvalue spectrum corresponding to the baryons has an intrinsic angular momentum ofħ/2, if two pairs of oscillations about the same axis, one pair with positive, the other pair with negative frequencies, are superposed. A necessary condition for spins=1/2 is thereby fulfilled. It is shown that the superposition of the four flexural waves is a spinor. The eigenfunctions, which determine the structure of the particles, are given.
Potential health concerns of dietary phosphorus: cancer, obesity, and hypertension

Adult Americans typically consume on average 1400 mg, or more, of phosphorus (P) daily in meals, which almost doubles the recommended dietary allowance. After a meal phosphorus is rapidly absorbed at a high efficiency and hormonal mechanisms act swiftly to maintain the serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration within fairly narrow limits. Both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) reduce serum phosphate during postprandial periods through homeostatic actions on the kidney. However, it is speculated that exposure of cells to a brief high-serum Pi concentration may signal alterations in cell functions that lead to deleterious effects. Elevation of serum FGF-23 or PTH may also be harmful to specific cell types. Examples of possible adverse health effects include cancer, obesity, and hypertension. Here I review potential mechanisms through which high-P intake may contribute to cell metabolic abnormalities and the development of chronic disease; high-dietary phosphorus, especially from foods processed with phosphate salts, may be associated with these chronic diseases. Further investigation is needed to establish the significance of high-phosphate diets within a large segment of the U.S. population with normal renal function.
Cell type-specific activation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes by Sox10.

The regulatory factor Sox10 is expressed in neural crest derivatives during development as well as in the adult CNS and peripheral nervous system. Mutations of the human Sox10 gene have been identified in patients with Waardenburg-Hirschsprung syndrome that is characterized by defects in neural crest development. Previous studies suggested that Sox10 might function as an important transcriptional regulator of neural crest development. No natural target genes of Sox10 have yet been identified. Although human Sox10 activates a synthetic promoter consisting of a TATA box and multiple Sox consensus sequences, no transcriptional activity of the rat Sox10 homolog has been detected. Here we report that the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor β4 and α3 subunit gene promoters are transactivated by rat Sox10 in a cell type-specific manner. The α3 and β4 subunits, in combination with the α5 subunit, make up the predominant nicotinic receptor subtype expressed in the peripheral nervous system. Transfections using Sox10 mutants indicate that the C-terminal region is dispensable for its ability to activate the β4 and α3 promoters. Rat Sox10 was originally identified as an accessory protein of the POU domain protein Tst-1/Oct6/SCIP in glial cells. Tst-1/Oct6/SCIP was shown previously to activate the α3 promoter. We now demonstrate that it can transactivate the β4 promoter as well. However, we were unable to detect any synergistic effects of Sox10 and Tst-1/Oct6/SCIP on β4 or α3 promoter activity. Finally, we present data suggesting that recombinant Sox10 protein can directly interact with a previously characterized regulatory region of the β4 gene.
40/100GbE technologies and related activities of IEEE standardization

• Background - Ethernet: Link for packet - Ethernet Std: IEEE802.3 - 40 & 100?: Host & Network - 40/100 Timeline: ′10/06 Std • Basics of Ethernet Technology - Arch.: MII and Sublayers - 10GbE: XAUI, 64/66, LFS - BpE: AN, Optional FEC ′ 40/100GbE Technologies - Types: {K,C,S,L,E} R {4,10} - PHY Arch.: Simpler Module - MLD: Multilane flexibility - PMDs: Reuse 10G specs • 40/100GbE Transport - OTN: for WDM and TDM - 10GbE Issue: G.sup43 - OTN evolution: transparent 100GbE, transcoded 40GbE