cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Canalostomy as a Surgical Approach for Cochlear Gene Therapy in the Rat

This article presents a unique approach for the delivery of gene therapy vectors into the cochlea of the laboratory rat. Mice and guinea pigs are established in vivo models for cochlear gene therapy each of which has distinct advantages and disadvantages. The rat has some of the molecular advantages of a mouse model combined with size advantages for surgical approaches. Vector delivery via cochleostomy or injection through the round window causes concomitant sensorineural hearing loss and is therefore not suitable for studies where the change in hearing is being followed. Compared to the mouse, the rat does not demonstrate easily recognizable landmarks that allow for use of the semicircular canal as an approach to the inner ear. We analyzed sagittal and coronal temporal bone sections of Long Evans rats and identified the bony entrance of the facial nerve as a crucial landmark for canalostomy. Auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacustic emission measurements revealed minimal differences in the hearing threshold after adenovirus vector application when large volumes of vector were infused to the inner ear. Canalostomy and infusion of adenoviral vectors also resulted in temporary balance disturbance in the rat. Immunohistochemical assessment after delivery of a green fluorescent protein expressing vector showed significant GFP expression in the cochlea. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Progress with Stem Cells: Stuck or Unstuck?

James Thomson's derivation of human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines in November 1998 was a major scientific breakthrough, the full value of which should not be underestimated. Nearly 20 years of work with mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells revealed that those cells can be propagated indefinitely while
Thrombospondin-1–induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration is dependent on the hyaluronic acid receptor CD44

Abstract Background Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) induces vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration after arterial injury. TSP-1 up-regulates hyaluronic acid (HyA)-inducing genes in VSMCs. HyA also induces VSMC migration. Our hypothesis was that TSP-1–induced VSMC migration is dependent on the CD44 receptor, and that HyA and TSP-1 share migratory signaling pathways. Methods VSMC migration was assessed using TSP-1, HyA, or serum-free medium as chemoattractants. VSMCs were treated with inhibitors to CD44, Ras, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, Raf-1 kinase, or c-SRC. TSP-1– and HyA-induced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activity was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comparisons were made by the Student t test and a P value less than .05 was considered significant. Results Inhibiting CD44 reduced TSP-1– and HyA-induced migration. Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase and c-SRC inhibitors prevented TSP-1– and HyA-induced migration, whereas Ras and Raf-1 kinase inhibitors only affected TSP-1. TSP-1 and HyA activate the EGFR. Conclusions TSP-1– and HYA-induced migration share some of the same signaling pathways and the EGFR/CD44 receptors may be a common link.
In vivo brain calcium homeostasis during aging

Abstract Since in vitro experiments suggest that brain calcium metabolism is altered with aging, the estimated rate of calcium uptake by the brain in vivo was determined with senescence. Calcium-45 incorporation into cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, forebrain, midbrain and brainstem was determined in 3-, 10- and 30-month-old mice at 5 h after either an intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. Calcium uptake (brain dpm/mg protein divided by blood specific activity at 5 h) into these regions declined 19–33% at 10 months and 41–51% at 30 months. Subcellular fractionation of the cortex revealed that the decrease was similar in P 1 (myelin, nuclei and tissue debris), P 2 (synaptosomes, mitochondria and myelin) and S 2 (microsomes, ribosomes and cytosol). Brain calcium concentrations declined with age in brain stem (−62%) and midbrain (−48%) but did not significantly vary with age in the other regions. These results support the suggestion that alterations in calcium homeostasis may underlie age-related changes in neurotransmitter metabolism.
The Old and Thee, uh, New: Disfluency and Reference Resolution

Most research on the rapid mental processes of online language processing has been limited to the study of idealized, fluent utterances. Yet speakers are often disfluent, for example, saying “thee, uh, candle” instead of “the candle.” By monitoring listeners' eye movements to objects in a display, we demonstrated that the fluency of an article (“thee uh” vs. “the”) affects how listeners interpret the following noun. With a fluent article, listeners were biased toward an object that had been mentioned previously, but with a disfluent article, they were biased toward an object that had not been mentioned. These biases were apparent as early as lexical information became available, showing that disfluency affects the basic processes of decoding linguistic input.
Atherosclerosis in Cholesterol-Fed Japanese Quail: Evidence for Amelioration by Dietary Vitamin E

Abstract Three experiments were conducted with adult, male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) from 5 through 14 weeks of age. In Experiment 1, quail fed a cholesterol-free diet were compared with quail fed .5% of United States Pharmacopia (USP), recrystallized (RCR), or oxidized (OXI) cholesterol preparations. In Experiment 2, .5% OXI cholesterol was fed alone and with .1% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) or 100 mg d-alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg of diet and compared with .5% RCR cholesterol. Experiment 3 was the same as Experiment 2 except the BHT treatment was deleted. In comparison to RCR-treated quail, OXI-treated quail exhibited significantly increased serum (P
Gender and jealousy: Stories of infidelity

In three studies (total N = 337) we tested an evolutionary prediction using a scenario method in which participants read stories about their partners' infidelity and responded with their predicted emotional reaction on Likert scales. In Study 1, participants read that their partners went to a brothel. Contrary to evolutionary expectations, females reported being more hurt and angry than did males. Study 2 described a sexual or emotional encounter. Again, contrary to the crossover interaction predicted by evolutionists, both genders were upset more by the sexual than the emotional fling. Study 3 was about the end of an affair with a married person. As evolutionary theory might expect, males were less upset when their partners returned to their husbands than were females when their partners returned to their wives, but these main effects did not interact with the use of birth control and the opportunity to profit from cuckoldry.
Why is the Black Evangelical Movement Growing in Brazil

In the struggle against racism in Brazil there is a new political actor on the scene: the evangelical black movement. Since the mid-1990s, groups committed to uniting black identity, anti-racism and evangelical theology have rapidly proliferated. This article, applying the analytical terms of political process theory, identifies several key social and political forces that have combined in the past decade to help foster the growth of the movement. The article concludes that the movement has risen on the back of deep and enduring social forces, and argues that it will therefore be increasingly important in the years to come to pay attention to the role evangelical activists play in anti-racist politics in Brazil.
Looking to the future of research in pediatric anxiety disorders

OBJECTIVE The rapid emergence of translational developmental neuroscience as the key driver in understanding the onset of mental illness, the restructuring of academic health science centers on the NIH Roadmap, and dramatic shifts in drug, biological, device, and psychosocial intervention development all have important consequences for pediatric anxiety disorders as a field. METHOD This article, which tracks the final presentation at a day-long symposium on pediatric anxiety disorders at the 2010 annual meeting of the Anxiety Disorders Association of America (ADAA), will try to outline where the field will head over the next decade as these forces combine to shape research and practice. RESULTS After 20 years of large comparative treatment trials that have defined the place of current generation treatments, the field is shifting toward interventions that will emerge from the revolution in translational developmental neuroscience and that herald the dawn of stratified and ultimately personalized medicine. With a much more efficient discovery to translational continuum, intervention development and dissemination will benefit from the concurrent transformation of the clinical and clinical research enterprise. CONCLUSION Dramatic advances in science and changes in the structure of medicine will condition the future of clinical research across every therapeutic area in medicine. For the field of pediatric anxiety disorders to thrive it will be important to embrace and actively participate in this revolution so that anxious youth are viewed as a key target population and, consequently, preemptive, preventive, and curative interventions will be developed for children by first intent.
Constructive Induction in Theory Refinement

Abstract This paper presents constructive induction techniques recently added to the EITHER theory refinement system. These additions allow EITHER to handle arbitrary gaps at the “top,― “middle,― and/or “bottom― of an incomplete domain theory. Intermediate concept utilization employs existing rules in the theory to derive higher-level features for use in induction. Intermediate concept creation employs inverse resolution to introduce new intermediate concepts in order to fill gaps in a theory that span multiple levels. These revisions allow EITHER to make use of imperfect domain theories in the ways typical of previous work in both constructive induction and theory refinement. As a result, EITHER is able to handle a wider range of theory imperfections than does any other existing theory refinement system.
Hybrid Expressivism and the Analogy between Pejoratives and Moral Language

: In recent literature supporting a hybrid view between metaethical cognitivism and noncognitivist expressivism, much has been made of an analogy between moral terms and pejoratives. The analogy is based on the plausible idea that pejorative slurs are used to express both a descriptive belief and a negative attitude. The analogy looks promising insofar as it encourages the kinds of features we should want from a hybrid expressivist view for moral language. But the analogy between moral terms and pejorative slurs is also problematic. In this paper, I argue for two main ways in which we should distinguish between two different types of pejorative terms: slurs, on the one hand, and what I call general pejorative terms, on the other. I examine the problems with the analogy between slurs and moral terms and conclude that general pejorative terms like ‘jerk’ are a better candidate on which to model the potential dual-use behavior of moral terms. So if hybrid theorists are looking for a dual-use model for moral language, they should be careful to base their analogies on general pejoratives, rather than slurs.
Property of Trace in Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Variance Components

Abstract In the expectation-maximization REML algorithm, the trace function is the most computationally intensive operation, because it involves the inverse of the coefficient matrix of the mixed model equations. In the animal model contributions to the trace function from animals without records are all constant. Consequently, the part of the inverse and trace corresponding to these animals need not be computed.
Influenza: Quantifying morbidity and mortality

Because of their dramatic impact, morbidity and mortality associated with influenza have been recognized since at least the time of Elizabeth I of England. Excess mortality has been documented since 1889, and the infamous 1918 outbreak confirmed that influenza was truly one of the last major plagues. Despite the clear recognition of large clusters of influenza activity, it is still difficult to quantify precisely the total impact of influenza morbidity and mortality, since laboratory confirmation is required for exact diagnosis. Many methods have been developed to provide estimates of the mortality associated with influenza. These methods are usually predicated on establishing expected baseline rates of mortality. Deaths in excess of these rates are then calculated--and attributed to the circulating influenza virus. In this way, groups at high risk of mortality have been defined as the elderly and those with chronic conditions. Special-risk groups, such as those in institutions, have also been identified. The quantification of morbidity has required different approaches, and here community and family studies have made major contributions. In contrast to mortality, morbidity is most pronounced in children and young adults, and the diseases, although self-limited, are often quite severe. Although the size of the outbreaks varies, influenza infection can be documented annually. Thus, each year must be considered an influenza year.
The Significance of Bonhoeffer's Interest in India

SEVERAL important contributions to Bonhoeffer scholarship which have come out within the past year or so and some which have not yet been published have so decisively advanced our knowledge that a wholly new understanding of many questions is now possible.' The unity, the comprehensiveness, and the range of Bonhoeffer's vision are beginning to emerge. One streak of faroff light in that vision was India.2 Since our argument comes to the theme of India over a circuitous route which includes the trips to America, Troeltsch's question, the interest in the Old Testament, the relation to Barth and Bultmann, and the role of the prison experience, it is appropriate to begin with a curious fact which also appears to have little to do with the theme of India. Eberhard Bethge has called attention to this curious fact.
Comparative Pathogenesis of Epsilonretroviruses

Experimental models using mammalian and avian oncogenic retroviruses have led to key advances in the understanding of cell proliferation and oncogenesis and basic principles in cell biology. Since the discovery in 1911 of Rous sarcoma virus (65, 66), more than 30 oncogenes have been identified in acutely transforming simple retroviruses (reviewed in references 17 and 62). Retrovirally transduced oncogenes include transcription factors, growth-stimulating factors, receptor molecules, protein tyrosine kinases, protein serine/threonine kinases, and membrane-associated G proteins (62). Each of these retrovirus-encoded oncogenes has a highly conserved cellular counterpart, and many of their human homologs have been implicated in cancers. In contrast to the simple retroviruses, oncogenic complex retroviruses, e.g., human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, do not contain typical oncogenes but contain unique regulatory and accessory genes that are believed to promote cancer through their ability to alter cellular gene regulation (1). These studies have contributed greatly to our understanding of eucaryotic cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation, but these processes are still far from understood. Therefore, it is important to continue to develop new research venues for the study of cell proliferation, including new systems to study retrovirus-induced oncogenesis. Piscine and other retroviruses of lower vertebrates represent an untapped resource of model systems to investigate mechanisms of oncogenesis. At least 13 proliferative lesions of fish are tentatively attributed to retroviruses based on the observation of retrovirus-like particles and, in some cases, reverse transcriptase activity in lesions. Interestingly, seven of these lesions are seasonal; i.e., they develop and regress annually, thereby providing unique experimental models for tumor development and naturally occurring tumor death (Table ​(Table1)1) (25). This review focuses on the skin lesions of walleyes (Stizostedion vitreum), i.e., walleye dermal sarcoma (WDS) and walleye epidermal hyperplasia (WEH) and on their associated epsilonretroviruses, WDS virus (WDSV) and WEH viruses 1 and 2 (WEHV1 and WEHV2). TABLE 1. Seasonal hyperproliferative lesions of fish putatively associated with retroviral infections
Jamaica's Decision to Pursue a Neoliberal Development Strategy: Realignments in the State-Business-Class Triangle

Although under Michael Manley in the 1970s Jamaica was in the forefront of the Non-Aligned Movement's attempt to establish a New International Economic Order (NIEO), the Edward Seaga government in the 1980s adopted neoliberalism as the lodestar for its domestic and foreign development strategies. This decision has paid off in some sectors of the economy, but the larger picture remains rather discouraging. The depth and scope of the current social and economic crisis in Jamaica raise the question of the political viability of the coalition between the state, the private sector, and various social classes that has embarked upon these neoliberal economic reforms. The Jamaican case is particularly interesting in that it may be seen as an indicator of the way in which the Caribbean region was used strategically by representatives of international finance capital in this period as a test case for the global deployment of new neoliberal strategies and policy initiatives (cf. Dietz and Pantojas-Garcia, 1994; see also Ranney, 1993). This case study examines the process of political coalition building surrounding Jamaican economic reform and the consequences for the country's foreign economic policy priorities. Specifically, it aims to trace the political attitudes and situational conditions that facilitated the emergence and consolidation of a free market coalition between the state, various social classes, and particular sectors of the business class. It is in this shift from the 1970s to the 1980s that one
Do Changes in Circulating Biomarkers Track With Each Other and With Functional Changes in Older Adults

BACKGROUND It is unclear if changes in proposed circulating biomarkers of aging are strongly correlated to each other or functional change. We tested if biomarker changes track with each other and with functional measures over 9 years in older adults. METHODS Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), IGF binding proteins 1 (IGFBP-1) and 3 (IGFBP-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cholesterol, and function (gait speed, grip strength, Modified Mini Mental Status Exam [3MSE] and Digit Symbol Substitution Test [DSST] scores) were measured in 1996-1997 and 2005-2006 in the Cardiovascular Health Study All Stars study (N = 901, mean [standard deviation, SD] age 85.3 [3.6] years in 2005-2006). Adjusted Pearson correlations illustrated if biomarkers tracked together. Multivariable linear regression demonstrated if biomarker changes tracked with functional changes. RESULTS Correlations among biomarker changes were mostly <0.2. In models with each biomarker entered separately, a 1-SD increase biomarker change was associated with change in function as follows: grip strength (DHEAS β = 0.61kg, p = .001; IL-6 β = -0.46kg, p = .012; cholesterol men β = 0.79kg, p = .016); gait speed (DHEAS β = 0.02 meters per second, p = .039; IL-6 β = -0.018 meters per second, p = .049); and DSST score (DHEAS women β = 1.46, p = .004; IL-6 β = -0.83, p = .027). When biomarkers were entered in the same model, significant associations remaining were as follows: grip strength (DHEAS β = 0.54kg, p = .005; IL-6 β = -0.43kg, p = .022); 3MSE score (IGF-1 β = 0.96, p = .04; IGFBP-3 β = -1.07, p = .024); and DSST score (DHEAS women β = 1.27, p = .012; IL-6 β = -0.80, p = .04). CONCLUSION Changes in biomarkers were poorly correlated, supporting a model of stochastic, independent change across systems. DHEAS and IL-6 tracked most closely with function, illustrating that changes in inflammation and sex steroids may play dominant roles in changes of these functional outcomes.
The 2012-2013 Influenza Epidemic and the Role of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine

The 2012-2013 influenza epidemic arrived approximately 4 weeks early, augmented by an unusual variant type-A ("swine flu") strain that caused greater-than-normal illness and a lack of efficacy in vaccination against it. Tens of thousands of people die of influenza or related complications during a nonepidemic influenza season. Osteopathic medicine can substantially help to address the complications that result from influenza. For example, during the deadly 1918-1919 Spanish influenza pandemic, osteopaths reduced patient mortality and morbidity by using lymphatic treatment techniques. Use of osteopathic manipulative treatment with vaccination, antiviral therapy, and chemoprophylaxis has potential to save lives and reduce complications. The present article describes the role of osteopathic manipulative treatment in the management of influenza and highlights current issues surrounding the use of antiviral therapy.
Orthotropic elastic constants for polyimide film

The orthotropic constants of polyimide film have been characterized using the theory of elasticity of an anisotropic material. Experimental techniques coupled with the mechanics of orthotropic materials are used to determine all 9 independent orthotropic elastic constants (3 tensile moduli, 3 shear moduli, and 3 Poisson's ratios) and 3 coefficients of thermal expansion. Vibrational holographic interferom-etry is used to determine the orthotropic axes of symmetry. For this polyimide film, the two principal axes coincided with the machine and transverse directions. It is also used to evaluate the 2 in-plane Poisson's ratios by measuring residual stresses in 2-D and 1-D square membranes. Using other instruments such as a high pressure gas dilatometry apparatus, a tensile tester, a pressure-volume-temperature apparatus, a thermornechanical analyzer, and a torsion pendulum, the 7 other orthotropic constants and the 3 coefficients of thermal expansion are determined.
Investigation of Flow Regime Transitions in Large-Diameter Inclined Pipes

Multiphase oil/water/gas flow regime transition studies are carried out in a lO-cm i.d., I8-m long pipe at inclinations of ::t2 deg at system pressures between 0 to 0.79 MPa. The results are compared to those of other researchers, and the effects of pressure, inclination, and liquid viscosity are shown. The water cut of the liquid has some effects on the transition from stratified to slug flow. Increasing the water ~ut results in the transition occurring at higher liquid velocity at the same gas velocIty. Water cut has little effect on the slug/annular transition for low viscosity oil used. The system pressure has a moderate effect on the transition from stratified to slug and slug to annular. For the transition from stratified to slug, increasing the system pressure requires higher liquid velocity. The transition from slug to 'annular occurs at lower liquid velocity with increasing the system pressures. The inclination of the pipe has little effect on the transition from slug to annular flow. Increasing the inclination causes the transition to occur at approximately the same gas velocity at the same liquid velocity. The experimental results show a good agreement with Wilkens' model.
Pluripotent stem cells in neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases

Most of our current knowledge about cellular phenotypes in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases in humans was gathered from studies in postmortem brain tissues. These samples often represent the end-stage of the disease and therefore are not always a fair representation of how the disease developed. Moreover, under these circumstances, the pathology observed could be a secondary effect rather than the authentic disease cellular phenotype. Likewise, the rodent models available do not always recapitulate the pathology from human diseases. In this review, we will examine recent literature on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells to model neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases. We highlight the characteristics of diseases like spinal muscular atrophy and familial dysautonomia that allowed partial modeling of the disease phenotype. We review human stem cell literature on common neurodegenerative late-onset diseases such as Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis where patients' cells have been successfully reprogrammed but a disease phenotype has not yet been described. So far, the technique is of great interest for early onset monogenetic neurodevelopmental diseases. We speculate about potential further experimental requirements and settings for reprogrammed neurons for in vitro disease modeling and drug discovery.
Metabolic costs of mounting an antigen-stimulated immune response in adult and aged C57BL/6J mice

Animals must balance their energy budget despite seasonal changes in both energy availability and physiological expenditures. Immunity, in addition to growth, thermoregulation, and cellular maintenance, requires substantial energy to maintain function, although few studies have directly tested the energetic cost of immunity. The present study assessed the metabolic costs of an antibody response. Adult and aged male C5BL/6J mice were implanted with either empty Silastic capsules or capsules filled with melatonin and injected with either saline or keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). O2 consumption was monitored periodically throughout antibody production using indirect calorimetry. KLH-injected mice mounted significant immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses and consumed more O2 compared with animals injected with saline. Melatonin treatment increased O2 consumption in mice injected with saline but suppressed the increased metabolic rate associated with an immune response in KLH-injected animals. Melatonin had no effect on immune response to KLH. Adult and aged mice did not differ in antibody response or metabolic activity. Aged mice appear unable to maintain sufficient heat production despite comparable O2 production to adult mice. These results suggest that mounting an immune response requires significant energy and therefore requires using resources that could otherwise be allocated to other physiological processes. Energetic trade-offs are likely when energy demands are high (e.g., during winter, pregnancy, or lactation). Melatonin appears to play an adaptive role in coordinating reproductive, immunologic, and energetic processes.
Osteoimmunology: An Introduction

It has been almost 40 years since it was first observed that cells of the immune system could influence the functions of bone [1]. Since that time, significant strides have been made in our understanding of the interactions between hematopoietic, immune, and bone cells. This field is now known as “osteoimmunology,” which is a term that was first coined by Arron and Choi in an commentary in Nature in 2000 [2]. In the 11 years since the field has grown markedly. PubMed now lists over 2,000 references that combine the terms immunology with osteoclasts or osteoblasts. The 3rd International Conference on Osteoimmunology was designed to further nurture the development of this field. It met at the Nomikos Conference Center Fira, Santorini, Greece, from June 20 to 25, 2010. Over 145 participants heard a rich program that was composed of 22 half hour talks and 11 short 10-min talks. In addition, there were 65 abstracts presented as posters. The subjects covered in these presentations spanned all the current topic areas of this field. Talks were divided into sessions. These included Niche and Soil, three session on the Basic Concepts of Osteoimmunology: Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts and Cross Talk, and a session on emerging areas entitled “Up and Coming.”
Asymptomatic virus shedding after herpes genitalis

Samples of cervical and vaginal secretions obtained daily from five women were studied for the presence of active virus and/or viral antigens. In women with a history of recurrent genital herpes, either infectious virus or viral antigen in exfoliated cells was repeatedly detected in the absence of overt clinical symptoms. The epidemiologic and obstetric importance of the observations is discussed.
Some Topics in the Statics and Dynamics of Material Bodies

There is a vast literature in continuum mechanics on topics ranging from the classical theories of hydrodynamics and linear elasticity to the modern theories of materials with memory effects and dislocations. In this chapter we shall consider only three topics for the purpose of illustrating the basic principles developed in the preceding chapter. The topics are: the theory of viscometric flows of simple fluids, the universal solutions of isotropic elastic solids, and the mathematical formulation of continuous distributions of dislocations in elastic bodies.
Phase measurements of surface IR-visible sum frequency generation: Determination of polar orientation of molecules at surfaces

Knowledge of the orientation of molecules at interfaces is essential for many areas of basic and applied science. Infrared-visible sum frequency generation (SFG) can be used to obtain the vibrational spectum of molecular monolayers at any interface accessible by light. The average tilt and width of the orientational distribution of a group within a surface molecule can be deduced from the SFG signal intensity.
THE INFLUENCE OF PERIOSTEUM ON THE SURVIVAL OF BONE GRAFTS

In twenty-two rabbits, grafts taken from the tibia or fibula were transplanted to defects which had been produced in each radius. By weekly x-ray observations, and at the end of the experiment by microscopic sections, it was possible to compare different types of grafts in the same animal, namely, fibula, periosteum alone, osteoperiosteal grafts, and cortical grafts with or without periosteum. [SEE THE FIGURE FIG. 12 AND FIG. 13 IN SOURCE PDF.] It was found that a graft composed of the entire fibula survived longer and favored an earlier closure of the defect than did a graft of fibula without periosteum, or split fibula. A periosteal graft, free from bone, produced an early closure of the defect in every case. The osteoperiosteal graft also resulted in an early closure of the defect, apparently through the activity of the periosteum rather than the fine pieces of cortex which were included in the graft. A comparison of cortical grafts with and without periosteum showed clearly that the presence of periosteum on a graft favored the early closure of the defect and the survival of the graft.
Incidence and long-term follow-up of isolated posterior cruciate ligament tears

Isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) tears are an uncommon injury. The goals of this study are to (1) determine the population-based incidence of isolated PCL tears, (2) compare the occurrence of secondary meniscal tears or arthritis in patients with PCL deficiency to patients without PCL tears, and (3) evaluate factors associated with long-term sequelae among patients with PCL deficiency. This retrospective study included a population-based incidence cohort of 48 patients with new-onset, isolated PCL tears between 1990 and 2010, as well as an age and sex-matched cohort of individuals without PCL tears. A chart review was performed to collect information related to the initial injury, treatment, and outcomes. Subjects were retrospectively followed to determine the development of subsequent meniscal tears, arthritis, or total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence of isolated, complete PCL tears was 1.8 (95 % CI 1.3, 2.3) per 100,000. During a mean 12.2-year follow-up, patients with isolated PCL tears had a significantly higher likelihood (HR 6.2, 95 % CI 1.8, 21.2) of symptomatic arthritis compared to individuals without PCL tears. The likelihood of subsequent meniscal tears (HR 2.1, 95 % CI 0.4, 10.7) and TKA (HR 3.2, 95 % CI 0.5, 19.6) was more frequent among patients with PCL tears compared to subjects without PCL tears. Older age at injury was significantly associated with future arthritis (P = 0.003) and TKA (P = 0.02). Isolated PCL tears remain a rare injury with an estimated annual incidence of 2 per 100,000 persons. Patients with isolated PCL tears have a significantly higher risk of symptomatic arthritis than patients without PCL tears. Older age at injury is associated with a higher risk of arthritis and the need for TKA. The results of this study can be used to educate patients about the natural history of isolated PCL tears and provide a baseline of expectations for the future development of arthritis and subsequent meniscal injury following isolated PCL injury. Retrospective comparative study, Level III.
Applicability of cloud point depression to "cold flow"

For “cold flow” and slurry (wax crystals present) flow conditions, temperature management of the oil and cooling apparatuses is tantamount to obtaining good, reliable data (Bidmus, H. O.; Mehrotra,...
Aeroelastic Analysis of Transonic Wings Using Navier-Stokes Equations and a Nonlinear Beam Finite Element Model

In this paper the numerical modeling of a nonlinear beam finite element tightly coupled with an existing nonlinear aerodynamic model is presented. The purpose of this work is to understand the details of tightly coupling a nonlinear structural method with a nonlinear aerodynamic method. The nonlinear beam element approach is validated with analytical solutions. To demonstrate the tightly coupled approach, the geometric nonlinear bending effects on the aeroelastic characteristics of three high aspect ratio wings are studied, in the transonic regime. The results show how the effective span shortening and twist of the wing affects the aeroelastic characteristics of an unswept and swept wing.
A novel method for developing a standardized nuclear imaging protocol using 99mTc-PYP for identifying ATTR cardiac amyloid

2529 Objectives Differentiating immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) from transthyretin-related (ATTR) cardiac amyloid is critical to patient management. We devised a standardized and comprehensive method using 99mTc-pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) to differentiate biopsy proven ATTR amyloid. Methods Planar cardiac imaging was done to access; visual analysis with “Semi Quantitative Analysis” (SQA) vs. “Absolute Quantitative Analysis” (AQA). The following parameters might affect sensitivity and specificity: 1) 750k vs 2 million counts 2) 1hr vs 2+hrs injection to scan times 3) Dose comparisons of 10-25mCi 4) 128 matrix vs 256 5) AQA with multiple ROI locations Spect imaging was performed if cardiac uptake was present, to evaluated the distribution of 99mTc-PYP. 3 blinded, experienced, Nuclear Cardiologists evaluated image quality and accuracy on 94 subjects (75 male), (mean age=71.6 yrs +/- 21.5) using SQA of the anterior images with a 4 point scoring method (3=uptake >ribs, 2=uptake equal to ribs, 1=uptake less then ribs, 0=no uptake), and AQA method. Results SQA at 750K, 1hr wait and 256 matrix in the anterior view correlated strongly with biopsy proven cardiac ATTR Amyloid. Scans at 2+ hr had higher rib uptake compared to 1 hr scans, which reduced image quality. Scale results of 2 or 3 represented ATTR and those of 0 or 1 represented AL type or normal (HFPER) subjects with a sensitivity of 98.2% and specificity of 92.3%. AQA of the heart to contra-lateral (H/CL) ROI’s found a significant differential ratio of >=1.5 associated with ATTR, while = 1.5 had a sensitivity of 98.2% and specificity of 100% for identifying ATTR cardiac amyloid. Image quality remained similar among all dose ranges. Conclusions Performing simple, non-invasive 99mTc-PYP standardized imaging Protocol is an accurate, robust and reproducible technique for differentiating ATTR vs. AL Amyloid using either visual SQA and/or AQA quantitative technique.
Effect of Hurricane Sandy on Long Island Emergency Departments Visits.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the effect of Hurricane Sandy on Long Island mental health emergency department (ED) visits and to determine whether these visits varied according to patient demographics or geographic area and intensity of the impact. METHODS: Individual-level de-identified data were extracted from the Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System from New York State ED visits from October 1 to December 2012 for residents of Nassau and Suffolk counties in Long Island. The dates of the ED visits were grouped into 4 periods: (1) pre-Sandy, October 1-28; (2) during Sandy, October 29; (3) post-Sandy I, October 30 to November 1; and (4) post-Sandy II, November 2-30. RESULTS: A total of 126,337 ED visits were recorded among 23 EDs. A significant drop in volume was observed on October 29; 399 more ED visits for physical health diagnoses were identified in the post-Sandy I period than in the pre-Sandy period. "Diseases of the respiratory system" was the only diagnosis group that showed a positive trend in the post-Sandy I period compared with the pre-Sandy period (increase of 4%). No significant changes in mental health visits were observed after Sandy landfall. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis suggests that the critical temporal window during which ED resources should be increased is in the immediate aftermath of a hurricane. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 7). Language: en
Dietary protein level and ruminal degradability for mohair production in Angora goats.

Twenty-eight Angora goat doelings (average BW 22.1 kg) were used in a 150-d study to examine the effects of dietary CP level and degradability on mohair fiber production. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement was instituted using con- ventional, solvent-extracted soybean meal (high degradability) or expelled, heat-treated soybean meal (low degradability) incorporated into low- (12%) or high- (19%) CP diets. Grease and clean mohair weights were greater (P .lo) by dietary CP level. Clean mohair weight tended (P .lo) by CP level or degradability, whereas DMI increased (P .lo) by diet. Ruminal ammonia N concentration increased (P e .05) as CP level in the diet increased, and postprandial changes in concentra- tions were less noticeable in the group fed ex- pelled, heat-treated soybean meal. Plasma urea N (P e .001) and total protein (P e .01) concentration increased as dietary CP level increased. Plasma glucose was elevated (P < .001) 2 h after feeding in the goats fed conventional, solvent-extracted soy- bean meal, whereas glucagon concentrations were greater at 0 and 4 h in the group fed expelled, heat-treated soybean meal. This study demon- strates the inverse relationship between the qual- ity and quantity of mohair fiber produced, and how fiber characteristics can be affected by dietary CP level and degradability.
In Vitro Studies on IgG-Mediated Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity in Chronic Active Liver Disease

Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity in chronic active liver disease (CALD) (10 subjects), mediated by allogeneic nonimmune lymphocytes (NL), was studied in vitro. NL in significant numbers adhered to the surface of target Chang monolayer cells, pretreated with the sera of CALD patients (immune adherence of NL) and were cytotoxic. This was blocked by anti-IgG and IgGFc. Test sera, absorbed with Chang cells or human adult liver tissues, failed to provoke target Chang cell lysis. Small amounts of granular-appearing IgG were demonstrated on the surface of Chang cells treated with the CALD sera from 8 of the 10 patients (membrane-fixed IgG). It is concluded that the antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity in this in vitro system is mediated by the IgG of CALD sera, most likely bound to target cell surface antigens, and that effector NL appear to lyse the target cells by direct contact through the Fc portion of the above membrane-fixed IgG. This immune cytotoxic process may play a role in the pathogenesis of CALD.
Differences in preventive screening rates in Wisconsin farm and non-farm resident women.

PURPOSE To determine the proportion of rural women who met screening recommendations for Pap smears, mammograms, blood cholesterol, and blood pressure measurements. METHODS Women aged 25-75 were recruited for a population-based study of chronic diseases in rural residents. In addition to a self-administered health questionnaire and a brief examination, the most recent Pap smear, mammogram, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol measurements were documented from electronic medical records. RESULTS The study population was comprised of 675 farm and 825 non-farm residents. Fifty-five women (3.7%) had no documentation in their medical records of having ever had a Pap smear, and 19.3% (95% CL 16.9, 21.7) of women aged 40 and older had no documentation of a mammogram. Ninety-two percent of the women (95% CL = 90.2, 93.7) had a blood pressure measurement in the previous 2 years and 74.9% (95% CL = 72.2, 77.6) had a blood cholesterol measurement in the previous 5 years. Age was inversely related to Pap smears and positively correlated with mammograms, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol measurements. Farm residents were significantly less likely to have Pap smears or blood pressure measurements at recommended time intervals. DISCUSSION To increase the proportion of rural women in compliance with preventive screening recommendations, public health education efforts should target farm residents and younger women.
The Distribution of Ω(n) among Numbers with No Large Prime Factors

The main result concerns the distribution of Ω(n) within $$\text{S(x,y)} = \left\{ {\text{n}:1 \leqslant \text{n} \leqslant \text{x}\,\text{and}\,\text{p} \leqslant \text{y}\,\text{if}\,\text{p}\left| \text{n} \right.} \right\}.$$ There is an average value k0 for Ω(n), and a dispersion parameter V,such that for k not too far from k0, and for large x, y with $$2\,\,\log \log \,\text{x}\,\text{ + }\,\text{1} \leqslant \text{log}\,\,\text{y} \leqslant (\log \text{x})^{3/4} .$$ the number of solutions n of Ω(n) = k in S(x,y) is roughly exp(-V(k-k0)2) times the number of solutions n of Ω(n) = k0 in S(x,y).
Literary Adaptation: Sceptical Paradigms, Sceptical Values

Above all else, the lesson of chapters 2 and 3 is that the reception of ancient scepticism in Renaissance England, especially the literary reception, may be characterized more as distortion than as precise reflection, more as tendentious appropriation than as dispassionate representation. And this is scarcely surprising. It would have been remarkable had the writers of early modern Britain taken up the epistemological debates of Sextus and Cicero without altering their terms and balances. Still, as I trust my survey has shown, the concerns of classical scepticism were by no means unfamiliar to English intellectuals, even if specific manifestations of these concerns were coloured by contemporary social questions. Nor was lay scepticism entirely severed from its philosophically elaborated counterpart. On the contrary, the two became increasingly interlaced as the period wore on, and in no realm is this more apparent than in that of literary production. We find in many literary texts, even those decidedly non-sceptical in general tenor, various constellations of sceptical ideas and attitudes that inflect and are inflected by scripture, proverbial wisdom, contemporary politics and Reformation debate. The locus of interest, then, lies in literary recombinations: the adaptations, deformations and deployments of scepticism — in short, with sceptical paradigms.
Fabrication of piezoelectric thick films for high frequency transducers

Piezoelectric PZT thick film elements have been fabricated by using a screen printing laser liftoff process, with film thickness from 20 to 100/spl mu/m. Various patterns were screen printed on a sapphire substrate and sintered at 1250/spl deg/C for densification. After sintering, the PZT elements were bonded to a final target substrate, which could be a backing material for ultrasonic transducers. Next, the PZT elements were released from the sapphire substrate. This process has the potential to make large quantities of thick film elements and arrays at very low cost. The obtained films have a free dielectric constant of about 2000, remnant polarization of 39.8/spl mu/C/cm/sup 2/, thickness-mode coupling factor of about 0.49, and are very promising for making high frequency transducers.
The frontier crisis and the construction of modern Chinese geography in Republican China (1911–1949)

ABSTRACTThe article probes into the connection between territorial nationalism and the disciplinary formation of modern geography in early twentieth-century China. It explores how a group of Republican Chinese geographers, such as Zhu Kezhen 竺可楨 (1890–1974), Hu Huanyong 胡煥庸 (1901–1998), and Zhang Qiyun張其昀 (1900–1985), reexamined Chinese traditional dynastic geography (yange dili) and defined the nature and methodology of what they called the “new geography” under the context of foreign imperialism, Chinese nationalism, and escalating frontier crisis. It argues that Chinese intellectuals’ efforts to overcome the frontier crisis led to a significant shift of major methodology in geography from textual research to actual fieldwork or on-site investigation. The adoption of this new methodology distinguished the “new geography” from the old dynastic geography. Geographers also grappled with multiple concepts and diverse traditions in physical geography, human geography and regional geography. Environmental det...
Andrology: Testosterone reference ranges and diagnosis of testosterone deficiency.

Determining what constitutes a low level of testosterone is a major point of confusion in the field of testosterone deficiency — also known as hypogonadism. A recent article adds to the controversy by proposing a new, lower threshold for normal testosterone concentrations on the basis of harmonized reference ranges.
Early Detection of a Rare Case: Idiopathic Spontaneous Superior Mesenteric Artery Dissection, by Duplex Ultrasonography:

Spontaneous dissection of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) without involvement of the aorta is an extremely rare condition. It could be a surgical emergency because ischaemic intestine due to a...
Antonio Gramsci, Come alla volontà piace: Scritti sulla Rivoluzione russa

The year 2017 is the anniversary of the Russian Revolution. It was generally considered the most important historical event of the “short” (as defined by Hobsbawm) twentieth century. The world had ...