cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative positioning in underwater sensor networks

We consider cooperative positioning using acoustic range measurements for underwater sensor networks, including networks formed by autonomous unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Severe multipath scattering from the seabed and ocean surface can result in inaccurate range measurements. In an inhomogeneous medium, such as sea water, the direct path is not necessarily the strongest path or the first arrival. Hence, the range measurements based on the first or strongest arrival could be significantly biased. We introduce herein a new centralized cooperative positioning algorithm, referred to as the weighted Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm (WGSA), for underwater sensor networks. We assume that for each acoustic ranging channel, multiple range measurements corresponding to several propagation paths, one of which is the direct path, are available for cooperative positioning. Since it is unknown a priori which path is the direct path, we must identify it first. We show that WGSA can be used to automatically identify the direct path. We also show using numerical examples that WGSA is an effective and efficient approach to cooperative positioning in underwater sensor networks.
Generalizing the rotation interval to vertex maps on graphs

Graph maps that are homotopic to the identity and that permute the vertices are studied. Given a periodic point for such a map, a {\em rotation element} is defined in terms of the fundamental group. A number of results are proved about the rotation elements associated to periodic points in a given edge of the graph. Most of the results show that the existence of two periodic points with certain rotation elements will imply an infinite family of other periodic points with related rotation elements. These results for periodic points can be considered as generalizations of the rotation interval for degree one maps of the circle.
Supersymmetric Rényi entropy

We consider 3d $ \mathcal{N}\geq 2 $ superconformal field theories on a branched covering of a three-sphere. The Renyi entropy of a CFT is given by the partition function on this space, but conical singularities break the supersymmetry preserved in the bulk. We turn on a compensating R-symmetry gauge field and compute the partition function using localization. We define a supersymmetric observable, called the super Renyi entropy, parametrized by a real number q. We show that the super Renyi entropy is duality invariant and reduces to entanglement entropy in the q → 1 limit. We provide some examples.
Hankel-norm approximation and control systems

Abstract Connections are established between Hankel-norm approximation, the problem of finding approximating subspaces in the Hilbert space H 2 , and stability and instability of control systems.
Neurologic complications in oral polio vaccine recipients.

Between April 1982 and June 1983 four children 3 to 24 months of age were referred for evaluation of neurologic abnormalities found to be compatible with vaccine-related poliovirus infection, which had not been suspected by referring physicians. Patients were epidemiologically unrelated residents of Indiana, and none had prior symptoms suggestive of immunodeficlency. All had recelved poliovirus vaccine orally (first dose in three, fourth dose in one) and a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis injection in the left anterior thigh within 30 days of symptoms. A vaccine-like strain of poliovirus was isolated from each patient, and each had symptoms (left leg paralysis in three; developmental regression, spasticity, and progressive fatal cerebral atrophy in one) persisting for at least 6 months. Immune function was normal in two with poliovirus type 3 infection, and abnormal (hypogammaglobulinemia, combined immunodeficiency), in two with type 1 and type 2 infection, respectively. The incidence of observed vaccine-related poliovirus infection in Indiana reciplents of orally administered pollovirus vaccine was 0.058 per 100,000 per year, significantly greater (P
Bayesian Survival Analysis

Great strides in the analysis of survival data using Bayesian methods have been made in the past ten years due to advances in Bayesian computation and the feasibility of such methods. In this chapter, we review Bayesian advances in survival analysis and discuss the various semiparametric modeling techniques that are now commonly used. We review parametric and semiparametric approaches to Bayesian survival analysis, with a focus on proportional hazards models. Reference to other types of models are also given. Keywords: beta process; Cox model; Dirichlet process; gamma process; Gibbs sampling; piecewise exponential model; Weibull model
Slopes and colored Jones polynomials of adequate knots

Garoufalidis conjectured a relation between the boundary slopes of a knot and its colored Jones polynomials. According to the conjecture, certain boundary slopes are detected by the sequence of degrees of the colored Jones polynomials. We verify this conjecture for adequate knots, a class that vastly generalizes that of alternating knots.
Nitrocyclopropanes from nitrodiazomethanes. Preparation and reactivity

Abstract Nitrodiazo compounds cyclopropanate electron rich alkenes in the presence of rhodium(II) acetate. The yields and diastereoselectivities are dependent on both the alkene and the nitrodiazo precursor. Nitrocyclopropanecarboxylates undergo ring opening, reduction and hydrolysis.
On the signatures of even 4-manifolds

In this paper we prove a number of inequalities between the signature and the Betti numbers of a 4-manifold with even intersection form and prescribed fundamental group. Furthermore, we introduce a new geometric group invariant and discuss some of its properties.
Carbanion fluorination with xenon difluoride in the presence of sulfur (II) derivatives

Abstract An electrophilic fluorination reagent capable of fluorinating carbanions in moderate yield is obtained from the reaction of xenon difluoride with Sulfur II derivatives such as dimethyl sulfide. Xenon difluoride, XeF2, has displayed much utility and versatility in the fluorination of organic substrates [1a,b]. Among the various functional groups that react with this reagent, its reaction with sulfides is especially intriguing. Both Janzen[2] and Zupan[3] have observed the fluorination of sulfides with xenon difluoride to produce S,S-difluoro derivatives. Janzen noted the possibility of an intermediate fluorosulfonium ion, (A), in his work. Moreover from the works of Bartlett[4], DesMarteau[5], and Gillespie[6] on compounds of xenon, one must also consider the involvement of an intermediate containing xenon, (B). We anticipated that either intermediate would exhibit greater stability when paired with a non-nucleophilic counter anion such as BF-4 or OTf- and would be capable of transferring fluorine to a carbanion. The results of our study are reported here.
Asymptotic analysis for Merton's problem with transaction costs in power utility case

We revisit the optimal investment and consumption problem with proportional transaction costs. We prove that both the value function and the slopes of the lines demarcating the no-trading region are analytic functions of cube root of the transaction cost parameter. Also, we can explicitly calculate the coefficients of the fractional power series expansions of the value function and the no-trading region.
Health as transcendence of environment

What these considerations can teach us about the theory of health is: 1. We cannot obliterate the autonomous self or pure psyche. It must not be treated asonly an adaptational instrument. 2. Even when we deal with our relations with environment, we must make a theoretical place for a receptive relation to the environment as well as a masterful one. 3. Psychology is in part a branch of biology, in part a branch of sociology. But it is notonly that. It has its own unique jurisdiction as well, that portion of the psyche which isnot a reflection of the outer world or a molding to it. There could be such a thing as a psychological psychology.
Higher dimensional geometries related to fuzzy odd-dimensional spheres

We study SO(m) covariant matrix realizations of ?i = 1mXi2 = 1 for even m as candidate fuzzy odd spheres following \cite{guram}. As for the fuzzy four sphere, these matrix algebras contain more degrees of freedom than the sphere itself and the full set of variables has a geometrical description in terms of a higher dimensional coset. The fuzzy S2k?1 is related to a higher dimensional coset SO(2k)/U(1) ? U(k?1). These cosets are bundles where base and fibre are hermitean symmetric spaces. The detailed form of the generators and relations for the matrix algebras related to the fuzzy three-spheres suggests matrix actions which admit the fuzzy spheres as solutions. These matrix actions are compared with the BFSS, IKKT and BMN matrix models as well as some others. The geometry and combinatorics of fuzzy odd spheres lead to some remarks on the transverse five-brane problem of matrix theories and the exotic scaling of the entropy of 5-branes with the brane number.
The ideology of the aesthetic

Introduction. 1. Free Particulars. 2. The Law of the Heart: Shaftesbury, Hume, Burke. 3. The Kantian Imaginary. 4. Schiller and Hegemony. 5. The World as Artefact: Fichte, Schelling, Hegel. 6. The Death of Desire: Arthur Schopenhauer. 7. Absolutte Ironies: Sren Kierkegaard. 8. The Marxist Sublime. 9. True Illusions: Friedrich Nietzshe. 10. The Name of the Father: Sigmund Freud. 11. The Politics of Being: Martin Heidegger. 12. The Marxist Rabbi: Walter Benjamin. 13. Art After Auschwitz: Theodor Adorno. 14. From the Polis to Postmodernism. Index.
Unsteady pressure and structural response measurements on an elastic supercritical wing

Results are presented which define unsteady flow conditions associated with high dynamic response experienced on a high aspect ratio elastic supercritical wing at transonic test conditions while being tested in the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. The supercritical wing, designed for a cruise Mach number of 0.80, experienced the high dynamic response in the Mach number range from 0.90 to 0.94 with the maximum response occurring at a Mach number of approximately 0.92. At the maximum wing response condition the forcing function appears to be the oscillatory chordwise movement of strong shocks located on both the wing upper and lower surfaces in conjunction with the flow separating and reattaching in the trailing edge region.
Colloidal photonic superlattices

We report on the fabrication and optical characterization of photonic superlattices comprised of sequentially grown stacks of colloidal photonic crystals. The superlattice periodicity induces the formation of minibands due to folding of the photonic band structure. This represents the first instance in which midgap states have been incorporated into a colloidal photonic crystal via a specifically engineered structural modification.
Air-stable trialkylphosphonium salts: simple, practical, and versatile replacements for air-sensitive trialkylphosphines. Applications in stoichiometric and catalytic processes.

Trialkylphosphines furnish unusual, sometimes unique, reactivity in a range of transformations. Unfortunately, their utility is compromised by their sensitivity to oxidation. We have examined a simple but powerful strategy for addressing this problem: convert air-sensitive trialkylphosphines into air-stable phosphonium salts via protonation on phosphorus. These robust salts serve as direct replacements for the corresponding phosphines (simple deprotonation under the reaction conditions by a Bronsted base liberates the trialkylphosphine) in a diverse set of applications.
The CHASM: a macromodular computer for analyzing neuron models

The CHASM is a "fixed plus variable" computer system composed of a specialized marcomodular processor coupled to a LINC. The CHASM is designed to carry out the analysis of a Markov process model for the time patterns of spike discharges of neurons. The fixed portion of the CHASM computes certain probabilities associated with the Markov process model. The LINC provides input and output for the fixed portion and controls the execution of the calculations. The bulk of the calculations is efficiently carried out by the fixed portion. The more irregular operations, which occur less frequently, are carried out by the LINC.
Note on bound states and the Bekenstein bound

In this brief note we draw attention to examples of quantum field theories which may hold interesting lessons for attempts to devise a precise formulation of the Bekenstein bound. Our comments mirror the recent results of Bousso [12] indicating that the species problem remains an issue for precise formulations of this bound.
Healthy, Wealthy, and Wise: Socioeconomic Status, Poor Health in Childhood, and Human Capital Development

There are many possible pathways between parental education, income, and health, and between child health and education, but only some of them have been explored in the literature. This essay focuses on links between parental socioeconomic status (as measured by education, income, occupation, or in some cases area of residence) and child health, and between child health and adult education or income. Specifically, I ask two questions: What is the evidence regarding whether parental socioeconomic status affects child health? And, what is the evidence relating child health to future educational and labor market outcomes? I show that there is now strong evidence of both links, suggesting that health could play a role in the intergenerational transmission of economic status.
Inlet turbulence distortion and viscous flow development in a controlled-diffusion compressor cascade at very high incidence

Detailed two-component laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) measurements of the flow through a controlleddiffusion (CD) compressor cascade at a Reynolds number of about 700,000 and at a low Mach number are reported in this article. A very high-incidence angle (8 deg above design) was considered throughout this investigation, which included the full experimental characterization of the turbulence Held. The LDV measurements were fully automated and were all taken in coincidence mode, thus turbulent flow correlations could be determined. Most significant was the measurement of the distortion of the inlet freestream turbulence upstream of the blade leading edges. Such information is important in assessing viscous codes which incorporate transport equations to describe the turbulence within the flowfield. The laminar leading-edge separation bubble, which reattached turbulent, was enlarged on the suction surface of the blade. Consistent with measurements at lower incidence angles, the suction surface boundary layer remained attached over the rear part of the blade. The pressure side boundary layer initially showed little or no growth, however, it finally developed into a profile similar to a wall jet. The wake profiles showed significant asymmetry due to the high loading on the blades at the increased incidence angle.
Decomposing induced characters of the centralizer of an $n$-cycle in the symmetric group on $2n$-elements

We give explicit multiplicities and formulas for multiplicities of characters appearing in the decomposition of the induced character Ind^{S_{2n}}_{C_{S_{2n}}({\sigma})} 1_C, where {\sigma} is an n-cycle, C_{S_{2n}}({\sigma}) is the centralizer of {\sigma} in S_{2n}, and 1_C denotes the trivial character on C_{S_{2n}}({\sigma}).
Measurement and Modeling of the Fluctuating Wall Pressure Field Beneath Transitional Boundary Layers

Measurements of the fluctuating wall pressure field across the transition region of a flat plate zero pressure gradient boundary layer have been performed with a 64-element linear array of sub-miniature hearing-aid microphones. The measurements provide a unique description of the formation, convection, and growth of turbulent spots in the transition zone and insight into a potential source of low-wavenumber energy. A model for the nonhomogeneous wavenumber-frequency spectrum has been formulated based on the observed spatio-temporal properties of the field. Measured array-averaged wavenumber-frequency spectral levels for the transitional boundary layer collapse with fully turbulent spectra in the vicinity of the convective ridge when scaled by intermittency, similar to previous findings for single point spectra. The transition zone convective ridge is broader, however, consistent with the notion of rapidly evolving (versus equilibrium) structures. Insight into the low-wavenumber portions of the spectra requires an improved array phase calibration. Wavelet based transform methods are being pursued to understand the evolution of spectral components during spot formation and to resolve the space-varying wavenumber content of the field.© 2002 ASME
Polar rain - Solar coronal electrons in the earth's magnetosphere

Low energy electron measurements collected by ISEE 1 reveal the frequent presence of field-aligned fluxes of few hundred eV electrons in he geomagnetic tail lobes. In the northern tail lobe these electrons are most prominent when the interplanetary magnetic field is directed away from the Sun. This characteristic helps identify the electrons as polar rain electrons. By mapping the tail lobe velocity distribution function into the solar wind, previous suggestions that the polar rain is indeed of solar wind origin and is due to the access of electrons to the magnetotail lobe were confirmed. It was demonstrated that the moe energetic component of the polar rain is composed of electrons from the solar wind strahl - a field-aligned component of the solar wind which is difficult to measure but which is thought to be caused by the collisionless transit of hundred eV electrons from the inner solar corona to 1 AU.
The discrete prolate spheroidal filter as a digital signal processing tool

The discrete prolate spheroidal (DPS) filter is one of the class of nonrecursive finite impulse response (FIR) filters. The DPS filter, first introduced by Tufts and Francis [1], is superior to other filters in this class in that it has maximum energy concentration in the frequency passband and minimum ringing in the time domain. Slepian [2] gives a complete discussion of DPS function properties. We give a mathematical development of the DPS filter properties, provide information required to easily and accurately construct even many coefficient filters, and compare the properties of this filter with those of the more commonly used filters of the same class. We note that use of the DPS filter allows for particularly useful statements of data time/frequency resolution "cell" values and that overall it forms an especially useful, though little known tool for digital signal processing.
On identifying syllable boundaries

The interposition of a constant between vowels has been shown to affect systematically the formant frequencies of those vowels. The nature of these effects appears to depend on the extent to which the vowels and consonants share the tongue and lips as articulators. Traditional articulatory descriptions suggest two alternatives concerning the status of [h] and of [?] as consonants. On the one hand, since they are classified as consonants, we would expect them to produce the same coarticulatory effects as other fricatives and stops. On the other hand, since they are described as nonlingual/labial in their articulation, we would expect them to produce minimal coarticulatory effects. Indeed, results of some recent studies of speech production suggest that neither [h] nor [?] interrupts V‐to‐V articulations in the way that other consonants do (Harris and Bell‐Berti, 1982). The present study employed spectrographic analysis of VV, VhV, V?V, and VCV sequences. Results revealed that there was minimal coarticulation between [h] or [?] and the surrounding vowels. Indeed, the formant structure of the vowels in VhV and V?V sequences were more similar to those of VV sequences than to those of other VCV sequences. Since consonants are often portrayed as the units that delimit syllables, these results raise the question of functional homogeneity within the class of consonants. [Research supported by NINCDS.]
Investigation of Successive Failure Modes in Graphite/Epoxy Laminated Composite Beams:

The determination of failure modes in composite materials is often difficult to characterize because of the composition and variety of these materials. Several theoreti cal failure theories have been proposed, but no single one is accurate for every composite material; most of them predict only the first failure. Since most composites structures may still carry load after one or more plies have failed, the behavior of composite laminates is investigated beyond the first failure. This article presents a theoretical and experimental in vestigation of the successive failure modes of graphite epoxy laminated beams. Two failure theories are used: the maximum stress and the Tsai-Wu failure theories. Calculations are based on laminated plate theory.
Performance limits in gravity-assisted hydrogen heat pipes

Small diameter, gravity-assisted, hydrogen heat pipes were fabricated and tested with performance limits as a function of tilt angle and working fluid inventory reported. The fabrication method, the filling sequence, and the test procedure are also described. Results are compared with the flooding limit model and operating characteristics of the heat pipe are then discussed. The heat pipe operated over a large fraction of the triple point to critical point domain of the working fluid.
An atomic boron laser - pumping by incomplete autoionization, or ion-electron recombination

Pulsed lasing was obtained from discharges in mixtures of He (≈ 10 torr) and a number of boron containing species (≈ 25 mtorr). Discharge conditions for optimizing the output are briefly described. Laser emission appears at 2777 ± 1.6 cm−1, with 20–50 μs delay after passage of the discharge pulse (≈ 1 μs half width). The emitters are boron atoms. Among the term values for B I and B II only one pair of levels for B I have a separation close enough to the observed frequency to be considered. One possible mechanism is based on excitation to a metastable level above the first ionization limit. A distant collision may induce transition to captured-electron states at the limit (incomplete autoionization), which constitute the upper lasing levels; lasing them occurs by induced transitions to the lower level, 7s, 2S1/2, which is rapidly depleted. Another possibility is the capture of an electron by B+ into a very large Rydberg orbit, at the ionization limit, which are the upper lasing states.
External Reference Electrodes for Use in High Temperature Aqueous Systems

Potentials for the thermal cell (25°C) as a function of the concentration of and temperature are reported. The thermal cell potentials are combined with isothermal potentials for the silver‐silver chloride electrode at elevated temperatures to calibrate external electrodes as pseudothermodynamic standards for the investigation of electrochemical processes in high temperature aqueous systems.
The Watson-Crick Model and Reductionism

There are a number of interrelated problems that cluster around the issue of reduction in the sciences. The logical analysis of theory, the meaning of theoretical terms, the nature of scientific explanation, and various theses concerning the nature of scientific progress, are all closely connected with the problem of intertheoretic reduction. The recent influential and important works of T. S. Kuhn (1962) and P. Feyerabend (1962) are a testimony to the centrality of the analysis of reduction in philosophy of science.
Peer Helping Programs: Helper Role, Supervisor Training, and Suicidal Behavior.

A survey of school counseling association members concerning peer helper programs provided information on the nature and prevalence of programs within Washington State. Descriptive analyses indicate that peer helper-counseling programs are widely used and that they are often supervised by noncounseling professionals. Furthermore, the analysis revealed significantly greater numbers of completed suicides at those schools where programs are supervised by noncounseling professionals.
Robotic pyeloplasty in the pediatric population

The procedure most performed with the da Vinci system (Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA) in pediatric urology is pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. As with laparoscopic pyeloplasty, robotic-assisted pyeloplasty (RAP) can be performed by a trans- or retroperitoneal approach. Suturing is done with a 6-0 monofilament absorbable suture, but any 5-0 or 6-0 suture can be used depending on the size of the patient. Currently, it appears that nothing larger than 6-0 is recommended for small children and infants. RAP in children has been demonstrated to be feasible and to have satisfactory results. Although there are only a few published series on the long-term outcome to date, the short-term data suggest that outcomes are similar to those of open pyeloplasty in children, and it appears to be more than promising.
Creating high computer impact in a small liberal arts college

During the period from 1977 to 1979, computer usage at Goucher College went from an involvement of 10% to 60% of the student body; a goal of 90% appears to be within reach by 1981. During the past two years, approximately 40% of the faculty have begun to use the computer in some way. This rapid rise in computer usage was accomplished without the introduction of a required course in computing, without acquisition of an on-campus macrocomputer or mini-computer, and without creation of a Computer Center staff devoted to academic computing. It flowed from a discovery that the barriers to broad computer usage are not those which can be breached by increasing the quality of the hardware or the sophistication of the software. They must, rather, be breached by addressing sources of non-users' perceptions that they, the non-users, somehow are not appropriate to computer usage and that computers are not appropriate to their purposes. These perceptions give rise to questions and objections from faculty members which are not frivolous, and which must receive a sympathetic response in the design of a computer use program if it is to be broadly effective at a liberal arts college like Goucher College.
KINEMATIC MASSES OF SUPER-STAR CLUSTERS IN M82 FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

Using high-resolution (R ~ 22,000) near-infrared (1.51-1.75 ?m) spectra from Keck Observatory, we measure the kinematic masses of two super-star clusters in M82. Cross-correlation of the spectra with template spectra of cool evolved stars gives stellar velocity dispersions of ?r = 15.9 ? 0.8 km s-1 for J0955505+694045 (MGG-9) and ?r = 11.4 ? 0.8 km s-1 for J0955502+694045 (MGG-11). The cluster spectra are dominated by the light of red supergiants and correlate most closely with template supergiants of spectral types M0 and M4.5. King model fits to the observed profiles of the clusters in archival Hubble Space Telescope/Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectometer images give half-light radii of rhp = 2.6 ? 0.4 pc for MGG-9 and rhp = 1.2 ? 0.17 pc for MGG-11. Applying the virial theorem, we determine masses of 1.5 ? 0.3 ? 106 M? for MGG-9 and 3.5 ? 0.7 ? 105 M? for MGG-11 (where the quoted errors include ?r, rhp, and the distance). Population synthesis modeling suggests that MGG-9 is consistent with a standard initial mass function (IMF), whereas MGG-11 appears to be deficient in low-mass stars relative to a standard IMF. There is, however, evidence of mass segregation in the clusters, in which case the virial mass estimates would represent lower limits.
Local Interstellar Matter: The Apex Cloud

Several nearby individual low column density interstellar cloudlets have been identified previously on the basis of kinematical features evident in high-resolution Ca+ observations near the Sun. One of these cloudlets, the "Apex Cloud" (AC), is within 5 pc of the Sun in the solar apex direction. The question of which interstellar cloud will constitute the next Galactic environment of the Sun can, in principle, be determined from cloudlet velocities. The interstellar absorption lines toward α Cen (the nearest star) are consistent within measurement uncertainties with the projected "G" cloud (GC) and AC velocities, and also with the velocity of the cloud inside of the solar system (the local interstellar cloud [LIC]), provided a small velocity gradient is present in the LIC. The high GC column density toward α Oph compared to α Aql suggests that α Aql may be embedded in the GC so that the AC would be closer to the Sun than the GC. This scenario favors the AC as the next cloud to be encountered by the Sun, and the AC would have a supersonic velocity with respect to the LIC. The weak feature at the AC velocity toward 36 Oph suggests that the AC cloud is either patchy or does not extend to this direction. Alternatively, if the GC is the cloud that is foreground to α Cen, the similar values for N(H0) in the GC components toward α Cen and 36 Oph indicate this cloud is entirely contained within the nearest ~1.3 pc, and the Ca+ GC data toward α Oph would then imply a cloud volume density of ~5 cm-3, with dramatic consequences for the heliosphere in the near future.
Refining Exoplanet Ephemerides and Transit Observing Strategies

Transiting planet discoveries have yielded a plethora of information regarding the internal structure and atmospheres of extrasolar planets. These discoveries have been restricted to the low-periastron distance regime due to the bias inherent in the geometric transit probability. Monitoring known radial velocity planets at predicted transit times is a proven method of detecting transits, and presents an avenue through which to explore the mass-radius relationship of exoplanets in new regions of period/periastron space. Here we describe transit window calculations for known radial velocity planets, techniques for refining their transit ephemerides, target selection criteria, and observational methods for obtaining maximum coverage of transit windows. These methods are currently being implemented by the Transit Ephemeris Refinement and Monitoring Survey (TERMS).
Benefits of Link Protection at Connection Granularity

This paper develops a connection establishment framework for protecting connections against single-link failures using link protection at the granularity of a connection, referred to as Connection Switched Link Protection (CSLP). As a connection is routed only around a failed link, the channel assignment for the connection on the backup path of the failed link must be consistent with that of the primary path. Such a consistency is guaranteed at the time of call admission. The advantages of employing link protection at the connection level is established by comparing its performance through extensive simulations against link protection at the granularity of a fiber, referred to as Fiber Switched Link Protection (FSLP). Link protection at the connection level is shown to significantly outperform that at the granularity of a fiber, specifically when some traffic requires protection while others do not.
Does home ownership vary by sexual orientation

The housing literature considers whether the probability of owning a home is different for ethnic and racial minorities than for native whites. Most studies find that minorities are less likely to own a home than their white counterparts. A logical extension of this line of research is to consider whether home-ownership rates differ based on sexual orientation. We use data on couples from the 2000 Census and find that same-sex couples are less likely to own a home than are married couples. The average value of houses owned by same-sex male couples is statistically similar to the average value of houses owned by married couples, but houses owned by same-sex female and cohabiting couples have lower average values than those owned by married couples. Conditional on owning, same-sex couples are slightly less likely to have a mortgage compared to married couples.
Blind channel identification based on second-order statistics: a frequency-domain approach

In this communication, necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for the unique blind identification of possibly nonminimum phase channels driven by cyclostationary processes. Using a frequency domain formulation, it is first shown that a channel can be identified by the second-order statistics of the observation if and only if the channel transfer function does not have special uniformly spaced zeros. This condition leads to several necessary and sufficient conditions on the observation spectra and the channel impulse response. Based on the frequency-domain formulation, a new identification algorithm is proposed. >
On methodology of representing knowledge in dynamic domains

Abstract The main goal of this paper is to outline a methodology of programming in dynamic problem domains. The methodology is based on recent developments in theories of reasoning about action and change and in logic programming. The basic ideas of the approach are illustrated by discussion of the design of a program which verifies plans to control the reaction control system (RCS) of the Space Shuttle. We start with formalization of the RCS domain in an action description language. The resulting formalization A RCS together with a candidate plan α and a goal G are given as an input to a logic program. This program verifies if G would be true after executing α in the current situation. A high degree of trust in the program's correctness was achieved by (a) the simplicity and transparency of our formalization, A RCS , which made it possible for the users to informally verify its correctness; (b) a proof of correctness of the program with respect to A RCS . This is an ongoing work under a contract with the United Space Alliance—the company primarily responsible for operating the Space Shuttle.
On the behavior of inconsistent instrumental variable estimators

Abstract Some theoretical results published recently in Hendry (1979) for the limiting distribution of inconsistent instrumental variable estimators in misspecified dynamic systems are incorrect. In particular, the derivations there involve the use of an inappropriate control variate and lead to an expression for the covariance matrix of the limiting distribution which, in general, omits many additional terms. Correct formulae are given in the present paper. Further, the accuracy of the asymptotic distribution in finite samples is investigated in a simple case using the known exact small sample distribution. On the basis of our exact results and in view of other strong theoretical and practical considerations, we argue for caution in the use of response surface regressions of the type recommended by Hendry in Monte Carlo experiments; and we emphasize the need for qualifying statements concerning the parameter environments in which the adequacy of these regressions has been substantiated.
Quantitative assessment of systolic and diastolic left ventricular twist using Fourier Analysis of Stimulated echoes (FAST) and CSPAMM.

Purpose To evaluate Fourier Analysis of Stimulated echoes (FAST) and CSPAMM for the quantification of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function and compare it to the previously validated FAST+SPAMM technique.
Evolution and Physics in Comparative Protein Structure Modeling

From a physical perspective, the native structure of a protein is a consequence of physical forces acting on the protein and solvent atoms during the folding process. From a biological perspective, the native structure of proteins is a result of evolution over millions of years. Correspondingly, there are two types of protein structure prediction methods, de novo prediction and comparative modeling. We review comparative protein structure modeling and discuss the incorporation of physical considerations into the modeling process. A good starting point for achieving this aim is provided by comparative modeling by satisfaction of spatial restraints. Incorporation of physical considerations is illustrated by an inclusion of solvation effects into the modeling of loops.
Generation of Spherical Bessel Functions in Digital Computers

A method of computation for spherical Bessel functions of real and imaginary argument is given which is especially suitable for high speed digital computers. The accuracy and convergence are examined and criterion formulas are given. A procedure based on the Wronskian is used to simplify the final normalization.
Pediatric laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis: A cost analysis

Background: The benefit of laparoscopy in the treatment of pediatric acute appendicitis continues to be controversial, particularly as it relates to operative time and costs. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 200 children who underwent appendectomy for acute appendicitis concurrently over 35 months at a large teaching children's hospital. Results: Laparoscopic (n = 106) and open (n = 95) appendectomies were performed. The operative times and postoperative lengths of hospital stay were similar for the two groups. The mean total hospital cost for the laparoscopic group ($5,572) was significantly higher than for the open group ($4,472); (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Notably, the results show similar operative times for laparoscopic and open appendectomy. The cost of laparoscopic appendectomy for acute appendicitis is higher than for the open procedure. This study challenges health care providers to reduce costs and develop new ways to measure beneficial outcomes in a pediatric population that may reveal laparoscopic benefits.
NetQuest: a flexible framework for large-scale network measurement

In this paper, we present NetQuest, a flexible framework for large-scale network measurement. We apply Bayesian experimental design to select active measurements that maximize the amount of information we gain about the network path properties subject to given resource constraints. We then apply network inference techniques to reconstruct the properties of interest based on the partial, indirect observations we get through these measurements. By casting network measurement in a general Bayesian decision theoretic framework, we achieve flexibility. Our framework can support a variety of design requirements, including i) differentiated design for providing better resolution to certain parts of the network; ii) augmented design for conducting additional measurements given existing observations; and iii) joint design for supporting multiple users who are interested in different parts of the network. Our framework is also scalable and can design measurement experiments that span thousands of routers and end hosts. We develop a toolkit that realizes the framework on PlanetLab. We conduct extensive evaluation using both real traces and synthetic data. Our results show that the approach can accurately estimate network-wide and individual path properties by only monitoring within 2%-10% of paths. We also demonstrate its effectiveness in providing differentiated monitoring, supporting continuous monitoring, and satisfying the requirements of multiple users.
Evidence for F-theory

Abstract We construct compact examples of D-manifolds for type IIB strings. The construction has a natural interpretation in terms of compactification of a 12-dimensional `F-theory'. We provide evidence for a more natural reformulation of type IIB theory in terms of F-theory. Compactification of M-theory on a manifold K which admits elliptic fibration is equivalent to compactification of F-theory on K × S 1 . A large class of N = 1 theories in 6 dimensions are obtained by compactification of F-theory on Calabi-Yau threefolds. A class of phenomenologically promising compactifications of F-theory is on Spin(7) holonomy manifolds down to 4 dimensions. This may provide a concrete realization of Witten's proposal for solving the cosmological constant problem in four dimensions.
Maximizing social welfare in operator-based Cognitive Radio Networks under spectrum uncertainty and sensing inaccuracy

In Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs), secondary users (SUs) are allowed to opportunistically access the unused/under-utilized channels of primary users (PUs). To utilize spectrum resources efficiently, an auction scheme is often applied where an operator serves as an auctioneer and accepts spectrum requests from SUs. Most existing works on spectrum auctions assume that the operator has perfect knowledge of PU activities. In practice, however, it is more likely that the operator only has statistical information of the PU traffic when it is trading a spectrum hole, and it is acquiring more accurate information in real time. In this paper, we distinguish PU channels that are under the control of the operator, where accurate channel states are revealed in real-time, and channels that the operator acquires from PUs out of its control, where a sense-before-use paradigm has to be followed. Considering both spectrum uncertainty and sensing inaccuracy, we study the social welfare maximization problem for serving SUs with various levels of delay tolerance. We first model the problem as a finite horizon Markov decision process when the operator knows all spectrum requests in advance, and propose an optimal dynamic programming based algorithm. We then investigate the case when spectrum requests are submitted online, and propose a greedy algorithm that is 1/2-competitive for homogeneous channels and is comparable to the offline algorithm for more general settings. We further extend the online algorithm to an online auction scheme, which ensures incentive compatibility for the SUs and also provides a way for trading off social welfare and revenue.
Receptor transformation, the key to estrogen action.

Abstract The transforrnation of the native (4S) uterine cytosol-receptor complex to an active (5S) form is an estrogen-requiring, temperature-dependent process, the rate of which is affected by the pH and ionic strength of the cytosol. Unlike its 4S precursor, the transformed complex is retained by uterine nuclei and chromatin but by non-target tissue chromatin as well. The specificity of the in vitro nuclear uptake of transformed receptor complex appears to reside in the biochemical response; transformed receptor effects in vitro the same target tissue specific, quantitative stimulation and qualitative change in nuclear RNA synthesis as that observed in the target tissue after administration of the hormone in vivo .
Mo-Si-B Alloys for Ultrahigh-Temperature Structural Applications

A continuing quest in science is the development of materials capable of operating structurally at ever-increasing temperatures. Indeed, the development of gas-turbine engines for aircraft/aerospace, which has had a seminal impact on our ability to travel, has been controlled by the availability of materials capable of withstanding the higher-temperature hostile environments encountered in these engines. Nickel-base superalloys, particularly as single crystals, represent a crowning achievement here as they can operate in the combustors at ~1100 °C, with hot spots of ~1200 °C. As this represents ~90% of their melting temperature, if higher-temperature engines are ever to be a reality, alternative materials must be utilized. One such class of materials is Mo-Si-B alloys; they have higher density but could operate several hundred degrees hotter. Here we describe the processing and structure versus mechanical properties of Mo-Si-B alloys and further document ways to optimize their nano/microstructures to achieve an appropriate balance of properties to realistically compete with Ni-alloys for elevated-temperature structural applications.
A polyhedron representation for computer vision

My approach to computer vision is best characterized as inverse computer graphics. In computer graphics, the world is represented in sufficient detail so that the image forming process can be numerically simulated to generate synthetic television images; in the inverse, perceived television pictures (from a real TV camera) are analyzed to compute detailed geometric models.
Dynamics of two-dimensional time-periodic Euler fluid flows

Abstract This paper investigates the dynamics of time-periodic Euler flows in multi-connected, planar fluid regions which are “stirred” by the moving boundaries. The classical Helmholtz theorem on the transport of vorticity implies that if the initial vorticity of such a flow is generic among real-valued functions in the C k -topology ( k ⩾ 2 ) or is C ω and nonconstant, then the flow has zero topological entropy. On the other hand, it is shown that for constant initial vorticity there are stirring protocols which always yield time-periodic Euler flows with positive entropy. These protocols are those that generate flow maps in pseudoAnosov isotopy classes. These classes are a basic ingredient of the Thurston–Nielsen theory and a further application of that theory shows that pseudoAnosov stirring protocols with generic initial vorticity always yield solutions to Euler's equations for which the sup norm of the gradient of the vorticity grows exponentially in time. In particular, such Euler flows are never time-periodic.
CONSENSUS-BASED ENSEMBLES OF SOFT CLUSTERINGS

The problem of obtaining a single “consensus” clustering solution from a multitude or ensemble of clusterings of a set of objects, has attracted much interest recently because of its numerous practical applications. While a wide variety of approaches including graph partitioning, maximum likelihood, genetic algorithms, and voting-merging have been proposed so far to solve this problem, virtually all of them work on hard partitionings, i.e., where an object is a member of exactly one cluster in any individual solution. However, many clustering algorithms such as fuzzy c-means naturally output soft partitionings of data, and forcibly hardening these partitions before applying a consensus method potentially involves loss of valuable information. In this article we propose several consensus algorithms that can be applied directly to soft clusterings. Experimental results over a variety of real-life datasets are also provided to show that using soft clusterings as input does offer significant advantages, especially when dealing with vertically partitioned data.
Determination of the Earth's Gravitational Field

Brenner et al. have pointed out that spurious variations may be introduced into computation of satellite orbits by a combination of the use of osculating elements and a maldistribution of the observations. They suggest that this circumstance is the source of the eccentricity variations in the Vanguard I orbit which have been attributed to the third zonal harmonic. This criticism is based on a misunderstanding of the Vanguard orbit and tracking programs. The source materials for our study of the third zonal harmonic were not osculating elements, and the observations were in fact uniformly distributed around the Vanguard I orbit.
A Quadruple-Phase Strong Mg II Absorber at z ~ 0.9902 toward PG 1634+706

The z = 0.9902 system along the quasar PG 1634+706 line of sight is a strong Mg II absorber [Wr(λ2796) > 0.3 A] with only weak C IV absorption (it is C IV-deficient). To study this system, we used high-resolution spectra from both the Hubble Space Telescope Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Keck I telescope High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES). The STIS spectrum has a resolution of R = 30,000 and covers key transitions such as Si II, C II, Si III, C III, Si IV, and C IV. The HIRES spectrum, with a resolution of R = 45,000, covers the Mg I, Mg II, and Fe II transitions. Assuming a Haardt & Madau extragalactic background spectrum, we modeled the system with a combination of photoionization and collisional ionization. Based on a comparison of synthetic spectra with the data profiles, we infer the existence of the following four phases of gas: