cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Dementia-Related Diagnosis Underestimates the Prevalence of Older Americans Living with Possible Dementia.

Background Dementia screening is an important step for appropriate dementia-related referrals to diagnosis and treat possible dementia. Objective We sought to estimate the prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis in a nationally representative sample of older Americans with a cognitive impairment consistent with dementia (CICD). Methods The weighted analytical sample included 6,036,224 Americans aged at least 65 years old that were identified as having a CICD without history of stroke, cancers, neurological conditions, or brain damage who participated in at least one-wave of the 2010-2016 Health and Retirement Study. The adapted Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status assessed cognitive functioning. Those with scores≤6 were considered as having a CICD. Healthcare provider dementia-related diagnosis was self-reported. Age, sex, educational achievement, and race and ethnicity were also self-reported. Results The overall estimated prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis for older Americans with a CICD was 91.4%(95%confidence interval (CI): 87.7%-94.1%). Persons with a CICD who identified as non-Hispanic black had a high prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis (93.3%; CI: 89.8%-95.6%). The estimated prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis was greater in males with a CICD (99.7%; CI: 99.6%-99.8%) than females (90.2%; CI: 85.6%-93.4%). Moreover, the estimated prevalence of no reported dementia-related diagnosis for non-high school graduates with a CICD was 93.5%(CI: 89.3%-96.1%), but 90.9%(CI: 84.7%-94.7%) for those with at least a high school education. Conclusion Dementia screening should be encouraged during routine geriatric health assessments. Continued research that evaluates the utility of self-reported dementia-related measures is also warranted.
Abstract 467: Hypertension and Cancer: Are They Related?

There are literature references supporting a link between hypertension and cancer. However, a mechanism for this association has not been defined. Key players in blood pressure regulation include the dopamine-1 receptor (D 1 R), G protein-coupled kinase type 4 (GRK4) and c-Myc, all found in renal proximal tubule cells (RPTC). c-Myc also regulates GRK4 in the breast cancer cell line MCF7. We hypothesized that the D 1 R would act as a tumor suppressor and both GRK4 and c-Myc as oncogenes in MCF7 cells. GRK4 is positively regulated transcriptionally by c-Myc, and GRK4 is negatively regulated by Caveolin-1 (CAV1) in RPTCs, so we tested if the same relationship occurs in this breast cancer model. SKF38393 (D 1 R agonist, 10μM, 18hr) reduced wild type MCF7 (WT-MCF7) cell motility (an index of aggressive growth) by 16.0% ± 3.2 SEM (n=9; p 1 R antagonist LE300 (10μM, 18hr) increased cell motility 23.0% ± 7.0 SEM (n=9; p 1 R (103.3% ± 35.9 SEM; n=10; p 1 R membrane recruitment post-fenoldopam stimulation (FEN, D 1 R agonist, 10μM, 30min) (increase of 65.5% ± 6.18 SEM; n=4; p
Immunocytochemical Analysis of Neuronal Differentiation

Fully understanding the phenotype of neurons in vivo involves examining their morphology, immunocytochemically analyzing their protein expression, examining their afferent and efferent integration into neuronal microcircuitry, and functionally examining their activity. This task is significantly more difficult when you are attempting to determine whether multipotent precursor cells, often referred to as stem cells, differentiate into neurons in vivo. Transplanted or endogenous precursor cells often produce relatively small numbers of new neurons in the adult brain, making electron microscopy or electrophysiological analysis extremely challenging, and functional analysis difficult. Studying such cells usually depends heavily on immunocytochemical approaches. We review a range of immunocytochemical techniques for identifying whether transplanted or endogenous neural precursors have differentiated into mature neurons. We provide immunocytochemical protocols for the migratory neuronal marker Doublecortin (Dcx), the early expressed marker Hu, and mature neuronal marker NeuN. In Chapters 25 and 27 of Part IV, we provide protocols for identifying newborn cells by using the mitotic label bromodeoxyuridine and for examining axonal projections by using the retrograde label FluoroGold.
Gender and Women's Influence in Public Settings

Does gender equality in public meetings improve as women's numbers grow? Research applying critical mass theory to the exercise of influence in public discussion and decision making reveals a complicated story. Women have made significant progress in education, employment, and the attainment of elected office; yet, they continue to lag behind their male counterparts in substantive, symbolic, and authoritative representation. Across political, nonpolitical, and experimental settings, women's participation and influence does not follow necessarily from their numerical proportion. We review previous studies of how women's lower status is manifested in group interaction, and we argue that research can better identify when and how numbers matter by attending to the group's context, institutional features, and informal norms. We describe cutting-edge research designed to explore the effects of institutional rules and norms on women's authority. Women's increasing numbers in positions of potential influence constitutes a timely, promising, and challenging agenda for further scholarship. Keywords: critical mass; gender; public meetings; deliberation; small groups; institutions; decision rules; authority; influence; authoritative representation
Anomalous creep in Sn-rich solder joints

This paper discusses the creep behavior of example Sn-rich solders that have become candidates for use in Pb-free solder joints. The specific solders discussed are Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu, Sn-0.7Cu and Sn-10In-3.1Ag, used in thin joints between Cu and Ni-Au metallized pads.
Novel Phaseolin types in wild and cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, Fabaceae)

Forty-one wild types and 41 cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) from Meso-and South America were screened for variability of phaseolin seed protein using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE) and two-dimensional isoelectric focusing SDS/PAGE. Wild accessions from the Andean region showed phaseolin types which had not been previously identified in wild material from that region. Other wild accessions from Argentina exhibited novel phaseolin patterns collectively designated as ‘J’ (‘Jujuy’) phaseolin types, and one accession from northern Peru exhibited a novel phaseolin type, the ‘I’ (‘Inca’) type. The ‘H’ and ‘C’ phaseolins, previously identified only in cultivars, were observed in several wild accessions from Argentina. Among cultivars, two minor variants of the ‘S’ phaseolin type were identified. The ‘Sb’ (‘S Brazil’) was characteristic of a limited number of cultivars from Brazil whereas the ‘Sd’ (‘S Durango 222’) predominated in cultivars of the Mexican central highlands. The distribution of the previously described ‘B’ phaseolin appeared to be larger than formerly known as it extended not only in Colombia but also in Central America. It is possible to correlate the ‘Sb’, ‘Sd’, and ‘B’ phaseolin types with certain agronomic traits.
Radiative corrections to allowed-β-decay longitudinal polarization

The inner bremsstrahlung correction to the electron (or positron) longitudinal polarization {ital P} in allowed {beta} decay is presented and evaluated for various decays. The new term has little effect on extremely relativistic absolute measurements of {ital P}, but gives {similar to}0.1% corrections to lower-velocity measurements.
The Large Lecture Course Redesign Project: Pedagogical Goals and Assessment Results.

An analysis and assessment of the Course Redesign Project, which used technology to improve student learning and course satisfaction in large lecture courses at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Six disciplinary-diverse departments participated in the project. Technology was selected for the purpose of introducing active learning into lecture halls and providing frequent feedback to students on their individual learning progress. The assessment methodology compares traditionally taught sections with redesigned sections, holding constant (where possible) such potential confounding factors as student academic ability, professor, textbook, day and time of class and the number, type and difficulty of exams and other graded assignments. The assessment of the project produced strong and significant statistical results that indicate that students across the broad spectrum of redesigned courses learned more and achieved higher grades than students in traditional sections. This occurred despite the fact that students in traditional sections had either the same or higher high school-grade point averages and SAT scores compared to students in the redesigned sections. The project included 12 traditional course sections with a total enrollment of 2,456 and 13 redesigned courses sections with a total enrollment of 3,101. The project was supported by a grant from the Davis Educational Foundation.
Questioning Role of Hypochloremia in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

In Reply.— We appreciate the interest in our report published in Pediatrics (1986;77:212-216). The three letters raise similar questions, and in response we would like to make three points. First, including the two infants in the control group who died with the infants in the study group still resulted in significant differences between the two groups regarding duration of furosemide (Lasix) therapy, hypochloremia, or metabolic alkalosis (P > .001). Second (as noted in our discussion), bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a complex disease process.
Review: David Coghlan & Teresa Brannick (2001). Doing Action Research in Your Own Organization

Das hier besprochene Buch gibt philosophische/erkenntnistheoretische, konzeptuelle und pragmatische Hilfen fur diejenigen, die zur Untersuchung ihrer eigenen Organisation action research einsetzen wollen. Ausgehend von einer Beschreibung der Ursprunge wird diese besondere Forschungsmethodologie in ihrer Bedeutung fur die Organisation(sentwicklung) prazisiert. Das Buch selbst besteht aus zwei Hauptteilen: Im ersten Teil werden die theoretischen Grundlagen fur den Einsatz von action research innerhalb von Organisationen diskutiert. Der zweite Teil bietet eine detaillierte Beschreibung des Implementationsprozesses fur diesen Begleitforschungsansatz, inklusive moglicher Hindernisse und Herausforderungen. Obwohl der Autor und die Autorin in ihrem Buch alles fur den Einsatz von action research in der eigenen Organisation Wesentliche beschreiben, sei denjenigen, die uber keinerlei Erfahrung mit action research verfugen, dennoch unbedingt geraten, sich zusatzlich um die enge Begleitung durch eine(n) erfahrene(n) Forscher(in) zu bemuhen. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0204446
Multiscale Modeling of Four Component Lipid Mixtures: Coarse Grained and United Atom Simulations Reveal Trends in Phase Separation

The cell plasma membrane is often modeled using three-component mixtures containing a high melting lipid, a low melting lipid and cholesterol. These ternary mixtures exhibit either nanoscopoic or macroscopic liquid-liquid phase coexistence. An additional patterned phase morphology can exist in four component systems which combine a high melting lipid, cholesterol, a nanodomain-inducing low melting lipid and a macrodomain-inducing low melting lipid. The molecular-level details governing these different phase morphologies are not yet known. Here, we utilize molecular dynamics simulations to analyze how phase separation evolves in a four component mixture. We present data for 11 mixtures at a fixed composition of (16:0,16:0)-pc/(18:2,18:2)-pc/(16:0,18:2)-pc/Cholesterol (DPPC/DLiPC/PLiPC/Chol), where PLiPC is incrementally replaced by DLiPC from one simulation to the next. Each simulation was run to equilibrium over 25 μs using the Martini coarse grained forcefield and was then converted to united atom and run for a further 100 ns. We investigate trends in domain size, composition, interleaflet coupling and properties of the domain interface as a function of replacement of PLiPC by DLiPC.
The excretion of thorium and thorium daughters after thorotrast administration.

(1957). The excretion of thorium and thorium daughters after thorotrast administration. Acta Radiologica: Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 481-498.
Avoiding “Hangover”: How Socialization Tactics Can Reduce Newcomers' Declining Job Satisfaction

Newcomers are likely to have job satisfaction decline after they change their jobs and get familiar with their new jobs. This is called “hangover effect”. This article examined how to reduce newcomers’ hangover effect by organizational socialization tactics. We explored the dynamic attitude change among newcomers in multiple jobs with four waves of data collection. Results indicated that socialization tactics, especially the content aspect of socialization tactics, can reduce newcomers’ hangover effect. In addition, socialization tactics can further influence employees’ turnover behavior through temporal shifts in job satisfaction and turnover intention. This article gives insights about how socialization tactics may slow down negative satisfaction velocities and retain employees in organizations.
Ascending pyelonephritis in young rats retards kidney growth

Ascending pyelonephritis in young rats retards kidney growth. Several radiological studies have suggested that pyelonephritis in infancy and childhood may result in kidney growth retardation without renal scarring. In the present study, we induced ascending pyelonephritis in 20-day-old rats with intravesical infusion of E. coli . Four days after infusion, E. coli was cultured from all renal cortex. The rats were either left untreated (PNu) or were treated with trimethoprim-sulfa (PNt). The rats were investigated one month after infection and compared with an age-matched control group (C). Seventy-nine percent of the PNu rats had recovered spontaneously from infection. Body weight was the same in all groups. In PNu rats, kidney weight (KW), kidney area (KA) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were significantly decreased. KW, KA and GFR were similar in PNt and C rats. The numbers of filtering nephrons were not reduced by the infection. The total cortical DNA content (index of cell number) was significantly lower in PNu (5.30 ± 0.32 mg) and PNt (6.62 ± 0.44 mg) than in C rats (8.48 ± 0.49 mg). The cortical DNA content was significantly lower in PNu than in PNt rats. The cortical protein/DNA ratio was significantly higher in PNu rats than in C rats. The protein/DNA ratio was similar in PNt and PNu rats. The increase in protein/DNA ratio was interpreted as a sign of cell hypertrophy. The inflammatory process as such did not increase the protein/DNA ratio. The kidneys were also examined for structural lesions. Signs of scarring, inflammation and cell necrosis were almost absent in all groups. In conclusion, untreated pyelonephritis in young rats results in the reduction of the renal mass and GFR. The reduction of renal mass can be attributed to inhibition of cell mitosis. Cell mitosis can be inhibited even in cases where the pyelonephritis is treated, but a compensatory increase in cell size might then blunt the gross signs of renal growth retardation.
ATOMIC NITROGEN IONS IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE.

Abstract Possible mechanisms for production of N + are discussed and it is argued that dissociative photoionization of N 2 dominates below 380 km. Photoionization of N is shown to be a minor source of atmospheric N + . The results are compared and agree satisfactorily with mass spectrometric measurements by Holmes, Johnson and Young (1965). It is pointed out that N + is produced with kinetic energy and some possible consequences for laboratory measurements and for the topside ionosphere are briefly discussed.
Normalized LMS Algorithm Degradation Due to Estimation Noise

The steady-state weight vector derived by either the least mean square (LMS) or normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithms has random deviations from the optimum values. These deviations increase the steady-state residue power. A previous paper derived the LMS weight noise effects for a multiple sidelobe canceller (MSLC) application. This paper describes the NLMS weight noise effects. It is shown that for a thermal noise environment, the weight noise effect for the LMS algorithm is insignificant but is quite significant for the NLMS algorithm. Calculations for example noise plus interference environments imply that the NLMS weight noise effects are always larger than that for LMS.
Science rationale for CAWSES (Climate and Weather of the Sun–Earth System): SCOSTEP’s interdisciplinary program for 2004–2008

An international program called Climate and Weather of the Sun–Earth System (CAWSES) has been developed by the Scientific COmmittee on Solar–TErrestrial Physics (SCOSTEP) for the study of integrated Sun–Earth system science to be conducted over the period 2004–2008. This program aims to significantly enhance our understanding of the space environment and its impacts on life and society. The main functions of CAWSES are: (a) to help coordinate international activities in observations, modeling and theory crucial to achieving this understanding; (b) to encourage involvement of scientists in both developed and developing countries in such efforts; and (c) to provide educational opportunities for students at all levels. Such multi-nation, multi-technique studies are absolutely essential for an understanding of the short term (space weather) and the long term (space climate) variability throughout the entire solar–terrestrial domain, for its societal applications and for tracking global changes in climate and ozone. The CAWSES program has been organized under four science Themes: (i) Solar Influence on Climate; (ii) Space Weather: Science and Applications; (iii) Atmospheric Coupling Processes; (iv) Space Climatology. Progress on some of these Themes can only be achieved through conducting carefully planned experimental campaigns with the data being assimilated in coupled physics based models. An end-to-end modeling capability is the ultimate goal of solar–terrestrial science. We hope these aspects will help us also in our Capacity Building efforts which is the fifth Theme under the CAWSES program – particularly in developing countries. In this paper, we will highlight some of the aspects of CAWSES science and attempt to discuss how different specialities in various research fields can be brought together with a well-defined purpose of understanding the interdependencies of the Sun–Earth system as a single entity.
Dipole-dipole broadening of Rb ns-np microwave transitions

The dipole-dipole broadening of $ns\ensuremath{-}np$ microwave transitions of cold Rb Rydberg atoms in a magneto-optical trap has been recorded for $28\ensuremath{\leqslant}n\ensuremath{\leqslant}51$. Since the electric dipole transition matrix elements scale as ${n}^{2}$, a broadening rate scaling as ${n}^{4}$ is expected and a broadening rate of $8.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}{n}^{4}$ MHz cm${}^{3}$ is observed. The observed broadening is smaller than expected from a classical picture due to the spin-orbit interaction in the $np$ atoms. The broadened resonances are asymmetric and cusp shaped, and their line shapes can be reproduced by a diatomic model which takes into account the dipole-dipole interaction, including the spin-orbit interaction, the strengths of the allowed microwave transitions, and the distribution of the atomic spacings in the trap.
Critical thinking in North America: A new theory of knowledge, learning, and literacy

The pace of change in the world is accelerating, yet educational institutions have not kept pace. Indeed, schools have historically been the most static of social institutions, uncritically passing down from generation to generation outmoded didactic, lecture-and-drill-based, models of instruction. Predictable results follow. Students, on the whole, do not learn how to work by, or think for, themselves. They do not learn how to gather, analyze, synthesize and assess information. They do not learn how to analyze the diverse logic of the questions and problems they face and hence how to adjust their thinking to those problems. They do not learn how to enter sympathetically into the thinking of others, nor how to deal rationally with conflicting points of view. They do not learn to become critical readers, writers, speakers and listeners. They do not learn how to use their native languages clearly, precisely, or persuasively. They do not, therefore, become ‘literate’, in the proper sense of the word. Neither do they gain much in the way of genuine knowledge since, for the most part, they could not explain the basis for what they believe. They would be hard pressed to explain, for example, which of their beliefs were based on rational assent and which on simple conformity to what they have been told. They have little sense as to how they might critically analyze their own experience, or identify national or group bias in their own thinking. They are much more apt to learn on the basis of irrational than rational modes of thought. They lack the traits of mind of a genuinely educated person: intellectual humility, courage, integrity, perseverance, and faith in reason. Happily, there is a movement in education today striving to address these problems in a global way, with strategies and materials for the modification of instruction at all levels of education. At its foundation is an emerging new theory of knowledge, learning, and literacy, one which recognizes the centrality of independent critical thinking to all substantial learning, one which recognizes that higher-order, multilogical thinking is as important to childhood as to adult learning, and as important to foundational learning in monological as in multilogical disciplines. This educational reform movement is not proposing an educational miracle cure, for its leading proponents recognize that many social and historical forces must come together before the ideals of the critical thinking movement will become a full academic reality. Schools do not exist in a social vacuum. To the extent that the broader society is uncritical so, on the whole, will be society's schools. Nevertheless, the social conditions necessary for fundamental changes in schooling are increasingly apparent. The pressure for fundamental change is growing. Whether and to what extent these needed basic changes will be delayed or side-tracked, thus requiring new periodic resurgences of this movement, with new, more elaborate articulations of its ideals, goals, and methods — only time will tell.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Calcium-Activated Chloride Ion Channels from Thylakoids

The goal of the present work was to characterize the thylakoid anion channel. Toward this purpose a new, more sensitive, assay was developed to measure chloride channel activity of solubilized and partially purified thylakoid membrane proteins. In this assay potassium channel function was reduced or eliminated by the use of cesium as the coion of chloride. Under these conditions calcium but not magnesium stimulated anion uptake, suggesting the presence of a calcium-activated anion channel in isolated thylakoid membrane proteins. A polyclonal antibody raised against an anion channel isolated from epithelial membranes immunoreacted with three thylakoid membrane proteins; a doublet in the 62 to 66-kDa range and a single band in the 57 to 59-kDa region suggesting that the thylakoid anion channel may be homologous to the mammalian chloride channel. Furthermore, the cDNA which encodes the epithelial chloride channel hybridized on Northern blots prepared from corn total RNA with three mRNA bands.
Oligomer-assisted synthesis of chiral polyaniline nanofibers.

We report here a novel approach to synthesize chiral PANI nanofibers in an aqueous solution. This new approach requires the following conditions: (1) Polymerization was carried out in concentrated camphor sulfonic acid solutions. (2) Aniline oligomers were used to accelerate the polymerization reaction. (3) Ammonium persulfate (oxidant) was added incrementally to the aniline solution. The high anisotropy factor of these PANI nanofibers is likely due to the “autocatalytic effect” resulting from lower oxidation potentials of aniline oligomers. Our chemical synthesis of the chiral PANI nanofibers is enantioselective and, under the optimized conditions, has an anisotropy factor (g = Δe/e) of 2.3 × 10-2.
Affine equivalence for rotation symmetric Boolean functions with p k variables

Abstract Rotation symmetric Boolean functions have been extensively studied in the last dozen years or so because of their importance in cryptography and coding theory. Until recently, very little was known about the basic question of when two such functions are affine equivalent. The simplest case of quadratic rotation symmetric functions which are generated by cyclic permutations of the variables in a single monomial was only settled in a 2009 paper of Kim, Park and Hahn. The much more complicated analogous problem for cubic functions was solved for permutations using a new concept of patterns in a 2010 paper of Cusick, and it is conjectured that, as in the quadratic case, this solution actually applies for all affine transformations. The patterns method enables a detailed analysis of the affine equivalence classes for various special classes of cubic rotation symmetric functions in n variables. Here the case of functions generated by a single monomial and having p k variables, where p > 3 is prime, is examined in detail, and in particular, a formula for the number of classes is proved.
Aeromonas neutral protease: specificity toward extended substrates.

Abstract Kinetic measurements on the action of Aeromonas neutral protease toward blocked peptide substrates were made in order to determine the most favorable fit on the enzyme subsites that bind the residues flanking the scissile bond and to define the number of secondary sites involved in catalysis. Variations in the identity of P1′, 3 the residue furnishing the amino group to the scissile bond, produced significant changes in krmcat, whereas the identity of P1′, the residue donating the carboxyl group, was of much less catalytic importance. Comparison of these results with those of previous investigators of other bacterial neutral proteases indicated distinct differences in specificity of the Aeromonas enzyme and revealed that phenylalanyl residues, rather than leucyl, were preferred in the P1′ position. Additional binding sites on the carboxyl side of the scissile bond were shown to be important to catalytic efficiency and it is evident that at least three residues (P1t , P2′, P3′) are involved while only two residues (P2, P1) on the amino terminal side of the sensitive bond are implicated.
Long-Range Protein Vibrations Dependence on Ligand Binding: Rate Promoting Motions

It has been suggested that long-range intramolecular vibrations in enzymes may provide efficient access to intermediate state configurations, enhancing catalytic turnover rates. Recently we have successfully measured these long-range protein vibrations using an anisotropic THz near-field technique to measure protein crystals, called crystal anisotropy terahertz microscopy (CATM). The method isolates these motions from the isotropic librational background, revealing narrow band resonances. Recent measurements on free chicken-egg white lysozyme (CEWL) and tri-N-acetylglucosamine (3NAG) inhibitor bound CEWL reveal dramatic and reproducible changes in the intramolecular vibrational mode spectra with binding. A large resonance at ∼70 cm−1 for free CEWL, is somewhat suppressed with binding, whereas a new resonance is observed at ∼ 40 cm−1, with binding. This dramatic change in the spectra with binding confirms that the observed resonances arise from intramolecular vibrations, and not crystal phonons. Using normal mode analysis, our calculated CATM spectra find a consistent increase in the low frequency signal with binding. While the density of states does not change appreciably with binding, the overall direction of motion shifts for vibrations in the frequency range where there is a large change in the optical signal. The change in the direction of the vibrational motion results in a change in the motion of the charge distribution and therefore, the dipole derivative, leading to the sensitivity to the trajectories in the terahertz optical absorbance. The remaining question is if these specific motions participate in the structural preorganization of the binding site, and thus promote catalytic activity. We will discuss measurements to answer this long standing question. This work was supported by NSF MRI∧2 grant DBI295998.
Role of Aromatic Side Chains in the Folding and Thermodynamic Stability of Integral Membrane Proteins

Aromatic residues are frequently found in helical and β-barrel integral membrane proteins enriched at the membrane−water interface. Although the importance of these residues in membrane protein folding has been rationalized by thermodynamic partition measurements using peptide model systems, their contribution to the stability of bona fide membrane proteins has never been demonstrated. Here, we have investigated the contribution of interfacial aromatic residues to the thermodynamic stability of the β-barrel outer membrane protein OmpA from Escherichia coli in lipid bilayers by performing extensive mutagenesis and equilibrium folding experiments. Isolated interfacial tryptophanes contribute −2.0 kcal/mol, isolated interfacial tyrosines contribute −2.6 kcal/mol, and isolated interfacial phenylalanines contribute −1.0 kcal/mol to the stability of this protein. These values agree well with the prediction from the Wimley−White interfacial hydrophobicity scale, except for tyrosine residues, which contribute mor...
Numerical Results on the Convergence of Relative Efficiencies

This paper considers the detection of a known constant signal in an additive non-Gaussian noise under the assumptions of discrete time and statistically independent noise samples. The objective is to determine how large sample size must be before the easily computed asymptotic relative efficiency becomes a valid measure of performance. The exact small-sample error probabilities are calculated for a Neyman-Pearson optimal nonlinear detector consisting of a zeromemory nonlinearity followed by summation and threshold comparison. "Large-tailed" noise having a double exponential distribution is used as an example. The exact distribution of the test statistics for a linear detector and for the Neyman-Pearson optimal detector are calculated. Then the relative efficiency of the Neyman-Pearson optimal detector, as compared to a linear detector, is computed in order to study the rate of approach of the relative efficiency to its asymptotic value.
Software that detects and analyzes bioelectrical events by assessing the fit of modeled subintervals

A software system is described which has been used to identify, average, and otherwise analyse different kinds of electrophysiological events. Spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials were identified by assessing the fit of subintervals within suspected event-containing intervals to flexibly defined model subevents. It was thus practical to apply complex, explicit, and stable criteria in the estimation of the frequency and mean time course of these spontaneous events. This software also mediated the objective rejection of noise-contaminated elements from samples of either evoked or spontaneous potentials. Average event time courses were comprised of a series of estimates of the standard deviations as well as the means. Each analysis generated thousands of individual event amplitudes which were used to improve estimates of quantal release and response parameters. This software allowed more complete analysis of tape-recorded experiments which conserved test compounds and animals, and enabled the observation of simultaneous and equal degrees of action upon spontaneous and evoked potentials, which suggested that a common mechanism was involved.
Induced regeneration--the progress and promise of direct reprogramming for heart repair.

There is much interest in the area of cardiac regeneration to replace cardiomyocytes lost in a heart attack. A number of recent studies have shown the feasibility of direct reprogramming, which allows one cell type to be directly converted into another cell type without going through a pluripotent intermediate step. In this Review, the authors review developments in direct reprogramming to cardiac cells in vitro and in vivo and compare the utility of these methods with pluripotent stem cell–mediated approaches.
Structural Violence as Social Practice: Haitian Agricultural Workers, Anti-Haitianism, and Health in the Dominican Republic

Understanding the structural obstacles people face with regard to health has become an important area of intellectual and practical concern, particularly with vulnerable populations in low-income countries. This article documents some of the experiences of a little-documented, vulnerable population—Haitian agricultural workers, or braceros, on the bateyes (primarily Haitian communities) of the Cibao region of the Dominican Republic. The qualitative data presented here draw from a sample of Haitian agricultural workers (N=370) living in six different batey communities. Geographic segregation, access to transportation, occupational and environmental health challenges, and negative treatment by doctors and other health professionals—all expressions of structural violence—emerged as salient impediments to health and well-being. Structural violence, especially through the mechanism of anti-Haitianism, works to both create environments that undermine the well-being of Haitian agricultural workers and, when seeking treatment, can limit opportunities for access to care.
Social Networks Influence Hispanic College Women's HPV Vaccine Uptake Decision-Making Processes

This qualitative study was designed to assess current and preferred social networks that influence human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine decision making in a sample of Hispanic college women. Individual, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 41 Hispanic college women attending a large southeastern Hispanic-serving institution. Television commercials and discussions with mothers were found to be the most influential social networks for current HPV vaccination beliefs. Internet sites, close family members, and healthcare providers' communications were preferred social networks for HPV vaccine information. Perceived accessibility and sense of comfort influenced the order in which these social networks' communications would be accepted. Findings suggest that Hispanic college women utilize specific social networks to gather information and make decisions about HPV vaccination. Continued efforts are needed to promote further understanding of the purpose of the HPV vaccine via these preferred sources of information.
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon—a solar cell material☆

Abstract The absorption coefficient of hydrogenated amorphous silicon in the visible spectrum is one order of magnitude larger than that of crystalline silicon. Schottky barrier solar cells were made with a power efficiency of 5.5%, open-circuit voltages greater than 0.86 V and short-circuit currents larger than 14 mA cm-2.
Determinants of the levels and distribution of PL 480 food aid: 1955–1979

Abstract This paper reports the results of statistical tests of hypotheses related to a number of debates surrounding the determinants of the levels and distribution of US food aid. The statistical results supported the following hypotheses: (1) PL 480 food aid is influenced by the need of the recipient country; (2) PL 480 food aid is tied to political and military concerns of the US; (3) PL 480 food aid is influenced by the political party occupying the White House; (4) PL 480 food aid and US commercial sales of agricultural commodities are substitutes; and (5) PL 480 food aid is inversely related to a recipient's foreign exchange holdings.
Family Strain, Gender, and Delinquency:

In the last decade, Robert Agnew's general strain theory (GST) of delinquency has received considerable empirical attention, with most studies yielding favorable evidence. One aspect of GST neglect...
Anisotropic characteristic lengths in single crystal YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract Careful measurements of the lower critical field Hc1 have been done on single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7−δ to obtain the magnitude and the anisotropy of the penetration depth and the Ginzburg-Landau parameter.
Nuclear Versus Fossil Power Plants: Evolution of Economic Evaluation Techniques

(1975). Nuclear Versus Fossil Power Plants: Evolution of Economic Evaluation Techniques. The Engineering Economist: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 21-38.
MinKin: A kinetic modeling program for the precipitation, dissolution, and phase transformation of minerals in aqueous solution

Abstract The development of time-resolved, synchrotron scattering techniques has recently enabled the collection of in situ mineral abundance data during mineral–fluid reactions. However, few computational algorithms exist to analyze the kinetics of such reactions. Here we present MinKin (for “Mineral Kinetics”), a global optimization code for Matlab capable of fitting a standard chemical kinetic model to experimental mineral abundance data. MinKin allows users to specify the species and reactions of a geochemical system consisting of a fluid with up to two aqueous species and up to three mineral species, and then uses the global optimization algorithm of Differential Evolution (DE) to calculate the rate constants that minimize the error between the model and the data. Trial calculations reveal that MinKin is able to simultaneously calculate up to six rate constants on a time scale of minutes, with an accuracy of roughly the same magnitude as that of the input data.
Bounded implies eventually periodic for the positive case of reciprocal-max difference equation with periodic parameters

This paper concerns the positive case of the difference equation with initial x terms positive, (A i ) n nonnegative, periodic in n and such that ∀ n ∃ i such that (A i ) n >0 We show that if a solution is bounded then it is eventually periodic. Previous results exist for k = 1 and 2. We first make a log transformation, replacing division by subtraction, then define a dynamical system that is equivalent to the difference equation. This system is shown to be nonexpansive in L ∞. A theorem by Weller, Hilbert's metric, part metric and selfmappings of a cone, PhD dissertation, Univ. of Bremin, West Germany, December 1987. (Available from the Center for Research Library, crl.edu), states that bounded solutions that are nonexpansive in a polyhedral norm, such as L ∞, have finite ω-limit sets. We prove that if a bounded solution has a finite ω-limit set then it must be eventually periodic. Therefore bounded implies eventually periodic for the log version. Finally, we apply this result to show that all positive...
Shadow cones formed by target atoms calculated for 1 to 3 keV H+, He+, Li+, Ne+ and Na+ ion bombardment

Abstract The shadow cones of 1 to 3 keV H + , He + , Li + , Ne + and Na + scattered from a variety of target atoms ranging from C to Pb are calculated by classical scattering theory using the “universal potential” of Biersack and Ziegler. We compare these shadow cone radii with those calculated from using the Thomas-Fermi-Moliere interatomic potential and also with experimentally determined values.
Effect of long-term therapy with an oral contraceptive on some aspects of hepatic lipid metabolism in vitro.

Abstract Livers were obtained from untreated controls as well as from female rats which were treated with Enovid® (7.5 mg/kg of food) for either 4 days or 1 year. The livers were placed in an isolated perfusion system and the rate of release of cholesterol and triglyceride was measured. Long-term treatment with Enovid® resulted in a 38–72 per cent reduction below control level in the rate of release of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol, respectively, while short-term treatment was without a significant effect. No significant effect of either short- or long-term treatment was observed on hepatic weight or on concentrations of either cholesterol or triglyceride in the liver at the end of the perfusion. Concentrations of triglyceride and cholesterol in the serum of the liver donors were also measured. The only significant change observed was a 30 per cent reduction in cholesterol concentration of the group treated with Enovid® for 4 days. Thus, treatment with Enovid® for 1 year was accompanied by a reduced rate of release of cholesterol and triglyceride by the liver, while serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations were unchanged. Studies of other aspects of the metabolism of these two substances will be necessary to explain the results.
Termite resistance of biobased composition boards made from cotton byproducts and guayule bagasse

Abstract Large quantities of cotton gin byproducts (CGB), also known as cotton gin trash or cotton gin waste, are being produced across the cotton belt of the United States annually. Similarly, guayule wastes after rubber latex production is expected to increase as this industry begins to expand. Use of these waste materials in value-added products can help the economics of the crops and aid in alleviating waste management issues and environmental problems. Conventional wood preservatives used to protect wood from insect and microbial damage are of concern to human health and the environment. Guayule bagasse (GB) has been shown to have termite control properties, and a combination of cotton gin and guayule wastes could also have such valuable properties. An initial study evaluating the physical and mechanical properties of boards produced from these two biomasses was published in 2009, this study is a continuation focusing on the termite resistance of boards produced. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the termite resistance property of experimental composition boards made from CGB and GB. Composition boards were made from five different ratios of CGB to GB: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 (C100, C75–G25, C50–G50, C25–G75, and G100, respectively). Additionally, three-layered boards (3-layer) consisting of 25% GB (upper layer), 50% CGB (middle layer), and 25% GB (bottom layer) were made. For comparison, a commercial southern pine lumber board (SPB), a commercial oriented strandboard (OSB), and a commercial preservative treated medium density fiberboard (MDF) were included in the testing. This testing was an extension of a previous study where the mechanical properties of the CGB and GB composition boards were compared to select commercial standards. Five specimens were cut from each of the nine different board treatments and tested using Eastern subterranean termites. Weight loss, termite survival days, and visual grade of each specimen were determined according to testing standards. Results confirmed good termite control quality for boards made from GB alone. Boards containing CGB to GB ratios of 75–25 and 50–50 obtained similar termite resistance as the commercial OSB based on the total weight loss and one-week termite mortality rate. Visual grading of tested specimens revealed all six CGB and GB composition boards and the treated MDF showed better rating than the commercial OSB and pine lumber. No differences were noted among the total termite surviving days for the six CGB and GB composition boards. Overall, the biobased CGB and GB boards showed promise with the boards containing GB exhibiting improved termite resistance properties than SPB and OSB.
Discrimination of antegrade and retrograde atrial depolarization by electrogram analysis

Abstract The inability of cardiac pacemakers to selectively reject retrograde P waves limits the usefulness of dual-chamber pacemakers (because of the possibility of endless loop tachycardias) and of antitachycardia devices which use a dual-chamber sensing algorithm. In order to determine selective sensing parameters, amplitude, slew rate, and configuration of antegrade and retrograde atrial electrograms were measured in 34 patients undergoing dual-chamber pacemaker implant—31 with unipolar and three with bipolar units. All antegrade and retrograde pairs were measurably different. All 34 cases had measurable antegrade/retrograde amplitude differences; 30 of the unipolar cases (96.8%) and all bipolar cases displayed antegrade/retrograde amplitude differences of at least 0.25 mV. Thirty of the unipolar cases (96.8%) and two bipolar cases had measurable slew rate differences. Conflguration differed in 14 of 31 (45.2%) of unipolar and in two bipolar cases. A combined criterion with 0.25 mV sensitivity steps (available in at least two presently avallable pacemakers) and 0.5 V/sec slew rate gradations (through the use of externally programmable filters) would allow the discrimination of retrograde from antegrade depolarizations in all 34 cases. With the use of amplitude and slew rate differences, it is therefore possible to reject retrograde P waves while sensing antegrade P waves with current technology.
Global upper ocean heat content and climate variability

Observational data from the Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program were used to calculate the upper ocean heat content (OHC) anomaly. The thickness of the upper layer is taken as 300 m for the Pacific/Atlantic Ocean and 150 m for the Indian Ocean since the Indian Ocean has shallower thermoclines. First, the optimal spectral decomposition scheme was used to build up monthly synoptic temperature and salinity dataset for January 1990 to December 2009 on 1° × 1° grids and the same 33 vertical levels as the World Ocean Atlas. Then, the monthly varying upper layer OHC field (H) was obtained. Second, a composite analysis was conducted to obtain the total-time mean OHC field (\( \bar{\bar{H}} \)) and the monthly mean OHC variability (\( \widetilde{\text{H}} \)), which is found an order of magnitude smaller than \( \widehat{\text{H}} \). Third, an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method is conducted on the residue data (\( \widehat{\text{H}} \)), deviating from \( \widetilde{\text{H}} \) + \( \widetilde{\text{H}} \), in order to obtain interannual variations of the OHC fields for the three oceans. In the Pacific Ocean, the first two EOF modes account for 51.46% and 13.71% of the variance, representing canonical El Nino/La Nina (EOF-1) and pseudo-El Nino/La Nina (i.e., El Nino Modoki; EOF-2) events. In the Indian Ocean, the first two EOF modes account for 24.27% and 20.94% of the variance, representing basin-scale cooling/warming (EOF-1) and Indian Ocean Dipole (EOF-2) events. In the Atlantic Ocean, the first EOF mode accounts for 49.26% of the variance, representing a basin-scale cooling/warming (EOF-1) event. The second EOF mode accounts for 8.83% of the variance. Different from the Pacific and Indian Oceans, there is no zonal dipole mode in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Fourth, evident lag correlation coefficients are found between the first principal component of the Pacific Ocean and the Southern Oscillation Index with a maximum correlation coefficient (0.68) at 1-month lead of the EOF-1 and between the second principal component of the Indian Ocean and the Dipole Mode Index with maximum values (around 0.53) at 1–2-month advance of the EOF-2. It implies that OHC anomaly contains climate variability signals.
Internet security and intrusion detection

The tutorial presents the principal attack techniques that are used in the Internet today and possible countermeasures. In particular, intrusion detection techniques are analyzed in detail. This tutorial mixes a practical character with a discussion of the current research in the field. Participants will learn how the security of networks is violated and how such violations can be detected and prevented.