cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: A rank ordering of electoral formulas☆

Abstract Seat allocation formulas affect candidates' incentives to campaign on a personal rather than party reputation. Variables that enhance personal vote-seeking include: (1) lack of party leadership control over access to and rank on ballots, (2) degree to which candidates are elected on individual votes independent of co-partisans, and (3) whether voters cast a single intra-party vote instead of multiple votes or a party-level vote. District magnitude has the unusual feature that, as it increases, the value of a personal reputation rises if the electoral formula itself fosters personal vote-seeking, but falls if the electoral formula fosters party reputation-seeking.
Stability Analysis of Embankments Supported by Geosynthetic Encased Stone Columns

Geosynthetic encased stone columns have the potential to contribute to the stability of soft clay deposits under embankments; however, there is a need to quantify the degree of this contribution. To evaluate this contribution, a two-dimensional finite difference method was used to investigate the effect of geosynthetic encased stone columns on the factor of safety of deep-seated slope failure of an embankment constructed over a soil deposit under the short-term condition. In this study, the effect of columns was evaluated using two different models with column walls and an equivalent improved area. A parametric study was conducted using these models to investigate the influence factors that may have a direct impact on the factor of safety, including the spacing and size of stone columns, cohesion of the soil deposit, and stiffness of geosynthetic. The results of this analysis are presented in several charts.
Fretting on the cubic face of a single-crystal Ni-base superalloy at room temperature

Abstract Fretting experiments were conducted on the (1 0 0) crystal (cubic) face of a single crystal Ni-base superalloy in two directions, 〈1 0 0〉 and 〈1 1 0〉, to study the effect of crystallographic orientation on the fretting response in both partial slip and gross slip regimes. The study involved point contacts using a tungsten carbide (WC) ball with radius 10 mm tested at room temperature. Ball indentation was used to determine secondary crystallographic orientations. Under sufficiently high normal force, the friction on the cubic face in the 〈1 1 0〉 direction was larger than in the 〈1 0 0〉 direction. This difference can be explained by the extent of plastic deformation in the surface layer and associated microstructure changes, both of which depend on the coupling between the crystallographic orientation and the cyclic deformation field.
Activity-dependent depression of medial prefrontal cortex inputs to accumbens neurons by the basolateral amygdala

The encoding of reward-predictive stimuli by neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) depends on integrated synaptic activity from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) afferent inputs. In a previous study, we found that single electrical stimulation pulses applied to the BLA facilitate mPFC-evoked spiking in NAcc neurons in a timing-dependent manner, presumably by a fast glutamatergic mechanism. In the present study, the ability of repetitive BLA activation to modulate synaptic inputs to NAcc neurons through dopamine- or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-dependent mechanisms is characterized. NAcc neurons receiving excitatory input from both mPFC and BLA were recorded in urethane-anesthetized rats. Train stimulation of the BLA depressed mPFC-evoked spiking in these neurons. This was not attributable to mechanisms involving NMDA or dopamine D1, D2, D3 or D5 receptors, since blockade of these receptors did not affect the BLA-mediated depression. BLA-mediated depression was only evident when the BLA stimulation evoked spikes in the recorded neuron; thus, depolarization of the recorded neuron may be critical for this effect. The ability of the BLA to suppress mPFC-to-NAcc signaling may be a mechanism by which normal or pathologically heightened emotional states disrupt goal-directed behavior in favor of emotionally-driven responses.
STUDIES OF THE THYROID APPARATUS, XLIX. WATER BALANCE IN CONDITIONS OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID DEFICIENCY

An examination with respect to water percentage and refractive index was made of the blood serum of the thyroidless and parathyroidless rats, and their litter mate controls, the growth of which in body and organ weight has been the subject of the preceding papers of this series. This was done in order to provide data for a study of the influence of the glandular deficiencies on water balance within the organism. Since it was recognized that these records alone would afford but scanty material for a generalization, four other organs were systematically investigated, namely: the brain, the spinal cord, the humerus, and the femur. As will appear, the data obtained from these five tissues are strikingly consistent. The plan and scope of the investigation as a whole (Hammett, 1923a), the number and distribution of the rats (Hammett, 1926a), and the methods of collecting and analyzing the blood (Hammett, 1923b), and tissues (Hammett, 1924a, 1923c), are described in earlier papers.
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Interference Studies Using a Wire Loop Atomizer

Abstract A W-Re wire-loop atomizer has been used to study interference effects caused by diverse compounds in the ETAAS determination of Cu, Cd, Mg, and Be. Absorbance-time profiles of both the analyte and the diverse metal were studied. In most cases, overlap of the AA signal of the diverse metal with that of the analyte depressed the analyte's signal. The major mode of suppression appears to be the formation of analyte compounds, such as oxides or chlorides, in the vapor phase. Shifts in appearance temperature were also observed, especially in the case of Cd, which was the most volatile metal studied. The addition of sulfate increased the appearance temperature of Cu and decreased or eliminated the suppression caused by Na and K salts.
On the analytical modeling of database concurrency control

The Concurrency Control (CC) scheme employed can profoundly affect the performance of transaction-processing systems. In this paper, a simple unified approximate analysis methodology to model the effect on system performance of data contention under different CC schemes and for different system structures is developed. This paper concentrates on modeling data contention and then, as others have done in other papers, the solutions of the data contention model are coupled with a standard hardware resource contention model through an iteration. The methodology goes beyond previously published methods for analyzing CC schemes in terms of the generality of CC schemes and system structures that are handled. The methodology is applied to analyze the performance of centralized transaction processing systems using various optimistic- and pessimistic-type CC schemes and for both fixed-length and variable-length transactions. The accuracy of the analysis is demonstrated by comparison with simulations. It is also shown how the methodology can be applied to analyze the performance of distributed transaction-processing systems with replicated data.
Influences on Participation in a University Faculty and Staff Annual Giving Campaign

As tuition and state support become increasingly constrained, private fund raising is becoming an ever more important source of institutional revenue. Internal faculty and staff giving campaigns are a key part of fund-raising efforts. This study, carried out at a mid-sized, state-assisted, Midwestern university, provided critical information about which types of employees are more likely to contribute and about faculty perceptions of the giving process. Human resources and development records were merged into a database for statistical analysis. Also, a sample of fulltime faculty was interviewed concerning motivation for giving, barriers or situations that prevent faculty from giving, best communication methods, and other relevant factors. Administrative staff, fulltime employees, blacks and whites, employees who were alumni, those who lived in the university's home city, employees who had ever given previously to the university, those with higher previous giving totals, employees with higher salaries, and those employed for a greater number of years were significantly more likely to give. Faculty generally understood the purpose of employee giving campaigns and agreed that departmental representatives were a good means of communication about the campaign. They felt that direct appeals to support needs at the individual department level might cause more faculty to participate than does a broad-based generic campaign approach. They would also like to be able to detail very speci.cally how their donations are used. Implications are included for which employees should be solicited and how the employee annual giving campaign should be marketed to various groups, particularly faculty.
Compact actuation through magnetorheological flow control and rectification of magnetostrictive vibrations

There is currently a need for compact actuators capable of producing large deflections, large forces, and broad frequency bandwidth. In all existing active materials, large force and broadband responses are obtained at small displacements and methods for transmitting very short transducer element motion to large deformations need to be developed. This paper addresses the development of a hybrid actuator which provides virtually unlimited deflections and large forces through magnetorheological (MR) flow control and rectification of the resonant mechanical vibrations produced by a magnetostrictive Terfenol-D pump. The device is a compact, self-contained unit which is capable of producing large work output. To achieve large output force, hydraulic advantage is created by implementing a driven piston diameter that is larger than the drive piston. Since the pump operates at high speeds, a fast-acting MR fluid valve is required. The paper presents a four-port MR fluid valve in which the fluid controls its own flow while carrying the full actuator load. A multi-domain model of the device was developed with the primary goal of analyzing and demonstrating the MR fluid valve concept. A research valve was designed, constructed, and tested for purposes of model parameter identification and validation, and analysis of device behavior. Deflections of over 6 in are demonstrated with the device presented here.
A rapid screening procedure for 2-aminonaphthalene in natural, synthetic, and refined crudes

Abstract The mutagen, 2-aminonaphthalene, which is the dominant aromatic amine species in several fossil fuels, may be isolated readily by using a sequential high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure. An initial isolation is achieved on a semi-preparative scale aminosilane column and the final separation is completed with a nonpolar stationary phase column on an analytical scale with a pH-adjusted solvent. The use of fluorescence detection permits discrimination (at least 100-fold) against the nonmutagenic isomer, 1-aminonaphthalene. The overall recovery of 2-aminonaphthalene, as determined by scintillation counting of a radioactive 1-aminonaphthalene tracer, typically exceeds 50% and can reach 92% depending on both the sample matrix and the solubility of the isolate in acetonitrile. The minimum detectable quantity is 0.06 μg g-1 of crude sample.
Coordination analysis: a method for deriving use cases from process dependencies

Despite the widespread recognition that information technology (IT) and business process are tightly connected, existing system design methods provide limited guidance on how to take business process into account when designing information systems. The primary goal of this paper is to describe a method which helps systems analysts to explore more systematically the potential of IT to change the design of business processes. We use coordination theory to provide a theoretical connection between use cases and the dependencies among activities within a process. By building use cases from dependencies, we are able to consider a wide range of functionality for managing those dependencies and thus incorporate process redesign into the requirements process. We employ a healthcare case as an example to illustrate the proposed method.
Incorporating functiona imaging, information into radiation treatment

Three-dimensional treatment planning systems allow the clinician to define tumor and normal anatomy of computed tomograpy (CT) scans and project the result onto a digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) for comparison with a simulation or portal film. Unfortunately, the CT scan does not always show the tumor accurately. First the tumor may have either been removed surgically, or cytoreduced with chemotherapy before the treatment planning scan was taken. Or, the planning CT may not be the ideal imaging modality for a particular tumor, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or positron-emission tomography, (PET) being much better. In either case, the nonplanning images provide more reliable data as to the position and extent of tumor than do the CT. A 3D/3D registration between the diagnostic and planning image must then be performed to make the data from both images available for the planning process. Methods of performing accurate 3D/3D registration of dissimilar images have been studied extensively by experts in image processing, but the techniques have not, yet been fully adopted by the medical community. In addition, there is no standard way of dealing with the multiple tumor volumes that will be generated by full multimodality treatment planning. This article ends with speculation as to the extent to which mutlimodality image-based treatment planning can improve cancer treatment rates. New imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy, PET, or functional imaging, tuned to the particular tumor type, might reveal more than just the gross tumor volume seen on CT or MRI. One could imagine radiation treatment to many sites in the body under image guidance that would result in cure of metastatic disease, should the cancer be confined to a reasonable number of discrete sites.
Cell surface oligosaccharide modulation during differentiation: III. Lectin affinity class distributions

Abstract In previous studies [1,2] we showed that the onset of the morphological phenotype of cellular senescence (IMR-90) in vitro is preceded by complex cell surface changes. Using fluorescently conjugated lectins these studies showed: (1) quantitative PDL-dependent decreases in cell surface mannosyl, galactosyl, and N -acetyl-glucosamine residues; (2) these changes were correlated with changes in ligand/lectin membrane mobility, suggesting a functional relationship for the quantitative changes. To further investigate the biological significance of these observations we have developed a synthetic ligand competition assay to analyze the lectin binding event itself. The results of these analyses show that: (1) the number of binding affinity class distributions is highly restricted; (2) the PDL-dependent mannosyl change is due to the loss of a high-affinity class distribution without significant change in the low-affinity site; and (3) PDL-dependent changes in both galactosyl and N -acetyl glucosamine binding events are the result of changes in the affinity class distributions. These results are interpreted in terms of the potential available energy to act as the basis for signal transduction at the cell surface.
Decomposition pathways of C2 oxygenates on Rh-modified tungsten carbide surfaces

Abstract Ethanol decomposition on tungsten monocarbide (WC) and Rh-modified WC was investigated using ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) surface science experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. DFT calculations indicated that the binding energies of ethanol and its decomposition intermediates on WC(0001) were modified by Rh, with Rh/WC(0001) showing similar values to those on Rh(111). Through temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments on polycrystalline WC and Rh-modified WC, it was shown that the selectivity for ethanol decomposition was different on these surfaces. On WC, the C-O bond of ethanol was preferentially broken to produce ethylene; on Rh-modified WC, the C-C bond was broken to produce carbon monoxide and methane. Furthermore, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) was used to determine likely surface intermediates. On Rh-modified WC, ethanol first formed ethoxy through O-H scission, then reacted through an aldehyde intermediate to form the C1 products.
A liquid-phase adsorption study of the rate of diffusion of Phenol from aqueous solution into activated Carbon

The differential equation for diffusion of a solute in a quasi-homogeneous, spherical, ion exchange particle, previously solved for time-dependent boundary conditions, is applied to an activated carbon adsorption system. This solution differs from the infinite volume solution which assumes constant boundary conditions. The result is applied to experimental data and yields effective adsorbent-phase diffusion coefficients. Equilibrium and rate studies were performed by using the aqueous phenol solution—activated carbon system. The rigorous solution to the diffusion equation is compared with a recently published frequency domain solution. Excellent agreement is obtained for values of the effective diffusion coefficient computed from the two rate equations. It is recommended that the rigorous model be used for mechanism and diffusion coefficient determination. After the mass transfer parameters have been obtained, the simplified rate equation may be used for either lumped parameter or distributed parameter models for prediction of fixed-bed adsorber response. Further studies are required to determine if the simplified model adequately describes fixed-bed behavior.
Rationale for combined blockade of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer – Review of current data

Targeted immunotherapy promoting anti-tumor T-cell activity has shown improved survival and durable objective responses in advanced melanoma patients. Data is mounting that concurrent use of ipilimumab and nivolumab has a more pronounced effect than either as monotherapy. Although no completed clinical trials exist for their use in head and neck cancer, preclinical data suggests these therapies would be beneficial in head and neck malignancies as well. Their role in head and neck cancer management is an ongoing research effort.
Solubilization of angiotensin II receptors in bovine adrenal cortex

Abstract Angiotensin II receptors in bovine adrenal cortex were solubilized with 1% digitonin solution. Binding of 3 H-angiotensin II to the solubilized receptors could be assayed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 column. Scatchard analysis indicated two classes of binding sites with K d of 15 and 170 nM. Maximal number of binding sites were estimated at approximately 120 and 470 fmole/mg protein for the high and low affinity binding sites respectively. Pharmacologically active angiotensin II analogues including angiotensin II, Sar 1 -Ile 8 -angiotensin II, desAsp 1 -angiotensin II, desAsp 1 -Ile 8 -angiotensin II were all active in inhibiting the specific 3 H-angiotensin II binding with relative affinities similar to those in membrane preparations. The inactive angiotensin II precursor, angiotensin I was much weaker in inhibiting the specific 3 H-angiotensin II binding thus indicating the specificity of angiotensin II receptors in the solubilized state was maintained.
Hyperfiltration-induced precipitation of calcite

Abstract Hyperfiltration is sometimes cited as a mechanism to explain high degrees of calcite cementation at shale/sandstone contacts. To test this cementation mechanism, a series of experiments were performed in which solutions undersaturated with respect to calcite were hydraulically forced through a Ca-bentonite at different flow rates. Calcite precipitate was observed on the bentonite membrane from hyperfiltrated stock solutions having initial calcite saturation indices of 0.91 and 0.59. Supersaturation conditions at the clay's high-pressure interface are likely provided by establishment of a concentration polarization layer. In the subsurface, the driving force for hyperfiltration is a differential hydraulic pressure gradient acting across a shale membrane. This hydraulically-induced flux of solution causes a build-up of solute at the shale's high-pressure interface to levels that may exceed saturation indices of common cementing minerals like calcite. Although the source of the hydraulic pressure is likely due to compaction within the sedimentary pile, directional flow constraints suggest that hyperfiltration-induced precipitation of calcite occurs at sand/shale boundaries away from areas of active compaction.
Bacterial adhesion on hybrid cationic nanoparticle-polymer brush surfaces: ionic strength tunes capture from monovalent to multivalent binding.

Abstract This paper describes the creation of hybrid surfaces containing cationic nanoparticles and biocompatible PEG (polyethylene glycol) brushes that manipulate bacterial adhesion for potential diagnostic and implant applications. Here, ∼10 nm cationically functionalized gold nanoparticles are immobilized randomly on negative silica surfaces at tightly controlled surface loadings, and the remaining areas are functionalized with a hydrated PEG brush, using a graft copolymer of poly-l-lysine and PEG (PLL–PEG), containing 2000 molecular weight PEG chains and roughly 30% functionalization of the PLL. The cationic nanoparticles attract the negative surfaces of suspended Staphylococcus aureus bacteria while the PEG brush exerts a steric repulsion. With the nanoparticle and PEG brush heights on the same lengthscale, variations in ionic strength are demonstrated to profoundly influence the capture of S. aureus on these surfaces. For bacteria captured from gentle flow, a crossover from multivalent to univalent binding is demonstrated as the Debye length is increased from 1 to 4 nm. In the univalent regime, 1 um diameter spherical bacteria are captured and held by single nanoparticles. In the multivalent regime, there is an adhesion threshold in the surface density of nanoparticles needed for bacterial capture. The paper also documents an interesting effect concerning the relaxations in the PLL–PEG brush itself. For brushy surfaces containing no nanoparticles, bacterial adhesion persists on newly formed brushes, but is nearly eliminated after these brushes relax, at constant mass in buffer for 12 h. Thus brushy relaxations increase biocompatibility.
Physicochemical Characterization of the Various Solid Forms of Carbovir, An Antiviral Nucleoside

Carbovir, which exhibits promising in-vitro activity against HIV, is shown to exist in five forms: I, II, III, IV, and V. Forms I-III and V were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), hot-stage microscopy (HSM), Karl Fischer titrimetry (KFT), powder X-ray diffraction (PXD), intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) studies, heat of solution measurements (SC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and water uptake at various relative humidities (water activities). Form IV could not be characterized fully, as it is stable only over a narrow temperature range (267-275 °C) which is immediately followed by melting and decomposition. With increasing temperature in DSC, forms I and V transformed successively to form III (195 °C), then to form II (220 °C), and then to form IV (275 °C). The PXD patterns, FTIR spectroscopy, IDR, and SC showed significant differences between these polymorphs. For each of the forms I, II, and III, there exists a critical value of relative humidity above which absorption of water proceeds steeply, leading to the formation of form V, which is more heavily hydrated than any of the other forms. Forms I and V each showed a two-step weight loss in TGA (24-120 °C), suggesting the presence of water molecules with two different binding energies probably corresponding to two different locations in the crystal lattice; HSM confirmed the dehydration. Thus, while forms I and V are hydrates, containing ca. 0.9 and 1.2 mol of water/mol of carbovir, respectively, from KFT, forms II-IV are different unsolvated polymorphic forms. Form I is a (pseudopolymorphic) hydrate which may have variable water stoichiometry. The order of the IDR values of compacted disks into water at 25 °C is form II ≫ form III > form I ∼ form V, corresponding to the order of free energy with respect to the aqueous solution. While the dissolution of forms I, III, and V was linear, the IDR of form II decreased after 15 min to a constant value, corresponding to conversion to form V. In contact with water, forms I and III also convert to form V but more slowly, beyond the 1 h time span of the IDR measurements. The order of the endothermic heats of solution into pH 12.4 glycine buffer is form V ∼ form I ≫ form III ∼ form II, corresponding to the reverse order of the enthalpy of the solid phases. ESEM micrographs showed the platy habits of forms I-III and V and the fractured surfaces of the desolvated polymorph, form II.
APL catches the bus

IBM's APL2/PC includes the AP488IBM and AP488NI auxiliary processors for the IEEE-488 General Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) to control a wide variety of I/O devices, instruments and tools. Process control and measurement in the lab and on the production line through the GPIB can be efficiently implemented with APL2/PC.The manuals for the GPIB software are large, and the manuals for the instruments that connect to the bus can be even larger. The system does have many capabilities, but most situations can be handled with a few basic commands. This short introduction can't claim to provide all that's needed to use the GPIB, but it may be enough to start an application, and it purports to point out the pertinent parts of the paper pile.
Epigenetically Mediated Pathogenic Effects of Phenanthrene on Regulatory T Cells

Phenanthrene (Phe), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), is a major constituent of urban air pollution. There have been conflicting results regarding the role of other AhR ligands 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and 6-formylindolo [3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) in modifying regulatory T cell populations (Treg) or T helper (Th)17 differentiation, and the effects of Phe have been understudied. We hypothesized that different chemical entities of PAH induce Treg to become either Th2 or Th17 effector T cells through epigenetic modification of FOXP3. To determine specific effects on T cell populations by phenanthrene, primary human Treg were treated with Phe, TCDD, or FICZ and assessed for function, gene expression, and phenotype. Methylation of CpG sites within the FOXP3 locus reduced FOXP3 expression, leading to impaired Treg function and conversion of Treg into a CD4+CD25lo Th2 phenotype in Phe-treated cells. Conversely, TCDD treatment led to epigenetic modification of IL-17A and conversion of Treg to Th17 T cells. These findings present a mechanism by which exposure to AhR-ligands mediates human T cell responses and begins to elucidate the relationship between environmental exposures, immune modulation, and initiation of human disease.
Gauge symmetry enlargement and accidental massless spectrum of string models on group manifolds

Abstract The massless spectrum of closed strings on group manifolds Md × H described by a Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) action for the group H is studied. It is found that for certain groups H and central charge k of the associated Kac-Moody algebra, the massless spectrum does not coincide with the standard Kaluza-Klein spectrum. The nature of the extra, “accidental” massless states depends crucially on the multi-connectedness of H. In the presence of “accidental” gauge bosons, which requires multi-connected H, the gauge symmetry of the massless spectrum is enlarged to GL × GR, where H ⊂ G. A complete classification of “accidental” massless states is given for H = SU (2), SU (2) Z 2 , SU (3) and SU (3) Z 3 for every k.
Klinkenberg effect on predicting and measuring helium permeability in gas shales

Abstract To predict accurately gas-transport in shale systems, it is important to study the transport phenomena of a non-adsorptive gas such as helium to investigate gas “slippage”. Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations have been carried out with an external driving force imposed on the 3-D carbon pore network generated atomistically using the Voronoi tessellation method, representative of the carbon-based kerogen porous structure of shale, to investigate helium transport and predict Klinkenberg parameters. Simulations are conducted to determine the effect of pressure on gas permeability in the pore network structure. In addition, pressure pulse decay experiments have been conducted to measure the helium permeability and Klinkenberg parameters of a shale core plug to establish a comparison between permeability measurements in the laboratory and the permeability predictions using NEMD simulations. The results indicate that the gas permeability, obtained from pulse-decay experiments, is approximately two orders of magnitude greater than that calculated by the MD simulation. The experimental permeability, however, is extracted from early-time pressure profiles that correspond to convective flow in shale macropores (> 50 nm). That is, pore diameters estimated from the measured permeability are greater than 50 nm.
Ablation above the semilunar valves: When, why, and how? Part II

In this two-part series, we discuss the anatomical basis for arrhythmias arising above the semilunar valves. In this part (part I), we describe the relevant anatomy and technique for mapping and ablation of ventricular arrhythmias arising above either the pulmonic or the aortic valve. After an initial discussion of the underlying anatomy and characteristics of the substrate targeted for ablation above the semilunar valve, an approach for safe and effective ablation of supravalvar ventricular arrhythmias is presented.
“The City is Dead, Long Live the Net”: Harnessing European Interurban Networks for a Neoliberal Agenda

A network discourse has emerged during the last two decades, representing networks as self–organizing, collaborative, nonhierarchical, flexible, and topological. Progressive scholars initially embraced networks as an alternative to markets and hierarchies; neoliberal thinkers and policymakers have reinterpreted them in order to serve a neoliberal agenda of enhanced economic competitiveness, a leaner and more efficient state, and a more flexible governance. The European Commission and the German state have initiated and financially supported interurban network programs, broadly framed within this neoliberal network discourse, despite their long traditions of regulated capitalism. Really existing interurban networks depart, however, from these discourses. Embedded within pre–existing processes of uneven development and hierarchical state structures, and exhibiting internal power hierarchies, really existing networks are created, regulated, and evaluated by state institutions, and often exclude institutions and members of civil society, making them effective channels for disseminating a neoliberal agenda. At the same time, they create new political spaces for cities to challenge existing state structures and relations and are of unequal potential benefit to participating cities, both of which may catalyze resistance to neoliberalization.
Surgery for the treatment of overactive bladder

Abstract Objectives. To describe surgical options that may be indicated when conservative management of overactive bladder is unsuccessful. Methods. The literature on current endoscopic and open surgical procedures is reviewed. Results. The endoscopic approach of hydrodistention under anesthesia may be therapeutic, but normally offers only temporary relief of symptoms. Among open surgical procedures, cystolysis has not withstood the test of time and is no longer used. Partial rhizotomy can reduce reflex bladder contractility while preserving other important urogenital functions. Peripheral denervation via a vaginal approach appears effective in as many as 70% of patients with motor instability, but is not effective in interstitial cystitis or other sensory bladder disorders. Transvesical phenol injection is most effective for detrusor instability (DI) caused by multiple sclerosis. Enterocystoplasty is more helpful in intractable DI than in interstitial cystitis. Detrusor myomectomy has yielded excellent results in patients with neurogenic causes of DI. Urinary diversion is rarely required in DI, but may be preferable to enterocystoplasty when severe pelvic pain is present. Conclusions. When appropriately chosen, surgical procedures can substantially improve the quality of life of some individuals with overactive bladder.
Cerebral blood flow activation and functional lesions in schizophrenia

This article reviews functional neuroimaging studies which measure task-specific changes in neuronal activity in schizophrenia, usually indexed by cerebral blood flow. Twenty-four published reports employing an activation strategy to study schizophrenia are reviewed. Eleven of these studies examined prefrontal function in schizophrenia, mostly with the Wisconsin Card Sort, and almost all have found some failure of the patients to demonstrate task-related increases in prefrontal blood flow. However, activation studies using simple sensory and motor tasks have also demonstrated abnormal activation, both as excessive and as deficient neuronal responses. A picture of a generally poor ability to organize brain activity emerges in schizophrenia. Dysfunction in a specific region, such as the prefrontal cortex, may indicate a primary functional lesion of the illness, or a salient feature of more widespread dysfunction of distributed and interactive brain networks. Progress in understanding will depend upon better knowledge of the functional neuroanatomy of the brain and the employment of neurobehavioral probes which can reliably assess a spectrum of brain networks which produce simple as well as complex function.
Fourth annual UCLA survey of business school computer usage

Providing the most comprehensive picture to date of the business school computing, communication, and information environment, this year's survey extends the focus of the Fourth Survey (1987) and raises the question: how to most effectively manage these resources.
A Proposed Correction to the Solar Abundances of Carbon and Oxygen Utilizing New and Accurate Theoretical Forbidden Transition Probabilities

Previously published solar abundances of oxygen and carbon can be corrected to be logN(O) = 8.93 and logN(C) = 8.60 on the hydrogen log-scale when new accurate forbidden electric quadrupole transition probabilities AQ(s−1) are used. Such AQ's, based on the new atomic structure and electron correlation theory, developed recently by Sinanoglu and coworkers, are reported for the (1S0-1D2) lines of [C i], [N ii, [O i] and [O iii] and the (2P-2D) lines of [N i] and [O ii]. The available experimental values are also given for comparison.
Computer science and information technology and the international development

In this paper, we identify and analyze a set of characteristics that increasingly distinguish today's complex software systems from “traditional” ones. Several examples in different areas show that these characteristics are not limited to a few application domains but are widespread. Then, we discuss how these characteristics are likely to impact dramatically the very way software systems are modeled and engineered. In particular, we appear to be on the edge of a radical shift of paradigm, about to change our very attitudes in software systems modeling and engineering.
The Anti-HIV-1 Editing Enzyme APOBEC3G Binds HIV-1 RNA and Messenger RNAs That Shuttle between Polysomes and Stress Granules

Deoxycytidine deaminases APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) (members of the apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 family) have RNA-binding motifs, invade assembling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), and hypermutate reverse transcripts. Antagonistically, HIV-1 viral infectivity factor degrades these enzymes. A3G is enzymatically inhibited by binding RNA within an unidentified large cytosolic ribonucleoprotein, implying that RNA degradation during reverse transcription may activate intravirion A3G at the necessary moment. We purified a biologically active tandem affinity-tagged A3G from human HEK293T cells. Mass spectrometry and coimmunoprecipitation from HEK293T and T lymphocyte extracts identified many RNA-binding proteins specifically associated with A3G and A3F, including poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs), YB-1, Ro-La, RNA helicases, ribosomal proteins, and Staufen1. Most strikingly, nearly all A3G-associated proteins were known to bind exclusively or intermittently to translating and/or dormant mRNAs. Accordingly, A3G in HEK293T and T lymphocyte extracts was almost completely in A3G-mRNA-PABP complexes that shifted reversibly between polysomes and dormant pools in response to translational inhibitors. For example arsenite, which inhibits 5′-cap-dependent translational initiation, shifted mRNA-A3G-PABP from polysomes into stress granules in a manner that was blocked and reversed by the elongation inhibitor cycloheximide. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed A3G-mRNA-PABP stress granules only partially overlapping with Staufen1. A3G coimmunoprecipitated HIV-1 RNA and many mRNAs. Ribonuclease released nearly all A3G-associated proteins, including A3G homo-oligomers and A3G-A3F hetero-oligomers, but the viral infectivity factor remained bound. Many proteins and RNAs associated with A3G are excluded from A3G-containing virions, implying that A3G competitively partitions into virions based on affinity for HIV-1 RNA.
Synthesis of p-nitrophenyl 2-O-β- and 2-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-β-d-galactopyranoside☆

Abstract Cleavage of the isopropylidene group of p-nitrophenyl 3-O-benzoyl-4,6-O-isopropylidene-β- d -galactopyranoside afforded p-nitrophenyl 3-O-benzoyl-β- d -galactopyranoside (1). Compound 1 was converted into its 4,6-O-benzylidene derivative (2) by reaction with the benzaldehyde-zinc chloride complex. Compound 2 was also prepared by selective benzoylation of p-nitrophenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β- d -galactopyranoside (3), obtained by benzylidenation of p-nitrophenyl β- d -galactopyranoside. The structures of 1, 2, and 3 were established by 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. Glycosylation of 2 with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide, catalyzed by mercuric cyanide, afforded the protected disaccharide derivatives 4 and 6, which, on deacetalation followed by deacylation, gave the β- and the α-(1→2)-linked disaccharides 8 and 10, respectively. The structures of 4, 6, 8, and 10 were established by n.m.r. spectroscopy. Additionally, the structures of 8 and 10 were confirmed by permethylation, and hydrolysis to 3,4,6-tri-O-methyl- d -galactose. Compounds 8 and 10 were also converted into their fully acetylated derivatives. Compounds 4 and 6 were deacylated, to furnish the corresponding benzylidenated derivatives 5 and 7. The 13C-n.m.r. spectra of 5 and 7 are discussed, together with those of the isomeric α- and β-(1→3)-linked disaccharides, and also with that of the β-(1→6)-linked isomer.
Strategic command and control in the 1990s

(1991). Strategic command and control in the 1990s. Defense Analysis: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 373-399.
SU‐E‐T‐645: Dose Enhancement to Cell Nucleus Due to Hard Collisions of Protons with Electrons in Gold Nanospheres

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the theoretical dose enhancement to a cell nucleus due to increased fluence of secondary electrons when gold nanospheres are present in the cytoplasm during proton therapy. Methods: We modeled the irradiation of prostate cancer cells using protons of variable energies when 10,000 gold nanoparticles, each with radius of 10 nm, were randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. Using simple analytical equations, we calculated the increased mean dose to the cell nucleus due to secondary electrons produced by hard collisions of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 MeV protons with orbital electrons in gold. We only counted electrons with kinetic energy higher than 1 keV. In addition to calculating the increase in the mean dose to the cell nucleus, we also calculated the increase in local dose in the “shadow,” i.e., the umbra, of individual gold nanospheres due to forward scattered electrons. Results: For proton energies of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 MeV, we calculated increases to the mean nuclear dose of 0.15, 0.09, 0.05, and 0.04%, respectively. When we considered local dose increases in the shadows of individual gold spheres, we calculated local dose increases of 5.5, 3.2, 1.9, and 1.3%, respectively. Conclusion:more » We found negligible, less than 0.2%, increases in the mean dose to the cell nucleus due to electrons produced by hard collisions of protons with electrons in gold nanospheres. However, we observed increases up to 5.5% in the local dose in the shadow of gold nanospheres. Considering the shadow radius of 10 nm, these local dose enhancements may have implications for slightly increased probability of clustered DNA damage when gold nanoparticles are close to the nuclear membrane.« less
Non-Processive Force Generation by Mammalian Axonemal Dynein In Situ on Doublet Microtubules

We utilize optical tweezers to examine displacements produced by small numbers of dynein motors located in situ on doublet microtubules from disintegrated mammalian sperm axonemes. In contrast with cytoplasmic dynein, we find that axonemal dynein is not processive, and the duration of individual force-generating interactions with a microtubule are longer than predicted from the velocity of movements generated by large ensembles of motors. These findings suggest that tension is required for rapid release of dynein following a power stroke and may explain how axonemal dynein is adapted to work in arrays within an axoneme, where cyclical bending patterns require motors to function over a range of sliding velocities.
Palladium(0)-assisted synthesis of C-glycopyranosyl compounds.

Abstract Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) effects the regio- and stereo-selective alkylation of 2-acetoxy-5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyrans and 1- S -acetyl-1-thiohex-2-enopyranosides. Use of stabilized carbanions resulted in the formation of alkylated dihydropyrans with net retention at the oxygen-bearing carbon atom. Examples include the preparation of2-[acetamidobis(ethoxycarbonyl)methyl]-5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyran, 2-[acetamidobis(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]-6-ethoxy-5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyran, and 2-[acetamidobis(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]-6-methoxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyran. Use of nonstabilized carbanions, such as arylzinc chlorides, resulted in the formation of alkylated dihydropyrans and C -glycosyl compounds with net inversion at the oxygen-bearing carbon atom. Examples include the preparation of 2-[(6-ethoxy-5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyranyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazoline, trans -methoxy-methyl-2-phenyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyran, trans -methoxymethyl-2-vinyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyran, rans -2-[2,2-bis(ethoxy)ethyl]-6-methoxymethyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H -pyran, (4,6-di- O -methyl-2,3-dideoxy-α- d - erythro -hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzene, (2,3-dideoxy-4,6-di- O -methyl-β- d - erythro -hex-2-enopyranosyl)benzene, 1-(2,3-dideoxy-4,6-di- O -methyl-α- and -β- d - erythro -hex-2-enopyranosyl)naphthalene, 4-(2,3-dideoxy-4,6-di- O -methyl-α- and -β- d - erythro -hex-2-enopyranosyl)toluene, and 1-(2,3,6-trideoxy-4- O -methyl-α- l - erythro -hex-2-enopyranosyl)naphthalene.
Laser-Induced Fluorescence Photogrammetry for Dynamic Characterization of Transparent and Aluminized Membrane Structures

Photogrammetry has proven to be a valuable tool for static and dynamic profiling of membrane based inflatable and ultra-lightweight space structures. However, the traditional photogrammetric targeting techniques used for solid structures, such as attached retro-reflective targets and white-light dot projection, have some disadvantages and are not ideally suited for measuring highly transparent or reflective membrane structures. In this paper, we describe a new laser-induced fluorescence based target generation technique that is more suitable for these types of structures. We also present several examples of non-contact non-invasive photogrammetric measurements of laser-dye doped polymers, including the dynamic measurement and modal analysis of a 1m-by-1m aluminized solar sail style membrane.
A Strengths-Based Framework for Social Policy: Barriers and Possibilities

ABSTRACT Is it possible to create and implement social policy that adheres to the key principles of strengths-based practice? Most social policy development and analysis is based in a problem-centered approach. However, the strengths-based approach to practice is at the heart of social work. Although it has been applied in many social work settings, its application to policy practice has been infrequent, at best. This article examines previous writings on strengths-based policy practice, applies a strengths-based analysis framework to current youth policy, and discusses the barriers and opportunities for a strengths-based approach in the current policy climate.
Grazing Systems: More Thoughts and Observations

Rotation grazing does improve species composition. It just needs an area open to improvement and sound application W ith the publication in January 2008 of “Rotational grazing on rangelands: reconciliation of perception and experimental evidence” by Briske et al.,1 the debate about grazing systems was reopened. The paper compared rotation grazing and continuous grazing for plant production. It found little difference between the two overall for production based on the published studies it surveyed. That paper was followed by the October 2009 Rangelands issue dedicated to the debate on rotational grazing. In that issue, Budd and Thorpe2 write on grazing systems from a manager’s standpoint. They encouraged expanding the discussion to include data from federal land agencies, consultants, landowners, and others who monitor grazing systems. Budd and Thorpe endorsed evaluation of grazingsystem–monitoring data from different regions, their ecosystems, and their respective grazing systems, as well as how these systems performed in attaining their objectives in those ecosystems. The Bureau of Land Management’s Arizona Strip District has more than 600 key areas for grazing system monitoring studies (seral stage condition and species frequency) that were developed with researchers from the University of Arizona and range managers from the district and the extension service. The studies have been consistently read and the methods unchanged since 1980. The data, on evaluation, show some answers from a management standpoint.
Rewiring for watermarking digital circuit netlists

A resynthesis method to protect firm cores or circuit netlist representations is presented. The design is protected by embedding watermark by rewiring circuit with one or more redundancy addition/removal steps. This is the first known attempt to explore rewiring for watermarking. Area, performance, and testability requirements are preserved by the approach. We analyze several attack strategies and we experimentally demonstrate that the proof of authorship is guaranteed with very high probability for all ISCAS'85 benchmarks.