cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Duodenal neurons provide nicotinic fast synaptic input to sphincter of Oddi neurons in guinea pig.

We have investigated the existence of neural connections between the duodenum and the sphincter of Oddi (SO). Stimulation of duodenal myenteric fiber bundles elicited synaptic responses in SO neuro...
An inherent stability problem in Cartesian compliance and an alternative structure of compliance control

Active compliance is often used in the control of the legs of a walking machine to allow a vehicle to adapt to terrain irregularity. This technique balances force and position errors in Cartesian space to achieve the operation of a damped spring. It is shown that, when decomposed into individual actuator systems, Cartesian compliance may require positive feedback of the equivalent joint torque error to a certain joint. Thus, such a joint can be locally unstable if the environment which the leg system contacts is not passively compliant enough. An inherent stability problem associated with this Cartesian-space compliance control is investigated, and an alternative structure of compliance control that eliminates the inherent source of instability and still permits adaptability to terrain irregularity is introduced. The new algorithm was implemented on the Ohio State University Hexapod vehicle and experimentally verified as giving better performance in system stability than the existing Cartesian compliance algorithm. >
Role of reef fauna in sediment transport and distribution

1. Reef organisms may play a major role in the transport and distribution of sediment on the sea floor adjacent to coral reefs. 2. Some fish such asMalacanthus plumieri (Bloch) selectively transport and collect certain types of sediment (such as larger coral and shell fragments). 3. The random movement of crawling or burrowing organisms may cause a large amount of sediment to be shifted laterally on the sea floor. On slopes, a net downhill displacement may result. 4. The surface configuration and internal structure of the sediment is rapidly changed by faunal mixing. Ripple marks formed by waves or currents are obliterated by the activity of organisms in only a few weeks in the environment studied. Internal structure (bedding) near the sediment-water interface is similarly destroyed in a short period of time. 5. Larger clasts (including empty shells) on the sea floor tend to be buried by faunal undermining. The rate of burial depends primarily on the grain size of the substrate. 6. The random movement of fauna on the sea floor may produce a predominantly concave-up orientation of pelecypod shells and shell fragments on the sea floor — the opposite of that produced by the activity of waves or currents.
Statistical mechanical models of chemical reactions

The statistical mechanical study of chemically reactive fluids via the analytic solution of integral equation approximations for such fluids (Cummings, P. T., and Stell, G., 1984, Molec. Phys., 51, 253; 1985, Ibid., 55, 33) is extended to a consideration of solvent effects. This is achieved by studying mixtures of molecular species some of which can undergo reaction (the solute(s)) and one of which is inert (the solvent). The results obtained near infinite dilution of the reacting solute in the inert solvent are similar in magnitude to those observed in experiments on the dissociation equilibrium of dinitrogen tetroxide.
Welfare state regimes and family policy: a longitudinal analysis

The primary aim of the article is to access the extent to which welfare state regimes support distinct family policies across OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries and over time. Focusing in particular on the work of Esping-Andersen we address the following questions: (i) What is the relation between de-commodification and de-familialisation? (ii) Are there distinct welfare state regimes that support different levels of family policy? (iii) To what extent have levels of support for family policy differed over the last decades toward divergence or convergence among OECD welfare states? Using data from the OECD Social Expenditure database (1980–2001), we find that the degree of de-familialisation through welfare state regimes parallels the de-commodification scores. However, the findings indicate a degree of instability in the relationship between levels of support for family policy and welfare state regimes over the last decades. We conclude by discussing how the findings speak to the changing character of welfare regimes and the implications of a longitudinal perspective.
Energy-spread compensation of a thermionic-cathode rf gun

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) ballistic bunch compression (BBC) gun was designed as a prototype injector to explore the technique of drift-space compression of a high-brightness beam [J.W. Lewellen and S.V. Milton, "Preliminary Calculations of Ballistic Bunch Compression with Thermionic Cathode RF Guns", Proc. SPIE - Int. Soc. Opt. Eng (Coherent Electron Beam X-Ray Sources: Techniques and Applications) Vol. 3154, pp. 162-171 (1997)]. It is constructed from three independently powered S-band rf cells, one cathode half-cell, and two full cells, and is designed to operate with both thermionic cathodes and photocathodes; this flexibility allows the gun to be operated in modes other than for ballistic compression. In particular, appropriate choices of rf power and phase can be used to reduce the energy spread of the beam produced by the gun. With a thermionic cathode, simulations indicate that a 1% FWFM energy spread can contain at least 90% of the emitted beam charge. This operating mode demonstrates many of the capabilities required for ballistic bunch compression, but allows verification of the basic gun performance via a much easier measurement. Also, such a beam is of interest as a source for other experiments, e.g., low-cost, compact, free-electron lasers.
New insights into adipocyte-specific leptin gene expression

The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin is a critical regulator of many physiological functions, ranging from satiety to immunity. Surprisingly, very little is known about the transcriptional pathways that regulate adipocyte-specific expression of leptin. In a recent published study, we pursued a strategy integrating BAC transgenic reporter mice, in vitro reporter assays, and chromatin state mapping to locate an adipocyte-specific cis-element upstream of the LEP gene in human fat cells. Quantitative proteomics (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture, SILAC) with affinity enrichment of protein-DNA complexes identified the transcription factor FOSL2 as a specific binder to the identified region. We confirmed that FOSL2 is an important regulator of LEP gene expression in vitro and in vivo using cell culture models and genetic mouse models. In this commentary, we discuss the transcriptional regulation of LEP gene expression, our strategy to identify an adipocyte-specific cis-regulatory element an...
The Antisocial Process Screening Device An Examination of its Construct and Criterion-Related Validity

The clinical assessment of psychopathy in adulthood is well established via programmatic research. More recently, psychopathy has been extended to children and adolescents with correlates to maladaptive personality traits, violent behavior, and noncompliance with institutional rules. To screen for adolescent psychopathy, the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD) was developed as a 20-item self-report measure of psychopathy. The original validation of the APSD was limited to samples of clinic-referred and community-based children. In extending this research to delinquent populations, the current article uses two separate samples of adolescent offenders incarcerated in a maximum security facility (n = 78) and a local juvenile detention facility (n = 77). As evidence of criterion-related validity, the APSD was compared with two versions of the Psychopathy Checklist that yielded mixed results. Construct validity was examined via a confirmatory factor analysis that provided support for a three-factor model of the APSD.
Function of the omasum in several ruminant species.

Abstract 1. The main function of the omasum is to represent an arrangement for continuance of the fermentation in all species. 2. The pH of omasal contents of sheep and cattle is near neutral and the rate of fermentation equals the rate in the rumen. 3. Omasal contents of deer have a lower pH and show a lower fementation rate when compared with the rumen and small amounts of soluble carbohydrate accumulate, contributing not more than 0·3 g of glucose to the animal per day.
Assessing Parental Alienation: Empirical Assessment of College Students' Recollections of Parental Alienation During Their Childhoods

Using characteristics of parental alienation syndrome (PAS) and related concepts as a conceptual guide, the authors created an assessment tool to measure young adults' perceptions of experiencing parental alienation during childhood. A sample of undergraduates (N = 227) completed the newly developed Relationship Distancing Questionnaire (RDQ) as well as the Mother–Father Peer Scale, Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, and Children's Perceptions of Interparental Conflict Scale. Results suggested one's perception of experiencing parental alienation is a diverse construct and has adequate psychometric properties. The RDQ is the first empirical assessment of perceived parental alienation during childhood. Attention is called to the importance of both the RDQ as a retrospective measure and the need for a valid assessment of a contemporaneous measure of parental alienation.
Cooperative learning in engineering classes

Cooperative learning is instruction that involves students working in teams to accomplish a common goal, under conditions that involve both positive interdependence (all members must cooperate to complete the task) and individual and group accountability (each member is accountable for the complete final outcome). A half-day workshop is discussed in which the basic elements of cooperative learning are incorporated in numerous practical exercises to give the participants first-hand experience with the approach. >
Theta Functions and Divisors

Let M be a complex manifold. In the sequel, M will either be Cn or Cn/D where D is a lattice (discrete subgroup of real dimension 2n). Let U i be an open covering of M, and let ϕi be a meromorphic function on Ui. If for each pair of indices (i, j) the function ϕi /ϕj is holomorphic and invertible on Ui ∩ Uj, then we shall say that the family (Ui, ϕi) represents a divisor on M. If this is the case, and (U, ϕ) is a pair consisting of an open set U and a meromorphic function ϕ on U, then we say that (U, ϕ) is compatible with the family (Ui, ϕi) if ϕi/ϕ is holomorphic invertible on U ∩ Ui. If this is the case, then the pair (U, ϕ) can be adjoined to our family, and again represents a divisor. Two families (Ui, ϕi) and (Vk, ψk) are said to be equivalent if each pair (Vk, ψk) is compatible with the first family. An equivalence class of families as above is called a divisor on M. Each pair (U, ϕ) compatible with the families representing the divisor is also said to represent the divisor on the open set U.
Kinetics of aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus parasiticus in the presence of Nα‐palmitoyl‐L‐lysyl‐L‐lysine‐ethyl ester dihydrochloride or dichlorvos

N(alpha)-Palmitoyl-L-lysyl-L-lysine-ethyl ester dihydrochloride (PLL) has antimicrobial properties and may be useful as a food preservative. This study was conducted to see if PLL can inhibit growth and synthesis of aflatoxin by Aspergillus parasiticus. Growth of mold and accumulation of aflatoxins were monitored for up to 15 days. To compare these data with those of a known inhibitor of aflatoxin synthesis, dichlorvos was added to media, and mold growth and aflatoxin accumulation were monitored. The kinetic model of Brown and Vass that correlates growth and formation of secondary metabolites was applied to results of this study, and values for maturation time (t(m)) and aflatoxin accumulation rate constant (alpha) were calculated. Values of t(m) decreased when cultures contained PLL, whereas presence of dichlorvos resulted in a considerable increase. The lag phase of mold growth increased in the presence of PLL. The values of alpha increased with an increasing amount (up to 300 ppm) of PLL in media. Higher concentrations of PLL decreased the value of alpha. All levels of dichlorvos tested decreased the value of alpha. The aflatoxin accumulation rate constant (alpha) as a function of concentration of additive (C) followed the general equation: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\alpha = \frac{{\alpha _m C\exp (- {C \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {C {K_i }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {K_i }})}}{{C + K_a }}$$\end{document} where alpha(m), K(a), and K(i) are constants.
Using Behavioral Analysis to Improve Student Confidence With Analog Circuits

This paper investigates the impact of teaching the behavior of analog circuits before proceeding to the formal, mathematical analysis, with the goal of improving student confidence with analog circuits. The behavioral analysis of two circuits is presented to show the level of detail provided to the students. Additionally, reinforcement techniques that encourage a deep approach to learning are presented. The effect on student confidence levels of introducing the circuit behavioral analysis is measured using three assessment methods. The results of the assessment suggests that being exposed to behavioral analysis improves student confidence with analog circuits and comfort levels with new circuits.
Planning a pilot project on the ISS for crew health management & maintenance beyond LEO

Long duration missions present numerous risks to crew health and performance. The international space community is actively studying these effects and possible mitigation techniques, but much work remains to be done. As such the space community and space agencies are increasingly cooperating to enable timely answers in support of exploration mission needs. Crew health and performance are critical to successful human exploration. Long-duration missions bring numerous risks that must be understood and mitigated in order to keep astronauts healthy, rather than treat a diagnosed health disorder. Crewed missions venturing beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO) will require technology solutions for crew health care to address physiological, psychological, performance, and other needs in-situ, e.g., self-sufficiency, as an emergency or quick-return option will not be feasible. Therefore, onboard capabilities that would allow for early self-diagnosis of impending health issues, and autonomous identification of proper responses on negative trends to keep astronauts healthy are critical. With the absence of real-time medical ground support, personal health-tracking tools for health monitoring, health risk assessment and management are required for any crew member to predict her/his future health condition if no preventive measures are taken. This paper suggests a concept employing technologies from Prognostics and Health Management (PHM), namely real-time health monitoring and condition-based health maintenance in terms of predictive diagnostics. The International Space Station (ISS) is an excellent platform and currently the only “test bed” on which to prepare for future manned exploration missions. Examples of present, i.e., currently deployed, and planned/envisioned future health management & maintenance technologies on the ISS are presented. However, the exploration beyond low-Earth orbit will require a new generation of capabilities and systems, which build on existing capabilities and incorporate technologies yet to be developed.
Hemodynamic changes in children with Down syndrome during and following inhalation induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane

Abstract Study Objective To evaluate whether children with Down Syndrome are at increased risk of bradycardia and hypotension during and following sevoflurane induction. Design Retrospective study. Setting University-affiliated children's hospital. Measurements The records of children with Down syndrome and a sample matched by age, congenital heart defect, and ASA physical status, were searched. Demographics, history of Down syndrome or congenital heart anomaly, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane (EtSevo) at baseline and following induction were recorded. Main Results 96 children with Down syndrome were identified from 11,201 pediatric anesthetics ( Conclusion A significantly higher prevalence and degree of bradycardia occurred in children with Down syndrome during and following sevoflurane induction, which was corrected by decreasing the concentration of sevoflurane and airway manipulation.
Temporal Variation in Mycophagy and Prevalence of Fungi Associated with Developmental Stages of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Mycophagy by bark beetles is widespread. However, little is known regarding which developmental stages of bark beetles actually feed on fungi. To study this question, we sampled fungi associated with Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) throughout development in naturally attacked trees. Isolations of fungi were made from phloem adjacent to brood and from brood exoskeletons and guts. Overall, the incidence of fungi with individual brood increased as brood development progressed. Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingf. and Ophiostoma montium (Rumbold) von Arx exhibited generally opposing trends in prevalence. G. clavigera was most likely to be found in phloem adjacent to prewintering third- and postwintering fourth-instar larvae. O. montium was most likely to be found in phloem adjacent to eggs, first-instar larvae, pupae, and teneral adults. In contrast to isolations made from phloem, fungi isolated from brood guts and exoskeletons were not observed to shift in prevalence. First- and third-instar larvae were often observed migrating to older portions of their galleries, indicating that they do not spend all of their time feeding at, and extending, the apex of the gallery. Our results suggest that not only are D. ponderosae brood in contact with and feeding on fungi throughout development, but also, that during development, contact of brood with a particular fungus is likely to change. Such temporal shifts in fungal symbionts may be environmentally driven and have important implications in how these fungi interact with their hosts within and across generations.
An integral constrained parabolic problem with applications in thermochronology

We investigate an inverse source problem with an integral constraint for a parabolic equation. The constraint is motivated by an application in thermochronology, a branch of geology. The existence and uniqueness of weak solutions are established by means of the Rothe method and an energy method, respectively. The elliptic problem resulting from the time discretization is solved by homogenizing the integral constraint. The implicit scheme used in the proof of existence lends itself readily for numerical studies and we present the results of numerical experiments. We also report on the errors and convergence rates.
Commemorating Disaster and Disobedience: National Park Service Initiatives in the 21st Century*

Objective This essay explores the ways in which memorial culture reflects contemporary attitudes about the United States and its history. Method An examination of the role of the U.S. National Park Service, which manages and maintains many American memorials, illustrates the evolving relationship between official memory and history. Memorials to dissent and disaster are considered as part of an emerging trend in American memorial culture in which trauma, conflict, and loss are commemorated. Results American memorial culture is increasingly driven by ethical imperatives to remember those believed to be forgotten or ignored in history.
Neuromuscular Performance Varies with Baseline Neurocognition: Implications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk and Prevention

Background: Neurocognitive performance may be a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament injury, and may influence risk via changes in neuromuscular performance; however, there are no existing data the relationship between neurocognition and neuromuscular performance during complex athletic tasks. Hypothesis: Athletes with low baseline neurocognitive performance would demonstrate worse neuromuscular performance during the completion of an unanticipated jump landing task compared to athletes with high baseline neurocognitive performance.
CAMAC Specifications

The experience with CAMAC installations resulting from its widespread use has inevitably led to suggestions for changes in the specifications. The NIM and ESONE Dataway Working Groups spent nearly a year discussing these suggestions during the recently completed process of rewriting and revising the CAMAC specifications. Some of the suggestions were included in the revised specification after careful evaluation of any compatibility problems that might arise. Others were felt to lie outside the intended scope of the specification. In the following, the scope and intent of the CAMAC specification is briefly discussed. Then the significant additions and changes to the Dataway specification are listed, along with some background information. Reference is also made to the information contained in the document "Supplementary Information on CAMAC System."
Eight Voices of Empowerment: Student Perspectives in a Restructured Urban Middle School.

This article explores student empowerment in a restructured urban Title I middle school. The study includes data from eight participants in an action research project that involved a critical inqui...
Deletion mutants of bacteriophage lambda. IV. High frequency Int-promoted recombination.

The high frequency of recombination which results from site-specific recombination acting on certain attachment site configurations leads to unlinkage of the genes on either side of att.
Single- versus Triple-Drug Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comparing Outcomes by Toxicity, Imaging Response, and Survival.

Abstract Purpose To determine the efficacy of single- versus triple-drug chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, as measured by toxicity, tumor response, time to progression (TTP), and overall survival (OS). Materials and Methods A single-center retrospective review was performed on 337 patients who underwent chemoembolization over a 14-year period; 172 patients underwent triple-drug conventional transarterial chemoembolization, and 165 patients underwent single-agent doxorubicin chemoembolization. Imaging characteristics and clinical follow-up after conventional transarterial chemoembolization were evaluated to determine TTP. Imaging response was determined per World Health Organization and European Association for the Study of Liver criteria. OS from time of first chemoembolization was calculated. Results Median TTP was similar between groups: 7.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.1–9.4) and 6.8 months (95% CI, 4.6–8.6) for triple- and single-drug regimens, respectively ( P > .05). For single-agent conventional transarterial chemoembolization, median OS varied significantly by Barcelona Clinic for Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage: A, 40.8 months; B, 36.4 months; C, 10.9 months ( P P P Conclusions Single-agent chemoembolization with doxorubicin and ethiodized oil demonstrates acceptable efficacy as measured by TTP and OS. Results compare favorably with traditional triple-drug therapy.
VALUES OF CONVERGENCE FOR INDIAN STUDENTS IN THE UNITED STATES

The present study examined the relationship between length of stay in the United States, length of stay in India, and the ratio becween these two variables, on Indian students' ratings and rankings of Morris' (2) 13 "Ways to Live." Although there have been studies of this nature using other Eastern minority groups (e.g., Chinese and Japanese) research on Indian populations !]as been rare. Available research is limited to comparisons of Indian and American students. Triandis, et al. (3) found that, while Indians stressed discipline, tact, openness to experience, courage, and luck, Americans stressed personal drive and hard work. Similarly, Kilby (1) and Morris (2) nored that American students were more activist and self-indulgent, while Indian students placed a stronger emphasis upon social restraint and self-control. Subjects were drawn from students at UWA who were listed in the Office of International Students and Scholars as Indian citizens. Responses were received from 58 of the 94 Indian students and scholars to whom the questionnaire was mailed (62%). Of these, five were incomplete 2nd not suitable for analysis. Of the 53 subjects, 38 were men and 15 were women. They ranged in age from 18 to 34 yr. of age, with a mean of 25.5 yr. The amount of time they spenr in the U.S. ranged from 3 mo. to 20 yr., with a mean of 5 yr. The amount of time these individuals spent in India ranged from 6 mo. to 31.5 yr., with a mean of 19 yr. All subjects received Morris's "Ways to Live" scale (2), which assesses 13 concepts of how one should live one's life. Subjects ranked personal preference for each concept and rated the extent of their endorsement. The most highly preferred concept was "to integrate action, enjoyment, and contemplation." Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that time spent in India was significantly (p < .05) correlated -.25 with endorsement of this concept; the greater the length of stay in India the less they endorsed this concept but the longer the stay in the USA, the higher the rating (r = .21). Another important concept was "chance adventuresome deeds" for which results were consistent with those reported above. A positive correlation of .23 with years in the USA and a negative correlation of -.27 with years spent in India. It should also be noted that these two concepts are generally favored by USA samples (2). The present results suggest chat length of rime in the USA was correlated with the endorsement of typically American values. Previous research has indicated that both of the above coccepts are highly favored by American samples. Where convergence occurs among Indian students living in the USA, it is for those who have lived longer in ,this country. While these students continue to maintain certain traditional values, their length of time in the USA appears to be related to their assimilation of a new cultural milieu. REFERENCES 1. K~LBY, R. M. Values of Indian, American and Japanese universiry studenrs. Pzy
Influence of Jet Orifice Geometry on Film-Cooling Effectiveness

A RNG k-e turbulence model is used to numerically simulate the cooling film's flow field in the wake of a cooling jet,squirting out of a perpendicularly orientated single conic orifice with a diffusor angle of r=30°.The calculated velocity distribution along flow direction,and the cooling effectiveness are compared with the calculated results performed for cylindrical orifices for same flow ratios and under the same conditions.Results show that the jet's influence on the main cross-flow is concentrated in the zone where the former starts to curve,up to where it gets parallel to the latter;in case of cylindrical orifices the center flow line approaches the wall surface more readily with reducing flow ratios and with cooling effect,which gets more pronounced if diffuser shaped orifices are used instead of cylindrical ones,even for same flow ratios;the cooling effect of diffuser shaped orifices doesn't monotonously vary with changing flow ratio but attains an optimum with a ratio of 1.0.Figs 7 and refs 10.
Recurrent migraine: cost-effective care.

The cost of untreated or ineffectively treated migraine is staggering. A case study is presented that demonstrates the importance of developing an individually tailored home treatment program for migraine patients aimed at keeping them out of healthcare facilities on an acute basis. Treatment programs should include preventive medications if attacks occur more than twice per month, as well as appropriate abortive and symptomatic agents in the event of a severe, acute migraine attack. New agents and treatment modalities are making acute treatment more cost-effective and making it less likely that unnecessary time be spent seeking medical help at the time of an attack
Frequency (pitch) and duration pattern tests.

TCompact disc versions of the frequency (pitch) and duration pattern tests are reported. Results are similar to previous reports on these tests using taped materials. Mean performance of normal-hearing young adults for both pattern perception tests was approximately 90 percent. There was no effect of the two presentation levels used in this study. The compact disc version of these tests provides a high-fidelity measure of auditory pattern identification that can be administered easily.
Single-molecule magnet Mn 12 on graphene

We study energetics, electronic and magnetic structures, and magnetic anisotropy barriers of a monolayer of single-molecule magnets (SMMs), ${[{\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}{\mathrm{O}}_{12}(\mathrm{COO}R)}_{16}]{({\text{H}}_{2}\text{O})}_{4}$ (abbreviated as ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$, with $R\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{H}$, ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}$, and ${\mathrm{CHCl}}_{2}$), on a graphene surface using spin-polarized density-functional theory with generalized gradient corrections and the inclusion of van der Waals interactions. We find that ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$ molecules with ligands -H, ${\text{-CH}}_{3}$, and -${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}$ are physically adsorbed on graphene through weak van der Waals interactions, and a much stronger ionic interaction occurs using a -${\mathrm{CHCl}}_{2}$ ligand. The strength of bonding is closely related to the charge transfer between the molecule and the graphene sheet and can be manipulated by strain in the graphene; specifically, tension enhances $n$ doping of graphene, and compression encourages $p$ doping. The magnetic anisotropy barrier is computed by including the spin-orbit interaction within density-functional theory. The barriers for the ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$ molecules with ligands -H, -${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ and -${\mathrm{C}}_{6}{\mathrm{H}}_{5}$ on graphene surfaces remain unchanged (within $1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) from those of isolated molecules because of their weak interaction, and a much larger reduction ($10\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$) is observed when using the ${\text{-CHCl}}_{2}$ ligand on graphene due to a substantial structural deformation as a consequence of the much stronger interaction. Neither strain in graphene nor charge transfer affects the magnetic anisotropy barrier significantly. Finally, we discuss the effect of strong correlation in the high-spin state of a ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{12}$ SMM and the consequence of SMM-surface adsorption.
Commentary: Learning from Variations in Fidelity of Implementation.

The articles in this special issue discuss efforts to improve academic reading outcomes for students and ways to achieve high implementation fidelity of promising strategies. At times the authors discuss if—and how—strong fidelity is associated with strong outcomes and potentially even impacts (the difference between program and control group outcomes). We want to explore this theme in two ways: (a) learning from the variation in fidelity to think about potential points of entry and levers for improvement in implementation, and (b) broadening the evaluation focus to include “service contrast” as a factor driving impacts on student outcomes. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
Experimental Measures of Metal-Metal Sigma, Pi, and Delta Bonding from Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Since the discovery, in 1964 by Cotton and co-workers, that the anion [Re2Cl8]2− contains a quadruple metal-metal bond,1 the field of multiple metal-metal bonds has grown dramatically.2
Interviews, Disclosures, and Misperceptions: Autistic Adults' Perspectives on Employment Related Challenges

As increasing numbers of autistic adults are seeking and gaining employment, the experiences of autistic adults in the workplace is critical to consider. Autistic adults encounter a range of challenges in obtaining and keeping employment and often report a range of negative experiences in the workplace. The current research reports the results from a large, national exploratory study on the experiences of autistic adults in the workplace as well as their thoughts on how to improve these experiences for the autism community. In particular, participants reported challenges with the interviewing process, which requires very specific and consistent social behaviors, as well as with feeling comfortable disclosing one's autistic status at work. These challenges are often connected with public misperceptions about autism. The article discusses these challenges as well as strategies to improve autism-related understanding and awareness in the workplace. This work is critical to conversations about diversity in the workplace.
A Review of "Sustainable communities and urban housing: a comparative European perspective", Edited by Montserrat Pareja-Eastaway and Nessa Winston

Historically, the term ‘sustainable development’ has been confined to environmental issues, but recently policy-makers have tried to include economic and social perspectives as well. To what extent...
The ability of algal organic matter and surface runoff to promote the abundance of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Long Island Sound, USA

Food safety is a major concern in the shellfish industry, as severe illness can result from consuming shellfish that have accumulated waterborne pathogens. Shellfish harvesting areas are typically monitored for indicator bacteria such as fecal coliforms that serve as proxies for enteric pathogens although these indicators have shown little relation to some naturally occurring pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. To examine the dynamics and ecology of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus and address the relevance of indicator bacteria in predicting V. parahaemolyticus concentrations, field surveys and experiments were carried out in western Long Island Sound, NY, USA, a region that has experienced recent outbreaks of shellfish contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains were quantified via PCR detection of marker genes and most probable number techniques. Field survey data showed little correspondence between fecal coliforms and V. parahaemolyticus, but significant correlations between V. parahaemolyticus and an alternative indicator, enterococci, and between V. parahaemolyticus and short-term (48 h) rainfall were observed. Experiments demonstrated that enrichment of seawater with phytoplankton-derived dissolved organic matter significantly increased the concentration of total V. parahaemolyticus and the presence pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, but higher temperatures did not. Collectively, these study results suggest that fecal coliforms may fail to account for the full suite of important shellfish pathogens but that enterococci could provide a potential alternative or supplement to shellfish sanitation monitoring. Given the ability of algal-derived dissolved organic matter to promote the growth of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus, restricting nutrient inputs into coastal water bodies that promote algal blooms may indirectly decrease the proliferation of V. parahaemolyticus and protect public health.
Draft Genome Sequences of Escherichia coli O113:H21 Strains Recovered from a Major Produce Production Region in California

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli is a foodborne and waterborne pathogen and is responsible for outbreaks of human gastroenteritis. This report documents the draft genome sequences of seven O113:H21 strains recovered from livestock, wildlife, and soil samples recovered from a major agricultural region for leafy greens in California, USA.
An Unusual Case of an Intra-Articular Osseous Fragment Associated with a Medial Collateral Ligament Femoral Avulsion Fracture in an Adult: A Case Report.

CASE The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is the most commonly injured ligament of the knee; however, to our knowledge, avulsion fractures of the MCL resulting in an intra-articular fragment have not been reported. We present the case of a 55-year-old woman with a posterior cruciate ligament avulsion fracture and an MCL avulsion fracture with an intra-articular bony fragment. CONCLUSION Patients who sustain trauma to the knee should be carefully evaluated for ligamentous avulsion injuries. Avulsion fractures in adults represent substantial traumatic injuries, and associated injuries should be suspected. While the MCL is an extracapsular structure, this case report demonstrates that the MCL femoral-sided osseous attachment can displace intra-articularly.
Search Engines and Resources Available to Obtain the Latest Incidence and Cost Data for Occupational Pain and Disability Disorders

Work-related injuries have a staggering impact upon the healthcare system, in addition to the pain and suffering endured by the afflicted individual. At least 31 % of the US adult population report suffering from chronic pain. In addition, the total costs incurred in terms of both healthcare and productivity losses due to chronic pain amount to approximately $635 billion annually. The present chapter serves as a guide to navigate through several online resources to contain national- and state-level data on the incidence rate of chronic pain, as well as the direct healthcare costs and indirect costs associated with occupational disability. The chapter explores in detail the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Industry Injury and Illness reports and datasets, as well as data reports from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). Finally, the chapter provides a guide for estimating and quantifying disability benefit costs accrued to injured workers from their respective Workers’ Compensation jurisdiction. Upon conclusion of the chapter, readers should be familiar with at least three sources of comprehensive incidence and cost data that should be useful in conducting research studies on the economic impact of occupational pain and disability.
Boolean circuit parsing

In the previous chapters we have discussed how parsing schemata can be instantiated to parsing algorithms of various kinds. Such algorithms can be coded into programming languages and then executed on a computer system.
Differential effects of diesel exhaust particles on T cell differentiation and autoimmune disease

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased incidence and severity of autoimmune disease. Diesel PM is primarily composed of an elemental carbon core and adsorbed organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and contributes up to 40% of atmospheric PM. The organic fraction (OF) of PM excludes all metals and inorganics and retains most organic compounds, such as PAHs. Both PM and OF increase inflammation in vitro and aggravate autoimmune disease in humans. PAHs are known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands. The AHR modulates T cell differentiation and effector function in vitro and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of autoimmune disease. This study aims to identify whether the total mass or active components of PM are responsible for activating pathways associated with exposure to PM and autoimmune disease. This study tests the hypothesis that active components present in diesel PM and their OF enhance effector T cell differentiation and aggravate autoimmune disease. Two different diesel samples, each characterized for their components, were tested for their effects on autoimmunity. Both diesel PM enhanced effector T cell differentiation in an AHR-dose-dependent manner and suppressed regulatory T cell differentiation in vitro. Both diesel PM aggravated EAE in vivo. Fractionated diesel OFs exhibited the same effects as PM in vitro, but unlike PM, only one diesel OF aggravated EAE. Additionally, both synthetic PAH mixtures that represent specific PAHs found in the two diesel PM samples enhanced Th17 differentiation, however one lost this effect after metabolism and only one required the AHR. These findings suggest that active components of PM and not total mass are driving T cell responses in vitro, but in vivo the PM matrix and complex mixtures adsorbed to the particles, not just the OF, are contributing to the observed EAE effects. This implies that examining OF alone may not be sufficient in vivo. These data further suggest that bioavailability and metabolism of organics, especially PAHs, may have an important role in vivo.
Runoff and losses of nutrients and herbicides under long-term conservation practices (no-till and crop rotation) in the U.S. Midwest: A variable intensity simulated rainfall approach

Abstract The U.S. Farm Bill includes conservation practices that benefit both the environment and the farmer. The USDA Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) is a multi-agency effort to assess the efficiency of conservation practices to minimize non-point source pollution. This is follow-up study of a 28-year experiment design to assess the influence of the conservation practices of no-till and crop rotation systems (corn [Zea mays]-soybean [Glycine max]), compared to chisel tillage and monocropping systems (continuous corn) on soil health and water quality. In this study, changes on soil C and N, soil water content, runoff, and losses of ammonium-N, nitrate-N, soluble reactive P (SRP), atrazine, metolachlor, and glyphosate were compared to determine the influence of no-till and corn-soybean rotation systems, relative to chisel tillage and continuous corn, on plots planted with corn using variable intensity rainfall simulations. The long-term no-till systems had a positive impact on soil C and N, soil water, runoff, and losses of ammonium-N and nitrate-N; however, no effect was observed on losses of SRP, atrazine, metolachlor, and glyphosate. The corn-soybean rotation negatively influenced, compared to the continuous corn, soil C and N, soil water content, and increased runoff and the losses of all nutrients and herbicides measured in this study. These results suggest that additional conservation practices, in conjunction with no-till and corn-soybean rotations are needed to reduce surface losses of nutrients and pesticides while improving soil health.
Decavanadate Inhibits Mycobacterial Growth More Potently Than Other Oxovanadates.

51V NMR spectroscopy is used to document, using speciation analysis, that one oxometalate is a more potent growth inhibitor of two bacteria strains than other oxovanadates, thus demonstrating selectivity in its interaction with cells. Historically, oxometalates have had many applications in biological and medical studies, including study of the phase-problem in X-ray crystallography of the ribosome. The effect of different vanadate salts on the growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis (M.smeg) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) was investigated, and speciation was found to be critical for the observed growth inhibition. Specifically, the large orange-colored sodium decavanadate (V10O286-) anion was found to be a stronger inhibitor of growth of two mycobacterial species than the colorless oxovanadate prepared from sodium metavanadate. The vanadium(V) speciation in the growth media and conversion among species under growth conditions was monitored using 51V NMR spectroscopy and speciation calculations. The findings presented in this work is particularly important in considering the many applications of oxometalates in biological and medical studies, such as the investigation of the phase-problem in X-ray crystallography for the ribosome. The findings presented in this work investigate the interactions of oxometalates with other biological systems.
Oral Nanotherapeutics for Cancer with Innovations in Lipid and Polymeric Nanoformulations

Lipid-based and polymeric nanotechnologies are poised to dramatically alter the landscape of treatment options for cancer and may hold unique potential for easily accessible, oral chemotherapy. A growing consensus points to nanoscale drug delivery systems as a promising therapeutic modality with enhanced efficacy and diminished side effects and with increasing evidence that these platforms can be engineered to facilitate transport of poorly bioavailable drug compounds and target neoplastic tissue with precision. Significant design and process challenges remain however. The emergence of oral chemotherapeutics in cancer treatment and the role lipid and polymer nanotechnologies play in its development are discussed in this chapter. Several recent research results provide rules of thumb for design and optimization of nanoparticles (i.e., physicochemical and surface properties) to achieve the goals of enhancing intestinal permeability, decreasing immunogenicity and extending circulation half-life, tumor targeting, and minimizing aggregation. Finally, characterization methods to assess drug release and pharmacokinetics will be examined, including dialysis systems, in vitro intestinal co-culture models, microfluidic artificial organs, and in vivo preclinical models.
Towards Automated Fish Detection Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Fisheries independent data one of the most important sources of information for fish stock assessments. Historically these data have been collected by a tools such as bottom trawls which are not effective or desirable in rocky or protected areas, In the last decade we have made significant progress in terms of using robotic platforms[1] [2] to collect optical imagery to assess fish stocks. We now routinely collect hundreds of thousands of images over a single research expedition. Fisheries biologists are overwhelmed by the large datasets that are being collected. In this paper we look at Convolutional Neural Networks [3] [4] as a mechanism to automatically detect and classify fish in underwater imagery. We present the results of analyzing a large dataset of underwater imagery comprising 10,000 images taken by the Seabed Autonomous Underwater Vehicle. The data is diverse - across different habitats, it exhibits no rotational symmetry, has large shadows compared to the organisms under consideration and also has large occlusions and objects that are small and not centered compared to the overall field of view. Despite these serious differences compared to land based image datasets we show that our segmentation and classification results are similar to state of the art efforts associated with land based applications.
Micelles template for the synthesis of hollow nickel phosphate nanospheres

Abstract Hollow nanospheres of amorphous nickel phosphate (NiP) was synthesized using micelles of the block copolymer, PS-PVP-PEO as template and structure directing agent. Phosphate ion is a bridge between PVP and Ni2+ ion. The removal of polymer template form the hollow spheres of NiP with the amorphous shell. The obtained hollow spheres of NiP have been successfully applied as a catalyst for the reduction of p-nitrophenol.