cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Political Economy of Supplying Money to a Growing Economy: Monetary Regimes and the Search for an Anchor to Stabilize the Value of Money

Money performs its economic functions best when its value remains stable over time. This Article explores how that desideratum was achieved, or not achieved, under five identifiable monetary regimes in economic history. Transitions from one regime to another resulted from the demands of economic growth, which some regimes met better than others. The modern fiat money regime is optimal in most economic respects. Whatever amount of money needed to accommodate growth can be supplied at minimal costs. But political control over money creation can be used to increase the short-term control over economic resources of those in power and their constituents. When such debasements of money have occurred, the political economy of every regime interfered with achieving optimal long-term economic outcomes by unleashing inflation. How might the modern fiat money regime avoid that result?
Unobscured Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei

Type 2 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with intrinsically weak broad emission lines (BELs) would be exceptions to the unified model. After examining a number of proposed candidates critically, we find that the sample is contaminated significantly by objects with BELs of strengths indicating that they actually contain intermediate-type AGNs, plus a few Compton-thick sources as revealed by extremely low ratios of X-ray to nuclear IR luminosities. We develop quantitative metrics that show two (NGC 3147 and NGC 4594) of the remaining candidates to have BELs 2-3 orders of magnitude weaker than those of typical type 1 AGNs. Several more galaxies remain as candidates to have anomalously weak BELs, but this status cannot be confirmed with the existing information. Although the parent sample is poorly defined, the two confirmed objects are well under 1% of its total number of members, showing that the absence of a BEL is possible, but very uncommon in AGN. We evaluate these two objects in detail using multi-wavelength measurements including new IR data obtained with Spitzer and ground-based optical spectropolarimeteric observations. They have little X-ray extinction with N_H < ~10^(21) cm^(–2). Their IR spectra show strong silicate emission (NGC 4594) or weak aromatic features on a generally power-law continuum with a suggestion of silicates in emission (NGC 3147). No polarized BEL is detected in NGC 3147. These results indicate that the two unobscured type 2 objects have circumnuclear tori that are approximately face-on. Combined with their X-ray and optical/UV properties, this behavior implies that we have an unobscured view of the nuclei and thus that they have intrinsically weak BELs. We compare their properties with those of the other less-extreme candidates. We then compare the distributions of bolometric luminosities and accretion rates of these objects with theoretical models that predict weak BELs.
Structure-less generation of sub-millimeter radiation

We report detailed simulations of a two-stream instability using co-propagating electron beams of differing energies By adjusting parameters such as beam currents and the energy difference, a remarkable amount of self-modulation occurs at controllable and predictable frequencies. The typical frequencies of oscillation traverse the sub-millimeter and terahertz range, and the power associated with the bunching reaches saturation in distances of propagation less than 0.1 meter.
Fair Weather Friends? The Impact of the Creative Class on the Economic Health of Mid-sized US Metropolitan Areas, 1990–2009

This paper considers the relationship between creative class indicators and economic health in mid-sized American metropolitan areas before and during the Great Recession. Our primary research question is whether more creative communities have been able to avoid the widespread downturn at the end of the last decade, or at least suffer a more limited decline than communities with less presence of creative class. We find that highly creative metropolitan areas are as likely to suffer an economic decline that is as severe as that of their less creative peers. Moreover, key creative measures, such as immigrant populations, are negatively related to economic health. Copyright 2012, Oxford University Press.
Platform Engineering Applied to Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) technology will provide substantial reduction in petroleum consumption as demonstrated in previous studies. Platform engineering steps including, reduced mass, improved engine efficiency, relaxed performance, improved aerodynamics and rolling resistance can impact both vehicle efficiency and design. Simulations have been completed to quantify the relative impacts of platform engineering on conventional, hybrid, and PHEV powertrain design, cost, and consumption. The application of platform engineering to PHEVs reduced energy storage system requirements by more than 12%, offering potential for more widespread use of PHEV technology in an energy battery supply-limited market. Results also suggest that platform engineering may be a more cost-effective way to reduce petroleum consumption than increasing the energy storage capacity of a PHEV.
Comparison of Performance Characteristics of Seven Fusible Interfacings

Performance characteristics of seven fusible interfacings (one from each category of fusible interfacings readily available) were investigated. The interfacings were fused to a common face fabric of 65% polyester/35% cotton broadcloth and subjected to standard testing procedures to evaluate and compare their effect on the face fabric's ability to perform in three areas: laundering (including dimensional stability, sepa ration of face fabric and interfacing, and appearance after laundering), wrinkle re covery (appearance and recovery angle), and drape.All fusible interfacings exhibited some shrinkage in both directions and separated from the face fabric after five laundering cycles. Each kind of interfacing produced a distinct manner of surface distortion of the face fabric. All specimens received unacceptable appearance ratings after five launderings, but three specimens received acceptable ratings after ironing. All specimens received unacceptable wrinkle recovery appearance ratings. Application of fusib...
Degradation of GaAs and Ga1-xAlxAs Light Emitting Diodes

Life test data on the degradation characteristics of GaAs and GaAlAs light emitting diodes are presented. The GaAs data show the effects of diode processing and impurity concentration on degradation. The AlGaAs diodes prepared during the early stages of their development were tested at various current densities and aged up to 14,000 hours.
Cardiac venous left ventricular lead removal and reimplantation following device infection: A large single-center experience

LV Lead Extraction and Reimplantation. Background: Early series of biventricular device removal have contained mostly younger cardiac venous (CV) left ventricular leads and few have reported on rates of successful reimplantation. Methods and Results: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients referred to the Cleveland Clinic between February 2, 2001 and July 27, 2011 for removal of a biventricular device with a CV pacing lead for an infectious indication. A total of 173 patients were included. The median age of the CV leads was 22.3 months (interquartile range: 5.2–46.3 months). The complete procedural success rate for all leads was 97.7%, with the remaining 2.3% clinical successes. A total of 76.9% of CV leads were removed using simple traction alone with the remaining leads requiring the use of a laser-powered sheath. A total of 3.5% of leads required intervention (manual dissection or laser-powered dissection) within the coronary sinus (CS). Major complications occurred in 1.2% of patients. Minor complications occurred in 7.5% of patients, the majority of which were hematomas requiring drainage (6.9%). CV lead reimplantation was attempted in 107 patients of which 88 (82.8%) were successful. Conclusion: CV lead removal in patients with an infected biventricular device is associated with an extremely high procedural success rate and a low incidence of major complications. The use of a laser-powered sheath is necessary in roughly one-quarter of cases with a very small percentage requiring intervention within the CS. Reimplantation of CV leads is achievable in roughly 83% of patients, a figure lower than nationally quoted estimates for de novo implantations. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 1213–1216, November 2012)
3-D capacitance extraction of IC interconnects using field solvers and homogenization technique

In the extraction and simulation of integrated circuit (IC) chips using electromagnetic field solvers, one of the difficulties is the modeling of the multilayered dielectric structures. The consideration of these thin layers in the field solvers dramatically increases the memory and the computation time. This paper presents a numerical homogenization strategy of multilayered dielectric media that allows removing the dielectric layers from the field solver models. A technique that transforms the homogenized anisotropic materials to isotropic ones is also developed. The homogenization strategy has been applied in both the finite-element method and a fast multipole expansion accelerated boundary-element method. The validation is accomplished through examples of capacitance extraction on a real digital IC chip.
In Vitro Study of the Direct Effect of Microtubule Acetylation and Detyrosination on Kinesin Motility

Kinesin-1 is a processive, plus end-directed motor that is a major component of microtubule-based intracellular transport. It has been previously shown through in vivo studies that kinesin-1 preferentially translocates along certain subsets of microtubules, which are marked with specific posttranslational modifications (PTMs). We hypothesize that PTMs of tubulin directly influence the interaction of kinesin-1 with microtubules. In our previous work, we concluded that kinesin-1 could not identify the enzymatic addition or removal of acetylation to K40 of α-tubulin since this modification did not directly affect its in vitro motility properties. In vivo, PTMs are rarely found in isolation of one another. In fact, there is an extensive overlap between acetylated and detyrosinated microtubules in vivo. Therefore we set out to directly test the influence of detyrosination on kinesin-1 motility. To obtain populations of tyrosinated and detyrosinated tubulin, we purified 99.5% tyrosinated tubulin from HeLa cells which was then used to generate detyrosinated microtubules by in vitro treatment with carboxypeptidase A. In order to examine the effect of microtubule detyrosination on kinesin -based transport, we characterized the single molecule motility properties of fluorescently labeled kinesin-1 on tyrosinated and detyrosinated microtubules using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. We observed that kinesin-1 shows enhanced binding to detyrosinated microtubules resulting in a marked difference in motility for the modified microtubules when compared with tyrosinated microtubules. Our results suggest that the exposure of a negatively charged glutamate residue upon detyrosination increases the electrostatic binding between the kinesin motor and the microtubule. We conclude that the kinesin-1 shows enhanced binding to detyrosinated microtubules and this may be an important molecular event underpinning the preferential transport by kinesin-1 observed in vivo.
Thermal characterization of planar interconnect architectures under different rapid transient currents using the transmission line matrix and finite element methods

Considering the increasing level of integration and high current densities, the quality and reliability of interconnects in microelectronics is a major challenge. This work studied the problem of transient Joule heating in 180 nm by 360 nm interconnects in a two-dimensional (2D) inhomogeneous model. Specifically, the effects of the duration and amplitude of rapid square-wave source current pulses (100 ns and 1 µs) were investigated. The transmission line matrix (TLM) method was implemented with the link-resistor (LR) formulation and the results were compared with a finite element (FE) model that was developed in LS-DYNA®. This comparison showed that the overall behavior of the TLM models were in good agreement with the corresponding FE models while, near the heat source, the transient TLM solutions developed slower than the FE solutions. Overall, computational efficiency of the TLM method and its ability to accept non-uniform 2D and 3D mesh and variable time-step make it a good candidate for multi-scale analysis of Joule heating in interconnects.
Retinoic acid reverses the airway hyperresponsiveness but not the parenchymal defect that is associated with vitamin A deficiency

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is influenced by structural components of the bronchial wall, including the smooth muscle and connective tissue elements and the neuromuscular function. AHR is also...
Collaborate, automate, prepare, prioritize: creating metadata for legacy research data

Data curation projects frequently deal with data that were not created for the purposes of long-term preservation and re-use. How can curation of such legacy data be improved by supplying necessary metadata? In this report, we address this and other questions by creating robust metadata for twenty legacy research datasets. We report on the metrics of creating domainspecific metadata and propose a four-prong framework of metadata creation for legacy research data. Our findings indicate that there is a steep learning curve in encoding metadata using the FGDC content standard for digital geospatial metadata. Our project demonstrates that when data curators are handed research data "as is," they may be successful in incorporating such data into a data sharing environment. We found that data curators can be successful in creating descriptive metadata and enhancing discoverability via subject analysis. However, curators must be aware of the limitations in applying structural and administrative metadata for legacy data.
Receiver channel equalization for adaptive antennas: experimental results

The authors describe two complementary approaches for attacking the channel equalization problem within the framework of a primarily digital sidelobe canceling system. The first relies heavily on digital filtering techniques, while the second extends the SMI (sample matrix inversion) method into the realm of analog adaptive cancellation. The latter approach eases some of the digital signal processing requirements imposed by the former, although not without increasing the complexity of the receiver. In demanding applications, further improvements may be realizable by combining the two basic approaches in a tandem architecture. The experimental system was designed and built with the capability to test all three methods. Its modes of operation are depicted in simplified block diagram form and are explained. Empirical results from bench tests conducted with the experimental receiver demonstrate that the proposed methods can substantially improve cancellation performance. >
Density Propagation and Improved Bounds on the Partition Function

Given a probabilistic graphical model, its density of states is a distribution that, for any likelihood value, gives the number of configurations with that probability. We introduce a novel message-passing algorithm called Density Propagation (DP) for estimating this distribution. We show that DP is exact for tree-structured graphical models and is, in general, a strict generalization of both sum-product and max-product algorithms. Further, we use density of states and tree decomposition to introduce a new family of upper and lower bounds on the partition function. For any tree decomposition, the new upper bound based on finer-grained density of state information is provably at least as tight as previously known bounds based on convexity of the log-partition function, and strictly stronger if a general condition holds. We conclude with empirical evidence of improvement over convex relaxations and mean-field based bounds.
USE OF EXPECTED ERROR IN THE DESIGN OF LEAST‐SQUARES OPTIMUM FILTERS*

The design of least-squares optimum filters is based upon minimizing a suitably defined error criterion. The expected value of this error is easily computable after the coefficients of the filter have been determined. When a particular filtering problem is specified, there are several parameters which are specifically not included in the optimization procedure. However, the magnitude of the expected error may be quite sensitive to these parameters. The examination of the relative values of the expected error for variations of these unspecified parameters may lead to a better definition of the filter problem. The parameters which are left unspecified by the general least-square filter definition include: 1. The addition of white noise to the signal autocorrelation to stabilize the filter behavior. 2. The specification of the shape of the desired output of the filter. 3. The specification of the lag between the desired output and the input. Examples are given showing the relationship between these parameters and the value of the expected error.
Cancer of the vulva and vagina

Vulvar and vaginal cancer are rare malignancies and require aggressive treatment for survival. The prospect for cure in early stage disease is excellent. The major treatment modalities for these diseases, surgery and radiation, will affect structural alteration of the genitalia, requiring physical and psychological rehabilitation over an extended period of time. Quality of life is an important focus in cancer nursing. Efforts to control symptoms or adverse effects and to enhance the psychological adjustment are important aspects of patient care. Vulvar and vaginal cancer leave obvious residual effects, and disfigurement and dysfunction will be a part of these women's lives. Husbands and partners are also affected, and adjustments of both the patient and her partner are expected to continue for years. An active position assumed by the nurse will aid the patients' adaptive responses to these devastating diseases.
Future Directions and New Targets in Endometrial Cancer

Recent advances in next generation sequencing (NRG) have provided compelling evidence that endometrial cancers result from heterogeneous somatic mutations. These findings argue that a catalog of molecular aberrations that cause endometrial cancer is critical for the proper classification of these tumors and for developing novel and more effective targeted therapies against this disease. This chapter summarizes the recent advances made toward the elucidation of underlying pathway aberrations and the development of targeted therapies that exploit the unique molecular characteristics of endometrial cancers.
General multilayer heat transfer model for optical-based thermal characterization techniques

Abstract Optical-based techniques have been used to characterize thermal energy transport in materials for a few decades. To implement these techniques, a modulated heat source (either pulse or continuous wave) is always employed to excite a periodic temperature variation, which subsequently causes variation of temperature within the material and various other parameters that are a function of temperature. Ambient pressure, surface infrared properties, and radiation are all affected by the temperature variation and serve as indicators to indirectly detect the temperature change. To extract the properties of interest, theoretical models and solutions are necessary. In this work, we propose a general heat transfer model in multilayer structures. We also derived general solutions in the frequency domain using recursive matrix relationships. The recursive matrix simplifies the heat transfer analysis by only considering key parameters within the adjacent layers. In addition, the general analytical solution is only composed of a group of equivalent resistances that yield the contribution to the overall phase shift from each interface and can be used to directly calculate the phase difference within similar configurations. We applied this model and the associated solutions to analyze the data from the phase-sensitive transient thermoreflectance (PSTTR) technique. In contrast with typical thermoreflectance techniques, in the PSTTR technique, the pump and probe beams are applied on the opposite surfaces of the sample. We conducted PSTTR measurements on different multilayer structures, and then determined the thermal/physical properties of interest by fitting the theoretical solutions to the experimental data. The thermal conductivity of thermal grease (TC-5022) was determined to be 3.5 W/(m K). Where appropriate, the fitted results were in excellent agreement with results from the literature, which validates this general model and the solution methodology. As another example of a multilayer structure, a novel direct-bonded interface that contains four layers, was studied. Its overall thermal resistance was 0.46 mm2 K/W, including the Al–Al contact resistance of 0.33 mm2 K/W and Al–Si contact resistance of 0.06 mm2 K/W. Using this general model along with the PSTTR technique, an in-depth understanding of the interfacial resistance was achieved by investigating the contributions from each component in the interface.
Mass Change Values of Landbird Migrants at an Inland Stopover Site Dominated by Nonnative Vegetation

Abstract Early successional habitats are declining in eastern North America while at the same time remaining habitats are being invaded by a suite of nonnative shrub species. While the significance of these transitional habitats to breeding birds is well known, increasing evidence suggests they are important during the postfledging/premigratory and migratory periods, not only for shrub-nesting species but also for many species that breed in late-successional habitats. Additionally a number of studies suggest exotic species have the potential to alter habitat quality, in turn affecting the fitness of migratory landbirds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fitness correlates associated with migrant use of shrubland habitat dominated by nonnative honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) in order to gauge habitat quality for spring migrants using an inland stopover site in northeastern Pennsylvania. We used estimates of mass change as our fitness indicator, with positive mass change indicating quality habitat. Our ...
Using Resource-Rich Languages to Improve Morphological Analysis of Under-Resourced Languages

The world-wide proliferation of digital communications has created the need for language and speech processing systems for under-resourced languages. Developing such systems is challenging if only small data sets are available, and the problem is exacerbated for languages with highly productive morphology. However, many under-resourced languages are spoken in multi-lingual environments together with at least one resource-rich language and thus have numerous borrowings from resource-rich languages. Based on this insight, we argue that readily available resources from resource-rich languages can be used to bootstrap the morphological analyses of under-resourced languages with complex and productive morphological systems. In a case study of two such languages, Tagalog and Zulu, we show that an easily obtainable English wordlist can be deployed to seed a morphological analysis algorithm from a small training set of conversational transcripts. Our method achieves a precision of 100% and identifies 28 and 66 of the most productive affixes in Tagalog and Zulu, respectively.
Dual Vm/Ca Imaging of Premature Ventricular Contractions Bridging the Gap of Anatomical Scales

The role of pathological Ca2+ handling in mediating arrhythmia has been and continues to be a subject of intense experimental and theoretical investigation. Advances in dual optical mapping of membrane potential Vm and intracellular [Ca2+]i coupled with improved mathematical models of myocyte Ca2+ handling have begun to reveal the role of [Ca2+]i in mediating certain types of arrhythmia. Article see p 703 In particular, pathological diastolic Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) leads to Ca2+ extrusion via the Na–Ca exchanger. Because Na–Ca exchanger is electrogenic, exchanging 3 Na+ ions for 1 Ca2+ ion, Ca2+ extrusion leads to pathological diastolic membrane depolarization (termed delayed afterdepolarization [DAD]). If the magnitude of the DAD is sufficiently large, voltage-gated Na channels are activated and a triggered action potential ensues.1 Indeed, the role of diastolic Ca2+ release and DADs in mediating both atrial and ventricular arrhythmias has now been well established in several cardiac pathologies, including catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia2–4 and heart failure of different etiologies.5,6 Systolic Ca2+ elevation, however, can give rise to early afterdepolarizations (EADs) that occur in phase II/III of the action potential. EADs are also dangerously arrhythmogenic, leading to both triggered action potentials and prolongation of action potential duration, enhancing dispersion of repolarization, a prerequisite for reentrant arrhythmias including torsades de pointe. EADs are particularly important in diseases of delayed repolarization, such as inherited and drug-induced long QT (LQT) syndromes.7 The mechanisms governing EADs, however, are disputed. One theory posits that during delayed repolarization, L-type Ca2+ channels …
Polyethylene Tibial Post Fracture in a Posterior Stabilized (Genesis II) Total Knee Arthroplasty

This study reports the case of a fractured polyethylene tibial post in a 49-year-old white male patient at 4 years status post a left posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty. The patient was doing extremely well postoperatively until he felt pain in the left knee while completing personal resistance squats. He was found to have anterior/posterior instability in flexion as well as midflexion instability. The patient underwent removal of the fractured polyethylene insert and replacement with a thicker insert. The patient had immediate resolution of his preoperative pain and instability. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a polyethylene tibial post fracture in a Genesis II total knee system (Smith and Nephew; Memphis, TN).
A simulation framework for the comparison of reverse logistic network configurations

Reverse logistics networks are designed and implemented by companies to collect products at the end of their useful life from end users in order to remanufacture products or properly recycle materials. In this paper, we present a simulation framework for comparing alternative reverse logistic network configurations based on productivity and sustainability performance metrics. The resulting decision support tool enables the evaluation of user specified system and experimental parameters. An overview of the simulation framework is provided along with an example that illustrates the capabilities and functionality of the tool.
Twenty-First-Century Views of Russia's Great War Effort: Guest Editor's Introduction

As the centennial of World War I approaches, Russian scholars reassess their country's political, military, and social experiences during the war relative to those of other European nations.
The Energy Spectra of Surf Waves on a Coral Reef

The transformation of waves crossing a coral reef in Hawaii including the probability density function of the wave heights and periods and the shape of the spectrum is discussed. The energy attenuation and the change of height and period statistics is examined using spectral analysis and the zero up-crossing procedure. Measurements of waves at seven points along a 1650 ft transect in depths from 1 to 3.5 ft on the reef and 35 ft offshore were made. The heights were tested for Rayleigh, truncated Rayleigh and Wei bull distributions. A symmetrical distribution presented by Longuet-Higgins (1975) and the Weibull distribution were compared to the wave period density function. In both cases the Weibull probability density function fitted with a high degree of correlation. Simple procedures to obtain Weibull coefficients are given. Fourier spectra were generated and contours of cumulative energy against each position on the reef show the shifting of energy from the peak as the waves move into shallow water. A design spectrum, with the shape of the Weibull distribution, is presented with procedures given to obtain the coefficients which govern the distribution peakedness. Normalized non-dimensional frequency and period spectra were recommended for engineering applications for both reef and offshore locations. A zero up-crossing spectrum (ZUS) constructed from the zero upcrossing heights and periods is defined and compared with the Fourier spectrum. Also discussed are the benefits and disadvantages of the ZUS, particularly for non-linear wave environments in shallow water. Both the ZUS and Fourier spectra are used to test the adequacy of formulae which estimate individual wave parameters. Cross spectra analysis was made to obtain gain function and squared coherency for time series between two adjacent positions. It was found that the squared coherency is close to unity near the peak frequency. This means that the output time series can be predicted from the input by applying the gain function. However, the squared coherency was extremely small for other frequencies above 0.25 H2.
Behavioral modeling of timing slack variation in digital circuits due to power supply noise

Timing error due to power supply noise (PSN) is a key challenge for design of digital systems. This paper presents an accurate time-domain behavioral model of timing slack variation due to the PSN while accounting for the clock-data compensation (CDC). The accuracy of the model is verified against SPICE for complex designs including AES engine and LEON3 processor. As a case study, the model is used for time-domain co-simulation of power distribution network (PDN) and LEON3 processor with circuit-based noise tolerance techniques. The analysis shows that the model helps reduce pessimism in estimated timing slack by considering effects of PSN and CDC.
From Rough Waters to Smooth Sailing: NICU Population Management Model

Abstract Patient and family navigation is an emerging strategy to address the complexity of care experienced during prolonged hospitalizations and extended follow-up care. An innovative navigator program for extremely premature infants was developed and implemented in an 85 bed level IV neonatal unit. The family navigator model addresses the psychological needs of the neonatal families by providing individualized anticipatory guidance and support as the family moves through their child's hospital experience. Program experts titled Neonatal Family Navigators serve as a consistent liaison to facilitate information sharing, offer education and promote a multidisciplinary team approach with the neonatal patient and family at the center of the team. This program demonstrated positive outcomes including improved family satisfaction metrics, decreased length of stay, and enhanced the overall coping mechanisms of families who experience an extended neonatal hospital stay.
HYPERSPECTRAL ANALYSIS FOR STANDOFF DETECTION OF DIMETHYL METHYLPHOSPHONATE ON BUILDING MATERIALS.

Abstract Detecting organophosphates in indoor settings can greatly benefit from more efficient and faster methods of surveying large surface areas than conventional approaches, which sample small surface areas followed by extraction and analysis. This study examined a standoff detection technique utilizing hyperspectral imaging for analysis of building materials in near-real time. In this proof-of-concept study, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) was applied to stainless steel and laminate coupons and spectra were collected during active illumination. Absorbance bands at approximately 1275 cm−1 and 1050 cm−1 were associated with phosphorus-oxygen double bond (P O) and phosphorus-oxygen-carbon (P O C) bond stretches of DMMP, respectively. The magnitude of these bands increased linearly (r2 = 0.93) with DMMP across the full absorbance spectrum, between ν1 = 877 cm−1 to ν2 = 1262 cm−1. Comparisons between bare and contaminated surfaces on stainless steel using the spectral contrast angle technique indicated that the bare samples showed no sign of contamination, with large uniformly distributed contrast angles of 45°–55°, while the contaminated samples had smaller spectral contact angles of 40° in the uncontaminated region. The laminate contaminated region exhibited contact angles of
Hip-Extensor Strength, Trunk Posture, and Use of the Knee-Extensor Muscles During Running.

Context: Diminished hip-muscle performance has been proposed to contribute to various knee injuries. Objective: To determine the association between hip-extensor muscle strength and sagittal-plane ...
Intracellular metabolic circuits shape inter-species microbial interactions

Metabolite exchanges in microbial communities give rise to ecological interaction networks that influence ecosystem diversity and stability. These exchanges depend on complex intracellular pathways thus raising the question of whether ecological interactions are inferable from genomes. We address these questions by integrating genome-scale models of metabolism, to compute the fitness of interacting microbes, with evolutionary game theory, which uses these fitness values to infer evolutionarily stable interactions in multi-species microbial "games". After validating our approach using data on sucrose hydrolysis by S. cerevisiae, we performed over 80,000 in silico experiments to evaluate the rise of unidirectional and cross-feeding metabolic dependencies in populations of Escherichia coli secreting 189 amino acid pairs. We found that, despite the diversity of exchanged amino acids, most pairs conform to general patterns of inter-species interactions. However, several amino acid pairs deviate from these patterns due to pleiotropy and epistasis in metabolic pathways. To better understand the emergence of cross-feeding, we performed in silico invasion experiments and found possible evolutionary paths that could lead to such association. Overall, our study provides mechanistic insights into the rise of evolutionarily stable interdependencies, with important implications for biomedicine and microbiome engineering.
Sedentary Behavior and Cardiometabolic Health Associations in Obese 11-13-Year Olds

Abstract Background: Improved understanding of sedentary time's impact on cardiometabolic health can help prioritize intervention targets. Objective: We investigated cross-sectional and longitudinal relations of reported screen time and objectively measured total percent of time spent sedentary with cardiometabolic health in obese youth. Methods: Participants were 106 obese adolescents age 11–13 (N = 106, 51% girls, and 82% Hispanic) recruited from primary care clinics in southern California. Main predictor measures were child-reported screen time and objectively assessed sedentary time. Outcome measures were body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, body fat, blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, insulin, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Results: Total percent sedentary time was not associated with the cardiometabolic health markers after adjusting for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). However, screen time was positively ass...
Codependence of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 2 and Transforming Growth Factor-β in Elastic Fiber Assembly and Its Perturbation in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Objective— We determined in patients with pulmonary arterial (PA) hypertension (PAH) whether in addition to increased production of elastase by PA smooth muscle cells previously reported, PA elastic fibers are susceptible to degradation because of their abnormal assembly. Approach and Results— Fibrillin-1 and elastin are the major components of elastic fibers, and fibrillin-1 binds bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and the large latent complex of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1). Thus, we considered whether BMPs like TGFβ1 contribute to elastic fiber assembly and whether this process is perturbed in PAH particularly when the BMP receptor, BMPR2, is mutant. We also assessed whether in mice with Bmpr2/1a compound heterozygosity, elastic fibers are susceptible to degradation. In PA smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts, TGFβ1 increased elastin mRNA, but the elevation in elastin protein was dependent on BMPR2; TGFβ1 and BMP4, via BMPR2, increased extracellular accumulation of fibrillin-1. Both BMP4- and TGFβ1-stimulated elastic fiber assembly was impaired in idiopathic (I) PAH-PA adventitial fibroblast versus control cells, particularly those with hereditary (H) PAH and a BMPR2 mutation. This was related to profound reductions in elastin and fibrillin-1 mRNA. Elastin protein was increased in IPAH PA adventitial fibroblast by TGFβ1 but only minimally so in BMPR2 mutant cells. Fibrillin-1 protein increased only modestly in IPAH or HPAH PA adventitial fibroblasts stimulated with BMP4 or TGFβ1. In Bmpr2/1a heterozygote mice, reduced PA fibrillin-1 was associated with elastic fiber susceptibility to degradation and more severe pulmonary hypertension. Conclusions— Disrupting BMPR2 impairs TGFβ1- and BMP4-mediated elastic fiber assembly and is of pathophysiologic significance in PAH.
Just War Thought and the Notion of Peace

Heavy focus on jus in bello issues such as when and whom one may kill in war tends to conflate the ethics of war with the law on war, thereby reifying peace as a (legal) state of affairs. That works well enough in jus in bello thought, but most jus ad bellum criteria require a notion of peace that is political, relational, and developmental. Two of those criteria, just cause and right intention, have significant implications for an appropriate notion of peace. As relational, peace is an extrinsic good. As developmental, it is good both as an end and as a means or practice.
Can we have it all? A review of the impacts of school choice on racial integration

This article reviews the literature evaluating the impact of school choice programs on racial integration. Evidence on the impacts of magnet schools, voluntary busing programs, open enrollment prac...
HYALOCHITON KOMAROFFII (JAKOVLEV) (HETEROPTERA: TINGIDAE) FIRST RECORD IN SERBIA

First record of tingid Hyalochiton komaroffii (Jakovlev, 1880) in Serbia at Ibarska Klisura gorge, at locality Maglic.
“Bad Girls” Say No and “Good Girls” Say Yes: Sexual Subjectivity and Participation in Undesired Sex During Heterosexual College Hookups

Young people’s sexuality is often discursively constructed within the confines of a masculine/feminine binary that minimizes young women’s sexual subjectivity (i.e., desire, pleasure, and agency) while taking young men’s subjectivity for granted. Accordingly, young women who acknowledge themselves as sexual subjects are constructed as “bad girls” who incite males’ purportedly uncontrollable desire and, thus, invite undesired sexual attention. However, there is reason to hypothesize that young women who view themselves as sexual subjects may be less likely than other women to engage in undesired sexual activity (i.e., sex that their partners desire, but they do not desire for themselves). In this study, I used data from the Online College Social Life Survey (N = 7255) to explore relationships between two measures of sexual subjectivity (i.e., pleasure prioritization and sexual agency) and college women’s participation in undesired sexual activity during hookups (i.e., performance of undesired sexual acts to please a partner and succumbing to verbal pressure for intercourse). Logistic regression analyses suggest that pleasure prioritization and sexual agency are associated with lower odds of performing undesired sexual acts to please a partner—and sexual agency is associated with lower odds of succumbing to verbal pressure for intercourse. These findings point to the importance of sexuality education that includes discussions of women’s sexual subjectivity.
Modeling the impacts of changing climatic extremes on streamflow and sediment yield in a northeastern US watershed

Abstract Study region We investigate the impacts of local temperature and precipitation trends on discharge and sediment loading by applying the model to a watershed in the northeastern US, where trends in increasing precipitation exceed those of other regions in North America. Study focus In this study we simulate the response of watershed sediment loading to changing frequencies and magnitudes of extreme precipitation events using a coupled model that explicitly simulates streambank erosion and failure within a distributed watershed model. To drive the model, we use meteorological inputs from general circulation models (GCMs) as well as from a statistical weather generator (WG). New hydrological insights for the region Changes in the timing and magnitude of snow melt and spring flows, as well as associated sediment mobilization, resulted from increases in temperature. Increases in discharge and sediment load resulted from increases in precipitation events exceeding the 95th percentile. In runs driven by WG weather data, positive trends were evident in peak (as well as annual) discharge and suspended sediment yields over the years modeled. No clear trends were seen in GCM-driven runs, which do not capture historically-observed trends in extreme precipitation. This work is consistent with other studies in that it shows important changes in discharge and sediment yields from a watershed resulting from ongoing changes in climate.
Additive Manufacturing with Bioinspired Sustainable Product Design: A Conceptual Model

Abstract The development of additive manufacturing (AM) has led to enormous opportunities for product design and manufacturing. The industrial application of AM, however, remains limited to aerospace, medical, and research arenas. These limitations are largely due to AM’s weaknesses in process speed, surface finish, and the cost of raw materials and equipment, which prevent traditional industry away from adopting AM in their productions. The potential benefit (e.g., material reduction and higher product quality) from AM is often overlooked traditional manufacturing industry. Bioinspired product design creates innovations in product redesign for less material consumption, better functionality, and less environmental impact. The objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual model for manufacturers to redesign product and identify additive manufacturing process adoption opportunities, and implement AM processes in production. This conceptual model integrates concurrent considerations of multiple additive manufacturing design and bioinspired design factors including raw material quality (e.g. size, shape, internal porosity), processing parameters (e.g., laser power, roller speed), and functionality of the product (e.g., stress, strain, displacement). A case study is conducted on making a unit Titanium product with selective laser sintering process. Three structures were examined: diamond structure, honey comb structure, and bone structure. This study reveals that the method can be applied in additive manufacturing early product design and it assists researchers and engineers explore new bioinspired geometries that could be used in manufacturing.
Use of the vestibular and oculomotor examination for concussion in a pediatric emergency department.

Abstract Background Concussion guidelines recommend a vestibular and oculomotor (VOM) examination be performed for all patients with concern for concussion, however the feasibility of performing testing is unknown. We aimed to measure rates of exam performance after implementation of training and support tools in a pediatric emergency department. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of patients age 6 to 18 years old presenting over a 12-month period. Charts were obtained via natural language processing, where concussion was suggested as a diagnosis in the electronic health record, and then manually reviewed to record patient and provider factors. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with exam performance, and a classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was performed to determine if a specific patient type was at risk for not having testing performed. Results Four hundred patients were included in the analysis. Sixty-four percent received a VOM examination (including 73% of those diagnosed with concussion). Provider type, concussion history, symptom burden, injury mechanism, and final diagnosis were all significantly associated with exam performance. CART analysis determined patients with a non-concussion diagnosis, a non-sports injury mechanism, no prior history of concussion, and two or fewer symptoms had the lowest likelihood (46%) of receiving the exam. Conclusion Performing a VOM examination for concussion is feasible in the acute setting following provider education and using clinical support tools. The exam is more likely to be performed on those children with history or exam findings associated with perceived risk for ongoing symptoms.
Ongoing Research in Operational Telemedicine at the Tactical Edge

The U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command's, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center through its' Operational Telemedicine Laboratory focuses on researching and developing advanced technologies for the Combat Medic while at the Point of Injury and while en route to Theater advanced medical treatment facilities.
Thirty-four years of no-tillage and cover crops improve soil quality and increase cotton yield in Alfisols, Southeastern USA

Abstract In subhumid Southeastern USA, rapid decomposition of initially low cotton residue limits the benefits of no-tillage system in regard to the soil quality. Long-term addition of cover crops may compensate the low cotton residue and further improve the soil physical quality under no-tillage system. We examined the long-term (34 yr) effect of two cover crop species, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and no cover crop, applied on conventional tillage and no-tillage on soil hydro-physical properties and cotton yield. Research was conducted on a Lexington silt loam in Jackson, TN, during 2015 and 2016. Soil physical properties including bulk density, cone penetration resistance, in-situ soil moisture content, wet aggregate stability, water infiltration and field-saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil water retention characteristics, and dry aggregate size distribution were measured. Bulk density assessed before the annual tillage did not differ significantly between no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. Cone penetration resistance showed a greater horizontal consistency of maximally resistant zones (>2 MPa) under tilled managements, indicating a possible presence of a plow pan immediately below the plowed soil layer. Differences in field soil moisture content among tillage and cover crops were more evident in drier periods of the growing seasons, resulting in 28.6% and 36.4% greater moisture content in vetch cover crop and no-tillage than no cover crop and conventional tillage, respectively. No-tillage and vetch cover crop also increased the wet aggregate stability by 13% at 0–15 cm. Results showed a significant tillage × cover crop interaction in soil hydraulic properties. Our result demonstrates that long-term incorporation of cover crops, particularly vetch with no-tillage, significantly improved the initial infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration, and field-saturated hydraulic conductivity and increased the mean weight diameter of aggregates by promoting the macroaggregation. Improvement in soil physical properties was associated with an increase in cotton lint yield under cover crop and no-tillage management.
Outcomes of asymptomatic metastatic gastric cancer (MGC) patients when the initiation of systemic therapy is delayed.

4075 Background: Despite many investigations, the median survival of MGC patients remains well below 12 months. The purpose of this analysis was to assess if the onset (instant or delayed) of syste...