cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tech 4 electronics workforce development system

In recent years, the electronics and microelectronics industry has had significant impact on the economic development of Central Florida and the world. To ensure internationally competitive enterprises, a well prepared workforce must be available to meet the continuing employment needs of current high tech companies as well to attract new employers to the area. Although many public community colleges and universities along the "I-4 corridor" have been working with business and industry to offer educational programming in the field, recognition of the need to meet rapidly-evolving industry demands with increasingly-limited resources has led to establishment of an alliance of educators and businesses known as the "Tech-4 Educational Consortium".
Hippocampus contributions to food intake control: mnemonic, neuroanatomical, and endocrine mechanisms

Food intake is a complex behavior that can occur or cease to occur for a multitude of reasons. Decisions about where, when, what, and how much to eat are not merely reflexive responses to food-relevant stimuli or to changes in energy status. Rather, feeding behavior is modulated by various contextual factors and by previous experiences. The data reviewed here support the perspective that neurons in multiple hippocampal subregions constitute an important neural substrate linking the external context, the internal context, and mnemonic and cognitive information to control both appetitive and ingestive behavior. Feeding behavior is heavily influenced by hippocampal-dependent mnemonic functions, including episodic meal-related memories and conditional learned associations between food-related stimuli and postingestive consequences. These mnemonic processes are undoubtedly influenced by both external and internal factors relating to food availability, location, and physiological energy status. The afferent and efferent neuroanatomical connectivity of the subregions of the hippocampus is reviewed with regard to the integration of visuospatial and olfactory sensory information (the external context) with endocrine and gastrointestinal interoceptive stimuli (the internal context). Also discussed are recent findings demonstrating that peripherally derived endocrine signals act on receptors in hippocampal neurons to reduce (leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1) or increase (ghrelin) food intake and learned food reward-driven responding, thereby highlighting endocrine and neuropeptidergic signaling in hippocampal neurons as a novel substrate of importance in the higher-order regulation of feeding behavior.
Mineral and Chemical Composition

Sandstones are mixtures of mineral grains and rock fragments coming from naturally disaggregated products of erosion of rocks of all kinds. The total variety of rock types in any given eroding watershed may be represented in the sediment product. Theoretically, therefore, the number of mineral species to be found in all sandstones is as large as the total number of mineral species known. Even a given specific sandstone might be expected to have a large variety of minerals, since a glance at any geologic map will show the average watershed to have rocks with a large variety of minerals present. In fact the expectation proves to be untrue, for the abundant minerals of sandstones belong to a few major groups; many varieties of heavy minerals (most present in trace amounts) may be found, but the list is by no means very large. Obviously, the processes determining mineral composition of sandstones are more complex than simple mixing ones from source areas of different kinds. The discrepancy is great between observed and theoretically possible combinations of minerals.
Profiles of Children Served in Early Intervention Programs for Behavioral Disorders: Early Literacy and Behavioral Characteristics.

Special education legislation has placed an increased emphasis on early intervention programs for children at risk for early literacy delays and behavioral disorders. Given this trend, it is import...
CD4+ BUT NOT CD8+ CELLS ARE ESSENTIAL FOR ALLOREJECTION

The generation of knockout mice with targeted gene disruption has provided a valuable tool for studying the immune response. Here we describe the use of CD4 and CD8 knockout mice to examine the role of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in initiating allotransplantation rejection. Pretreatment with a brief course of depletive anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy allowed permanent survival of heart, but not skin, allografts transplanted across a major histocompatibility barrier. However, skin as well as heart grafts were permanently accepted in the CD4 knockout mice. Transfer of CD4+ cells into CD4 knockout recipient mice 1 d before skin engraftment reconstituted rejection, demonstrating that CD4+ cells are necessary for initiating rejection of allogeneic transplants. Major histocompatibility complex disparate heart and skin allografts transplanted into CD8 knockout recipients were rejected within 10 d. This study demonstrates that CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells are absolutely required to initiate allograft rejection.
Detecting Differentially Expressed Genes in Microarrays Using Bayesian Model Selection

DNA microarrays open up a broad new horizon for investigators interested in studying the genetic determinants of disease. The high throughput nature of these arrays, where differential expression for thousands of genes can be measured simultaneously, creates an enormous wealth of information, but also poses a challenge for data analysis because of the large multiple testing problem involved. The solution has generally been to focus on optimizing false-discovery rates while sacrificing power. The drawback of this approach is that more subtle expression differences will be missed that might give investigators more insight into the genetic environment necessary for a disease process to take hold. We introduce a new method for detecting differentially expressed genes based on a high-dimensional model selection technique, Bayesian ANOVA for microarrays (BAM), which strikes a balance between false rejections and false nonrejections. The basis of the new approach involves a weighted average of generalized ridge ...
Isolation of active regulatory elements from eukaryotic chromatin using FAIRE (Formaldehyde Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements)

The binding of sequence-specific regulatory factors and the recruitment of chromatin remodeling activities cause nucleosomes to be evicted from chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Traditionally, these active sites have been identified experimentally through their sensitivity to nucleases. Here we describe the details of a simple procedure for the genome-wide isolation of nucleosome-depleted DNA from human chromatin, termed FAIRE (Formaldehyde Assisted Isolation of Regulatory Elements). We also provide protocols for different methods of detecting FAIRE-enriched DNA, including use of PCR, DNA microarrays, and next-generation sequencing. FAIRE works on all eukaryotic chromatin tested to date. To perform FAIRE, chromatin is crosslinked with formaldehyde, sheared by sonication, and phenol-chloroform extracted. Most genomic DNA is crosslinked to nucleosomes and is sequestered to the interphase, whereas DNA recovered in the aqueous phase corresponds to nucleosome-depleted regions of the genome. The isolated regions are largely coincident with the location of DNaseI hypersensitive sites, transcriptional start sites, enhancers, insulators, and active promoters. Given its speed and simplicity, FAIRE has utility in establishing chromatin profiles of diverse cell types in health and disease, isolating DNA regulatory elements en masse for further characterization, and as a screening assay for the effects of small molecules on chromatin organization.
Why Aren't Indices of Relationship Costs Always Negatively Related to Indices of Relationship Quality?

Many researchers have made the seemingly straightforward predictions that relationship rewards will be positively, and relationship costs will be negatively, associated with indices of relationship quality. Existing literature supports the hypothesis for rewards, but evidence regarding costs is mixed. Depending on the study, indices of costs have been observed to be negatively associated, unassociated, and even positively associated with relationship quality. We argue that the mixed results may have been due in part to past cost measures tapping three separate constructs: (a) a partner's intentional poor behavior directed at the participant, (b) negative things associated with the relationship (but not caused by the partner's intentional behavior), and (c) behaving in such a manner as to meet a partner's needs—something which often may involve performing undesirable activities, foregoing desired opportunities, or giving up money, time, or goods. We believe the first two types of costs should be negatively...
The chemical mass balance of the amazon plume—II. Copper, nickel, and cadmium

Trace element samples spanning the salinity range were collected in the Amazon plume in June 1974 and 1976. In 1976, laboratory mixing experiments using unfiltered river water and seawater were undertaken. The studies show that copper and nickel are unreactive in the Amazon plume on a time scale of a few days: in both field and laboratory studies the elements are related linearly to salinity, so that neither adsorption and precipitation not desorption reactions significantly alter the net flux of these elements. The 1974 field data indicate there may be up to 25% removal of copper, probably biologically, although a conservative interpretation could be entertained if systematic deviations from the resulting copper-salinity plot are ignored. Cadmium behavior was not clearly defined. There is some indication of desorption, and the estuarine data can be used to set an upper limit on the net flux. The net effective contribution of the elements to the ocean from the Amazon is copper, 24 nmol kg−1; nickel, 4 to 5 nmol kg−1; and cadmium, <0.1 nmol kg−1.
Localized Extremity Soft Tissue Sarcoma: Improved Knowledge With Unchanged Survival Over Time

Purpose: The objective of this study was to define whether survival of patients with extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS), stratified for known risk factors, has improved over the last 20 years. Patients and Methods: From January 1982 to December 2001, 1,706 patients with primary and recurrent STS of the extremities were treated at our institution and were prospectively followed. From this cohort, we selected 1,261 patients who underwent complete macroscopic resection and had one of the following histopathologies: fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, or synovial sarcoma. Median follow-up was 55 months. Patient, tumor, and treatment factors were analyzed as prognostic factors. Results: The 5-year disease-specific actuarial survival was 79% (78% for patients treated from 1982 to 1986, 79% for patients treated from 1986 to 1991, 79% for patients treated from 1992 to 1996, and 85% for patients treated from 1997 to 2001; P = not significant). For high-risk patients (high-gr...
Equivalence of high-virulence clonotypes of serotype III group B Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS).

Analysis of growth characteristics, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, restriction digest pattern (RDP) typing and multilocus sequence typing have identified clonotypes of serotype III group B Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) associated with invasive infection in neonates. This study sought to unify phenotypic and genotypic classifications of type III GBS strains associated with increased virulence in newborns. High-virulence clonotype (HVC) strains possessed the translation initiation factor 2 (infB) C allele, found in RDP type III-3 strains, and hybridized with the RDP type III-3-specific probe AA3.6, whereas non-HVC strains shared the infB A allele and genomic DNA from these strains did not hybridize with the AA3.6 probe. The characteristic growth lag of HVC GBS at 40 °C has been attributed to the presence of a heat-labile fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba) enzyme in these strains. The deduced amino acid sequence of fba genes of both HVC and non-HVC strains, however, were identical. HVC and RDP type III-3 represent the same genetically related group of bacteria. The characteristic growth differences of virulent strains of type III GBS, however, are not directly attributable to differences in fba.
Lethal toxin actions and their consequences

After entry of infectious anthrax spores into the body, host-specific signals induce spore germination, outgrowth of vegetative bacilli and the expression of lethal toxin and other virulence factors. Anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx) is a virulence factor responsible for the major pathologies seen during systemic anthrax infections. Injection of sterile LeTx into test animals mimics the shock and sudden death seen during active bacterial infections. Once large levels of LeTx are produced within the body, destruction of bacteria by administration of antibiotics is usually unsuccessful. The LeTx is believed to be secreted into the bloodstream where it circulates freely throughout the body and binds and enters host cells. Once in the cytoplasm, the lethal factor acts as a zinc-metalloprotease disrupting normal homoeostatic functions. Macrophages are a uniquely sensitive cell type that seem to be vital global mediators of toxin-induced pathologies. Removal of macrophages from mice renders them insensitive to LeTx challenge. Low levels of lethal toxin induce macrophage production, in vitro, of the shock-inducing cytokines TNF and Il-1β. Higher levels of LeTx cause over-production of reactive oxygen intermediates, bursting of macrophages and release of mediators of shock. We believe that agents capable of blocking key steps of the lethal toxin cascade may prove useful in combating anthrax pathologies.
Sleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a common condition with prevalence estimates of 2-4% in the general population. Epidemiological data suggest that SDB is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance are also well-recognized risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. A number of recent clinic-based studies suggest that, independent of obesity, SDB may adversely affect glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the evidence for the link between SDB, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. A MEDLINE search for SDB and metabolic disorders was performed and 24 articles that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Population-based studies indicate that habitual snoring is independently associated with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Studies that have used objective measures of SDB (e.g. polysomnography) provide further support for an independent link between SDB, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. However, studies on the treatment of SDB with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) have yielded inconsistent results and overall do not reveal an improvement in the metabolic disturbance after treatment. Although population-based prospective data on the metabolic implications of SDB are still lacking, current data point to an independent association between SDB and impaired glucose homeostasis. Potential mediators of this association include altered adrenergic function, the direct effects of hypoxemia on glucose regulation, and release of proinflammatory cytokines that affect metabolism.
The 30¢ Deal of a Lifetime: Using Luther's Small Catechism with Teenagers to Engage Consumerist Culture

: This article explores the interaction of teenagers in the current consumerist culture, and how Martin Luther's Small Catechism offers multiple entry points to begin conversation around the illusions of consumerism. It examines motives behind consumption and what the church has to say in response to the consumerist “catechism.” Suggestions pertaining to the Ten Commandments, Apostles’ Creed, and Lord's Prayer are provided for pastors and teachers of catechetical students.
The Thompson dowel-rest system modified for chrome-cobalt removable partial denture frameworks.

Summary This article has described the minimum laboratory and mouth procedures needed for fabrication of the Thompson dowel-rest removable partial denture using the modifications of (1) preconstructructed dies for the dowel-rests, (2) a chrome-cobalt framework, and (3) a ball clasp retention device.
Structureborne noise control in advanced turboprop aircraft

Structureborne noise is discussed as a contributor to propeller aircraft interior noise levels that are nonresponsive to the application of a generous amount of cabin sidewall acoustic treatment. High structureborne noise levels may jeopardize passenger acceptance of the fuel-efficient high-speed propeller transport aircraft designed for cruise at Mach 0.65 to 0.85. These single-rotation tractor and counter-rotation tractor and pusher propulsion systems will consume 15 to 30 percent less fuel than advanced turbofan systems. Structureborne noise detection methodologies and the importance of development of a structureborne noise sensor are discussed. A structureborne noise generation mechanism is described in which the periodic components or propeller swirl produce periodic torques and forces on downstream wings and airfoils that are propagated to the cabin interior as noise. Three concepts for controlling structureborne noise are presented: (1) a stator row swirl remover, (2) selection of a proper combination of blade numbers in the rotor/stator system of a single-rotation propeller, and the rotor/rotor system of a counter-rotation propeller, and (3) a tuned mechanical absorber.
A typology of distribution channel systems: a contextual approach

The channels literature lacks a classification scheme for channel systems which can provide insights to their development and management. Consideration of the channel context is essential in marketing products or services in foreign markets. Develops a new taxonomy of channel systems based on three channel contextual factors ‐ environmental uncertainty, value‐added in the downstream channel, and replaceability of suppliers ‐ and discusses each cell in terms of the level of interfirm commitment. The new taxonomy shows that the behavioural process varies with the channel context and high commitment between channel members is appropriate only in certain channel contexts.
Endometrial Thickness Predicts Endometrial Hyperplasia in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Body mass index is predictive of sonographic endometrial stripe thickness, which in turn is predictive of endometrial hyperplasia in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. For every 1-mm increase in endometrial stripe, the odds ratio of hyperplasia increased by 1.48 (95% confidence interval, 1.04–2.10).
Assessment of Pareto Calibration, Stability, and Wavelength Selection

Recent work has shown that ridge regression (RR) is Pareto to partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) when the variance indicator Euclidian norm of the regression coefficients, ||p||, is plotted against the bias indicator root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC). Simplex optimization demonstrates that RR is Pareto for several other spectral data sets when ||p|| is used with RMSEC and the root mean square error of evaluation (RMSEE) as optimization criteria. From this investigation, it was observed that while RR is Pareto optimal, PLS and PCR harmonious models are near equivalent to harmonious RR models. Additionally, it was found that RR is Pareto robust, i.e., models formed at one temperature were then used to predict samples at another temperature. Wavelength selection is commonly performed to improve analysis results such that bias indicators RMSEC, RMSEE, root mean square error of validation, or root mean square error of cross-validation decrease using a subset of wavelengths. Just as critical to an analysis of selected wavelengths is an assessment of variance. Using wavelengths deemed optimal in a previous study, this paper reports on the variance/bias tradeoff. An approach that forms the Pareto model with a Pareto wavelength subset is suggested.
Development of β-adrenergic receptors and the in vitro accumulation of cyclic AMP in the chick spinal cord

Abstract To clarify the functional development of the descending monoaminergic input to the chick spinal cord we have studied the ontogeny of β-adrenergic receptors by measuring the specific binding the tritiated dihydroalprenolol (DHA). In addition, we examined the ability of isoproterenol to stimulate the accumulation of cyclic AMP in slices of developing chick spinal cord. Results show that the chick spinal cord contains a high density of β-adrenergic receptors that are apparently linked to adenylate cyclase. During development, both the density of β-receptors, as determined by the specific binding of DHA, and the response of tissue slices to isoproterenol underwent marked changes. β-Adrenergic receptors (∼4 fmol/mg tissue) were first detected on the fourteenth day in ovo. Receptor density increased to ∼20 fmol/mg by day 20. Between day 20 and the time of hatching, a sharp increase in receptor density, to ∼50 fmol/mg, was seen. The density of receptors remained high until the second day after hatching, fell off to ∼30 fmol/mg by the fourth day, and remained relatively unchanged through day 30. The response of spinal cord slices to isoproterenol showed a similar pattern of development with the peak response (7-fold increase in levels of cyclic AMP) occurring at or near the time of hatching. During the period between day 18 in ovo and the time of hatching, when both the response of tissue slices to isoproterenol and the density of β-receptors increased markedly, the activity of phosphodiesterase did not change. Therefore, the pronounced changes in adrenergic responsiveness that occurred near the time of hatching appear to be related primarily to changes in the density of β-adrenergic receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase. Such developmental changes in the density of β-adrenergic receptors and adrenergic responsiveness may play an important role in determining the functional state of the descending monoaminergic systems in the chick spinal cord.
Opposed behavioral syndromes in rats with partial and more complete central serotonergic lesions made with 5,6 dihydroxytryptamine.

Rats with central 5HT lesions made with multiple small injections of 5,6 dihydroxytryptamine (6×10 Μg 5,6 DHT) rear more but locomote less than Controls in novel environments, are more reactive to visual stimulation, and consume small, frequent meals. A converse behavioral syndrome is observed in rats in which smaller lesions are made (3×10 Μg 5,6 DHT) and a longer recovery period allowed. These latter animals show increased locomotion and decreased rearing in novel environments, consume large, infrequent meals, and demonstrate an exaggerated responsivity to the analgesic properties of morphine. It is proposed that the behavioral syndrome of rats with partially damaged, supersensitive circuity may clarify some paradoxical aspects of chronic 5HT disruptions.
Abbreviated guidelines for heat stress exposure.

A wide array of recommendations, rules and research results have been aggregated into a simplified set of decision criteria for estimating threshold levels of heat stress. The WBGT is used as a basis, with appropriate modification for metabolic heat generated during work, velocity of air movement, state of acclimatization, amount of clothing (e.g., shorts, jackets, coats, enclosed suits), age, obesity, and sex. When WBGT levels for the person-task-environment combination are exceeded, initiation of appropriate engineering and work practices are indicated.
Some perspectives on modeling leukemia

A diffusion model of leukemia is presented. The space-occupying effects of leukemic cells during leukemic expansion is investigated. The analyses and simulations of the model suggest that acute leukemia is a state in which positions inhabited by colonies of normal cells are invaded by emerging colonies of abnormal cells. Normal cells are then driven to a state of extinction as leukemic cells evolve toward high and dominant steady state levels.
The autonomous function of germ plasm in a somatic region of the Drosophila egg.

Abstract Posterior polar plasm from Binsc/B 6 Y cleavage embryos of Drosophila melanogaster was transferred to the mid-ventral region of mwh e 4 embryos of the same age. Between 15 min and 5 h after cytoplasmic injections, embryos were analyzed at the electron microscopic level for the formation of cells with implanted cytoplasm. Characteristic subcellular organelles, the polar granules, which are exclusively located at the posterior pole of the egg, served as a morphological marker to identify the transferred cytoplasm. The appearance of round nuclear bodies, which are only present in nuclei of cells containing posterior cytoplasm, the so-called pole cells, was used as a further criterion for successful transfers. Polar granules and nuclear bodies could be found in eight and ten cells in two of the seven embryos and analyzed at the blastoderm stage. Experimentally induced pole cells were inserted among pole cells of y sn 3 mal blastoderm hosts in order to determine if they could function normally and give rise to offspring. About 3% of the flies, which were derived from these embryos and mated to mwh e 4 partners, had y sn 3 mal germ cells as well as mwh e 4 ones. In addition, germ-line mosaicism in these flies could be “visualized” by testing histochemically for aldehyde oxidase activity. Mid-ventral blastoderm cells when transferred from non-injected mwh e 4 embryos to the posterior pole of y sn 3 mal blastoderm embryos did not differentiate into germ cells but instead participated in the development of somatic tissues of the hosts. To find out if a pole cell experimentally induced at the mid-ventral region of the egg can be incorporated into the germ line, normal mwh e 4 pole cells were implanted into this area of y sn 3 mal blastoderm hosts. About 5% of the fertile flies were found to have a mosaic germ line. Our results show (1) that cytoplasm of the posterior region of the Drosophila egg contains germ-cell determinants which function autonomously after transplantation to a somatic, i.e. mid-ventral region of the egg; (2) that pole cells either formed in or transferred to this ectopic region can still reach the gonads and contribute to the germ line.
Observation of simultaneous Stokes and anti-Stokes emission in a silicon Raman laser

We demonstrate a silicon Raman laser and report observation of simultaneous lasing at 1675nm and parametric Raman emission at 1540nm. The laser is pumped with 1540nm pulses and has a threshold at 9W peak pulse power.
Type-I QW cascade diode lasers with 830 mW of CW power at 3 μm

ABSTRACT Cascade pumping schemes that utilize single-QW gain stages enhanced both the power conversion efficiency and the output power level of GaSb-based diode lasers that emit near and above 3 µm at room temperature. The cascade lasers discussed in this work had densely stacked type-I QWs gain stages characterized by high differential gain. The 3 µm emitting devices demonstrated CW threshold current densities near 100 A/cm 2 , a twofold improvement over the previous world record, that resulted in peak power conversion efficiencies increasing to 16% at 17 0 C. Comparable narrow ridge two-stage devices generated more than 100 mW of CW power with ~10% power conversion efficiencies. Three-stage multimode cascade lasers emitted 960 mW of CW output power near 3 µm and 120 mW CW near 3.3 µm. KEYWORDS: diode lasers, mid-infrared, cascade pumping, type-I quantum well, antimonides, high power INTRODUCTION. GaSb-based type-I quantum well diode lasers operate in continuous wave (CW) regime at room temperature (RT) in technologically important spectral range from 1.9 to 3.5 µm, see, for instance, [1]. Thanks to large overlap of the envelope wave functions and low reduced density of states the devices demonstrate high differential gain leading to low threshold carrier concentration. This results into threshold carrier concentrations near 100 and 200 A/cm
Airflow and temperature distribution optimization in data centers using artificial neural networks

Abstract To control energy usage in data center rooms, reduced order models are important in order to perform real-time assessment of the optimum operating conditions to reduce energy usage. Here computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation-based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were developed and applied to a basic hot aisle/cold aisle data center configuration in order to predict thermal operating conditions for a specified set of control variables. Once trained, the ANN-based model predictions were shown to agree well with the CFD results for arbitrary values of the input variables within the specified limits. In addition, the ANN model was combined with a cost function based multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (GA), which enabled the operating conditions to be inversely predicted for specified values of the output variable (e.g., server rack inlet temperatures). The ANN-GA optimization approach considerably reduces the total computation time compared to a fully CFD-based response surface optimization methodology. Consequently, operating conditions are capable of being reliably predicted in seconds, even for configurations outside of the original ANN training set. These results show that an ANN based model can yield an effective real-time thermal management design tool for data centers.
Spectrophotometry of Southern H II Regions and Strong-Line Diagnostics

Emission-line intensities covering the wavelength range λλ3727–6731 are presented for 18 southern hemisphere Galactic H II regions. Although these observations were made three decades ago, several of the H II regions in this sample have not been extensively observed over this range of wavelengths. Combining these data with previously published line intensities for a northern hemisphere set of H II regions yields a sample of 30 nebulae distributed in galactocentric distance from 5.9 to 12.8 kpc, observed and analyzed in a similar way. Nitrogen and oxygen abundances are determined in a subset of 11 nebulae when a traditional two-zone direct treatment of forbidden-line measurements is possible. Direct abundance measurements in these 11 nebulae also allow an assessment of two strong-line diagnostics, [N II]/[O II] and [O III]/[N II], which have been used as proxies for O/H abundances in extragalactic H II regions and star-forming galaxies. The results suggest that the [N II]/[O II] and [O III]/[N II] are robust with respect to applicability to the range of conditions characteristic of Galactic nebulae, extragalactic H II regions, and star-forming galaxies. The similarity of the resultant O/H gradients between the direct and strong-line methods implies that relative abundances are reliable for each. The direct and [O III]/[N II] absolute abundances are in general agreement, while the [N II]/[O II] diagnostic gives systematically higher absolute abundances, consistent with findings of other investigators. These data allow for an independent calibration of the [O III]/[N II] diagnostic in the near-solar metallicity regime. A conversion relationship between these two strong-line diagnostics based on abundances in these Galactic H II regions is similar to the one determined for star-forming galaxies.
The anti-dissipative, non-monotone behavior of Petrov-Galerkin upwinding

SUMMARY The Petrov‐Galerkin method has been developed with the primary goal of damping spurious oscillations near discontinuities in advection dominated flows. For time-dependent problems, the typical Petrov‐ Galerkin method is based on the minimization of the dispersion error and the simultaneous selective addition of dissipation. This optimal design helps to dampen the oscillations prevalent near discontinuities in standard Bubnov‐Galerkin solutions. However, it is demonstrated that when the Courant number is less than 1, the Petrov‐Galerkin method actually amplifies undershoots at the base of discontinuities. This is shown in an heuristic manner, and is demonstrated with numerical experiments with the scalar advection and Richards’ equations. A discussion of monotonicity preservation as a design criterion, as opposed to phase or amplitude error minimization, is also presented. The Petrov‐Galerkin method is further linked to the high-resolution, total variation diminishing (TVD) finite volume method in order to obtain a monotonicity preserving Petrov‐Galerkin method. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal pointing control of robotic manipulators with state inequality constraints

Yang, C. D., Yeh, F. B., and Chen, J. H., "The Closed-Form Solution of Generalized Proportional Navigation," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1987, pp. 216-218. Yang, C. D., Hsiao, F. B., and Yeh, F. G., "Generalized Guidance Law for Homing Missiles," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1989, pp. 197-212. 11 Yuan, P. J., and Chern, J. S., "Ideal Proportional Navigation," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1992, pp. 1161-1165. Yuan, P. J., and Chern, J. S., "Analytical Study of Biased Proportional Navigation," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1992, pp. 185-190.
Requirement for Protein Kinase C θ for Cell Cycle Progression and Formation of Actin Stress Fibers and Filopodia in Vascular Endothelial Cells

Activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) family with phorbol esters induces endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis, but which of the events that constitute angiogenesis are affected by individual members of the PKC family is unknown. In rat capillary endothelial (RCE) cells, serum stimulation increased expression of a single PKC isoenzyme, PKCtheta, and its translocation to the periphery. Conditional overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of PKCtheta markedly inhibited RCE proliferation, as well as closure of a "wound" by RCE migration and formation of capillary rings and tubules in vitro. PKCtheta inhibition delayed the endothelial cell cycle at the G2/M phase and prevented formation of actin stress fibers and filopodia but not lamellipodia. The defect in cell morphology and wound closure in PKCtheta-kn cells was reversed by overexpressing kinase-active PKCtheta, indicating that these RCE functions depend upon PKCtheta substrates. Thus, PKCtheta is required for multiple processes essential for angiogenesis and wound repair, including endothelial mitosis, maintenance of a normal actin cytoskeleton, and formation of an enclosed tube.
Decomposition of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus carcasses: temperature effects, nutrient dynamics, and implications for stream food webs

Anadromous fishes serve as vectors of marine-derived nutrients into freshwaters that are incorporated into aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Pacific salmonines Oncorhynchus spp. exemplify the importance of migratory fish as links between marine and freshwater systems; however, little attention has been given to sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus, 1758) in Atlantic coastal systems. A first step to understanding the role of sea lamprey in freshwater food webs is to characterize the composition and rate of nutrient inputs. We conducted laboratory and field studies characterizing the elemental composition and the decay rates and subsequent water enriching effects of sea lamprey carcasses. Proximate tissue analysis demonstrated lamprey carcass nitrogen:phosphorus ratios of 20.2:1 (±1.18 SE). In the laboratory, carcass decay resulted in liberation of phosphorus within 1 week and nitrogen within 3 weeks. Nutrient liberation was accelerated at higher temperatures. In a natural stream, carcass decomposition resulted in an exponential decline in biomass, and after 24 days, the proportion of initial biomass remaining was 27% (±3.0% SE). We provide quantitative results as to the temporal dynamics of sea lamprey carcass decomposition and subsequent nutrient liberation. These nutrient subsidies may arrive at a critical time to maximize enrichment of stream food webs.
Older Drivers and Intersection Traffic Control Devices

This paper examines the relationship between accidents of elderly drivers and intersection traffic control devices. The data was analyzed in two stages, and the analyses were performed using the induced exposure method, in which the exposure to an accident is defined as the probability of being the driver not cited for the accident occurrence. First the conditions under which elderly drivers have higher accident involvement were determined and then statistical tests were conducted to compare these conditions to the accident involvement of other drivers. The results indicate that the accident involvement of elderly drivers is higher than that of the other drivers under certain circumstances. This study documented the fact that the elderly experience difficulty as the complexity of the design and traffic control device application increases. To reduce the accident rates of elderly drivers and improve safety measures that affect them, modifications of the licensing testing and procedures and implementation of driver training programs for the elderly are suggested. Language: en
Fundamental irreversibilities in stock externalities

Abstract This paper concerns the irreversibility effect in stock externalities. In an environment of uncertainty with learning taking place, one may wish to under-emit today to avoid potential environmental irreversibilities. Alternatively, one may wish to under-invest in pollution control capital, avoiding investments in sunk capital that turn out to be wasted. The paper develops theoretical results on the tension between these two effects and separates risk aversion from the irreversibility effect. The paper also presents a simple example in climate change policy.
Spyware: a view from the (online) street

There are indications of late that the use of anti-spyware software is on the rise, with more than 100 million Internet users downloading Lavasoft's free anti-spyware software [2]. Some big-name companies are also beginning to address the spyware issue, including Microsoft, which currently has a beta version of its own anti-spyware available to Microsoft Windows users for download. However, a Gartner survey finds only 10% of respondents were taking sufficiently aggressive steps to minimize spyware infestations [5] and a Forrester survey found that even though 55% of consumers knew what spyware was, only 40% were running anti-spyware programs routinely [7].
Tracing Inflows in a Physical Model of Lake Constance

Abstract A rotating vertically distorted Froude model of Lake Constance (der Bodensee) was utilized to trace modeled inflows from two major tributaries. This reduced-scale physical model of one of the larger lakes of central Europe permits rapid simulation of prototype inflow, circulation patterns, and the influence of wind (or no wind) during homogenous and some stratified conditions. Several decades ago the mouth and near-lake river channel of the biggest tributary (Alpenrhein River, ∼ 71% of total inflows) was shifted several kilometers to the east to alleviate flooding. Currently, the mouth is being slowly “extended” to the west, across a relatively shallow submerged shelf, so that the Alpenrhein can discharge its turbid load into deeper water. The physical model provides insights into inflow dispersal from different mouth positions under a variety of density and current/wind forcing conditions.
Skill gaps and careers in IS compliance: implications for IS degree programs in the U.S.

In this paper, we describe the research questions and methodology for a study that will investigate the opportunities and skill gaps for IS workers in the field of IS compliance. IS compliance skills include knowledge of U.S. legislation - such as Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) and Graham Leach Bliley Act (GLBA), as well as standards such as the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) - and the impact of such requirements on the design, development and maintenance of information systems. In this study, we will investigate the current job skills being requested by employers and the current Information Systems degree and course offerings from U.S. business schools related to IS compliance. Using a field survey of U.S. employers and business schools, we plan to investigate future skill needs in IS compliance and the ability for current IS curricula to fill those needs.
In vitro stimulation of rat liver retinyl ester hydrolase by ethanol.

Abstract Retinyl ester hydrolase (REH), the enzyme which converts retinyl esters to retinol, was partially characterized from whole liver homogenates of rats using an HPLC method with quantitation of retinol product. Optimal results were obtained by incubation of 1 mg of whole homogenate protein with 900 μ m all- trans -retinyl palmitate and 275 m m 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate in a 0.1 m Trismaleate buffer, pH 7.0, for 1 h at 37 °C. The enzyme assay proved to be sensitive and reproducible, with an interanimal coefficient of variation of 13% ( n = 7). Because ethanol has been shown to mobilize vitamin A from the liver, we tested its effect on REH activity at several concentrations. In concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 m , ethanol added in vitro caused a concentration related increase in REH activity (from 20 to 86% above baseline activity). This increase was specific to ethanol as acetaldehyde, 1-propanol, and t -butanol either did not change or significantly decreased REH activity over the range of concentrations tested. The range of concentrations of ethanol causing stimulation in our assays was within the range of concentrations seen in the blood of rats after acute ethanol ingestion. Stimulation of REH activity could explain, in part, the well-known effects of ethanol on mobilization of vitamin A from liver stores.
The Pure Estrogen Receptor Antagonist ICI 182,780 Promotes a Novel Interaction of Estrogen Receptor-α with the 3′,5′-Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein-Binding Protein/p300 Coactivators

Estrogen receptor-α (ERα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Abundant evidence demonstrates that ERα agonists promote, whereas antagonists inhibit, receptor binding to coactivators. In this report we demonstrate that binding of the ICI 182,780 (ICI) pure antiestrogen to ERα promotes its interaction with the cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP)/p300 but not the p160 family of coactivators, demonstrating the specificity of this interaction. Amino acid mutations within the coactivator binding surface of the ERα ligand-binding domain revealed that CBP binds to this region of the ICI-liganded receptor. The carboxy-terminal cysteine-histidine rich domain 3 of CBP, rather than its amino-terminal nuclear interacting domain, shown previously to mediate agonist-dependent interactions of CBP with nuclear receptors, is required for binding to ICI-liganded ERα. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that ICI but not the partial agoni...
Variability of tumor area measurements for response assessment in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Purpose: The measurement of malignant pleural mesothelioma is critical to the assessment of tumor response to therapy. Current response assessment standards utilize summed linear measurements acquired on three computed tomography (CT) sections. The purpose of this study was to evaluate manual area measurements as an alternate response assessment metric, specifically through the study of measurement interobserver variability. Methods: Two CT scans from each of 31 patients were collected. Using a computer interface, five observers contoured tumor on three selected CT sections from each baseline scan. Four observers also constructed matched follow-up scan tumor contours for the same 31 patients. Area measurements extracted from these contours were compared using a random effects analysis of variance model to assess relative interobserver variability. The sums of section area measurements were also analyzed, since these area sums are more clinically relevant for response assessment. Results: When each observer's measurements were compared with those of the other four observers, strong correlation was observed. The 95% confidence interval for relative interobserver variability of baseline scan summed area measurements was [−71%, +240%], spanning 311%. For the follow-up scan summed area measurements, the 95% confidence interval for relative interobserver variability was [−41%, +70%], spanning 111%. At both baseline and follow-up, the variability among observers was a significant component of the total variability in both per-section and summed area measurements (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Despite the ability of tumor area measurements to capture tumor burden with greater fidelity than linear tumor thickness measurements, manual area measurements may not be a robust means of response assessment in mesothelioma patients.
All-electron local density theory of local magnetic moments in metals

Abstract The origin of local magnetic moments in metals is investigated using a local density self-consistent supercell LMTO band method (with up to 27 atoms/cell). Results for Fe Pd agree with saturation magnetization, neutron scattering and hyperfine measurements.