cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and Headache Disorders

Abstract Headache is a common symptom and the most common neurological manifestation in COVID-19. Its pathophysiology in COVID-19 remains elusive. It is largely managed by usual headache treatments that are dependent on clinical phenotype. When managing headache patients with or without a history of a primary headache disorder, one should take into consideration access to care, particularly in virus hotspots.
The Role of Surface Forces in Fracture

The role of surface forces in fracture is considered by incorporating the contribution of the adhesive forces between the crack walls into the net mechanical driving force. It is shown that attractive surface forces lead to a threshold stress intensity below which a crack will heal. In addition, the surface forces modify the kinetics of slow crack growth. Crack growth may provide an alternative experimental method for measuring fundamental surface forces.
AMMONIA EXCRETION IN THE ANTARCTIC KRILL EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA IN RELATION TO STARVATION AND ONTOGENETIC STAGES

ABSTRACT The rate of ammonia excretion in different stages of fed and starved krill, Euphausia superba, from Bransfield Strait was determined at 1.8°C. Brief starvation induced a significant impact in depressing ammonia excretion in all stages of krill. Ammonia excretion rate in freshly captured krill is exceedingly high with peak levels reaching as much as 260 μg NH,/g dry wt/h. This study also evaluates the krill excretion rate in relation to other planktonic species from temperate, tropical, and polar seas. This finding of high rate of catabolic activity in krill is in agreement with recent discovery of the unusually high feeding rate of krill.
Femtojoule optical switching in hydrogenated amorphous silicon photonic crystal nanocavities

We demonstrated 1.5-μm-band optical switching using the Kerr effect in a-Si:H photonic crystal nanocavities. Switching with pulse energies down to 18 fJ using a degenerate pump-probe technique was observed in cavities with Q-factors up to 30,000.
The Characterization of Modified Human Hemoglobin II. REACTION WITH 1-FLUORO-2,4-DINITROBENZENE

Abstract A dinitrophenyl derivative of human hemoglobin has been prepared and purified, in which the only site of reaction is the NH2 terminus of the α chain. Evidence for this comes from two sources: first, the identification of all of the tryptic peptides having absorption at 355 mµ; second, from experiments with 14C-labeled 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene which show that the stoichiometry of the reaction is 1 dinitrophenylgroup per αβ subunit. Competition experiments with iodoacetamide show that 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene does not react with the "reactive" sulfhydryl group on the β chain. This single substitution leads to quite drastic physical and functional changes. The modified hemoglobin has an increased oxygen affinity, an n value of 1 in the Hill equation, and no Bohr effect. In all dissociating solvents tested, the dinitrophenyl-hemoglobin is more highly associated than native hemoglobin.
Control Issues in Pilot/System Task Allocation

This paper explores some strategies for allocating tasks across the human and electronic components of a pilot/computer system. What should pilots "do"? What should be left to semi-and fully-autonomous electronic systems? It is argued here that the allocation strategy must be based on (a) the nature of the tasks to be performed by the system, (b) the situational milieu in which the system will operate, and (c) the power of advanced analytical methods.
Double or nothing: technology transfer under the Bayh-Dole Act

This article takes a critical look at recent developments in university technology licensing. It argues that the Bayh Dole Act vastly underestimated the difficulty in licensing advances made within universities. First, these developments are often far upstream. Second, university technology transfer officers do not have the capacity to successfully build fruitful industrial relations across the entire spectrum of technological fields where research in their universities is conducted. Third, the interests of administrators, faculty, and students are not well aligned (especially after the Supreme Court’s decision in Stanford v. Roche). The piece ends by examining other models for technology transfer from academia to industry.
TAp73 promotes cell survival upon genotoxic stress by inhibiting p53 activity

p53 plays a key role in regulating DNA damage response by suppressing cell cycle progression or inducing apoptosis depending on extent of DNA damage. However, it is not clear why mild genotoxic stress favors growth arrest, whereas excessive lesions signal cells to die. Here we showed that TAp73, a p53 homologue thought to have a similar function as p53, restrains the transcriptional activity of p53 and prevents excessive activation of its downstream targets upon low levels of DNA damage, which results in cell cycle arrest. Extensive DNA damage triggers TAp73 depletion through ubiquitin/proteasome-mediated degradation of E2F1, leading to enhanced transcriptional activation by p53 and subsequent induction of apoptosis. These findings provide novel insights into the regulation of p53 function and suggest that TAp73 keeps p53 activity in check in regulating cell fate decisions upon genotoxic stress.
Protostellar Disk Formation and Early Evolution

This contribution describes the formation of circumstellar disks and their earliest evolutionary phases when self-gravity in the disk plays a crucial role in eliciting the transport of mass and angular momentum. We first discuss the formation of protostellar disks within the context of analytic infall-collapse solutions. We then discuss our efforts to understand the behavior of the newly formed disks. Our specific approach consists of performing a detailed analysis of a simplified model disk which is susceptible to the growth of a spiral instability. Using a combination of numerical simulation and semi-analytic analysis, we show how the dramatic early phase of mass and angular momentum transport in the disk can be explained by a second-order nonlinear process involving self-interaction of a dominant two-armed spiral mode.
Andreas Hepp, Cultures of Mediatization

When a new concept sweeps through an intellectual field, Susanne Langer once observed, it’s easy to dismiss it as fleeting fashion. “Yet it is the most natural and appropriate thing in the world for a new problem or a new terminology,” she wrote, “to have a vogue that crowds out everything else for a little while” (1941, p. 23). The rush to adopt a term may reflect the “fact that all sensitive and active minds turn at once to exploiting it” (ibid.). There’s often something more than shallow faddism at play.
Functionalism as a Base for Midrange Theory in Organizational Behavior/Theory

Understanding anything as complex as a large, formal organization is obviously difficult. It is a task which, subjectively, appears to be progressing unevenly in Organizational Behavior/Theory, the discipline charged with investigating organizations and the groups and persons who make them up. In this paper we consider functionally based analyses as supplements to and perhaps even replacements for the invariant order midrange theories currently in use in Organizational Behavior/ Theory. Specifically, we: (1) define and describe functionalism and comment briefly on its history in other disciplines; (2) indicate why it may be especially suited to serve, if not as “an all-inclusive speculation comprising a master conceptual scheme” (Merton, 1957: 6), at least as a solid basis for midrange theory in Organizational Behavior/Theory; (3) identify some of the pitfalls that threaten the unwary functional analyst and which in no small measure led to the decline of the paradigm in sociology and anthropology; and (4) provide an example of how a functional analysis might proceed in Organizational Behavior/Theory in the form of a crude functional analysis of leadership.
Microfluidics for the detection of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia patients using circulating leukemic cells selected from blood.

We report a highly sensitive microfluidic assay to detect minimal residual disease (MRD) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that samples peripheral blood to search for circulating leukemic cells (CLCs). Antibodies immobilized within three separate microfluidic devices affinity-selected CLC subpopulations directly from peripheral blood without requiring pre-processing. The microfluidic devices targeted CD33, CD34, and CD117 cell surface antigens commonly expressed by AML leukemic cells so that each subpopulation's CLC numbers could be tracked to determine the onset of relapse. Staining against aberrant markers (e.g. CD7, CD56) identified low levels (11–2684 mL−1) of CLCs. The commonly used platforms for the detection of MRD for AML patients are multi-parameter flow cytometry (MFC), typically from highly invasive bone marrow biopsies, or PCR from blood samples, which is limited to 90% of all AML patients using the markers selected for this study (selection markers CD33, CD34, CD117 and aberrant markers such as CD7 and CD56). We present data from AML patients after stem cell transplant (SCT) therapy using our assay. We observed high agreement of the microfluidic assay with therapeutic treatment and overall outcome. We could detect MRD at an earlier stage compared to both MFC and PCR directly from peripheral blood, obviating the need for a painful bone marrow biopsy. Using the microfluidic assay, we detected MRD 28 days following one patient‘s SCT and the onset of relapse at day 57, while PCR from a bone marrow biopsy did not detect MRD until day 85 for the same patient. Earlier detection of MRD in AML post-SCT enabled by peripheral blood sampling using the microfluidic assay we report herein can influence curative clinical decisions for AML patients.
Is the Problem of European Citizenship a Problem of Social Citizenship? Social Policy, Federalism, and Democracy in the EU and United States*: IS THE PROBLEM OF EUROPEAN CITIZENSHIP A PROBLEM OF SOCIAL CITIZENSHIP?

The development of supranational (European) social rights, and therefore social citizenship, is undermined by strong, direct relationships between citizens and national welfare states. Social policies contribute to national identities because they entail direct relationships between states and citizens. In well-developed European welfare states strong relationships between citizens and their member-states are expected. This may prevent the development of a similar relationship at the European level. The U.S. provides a comparison case, wherein a successful transference of citizenship identity from a lower to higher level has occurred, partly as a result of the building of national-level social citizenship, at least for certain classes of people. Revolutionary War Pensions provide an example of how social policy influences national identity. The lack of EU-level social policy precludes the possibility of this type of identity formation. Finally, the interplay of social citizenship and democracy in both cases is explored. T.H. Marshall’s work regarding citizenship as the basis for democracy is used to understand how the inability to create a common social policy in the EU is harmful to democracy.
FAT BODY CYCLING AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FOR ITS ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE TO OVARIAN FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE LIZARD UTA STANSBURIANA.

The annual fat body cycle in the lizard Uta stansburiana is associated with reproduction. In females fat bodies decline in late winter and early spring when deutoplasm is deposited in the ovarian follicles. Males have a similar fat cycle, but fat bodies are much smaller. Ovariectomy eliminated rapid lipid mobilization from the fat bodies which occurs in sham operated controls. Fat body removal from early estrus females induces high incidence of follicular atresia and retards the rate of yolk deposition. Follicular growth is delayed or inhibited if fat bodies are excised from preestrus animals. The amount of extractable lipid in the pre-estrus fat body is nearly equivalent to the lipid in a typical egg clutch. The adaptive value of the fat bodies is apparently associated with the formation of the first egg clutch which in accordance with population studies is the most important clutch.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Insect Emergence from a Southern Maine Salt Marsh

Abstract Adult insects were collected using emergence traps from salt water pools, brackish water pools and vegetated marsh in the Little River Estuary, Wells, Maine, USA. Samples were continuously taken once every week from June through October of 2001 to examine the community composition, as well as the spatial and temporal patterns of insect emergence from a salt marsh system. Chironomus sp. and Tanytarsus spp. (Diptera: Chironomidae) chironomids were the most abundant insects emerging, the former representing 87% of all insects collected from brackish pools and the latter 55–80% of all insects collected from salt water pools and the vegetated marsh, respectively. Insect emergence was higher from brackish pools (1450 ± 172 individuals·m−2·y−1) and vegetated marsh sites (1350 ± 851 individuals·m−2·y−1), but not significantly different from salt water pools (289 ± 126 individuals·m−2·y−1). Emergence of some species was restricted to certain marsh areas resulting in non-significant trends in patterns of c...
Patient-provider communication about gestational weight gain among nulliparous women: a qualitative study of the views of obstetricians and first-time pregnant women

In 2009 the Institute of Medicine updated its guidelines for weight gain during pregnancy, in part because women of childbearing age now weigh more pre-pregnancy and tend to gain more weight during pregnancy than women did when the previous set of guidelines were released in 1990. Women who begin pregnancy overweight or obese and women who gain weight outside IOM recommendations are at risk for poor maternal and fetal health outcomes. With these concerns in mind, we examined what obstetricians communicate about gestational weight gain to their pregnant patients and how nulliparous patients perceive weight-related counseling from their obstetricians. We conducted one-on-one, semi-structured interviews with 19 nulliparous women and 7 obstetricians recruited from a single clinic at a large academic medical center in the United States. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed inductively using thematic analysis. We identified 4 major themes: 1) Discussions about the amount and pace of gestational weight gain: obstetricians reported variation in the frequency and timing of weight-related discussions with patients while most patients said that weight was not emphasized by their obstetricians; 2) The content of communication about nutrition and physical activity: obstetricians said they discuss nutrition and activity with all patients while most patients reported that their obstetrician either discussed these topics in general terms or not at all; 3) Communication about postpartum weight loss: obstetricians said that they do not typically address postpartum weight loss with patients during prenatal visits while patients had concerns about postpartum weight; and 4) Patient feelings about obstetrician advice: most patients said that their obstetrician does not tend to offer “unsolicited advice”, instead offering information in response to patient questions or concerns. Women were divided about whether they desired more advice from their obstetrician on weight gain, nutrition, and activity. Our analysis revealed discrepancies between obstetricians’ and patients’ perceptions of their weight-related clinical interactions. Our findings suggest that there is a missed opportunity to use prenatal visits as opportunities to discuss healthy eating and exercise during pregnancy, the postpartum period, and beyond. Additional research on the design, implementation, and testing of interventions to address prenatal nutrition and physical activity is warranted.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by infection with Listeria monocytogenes: a case report and review of the literature

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a frequent and often serious complication of long-standing ascites in the presence of advanced liver disease. Coliform bacteria account for the infection in most cases and are thought to be related to translocation of bacteria from the bowel into the peritoneal cavity. The empiric use of cefotaxime is well established as most of the causative organisms are sensitive to this antibiotic. However, we report on a case of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in a patient with hepatitis C related cirrhosis who was awaiting liver transplantation caused by infection with Listeria monocytogenes, in which the patient did not improve with empiric antibiotic therapy. This case adds to the 23 others reported in the literature since 1966. Our case raises some concerns about the universal empiric usage of cefotaxime for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis because it does not offer adequate coverage against organisms such as Listeria, enterococci, Pasturella, and anaerobes.
Amphetamine effects on MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery performance in healthy adults

Cognitive deficits contribute strongly to functional disability in schizophrenia. The cost of identifying and testing candidate procognitive agents is substantial. Conceivably, candidate drugs might be first identified by positive effects on cognitive domains in sensitive subgroups of healthy subjects. Here, we examined whether the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) detected procognitive drug effects in subgroups of healthy individuals. The effects of 20 mg amphetamine (AMPH) on MCCB performance were tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of 60 healthy adults. AMPH effects were compared in subgroups of subjects characterized by low vs. high placebo MCCB scores, and by extreme values on personality subscales associated with schizophrenia-relevant biomarkers. AMPH produced autonomic and subjective effects, but did not significantly change MCCB composite scores or individual domain scores across the inclusive sample of 60 subjects. AMPH-induced MCCB changes were significantly (inversely) related to placebo MCCB performance: among individuals with lower placebo scores, AMPH enhanced performance; while among individuals with higher placebo scores, it impaired performance. A potential impact of regression to the mean was assessed and could not be ruled out. Both placebo MCCB performance and AMPH effects on MCCB scores were significantly related to personality domains associated with schizophrenia-linked genetic- and/or neurophysiological substrates. Among healthy adults, AMPH effects on MCCB performance were detected only among specific subgroups, and in specific cognitive domains. Strategies that utilize drug-induced changes in MCCB performance in healthy subjects to screen for candidate procognitive drugs should consider the use of “enriched” subgroups with specific neurocognitive or personality characteristics.
EXISTENCE OF APPROXIMATE SOLUTION TO ABSTRACT NONLOCAL CAUCHY PROBLEM

The aim of the paper is to prove a theorem about the existence of an approximate solution to an abstract nonlinear nonlocal Cauchy problem in a Banach space. The right-hand side of the nonlocal condition belongs to a locally closed subset of a Banach space. The paper is a continuation of papers [1], [2] and generalizes some results from [3].
Anisotropic Behavior of White Matter in Shear and Implications for Transversely Isotropic Models

Experimental studies [1] have shown that white matter (WM) in the brain is mechanically anisotropic. Based on its fibrous structure, transversely isotropic (TI) material models have been suggested to capture WM behavior. TI hyperelastic material models involve strain energy density functions that depend on the I4 and I5 pseudo-invariants of the Cauchy-Green strain tensor to account for the effects of stiff fibers. The pseudo-invariant I4 is the square of the stretch ratio in the fiber direction; I5 contains contributions of shear strain in planes parallel to the fiber axis. Most, if not all, published models of WM depend on I4 but not on I5.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Porcupine Behavior in the Desert-Shrub Type of Arizona

Encounters with the porcupine ( Erethizon dorsatum ) under treeless desert conditions are always interesting. Pinon-juniper woodland and ponderosa pine forests are its typical habitats in the Southwest (Taylor, Univ. Ariz. Biol. Sci. Bull. 3, 1935). There are few known observations for the lower and drier vegetative types. Published records are based on encounters at Bonita, Aravaipa Canyon, and the Silver Bell road in Arizona. All these localities are in the desert type and more than 10 miles from the nearest coniferous timber (Taylor, op. cit .). Monson (Jour. Mamm. 29: 182, 1948) recorded five observations from the Havasu Lake Wildlife Refuge about 35 miles from the higher pinon-juniper woodland. He also …
Sex Attractant of the Red-banded Leaf Roller Moth

REPORTS on insect attractants are numerous, but few actually reveal the structure of a compound which is active outside the laboratory. We have identified the sex pheromone of the red-banded leaf roller moth, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), to be cis-11-tetradecenyl acetate (I). This compound, synthesized in two independent ways, was found to be highly attractive in apple orchards to male moths of the same species.
Magnetic tape utilization viewed as an inventory control problem

Abstract Magnetic tapes are extensively used to store information. However, their low cost leads to problems in the efficient use of them as a storage media. There exists no scientific method to control the space utilization and the addition of new tapes to a tape library. A method is developed which provides control on the use of tapes, reduces the number of tapes in the library and minimizes the cost of storing information tapes. An inventory model is developed with the unused space on tapes as inventory. Replenishment can be done in one of two steps. The first deletes the expired datasets from the tapes and if the new inventory levels is less than S ′, the least order level, a second step adds new tapes tapes to the library bringing the level up to S , the maximum order level. The level of inventory after replenishment can be anywhere between S ′ and S ′. The inventory model determines (1) When to delete expired datasets. (2) When to add new tapes to the library. No analytical solution is developed for the general cost equation for this model. However, an iterative procedure is offered which can be used to minimize the total cost of having unused space in the tape library.
Age and chemical characteristics of some pre-Pan-African rocks in the Egyptian Shield

Abstract UPb ages on zircons from several types of sialic rocks, together with a variety of geochemical data on one sample of early plutonic activity within the Egyptian Shield are presented. The earliest autochthonous granitic rocks in the Egyptian Shield are probably quartz diorites (tonalites) emplaced just prior to the main peak of Pan-African igneous activity (550–650 Ma). The studied example has an age of 711 Ma ± 7 Ma, and is characterized by very low initial Sr ratio (87Sr/86Sr = 0.7026) and very low abundances of K2O and related large-ion lithophile trace elements. REE contents are low (less than 20 × chondritic abundances). Abundance patterns show only moderate light rare-earth enrichment (La/Yb = 4.5). These characteristics are inconsistent with any models requiring fractional fusion of pre-existing continental crustal material. Granitic and arkosic cobbles occur in rare conglomerate beds within volcanoclastic and greywacke sedimentary sequences. The cobbles show a wide range in ages (1.1–2.3 Ga) and have no obvious source within the Egyptian Shield. It is suggested that they are not indicative of any sialic plutons in the Egyptian Shield which might predate deposition of the enclosing immature sediments. More probably, they were derived from adjacent continental areas such as the Uweinat region to the west, and were deposited in an evolving arc-ocean basin complex.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phagosome in Human Macrophages Is Isolated from the Host Cell Cytoplasm

Knowledge of whether Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides within a relatively impermeable membrane-bound vacuole or is free within the cytoplasm within its host cell is central to an understanding of the immunobiology of this intracellular parasite but is a matter of controversy. To explore this issue, we assessed the accessibility of medium-size protein molecules (Fab fragments of 50,000 Da) to M. tuberculosis within human macrophages. We infected the macrophages with wild-type or green fluorescent protein-expressing M. tuberculosis, microinjected Fab fragments directed against a major surface antigen of M. tuberculosis into the host cell, and assayed the accessibility of the bacteria to the Fab fragments by both immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold electron microscopy. Whereas microinjected intact immunoglobulin G molecules against cytoplasmic early endosomal antigen 1 readily stained this antigen, microinjected Fab fragments against M. tuberculosis did not stain the bacterium within its phagosome. In contrast, microinjected Fab fragments against Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular bacterium known to permeabilize its phagosomal membrane, strongly stained this bacterium. Our study shows that M. tuberculosis resides in an isolated phagosome that is relatively impermeable to cytoplasmic constituents.
A comparative study of electron beam and laser melting of M2 tool steel

Abstract In a study of electron beam surface melting the nature of the rapidly quenched microstructure and melt zone geometry parameters (the depth, the width and the length) are related to the beam velocity and the power density and are then compared with predictions of heat flow models. A significant feature of the analysis is that the electron beam-material energy transfer efficiency is about 10 times that obtained using a continuous CO2 laser. Using a beam 0.5 mm in diameter with a power of 375 W the melt depth increased from 20 to 300 μm as the beam velocity decreased from 97.5 to 6.5 cm s−1; correspondingly the cooling rate decreased from 5 × 106to 2 × 105 °Cs−1. The nature of the surface ripple structure and the cellular or dendritic surface microstructure also varied considerably in this range and the cooling rates as estimated from the scale of the microstructure correlate reasonably well with values calculated from heat flow models. Because of the high quality of the asmelted surface, “fine structure” in the surface ripples and details in the highly refined surface microstructure were clearly resolved in the scanning electron microscope. Another interesting feature is that moderately refined microstructures (with cooling rates of about 104 °C s−1) were obtained at higher power densities in the deep penetration mode.
Investigation of poly(trans‐1,4‐butadiene) crystals using the spin‐probe method

The spin-probe technique has been employed to study the nature of the surface regions of poly(trans-1,4-butadiene) crystals grown from dilute heptane and toluene solutions. The narrowing of the ESR spectrum of the nitroxide radical probe added to the PTBD crystals and the activation energy for the rotational motion of the probes were found to very with the crystallization solvent and annealing temperature; in every case heptane-grown crystals showed a higher line narrowing temperature and activation energy than toluene grown crystals. Annealing at 80°C raised the narrowing temperature and the activation energy for crystal preparations from both solvents used, but annealing at high temperatures, near to but below the melting point, lowered both parameters again. These results support earlier assertions, based on infrared spectra, surface epoxidation, differential scanning calorimetry, broad-line nuclear magnetic resonance, and dynamic mechanical results concerning the nature and location of the amorphous regions in PTBD crystals.
Compositional verification of concurrent systems using Petri-net-based condensation rules

The state-explosion problem of formal verification has obstructed its application to large-scale software systems. In this article, we introduce a set of new condensation theories: IOT-failure equivalence, IOT-state equivalence, and firing-dependence theory to cope with this problem. Our condensation theories are much weaker than current theories used for the compositional verification of Petri nets. More significantly, our new condensation theories can eliminate the interleaved behaviors caused by asynchronously sending actions. Therefore, our technique provides a much more powerful means for the compositional verification of asynchronous processes. Our technique can efficiently analyze several state-based properties: boundedness, reachable markings, reachable submarkings, and deadlock states. Based on the notion of our new theories, we develop a set of condensation rules for efficient verification of large-scale software systems. The experimental results show a significant improvement in the analysis large-scale concurrent systems.
Space-time finite element computation of compressible flows between moving components

A numerical simulation capability for the injector flow of a regenerative liquid propellant gun (RLPG) is presented. The problem involves fairly complex geometries and two pistons in relative motion ; therefore a stabilized space-time finite element formulation developed earlier and capable of handling flows with moving mechanical components is used. In addition to the specifics of the numerical method, its application to a 30 mm RLPG test firing is discussed. The computational data from the simulation of this test case are interpreted to provide information on flow characteristics, with emphasis on the tendency of the flow to separate from the injection orifice boundary of the test problem. In addition, the computations provided insight into the behaviour of the flow entering the combustion chamber.
Studies of the roles of ADP-ribosylation factors and phospholipase D in phorbol ester-induced membrane ruffling

In this study, we have explored the roles of ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), phospholipase D (PLD) isozymes, and arfaptins in phorbol ester (PMA)-induced membrane ruffling in HeLa cells. PMA stimulation induced ruffling and translocated cortactin to the plasma membrane. The cortactin translocation was inhibited by dominant negative (DN)-ARF6, DN-ARF1, and DN-Rac1, but not by DN-RhoA and DN-Cdc42. The inability of DN-forms of ARF6, ARF1, and Rac1 to affect PLD activity in response to PMA indicated that this enzyme was not activated via these small G proteins and that its activation was not essential for the induction of ruffling. Endogenous-ARF1, -ARF6, and -Rac1 existed in the ruffling region along with cortactin after PMA stimulation. DN-ARF1 had no effect on the ruffling induced by DA-ARF6 or DA-Rac1, and DN-ARF6 had no effect on that induced by DA-ARF1 or DA-Rac1. On the other hand DN-Rac1 suppressed the effect of DA-ARF6 but not that of DA-ARF1. These results suggest that PMA causes membrane ruffling via an ARF6-Rac1 pathway and also an ARF1 pathway operating in parallel. Overexpression of PLD1 and PLD2 inhibited PMA-induced cortactin translocation and actin-cortactin complex formation, supporting the view that these enzymes are not required for ruffling, but actually suppress it. We conclude that PMA-induced membrane ruffling is caused via ARF6-Rac1 and ARF1 pathways operating in parallel and that PLD may be inhibitory.
Algorithms for parallel processing: curve and surface definition with Q-splines

Abstract The emergence of parallel array processing, both in software methodology and hardware technology, opens new avenues for the implementation and optimization of systems for interactive computer graphics. The Q-spline interpolation method is presented, designed for incremental curve definition, local curve modification, “on-the-curve” control points and computational efficiency in array processing environment. The implementation and performance of the algorithms in the environment of a general purpose interactive computer graphics system is described.
The Postmodern Curriculum in a Modern Classroom

This article is intended to formulate several points of interest in the study of various forms postmodern curricula take in our contemporary classrooms. A critical look at the state of the latter poses the question of accommodating the needs of an increasingly diverse student population. The answer lies in curriculum negotiations (Hyun, 2006) representing sustainable adaptability. However, in an era of accountability that prescribes the structure and sequence of curriculum, our schools (perceived as a social system) lag behind. Therefore, the connection our students develop among truth , knowledge , value , and their own petits recits – personal texts that weave the web of their public lives in and outside of schools – represents the focus of future research into effective design, implementation, and evaluation of inclusive and student-centered curricula.
Somatostatin inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretion via a neural mechanism.

Abstract The mechanism of inhibition of pancreatic exocrine secretion by somatostatin is unknown. We hypothesized that somatostatin acts indirectly, via intrinsic pancreatic neurons, to inhibit pancreatic exocrine secretion. To test this hypothesis, amylase and volume outputs in response to secretin (10 −8 mol/L) and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) (10 −8 mol/L) were studied in the rat isolated, perfused, pancreas model. Somatostatin (10 −7 mol/L) significantly inhibited amylase output by 48% compared with control ( 352 ± 57 v 676 ± 85 U 30 min , P by ANOVA). Blockade of axonal neuronal transmission by tetrodotoxin (10 −7 mol/L) completely abolished the inhibitory effect of somatostatin ( 992 ± 53 U 30 min ). Similar effects were seen on volume output. The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on amylase output was not affected by cholinergic receptor blockade with atropine ( 328 ± 65 U 30 min ) or by sympathetic ganglionic blockade with hexamethonium ( 360 ± 68 U 30 min ). This suggests that the intrinsic pancreatic neurons responsible for the inhibitory effect of somatostatin are peptidergic. The possibility that somatostatin acts directly on the acinar cell to inhibit exocrine secretion was tested by incubating varying doses of somatostatin (10 −12 to 10 −7 mol/L) with isolated pancreatic acini in the presence of graded concentrations of CCK (10 −12 to 10 −10 mol/L). In this model, CCK alone is a potent stimulant of amylase release, with a Km of 6 × 10 −12 mol/L and a V max of 22 ± 3% total amylase. In this model, somatostatin had no inhibitory effect. The possibility that somatostatin releases a secondary inhibitory mediator from the pancreas was tested by perfusing rat pancreata arterially with 10 −7 mol/L somatostatin and collecting portal venous effuent. Aliquots of unconcentrated and 60-fold concentrated portal venous effluent were tested for inhibitory activity in the isolated acinar preparation in the presence of graded concentrations of CCK. As control, portal venous effluent was collected from pancreata perfused arterially with buffer alone. No inhibitory activity was identified in these perfusated suggesting that somatostatin does not release a secondary inhibitory substance to modulate pancreatic inhibition. We conclude that the mechanism of inhibition of pancrestic exocrine secretion by somatostatin is indirect, via intrinsic, inhibitory pancreatic neurons. These neurons are likely peptidergic.
Separation of β- and γ-tocopherol

Abstract β- and γ-Tocopherols were effectively separated with one-dimensional ascending thin-layer chromatography. Kieselgel G according to Stahl was the stationary phase, and the mobile phase consisted of light petroleum (60–80 °), isopropyl ether, acetone, ethyl ether, and glacial acetic acid 85:12:4:1:1. Development was completed in unlined glass tanks in 70 min. at room temperature.
SECURITY MARKETS WITH PRICE LIMITS: A BAYESIAN APPROACH

Several financial markets impose daily price limits on individual securities. Once a price limit is triggered, investors observe either the limit floor or ceiling, but cannot know with certainty what the true equilibrium price would have been in the absence of such limits. The price limits in most exchanges are typically based on a percentage change from the previous day's closing price, and can be expressed as return limits. We develop a Bayesian forecasting model in the presence of return limits, assuming that security returns are governed by identically and independently shifted-exponential random variables with an unknown parameter. The unique features of our Bayesian model are the derivations of the posterior and predictive densities. Several numerical predictions are generated and depicted graphically. Our main theoretical result with policy implications is that when return-limit regulations are tightened, the price-discovery process is impeded and investor's welfare is reduced.
Drug Use and Criminal Activity Among Rural Probationers With DUI Histories

The present study examined whether ever being arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) was associated with higher levels of substance use and criminal activity in a sample of 800 probationers. Lifetime and 30-day histories of substance use and criminal activity were compared across three groups of probationers from rural Kentucky: those with a single DUI arrest, those with two or more DUI arrests, and those with no DUI arrests. A larger percentage of probationers with a DUI arrest reported lifetime and 30-day substance use than non-DUI offenders in almost all drug and alcohol categories. Higher prevalence of criminal activity was limited primarily to the multiple DUI arrest group. Findings add to the literature on rural substance abusers and indicate that DUI may be used as a marker to help identify opportunities for targeted substance abuse interventions.
WW17: SELECTING HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY-OF-LIFE MEASURES: FIRST PRINCIPLES

WORKSHOP OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this workshop is to develop skills for evaluating alternative measurement strategies for assessing health outcomes and health-related quality of life in clinical trials and pharmacoeconomic studies. A key to having an assessment strategy that leads to meaningful results is the selection of instruments that measure domains of health-related quality of life that are relevant for the purpose of study and target population. We will present and discuss an approach for systematically evaluating questionnaires, rating scales and classification systems for use, singly or in combination, in different types of studies. PARTICIPANTS WHO WOULD BENEFIT: Pharmacoeconomic and health outcomes researchers who want to increase their understanding of the issues involved in selecting meaningful and responsive quality of life instruments for use in clinical trials and other evaluative studies. Health outcomes and quality-of-life assessment is becoming increasingly important in the evaluation of pharmaceutical products, in terms of labeling claims and product promotion as well as in terms of formulary decisions. Each of these applications requires an assessment strategy that provides information relevant for decision-making. How is a successful assessment strategy developed? What criteria, including reliability, validity and responsiveness, should be used when evaluating instruments for use in a clinical trial or pharmacoeconomic study? This workshop will address these questions and introduce an analytic framework that participants can apply in their daily experience.
SYNAPTIC DEPRESSION AND CORTICAL GAIN CONTROL

Cortical neurons receive synaptic inputs from thousands of afferents that fire action potentials at rates ranging from less than 1 hertz to more than 200 hertz. Both the number of afferents and their large dynamic range can mask changes in the spatial and temporal pattern of synaptic activity, limiting the ability of a cortical neuron to respond to its inputs. Modeling work based on experimental measurements indicates that short-term depression of intracortical synapses provides a dynamic gain-control mechanism that allows equal percentage rate changes on rapidly and slowly firing afferents to produce equal postsynaptic responses. Unlike inhibitory and adaptive mechanisms that reduce responsiveness to all inputs, synaptic depression is input-specific, leading to a dramatic increase in the sensitivity of a neuron to subtle changes in the firing patterns of its afferents.
Don Yllán and the Egyptian Sorcerer : Vernacular commonality and literary diversity in medieval Castile

In this article the author compares the exemplo of Don Yllan and the Dean de Santiago -no. 11 in Don Juan Manuel's Conde Lucanor (ca. 1335)- with an earlier Hebrew analogue found in the Hebrew Mesal Haqadmonī (ca. 1285) of fellow Castilian author Isaac ibn Sahula. A thorough analysis of the rhetorical and narrative style of both versions reveals that the two tales shared a common source in Castilian oral tradition. The appearance of the tale in an earlier Hebrew text from Castile (the only other known version in any language) calls into question the originality of Don Juan Manuel's most famous exemplo , suggesting a productive interplay between a common oral tradition in Castilian and coexisting literary traditions in Hebrew and Castilian.
Measured Extinction Efficiency of Graphite Smoke in the Region 1200–6000 Å

THE interstellar extinction curve has three significant features in the ultraviolet that must be accounted for by any successful model of the interstellar medium. These are a peak near 2200 A (≈4.6 µm−1), a minimum in the 5.5 µm−1 to approximately 7 µm−1 range, followed by a rising extinction into the far ultraviolet. It is significant that this extinction in the far ultraviolet is generally greater than that observed at the 4.6 µm−1 peak.
Hashtag retrieval in a microblogging environment

Microblog services let users broadcast brief textual messages to people who "follow" their activity. Often these posts contain terms called hashtags, markers of a post's meaning, audience, etc. This poster treats the following problem: given a user's stated topical interest, retrieve useful hashtags from microblog posts. Our premise is that a user interested in topic x might like to find hashtags that are often applied to posts about x. This poster proposes a language modeling approach to hashtag retrieval. The main contribution is a novel method of relevance feedback based on hashtags. The approach is tested on a corpus of data harvested from twitter.com.
Effective metadata discovery for dynamic filtering of queries to a radiology image search engine.

We sought to demonstrate the effectiveness of techniques to index radiology images using metadata discovered in their free-text figure captions. The ARRS GoldMiner™ image library incorporated 94,256 figures from 11,712 articles published in peer-reviewed online radiology journals. Algorithms were developed to discover metadata—age, sex, and imaging modality—from the figures’ free-text captions. Age was recorded in years, and was classified as infant (less than 2 years), child (2 to 17 years), or adult (18+ years). Each figure was assigned to one of eight imaging modalities. A random sample of 1,000 images was examined to measure accuracy of the metadata. The patient’s age was identified in 58,994 cases (63%), and the patient’s sex was identified in 58,427 cases (62%). An imaging modality was assigned to 80,402 (85%) of the figures. Based on the 1,000 sampled cases, recall values for age, sex, and imaging modality were 97.2%, 99.7%, and 86.4%, respectively. Precision values for age, sex, and imaging modality were 100%, 100%, and 97.2%, respectively. Automated techniques can accurately discover age, sex, and imaging modality metadata from captions of figures published in radiology journals. The metadata can be used to dynamically filter queries for an image search engine.
Perceptions of Intentionality for Goal-Related Action: Behavioral Description Matters

Perceptions of intentionality critically guide everyday social interactions, though the literature provides diverging portraits of how such judgments are made. One view suggests that people have an "intentionality bias," predisposing them toward labeling behaviors as intentional. A second view focuses on a more complex pattern of reasoning whereby judgments of intentionality are shaped by information about social context and mental states. Drawing on the theory of action-identification, we attempt to integrate these two perspectives. We propose that people parse intentionality into two categories: judgments about concrete, low-level behaviors and judgments about relatively more abstract, high-level behaviors. Evidence from five studies supports this distinction. Low-level behaviors were perceived as intentional regardless of mental state information, supporting the “intentionality bias” view. In contrast, judgments about the intentionality of high-level behaviors varied depending on social context and mental states, supporting the systematic view of intentionality.
A model of allelopathy in the context of bacteriocin production

Allelopathy is the chemical inhibition of one species by another. Bacteriocins, which are toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of closely related species, are a particular type of allelopathy that is of special interest because of the importance of bacteriocins in the food industry and in the development of vaccines. We form a model of this situation in the chemostat by incorporating parameters that measure relatedness and mutation rates as well as the cost of toxin production into standard competition models. Numerically, we show that depending upon growth rates and toxin sensitivity, coexistence of competitors may or may not occur.
Dynamic model of the three-phase single-stage boost inverter for grid-connected applications

In this paper, the state-space-averaging method is used to develop the dynamic model of a grid-connected three-phase single-stage boost inverter in a synchronous frame of reference. The case study single-stage inverter has a current source topology, associated with a modified space-vector pulse-width-modulated switching pattern. In the proposed method, the state-space equations of the system in dq-frame of reference are derived and averaged over a switching cycle. Then, the perturbation and linearization technique is applied to derive the small-signal model of the system. The developed model can be used as a tool mainly for the stability and control studies of the grid-connected single-stage boost inverter. The validity of the obtained state-space-averaged model is verified through experiments.
The Presidents and the Polls

Since Franklin Delano Roosevelt, presidents have used opinion polls to aid them in being elected and as input to policy formulation. Several examples of such effective use are presented. Polls may also be misused by presidents simply to enhance presidential popularity. Such actions are generally ineffective either for increasing presidential popularity or for making wise policy decisions. Seymour Sudman is Professor of Business Administration and Sociology and Research Professor at the Survey Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. This paper is a slightly modified version of the Presidential Address presented at the 37th Annual AAPOR Conference at the Hunt Valley Inn, Hunt Valley, Maryland, on May 22, 1982. Public Opinion Quarterly Vol. 46:301-310 ? 1982 by the Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 0033-362X/82/0046-301/$2.50 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.93 on Wed, 13 Jul 2016 05:52:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms