cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traumatic and Nontraumatic Spinal Cord Injuries

Objective Owing to the aging of the population in the United States, it is anticipated that injury mechanisms, treatment, and outcomes of spinal cord injuries (SCI) will change. There is a scarcity of literature on nontraumatic SCI. Our goal in this study was to evaluate the causes, management, complications, and outcomes after SCI. Methods In a retrospective review, patients with traumatic and nontraumatic SCI admitted to the inpatient rehabilitation unit at a level 1 trauma center from 2003 to 2013 were reviewed. Results In all, 757 entries were identified, and 685 unique patients met our inclusion criteria; 17.4% were Conclusions Falls caused significantly more SCIs than expected, but most SCIs were predominantly nontraumatic in cause. The epidemiology of SCI is shifting rapidly.
Systematic Review of Hypersensitivity to Parenteral Nutrition

Hypersensitivity to the components of parenteral nutrition (PN) is a rare but important complication of PN. We performed a systematic review of hypersensitivity to PN to enable us to build an approach to the individual patient who presents with PN hypersensitivity. A systematic literature search was performed in Ovid Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science using terms for "hypersensitivity" AND "parenteral nutrition" and relevant synonyms. A total of 28 articles were analyzed, and 33 hypersensitivities to PN or components of PN were reported in these 28 articles. Reports of hypersensitivity and subsequent conclusions were based on the clinical observations made by each reporting author. These reactions were evenly split between pediatric and adult patients. Hypersensitivity to PN occurred on day of starting PN in 60.6% patients and after that time in 36.3% patients (range: 1-21 days). Of the hypersensitivities that occurred on day 1 of PN, 70% occurred in the first 30 minutes of initiation of PN. Cutaneous manifestations were the most common, followed by anaphylaxis, respiratory symptoms, and hemodynamic instability. The components most frequently identified as allergens were intravenous fat emulsion (48.4%), multivitamin solution (33.3%), and amino acid solution (9%). Based on this review, an algorithm was created to guide the practitioner on management of PN after the occurrence of such a reaction.
SAMPLE SIZE FOR SELECTION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sample size for selection. Dudewicz (1969), Ramberg (1969); Bechhofer, Kiefer, and Sobel (BKS) (1968); and Siegmund and Robbins (1968) have given approximations to the sample size n ( k, λ *, P *) needed by the ranking and selection procedure of Bechhofer (1954), under various conditions: P* 1, k ∞. Several of these approximations also hold for more general problems than that considered by Bechhofer (1954); for example, that of Dudewicz (1969) holds for selection from a multivariate normal population. All might be used in circumstances other than those for which they were derived, because of lack of tables and as a quick method. This chapter presents a comparison of the approximations for various ranges of k , P * to highlights the small-sample ranges of these variables where each of the approximations is best.
Anatomic variation of the entrance of the optic canal into the orbit.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To characterise variations in the location of the optic canal and its entry into the orbit in relation to the sphenoid sinus.Methods: In this observational study, patients with hig...
Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy

It is our great pleasure to introduce the technical program for the 4th International Workshop on Hardware and Architectural Support for Security and Privacy (HASP 2015), which will be held in conjunction with the 42nd International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 2015) in Portland, OR, USA. The workshop will run on June 14, 2015. Although study of security at the system and application levels has received wide spread attention, security and privacy research focusing on hardware and architecture aspects is still a new frontier. In the era of cloud computing, smartphones and Internet of Things (IoT), practitioners and researchers have to address new challenges and requirements in order to meet the ever-changing landscape of security research and new demands from consumers, enterprises, governments, defense and other industries. The goal of HASP is to bring together researchers, developers, and practitioners from academia and industry, to share new research results, practical insights, experiences and implementations related to all aspects of hardware and architectural support for security and privacy, and to discuss future trends in research and applications. We encourage contributions describing innovative work on hardware and architectural support for smart phones and smart devices, Internet-of-Things, cloud security, sensors and sensor networks, etc.
Acetabular Distraction Technique for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Discontinuities: Excellent Short-Term Implant Survivorship and Good Clinical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Pelvic discontinuity is a challenging complication in revision total hip arthroplasty. One technique that has garnered enthusiasm with limited data is acetabular distraction. Acetabular distraction provides stability via elastic recoil of the pelvis. The aim of this study is to report implant survivorship, radiographic results, clinical outcomes, and complications in the largest independent series of discontinuities treated with acetabular distraction. METHODS We retrospectively identified all revision total hip arthroplasties with a pelvic discontinuity between 2005 and 2017. Of the 162 patients, 31 were treated with distraction. Mean age was 67 years, with 71% female. Mean body mass index was 28 kg/m2, and mean follow-up was 3 years. RESULTS The 2-year survivorship free from revision for aseptic loosening, re-revision for any reason, and reoperation were 97%, 93%, and 87%, respectively. There were 3 re-revisions including 1 for aseptic loosening, 1 conversion to a dual mobility for instability, and 1 two-stage exchange for infection. At last follow-up, 3 acetabular components did not have evidence of osteointegration. Only patients with osteointegration to both the ilium and ischium had evidence of a healed discontinuity. The mean Harris Hip Score improved from 43 preoperatively to 77 postoperatively (P < .0001). The most common complication was a partial sciatic nerve palsy that occurred in 4 patients. CONCLUSION In this series utilizing pelvic distraction, there was excellent 2-year survivorship free from revision for aseptic loosening. Despite several discontinuities persisting, 90% of patients had radiographic evidence of implant osteointegration, and clinical outcomes improved significantly. The most common complication was a partial sciatic nerve palsy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV Case Series.
Abstract 16360: Clinical Progression of Aortic Disease Among Adults Enrolled in the National Registry of Genetically Triggered Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms and Cardiovascular Conditions Database

Objective: Evaluating progression of distal aortopathy among patients with GT-TAA. Methods: 1,160 patients (2007-2014) including 226 patients with g mean surveillance=1.5±1.4 year...
The Ironic Defense of Socrates: Second Digression (28b3–34b5)

Nobility and Death (28b3–33a1) After his refutation of Meletus, Socrates enters into a long digression on his way of life in which the principal themes are nobility and death, a natural pair. The digression begins with a question. Someone, he says, might perhaps ask, “Then aren't you ashamed, Socrates, of having followed the sort of pursuit from which you now run the risk of dying?” (28b3–5). In other words, even if you are innocent, isn't it shameful to have pursued a life that renders you unable to protect or defend yourself, that may in fact lead to your destruction (cf. 17c7–d1 with Xenophon, Memorabilia 4.8.4 and Oeconomicus 11.22–24)? This recalls the question, raised after Socrates' refutation of the charges of the first accusers, that launched his earlier digression. One of you, he said then, might ask: if you have done nothing unusual, or more unusual than “the others,” Socrates, why are you in so much trouble? (20c4–d1). That, he said, was a just question, and his answer, although perhaps playful, would be true. The answer took the form of a story about the Delphic oracle and the consequences of Socrates' efforts to confirm the nonexistence of superhuman wisdom. As Strauss observes, the second digression “continues, deepens, modifies the first” (“Apology,” 44). This time he says that his answer will be just – he is silent about whether it will also be true – but he characterizes the question itself as shameful.
A new engineering process of biodegradable polymeric solid implants for ultra-long-acting drug delivery.

We present a long-acting (LA) biodegradable polymeric solid implant (PSI) fabricated using a new process combining in-situ phase inversion and compression. This robust process allows fabrication of solid implants that can have different shapes and sizes, accommodate high drug payloads, and provide sustained drug release over several months. Herein the integrase inhibitor dolutegravir (DTG) was used to develop PSIs for HIV prevention. PSIs were fabricated using a three-step process by (a) phase inversion of DTG-loaded polymer solution to form an initial in-situ forming implant in an aqueous solution, (b) micronization of dried DTG-loaded solid implants, and (c) compression of the micronized DTG-loaded solid implants to form the PSI. High drug loading (up to 85 wt%) was achieved in the PSIs. DTG exhibited minimum burst release in the first 24 h (<6%) and sustained release kinetics over 6 months. The release kinetics of DTG can be fine-tuned by varying drug-loading concentration, the ratio of polymer (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA) to solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP) and polymer (PLGA) molecular weight in the precursor solution. The physical/chemical properties of DTG were retained post-storage under accelerated storage conditions (40 °C/75% relative humidity) for 6 months. The versatility of this technology makes it an attractive drug delivery platform for HIV prevention applications.
What motivates information sharing about disaster victims on social media? Exploring the role of compassion, sadness, expectancy violation, and enjoyment

Abstract Sharing information about disasters and victims on social media can help raise situational awareness, enhance issue-related knowledge, promote prosocial behaviors and rebuild a sense of community during the recovery stage. In the current study, we investigate two specific ways of framing victim information, how they influence the likelihood of sharing such information on social media, and the underlying cognitive and emotional mechanisms. Participants (N = 631) were randomly assigned to 1 of 12 experimental conditions as part of 2 (victim exemplification: present vs. absent) × 2 (provocative language: present vs. absent) × 3 (message stimuli) between-subjects factorial design. Main findings indicate that, although both sadness and message enjoyment were positively associated with information sharing intentions, messages that induced more enjoyment and less sadness were more likely to be shared. In addition, messages that violated less expectation were also more likely to be shared. Overall, this study suggests that those wanting to create a victim message that can be shared more widely should produce a message that elicits more sadness, uses less provocative language and is more enjoyable.
Illusion of life in Bob Dylan’s “murder most foul”

This article examined the Bob Dylan song, “Murder Most Foul,” using the illusion of life rhetorical perspective. The song’s music and lyrics together speak to an American experience defined by the ...
Putting Ethics in Business

This chapter considers the connections and disconnections between business ethics as taught in business schools and business culture and practice.
Keeping the Library Relevant to Community College Students: Library Skills as a Required Course.

Abstract To address re-accreditation issues, North Florida Community College devised Essential Skills Blocks required for all students. Librarians devised an Information Skills course and collaborated with faculty to reach and teach the students. The authors discuss the outcomes of this project.
Sites of metastases of uterine carcinoma

Abstract The sites of metastases of 136 cases of uterine carcinoma have been indicated in graphic form. The spread to primary and secondary node groups has been broken down to specific anatomic sites. In addition, the spread of carcinoma to distant sites of metastases has been analyzed in 64 treated cases of cervical carcinoma as compared with 43 nontreated cases of carcinoma. Significant is the relationship of treatment to the spread of carcinoma. In the treated cases the primary nodes were involved in 73.2 per cent of the cases as compared with a 95.2 per cent involvement in the untreated cases. The secondary nodes were involved in 48.4 per cent of the treated cases and in 65.0 per cent of the nontreated cases. This would indicate local destruction of the carcinoma in a significant number of treated cases. When death ensued in these same cases, there were more distant metastases in the treated group than in the nontreated group. The incidence of metastases was 57.8 per cent in the treated, as compared with 51.1 per cent in the nontreated. This bears out the fact that therapy can destroy local growth, but the untreated distant metastases go on to kill the host. The assigned cause of death in cervical carcinoma was directly due to carcinoma in 88 per cent of the 107 cases. In the cases of endometrial carcinoma, death was attributable to carcinoma in 18 of the 22 cases. In the 7 cases of uterine sarcoma, 6 of the 7 deaths were caused by tumor growth. The remaining 24 of the 136 patients died of causes other than carcinoma. The diagnosis of carcinoma should not mislead the clinician into overlooking other disease entities in the individual patient. Conversely, carcinoma can simulate many other disease types.
Abortive Infection of Sporulating Bacillus subtilis 168 by φ2 Bacteriophage

Bacteriophage phi2 is unable to replicate in Bacillus subtilis 168. Although some phage deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis can occur, the DNA made is not biologically active and sedimentation analysis reveals that it is smaller in size than that of mature DNA or DNA isolated from phi2-infected permissive hosts. Messenger ribonucleic acid hybridizable with phi2 DNA is also synthesized in phi2-infected cells of 168. Mutants of 168 which are permissive hosts for phi2 have been isolated. These mutants are defective in sporulation and possess the phenotype of "early sporulation mutants." The majority map in two locations, one near the lys locus opposite the trp locus (spoA locus) and the other tightly linked to a phe locus.
Characterization of Virus-Specific RNAs from Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Virus-Infected CV-1 Cells

Abstract CV-1 cells infected with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) virus incorporated uridine-3H into at least four virus-specific RNA components in the presence of actinomycin D. The component sedimenting fastest had a sedimentation coefficient of 50s corresponding to a molecular weight of 6 × 106. The other three RNA components have sedimentation constants of 35s, 22s, and 18s corresponding to molecular weights of 2.5 × 106, 1.0 × 106, and 0.75 × 106, respectively. The base composition of the 50s RNA is distinct from that of cellular RNA and comparable with base compositions of viral RNAs of other paramyxoviruses. The base composition of the 18s RNA shows approximate complementarity with the 50s RNA. RNA-RNA annealing experiments using unlabeled 50s SSPE RNA with labeled 18s RNA from cells infected with SSPE virus or measles virus show 100% annealing with 18s SSPE RNA but only 60% annealing with 18s measles RNA. These experiments suggest some differences between the 18s RNAs of SSPE virus-infected cells and measles virus-infected cells.
Adaptive error control for hybrid (satellite-terrestrial) networks

Hybrid satellite-terrestrial networks are becoming increasingly popular for asymmetric multimedia services such as file transfer and database services. This paper presents an adaptive error control (AEC) protocol for the hybrid network, in which the transmitter uses a combination of automatic repeat request (ARQ) over terrestrial links and forward error control (FEC) scheme with adaptive code rate over satellite links. Throughput performance shows that the proposed AEC protocol adapts to a time-variant satellite channel better than the static hybrid ARQ protocol under different satellite channel conditions.
Benefits of Tai Chi Chuan for Older Adults: Literature review

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify and illustrate the rationale and scientific support for Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) as a leisure activity of benefit to older adults which allows them to become physically active and improve their overall health status. The findings suggest that TCC improves muscle strength, maintains posture control and dynamic standing balance, and improvesshoulder and kneeflexibility and cardio-respiratory function in elderly persons. TCCalso helps prevent accidents from falling in elderly participants. This paper helps us to understand the framework for leisure service professionals, educators, and service providers, and to understand the pattern of elderly people’s needs.
Label-free cell phenotypic assessment of the molecular mechanism of action of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the target of several clinically approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) drugs including gefitinib and erlotinib in the treatment of cancer. Multiple mechanisms have been implicated in the clinical features of these drugs. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of action of these drugs at the whole cell level. Here we applied a label-free biosensor-enabled dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) assay to assess the molecular mechanism of action of three EGFR inhibitors, gefitinib, erlotinib and AG1478, to alter the EGFR signaling in A431 and HT-29, two native cancer cell lines expressing the EGFR. The whole-cell DMR assays with the persistent inhibitor treatment showed that all inhibitors dose-dependently inhibited the EGFR signaling in both cell lines, but generally displayed higher potency in A431 than HT-29 cells. The DMR assays with the inhibitor washout showed that the washout unexpectedly increased the potency of gefitinib and AG-1478 to inhibit the EGFR signaling in A431, but slightly decreased the potency of all three inhibitors in HT29. The DMR assays under microfluidics showed that the removal of the inhibitors using buffer perfusion resulted in a time-dependent recovery of EGF signaling that is slower in A431 than HT-29 cells. In contrast, DMR assays under microfluidics showed that the removal of reversible competitive antagonists led to the full recovery of the signalling of two distinct G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the β2-adrenergic receptor in A431 and the GPR35 in HT-29 cells. Together, our results suggest that for EGFR inhibitors their uptake and retention, rather than binding kinetics, dominate their label-free cell phenotypic efficacy; however, for GPCR antagonists the binding characteristics are critical to the inhibitory effects. This study also implicates the potential of DMR assays under different simulation conditions for elucidating the cell phenotypic pharmacology, in particular transporter-related drug resistance, of kinase inhibitor drugs.
Determination of concentration changes on membrane surface as function of time during evaporation of reverse-osmosis film casting solutions

Data on the activity of acetone for the binary system acetone-formamide, and a specific ternary system cellulose acetate-acetone-formamide are given for the temperature range 0 to 30°C. A method of determining concentration changes occurring on the membrane surface during the evaporation stage in the process of making cellulose acetate reverse osmosis membranes is illustrated.
Flexible two-way optical interconnections in layered computers

Realisation de communications bidirectionnelles a grande vitesse adaptative flexible entre des couches optoelectroniques et une region de commande centrale a travers une colonne de lumiere. Analogie avec le systeme nerveux vertebral
Enzymatic transition state poise and transition state analogues.

The development of kinetic isotope effect methods for enzymatic reactions has resulted in the systematic determination of enzymatic transition state structure for several distinct chemical reaction mechanisms. Although it is early in the experimental development of the method, examples of concerted nucleophilic displacements (ANDN or SN2), aromatic nucleophilic displacements (AN*DN or SNAr), and both concerted and stepwise dissociative nucleophilic displacements (DNAN and DN*AN; SN1 reactions) have been exemplified. The transition state for each reaction exhibits a characteristic extent of bond-breaking and bond-making, defined here as transition state poise. Thus, concerted nucleophilic displacements (SN2 or DNAN) exhibit various extents of residual bond order to the leaving group and to the attacking nucleophile at the transition state. Aromatic nucleophilic displacements reach their rate-limiting transition states before or after formation of the tetrahedral intermediate. Several concerted, symmetric n...
role adaptation: traditional curers under the impact of Western medicine1

To examine effects on the curers role of the contest between indigenous and Western medical systems the concept of role adaptation is proposed and considered as a conceptual tool and as it may relate to such associated concepts as cultural broker role analogue and role ambiguity. Data were taken from a variety of studies by anthropologists and others in an effort to place the changing role of the curer into substantive and theoretical perspective and to contribute to a model for the study of role adaptation under conditions of culture change. The instance of the traditional curers role under potential stress from the demands and temptations of the compeing mdical system represents andextension of Goodes theory of role strain. The following assumptions are made: the curers place in his society originally was relatively secure until threatened by the pressure of culture change and his status was traditional and prescribed though not invariably ascribed regardless of whether his pesonality was in phase with the behavioral norms of his own sociocultural system; prior to contact in addition to ameliorating the effects of illness and disease the curers activities were oriented toward enhancing and/or reinforcing his social position; a measure of security was present in that role performance expectations were shared with other members of the society and competition originated primarily from within the group and presented a relatively known range of possibilities; and the curing role could be a full or part time one but prestige in 1 role tended to be linked to prestige in others so that status in any tended to reinforce the power of all. Analysis of role adaptation of curers in selected societies undergoing acculturation suggests a model of adaptation possibilities in which the data may be grouped into 3 categories--adaptive attenuated and emergent curing roles--and the data are examined in these terms. Primarily it is the local curere who borrows elements from Western medicine rather than vice versa although many "primitive" botanicals have been incorporated or synthesized. In his role adaptations to culture change the traditional healer not only incorporates but elaborates Western elements. Resysthesis flows in the other direction when customary ceremonies and fetishes become used for new functions especially to relieve some of the tensions and anxieties of acculturative pressures as in West Africa for example the Fanti Anang Ibibio and Ashanti. The curers status becomes attenuated when the expectations of his community are such tath the technology if not the values of scientific medicine is perceived by them as so clearly superior that they distinctly prefer to their own. As for the new emergent curing or quasi-medical roles it may be predicted that they are likely to be thrust into competitive stress and strain with their analogues within the Western medical system especially such paramedical roles as those of nurse attendant and medical technician.
Tritium incorporation and retention in photosynthesizing algae.

The ratios of incorporation and retention of tritium compared to protium into metabolites in Chlorella pyrenoidosa and in Anacystis nidulans growing in water labeled with tritium have been determined. The algae were continuously supplied during growth with CO2 labeled with 14CO2, and the 14C content of metabolites were used to determined their concentrations. The tritium/protium ratios (R) of metabolites in Chlorella were determined following growth at 10 °C, 20 °C and 25 °C. As previously reported, variations in R in Chlorella, range from 0.5–0.7 for most metabolites, to values of R around 1 for metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid pathway. The R value for fumarate has now been measured. The increased R values for tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and related amino acids can be accounted for in terms of specific isotope effects of several enzyme-mediated steps. Very different R values for certain metabolites were found in A. nidulans. For example, R for citrate was 1.81 (the highest value observed in these studies) while aspartate was only 0.59, comparable to other metabolites in both organisms not related to the tricarboxyclic acid cycle. This lower value for aspartate is explainable in terms of the in complete tricarboxylic acid cycle in A. nidulans. No significant differences in R values for C. pyrenoidosa grown at 20 °C and 25 °C were observed, but in cells grown at 10 °C, there was a small but significant increase in R for tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites. If the increase in R from sugar phosphates to tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates seen in these two types of algae may be taken as an indication of likely discriminatory retention of tritium in organisms higher in the food chain, it would appear that no serious concentration of tritium due to isotopic discrimination should occur in the biosphere. However, research workers using compounds labeled with hydrogen isotopes for studies of in vivo metabolism should take into account the likelihood of such discriminatory uptake and retention during specific metabolic steps.
Surface settlement of cementitious-based materials determined by oedometer testing

The oedometer test is commonly used in soil mechanics to evaluate consolidation of clays and other compressible soils. A research project was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of such test to assess surface settlement of freshly mixed cementitious-based materials. Three series of concrete-equivalent-mortar (CEM) mixtures made with different cement contents, water-to-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), silica fume, and viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) were tested. Validation of test results was performed by casting concrete mixtures in a PVC column having 600-mm height and 200-mm diameter. Test results have shown that CEM settlements determined using the oedometer test as well as concrete settlements determined using the 600-mm PVC column are affected quite similarly by the mixture composition. For example, for given consistency, settlement decreases with the increase in cement content, decrease in w/cm, and incorporation of increased concentrations of silica fume or VMA. Statistical analysis was then performed to propose regression models for predicting maximum settlement of concrete through the determination of CEM characteristics.
Distributions of radionuclide sorption coefficients (Kd) in sub-surface sediments and the implications for transport calculations.

Abstract The effect of the spatial variability of K d on calculations of contaminant travel time in the vadose zone was determined. Depth discrete measurements of K d were made for a suite of radionuclides ( 109 Cd, 57 Co, 60 Co, 85 Sr, 137 Cs, and 88 Y) utilizing a sediment core from the E-Area at the Savannah River Site. The K d ’s were ordered as 85 Sr 2+ 137 Cs + 109 Cd 2+ 57 Co 2+ = 60 Co 2+ 88 Y 3+ and the values generally fell below or near the lowest quartile of values reported in the literature. Correlations were generally weak between soil properties and K d values. Most importantly, all of the K d distributions could be reasonably approximated as log-normal. Deterministic and stochastic calculations of contaminant travel time to the water table were made. The deterministic calculations were based on each of three conceptual models of the vadose zone: complete stratification (17 strata, each with a different K d ), two strata (two sections of the vadose zone, each characterized by a single, average K d ), and unstratified (a single zone with an average K d ). Stochastic calculations were based on log-normal fits to the K d data. The two strata model generally yielded travel times 2× greater than those in the completely stratified model. The unstratified model yielded travel times that were between 3 and 5 times greater than the completely stratified model. The stochastic mean travel times were comparable to those of the two strata model.
Regulation of the Ovalbumin Gene: Effects of Insulin, Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate, and Estrogen*

Induction of the ovalbumin gene in chicken oviduct explant cultures requires the presence of a serum component in addition to estrogen. Previous studies have demonstrated that either insulin or related peptides, such as proinsulin or insulin-like growth factor, can eliminate the requirement for serum. In the present study, we determined that half-maximal binding of [125I]iodoinsulin to oviduct cell membranes occurs with 5 × 10−10 m insulin, and proinsulin is 10-fold less effective than insulin as a competitor. Induction of the ovalbumin gene is half-maximal with 10−9 m insulin, and both proinsulin and insulin-like growth factor are 10-fold less potent. These results suggest that insulin is the physiological hormone that is required in addition to estrogen to stimulate transcription of the ovalbumin gene. In an effort to understand the mechanism by which insulin regulates the steroid response in this system, we searched for agents that could substitute for insulin. We found that cyclic nucleotide derivativ...
Dehalogenation reactions catalyzed by tri-n-butyltin chloride. Competition for carbon radicals by borohydride and tin hydride

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, U.S.A. (Received in USA 29 August 1977; received in UK for publication 14 October 1977) Trialkyltin hydrides are versatile dehalogenation reagents which are known to react with organic halides via a free radical chain mechanism. 1 A useful modification of this procedure has been described recently which employs stoichiometric quantities of sodium borohydride and catalytic amounts of trialkyltin chlorides. 2 Since we have shown that sodium borohydride can also perform free radical chain dehalogenations, 3 it is of interest to know whether the catalytic amount of tin hydride or the borohydride is the immediate hydrogen atom source in these reactions. Hydrogen atom transfers from tin hydrides to carbon radicals are known to be extremely fast (k = 104-lo6 M-l sec-'j4 yet there have been no comparisons of hydrogen atom transfers from tin to those from boron. This rate ratio and the stoichiometrically significant hydrogen source has been determined by examination of kinetic isotope effects. Reaction of 7,7-dibromonorcarane (1) with sodium borohydride5 or tri-nbutyltin hydride6 affords cisand tranz7-bromonorcarane (2_ and 2) in 79% and 02% yields, respectively (Scheme I). With equimolar amounts of sodium borohydride and sodium borodeuteride (Alfa, 99.8% D), a kinetic hydrogen isotope effect (kBH/kBD) of 4.5 is found for the formation of A and3_in ethanol. This large value contrasts with the corresponding results for a tri-n-butyltin hydride-tri-n-butyltin deuteride mixture for which ksnH/ksnD = 1.2. 7
Gaseous effluent monitoring and identification using an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer

We are developing an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer for chemical effluent monitoring. The system consists of a 2D IR imaging array in the focal plane of a Michelson interferometer. Individual images are coordinated with the positioning of a moving mirror in the Michelson interferometer. A 3D data cube with two spatial dimensions and one interferogram dimension is then Fourier transformed to produce a hyperspectral data cube with one spectral dimension and two spatial dimensions. The spectral range of the instrument is determined by the choice of optical components and the spectral range of the focal plane array. Measurements in the near UV, visible, near IR, and mid-IR ranges are possible with the existing instrument. Gaseous effluent monitoring and identification measurements will be primarily in the `fingerprint' region of the spectrum, ((lambda) equals 8 to 12 micrometers ). Initial measurements of effluent using this imaging interferometer in the mid-IR will be presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Procedural fairness and profit seeking: The perceived legitimacy of market exploitation

Recent studies by Kahneman et al. (1986a, b) present consistent evidence that the economically rational decision of market exploitation is perceived as unfair by individuals. Further, these fairness judgments are influenced by the sign of the outcome—that is, an outcome coded as a gain is perceived as fairer than an objectively similar outcome coded as a loss, particularly when they occur for the benefit of the exploiter. As an extension of the Kahneman et al. research, we examine the influence of both outcome sign and information about the procedures used to allocate the outcome on individual judgements of market exploitation. Replicating Kahneman et al., we found that market exploitation is judged as unfair, and that such judgements are influences by the subjective coding (as gains or losses) of objectively similar outcomes. In addition, we found that procedural information also influences judgements of market exploitation. The implications of these results are discussed.
Phenotypic diversification of a cultured tumor line as a function of substratum

We have found that a murine hepatoma displays a considerable phenotypic diversification in culture, which depends upon the substratum utilized, and is manifested by the formation of multicellular structures of differing geometry: Monolayer on glass and plastic, thick multilayer pads on Gelfilm, and spheroids on agar and agarose. These multicellular morphological phenotypes were assayed without disruption to ascertain their antigenicity in vitro and their tumorigenicity in vivo and to obtain quantitative information on the effect of the spatial arrangement of the hepatoma cells upon the ability of each multicellular structure to interact, as a whole, with molecules and cells in its surroundings. The antigenicity of the multicellular structures was determined with calibrated probes and a methodology that measures the total antigenicity, as well as antigenicity per unit of surface area. Antigenicity was found to differ in the following decreasing order: Monolayer on plastic greater than spheroids on agarose greater than spheroids on agar greater than multilayer on Gelfilm. At least part of these antigenic variants arise from different degrees of masking of the structures' surface determinants by a trypsin-sensitive material. The multicellular phenotypes also differed in tumorigenicity. When assayed in syngeneic hosts under comparable conditions, agar-grown spheroids produced the fewest tumors, whereas Gelfilm-grown multilayers produced the most. These two independent sets of data show that the various geometries that a tumor tissue is induced to acquire by the culture substratum are accompanied by a distinctive combination of surface and biological properties.
Energetics of formation and migration of self-interstitials and self-interstitial clusters in α-iron

Abstract Energetic primary recoil atoms from fast neutron irradiation generate both isolated point defects and clusters of vacancies and interstitials. Self-interstitial mobility as well as defect cluster stability and mobility play key roles in the subsequent fate of defects and, hence, in the overall microstructural evolution under irradiation. Self-interstitials and two, three and four-member self-interstitial clusters are highly mobile at low temperatures as observed in molecular-dynamics simulations and high mobility probably also extends to larger clusters. In this study, the morphology, energetics and mobility of self-interstitials and small self-interstitial clusters in α-iron are studied by molecular-statics and molecular-dynamics simulations using a Finnis-Sinclair many-body interatomic potential. Self-interstitial migration is found to be a two-step process consisting of a rotation out of the 〈110〉 split-dumbbell configuration into the 〈111〉 split-dumbbell configuration and 〈111〉 translational jumps through the crowdion configuration before returning to the 〈110〉 dumbbell configuration. Self-interstitial clusters of 〈111〉 type split-interstitials assembled on adjacent {110} planes migrate along 〈111〉 directions in an amoeba-like fashion by sequential local dissociation and re-association processes.
Introduction of a plant intron into the luciferase gene of Photinus pyralis

We describe a new luciferase reporter gene,luc INT, for early detection of luciferase activity inAgrobacterium transformation studies, and present improved techniques for the extraction of luciferase that decrease the time needed to quantitate luciferase activity. Theluc INT reporter gene combines the PIV2 intron fromGUS INT withluc *, the modified luciferase gene.luc INTis expressed in plant cells but not inAgrobacterium, allowing earlier detection of gene expression in the presence ofAgrobacterium during transformations in tobacco leaf discs. Stable expression levels ofluc INT andluc * in tobacco suspension cultures are compared for two different promoters.
Contraceptive methods: do Hispanic adolescents and their family planning care providers think about contraceptive methods the same way?

This article describes how a family planning clinic‐based program to prevent repeat pregnancy among Hispanic adolescents in Los Angeles used qualitative research to understand client contraceptive behavior. Background information on Hispanic adolescent reproductive patterns and an overview of paths to motherhood among teen clients are provided to contextualize the results. Participants sorted contraceptive methods on perceived similarities and ranked them on effectiveness, safety, and use‐preference. Multidimensional scaling was used to identify and compare conceptual models. Both providers and teens grouped methods by effectiveness and mode of action, but acceptability and ease of method use were also important for teens. Providers found participation a worthwhile educational experience that facilitated self‐reflection about their own biases and better understanding of their clients’ needs. This method could be applied in many clinical settings where education and counseling are important in treatment an...
Innervation of the late distal nephron: An autoradiographic and ultrastructural study

A study of the monoaminergic innervation of the cortical distal nephron beyond the thick ascending limb of Henle (TALH) was carried out by surveying nine autoradiograms, from three rats injected with exogenous tritiated norepinephrine, for overlapping of the tubule by accumulations of autoradiographic grains (AAGs). The largest number of the AAGs appeared on the late distal convoluted tubule-connecting tubule (LDCT-CNT) portion and the vast majority of the AAGs were related to the afferent arteriole. The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) showed half of their AAGs related to the efferent arterioles and capillary-interstitium although a substantial amount was associated with the afferent arterioles or arteries. Electron microscopy of reembedded autoradiograms demonstrated the presence of neuroeffector junctions with the CNT and CCD at sites of AAG overlap. The presence of adrenoceptors in the late distal nephron suggests the possibility of a local response of the nephron to the action of the adrenergic nerves shown in this study.
Stephen Philpot, a gentleman dancing master

A survey of British literature would suggest that the dancing master held an unenviable place in eighteenth-century English society. Henry Fielding took delight in poking fun at dancing teachers, ranking them among the lowest of professions.1 Jonathan Swift had little use for the learning of the dancing masters, whom he considered "pedants,"2 while Tom Brown, the satirist, held them in equally low esteem.3 Dudley Ryder, before becoming attorney general for George II, had a secret desire to be a dancing master, but decided that it was an unworthy occupation.4 John Weaver and John Essex, professional teachers of dance, however, saw their profession in a very different light.5 And Stephen Philpot, dancing instructor, musician, and writer, called his profession a "laudable undertaking"6 and was praised by others as an "eminent" dancing master.7 Indeed, an examination of Philpot's career, largely neglected until now,8 reveals at least one provincial dancing master who achieved success and social respectability in mid-eighteenthcentury England. The date and place of Philpot's birth are unknown. Biographical information about his early life before 1729 (our first "outside" reference date) comes solely from his two books, An Essay on the Advantage of a Polite Education Joined with a Learned One, published in 1747, and An Introduction to the Art
Water relations of host trees and resistance to the phloem-boring beetle Phoracantha semipunctata F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

Environmental stresses, particularly water deficit, predispose eucalypt trees to attack by the eucalyptus longhorned borer, Phoracantha semipunctata F. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Our experiments with potted eucalypts revealed that reduced tree water potential was associated with lower resistance to colonization by neonate P. semipunctata, but the linear relationship between water potential and colonization success was reversed at higher larval densities. There was no indication that the bark exudate “kino” served to defend trees from borer attack. Larvae were not able to colonize the cambium of eucalypt logs with high bark moisture, and survival was low under high moisture conditions in artificial hosts composed of pure cellulose. In trees and cut logs with moist bark, larvae failed to reach the cambium, feeding instead in poorer-quality tissues just beneath the bark surface. Our findings suggest that variation in resistance of eucalypts to attack by the borer is associated with moisture content of the bark.
Precise mapping of RNA Tertiary Structure via Nanometer Distance Measurements with Double Electron-Electron Resonance (DEER) Spectroscopy

Divalent metal (Mg2+) ion-dependent folding of the hammerhead ribozyme from Schistosoma mansoni was monitored with double electron−electron resonance (DEER) pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy by measuring nanometer-scale distances between paramagnetic spin-labels attached to the RNA. DEER measurements detect global folding of the ribozyme with excellent agreement between predictions from experimental, modeled, and crystallographic measurements. These measurements demonstrate the use of DEER spectroscopy as a tool for structural analysis of complex RNAs.
Template-directed oligonucleotide ligation on hydroxylapatite

It has been suggested that the prebiotic synthesis of the precursors of biopolymers could have occurred on a solid surface such as that provided by clay or some other mineral. One such scheme envisages that growing polymers were localized by adsorption to a mineral surface where an activating agent or activated monomers were supplied continuously or cyclically. Here, it is reported that a sequence of reactions in which initially formed oligo(G)s are reactivated by conversion to phosphorimidazolides in the presence of poly(C) and then allowed to ligate is ideal, in that repeated cycles can be carried out on the surface of hydroxylapatite, whereas in the liquid phase the cycle could be achieved only with considerable difficulty.
Heterogeneity of a human isolate of Coxsackie B4: Biological differences

Summary Evidence is presented to demonstrate existence of virion heterogeneity within the human isolate, Edwards, of Coxsackievirus B4 (CB4-Edw). Three virion types (E1, E2 and E3) were cloned by repeated plaque purification of CB4-Edw and then all were compared relative to their effects on the pancreas of mice during acute infection. Seventy-two hours post-infection blood glucose, plasma amylase and insulin levels were monitored in mice of the SWR/J strain (previously classified susceptible to other diabetogenic picornaviruses), and the C57B1/6J strain (resistant). While all the viruses caused pancreatitis none of the animals infected with any of the clones showed as dramatic an increase in plasma amylase levels (four- vs 20-fold) as is characteristic of C57B1/6J mice inoculated with the original CB4 Edw virus. Greatest differences were expressed between the clones and CB4-Edw while less substantiative differences were found among the clones. For instance, clone Ei depressed blood glucose levels in C57B1/6J mice without affecting insulin levels. Likewise, the clone E2 depressed blood glucose levels without affecting insulin levels but only in SWR/J animals. This study demonstrates the heterogeneity of a human isolate of CB4. The subpopulation of virions contained within this isolate differ in the biological responses they elicit, specifically with regard to diabetogenic potential.
Stream water bypass through a meander neck, laterally extending the hyporheic zone

A meander lobe neck diverts stream water into a hyporheic flow path adjacent to a low gradient stream, Little Kickapoo Creek, Illinois, USA. Hyporheic process- es have been well-documented in surface water-ground- water mixing zones underlying and directly adjacent to streams. Alluvial aquifers underlying meander necks provide a further extension of the hyporheic zone. Hydraulic head and temperature data, collected from a set of wells across a meander neck, show stream water moves through the meander neck. The hydraulic gradient across the meander neck (0.006) is greater than the stream gradient (0.003) between the same points, driving the bypass. Rapid subsurface response to elevated stream stage shows a hydraulic connection between the stream and the alluvial aquifer. Temperature data and a Peclet number (Pe) of 43.1 indicate that thermal transport is dominated by advection from the upstream side to the downstream side of the meander neck. The temperature observed within the alluvial aquifer correlates with