cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diverging Developments in Wage Inequality Which Institutions Matter

This article investigates how a particular wage-bargaining institution mitigates pressures from growing international competition and new production techniques and affects the degree of wage inequality growth. The extent to which industry-wide wage minima (wage scales) cover both higher and lower skilled workers affects developments in inequality. A series of cross-sectional time-series analyses are conducted using data from a recent unpublished data set from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which covers 14 OECD countries from 1980 to 2002. The results strongly indicate that the presence of industry-wide wage scales is a key factor in the evolution of wage inequality across OECD countries.
The fetishism of drugs

In recent years the general argument has been advanced that the effects of psychoactive drug use on human beings depend as much on the context of use as on the inherent characteristics of the drug itself. Two variations on this general theme have been the “Weil thesis” and the “Lindesmith thesis.” The former asserts that drug-induced alterations of consciousness are influenced significantly by the immediate set and setting. The latter argues that the manner in which drug use is socially controlled largely determines use patterns and the long-term effects of use. The theoretical moorings of both these theories are explored, and the evidence relevant to each is assessed. In each case the results are mixed: Although neither tells the whole story in its respective domain, both are necessary for a total understanding of the effects of psychoactive drug use.
Atomoxetine facilitates attentional set shifting in adolescent rats.

Adolescent rats show immaturities in executive function and are less able than adult rats to learn reinforcement reversals and shift attentional set. These two forms of executive function rely on the functional integrity of the orbitofrontal and prelimbic cortices respectively. Drugs used to treat attention deficit disorder, such as atomoxetine, that increase cortical catecholamine levels improve executive functions in humans, non-human primates and adult rats with prefrontal lesions. Cortical noradrenergic systems are some of the last to mature in primates and rats. Moreover, norepinephrine transporters (NET) are higher in juvenile rats than adults. The underdeveloped cortical noradrenergic system and higher number of NET are hypothesized to underlie the immaturities in executive function found in adolescents. We assessed executive function in male Long-Evans rats using an intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional set shifting task. We administered the NET blocker, atomoxetine (0.0, 0.1, 0.9 mg/kg/ml; i.p.), prior to the test of attentional set shift and a reinforcement reversal. The lowest dose of drug facilitated attentional set shifting but had no effect on reversal learning. These data demonstrate that NET blockade allows adolescent rats to more easily perform attentional set shifting.
Cloning and initial characterization of an alternatively spliced transcript encoded by the bovine herpes virus 1 latency-related gene

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) establishes latency in trigeminal ganglionic sensory neurons of infected cattle. The latency-related (LR) RNA is the only abundantly expressed viral transcript in sensory neurons of latently infected calves. Wild-type expression of LR gene products is required for the latency-reactivation cycle in calves. LR RNA is alternatively spliced in trigeminal ganglia (TG) after infection of calves, suggesting that these alternatively spliced transcripts encode novel factors that regulate specific steps during latency. To begin testing whether these alternatively spliced transcripts have novel functions, the authors cloned a full-length cDNA identified in TG of calves at 7 days post infection (dpi) and compared the functions of this cDNA to the intact LR gene. As a result of splicing, the 7 dpi cDNA contains a novel open reading (ORF) comprised of OFR-2 fused to ORF-1. Overexpression of the 7 dpi cDNA inhibited the BHV-1 immediate-early transcription unit 1 (IEtu1) promoter and the herpes simplex virus type 1ICP0 promoter. Conversely, the 7 dpi cDNA stimulated the LR promoter in transiently transfected cells. A plasmid containing the LR gene had little effect on IEtu1 or LR promoter activity, indicating that the 7 dpi cDNA has novel functions.
Generation of streamwise vortices in square sudden-expansion flows

The intent of the present work is to investigate the nature of jet spreading and the process of evolution of the associated embedded streamwise vortices for the steady flow through a two-step square sudden expansion. Simulations are performed to review the flow physics within a square channel which undergoes a first expansion with an uniform step height $0.75h$ ($h$ being the inlet channel width); and at a streamwise distance $8h$ from the plane of first expansion the channel goes through another expansion with the second step height being half of the first step height. Unlike asymmetric jets, the square jet is observed to experience relatively faster nonuniform azimuthal perturbations during its streamwise evolution and at some downstream location the jet expands in such a way that it looks as if it has locally rotated by $45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The developed four pairs of outflow type streamwise vortices (with each pair occupying their position at the end of a jet diagonal), which dominated over the first expansion zone, seems to control the azimuthal jet deformation process through their induced outward velocity. Another important aspect of the present investigation is that here we have established a unique pressure analysis which efficiently predicts the presence of all the streamwise vortices in the setup and also their nature of dynamics without any ambiguity. Moreover, the presented pressure analysis suggests that nonuniform lateral flow acceleration within the channel, as induced by the developed transverse pressure gradient skewing, influences the generation of the streamwise vortices. The pressure analysis also successfully predicts every local change in the dynamics of the embedded streamwise vortices, during the downstream evolution of the jet.
Prevalence and correlates of traumatic brain injury among delinquent youths

Background: Delinquent youth frequently exhibit high-risk behaviours that can result in serious injury. However, little is known about traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) and their correlates in this population.Aims To examine the period prevalence and correlates of TBIs in delinquent youths. Method: Interviews were conducted with 720 (97.3%) residents of 27 Missouri Division of Youth Services rehabilitation facilities between March 1 and May 31, 2003. Participants [mean age (M(age)) ()= 15.5, standard deviation (SD) = 1.2, 87% male] completed measures assessing TBI, substance use, psychiatric symptoms, and antisocial traits/behaviours. TBI was defined as ever having sustained a head injury causing unconsciousness for more than 20 minutes. Results: Nearly one-in-five youths (18.3%) reported a lifetime TBI. Youths with TBIs were significantly more likely than youths without to be male, have received a psychiatric diagnosis, report an earlier onset of criminal behaviour/substance use and more lifetime substance use problems and past-year criminal acts, evidence psychiatric symptoms, report lifetime suicidality, be impulsive, fearless, and external in locus of control and criminally victimized in the year preceding incarceration. Male gender and frequency of own criminal victimization were important predictors of TBI in multivariate analyses. Regression analyses adjusted for demographic factors, indicated that youths with TBIs were at significantly elevated risk for current depressive/anxious symptoms, antisocial behaviour, and substance abuse problems. Conclusions: TBI is common among delinquent youth and associated with wide ranging psychiatric dysfunction; however, the causal role of TBIs in the pathogenesis of co-morbid conditions remains unclear. Language: en
Response-dependent and reduced treatment in lower risk Hodgkin lymphoma in children and adolescents, results of P9426: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Background Hodgkin lymphoma is highly curable but associated with significant late effects. Reduction of total treatment would be anticipated to reduce late effects. This aim of this study was to demonstrate that a reduction in treatment was possible without compromising survival outcomes. Methods Protocol P9426, a response-dependent and reduced treatment for low risk Hodgkin lymphoma (stages I, IIA, and IIIA1) was designed in 1994 based on a previous pilot project. Patients were enrolled from October 15, 1996 to September 19, 2000. Patients were randomized to receive or not receive dexrazoxane and received two cycles of chemotherapy consisting of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, and etoposide. After two cycles, patients were evaluated for response. Those in complete response (CR) received 2,550 cGy of involved field radiation therapy (IFRT). Patient with partial response or stable disease, received two more cycles of chemotherapy and IFRT at 2,550 cGy. Results There were 294 patients enrolled, with 255 eligible for analysis. The 8-year event free survival (EFS) between the dexrazoxane randomized groups did not differ (EFS 86.8 ± 3.1% with DRZ, and 85.7 ± 3.3% without DRZ (P = 0.70). Forty-five percent of patients demonstrated CR after two cycles of chemotherapy. There was no difference in EFS by histology, rapidity of response, or number of cycles of chemotherapy. Six of the eight secondary malignancies in this study have been previously reported. Conclusions Despite reduced therapy and exclusion of most patients with lymphocyte predominant histology, EFS and overall survival are similar to other reported studies. The protocol documents that it is safe and effective to reduce therapy in low-risk Hodgkin lymphoma based on early response to chemotherapy with rapid responding patients having the same outcome as slower-responding patients when given 50% of the chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1259–1265. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A complex adaptive model of information foraging and preferential attachment dynamics in Global Participatory Science

Recent developments in cyber-infrastructure and emerging virtual science collaboratories are enabling scientists to transparently co-develop, share, and communicate diverse forms of knowledge artifacts in real-time. Using collective action theory as a basis, we introduce an agent-based model of such collaborative environments as complex adaptive social communication systems. By examining empirical data from the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry, we present a conceptually grounded agent-based model of what we call Global Participatory Science (GPS). The model represents the dynamics of GPS in terms of the information foraging, social exposure, and preferential attachment mechanisms. We monitor social network metrics and activity patterns as proxy metrics to infer innovation potential of collaboration networks. In this paper, we introduce our CollectiveInnoSim model and demonstrate the impact of foraging and preferential attachment mechanisms on emergent social network structures. The objective is to further our understanding of the dynamics of GPS and facilitate developing informed policies fostering innovation potential.
Azido Derivatives of Low-Valent Group 14 Elements: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Structure of [(n-Pr)2ATI]GeN3 and [(n-Pr)2ATI]SnN3 Featuring Heterobicyclic 10-π-Electron Ring Systems

Treatment of THF solutions of [(n-Pr)2ATI]MCl (where [(n-Pr)2ATI]- = N-(n-propyl)-2-(n-propylamino)troponiminate; M = Ge and Sn) with sodium azide affords the compounds [(n-Pr)2ATI]MN3 in excellent yield. X-ray analyses revealed that these Ge(II) and Sn(II) compounds feature linear azide moieties and planar heterobicyclic C7N2M ring systems. Germanium and tin atoms adopt a pyramidal geometry. IR spectra of [(n-Pr)2ATI]GeN3 and [(n-Pr)2ATI]SnN3 display a νasym(N3) band at 2048 and 2039 cm-1, respectively. DFT calculations on the corresponding methyl-substituted species demonstrate that the geometrical and electronic structure of these two species are very similar, and the dominant canonical form of the metal−azide moiety is M−N−N⋮N. The tin system is, as expected, slightly more ionic. A comparative CASSCF/DFT study on the model system H−Sn−N3 illustrates that the DFT approach is viable for the calculation of the structures of these species.
Shared Beds Increase Potential for Rebreathing Exhaled Air in Sleep Microenvironments Used by Infants at High Risk for SIDS ♦ 1956

Shared Beds Increase Potential for Rebreathing Exhaled Air in Sleep Microenvironments Used by Infants at High Risk for SIDS ♦ 1956
The study of lead-210 in the marine environment

This article summarizes the author's work on210Pb and210Po distributions in the marine environment for which the Okada Prize of the Oceanographical Society of Japan was awarded. In this review, the work of other investigators and the studies now going on are also included. The210Pb concentration in the surface water of the ocean is controlled by the atmospheric flux of210Pb and productivity. The disequilibrium between226Ra and210Pb in the deep sea reveals that the oceanic residence time of lead is less than a hundred years rather than of the order of thousands of years as thought before based on stable lead measurement in ocean water. Particulate removal of210Pb from the water column is likely to be the major cause of the deficiency of210Pb in the water, however more investigations would be needed to clarify the detailed removal mechanism of210Pb. The experiments on particulate flux by using sediment traps will provide an unique opportunity to examine this.
Mass flow rate measurements in a heterogeneous medium

References 1 Davies, L. and Wilson, J. L., "The Influence of Shock and Boundary Layer Interaction on Shock Tube Flows," A.R.C. 29 064-Hyp. 615, May 1967, National Physical Lab., Teddington, England. 2 Lap worth, K. C., The High Temperature Aspects of Hypersonic Flow, AGARDograph 68, Pergamon, N.Y., 1964, pp. 255267. 3 Richmond, J. K. and Parson, R. J., "Driver Gas Contamination in Shock Tunnels," Dl-82-0806, Dec. 1968, Boeing Scientific Research Labs., Seattle, Wash. 4 Bull, D. C. and Edwards, D. H., "An Investigation of the Reflected Shock Interaction Process in a Shock Tube," AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 8, Aug. 1968, pp. 1549-1555. 5 Markstein, G. H., "Flow Disturbances Induced Near a Slightly Wavy Contact Surface, or Flame Front, Traversed by a Shock Wave," Journal of the Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 238, No. 3 March 1958, pp. 238-239. 6 Echigo, R., "Evaluation of Band Emissivities of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour," JSME Bulletin, Vol. 10, Aug. 1967, pp. 671-679.
Resonance electron scattering investigations of adsorbed hydrocarbons: benzene, pyridine and cyclohexane on Pd(111)

Abstract Energy-dependent structure and mode selectivity are investigated for inelastic electron scattering from the vibrational modes of benzene, pyridine, and cyclohexane adsorbed on Pd(111). The results indicate resonance behavior for the totally symmetric C-H stretching modes of adsorbed pyridine and benzene near 2.5 eV incident energy. No such behavior is detected for adsorbed cyclohexane. The results are consistent with the observation of higher energy resonances for gas-phase benzene and pyridine.
Prognostic significance of serum cholesterol in nursing home men

Serum cholesterol was measured in 129 men (average age 70.6; range 41-96) of a Veterans Administration Nursing Home, and was correlated with other items in an extensive clinical data base. Serum cholesterol was less than 150 mg/dl in 13% of the subjects, and was less than 160 mg/dl in 18%. Cholesterol greater than 280 mg/dl occurred in 8%. Serum cholesterol varied directly (p less than 0.02) with: body weight, serum albumin, serum total protein, serum sodium, ability to walk, and ability to feed oneself; and indirectly (p less than 0.02) with death rate, degree of functional dependence, and serum SGOT and LDH. Nursing home men with cholesterol less than 150 mg/dl had a death rate of 63% during the 14 months after the cholesterol analysis, compared to a death rate of 9% in men with cholesterol greater than 150 mg/dl (p less than 0.05). Death rate during the year after the analysis was 52% if cholesterol was below 160 mg/dl, compared to 7% if it was above this threshold (p less than 0.05).
Zone tillage effects on soil properties and yield and quality of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Soil compaction and erosion are key factors limiting potato yield and quality. This study evaluated the effects of zone tillage, a system of in-the-row subsoiling, with cover crops and no tillage in the interrow, on soil properties and on yield and quality of Russet Burbank potatoes in west central Michigan on a McBride sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Alfic Fragiorthod) from 1985 to 1988. Zone tillage, subsoiling in the row with a Bush Hog Ro-till or Tye Paratill, decreased bulk density and soil strength, and increased the volume of large pores in the zone of compaction. In a preliminary study in 1985, zone tillage in the spring generally increased marketable yields (4.2–5.2 Mg ha−1), but not total yields, compared with conventional plowing. In a subsequent 3 year study from 1986 to 1988, zone tillage generally increased total yields (2.9–8.7 Mg ha−1) but only at seed spacings of 25 and 28 cm, not at 36 cm. Marketable yields were increased by zone tillage in 1986 (4.6–6.0 Mg ha−1). In 1987, the Tye Paratill reduced marketable yields at the 36 cm seed spacing (4.8–8.1 Mg ha−1), but showed an increase (P < 0.10) at the 25 cm seed spacing. In 1988, a year of drought and high temperature stresses, potato yields were lower than in other years, and zone tillage increased total yield, but had no effect on marketable yields. Zone tillage had little effect on specific gravity. A small increase in the incidence of hollow heart was apparent under zone tillage, but was reduced by closer seed spacing. Overall, zone tillage improved soil physical conditions in the zone of compaction (20–30 cm) and generally increased total and marketable yields of Russet Burbank potatoes in most years.
The ethics of embryonic stem cells--now and forever, cells without end.

;the embryonic human origins of such cells warrantsan equally profound ethical concern. The ethical issues arenot primarily matters of scientific fact nor of political be-lief. Consequently, these issues cannot adequately be ad-dressedsimplybyreferencetothebiologyofembryonicstemcells or the contemporary political context of stem cell re-search. To successfully make the case for developing thetherapeutic potential of human embryonic stem cells, thebiomedical community must engage these issues as genu-ine questions of morality and social policy. Just as an accu-rate understanding of stem cell biology is crucial to soundpolicy making, an accurate appraisal of the substantive andinseparable ethical issues is equally crucial. The biomedi-calcommunityandsocietyasawholecananswertheseques-tionsandjustifytheclinicalpromiseofembryonicstemcellresearch but only by paying serious attention to the legiti-mate ethical issues.
Molecular dynamics simulations of shock compression of nickel: From monocrystals to nanocrystals

Abstract Shock compression of mono- and nanocrystalline (nc) nickel is simulated over a range of pressures (10–80 GPa) and compared with experimental results. Contributions to the strain from the various mechanisms of plastic deformation such as partial dislocations, perfect dislocations and twins are quantified in the nc samples. The effect of stress unloading, a phenomenon often neglected in MD simulations, on dislocation behavior is computed. It is shown that a large fraction of the dislocations generated during compression is annihilated upon unloading. The present analysis resolves a disagreement consistently observed between MD computations and experimental results. Analytical models are applied to predict the critical pressures for the cell-to-stacking-fault transition and the onset of twinning as a function of grain-size and stacking-fault energy (through the addition of tungsten). These predictions are successfully compared with experimental results.
The Persuasive Effect of External Financial Relationships

This paper examines the potential for conflicts of interest to influence managers, specifically in the context of health care. Managers in all types of firms may be expected to have relationships with outside firms such as vendors in the course of performing their duties. Yet these relationships open managers to the possibility of conflicts of interest as well, to the extent that this contact is persuasive rather than informational. The possibility for a conflict of interest becomes particularly concerning in the presence of a financial relationship between a firm’s employees and its suppliers. I examine this possibility in the context of health care, where physician contact with pharmaceutical companies (key vendors for hospitals) is important for clinical decision-making, but also presents the possibility of conflict of interest. I examine physician prescribing behavior after the termination of a financial relationship with a pharmaceutical company in order to identify the persuasive (rather than inform...
A cooperative parallel tabu search algorithm for the quadratic assignment problem

In this study, we introduce a cooperative parallel tabu search algorithm (CPTS) for the quadratic assignment problem (QAP). The QAP is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem that is widely acknowledged to be computationally demanding. These characteristics make the QAP an ideal candidate for parallel solution techniques. CPTS is a cooperative parallel algorithm in which the processors exchange information throughout the run of the algorithm as opposed to independent concurrent search strategies that aggregate data only at the end of execution. CPTS accomplishes this cooperation by maintaining a global reference set which uses the information exchange to promote both intensification and strategic diversification in a parallel environment. This study demonstrates the benefits that may be obtained from parallel computing in terms of solution quality, computational time and algorithmic flexibility. A set of 41 test problems obtained from QAPLIB were used to analyze the quality of the CPTS algorithm. Additionally, we report results for 60 difficult new test instances. The CPTS algorithm is shown to provide good solution quality for all problems in acceptable computational times. Out of the 41 test instances obtained from QAPLIB, CPTS is shown to meet or exceed the average solution quality of many of the best sequential and parallel approaches from the literature on all but six problems, whereas no other leading method exhibits a performance that is superior to this.
Endocervical polyps in a cystic fibrosis patient receiving oral contraceptives

Abstract A case is presented of a 20-year-old cystic fibrosis (CF) patient who had been taking oral contraceptives for 2 years and developed endocervical polyps. It is known that CF patients are at a greater risk of excessive vaginal bleeding than the general population, but the more uncommon problems such as cervical polyps must also be considered by the clinician.
Perspectives on focus group participation and remuneration

Recruiting participants from underserved and marginalized communities for behavioral research is an essential yet challenging task. We examined participants' motivation to participate in a focus group about health communication and their beliefs about appropriate remuneration for participation. Twelve focus groups were conducted with low-income African American and Latina adolescent girls and African American women. We utilized a grounded theory approach and thematic analysis to examine views about research participation and remuneration. This study can inform important considerations about the consent process, study recruitment, and remuneration.
Laparotomy to complete staging of presumed early ovarian cancer

Objective To assess the findings and complications of laparotomies for completely staging presumed early-stage ovarian cancer in patients whose initial surgery was inadequate. Methods Records of 45 patients surgically restaged at our institution, after having been incompletely staged elsewhere, were reviewed for original operative reports, pathologic diagnoses, restaging procedures, operative results, and perioperative complications. Results Initial clinical staging was IA, 28; IB, three; IC, 12; IIA, one; IIB, one. Histologic distribution was as follows: invasive epithelial, 19 (42%); borderline epithelial, 16 (36%); germ cell tumor, seven (16%); and stromal tumor, three (6%). Seven of the 45 patients (16%) had their disease reclassified to a more advanced stage. Of patients with borderline ovarian tumors, two, initially staged as IA, were restaged to IB and IC, and one was restaged from IIB to IIIA. Three patients with invasive epithelial adenocarcinoma were reclassified to a higher stage: one, with a presumed stage IC, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, to IIIB; one, with a stage IC, grade 2 mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, to IIIA; and a third, with a IIA, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, to IIIC. A patient with granulosa cell tumor, initially staged as IC, was restaged to IIB. Fifteen patients (33%) had complications after restaging surgery. Seven (16%) patients undergoing restaging laparotomy for presumed early ovarian cancer were reclassified to a higher stage, resulting in alteration of treatment for only one patient. In 18 patients with invasive cancer, the second operation confirmed the presence of low-risk stage IA/B disease, allowing adjuvant chemotherapy to be withheld. Conclusion Although restaging laparotomies provide important prognostic information with minimal morbidity, they provide little benefit to those patients already requiring chemotherapy based on the original operative findings.
Choline oxidase in fatty livers induced by cerium

Der Cholinoxidase-Spiegel in Rattenleberbrei wurde nach intravenoser Verabreichung von Cerium gemessen. Die experimentell erhaltenen Werte zeigen, dass die vom Cerium verursachte Fetteinlagerung weder von der Art der Ratten noch von ihrem hormonalen Zustande abhangt. In Fettlebern scheint die Enzymhemmung mehr von ihrem Lipoidgehalt als von ihrer Ceriumkonzentration bestimmt zu werden.
Force-moment line element method for Stokes flow around a slender body

Abstract We present a higher-order line element method for Stokes flow around a slender body by taking into account effects of both net force and couple moment densities along its center line. The numerical technique is based on a line integral equation, which in turn is derived by reducing from a boundary integral equation of Stokes flow. The line integral equation of velocity gradient is employed along with that of velocity to close the formulation. Numerical examples of rigid slender bodies are presented to demonstrate the capability and validity of the present method, including passive motion of a slender body suspended in a simple shear flow and active motion of a slender body driven by a body moment. In the first case, it is shown that the moment density due to shear rigidity mismatch between the fluid and solid can be finite. Meanwhile, the transverse net force density is rather induced by a small velocity lag due to the impeding moment density component. Effects of slip and no-slip interfacial conditions are examined, showing their important role in determining the slender-body hydrodynamics. The present force–moment line element method provides a capable tool for solving the problems of strong and weak interactions between a slender body and a viscous fluid at low Reynolds number.
Femoral anastomotic aneurysms: a continuing challenge.

Abstract The methods used in management of 102 femoral anastomotic aneurysms (FAAs) were analyzed, and a case control study was performed in an effort to define potential etiologic factors. Most FAAs resulted from host vessel degeneration, although broken sutures, infection, and prosthetic graft dilatation contributed in some cases. Patients forming FAAs after aortofemoral bypass more often were hypertensive, had progression of distal disease, and showed diffuse atherosclerosis when compared with control patients. The use of braided synthetic sutures, woven Dacron grafts, and concomitant femoral endarterectomy correlated with FAA development, whereas diabetes mellitus, multiple femoral operations, local wound-healing problems, and occlusion of the superficial femoral artery did not correlate with the formation of FAAs. Ninety FAAs (88%) were treated surgically with an operative mortality rate of 3%. The most common surgical technique was aneurysmectomy with interposition prosthetic graft replacement. Durability of the repair was better if a simultaneous outflow procedure was performed and if the reconstruction was done before complications developed. Complicated FAAs are still responsible for significant morbidity and loss of life despite aggressive surgical management. Elective FAA repair is the preferred method of treatment. (J VASC SURG 1987;6:308-17.)
bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death

We report the isolation of bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that can function as a bcl-2-independent regulator of programmed cell death (apoptosis). Alternative splicing results in two distinct bcl-x mRNAs. The protein product of the larger mRNA, bcl-xL, is similar in size and predicted structure to Bcl-2. When stably transfected into an IL-3-dependent cell line, bcl-xL inhibits cell death upon growth factor withdrawal at least as well as bcl-2. Surprisingly, the second mRNA species, bcl-xS, encodes a protein that inhibits the ability of bcl-2 to enhance the survival of growth factor-deprived cells. In vivo, bcl-xS mRNA is expressed at high levels in cells that undergo a high rate of turnover, such as developing lymphocytes. In contrast, bcl-xL is found in tissues containing long-lived postmitotic cells, such as adult brain. Together these data suggest that bcl-x plays an important role in both positive and negative regulation of programmed cell death.
Isolation of High Seed Inorganic P, Low-Phytate Soybean Mutants

Phosphorous in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is stored primarily as phytic add, which is nutritionally unavailable to nonruminant livestock. The objective of this study was to isolate mutations that reduce soybean seed phytic acid P and increase seed inorganic P. Following treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate, M2 through M6 plants were screened for high seed inorganic P. Seeds of M2 plants high in inorganic P produced progenies high in inorganic P through the M6 generation. M6 progenies of one plant averaged 6.84 g kg -1 seed phytic acid and inorganic P varied from 2.34 to 4.41 g kg -1 or 60 to 66% of phytic add P plus inorganic P. M6 progenies of a second plant averaged 10.89 g kg -1 phytic add and varied from 1.21 to 3.84 g kg -1 inorganic P, representing from 47 to 51% of the sum of phytic acid P plus inorganic P. In contrast, nonmutant seeds of the check cultivar Athow contained 15.33 g kg -1 phytic acid and averaged 0.74 g kg -1 inorganic P, representing 15% of the sum of phytic add P plus inorganic P. Low phytic add and high inorganic P in these progenies should increase the nutritional value of soy meal and reduce excess P in livestock manure.
Current Readings: Status of Robotic Cardiac Surgery

Robotic surgery has been applied to various fields in cardiac surgery. Despite excellent results published in the literature, critics have questioned procedure reproducibility, increased cost, and the real patient benefit. We reviewed 5 recent articles to show that robotic cardiac surgery likely will play an important role in the new era of cardiac surgery.
Radial Head Subluxation-Reply

In Reply .—We are encouraged by the reports of managing suspected RHS by telephone. We agree that telephone assessment and management is an appropriate alternative, particularly for repeated RHS, if the responsible clinician is familiar with the caretaker and child and thereby is able to assess the reliability of the report and the ability of the caretaker to follow instructions. Unfortunately, emergency room staff are rarely sufficiently familiar with their clients to evaluate confidently a telephoned report of a toddler who will not use his arm.
The social ecology of homicide: A modified lifestyle/routine activities perspective

Recent research on criminal victimization suggests that lifestyle may offer important insights into the unequal distribution of crime. The lifestyle approach is used here to explore variations in homicide rates for Dade County, Florida. The application of this approach to the analysis of cross-sectional variations in homicide rates requires (1) elaboration of the assumptions that connect the likelihood of victimization for individuals to variations in the rate of victimization by location as well as (2) justification of the selection of specific variables as indicators of variation in exposure to the risk of homicide. In sum, four individual characteristics and six residential characteristics are said to be implicated in the explanation of variations in homicide rates among census tracts. Census tract data derived from 1980 Bureau of Census files are used to explore these variations. Findings suggest that future researchers should consider the relative importance of individual attributes, especially marital status, in increasing the risk of homicide victimization.
Transvaginal sonographic diagnosis of live monochorionic twin ectopic pregnancy.

Ectopic pregnancy is a leading cause of pregnancy-related deaths; its incidence has progressively increased in recent years. Spontaneous twin ectopic pregnancy, however, is extremely rare. Among more than 100 reported cases of twin tubal pregnancies, only 5 cases in which fetal cardiac motion has been visualized in both embryos have been reported. We describe an additional case of a live monochorionic twin ectopic pregnancy in a patient with no predisposing factor. With transabdominal sonography, we initially diagnosed a single ectopic pregnancy, visualized as an ill-defined mass in the left adnexa. However, with transvaginal sonography, we determined the left adnexal mass to contain a single monochorionic gestational sac with 2 embryos, each with cardiac motion. These findings were confirmed with color Doppler sonography and at laparotomy. The introduction of high-resolution transvaginal sonography has resulted in the earlier diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and has contributed to a recent decrease in the maternal mortality and morbidity associated with this condition.
Adding objects to the traditional ACM programming contest

Programming contests have a long established role as co-curricular activities. But as programming methodology has changed, the programming contest problems have not reflected these changes. In this paper, we describe a way to modernize the traditional ACM-style contest while preserving the problem solving aspects. We do so by introducing a new type of problem that requires that solutions interact with pre-defined classes. We discuss the effects of this change on a contest conducted for high school students.
The pure rotational Raman spectra of furan and cyclopentene

Abstract The pure rotational Raman spectra of furan and cyclopentene were photographed with a plane grating spectrograph in the thirteenth order of a 300 grooves/mm blazed grating using the line Hg 4358 A for excitation. The spectra resemble those of a symmetric top rotor with well developed R- and S-branches. The analysis of the spectra is based on the theory of the nonrigid symmetric top rotor and yields the following molecular constants. For furan, B 0 = 1 2 (A 0 + B 0 ) = 0.31154 ± 0.00006 cm −1 and DJ = (12.5 ± 2.5) × 10−8, cm−1; for cyclopentene, B 0 = 1 2 (A 0 + B 0 ) = 0.24165 ± 0.00005 cm −1 and DJ = (3.75 ± 1.25) × 10−8, cm−1. The B 0 values are in fair agreement with those calculated from microwave data. The DJ-value has not been reported previously for furan. For cyclopentene, the DJ-value deduced from the Raman data shows that there are no extraordinary centrifugal distortion effects, in contrast to the conclusions derived from the analysis of the microwave rotation spectrum.
Numerical Simulation of Fluctuations Leading to Noise in a Flap-Edge Flowfield

In this paper we develop an approximate computational framework for simulation of the fluctuating flowfield associated with the complex vortex system seen at the side edge of a flap in a multi-element high-lift airfoil system. The eventual goal of these simulations is to provide an estimate of the spectral content of these fluctuations, in order that the spectrum of the noise generated by such flowfields may be estimated. Results from simulations utilizing this computational framework are shown.
Lemnalosides A-D, decalin-type bicyclic diterpene glycosides from the marine soft coral Lemnalia sp.

Four new decalin-type bicyclic diterpenoids, lemnalosides A−D (1−4), along with one known decalin-type bicyclic diterpenoid, lemnabourside (5), were isolated from an extract of the marine soft coral Lemnalia sp. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis including 1H−1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, HRESIMS, UV, IR, and chemical means. Compound 1 showed moderate activity in the hyphae formation inhibition (HFI) assay against Streptomyces 85E at a concentration of 20 μg/disk, while compound 2 displayed inhibitory activity in the HFI assay at a concentration of 2.5 μg/disk.
Implications of replacement for reaction transport modeling

Abstract Mineral replacement in rocks consists of growth of guest mineral and dissolution of host. The two reactions are coupled by the grain–grain stress generated by growth of the guest grain in a rigid or very viscous rock in which it has initially no available room. This stress self-adjusts to make the volumetric rates of guest growth and host dissolution equal to each other, which accounts for the volume conservation typical of replacement. Volume preservation during replacement is required by conservation of mass and momentum as well. The two reactions are also simultaneous and proceed by a sequence of many tiny alternating increments; where these increments are small enough, internal textural details of the host grain or grain aggregate are morphologically preserved (as ghost textures) by the replacement. The strong variation of mineral reaction rates with stress required by replacement is evidenced also experimentally. Reported widespread replacement in many rocks (laterites, diagenesis of siliciclastics and carbonates, metasomatic ores, metamorphic rocks, and hydrothermal alteration) warrants creating water–rock reactive transport models that predict when and where in a system replacement should take place. Current geochemical models implicitly view replacement as sequential, uncoupled dissolution of host and growth of guest; this sequence of reactions may also occur in rocks, but crucially differs from replacement. Implications of replacement for water–rock reaction modeling include: 1. balancing of replacement reactions on volume; 2. use of Helmholtz (rather than Gibbs) free energies of minerals involved in replacement; 3. taking account of the strong stress-dependence of mineral growth and dissolution rates in rocks; and 4. taking account of possible accommodation of growth by local deformation (as well as pressure solution) of the host rock, and of the effect of strain rate (=growth rate) on local rock viscosity.
Recalled Parental Authority Style and Self-Perception in College Men and Women

This study investigated multidimensional self-perceptions of college men and women and the relationships of self-perception to the authority styles of mothers and fathers. Harter's Self-Perception Profile and Buri's Parental Authority Questionnaire were used. Gender differences were found for several self-perception dimensions. Fathers were viewed as more authoritarian and less authoritative than mothers, and differences in these styles were reported by men and women. Authoritative style was generally correlated to positive self-perceptions and authoritarian style to negative self-perceptions, with several gender differences. Maternal authoritativeness was particularly important for women. Outcomes emphasize the social context of development and the roles of mothers and fathers for men and women.
Civil Religion, Political Theology and Public Theology: What's the Difference?

AbstractIdentifying and distinguishing the dominant features of civil religion, political theology and public theology is an important aspect of the trans-Atlantic conversation about the role of religion in the common life. Civil religion is often a form of patriotic self-celebration that in the West, and particularly in the US, has often been expressed in terms of Christianity. Its defect lies in its lack of transcendental and thus critical reference. Political theology attempts to meet this defect by bringing the disciplines of theology and critical thought to bear on the relation between politics and religion. Political theology, however, too often equates or reduces the public to partisan or governmental policy, and understands the state as the institution that comprehends and guides all other spheres of society. Public theology seeks to remedy this by insisting that institutions of civil society precede regimes both in order of occurrence and by right, and insists that theology, in dialogue with othe...
Regulation of transendothelial permeability by Src kinase.

Abstract Transcellular transport of albumin from the endothelial lumen to the abluminal perivascular interstitium via caveolae is a primary determinant of basal endothelial permeability. Albumin binding to specific caveolae-associated proteins induces the internalization of caveolae from the endothelial plasma membrane. Albumin-containing caveolae detach from the plasma membrane and traffic to the opposite membrane where they release albumin into the extravascular space. The events initiating transcytosis have been shown to be tightly regulated by Src family kinases, and thus Src signaling is thought to be a critical “switch” regulating caveolae-mediated transcellular transport of the plasma protein albumin. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates the importance of caveolae-mediated albumin transport in endothelial hyperpermeability in response to inflammatory stimuli. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of Src signaling in regulating basal permeability and inflammation-evoked increase in transcellular albumin permeability of the pulmonary endothelium.
An electronic interval‐timer for laboratory seismometry

In order to study the propagation of elastic disturbances in laboratory-size specimens, a device for measuring intervals of time of the order of 10−4 second has been developed. The instrument depends for its operation upon the measurement of the charge, Q, carried by a known current, i, in the unknown time, t. Determination of Q is accomplished by allowing the charge to accumulate on a condenser of known capacity. The potential to which the condenser is thus raised is measured by means of a vacuum-tube voltmeter, having extremely high input-impedance. This scheme eliminates the somewhat inconvenient ballistic galvanometer, for the readings are taken with a simple milliammeter. It is subject to the slight disadvantage that leakage from the condenser causes the milliammeter to drift, but it has been found that consistent readings can readily be obtained by observing the maximum deflection of the instrument, the latter being critically damped.
Evidence for nuclear factors involved in recognition of 5′ splice sites

To investigate soluble factors involved in pre-messenger RNA splicing we have fractionated nuclear extract by simple centrifugation to produce a supernatant pellet pair. Factors larger than 15S including U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNPs fractionate with the pellet; U1 snRNPs distribute equally in pellet and supernatant. Each fraction is individually incompetent for splicing and spliceosome assembly; mixing restores wild type activity and assembly. The pellet fraction directs an aberrant assembly pathway in which proper 3', but improper 5' splice site recognition occurs. Complexes formed with the pellet fraction are distinguishable from wild-type complexes using native gel electrophoresis. Pellet complexes contain U1 snRNP antigens and their formation requires ATP, U1 snRNPs, U2 snRNPs, and sequences at the 3' end of the intron - properties shared with the initial steps of normal assembly and directed by sequences at the 3' end of the intron. In contrast, pellet complex assembly shows no dependence on the presence of a 5' splice junction within precursor RNA. Furthermore, binding of factors to the 5' splice junction is deficient in pellet assemblies. Thus, the pellet lacks a factor required for proper recognition of 5' splice sites. This factor can be supplied by the supernatant. Complementation occurs when supernatant U1 RNA is destroyed, suggesting that the supernatant factor recognizing 5' splice sites is not U1 snRNPs.
Coronaviruses in the Limelight

For ~35 years after their first description by Tyrrell and Byneo in 1965 [1], the field of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) was pretty dull. There were classic early descriptions of their respiratory pathogenicity in volunteer studies [2, 3], and there were seroepidemiologic studies of the 2 most easily studied strains, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 [4-6]. Efforts to implicate HCoVs in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract were largely unsuccessful, with the possible exception of a postulated role in necrotizing enterocolitis of newborns [7]. During this time, the fields of animal CoVs and of the molecular biology of CoVs were, in contrast, buzzing. CoVs were discovered in large numbers and were implicated in a rich variety of animal diseases in multiple species. Diseases as widely varying as progressive peritonitis, nephritis, acute and chronic hepatitis, and subacute encephalitis were described, along with the more traditional respiratory and gastrointestinal syndromes, and pathogenesis was explained through broad mixtures of viral cytopathogenicity, immunologic damage, and genetic susceptibilities. The CoV genome proved to be the largest of all of the RNA viruses and
Thyroxine secretion rates in desert lizards: Dipsosaurus dorsalis and callisaurus draconoides.

Abstract Thyroxine secretion rate (TSR) 131 I maximal uptake, and the ratio of neck-to-thigh counts (N:T) were measured in two species of desert lizards. Maximum thyroid 131 I uptake was reached at 24 hr in Dipsosaurus dorsalis and at 48 hr in Callisaurus draconoides . The N:T ratios were higher in C. draconoides than in D. dorsalis , but the average TSR values were about the same in both species. The young lizards of each species have a relatively higher TSR per body weight than the older or larger lizards.