cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The probability of a robust inference for internal validity and its applications in regression models

The internal validity of observational study is often subject to debate. In this study, we define the unobserved sample based on the counterfactuals and formalize its relationship with the null hypothesis statistical testing (NHST) for regression models. The probability of a robust inference for internal validity, i.e., the PIV, is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis again based on the ideal sample which is defined as the combination of the observed and unobserved samples, provided the same null hypothesis has already been rejected for the observed sample. When the unconfoundedness assumption is dubious, one can bound the PIV of an inference based on bounded belief about the mean counterfactual outcomes, which is often needed in this case. Essentially, the PIV is statistical power of the NHST that is thought to be built on the ideal sample. We summarize the process of evaluating internal validity with the PIV into a six-step procedure and illustrate it with an empirical example (i.e., Hong and Raudenbush (2005)).
The effect of local chemical ordering on Frank-Read source activation in a refractory multi-principal element alloy

Abstract In this work, we investigate the operation of Frank-Read (FR) sources in a refractory multi-principal element alloy (MPEA). Simulations of discrete dislocation motion in MPEAs is enabled by the development of a phase field dislocation dynamics model that treats the atomic-scale fluctuations in lattice energies across the glide plane, present due to local ordering in the chemical composition within the nominally random MPEA atomic structure. We consider, through simulation, a range of length scales over which ordering occurs, varying from short-range lengths, a few times dislocation core width, to long-range lengths, an order of magnitude longer than the core. Characteristic of this body-centered cubic MPEA, the simulations also include screw/edge character dependence in glide resistance, as informed by atomic scale simulation. The critical stresses to activate the source for the same source size are found to be statistically distributed, as a direct consequence of the underlying variation in lattice energy. Analysis of critical state for activating edge and screw FR sources in the MPEA reveals that FR source operation occurs via a two-step mechanism, involving athermal kink-pair formation, unlike the conventional FR source operation in a material with no composition fluctuations. This mechanism lowers the average critical stress required to activate the FR source and causes the statistical dispersion in critical stress to depend on the range of composition ordering. More importantly, it leads to a more severe dependence of source strength on FR source length than predicted by line tension alone.
X-RAY DIFFRACTION FROM ISOLATED REPEAT UNITS OF CHROMATIN

The X-ray diffraction patterns of whole chromatin in dilute solution and of isolated repeat units are essentially the same.
A Long-Acting Thermoresponsive Injectable Formulation of Tin Protoporphyrin Sustains Antitubercular Efficacy in a Murine Infection Model

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking above the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Effective treatment using antibiotics is achievable, but poor patient compliance constitutes a major challenge impeding successful pharmacotherapeutic outcomes. This is often due to the prolonged treatment periods required and contributes significantly to the rising incidence of drug resistance, which is a major cause of tuberculosis mortality. Thus, innovative interventions capable of encouraging compliance and decreasing lengthy and frequent dosing are needed. Previously, aqueous tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPPIX), a heme oxygenase-1 inhibitor, administered as multiple daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections, showed considerable antitubercular efficacy and treatment shortening capabilities as a host-directed therapy in infected mice. Since daily IP injection is a clinically impractical administration approach, this proof-of-concept study aims to develop a novel, sustained action injectable formulation of SnPPIX for safe intramuscular (IM) administration. Herein, a SnPPIX-loaded poloxamer-poly(acrylic acid)-based thermoresponsive injectable formulation (SnPPIX-TIF) is designed for effective IM delivery. Results show SnPPIX-TIF is microparticulate, syringeable, injectable, and exhibits complete in vitro/in vivo gelation. Administered once weekly, SnPPIX-TIF significantly prolonged absorption and antimicrobial efficacy in infected mice. In addition, SnPPIX-TIF is well-tolerated in vivo; results from treated animals show no significant histopathologic alterations and were indistinguishable from the untreated control group, thus supporting its biocompatibility and preclinical safety. Overall, the IM delivery of the thermoresponsive injectable formulation safely sustains antitubercular effect in an infected murine model and decreases the number of injections required, signifying a potentially practical approach for future clinical translation.
Proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) come of age: entering the third decade of targeted protein degradation

With the discovery of PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) twenty years ago, targeted protein degradation (TPD) has changed the landscape of drug development. PROTACs have evolved from cell-impermeable peptide-small molecule chimeras to orally bioavailable clinical candidate drugs that degrade oncogenic proteins in humans. As we move into the third decade of TPD, the pace of discovery will only accelerate. Improved technologies are enabling the development of ligands for "undruggable" proteins and the recruitment of new E3 ligases. Moreover, enhanced computing power will expedite identification of active degraders. Here we discuss the strides made in these areas and what advances we can look forward to as the next decade in this exciting field begins.
Article 2B and Mass Market License Contracts: A Japanese Perspective

In Japan, a concrete plan to enact legislation similar to Article 2B does not exist. The enactment of Article 2B in the United States may have a significant impact on the general rules of electronic contracting and on informational transactions in Japan. As such, Japanese scholars are closely monitoring the progress of Article 2B.
Determination of Electrode Kinetics

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the measurements of kinetic parameters of heterogeneous electron transfer (ET) processes and homogeneous rate constants of coupled chemical reactions. A typical electrochemical process comprises three consecutive steps: diffusion of a reactant to the electrode surface, heterogeneous ET, and diffusion of the product into the bulk solution. Electrons can be transferred across the electrode interface through two parallel pathways: the faradaic process, which can be represented by the charge transfer resistance and the diffusion impedance connected in series, and the charging or discharging of the electrical double layer. The second pathway is important only if the electrode potential changes rapidly. The charge transfer resistance can be measured accurately only if it is larger than the solution resistance. There are many ways by which mass transfer rate can be increased. One is by employing fast convection in hydrodynamic techniques and another is by applying high-frequency perturbation in impedance measurements. The kinetic parameters of a coupled homogeneous chemical reaction can be determined electrochemically as long as they affect the magnitude of the measured signal.
The Crusade to Resurrect the National Role Concept

Role Quests in the Post-Cold War Era: Foreign Policies in Transition Edited by Philippe G. Le Prestre
Divine Presence in Ancient Near Eastern Temples

This article addresses ancient Near Eastern conceptions of divine presence in the realm of the temple, considering evidence from Egypt, Mesopotamia, Hittite Anatolia, and Syria-Palestine. It analyzes the perceived religious function of ancient Near Eastern temples, cult images, the installation and maintenance of divine presence, as well as the complicated relationship between the deity and its cult image and between a deity's various cult images.
INSTRUMENT DELIVERY AND THE FETAL HEART RATE.

Abstract 1. 1. Fetal heart rate changes were monitored in 62 births in which delivery was accomplished by the vacuum extractor and/or Simpson forceps. 2. 2. The intensity of each pull in these instrument deliveries was measured in pounds by both mechanical and electronic systems. 3. 3. Fetal bradycardia which developed during the process of applying the forceps to the fetal head was associated with a high incidence of neonatal asphyxia. 4. 4. Slowing of the fetal heart rate during traction was a very common occurrence during both vacuum extractor and forceps deliveries. 5. 5. Forceps deliveries in which individual pulls of 50 or more pounds were required were associated with a high rate of depressed infants at birth.
The cranium as an oscillator: analysis of phase relationships in intracranial blood and CSF pulsations using flow sensitive MRI

Bifida Meeting abstracts - A single PDF containing all abstracts in this supplement is available here .
Random fields and their wavelet transforms and representation: covariance and spectral properties

The covariance and spectral properties of the wavelet transform and of the discrete wavelet coefficients, in the orthonormal series representation, of second-order random fields on R/sup n/ are determined. Both weakly homogeneous random fields as well as random fields with weakly homogeneous increments are considered. Weakly isotropic fields and fields with weakly isotropic increments are also considered. Applications to fractional Brownian fields on R/sup n/ are given.
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF BRAIN DAMAGE IN ALCOHOLISM Introduction to the Symposium

lthough it has been suggested for many years that A ethanol is directly toxic to the human brain,’ evidence in support of this contention has been largely correlative and descriptive. Historically, the ’70s may be viewed as the decade in which brain damage associated with alcoholism was “reified” using X-ray computed tomography, which could visualize shifts in ventricular and sulcal dimensions during prolonged drinking and abstinence.2 These radiographic findings appeared to parallel the cognitive abnormalities detected in many alcoholics by neuropsychologic testing.’ The ’80s witnessed important advances in the assessment of nervous system structure and function. Application of magnetic resonance imaging4 electrophy~iology,~ and positron emission tomography‘ to the study of alcoholic patients yielded important insights into the pathophysiology of brain damage in a\coho\ism, but a\so sewed to XighYight the complexity of this problem. For example, it was learned that certain electrophysiological abnormalities attributed to heavy alcohol intake were also present in the offspring of alcoholics prior to alcohol consumption.’ The present decade promises to be a time for important advances in understanding the pathophysiology of brain damage in alcoholics. Functional and structural brain imaging continue to improve rapidly, and powerful molecular genetic techniques offer the hope of identifying genetic mutations that predispose to certain neuropsychiatric complications of alcoholism. The purpose of this symposium is to focus on brain damage in alcoholics from the perspective of molecular pathophysiology. We have attempted to represent equitably different sides of the age-old debate concerning the relative contribution of alcohol neurotoxicityx.’ and sec
The treatment of the earth oblateness effect in trajectory optimization in equinoctial coordinates

Abstract The effect of the first order secular perturbation due to the zonal harmonic J2 in optimal transfer problems is analyzed. The J2-induced acceleration is transformed from the polar frame to the direct equinoctial frame and the dynamic system for the thrust and oblateness perturbations formed. The differential equations for the adjoints are then derived in analytic form such that the full six-state optimal transfer system is integrated numerically. Furthermore, the complete averaged system is also presented with the averaged state and adjoint rates due to the thrust perturbation obtained by numerical quadrature, and the ones due to the oblateness effect derived analytically.
NMR evidence for five-coordinated silicon in a silicate glass at atmospheric pressure

KNOWLEDGE of the structure of liquid silicates is essential to understanding the properties of materials ranging from magmas in lava flows to melts in glass processing. At 1 atmosphere pressure, a wide range of evidence indicates that most silicon cations in these systems are coordinated by four oxygens in a tetrahedral configuration (SiIV). Molecular dynamics computer simulations of these liquids have, however, predicted that defect complexes (of relatively low abundance) consisting of silicon with five oxygen neighbours (SiV) are of key importance in the mechanism by which viscous flow takes place1–5. I present here direct experimental evidence from 29Si NMR studies of K2Si4O9 glass that SiV does exist in silicate liquids at low pressures, and that the abundance of this species increases with temperature, supporting the idea that SiV defects contribute to 'weakening' of the structure of molten silicates.
Application attack detection system (AADS): An anomaly based behavior analysis approach

Network security, especially application layer security has gained importance with the rapid growth of web-based applications. Anomaly based approaches that profile the network traffic and look for abnormalities are effective against zero-day attacks. The complex nature of the web traffic, availability of multiple applications, privacy concerns and its own limitations make the development of such anomaly-based systems difficult. This paper proposes a framework for application layer anomaly detection. The framework uses a multiple model approach to detect anomalies. The framework encompasses a dedicated training phase to model the specific network traffic and a detection phase that can be deployed in real time. The framework has been applied to HTTP application traffic and multiple models have been developed. The experimental evaluation results of the AADS using multiple attack vectors have achieved a detection rate of almost 100%. In addition, the AADS has a false positive rate of 0.03%.
Aspects of iron metabolism in Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus

1. 1. Btfidobacterium bifidum var. Pennsylvanias requires ferrous iron for growth, and cannot utilize ferric iron even in the presence of siderophores. 2. 2. Acid production by the microorganisms is dependent in part on iron content of the medium. 3. 3. Heme and heme-containing proteins inhibit the microbial growth, and it is proposed that this is in part responsible for the change in the infant's intestinal flora upon weaning. 4. 4. Bacterial growth inhibition brought about by heme cannot be restored by heme biosynthesis intermediates, and known heme biosynthesis inhibitors have no effect on bacterial growth. The basis for heme-induced microbial growth inhibition remains unclear.
A Symmetric Bivariate Binomial Distribution and Its Application to the Analysis of Clustered Samples in Medical Research

A reasonable and computationally straightforward method is proposed for use to analyze clustered samples in medical research. Results are illustrated with examples in ophthalmology and otolaryngology.
Synthesis and characterization of an acetate-alkoxide precursor for sol-gel derived Bi4Ti3O12

Abstract Bismuth titanate was prepared by a sol-gel route. Details are reported for the synthesis and characterization of a soluble acetate-alkoxide precursor. Values are reported for the dielectric and ferroelectric properties for thin layers deposited and crystallized on silicon.
The Blurring Boundaries Of Vlsi And System Packaging

As the capabilities of the microprocessors and the Personal Computer (PC) continue to increase, managing perjiirmance and cost is an ever-increasing challenge. In modern PC architectures, cache SRAMs (Static RAMx, and chipsets are key parts of the performance equation in addition to the microprocessor. The existing partitioning of component (VLSJ chip) vs system packaging does not always produce the optimal solution. In this paper, we review the evolution of microprocessor and PC packaging. Driven by VLSl advances, microprocessors and PCs have enjoyed ever-increasing performance. This, however, results in higher supply current, increase in noise, reduced noise margins, and challenging heal removal problems. To better manage this agenda, key directions are emerging. These include the use qf high-performance organic laminate packages, cards and cartridges.
Electoral Politics in Gary Mayoral Performance, Organization, and the Political Economy of the Black Vote

Focusing on mayoral primary elections between 1967 and 1975 in Gary, Indiana, this article attempts to shed light on the voting calculations of the black electorate where race is not a factor. The main thesis is that Mayor Richard Hatcher's continued success in being reelected is based on two main factors: his superior political organization, and his satis factory policy performance in the eyes of the majority of the dominant black electorate. The data include a pilot survey of 121 black registered voters, and personal interviews with public officials, Hatcher organizational supporters, and members of the black electorate at large. Further, wider implications are inferred. For example, it is suggested that no black elected official can expect to remain in office for long unless he or she is able to main tain an effective political organization and, most importantly, appears to meet the felt needs of the majority of the black electorate. Blacks, all else being equal, calculate their votes on a black incumb...
Chebyshev approximation by reciprocals of polynomials on [0, ∞)

Abstract : A uniform approximation theory is developed for the problem of approximating functions of the form f = B . g on the interval 0 < or = x < infinity with functions of the form B(x)/P(x), P a polynomial and B(x) fixed subject to certain requirements. In particular, an alernation theorem is developed which differs from the standard alternation theorem.
Decreases in Daily Physical Activity Predict Acute Decline in Attention and Executive Function in Heart Failure

Abstract Background Reduced physical activity (PA) may be one factor that contributes to cognitive decline and dementia in heart failure (HF). Yet, the longitudinal relationship between PA and cognition in HF is poorly understood owing to limitations of past work, including single-time assessments of PA. This is the first study to examine changes in objectively measured PA and cognition over time in HF. Methods and Results At baseline and 12 weeks, 57 HF patients completed psychosocial self-report measures and a neuropsychological battery and wore an accelerometer for 7 days. At baseline, HF patients spent an average of 597.83 (SD 75.91) minutes per day sedentary. Steps per day declined from baseline to the 12-week follow-up; there was also a trend for declines in moderate-vigorous PA. Regression analyses controlling for sex, HF severity, and depressive symptoms showed that decreases in light ( P = .08) and moderate-vigorous ( P = .04) daily PA emerged as strong predictors of declines in attention/executive function over the 12-week period, but not of memory or language. Conclusions Reductions in daily PA predicted acute decline in attention/executive function in HF, but not of memory or language. Modifications to daily PA may attenuate cognitive decline, and prospective studies are needed to test this possibility.
Graphs with constant link and small degree or order

The graph G has constant link L if for each vertex x of G the graph induced by G on the vertices adjacent to x is isomorphic to L. For each graph L on 6 or fewer vertices we decide whether or not there exists a graph G with constant link L. From this we are able to list all graphs on 11 or fewer vertices which have constant link.
Sustained Anoxia Decreases Contraction and Endothelium-Dependent and Independent Relaxation in Rat Aortic Rings

Exposure of precontracted vascular tissues to anoxia in vitro causes a rapid but short lasting additional contraction of vascular smooth muscle. To determine the effect of sustained anoxia on vascular reactivity, quiescent rat aortic rings were equilibrated at 37°C under 95% O2 (normoxia) or 95% N2 (anoxia) for 15 min. The rings were then contracted with norepinephrine (NE) or the TxA2-endoperoxide analog 1146,619. The response of aortic rings to the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant stimuli acetylcholine (ACh) and calcium ionophore A23,187, the endothelium-independent stimuli nitroglycerin (NTG) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and the nitric oxide-independent stimulus isoproterenol (ISO) was also examined. Vascular contraction was markedly decreased in anoxic rings (P < 0.01 versus normoxic rings) in response to both NE and U46.619 and was not modified on treatment with indomethacin, L-NMMA or Nω-L-arginine. Relaxation of anoxic rings was also markedly impaired (P < 0.01) in response to the endothelium-d...
Incidence of Hemorrhagic Disease in White-Tailed Deer Is Associated with Winter and Summer Climatic Conditions

Hemorrhagic disease (HD) is an important vector-borne disease of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). The objective of this study was to determine whether temperature and precipitation were associated with a measure of annual incidence of HD in white-tailed deer from Virginia. The annual percentages of deer with hoof wall growth interruptions (a clinical sign of HD) from four climate divisions in the HD endemic area of Virginia recorded during 1993–2006 were used as indicators of annual HD incidence. Pearson’s correlation coefficients between these indicators of incidence and average temperature (°F) or total precipitation (in.) for each month, as well as for winter (January–February), early summer (June–July), and late summer/fall (August–September–October) seasons were calculated. Strong direct correlations between the measure of annual HD incidence and average temperature for winter (r = 0.39, P = 0.003, n = 57), early summer (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001, n = 57), and late summer/fall (r = 0.42, P = 0.001, n = 57) were evident. There also was a strong inverse correlation between the measured annual HD incidence and June precipitation (r = −0.44, P = 0.0006, n = 57). Poisson regression models of seasonal temperatures and June precipitation to annual percentage of deer with hoof wall growth interruptions were developed. Based on Akaike’s Information Criterion with small sample size correction (AICc), the global model was selected as the top model. Higher winter and summer temperatures may increase vector capacity and competence, and lower precipitation in June may create favorable breeding sites for midges.
The Systematic Position of Dactylostylis Richardson (Isopoda, Asellota) 1)

Le genre et l'espece Dactylostylis acutispinus Richardson, 1911, sont fondes sur un individu unique qui n'a jamais ete figure. L'examen de cet individu montre que le genre n'appartient pas aux Desmosomatidae, parmi lesquels il a ete place a l'origine, mais aux Janiridae. Spinianirella Menzies, 1962, est si semblable a Dactylostylis qu'il devrait etre considere comme un synonyme plus recent. Dactylostylis acutispinus est figure, et le genre est redefini.
The iron chelator desferrioxamine (Desferal) retards 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons.

A selective increase in content of iron in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra has been implicated in the biochemical pathology of Parkinson's disease. Iron is thought to induce oxidative stress by liberation of oxygen free radicals from H2O2. Because 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is thought to induce nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal lesions via metal-catalyzed free radical formation, the effect of the iron chelator desferrioxamine was investigated on 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration in the rat. Intracerebroventricular injection of 6-OHDA (250 micrograms) caused a 88, 79, and 70% reduction in striatal tissue content of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid (HVA), respectively, and a 2.5-fold increase in DA release as indicated by the HVA/DA ratio. Prior injection of desferrioxamine (130 ng i.c.v.) resulted in a significant protection (approximately 60%) against the 6-OHDA-induced reduction in striatal DA content and a normalization of DA release. Dopaminergic-related behavioral responses, such as spontaneous movements in a novel environment and rearing, were significantly impaired in the 6-OHDA-treated group. By contrast, the desferrioxamine-pretreated rats exhibited almost normal behavioral responses. The ability of iron chelators to retard dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra may indicate a new therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Development of wafer thinning and dicing technology for thin wafer

Various stress relief and dicing methods are evaluated for 10 to 30µm wafer thickness. DP(Dry Polish) and CMG (Chemical Mechanical Grinding) are the best solution for productivity and quality in wafer thinning. Highest die strength is achieved for the blade dicing and DBG (Dicing Before Grinding) due to the decreased backside chipping in thin wafer. As for DBG, it is necessary to improve the resin adhesive strength of H-WSS (Hard Wafer Support System).
Pulsed galactic nuclei and the origin of cosmic rays

The possibility that a series of explosions of the galactic nuclei every 5×106 yr can cause a substantial flux of cosmic ray particles at the vicinity of the Earth is investigated. The steady flux of cosmic radiation forces the conclusion that there have been explosions back to 109 yr if this is a dominant source of cosmic rays.
Finite dose transport of drugs in liquid formulations through stratum corneum: analytical solution to a diffusion model

Abstract Finite dose penetration of acetaminophen, through snake stratum corneum has been studied using modified Franz cells. The drug was formulated in a volatile: non-volatile vehicle system. Non-steady-state transport of the drug into the receptor compartment is observed. A diffusion model for the above situation is proposed. An analytical solution for this model has been obtained. This solution is used to obtain computer-simulated transport profiles. The experimental data is then fitted with the simulated profile to obtain a value for the apparent diffusion coefficient of the drug. Using steady-state experiments, an independent value of the diffusion coefficient is also obtained. The two values of the diffusion coefficient differ by a factor of 4.17.
Mutant alleles that are altered in quantitative, organ‐specific behavior

Three new mutant alleles of maize alcohol dehydrogenase-1 (Adh 1) were recovered following allyl alcohol selection of pollen. Each is altered in quantitative, organ-specific, regulatory properties. All mutant sites act in cis to the structural gene component. One mutant arose spontaneously, one followed indirectly from irradiation with high Z accelerated particles, and one was induced by an autonomous mutator system. Each mutant is assessed in three organs by utilizing ADH allozyme ratios that were quantified at the level of ADH enzyme activity and either [3H]-Leu incorporation into newly synthesized ADH 1 subunits or direct protein determinations. One mutation simultaneously raises Adh 1 expression in one organ and lowers it in another, another affects expression in one organ only, and another is extremely underexpressed in all organs but is unstable. This unstable allele has generated derivative mutant alleles that have less or zero ADH expression. We do not yet know whether or not coding sequences are involved in these mutants. We conclude that information for organ specificity and quantitative behavior resides near or within Adh 1 coding sequences.
Strong adhesion and friction coupling in hierarchical carbon nanotube arrays for dry adhesive applications.

The adhesion and friction coupling of hier- archical carbon nanotube arrays was investigated with a hierarchical multiscale modeling approach. At device level, vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VA-CNT) arrays with laterally distributed segments on top were analyzed via finite element methods to determine the macroscopic adhesion and friction force coupling. At the nanoscale, molecular dynamics simulation was performed to explore the origin of the adhesion enhancement due to the existence of the laterally distributed CNTs. The results show interfacial adhesion force is drastically promoted by interfacial friction force when a single lateral CNT is being peeled from an amorphous carbon substrate. By fitting with experiments, we find that under shearing loadings the maximum interfacial adhesion force is increased by a factor of ∼5, compared to that under normal loadings. Pre-existing surface asperities of the substrate have proven to be the source of generating large interfacial friction, which in turn results in an enhanced adhesion. The critical peeling angles derived from the continuum and nano- levels are comparable to those of geckos and other synthetic adhesives. Our analysis indicates that the adhesion enhancement factor of the hierarchically structured VA-CNT arrays could be further increased by uniformly orienting the laterally distributed CNTs on top. Most importantly, a significant buckling of the lateral CNT at peeling front is captured on the molecular level, which provides a basis for the fundamental understanding of local deformation, and failure mechanisms of nanofibrillar structures. This work gives an insight into the durability issues that prevent the success of artificial dry adhesives.
Interpretation of ranger photographs.

A dark stripe seen on the Ranger 7 photographs of the moon interrupts the ray patterns and fits a local pattern of lineation. This dark stripe is evidence of recent volcanism, of intermediate or acid type.
COMPARATIVE GROWTH OF Isochrysis galbana PARKE AND Isochrysis aff. galbana, CLONE T‐ISO AT POUR TEMPERATURES AND THREE LIGHT INTENSITIES

The growth of a temperate and a tropical strain of Isochrysis was studied at four temperatures and three light intensity levels. All algal cultures were grown in an enriched artificial seawater medium under constant illumination and were bubbled with air enriched with 0.1% CO2. Culture density (cells/ml) was measured periodically during exponential growth. Average growth rates for each combination of temperature and light intensity are presented as doublings/day. Observations of growth under the various culture conditions indicate that T-ISO (tropical strain) grows rapidly over a much broader range of temperatures than does I. galbana. Variations in growth at different light intensity levels suggest that the optimum light level increases as a function of temperature for T-ISO and that the growth of I. galbana is inhibited by high levels of light (1500 μW/cm2). The relative value of both strains as food for larval and juvenile oysters and the advantages and limitations of large scale culture are discussed.
Horse Domestication and Conservation Genetics of Przewalski's Horse Inferred from Sex Chromosomal and Autosomal Sequences

Despite their ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring, there is continued disagreement about the genetic relationship of the domestic horse (Equus caballus) to its endangered wild relative, Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii). Analyses have differed as to whether or not Przewalski's horse is placed phylogenetically as a separate sister group to domestic horses. Because Przewalski's horse and domestic horse are so closely related, genetic data can also be used to infer domestication-specific differences between the two. To investigate the genetic relationship of Przewalski's horse to the domestic horse and to address whether evolution of the domestic horse is driven by males or females, five homologous introns (a total of approximately 3 kb) were sequenced on the X and Y chromosomes in two Przewalski's horses and three breeds of domestic horses: Arabian horse, Mongolian domestic horse, and Dartmoor pony. Five autosomal introns (a total of approximately 6 kb) were sequenced for these horses as well. The sequences of sex chromosomal and autosomal introns were used to determine nucleotide diversity and the forces driving evolution in these species. As a result, X chromosomal and autosomal data do not place Przewalski's horses in a separate clade within phylogenetic trees for horses, suggesting a close relationship between domestic and Przewalski's horses. It was also found that there was a lack of nucleotide diversity on the Y chromosome and higher nucleotide diversity than expected on the X chromosome in domestic horses as compared with the Y chromosome and autosomes. This supports the hypothesis that very few male horses along with numerous female horses founded the various domestic horse breeds. Patterns of nucleotide diversity among different types of chromosomes were distinct for Przewalski's in contrast to domestic horses, supporting unique evolutionary histories of the two species.
Evidence that several conserved histidine residues are required for hydrolytic activity of human paraoxonase/arylesterase

Recent evidence has been acquired that implicates an important role for several histidine residues in the hydrolytic mechanisms of human paraoxonase/arylesterase (PON1). Following titration with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC), both human serum and recombinant human type Q PON1 were inhibited in respect to their hydrolytic activity in a dose-responsive manner. Human PON1 treated with varying concentrations lost hydrolytic activity, and with each histidine modified, there was an exponential drop in hydrolytic activity. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically at 244 nm. Recombinant wild-type and C283A PON1 enzymes inhibited with DEPC and subsequently treated with hydroxylamine had partial restoration of activity. The C283A mutant lacks a free sulfhydryl group, indicating that its inactivation is due to histidine specific modification. The dose response and time course of inactivation as well as the extent of reactivation by hydroxylamine were similar for both the wild-type and mutant recombinant enzymes. Mutants of PON1 containing an asparagine substituted for each of several conserved histidine residues lost hydrolytic activity for each single substitution. The mutants of PON1 constructed and assayed for arylesterase activity were H114N, H133N, and H284N. Each single aminoacid substitution rendered the enzyme catalytically inactive. These two pieces of evidence implicate an important role for several histidine residues in the hydrolytic mechanism of PON1. Although it is unusual for a calcium dependent enzyme to require histidines for its catalytic activity, acquired data suggest such a circumstance.
Supersymmetric chiral normal coordinates

Abstract The (anti-) chiral Killing vectors of the supersymmetric Kahler manifold associated with the nonlinear realization of a global symmetry are used to define (anti-) chiral normal coordinates. This in turn leads to a background superfield expansion of the super-Kahler potential that is manifestly gauge invariant and supersymmetric. The chiral normal coordinates are further employed to construct a background superfield expansion for a locally gauge invariant supersymmetric action.
“Black Betsy”: The 6000C-4 rocket engine, 1945–1989. Part II

Abstract Part I of this paper introduced the 6000C-4 rocket engine, popularly called “Black Betsy”, as the powerplant which propelled the Bell X-1 aircraft that achieved the world's first supersonic manned flight in 1947. The background and development of this engine, which began in 1945 by Reaction Motors, Inc. was related. The use of the 6000C-4 (signifying 6000 lb or 2270 kg of thrust from four combustion chambers) in the three Bell X-1 aircraft and advanced X-1s (X-1A, X-1B, X-1D, and X-1E) were also detailed. The last of these planes flew up to 1958. This paper continues recounting the remarkably successful and long career of the engine and examines its use in the Douglas D-558-1 Skyrocket, XF-91, MX-774 test missile, in various miscellaneous projects, as interim powerplants for the X-15, landing maneuvering rockets in several Lifting Bodies (HL-10, MS-F3, X-24A, and X-24B), and up to the current Sonic Wind rocket-propelled subsonic ice-sled.
Utilization of the career anchor/career orientation constructs for management of I/S professionals

Management of I/S personnel has consistently ranked among the top concerns of MIS management. Similarly, from the employee's perspective, there are indications that the lack of attention to careers and career planning is a key problem facing I/S personnel. These issues are addressed by further investigating the "career anchor" or "career orientation" concept developed by Schein (1978) and expanded by DeLong (1982). Crepeau et al. (1990) confirmed the existence of career anchors/orientations for I/S personnel. In the present study the discriminatory power of the career anchors among I/S job types, gender, and years of experience is analyzed. Though statistical results were marginal, the authors conclude that it may be more productive for managers to focus on those anchors which do not discriminate in order to better match employers' and employees' career objectives.
Interplanetary sector structure, 1962 1966

Interplanetary magnetic field sector structure, noting Archimedes spiral directivity and 27 day recurrence period for pattern
Stability analysis of the Crank–Nicholson method for variable coefficient diffusion equation

The Crank–Nicholson method is a widely used method to obtain numerical approximations to the diffusion equation due to its accuracy and unconditional stability. When the diffusion coefficient is not a constant, the general approach is to obtain a discretization for the PDE in the same manner as the case for constant coefficients. In this paper, we show that the manner of this discretization may impact the stability of the resulting method and could lead to instability of the numerical solution. It is shown that the classical Crank–Nicholson method will fail to be unconditionally stable if the diffusion coefficient is computed at the time gridpoints instead of at the midpoints of the temporal subinterval. A numerical example is presented and compared with the exact analytical solution to examine its divergence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building a rule-based machine-vision system for defect inspection on apple sorting and packing lines

Abstract A near-infrared machine-vision system was developed for automating apple defect inspection. Fast blob extraction from fruit images was performed by using an adaptive spherical transformation. A binary decision-tree-structured rule base was established using blob feature extraction and analysis. Both off-line and on-line test results demonstrated that the rule-based system was effective for apple defect detection. Compared with the neural network method, the rules-based approach had more flexibility for changing or adding parameters, features and rules to meet various sorting requirements. The technique presented in this paper is being commercialized by a leading manufacturer of fruit/vegetable packinghouse equipment.
The Agony of Spanish Liberalism: From Revolution to Dictatorship, 1913–1923

One of the outcomes of the First World War in Europe was that it underscored the systemic problems associated with liberalism and representative governments based on a liberal sociopolitical founda...
Notes on survival and body weight changes of adult hens following hypophysectomy.

introduction Published information on the survival of chickens after hypophysectomy is contained in only 3 papers. Two of these deal with immature chickens (Mitchell, 1929; Nalbandov and Card, 1943), and one with adults (Hill, Corkill and Parkes, 1934). In Mitchell’s study, 160 Brown Leghorn chicks ranging in age from 3 weeks to 5 months (the majority between 3–6 weeks of age) were hypophysectomized, and all in which complete removal of the gland was effected died within 2 weeks. Nalbandov and Card (1943) made a study of 60 chicks operated on at 61 days of age. Seven of these died almost immediately postoperatively, and 16 were found to have been incompletely hypophysectomized. Of the remaining 37 birds, 70% (26) died within the first 30 days, and a total of 86% within the first 60 days after operation. Hill, et al. (1934) studied survival in 30 untreated completely hypophysectomized adult chickens, and found that 24 died within the first 48 hours after operation, and the remainder by the 31st day after o...
Study of the Effect of Tandem Promoters on Gene Expression

Synthetic biology enables bioengineers to generate biological systems that carry out a specified plan. Understanding factors that enable predictable gene regulation and expression can be useful for construction of predictable biological circuits in this field. In these experiments, we explore the effect of multiple consecutive lac promoters on gene expression. We measure the amount of Beta-galactosidase gene expression from plasmids that contain increasing numbers of lac promoters and combine experimental results with mathematical modeling. We find an increase from one to three promoters results in greater range of gene expression and a mathematical model generated based on experimental data predicts a further increase in number of regulation units results in further increase in gene expression range.
Street careers: homelessness, drug use, and sex work among young men who have sex with men (YMSM)

Abstract "Hustling" or sex work is a common means of surviving on the streets and paying for drugs among homeless youth. In this article, we formulate the concepts of "street capital" and "street competencies" to describe how 10 young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in New York City accumulated various knowledge and skills throughout their childhood and adolescence, and later entered into homelessness and the street economy as sex workers. While half of these young men described themselves as gay or bisexual, sexual identity was not a primary consideration amongst these youth. All were homeless and/or users of illegal drugs, and all survived through intimate involvement in the "street economy"—an informal system of exchange that circulates drugs, sex, and money across a range of settings and participants. Based upon an analysis of life history accounts gained through ethnographic interviews, we describe common pathways into the street economy with an emphasis on understanding how these 10 young men of diverse backgrounds became involved in homelessness, drugs, and sex work. In doing this, we document the differential sources of knowledge and particular childhood experiences that launched these youth into coherent street careers.
Increased Oxygen Release in Hypoxemia and Heart Failure

Red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DGP), a primary regulator of oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, was measured in 55 infants and children with congenital cardiac diseases. The levels were compared with those from 20 normal patients and were analyzed with those from 20 normal patients and were analyzed with regard to patient age, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), and the presence of heart failure. In 14 patients the oxygen dissociation from whole blood was also measured, and values for DPG were correlated with th ose for P 50, the PO2 for 50% oxygen saturation. Elevated levels of DPG were found in 17 of 18 infants and children with heart failure, regardless of age or PaO2. Thirty-seven patients had subnormal PaO2, but no heart failure. Among those >3 months of age, DPG was elevated in 26 of 28 with PaO2 = 16-56 mm Hg, and it was normal in 5 with PaO2 >56 mm Hg. In these 33 older patients, the level of DPG was inversely related to PaO2 ( r = −0.656). In four hypoxemic infants 3 months supports in vitro studies demonstrating deoxyhemoglobin control of red cell DPG synthesis. Among newborn infants the elevated levels of DPG measured in those with heart failure and the normal concentrations found in those with hypoxemia indicated two different control mechanisms for synthesis of this important modulator of oxygen homeostasis.
Guanylyl cyclase-dependent chemotaxis of endothelial cells in response to nitric oxide gradients

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of angiogenesis and neovascularization. The nature of endothelial cell motility responses to NO was examined using a Boyden chamber method. NO generated via decomposition of either DEA/NO or DETA/NO produced increases in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) chemotaxis, which were completely abrogated by ODQ, a soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor. Measurements of NO either directly by chemiluminescence or its chemistry with diaminofluorescein revealed that chemotaxis was driven by subtle NO gradients between the lower and the upper wells in this system. In addition to diffusion and volatilization from the upper chambers, the data showed that HUVEC consumption of NO contributed to these sustained gradients. Comparison of DEA/NO- and DETA/NO-mediated responses suggested that the persistence of spatial NO gradients is as significant as the absolute magnitude of NO exposure per unit time. The findings suggest that subnanomolar NO gradients are sufficient to mobilize endothelial cell migration into hypoxic tissue during neovascularization events, such as in wound healing and cancer.
Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke: The Evolving Role of Rhythm Control

Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a major risk factor for stroke. Unfortunately, clinical trials have failed to demonstrate that a strategy of rhythm control--therapy to maintain normal sinus rhythm (NSR)--reduces stroke risk. The apparent lack of benefit of rhythm control likely reflects the difficulty in maintaining NSR using currently available therapies. However, there are signals from several trials that the presence of NSR is indeed beneficial and associated with better outcomes related to stroke and mortality. Most electrophysiologists feel that as rhythm control strategies continue to improve, the crucial link between rhythm control and stroke reduction will finally be demonstrated. Therefore, AF specialists tend to be aggressive in their attempts to maintain NSR, especially in patients who have symptomatic AF. A step-wise approach from antiarrhythmic drugs to catheter ablation to cardiac surgery is generally used. In select patients, catheter ablation or cardiac surgery may supersede antiarrhythmic drugs. The choice depends on the type of AF, concurrent heart disease, drug toxicity profiles, procedural risks, and patient preferences. Regardless of strategy, given the limited effectiveness of currently available rhythm control therapies, oral anticoagulation is still recommended for stroke prophylaxis in AF patients with other stroke risk factors. Major challenges in atrial fibrillation management include selecting patients most likely to benefit from rhythm control, choosing specific antiarrhythmic drugs or procedures to achieve rhythm control, long-term monitoring to gauge the efficacy of rhythm control, and determining which (if any) patients may safely discontinue anticoagulation if long-term NSR is achieved.
Time-averaged, three-dimensional flow in a rectangular sudden expansion

An experimental study of a 2:1 aspect ratio rectangular jet that undergoes a 6:1 sudden expansion in area is being conducted to understand the three-dimensional dynamics of the asymmetric vortex rings formed in the confined shear layers and thus to understand entrainment and mixing in this type of configuration. LDV is used to measure three velocity components under forced and unforced conditions. Profound differences are found between the two axes of symmetry: in contrast to a conventional two-dimensional sudden expansion, no time-averaged recirculation is found in the minor axis plane