cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of cocaine-induced convulsions and lethality in mice: effectiveness of targeting different sites on the NMDA receptor complex.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors appear to be involved in the behavioral toxic effects of cocaine. Therefore, different classes of NMDA receptor antagonists were compared for their ability to attenuate cocaine-induced convulsions and lethality in male, Swiss Webster mice. The mice were pre-treated (i.p.) with vehicle or an antagonist from one of the following classes: NMDA/glycine site antagonist (7-chlorokynurenic acid, ACEA-1021, ACEA-1031, ACEA-1328, DCQX, R(+)-HA-966), competitive antagonist (CPP, D-AP7), channel blocker (MK-801, memantine), or allosteric modulator (ifenprodil, CP-101,606, Co 101022, haloperidol). After a 15 min pre-treatment period, the mice were administered a convulsive (60 mg/kg, i.p.) or lethal (125 mg/kg, i.p.) dose of cocaine, equivalent to the calculated ED/LD97 values. Pre-treatment with competitive or NMDA/glycine site antagonists dose-dependently attenuated cocaine-induced convulsions and lethality (P<0.05). Pre-treatment with channel blockers or allosteric modulators of the NMDA receptor protected against cocaine-induced convulsions (P<0.05), but were ineffective or less effective than the competitive and glycine site antagonists in preventing death. The glutamate release inhibitor riluzole failed to prevent both the convulsions and lethality induced by cocaine. Significantly, post-treatment with NMDA/glycine site antagonists (ACEA-1021, ACEA-1031, ACEA-1328) after a cocaine overdose prevented death in a significant number of animals. The data suggest that NMDA receptors are involved in the pathophysiology of a cocaine overdose.
Adrenalectomy-induced deficits in maternal retrieval in the rat.

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that a functioning adrenal gland is not necessary for the expression of maternal behavior in the rat. In the present study, adrenalectomized mothers were found to take longer to initiate retrieval and to retrieve a smaller percentage of their litters on postpartum Days 1–4 than did control mothers. Possible causes of these deficits are discussed.
Missing bond-charge repulsion in the extended Hubbard model: Effects in polyacetylene

Translational invariance requires that the electron density operator is not diagonal in a Wannier representation. We show that this leads to important terms in the electron-electron interaction Hamiltonian, terms which involve the bond-charge density and which are not included in the widely studied extended Hubbard model. When these bond-charge interactions are included, we find that electron-electron repulsion tends to stiffen the lattice (for physically reasonable parameters) and to oppose dimerization in polyacetylene and in other charge-density-wave systems. A related decrease in the Peierls gap for fixed dimerization is also obtained. These conclusions are in contrast with previous results obtained from the extended Hubbard model.
Amino acid codes in mitochondria as possible clues to primitive codes

Differences between mitochondrial codes and the universal code indicate that an evolutionary simplification has taken place, rather than a return to a more primitive code. However, these differences make it evident that the universal code is not the only code possible, and therefore earlier codes may have differed markedly from the previous code. The present universal code is probably a “frozen accident.” The change in CUN codons from leucine to threonine (Neurospora vs. yeast mitochondria) indicates that neutral or near-neutral changes occurred in the corresponding proteins when this code change took place, caused presumably by a mutation in a tRNA gene.
Combined remote-sensing, model, and in situ measurements of sea surface temperature as an aid to recreational navigation: crossing the Gulf Stream

The study shows that MODIS data are particularly suited to identification of the location of the Gulf Stream, which can be used by small vessels to optimize the crossing route and to minimize the risks associated with the passage.
Managing vegetarianism : Identities, norms and interactions

Vegetarians exclude various forms of animal‐derived foods from consumption, and consequently must use special strategies to make food choices and present their food decisions to others. This study investigated the ways people following vegetarian diets managed their food choices and negotiated their interactions with others. Qualitative methods were used to interview 19 self‐identified vegetarians recruited by snowball sampling. Many respondents followed vegan diets, but the majority consumed some form of animal foods. The vegetarians in this sample self‐consciously labeled themselves ‘Vegetarians,” and adopted and used a vegetarian identity that included normative behavioral expectations. To manage social interactions, vegetarians sometimes ate animal‐derived foods not in their usual diets in particular situations and used explanations in the form of accounts and discounting in constructing justifications for those behaviors. Understanding management of vegetarianism as a process reveals barriers and ena...
A highly potent antiovulatory LH-RH analogue with no 1-position side chain

Summary [Ac-Gly 1 , D-pClPhe 2 , D-Trp 3,6 ]LH-RH, an antagonist of the normal LH-RH response, completely inhibited ovulation at the 25 μg/rat level and partially inhibited at 10 μg/rat. It thus appears that neither a D nor an L residue side chain at position 1 is a strict requirement for high potency among LH-RH antagonists.
Indium phosphide nanowire photoconductors on non-single crystalline silicon-based platform

We describe the fabrication and characterization of photoconductors in which an ensemble of indium phosphide nanoneedles was utilized. DC electrical transport properties of the fabricated photoconductors were characterized under illumination with monochromatic light at 633 nm. This is the first demonstration of III-V compound semiconductor nanometerscale structures monolithically integrated on non-single crystalline silicon-based materials as an optoelectronic device that can be fabricated by a simple and flexible process not limited by single crystal substrates.
Toward a Systems Approach to Understanding Plant Cell Walls

One of the defining features of plants is a body plan based on the physical properties of cell walls. Structural analyses of the polysaccharide components, combined with high-resolution imaging, have provided the basis for much of the current understanding of cell walls. The application of genetic methods has begun to provide new insights into how walls are made, how they are controlled, and how they function. However, progress in integrating biophysical, developmental, and genetic information into a useful model will require a system-based approach.
Replacing ineffective early alcohol/drug education in the United States with age‐appropriate adolescent programmes and assistance to problematic users

Issues. Despite more than a decade of federal sponsorship of ‘evidence-based’ alcohol/drug education, there has been no consistent downward trend in overall prevalence among youth over the past 15 years. Reasons underlying this situation are examined. Approach. Published technical critiques of initial research supporting widely used evidence-based programs are reviewed along with replication studies conducted later by independent researchers not associated with initial program development. Social and institutional barriers in the US against changes in AOD policy and practice for young people are also suggested. Key Findings. Emerging use of diverted pharmaceuticals (now second to cannabis in prevalence) may underlie moderate recent decline in use of alcohol. Early federal certification standards for ‘evidence based’ prevention education have been seriously compromised. Technical critiques of initial evaluations and negative replication studies of these programs are consistent with lack of impact. Finally, fidelity of implementation in regular school settings is commonly flawed. Implications. Failure of these mainly pre-secondary educational programs may underlie recent federal support for forced random AOD testing of secondary school students. A new approach to drug education for adolescent students seems warranted as a positive alternative to personally intrusive surveillance. Conclusion. An interactive approach at the secondary school level that incorporates an age-appropriate educational process is proposed. While advising abstinence, this approach also facilitates identifying and assisting problematic AOD users.
Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange

Dialogue implies an interchange between mutually influencing voices. Two metaphors playing a major role in contemporary research are analyzed from such a perspective: the computer metaphor, in which the self is studied as an information-processing device, and the narrative metaphor, in which, story and storytelling are guiding principles for the self. It is argued that, on the metaphorical level, the computer and the narrative analogy allow voice and intersubjective exchange to play important roles in self-organization. In actual research, however, these elements are neglected. Theoretical and empirical arguments emphasize the relevance of the dialogical view for the study of the self. Finally, the role of dominance in inter- and intrapersonal processes and the relevance of collective voices for contemporary psychology are sketched.
The World Lysine Industry

The modern lysine industry developed as a result of basic scientific discoveries in biochemistry in the late 1950s. The now dominant method of industrial production of lysine is based on fermentation of liquid sweeteners derived from sugar cane or starches of many kinds. Since being commercially introduced around 1960, manufacturers of mixed animal feeds have grown to view lysine as an essential ingredient. In the last four decades of the 20th century, lysine has grown and developed into a major biochemical product market, attracting more and more biotech companies from Asia, North America, and Europe to the industry. The purpose of this chapter is to sketch the uses, methods of production, market size, and structure of supply of the global lysine market.
Screening for retinopathy of prematurity.

To the Editor — Current guidelines for the examination of premature infants for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) suggest that infants with a birth weight ≤1500 g or with a gestational age of 28 weeks or under, or those infants with an unstable clinical course felt to be at high risk by their attending pediatrician or neonatologist, be screened.1 It is our understanding that revisions to these guidelines are currently under consideration. We present the following case report involving a set of 32-week gestational age twin boys, both of whom developed surprisingly severe ROP. R. P. and J. P. are a set of fraternal, white twin boys born at 32 weeks gestational age (by mother’s dates and confirmed with ultrasound at 18 weeks). R. P. was twin A with a birth weight of 1454 g, and J. P. was twin B with a birth weight of 1323 g. R. P.’s course was complicated by right grade III and left grade IV intraventricular hemorrhage, posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus that was successfully shunted, supraventricular tachycardia, reflux, and anemia of prematurity. His lowest hematocrit was 29.7%, and he was transfused on 3 occasions. He was discharged home after a neonatal intensive care unit stay of 47 days. J. P.’s course was complicated only by anemia of prematurity, with a lowest hematocrit of 28%, requiring 5 transfusions. He too was discharged home after 47 days. Screening of both boys for ROP began at 5 weeks of age. R. P. was noted to have a prominent ridge (stage 2 disease) in both eyes in posterior zone II, extending …
Environmental Factors Affecting the Egg Laying Habits of White Leghorns

Abstract Two experiments were conducted using White Leghorns to study floor egg laying habits of pullets reared on the range and in confinement. In Experiment 1, 120 pullets were reared in enclosed pens. At 16 weeks, 60 of these pullets were placed on range for 5 weeks. Percentages of eggs laid on the floor from 28 to 36 weeks were 9.7 for pullets reared in enclosed pens and .8 for pullets reared on range. In Experiment 2, 240 pullets were reared in an open-front house and allowed to enter covered outside areas at 4 weeks. Three treatments of 80 pullets were formed. One treatment group was placed in enclosed pens at 16 weeks, pullets in the second treatment remained in the open-front house to 20 weeks, and the third treatment group was placed on range at 16 weeks for 4 weeks. Percentages of floor eggs laid from 20 to 36 weeks were 11.4 for enclosed pens, 4.5 for open-front house, and .8 for range. In both experiments, significant differences were found between treatments. No significant differences from 28 to 36 weeks of age were obtained for performance measurements among treatments. Results indicated that placing pullets on range for 4 to 5 weeks or in an open-front house with covered outside areas stimulates them to use nests.
Cosmological Implications of the First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Results

The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) team has recently analyzed and released the first-year data. We will review the implications for cosmology of these results. The highlight is that cosmology now has a standard cosmological model. With only 6 parameters the model fits not only WMAP data remarkably well, but also a host of other astronomical observations. We also present the results on neutrino mass limits and on dark energy properties from a joint likelihood analysis of WMAP data with small-scale CMB experiments and large-scale structure surveys. The data and supplementary information are publicly available and can be found on the experiment web site at .
Repatriation Reader: Who Owns American Indian Remains?

Repatriation Reader: Who Owns American Indian Remains? Devon A. Mihesuah. ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. 335 pp. $20 (paper).
Endoscopic suture repair of a large mucosal perforation during peroral endoscopic myotomy for treatment of achalasia.

Mucosal perforations occur in about 10% to 15% of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) procedures and are usually closed with clips. However, accidental perforations because of submucosal fibrosis from prior Botox (Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA) injections, balloon dilations (BDs), or other manipulations can be difficult to close (Fig. 1). A 40-year-old man with stage 2, type I achalasia and multiple prior BDs underwent POEM for dysphagia. Extensive submucosal fibrosis from prior BDs made extension of the tunnel at the gastroesophageal junction challenging. The first mucosal perforation at the squamocolumnar junction was closed immediately with endoclips. A second accidental perforation occurred after the tunnel extended into the cardia. Closure was postponed until the myotomy was completed because there was concern of tunnel narrowing, hindering the myotomy. However, at the completion of the myotomy, the cardia perforation dramatically enlarged, likely because of the CO2 insufflation within the tunnel. Given its large size and poor tissue quality, endoscopic suturing was used to successfully close this
Smoking and early infliximab response in Crohn’s disease: a meta-analysis.

Background: Infliximab is used to treat moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD), but its efficacy varies. Although cigarette smoking worsens CD, its impact on the infliximab response is unknown. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials to determine the effect of smoking on the induction response to infliximab. Methods: A systematic search was performed of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane central register of controlled trials, the Cochrane IBD Group Specialized Trials Register for publications, and abstracts from major conferences from January 1996 to December 2010. Random effects metaanalysis using the Mantel–Haenszel method was conducted. Heterogeneity across studies was assessed using the Q statistic, the I 2 statistic, and τ 2 . Results: We identified 12 articles; four were excluded due to use of non-validated scoring systems. The remaining eight included a total of 1658 patients, with 649 active smokers. Luminal response was assessed by the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index in four studies (three of which included fistula response) and the Harvey–Bradshaw index in two (both including fistula response), and two studies examined only the fistula response. The relative risk for response to infliximab among smokers was 0.99 (95% CI 0.88–1.11) (τ 2 = 0.0143). Analyses of the five studies examining both inflammatory and fistulizing CD were similar to the analysis of all eight studies. The pooled relative risk was 0.92 (95% CI 0.80–1.06) (τ 2 = 0.0154). Conclusion: Though smoking worsens CD, this meta-analysis does not show a negative effect of smoking on initial response to infliximab. This must be viewed in the proper context, as long-term maintenance of response may yet be influenced by smoking status.
Estruturas organizacionais para P&D

A area de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D) esta cada vez mais se tornando orientada ao negocio, e a confianca das empresas em novas tecnologias e inovacoes esta maior do que nunca. Mas, como as atividades de P&D podem ser organizadas para gerar valor a companhia? Um estudo com 14 empresas lideres em tecnologia em seis ramos industriais, ilustra como tres designs organizacionais – 1) descentralizacao, 2) interligacao, e 3) integracao – estao sendo usados para gerenciar organizacoes de P&D distribuidas e flexiveis. Mostramos aqui como alguns designs para P&D sao mais efetivos que outros e damos sugestoes de como as empresas em busca de um design organizacional para P&D ideal podem selecionar dentre configuracoes possiveis para promover organizacoes de P&D orientadas para valor e capazes de se adaptar.
Operational requirements and issues for coilgun electromagnetic launchers

Coilgun electromagnetic launchers have capability for low- and high-speed applications. Through the development of four guns having projectiles ranging from 10 g to 5 kg and speeds up to 1 km/s, Sandia National Laboratories has succeeded in coilgun design and operations, validating the computational codes and basis for gun system control. Coilguns developed at Sandia consist of many coils stacked end-to-end forming a barrel, with each coil energized in sequence to create a traveling magnetic wave that accelerates a projectile. Active tracking of the projectile location during launch provides precise feedback to control when the coils are triggered to create this wave. However, optimum performance depends also on selection of coil parameters. This paper discusses issues related to coilgun design and control such as tradeoffs in geometry and circuit parameters to achieve the necessary current risetime to establish the energy in the coils. The impact of switch jitter on gun performance is also assessed for high-speed applications.
Fire severity and tree regeneration following bark beetle outbreaks: the role of outbreak stage and burning conditions.

The degree to which recent bark beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreaks may influence fire severity and postfire tree regeneration is of heightened interest to resource managers throughout western North America, but empirical data on actual fire effects are lacking. Outcomes may depend on burning conditions (i.e., weather during fire), outbreak severity, or intervals between outbreaks and subsequent fire. We studied recent fires that burned through green-attack/red-stage (outbreaks <3 years before fire) and gray-stage (outbreaks 3–15 years before fire) subalpine forests dominated by lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) in Greater Yellowstone, Wyoming, USA, to determine if fire severity was linked to prefire beetle outbreak severity and whether these two disturbances produced compound ecological effects on postfire tree regeneration. With field data from 143 postfire plots that burned under different conditions, we assessed canopy and surface fire severity, and postfire tree seedling density against prefire outbreak severity. In the green-attack/red stage, several canopy fire-severity measures increased with prefire outbreak severity under moderate burning conditions. Under extreme conditions, few fire-severity measures were related to prefire outbreak severity, and effect sizes were of marginal biological significance. The percentage of tree stems and basal area killed by fire increased with more green-attack vs. red-stage trees (i.e., the earliest stages of outbreak). In the gray stage, by contrast, most fire-severity measures declined with increasing outbreak severity under moderate conditions, and fire severity was unrelated to outbreak severity under extreme burning conditions. Postfire lodgepole pine seedling regeneration was unrelated to prefire outbreak severity in either post-outbreak stage, but increased with prefire serotiny. Results suggest bark beetle outbreaks can affect fire severity in subalpine forests under moderate burning conditions, but have little effect on fire severity under extreme burning conditions when most large wildfires occur in this system. Thus, beetle outbreak severity was moderately linked to fire severity, but the strength and direction of the linkage depended on both endogenous (outbreak stage) and exogenous (fire weather) factors. Closely timed beetle outbreak and fire did not impart compound effects on tree regeneration, suggesting the presence of a canopy seedbank may enhance resilience to their combined effects.
Veto studies for LIGO inspiral triggers

LIGO recently conducted its third scientific data run, S3. Here, we summarize the veto and data quality studies conducted by the LIGO Scientific Collaboration in connection with the search for binary inspiral signals in the S3 data. The veto results presented here come from studies on the S3 playground data. LIGO's interferometer channels and physical environmental monitors were monitored, and events in these channels coincident with inspiral triggers were examined.
A Survey Of Stock Repurchase Motivations And Practices Of Major U.S. Corporations

This study reports the findings of a comprehensive mail questionnaire survey of the stock repurchase programs of major U.S. corporations. Emphasis is placed on understanding the precipitating circumstances and motivations leading to stock repurchases. Contrary to recent studies, it appears that stock repurchases are viewed as financing rather than investment decisions. While the desire to change the capital structure was the most frequently expressed motivation, a majority of the responses were consistent with the signaling hypothesis. This fining suggests that signaling may indeed be as important as suggested by prior theoretical and empirical research.
Giant Anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) Killed By Hunters With Dogs In the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua

Abstract This report is the first to document giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) in Nicaragua. An indigenous hunter killed four giant anteaters in the Bosawas Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. The Mayangna and Miskito residents of the reserve do not eat giant anteaters, but hunters sometimes kill the animals because of the threat they pose to hunting dogs.
NDT Techniques: Signal and Image Processing

With the advent of computers and the digital age, digital signal processing algorithms have revolutionized data analysis and interpretation in numerous industries. Nondestructive evaluation has seen an increasing use of automated signal analysis (ASA) applied to large volume of NDE sensor data in an attempt to reduce maintenance costs and down time. An ASA system comprises four major steps, namely, (1) signal enhancement and restoration, (2) feature extraction and evaluation, (3) signal classification and (4) signal characterization. This article gives a brief sketch of different commonly used digital signal and image processing algorithms used in the analysis and interpretation of NDE data.
Technology assessment of two needleless systems.

A comprehensive technology assessment is used to compare two needleless systems. This technology assessment uses a structured framework for comparison of the Interlink Needleless System and the Clave, a one-piece i.v. needleless connector. A literature review and statistical data analysis are included.
Family-of-origin predictors of marital outcomes among Coptic Orthodox Christian Egyptian couples

AbstractDespite the importance of family within the Coptic community, the extant literature on Coptic family relationships is remarkably limited. The purpose of this study was to explore parental m...
The Titan Haze Simulation (THS) experiment on COSmIC. Part II. Ex-situ analysis of aerosols produced at low temperature

This paper presents the first results of the solid phase analysis of the Titan tholins generated in the Titan Haze Simulation (THS) experiments. This study complements the gas phase analysis study that was presented in a previous publication introducing the THS capabilities. In the THS experiment, the chemistry is simulated by plasma in the stream of a supersonic jet expansion. With this unique design, the gas is jet-cooled to Titan-like temperature (∼150 K) before inducing the chemistry by plasma, and remains at low temperature in the plasma discharge (∼200 K). Here, we present and discuss the results of scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy studies of THS solid aerosols produced in the four gas mixtures already studied by mass spectrometry in the gas phase: N_2 ── CH_4, N_2──CH_4──C_2H_2, N_2──CH_4──C_6H_6 and N_2──CH_4──C_2H_2──C_6H_6. Differences in the morphology of the grains and aggregates produced in the volume of the gas phase in the plasma cavity, depending on the initial precursors, have been observed by scanning electron microscopy, that appear to be linked to differences in the growth processes and might have an impact on microphysical models. The mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis highlights changes in the nitrogen chemistry, and the abundance of aromatic compounds, depending on the initial gas mixture. A preliminary study of the aging and degradation of the THS samples with time and exposure to air and light has shown the importance, for future studies of laboratory-generated planetary aerosol analogs, of collecting, storing and characterizing samples under controlled environment. A comparison to VIMS data shows that the THS tholins produced in simpler mixtures, i.e., with a higher level of nitrogen incorporation, are more representative of Titan's aerosols.
Sources of Systemic Risk (Presentation Slides)

Conference presentation with an emphasis on government policy, sovereign risk and counterparty credit risk.
Victim Resistance and Offender Weapon Effects in Robbery

What happens when victims resist robbers? Logistic regression analysis of over 4500 sample robbery incidents reported in the 1979–1985 National Crime Surveys reveals the following about various forms of victim resistance. Self-protection (SP) of any kind apparently reduces the probability of the robbery being completed, i.e., the robber getting away with the victim's property. Armed resistance is more effective than unarmed resistance, and resistance with a gun, though relatively rare, is the most effective victim response of all. Resistance with a gun also appears to reduce the likelihood of the victim being injured, while two types of resistance appear to increase it: (1) unarmed physical force against the robber and (2) trying to get help, attract attention, or scare the robber away. The robber's possession of a gun appears to inhibit victim resistance, which can sometimes provoke a robber to attack; robber gun possession thereby reduces the probability of victim injury. However, even controlling for victim resistance, robber gun possession, is associated with a lower rate of injury to the victim. Finally, robbers with handguns are much more likely to complete their robberies, and those with knives and other weapons are somewhat more likely to do so, compared to unarmed robbers.
Dynamic Modulated Brachytherapy (DMBT) Balloon Applicator for Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation

Purpose To propose a novel high-dose-rate brachytherapy applicator for balloon-based dynamic modulated brachytherapy (DMBT) for accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) and to demonstrate its dosimetric advantage compared to the widely used Contura applicator. Methods and Materials The DMBT balloon device consists of a fixed central channel enabling real-time, in vivo dosimetry and an outer motion-dynamic, adjustable-radius channel capable of moving to any angular position within the balloon. This design allows placement of dwell positions anywhere within the balloon volume, guaranteeing optimal placement and generation of the applicator and treatment plan, respectively. Thirteen clinical treatment plans for patients with early-stage breast cancer receiving APBI after lumpectomy using Contura were retrospectively obtained under institutional review board approval. New treatment plans were created by replacing the Contura with the DMBT device. DMBT plans were limited to 4 angular positions and an outer channel radius of 1.5 cm. The new plans were optimized to limit dose to ribs and skin while maintaining target coverage similar to that of the clinical plan. Results Similar target coverage was obtained for the DMBT plans compared with clinical Contura plans. Across all patients the mean (standard deviation) reductions in D0.1 cc to the ribs and skin were 6.70% (6.28%) and 5.13% (6.54%), respectively. A threshold separation distance between the balloon surface and the organ at risk (OAR), below which dosimetric changes of greater than 5% were obtained, was observed to be 12 mm for ribs and skin. When both OARs were far from the balloon, DMBT plans were of similar quality to Contura plans, as expected. Conclusions This study demonstrates the superior ability of the APBI DMBT applicator to spare OARs while achieving target coverage comparable to current treatment plans, especially when in close proximity. The DMBT balloon may enable new modes of dynamic high-dose-rate treatment delivery and allow for ultrahypofractionated dose regimens to be safely used.
Fertility, Sibling Spacing, and Adolescent Exposure to Young Children

Using six waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) we construct a cross-sectional data set composed of the adult children of the HRS respondents. We use this cross-sectional data set to analyze how being exposed to children during one’s adolescent years impacts the number of children people choose to have. For younger siblings we measure their exposure to young children by the number of nieces and nephews they have from older siblings (older by some margin). For older siblings we measure their exposure to young children by the number of younger siblings they have (that are younger by some margin). Our findings suggest that adolescent exposure to young children decreases the number of children that people have. We also find that people with older siblings have more children as the age gap increases between them and their older siblings. (J1, J13)
Extraocular Muscles: Extraocular Muscle Metabolism

A defining characteristic of the extraocular muscles is their fast and constant activity. To sustain it, energy demands by the contractile apparatus must be met by energy supply pathways. We have just begun to outline major differences in the relative importance of some pathways, such as the use of lactate for aerobic metabolism, loss of creatine kinase as an ATP buffering system, and the use of mitochondria as calcium sinks. More importantly, there is now concrete evidence demonstrating divergence in mitochondrial composition and function between extraocular and prototypical skeletal muscles. These differences are likely to influence the contractile function of the extraocular muscles and may determine their preferential involvement in some congenital and age-related mitochondrial myopathies.
The Transfer of Inmates to Mental Health Facilities

Issues concerning the rights of persons confined under state authority have been the subject of increasing litigation during the past two decades. Prisoners and mental hospital patients have sought relief from the judiciary for perceived constitutional errors in the manner of confinement and the actual treatment in the institutions. Usually, prisoner and mental health cases are treated separately, each with its own developing body of law. However, there is at least one area of concern that crosses the boundaries: the transfer of an inmate from a correctional facility to a mental health facility.
The Nature of the Electronic Excited States of Molecular Systems

The purpose of this article is to present the background material necessary to deal with the properties of molecular species in excited electronic states.
Gender, Stress, and Distress

One of the most frequently asked questions in research on the social sources of psychological distress is why there is a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms from adolescence all through adulthood among women as compared to men. The problem is a significant one, not only because it suggests something distinctive about the mental health of women but also because it provides the opportunity to examine how well major conceptual and analytic frameworks for explaining health and behavior contribute to our understanding of an important empirical problem.
Bath-Related Headache

The purpose of this review is to summarize the most up-to-date literature on bath-related headache, a rare disorder. Initially described in middle-aged Asian women, it is now reported in a wider demographic. More information is available about the pathophysiology of bath-related headache, including its classification as a subtype of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS). Nimodipine can be effective in patients both with and without vasospasm. Bath-related headache is a rare form of thunderclap headache. Although its mechanism is still unclear, it is associated with vasospasm and RCVS. Controlled trials investigating the use of nimodipine and other agents may be useful in furthering our understanding of and treatment of this phenomenon.
Priming Adult Learners for Learning Transfer: Beyond Content and Delivery

In adult education, we have skilled instructional designers, expertise in structuring learning events and delivering content, and we have robust learning theories to draw from, and yet the effectiv...
Endocannabinoid System and the Kidneys: From Renal Physiology to Injury and Disease

Introduction: As the prevalence of kidney disease continues to rise worldwide, there is accumulating evidence that kidney injury and dysfunction, whether acute or chronic, is associated with major adverse outcomes, including mortality. Meanwhile, effective therapeutic options in the treatment of acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been sparse. Many of the effective treatments that are routinely utilized for different pathologies in patients without kidney disease have failed to demonstrate efficacy in those with renal dysfunction. Hence, there is an urgent need for discovery of novel pathways that can be targeted for innovative and effective clinical therapies in renal disease states. Discussion: There is now accumulating evidence that the endocannabinoid (EC) system plays a prominent role in normal renal homeostasis and function. In addition, numerous recent studies have described mechanisms through which alteration in the EC system can contribute to kidney damage and disease. These include a potential role for cannabinoid receptors in tubulo-glomerular damage and fibrosis, which are common features of AKI, interstitial nephritis, glomerulopathy, and other conditions leading to AKI and CKD. Conclusion: These findings suggest that manipulating the EC system may be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of kidney disease and injury. However, further mechanistic studies are needed to fully delineate the role of this system in various conditions affecting the kidneys. Furthermore, while most of the current literature is focused on the role of the EC system as a whole in renal pathophysiology, future studies will also need to clarify the contribution of each component of this system, including the EC mediators, in the pathogenesis of kidney disease and their potential role as part of a therapeutic strategy.
Inactivation mechanism of ferrous and alkaline activated persulfate on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes

Abstract This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of ferrous and alkaline activated persulfate in inactivating Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. A five-strain cocktail of each pathogen was treated with activated persulfate for 5 min. The treated pathogens were plated on both selective and non-selective agars. DNA and protein leakage, TTC-dehydrogenase relative activity, and cellular ultrastructure were analyzed. The results showed there were significant (P
Office-Based Steroid Injections for Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis: Patient-Reported Outcomes, Effect on Stenosis, and Side Effects.

Objective:Office-based steroid injection has shown promise for idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS). It is important to understand safety and patient-lived experience. We report patient experience...
The association between adolescent football participation and early adulthood depression

Concerned about potentially increased risk of neurodegenerative disease, several health professionals and policy makers have proposed limiting or banning youth participation in American-style tackle football. Given the large affected population (over 1 million boys play high school football annually), careful estimation of the long-term health effects of playing football is necessary for developing effective public health policy. Unfortunately, existing attempts to estimate these effects tend not to generalize to current participants because they either studied a much older cohort or, more seriously, failed to account for potential confounding. We leverage data from a nationally representative cohort of American men who were in grades 7-12 in the 1994-95 school year to estimate the effect of playing football in adolescent on depression in early adulthood. We control for several potential confounders related to subjects' health, behavior, educational experience, family background, and family health history through matching and regression adjustment. We found no evidence of even a small harmful effect of football participation on scores on a version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D) nor did we find evidence of adverse associations with several secondary outcomes including anxiety disorder diagnosis or alcohol dependence in early adulthood. For men who were in grades 7-12 in the 1994-95 school year, participating or intending to participate in school football does not appear to be a major risk factor for early adulthood depression.
A comparison of hydrodynamic forces in knotted and knotless netting, using both helix and conventional ropes for midwater trawls

Abstract This study evaluated the hydrodynamic forces produced by whole panels of hand-made (geometrically different) rope meshes typically found in midwater trawls. Experimental treatments included both knotted and knotless meshes constructed of helix composite ropes, conventional braided nylon (PA) ropes, and twisted polyethylene (PE) ropes. Direct measurement of lift (L) and drag (D) forces were conducted using controlled flume tank experiments on panels oriented at 21° relative to the flow. For knotted netting, our results showed that the hydrodynamic forces (L and D) were statistically higher for helix ropes compared to conventional ropes of the same diameter. For knotless netting constructed of helix ropes, our primary finding is that the arrangement of helix ropes (S and Z lay) in individual meshes significantly affects the resulting D and Cd of whole netting panels. Arranging the mesh bars in the S-Z-S-Z lay pattern exhibited 29% and 32% lower drag (D) compared to S–S–S–S and S–S-Z-Z lay meshes, respectively. We also use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to characterize the fine-scale flow-field around helix and conventional ropes. The resulting streamlines and pressure contours provide a functional explanation for the empirical measurements collected in the flume tank. These results can be useful in informing the design of midwater trawls.
Protein and mRNA expression of protein kinase C (PKC) in the postmortem brain of bipolar and schizophrenic subjects.

Abstract Abnormalities of protein kinase C (PKC) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of bipolar (BP) illness. This is primarily based on studies of PKC in platelets of BP patients. Whether such abnormalities of PKC activity and isoforms exist in the brain is unclear. We have therefore determined PKC activity, protein and mRNA expression of PKC isoforms in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), cingulate cortex (CING) and temporal cortex (TEMP) from BP (n = 19), schizophrenic (SZ) (n = 20) and normal control (NC) (n = 25) subjects. The brain samples were obtained from the Harvard Brain Bank, and the subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Protein levels were determined using Western blot technique and mRNA levels were determined using real-time PCR (qPCR) method. We found that there was a significant decrease in the PKC activity in the cytosol and membrane fractions of PFC and TEMP obtained from BP subjects but not from SZ subjects. When we compared the expression of PKC isozymes, we found that the protein and mRNA expression of several isozymes was significantly decreased in the PFC (i.e., PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII and PKCe) and TEMP (i.e., PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCe and PKCγ) of BP subjects, but not in the CING. Overall, there was no difference in the mRNA or protein expression of PKC isozymes between SZ and NC subjects in any of the three brain areas we studied. Our results show that there is a region-specific decrease of certain PKC isozymes in the membrane and cytosol fractions of BP but not SZ subjects.
An Electrodynamic Wireless Power Receiver ‘Chip’ for Wearables and Bio-implants

This paper presents the design, fabrication and experimental characterization of a chip-sized wireless power receiver for low-frequency electrodynamic wireless power transmission (EWPT). Utilizing a laser micro-machined meandering suspension, one NdFeB magnet, and two PZT-SA piezoelectric patches, this 0.08 cm3 micro-receiver operates at its torsion mode mechanical resonance of 724 Hz. The device generates 360 µW average power (4.2 mWcm−3 power density) at 1 cm distance from a transmitter coil operating at 724 Hz and safely within allowable human exposure limits of 2 mTrms field. Compared to a previously reported macro-scale prototype, this volume-efficient micro-receiver is 31x smaller and offers 3.2x higher power density within a low-profile, compact footprint for wirelessly charging wearable and bio-implantable devices.
Designing a Clerkship Curriculum for Medical Students in Clinical and Medical Informatics in the Electronic Medical Record Era

IntroductionThe nature of practice in clinical and medical informatics has changed since the last recommended incorporation of the field into undergraduate medical education in 1998. The Regenstrief Institute and Indiana University have been offering a clerkship in clinical and medical informatics since 2008, and post-graduate medical education since the early 1970s. MethodsDrawing on this existing educational program and the expertise at the institute, we developed a clerkship elective to support medical students in learning about the subspecialty in practice, as well as the state of the art in research. Student evaluation of the clerkship and satisfaction with curricular design elements was measured. ResultsA modular inverted classroom curriculum was designed and implemented using learning management systems and instructional technology available at Indiana University. Students were satisfied with the clerkship, and explicitly understood how curricular design contributed to their understanding of material. The curriculum was found flexible for multiple levels of learners, particularly those with advanced mastery of technical skills. DiscussionThis curriculum, and its packaged content to be imported into common learning management systems, offers a state of the art introduction to clinical and medical informatics for medical students, which supports student success and preferences during their clerkship elective period. Educational ObjectivesBy the end of this activity, learners will be able to: O_LIArticulate the scope of clinical and medical informatics within medicine C_LIO_LIDescribe a problem pertinent to their clinical interests, and how a solution can be supported by health information technology, as well as more generally be assessed using clinical outcome measures C_LIO_LIDemonstrate a knowledge of terminologies and standards found in clinical medicine, as well how they integrate to define and describe disease C_LIO_LIDemonstrate an understanding of clinical decision making and the evaluation of discrete choice problems C_LI
Trade-off analysis between delay and throughput of RAN slicing for smart grid

Abstract Emerging power services with massive connections and real-time control have different requirements on delay, rate, reliability, etc. In order to meet the diversified requirements of power services, network slicing can provide guarantee for the wide application of 5G in power. The current research on network slicing adapting power services is still in its infancy. This paper proposes a trade-off analysis method for radio access network (RAN) slice delay and throughput based on dynamic intelligent resource allocation to meet the different QoS requirements of different services in smart grid scenarios. Firstly, clustering analysis is used to classify the communication requirements of smart grid services. A throughput demand model for enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) slice users based on importance and a delay constraint model for ultra-reliable and low latency communication (uRLLC) slice users are constructed, and a throughput model for slice users based on cell capacity limitation is constructed. Then, the problem model of maximizing the throughput of the eMBB slice by reasonably allocating resource blocks and power under the premise of ensuring the delay of the uRLLC slice is established. The Lyapunov drift plus penalty function method is used to convert the above problem into a tractable form, and then the problem is solved by the active set method. Simulation results show that the different QoS requirements of smart grid services will significantly affect the actual queue length of the uRLLC slice as well as the throughput of the eMBB slice.