cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Shocks to Intermediary Equity on Stock Returns

Muir (2014) shows that the ratio of intermediary equity to GDP predicts future market returns and is a priced risk factor in the cross-section of stock returns. Here, I extend his work and show that expectations of large declines in the equity of financial institutions can also help explain equity returns. Specifically, I show that different measures of intermediary equity tail-risk are priced in the cross-section. Firms that load on this financial tail-risk factor have lower expected returns. Motivated by these facts, I develop an intermediary asset pricing model where the financial sector's net worth is subject to large negative shocks. I calibrate the model to U.S. data and find that stocks that do well when disaster risk is high earn significantly lower returns thus providing theoretical support to my findings. In addition, the model is able to match key asset pricing moments like the equity premium and the volatility of stock returns.
Case 31: How Many Authors?

You have, as the PI, completed a clinical study. Eight researchers participated. They include five clinicians, who obtained the consent from the patients and collected data; two physiologists, who reviewed the Electroencephalogram (EEG) tracings; and a statistician, who completed the statistical analysis. You choose an appropriate journal where you will send the manuscript. When you read the instructions to the author, you see that the journal allows only six authors and you have eight.
A Sensitized Whole Genome ENU Mutagenesis Screen Identifies an Arp2 Missense Mutation As a Novel Suppressor of Lethal Thrombosis in the Factor V Leiden Mouse

Abstract Abstract 493 Only ∼10% of individuals carrying the common risk factor, Factor V Leiden (FVL), will develop venous thrombosis. In order to identify potential FVL modifier genes, we performed a sensitized dominant ENU mutagenesis screen based on the perinatal synthetic lethal thrombosis observed in mice homozygous for FVL (FVQ/Q) and hemizygous for tissue factor pathway inhibitor deficiency (Tfpi+/−). The screen was performed by crossing ENU-treated male FVQ/Q mice with FVQ/+ Tfpi+/− females. Surviving G1 offspring were analyzed to identify survivors with the lethal FVQ/Q Tfpi+/− genotype. Analysis of 7,128 G1 offspring (∼2X genome coverage) identified 98 FVQ/Q Tfpi+/− mice that survived to weaning. Fourteen FVQ/Q Tfpi+/− G1 mice exhibited successful transmission of a putative suppressor mutation to two or more FVQ/Q Tfpi+/− G2 offspring. Whole exome sequencing was performed on a progeny tested member of 8 of the 14 lines using the Agilent SureSelect mouse whole exome capture kit resulting in ∼100 fold coverage. Variant analysis revealed a small number of high confidence novel heterozygous (dominant) single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in each sample. Sanger re-sequencing of all 11 SNVs in a cohort of mice from line 1 confirmed that the G to C mutation (chromosome 11 base 19,977,300) in the Actr2 gene (present in 15/16 re-sequenced progeny p Disclosures: Ginsburg: Shire Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Portola Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Catalyst Biosciences: Consultancy; Baxter Pharmaceuticals: benefit from payments to Children’s Hosptial, Boston, and the University of Michigan Patents & Royalties; Merck Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy.
Rates of proliferation of human melanoma may predict sensitivity to small molecule MEK inhibition

B234 Melanoma is the most common fatal skin cancer worldwide and, in the United States alone, an estimated 59,940 new cases and an estimated 8,110 deaths are expected in 2007. Regarding malignant melanoma cell lines and the crucial Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling casacde, approximately 60% harbor activating mutations in the BRAF gene and, of these, 91% occur in codon 600 within the kinase domain of the protein. Inhibitors of MEK have been shown to abrogate ERK1/2 activation (via phosphorylation), consequently resulting in a decrease in melanoma cell proliferation and metastatic potential as well as an increase in apoptotic response. AR389 (Array Biopharma, Boulder, CO) and AZD6244 (AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, United Kingdom) are potent, selective, noncompetitive MEK1/2 inhibitors. Binding of this class of molecules to the MEK protein-ATP complex prevents downstream phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and thus impedes MAPK signaling. To better understand as well as employ these agents in the clinic, cellular and molecular characterization of small molecule MEK inhibitors, such as AR389 and AZD6244, is absolutely imperative. Using a panel of six human melanoma cell lines with varying BRAF and NRAS mutations, we demonstrate that AR389 and AZD6244 inhibit phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and induce a profound and sustained cell cycle arrest in G1, with a substantial decrease in % cells in S-phase, and a corresponding decrease in proliferation of all cell lines tested. However, AR389 did not increase apoptosis nor decrease cellular clonogenic potential, indicating that the main therapeutic effect of these drugs is to inhibit cell cycle and proliferation. In fact, we found that sensitivity to small molecule MEK inhibitors can be closely correlated with potential doubling time (r 2 =0.8806) in human melanoma cell lines. Additionally, fraction of cells in S-phase decreases linearly with dose (r 2 =0.8510) in MEK inhibitor treatment groups. Accordingly, we hypothesize that sensitivity to MEK inhibition may be predicted based on cellular growth rates (Tpot) and fraction of cells in S-phase.
Critical decisions in metaproteomics: achieving high confidence protein annotations in a sea of unknowns

Critical decisions in metaproteomics: achieving high confidence protein annotations in a sea of unknowns
Tau aggregation influences cognition and hippocampal atrophy in the absence of beta-amyloid: a clinico-imaging-pathological study of primary age-related tauopathy (PART)

We investigate whether there is any association between the Braak neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) stage and clinical and MRI features in definite primary age-related tauopathy (PART). We analysed 52 cases with a Braak NFT tangle stage >0 and ≤IV, and a Thal phase of 0 (no beta-amyloid present). Twenty-nine (56%) were female. Median age at death was 88 years (IQR 82–92 years). Fifteen (29%) were TDP-positive (75% TDP stage I), 16 (31%) had argyrophilic grain disease and three (6%) had alpha-synuclein-positive Lewy bodies. TDP-43 inclusion when present were rare and predominantly perivascular. Of the 15 with TDP-43, three showed a moderate number of inclusions and also had hippocampal sclerosis, neuronal intranuclear inclusions and fine neurites of the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Four cases (8%) had an apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE4) allele. There was a significant correlation between age at death and Braak NFT stage (r = 0.32, p = 0.02). After accounting for age at clinical examination, there were significant associations between Braak NFT stage, and WAIS-R Block Design and Trail Making Tests A and B, with higher Braak stage associated with poorer performances. Thirty of the 52 cases had completed an antemortem volumetric head MRI. Two separate MRI analyses revealed an association between higher Braak NFT stage and grey matter atrophy in the head of the left hippocampus. There were no significant clinical or radiologic associations with TDP-43. Findings from this study demonstrate that aggregated tau distribution is associated with poorer cognitive performance, as well as atrophy, in the absence of beta-amyloid. These findings support the parcellation of definite PART as a useful construct. The relatively low frequencies of APOE4, TDP-43, Lewy bodies, and hippocampal sclerosis, and the rarity and morphology of TDP-43 lesions are noted contrasts to what is typically observed in Alzheimer’s disease of the old.
Analysis of Linear Network Coding in Cooperative Multi-hop Networks

We investigate the performance of two multi-hop network topologies in which two sources have independent information to be transmitted to a far off common destination. Linear network coding technique is used by the intermediate relays to transmit the combined information of two sources. The first topology contains nodes that are placed in a regular pattern and the transmission process is modeled with a quasi-stationary Markov chain. The relay nodes use decode and forward mechanism at each hop. We find the transition probability matrix of the Markov chain assuming that all the nodes have same transmit power and the channel is Rayleigh fading. The second random network topology has fixed number of nodes that are randomly placed in a strip-shaped network. The outage probability of each node is found and the state distribution at each hop is used to analyze the network coverage for a given signal-to-noise ratio margin. Theoretical results have been included that match with the simulation results.
Predicting Android application security and privacy risk with static code metrics

Android applications pose security and privacy risks for end-users. These risks are often quantified by performing dynamic analysis and permission analysis of the Android applications after release. Prediction of security and privacy risks associated with Android applications at early stages of application development, e.g. when the developer (s) are writing the code of the application, might help Android application developers in releasing applications to end-users that have less security and privacy risk. The goal of this paper is to aid Android application developers in assessing the security and privacy risk associated with Android applications by using static code metrics as predictors. In our paper, we consider security and privacy risk of Android application as how susceptible the application is to leaking private information of end-users and to releasing vulnerabilities. We investigate how effectively static code metrics that are extracted from the source code of Android applications, can be used to predict security and privacy risk of Android applications. We collected 21 static code metrics of 1,407 Android applications, and use the collected static code metrics to predict security and privacy risk of the applications. As the oracle of security and privacy risk, we used Androrisk, a tool that quantifies the amount of security and privacy risk of an Android application using analysis of Android permissions and dynamic analysis. To accomplish our goal, we used statistical learners such as, radial-based support vector machine (r-SVM). For r-SVM, we observe a precision of 0.83. Findings from our paper suggest that with proper selection of static code metrics, r-SVM can be used effectively to predict security and privacy risk of Android applications.
The Impact of Plasmacytoid Variant Histology on the Survival of Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of Bladder after Radical Cystectomy

Abstract Background The clinical significance of the plasmacytoid variant (PCV) in urothelial carcinoma (UC) is currently lacking. Objective To compare clinical outcomes of patients with any PCV with that of patients with pure UC treated with radical cystectomy (RC). Design, setting, and participants We identified 98 patients who had pathologically confirmed PCV UC and 1312 patients with pure UC and no variant history who underwent RC at our institution between 1995 and 2014. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Univariable and multivariable Cox regression and Cox proportional hazards regression to determine if PCV was associated with overall survival (OS). Results and limitations Patients with PCV UC were more likely to have advanced tumor stage ( p =0.001), positive lymph nodes ( p =0.038), and receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy than those with pure UC (46% vs 22%, p 0.0001). The rate of positive soft tissue surgical margins was over five times greater in the PCV UC group compared with the pure UC group (21% vs 4.1%, respectively, p 0.0001). Median OS for the pure UC versus the PCV patients were 8 yr and 3.8 yr, respectively. On univariable analysis, PCV was associated with an increased risk of overall mortality (hazard ratio=1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.78, p =0.039). However, on multivariable analysis adjusted for age, sex, neoadjuvant chemotherapy received, lymph node status, pathologic stage, and soft margin status, the association between PCV and OS was no longer significant (hazard ratio=1.06, 95% confidence interval: 0.78, 1.43, p =0.7). This retrospective study is limited by the lack of pathological reanalysis, and the impact of other concurrent mixed histology cannot be determined in this study. Conclusions Patients with PCV features have a higher disease burden at RC compared with those with pure UC. However, PCV was not an independent predictor of survival after RC on multivariable analysis, suggesting that PCV histology should not be used as an independent prognostic factor. Patient summary Plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma is a rare and aggressive form of bladder cancer. Patients with plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma had worse adverse pathologic features, but this was not associated with worse overall mortality when compared with patients with pure urothelial carcinoma.
Discrimination, Serious Psychological Distress, and Church-Based Emotional Support Among African American Men Across the Life Span.

Objective This study tested whether church-based social support buffers the negative effects of discrimination on serious psychological distress (SPD) among three age groups-early, middle, and late adulthood-of African American men. Methods Negative binominal regression analyses for discrimination and SPD were performed using data from 1,271 African American men from the National Survey of American Life. Results Discrimination was positively associated with SPD for all age groups. An interaction between church-based support and discrimination indicated that under conditions of high levels of support from congregants, discrimination, and SPD were positively correlated. However, discrimination and SPD were unrelated for low levels of church-based support. Further, the interaction was significant for men aged 18-34 and 55 or older but not significant for men aged 35-54. Discussion This is the first study to document relationships among discrimination, SPD, and church-based support in a nationally representative sample of African American men. Overall, rather than revealing a stress-buffering function, findings were consistent with the resource mobilization perspective of social support, indicating that higher levels of assistance from church networks are provided when individuals experience high levels of both discrimination and SPD.
Archipelagic genetics in a widespread Caribbean anole

Aim We examine the influence of fluctuating sea levels in a land-bridge archipelago on the apportioning of intraspecific genetic diversity and divergence in the widespread Puerto Rican crested anole (Anolis cristatellus). We compare three alternative scenarios for genetic diversification in an archipelagic species that contrast the relative influences of periodic isolation versus island connectedness driven by fluctuating sea levels. Our approach combines information from geography and population genetics to assess the influence of island size, island isolation, island historical geography, and population genetic processes such as drift on the contemporary distribution of genetic variation within and among islands. Location The Puerto Rico Bank in the Caribbean focusing primarily on the Spanish, British and U.S. Virgin Islands. Methods We used nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite genotypes sampled from A. cristatellus populations to investigate: (1) the broad-scale pattern of phylogeographical divergence across Puerto Rico Bank islands and (2) diversification within the Virgin Islands archipelago. For the first component, we used sequence data to reconstruct the relationships among 542 samples from across the species range. For the second component, we examined the relative influences of island size, isolation, and population genetic processes on the distribution of genetic diversity across the Virgin Islands. Results In the Virgin Islands, A. cristatellus is represented by a monophyletic clade except on the island of Vieques, where two divergent clades coexist. We found evidence for non-equilibrium dynamics in the Virgin Islands, suggesting spatial population expansion during intraglacial periods of low sea level. Main conclusions We found limited evidence that periods of island isolation affected patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation. Instead, we found that the patterns of genetic diversity and divergence in A. cristatellus in the Virgin Islands archipelago are likely shaped by long-term persistence in the region and periods of population spatial expansion.
Adverse Events and Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs: Is Inappropriate Labeling the Problem? - The Case of Acetaminophen:

Incorrect use of acetaminophen that results in severe liver injury is among the most common adverse drug events (ADEs) in the United States of America (USA), and other countries around the world. C...
Differences in innate IFNγ and IL-17 responses to Bordetella pertussis between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice: role of γδT cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells

Cell-mediated immune responses characterized by the secretion of IFNγ and IL-17 play an important role in the immune response to Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis). We investigated innate sources of IFNγ and IL-17 upon stimulation of spleen cells from BALB/c (B/c) and C57BL/6 (B6) mice with heat-killed B. pertussis (hkBp). Spleen cells from B/c mice secreted less IFNγ and more IL-17 than those from B6 mice. Innate IFNγ was produced predominantly by NK cells in B/c mice and by CD8 T cells and NK cells in B6 mice. Innate IL-17 was produced primarily by γδT cells in both mouse strains. The secretion of IFNγ was abrogated by anti-IL-12, and the production of IL-17 was abolished by anti-IL-1β- and anti-IL23-neutralizing antibodies. B/c dendritic cells (DCs) stimulated with hkBp secreted significantly more IL-1β and less IL-12 than B6 DCs. Differences in JNK phosphorylation in DCs suggest that this pathway plays a role in the differences between B/c and B6 strains. Mixed cultures of DCs and γδT cells from B/c and B6 showed that cytokines from DCs as well as γδT cell-intrinsic factors contributed to the robust innate IL-17 response in B/c strain. Stimulation of γδT cells with IL-1β and IL-23 was sufficient for IL-17 secretion whereas IL-12 inhibited the secretion of IL-17. A larger fraction of γδT cells were γδT-17 cells in B/c mice than B6 mice. Our data indicate important roles for genetically determined factors in the innate IFNγ and IL-17 responses to B. pertussis.
Northern Muriqui Monkeys: Behavior, Demography, and Conservation

The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus ) is a critically endangered primate species, endemic to the Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil. Long-term data from one of the largest populations, which inhabits the 957-ha forest at the RPPN Feliciano Miguel Abdala in Caratinga, Minas Gerais, provides insights into the dynamics between behavior, demography, and conservation. With some 328 individuals as of June 2012, this population has quintupled since systematic monitoring began in 1982, and it now represents roughly 33 % of the species. This rapid expansion can be attributed to female-biased infant sex ratios and high survivorship during the first two decades of research. However, male-biased infant sex ratios , compounded by reduced survivorship among dispersing females compared to patrilocal males, have been documented in recent years. The adult sex ratio is projected to become increasingly male biased as these cohorts mature, and the population growth rate is expected to decline. Moreover, demographic fluctuations are expected to affect males and females differently because of sex differences in dispersal patterns and social dynamics. Specifically, the strong affiliative relationships that have persisted among philopatric males are predicted to be sensitive to increases in both the absolute and relative number of adult males, resulting in higher levels of male competition and possible disruptions in male social networks. This case study illustrates the importance of long-term behavioral data for estimating population viabilities and identifying conservation priorities for this and other critically endangered species.
The Generic Representation Theory of Finite Fields: A Survey of Basic Structure

If F q is the finite field of characteristic p and order q= p s , let F(q)be the category whose objects are functors from finite dimensional F q -vector spaces to F q -vector spaces, and with morphisms the natural transformations between such functors. We survey the basic structure of this category and its close connections to the finite general linear groups, the symmetric groups, classical Schur algebras, algebraic K-theory, and the Steenrod algebra.
Retroactive Application of State Long-Arm Statutes

A precondition to a court’s exercising any measure of authority over an individual or an entity is the court’s establishment of personal jurisdiction. A court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant only if the forum state provides a statutory basis for exercising jurisdiction over the nonresident and the exercise of jurisdiction satisfies the constitutional due process standard. Personal jurisdiction is one of the most commonly litigated issues today, due primarily to confusion over the constitutional standard. Commentators and courts write extensively about the constitutional prerequisites for personal jurisdiction, but say little about state long-arm statutes. Perhaps this should not come as a surprise. Long-arm statutes are often similar from state to state. Their interpretation is usually dry and straightforward. The Due Process Clause enables courts and commentators to be creative. Nevertheless, long-arm statutes provide at least one issue that merits consideration: states differ on whether their respective long-arm statutes apply retroactively and in their reasoning. These differences can decide a case, lead to illogical results, and affect judicial efficiency. For those reasons, this Note surveys the current position of the states on longarm statute retroactivity and examines differences in the states’ reasoning. Hopefully the discussion serves as a useful summary of state law and provides helpful suggestions for future long-arm statute drafting and interpretation. INTRODUCTION 1654 I. IMPLIED CONSENT THEORY AND APPROACHES TO RETROACTIVITY 1657 A. Introduction to Personal Jurisdiction Law 1657 B. Implied Consent Theory 1660 C. Retroactivity Analysis 1662 * J.D. candidate 2014, University of Florida Levin College of Law; B.A. 2006, Tulane University. I would like to thank the faculty of the University of Florida Levin College of Law, particularly Professors George Dawson, Amy Mashburn, and Jason Nance, for their accessibility and commitment to teaching. I would also like to thank the staff and student editors of the Florida Law Review for their diligence and thorough feedback. ** Editor’s Note: This Note won the Gertrude Brick Award for the best Note in Spring 2013. 1 Ullian: Retroactive Application of State Long-Arm Statutes Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2013 1654 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 65 II. A SURVEY OF STATE APPROACHES TO RETROACTIVITY OF LONG-ARM STATUTES 1664 A. Retroactive Long-Arm Statutes 1664 1. Federal Law 1664 2. Illinois 1665 3. Connecticut 1667 B. Prospective-Only Long-Arm Statutes 1667 1. Florida 1667 2. Georgia 1669 3. Mississippi 1670 4. Iowa 1672 5. Statutory Non-Retroactivity 1675 III. PROSPECTIVE-ONLY LONG-ARM STATUTES ARE ILLOGICAL AND INEFFICIENT 1675 A. Prospective-Only Long-Arm Statutes Lead to Illogical Results 1676 B. Prospective-Only Long-Arm Statutes Merely Duplicate Constitutional Due Process Protections 1678 C. Long-Arm Statutes Are Remedial 1679 D. Prospective-Only Long-Arm Statutes Waste Judicial Resources 1680 CONCLUSION 1681
Terrainbento 1.0: a Python package for multi-model analysis in long-term drainage basin evolution

Abstract. Models of landscape evolution provide insight into the geomorphic history of specific field areas, create testable predictions of landform development, demonstrate the consequences of current geomorphic process theory, and spark imagination through hypothetical scenarios. While the last 4 decades have brought the proliferation of many alternative formulations for the redistribution of mass by Earth surface processes, relatively few studies have systematically compared and tested these alternative equations. We present a new Python package, terrainbento 1.0, that enables multi-model comparison, sensitivity analysis, and calibration of Earth surface process models. Terrainbento provides a set of 28 model programs that implement alternative transport laws related to four process elements: hillslope processes, surface-water hydrology, erosion by flowing water, and material properties. The 28 model programs are a systematic subset of the 2048 possible numerical models associated with 11 binary choices. Each binary choice is related to one of these four elements – for example, the use of linear or nonlinear hillslope diffusion. Terrainbento is an extensible framework: base classes that treat the elements common to all numerical models (such as input/output and boundary conditions) make it possible to create a new numerical model without reinventing these common methods. Terrainbento is built on top of the Landlab framework such that new Landlab components directly support the creation of new terrainbento model programs. Terrainbento is fully documented, has 100 % unit test coverage including numerical comparison with analytical solutions for process models, and continuous integration testing. We support future users and developers with introductory Jupyter notebooks and a template for creating new terrainbento model programs. In this paper, we describe the package structure, process theory, and software implementation of terrainbento. Finally, we illustrate the utility of terrainbento with a benchmark example highlighting the differences in steady-state topography between five different numerical models.
Review: new insights into optimizing chemical and 3D surface structures of carbon electrodes for neurotransmitter detection

The carbon-fiber microelectrode has been used for decades as a neurotransmitter sensor. Recently, new strategies have been developed for making carbon electrodes, including using carbon nanomaterials or pyrolyzing a photoresist etched by nanolithography or 3D printing. This review summarizes how chemical and 3D surface structures of new carbon electrodes are optimized for neurotransmitter detection. There are effects of the chemical structure that are advantageous, and nanomaterials are used ranging from carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to graphene to nanodiamond. Functionalization of these materials promotes surface oxide groups that adsorb dopamine, and dopants introduce defect sites good for electron transfer. Polymer coatings such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) or Nafion also enhance the selectivity, particularly for dopamine over ascorbic acid. Changing the 3D surface structure of an electrode increases the current by adding more surface area. If the surface structure has roughness or pores on the micron scale, the electrode also acts as a thin layer cell, momentarily trapping the analyte for redox cycling. Vertically aligned CNTs as well as lithographically made or 3D printed pillar arrays act as thin layer cells, producing more reversible cyclic voltammograms. A better understanding of how the chemical and surface structure affects the electrochemistry enables rational design of electrodes. New carbon electrodes are being tested in vivo and strategies to reduce biofouling are being developed. Future studies should test the robustness for long term implantation, explore electrochemical properties of neurotransmitters beyond dopamine, and combine optimized chemical and physical structures for real-time monitoring of neurotransmitters.
The Vulnerability of Experimental Findings to Misunderstanding, Misuse, Spin, and the Streetlight Effect

This chapter examines why the results of basic income experiments are so easily misunderstood, and, therefore, vulnerable to spin, sensationalism, and other forms of misuse. These problems exist because of the inherent complexity of the material, the differences in background knowledge of the people involved, and the political nature of the issue.
E-Waste Recycling and Exposure Reduction Intervention in the Philippines

E-waste recycling in the Metro Manila, Philippines, occurs in communities around the metropolitan area. It is usually operated by self-organized recyclers with connection to >2000 junkshops that...
TimingSAT: Decamouflaging Timing-based Logic Obfuscation

In order to counter advanced reverse engineering techniques, various integrated circuit (IC) camouflaging methods are proposed to protect hardware intellectual property (IP) proactively. For example, a timing-based camouflaging strategy is developed recently representing a new class of parametric camouflaging strategies. Unlike traditional IC camouflaging techniques that directly hide the circuit functionality, the new parametric strategies obfuscate the circuit timing schemes, which in turn protects the circuit functionality and invalidates all the existing attacks. In this paper, we propose a SAT attack, named TimingSAT, to analyze the security of such timing-based camouflaging strategies. We demonstrate that with a proper transformation of the camouflaged netlist, traditional SAT attacks are still effective to decamouflage the new protection methods. The correctness of the resolved circuit functionality is formally proved. While a direct implementation of TimingSAT suffers from poor scalability, we propose a simplification procedure to significantly enhance the attack efficiency without sacrificing the correctness of the decamouflaged netlist. The efficiency and effectiveness of TimingSAT is validated with extensive experimental results.
Gene Transfer Into Mice

Publisher Summary Transgenic mice provide a powerful assay system to characterize temporal and spatial patterns of gene expression to analyze the role of specific molecules in complex biological phenomena and alter the physiology of whole animals in defined ways. This chapter reviews the broad areas in which transgenic mice have made or are likely to make a significant contribution—tissue- and developmental stage-specific gene expression, oncology, immunology, development, and understanding of genetic diseases. Gene-transfer techniques have been utilized to clone genes and are very important in structure-function analyses. Mice that contain exogenous DNA integrated into their genomes have been termed “transgenic,” and the introduced DNA is called a “transgene.” Genes can be introduced into single-cell fertilized eggs by direct microcapillary injection of DNA into one of the two pronuclei or by retroviral infection. Genes can be introduced into later-stage embryos by retroviral infection or by introducing into the embryos totipotent cells, which previously had been transfected with DNA in culture.
Evaluation of GERD: Symptoms and Disease Classification

Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms are relatively common, seen in almost two-thirds of people in the United States. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is the presence of esophageal damage accompanying reflux symptoms. Typical symptoms include heartburn and regurgitation. Atypical symptoms include chronic sore throat, cough, hoarseness, laryngitis, asthma, dysphagia, excessive salivation, globus, and dental erosions. GERD can be characterized as erosive or nonerosive esophagitis based upon the presence or absence of mucosal breaks seen on endoscopy. Erosive esophagitis is more likely to lead to complications including stricture, ulcers, and metaplasia, Barrett’s esophagus, and adenocarcinoma in the distal esophagus, as a result of full-thickness mucosal injury.
The Association between Limited English Proficiency and Sepsis Mortality.

Background Limited English proficiency (LEP) has been implicated in poor health outcomes. Sepsis is a frequently fatal syndrome that is commonly encountered in hospital medicine. The impact of LEP on sepsis mortality is not currently known. Objective To determine the association between LEP and sepsis mortality. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting 800-bed, tertiary care, academic medical center. Patients Electronic health record data were obtained for adults admitted to the hospital with sepsis between June 1, 2012 and December 31, 2016. Measurements The primary predictor was LEP. Patients were defined as having LEP if their self-reported primary language was anything other than English and interpreter services were required during hospitalization. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Mortality was compared across races stratified by LEP using chi-squared tests of significance. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed to investigate the association between mortality, race, and LEP, adjusting for baseline characteristics, comorbidities, and illness severity. Results Among 8,974 patients with sepsis, we found that 1 in 5 had LEP, 62% of whom were Asian. LEP was highly associated with death across all races except those identifying as Black and Latino. LEP was associated with a 31% increased odds of mortality after adjusting for illness severity, comorbidities, and other baseline characteristics, including race (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.06-1.63, P = .02). Conclusions In a single-center study of patients hospitalized with sepsis, LEP was associated with mortality across nearly all races. This is a novel finding that will require further exploration into the causal nature of this association.
Opportunities to Improve Shared Decision Making in Dialysis Decisions for Older Adults with Life-Limiting Kidney Disease: A Pilot Study.

Background: Lack of awareness about the life-limiting nature of renal failure is a significant barrier to palliative care for older adults with end-stage renal disease. Objective: To train nephrolo...
Total Protein Staining Is Superior to Classical or Tissue-Specific Protein Staining for Standardization of Protein Biomarkers in Heterogeneous Tissue Samples

Protein detection techniques such as western blotting and ELISA rely on housekeeping proteins as standards for sample normalization. However, clinical or animal tissue specimens are heterogeneous due to presence of contaminating cell types and tissues (e.g., blood vessels and muscle) or cellular decay during tissue storage and isolation which may compromise protein integrity. This biological heterogeneity may invalidate the assumption that housekeeping proteins are invariable across various specimens. This study provides data that advocate for protein standardization based on total protein staining in rabbit posterior capsular tissues. We compared the classical normalization markers glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β-tubulin (TUBB) with other proteins that have low variation in expression (i.e., FTL, FTH1, EEF1A1, TPT1) based on RNAseq data for human posterior capsular tissues. Histological examination revealed a high degree of qualitative variation in microscopic images of capsular tissue specimens. This variation is reflected by significant differences in specific protein signals for all housekeeping proteins as detected by western blot analysis. However, total protein staining, which combines the intensity of multiple gel electrophoretic bands, normalizes natural biological variation observed for individual housekeeping proteins and permits assessment of protein integrity. Therefore, we propose that normalization based on total protein staining increases accuracy of protein quantification of heterogeneous tissue specimen samples.
Applying Tests of Readability to Online Stuttering Information

Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder that begins in early childhood. Information about the disorder and intervention is important for persons who wish to speak more easily and communicate more effectively. The internet is usually the first source of information for adults who stutter and parents of children who stutter. This study was undertaken to examine the readability of the most popular stuttering websites, and whether this is in line with the general population’s reading ability. A search was conducted with the key word “stuttering.” The first 100 websites that met a set of criteria were included in the analyses. Along with the readability tests, the websites’ extensions were recorded. The URLs were input into an automatic readability score generator. A number of tests were performed. These tests included the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (FKRE), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) Grade Level, Coleman-Liau Index (CLI), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and Gunning Fog Index (GFI). Findings suggest that the 100 most popular websites about stuttering are written at a higher than the recommended 5th grade reading level. Websites with URL extensions .edu, .org, and .gov are generally written at a significantly higher level (i.e., are more difficult to read) compared with others (e.g., .net and .com). Overall, the results indicated that the readability level of the information online on stuttering is substantially higher than recommended. Simpler writing would permit a larger part of the general population to access useful information, thereby increasing the potential to help with early identification of young children with stuttering, their families, and adults who stutter.
Chapter 14 – Wetland Environments

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses wetland environments. Wetlands cover substantial portions of the world's land and shore regions and represent significant components of the Earth's environment. Thus, wetlands attract considerable public interest and scientific attention, for which small-format aerial photography (SFAP) is well suited to provide low-cost imagery with high spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions. Equipment is lightweight, compact, and easily transported into wetland environments, and silent operation of some platforms, kites, blimps, and balloons does not disturb sensitive wildlife. SFAP is a means to study restricted wetland preserves that may be closed to the public. SFAP can be taken in all possible orientations and in all directions relative to the ground target and sun position. This provides the ability to acquire images quite different from conventional aerial photos and increases the potential for recognizing particular ground-cover conditions. The combination of high spatial resolution and frequent repeated photography provides a means for highly focused investigations of specific sites in various types of wetland environments.
The Myth of Colchicine in Treating Myopericarditis: Case Report and Literature Review.

Myopericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium with concurrent myocardial involvement. The clinical presentation of myopericarditis is often with varying degrees of cardiac symptomatology. Its etiology is often idiopathic, but it may also be related to infectious and inflammatory prodrome. Symptoms are proportional to the extent and pattern of myocardial involvement. Many are diagnosed sub-clinically during the management of other systemic illnesses. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging are important tools in the evaluation of myopericarditis, as the diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction greatly affects the management, follow-up, and prognosis of these patients. The acute management of myopericarditis remains without clear direction and focuses on symptom control. The use of NSAIDs is often cautioned, as it has been described to actually accelerate the myocarditic process in animal models, possibly increasing mortality. Colchicine, a well-established anti-inflammatory agent, may have a role in the management of acute myopericarditis. We present two cases, each involving a young male, without underlying medical conditions, who presented to the emergency room with acute onset chest pain. Both were found to have elevated cardiac biomarkers and electrocardiographic (EKG) changes, admitted as in-patients and eventually diagnosed with acute myopericarditis. They made full recoveries and were eventually discharged home. Both were started on colchicine during hospitalization, which were continued for several months upon discharge. Overall, there is limited published data regarding the medical management of myopericarditis. There need to be prospective studies and registries to further our knowledge in the management of this illness.
Recovery of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in paediatric Cushing disease.

Objectives The postoperative period of Cushing disease (CD) is complicated by a phase of adrenal insufficiency (AI). Factors that influence the duration of AI and its prognostic significance for CD recurrence in children have not been extensively studied. We investigated whether clinical or biochemical factors contribute to the duration of AI, and the correlation of the recovery process with the risk for recurrence. Design Patients with pediatric-onset CD who were followed up for at least 3 months after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) (n=130) were included in the study. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to assess the association of biochemical and clinical factors with duration of AI. Results Overall, 102 patients recovered adrenal function during their follow-up. Median time to recovery was 12.7 months [95%Confidence Intervals (CI): 12.2-13.4]. On multivariable analysis, clinical (age, gender, disease duration, puberty stage, BMI z-score, tumor size, invasion of the cavernous sinus, year of surgery) and biochemical (midnight cortisol, morning ACTH) factors did not correlate with the time to recovery, except for increase of recovery time noted with increase of urinary free cortisol (UFC) [Hazard Ratio (HR):0.94, 95%CI:0.89-0.99]. Among patients who eventually recovered adrenal function, the risk for CD recurrence was associated with the time to recovery (HR:0.86, 95%CI:0.75-0.99). Conclusions Recovery of adrenal function in patients with CD after TSS may not be associated with most clinical and biochemical factors in the preoperative period except for total cortisol excretion, as evidenced by the correlation with UFC. Earlier recovery is associated with higher risk for recurrence, which has implications for the patients' follow up and counseling.
Mechanisms of Anoxia Tolerance

The importance of hypoxia and tissue injury resulting from low O2 states can not be over-emphasized. This is a clinical situation that is frequently encountered and, although considerable new knowledge has been forthcoming from a number of laboratories over the past 2–3 decades, many important and clinically relevant questions are still unanswered. Furthermore, it has become clearer that hypoxia is not only a pathophysiologic event but can occur even during normal development, thus widening the potential biologic implications of the mechanisms that are important during O2 deprivation. Our laboratory has been interested in a number of these questions and, although we will not parade in this paper a considerable number of our previous observations, we highlight here some of the background which led to the studies detailed in this paper as well as our more recent studies on a model organism.
Analyzing Secure Memory Architecture for GPUs

Wide adoption of cloud computing makes privacy and security a primary concern. Although recent CPUs have integrated secure memory architecture, such support is still missing for GPUs, a key accelerator in data centers. In this paper, we explore two secure memory architectures, counter-mode encryption and direct encryption, for GPUs and show that we need to architect secure memory differently from it for CPUs. Our in-depth study reveals the following insights. First, as GPUs are designed for high-throughput computation, its secure memory needs to deliver high bandwidth. Second, with counter-mode encryption, the memory traffic resulting from the metadata, i.e., the counters, MACs (message-authentication codes), and integrity tree, may cause significant performance degradation, even in the presence of metadata caches. Third, the sectored cache structure adopted by GPUs leads to multiple sequential accesses to the same metadata cache line, which necessitates the use of MSHRs (miss-status handling registers) for meta-data caches. Fourth, unlike CPUs, separate/partitioned metadata caches perform better than unified metadata caches on GPUs. The reason is that GPU workloads feature streaming accesses, which cause severe contention in the unified metadata cache and the cached counters and integrity tree nodes may be evicted before being reused. Fifth, the massive-threaded nature of GPUs make them latency-tolerant and the performance impact due to the extra encryption/decryption latency is limited. As a result, direct encryption can be a promising alternative for GPU secure memory. The challenge, however, lies in memory integrity verification as the integrity tree may incur high storage overhead and metadata traffic.
Shaping the ground for bilateral cybersecurity negotiations

Cyber issues are important for the bilateral relationship between China and the United States, but there are serious obstacles to reaching agreement on cybersecurity. Meaningful negotiation is not possible in the near term, given China’s disinterest in compromise, except on its own terms, and the unfavorable U.S. position inherited by the Biden Administration. China is unlikely to make concessions and the U.S. is unlikely to accept at face value any concession China might offer to make. Progress is also hampered by the outdated concepts used in bilateral cybersecurity discussions, such as stability, escalation, or deterrence. These terms are inherited from the Cold War and no longer provide a useful conceptual framework or lexicon. The most pressing issues are cyber espionage and political interference using cyber means. The prospects for bilateral agreement on these topics are limited. Both the U.S. and China lack incentives to reach agreement. Perhaps, if there is a time in the future when the U.S. and China both perceived increased risks from continued cyber conflict, that would create the incentives needed to negotiate, but there is little incentive for agreement now.
Accumulating Knowledge in the Organizational Sciences

In some fields, research findings are rigorously curated in a common language and made available to enable future use and large-scale, robust insights. Organizational researchers have begun such ef...
Landscapes of Predation, Landscapes of Neglect: A Location Analysis of Payday Lenders and Banks

Abstract Since the period of bank deregulation in the 1980s, deferred deposit loan operations, better known as payday lenders, have become commonplace in the landscapes of many American cities. At the same time, traditional banking facilities have become less common, especially in the inner city. Growing disparities in the type of and accessibility to credit in the inner city has generated calls for greater regulation to curb practices by payday lenders that critics claim disproportionately affect poor and minority consumers. Payday lenders argue that they serve communities neglected by traditional banks. This article analyzes the site-location strategies of banks and payday lenders in metropolitan Louisiana, and in Cook County, Illinois, and finds that disenfranchised neighborhoods are simultaneously targeted by payday lenders and neglected by traditional banks. The implications these findings have for public policy and for ongoing discourses on the urban condition, race, and class are briefly discussed....
Body image perceptions related to weight loss stage of change for diet and physical activity (811.30)

In weight management interventions, understanding the patient readiness to change is essential in order to design individualized nutrition care plans. The aim of this study is to examine obese/over...