cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The virtual home mode: photography & biography work

In this paper, I describe an ongoing qualitative study into the collaborative production and social uses of snapshot photography in the context of modern user-generated content systems. Through semi-structured interviews and in-home observation, I examine how these everyday media practices support the biographies and well-being of the participants. I build on Chalfen's concept of the home mode media production to frame the set of users and social behaviors in this study, terming current analogous activities as the "virtual home mode." In doing so, I contribute to the body of research investigating the relationships between technology and well-being, as well as providing rich description of user practices in the pervasive context of personal digital photography.
The Influence of Interaural Phase Relations upon the Masking of Speech by White Noise

If a communication engineer, confronted with a sound wave consisting of speech mixed with audible random noise, were requested to build a device to separate the speech from the noise, he would be hard pressed to produce a mechanism as effective as the human auditory system. But if he were given two waves, one a sample of speech plus a sample of random noise, the other the same speech minus the noise, he would invoke the elementary mathematical (or electronic) processes of addition and subtraction and oblige in short order with noise‐free speech and with speech‐free noise.This paper examines the performance of the (binaural) human auditory system in handling the two‐wave problem. The effectiveness of the solution is judged in terms of the intelligibility of speech heard against a background of white noise. If monaural intelligibility is taken as a standard of comparison, it is found that the advantage of binaural presentation of the speech and the noise depends upon the interaural phase relations. The auditory system handles best the problems that are easiest for the engineer, though not as effectively as the engineer would handle them. Intelligibility is highest with noise plus speech in one ear, noise minus speech (i.e., the noise wave plus the inverted speech wave) in the other. Words are understood almost, but not exactly, as well with speech plus noise in one ear, speech minus noise (i.e., the speech wave plus the inverted noise wave) in the other.These modes of presentation, in which either the speech waves or the noise waves in the two ears are 180 degrees out of phase, yield word articulation scores as much as 25 percentage units higher than the more conventional mode of presentation in which both the speech waves and the noise waves in the two ears are in phase. Observations with other interaural phase relations and with monaural‐binaural presentation of speech and noise are also described.The results suggest a means of providing a small but probably significant improvement in reception whenever speech is heard through earphones in the presence of ambient noise. The scheme is simply to reverse the connections of one of the earphones.The significance of the results for the theory of masking is discussed.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Pilot Study Using a Blinded, Staggered-Onset Design

Background Prior promising results have been reported with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior limb of the internal capsule in cases with severe obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) who had exhausted conventional therapies. Methods In this pilot study, six adult patients (2 male; 4 female) meeting stringent criteria for severe (minimum Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale [Y-BOCS] of 28) and treatment-refractory OCD had DBS electrode arrays placed bilaterally in an area spanning the ventral anterior limb of the internal capsule and adjacent ventral striatum referred to as the ventral capsule/ventral striatum. Using a randomized, staggered-onset design, patients were stimulated at either 30 or 60 days following surgery under blinded conditions. Results After 12 months of stimulation, four (66.7%) of six patients met a stringent criterion as "responders" (≥35% improvement in the Y-BOCS and end point Y-BOCS severity ≤16). Patients did not improve during sham stimulation. Depressive symptoms improved significantly in the group as a whole; global functioning improved in the four responders. Adverse events associated with chronic DBS were generally mild and modifiable with setting changes. Stimulation interruption led to rapid but reversible induction of depressive symptoms in two cases. Conclusions This pilot study suggests that DBS of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum region is a promising therapy of last resort for carefully selected cases of severe and intractable OCD. Future research should attend to subject selection, lead location, DBS programming, and mechanisms underpinning therapeutic benefits.
Solvent Effects on the Activation Rate Constant in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization

Rate constants of activation (kact) for the reactions of tertiary alkyl halides with the ATRP catalyst CuIBr/1,1,4,7,10,10-hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (HMTETA) have been determined in 14 different solvents. The measurements have been performed at 25 °C by spectrophotometrically following the time-dependent absorbances of the CuII species. A large excess of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO), which quantitatively trapped the alkyl radicals, ensured the irreversible generation of CuII. The rate constant for the least active solvent butanone is 30 times smaller than that of the most active solvent DMSO. In addition, the effect of increasing amounts of monomer in a solvent on the activation rate has been analyzed. A linear correlation of activation rate constants with previously determined equilibrium constants (KATRP) provides a Leffler–Hammond coefficient of 0.45. However, the activation rate constants do not correlate with dielectric constants and Dimroth’s and Reichardt’s ET(30) values. Appl...
Gender identity, stress and psychological differentiation in figure-drawing choice.

Summary.-The effects of stress and Ss' psychological differentiation on figure drawing choice are exploced in a study in which 28 Ss viewed two anxietyevoking and two neutral films. Stress was significantly (p < .05) related to the drawing of opposite-sex first. The more psychologically differentiated group alone displayed a significant (p < .05) shift, whereas the less differentiated group did not. The major determinant OF figure drawn first is S's gender identiry but it is influenced by situational and personality variables. Since the monographs of Buck (1948) and Machover (1949), the person in the House-Tree-Person Test and the first-drawn figure in the Goodenough Draw-a-Person Test have been regarded as S's felt sex role or gender identity. In her monograph, Machover stated that drawing the opposite-sex first indicated "some degree of sexual inversion" (p. 101). Subsequent studies have confirmed that Ss most frequently draw self-sex figures first. For instance, Gravitz (1966), using a large, socially heterogeneous sample, found 85% of male Ss and 67% of female Ss drew self-sex figures first. The meaning to be given this phenomenon, however, remains the focus of conflicting reports (Swensen, 1968). Brown and Tolor (1957) reported that studies up to 1957 did not support the sexual inversion interpretation of a Fisher, 1968). Gravitz (1969) noted that high Mf males (i.e., males tending toward the feminine end of the scale) drew more self-sex figures than low Mf males. There are several studies which nonetheless support the thesis that figure drawn first reflects gender identity. Money and Wang ( 1966) compared figure drawing choice of eonists (transvestites and transexuals), phenotypic males with Klinefelter's syndrome ("cytogenetic hermaphrodites"), boys displaying juvenile effeminacy, and boys with precocious puberty. The first three groups showed significantly more frequent opposite-sex figures drawn first than the precocious boys. The eonists and effeminate juveniles even drew opposite-sex figures first This research was supported in part by NIMH Grant M-628, H. A. Witkin,,principal Investigator. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Witkin, D~rector of the psycho lo^ Laboratory, Deparunent of Psychiatry, Downstate Medical Center. for his many suggesu&s and guidance in the course of this .srudy. aDlvlsion of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
Matter Wave EIT in Raman Photoassociation

Electromagnetically-induced transparency (EIT) underpins the phenomenon of slow light. We extend EIT to a Raman photoassociation system with controllable collision velocities, and investigate transparency windows and reduced group velocities for colliding ultracold atom clouds.
Laser Shock-Induced Conformal Transferring of Functional Devices on 3-D Stretchable Substrates

This paper discussed a top–down integration method to achieve the three-dimensional (3-D) microscale conformal transferring of functional devices on flexible elastomeric substrates at ambient conditions. By the tunable laser-induced pressure, the functional device inherits the microscale wrinkle-like patterns, without compromising functions. The functional materials are encapsulated in the biocompatible parylene layers to avoid the drastic plastic deformations in functional layers. The electrical resistivity of functional device increases marginally with the applied laser intensity, aspect ratios of microscale features, and overall tensile strain applied to the whole flexible assembly. The stretchability of the transferred functional devices was studied by measuring the electrical property as function of bending and tensile strains. It shows that the device can sustain more than 40% strain in the stretchable substrate. It is demonstrated that the process can achieve the flexible and stretchable functional integration conformal to 3-D micrometer-patterns in a fast and scalable way. [2013-0365]
Four Decades of Environmental Change and Their Influence upon Native Wildlife and Fish on the Mid-Columbia River, Washington, USA

The Hanford Reach of the Columbia River has experienced a great deal of human-imposed environmental change within the past 40 years, as has much of the adjacent land. The major disturbances have been from hydroelectric dams' construction and an intensive expansion of irrigated agriculture. A notable exception to the steady expansion of agriculture and dam-building has been the 1,400 km2 Hanford Site, which was established in 1943. Today, the Hanford Site consists mostly of undeveloped land that still supports native vegetation. It is free from agricultural practices, and has also been essentially free from livestock grazing and the shooting of animal wildlife. This conservative land-use has favoured populations of native wildlife that use the riverine habitats of the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River—e.g. Mule Deer, Canada Goose, and Great Blue Heron, are notable instances. The Hanford Reach supports the only mainstem Chinook Salmon spawning habitat on the Columbia River. This population is maintained by a combination of natural spawning and artificial propagation in concert with a regulated harvest of returning adults. Numbers of mainstem spawning Salmon have increased markedly in the past 10 years, and this has attracted increasing numbers of wintering Bald Eagles to the Hanford Reach.
Diffusive motion in a model for particle hopping

Abstract The diffusive motion of adsorbates on crystal planes is studied by means of a lattice gas model with stochastic dynamics, in the disordered phase and at half coverage. The diffusion coefficient and the time-correlation functions measured in field-emission experiments are calculated. These correlation functions are shown to have the proper hydrodynamic power law decay at long times. It is pointed out that if experiments are done at times before the onset of the hydrodynamic regime the value of the diffusion coefficient obtained will be too small. Our results show also that correlations among the adsorbed particles persist for times longer than predicted by a hydrodynamical approximation.
Augmented Recession of the Medial Recti

Bimedial rectus recession with measurement from the limbus was combined with conjunctival recession in 85 children undergoing surgery for esotropia. Using this augmented recession technique, the prism diopters of correction per millimeter of surgery done were 4.8 compared with 3.2 found in 56 control patients. Postoperatively, the conjunctiva had a satisfactory cosmetic appearance and ductions were normal.
Sexual arousal in diabetic females: physiological and self-report measures.

Diabetes mellitus, a major health problem afflicting 500,000 Americans each year, is a leading cause of male erectile difficulties. Diabetic women may be susceptible to a similar diabetic pathogenesis for sexual problems but information about the effect of diabetes on female sexual response is sparse and conflicting. Past research has been based upon self-report measures, a methodology flawed by susceptibility to response bias. Whether diabetic women differed from a matched nondiabetic control group in their physiological as well as subjective response to erotic stimulus exposures was investigated. Vaginal photoplethysmographic measures of capillary engorgement were taken while subjects individually viewed counterbalanced erotic and nonerotic videotape presentations. Graphically and statistically analyzed results indicated that diabetic women demonstrated significantly less physiological arousal to erotic stimuli than controls, whereas their subjective responses were comparable. These objective, physiological findings support and extend previous subjectively based research which found potential diabetes-related sexual dysfunction in female diabetics. The groups did not differ, however, in the reported occurrence of sexual difficulties.
HOMICIDE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE MONTH

Lester and Frank (1787) reported that suicides were more common at the beginning of the month during 1980 than at comparable periods at the end of the month. The present note explored this phenomenon for homicides using data from the National Center for Health Statistics (1785). In 1780, there were 24,363 homicides in the USA as a whole. The same time periods were used as in the earlier study, that is, the 4th to 6th of each month compared to three days exactly one week earlier (to control for the day of the week variation for homicide, in which homicide is more common on weekends). There was an average of 206.9 (SD = 43.2) homicides during the three-day period at the beginning of the month as compared to an average of 177.7 (SD = 48.6) at the end of the month (t,, = 1.34), and so, there was no significant increase observed in homicides at the beginning of the month during 1780 to parallel the reported increase in suicides. While suicide rates appear to be higher in the Spring, on Mondays, and early in the month, homicide rates appear to be higher only on weekends and on national holidays which are times of increased leisure and socializing (Lester, 1777).
The impact of firm reputation and failure severity on customers' responses to service failures

Purpose – This study seeks to investigate the impact of firm reputation for service quality on customers' responses to service failures. Firm reputation is defined as customers' perceptions of how well a firm takes care of customers and is genuinely concerned about their welfare.Design/methodology/approach – An experiment design methodology was utilized to test the conceptual model. The respondents were adult passengers waiting for flights at a major airport.Findings – Overall, the findings revealed that excellent reputations provide firms with a “buffering effect”, insulating them from some of the negative consequences of failures. Firm reputation moderated the relationship between failure severity and satisfaction, lowered attributions of controllability and stability, and led to higher repurchase intentions following service failures. Attributions of controllability and stability were related only to repurchase intentions; satisfaction did not fully mediate these relationships.Research limitations/impl...
Human Rights Law and Military Aid Delivery: A Case Study of the Leahy Law

Explicitly prohibiting US military counternarcotics assistance to foreign military units facing credible allegations of abuses, Leahy Law creation and implementation illuminates the epistemological challenges of knowledge production about violence in the policy process. First passed in 1997, the law emerged from strategic alliances between elite NGO advocates, grassroots activists, and critically located Congressional aides in response to the perceived inability of Congress to act on human rights information. I explore the resulting transformation of aid delivery; rather than suspend aid when no “clean” units could be found, US officials convinced their Colombian allies to create new units consisting of vetted soldiers. I use the implementation of the law in Colombia to explore how the vetting process exposed the knowledge practices inherent in policy implementation, the social production of credibility, and ways in which some forms of political violence were made visible while others were erased.
Cirugía cardiovascular en pacientes con VIH: epidemiología, indicaciones actuales y resultados a largo plazo

Introduccion y objetivos Las nuevas terapias antirretrovirales de gran actividad (TARGA) para el tratamiento del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), aunque no exentas de efectos cardiovasculares adversos, han modificado espectacularmente la historia natural de la enfermedad, con lo que se expone a los pacientes seropositivos a factores de riesgo propios de la poblacion general y se incrementa la necesidad de cirugia cardiovascular. Metodos Se estudio retrospectivamente a 39 pacientes con VIH que se sometieron a cirugia cardiovascular de manera consecutiva entre enero de 1998 y diciembre de 2006. Resultados La media de edad fue de 49 ± 10 anos, y el 77% de los pacientes (n = 30) eran varones. Los linfocitos CD4 eran Conclusiones La cirugia cardiovascular puede llevarse a cabo de manera totalmente segura en pacientes con VIH, y se obtienen prometedores resultados. Este estudio ha reflejado que actualmente la supervivencia a largo plazo en este particular grupo de pacientes seria superior al 80%.
Rubidium transport in cultured monkey retinal pigment epithelium

Abstract Rb + influx was used to assess NaKCl cotransport and Na,K-ATPase activities in cultured monkey retinal pigment epithelium. Bumetanide-sensitive (NaKCl cotransport-mediated) Rb + influx exceeds ouabain-sensitive (Na,K-ATPase-mediated) Rb + influx, with these two transporters accounting for ∼ 95% of total Rb + uptake. Half-maximal inhibition of Rb + influx by bumetanide is attained at 75 n m bumetanide. The bumetanide-sensitive Rb + influx depends on both extracellular Na + and Cl − , and is activated by extracellular Rb + with a relatively high affinity. NaKCl cotransport activity is stimulated (2·5-fold) by increased extracellular osmolarity. Elevated cAMP content and glycolytic inhibition both depress cotransport activity. Cyanide application, however, had very little effect on NaKCl cotransport activity. Monkey retinal pigment epithelial cells, maintained in culture, provide a system in which the activity and regulation of cation transport mechanisms can be examined.
Calculations of a SPECT projection operator on a graphical processing unit

In this paper we explore the capabilities of a graphical processing unit (GPU) for the fast calculation of a tomographic projection operator in content-adaptive mesh models (CAMM). We explore the use of two distinct methods, ray-tracing and mesh element projection, both implemented on classical computers (CPU) and GPU. Both methods have already been proposed in the literature for 2D and 3D emission tomography (EM) image reconstruction using a CAMM, however, there was no clear comparison between both methods in terms of computational efficiency, which is an aim of this paper.
Data Quality Assurance for Thermophysical Property DatabasesApplications to the TRC SOURCE Data System

To a significant degree processes of database development are based upon human activities, which are susceptible to various errors. Propagation of errors in the processing leads to a decrease in the value of original data as well as that of any database products. Data quality is a critical issue that every database producer must handle as an inseparable part of the database management. Within the Thermodynamics Research Center (TRC), a systematic approach to implement database integrity rules was established through the use of modern database technology, statistical methods, and thermodynamic principles. The four major functions of the systemerror prevention, database integrity enforcement, scientific data integrity protection, and database traceabilityare detailed in this paper.
Psychological comorbidity and stress reactivity in children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain and anxiety disorders.

ABSTRACT Objective To compare clinical symptoms, diagnoses, and physiological measures in children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) ( n = 14), to a group with anxiety disorders (ANX) ( n = 14) and a physically and psychiatrically healthy control group (HC) ( n = 14). Method The cross-sectional study examined group differences in clinical symptoms of anxiety, somatic complaints, depression, and behavior problems. Physiological measures included heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and salivary cortisol in response to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Subjects were between the ages of 8 and 16 years. Results RAP and ANX subjects had comparable scores on most psychological measures, and their scores were higher ( p Conclusions Understanding more about comorbidity between RAP and anxiety could have important management implications, with observed congruities between the disorders suggesting treatments already demonstrated to be efficacious for pediatric anxiety and depression might be applied productively to RAP.
Simultaneously retrieving cloud optical depth and effective radius for optically thin clouds

[1] A new technique for simultaneously retrieving cloud optical depth and effective radius has been proposed. This approach is based on the angular distribution of scattered light in the forward scattering lobe of cloud drops. The angular distributions can be observed by multiple shadowband scans. Radiative transfer modeling simulations demonstrate that accuracies for cloud optical depth, effective radius, and liquid water path are 2%, 10%, and 2 gm−2, respectively, for given possible instrument noise and uncertainties. Further, we have tested different measurement strategies and achieved consistent accuracies. This technique will provide an approach to deal with the issue of “CLOWD (cloud with low optical (water) depth).”
A scalable σ-space based methodology for modeling process parameter variations in analog circuits

This paper describes a scalable method (called ALAMO) for modeling analog circuit performance in the presence of MOSFET process parameter variations, including (i) process/model parameter variation of individual devices and (ii) mismatch of process/model parameters of device pairs. This capability is very important for many popular analog circuits, such as current biasing circuits, voltage reference circuits, single-ended output amplifiers, and transconductance amplifiers. The methodology uses two steps, layout regularity analysis (LRA) and principal equation analysis (PEA), to reduce the complexity of the modeling problem. LRA finds devices and device pairs with similar statistical behavior. PEA eliminates less important correlations using a sensitivity-based metric. Experiments showed that ALAMO method is more accurate than Monte Carlo analysis and @s-space method, and scales well even for analog circuits involving hundreds of fingered MOSFETs. LRA and PEA are effective in decreasing the modeling problem complexity reducing the modeling time by more than 70% without significantly influencing accuracy.
Stability of Metal Complexes of Nuclear-Substituted Salicylic Acids: Correlation with Biological Effects

Stability constants are reported for the chelation of ferric and aluminum ions by a series of salicylic acid derivatives having amino, alkyl, chloro, and nitro groups in the ring. The sequence of complex stabilities found is in agreement with current organic theory and shows a parallelism with the ionization constants. Three of the biological effects known for salicylates, antibacterial, analgesic-antipyretic, and fungicidal, can be related to the magnitude of complex stability or ionization constant.
Citation analysis and adaptive radiation

Bibliometrics does not allow prediction of the duration of research fronts. Utilizing an analogy with the concept of adaptive radiation, this heuristic article suggests a technique which may permit a measure of predictability to bibliometrics.
Irwin Keller: A Performer of Parts

Irwin Keller performs on the pulpit as Reb Irwin of Congregation Ner Shalom in Cotati, California, but his better-known role is as Winnie with the Kinsey Sicks, “America's Favorite Dragapella Beautyshop Quartet.” Keller speaks in an interview about performing a double life.
Coplanar recognition by a Rebek cleft is provided by cooperative structural effects involving a combination of O-H...O, O-H...N, and C-H...O forces.

Reaction of 2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-4,5-xanthenedicarboxylic acid (1), a Rebek cleft, with 1,2-trans-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene (2) yields a three-component organic assembly, 2(1)·2 (3), of nanoscale dimensions that is held together by 10 cooperative O−H···N, O−H···O, and C−H···O hydrogen bonds. The cleft adopts a planar conformation, by forming an intramolecular O−H···O hydrogen bond, which enables the host to recognize the guest in a coplanar orientation that facilitates the cooperativity displayed by the multiple forces.
A mean level adaptive detector using nonconcurrent data

Convergence results for a mean level adaptive detector (MLAD) are presented. The MLAD consists of an adaptive matched filter (for spatially correlated inputs) followed by a mean level detector (MLD). The optimal weights of the adaptive matched filter are estimated from one batch of data and applied to a statistically independent batch of nonconcurrent data. The threshold of the MLD is determined from the resultant data. Thereafter a candidate cell is compared against this threshold. Probabilities of false alarm and detection are derived as a function of the threshold factor, the order of the matched filter, the number of independent samples per channel used to calculate the adaptive matched filter weights, the number of samples used to set the MLD threshold, and the output signal-to-noise power ratio of the optimal matched filter. A number of performance curves are shown and discussed. >
Reuse of Process Knowledge in Enterprise Systems Development

To reuse process knowledge in enterprise systems development, the reference conceptual model is specified and a tool to support reuse of process knowledge is introduced. The tool uses a selected conceptual model to represent process knowledge deliberations and retrieves useful artifacts from a process knowledge graph library through the use of a matching facility. The overall approach to encoding graph format and to matching algorithm to graphs is described. A case study performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the tool
Rotor hot spot detection and resolution in large oil and gas industry motors

Several motors are declared expendable every year due to inaccurate diagnosis or unresolved high vibration. From experience, the cause of these motors being removed from service is mainly due to hot spots on the rotor, which eventually causes this excessive vibration. Accordingly, this paper will introduce several maintenance testing measures when dealing with Induction Motor rotors impacted by such hot spots. Even though Induction Motors are considered the workhorse of modern industry, and their rotors being very reliable in terms of their design and average life, the hot spots will cause a rotor bow phenomena. In the Oil and Gas industry, a rotor bow cannot be tolerated, since it could lead to extended downtime, and associated production loss. Industrial plants must safe guard against such conditions by developing their plant engineers' technical knowledge, which would include basic information about the symptoms and causes of the rotor bowing phenomenon. This paper will also detail a testing measure applied at a large oil and gas company for identifying and attempting to resolve rotor bows due to hot spots.
A Novel Method for Determining the Curie Temperature of Ferroelectric Films

A novel technique to measure the Curie temperature of ferroelectric thin films has been developed. The method is based on identifying changes in slope of film stress vs temperature plot. At the Curie temperature, ferroelectric films undergo a phase transition from ferroelectric phase to paraelectric phase. Due to this phase transformation, physical properties of films such as elastic constants and coefficients of thermal expansion also change at the Curie temperature. Consequently, at this temperature the temperature coefficient of film stress changes since it is related to elastic constants and thermal expansion coefficient. Thus, by measuring the film stress as a function of temperature, the Curie temperature can be determined. The Curie temperatures measured by this method are in good agreement with the literature values. Small discrepancies that were observed can be attributed to the intrinsic stresses present in the films.
The North Carolina Youth Empowerment Study (NCYES): A Participatory Research Study Examining the Impact of Youth Empowerment for Tobacco Use Prevention

This article describes the North Carolina Youth Empowerment Study (NC YES), a 3-year participatory evaluation of youth programs addressing tobacco use prevention. The study goals of NC YES were to (1) convene an advisory board comprised of lay youths and adults in a participatory research process, (2) document the characteristics of youth programs for tobacco use prevention and control in North Carolina, and (3) track the role of youth involvement in initiating and implementing 100% tobacco-free policies in local school districts. The NC YES Statewide Advisory Board helped guide the evaluation process, reviewed study protocols and data collection instruments, and helped interpret preliminary findings. Both quantitative and qualitative methods(e.g., telephone interviews and written questionnaires) were used to gather data from youth and adult leaders to achieve these aims. Lessons learned about the process of conducting participatory evaluation approaches and summary findings about the role of youths in po...
A processing advantage associated with analytic perceptual tendencies: European Americans outperform Asians on multiple object tracking

article i nfo Article history: Received 20 December 2011 Available online 24 January 2012 Keywords: Culture Attention Analytic Holistic Multiple object tracking Analytic visual processing and holistic visual processing have been conceptualized in terms of attention to focal objects vs. the background. We expand the study of perceptual biases associated with these attentional patterns using the multiple object tracking task, which measures people's ability to track multiple moving target objects amidst otherwise identical distractors. We test two competing hypotheses: (1) Asians' more frequent eye saccades will enable them to quickly cycle through the multiple target objects before the objects move too far away, giving them another perceptual advantage; and (2) European Americans' tendency to focus attention on the focal objects while inhibiting attention to less important objects might facilitate tracking of multiple moving objects. We find that European Americans significantly outperform Asians on multiple object tracking. The research expands the conceptualization of analytic processing and holistic processing to include selective attention as a key component, a facet that has not been previously identified.
Effective constitutive algorithms in elastoplasticity and elastoviscoplasticity

The basic constitutive relations for elastoplasticity and elastoviscoplasticity are shown to form a typical boundary layer-type stiff system of ordinary differential equations. Three numerical algorithms are discussed: (i) The singular perturbation method (O'Malley, 1971a, b; Hoppensteadt, 1971; Miranker, 1981; Smith, 1985), which yields accurate results for both the rate-independent and rate-dependent cases, where in the former case, the algorithm is explicit, whereas in the latter case, it is implicit and requires the solution of a nonlinear equation; therefore it is impractical as a constitutive algorithm for large-scale finite-element applications, where the constitutive algorithm is used a great number of times at each finite-element node. (ii) The new constitutive algorithm (Nemat-Nasser, 1991; Nemat-Nasser & Chung, 1989, 1992) which is explicit and accurate for both the rate-independent and rate-dependent cases; the underlying mathematical feature of this new method is investigated, and it is shown that it can be classified as a simplified perturbation method; computable error bounds for this algorithm are obtained, and when the flow rule is given by the commonly used power law, it is shown that the errors are very small, (iii) A modified outer-solution method, which combines the above two techniques, and is simple, explicit, and accurate.
The effect of nonequilibrium carrier distribution on supercontinuum broadband quantum-dash laser emission

We demonstrate the effect of nonequilibrium carrier distribution in a highly inhomogeneous quantum-dash-in-well laser. The electroluminescence spectra show the presence of localized photon reabsorption and lasing action from different quantum-dash ensembles at room temperature.
Lactation in the Horse: The Mineral Composition of Mare Milk

Changes in the mineral composition of mare milk during lactation were studied. Milk samples were obtained from five Thoroughbred mares one to three times weekly from the first to the eighth week of lactation and from two of the mares for an additional 8 wk. Samples averaging 500 mL were obtained after oxytocin was administered to the mares. Each sample was analyzed for total solids, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper and zinc. The concentration of all constituents except sodium and potassium decreased throughout lactation. The rates of decline of ash, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration were similar, but the rates of decline of the other elements differed. Thus, the mineral composition of mare milk should be described in terms of the stage of lactation of the mare. The total solids and ash content of mare milk were 12 and 0.61% respectively, at the end of the first week of lactation, 10.5 and 0.45% at 4 wk, 10 and 0.38% at 8 wk and 10.2 and 0.32% at 16 wk. The calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations at the end of the same periods were 1345, 943 and 118 micrograms/g of milk at 1 wk; 1070, 659 and 86 at 4 wk; 831, 574 and 58 at 8 wk and 700, 540 and 43 micrograms/g of milk at 16 wk. Copper and zinc concentrations were 0.85 and 3.1, 0.55 and 2.2, 0.29 and 1.9 and 0.28 and 1.8 microgram/g of milk at 1, 4, 8 and 16 wk, respectively.
Secular trends in the association of socio-economic position with self-reported dietary attributes and biomarkers in the US population: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1971–1975 to NHANES 1999–2002

ObjectiveRecent reports suggest persistence of health disparities related to socio-economic position (SEP). To understand if diet may be a contributor to these trends, we examined secular trends in the association of diet and indicators of SEP from 1971–1975 to 1999–2002.DesignWe used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) I (1971–1975), II (1976–1980), III (1988–1994) and 1999–2002 to examine the independent associations of poverty income ratio (PIR) and education with diet and biomarkers of diet and disease in 25–74-year-olds (n = 36 600). We used logistic and linear regression methods to adjust for multiple covariates and survey design to examine these associations.ResultsA large PIR differential in the likelihood of reporting a fruit or all five food groups and vitamin C intake, and an education differential in likelihood of obesity and carbohydrate intake, was noted in 1971–1975 but narrowed in 1999–2002 (P < 0.007). The positive association of education with intake of a fruit, vegetable or all five food groups, vitamins A and C, calcium and potassium intake remained unchanged across surveys (P < 0.001). Similarly, the positive association of PIR with the amount of foods and intakes of energy and potassium remained unchanged over three decades (P < 0.001). The education and the PIR differential in energy density, and the PIR differential in the likelihood of obesity, persisted over the period of the four surveys (P < 0.001).ConclusionsPersistence of unfavourable dietary and biomarker profiles in Americans with low income and education suggests continued need for improvement in the quality of diets of these high-risk groups.
Teaching To Think: Applying The Socratic Method Outside The Law School Setting

An active learning process has the potential to provide educational benefits above-and-beyond what they might receive from more traditional, passive approaches. The Socratic Method is a unique approach to passive learning that facilitates critical thinking, open-mindedness, and teamwork. By imposing a series of guided questions to students, an instructor can challenge students to think for themselves, learn from their mistakes, and give them the necessary tools they will need to assess situations they will encounter in both their professional and personal lives.
Automatically Predicting Peer-Review Helpfulness

Identifying peer-review helpfulness is an important task for improving the quality of feedback that students receive from their peers. As a first step towards enhancing existing peer-review systems with new functionality based on helpfulness detection, we examine whether standard product review analysis techniques also apply to our new context of peer reviews. In addition, we investigate the utility of incorporating additional specialized features tailored to peer review. Our preliminary results show that the structural features, review uni-grams and meta-data combined are useful in modeling the helpfulness of both peer reviews and product reviews, while peer-review specific auxiliary features can further improve helpfulness prediction.
The GlycomeAtlas tool for visualizing and querying glycome data

Motivation: The development of glycomics technologies in recent years has produced a sufficient amount of data to begin analyzing the glycan structures present in various organisms and tissues. In particular, glycan profiling using mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS has generated a large amount of data that are waiting to be analyzed. The Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG) has provided a web resource for obtaining such glycan profiling data easily. Although an interactive spectrum viewer is provided on the website as a Java applet, it is not necessarily easy to search for particular glycans or to find commonalities between different tissues in a single organism, for example. Therefore, to allow users to better take advantage of the valuable glycome data that can be obtained from mass spectra and other leading technologies, we have developed a tool called Glycome Atlas which is pre-loaded with the data from the CFG and is also able to visualize local glycan profiling data for human and mouse. Results: We have developed a tool to allow users to visualize and perform queries of glycome data. This tool, called GlycomeAtlas, is pre-loaded with glycome data as provided by the CFG. Moreover, users can load their own local glycome data into this tool to visualize and perform queries on their own data. Availability: This tool is available at the following URL: http://www.rings.t.soka.ac.jp/GlycomeAtlas/GUI.html. Contact: kkiyoko@soka.ac.jp
Effect of valdecoxib pretreatment on pain and secondary hyperalgesia: a randomized controlled trial in healthy volunteers [ISRCTN05282752, NCT00260325]

Induction of the COX-2 isoenzyme appears to play a major role in the genesis of central sensitization after nociceptive stimulation. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a single, oral dose of the specific COX-2 inhibitor-valdecoxib in attenuating the central sensitization – induced secondary hyperalgesia in a heat/capsaicin pain model in healthy volunteers. The study was a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover, single dose efficacy trial using 20 healthy volunteers. Two hours following placebo or 40 mg, PO valdecoxib, participants underwent skin sensitization with heat/capsaicin, as well as supra-threshold pain and re-kindling measurements according to an established, validated pain model. Subjects rated pain intensity and unpleasantness on a visual analog scale and the area of secondary hyperalgesia was serially mapped. The area of secondary hyperalgesia produced after 40 mg of valdecoxib was no different than that after placebo. Furthermore, there were no significantly relevant differences when volunteers were treated with valdecoxib or placebo in relation to either cold- or hot pain threshold or the intensity of pain after supra-threshold, thermal pain stimulation. We demonstrated that a single, oral dose of valdecoxib when does not attenuate secondary hyperalgesia induced by heat/capsaicin in a cutaneous sensitization pain model in healthy volunteers.
Computerized Failure Analysis of Nonwoven Fabrics Based on Fiber Failure Criterion

A new computer simulation and analysis method is presented for determining the damage progression and failure strength of nonwoven fabrics, whose failure is mainly caused by fiber rupture. The model is based on the fiber rupture criterion. The finite element method is used to calculate the numerical solution of stress and strain distribution in different regions of the samples during fabric breaking. The model is able to predict the load at which the first fiber breaks, the number of isolated fiber breaks prior to catastrophic fabric failure, the critical crack length upon catastrophic failure, and the tensile strength of the fabric. Tensile testing is done on several nonwoven fabrics to verify the computer simulated results, which are in good agreement with the experimental results.
A further note on a general likelihood formula for random signals in Gaussian noise

A general likelihood ratio formula of the author's for the detection of signals in independent white Gaussian noise is extended to allow a "one-sided" dependence in which only the future white noise is required to be independent of past signal and noise. The assumption of Gaussian additive noise is also somewhat relaxed. The proof is based on some recent martingale theorems and on the concept of the innovations process.
Pupillary responses index cognitive resource limitations.

Cognitive task-evoked pupillary responses reliably index information-processing loads. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the nature of the pupillary response when processing demands approach or exceed available processing resources. This condition was examined in 22 normal undergraduates by using pupillometric recordings during a digit span recall task, with 5 (low load), 9 (moderate load), and 13 (excessive load) digits per string. Pupillary responses increased systematically with increased processing load (to-be-recalled digits) until the limit of available resources (memory capacity of 7 ± 2 digits), when they reached asymptote and then declined with resource overload (>9 digits). These findings suggest that pupillary responses increase systematically with increased processing demands that are below resource limits, change little during active processing at or near resource limits, and begin to decline when processing demands exceed available resources.
Morphological and physiological analysis of type-5 and other bipolar cells in the Mouse Retina

Abstract Retinal bipolar cells are second-order neurons in the visual system, which initiate multiple image feature-based neural streams. Among more than ten types of bipolar cells, type-5 cells are thought to play a role in motion detection pathways. Multiple subsets of type-5 cells have been reported; however, detailed characteristics of each subset have not yet been elucidated. Here, we found that they exhibit distinct morphological features as well as unique voltage-gated channel expression. We have conducted electrophysiological and immunohistochemical analysis of retinal bipolar cells. We defined type-5 cells by their axon terminal ramification in the inner plexiform layer between the border of ON/OFF sublaminae and the ON choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) band. We found three subsets of type-5 cells: XBCs had the widest axon terminals that stratified at a close approximation of the ON ChAT band as well as exhibiting large voltage-gated Na+ channel activity, type-5-1 cells had compact terminals and no Na+ channel activity, and type-5-2 cells contained umbrella-shaped terminals as well as large voltage-gated Na+ channel activity. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) currents were also evoked in all type-5 bipolar cells. We found that XBCs and type-5-2 cells exhibited larger HCN currents than type-5-1 cells. Furthermore, the former two types showed stronger HCN1 expression than the latter. Our previous observations (Ichinose et al., 2014) match the current study: low temporal tuning cells that we named 5S corresponded to 5-1 in this study, while high temporal tuning 5f cells from the previous study corresponded to 5-2 cells. Taken together, we found three subsets of type-5 bipolar cells based on their morphologies and physiological features.
Simpler Non-Parametric Methods Provide as Good or Better Results to Multiple-Instance Learning

Multiple-instance learning (MIL) is a unique learning problem in which training data labels are available only for collections of objects (called bags) instead of individual objects (called instances). A plethora of approaches have been developed to solve this problem in the past years. Popular methods include the diverse density, MILIS and DD-SVM. While having been widely used, these methods, particularly those in computer vision have attempted fairly sophisticated solutions to solve certain unique and particular configurations of the MIL space. In this paper, we analyze the MIL feature space using modified versions of traditional non-parametric techniques like the Parzen window and k-nearest-neighbour, and develop a learning approach employing distances to k-nearest neighbours of a point in the feature space. We show that these methods work as well, if not better than most recently published methods on benchmark datasets. We compare and contrast our analysis with the well-established diverse-density approach and its variants in recent literature, using benchmark datasets including the Musk, Andrews' and Corel datasets, along with a diabetic retinopathy pathology diagnosis dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that, while enjoying an intuitive interpretation and supporting fast learning, these method have the potential of delivering improved performance even for complex data arising from real-world applications.