cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 13 – Cirrhosis and its complications

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and treatment of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis is the irreversible end stage of many forms of liver injury. It is defined pathologically as a diffuse process affecting the whole liver in which normal architecture is replaced by structurally abnormal nodules surrounded by prominent fibrous tissue. Accumulation of fibrous connective tissue within the portal tracts and in septa extending between portal tracts interferes with hepatic blood flow and contributes to the development of portal hypertension. This is aggravated by the development of anastomotic channels within large fibrous septa that shunt blood from the hepatic artery to portal vein branches. In addition, sinusoidal blood flow is impeded by perisinusoidal fibrosis. In large fibrous septa linking portal tracts and central veins, anastomotic channels developing between hepatic artery branches and hepatic vein tributaries carry blood which completely bypasses the sinusoids. Such circulatory disturbances compromise many aspects of liver function and may lead to liver cell death, thereby perpetuating accumulation of connective tissue; thus a vicious circle is established. The main pathophysiological effects are impaired hepatic function and portal hypertension. Cirrhosis may be complicated by the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The diagnosis of cirrhosis is a two-step process: (a) confirming the presence of cirrhosis, and (b) determining its cause.
Numerical Investigation of Auxetic Textured Soft Strain Gauge for Monitoring Animal Skin

Recent advances in hyperelastic materials and self-sensing sensor designs have enabled the creation of dense compliant sensor networks for the cost-effective monitoring of structures. The authors have proposed a sensing skin based on soft polymer composites by developing soft elastomeric capacitor (SEC) technology that transduces geometric variations into a measurable change in capacitance. A limitation of the technology is in its low gauge factor and lack of sensing directionality. In this paper, we propose a corrugated SEC through surface texture, which provides improvements in its performance by significantly decreasing its transverse Poisson's ratio, and thus improving its sensing directionality and gauge factor. We investigate patterns inspired by auxetic structures for enhanced unidirectional strain monitoring. Numerical models are constructed and validated to evaluate the performance of textured SECs, and to study their performance at monitoring strain on animal skin. Results show that the auxetic patterns can yield a significant increase in the overall gauge factor and decrease the stress experienced by the animal skin, with the re-entrant hexagonal honeycomb pattern outperforming all of the other patterns.
Mechanical properties of C3N nanotubes

Abstract C3N (2D polyaniline or cyanoethynyl) is a 2D monocrystalline carbon nitride that exhibits mechanical properties comparable to those of graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. Research on its mechanical properties in the nanotube form (C3NNT), however, is still very limited to confirm its viability for, e.g., biomedical and structural applications. Addressing this knowledge gap, this paper investigates the compressive and tensile responses of single-walled C3NNTs using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The influences of the slenderness ratio, size, and principal direction of C3NNTs, strain rate, and temperature are considered. The results indicate that higher slender ratios considerably lower C3NNTs' buckling stress and strain but do not influence their elastic modulus. The tensile strength and strain at failure of C3NNTs are observed to be largely independent of diameter and strain rate, especially at lower temperatures. However, the tensile elastic modulus slightly increases by increasing diameter and reducing the strain rate. Increasing temperature substantially reduces the compressive and tensile properties of C3NNTs. In general, C3NNTs exhibit weaker mechanical properties compared with carbon nanotubes.
Fetal Alcohol Exposure Impairs the Function of Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin Neurons via a Circadian Mechanism

Abstract Long-term alcohol exposure during the developmental period has pronounced effects on the genome, particularly related to the clock and stress genes that interact to maintain the rhythm of the body's stress response system. One of these clock genes, Period 2, plays a key role in the mediation of alcohol effects on the interaction between the circadian system and stress axis. The stress response system involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands, as well as the hormones they secrete and the physiological functions they govern, for example, behavioral response, metabolic function, and immune function. Alcohol consumption during the developmental period influences the activity of the stress axis at multiple levels, one of which involves the alteration of the expression of the proopiomelanocortin gene, which is controlled by the circadian gene Period 2. Finally, epigenetic changes of proopiomelanocortin and Period 2 genes, critical for stress and circadian regulations, may serve as biological measures of prenatal ethanol exposure risk.
Sentential Negation in English and Izon Languages

This paper is a contrastive study of Sentential Negation in English and Izon languages. Contact language situations have given rise not only to the influences of one language over the other but also to the differences between the structures of the two languages in contact and the likely learning difficulties which an L1 learner of a second language may likely encounter in learning the structure of the L2. Thus, the data for this study were sourced from competent native speakers of the Ogbe-Ijo dialect of the Izon language and a contrastive approach was adopted using the Chomskyan’s Government and Binding theory as a theoretical framework with a view to identifying the structural variations, hierarchy of difficulties and the likely learning problems an Izon learner of English as a second language may encounter at the level of Negation. It discovers that there were obvious parametric variations between the English and Izon languages at the levels of do insertion and the negative particle not among others. It then recommends that conscious efforts should be made by teachers and Izon learners / speakers of English as a second language at the level of realisation of negation in English as a second language.
Residential microgrid optimization using grey-box and black-box modeling methods

Abstract The use of data-driven black-box HVAC and water heater models in the optimization of a single-home residential microgrid is investigated. Data-driven models do not rely on the specification of system geometry or thermal parameters, instead using time-variant, system-specific data to develop models of each controllable appliance. A comparison of modeling accuracy of grey-box models based on those found in the literature and black-box models developed using extreme gradient boosting is made. A multi-objective optimization problem is then developed with the objectives of minimizing energy cost and consumption while maximizing thermal comfort and the consumption of locally generated PV energy. Results demonstrate that data-driven black-box models have the potential to be used in place of grey-box models, which are more prone to the introduction of error by the user. Optimization using the grey-box and black-box modeling methods was performed using a genetic algorithm to verify the similarity of results using the two modeling methods. Optimization resulted in a maximum total energy savings during the optimized period of 32.3%, a maximum total peak energy reduction of 39.8%, and a maximum cost reduction of 38.1%.
Evaluation of attitudes of participating groups in the Colorado Beef National Animal Health Monitoring System pilot program

The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) was established due to the need for information concerning the incidence of animal disease and the associated costs of disease. Three basic components were proposed in the pilot phase of NAHMS. They were the epidemiologic component, the economic component, and the evaluation component. The epidemiologic component was concerned with collection of data about disease incidence, including information related to identification of risk factors for disease. The economic component attached monetary significance to health occurrences. It also associated cost/benefit ratios with various management decisions and characteristics of individual operations. Food animal veterinary practitioners increasingly deal with animals on a population basis and can use this information in their animal health programming efforts. The third major component of the NAHMS pilot program in Colorado was the evaluation. Evaluation of the pilot project was essential to improve the program, to provide public accountability, to increase knowledge about it, and to provide assessment criteria for future development. There were two primary areas of focus in the evaluation process. They were the methodology of the study, which included the data collection methods and the procedures used to validate and analyze the data, and NAHMS itself, including input from participants.
Design of Organizations

Sound well designed organizations are most important organizations should be design well for many different reasons, such as efficiency, reliability, rational decisions, and productivity, and most of all, in achieving the mission of the organization. Some of the significant failures of high-technology products and major corporations, as well as successful enterprises and products, may be attributed to organizational and personnel issues.
“It's not exactly prominent or direct, but it's there”: Understanding Strategies for Sensitive Disclosure Online

Sharing sensitive information online, such as one's sexual identity or medical information, can be a complex decision. Many people do not share sensitive information out of fear of being stigmatized, yet sharing can be beneficial for a variety of reasons. This study examines two instances of sensitive disclosure within the SAA (same-sex attracted adolescents) community: people revealing their LGBTQ+ status on social media and revealing the use of an anti-HIV medication, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), on both social media and dating platforms. By examining these two disclosure decisions, we can better understand how designers can support sensitive disclosure. Ultimately, results suggest that designing for disclosure doesn't mean designing to get people to explicitly disclose, but rather enabling users to subtly communicate sensitive information. Moreover, rationales for disclosing sensitive information play out differently between social media and dating platforms.
The Uniform Probate Code Extends Antilapse-Type Protection to Poorly Drafted Trusts

The Uniform Law Commission' promulgated a revised version of Article II of the Uniform Probate Code (UPC or Code) in 1990, and approved a set of technical amendments in 1993. As Director of Research and Chief Reporter for the Joint Editorial Board for the Uniform Probate Code (Board)2 and reporter for the UPC Article II drafting committee, I was privileged to serve as the principal drafter of these provisions. UPC Article II deals with the substantive rules governing donative transfers intestacy; spouse's elective share; execution, revocation, and revival of wills; rules of construction for wills and other donative transfers; and perpetuities. In all, UPC Article II contains eighty-five provisions, many of them brand new. The initial project took about four years to complete.
Dopamine-sensitive signaling mediators modulate psychostimulant-induced ultrasonic vocalization behavior in rats

The mesolimbic dopamine system plays a major role in psychostimulant-induced ultrasonic vocalization (USV) behavior in rodents. Within this system, psychostimulants elevate synaptic concentrations of dopamine thereby leading to exaggerated activation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors within the D1-like and D2-like subfamilies. Dopamine receptor stimulation activate several transmembrane signaling systems and cognate intracellular mediators; downstream activation of transcription factors then conveys the information from receptor activation to appropriate modulation of cellular and physiologic functions. We previously showed that cocaine-induced USV behavior was associated with enhanced expression of the neurotrophin BDNF. Like cocaine, amphetamine also increases synaptic dopamine levels, albeit primarily through facilitating dopamine release. Therefore, in the present study we investigated whether amphetamine and cocaine similarly activate dopamine-linked signaling cascades to regulate intracellular mediators leading to induction of USV behavior. The results show that amphetamine increased the emission of 50 kHz USVs and this effect was blocked by SCH23390, a D1 receptor antagonist. Similar to cocaine, amphetamine increased BDNF protein expression in discrete brain regions, while pretreatment with K252a, a trkB neurotrophin receptor inhibitor, significantly reduced amphetamine-induced USV behavior. Inhibition of cyclic-AMP/PKA signaling with H89 or inhibition of PLC signaling with U73122 significantly blocked both the acute and subchronic amphetamine-induced USV behavior. In contrast, pharmacologic inhibition of either pathway enhanced cocaine-induced USV behavior. Although cocaine and amphetamine similarly modulate neurotrophin expression and USV, the molecular mechanisms by which these psychostimulants differentially activate dopamine receptor subtypes or other monoaminergic systems may be responsible for the distinct aspects of behavioral responses.
Mitochondrial transcription complex from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A DNA protein complex has been isolated from the mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The complex transcribes RNA complementary to mtDNA in a nonrandom manner. The RNA polymerase activity contained in the transcription complex is not dependent on the addition of exogenous template. The activity is rendered template-dependent by autolysis and can be further purified by heparin-Sepharose 4B chromatography. The activity is inhibited by heparin, Mn2+, and increasing ionic strength. The activity requires Mg2+ and ribonucleotides. The preferred template for the template dependent activity is poly[d(AT)]. The majority of the RNA synthesized by the transcription complex from endogenous DNA is complementary to the DNA strands directing the synthesis of the large and small ribosomal RNA. In yeast the 21 S and 14S rRNA genes are widely separated, therefore the transcription of these two regions but not of the intervening regions by the transcription complex suggests the existence of at least two transcriptional promoters on the yeast mitochondrial genome.
Factors affecting the contribution by epiphytic algae to the primary productivity of an oligotrophic freshwater lake.

A diatom-dominated population of epiphytic algae was studied in an oligotrophic lake to determine the factors which limit epiphyte growth and to measure their contribution to primary productivity. Algae were collected from plants growing at four sites in Lake George, N.Y., during the spring, summer, and fall of 1974. Samples were taken from 3 m, corresponding to the depth at which macrophytes were most productive. Algae exhibited an optimum temperature for H14CO3- uptake at 30 C, although the summer littoral lake temperature ranged from 18 to 25 C. Light saturation occurred at an intensity of 8,608 lux, approximating the environmental intensity at the depth from which algae were taken. Epiphytes exhibited their maximum photosynthetic capacity of 0.6 mg of carbon fixed/m2 of macrophyte surface area per h in the early afternoon in mid-August. They assimilated approximately 5% as much inorganic carbon as the macrophytes from which they were taken. Epiphyte population densities followed the seasonal growth patterns of the macrophytes, with maximal leaf colonization remaining essentially constant relative to the leaf position on the plant. There was little change in density between sampling sites at any given time. Productivities of epiphytes from bottom leaves were 10-fold greater than those of epiphytes from top leaves. Addition of PO4-3, NO3-, NH3, Si, and SO4-2 had no stimulatory effect on photosynthesis. Addition of HCO3- stimulated photosynthesis greater than 30%, suggesting that carbon may be a limiting nutrient for epiphytic algae in Lake George.
Neural-Fuzzy Models for Multispectral Image Analysis

In this paper, we consider neural-fuzzy models for multispectral image analysis. We consider both supervised and unsupervised classification. The model for supervised classification consists of six layers. The first three layers map the input variables to fuzzy set membership functions. The last three layers implement the decision rules. The model learns decision rules using a supervised gradient descent procedure. The model for unsupervised classification consists of two layers. The algorithm is similar to competitive learning. However, here, for each input sample, membership functions of output categories are used to update weights. Input vectors are normalized, and Euclidean distance is used as the similarity measure. In this model if the input vector does not satisfy the “similarity criterion,” a new cluster is created; otherwise, the weights corresponding to the winner unit are updated using the fuzzy membership values of the output categories. We have developed software for these models. As an illustration, the models are used to analyze multispectral images.
Couple Therapy for Depression

Relationship problems and depression often influence one another in a bidirectional, recursive fashion. Results from several clinical trials have demonstrated that couple therapy is effective in improving depression and reducing relationship problems. In this article, we describe an approach to working with depression in partnered individuals who are also unhappy in their relationship. This cognitive-behavior approach strives to (a) eliminate major stressors and reestablish positive activities in the relationship, (b) improve communication and problem solving in the relationship, and (c) solidify gains made in therapy and prevent relapse. The typical course of therapy is described and demonstrated in a case illustration. Couple therapy is a promising treatment for depressed individuals in distressed relationships.
Processing Knowledge Base Systems Containing Rules with Complex Bodies

The use of negative information and the unrestricted use of quantifiers in the body of a rule enhances the expressive power of deductive database systems. We consider a more relaxed version of conventional deductive databases called an acceptable database which generalizes the class of allowed databases by accepting occurrences of universal quantifiers for variables occurring in positive literals and existential quantifiers for variables occurring in negative literals in the body of an IDB rule. We propose a system capable of handling such extended databases in a deductive paradigm. We pay our special attention to negative rules and queries to develop a special technique in which the relevant attribute domain set from which to remove the negated set is automatically deduced.
Joe Louis contra Max Schmeling e a nova ideologia da democracia racial nos Estados Unidos

This article assesses changing ideals about race and US national identity during the 1930s through an analysis of public reaction to black pugilist Joe Louis. Specifically, the article focuses on Louis' 1936 and 1938 fights with German boxer Max Schmeling, arguing that Louis' eventual symbolism as US democracy incarnate reflected an emergent racially inclusive nationalism in mainstream society.
Multiple Antipsychotic Medication Use in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the use of multiple antipsychotic medications in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by reviewing the longitudinal medication management of 1100 patients consecutively treated for behavioral symptoms associated with ASD at a tertiary care specialty clinic. Methods: We identified all patients with ASD treated with daily doses of two or more antipsychotics for at least two visits at our clinic. For each patient meeting inclusion criteria, diagnostic and demographic data were collected. To evaluate clinical need and effectiveness of antipsychotic medications in this sample, we reviewed symptoms targeted with each antipsychotic medication and concomitant medications prescribed. Clinical Global Impressions-Severity (CGI-S) and Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement (CGI-I) scale ratings had been completed at the time of each visit, and the duration of treatment with antipsychotic medications was determined. To evaluate the safety and tolera...
An Unusual Cause of Abdominal Pain

Gastro Question: A 64-yearold woman presented to the emergency department with 24 hours of progressive, sharp, lower abdominal pain accompanied by abdominal distention. Over the prior 2 months, the patient described mild, intermittent abdominal pain along with intermittent loose stools and weight loss. There was no nausea, vomiting, hematochezia, fever, or chills. The past medical history was notable for bilateral lung transplants 4 years previously for sarcoidosis. On physical examination the patient appeared uncomfortable. Vitals were blood pressure of 130/81 mm Hg, heart rate 111 bpm, temperature 98.7 F, with 95% oxygen saturation on room air. The lower abdomen was tender with decreased bowel sounds and mild distention. Electrolytes and creatinine were normal. White blood cell count was 23,900 /mL and hemoglobin 12.4 g/dL. A CT is shown Figures A and B. Based on her clinical and imaging findings, what is your diagnosis? See the Gastroenterology web site (www.gastrojournal.org) for more information on submitting your favorite image to Clinical Challenges and Images in GI.
Comparing the Effect of Oxygen Stoichiometry on the Behavior of Li2MnO3 in Pure Phase and Li-rich Forms

This work presents an investigation on the effect of oxygen stoichiometry on the behavior of Li2MnO3 and related cathode materials using a thin film deposition technique. It is shown that pure Li2MnO3 and Li2MnO3-based Li-rich cathodes behave very differentlywhen prepared under similar oxygen partial pressure. Li-rich cathodes perform the best when deposited at low oxygen partial pressure while Li2MnO3requiresa moderate partial pressure for optimum capacity. This behavior is attributed to impurity formation in pure Li2MnO3 at low oxygen stoichiometry as well as stabilization of Li2MnO3 by the LiMO2 (M= Ni,Co,Mn)matrix in the case of the Li-rich cathodes.
Wear of Tin Coating and Al-Si Alloy Substrate Against Carburized Steel Under Mixed Lubrication

Tin coatings on Al-Si alloys are widely used in the automotive industries. The soft tin coating and the harder substrate alloy form a tribological system with the advantages of low friction and reasonably high load-bearing capacity. Wear tests of tin coated Al-Si Z332 alloy in conformal contact against carburized 1016 steel have been carried out under mixed lubrication with SAE WW30 oil to study the wear, mechanisms. Two major wear mechanisms, uniform wear of the tin coating due to micro-plowing and spall pitting related to the substrate are found to contribute to the bearing material loss when the fluid lubrication film is relatively thick (A about 1.6). Under conditions of thinner films (A ˜ 0.8), some local coating debonding occurs. The pitting and local coating debonding are closely related to fracture in the substrate. The bonding between silicon and tin seems to be weaker than between aluminum and tin. During wear, oxidation occurs. Presented as a Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers pa...
Molecular and Functional Characterization of Novel Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase 1–Like Gene (GPD1-L) Mutations in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Background— Autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death, including sudden infant death syndrome, can be caused by cardiac channelopathies such as Brugada syndrome (BrS). Type 1 BrS, caused by mutations in the SCN5A-encoded sodium channel, accounts for ≈20% of BrS. Recently, a novel mutation in the glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1–like gene (GPD1-L) disrupted trafficking of SCN5A in a multigenerational family with BrS. We hypothesized that mutations in GPD1-L may be responsible for some cases of sudden unexplained death/sudden infant death syndrome. Methods and Results— Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and direct DNA sequencing, we performed comprehensive open-reading frame/splice site mutational analysis of GPD1-L on genomic DNA extracted from necropsy tissue of 83 unrelated cases of sudden unexplained death (26 females, 57 males; average age, 14.6±10.7 years; range, 1 month to 48 years). A putative, sudden unexplained death–associated GPD1-L missense mutation, E83K, was discovere...
Ultrahigh-speed photochemical stimulation of neurons.

Understanding neuronal integration comes a step closer to reality with the development of a crystal-based, beam-steering microscope for uncaging neurotransmitters, which will permit experimental interrogation of the spatiotemporal interactions between the thousands of synapses a neuron receives.
Rotational isomerism in 1-pentyne

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra have been obtained and normal coordinate calculations have been made for 1-pentyne. It has been shown that this compound exists in two molecular conformations. A force field has been obtained that can be transferred to other 1-alkynes.
Identification of Damage Symptoms and Patterns of Feeding of Plant Bugs in Cotton

The top 4 expanded nodes (terminals) of cotton plants, Gossypium hirsutum L., were exposed in plastic enclosures to Lygus Hesperus Knight, Orius insidiosus (Say), Empoasca abrupta DeLong, Spanogonicus albofasdatus (Reuter), and Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter). Feeding damage was observed only on terminals exposed to L. Hesperus, S. albofasciatus , and P. seriatus . Symptoms of feeding on floral buds (squares) were necrosis and subsequent browning of the staminal column and occasionally of the ovary and pedicel. Insect damage was readily distinguished from the desiccation of all tissues of squares that abscised because of physiological stress. The preferred feeding sites for L. hesperus females and P. seriatus adults were the squares at the 1st nodes of fruiting branches at the base of the 1st and 2nd expanded leaf below the apical bud. These squares were 2–4 mm in width. At an avg temperature of 30°C, L. hesperus damaged 3.69 squares/insect per day.
Early years at The New York Botanical Garden

At the May 1950 annual meeting of the Corporation of The New York Botanical Garden, the late H. A. Gleason (Fig. 1), then Head Curator, who first arrived at NYBG in 1919, gave an account of the scientific activity during the early years of the institution. The text of his presentation is here reproducedm with some slight modification.
1H NMR Study of the influence of hemin vinyl-->methyl substitution on the interaction between the C-terminus and substrate and the "aging" of the heme oxygenase from Neisseria meningitidis: induction of active site structural heterogeneity by a two-fold symmetric hemin.

Solution 1H NMR has been used to characterize the active site molecular and electronic structure of the cyanide-inhibited 2,4-dimethyldeuterohemin complex of the heme oxygenase from Neisseria meningitidis (NmHO) with respect to the mode of interaction of the C-terminus with the substrate and the spontaneous “aging” of NmHO that results in the cleavage of the C-terminal Arg208-His209 dipeptide. The structure of the portion involving residues Ala12-Phe192 is found to be essentially identical to that of the protohemin complex in either solution or crystal. However, His207 from the C-terminus is found to interact strongly with the substrate 1CH3, as opposed to the 8CH3 in the protohemin complex. The different mode of interaction of His207 with the alternate substrates is attributed to the 2-vinyl group of protohemin sterically interfering with the optimal orientation of the proximal helix Asp27 carboxylate that serves as acceptor to the strong H-bond by the peptide of His207. The 2,4-dimethyldeuterohemin HO c...
Reactivity of anti-histone antibodies induced by procainamide and hydralazine☆

Abstract Sera from patients with procainamide (Pr)- or hydralazine (Hy)-induced lupus were examined for anti-histone antibodies by an immunofluorescence assay using histonerecostituted mouse kidney sections and by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay using polystyrene tubes coated with purified histones. Distinct differences were observed between Pr sera and Hy sera. Pr sera were uniformly positive in the immunofluorescence assay on histone-reconstituted tissue sections, but all Hy sera were negative. In solidphase radioimmunoassay, both Pr and Hy sera showed anti-histone activity with Pr sera demonstrating strong reactions with H2A-H2B histone complex but Hy sera demonstrating weak reactions. The difference in the immunofluorescence assay could in most but not all instances be attributed to this difference in anti-H2A-H2B activity. Antibodies were not detected to DNA or to nonhistone nuclear antigens Sm, nuclear ribonucleoprotein, and SS-B La . The results indicate that both Pr and Hy induce antibodies to histones and that anti-histone antibodies induced by Pr differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from those induced by Hy.
High-energy mass spectrometry of 10Be using a tandem van de graaff accelerator

Abstract A method of measurement of specific 10Be contents of naturally occurring materials is described. The method is based on mass spectrometry of 10Be/9Be ratios, using the Rutgers-Bell tandem van de Graaff accelerator. The detection limit is currently approximately 107 atoms 10Be, and the precision, when not limited by counting statistics, is 13%. The linear proportionality of observed 10Be/9Be ratio to actual ratio in sample has been verified within uncertainty over more than two orders of magnitude in ratio. Results are presented for the application of the method to determination of 10Be contents of six samples from various locations in the Antarctic H-chondrite ALHA 78084. No significant variations among the samples due to differences in shielding from cosmic rays were observed.
Visualization, causation, and history

History may be seen as a tapestry of interwoven events. The discourse structure of that tapestry may be identified and used to support visualization for examining and interacting with the tapestry of history. Specifically, we propose temporally constrained causal relationships as a key for organizing that tapestry. Because Events occur at different levels of granularity and similar ones may occur with cumulative effect, we introduce Trends. Trends are first-class objects; that is, in this model Trends may be causes of Events. To facilitate interaction with a rich tapestry of complex historical events such as the American Civil War, we also introduce Threads. These are chains of Events, and presentations of them may be considered a type of narrative. We describe a panel-oriented visualization interface that shows causal Threads of Events and Trends leading up to the Civil War. This initial prototype is intended to present history at the level of an intermediate textbook. Finally, we introduce a semi-formal notation for describing Events, Threads, and Trends, and propose directions for future research to refine the prototype that may enable broader, deeper, more flexible, and more complete exploration/presentation of historical materials.
A formal theory for spatial representation and reasoning in biomedical ontologies

Objective: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how a formal spatial theory can be used as an important tool for disambiguating the spatial information embodied in biomedical ontologies and for enhancing their automatic reasoning capabilities. Method and materials: This paper presents a formal theory of parthood and location relations among individuals, called Basic Inclusion Theory (BIT). Since biomedical ontologies are comprised of assertions about classes of individuals (rather than assertions about individuals), we define parthood and location relations among classes in the extended theory Basic Inclusion Theory for Classes (BIT+Cl). We then demonstrate the usefulness of this formal theory for making the logical structure of spatial information more precise in two ontologies concerned with human anatomy: the Foundational Model of Anatomy (FMA) and GALEN. Results: We find that in both the FMA and GALEN, class-level spatial relations with different logical properties are not always explicitly distinguished. As a result, the spatial information included in these biomedical ontologies is often ambiguous and the possibilities for implementing consistent automatic reasoning within or across ontologies are limited. Conclusion: Precise formal characterizations of all spatial relations assumed by a biomedical ontology are necessary to ensure that the information embodied in the ontology can be fully and coherently utilized in a computational environment. This paper can be seen as an important beginning step toward achieving this goal, but much more work along these lines is required.
Evolving Foreign Policy Norms: Reciprocity in the Superpower Triad

In this study we probe whether a simple model of reciprocity adequately describes superpower foreign policy interactions. We employ structural equation tests to detect the presence of "reciprocity" in conflict and cooperation among the dyadic relations of the United States, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China. While these tests did not confirm the existence of consistent reciprocity in superpower relations, cointegration tests uniformly suggest that foreign policy behavior among the superpowers is characterized by trend components which move together via an "error correction" mechanism. This, in turn, suggests that equilibria levels of cooperation and conflict exist which explain much of superpower foreign-policy behavior. We hypothesize that over the course of the last four decades reactivity among superpowers has been generally weak, but that stronger periods of short-term reactivity in the 1950s created norms. We argue that reactivity has declined in the period since the creation of these norms. Thus, it would appear that reciprocity in superpower interactions is more complicated than typically portrayed in the international relations literature.
Pulse radiolysis studies of dendritic macromolecules with biphenyl peripheral groups and a ruthenium tris-bipyridine core.

Electron-transfer reactions in Frechet-type dendrimers with biphenyl peripheral groups and a ruthenium core were investigated by pulse radiolysis techniques. Fast electron-transfer rates found in the two ruthenium dendrimers suggest a very efficient electronic coupling between the peripheral donor groups and the core acceptor.
Role of caveolin 1 in AT1a receptor-mediated uptake of angiotensin II in the proximal tubule of the kidney.

Caveolin 1 (CAV-1) functions not only as a constitutive scaffolding protein of caveolae but also as a vesicular transporter and signaling regulator. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis t...
Democratic Values among Chinese Peasantry: An Empirical Study

This paper attempts to assess Chinese peasants' democratic culture by drawing on findings from a survey conducted in southern Jiangsu Province, one of the most developed rural areas in China. Support for key democratic values in this area is fairly strong and does not lag far behind that in the cities. Even though the findings from this survey cannot be said to represent those in all rural areas, they do demonstrate that the Chinese countryside is more stratified than many people think. As more rural areas become economically developed, they will acquire the democratic values already held by Jiangsu peasants.
Vertical growth and mycorrhizal infection of woody plant roots as potential limits to the restoration of woodlands on landfills

We assessed the vertical growth and mycorrhizal infection of woody plant roots on a closed landfill, using tree and shrub clusters that had been previously installed in patches of increasing size to establish protocols for woodland restoration. The density of the fine roots of shrubs, which had poor-to-moderate mycorrhizal infection, decreased strongly with increasing depth. Oak (Quercus) seedlings planted within and outside patches were assessed for ectomycorrhizal infection. Oak root systems were mycorrhizal, but root-tip proliferation was improved and ectomycorrhizal composition was influenced by woody debris in the mineral soil. Most surviving oaks were found within patches, but all seedlings showed poor growth: most taproots were deflected horizontally above the boundary between surface soil and subsoil layers (≥-15 cm). Abrupt decreases in pH between surface and subsurface horizons (6.9 versus 5.3), together with poor drainage and aeration of the latter soil, were probably responsible for poor root growth. Root growth of greenhouse-grown pine and maple seedlings was similarly restricted in pots packed with topsoil over subsoil material. Our results suggest that many current specifications for the cover of closed landfills will not permit restoration of native woody plant communities because of physical limitations to root growth and infectivity. The structure of the engineered soil must address basic plant growth requirements as well as traditional concerns of drainage and barrier protection.
An inability of [gamma]-acetylenic GABA to block eating evoked by hypothalamic stimulation

Abstract Several lines of evidence have implicated the nigrostriatal dopamine system and the neocortex for eating occurring either spontaneously or in response to electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (ESLH). GABA-ergic neural systems are known to modulate activity in the nigrostriatal system and neocortex. The GABA-transaminase inhibitor, γ-acetylenic GABA (GAG) was administered to rats eating in response to ESLH. This drug produced hypersynchronization of the cortical EEG and behavioral sedation, but did not alter the current threshold for evoking eating by ESLH. Implications of results for understanding mechanisms underlying ESLH-induced eating are discussed.
Photodynamic inactivation of rubella virus enhances recombination with a latent virus of a baby hamster kidney cell line BHK21

— Rubella virus is very sensitive to photodynamic action. When tested with 1.2 times10-5M toluidine blue and 8 W fluorescent lamp at a fluence of 11 W/m2, inactivation kinetics showed a linear single hit curve with a k value of 1.48 min-1. Photodynamic inactivation of rubella virus greatly enhanced recombination with a latent virus (R-virus) of baby hamster kidney BHK21 cells. In contrast, no hybrids were detected in lysates of the cells infected with either UV-treated or untreated rubella virus. Therefore, hybrid viruses were readily detected only in lysates of BHK21 cells infected with photodynamically treated rubella virus. Photodynamic damage of rubella virus genomes generated a new hybrid type (hybrid type 3) in addition to a previously described type 2 hybrid (formerly designated as HPV-RV variant). Although both of these hybrid types carry the CF antigens of rubella virus, plaque forming ability of type 3 hybrid is neutralized neither by anti-rubella serum nor by anti-latent virus serum while type 2 hybrid is neutralized by anti-latent virus serum.
Non-linear simulation of X-ray free-electron lasers using realistic wiggler models

Abstract The non-linear simulation of X-ray free-electron lasers is dealt with using the non-wiggler-averaged MEDUSA simulation code and a realistic wiggler model built up from the contributions of permanent magnets in a Halbach configuration in conjunction with a model for a FODO lattice for enhanced focusing. The specific parameters of interest are relevant to the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) design at SLAC and deals with a 15 GeV/5 kA electron beam, and a wiggler with a 3.0 cm period and an on-axis amplitude of approximately 12.7 kG which results in X-ray emission at wavelengths in the vicinity of 1.3 A.
Helicobacter pylori and Complicated Ulcer Disease

Approximately 20-25% of patients with peptic ulcer disease develop complications--bleeding, perforation, or obstruction. Although the majority of patients with complicated ulcers are infected with Helicobacter pylori, the prevalence of infection appears to be lower in these patients compared with patients with uncomplicated ulcers. Among patients who present with a bleeding ulcer, approximately one-third will develop recurrent bleeding in the following 1-2 years if left untreated after ulcer healing. A number of studies have shown that the recurrence of rebleeding is virtually abolished if patients receive H. pylori eradication therapy. In contrast, the rate of rebleeding in patients receiving maintenance antisecretory therapy is around 10%. Thus, H. pylori infection status must be determined in patients presenting with complicated ulcer disease and, if positive, eradication therapy initiated. Eradication should be documented at least 4 weeks after the end of therapy (by endoscopic biopsy or urea breath test) and maintenance antisecretory therapy discontinued if the infection is cured.
Near-field optical disk recording for very high data density.

The use of subwavelength near-field apertures opens the possibility of optical disk data density increases in excess of 4 orders of magnitude.
Ultrastructural evidence for axon retraction during the spontaneous elimination of polyneuronal innervation of the rat soleus muscle

This study provides morphological evidence for axon retraction during the elimination of polyneuronal innervation in postnatal rat soleus muscle. The motor innervation of muscles from animals 7–15 days and two months of age was examined in silver-stained preparations at the light microscopic level and in serial sections with the electron microscope. Transection of the soleus nerve in immature muscles revealed that the pattern of terminal and preterminal degeneration was similar to, but much more rapid than, that reported for adult muscles. During normal development, less than 1% of the preterminal axons sampled exhibited a denervation-like morphology and none of the neuromuscular junctions exhibited dense terminal degeneration. This indicates that autotomy and phagocytosis of the excess axons play a minor role in the development of connections. From estimates of the number of axons lost per day, about 20% of the endplates in 14-day-old muscles would be expected to have involuting axons associated with them. Slender axons terminating in vesicle-laden enlargements were associated with 18% of the endplates examined ultrastructurally which is consistent with the predicted rate of axon removal. These structures are interpreted as morphological manifestations of axon retraction because they were not present in adult material and they were not produced by nerve transection. Furthermore, they are comparable in shape and location to the putative retraction fibres identified in silver-stained sections at the light microscopic level. The present results indicate that retraction is the major means by which all but one of the multiple inputs per endplate are removed during the establishment of the adult pattern of motor innervation.
Justices and Judges

Assume you are a moral judge in South Africa within a system of tainted laws. The case before you involves a black man who has been caught living in Johannesburg in violation of the Group Areas Act and the Urban Areas Act. The defendant faces jail if convicted. How would you decide the case? The purpose of this paper is to explore how judges try to achieve justice as they decide cases. It explores two basic approaches to justice and the consequences of those approaches. It looks at how our society tries to define justice; how our system attempts to achieve justice; and, when cases finally arrive at the courts, how judges try to apply the concepts of justice in those cases. The article looks at several cases to see how you might “do justice” if you were a judge. Finally, the paper explores how the deciding courts tried to achieve justice in those difficult cases.
Finite element bond graph model of rotors

Lumped parameter models can not sufficiently describe dynamics of many distributed systems, such as a continuous rotating shaft with bending. The finite element method is employed to embed distributed dynamics of rotating shafts with bending into constitutive laws of bond graphs resulting a finite element bond graph model. Defining the nodal displacements, the finite element mass and stiffness matrices are obtained from energy equations, and represented as constitutive relations for multi-port I and C's. Centrifugal forces are included through multi-port C, and the Coriolis forces are embedded via gyrators. Finally, the FE bond graph is reconstructed in a simple vector bond graph form, which can be integrated into any bond graph model of rotating shafts.
An RNA pocket for an aliphatic hydrophobe

We have isolated an RNA with specific affinity for the L-valine side chain, using selection-amplification. The active RNA secondary structure, identified by repeated selection, is a highly conserved asymmetric (4:10) internal loop adjacent to required G-U pairs. The binding free-energy per methylene is up to 1.5 kcal mol−1 and very dependent on group position. Amino acid binding is L-stereoselective and distinguishes aliphatic sidechains by size and, given the same total size, by configuration. Though aliphatic-RNA interactions have frequently been neglected, their avidity and specificity seem sufficient for a biological role.
Joint infection by anaerobic bacteria: A case report and review of the literature

A case of Bacteroides fragilis arthritis of the knee following intraarticular steroid therapy is described. Details of a literature review revealing 47 cases of arthritis due to nonsporeforming anaerobic bacteria are presented also. Features which, when present, suggest the possibility of anaerobic joint infection include foul-smelling pus, gas in a joint, and the unique morphology of many anaerobes on gram stain of pus. The sternoclavicular and sacroiliac joints are peculiarly susceptible to Bacteroides infections.
Howard Hughes Medical Institute and its role in genomic activities.

Abstract Through its three operating programs, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute has supported a substantial amount of basic and clinical molecular research, has acted as a facilitator in initiating and funding a number of meetings, nationally and internationally, including work groups dealing with databases, and has supported several databases for gene mapping. Finally, HHMI is now playing a significant national role in the training and development of manpower through its support of fellowships, direct grants to colleges and universities, and support for major teaching resources such as the Woods Hole Marine Biology and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories.