cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BLOGS: Balanced local and global search for non-degenerate two view epipolar geometry

This work considers the problem of estimating the epipolar geometry between two cameras without needing a prespecified set of correspondences. It is capable of resolving the epipolar geometry for cases when the views differ significantly in terms of baseline and rotation, resulting in a large number features in one image that have no correspondence in the other image. We do conditional characterization of the probability space of correspondences based on Joint Feature Distributions (JFD) [21]. We seek to maximize the probabilistic support of the putative correspondence set over a number of MCMC iterations, guided by proposal distributions based on similarity or JFD. Similarity based guidance provides large movements (global) through correspondence space and JFD based guidance provides small movements (local) around the best known epipolar geometry the algorithm has found so far. We also propose a simple and novel method to rule out, at each iteration, correspondences that lead to degenerate configurations, thus speeding up convergence. We compare our algorithm with LO-RANSAC [2], NAPSAC [7], MAPSAC [19] and BEEM [9], which are the current state of the art competing methods, on a dataset that has significantly more change in baseline, rotation, and scale than those used in the current literature. We quantitatively benchmark the performance using manually specified ground truth corresponding point pairs. We find that our approach can achieve results of similar quality as the current state of art in 10 times lesser number of iterations. We are also able to tolerate upto 90% outlier correspondences.
Adsorption of Inorganic Pollutants in Aquatic Systems

Adsorption often dictates the fate of trace inorganic pollutants in aquatic systems. In contrast to the nonspecific sorption mechanism proposed for hydrophobic organic compounds, adsorption of inorganic solutes is viewed as a site‐specific process in which ions bind (chemically) at functional groups on particle surfaces. This conceptual model is supported by the finding that adsorption of ions on model adsorbents with relatively well‐defined surface groups (e.g., hydrous metal oxides) can be described via mass law equations, a fact which forms the basis for all of the so‐called surface complexation models. Surface complexation reactions are distinguished from reactions among monomelic solutes in that the total energy of interaction includes long‐range electrostatic effects that vary with surface charge. Electrostatic effects are accounted for by applying a coulombic correction factor (activity coefficient) to intrinsic surface complexation constants. Formulations for the coulombic correction term differ a...
Annealing-induced lattice recovery in room-temperature xenon irradiated CeO 2 : X-ray diffraction and electron energy loss spectroscopy experiments

A systematic x-ray diffraction (XRD) study was performed on room-temperature Xe-irradiated and postirradiation annealed CeO2. Large scale XRD did not show any additional irradiation-induced phases upon irradiation. Depth profiling the CeO2 (111) diffraction peak over the 150 nm deep Xe-irradiated layer (400 keV, 1 × 1020 Xe/m2) by grazing incidence XRD indicated a lattice expansion at the irradiated layer. Postirradiation annealing (1 h at 1000 °C) in an oxygen-containing environment removed the observed XRD features. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was performed for cross-sectional samples before and after postirradiation annealing. EELS showed that the Ce charge state changed from +4 to +3 at the CeO2 surface indicating the presence of O vacancies in both as-irradiated and annealed samples. EELS also indicated that the amount of O vacancies was reduced at the irradiated region by annealing. The experimental results are discussed based on electronic properties of CeO2, annihilation of oxygen vacancies, and evolution of irradiation damage.
Student Voices on Faculty Incivility in Nursing Education: A Conceptual Model

Abstract Colaizzi's phenomenological method for qualitative study was used to describe nursing students' lived experiences with uncivil encounters with nursing faculty. Seven current and former nursing students from various levels of nursing education were interviewed to investigate their perceptions of faculty incivility in nursing education and to examine the emotional and behavioral impact the perceived incivility had on them. Three major themes emerged regarding faculty incivility: 1) behaving in demeaning and belittling ways, 2) treating students unfairly and subjectively, and 3) pressuring students to conform to unreasonable faculty demands. Three major themes emerged from students' emotional responses to faculty incivility: 1) feeling traumatized, 2) feeling powerless and helpless, and 3) feeling angry and upset. Behavioral responses are also reported. A conceptual model is presented to illustrate the findings. Recommendations for further research are included.
Long-Lived Mesoconvective Vortices and Their Environment. Part II: Induced Thermodynamic Destabilization in Idealized Simulations

Abstract Idealized numerical simulations are used to quantify the effect of quasi-balanced lifting arising from the interaction of the ambient vertical shear with midtropospheric cyclonic vortices (MCVs) generated by mesoscale convective systems on thermodynamic destabilization over a range of ambient vertical shear strengths and vortex characteristics observed in Part I. Maximum upward displacements occur beneath the midtropospheric potential vorticity anomaly, near the radius of maximum tangential vortex winds. The location of the region of upward displacements relative to the ambient vertical shear vector depends on the relative strength of the vortex tangential flow and the ambient vertical shear, and ranges from downshear for vortices of moderate strength in strong ambient vertical shear to 90° to the left of downshear for strong vortices in weak ambient vertical shear. Although significant upward displacements occur most rapidly with small vortices in strong ambient vertical shear, maximum upward di...
A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL ACCOMMODATION COEFFICIENT OF SOOT DETERMINED BY THE LASER-INDUCED INCANDESCENCE TECHNIQUE

Data of several laser-induced incandescence (LII) experiments reported in the literature were re-analyzed to obtain the values of the thermal accommodation coefficient (TAC) of soot. The present analysis shows that the TAC of soot falls in a relatively narrow range between 0.23 (in N2 and flames) and 0.45 (in Argon). Using an aggregate based lowfluence LII model, the TAC of soot in a laminar diffusion flame was found to be 0.38.
Efficiently delivering online services over integrated infrastructure

We present Footprint, a system for delivering online services in the "integrated" setting, where the same provider operates multiple elements of the infrastructure (e.g., proxies, data centers, and the wide area network). Such integration can boost system efficiency and performance by finely modulating how traffic enters and traverses the infrastructure. But fully realizing its benefits requires managing complex dynamics of service workloads. For instance, when a group of users are directed to a new proxy, their ongoing sessions continue to arrive at the old proxy, and this load at the old proxy declines gradually. Footprint harnesses such dynamics using a high-fidelity model that is also efficient to solve. Simulations based on a partial deployment of Footprint in Microsoft's infrastructure show that, compared to the current method, it can carry at least 50% more traffic and reduce user delays by at least 30%.
A comparative study of popular methods to compute receiver functions applied to synthetic data

Online Material: Tables of average amplitudes with standard deviation for the prominent phases in the receiver functions (RFs) produced from the synthetic seismograms. The receiver function (RF) method isolates the response of local structure from source complexity (the influence of the source and near-source structure) and the heterogeneity of deeper structures along the propagation path. The Ps -RF method is widely used to isolate Ps phases and reverberations ending in an S phase to determine the velocity structure of the crust (Burdick and Langston, 1977; Langston, 1977, 1979; Owens, 1987; Owens and Crosson, 1988; Ammon et al. , 1990; Ammon, 1991; Zhu and Kanamori, 2000; Langston and Hammer, 2001) and variation in depth to discontinuities of the mantle transition zone (Shearer, 1991; Gurrola et al. , 1994; Gurrola and Minster, 1998). The Sp -RF method primarily focuses on the interpretation of Sp precursors to estimate depths to the Moho and lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (Phinney, 1964; Oreshin et al. , 2002; Vinnik et al. , 2004; Sodoudi et al. , 2006; Yuan et al. , 2006; Lekic and Fischer, 2014). In this study, five methods that are commonly used to compute RFs were evaluated using simplified synthetic seismograms: frequency-domain water-level deconvolution (FWLD; Langston, 1977), time-domain iterative deconvolution (TID; Ligorria and Ammon, 1999), frequency-domain iterative deconvolution (FID), matrix-inversion deconvolution (MID; Gurrola et al. , 1995), and log spectral deconvolution (LSD, Hansen and Dueker, 2009). The FID method is a new, hybrid method developed from the FWLD and TID methods. Synthetics were computed from a single layer over a half-space model to provide simple cases for which we knew the expected values. Because amplitudes are important in inferring velocity contrasts at interfaces, and arrival time is important to infer interface depths, we focused strictly on …
Post-Pollination Ovule Development in Dendrobium Orchids. I. Introduction

SUMMARYA developmental study of ovule formation in Dendrobium XJ. Thomas is reported. The ovulary at anthesis is rudimentary and consists of only a placental ridge. Upon pollination the placental ridge undergoes proliferation and ultimately produces embryo sacs. Normally the ovulary requires 6½ to 7 months from the time of pollination to mature. Of the total time, 35–40 days or 1/6 of the period is required for cellular proliferation on the placental ridge and another 1/6 for the formation of embryo sacs. The early developmental stages within the ovulary are subdivided into phases — quiescent, proliferative, nucellar, archesporial and meiotic. Relative volume changes which occur within the developing cell (nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio) and within the developing ovule during the established phases are also presented.
The Settlers of Catan: Using Settlement Placement Strategies in the Probability Classroom

The Settlers of Catan, a property-building and trading board game, contains many opportunities for mathematical exploration. In this paper we discuss Catan settlement placement strategies suitable ...
High-Order Implicit Large-Eddy Simulations of a Supersonic Corner Flow over a Compression Ramp

Large-eddy simulations were performed for a Mach 2.25 turbulent airflow as it travels over a 24◦ compression ramp in the presence of a sidewall. Two flat plates were joined perpendicular to each other to form the corner with each plate having sufficient computational extent to developed an equilibrium turbulent boundary layer profile far from the corner junction. The turbulent flow on each plate propagated into the corner and aided in its transition. On the bottom plate, the turbulent equilibrium boundary-layer flow traveled over a 24◦ compression ramp which lead to an unsteady oblique shock and subsequent separation bubble. At the same time, the inclusion of the sidewall led to the development of a corner vortex and an increasingly three-dimensional shock front. The complex corner flow included a nodal attachment point and separation vortex that traveled along the sidewall with the oblique shock. Theses features interacted with the sidewall turbulent boundary-layer, forming a smaller, swept, separation bubble. The solutions were obtained using a high-fidelity time-implicit numerical scheme and an implicit large-eddy simulation approach. Time mean and instantaneous flow quantities were collected and evaluated. The results were compared with a spanwise periodic scenario performed at the same conditions. In both scenarios, the mean flow separated upstream of the compression ramp, but in the current scenario the separation length varied significantly with distance from the sidewall. Since separation length correlates with the unsteady frequency of the shock boundarylayer interaction, the inclusion of the sidewall not only yielded a highly three-dimensional shock system, but also changed the local frequency of the unsteady shock boundary-layer interaction.
The Right to Work, the Right to Live

ABSTRACTThis essay situates within Romantic discourse the twinned histories of two notions of “the right to work”: le droit de travailler and le droit au travail. It examines the rationales for each, their appearance in crucial texts of Romantic literature, and their implication for more recent debates about the right to work, both in and out of the academy.
6.30 – Emesis/Prokinetic Agents

Gastrointestinal (GI) prokinetic agents and antiemetics are useful medicines and have utility in a wide range of clinical conditions. These conditions range from the highly prevalent, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), to the highly morbid, such as chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Mechanisms for prokinetic and antiemetic agents share many common neurotransmitters and/or receptors and so these two therapeutic classes are considered together in this review. The major focus in the prokinetic field has long been 5HT4 receptor agonists, and the most widely used therapeutic agent has been cisapride. Therefore this pharmacological class is reviewed in detail. The treatment of disorders of GI motility has been hampered by the withdrawal of cisapride and so this article highlights additional pharmacological classes that have identified as effective prokinetic agents. In addition, novel emerging prokinetic mechanisms are identified and key agents introduced. Similarly in the antiemetic area, the 5HT3 receptor antagonist revolutionized the treatment and prevention of vomiting, and this class of agent has subsequently receive significant attention in this review. In the arena of antiemetic therapy, the recent introduction of an NK1 receptor antagonist has improved the control of emesis still further; however, significant clinical challenges remain. Recently, novel antiemetic mechanisms have been identified that may offer additional benefits to patients and these are also considered.
Number and type of TET2 mutations in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and their clinical relevance

Number and type of TET2 mutations in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia and their clinical relevance
The Culture of Slavery: Outcomes

How can it be? How can a pattern established hundreds of years ago, under conditions that would be barely recognizable today, have the power to bind people to a cheerless style of life? Are not those in its grip smart enough to see what is happening and just change? These are questions my students ask all the time. Utterly uninterested in history, they can scarcely imagine what sorts of mechanism might keep the past alive. Indeed, most doubt that it happens. But they are wrong. The past does operate in the present, and it does so with a vengeance. They have nevertheless stumbled upon a legitimate problem. If the S-C-S model is valid, there remains the question of how transitions from one time period to another are effected. How do particular social structures become frozen into distinct sets of cultural features that manage to persist over decades or centuries? More than this, having succeeded in enduring, how are these characteristics converted back into structural elements? Just as geologists had difficulty accepting the theory of continental drift before plate tectonics provided a reasonable mechanism for rafting the continents apart, so a culture of slavery theory requires a plausible method of getting from then to now.
2.01 Allylborons

This chapter is a comprehensive review and covers many different aspects of allylboranes and derivatives. Specifically, the synthesis of allylboranes through a variety of methods, and the uses thereof, have been systematically detailed to demonstrate to the reader the ease of construction and synthetic utility of these compounds. A complete understanding of this chapter's content should allow the interested reader to fully grasp the broad field of the chemistry of allylboranes.
Eine mitarbeiterzentrierte Unternehmenskultur – Geheimnis des Erfolges von Google?

Frank Kohl-Boas kann durch seine Tatigkeiten und leitenden Funktionen in globalen Konzernen, wie z.B. Unilever, Shell, Coca-Cola, ein umfangreiches Praxiswisse vorweisen. Ab 2010 verantwortet er fur Google als Head of HR die Personalarbeit fur 22 Standorte in 20 Landern in Europa. Frank Kohl-Boas gilt als Vorreiter von Themen, die sich mit der Thematik „New Work“ auseinandersetzen.
302. Combinatorial Engineering of a Receptor Footprint on AAV Serotype 4 Yields Novel Vectors

Most AAV strains in clinical development display a broad range of cellular tropisms within the central nervous system (CNS). As such, this current panel of vectors provides several options for efficient gene expression within neurons and/or glia in the brain. However, precise therapeutic interventions will require selective targeting of distinct cell populations within the brain and other organs, such as the eye. In this regard, a select few AAV serotypes have demonstrated unique tissue tropisms following systemic or peripheral routes of administration. One such example, originally isolated from African green monkeys, is AAV4. This serotype is one of the most divergent serotypes identified to date. From a structural perspective, AAV4 has several unique surface loop topologies that are consistent with the remarkably different usage of receptors, cellular tropism and unique antigenicity displayed by this serotype. Specifically, AAV4 is known to utilize O-linked sialoglycans, or mucins, for cell surface attachment. In the current study, through a combination of structural analysis and random mutagenesis, we identified several key amino acids for further genetic manipulation. Saturation mutagenesis of key residues within a broad receptor footprint on the AAV4 capsid surface yielded a highly diverse library, which was subjected to screening as well as directed evolution in a panel of cell lines in vitro. Additional screening and directed evolution studies in vivo in the mouse CNS yielded several novel AAV4 variants that display distinct transduction profiles in the brain. Extensive in silico analyses, structural modeling, and biological characterization of the novel panel of AAV strains is currently in progress.
An Automated, Gravity-driven CSF Drainage System Decreases Complications and Lowers Costs.

Background: FlowSafeTM (BeckerSmith Medical, Irvine, CA, USA) is a novel, robotic, external lumbar drainage (ELD) system, which was designed to control cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, reduce complications, and decrease treatment costs. Methods: Forty-seven consecutive neurosurgical patients requiring ELD were treated using the FlowSafe system. Results: In 39 of 40 patients with traumatic and surgical dural openings, potential CSF leaks were avoided. In seven patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus, post-infectious ventriculomegaly, or pseudotumor cerebrum, we were able to assess the likelihood of improvement with shunting. The system, therefore, produced what we considered to be the “desired result” in 46 of 47 patients (98%). Our one treatment failure (2%) involved a patient with unrecognized hydrocephalus who, following a Chiari repair with a dural patch graft, was drained for six days. A persistent CSF leak eventually required a reoperation. Two patients (4%) described low-pressure headaches during treatment. Both responded to temporarily suspending or reducing the drainage rate. We saw no complications. Required nursing interventions were minimal. Conclusions: The FlowSafe system was safe and effective. In our experience, there were fewer complications compared to currently available ELD systems. The FlowSafe was well tolerated by our patients. The near elimination of nursing interventions should allow lumbar drainage to be delivered in less costly, non-intensive care unit settings. Larger trials will be needed.
Creating a Unique Transnational Place: Deterritorialized Discourse and the Blending of Time and Space in Online Social Media

This study describes how members of a transnational social network of Mexican bilinguals living in Chicago manipulate their language on online social media to facilitate and maintain close connections across borders. Using a discourse-centered online ethnographic approach, I examine conversations posted on members’ Facebook walls and the contexts in which the discourses are formed. I argue that members of this transnational social network engage in the use of deterritorialized discourse to create chronotopes; that is, through discourse, members connect temporal and spatial relationships and form them into a single constructed context. These chronotopes help members recontextualize Facebook as a unique transnational social place that connects families and allows for the continuation of cultural practices that maintain their transnationalism. This study sheds light on the use of linguistic resources and modes of communication to examine how individuals construct imagined experiences within a real intimate c...
Action Recognition in Still Images Using Word Embeddings from Natural Language Descriptions

Detecting actions or verbs in still images is a challenging problem for a variety of reasons such as the absence of temporal information and polysemy of verbs which lead to difficulty in generating large verb datasets. In this paper, we propose to first detect the prominent objects in the image and then infer the relevant actions or verbs using Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based techniques. The proposed scheme obviates the need for training and using visual action detectors on images, an approach which tends to be error-prone and computationally intensive. This paper provides a valuable insight in that the detection of a few significant (i.e., top) objects in an image allows one to extract or infer the relevant actions or verbs in the image. To this end, we propose NLP-based approaches relying on the word2vec and the Object-Verb-Object triplet models for predicting the actions from top-object detections and also analyze their nuances. Our experimental results show that verbs can be reliably and efficiently detected by exploiting the top object detections in an image.
Defining the Pathways of Urogenital Schistosomiasis-Associated Urothelial Carcinogenesis through Transgenic and Bladder Wall Egg Injection Models

Urogenital schistosomiasis (infection with Schistosoma haematobium) is a major cause of bladder carcinogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms of the sequelae leading up to the development of bladder cancer are poorly understood, mainly because of a dearth of tractable mouse models. We developed a mouse model of urogenital schistosomiasis through intramural injection of parasite eggs into the bladder wall to mimic the trapping of parasite eggs in the bladder. This approach recapitulates many of the sequelae observed in infected humans. Here, we describe procedures for utilizing this surgical technique in combination with well-established transgenic mouse strains to dissect the role of cancer-related genes in the initiation and establishment of bladder carcinogenesis. The described method utilizes CRE-mediated flox activity to render mice p53 haploinsufficient before challenging them with bladder wall egg injection. These techniques are potentially amenable to studying the role of other pro-carcinogenic and cancer suppressor gene(s) in urogenital schistosomiasis-associated urothelial carcinogenesis.
Design for success: Identifying a process for transitioning to an intensive online course delivery model in health professions education.

ABSTRACTIntensive courses (ICs), or accelerated courses, are gaining popularity in medical and health professions education, particularly as programs adopt e-learning models to negotiate challenges of flexibility, space, cost, and time. In 2014, the Department of Clinical Research and Leadership (CRL) at the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences began the process of transitioning two online 15-week graduate programs to an IC model. Within a year, a third program also transitioned to this model. A literature review yielded little guidance on the process of transitioning from 15-week, traditional models of delivery to IC models, particularly in online learning environments. Correspondingly, this paper describes the process by which CRL transitioned three online graduate programs to an IC model and details best practices for course design and facilitation resulting from our iterative redesign process. Finally, we present lessons-learned for the benefit of other medical and healt...
Self-reported sleep duration affects tandem gait, but not steady-state gait outcomes among healthy collegiate athletes

Abstract Background Sleep deficits are associated with motor and cognitive function deficits, even in the absence of a recent concussion. Research question Does the amount of self-reported sleep prior to pre-season concussion testing affect single-task and dual-task instrumented steady-state gait and timed tandem gait test performance? Methods One hundred and fourteen healthy collegiate athletes (mean age 18.8 ± 0.7 years; 60% female) reported the amount of sleep they received during the prior night and completed a timed tandem gait test and an instrumented assessment of steady-state gait in both single-task and dual-task conditions. Outcome variables included spatio-temporal gait parameters during steady-state gait, best and mean tandem gait times, and cognitive test accuracy. Results Participants who reported sleeping Significance Self-reported sleep duration may be associated with baseline testing tandem gait performance. Thus, as sleep can play a role in motor abilities, clinicians may consider interpreting tandem gait performance in light of sleep duration during the night prior to testing.
Information Quality, Growth Options, and Average Future Stock Returns

ABSTRACT This study finds that the association between future stock returns and information quality depends on how option-like is the firm's equity. Firms that have more growth options are more opt...
Standout nurse leaders...What's in the research?

Nursing leadership differs from general leadership due to the influence of clinical practice. Simply put, nurse leaders have a responsibility to influence and improve the healthcare practice environment.1 But, what exactly are the characteristics of great nurse leaders? Let's review the recent r
Presidential Leadership and Civil Rights in the Era before Brown

Influential scholarship by political scientists studying the courts has highlighted the ways that leaders of political regimes, especially presidents, use judicial politics to promote their agendas. Taking the Truman administration's efforts to reform civil rights enforcement policies as an exemplary case study of presidential leadership, this article offers a critique of recent scholarship that centers the analysis on the institutional resources of the presidency. Through an extensive review of leading newspapers of the era and the archival records of the President's Committee on Civil Rights (PCCR), this article instead highlights the work of social movement leaders, interest groups, and the African American press in organizing and calling for presidential action and more vigorous enforcement by federal government prosecutors. The result was an interactive dynamic of pressure and change. Civil rights leaders' forceful advocacy moved the president to act, and Truman's leadership — creating the PCCR, ordering the desegregation of the military, and raising the stature of the civil rights movement in a series of important presidential addresses — offered an unprecedented level of support to the cause of civil rights, even as his proposals for civil rights legislation were thwarted in Congress. This same interactive process produced one of the unheralded achievements of this historic presidential committee: the PCCR's endorsement of calls, from the NAACP and other civil rights attorneys, for a more active amicus practice in the Solicitor General's office, an endorsement that triggered an abrupt change in the federal government's amicus role. Previous scholars have described this amicus policy shift as an example of independent executive branch action to promote civil rights. This article instead reveals longstanding resistance by the Justice Department to a robust amicus practice and shows that the origins of the policy shift are properly located in the private civil rights bar's advocacy, bolstered by the support of the PCCR.
Substance Use Among Taiwanese Female College Students

This study investigated the use of alcohol and other drugs among 193 Taiwanese female college students currently attending Tainan Women's College of Arts and Technology. Using the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey, participants were asked to identify: (1) which substances they have used in the last year and during the past 30 days, (2) the frequency of substance use, and (3) the consequences associated with the use of alcohol and other substances. Results indicated that alcohol and tobacco were the most commonly used substances. Compared to a similar study, alcohol use in the last year was considerably higher among the participants in this study and tobacco use was considerably lower. During the past 30 days, the use of both alcohol and tobacco were relatively low. Implications for college counselors and college officials are discussed.
Zarncke, Friedrich (1825–1891)

Friedrich Zarncke's (1849–1919) editorship of the newly established Literarisches Centralblatt over many decades constitutes his greatest achievement. Of comparable significance was his life-long preoccupation with textual criticism of older and more recent texts. Apart from being an inspiring teacher and a prolific scholar of extensive influence, he served his university as an able administrator and was elected university president three times.
Failing the Future: Development Objectives, Human Rights Obligations and Gender Violence in Schools

Gender discrimination denies many girls equal access to education. Girls in South Asia, West Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Arab States will require particular attention if the international development community’s goal of ensuring education for all children is to be reached by 2015; the gender gap between girls and boys with access to education is greatest in these regions. Often, traditional customs and practices relegate girls to subordinate status such that cultural preferences for boys or family economic constraints may direct parents to favor education for their sons but not for their daughters. Appropriately, the international development community has urged countries to commit to advancing access to education for women and girls as a weapon to combat the attitudes and practices that perpetuate discrimination and inequality. Nevertheless, discrimination against girls based on gender continues to perpetuate the education gap between boys and girls. While much attention has been given to the discriminatory barriers that block girls’ access to school, less attention has been paid to the obstacles girls confront at school including sexual harassment and violence. Recognizing that school based gender violence is a global phenomenon that has remained largely unexplored, despite numerous international commitments to promote girls’ education, this chapter outlines recent international development policy objectives and priorities relating to gender equality and education. It then positions these development priorities against the international human rights legal framework. Finally, the chapter concludes that failure to bridge the gap between development priorities and human rights principles by fully appreciating the costs and consequences of school-based gender violence in terms of the discrimination that it is will ensure global failure to achieve gender equality in education well into the future.
Variations on the response characteristics of oxygen electrodes.

A multiple pathway process for the reduction of oxygen at a platinum electrode was described by Forbes and Lynn (1). Using their descriptive process, Tang, et al. (2) developed a mathematical model, eq. 1, which appeared to satisfactorily explain the electrode current vs. time response obtained.
The Pharmacology of Amphetamines

The amphetamine molecule is chemically simple with a number of intriguing actions. Attempts to refine and emphasize desired effects and minimize the less useful effects have led to the development of derivatives of amphetamines that are of clinical, experimental, and illicit interest.
Motion Detectors Used in Measuring Heat Expansion

With any piece of technology, there exists a learning curve where students need time to adjust to the ways in which the device works. If you struggle with having enough time for lab, it may be advantageous to have students learn how to operate one set of equipment and use that equipment as much as possible. In this article a unique application for the use of a motion detector is presented for measuring the thermal coefficient of expansion for a material. This lab involves using probeware to measure the temperature and change in length of a material. By the end of the lab, students make conclusions about the coefficient of linear expansion and heat capacity.
Measuring Bullying Prevention and Intervention

Bullying has increasingly become a subject of public concern and academic enterprise. The need for bullying program evaluation has been well documented by researchers as well as practitioners. It is imperative that appropriate evaluation approaches and tools must be designed to measure the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs. Many programs, especially school-based programs, have been developed and implemented in an attempt to reduce bullying and its consequences. Arguably, the first large-scale anti-bullying national program was established in Norway in 1983; and in 1991 the program was evaluated by Olweus in Bergen. The result of the evaluation demonstrated substantial reduction of bullying victimization. However, since then, many other efforts to determine the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs have produced less results. In many instances, program evaluation has been neglected. This chapter attempts to meet the challenge of program monitoring and evaluation. It begins with culturally competent baseline data collection strategies: survey instruments, interviews, focus groups, and relevant public documents from reliable sources. The chapter examines the application of the logic model as an integrative framework for bullying program planning and evaluation. It brings theory to practice and provides needed empirical data for determining “best practices” in bullying prevention and intervention.
Contest decisions are governed by own size and opponent size category in mangrove rivulus fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus

When confronted with social challenge, animals extract information from their environment to make adaptive behavioural decisions. The size of an individual relative to its opponent is a decisive factor that could influence contest decisions and the outcome of social competition. Animals may determine whether or not to engage in fights by assessing each other's fighting ability (mutual assessment), or solely based on their own fighting ability (self-assessment). Mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus, have been reported to utilize both assessment strategies depending on the stage and intensity of a contest. However, it is still unclear whether rivulus' contest decisions are determined by their own body size, perceptions of size differences between themselves and opponents, or by information conveyed by opponents' behaviour. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether rivulus of different sizes respond differently when encountering opponents of varied sizes. We provided rivulus with a ‘stationary model opponent’ to fight against, which can isolate the effect of size (and size differences) on aggressive performance without the potentially confounding effects of opponent behaviour. We hypothesized that animals would be more willing to initiate a contest and behave more aggressively when interacting with a size-matched opponent because differences in fighting ability are less easily perceived. As size asymmetries increase, however, differences in fighting ability should be more obvious to the animals and, thus, they should be less willing to initiate a contest and behave less aggressively. Our data support our hypothesis and reveal that, during early stages of a contest, opponent size alone does not affect an individual's contest decisions. Additional sources of information (e.g. about one's own body size) likely contribute to decisions about whether or not to initiate a fight. However, once individuals engage physically, their own body size, but not opponent size, becomes a predictor of their aggression towards opponents.
What bugs cause production cloud incidents

Cloud services have become the backbone of today's computing world. Runtime incidents, which adversely affect the expected service operations, are extremely costly in terms of user impacts and engineering efforts required to resolve them. Hence, such incidents are the target of much research effort. Unfortunately, there is limited understanding about cloud service incidents that actually happen during production runs: what cause them and how they are resolved. In this work, we carefully study hundreds of high-severity incidents that occurred recently during the production runs of many Microsoft Azure services. We find software bugs to be a major cause behind these incidents, and make interesting observations about the types of software bugs that cause cloud incidents and how these bug-related incidents are resolved, providing motivation and guidance to future research in tackling cloud bugs and improving the cloud-service availability.
Lost in words

Villalobos and Razeto-Barry’s target article highlights a debate about the role of spatial boundaries in autopoiesis that has been simmering for some time. I argue that, ultimately, controversies s...
Michaelis-Menten Graphs, Lineweaver-Burk Plots, and Reaction Schemes: Investigating Introductory Biochemistry Students' Conceptions of Representations in Enzyme Kinetics

This work seeks to add to the growing body of chemistry education research that emphasizes the teaching and learning of advanced topics, focusing on students’ understanding of enzyme kinetics. The ...
Richard Steckel, Clark Spencer Larsen, Charlotte Roberts & Joerg Baten (Eds.), The Backbone of Europe: Health, Diet, Work, and Violence over Two Millennia

Abstract. When traditional measures for material welfare are scarce or unreliable, a population’s average stature reflects its cumulative net nutrition during economic development. In the 1970s, Robert Fogel and his graduate students led the effort to integrate statures as an economic measure for welfare with their studies of American slavery, and the use of anthropometrics has been extended to various fields in economics, development, and economic history (Fogel & Engerman, 1974; Fogel, 1989; Fogel, 1994). Few scholars have done as much to advance the use of height and anthropometric measures as Richard Steckel, a Fogel graduate student. Demonstrating extraordinary creativityto bring yet another measurement tool that sheds light on economic conditions, Steckel has extended the use of stature of the living to the skeletal remains of the dead. Keywords. Europe, Health, Diet, Work, Violence. JEL. H51, H75, J01, J10.
Abstract ES10-2: Understanding breast cancer using a developmental perspective

Parallels among embryonic development, stem cells, and cancer have long been recognized. We identified, isolated, and characterized stem cells that first become committed to a mammary fate during embryogenesis; we refer to these cells as fetal mammary stem cells (fMaSCs). Lineage tracing, in vitro sphere formation, and in vivo transplantation studies by our group and many others all confirm that cells in the embryo are the bipotent progenitors of the mammary gland. There is debate, however, on whether such bipotent cells persist into the adult, or whether the luminal and basal lineages are maintained by unipotent progenitors. To gain insight into the relationships between fMaSCs and breast cancer, and to investigate their potential persistence in the adult, we have applied bulk and single cell RNA-sequencing (sc-RNA-seq) and single nucleus ATAC-sequencing (snATAC-seq) throughout mammary development. The results to be discussed demonstrate that fMaSC transcriptomes are heterogeneous, but all share co-expression of genes associated with luminal and basal cell fates. This fits a model in which the bipotent state is created by a balance of lineage specifiers. We also find that the fMaSC transcriptome is highly enriched in basal-like human breast cancers and identify potential embryonic pathways that correlate with poor prognosis. We used a variety of computational tools to infer the gene expression programs that ensue when fMaSCs commit to luminal and basal states. The data from scRNA-seq and snATAC-seq demonstrate that the transitions are gradual, not precipitous, and that luminal and basal cells exhibit significant transcriptomic and epigenetic heterogeneity. This challenges the notion that the mammary gland consists of discrete cell types defined by rigid transcriptomic parameters, and reveals a potential for intrinsic phenotypic plasticity of normal mammary cells. Using the combined databases, we identified Sox10 as a significantly differentially expressed cell state regulator. We show that tumors are heterogeneous with regard to Sox10 expression, and that locally invasive cells tend to express high Sox10 levels. Elevated Sox10 correlates with acquisition of a neural-crest like, EMT-related state. Implications for interception of metastasis by targeting neural crest-like cells will be discussed. Finally, we have generated a web resource that is available to the scientific community to enable the transcription and epigenetic characteristics of any gene of interest to be tracked through mammary development (https://wahl-labsalk.shinyapps.io/Mammary_snATAC/). Citation Format: GM Wahl, Z Ma, C Chung, C Dravis, BT Spike, RR Giraddi, O Balcioglu, C Fan, B Hagos, R Heinz, Herrera-Valdez J, X Hou, J Hwang, R Lasken, G Luna, NE Lytle, EM Mehrabad, M Novotny, CM Perou, O Poirion, S Preissl, B Ren, T Reya, CL Trejo, KT Varley. Understanding breast cancer using a developmental perspective [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES10-2.
Chat-based hotlines for health promotion: a systematic review.

Background Chat-based hotlines use online messaging services or popular chat applications such as WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, and WeChat, to connect users to trained health providers or staff. Chat-based hotlines can provide real-time communication between health providers and patients. Methods The evidence for chat-based hotlines for health promotion has not been reviewed systematically. Electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database, Google Scholar) were searched to identify English-language studies describing original research published from 2009 to 2020. This review was registered with Prospero Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42020156670). Results Twelve publications met our criteria. Ten studies reported on user characteristics, eight on comparing use of chat-based hotlines with different modes of support, six on health outcomes and six on user satisfaction. Included studies report that chat-based hotlines have been used primarily for crisis and emotional support in high-income countries. Chat-based hotlines using instant messenger applications were preferred over other modes of services such as email, text messaging, voice calls, and face-to-face counselling. Evaluations of health outcomes, although limited in rigor due to mostly observational study designs, indicate mostly positive and statistically significant effects on mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, well-being and suicidality. User satisfaction with chat-based hotlines were moderately high. Conclusions Chat-based hotlines may be effective ways to deliver crisis support services in high income settings. They may have the potential to be effective in low- and middle-income countries to expand the reach of mental health and crisis support services although such services have not yet been publicly evaluated.
Impact of Hospital Characteristics on Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis Outcomes Among Patients With Pierre Robin Sequence Utilizing a National Inpatient Database.

Objectives:This study collected national inpatient data to investigate the impact of hospital specialty and size on patient outcomes following mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO).Design:Kids’...
Antitrust & Privacy: It's Complicated

It has become almost an article of faith that large, zero-price platforms, such as Facebook and Google, exercise market power by offering lower levels of privacy. Yet, a rigorous examination of the assumptions underlying this data-price analogy is seriously lacking. Even more important, almost no empirical work has been done in this area. This Article contributes to the debate by filling these important gaps in the literature. After presenting a theoretical examination of the relationship between privacy and competition, we provide empirical evidence on the relationship between market power and privacy. First, using data from PrivacyGrade.org, we find no relationship between privacy grades and our proxies for market concentration—the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and market shares based on Google Play Store categories. Second, we collected website traffic data from SimilarWeb and matched it to DuckDuckGo’s privacy ratings for sites in thirty-seven website categories. Again, the data suggest a lack of a reliable relationship between privacy ratings and market concentration. Our theoretical analysis and empirical results cast serious doubt on the notion that firms exercise market power by reducing privacy levels. Challenging conventional wisdom, our results suggest that antitrust is a poor tool to address perceived privacy problems. Instead, if markets produce less than optimal levels of privacy, it is likely due to informational problems that have no relationship with competition. Accordingly, we conclude that privacy regulation and competition policy might be complementary, but only in one direction: consumer protection designed to increase consumer access to information about firms’ privacy practices—and firms’ ability to credibly commit to these promises—could help foster competition over privacy, but the converse is not true.