cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
III. Intervention in early asthma: Mast-cell responses in the development of asthma

Many cells participate in the pathogenesis of asthmatic inflammation. The mast cell is localized at the interface of the internal and external environment within the lung where it may respond to allergens and other exogenous stimuli. The activation of mast cells leads to the release of mediators that contribute to the early phase of asthmatic inflammation. Mastcell‐derived products may also contribute to the late-phase asthmatic response. This review summarizes the developmental biologic features of the mast cell, its receptor-mediated activation, and its range of preformed, newly synthesized, and induced mediators that contribute to asthmatic inflammation. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:S527-34.) Increased numbers of mast cells in the lung in the late phase asthmatic response and increased levels of specific mast-cell‐derived mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and systemically in patients with asthma implicate the mast cell in the pathogenesis of this disease. The hematopoietically-derived mast cell is localized in the tissues at interfaces between the internal and external environments, where it may respond to foreign antigens. The mast cell may respond to activating stimuli through its receptors for immunoglobulins and various polypeptide ligands. In response to these activating stimuli, which may be derived from other cells in the inflammatory microenvironment, the mast cell exocytoses preformed mediators stored in secretory granules, synthesizes substantial quantities of newly formed lipid mediators from membrane phospholipid-derived substrate, and expresses multifunctional cytokines. These mast-cell‐derived mediators interact with other cells in the inflammatory focus to increase vascular permeability, cause bronchoconstriction, increase airway mucus secretion, and recruit other cells into the site to amplify the inflammatory response and ultimately contribute to tissue remodelling. Thus an appreciation of the development and regulation of mast cells is critical to understanding the pathogenesis of the asthmatic response.
Functional cytogenetic and cytochemical study of the leukemic reticulum cells.

Morphologic, cytochemical, functional, and chromosomal studies were performed on cells from blood and the spleen of a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. Characteristics of these cells were further defined by histochemical studies, by their removal by the cotton-filtration process, by their negative response to PHA stimulation, and by their poor phagocytic properties. Chromosomal studies in this case showed abnormal patterns in cells from the spleen. This abnormal pattern was characterized by the presence of an abnormal chromosome in A group, extra chromosome in C group, and monosomy in G group.
Fine-Tuning the Treatment of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

In 2007, Gallamini et al. published the dramatic results of a retrospective study describing the independent prognostic significance of an early interim positron-emission tomographic (PET) scan in advanced Hodgkin’s lymphoma.1 The 2-year progression-free survival among patients with a persistently positive PET scan after two cycles of chemotherapy was a dismal 12.8%, as compared with 95.0% among those with a negative interim PET scan. Investigators across the world saw this as the way forward, using a “response adapted” approach to eliminate potentially unnecessary treatment in patients with an early negative PET scan and to intensify treatment in those with a positive . . .
Evidence for a π junction in Nb / Ni 0.96 V 0.04 / Nb trilayers revealed by superfluid density measurements

We report measurements of the superfluid density, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(T)$, in ferromagnet-on-superconductor (F/S) bilayers and ${\text{S/F/S}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ trilayers comprising Nb with Ni, Py, CoFe, and NiV ferromagnets. Bilayers provide information about F/S interface transparency and the $T$ dependence of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ that inform interpretation of trilayer data. The Houzet-Meyer theory accounts well for the measured dependence of ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(0)$ and ${T}_{c}$ of F/S bilayers on thickness of F layer, ${d}_{F}$, except that ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(0)$ is slightly under expectations for CoFe/Nb bilayers. For ${\text{Nb/F/Nb}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ trilayers, we are able to extract ${T}_{c}$ and and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ for both Nb layers when F is thick enough to weaken interlayer coupling. The lower ``${T}_{c}$'' is actually a crossover identified by onset of superfluid in the $\text{lower-}{T}_{c}$ Nb layer. For ${\text{Nb/NiV/Nb}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ trilayers, ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}(0)$ versus ${d}_{F}$ for both Nb layers has a minimum followed by a recovery, suggestive of a $\ensuremath{\pi}$ junction.
Estimating Waiting Time for Deceased Donor Renal Transplantion in the Era of New Kidney Allocation System

Abstract Background On December 4, 2014, a new deceased donor kidney allocation system (KAS) was implemented. The KAS was designed to improve organ equity and graft-recipient longevity matching. However, estimated wait-time to deceased donor transplantation is difficult to predict post-KAS. Methods Using the Kidney-Pancreas Simulated Allocation Model software (KPSAM), a program that the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network uses to assess policy proposals, we compared the kidney allocations of both the new (post-KAS) and old policies (pre-KAS) (10 iterations for each group; total N = 204,148) and estimated wait-time based on blood type, duration of dialysis exposure, and calculated panel-reactive antibody (CPRA). Results The simulations revealed that estimated median (25 th and 75 th percentile) waiting time in transplanted recipients decreased from 2.3 (1.2, 3.8) years in the old allocation to 1.8 (0.8, 3.4) years in the new allocation system. The rate of transplantations performed within the first year of wait-listing increased from 20.7% to 31.3%. The KPSAM resulted in more transplantations in recipients with more than 5 years of dialysis exposure (26.5% to 37.4%), longevity matching (12.2% to 17.5%), blood group B (12.6% to 17.2%), and high CPRA ≥98% (1.9% to 4.3%) in post-KAS compared with pre-KAS simulations. Conclusions Based on the KPSAM results, it was projected that post-KAS wait-time in transplanted recipients might decrease approximately 6 months (22%) across all CPRA categories. It might be related to the KAS awarding waiting time points for prelisting dialysis time and priority points awarded based on CPRA (bolus effect).
Long term follow-up of endo-vascular recanalization of chronic inferior vena cava occlusion secondary to inferior vena cava filters.

Abstract. Background: The long term efficacy of endovascular recanalization for chronic iliocaval occlusion secondary to inferior vena cava (IVC) filters is unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of endovascular recanalization and stent placement across the filter in patients with filter-associated chronic iliocaval occlusion. Patients and Methods: Seven patients (mean age 56 ± 15 yrs; seven males) with symptomatic chronic iliocaval occlusion and occluded IVC filter were included. Immediate technical success rate, long term clinical effectiveness of endovascular recanalization and patency rate of the stents were assessed. Results: In all patients, the endovascular treatment consisted of percutaneous venous access, recanalization of the occluded iliac veins and the IVC, transluminal angioplasty and stenting of the infrarenal inferior vena cava and iliac veins with self-expanding stents. The IVC filter was not removed, but rather the stents were extended across the filter. In f...
Research on the direct current control method and simulation of flexible HVDC

Flexible HVDC technology has got widespread concern in the world and has a broad application space in the fields of large capacity clean energy connecting and power grids interconnection. In this paper, the application status and technical advantages of flexible HVDC technology were summarized, the system structure and control strategy of flexible HVDC were studied. The direct current control methods for two-terminal flexible HVDC in different application occasions were mainly researched. In general situations, converter A uses constant DC voltage control mode and reactive power compensation control mode. Converter B uses constant active power control mode and reactive power compensation control mode. When supplying for passive network, converter A uses constant DC voltage control mode and reactive power compensation control mode. The reference voltage value of DC bus should be set higher than general situations. Converter B uses constant AC voltage control mode. The specific control principles were analyzed, and the simulation models were established. Simulation results verified the correctness of the control method.
Electrochemical removal of hexavalent chromium using electrically conducting carbon nanotube/polymer composite ultrafiltration membranes

Abstract Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination in drinking water resources remains a challenge in many parts of the United States, as well as in regions affected by industrial pollution. In this study, we demonstrated how electrically conducting carbon nanotube (CNT) – polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite ultrafiltration (UF) membranes can be used to remove Cr(VI) from water through a combined process of electrostatic repulsion, electrochemical reduction, and precipitation. The impact of different operational (flux, contact time, applied electrical potential) and environmental (pH and salinity) conditions on Cr(VI) removal were evaluated. Due to the native electrical potential of the CNT/PVA UF membrane material, approximately 45% removal of 1 ppm Cr(VI) solution was detected under neutral pH conditions in deionized water. Increased Cr(VI) removal was observed with increasing membrane surface charge density, which was accomplished through the application of an external potential (3 V, 5 V and 7 V, membrane as cathode) to the electrically conductive membrane surface. The solution ionic strength showed a significant impact on Cr(VI) removal. By increasing the ionic strength without applying external potential on the membrane, the electrostatic repulsive force between the charged membrane surface and the CrO 4 2- ion was eliminated, and Cr(VI) removal dropped to zero. The highest removal (95%) was achieved when 7 V was applied to the membrane/counter electrode with a 6 µm-thick membrane. Here, Cr(VI) was electrochemically reduced to Cr(III) on the membrane surface, followed by Cr(III) precipitation as chromium hydroxide Cr(OH) 3(s) , which occurred by Cr(III) reacting with hydroxide ions generated via water splitting on the CNT network. Precipitated Cr(OH) 3 was then removed by the UF membrane. In addition, CNT-PVA UF membranes were used to treat tap water spiked with Cr(VI); under these conditions, 99% Cr(VI) removal was observed when 7 V were applied to the membrane/counter electrode. Furthermore, we demonstrate that other trace inorganic contaminants, such as uranium, were effectively removed as well.
Use of Computers in Seismic Reflection Prospecting

During the past decade the digital computer has brought about revolutionary improvements in our capability to study geology by the seismic reflection method. New recording and processing technology has brought us much closer than anyone would have predicted ten years ago to our ultimate goal of extracting the same geological information that would be retrievable if there were a borehole to the maximum depth of interest at every shot point.
Research Challenges and Opportunities in Remote Diagnosis and System Performance Assessment

Abstract The framework for remote diagnosis and system performance consists of two major aspects: 1) The system architecture for hardware configuration; and 2) The system software and algorithms for data analysis. This paper presents the architecture, major functional components, and enabling components for remote diagnosis. Some significant research challenges and opportunities are discussed and commented on.
Brand Positioning Statements

The process of branding a product involves building awareness of and preference for the specific name of the product that is being branded. Central to the branding process is the brand positioning statement, often simply called the positioning statement. This note discusses the process of brand positioning and how to construct positioning statements. Excerpt UVA-M-0827 Rev. Apr. 27, 2018 Brand Positioning Statements The fundamentals of marketing are built on people's different likes and dislikes—what is appealing to some may be distasteful to others. A certain product may be very desirable for one group of individuals but be uninteresting to another. The process of branding a product involves building awareness of and preference for the specific name of the product that is being branded. Central to the branding process is the brand positioning statement, often simply called the positioning statement. The positioning statement is a short written document that lays out how the marketer believes others should think, feel, and relate to the brand. This note discusses the process of brand positioning and how to construct positioning statements. Brand positioning is all about the customer; indeed, it is driven by the customer. Developing an effective positioning statement involves identifying what the target customer group currently claims as its needs. In response to those needs, product positioning should offer consumers strong reasons why they ought to buy the brand. One way to do this is to define product attributes so that consumers believe that only this brand would fulfill their needs. This means contrasting the brand with competitors' brands. The central idea is to make sure the customer plays an active role in positioning development—think of it as a type of relationship-building exercise with consumers. What does the target group identify as its current needs, and how can the brand meet those needs? Lean more toward the customers and less toward the brand. . . .
Interactions of Hallucinogens with the Glutamatergic System: Permissive Network Effects Mediated Through Cortical Layer V Pyramidal Neurons

Recordings made from layer V (L5) pyramidal cells of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and neocortex in rodent slice preparations have shown that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and serotonergic hallucinogens induce an increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the apical dendritic field by activating 5-HT2A receptors. Serotonergic hallucinogens induce late EPSCs and increase recurrent network activity when subcortical or mid-cortical regions are stimulated at low frequencies (e.g., 0.1 Hz). A range of agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) for mostly Gi/o-coupled receptors, including metabotropic glutamate2 (mGlu2), adenosine A1, or μ-opioid receptors, suppress these effects of 5-HT2A receptor stimulation. Furthermore, a range of mostly Gq/11-coupled receptors (including orexin2 [OX2]; α1-adrenergic, and mGlu5 receptors) similarly induce glutamate (Glu) release onto L5 pyramidal cells. Evidence implicates a number of brain regions in mediating these effects of serotonergic hallucinogens and Gq/11-coupled receptors including the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, claustrum, and neurons in deep PFC. These effects on 5-HT2A receptors and related GPCRs appear to play a major role in the behavioral effects of serotonergic hallucinogens, such as head twitches in rodents and higher order behaviors such as rodent lever pressing on the differential-reinforcement-of-low rate 72-s (DRL 72-s) schedule. This implies that the effects of 5-HT2A receptor activation on the activity of L5 pyramidal cells may be responsible for mediating a range of behaviors linked to limbic circuitry with connectivity between the PFC, striatum, thalamus, claustrum, striatum, amygdala, and the hippocampal formation.
Where Do Norms Come From? Peer Communication as a Factor in Normative Social Influences on Risk Behavior:

This study explores the role of peer communication in normative social influences on risk behavior. We use the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) as a guiding framework for developing a communication perspective on normative social influences. Peer communication is conceptualized as a norm-building factor and its concrete role is specified as a function of its content. The hypotheses on peer communication’s impact on norms in normative social influences are tested for the case of speeding in road traffic. The analyses are based on representative survey data of 1,138 German young car drivers. Findings from mediational analyses indicate that peer communication plays a crucial role in the formation of social norms which, in turn, affect risk behavior, and that the communication’s health-promoting potential depends on its content. Implications for further norm-based theory development and strategic risk communication are discussed.
Does Fusion Undermine American Third Parties? An Analysis of House Elections from 1870 to 2016

AbstractMany third-party scholars argue that fusion, or the co-nomination of a single candidate by multiple parties, strengthens American third parties. They argue that a widespread use of fusion in the late nineteenth century fueled third-party support, that the prohibition of fusion by most states around 1900 undermined third parties, and that the continued use of fusion in New York State is a primary reason why third parties remain strong there. In this paper, which is based on a district-level analysis of all elections to the House of Representatives since 1870, I argue the opposite. In recent elections, third-party candidates have fared worse, not better, in fusion states, and the historical evidence shows that a widespread use of fusion has consistently led to the destruction of third parties. The evidence presented here suggests that the primary impact of fusion is that it helps major parties co-opt third parties, and therefore, the more effective strategy for third parties would be to instead chal...
Multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

Introduction: Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a hereditary disorder that causes progressive muscle wasting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) as a biomarker of muscle strength and function in FSHD. Methods: 36 individuals with FSHD and 15 healthy controls underwent multivoxel 1H MRS of a cross-section of the mid-thigh. Concentrations of creatine, intramyocellular and extramyocellular lipids, and trimethylamine-containing (TMA) compounds in skeletal muscle were calculated. Metabolite concentrations for individuals with FSHD were compared with those of controls. The relationship between metabolite concentrations and muscle strength was also examined. Results: The TMA/creatine ratio in individuals with FSHD is reduced compared to controls. The TMA/creatine ratio in the hamstrings also showed a moderate linear correlation with muscle strength. Discussion: 1H MRS offers a potential method of detecting early muscle pathology in FSHD prior to the development of fat infiltration. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Comprehensive Restaurant-Sector Changes Are Essential to Reduce Obesity Risk for All Americans.

An editorial is presented which addresses the author's views about the importance of restaurant-sector changes in the obesity risk reduction process in America as of 2018, and it mentions another article which appears in the same issue of the journal and deals with the impact of a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) menu-labeling regulation on restaurants in New Jersey. According to the article, median and higher income Americans will likely benefit more from the menu labeling law.
The Use of Web 2.0 Technology to Help Students in High School Overcome Ethnocentrism: A Cross-Cultural Case Study.

Ethnocentrism is a condition that influences the development of prejudice and stereotypes of one's own ethnic group (the ingroup) towards foreigners (the outgroup) based on a foreigner's ethnic group or background. When left unmonitored in a K-12 environment, ethnocentrism can perpetuate prejudice and stereotypes against certain students in a classroom. This study examined working relationships of students with other students, and whether the use of Web 2.0 technologies by digital natives relates to the level of ethnocentricity in cross-cultural classrooms. The conceptual framework for this study drew on Levinson's concept of ethnocentrism, which highlights dominant ingroups and how ingroups react negatively toward outgroups; Papert's constructionism, which recognizes that people learn more effectively when they engage in constructing personally meaningful artifacts such as forms of technology; and Friedman's concept of the world as flat, which exemplifies how people are uploading their files to the world, thereby leveling the playing field. This study used a case study approach and an analytic induction method data analysis strategy. Primary data sources were from interviews of classroom coordinators and online wiki discussions of students. Findings indicated that the use of Web 2.0 impeded student ethnocentrism and created positive working relationships among students during the Net Generation Education and Horizon projects. This study contributes to positive social change by providing guidance to administrators, curriculum designers, and classroom teachers on how using Web 2.0 can help internationalize teaching and learning, which can help reduce student ethnocentrism.
Academic and social integration variables influencing the success of community college transfer students in undergraduate engineering programs

The goal of this dissertation is to collect and analyze data to determine success strategies for community college (CC) transfers to engineering. It does so by analyzing transcript level data collected longitudinally over a 10-year period as community college transfer students’ progress before and after transfer into an engineering program. Characteristics of successful students are identified in terms of the academic and social integration variables using descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition to providing data analysis, the results determine distinctive strategies to increase the success of community college transfers in engineering. The research was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) Talent Expansion Program initiative. Recognizing the importance of increasing the number of graduates in STEM fields, the NSF has funded the STEM Talent Expansion Program (STEP). This research discovers high-influence academic variables that a CC transfer student can use to aid in successfully pursuing an engineering degree. This research makes a strong case that even small increases in GPA have significant effects on increasing the graduation rates in engineering. A notable finding is the recommended thresholds of success for the academic variables. This study finds that for CC transfer students to have the best chances of graduating with an engineering degree, they need to adopt the social integration strategies offered at the CC, join a learning community at the university, and focus on being successful in the core engineering courses, either at the CC or at the university.
Inhibition of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation by Aurovertin

Aurovertin inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria in much the same way as oligomycin. Oligomycin and aurovertin, applied in amounts less than those maximally effective, have additive effects on the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation, 32P-Pi-ATP exchange, and the exchange of 18O between Pi and water in rat liver mitochondria [1]. Aurovertin is, however, much less effective than oligomycin in inhibiting mitochondrial ATPase induced by various uncoupling agents [1, 2]. It was of great interest to find [1] that the ATPase extracted from rat liver mitochondria [3] was inhibited by aurovertin but not by oligomycin.
Environmental macroeconomics: The case of climate change

Abstract We describe the construction of an integrated assessment model of the economy and the climate. The framework is quantitatively oriented—it is constructed to account for the main global macroeconomic and climate facts—and its structure is a dynamic, stochastic general-equilibrium model. It is designed, in particular, for policy evaluation and long-term predictions of joint economy-climate outcomes. The chapter begins with a detailed description of stylized long-run macroeconomic facts and the core framework for replicating them, along with an extension to include an energy sector. Then a climate and a carbon-cycle module are added and economic damages from climate change are explicitly described and included in the model. Methods for solving the model are then discussed and a core setting, allowing a particularly convenient solution, is developed, calibrated, and used. Extensions to endogenous technology choice and multi-regional analysis are briefly discussed as well.
Depression in Patients with Tinnitus: A Systematic Review.

ObjectiveTinnitus is a condition that causes distress and impairment across cognitive, functional, and psychiatric spectra. In the psychiatric realm, tinnitus has long been associated with depressi...
Responsive Parenting and Prospective Social Skills Development in Early School-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) vary greatly in social functioning, and in turn, long-term relational and academic outcomes. Responsive parenting which follows a child’s lead and focus of attention is predictive of language and social gains for children with or without developmental risk. The present study prospectively assessed 176 families of children with ASD (ages 4 to 7 years) to examine predictors of observed responsive parenting and associations of responsive parenting with concurrent and prospective growth in social functioning by multi-method assessment. Responsive parenting concurrently associated with child characteristics (IQ, language, sex) and child social engagement within the interaction. Structural equation models revealed that responsive parenting positively predicted prospective growth in social skills by teacher but not parent report.
Measuring Changes in the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Motorcycle Fatalities in the U.S.

Motorcycle safety is usually included in the emphasis areas of Strategic Highway Safety Plans because of the over-representation in fatal traffic crashes relative to the proportion of motorcycle re...
Towards a Library for Deterministic Failure Testing of Distributed Systems

Author(s): Balalaie, Armin | Advisor(s): Jones, James A. | Abstract: Distributed systems are widespread today, and they are being used to serve millions of customers and process huge amounts of data. These systems run on commodity hardware and in an environment with many uncertainties, e.g., partial network failures and race condition between nodes. Testing distributed systems requires new test libraries that take into account these uncertainties and can reproduce scenarios with specificc timing constraints in a programming-language-agnostic way. To this end, we present Failify, a cross-platform, programming-language-agnostic and deterministic failure testing library for distributed systems, which can be seamlessly integrated into different build systems. Failify, as an infrastructure, can also facilitate research in testing distributed systems in various ways. We experimented with six open-source distributed systems to show the compactness of the Failify's deployment API. Our results indicate that, in average, the most reliable deployment architecture for these systems can be defined in less that 17 lines of code. We also experimented with HDFS to demonstrate potential scenarios where Failify's deterministic environmental manipulation and failure injection API can be effective.
AMI Data Quality and Collection Method Considerations for Improving the Accuracy of Distribution Models

Spectral clustering is applied to the problem of phase identification of electric customers to investigate the data needs (resolution and accuracy) of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). More accurate models are required to accurately interconnect high penetrations of PV/DER and for optimal electric grid operations. This paper demonstrates the effects of different data collection implementations and common errors in AMI datasets on the phase identification task. This includes measurement intervals, data resolution, collection periods, time synchronization issues, noisy measurements, biased meters, and mislabeled phases. High quality AMI data is a critical consideration to model correction and accurate hosting capacity analyses.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Intelligent Decision Making for Two-player Sequential Game with Uncertain Irrational Player

In this paper, two player sequential game with an unknown non-stationary irrational player is investigated for cooperative autonomous robots decision making applications. In practice, the irrationality of agent can seriously degrade the effectiveness of decision making especially for distributed cooperative tasks with applications to multi-robot systems. Specifically, The irrationality can be caused by the cooperation agent’s mechanical failure or sensor flaw. To handle this issue, a novel dynamic evaluation system, which includes two important parameters, i.e. cooperation index and competitive flag, is designed to efficiently quantify the player’s level of cooperation or competition firstly. Then, the continuous deep Q network space is proposed to predict the action value with respect to a continuous cooperation index. Inspired from the framework of "Friend or Foe" algorithm, a novel hybrid online multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed. The designed algorithm can evaluate the cooperator’s cooperative level as well as maximize the total payoff by learning in a continuous deep Q network space. Eventually, numerical simulation and experimental tests are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the designed algorithm.
Hemorrhagic stroke and anticoagulation in COVID-19.

Abstract Background and Purpose Patients with the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) are at increased risk for thrombotic events and mortality. Various anticoagulation regimens are now being considered for these patients. Anticoagulation is known to increase the risk for adverse bleeding events, of which intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the most feared. We present a retrospective study of 33 patients positive for COVID-19 with neuroimaging-documented ICH and examine anticoagulation use in this population. Methods Patients over the age of 18 with confirmed COVID-19 and radiographic evidence of ICH were included in this study. Evidence of hemorrhage was confirmed and categorized by a fellowship trained neuroradiologist. Electronic health records were analyzed for patient information including demographic data, medical history, hospital course, laboratory values, and medications. Results We identified 33 COVID-19 positive patients with ICH, mean age 61.6 years (range 37–83 years), 21.2% of whom were female. Parenchymal hemorrhages with mass effect and herniation occurred in 5 (15.2%) patients, with a 100% mortality rate. Of the remaining 28 patients with ICH, 7 (25%) had punctate hemorrhages, 17 (60.7%) had small- moderate size hemorrhages, and 4 (14.3%) had a large single site of hemorrhage without evidence of herniation. Almost all patients received either therapeutic dose anticoagulation (in 22 [66.7%] patients) or prophylactic dose (in 3 [9.1] patients) prior to ICH discovery. Conclusions Anticoagulation therapy may be considered in patients with COVID-19 though the risk of ICH should be taken into account when developing a treatment regimen.
Depression risk factors and affect dynamics: An experience sampling study.

Abstract Affect dynamics reflect individual differences in how emotional information is processed, and may provide insights into how depressive episodes develop. To extend prior studies that examined affect dynamics in currently depressed individuals, the present study tested in 68 non-depressed young adults whether three well-established risk factors for major depressive disorder (MDD) – (a) past episodes of MDD, (b) family history of MDD, and (c) reduced neurophysiological responses to reward – predicted mean levels, instability, or inertia (i.e., inflexibility) of positive affect (PA) and/or negative affect (NA). Momentary PA and NA were assessed up to 6 times per day for 14 days (mean number of surveys completed = 45.89). MDD history and family history of MDD were assessed via semi-structured interview, and neurophysiological responses to reward were indexed using the Reward Positivity, an event-related potential related to depression. After adjusting for current depressive symptoms, results indicated that (a) past episodes of MDD predicted higher mean levels of NA, (b) family history of MDD predicted greater PA inertia, and (c) blunted reactivity to reward predicted greater NA inertia. Collectively, these results suggest that elevated mean levels of NA and inflexibility of PA and NA may be potential mechanisms that confer risk for depression.
The Value of Auditors’ Cross-Client Learning in Preventing Data Breaches

I examine whether auditors generalize their knowledge across different clients (cross-client learning) to prevent data breaches. I focus on two audit mistakes. One relates directly to data breaches, and the other is severe restatements (indirect experiences strongly related to auditors’ reputational incentives), to gauge the extent to which auditors generalize their mistakes across clients to deter data breaches. I find that cross-client learning is stronger when learning experiences are similar, when these experiences directly relate to monitoring technologies (i.e., when auditors inspect a firm’s internal controls in integrated audits, including IT controls), when mistakes are more severe, and when clients are more receptive (i.e., in the presence of increased reputational risks and good internal controls). I also conduct interviews and an anonymous survey to collect information not captured by the empirical analyses. Collectively, my paper uses cross-client learning to explain whether and how third-party monitors can deter data breaches and quantifies the economic significance of this learning.
Core-Doped [(Cd1-xCox)10S4(SPh)16]4- Clusters from a Self-Assembly Route.

The incorporation of substitutional Co2+ impurities in [Cd10S4(SPh)16]4- (Cd10) molecular clusters prepared by the self-assembly method where Na2S is the sulfur precursor and a redox method where elemental S is the sulfur precursor is studied. The Co2+ ions provide unique spectroscopic and chemical handles to monitor dopant speciation during cluster formation and determine what role, if any, other cluster species play during Cd10 cluster formation. In contrast to the redox method that produces exclusively surface-exchanged Co2+-doped Cd10 (Co:Cd10), the preparation of Cd10 by the self-assembly method in the presence of Co2+ ions results in Co2+ incorporation at both the surface and core sites of the Cd10 cluster. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis of the dopant distribution for the self-assembly synthesis of Co:Cd10 is consistent with a near-Poissonian distribution for all nominal dopant concentrations albeit with reduced actual Co2+ incorporation. At a nominal Co2+ concentration of 50%, we observe incorporation of up to seven Co2+ ions within the Cd10 self-assembled cluster compared to a maximum of only four Co2+ dopants in the Cd10 redox clusters. The observation of up to seven Co2+ dopants must involve substitution of at least three core sites within the Cd10 cluster. Electronic absorption spectra of the Co2+ ligand field transition in the heavily doped Co:Cd10 clusters display clear deviation with the surface-doped Co2+-doped Cd10 clusters prepared by the redox method. We hypothesize that the coordination of Co2+ and S2- ions in solution prior to cluster formation, which is possible only with the self-assembly method, is critical to the doping of Co2+ ions within the Cd10 cores.
The Totalizing Act: Key to Husserl’s Early Philosophy

The totalizing psychical act, which is the key to Edmund Husserl’s philosophy, first appears in his Inaugural Dissertation at Halle of 1887, titled “On the Concept of Number” (Uber den Begriff der Zahl; hereafter BZ).
Regional enrichment of local assemblages is robust to variation in local productivity, abiotic gradients, and heterogeneity

Theory predicts that the effects of regional richness on the richness of local communities may depend on the productivity, resource availability, and/or heterogeneity of local sites. Using the wetland plant communities of 50 independent streams as ‘regions’, we tested whether: (1) local richness in 1-m2 quadrats and 50-m stream segments was positively related to regional richness, even after environmental influences were considered; and (2) the effect of regional richness would interact with the effects of biomass, soil moisture, and/or heterogeneity on local richness. In models that explained up to 88% of variation in local richness, we found that richness at both local scales was positively related to regional richness, and that regional richness did not interact with any of the environmental gradients that also shaped local richness. We conclude that species availability from the regional pool may consistently enrich local communities, even while other constraints on local richness operate.
Book Review: A Review of 'Harlem is Nowhere: A Journey to the Mecca of Black America' by Sharifa Rhodes-Pitts

"Harlem is Nowhere" explores the contradictions of the famed neighborhood, created as a result of racist exclusion and transformed into a cultural mecca -- "a place that contracts one's possibilities, and a place where all things are possible" (Rhodes-Pitts 35). Unearthing unique moments from Harlem's past and simultaneously narrating its present, Rhodes-Pitts presents the longstanding barriers that continue to constrain Harlem's residents as well as the new traumas of rezonings, luxury condominiums, and calculated reinvestment. In its piercing exploration of power, culture, space, and memory, the book suggests that African-Americans continue to be the "displaced persons" of American democracy. In Ralph Ellison's words, in Harlem "the marvelous beckons from behind the same sordid reality that denies its existence" (in Rhodes-Pitts 112).
Biliary atresia, cytomegalovirus, and age at referral

Objective To determine the frequency with which patients with extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) are infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and to ascertain the age at referral to a specialty center for surgical correction of EHBA. Methods The charts of all patients discharged from the Children's Hospital and Medical Center between July 1, 1989 and December 31, 1993 with a new diagnosis of EHBA were reviewed to determine the frequency with which EHBA was accompanied by CMV infection. Data analyzed included age at referral and sex of patients, histopathologic evidence of CMV infection and size of bile ducts in the resected liver, and serologic (IgM) or culture diagnosis of CMV infection. Results Twenty-three patients with EHBA were evaluated at Children's Hospital and Medical Center in the study period. Twenty-one of the patients with EHBA were appropriately evaluated for infection with CMV and infection was documented in 5 (24%) patients. The median age of referral for all patients was 61 days (range 10 to 124 days). Infected patients were referred later (82.4 +/- 28.7 days) than noninfected patients (48.8 +/- 21.8 days) (P = .01) and were more likely to be girls, bu the medians of the diameters of the bile ducts in the resected porta hepatis were similar. Viral inclusions were not identified in any of the liver specimens. Conclusions CMV infection is present in an unexpectedly large proportion of patients with EHBA at the time of referral. The establishment of CMV infection in infants with cholestasis should not deter the search for EHBA. Physicians should strive to reduce the age of referral of patients with EHBA to pediatric surgical centers by evaluating infants who remained jaundiced at 4 weeks of age.
Efficient Algorithms for Fixed-Precision Instances of Bin Packing and Euclidean TSP

This paper presents new, polynomial time algorithms for Bin Packing and Euclidean TSP under fixed precision. In this model, integers are encoded as floating point numbers, each with a mantissa and an exponent. Thus, an integer iwith $i = a_i2^{t_i}$ has mantissa a i and exponent t i . This natural representation is the norm in real-world optimization. A set of integers Ihas L-bit precisionif $\max_{i \in I} a_i . In this framework, we show an exact algorithm for Bin Packing and an FPTAS for Euclidean TSP which run in time poly(n) and poly(n+ log1/i¾?), respectively, when Lis a fixed constant. Our algorithm for the later problem is exact when distances are given by the L 1 norm. In contrast, both problems are strongly NP-Hard (and yield PTASs) when precision is unbounded. These algorithms serve as evidence of the significance of the classof fixed precision polynomial time solvable problems. Taken together with algorithms for the Knapsack and Pm||C max problems introduced by Orlin et al., [10] we see that fixed precision defines a class incomparable to polynomial time approximation schemes, covering at least four distinct natural NP-hard problems.
The determinants of infant mortality in the less developed countries: a cross-national test of five theories.

The infant mortality rate varies widely across theless developed countries. Five macro-social changetheories exist that can explain the variation of theinfant mortality rate across the less developedcountries: modernization theory,dependency/world-systems theory, gender stratificationtheory, economic disarticulation theory, anddevelopmental state theory. Although research supportsthe claims of each theoretical narrative, no singlestudy examines all five narratives simultaneously oris based on recent data. The purpose of the researchreported here was to fill this gap in the literatureby examining the simultaneous effects ofindustrialization, four alternative measures ofeconomic dependence, female educational attainment,economic disarticulation, state strength, and acontrol variable, Sub-Saharan African status, on theinfant mortality rate for 59 less developed countriesin 1991. Results of eight tests of the fivetheoretical narratives indicate thatindustrialization, state strength, and three of thefour measures of economic dependence have little neteffect on infant mortality, whereas economicdisarticulation, female education, debt dependence,and Sub-Saharan African status have the expectedeffects on infant mortality. Theoretical and policyimplications of the results are briefly discussed.
Serpins Inhibit the Toxicity of Amyloid Peptides

The amyloid plaque in Alzheimer's disease (AD) contains numerous proteins, some of which may be relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease. The serine protease inhibitor alpha1-antichymotrypsin is specifically localized in AD plaques. It is shown here that alpha1-antichymotrypsin and several other serine protease inhibitors (serpins) inhibit the toxicity of amyloid peptides on primary cortical nerve cell cultures as well as a clonal cell line. This inhibition of toxicity is not mediated via the serpin enzyme complex receptor, the transferrin receptor, or by interference with the polymerization of amyloid fibrils. Since a variety of synthetic serine protease inhibitors mimic the effects of serpins on amyloid toxicity, it is likely that the antiprotease activities of serpins are responsible for their biological effects.
Foreign-gas broadening of the J = 5 --> 6 rotational transition of nitrous oxide

Abstract The line width of the J = 5 → 6 rotational line of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) at 150 735.0 MHz, with various foreign gases as perturbers, has been measured using a microwave Fabry-Perot resonator. Collision diameters, obtained from the data, are compared with kinetic theory and values obtained from Anderson's theory. The importance of various collision-broadening mechanisms are assessed for a number of atomic and molecular species.
Vibrational analysis of interfacial phosphate equilibria

Potential dependent changes in pH were observed at the platinum/solution interface by monitoring changes in the equilibrium concentration of phosphates using infrared spectroscopy. The pH at the platinum/solution interface was observed to decrease with increasing positive potentials in alkaline solutions. At potentials in the oxide region of platinum, changes in the composition of bulk solution arise owing to the formation of surface oxides. The potential dependent pH changes observed in these studies are consistent with theories concerning the interfacial properties of hydrogen adsorbing metals. Such potential dependent pH changes may have important consequences when studying the electrochemical reactivity of compounds which are sensitive to pH.
Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Free Radicals in Solution III: pH Dependence of Thiyl Free Radical of Cysteine

Abstract An electron spin resonance flow technique was utilized to follow the concentration of thiyl free radicals (RS·) generated upon the oxidation of cysteine with ceric ion over the 0.25–7.5 pH range. The thiyl free radical concentration was seen to decrease with increasing pH in a manner dependent on the extent of ionization of cysteine. The formation of thiyl free radicals was favored by the proportion of thiol present in the positively charged form. The di minution of RS· spin concentration at physiological pH was correlated with the increasing prevalence of singly and doubly negative thiolate ions. At acidic pH’s below 1.5, thiyl free radical formation was depressed by solutions of high ionic strength. The utility of this technique in studying the potential role of thiyl free radicals in radioprotective processes is indicated.
The abject gaze and the homosexual body: Flandrin's Figure d'Etude.

This article charts the history of the reception, reproduction and appropriation of a single image that has recently become a kind of "gay icon"-the Figure d'Etude in the Louvre, painted by Hippolyte Flandrin in 1835. Initially no more than a neo-classical academic excercise, the formal emptiness of this picture meant that it could be re-invested and reinscribed with new meanings and new titles at every turn. Emblematic of the anxious visibility/invisibility of the newly discovered homosexual body during a period when the gaze still had to be kept a dark secret, Flandrin's image only "came out" in its later photographic reworkings by Frederick Holland Day and Baron von Gloeden. After being reproduced for a specifically homosexual audience early in this century, the popular Romantic pose of the young man curled-up in profile became a standard one, reappearing recently in the photographs of Robert Mapplethorpe. The inactive, abject and inward-turned isolation of the figure with its narcisstic self-absorptio...