cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tinkering with the axial skeleton: vertebral number variation in ecologically divergent threespine stickleback populations

Understanding how the vertebral column is impacted as populations adapt to different habitats favouring distinct body forms can provide insight into the origin of evolutionary diversity in the axial skeleton. We examined variation of vertebral number and body shape in morphologically and ecologically divergent anadromous, benthic, and limnetic threespine stickleback populations from Alaska. Variation in vertebral number was substantial and was associated with body shape variation. Both vertebral homeosis and region-specific changes in vertebral number were present. Sexual dimorphism in vertebral number was significant and resulted from vertebral homeosis; females had more abdominal vertebrae and males more caudal vertebrae, although total vertebrae did not differ. Body elongation was associated with an increase in vertebral number, especially in the caudal region, although this varied among populations. Benthics tended to have less caudal vertebrae than limnetics and anadromous stickleback generally had more abdominal vertebrae than either, although this also varied among populations. Variation among individuals indicated that external similarity in body form masks significant vertebral variation in stickleback. Although more research on the underlying mechanisms and functional significance is needed, our findings highlight the potential of the threespine stickleback as a model for studying the evolution of the vertebrate axial skeleton. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113, 204‐219. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: adaptive radiation ‐ evolution ‐ Gasterosteus aculeatus ‐ geometric morphometrics ‐ vertebrae.
Conference Scene: Notable trial results in radiation therapy for lung cancer at the ASCO 2013 Annual Meeting

The theme of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2013 Annual Meeting was ‘building bridges to conquer cancer’. With its diverse attendees and collaborative nature, this meeting provided an excellent forum to define the optimal use of radiation therapy for lung cancer in today’s multimodality environment. Research presented at the meeting touched on core issues including: the optimal dose of radiation for locally advanced lung cancer patients, the efficacy and safety of stereotactic body radiation therapy for early-stage operable lung cancer patients, and the interpretation of surveillance imaging findings in patients treated with radiation therapy. These presentations are recapped and discussed.
El Niño–La Niña Events, Precipitation, Flood-Drought Events, and Their Environmental Impacts in the Suwannee River Watershed, Florida

The Suwannee River watershed is extremely vulnerable to pollution because of its particular hydrological characteristics. The water interaction between surface water and groundwater exists to balance the river and the Upper Floridan aquifer via springs. El Nino and La Nina events are responsible for the heavy precipitation in the watershed. Some El Nino events resulted in severe flood events, whereas some La Nina events resulted in drought events in the past several decades. Those extreme flood-drought events caused serious damages and losses of property and life in the watershed and constituted threats on the hydrological environments. In El Nino years, groundwater can be endangered by the polluted flood water runoff, which drains development areas and phosphate deposit mines into sinkholes and springs. In La Nina years, the quality of river waters will be influenced by the groundwater with high nitrate concentrations. Coastal saltwater intrusion and insufficient nutrients near shore are possibly related to La Nina events. However, La Nina and drought events can help clean up the river itself. River sediments are hardened and compacted by sunlight and exposure to the atmosphere when the river drains dry. Pollutants are trapped in the river bottom or released to the atmosphere and excess nutrients are oxidized by the air.
Microwave Acoustic Devices for Pulse Compression Filters

The ability of devices based on the phenomena of magnetoelastic waves, acoustic bulk waves, acoustic surface waves, and the optoacoustic interaction to fulfill the requirements for a dispersive filter for a pulse compression RADAR are reviewed. The performance and current limitations of devices that use techniques employing these effects are described. The discussion is generally limited to devices which have been operated in the frequency range above 100 MHz. For comparison, other solid-state techniques that do not employ acoustic waves which can be used to make dispersive filter are described.
Mentoring in the social context: Mentors' experiences with mentees' peers in a site-based program

Abstract The primary mechanism by which mentoring promotes positive outcomes is typically considered to be the one-to-one relationship between mentor and youth. However, many mentoring relationships, particularly those in site-based programs, unfold within and are influenced by the larger contexts in which mentoring takes place. In the present study, we examined 161 first-person accounts written by college students serving as Lunch Buddy mentors in an elementary school-based mentoring program. This examination aims to glean insights into mentors' experiences of and responses to their mentees' peers as they carried out the mentoring relationship in a school cafeteria setting, and the ways that mentors' engagement of mentees' peer networks might have influenced the mentoring process. Our analyses delineate the different approaches taken by mentors to engage mentees' peers, and the challenge of focusing on the mentoring relationship while also managing interactions involving mentees' peers. Findings shed light on how the contexts in which mentoring relationships occur shape the course and function of mentoring, and expand our understanding of the processes through which mentoring relationships can promote positive change for mentees.
The Stanford Hypnotic Arm Levitation Induction and Test (SHALIT): a six-minute hypnotic induction and measurement scale

Abstract The Stanford Hypnotic Arm Levitation Induction and Test (SHALIT) has been designed as a short (6-minute) induction and measurement method for screening Ss according to hypnotizability for either clinical or experimental purposes. In Experiment 1 conducted with college students in two institutions, SHALIT was substituted for the eye closure induction of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form A (SHSS:A) of Weitzenhoffer and E. R. Hilgard (1959) and followed by the remaining SHSS:A items. The SHALIT levitation score correlated .63 (N = 64) with SHSS:A. Some Ss who participated in the study were invited back for Experiment 2. This second experiment yielded a correlation of .52 (N = 27) between SHALIT and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (Weitzenhoffer & E. R. Hilgard, 1962). Alternative simplified scoring methods designed for maximal convenience also proved satisfactory. The limitations of short tests as adequate measures of hypnotizability are noted.
Impurity Study of Optical Properties in Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide for Thin-Film Solar Cells

Tin oxide (SnO 2 ) is a durable, inexpensive transparent conducting oxide (TCO) material used for thin-film photovoltaic devices. However, the optical properties of conducting SnO 2 :F are generally not as good as in other conducting TCO materials such as ITO and ZnO:Al. Our previous analyses indicate that for thin-film solar cells, improving the optical properties of SnO 2 -coated glass could enhance photon collection and gain up to 10% additional photocurrent. Previously, we showed that some commercial SnO2 samples could have much higher optical absorption than others [2]. In this work, we continue our study on causes that could contribute to the high optical absorption of SnO 2 films. The SnO 2 :F samples are fabricated by low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition or atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition with tin precursors that includes different amounts of chlorine. Optical, electrical, and compositional analyses were performed. In addition to the free-carrier-introduced optical absorption, the non-active dopant also impacts the optical absorption. Among the SnO 2 films fabricated with different precursors, the optical properties show a relationship based on the level of chlorine in the precursors and films. With a low-optical-absorption SnO 2 layer, the solar cell could have better photon collection and a higher short-circuit current density.
Real‐time imaging of anti‐biofilm effects using CP‐OCT

The objective of this study was to develop a method to reliably and reproducibly assess the physical properties of in vitro multi-species plaque derived biofilms. A custom flow cell (FC) was designed to model oral cavity shear stresses on biofilms grown on hydroxyapatite (HA) discs. A finite-element program (ANSYS 13) modeled flow velocities and wall shear stresses on the interior 3D dimensions. For the experiment, 1% chlorhexidine (CHX), 5 M urea, and a 1× phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were flown through the FC simulating oral rinsing. Near infrared cross-polarization optical coherence tomography (CP-OCT) non-destructively imaged the fluid immersed biofilms in real time (20 frames/s). During low flow, the swell of the biofilm caused from 5 M urea was quite pronounced increase in vertical dimension. Biofilms exposed to 1% CHX showed a slight collapse in the vertical dimension of the biofilm during low flow. During high flow/high sheer stress, the 5 M urea solution effectively removed the biofilm, while both 1% CHX and 1× PBS did not remove biofilms even under high velocity/shear stress conditions.
Exploring Kentucky in 2008.

From the rolling hills in the east to the beautiful lakes in the west, Kentucky has something for everyone. Kentucky is a state full of history and wonder, excitement and education. No matter what your interest, Kentucky can quench the thirst of any traveling enthusiast. DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v29i5_johnson
Simulation and analysis of a model dinoflagellate predator-prey system

This paper analyzes the dynamics of a model dinoflagellate predator-prey system and uses simulations to validate theoretical and experimental studies. A simple model for predator-prey interactions is derived by drawing upon analogies from chemical kinetics. This model is then modified to account for inefficiencies in predation. Simulation results are shown to closely match the model predictions. Additional simulations are then run which are based on experimental observations of predatory dinoflagellate behavior, and this study specifically investigates how the predatory dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum uses toxins to immobilize its prey and increase its feeding rate. These simulations account for complex dynamics that were not included in the basic models, and the results from these computational simulations closely match the experimentally observed predatory behavior of K. veneficum and reinforce the notion that predatory dinoflagellates utilize toxins to increase their feeding rate.
Precious, Worthless, or Incalculable: The Value and Ethic of Water

This Article introduces and briefly explores some of the topics related to the value and ethics of water that were considered at the symposium, Precious, Worthless, or Immeasurable: The Value and Ethic of Water, which took place November 2-4, 2006, at the Texas Tech University School of Law. The purpose of the Symposium was to consider how this precious liquid is valued, assessed, and perceived with regard to law and regulations, economics and commerce, people and communities, culture and religion, and others aspects of society that are impacted by water. While far from a comprehensive analysis of the subject matter, this Article considers some of these topics as an introduction to these proceedings of the symposium.
SEXUAL DICHROMATISM IN BIRDS: IMPORTANCE OF NEST PREDATION AND NEST LOCATION FOR FEMALES VERSUS MALES

Examinations of variation in plumage dichromatism in birds have focused on male plumage brightness and largely neglected variation in female plumage brightness. Nest predation previously was concluded to constrain male brightness and thereby reduce dimorphism in ground-nesting birds based on an incorrect assumption that nest predation is greater for ground nests. Correlations of plumage brightness and dichromatism with nest predation have never been tested directly and we do so here with data for warblers (Parulinae) and finches (Carduelinae). We show that male plumage brightness varies among nest heights, but in a pattern that is not correlated with nest predation. Female plumage brightness also varies among nest heights, but in a pattern that differs from males, and one in which variation in female plumage brightness was negatively correlated with nest predation. These results suggest that nest predation may place greater constraints on female than male plumage brightness, at least in taxa where only females incubate eggs and brood young. These results also show that female plumage patterns vary at least partly independently of male patterns and emphasize the need to include consideration of both female and male plumage variation in tests of plumage dimorphism. Plumage dimorphism differs between ground and off-ground nesters as previously described and, if anything, the relationship between plumage dimorphism and nest predation was positive rather than negative as previously argued.
Riemann Sums and the Exponential Function

(1994). Riemann Sums and the Exponential Function. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 39-40.
Structure of the Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II at Room Temperature

The functional structure of the Oxygen Evolving Complex, the Mn4Ca cluster of Photosystem II, a critical component of natural photosynthesis, was analyzed at room temperature by EXAFS. An experimental improvement in the form of a spinning sample holder allowed us to efficiently counteract the severe X-ray damage sensitivity of Photosystem II to obtain high quality data subsequently used for a systematic evaluation of atomistic S1 state models. We investigated the accuracy of models collected by both conventional and femtosecond XRD at 1.9 and 1.95 A resolution, respectively, as well as DFT-based models, to determine the structure most representative of experimental data. Additionally, room temperature EXAFS results do not show a visible reduction in the intensity of the k-space oscillations, supporting a rigid structure of the Mn4Ca cluster at room temperature.
Adsorption and Diffusion of Oxygen on Single-Layer Graphene with Topological Defects

In this work, effects of oxygen adsorption and diffusion on the stability, morphology, and charge transfer in single-layer graphene with structural point defects were investigated by density functional theory, specifically for the experimentally characterized monovacancy, double-vacancy, 555–777, 5555–6–7777, and Stone-Wales defects. The theoretical analysis demonstrated strengthened oxygen adsorption on defective graphene as compared to pristine graphene, resulting in trapping of the oxygen onto defects. This was accompanied by significant charge transfer of up to 3e, unlike for pristine graphene. At the same time, atomic oxygen diffuses at different rates dependent on the local environment, however with relatively low barriers (mostly <1 eV), lower than for pristine graphene, thus, revealing an interplay between diffusion and adsorption in this case. Addition of a nonempirical correction to the exchange-correlation functional to take into account London dispersion demonstrated that the vdW-DF PBE functi...
Abstract 4364: S1P generated by SphK1 is important not only for primary tumor growth but also for tumor-induced hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis

INTRODUCTION: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a pleiotropic bioactive lipid mediator, regulates many cellular processes important for breast cancer progression. The aim of this study is to investigate a role for S1P produced by sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) in breast cancer progression and tumor-induced hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. METHODS: An isozyme-specific inhibitor of SphK1 (SK1-I) was used. Tumor burden were quantified using an in vivo imaging system (IVIS 2000). S1P and SK1-I levels were measured by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis are determined by morphological analysis of microvessel density as well as by flow cytometric analysis of endothelial cells. RESULTS: A significant dose dependent effect of SK1-I on inhibition of 4T1-luc2 murine breast cancer cell growth was observed. We confirmed that SK1-I decreased the enzymatic activity of SphK1 and that downregulation of SphK1 with specific siRNA also suppressed growth of these cells. We found that S1P levels increased in the tumor and in the circulation after orthotopic implantation of 4T1-luc2 cells. Similarly, serum S1P levels were significantly elevated in stage IIIA breast cancer patients who have lymph node metastases, compared to age/ethnicity-matched healthy volunteers. SK1-I blocked serum S1P increases in in vivo model and reduced lymph node and lung metastases and overall tumor burden in vivo as well. Importantly, SK1-I also decreased hem- and lymphangiogenesis not only in the primary tumor, but also in lymph nodes, the host tumor microenvironment. Whereas supernatants from 4T1-luc2 cells significantly stimulated tube formation of HUVECs and HLECs, shRNA knockdown of SphK1 markedly reduced them, indicating that S1P produced by SphK1 in 4T1-luc2 breast cancer cells is an important contributor to hem- and lymphangiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: S1P generated by SphK1 is important for tumor progression, tumor-induced hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and lymph node metastais. Therefore targeting SphK1 and its product S1P would be a multi-pronged attack against breast cancer. This work was supported by Sumitomo Life Social Welfare Services Foundation grant to MN, NIH (K12HD055881) and Susan G. Komen for the Cure (KG090510) to KT, and NCI (R01CA61774) to SS. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4364. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4364
Nectar Secretion of the Tuliptree or Yellow Poplar

Because of the large amount of nectar flow observed from the tuliptree (Lirodendron tulipifera) , an experiment was undertaken to determine the quantity of nectar secreted per blossom and the sugar content of this nectar. The average weight of nectar secreted by one flower was 1.6417 grams. The average sugar content of nectar from freshly opened blossoms was 16.7 per cent. After the flower was open the concentration of the nectar increased until on the second day it reached 35.9 per cent". The tree under observation was calculated to yield sufficient nectar to produce 2.16 pounds of honey.
Groups in Rings and in Fields

The most frequent occurrence of abelian groups, apart from vector spaces, is undoubtedly the groups found in rings and fields. This chapter is devoted to their study.
Yield of screening for coronary artery calcium in early middle-age adults based on the 10-year Framingham Risk Score: the CARDIA study.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of coronary artery calcium (CAC) across Framingham Risk Score (FRS) strata and therefore determine FRS levels at which asymptomatic, young to early middle-age individuals could potentially benefit from CAC screening. Background High CAC burden is associated with increased risk of coronary events beyond the FRS. Expert panel recommendations for CAC screening are based on data obtained in middle-age and older individuals. Methods We included 2,831 CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults) study participants with an age range of 33 to 45 years. The number needed to screen ([NNS] number of people in each FRS stratum who need to be screened to detect 1 person with a CAC score above the specified cut point) was used to assess the yield of screening for CAC. CAC prevalence was compared across FRS strata using a chi-square test. Results CAC scores >0 and ≥100 were present in 9.9% and 1.8% of participants, respectively. CAC prevalence and amount increased across higher FRS strata. A CAC score >0 was observed in 7.3%, 20.2%, 19.1%, and 44.8% of individuals with FRSs of 0 to 2.5%, 2.6% to 5%, 5.1% to 10%, and >10%, respectively (NNS = 14, 5, 5, and 2, respectively). A CAC score of ≥100 was observed in 1.3%, 2.4%, and 3.5% of those with FRSs of 0 to 2.5%, 2.6% to 5%, and 5.1% to 10%, respectively (NNS = 79, 41, and 29, respectively), but in 17.2% of those with an FRS >10% (NNS = 6). Similar trends were observed when findings were stratified by sex and race. Conclusions In this young to early middle-age cohort, we observed concordance between CAC prevalence/amount and FRS strata. Within this group, the yield of screening and possibility of identifying those with a high CAC burden (CAC score of ≥100) is low in those with an FRS of ≤10%, but considerable in those with an FRS >10%.
Intergenerational Differences, Merit Pay, and Loyalty in State and Local Government

Following up on leads in the business literature, this study analyzes whether younger managers and professionals in state and local government are less loyal than their senior colleagues, and if so...
From Proving to Becoming: How Positive Relationships Create a Context for Self-Discovery and Self-Actualization.

This chapter highlights the generative, identity-enhancing dynamics that can emerge in the context of positive relationships. It describes the mechanisms by which positive relationships can enhance identities, which in turn, can strengthen the quality of the connection between individuals. The chapter offers that identity enhancement may be a powerful mechanism for transforming relationships from a state of damaging disconnection to one of growth-enhancing connection. It describes that positive relationships not only buffer inhibiting mechanisms such as threat, suppression, and defensiveness, but they also create new opportunities for enhancing one's conception of self and inspiring individuals to live in accordance with their best self. The chapter concludes with potential avenues for future research on the positive relationship-identity link. When individuals experience a sense of being known and understood, they may also be encouraged to experiment with new identities, a critical component of self-discovery and self-actualization.
Promoting STEM Education through Mobile Teaching and Learning.

The recruitment and retention of more students, especially women and minority students, into science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) programs is a critical need in technologically advanced countries like the U.S. as there is expected to be shortage of qualified STEM graduates in the future. Educators have to find new ways to interest and engage current generation of students in STEM programs, and the recent advancements in mobile teaching and learning offer promise in this regard. In this paper, the unique needs that STEM courses pose with respect to teaching and learning are identified, and the opportunities that mobile teaching and learning offer to meet those needs are discussed. Mobile teaching and learning is proposed as a solution for recruiting and retaining students in STEM programs and meeting the needs of technologically advanced countries such as the U.S.
Stabilization of LnB12 (Ln = Gd, Sm, Nd, and Pr) in Zr1-xLnxB12 under Ambient Pressure.

We report ambient pressure stabilization of a previously synthesized high-pressure (6.5 GPa) phase, GdB12, in a Zr1–xGdxB12 solid solution (with ∼54 at. % Gd solubility, as determined by both powder X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive spectroscopy). Limited solubilities of Sm (∼15 at. % Sm), Nd (∼7 at. % Nd), and Pr (∼4 at. % Pr), in ZrB12 were also achieved. Previous attempts at preparing these rare-earth borides were unsuccessful even under high pressure. On the basis of insights provided from the unit cell sizes observed via solid solutions, at least 6.5 GPa of pressure would be needed to synthesize these rare-earth borides since Sm, Nd, and Pr atomic radii are larger than that of Gd. The solid-solution formation for Zr1–xGdxB12 and Zr1–xSmxB12 can be seen in the change of the unit cell of each of the solid solutions relative to their pure parent compounds as well as in the change of color of the respective alloys. For Zr0.45Gd0.55B12 and Zr0.70Sm0.30B12, the cubic unit cell parameter (a) reached a...
Abstract 3189: Tunneling nanotube formation is significantly upregulated in invasive cancer cells

Introduction: Intercellular communication is critical for cancer growth and progression. Research to date has focused on gap junctions, micro-vesicles/exosomes, and diffusible factors. There is limited understanding of how efficient cell-to-cell communication occurs between distant cells in the complex tumor microenvironment. Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are thin, non-adherent actin filament-based, open conduits that facilitate direct sharing of various cellular cargos between cells. TNTs can be 50-800 nanometers in diameter and up to several hundred micrometers in length in vitro. Our lab was the first to provide in vivo evidence of TNTs in human solid tumors. We hypothesized that TNT formation is significantly upregulated in human cancers compared to their non-malignant counterparts. In this study, we examined the rate of TNT formation in cell lines from multiple human cancers. Methods: Cell lines from four cancers (colon, mesothelioma, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer) were plated at similar density in 6-well tissue culture plates. The number of TNTs and cells in 10 randomly chosen fields of each well were quantified every 24 hrs for up to 96 hrs and representative images were taken. Experiments were performed in duplicate for each cell line. Results: The number of TNTs per cell (TNTs/cell), which we have titled “TNT index,” was calculated in order to control for cell proliferation. The ratio of TNTs formed between malignant colorectal cells compared benign adenoma ranged from 20:1 to 100:1 by 96 hrs. For mesothelioma, malignant:mesothelial TNTs/cell ratio ranged from 8:1 to 78:1 over 72 hrs. The mesothelioma cells were too confluent at 96 hrs to quantify TNTs. The pancreatic malignant:stellate human pancreatic ductal epithelial TNTs/cell ratio ranged between 2:1 to 63:1. Interestingly, we found that non-malignant ovarian epithelial (IOSE) cells had a significantly higher rate of TNT formation than malignant ovarian cells. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that malignant cells have significantly higher rates of TNT formation compared to stromal or premalignant cells of their corresponding tumor. TNTs potentially provide malignant cells a direct route for transmitting influential messages across long distances in the complex tumor microenvironment. We believe that upregulation of TNTs in cancer may amplify cellular cross-talk and thus increase rates of tumor recurrence and invasion. Citation Format: Snider Desir, Subbaya Subramanian, Clifford Steer, Emil Lou. Tunneling nanotube formation is significantly upregulated in invasive cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3189. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3189
The repair of uracil-containing DNA.

For what purpose does DNA contain thymine rather than uracil? This question has been approached by studying the consequences of the misincorporation of large amounts of uracil into DNA in place of thymine. Such studies have been facilitated by the isolation of special bacterial mutants. Let us first consider how uracil residues can appear in DNA.
The Effect of RNA Secondary Structure on the Self-Assembly of Viral Capsids.

Abstract Previous work has shown that purified capsid protein (CP) of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is capable of packaging both purified single-stranded RNA molecules of normal composition (comparable numbers of A, U, G, and C nucleobases) and of varying length and sequence, and anionic synthetic polymers such as polystyrene sulfonate. We find that CCMV CP is also capable of packaging polyU RNAs, which—unlike normal-composition RNAs—do not form secondary structures and which act as essentially structureless linear polymers. Following our canonical two-step assembly protocol, polyU RNAs ranging in length from 1000 to 9000 nucleotides (nt) are completely packaged. Surprisingly, negative-stain electron microscopy shows that all lengths of polyU are packaged into 22-nm-diameter particles despite the fact that CCMV CP prefers to form 28-nm-diameter (T = 3) particles when packaging normal-composition RNAs. PolyU RNAs >5000 nt in length are packaged into multiplet capsids, in which a single RNA molecule is shared between two or more 22-nm-diameter capsids, in analogy with the multiplets of 28-nm-diameter particles formed with normal-composition RNAs >5000 nt long. Experiments in which viral RNA competes for viral CP with polyUs of equal length show that polyU, despite its lack of secondary structure, is packaged more efficiently than viral RNA. These findings illustrate that the secondary structure of the RNA molecule—and its absence—plays an essential role in determining capsid structure during the self-assembly of CCMV-like particles.
Multidimensional Inventory of Hypochondriacal Traits: An Examination of a Bifactor Model and Measurement Invariance Between Those With and Without a Self-Reported Medical Condition:

The Multidimensional Inventory of Hypochondriacal Traits (MIHT) is a self-report measure that assesses four interrelated domains of health anxiety (i.e., Cognitive, Behavioral, Perceptual, Affectiv...
Recommended Capacities for Educational Leadership: Pre-Reform Era Scholars Versus Reform-Era Scholars Versus National Standards:

We reviewed the scholarship on capacities for educational leadership for the past decade of the pre-reform era (1976-1985), as well as a recent decade of the reform era (2005-2015), and compared sc...
OR17 Pre-transplant Panel Reactive Antibodies and HLA-A*/DQB1* Mismatches Associated with the Development of De Novo Donor Specific Antibody after Lung Transplant

Aim The incidence of HLA de novo donor specific antibody (dDSA) after lung transplant (LuTx) is prevalent and related to negative transplant outcomes. In the first large cohort study of its kind, we aim to assess pre-transplant predictors that are associated with development of dDSA afterLuTx. Methods We retrospectively recorded the development of dDSA among 422 recipients who underwent LuTx between 10/2012 and 12/2016 at our center. Recipient demographic characteristics including gender, age ( 65), race, blood type, histocompatibility factors of ⩾30% pre-transplant total panel reactive antibody (PRA), mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of dDSA at the time of pre-transplant (0–500; >500 * , B * , C * , DRB1 * , DQB1 * , DPB1 * loci were analyzed for the development of dDSA. Results A total of 222 out of 422 (53%) recipients were identified with dDSA. Among 6 studied loci, HLA-A * and DQB1 * MMs were remarkably associated with the occurrence of dDSA (p Conclusions MMs in HLA-A * and DQB1 * loci, as well as pre-transplant PRA ⩾30% are associated with dDSA production after LuTx and should be considered as the secondary pre-transplant histocompatibility risk factors that warrant closer post-transplant DSA monitoring.
County-level contextual factors associated with diabetes incidence in the United States.

Abstract Purpose Health and administrative systems are facing spatial clustering in chronic diseases such as diabetes. This study explores how geographic distribution of diabetes in the United States is associated with socioeconomic and built environment characteristics and health-relevant policies. Methods We compiled nationally representative county-level data from multiple data sources. We standardized characteristics to a mean = 0 and a SD = 1 and modeled county-level age-adjusted diagnosed diabetes incidence in 2013 using 2-level hierarchical linear regression. Results Incidence of age-standardized diagnosed diabetes in 2013 varied across U.S. counties (n = 3109), ranging from 310 to 2190 new cases/100,000, with an average of 856.4/100,000. Socioeconomic and health-related characteristics explained ∼42% of the variation in diabetes incidence across counties. After accounting for other characteristics, counties with higher unemployment, higher poverty, and longer commutes had higher incidence rates than counties with lower levels. Counties with more exercise opportunities, access to healthy food, and primary care physicians had fewer diabetes cases. Conclusions Features of the socioeconomic and built environment were associated with diabetes incidence; identifying the salient modifiable features of counties can inform targeted policies to reduce diabetes incidence.
Examining the Differences between the Job Satisfaction of STEM and Non-STEM Novice Teachers with Leaving Intentions

This paper examines the differences between the job satisfaction of STEM and non-STEM novice teachers with leaving intentions (hereafter STEM NTLI) by analyzing School and Staffing Survey 2011–12 data. The results of multiple regression analyses and various Z-tests show that support from the school and collaboration with colleagues are strong predictors for STEM and non-STEM NTLI. STEM NTLI focus more on professional development, autonomy in teaching, and the behavior of their students, whereas non-STEM NTLI focus more on participation in school policies. The implications for teachers and teacher educators are also discussed.
Stroke Repair via Biomimicry of the Subventricular Zone

Stroke is among the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, 85% of which are ischemic. Current stroke therapies are limited by a narrow effective therapeutic time and fail to effectively complete the recovery of the damaged area. Magnetic resonance imaging of the subventricular zone (SVZ) following infarct/stroke has allowed visualization of new axonal connections and projections being formed, while new immature neurons migrate from the SVZ to the peri-infarct area. Such studies suggest that the SVZ is a primary source of regenerative cells for the repair and regeneration of stroke-damaged neurons and tissue. Therefore, the development of tissue engineered scaffolds that serve as a bioreplicative SVZ niche would support the survival of multiple cell types that reside in the SVZ. Essential to replication of the human SVZ microenvironment is the establishment of microvasculature that regulates both the healthy and stroke-injured blood brain barrier, which is dysregulated post-stroke. In order to reproduce this niche, understanding how cells interact in this environment is critical, in particular neural stem cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, ependymal cells, and microglia. Remodeling and repair of the matrix-rich SVZ niche by endogenous reparative mechanisms may then support functional recovery when enhanced by an artificial niche that supports the survival and proliferation of migrating vascular and neuronal cells. Critical considerations to mimic this area include an understanding of resident cell types, delivery method, and the use of biocompatible materials. Controlling stem cell survival, differentiation, and migration are key factors to consider when transplanting stem cells. Here, we discuss the role of the SVZ architecture and resident cells in the promotion and enhancement of endogenous repair mechanisms. We elucidate the interplay between the extracellular matrix composition and cell interactions prior to and following stroke. Lastly, we review current cell and neuronal niche biomimetic materials that allow for a tissue- engineered approach in order to promote structural and functional restoration of neural circuitry. By creating an artificial mimetic SVZ, tissue engineers can strive to facilitate tissue regeneration and functional recovery.
Quadratic Stability Margin in Switched Control System Design

While a quadratic common Lyapunov function (QCLF) is not necessary for a switched system to be stable, a system which admits a QCLF has an exponential stability guarantee that can be particularly useful in satisfying control system design requirements. A natural direction of inquiry is to quantify the fragility or robustness of the exponential stability guarantee with respect to uncertainty in the switched system. This work develops an approximation of the quadratic stability margin in the form of bounded perturbations to the system dynamics, providing a robustness description directly comparable to parameterized system uncertainty.
GECIquant: Semi-automated Detection and Quantification of Astrocyte Intracellular Ca 2+ Signals Monitored with GCaMP6f

Astrocytes display diverse and frequent intracellular Ca2+ fluctuations that are separable by virtue of their location within the cells, their magnitude, and their duration. Recently, the study of astrocyte Ca2+ signaling has rapidly advanced by the availability of genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) such as GCaMP3 and GCaMP6. The systematic use of GECIs is beginning to reveal the rules for astrocyte engagement within neural circuits in brain slices and in vivo. However, the richness and high numbers of Ca2+ signals that have been observed necessitate their routine detection within the complex morphology of astrocytes. To this end, in this chapter, we describe the development and features of GECIquant software that permits the semi-automated detection and quantification of astrocyte Ca2+ signals. Biological insights afforded by the use of GECIs and GECIquant are also described.
Hypertension and Pregnancy: Management and Future Risks.

Pregnancy-induced hypertension is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The overall strategies of defining and managing these conditions are aimed at preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications in the mother without jeopardizing fetal well-being. Our understanding of the origin of these disorders is evolving. Women with chronic hypertension should undergo a prepregnancy evaluation and close monitoring during and after pregnancy to ensure medication safety and to prevent end-organ damage. Based on available data, the current recommendation is that antihypertensive therapy should be initiated only in women with severe hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥105 mm Hg). It is now becoming more and more clear that hypertensive complications during pregnancy are potentially linked to cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic diseases later in life. This review discusses the spectrum of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, general management principles, and the need to monitor for long-term cardiovascular sequelae for decades afterward.
Obesity Prevention Worksite Wellness Interventions for Health Care Workers: A Narrative Review.

Background: Health care workers face elevated risk of obesity due to their unique work requirements. The purpose of this systematic review was to present a narrative summary of the characteristics ...
Transradial approach for acute stroke intervention: technical procedure and clinical outcomes

Background and purpose Radial artery catheterisation is an alternate route of access that has recently started to gain more widespread use for neuroendovascular procedures, including acute stroke intervention. In this small case series, we present our institution’s outcomes in patients undergoing acute stroke interventions via transradial access. Materials and methods We present a retrospective study of 15 patients who underwent acute stroke intervention via radial artery access. We analyse these patients’ periprocedural and clinical outcomes after undergoing mechanical thrombectomy. Results A total of 15 consecutive patients were included in the study (9 males and 6 females), and all patients were able to successfully undergo mechanical thrombectomy via radial artery access. The mean time of arterial puncture to reperfusion was 50±28 min (range: 15–104). A TICI 2b/3 revascularisation was achieved in 13/15 patients (87%); a TICI 1 and TICI 2a outcome was achieved on the other two patients. One patient incurred an iatrogenic vessel dissection during the procedure. Eight of out 15 patients (53%) had favourable mRS (0–3) at the time of discharge from the hospital. Conclusion Radial artery catheterisation is technically feasible for performing acute stroke interventions with favourable time to revascularisation and good overall clinical outcomes.
Modulation of Post-Traumatic Immune Response Using the IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Anakinra for Improved Visual Outcomes

The purpose of this study was to characterize acute changes in inflammatory pathways in the mouse eye after blast-mediated traumatic brain injury (bTBI) and to determine whether modulation of these pathways could protect the structure and function of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). The bTBI was induced in C57BL/6J male mice by exposure to three 20 psi blast waves directed toward the head with the body shielded, with an inter-blast interval of one hour. Acute cytokine expression in retinal tissue was measured through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) four hours post-blast. Increased retinal expression of interleukin (lL)-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α was observed in bTBI mice exposed to blast when compared with shams, which was associated with activation of microglia and macroglia reactivity, assessed via immunohistochemistry with ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively, one week post-blast. Blockade of the IL-1 pathway was accomplished using anakinra, an IL-1RI antagonist, administered intra-peritoneally for one week before injury and continuing for three weeks post-injury. Retinal function and RGC layer thickness were evaluated four weeks post-injury using pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. After bTBI, anakinra treatment resulted in a preservation of RGC function and RGC structure when compared with saline treated bTBI mice. Optic nerve integrity analysis demonstrated a trend of decreased damage suggesting that IL-1 blockade also prevents axonal damage after blast. Blast exposure results in increased retinal inflammation including upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of resident microglia and macroglia. This may explain partially the RGC loss we observed in this model, as blockade of the acute inflammatory response after injury with the IL-1R1 antagonist anakinra resulted in preservation of RGC function and RGC layer thickness.
Brief Report: Intranasal Ketamine in Adolescents and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder--Initial Results of a Randomized, Controlled, Crossover, Pilot Study.

Dysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission plays a critical role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) pathophysiology and is a primary target for core deficit research treatment trials. The mechanism of action of ketamine has striking overlap with the theory of ASD as a disorder of synaptic communication and neuronal networks. This two-dose, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over pilot trial of intranasal (IN) ketamine targeting core social impairment included individuals with ASD (N = 21) between 14 and 29 years. Participants were randomized to received two doses of IN ketamine (30 and 50 mg) and two doses of matching placebo. No significant impact was noted on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist Social Withdraw subscale. The IN ketamine was well tolerated, with only transient mild adverse effects.
51 Small cell/lymphohistiocytic morphology is associated with CD8 positivity, retained T cell markers, a trend of decreased PD-L1 expression, but not outcome in adults with ALK+ ALCL

Background Several morphologic patterns of ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) are recognized: common, small cell, lymphohistiocytic, Hodgkin-like, and composite patterns.1 Small cell (SC) and lymphohistiocytic (LH) patterns are thought to be closely associated with poorer outcome in children with ALK+ ALCL.2 However, the clinicopathologic and prognostic features of SC/LH patterns of ALK+ ALCL are not yet reported in adults. Recently, we found PD-L1 expression in a large subset of ALK+ ALCL cases, however, PD-L1 expression in SC/LH versus non-SC/LH ALCL has not been reported. Methods Among 102 adult patients with ALK+ ALCL seen at our institution from January 1, 2007 through August 30, 2018, 18 (18%) cases had a SC and/or LH pattern. The clinical, pathologic, and outcome data were compared between SC/LH and non-SC/LH ALK+ ALCL cases using Fisher’s exact test. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Results There were no significant differences in clinical features including age, gender, nodal versus extranodal involvement, B symptoms, stage, leukocytosis/lymphocytosis, and serum LDH levels between patients with SC/LH versus non-SC/LH ALK+ ALCL. Compared to non-SC/LH cases, SC/LH ALCL was more often positive for CD2 (92% vs. 36%, p = 0.0007), CD3 (81% vs. 15%, p = 0.0001), CD7 (80% vs. 37%, p = 0.03), and CD8 (54% vs. 7%, p = 0.0006). SC/LH ALCL showed a trend of decreased PD-L1 expression than non-SC/LH cases (24% vs. 46%, p = 0.11). There were no significant differences in the expression of CD4, CD5, CD25, CD43, CD45, CD56, TCR A/B, TCR G/D, cytotoxic markers, EMA, Ki-67 proliferation index. The induction chemotherapy and response rate in patients with SC/LH ALK+ ALCL were similar to patients with non-SC/LH ALK+ ALCL. After a median follow-up of 30.5 months (range, 0.3–224 months), there was no significant difference in OS between patients with SC/LH versus non-SC/LH ALK+ ALCL (p = 0.88). Conclusions In adults with ALK+ALCL, the SC/LH morphologic pattern is associated with a CD8+ T cell immunophenotype and retention of expression of T cell markers (CD2, CD3, and CD7). The trend of decreased PD-L1 expression in SC/LH ALCL suggests that these patients may not be ideal candidates for PD-L1 immunotherapy. The SC/LH patterns of ALK+ ALCL have no impact on the prognosis of adult patients which is in contrast to the reported association of the SC/LH patterns with poorer outcome in children with ALK+ ALCL. Ethics Approval The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Approval number: PA16-0897 References Swerdlow SH, Campo E, The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Blood 2016;127:2375–2390. Brugieres L, Deley MC, CD30 (+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in children: Analysis of 82 patients enrolled in two consecutive studies of the French Society of Pediatric Oncology. Blood 1998;92:3591–3598.
On End-to-End Congestion Avoidance for TCP/IP

A TCP/IP network utilizes several congestion control schemes: end-to-end flow control and congestion avoidance, gateway congestion control, and explicit closed-loop feedback (i.e., source quench). The evolution of TCP/IP includes enhanced gateway congestion control algorithms (i.e., Random Early Detect) and a variety of incremental improvements to TCP including selective acknowledgement and possibly end-to-end congestion avoidance (i.e., TCP/Vegas). We focus on end-to-end congestion avoidance algorithms for TCP, specifically those algorithms that use change in packet transit times as an indicator of network congestion. TCP/Vegas is the most well known algorithm based on this form of congestion control. We fmd that TCPNegas does increase throughput primarily by avoiding time-outs. However its assessment of congestion is prone to significant error which can lead to increased queue levels at the bottleneck link. By studying TCPNegas and other algorithms, our goal is to understand the issues associated with end-toend congestion avoidance schemes that monitor change in packet delays.