cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and performance of selectively oxidized vertical-cavity lasers

We report the high yield fabrication and reproducible performance of selectively oxidized vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers. We show that linear oxidation rates of AlGaAs without an induction period allows reproducible fabrication of buried oxide current apertures within monolithic distributed Bragg reflectors. The oxide layers do not induce obvious crystalline defects, and continuous wave operation in excess of 650 h has been obtained. The high yield fabrication enables relatively high laser performance over a wide wavelength span. We observe submilliamp threshold currents over a wavelength range of up to 75 nm, and power conversion efficiencies at 1 mW output power of greater than 20% over a 50-nm wavelength range. >
Asymptotic Linearity of Optimal Control Modification Adaptive Law with Analytical Stability Margins

Optimal control modification has been developed to improve robustness to model-reference adaptive control. For systems with linear matched uncertainty, optimal control modification adaptive law can be shown by a singular perturbation argument to possess an outer solution that exhibits a linear asymptotic property. Analytical expressions of phase and time delay margins for the outer solution can be obtained that allows a free design parameter of the adaptive law to be selected to satisfy stability margins. Various modifications were developed to increase robustness of MRAC by adding damping to the adaptive law. Two well-known modifications in adaptive control are the s -modification 15 and e- modification. 17 These modifications have been used extensively in adaptive control. This paper introduces a new adaptive law based on an optimal control formulation to minimize the L2 norm of the tracking error. The optimality condition results in a damping term proportional to the persistent excitation. The analysis shows that the optimal control modification can allow fast adaptation with a large adaptive gain without causing high-frequency oscillations and can provide improved stability robustness while preserving the tracking performance. One of the features of this adaptive law is its asymptotic linear property for systems with linear matched uncertainty as exhbited by a singular perturbation argument. Due to the asymptotic linear property, the optimal control modification exhibits a linear mapping between the input and output. As a result, it is possible to compute analytically stability margins for this adaptive control scheme. With the use of the gradient projection operator, a free design parameter of the optimal control modification can be designed to satisfy stability margins for its asymptotic solution. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
Infectious disease control policy: a role for simulation

Control of infectious diseases is a key global health priority. This paper describes the role that simulation can play in evaluating policies for infectious disease control. We describe ongoing simulation studies in three different areas: HIV prevention and treatment, contact tracing, and hepatitis B prevention and control.
Complex regulation of GH autofeedback under dual-peptide drive: studies under a pharmacological GH and sex steroid clamp.

To test the postulate that sex difference, sex steroids, and peptidyl secretagogues control GH autofeedback, 11 healthy postmenopausal women and 14 older men were each given 1) a single iv pulse of...
DISSECT: Analysis of pedagogical techniques to integrate computational thinking into K-12 curricula

This paper analyzes the efforts of DISSECT (DIScover SciEnce through Computational Thinking) to introduce computer science theories into K-12 Curricula. This is accomplished by teaching computational thinking (CT) problem solving techniques in existing STEM+C courses in select middle and high school classrooms in Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA. Data collected over the course of the fall 2014 and spring 2015 semesters involving 10 graduate fellows, 9 teachers, and over 200 K-12 students has been analyzed. A single assessment was issued at the beginning and end of each semester in order to track metrics about fellow-teacher pairings, student understanding of CT concepts, and student interest in STEM+C areas. Using statistical analysis software to evaluate the data, we were able to determine the efficacy of the DISSECT program. In particular, we use descriptive statistics to evaluate the trends in CT vocabulary recognition and overall interest in computing, and we compare trends across courses and grade levels.
Upland Marsh for Water Quality Control

Vascular plants in wetland habitats have been investigated as a method to improve the water quality in fresh water marshes through the natural filtering of the marsh vegetation.
Chromosomal location of the regulator of mouse alpha-fetoprotein, Afr-1.

Afr-1 is a gene whose product contributes to the adult regulation of mouse α-fetoprotein (AFP). In Afr-1(b/b) homozygotes, the adult serum levels of AFP are 10- to 20-fold higher than in Afr-1(a/a) or Afr-1(a/b) mice. The studies reported here were performed to map the Afr-1 gene. Our results show that Afr-1 resides on mouse chromosome 15, approximately 25 cM from Gdc-1. Afr-1 appears to be located in close proximity to the mouse c-myc oncogene. These results are discussed with respect to the susceptibility or resistance of different BALB/c sublines (which are either Afr-1(a) or Afr-1(b), respectively) to pristane-induced plasmacytomas.
Are More Choices Better? An Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Multiple Tax Incentives

ABSTRACT The U.S. federal income tax system includes numerous incentives intended to encourage many behaviors. However, these incentives add complexity. This study investigates how one source of complexity, the number of different incentives, affects individuals' use of tax incentives. The results from two experiments detect no evidence that having more (versus fewer) incentive choices (i.e., high choice complexity) affects individuals' decisions to engage in the targeted behavior or select an incentive. However, the results do show that individuals faced with high choice complexity are more likely to make errors and less likely to choose the optimal incentive. Further, high choice complexity leads to greater perceived complexity and difficulty, which, in turn, is related to less positive emotions and more anxiety. Thus, high choice complexity has negative consequences on individuals. This study also contributes to the choice complexity literature by examining its effect on making an optimal choice.
Rapid-Onset Diffuse Skeletal Fluorosis from Inhalant Abuse: A Case Report.

Case: A thirty-year-old man presented with severely debilitating left hip pain and stiffness. Radiographs demonstrated diffuse osteosclerosis and heterotopic bone formation with near ankylosis of the left hip. The patient underwent successful joint-preserving surgery to restore hip range of motion. After disclosing a history of inhalant abuse, which was confirmed by elevated serum fluoride levels, he was diagnosed with diffuse skeletal fluorosis. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, we present the first reported case of diffuse skeletal fluorosis caused by inhalant abuse of 1,1-difluoroethane. Skeletal fluorosis is uncommon in the United States but is important to consider in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with otherwise unexplained joint pain and osteosclerosis.
Critical Mindfulness of Psychology’s Mindlessness

This chapter argues that mainstream psychology has mainly acted from the perspective of the observer and not the perspective of the actor and this has largely silenced the reality of the actor. Psychology’s infatuation with precision, objectivity, universality, refutability, and verifiability brought about a focus on the legitimacy of the perspective of the knower namely the expert who, at the center of discourse of power, could collect and analyze the data and then embark on generalizing the information for the sake of generative theories. The chapter calls for questioning the unquestionability of the perspective of the observer and indicates how the process of questioning may help us understand the often concealed-to-oblivion dimensions of the actors.
Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of SAC305 Lead Free Solder: Effects of Aging, Temperature, Strain Rate, and Plastic Strain Range

Solder joints in electronic assemblies are often subjected to cyclic (positive/negative) mechanical strains and stresses. Such exposures can occur in variable temperature application environments or during accelerated life thermal cycling tests used for qualification. Cyclic loading leads to damage accumulation, crack initiation, crack propagation, and eventually to fatigue failure. In this investigation, we have examined the effects of prior aging conditions, strain range, strain rate, and testing temperature on the cyclic stress-strain behavior of SAC305 lead free solder. Newly designed micro-cylinder shaped uniaxial lead free solder test specimens have been prepared in glass tubes using a vacuum suction process. Prior to testing, the samples were aged for various durations (0 to 360 days) at 125 °C. After aging, the fabricated samples were then subjected to cyclic stress-strain loading under several different conditions. From the recorded cyclic stress-strain curves, we have been able to characterize and empirically model the evolution of the solder hysteresis loops with aging duration. It has been observed that aging leads to the microstructural coarsening and degrades the mechanical fatigue properties, and those degradations are much more significant at the first few days of aging. The effects of aging on the cyclic stress-strain behavior have also been quantified for the first time for different testing temperatures, strain rates, and plastic strain ranges. At elevated test temperatures or lower test strain rates, an increase in the plastic strain range and a drop of the peak stress and loop area were found. Additionally, the plastic strain range, loop area, and peak load increased as expected with greater applied total strain range.
Cora Sadosky: Her Mathematics, Mentorship, and Professional Contributions

We present some snapshots of Cora Sadosky’s career focusing on her intertwined roles as mathematician, mentor, and leader in the profession. We recount some of her contributions to specific areas of mathematics as well as her broader impact on the mathematical profession.
Tumour mechanopathology: Cutting the stress out

Solid stress within tumours can be quantified by measuring their deformation after cutting, slicing or taking a needle biopsy of them.
In Search of a Better Understanding of Social Presence: An Investigation into How Researchers Define Social Presence

AbstractResearch on social presence and online learning continues to grow. But to date, researchers continue to define and conceptualize social presence very differently. For instance, at a basic level, some conceptualize social presence as one of three presences within a Community of Inquiry, while others do not. Given this problem, we analyzed how researchers in highly cited social presence research defined social presence in an effort to better understand how they are defining social presence and how this might be changing over time. In this article, we report the results of our inquiry and conclude with implications for future research and practice.
Wnt target genes and where to find them

Wnt/β-catenin signaling is highly conserved throughout metazoans, is required for numerous essential events in development, and serves as a stem cell niche signal in many contexts. Misregulation of the pathway is linked to several human pathologies, most notably cancer. Wnt stimulation results in stabilization and nuclear import of β-catenin, which then acts as a transcriptional co-activator. Transcription factors of the T-cell family (TCF) are the best-characterized nuclear binding partners of β-catenin and mediators of Wnt gene regulation. This review provides an update on what is known about the transcriptional activation of Wnt target genes, highlighting recent work that modifies the conventional model. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates genes in a highly context-dependent manner, and the role of other signaling pathways and TCF co-factors in this process will be discussed. Understanding Wnt gene regulation has served to elucidate many biological roles of the pathway, and we will use examples from stem cell biology, metabolism, and evolution to illustrate some of the rich Wnt biology that has been uncovered.
FINANCIAL REPORTING FOR THE GEORGIA COLONY

Stewardship reporting was an important tool in the establishment and development of the American Colonies. In 1732 the King of England created the Colony of Georgia as a haven for England's “worthy...
FORM: AN APOLLONIAN MODERNITY

History, Georg Simmel tells us, consist of a conflict between life and form. Life—the physical and biological basis of existence—is, in itself, bereft of culture and devoid of form. Through culture, however, the energies life harbors can become manifest. “We speak of culture,” Simmel writes, “whenever life produces certain forms in which it expresses and realizes itself; works of art, religions, sciences, technologies, laws, and innumerable others.” Life, in this way, produces something related to yet different from itself: “Life as such is formless, yet incessantly generates forms for itself.” Though form proceeds from life, conflict between them is unavoidable. Form struggles to liberate itself from the “pulse of life,” while life attempts to draw form back into its own “immediacy,” in a gambit to reduce culture's achievements to “direct manifestations of life.” The unprecedented character of modern culture, Simmel maintained, lies in the fact that life's forces were henceforth targeting the very “principle of form.” In the latest and most radical round of this conflict, life's cultural partisans assert that they no longer need the opaque and alien resources of form to express life's energies; form can be jettisoned, mediation dispensed with, and life can exist and relish its powers in their most unalloyed purity.
Establishing a Food Safe Market: Considerations for Vendors at the Farmers Market

Food safety at the market begins before the food reaches the market, continues while at the market, and extends after the market has ended for the day. The entire chain, from farmers to consumers, must be well-maintained in order to reduce the risk of contamination of a food product at the point of consumption. There are specific behaviors and practices that a market should maintain in order to establish a food safety culture and reduce the risk of foodborne illness. The five main contributing factors associated with foodborne illness are: (1) poor personal hygiene; (2) improper holding/time and temperature; (3) contaminated equipment/lack of protection of food from contamination; (4) inadequate cooking; and (5) food from unsafe sources. Controlling these factors can reduce the occurrence of foodborne illness. Attention to preventing these contributing factors is the cornerstone for establishing a market culture that values food safety. This chapter focuses on specific practices that a farmers market manager and vendors can follow to enhance safety.
Problems at Home, Peer Networks at School, and the Social Integration of Adolescents

Research and theory on adolescent development suggest that the kinds of relationships adolescents have at home will matter to the social experiences they have in high school. This chapter explores these potential connections with network and survey data from high schools in a nationally-representative sample of adolescents. Overall, adolescents who had negative relationships with their parents were less likely to feel socially integrated with peers at school, even though they spent more time with peers. This general association does not vary by whether adolescents’ network positions indicated that they were popular but was more pronounced among adolescents with high sociability ratings (i.e., adolescents who nominated multiple peers as their friends). In general, results indicate that relationships with parents were not consistently implicated in peer dynamics at school, but, when relationships in the home and school were connected, they often pointed to social risks for adolescents with problems at home.
Exploring asexuality within an adult baby/diaper lover community

This internet-based study provided exploratory analyses on 99 asexual and 1919 non-asexual members of the Adult Baby/Diaper Lover (ABDL) community. This study involved the secondary analysis of an ...
Attributes of Cross-Cultural Leadership

Changes associated with globalization and modernization have heightened the need for global leadership. In particular, globalization trends have created distinct demands on healthcare leadership. The chapter presents the major attributes of leadership in response to the emerging issues in a global society and population health inequity. Global leaders are cross-cultural leaders, and cultural competence is the foundation for the development of other attributes. Organizational leadership role to promote population health equity is emphasized. Recommendations for training and development of cross-cultural leaders are presented. Three case studies following this chapter are presented to illustrate cross-cultural leadership in global contexts of healthcare.
Biosynthesis of Ethylene in Fruit Tissues

Although methionine has been established as a precursor of ethylene (Baur and Yang, 1969a, 1969b; Burg and Clagett, 1967; Lieberman et al. 1966; Mapson et al. 1970), whether it is the major precursor in vivo or whether there are other precursors is still an open question. Several potential precursors of ethylene, such as ethanol, ethane, propionic acid and fumaric acid (which may directly or indirectly yield ethylene through dehydration, dehydrogenation or decarboxylation), and some representative intermediates of recognized metabolic pathways (including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the pentose phosphate cycle) were found to be inactive as ethylene precursors (Jansen, 1965). Other precursors of ethylene which have been suggested include β-alanine (Stinson and Spencer, 1969), ethionine (Shimokawa and Kasai, 1967), β-hydroxy-propionic acid (Varner, 1961), propionaldehyde (Lieberman and Kunishi, 1967) and linolenic acid (Lieberman and Mapson, 1964). We have shown that neither propionaldehyde nor linolenic acid was incorporated into ethylene by apple tissue (Baur and Yang, 1969a, 1969b). This paper presents evidence showing that β-alanine, β-hydroxypropionic and ethionine also do not serve as precursors of ethylene. Additional evidence which supports the view that methionine is the biological precursor of ethylene will be presented.
Regulation of Brain Volume Under Isosmotic and Anisosmotic Conditions

The incompressibility of the contents of the skull — brain, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — implies that their total volume must remain constant; changes in the volume of one compartment must be accompanied by reciprocal changes in the others. This relationship, known as the Monro-Kellie doctrine, makes the central nervous system especially vulnerable to increases in tissue volume. Small increases in brain bulk may be “buffered” by decreases in CSF volume; however, larger changes will progressively reduce cerebral blood flow, cause mechanical damage, and lead to herniation of brain tissue through the foramen magnum and to death. The importance of volume regulation at the cellular level, apart from its contribution to brain bulk, has not been studied extensively. However, analyses of neuronal activity in invertebrate systems provide indirect evidence that maintenance of normal cell volume is essential for a variety of functions, including generation of axonal action potentials (Pichon and Treherne 1976) and synaptic activity (Prior and Pierce 1981).
Charge-transfer luminescence of Cr3+ in magnesium oxide

Abstract Cr3+ impurity ions have been positively identified as one of the activators contributing to the thermoluminescence in MgO. It has been found that in undoped MgO crystals the major mechanism for Cr3+ X-ray fluorescence is a reaction between free holes and Cr2+ ions, i.e. Free hole+Cr2+→Cr3+* Cr3+*→Cr3++hv. The same mechanism produces the Cr3+ thermoluminescence in MgO. The free holes in thermoluminescence come from the destruction of V1 centers. The destruction of V1 centers is the rate determining step for the thermoluminescence and it follows first order kinetics. The activation energy of the thermoluminescence is 0·80±0·02 eV.
Can the redox state in serum explain medically unexplained illness among Gulf War veterans

The redox state of the serum albumin has been extensively examined not only to understand the marvelous compensation the body undergoes to attain homeostasis, but also the constant subtlety with which the oxidative stress is generated at the cellular level, which may transcend to the tissue parenchyma eventually resulting in the inflammation of the whole system. Evaluation of such inflammation although critical, will be hard to measure. We suspected the serum albumin, since it is the major cargo protein in the serum, that is synthesized in the liver, with the contribution of the dietary amino acids and exercise. Albumin is cysteine (Cys) rich and is known to have multiple ligand-binding properties, and can readily bind to free radicals. Our previous studies have shown Cys residues can form s-nitrosothiols (SNO) which have anti-oxidant property and are transported through L-type amino acid transporter. Since GWV were exposed to various neurotoxic chemicals, we suspect neuroinflammation as one of the causes of their illness. As a preliminary effort, we assessed SNO levels in the sera of 20 veterans with Gulf War Illness (GWI) and compared it with the healthy Gulf War Veterans (GWV) primarily to understand some of the unexplained phenomena in GWI. Since the redox state of serum albumin is modulated by physical activity such as exercise where the muscle tissue maintains the adaptive response, we also tested 5 GWI veterans and compared it with 5 healthy veterans that were on exercise treatment. We measured SNO levels in the serum both by DAF and by chemiluminescence. There was a significant reduction in the SNO-albumin level in GWI compared to healthy veterans (p
Living in the Present: Understanding Long-Term Content Referencing in Enterprise Online Communities

Successful online communities accumulate large amounts of long-term content. However there has been little quantitative, theoretically-motivated exploration of how communities organize such content, nor which community members take responsibility for active organization. We examine one aspect of long-term content organization through link behavior, also exploring role differences between enterprise community leaders and members in the context of life-cycle community models. We first classify how content is linked within posts, identifying usage patterns that organize information within and outside communities. We next present an exploratory quantitative analysis of 2,010 communities including 428,476 posts and 1,246,570 links. We show paradoxically that although mature communities accumulate substantial content, organizing that content using links decreases over time. Further analyses suggest that this arises from a recency bias, with communities being focused on current content. Our results also challenge descriptive lifecycle community models, which propose that regular community members adopt greater responsibility over time. We explore explanations for our findings and implications including new tools that encourage responsibility for active organization, as well as methods for members to revisit critical content.
The association between natural gas well activity and specific congenital anomalies in Oklahoma, 1997–2009

Abstract Background Natural gas drilling may pose multiple health risks, including congenital anomalies, through air pollutant emissions and contaminated water. Two recent studies have evaluated the relationship between natural gas activity and congenital anomalies, with both observing a positive relationship. Objectives We aimed to evaluate whether residence near natural gas wells is associated with critical congenital heart defects (CCHD), neural tube defects (NTD), and oral clefts in Oklahoma, the third highest natural gas producing state in the US. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study among singleton births in Oklahoma (n = 476,600) to evaluate natural gas activity and congenital anomalies. We calculated an inverse distance-squared weighted (IDW) score based on the number of actively producing wells within a two-mile radius of the maternal residence during the month of delivery. We used modified Poisson regression with robust error variance to estimate prevalence proportion ratios (PPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between tertiles of natural gas activity (compared to no wells) and CCHD, NTD, and oral clefts adjusted for maternal education. Results We observed an increased, though imprecise, prevalence of NTDs among children with natural gas activity compared to children with no wells (2nd tertile PPR: 1.34, 95% CI: 0.93, 1.93; 3rd tertile PPR: 1.20, 95% CI: 0.82, 1.75). We observed no association with CCHD or oral clefts overall. Specific CCHDs of common truncus, transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary valve atresia and stenosis, tricuspid valve atresia and stenosis, interrupted aortic arch, and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection were increased among those living in areas with natural gas activity compared to those living in areas without activity, though not statistically significant. Discussion Our results were similar to previous studies for NTDs and specific CCHDs. Future directions include evaluating the association between specific phases of the drilling process and congenital anomalies to better refine the relevant exposure period.
The psychological scars of suicide: Accounting for how risk for suicidal behavior is heightened by its past occurrence

Not only is suicidal behavior strongly predicted by its past occurrence, but the risk for recurrence appears to increase with each subsequent attempt. The current paper discusses a potential explanation for this phenomenon, that suicide attempts may leave a residual psychological scar that heightens risk for future attempts. This possibility is evaluated against two alternatives: (i) risk for first and subsequent suicide attempts is accounted for by a shared diathesis pre-existing the first lifetime attempt, and (ii) different rates of developmental decline in risk factors account for differences in prospective number of attempts. In this discussion, a formalized conceptual framework of psychological scarring is presented, along with considerations of particular relevance to its study. Finally, the clinical implications of determining the processes underlying the association between suicide attempts and heightened risk for recurrence are discussed.
Benchmark analytical solutions for steady-state high frequency broadband sound fields in three rectangular enclosures

Analytical solutions are presented for broadband sound fields in three rectangular enclosures with absorption applied on the floor and ceiling, rigid sidewalls, and a vertically oriented dipole source. The solutions are intended to serve as benchmarks that can be used to assess the performance of broadband techniques, particularly energy-based methods, in a relatively straightforward configuration with precisely specified boundary conditions. A broadband Helmholtz solution is developed using a frequency-by-frequency modal approach to determine the exact band averaged mean-square pressures along spatial trajectories within each enclosure. Due to the specific choice of enclosure configuration and absorption distribution, an approximate specular solution can be obtained through a summation of uncorrelated image sources. Comparisons between the band averaged Helmholtz solution and the uncorrelated image solution reveal excellent agreement for a wide range of absorption levels and improve the understanding of correlation effects in broadband sound fields. A boundary element solution with diffuse boundaries is also presented, which produces consistently higher mean-square pressures in comparison with the specular solution, emphasizing the careful attention that must be placed on correctly modeling reflecting boundary conditions and demonstrating the errors that can result from assuming a Lambertian surface.
COLONY STIMULATING FACTORS

The colony stimulating factors (CSFs) comprise a small family of homodimeric cytokines central to blood formation, leukocyte function, and overall immune competence. Family members include macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF), and interleukin-3 (IL-3). M-CSF and G-CSF are relatively lineage-specific and affect the survival, growth, differentiation, and function of mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages) and neutrophils, respectively. GM-CSF is less restricted and stimulates growth of myeloid progenitors as well as the survival and function of both macrophages and neutrophils. IL-3 is pluripotent and affects all hematopoietic lineages. CSF production and clearance are strictly regulated to maintain homeostasis and are modulated during conditions of stress such as the increased turnover of leukocytes in intensely inflammatory lung diseases like cystic fibrosis. The CSFs function within a complex yet precisely regulated signaling network involving local, paracrine, and endocrine pathways, the effects of which extend beyond hematopoiesis. For example, a critical role has been established for GM-CSF in the regulation of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis and innate immunity in the lung. Deficiency of endogenous GM-CSF bioactivity due to neutralizing anti-GM-CSF antibodies is central to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
Joint Impact of Synthetic Chemical and Non-chemical Stressors on Children's Health.

Pregnant women are exposed to numerous synthetic chemicals (e.g., pesticides, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls) in their daily lives as well as a range of non-chemical stressors, including poverty, depression, discrimination, and stressful life events. Although many studies have examined individual exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors in relation to child health outcomes, very few studies have considered these exposures together. Here, we review the recent epidemiologic literature on the joint impact of chemical and non-chemical stressors on child outcomes. Considerable co-exposure to chemical and non-chemical stressors occurs in vulnerable populations. Non-chemical stressors may modify the impact of chemical exposures on children’s health, typically exacerbating their negative impact, but associations differ considerably by the chemicals and populations of interest. Additional research is urgently needed to better understand the cumulative risks of multiple stressors on children’s health and the underlying physiological mechanisms.
Zoning and the Cost of Housing: Evidence from Silicon Valley, Greater New Haven, and Greater Austin

Municipal zoning, shockingly, may be the most consequential regulatory program in the United States. The Article develops metrics for measuring the extent to which a locality’s zoning practices are exclusionary, that is, limit the possible construction of least-cost housing. It applies the metrics to actual zoning ordinances and zoning maps, materials that legal scholars have seldom closely appraised. The municipalities chosen for study lie in three metropolitan areas, the ones listed in the Article’s title. Of the three, zoning in Greater Austin, one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States, is — to no one’s surprise — the most conducive to housing development. Austin suburbs have less large-lot zoning, more small-lot zoning, and fewer restrictions on the construction of multifamily housing. House prices in Silicon Valley, now commonly ten times the national median, were only slightly above the median in 1970. The extreme escalation of Silicon Valley housing prices has stemmed in significant part from its suburbs’ multifaceted efforts, after 1970, to limit further densification. Some towns in Greater New Haven, by contrast, adopted exclusionary policies as early as the 1930s. These towns’ enactments have distorted the region’s urban form and reduced its agglomeration efficiencies, but had little effect on housing prices. The Article surveys the zoning histories of the three regions, introducing, in due course, issues such as water supply, the structure of local government law, and racial demography. The final parts of the Article are more overtly normative. They present the case for boosting permitted residential densities in urban areas of the United States. To counter neighborhood NIMBYism, state legislatures should either preempt local discretion over what can be built, or reward localities that allow denser housing.
‘Finding home’: campus racial microclimates and academic homeplaces at a Hispanic-Serving Institution

Students do not uniformly feel welcome in university environments, and their experiences vary across race. Drawing on 19 interviews with Black and Latino men at a Hispanic-Serving Institution, this...
Management forecast errors and corporate investment efficiency

Abstract This paper examines the relation between management forecast errors and corporate investment efficiency. If managers’ forecasting biases systematically affect both external earnings forecasts and internal investment project payoff forecasts, errors in management earnings forecasts will be linked to corporate investment decisions. Consistent with this conjecture, I find that signed management forecast errors are associated with abnormal investment; specifically, more optimistic forecasts are associated with more over-investment, while more pessimistic forecasts are associated with more under-investment. Furthermore, I find that the link between forecast errors and abnormal investment is stronger when analyst feedback reinforces managers’ forecast errors and when managers display persistent forecast errors. Additional tests that consider managers’ disclosure incentives reveal that the link between forecast errors and abnormal investment is stronger when forecast errors are less likely driven by managers’ intentional distortions.
“Dear Holy Sister”: Narrating Madness, Bodily Horror and Religious Ecstasy in Michel Faber’s The Crimson Petal and the White

This chapter examines the layers of anxiety and insanity in both Michael Faber’s novel, The Crimson Petal and the White (2002) and Lucinda Coxon’s BBC adaptation (directed by Marc Munden, 2011) navigated by the irrevocably sexed female body, and the tension over seizing and stabilising the narratives over those bodies. The chapter focuses primarily on Agnes Rackham, an embattled upper-class matriarch driven to denial of her motherhood through the religiously informed paradox of the procreative and incarcerated female body. The many intertextual references woven into the book and also its television adaptation (The Exorcist, Jane Eyre and The Woman in White) provide a context for the contemporary reader to grasp the horrific dilemmas of Victorian femininity. Though each of the women are destined for some kind of narrative oblivion (through desertion, watery graves or the threat of the asylum), each must first travel through madness to escape.
Silicon Photonic Multi-Chip Module Interconnects for Disaggregated Data Centers

We present our development of 2.5D integrated multi chip module silicon photonic transceivers for disaggregated applications, such as big data and machine learning algorithms. Disaggregation of data center resources to improve application efficiency and performance can be achieved through photonic switching networks. Our four-channel transceiver provides the electro-optic interface between electrical data generation and photonic switching to enable disaggregation within data centers.
A First Step, a Second Chance: Public Support for Restoring Rights of Individuals with Prior Convictions.

Recent federal and state-level justice reforms have centered on “legal reintegration” (e.g., permitting expungement for a greater range of crimes and rights restoration). While scholarship has tapp...
Chandra spectroscopy of the hot star beta Crucis and the discovery of a pre-main-sequence companion

In order to test the O star wind-shock scenario for X-ray production in less luminous stars with weaker winds, we made a pointed 74 ks observation of the nearby early B giant, beta Cru (B0.5 III), with the Chandra HETGS. We find that the X-ray spectrum is quite soft, with a dominant thermal component near 3 million K, and that the emission lines are resolved but quite narrow, with half-widths of 150 km/s. The forbidden-to-intercombination line ratios of Ne IX and Mg XI indicate that the hot plasma is distributed in the wind, rather than confined near the photosphere. It is difficult to understand the X-ray data in the context of the standard wind-shock paradigm for OB stars, primarily because of the narrow lines, but also because of the high X-ray production efficiency. A scenario in which the bulk of the outer wind is shock heated is broadly consistent with the data, but not very well motivated theoretically. It is possible that magnetic channeling could explain the X-ray properties, although no field has been detected on beta Cru. We detected periodic variability in the hard (hnu > 1 keV) X-rays, modulated on the known optical period of 4.58 hours, which is the period of the primary beta Cep pulsation mode for this star. We also have detected, for the first time, an apparent companion to beta Cru at a projected separation of 4 arcsec. This companion was likely never seen in optical images because of the presumed very high contrast between it and beta Cru in the optical. However, the brightness contrast in the X-ray is only 3:1, which is consistent with the companion being an X-ray active low-mass pre-main-sequence star. The companion's X-ray spectrum is relatively hard and variable, as would be expected from a post T Tauri star.
Evaluating the Cognitive Network Controller with an SNN on FPGA

The cognitive network controller (CNC) defines a learning agent that can adapt online and in near real-time the routing decisions needed for bundle transmissions in a space delay-tolerant network and other challenged networks. The agent uses a spiking neural network (SNN) as the learning element in a reinforcement learning loop, which incrementally optimizes the outbound link selection for each bundle based on its estimated routing cost. In this paper, a digital hardware implementation of the SNN element of the CNC is proposed, which helps to accelerate the routing decision-making process to faster-than-real-time levels. The design was tested on a Zynq Z7020 (PYNQ-Z2) SoC/FPGA board. A distributed implementation of the CNC is also proposed, which allows offloading the SNN execution from a DTN gateway to a remote device that hosts the FPGA implementation of the SNN. The methods were validated using an emulated satellite network testbed.
Immunobiology and immunotherapy of HCC: spotlight on innate and innate-like immune cells

Immune-based therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the systemic treatment of various cancer types. The therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies targeting inhibitory pathways such as programmed cell death-1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and CTLA-4 to cells of the adaptive immune system has recently been shown to generate meaningful improvement in the clinical outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Nevertheless, current immunotherapeutic approaches induce durable responses in only a subset of HCC patients. Since immunologic mechanisms such as chronic inflammation due to chronic viral hepatitis or alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease play a crucial role in the initiation, development, and progression of HCC, it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms shaping the unique tumor microenvironment of liver cancer. The liver is an immunologic organ with large populations of innate and innate-like immune cells and is exposed to bacterial, viral, and fungal antigens through the gut-liver axis. Here, we summarize and highlight the role of these cells in liver cancer and propose strategies to therapeutically target them. We also discuss current immunotherapeutic strategies in HCC and outline recent advances in our understanding of how the therapeutic potential of these agents might be enhanced.
Perspective: One-Cell and Cleavage-Stage Mouse Embryos Thrive in Hyperosmotic Oviductal Fluid Through Expression of a Glycine Neurotransmitter Transporter and a Glycine-Gated Chloride Channel: Clinical and Transgenerational Implications

The osmolality of mouse oviductal fluid ranges from about 300 mOsmol/kg in the ampulla 0-3 h post coitus (h p.c.) to more than 350 mOsmol/kg in the isthmus 34-36 h p.c. Thus, it has been surprising to find that development of one-cell and cleavage-stage mouse embryos arrests in vitro in media exceeding 300 mOsmol/kg, and they develop best in unphysiological, hypotonic media. The glycine concentration in oviductal fluid can, however, rescue development in hypertonic media, so physiological conditions in vivo and in vitro likely work together to foster embryo well-being. Glycine acts on one-cell and cleavage-stage mouse embryos through the glycine-gated chloride channel, GLRA4, and uptake via the glycine neurotransmitter transporter, GLYT1. Since these processes lead to further signaling in neurons, the presence and function of such signaling in preimplantation embryos also should be investigated. The more we know about the interactions of physiological processes and conditions in vivo, the better we would be able to reproduce them in vitro. Such improvements in assisted reproductive technology (ART) could improve patient outcomes for IVF and potentially help prevent unwanted developmental abnormalities in early embryos, which might include undesirable epigenetic DNA and histone modifications. These epigenetic modifications may lead to transgenerational adult disorders such as metabolic syndrome and related conditions.
The Risk of Anal Carcinoma After Anogenital Warts in Adults Living With HIV.

Importance In the US, incidence of and mortality due to anal carcinoma are rising faster than for most other cancers. Identifying populations who have a higher risk of developing anal cancers is critical to target preventive interventions. Objective To assess the risk of developing anal carcinoma in adults living with HIV who have a history of anogenital warts. Design, Setting, and Participants This longitudinal cohort study included adults living with HIV from 14 clinics in Washington, DC, and at least 18 months of follow-up. Data were collected from January 1, 2011, to March 31, 2017, and analyzed from June 1, 2019, to October 31, 2020. Exposures Development of warts in the anal or genital region identified by diagnosis codes. Main Outcomes and Measures Individuals with anal carcinoma were identified by diagnosis codes or anal biopsy results. Results A total of 6515 participants were enrolled (4720 male [72.4%] at birth; mean [SD] age, 49.9 [12.7] years), and 383 (5.9%) developed anogenital warts during the study period. Patients who were diagnosed with anogenital warts were more likely to subsequently develop anal carcinoma (17 of 383 [4.4%]) compared with participants without a history of anogenital warts (17 of 6132 [0.3%]) (P Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that adults living with HIV who have a history of anogenital warts have a substantially increased risk of developing anal carcinoma. Clinicians should counsel individuals living with HIV who have anogenital warts on this risk.
Programming origami-like soft actuators using visible light

Programming remotely activated soft actuators that respond quickly and reversibly while traveling defined distances is a major challenge in materials science. Recently, the precise fabrication of highly functional, photoresponsive soft actuators composed of fused yet competing spiropyran-based bilayered hydrogels that respond to a single visible light source was achieved. When combined with photoinactive hydrogels in precise patterns, a series of extravagant “walkers” that undergo predetermined origami-like shape changes is possible.
Social reproduction theory revisited

Social reproduction theory names at least two distinct traditions, one of which has a long history in educational research. Social reproduction theory in education emerged out of a concern with edu...
College health services in California.

Abstract College health services are an underrecognized segment of California's health delivery system. Higher education institutions in California vary in their arrangements for the provision of health services. Some of the smaller institutions provide nurse triage, first aid, and referral only, whereas other institutions provide 24-hour-per-day/7-day-per-week comprehensive ambulatory and inpatient services. More than 200 full-time equivalent physicians are employed in college health services in California. Patient profiles served by college health services targeted the traditional college student age range. Some institutions, however, have expanded their services to include nonstudent university employees and their dependents. Comparing numbers of outpatient visits and professional staffing requirements to student enrollment showed significant variability between institutions, depending upon the scope of services provided (basic, intermediate, comprehensive) and the type of student population (residenti...
Cryogenic Fatigue Testing of Glass Reinforced Epoxy Tubes

In superconductive magnetic energy storage (SMES) units, cold to warm struts are required to transmit the magnetic radial load from the 1.8 K helium dewar surface to the 300 K vacuum vessel surface with a minimum heat leak. Glass reinforced epoxy tubes are proposed for such struts. Subscale samples of strut material and configuration are tested. Ultimate compressive strength testing at both ambient and liquid nitrogen temperatures in addition to the compression-compression fatigue life at 77 K are reported. Scanning electron micrographs of the failed specimens are discussed. The average ultimate compressive strength at 77 K is 128 ksi, about 50% higher than room temperature strength. The low temperature fatigue life at a stress level of 60% of the ultimate strength exceeds one half million cycles.