cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence of citrinin in red yeast rice and various commercial Monascus products in Taiwan from 2009 to 2012

Abstract Red yeast rice, produced by the fermentation of red yeast (Monascus purpureus) with white rice, has long been used in food colouring and meat preservation in Asia. Recently, powdered red yeast rice and its formulated products, used worldwide as dietary supplements, have the ability of reducing blood-lipid levels in humans. However, some Monascus strains could produce the mycotoxin citrinin as a secondary toxic metabolite so that commercial Monascus products are of a serious concern to the public now. The aim of this study was to obtain information about the occurrence of citrinin in red yeast rice and various commercial Monascus products in Taiwan from 2009 to 2012. A simple and rapid HPLC-fluorescence method was developed to detect citrinin in red yeast rice and Monascus products. The method's performance was acceptable in terms of recoveries, which ranged from 81.2% to 94.3% for citrinin-spiked samples at levels of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/kg, and the relative standard deviation ranged from 2.5% to 5.7%. The limit of quantification of 0.05 mg/kg was achieved. The survey results showed that among total 302 samples, the incidences of citrinin contamination were 69.0%, 35.1% and 5.7% for red yeast rice (raw material), dietary supplements and red yeast rice processed products, respectively. The mean contamination levels were 13.3, 1.2 and 0.1 mg/kg for red yeast rice (raw material), dietary supplements and red yeast rice processed products, respectively. Such high citrinin contamination rate and level is worthy of note.
A High-Order Theory of Plate Deformation—Part 2: Laminated Plates

The high-order theory of plate deformation developed in Part I of this work is extended here to model the behavior of laminated plates. Through comparison with elasticity solutions, it is shown the present theory correctly models effects not attainable from the classical theory. /Author/
Synthetic Modification of Manzamine A via Grubbs Metathesis. Novel Structures with Enhanced Antibacterial and Antiprotozoal Properties

A strategy for the structural modification of biologically important alkene-containing natural products via ring-opening olefin metathesis is described. Exposure of manzamine A 1 to the second-generation Grubbs catalyst in the presence of ethylene leads to the formation of 2 and 4. The antibacterial activity of the novel manzamine analogue 2 (IC50 = 0.10 nM) against Mycobacterium intracellulare is ca. 2-fold more potent than that of ciprofloxacin (IC50 = 0.18 nM), a drug that is frequently used against antibiotic-resistant infections.
Electron Energy Dependence of Regioselective Chloride Ion Loss from Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins. Relationship between Resonance Electron Energies and Virtual Orbital Energies

Regiospecifically chlorine-37-labeled polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) undergo electron energy-dependent regioselective chloride ion loss when analyzed by electron capture negative ion mass spectrometry using an electron monochromator to supply the slow monoenergetic electrons. Three negative ion resonances, produced with electrons of energies <0.5, ∼1, and ∼4 eV are associated with the production of chloride ions from PCDDs. Negative ion resonances for the production of molecular ions of higher PCDDs were recorded with electrons of energies <0.2 eV. Dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and some trichlordibenzo-p-dioxins showed no molecular ions. A correlation was found between the experimental electron attachment energies and the virtual orbital energies calculated by modified density functional theory methods using the B3LYP/D95//B3LYP/D95 level of theory. The results from these correlations strongly suggest that all negative ion-forming processes for this class of compounds are initiated from π* states. The lo...
The MRN-CtIP pathway is required for metaphase chromosome alignment

Faithful duplication of the genome in S phase followed by its accurate segregation in mitosis is essential to maintain genomic integrity. Recent studies have suggested that proteins involved in DNA transactions are also required for whole-chromosome stability. Here we demonstrate that the MRN (Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1) complex and CtIP are required for accurate chromosome segregation. Depletion of Mre11 or CtIP, antibody-mediated inhibition of Mre11, or small-molecule inhibition of MRN using mirin results in metaphase chromosome alignment defects in Xenopus egg extracts. Similarly, loss of MRN function adversely affects spindle assembly around DNA-coated beads in egg extracts. Inhibition of MRN function in mammalian cells triggers a metaphase delay and disrupts the RCC1-dependent RanGTP gradient. Addition of the Mre11 inhibitor mirin to egg extracts and mammalian cells reduces RCC1 association with mitotic chromosomes. Thus, the MRN-CtIP pathway contributes to Ran-dependent mitotic spindle assembly by modulating RCC1 chromosome association.
Self‐Esteem, Self‐Serving Cognitions, and Health Risk Behavior

ABSTRACT The current article reviews prospective and experimental re-search on the relation between self-esteem and perceptions of vulnerability.These studies demonstrate that individuals with high self-esteem who engagein risk behavior often utilize a variety of self-serving cognitive strategies thatprotect them from fully acknowledging their vulnerability to the potentialnegative consequences of their behavior; e.g., they minimize their estimates ofpersonal risk and overestimate the prevalence of the risk behavior among theirpeers. The article also provides data on an additional self-serving cognitivestrategy employed by adolescents with high self-esteem—alteration of percep-tions of others’reactions to their own risk behavior. Finally, the article reviewsthe emerging literature on the relation between these cognitive strategies and Journal of Personality 68:6, December 2000.Copyright © 2000 by Blackwell Publishers, 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148,USA, and 108 Cowley Road, Oxford, OX4 1JF, UK.Meg Gerrard, Frederick X. Gibbons, Monica Reis-Bergan, and Daniel Russell, Departmentof Psychology and Institute for Social and Behavioral Research, Iowa State University;Monica Reis-Bergan now at School of Psychology, James Madison University.This study was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH48165-08and National Institute for Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Grant AA102808. We thankthe adolescents and parents for their cooperation, and the staff of the Department ofPsychology and Institute for Social and BehavioralResearch for their assistance with theresearch.Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Meg Gerrard, Depart-ment of Psychology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010.
Differential Effects of Warm- and Cold-Ambient Temperature on Blood Levels of β-Endorphin and Prolactin in the Rat

AbstractA comparison of the effects of warm- and cold-ambient temperature and physical immobilization on blood levels of immunoreactive β-endorphin (β-END) and prolactin (PRL) in rats was made. Both physical restraint (15–45 min) and warm-ambient temperature (36°, 20 to 360 min) evoked increases in circulating levels of β-END and PRL. By contrast, exposure to cold-ambient temperature (4°, 7 1/2 to 360 min) increased blood levels of β-END but decreased circulating PRL. This divergence in plasma levels of β-END and PRL in cold-exposed animals suggests that: (i) separate hypothalamic mechanisms regulate the secretion of these two hormones, and (ii) bloodborne β-END does not normally stimulate PRL in cold-exposed rats. Therefore, under the present conditions the secretion of pituitary prolactin appears to be directly related to changes in body temperature and not plasma levels of immunoreactive β-END.
New findings from the SpiderWeb algorithm: toward a digital morse theory

Algorithms that tile iso-valued surfaces should produce 'correctly' tiled orientable manifold surfaces. Rigorous evaluation of different algorithms or case tables has been impossible up to now because of the lack of a clear and comprehensive theoretical framework. We propose the extension of Morse theory, as developed in the continuous domain, to apply to discretely sampled continuous domains (sampled Morse functions). We call this the digital domain, and thus formulate a Digital Morse Theory (DMT). We show that a discretely sampled continuous volume in which we are tiling a surface can have various classes of Morse criticalities. When the isosurface comes close (within a voxel length) of a criticality, this is what gives rise to certain apparent ambiguities in tiling surfaces. DMT provides a heuristic to correctly disambiguate tiling decisions. In addition, DMT gives insight to correctly simplifying a volume data set so as to produce an isosurface with a reduced number of tiles, and yet maintain a topology. Additionally, one can establish a hierarchical relationship between each criticality and its associated regions.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Strangers in a Strange Land: The Relationship Between Expatriate Adjustment and Impression Management

This article explores the theoretical relationships between impression management and expatriate adjustment. Linkages are delineated and propositions are offered for future research testing. Finally, issues germane to practitioners are derived from the article, and suggestions are offered regarding the enhancement of cross-cultural training program design.
Fuel Economy and Emissions of the Ethanol-Optimized Saab 9-5 Biopower

Saab Automobile recently released the BioPower engines, advertised to use increased turbocharger boost and spark advance on ethanol fuel to enhance performance. Specifications for the 2.0 liter turbocharged engine in the Saab 9-5 Biopower 2.0t report 150 hp (112 kW) on gasoline and a 20% increase to 180 hp (134 kW) on E85 (nominally 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline). While FFVs sold in the U.S. must be emissions certified on Federal Certification Gasoline as well as on E85, the European regulations only require certification on gasoline. Owing to renewed and growing interest in increased ethanol utilization in the U.S., a European-specification 2007 Saab 9-5 Biopower 2.0t was acquired by the Department of Energy and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for benchmark evaluations. Results show that the vehicle’s gasoline equivalent fuel economy on the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) and the Highway Fuel Economy Test (HFET) are on par with similar U.S.-legal flex-fuel vehicles. Regulated and unregulated emissions measurements on the FTP and the US06 aggressive driving test (part of the supplemental FTP) show that despite the lack of any certification testing requirement in Europe on E85 or on the U.S. cycles, the vehicle is within Tier 2, Bin 5 emissions levels (note that full useful life emissions have not been measured) on the FTP, and also within the 4000 mile (6400 km) US06 emissions limits. Emissions of hydrocarbon-based hazardous air pollutants are higher on Federal Certification Gasoline while ethanol and aldehyde emissions are higher on ethanol fuel. The advertised power increase on E85 was confirmed through acceleration tests on the chassis dynamometer as well as on-road.
Cleavage of deoxyoxanosine-containing oligodeoxyribonucleotides by bacterial endonuclease V.

Oxanine (O) is a deamination product derived from guanine with the nitrogen at the N 1 position substituted by oxygen. Cytosine, thymine, adenine, guanine as well as oxanine itself can be incorporated by Klenow Fragment to pair with oxanine in a DNA template with similar efficiency, indicating that oxanine in DNA may cause various mutations. As a nucleotide, deoxyoxanosine may substitute for deoxyguanosine to complete a primer extension reaction. Endonuclease V, an enzyme known for its enzymatic activity on uridine-, inosine- and xanthosine-containing DNA, can cleave oxanosine-containing DNA at the second phosphodiester bond 3' to the lesion. Mg 2 + or Mn 2 + , and to a small extent Co 2 + or Ni 2 + , support the oxanosine-containing DNA cleavage activity. All four oxanosine-containing base pairs (A/O, T/O, C/O and G/O) were cleaved with similar efficiency. The cleavage of double-stranded oxanosine-containing DNA was ∼6-fold less efficient than that of double-stranded inosine-containing DNA. Single-stranded oxanosine-containing DNA was cleaved with a lower efficiency as compared with double-stranded oxanosine-containing DNA. A metal ion enhances the binding of endonuclease V to double-stranded and single-stranded oxanosine-containing DNA 6- and 4-fold, respectively. Hypothetic modelsofoxanine-containing base pairs and deaminated base recognition mechanism are presented.
Location-based Spatial Queries with Data Sharing in Mobile Environments

Mobile clients feature increasingly sophisticated wireless networking support that enables real-time information exchange with remote databases. Location-dependent spatial queries, such as determining the proximity of stationary objects (e.g., restaurants and gas stations) are an important class of inquiries. We present novel approaches to support nearest-neighbor queries and window queries from mobile hosts by leveraging the sharing capabilities of wireless ad-hoc networks. We illustrate how previous query results cached in the local storage of neighboring mobile peers can be leveraged to either fully or partially compute and verify spatial queries at a local host. The feasibility and appeal of our technique is illustrated through extensive simulation results that indicate a considerable reduction of the query load on the remote database. Furthermore, the scalability of our approaches is excellent because a higher density of mobile hosts increases its effectiveness.
VARIATION IN THE BIOAVAILABILITY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS TO THE AMPHIPOD DIPOREIA (SPP.) WITH SEDIMENT AGING

The accumulation kinetics of the amphipod Diporeia sp. for sediment-sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) congeners were measured where the contact time between the PAH congeners and the sediments varied between 3 and 150 d. Diporeia were exposed to a reference sed- iment dosed with two radiolabeled PAHs (phenanthrene and pyrene) and to sediments dosed with the two radiotracers and a mixture of PAHs at 272.3 + 10.9 nmol g-' dry sediment, as the sum of the nine nonlabeled PAHs. The sediments were prepared by dosing aliquots of a single collection of sediment with PAHs at different times, producing a series of contact times. The exposures were all performed at the same time from a single collection of organisms. Diporeia were sampled for mortality and toxicokinetics for up to 28 d. Some sediment avoidance was observed during the first 12 d of exposure. The partitioning between sediment particles and interstitial water increased sig- nificantly for both phenanthrene and pyrene as contact time increased. The uptake rate coefficient decreased for both phenanthrene and pyrene when the contact with the sediment was increased from 3 to 60 d. When thi contaminant-sediment contact was increased from 60 to 150 d, the phenanthrene uptake rate coefficient remained constant whereas that for pyrene increased somewhat. Similar up- take results were observed with the nonradiolabeled compounds. Keywords-Bioavailability Diporeia Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sediment storage Sediment aging
Depictions of mental illnesses in children's media

Background: It has been suggested that media portrayals help to perpetuate the negative perceptions and attitudes of the public toward people living with mental illnesses. Children are significant ...
Maltreated Nestlings Exhibit Correlated Maltreatment as Adults: Evidence of a “Cycle of Violence” in Nazca Boobies (Sula granti)

ABSTRACT. The “cycle of violence” hypothesis implicates child abuse as a cause of later violent behavior via social transmission between generations. It has received mixed support from human research and has prompted the study of nonhuman models with comparable abuse behaviors. The underlying biology of child abuse remains a controversial subject, perhaps partly because in nonhuman animals similar behavior occurs relatively rarely in wild populations. The Nazca Booby (Sula granti), a colonial seabird, provides a nonhuman model in which maltreatment of nonfamilial young is widespread under normal living conditions. Essentially all adults show social attraction at some point in their lives to the offspring of other parents, often with a sexual and/or aggressive motivation. Here, we show a correlation between the degree to which a young bird is targeted by such adults and its own infliction of maltreatment later in life. The results provide the first evidence from a nonhuman of socially transmitted maltreatm...
CONVERGENCE OF NEWTON'S METHOD UNDER THE GAMMA CONDITION

We provide a semilocal as well as a local convergence analysis of Newton’s method using the gamma condition [1], [10], [11]. Using more precise majorizing sequences than before [4], [8]—[11] and under at least as weak hypotheses, we provide in the semilocal case: finer error bounds on the distances involved and an at least as precise information on the location of the solution; in the local case: a larger radius of convergence.
Radioimmunodetection of human colon carcinoma xenografts in visceral organs of congenitally athymic mice.

The LS-174T human colon carcinoma line and A375 human melanoma line were used to establish primary tumor xenografts at three sites (subcutaneous, spleen, and kidney) in congenitally athymic mice. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactive with the LS-174T line, B72.3 IgG, was labeled with iodine 125, and an isotype-identical control antibody MOPC-21, was labeled with iodine 131. Labeled antibodies were injected intravenously in tumor-bearing mice, and animals were killed at varying intervals. Tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-organ ratios of MAb 72.3 indicated no significant difference at any of the three primary tumor sites in LS-174T tumor-bearing mice. The percent injected dose per gram was higher at visceral sites on day 3, but was similar on days 5 and 7 at all sites. Localization indices on all days ranged from 4 to 1 to greater than 16 to 1, confirming the specificity of the B72.3 reactivity at all sites. Athymic mice bearing tumor xenografts were scanned on day 7, and the LS-174T spleen and kidney tumors were imaged, with efficacy similar to that of the subcutaneous site. The visceral tumor model is more representative of the human disease, and may therefore be a better model for evaluation of monoclonal antibodies for radioimmunodetection and therapymore » for cancer in intra-abdominal organs.« less
Counter-surveillance as Political Intervention?

This paper analyzes practices of counter-surveillance—particularly against closed-circuit television systems in urban areas—and theorizes their political implications. Counter-surveillance is defined as intentional, tactical uses, or disruptions of surveillance technologies to challenge institutional power asymmetries. Such activities can include disabling or destroying surveillance cameras, mapping paths of least surveillance and disseminating that information over the Internet, employing video cameras to monitor sanctioned surveillance systems and their personnel, or staging public plays to draw attention to the prevalence of surveillance in society. The main argument is that current modes of activism tend to individualize surveillance problems and methods of resistance, leaving the institutions, policies, and cultural assumptions that support public surveillance relatively insulated from attack.
Feedback falling on deaf ears: residents' receptivity to feedback tempered by sender credibility

We interviewed internal medicine residents to characterize their perceptions of effective feedback. These semi-structured interviews also explored aspects of the person sending the feedback which m...
Postnatal development of substance-P immunoreactivity in the rat superior colliculus

Immunocytochemical techniques have been used to examine the distribution of substance-P (SP)-labeled neurons in the superior colliculus of rats from birth to adulthood. At birth, there are almost no SP-immunopositive neurons in the tectum. A small number of SP neurons appear over the next several days. However, the vast majority of SP neurons appear between P9 and P10, and by P12 have attained adult-like numbers and distribution. Neurons are confined to the superficial layers of the colliculus, specifically the upper two-thirds of the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS). There is no indication of a differential developmental sequence along rostrocaudal or mediolateral axes. Neuronal types can be distinguished as early as P6 and include horizontal, vertical, and multipolar cells.Substance-P-immunoreactive axons and boutons are also present in the superior colliculus at birth, and are for the most part confined to the deep layers. Boutons are generally of the en-passant type. The density of labeled axons and boutons increases progressively, and by P10 there is an almost adult-like lamination and patchiness. In the adult, labeled axons and boutons are most dense in the stratum opticum and stratum griseum intermedium. Bridges of dorsoventrally oriented labeled axons span the relatively label-poor stratum album intermedium. SP label in the stratum griseum profundum is dense and patchy, and there is also dense label in the stratum album profundum bordering the periaqueductal grey.The role of substance-P-labeled neurons in the superior colliculus is still a matter of speculation. The findings of this study indicate that SP neurons may play a role in intrinsic collicular circuitry.
Analytical modelling of thin amorphous silicon-germanium solar cells

The a-SiGe:H material parameters pertinent to the operation of the red scavenging component of a multijunction solar cell are explored. Analytical modeling of p-i-n graded a-SiGe:H, a-Si:H solar cells is used to probe the relative minority carrier transport. These results are compared to film measurements including photo and dark conductivity as well as to capacitance measurements. The primary result is that the electron lifetime in a-SiGe:H is significantly longer than previously thought. This multifaceted analysis suggests directions for the attainment of efficient silicon-germanium devices. >
Deep mRNA Sequencing for In Vivo Functional Analysis of Cardiac Transcriptional Regulators Application to Gαq

Rationale: Transcriptional profiling can detect subclinical heart disease and provide insight into disease etiology and functional status. Current microarray-based methods are expensive and subject to artifact. Objective: To develop RNA sequencing methodologies using next generation massively parallel platforms for high throughput comprehensive analysis of individual mouse cardiac transcriptomes. To compare the results of sequencing- and array-based transcriptional profiling in the well-characterized Gαq transgenic mouse hypertrophy/cardiomyopathy model. Methods and Results: The techniques for preparation of individually bar-coded mouse heart RNA libraries for Illumina Genome Analyzer II resequencing are described. RNA sequencing showed that 234 high-abundance transcripts (>60 copies/cell) comprised 55% of total cardiac mRNA. Parallel transcriptional profiling of Gαq transgenic and nontransgenic hearts by Illumina RNA sequencing and Affymetrix Mouse Gene 1.0 ST arrays revealed superior dynamic range for m...
Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger

Using the emotions as social information (EASI) model, this study investigated the emotional, attitudinal and behavioral reactions to failure feedback by manipulating negative emotional displays (angry, disappointed or none) and the position level and relational distance of the feedback source. Undergraduate students (N = 260) responded to an organizational failure feedback vignette and completed a subsequent performance task. Results demonstrated that guilt was the complementary emotional experience following displays of disappointment, while reciprocal anger followed displays of anger. These emotional reactions served as important mediators between the emotional displays paired with the feedback message and participant responses of social behaviors, creative task performance and perceptions of the feedback source. In addition, our findings indicated that negative emotions can have positive organizational and interpersonal outcomes. Guilt in response to disappointed displays resulted in beneficial behavi...
Capillary Electrophoresis of Proteins and Glycoproteins

As a result of their complex nature, the separation of proteins and glycoproteins by capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a challenge. Fortunately, a number of approaches allow for effective analysis of these biomolecules. Of particular concern is the proclivity of proteins and their glycoconjugates to adsorb to the capillary wall. Various covalent and dynamic capillary coatings are described which minimize this effect. We also address general concerns including electrode polarity, capillary conditioning and method development that are important for achieving optimal separation. Finally, each separation mode, including capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), is discussed with particular attention to its niche in the realm of protein and glycoprotein analysis.
An investigation of the equatorial orographic-dynamic mechanism

A barotropic model over an equatorial beta-plane is used to investigate the response when a uniform zonal current crosses an isolated hypothetical mountain centered at the equator. The bounded derivative initialization method is applied to suppress gravity-inertia motions. A quasi-stationary trough is generated at the top of the orography. Its intensity is greater in the easterly case than in the westerly case of the initial zonal current. A diagnostic equation is derived to interpret this difference in the solution. The quasi-stationary orographic divergence field which is positive on the windward slope and negative on the leeward slope (for both easterly and westerly cases of the initial zonal current) is responsible for maintaining the trough. The difference in the intensity of the trough is due to the contribution of the beta-u effect, which changes sign with the direction of the initial zonal flow.
SYNERGY AMONG LYMPHOID CELLS MEDIATING THE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST RESPONSE : III. EVIDENCE FOR INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO TYPES OF THYMUS-DERIVED CELLS

Two types of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes have been shown to cooperate in the induction of graft-versus-host responses. One cell type is found in highest concentrations in the peripheral blood and lymph node, is extremely sensitive to anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) in vivo, and is probably part of the recirculating lymphoid cell pool (3). The second cell type, found in highest concentrations in the thymus and spleen, is relatively resistant to small doses of ATS in vivo. Both cell types are substantially depleted after neonatal thymectomy. Moreover, since synergism was also obtained using appropriate mixtures of cells from either parental strain in F(1) hosts, it was possible to show that the nonrecirculating cells determined the specificity of the response and were probably the precursors of effector cells in this response. The recirculating T cell appeared to amplify this response. The implications of these data are discussed.
Experience the Future: Papers from the Second National Symposium on Experiential Education in Law, Part VI, 'The Role of Practitioners in Experiential Education'

On June 13-15, 2014, the Second National Symposium on Experiential Education in Law took place in Greensboro, North Carolina. The Alliance for Experiential Learning in Law and Elon University School of Law hosted the symposium, with the support of Northeastern University School of Law. Presenters included professors and practitioners across multiple disciplines, including business, medicine, and architecture, and they shared their insights about the value of experiential education in their fields. Working groups from the Alliance for Experiential Learning in Law also presented their findings and distributed a set of working papers, which eventually culminated into this report. The report covers research in six areas of experiential learning, including defining a vision and mission for the experiential education movement, tracking the developing rhetoric of experiential education, studying cost and sustainability measures for experiential legal education, integrating experiential learning into the law school curriculum, establishing creative initiatives at law schools, and integrating with the profession. The whole article is posted and reflects the work of a number of authors. Professors Barry and Paulsen wrote Part VI, The Role of Practitioners in Experiential Education. That section discusses their assessment of the contributions practitioners can make in achieving law school goals for student learning.
Towards scalable networks of solid-state quantum memories in a photonic integrated circuit (Presentation Recording)

A central goal of quantum information science is the entanglement of multiple quantum memories that can be individually controlled. Here, we discuss progress towards photonic integrated circuits designed to enable efficient optical interactions between multiple spin qubits in nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. We describe NV-nanocavity systems in the strong Purcell regime with optical quality factors approaching 10,000 and electron spin coherence times exceeding 200 μs; implantation of NVs with nanometer-scale apertures, including into cavity field maxima; hybrid on-chip networks for integration of multiple functional NV-cavity systems; and scalable integration of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors on-chip.
Economic and Statistical Properties of Implementable Trading Strategies

Capital market studies typically report one set of results that tests for both economic and statistical significance. Statistical significance is necessary, but not sufficient, for economic significance, which requires that a trading scheme earns abnormal returns, after information costs, transactions costs, the opportunity cost of capital, and adjustment for risk preferences. Such a strategy must be implementable in real time, not CRSP/Compustat time. Typical research designs are evaluated in the context of economic and statistical properties of implementable trading schemes. Applying the analysis to well known accounting papers suggests that abnormal returns cannot be earned based on publicly available information.
Tobacco Smoke, Nicotine and Epilepsy

Investigators at University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, review the literature on the differences between tobacco smoke and nicotine, and their roles in causing or protecting against seizures in animal studies and in humans with epilepsy.
Effect of Several Growth Factors on Plasminogen Activator Activity in Granulosa and Theca Cells of the Domestic Hen

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of several growth factors on plasminogen activator (PA) activity in granulosa and theca cells collected from the largest preovulatory follicle in the hen ovary and to determine the involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or protein kinase C, or both, in mediating the actions of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on granulosa PA activity. The granulosa cells were treated with increasing concentrations of: EGF (.33 to 16.4 nM); insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I, 2.61 to 131 nM); fibroblast growth factor (FGF, .15 to 7.5 nM); or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF, .02 to 1 nM). The treatments resulted in a dose-dependent increase in both cell-associated and secreted enzyme activity. The stimulatory effects of IGF-I (131 nM), however, were not mimicked with an equimolar concentration of the related peptide, insulin-like growth factor II. By contrast, theca cell PA activity was not significantly altered by EGF (16.4 nM), IGF-I (131 nM), FGF (7.5 nM), or PDGF (1 nM). Accumulation of cAMP was measured following exposure of granulosa cells to luteinizing hormone (LH, 10 ng, used as a positive control) or to EGF (16.4 and 164 nM) in the presence of .1 mM isobutylmethylxanthine. A 5-fold increase in cAMP levels was observed in response to LH; however, granulosa cell cAMP production was not altered by the presence of EGF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Epidemic Characteristics Analysis of Food-poisoning Events in Gansu Province in 2007—2011

Objective To research the outbreak characteristics and variation tendency of food poisoning events from 2007 to 2011 in Gansu province of China to provide scientific basis for making effective prevention and control measures. Method Based on the information released by the government of Gansu province,data of food poisoning events from 2007 to 2011 were statistically analyzed in detail. Result Totally 41 food poisoning events were reported during 2007—2011 in Gansu province,with 1 644 individuals involved and 26 cases died. The maximum number of outbreak events was 13 in 2009,and it was reducing in the recent years. The main pathogenic factor was microorganism which induced 20 food poisoning events and involved 74. 94% of total cases. The major cause of death was chemical food poisoning,accounting for 69. 23%. Conclusion Enhancing the food hygiene health,strengthening the food quality management and improving the public consciousness were the effective measures to prevent food poisoning and reduce the mortality.
Cotton, Clemency, and Control: United States v. Klein and the Juridical Legacy of Executive Pardon

When the guns of war fell silent in 1865, Americans throughout the reunited states grappled with the logistics of peace. At virtually every turn lay nebulous but critical questions of race, class, allegiance, and identity. More pragmatic legal stumbling blocks could also be found strewn across the path to Reconstruction; some of them would ensnare the healing nation for decades to come. Among their number was notorious Supreme Court decision United States v. Klein (1872). Born on July 22, 1865 out of a small debate over the wartime seizure of Vicksburg cotton stores, Klein quickly evolved into a legal behemoth. In its tangles with the separation of powers, the presidential power of pardon, and the supremacy of the executive in judicial matters, United States v. Klein would ultimately amount to the very poster child of the snowball effect at work in Reconstruction law. Widely forgotten or overlooked today, the decision of United States v. Klein nonetheless stands as one of the most crucial battles of the American Civil War era.
Flavourings significantly affect inhalation toxicity of aerosol generated from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)

Background E-cigarettes or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are designed to deliver nicotine-containing aerosol via inhalation. Little is known about the health effects of flavoured ENDS aerosol when inhaled. Methods Aerosol from ENDS was generated using a smoking machine. Various types of ENDS devices or a tank system prefilled with liquids of different flavours, nicotine carrier, variable nicotine concentrations and with modified battery output voltage were tested. A convenience sample of commercial fluids with flavour names of tobacco, pina colada, menthol, coffee and strawberry were used. Flavouring chemicals were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. H292 human bronchial epithelial cells were directly exposed to 55 puffs of freshly generated ENDS aerosol, tobacco smoke or air (controls) using an air–liquid interface system and the Health Canada intense smoking protocol. The following in vitro toxicological effects were assessed: (1) cell viability, (2) metabolic activity and (3) release of inflammatory mediators (cytokines). Results Exposure to ENDS aerosol resulted in decreased metabolic activity and cell viability and increased release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL10 compared to air controls. Cell viability and metabolic activity were more adversely affected by conventional cigarettes than most tested ENDS products. Product type, battery output voltage and flavours significantly affected toxicity of ENDS aerosol, with a strawberry-flavoured product being the most cytotoxic. Conclusions Our data suggest that characteristics of ENDS products, including flavours, may induce inhalation toxicity. Therefore, ENDS users should use the products with caution until more comprehensive studies are performed.
Bench, Bedside, Curbside, and Home: Translational Research to Include Transformative Change Using Educational Research

Translational research originated in the medical field during the 1990s to describe taking discovery based research through the steps of applying it to clinical research and patient-oriented care. This model is implicitly linear, depicting the flow of information from researchers’ bench, to a clinical trial bedside, to a primary care physician’s practice. The prevailing model of translational research, referred to as “Bench to Bedside to Curbside,” is limited in that it does not adequately incorporate stakeholders outside of the professional or research community because Curbside refers to physician care delivered to patients. This omits the transformative impact that research can have on the general populace if implemented through educational research, disseminating knowledge to people who can use it. In this article we argue that a fourth category needs to be incorporated into the previous T1-T3 Bench to Bedside to Curbside model, and this fourth category represents T4, “Home.” We seek to further define and describe, while providing a new model for translational research that is more circular in nature and inclusive of the general populace. We also suggest that the incorporation of educational researchers and practitioners would expand the current collaborative nature of translational research and is a way to expand the translational model. This promises more adequate, effective, and sustainable impacts on a target population.
Does leadership indicate male quality in Neoconocephalus katydids

Females of many species show strong directional preferences for costly male signals, which serve as indicators of male quality. Leader preference, a directional preference for males producing their signals ahead of their neighbors’, is unusual in that there are no inherent costs to producing the attractive signal. Nonetheless, interacting males compete to produce leading signals, with the winner gaining a large fitness advantage. Here, we test whether competition to produce leading calls is sufficient to make leadership an honest indicator of male quality in the absence of costs in Neoconocephalus katydids. We include one species with leader preference and two without to determine whether any correlations between signal and quality arose before or after the evolution of leader preference. We found no correlations between leadership and male quality in any species tested, suggesting that the production of leading calls does not serve as an honest indicator of quality. This is likely the ancestral state for this system. The ability to produce leading calls in N. ensiger, the species with leader preference, was not correlated with costly call traits. However, the ability to produce leading calls was highly repeatable, allowing for the possibility that it encodes meaningful information about males. The inter-individual variation in the ability to produce leading calls is likely caused by neural properties within the central pattern generator; this variation is likely due to both genetic and environmental factors. Though we found no evidence that females gain a fitness benefit by mating with leading males, we cannot exclude the possibility without tests of female fitness. Females often show strong preferences for costly male signals that advertise male quality. The preference for males producing signals ahead of their neighbors’ is unusual in that there are not necessarily any energetic costs associated with producing the preferred signals. However, males do compete to produce leading signals, allowing for the possibility that only high quality males can “win” these interactions as some costs become associated with winning. We tested whether the ability to produce leading calls advertises male quality in Neoconocephalus katydids, even in the absence of energetic costs. We found no correlation between the ability to produce leading calls and male quality in any species tested. Though further tests are necessary, this suggests that the ability to produce leading calls does not advertise male quality, even when males are competing for the leading role.
Is restaging transurethral resection necessary in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and limited lamina propria invasion?

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the influence of lamina propria invasion type at initial transurethral resection (TUR) on restaging pathology. Materials and methods We reviewed prospectively maintained records of all patients with a high-grade pT1 nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent both initial and restaging TUR within 6 weeks at our center between 2001 and 2016. The pathology of second TUR specimens was analyzed with regard to the characteristics of lamina propria invasion found at initial resection. Results We included 198 patients, with a median age of 70 years (interquartile range: 63–79). Muscle was present in the initial TUR specimen in 107 patients (54%). Pathology restaging was pT0 in 73 patients (37%), pTis in 44 (22%), pTa in 27 (14%), pT1 in 50 (25%), and pT2 in 4 (2%). Eighty-seven patients (44%) had tumors with minimal lamina propria invasion at initial TUR: 53 specimens (27%) had focal invasion (few malignant cells in the lamina propria); 15 specimens (7.6%) had superficial invasion (invasion of the lamina propria to the level of the muscularis mucosae [T1a]); and 19 specimens (10%) had multifocal superficial invasion (multiple areas of T1a). Of the patients with minimal lamina propria invasion, residual disease was found in 54 patients (62%). However, none of those patients had T2 disease. Conclusions A significant number of patients with T1 tumors have residual disease at restaging TUR as do patients with minimal lamina propria invasion. The extent of T1 invasion does not eliminate the need for repeat TUR.
Introduction to “Contemplating Cops: A Tale of Identities – Essay 2” by David John Farmer

This second of four essays continues the first essay’s central theme of openness, but also illustrates several key analytic strategies visible in David Farmer’s work. First, inspired in part by psy...
Radio Pulse Measurements of Acoustic Parameters

Measurement errors of acoustical parameters during ultrasonic inspection of metal pipes using an excitation signal in the form of a radio pulse are examined.
Occupational Safety and Health Act … and the Hospital

The principles of occupational safety and health have long been applied to industry, but it is only in recent times that serious consideration has been given to their application in the hospital. This interest coincided with the passage, in 1970, of the Occupatinal Safety and Health Act (OSHA), the government's first venture into general occupational safety and health. The statute's purpose is “to provide for the general welfare, to assure so far as possible every working man and woman in the nation safe and healthful working conditions and to preserve our human resources.” In general, the Act permits the Secretary of Labor to promulgate occupational safety and health standards. The secretary or his authorized representative may, “with Out delay,” enter the premises of any employer who is covered by the Act, which includes virtually every private sector employer. The legislation applies to 5 million businesses and 57 million employees, who in a year suffer 14,000 deaths and 2 million disabling injuries or diseases related to their occupation.
Knowing Behavior Helps Insure Models Against Breakage: A Commentary on Kaber’s “Issues in Human–Automation Interaction Modeling”:

This commentary on Kaber’s review of human–automation interaction (HAI) modeling and levels of automation (LOA) highlights some of the challenges designers of automated systems face as a result of ...
Host plant associated enhancement of immunity and survival in virus infected caterpillars

Understanding the interaction between host plant chemistry, the immune response, and insect pathogens can shed light on host plant use by insect herbivores. In this study, we focused on how interactions between the insect immune response and plant secondary metabolites affect the response to a viral pathogen. Based upon prior research, we asked whether the buckeye caterpillar, Junonia coenia (Nymphalidae), which specializes on plants containing iridoid glycosides (IGs), is less able to resist the pathogenic effects of a densovirus infection when feeding on plants with high concentrations of IGs. In a fully factorial design, individuals were randomly assigned to three treatments, each of which had two levels: (1) exposed to the densovirus versus control, (2) placed on a plant species with high concentrations of IGs (Plantago lanceolata, Plantaginaceae) versus low concentrations of IGs (P. major), and (3) control versus surface sterilized to exclude surface microbes that may contribute to viral resistance. We measured phenoloxidase (PO) activity, hemocyte counts, and gut bacterial diversity (16S ribosomal RNA) during the fourth larval instar, as well as development time, pupal weight, and survival to adult. Individuals infected with the virus were immune-suppressed (as measured by PO response and hemocyte count) and developed significantly faster than virus-free individuals. Contrary to our predictions,mortality was significantly less for virus challengedindividuals reared on the high IG plant compared to the low IG plant.This suggests that plant secondary metabolites can influence survival from viral infection and may be associated with activation of PO. Removing egg microbes did not affect the immune response or survival of the larvae. In summary, these results suggest that plant secondary metabolites are important for survival against a viral pathogen. Even though the PO response was better on the high IG plant, the extent to which this result contributes to survival against the virus needs further investigation.
Epidemiology and Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health issue worldwide despite the availability of an effective vaccine and the development of effective antiviral treatments. The World Health Organization estimates that 248 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV, with the highest prevalence in East Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Pacific Islands. Complications of chronic HBV infection include hepatocellular carcinoma, end-stage liver disease, liver transplant, and death, with the risk of these complications varying by mode of transmission and disease duration. Annually, an estimated 650,000 people die from complications of chronic HBV, with 40% of these deaths occurring in Global Vaccine Alliance countries. Perinatal transmission is the leading cause of HBV transmission worldwide, accounting for more than 60% of all childhood-acquired HBV. Implementation of national vaccination programs has significantly decreased prevalence in multiple countries in both Asia and Africa. The initiation of antiviral therapy in pregnant mothers with detectable virus can also reduce the risk of perinatal HBV transmission when combined with vaccination and, where available, HBIG. Chronic HBV is defined as hepatic necroinflammation due to the persistent presence of infection (hepatitis B surface antigen-positive) beyond 6 months and can be divided into at least five major phases of infection. Each phase is associated with characteristic patterns of ALT, HBV DNA levels, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status, liver histology, and response to antiviral therapy. The age the infection is acquired largely dictates the immune response against acute HBV infection and the subsequent natural history of chronic infection.