cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Description of a clinical pharmacist intervention administered to primary care patients with depression

The objective of this article is to provide a detailed description of interactions between patients with depression and pharmacists. Analysis was conducted on patients from the intervention arm (n=268) of an randomized controlled trial that evaluated the impact of a clinical pharmacist on the outcomes for depressed primary care patients from nine metropolitan Boston practices. The main outcome measure was the amount of intervention time spent with patients, physicians, and other activities. Details of the behavioral intervention and a categorization of the activities are offered. Pharmacists reported 978 encounters with 268 patients in 6 months. Eighty percent of patient encounters occurred by telephone. Initial encounters took 45 min if in person and 13.3 min if by telephone. Subsequent encounters followed a similar pattern. Follow-up visits occurred 2.3 times per patient. Physician contact took considerably less time. In total, the pharmacist intervention took 70.3 min per patient over 6 months; 42.2% of encounters involved an activity related to non-antidepressant medication and 85% of encounters involved general support. Other activities (education, advocating antidepressants, and motivating adherence) occurred in at least 50% of encounters. Pharmacists repeated intervention activities in the same category approximately two to three times. Interventions to improve the care of depression in primary care patients must anticipate encountering intense needs for information, personal support, and help negotiating the healthcare system. Research that identifies relationships between the components (active ingredients) of an intervention and the outcomes of care will benefit future intervention strategies and contribute to improved and efficient care.
Separation of signal and coherent noise by migration filtering

A key issue in wavefield separation is to find a domain where the signal and coherent noise are well separated from one another. A new wavefield separation algorithm, called migration filtering, separates data arrivals according to their path of propagation and their actual moveout characteristics. This is accomplished by using forward modeling operators to compute the signal and the coherent noise arrivals. A linearized least‐squares inversion scheme yields model estimates for both components; the predicted signal component is constructed by forward modeling the signal model estimate. Synthetic and field data examples demonstrate that migration filtering improves separation of P-wave reflections and surface waves, P-wave reflections and tube waves, P-wave diffractions, and S-wave diffractions. The main benefits of the migration filtering method compared to conventional filtering methods are better wavefield separation capability, the capability of mixing any two conventional transforms for wavefield sepa...
Modulation of delta opioid agonist-induced antinociception by repeated morphine pretreatment in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Aims Repeated treatment with morphine increases antinociceptive effects of delta opioid agonists in rodents by a mechanism that may involve increased cell-surface expression of delta receptors. The present study evaluated effects of repeated morphine treatment on behavioral effects of the delta agonist SNC80 and the mu agonist fentanyl in rhesus monkeys. Main methods In an assay of schedule-controlled responding, three monkeys responded for food reinforcement under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule. In an assay of thermal nociception, tail-withdrawal latencies were evaluated in three monkeys using thermal stimulus intensities of 48 and 54 °C. In both assays, the effects of SNC80 (0.032–3.2 mg/kg) and fentanyl (0.001–0.056 mg/kg) were evaluated after repeated treatment with saline or a regimen of morphine doses modeled on the regimen that enhanced delta agonist antinociception and apparent delta receptor availability in previous rodent studies. Key findings Both SNC80 and fentanyl dose-dependently decreased rates of schedule-controlled responding, and repeated morphine treatment did not significantly alter these effects. In the assay of thermal nociception, SNC80 had little effect on tail-withdrawal latencies from water heated to 48 or 54 °C, whereas fentanyl increased tail-withdrawal latencies at both temperatures. Repeated morphine tended to increase the antinociceptive effects of SNC80 and to decrease the antinociceptive effects of fentanyl, but these effects of repeated morphine were small and were significant only at the higher stimulus intensity (54 °C). Significance These results provide limited support for the proposition that prior stimulation of mu receptors selectively increases the antinociceptive effects of delta agonists in rhesus monkeys.
Monitoring after renal transplantation: recommendations and caveats

This commentary discusses the strengths and weaknesses of a recent study reported by Kobayashi and colleagues, in which paired serum samples from 297 renal transplant recipients who underwent transplantation between December 1972 and September 2004 were tested for the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody at two discrete time points following surgery (2004 and 2006). Urine samples collected on the same day as the serum samples, were also measured for urinary protein levels. The results of the study suggest that patients with a positive change in HLA antibody status in the post-transplantation period (i.e. from negative to positive) plus a positive urine protein test were at increased risk of developing graft dysfunction (i.e. increased serum creatinine level). Solely on the basis of these data, the authors advocate that patients should be monitored annually for de novo production of HLA antibodies and for an increased urinary protein level by use of simple and cost-effective approaches to assess the risk of graft dysfunction or failure. While the proposal is an intriguing one, this commentary identifies several issues and limitations regarding post-transplantation monitoring that should be considered.
A comparative study of competitive and social reinforcement models of interview behavior

While psychotherapy typically is conceptualized as a social reinforcement process, Haley suggests that most interview behavior is predicted better by a competitive model of social interaction. Davis (1971) compared the two models by having interviewers follow reinforcing or competitive response programs and comparing the frequencies with which interviewees initiated interactions under the contrasting conditions. His results suggested that the competitive model predicted interviewee behavior more accurately. This study attempted both to replicate Davis' work with a different S sample (N = 48) (psychiatric inpatients as opposed to college students) and to extend it by using both male and female interviewers. Few of Davis' findings were replicated. Message frequency requests were equal in the competitive and reinforcing conditions, both of which induced more requests than a mixed interviewer program. The interactions that Davis had found between interviewer programs and Ss' classification on the repression-sensitization dimension were not significant. It is suggested that Davis' results may be limited to his college student sample and apparently do not generalize to those individuals more likely to be involved in therapeutic interviews.
Partial tears of prostatomembranous urethra in children

Five boys having sustained a pelvic fracture were found to have incomplete tears of the prostatomembranous urethra. Three patients were treated with suprapubic cystostomy drainage alone and fared better than 2 who were treated with urethral catheter stenting and drainage. A recommendation is made for the "hands-off" approach to the evaluation and management of membranous urethral injuries.
Exploring signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity in non-uniformly sampled multi-dimensional NMR spectra

It is well established that non-uniform sampling (NUS) allows acquisition of multi-dimensional NMR spectra at a resolution that cannot be obtained with traditional uniform acquisition through the indirect dimensions. However, the impact of NUS on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sensitivity are less well documented. SNR and sensitivity are essential aspects of NMR experiments as they define the quality and extent of data that can be obtained. This is particularly important for spectroscopy with low concentration samples of biological macromolecules. There are different ways of defining the SNR depending on how to measure the noise, and the distinction between SNR and sensitivity is often not clear. While there are defined procedures for measuring sensitivity with high concentration NMR standards, such as sucrose, there is no clear or generally accepted definition of sensitivity when comparing different acquisition and processing methods for spectra of biological macromolecules with many weak signals close to the level of noise. Here we propose tools for estimating the SNR and sensitivity of NUS spectra with respect to sampling schedule and reconstruction method. We compare uniformly acquired spectra with NUS spectra obtained in the same total measuring time. The time saving obtained when only 1/k of the Nyquist grid points are sampled is used to measure k-fold more scans per increment. We show that judiciously chosen NUS schedules together with suitable reconstruction methods can yield a significant increase of the SNR within the same total measurement time. Furthermore, we propose to define the sensitivity as the probability to detect weak peaks and show that time-equivalent NUS can considerably increase this detection sensitivity. The sensitivity gain increases with the number of NUS indirect dimensions. Thus, well-chosen NUS schedules and reconstruction methods can significantly increase the information content of multidimensional NMR spectra of challenging biological macromolecules.
Weather, Disease, and Wheat Breeding Effects on Kansas Wheat Varietal Yields, 1985 to 2011

Published in Agron. J. 106:227–235 (2014) doi:10.2134/agronj2013.0388 Available freely online through the author-supported open access option. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ABSTRACT Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields in Kansas have increased due to wheat breeding and improved agronomic practices, but are subject to climate and disease challenges. e objective of this research is to quantify the impact of weather, disease, and genetic improvement on wheat yields of varieties grown in 11 locations in Kansas from 1985 to 2011. Wheat variety yield data from Kansas performance tests were matched with comprehensive location-speci c disease and weather data, including seasonal precipitation, monthly air temperature, air temperature and solar radiation around anthesis, and vapor pressure de cit (VPD). e results show that wheat breeding programs increased yield by 34 kg ha–1 yr–1. From 1985 through 2011, wheat breeding increased average wheat yields by 917 kg ha–1, or 27% of total yield. Weather was found to have a large impact on wheat yields. Simulations demonstrated that a 1°C increase in projected mean temperature was associated with a decrease in wheat yields of 715 kg ha–1, or 21%. Weather, diseases, and genetics all had signi cant impacts on wheat yields in 11 locations in Kansas during 1985 to 2011.
A preprocessing architecture for resolution enhancement in high-speed analog-to-digital converters

High performance analog-to-digital converters (ADC's) employ a parallel configuration of analog folding circuits to symmetrically fold the input signal prior to quantization by high speed comparators (analog preprocessing). This paper identifies a new preprocessing approach that can be easily incorporated into the established techniques to provide an enhanced resolution capability with fewer number of comparators loaded in parallel. The approach is based on preprocessing the analog signal with a symmetrical number system (SNS). The SNS preprocessing is used to decompose the analog amplitude analyzer operation into a number of sub-operations (moduli) which are of smaller computational complexity. Each sub-operation symmetrically folds the analog signal with folding period equal to the moduli. Thus, each sub-operation only requires a precision in accordance with that modulus. A much higher resolution is achieved after the N different SNS moduli are used and the results of these low precision sub-operations are recombined. By incorporating the SNS folding concept, the dynamic range of a specific configuration of folding periods and comparator arrangements can be analyzed exactly. >
Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy of normal and atherosclerotic human aorta using 306-310 nm excitation

Ultraviolet excited laser induced fluorescence (LIF) was studied in normal and atherosclerotic human arterial wall in vitro. Using excitation wavelengths from 306 to 310 nm, two distinct emission bands were observed in the LIF of both normal and pathologic aorta: a short wavelength band, peaking at 340 nm emission, which was attributed to tryptophan; and a long wavelength band, peaking at 380 nm emission, which was assigned to a combination of collagen and elastin. The intensity of the short wavelength band was quite sensitive to the choice of excitation wavelength, while the long wavelength band was not, so that the relative contributions of the bands could be controlled by the precise choice of excitation wavelength. A valley in the spectra at 418 nm was attributed to fluorescence reabsorption by oxy-hemoglobin. By using 308 nm excitation to observe emission simultaneously from both the short and long wavelength bands, normal and atherosclerotic aorta were spectrally distinct. Two LIF emission intensity ratios were defined to characterize both the relative tryptophan fluorescence content as well as the ratio of elastin to collagen fluorescence in each spectrum. The differences in these two emission ratios among the various histologic tissue types correlated qualitatively with the histologic and biochemical compositions of these tissues. By combining these parameters in a binary classification scheme, normal and atherosclerotic aorta were correctly distinguished in 56 of 60 total cases. Furthermore, atherosclerotic plaques, atheromatous plaques, and exposed calcifications could be classified individually with sensitivitieslpredictive values of 90%/90%, 100%/75%, and 82%/82%, respectively.
Measuring Trends in Child Well-Being: An Evidence-Based Approach

This paper first reviews the goals of the founding documents of the social indicators and quality-of-life movements of the 1960s and 1970s. It next describes the current state of knowledge with respect to the founding goals of this field. The focus then turns to the topic of measuring changes in child and youth well-being in the United States over the past few decades. In particular, the evidence-based approach used in the construction of the recently developed composite Child and Youth Well-Being Index (CWI) is described. Some findings from the CWI regarding changes in child and youth well-being in the period 1975–2004 are reported. Trends in the CWI then are compared with data on trends in subjective well-being of high school seniors – similarities of trends in these two series provide validating support for the interpretation of the CWI as an index of changes in the quality-of-life of children and youth. Using data on some additional indicator series, most of which were initiated in the 1990s, an Expanded CWI is then described. The qualitative pattern of change in the expanded CWI is shown to be similar to that of the basic CWI, except that the expanded CWI shows a more pronounced decline in the early-1990s and a slower rate of improvement into the early-2000s. The paper concludes with some possible directions for future work.
Ultrastructural studies of bacteria in anaerobic biomass digesters

Electron microscopy has been used to study the morphology of Methanosarcina mazei and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Internal membranes were shown to be fixation artifacts. Immunogold techniques were used to identify bacterial species in anaerobic biomass digesters and to determine the cellular locations of enzymes important in methanogenesis. Invasion of and destruction of the cell wall of plant tissue in a digester by cellulolytic bacteria are also illustrated.
Polarization correction of the bistatic formulation of Kennaugh's physical optics scatterer transient response identity

An analytical time-domain expression is derived for the early time impulse response for smooth, convex, perfectly conducting scatterers under the physical optics approximation for the bistatic case. The physical optics bistatic early time impulse responses can still be interpreted as cross-sectional areas of the scatterer similar to the work of Kennaugh for the monostatic case. A crude polarization correction to the leading edge of the physical optics impulse response is obtained for the bistatic case, leading to a simple asymptotic relation between the specular principal curvature difference and certain co-polarized phase terms in the bistatic scattering matrix. Applications to direct scattering are discussed. Profile reconstruction from bistatic data with a priori knowledge of the validity range of physical optics in the time domain is proposed and tested with the sphere.
On the Hurwitz function for rational arguments

Abstract Using functional properties of the Hurwitz zeta function and symbolic derivatives of the trigonometric functions, the function ζ (2 n + 1, p / q ) is expressed in several ways in terms of other mathematical functions and numbers, including in particular the Glaisher numbers.
A new species of Pharyngodon (Nematoda, Pharyngodonidae) and other helminths in Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Sauria, Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea

Pharyngodon novaeguineae sp. nov. from the large intestines of Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Sauria, Gekkonidae), from Papua New Guinea is described and illustrated. Pharyngodon novaeguineae represents the 36th species assigned to the genus and is separated from its congeners based upon absence of a spicule, egg morphology, and excretory pore position.
Beyond commitment: entrenchment in the buyer–seller exchange

A specific empirical finding in the buyer–seller literature – initially discovered by Moorman, Zaltman, and Deshpande and subsequently replicated by Grayson and Ambler – still suffers from incomplete explanation. In business-to-business marketing, why do some long-term buyers appear to trust their providers a great deal but not use the service provided? This research endeavours to more fully explain this ‘dark side’ of relationship selling by integrating work on the economic theory of entrenchment with Dwyer, Schurr, and Oh's seminal buyer–seller framework. The result is a modified conceptual model of the buyer–seller exchange in which potential seller entrenchment follows Dwyer et al.'s courting and commitment stages. Motivated by Dwyer et al.'s urging to examine their model using a negotiation lens, this research then borrows two contrasting orientations from the negotiation literature and offers propositions regarding how buyers and sellers interact at each stage of the exchange. In addition to enrichi...
Estimation of Aortic Regurgitation by Diastolic Pulse Wave Analysis

To test the hypothesis that the fall in supravalvular aortic diastolic pressure is relative to the severity of the regurgitant flow in aortic regurgitation, 27 patients with isolated aortic regurgitation, 23 patients with combined aortic regurgitation and stenosis, and 15 normal subjects were studied. Diastolic pulse pressure (pressure at the dicrotic notch minus pressure at end diastole) and the diastolic slope (line constructed through the dicrotic notch and end diastole) were measured. A highly significant correlation was found between the regurgitant flow in isolated aortic regurgitation and the diastolic pulse pressure when corrected for heart rate (r = 0.82, P < 0.001). The diastolic slope related similarly to the regurgitant flow (r=0.71, P < 0.001). There was no significant relationship, however, in the presence of combined aortic stenosis and regurgitation. Aortic pressure at end diastole and pulse pressure correlated poorly with either isolated aortic regurgitation or combined aortic valve disea...
Literacy Growth in the Academic Year versus Summer from Preschool through Second Grade: Differential Effects of Schooling across Four Skills.

Differences in literacy growth over the summer versus the school year were examined to isolate how schooling affects children's literacy development from preschool through second grade across four literacy skills. Children (n = 383) were tested individually twice each year for up to 4 years on measures of phonological awareness, decoding, reading comprehension, and vocabulary. Growth curve analyses indicated that schooling effects were greatest for decoding skills and reading comprehension, were medium in size for phonological awareness, and were less evident for vocabulary. Except for vocabulary, relatively small amounts of growth were observed for preschoolers, followed by a period of rapid growth for kindergarteners and first graders, which slowed again for second graders. Findings demonstrate the differential effect of schooling on four separate literacy skills during the crucial school transition period.
ECLIPSED ISOPROPYL CONFORMATIONS OF TWO DIMERIC HYDRAZINES

The X-ray structures of 4,10-di-tert-butyl-5,9-diisopropyl-4,5,9,10-tetraazatetracyclo[6.2.2.2(3,6)]tetradecane (s4iPr) and its 4,9-di-tert-butyl-5,10-diisopropyl isomer (a4iPr) are reported. Both compounds are in conformations having their in-N-alkyl groups (directed toward the central CH-CH bond of the molecule) anti to each other, as expected from previous work. The principal feature of interest is that one in-isopropyl group in each compound is in an eclipsed conformation, NN,C(alpha)Me twist angle -0.5(5) degrees for s4iPr and -6.4(4) degrees for a4iPr. Low energy (somewhat less) eclipsed in-isopropyl conformations are predicted by both molecular mechanics (MM2) and semiempirical quantum mechanical (AM1) calculations. The asymmetry of the potentially C(2) symmetric a4iPr because the two in-isopropyl groups are in different rotamers is apparently not a result of crystal packing forces, because a conformation with different isopropyl rotamers is the more stable one by at least 1.0 kcal/mol in solution, determined by (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. This result is not predicted by either calculation method. The "monomer", 2-tert-butyl-3-isopropyl-2,3-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (3), proves to be a poor model for the conformations of 4iPr.
Novel synthesis of dibenzo[b,g]1,5-oxazocines

An efficient approach to dibenzo[b,g]1,5-oxazocines on solid support is described. The procedure is based on the intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution of fluorine from the derivatives of 2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde with the OH function of immobilized phenols. Good yields, and excellent purities of the targeted heterocycles are the advantages of the reported procedure.
Adhesive bonding of various materials to hard tooth tissues. IX. The concept of polyfunctional surface-active comonomers.

The concept of surface-active comonomers of higher functionality is propsed as a means of increasing reliability of the bonding between preventive and restorative dental materials and tooth structures.
Association between body mass index and quality of split bowel preparation.

Background & Aims Little is known about the association between obesity and bowel preparation. We investigated whether body mass index (BMI) is an independent risk factor for inadequate bowel preparation in patients who receive split preparation regimens. Methods We performed a retrospective study of data from 2163 consecutive patients (mean age, 60.6 ± 10.5 y; 93.8% male) who received outpatient colonoscopies in 2009 at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Indianapolis, Indiana. All patients received a split preparation, categorized as adequate (excellent or good, based on the Aronchick scale) or inadequate. We performed a multivariable analysis to identify factors independently associated with inadequate preparation. Results Bowel preparation quality was inadequate for 44.2% of patients; these patients had significantly higher mean BMIs than patients with adequate preparation (31.2 ± 6.5 vs 29.8 ± 5.9, respectively; P Conclusions BMI is an independent factor associated with inadequate split bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Additional factors associated with quality of bowel preparation include diabetes, hypertension, dementia, and use of tobacco and narcotics. Patients with BMIs of 30 kg/m2 or greater should be considered for more intensive preparation regimens.
Circular polarization of gamma rays in Sc46

Abstract An experimental redetermination of the degree of circular polarization of gamma rays following the Sc46 beta decay confirms the existence of a large interference between Fermi and Gamow-Teller interactions yielding a matrix element ratio M F M GT ≳ 0.22 . An investigation of different chemical compounds of scandium reveals the existence of a strong attenuation of the circular polarization correlation in certain chemical states.
On excitonic wave—phonon coupling and structural transitions

A strong coupling theory involving excitonic instabilities and lattice distortions is developed. It is argued that this driving mechanism applies to structural transitions in a number of transition metal oxides and to the superstructures of semiconductor surfaces and layered transition metal compounds.
Impact of Aerosol Intrusions on Arctic Boundary Layer Clouds. Part II: Sea Ice Melting Rates

Abstract The potential impact of intrusions of polluted air into the Arctic basin on sea ice melting rates and the surface energy budget is examined. This paper extends a previous study to cloud-resolving simulations of the entire spring season during the 1998 Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) field campaign. For that purpose, the Los Alamos National Laboratory sea ice model is implemented into the research and real-time versions of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System at Colorado State University (RAMS@CSU). This new version of RAMS@CSU also includes a new microphysical module that considers the explicit nucleation of cloud droplets and a bimodal representation of their spectrum. Different aerosol profiles based on 4 May 1998 observations were used to characterize the polluted upper layer and the 2–3 daily SHEBA soundings were utilized to provide time-evolving boundary conditions to the model. Results indicate that entrainment of ice-forming nuclei (IFN) from above the inversion increases the...
Increasing student awareness of ethical, social, legal, and economic implications of technology

The accreditation criteria for engineering programs require that the curriculum introduce students to the ethical, social, economic and safety issues arising from the practice of engineering. Graduates must also demonstrate competence in written and oral communication skills. This paper describes a bioengineering course we developed at Arizona State University to satisfy these criteria and also meet the literacy and critical inquiry requirement of the university. The primary goal of the course is to increase the students' awareness of the global “societal” issues arising from the development and use of bioengineering technology. Secondary goals include improvement of skills in literacy and critical inquiry, oral communication, and teaming. We use cooperative learning to ensure student participation, creative controversy to stimulate interest in the topics being discussed, and TQM tools to enhance team performance. This paper describes the course content, its organization and structure, the methods used to assess student performance, and the strategies we use to facilitate learning. We also discuss how students have reacted to the course and our experiences in delivering the course.
Security-based circuit breaker maintenance management

Circuit breakers play a vital role in maintaining system security since their malfunctioning could result in further component outages and may lead to the insecure operating conditions. This paper proposes a new approach for identifying the most risky circuit breakers using the condition-based monitoring data and security-based impact evaluations. For a given substation configuration, those circuit breakers which cause line outages due to mal-operation during contacts opening are identified and analyzed. The security oriented risk indices taking into account both voltage violations and overloading conditions as the consequence of circuit breaker mal-operations are proposed. A new breaker maintenance prioritization scheme based on the risk factors is elaborated. The proposed security-based risk framework is deemed to be an efficient approach in both breaker maintenance planning and identification of the breakers which are unreliable for reconfiguration plans. The presented methodology is investigated and verified on the IEEE 14-bus test system.
Enhanced Conduction through Isocyanide Terminal Groups in Alkane and Biphenylene Molecules Measured in Molecule/Nanoparticle/Molecule Junctions

Electrical conductance through conjugated biphenyl and saturated alkane molecules on gold electrodes is characterized using a molecule/nanoparticle/molecule electrical test-bed assembly, and comparisons are made between molecules containing isocyanide (−NC) and thiol (−S) terminal groups bound to the gold. Current versus voltage analysis is consistent with charge tunneling through all systems studied. For molecules containing biphenyl, diphenyl acetylene, and alkane bridges, those containing an isocyanide terminal group show an order of magnitude increase in conductance as compared to those containing a thiol terminal group. Various theoretical predictions of the effect of isocyanide terminal groups on charge transfer through conjugated molecular systems are discussed and related to the results observed for charge transfer through conjugated and saturated molecules. The similar trends in charge transport observed for the different metal/linker interfaces suggest that the metal/linker contact plays an impo...
Spectral Diffusion of Ultra-Narrow Fluorescence Spectra in Single Quantum Dots

We collect and spectrally resolve photoluminescence from single CdSe nanocrystallite quantum dots. By eliminating spectral inhomogeneities, we reveal resolution limited linewidths < 120μev at 10K. These lines are more than fifty times narrower than what has previously been reported using ensemble measurements. Light driven spectral diffusion is seen as a form of power broadening and may be the cause of surprisingly broad linewidths at room temperature. In addition, we see no evidence of excited state emission or coupling to acoustic phonons.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef: Adapting to Intracellular Trafficking Pathways

The Nef protein of primate lentiviruses is a unique protein that has evolved in several ways to manipulate the biology of an infected cell to support viral replication, immune evasion, pathogenesis, and viral spread. Nef is a small (25- to 34-kDa), myristoylated protein that binds to a collection of cellular factors and acts as an adaptor to generate novel protein interactions to accomplish specific functions. Of the many biological activities attributed to Nef, the reduction of surface levels of the viral receptor (CD4) and antigen-presenting molecules (major histocompatibility complex class I) has been intensely examined; recent evidence demonstrates that Nef utilizes multiple, distinct pathways to affect these proteins. To accomplish this, Nef promotes the formation of multiprotein complexes, recruiting host adaptor proteins to commandeer intracellular vesicular trafficking routes. The altered trafficking of several other host molecules has also been reported, and an emerging theory suggests that Nef generates pleiotrophic effects in the secretory and endocytic pathways that reprogram intracellular protein trafficking and may ultimately provide an efficient platform for viral assembly. This review critically discusses some of the major findings regarding the impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef on host protein transport and addresses some emerging directions in this area of human immunodeficiency virus biology.
An efficient optimal reconfiguration algorithm for FDDI-based networks

We study a new network architecture based on standard FDDI networks. This network, called FDDI-based reconfigurable network (FBRN), is constructed using multiple FDDI token rings and has the ability to reconfigure itself in the event of extensive damage to the network. Thus, an FBRN has the potential to provide high available bandwidth even in the presence of numerous faults. Realization of this potential depends crucially on a reconfiguration algorithm that guides the reconfiguration process. We design and analyze a reconfiguration algorithm for FBRNs. Our algorithm is optimal in the sense that it always produces a configuration that results in the maximum available bandwidth for a given fault pattern. This algorithm has a polynomial time complexity. We also show that the available bandwidth of an FBRN is dramatically improved with our reconfiguration algorithm.
Flexural rigidity of marginal bands isolated from erythrocytes of the newt.

The marginal band is a bundle of microtubules residing at the periphery of nucleated erythrocytes of nonmammalian vertebrates and some invertebrates. Marginal bands from erythrocytes of the newt (Notopthalmus viridescens) were isolated from the cells as intact structures by treatment with detergent and either mild protease or high salt. Isolated bands were subjected to mechanical testing by stretching the band between a glass microhook and a calibrated glass fiber. The deflection of the fiber provided a measure of the force on the band. The flexural rigidity of the band was determined from measurements of the band deformation as a function of applied force. Bands isolated with either of two proteases (pepsin or elastase) or with high salt exhibited elastic behavior with a flexural rigidity of approximately 9.0 X 10(-12) dyn.cm2. Treatment of bands with chymopapain caused an increase in band rigidity and inelastic behavior. Estimates of the contribution of the band to cellular rigidity are made based on the measurements of the structural properties of the isolated band. The band provides the cell with a large resistance to indentations at the rim and to large extensions, while maintaining a high degree of flexibility in small extensions or flexure.
The Self‐sustained sequence replication amplification system–move over, PCR

Mutations at amino acid positions 67, 70, 215, and 219 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pol gene correlate with the emergence of resistance to zidovudine (AZT). These four positions were monitored in viral RNA extracted from infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and viral stocks obtained after coculture with uninfected lymphocytes. Genotype determinations were made using the selfsustained sequence replication (3SR) and differential bead-based sandwich hybridization (BBSH) assay. The hybridization results obtained by 3SR and BBSH analyses were verified by dideoxynucleotide sequencing of the 3SR products. Correlation of 3SR and BBSH with the polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization analyses of the PBMC and corresponding viral isolates indicated that PBMC and corresponding HIV-1 isolates may differ in their genotypes at the monitored amino acid positions, variations from the wild-type nucleotide sequence may occur proximal to the codons being monitored, and viral isolates possessing the same genotypes at the four monitored amino acid positions showed a threefold variation in their ID50 measurements.
Synthesis and characterization of a redox-active ion channel supporting cation flux in lipid bilayers

The synthesis, cation binding and transmembrane conductive properties of a novel synthetic ion channel containing a redox-active ferrocene unit are described. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to demonstrate that the channel supports multiple ion coordination and association constants for 1:1 and 1:2 (channel:cation) coordination for both Na(+) and K(+) were evaluated. Experiments using a black lipid membrane preparation revealed that this compound functioned effectively as an ion channel for both Na(+) and K(+). Concomitant (23)Na NMR spectroscopy studies supported this finding and revealed a Na(+) flux, at least 5 times higher than ion transport rates by monensin. Furthermore, oxidation of the redox-active centre (Fe(2+) to Fe(3+)) effectively inhibited ion transport.
Black Dating Professionals' Perceptions of Equity, Satisfaction, Power, and Romantic Alternatives and Ideals:

Blacks are the largest group of single individuals in America; they also have the lowest male to female gender balance. However, little is known about the romantic perceptions of single Black daters. Data were obtained via a question-naire from a group of professional single Black men (n = 44) and Black women (n = 91). Of interest were perceptions of their existing relationships with respect to satisfaction, equity, power, and romantic alternatives and ideals. Findings indicate significant gender differences: Males and females indicated similar levels of overall satisfaction, but females reported perceiving less equity and wielding more power in their relationships than did males. Males and females did not differ in their perceptions of available romantic alternatives, butfemales did report their existing relationships to be less ideal than did males. Sexual relations and partner's physical attractiveness were significant predictors of satisfaction for both males and females; equity was also significantfo...
Follicular and hormonal dynamics during the first follicular wave in heifers

A few days after the first follicular wave emerges as 4-mm follicles, follicular deviation occurs wherein 1 follicle of the wave continues to grow (dominant follicle) while the others regress. The objectives of this study were to characterize follicle growth and associated changes in systemic concentrations of gonadotropins and estradiol at 8-h intervals encompassing the time of follicle deviation. Blood samples from heifers (n = 11) were collected and the ovaries scanned by ultrasound every 8 h from 48 h before to 112 h after the maximal value for the preovulatory LH surge. The follicular wave emerged at 5.8 +/- 5.5 h (mean +/- SEM) after the LH surge, and at this time the future dominant follicle (4.2 +/- 0.8 mm) was larger (P < 0.001) than the future largest subordinate follicle (3.6 +/- 0.1 mm). There was no difference in growth rates between the 2 follicles from emergence to the beginning of the deviation (0.5 mm/8 h for each follicle), indicating that, on average, the future dominant follicle maintained a size advantage over the future subordinate follicle. Deviation occurred when the 2 largest follicles were 8.3 +/- 0.2 and 7.8 +/- 0.2 mm in diameter, at 61.0 +/- 3.7 h after wave emergence. Diameter deviation was manifested between 2 adjacent examinations at 8-h intervals. Mean concentrations of FSH decreased, while mean concentrations of LH increased 24 and 32 h before deviation, respectively, and remained constant (no significant differences) for several 8-h intervals encompassing deviation. In addition to the increase and decrease in circulating estradiol concentrations associated with the preovulatory LH surge, an increase (P < 0.05) occurred between the beginning of deviation and 32 h after deviation. The results supported the hypotheses that deviation occurs rapidly (within 8 h), that elevated systemic LH concentrations are present during deviation, and that deviation is not preceded by an increase in systemic estradiol.
Reconfigurable scan chains: a novel approach to reduce test application time

A major drawback in using scan techniques is the long test application times needed to shift test data in and out of a device. This paper presents a novel methodology based on reconfiguring a single scan chain to minimize the shifting time in applying test patterns to a device. The main idea is to employ multiplexers to bypass registers that are not frequently accessed in the test process and hence reduce the overall test time. For partitioned scan designs, we describe two different modes of test application which can be used to efficiently tradeoff the logic and routing overheads of the reconfiguration strategy with the test application time. In each case, we provide optimization techniques to minimize the number of added multiplexers and the corresponding test time. Implementation results demonstrate test time reductions as large as 75% over traditional test schemes at the expense of 1-3 multipliers.
Fine-Mapping IGF1 and Prostate Cancer Risk in African Americans: The Multiethnic Cohort Study

Genetic variation at insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) has been linked to prostate cancer risk. However, the specific predisposing variants have not been identified. In this study, we fine-mapped the IGF1 locus for prostate cancer risk in African Americans. We conducted targeted Roche GS-Junior 454 resequencing of a 156-kb region of IGF1 in 80 African American aggressive prostate cancer cases. Three hundred and thirty-four IGF1 SNPs were examined for their association with prostate cancer risk in 1,000 African American prostate cancer cases and 991 controls. The top associated SNP in African Americans, rs148371593, was examined in an additional 3,465 prostate cancer cases and 3,425 controls of non-African American ancestry-European Americans, Japanese Americans, Latinos, and Native Hawaiians. The overall association of 334 IGF1 SNPs and prostate cancer risk was assessed using logistic kernel-machine methods. The association between each SNP and prostate cancer risk was evaluated through unconditional logistic regression. A false discovery rate threshold of q 0.1], did not reach our criterion of statistical significance. This polymorphism was rare in non-African Americans (MAF < 0.003) and was not associated with prostate cancer risk (P = 0.98). Our findings do not support the role of IGF1 variants and prostate cancer risk among African Americans.
Prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures with phenytoin in rats.

Summary: The efficacy of phenytoin in the prevention of alcohol withdrawal seizures was studied in rats. Phenytoin was administered together with and again 12 hr after the last dose of chronic alcohol feeding. Protection against alcohol withdrawal seizures was not observed when phenytoin serum levels were below 8 μg/ml. However, with phenytoin serum levels between 8–25 μg/ml, only 1 out of 32 rats had alcohol withdrawal seizures. RESUME L'efficacite de la phenytoine comme moyen de prevention des crises du sevrage alcoolique a ete appreciee chez le rat. La phenytoine est administeree pendant et 12 heures apres la derniere dose d'ingestion alcoolique chronique. La protection contre les crises du sevrage alcoolique n'a pas ete observee pour des taux seriques de phenytoine inferieurs a 8 μg/ml, tandis qu'un seul animal sur 32 a presente pareille crises lorsque le taux serique etait situe entre 8 et 25 μg/ml. RESUMEN Se ha estudiado la eficacia de la fenitoina en la prevencion de convulsiones post-deprivacion alcoholica en las ratas. Se administero fenitoina con la ultima dosis de la alimentacion cronica de alcohol y a las 12 horas despues. No se observo proteccion contra los ataques por deprivation alcoholica cuando los niveles sericos de fenitoina eran inferiores a los 8 μg/ml. Con niveles de fenitoina entre 8 y 25 μg/ml solo una de las 32 ratas tuvo ataques por deprivacion. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Wirksamkeit des Phenytoin in der Verhinderung der Alkoholentzugskrampfe wurde bei Ratten unter-sucht. Phenytoin wurde zusammen und 12 Stunden nach der letzten Verabfolgung einer chronischen Alkoholfutterung gegeben. Eine Verhinderung der Al-koholentzugskrumpfe wurde nicht beobachtet, wenn der Phenytoinserumspiegel unter 8 μg/ml lag. Bei Phenytoinserumspiegel zwischen 8 und 25 μg/ml hatte nur eine von 32 Ratten einen Alkoholentzugskrampf.
Measurement ofg/m for muons

A free running «muon stroboscope» was used to measure the ratio of the precession frequencies of muons (f) and protons in water (fp) for the same magnetic field. The stroboscope frequency was 200 MHz. The results obtained were: positive muons stopping in bromo-form (f/fp)+=3.18336±0.00007, negative muons stopping in water (f/fp)\((f/f_p )_{H_2 O}^ - = 3.1808 \pm 0.0004\). The first ratio is assumed to be also that of the free particles and leads to the following values for (g/m+ andm+: (g/m)+=(9.6840±0.0002)·10−3me−1,m+=(206.766±0.005)me whereme is the electron mass. A diamagnetic correction is applied to the second ratio and an equivalent value\((g/m)_{H_2 O}^ - \) is obtained for negative muons stopping in water:\((g/m)_{H_2 O}^ - = (9.6760 \pm 0.0013) \cdot 10^{ - 3} \)me−1. Assuming equal masses for positive and negative muons we obtain: (g−(H2O)=g+)/g+==−(8.3±1.4)·10−4. The present experiment is in quite reasonable agreement with the recent Columbia experiment ofHutchinsonet al. From the combined results of both experiments we havem+=(206.765±0.002)me (12 p.p.m.) and (g−(H2O)−g+)/g+=−(8.9±0.8)·10−4.
Analytic solutions to the two-state problem for chirped pulses

An analytic solution of the undamped Bloch equation is presented for a class of pulses that includes an infinite variety of amplitude and frequency modulations.
THE HEART RATE VARIABILITY CORRELATES OF SPONTANEOUS DROWSINESS ONSET

THIS EXPERIMENT IS ONE PHASE IN THE SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THE RELIABILITY OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY (HRV) AS A DRIVER ALERTNESS INDICATOR. NINE SUBJECTS BECAME SPONTANEOUSLY DROWSY IN A PASSIVE LABORATORY SITUATION, WHILE HEART RATE (HR), ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM, AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS WERE RECORDED FOR ONE HOUR. BEAT-TO-BEAT HEART ACTIVITY IN 40 S OF WAKING RECORD WAS COMPARED WITH HEART ACTIVITY IN 40 S OF ADJACENT DROWSY RECORD, USING ELECTROGRAPHIC DEFINITIONS OF WAKING AND DROWSY (TRANSITIONAL) STATES. OF THREE DESCRIPTORS OF HEART ACTIVITY, HRV ONLY AS MEASURED BY THE MEAN SQUARE OF HR, SHOWED AN INVERSE, BUT MARGINALLY SIGNIFICANT AND UNRELIABLE RELATIONSHIP TO DROWSINESS ONSET. NEITHER HR NOR HRV MEASURED BY MEAN SQUARE OF SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENCES OF HR SHOWED ANY RELATIONSHIP TO DROWSINESS ONSET AT ALL. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT HRV IS NOT A RELIABLE PREDICTOR OF SPONTANEOUS DROWSINESS ONSET IN THE PASSIVE LABORATORY SITUATION.
Solution of ferrite loaded waveguide using vector finite elements

This paper describes a new method for computing the propagation constants of a ferrite loaded waveguide using, triangular vector finite elements. The method has been applied successfully to situations where the DC bias is parallel or is transverse to the direction of propagation. >
2,5-O-methylene-D-mannitol: two polymorphs and the NaI complex.

Two polymorphs of the title compound, (4R,5R,6R,7R)-4,7-bis­(hydroxy­methyl)-1,3-dioxepane-5,6-diol, C7H14O6, both have Z′ = 2 at 100 K, and differ in their hydrogen-bonding patterns. The sodium iodide complex, NaI·C7H14O6, is isomorphous with the NaCl complex, and has the mannitol, cation and anion all lying on twofold axes. The dioxepane rings of all three mol­ecules are in the twist-chair conformation.