cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PHOSPHORYLATION OF TYROSINE: A MECHANISM OF TRANSFORMATION SHARED BY A NUMBER OF OTHERWISE UNRELATED RNA TUMOR VIRUSES

ABSTRACT The transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, pp60 src , functions as a protein kinase which phosphorylates tyrosine when assayed in vitro. There are several observations which suggest that the modification of cellular proteins through the phosphorylation of tyrosine by pp60 src plays an essential role in transformation by RSV. First every type of RSV-transformed cell examined has an increased abundance of phosphotyrosine in protein. Secondly, the level of phosphotyrosine in proteins is strikingly temperature sensitive in cells infected with a mutant of RSV temperature sensitive for transformation, being high at the permissive temperature and nearly normal at the restrictive temperature. This fact coupled with the extreme rapidity with which the levels of phosphotyrosine change in mutant-infected cells upon temperature shift is consistent with the idea that phosphorylation of tyrosine is a primary event in transformation by RSV. Thirdly, two cellular proteins, which appear likely for other reasons to be substrates of pp60 src , both contain phosphotyrosine when isolated from RSV-transformed cells. RSV is not unique among transforming viruses in its ability to cause elevation of phosphotyrosine in proteins. While transformation by tumor viruses such as polyoma virus, SV40, Moloney sarcoma virus and Kirsten sarcoma virus does not affect the level of phosphotyrosine, Abelson murine leukemia virus and the Snyder-Theilin strain of feline sarcoma virus do cause an increase in abundance of phosphotyrosine in proteins in transformed cells. We can conclude that augmented phosphorylation of tyrosine is not an inevitable secondary response to viral transformation. On the other hand, it is a strategy shared by at least three otherwise unrelated RNA tumor viruses.
Prostaglandin Mechanisms in Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension

In 1970, three studies were published which provided the basis for the proposal that prostaglandins are modulators of pressor hormones and adrenergic nervous activity (1,2,3). In the first two studies, infusion of either angiotensin II or norepinephrine was shown to cause release of PGE-like material into renal venous blood; the latter was associated with attenuation of the vasoconstrictor and anti-diuretic actions of these pressor hormones (1,2). In the third study, it was demonstrated that within minutes after induction of unilateral renal ischemia, prostaglandins were released into the venous blood of both kidneys. Release from the contralateral kidney was mediated by angiotensin II, which, presumably, also contributed to the release from the ischemic kidney (3). This study offered an explanation for the antihypertensive function of the contralateral kidney in terms of a possible prostaglandin mechanism. Thus, activation of the reninangiotensin system by renal ischemia can effect enhanced prostaglandin production in the ischemic and contralateral kidneys. A related study on the effects of norepinephrine infusion and renal nerve stimulation on renal function (4) strongly supported the proposal that renal prostaglandins act as a component of an intrarenal negative feedback control system which moderates anti-diuretic and vasoconstrictor systems.
Regulation of Membrane Fluidity in Anaerobic Bacteria

Since life on earth began in an anaerobic environment, some of the present day anaerobes presumably represent a closer link to the earliest epochs than organisms that evolved after the atmosphere became aerobic. A study of the membranes of anaerobes may reveal some of the most primitive ways in which living organisms have coped with environmental changes. A wealth of information has accumulated over the past 15 years showing the importance of membrane lipids in assuring continued membrane function over a wide range of temperatures. Many anaerobes belonging to such diverse groups as the gram positive Clostridia, gram-negative bacteroides and cocci, and some spirochetes have been found to have substantial amounts of plasmalogens in addition to diacylphosphatides among their membrane lipid components (GoIdfine and Hagen, 1972). Although these lipids which are characterized by a 1-O-alk-l’-enyl 2-acyl glycerophosphate structure (Fig. la), have been known for many years as constituents of mammalian tissues (Debuch and Seng, 1972), little is known about their precise functions.
Organophosphate pesticide exposure and differential genome-wide DNA methylation.

Abstract Background Organophosphates (OP) are widely used insecticides that acutely inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity. There is great interest in improving the understanding of molecular mechanisms related to chronic OP exposure induced toxicity. We aim to elucidate epigenetic changes associated with OP exposure, using untargeted analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation data. Methods In a population-based case control study of Parkinson's disease (PD), we assessed ambient OP exposure via residential and workplace proximity to commercial applications. We investigated associations between OP exposure and genome-wide DNA methylation (Illumina 450 k) in 580 blood samples (342 PD patients, 238 controls) and 259 saliva samples (128 patients, 131 controls). To identify differential methylation related to OP exposure, we controlled for age, sex, European ancestry, and PD status; in addition, we stratified by disease status. Results We identified 70 genome-wide significant CpGs, including cg01600516 in ALOX12 (cor = 0.27, p = 1.73E−11) and two CpGs in HLA genes, cg01655658 (cor = −0.24, p = 2.80E−09) in HLA-L (pseudogene) and cg15680603 (cor = 0.20, p = 7.94E−07) in HLA-DPA1. Among the 70 CpGs located in 41 genes, 14 were also differentially methylated in saliva samples. The most overrepresented pathway was the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway (fold enrichment = 15.63, p = 1.01E−03, FDR = 1.64E−01). Expanding to a larger number of genes (CpG p Conclusions This study finds chronic low-level OP exposure is associated with differential DNA methylation in blood and saliva, both in elderly population controls and PD patients. Our study results suggest that long-term sub-acute OP exposure influences methylation in genes enriched for muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor pathways.
Implementing a comprehensive translational oncology platform: From molecular testing to actionability.

e14521Background: To implement real-time multi-omic analysis of proximal tumor biopsies to support precision-guided therapeutic intervention, a tissue acquisition and analysis trial was implemented...
Teach, Study, Research — There are: Opportunities Abroad for You

Abstract Our professional colleagues are going abroad—to teach or coach, for study or research — combining opportunities for service and education with a chance to travel in faraway places. Have you wondered how you, too, can arrange to go to a foreign country for study, research, teaching? In answer to your question, here is information about opportunities abroad for qualified persons in the fields of health and physical education. Mrs. Jernigan, who has compiled the materials, serves as chairman of the AAHPER International Relations Section. She is chairman of the Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation at Stetson University.
A validated HPLC-MS/MS method for estimating the concentration of the ganglioside, GD2, in human plasma or serum.

Abstract GD2 is a ganglioside found in the plasma membrane of the neural crest-derived cancer, neuroblastoma. GD2 is shed into the circulation of patients with neuroblastoma and could serve as a tumor biomarker to monitor tumor burden or response to treatment. We developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method to quantify the D18:1-18:0 (C18) and the D18:1-20:0 (C20) lipoforms of GD2 in human plasma and serum. Human brain derived GD2 containing a mixture of C18 and C20 was used as the analytical standard. Samples were extracted with methanol containing dueterated-GM1 (internal standard), and analytes were separated on a Phenomenex Kinetex C18 column eluted with a gradient mobile phase composed of ammonium acetate buffer, methanol and isopropanol. An AB Sciex 4500 QTRAP mass spectrometer in negative ion mode was used to quantify the doubly charged GD2 C18 and C20 lipoform precursor ions (m/z 836.8 and m/z 850.8) that both yield a product ion of m/z 290.0. The calibration curves were linear from 4–1000 ng/mL and 6–1500 ng/mL for GD2 C18 and C20 lipoforms respectively. Inter-day and intra-day accuracy were within the acceptable validation range in plasma and serum.
Impaired chemoreflex correlates with decreased c-Fos in respiratory brainstem centers of the streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease rat model.

Besides impairment in cognition and memory, patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often exhibit marked dysfunction in respiratory control. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is commonly found in cases of AD, resulting in periods of hypoxia during sleep. Early structural changes in brainstem areas controlling respiratory function may account for SDB in the course of AD. However, to date the underlying mechanisms for these complications are not known. The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of AD exhibits abnormal responses to hypoxia and increased astrogliosis in a key region for respiratory control. In this study we further defined the pathophysiological respiratory response of STZ-AD rats to 10% O2. In addition, we analyzed hypoxia-induced neuronal activation in respiratory and cardiovascular nuclei of the dorsal and ventral brainstem. Two hours of hypoxia induced a transient increase in tidal volume that was followed by a prolonged increase in respiratory rate. Only respiratory rate was significantly blunted in the STZ-AD model, which continued over the entire duration of the hypoxic episode. Analysis of c-Fos expression as a marker for neuronal activation showed abundant labeling throughout the nTS, nuclei of the ventral respiratory column, and A1/C1 cells of cardiovascular centers in the ventral brainstem. STZ-AD rats showed a significant decrease of c-Fos labeling in the caudal/medial nTS, rostral ventral respiratory group, and Botzinger complex. c-Fos in other respiratory centers and A1/C1 cells was unaltered when compared to control. The results of this study document a region-specific impact of STZ-induced AD in respiratory brainstem nuclei. This decrease in c-Fos expression correlates with the observed blunting of respiration to hypoxia in the STZ-AD rat model.
In-line tube-bank heat exchangers: Arrays with various numbers of thermally participating tubes

Abstract This investigation presents numerical results for both laminar and turbulent flow and heat transfer for an in-line tube bank ranging in size from 1 to 20 tube rows over a Reynolds number range of 100–1000. Both the longitudinal and transverse pitches were fixed at 1.5D. It was demonstrated that the most useful heat transfer results were expressible as a total-tube-bank-averaged Nusselt number value, which is in contradiction to other investigations. For sufficiently lengthy tube banks, the existence of a fully developed regime characterized by an axially unchanging array-average Nusselt number was identified. It was found that the highest array-average heat transfer coefficients occurred in the initial portion of the tube bank, also in contradiction with information conveyed in some of the literature. A special case in which only a single tube in the array was thermally active was investigated in deference to experiments conducted under that condition. The present results obtained by numerical simulation compared favorably to existing experimental data.
Combining End-to-End and Adversarial Training for Low-Resource Speech Recognition

In this paper, we develop an end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) model designed for a common low-resource scenario: no pronunciation dictionary or phonemic transcripts, very limited transcribed speech, and much larger non-parallel text and speech corpora. Our semi-supervised model is built on top of an encoder-decoder model with attention and takes advantage of non-parallel speech and text corpora in several ways: a denoising text autoencoder that shares parameters with the ASR decoder, a speech autoencoder that shares parameters with the ASR encoder, and adversarial training that encourages the speech and text encoders to use the same embedding space. We show that a model with this architecture significantly outperforms the baseline in this low-resource condition. We additionally perform an ablation evaluation, demonstrating that all of our added components contribute substantially to the overall performance of our model. We propose several avenues for further work, noting in particular that a model with this architecture could potentially enable fully unsupervised speech recognition.
The collapse of the second Yatsenyuk government: roll call vote and dynamic network analysis

This paper investigates the cause of the collapse of the Second Yatsenyuk Ukrainian government in 2016 and the factions formed throughout the process using a novel method that combines roll call vote analysis and dynamic network analysis. Our findings suggest that a major factor in the dissolution of the coalition government was the 2015 constitutional amendment .We also found that the coalition split into two factions following this event: the People’s Front and Petro Poroshenko Bloc as one faction, and the Union and Fatherland as the other. This split could have a large impact on the 2019 Ukrainian Election and give current President Petro Poroshenko an advantage over Yulia Tymoshenko, who is leading in the polls.
The importance of engaging students on public assistance: New insights and recommendations for practice:

Student engagement in institutions of higher education has become a central priority for educators and administrators. What “student engagement” means for a diverse student body is an important que...
From Quasi-static to Kinodynamic Planning for Spherical Tensegrity Locomotion

Tensegrity-based robots can achieve locomotion through shape deformation and compliance. They are highly adaptable to their surroundings, have light weight, low cost and high endurance. Their high dimensionality and highly dynamic nature, however, complicate motion planning. So far, only rudimentary quasi-static solutions have been achieved, which do not utilize tensegrity dynamics. This work explores a spectrum of planning methods that increasingly allow dynamic motion for such platforms. Symmetries are first identified for a prototypical spherical tensegrity robot, which reduce the number of needed gaits. Then, a numerical process is proposed for generating quasi-static gaits that move forward the system’s center of mass in different directions. These gaits are combined with a search method to achieve a quasi-static solution. In complex environments, however, this approach is not able to fully explore the space and utilize dynamics. This motivates the application of sampling-based, kinodynamic planners. This paper proposes such a method for tensegrity locomotion that is informed and has anytime properties. The proposed solution allows the generation of dynamic motion and provides good quality solutions. Evaluation using a physics-based model for the prototypical robot highlight the benefits of the proposed scheme and the limits of quasi-static solutions.
The validity of validation: A practical assessment.

OBJECTIVE To assess the time to achieve reliable reporting of electronic health record data compared with manual reporting during validation. DESIGN Secondary analysis of aggregate data for number of patients present, number of patients with a central venous catheter, and number of patients with an indwelling urinary catheter during validation of an electronic health record reporting tool. SETTING Mayo Clinic Health System in Wisconsin. PARTICIPANTS Mayo Clinic infection prevention and control staff, unit champions, and all inpatients. METHODS We simultaneously collected electronic and manual counts of device data and compared discrepancies to determine their source. If manual data entry was incorrect, manual counts were coded as inaccurate. If electronically abstracted data did not reflect an accurate count, errors were attributed to the system. Data were compared using standard statistical methods. RESULTS Within 30 days after beginning validation of electronic reporting for central venous catheter days and urinary catheter days, electronic counts were durably more reliable than manual counts. CONCLUSIONS Manual validation for capturing and reporting electronic data and reporting can be shorter than the 90 days currently mandated by National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. Compared with a longer validation period, a shorter validation period may yield substantial savings while achieving the same validity.
Energy-preserving, Adaptive Time-Step Lie Group Variational Integrators for Rigid Body Motion in SE(3)

Conservation laws and geometry of the configuration space play an important role in the study of rigid body systems evolving on a non-Euclidean manifold. Lie group variational integrators are structure-preserving numerical methods that respect both symplectic structure and geometry of the configuration space. In this paper, we present an adaptive time step Lie group variational integrator for the full (translation and rotation) rigid body motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian forms. The numerical integrator is obtained from a discrete variational principle using extended Lagrangian mechanics where time variations are considered in addition to the configuration variable variations. The derived adaptive algorithm is symplectic, momentum-preserving, and conserves the system energy via time adaptation. In addition, due to the Lie group approach, the discrete trajectory preserves the Lie group geometry of the configuration space. We apply this method to a conservative underwater vehicle motion to illustrate the advantages of using adaptive time-stepping in Lie group variational integrators.
The Association of Laboratory Test Abnormalities With Mortality Risk in Pediatric Intensive Care.

Objectives To determine the bivariable associations between abnormalities of 28 common laboratory tests and hospital mortality and determine how mortality risks changes when the ranges are evaluated in the context of commonly used laboratory test panels. Design A 2009-2016 cohort from the Health Facts (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, MO) database. Setting Hospitals caring for children in ICUs. Patients Children cared for in ICUs with laboratory data. Interventions None. Measurements and main results There were 2,987,515 laboratory measurements in 71,563 children. The distribution of laboratory test values in 10 groups defined by population percentiles demonstrated the midrange of tests was within the normal range except for those measured predominantly when significant abnormalities are suspected. Logistic regression analysis at the patient level combined the population-based groups into ranges with nonoverlapping mortality odds ratios. The most deviant test ranges associated with increased mortality risk (mortality odds ratios > 5.0) included variables associated with acidosis, coagulation abnormalities and blood loss, immune function, liver function, nutritional status, and the basic metabolic profile. The test ranges most associated with survival included normal values for chloride, pH, and bicarbonate/total Co2. When the significant test ranges from bivariable analyses were combined in commonly used test panels, they generally remained significant but were reduced as risk was distributed among the tests. Conclusions The relative importance of laboratory test ranges vary widely, with some ranges strongly associated with mortality and others strongly associated with survival. When evaluated in the context of test panels rather than isolated tests, the mortality odds ratios for the test ranges decreased but generally remained significant as risk was distributed among the components of the test panels. These data are useful to develop critical values for children in ICUs, to identify risk factors previously underappreciated, for education and training, and for future risk score development.
Web-Based Education and Social Media Increase Access to Careers in Neurosurgery: The Lenox Hill Hospital BRAINterns Experience.

Objective To replace educational opportunities lost during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the Department of Neurosurgery at Lenox Hill Hospital produced an open-access webinar series (“BRAINterns”) that covered a broad range of health care topics with a focus on neurosurgery. Methods This 8-week webinar series ran from July 1 to August 28, 2020. An optional exit survey was distributed to participants. Data were analyzed to characterize and better understand trends among a global cohort of participants. Results A total of 16,484 people registered for BRAINterns, and 6675 took the survey (40.5% response rate). Responders represented 87 countries, of which the majority were from the United States and Canada (90.48%, n = 6039). Responders were primarily female (82.9%, n = 5521). Racial and ethnic representation was majority Asian (42%, n = 2798), followed by White (22.7%, n = 1514), Hispanic/Latino (16.2%, n = 1080), and Black and African American (7.7%, n = 516). Participants reported hearing about BRAINterns through various social media platforms (72.18%, n = 4818)—the most popular was TikTok (33.4%, n = 2232). Overall, 93.4% of participants reported that the course was a good use of their time during the pandemic, and 86.7% reported that the course helped replace lost opportunities. Conclusions These data demonstrate that webinar-based education is an effective method of expanding access to careers in medicine and in particular, neurosurgery, to traditionally underrepresented populations. Social media can be a powerful tool to combat barriers to early exposure and vastly improve diversity within the field.
Lung Transplantation: Is the Switch to Interrupted Suturing Worth it?

Purpose Currently the continuous suturing technique is used on the bronchial anastomosis during lung transplantation. This study investigated that technique vs. the interrupted suturing technique, comparing survival and occurrence of post-operative bronchial complications to examine if a switch in technique is merited. Methods Survival outcomes of 721 single-center lung transplant recipients over 8 years (Feb-2012 to Mar-2020) were compared. Continuous suturing technique was performed with 3/0 polypropylene suture on an SH needle. Interrupted used the same technique for the membranous portion of the anastomosis and multiple interrupted 2/0 polypropylene sutures for the cartilaginous portion. Clinical parameters and demographics were compared. The two groups were compared for post-operative morbidity and survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier curves. Log-rank tests were performed, as was Cox regression analysis, with p Results Of the 721 patients, 429 received the continuous suturing technique while 292 had interrupted suturing technique. Demographics and clinical parameters compared were: age (p=0.008), gender (p=0.643), race (p=0.268), etiology (p Conclusion Although both techniques showed reasonable post-transplant outcomes, our study indicated better survival and relatively fewer complications when using interrupted suturing technique vs continuous. Further long-term study of similar groups with similar long-term follow up in these two groups should be performed to validate this effect.
Reading in Three Dimensions: Using Material Culture to Teach The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence

This chapter explores the use of material culture to understand Edith Wharton’s literature, focusing on The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence. Emphasizing the material elements of Wharton’s work enables a concrete understanding of her texts and proves both engaging and effective for students of literature. The “three-dimensional” approach allows students to get out of their heads and into the books through their hands and eyes. The context in which Wharton’s novels are set, the Gilded Age and the late nineteenth century, makes them fruitful choices for this type of visual and material deconstruction. Wharton herself writes in The House of Mirth that everything has to be screened “behind a structure of artifice” (15) and in The Age of Innocence that her characters all live “in a kind of hieroglyphic world” (29). The three-dimensional teaching approach outlined in this chapter thus consists of examining these “structures of artifice” and “hieroglyphics” by taking apart Wharton’s texts vis-a-vis their visual and material elements. By focusing on material culture and studying, for example, clothing and accessories, teacups and wallpaper samples, artwork and house designs, and other artifacts that populate Wharton’s work, undergraduates can enter into and dwell in the highly furnished and decorated texts that Wharton creates.
Question-aware Transformer Models for Consumer Health Question Summarization

Searching for health information online is becoming customary for more and more consumers every day, which makes the need for efficient and reliable question answering systems more pressing. An important contributor to the success rates of these systems is their ability to fully understand the consumers' questions. However, these questions are frequently longer than needed and mention peripheral information that is not useful in finding relevant answers. Question summarization is one of the potential solutions to simplifying long and complex consumer questions before attempting to find an answer. In this paper, we study the task of abstractive summarization for real-world consumer health questions. We develop an abstractive question summarization model that leverages the semantic interpretation of a question via recognition of medical entities, which enables the generation of informative summaries. Towards this, we propose multiple Cloze tasks (i.e. the task of filing missing words in a given context) to identify the key medical entities that enforce the model to have better coverage in question-focus recognition. Additionally, we infuse the decoder inputs with question-type information to generate question-type driven summaries. When evaluated on the MeQSum benchmark corpus, our framework outperformed the state-of-the-art method by 10.2 ROUGE-L points. We also conducted a manual evaluation to assess the correctness of the generated summaries.
Personality Disorders, Risky Behaviors, and Adversity: The Moderating Role of Resilience.

Individuals with personality disorders (PDs) comprise 30% to 40% of individuals receiving mental health treatment. Treatment of PDs is exceedingly difficult; therefore, research has focused on PD e...
Introduction: The Personal Is Still Political

This chapter lays out the argument for a psychological humanities, as well as the theoretical framework for ideas developed in the rest of the book. It explains the concept of complicity, which is the term developed in the book to argue against binary thinking as a way of understanding human being and human psychology. The history of psychology as a discipline is outlined, in order to connect it to processes of Western modernity. The chapter defines binary thinking, the notion of self and other, and outlines the relationships between the different branches of psychology.
Management Considerations to Control Calf Diarrhea

This presentation will discuss a number of interventions believed to influence the rates of neonatal diarrhea. These actions are effective because they either increase the resistance of the calf to disease or decrease the infectious agent challenge. Included are:•Colostrum provision to calves• Steps to improve colostrum amount and quality• Immunological considerations• Nutritional considerations• Reducing exposure through housing and grouping management
Total Colectomy and Proctocolectomy: Single-Port Laparoscopic Approach

Single-port laparoscopic approaches to colorectal procedures have been extensively reported for partial colectomies. Using a diverting or end ileostomy site might be especially useful for a proctocolectomy avoiding an additional extraction site with subsequent complications. We will review the single-port laparoscopic technique for a total colectomy and proctocolectomy.
Toll-Like Receptors and Control of Adaptive Immunity

This chapter focuses on how pattern recognition is used by the innate immune system to distinguish self from nonself and how this discrimination is translated into induction of adaptive immunity. The past few years have seen significant advances in our understanding of how adaptive immune responses are controlled by the initial innate recognition of microbial infection. In particular, the identification of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family as the critical receptor family involved in the recognition of infectious nonself has enabled researchers to examine the mechanisms by which adaptive responses are controlled by the innate immune system. Before discussing the specific mechanisms by which TLRs control adaptive immunity, the chapter talks about the general mechanisms by which self/nonself discrimination is regulated within the adaptive immune system. The second half of the chapter focuses on how TLRs control some of these mechanisms and link microbial recognition to self and nonself discrimination by the adaptive immune system. Upon activation, lymphocytes undergo a period of rapid proliferation. The innate immune system keeps the infection in check long enough for lymphocytes to expand and eventually eliminate the microbial challenge. Immature B cells that have receptors capable of recognizing membrane-bound selfantigens receive signals leading to apoptosis of the self-reactive B lymphocyte. IgG2 antibodies are effective at eliminating a variety of intracellular and extracellular pathogens because they can fix complement and direct the lysis of infected cells in a process called antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
Phase diversity and continuous-time operation in time stretch A/D converter

Phase diversity is used to overcome the dispersion penalty leading to 480 Gsample/s conversion. Separately, virtual time gating is employed to demonstrate continuous-time operation.
Biochemical studies of bacterial sporulation and germination. VI. Origin of spore core and coat proteins.

Abstract Bacillus subtilis spore proteins were separated into two major fractions. One fraction, released by mechanical disruption into a soluble form, constitutes 20% of the spore protein and is designated the core fraction. It resembles in amino acid composition the protein of the cell early in sporulation and includes many of the cellular enzymes. The other 80% of spore proteins are in a particulate form after spore breakage and are designated the coat fraction. These proteins have an amino acid composition distinct from the core fraction and are heterogeneous. Studies on the synthesis of core and coat proteins, by labeling with tritiated phenylalanine, showed that protein of the core fraction is newly synthesized during sporulation to the extent of at least 75 to 90%, and protein in the coat fraction to the extent of 95%. The kinetics of labeling suggests an early synthesis of core proteins followed by that of coat proteins. The core proteins newly synthesized during the sporulation period, as well as those apparently borrowed from the vegetative cell, represent a large variety of protein species, including those of the ribosomes.
Vegetative lambda DNA. IV. Fractionation of replicating lambda DNA on benzoylated-naphthoylated DEAE cellulose.

Fractionation on a column of benzoylated-naphthoylated DEAE cellulose has been used successfully to separate pulse-labeled, replicating bacteriophage lambda DNA from completed phage DNA or completed ring DNA molecules. Sedimentation analysis of the heterogeneous replicating DNA in neutral and alkaline gradients indicates the presence of closed single-strand rings and of linear DNA strands ranging in length from smaller than to not quite twice that of the viral DNA strands. A model of DNA replication is presented which can, by the timely interaction of specific nuclease or polynucleotide ligase enzymes, account for the various DNA forms encountered.
Should we examine sentinel lymph nodes during the operation

Axillary lymph node metastasis is one of the most important predictor of outcome in breast cancer (1,2). Currently sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNBx) has been established as the golden standard to determine the node status (3). The concept of analyzing the first “gate keeper lymph node” to define the likelihood of further lymphatic spread has dramatically transformed the surgical approach against breast cancer. It is very well known that the routine axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is associated with high complication rate, and the practice of selective SLNBx has significantly reduced its occurrence (4,5).
Corporate Risk Management of Bank Holding Companies in the SFAS133 Framework

The goal of this research was to investigate the controversy surrounding the inability of SFAS 133 to portray the economics of hedging. The problem stemming from the initiation of SFAS 133 is that the possibility of increased volatility, which evolved from economic hedges, might have prompted some BHCs to adjust their risk strategy to avoid analysts’ negative stock valuations. The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent to which BHCs adapted a more accounting- responsive corporate risk management policy after the 2008 amendment of SFAS 133 to smooth earnings volatility. Following the theoretical framework of corporate risk management, a causal-comparative design was used to determine the different hedging activities of SFAS133-compliant hedgers and SFAS133-accounting hedgers before and after the 2008 amendment of SFAS 133. The derivative activities of the entire population of Peer 1 and Peer 2 BHCs of the Federal Reserve, which consists of 167 banks, were examined. The data were collected from the10-K SEC filings of BHCs. The results of descriptive statistics, t tests, and multiple regressions indicated that BHCs which increased their level of accounting hedges and decreased their level of economic hedges experienced a significant decrease in earnings volatility relative to pre-SFAS 133. These findings suggest that BHCs’ ability to reduce earnings volatility and increase earnings smoothing to meet analysts’ expectations after the 2008 amendment of SFAS 133 has an adverse impact on BHCs’ continual use of economic hedges. Analysts and investors are recommended to evaluate further BHCs’ risk strategies to gain a better representation of their risk paradigm. This study extends prior research on corporate risk management activities of BHCs and contributes to social change by presenting new affirmation to investors of the influence of SFAS 133 economic hedges on earnings volatility.
State Income Taxation of Out-of-State Corporate Partners

A recurring issue in state taxation is whether an out-of-state partner is subject to tax in a state where the partnership is doing business when the partner’s sole connection with the state is membership in the partnership.1 State taxing authorities will almost invariably seek to assert jurisdiction. It is one thing to treat partnerships as pass-through entities; it is quite another to allow them to serve as “pass-out” entities that permit income earned in the state to avoid tax altogether. From a tax policy perspective, allowing such income to escape taxation would skew the economic playing field in favor of partnerships comprised of (untaxed) out-of-state partners and against partnerships comprised of (fully taxed) in-state partners.
Economic Development, Social Control, and Murder Rates: A Cross-National Approach:

Prior research on the relationship between economic development and murder rates on the cross-national level has produced inconsistent results. This article argues that the relationship between economic development and murder rates can be better understood by adopting the notion of active social control, operationalized as political democracy and mass communication. It is proposed that high levels of active social control, resulting from economic development, will counterbalance the potential for violent behavior and thus reduce murder rates. The findings from an analysis of cross-sectional data from 39 nations support the hypothesis. It is argued that the notion of active social control can be integrated into Durkheim's theory of social solidarity and deviance to build a unified theory of murder and violent behavior.
Google in China : A Manager-Friendly Heuristic Model for Resolving Cross-Cultural Ethical Conflicts

Management practitioners and scholars have worked diligently to identify methods for ethical decision making in international contexts. Theoretical frameworks such as Integrative Social Contracts Theory (Donaldson and Dunfee, 1994, Academy of Management Review 19, 252–284) and more recently the Global Business Citizenship Approach [Wood et al., 2006, Global Business Citizenship: A Transformative Framework for Ethics and Sustainable Capitalism. (M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY)] have produced innovations in practice. Despite these advances, many managers have difficulty implementing these theoretical concepts in daily practice. Using the example of recent decisions by internet service providers Google, Yahoo, and MSN regarding censorship requirements in China, we offer six heuristic questions to help managers to resolve cross-cultural ethical conflicts in which the firm’s way of doing business differs from the practice in the host country. Recognizing that companies can take different approaches to law and ethics (Paine, 1994, Harvard Business Review 72(2), 107–117), our aim is to provide a management decision process to deal with demands or opportunities for engaging in questionable business practices in a host country.
Algorithmic progress in solving partial differential equations

This is an attempt to document the progress that has been made over the past 30 years in computational methods for solving partial differential equations. Hopefully the assumptions made in this study are clear, but they may well be disputed. Some computational efforts are quickly estimated here, but others are taken from the literature without an independent check that the same definition of effort is used. There are probably some computational methods which I have overlooked which should be included. Note that this study shows up some obscure methods as being very attractive, which suggests that there are other lesser known methods which are also attractive.
Construction risk management

Abstract Today's construction industry involves more dynamic and uncertain planning than ever before. To approach complex problems in construction management, decision-makers should follow a systematic and professional approach in risk management. This paper explores the application of knowledge-base and database systems, and fuzzy sets in construction risk management. An integrated knowledge system is presented.
Incorporation of ricinoleic acid into glycerolipids

Abstract The coenzyme A thiol ester of ricinoleic acid was synthesized and characterized. Ricinoleoyl-CoA has been tested as an acyl donor in several in vitro systems using rat liver microsomal acyltransferases. It is essentially inactive when 1-acyl- or 2-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoryl choline are used as acceptors, however, it can serve as acyl donor when glycerol-3-phosphate or 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate are acceptors to yield di- and monoricinoleoyl glycerol-3-phosphates, respectively. A high apparent Km (50 μM) for ricinoleoyl-CoA may explain the fact that ricinoleic acid appears to be excluded from phospholipids in vivo.
The Chang-Łoś-Suszko theorem in a topological setting

The Chang-Łoś-Suszko theorem of first-order model theory characterizes universal-existential classes of models as just those elementary classes that are closed under unions of chains. This theorem can then be used to equate two model-theoretic closure conditions for elementary classes; namely unions of chains and existential substructures. In the present paper we prove a topological analogue and indicate some applications.
Genetic rearrangements in plasmids specifying total degradation of chlorinated benzoic acids

Growth in a chemostat of the 3-chlorobenzoatepositive Pseudomonas putida cells harboring the plasmid pAC25, in presence of cells harboring the TOL plasmid, allows emergence of cells that can also utilize 4-chlorobenzoate (4Cba). Isolation of plasmid DNA from such cells demonstrate the deletion of a 11kb (Kilobase pair) EcoR1 fragment from the pAC25 plasmid; a portion of the TOL plasmid (41.5 kb TOL*) is also found to be transposed onto the chromosome of such cells. Further enrichment of the 4-chlorobenzoate-positive cells with 3,5-dichlorobenzoate (3,5-Dcb) as a sole carbon source has produced cells that can also slowly utilize 3,5-dichlorobenzoate. Isolation of plasmid DNA from such cells demonstrates the appearance of a second plasmid (pAC29). Restriction hybridization of pAC29 EcoRI fragments with pAC25 and TOL demonstrates that pAC29 is derived primarily by duplication of a segment of the pAC27 plasmid and a fragment from TOL, with further mutational divergence. Southern hybridization of the EcoRI-digested chromosomal DNA with 32P-labeled TOL, pTS11 and pTS71 plasmid DNAs demonstrates the presence of the TOL* transposon containing xylD, G, E and F genes in both 4Cba+ (pAC27+) and 3,5-DCb+ (pAC27+, pAC29+) cells. Isolation of plasmid DNA from 3,5-Dcb+ faster growing variants, obtained from slow-growing pAC27+ pAC29+ cells, demonstrates the presence of a single type of plasmid, with identical size and EcoRI digestion profile as pAC27. The implications of gene duplications and subsequent homologous recombination with regard to the biochemical pathway of 3,5-dichlorobenzoate degradation have been discussed.
Free radicals in tumor promotion

Abstract The induction of cancer by chemicals proceeds through a series of stages as a normal cell transforms into a malignant neoplasm. Free radicals, particularly those derived from molecular oxygen, may participate throughout these transitions. In this article the evidence for the involvement of free radicals in some of the later events associated with carcinogenesis, namely, tumor promotion, are reviewed. Tumor promoters elicit the production of radicals by direct chemical generation and through the indirect activation of cellular metabolic sources. Both pathways may lead to the formation of a cellular prooxidant state. Studies with free radical scavengers demonstrate inhibition of biochemical and biological sequelae of tumor promoter exposure. Potential biological targets of radical attack include nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and the possible role of radical-mediated modification of these biomolecules in tumor promotion is discussed.
The semantics of aspect and modality

“The semantics of aspect and modality” will be of interest both to linguists working on temporality, as a general phenomenon in language, and Hebraists investigating the semantics of the verbal forms in biblical Hebrew. Tense, aspect and modality are among the most challenging discussed areas of language. Similarly, the semantics of the verbal system in biblical Hebrew has been investigated since the Middle Ages. Galia Hatav provides extensive critical overviews of research in both areas, and suggests a new approach for analyzing the biblical Hebrew verb system, showing it to be tenseless. The overall approach adopted in the book is basically of truth conditional semantics, and adheres closely to Kamp’s DRT (Discourse Representation Theory). For each phenomenon covered, the relevant literature is surveyed and critically discussed, with reference to English, and when relevant to other languages, too. The conclusions arrived at are then applied to biblical Hebrew. However, despite the sophisticated semantic theory the book is also meticulous in its attention to philological details of the Hebrew text, lending to a particulary harmonious combination of formal and discourse approach. The biblical Hebrew part of the book will be of interest mainly to Hebraists, but linguists dealing with temporality in general may find it useful as an interesting illustration for a tenseless exotic language.
Confronting Neoclassical Myths about Self-employment in Latin America

This article analyzes the nature of micro-entrepreneurship in Argentina and relates it to the empirical evidence available for other Latin American countries. It focuses on whether the sector resembles the neoclassical view, characterized by the risk-taking nature of the entrepreneurial activity, or if it is a precarious form of employment of last resort. The evidence confronts the neoclassical view of the micro-entrepreneur sector. It is argued that self-employment should be interpreted as functional to the capital accumulation process and not as a residual activity.JEL classification: J23, L25
Evaluation of Models Proposed for the 1991 Revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field

The 1991 revision of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) comprises a definitive main-field model for 1985.0, amain-field model for 1990.0, and a forecast secular-variation model for the period 1990-1995. The five 1985.0 main-field models and five 1990.0 main-field models that were proposed have been evaluated by comparing them with one another, with magnetic observatory data, and with Project MAGNET aerial survey data. The three secular-variation models that were proposed have also been compared with one another, and with estimates of recent rates of change at the observatories. The comparisons indicate that the main-field models proposed by IZMIRAN, and the secular-variation model proposed jointly by the British Geological Survey and the U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office, should be assigned relatively lower weight in the derivation of the new IGRF models.
A Review of Tungsten Coil Electrothermal Vaporization as a Sample Introduction Technique in Atomic Spectrometry

Abstract Tungsten coil electrothermal vaporization has served as an alternative sample introduction method in atomic spectroscopy for some time and is easily employed in a laboratory because of its mass production, ease of use, and small requirement for power. This review will focus on the use of the tungsten coil as an electrothermal vaporization sample introduction source in atomic absorption, emission, and fluorescence spectrometry over the past decade. Analyzed samples have both biological and industrial significance, illustrating the versatility of the technique. Since its conception 40 years ago, tungsten coil electrothermal vaporization continues to provide users with innovative options for spectroscopic analysis.