cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactions of 2,7-Dimethyloxepin with Dimethyldioxirane and Methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane: Ring Opening and Probable Observation of the Intermediate “2,3-Epoxyoxepin”

The reactions of dimethyldioxirane (7) and methyl(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (8) with 2,7-dimethyloxepin (4) both yielded Z,Z-3,5-octadiene-2,7-dione (Z,Z-6) as their initial stable products. This is the first published reaction of a dioxirane with an isolable pure oxepin. Reaction of the dienedione Z,Z-6 with one mole equivalent of either 7 or 8 yielded the corresponding monoepoxide. Treatment of this monoepoxide with another equivalent of 8 yielded the corresponding diepoxides (probably meso and R,S). The suggestion of Murray and co-workers that dioxiranes may model some of the reactivities of monooxygenases and their rapid epoxidations of alkenes under neutral conditions at low temperatures suggested their use. Our initial attempts to directly observe the putative intermediate 1,3-dimethyl-2,8-dioxabicyclo-[5.1.0]octa-3,5-diene (“2,7-dimethyl-2,3-oxepin” (2)] at low temperatures (ca. −60°C) yielded promising but inconclusive results when dimethyldioxirane (7) was employed. The epoxidation reaction was sufficiently slow that it only occurred measurably above −30°C, a temperature at which thermal ring opening to the dienedione is competitive. Initial reactions with the much more reactive methyl)trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (8) led to immediate ring opening at temperatures as low as −80°C. Since 8 is known to isomerize to methyl trifluoroacetate and since water is present, a trace of trifluoroacetic acid was suspected of catalyzing the ring opening of 2. Thus, inclusion of either suspended Na2HPO4 or miscible 2,6-di-t-butylpyridine at −80°C yielded an intermediate stable up to ca. 0°C, which is likely to be the 2,3-epoxyoxepin 2.
Exact cancellation of emittance growth due to coupled transverse dynamics in solenoids and rf couplers

Weak, rotated magnetic and radio frequency quadrupole fields in electron guns and injectors can couple the beam's horizontal with vertical motion, introduce correlations between otherwise orthogonal transverse momenta, and reduce the beam brightness. This paper discusses two important sources of coupled transverse dynamics common to most electron injectors. The first is quadrupole focusing followed by beam rotation in a solenoid, and the second coupling comes from a skewed high-power rf coupler or cavity port which has a rotated rf quadrupole field. It is shown that a dc quadrupole field can correct for both types of couplings and exactly cancel their emittance growths. The degree of cancellation of the rf skew quadrupole emittance is limited by the electron bunch length. Analytic expressions are derived and compared with emittance simulations and measurements.
Why appeals to the moral significance of birth are saddled with a dilemma

In ‘Dilemma for Appeals to the Moral Significance of Birth’, we argued that a dilemma is faced by those who believe that birth is the event at which infanticide is ruled out. Those who reject the moral permissibility of infanticide by appeal to the moral significance of birth must either accept the moral permissibility of a late-term abortion for a non-therapeutic reason or not. If they accept it, they need to account for the strong intuition that her decision is wrong as well as deny the underlying normative principle that killing a viable fetus requires good reason, and not wanting to care for the child when the child could be easily placed for adoption is not a good enough reason to abort. If they reject the moral permissibility of the late-term abortion, they need to explain why her decision is wrong. Doing so, however, will undermine their own project of denying infanticide by appeal to birth. Walter Veit argues that the dilemma relies too much on intuition and does not live up to biological continuity. We explain why his criticisms are unconvincing.
KaKs_Calculator:Calculating Ka and Ks Through Model Selection and Model Averaging

KaKs_Calculator is a software package that calculates nonsynonymous(Ka) andsynonymous(Ks) substitution rates through model selection and model averag-ing.Since existing methods for this estimation adopt their specific mutation(substitution) models that consider different evolutionary features,leading todiverse estimates,KaKs Calculator implements a set of candidate models in amaximum likelihood framework and adopts the Akaike information criterion tomeasure fitness between models and data,aiming to include as many featuresas needed for accurately capturing evolutionary information in protein-coding se-quences.In addition,several existing methods for calculating Ka and Ks arealso incorporated into this software.KaKs Calculator,including source codes,compiled executables,and documentation,is freely available for academic use athttp://evolution.genomics.org.cn/software.htm.
Acceleration, containment, and emission of very low energy solar flare particles

We present the first observations of protons down to 44 keV and electrons down to ≲ 2 keV emitted in an impulsive solar particle event. The observations are from the Apollo 15 Subsatellite during a flare event which began on September 1, 1971. We obtain a lower limit estimate of the energy contained in ≳0.05 MeV protons in the flare. The effects of adiabatic deceleration in the interplanetary medium and dE/dx energy loss in the corona are discussed. We conclude that energetic protons may constitute a major energy release in large solar flares.
Writing Clearly: An Editing Guide

Verb tenses verb forms modals the conditional relative, adverbial, and noun clauses sentence structure word order connectors passive voice subject-verb agreement articles singular/plural of nouns word choice word forms prepositions.
Kinetic studies on hydrogenase.

The kinetics of hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum and from Proteus vulgaris were studied by measuring the HD and D/sub 2/ produced when the enzyme catalyzes the exchange between H/sub 2/ and 100% D/sub 2/O. The ratio of D/sub 2/ to HD production depends on the enzyme concentration because the HD produced by the exchange of H/sub 2/ can react with another enzyme molecule to give D/sub 2/ before it enters the gas phase. At very iow enzyme concentrations the ratio D/sub 2//HD is independent of the enzyme concentration. The D/sub 2// HD ratio depends on pH. For the hydrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum this ratio is a maximum at a pH of 7.5, whereas the maximum in the enzyme activity occurs at a pH of 8.3. The rate of conversion of p- to o-hydrogen in pure D/sub 2/O was measured and found to be less than 1/10 the rate of the exchange reaction. The ratio D/sub 2/ to HD production and the rate of conversion of p-hydrogen are calculated for three types of activation of the H/sub 2/: a homolytic cleavage of the H/sub 2/ into two hydrogen atoms bound to the enzyme; a cleavage of the H/sub 2/ into anmore » enzyme hydride and a proton, with the hydride not exchanging with the solvent; and, a cleavage of the H/sub 2/ into an enzyme hydride and a proton, but with the hydride able to exchange with the solvent. The experimental data are consistent with the cleavage of the H/sub 2/ into a proton and an enzyme hydride that can exchange with the solvent. It is also possible to interpret these data in terms of a hydride that does not exchange, if it is assumed that there is a cage of water molecules or protein around the active site which allows the H/sub 2/ molecule to react several times before it leaves the vicinity of the enzyme. (auth)« less
The plastic deformation of iron at pressures of the Earth's inner core

Soon after the discovery of seismic anisotropy in the Earth's inner core1, it was suggested that crystal alignment attained during deformation might be responsible2. Since then, several other mechanisms have been proposed to account for the observed anisotropy3,4, but the lack of deformation experiments performed at the extreme pressure conditions corresponding to the solid inner core has limited our ability to determine which deformation mechanism applies to this region of the Earth5. Here we determine directly the elastic and plastic deformation mechanism of iron at pressures of the Earth's core, from synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements of iron, under imposed axial stress, in diamond-anvil cells. The e-iron (hexagonally close packed) crystals display strong preferred orientation, with c-axes parallel to the axis of the diamond-anvil cell. Polycrystal plasticity theory predicts an alignment of c-axes parallel to the compression direction as a result of basal slip, if basal slip is either the primary or a secondary slip system. The experiments provide direct observations of deformation mechanisms that occur in the Earth's inner core, and introduce a method for investigating, within the laboratory, the rheology of materials at extreme pressures.
Of Fractious Traditions and Family Resemblances in Philosophy of Education

In an address to the Royal Institute of Philosophy, Denis C. Phillips identifies the postmodernists as non-players in the philosophical game as examples of “deconstruction gone mad.” In his essay, “Constructivism Deconstructed,” Professor Phillips maps the terrain of constructivist theories of knowledge. First, he opposes the many forms of constructivism against traditional epistemology which he defines as: “The dominant tradition in late twentieth century Anglo-American epistemology that focuses upon the analysis of the conditions under which a person may reasonably claim to have knowledge; and the preferred treatment of this problem is in terms of justified true belief.”
Regain of biological activity of gonadotropin from choriocarcinoma

Abstract Gonadotropin from patients with choriocarcinoma was investigated to find means to regain biological activity which was lost during and after purification by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. The loss was not due to changes in the content of N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Regain of biological activity as tested by the mouse uterine weight gain method was effected by incubating the gonadotropin in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.2 containing 3.5 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 25 mM oxidized glutathione, and 6.0 mM ethylenediamine tetra-acetate for 24 hours at 37°C. The regain was 50- to 85-fold. The possible mechanisms are discussed.
Measures of Anomie and Locus-of-Control for Adolescents: Evidence of Factorial Validity:

Because of the lack of clarity of anomie and locus-of-control that has resulted from use of the same terminology in discussion of the two constructs, items from the Crumbaugh Purpose-in-Life Test (anomie) and the Nowicki-Strickland Locus-of-Control Scale for Children were submitted together for factor analyses. The first sample included 349 adolescents; the cross-validation sample contained 404 adolescents from the same population. Similar factor structures were found in both samples when principal axes were rotated to varimax solutions and to oblique solutions. No item from one instrument loaded above .30 on any factor characterized by items from the other instrument. It was concluded that the instruments measure different constructs and are factorially valid when considered together.
Research, Preservation, and Education: An Introduction to Various Heritage Centers, Organizations, and Projects

This forum showcases the work of a variety of different heritage-based centers, organizations, and projects dedicated to research, education, and preservation of tangible and intangible forms of cultural heritage. The descriptions of these centers demonstrate the diversity of heritage work being done today. The centers and projects described in the forum vary in their contexts, missions, and outcomes. Highlighted in the forum are preservation organizations, university-based heritage centers, and a global collaborative cultural heritage project. Each organization in the forum provides information about their missions and goals, their approaches or methods to heritage work, and a brief description of some of their initiatives.
Comorbid panic attacks among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: Associations with traumatic event exposure history, symptoms, and impairment

Little is known about the prevalence of panic attacks in PTSD and their influence on symptom severity and disability. Utilizing the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication data, respondents meeting DSM-IV criteria for past year PTSD (n=203) with and without comorbid panic attacks were compared across various dimensions. Past year panic attacks were found among 35% of the sample and were associated with greater PTSD-related disability and less time spent at work. Panic attacks were also associated with greater prevalence of comorbid depression, substance abuse/dependence, medically unexplained chronic pain, number of anxiety disorders and lifetime traumatic events, PTSD reexperiencing and avoidance/numbing symptoms, and treatment-seeking related to traumatic stress reactions. Multivariate analyses revealed that panic attacks were one of the only unique predictors of severe PTSD-related disability. Overall, findings suggest that panic attacks are common among individuals with PTSD; therapeutic strategies targeting panic in this population may be of significant benefit.
Analysis of pig's coronary arterial blood flow with detailed anatomical data

Blood flow to perfuse the muscle cells of the heart is distributed by the capillary blood vessels via the coronary arterial tree. Because the branching pattern and vascular geometry of the coronary vessels in the ventricles and atria are nonuniform, the flow in all of the coronary capillary blood vessels is not the same. This nonuniformity of perfusion has obvious physiological meaning, and must depend on the anatomy and branching pattern of the arterial tree. In this study, the statistical distribution of blood pressure, blood flow, and blood volume in all branches of the coronary arterial tree is determined based on the anatomical branching pattern of the coronary arterial tree and the statistical data on the lengths and diameters of the blood vessels. Spatial nonuniformity of the flow field is represented by dispersions of various quantities (SD/mean) that are determined as functions of the order numbers of the blood vessels. In the determination, we used a new, complete set of statistical data on the branching pattern and vascular geometry of the coronary arterial trees. We wrote hemodynamic equations for flow in every vessel and every node of a circuit, and solved them numerically. The results of two circuits are compared: one asymmetric model satisfies all anatomical data (including the mean connectivity matrix) and the other, a symmetric model, satisfies all mean anatomical data except the connectivity matrix. It was found that the mean longitudinal pressure drop profile as functions of the vessel order numbers are similar in both models, but the asymmetric model yields interesting dispersion profiles of blood pressure and blood flow. Mathematical modeling of the anatomy and hemodynamics is illustrated with discussions on its accuracy.
Standardization across Non-standard Domains: The Case of Organ Procurement:

This article describes the work of negotiating and reinterpreting "standard" protocols and criteria at the level of local practice, using the example of the procurement of human cadaver organs for transplantation. The tension between efforts to starulardize and globalize biomedical science, on the one hand, and fitting these efforts into everyday practices and understandings of practitioners, on the other, results in new constructions of medical knowledge about bodies and persons.
Initial Effect of Calculators in Elementary School Mathematics.

Every principal and mathematics teacher is faced with decisions concerning use of calculators in the schools. Public debate over calculator use for teaching mathematics is spirited and appears most controversial for calculator use in elementary schools (Shumway, 1976). The Calculator Information Center has collected and abstracted research reports dealing with calculator effects. In a recent report (Suydam, 1979), over 100 studies were summarized and critiqued. Most of the studies reported suffered from serious design and sampling problems and few valid conclusions can be drawn.
Rapid determination of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns ofListeria monocytogenes isolates by the autobac AIS and MIC procedures

A total of 34 isolates ofListeria monocytogenes were tested against ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, and penicillin-G using the Autobac 3-h AIS and the Autobac 5-h MIC procedures. The results were compared to susceptibility category interpretations and MICs determined using the Sceptor system. With the Sceptor System, all isolates were interpreted to be moderately susceptible to ampicillin and penicillin-G, and susceptible to the four other antibiotics. With the Autobac AIS, all isolates were interpreted to be susceptible to all the antibiotics except penicillin-G. All but one of the 34 isolates were interpreted to be resistant to penicillin-G with the Autobac AIS test. The remaining isolate was interpreted to be indeterminant. The Autobac AIS test was unsatisfactory for determining the susceptibility ofL. monocytogenes isolates to penicillin-G. The Autobac MIC results correlated well with the MIC results of the Sceptor system provided that the Autobac was programmed as though it were testing enterococci. The Autobac MIC reported penicillin-G MICs in units per milliliter and required the use of a conversion factor to obtain micrograms per milliliter, and did not allow for the testing of erythromycin. The Autobac MIC susceptibility category interpretations must not be used, as they were derived from an outdated susceptibility standard. The Autobac MIC test may be used if the limitations given above are observed.
Variation of Absorption Coefficient of Glucose Water in Consideration of Water Displacement

Adding glucose in water will cause two influences on the aqueous solution: one is absorption coefficient addition of glucose; the other is absorption coefficient decrease of water because of water displacement. So the total absorption effect is the result of the absorption coefficient increase of glucose and absorption coefficient decrease of water. In this paper the absorption coefficient of glucose water is analyzed in consideration of water displacement. By data of handbook, we deduce a relationship between the glucose absorption coefficient addition and water absorption coefficient decrease. When one molar glucose is added into water, 6.15 molars water molecular is displaced. The wavelength selection in glucose detection should be at the place where the combined absorption is maximum. The wavelength of widely used in blood glucose concentration detection, e.g. 1.6μm, is selected as an example for analysis. When glucose is added into water, the linear relationship between glucose concentration and absorption coefficient is hold on. On the other hand, when the water molecular is decreased, the water absorption coefficient will decreased, too, which will decrease the total absorption coefficient compared to the situation without water displacement. In general, water displacement will decrease the sensitivity of absorption coefficient to glucose concentration.
Ex vivo expanded cord blood cells provide rapid engraftment in fetal sheep but lack long-term engrafting potential.

Abstract Objective Cord blood (CB) products are becoming routinely used in unrelated allogeneic transplantation for smaller pediatric patients. Because of the low numbers of cells in CB compared to bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cells, their use is more limited in larger adults. Therefore, we developed ex vivo expansion conditions for CB and currently are transplanting ex vivo expanded CB products to patients receiving high-dose chemotherapy. As there is concern that ex vivo expansion may exhaust long-term engrafting cells, the current clinical protocols consist of both an expanded fraction and an unexpanded fraction. To determine the effect of expansion culture on long-term engrafting cells, we evaluated the short- and long-term engrafting potential of ex vivo expanded CB using a fetal sheep xenogeneic transplant model. Material and Methods CD 34 + cells were selected from CB products and cultured in a two-step procedure in the presence of stem cell factor, megakaryocyte growth and differentiation factor, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for 14 days. Starting cells (CD34 + cells), and cultured cells (day 7 and day 14 cells) were transplanted in 60-day-old fetal sheep and evaluated at various time points post transplant for the presence of human cells. Long-term engrafting cells were assessed by serial passage into secondary and tertiary recipients. Results Day 14 expanded CB cells provided more rapid engraftment than either the day 7 expanded cells or the day 0 cells; however, this engraftment was transient, and no human cells were detectable at 16 months post transplant in the animals that received the day 14 expanded cells. Day 0 cells had engrafted animals at 2 months post transplant and both the day 0 and day 7 cells persisted to 16 months or longer. In the secondary animals, the day 0 and day 7 cells engrafted equivalently at 3 months post transplant; however, no secondary engraftment resulted from the day 14 cells. The levels of engraftment in secondary animals receiving day 7 cells decreased with time to barely detectable levels at 12 months post transplant. Conclusions Ex vivo expansion of CB CD34 + cells under the conditions described results in the generation of increased mature cells and progenitors that are capable of more rapid engraftment in fetal sheep compared to unexpanded CB CD34 + cells. The expanded cells engrafted primary sheep but lacked secondary and tertiary engrafting potential. These studies demonstrate that although ex vivo expanded cells may be able to provide rapid short-term engraftment, the long-term potential of expanded grafts may be compromised. Therefore, clinical protocols may require transplantation of two fractions of cells, an expanded CB graft to provide rapid short-term engraftment and an unmanipulated fraction of CB graft to provide stem cells for long-term engraftment.
Service Dogs for Disabled Children: Effects on Level of Independence and Quality of Life

Service dogs are trained to help people with limited mobility. They have been shown to enhance independence and to reduce the need for assistance. However, training is expensive, and most trainers prefer not to work with children. A collaboration between Shriners Hospital, Northern California, and Loving Paws Assistance Dogs of Santa Rosa, California, was initiated to pair children with limited mobility with service dogs. We studied the outcomes of five child-dog pairs. Three were highly successful, one partially succeeded, and one failed. We conclude that the training and pairing of service dogs and disabled children is a difficult but worthwhile enterprise.
Optical reflectivity studies of magnetically oriented YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ

The optical reflectivity spectra of magnetically oriented YBa2Cu3O7 −δ are reported over a wide energy range from 50 to 24 000 cm−1 (6 meV to 3 eV). A strong optical anisotropy is observed, with most phonon modes associated with the E ‖ c spectrum. An anisotropic effective-medium theory is used to permit direct comparison of these data with spectra from unoriented grains. The excitonic feature is found to be considerably more intense in the unoriented sample.
Prenatal diagnosis: When the clinician disagrees with the patient's decision

Abstract Objective: Recent reports of prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip and cleft palate resulting in pregnancy termination have raised questions about the appropriateness of such decisions. This review attempts to clarify the importance of nondirective counseling and define the role of the clinician, especially in the face of difficult and often controversial decisions. Design: Genetic counseling literature was reviewed to clarify the role of genetic counseling in prenatal diagnosis within the framework of different counseling approaches. Conclusions: The ultimate decision regarding pregnancy outcome and management, including termination, belongs to the pregnant couple. Clinicians will often have their own thoughts about what decisions they would make when faced with certain clinical situations. However, the responsibility of clinicians is to help the couple make their own decisions based upon their personal religious, moral, and cultural values.
Volcanic effects on surface temperatures

It is usually difficult to demonstrate the effects on surface temperatures of the injection of gases and dust particles from a volcanic eruption. In a study of major 19th- and 20th-century volcanic eruptions, and climate record for the same period, S. Self, M. Rampino, and J. Barbera report convincing evidence of at least minor effects. They compared the record of explosive volcanic eruptions that injected large amounts of dust and gases with the zonal and hemispherical temperature changes and concluded the following. There is an association of large explosive eruptions with small, negative, temperature deviations in the zonal (up to −1.5°C ) and hemispherical (−0.2 to −0.3°C ) mean temperatures for 2–3 years and not more than 5 years after an eruption. The effects of a series of closely timed large eruptions do not seem to be cumulative. The effects of volcanic injection events ranging in size from moderate to very large (1013–1015 g of fine particles and gases) seem to be similar, suggesting a saturation limit of temperature response. Composition, whether sulfur- or silica-rich, seems to have an effect.
Synaptic plasticity: Rush hour traffic in the AMPA lanes

Recent experiments indicate that modification of synaptic strength may involve rapid regulation of vesicular traffic on the postsynaptic side of the synapse. The specific vesicular trafficking route taken by postsynaptic receptors appears to depend on the stimulus.
Inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of E. coli by phospholipids.

Summary DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of E. coli is strongly inhibited by phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin at concentrations of 5 to 8 × 10−5 M. The two lipids inhibit the formation of rifampicin-resistant preinitiation complexes. Phosphatidylethanolamine is not inhibitory, and at a tenfold higher concentration partially overcomes the inhibition by the other two lipids.
The ECOS 2009 World Energy Panel: An introduction to the Panel and to the present (2009) situation in sustainable energy development

Abstract This paper introduces the ECOS 2009 conference World Energy Panel, and presents the opening talk that briefly surveys the present (2009) situation in sustainable energy development. Recent (2008) estimates and forecasts of the oil, gas, coal resources and their reserve/production ratio, nuclear and renewable energy potential, and energy uses are surveyed. A brief discussion of the status, sustainability (economic, environmental and social impact), and prospects of fossil, nuclear and renewable energy use, and of power generation (including hydrogen, fuel cells, micro-power systems, and the futuristic concept of generating power in space for terrestrial use), is presented. Comments about energy use in general, with more detailed focus on insufficiently considered areas of transportation and buildings are brought up. Ways to resolve the problem of the availability, cost, and sustainability of energy resources alongside the rapidly rising demand are discussed. The author’s view of the promising energy R&D areas, their potential, foreseen improvements and their time scale, and last year’s trends in government funding are presented.
A generalized core-polarization model for inelastic scattering

Abstract A deformed-potential model for including core-polarization effects in microscopic descriptions of inelastic scattering has been generalized to include spin and isospin oscillations. It is shown how these effects may be related to data for inhibited or enhanced electromagnetic and β-transitions.
Preschool Children's Ratings of Familiarized and Nonfamiliarized Visual Stimuli.

Abstract Two experiments are described in which preschool-aged Ss first observed repeated projections of six stimuli (white on black, low meaningful figures) in a familiarization phase and then rated these and six previously unseen stimuli in a test phase. The test phase for Experiment I entailed single stimulus presentations, with S responding to each by saying, “I like it” or “I don't like it”. In Experiment II, familiarized and nonfamiliarized stimuli were presented in pair-wise fashion in the test phase, S being asked to point to the one he “liked best” in each case. The results from both experiments indicate the Ss showed a significant preference for the nonfamiliarized over the familiarized stimuli. These findings are discussed in relation to: (a) those of earlier related child studies; (b) a thesis recently proposed by Zajonc (1968) to the effect that “mere exposure” to stimuli enhances attitudes toward them; and (c) the position taken by Fowler (1967) that familiarized stimuli are a source of tedium and stimulus change may constitute a reinforcing state of affairs.
Bioarcheology of the South Central United States

Bioarcheology of the South Central United States. Edited by Jerome C. Rose. Fayetteville, AR: Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series No. 55. 1999. 297 pp. ISBN 1-56349-086-2. $30.00 (paper).
The first three seconds: Listener knowledge gained from brief musical excerpts

The human auditory system can rapidly process musical information such as, for example: the recognition and identification of sound sources, the deciphering of meter, tempo, mode, and texture, the processing of lyrics and dynamics, the identification of musical style and genre, the perception of performance nuance, and the apprehension of emotional character. Two empirical studies are reported that attempt to chronicle when such information is processed. In the first exploratory study, a diverse set of musical excerpts was selected and trimmed to various durations, ranging from 50 ms to 3000 ms. These samples, beginning with the shortest and ending with the longest, were presented to participants, who were then asked to free associate and talk about any observations that came to mind. Based on these results, a second main study was carried out using a betting paradigm to determine the amount of exposure needed for listeners to feel confident about acquired musical information. The results suggest a rapid ...
On the proposed role of metallothionein in the transport of cadmium.

In order to test a possible role of MT in the transport of Cd from liver to kidney, we compared the distribution of /sup 109/Cd administered either in the form of CdCl/sub 2/ or CdMT. Unlike in earlier studies which employed relatively massive amounts of Cd, in the present studies a low total amount of Cd (15 to 30 ..mu..g) was continuously infused over a period of 2 to 3 days. Results confirmed a preferential renal accumulation of CdMT. High intracellular renal and hepatic MT concentrations, induced by repeated prior injections of Cd, Zn, or Hg, did not alter the tissue distribution of infused CdCl/sub 2/ or CdMT. It is interesting to note that in some further experiments, equivalent amounts of extracellular MT depressed renal uptake of CdMT. These findings are consistent with a role of MT in the transport of Cd from liver to kidney.
Preliminary clinical results from U.S. fast neutron teletherapy studies

Over 700 patients with cancer have been treated with fast neutron beams since 1972 in three U.S. programs at the M.D. Anderson-TAMVEC (Houston and College Station, Texas), University of Washington (Seattle, Washington), and MANTA (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.). Clinical applications are about to start at the Fermilab (Batavia, Illinois) and Cleveland Clinic-NASA (Cleveland, Ohio). To date, studies have included: 1) effects of different treatment patterns and doses; 2) responses of several tumor types at many anatomic sites; and 3) acute and long-term normal tissue tolerances. Responses of several cancers, such as extensive epidermoid carcinoma of the cervix and "fixed" metastatic cervical adenopathy, have been encouraging. In patients with glioblastoma multiforme, good tumor responses have not lengthened survival compared with the following conventional radiation therapy. Both local tumor control and "cure" have been compromised by the inclusion of patients with very extensive cancers. In general, treatment has been well tolerated. These preliminary studies provide the basis for planned clinical trials.
An Evaluation of Three Computer-Based Instructional Strategies in Basic Electricity and Electronics Training

Job requirements for Navy electronic technicians include extensive knowledge of basic electricity and electronics (BE/E) fundamentals. Historically the BE/E material has proved difficult for traine...
Biochemical polymorphisms: The unit of selection and the hypothesis of conditional neutrality

Abstract This paper has examined the dynamic aspects of the fitness of genetic variants in soluble proteins in the context of the unit of selection. The concept of conditional neutrality has been incorporated into this framework of the unit of selection to include those mechanisms which result in compensation for alterations in the physicochemical properties of an allozyme. Possible compensatory mechanisms have been suggested for single proteins, multiple enzyme systems and biochemical pathways. It is suggested that these homeostatic mechanisms have evolved as a result of selective pressures operating at the level of the selective unit. Following these considerations it is suggested that the molecular evolution of proteins can be viewed in a manner analogous to Wright's shifting balance theory of evolution, in that allozymes could enter into and oscillate between both neutral and selective phases. It is demonstrated that differences in the physicochemical properties of allozymes are a precondition for molecular evolution by selective processes. However, the possibility of selection acting upon allozymes depends upon the integration of the properties of individual allozymes with the homeostatic properties of the physiological processes of which the allozyme is a part. It is the development of such homeostatic aspects of biochemical systems that may result in a hierarchy of “selective units” which are important factors in ascertaining the role of allozymes in molecular evolution.
The Rangeland Cup

The Rangeland Cup team competition is an activity to promote critical thinking and cooperative, collaborative work on current topics or topics of historical importance to rangeland ecology and management. In today’s world, much of our work is performed as part of a group. This competition, which is held at the SRM Annual Meeting, is intended to build skills in interpersonal communication and group problem-solving, both of which are highly desired qualities for rangeland professionals. The fi rst competition took place earlier this year at the 60th Annual Meeting in Reno/Sparks, NV. The task of managing rangelands, though complex in the past, has been compounded by new challenges of the 21st century. As a result, the profession and the Society for Range Management are in a constant state of fl ux. Debates over name changes, policy statements, membership goals, and the purpose of the Society suggest that a clear vision for the future is needed. Who better to provide this vision than future professionals in the fi eld? The topic for the 2007 Rangeland Cup competition at the SRM Annual Meeting was as follows: “Apply the state and transition theoretical framework to describe SRM’s current and potential future ‘identities’ as an organization. Include stable states and transitions between those states, identify forces that drive the SRM over particular thres holds into each state, and describe feedback mechanisms that are needed to maintain each state or to revert the SRM to an alternative state.” Nine teams participated from 6 different institutions. Eight individuals graciously volunteered to judge the competition. The competition generated a great amount of interest and interaction between the students and professionals within the organization. The top 3 posters were 1) “The ‘Adaptive Phases’ of SRM and the Range Profession” from Utah State University, 2) “Society for Range Management: Drivers of Sustainability” from the University of Wyoming, and 3) “Application of State and Transition Model to SRM” from Chadron State College. To showcase these innovative young professionals’ work, posters from the competition are presented on the following pages.
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN PATIENTS WITH INSULIN-DEPENDENT DIABETES

Abstract Forty patients (age 23-48 years) with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal failure were accepted for renal transplantation at the University of Minnesota between June, 1969, and September, 1972. Fifteen patients died: six before transplantation, three within 6 months of transplantation, and six after this period. Infections and myocardial infarctions were the principle causes of death. Age, age at onset of diabetes, duration of diabetes, electrocardiogram changes, a history of angina, or severity of retinopathy were unreliable as prognostic indicators. Women had much better results than men. Rehabilitation and management of the diabetes mellitus in the patients with viable grafts was good. Diabetic nephropathy did not recur and hypertension was easily controlled. Visual acuity, which had rapidly deteriorated in uraemic diabetics, remained stable after transplantation.
New graduates in the burn unit

The nursing shortage is widespread. The shortage of available experienced registered nurses has led to an influx of new graduate nurses (GN) into the acute care setting. This influx of inexperienced nurses into highly specialized areas has established a need to develop effective GN training programs that promote sound clinical performance,encourage professional development, and strengthen recruitment and retention efforts. This article discusses the training needs of GNs in burn units and reviews the University of Colorado Hospital (UCH) GN residency program with a discussion of its successes and future challenges.
Birth weight and cognitive performance in older women: the Rancho Bernardo study.

Low birth weight is associated with poorer cognitive function from infancy through early adulthood, but little is known about low birth weight and cognitive performance in the elderly. This study examines the association of birth weight with cognitive function in community-dwelling older women. Participants were 292 community-dwelling women aged 55–89 (median = 71 years) who attended a 1988–91 clinic visit when cognitive function was assessed, and responded to a 1991 mailed questionnaire assessing birth weight. All analyses were adjusted for age and education. Birth weight ranged from 2 to 12 pounds (lbs; mean = 7.4 ± 1.9). When birth weight was categorized into tertiles (2–6.9 lbs, 7–8 lbs, and 8.1–12.4 lbs), women in the lowest tertile had significantly lower (“poorer”) scores on Serial 7’s, a test of concentration and calculation (p < 0.05). Other birth weight categorizations (lowest quartile or quintile, or birth weight <5.5 lbs vs. 5.6–8.9 lbs and ≥9 lbs) did not improve the prediction of poor performance on Serial 7’s. Birth weight as a continuous variable was significantly and positively associated with Serial 7’s test scores (p = 0.04). Results suggest that small decrements in cognitive function tasks involving calculation may persist throughout life in women who were of relatively low birth weight. Although this association could be spurious, it deserves further evaluation.
Engineering applications of plasma science

Plasmas are important in such diverse fields as astrophysics, controlled fusion research, semiconductor manufacturing and laser technology. Plasma science incorporates skills from electromagnetics, thermodynamics, materials science, chemistry, electronics, mechanical design, vacuum technology and computer modeling. Plasma is involved in up to 30% of the steps in fabricating today's microprocessors. Microwave tubes are a multibillion dollar market worldwide. Plasma processing within integrated circuit manufacturing is a $2 billion/year industry in the United States alone. The author discusses some engineering applications of plasma science, including: etching; deposition/coating; surface treatment; microwave vacuum tubes; pollution and hazardous waste processing; lasers; coronas.
Changes in GABAA receptor subunit gamma 2 in extensor and flexor motoneurons and astrocytes after spinal cord transection and motor training

Abstract GABA signaling plays an important role in the spinal cord response to injury and subsequent motor training. Since benzodiazepines are commonly used to treat muscle spasticity in spinal cord injured subjects and the γ2 subunit of the GABA A receptor is necessary for benzodiazepine binding, this subunit may be an important factor modulating sensorimotor function after an injury. Changes in γ2 levels in muscle-specific motoneurons and surrounding astrocytes were determined ∼ 3 months after a complete mid-thoracic spinal cord transection at P5 in non-trained and in step-trained spinal rats. Soleus (ankle extensor) and tibialis anterior (TA, ankle flexor) motor pools were identified using retrograde labeling via intramuscular injections of Fast Blue or Fluoro Gold, respectively. Lumbar spinal cord sections showed γ2 immunostaining in both soleus and TA motoneurons and astrocytes. γ2 immunoreactivity on the soma of soleus and TA motoneurons in spinal rats was differentially modulated. Compared to intact rats, spinal rats had higher levels of γ2 in TA, and lower levels in soleus motoneurons. Step training restored GABA A γ2 levels towards control values in motoneuronal pools of both muscles. In contrast, the γ2 levels were elevated in surrounding astrocytes of both motor pools in spinal rats, and step training had no further effect. Thus, motor training had a specific effect on those neurons that were directly involved with the motor task. Since the γ2 subunit is involved with GABA A receptor trafficking and synaptic clustering, it appears that this subunit could be an important component of the activity-dependent response of the spinal cord after a spinal injury.
Segmental testicular infarction due to minocycline-induced antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody--positive vasculitis.

Segmental testicular infarction is an uncommon clinical entity marked by acute scrotal pain and swelling. Classically, these appear as wedge-shaped, avascular, hypoechoic lesions on a testicular ultrasound. We present a unique case of testicular infarct caused by an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–positive vasculitis secondary to the use of the antibiotic minocycline. The patient's symptoms resolved with cessation of minocycline. We suggest that patients who present with otherwise unexplained testicular infarction undergo a careful review of medications to uncover a potential cause.
Carcinoid and Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Bronchus

Abstract A careful study of the pharmacology of individual carcinoid tumors may increase our knowledge of such tumors. It may also be rewarding in other fields because of the biological interaction of kinins, serotonin, histamine, prostaglandins, and other agents. The poor correlation of signs and symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome with chemical assay may be due to lack of knowledge. The carcinoid syndrome must be considered a spectrum [130], and its diagnostic criteria should be liberalized. It is important to recognize the frequent association of carcinoid with other endocrine disorders, which in some instances may be best treated by removal of the carcinoid. History and gross appearance seem more reliable prognostic indicators than histological evaluation. Metastases may be consistent with long survival but on occasion indicate a rapid lethal course. The relation of carcinoid to oat cell carcinoma is pertinent. Cytology may be positive. All modalities of therapy, including operation, must be individualized. The smallest adequate cancer operation is the procedure of choice. More knowledge of the role of radiation therapy is needed.
The Dimerization of TiH4

Ab initio electronic structure calculations using a triple-{zeta} plus polarization basis set, second-order perturbation theory, and coupled cluster theory show the dimerization of TiH to be kinetically and thermodynamically very favorable. Six minima have been found on the potential energy surface of Ti{sub 2}H{sub 8}: two with double hydrogen bridges and four with triple hydrogen bridges. This potential energy surface is very flat suggesting rapid interconversion between these isomers is possible. The large thermodynamic driving force for dimerizations (up to -46.1 kcal/mol on the classical surface) is attributed to both electrostatic effects and the electron deficiency of titanium. 28 refs., 9 figs., 4 tabs.
Simplifying hESC culture

Comment on Wang et al, page [4598][1] Human embryonic stem cells are a valuable resource for research and cell replacement therapy but are notoriously cumbersome to culture. Bhatia and colleagues show that an increased dose of basic fibroblast growth factor eliminates the need for feeder layer
Management of engineering work

Management in its fundamental aspects is the same regardless of the kind of business enterprise. Effective management of engineering work is accomplished by applying the basic principles of the work of management to the work of engineering.
Forward kinematics of planar parallel manipulators in the Clifford algebra of P2

Abstract This paper presents the forward kinematics of planar platform manipulators composed of three RPR chains. The Clifford Algebra of projective two space is used to represent planar displacements. Also known as planar quaternions, the representation allows us to formulate the kinematic constraints in an algebraic form with rich geometric content. The forward kinematics problem reduces to the intersection of three circular hyperboloids. An algorithm for parameterizing the forward kinematics solution is presented. The general kinematics function is shown to yield six solutions. Furthermore, it is shown that real solutions only exist if the roots of a certain polynomial are on the interval from −1 to 1. A series of platform architectures is then studied to show how the kinematics algorithm specializes in these cases. Degenerate architectures are also identified.
Is lack of response to single-agent chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease associated with dose scheduling or chemotherapy resistance?

Abstract Objective. The aim of this study was to determine whether in the management of low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) the administration of 5-day courses of 12 μg/kg actinomycin D is effective following the failure of 1.25 mg/m 2 "pulsed" actinomycin D. Methods. Patients with low-risk GTN who failed to respond to 1.25 mg/m 2 pulsed actinomycin were switched to the 5-day course of 12 μg/kg actinomycin. Results. Patients with low-risk GTN who failed to respond to pulsed actinomycin were changed to the same chemotherapy agent, actinomycin D, given as a 5-day course at 12 μg/kg. Four of the five responded and one required methotrexate to achieve remission. Conclusions. Pulsed biweekly actinomycin and pulsed weekly methotrexate have been shown to have a higher failure rate than the 5-day regimens of the same medications. This study demonstrates that failure of pulsed actinomycin may be successfully treated by a 5-day course of the same medication. It appears that with the pulsed regimens cytotoxic exposure of trophoblastic cells to the medication is too brief and the 5-day course permits more cells to be in cycle. It is suggested that, following failure of a pulsed regimen, the patient is given the same chemotherapy as a 5-day course, rather than switching from actinomycin to methotrexate or vice versa. This conserves options for chemotherapy in GTN.