cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling interfacial properties in supported metal oxide catalysts through metal–organic framework templating

Precise control over the chemical structure of hard-matter materials is a grand challenge of basic science and a prerequisite for the development of advanced catalyst systems. In this work we report the application of a sacrificial metal–organic framework (MOF) template for the synthesis of a porous supported metal oxide catalyst, demonstrating proof-of-concept for a highly generalizable approach to the preparation of new catalyst materials. Application of 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylic acid as the organic strut in the Ce MOF precursor results in chelation of Cu2+ and affords isolation of the metal oxide precursor. Following pyrolysis of the template, homogeneously dispersed CuO nanoparticles are formed in the resulting porous CeO2 support. By partially substituting non-chelating 1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid, the Cu2+ loading and dispersion can be finely tuned, allowing precise control over the CuO/CeO2 interface in the final catalyst system. Characterization by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and in situ IR spectroscopy/mass spectrometry confirm control over interface formation to be a function of template composition, constituting the first report of a MOF template being used to control interfacial properties in a supported metal oxide. Using CO oxidation as a model reaction, the system with the greatest number of interfaces possessed the lowest activation energy and better activity under differential conditions, but required higher temperature for catalytic onset and displayed inferior efficiency at 100 °C than systems with higher Cu-loading. This finding is attributable to greater CO adsorption in the more heavily-loaded systems, and indicates catalyst performance for these supported oxide systems to be a function of at least two parameters: size of adsorption site and extent of interface. Optimization of catalyst materials thus requires precise control over synthesis parameters, such as is demonstrated by this MOF-templating method.
Clinical Manifestations and Outcomes of Fluoroquinolone-Related Acute Interstitial Nephritis

Abstract Objective To describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and outcomes of patients with biopsy-proven acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) related to fluoroquinolone (FQ) therapy. Patient and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of biopsy-proven AIN attributed to FQ use at Mayo Clinic's campus in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 1993, through December 31, 2016. Cases were reviewed by a renal pathologist and attributed to FQ use by an expert nephrologist. We also reviewed and summarized all published case reports of biopsy-proven AIN that were attributed to FQ use. Results We identified 24 patients with FQ-related biopsy-proven AIN at our institution. The most commonly prescribed FQ was ciprofloxacin in 17 patients (71%), and the median antibiotic treatment duration was 7 days (interquartile range [IQR], 5-12 days). The median time from the initiation of FQ to the diagnosis of AIN was 8.5 days (IQR, 3.75-20.75 days). Common clinical manifestations included fever (12; 50%), skin rash (5; 21%), and flank pain (2; 8%), and 9 (38%) had peripheral eosinophilia. However, 4 (17%) of the patients were asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis and AIN was suspected on the basis of routine laboratory monitoring. Most patients (17; 71%) recovered after the discontinuation of antibiotic therapy, and renal function returned to baseline at a median of 20.5 days (IQR, 11.75-27.25 days). Six patients (25%) required temporary hemodialysis, and 14 patients (58%) received corticosteroid therapy. Conclusion The onset of FQ-related AIN can be delayed, and a high index of suspicion is needed by physicians evaluating these patients. Overall outcomes are favorable, with recovery to baseline renal function within 3 weeks of discontinuing the offending drug.
Cognitive, not physical, engagement in video gaming influences executive functioning

Physically active video games (i.e., exergames), which are a prevalent and popular childhood activity, may have benefits to executive-functioning (EF) skills, as they incorporate both cognitive eng...
Development of Woodceramics

Woodceramics is the porous carbon material obtained from wood impregnated with phenol resin, and sintered in a vacuum furnace. Woodceramics has the character of extremely high degree of freedom in workability, so it can be produced by the technique of a resin molding or the technique of wood processing. The most promising application of Woodceramics is an effective electromagnetic radiation absorbent using in the electromagnetic radiation darkrooms.
Joseph Leo Doob, 1910-2004

D. Burkholder and P. Protter. Joseph Leo Doob, 1910–2004. Stochastic Process. Appl., 115(7):1061–1072, 2005. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier Inc. An electronic version is available at 10.1016/j.spa.2005.05.002
Nondestructive Evaluation Using Shearing Interferometry

Coherent shearing interferometry involves the interference of a coherent optical wavefront with a spatially shifted version of itself. The resulting interference pattern carries information which for small shears (spatial shifts) can be related to the gradients of the phase of the wavefront. The primary advantage of this optical technique is that it is relatively insensitive to rigid body motion. A coherent wavefront that is transmitted through a body or is reflected from the surface of a body will carry information about the resulting stress state or deformation of the body. This information can be used for nondestructive evaluation applications using optical shearing methods in order to identify defects such as cracks and disbonds. In this paper, we will first give a brief review of various shearing methods, and then describe in detail the use of Coherent Gradient Sensing, a diffraction grating shearing technique that was developed by Tippur, Krishnaswamy and Rosakis [1,2,3], for the optical detection of cracks in bodies.
Tandem queues in bulk port operations

The study is motivated by the operations at the bulk material handling port of Kamsar in Guinea. Bauxite ore is brought to port to load vessels that arrive on a semi‐scheduled basis. Vessels go through several stages of delays due to sailing, tide and due to time in a waiting berth before and after they are loaded. We propose bounds and an approximation for a modified port time which is a significant measure of performance in bulk‐material port operations.
Identification of Syndecan-1 As a Key Dependency of Myeloid Leukemia Growth and Dissemination

Abstract Intratumoral heterogeneity is a common feature of many myeloid leukemias and a significant reason for treatment failure and relapse. Thus identifying the cells responsible for residual disease and leukemia re-growth is critical to better understand how they are regulated. Here we show that a knock-in reporter mouse for the stem cell gene Musashi 2 (Msi2) allows identification of therapy resistant leukemia propagating cells in aggressive myeloid malignancies, and provides a new strategy for defining their core dependencies. Specifically, we carried out a high throughput screen using Msi2 reporter blast crisis chronic myeloid leukemia (bcCML) and identified syndecan-1 (Sdc1), a cell surface proteoglycan, as preferentially expressed in therapy resistant bcCML cells, and critical for bcCML function. Specifically, in Sdc1-/- mice, Sdc1 loss led to a defect in bcCML growth and propagation in vitro and in vivo, and markedly improved survival. Further, live imaging revealed that Sdc1 loss had a striking impact on the spatiotemporal dynamics of leukemia cells, impairing their localization, migration and systemic dissemination. Mechanistically, distinct elements of Sdc1 contributed to leukemia growth and dissemination, with the core protein alone being able to rescue the growth defect, but the heparin sulfate chains that mediate matrix attachment being needed for migration. These data present a new platform for delineating the biological underpinnings of leukemia stem cell function, and identify Sdc1 as a central regulator of leukemia stem cell growth and dissemination. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Applications for the In Situ Measurement of Nonvolatile Organics at Ocean Worlds.

Abstract A new technique that has applications for the detection of nonvolatile organics on Ocean Worlds has been developed. Here, liquid mixtures of fatty acids (FAs) and/or amino acids (AAs) are ...
Analysis and Design Considerations of a Contactless Magnetic Plug for Charging Electric Vehicles Directly From the Medium-Voltage DC Grid With Arc Flash Mitigation

Electric vehicle charging has shifted to higher voltages to achieve higher power for more rapid charging capabilities. This article provides a contactless magnetic plug solution that enables medium-voltage grid connections for electric vehicle charging to achieve 3.5- $\text{kV}_{\rm DC}$ -to-400- $\text{V}_{\rm DC}$ , 150-kW rapid charging capabilities. This novel magnetic plug improves upon existing electric vehicle charging solutions by guaranteeing safe operation and connection through galvanic and physical separation from the medium-voltage side. It achieves this with a gap and barrier in the transformer core. We introduce a unique asymmetry in the core to localize parasitic capacitance, fully separating the medium- and low-voltage regions. This approach eliminates arcing risk and allows rapid charging capabilities to be delivered to the general public. This gapped core constitutes the plug action of our proposed charging system. We present solutions for the unique challenges of this solution through a detailed analysis of the magnetic design. We confirm this analysis in finite-element analysis and experimentation. The solution is verified through a scaled laboratory prototype of 20 kW, 1 $\text{kV}_{\rm DC}$ to 50 $\text{V}_{\rm DC}$ that is representative of the proposed 150-kW design. We demonstrate safe, arc-free, disconnection in included active content, a new solution for high-power electric vehicle rapid charging.
P4 Recipe Sampling at Farmers' Market: Implications on Self-Reported Fruit and Vegetable Intake, Dermal Carotenoid Scores, and Intent to Prepare

Background Farmers' markets (FM) provide an opportunity for consumers to support local producers and promote fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. Plate It Up! Kentucky Proud (PIUKP) develops healthy recipes incorporating locally-produced specialty crops and educational resources that are then delivered by Extension professionals. In collaboration with local producers, Extension professionals often set up at the FM to provide PIUKP resources and recipe samples. As part of the PIUKP project, evaluation data is collected annually at FM throughout the state. Objective To evaluate the relationship between self-reported FV intake and dermal carotenoid scores in adult FM patrons and to assess the impact of PIUKP recipe sampling at the FM on intent to purchase and prepare locally-produced FV. Study Design, Setting, Participants Over a period of 3 summers, adult patrons (n = 751) at diverse FM's throughout the state were invited to sample a seasonally-appropriate PIUKP recipe and complete a short survey with questions about their typical FV intake, sampling experience, and FM purchasing habits. Dermal carotenoid levels were also evaluated in years 2 and 3 (n = 525) through reflection spectroscopy using the Veggie Meter. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Descriptive statistics are provided. Correlation analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between self-reported FV intake and dermal carotenoid scores. Results The study participants reported consuming an average of 2.22 ± 1.18 servings of fruits and 2.91 ± 1.48 servings of vegetables daily. Mean dermal carotenoid scores were 200.3 ± 87.6; a weak (r = 0.32) positive correlation was found between self-reported FV intake and dermal carotenoid scores. On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being “Contributes a Lot,” participants indicated both recipe sampling (7.83 ± 2.23) and recipe cards (7.76 ± 2.34) contributed to their making a recipe using FV purchased at the FM. The majority (77.6%) of participants indicated they were very likely to purchase the FV highlighted in the sampled recipe. Conclusions Self-reported FV intake was weakly correlated with dermal carotenoid scores, indicating further research is needed to evaluate the use of reflection spectroscopy as a marker of FV intake. As well, providing samples of healthy recipes and recipe cards incorporating FV being sold at the FM contributed to the likelihood of purchase and later preparation of the recipe.
Lipopolysaccharide transport involves long-range coupling between cytoplasmic and periplasmic domains of the LptB 2 FGC extractor

The cell surface of the Gram-negative cell envelope contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which form a permeability barrier against hydrophobic antibiotics. The LPS transport (Lpt) machine composed of LptB2FGCADE forms a proteinaceous trans-envelope bridge that allows for the rapid and specific transport of newly synthesized LPS from the inner membrane (IM) to the outer membrane (OM). This transport is powered from the IM by the ATP-binding cassette transporter LptB2FGC. The ATP-driven cycling between closed- and open-dimer states of the ATPase LptB2 is coupled to the extraction of LPS by the transmembrane domains LptFG. However, the mechanism by which LPS moves from a substrate-binding cavity formed by LptFG at the IM to the first component of the periplasmic bridge, the periplasmic β-jellyroll domain of LptF, is poorly understood. To better understand how LptB2FGC functions in Escherichia coli, we searched for suppressors of a defective LptB variant. We found that defects in LptB2 can be suppressed by both structural modifications to the core oligosaccharide of LPS and changes in various regions of LptFG, including a periplasmic loop in LptF that connects the substrate-binding cavity in LptFG to the periplasmic β-jellyroll domain of LptF. These novel suppressors suggest that interactions between the core oligosaccharide of LPS and periplasmic regions in the transporter influence the rate of LPS extraction by LptB2FGC. Together, our genetic data reveal a path for the bi-directional coupling between LptB2 and LptFG that extends from the cytoplasm to the entrance to the periplasmic bridge of the transporter.IMPORTANCEGram-negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics due to the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at their cell surface. LPS is transported from its site of synthesis at the inner membrane to the outer membrane by the Lpt machine. Lpt proteins form a transporter that spans the entire envelope and is thought to function similarly to a PEZ candy dispenser. This trans-envelope machine is powered by the cytoplasmic LptB ATPase through a poorly understood mechanism. Using genetic analyses in Escherichia coli, we found that LPS transport involves long-ranging bi-directional coupling across cellular compartments between cytoplasmic LptB and periplasmic regions of the Lpt transporter. This knowledge could be exploited in developing antimicrobials that overcome the permeability barrier imposed by LPS.
Age as a Barrier to Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures in Patients with Flail Chest.

INTRODUCTION Although randomized trials demonstrate a benefit to surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF), SSRF is rarely performed. We hypothesized older patients were less likely to receive SSRF nationally. METHODS The 2016 National Inpatient Sample was used to identify adults with flail chest. Comorbidities and receipt of SSRF were categorized by ICD-10 code. Univariable testing and Multivariable regression were performed to determine the association of demographic characteristics and comorbidities to receipt of SSRF. RESULTS 1021 patients with flail chest were identified, including 244 (23.9%) who received SSRF. Patients ≥70 years were less likely to receive SSRF. (<70 yrs 201/774 [26.0%] vs ≥70 43/247 [17.4%], P = .006) and had higher risk of death (<70 yrs 39/774 [5.0%] vs ≥70 33/247 [13.4%], P < .001) In multivariable modeling, only age ≥70 years was associated with SSRF (OR .591, P = .005). CONCLUSION Despite guideline-based support of SSRF in flail chest, SSRF is performed in <25% of patients. Age ≥70 years is associated with lower rate of SSRF and higher risk of death. Future study should examine barriers to SSRF in older patients.
Open Educational Resources (OER)

Digital technology has changed how we learn and teach languages. And nowhere has that change been more evident than in the innovative pedagogical materials referred to as open educational resources (OER) favored by 21st century language learners and teachers (see, for example, http://loro.open.ac.uk/ and http://www.khanacademy.org, http://oli.web.cmu.edu/openlearning). Coined in 2002 during a UNESCO forum, the term was meant to emphasize knowledge construction as an ongoing process that required editable, digital materials more in keeping with the dynamics of online learning and teaching. Plotkin (2010, p. 1) refers to OER as “teaching, learning, and research resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under an intellectual property license that permits sharing, accessing, repurposing—including for commercial purposes—and collaborating with others.” As such, OER represent a heterogeneous category of pedagogical materials that differ widely in scale, sophistication, and goals: online textbooks, supplementary exercises, lesson plans, language corpora, annotation tools, and so forth. Keywords: CALL; Globalization; Language Teaching
The Next Generation Science Standards: A potential revolution for geoscience education

The first and only set of U.S.-nationally distributed K-12 science education standards have been adopted by many states across America, with the potential to be adopted by many more. Earth and space science plays a prominent role in the new standards, with particular emphasis on critical Earth issues such as climate change, sustainability, and human impacts on Earth systems. In the states that choose to adopt the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), American youth will have a rigorous practice-based formal education in these important areas. Much work needs to be done to insure the adoption and adequate implementation of the NGSS by a majority of American states, however, and there are many things that Earth and space scientists can do to help facilitate the process. Summary The first and only set of U.S. national K-12 science education standards are currently being adopted by states across America. Earth and space science plays a prominent role in the new standards. The majority of future Americans could soon have rigorous practice-based formal education in critical Earth issues such as changes to climate systems, human impacts on Earth systems, and human sustainability.
Mapping Vocabularies Using Latent Semantics

Individual users of medical language manifest great variation in the expression of concepts and have difficulty in selecting appropriate terminology when confronted with systems that rely on standardized language, such as MeSH, SNOMED, or ICD, and the special terms sets of systems such as HELP, INTERNIST-I/QMR, and DXplain. Indeed, the need to map natural language into appropriate special terms—as well as the need to map one system’s specialized terminology into another’s—is one of the problems being addressed by the National Library of Medicine’s UMLS System, with its associated information sources maps. The problem is extremely difficult, in part, because such mappings depend on semantic equivalences among terms, not merely the superficial matching of words or phrases.
Neural network based novelty filtering for signal detection enhancement

Discusses the analytical basis for designing an adaptive novelty filter (ANF) based on a multilayer feedforward neural network in order to enhance the detectability of weak, transient signals in the presence of comparatively high-level background noise or interference which has unknown, uncharacterized, or time-varying statistical properties. The ANF serves as a front end preprocessor to any device which performs signal detection, estimation or classification. The ideal ANF would selectively filter out the noise while passing the signal without attenuation or distortion. The conditions under which the novelty filtering effect is most pronounced are presented. >
Distributed recognition of human actions using wearable motion sensor networks

We propose a distributed recognition framework to classify continuous human actions using a low-bandwidth wearable motion sensor network, called distributed sparsity classifier (DSC). The algorithm classifies human actions using a set of training motion sequences as prior examples. It is also capable of rejecting outlying actions that are not in the training categories. The classification is operated in a distributed fashion on individual sensor nodes and a base station computer. We model the distribution of multiple action classes as a mixture subspace model, one subspace for each action class. Given a new test sample, we seek the sparsest linear representation of the sample w.r.t. all training examples. We show that the dominant coefficients in the representation only correspond to the action class of the test sample, and hence its membership is encoded in the sparse representation. Fast linear solvers are provided to compute such representation via e 1-minimization. To validate the accuracy of the framework, a public wearable action recognition database is constructed, called wearable action recognition database (WARD). The database is comprised of 20 human subjects in 13 action categories. Using up to five motion sensors in the WARD database, DSC achieves state-of-the-art performance. We further show that the recognition precision only decreases gracefully using smaller subsets of active sensors. It validates the robustness of the distributed recognition framework on an unreliable wireless network. It also demonstrates the ability of DSC to conserve sensor energy for communication while preserve accurate global classification. (This work was partially supported by ARO MURI W911NF-06-1-0076, NSF TRUST Center, and the startup funding from the University of Texas and Texas Instruments.)
Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions: Potential Application to Antituberculosis Drugs

Drug-drug interaction is an important element of modern drug development. In the case of antituberculosis drugs, which are frequently administered as combinations of multiple therapeutic agents, the potential for interactions between coadministered drugs and between new and existing drugs should be considered during the development of new antituberculosis drugs and combination regimens. The current understanding of drug-drug interactions involving the first-line antituberculosis drugs is reviewed in this article, along with the approaches that are used to prospectively delineate potential interactions during development of new therapies. In addition, current knowledge gaps are identified, and future directions for enhancing the understanding of drug-drug interactions that will further facilitate the development of novel antituberculosis therapies are discussed.
Versatile processor design for efficiency and high performance

New architectural concepts are introduced for uniprocessor designs that conform to the data-driven computation paradigm. Usage of our D/sup 2/-CPU (Data-Driven processor) follows the natural flow of programs, minimizes the number of redundant operations, lowers the hardware cost, and reduces the power consumption. Instructions enter the processing unit when they are ready to execute or when all their operand(s) are to be available within a few clock cycles. This approach results in outstanding performance and elimination of large numbers of redundant operations that plague current processor designs. A comparative analysis of our design with conventional designs proves that it is capable of better performance and higher efficiency.
Optimizing costs and processing times under variable external processing constraints

A technique is presented for analyzing complex production systems incorporating task durations, cost, and the impact of external factors. Processes are modeled as a network of dependent tasks, in which the processing time for each task varies based upon external conditions such as product quality, weather, work stoppages, etc. Analysis and optimization techniques are provided to give greater accuracy than is possible if such factors are ignored. The concept of feasible paths is introduced as a key factor in the analysis and optimization process.
Beyond Markets: Sociology, street-level bureaucracy, and the management of the public sector

This article extends the concept of street-level bureaucracy to address the problem of the inflexibility and rigidity of governmental rules and regulations, a problem at the heart of the standard economic argument against an active government role in the management of the economy. In so doing, it seeks to create a conceptual bridge over which a range of social science disciplines can be drawn into the debate about public sector management and thereby expand the repertoire of policy tools. The article draws primarily on research on one class of street-level bureaucratic organizations, labor inspection organizations in Latin America and southern Europe, and secondarily on a project focusing on DARPA, the research arm of the US Department of Defense. In both organizations, line officers have wide discretion in program development and management and in effect adjust to changing economic and social conditions in a way not unlike the market. These adjustments are grounded in tacit rules that evolve through discussion among the line agents coping day-to-day with novel cases. Management can influence that evolution by entering into the ongoing discussion and giving it direction. Various ways in which it might do so are examined.
Factor IX expression in skeletal muscle of a severe hemophilia B patient 10 years after AAV-mediated gene transfer.

In previous work we transferred a human factor IX–encoding adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) into skeletal muscle of men with severe hemophilia B. Biopsy of injected muscle up to 1 year after vector injection showed evidence of gene transfer by Southern blot and of protein expression by IHC and immunofluorescent staining. Although the procedure appeared safe, circulating F.IX levels remained subtherapeutic (< 1%). Recently, we obtained muscle tissue from a subject injected 10 years earlier who died of causes unrelated to gene transfer. Using Western blot, IHC, and immunofluorescent staining, we show persistent factor IX expression in injected muscle tissue. F.IX transcripts were detected in injected skeletal muscle using RT-PCR, and isolated whole genomic DNA tested positive for the presence of the transferred AAV vector sequence. This is the longest reported transgene expression to date from a parenterally administered AAV vector, with broad implications for the future of muscle-directed gene transfer.
Remobilization of Sleeping Beauty transposons in the germline of Xenopus tropicalis.

Background The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system has been used for germline transgenesis of the diploid frog, Xenopus tropicalis. Injecting one-cell embryos with plasmid DNA harboring an SB transposon substrate together with mRNA encoding the SB transposase enzyme resulted in non-canonical integration of small-order concatemers of the transposon. Here, we demonstrate that SB transposons stably integrated into the frog genome are effective substrates for remobilization.
AI-04MECHANISMS OF GLIOMA FORMATION: PERIVASCULAR GLIOMA INVASION IS A VEGF-INDEPENDENT MECHANISM OF TUMOR VASCULARIZATION

Malignant glioma cells associate with various microanatomical brain structures such as blood vessels, white matter tracts, and brain parenchyma as they spread throughout the brain. However, how these distinct brain tumor invasion patterns coordinate tumor growth and influence clinical outcomes remains unknown. We have investigated how perivascular growth affects glioma growth patterning and response to anti-angiogenic therapy within the highly vascularized brain. We show that orthotopically implanted rodent and human malignant glioma cells, as well as de-novo generated endogenous mouse brain tumors, biopsies of primary human glioblastoma, and peripheral cancer metastasis to the human brain each use brain perivascular space as a means for tissue invasion. Perivascularly invading brain tumors become vascularized by normal brain microvessels as individual gliomas cells use perivascular space as a conduit for tumor invasion. We generated an agent-based computational model, which recapitulated biologically observed perivascular glioma growth without the need for neoangiogenesis. This in-silico result prompted us to test whether neoangiogenesis is indeed required for tumor progression in perivascularly invading glioma by treating tumor-bearing animals with angiogenesis inhibitors bevacizumab and DC101. These inhibitors induced the expected vessel-normalization, yet failed to reduce tumor growth or improve survival of mice implanted orthotopically with gliomas from mouse or human origin, or mice subjected to sleeping-beauty generated endogenous gliomas; in all models tested anti-angiogenics exacerbated brain tumor invasion. Our results provide compelling experimental evidence for the recently described failure of clinically used anti-angiogenics to extend the survival of human glioma patients. Given that anti-angiogenics may be beneficial in some patients suffering from certain genetically identifiable glioma subtypes, whether there are mouse or human glioma cells whose growth in-vitro can be reduced by anti-angiogenic approaches remains to be determined.
Effect of low saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis

144 multiple sclerosis patients took a low-fat diet for 34 years. For each of three categories of neurological disability (minimum, moderate, severe) patients who adhered to the prescribed diet (less than or equal to 20 g fat/day) showed significantly less deterioration and much lower death rates than did those who consumed more fat than prescribed (greater than 20 g fat/day). The greatest benefit was seen in those with minimum disability at the start of the trial; in this group, when those who died from non-MS diseases were excluded from the analysis, 95% survived and remained physically active.
Effect of in ovo immobilization on development of chick hind‐limb articular cartilage: An evaluation using micro‐MRI measurement of delayed gadolinium uptake

To examine the effect of immobilization on the development of articular cartilage, we assessed glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in the chick articular surface by delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC). Chick embryos were paralyzed by decamethonium bromide (DMB) from day 10 to either day 13 or day 16. The GAG content of the chick knee was compared with that of nonparalyzed chick embryos. Histologic analysis was unable to quantify GAG content; however, dGEMRIC demonstrated that GAG content was higher in the femoral condyles of the nonparalyzed embryos on day 13, and on day 16 the GAG content was lower in both the femoral condyles and the tibial plateaus of the nonparalyzed embryos. These results suggest that paralysis delays embryonic hind-limb development. Osteoblastic activity at the cartilage canal, as demonstrated by staining for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), was present only in the nonparalyzed chick embryos on day 16. The GAG content of the cartilage decreased when the cartilage canals began to form on day 16. The effect of immobilization on hind-limb development was indicated by the differences in the GAG content of the cartilage anlage measured by dGEMRIC in the developing knee joint of paralyzed and nonparalyzed embryonic chicks.
Disposal of Salt Water During Well Construction: Problems and Solutionsa

The recent interest in the disposal of treated sewage effluent by deep-well injection into salt-water-filled aquifers has increased the need for proper disposal of salt water as more wells are drilled and tested each year. The effects on an unconfined aquifer of the improper disposal of salt water associated with the construction of three wells in southeastern Florida emphasize this need. In two of the wells provisions to prevent and detect salt-water contamination of the unconfined aquifer were practically nonexistent, and in one well extensive provisions were made. Of the three drilling sites the one with proper provision for detection presented no serious problem, as the ground water contaminated by the salt water was easily located and removed. The provisions consisted of drilling a brine-injection well to dispose of salt water discharged in drilling and testing operations, using a closed drilling circulation system to reduce spillage, installing shallow observation wells to map the extent and depth of any salt-water contamination of the shallow aquifer, and installing a dewatering system to remove contaminated ground water.
Building alliances: Defending immigrant rights in rural Oregon

Abstract Political participation in the rural United States has often been narrowly defined within the confines of electoral politics. Increasingly, participants in rural US social movements have highlighted the shortcomings of democracy defined purely in terms of electoral politics in favour of a more participatory model of politics that focuses on the social and cultural rights of those who are often formally or informally excluded from the liberal definition of citizenship. This article highlights the process of claiming rights as cultural citizens in a political context where there are efforts through the formal political system—usually in the form of ballot referendums at the state or local level—to further limit the rights of specific constituencies such as gay, lesbian and transgendered individuals or immigrants. A second focus of this article is on the dynamics of solidarity and alliance building between different kinds of social movements acting in concert to push for cultural rights and then formal rights for each other's constituencies. The article specifically seeks to illustrate how two organizations that share quite different constituencies and agendas can effectively collaborate in regional and state-wide campaigns in the rural state of Oregon, while also honestly discussing their differences and difficulties in working together.
Theory of strongly relaxed point defects in oxides

Abstract Experimental and theoretical efforts during recent years have led to structural models for several of the fundamental point defects in oxide materials. In many of these cases it has become apparent that asymmetric relaxations of neighboring atoms play a key role in the detailed structure and properties of these defects. Such effects are not as common in prototype insulators such as alkali halides (a notable exception being the Type II FA center). Strong relaxations in a number of oxides have been treated theoretically by Schirmer using a “bound small polaron model”. Similar ideas had been incorporated into a treatment of the E1′ center in SiO2 by Yip and Fowler, and more recently by Griscom and Fowler. Extensive computations on the E1′, E4′, and peroxy-radical centers using MNDO and MINDO/3 quantum-chemistry approaches indicate that the defect geometries and properties are strongly related to atomic relaxations about them. It is likely that these effects are important in other insulating material...
Determination of the accuracy of laminated wax interocclusal wafers

The variables that were selected as relevant factors in the production of inaccuracy in laminated wax interocclusal wafers were found to be highly significant statistically, mostly with confidence levels greater than 99%. These confidence levels, however, relate to experimental comparisons in the absence of any absolute standard. Clinical impact is difficult to assess without such standards. Laminated wax interocclusal wafers are highly technique sensitive. Variations in treatment and handling procedures are important factors in assessing their accuracy. Wafers that were both laminated and metalized were found to be the most accurate and dimensionally stable. However, exact reproductions of the original wax recordings are unlikely and were not achieved in this investigation.
Time Course of Vascular Resistance and Venous Oxygen Changes following Brief Tetanus of Dog Skeletal Muscle

The time courses of vascular resistance and venous blood oxygen (O2) saturation following a brief tetanus of isolated dog calf muscle were studied during free-flow (constant-pressure), high constant-flow (>30 ml/100 g min-1), and low constant-flow (<24 ml/100 g min-1) perfusion. A monophasic decrease in resistance followed a 1-second tetanus during either free-flow or high constant-flow perfusion. The transient decrease in vascular resistance during high constant-flow perfusion returned to control before the return of the decrease in end-capillary oxygen tension. Thus, it seems unlikely that the vascular response to a brief tetanus during free-flow or high constant-flow perfusion was controlled by a factor related to oxidative metabolism. A biphasic resistance response followed a brief tetanus during low constant-flow perfusion. This vascular response had a longer duration than the response during free-flow or high constant-flow perfusion. It returned to control with approximately the same time course as that for tissue O2 consumption and could therefore be controlled by factors related to oxidative metabolism. These findings support the hypothesis that exercise hyperemia is due to multiple factors. Moreover, they indicate that, under the conditions of free-flow perfusion or high constant-flow perfusion, the vascular response to a brief tetanus is not solely controlled by factors directly associated with tissue oxidative metabolism.
Synthesis and spectral characterization of sulfhydryl-reactive fluorescent probes.

Abstract We synthesized two sulfhydryl-reactive fluorescent probes, Br-ANT (2-amino-benzoic acid, 2-(bromoace- tyl)hydrazide) and Br-MANT ( N -[2-[(bromoacetyl)amino]ethyl]-2-(methylamino)benzamide). Br-ANT and Br-MANT contain an anthraniloyl and N -methyl anthraniloyl group, respectively, linked to the sulfhydryl-reactive bromoacetyl moiety. The cysteine adducts have absorption maxima at 323 and 326 nm, with molar extinction coefficients of 2100 and 2900 M −1 cm −1 , for Br-ANT and Br-MANT, respectively, making these probes excellent acceptors for tryptophan. The absorption spectra and quantum yields were constant at pH levels useful for protein studies (pH 5–8). Quantum yields of Br-ANT and Br-MANT were 0.16 and 0.42, emission maxima were 432 and 440 nm, and fluorescence lifetimes were 1.3 and 7.8 ns, respectively. The emission of Br-ANT-Cys and Br-MANT-Cys shifted to shorter wavelengths with decreasing solvent polarity. Polarization values were maximal between 330 and 375 nm. Both probes reacted selectively and stoichiometrically with the single cysteine residue of a model protein. The labeled protein exhibited relatively long lifetimes (9–10 ns), suggesting that these probes will be generally useful for rotational studies.
Low pressure drop airborne molecular contaminant filtration using open-channel networks

Airborne molecular contamination (AMC) continues to play a very decisive role in the performance of many microelectronic devices and manufacturing processes. Currently, the state of the filtration industry is such that optimum filter life and removal efficiency for AMC is offered by granular filter beds. However, the attributes that make packed beds of adsorbents extremely efficient also impart issues related to elevated filter weight and pressure drop. Most of the low pressure drop AMC filters currently offered tend to be quiet costly and contaminant nonspecific. Many of these low pressure drop filters are simply pleated combinations of various adsorptive and reactive media. On the other hand, low pressure drop filters, such as those designed as open-channel networks (OCNs), can still offer good filter life and removal efficiency, with the additional benefits of significant reductions in overall filter weight and pressure drop. Equally important for many applications, the OCN filters can reconstruct the airflow so as to enhance the operation of a tool or process. For tool mount assemblies and full fan unit filters this can result in reduced fan and blower speeds, which subsequently can provide reduced vibration and energy costs. Additionally, these low pressure drop designs can provide a cost effective way of effectively removing AMC in full fab (or HVAC) filtration applications without significantly affecting air-handling requirements. Herein, we will present a new generation of low pressure drop OCN filters designed for AMC removal in a wide range of applications.
Arthroscopic Repair of Collateral Ligaments in Metacarpophalangeal Joints

Although typically reported in thumb and small fingers, collateral ligament ruptures of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints have been described in all digits. Traditional open repair requires a dissection that violates the sagittal band and may result in increased scarring and decreased hand function. Arthroscopic repair of MCP collateral ligaments has not been previously described. We present a new technique for repairing MCP collateral ligaments arthroscopically.
GTP-binding proteins associated with serotonin-activated adenylate cyclase in Fasciola hepatica

Abstract The liver fluke Fasciola hepatica has serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) receptors that function through a transmembrane signalling system requiring GTP which activates adenylate cyclase (ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclising), EC 4.6.1.1). Non-hydrolysable GTP analogs and NaF activate adenylate cyclase in membrane particles of these organisms. The nature of GTP-binding proteins in these membranes was studied using bacterial toxins and photoaffinity labelling. Treatment of membrane particles from flukes with cholera toxin increased basal adenylate cyclase activity, but markedly decreased activation by serotonin, non-hydrolysable GTP analogs, and NaF. [ 32 P]ADP-ribosylation by cholera toxin or photoaffinity labelling with [ 32 P]-8-N 3 GTP identified a 53 kDa protein and a 45 kDa protein which appeared to be similar to the forms of the α-subunit of the GTP-binding protein associated with adenylate cyclase in mammals. Treatment of membrane particles by pertussis toxin did not significantly change basal adenylate cyclase activity and did not change the stimulation of cyclase by activators. A 43 kDa protein which was [ 32 P]ADP-ribosylated by either cholera or pertussis toxin, depending on the conditions used, and photoaffinity labelled by [ 32 P]-8-N 3 GTP may be part of the transmembrane signalling system in the liver flukes.
Fuzzy systems vegetation theory

Fuzzy systems vegetation theory is a comprehensive framework for the expression of vegetation theory and conceptual models, as well as the development of vegetation analyses. It is applicable to vegetation/environment relations, vegetation dynamics, and the effects of environmental dynamics on vegetation composition. Fuzzy systems vegetation theory is a fuzzy set generalization of dynamical systems theory and incorporates a formal logic and mathematics. This paper presents the elements of fuzzy systems vegetation theory and discusses the relationship of the fuzzy systems theory to the geometric concepts generally employed in vegetation theory.
Value of risk stratification to increase the predictive validity of HbA1c in screening for undiagnosed diabetes in the US population.

Background Opportunistic screening using hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) may improve detection of undiagnosed diabetes but remains controversial.
Constraints on deep‐water formation from the oceanic distributions of 10Be

[1] An analysis of the oceanic distribution of cosmogenic 10Be shows that deep waters are formed by descending of cold, dense surface waters at a rate of ∼18 Sv (106 m3 s−1) in the northern North Atlantic and ∼21 Sv (of which ∼17 Sv enters the Pacific) in the Antarctic over the last mixing cycle of ∼800 years, lending support to the estimates based on radiocarbon and nutrient distributions. It also indicates that deep-water production in the northern North Atlantic is ∼50% higher averaging over the recent <100 years than over the last mixing cycle, suggesting a possible increase in the thermohaline ventilation of the North Atlantic during the past century.
Midsystolic click accompanying isolated bicuspid pulmonic valve.

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Long-term disease-free survival after nonmyeloablative cyclophosphamide/ fludarabine conditioning and related/unrelated allotransplantation for acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplasia

A total of 50 consecutive patients (median age, 57.5 years) with AML (n=30) or myelodysplasia (MDS, n=20) underwent HLA matched related donor (MRD, n=27) or unrelated donor (MUD, n=23) peripheral blood hematopoietic cell transplantation after nonmyeloablative CY/fludarabine (Flu) conditioning. GVHD prophylaxis included CsA (n=19)+/-mycophenolate mofetil (n=31). At a median follow-up of 59 months, 21 patients (42%) were alive without evidence of disease. By Kaplan-Meier analysis, year 1-4 disease-free survival (DFS) and OS estimates were 0.50/0.58, 0.40/0.46, 0.37/0.43 and 0.37/0.41. MUD recipients were engrafted quickly (13.5 days) compared to MRD recipients (16 days) and relapsed/progressed less frequently (P=0.005). Overall grade 3/4 acute GVHD (aGVHD) occurred in 26% in the absence of antecedent mucositis and was associated with chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and poor OS. Extensive cGVHD developed in 51.2% of 100 day survivors. Rates of aGVHD, cGVHD and survival were similar between MRD and MUD recipients. Of 14 survivors with cGVHD, 5 (35.7%) experienced resolution off immunosuppression, suggesting that tolerance with HLA matched grafts is possible at an advanced age by this method. This study provides further evidence for prolonged DFS after CY/Flu MRD allotransplantation for AML/MDS, and extends the findings to older patients and those with unrelated donors.