cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POSSIBLE SELVES AND PRENATAL FATHER INVOLVEMENT

Research increasingly indicates that father involvement during pregnancy influences outcomes for mothers, fathers, and children. However, little is known about what factors are associated with prenatal involvement. Here, the idea of fathers’ possible selves was used to guide an investigation of the importance fathers assign to becoming a parent and mothers’ expectations of father competence, and their individual and interactive associations with father reports of prenatal involvement. Neither variable was associated with prenatal involvement individually, but the interaction term was significant. When mothers viewed fathers as competent parents, fathers were uniformly highly involved. However, when mothers reported low levels of perceived father competence, then the level of prenatal involvement was significantly associated with fathering importance. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for dyadic research as well as their implications for interventions.
Regional information science: Education and disciplinary precept in the Los Angeles Chapter of ASIST, 1961–2011

Continuing education for information professionals serves to inform professional conduct and broaden theoretical applications. Since its establishment as a regional organization in 1961, the Los Angeles Chapter of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (LACASIS&T) has provided a program for professional development relevant across a range of information institutions within a major metropolitan area. This research examines three factors influencing continuing education activities within the Los Angeles region: founding principles, services contributed by members, and program topics drawn from the range of information professions. Methods employed comprise archival research and oral history conducted with the Chapter's founder, with attention given to the industrial context of the region. The study reveals the centrality of members' contributions to professional trends and information science applications, and a continuous history of individual leaders, contributors, and program offerings presented also emerges. The effectiveness of library and information science continuing education, when presented and coordinated by groups such as chapters, is observed in successful consortial activities consisting of both inreach and outreach to prospective program participants. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accurate internal correction for the magnification of cineangiocardiography in infants with congenital heart disease

Abstract Correction for x-ray magnification at cineangiocardiography (cine) requires accurate localization of the level of the left ventricle (LV). This study compared LV volumes calculated using a standard external reference object (area grid) with volumes calculated using an intracardiac radiopaque catheter balloon in cine studies of casts (n = 26), normal lambs (n = 15), and infants with congenital heart disease (n = 11). Comparisons of LV volumes calculated using both correction methods with true cast displacement volumes were excellent ( r = 0.99). Correlations of both methods were highly significant ( p r = 0.99), normal lambs ( r = 0.97), and in infants ( r = 0.83). The absolute percent difference (17.6 ± 2.4 SE%) between LV volumes calculated by both methods was greatest in infants. Thus external localization of the LV may be more difficult in infants. The radiopaque balloon provides convenient accurate correction for cine x-ray magnification and calculation of LV volumes, particularly since flow-directed catheters are widely used for diagnostic cine ventriculography in infants.
Clinical efficacy and electrophysiology of oral propafenone for ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract Sixteen patients with ventricular tachycardia (VT) or nonfatal cardiac arrest were treated with propafenone (P), 900 mg/day. Electrophysiologic studies were performed before and during therapy with P. All patients had inducible sustained VT at the baseline study. During P therapy, VT was not inducible in 1 patient, was unsustained in 1 and was harder to induce in 2 patients. P increased the cycle length of VT from 307 ± 67 to 382 ± 107 ms. Five patients began outpatient therapy with P, including 2 in whom VT was slowed to
An Approach for Determining Antibiotic Loading for a Physician-directed Antibiotic-loaded PMMA Bone Cement Formulation

Background When a physician-directed antibiotic-loaded polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement (ALBC) formulation is used in total hip arthroplasties (THAs) and total knee arthroplasties (TKAs), current practice in the United States involves arbitrary choice of the antibiotic loading (herein defined as the ratio of the mass of the antibiotic added to the mass of the cement powder). We suggest there is a need to develop a rational method for determining this loading.
Factors that influence mesenteric artery blood flow velocity in newborn preterm infants.

To identify demographic and clinical variables that relate to the postnatal increase in intestinal blood flow velocity in preterm infants. Fasting or preprandial peak systolic velocity (PSV) and time-averaged mean velocity (TAMV) in the superior mesenteric artery were measured once each day for the first 5 days of life. We investigated the relationship between blood flow velocity and the following variables: birth weight, gestational age, feeding volumes, number of days to reach full feeding volumes, type of feeding given, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) administration and hyperalimentation (HAL) administration. Twenty-five infants with a mean birth weight of 1740 g and mean gestational age of 31.8 weeks were studied. There were significant increases in PSV (P<0.001) and TAMV (P=0.005) from postnatal day 1 to 5. The postnatal increase in TAMV and PSV was attenuated in infants administered CPAP or HAL for ⩾3 days; the results remained significant after controlling for birth weight and gestational age. There was a significant correlation (P<0.02) between volume of enteral feedings given on 2 of 5 days for TAMV, and on 1 of 5 days for PSV. These data support previous findings of significant increases in intestinal blood flow in preterm infants during the first week of life, and of inconsistent effects of enteral feeding volumes on fasting or preprandial intestinal blood flow. The reasons for, and the clinical implications of, attenuated increases in postnatal intestinal blood flow in infants on CPAP or HAL require further investigation.
Simulating the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cereal leaf beetle in a regional crop system

Abstract Previous studies of the population dynamics of the cereal leaf beetle (CLB), Oulema melanopus , have neglected spatial considerations despite the important role played by dispersal in the life history of this species. In this paper we describe a simulation model of CLB spatiotemporal dynamics. The model was used to examine qualitatively different hypotheses about dispersal in this species. The hypothesis of random diffusion, in which beetle movement is undirected, was contrasted to hypotheses of attraction to host crops and movement away from nonhosts. Model predictions were compared to field observations of beetle distribution and abundance in a 41-km 2 region of southwestern Michigan, U.S.A., in 1976 and 1977. Evaluation criteria were peak and total seasonal abundances of CLB in grain crops in the region, and densities in 69 individual fields. The random model gave satisfactory results on a regional scale, but simulated densities for individual fields were too homogeneous and were generally poorly correlated with actual densities. The alternative models performed better in most respects, although field-to-field variation in density was still too low. Without specific studies of dispersal behavior, there is no basis for selecting one hypothesis over another. The model emphasizes the importance of local features of fields in producing spatial variations in insect density. The between-field environment plays a prominent role in the dynamics of abundance and distribution of beetles in host crops. Factorial sensitivity analysis was used to examine the influence of key parameters for which there are insufficient data. A very high rate of diffusion in nonhost habitats was needed with the random model to obtain simulated peak densities in host crops as high as those observed. To reduce the density of insects in resistant wheat relative to susceptible wheat, as observed, this crop must either repel beetles or cause beetles to move randomly at a much higher rate. Simulated late-season densities in host crops were too high, suggesting either strong seasonality in the dispersal behavior of adults, or an increase in their mortality rate as the season progresses.
Inherited susceptibility to chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evidence and prospects for the future

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common leukemia in the United States and one of the most heritable cancers. A family history of the disease is perhaps the best defined risk factor, and approximately 15-20% of CLL patients have a family member with CLL or a related lymphoproliferative disorder. Much effort has been devoted to trying to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this genetic risk. Familial CLL appears to be clinically and biologically similar to sporadic CLL, and most if not all CLL appears to be preceded by monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), which does appear to occur at higher frequency in relatives in families with CLL. Neither linkage studies nor candidate gene association studies have proven particularly informative in CLL, but genomewide association studies have identified multiple low-risk variants that together explain about 16% of the familial risk of CLL. Studies of individual families have identified higher-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms or copy number variants associated with disease risk in those families. Current efforts to identify additional risk loci are focused on applying next-generation sequencing to the germline of informative CLL families as well as individuals with sporadic CLL.
A commercialization path and challenges for marine hydrokinetic renewable energy

Marine and hydrokinetic energy can be broadly categorized as wave energy, tidal current, open-ocean current, river current, and ocean thermal gradient. Salinity gradient energy is often included as a form of marine energy. The technologies used to convert these forms of energy to electricity are often referred to collectively as marine hydrokinetic (MHK) energy technologies. This paper will give a brief introduction to MHK technologies and their current status. It will also explore the scientific, technical, and nontechnical challenges and barriers to the wide-spread use of MHK technologies. The challenges and barriers include: 1) siting and permitting barriers, 2) environmental impact research needs, 3) technical research and development issues, 4) policy issues, 5) market development barriers, 6) economic and financial issues, 7) grid integration barriers, and 8) education and workforce training needs.
Distribution of benthic algae in the upper Illinois River basin in relation to geology and land use

SUMMARY 1 Benthic-algal distributions in the upper Illinois River basin, IL, U.S.A., were examined in relation to geology, land use, water chemistry and stream habitat using (detrended) (canonical) correspondence analysis, autecological metrics and indicator-species analysis in order to identify the major environmental gradients influencing community variation. 2 Ionic composition and major nutrient [i.e. nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)] concentration of surface waters, salinity (Na-Cl type), substratum type and physiognomic form of dominant species were primary factors contributing to variation in benthic-algal assemblages of the basin. Basin geology was a significant contributing factor, but the explained variance associated with this factor was less than that related to land use. 3 Proportions of algal biomass consisting of cyanophytes, filamentous chlorophytes, halophilic diatoms and diatoms which utilize nitrogen heterotrophically were greater in eutrophic river segments than in less nutrient-enriched segments. Composition of the benthic flora indicated meso-eutrophic or eutrophic conditions throughout the basin; there were few diatoms indicative of hypertrophic waters. Shifts in diatom-assemblage structure in response to nutrient loading provided an incomplete representation of the community-response curve. 4 A weighted-averages regression model based on total P and benthic-algal abundances (all divisions included) yielded a highly significant correlation (r2 = 0.83) between species-inferred [WA(tol)] and observed total P, with systematic bias (increased deviation of residuals) occurring only at concentrations greater than ∼ 1.0 mg L−1 total P. This result indicates that total P regression and calibration models can be predictable for a river basin receiving excessive loadings of phosphorus.
A fast link assignment algorithm for satellite communication networks

In satellite communication networks using laser transceivers, each satellite has a limited number of transceivers with a very narrow field of view. The authors consider the problem of deciding which logical connections should be formed among satellites out of all the possible connections that can be made depending on the line-of-sight (LOS) visibility of satellites. These logical connections can be decided to meet various objectives of the underlying network. The objective functions can be maximizing the number of links formed, thus, maximizing the transceiver utilization, maximizing network connectivity, minimizing link re-targeting, or minimizing average distance between nodes. Here, the satellite networks are assumed to be independent from intervention by ground stations. Hence, the decisions made should be autonomous. Another assumption is that all the computations and decisions made are either aperiodic or the input to computation is too unpredictable to be precomputed. Various approaches to link assignment with different objective functions and algorithms for some specific functions are described. Simulation results and performance analyses for some of the algorithms are also presented. >
Cystic fibrosis presenting as new onset diabetes mellitus in adolescent twins

: We describe identical adolescent twin girls who presented with symptoms consistent with type 1 diabetes. Medical work up for evaluation of gastrointestinal symptoms led to a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) in both. These cases suggest that diabetes can be a presenting symptom of CF in the absence of pulmonary symptomatology.
Fusion of membranes during fertilization. Increases of the sea urchin egg's membrane capacitance and membrane conductance at the site of contact with the sperm.

A B S TRACT The early events of fertilization that precede and cause activation of an egg have not been fully elucidated. The earliest electrophysiological change in the sea urchin egg is a sperm-evoked increase of the egg's membrane conductance. The resulting depolarization facilitates entry of the fertilizing sperm and precludes the entry of supernumerary sperm. The sequence of the increase in the egg's membrane conductance, gamete membrane fusion, egg activation, and sperm entry, including causal relationships between these events, are not known. This study reports the use of whole egg voltage clamp and loose patch clamp to monitor simultaneously changes of membrane conductance and capacitance at the site of sperm-egg contact. Measurements were made during sperm-egg interactions where sperm entry readily proceeded or was precluded by maintaining the egg's membrane potential either at large, negative values or at positive values. Whenever the sperm evoked an increase of the egg's membrane conductance, that increase initiated abruptly, was localized to the site of sperm attachment, and was accompanied by a simultaneous abrupt increase of the membrane capacitance. This increase of capacitance indicated the establishment of electrical continuity between gametes (possibly fusion of the gametes' plasma membranes). If sperm entry was blocked by large negative membrane potentials, the capacitance cut off rapidly and simultaneously with a decrease of the membrane conductance, indicating that electrical continuity between gametes was disrupted. When sperm entry was precluded by positive membrane potentials, neither conductance nor capacitance increased, indicating that sperm entry was halted before the fusion of membranes. A second, smooth increase of capacitance was associated with the exocytosis of cortical granules near the sperm in eggs that were activated. Electrical continuity between the gametes always preceded activation of the egg, but transient electrical continuity between the gametes alone was not always sufficient to induce activation.
Strategic Promotion Tournaments and Worker Performance

In this analysis I study promotion schemes as human resource management strategies by which the firm can realize strategic goals by motivating workers to higher levels of effort and performance. Using information on promotions, wages, and performance for professional workers in a cross-section of establishments in four metropolitan areas of the United States, I investigate empirically the proposition that firms strategically organize promotion tournaments to motivate workers to higher levels of performance. I present evidence suggesting that relative performance of workers determines promotions, supporting the notion of internal promotion competitions in which internal hiring policies and fixed job slots combine to create competitions among workers of a given rank in a firm. I then estimate a structural model of promotion tournaments that simultaneously accounts for worker and firm behavior and how the interaction of these behaviors gives rise to promotions. The results are consistent with the prediction of tournament theory that workers are motivated by larger spreads. Copyright  2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental Divorce and Adolescent Delinquency : Ruling Out the Impact of Common Genes

Although the well-documented association between parental divorce and adolescent delinquency is generally assumed to be environmental (i.e., causal) in origin, genetic mediation is also possible. Namely, the behavior problems often found in children of divorce could derive from similar pathology in the parents, pathology that is both heritable and increases the risk that the parent will experience divorce. To test these alternative hypotheses, the authors made use of a novel design that incorporated timing of divorce in a sample of 610 adoptive and biological families. They reasoned that if genes common to parent and child mediate this association, nonadopted youth should manifest increased delinquency in the presence of parental divorce even if the divorce preceded their birth (i.e., was from a prior parental relationship). However, should the association be environmental in origin, the authors reasoned that adolescents should manifest increased delinquency only in response to divorce exposure, and this association should not vary by adoption status. Results firmly supported the latter, suggesting that it is the experience of parental divorce, and not common genes, that drives the association between divorce and adolescent delinquency.
Is postnatal neocortical maturation hierarchical

To understand the postnatal development of the cerebral cortex we must know how changes in one cortical area depend on inputs from other cortical areas. Do cortical areas serving early stages of processing (primary sensory receiving areas) mature first, passing relatively stable outputs about sensorimotor relationships to cortical areas involved in higher stages of processing that are still developing? And, if some areas mature later than others, do they have functions that can account for aspects of adolescent behavior? Some observations support concurrent maturation in all cortical areas, others support a hierarchical sequence. Here, evidence on this important issue is evaluated, and means of obtaining reliable information are presented.
Cystine and glutamate transport in renal epithelial cells transfected with human system x—c

Cystine and glutamate transport in renal epithelial cells transfected with human system x - c . Background System x - c is a heterodimeric transporter, comprised of a light chain, xCT, and heavy chain, 4F2hc, which mediates the sodium-independent exchange of cystine and glutamate at the plasma membrane. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that stable transfection of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells with human xCT and 4F2hc results in the expression of functional system x - c . Methods MDCK cells were transfected stably with human clones for xCT and 4F2hc. Analyses of time- and temperature-dependence, saturation kinetics, and substrate specificity of L-cystine and L-glutamate transport were carried out in control and xCT-4F2hc-transfected MDCK cells. We also measured the uptake of L-cystine in Xenopus oocytes expressing human xCT and/or 4F2hc or xCT and/or rBAT (a heavy chain homologous to 4F2hc). Results All of the different sets of data revealed that transport of L-cystine and L-glutamate increased significantly (twofold to threefold) in the MDCK cells subsequent to transfection with xCT-4F2hc. Moreover, uptake of L-cystine also increased (about tenfold) in Xenopus oocytes expressing hxCT and h4F2hc. Biochemical analyses of L-cystine uptake in oocytes verified our findings in the transfected MDCK cells. Interestingly, in oocytes injected with rBAT with or without xCT, uptake of L-cystine was significantly greater than that in water-injected oocytes. Conclusion Our findings indicate that stable transfection of MDCK cells with xCT and 4F2hc results in a cell-line expressing a functional system x - c transporter that can utilize L-cystine and L-glutamate as substrates. This study apparently represents the first stable transfection of a mammalian cell line with system x - c .
Reasons for drug use: comparison of drug users and abusers.

A paired sample of 48 subjects, matched in sex, marital status, residence, and socioeconomic status, was divided into two groups, drug users and drug abusers. Each subject was interviewed about his motivation for drug use. His responses were taped, transcribed, and coded. Analysis showed that drug users were more likely to use drugs for recreational purposes, while drug abusers used drugs to cope with an external locus of control, a low self-concept, feelings of disillusion, and personal stresses. Both groups used drugs to escape, seek personal identity, and rebel against authority. The discussion emphasized that drug users and abusers have different motivations for drug-taking and must be considered as two distinct groups.
Corrosion In Crude Distillation Unit Overhead Operations: A Comprehensive Review

In the refining industry, the business need to work with opportunity crudes, an essential element of current day reality, has meant that refinery operators face substantial risk of corrosion damage in both the atmospheric unit and the vacuum unit. The atmospheric unit, also called the crude distillation unit (CDU), is often exposed to increased levels of chlorides and sulfur species, leading to substantial corrosion issues related to the species that manifest in crude overhead operations. These corrosion issues include: (a) under deposit corrosion due to sublimating species such as ammonium chloride, (b) aqueous corrosion due to hydrochloric acid (HCl) or acidic sulfur species, and (c) fouling issues related to the build-up of sublimating species. Often, the principal cause for these problems may be correlated to high chloride content in the crude coming out of the desalter or inadequate controls to ensure conditions for fractionation operations above aqueous dew point. The difficulty in predicting and assessing the contribution and severity of these corrosion / fouling problems stems from the significant complexity of the chemistry involved and the inadequate documented experience correlating speciation of contaminants from the crude feed to the corrosion problem. The purpose of this paper will be to: (a) review published literature to characterize and classify speciation related to the types of impurities encountered in opportunity crudes; and (b) describe and categorize published case studies of corrosion in crude unit overhead operations. In doing so, the authors will attempt to delineate the primary corrosion problems encountered in CDU overhead systems, parametric components or species in the crude that drive corrosion, and gaps in technology that require additional study.
Recent Investigations Of Interferometry And Applications To Optical Testing

This paper discusses three recent interferometric optical testing studies being performed at the Optical Sciences Center. First, the design and construction of a 10 μm infrared Twyman-Green interferometer is discussed. The basic specifications of the interferometer are described and results are shown for testing optically rough surfaces having an rms surface height variation as large as 1.38 μm. Second, the use of an infrared point-diffraction interferometer is described and results are presented for testing a germanium lens. The effect of a finite pinhole size on the phase and amplitude uniformity of the reference wavefront is discussed and results are shown for an astigmatic wavefront and a spherically aberrated wavefront. Last, a video interferogram processor being built for analyzing both visible and infrared interferograms is described and interferogram analysis capabilities are discussed and illustrated.
When stereotype-based expectancies impair performance: the effect of prejudice, race, and target quality on judgments and perceiver performance

High- and low-prejudiced participants were presented with a lecture segment in which the race of the professor (White or Black) and lecture quality (high or low) were manipulated. Consistent with predictions, low-prejudiced participants were more extreme in their evaluations (more negative) and performed more poorly on test items when presented with an expectancy-violating low-quality Black lecturer. High-prejudiced participants were more extreme in their evaluations (more positive) and performed more poorly when presented with an expectancy-violating high-quality Black lecturer. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Is Testing Supposed to Improve Schooling

Validation research for educational achievement tests is often limited to an examination of intended test score interpretations. This article calls for an expansion of validation research in three dimensions. First, validation must attend to actual test use and its consequences, not just score meaning. Second, validation must attend to unintended as well as intended testing consequences. Third, validation must attend to indirect as well as direct testing effects. Indirect effects include the effects of score-based incentives in prompting actions intended to raise test scores (directing student effort or focusing the system) as well as messaging effects associated with a testing program per se but not dependent on specific scores (shaping perceptions). This expanded program of test validation can best be accomplished by measurement professionals working in collaboration with scholars from other social science disciplines.
Cost Drivers for Solar Thermal Central Receiver Power Plants

Studies completed at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory have allowed an in-depth examination of costs for solar thermal central receiver power plants. Central receiver concepts were evaluated for plant power ratings ranging from 0.5 to 100 MWe, and plant capacity factors ranging from 0.25 to 0.60. The large number of plant configurations considered necessitated the development of cost estimating models. Cost models were developed for concentrator, receiver, transport, storage, energy conversion, balance of plant, and O and M components. This paper presents a detailed discussion of costs for solar thermal central receiver power plants. Principal subcomponents and cost drivers are identified for each component. The impact of alternative design choices on cost and the tradeoffs involved between different working fluids are addressed. Cost uncertainties are examined qualitatively for each component. Finally, equations are presented for making preliminary estimates of direct capital and annual O and M costs for solar thermal central receiver systems.
Design and characterization of a photometer-colorimeter standard

A photometer and tristimulus colorimeter has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to realize a color scale. A novel construction was developed to implement the spectral-responsivity-based scale with small uncertainty. The new device can be used as a reference illuminance and luminance meter as well. Temperature-controlled filter combinations, with 5-8 layers in one package, are used to match the responsivity of a silicon tunnel-trap detector to the CIE color-matching functions with small spectral mismatch values (f1'). Design considerations to extend the tunnel-trap detector with replaceable single and double apertures and changeable filter combinations are described. The design and fabrication of the filter packages and the dependence of the f1' values on the thickness of the filter layers are discussed. The colorimeter was characterized for angular, spatial, and spectral responsivity. An improved preamplifier can convert current to voltage in an 11-decade dynamic range with 0.01% uncertainty.
Facilitation of synaptic transmission and pain responses by CGRP in the amygdala of normal rats.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in peripheral and central sensitization. CGRP also is a key molecule in the spino-parabrachial-amygdaloid pain pathway. Blockade of CGRP1 receptors in the spinal cord or in the amygdala has antinociceptive effects in different pain models. Here we studied the electrophysiological mechanisms of behavioral effects of CGRP in the amygdala in normal animals without tissue injury. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of neurons in the latero-capsular division of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeLC) in rat brain slices showed that CGRP (100 nM) increased excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) at the parabrachio-amygdaloid (PB-CeLC) synapse, the exclusive source of CGRP in the amygdala. Consistent with a postsynaptic mechanism of action, CGRP increased amplitude, but not frequency, of miniature EPSCs and did not affect paired-pulse facilitation. CGRP also increased neuronal excitability. CGRP-induced synaptic facilitation was reversed by an NMDA receptor antagonist (AP5, 50 μM) or a PKA inhibitor (KT5720, 1 μM), but not by a PKC inhibitor (GF109203X, 1 μM). Stereotaxic administration of CGRP (10 μM, concentration in microdialysis probe) into the CeLC by microdialysis in awake rats increased audible and ultrasonic vocalizations and decreased hindlimb withdrawal thresholds. Behavioral effects of CGRP were largely blocked by KT5720 (100 μM) but not by GF109203X (100 μM). The results show that CGRP in the amygdala exacerbates nocifensive and affective behavioral responses in normal animals through PKA- and NMDA receptor-dependent postsynaptic facilitation. Thus, increased CGRP levels in the amygdala might trigger pain in the absence of tissue injury.
Management Certainly Matters, and There Are Multiple Ways to Conceptualize the Process; Comment on “Management Matters: A Leverage Point for Health Systems Strengthening in Global Health”

The authors of "Management matters: a leverage point for health systems strengthening in global health," raise a crucial issue. Because more effective management can contribute to better performing health systems, attempts to strengthen health systems require attention to management. As a guide toward management capacity building, the authors outline a comprehensive set of core management competencies needed for managing global health efforts. Although, I agree with the authors' central premise about the important role of management in improving global health and concur that focusing on competencies can guide management capacity building, I think it is important to recognize that a set of relevant competencies is not the only way to conceptualize and organize efforts to teach, learn, practice, or conduct research on management. I argue the added utility of also viewing management as a set of functions or activities as an alternative paradigm and suggest that the greatest utility could lie in some hybrid that combines various ways of conceptualizing management for study, practice, and research.
Correlation between grain composition and charge carrier collection in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells

Understanding the spatial composition inhomogeneity in CIGS solar cells can provide insight into a potentially large cause of decreased cell efficiency. We used synchrotron based nano x-ray fluorescence and nano x-ray beam induduced current to investigate the correlation between grain-to-grain compositional variations in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers and variations in carrier collection efficiency. We found compositional variations as large as 5 at. % and current variations as large as 10%. Grains with higher average copper concentration and lower indium concentration showed increased carrier collection than neighboring grains with lower copper and higher indium concentration. We also investigated the overall composition dependence of carrier collection in CIGS films and show that 30% gallium content devices show a correlation between charge carrier collection, while 60% content devices do not.
Responses to Serotonin in Atherosclerotic and Hypertensive Blood Vessels

Vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin are potentiated in primates with diet-induced atherosclerosis and in genetically hypertensive rats. The endothelial abnormality which characterizes atherosclerotic and hypertensive arteries may contribute to the exaggerated vasoconstrictor responses to serotonin. We speculate that altered responsiveness to serotonin and other vasoactive products that are released by platelets may contribute to several clinical syndromes, including amaurosis fugax and nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia.
Processing of a Hrtem Image Pattern to Analyze an Edge Dislocation

Dislocations were introduced in the theory of Elasticity to evaluate the possibility of multiple values in displacement fields. The initial work was done by Volterra [1] in the 1900’s who came with the basic types of dislocations that currently are used in theoretical elasticity. The argument was further elaborated by Love [2] in the 1920’s. In the 1930’s, dislocations re-appeared as an argument to explain the actual behavior of crystals upon deformations compared to theoretical results coming from crystalline structures [3, 4, 5]. In the 1960’s, using X-rays dislocations were visualized by reconstructing X-ray diffraction patterns. However, no efforts were made to numerically or analytically evaluate the observed patterns.
Hypertension and decreased aortic compliance due to reduced elastin amounts do not increase atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in Ldlr-/- mice.

Abstract Background and aims High blood pressure and reduced aortic compliance are associated with increased atherosclerotic plaque accumulation in humans. Animal studies support these associations, but additional factors, such as fragmented elastic fibers, are present in most previous animal studies. Elastin heterozygous ( Eln+/− ) mice have high blood pressure and reduced aortic compliance, with no evidence of elastic fiber fragmentation and represent an appropriate model to directly investigate the effects of these factors on atherosclerosis. Methods and results Eln +/− and Eln +/+ mice were crossed with low density lipoprotein receptor knockout ( Ldlr−/− ) and wild-type ( Ldlr +/+) mice and fed normal or Western diet (WD) for 16 weeks. We hypothesized that on WD, Eln +/ −Ldlr−/− mice with high blood pressure and reduced aortic compliance would have increased atherosclerotic plaque accumulation compared to Eln +/+ Ldlr−/− mice. We measured serum cholesterol and cytokine levels, blood pressure, aortic compliance, and plaque accumulation. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that on WD, Eln +/ −Ldlr−/− mice do not have increased plaque accumulation compared to Eln +/+ Ldlr−/− mice. At the aortic root, there are no significant differences in plaque area between Eln +/ −Ldlr−/− and Eln +/+ Ldlr−/− mice on WD (p = 0.89), while in the ascending aorta, Eln +/ −Ldlr−/− mice on WD have 29% less normalized plaque area than Eln +/+ Ldlr−/− mice on WD (p = 0.009). Conclusion Using an atherogenic mouse model, we conclude that increased blood pressure and reduced aortic compliance are not direct causes of increased aortic plaque accumulation. We propose that additional insults, such as fragmentation of elastic fibers, are necessary to alter plaque accumulation.
The Parameter Optimization of Synchronization Mechanism for Ejection Frame Based on ADAMS

Based on the typical structure of current cabin ejection frame, it proposes the analysis of ejection frame moving,realizes the synchronizer optimization with ADAMS. In the optimization process, it applizes the parametric modeling and researches the parameters effection to synchronism character.
A really big pain: acute epididymitis.

A 24-year-old man with a history of HIV infection (CD4+ cell count, 746/µL [32%]; HIV RNA level, 980 copies/mL; nadir CD4+ cell count, 482/µL [29%]), secondary syphilis, major depression, and intermittent crystal methamphetamine use presented to the emergency department with a 1-week history of gradually increasing pain and swelling in the left side of his scrotum, 2 days of fever (temperature to 38.6°C [101.5°F]), and chills.
Wetlands of Large Rivers: Flood plains

Flood plains often contain permanent water bodies (lakes and channels) as well as permanent or seasonal wetlands, and these are the dominant inland waters in many regions of the world. Floodplain wetlands are one of the world's most extensive wetland types. Flood plains often harbor a diversity of wetland ecosystems that reflects underlying geomorphological diversity as well as variation in water sources and patterns of inundation. Plants and animals show many adaptations to life on flood plains, coping with seasonal flooding, varying water levels, and often with low dissolved oxygen availability. Primary and secondary production can be very high in flood plains, especially in the tropics, in spite of the challenges posed by the physical environment. The Flood Pulse Concept describes how prolonged inundation can control ecological structure and function in large floodplain rivers. In addition to the flood regime, the degree of drainage and desiccation between floods can be a limiting factor for the biota. Humans have altered flood plains throughout the world through construction of dams and dikes, modification of river channels, and conversion of flood plains to agriculture or other land uses.
Demographics and Scholarly Productivity of American Board of Anesthesiology Volunteers: Results of an Internet-Based Bibliometric Analysis.

Objective The American Board of Anesthesiology (ABA) has been responsible for certification of anesthesiologists since 1938. Selected ABA diplomates provide their expertise to write the ABA’s written and oral examinations and to administer the oral examination required for primary certification. The demographics, administrative and educational duties, and scholarly productivity of ABA volunteers and their dependence on subspecialty certification, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) credentials, and grant funding are unknown. Design Observational study. Setting Internet analysis. Participants ABA volunteers who participated in the 2015 primary certification examinations identified from the 2016 issue of ABA News. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results The 2016 issue of ABA News was downloaded from the public ABA website and was used to identify all volunteers who participated in any aspect of the 2015 primary certification process. Each individual’s practice type, faculty rank if applicable, and affiliation were identified using Google with the keyword “anesthesiology.” The practice location, time, and interval after original ABA certification; additional ABA subspecialty certification; the number of publications and citations; publication rate; citations per publication; and the H-, M-, and i-10 indices were obtained using the ABA and Scopus databases. Credentials in TEE were identified for each individual using the National Board of Echocardiography database. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research (FAER) funding for each volunteer was evaluated using NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools and the FAER alumni databases, respectively. Three hundred ninety-three ABA volunteers were identified and analyzed. Three hundred ten individuals currently hold academic appointments (83.5%), whereas 83 (16.5%) hold private practice or military positions. Sixty-seven volunteers have major administrative roles (eg, dean, chief executive officer, associate or assistant dean, chair, vice chair). Thirty-five individuals are program directors of anesthesiology residencies or fellowships. Volunteers published 10,072 manuscripts that have been cited 194,835 times. Volunteers also received 51 NIH grants and 36 FAER grants. The median H-, M-, and i10-indices of volunteers were 4, 0, and 3, respectively. Scholarly productivity was dependent on academic rank, career duration, additional degrees, and extramural funding, but not on practice location, subspecialty certification, TEE credentials, or sex. Conclusions These results indicated that ABA volunteers are leaders in anesthesiology with established records of administrative, educational, and scholarly accomplishment.
Creation of a Jejunal Pouch During Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y Esophagojejunostomy

Background The creation of Hunt-Lawrence jejunal pouches after total gastrectomy is associated with a better quality of life compared with the standard Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first video to show the technical aspects of creating a jejunal pouch during a laparoscopic total gastrectomy.
2006 ASHP Leadership Report on Strategic DirectionPaving the way for pharmacy’s future

Since its founding in 1942 with 154 charter members, the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) has grown into a powerhouse for positive change in pharmacy and patient care. We continued our important work of patient advocacy and member service in 2005 and the first half of 2006,
The Problem People and the Hard Workers: whiteness and small town response to economic decline

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the role of race and class in post-industrial economic decline and revitalization in a predominantly white town in the northeastern United States. Ethnographic research in this small town revealed that residents commonly identified lazy, welfare-dependent substance abusers as the source of local problems. At the same time, they lauded workers, drawing on a national white hard worker mythology. Poor and underemployed workers themselves thus negotiated between the problem people and white worker ideals. I argue that the white worker myth provides a symbolic escape hatch, which reinforces hegemonic whiteness and the US racial order despite the lack of material payoff for economically marginalised white workers. As such, I call for a shift away from measuring degrees of white privilege towards an analysis of how people in various classed and gendered positions mobilise or contribute to white power differently.
The Generalized Steiner Cable-Trench Problem with Application to Error Correction in Vascular Image Analysis

The Cable-Trench Problem (CTP) is the problem of minimizing the cost to connect buildings on a campus to a central server so that each building is connected directly to the server via a dedicated underground cable. The CTP is modeled by a weighted graph in which the vertices represent buildings and the edges represent the possible routes for digging trenches and laying cables between two buildings. In this paper, we define the Generalized Steiner CTP (GSCTP), which considers the situation in which a subset of the buildings is connected to the server and also the possibility that trench costs vary because of vegetation or physical obstacles, for example. The GSCTP has several natural applications, but we will focus on its nontrivial and novel application to the problem of digitally connecting microCT scan data of a vascular network with fully automated error correction. The CTP and its variants are NP-hard. However, we show that modifications to Prim’s algorithm find nearly optimal solutions to the GSCTP efficiently.
Building Understanding Between Users and Designers Through Participatory Design: The Bonded Design Approach

Universities face great pressure to adopt and integrate new technologies to enhance learning. Yet, often a gap exists between IT personnel who provide support based on their knowledge of how the technologies are designed to work and the faculty users who have differing ideas about how they need them to work. To address this gap, a large research-intensive university in New York State has embarked on an initiative using the Bonded Design participatory design methodology. Working together in design teams, IT staff and faculty will learn from each other to enable creation of technology solutions that could not be done by each group alone.
Autologous fat grafting to lumpectomy defects: complications, imaging, and biopsy rates.

Abstract Background Autologous fat grafting is emerging as a promising reconstructive technique after breast conservation therapy (BCT). Recent evidence suggests that autologous fat grafting does not increase the risk of cancer recurrence; however, women may still be subject to unnecessary biopsies secondary to suspicious radiologic findings. The purpose of this study was to assess surgical complications and biopsy rates in these patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of women who underwent autologous fat grafting after BCT at a single institution over a 6-y period. Independent variables included demographic and operative details. Outcome variables included complications, and incidence of palpable masses and/or suspicious breast imaging findings requiring biopsy. Descriptive statistics were generated. Results Between June 2008 and February 2015, 37 women aged 41 to 74 y (mean 54.4 y) underwent a total of 56 fat grafting sessions for correction of contour deformities after BCT. The mean number of fat grafting procedures was 1.5 (range 1-4) per breast. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 99 mo (mean 29.5 mo). Imaging data were available for 31 (83.7%) breasts after autologous fat grafting. Biopsy was recommended in four cases after suspicious imaging findings or palpable masses (10.8%), with benign pathology in all cases. There was one incidence of a local wound infection. No other local or systemic complications were noted. Conclusions Our study demonstrated a risk of unnecessary biopsies after autologous fat grafting. Complication rates were low, and it appears to be a safe reconstructive option for the correction of contour deformities after BCT.
Internal Capitalist Diversity in Europe: The Bifurcation of Firm Finance and Corporate Governance

The paper tests a "bifurcation" hypothesis that in much of Europe a relatively small number of firms have moved into a new institutional context, or "rules of the game," that are largely common, international institutions and practices, while the large majority of firms continue to operate in a more slowly evolving set of domestic institutions or rules. Since firms operating in the newer, international "model" are typically large firms, firm size is used as a proxy. Empirically this paper focuses on the changing patterns of firm finance and corporate governance based on firm size. It finds preliminary evidence to support the bifurcation hypothesis, but also that national patterns of firm finance are still distinct. Bifurcation is theorized to have significant implications for the maintenance of coordination in coordinated market economies.