cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biotransformation of primary nicotine metabolites. II. Metabolism of [3H]-S-(-)-cotinine in the guinea pig: determination of in vivo urinary metabolites by high-performance liquid-radiochromatography.

1. The metabolism of [3H]-5-(—)-cotinine in vivo has been investigated in the guinea pig. The quantitive determination of urinary metabolites has been carried out using a high-performance liquid radiochromagraphic procedure. Metabolite analysis of C- and N-oxidation products, and N-methylcotininium ion, were carried out on two chromatographic systems: (a) Partisil-10 SCX cation-exchange chromatography, and (b) Partisil-10 ODS reverse-phase chromatography.2. 3-Hydroxycotinine was the major urinary metabolite of cotinine in the guinea pig, accounting for 57% of the total radioactivity in the urine. Cotinine-N-oxide constituted 18% of total metabolities in the urine, whereas neither nicotine nor the N-methylcotininium ion were detected as urinary metabolites of [3H]-S-(—)cotinine. S-(—)-Cotinine was extensively metabolized in the guinea pig; total recovery of radioactivity in 24 h urine was very high (> 95%) and very little cotinine was detected (< 1 %) in the urine.3. Two unidentified metabolites of [3H]-5-...
Benign myoclonus of early infancy

Sixteen infants, aged 3 to 81/2 months, were studied close to the onset of a myoclonic syndrome akin to that normally called infantile spasms with hypsarrhythmia. None were found to have the clinical and laboratory characteristics common to the syndrome, however: none showed regression or arrest in their neurological/developmental status, nor did their EEG ever develop a hypsarrhythmic or other abnormal pattern. All were followed for a minimum of 18 months to a maximum of nine years. In all patients the myoclonus stopped early, in none persisting after the age of 2 years, and no other seizure phenomena have so far evolved in any of these infants. This favorable outcome occurred in those who were treated as well as those who were not. The self-limited course of this condition is emphasized within the context of the more unusual myoclonic syndromes of early and late infancy.
Visual detection and perceptual independence: Assessing color and form

Visual stimuli are multidimensional. One important perceptual problem is to determine how the dimensions are combined. One important aspect of dimensional combination is whether the dimensions are perceptually independent or perceptually correlated. A new task is presented—the visual detection task—that directly assesses the degree of perceptual correlation between any two dimensions. Two experiments were conducted that assess the degree of perceptual correlation between form and color during the early stages of perceptual analysis. The results show that form and color are not perceptually independent. In addition, the pattern of perceptual correlation found indicates that form and color are not processed independently. The pattern of results constrains all models of early vision. A model of early vision based on active signal modulation is proposed.
Laparoscopic appendectomy is the preferred approach for appendicitis: a retrospective review of two practice patterns

Background This study aimed to compare the results of laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) and open appendectomy (OA).
Curricular Principles for Health Professions Education About Family Violence.

The curricular principles presented here arose from a national conference of experts in dealing with family violence from medicine, nursing, and dentistry. The conference, held in March 1994 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was supported by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. The conference's work was based upon the premise that an integrated approach to health-professional education in family violence would be more effective than single approaches. The group developed a set of principles for identification of specific goals in knowledge, skills and practices. With those in mind, three levels of education were identified: knowledge, skills, and practices that should be taught to all health professionals (called "Family Violence 101"); advanced levels for primary care practitioners for comprehensive, longitudinal care; and knowledge, skills, and attitudes for specialty practitioners for specific, directed, intensive interventions appropriate to the specialties (called "Family Violence 201"); and additional education and training for those practitioners who wish to be consultants, investigators, and teachers of intervention in cases of family violence (called "Family Violence 301"). These recommendations are presented in the hope that health-professional schools and societies will implement them, thereby improving the health professions responses to this epidemic. Language: en
Factors Influencing Food Selection in the American Diet

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses on the factors that influence food selection. Time available for purchasing food products, preparation and consumption has become important factors in influencing food selection. The chapter discusses the changes taking place in the composition of household with particular emphasis on the increasing percentage of women employed outside the home and the influence it has on the food selection in the American diet. The chapter explains in detail about the relationship between the age of the consumer and the food preference. It explains about the sense of taste and food preferences during infancy stage, and about the maturation of olfaction and its influence on the food selection when the consumer reaches his adulthood, as well as the loss of sense of taste and smell with aging of the consumer. The changes in meal patterns in teenagers and young adults are discussed. The chapter also discusses about the meals away from home (AFM) and its effects on types of food eaten. The criteria for selection of AFM at fast food outlet included taste, price, and nutritional composition. The effect of consumer sex on food selection is discussed in detail. Men consider social factor and women consider nutritional variables on food selection. Relationship between food preferences and the race of people is discussed. The African-Americans consume more of pork products and dark green vegetables, and Asians consume legumes, peas, and greater amounts of fruits and vegetables. The effect of family income on food selection is discussed.
UX as Disruption: Managing Team Conflict as a Productive Resource

Over the past 30 years, there has been an ongoing shift in software from a system-centered to user-centered approach. When user-centered approaches are introduced to teams and organizations, conflict often emerges. Conflict could be dismissed as idiosyncratic differences among team members. In this paper, the authors account for conflicts as a clash of worldview between occupational communities: engineers and UX designers. They define the engineering worldview as the application of science and mathematics to structure sociotechnical processes to solve concrete, pre-specified problems, from an external perspective. By contrast, the UX worldview is a human-centered exploration, through iterative cycles of design and inquiry, of the contingent and context-sensitive ways people mediate activities with technologies and systems. Interpersonal conflict in teams symbolizes a conflict between sharply contrasting ways of seeing the world. By considering the root causes, project managers can productively leverage the expertise of both communities by managing expectations, relations, and artifacts.
Investigation and analysis on epidemic situation of brucelliasis in Qingpu District,Shanghai

A case of Brucellosis was diagnosed in August,2007 in Qingpu District,then close contacts were collected to do the Brucellosis antibody test and epidemiological investigation.Two of the 16 blood samples from close contacts were positive(antibody titer was 1∶200).It was the first case of brucellosis since 1976 in Qingpu District.There are sill weak links in the Brucellosis preventing and treating in Qingpu District.We should emphasize the professional training of medical personnel and enhance the animal quarantine and the immunity,to carry out the work of Brucellosis preventing and treating.
Action of Dilaudid on the Gut.

David1 has reported a comparative study of metabolic and other effects of dihydromorphinone hydrochloride (“Dilaudid” N.N.R.) and its parent substance, morphine. This new keto-derivative has a narcotic potency 5 to 10 times that of morphine, but apparently its use is not attended by freedom from the undesirable side-effects of morphine to quite the extent suggested by Alvarez.2 Study of the relative addiction tendencies of the 2 drugs in human subjects is of great importance but will require competent clinical observation over an extended period because of the intrinsic difficulties in such a comparison. Meanwhile it is of interest to investigate the more easily measurable physiological side-actions of the new agent, as has been done for certain subjective and objective effects by David.In regard to the effect of dilaudid on the gastro-enteric tract, David found no marked difference from morphine in the occurrence of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation in student volunteers to whom there was admi...
Anesthesia education across borders.

Purpose of reviewChanging attitudes toward global health are affecting medical education programs at all levels in the sUSA and abroad. This review describes some of these changes, and how these affect the educational aspects of US global health programs and anesthesia training in developing countri
Common Threads: A Cultural History of Clothing in American Catholicism Sally Dwyer‐McNulty. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

Common Threads: A Cultural History of Clothing in American Catholicism Sally Dwyer-McNulty. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.A fundamental principle of apparel studies is that clothing communicates the wearer's personal characteristics, beliefs, and allegiances. This has certainly been true for American Catholics throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, who, according to Sally Dwyer-McNulty, have used clothing "to negotiate relations between religious authority and laity, men and women, and adults and youth" (3). In Common Threads: A Cultural History of Clothing in American Catholicism, Dwyer-McNulty traces changes not only in the apparel, but in the very idea of apparel uniformity for American Catholics. She focuses on the three subgroups she considers "the most visually distinct": priests, nuns and other "women religious" (that is, of canonical status), and students (5).It is not true that Catholic clothes are "static and timeless" (204), an idea Dwyer-McNulty admits she too once believed. In fact, "the appearance of Catholics in identifiable and uniformish attire has a surprisingly short history in America" (4). For a large part of the history of the United States, anti-Catholic sentiment pressured Catholics to hide their religious affiliation. Even if priests and nuns wore identifying garments in their homes or places of worship, they often traveled wearing contemporary street clothing. However, by the 1930s, Catholics felt more secure as integrated members of American society, and both men and women religious attired themselves in perceptibly Catholic clothing, such as the priest's Roman collar and the nun's habit. Adopting the Catholic "uniform" signaled the assertion of their own authority over lay Catholics, as well as their subservience to Rome, which had repeatedly insisted such clothes were necessary for religious leaders.Around the same time, Catholic schools (mandatory for every parish by 1884) began to require students to wear uniforms. While schools promoted uniforms by focusing on their communication of discipline, school identity, and classlessness, initially only girls were compelled to wear them. Catholic authorities believed that girls required more guidance than boys because girls were "particularly prone to the sins of vanity and immodesty" and "frequently led men to sin" (88). Uniforms would help lead girls towards "purity, piety, and domesticity" (133) by forbidding the expression of individuality, sexuality, and even fashionability. Interestingly, though school uniforms shared a distinctive conservatism, the archetypal plaid was only introduced around the 1960s, imprinting "a kind of Celtic Catholicism on students, regardless of their nationality" (151). …
Dating human bone: is racemization dating species-specific?

Our recently developed dating technique based on the racemization rate of aspartic acid was applied to dating human bone, as well as that of other mammals, utilizing capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. First, several well-dated (mostly 14C-dated and with strong archeological evidence) human bones ranging in age from 150 to ∼10 000 years were used to develop a calibration curve for human bone. The d/l ratio of aspartic acid for these specimens ranged from 2.4% to ∼10%, with a correlation coefficient of better than 0.99, indicating a strong linear relationship between the d/l ratio of aspartic acid and the age of the specimens. This calibration curve can now be used to date human archeological specimens of unknown age, up to ∼10 000 years. However, when the technique was applied to well-dated mixed species of larger mammal bones such as bison, whale, llama, etc., the calibration curve showed a slower rate of racemization with a lower correlation (0.88). As additional large mammal bones with less ce...
Determination of Free Formaldehyde in Foods by HPLC

This study was conducted to optimize the method for determination of trace of free formaldehyde in foods by HPLC. The samples were soaked by water, then the liquid was made to react with 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine and then, purified and enriched by Oasis HLB Cartridge. The components were separated on a Luna 5μ C 18(2) column with acetonitrile and water as mobile phase and UV detection at 380 nm. The recovery was 87.0%～99.4%. The limit of detection was 0.025 mg/kg. It is concluded that the method is sensitive and accurate.
Optimization of Adaptive Threading Strategy in Hot Strip Rolling

In the hot strip rolling process,the factors which affect the rolling force prediction need to be determined for the adaptive threading strategy. These factors were analyzed by calculating the influence coefficients,then linear equations were developed. The equations were solved by the least square method,with the prediction deviations obtained. The adaptive threading schedule was verified by the test stand,which can ensure the schedule validity. The optimized strategy was successfully applied to a tandem hot mill. The application results showthat the control precision of thickness is enhanced to a high level.
Study on post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage about two kinds of shelling methods of tonsillectomy

Objective To study two kinds of methods of tonsillectomy(shelling method,separating shelling method),compare two kinds methods of tonsillectomy in Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage.Methods 491 patients were operated tonsillectomy,all tonsils were divided into 2 groups:the tonsillectomy with suture palatopharyngeal arch and palatoglossal arch group and the traditional without suture palatopharyngeal arch and palatoglossal arch group.compare two kindsmethods of tonsillectomy in Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage.Results Post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage of the tonsillectomy with suture palatopharyngeal arch and palatoglossal arch group was statistically less than the traditional without suture palatopharyngeal arch and palatoglossal arch group Conclusion Suture palatopharyngeal arch and palatoglossal arch offers a better effect than no suture about obviating post-tonsillectomy haemorrhage.
Structure and Function of IgNARS in Sharks and Other Cartilaginous Fish

In addition to conventional antibodies, elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, and rays) have an unusual antibody, immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (IgNAR), composed of two covalently associated heavy (H) chains with no associated light chains. Electron microscopy has shown the variable (V) regions of IgNAR to be free and flexible in the native molecules. The entire IgNAR repertoire is complementarity-determining region (CDR)3-based, and the long and diverse loops have been shown to make the largest contribution to antigen binding, always into clefts within the targets of existing crystal structures. The CDR3 are generated via four rearrangement events between the IgNAR V, 3 D, and J gene segments, and the presence of cysteine residues encoded by the D and J segments provide stability to the loop and domain. After antigenic stimulation of mature cells, the IgNAR gene undergoes high levels of somatic hypermutation, which can be selected into higher affinity clones. The domain is the most compact V Immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) region reported, with complete loss of the C′ and C″ strands that comprise CDR2 in conventional Ig V regions. Like the camelid VHH domains, phage-display libraries can be made to select V domains specific for therapeutic and diagnostic antigenic targets.
Assessment of Reserves in the WX-4 Wilcox Deltaic Sandstones in the Rio Grande Embayment

Estimation des reserves possibles de gaz naturel dans le reservoir WX-4 de la formation Wilcox (Rio Grande) a l'aide des statistiques de production des autres blocs de la meme formation
Experiences among Women with Positive Prenatal Expanded Carrier Screening Results

The offering and acceptance of expanded carrier screening is increasing among pregnant women including women without an increased risk based on race, ethnicity or family history. The chances of a positive screening test have been reported to be as high as 24 % when multiple conditions are screened. Yet, little is known about the way these tests are offered and how patients are affected by a positive test result. To explore this area of genetic testing, interviews (n = 17) were conducted among women who received positive expanded carrier results in the context of obstetric care. A content analysis was conducted on the transcript data from the interviews. Outcomes of this research suggest that educational interventions are needed to improve maternal understanding of positive carrier screening results. Most of the participants in this study confused the results with other prenatal screening test options. In addition, the way the results were discussed varied greatly, and influenced participants’ thoughts about reproductive decisions that led to a range of emotional uncertainty. Our data suggests that genetic counseling improved participants’ understanding of positive results. More research is needed to further understand if our results are consistent within a larger, more diverse sample, and to explore how to best provide education about expanded carrier screening.
Efficient and Reproducible Retroviral Infection of Primary Human Natural Killer Cells.

Molecular characterization of human natural killer (NK) cells will require targeted gene delivery to inhibit and activate specific signaling pathways, yet to our knowledge, an effective means to deliver such products for long-term gene expression without disrupting normal cellular processes has not been described. In this study we have developed a retroviral strategy to effectively express gene products in the NK cell, whereby its effector functions of cytotoxicity and cytokine production remain intact. Using an EBV/retroviral hybrid vector PINCO, we demonstrate infection of human peripheral blood NK cells with simultaneous expression of a marker for infection - the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) - along with various genes of interest. This technique results in successful infection of the CD56 dim NK population that predominates among human peripheral blood NK and is the effector of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killing. In addition, we demonstrate infection of the CD56 bright NK subset as well as the NK-92 and NK-L cell lines. Finally, we modify PINCO to express a cytoplasmically truncated murine CD8 molecule in place of GFP. The resulting vector enables us to transduce NK cells with multiple genes of interest simultaneously and provides an alternative purification method to FACS by using magnetic beads. In summary, we have devised an efficient and highly reproducible methodology for the targeted delivery of gene products to human NK cells that should now provide opportunities to dissect the molecular processes critical to normal NK cell physiology and to genetically manipulate NK cell populations prior to their administration in cancer therapy.
Supporting the Education and Care of Young Children: Putting into Practice What We Know

This chapter discusses understandings brought to light in recent years about how young children learn and about what practices best support their development. The present state of early childhood education is reviewed, with examples of how the high-stakes accountability climate currently dominating in U.S. schools impacts the learning of young children. Arguing that our nation’s educational policies and practices do not reflect existing knowledge about how people learn, recommendations are offered for how to support children in accordance with their developmental needs, how to teach them in the ways that they learn, and how children and their families can negotiate the changing educational demands of the 21st century to realize possibilities for their futures.
Increased complement activation during platelet storage.

BACKGROUND It has been shown that platelet transfusion carries a higher incidence of transfusion-related adverse events than any other blood components, and prolonged platelet storage is associated with more transfusion reactions, most of which are considered to be inflammatory responses. However, the role of complement, which has very important proinflammatory activities, in the pathogenesis of platelet-related adverse events has not been fully understood. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Three units of platelets collected by apheresis were stored on a platelet rotator with the temperature controlled between 22 and 24°C. Plasma samples were obtained using a sterile technique on Days 2 through 7. Complement components were assayed to evaluate the activation of complement activation and included C4d (classical pathway), Factor Bb (alternative pathway), C3a (common pathway), C5a (terminal pathway), and C5b-9 (terminal pathway). RESULTS Both C4d and C3a were elevated on the first day of testing (Day 2) compared with the established normal ranges and continued to increase over time in storage. In contrast, Factor Bb levels remained stable and were within the normal range over time. Over a span of 7 days in storage, the terminal complement factors C5a and C5b-9 were also significantly increased, although the magnitude of increases was not as striking as those in C4d and C3a levels. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that substantial complement activation occurs in platelets under standard storage conditions, and this activation increases with the duration of storage. After transfusion, these activated complement components might result in accelerated complement activation in recipients, leading to transfusion-related adverse events.
Novel Diarylurea Based Allosteric Modulators of the Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor: Evaluation of Importance of 6-Pyrrolidinylpyridinyl Substitution

Allosteric modulators of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor have recently been reported as an alternative approach to modulate the CB1 receptor for therapeutic benefits. In this study, we report the design and synthesis of a series of diarylureas derived from PSNCBAM-1 (2). Similar to 2, these diarylureas dose-dependently inhibited CP55,940-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and [35S]GTP-γ-S binding while enhancing [3H]CP55,940 binding to the CB1 receptor. Structure–activity relationship studies revealed that the pyridinyl ring of 2 could be replaced by other aromatic rings and the pyrrolidinyl ring is not required for CB1 allosteric modulation. 34 (RTICBM-74) had similar potencies as 2 in all in vitro assays but showed significantly improved metabolic stability to rat liver microsomes. More importantly, 34 was more effective than 2 in attenuating the reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior in rats, demonstrating the potential of this diarylurea series as promising candidates for the deve...
Clinical Use of Natriuretic Peptides for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure

Since the approval of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as an aid to the diagnosis of heart failure by the US Food and Drug Administration in November 2000, this novel biomarker has generated intense interest for both clinical and research applications in patients with or at risk of heart failure. Initially focused on the urgent, bedside diagnosis of heart failure, BNP testing in settings outside of the emergency department has been supported by subsequent research. Not only is BNP a useful adjunct for diagnosing and monitoring patients with heart failure (stages C and D), but studies now suggest that BNP provides independent prognostic information with respect to the risk of death or rehospitalization. In addition, BNP may have a role in screening high-risk patients for the presence of underlying cardiac dysfunction (stages A and B). BNP is established as a useful tool for aiding the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with heart failure. In addition, the potential for using BNP in screening, in monitoring, and as a target for therapy continues to be explored.
Phlegmasia cerulea dolens and external iliac vein disruption after revision total hip arthroplasty

Abstract We present a unique case of phlegmasia cerulea dolens and compartment syndrome secondary to external iliac vein disruption after revision total hip arthroplasty. To our knowledge, this complication has not yet been described following revision total hip arthroplasty. We conclude that although vascular complications are fortunately rare after hip arthroplasty, they can have significant morbidity and mortality. Surgeons should have a thorough understanding of pelvic and hip anatomy for screw and retractor placement and know how to appropriately and expeditiously manage vascular complications should they occur.
Systemic exposure of vinpocetine in pregnant Sprague Dawley rats following repeated oral exposure: An investigation of fetal transfer

Vinpocetine is being used worldwide by people of all ages, including pregnant women, for its purported multiple health benefits. However, limited data is available addressing the safety/toxicity of vinpocetine. The National Toxicology Program conducted studies to examine potential effects of vinpocetine on the developing rat. Disposition data is helpful to put the fetal findings into context and provide information on the potential risk for humans. The current study reports the systemic exposure and toxicokinetic (TK) parameters of vinpocetine and metabolite, apovincaminic acid (AVA), in pregnant Harlan Sprague Dawley rats, fetuses and amniotic fluid following oral gavage exposure of dams to 5 and 20mg/kg vinpocetine from gestational day 6 to 18. Vinpocetine was absorbed rapidly in dams with a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) reaching ≤1.37h. Predicted Cmax and area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC) increased less than proportionally to the dose. Vinpocetine was rapidly distributed to the peripheral compartment. More importantly, significant transfer of vinpocetine from dam to fetuses was observed with fetal Cmax and AUC≥55% of dams. Vinpocetine was cleared rapidly from dam plasma with an elimination half-life of ≤4.02h with no apparent dose-related effect. Vinpocetine was rapidly and highly metabolized to AVA with AVA plasma levels in dams ≥2.7-fold higher than vinpocetine, although in the fetuses, AVA levels were much lower than vinpocetine. Comparison of current rat data with literature human data demonstrates that systemic exposure to vinpocetine in rats following repeated exposure to 5mg/kg is similar to that following a single human relevant dose of 10mg suggesting that the findings from the toxicology study may be relevant to humans.
Anatomy and Physiology of Sensory Systems

The receptors and the nervous system of our five sensory systems report events that occur outside the body to the brain as well as events that occur inside the body. Some of these events create conscious awareness while others do not. Some of the activation of sensory systems produces conscious awareness, whereas other sensory activation occurs without producing any awareness. Sensory information from the body itself is known as unconscious proprioception, and this kind of sensory activation occurs in the somatosensory system. A second type of sensory activation, exteroception, is concerned with events from outside the body such as touch, vibration, heat, and cold. Hearing, vision, taste, and olfaction are also senses of events from outside the body, thus, they too are included as sensations of exteroception. When the stimuli for these senses exceed the threshold for activation, they almost always cause awareness. Proprioception, such as that which occurs in the somatosensory system, can take place without creating any awareness, or it can cause awareness, for example, of the position of a limb. Conscious proprioception provides information about orientation of the body, movements of limbs, etc. The unconscious proprioception provides feedback to the motor system from receptors in muscles, ­tendons, and joints. This part of the somatosensory system is essential for controlling movements, and the loss of such feedback causes serious movement faults. Unconscious proprioception might be regarded as a part of the motor system rather than a part of the somatosensory system. The somatosensory system is, therefore, closely associated with the motor system.
Review Mechanical properties of meteorites and their constituents

A review is presented of the mechanical properties of meteorites and meteorite constituents. Scientific literature data on the strength of stony and iron meteorites are extremely limited. The average mechanically-measured stony meteorite compressive strength is 200 MPa, while the average iron meteorite compressive strength is 430 MPa. However, the best current estimate of the strength of stony bodies in space may be in the range of only 1–5 MPa, based on observations of meteorite fragmentation due to dynamic atmospheric loading upon Earth entry. Mechanical property and behavior information on both iron-nickel alloy and mineral meteorite constituents is also surprisingly limited in the metallurgical, rock mechanics, and ceramics literature.
Microbial Systematics and a Gaian View of the Sediments

The “Gaia hypothesis” which asserts that certain properties of the atmosphere are actively maintained by the biota for the biota was developed by J.E. Lovelock to explain the dynamically stable anomalous atmospheric composition, modulated alkalinities and temperatures at the Earth’s surface throughout its 3.5 billion-year-old history. Much, if not all, surface sedimentary deposition since the early Archean Aeon has been modulated by organisms. Detailed in situ characterization of microbial sedimentary communities such as that currently underway at Laguna Figueroa, Baja California, Mexico are essential for verification of the Gaia hypothesis for the atmosphere and surface sediments. A total inventory of biotic atmospheric gas emission and removal processess as well as of biomineralization potential under realistically varying environmental conditions is a sine qua non for the development of the Gaia concept. The current confused state of microbial and “botanical” systematics has precluded even the initiation of an effort that correlates biomineralization and gas exchange potential with taxon. Furthermore, geologists and paleontologists inadvertently create misunderstandings by the use of obsolete taxonomic schemes. This paper, which lists taxa along with their major biogeochemical potentials, is only a tiny first step in the clarification of the current confusion.
Application of in situ viral nucleic acid hybridization to the study of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) in calves

Pseudorables, also known as Aujeszky's disease, is a viral infec­ tion that affects the central nervous system of most mammals. This review of the literature offers a general picture of the clinical con­ dition as seen in cattle, deals with the discovery of its association with swine, and looks critically at the research published on the pathogenesis of bovine pseudorabies. The viral portals of entry, the localization and replication of the virus, the viral effects on its host, and the host's response to the infection are discussed individually.
The negative response of the flash electroretinogram in glaucoma.

The existence of a negative ERG component following the b-wave has been known for a long time. Recently, in unilateral macaque experimental glaucoma, a negative response in flash electroretinograms under scotopic as well as photopic conditions has been shown to be greatly reduced or absent compared to the healthy fellow eye. The aim of this pilot study was to test whether a late negative electroretinogram component is reduced also in human glaucoma patients under different stimulus conditions. Dark-adapted ganzfeld flash electroretinograms were recorded after 30 min of dark using two test conditions, obtained as optimal in pilot studies on controls. Under the scotopic condition I white Xenon-flashes of intensity 0.53 Log photopic Td s were presented on a low white background of 1.38 Log scotopic Td. Under the more photopic condition II orange flashes of intensity −0.37 Log photopic Td s were presented on a blue-adapting background of 2.5 Log scotopic Td. Nine controls and 18 patients with advanced glaucoma were analyzed. The amplitude of the negative response was not significantly reduced in glaucoma patients (condition I: −28.5±23.7 μV; condition II: −25.2±19.7 μV) compared to controls (condition I: −41.4±36.6 μV; condition II: −31.3±26.2 μV). The peak latency of the responses under condition I and II did not differ significantly between patients and controls. Thus, the late negative electroretinogram component in ganzfeld flash electroretinograms obtained under scotopic and more photopic conditions does not seem to distinguish as easy between human controls and glaucoma patients as animal experiments suggest.
Male Erectile Disorder

Male erectile disorder involves a persistent and recurrent difficulty in which a man cannot attain or maintain an erection that is sufficient for intromission and subsequent sexual activity. Expressions such as “I can’t get it up anymore,” “I’ve lost my manhood,” and “It’s dead down there” all capture the typical client’s view of this disorder.
Time Travels: A 40-Year Journey from Drosophila's Clock Mutants to Human Circadian Disorders (Nobel Lecture)

Living organisms have a biological clock that helps to prepare our physiology for the fluctuations of the day. Key research to elucidate the biological mechanisms of this regular adaptation, referred to as the circadian rhythm, is described by M. W. Young in his Nobel lecture.
Creation of a family medicine residency blog

ObjectiveTo describe the process of creating the Family Medicine Vital Signs blog, curated and edited by residents and faculty at the University of Utah Family Medicine Residency Program and to obtain feedback from participants regarding educational impact.MethodsEach resident and faculty member contributes at least one blog post per year (with other invited authors), resulting in one post per week on the blog site. An editorial board composed of residents and faculty provides direction and editorial assistance for each post. Residency staff assist in providing authors with reminders and logistical support. A survey was conducted of blog contributors to understand their perceptions of the blog’s educational value.ResultsThe Family Medicine Vital Signs blog was started in July 2014, with 40% (n = 68) of the 170 posts provided by residents, 38.2% (n = 65) by faculty, and 21.8% (n = 37) by invited authors through June 2017. It has averaged nearly 100 unique readers per week and has had 15 posts republished i...
Brief Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Cancer Patients: Re-Visioning the CBT Paradigm

Brief Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Cancer Patients is a practical, clinical guide that allows for the integration of techniques from multiple newer CBT models, organized around a clear conceptual foundation and case conceptualization. The book targets those cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes that research suggests are instrumental in the maintenance of human psychological suffering. Author Scott Temple also draws on newer models that build on strengths and resilience and brings clinical work to life through vivid case examples, worksheets, and case conceptualization forms. Detailed vignettes show clinicians how to create a case conceptualization as a guide to treatment, as well as how to integrate Beckian and newer CBT techniques.
LL-08 Walk SLE – end of study results of a pilot study exploring walk with ease, a self-directed walking program, in lupus patients

Background Fatigue and arthritis are common sources of impairment in SLE patients that persist despite lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions. Walk with Ease (WWE) is the Arthritis Foundation’s 6 week evidence-based walking program developed for adults with arthritis that has been shown to improve physical function, pain, stiffness and fatigue in individuals with arthritis. WWE is offered in two formats – group (instructor led) or self-directed. The goal of this study was to examine the feasibility of self-directed WWE in SLE patients. Methods We enrolled 75 SLE patients to take part in the WWE program, all of whom completed an initial evaluation. The post-6 week evaluation with no usual care comparison group was conducted in 46 patients. Self-reported outcomes including symptoms (pain, stiffness and fatigue visual analog scales [VAS]) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-fatigue) scale were evaluated. Means and effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals were computed for changes in symptoms between baseline and 6 weeks, adjusted for gender, age, race, and baseline outcome. Participant satisfaction measures with WWE are reported as percentages. Results Participants were mainly women (96.0%), aged ≥40 years, self-identified as black (53.3%) and 13 years from initial SLE diagnosis. Fifteen (20.0%) participants also had a physician diagnosis of OA, while 21 (28.0%) participants had concurrent fibromyalgia. Four participants were screen failures, 9 were withdrawn by the study team, 13 were lost to follow-up and 3 had not yet reached the end of the 6 week protocol. There were 46 participants who completed the WWE program; no significant differences in baseline measures were observed between those who did and did not complete the study. At the end of 6 weeks, participants reported having reduced FACIT-fatigue scores (ES=0.14), as well as having reduced scores for VAS fatigue and stiffness (ES=0.22 and 0.11, respectively [table 1]). Most participants reported walking for at least 30 minutes/day (47.7%),≥3 days/week (86.4%) and utilized the workbook for motivation (65.3%). Participants also reported increased physical activity (81.8%), confidence to continue exercising (97.8%) and satisfaction from the program (97.8%). Conclusions WWE is a feasible, low-cost program that may decrease SLE-related fatigue and stiffness, improve activity and promote long-term lifestyle changes. Trial registration ClinicalTrials. gov Identifier: NCT02631005.
The r-process signature found in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy Reticulum II

Abstract Our understanding of the origin of the heaviest elements in the periodic table through the rapid ( r -) process has recently seen tremendous progress. For six decades, the astrophysical site remained unknown but with the discovery of the r -process galaxy Reticulum II and the gravitational waves detection of GW170817, it has become clear that the r -process must predominantly operate in neutron star mergers.
Helicity Density Maximization in a Planar Array of Achiral High-Density Dielectric Nanoparticles

We investigate how a periodic array composed of achiral isotropic high-refractive index dielectric nanospheres generates nearfield over the array surface reaching helicity density very close to its upper bound. The required condition for an array of nanospheres to generate optimally chiral nearfield, which represents the upper bound of helicity density, is derived in terms of array effective electric and magnetic polarizabilities that almost satisfy the effective Kerker condition for arrays. The discussed concepts find applications in improving chirality detection based on circular dichroism (CD) at surface level instead of in the bulk. Importantly the array would not contribute to the generated CD signal when used as a substrate for detecting chirality of a thin layer of chiral molecules. This eliminates the need to separate the CD signal generated by the array from that of the chiral sample.
Surprise Birthday Party for Thomas Pynchon

No chief yeoman tried "to urinate in the gas tank of a '54 Packard Patrician" parked outside the bar, but on 8 May, 1975, patrons inside Riordan's waterfront tavern in San Francisco experienced an invasion of unfamiliar characters carrying books by Thomas Pynchon. It was his thirty-eighth birthday, and a surprise party had begun. The real surprise, however, would be if the elusive author of V . showed up. Never photographed or interviewed (at least no public photographs), who knew what Pynchon looked like if he did show up?
Impartial Sensor Tasking via Forecasted Information Content Quantification

The consistently increasing population of space debris in orbit about the Earth is becoming an increasingly unavoidable problem, necessitating a proper handling of the problem of sensor tasking to ...
Applied Research Note: Exogenous lipase supplementation to low-energy, low-protein, and low–amino acid diets for broiler chickens from one to 42 d

Summary The use of exogenous enzymes for poultry has been studied for years. However, there is still limited information on the effects of exogenous lipase supplementation on the growth performance of broilers fed with diets containing reduced nutritional levels. The objective was to investigate the effects of lipase supplementation on growth performance of broilers fed with diets containing different reduced ME, CP, and essential amino acids (EAA). One-day-old Cobb 500 male broilers (n = 480) were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with 4 dietary treatments and 6 replicates of 20 birds. The treatments were as follows: positive control (PC; formulated as per the breeder guideline), negative control (NC; reduction in nutrition levels by 100 kcal/kg in ME, by 1% in CP, and by 5% in EAA), PC diet supplemented with 100 g/t of lipase (PC + Lipase), and NC diet supplemented with 100 g/t of lipase (NC + Lipase). In general, the reduction in nutritional levels (NC) negatively affected body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with PC treatment (P
Resting-state functional connectivity of the human hippocampus in periadolescent children: Associations with age and memory performance.

The hippocampus is necessary for declarative (relational) memory, and the ability to form hippocampal-dependent memories develops through late adolescence. This developmental trajectory of hippocampal-dependent memory could reflect maturation of intrinsic functional brain networks, but resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) of the human hippocampus is not well-characterized for periadolescent children. Measuring hippocampal rs-FC in periadolescence would thus fill a gap, and testing covariance of hippocampal rs-FC with age and memory could inform theories of cognitive development. Here, we studied hippocampal rs-FC in a cross-sectional sample of healthy children (N = 96; 59 F; age 9-15 years) using a seed-based approach, and linked these data with NIH Toolbox measures, the Picture-Sequence Memory Test (PSMT) and the List Sorting Working Memory Test (LSWMT). The PSMT was expected to rely more on hippocampal-dependent memory than the LSWMT. We observed hippocampal rs-FC with an extensive brain network including temporal, parietal, and frontal regions. This pattern was consistent with prior work measuring hippocampal rs-FC in younger and older samples. We also observed novel, regionally specific variation in hippocampal rs-FC with age and hippocampal-dependent memory but not working memory. Evidence consistent with these findings was observed in a second, validation dataset of similar-age healthy children drawn from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopment Cohort. Further, a cross-dataset analysis suggested generalizable properties of hippocampal rs-FC and covariance with age and memory. Our findings connect prior work by describing hippocampal rs-FC and covariance with age and memory in typically developing periadolescent children, and our observations suggest a developmental trajectory for brain networks that support hippocampal-dependent memory.
Anxiety, Coping, and Stress: Counseling Parents of Children With a Rare Disease:

Rare diseases affect an estimated 300 million individuals worldwide, and ∼30 million Americans. One of these diseases, FOXG1 syndrome, is a severe neurological condition that causes medical complic...
Function of a viral genome packaging motor from bacteriophage T4 is insensitive to DNA sequence

Many viruses employ motors to translocate DNA into capsids. Previous reports raise questions if motor function depends on DNA sequence and a “B-A scrunchworm” model predicts that “A-philic” sequences that transition more easily to A-form would alter function. We use optical tweezers to measure translocation of phage, plasmid, and synthetic A-philic, GC rich sequences by the T4 motor. We observed no differences in motor velocities, even with A-philic sequences predicted to show higher rate, no changes in motor pausing, and only modest changes in slipping. To test more generally for sequence dependence, we conducted correlation analyses across pairs of events. No significant correlations in packaging rate, pausing, or slipping versus position were detected in repeated measurements with different DNA sequences. These studies suggest that the viral motor insensitive to DNA sequence and fluctuations in packaging velocity, pausing, and slipping are primarily stochastic temporal events.
Private Power, Public Law: Life after TRIPS: aggression and opposition

The TRIPS agreement is hardly the end of the story. In many ways, it is just the beginning. The machinery is now in place. Domestic and international institutions have been enlisted in the enforcement of TRIPS. The reach of private power has been extended far beyond its architects (Cutler, Haufler and Porter, 1999: 358). This new global regulation of intellectual property rights requires a “web of surveillance” (Braithwaite and Drahos, 2000: 87), particularly since the vast majority of countries signing on to TRIPS will be negatively affected (at least in the short term). Net importers of IP-based goods and services will pay higher costs. The web of surveillance operates on multiple levels. The private sector activists continue to play a central role in monitoring implementation and enforcement efforts. Domestic state institutions are responsible for adopting and enforcing TRIPS-compliant policies. The WTO provides an additional and crucial resource for the global regulation of intellectual property. This web of surveillance now becomes part of the structure. The process continues, and new areas of contestation have emerged. The first part of this chapter is devoted to the web of surveillance. The second half focuses on emerging areas of contestation, including active and increasingly mobilized opposition to TRIPS. Since the adoption of TRIPS, its architects have remained vigilant in monitoring the implementation and compliance of TRIPS worldwide. They have continued to avail themselves of the US Section 301 apparatus to pressure developing countries to alter their domestic IP policies.