cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LOCATION OF IRON IN FRAMEWORK-SUBSTITUTED ZEOLITE L USING ANOMALOUS POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTION AND X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE

Iron substituted zeolite LTL has been synthesized with one third of the framework aluminium replaced by iron. X-ray absorption fine structure at the iron K absorption edge reveals that the iron is substituted into the framework, with a first coordination shell of oxygen with 4 Fe-O distances of 1.85 → and an outer shell of silicon. Anomalous dispersion powder diffraction combined with Rietveld profile analysis has been used to locate the iron with respect to the two crystallographically distinct framework sites of the LTL structure, showing it to be essentially randomly distributed between them. Anomalous dispersion powder diffraction is also used to verify that the extra-framework cation sites contain negligible iron.
First Thoughts on the Copula

Throughout his life, De Morgan’s work in logic showed an intriguing combination of conservatism and novelty. Thus, he wrote very extensively on the traditional categorical syllogism, yet he treated this subject in a variety of original ways. De Morgan’s approach to relations and relational inferences showed this same mixture of novelty and tradition. This is especially true of De Morgan’s early writings on logic, from 1831 to 1843, which are the subject of this chapter. Three main issues will attract our attention.
Case of S.H. and Others v. Austria : Practical Concern over Individual Rights

The European Court of Human Rights upheld the constitutionality of the Austrian Artificial Procreation Act in November 2011. The Court decided the case on procedural grounds, claiming that the wide margin of appreciation given to European Union member states when there is no consensus within the EU on an issue. In doing so, the Court applied Articles 8 and 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights, but found that the procedural deference owed to the member state, Austria, outweighed the protections afforded by these articles. This Comment argues that while the court reached the correct result, it did so on improper grounds, and left the state of the law unclear for future couples seeking to conceive children through artificial insemination. Future couples are left to debate whether enough states have changed their law to allow artificial insemination that the scales have tipped in their favor, and the margin of appreciation will allow the court to overturn member state
Lagally’s Theorem and the Lifting Body Problem

A review is presented on the use of Lagallys Theorem to determine forces and moments on bodies moving through an ideal fluid, including the extension to unsteady flows by Cummins and the evaluation of the virtual moment by Landweber and Yih for the case of sources and doublets. The latter is generalized to cover any type of singularity. Applications thus far have been restricted to distributions of singularities which lie entirely within the body. This paper considers the lifting body problem in which a vortex or doublet sheet cuts through the body. It is shown that direct application of the final Lagally equations to such a problem yields erroneous results. An approach is presented in which the Lagally integrals are correctly evaluated for this type of singularity distribution.
Ischemic conditioning of the stomach may reduce the incidence of esophagogastric anastomotic leaks complicating esophagectomy: a hypothesis

Esophagogastric anastomotic leaks are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after esophagectomy. Occult ischemia of the mobilized and partially devascularized gastric fundus is an important cause of esophagogastric leaks. The author hypothesizes that the vascularity of the gastric fundus can be improved, and anastomotic leaks reduced, by a process of ischemic conditioning (delay phenomenon). Laparoscopic partial gastric devascularization could be performed 2-3 weeks before esophagectomy. The gastric fundus would have time to re-establish an abundant blood supply before being mobilized and anastomosed to the esophagus. Since laparoscopic partial devascularization could be done at the time of laparoscopic cancer staging, gastric ischemic conditioning would not necessarily add cost or morbidity to the overall treatment of esophageal cancer. Laboratory and clinical evidence are presented to support this hypothesis.
Teaching Undergraduate Economics in an Interdisciplinary Setting: The Green Learning Community

The traditional undergraduate economics classroom is poised for modest reform because of readily available data and multimedia content. However, we argue that deep reform is needed to teach complex contemporary problems. This means altering the balance of economic content to include institutional and historical content and restructuring the classroom to accommodate interdisciplinary pedagogy. Using Colander’s (2006) analysis of reform as a starting point, we review the economics literature to identify alternative and interdisciplinary pedagogy. Next, the University of New England’s Green Learning Community is introduced as an intentional approach to interdisciplinary learning. It links economics, humanities and environmental studies and extends across the first year, providing students adequate time to study, reflect upon, and internalize economic assumptions, models, stories, values, and interdisciplinary insights.
A Renewable Solution Approach for Center Pivot Irrigation System

In this present study a hybrid renewable energy system is proposed to optimize the load demand for Center Pivot Irrigation System for remote cultivation areas in Lubbock, Texas. The energy resources included in the study are solar photovoltaic and wind energy. For the ease of study, a 120-acre cultivable land area is considered as model. Simulation and analysis of the load is developed using HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable) software and the optimum use of renewable resources is determined. A RT-LAB based model is also developed to determine real time analysis of center Pivot load. As the impact of wind is remarkable and solar irradiance is significant in Lubbock area, the wind turbine and solar photovoltaic system is given priority for effective optimization. Using HOMER software and RT-LAB based analysis of different combinations and multiple components are considered for simulation study. An optimal solution is proposed in the work by considering the renewable energy resources as prime sources in Lubbock area for this optimization method.
Evidence-based treatment algorithm for BCLC C advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis.

e15649Background: Barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) C advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (aHCC) has a poor prognosis. Different treatment methods have shown a survival benefit. The purpose of the study is to suggest the treatment algorithm based on a comprehensive review of the literature on aHCC treated with different methods. Methods: Studies were identified by searching Google Scholar using the following keywords: ‘‘advanced hepatocellular carcinoma’’ or ‘‘advanced HCC’’ or “BCLC C” in a time period from 2008 to 2017. Search identified more than 700 articles. Then, articles were searched manually for BCLC C HCC. Articles were excluded if they dealt with only liver metastases or portal vein thrombosis, or if they did not report median survival. A total of 3 randomized control studies (RCT) and 21 non-RCT studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Results:Overall median survivals (OS) according to different methods is shown in table 1. OSs of aHCC treated with TACE, Yittrium 90 transarterial...
Standardization of prophylactic platelet transfusion dosing in a pediatric oncology population: a quality improvement project.

Background Oncology patients are frequent recipients of prophylactic platelet transfusions. Recent studies have demonstrated that lower prophylactic doses of platelets were not associated with a higher incidence of bleeding. At our institution, we found wide variation in platelet dosing due to lack of guidance and support for standardized dosing. Study design and methods A collaborative process improvement project between oncology, hematology, intensivists, and the transfusion service established guidelines for dosing of prophylactic platelet transfusions in nonbleeding oncology patients: 10 mL/kg or less of apheresis platelets for patients weighing up to 20 kg and 1 unit of apheresis platelets patients weighing 20 kg or more, with our stated goal of standardizing transfusion practice. A graphic data display tool that draws on the electronic medical record to monitor platelet ordering was created, with a target goal of greater than 80% compliance with the dosing guidelines. We implemented decision support for dosing consistent with the guideline, and provided educational materials to prescribers at various levels of training within oncology over multiple plan-do-study-act cycles. Results We were able to consistently achieve between 85 and 90% compliance of prophylactic platelet transfusion orders without an increase in the number of emergency department visits for bleeding or platelet transfusions or changing the time between platelet transfusions after guideline implementation. Conclusion This project demonstrates that reducing the volume of prophylactic platelet transfusions to doses consistent with published studies was safe and that a process of guideline consensus based on published studies, well-designed decision support for computerized physician order entry, and targeted educational efforts, were effective in changing practice at a large academic hospital.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Fish Gill

The delicate and elaborate structure of the fish gill has long fascinated biologists as perhaps the most exquisite example of an external respiratory organ. This chapter summarizes gill anatomy and describes the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to studies of gill form and function. Emphasis is placed on key or unique SEM studies that raise interesting questions to be pursued further, suggest unique methodological applications, or define specific areas that are actively being investigated. The advantages of SEM methods include: ease of sample preparation, three-dimensional perspective, high resolution, and the ability to survey large areas of tissue. X-ray analysis, in conjunction with SEM, offers a quantitative elemental analysis of gill tissue and has considerable potential in physiological as well as toxicological studies. The gill is the primary corridor for molecular exchange between the internal milieu of a fish and its environment. Gills perform myriad seemingly unrelated homeostatic functions that include respiration, osmoregulation, acid-base balance and nitrogen excretion.
Quantification of Blood Flow in Dialysis Access Using Custom-Acquisition Protocol and Imaging Methods: A Clinical Validation Study.

Abstract Purpose To determine access blood flow (ABF) rate using 2D image sequences acquired with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and fluoroscopy. Materials and Methods A total of 23 patients with known or suspected malfunctioning accesses were imaged using 2 filming modes: DSA at 3 or 6 frames/s (F/s), and fluoroscopy at 10 or 15 pulses/s (P/s). ABF rates were quantified using a bolus tracking method based on cross-correlation algorithm and compared with catheter-based thermal dilution (TD) flow measurements. The indicator-dilution curves were fitted with a gamma-variate (GV) curve fitting model to assess the effect on accuracy. Radiation doses were calculated to examine any increased susceptibility to tissue reactions and stochastic effects. Results For DSA images, the absolute percent deviations (mean ± standard error of mean) in computed flow vs TD flow measurements at 3 F/s and 6 F/s were 34% ± 4.5% and 20% ± 4.7%, respectively, without curve fitting, and 31% ± 3.3% and 20% ± 4.1%, respectively, with curve fitting. For fluoroscopic images, the deviations at 10 P/s and 15 P/s were 44% ± 7.3% and 68% ± 10.7%, respectively, without curve fitting and 36% ± 6.4% and 48% ± 7.1%, respectively, with curve fitting. The mean peak skin dose and effective dose at 6 F/s were 3.28 mGy and 75 μSv, respectively. Conclusions Digital subtraction angiography images obtained at 6 F/s offered the highest accuracy for dialysis access blood flow quantification.
A quantification of lower-limb coordinative variability during running with different levels of midsole cushioning

Cushioned material between the foot and the ground during the stance phase of running dampens haptic feedback information used by higher control centres to inform subsequent movement executions. Th...
Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History)

Intermittent outbreaks of infectious diseases have had profound and lasting effects on societies throughout history. Those events have powerfully shaped the economic, political, and social aspects of human civilization, with their effects often lasting for centuries. Epidemic outbreaks have defined some of the basic tenets of modern medicine, pushing the scientific community to develop principles of epidemiology, prevention, immunization, and antimicrobial treatments. This chapter outlines some of the most notable outbreaks that took place in human history and are relevant for a better understanding of the rest of the material. Starting with religious texts, which heavily reference plagues, this chapter establishes the fundamentals for our understanding of the scope, social, medical, and psychological impact that some pandemics effected on civilization, including the Black Death (a plague outbreak from the fourteenth century), the Spanish Flu of 1918, and the more recent outbreaks in the twenty-first century, including SARS, Ebola, and Zika.
A Novel Approach to Postpartum Contraception Provision Combined with Infant Care: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

Abstract Background Unintended pregnancy among women with short interpregnancy intervals remains common. Women's attendance at the 4- to 6-week postpartum visit, when contraception provision often occurs, is low, whereas their attendance at well-baby visits is high. We aimed to evaluate if offering co-located contraceptive services to mothers at well-baby visits increases use of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) at 5 months postpartum compared with usual care in a randomized, controlled trial. Methods Women with infants aged 4.5 months or younger who were not using a LARC method and had not undergone sterilization were eligible. Generalized linear models were used to estimate risk ratios. Likability and satisfaction of the contraception visit were assessed. Results Between January 2015 and January 2017, 446 women were randomized. LARC use at 5 months was 19.1% and 20.9% for the intervention and control groups, respectively, and was not significantly different after controlling for weeks postpartum (risk ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.59–1.23). Uptake of the co-located visit was low (17.7%), but the concept was liked; insufficient time to stay for the visit was the biggest barrier to uptake. Women who accepted the visit were more likely to use a LARC method at 5 months compared with women in the control group (risk ratio, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.26–3.07). Conclusions Women perceived co-located care favorably and LARC use was higher among those who completed a visit; however, uptake was low for reasons including inability to stay after the infant visit. Intervention effects were possibly diluted. Future research should test a version of this intervention designed to overcome barriers that participants reported.
Decidual vasculopathy and spiral artery remodeling revisited II: relations to trophoblastic dependent and independent vascular transformation.

Background: There are three types of decidual vasculopathy at term, acute atherosis, fibrinoid medial necrosis, and mural arterial hypertrophy with two separate mechanisms. Acute atherosis and fibrinoid medial necrosis demonstrate the replacement of the muscular wall by the fibrinoid material and "foamy cells", whereas mural arterial hypertrophy depicts thickened hypertrophic muscular wall with a narrowed lumen.Methods: In this review, decidual vasculopathy is reexamined using the knowledge of CD56 expression on endovascular trophoblasts (EVTs) at term with perspective in diagnosis and pathogenesis.Results: All three types of vasculopathy can be identified in both decidua basalis and decidua vera (capsularis/parietalis) at term. Decidual vasculopathy at basalis is related to the persistence of EVTs in spiral artery remodeling at implantation and phenotypic switch to express CD56. However, no trophoblastic invasion of spiral artery is present at decidua vera. At implantation, the spiral artery undergoes a trophoblastic-dependent remodeling in decidua basalis whereas the spiral artery undergoes trophoblastic-independent remodeling in decidual vera.Conclusions: Decidual vasculopathy at term is related to spiral artery remodeling at implantation and this is associated with factors other than trophoblastic invasion alone. The spiral artery remodeling at implantation and pathogenesis of decidual vasculopathy at term is likely through circulating factors in relation to complex physiological and pathological conditions in pregnancy.
Validation of an Electronic Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 Score in a Mixed Quaternary PICU.

Objective To assess the validity of an electronic version of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Pediatric and cardiac ICUs at a quaternary medical center. Patients Patients more than 60 days old admitted to the PICU or cardiac ICU between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014. Interventions None. Measurements and main results After adapting the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score into a version applicable to retrospective electronic health record data, it was validated in a mixed-ICU cohort. A manually ascertained Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score was directly compared with the electronically derived electronic version of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score in 100 randomly selected patients with good agreement between score components with nine out of 11 components having an intraclass correlation coefficient or Cohen κ greater than or equal to 0.6. In assessing the electronic version of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score in the entire cohort of 12,582 patient encounters, it had good discrimination with area under the receiver operating curve of 0.89, appropriate calibration with no significant difference between observed and expected deaths, and excellent predictive ability with a Brier score of 0.0135. Conclusions The Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score can be adapted to utilize retrospective electronic health record data with acceptable discrimination, calibration and accuracy a large mixed-ICU cohort.
Merging matter and memory in cinematic adaptations of Murakami Haruki’s fiction

Recent cinematic adaptations of the fiction of Japanese writer Murakami Haruki (b. 1949) visualize a central narrative theme in his work: the division in Japan's historical imagination between its ...
A charge-density-based general cation insertion algorithm for generating new Li-ion cathode materials

Future lithium (Li) energy storage technologies, in particular solid-state configurations with a Li metal anode, opens up the possibility of using cathode materials that do not necessarily contain Li in its as-made state. To accelerate the discovery and design of such materials, we develop a general, chemically, and structurally agnostic methodology for identifying the optimal Li sites in any crystalline material. For a given crystal structure, we attempt multiple Li insertions at symmetrically in-equivalent positions by analyzing the electronic charge density obtained from first-principles density functional theory. In this report, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure in successfully identifying the positions of the Li ion in well-known cathode materials using only the empty host (charged) material as guidance. Furthermore, applying the algorithm to over 2000 candidate cathode empty host materials we obtain statistics of Li site preferences to guide future developments of novel Li-ion cathode materials, particularly for solid-state applications.
The Genetic Architecture of Robustness for Flight Performance in Drosophila

A central challenge of quantitative genetics is partitioning phenotypic variation into genetic and non-genetic components. These non-genetic components are usually interpreted as environmental effects; however, variation between genetically identical individuals in a common environment can still exhibit phenotypic variation. A trait9s resistance to variation is called robustness, though the genetics underlying it are poorly understood. Accordingly, we performed an association study on a previously studied, whole organism trait: flight performance. Using 197 of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) lines, we surveyed variation at the level of single nucleotide polymorphisms and whole genes using additive, marginal, and epistatic analyses that associated with robustness for flight performance. Many genes had developmental and neurodevelopmental annotations, and many more were identified from associations that differed between sexes. Additionally, many genes were pleiotropic, with several annotated for fitness-associated traits (e.g. gametogenesis and courtship). Our results corroborate a previous study for genetic modifiers of micro-environmental variation, and have sizable overlap with studies for modifiers of wing morphology and courtship behavior. These results point to an important and shared role for genetic modifiers of robustness of flight performance affecting development, neurodevelopment, and behavior.
Medicare: The Perpetual Balance between Performance and Preservation

Passed by Congress and signed by President Lyndon Johnson into law in 1965, Medicare has weathered storms from all directions, growing to be the preeminent standard for health insurance in the United States. The idea of losing Medicare as a vital public benefit still remains the single greatest fear with which each passing generation of Americans must contend, and yet, these challenges over the past fifty years, designed to fortify Medicare’s foundation and ensure its longevity, continue to take a toll on the program.The most recent climate of reform includes changes implemented by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”). The PPACA is designed to expand coverage for a broader group of people, yet it adds unprecedented layers of complexity such that it may be but a matter of time before the confusion experienced by today’s providers proves to be Medicare’s undoing altogether. The decades of trial and error upon which health care in the United States have been built, at least from the point of view of both physicians and lawmakers who watch from the sidelines, may give way to confusion and disruption industry-wide as a result of newly enacted regulations.
Socioeconomic vulnerability in China's hydropower development

Abstract Approximately 78% of China's electricity demand is met by burning coal, which has taken a serious toll on the environment. Hydropower represents a sustainable alternative source, and China already derives 16% of its electricity supply from hydropower. However, evidence from other hydroelectric projects such as the Three Gorges Dam suggests that the socioeconomic consequences of such large public works projects are enormous. A series of dams has been proposed for the middle and lower reaches of the Nu River (Upper Salween) in Yunnan Province. If completed, the 13-dam cascade would have greater power-generating potential than the Three Gorges Dam. However, the Nu is considered to be the last “virgin” river in China, and many of the proposed dams are located in an environmentally-sensitive area. Moreover, approximately 50,000 people – many of them ethnic minorities – would be forced to resettle by the resulting reservoirs [Yardley, Jim. “Dam Building Threatens China's ‘Grand Canyon’.” New York Times, 2004, March 10.]. Finally, the economic status of northwestern Yunnan is quite low, suggesting that socioeconomic vulnerabilities among the displaced population would be quite acute. Although construction has officially been halted, surveying has begun on at least five of the dams, and Wang [Wang, Xiaozong, “Quan Guo Ren Da Guan Yuan: Nu Jiang Shui Dian Kai Fa Bu Yi Cao Zhi Guo Ji”, China Economics Weekly, 2008, March 31.] reports that the actual construction process has begun on one of these dams. After providing a detailed account of China's electricity supply, this paper quantifies China's hydropower potential. We then describe the socioeconomic effects of population displacement from dam development using the Three Gorges Dam as a case study. Next, we provide a detailed economic profile of the Nu River area, arguing that poor farmers from disparate language groups are more likely to face extreme vulnerabilities in the resettlement process. Finally, we employ microevidence from interviews of affected households to demonstrate that the dam construction process in western Yunnan has been neither transparent nor consultative.
Counteracting Systemic Bias in the Lab, Field, and Classroom

Grappling with systemic discrimination and bias in geosciences can be overwhelming to the point that one may feel powerless to fix them. Despite the sweeping nature of this challenge, faculty, prin...
Becoming Armenian: Religious Conversions in the Late Imperial South Caucasus

In the nineteenth-century South Caucasus, hundreds of local farmers and nomads petitioned Russian authorities to allow them to become Christians. Most of them were Muslims and specifically requested to join the Armenian Apostolic Church. This article explores religious conversions to Armenian Christianity on Russia's mountainous southern border with the Ottoman Empire and Iran. It demonstrates that tsarist reforms, chiefly the peasant reform and the sedentarization of nomads, accelerated labor migration within the region, bringing many Muslims, Yazidis, and Assyrians into an Armenian environment. Local anxieties over Russian colonialism further encouraged conversions. I argue that by converting to Armenian Christianity many rural South Caucasians benefited from a change in their legal status, which came with the right to move residence, access to agricultural land, and other freedoms. Russia's Jewish communities, on the other hand, saw conversion to Armenian Christianity as a legal means to circumvent discrimination and obtain the right to live outside of the Pale of Settlement. By drawing on converts’ petitions and officials’ decisions, this article illustrates that the Russian government emerged as an ultimate arbiter of religious conversions, evaluating the sincerity of petitioners’ faith and how Armenian they had become, while preserving the empire's religious and social hierarchies.
The gender of the bear

Cet article maintient qu'il existe une relation homologue entre le symbolisme autour de l'ours et la categorisation du genre chez les Inuit. Dans la premiere partie de l'article, les vastes implications de la signification de l'ours sont explorees. Les grands debats concernant comment conceptualiser les categories inuit du genre sont resumes, avec une emphase particuliere sur la construction d'un «troisieme sexe». Ces deux champs de la pensee sociale apparemment disparates sont alors presentes ensemble pour proposer un modele qui permet aux chercheurs de comprendre a la fois la signification symbolique des ours et le genre d'une nouvelle facon. Bien que le concept du «troisieme sexe» se soit revele tres solide sur le plan theorique, il est inadequat pour les donnees provenant d'Inuit qui continuent de maintenir deux categories distinctes du genre. Mais contrairement a la majorite des autres modeles, il permet un passage connectant les deux genres a travers lequel les gens peuvent passer.
Stroop Color‐Word Test

The Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT; Stroop, 1935) is one of the oldest and most commonly used tests in psychology for examining executive functions and response inhibition. There are a number of versions of the task, several of which have been translated into different languages and modified for use with diverse populations, including children, adults, and clinical patients. In the standard form of the task, a participant is asked to (1) read words that are the names of colors (i.e., word reading), (2) name the color of ink patches (i.e., color naming), and (3) name the color of the ink in which incongruent color words are printed (e.g., say “red” when the word green is printed in red ink). This latter condition is thought to require response inhibition, as one must inhibit the easier and more automatic word reading in order to name the color of the ink (see MacLeod & MacDonald, 2000). Keywords: stroop effect; stroop interference; executive function; response inhibition
Walter LaFeber: America, Russia, and the Cold War 1945–2006

In the work being reviewed here, Walter LaFeber presents a “revisionist” interpretation of the origins of the Cold War and of the reasons for its length. This school of historiography has been well...
When Do Employees Speak up for Their Customers? A Model of Voice in a Customer Service Context

We develop a conceptual model of customer-focused voice and test it in a hospital setting. Drawing from theory and research on voice, we find that customer orientation and job autonomy are positively associated with customer-focused voice. In addition, consistent with social information processing theory, these relationships are moderated by service climate, such that a high service climate compensates for the less desirable aspects of employees or their jobs. Finally, we provide evidence for a critical but untested assumption of the voice literature by linking hospital-level customer-focused voice to hospital-level service performance. Results based on data from four unique data sources, provided at varying points in time, and at different levels of analysis demonstrate support for our conceptual model.
Quantifying the Effect of Age Structure on Voter Registration

Objective Where population subgroups have distinctly “young” or “old” adult age distributions, their observed overall rates of political participation may differ for this demographic reason. Age standardization can quantify the proportion of an observed difference in registration rates attributable to age structural differences between two populations, thereby facilitating comparison of political participation across subgroups. Methods I illustrate the derivation and interpretation of an age-standardized registration rate. This rate weights a set of observed age-specific registration rates with a standard age distribution to create a hypothetical total (all-ages) registration rate, to afford an undistorted comparison of Hispanic and non-Hispanic white voter registration. Results For seven communities studied here, differences in adult age structure account for as much as one-third of the observed difference in the voter registration rates of adult Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in a community. The effect of age structure is most apparent in those communities registering substantial influxes of young-adult Hispanics. Conclusion Age standardization is a useful technique to control for differences in population structure that may obscure a comparison of political participation across subgroups.
Career and Family Choices Among Elite Liberal Arts Graduates

This study describes how the career and family choices of female graduates of the Claremont Colleges within 15 years of undergraduate graduation (unless otherwise specified) have changed across the graduation years of 1960 to 1994. Specifically, I show that female graduates of the Claremont Colleges have clearly shifted away from having their family first (i.e., having at least one biological child) and a job second (i.e., having a job after 15 years of receiving their undergraduate degree but having very weak labor force attachment prior to that) toward simultaneously having both a career (i.e., very strong labor force attachment) and a family for those that graduated after 1979. Finally, I find that the primary mechanisms that allowed for the observed shift toward “career and family” for those that graduated post-1979 appear to be increased access to paid parental leave and childcare.
Metal-organophosphonate chemistry: Hydrothermal syntheses and structures of copper(II)-xylyldiphosphonates with organonitrogen coligands

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of copper(II) acetate monohydrate or copper(II) chloride dihydrate with xylyl-phosphonic acid derivatives in the presence of organonitrogen coligands yielded a series of compounds of the Cu(II)/ligand/xylyl-diphosphonate system. The materials structurally characterized in the study include the parent compound [Cu2(H2O)2(1,4-O3PC8H8PO3)] (1); the o-phenanthroline derivatives: [Cu(H2O)(o-Phen)(1,4-HO3PC8PO3H)]·3H2O (2·3H2O), [Cu2(H2O)2(1,4-O3PC8H8PO3)]·3H2O (3·3H2O), [Cu(o-phen)(1,4-HO3PC8H8PO3H)]·3H2O (4·3H2O), [Cu(o-phen)(1,2-HO3PC8H8PO3H)] (5), and [Cu(o-phen)(1,3-HO3PC8H8PO3H)] (6); the 2,2′-bipyridine derivatives: [Cu2(H2O)2(bpy)2(1,4-HO3PC8H8PO3H2)2(HO3PC8H8PO3H)]·H2O (7·H2O); [Cu(bpy)(1,4-HO3PC8H8PO3H)]·2H2O (8·2H2O), and [Cu(bpy)(1,3-HO3PC8H8PO3H)] (9); the tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine materials: [Cu2(H2O)2(tpypyz)(1,4-HO3PC8H8PO3H)2·(1,4-H2O3PC8H8PO3H2)2·2H2O (10·(H62O3PC8H8PO3H2)2·2H2O), [Cu2(tpypyz)(1,2-HO3PC8H8PO3H)2]·2H2O (11·2H2O), and [Cu4Cl4(tpypyz)2(1,4-H2O3PC8H8PO3H)2]Cl2·H2O3PC8H8O3H2·8H2O (12·H2O3PC8H8O3H2·8H2O); and the di-2,2′-pyridylamine compound [Cu(2,2dpy)(HO3PC8H8PO3H)] (13). The role of the coligand in modifying the overall dimensionality of the ultimate products is apparent. Rather than observing the common pillared layer frameworks characteristic of metal-diphosphonate materials, the o-phenthroline derivatives, compounds 4 and 5 are two-dimensional, 3 and 6 are one-dimensional and 2 is molecular. For the 2,2′-bipyridyl analogues, 8 is two-dimensional while 9 is one-dimensional and 7 is molecular. Similarly, the tetra-2-pyridylpyrazine derivatives provide a one-dimensional material 10 and two molecular species 11 and 12.
Ethical issues in enhancement: an introduction.

The role of the healer is expanding. Attempts by physicians to enhance human capacity are but one among many new medical projects. The twentieth century ushered in significant changes in therapeutic modalities, and the past two decades have seen the role of the physician reshaped by economic, political, and dramatic new social mores. People ask new and different things of their clinicians. Under managed care, the primary care clinician is expected to have much more skill than was traditionally expected of a general internist, and new incentives force physicians to much more explicitly ration the care they provide to patients and to patient populations. But perhaps no change in the contemporary world of health portends more long-term effects than the introduction of enhancement technologies.
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Voriconazole following Intravenous- to Oral-Dose Escalation Regimens

In this study, the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous (i.v.)- to oral-dose regimens of voriconazole were evaluated with a group of 42 healthy men, 41 of whom completed the study. Two cohorts of subjects participated in the study. Cohort 1 (n = 28) took part in two study periods, each consisting of 14 days separated by a minimum 7-day washout. In one of the periods, 14 subjects received 6 mg/kg i.v. twice a day (b.i.d.) on day 1 followed by 3 mg/kg i.v. b.i.d. on days 2 to 7 and were then switched to 200 mg orally b.i.d. for days 8 to 14. In the other period, subjects received 6 mg/kg i.v. b.i.d. on day 1 followed by 5 mg/kg i.v. b.i.d. on days 2 to 7 and were then switched to 400 mg orally b.i.d. for days 8 to 14. The remaining 14 subjects in cohort 1 received a matching placebo throughout the study. In cohort 2 (n = 14), 7 subjects received 6 mg/kg i.v. b.i.d. on day 1 followed by 4 mg/kg i.v. b.i.d. on days 2 to 7 and were then switched to 300 mg orally b.i.d. for days 8 to 14. The remaining seven subjects in cohort 2 received a matching placebo. Blood samples were taken prior to dosing on days 1 to 6 and on days 8 to 13. Blood samples were drawn prior to dosing and at frequent intervals up to 12 h following the morning dose on days 7 and 14 of each study period. The samples were assayed for voriconazole by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. The maximum concentration in plasma (C(max)) occurred at the end of the 1-h i.v. infusion and between 1.4 and 1.8 h after oral administration. Voriconazole exhibited nonlinear pharmacokinetics, possibly due to saturable metabolism. For cohort 1, both C(max) and the area under the concentration-time curve within a dosage interval (AUC(tau)) increased disproportionately with dose for both i.v. and oral dosing. For i.v. dosing, a 1.7-fold increase in dose resulted in 2.4- and 3.1-fold increases in C(max) and AUC(tau), respectively. Similarly, a 2-fold increase in oral dosing resulted in 2.8- and 3.9-fold increases in C(max) and AUC(tau), respectively. The mean values for C(max) observed following oral dosing were lower than those obtained after i.v. administration, ranging from 62.7 to 89.6% of the i.v. value. After the switch from i.v. to oral dosing, most subjects achieved steady state by day 4, and mean minimum concentrations in plasma remained above clinically important MICs. The pharmacokinetic profiles for saliva followed a pattern similar to those observed for plasma; there was a highly significant correlation between plasma and saliva voriconazole concentrations (P < 0.0001). Voriconazole was well tolerated; the most commonly reported adverse events in voriconazole-treated subjects were mild to moderate headache, rash, and abnormal vision. Visual function tests detected no further abnormalities during voriconazole treatment.
A Study of the Tautomeric Equilibria of 2-Hydroxypyridine/2-Oxopyridine and of Cytosine in Water Using the Coupled Reference Interaction Site Model(RISM)/Molecular Dynamics (MD) Approach

We present an application of the recently proposed coupled reference interation site model (RISM)/molecular dynamics (MD) solvation free-energy method (Freedman, H.; Truong, T. N. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2003, 381, 362; J. Chem. Phys. 2004, 121, 2187) to study the hydration effect upon the tautomeric equilibria of 2-hydroxypyridine and 2-oxopyridine and of cytosine in water. In this methodology, simulation trajectories of solvated systems are computed and averaged to determine radial distribution functions, which are then inserted into a RISM expression for the solvation free energy. The computed differences in free energy of hydration for the two tautomerizations agree well with the experimental data as well as results from previous free-energy simulations. This is particularly encouraging since the coupled RISM/MD method requires a single MD simulation as compared to the more complicated and computationally demanding free-energy simulation methods.
Performance of a gradient-based shift estimator in a spatially sparse data environment: tracking the sub-pixel motion of fluorescent particles.

Summary Through a series of numerical simulations, we investigate the suitability of a relatively new gradient-based particle-tracking algorithm for efficiently quantifying sub-pixel shifts of fluorescently labelled cells or particles from a sequence of video microscopy images. The algorithm excels at estimating sub-0.5 pixel per frame shifts in both data-dense (e.g. laser speckle imaging) and data-sparse (e.g. fluorescence imaging) applications. No upsampling (i.e. interpolation) is required to achieve the sub-pixel shift resolution, and thus the approach avoids the complexity and potential errors associated with the interpolation process. An efficient matlab sub-routine is provided for implementing the algorithm.
Syntactic predication in Japanese

This paper argues that Japanese provides evidence for an independent syntactic relation of predication. Predication is shown to be an independent syntactic relation in two respects. First, evidence from the multiple nominative construction in Japanese and two constructions in English demonstrates that predication is independent of the thematic structure of heads: a phrase may be the subject of a syntactic predicate in the absence of θ-role assignment. Second, it is argued that the subject—predicate relation is defined in configurational terms: a syntactic predicate is a maximal projection, and must have a subject in an external position. Consequently, complements of the verb cannot be syntactic subjects. This prediction is borne out by theDat-Nom constructions in Japanese, where the nominative argument is not a syntactic subject. These constructions are contrasted with apparently parallel constructions in German, the different behavior of which is argued to follow from the existence of a null expletive in this language. Finally, on the basis of the data presented in the paper, a revision to the θ-Criterion is proposed.
The debate on warfarin use in dialysis patients with atrial fibrillation: more fuel for the fire.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in the general population. The burden of AF is even greater in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Among patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with hemodialysis,1 the prevalence of AF is estimated to be 7–20% and continues to increase.2 CKD and AF are both associated with thromboembolic disease through endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow and hypercoagulability. The synergistic impact of these conditions enhances the risk of complications such as ischemic stroke.3,4 In a study of 132,372 patients with nonvalvular AF, hemodialysis patients had an 83% higher rate of stroke compared to patients without kidney disease.5 Although hemodialysis patients have an increased risk for thromboembolism, they also have an increased risk of bleeding. Furthermore, risk of vascular calcification may be enhanced by warfarin use.6,7 Thus, decisions on anticoagulation remain challenging in hemodialysis patients. There are clear and evidence-based guidelines for the use of anticoagulation in the prevention of thromboembolic stroke in the general population.8 Yet, despite the tremendous burden of AF and associated adverse consequences in patients treated by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, the role of anticoagulation in these high-risk patients remains debated.
Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric stability and absolute calibration

Launched in April 1999, the Landsat-7 ETM+ instrument is in its fourth year of operation. The quality of the acquired calibrated imagery continues to be high, especially with respect to its three most important radiometric performance parameters: reflective band instrument stability to better than ±1%, reflective band absolute calibration to better than ±5%, and thermal band absolute calibration to better than ± 0.6 K. The ETM+ instrument has been the most stable of any of the Landsat instruments, in both the reflective and thermal channels. To date, the best on-board calibration source for the reflective bands has been the Full Aperture Solar Calibrator, which has indicated changes of at most -1.8% to -2.0% (95% C.I.) change per year in the ETM+ gain (band 4). However, this change is believed to be caused by changes in the solar diffuser panel, as opposed to a change in the instrument's gain. This belief is based partially on ground observations, which bound the changes in gain in band 4 at -0.7% to +1.5%. Also, ETM+ stability is indicated by the monitoring of desert targets. These image-based results for four Saharan and Arabian sites, for a collection of 35 scenes over the three years since launch, bound the gain change at -0.7% to +0.5% in band 4. Thermal calibration from ground observations revealed an offset error of +0.31 W/m 2 sr um soon after launch. This offset was corrected within the U. S. ground processing system at EROS Data Center on 21-Dec-00, and since then, the band 6 on-board calibration has indicated changes of at most +0.02% to +0.04% (95% C.I.) per year. The latest ground observations have detected no remaining offset error with an RMS error of ± 0.6 K. The stability and absolute calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ sensor make it an ideal candidate to be used as a reference source for radiometric cross-calibrating to other land remote sensing satellite systems.
Modeling Volatile Organic Compound Sorption in Activated Carbon. I: Dynamics and Single-Component Equilibrium

Design and development of new sorption technologies for control of volatile organic compound ~VOC! laden air discharges from industrial sources require characterization of proposed novel processes and systems. Extensive capital, labor, and time are needed to obtain multicomponent adsorption characteristic data through laboratory experiments. As a substitute for laboratory characterization experiments, this paper presents steps for computationally predicting VOC sorption equilibrium and nonequilibrium processes in activated carbon. The method of predicting sorption equilibrium has been described in detail, since it is critical for modeling even nonequilibrium sorption dynamic processes that are constructed as successions of equilibria steps. An accurate single-component ''thermal equation of equilibrium adsorption'' ~TEEA! is presented by modifying the Dubinin-Astakhov ~DA! adsorption isotherm. DA-TEEA is capable of accurately predicting thermodynamics of single-component vapor adsorption in ultra- and supernanoporous adsorbents. The adsorption affinity factor, determined from dispersion interaction theory, enables the DA-TEEA to predict adsorption equilibrium characteristics of VOCs from adsorption equilibrium data of only one similar reference adsorbate.
Hormonal regulation of feather pigmentation in African weaver birds: the exclusion of certain possible mechanisms.

An earlier paper (Hall et al., '65) presented evidence to show that in producing pigmented feathers in the weaver bird, interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH or LH) does not act locally upon the feathers. The present paper describes our further search for the site of action of the hormone. It is concluded as the result of these experiments that ICSH is unlikely to act via the hypothalamus, the adrenal, the thyroid or the pineal. Evidence is also presented to suggest that synthetic α-MSH does not produce black feathers and that extensive damage to the pituitary (short of total destruction) by means of electrocautery does not alter the response to ICSH. The site of action of ICSH in producing pigmented feathers remains unknown but the possibilities are now reduced.
Development and evaluation of modifications to the sickness impact profile for head injury

Three modifications were made to the Sickness Impact Profile, a behavior-based measure of health status, to improve its sensitivity to the effects of head injury. (1) Additional items were included to capture head injury sequelae and behaviors typical of young adults, the age group to which head injury most frequently occurs. (2) Subjects individually excluded behaviors irrelevant to them, thus allowing the score to better reflect injury-related changes. (3) The different areas of functioning on the Sickness Impact Profile were reweighted to reflect global judgments of the construct's contribution to overall functioning rather than the sum of the item contributions. Only the first modification is head-injury specific. The others, are relevant to any disease or injury. The performance of the modifications was evaluated in a longitudinal study of 102 head injured and 102 comparison subjects tested at 1 and 12 months after injury. The evaluation of the modifications was based on their ability to distinguish head injury from comparison subjects and on the strength of their relationship with measures of brain dysfunction. Despite a few statistically significant improvements in discrimination, differences of a practical degree were not obtained. The standard Sickness Impact Profile performed well and is recommended for evaluation of day-to-day functioning in head injury studies.