cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pilot-scale manufacture of Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ films on a flexible polymer substrate

Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ films were deposited in a multi-source inline evaporation system onto a 6-inch wide polyimide/Mo web. The materials properties of the Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ films were characterized along and across the web over a five-foot length. Thickness and composition are uniform within measurement error and larger variations were found from deposition to deposition. Average device performance over a five-foot length was between 8 to 9% and the best cell had an efficiency of 12.1%. A Ga-In-Se precursor layer deposited on the polyimide/Mo web improved adhesion of the Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ film.
The Paradox of Increasing Both Enrollment and Graduation Rates: Acknowledging Elephants in the Ivory Tower.

The argument is made that increasing enrollments and graduation rates cannot occur while maintaining academic standards. Several U.S. universities are attempting to increase their enrollments to counter the financial difficulties created by a reduction in state support. These same universities are also under growing pressure from their state legislatures to increase four-year graduation rates and make degrees more affordable. In this essay, we describe how some universities and programs are attempting to meet both of these goals by lowering academic standards.
Homogeneous vs heterogeneous clustered sensor networks: a comparative study

This paper presents a cost based comparative study of homogeneous and heterogeneous clustered sensor networks. We focus on the case where the base station is remotely located and the sensor nodes are not mobile. Since we are concerned with the overall network dimensioning problem, we take into account the manufacturing cost of the hardware as well as the battery energy of the nodes. A homogeneous sensor network consists of identical nodes, while a heterogeneous sensor network consists of two or more types of nodes (organized into hierarchical clusters). We first consider single hop clustered sensor networks (nodes use single hopping to reach the cluster heads). We use LEACH as the representative single hop homogeneous network, and a sensor network with two types of nodes as a representative single hop heterogeneous network. For multihop homogeneous networks (nodes use multihopping to reach the cluster head), we propose and analyze a multihop variant of LEACH that we call M-LEACH. We show that M-LEACH has better energy efficiency than LEACH in many cases. We then compare the cost of multihop clustered sensor networks with M-LEACH as the representative homogeneous network, and a sensor network with two types of nodes (that use in-cluster multi-hopping) as the representative heterogeneous network.
Computer model for transient voltage suppressors

Transient voltage suppressors are semiconductor devices used to clamp transients and save the equipment from excessive voltage spikes. The problem with these devices is that the protection voltage increases with the duration and amplitude of the transient. A SPICE (simulation program with IC emphasis) model that permits the calculation of the protection voltage increase for different overvoltage wave shapes is presented. The model is an efficient tool to evaluate transient suppressor performance. >
Atmospheric nitrogen deposition influences denitrification and nitrous oxide production in lakes

Microbially mediated denitrification is an important process that may ameliorate the effects of nitrogen (N) loading by permanently removing excess N inputs. In this study, we measured the rate of denitrification and nitrous oxide (N2O) production during denitrification in sediments from 32 Norwegian lakes at the high and low ends of a gradient of atmospheric N deposition. Denitrification and N2O production rates averaged 41.7 and 1.1 micromol N x m(-2) x h(-1), respectively, for high-deposition lakes. There was no detectable denitrification or N2O production in low-deposition lakes. Epilimnetic nitrate concentration was strongly correlated with denitrification rate (r2 = 0.67). We also measured the denitrification rate in response to experimental additions of organic carbon, nitrate, and phosphorus. Experimental nitrate additions stimulated denitrification in sediments of all lakes, regardless of N deposition level. In fact, the rate of denitrification in nitrate-amended treatments was the same magnitude for lakes in both deposition areas. These findings suggest that lake sediments possess considerable capacity to remove nitrate and that this capacity has not been saturated under conditions of chronic N loading. Further, nitrous oxide was nearly 3% of the total gaseous product during denitrification in high-deposition lakes, a fraction that is comparable to polluted marine sediments. Our findings suggest that, while lakes play an important role in N removal in the landscape, they may be a source of N2O emissions, especially in areas subject to elevated N inputs.
Decreased Brain Dopamine Synthesis Rate and Increased [3H]Spiroperidol Binding in Streptozotocin‐Diabetic Rats

: The rate of accumulation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine following decarboxylase inhibition and of homovanillic acid following probenecid treatment were significantly decreased in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. These changes were observed in both the striatum and limbic forebrain. The Bmax for [3H]spiroperidol receptor binding was significantly increased in both brain regions. All of these neurochemical changes were reversed by insulin replacement therapy. Whether these neurochemical changes are attributable to chronic hyperglycemia or some other aspect of the diabetic state is not known.
Direct printing of lead zirconate titanate thin films for microelectromechanical systems

This paper reports a new method for depositing lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric thin films via thermal ink jet (TIJ) printing of a modified sol. Direct printing of PZT eliminates the need for photolithographic patterning and etching, as well as allows for controlled deposition over non-planar topographies which cannot be accomplished with conventional spin coating process. It has been demonstrated that jetting drops between 10 pl - 200 pi can produce PZT films with acceptable uniformity for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in thicknesses between 100 nm and 400 nm. With a 10pl droplet, the spot size of the deposited solution on top of a platinum surface is approximately 43 mum and the edge variation is +/- 10mum. It has also been shown that edge variation can be improved to less than +/- 1mum by constraining fluid flow with a patterned barrier. These results suggest direct printing of PZT can provide a path to greater flexibility in both piezoelectric MEMS device design and process integration.
The Birth of Molecular Immunology

At the time of publication of a paper by Hozumi and Tonegawa ([1][1]) in 1976, a controversy was raging about the number of germline variable (V) genes and how Ab diversity was generated ([2][2]). Protein sequencing had clearly shown that Abs were divided into two contiguous regions: a V region and
The value of production logging combined with 3D surface seismic in unconventional plays characterization

Summary Unconventional gas reservoirs are characterized by low porosity and low permeability. Due to the low permeability in these types of plays, hydraulic fracture stimulation is required to achieve gas production. An effective stimulation connects the existing natural fractures and effectively links as much reservoir rock as possible with the wellbore. Previous studies have shown that, if used under the right perspective, Lambda-rho/Mu-rho cross plots can be used to quantitatively grade reservoir rocks in conventional as well as in unconventional plays. The validity of this statement is corroborated with actual field data. Specifically, production logs recorded in four neighboring horizontal wells in the Lower Barnett after hydraulic fracturing was carried out, strongly agree with the hypotheses that: 1. Low values of Lambda-rho and Mu-rho are indicative of high porosity and therefore high reserves in place, in this case gas. 2. For any given porosity or original gas in place (OGIP), the recovery factor and therefore the gas rate increases with decreasing Poisson's ratio. This study shows that production logs such as the temperature log and the differential gas production log when plotted in the Lambda-rho/Mu-rho background are in agreement with the two hypotheses. High temperatures correspond to high gas rates; therefore, high temperatures and high gas rates are clustered together towards the lower left hand side of the Lambda-rho/Mu-rho cross plot, while lower temperature and lower gas rates cluster towards the upper right hand side of the cross plot.
A Systems Perspective on Early Olfactory Coding

This review critically examines neuronal coding strategies and how they might apply to olfactory processing. Basic notions such as identity, spatial, temporal, and correlation codes are defined and different perspectives are brought to the study of neural codes. Odors as physical stimuli and their processing by the early olfactory system, one or two synapses away from the receptors, are discussed. Finally, the concept of lateral inhibition, as usually understood and applied to odor coding by mitral (or equivalent) cells, is challenged and extended to a broader context, possibly more appropriate for olfactory processing.
Typodont versus live patient: predicting dental students' clinical performance

In this study, the authors evaluated the accuracy and precision of non-clinical testing for dental students' crown preparation proficiency on a manikin-mounted typodont as a predictor of performance on patients. Eighty-six seniors at Baylor College of Dentistry were evaluated by three calibrated senior faculty members from the general dentistry department. Four areas of interest were evaluated: occlusal reduction; axial reduction; margins, design, and finish line; and operative environment. Standardized grading scales were utilized to evaluate these preparation components. The kappa agreement statistic was used to assess agreement for the areas, which were then compiled to get an overall performance score. A Bland-Altman plot was generated and analyzed for agreement on overall performance between typodont and patient. Results of the analyses showed weak agreement between the two measurements for all four areas of interest with large variation in the differences. When the pairs of overall performance scores were compared, the Bland-Altman plot indicated that the typodont composite score was often larger than the patient composite score, especially for poorer performing students. The authors conclude that students' clinical performance on typodonts is a poor predictor of their clinical performance on patients since the students performed much worse on the clinical crown examination than on the typodont examination.
Estimating young novice drivers' compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions: a novel approach

ABSTRACTObjectives: Current methods of estimating compliance with graduated driver licensing (GDL) restrictions among young drivers with intermediate driver's licenses—which include surveys, direct observations, and naturalistic studies—cannot sufficiently answer many critical foundational questions: What is the extent of noncompliance among the population of young intermediate drivers? How does compliance change over the course of licensure? How does compliance differ by driver subgroup and in certain driving environments? This article proposes an alternative and complementary approach to estimating population-level compliance with GDL nighttime and passenger restrictions via application of the quasi-induced exposure (QIE) method.Methods: The article summarizes the main limitations of previous methods employed to estimate compliance. It then introduces the proposed method of borrowing the fundamental assumption of the QIE method—that young intermediate drivers who are nonresponsible in clean (i.e., one a...
STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS IN THE AMERICAN BISON (BUFFALO)

The antigenic characteristics of red cells provide unusual advantages for the analysis of genetic similarities and differences among related species. This opportunity has been most extensively exploited in the analysis of relationships among various species of pigeons and doves (cf. Irvin, 1953) and in ducks (McGibbon, 1944). Rather numerous studies have been made also of the occurrence of antigenic factors related to those found in human blood, as they occur in other animals (cf. Wiener, 1943). The most common experience in such studies has been to find that antigenic materials similar to, but often not identical with, the antigens segregating or fixed in a given species are either segregating or fixed in a related species. There has been little basis for evaluating the degree of such relationships in terms of the evolutionary affinities of the populations concerned. Some years ago, we undertook to capitalize on the availability of a large battery of antibody reagents distinguishing individual differences in cattle, for the investigation of this kind of problem. Several levels of taxonomic diversity were subjected to study, beginning with differ-
Wright-Giemsa: A Computer-Based System for the Creation and Presentation of Peripheral Blood Smears

We describe the Wright-Giemsa program, a microcomputer-based system for the creation and subsequent presentation of peripheral blood smears to medical students. Smear characteristics are entered by the author, and the program then translates these characteristics into a peripheral smear for presentation. Smears are stored as maps that describe the placement of individual cellular elements. At presentation, smears are created from the map by placing individual cell images from a cell library onto the computer screen. The cell library is created and maintained by the author, who may also create a customized glossary of terms or atlas of smears and cells. The author can selectively enhance the student environment to include quizzes or student interpretation of the smear. Information about the session can be saved on disk for use by another program. Faculty and student experience with the system has been favorable. A pilot study was also carried out involving sophomore medical students. We discuss the process involved in the creation and use of such a system.
Note on Prime Numbers

(1912). Note on Prime Numbers. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 50-50.
Reactions π−p→π−p and π−p→π−π0p at 17 GeV/c

The reactions π−p→π−p and π−p→π−π0p for 1.7 GeV/c incident π− have been studied, in 3094 and 2244 interactions respectively, identified from 10 106 two-prong events measured in film exposed at the BNL 20 in. hydrogen bubble chamber. The differential elastic-scattering cross-section is found to show a first and second diffraction peak and a first diffraction minimum with indications of a second minimum and onset of a third maximum. The experimental curve has been fitted by a black-dise optical-model formula with radius (0.80±0.03) fm and by a differential cross-section computed from the Dirac equation depending on two ranges, 0.7 fm attractive imaginary and 0.4 fm repulsive. The dominant mode (∼40%) of the π−π0p production is through the two-body channel, π−p→ϱ−p. We find the following cross-sections: σ(π−p→π−p mb, σ(π−p→π−p mb. The differential rhomeson production cross-section shows a diffraction peak having a dependence (dσ/dt)(π−p→ϱ−p)=[(2.5±0.2) exp [(−5.3±0.5)t]] mb/(GeV/c)2, wheret is the squared four0momentum transfer between incoming and outgoing proton in (GeV/c)2, and a second diffraction maximum. It has been fitted by an optical-model formula for a bright ring of radius 0.80 fm and ring thickness 0.25 fm. The cross-section for σ(π−p→π−p was found to be (0.36±0.04) mb. From the inelastic data the Chew-Low dipion scattering cross-section has been computed, using various form factors. A form factor of unity is found to be acceptable.
Selectable one-step PCR-mediated integration of a degron for rapid depletion of endogenous human proteins

Manipulation of protein stability with ligand-regulated degron fusions is a powerful method for investigating gene function. We developed a selectable cassette for easy C-terminal tagging of endogenous human proteins with the E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR) degron using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. This cassette permits high-efficiency recovery of correct integration events using an in-frame self-cleaving 2A peptide and the puromycin resistance gene. PCR amplified donor eDHFR cassette fragments with 100 bases of homology on each end are integrated by homology-directed repair (HDR) of guide RNA (gRNA)-targeted double-stranded DNA breaks at the 3' ends of open reading frames (ORFs). As proof of principle, we generated cell lines in which three endogenous proteins were tagged with the eDHFR degron. When the antibiotic trimethoprim is removed from the media, each of the eDHFR-tagged proteins was depleted by >90% within 2-4 h, and this depletion was reversed by re-addition of trimethoprim. Since puromycin selection permits recovery of in-frame degron fusions with high efficiency using only 100-bp long regions of homology, this method should be applicable on a genome-wide scale for generating libraries of conditional mutant cell lines.
Shared Governance Embedded in Population Ethics Can Enhance Health Equity Research at Both Micro and Macro Levels.

In their article, “Governance of Transnational Global Health Research Consortia and Health Equity,” Pratt and Hyder (2016) proposed four ethical requirements connected to shared health governance i...
Microscale Measurements of Michaelis-Menten Constants of Neuraminidase with Nanogel Capillary Electrophoresis for the Determination of the Sialic Acid Linkage.

Phospholipid nanogels enhance the stability and performance of the exoglycosidase enzyme neuraminidase and are used to create a fixed zone of enzyme within a capillary. With nanogels, there is no need to covalently immobilize the enzyme, as it is physically constrained. This enables rapid quantification of Michaelis–Menten constants (KM) for different substrates and ultimately provides a means to quantify the linkage (i.e., 2-3 versus 2-6) of sialic acids. The fixed zone of enzyme is inexpensive and easily positioned in the capillary to support electrophoresis mediated microanalysis using neuraminidase to analyze sialic acid linkages. To circumvent the limitations of diffusion during static incubation, the incubation period is reproducibly achieved by varying the number of forward and reverse passes the substrate makes through the stationary fixed zone using in-capillary electrophoretic mixing. A KM value of 3.3 ± 0.8 mM (Vmax, 2100 ± 200 μM/min) was obtained for 3′-sialyllactose labeled with 2-aminobenzo...
MTHFR C677T polymorphism is associated with methotrexate-induced myelopathy risk.

Myelopathy is a rare complication of methotrexate (MTX) therapy.1 A polymorphism (C677T) in the folate enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is associated with MTX hematologic and hepatic toxicity.2 We describe 3 cases of severe MTX myelopathy associated with the MTHFR C677T polymorphism.
Thermodynamic Properties of Electrolytes

The chapter discusses the investigation of thermodynamic properties of ionic solutions. As the interaction forces between charged species are quite strong and of long range, it is important at the outset to take account of deviations from ideality. Hence, considerable use will be made of the machinery set up, in which the concept of activity and activity coefficients plays an important part. The latter portion of this present chapter deals with the properties and characteristics of galvanic cells. Again, there is an emphasis is on fundamentals of thermodynamics for the myriad applications, special uses, or refined specializations. The thermodynamic properties of anions can be found by measuring the chemical potentials of ionic solutions containing H + in combination with different anions. The anionic chemical potentials determined can be employed as secondary standards in solutions containing different cations, and this matching process is continued as needed. Measurements of the emf of galvanic cells can be used as an advantage to extract thermodynamic information concerning the characteristics of chemical reactions.
Large diameter and thin wall laser tube bending

Large diameter and thin wall tube bending is challenging for mechanical methods. Although laser tube bending has been used for <2” diameter tubes, larger diameter laser tube bending is not thoroughly studied yet. This paper reports the challenges and our progress in large diameter laser tube bending. Special issues such as cooling, surface non-uniformity, beam shape and cross section deformation were investigated in comparison with small diameter tube bending.Large diameter and thin wall tube bending is challenging for mechanical methods. Although laser tube bending has been used for <2” diameter tubes, larger diameter laser tube bending is not thoroughly studied yet. This paper reports the challenges and our progress in large diameter laser tube bending. Special issues such as cooling, surface non-uniformity, beam shape and cross section deformation were investigated in comparison with small diameter tube bending.
Impact of Electrostatic Coupling and Wafer-Bonding Defects on Delay Testing of Monolithic 3D Integrated Circuits

Monolithic three-dimensional (M3D) integration is gaining momentum, as it has the potential to achieve significantly higher device density compared to 3D integration based on through-silicon vias. M3D integration uses several techniques that are not used in the fabrication of conventional integrated circuits (ICs). Therefore, a detailed analysis of the M3D fabrication process is required to understand the impact of defects that are likely to occur during chip fabrication. In this article, we first analyze electrostatic coupling in M3D ICs, which arises due to the aggressive scaling of the interlayer dielectric (ILD) thickness. We then analyze defects that arise due to voids created during wafer bonding, a key step in most M3D fabrication processes. We quantify the impact of these defects on the threshold voltage of a top-layer transistor in an M3D IC. We also show that wafer-bonding defects can lead to a change in the resistance of interlayer vias (ILVs), and in some cases lead to an open in an ILV or a short between two ILVs. We then analyze the impact of these defects on path delays using HSpice simulations. We study their impact on the effectiveness of delay-test patterns for multiple instances of IWLS 2005 benchmarks in which these defects were randomly injected. Our results show that the timing characteristics of an M3D IC can be significantly altered due to coupling and wafer-bonding defects if the thickness of its ILD is less than 100nm. Therefore, for such M3D ICs, test-generation methods must be enhanced to take M3D fabrication defects into account.
Straight Outta English

What’s really good, ‘Straight Outta English’ readers?I begin this special issue of Changing English on hip-hop culture and pedagogy with a story, followed by a set of connections that lead us to wh...
Online Learning of Linear Dynamical Systems

We present an efficient and practical algorithm for the online prediction of discrete-time linear dynamical systems. Despite the non-convex optimization problem, using improper learning and convex relaxation our algorithm comes with provable guarantees: it has near-optimal regret bounds compared to the best LDS in hindsight, while overparameterizing by only a small logarithmic factor. Our analysis brings together ideas from improper learning by convex relaxations, online regret minimization, and the spectral theory of Hankel matrices.
Long-Term Cholic Acid Therapy in Zellweger Spectrum Disorders

Zellweger spectrum disorders (ZSDs), a subgroup of peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, have a generalized defect in peroxisome function. Liver disease in ZSDs has been linked to accumulation of C27-bile acid intermediates due to the lack of peroxisomal β-oxidation of these intermediates to form primary C24-bile acids. Oral treatment with primary bile acid, cholic acid (CA), inhibits formation of hepatotoxic C27-bile acids by restoring normal physiologic feedback inhibition on bile acid synthesis. We present the long-term CA treatment and liver-related outcomes for 3 pediatric patients with ZSDs who have received CA treatment for ≥15 years. Ongoing CA treatment was associated with stabilized liver function, as shown by serum biochemistries and liver histopathology, and no treatment-related adverse effects were observed. All 3 patients have attended regular school with classroom accommodations and attained a good quality of life. Our patient outcomes suggest that early and ongoing CA therapy may sustain liver function in patients with ZSDs.
Review of Gabriel Richardson Lear's 'Happy Lives and the Highest Good: An Essay on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics'

I review Gabriel Richardson Lear's excellent essay on Aristotle’s conception of the human good. She solves some long-standing problems in the interpretation of Aristotle’s ethics by drawing on resources in his natural philosophy and Plato’s conception of love. Her interpretation is a compelling and, to my mind, largely true account of Aristotle’s view. In this review, I summarize the book's main argument and then explain two fundamental points on which I have concerns.
Abstract 3157: p53 inactivation and STAT2 cooperate to enhance migration and metastasis of colon tumor cells

STAT2 is a pivotal signaling component in the antiviral and antiproliferative effects of type I and type III interferon (IFN), but its role in cancer remains understudied. To date, only IFNs are known to activate STAT2. Work by us and others has demonstrated that STAT2 deficiency impairs the antitumor effects of type I IFN, supporting its role in suppressing tumor growth. With the availability of Stat2-/- mice, we interrogated the tumor-suppressive role of STAT2 by employing the AOM/DSS model of colitis-associated cancer and the spontaneous ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer (CRC). In both cancer models, loss of STAT2 reduced the number of adenomas, showing that under specific conditions STAT2 can be tumorigenic. Next, immunohistochemical staining of human normal colon and CRC tumors revealed elevated STAT2 protein in both adenomas and adenocarcinomas, suggesting that STAT2 is implicated in human CRC. Conversion of adenomas to adenocarcinomas is linked to loss of p53 function, which occurs in >50% of colorectal cancers. Therefore, we evaluated whether STAT2 altered the aggressive phenotype of p53-deficient colon carcinoma cells. We silenced STAT2 in isogenic p53 null and p53 wild-type tumor cells. STAT2 knockdown in p53 null colon carcinoma cells reduced migration of 3D tumor spheroids and tumor colony formation while no effect was seen in p53 wild-type tumor cells. We also observed that STAT2 knockdown in p53 null tumor cells increased protein levels of the marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, E-cadherin. Conversely, overexpression of STAT2 in p53 null cells reduced E-cadherin protein. In vivo, STAT2 knockdown delayed subcutaneous tumor growth of p53 null tumor cells. Furthermore, using an experimental liver metastasis tumor model, STAT2 knockdown abrogated the formation of tumor nodules in the liver. RNA-seq profiling of subcutaneous p53 null tumors revealed a subset of genes that were differentially expressed in a STAT2-dependent manner. Clinically, analysis of the TCGA database showed a STAT2 transcriptional signature in colorectal tumors that we are presently correlating with p53 alterations. Overall, we conclude that STAT2 enhances tumor growth and can contribute to disease progression by promoting migration and invasion when normal p53 function is lost. Citation Format: Ana M. Gamero, Kevin Kotredes, Aliza Abezis, Sruthi R. Gohimukkula, Alexandra Afanassiev, Tess Cremers, John J. Swain. p53 inactivation and STAT2 cooperate to enhance migration and metastasis of colon tumor cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3157.
Smoke Observations on a 10-cm Radar 1,2

Photographs are shown of smoke plumes observed on a 10-cm-wavelength radar at the University of Miami. Photographs of the smoke column taken from an aircraft are presented for one case. The smoke sources were grass fires in the Everglades and a trash disposal dump. The smoke echoes can usually be identified on an R scope.
Yielding and lateral torsional buckling limit states for butterfly-shaped shear links

Abstract A promising type of hysteretic damper used for seismic energy dissipation consists of a steel plate with cutouts leaving butterfly-shaped links that undergo flexural yielding when the plate is subjected to shear deformations. Butterfly-shaped links, which have linearly varying width between larger ends and a smaller middle section, have been shown in previous research to possess substantial ductility and stable energy dissipation capability, but can be prone to other limit states such as lateral torsional buckling (LTB) or shear yielding. The current work examines the three potential limit states of LTB, flexural yielding and shear yielding, and develops methods to predict which limit state will control along with the associated strength. First, the governing differential equation for elastic LTB of a butterfly-shaped link is formulated and a relatively simple equation is developed to predict the critical shear force associated with elastic LTB. The shear yielding and flexural yielding limit states are then described and equations are presented to predict the associated shear strength of the butterfly-shaped links. The accuracy of the equations is then evaluated against a series of finite element (FE) models that are validated against previous experiments. It was found that butterfly-shaped links that are thick enough to prevent lateral torsional buckling, experience a progression of limit states including: (1) yielding in one mode (flexural or shear), (2) geometric hardening associated with increasing tension forces in the links, and (3) further yielding associated with biaxial stresses. The equation developed for lateral torsional buckling produced an average LTB strength that was within 4% of the FE model results and the equations for flexural yielding and shear yielding predicted the strength of the FE models within 3% on average.
Commercial GIS location analytics: capabilities and performance

An essential location analytic method is GIS, able to support map-based display along with geographic data creation, management, manipulation in addition to functions for suitability evaluation. Lo...
Low-Resource Digital Video: A Pedagogical Necessity for Modern Business Communication:

Despite its ubiquity across business contexts, video creation is a rarity in business communication curricula. This article is intended to offer the field of business communication education both a...
Assessment of Therapy-Related Myeloid Neoplasms in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors After Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy: A Systematic Review

Importance Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a tumor-targeted treatment that uses radiation to induce tumor cell death in neuroendocrine tumors (NET) via β particle-emitting radionuclide linked to a somatostatin peptide analog. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasm (t-MN) has been reported as a potential long-term and frequently lethal adverse event after PRRT. However, the incidence, time of diagnosis, and nature of t-MN is unclear. Therefore, a systematic review is helpful to study the incidence and characteristics of t-MN after PRRT in patients with NET. Objective To systematically evaluate the literature and report the incidence, time of diagnosis, and nature of t-MN after PRRT. Evidence Review MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for articles and abstracts reporting studies of different designs studying more than 1 patient (randomized clinical trials, prospective phase I or phase II, retrospective studies, and case series) were searched from database inception through April 2019. Studies of interest included patients with NET who were treated with PRRT and reported the incidence of t-MN, if any. The primary outcome was the incidence of t-MN. Findings Twenty-eight articles were identified comprising 7334 patients who were treated with PRRT for NET. The main reason of exclusion was not reporting the t-MN incidence. The incidence of t-MN was variable between studies with mean (SD) incidence of 2.61% (4.38%). Of all 134 cases, cytogenetic abnormalities were reported in 32 patients with the most common abnormality being complex cytogenetics, consistent with myeloid neoplasms following exposure to alkylating agents or irradiation. Conclusions and Relevance The risk of t-MN after PRRT is small but not insignificant given the poor prognosis after t-MN diagnosis. Close monitoring is warranted to identify such patients early in the disease course when hematologic abnormalities persist.
The precarious position of postdocs during COVID-19.

Postdoctoral researchers play a crucial role in many research groups, serving as mentors, teachers, and leaders as they develop their skills and prepare for scientific careers (1). However, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has put funding and support for postdoc positions at risk, threatening to upend the career paths available to these junior scientists.
Performing pandemic pedagogy

As schools began the frantic switch to fully remote education while the COVID-19 pandemic escalated in the United States, the Facebook group Pandemic Pedagogy rapidly became a worldwide interdiscip...
Association of positive emotion dysregulation to resting heart rate variability: The influence of positive affect intensity

Abstract Background A fast-growing body of research provides support for the role of positive emotion dysregulation in the etiology and maintenance of a wide range of psychiatric difficulties and clinically relevant behaviors. However, this work has exclusively relied on the subjective assessment of positive emotion dysregulation. Advancing research, the current study examined associations between physiological and subjective indices of positive emotional responding in the laboratory. Specifically, we explored the relation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Positive (Weiss, Gratz, & Lavender, 2015) to resting heart rate variability (HRV) at high and low state positive affect intensity. Methods Participants were 122 individuals recruited from college and community settings (Mage = 23.39, 84.4% female, 68.0% White). Results Findings indicated a positive relation between positive emotion dysregulation and resting HRV at high state positive affect and a negative relation between positive emotion dysregulation and resting HRV at low state positive affect. Conclusions Results extend our understanding of the associations among subjective and physiological indices of positive emotional processes. These findings have key implications for the conduct of research on positive emotion dysregulation.
Distinct foraging strategies generated by single-action behavioural flexibility

Animals respond to a changing environment by adjusting their behaviour. This behavioural flexibility often involves choosing between multiple potential actions. However, little is known about how a single action can be used to achieve strategically distinct functions. Here we show that the omnivorous nematode, Pristionchus pacificus, optimizes its mixed-resource diet by prioritizing either predatory or territorial outcomes of biting the bacterivorous nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. To determine biting incentive, P. pacificus assesses success probabilities and net energetic gains of treating C. elegans as prey, and alternatively as a competitor for bacterial food. Considering both predatory and territorial biting outcomes enables P. pacificus to pivot to territorial aggression when predation is difficult. In addition to using these outcomes to valuate biting incentive, P. pacificus designates the more lucrative outcome as its objective for biting. This biting subgoal then recruits a search subgoal that specifically promotes predatory or territorial biting, thereby unifying behaviour towards a singular foraging strategy. Furthermore, we identified the invertebrate norepinephrine analogue, octopamine, as critical for switching between predatory and territorial strategies. Collectively, our results demonstrate that behavioural flexibility on the single-action level is achieved by a hierarchy of goals and subgoals that valuate and choose from various outcome choices.
Does folk disagreement about ambiguous lucky cases warrant an error theory? A response to Hales and Johnson

Steven Hales and Jennifer Johnson—building off their (2014) work as well as Hales (2015, 2016)—have recently conducted two studies in Philosophical Psychology (2018) that show that there is a relat...
Exploring the edges of collegiality: a cross-case analysis toward humanizing teachers’ connected learning

This article provides a comparative case study of two connected learning experiences in teacher education that vary in scope, participants, time, and design to consider the questions: 1) What chara...
Estimates of internal loading of phosphorus in a western US reservoir using 3 methods

Burnet SH, Wilhelm FM. 2021. Estimates of internal loading of phosphorus in a western US reservoir using 3 methods. Lake Reserv Manage. XX:XXX–XXX.We used 3 methods to estimate internal loading of ...
A closed-loop integration of scheduling and control for hydraulic fracturing using offset-free model predictive control

Abstract As the development of shale gas resources has to be accelerated to satisfy the increasing global natural gas demand, many optimization approaches have been developed to handle the complexity associated with the shale gas system and discern the optimal design and operation strategy. However, it is worth mentioning that the essential hydraulic fracturing operation has not been considered as a dynamic process in the previous studies, which may lead to suboptimal solutions. Motivated by this consideration, we first develop an integrated model to simultaneously consider the scheduling and control of hydraulic fracturing operations to enhance the economic performance of the shale gas system. In particular, a reduced-order model is developed and integrated with the scheduling model to reduce the model complexity. To cope with the plant-model mismatch of the reduced-order model, we propose an online integrated framework with two feedback loops. In the outer loop, the integrated model is solved to determine the scheduling decisions and controller references. Then, an offset-free model predictive control system is designed to track the references online in the inner loop. By utilizing the offset-free model predictive control scheme, the tracking performance is enhanced and the plant-model mismatch is compensated for, which helps avoid dramatic changes in the solutions obtained by re-solving the integrated problem online. The effectiveness of the proposed online integrated framework is demonstrated by considering a hypothetical case study based on Marcellus Shale Play. It shows that the undesirable performance degradation induced by the plant-model mismatch can be decreased by the developed offset-free model predictive control system, and the overall economic performance of the shale gas system is improved with the proposed approach.
Hepatocyte activity of the cholesterol sensor smoothened regulates cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis in mice.

Summary Cellular cholesterol is regulated by at least two transcriptional mechanisms involving sterol-regulatory-element-binding proteins (SREBPs) and liver X receptors (LXRs). Although SREBP and LXR pathways are the predominant mechanisms that sense cholesterol in the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus to alter sterol-regulated gene expression, evidence suggests cholesterol in plasma membrane can be sensed by proteins in the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway which regulate organ self-renewal and are a morphogenic driver during embryonic development. Cholesterol interacts with the G-protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (Smo), which impacts downstream Hh signaling. Although evidence suggests cholesterol influences Hh signaling, it is not known whether Smo-dependent sterol sensing impacts cholesterol homeostasis in vivo. We examined dietary-cholesterol-induced reorganization of whole-body sterol and bile acid (BA) homeostasis in adult mice with inducible hepatocyte-specific Smo deletion. These studies demonstrate Smo in hepatocytes plays a regulatory role in sensing and feedback regulation of cholesterol balance driven by excess dietary cholesterol.
Brief Introduction to Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR)

Although this book is mainly devoted to the understanding of CMR materials, it is also important to include a chapter on the famous “giant” — as opposed to colossal — MR devices. These devices have already found their way into real technological applications, after a very rapid transition from their discovery, as part of basic research investigations, to commercialization in the form of read heads for magnetic hard-disk drives. The information in this chapter will allow the reader to judge what properties of the CMR materials must be improved in order to reach similar success. From the beginning, it will become clear that a key difference between CMR and giant MR (GMR) is that the former deals with intrinsic effects of a material, and concomitant magnetic fields that are typically large compared with those needed for real applications. On the other hand, the GMR devices are made out of individual components that by themselves are not so remarkable, but that in combination produce a large MR effect. This occurs at room temperature — thus no expensive and bulky equipment to refrigerate your computer is needed — and at small fields such as those produced by bits in magnetic disks, as discussed below. On the other hand, CMR occurs mainly at low temperature and upon the application of magnetic fields that are small in natural electronic units, but still large compared with those needed in computers. As a consequence, it is clear that a potential CMR commercialization relies on: 1. increasing the Curie temperatures beyond room temperature 2. achieving CMR at those temperatures at fields about 100 times smaller than one Tesla, the current scale of interest for computer applications.
A simpler scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer for high-resolution spectroscopy experiments

An inexpensive, simple-to-build, scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer using commercially available parts is described. We discuss an experiment to measure the interferometer's finesse and we discuss the effect of non-ideal mirrors on instrument performance.
Understanding probabilistic thinking: The legacy of Efraim Fischbein

The study and analysis of probabilistic thinking, in particular its development in children, is a key element in our attempts to uncover the workings of the human mind and an essential foundation for the development of effective instruction in concepts central to modern models of scientific and social phenomena. This paper honours the contribution of Efraim Fischbein, who died in July 1998, to these endeavours. The first section summarises Fischbein's early work, culminating in his 1975 book ‘The Intuitive Sources of Probabilistic Thinking in Children’. The second focusses on three major themes prominent in that book, and elaborated in later work by Fischbein and his colleagues, namely: (a) The role of intuition in mathematical and scientific thinking, (b) The development of probabilistic thinking, and (c) The influence of instruction on that development. In the final section, suggestions are made as to how Fischbein's pioneering work can be built upon, in particular for improving the teaching of probability in schools.
Competition and Adverse Selection in the Small-Dollar Loan Market: Overdraft versus Payday Credit

We find that competition from payday lenders leads depository institutions to raise overdraft fees and reduce the availability of “free” checking accounts. We attribute this rise in prices partly to adverse selection created by banks’ practice of charging a flat fee regardless of the overdraft amount―pricing that favors depositors prone to large overdrafts. Payday credit is priced per dollar borrowed, so when that option is available, depositors prone to small overdrafts switch. That selection works against banks; large overdrafts cost more to supply and, if depositors default, banks lose more, so prices rise. Consistent with this adverse selection hypothesis, we document that the average dollar amount per returned check at banks and other depository institutions increases when depositors have access to payday credit. Our findings illuminate competition and pricing frictions in the large, yet largely unstudied, small-dollar loan market.
The Infrared Spectra of Quasars - a Luminosity Dependence /

The IR-optical-UV continua of quasars are often represented by two components: (i) a flat spectrum component dominating in the optical-UV (the “Big Bump”) and sometimes attributed to thermal radiation from an accretion disk with temperatures of about 20000 to 40000 K — we will call it the “disk” component — and (ii) a near IR component characterized by a steep rise, α ~ 1 for λ > 1 μm, often thought to be a synchrotron spectrum — an extrapolation of the cm or mm wavelength radio spectrum — although some have preferred an explanation in terms of thermal re-radiation of the ionizing continuum by hot dust (e.g., Hyland and Allen 1982, Neugebauer et al. 1979).
"Come to think of it…": Interrogative probes, deceptive communication, and deception detection.

In Phase 1 of this study, communicators responded truthfully or deceptively to positive or negative interrogative probes. In Phase 2, the interviews were shown, at four levels of probe exposure, to observers who rated the communicators' eracity. In Phase 3, verbal and nonverbal cues were correlated with actual and perceived deception. Although exposure level had no effect on detection accuracy, liars and trulhtellers exposed to negative interrogative probes were judged more truthful than those exposed to positive probes. Analysis of the verbal and nonverbal cues revealed that none of the nonverbal cues relied on as indicators of deception were related to actual deception, and only one of the verbal cues (verbal content) was related to actual message veracity. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are offered.
Maximum likelihood timing synchronizers for sampled PSK burst TDMA systems

A new maximum-likelihood (ML) symbol timing estimator for sampled, coherent, burst time division multiple access (TDMA), phase shift keyed (PSK) systems is derived. The estimator uses a periodic bit pattern for acquisition. The sufficient statistic turns out to be the ratio of the even and odd sample sums which is easily implementable digitally with much lower complexity as compared to previously proposed ML implementations. The performance of the new estimator is very close to the Cramer-Rao (CR) bound. It outperforms previously proposed sub-optimal estimators by about 2.0 dB and does not suffer from hangups, a common problem in all phase lock loop (PLL) based timing acquisition systems.
Concepts of Normality: The Autistic and Typical Spectrum, by Wendy Lawson. Forwords, by Lucy Clark, and Petra and Magnus Bjorne

This work explores the perception of “normal” from the autistic and the nonautistic person's point of view. Author Wendy Lawson speaks with much experience in the autistic world: as an individual w...