cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bone histomorphometry in men with spinal osteoporosis.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether there is an effect of age and the presence of predisposing risk factors on the pattern of bone resorption in men with spinal osteoporosis. We present iliac bone histomorphometric data after in vivo double tetracycline labeling in 21 men aged 34–74 with significant spinal osteoporosis as evidenced by compression spinal fracture without significant trauma. Fourteen of the 21 men (67%) had identifiable predisposing risk factors for their osteoporosis, such as ethanol abuse, hypercortisolism, hypogonadism, or underlying medical conditions. The other 7 men (33%) had no such identifiable risk factors. The conclusions of the study were that (1) there was no correlation between age of the patient and degree of bone resorption based on two parameters of resorption and (2) there was no difference in the pattern of bone resorption between the groups with and without known predisposing risk factors for osteoporosis or underlying medical conditions.
The cortical vibrissae representation is normal in transgenic mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor

Abstract Recent studies have suggested that 5-HT may modulate thalamocortical development in somatosensory cortex (S-I) of rats and mice, and that the 5-HT1B receptor may play a critical role in this process. Analysis of CO-stained sections through lamina IV of S-I in perinatal and adult 5-HT1B knockout mice revealed a normal vibrissae-related pattern, indicating that activation of the 5-HT1B receptor is not necessary for the normal development of the vibrissae representation in S-I.
Control of Chaotic Behavior in Stochastic Forced Brusselator

The proportional plus-derivative control of chaotic system is concerned. Controller is firstly designed and then the controlled stochastic forced brusselator is transformed into its equivalent deterministic one by the Chebyshev polynomial approximation. Finally, the chaotic motions of forced brusselator can be successfully converted to the stable lower periodic orbits by proportional plus-derivative method. The numerical results of this paper show the effectiveness of this method.
The MULTICOM toolbox for protein structure prediction

As genome sequencing is becoming routine in biomedical research, the total number of protein sequences is increasing exponentially, recently reaching over 108 million. However, only a tiny portion of these proteins (i.e. ~75,000 or < 0.07%) have solved tertiary structures determined by experimental techniques. The gap between protein sequence and structure continues to enlarge rapidly as the throughput of genome sequencing techniques is much higher than that of protein structure determination techniques. Computational software tools for predicting protein structure and structural features from protein sequences are crucial to make use of this vast repository of protein resources. To meet the need, we have developed a comprehensive MULTICOM toolbox consisting of a set of protein structure and structural feature prediction tools. These tools include secondary structure prediction, solvent accessibility prediction, disorder region prediction, domain boundary prediction, contact map prediction, disulfide bond prediction, beta-sheet topology prediction, fold recognition, multiple template combination and alignment, template-based tertiary structure modeling, protein model quality assessment, and mutation stability prediction. These tools have been rigorously tested by many users in the last several years and/or during the last three rounds of the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP7-9) from 2006 to 2010, achieving state-of-the-art or near performance. In order to facilitate bioinformatics research and technological development in the field, we have made the MULTICOM toolbox freely available as web services and/or software packages for academic use and scientific research. It is available at http://sysbio.rnet.missouri.edu/multicom_toolbox/ .
Towards more intelligent trace retrieval algorithms

Automated trace creation techniques are based on a variety of algorithms ranging from basic term matching approaches to more sophisticated expert systems. In this position paper we propose a classification scheme for categorizing the intelligence level of automated traceability techniques. We show that the vast majority of relevant work in the past decade has been focused at the lowest level of the Traceability Intelligence Quotient (tIQ) and posit that achieving high quality automated traceability will require re-focusing research efforts on the development of more intelligent algorithms capable of reasoning about concepts, their relationships and constraints, and the contexts in which they occur.
Loss modeling and comparison of VSI and RB-IGBT based CSI in traction drive applications

This paper presents a study of loss modeling and comparison of a voltage source inverter (VSI) with a boost/buck converter and a current source inverter (CSI) with a V-I converter for electric vehicle (EV) traction drive applications. A comparison of the inverter losses for controlling an interior permanent magnet motor in an EV under two US EPA driving schedules is carried out. The results indicate the CSI using the currently available reverse-blocking (RB) IGBTs has lower losses for most of the vehicle operating points over the aggressive driving schedule, resulting in a reduction of 18.8 % in the accumulated energy loss at the end of the test cycle, while for the other less aggressive schedule a moderate reduction of 7.3 % is achieved.
John Henryism and the health of African-Americans.

In this presentation, I will discuss how John Henryism -a strong behavioral predisposition to cope actively with psychosocial environmental stressors- interacts with low socioeconomic status to influence the health of african-Americans
We Ain't What We Was: Civil Rights in the New South

When officials of the U.S. Department of Justice came in 1961 to Panola County in the Mississippi delta, they found a closed society in which race relations had not altered significantly since Reconstruction. Much has changed, however, in Mississippi in the past three decades, as Frederick M. Wirt demonstrates in "We Ain't What We Was", a remarkable look inside the New South. In this follow-up to his highly praised 1970 study of Panola County, "The Politics of Southern Equality", Wirt shows how the implementation of civil rights law over the past quarter-century has altered racial reality that, in turn, altered white perceptions, and thus behaviour and attitudes in a section of the country where segregation and prejudice had been most thoroughly entrenched. Wirt uses multiple indicators - interviews with leaders, attitude tests of children, content analysis of newspapers, school records, and voting and job data - to record what has changed in the Deep South as a result of the 60s revolution in civil rights. Although racism continues to exist in Panola, Wirt maintains that the current generation of southerners is sharply distinguished from its predecessors, and he effectively documents the transformations in individuals and institutions. In a time of increasing popular challenges to the use of law in support of civil liberties, or the place of the federal government to effect necessary social change, this book testifies to the great changes, both public and personal, that were brought about by the strong implementation of civil rights law over thirty years ago. This study shows that adaptation to change was not overnight, not final, but gradual and always persistent. "We Ain't What We Was" will be of interest to a broad range of readers, including American and legal historians, educators, policy makers, and anyone with an interest in America's ongoing conflict over civil liberties.
Acute soman effects in the juvenile baboon: effects on a match-to-sample discrimination task and on total blood acetylcholinesterase.

Abstract Male juvenile baboons, trained on a match-to-sample operant discrimination task, were given acute intramuscular injections of soman (methyl pinacolyl phosphonofluoridate) at 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 μg/kg. The different doses were given in a mixed order just before a behavioral test session. Just prior to administration of each soman dose and immediately following the 2-hr behavioral test session, a sample of blood (0.5 ml) was drawn from the baboon and analyzed for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. Therafter, blood sampling was accomplished at weekly intervals and soman was administered again only when whole blood acetylcholinesterase reached at least 80% of pre-soman control level. Behavioral effects of soman included a slowing of response times, a decrease in extra inconsequential responses, a decrease in responsiveness to the visual stimuli and an increase in errors. These effects were observed when acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels fell to 25 μmoles/hr/ml blood or less. The threshold dose for behavioral effects was very close to the dose of soman which induced seizures.
Two-compartment model of radioimmunotherapy delivered through cerebrospinal fluid.

Purpose Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) using 131I-3F8 injected into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was a safe modality for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases (JCO, 25:5465, 2007). A single-compartment pharmacokinetic model described previously (JNM 50:1324, 2009) showed good fitting to the CSF radioactivity data obtained from patients. We now describe a two-compartment model to account for the ventricular reservoir of 131I-3F8 and to identify limiting factors that may impact therapeutic ratio.
Income distribution impacts of climate change mitigation policy in the Susquehanna River Basin Economy

We examine the cost-side income distribution impacts of a carbon tax in the Susquehanna River Basin (SRB) Region of the United States utilizing a computable general equilibrium model. We find the aggregate impacts of a $25/ton carbon tax on the SRB economy are likely to be negative but modest-an approximately one-third of 1% reduction in Gross Regional Product (GRP) in the short-run and double that amount in the long-run. However, unlike many previous studies, we find that the carbon tax is mildly progressive as measured by income bracket changes, per capita equivalent variation, and Gini coefficient changes based on expenditure patterns. The dominant factors affecting the distributional impacts are the pattern of output, income and consumption impacts that affect lower income groups relatively less than higher income ones, an increase in transfer payments favoring lower income groups, and decreased corporate profits absorbed primarily by higher income groups.
Strong Westerly Wind Events in the Strait of Juan de Fuca

AbstractStrong westerly wind events occur regularly within and downstream of the Strait of Juan de Fuca of Washington State. During such strong gap wind periods, flow can accelerate to 30–50 kt (1 kt = 0.51 m s−1), with gusts sometimes reaching 80 kt or more. Strong winds in the strait and downstream of its eastern exit have caused substantial damage and loss of life. Strait of Juan de Fuca westerly wind events are often associated with sharp short-wave troughs coming out of the northwest, strong lower-tropospheric northwesterly geostrophic flow roughly paralleling the axis of the strait, and a large along-strait pressure gradient near the surface. Strong westerly flow in the strait also accompanies the passage of intense low pressure centers across northwest Washington State and southern British Columbia. The climatology of westerly wind events in the strait is presented, as well as their composite synoptic evolution. Using both mesoscale observations and high-resolution numerical simulations, it is show...
Pangshura tatrotia, a new species of pond turtle (Testudinoidea) from the Pliocene Siwaliks of Pakistan

We describe a new species of fossil testudinoid from the Indian subcontinent, Pangshura tatrotia sp. nov., and suggest a new clade name, Palatochelydia, for the monophyletic assemblage of South Asian turtles to which it belongs. A combined analysis using recent molecular data and an updated morphological dataset confidently places P. tatrotia as sister to the extant turtle P. tecta. The holotype specimen is unique relative to most previously described palatochelydian material in that it is associated with good quality locality information. We therefore can conclude that this specimen comes from the Pliocene Tatrot Formation of north-eastern Pakistan, which corresponds to an interval of 2.59 to 3.59 Ma. This can now serve as a minimum divergence date for the P. tecta clade. However, given that no other palatochelydian fossils are associated with good quality locality information, this date must also serve as the minimum for all other, more inclusive palatochelydian clades.
Determinants of Market Share

Analysis of market share movements for a low-cost, frequently purchased consumer product. An examination of the influence of price and advertising on sales is presented.
Sustainable living – Strategies for breaking the cycle of work and spend

Consumerism is skyrocketing in the USA. This paper assists land‐grant university National Cooperative Research Extension Education Service (NCREES) faculty in understanding the definition of a consumer society, the dynamics of consumption patterns, the factors and values of sustainable economics, and the varying interpretations of consumer characteristics. It then identifies possible target populations, and suggests educational strategy options to be used to foster sustainable lifestyles and responsible consumer decisions. The strategies, which encompass NCREES disciplines, include a quality of life questioning system; redefining the relationship between job and social status; economics coursework; LETS education; time management and simple living workshops; acting as conduits to other programs; and most importantly, modeling sustainable behaviors. These are all important components of the sustainability formula and indicate some areas where universities could be more pro‐active.
Assessing Readiness to Change Substance Abuse: A Critical Review of Instruments

This literature review summarizes the psychometric properties of 12 measures used to assess readiness to change substance abuse. Assessment methods vary, and include algorithms, self-administered questionnaires, and clinical ratings. We describe each and summarize reliability and validity information. Some measures have poor psychometric properties, whereas limited psychometric data are available for others. No single measure emerges as best for use in clinical settings, and promising candidates differ regarding target population and assessment method. Although the Transtheoretical Model inspired much of the empirical work on readiness to change, the psychometric literature provides inconsistent support for the stages of change. Readiness to change may best be conceptualized as a multidimensional and continuous construct with complex relationships to behavior, cognition, and environmental context.
Family mediators of acculturation and adolescent sexual behavior among Latino youth.

The present study develops and evaluates a theoretical framework of mediators of the relationship between acculturation and adolescent sexual behavior. Four hundred Latino mother–adolescent dyads from the Bronx, New York were interviewed. The study explored the relationship between intentions to have sexual intercourse and explanatory variables such as adolescent romantic relationship status and partner preferences, maternal approval of dating, adolescent perceptions of maternal approval of dating, and maternal and adolescent levels of familismo and acculturation. Findings revealed complex dynamics between acculturation and adolescent sexual behavior. Protective and risk-inducing associations were observed, with important gender differences operating for boys and girls. Implications for the development of applied prevention programs are discussed.
The infrared spectrum and molecular structure of carbonylbromofluoride

Abstract The infrared absorption spectrum of gaseous COBrF has been observed with a prism spectrometer. The six fundamental vibration frequencies have been located, and the entire spectrum has been interpreted on the assumption the molecule possesses Cs symmetry.
Adsorption of crude oil colloids on glass plates: measurements of contact angles and the factors influencing glass surface properties

Abstract Wetting properties of glass plates exposed to solutions of crude oils and crude oil asphaltenes were investigated under different conditions. To this end, contact angle measurements were performed on glycerol droplets placed on the glass plates after adsorption of crude oil components. Factors such as colloidal stability of the solutions, concentration of crude oil and of asphaltenes, contact time, droplet size, water content of the glycerol, and influence of oxygen were investigated. In addition, the influence of different organic solvents (toluene, chloroform, and tetrahydrofuran) on the adsorption of crude oil colloids onto the glass plates was studied. Desorption experiments were carried out with water and with detergent. It was found that the wetting properties of the glass plates were influence that this influence correlates with the colloidal stability of the crude oil and the asphaltene solutions used.
Some physiology of automata

Automata may make use of several methods of information and data reduction before classification or perception of the input stimulus pattern. Some methods may involve retaining as much information as possible throughout the process until the final classification is accomplished. Suggested here is a concept of pre-organization of information by "property filtration" which reduces the information as near the source within the automata as is feasible with respect to the over-all system compatibility. "Property filtration" is explained and illustrated by describing two practical and several theoretical property filters. The results of this work to date indicate that this approach to data reduction and pattern identification may greatly simplify the ultimate construction of adaptive automata, if such property filters are used as functional input units.
Applications of a formula for the variance function of a stochastic process

This paper uses Ito's formula to obtain a representation of the variance function of a class of stochastic processes having right continuous paths with left limits. The representation allows one to generalize recent results of Ball and Faddy concerning over- and under-dispersion of pure birth processes. An application to a cumulative damage model in reliability illustrates the generalization. For many well-known jump and diffusion processes, the representation yields an ordinary differential equation that can be explicitly solved for the variance function.
Geographic proximity not a prerequisite for invasion: Hawaii not the source of California invasion by light brown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana).

Background The light brown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is native to Australia but invaded England, New Zealand, and Hawaii more than 100 years ago. In temperate climates, LBAM can be a major agricultural pest. In 2006 LBAM was discovered in California, instigating eradication efforts and quarantine against Hawaiian agriculture, the assumption being that Hawaii was the source of the California infestation. Genetic relationships among populations in Hawaii, California, and New Zealand are crucial to understanding LBAM invasion dynamics across the Pacific. Methodology/Principal Findings We sequenced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 1293 LBAM individuals from California (695), Hawaii (448), New Zealand (147), and Australia (3) to examine haplotype diversity and structure among introduced populations, and evaluate the null hypothesis that invasive populations are from a single panmictic source. However, invasive populations in California and New Zealand harbor deep genetic diversity, whereas Hawaii shows low level, shallow diversity. Conclusions/Significance LBAM recently has established itself in California, but was in Hawaii and New Zealand for hundreds of generations, yet California and New Zealand show similar levels of genetic diversity relative to Hawaii. Thus, there is no clear relationship between duration of invasion and genetic structure. Demographic statistics suggest rapid expansion occurring in California and past expansions in New Zealand; multiple introductions of diverse, genetically fragmented lineages could contribute to these patterns. Hawaii and California share no haplotypes, therefore, Hawaii is not the source of the California introduction. Paradoxically, Hawaii and California share multiple haplotypes with New Zealand. New Zealand may be the source for the California and Hawaii infestations, but the introductions were independent, and Hawaii was invaded only once. This has significant implications for quarantine, and suggests that probability of invasion is not directly related to geographic distance. Surprisingly, Hawaiian LBAM populations have much lower genetic diversity than California, despite being older.
A reconsideration of birefringent interleaver

Wavelength interleaver is an important component of dense wavelength division multiplexing systems. Various techniques are proposed to implement the wavelength interleaver. Among these approaches, the one based on the birefringent crystal might be the first ever been proposed and manufactured. The birefringent wavelength interleaver has a de facto standard structure consisting of n pieces of birefringent crystal with designed rotation angles. One important yet often overlooked issue regarding this structure is worthy of discussion. It is well known that the lossless finite impulse response (FIR) filter pair can be used to model the "standard" birefringent interleaver without material loss, and a "standard" interleaver consisting of n pieces of birefringent crystals implements nth-order Z-transform transfer functions. However, it is seldom mentioned that, this popular birefringent interleaver diagram can not represent arbitrary nth-order Z-transform functions of a lossless FIR filter pair. In other words, for an nth-order lossless FIR filter whose transfer function is derived from signal processing theory, it might not be feasible with the standard birefringent wavelength interleaver diagram. This fact makes it difficult to apply signal processing techniques to birefringent wavelength interleaver design. In this article, we present an alternative birefringent wavelength interleaver diagram to solve this problem.
Antiherbivore defense mutualism under elevated carbon dioxide levels : A fungal endophyte and grass

Previous studies have shown that insects commonly consume more when fed leaf tissue grown under CO2 enrichment, but with few negative effects on growth. However, lepidopteran larvae fed tissue infected with Balansiae fungal endophytes (which produce toxic alkaloids) typically eat less but also suffer negative effects on growth and survival. This study was carried out to understand how these 2 factors may interact to affect larval consumption and growth in fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda . (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Infected and uninfected ramets of a single genotype of tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., were grown under CO2 concentrations of 400 and 700 μl CO2/liter of air. Relative consumption of leaf tissue by larvae was 32% greater in the high CO2 treatment compared with leaves grown under low CO2 concentrations, but was not influenced by infection. As expected, larvae had significantly decreased relative growth rates when fed infected tissue, with their growth rates somewhat increased under high CO2 levels. Increased CO2 level and infection both led to significantly reduced efficiency of conversion of ingested food. These 2 factors also interacted so that the lowest efficiency of conversion of ingested food was seen when both infection and an enriched atmospheric CO2 environment were present. As global atmospheric CO2 levels continue to increase, it appears that fungal endophytes will continue to be important in turfgrasses as protection against insect herbivores and may lead to increased fitness for infected plant genotypes.
A conductometric detection concentration jump study of the kinetics of association of nickel malonate in water-urea media

Abstract A stopped flow study of the kinetics of association of nickel malonate in water-urea has been made. A commercial stopped flow-T-jump instrument was modified for this purpose. Up until 3M urea the rate constants for association depend only upon the solvent dielectric constants. Above 3M, urea enters the first coordinative sphere of nickel (II) and alters the rate. The effect of water activity changes is found to be negligible compared to the changes produced by the variation in dielectric constant.
Lattice architectures for multiple-scale Gaussian convolution, image processing, sinusoid-based transforms and Gabor filtering

This article describes a novel lattice architecture which performs multiple-scale Gaussian convolution of signals of any desired dimension. The principle of operation is based on the central limit theorem and involves repetitive convolution with small kernels to generate Gaussian smoothing. A pyramidal implementation of this architecture is also discussed which retains the fine scale (standard deviation) resolution, while reducing the complexity of the architecture. The lattice generates the scale-space description of the input signal which is very useful in image processing and vision applications. Applications of the lattice for Canny's and Laplacian of Gaussian edge detection are outlined. Using a novel Gaussian approximation to sinusoid kernels, the lattice is also capable of generating discrete Fourier, cosine, and sine transforms. Since the lattice can perform Gaussian smoothing and generate sinusoid kernels, it easily performs Gabor filtering and also reconstructs signals from their Gabor (or Gaussian) representations. An adaptive configuration of the lattice has been used for a hardware real-time implementation for our recently developed generalized nonorthogonal signal representations by Gaussians and Gaussian set wavelets.
Educational value of morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences: are minor complications important?

Background Often, minor complications are not reported in morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference because they are considered insignificant to patient outcome. As part of an effort to improve the quality of the M&M conference, we sought to integrate a specific, focused intervention to improve the reporting of minor complications and to evaluate the perception of its educational value. Materials and Methods To provide evidence-based training in recognizing, treating, and preventing minor complications, a presentation strategy was created. Surgical faculty identified 20 complications as minor complications. Each month, a junior resident was assigned to give a 10-minute presentation, assessing 1 of the 20 minor complications in depth during the M&M conference. To assess the impact of the intervention, we surveyed residents and faculty about the educational value of M&M conferences before and after implementation. Results Before introducing minor complication presentations into the M&M conference, only 58% of respondents indicated that minor complications should be reported at the conference. After the changes were implemented in minor complication reporting, 95% of respondents said that minor complications should be reported (p Conclusions A formal, evidence-based presentation of minor complications can increase both the faculty and residents' perception of the importance of reporting minor complications at an M&M conference. Focused minor complication reporting should be incorporated into M&M curriculum.
Noninvasive detection of patients with ischemic and nonischemic heart disease prone to ventricular fibrillation

Abnormalities in the fast Fourier transforms of signal-averaged electrocardiograms (ECGs) obtained during sinus rhythm appear to distinguish patients with ischemic heart disease and sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia from those without ventricular tachycardia. This study was performed to determine the power of frequency analysis to detect patients with a history of ventricular fibrillation, to determine the extent to which spectra of signal-averaged ECGs from patients with ischemic and nonischemic heart disease are comparable and to compare results of signal-averaged ECG analysis in patients with ventricular fibrillation with results of programmed ventricular stimulation. Signal-averaged ECGs were obtained during sinus rhythm from 60 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (Group I) and 34 patients with ventricular fibrillation (Group II). Results of signal-averaged ECG analysis were abnormal in 92% of patients with ventricular tachycardia and 85% of patients with ventricular fibrillation (p = NS). Abnormal spectra were detected in the signal-averaged ECGs from 90% of patients with ischemic and from 86% of patients with nonischemic heart disease (p = NS). In contrast, the results of programmed stimulation differed markedly between the two patient groups. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias were induced in 91% of the patients with ventricular tachycardia compared with only 46% of those with ventricular fibrillation (p less than 0.0001). Moreover, ventricular tachycardia was inducible in 81% of patients with ischemic heart disease compared with only 50% of those with nonischemic heart disease (p less than 0.02). Thus, abnormalities in the spectra of signal-averaged ECGs were found in the majority of patients with ventricular fibrillation and were detectable even in those whose arrhythmia was not inducible by programmed stimulation. These results broaden the potential clinical application of noninvasive interrogation of signal-averaged ECGs to include the prospective identification of patients with ischemic or nonischemic heart disease prone to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.
Silicon-nitrogen multiple bonding: Theoretical study of silanitriles and silaisonitriles

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations including electron correlation effects within a number of different basis sets have been used to study the geometries and energies of phenylsilanitrile/isonitrile isomers. The CH 3 SiN/CH 3 NSi isomers have also been studied. In contrast to the carbon analogues, the silaisonitrile is more stable than the silanitrile by about 50 kcal mol −1 at the correlated level of theory. The SiN bond length is found to be of similar magnitude in both the methyl and phenyl derivatives and is considerably shorter than any known SiN single or double bonds. The molecule PhNSi has a calculated ionization potential of 8.07 eV in excellent agreement with the experimental value of 8.14 eV.
A computer program for the analysis of over-dispersed counts and proportions

Over-dispersed binary and count data occur frequently in many fields of application. Examples include occurrence of cavities in one or more teeth, and development of tumors in one or more animals of a litter. Methods of statistical analyses that ignore correlation between observations underestimate the standard errors. Consequently, coverage proportions of confidence intervals and significance levels of tests are distorted. To implement methods for the analysis of correlated binary or count data requires a level of sophistication for data analysis such that one can specify a model for over-dispersion and the correlation between observations. To analyze the over-dispersed binary or count data, one could postulate a specific statistical model and use maximum likelihood methods for the estimation of parameters. However, it may be preferable to employ an approach that does not rely on modeling because the true model is hard to know with confidence. Rao and Scott (J.N.K. Rao and A.J. Scott, Biometrics 48 (1992) 577-585)y and Scott and Rao (A.J. Scott and J.N.K. Rao, submitted for publication, 1995) proposed simple methods for analyzing correlated binary and count data exhibiting over-dispersion relative to a binomial and homogeneous Poisson model. This paper presents the SAS program to implement their methods to analyze over-dispersed binary and count data. To demonstrate the implementation and the usefulness of their methods, we present an application involving sensitivity of a monoclonal antibody and the number of mammary tumors developing in rats.
Similar tissue-specific expression of the Adh genes from different Drosophila species is mediated by distinct arrangements of cis-acting sequences.

In Drosophila melanogaster transformants, the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genes from D. affinidisjuncta and D. grimshawi show similar levels of expression except in the adult midgut where the D. affinidisjuncta gene is expressed about 10- to 20-fold more strongly. To study the arrangement of cis-acting sequences responsible for this regulatory difference, homologous restriction sites were used to create a series of chimeric genes that switched fragments from the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of these two genes. Chimeric genes were introduced into the germ-line of D. melanogaster, and Adh gene expression was analyzed by measuring RNA levels. Various gene fragments in the promoter region and elsewhere influence expression in the adult midgut and in whole larvae and adults. Comparison of these results with earlier studies involving chimeras between the D. affinidisjuncta and D. hawaiiensis genes indicates that expression in the adult midgut is influenced by multiple regulatory sequences and that distinct arrangements of regulatory sequences can result in similar levels of expression both in the adult midgut and in the whole organism.
Thermodynamic predictions of the behavior of Fe-Cr-Al alloys in coal gasifier environments

The construction of thermodynamic stability diagrams for the Fe-Cr-Al system is discussed. The constructed diagrams are used to predict materials behavior at coal gasifier oxygen and sulfur potentials. Experiments are run to compare predicted results with experimental observations. Powder mixtures of FeS, Cr2O3, and Al2O3 are used to observe the formation of the iron-chromia and iron-alumina spinels. The spinels are observed at both 871 and 982° C. The formation of an alumina spinel is observed only on the Fe-10Al alloy, whereas no iron-chromia spinel is found on the Fe-Al-Cr alloys.
Greenhouse gas accounting for landfill diversion of food scraps and yard waste

ABSTRACTDiverting organics from landfills to compost piles is generally recognized as a means to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This article provides a detailed review of the Climate Action Reserve (CAR) and the U.S. EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM) protocols on landfill diversion and composting for food scraps and yard waste. The primary benefits associated with diversion are methane avoidance. The equations used to quantify methane avoidance include first-order decay rate constants for different feedstocks to predict how quickly organics will decay. The total methane generation potential of the different feedstocks is also included. The equations include estimates of gas collection efficiencies in landfills. The decay rate constants have been determined from laboratory incubations and may not be representative of decomposition within a landfill. Estimates of gas capture efficiency have been improved and more closely reflect actual landfill conditions. Gas capture efficiency will vary based on landfill...
Changes in patterns of coronary revascularization strategies for patients with acute coronary syndromes (from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative).

Since the introduction of drug-eluting stents (DESs), patterns of revascularization strategies for patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes have not been assessed. We studied 82,924 patients from the CRUSADE Initiative who presented with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and underwent coronary angiography at 365 United States hospitals that had capabilities for surgical (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG]) and percutaneous (percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI]) revascularization from January 2002 to June 2005. Temporal trends in the use of PCI, CABG, and medical management without revascularization were analyzed with respect to the introduction of DESs. In total, 73,577 patients (89%) had >50% stenosis in ≥1 coronary artery, and there was a significant increase in the use of PCI (vs CABG or medical management without revascularization) during the study period (38.3% vs 52.5%). By quarter 2 of 2005, 80% of patients who underwent PCI received a DES. In total, 18,462 of 25,068 patients (73.6%) with 3-vessel disease (3VD) underwent revascularization and use of CABG decreased for these patients (48.9% to 39.9%, p
SeedChaser: Vertical soil tillage distribution model

Knowledge of the vertical distribution of surface residues, chemicals, or seeds following tillage operations is of great importance to a wide variety of soil research areas. This paper describes a 1D empirical vertical soil tillage distribution model with 1cm grid spacing (SeedChaser) that predicts vertical redistribution of weed seeds following user selected (a) sequences of tillage implements, and (b) initial seed distribution values. Results of this model are particularly suited for weed seed emergence modeling. However, the model can be adapted easily to any surface broadcasted agrochemical or incorporated residues. The present model can handle up to 20 passes of user selected sequences of 16 different implements. The majority of prior models examined only the impact of a more limited list of implements at much larger depth intervals, which reduced the predictability of fine-scale vertical movement that may be needed for simulating movements of seeds or chemical granules. SeedChaser consolidates the results from these previous models along with new data on conservation tillage implements into a prediction tool that would have applications both in weed science, as well as other soil research areas. SeedChaser was developed in JAVA and is publicly available via the Internet.
Implications of carbon saturation model structures for simulated nitrogen mineralization dynamics

Carbon (C) saturation theory suggests that soils have a limited capacity to stabilize organic C and that this capacity may be regulated by intrinsic soil properties such as clay concentration and mineralogy. While C saturation the- ory has advanced our ability to predict soil C stabilization, few biogeochemical ecosystem models have incorporated C saturation mechanisms. In biogeochemical models, C and ni- trogen (N) cycling are tightly coupled, with C decomposi- tion and respiration driving N mineralization. Thus, changing model structures from non-saturation to C saturation dynam- ics can change simulated N dynamics. In this study, we used C saturation models from the literature and of our own design to compare how different methods of modeling C saturation affected simulated N mineralization dynamics. Specifically, we tested (i) how modeling C saturation by regulating ei- ther the transfer efficiency (", g C retained g 1 C respired) or transfer rate (k/ of C to stabilized pools affected N min- eralization dynamics, (ii) how inclusion of an explicit mi- crobial pool through which C and N must pass affected N mineralization dynamics, and (iii) whether using " to imple- ment C saturation in a model results in soil texture controls on N mineralization that are similar to those currently in- cluded in widely used non-saturating C and N models. Mod- els were parameterized so that they rendered the same C bal- ance. We found that when C saturation is modeled using ", the critical C : N ratio for N mineralization from decompos- ing plant residues (rcr/ increases as C saturation of a soil increases. When C saturation is modeled using k, however, rcr is not affected by the C saturation of a soil. Inclusion of an explicit microbial pool in the model structure was neces- sary to capture short-term N immobilization-mineralization turnover dynamics during decomposition of low N residues. Finally, modeling C saturation by regulating " led to simi- lar soil texture controls on N mineralization as a widely used non-saturating model, suggesting that C saturation may be a fundamental mechanism that can explain N mineralization patterns across soil texture gradients. These findings indicate that a coupled C and N model that includes saturation can (1) represent short-term N mineralization by including a micro- bial pool and (2) express the effects of texture on N turnover as an emergent property.
The individual and "the general situation": the tension barometer and the race problem at the University of Chicago, 1947-1954.

This article explains how social theories that posited white attitudes as the root of racial injustice gained traction in postwar social thought. Examining the production of a “tension barometer,” an attitude survey that scholars from the University of Chicago's Committee on Education, Training, and Research in Race Relations created to predict interracial violence, I chart vigorous debate over the nature and causes of racial oppression in the critical postwar decades. Available—and unavailable—social scientific frameworks, activists” interests, and emerging anticommunism, the Committee's history shows, created an environment where individualistic conceptions of the race problem won out, despite critique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lymphatic invasion detected by D2-40/S-100 dual immunohistochemistry does not predict sentinel lymph node status in melanoma.

Background Sentinel lymph node biopsy provides important prognostic information with controversial therapeutic advantages. D2-40 is a novel immunohistochemical stain specific for lymphatic endothelium often utilized to study tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic invasion. Objective To increase the detection of lymphatic invasion in primary cutaneous melanomas with D2-40/S-100 dual immunohistochemistry, and then apply the technique to melanomas with known sentinel lymph node status. The primary aim was to assess whether the presence or absence of lymphatic invasion could predict sentinel lymph node status. The secondary aims were to assess whether lymphatic invasion and/or sentinel lymph node involvement were associated with clinicopathologic parameters commonly studied in melanomas. Methods Twenty-seven biopsy specimens of primary cutaneous melanoma from 27 patients with known sentinel lymph node status were retrospectively reviewed and labeled with D2-40/S-100 dual immunohistochemistry. The following clinicopathologic variables were evaluated: age, gender, histologic type, Breslow thickness, Clark level, ulceration, mitoses, lymphovascular invasion by routine staining and D2-40/S-100 dual immunohistochemistry, and overall survival. Statistical analyses were performed to assess for associations. Results D2-40/S-100 dual immunohistochemistry showed unequivocal lymphatic invasion in 10 of 27 melanomas compared with 1 of 27 with routine histology. Eight of 10 melanomas with lymphatic invasion were sentinel lymph node negative. There was no statistical association between the presence or absence of lymphatic invasion and sentinel lymph node status. Limitations The major limitation was the small sample size. Conclusion D2-40/S-100 dual immunohistochemistry increases the sensitivity of detection of lymphatic invasion in melanoma but does not predict sentinel lymph node involvement.
A role for a novel ‘trans-pseudoknot’ RNA–RNA interaction in the functional dimerization of human telomerase

The integral RNA (hTER) of the human telomerase ribonucleoprotein has a conserved secondary structure that contains a potential pseudoknot. Here we examine the role of an intermolecular hTER-hTER interaction in the previously reported functional dimerization of telomerase. We provide evidence that the two conserved, complementary sequences of one stem of the hTER pseudoknot domain can pair intermolecularly in vitro, and that formation of this stem as part of a novel "trans-pseudoknot" is required for telomerase to be active in its dimeric form. Such RNA-RNA interaction mirrors a known property of retroviral reverse transcriptases, which use homodimeric viral genomic RNA substrates.
Two kinds of access

I explore the implications of recognizing two forms of access that might be constitutively related to phenomenal consciousness. I argue, in support of Block, that we don't have good reason to think that the link to reporting mechanisms is the kind of access that distinguishes an experience from a mere state.
Multi-Agent System for Islanded Operation of Distribution Systems

The increasing penetration of local generators called distributed generators (DGs) has created a need for changing restoration schemes. Under islanded scenarios, a DG or a group of DGs can continue to supply a portion of the system that has been separated from the main utility system. However, the island may have a power imbalance and need load shedding in order to maintain it. This paper presents a decentralized restoration solution under such an islanded condition. This decentralized solution is a multi-agent system (MAS) with four types of agents. This MAS in development is responsible for load shedding after occurrence of an island and thereafter restoration of the shed loads if possible. The system is implemented in virtual test bed (VTB) and Java agent development framework (JADE) is used as an agent development toolkit
Performance of IEEE 802.11b wireless LAN in an emulated mobile channel

The performance of 802.11b wireless LANs is well understood for indoor environments. However, their behavior in outdoor and mobile environments has remained largely unexplored. We have performed experiments to bridge this knowledge gap by empirically measuring the performance of an 802.11b system in a broad spectrum of emulated environments. The goal of our work is to contribute to the evolution of currently existing wireless standards by measuring the effects of different channel phenomena on 802.11b. Our results show that current implementations of the 802.11b standard may not be well suited to use in a mobile environment, but that they could conceivably be modified to have better performance in such situations.
The Whole Story of NGO Mandate Change: The Peacebuilding Work of World Vision, Catholic Relief Services, and Mennonite Central Committee

Relief and development NGOs have been recognized for their role in peacebuilding in conflicts. The literature tends to focus on external forces, such as the changing nature of conflict and state fu...