cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of maltreatment experience in children's understanding of the antecedents of emotion

The ability to understand the causes and likely triggers of emotions has important consequences for children's adaptation to their social environment. Yet, little is currently known about the processes that contribute to the development of emotion understanding. To assess how well children understood the antecedents of emotional reactions in others, we presented children with a variety of emotional situations that varied in outcome and equivocality. Children were told the emotional outcome and asked to rate whether a situation was a likely cause of such an outcome. We tested the effects of maltreatment experience on children's ability to map emotions to their eliciting events and their understanding of emotion–situation pairings. The present data suggest that typically developing children are able to distinguish between common elicitors of negative and positive events. In contrast, children who develop within maltreating contexts, where emotions are extreme and inconsistent, interpret positive, equivocal,...
The role of the intestinal microflora in experimental colitis.

Animal models have been used extensively in forwarding our knowledge of human infections. Such experiments, in fact, represent a necessary component of Koch’s postulates for establishing pathogenicity. In most instances, the microbe of interest is a single species that is extraneous to the normal flora of the target organ. This factor facilitates the work required and simplifies interpretation of results. Two animal models of colonic disease in humans that have been developed in recent years are the hamster model of clindamycinassociated colitis and the carrageenan model of ulcerative colitis. These conditions, although anatomically distinctive, bear a common thread. In both instances there is no established etiological mechanism and no definable pathogen, but the occurrence of the disease at a location that harbors a luxuriant population of bacteria invited speculation that certain components of the normal flora may be responsible. Incrimination of the normal cobonic microflora in these types of colitis complicates the study of microbial etiology of the diseases in their respective animal models.
Application of accelerometers for sensing combustion phasing of an advanced combustion engine

This study evaluates the ability of accelerometers to detect combustion phasing of a single-cylinder air-cooled internal combustion engine undergoing homogeneous charge compression ignition. Metrics derived from the measured surface acceleration waveform, surface velocity, and the surface-specific kinetic energy were compared to the 50 per cent energy release location (CA50) on a cyclic basis for three different experimental test cases. The peak surface velocity location showed a robust ability to detect CA50 on a cyclic basis for short combustion durations. Using a simple single-degree-of-freedom vibration model, it is shown the impulsive nature of the combustion load and the natural frequency of the engine structure governs when the peak velocity location will indeed robustly detect CA50 on a on a per-engine cycle basis.
PARENTAL INVESTMENT AND MATING SYSTEMS IN MAMMALS

Theory on mating system evolution (e.g., Darwin, 1874; Orians, 1969; Trivers, 1972; Williams, 1975; Borgia, 1979) suggests that females should choose mates which confer maximum fitness. If males contribute significantly to the care of the offspring, both male and female fitness may be maximized in monogamy. We expect monogamy to be more prevalent in mammals bearing altricial than precocial young since opportunities for male investment (sensu Trivers, 1972) are greater. High paternal care has been noted among many species of monogamous mammals, and several authors suggest that male investment in offspring is one of the principal advantages of a monogamous mating system (Clutton-Brock and Harvey, 1977, 1978; Crook, 1977; Kleiman, 1977; Ralls, 1977; Daly and Wilson, 1978; Thomas and Birney, 1979). Parental investment is defined by Trivers (1972) as "any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of surviving (and hence reproductive success) at the cost of the parent's ability to invest in other offspring." The sum of the parental investment received by each offspring in a given time has been defined as the parental effort (Low, 1978). Together, parental effort and mating effort comprise reproductive effort (Low, 1978; Alexander and Borgia, 1979). In this paper we demonstrate that indeed mating systems in mammals are correlated with the degree of maternal investment in offspring at birth. Females of different species expend variable time and energy and incur different risks in producing offspring of varying states of maturation, thus the stage of development of neonates directly reflects maternal investment. The relative maturity of the neonate is commonly described by the terms altricial and precocial. Unfortunately, there is not the dichotomy that these terms imply and definitional problems have arisen as a result. Certainly, there is a considerable range of variation within both categories (Ewer, 1968). For example, it has been suggested that all species in the Bovidae bear precocial young (Ralls, 1977), whereas Estes (1974) claims that only those in the bovid tribe Alcelaphini bear precocial young. Because of this ambiguity, in addition to altricial and precocial classifications of the young, we examine two relative measures of maternal investment at birth: gestation period, and neonate weight divided by litter size, both standardized for body weight by regression analysis.
Indirect Trauma: Implications for Self-Care, Supervision, the Organization, and the Academic Institution

In this article, the nature of what is referred to in this article as indirect trauma, or the ways in which clinicians are affected by their work with survivors of childhood trauma, is examined. Based upon current research and theory, three manifestations of indirect trauma are identified and discussed: secondary traumatic stress, vicarious traumatization, and compassion fatigue. Factors that may mitigate or increase the risk of experiencing indirect trauma are then presented. The implications that indirect trauma has for self-care strategies, as well as for clinical and trainee supervision, the organization, and the academic institution are presented in light of relevant research. Case examples are employed throughout to illustrate key concepts.
Risk of drowning: An iceberg phenomenon

To estimate the frequency of episodes of serious risk of drowning, three related studies were conducted in South Carolina. Death certificates revealed 909 drownings for the period 1968 to 1972. Thirteen percent of 100 consecutive near-drowning victims admitted to 11 major hospitals died. Questionnaires answered by 9,420 primary school children reported that 15% had experienced at least one episode constituting a serious threat of drowning during the preceding year. Drowning rates per 100,000 population were calculated for different age groups based on the 1970 census. Based on the relationship of a drowning rate of 7.4 per 100,000 to a reported incidence of high risk of 15% in the surveyed age group, it was calculated that at least a half million incidents with a serious threat of drowning occurred annually in the state for all age groups. Previously undocumented facts indicate a strong parental and racial factor in a child's swimming ability. Black males aged 15 to 19 had the highest drowning rate, almost three times the rate for white males of comparable age. White females had greater ability than black males and shared a very low rate of drowning with black females. Males of both races were 8.3 times more likely to drown than females.
The effects of tutor expertise in engineering writing: a linguistic analysis of writing tutors' comments

Writing tutors often have very little or no expertise in conventions of engineering writing. In this study, I examine the topics and politeness strategies of tutors' comments, investigating how non-expertise in engineering writing decreases the effectiveness of tutors' interactions with engineering students. I show how the three non-expert tutors gave inappropriate advice and often stated their advice with certainty. I also show how a tutor with expertise in engineering writing gave specific and useful guidance to her tutee and built rapport with him as well. I outline how writing tutors could be trained to help engineering students better.
Spatial and temporal resolution of carbon flux estimates for 1983–2002

Abstract. We discuss the spatial and temporal resolution of monthly carbon flux estimates for the period 1983–2002 using a fixed-lag Kalman Smoother technique with a global chemical transport model, and the GLOBALVIEW data product. The observational network has expanded substantially over this period, and the flux estimates are better constrained provided by observations for the 1990's in comparison to the 1980's. The estimated uncertainties also decrease as observational coverage expands. In this study, we use the Globalview data product for a network that changes every 5 yr, rather than using a small number of continually-operating sites (fewer observational constraints) or a large number of sites, some of which may consist almost entirely of extrapolated data. We show that the discontinuities resulting from network changes reflect uncertainty due to a sparse and variable network. This uncertainty effectively limits the resolution of trends in carbon fluxes, and is a potentially significant source of noise in assimilation systems that allow changes in observation distribution between assimilation time steps. The ability of the inversion to distinguish, or resolve, carbon fluxes at various spatial scales is examined using a diagnostic known as the resolution kernel. We find that the global partition between land and ocean fluxes is well-resolved even for the very sparse network of the 1980's, although prior information makes a significant contribution to the resolution. The ability to distinguish zonal average fluxes has improved significantly since the 1980's, especially for the tropics, where the zonal ocean and land biosphere fluxes can be distinguished. Care must be taken when interpreting zonal average fluxes, however, since the lack of air samples for some regions in a zone may result in a large influence from prior flux estimates for these regions. We show that many of the TransCom 3 source regions are distinguishable throughout the period over which estimates are produced. Examples are Boreal and Temperate North America. The resolution of fluxes from Europe and Australia has greatly improved since the 1990's. Other regions, notably Tropical South America and the Equatorial Atlantic remain practically unresolved. Comparisons of the average seasonal cycle of the estimated carbon fluxes with the seasonal cycle of the prior flux estimates reveals a large adjustment of the summertime uptake of carbon for Boreal Eurasia, and an earlier onset of springtime uptake for Temperate North America. In addition, significantly larger seasonal cycles are obtained for some ocean regions, such as the Northern Ocean, North Pacific, North Atlantic and Western Equatorial Pacific, regions that appear to be well-resolved by the inversion.
Pregnancy, bovine somatotropin, and dietary n-3 fatty acids in lactating dairy cows: III. Fatty acid distribution.

Our objective was to examine effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin (bST), pregnancy, and dietary fatty acids on fatty acid distribution in various tissues of lactating dairy cows. Two diets were fed, starting about 17 d in milk (DIM), in which oil of whole cottonseed (control diet) was compared with a calcium salt of fish oil-enriched lipid (FO; 1.9% of dietary DM). Starting at 44 ± 5 DIM, ovulation was synchronized with a presynchronization plus Ovsynch protocol (d 0 = time of synchronized ovulation). Some cows were inseminated (77 ± 12 DIM) to create a pregnant group. On d 0 and 11, cows received bST (500 mg) or no bST, and were killed on d 17 (94 ± 12 DIM). Number of cows in control group was 5 bST-treated cyclic (bST-C), 5 nonbST-treated cyclic (no bST-C), 4 bST-treated pregnant (bST-P), and 5 non-bST-treated pregnant (no bST-P) cows; and for the FO diet: 4 bST-treated (bST-FO-C) and 5 non-bST-treated cyclic (no bST-FO-C) cows. At slaughter, samples of endometrium, liver, muscle, s.c. adipose, internal adipose, and mammary gland were collected.Milkwascollectedat75 ±5DIM.Gaschromatography was used to determine fatty acid percentages in tissues and milk fat. Endometrium from the cows fed FO had increased proportions of C20:5 and C22:6, whereas C20:4 was decreased. Injections of bST reduced both C18:2 and the n-6:n-3 ratio, but increased C22:6inendometriumofcycliccontrol-fed,butnotpregnant cows. In addition, FO decreased the n-6:n-3 ratio in all tissues and milk fat except for s.c. and internal adipose tissue. Cows fed FO also had increased C18:3, C20:5, and C22:6 in the liver and mammary tissue, and C18:3 and C22:6 were increased in the milk fat. The FO diet decreased the ∆ 9 -desaturase index [(product of ∆ 9 -desaturase]/(product of ∆ 9 -desaturase + substrate of ∆ 9 -desaturase]; DIX) in muscle and s.c. tissues, accompanied by an increase in saturated fatty acid (SFA) percentage. In addition, FO diet decreased DIX in the
Residual Stress Development in the Injection Molding of Polymers

Abstract Injection molding is one of the most widely employed methods for the fabri- cating of polymer articles, being characterized by high production rates and accurately dimensioned products. The process includes the flow of polymer melt through a runner system and gates followed by injection into a cold mold, packing under high pressure, and subsequent cooling to solidification. Accordingly, during the injection-molding process the polymer undergoes simultaneous mechanical and therma! influences while in fluid, rubbery, and glassy states. Such effects introduce residual stresses and strains into the final product [1,2], resulting in highly anisotropic mechanical behavior [3–9] and warpage and shrinkage [10–13]. Thus, understanding the factors governing the residual-stress development during molding is of great importance.
Protein Homeostasis and the Phenotypic Manifestation of Genetic Diversity: Principles and Mechanisms

Changing a single nucleotide in a genome can have profound consequences under some conditions, but the same change can have no consequences under others. Indeed, organisms can be surprisingly robust to environmental and genetic perturbations. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such robustness are controversial. Moreover, how they might affect evolutionary change remains enigmatic. Here, we review the recently appreciated central role of protein homeostasis in buffering and potentiating genetic variation and discuss how these processes mediate the critical influence of the environment on the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Deciphering how robustness emerges from biological organization and the mechanisms by which it is overcome in changing environments will lead to a more complete understanding of both fundamental evolutionary processes and diverse human diseases.
Applying Systems Design and Item Response Theory to the Problem of Measuring Information Literacy Skills

This article reports on a project to develop an instrument for programmatic-level assessment of information literacy skills that is valid—and thus credible—to university administrators and other academic personnel. Using a systems approach for test development and an item response theory for data analysis, researchers have undertaken a rigorous and replicable process. Once validated, this instrument will be administered to students to assess entry skills upon admission to the university and longitudinally to ascertain whether there is significant change in skill levels from admission to graduation.
From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving Considerations for PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors

The purpose of this article is to review the status and limitations of anatomic tumor response metrics including the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), and RECIST 1.1. This article also reviews qualitative and quantitative approaches to metabolic tumor response assessment with 18 F-FDG PET and proposes a draft framework for PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors (PERCIST), version 1.0. Methods: PubMed searches, including searches for the terms RECIST, positron, WHO, FDG, cancer (including specific types), treatment response, region of interest, and derivative references, were performed. Abstracts and articles judged most relevant to the goals of this report were reviewed with emphasis on limitations and strengths of the anatomic and PET approaches to treatment response assessment. On the basis of these data and the authors’ experience, draft criteria were formulated for PET tumor response to treatment. Results: Approximately 3,000 potentially relevant references were screened. Anatomic imaging alone using standard WHO, RECIST, and RECIST 1.1 criteria is widely applied but still has
Photosynthetic responses to CO2 enrichment of four hardwood species in a forest understory

We compared the CO2- and light-dependence of photosynthesis of four tree species (Acer rubrum, Carya glabra, Cercis canadensis, Liquidambar styraciflua) growing in the understory of a loblolly pine plantation under ambient or ambient plus 200 µl l-1 CO2. Naturally-established saplings were fumigated with a free-air CO2 enrichment system. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates were 159-190% greater for Ce. canadensis saplings grown and measured under elevated CO2. This species had the greatest CO2 stimulation of photosynthesis. Photosynthetic rates were only 59% greater for A. rubrum saplings under CO2 enrichment and Ca. glabra and L. styraciflua had intermediate responses. Elevated CO2 stimulated light-saturated photosynthesis more than the apparent quantum yield. The maximum rate of carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, estimated from gas-exchange measurements, was not consistently affected by growth in elevated CO2. However, the maximum electron transport rate estimated from gas- exchange measurements and from chlorophyll fluorescence, when averaged across species and dates, was approximately 10% higher for saplings in elevated CO2. The proportionately greater stimulation of light-saturated photosynthesis than the apparent quantum yield and elevated rates of maximum electron transport suggests that saplings growing under elevated CO2 make more efficient use of sunflecks. The stimulation of light-saturated photosynthesis by CO2 did not appear to correlate with shade-tolerance ranking of the individual species. However, the species with the greatest enhancement of photosynthesis, Ce. canadensis and L. styraciflua, also invested the greatest proportion of soluble protein in Rubisco. Environmental and endogenous factors affecting N partitioning may partially explain interspecific variation in the photosynthetic response to elevated CO2.
Apolipoprotein E ε4 affects new learning in cognitively normal individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease

Abstract The Apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele is an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Given the interest in early identification of at-risk individuals, we examined memory decline as a function of APOE status and age in cognitively intact participants aged 48–77 years old (yo). Participants were grouped by age (
Widespread infection of the Eastern red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) by a new species of Amphibiocystidium, a genus of fungus-like mesomycetozoan parasites not previously reported in North America

Given the worldwide decline of amphibian populations due to emerging infectious diseases, it is imperative that we identify and address the causative agents. Many of the pathogens recently implicated in amphibian mortality and morbidity have been fungal or members of a poorly understood group of fungus-like protists, the mesomycetozoans. One mesomycetozoan, Amphibiocystidium ranae, is known to infect several European amphibian species and was associated with a recent decline of frogs in Italy. Here we present the first report of an Amphibiocystidium sp. in a North American amphibian, the Eastern red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), and characterize it as the new species A. viridescens in the order Dermocystida based on morphological, geographical and phylogenetic evidence. We also describe the widespread and seasonal distribution of this parasite in red-spotted newt populations and provide evidence of mortality due to infection.
A Survey of the State-of-the-Art of Design Automation - An Invited Presentation

This paper is a brief overview to an invited talk presented at the 9th Annual Conference on Design Automation. The work presented is based upon an extensive study of the status of industrial and government design automation systems applied to digital systems, with primary emphasis on digital cards and LSI circuits. A detailed summary of our finds can be found in [1]. The study covered 18 companies and government laboratories, including three in Japan and three in Europe.
Retinal synthesis and deposition of complement components induced by ocular hypertension.

Inappropriate activity of the complement cascade contributes to the pathophysiology of several neurodegenerative conditions. This study sought to determine if components of the complement cascade are synthesized in the retina following the development of ocular hypertension (OHT) and if complement accumulates in association with retinal ganglion cells. Toward this goal the gene expression levels of complement components 1qb (C1qb) and 3 (C3) were determined in the retina by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in human eyes with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and healthy retinal tissue as well as in a rat model of OHT induced by laser cauterization of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral veins. Immunohistochemical methods were employed to determine the sites of complement deposition in the retina and optic nerve head. Our data demonstrate that transcript levels for C1q and C3 are significantly elevated in retinae subjected to OHT, both in the animal model as well as in human eyes. Immunohistochemical analyses indicate that C1q and C3 accumulate specifically in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the nerve fiber layer. In addition, we demonstrate that the terminal complement complex, or membrane attack complex, is formed both in the human and rat model as a consequence of OHT. Complement activation, particularly formation of membrane attack complexes, has the potential to exacerbate ganglion cell death through bystander lysis or glial cell activation. The results show that complement activation occurs in the retina that has been subjected to elevated IOP, and may have implications in pathophysiology of glaucoma. 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Potential for Monitoring Eastern Small-footed Bats on Talus Slopes

Typical efforts to monitor bat populations in North America rely on winter hibernacula counts, but this method may be ill-suited for Myotis leibii (Eastern Small-footed Bat). Timing of reproduction, migration, and hibernation in this species also are poorly understood. We piloted novel techniques to monitor Small-footed Bats during the nonhibernation period, including catching bats in mist-nets placed directly on talus slopes, visually searching for roosting bats, surveying randomly distributed quadrats to estimate population size, and using skin temperature to study thermoregulation and seasonal activity. We efficiently documented bats with mist-nets and visual searches; the animals used crevices near the surface of talus slopes from early March until the end of October. Estimates from quadrats suggested one 3-ha talus slope had a maximum population of 196–343 bats. Use of torpor varied seasonally, but was similar between sexes. In mid-March, bats exhibited a hibernation-like pattern of torpor, hinting at the possibility that they may also overwinter on talus slopes. Monitoring of Small-footed Bats on rock outcrops during summer could resolve uncertainty about population trends. Thus, techniques described herein should be tested at suitable habitats in other parts of the range of Small-footed Bats.
Role for iron in reactive oxygen species-mediated cytotoxicity to cultured rat gastric mucosal cells.

The gastric epithelium is exposed to oxygen species that are generated within the lumen. Reactive oxygen species, enzymatically generated, cause injury to cultured rat gastric mucosal cells. Much interest has been focused on the role of iron in producing oxidant-mediated injury to the gastric mucosa, because iron is a catalyst that promotes the production of .OH possibly from O2-. and H2O2 (Haber-Weiss reaction) or from H2O2 alone (Fenton reaction). With the use of an iron chelator and an iron binding protein, we examined the role of iron in producing oxidant-mediated injury to cultured gastric mucosal cells. Reactive oxygen species and H2O2 were generated by hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase and glucose-glucose oxidase, respectively, in buffer without iron. Pretreatment with deferoxamine diminished hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase-induced 51Cr release from prelabeled cells, dose dependently. Furthermore, addition of deferoxamine to the reactive oxygen species-generating system also protected against the injury. However, apotransferrin (which binds extracellular iron) failed to protect cells. Pretreatment with .OH scavengers was partially protective. Depletion of glutathione with diethyl maleate enhanced reactive oxygen species-mediated cytolysis; such cytolysis was inhibited by deferoxamine. Deferoxamine also decreased 51Cr release induced by glucose-glucose oxidase. We conclude that intracellular iron plays a crucial role in mediating oxygen radical damage to gastric mucosal cells. The .OH, produced from H2O2 by the iron-catalyzed Fenton reaction, seems to be the main mediator of oxidant-induced cytotoxicity to gastric mucosal cells in vitro.
Regio- and stereospecific models for the biosynthesis of the indole alkaloids—III

Abstract Potential models for both proven and presumed rearrangement processes of indole alkaloid biosynthesis are presented which impute a key role to the reactive dihydropyridine-acrylic ester, dehydrosecodine (19). Plausible mechanisms are considered for the generation of 19 from the Corynanthe-Strychnos alkaloids which lead to several important consequences for both regio- and stereochemical control of the cyclisation of 19 and its close relatives, including the prediction of some hitherto undiscovered classes of indole alkaloid. Preliminary experimental observations are described which indicate the feasibility of generating and utilising dehydrosecodines (as 19) as models for several rearrangement processes of the biosynthetic pathway. A recent criticism of these experiments is analyzed.
Cclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Protein Expression by Western Blotting

Most epidemiological studies (1-7) support a protective role of aspirin and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against colorectal cancer. People who (by their report) take aspirin regularly have about a 50% decrease in the incidence (3,4) and mortality (1,2) from colorectal cancer compared to those who reported no aspirin use. In addition, hospital-based case control studies suggest a protective effect of aspirin use on the development of large-bowel adenomas (5-7). On the other hand, the Physician's Health Study failed to detect any protective effect for aspirin against the subsequent development of colorectal cancer over 12 years of follow up, although this may be due to the short period of follow up (8,9).
Leveraging Carbon Services of Coastal Ecosystems for Habitat Protection and Restoration

ABSTRACTCoastal “blue carbon,” (carbon sequestered in salt marsh, mangroves, and seagrasses) is a newly recognized benefit. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), with partners, has been exploring and developing new policy opportunities for coastal conservation using the climate benefits of these ecosystems. We detail NOAA's efforts (federal and international, market and non-market) to leverage blue carbon for coastal conservation including: (1) how blue carbon is or could be incorporated into U.S. federal policies (both existing and new policy activities); (2) market-based policy solutions including the development of a Verified Carbon Standard methodology for carbon credits for wetland restoration and two landscape assessments of the climate mitigation benefits of watershed-scale restoration; and (3) international efforts to build a North American community of practice for blue carbon science and policy with the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Canada, and Mexico, and an as...
The crustal growth and evolution of North China Craton:Revealed by Hf isotopes in detrital zircons from modern rivers

The outstanding questions is how to quantitatively estimate the rate of growth of the continental crust and the proportion of juvenile material added to the crust at any given time during its evolution. In recent years, the U-Pb and Hf isotopic composition of detrital zircons provide an effective and simple approach to constrain the periods and rate of continental growth. In order to characterize the crustal growth history of North China Craton, 187 detrital zircons in two sand samples from the lower reach of Jing River and the Luo River were measured for Lu-Hf isotopic compositions by LA-MC-ICPMS. Compared with the global continental crust, the North China Craton shows a characteristic of episodic continental growth rate. For instance, about 60% of the present crustal volume of the North China Craton was generated in the between Mesoarchean and Late Neoarchean (3.0 to 2.5Ga). Since then, the continental crust keeps a stable rate of growth and completely formed at the end of the Neoproterozoic (600Ma). It indicates that the present crustal of the North China Craton was mainly growth during Archean and Proterozoic, and the juvenile additions to the continental crust are almost negligible during Phanerozoic. Combined with the available studies and the early Precambrian crust growth curves of based on U-Pb ages, two-stage Hf crust formation ages(tDM2C and tNC2C)and eHf(t), our results also reveal that ～2.7Ga and ～2.5Ga are the most prominent time of magmatism and the period of continental rapidly growth, respectively. Indicating that the North China Craton has been experienced obviously twice crustal growth.
Transmission of parasites and bacteria by blood components.

Background and Objectives: Although most attention has been paid to viral infections as a complication of transfusion, some parasitic infections are readily transmissible and generate a heavy burden of disease, particularly in the developing world. Additionally, bacterial infection as a result of transfusion is the most frequent serious outcome of transfusion in the developed world. Materials and Methods: Review of current literature and ongoing research studies. Results: Malaria and Chagas' disease continue to be a serious problem in endemic areas, but are also of concern as a result of their introduction into other regions. Means to control or detect bacterial contamination, particularly of platelet concentrates, are needed, but no simple, effective approach is available. Conclusion: Continued development and implementation of tests and of inactivation procedures will result in the eventual control of transfusion-transmitted parasitic and bacterial disease.
Nanocrystal research targets optoelectronic components

An all-silicon optoelectronics technology could enable integration of traditional compound-semiconductor optical materials with standard CMOS processing.
Abundance in proteins expressed after functional electrical stimulation cycling or arm cycling ergometry training in persons with chronic spinal cord injury

Study design: Longitudinal design.Objectives: The study determined the effects of two forms of exercise training on the abundance of two proteins, (glucose transporter-4 [GLUT-4], adenosine monophosphate kinase [AMPK]) involved in glucose utilization and the transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) coactivator 1 alpha [PGC-1α]), in muscles in men with chronic motor-complete spinal cord injury (SCI).Settings: Clinical trial at a Medical Center.Methods: Nine men with chronic motor-complete SCI participated in functional electrical stimulation lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC; n = 4) or arm cycling ergometer (arm-cycling ergometer [ACE]; n = 5) 5 days/week for 16 weeks. Whole body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. An intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed to measure glucose effectiveness (Sg) and insulin sensitivity (Si). Muscle biopsies of the right ...
Differences in Orgasm Frequency Among Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Men and Women in a U.S. National Sample

There is a notable gap between heterosexual men and women in frequency of orgasm during sex. Little is known, however, about sexual orientation differences in orgasm frequency. We examined how over 30 different traits or behaviors were associated with frequency of orgasm when sexually intimate during the past month. We analyzed a large US sample of adults (N = 52,588) who identified as heterosexual men (n = 26,032), gay men (n = 452), bisexual men (n = 550), lesbian women (n = 340), bisexual women (n = 1112), and heterosexual women (n = 24,102). Heterosexual men were most likely to say they usually-always orgasmed when sexually intimate (95%), followed by gay men (89%), bisexual men (88%), lesbian women (86%), bisexual women (66%), and heterosexual women (65%). Compared to women who orgasmed less frequently, women who orgasmed more frequently were more likely to: receive more oral sex, have longer duration of last sex, be more satisfied with their relationship, ask for what they want in bed, praise their partner for something they did in bed, call/email to tease about doing something sexual, wear sexy lingerie, try new sexual positions, anal stimulation, act out fantasies, incorporate sexy talk, and express love during sex. Women were more likely to orgasm if their last sexual encounter included deep kissing, manual genital stimulation, and/or oral sex in addition to vaginal intercourse. We consider sociocultural and evolutionary explanations for these orgasm gaps. The results suggest a variety of behaviors couples can try to increase orgasm frequency.
Blocking avoidance in wireless Networks

We investigate the performance of First-In, First-Out (FIFO) queues over wireless networks. We characterize the stability region of a general scenario where an arbitrary number of FIFO queues, which are served by a wireless medium, are shared by an arbitrary number of flows. In general, the stability region of this system is non-convex. Thus, we develop a convex inner-bound on the stability region, which is provably tight in certain cases. The convexity of the inner bound allows us to develop a resource allocation scheme; dFC. Based on the structure of dFC, we develop a stochastic flow control and scheduling algorithm; qFC. We show that qFC achieves optimal operating point in the convex inner bound. Simulation results show that our algorithms significantly improve the throughput of wireless networks with FIFO queues, as compared to the well-known queue-based flow control and max-weight scheduling.
Multinational Corporations and Nation-States: Managing Shared- and Conflicts of Interest

Abstract. Satisfactory and mutually beneficial relationships between multinational corporations and individual nation-states are sustainable as long as their perceived shared interests exceed any conflicts of interest. However, when events, or actions intentionally taken by either side or dictated by circumstances, alter an acceptable balance between the shared- and conflicts of interest, a good business relationship can deteriorate fast to the detriment of one or both sides. Thus, shared-interests cannot be assumed to continue over the long-range without consistent efforts by both sides to maintain them and, in the meantime, keep conflicts of interest within a tolerable level. This paper explores the factors that contribute to sustaining shared interests and containing conflicts of interest between multinational corporations and nation-states in order to avoid a deteriorations or possible disruption of an otherwise mutually beneficial relationship. Of the questions to be addressed are: what strategies and actions can help in strengthening the shared interests, and what actions and policy changes contribute to an increase in the conflicts of interest between nation-states and multinational corporations? Keywords. Multinational corporations, Joint interests, Conflict of interest, Host countries, Transfer prices, Profit shifting, Transfer-pricing, Earning stripping. JEL. F23, G18, G38.
An Examination of the Association of Multiple Acculturation Measures with Asthma Status Among Elementary School Students in El Paso, Texas.

Some researchers posit that the lower prevalence of asthma among those of Mexican descent may result from an under-diagnosis and recommend a critical appraisal of factors related to race/ethnicity, like acculturation, and its influence on asthma status. Survey data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression to examine the association of child’s asthma status (no wheezing/no asthma symptoms, possible undiagnosed and diagnosed asthma) with measures of acculturation among Hispanic students (n = 1095). In this population, the prevalence of diagnosed asthma (15%) was higher than both national (7.6%) and state (6.8%) averages for Hispanic children in 2012. While bivariate analyses showed significant associations for asthma status and measures of acculturation, multivariate analyses did not. There is an underestimated burden of illness among Hispanic children in El Paso County. More research on the suitability of acculturation constructs is needed to delineate what they actually measure and how acculturation influences asthma status.
Dual-System Learning Models and Drugs of Abuse

Dual-system theories in psychology and neuroscience propose that a deliberative or goal-directed decision system is accompanied by a more automatic or habitual path to action. In computational terms, the latter is prominently associated with model-free reinforcement learning algorithms such as temporal-difference learning, and the former with model-based approaches. Due in part to the close association between drugs of abuse and dopamine, and also between dopamine, temporal-difference learning, and habitual behavior, addictive drugs are often thought to specifically target the habitual system.
Introducing Nawal El Saadawi, a bio-bibliography

(2006). Introducing Nawal El Saadawi, A Bio-bibliography. Journal of the African Literature Association: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 28-35.
Functional Assessment and Intervention in a Regular Classroom Setting for the Disruptive Behavior of a Student with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Corey, an 8-year-old boy with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), attended regular third-grade classes at his local elementary school. During various academic instruction, Corey freque...
An Analysis of Pulsed Ultrasonic Arrays

Array theory was developed on the foundation of steady-state analysis. In the electromagnetic regime this has, until now, been acceptable since even short pulses (in time) were physically long (in space). In the ultrasonic regime, however, physically short pulses are common (due to slow velocity of propagation). In this case steady-state theory is no longer adequate. In this paper I develop a simple method of analysis yielding the space-time impulse response of arrays driven under transient conditions. The analysis indicates that time, as well as space apodization, may be used to control the three-dimensional resolution capability of such arrays.
Regulation of Membrane Fluidity During Temperature Acclimation by TetrahymenaPyriformis

Nature seems to have chosen a variety of strategies for dealing with environmentally-induced perturbations of membrane fluidity. In recent years a number of investigators have examined the ability of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis to offset the effects of extreme temperatures on membranes by altering its lipid composition. I should like to describe some of these observations, principally the ones made in my laboratory and the laboratory of Nozawa, which led us to believe that Tetrahymena, and perhaps many other organisms, respond to low temperature-induced suboptimal membrane fluidity by the same molecular sensing mechanism that they utilize for counteracting a variety of quite different fluidity-perturbing stimuli.
Unintended consequences of framing a utility-value intervention in two-year colleges

Abstract Utility-value (UV) writing interventions help students find the personal relevance of course material to promote interest and performance. However, little is known about how best to frame the intervention, particularly in the 2-year college context where students have more varied backgrounds than the samples previously studied. Using a randomized field experiment, we tested two ways of framing a UV writing intervention (student-framed vs. instructor-framed examples of UV), against a control assignment. Contrary to previous research, we found that students struggling in the course became less interested and perceived less utility value overall in UV conditions, compared to the control. The student-framed UV intervention made the course more interesting for students who were doing well in the course, but decreased grades for students struggling in the course, compared to the instructor-framed UV intervention. We examine psychological (e.g., confidence, engagement) and cognitive (linguistic indicators of cognitive processing) variables as mechanisms.
Case 33: A Loss of the Only Oxygen Supply You Have During an Anesthetic

You are on an international medical trip. The operating room’s only oxygen supply, an H-cylinder, is accidentally knocked over. This occurs in the middle of a general anesthetic in an otherwise healthy man. To your dismay you note that the regulator on the oxygen cylinder is so severely damaged, that oxygen is leaking out uncontrollably. A porter rushes in and takes the oxygen cylinder out of the room. He tells you that he will come shortly with a new one. Since the oxygen cylinder was the only fresh gas supply to the anesthesia machine (no piped oxygen, air or N2O), the ventilation for the anesthetized and paralyzed patient ceased. The inhalational agent used was isoflurane. You look around and see no other oxygen source to continuously provide insufflations of oxygen. Furthermore, there is no facility to provide transtracheal jet ventilation, high frequency jet ventilation, transtracheal oxygen administration, intratracheal pulmonary ventilation, and tracheal gas insufflations.
Assimilation and transport of organic bound tritium in an irrigated pine forest

The speciation of radioactive tritium (T) in a naturally-established subtropical loblolly pine forest that has been irrigated with highly-contaminated pond water for the last 20 years is reported. This irrigation project was created to limit the underground transport of a tritium-rich plume which also contains low levels of toxic organics, metals and radionuclides such as carbon-14 (14C) from a nearby low-level waste burial ground. The levels of tritiated water (HTO) in the wood cores were not influenced by recent irrigation activities. However, the tritium levels in the last 20 years of tree growth were more than 3-fold higher than that of tritium in the older growth. This was due to recent irrigation with organic-bound tritium (OBT)-rich water and subsequent accumulation of high levels tritium as OBT relative to tissue HTO. High levels of pond irrigation water OBT resulted from biogenic processes that converted HTO to OBT. Data for 14C that were acquired for some of the forest materials indicated that the processes controlling the movement and accumulation of 14C in this system are somewhat different than that of tritium. Spectroscopic characterization of tree core tissue of <20 years in age found no explanation for the unusually wide dark growth rings. It was concluded that the trees were over-irrigated based on results from other published studies with wood from severely-flooded areas. Although HTO is indeed toxic to biota, OBT represents a relatively greater hazard to biota because it can be bioaccumulated and retained for long periods of time in living tissues.
Effect of one-step and two-step H3PO4 activation on activated carbon characteristics

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of one-step and two-step H3PO4 activation on activated carbon characteristics. Kanlow Switchgrass and Public Miscanthus and their biochars obtained via pyrolysis were used as precursors. The precursors were impregnated with H3PO4 and activated at a temperature of 900 °C to produce biomass-derived and biochar-derived activated carbons. The activated carbons were characterized for textural characteristics, surface chemistry and microstructure. The activated carbons were also tested for their adsorption capacities for caffeine and acetaminophen. The biomass-derived activated carbons (KSBM and PMBM) had the highest BET surface areas of 1373 and 999 m2/g, respectively. The total pore volumes of the biomass-derived activated carbons were about two-fold higher than the biochar-derived activated carbons. In addition, the monolayer adsorption capacities of the biomass-derived activated carbons were about five folds higher than that of biochar-derived activated carbons for the adsorption of caffeine and acetaminophen.
Simulations and experimental results of cloud thermodynamic phase classification with three SWIR spectral bands

Knowing the thermodynamic phase of a cloud–whether it is composed of spherical water droplets or polyhedral ice crystals–is critical in remote sensing applications and in climate studies. Liquid water and ice have different absorptive properties in certain spectral bands that can be exploited to identify the phase of clouds using ground-based, passive remote sensing. Our simulations found that ground-based radiance measurements at three spectral channels (1.55, 1.64, and 1.70 μm) provide improved discrimination when analyzed in three spectral dimensions as opposed to previous approaches based in two-dimensional parameter space. Our simulations show that these bands provide good discrimination between liquid-water and ice clouds when the optical depth is large. We also show measurements from a ground-based spectrometer confirming the cloud-phase sensing ability of these three channels, with validation provided by a dual-polarization lidar system.