cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secular Evolution of Spiral Galaxies. II. Formation of Quasi-Stationary Spiral Modes

In this second of a series of three papers, we demonstrate that the kind of spiral patterns in disk galaxies which can remain quasi-stationary on the timescale of a Hubble time are spontaneously formed spiral modes. The amplitude of the spiral mode is limited to a finite value, determined by the basic state characteristics, through a collective dissipation process, introduced in Paper I of this series. We show that the radial distribution of the total torque coupling integral of a spontaneously formed spiral mode must be (and is found to be) of a characteristic bell shape, with the peak of the bell located at the corotation radius of the mode. This distribution of the total torque coupling is concordant with the radial distribution of the phase shift between the potential and density spirals (Paper I). Whereas the existence and the sign of the total torque coupling imply that there is angular momentum being carried outward by a trailing spiral density wave mode, the bell shape further indicates that there is angular momentum being deposited on each annular ring of the galactic disk en route of this outward angular momentum transport. The amount of the deposited angular momentum is negative inside corotation and is positive outside corotation. Since a spiral mode has negative angular momentum density inside corotation and positive angular momentum density outside corotation, it follows that the bell-shaped torque coupling of a trailing spiral model leads to its own spontaneous growth in the linear regime. In going from the linear to the progressively nonlinear regimes, an increasingly larger fraction of the deposited angular momentum is channeled onto the basic state of the disk through a collisionless shock, rather than being used entirely for the wave mode growth. Finally, in the fully nonlinear regime (the quasi-steady state of the wave mode), all of the angular momentum deposited by the trailing spiral mode is given to the basic state. The spiral mode can then remain quasi-stationary on the order of a Hubble time, at the expense of a continuous dissipative basic state evolution. It is argued that the spontaneous formation and stabilization of a large-scale spiral mode in a disk galaxy is an example of a nonequilibrium phase transition.
Adjustment to and Satisfaction with Retirement.

Research over the past 30 years concerning the effect of retirement on personal adjustment has resulted in conflicting findings. Some studies reported a negative effect for retirement; others showed no effect at all. This study utilized the National Longitudinal Surveys of Mature Men to test the net effect of retirement on happiness with life and to analyze an evaluation of retirement item in order to discern specific factors that cause lower satisfaction with retirement. Logistic multiple regression and ordinary least squares regression were used in the analysis. The main findings are as follows: (a) although a negative bivariate relationship exists between retirement and happiness with life, retirement has no significant net effect; (b) health factors, recent widowhood, and income have the greatest impact on happiness with life; and (c) poor health, lower income, and earlier-than-expected retirement are the main determinants of negative evaluations of retirement.
Epiphytic Pseudomonas syringae on Dry Beans Treated with Copper-Based Bactericides

The response of epiphytic populations of Pseudomonas syringae and other bacteria on dry bean plants to four copper-based bactericides was evaluated. The bactericides showed little difference in efficacy, but epiphytic populations on pinto bean leaflets, flowers, and pods were occasionally reduced when compared to populations on non-treated control plants, especially after repeated bactericide applications. Although there was a trend toward a relationship between epiphytic leaflet and flower populations, there were cases where P. syringae was undetected on one organ but abundant in samples from the other organ. P. syringae pv. syringae strains recovered from epiphytic populations demonstrated much greater copper resistance than did strains of P. syringae pv. phaseolicola, as measured by growth on media amended with cupric hydroxide. This difference between the pathovars may have implications for integrated pest management strategies.
Unusual signatures of the ferromagnetic transition in the heavy fermion compound UMn 2 Al 20

Magnetic-susceptibility results for single crystals of the new cubic compounds $\text{U}{T}_{2}{\text{Al}}_{20}$ ($T=\text{Mn}$, V, and Mo) are reported. Magnetization, specific-heat, resistivity, and neutron-diffraction results for a single crystal and neutron diffraction and inelastic spectra for a powder sample are reported for ${\text{UMn}}_{2}{\text{Al}}_{20}$. For $T=\text{V}$ and Mo, temperature-independent Pauli paramagnetism is observed. For ${\text{UMn}}_{2}{\text{Al}}_{20}$, a ferromagnetic transition is observed in the magnetic susceptibility at ${T}_{c}=20\text{ }\text{K}$. The specific-heat anomaly at ${T}_{c}$ is very weak while no anomaly in the resistivity is seen at ${T}_{c}$. We discuss two possible origins for this behavior of ${\text{UMn}}_{2}{\text{Al}}_{20}$: moderately small moment itinerant ferromagnetism or induced local-moment ferromagnetism.
Cournot Duopoly with Two Production Periods and Cost Differentials

Abstract Saloner (1987) analyzes a Cournot model with two production periods before the market clears. If costs do not vary across periods, any point on the outer envelope of the reaction functions between the firms' Stackelberg outputs is attainable with a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium (SPNE). Saloner's analysis is generalized by allowing for cost differences across periods. The continuum of equilibria vanishes for any cost differential. If costs fall slightly over time there are multiple “leader-follower” equilibria. Otherwise the model generates a unique SPNE where both firms produce their single-period Cournot outputs, in the period when production is cheaper.
Sex bias against male workers in day care

There is a continuing and persistent call for more men in early education and day care {Burtt, 1965; Kyselka, 1966; Peltier, 1968; Vairo, 1969; Johnston, 1970; Williams, 1970; Kendall, 1972; Sciarra, 1972; Greenburg, 1977). Men are regarded as having a positive balancing effect in the highly "feminized" worlds of young children {Kyselka, 1966; Peltier, 1968; Johnston, 1970; Robinson & Canaday, 1977}. In recent times the number of males choosing day care as an occupation has increased. However, males in day care have an unusually high turnover rate. They leave day care at a faster rate than either males in other occupations or females in day care {Robinson, 1980}. Some male day care workers report that they are treated as being somewhat odd or incompetent by parents, supervisors, and fellow workers {Robinson, 1980). Johnston {19701 reported that when he expressed interest in working with young children, his potential supervisors questioned everything from his academic training to his moral character. Milgram and Sciarra {1974) noted that some female caregivers admitted skepticism about a male's ability to perform adequately with young children. Such anecdotes parallel the initial evidence of the work-related discrimination many women faced as they moved into male-dominated occupations. One of the simplest strategies for demonstrat ing the presence of bias against working females was the work-sample evaluation technique in which subjects were asked to evaluate identical pieces of work. Half the subjects were told that the work was performed by a male and the other half were told it was done by a female. Using this procedure, Goldberg (1968} found that males usually received evaluations
A double antibody radioimmunoassay for canine cardiac cathepsin D.

We have developed a sensitive double antibody radioimmunoassay for measuring canine cardiac cathepsin D. Radioiodinated cathepsin D was prepared by chloramine T oxidation using a highly purified source of enzyme. High avidity antiserum to the canine cardiac enzyme was raised in rabbits. Antibody-bound cathepsin D was separated from free enzyme using goat anti-rabbit IgG second antibody. The least amount of immunoreactive enzyme measurable in the radioimmunoassay was 2.4 ng·cm−3 as determined by antibody titration. The assay was linear for concentrations of enzyme in the range of 10 to 120 ng·cm−3. Within-assay and between-assay variations were 12%. The radioimmunoassay described was used to measure the immunoreactive cathepsin D content of the 100 000 × g supernatant fraction of canine myocardial homogenates.
Construction of the model for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated data: genotype-phenotype relationships, gene interaction, linkage, association, disequilibrium, and ascertainment effects for a complex phenotype.

The Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 simulated dataset was designed 1) To test the ability to find genes related to a complex disease (such as alcoholism). Such a disease may be given a variety of definitions by different investigators, have associated endophenotypes that are common in the general population, and is likely to be not one disease but a heterogeneous collection of clinically similar, but genetically distinct, entities. 2) To observe the effect on genetic analysis and gene discovery of a complex set of gene × gene interactions. 3) To allow comparison of microsatellite vs. large-scale single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. 4) To allow testing of association to identify the disease gene and the effect of moderate marker × marker linkage disequilibrium. 5) To observe the effect of different ascertainment/disease definition schemes on the analysis. Data was distributed in two forms. Data distributed to participants contained about 1,000 SNPs and 400 microsatellite markers. Internet-obtainable data consisted of a finer 10,000 SNP map, which also contained data on controls. While disease characteristics and parameters were constant, four "studies" used varying ascertainment schemes based on differing beliefs about disease characteristics. One of the studies contained multiplex two- and three-generation pedigrees with at least four affected members. The simulated disease was a psychiatric condition with many associated behaviors (endophenotypes), almost all of which were genetic in origin. The underlying disease model contained four major genes and two modifier genes. The four major genes interacted with each other to produce three different phenotypes, which were themselves heterogeneous. The population parameters were calibrated so that the major genes could be discovered by linkage analysis in most datasets. The association evidence was more difficult to calibrate but was designed to find statistically significant association in 50% of datasets. We also simulated some marker × marker linkage disequilibrium around some of the genes and also in areas without disease genes. We tried two different methods to simulate the linkage disequilibrium.
Accumulating Knowledge across Self-Studies in Teacher Education.

This article examines the issue of strengthening self-study research in teacher education by consciously situating individual studies within coherent research programs on particular substantive iss...
The influence of high temperature exposure on the mechanical performance of a γ titanium aluminide alloy

Abstract The influence of a prolonged high temperature air exposure on the tensile and fatigue behavior of a γ titanium aluminide (Ti–46Al–2Nb–2Cr–1Mo–0.2B, at.%) has been examined as a function of temperature, ambient to 760 °C. The embrittled surface layer has an effect on both properties. While the effect on tensile ductility diminishes as the interrogation temperature is increased, the influence on fatigue strength is most pronounced at the intermediate temperature of 540 °C. This appears to be linked to the minimum in fatigue crack growth resistance that is associated with this temperature regime. The effect of high temperature exposure has been effectively modeled, based on the initial crack sizes observed on the fracture surfaces, using an integration of the crack growth rate. However, the threshold observed in standard long crack specimens appears to be non-conservative.
Formation and disappearance of an endogenous uncoupling factor during swelling and contraction of mitochondria

Abstract During swelling of rat-liver mitochondria which occurs spontaneously or is induced by Ca2+ or thyroxine, direct analytical measurements show a parallel intramitochondrial formation of U factor, a heat-stable, isooctane-soluble uncoupling and swelling agent of fatty acid nature. On the other hand, mitochondrial swelling induced by glutathione or by phosphate is not accompanied by increased formation of U factor. Serum albumin, which is a “trap” for U factor by virtue of its ability to bind fatty acids, prevents swelling induced by Ca2+ and thyroxine, but not produced by GSH and phosphate. These findings therefore indicated that Ca2+ and thyroxine accelerate mitochondrial swelling indirectly, by accelerating the enzymic formation of U factor from a precursor lipid. Stimulation of U factor formation is given by Ca2+ in sonicated mitochondria, but not by l -thyroxine. When swollen mitochondria are contracted again by ATP, U factor rapidly disappears at a rate which parallels the rate of contraction and ceases when contraction ceases. While there is an enormous increase in the level of U factor during swelling, experiments with [14C]oleate as an indicator of U factor show that oxidative removal of oleate occurs simultaneously. On addition of ATP, which produces contraction of mitochondria and disappearance of U factor, [14C]oleate rapidly disappears. Most of th [14C]oleate is rapidly incorporated into the phosphatidic acid and cephalin fractions of mitochondrial lipids. These findings thus show that enzymic formation and removal of U factor are closely geared to mictochondrial swelling and contraction and that accumulation of U factor may be cause of swelling in the presence of Ca2+ and thyroxine.
Measuring the hydraulic diameter of a pore or conduit

A method for estimating the hydraulic diameter of a pore or conduit having a noncircular opening is presented with special reference to plant anatomy. An ellipse or a rectangle is inscribed within the opening, and the length of the short axis (a) is measured. The hydraulic diameter (Dh) is estimated for the ellipse (Dh= 1.4a) or rectangle (Dh = 2a). Use of these equations often gives a more accurate estimate of the hydraulic diameter of a pore or conduit than does averaging the lengths of the short and long axes (Dh = [a + b]/2, b is the long axis) or assuming that the opening is circular (Dh= a). A table of the error in each method is included, and the errors inherent in the use of Dh are discussed. Because fewer measurements are required, estimation based on the measurement of one axis is much faster than calculation using both the short and long axes. The equations and table should permit anatomists and physiologists to rapidly determine the best method for estimating the hydraulic diameter of a pore or conduit, and to more accurately and quickly estimate the hydraulic diameters of large numbers of openings. However, because of potential pitfalls in applying theoretical fluid dynamics equations to real-world functional anatomy, botanists must ensure that their applications of hydraulic diameter are appropriate in each case. In water transport research and in other areas of plant functional anatomy, workers often must estimate flow rates and other hydraulic characteristics of noncircular
Metrics for Evaluation of Software Technology to Support Intelligence Analysis

For the past two years we have been involved in evaluation of software technologies designed to improve intelligence analysis. We have been conducting evaluations both in the laboratory and in operational environments. While usability is an important aspect of software for intelligence analysis, our work has gone beyond usability and focused on utility. We have been using top-down and bottom-up procedures to develop metrics and evaluation methodologies, including literature reviews and expert opinions, laboratory studies, baseline creation, and field observations. Our laboratory work has focused on strategic, open source analysis. Our field work to date has been more in the tactical area all source domain. In this paper, we discuss a number of metrics we have developed and outline some issues involved in evaluation of software to support intelligence analysts.
Geochemical evolution of highly alkaline and saline tank waste plumes during seepage through vadose zone sediments

Abstract Leakage of highly saline and alkaline radioactive waste from storage tanks into underlying sediments is a serious environmental problem at the Hanford Site in Washington State. This study focuses on geochemical evolution of tank waste plumes resulting from interactions between the waste solution and sediment. A synthetic tank waste solution was infused into unsaturated Hanford sediment columns (0.2, 0.6, and 2 m) maintained at 70°C to simulate the field contamination process. Spatially and temporally resolved geochemical profiles of the waste plume were obtained. Thorough OH − neutralization (from an initial pH 14 down to 6.3) was observed. Three broad zones of pore solutions were identified to categorize the dominant geochemical reactions: the silicate dissolution zone (pH > 10), pH-neutralized zone (pH 10 to 6.5), and displaced native sediment pore water (pH 6.5 to 8). Elevated concentrations of Si, Fe, and K in plume fluids and their depleted concentrations in plume sediments reflected dissolution of primary minerals within the silicate dissolution zone. The very high Na concentrations in the waste solution resulted in rapid and complete cation exchange, reflected in high concentrations of Ca and Mg at the plume front. The plume-sediment profiles also showed deposition of hydrated solids and carbonates. Fair correspondence was obtained between these results and analyses of field borehole samples from a waste plume at the Hanford Site. Results of this study provide a well-defined framework for understanding waste plumes in the more complex field setting and for understanding geochemical factors controlling transport of contaminant species carried in waste solutions that leaked from single-shell storage tanks in the past.
Reduction and azo coupling of quinones. A histochemical study of human cutaneous melanin and adrenochrome.

Cutaneous melanin in formol fixed skin and adrenochrome in dichromate fixed monkey adrenal after adequate bisulfite or dithonite reduction were found to give definite azo coupling reactions. Weaker reactions were obtained on unreduced material, and these disappeared on ferric chloride oxidation. Both cutaneous melanin and adrenochrome appear to exist in a quinhydrone status. Prolongation of dichromate treatment weakens or abolishes azo coupling capacity of adrenochrome. The findings support the concept of quinonization and reduction to prevent and restore azo coupling of enterochromaffin cells and noradrenaline islets of the adrenal. The most effective diazos for melanin werep-nitrodiazobenzene, fast black K and the diazosulfanilic acid, pH 1 pyronin B procedure, for adrenochrome. Diazosafranin and 2-chloro-4-nitrodiazobenzene were also useful. Blue and violet coupling products from toluidine blue and methylene violet RR fail to yield sufficient contrast to be convincing.
Current source modeling in the presence of body bias

With the increasing use of adaptive body biases in high-performance designs, it has become necessary to build timing models that can include these effects. State-of-the-art timing tools use current source models (CSMs), which have proven to be fast and accurate. However, a straightforward extension of CSMs to incorporate multiple body biases results in unreasonably large characterization tables for each cell. We propose a new approach to compactly capture body bias effects within a mainstream CSM framework. Our approach features a table reduction method for compact storage, and a fast and novel waveform sensitivity method for timing evaluation. On a 45nm technology, we demonstrate high accuracy, with worst-case errors of under 5% in both slew and delay as compared to HSPICE. We show a speedup of over five orders of magnitude over HSPICE and almost 70x over conventional CSMs.
Initial electron back-scattered diffraction observations of cerium

The first electron back-scattered diffraction Kikuchi patterns and grain orientation maps were captured for pure n-phase (fcc) Ce. The sample preparation technique used for electron back-scattered diffraction orientation mapping of this surface-reactive metal included ion sputtering the surface using a scanning Auger microprobe followed by vacuum transfer of the sample from the scanning Auger microprobe to the scanning electron microscope. The effect of ion sputtering on the microstructure as well as preliminary electron back-scattered diffraction microstructural characterization is presented. Based on the sputtering data, the room-temperature diffusivity of O in n-Ce was estimated.
A data-driven paradigm to understand multimodal communication in human-human and human-robot interaction

Data-driven knowledge discovery is becoming a new trend in various scientific fields. In light of this, the goal of the present paper is to introduce a novel framework to study one interesting topic in cognitive and behavioral studies – multimodal communication between human-human and human-robot interaction. We present an overall solution from data capture, through data coding and validation, to data analysis and visualization. In data collection, we have developed a multimodal sensing system to gather fine-grained video, audio and human body movement data. In data analysis, we propose a hybrid solution based on visual data mining and information-theoretic measures. We suggest that this data-driven paradigm will lead not only to breakthroughs in understanding multimodal communication, but will also serve as a successful case study to demonstrate the promise of data-intensive discovery which can be applied in various research topics in cognitive and behavioral studies.
Signal processing for interference suppression in direct-sequence CDMA systems

The major limitation on the performance and capacity of direct-sequence code division multiple access (CDMA) is the multiple-access interference due to simultaneous transmissions. The signal processing for near-far resistant multiuser detectors typically follows a bank of matched filters or correlators (sampled at the symbol rate to produce sufficient statistics for demodulation) corresponding to all simultaneous transmissions. Due to the asynchronism among the transmissions, implementation of any near-far resistant demodulator using such a front end requires an infinite memory. However, an alternative front end which consists of a chip matched filter sampled at a multiple of the chip rate, coupled with the use of a finite observation interval for the demodulation of each symbol, can be used to obtain finite memory, near-far resistant, methods for demodulation and timing acquisition for asynchronous CDMA systems. We discuss the design of interference suppression schemes based on this front end.
Restoration of ovarian function after autotransplantation of intact frozen-thawed sheep ovaries with microvascular anastomosis

Abstract Objective To test the feasibility of transplanting an intact frozen-thawed ovary with microvascular anastomosis of the ovarian vascular pedicle to the deep inferior epigastric vessels. Design Chronic survival study. Setting Biological Resources Unit, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Animal(s) Adult merino ewes. Intervention(s) Bilateral laparoscopic oophorectomy was performed on 17 synchronized ewes. In one group of animals (Group I, n=11), both ovaries were cryopreserved intact with their vascular pedicles. In another group of animals (Group II, n=6), ovarian cortical strips were prepared from each ovary and cryopreserved. After thawing, follicular viability and apoptosis rates were assessed using one ovary. The other ovary was transplanted to the abdominal wall with microvascular anastomosis (Group I). In Group II, the ovarian cortical strips were placed in the anterior abdominal wall. Ovaries were harvested after 8–10 days in situ and subjected to histological evaluation. Main outcome measure(s) Blood flow, apoptotic signals, follicular viability, serum estradiol (E 2 ), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and histology. Result(s) No significant differences were found in the mean values of apoptosis (mostly in the atretic and some secondary follicles) and follicular viability in both groups. In Group I, immediate and long-term patency were documented in 100% and 27% (3/11) of the grafts, respectively; and postoperative FSH levels were similar to preoperative values in animals with patent vessels. In Group II, postoperative FSH levels were significantly higher than the preoperative ones ( P =.03). Conclusion(s) Transplantation of an intact frozen-thawed ovary is technically feasible. Using this approach, immediate restoration of vascular supply and ovarian hormonal functions is possible.
Japan in transition : thought and action in the Meiji era, 1868-1912

This collection of essays by distinguished scholars takes us into a critical and exceptionally interesting period in Japanese history. The fourteen essays explore the evolution of social and political thought and practice during this crucial period, the question of women's rights, the conflict between modernizers and zealots, Japan's political, military, and diplomatic relations with other countries, and other topics.
PathoScope 2.0: a complete computational framework for strain identification in environmental or clinical sequencing samples

Background: Recent innovations in sequencing technologies have provided researchers with the ability to rapidly characterize the microbial content of an environmental or clinical sample with unprecedented resolution. These approaches are producing a wealth of information that is providing novel insights into the microbial ecology of the environment and human health. However, these sequencing-based approaches produce large and complex datasets that require efficient and sensitive computational analysis workflows. Many recent tools for analyzing metagenomic-sequencing data have emerged, however, these approaches often suffer from issues of specificity, efficiency, and typically do not include a complete metagenomic analysis framework. Results: We present PathoScope 2.0, a complete bioinformatics framework for rapidly and accurately quantifying the proportions of reads from individual microbial strains present in metagenomic sequencing data from environmental or clinical samples. The pipeline performs all necessary computational analysis steps; including reference genome library extraction and indexing, read quality control and alignment, strain identification, and summarization and annotation of results. We rigorously evaluated PathoScope 2.0 using simulated data and data from the 2011 outbreak of Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O104:H4. Conclusions: The results show that PathoScope 2.0 is a complete, highly sensitive, and efficient approach for metagenomic analysis that outperforms alternative approaches in scope, speed, and accuracy. The PathoScope 2.0 pipeline software is freely available for download at: http://sourceforge.net/projects/pathoscope/. Background The rapid and accurate characterization of microbial flora in clinical or environmental samples is critical for many applications including understanding the role of the microbiome in human health, personalized responses to acute or chronic infections, and early detection in
Solar Energy and Access to Sunlight: An Optimization Model of Energy Supply and Land-Use Design

This paper analyzes the interactions between land-use configurations and on-site solar-energy devices used for heating and cooling. A mathematical-programming model is developed to determine the optimal trade-off between the benefits of land-use development and those of solar-energy utilization. The measure of this trade-off is the extent to which access to sunlight should be guaranteed to prospective solar-energy users. The methodology is illustrated by numerical applications of a simplified model.
Probiotics are associated with a decreased risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea

Commentary on: Hempel S, Newberry SJ, Maher AR, et al. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2012;307:1959–69.[OpenUrl][1] The incidence of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) is estimated as 29–60% and is associated with increased costs and length of hospital stay.1 The underlying mechanisms of AAD include disruption of the gut flora, effects of altered bacterial breakdown of carbohydrates and direct prokinetic effects of certain antibiotics. Probiotics may prevent AAD by enhancing intestinal barrier function, by promoting competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria and by stimulating the host-immune response. This meta-analysis summarises data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which probiotics were administered to … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.volume%253D307%26rft.spage%253D1959%26rft.atitle%253DPROBIOTICS%2BFOR%2BTHE%2BPREVENTION%2BAND%2BTREATMENT%2BOF%2BANTIBIOTIC-ASSOCIATED%2BDIARRHEA%253A%2BA%2BSYSTEMATIC%2BREVIEW%2BAND%2BMETA-NALYSIS%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
A stimulus-free probabilistic model for single-event-upset sensitivity

With device size shrinking and fast rising frequency ranges, effect of cosmic radiations and alpha particles known as single-event-upset (SEU), is a growing concern in logic circuits. Accurate understanding and estimation of single-event-upset sensitivities of individual nodes is necessary to achieve better soft error hardening techniques at logic level design abstraction. We propose a probabilistic framework to study the effect of inputs, circuit structure and delay on single-event-upset sensitivity of nodes in logic circuits as a single joint probability distribution function (PDF). To model the effect of timing, we consider signals at their possible arrival times as the random variables of interest. The underlying joint probability distribution function, consists of two components: ideal random variables without the effect of SEU and the random variables affected by the SEU. We use a Bayesian network to represent the joint PDF which is a minimal compact directional graph for efficient probabilistic modeling of uncertainty. The attractive feature of this model is that not only does it use the conditional independence to arrive at a sparse structure, but also utilizes the same for smart probabilistic inference. We show that results with exact (exponential complexity) and approximate non-simulative stimulus-free inference (linear in number of nodes and samples) on benchmark circuits yield accurate estimates in reasonably small computation time.
Cryogenic Temperature Measurement Using Silicon Carbide-Based Wireless Optical Sensor

Demonstrated is a novel silicon carbide (SiC)-based wireless optical sensor for cryogenic temperatures. The proposed design uses two wavelength processing and free-space optical beam interrogation of a remoted single crystal SiC chip placed in the cryogenic vacuum chamber to enable wireless temperature measurement. Experimental temperature sensing using the proposed sensor is reported from near room temperature to 100 K with an estimated 0.2 K resolution. The sensor uses eye safe laser wavelengths at 1550 and 1540 nm to implement the signal processing to determine the temperature value
Efficient digitizing through the combination of appropriate hardware and software for error detection and editing

Abstract Digitizing still remains a major bottle-neck in the creation of geographical data bases. This paper examines procedures and equipment used in the Dane County Land Records Project as a tutorial for others interested in digitizing maps. Topological structure, determined from ‘spaghetti and meatballs’, detects the important errors and provides a basis for efficiency (in time and cost). For manual digitizing, a simple system of capture running on cheap hardware may be as effective as an expensive workstation. Scanning technology, which used to be expensive, has now become practical, as is shown by an experimental scanner used in this project.
Observational Evidence of Supershell Blowout in GS 018–04+44: The Scutum Supershell

Emission in the H I 21 cm line has been mapped for a region of the Galaxy that includes two known supershells, GS 018(04)44 and GS 034(06)65. We focus on the GS 018(04)44, hereafter referred to as the Scutum Supershell, which is an elongated shell about 5i in diameter extending to (7i below the Galactic plane. The Scutum shell lies at a kinematic distance of D3300 pc, implying a shell diameter of D290 pc with a vertical extension of D400 pc away from the Galactic plane. The Scutum shell con- tains 6.2 ) 105 swept into the walls. We observe that the top of the shell is missing, and a substan- M _ tial column of H I rises from the shell walls to b \( 11i, culminating in a large cloud of neutral hydrogen, 3.74 ) 104 located D630 pc from the plane. ROSAT data show X-ray emission that M _ , closely anticorrelates with the 21 cm emission. This emission probably originates from hot gas within the Scutum Supershell. After approximately correcting for the foreground absorption, we —nd that the 1.5 keV X-rays peak at the base of the shell, the 0.75 keV emission peaks in the interior and at the top of the shell, and the 0.25 keV emission extends to high latitudes above the shell. The X-ray luminosity is roughly D5 ) 1036 ergs s~1. The Wisconsin H-Alpha Mapper (WHAM) survey shows the presence of Ha emission that exhibits a morphology similar to that of the H I. Spectra indicate the presence of ionized hydrogen at velocities similar to the H I, placing ionized material at the same kinematic distance as the neutral material. IRAS images in the 60 and 100 km wavebands reveal the presence of dust corre- lated with the neutral hydrogen. Infrared surface brightness indicates an excess in the 100 km emission, which could indicate a molecular hydrogen component with a column density of 2.4 ) 1021 cm~2 in the densest regions of the high-latitude cloud of neutral hydrogen. IUE ultraviolet high dispersion spectra of HD 177989 and HD 175754 reveal the presence of very (l \ 17i.89, b \( 11i.88) (l \ 16i.40, b \( 9i.92) strong absorption by highly ionized gas at a velocity that associates the absorption with the ejecta of the Scutum Supershell. In the case of HD 177989, the high ion column density ratios suggest an origin in a turbulent mixing layer where hot and cool gases mix in the presence of shear —ows. The Ha and X-ray emission suggest that a multitude of energetic phenomena exist in this region, providing the necessary ionizing radiation. Indeed, there are multiple supernova remnants, H II regions, and hot stars, which could all contribute sizeable amounts of energy and ionizing radiation. The combination of these data sets indicates observational evidence of a ii blowout ˇˇ phenomena whereby hot material produced within the Scutum Supershell has blown through the top of the shell and been pushed to high latitude. Subject headings: Galaxy: structureISM: bubblesISM: individual (Scutum Supershell) ¨ ISM: structureradio lines: ISMsupernova remnants
Proposal of fabricating a woodpile photonic crystal nanocavity by a two-directional etching without wafer bonding

Ultra-high-Q modes are designed in woodpile photonic crystal by modulating the unit cell size along a waveguide in complete photonic band gap. We propose to fabricate the nanocavities with a two-directional etching without wafer bonding.
Leber congenital amaurosis - a model for efficient genetic testing of heterogeneous disorders: LXIV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture.

Purpose To critically evaluate our experience in molecular testing of Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) and to use this information to devise a general approach to heterogeneous recessive disorders. Careful clinical and molecular characterization of large cohorts of patients affected with inherited eye diseases will be an essential step in the development of effective therapy for these diseases, especially when the therapy involves gene replacement. Design A molecular genetic case-control study. Methods Six hundred forty-two unrelated individuals with the clinical diagnosis of LCA and 200 unrelated control individuals were screened for disease-causing sequence variations in eight genes using various combinations of single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis (SSCP), automated DNA sequencing, multiplex allele-specific ligation analysis (SNPlex), and high-density solid-phase single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. Results Four hundred forty instances of 189 different disease-causing sequence variations were observed in this study, 98 of which have not been previously reported. One hundred forty-six of the 189 variations (77%) were observed in only a single individual. The observed variations were not evenly distributed among the LCA patients or among the eight genes. Empirical analysis of this uneven distribution was used to devise a multi-platform mutation detection strategy that is four times more efficient than a more conventional strategy of completely sequencing all of the coding regions of all LCA genes in all subjects. Hardy-Weinberg analysis of the observed mutations suggests that these eight genes are collectively responsible for about 70% of the cases of LCA in North America. The carrier frequency of the most common LCA allele (an intron 26 variation in CEP290) was found to be 2/3,248, which suggests that the overall prevalence of LCA in this population is about 1/81,000. An allele-specific ligation assay (SNPlex) was designed to detect 68 of the most common LCA-causing alleles, and semi-quantitative analysis of the data from this assay also revealed examples of gene deletion and isodisomy in the cohort. Conclusions The data demonstrates that a tiered screening strategy combining allele-specific detection with automated DNA sequencing can increase the efficiency of autosomal recessive mutation detection four-fold when compared with DNA sequencing alone. However, the very high rate of unique mutations observed in this study (77%) suggests that DNA sequencing will remain an important part of the overall strategy if high sensitivity is to be achieved.
Biological Self-Assembly: A Paradigm for Materials Science

Complex organized systems evolved from the prebiotic soup approximately three billion years ago, relying on simple molecules which spontaneously and synergistically combine to accomplish certain tasks. As life evolved, the sophistication of these interactions also increased. Organisms evolved by linking the needed functional groups together in proteins to improve the efficiency of the process, and now rely almost exclusively on protein interactions to accomplish needed tasks. It is for this reason that considerable effort has been expended on understanding how such complexes are formed and how the individual components contribute to overall function. The code for these interactions lies buried in the amino acid sequences of the constituent proteins. Biologists are beginning to unravel the secrets of this code, and see how small changes to individual residues can affect the overall stability and function of the complex.
Television Exposure, Parents' Precautionary Warnings, and Young Adults' Perceptions of Crime:

Crime-related television viewing may influence not only the viewer but also individuals with whom the viewer communicates. A matched sample of parents and their first semester college-age children were surveyed independently (N = 178 pairs)to test a model linking parents' crime-related television viewing with their college-age children's perceptions of crime prevalence. The model identifies parents' precautionary warnings as influenced by their own crime viewing and as influencing their college-age children's crime-prevalence estimates. Results indicate the relationship between parents' crime viewing and their issuance of precautionary warnings is mediated by their own estimates of crime prevalence and that parents' precautionary warnings influence young adults' perceptions of crime prevalence. Young adults' gender influences both the frequency of parental warnings and young adults' perceptions of how frequently they were warned by parents but appears not to influence perceptions of crime directly.
Detection and kinetics of the normal acrosome reaction of mouse sperm

A procedure is described for quantifying the percentage of normal acrosome reactions in fixed mouse sperm. This technique, which is a modification of the triple stain technique (TST) devised for human sperm [Talbot and Chacon, 1981a, b], utilizes trypan blue exclusion to identify the percentage of dead sperm in culture and subsequent staining of fixed sperm to differentiate the acrosome. Four classes of mouse sperm can be distinguished with the TST: (1) “live,” unreacted sperm, (2) “live,” acrosome-reacted sperm (normal reactions), (3) dead, unreacted sperm, and (4) dead, acrosome-reacted sperm (degenerative acrosome reactions). We have used this technique to study the time course of the normal acrosome reaction of mouse sperm in vitro. Our results with TST show that a low percentage of mouse sperm undergo normal acrosome reactions during the first 30 min of incubation; a maximum level of reactions is reached by 2 hr. Calcium was required in the medium for occurrence of normal reactions.
Conditional Deletion of Bmal1 in Ovarian Theca Cells Disrupts Ovulation in Female Mice

Rhythmic events in female reproductive physiology, including ovulation, are tightly controlled by the circadian timing system. The molecular clock, a feedback loop oscillator of clock gene transcription factors, dictates rhythms of gene expression in the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis. Circadian disruption due to environmental factors (eg, shift work) or genetic manipulation of the clock has negative impacts on fertility. Although the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus classically regulates the timing of ovulation, we have shown that this rhythm also depends on phasic sensitivity to LH. We hypothesized that this rhythm relies on clock function in a specific cellular compartment of the ovarian follicle. To test this hypothesis we generated mice with deletion of the Bmal1 locus in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) (Granulosa Cell Bmal1 KO; GCKO) or theca cells (TCs) (Theca Cell Bmal1 KO; TCKO). Reproductive cycles, preovulatory LH secretion, ovarian morphology and behavior were not grossly altered in GCKO or TCKO mice. We detected phasic sensitivity to LH in wild-type littermate control (LC) and GCKO mice but not TCKO mice. This decline in sensitivity to LH is coincident with impaired fertility and altered patterns of LH receptor (Lhcgr) mRNA abundance in the ovary of TCKO mice. These data suggest that the TC is a pacemaker that contributes to the timing and amplitude of ovulation by modulating phasic sensitivity to LH. The TC clock may play a critical role in circadian disruption-mediated reproductive pathology and could be a target for chronobiotic management of infertility due to environmental circadian disruption and/or hormone-dependent reprogramming in women.
Want Your Car Recalled? Skip the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and Solve Your Conflict the American Way: File Suit

Fifty years after the National Traffic & Safety Act - designed to provide uniform national motor vehicle standards - was signed into law, its utility may be undermined if trial lawyers succeed in convincing judges to order automotive recalls. This article, an abridged and updated version of my more expansive law review article ("Federal Preemption of Automotive Recalls: A Case of Too Many Backseat Drivers?", 71 Tenn. L. Rev. 471 (2004) (also available on the SSRN website)), examines the issue of court-ordered recalls and argues that the Safety Act preempts such orders, leaving recalls solely to the National Traffic Safety Administration and thus avoiding a potentially chaotic recall system in which any judge can order differing statewide or nationwide recalls.
Abstract 1705: Bioenergetic changes in glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and glutaminolysis in pancreatic cells treated with mitochondria-targeted cationic drugs.

Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an incurable and highly aggressive human cancer. Current chemotherapy provides a slight increase in survival. New therapeutic strategies to treat PDAC are desperately needed. In this study we used a relatively non-toxic mitochondria-targeted cationic nitroxide (Mito-CP) in combination with antiglycolytic agents (2-deoxyglucose, 2-DG) to selectively inhibit pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. We used high-throughput XF24 extracellular flux analyzer and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach to investigate cellular bioenergetics changes in pancreatic cancer cells (MiaPaCa-2 and Panc-1 cells). Results indicate that at nanomolar concentrations, Mito-CP alone potently inhibited proliferation of MiaPaCa-2 cells and synergized with 2-DG in inhibiting intracellular ATP levels. In the presence of glycolytic inhibitors, i.e. 2-DG or 3-bromopyruvate, Mito-CP exhibited enhanced toxicity in both pancreatic cell lines. LC-MS-based metabolomics studies indicate that Mito-CP inhibits Kreb9s cycle metabolites (citric acid, cis-aconitic and isocitric acids) but significantly enhances intracellular glutamine, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate. This enhancement is abolished in glutamine-free media. We conclude that strategies to modulate bioenergetic metabolism with relatively non-toxic mitochondria-targeted nitroxides in combination with glycolysis or glutaminolysis inhibitors may provide a novel route for treating patients with PDAC with minimal toxic side effects. Citation Format: Gang Cheng, Jacek Zielonka, Joy Joseph, Balaraman Kalyanaraman. Bioenergetic changes in glycolysis, Kreb9s cycle, and glutaminolysis in pancreatic cells treated with mitochondria-targeted cationic drugs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1705. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1705