cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inconsistency in Attitudes toward President Clinton

Based on the observation that many people who condemned those behaviors shown by President Clinton, which were the focus of the impeachment hearings, who d~d not want him punished, a questionnaire was adrninistered to 11 male and 50 female students (M,,,=23.7 yr., SD= 6.2). There were two items on whether the President misbehaved (87% agreed), two items on whether the misbehavior was immoral (95% agreed), four items on whether Presidents should behave morally (98% agreed), and four items on whether President Chton should be punished (44% agreed). The belief that President Chon should be punished was not associated with age, sex, or the scores on extraversion and neuroticism of the short form of the Maudsle~ Personality Inventory (Jensen, 19581, Pearson rs = .15, -.O7, -.16, and -.lo, respectively. Thus, the majority of the college students in this study believed that President Chton behaved immorally yet did not wish to see him punished. No predictors of this latter belief, however, were identified here.
Online Measurement of Fiber Diameter and Temperature in the Melt-Spinning and Melt-Blowing Processes

Online measurements of fiber temperature and diameter were made for both the melt-spinning and the melt-blowing processes. The fiber temperature was determined by infrared thermography, and the fiber diameter was determined by high-speed photography. These measurements were then compared with predictions made with mathematical models for melt spinning and melt blowing. There was good agreement between the models and the experimental results, and the agreement was best when heat-transfer correlations developed specifically for fine fibers (cylinders) were used.
PPP, interest rate parities, and the modified Fisher effect in the presence of tax agreements: A comment

Abstract If no taxes exist, perfect mobility and substitutability (international Fisher parity — IF) and purchasing power parity (PPP) result in real interest rate equality. The existence of taxes, however, prevents all three parity relationships from holding simultaneously. Costless financial arbitrage plus costless goods arbitrage are the assumptions of IF and PPP, respectively. If residency arbitrage is expensive, IF and PPP will result in unequal real rates that give no incentive for capital or goods flows. Differences in real rates may come either from differences in income tax rates or from differential inflation.
Negative Regret, Optional Stopping, and the Elimination of Outliers

Abstract This article examines the phenomenon of negative regret in sequential point estimation, in which a stopping rule used in ignorance of the variance of the distribution sometimes performs better than the best fixed sample size when the variance is known. An explanation in terms of a certain robustifying effect of the stopping rule is given. Results of simulation studies illustrating both negative regret and its explanation are also given. Suppose X 1 X 2, … are iid with mean μ and variance σ2. One may stop observing the sequence of X i′s after any number of observations n and estimate μ by the sample mean , subject to the loss . If σ is known, then the best fixed (i.e., nonrandom) sample size, in the sense of minimum risk, can be used. If σ is unknown, the best fixed sample size is unknown, necessitating a sequential procedure. For a sequential procedure of the type first proposed by Robbins (1959), the “regret”—expected additional loss from not knowing σ and using the sequential procedure instead ...
Mechanics and Energetics of Excavation by Burrowing Wolf Spiders, Geolycosa spp.

Burrowing wolf spiders, Geolycosa sp. (Araneae:Lycosidae), excavate vertical burrows and inhabit them throughout their lives or, in the case of males, until they mature and wander in search of mates. Three species: G. fatifera Kurata, G. missouriensis Banks, and G. rogersi Wallace were studied to understand how and at what expense the burrowing is accomplished. Normal and high-speed videography coupled with scanning electron microscopy revealed (a) that the convex surfaces of the two fangs, together, constitute the digging tool, (b) that boluses of soil are transported to the burrow entrance on the anterior surfaces of the chelicerae held there by the pedipalps, and (c) that each bolus is either incorporated into the growing turret or flung away, propelled by the forelegs. To elucidate the energetics of burrow construction, burrow volumes were calculated and then the costs associated with dislodging, elevating, and throwing the known volumes of soil were measured. A typical Geolycosa burrow, at a volume of 23.6 ± 2.0 ml and a depth of 13.2 ± 0.7 cm, required the removal of 918 boluses each weighing about 34 mg. The aggregate dislodging cost was close to 1.9 Joules in sand/sandy loam and 5.6 J in clayey subsoil, the work against gravity necessary to raise all of the boluses to the surface was about 0.13 J, and the aggregate cost of flinging the boluses was close to 0.014 J. Assuming that the ratio of external work to metabolic cost of external work is between 0.20 and 0.25 in spiders, the real cost of burrow construction would be between 8 J and 29 J, depending primarily on soil type. This is a small but not negligible cost when placed in the context of reproductive effort: a single Geolycosa egg, dozens to hundreds of which are produced in a clutch, contains about 10 J.
Monte Carlo analysis of Josephson logic devices

Results of Monte Carlo simulations of the tolerances of Josephson logic devices are presented. The Monte Carlo analysis was carried out for a large number of cases; for each case, the circuit parameters were randomly selected from their assumed statistical distributions. This technique facilitated the handling of complex, non-Gaussian distributions that can exist for the process parameters. These tolerance calculations included the effects of thermal noise, variations in voltage regulation, and power bus disturbs. To reduce computing time, analytical approximations to the threshold curves of the devices were used. Typically, 10,000 to 100,000 cases were analyzed for a given set of assumptions on parameter variations. This size of simulation allows one to estimate, with a high degree of confidence, the tolerance-limited yield of a chip containing 1000 devices. The Monte Carlo analysis, for 10,000 cases, used approximately three minutes of computing time on an IBM 3033.
Seismic evidence for the Pleistocene depositional changes in Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia, and implications for the age model and the sediment grain size record of KDP-01 drill core

This paper seeks to arrive at a consistent interpretation of (1) the age model, (2) the grain size record, and (3) seismic reflection data from Lake Hovsgol (a.k.a Khubsugul or Hovsgol), Mongolia, reported by Fedotov et al. (2007, earlier by Fedotov et al. 2002, 2004). In their most recent contribution, the grain size record of the KDP-01 drill core is interpreted as a climatic signal while little consideration is given to lake-level changes and hence to basin-wide changes in depositional setting evident from seismic profiles; also, a nearly linear age model is at odds with the seismic evidence for a major angular unconformity in the sediment strata. The lack of regional seismic stratigraphic analysis has thus led to an improbable interpretation of the Lake Hovsgol sediment grain size record and ultimately to an improbable scenario of Mongolian glaciation history. Using the available seismic profiles, here we show that the drill core penetrated several transgressive/regressive sedimentary sequences and a major angular unconformity. Therefore, the drilled sediment section cannot represent continuous sediment accumulation and the Brunhes age model across the unconformity cannot be nearly linear; the time interval representing a hiatus remains to be determined. The assumed nearly linear age/depth relationship in the upper 23 m above the angular unconformity is also an unlikely relationship, given the evidence of repeated changes in lake level, and hence in the depositional setting and sedimentation rates. We further propose a qualitative reference model for changes in the Lake Hovsgol depositional setting (presented as a step-by-step animation – see supplementary material) based on manually ‘backstripping and rebuilding’ the seismic pattern. We argue that this model provides a useful template of the likely sediment facies changes in the deep axial part of the Hovsgol basin: our crude model in fact captures the major depositional trends in the KDP-01 drill core section located some 10 km NW along the seismic line. We contend that changes in the depositional setting provide the first-order control on sediment grain size in the Hovsgol record. Our study provides important new constraints on the nature of sedimentary proxy records in Lake Hovsgol and on their interpretation as a record of Mongolian glaciation history.
Lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Signet ring cell lymphomas presenting in mucosal lymphoid organs.

Four cases of lymphoma are reported which were postulate to have developed from neoplastic transformation of the lymptioid cells of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). This contention is primarily based on two observations: the peculiar “homing” tendency of these lymphomas and the immunoglobulin isotype. Both properties are characteristic of the lymphoid cells of the MALT. These lymphomas can also be identified by their histologic structure (signet ring cell lymphomas) and their presentation in an MALT organ. These lymphomas are probably separable from other lymphomas proposed to arise from lymphocytes of the gut-associated lymphoid system (GALT).
Trade union growth in Ireland and the interdependence of the Irish and United Kingdom labor markets

Abstract This paper finds that the unemployment rate differential between Ireland and the United Kingdom is an important determinant of the rate of Irish trade union growth.
Signal synthesis for a rapid response.

Control of signal production, crucial to cell-cell communication, is usually at the level of transcription for the density-dependent bacterial signaling. Cheng et al. (2010) provide a structural basis for a novel mechanism that directly regulates the signal synthase.
SemDiff: An Approach to Detecting Semantic Changes to Ontologies

Ontologies evolve over time at both structural and semantic levels. Detecting semantic changes to ontologies is essential to the functioning of data instances and dependent ontologies over the semantic Web. In this article, we propose a SemDiff approach to examining structural changes and deriving both explicit and implicit semantic changes between ontology versions. Our approach exploits the semantic dependency between properties and concepts: we introduce the notion of isosems, and conduct implication analysis to examine whether, when, and how semantic changes to an isosem imply semantic changes to other isosems. A prototype of our approach is implemented.
Half‐Connecting: Development's Self‐Defeating Logic in South Africa and Beyond

In the early years of development in Africa, a top-down, state-led approach to aid is said to have failed, in part, because of a lack of consideration and respect for the ideas of aid recipients. A new, bottom-up approach has promised to correct for the earlier paradigm but, according to many recent studies, has fared little better. Based on an ethnographic study of development in South Africa and an analysis of popular development theories, this article explains this conundrum by arguing that both approaches to aid are governed by the same, self-defeating contradiction that I call half-connecting–a way of interacting characterized by reaching-out-only-to-keep-at-bay. Using the lens of embodiment and aid workers as examples, the article shows how half-connecting is rooted in routine body behaviors, which sheds new light on the emotional discord at the heart of “rational” development ideas.
Transient natural convection near a uniform flux surface with appreciable heat capacity

Abstract The results of a two dimensional numerical analysis of the buoyancy induced flow adjacent to a uniform flux surface with finite heat capacity are presented. The surface is located within a rectangular adiabatic enclosure filled with water. The transient transport process is initiated by suddenly generating a uniform and constant heat flux in the surface. The results are compared to short time closed form solutions and to experimental measurements and found to be in excellent agreement.
Use of Fourier domain subsampling for real-time wavelet compression of ultrasound video

Wavelet compression has been shown to give exceptional subjective image quality with high compression ratios for medical imaging. In an effort to effect real-time wavelet compression of digitized ultrasound video for low bandwidth networks, Fourier domain subsampling may demonstrate reduced computational overhead compared to convolution methods. The anticipated benefit is dependant on: the size of the mother wavelet used, data dimensions along each axis, and available Fourier processing power. The process of wavelet compression is computationally expensive, requiring multiple convolutions with similar mother wavelets at different resolutions. In contrast, Fourier domain subsampling states that if an image is downsampled by a factor of two, the spatial frequencies of the image all increase by a factor of two. This allows the use of only one forward FFT on the data at run time, and only one inverse FFT at the time of each filter application, significantly reducing the computational load. A wavelet transform into the third dimension (time) takes advantage of the high correlation between adjacent frames in ultrasound video. Our presentation will demonstrate a comparison of benchmarks for both wavelet transform methods and analyze the advantage with respect to mother wavelet size.
Gender differences in the link between childhood socioeconomic conditions and heart attack risk in adulthood

A growing body of evidence shows that childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is predictive of disease risk in later life, with those from the most disadvantaged backgrounds more likely to experience poor adult-health outcomes. Most of these studies, however, are based on middle-aged male populations and pay insufficient attention to the pathways between childhood risks and specific adult disorders. This article examines gender differences in the link between childhood SES and heart attack risk trajectories and the mechanisms by which early environments affect future disease risk. By using methods that model both latent and path-specific influences, we identify heterogeneity in early life conditions and human, social, and health capital in adulthood that contribute to diverse heart attack risk trajectories between and among men and women as they age into their 60s and 70s. We find that key risk factors for heart attack operate differently for men and women. For men, childhood SES does not differentiate those at low, increasing, and high risk for heart attack. In contrast, women who grew up without a father and/or under adverse economic conditions are the most likely to experience elevated risk for heart attack, even after we adjust for the unequal distribution of working and living conditions, social relationships, access to health care, and adult lifestyle behaviors that influence health outcomes.
Control of Noise in Chemical and Biochemical Information Processing

We review models and approaches for error control in order to prevent the buildup of noise when gates for digital chemical and biomolecular computing based on (bio)chemical reaction processes are utilized to realize stable, scalable networks for information processing. Solvable rate equation models illustrate several recently developed methodologies for gate-function optimization. We also survey future challenges and possible new research avenues.
Circuit analysis: optimizing mineral processing flowsheet layouts and steady state control specifications

Abstract Process optimization aims to extend flowsheet simulation technology with techniques for determining plant control strategies and, ideally, circuit structural layout that result in optimum performance of the circuit in economic terms. Such an endeavor is confronted with problems of model scale, nonlinearity, and the general difficulties of mixed discrete/continuous optimization. This paper shows how the structure of the flowsheet models for mineral processing circuits facilitates overcoming these difficulties in many applications. Specifically, the same structural features used in the development of circuit analysis (Meloy, 1983) are employed here with the addition that a formal probabilistic interpretation is given to the unit partition coefficients. Original optimization algorithms, extensions of the techniques of stochastic dynamic programming, are reported. These algorithms have capability to determine control settings for the unit operations that maximize the net value of the circuit yield. Moreover, they can select the best of a number of discrete circuit layout options posed by the system designer, considering fully the scope of control adjustments for all candidate vessels in the system. The algorithms are computationally efficient and are readily applied to full-scale models. Several issues relevant to application of the algorithms are discussed.
An enumeration method of determining the prevalence of users and operatives of cocaine and heroin in Central Harlem

Abstract Introduction: The investigators estimated the number and characteristics of crack, powder cocaine and heroin users and distributors (“operatives”) in Central Harlem. Methods: Central Harlem was divided into 45 primary sampling units (PSUs) with 2 years of drug allegation data from the New York Police Department (NYPD) organized in three strata, those having high, middle or low levels of allegations. In nine randomly selected PSUs, interviewers employed chain referral sampling procedures that were steered by using a nomination technique. Results: Within sampled PSUs, 657 respondents nominated 5756 others for a total of 6413. Seven indicators identified 1007 unique individuals among 2835 nominated by two or more respondents, totaling to 4585 unique persons. These drug users and operatives were divided by the total number of persons in these PSUs according to the 1990 census to estimate the number of drug users and distributors in the 36 PSUs not sampled and for all 98 725 residents of Central Harlem. Approximately 13.4% of Central Harlem residents were estimated to be users of crack, powder cocaine and/or heroin with no roles in drug distribution. Approximately 6.7% of Central Harlem residents were estimated to be operatives of these drugs, some of whom may also have been users. Conclusions: Enumeration techniques can be a basis for projecting prevalence estimates for crack, powder cocaine and heroin users and operatives in a large urban geographic area.
A polyphenol mixture from cinnamon targets p38 MAP kinase-regulated signaling pathways to produce G2/M arrest.

Abstract We recently demonstrated that treatment of three leukemic cell lines with an aqueous extract of cinnamon (CE) for 24 h produced dose-dependent arrests in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. To accomplish the goal of understanding underlying mechanisms, we selected the cell line most responsive to the CE treatment to study the effects of the extract on signaling molecules regulating cell cycle progression. Cell cycle analyses were conducted on treated versus nontreated cells from 0–6 h. The percentages of cells in G2/M in CE-treated cells increased significantly from 11.0±1.0 to 23.6±1.4 after 6 h, while the percentage for nontreated cells remained unchanged (12.3±0.8). Multiparametric flow cytometric analyses were used to associate activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with cells arrested in G2/M, the size of these cells, and the presence or absence of cyclin B1. After 4 h, there was a 26% increase in the activated phosphorylated form of p38 MAPK in CE-treated cells compared with the nontreated control cells, with larger cells showing the greater increases. Although the proportion of CE-treated cells in G2/M was higher than controls, this population was shown to be less positive for cyclin B1 than the control G2/M population. Our results demonstrate that CE significantly modulated two signaling proteins, p38 MAPK and cyclin B, that regulate progression through G2/M. Overall, the data provide evidence that CE affects proliferation in a leukemic cell line by disrupting critical phosphorylating/dephosphorylating signaling events that propel cells through the G2/M phase.
Light chain effects on alanine and glucose uptake by renal brush border membranes

Effect of varying concentrations (0 to 800 microM) of three different light chains on sodium-dependent L-(14C)alanine and D-(14C)glucose uptake by rat renal brush border membrane vesicles were studied. One kappa and two lambda type light chains (lambda-1 and lambda-2) were isolated from urines of patients with multiple myeloma. At maximal inhibitory concentrations the kappa chain reduced alanine uptake from 206 +/- 18 to 77 +/- 18 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.005) and glucose uptake from 357 +/- 22 to 146 +/- 8 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001). lambda-1 reduced alanine uptake from 136 +/- 17 to 60 +/- 8 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.005) and glucose uptake from 354 +/- 17 to 77 +/- 14 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001). lambda-2 reduced alanine uptake from 105 +/- 9 to 28 +/- 5 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001) and glucose uptake from 194 +/- 7 to 66 +/- 7 pmole/mg protein (P less than 0.001). The half maximal inhibitory concentrations (I50) of kappa, lambda-1 and lambda-2 light chains were 68, 76 and 140 microM for alanine uptake and 120, 70 and 105 microM for glucose uptake. Control experiments using bovine serum albumin and beta-lactoglobulin showed no inhibitory effect on alanine and glucose uptake by either protein. These data reveal brush border membrane effects by myeloma light chains and confirm that direct Bence Jones protein nephrotoxicity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney dysfunction associated with multiple myeloma.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in the Leukodystrophies: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Objective The objective of this study is to systematically review the literature on worldwide numbers of leukodystrophy patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) as well as the safety and efficacy of the procedure in this patient population. Materials and Methods A PubMed and EMBASE search up to June 2012 was conducted with a manual search of references from relevant articles. Selected studies were evaluated using internationally accepted criteria. The effect estimates of HSCT upon survival in early-stage disease versus late-stage disease were compared. Results One hundred and fifty-two studies qualified for inclusion and reported on a total of 689 patients. Study quality ranged from poor to good; no study was rated excellent. Small sample sizes limited most studies. Meta-analysis in a subset of larger studies indicates that transplantation in earlier stages of disease fairs better than in the late stages. Beyond survival, little longitudinal data on functional outcome is reported and neurological outcome is sparse. Conclusion Further studies are needed to determine the neurological outcome following HSCT in the leukodystrophies. HSCT in the early stages of cerebral disease is still recommended for select leukodystrophies.
NOVEL BIOLOGIC THERAPIES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ENDOMETRIAL CANCER: 0021

Over the past 20 years, options for patients with recurrent endometrial cancer have included radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy. None of these options have been shown to greatly impact mortality. We are currently investigating the role of molecular therapeutics for the treatment of this disease. By better understanding molecular pathways that are disregulated, we hope to identify rational biologic targets. PTEN, a tumor suppressor gene, has been shown to play several roles in tumor suppression, including cell cycle arrest and promotion of apoptosis. The finding of PTEN mutations in 40–50% of endometrial cancers suggests this pathway is important in the pathogenesis of this disease. Loss of PTEN leads to constitutive activation of AKT, which in turn leads to upregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Because PTEN-deficient cancer cells may have upregulated activity of the mTOR, these cells may be sensitive to mTOR inhibition. Our preliminary findings have demonstrated phosphorylated mTOR expression in over 70% of preliminary endometrial cancers and over 50% of recurrent endometrial cancers. In addition, expression of mTOR is present in all endometrial cancer cell lines studies. RAD001 is a novel macrolide, which is being developed as an antiproliferative drug with applications as an immunosuppressor and anticancer agent. In a phase II study, we are currently evaluating RAD001 for the treatment of recurrent endometrioid endometrial cancer. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in the two most common histologic subtypes of endometrial cancer: uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) and endometrioid endometrial cancer. Overexpression of this receptor has been associated with advanced stage disease and a poor prognosis. Because of this, we hypothesize that targeting this receptor may help stabilize disease in those patients with recurrent disease. We are in the process of initiating a phase II trial evaluating Erbitux (anti-EGFR antibody) for the treatment of recurrent endometrial cancer. Finally, we have previously reported that imatinib targeted kinases are overexpressed in endometrial carcinomas, specifically UPSC. In a phase I/II study, we are evaluating the combination of Gleevec and paclitaxel for the treatment of advanced and recurrent UPSC. We feel that these studies may provide important information that will help improve the survival in the patients with recurrent endometrial cancer. In addition to clinical endpoints, we will be evaluating specific biologic endpoints that may help us to pre-select patients for specific therapies and identify which agents may work in combination with other cytotoxic or biologic therapies.
Spin susceptibility divergence in high-temperature superconductors

Abstract Neutron scattering experiments at low frequency reveal susceptibility peaks in La 2− x Sr x CuO 4 which diverge as the temperature is lowered toward the superconducting transition. This divergence at a nesting momentum stands out from the conventional Pauli susceptibility of this cuprate at long wavelengths. We explain the peak singularity by calculating many-body Coulomb correlations which originate from Fermi surface nesting and dominant vertex corrections. We sum the leading singularities using the parquet method and find that the susceptibility diverges as T − α , where α depends on the Coulomb interaction. Our theory also explains a similar susceptibility surge in the metallic V 2 O 3 .
Do Weak States Bandwagon

I would like to thank Lincoln P. Bloomfield, Benjamin Frankel, Jay P. Greene, Barry R. Rosen, and Stephen Van Evera for their constructive comments and criticisms of this paper. All lapses in analysis and fact are strictly my own.
Increased intestinal absorption of oleic acid with aging in the rat

Abstract Changes in nutrient absorption could be responsible for some of the disorders associated with aging. Oleic acid is the most common dietary fatty acid. Therefore, we investigated its absorption by the small intestine of aging rats in vivo . We used a single pass intestinal perfusion technique to study absorption in animals between 6 and 138 weeks of age. Rats less than 70 weeks of age absorbed 14,000 to 15,000 nmol of oleic acid per 100 cm/hr. In contrast, rats 94 weeks of age or older, absorbed 22,000 to 23,000 nmol of oleic acid per 100cm/hr. The 61% increase in oleic acid absorption as the rats aged correlated with a decrease in the resistance of the unstirred water layer from 0.8 to 0.5 min/cm 3 /100cm. Concomitantly, the surface area of the unstirred water layer increased from 97.1 to 141.2 cm 2 /100cm. The changes in unstirred water layer resistance and surface area explain the observed increase in absorption of oleic acid with aging. The increased surface area and decreased resistance of the unstirred water layer are both conductive to increased intestinal absorption of this lipid nutrient as the animals aged.
Application of three-valued logic for distributed termination detection

Abstract In this paper a three-valued logic method is used as a tool to design and proof the correctness of an algorithm for distributed termination detection. Dijkstra et al. proposed an algorithm that was based on the assumption of zero delay in the communication channels, where a token and a two-color rule were used to detect termination. Similar to Dijkstra's algorithm we have developed an algorithm for distributed systems that does not rely on any clock synchronization scheme. Moreover, it uses a communication channel model that is non-FIFO with finite delay message transmission. This algorithm uses two auxiliary message types, called token and control messages, in addition to the regular messages that are used for computation. Auxiliary messages travel in a Hamiltonian path, however, regular messages travel in any arbitrary path between the sender and receiver of the message. For developing and proving the termination detection algorithm, multiple tokens and control messages are used together with a three-valued logic scheme with the values 0, 1 2 and 1 representing colors black, gray and white, respectively.
Wife's employment and family expenditures

Data from the 1980–81 Consumer Expenditure Survey were used to examine the influence of wife's employment on spending on non-durable goods and time-saving services. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, except for personal care services, expenditure levels differed between working-wife and non-working-wife families. Other independent variables, however, were more influential in determining expenditure than was wife's employment status.
Characteristics of antibodies to guinea pig (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase and their use in cell-free synthesis studies.

Antibodies have been produced, in three rabbits, to Na/K-ATPase purified from guinea pig renal outer medulla. Each rabbit produced antibodies to both the alpha (catalytic) and the beta (glycoprotein) subunits of Na/K-ATPase. The titers of the anti-alpha and anti-beta antibodies varied with time and between rabbits. None of the antisera inhibited Na/K-ATPase activity under various preincubation conditions. A method is presented for separating small amounts of anti-alpha subunit from anti-beta subunit antibodies. There was no cross-reactivity of antibodies to one subunit with the other subunit. The alpha subunit of the Na/K-ATPase was cleaved into a 41,000-dalton peptide (that contains the ATP phosphorylating site) and a 58,000-dalton hydrophobic peptide as described by Castro and Farley (Castro, J., Farley, R.A., 1979, J. Biol. Chem. 254: 2221-2228). Anti-alpha antibodies from all of the rabbits reacted with both proteolytic fragments. The anti-guinea pig Na/K-ATPase antisera (pooled) cross-reacted with the alpha subunit of Na/K-ATPase from human, cow, dog, rabbit, rat, mouse, turtle, and toad; and with the beta subunit from human, rat, and mouse. The loci of cross-reactivity were investigated using partially purified canine kidney Na/K-ATPase cleaved with trypsin as described above. The anti-sera from rabbits 1 and 2 cross-reacted with the 41,000-dalton peptide from the dog but very little with the 58,000-dalton peptide. No cross-reactivity was observed with antiserum from rabbit 3 to either fragment. Guinea pig kidney RNA was translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system followed by immunoprecipitation with the antisera. The molecular weight of the cell-free synthesized alpha chain was 96,000 daltons. Its identity was established with purified anti-alpha antibodies and by immunocompetition with purified Na/K-ATPase and Ca-ATPase. Translation of the beta subunit was not detected in this system.
Coordinating prefetching and STT-RAM based last-level cache management for multicore systems

Data prefetching is a common mechanism to mitigate the bottleneck of off-chip memory bandwidth in modern computing systems. Unfortunately, the side effects of prefetching are an additional burden on off-chip communication and increased cache write operations. With the proposal of spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) based last-level caches (LLCs) for their high density and low power consumption, the increase of write pressure to the cache from prefetching coupled with the characteristically long write access compared with traditional SRAM caches exacerbates the performance cost of prefetching schemes. In this work, we propose two orthogonal techniques to reduce the negative performance impact induced by aggressive prefetching on multicore systems employing STT-RAM based LLC. First, basic priority assignment prioritizes the different types of access requests of LLC by their criticality and responds to them based on priority. Second, priority boosting differentiates requests by application and prioritizes the relatively few requests from applications with non-intensive accesses to the LLC, which usually creates the most severe performance degradation in multi-core systems. Combining these two prioritization policies can alleviate the negative effect induced by aggressive prefetching. Our results show that these techniques can achieve an 8.3 average application speedup compared to a baseline, prefetch only design without prioritization.
A chemical approach to designing Turing patterns in reaction-diffusion systems.

Abstract A systematic approach is suggested to design chemical systems capable of displaying stationary, symmetry-breaking reaction diffusion patterns (Turing structures). The technique utilizes the fact that reversible complexation of an activator species to form an unreactive, immobile complex reduces the effective diffusion constant of the activator, thereby facilitating the development of Turing patterns. The chlorine dioxide/iodine/malonic acid reaction is examined as an example, and it is suggested that a similar phenomenon may occur in some biological pattern formation processes.
Computer-aided detection of breast masses: Four-view strategy for screening mammography

Purpose: To improve the performance of a computer-aided detection (CAD) system for mass detection by using four-view information in screening mammography. Methods: The authors developed a four-view CAD system that emulates radiologists' reading by using the craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique views of the ipsilateral breast to reduce false positives (FPs) and the corresponding views of the contralateral breast to detect asymmetry. The CAD system consists of four major components: (1) Initial detection of breast masses on individual views, (2) information fusion of the ipsilateral views of the breast (referred to as two-view analysis), (3) information fusion of the corresponding views of the contralateral breast (referred to as bilateral analysis), and (4) fusion of the four-view information with a decision tree. The authors collected two data sets for training and testing of the CAD system: A mass set containing 389 patients with 389 biopsy-proven masses and a normal set containing 200 normal subjects. All cases had four-view mammograms. The true locations of the masses on the mammograms were identified by an experienced MQSA radiologist. The authors randomly divided the mass set into two independent sets for cross validation training and testing. The overall test performance was assessed by averaging the freemore » response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) curves of the two test subsets. The FP rates during the FROC analysis were estimated by using the normal set only. The jackknife free-response ROC (JAFROC) method was used to estimate the statistical significance of the difference between the test FROC curves obtained with the single-view and the four-view CAD systems. Results: Using the single-view CAD system, the breast-based test sensitivities were 58% and 77% at the FP rates of 0.5 and 1.0 per image, respectively. With the four-view CAD system, the breast-based test sensitivities were improved to 76% and 87% at the corresponding FP rates, respectively. The improvement was found to be statistically significant (p<0.0001) by JAFROC analysis. Conclusions: The four-view information fusion approach that emulates radiologists' reading strategy significantly improves the performance of breast mass detection of the CAD system in comparison with the single-view approach.« less
Deceived: under target online

Suppose you’re trying to access your favorite search engine. You haven’t bookmarked it, so you type “google.com” in your browser. Accidentally, you mistype “gogle.com” instead. Your browser brings you to a page that looks just like Google’s but is connected to a competitor’s search engine. At the bottom of the page there is some small print warning that the site you’re viewing is not affiliated with google.com. Did you take time to read it? Probably not. Something similar would have happened if you had typed “gugle.com”, “guggle.com” or “goggle.com.” You’ve just been “page-jacked” [2]. While the negative consequences from this particular incident are probably not very serious, it is easy to imagine what might have happened if a criminal tried to simulate your bank Web site—in particular the page where you log-in your account number and your password. Actually, there is no need to imagine it. It has already happened. Page-jacking—the practice of simulating a legitimate page to obtain secrets or business from an unsuspecting Internet user—is an example of Internet deception. Studies have shown that even sophisticated, technologically-competent Internet shoppers are relatively easy prey for such deceptive copycat sites [4]. Page-jacking is just one example of a set of deviant behaviors that we call Internet deception (such as fraud, misleading advertisement, manipulations of financial information). In the period from 1996 to 1999, the number of reports to Internet Fraud Watch (IFW), a research organization funded by a major credit card network, grew more than 250% annually. Consumer complaints have grown so numerous that several federal agencies—the Federal Trade Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission, and the Department of Justice—have started specialized programs for the detection and prosecution of Internet fraud. While Internet deception is troubling in its own right, its rising occurrence is a threat to Internet commerce. When buyers have trouble discriminating between good and bad products, even a small number of deceptive sellers might “poison” a market—driving out good products and eventually the consumers [1, 7]. To counter this
Preliminary Evaluation of Myoelectric Control of an Active Transfemoral Prosthesis During Stair Ascent

This paper presents the development and preliminary validation of a control interface for a transfemoral prosthesis that enables EMG-based control of a powered knee during stair ascent. The approach uses results from non-amputee gait studies of stair ascent in the design of a control architecture that enables EMG modulation of knee torque in a manner biomechanically similar to that exhibited by non-amputee subjects. The myoelectric torque controller is formulated with a finite-state linear impedance model in stance and swing. The stance phase is modulated by surface EMG signals co-activated by antagonist residuum muscles. Preliminary results with a sound-limb subject using a knee immobilizer indicate that the EMG-based control architecture has the potential to enable the amputee to directly generate torque commands appropriate for stair ascent using an actively powered artificial limb.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Equal Exodeviations: Characteristics and Results of Treatment with Orthoptics

A retrospective study of 49 patients (22 males and 27 females) has been completed. The mean age of the group was 20.1 years. Diplopia, headaches, asthenopia and blur as a result of binocular visual...
A balloon-borne grating spectrometer.

A balloon-borne, 0.5-m, Czerny–Turner grating spectrometer has been designed and constructed at the University of Denver and has measured atmospheric transmittance in several spectral regions between 2 μ and 14 μ. These data have been obtained on a series of eleven balloon flights at three geographic locations over a period of thirty months. The solar pointing system, spectrometer optics, electronics and recording system are described. The preflight and flight performance of the spectrometer is discussed and sample data presented.
STATISTICAL VERSUS SALES FORCE–EXECUTIVE OPINION SHORT RANGE FORECASTS: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS CASE STUDY

This paper presents a comparison of statistical techniques versus a sales force-executive opinion approach to forecasting single item demand over a five year period for a single company. Three statistical techniques are used: Winter's three parameter exponential smoothing model, Brown's harmonic model, and Box-Jenkins methodology. These techniques are compared against the company's forecasts and actual sales for a five year period. The results indicate an interesting area for further research.
Circulating immunoglobulin-secreting cells in rheumatoid arthritis

The level of circulating cells secreting IgG, IgM, and IgA (IgSC) provides insight into the degree of in vivo polyclonal B-cell activation (PBA). Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exhibit abnormalities in humoral immune responses suggestive of augmented in vivo polyclonal B-cell activation. Therefore, a protein A reverse hemolytic plaque assay was used to measure the level of circulating IgSC in 32 RA patients. The mean level of circulating IgSC in RA patients was 3602 +/- 747 (SEM) compared to a mean of 1407 +/- 443 in patients with other types of arthritis and 1253 +/- 216 (P less than 0.02) in healthy volunteers. Levels found in RA patients did not appear to reflect disease activity or concomitant corticosteroid therapy. However, a subset of RA patients receiving gold therapy had levels of IgSC (1381 +/- 501) similar to those seen in healthy volunteers (P greater than 0.5). These data are consistent with augmented in vivo polyclonal B-cell activation in RA. In addition they suggest that gold affects mechanisms controlling in vivo B-cell activation.
Dopaminergic Modulation of GABAergic Transmission in the Entorhinal Cortex: Concerted Roles of α1 Adrenoreceptors, Inward Rectifier K+, and T-Type Ca2+ Channels

Whereas the entorhinal cortex (EC) receives profuse dopaminergic innervations from the midbrain, the effects of dopamine (DA) on γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons in this brain region have not been determined. We probed the actions of DA on GABAA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the EC. Application of DA increased the frequency, not the amplitude, of spontaneous IPSCs (sIPSCs) and miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs) recorded from entorhinal principal neurons, but slightly reduced the amplitude of the evoked IPSCs. The effects of DA were unexpectedly found to be mediated by α1 adrenoreceptors, but not by DA receptors. DA endogenously released by the application of amphetamine also increased the frequency of sIPSCs. Ca(2+) influx via T-type Ca(2+) channels was required for DA-induced facilitation of sIPSCs and mIPSCs. DA depolarized and enhanced the firing frequency of action potentials of interneurons. DA-induced depolarization was independent of extracellular Na(+) and Ca(2+) and did not require the functions of hyperpolarization-activated (Ih) channels and T-type Ca(2+) channels. DA-generated currents showed a reversal potential close to the K(+) reversal potential and inward rectification, suggesting that DA inhibits the inward rectifier K(+) channels (Kirs). Our results demonstrate that DA facilitates GABA release by activating α1 adrenoreceptors to inhibit Kirs, which further depolarize interneurons resulting in secondary Ca(2+) influx via T-type Ca(+) channels.
Serving Rural Adult Learners.

Changing needs, increasing numbers of adult learners, and new communications technologies are stimulating innovative continuing education in rural America.
Experimental acute staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse: the influence of pathological changes on the kinetics and therapeutic action of cloxacillin.

Abstract Acute mastitis was produced by inoculating 10 6 cfu Staphylococcus aureus into normal lactating-mouse mammary glands. Rapid multiplication of bacteria occurred, with the production of alpha toxin, liquefactive necrosis, and death. Intramammary administration of sodium cloxacillin simultaneously with, or soon after, infection prevented clinical disease and reduced bacterial numbers, whereas treatment of more advanced disease was unsuccessful. Higher concentrations of cloxacillin occurred in mastitic glands than in normal glands. The distribution of [ 35 S]-labelled cloxacillin, as assessed by an autoradiographic technique, was good in normal but impaired in mastitic glands. Nevertheless, inhibitory concentrations were achieved throughout the diseased tissue. After treatment with cloxacillin many staphylococci were gram-negative; grampositive cocci were also seen, especially in association with neutrophils. Failure of treatment in the late stages of the disease was attributed to high bacterial numbers and decelerated multiplication.
SOLAR: sound object localization and retrieval in complex audio environments

The ability to identify sounds in complex audio environments is highly useful for multimedia retrieval, security, and many mobile robotic applications, but very little work has been done in this area. We present the SOLAR system, a system capable of finding sound objects, such as dog barks or car horns, in complex audio data extracted from movies. SOLAR avoids the need for segmentation by scanning over the audio data in fixed increments and classifying each short audio window separately. SOLAR employs boosted decision tree classifiers to select suitable features for modeling each sound object and to discriminate between the object of interest and all other sounds. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach with experiments on thirteen sound object classes trained using only tens of positive examples and tested on hours of audio data extracted from popular movies.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF HABITAT FRAGMENTATION EFFECTS

Ecologists have used a variety of comparative mensurative and manipulative experimental approaches to study the biological consequences of habitat fragmentation. In this paper, we evaluate the merits of the two major approaches and offer guidelines for selecting a design. Manipulative experiments rigorously assess fragmentation effects by comparing pre- and post-treatment conditions. Yet they are often constrained by a number of practical limitations, such as the difficulty in implementing large-scale treatments and the impracticality of measuring the long-term (decades to centuries) responses to the imposed treatments. Comparative mensurative studies generally involve substituting space for time, and without pre-treatment control, can be constrained by variability in ecological characteristics among different landscapes. These confounding effects can seriously limit the strength of inferences. Depending on the scale of the study system and how “landscape” is defined, both approaches may be limited by the difficulty of replicating at the landscape scale. Overall, both mensurative and manipulative approaches have merit and can contribute to the body of knowledge on fragmentation. However, from our review of 134 fragmentation studies published recently in three major ecological journals, it is evident that most manipulative and mensurative fragmentation experiments have not provided clear insights into the ecological mechanisms and effects of habitat fragmentation. We discuss the reasons for this and conclude with recommendations for improving the design and implementation of fragmentation experiments.