cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of sequence dispersity on morphology of tapered diblock copolymers from molecular dynamics simulations

Tapered diblock copolymers are similar to typical AB diblock copolymers but have an added transition region between the two blocks which changes gradually in composition from pure A to pure B. This tapered region can be varied from 0% (true diblock) to 100% (gradient copolymer) of the polymer length, and this allows some control over the microphase separated domain spacing and other material properties. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of linearly tapered block copolymers with tapers of various lengths, initialized from fluids density functional theory predictions. To investigate the effect of sequence dispersity, we compare systems composed of identical polymers, whose taper has a fixed sequence that most closely approximates a linear gradient, with sequentially disperse polymers, whose sequences are created statistically to yield the appropriate ensemble average linear gradient. Especially at high segregation strength, we find clear differences in polymer conformations and microstructures between these systems. Importantly, the statistical polymers are able to find more favorable conformations given their sequence, for instance, a statistical polymer with a larger fraction of A than the median will tend towards the A lamellae. The conformations of the statistically different polymers can thus be less stretched, and these systems have higher overall density. Consequently, the lamellae formed by statistical polymers have smaller domain spacing with sharper interfaces.
Birth Settings and the Validation of Neonatal Seizures Recorded in Birth Certificates Compared to Medicaid Claims and Hospital Discharge Abstracts Among Live Births in South Carolina, 1996-2013.

Objective Neonatal seizures in the first 28 days of life often reflect underlying brain injury or abnormalities, and measure the quality of perinatal care in out-of-hospital births. Using the 2003 revision of birth certificates only, three studies reported more neonatal seizures recorded among home births ​or planned out-of-hospital births compared to hospital births. However, the validity of recording neonatal seizures or serious neurologic dysfunction across birth settings in birth certificates has not been evaluated. We aimed to validate seizure recording in birth certificates across birth settings using multiple datasets. Methods We examined checkbox items “seizures” and “seizure or serious neurologic dysfunction” in the 1989 and 2003 revisions of birth certificates in South Carolina from 1996 to 2013. Gold standards were ICD-9-CM codes 779.0, 345.X, and 780.3 in either hospital discharge abstracts or Medicaid encounters jointly. Results Sensitivity, positive predictive value, false positive rate, and the kappa statistic of neonatal seizures recording were 7%, 66%, 34%, and 0.12 for the 2003 revision of birth certificates in 547,177 hospital births from 2004 to 2013 and 5%, 33%, 67%, and 0.09 for the 1998 revision in 396,776 hospital births from 1996 to 2003, and 0, 0, 100%, −0.002 among 660 intended home births from 2004 to 2013 and 920 home births from 1996 to 2003, respectively. Conclusions for Practice Despite slight improvement across revisions, South Carolina birth certificates under-reported or falsely reported seizures among hospital births and especially home births. Birth certificates alone should not be used to measure neonatal seizures or serious neurologic dysfunction.
Prevalence of Contralateral Tumors in Patients with Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Background Thyroid lobectomy alone is being performed increasingly for patients with encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (fvPTC). However, the prevalence of contralateral disease in these patients is unknown. We investigated the presence of synchronous disease in fvPTC to improve decision making about the extent of surgical resection and need for surveillance. Study Design We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent thyroid surgery from October 2009 to February 2013 with a diagnosis of fvPTC as their primary lesion. We collected information on patient demographics, nodule size, multifocality, fine-needle aspiration results, lymphovascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension, and lymph node metastasis. Tumors were divided into noninvasive and invasive/infiltrative fvPTC categories. Characteristics of solitary and bilateral fvPTC were compared. Results We identified 124 patients with final pathology demonstrating fvPTC. The most common fine-needle aspiration diagnosis was "suspicious for malignancy" (n = 53). Sixty-five contralateral tumors were identified in 44 of 124 patients (35.5%) and included fvPTC (n = 40), classical PTC (n = 22), tall cell PTC (n = 2), and follicular carcinoma (n = 1). Fifty contralateral tumors were 1 to 5 mm, 10 measured 6 to 9 mm, and 5 were ≥10 mm. Contralateral disease correlated significantly with lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.037) and larger primary lesions (p = 0.020). There was no significant difference noted in extrathyroidal extension or lymph node metastasis. Both noninvasive and invasive/infiltrative fvPTC demonstrated similar rates of contralateral disease. Conclusions Bilateral disease is common in fvPTC, primarily in the form of papillary microcarcinomas. Future monitoring of the contralateral lobe should be discussed with fvPTC patients who do not undergo completion thyroidectomy.
Differential Cross Sections for the Reactions C 12 (Li 6 , α)N 14 and C 12 (Li 7 , α)N 15

Differential cross sections have been measured for the reactions ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}({\mathrm{Li}}^{6}, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}({\mathrm{Li}}^{7}, \ensuremath{\alpha}){\mathrm{N}}^{15}$ with the residual nuclei in their ground or first few excited states. The total cross section for the 2.31-Mev $T=1$ state of ${\mathrm{N}}^{14}$ is 0.1 mb at 4.0 Mev, compared to a cross section of 2.9 mb for the ground state; this violation of the isotopic spin selection rule is probably due to mixing of different isotopic spin states in the compound nucleus ${\mathrm{F}}^{18}$. The differential cross sections for the other levels have general features suggestive of a direct interaction.
Leveraging Interfaces to Improve Recommendation Diversity

Increasing diversity in the output of a recommender system is an active research question for solving a long-tail issue. Most of the current approaches have focused on ranked list optimization to improve recommendation diversity. However, little is known about the effect that a visual interface can have on this issue. This paper shows that a multidimensional visualization promotes diversity of social exploration in the context of an academic conference. Our study shows a significant difference in the exploration pattern between ranked list and visual interfaces. The results show that a visual interface can help the user explore a a more diverse set of recommended items.
Influence of Wide Excision of the Neurovascular Bundle(s) on Prognosis in Men with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer with Established Capsular Penetration

AbstractWe analyzed 107 men with clinically localized prostate cancer who had pathologically established capsular penetration in the region of the neurovascular bundles to determine the effect of wide excision of the neurovascular bundle(s) on disease-free survival. In 38 patients established capsular penetration was not suspected clinically and the neurovascular bundle(s) were preserved. In 69 patients established capsular penetration was suspected, and 1 or both neurovascular bundles were excised widely with the prostate. Disease-free survival was defined by an undetectable serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level postoperatively. Wide excision of the neurovascular bundle(s) resulted in negative surgical margins in 40 of 69 patients (58%) compared to only 17 of 38 (45%) in whom the neurovascular bundle(s) was left intact (p = 0.03). Median interval to disease recurrence, as defined by a measurable serum PSA level, was 22 months in the group in whom the neurovascular bundles were preserved versus 33 m...
Silicon Coordinates DNA Replication with Transcription of the Replisome Factors in Diatom Algae

Transcription is a key in coordinating the action of actors involved in DNA replication. The present research characterizes the impact of silicon on transcription for selected replicative genes in two diatom microalgae: Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. We show a relationship between the RNA expression of major replicative actors and silicon concentration using q-PCR and SSH. Thanks to phylogenetical homologies with diatoms and eukaryotic genes, these results could indicate a new regulation process of cell cycle for all living beings. Our results tend to confirm initially the central role of mRNA expression control in regulating DNA replication. Silicon, as an epigenomic element, seems to impact on the expression of 15 target genes belonging to the following groups: the polymerases group, POLA2 p68 and PRIM1 p49 (DNA polymerase α/primase), DNA polymerase e POLE1, DNA polymerase δ POLD, the PCNA sliding clamp, the ternary complex (CMG group, CDC45, subunit PSF2 of GINS, helicase subunit MCM 2,3,6), and the “maturation-promoting factor” (MPF group, CDK-A (p34cdc2). Finally, we demonstrate, by comparing the two models, that silicon promotes the expression of POLD1, POLE1, and POLE3, and PSF2 mRNA expression.
Taste neophobia: Neural substrates and palatability

Abstract Animals, including humans, are reluctant to eat a new food because they have no information about the content—whether it is safe to eat or poisonous. In fact, on first encounter with a novel edible, most animals will eat only a small amount of the new food and in the ensuing seconds to hours wait to discover the postingestive consequences. If the edible has no aversive systemic effects, then more of the food will be consumed on subsequent encounters until the food is recognized as safe. Conversely, if aversive postingestive effects are experienced, the animal learns to refrain from eating the food on subsequent encounters. The initial reluctance to eat the new food is termed taste (or more generally food) neophobia and the acquired knowledge that the food is poisonous is called a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). My aim in this chapter is to examine the neural substrates and nature of taste neophobia, which will also include its relationship with CTA learning. In order to provide background and perspective, I will begin by noting some of the characteristics of taste neophobia and CTA. The primary focus of the chapter, however, will be the recent research from my laboratory, which supports a novel conceptual analysis that goes beyond the scope of the traditional view of these phenomena.
An Introduction to the Self-Adjointness and Spectral Analysis of Schrödinger Operators

We will give an introduction to the study of Schrodinger operators, -Δ+V. Even though I can skip general features of N-body systems and of scattering which will be discussed in detail by the other speakers, I will still only be able to scratch the surface of an extensive subject with a large literature. For references until 1966, the reader can consult the excellent review article of Kato [19] — we will mainly give more recent references. Among the monograph references, we recommend Faris [14], Kato [20], Reed-Simon [29,30,31] and Thirring [44].
HYDROGEN-FUELED POSTAL VEHICLE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

Fuel consumption, range, and emissions data were obtained while operating a hydrogen-fueled postal delivery vehicle over a defined Postal Service Driving Cycle and the 1975 Urban Driving Cycle. The vehicle's fuel consumption was 0.366 pounds of hydrogen per mile over the postal driving cycle and 0.22 pounds of hydrogen per mile over the urban driving cycle. These data correspond to 6.2 and 10.6 mpg equivalent gasoline mileage for the two driving cycles, respectively. The vehicle's range was 24.2 miles while being operated on the postal driving cycle. Vehicle emissions were measured over the urban driving cycle. HC and CO emissions were quite low, as would be expected. The oxides of nitrogen were found to be 4.86 gm/mi, a value which is well above the current Federal and California standards. Vehicle limitations discussed include excessive engine flashbacks, inadequate acceleration capability the engine air/fuel ratio, the water injection systems, and the cab temperature. Other concerns are safety considerations, iron-titanium hydride observed in the fuel system, evidence of water in the engine rocker cover, and the vehicle maintenance required during the evaluation.
Desertification in Relation to Climate Variability and Change

Ecosystems in semiarid regions appear to be undergoing degradation processes commonly described as desertification. We review the concepts, definitions, and processes pertinent to the problem. Focusing on the long-term drought in the African Sahel as a case study, we analyze the relationships among climatic, biophysical, and social factors. Hypotheses related to the causation and persistence of drought involve the roles of land–surface change, atmospheric dust, and ocean–atmosphere dynamics. Remote sensing techniques have made possible monitoring ecosystem changes on a regional scale. Where fresh water resources are available, irrigation can be an effective way to stabilize and intensify agricultural production, but water resource development needs to be accompanied by water conservation and salinity control. Key social factors include land tenure, institutional structures, and population growth. Projections derived from global climate models suggest that drought conditions in the Sahel may worsen in the coming decades. Given challenges facing semiarid countries, vulnerability to the intertwined effects of degradation and climate change appears to be high. Improvements of scientific understanding of climate phenomena and their interconnections over space and time offer opportunities for controlling destructive land-use practices, augmenting carbon sinks through better soil management, and enhancing resilience.
Effecting and leading change in health care organizations.

Article-at-a-Glance Background Understanding change is crucial to implementing quality improvement (QI) initiatives. Widespread change will be required to correct what many consider to be outmoded and deficient systems of care. This article summarizes the current literature—within both health care and the fields of business and management—regarding how change occurs at the individual and organizational levels. Part 1 focuses on changing clinician behavior, which is instrumental to any effort directed in the health care setting. Part 2 examines the culture of change. Part 3 addresses issues of leadership, along with the necessary steps to guide change in an organization. Part 4 summarizes key elements of change. Finally, Part 5 provides three case examples of QI initiatives reported in the recent literature to illustrate how the application of the knowledge of change management can assist in the successful implementation of QI programs. Key elements of change The knowledge base regarding successful change in health care organizations can be summarized in eight crucial strategies or principles: (1) develop a vision for change, (2) focus on the change process, (3) analyze which individuals in the organization must respond to the proposed change and what barriers exist, (4) build partnerships between physicians and the administration, (5) create a culture of continuous commitment to change, (6) ensure that change begins with leadership, (7) ensure that change is well communicated, and (8) build in accountability for change. Conclusion A knowledge of change management can help leaders of QI programs in health care organizations successfully apply these concepts to bring about much-needed transformations in health care.
Physician survey on utilization of clinical cancer genetics services at an academic institution.

e13507Background: Cancer genetic testing guides disease surveillance in those with moderate to high cancer risk and serves as a tool for personalized medicine in those diagnosed with cancer. Primar...
Identification of Neural Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Auditory Cortex In Vitro

Auditory signals are processed in multiple central nervous system structures, including the auditory cortex (AC). Development of stem cell biology provides the opportunity to identify neural stem cells (NSCs) in the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether NSCs exist in the AC. The aim of this study is to determine the existence of NSCs in the postnatal mouse AC. To accomplish this aim, postnatal mouse AC tissues were dissected and dissociated into singular cells and small cell clumps, which were suspended in the culture medium to observe neurosphere formation. The spheres were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence to determine expression of NSC genes and proteins. In addition, AC-spheres were cultured in the presence or absence of astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) to study neural differentiation. The results show that AC-derived cells were able to proliferate to form neurospheres, which expressed multiple NSC genes and proteins, including SOX2 and NESTIN. AC-derived NSCs (AC-NSCs) differentiated into cells expressing neuronal and glial cell markers. However, the neuronal generation rate is low in the culture medium containing nerve growth factor, ∼8%. To stimulate neuronal generation, AC-NSCs were cultured in the culture medium containing ACM. In the presence of ACM, ∼29% AC-NSCs differentiated into cells expressing neuronal marker class III β-tubulin (TUJ1). It was observed that the length of neurites of AC-NSC-derived neurons in the ACM group was significantly longer than that of the control group. In addition, synaptic protein immunostaining showed significantly higher expression of synaptic proteins in the ACM group. These results suggest that ACM is able to stimulate neuronal differentiation, extension of neurites, and expression of synaptic proteins. Identifying AC-NSCs and determining effects of ACM on NSC differentiation will be important for the auditory research and other neural systems.
Conical twin-screw extrusion is an effective inactivation process for Salmonella in low-moisture foods at temperatures above 65 °C

Abstract Single-screw extrusion is an effective tool in reducing microbial contamination, however, limited data exists on the efficacy of twin-screw extrusion for microbial inactivation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fat (5–15%), moisture content (14–26%), temperature (55–85 °C), and screw speed (75–225 rpm) on Salmonella inactivation during the twin-screw extrusion of oat flour. Results indicated that Salmonella population was below the detection limit ( 65 °C. However, at 55 °C, Salmonella reduction ranged from 0.0 to 9.0 log CFU/g. Therefore, this data (55 °C) was used to develop the response surface equation. Fat content and screw speed showed a significant negative linear effect on Salmonella reduction, whereas, moisture content showed a significant linear and quadratic effect. As the industrial extrusion is commonly performed at temperatures >65 °C, twin-screw extrusion can be used as an effective process intervention step, after validation. The developed model can serve as a baseline for the industry to validate their extrusion process for food safety.
Analysis of Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation on Rutile TiO2(110)

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation provides a promising route to produce reactive nitrogen compounds at benign conditions. Titania has been reported as an active photocatalyst for reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia; however there is little fundamental understanding of how this process occurs. In this work the rutile (110) model surface is hypothesized to be the active site, and a computational model based on the Bayesian error estimation functional (BEEF-vdW) and computational hydrogen electrode is applied in order to analyze the expected dinitrogen coverage at the surface as well as the overpotentials for electrochemical reduction and oxidation. This is the first application of computational techniques to photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, and the results indicate that the thermodynamic limiting potential for nitrogen reduction on rutile (110) is considerably higher than the conduction band edge of rutile TiO2, even at oxygen vacancies and iron substitutions. This work provides strong evidence against the m...
Aquaporin-1 Expression in Herniated Human Lumbar Intervertebral Discs.

Study Design:Case series.Objective:Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is the cause of spondylosis. The pathogenesis is poorly understood, but disc dehydration often plays a role. In this study,...
Evaluation of die to organic laminate to PCB interconnects up to 50GHz

Abstract Ceramic substrates have traditionally been used in RF and microwave packaging applications because of the electrical properties at high frequencies. However, there is significant interest ...
Race and ethnicity considerations in traumatic brain injury research: Incidence, reporting, and outcome

This study has three goals: to determine whether there is a higher rate of traumatic brain injury (TBI) for people of color (POC), whether TBI studies report racial/ethnic demographics, and whether...
The care of prints and drawings, Second Edition / Paper and water: A guide for conservators, Second revised and enlarged edition

Two new second editions of two seminal texts are now available for purchase.Margaret Holben Ellis’s The Care of Prints and Drawings has been revised, 30 years after its original publication, and th...
Consequences and Solutions for the Impact of Communication Impairment on Noninvasive Ventilation Therapy for Acute Respiratory Failure: A Focused Review.

Objectives With over 2 million cases of acute respiratory failure in the United States per year, noninvasive ventilation has become a leading treatment modality, often supplanting invasive mechanical ventilation as the initial treatment of choice. Most acute respiratory failure patients use a full face (oronasal) mask with noninvasive ventilation, which is known to impair communication, but its popularity and benefit has led many providers to accept the communication impairment. Medical staff periodically remove masks to communicate with patients, but patients are often limited to short utterances and risk lung derecruitment upon removal of positive pressure. These problems can lead to noninvasive ventilation failure, which is often linked to worse outcomes than first initiating invasive mechanical ventilation and can lead to increased hospitalization costs. Data sources We searched MEDLINE and Google Scholar for "speech," "communication," "impairment," "failure," "complications," "NIPPV," "NIV," and "noninvasive ventilation." Study selection We included articles with patients in acute respiratory failure. We excluded articles for patients using noninvasive ventilation therapy for obstructive sleep apnea. Data synthesis Communication impairment has been associated with increasing noninvasive ventilation anxiety (odds ratio, 1.25). Of patients using noninvasive ventilation, 48% require early discontinuation, 22% refuse noninvasive ventilation, and 9% are ultimately intubated. Improvements to communication have been shown to reduce fear and anxiety in invasive mechanical ventilation patients. Analogous communication problems exist with effective solutions in other fields, such as fighter pilot masks, that can be easily implemented to enhance noninvasive ventilation patient care, increase adherence to noninvasive ventilation treatment, and improve patient outcomes. Conclusions Communication impairment is an underappreciated cause of noninvasive ventilation complications and failure and requires further characterization. Analogous solutions-such as throat microphones and mask-based microphones-that can be easily implemented show potential as cost-effective methods to reduce noninvasive ventilation failure.
Sex differences in the association between sexual violence victimization and suicidal behaviors among adolescents

Abstract The objective of this study was to examine sex differences in the association between sexual violence victimization and suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among adolescents. Data for this study came from the 2017 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. An analytic sample of 10,475 adolescents aged 14–18 years (52.3% female) was analyzed. We used binary logistic regression to examine the association between sexual violence victimization and suicidal ideation and suicide attempt. We adjusted for the complexity of the sampling design and handled missing data using Multiple Imputation by Chained Equations. About 18% of adolescents experienced suicidal ideation and 7.5% attempted suicide during the past 12 months. About one in ten adolescents (15.5% of females versus 3.6% of males) experienced sexual violence. Controlling for other factors, the odds of reporting suicidal ideation were 1.86 times higher for females who experienced sexual violence (AOR=1.86, 95% CI=1.44–2.42) when compared to their non-victimized counterparts. Females who experienced sexual violence had almost double the odds of making a suicide attempt (AOR=1.94, 95% CI=1.43–2.65) whereas males who experienced sexual violence had more than threefold higher odds of making a suicide attempt (AOR=3.32, 95% CI=2.17–5.08). Understanding the association between sexual violence victimization and suicidal behaviors could contribute to early identification of adolescents who may be at risk of engaging in suicidal behaviors.
Asymptomatic Cholelithiasis and Bariatric Surgery: a Comprehensive Long-Term Analysis of the Risks of Biliary Disease in Patients Undergoing Primary Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass.

Currently, there is little consensus on management of the in situ gallbladder of patients undergoing gastric bypass. Our aim was to evaluate outcomes of selective concomitant cholecystectomy (CCY) and long-term biliary outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). We performed a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing laparoscopic RYGB (LRYGB) between 2008 and 2018. Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, or Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used to compare outcomes. Concomitant CCY was performed on a selective basis. Three thousand and four patients underwent a RYGB (LRYGB n = 2458, open RYGB n = 546). Fifty-two percent (n = 1670) of patients had undergone CCY at any stage. Thirty-one percent of patients (n = 933) had CCY prior to RYGB, 13% (n = 403) had a concomitant CCY and 13% (n = 214) of the remainder required interval CCY. In the LRYGB subgroup, 29.9% (n = 735) had a prior CCY; 12.9% (n = 202) of those with an in situ gallbladder required interval CCY. Those who underwent concomitant CCY/LRYGB (n = 328) were compared with LRYGB alone (n = 1231). The concomitant CCY group was significantly older and had higher percentage of females, higher preoperative BMI, higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, and a higher medication count. There was no significant difference in BMI nadir, length of stay, complications, or mortality. Interval CCY had a higher incidence of CCY-related complications. Our study suggests a higher percentage of bariatric patients with in situ gallbladders will undergo interval CCY than documented in recently published guidelines. Concomitant CCY can be performed without an increase in length of stay or complications. Interval CCY may be associated with a higher complication rate.
Evaluating Performance Portability of OpenACC

Accelerator-based heterogeneous computing is gaining momentum in High Performance Computing arena. However, the increased complexity of the accelerator architectures demands more generic, high-level programming models. OpenACC is one such attempt to tackle the problem. While the abstraction endowed by OpenACC offers productivity, it raises questions on its portability. This paper evaluates the performance portability obtained by OpenACC on twelve OpenACC programs on NVIDIA CUDA, AMD GCN, and Intel MIC architectures. We study the effects of various compiler optimizations and OpenACC program settings on these architectures to provide insights into the achieved performance portability.
Extremization of Linear Integrals by Green's Theorem

Publisher Summary A new procedure has been developed to solve linear problems of both the simple type and the isoperimetric type. This procedure is based on Green's theorem relative to the transformation of line integrals into surface integrals. In these problems the functional form to be extremized and the possible isoperimetric constraint are linear in the derivative of the unknown function. When dealing with the extremization of linear integrals, it is important to study the behavior of the fundamental function (ω) within the admissible domain. The equation of the extremal arc is related to the sign of the function ω. The sense in which this extremal arc is to be traveled depends on the sign of the function ω and whether a maximum or a minimum value is desired for the integral. On the other hand, if the function ω changes sign within the admissible domain, the extremal arc is discontinuous and is composed of subarcs. Linear problems are frequently observed in the dynamics of flight of turbojet, turbofan, ramjet, and rocket vehicles. This chapter illustrates several linear problems associated with the flight trajectory of a short-range, air-to-air missile arid with the re-entry of a variable-geometry ballistic missile.
Competition and Fragmentation in the Equity Markets: The Effect of Regulation Nms

The 1974 Amendments to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 set forth the goal of establishing a National Market System (NMS) in which all equity trades would be integrated into a common computerized trading system. The paper argues that such a system cannot serve the needs of all investorslarge or small, informed or uninformed. The recently approved Regulation NMS is an attempt to impose such a common trading system onto the equity market. Large institutions with their resources will find ways to evade it and are already fragmenting the market with "dark pools" of liquidity. This Regulation will certainly result in unintended consequences, to the detriment of the US equity market.
On Savages and Other Children

Volume 2 of Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology is another volume primarily for the specialist. It contains eight serious and very competent papers on cognitive styles, perceptual organization, development and socialization in Israel, ecological analyses, everyday concepts of intelligence, achievement motivation, informal modes of learning and teaching in Zinacanteco, and major psychological factors influencing Japanese interpersonal relations. As part of a continuing series, it seems to be precisely what it ought to be and sets a high standard for subsequent volumes. I found the papers on Israel and Zinacanteco to be of particular interest, but the volume as a whole is highly recommended.
A 32 Mb/s fully-integrated read channel for disk-drive applications

The authors describe a mixed-signal ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) which integrates the entire disk-drive and read channel by combining bipolar and CMOS circuit techniques and taking advantage of the inherent device properties of each. The chip contains approximately 10000 devices fabricated in a 1.5- mu m 5-V-only BiCMOS process and implements the traditional peak detector architecture supporting zoned-bit recording applications. The 800-mW worst-case power dissipation and pin count of 52 are achieved by reducing the off-chip component requirement to that of bypass and coupling capacitors, the loop filter components for the AGC, and the phase-locked loops. Integration of the continuous-time filter eliminates high-accuracy inductors or capacitors for the lowpass filter/equalizer/differentiator networks. On-chip sampling capacitors for the servo peaks maintain matching between servo channels. >
Mode engineering in ultra-low loss bi-periodic photonic crystal waveguides

We present a new platform for designing ultra-low loss wideband photonic crystal (PC) structures using bi-periodic PC waveguides. We show that optimal PC waveguides allow for single-mode guiding over a wide frequency range with linear dispersion below the light line. We present several high-level structures (especially bends and couplers) using this new platform and compare theoretical and experimental results.
It's All About Contacts

A key requirement in molecular electronics studies is the ability to measure the conductivity of a single molecule. But as Hipps explains in his Perspective, such measurements are often more about contacts than about molecular conductivity. Depending on the experimental setup, DNA behaves like a semiconductor, insulator, or metal. Cui et al . have designed a method that overcomes some of these problems, opening the door to systematic, reliable, and reproducible studies of the molecule-contact interface.
Counterproductive work behaviours in response to emotional exhaustion: a moderated mediational approach.

Drawing from the conservation of resources framework and self-control principles, we proposed a moderated mediational model through which emotional exhaustion may be linked to counterproductive work behaviours (CWBs). Analyses conducted with 175 Midwestern government workers revealed that both depersonalization (i.e. detachment from one’s work, customers or co-workers) and organizational disidentification (i.e. cognitive opposition to an organization) were viable predictors of deviancy. Further, depersonalization and disidentification mediated the relationship between emotional exhaustion and CWBs, although disidentification drove these findings. Lastly, trait self-control moderated most variations of this relationship, in that this mediational model only applied to individuals with low and moderate self-control but not high self-control. Consistent with the conservation of resources framework, this study suggests that in a state of depleted emotional resources, heightened depersonalization and disidentification together provide the necessary levels of psychological/emotional withdrawal and justification for CWBs to emerge. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scaling Down Habitat Selection by Large River Fishes to Understand Patterns Relevant to Individuals

Modification and homogenization of habitat in large-river ecosystems have led to the reduction of >50% of native fish species. Rehabilitating these complex ecosystems to recover fish populations requires an understanding of habitat availability and selection at multiple scales. Habitat selection by river fishes is typically assessed at the functional unit scale (100–10 000 m2). For example, in large, sand-dominated rivers of the Central USA, alluvial islands are critical functional units for endangered sturgeon. Functional units, however, can be subdivided into mesohabitats (<100 m2), but very little is known about mesohabitat selection by large river fishes. We evaluated the mesohabitat selection of the federally endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) and more abundant shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus) experimentally. We tested for selection among four common mesohabitat types that are nested within alluvial island complexes: (1) sand-only substratum with no structure; (2) sand substratum with a sand dune structure; (3) sand substratum with simulated vegetation; and (4) a gravel-only substratum. Sturgeon selected for the sand substratum, structureless mesohabitat, followed by the mesohabitat with a sand dune. Vegetated habitat retained less sturgeon than these two habitats but more than the gravel mesohabitat. Age-0 pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon almost completely avoided gravel substrate, perhaps because of increased energetic costs associated with turbulent benthic flow. We posit that age-0 sturgeon may prefer the sand and sand dune habitats over the vegetation and gravel habitats because flow may be more linear (or unidirectional) and predictable in these habitat types, whereas vegetation and gravel can create substantial benthic turbulence. Lastly, shovelnose sturgeon were on average denser in vegetated habitat than pallid sturgeon. Scaled to the population level, patterns revealed here could have implications for the macro-distribution of both species. Restoration efforts may want to consider selection differences in the management of these two species and rehabilitation of riverine habitats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute Ischemic Syndromes of the Upper Extremities 112

Acute upper extremity ischemia is less common than lower extremity ischemia. The most commoncauseisemboliandthemostcommon source of embolus is the heart. The upper extremity tolerates acute ischemia better than the lower extremity primarily because of its robust collaterals. There is a low incidence of amputation, but immediate revascularization of the upper extremity should be performed to prevent significant disability. The primary treatment of acute upper extremity ischemia is balloon catheter embolectomy. Despite a high rate of limb salvage, acute upper extremity ischemia has a high mortality secondary to patient age and medical comorbidities.
Democratic Authority and the Boundary Problem

Theories of political authority divide naturally into those that locate the source of states' authority in the history of states' interactions with their subjects and those that locate it in structural (or functional) features of states (such as the justice of their basic institutions). This paper argues that purely structuralist theories of political authority (such as those defended by Kant, Rawls, and contemporary “democratic Kantians”) must fail because of their inability to solve the boundary problem—namely, the problem of locating the boundaries between different states' domains of authority in the natural or intuitive places.
Spectral broadening of double Rayleigh backscattering in a distributed Raman amplifier

We observe broadening of the double Rayleigh backscattering (DRBS) spectrum in a Raman amplifier. This effect is caused by pump intensity fluctuations combined with proper fiber dispersion and can significantly reduce DRBS multipath interference crosstalk.
Postdepletion Lymphocyte Reconstitution During Belatacept and Rapamycin Treatment in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Belatacept is used to prevent allograft rejection but fails to do so in a sizable minority of patients due to inadequate control of costimulation-resistant T cells. In this study, we report control of costimulation-resistant rejection when belatacept was combined with perioperative alemtuzumab-mediated lymphocyte depletion and rapamycin. To assess the means by which the alemtuzumab, belatacept and rapamycin (ABR) regimen controls belatacept-resistant rejection, we studied 20 ABR-treated patients and characterized peripheral lymphocyte phenotype and functional responses to donor, third-party and viral antigens using flow cytometry, intracellular cytokine staining and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester-based lymphocyte proliferation. Compared with conventional immunosuppression in 10 patients, lymphocyte depletion evoked substantial homeostatic lymphocyte activation balanced by regulatory T and B cell phenotypes. The reconstituted T cell repertoire was enriched for CD28(+) naive cells, notably diminished in belatacept-resistant CD28(-) memory subsets and depleted of polyfunctional donor-specific T cells but able to respond to third-party and latent herpes viruses. B cell responses were similarly favorable, without alloantibody development and a reduction in memory subsets-changes not seen in conventionally treated patients. The ABR regimen uniquely altered the immune profile, producing a repertoire enriched for CD28(+) T cells, hyporesponsive to donor alloantigen and competent in its protective immune capabilities. The resulting repertoire was permissive for control of rejection with belatacept monotherapy.
Management Strategies When Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillator Leads Fail: Survey Findings

Background:Defibrillator implanters have adopted different approaches to managing failures of multicomponent implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) leads. Although recent publications identified single-component failures as common mechanisms of failure, there are no published data regarding how best to manage these failures. Methods:An internet-based survey was conducted to identify current management strategies. Questions were asked regarding isolated failure of a high-voltage coil or of a pace/sense electrode, in order to identify the frequency of various techniques to correct these failures. Results:A worldwide query collected strategies from 376 physicians identifying themselves as ICD-implanting physicians. Replies came from 28 countries, with the USA accounting for 83.2%. The survey was completed by 85.6% of respondents. Implant experience was >10 years for 61.1%, 3–10 years for 29.1%, and <3 years for 10.4%. When the right ventricular coil failed, 52% abandoned and 48% explanted the failed lead. In superior vena cava coil failure, 61.2% chose to simply exclude this coil, using the other intact lead components. For pace/sense defects, 53.1% chose to implant a new pace/sense lead or switch sensing electrodes, using the intact lead components. Medical literature (76.1%), personal experience (67.6%), and professional guidelines (63.7%) were strong decision-making influences. Conclusions:(1) Management decisions for single-component failures of ICD leads are complex; (2) Significant differences in management strategy exist among physicians; (3) Medical literature and professional guidelines are strong influences for these decisions; (4) A lead failure registry could help identify reasons for such differences and help guide management.
Peroxychloroformyl nitrate: synthesis and thermal stability

Abstract Peroxychloroformyl nitrate, CIC(O)OONO 2 , PCIFN, has been identified as an oxidation product of chlorinated compound and as the principal product of the ultraviolet irradiation of Cl 2 , NO 2 , and CO mixtures in air. Fourier transform IR spectroscopic detection methods have been used to identify this new compounds and to establish its decomposition kinetics. The compound is at least as stable thermally as peroxyacetyl nitrate. PCIFN is undoubtedly produced in the atmosphere where it most likely is a contributor to photochemical smog and possibly has some involvement in stratosperic chemistry.
Controller synthesis for single-area and multi-area power systems with communication delays

Finite-dimensional controller synthesis methods are developed for load-frequency control of power systems subject to communication time delays. The controllers proposed for single service area systems are simple to implement. The systematic controller synthesis methods are extended to multi-area systems under a decentralized control structure. The proposed synthesis procedures give low-order stabilizing controllers that also achieve integral-action so that constant reference inputs are tracked asymptotically with zero steady-state error. The freedom in the controller parameters can be used to improve system performance.
Evolution of the ischial spine and of the pelvic floor in the hominoidea

Study of the pelvis in 143 different mammals reveals that in quadrupeds the ischial spines are barely noticeable and are located posteriorly near the sacrum. In humans, the ischial spines are prominent and more anteriorly located. As a consequence of their position and size, the ischial spines in humans become an obstacle to parturition. Herein a theory is proposed to account for what appears to be an incongruous development and orientation of the ischial spines in humans. The pelvic diaphragm is a vertical pelvic "wall" in tailed mammals and is composed of muscles involved mostly with the motion of the tail. In humans, the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm have a very different anatomical orientation. They form a horizontal pelvic "floor," and their functions are first to support the abdominopelvic organs and resist intra-abdominal pressure that is exerted from above, and second, as levator ani, to control the anal sphincter. In humans the muscles and fascias of the pelvic diaphragm are inserted on the ischial spines either directly or indirectly through the sacrospinous ligament and the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia. The result is a medial pull on the ischial spines to produce a more rigid and narrower pelvic floor. An inconstant ossification center for the ischial spines make them more prominent. The backward tilt of the sacrum placed the bispinal line in a diameter position. Pongids and even fossil hominids occupy an intermediate position between tailed mammals and Homo sapiens. The present form of the pelvis in Homo sapiens may be determined by a significant genetic component but may also be partly acquired during childhood and adolescence.
British Romanticism in the Museum Age: A Review of Recent Scholarship

This essay surveys recent scholarship in British Romantic literature and culture that emphasizes the interrelations between collections, exhibitions, and museums and the poetry, novels, and aesthetic philosophy of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It summarizes the scope and argument of important works of literary and cultural criticism and lists many related studies from other disciplines while providing a general overview of the historical and theoretical issues governing current discussions of Romantic-era exhibitionary culture.
Density-functional theory for the energy of crystals: Test of the ionic model

A test of the ionic description of bonding is made for a wide variety of crystals. Self-consistent Hartree-Fock calculations provide the charge densities of the ions, from which the crystal energy is evaluated with a modified electron-gas energy functional. Thus, the crystal binding energy is found by a priori quantum-mechanical methods without fitting any adjustable parameters to experimental data. The theoretical crystal energies are minimized by varying the geometry of the crystals to predict the stable structures and equilibrium energies of the crystals. For the more highly ionic crystals, in which the electronegativity difference between atoms is larger than about one, this purely ionic theory predicts both crystal geometry and binding energy to an average accuracy of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2%. For less ionic crystals, with electronegativity differences less than about one, the purely ionic theory gives larger errors, as expected, ranging up to about 8%. We conclude that the ionic description of bonding is quite accurate for a surprisingly wide range of crystals.
Preliminary study of a potential post-column photodegradation reaction scheme for the detection of organophosphorus compounds

Abstract The photodegradation of organophosphorus compounds has been studied using triethylphosphate as a model compound, A 150 W xenon lamp was used in conjunction with ammonium peroxydisulfate to achieve high yields of orthophosphate in a 100-second irradiation time. The effects of the pH of the reaction medium and the initial concentrations of a peroxydisulfate and triethylphosphate on the extent of reaction were determined. A survey of potential interferences was performed, Copper (II) ion was found to catalyze the reaction, The effect of varying the Cu (II) concentration and the pH dependence of the catalyzed reaction were determined, Organic solvents were found to interfere with the photo degradation, but the reaction shows good potential for incorporation into a post-column detection system for the liquid chromatographic determination of organophosphorus compounds where totally aqueous mobile phases can be used.