cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hardwood Cutting Propagation of Confederate Rose Using Auxin and Wounding Treatments

Confederate rose (Hibiscus mutabilis), a native of southeastern China, is an old-fashioned, ornamental plant often found in older gardens in the southern United States. Current breeding programs aim at developing selections with improved garden performance, thus providing new cultivars for nursery production. Hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) zones 7 to 9, plants grow as large shrubs or small trees in warmer areas, but generally die back to a woody base or short trunk in colder areas of their range. Stems from the past growing season that remain on plants during the winter in the warmer regions may be used to prepare hardwood stem cuttings. The current study examined hardwood cutting propagation of confederate rose in response to a 1-second basal quick-dip in auxin [1000 ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 3000 ppm IBA, 1000 ppm IBA D 500 ppm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 3000 ppm IBA D 1500 ppm NAA] and a basal wound (along with 1000 ppm IBA only). Cuttings were rooted in a warm, high-humidity environment within a greenhouse. Auxin treatments improved overall rooting percentage and total root length, with 1000 ppm IBA (without and with a basal wound) providing the highest rooting percentages (about 70%) and nontreated cuttings the lowest (44%). A significant increase in total root length on rooted cuttings resulted with the use of 3000 ppm IBA (211 cm) and use of a basal wound plus 1000 ppm IBA (193 cm) compared with nontreated cuttings (87 cm). Auxin and wounding treatments did not have any significant inhibitory effects on budbreak and growth of new shoots on rooted cuttings.
Murayama Shichirô (1908–1993)

This article deals with the biography of Shichiro Murayama, an outstanding Japanese linguist of the second half of the 20th century, who contributed significantly to the study of Ainu, Mongolian, and Japanese, as well as to the comparative study of Japanese and to the study of mixed languages.
University Archives: Relationships With Faculty

SUCCESSFUL college or university archivist has close, cordial, and effective relationships with the faculty on his campus. "Relationship," or the state of being connected, has the same root as "relevance," another password essential for modern dialog. Do we have a meaningful relationship? Are we relevant? There is ample professional precedent for using those platitudinous pillars as a basis for telling how well we function at our institution or for quantifying the opinions of our colleagues. If you want to know how to maintain good relationships with faculty, you can pore through many volumes of archival, library science, and records management literature, or you can address specific questions to successful colleagues. The archivist is concerned about his relationships with faculty because academic staff members are both important sources and users of archival materials. They are sources in that they donate their personal papers; transfer institutional records to the archives in their capacity as university officers; generate most of the significant records of the university as teachers and researchers; and provide the good will essential to insure that the papers of their colleagues, students, and alumni will be deposited in the university archives. They are users in that they engage in scholarly research based on archival sources, introduce research assistants and graduate students in their seminars to archival research, assign research papers requiring undergraduates and graduates to use archives, and bring the resources of the archival program to the attention of colleagues in other institutions.
Introducing Avatarification: An Experimental Examination of How Avatars Influence Student Motivation

While gamification has been studied, applied, and sometimes contested within a variety of contexts (especially education and business), the concept of avatarification -- the utilization of virtual self-representations within a mediated environment -- is relatively new and has great potential for enhancing learning contexts. Building on previous work which suggests that people behave consistently with their avatars' characteristics, the present research aims to develop an understanding of how avatars can be integrated into student communication in ways that increase performance motivation. In a field experiment conducted with an undergraduate class, 229 participants used avatars to communicate over a 15-week period about class material. Results suggest that using an ideal-self avatar or superhero-student avatar augmented student performance motivation during the avatar-use task, but the superhero-student avatar unexpectedly hindered performance motivation in a task unrelated to avatar use. This suggests novel theoretical and practical implications for avatar use in education.
The Logic of Divine Blessedness and the Salvific Teleology of Christ

This article recovers a fundamental part of the logic inherent in the traditional doctrine of divine blessedness for the sake of commending the efficacy of the incarnate Son's mission. This recovery begins with two theses derived from Thomas Aquinas’ account in the Summa theologiae, where divine blessedness includes an intrinsic connection between self-sufficiency and aseity through the concept of self-possession. It is then argued that revisionists and critics of the doctrine tend to soften this connection, and that something like the traditional logic is indispensable to the salvific teleology of the Word become flesh.
Labeled oxidation products from [1-14C], [U-14C] and [16-14C]-palmitate in hepatocytes and mitochondria.

When [1-14C], [U-14C], and [16-14C]palmitate were oxidized by isolated rat hepatocytes, there was a differential distribution of label as a percent of total oxidized products, such that14CO2 from [1-14C]>[U-14C]>[16-14C]-palmitate and acid-soluble radioactivity from [16-14C]>[U-14C]>[1-14C]palmitate. The oxidation of [2,3-14C]succinate to14CO2 by isolated hepatocytes was only 9.1% of that from [1,4-14C]succinate, demonstrating that the differences in distribution of labeled products are in part due to less14CO2 production from label in the even carbon positions entering the citric acid cycle. Apparent total ketone body production from [16-14C]palmitate was markedly higher than [1-14C], and [U-14C]palmitate. In addition, the14C-acetone:14CO2 ratio derived from decarboxylation of labeled acetoacetate from [1-14C]palmitate was less than 1 and positively correlated to the rate of fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes. These findings indicate that the known preferential incorporation of the omega-C2 unit of fatty acids into14C-ketone bodies also contributed to the differential distribution of labeled products and that this contribution was greatest at the lower rates of fatty acid oxidation. In isolated mitochondria, the distribution of label to14CO2 and acid-soluble radioactivity from [1-14C], [U-14C] and [16-14C]palmitate was qualitatively similar to that seen with hepatocytes. The distribution of label from [1-14C]acetylcarnitine to14CO2 and14C-ketone bodies by mitochondria was identical to that observed from [1-14C]palmitate, indicating that the higher rates of14CO2 production from [1-14C]palmitate cannot be explained by a preferential oxidation in the citric acid cycle of either extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA (generated in peroxisomes) or the carboxyl terminal of the fatty acid. As shown by others in cell-free systems, we observed that the total oxidation of [16-14C]palmitate by hepatocytes and mitochondria was significantly less than [1-14C] and [U-14C]palmitate, suggesting either incomplete mitochondrial β-oxidation or incomplete degradation of peroxisomal oxidation products. The data indicate that this incomplete oxidation does not, however, contribute to the differential distribution of label to oxidized products.
Identification of multicopy suppressors of the pcnB plasmid copy number defect in Escherichia coli.

Plasmids containing a ColE1 origin of replication are widely used for cloning purposes in Escherichia coli. Among the host factors that affect the copy number of ColE1 plasmids is the E. coli protein poly(A) polymerase I (PAP I), which regulates the intracellular level of RNA I, a ColE1-encoded negative regulator of plasmid replication. In strains that lack PAP I, RNA I levels are elevated, resulting in reduced levels of ColE1 plasmids in the cell. PAP I is encoded by the gene pcnB. We devised a genetic approach, based on the identification of multicopy suppressor clones, to identify trans-acting factors that can help offset the ColE1 plasmid copy number defect in a pcnB- genetic background. Using this strategy, we identified suppressors that mapped to two regions of the E. coli chromosome. The suppressor activity of one of the chromosomal regions was localized to the rssB gene, a response regulator gene known to be involved in the turnover of the stationary-phase sigma factor, RpoS. The second suppressor maps to min 55.4 of the E. coli chromosome, and the factor responsible for the suppressor activity appears to be a novel RNA or protein.
Multicentered Clinical Evaluation of Cefoperazone for the Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Adult patients with bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract were given either cefoperazone or cefamandole in a multicenter clinical study of the clinical and bacteriologic efficacy of cefoperazone. Clinical diagnoses included pneumonia, bronchitis, lung abscess, and bronchiectasis. Efficacy was evaluated in 119 patients given cefoperazone and 73 patients given cefamandole. Major pathogens isolated included Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Satisfactory clinical responses were noted for 96% of the patients in both treatment groups, including 14 of 17 patients given cefoperazone who were primarily infected with P. aeruginosa. Satisfactory bacteriologic responses were noted for 88% of the group given cefoperazone and 89% of the group given cefamandole. Adverse reactions related to the antibiotic occurred infrequently in each treatment group. The results of this study indicate that cefoperazone is a safe and effective antibiotic for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections due to S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus, and many gram-negative bacilli, including susceptible strains of P. aeruginosa, in adult patients.
Is the Diagnosis of Flat Low-Grade Dysplasia on Surveillance Biopsy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease an Indication for a Colectomy? The Hartford Hospital Experience, 1998-2010

In patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the presence of flat high-grade dysplasia (fHGD) is a major risk factor for the development of adenocarcinoma and an indication for colectomy. However there is controversy regarding the appropriate management of patients with flat low-grade dysplasia (fLGD). The goal of our study is to assess whether the discovery of fLGD during colonoscopic …
Functional connectivity associated with social networks in older adults: A resting-state fMRI study

Poor social networks and decreased levels of social support are associated with worse mood, health, and cognition in younger and older adults. Yet, we know very little about the brain substrates associated with social networks and social support, particularly in older adults. This study examined functional brain substrates associated with social networks using the Social Network Index (SNI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Resting-state fMRI data from 28 non-demented older adults were analyzed with independent components analyses. As expected, four established resting-state networks-previously linked to motor, vision, speech, and other language functions-correlated with the quality (SNI-1: total number of high-contact roles of a respondent) and quantity (SNI-2: total number of individuals in a respondent's social network) of social networks: a sensorimotor, a visual, a vestibular/insular, and a left frontoparietal network. Moreover, SNI-1 was associated with greater functional connectivity in the lateral prefrontal regions of the left frontoparietal network, while SNI-2 was associated with greater functional connectivity in the medial prefrontal regions of this network. Thus, lateral prefrontal regions may be particularly linked to the quality of social networks while medial prefrontal regions may be particularly linked to the quantity of social networks.
Nasal Septal Anatomy in Skeletally Mature Patients With Cleft Lip and Palate

ImportanceSeptal deviation commonly occurs in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP); however, the contribution of the cartilaginous and bony septum to airway obstruction in skeletally mature pat...
An Occurrence of a Three-Quarter Grooved Stone Ax from Oregon

The discovery of a three-quarter grooved stone ax in eastern Klamath County, Oregon extends the distribution of this artifact type farther north.
A Method for Estimating the Determinants of Schooling Outcomes

The first step in using the methodology outlined in Chapter 2 is to assess the impact of changes in school characteristics on the cognitive skills acquired by students. Specifically, one must estimate equations (2.2) and (2.3) in Chapter 2. While at first glance this may appear to be a straightforward task, it can be quite complicated, particularly for equation (2.2). This chapter presents a detailed discussion of the issues involved in estimating these equations and presents a methodological framework, including a household model of schooling decisions and human capital accumulation, for doing such estimations.1 Section 2 begins the discussion by presenting a critical overview of past work. Section 3 presents a household model of schooling choices, the details of which are in an appendix at the end of this chapter. Section 4 presents a strategy for econometric estimation, and the final section summarises the chapter.
Long-term Visual Outcomes and Complications of Boston Keratoprosthesis Type II Implantation.

Purpose To report the long-term visual outcomes and complications after Boston keratoprosthesis type II implantation in the largest single-center case series with the longest average follow-up. Design Retrospective review of consecutive clinical case series. Participants Between January 1992 and April 2015 at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 48 eyes of 44 patients had keratoprosthesis type II implanted by 2 surgeons (C.H.D. and J.C.). Methods For each eye, data were collected and analyzed on the preoperative characteristics, intraoperative procedures, and postoperative course. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity outcomes, postoperative complications, and device retention. Results The most common indications for surgery were Stevens–Johnson syndrome in 41.7% (20 of 48 eyes) and mucous membrane pemphigoid in 41.7% (20 of 48 eyes). Mean follow-up duration was 70.2 months (standard deviation, 61.8 months; median, 52 months; range, 6 months to 19.8 years). Almost all patients (95.8%, 46 of 48 eyes) had a preoperative visual acuity of 20/200 or worse. Postoperative visual acuity improved to 20/200 or better in 37.5% (18 of 48 eyes) and to 20/100 or better in 33.3% (16 of 48 eyes) at the last follow-up visit. The most common postoperative complication was retroprosthetic membrane formation in over half (60.4%, 29 of 48 eyes). The most pressing postoperative complication was glaucoma onset or progression in about a third. Preexisting glaucoma was present in 72.9% (35 of 48 eyes). Glaucoma progressed in 27.1% (13 of 48 eyes) and was newly diagnosed in 8.3% (4 of 48 eyes) after surgery. Other postoperative complications were tarsorrhaphy revision in 52.1% (25 of 48 eyes), retinal detachment in 18.8% (9 of 48 eyes), infectious endophthalmitis in 6.3% (3 of 48 eyes), and choroidal detachment or hemorrhage in 8.3% (4 of 48 eyes). Half of eyes retained their initial keratoprosthesis at the last follow-up (50.0%, 24 of 48 eyes). Conclusions The Boston keratoprosthesis type II is a viable option to salvage vision in patients with poor prognosis for other corneal procedures. Retroprosthetic membranes, keratoprosthesis retention, and glaucoma are major challenges in the postoperative period; however, the keratoprosthesis can still provide improved vision in a select group of patients.
Directed evolution of new viruses for therapeutic gene delivery

G therapy the transfer of therapeutic DNA into the cells of a patient to treat and potentially cure human disease, has been succeeding in addressing unmet medical needs in increasing number of human clinical trials over the past 5 years. These studies, which have utilized engineered viral carriers in which viral genes have been removed and replaced with therapeutic DNA to treat disease, have established that gene delivery vehicles based on viruses are efficient, safe, and capable of therapeutic gene transfer to numerous target cells and tissues. In particular, nanoscale vehicles or vectors based on the adeno-associated virus (AAV) are highly promising; however, numerous challenges limit their broader utility such as immune responses, physical barriers within complex tissue structures, low delivery efficiency to many cell types, and an inability to target delivery to specific cells. These challenges are not surprising, as nature did not evolve viruses for use as human therapeutics. Rational design has made progress in creating viral variants to address several shortcomings; however, in most situations there is insufficient mechanistic knowledge of underlying virus structure-function relationships to empower rational design with the capacity to engineer a virus. We have been developing directed evolution approaches to address a number of problems with AAV. Directed evolution which emulates the natural evolution process, involves the iterative genetic diversification of a viral genome and functional selection for desired properties. Using this process, we have fundamentally shifted and improved a number of viral delivery properties with implications for clinical gene therapy.
Alfred Sturtevant Walks into a Bar: Gene Dosage, Gene Position, and Unequal Crossing over in Drosophila

![][1] By the early 1920s, the existence of mutations was well established, but how they could be generated remained a topic of lively speculation. One interesting case was the Drosophila Bar mutation ([Tice 1914][2]). While normal flies have round eyes, the X-linked mutation Bar ( B
CB1 Allosteric Modulator Org27569 Is an Antagonist/Inverse Agonist of ERK1/2 Signaling

Abstract Introduction: Allosteric modulation of cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1) is a novel means through which signaling bias may be exerted. Org27569 remains the most-characterized CB1 allosteric modulator, yet there are conflicting reports regarding its effects on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. We conducted a systematic evaluation of Org27569's effects on cannabinoid agonists and ERK signaling. Materials and Methods: HEK293 cells transfected with the human cannabinoid type-1 receptor (hCB1) were treated with Org27569 alone or in combination with the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the synthetic cannabinoid CP55,940, or the phytocannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and ERK activation was measured by western blot. Overnight treatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) was used to determine the role of Gi/o in Org27569's inverse agonist effects. HEK293 cells transfected with green fluorescent protein tagged hCB1 receptor were used to assess effects of Org27569 on...
Pea Enation Mosaic Enamovirus: Ecology and Control

Pea enation mosaic enamovirus (PEMV) is important economically and very interesting scientifically. The disease it induces in peas was first discovered in New York State by Osborn (1935), who showed that the causal virus is aphid-transmitted in a persistent manner. The disease was named “pea enation mosaic” by Stubbs (1937), who described the symptoms in different varieties of pea (Pisum sativum), host range, insect transmission, temperature relations, and physical properties. Since these pioneering researches, many studies have been made on diverse scientific aspects of PEMV and the disease it incites. This chapter will present current knowledge on the ecology of PEMV and on the control of the pea enation mosaic disease.
Studying Implementation of Secondary Introductory Computer Science: Pilot Results (Abstract Only)

Education researchers have extensively studied how secondary teachers adopt and adapt new curriculum and new teaching practices, especially in science and mathematics. Their goals are often to learn ways to help teachers enact new pedagogical approaches, so the results inform teacher professional development, as well as building knowledge in the field. Changing teaching practice often involves changes across a number of fronts: for example, inquiry-based teaching of science involves skills in developing questions, supporting student whole-class discussion and sense-making, and allowing students time to investigate authentic problems. Research is now underway to discover ways to similarly help teachers in K-12 computer science (CS). K-12 CS curricula have emphasized inquiry- and equity-focused teaching practices as ways to engage and include students while simultaneously deepening students? understanding of CS concepts and practices. While researchers have focused on measuring student attitudes to discern engagement and feelings of inclusivity, less work has been done on how implementation affects student learning. To study this, CS education researchers need frameworks and instruments to measure implementation, attitudes, and learning. We are developing and validating instruments that support mixed-methods study of curriculum enactment and teaching quality, with a focus on inquiry, equity, and computational thinking practices. This poster will present preliminary results from a large-scale study of implementation in secondary CS classrooms to build a more systematic understanding of evolving practices in measuring curriculum enactment and teaching quality.
Discovering instructions for robust binary-level coverage criteria

Object-Branch Coverage (OBC) is often used to measure effectiveness of test suites, when source code is unavailable. The traditional OBC definition can be made more resilient to variations in compilers and the structure of generated code by creating more robust definitions. However finding which instructions should be included in each new definition is laborious, error-prone, and architecture-dependent. We automate the discovery of instructions to be included for an improved OBC definition on the X86 and ARM architectures. We discover all possible valid instructions by symbolically executing instruction decoders for X86 and ARM instructions. For each discovered instruction, we translate it to Vine IR, and check if the Vine IR translation satisfies the OBC definition. We verify the correctness of our tool by comparing its output with the X86 and ARM architecture manuals. Our automated instruction classification facilitates development of more robust OBC definitions with better bug-finding ability and lesser sensitivity to compiler variations.
Tranexamic acid for refractory gastrointestinal bleeds: A cohort study.

Highlights Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common, life-threatening condition. Data regarding the effects of tranexamic acid for acute gastrointestinal bleeding are limited. Requirements for blood transfusions related to tranexamic acid are described.
Teaching children about good health? Halo effects in child-directed advertisements for unhealthy food

SummaryBackground Food companies often use healthy lifestyle messages in child-directed advertising, raising public health concerns about health halo effects for nutrient-poor food/drinks. Objective Examine effects of health messages promoting nutrient-poor foods in child-directed advertising. Methods Randomized controlled experiment (N = 138). Children (7–11 years) viewed three child-friendly commercials in one of three conditions: (1) health halo (unfamiliar nutrient-poor food/drink ads with healthy messages); (2) nutrient-poor food/drink ads with other messages and (3) healthy food/drink ads. They rated the commercials and advertised products, provided attitudes about exercise and nutrition and consumed and rated healthy and unhealthy snack foods. Results Children in the health halo condition rated the advertised nutrient-poor products as significantly healthier compared with children in other conditions (p = .003), but the other commercials did not affect children's attitudes about other advertised products (p's > .50). Child age, gender or TV viewing habits did not significantly predict their ratings (p's > .18). There was no evidence that healthy lifestyle messages and/or healthy food commercials improved children's attitudes about nutrition, exercise or healthy snack consumption. Conclusion Promoting healthy lifestyle messages in child-directed commercials for nutrient-poor food/drinks likely benefits brands by increasing products' perceived healthfulness, but these ads are unlikely to positively affect children's attitudes about health and nutrition.
Toward an Evolving Conceptualization of Instructional Leadership as Leadership for Learning: Meta-narrative Review of 109 Quantitative Studies across 25 Years.

Purpose Instructional leadership has been an active area of educational administration research over the past 30 years. However, there has been significant divergence in how instructional leadership has been conceptualized over time. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive review of 25 years of quantitative instructional leadership research, up through 2013, using a nationally generalizable data set. Design/methodology/approach The authors conducted a meta-narrative review of 109 studies that investigated at least one aspect of instructional leadership using the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) administered by the US National Center for Education Statistics. Findings There were four major themes of instructional leadership research that analyzed SASS data: principal leadership and influence, teacher autonomy and influence, adult development, and school climate. The three factors most researched in relationship to instructional leadership themes were: teacher satisfaction, teacher commitment, and teacher retention. This study details the major findings within each theme, describes the relationships between all seven factors, and integrates the relationships into a single model. Originality/value This paper provides the most comprehensive literature review to-date of quantitative findings investigating instructional leadership from the same nationally generalizable data set. This paper provides evidence that leadership for learning is the conceptual evolution of 25 years of diverse instructional leadership research.
Development of a micro-scale heat exchanger based, residential capacity ammonia–water absorption chiller

Abstract A standalone absorption chiller based on microchannel heat exchanger technology was developed with a cooling capacity of 7 kW. A review of recent advances in microscale heat and mass exchangers and vapor absorption technology guided this development. Thermodynamic and heat and mass transfer design procedures are discussed. A control system for standalone operation was developed. Experimental evaluation demonstrated the achievement of target cooling capacities. An overall system COP of 0.44, and an ammonia–water cycle COP of 0.51 were achieved. Reasons for differences between model predictions and actual performance are discussed. This development validates scalability and application of microscale heat exchanger technology for absorption heat pumps at residential-scale capacities. In contrast to conventional absorption systems, core heat and mass exchangers require only small portion of overall system volume and weight, which significantly improves the prospects of this technology for small capacity applications.
Enhancing Evaluation of Machine Learning Algorithms with Visual Means

Previous chapters demonstrated the ways of visual discovery of patterns using different General Line Coordinates. This chapter demonstrates the hybrid visual and analytical way to enhance the estimation of accuracy and errors of machine leaning discovery. It focuses on improvement of k-fold cross validation. It provides: (1) a justification for the worst case estimates using the Shannon Function, (2) hybrid visual and analytical ways to get these estimates, and (3) illustrative case studies.﻿ The visual means include the point-to-point and GLC point-to-graph mappings of the n-D data to 2-﻿D.
Ignatian Spirituality in the Work of Morton Kelsey

Morton Kelsey, an Episcopal priest who has written numerous books on the subject of spirituality, often integrates the insights of depth psychology with the traditional teachings of Christian maste...
The Role of Continuous Infusion Loop Diuretics

Objective:To evaluate the role of continuous infusion loop diuretics in selected patient populations, discuss the advantages and disadvantages associated with continuous infusion, and recommend monitoring parameters for the use of continuous infusion therapy. Current dosing guidelines for continuous infusion of loop diuretics have not been established, but a summary of previously studied doses is provided.Data Sources:A literature search using MEDLINE, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, as well as additional references found in pertinent articles.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Clinical studies concerning the use of loop diuretics administered by continuous infusion were evaluated in selected patient populations. All articles and clinical studies were considered for possible inclusion in the review. Information judged to be pertinent by the authors was selected for discussion.Data Synthesis:Comparative studies in the congestive heart failure (CHF), renal-insufficient, and postcardiac surgery pati...
Synthesis of N-(Hydroxy)amide- and N-(Hydroxy)thioamide-containing peptides.

Methods developed with N-(benzoyloxy)amines and hydroxamic acids were used in the synthesis of N-(hydroxy)amide-containing pseudopeptides. Acylation of N-(benzoyloxy)phenethylamine with the acid chloride of N(alpha)-Fmoc-L-leucine provided a N(alpha)-Fmoc-N-(benzoyloxy)-L-leucinamide in 90% yield. Deprotection of the benzoyl group (using 10 vol % NH(4)OH/MeOH) provided the N(alpha)-Fmoc-N-(hydroxy)-L-leucinamide in 87% yield. In general, the appended Fmoc group allowed for further elaboration of the N-hydroxy-N-(alkyl)amides using classic peptide-coupling methods. A practical synthetic strategy was developed, and racemization issues were addressed using diastereomeric Val-Leu derivatives. In addition, N-(hydroxy)thioamides were generated from the corresponding N-(benzoyloxy)thioamides. N-(Benzoyloxy)thioamides were obtained in moderate yields (53-76%) from the reaction of the corresponding N-(benzoyloxy)amides with Lawesson's reagent (i.e., 2, 4-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane-2,4-disu lfide). In summary, this new technology allows for the introduction of either N-hydroxyamide or N-(hydroxy)thioamide linkages into pseudopeptide chains without racemization.
Effects of diffuse background emission and source crowding on photometric completeness in Spitzer Space Telescope IRAC surveys: The GLIMPSE Catalogs and Archives

We characterize the completeness of point source lists from Spitzer Space Telescope surveys in the four Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) bandpasses, emphasizing the Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) programs (GLIMPSE I, II, 3D, 360; Deep GLIMPSE) and their resulting point source Catalogs and Archives. The analysis separately addresses effects of incompleteness resulting from high diffuse background emission and incompleteness resulting from point source confusion (i.e., crowding). An artificial star addition and extraction analysis demonstrates that completeness is strongly dependent on local background brightness and structure, with high-surface-brightness regions suffering up to five magnitudes of reduced sensitivity to point sources. This effect is most pronounced at the IRAC 5.8 and 8.0 microns bands where UV-excited PAH emission produces bright, complex structures (photodissociation regions; PDRs). With regard to diffuse background effects, we provide the completeness as a function of stellar magnitude and diffuse background level in graphical and tabular formats. These data are suitable for estimating completeness in the low-source-density limit in any of the four IRAC bands in GLIMPSE Catalogs and Archives and some other Spitzer IRAC programs that employ similar observational strategies and are processed by the GLIMPSE pipeline. Point source incompleteness is primarily a consequence of structure in the diffuse background emission rather than photon noise. With regard to source confusion in the high-source-density regions of the Galactic Plane, we provide figures illustrating the 90% completeness levels as a function of point source density at each band. (Slightly abridged)
Fatal Peritoneal Migration of Strongylus edentatus in a Foal

A 7-month-old female mixed breed foal with a 2-day history of recumbency and inability to open its mouth convulsed acutely and died and was submitted for necropsy examination. The foal was thin and large patches of haemorrhage were present throughout the peritoneal wall, the diaphragmatic surfaces and the retroperitoneum. Numerous nematode larvae were visible on the serosal surfaces and penetrated and embedded into the subserosa associated with the haemorrhages. The dorsal portion of the abdominal diaphragm had a partial tear and large numbers of nematodes were within the muscle fibres. Histologically, the larvae had a smooth cuticle, polymyarian/coelomyarian musculature and multinucleated intestinal cells, and were typically surrounded by haemorrhage, neutrophils, dense fibrovascular connective tissue and rare multinucleated giant cells. Parasitological examination identified the larvae as Strongylus edentatus based on the morphology of the buccal capsule. Additionally, there was severe muscle necrosis of the tongue and liver tissue analysis detected selenium deficiency. S. edentatus infections are uncommon in California, USA, and are typically non-lethal. In this case, the selenium deficiency may have led to immunosuppression, resulting in the hyperinfection with S. edentatus, and to the muscle damage and tear of the diaphragm. Although ivermectin treatment was indicated in the history, inadequate deworming or anthelmintic resistance may have played a role in the severity of infection.
Prospective trial examining safety and efficacy of microcurrent stimulation for the treatment of sinus pain and congestion

Inflammation and swelling of the sinus and nasal mucosa are commonly caused by viral infection, bacterial infection, or exposure to allergens and irritants. Sinonasal inflammation can cause symptoms of nasal congestion, facial pressure, and rhinogenic facial pain or “sinus pain”. A previous randomized controlled study demonstrated that acute treatment with non-invasive periorbital microcurrent stimulation resulted in a rapid and clinically meaningful reduction in self-report of sinus pain that significantly outperformed sham control treatment. Here, we assessed the acute durability of microcurrent pain relief and longitudinal effects of 4 weeks of daily microcurrent treatment in patients presenting with sinus pain. Thirty subjects with moderate facial pain (numeric rating scale ≥5) attributed to self-reported sinonasal disease were enrolled in a single-arm, prospective interventional study. At enrollment, subjects were given a microcurrent treatment device and written instructions and self-administered the device to the bilateral periorbital regions for 5 mins. Subjects were instructed to treat themselves at home once daily and up to four times daily as needed for 4 weeks. Pain was measured both acutely and weekly during the 4 weeks of treatment using the numeric rating scale. Congestion and medication use data were collected weekly using the Congestion Quantifier 7 (CQ7) and medication diary, respectively. Thirty patients were enrolled and completed the study. Microcurrent therapy rapidly reduced post-treatment numeric rating scale for pain by − 1.2 at 10 mins (p = 0.0076), − 1.6 at 1 hr (p = 0.0007), − 1.9 at 2 hrs (p < 0.0001), − 2.1 at 4 hrs (p < 0.0001), and − 2.1 at 6 hrs (p < 0.0001). With daily microcurrent treatment, numeric rating scale for pain was reduced over 4 weeks by − 1.3 (− 20.1%) after 1 week (p = 0.0018), − 2.1 (− 32.1%) after 2 weeks (p < 0.0001), − 2.4 (− 36.6%) after 3 weeks (p < 0.0001) and − 2.9 (− 43.3%) after 4 weeks (p < 0.0001). For subjects who enrolled with moderate or worse congestion, mean congestion scores (CQ7) were reduced by − 4.2 (− 22.0%) after 1 week (p < 0.0001), − 5.8 (− 33.0%) after 2 weeks (p < 0.0001), − 7.2 (− 37.4%) after 3 weeks (p < 0.0001) and − 8.6 (− 44.3%) after 4 weeks (p < 0.0001) of microcurrent treatment. Self-administered periorbital microcurrent treatment given at home was efficacious in significantly reducing moderate sinus pain for up to 6 hrs and significantly reducing moderate pain and congestion over 4 weeks of daily use. Microcurrent therapy was found to be safe with only minor side effects that resolved without intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03888274. Registered 25 March 2019. Retroactively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03888274.
An interdisciplinary model for computer science, mathematics, and environmental science for non-majors: faculty poster abstract

This poster describes an interdisciplinary model for freshmen enrolled in a Learning Community in which they took three courses together: computer science, mathematics and environmental science. The environmental science course provided the content, the health of our national estuaries, and the computer science and mathematics courses provided the tools and strategies to analyze the data. The rationale for this experiment was to demonstrate to the students the relationships among the three disciplines and to determine if this format could improve student learning. This project is composed of two major elements: interdisciplinary studies and Learning Communities. We will begin with a brief description of each.
An optimal control approach to day-to-day congestion pricing for stochastic transportation networks

Abstract Congestion pricing has become an effective instrument for traffic demand management on road networks. This paper proposes an optimal control approach for congestion pricing for day-to-day timescale that incorporates demand uncertainty and elasticity. Travelers make the decision to travel or not based on the experienced system travel time in the previous day and traffic managers take tolling decisions in order to minimize the average system travel time over a long time horizon. We formulate the problem as a Markov decision process (MDP) and analyze the problem to see if it satisfies conditions for conducting a satisfactory solution analysis. Such an analysis of MDPs is often dependent on the type of state space as well as on the boundedness of travel time functions. We do not constrain the travel time functions to be bounded and present an analysis centered around weighted sup-norm contractions that also holds for unbounded travel time functions. We find that the formulated MDP satisfies a set of assumptions to ensure Bellman’s optimality condition. Through this result, the existence of the optimal average cost of the MDP is shown. A method based on approximate dynamic programming is proposed to resolve the implementation and computational issues of solving the control problem. Numerical results suggest that the proposed method efficiently solves the problem and produces accurate solutions.
Separating divertor closure effects on divertor detachment and pedestal shape in DIII-D

Comparison between an open divertor and a more-closed divertor in DIII-D demonstrates detachment up to 40% lower pedestal density ( n e , ped) in the closed divertor due to a combination of decreased fueling of the pedestal and increased dissipation in the scrape off layer (SOL) in the closed divertor, both resulting from increased neutral trapping in the divertor. Predicting whether the relationship between divertor closure and detachment will hold for an opaque SOL, in which the contribution of ionizing neutrals to fueling the pedestal is lessened, requires separating out different mechanisms contributing to the density difference at detachment. A series of experiments on DIII-D characterizes matched discharges using various divertor configurations to isolate the effects of divertor closure. These experiments show detachment up to 25% lower n e , sep in the closed divertor than in the open divertor, supported by simulations showing increased neutral trapping, and hence, increased dissipation, in the closed divertor. A difference in n e , ped / n e , sep is also seen: for matched n e , sep, the closed divertor has up to 20% lower n e , ped, consistent with modeling showing a smaller ionization fraction inside the separatrix in this case. Understanding how these pieces fit together will help in the development of predictive models of pedestal density and detached divertors compatible with a high performance core.
Microbialites of Great Salt Lake

Fossilized organo-sedimentary structures (microbialites) have been identified in sedimentary rocks dated to 3.5 Ga, with some reports of putative microbialite structures in rocks that are even older. These findings have spurred significant interest in understanding the role of biology in the formation of microbialites and the role of microbialites in sustaining biodiverse contemporary and non-contemporary ecosystems. Microbialites in Great Salt Lake (GSL) form reef-like structures that cover an estimated 20% of the lake bottom and thus represent the most extensive assemblage of extant microbialites on Earth. GSL microbialites are colonized by complex photosynthetic microbial mats consisting of both Cyanobacteria and algae (diatoms) that contribute fixed carbon supporting a diversity of heterotrophic microorganisms also within these mats. These diverse microbial communities are also thought to be involved in the formation of carbonate minerals that can then lithify and preserve microbialite structure. Biomass produced by these complex microbial communities supports a variety of higher forms of life, including brine flies and brine shrimp that themselves serve as food sources for a diverse array of shore and migratory birds. Consequently, the microbialites and associated mat communities represent integral components of the aquatic ecosystem at GSL and represent useful analogs for understanding microbialite ecology in past Earth environments. This chapter overviews the key microbial taxa that comprise microbialite mat communities and the metabolic processes that support them, highlighting the importance of these “living fossils” and their linkages with the health of the greater GSL ecosystem and their significance as analogs for understanding ecosystem function on early Earth.
Design, Synthesis and Characterization of HIV-1 CA-Targeting Small Molecules: Conformational Restriction of PF74

Small molecules targeting the PF74 binding site of the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) confer potent and mechanistically unique antiviral activities. Structural modifications of PF74 could further the understanding of ligand binding modes, diversify ligand chemical classes, and allow identification of new variants with balanced antiviral activity and metabolic stability. In the current work, we designed and synthesized three series of PF74-like analogs featuring conformational constraints at the aniline terminus or the phenylalanine carboxamide moiety, and characterized them using a biophysical thermal shift assay (TSA), cell-based antiviral and cytotoxicity assays, and in vitro metabolic stability assays in human and mouse liver microsomes. These studies showed that the two series with the phenylalanine carboxamide moiety replaced by a pyridine or imidazole ring can provide viable hits. Subsequent SAR identified an improved analog 15 which effectively inhibited HIV-1 (EC50 = 0.31 μM), strongly stabilized CA hexamer (ΔTm = 8.7 °C), and exhibited substantially enhanced metabolic stability (t1/2 = 27 min for 15 vs. 0.7 min for PF74). Metabolic profiles from the microsomal stability assay also indicate that blocking the C5 position of the indole ring could lead to increased resistance to oxidative metabolism.
Characterization of the Nit6803 nitrilase homolog from the cyanotroph Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764.

Abstract We report the purification and characterization of a nitrilase (E.C. 3.5.5.1) (Nit11764) essential for the assimilation of cyanide as the sole nitrogen source by the cyanotroph, Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 11764. Nit11764, is a member of a family of homologous proteins (nitrile_sll0784) for which the genes typically reside in a conserved seven-gene cluster known as Nit1C. The physical properties and substrate specificity of Nit11764 resemble those of Nit6803, the current reference protein for the family, and the only true nitrilase that has been crystallized. The substrate binding pocket of the two enzymes places the substrate in direct proximity to the active site nucleophile (C160) and conserved catalytic triad (Glu44, Lys126). The two enzymes exhibit a similar substrate profile, however, for Nit11764, cinnamonitrile, was found to be an even better substrate than fumaronitrile the best substrate previously identified for Nit6803. A higher affinity for cinnamonitrile (Km 1.27 mM) compared to fumaronitrile (Km 8.57 mM) is consistent with docking studies predicting a more favorable interaction with hydrophobic residues lining the binding pocket. By comparison, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamonitrile was a poorer substrate the substituted methoxyl groups apparently hindering entry into the binding pocket. in situ 1H NMR studies revealed that only one of the two nitrile substituents in the dinitrile, fumaronitrile, was attacked yielding trans-3-cyanoacrylate (plus ammonia) as a product. The essentiality of Nit11764 for cyanotrophy remains uncertain given that cyanide itself is a poor substrate and the catalytic efficiencies for even the best of nitrile substrates (~5 × 103 M−1 s−1) is less than stellar.
Quality Improvement Initiative to Improve Healthcare Providers' Attitudes towards Mothers with Opioid Use Disorder.

Introduction Individuals with opioid use disorder often report feelings of shame and describe feeling judged negatively. These feelings are especially true for pregnant women with opioid use disorder. The Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative conducted a multimodal quality improvement initiative for infants born with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS). An important component of the project was focused on improving staff attitudes toward mothers of infants with NAS. Methods The Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative implemented an education program for healthcare providers at 39 participating hospital units regarding opioid use as a chronic disease and principles of nonjudgmental, trauma-informed care. Healthcare providers partnered with the mother of infants with NAS in the care of the infant and connected with local community resources. This work was a subcomponent of an overall multimodal quality improvement project. Healthcare provider attitudes were measured with the "Attitude Measurement: Brief Scales" questionnaire anonymously, at 3 different time points throughout the project. Attitude change was measured by pretraining and posttraining scores. ANOVA methods were used to compare individual items and a summary score across the 3 surveys. Results Summary scores improved significantly from 18.99 at baseline (January-March 2014) to 19.94 (P < 0.0001) in February 2015 and were maintained at 20.05 in July 2016. Conclusions A nonjudgmental attitude toward mothers of infants with NAS is an important component of compassionate care. Improving healthcare provider attitudes can benefit a mother of an infant with NAS and help preserve the mother-infant dyad.