cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pain in hospitalized children: Pediatric nurses' beliefs and practices

A descriptive design was use to gather information regarding nurses' beliefs and documentation practices related to pain assessment and managment in children. Pediatric nurses ( n =260) from eight hospital units completed a child and pain survey. Nurses' pain-related documentations on children ( n =153) were also examined. Results showed inconsistency between what nurses believe about pain assessment and management and their documentation of practice. Nurses believed that assessment is the first step toward alleviating pain in children. However, it was not evident in their documentations that nurses used developmentally appropriate tools for assessment or for evaluation of children's responses to pain management strategies.
Musings and Reflections on the Meaning, Context, and Process of Transformative Learning: A Dialogue Between John M. Dirkx and Jack Mezirow

Jack Mezirow and John Dirkx engage in a dialogue in which they explore the similarities and differences between their views of transformative learning. Mezirow describes a rational process of learn...
Quantitative agarose gel electrophoresis of plasma lipoproteins: A simple technique and two methods for standardization

Abstract Recently several manufacturers of laboratory supplies have addressed the need of clinical laboratories and epidemiologic teams for a reproducible, inexpensive and simple procedure for measuring plasma lipoproteins. We have evaluated one commercially available kit employing agarose gel for its ability to quantify the major classes of plasma (or serum) lipoproteins. Modifications of the procedure given in the instruction manual for achieving optimal results are described. After electrophoresis each pattern was quantified by scanning with a microdensitometer. Variations in staining and technique for each run were corrected by standardizing against the β component of a frozen serum standard. Daily variation in the β component averaged ±21 per cent. A more accurate internal standardization of the agarose scan for each sample was accomplished by using the chemically determined plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. Lipoprotein values obtained by electrophoresis and analytic ultracentrifugation were compared for 23 samples from normal subjects and patients exhibiting a variety of hyperlipoproteinemias who were undergoing diverse clinical management. The following correlation coefficients were obtained with standardization against the β component of a frozen normal serum standard (FS) and internal standardization with lipid concentrations (LC): Pre-β vs. S f 20–400, r=0.98 (FS), 0.99 (LC); β vs. S f 0 – 20, r=0.92 (FS), 0.94 (LC); and α vs. total HDL, r=0.77 (FS), 0.88 (LC). Although all determinations were included in the above correlations the accuracy of measuring the β component is reduced when the pre-ββ lipoprotein ratio exceeds eight.
Single-photon emission computed tomography in the year 2001: instrumentation and quality control.

Objective: SPECT instrumentation is more complex than that used for whole-body and planar imaging, and requires careful quality control to ensure optimum performance. Conventional and new hybrid SPECT imaging systems (coincidence and SPECT/CT) will be discussed. New imaging detector materials such as LSO and CZT will also be discussed, along with their potential advantages. Finally, basic SPECT quality control will be reviewed. After reading this article, the nuclear medicine technologist should be able to: (a) explain the use of single and multihead gamma cameras for SPECT imaging; (b) have an understanding of the potential of new hybrid SPECT imaging systems; (c) be aware of future developments in SPECT imaging technology; (d) understand the requirements for SPECT quality control, including field uniformity and center of rotation corrections; and (e) explain the benefits of using phantoms to augment SPECT quality control.
Tunable Metasurface and Flat Optical Zoom Lens on a Stretchable Substrate

A mechanically reconfigurable metasurface that can continuously tune the wavefront is demonstrated in the visible frequency range by changing the lattice constant of a complex Au nanorod array fabricated on a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane substrate. It is shown that the anomalous refraction angle of visible light at 632.8 nm interacting with the tunable metasurface can be adjusted from 11.4° to 14.9° by stretching the substrate by ∼30%. An ultrathin flat 1.7× zoom lens whose focal length can continuously be changed from 150 to 250 μm is realized, which also demonstrates the potential of utilizing metasurfaces for reconfigurable flat optics.
Optical metabolic imaging for monitoring tracheal health

The health of the tracheal mucosa and submucosa is a vital yet poorly understood component of critical care medicine, and a minimally-invasive method is needed to monitor tracheal health in patients. Of particular interest are the ciliated cells of the tracheal epithelium that move mucus away from the lungs and prevent respiratory infection. Optical metabolic imaging (OMI) allows cellular-level measurement of metabolism, and is a compelling method for assessing tracheal health because ciliary motor proteins require ATP to function. In this pilot study, we apply multiphoton imaging of the fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of metabolic co-enzymes NAD(P)H and FAD to the mucosa and submucosa of ex vivo mouse trachea. We demonstrate the feasibility and potential diagnostic utility of these measurements for assessing tracheal health and pathophysiology at the single-cell level.
Biological Markers: An Overview

Biological markers (biomarkers) are materials present in abnormal amounts in body fluids of patients with cancer as a product of the disease. They can aid in the clinical management of patients if their levels are indicative of the presence of a neoplasm and proportional to the total tumor burden. The development of a useful biomarker requires a variety of detailed investigations including analytical methodology, study of possible interfering substances, physiologic variations, determination of normal and disease control values, determination of the sensitivity with reference to gross tumor burden, and evaluation of monitoring capabilities during therapy. Research interest continues in the search for better biomarker candidates, particularly in the application of monoclonal antibody techniques, the possible use of multiple biomarkers, and the area of tissue analysis for specific markers.
Comparative Studies on Four Strains of Typhlodromus occidentalis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). V. Photoperiodic Induction of Diapause

In geographical areas with differing seasonal cycles of daylength, many arthropod species have adapted an overwinter diapause response to critical photoperiods (Beck 1968). Among spider mites, Bondarenko and Hai-Yuan (1958) reported that geographical populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch from 60, 45, and 41 °N responded to critical photophases of 17, 12.5, and 12 hr, respectively, by entering diapause. Sapozhnikova (1964) and Hoy and Flaherty (1970) have suggested that, among phytoseiid species, photoperiod was a major factor controlling the induction of diapause in Typhlodromus ( Amblyseius ) similis (Koch) and Typhlodromus (as Metaseiulus ) occidentalis Nesbitt, respectively.
53 CYTOSOLIC AND MITOCHONDRIAL CALCIUM IN RAT CARDIOMYOCYTES: RESPONSE TO ALDOSTERONISM AND COTREATMENT WITH SPIRONOLACTONE OR AMLODIPINE.

Purpose An excessive accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ occurs in diverse tissues, including the heart, in rats with aldosterone/salt treatment. This Ca2+ overloading includes total intracellular Ca2+ (both organellar and cytosolic compartments) as well as cytosolic-free [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial-free [Ca2+]m. It may occur as a result of parathyroid hormone receptor-mediated Ca2+ entry as a result of the associated secondary hyperparathyroidism or with aldosterone-mediated increased expression of L-type Ca2+ channels. The distribution of the increased intracellular Ca2+ in aldosteronism that influences mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments remains to be elucidated. Methods and Results Herein we monitored cytosolic-free Ca2+ in cardiomyocytes harvested from isolated rat hearts perfused with collagenase and intramitochondrial Ca2+ in mitochondria isolated by differential centrifugation. Cells and isolated mitochondria were each loaded with Fura-2, a Ca2+-sensitive probe, with fluorescence monitored by spectrophotometer. The purity of mitochondria was assessed by flow cytometry with mitochondria-specific dye MitoTracker Red. There were four experimental groups: age-/gender-matched controls (C); 4 weeks aldosterone (0.75 μg/h) plus 1% NaCl in drinking water (A); 4 weeks A + spironolactone (S, 150 mg/kg/d by gavage); and 4 weeks A + amlodipine (CCB, 5 mg/kg/d by gavage). We found (p Conclusions Both [Ca2+]m and [Ca2+]i rose in cardiomyocytes harvested from rats with aldosteronism. The rise in [Ca2+]m was concordant with the rise in [Ca2+]i and could be prevented by S but was not altered by CCB cotreatment. The functional significance of these iterations in cardiomyocyte Ca2+ remains to be elucidated and may impact on the redox state of these cells and the electrical behavior of the heart.
An Expectation Maximization Algorithm for Inferring Offset-Normal Shape Distributions.

The statistical theory of shape plays a prominent role in applications such as object recognition and medical imaging. An important parameterized family of probability densities defined on the locations of landmark-points is given by the offset-normal shape distributions introduced in [7]. In this paper we present an EM algorithm for learning the parameters of the offset-normal shape distribution from shape data. To improve model flexibility we also provide an EM algorithm to learn mixtures of offset-normal distributions. To deal with missing landmarks (e.g. due to occlusions), we extend the algorithm to train on incomplete data-sets. The algorithm is tested on a number of real-world data sets and on some artificially generated data. Experimentally, this seems to be the first algorithm for which estimation of the full covariance matrix causes no difficulties. In all experiments the estimated distribution provided an excellent approximation to the true offset-normal shape distribution.
ALTERNATIVE SPLICING OF THE GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR IS REDOX-DEPENDENT

Glucocorticoids exert a broad range of effects on synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory during stress. Although a transient increase in glucocorticoid production serves an adaptive purpose, prolonged exposure to heightened glucocorticoid levels can be detrimental to cellular function. Thus, glucocorticoid activity is tightly controlled by a variety of positive and negative feedback loops. Glucocorticoids are unique among steroid hormones in their ability to induce changes in cellular redox state. We hypothesize that these changes in redox state represent a signaling mechanism by which the cellular response to glucocorticoid exposure is dynamically tuned. Here, we report that glucocorticoid treatment alters the redox state of cultured hippocampal neurons within minutes of exposure, accompanied by changes in alternative splicing pattern of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA. Significantly, normal splicing of GR mRNA in response to glucocorticoids is antagonized both by antioxidant treatment and genetic manipulation of the redox stress response. Importantly, GR isoform composition differentially affects glucocorticoid-dependent phosphorylation of MAPK, emphasizing the physiological importance of dynamic changes in GR splicing during stress. These studies identify a novel feedback mechanism whereby glucocorticoid signaling is regulated by redox state, and provide new molecular insight into the biology of adaptive behavior during stress.
Spleen-preserving pancreatectomy for cystic pancreatic neoplasms.

Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas are an uncommon entity comprising fewer than 1 per cent of all pancreatic neoplasms. The guidelines for management of these tumors, specifically, the extent of resection, are unclear. Formerly, a distal pancreatectomy including the spleen was performed for tumors in the tail of the pancreas. The importance of preserving the spleen has been well documented; however, there are few reports of spleen-preserving pancreatectomy for cystic neoplasms of the distal pancreas. We report two patients who underwent spleen-preserving pancreapancreatectomy for mucinous cystic neoplasms in the tail of the pancreas. Both patients were female, ages 39 and 65 years. Preoperative preparation included administration of vaccinations and subcutaneous somatostatin. Operative technique emphasized division of the splenic artery and vein beyond the tip of the distal pancreas without mobilization of the spleen. The pancreas was transected with a vascular stapler. Fibrin glue was applied to the margin of the pancreas. The operative blood loss, duration of operation, and postoperative hospital stay were 150 and 250 mL, 150 and 180 minutes, and 7 and 9 days, respectively. The pathology revealed both lesions to be mucinous cystic neoplasms. The patients recovered and at 6-month follow-up were without complaints and in good health. Spleen-preserving pancreatectomy is rapid and associated with minimal morbidity. This procedure should be considered in the surgical management of cystic neoplasms in the tail of the pancreas.
A case of pituitary abscess presenting without a source of infection or prior pituitary pathology.

Pituitary abscess is a relatively uncommon cause of pituitary hormone deficiencies and/or a suprasellar mass. Risk factors for pituitary abscess include prior surgery, irradiation and/or pathology of the suprasellar region as well as underlying infections. We present the case of a 22-year-old female presenting with a spontaneous pituitary abscess in the absence of risk factors described previously. Her initial presentation included headache, bitemporal hemianopia, polyuria, polydipsia and amenorrhoea. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of her pituitary showed a suprasellar mass. As the patient did not have any risk factors for pituitary abscess or symptoms of infection, the diagnosis was not suspected preoperatively. She underwent transsphenoidal resection and purulent material was seen intraoperatively. Culture of the surgical specimen showed two species of alpha hemolytic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus capitis and Prevotella melaninogenica. Urine and blood cultures, dental radiographs and transthoracic echocardiogram failed to show any source of infection that could have caused the pituitary abscess. The patient was treated with 6weeks of oral metronidazole and intravenous vancomycin. After 6weeks of transsphenoidal resection and just after completion of antibiotic therapy, her headache and bitemporal hemianopsia resolved. However, nocturia and polydipsia from central diabetes insipidus and amenorrhoea from hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism persisted. Learning points Pituitary abscesses typically develop in patients who have other sources of infection or disruption of the normal suprasellar anatomy by either surgery, irradiation or pre-existing pathology; however, they can develop in the absence of known risk factors. Patients with pituitary abscesses typically complain of headache, visual changes and symptoms of pituitary hormone deficiencies. As other pituitary neoplasms present with similar clinical findings, the diagnosis of pituitary abscess is often not suspected until transsphenoidal resection is performed. Prompt surgical and medical treatment of pituitary abscess is necessary, which typically results in improvement in headache and visual changes; however, pituitary hormone deficiencies are typically often permanent. Background The patient described in this case had no source of infection, prior surgeries or other pathology of the pituitary. As this patient had no risk factors for pituitary abscess, the diagnosis was not suspected until the time of surgery. Preoperative diagnosis of pituitary abscess requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. This case will help make clinicians aware of this rare condition that has a similar presentation of other more common pathology of the pituitary.
Biochemistry of Catabolic Reductive Dehalogenation.

A wide range of phylogenetically diverse microorganisms couple the reductive dehalogenation of organohalides to energy conservation. Key enzymes of such anaerobic catabolic pathways are corrinoid and Fe–S cluster–containing, membrane-associated reductive dehalogenases. These enzymes catalyze the reductive elimination of a halide and constitute the terminal reductases of a short electron transfer chain. Enzymatic and physiological studies revealed the existence of quinone-dependent and quinone-independent reductive dehalogenases that are distinguishable at the amino acid sequence level, implying different modes of energy conservation in the respective microorganisms. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about catabolic reductive dehalogenases and the electron transfer chain they are part of. We review reaction mechanisms and the role of the corrinoid and Fe–S cluster cofactors and discuss physiological implications.
The Effect of DUCOM's Mini-Medical School Summer Camp on Students' Interests in Medicine.

Abstract Drexel University College of Medicine hosts two, three-week long Mini-Medical School Summer Camps each summer. These programs offer high-school seniors and freshmen in college the opportunity to experience various aspects of medical school and the life of a physician: attending lectures, observing surgeries, shadowing clinical physicians, etc. The purpose of this study is to see if the program increases students' interest in pursuing a career in medicine, the aspects of the program that accomplish this, and assess general satisfaction of the program. Information was collected from surveys administered to students before and after completion of the program. The program failed to show a difference in students' interest of pursuing a career in medicine before and after the program. Experiences in the operating room and ambulatory care (shadowing) were shown to be most influential on a student’s decision to pursue a career in medicine. Students indicated the most enjoyed activity for both sessions was observing surgeries in the operating room. The majority of students would do the program again and recommend the program to their friends. Future studies should be conducted on similar programs to look at variables such as different age groups or socioeconomic statuses, and the impact these factors have on pursuing careers in medicine.
Edge functionalized germanene nanoribbons: impact on electronic and magnetic properties

Germanene exhibits extremely high mobility, massless fermion behavior, and strong spin–orbit coupling drawing tremendous interest for high performance devices. It has a buckled two-dimensional structure, but not the intrinsic energy band gap and structural stability required for logic and switching devices. Application of a perpendicular electric field, surface adsorption, confinement of an armchair nanoribbon structure and edge functionalization are methods used to open a band gap. Edge functionalization of armchair germanene nanoribbons (AGeNRs) has the potential to achieve a range of band gaps. The edge atoms of AGeNRs are passivated with hydrogen (–H and –2H) or halogen (–F, –Cl, –OH, –2F, –2Cl) atoms. Using density functional theory calculations, we found that edge functionalized AGeNRs had band gaps as small as 0.012 eV when functionalized by –2H and as high as 0.84 eV with –2F. Formation energy studies revealed that AGeNRs produced a more stable structure under fluorine functionalization. Simulation results suggest that the electronic structure of germanene is similar to graphene and silicene. A spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) study of electronic and magnetic properties of pristine, chemically functionalized and doped AGeNRs and zigzag nanoribbons (ZGeNRs) was performed. Formation energy studies revealed that the Ge atoms at the edge of the ribbon prefer to be replaced by impurity atoms. Doping can change the semiconducting behaviour of AGeNRs to metal behaviour due to the half-filled band making it useful for negative differential resistance (NDR) devices. In the case of ZGeNRs, single N or B doping transformed them from anti-ferromagnetic (AFM) semiconducting to ferromagnetic (FM) semiconducting or half-metal. These magnetic and electronic properties make edge functionalized doped AGeNRs and ZGeNRs promising for use in field effect transistors (FETs) and spintronics. Finally, energy band gap tuning of AGeNRs and ZGeNRs using edge functionalization may open a new route to integrate germanene in logic and high performance switching devices.
Performance Limits of Compiler-Directed Multiprocessor Cache Coherence Enforcement

Several mechanisms have been proposed for maintaining cache coherence in large-scale shared memory multiprocessors. Two important factors that distinguish these coherence mechanisms are: 1) the coherence enforcement strategy, such as updating or invalidating, that is used to prevent access to stale data; and 2) the coherence detection strategy, which is used to detect the existence of incoherent cached copies either at compile-time or at run-time. This paper examines the range of performance that can be realized by a compiler-directed coherence mechanism using three different levels of compiler ability. This performance is compared to the performance of the updating and the invalidating directory schemes. In addition, the performance of all three coherence schemes is compared with respect to different cache block sizes.
Clinical Supervision of International Supervisees: Suggestions for Multicultural Supervision

An increase of international students in various settings has been noted in a range of disciplines including counseling and other mental health professions. The author examined the literature on international counseling students related to their experiences in counseling training, particularly in supervision. From the counseling literature, five different themes were identified: (i) acculturation and cultural difference, (ii) language barriers, (iii) social isolation, (iv) cultural perceptions of the profession and transferability, and (v) multicultural discussions. In addition, a critical lens is provided to situate the literature through a holistic and ecological perspective.
Sexual identity and orientation in adult men and women with spina bifida.

Purpose Sexuality has received little attention in spina bifida (SB) care. The aim of this study was to assess sexual identity and orientation in adults with SB. Methods An international online survey to adults with SB was administered over 10-months (recruitment: SB clinics, SB organizations via social media). Collected data included demographics, sexual identity and orientation. Non-parametric tests were used for analysis. Results Median age of 77 men and 119 women was 35 years old (52.0% shunted, 48.5% community ambulators, 42.3% outside United States). Most commonly, men identified as male (96.1%), while 1.3% each described themselves as female, transgender and other. All women reporting sexual identity identified as female (99.2%), 0.8% not providing an answer. Most men reported heterosexual orientation (89.6%), followed by gay (7.8%) and bisexual (2.6%). Most women reported heterosexual orientation (84.9%), followed by bisexual (10.4%), gay/lesbian (2.5%), asexual (0.8%) and other (1.7%). Conclusion As in the general population, sexual identity typically coincides with biological gender. Sexual orientation of adults with SB mirrors the general population. Due to self-selection, these findings likely do not reflect exact prevalence in the SB population.
Epinephrine syringe exchange events in a paediatric cardiovascular ICU: analysing the storm.

Introduction Haemodynamically unstable patients can experience potentially hazardous changes in vital signs related to the exchange of depleted syringes of epinephrine to full syringes. The purpose was to determine the measured effects of epinephrine syringe exchanges on the magnitude, duration, and frequency of haemodynamic disturbances in the hour after an exchange event (study) relative to the hours before (control). Materials and methods Beat-to-beat vital signs recorded every 2 seconds from bedside monitors for patients admitted to the paediatric cardiovascular ICU of Texas Children’s Hospital were collected between 1 January, 2013 and 30 June, 2015. Epinephrine syringe exchanges without dose/flow change were obtained from electronic records. Time, magnitude, and duration of changes in systolic blood pressure and heart rate were characterised using Matlab. Significant haemodynamic events were identified and compared with control data. Results In all, 1042 syringe exchange events were found and 850 (81.6%) had uncorrupted data for analysis. A total of 744 (87.5%) exchanges had at least 1 associated haemodynamic perturbation including 2958 systolic blood pressure and 1747 heart-rate changes. Heart-rate perturbations occurred 37% before exchange and 63% after exchange, and 37% of systolic blood pressure perturbations happened before syringe exchange, whereas 63% occurred after syringe exchange with significant differences found in systolic blood pressure frequency (p<0.001), duration (p<0.001), and amplitude (p<0.001) compared with control data. Conclusions This novel data collection and signal processing analysis showed a significant increase in frequency, duration, and magnitude of systolic blood pressure perturbations surrounding epinephrine syringe exchange events.
Xenogenesis : Monstrous Mothers and Evolutionary Horrors in Contemporary Japanese Science Fiction

This chapter explores monstrous motherhood in Hideaki Sena’s Parasite Eve and Ken Asamatsu’s Queen of K’n-Yan. Dumas examines Eve with reference to the discourse of “maternal excess” that has materialized in contemporary Japan, reading its titular antagonist as a metaphor for the dissolution of established identity paradigms in an era marked by shifting familial dynamics and economic transformation. Referencing Jacques Derrida’s neologism hauntology, she examines female monstrosity in K’n-Yan as a vehicle for engaging the traumatic memory of Japanese wartime aggression amid the intensification of neo-nationalist rhetoric in 1990s Japan. Dumas also contrasts the conclusions of these titles, arguing that while the tidy resolution of Eve reinforces established gender paradigms, the apocalyptic K’n-Yan constructs a powerful critique of patriarchal discourses on Japanese nationhood.
The Fragility of Statistically Significant Results in Pediatric Orthopaedic Randomized Controlled Trials as Quantified by the Fragility Index: A Systematic Review.

Background The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard study design allowing critical comparison of clinical outcomes while minimizing bias. Traditionally clinical trials are evaluated through statistical significance, expressed by P-values and confidence intervals. However, until recently, the robustness of a study's conclusions has been given little attention. A new metric, the fragility index, quantifies the number of patients theoretically required to switch outcomes in order to reverse the study conclusions. The primary aim of our work was to determine the fragility index of RCTs in the pediatric orthopaedic literature. The secondary aim was to determine study factors associated with lower fragility index. Methods Pubmed and Embase were systematically searched for pediatric orthopaedic RCTs published September 1, 2006 to September 1, 2016. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and manuscripts to identify studies published in English involving 2 treatment arms. Trials without dichotomous primary or secondary outcomes or with patients >18 years were excluded. Data were extracted from each eligible article in duplicate and the fragility index was determined using Fisher exact test, with previously published methods. Univariate analysis was used to determine factors associated with lower fragility index. Results Seventeen trials were eligible for inclusion. The median treatment arm size was 58 and overall sample size was 116 patients. The median fragility index was 3 (range, 0 to 18). A fragility index of 3 means that just 3 patients would need to switch treatment outcomes in order for the trial results to become statistically nonsignificant. In 1 study, the number of patients lost to follow-up exceeded the fragility index, such that the study conclusions could be completely reversed purely depending on the outcomes of the patients lost to follow-up. Lower fragility index was associated with smaller patient sample sizes and greater P-values. Conclusions The fragility index is a useful adjunct metric to the P-value and confidence intervals, allowing analysis of the robustness of study conclusions. RCTs in pediatric orthopaedics often have small sample sizes, many with low fragility indices. Future efforts could focus on encouraging institutional collaboration and patient recruitment with the ultimate goal of improving RCT sample sizes, and potentially improving the robustness of RCT results. Level of evidence Level I.
Tumor in the Medial Arm

The arm has two compartments, anterior and posterior. The medial aspect of the arm is the area occupied by the neurovascular bundle of the arm, proceeding from the area of the axilla to that of the elbow. Tumors can arise from the tissues within the neurovascular bundle, or tumors in the anterior or posterior compartment can encroach upon the area of the neurovascular bundle. It is therefore important to be familiar with the dissection and exposure of the neurovascular bundle in medial arm.
The Logic of Discipline

This is the first chapter of a book titled The Logic of Discipline: Global Capitalism and the Architecture of Government, published by Oxford University Press in March 2010. It argues that governmental reform in many sectors has been driven by a design philosophy which I call the logic of discipline. This logic is applied with the aim of restricting popular control over governmental functions that are critical to the operation of a globalized economy. It combines a deep skepticism about the reliability of democratic institutions with a naive faith in the capacity to effect significant systemic change through statutory or constitutional reform. The chapter surveys governmental reforms that are built on the logic of discipline. It questions the desirability and sustainability of this program of governmental redesign, especially after the onset of the global financial crisis.
Endogenous Knowledge Growth: An Empirical Study

This paper explores factors that contribute to growth in undergraduate knowledge of economics. An endogenous growth empirical model was applied to estimate students’ knowledge growth. Sources of knowledge growth were extracted to identify each factor’s contribution. Analysis indicated that in-classroom factors (instructional skill and attendance) accounted for over 50% of knowledge growth. A complementarity test showed that in- and out-of-classroom efforts were not crowding out each other; moreover, instructional skill/progress and in-classroom efforts were complementary—the more frequently the student attended class, the greater the effect of the instructor’s instructional skills on student progress. Findings implied the importance of traditional classroom learning. In addition to offering online classes to raise enrollments and revenues, school authorities should be aware of the contribution and importance of traditional face-to-face classes and continue to improve the quality of traditional classroom learning. (A20; A22; I20; I21; C30)
A database of tissue-specific rhythmically expressed human genes has potential applications in circadian medicine

The discovery that half of the mammalian protein-coding genome is regulated by the circadian clock has clear implications for medicine. Recent studies demonstrated that the circadian clock influences therapeutic outcomes in human heart disease and cancer. However, biological time is rarely given clinical consideration. A key barrier is the absence of information on tissue-specific molecular rhythms in the human body. We have applied the cyclic ordering by periodic structure (CYCLOPS) algorithm, designed to reconstruct sample temporal order in the absence of time-of-day information, to the gene expression collection of 13 tissues from 632 human donors. We identified rhythms in gene expression across the body; nearly half of protein-coding genes were shown to be cycling in at least 1 of the 13 tissues analyzed. One thousand of these cycling genes encode proteins that either transport or metabolize drugs or are themselves drug targets. These results provide a useful resource for studying the role of circadian rhythms in medicine and support the idea that biological time might play a role in determining drug response.
Cerebrospinal fluid untargeted metabolomic profiling of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an exploratory study.

Introduction: Despite advancements in medical and surgical therapies, clinical outcomes of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) continue to be poor. Currently, aSAH pathophysiology remains poo...
Peer Effects of All-Star Females

This paper studies whether senior women's representation in the workplace leads to positive outcomes. I find that all-star female analysts positively affect the performance of their peers. Specifically, an increase in the number of all-star females in a brokerage spurs the future performance of other analysts in that brokerage. These results are not explained by unobserved factors that may affect analysts’ sorting behavior and performance. Analysts who cover firms in the same industry as all-star females experience a larger boost in their outcomes, suggesting that knowledge spillover is an economic channel through which all-star females affect their cohorts' performance. Moreover, the timeliness of analysts' forecasts improves following a higher representation of all-star females in their brokerages.
The Dangers of Responsibilities Assigned to Concussed Athletes

A high school freshman suffered post-concussive syndrome after receiving multiple head injuries stemming from assigned actions in the physical education classroom and extracurricular school-sponsored activities.
The Self-Report Coping Measure in an Urban School Sample: Factor Structure and Coping Differences

There are numerous tools available to assess coping strategies used by children and adolescents. Many of the existing measures are widely used within diverse settings, often outside of the populations within which the measures were developed. Given the varying use of coping strategies among different populations, there is a need to ascertain the validity and reliability of measurement tools used within particular settings. The current study examines the initial psychometrics of the Self-Report Coping Measure (SRCM), originally developed by Causey and Dubow (J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 21(1): 47–59, 1992), and investigates the psychometric properties of the SRCM in a school-based, low-income, minority urban sample within six elementary schools. Students in 3rd through 8th grade (N = 298) completed the SRCM as part of a larger implementation trial. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to assess for fit with four previously validated models of coping factor structure. None provided adequate fit. Consequently, we conducted exploratory analyses, which suggested a three-factor solution with 28 items. Evaluation of convergent validity via correlations with subscales on the Teacher Report Form provided initial support for the validity of the scale. We then examined coping strategy use descriptively in this low-income, school-based population. No differences were found by race/ethnicity or gender; however, children in higher grade levels were less likely to use coping strategies across all factors, including both adaptive and maladaptive strategies. Implications and limitations for use of the SRCM in a low-income, minority school-based population are discussed.
RadioSilenced: A Semi-Serendipitous Hyper Local Talk Radio Exploration Tool

In this paper, I show the under heard voices of those whose primary media is radio, the proliferation of large trend analysis over fine-grained exploratory tools for large scale media data, and the absence of exploratory tools for hyper local media like local radio. In response, I present RadioSilenced, a web-based tool that enables the semi-serendipitous (not algorithmically curated) exploration and display of talk radio call-in data to encourage a deeper understanding of the 10 percent of US communities whose primary news consumption is radio, in a whole-system view but sample-by-sample exploration closer to ethnographic observation than a more reductive, big data analysis. To my knowledge, large scale analysis of talk radio, one of the oldest forms of media, has rarely been attempted.
Widely separated optical Kerr parametric oscillation in AlN microrings.

Here, we report $ {\chi ^{(3)}} $χ(3)-based optical parametric oscillation (OPO) with widely separated signal–idler frequencies from crystalline aluminum nitride microrings pumped at $ 2\,\,\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m} $2µm. By tailoring the width of the microring, OPO reaching toward the telecom and mid-infrared bands with a frequency separation of 64.2 THz is achieved. While dispersion engineering through changing the microring width is capable of shifting the OPO sideband by $ \gt {9}\;{\rm THz}$>9THz, the OPO frequency can also be agilely tuned in the ranges of 1 and 0.1 THz, respectively, by shifting the pump wavelength and controlling the chip’s temperature. At high pump powers, the OPO sidebands further evolve into localized frequency comb lines. Such large-frequency-shift OPO with flexible wavelength tunability will lead to enhanced chip-scale light sources.
Children's Literature, Culturally Responsive Teaching, and Teacher Identity: An Action Research Inquiry in Teacher Education.

This paper reports on an action research inquiry that identified ways that a graduate course in multicultural children’s literature contributed to teachers’ meaning-making of such texts, their prof...
The longitudinal health economic impact of viral encephalitis in the United States.

Introduction. Previous studies of viral encephalitis have focused on acute costs, estimating incidence at 7.3 per 100 000 and total US annual charges at $2 billion in 2010. Aim. We aim to quantify the most updated longitudinal health economic impact of viral encephalitis in the USA from 2008 to 2015. Methodology. Data on patients diagnosed with viral encephalitis were obtained from the Truven Health Analytics MarketScan database. Patients with a primary diagnosis of viral encephalitis, from herpetic viruses and other viral aetiologies (e.g. West Nile fever) were included in the analysis. Data concerning healthcare resource utilization, inpatient mortality, length of stay and accrued healthcare costs were collected for up to 5 years. Results. Among 3985 patients with continuous enrolment for 13 months prior to the encephalitis diagnosis, more non-herpes simplex encephalitis (61.7 %) than herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE; 38.3 %) cases were recorded, with the majority concentrated in the southern USA (29.2 %). One-year inpatient mortality was 6.2 %, which over a 5-year period rose to 8.9 % for HSE and 5.8 % for all other viral encephalitides. HSE resulted in longer cumulative stays in the hospital (11 days vs. 4 days; P=0.0025), and accrued 37 % higher first-year costs, after adjusting for known confounders [P<0.001, cost ratio=1.37, 95 % confidence interval (1.20, 1.57)]. Additionally, HSE was associated with greater 5-year cumulative median charges ($125 338 vs. $82 317, P=0.0015). Conclusion. The health economic impact and long-term morbidity of viral encephalitis in the USA are substantial.
Neoadjuvant treatment strategies for HER2-positive breast cancer: cost-effectiveness and quality of life outcomes.

Achieving a pathologic complete response (pCR) with neoadjuvant therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer is associated with less recurrence and improved clinical outcomes compared to having residual cancer at surgery. However, recent data have demonstrated favorable outcomes for patients with residual HER2-positive cancer who received adjuvant trastuzumab emtansine (TDM-1). Therefore, we sought to determine the optimal chemotherapy/anti-HER2 treatment strategy. We created a decision-analytic model for patients with stage II–III HER2-positive cancer that incorporated utilities based on toxicity and recurrence. We separately modeled hormone receptor-negative (HR−) and positive (HR+) disease and calculated quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and costs through 5 years. Simulated patients received one of the following neoadjuvant treatments: three ‘intensive’ regimens (TCHP: docetaxel, carboplatin, trastuzumab, pertuzumab; THP + AC: taxol, trastuzumab, pertuzumab then doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide; THP: taxol, trastuzumab, pertuzumab) and two ‘de-escalated’ regimens (TH: taxol, trastuzumab; TDM-1) followed by adjuvant treatment based on pathologic response. Among ‘intensive’ neoadjuvant strategies, treatment with THP was more effective and less costly than TCHP or THP + AC. When ‘de-escalated’ strategies were included, TH became the most cost-effective. For HR-negative cancer, TH had 0.003 fewer quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) than THP but was less costly by $55,831, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of over $18M/QALY for THP, well above any threshold. For HR-positive cancer, neoadjuvant TH dominated the THP strategy. An adaptive-treatment strategy beginning with neoadjuvant THP or TH followed by tailoring post-operative therapy reduces treatment costs, and spares toxicity compared to more intensive chemotherapy regimens for women with HER2-positive breast cancer.
Teaching an Instrumental Analysis Laboratory Course without Instruments During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic presented numerous challenges for all levels of the education system. In March 2020, virtually all colleges and universities in the United States moved all instruction to an o...
Reducing Recommender Systems Biases: An Investigation of Rating Display Designs

Prior research has shown that online recommendations have a significant influence on consumers’ preference ratings and economic behavior. Specifically, biases induced by observing personalized system recommendations can lead to distortions in users’ self-reported preference ratings after consumption of an item, thus contaminating the users’ subsequent inputs to the recommender system. This, in turn, provides the system with an inaccurate view of user preferences and opens up possibilities of rating manipulation. As recommender systems continue to become increasingly popular in today’s online environments, preventing or reducing such system-induced biases constitutes a highly important and practical research problem. In this paper, we address this problem via the analysis of different rating display designs for the purpose of proactively preventing biases before they occur, i.e., at rating collection time. We use randomized laboratory experimentation to test how the presentation format of personalized recommendations affects the biases generated in post-consumption preference ratings. We demonstrate that graphical rating display designs of recommender systems are more advantageous than numerical designs in reducing the biases, although none are able to remove biases completely. We also show that scale compatibility is a contributing mechanism operating to create these biases, although not the only one. Together, the results have practical implications for the design and implementation of recommender systems as well as theoretical implications for the study of recommendation biases.
Neonatal prophylaxis with antibiotic containing ointments does not reduce incidence of chlamydial conjunctivitis in newborns

Neonatal ocular prophylaxis with silver nitrate does not prevent neonatal conjunctivitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis. The efficacy of antibiotic containing preparations for prevention of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis (NCC) has not been established. To examine published literature to determine whether antibiotic containing preparation are efficacious for prevention of NCC and C. trachomatis in the nasopharynx. A literature search of MEDLINE and EMBASE. Articles were selected for review if their content included 4 key criteria: (1) Prospective/comparative study. (2) Prenatal screening of mothers for C. trachomatis with results reported. (3) Follow-up of infants born to chlamydia-positive women. (4) Infants prospectively followed at regular intervals and tested for C. trachomatis in the eye/ nasopharynx (NP). The search yielded 159 studies; 11 were selected for full reviews, eight were excluded; three addressed the four criteria. Rates of C. trachomatis conjunctivitis in infants in included studies who received silver nitrate was 20–33%; positive NP, 1–28% and pneumonia, 3–8%. Rates of C. trachomatis conjunctivitis in neonates who received erythromycin or tetracycline prophylaxis did not differ from silver nitrate; 0–15 and 11%, respectively, who received erythromycin or tetracycline developed NCC. Similarly, 4–33 and 5% of infants who received erythromycin or tetracycline, respectively, had positive NP cultures; 0–4% developed chlamydial pneumonia. Neonatal ocular prophylaxis with erythromycin or tetracycline ophthalmic ointments does not reduce incidence of neonatal chlamydial conjunctivitis or respiratory infection in infants born to mothers with C. trachomatis infection compared to silver nitrate.
Partisan Media or Political Organizations?: Rethinking Right-Wing Media in the Age of 'Fake News'

This article is driven by two interrelated questions. First, as the U.S. is experiencing a heightened level of politically motivated disinformation propagated through right-wing media channels, how should we make sense of right-wing media given their political operations? Second, if the logic behind many right-wing media’s political operations resembles that of political organizations rather than news organizations, what kind of political organizations are they? This article offers a modest step towards understanding right-wing media as type of hybrid and fluid political organization to put more focus on their political and strategic nature. Compared with previous approaches that treat right-wing media as partisan news organizations, the conceptualization of right-wing media as political organizations captures three important yet undertheorized trends. First, many right-wing media engage in a wide range of political activities such as coordinating leaks and running disinformation campaigns rather than just selectively covering and reframing news. Second, the right-wing media ecosystem has expanded to a point where various right-wing media develop and pursue distinct political/organizational interest, and the old metaphor of “echo chamber” that was previously used to characterize right-wing media can no longer fully capture the dynamics of the ecosystem. Third, many right-wing media are able to strategically time action at particular moments to achieve its maximum effect and adjust themselves to address emerging problems and opportunities in the political environment. I suggest that hybridity and fluidity are two important features of the political organization of many right-wing media outlets.
Patient Voice and Mission: Why Do Patients Choose Family Medicine and What Do They Value?

Known gaps exist between what patients value and institutions prioritize. We sought to incorporate patients’ reasons for valuing family medicine into a new Mission and Vision statement by deploying...