cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Realizing Adaptive Instruction (Ad-In): The Convergence of Learning, Instruction, and Assessment

In this paper, we define adaptive instruction, or Ad-In, as applied to sophisticated skills development systems that target learning and assessment in a highly individualized and interactive manner. We argue that the successful design and use of such systems rely heavily upon the interrelationships among learning styles, instructional theories, and assessment methods, in the context of personalized learning. We outline and structure the links among these topics by drawing upon recent empirical studies of virtual environments and augmented realities. The paper also presents a candidate architecture for applying Ad-In concepts in an intelligent interactive environment for skills development.
Developing a Green Computer Science Program

The intention of establishing a so-called Green University is pursued in multiple countries around the world. While information technology has been a core enabler in several green initiatives, it will be worthwhile to observe how computing programs themselves educate their students in green technologies so that students graduate from such programs with a strong environmental focus. In this paper we examine how computing programs can help answer the following questions regarding a green program: (1) How to minimize a negative impact of the discipline's practices and technologies on the environment? (2) How to contribute the discipline's resources and techniques to increase environmental sustainability? (3) How to incorporate both aforementioned principles into the discipline's curriculum? Eventually, the authors attempt to build a model of education for computing programs for sustainable development, which will allow other educational institutions adopt practices that will help graduate environmentally conscious students from computing disciplines.
Factors affecting premature neonatal mortality

S I NCE maternal mortality has brcn approachin, w the irreducible minimum, more attention of late has been given to the salvaging of infants, part.iclllarly. the prematures. With this thought in mind, wc undertook the problem of finding the incidence of prematurity as well as the neonatal premature mortality ral~ al. t.hc Indiana University Medical Center (William H. Coleman Hospital) ov(‘t’ the five-year period from July 1, 1947, through June 30, 1952. A study of th(a various factors that might influence the mortality rate of liveborn prematnrc+ was made during this same period, the series consisting of six hundred white infants. In this study a liveborn premature was defined as any infant born nlivc that weighed between 400 and 2,500 grams, inclusive; while a nconntnl prcmature death was defined as the death of any liveborn premature of the same weight during the first thirty days of life.
An ancient adaptive episode of convergent molecular evolution confounds phylogenetic inference

Convergence can mislead phylogenetic inference by mimicking shared ancestry, but has been detected only rarely in molecular evolution. Here, we show that significant convergence occurred in snake and agamid lizard mitochondrial genomes. Most evidence, and most of the mitochondrial genome, supports one phylogenetic tree, but a subset of mostly amino acid-altering mitochondrial sites strongly support a radically different phylogeny. These sites are convergent, probably selected, and overwhelm the signal from other sites. This suggests that convergent molecular evolution can seriously mislead phylogenetics, even with large data sets. Radical phylogenies inconsistent with previous evidence should be treated cautiously.
Placental hypoxic overlap lesions: a clinicoplacental correlation.

Aim This retrospective analysis is aimed to study clinical and placental associations of placental acute, chronic, and acute-on-chronic (overlap) hypoxic lesions. Material and Methods Frequencies of 32 clinical (maternal and fetal) and 47 placental (gross and microscopic) phenotypes were compared by the Yates χ2 with the Holm–Bonferroni correction among consecutive placentas from 2831 ≥16-week gestations: 778 placentas with chronic hypoxic lesion(s) (diffuse patterns of hypoxic placental injury, chorangiosis, excessive extravillous trophoblasts, microscopic chorionic pseudocysts, clusters of decidual multinucleate trophoblasts), 481 placentas with acute hypoxic lesion(s) (infarction, intravillous hemorrhage, deep meconium penetration, membrane laminar necrosis), 585 placentas with hypoxic overlap lesion(s) (coexisting at least one lesion from each of the above groups), and 987 placentas without placental hypoxic lesions, adjusted for gestational age. Results The control group was dominated by premature rupture of membranes, inflammatory pattern of placental injury, and poor prenatal care. The fetal and placental hypoxic patterns were associated not only with increased frequency of clinical hypoxia-associated conditions, but also abnormal umbilical cord coiling, intervillous thrombi, retroplacental hematomas, and placental features of fetal thrombotic vasculopathy, particularly in association with hypoxic overlap lesions. Conclusion Placental hypoxic overlap lesions are associated with clinical complications of pregnancy and predispose to thrombotic lesions, some most likely stasis-induced.
An Evaluation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Assessing Dietary Intake of Specific Carotenoids and Vitamin E among Low-Income Black Women

The National Cancer Institute diet questionnaire was evaluated for use in a low-income black population. Data were collected from 91 women aged 30-69 years who were hospital outpatients in Atlanta, Georgia, June through August, 1988. Six ethnic and regional foods added to the questionnaire were found to be important contributors to intakes of several nutrients. Although 17 records were identified as containing probable recording or reporting errors, intakes of carotenes, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, cryptoxanthin, and vitamin E were significantly and positively associated with serum levels of their referent nutrients. Among nonsmokers, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.32 to 0.45, adjusted for age, body mass index, alcohol and calorie intakes, medications and vitamin supplement use, and serum cholesterol and triglycerides. When questionnaires containing identified errors were omitted, correlations ranged from 0.30 to 0.54. There were no correlations between dietary intakes of lycopene and lutein and blood levels (-0.06 to 0.09). Among smokers, diet-serum correlations were reduced (0.00 to 0.32). These correlations are similar to those reported in research on vitamin E and carotenoids in other populations. These results suggest that the questionnaire is as valid for use in this population as it is in other populations.
The Impact of Varying Degrees of Iron Nutriture on Several Functional Consequences of Iron Deficiency in Rats

The impact of varying severities of iron-deficiency anemia on fasting blood glucose, plasma triiodothyronine, heart norepinephrine concentrations and resting oxygen consumption were evaluated. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of six dietary groups (4, 6, 11, 16, 23 or 40 mg Fe/kg diet) for 6 wk. Hemoglobin, liver iron and transferrin saturation were significantly lower in the 4 and 6 mg Fe/kg diet groups relative to the other groups and were indicative of anemia, low tissue iron stores and impaired erythropoiesis. Fasting blood glucose and heart norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the 4 and 6 mg Fe/kg diet groups than the three highest dietary Fe groups. Although fasting blood glucose was significantly inversely correlated (r = -0.89, P = 0.0001) with hemoglobin concentration; a significant quadratic relationship (R 2 = 0.70, P = 0.0001) existed between hemoglobin and heart norepinephrine concentration. Differences in plasma triiodothyronine concentrations and resting oxygen consumption were not significant among the groups. Thus, base on hemoglobin concentration as an index of the severity of iron deficiency, these findings demonstrate that certain physiological manifestations of iron deficiency occur at even moderate-to-mild degrees of anemia.
Uterine vascular function and menstruction

Menstruation, which occurs if pregnancy is not established, is a tightly-controlled, highly-synchronized physiological event confined to a few days and a small blood loss. The initial dissolution of endometrial extracellular matrix, vasoconstriction followed by secondary vasodilation and tissue sloughing, ends in postmenstrual repair and regeneration, in which angiogenesis is a key process in re-establishing endometrial vascular function. The two principal conductors for this coordinated sequence of events are oestrogen and progesterone, which act on the endometrium to regulate the expression of a variety of molecular events that enable endometrial shedding and complete regeneration. Some of the putative factors produced by and acting on the endometrium as well as uterine vascular flow include prostaglandins, matrix metalloproteinases, endothelins, reninangiotensin, vascular-endothelial growth factors and inhibitors of angiogenesis. Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes and endothelins are vasoactive substances that provide a changing balance between vasoconstriction and vasodilatation. Matrix metalloproteinases are indispensable for degrading the extracellular matrix such as collagens, gelatins, proteoglycans, and laminin so that endometrial shedding, breakdown and tissue remodelling are facilitated. Putative angiogenic factors in the endometrium II, vascular-endothelial growth factors, and other growth factors. Together, this ensemble of molecules regulates uterine vascular function and menstruation.
The threshold versus pigment relation of Xenopus rods.

Summary Visual pigment levels of the red rod photoreceptors of Xenopus larvae were altered either as a result of normal growth or by exposure to a combination of continuous light and a Vitamin A-free diet. Vitamin A-starved larvae subsequently were injected with all trans retinol to set the visual pigment concentration to any desired value. The resultant thresholds of the red rods were derived from measures of the PHI response in dark-adapted, aspartate-treated eyecups. In either, the normal growth or Vitamin A deprivation/ resupplementation condition, PIII threshold bore an inverse linear relation to the absorbance of the rod outer segment.
Transmission of sonic booms into a rectangular room with a plaster–wood wall using a modal – Interaction model

Abstract As a first step in the development of a model for predicting the noise transmission of sonic booms inside buildings, a numerical solution for the transmission of a shock wave with an arbitrary time history into a rectangular room with a plaster–wood wall is investigated. The dynamics of this fluid–structure system, including their interaction, is computed in the time domain using a modal-interaction method. The formulation of the problem, illustrative numerical results, and a parametric study are presented. The experimental effort dedicated to validating the numerical formulation is also presented. A speaker generating sonic booms with various durations is used to structurally load a plaster–wood wall mounted in the opening of a cinderblock room. The measured wall vibration and pressures at several locations inside the room are compared to the numerical predictions, showing a fairly good agreement overall. Results from this study can potentially be used by aircraft designers to minimize the noise impact in residential houses.
Improved Distribution of Cardioplegia with Pressure-Controlled Intermittent Coronary Sinus Occlusion

Coronary occlusions may alter the distribution of antegrade cardioplegia and result in ischemic damage. This study was undertaken to determine whether pressure-controlled intermittent coronary sinus occlusion (PICSO) could improve antegrade cardioplegic delivery when coronary occlusions are present. Twenty pigs were subjected to 120 minutes of ischemic arrest with antegrade, multidose, potassium crystalloid cardioplegia. During arrest, the mid-left anterior descending artery was occluded with a snare, which was released on reperfusion. In 10 pigs, a balloon-tipped catheter was placed in the coronary sinus and PICSO was performed during each cardioplegia dose. PICSO-treated hearts had faster arrests (27 +/- 5 versus 102 +/- 21 [SE] seconds; p less than 0.02), as well as lower temperatures (18.4 +/- 1.0 versus 22.0 +/- 1.4 degrees C; p less than 0.05) and higher tissue pH (6.58 +/- 0.09 versus 6.31 +/- 0.09; p less than 0.05) just before aortic unclamping. Postischemic end-diastolic volume was unchanged with PICSO, but it decreased in non-PICSO-treated hearts. PICSO-treated hearts generated a higher postischemic stroke work index (0.70 +/- 0.08 versus 0.38 +/- 0.08 g-m/kg; end-diastolic volume, 60 ml; p less than 0.05). We conclude that PICSO improves cardioplegic distribution, thus reducing ischemic injury.
Computability versus exact computability of martingales

This note gives a simple example of a polynomial-time computable martingale that has rational values but is not exactly computable.
Synthesis of the chlorofusin cyclic peptide: assignment of the asparagine stereochemistry.

An efficient synthesis of two diastereomers of the chlorofusin cyclic peptide bearing either the l-Asn3/d-Asn-4 or d-Asn3/l-Asn4 stereochemistry is detailed. Four key subunits were prepared, sequentially coupled, and cyclized to provide the two diastereomeric macrocycles. The absolute stereochemistry at the asparagine residues 3 and 4 was assigned as l and d, respectively, by correlating the NMR data of the two diastereomers with that reported for the natural product.
Lubiprostone Increases Small Intestinal Smooth Muscle Contractions Through a Prostaglandin E Receptor 1 (EP1)-mediated Pathway.

Background/Aims Lubiprostone, a chloride channel type 2(ClC-2) activator, was thought to treat constipation by enhancing intestinal secretion. It has been associated with increased intestinal transit and delayed gastric emptying. Structurally similar to prostones with up to 54% prostaglandin E2 activity on prostaglandin E receptor 1 (EP1), lubiprostone may also exert EP1 mediated procontractile effect on intestinal smooth muscles. We investigated lubiprostone`s effects on intestinal smooth muscle contractions and pyloric sphincter tone. Methods Isolated murine small intestinal (longitudinal and circular) and pyloric tissues were mounted in organ baths with modified Krebs solution for isometric recording. Basal muscle tension and response to electrical field stimulation (EFS; 2 ms pulses/10 V/6 Hz/30 sec train) were measured with lubiprostone (10-10-10-5 M) ± EP1 antagonist. Significance was established using Student t test and P＜ 0.05. Results Lubiprostone had no effect on the basal tension or EFS-induced contractions of longitudinal muscles. With circular muscles, lubiprostone caused a dose-dependent increase in EFS-induced contractions (2.11 ± 0.88 to 4.43 ± 1.38 N/g, P = 0.020) that was inhibited by pretreatment with EP1 antagonist (1.69 ± 0.70 vs. 4.43 ± 1.38 N/g, P = 0.030). Lubiprostone had no effect on circular muscle basal tension, but it induced a dose-dependent increase in pyloric basal tone (1.07 ± 0.01 to 1.97 ± 0.86 fold increase, P＜ 0.05) that was inhibited by EP1 antagonist. Conclusions In mice, lubiprostone caused a dose-dependent and EP1-mediated increase in contractility of circular but not longitudinal small intestinal smooth muscles, and in basal tone of the pylorus. These findings suggest another mechanism for lubiprostone s observed clinical effects on gastrointestinal motility. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 19:312-318)
Numerical Investigation of Transient Marangoni Effects on Weld Pool Dynamics in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding of Stainless Steel

In this study, the fluid flow, heat transfer, and phase change occurring during the Gas Tungsten Arc (GTA) welding of stainless steel are numerically analyzed. Of all the driving forces involved during GTA welding, the Marangoni convection due to surface tension gradient is the most dominant. The amount of surfactant present in the metal strongly influences the strength, location, and direction of the Marangoni convection. Limited work has been done in the study of transient Marangoni convection behavior in the regime where a significant amount of surfactant is present, and depending on the thermal distribution in the molten metal pool, the surface tension gradient undergoes inflection, resulting in a flow reversal. The present investigation aims to address the complex relationship among the flow reversal, surfactant activity, and thermal pattern in the weld pool.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Position of the Unknown Set and Children's Solutions of Verbal Arithmetic Problems.

influence children's interpretation of verbal problems and affect the relative difficulty of various problem types (Carpenter, Hiebert, & Moser, 1981; Houlihan & Ginsburg, 1981; Lindvall & Ibarra, 1980; Nesher, 1976; Rosenthal & Resnick, 1974). Semantic structure of the problem, number size, syntactic complexity, and the position of the unknown quantity in the associated number sentence all have been suggested as important factors in this regard, although not all of them have been investigated systematically. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the position of the unknown set on first-grade children's representation and solution processes for verbally presented addition and subtraction problems. Many young children solve verbal addition and subtraction problems by representing the sets in the problems with objects and carrying out the prescribed action on the objects (Carpenter et al., 1981). For example, if counters are available to represent the situation, many children will solve a "missing addend" story that describes a joining action by adding on to the first set and counting the number of objects that must be added on to yield the result. By way of contrast, they will solve a missing addend or subtraction problem that describes a comparison situation by matching the two sets and counting the number of objects by which one set exceeds the other. Since children often rely on direct sequential representation to solve problems, it is
Results of 20 years of experimental forest management on breeding birds in Ozark forests of Missouri, USA

Abstract Understanding the relationship between forest management and bird populations requires understanding the effects of silvicultural practices on avian demography at large spatio-temporal scales. The Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP) is a long-term, large-scale manipulative experiment testing the effects of even-aged (3–13 ha cuts over 10–15% of the site; n = 3), uneven-aged (0.03–3.14 ha cuts over 57% of the site; n = 3), and no harvest forest management on ecosystem level responses. We report on the effects of these management systems on the density and reproductive success of 11 songbird species from 5 years of pre-harvest (1991–1995) to 14 years of post-harvest (1997–2010). Density of four of the five mature forest species were lower after harvest in all management types and did not return to pre-harvest density, even in no harvest sites. Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapilla) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) responded most negatively to even-aged management in the early post-harvest period (1997–2003) where density was significantly lower than in no harvest sites. Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa) density increased on uneven-aged and even-aged sites during early post-harvest, but returned to pre-harvest density on both management types by 14 years post-harvest. Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) and Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus) had lower density in all treatments post-harvest. Among the six early-successional species, density of Blue-winged Warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera), Hooded Warbler (Setophaga citrina), Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens) were significantly higher in even-aged and uneven-aged sites than in no harvest sites after harvest. Density of Prairie Warbler (Setophaga discolor) were significantly higher only in even-aged management after harvest. Prairie Warbler, Hooded Warbler, and White-eyed vireo appeared on the study sites following harvest while Indigo Bunting, Prairie Warbler, and Yellow-breasted Chat were absent from the study area 14 years post-harvest. Nest survival of mature forest and early-successional species did not change significantly from the pre- to the late post-harvest period or with forest management. Brood parasitism rates remained low from pre-harvest to late post-harvest, but parasitism rates were higher for early-successional species (4%) than mature forest species (1%). Although forest management had variable effects on species, we suggest a modified version of even-aged management could maximize benefits to early-successional species while minimizing decreases in mature forest bird species in central hardwood forests. Rather than the current prescription to harvest 10–15% of the mature stands every 15 years, we recommend harvesting approximately half the number of mature stands with a shorter re-entry period of 8–10 years.
A New Genus and Species of Corioxenidae (Strepsiptera) from Madagascar, with a Review of the Current Genera

ABSTRACT A new genus of Corioxenidae, Malagasyxenos, is erected for a new species of Strepsiptera, Malagasyxenos gymnostoma n.s.p., from the Majunga provinces of Madagascar. Malagasyxenos is morphologically closest to Floridoxenos, both of which have antennae with seven segments and flabela on segments 3–6. However, Malagasyxenos is the only corioxenid with no visible mouthparts as well as other character differences. The family Corioxenidae is reviewed and a key is provided for the 13 genera.
Phenotypic variation in influenza virus reassortants with identical gene constellations

Abstract To determine which gene segments of influenza A viruses are responsible for the property of tissue tropism, reassortants were produced between the avian influenza strain, A/Mal/NY/6750/78 [H2N2] (Mal/NY), and a human strain, A/Udorn/307/72 [H3N2] (Udorn). The avian strain replicates in the intestinal tract of ducks and the human strain does not. Eight reassortants were shown by hybridization analysis to have the same gene constellation, having received hemagglutinin gene segment 4 from Udorn and the remaining seven gene segments from Mal/NY. With one exception, all reassortants containing the Udorn HA were restricted in their ability to traverse the digestive tract of ducks and replicate therein. The exception, reassortant R2, replicated to high titers in the intestinal tract. The R2 virus was shown to possess a hemagglutinin molecule that was antigenically distinguishable from the Udorn parent with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. The virus was “nonavid” in reaction with antihemagglutinin antibodies and was phenotypically similar to avian influenza viruses. The results suggest that the R2 hemagglutinin has undergone mutation(s) altering tissue tropism and antigenic properties of the virus. These studies illustrate the importance of the hemagglutinin gene in determining tissue tropism and present an example of phenotypic variation in a virus population with the same gene constellation but do not exclude a requirement for other gene products.
A comparison between fluoroscopically guided radiofrequency energy delivery and conventional technique in an animal model of fundoplication failure.

Background The use of radiofrequency energy (RFe) treatment at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) has been considered an alternative to surgery after fundoplication disruption. It is unknown whether the recommended delivery technique for primary gastroesophageal reflux disease applies to an anatomically altered GEJ following fundoplication. The aim of this study was to determine whether modifications to the standard technique using fluoroscopic guidance more accurately localizes ablation zones compared with standard technique alone.
A digital PUF-based IP protection architecture for network embedded systems

In this paper we present an architecture for a secure embedded system that is resilient to tempering and code injection attacks and offers anti-piracy protection for the software and hardware Intellectual Property (IP). We incorporate digital Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) in an authentication mechanism at the machine code level. The digital PUFs are used to de-obfuscate, at run time, a firmware that's issued by a central authority with very little performance and resource overhead. Each PUF is unique to the hosting device, and at the same time can be reconfigured with new seeds. The reconfigurable digital PUFs (drPUFs) have much lower risks of side-channel attacks and vastly higher number of usable challenge-response pairs, while retaining the speed and ease to implementation of digital PUFs.
Machine vision technique for measuring glass container thickness

The inspection of sidewall thickness provides important information about the production processes for glass container manufacture. By monitoring the thickness profile around the perimeter of bottles in real-time, the manufacturing process can be altered to produce higher quality products. This also provides the ability to identify and remove defective products. In order to improve the speed and accuracy of inspections, a new non-contact method for acquiring thickness profiles of glass bottles that employs optical and machine vision techniques has been developed and tested. One of the fundamental laws of optics, Snell's Law, is the basic concept upon which the inspection technique relies. The thickness of a flat plane of transparent material can be determined from Snell’s Law with a single beam of light that passes through the medium, reflects off the secondary surface, and travels back to the initial surface and passes through it. Based upon this principle, a new non-contact glass thickness measurement technique has been developed and it has demonstrated good accuracy.
WristFlex: low-power gesture input with wrist-worn pressure sensors

In this paper we present WristFlex, an always-available on-body gestural interface. Using an array of force sensitive resistors (FSRs) worn around the wrist, the interface can distinguish subtle finger pinch gestures with high accuracy (>80 %) and speed. The system is trained to classify gestures from subtle tendon movements on the wrist. We demonstrate that WristFlex is a complete system that works wirelessly in real-time. The system is simple and light-weight in terms of power consumption and computational overhead. WristFlex's sensor power consumption is 60.7 uW, allowing the prototype to potentially last more then a week on a small lithium polymer battery. Also, WristFlex is small and non-obtrusive, and can be integrated into a wristwatch or a bracelet. We perform user studies to evaluate the accuracy, speed, and repeatability. We demonstrate that the number of gestures can be extended with orientation data from an accelerometer. We conclude by showing example applications.
Maintenance of avoidance during differential shock and nonshock confinement

Acquisition and extinction of rat avoidance was unaffected by relative shock and nonshock compartment confinement and retention of avoidance, although statistically significant, was an impotent factor for the Holtzman strain, but a potent factor for Sasco rats. In general, Holtzman rats were more resistant to extinction than Sasco rats.
Density, Pressure, and Temperature Effects on Heat Transfer in Apollo 11 Fines

The thermal conductivity of the Apollo 11 lunar fines is presented as a function of temperature for three values of bulk density corresponding to lightly disturbed, normal surface condition, and packed. The thermal conductivity is also presented as a function of ambient pressure at conditions of normal density and standard temperature. The thermal diffusivity is calculated over the same range of parameters. Average values of the conductivity, diffusivity, and thermal parameter are also presented.
Behavioural correlates of testosterone and seasonal changes of steroids in red-winged blackbirds.

Abstract I studied the relationship between behaviour and plasma testosterone level (T) and the seasonal changes in T and plasma corticosterone levels (B) in male red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus . I measured T and B using radioimmunoassay, and on the day after taking blood, I observed each male's behaviour for 60 min. The time that males spent conspicuously perched and the number of songs were positively correlated with T, but the proportion of time spent conspicuously perched and the frequency of song were not correlated with T. The frequency of aggressive encounters, sexual chases, epaulet exposure when singing and flights within the territory were positively correlated with T, suggesting a direct role for circulating testosterone influencing male aggressive behaviour. Both T and B increased early in the breeding season, peaked when the first females were receptive, and decreased through the remainder of the breeding season. Late in the season, the presence of a receptive female caused males to have increased T. The peak in T when the first females were receptive, the positive correlation between aggression and T, and the response to a receptive female with increased T support predictions of the challenge hypothesis. T was positively correlated with B, suggesting a cost to the males of maintaining high T. When a receptive female was present on the male's territory, T was negatively correlated with date. Male red-winged blackbirds in Indiana may respond less to receptive females late in the season when benefits associated with protecting paternity and gaining extra-pair fertilizations decrease.
Polarimetric characterization of Federal Standard paints

A limited polarimetric characterization of paint samples on aluminum substrates is presented. Twelve painted aluminum panels, representing various colors, reflectances, and surface finishes, were examined in a spectropolarimetric reflectometer. Data were analyzed in detail for the 0.9 to 1.0 micrometer wavelength region, although data were taken over a wider spectral range. Polarizance was measured for the twelve samples at eight input beam incidence angles. All observations were made from normal to the sample. Characterization of the surface roughness of the samples was done using profilometers. It was found that as the incidence beam angle increases, the polarizance increases; and as the reflectance of the sample decreases, the polarizance increases.
Characterization of Nonlinear Vibrating Systems Using Internal Feedback and Frequency Response Modulation

The authors have developed a general frequency response function formulation in a previous article that relates the frequency responses of linear and nonlinear systems. This formulation is based on a spatial perspective of the nonlinearity as an internal feedback force. The present article gives a general interpretation of both the feedback perspective and the previously derived modulation frequency response relationships. A new method of characterizing nonlinear structural dynamic systems that is based on the frequency response relationships is then introduced.
Regional hyperthermia in the treatment of cancer: a review.

(1985). Clinical Science Review: Regional Hyperthermia in the Treatment of Cancer: A Review. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 445-451.
Synthesis of the C1-C12 fragment of the tedanolides. Aldol-non-aldol aldol approach.

The combination of highly stereoselective non-aldol aldol and aldol processes allows the preparation of the completely protected C1−C12 fragment 2 of the novel macrocyclic cytotoxic agent tedanolide 1.
The changing electrical engineering environment

The fast-changing technical environment requires not only more engineers but a reorientation of curricula upon a strong base of mathematics and physics, greater volume of technical digests and abstracts to cope with the rising volume of technical literature, and increased inter-society co-operation to accommodate the dissolution of the boundaries compartmenting the electrical engineering field.
Simulation-based environment for modeling distributed agents for smart grid energy management

As control systems become more complex, increased levels of testing and validation lead to improvements in control system robustness and reliability. We propose a testing and validation scenario in which control and plant algorithms are executed on real-time targets in a multi-agent distributed simulation environment. This simulation environment is achieved by embedding the simulation into micro controllers thereby allowing realtime interactions between the simulation and controller. In this paper, we discuss a distributed simulation environment that combines control, agents, and simulation in the Matlab xPC target technology for the embeddable simulation part of the environment. We intend to embed the simulation into an ARM-based core micro controller. The simulations and the (Programmable Logic Controller) PLC concurrently interact with each other using a (Common Industrial Protocol) CIP-based tag-level communications protocol. This combination of technologies creates a high fidelity testing environment.
Influence of sulfur on the adhesion of the nickel/alumina interface

The effects of sulfur on the adhesion of Ni/Al 2 O 3 interfaces are determined from first principles. The interfacial bonding is analyzed in terms of its ionic, covalent, and metallic components as well as its local electron orbital symmetries. The results reveal that S segregates to intact Ni/Al 2 O 3 interfaces unless those interfaces are Al rich. In all cases, the segregated S weakens interfacial bonds. The effect of S on adhesion arises from a competition between interfacial strain and new S-containing bonds formed across the interface. Results of this competition depend on whether the S is substitutional or interstitial as well as on interfacial stoichiometry. The propensity for segregation and weakening depends on the interfacial stoichiometry: governed by whether the interface is prepared by diffusion bonding or is thermally grown.
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in rat brain: incorporation from blood and metabolism in vivo.

The incorporation of [7-3H]dehydroepiandrosterone[35S]sulphate into brain tissue elements from the circulatory system and its metabolic fate in the brain were studied in developing rats. Approximately 0.037 % of [3H] and 0.023% of [35S] were incorporated into the brain within 15 min after the intracardiac injection of the labelled steroid. More than one-half of the incorporated [3H] was recovered as free steroid, whereas the rest was recovered as sulphate. The 3H/35S ratio in the sulphate fraction suggested that the sulphate entered the brain with the sulphate linkage intact. Upon intracerebral injection of the double-labelled steroid, approximately 6 per cent of the radioactivity was recovered in the brain at 30 min after the injection and 1 per cent was recovered at 1 h after the injection. Of the remaining radioactivity recovered from the brain, 5 per cent was found in the free steroid fraction, probably formed by hydrolysis of the sulphate; 90 per cent was in the sulphate ester fraction; and the rest was in the fraction of more polar compounds. To identify the metabolites, [4-14C]dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate was injected into the rat brain. Significant amounts of radioactivity were found in androstenediol sulphate, which was isolated from the brain. This compound was apparently derived from dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by reduction of the 17-keto group to a 17β-hydroxyl group without prior hydrolysis. There was suggestive evidence that free androstenediol was also formed in the brain in this experiment.
RNA Helicase DHX33 Puts a New Twist on NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

The mechanisms by which NLRP3 senses inflammasome-activating stimuli remain poorly defined. In this issue of Immunity, Mitoma et al. (2013) demonstrate that the RNA helicase DHX33 binds to cytosolic dsRNAs to trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Dosage specifications for ultrasound equipment

Abstract A dose has not been defined for pulsed ultrasound. I2t should be investigated further as one possible dose parameter. Exposure parameters can be determined. A complete set of equipment output parameters should be specified to allow calculation of dose parameters that may be developed. In addition to output parameters currently required by the AIUM Commendation Panel and the AIUM/NEMA Standard, the absolute acoustic pressure waveform should be made available for pulsed systems. More study is necessary to determine if this should be measured at one or more locations, e.g. at the location of the peak positive pressure or at the location of the peak negative pressure if these are not the same. On the basis of our present understanding of the biological effects of ultrasound it is not appropriate to limit maximum output levels.
Rebuilding Haiti smarter.

R. Kerr's recent News of the Week story “Foreshadowing Haiti's catastrophe” (22 January, p. [398][1]) nicely summarized the geological and seismological knowledge behind the earthquake that struck Port-au-Prince on 12 January this year. However, he failed to draw an obvious conclusion. Why not
Interannual variability of Black-legged Kittiwake productivity is reflected in baseline plasma corticosterone

Seabird productivity is shaped by marine resource availability. We examined the link between seabird productivity and an indirect measure of food availability: baseline plasma corticosterone. We predicted low productivity would coincide with elevated baseline corticosterone levels in Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). During a 5-year period of declining Kittiwake productivity in Chiniak Bay, Kodiak Island, Alaska, we found increasing baseline corticosterone levels during both incubation and chick-rearing. Significantly lower baseline corticosterone levels were observed in the years with the highest Kittiwake productivity and the least productive years exhibited the greatest baseline corticosterone levels in Kittiwakes. Although we did not measure food availability, declining Kittiwake productivity was consistent with warming ocean temperatures and decreased availability of forage fishes to apex predators. Baseline corticosterone measurements may help researchers assess how Kittiwakes are responding to variations in the marine environment.
OBSERVATIONS OF SPERMATOPHORES ATTACHED TO PLEOPODS OF PRESERVED MALE EUPHAUSIIDS

[Plusieurs specimens conserves d'Euphausiaces mâles avaient les spermatophores attaches soit au premier, soit au deuxieme pleopode, mais jamais au petasma. Ces attachements pourraient bien etre naturels pendant le transfert sur la femelle., Plusieurs specimens conserves d'Euphausiaces mâles avaient les spermatophores attaches soit au premier, soit au deuxieme pleopode, mais jamais au petasma. Ces attachements pourraient bien etre naturels pendant le transfert sur la femelle.]
Photoreactions of cytochrome b6 in systems using resolved chloroplast electron-transfer complexes

Abstract Photoreactions of cytochrome b6 have been studied using resolved chloroplast electron-transfer complexes. In the presence of Photosystem (PS) II and the cytochrome b6-f complex, photoreduction of the cytochrome can be observed. No soluble components are required for this reaction. Cytochrome b6 photoreduction was found to be inhibited by quinone analogs, which inhibit at the Rieske iron-sulfur center of the cytochrome complex, by the addition of ascorbate and by depletion of the Rieske center and bound plastoquinone from the cytochrome complex. Photoreduction of cytochrome b6 can also be demonstrated in the presence of the cytochrome complex and PS I. This photoreduction requires plastocyanin and a low-potential electron donor, such as durohydroquinone. Cytochrome b6 photoreduction in the presence of PS I is inhibited by quinone analogs which interact with the Rieske iron-sulfur center. These results are discussed in terms of a Q-cycle mechanism in which plastosemiquinone serves as the reductant for cytochrome b6 via an oxidant-induced reductive pathway.
Electron-impact excitation of He: Threshold region

Differential cross sections for excitation to the $n=2$ states of He are studied with an electron-impact spectrometer from threshold to 4 eV above. We observe pronounced angle-dependent structures in threshold excitation to the $2^{3}P$ state and in near-threshold excitation in the $2^{3}S$ state. Together, these experimental findings and recent theoretical considerations suggest the existence of a new $^{2}P$ resonance near 20.8 eV.
Repeated bout effect is absent in resistance trained men: An electromyographic analysis

A prior bout of exercise is well known to confer protection from subsequent eccentric bouts (i.e. repeated bout effect; RBE), which may be fostered through neural adaptations, specifically a shift in the frequency content of the surface electromyogram (EMG). It is currently not clear whether chronically resistance trained men are capable of a RBE driven by neural adaptations. Eleven resistance trained men (23.5 ± 3.4 yrs) performed 100 eccentric actions of the barbell bench press exercise, followed by an equivalent bout 14 days later. Indirect markers of muscle damage (i.e. force production, soreness) along with surface EMG were measured before and through 48 h of recovery. Median frequency and maximal isometric force demonstrated time main effects (p > 0.05), but no RBE. A prior bout of eccentric exercise does not confer a RBE for indirect markers of muscle injury or elicit changes in the frequency content of the EMG signal in resistance trained men.
THE NATIONAL ATLAS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Lors de l'acrevement de l'Atlas national sous forme de feuillets mobiles en 1961, le Comite de l'atlas national, etabli par l'Academie national des sciences, a recommande de confier au Geological Survey des Etats-Unis, la tâche de publier un nouvel atlas. Un groupe de techniciens a commence le travail en 1963 par la preparation de schemas de cartes et des cartes de base, et a etabli des contacts avec les organismes federaux, les associations professionnelles, les universites, les societes commerciales de cartographie, et les specialistes. Quoique bien des organismes et de nombreuses personnes doivent contribuer la preparation du nouvel atlas, le Geological Survey des Etats-Unis aura seule la charge de l'edition. en vue d'Assurer l'uniformite du style et du format. L'Atlas comprendra environ 400 planches, dont 300 contiendront des cartes sociales aux echelles de 1:7,500,000, de 1:17,000,000 et de 1:34,000,000 traitant des caracteres physiques, de l'histoire, des conditions economiques et sociales, des real...
Kinetics and equilibria in the acid denaturation of deoxyribonucleic acids from various sources

The acid denaturation of a variety of DNA‡ samples with guanine–cytosine (GC) contents ranging from 37–64% has been investigated by means of potentiometric, spectrophotometric, and thermal titrations, including spectrophotometric titrations in a stopped-flow fast reaction apparatus. As the pH of a solution of native DNA is lowered from the neutral range the net charge on the molecule becomes more positive as a result of the addition of protons to the bases adenine, cytosine, and to a lesser extent guanine. At a fairly sharply defined value of the charge a conformational transition sets in which is completed after the charge has increased in the positive direction by an additional 0.4–0.5 unit per base pair. The threshold value of the charge is dependent on the composition of the DNA as well as various experimental parameters such as temperature and ionic strength. At 25°C. in 0.1M NaCl the threshold value is approximately 0.55 charge unit per base pair relative to pH 6 for a GC content of 37% and 0.78 for 64% CG. The conformational transition is accompanied by heat absorption amounting, in the case of salmon DNA in 0.1M NaCl, to 3020 ± 150, 4920 ± 200, and 5700 ± 250 cal./mole of base pairs at 5, 25, and 45°C., respectively. If it is assumed that the heats of ionization of the bases are the same in denatured DNA as in the isolated nucleotides, the result at 25° C. can be corrected by using previously determined heats of ionization to give for the hypothetical process, DNA (native, pH 6) DNA (denatured, pH 6) ΔH = 8300 cal./mole of base pairs. ΔH appears to be independent of DNA composition, an average value of 8000 cal./mole of base pairs being obtained for DNA samples having GC contents ranging from 37–64%. The calorimetric results are consistent with the view that hydrophobic interactions are important in the stabilization of the DNA double helix. The kinetics of the acid denaturation of salmon DNA is complex.
Understanding and Development of Screen-Printed Front Metallization for High-Efficiency Low-to-Medium Concentrator Silicon Solar Cells

This paper reports on a methodology to achieve low-cost high-efficiency screen-printed low-to-medium concentrator Si cells and validates it by fabricating some of the highest efficiency metal paste printed cells with a simple cell design. The model shows that the highest achievable efficiency at any given concentration is a function of metal paste, contact parameters, number of fingers, and finger length due to the tradeoff between resistive and shadow losses. Consistent with the model calculations, first, 52 mm × 27 mm ~19% cells were fabricated at ~5X (suns) with a Dupont 16 A paste and ~110 μm wide 32 lines. Then, with improved 50 μm wide direct extrusion printed fingers, >20% efficient cells were achieved in the concentration range of 3-16X, along with a roadmap to ~21% efficient cells. This approach provides excellent guidelines to design grid pattern and selecting cell dimensions to achieve maximum efficiency at the desired concentration from a given printing technology and cell structure.
Pipeline Failure by Transit Fatigue

A spiral welded pipeline failure that occurred during hydrotest was attributed to transit fatigue, caused during highway transportation. Transit fatigue during rail, road and marine transportation is a well-known failure mechanism. American Petroleum Institute (API) standards for prevention of transit fatigue during railroad and marine transportation are already established. Transit fatigue during highway transportation is rarely reported, and there is no industry standard addressing controls for line pipe transportation by highway.
The effect of increased CSF pressure on interstitial fluid flow during ventriculocisternal perfusion in the cat

Abstract Transependymal absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in hydrocephalus is suggested by periventricular edema, but the necessary bulk flow of interstitial fluid (ISF) has not been found. We performed ventriculocisternal perfusions in adult cats using CSF with the extracellular marker [ 3 H]sucrose. CSF pressure was maintained at — 5 (control), 20 or 40 cm H 2 O for 2 or 4 h. Some animals had perfusions with isotope for the full experiment while others had an isotope-free perfusion for 2 h followed by a delayed-pulse with isotope. Apparent diffusion coefficients and distribution spaces for sucrose were determined from depth of isotope penetration. White matter apparent diffusion coefficients were statistically increased compared to controls for the 4-h 20 cm H 2 O and 2-h 40 cm H 2 O experiments. Apparent diffusion coefficients for delayed-pulse experiments at increased pressure were greater than those of full-pulse. Sucrose distribution spaces were not enlarged at the various pressures. Alteration of ISF transport in periventricular white matter occurred with increased pressure. These time-dependent changes in bulk flow rate indicate either a decrease in normal ISF flow toward the ventricle or reversal of transependymal ISF flow.