cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A genetic algorithm based autotuning approach for performance and energy optimization

Autotuning is an empirical optimization approach in which the configuration space of an algorithmic code is explored in a systematic manner for a variety of software and hardware parameters. The objective of such autotuning is to reduce the computational time and/or energy requirements of the generated code. We develop a genetic algorithm based autotuning strategy that can be used for optimizing performance or energy or a combination thereof. The main advantage of our approach is that the number of possible compilations and executions that are explored in the configuration space is substantially smaller than exhaustive search. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach to the underlying small matrix multiplication routines in spectral element solvers. The latter are an important class of higher order methods that are expected to be computationally intensive portion of next generation of large scale CFD simulations. Our experimental results were conducted of a variety of platforms. On AMD Fusion, for example, the genetic algorithm is able obtain 34% improvement in performance and 37% reduction in energy consumption over existing versions of the code. Further, a very small fraction of the entire configuration space needs to be explored.
Grasshopper-resistant Alfalfa Selected in the Field

Alfalfa plants resistant to differential grasshoppers, Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas), were obtained by selecting uninjured plants from a field of ‘Buffalo’ alfalfa severely damaged by grasshoppers. Resistance was verified in greenhouse tests with either field-collected adults or reared nymphs. Resistance appeared partially effective against other grasshopper species. Plants selected for resistance differed agronomically from susceptible plants and, when grasshoppers were absent, yielded more forage than did susceptible plants.
Effect of hypocholesterolemic agents on intestinal cholesterol absorption.

Summary1. The direct effect of several blood cholesterol-lowering agents on intestinal absorption of cholesterol-4-C14 was studied in lymph-fistula rats. 2. MK-135 (cholestyramine) and pectin caused significant reductions in lymph total cholesterol and absorption of cholesterol-4-C14. 3. With MK-135, the larger of 2 doses studied also reduced absorption of endogenous cholesterol from the intestine. 4. Cholesterol trimethyl-acetate, nicotinuric acid and pyridine-3-acetic acid had no effect on cholesterol absorption or lymph cholesterol levels. 5. In all groups where significant cholesterol absorption occurred, the percentage esterification of absorbed cholesterol was constant (88–93%), irrespective of the extent of absorption.
FANCA Controls Mitotic Phosphosignaling Networks To Ensure Genome Stability During Cell Division

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a heterogenous genome instability syndrome with a high risk of cancer. The FA proteins are essential for interphase DNA damage repair. However, it is incompletely understood why FA-deficient cells also develop gross aneuploidy and multinucleation, which are symptoms of error-prone chromosome segregation. Emerging evidence indicates that the FA signaling network functions as a guardian of the genome throughout the cell cycle, including chromosome segregation during mitosis. However, the mechanistic aspects of the critical role of the FA signaling in mitosis remain poorly understood. We have recently shown that the FA signaling network localizes to the mitotic apparatus to control the spindle assembly checkpoint and centrosome maintenance (J Clin Invest 2013, in press). The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) is a complex tumor suppressor signaling network that prevents premature separation of sister chromatids by delaying the metaphase-to-anaphase transition until all the kinetochores are properly attached to the mitotic spindle. Since weakened SAC promotes stochastic chromosome segregation, mutagenesis and cancer, these findings shed new light on the role of FA signaling in maintenance of genomic stability. We found the subcellular localization of FA proteins to the mitotic apparatus is spatiotemporally regulated as cells divide. Our new data revealed the pathways connecting the FANCA protein with canonical mitotic phosphosignaling networks. We have employed unbiased kinome-wide phospho-mass spectrometry to compare the landscape of abnormalities of mitotic signaling pathways in primary FANCA-/- patient cells and gene-corrected isogenic cells. These experiments led us to identify and quantify a wide range of phosphorylation abnormalities of multiple FANCA-dependent centrosome-, kinetochore- and chromosome-associated regulators of mitosis. Our data illuminated the role for FA signaling in three critical stages of cell division: (1) the spindle assembly checkpoint, (2) anaphase and (3) cytokinesis. Thus, we employed live phase-contrast imaging of primary FANCA-/- patient cells in comparison to gene-corrected cells to separately quantify aberrations in (1) chromosome congression and metaphase-anaphase transition (SAC malfunction), (2) execution of anaphase and (3) completion of cytokinesis. Our findings further our understanding of human cell cycle control and provide new insights into the origins of genomic instability in Fanconi anemia by establishing mechanistic connection between the FANCA protein and key mitotic signaling networks. The identification of cell division pathways regulated by FANCA has implications for future targeted drug development in Fanconi anemia and FA-deficient malignancies in the general population. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Performance and Cultivation Techniques of Two-line Hybrid Rice Variety Guangliangyouxiang 66 Planted in Southern Henan

Guangliangyouxiang 66,a two-line hybrid rice variety with high yield and good quality,was selected by Hubei Zhongxiang Rice Limited Company.The variety was successfully cultivated in southern Henan from 2007 to 2008.It showed characteristics of suitable growth period,good adaptability,high and stable yield,strong disease and lodging resistance,and good grain quality.The measures of fine planting,rational density,scientifically fertilizing and watering,and preventing and contrdling insect pests were mentioned.
Development of a High-Temperature Gate Drive and Protection Circuit Using Discrete Components

This paper presents a high-temperature (HT) gate drive and protection circuit for Silicon-Carbide (SiC) power mosfets entirely built from commercial off-the-shelf HT discrete components. To estimate cost reduction, a brief comparison was made between the proposed circuit and a commercial circuit using silicon-on-insulator integrated circuits. To evaluate performance, power tests were conducted up to 180°C in a thermal chamber. Eventually, the proposed circuit achieved a 90% cost reduction, and all functions were validated by experiments at 180°C. This demonstrated that the proposed circuit is a cost-effective solution for contemporary HT applications.
Scheler and Hartmann

In the present chapter we shall sketch the contents of two major German contributions to value-theory, works which not only study the general logic of value-discourse, but which also draw up a comprehensive map of the value-firmament, an ordered setting forth of the different sorts of things that can be held to be good or bad in some cogently valid fashion, and which can arguably be placed in cogently valid relations to one another. These works are Max Scheler’s Formalism in Ethics and the Material Value-Ethic, first published in Husserl’s Jahrbuch fur Philosophie und phanomenologische Forschung (Journal for Philosophy and Phenomenological Research) in 1913 and 1914, but not as yet translated into English, and Nicolai Hartmann’s Ethics, published in German in 1926, and in an English translation by Stanton Coit in 1932. Both works have a certain sweeping splendour: they consider many questions that Anglo-Saxon moral philosophers never raise (though ordinary Anglo-Saxons often consider them) and they see all these questions in a systematic interrelatedness which is also largely foreign to Anglo-Saxon thought. On the whole they leave one with the impression that, however difficult it may be to lay bare the rationale of value-research, it is none the less something that can be undertaken, and that can be made to yield results neither emptily analytic nor arbitrarily personal.
Racial and Ethnic Politics in American Suburbs

Racial and Ethnic Politics in American Suburbs examines racial and ethnic politics outside traditional urban contexts and questions the standard theories we use to understand mobility and government responses to rapid demographic change and political demands. This study moves beyond traditional scholarship in urban politics, departing from the persistent treatment of racial dynamics in terms of a simple black-white binary. Combining an interdisciplinary, multi-method, and multiracial approach with a well-integrated analysis of multiple forms of data including focus groups, in-depth interviews, and census data, Racial and Ethnic Politics in American Suburbs explains how redistributive policies and programs are developed and implemented at the local level to assist immigrants, racial/ethnic minorities, and low-income groups - something that given earlier knowledge and theorizing should rarely happen. Lorrie Frasure-Yokley relies on the framework of suburban institutional interdependency (SII), which presents a new way of thinking systematically about local politics within the context of suburban political institutions in the United States today.
Homogeneous Nucleation of [dmim+][Cl−] from its Supercooled Liquid Phase: A Molecular Simulation Study

We have used molecular simulations to study the homogeneous nucleation of the ionic liquid [dmim+][Cl−] from its bulk supercooled liquid at 340 K. Our combination of methods include the string method in collective variables (Maragliano et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125:024106, 2006), Markovian milestoning with Voronoi tessellations (Maragliano et al J Chem Theory Comput 5:2589, 2009), and order parameters for molecular crystals (Santiso and Trout J Chem Phys 134:064109, 2011). The minimum free energy path, the approximate size of the critical nucleus, the free energy barrier and the rates involved in the homogeneous nucleation process were determined from our simulations. Our results suggest that the subcooled liquid (58 K of supercooling) has to overcome a free energy barrier of ~85 kcal/mol, and has to form a critical nucleus of size ~3.4 nm; this nucleus then grows to form the monoclinic crystal phase. A nucleation rate of 6.6 × 1010 cm−3 s−1 was determined from our calculations, which agrees with values observed in experiments and simulations of homogeneous nucleation of subcooled water.
Singular majorants and minorants: enhanced design conditioning

ABSTRACTLower and upper spectral bounds are known for matrices X′X(k×k) under Loewner [Uber monotone matrixfunktionen. Math Z. 1934;38:177–216] order, as are corresponding bounds for the factor X(n×k) under an induced order. Least upper bounds for the latter give designs with dominating Fisher Information, with consequent gains in linear inference; see Jensen DR, Ramirez DE [Enhanced design efficiency through least upper bounds. J Stat Comput Simul. 2016;86:1798–1817]. The present study examines properties on ordering the singular values of a design matrix using majorization as in Marshall and Olkin [Inequalities: theory of majorization and its applications. New York: Academic Press; 1979]. The principal focus includes conditioning through condition numbers, variance inflation factors, and lengths and efficiencies of OLS solutions. Functions monotone under the induced order are identified; equivalence classes of designs are displayed preserving a dispersion matrix or its eigenvalues; a minimal element Xm(...
Formal verification for computer security: lessons learned and future directions

Formal verification techniques have been fruitful for a broad spectrum of different security applications and domains. However, many important questions and considerations influence the success of applying formal verification techniques to security applications and domains. In this talk, I will share lessons learned from experience of over a decade in applying formal verification techniques to security. I will also discuss new exciting application domains such as blockchain and smart contracts for formal verification. I will pose important, open challenges and discuss future directions for verifying next-generation systems such as learning systems.
Projectively full ideals and compositions of consistent systems of rank onediscrete valuation rings: a survey

Let I be a nonzero ideal in a Noetherian domain R. We survey recent progress on conditions under which there exists a finite integral extension domain A of R and an ideal J of A such that J is projectively full and projectively equivalent to IA. We also survey recent work on compositions of consistent systems or rank one discrete valuation rings.
On the Number of Scans Needed for Extracting Target Information

Abstract In recent years, research devoted to multiscan tracking algorithms is reported. One interesting yet important question associated with the research is how many scans arc suitable for the algorithms. In this paper, efforts to answer the question are presented based on the NSB ( number of sequences f similar to the best sequence ) problem defined in this paper. The NSB problem is analyzed and evolved into a less expensive one. Partial solutions for both problems are derived. A specific case study is presented as an illustration.
Athletes’ perceptions of their head coach’s alcohol management strategies and athlete alcohol use

AbstractDespite evidence regarding the salience of team-related antecedents of student-athlete drinking, less research has focused on the role coaches play in managing their athletes’ alcohol consumption. We examined the influence of athletes’ perceptions of coach attitudes and behaviors about athlete alcohol use on athlete alcohol use. Collegiate female softball athletes (N = 897) from 63 NCAA teams were surveyed during the competitive season. A measure to assess athletes’ evaluations of head coach attitudes and behaviors toward athlete drinking was developed by generating a pool of items based on the student-athlete alcohol use literature and interviews with six NCAA coaches, and subsequently examining its factor structure. An exploratory factor analysis indicated three factors: Concerned Communication, Conditional Leniency, and Enforcement. Athlete alcohol consumption was measured, including frequency of use and heavy episodic drinking. Multilevel modeling results revealed that higher concerned communi...
Dueling Denominators and the Demise of Lucas

In Murr v. Wisconsin, the Supreme Court outlined a process for ascertaining the denominator in takings cases – an issue that arises both with respect to Penn Central takings claims and Lucas takings claims. The underpinnings of Penn Central claims and Lucas claims are not identical; Penn Central’s primary concern is assuring fairness to landowners, while the focus of Lucas is on restricting government efforts to bypass the condemnation process. Although this difference in focus might suggest a difference in appropriate denominator, the Court’s multi-factor balancing approach apparently applies to all takings claims. Although the Court’s approach is consistent with Penn Central objectives, it is less consistent with Lucas objectives, and reduces the likelihood that Lucas claims will be successful. At the same time, the Court’s opinion, if taken literally, appears to break both with basic federalism principles and with the Court’s own doctrine by rejecting state law as the source for the takings denominator. Closer analysis reveals, however, that the factors outlined by the Court remain closely tied to state law, resulting in less of a break with principle and precedent than suggested by Chief Justice Roberts’ dissent.
Parties as an organizational force on nonpartisan city councils

Canonical models of urban politics have often treated political parties as clientelistic patrons rather than ideological entities. I argue that parties play an important role in organizing local legislatures at the microlevel. I examine the influence of political parties in local legislatures by systematically analyzing elected officials’ behavior. By examining roll call votes cast by city council members in San Diego, I conclude that partisan coalitions play an important role in structuring local politics. My results suggest that elite party membership predicts legislative behavior—even in nonpartisan legislatures—which may help explain why partisan versus nonpartisan elections do not produce divergent policy outcomes at the macrolevel.
Reproductive functions of the progesterone receptor.

The steroid hormone progesterone plays a central role in the reproductive events associated with pregnancy establishment and maintenance. Physiological effects of progesterone are mediated by interaction of the hormone with specific intracellular progesterone receptors (PRs) that are expressed as two protein isoforms, PR-A and PR-B. Both proteins arise from the same gene and are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. Since these two isoforms were identified in the early 1970s, extensive controversy has existed regarding the selective contributions of the individual PR proteins to the physiological functions of progesterone. During the past decade, significant progress has been made in this regard using two complimentary approaches. First, analysis of the structural and functional relationships of each isoform using in vitro systems has generated compelling evidence to support the conclusion that PR-A and PR-B have different transcription activation properties when liganded to progesterone. Second, the advent of gene-targeting approaches to introduce subtle mutations into the mouse genome has facilitated the evaluation of the significance of observations made in vitro in a physiological context. Selective ablation of PR-A and PR-B proteins in mice using these technologies has allowed us to address the spatiotemporal expression and contribution of the individual PR isoforms to the pleiotropic reproductive activities of progesterone. Analysis of the phenotypic consequences of these mutations on female reproductive function has provided proof of concept that the distinct transcriptional responses to PR-A and PR-B observed in cell-based transactivation assays are, indeed, reflected in an ability of the individual isoforms to elicit distinct, physiological responses to progesterone. In PR-A knockout mice, in which the expression of the PR-A isoform is selectively ablated (PRAKO), the PR-B isoform functions in a tissue-specific manner to mediate a subset of the reproductive functions of PRs. Ablation of PR-A does not affect responses of the mammary gland or thymus to progesterone but instead results in severe abnormalities in ovarian and uterine function, leading to female infertility. These tissue-selective activities of PR-B are due to this isoform’s ability to regulate a subset of progesterone-responsive target genes in reproductive tissues rather than to differences in its spatiotemporal expression relative to the PR-A isoform. More recent studies using PR-B knockout (PRBKO) mice have shown that ablation of PR-B does not affect ovarian, uterine, or thymic responses to progesterone but rather results in reduced mammary ductal morphogenesis. Thus, PR-A is both necessary and sufficient to elicit the progesterone-dependent reproductive responses necessary for female fertility, while PR-B is required to elicit normal proliferative responses of the mammary gland to progesterone. This chapter will summarize recent progress in our understanding of the selective contribution of the two PR isoforms to progesterone action.
Rate and State Friction Relation for Nanoscale Contacts: Thermally Activated Prandtl-Tomlinson Model with Chemical Aging

Rate and state friction (RSF) laws are widely used empirical relationships that describe macroscale to microscale frictional behavior. They entail a linear combination of the direct effect (the increase of friction with sliding velocity due to the reduced influence of thermal excitations) and the evolution effect (the change in friction with changes in contact "state," such as the real contact area or the degree of interfacial chemical bonds). Recent atomic force microscope (AFM) experiments and simulations found that nanoscale single-asperity amorphous silica-silica contacts exhibit logarithmic aging (increasing friction with time) over several decades of contact time, due to the formation of interfacial chemical bonds. Here we establish a physically based RSF relation for such contacts by combining the thermally activated Prandtl-Tomlinson (PTT) model with an evolution effect based on the physics of chemical aging. This thermally activated Prandtl-Tomlinson model with chemical aging (PTTCA), like the PTT model, uses the loading point velocity for describing the direct effect, not the tip velocity (as in conventional RSF laws). Also, in the PTTCA model, the combination of the evolution and direct effects may be nonlinear. We present AFM data consistent with the PTTCA model whereby in aging tests, for a given hold time, static friction increases with the logarithm of the loading point velocity. Kinetic friction also increases with the logarithm of the loading point velocity at sufficiently high velocities, but at a different increasing rate. The discrepancy between the rates of increase of static and kinetic friction with velocity arises from the fact that appreciable aging during static contact changes the energy landscape. Our approach extends the PTT model, originally used for crystalline substrates, to amorphous materials. It also establishes how conventional RSF laws can be modified for nanoscale single-asperity contacts to provide a physically based friction relation for nanoscale contacts that exhibit chemical bond-induced aging, as well as other aging mechanisms with similar physical characteristics.
The Alchemist’s Nightmare: Might Mesenchymal Stem Cells That Are Recruited to Repair the Injured Heart Be Transformed Into Fibroblasts Rather Than Cardiomyocytes?

The injection of mesenchymal stem cells into the injured myocardium to induce cardiac regeneration has yielded disappointing results, conceivably because cells with cardioreparative potential must be supplied for long periods of time to produce a salutary effect. Accordingly, investigators have devised ways of directing such cells to the heart on an ongoing basis: by enhancing the action of endogenous peptides that function as cardiac homing signals (eg, stromal cell-derived factor-1). Stromal cell-derived factor-1 is released during acute cardiac injury and heart failure, but it has a short half-life because of degradation by dipeptidyl peptidase-4. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 potentiates the actions of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and, theoretically, could enhance cardiac recovery. However, in large-scale trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have not reduced the risk of atherosclerotic ischemic events, and they have unexpectedly increased the risk of heart failure, most probably heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. Such an outcome might be explained if the channeling of mesenchymal stem cells to the heart by the actions of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (especially from nearby adipose tissue) were followed by the transformation of these cells into fibroblasts rather than cardiomyocytes. This concern has been supported by experimental studies; the resulting fibrosis would be expected to exacerbate the pathophysiological derangements that lead to heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. Given the widespread use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, the possibility that these drugs potentiate the cardiac homing of mesenchymal stem cells that cause myocardial fibrosis (rather than repair) warrants further study.
The Supernormal EOG: Evidence of Light-Induced Retinal Damage?

The electrooculogram (EOG) is a useful electrophysiological test of retinal function. We have previously described (Reeser, Weinstein et al., 1970) our experience with this measurement, and have noted that abnormally high light: dark ratios (>4.0) had been recorded in certain individuals. These individuals were some of those studied with aniridia (congenital absence of the iris) or albinism (generalized or ocular).
THE HIGH CONTACT PRINCIPLE IN OPTIMAL STOPPING AND STOCHASTIC WAVES

The high contact principle in optimal stopping states that at the boundary ∂D of the continuation region D the reward function g has a smooth fit with the optimal expected reward function g*, in the sense that $$\begin{gathered} g = {g^*}on{\text{ }}\partial D \hfill \\ \nabla g = \nabla g*on{\text{ }}\partial D \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ Thus this principle gives the crucial link between optimal stopping and free boundary problems.
Engineering bilinear mode coupling in circuit QED: Theory and experiment

Superconducting microwave cavities are a promising platform for realizing quantum computation. The conditions for performing fast SWAP gates are thoroughly explored and analyzed.
Temporal DNA Barcodes: A Time-Based Approach for Single-Molecule Imaging

In the past decade, single-molecule imaging has opened new opportunities to understand reaction kinetics of molecular systems. DNA-PAINT uses transient binding of DNA strands to perform super-resolution fluorescence imaging. An interesting challenge in DNA nanoscience and related fields is the unique identification of single-molecules. While wavelength multiplexing (using fluorescent dyes of different colors) can be used to increase the number of distinguishable targets, the resultant total number of targets is still limited by the number of dyes with non-overlapping spectra. In this work, we introduce the use of time-domain to develop a DNA-based reporting framework for unique identification of single-molecules. These fluorescent DNA devices undergo a series of conformational transformations that result in (unique) time-changing intensity signals. We define this stochastic temporal intensity trace as the device’s temporal barcode since it can uniquely identify the corresponding DNA device if the collection time is long enough. Our barcodes work with as few as one dye making them easy to design, extremely low-cost, and greatly simplifying the hardware setup. In addition, by adding multiple dyes, we can create a much larger family of uniquely identifiable reporter molecules. Finally, our devices are designed to follow the principle of transient binding and can be imaged using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopes so they are not susceptible to photo-bleaching, allowing us to monitor their activity for extended time periods. We model our devices using continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs) and simulate their behavior using a stochastic simulation algorithm (SSA). These temporal barcodes are later analyzed and classified in their parameter space. The results obtained from our simulation experiments can provide crucial insights for collecting experimental data.
A fast-evolving X-linked duplicate of importin-α2 is overexpressed in sex-ratio drive in Drosophila neotestacea.

Selfish genetic elements that manipulate gametogenesis to achieve a transmission advantage are known as meiotic drivers. Sex-ratio X chromosomes (SR) are meiotic drivers that prevent the maturation of Y-bearing sperm in male carriers to result in the production of mainly female progeny. The spread of an SR chromosome can affect host genetic diversity and genome evolution, and can even cause host extinction if it reaches sufficiently high prevalence. Meiotic drivers have evolved independently many times, though only in a few cases is the underlying genetic mechanism known. In this study we use a combination of transcriptomics and population genetics to identify widespread expression differences between the standard (ST) and sex-ratio (SR) X chromosomes of the fly Drosophila neotestacea. We found the X chromosome is enriched for differentially expressed transcripts and that many of these X-linked differentially expressed transcripts had elevated Ka /Ks values between ST and SR, indicative of potential functional differences. We identified a set of candidate transcripts, including a testis-specific, X-linked duplicate of the nuclear transport gene importin-α2 that is overexpressed in SR. We find suggestions of positive selection in the lineage leading to the duplicate and that its molecular evolutionary patterns are consistent with relaxed purifying selection in ST. As these patterns are consistent with involvement in the mechanism of drive in this species, this duplicate is a strong candidate worthy of further functional investigation. Nuclear transport may be a common target for genetic conflict, as the mechanism of the autosomal Segregation Distorter drive system in D. melanogaster involves the same pathway.
Security via multirate control in cyber–physical systems

Abstract We consider malicious attacks on actuators and sensors of a feedback system which can be modeled as additive, possibly unbounded, disturbances at the digital (cyber) part of the feedback loop. We precisely characterize the role of the unstable poles and zeros of the system in the ability to detect unbounded stealthy attacks in the context of the sampled data implementation of the controller in feedback with the continuous (physical) plant. We show that, if there is a single sensor that is guaranteed to be secure and the plant is observable from that sensor, then there exists a class of multirate sampled data controllers that ensures that all attacks remain detectable. These dual rate controllers are sampling the output faster than the zero order hold rate that operates on the control input and as such, they can even provide better nominal performance than single rate, at the price of higher sampling of the continuous output.
Calculation of Electric Vehicle Charging Power Based on Spatial - Temporal Activity Model

Analyzed the electric vehicle's travel activity model, considered the spatial -temporal distribution characteristics of electric vehicles, based on the actual data, obtained the distribution model of the key influencing factors of electric vehicle charging. The Monte Carlo and binomial distribution methods were used to obtain the charging power curve of a single electric vehicle on working days and non-working days, and then it is possible to quickly calculate the charging load of a large-scale electric vehicle and analyze its demand response potential. This set of algorithms can calculate the charging power of electric vehicles simply and quickly on the basis of taking into account the space-time distribution of electric vehicles.
Understanding the factors that impact the participation in physical activity and recreation in young adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Abstract Background Young adults with cerebral palsy (CP) are reported to be less active than their typically developing peers, have higher rates of sedentary behaviors, engage in slower tempo activities, and overall participate in a smaller variety of physical activities (PA). Functional motor level and environmental barriers have been purported to impact the ability of young adult with CP to participate in physical activity and recreational activities. Objective To examine the role functional motor level and environmental barriers have on participation in PA and recreation in young adults with CP. Methods A survey assessing functional motor level (Gross Motor Function Classification Scale), participation in physical activity (The Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities) and recreation (The Assessment of Life Habits), and environmental barriers (The Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors) was mailed to 442 young adults with CP, between the ages of 18–30 years. Results 97 surveys were returned. No differences in PA were found between GMFCS level; however, young adults in GMFCS levels I and II participated more in recreational activities than GMFCS levels III-V. Greater environmental barriers were experienced by young adults in GMFCS II-V. Conclusions This study showed that GMFCS level and physical/structural, policy and attitudinal barriers significantly impacted participation in recreational activities for young adults with CP. Strategies for addressing these barriers from both an individualized therapeutic and advocacy perspective are needed in order to facilitate engagement in physical activity and recreation for young adults with CP at all GMFCS levels.
Herpes Simplex Virus

The herpesviruses (family Herpesviridae) are highly disseminated in nature. One of these ubiquitous pathogens, herpesvirus hominis, is the etiologic agent of herpes simplex in humans. Forty years after the isolation of the herpes simplex viruses (HSV), Schneweiss (1) established the existence of two serotypes, HSV-1 and HSV-2, currently designated under The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) rules as human herpes viruses 1 and 2 (2). Type 1 infections are primarily nongenital (e.g., herpes labialis and ocular herpes), whereas type 2 infections are primarily genital (herpes genitales).
Constrained 3D flocking behavior

Craig Reynolds introduced the concepts of simulated flocking behavior via the use of simple aggregate Boid behaviors which make the Boids appear to exercise independent autonomous actions. The term Boid is used to identify the actors within the flock without attaching any particular animal characteristics with the actor (e.g., fish, bird, mammal). Artificial potential-fields (APF) are often used to implement collision avoidance for robotic and multi-agent systems, making them well suited for implementing flocking behaviors. AFP can also be used to define constraints that direct the motion of a flock while still allowing for simple aggregate Boid behaviors. Flocking behavior is used in computer games or movies where groups of Boids are to move together without appearing to move in lockstep. This paper explores the approach used for directing the flocking behavior of Boids via APF constraints. The APF constraints are intended for an end user (e.g., animator or director) inexperienced with programming or the technical details of implementing flocking behavior or APFs. Our constraint system for controlling the motion of the flock is currently composed of two constraint types: A fly-by waypoint constraint is used to control the direction of the flock in a manner similar to the scripted flocking defined by Reynolds. A user defines 3D waypoints on the screen to map a sequential path that the flock is to follow. A boundary constraint is used to control the outward spread of the flock. A user defines a boundary between waypoints that sets the maximum outward spread of the flock by limiting the flock to move within the channel/conduit defined between the waypoints.
¿Es el mundo moderno una monolítica jaula de hierro? Aprovechando a Max Weber para caracterizar la actual dinámica interna de la cultura política norteamericana

Acaso derivada del aliento general de sus escritos sociologicos mas que de sus ensayos politicos, la vision weberiana de la modernidad se caracteriza por una atencion hacia los rasgos singulares de las diversas sociedades industriales avanzadas y no por una vision monolitica de la “jaula de hierro”. El presente estudio demuestra primero este punto al discutir brevemente las diferencias centrales entre las culturas politicas de Alemania y los Estados Unidos, para luego reconstruir, siguiendo a Weber, el dualismo clasico de la cultura politica norteamericana: un dominio del mundo y un individualismo confiado en si mismo, opuesto a –aunque tambien entretejido con– una esfera publica penetrada por ideales civicos. Aunque las expectativas de Weber con respecto al destino de este dualismo clasico en el siglo XX pudieran apreciarse hoy como ampliamente incorrectas, la utilizacion de un axioma central de su sociologia historico-comparativa arroja una poderosa conceptuacion de la cultura politica norteamericana actual: la identificacion de movimientos pendulares a traves de una “constelacion tripolar”. Esta aplicacion de la sociologia de Weber revela su poder analitico inclusive hoy.
Why spelling is more difficult than reading.

Before you read this chapter, please get a pen and write down the name of the Indian nationalist and spiritual leader who developed the practice of nonviolent resistance that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India. He is known as Mahatma_________.
Semi-active prostheses for low-power gait adaptation

Abstract Semi-active prostheses occupy the middle ground between traditional passive prostheses and powered robotic prostheses. Semi-active prostheses aim to improve biomechanical function by modulating their mechanical properties with minimal actuation, rather than directly powering the movement of the body. This paradigm requires a different approach to design, from conceptualization of how the prosthesis might be beneficial to mechanisms that can implement semi-active control of properties. This chapter presents an overview of the design process that enables these devices to be realized, including considerations for biomimetic devices in general and semi-active prostheses in particular. Key ideas for semi-active mechanisms are described including discussion of why they are important enablers of this technology. Examples are given from the author’s work, including details of the design process for prostheses that semi-actively control their shape, stiffness and alignment.
CT Imaging of Left Ventricular Assist Devices and Associated Complications

The purpose of this paper is to review the current role of computed tomography (CT) in the imaging of left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). Recent studies have highlighted the prognostic role of measuring skeletal muscle CT attenuation in predicting adverse LVAD outcomes. CT is also useful for evaluation of inflow cannula malposition, and outflow graft complications such as obstruction and kinking. In addition, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG PET-CT) has been shown to be of value in evaluation of suspected LVAD infection. Newer CT techniques such as dual-energy CT and metal artifact reduction algorithms can potentially generate better quality CT images, though currently there is no high-quality published literature on their use in LVAD imaging. CT is a useful technique as part of a multi-modality approach in the evaluation of LVADs and associated complications.
Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Dehydrosilylation forContra-Thermodynamic Olefin Isomerization

We report a newly developed, palladium-catalyzed dehydrosilylation of terminal alkylsilanes that combines with chain-walking hydrosilylation to create a one-pot isomerization of internal olefins to...
Oral drug delivery systems using core–shell structure additive manufacturing technologies: a proof-of-concept study

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to couple fused deposition modelling 3D printing with melt extrusion technology to produce core-shell-structured controlled-release tablets with dual-mechanism drug-release performance in a simulated intestinal fluid medium. Coupling abovementioned technologies for personalized drug delivery can improve access to complex dosage formulations at a reasonable cost. Compared with traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing, this should facilitate the following: (1) the ability to manipulate drug release by adjusting structures, (2) enhanced solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs and (3) on-demand production of more complex structured dosages for personalized treatment. METHODS Acetaminophen was the model drug and the extrusion process was evaluated by a series of physicochemical characterizations. The geometries, morphologies, and in vitro drug-release performances were compared between directly compressed and 3D-printed tablets. KEY FINDINGS Initially, 3D-printed tablets released acetaminophen more rapidly than directly compressed tablets. Drug release became constant and steady after a pre-determined time. Thus, rapid effectiveness was ensured by an initially fast acetaminophen release and an extended therapeutic effect was achieved by stabilizing drug release. CONCLUSIONS The favourable drug-release profiles of 3D-printed tablets demonstrated the advantage of coupling HME with 3D printing technology to produce personalized dosage formulations.
A Geolocative Linguistic Landscape Project in Korean as Foreign Language Education

This study explores the employment of Linguistic Landscape (LL) as a pedagogical tool in Korean as a Foreign Language classroom. Despite the noticeable growth in LL scholarship focused on Korean, there are few studies to date that have investigated Korean language learning. By illustrating how LL is applied to Korean language classes in combination with other pedagogical tools, including digital storytelling and geolocative applications, this study aims to fill this gap. Fifty-two students in university-level Korean classes participated in this project. The students explored local areas fully embraced by the growing Korean community, produced digital stories, and shared their videos on a Google map. The collaboratively created map was a space for sharing complexity of the multilingual environment, offering linguistic exploration, and creating dynamic discussion. The findings show that LL benefits the students by engaging them with displayed texts and promoting the students’ development in broad learning goals. Students used their linguistic knowledge as well as regional knowledge to understand different signs and evaluate whether the environment was an authentic source of the target culture. This study discusses how the inquiry-based, student-led, and community-focused project impacted the students’ understandings of the target language and culture as well as local multilingualism.
In-line applications of atomic force microscope based topography inspection for emerging roll-to-roll nanomanufacturing processes

This paper seeks to demonstrate the efficacy of a new approach for fast, in-line, and direct topography measurement of nano-scale structures and features on a flexible substrate, or web, in a roll-to-roll fashion. Nanofeatured products manufactured with R2R processes can be extremely cost competitive compared to more traditional, wafer-based solutions in addition to their unique and desirable mechanical properties. As such they are an area of immense research interest. But, despite the promise of these products for a plethora of applications, the leap from lab-scale prototypes to pilot- or volumescale manufacturing has proven extraordinarily difficult and expensive — with both required research and development investment and achievable process yield proving sizable barriers. A key capability gap in current art and roadblock on the path towards more widespread research and adoption of these R2R fabricated products is the lack of high-throughput, nanometer-scale metrology for process development, control, and yield enhancement. In this work a new type of extremely compact, tip-based microscope designed and fabricated with a micro-electro-mechanical system approach is applied to the challenge of direct topography measurement for roll-to-roll fabricated nanopatterns. A proof-of-concept tool with subsystems to regulate the flexible web, isolate and position the atomic force microscope, and measure features on the substrate, all coordinated by a real-time embedded control system is shown and step-and-scan measurement results were acquired. However, to genuinely meet this extent need for roll-to-roll metrology, a system capable of atomic force microscope scanning despite a continuous, non-zero web velocity must be developed to meet throughput requirements without degrading measurement quality and thus help to enable the next generation of R2R nanomanufacturing technology.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway mediates the early heat stress response of developing rice seeds.

A transient heat stress occurring during early seed development in rice (Oryza sativa) reduces seed size by altering endosperm development. However, the relationship between the timing of the stress and specific developmental stage on heat sensitivity is not well-understood. To address this, we imposed a series of non-overlapping heat stress treatments and found that young seeds are most sensitive during the first two days after flowering. Temporal transcriptome analysis of developing, heat stressed (35°C) seeds during this window shows that Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1)-mediated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways are the early (1-3 h) drivers of heat stress response. We propose that increased JA levels under heat stress may precede ER stress response as JA application promotes the spliced form of OsbZIP50, an ER response marker gene linked to IRE1-specific pathway. This study presents temporal and mechanistic insights into the role of JA and ER stress signalling during early heat stress response of rice seeds that impact both grain size and quality. Modulating the heat sensitivity of the early sensing pathways and downstream endosperm development genes can enhance rice resilience to transient heat stress events.
Longer or shorter spines: Reciprocal trait evolution in stickleback via triallelic regulatory changes in Stanniocalcin2a

Vertebrates have repeatedly modified skeletal structures to adapt to their environments. The threespine stickleback is an excellent system for studying skeletal modifications, as different wild populations have either increased or decreased the lengths of their prominent dorsal and pelvic spines in different freshwater environments. Here we identify a regulatory locus that has a major morphological effect on the length of stickleback dorsal and pelvic spines, which we term Maser (major spine enhancer). Maser maps in a closely linked supergene complex that controls multiple armor, feeding, and behavioral traits on chromosome IV. Natural alleles in Maser are differentiated between marine and freshwater sticklebacks; however, alleles found among freshwater populations are also differentiated, with distinct alleles found in short- and long-spined freshwater populations. The distinct freshwater alleles either increase or decrease expression of the bone growth inhibitor gene Stanniocalcin2a in developing spines, providing a simple genetic mechanism for either increasing or decreasing spine lengths in natural populations. Genomic surveys suggest many recurrently differentiated loci in sticklebacks are similarly specialized into three or more distinct alleles, providing multiple ancient standing variants in particular genes that may contribute to a range of phenotypes in different environments.
Giant cell tumor of bone: a report of two cases with metaphyseal lesions and their progression to the articular surface

Two patients presented to outside providers with joint pain. Both had isolated lytic metaphyseal lesions on plain radiographs that were not noted or acted upon. Subsequent radiographs showed large expansile lytic lesions involving the metaphysis and epiphysis extending to the subchondral bone. Both patients were found to have pathology-confirmed giant cell tumors requiring curettage and cementation. Although commonly involving the epiphysis and subchondral bone, giant cell tumors of long bone can present as isolated metaphyseal lesions. Careful examination of radiographs and early detection may make these lesions easier to treat, reducing the risk of recurrence and damage to the articular surface.