cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between sea ice break-up, water mass variation, chlorophyll biomass, and sedimentation in the northern Bering Sea

Abstract The northern Bering Sea shelf is dominated by soft-bottom infauna and ecologically significant epifauna that are matched by few other marine ecosystems in biomass. The likely basis for this high benthic biomass is the intense spring bloom, but few studies have followed the direct sedimentation of organic material during the bloom peak in May. Satellite imagery, water column chlorophyll concentrations and surface sediment chlorophyll inventories were used to document the dynamics of sedimentation to the sea floor in both 2006 and 2007, as well as to compare to existing data from the spring bloom in 1994. An atmospherically-derived radionuclide, 7Be, that is deposited in surface sediments as ice cover retreats was used to supplement these observations, as were studies of light penetration and nutrient depletion in the water column as the bloom progressed. Chlorophyll biomass as sea ice melted differed significantly among the three years studied (1994, 2006, 2007). The lowest chlorophyll biomass was observed in 2006, after strong northerly and easterly winds had distributed relatively low nutrient water from near the Alaskan coast westward across the shelf prior to ice retreat. By contrast, in 1994 and 2007, northerly winds had less northeasterly vectors prior to sea ice retreat, which reduced the westward extent of low-nutrient waters across the shelf. Additional possible impacts on chlorophyll biomass include the timing of sea-ice retreat in 1994 and 2007, which occurred several weeks earlier than in 2006 in waters with the highest nutrient content. Late winter brine formation and associated water column mixing may also have impacts on productivity that have not been previously recognized. These observations suggest that interconnected complexities will prevent straightforward predictions of the influence of earlier ice retreat in the northern Bering Sea upon water column productivity and any resulting benthic ecosystem re-structuring as seasonal sea ice retreats in the northern Bering Sea.
Dietary inclusion of salmon testes meal from Alaskan seafood processing byproducts: Effects on growth and immune function of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)

Abstract This study investigated the growth and immune function effects following partial replacement of fish meal with dried testes meal from pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) testes collected from Alaskan seafood processing byproducts. It was hypothesized that the dietary nucleotide content of testes meal may provide an immunostimulatory effect in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Three diets were formulated and used for this study; a commercial type control diet, a Macrogard diet, and an experimental diet containing 50 g kg − 1 testes meal. Triplicate groups of juvenile rainbow trout (8.65 ± 0.13 g fish − 1 ) were fed each diet for 12 weeks, at which time they were challenged with Flavobacterium psychrophilum (the causative agent of coldwater disease). No significant differences in feed conversion ratio or specific growth rates were observed. Kidney macrophage (phagocytic) activity was significantly (P
Protein Synthesis and Aminopeptidase Activity in Dormant Sugar Pine Seeds During Stratification and Warm Incubation

Summary The capacity for protein synthesis, the activity of leucine-tyrosine aminopeptidase, and the pattern of soluble native proteins were determined for embryos and megagametophyte tissue from dormant sugar pine ( Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) seeds during 90 d of 25 °C warm, moist incubation or 5 °C stratification. The capacity for protein synthesis increased rapidly during the first 7 d in 25 °C embryos and megagametophytes and then decreased gradually through the rest of the 90-d treatment period. However, this protein synthesis at 25 °C occurred independently of germination, as these seeds maintained their dormancy. The capacity for protein synthesis in the 5 °C embryos eventually surpassed the capacity in 25 °C embryos after 60 d but remained significantly lower in the 5 °C than the 25 °C megagametophytes throughout the 90-d period. The pattern of increase in the capacity for protein synthesis in the 5 °C embryos generally paralleled increases in germinability. After about 14 d, the rate of leucine-tyrosine aminopeptidase activity remained higher in both embryos and megagametophytes at 5 °C than at 25 °C. A decline in activity occurred towards the end of the 90-d period. Patterns of native protein bands, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, remained the same in 5 °C and 25 °C embryos and megagametophytes throughout the 90-d period. However, the staining intensity of several individual bands appeared greater in 25 °C embryos than in 5 °C embryos.
K + p Interactions at 2 BeV/ c —Elastic Scattering and Total Cross Sections

Study of 1.96-BeV/c ${K}^{+}p$ interactions in the Brookhaven 20-in. liquid-hydrogen bubble chamber has yielded a measurement of the elastic-scattering cross section $\ensuremath{\sigma}=7.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$ mb. A fit to the differential cross section versus momentum transfer of the form ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}t}$ gives, for the interval $0.01 {(\frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c})}^{2}ltl0.60 {(\frac{\mathrm{BeV}}{c})}^{2}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}=3.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$ ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$, and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{0}=4.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.5$ mb/sr. The total cross section obtained is 19.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0 mb with single-pion production dominant.
Swarming-based mobile target following using limited-capability mobile mini-robots

Locating and tracking mobile objects or targets using dynamically assigned multi-robot teams operating within an unknown or partially- known environment is an important problem in many applications of autonomous systems. Several approaches such as CMOMMT and pursuit-evasion games have been proposed to address this problem. However, each of these techniques requires specific sensors and/or considerable computational capabilities on each robot. In this paper, we consider the problem of locating and following mobile targets in an unknown environment, but only using inexpensive mini-robots with limited computation capabilities and less-sophisticated sensors. Our proposed technique is inspired by the swarming behavior observed in social insects such as ants when their nest is migrated to a different region, or when a food source they are traveling to is obstructed. We present detailed empirical analyzes of our proposed algorithm for mobile target following using a realistic model of e-puck robots within the Webots robot simulator. Our results show that our mobile target following mechanism enables limited-capability pursuer robots to successfully follow mobile targets under different operational and environment conditions.
A SIMPLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REAL TAX REVENUE and THE TAX RATE

This paper analyzes the relationship between real tax revenue and the tax rate by developing a simple general equilibrium model in which the level of real output is determined by the real forces in the input markets. The stock-flow nature of the input adjustment process is emphasized. Reasonable parameter values indicate that the value of the tax rate that maximizes real tax revenue is between 72 and 82 percent. This value is sensitive to the supply elasticity of labor, but is quite insensitive to the supply elasticity of saving and fairly insensitive to the elasticity of substitution. Copyright 1989 by Scottish Economic Society.
The Social Impact of Reservoir Construction in the Urban Fringe: a Ten-Year Comparison

This paper examines the social impact of reservoir construction on a rural community group located in the urban fringe of a major metropolitan area in central Ohio. The study data were collected at three intervals over a ten-year period (1970, 1974, 1980). Evaluation of resident opinions in the affected community revealed significant attitude differences over time for four of the five variables measured. The findings revealed that the study group desired more social stability but had accommodated the changes experienced to date. Responses to the attitude scales showed that the people in the study group were well integrated and were closely identified with each other at all three test periods. Attitudes toward the lake project were significantly more positive over time, and in 1980 the collective community group held a basically neutral attitude about the lake. The development agency was also perceived more positively over time.
Occult and secondary injuries missed by plain radiography of the cervical spine in blunt trauma patients

Background: Plain radiography does not visualize every cervical spine injury sustained by blunt trauma victims. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and types of injuries missed by plain radiographs of the cervical spine and determine how frequently such radiography fails to detect any cervical spine injury. Methods: Images from all radiographic studies performed on blunt trauma victims presenting to 21 participating institutions were reviewed to compile an exhaustive list of all CSIs sustained by each individual. These injuries were then compared with the injuries detected by plain radiography alone. Patients were classified as having a “sentinel” injury if one or more of their injuries were visible on plain radiographs. Patients were classified as having a radiographically “occult” injury if none of their injuries were visible on plain radiographs. The number and types of injuries missed on plain radiographs were then separately tabulated for the sentinel and occult injury groups. Results: Plain radiographs were completed in 570 of 818 victims of acute cervical spine injury and revealed 702 of 1,056 injuries. Plain films failed to detect 98 occult injuries present in 60 patients (10.5 %), and failed to detect 256 secondary injuries in 510 patients (89.5 %) who had a sentinel injury identified. Plain radiographs failed to reveal 79 of 136 (58.1 %) lateral mass injuries and 67 of 105 (63.8 %) lamina injuries, making these the most frequent sites of missed injury. Conclusions: Plain radiographs frequently fail to reveal injuries to the cervical spine, particularly those involving the lamina and lateral mass. The majority of the missed injuries represent secondary injuries in patients with a sentinel injury identified on these films. However, plain films fail to detect any injury in a minority of injured patients.
Effects of treatment on outcome in mildly symptomatic patients with ischemia during daily life. The Atenolol Silent Ischemia Study (ASIST)

BACKGROUNDDetection of asymptomatic ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease has been associated with increased risk for adverse outcome, but treatment of patients with asymptomatic ischemia remains controversial. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine if treatment reduces adverse outcome in patients with daily life ischemia.METHODS AND RESULTSA multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic outpatients with daily life silent ischemia due to coronary artery disease was conducted. The primary outcome measure was event-free survival at 1 year by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Events were death, resuscitated ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, myocardial infarction, hospitalization for unstable angina, aggravation of angina, or revascularization. The secondary outcome was ischemia during ambulatory ECG monitoring at 4 weeks. Three hundred six outpatients with mild or no angina (Canadian Cardiovascular Society class I or II), abnorm...
Ion chemistry of the D- and E-regions—A survey for working group 11 of the inter-union commission on solar-terrestrial physics

Abstract In planning programs for study of the earth's environment in the next few years, the Inter-Union Commission on Solar-Terrestrial Physics (IUCSTP) has endorsed, among others, a project for the study of the ion chemistry of the D - and E -regions. This paper surveys the physical and chemical processes thought to be important, and makes recommendations for theoretical and experimental studies.
Visual Mutations Reveal Opposing Effects of Illumination on Arousal in Drosophila

The effect of illumination on alertness can be assessed by comparing the efficacy of an anesthetic under light vs. dark conditions. Results from such tests on wild-type flies and visual mutants demonstrate that, surprisingly, light has both positive and negative influences on arousal. These dual effects may explain aspects of the fly's daily activity and have potential clinical implications.
The boll weevil vitellogenin gene: Nucleotide sequence, structure, and evolutionary relationship to nematode and vertebrate vitellogenin genes

Boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) eggs contain two yolk proteins, YP47 and YP160. Using anti-YP160 antiserum as probe, a partial-length complementary DNA (cDNA) was isolated from a λgt11 adult female cDNA library. A second partial-length cDNA was isolated from a λgt 10 adult female cDNA library by differential screening with male vs. female cDNAs. Northern blot analysis showed that each cloned cDNA hybridized to a 6-kb female-specific transcript. These cDNAs were used to probe a genomic library, and two overlapping genomic clones were obtained that span the boll weevil vitellogenin gene. The entire transcription unit was sequenced, and introns were mapped by a combination of primer extension experiments, S 1 nuclease protection experiments, and polymerase chain reaction-mediated synthesis of two additional cDNA clones. Based on these data, the vitellogenin mRNA is 5511 nucleotides [plus a poly(A) tail of undetermined length] and specifies a provitellogenin of 1790 amino acids. The deduced protein has a Glu + Gln content of 16.3%, which is a relatively high value that is typical of most vitellogenins. Protein sequence similarities including Cys clusters conserved between boll weevil vitellogenin and Xenopus laevis A2 or Caenorhabditis elegans vit-5 vitellogenins indicated that the boll weevil protein is a member of the ancient nematode-vertebrate vitellogenin family. Moreover, the six introns in the boll weevil vitellogenin gene interrupt the coding region at positions closely or exactly corresponding to a subset of the position, of the 34 vertebrate vitellogenin introns, further supporting the argument for a common evolutionary relationship. This report represents the first complete nucleotide sequence and structural analysis of a nondipteran insect vitellogenin gene.
Unintegrated HIV-1 circular 2-LTR proviral DNA as a marker of recently infected cells: Relative effect of recombinant CD4, zidovudine, and saquinavir in vitro

Unintegrated HIV-1 proviral DNA is one of the earliest detectable forms of HIV-1, and the influence of an antiretroviral drug on its appearance may reflect the efficacy of that agent in preventing infection of new cells. We characterized the dynamics of HIV-1 p24 (p24) antigen production, HIV-1 gag DNA, tandem long-terminal-repeat circular unintegrated proviral (2-LTR) HIV-1 DNA, HIV-1 tat mRNA, and cell viability in the presence of three antiretroviral agents: recombinant soluble CD4 (rsCD4), zidovudine, and saquinavir. Interference with HIV-1 entry by rsCD4 decreased p24 antigen levels modestly, decreased HIV-1 gag by twofold, and 2-LTR was detectable at the end of the culture period. Inhibition of reverse transcription by zidovudine decreased p24 antigen levels modestly, decreased HIV-1 gag by 19-fold, and inhibited detection of 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA. The protease inhibitor, saquinavir, had the greatest overall effect, with the lowest levels of p24 antigen and HIV-1 gag, and inhibition of 2-LTR. There was no detection of tat mRNA in the saquinavir-treated cultures. In addition, cell viability was significantly higher in cultures treated with saquinavir. In these experiments, 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA was indicative of the relative inhibitory effects of three antiretroviral agents acting at different steps of the HIV-1 replication cycle. We demonstrated in vitro that 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA was a useful indicator of an antiretroviral drug in preventing new cell infection and could be utilized as a dynamic marker of drug efficacy in HIV-1-infected patients.
Triclosan decomposition by sulfate radicals: Effects of oxidant and metal doses

Recently, the presence of triclosan (TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in water resources, an important antimicrobial agent widely used in many pharmaceuticals and personal care products, has invoked significant concern from water authorities and industries. In this study, the reactivity of sulfate radicals (SRs), generated from common oxidants (peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and persulfate (PS)) activated by transition metals (Fe2+, Co2+, Cu2+, and Ag+), was evaluated to destroy TCS. Special attention was given to understanding the effects of the oxidants and metals. The results showed that the oxidants alone did not show any decomposition of TCS while SRs generated from the oxidant/metal conjugations were very effective to oxidize and mineralize TCS. In general, TCS was decomposed much faster with PMS than PS regardless of the metals conjugated. PMS/Co, PMS/Cu, and PS/Ag systems showed best reactivity with TCS while the other combinations exhibited negligible or much less TCS decomposition. More oxidants at a fixed oxidant:metal molar ratio resulted in faster decomposition of TCS, while excessive amounts of metals rather hindered the reaction due to undesired competition between the metal and TCS for SRs generated. Some metals, such as Co exhibiting catalytic behavior during the reaction, required less doses than their stoichiometric amounts to fully activate the oxidants, whereas some (e.g., Fe) required more doses. A series of the dose-effect results implied there should be optimum doses of oxidants and metals to maximize TCS decomposition. As an alternative to established hydroxyl radicals, SRs exhibited high potential for the decomposition and mineralization of TCS.
Traumatic emphysema of the head, neck, and mediastinum associated with maxillofacial trauma: case report and review.

Observation d'un garcon de 18 ans victime d'un accident de la route. Description des signes cliniques et radiologiques. Revue de la physiopathologie. Discussion du traitement
Face goals in apology: A cross-cultural comparison of Chinese and U.S. Americans

This study investigated how the offender’s responsibility, offense severity, offender’s prior relationship with the offended person, and culture influence the offender’s concerns for self- and other-positive and negative face when apologizing to the offended person. The study hypothesized that responsibility, severity, and relationship have positive relationships with other-positive, other-negative, and self-positive face concerns but a negative relationship with self-negative face concern. Culture was expected to moderate the effect of relationship on the four face concerns. Results supported the main effects of responsibility and relationship on other-positive, other-negative, and self-positive face concerns, but these effects were moderated by culture such that the expected positive relationships were supported only among U.S. Americans but not among Chinese. U.S. Americans varied their face concerns when apologizing based on situational and relational cues whereas Chinese did not make such distinctions; Chinese maintained relatively high levels of face concerns across the different levels of responsibility and relationship type.
Comparison of Impulse-Approximation and Elementary-Particle Treatments in Nuclear beta Decay

We have compared the usual impulse-approximation and the elementary-particle treatments of nuclear processes using nuclear $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decays as examples. Both treatments are shown to lead to essentially equivalent results for allowed transitions and for natural-parity forbidden transition of the types $\ensuremath{\Delta}{J}^{{P}_{i}{P}_{f}}={1}^{\ensuremath{-}} \mathrm{and}\mathrm{possibly} {2}^{+},{3}^{\ensuremath{-}},\dots{}$. There exist, however, some differences in detailed structures in small correction terms. In the case of unnatural-parity forbidden transitions, in particular, ${J}_{i}^{{P}_{i}}({0}^{\ensuremath{-}})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{J}_{f}^{{P}_{f}}({0}^{+})+{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}_{e}$, there exist some discrepancies between the two approaches, suggesting an important role of meson-exchange corrections in the impulse approximation.
VANET worm spreading from traffic modeling

Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) may exhibit different behavior depending on traffic and the time of day. Consider the potential worm attack in time-variant VANET channel, we use measured vehicle traffic data to model VANET worm spreading and patching. We also discuss the contributing factors for the differences observed.
Technology literacy: the extension of cognition

Technology literacy is a construct that is increasingly referred to as an essential twenty-first century skill. However, too often, it is ambiguous as to what constitutes technology literacy. This paper posits that technology literacy has three distinct levels, including, (1) identify technologies relevant to a task, (2) understanding how to use the technology and how to navigate its interface, and (3) understanding the inner-working or structure of the technology. This paper describes why one or more of these three ways of knowing technology are involved in almost every learning task. In other words, the paper argues that technology literacy should not be thought of as a isolated set of skills, but as an essential strategy for most learning objectives.
Development of a lifetime-based fiber optic imaging sensor to study water transport in thin Nafion membranes

Fiber-optic chemical sensors (FOCS's) are useful for making remote, in-situ, and microscale measurements. Many intensity-based and lifetime-based FOCS's have been developed for a wide range of properties and analytes. Most of these sensors give only a single-point measurement however, recently a few intensity based imaging FOCS's have been described. We have developed intensity-based fiber- optic imaging systems to measure the transport of water in thin NafionTM membranes and to monitor the development of pH gradients at the surface of an electrode during electrolysis of water. However, intensity-based measurements are difficult to calibrate because of the dependence of luminescence intensity on many interfering factors including dye concentration and varying excitation intensity. As a result, we are developing lifetime-based fiber-optic imaging sensors for a variety of applications. At this point we have measured a lifetime image across a sol-gel crack using a fiber-optic image guide to carry the excitation light to the sample and the resulting luminescence image to an ICCD. Currently, we are testing an oxygen imaging FOCS to capture lifetime-based images of at least two different lifetimes. This paper describes the single-point, lifetime-based sensors we have developed as precursors to fiber-optic imaging chemical sensors, the intensity-based imaging studies of water transport in thin NafionTM membranes and the development of pH gradients at electrode surfaces. It also discusses the instrumental system and methods used to collect lifetime images of sol-gel cracks with a fiber- optic, and the preliminary results of our imaging oxygen sensor.
Symposium on recidivism in alcoholism and substance abuse programs Summaries of papers presented at a panel, American Psychiatric Association, annual meeting, Toronto, Ontario, May 2–6, 1977: Recidivism in alcoholism and substance abuse programs An Introduction to the Symposium

Recidivism is a controversial concept in substance abuse. Some clinicians feel that the term is inappropriate for disorders which are characterized by remissions and relapses. Program evaluators prefer to assess outcome or adjustment in the community. Program planners often regard recidivism as irrelevant to current models of treatment for alcoholism. However, policy makers, funding sources, and the general public seek succinct information on results, and often ask about recidivism.
ADH4 Gene Variation is Associated with Alcohol Dependence and Drug Dependence in European Americans: Results from HWD Tests and Case–Control Association Studies

The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family constitutes one of the key sets of enzymes responsible for the oxidation of alcohol. The ADH4 gene, an important member of this family, is a functional and positional candidate for alcohol dependence. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between ADH4 gene variation and alcohol dependence and drug dependence in European-Americans (EAs) and African-Americans (AAs). Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the ADH4 gene were genotyped in 365 healthy controls (317 EAs and 48 AAs) and 561 subjects (400 EAs and 161 AAs) affected with alcohol dependence and/or drug dependence (436 with alcohol dependence; 356 with drug dependence). Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for the genotype frequency distributions of these markers was tested in all phenotype groups to evaluate association between ADH4 gene variation and phenotypes and to fine-map the disease risk locus. The allele, genotype, and haplotype frequency distributions of these markers were compared between cases and controls to confirm the associations. The genotype frequency distributions of ADH4 markers were in HWE in EA controls, but were in Hardy–Weinberg disequilibrium (HWD) (ie, deviation from HWE) in EA cases. Among all markers, SNP2 (rs1042363) at exon 9 or SNP6 (rs1800759) at the promoter showed the greatest degree of HWD, among patients with either alcohol dependence or drug dependence. Significant differences between EA cases and controls were seen for genotype (10−6<global p<0.044), but not any allele or haplotype, frequency distributions for all seven ADH4 markers. These findings suggest that ADH4 genotypes predispose to alcohol dependence and drug dependence in a recessive manner, a predisposition that is population specific. SNP2 or SNP6 was the marker genetically closest to the functional risk loci for both alcohol dependence and drug dependence.
Variable UV laser exposure processing of photosensitive glass-ceramics: maskless micro- to meso-scale structure fabrication

A novel variable UV laser processing technique was developed that enables the concurrent fabrication of structures in photosensitive glass-ceramic (PSGC) materials that range from the micro-scale to the meso-scale domains. This technique combines the advantages of direct-write volumetric laser patterning and batch chemical processing. The merged non-thermal laser fabrication approach relies on the ability to precisely and selectively alter the chemical etch rate of the PSGC by varying the laser exposure during pattern formation. The present study determined that the chemical etch rate of a commercial photosensitive glass-ceramic (FoturanTM, Schott Corp., Germany) in dilute hydrofluoric (HF) acid is strongly dependent on the incident laser irradiance during patterning at λ=266 nm and λ=355 nm. For low laser irradiances, the etch rate ratio (Rexposed/Runexposed) increased nearly linearly with laser irradiance. The slopes of the linear ranges of the etch rate ratios were measured to be 435.9±46.7 μm2/mW and 46.2±2.3 μm2/mW for λ=266 nm and λ=355 nm, respectively. For high laser irradiances, the measured etch rate ratio saturated at ∼30:1 with a maximum absolute etch rate of 18.62±0.30 μm/min. The maximum absolute chemical etch rate was independent of the exposure wavelength. Consequently, variation of the laser exposure during direct-write patterning permits the formation of variegated and proximal high and low aspect ratio structures on a common substrate. The results show that adjacent microstructures with aspect ratios ranging from <1:1 to ∼30:1 can be fabricated in a single, simultaneous batch chemical etch step without the need for a complex masking sequence or post-process ablation step. This new technique facilitates rapid prototype processing with pattern and component uniformity, and achieves material processing over large areas without incurring high cost.
Divergence of Biochemical Function in the HAD Superfamily: D-Glycero-D-manno-heptose 1,7-bisphosphate Phosphatase, GmhB

d-glycero-d-manno-Heptose-1,7-bisphosphate phosphatase (GmhB) is a member of the histidinol-phosphate phosphatase (HisB) subfamily of the haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase (HAD) enzyme superfamily. GmhB supports two divergent biochemical pathways in bacteria: the d-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1α-GDP pathway (in S-layer glycoprotein biosynthesis) and the l-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1β-ADP pathway (in lipid A biosynthesis). Herein, we report the comparative analysis of substrate recognition in selected GmhB orthologs. The substrate specificity of the l-glycero-d-manno-heptose-1β-ADP pathway GmhB from Escherichia coli K-12 was evaluated using hexose and heptose bisphosphates, histidinol phosphate, and common organophosphate metabolites. Only d-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1β,7-bisphosphate (kcat/Km = 7 × 106 M−1 s−1) and d-glycero-d-manno-heptose 1α,7-bisphosphate (kcat/Km = 7 × 104 M−1 s−1) displayed physiologically significant substrate activity. 31P NMR analysis demonstrated that E. coli GmhB selectively removes the C(...
Promoting student engagement in science: Interaction rituals and the pursuit of a community of practice

This study explores the relationship between interaction rituals, student engagement with science, and learning environments modeled on communities of practice based on an ethnographic study of an eighth grade urban magnet school classroom. It compares three interactional events in order to examine the classroom conditions and teacher practices that can foster successful interaction rituals (IRs), which are characterized by high levels of emotional energy, feelings of group membership, and sustained interest in the subject. Classroom conditions surrounding the emergence of successful IRs included mutual focus, familiar symbols and activity structures, the permissibility of some side-talk, and opportunities for physical and emotional entrainment. Sustained interest in the topic beyond the duration of the IR and an increase in students' helping each other learn occurred more frequently when the mutual focus consisted of science-related symbols, when there were low levels of risk for participants, when activities involved sufficient challenge and time, and when students were positioned as knowledgeable and competent in science. The results suggest that successful interaction rituals can foster student engagement with topics that may not have previously held interest and can contribute to students' support of peers' learning, thereby moving the classroom toward a community-of-practice model. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach
Estradiol Regulates Dorsal Vagal Complex Signal Transduction Pathway Transcriptional Reactivity to the AMPK Activator 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide-Riboside (AICAR)

The ovarian hormone estradiol (E) regulates effects of hindbrain adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) on caudal dorsal vagal complex (cDVC) neuron genomic activation and systemic glucostasis. The present study examined the hypothesis that cDVC signal transduction pathways exhibit distinctive E-dependent reactivity to activation of this sensor. RT-PCR microarray analysis was performed on RNA extracted from the cDVC of E- or oil (O)-implanted ovariectomized (OVX) adult female rats injected into the caudal fourth ventricle with the AMP mimetic 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-riboside (AICAR) (A) or saline (S). Microarray results show that the majority of marker genes differentially expressed in the E/S versus O/S cDVC were upregulated, as only myc (TGFβ; WNT pathways), bcl2 (Hedgehog pathway), and serpine (hypoxia pathway) mRNA profiles were downregulated by E. Several JAK/STAT and NFκB signaling pathway marker gene profiles were upregulated in O/A but unchanged in E/A; additional NFκB genes were inhibited by A in E but not O. Hypoxia and p53 pathways contain genes that were inhibited or stimulated in O/A, but unaltered in E/A. Conversely, TGFβ, p53, and NOTCH pathways each contained marker genes that were correspondingly modified or maintained in E/A versus O/A. Moreover, several oxidative stress pathway genes were suppressed in O/A while elevated or unchanged in E/A. Hedgehog, PPAR, and WNT signaling pathways were characterized by numerous examples of A-induced reversal of E augmentation of marker gene expression coinciding with opposite or no drug effects in O. Data presented here demonstrate that E exerts distinctive effects on cDVC signal transduction pathway marker gene reactivity to activated AMPK. Further research is needed to determine if observed changes in signal pathway marker gene transcription correlate with adjustments in gene product protein expression, and to characterize the role of aforementioned signaling pathways in E-sensitive cellular and systemic responses to hindbrain AMPK activation.
Competing successfully against multinationals: a longitudinal perspective of Hungarian advertising agencies

An increasing amount of attention is being placed on domestic firms in emerging markets especially in understanding how they develop strategy in response to market-based reforms and competition from multinational corporations. However, of this attention little is given to the plight of service firms. In an effort to address this gap, we conduct a case study of seven advertising agencies in Hungary. Using a three-pronged structure of the resource-based view, and its extension (dynamic capabilities framework), institution-based view and competitive strategy research, we find evidence of only some of the differentiation strategies found in other markets. The use of networks proved beneficial in the development of these strategies. We also discover two transitioning strategies utilized by firms as they move from a command economy toward a market-based economy.
Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. It is the only cause of death among the top 10 causes that is increasing and is expected to become the third leading cause of death in the world by 2020. A diagnosis of COPD should be considered in any patient with previous exposure to risk factors for the disease and/or the presence of chronic cough, sputum production, or dyspnea. Patients with COPD are categorized into five stages based on their pulmonary function tests and symptoms. Smoking cessation is the single most effective way to halt the progression of COPD and prolong life. Pharmacological management of stable COPD includes the use of bronchodilators (Β2 agonists, anticholinergics and methylxanthines) and inhaled corticosteroids. Other adjunctive measures include vaccination, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and certain surgical measures like bullectomy and lung transplantation. Management of acute exacerbations includes the use of systemic steroids, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and oxygen therapy. During very severe exacerbations, patients may need ventilatory support.
Stable Expression of Short Interfering RNA for DT-Diaphorase Induces Neurotoxicity

DT-Diaphorase has been proposed to play a neuroprotective role in dopaminergic neurons by preventing aminochrome neurotoxicity. There are several studies supporting this idea, but in all studies, we used dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase. We have designed and developed two siRNA to silence the expression of DT-diaphorase to study its role in aminochrome metabolism. We transduced RCSN-3 cells with retroviral particles containing a pRetroSuper plasmid coding a siRNA for DT-diaphorase. The cells selected in the presence of puromycin generated a stable cell line RCSN-3Nq6 and RCSN-3Nq7 with low expression of DT-diaphorase (27% and 33% of wild type, respectively). A significant cell death was observed in RCSN-3 cells expressing siRNA Nq6 and Nq7 for DT-diaphorase when were incubated with 100 μM aminochrome during 48 (4- and 3.5-fold, respectively; P < 0.01). These results support the protective role of DT-diaphorase against aminochrome neurotoxicity in dopaminergic neurons containing neuromelanin and show that Nq6 and Nq7 siRNA are very useful tools to study the role of DT-diaphorase in aminochrome metabolism.
Probing the Surface Sites of CeO2 Nanocrystals with Well-Defined Surface Planes via Methanol Adsorption and Desorption

Methanol has been considered as a “smart” molecule in studying the surface sites of metal oxide catalysts. In this work, methanol was utilized to probe the nature of surface sites of ceria nanocrystals with defined surface planes (nanoshapes), including rods (containing {110}), cubes ({100}), and octahedra ({111}). The adsorption and desorption of methanol were followed by in situ IR and Raman spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. Upon methanol adsorption at room temperature, on-top, bridging and three-coordinate methoxy species are formed on the surface of rods and cubes, whereas only on-top methoxy is present on the octahedra surface. The distribution of the methoxy species is believed to be determined not only by the coordination status of surface Ce cations but also by the number of defect sites on the three nanoshapes. During the desorption process, the methoxy species are gradually dehydrogenated into H2 and CO via formate species as intermediates on the three ceria surfaces. A second intermedi...
A Silver Anniversary Retrospective on David Mayhew's Congress: The Electoral Connection

We agree that the analysis in the Electoral Connection has made an enduring contribution to our understanding of Congress and American politics. The primary reason for the book's enduring contribution is theory. Building on the work of Anthony Downs (1957), Mayhew brought the power and parsimony of economic analysis to the study of Congress. In the process, he inspired more rigorous theoretical and scientific study of Congress. At the same time, he showed that economic analysis based on the assumption of purposeful behavior can be rigorous without being technical. That is, Mayhew made his powerful theory accessible to a wide range of scholars. We also agree that there are some limitations to Mayhew's theory based on the assumption that members of Congress are single-minded reelection seekers. As I have taught and discussed Electoral Connection over the years, two criticisms have come up repeatedly. One is that the analysis ignores policy, except for the observation that office holders will take pleasing positions on policy issues in order to improve their election chances. Passing policy is irrelevant; no one ever got defeated for failing to pass a bill, but they do sometimes lose because they are on the wrong side of an issue. Mayhew's theory explains well why Congress enacts "pork" and other distributive benefits. It does not explain how and why Congress occasionally enacts policy to serve a broader "public interest." In my view, R. Douglas Arnold (1990) overcame this limitation by specifying conditions under which members in Mayhew's theoretical legislature of single-minded reelection seekers will enact policy that serves a broader public interest. Basically, they act to serve the public interest when it is in their electoral self-interest to do so.
Quasi-Chemical Method in the Statistical Theory of Regular Mixtures

The quasi-chemical equations in the statistics of "regular" mixtures are deduced by assuming non-interference among local configurations. This method is capable of yielding higher and higher approximations by choosing a larger group of lattice sites as the local configuration under consideration. The comparative accuracy of different approximations can be judged by a simple criterion. Further applications to ferromagnetism and to the order-disorder transition in alloys, and their results are discussed. Equations for ternary mixtures or mixtures of even more components are given. The asymmetry of solubility of one solute in two immiscible solvents and the order effect of ${\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}$Hg${\mathrm{I}}_{4}$ serve as the interesting examples of the ternary case.
Genome-based microsatellite development in the Culex pipiens complex and comparative microsatellite frequency with Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae.

Background Mosquitoes in the Culex pipiens complex are among the most medically important vectors for human disease worldwide and include major vectors for lymphatic filariasis and West Nile virus transmission. However, detailed genetic studies in the complex are limited by the number of genetic markers available. Here, we describe methods for the rapid and efficient identification and development of single locus, highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for Cx. pipiens complex mosquitoes via in silico screening of the Cx. quinquefasciatus genome sequence. Methodology/Principal Findings Six lab colonies representing four Cx. pipiens and two Cx. quinquefasciatus populations were utilized for preliminary assessment of 38 putative loci identified within 16 Cx. quinquefasciatus supercontig assemblies (CpipJ1) containing previously mapped genetic marker sequences. We identified and validated 12 new microsatellite markers distributed across all three linkage groups that amplify consistently among strains representing the complex. We also developed four groups of 3–5 microsatellite loci each for multiplex-ready PCR. Field collections from three cities in Indiana were used to assess the multiplex groups for their application to natural populations. All were highly polymorphic (Mean = 13.0 alleles) per locus and reflected high polymorphism information content (PIC) (Mean = 0.701). Pairwise FST indicated population structuring between Terre Haute and Fort Wayne and between Terre Haute and Indianapolis, but not between Fort Wayne and Indianapolis. In addition, we performed whole genome comparisons of microsatellite motifs and abundance between Cx. quinquefasciatus and the primary vectors for dengue virus and malaria parasites, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae, respectively. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate a systematic approach for isolation and validation of microsatellites for the Cx. pipiens complex by direct screen of the Cx. quinquefasciatus genome supercontig assemblies. The genome density of microsatellites is greater in Cx. quinquefasciatus (0.26%) than in Ae. aegypti (0.14%), but considerably lower than in An. gambiae (0.77%).
AN ABSOLUTE OHMIC READOUT OF THE GALVANICSKIN RESPONSE

A relatively linear Wheatstone bridge that quantifies skin resistance is described. Current through the skin is kept low and relatively constant in all ranges. Circuitry is simple, easy to calibrate and reliable.
The influence of age and sex on human internal mammary artery size and reactivity

Internal mammary arteries (IMAs) from women and the elderly have been postulated to be smaller and more reactive than IMAs from men and younger patients and, therefore, not as reliable for coronary artery bypass grafting in the short term. This study tests the physiologic basis for that hypothesis. Trimmed IMA segments were obtained from patients aged 50 to 76 years at coronary artery bypass grafting. Eighteen ring segments from 12 women and 35 ring segments from 17 men were mounted on a strain-gauge apparatus, and internal diameter at a transmural pressure of 100 mm Hg was determined from length-tension curves. Contractions to potassium chloride and a dose-response curve to norepinephrine or serotonin were obtained to simulate physiologic vasospasm. Sodium nitroprusside determined arterial relaxation. Linear regression was used to determine correlation of these parameters with age. Internal mammary arteries from women and men were of equal size. They had equal strength of contraction to potassium chloride and norepinephrine, but female IMAs had greater strength of contraction to serotonin. Female IMAs had weaker contraction to norepinephrine as a percent of maximum contraction to potassium chloride than IMAs from men. Internal mammary arteries from women had equal relaxation to sodium nitroprusside compared with IMAs from men. There was no correlation between age and arterial reactivity to vasoconstrictors, relaxation to sodium nitroprusside, or size. These data suggest that IMAs from women and the elderly are not more susceptible to reduction in flow due to smaller size. Postoperatively, it may be important that women be kept on platelet inhibitors because of their greater absolute contraction to serotonin and men on nitrovasodilators because of their greater relative contraction to norepinephrine.
Model life table for captive chimpanzees

Mortality statistics from three captive populations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were combined to generate standard model life tables for each sex in this species. The model is compared to an estimate of survivorship of a group of wild animals, and is applied to an incomplete data set to illustrate how the model may be used to extend estimates of mortality statistics to missing older ages. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dolasetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting following outpatient surgery with general anaesthesia: a randomized, placebo‐controlled study

In a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose-ranging study, 1030 patients undergoing outpatient surgery with general anaesthesia received i.v. dolasetron mesylate (12.5, 25, 50, or 100 mg) or placebo. The principal outcome measure was the proportion of patients who were free of emesis or rescue medication for the 24-h period after the study drug was given; the subsidiary outcome measure was survival time without rescue medication. Effects on nausea were quantified using a visual analogue scale. Compared with placebo, a complete response was significantly higher when all four dolasetron doses were combined (49% vs. 58%, P =0.025). In females, dolasetron, 12.5-mg, dolasetron provided maximum clinical benefit (effectiveness compared with adverse events), with no additional benefit in complete response rates or nausea visual analogue scale scores at higher doses. No significant differences were observed in complete response for any dolasetron dose in males compared with placebo. The majority of adverse events reported were mild or moderate. Dolasetron provided well-tolerated, safe, and effective prophylaxis for post-operative nausea and vomiting with maximum effectiveness observed at a dose of 12.5 mg.
Lasers in pediatric airway surgery: current and future clinical applications

Background and Objectives The smaller anatomy and limited access to instrumentation pose a challenge to the pediatric airway surgeon. The enhanced precision and ability to photocoagulate tissue while operating with the laser enhances the surgeon's ability to successfully treat unique pediatric conditions. Study Design/Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature review was performed using the Medline (1995–2004) database. Results Due to its shallow tissue penetration and thermal effect, the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser is generally considered the laser of choice for pediatric airway applications. The potential for increased scarring and damage to underlying tissue caused by the greater penetration depth and thermal effect of the Nd:YAG and potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) lasers preclude their widespread use in this population. Conclusions In this review, we will discuss the clinical applications of lasers in pediatric airway surgery, the current state of the art, where the current technology is deficient, and the potential applications of novel laser systems. Lasers Surg. Med. 35:128–134, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.