cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total electron content in the Mars ionosphere: Temporal studies and dependence on solar EUV flux

[1] Total electron content (TEC) derived from radar signal distortions is a useful tool in probing the ionosphere of Mars. We consider 26 months of data from the subsurface mode of the Mars Express MARSIS instrument and confirm that the TEC dependence on solar zenith angle (SZA) approximately matches Chapman theory. After detrending this dependence, we find no clear trend with Martian season or dust activity but find that disturbed solar and space weather conditions can produce prolonged higher TEC values and that isolated solar energetic particle events are coincident with short-lived increases in TEC of ∼1015 m−2 at all SZAs. We present the first comparison between TEC and directly measured solar EUV flux in the 30.4 nm He-II line. We find that the relationship between TEC and both He-II line irradiance and F10.7 solar radio flux (a long-used EUV proxy) can be expressed as power laws with exponents of 0.54 and 0.44, respectively, in approximate agreement with Chapman theory.
Prison reentry as a rite of passage for the formerly incarcerated

American prison systems may be shifting away from warehousing towards prisoner rehabilitation. California’s corrections policy, for example, has changed dramatically in response to a variety of pressures budgetary, operational and judicial. What might such changes mean for prisoner rehabilitation and the chances of formerly incarcerated persons leading meaningful, contributing lives? This is an exploratory essay on the possibility of a formerly incarcerated person finding himself through prison work. My primary concern is with understanding and utilizing current shifts in correctional philosophies and practices to create healing alternatives and a more inclusive justice, one with room for my own healing. I pursue this inquiry through the use of an autoethnographic approach to legal storytelling.
Proton-induced supramolecular dimerization of aminomethylbenzo-15-crown-5 accompanied by a covalent dimerization of cyanoborohydride anion

Abstract— Reductive amination of 4-formyl[benzo-15-crown-5] with sodium cyanoborohydride in the NH 4 Ac/MeOH mediumfollowed by acid addition and extraction with CHCl 3 unexpectedly lead to the isolation of the salt (B15C5-CH 2 -NH 3 ) + -(H 3 BCNBH 2 CN) − with an unusual dicyanodiborohydride anion. The self-complementary 4-ammoniomethyl[benzo-15-crown-5]cation was found to exist as a supramolecular dimer in the solid state, acetonitrile solution, and gas phase as revealed by X-raycrystallography, NMR and mass spectrometry, respectively. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Self-complementary monofunctionalized crown-ethershave proved to be useful building blocks forsupramolecular architecture. 1–5 Stoddart and co-work-ers successfully explored systems based on protonatedsecondary ammonium or 4,4-dipyridinium functionali-ties threaded through large ( 24-membered) crownethers. 2–4 Very recently, we 5 and others 6 reported crys-talline dimers obtained from simple self-complementaryaminomethylcrown ethers (benzo-18-crown-6 andcrown-5, respectively). The ‘non-threaded’ dimer basedon a well-known host–guest motif, namely benzo-18-crown-6 and R-NH
An economic valuation of solar energy potential in Nigeria

Nigeria has a population of over 160 million, and just over 50% have electricity access. Many initiatives promote solar energy development to mitigate Nigeria's power challenges. This work shows an economic valuation of the solar photovoltaic (PV) potential in Nigeria. Assuming a 100 megawatts (MW) capacity upgrade, this paper compares distributed residential-scale and centralized utility-scale PV configurations. Metrics such as levelized cost of energy (LCOE), benefit-cost ratio (BCR), net present value (NPV), and payback period, are assessed. Results show no possibility of payback under 2013 PV panel cost assumptions in either case. However, assuming analysts' expected 2016 panel prices, payback opportunities as early as 9 years arise in both cases. Using Monte Carlo simulation, average values for LCOE and BCR were $0.2109 kWh x and 2.164, respectively, for residential PV and $0.1888 kWh x and 2.345, respectively, for utility PV. It is recommended that government provide PV implementation incentives that directly tackle initial solar project costs. Future work includes the application of optimization theory to find conditions for which LCOE and payback period are minimized while BCR and NPV are maximized.
Spin-driven ordering of Cr in the equiatomic high entropy alloy NiFeCrCo

Spin-driven ordering of Cr in an equiatomic fcc NiFeCrCo high entropy alloy (HEA) was predicted by first-principles calculations. Ordering of Cr is driven by the reduction in energy realized by surrounding anti-ferromagnetic Cr with ferromagnetic Ni, Fe, and Co in an alloyed L12 structure. The fully Cr-ordered alloyed L12 phase was predicted to have a magnetic moment that is 36% of that for the magnetically frustrated random solid solution. Three samples were synthesized by milling or casting/annealing. The cast/annealed sample was found to have a low temperature magnetic moment that is 44% of the moment in the milled sample, which is consistent with theoretical predictions for ordering. Scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements were performed and the presence of ordered nano-domains in cast/annealed samples throughout the equiatomic NiFeCrCo HEA was identified.
Reducing postconflict coup risk: The low windfall coup-proofing hypothesis

Reducing coup risk is imperative and expensive for postconflict leaders. A theoretical framework is therefore needed to explain the subset of leaders who spend on development following civil war. The low-windfall coup-proofing hypothesis proposed here suggests that only postconflict leaders who lack natural resources and offer no strategic importance to donors choose to reduce coup risk by using nonstrategic aid for development. A nested research design with data on postconflict coups (1970–2009) and a case study based on fieldwork are used to test the hypothesis. The hypothesis is supported across robustness checks, indicating that development from aid reduces coup risk for postconflict leaders with low windfall.
Preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neurons: thermosensitivity in wakefulness and non rapid eye movement sleep.

Thermosensitive neurons of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (POAH) have been implicated in the regulation of both body temperature and non rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. During NREM sleep, a majority of POAH warm-sensitive neurons (WSN) exhibit increased discharge compared to wakefulness. Cold-sensitive neurons (CSN) exhibit reduced discharge in NREM sleep compared to wakefulness. To further study the mechanism underlying these processes, the present study compared discharge rate and thermosensitivity (discharge rate change/°C) of WSNs and CSNs in NREM sleep and wakefulness in freely moving adult cats. The thermosensitivity of 24 WSNs and 31 CSNs from the medial POAH was determined from responses to local POAH warming and cooling. WSNs with increased discharge in NREM sleep exhibited increased thermosensitivity during NREM sleep compared to wakefulness. CSNs with decreased discharge during NREM sleep exhibited decreased thermosensitivity in NREM sleep. The change in thermosensitivity from wakefulness to NREM sleep was correlated with the change in discharge rate in WSNs but not in CSNs. In addition, 9 of 47 neurons that were thermo-insensitive during wakefulness became warm-sensitive during NREM sleep. Changes in POAH neuronal thermosensitivity could be a component of the mechanism for stabilization of state after state transition.
Ontogeny of the opiate phenotype: An approach to defining transsynaptic mechanisms at the molecular level in the rat adrenal medulla

Transmitter phenotypic expressions is a dynamic cellular process governed by multiple interactions with the neuronal environment. During sympathoadrenal development the arrival of presynaptic nerve terminals at the adrenal chromaffin cell (in the immediate postnatal period), coincides with the acquisition and subsequent development of a variety of transmitter biosynthetic capacities. Data discussed herein supports the contention that synaptic connections serve a central role in triggering the ontological cascade. Disruption of the normal timing of innervation events is detrimental to subsequent function and results in permanent deficiencies in development. In addition, alteration of transmitter biosynthetic regulatory mechanisms appears to reside at the level of gene expression. In view of this, additional molecular approaches are necessary to further elucidate the fundamental basis of neuronal transmitter phenotypic plasticity. Our approach to this problem represents a logical extension of previous research in this area and ultimately, will involve characterizing transcription activator molecules important in transmitter gene expression at various ontological ages.
Absolute Protein Quantification by LC/MSE for Global Analysis of Salicylic Acid-Induced Plant Protein Secretion Responses

The plant cell wall is a dynamic cellular compartment consisting of a complex matrix of components that can change dramatically in response to environmental stresses. During pathogen attack, for instance, a wide spectrum of proteins that participate in various sequential processes involved in plant defense is secreted into the cell wall. In this study, a mass spectrometry, data-independent acquisition approach known as LC/MSE was used to assess temporal changes in the cell wall proteome in response to different levels of an endogenous inducer of plant disease defense responses, salicylic acid (SA). LC/MSE was used as a label-free method that enabled simultaneous protein identification and absolute femtomole quantification of each protein secreted into the extracellular matrix. A total of 74 secreted proteins were identified, 63 of which showed increased specific secretion in response to SA. A majority of this induced secretion occurred within 2 h of treatment, indicating that many proteins are involved in...
How modeling can attract experimentalists to improve solar cell's efficiency: Divide-and-conquer approach

Abstract In view of current energy crisis, scientists are increasingly trying hard to find affordable energy sources alternative to fossil fuel. Solar energy is one such alternative energy source which is being more vigorously pursued now than ever. While there is a host of literature on modeling different kinds of solar cells often with a motive about how to enhance the efficiency of a solar cell, this modeling effort did not become very attractive to the experimentalists. We attempt to present here the possible causes for unattractiveness and suggest a practical remedy based on divide and conquerapproach, that involves a series of local (stage-by-stage) models which are validated against the corresponding experimental result and finally combined to produce a global mathematical model that works and that satisfies the experimentalists. Besides, the ease of usage of the model by the experimentalist is important and hence is required.
Hydrogen atom and hydride transfer in the reactions of chromium(IV) and chromium(V) complexes with rhodium hydrides. Crystal structure of a superoxorhodium(III) product.

The aquachromyl ion, CrIVaqO2+, reacts with the hydrides L(H2O)RhH2+ (L = L1 = [14]aneN4 and L2 = meso-Me6-[14]aneN4) in aqueous solutions in the presence of molecular oxygen to yield Craq3+ and the superoxo complexes L(H2O)RhOO2+. At 25 °C, the rate constants are ∼104 M-1 s-1 (L = L1) and 1.12 × 103 M-1 s-1 (L = L2). Both reactions exhibit a moderate deuterium isotope effect, kRhH/kRhD = ∼3 (L1) and 3.3 (L2), but no solvent isotope effect, kH2O/kD2O = 1. The proposed mechanism involves hydrogen atom abstraction followed by the capture of LRh(H2O)2+ with molecular oxygen. There is no evidence for the formation of L(H2O)Rh2+ in the reaction between L(H2O)RhH2+ and (salen)CrVO+. The proposed hydride transfer is supported by the magnitude of the rate constants (L = L1, k = 8800 M-1 s-1; (NH3)4, 2500; L2, 1000) and isotope effects (L = L1, kie = 5.4; L2, 6.2). The superoxo complex [L1(CH3CN)RhOO](CF3SO3)2·H2O crystallizes with discrete anions, cations, and solvate water molecules in the lattice. All moieties ...
The Supply and Demand of the Personal Vote: Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Implications of Collective Electoral Incentives

Existing theories assume that particularistic behavior and personal voting are synonymous, and that the level and nature of such activities are driven by the incentives of individual candidates. In this article, both of these assumptions are contested and empirical evidence is provided to suggest that particularistic behavior and personal voting are quite distinct, and that collective party incentives can be equally important in determining both the level and nature of personal voting. This is particularly true in settings where there is direct conflict between the incentives of individual candidates and the incentives of the party. To establish this, electoral politics in Ireland and Japan since 1945 are compared and also how the inability of voters to transfer votes under SNTV fundamentally altered the level and nature of personal voting in that system.
The use of NONSAP to compare the Von Mises and a modified Von Mises yield criteria

Abstract The NONSAP finite element code was modified to include a modified Von Mises yield criterion. The program was then used to study the differences which exist between a Von Mises and a modified von Mises yield criterion for problems of elastic-plastic deformation. The particular examples used to study this variation were that of a circular hole in a plate under uniaxial tension, a pressurized hemispherical head, and a pressurized open ended cylinder. The results of the finite element analyses are compared to previously published experimental studies.
The Hopf decomposition and the individual divergence to ∞ on a band

Abstract Recently, we have extended a ratio ergodic theorem of Ornstein to Archimedean Riesz spaces, and in doing so, we have defined several types of convergence and divergence in Riesz spaces, one of them being the individual divergence to ∞ on a band. In the note we use the notion of individual divergence to ∞ on a band in order to obtain a new approach to the Hopf decomposition and to extend one of our previous results concerning the Hopf decomposition in ordered vector spaces.
Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of San Miguel sea lion virus: An animal calicivirus

The Caliciviridae is a family of nonenveloped, icosahedral, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. This family of viruses consists of both animal and human pathogens. Adapting human caliciviruses to cell culture has not been successful, whereas some animal caliciviruses, including San Miguel sea lion virus, have been successfully propagated in vitro. Here we report the crystallization of San Miguel sea lion virus serotype 4 (SMSV4) and the preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the crystals. SMSV4 have been crystallized using the hanging-drop method. These crystals diffracted to approximately 3A resolution using a synchrotron radiation source. A single crystal under cryo-conditions yielded a complete set of diffraction data. Data processing of the diffraction patterns showed that SMSV crystals belong to I23 space group with cell dimensions a=b=c=457 A. The crystallographic asymmetric unit includes five icosahedral asymmetric units, each consisting of three capsid protein subunits. In the space group I23, given the icosahedral symmetry and the size of the virus particle, the location of the particle is constrained to be at the point where the crystallographic 2- and 3-fold axes intersect. The orientation of the virus particle in the unit cell was ascertained by self-rotation function calculations.
Dynamic Finite Element Modeling of Carbon Nanotubes Using an Intrinsic Formulation

This article presents an efficient explicit dynamic formulation for modeling curved and twisted Carbon Nanotubes (CNT’s) based on a recently-developed intrinsic beam description (i.e. the dynamic state given by curvatures, strains, and velocities only) [Hodges, 2003] together with a finite element discretization incorporating atomistic potentials. This approach offers several advantages primarily related to the model’s computational efficiency: 1) the resulting partial differential equations governing motion are in first-order form (i.e. have first-order time derivatives only), 2) the system nonlinearities appear at low order, 3) the intrinsic description incorporating curvature allows low-order interpolation functions to describe generally curved and twisted nanotube centerlines, 4) inter-element displacements, slopes, and curvatures are matched at the element boundaries, and 5) finite rotational variables are absent, along with their inherit complexities. In addition, the developed model and finite element discretization are able to capture the nanotube’s dynamic response, without the expense of calculating the dynamic response of individual atoms as per Molecular Dynamics models. Simulation results are presented which illustrate the dynamic response of a typical CNT to axial, bending, and torsional loading. Results from the simulations are compared to similar results available in the literature, and close agreement is documented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Behaviors of Visually Impaired Children

(1991). Behaviors of Visually Impaired Children. Seminars in Ophthalmology: Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 158-160.
Turning Optically Achiral Materials Chiral

In this work, we report on a permanent recording of optical chirality on achiral materials through femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on metals. The experiment uses an amplified Ti:sapphire system that generates 66-fs pulses at a 1-kHz repetition rate with the central wavelength at 800 nm. A zero-order quarter wave plate is used to generate left or right circularly polarized (CP) light, and the laser beam is focused onto a metal surface at different incident angles. To understand this phenomenon, a number of corresponding experimental and theoretical studies are performed, and the results suggest that mirror symmetry of the structures is related to the propagation behavior of excited surface plasmons. It is concluded that these mirror symmetric periodic structures formed from left and right CP light are the only phenomenon that can permanently record light helicity with an optically inactive material.
The Effect of Modulators of Radiation-induced G2 Arrest on the Repair of Radiation-induced DNA Damage Detectable by Neutral Filter Elution

SummaryIt has been suggested that radiation-induced G2-arrest is an extension of interphase to allow repair of DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) prior to mitosis. Cycloheximide blocks the repair of the lesions which result in radiation-induced G2 arrest. Caffeine and cordycepin reduce the duration of G2 arrest. All of these agents should therefore reduce the cell's ability to repair dsb. The influence of cycloheximide (50 µg/ml), caffeine (5 mm) and cordycepin (0·15 mm) on the repair of the damage detectable in DNA by neutral filter elution was determined. Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) were irradiated with X-ray doses of 20, 60 and 100 Gy then allowed to repair without drug treatment or in the presence of each drug for intervals up to 6 h. DNA damage repair proceeded in two phases. The fast component of the repair process (t½ approx. 7 min) was not modified by drug treatment; the slow component (t½ approx. 170 min) was unaffected by cycloheximide or cordycepin, but appeared to be inhibited by caffeine. I...
Sphingosine kinase 1 overexpression stimulates intestinal epithelial cell proliferation through increased c-Myc translation

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), through mechanisms that are not completely understood, is shown to modulate cellular proliferation, which is critically important for maintaining the integrity of intestinal epithelium. Here, we show that increased S1P promotes proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. We found that overexpression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1), the rate-limiting enzyme for S1P synthesis, significantly increased cell proliferation and that this occurred through enhanced expression of c-Myc. Further, we found that the increased pattern of expression of c-Myc occurred predominantly due to its increased translation. The overexpressed SphK1 led to increased checkpoint kinase 2 and enhanced HuR phosphorylation which allowed for increased translation of c-Myc mRNA through HuR binding at the 3′-untranslated regions. Our findings demonstrate that S1P modulates intestinal cell proliferation and provides new insights as to the mechanistic actions of SphK1 and S1P in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis.
Disorder in the Crystal Structures of Hexakis(dimethylsilyl)benzene and its Tricarbonyl Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten Complexes

Abstract The crystal structures of hexakis(dimethylsilyl)benzene (1) and its tricarbonyl tungsten (2), molybdenum (3) and chromium (4) complexes were determined by X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 11.196(5)A, b = 19.675(9)A, c = 24.447(8)A, Z = 8, at 175K. The metal complexes 2, 3, 4 are isomorphic; the compounds exhibit trigonal modifications (2t, 3t, 4t), space group R3 or R3, Z = 6. Crystal data: (2t) a = 19.044(5)A, c = 14.343(4)A, at 193 K; (3t) a = 19.056(4)A, c = 14.633(5)A, at 298 K; (4t) a = 19.047(5)A, c = 14.144(5)A, at 193 K. The metal complexes were dimorphic; compounds 2 and 3 exhibit monoclinic modifications (2m, 3m), space group P21, Z = 2. Crystal data: (2m) a = 11.059(4)A, b = 13.885(4)A, c = 11.140(3)A, β = 114.79(3)°, at 225 K; (3m) a = 11.020(6)A, b = 13.838(4)A, c = 11.099(4)A, β = 114.54(3)°, at 193 K. Each of the five structures that were solved and refined (1, 2m, 2t, 3m, 4t) exhibit an orientational disorder. The exte...
Finances and college athletics

This chapter reviews the main sources of financial data on intercollegiate athletics and the budgeting processes used in athletics.
HERMIT CRAB PHYLOGENY: A REAPPRAISAL AND ITS “FALL-OUT”

Abstract The hypothesis of monophyly in Paguroidea and the relationship of this superfamily to the other three superfamilies of Anomura have been reassessed using current cladistic methods and computer generated analysis. In the analysis, 79 external morphological characters were examined for an in-group consisting of the seven paguroid families, Pylochelidae, Coenobitidae, Diogenidae, Pylojacquesidae, Paguridae, Parapaguridae, and Lithodidae (divided into the subfamilies Lithodinae and Hapalogastrinae), three hippoid families, Blepharipodidae, Albuneidae, and Hippidae, five galatheoid families, Galatheidae, Chirostylidae, Kiwaidae, Aeglidae, and Porcellanidae, and the Lomisoidea's monotypic Lomisidae. The out-group was comprised of Neoglyphea inopinata, representing Fractosternalia, and the families Dromiidae and Dynomenidae representing Brachyura. This analysis has shown that Anomura indeed is a monophyletic infraorder, as is Hippoidea a monophyletic superfamily. However, while six of the paguroid famil...
Thermocouple grounding in retort pouches

Four different types of thermocouples and three different grounding methods were evaluated to determine the most consistent and accurate temperature response in heat penetration tests of pouches in pressurized water and steam-air retorts. Criteria for evaluating the response were the residual sum of squares from nonlinear regression analysis and Fh and Fc values derived from the heat penetration data. Temperature measurement errors were found using both types of heating media for certain thermocouple types and grounding methods, while cooling data was found to be acceptable for most combinations. The best response was found with a thermocouple shielded with a stainless steel tube in which the measuring junction was electrically isolated from the sheath.
Three-Dimensional Dynamic Calculation of the Equilibrium Shape of a Coherent Tetragonal Precipitate in Mg-Partially Stabilized Cubic ZrO2

The equilibrium shape of a tetragonal precipitate coherently embedded in a cubic matrix is examined in three dimensions by a computer simulation. Independent experimental data of Mg-partially stabilized ZrO2 are used as the input parameters. The equilibrium shape is obtained diffusional relaxation of an initially nonequilibrium spherical shape. The relaxation is described through a generalized field kinetic model which takes into account the transformation-induced elastic strain arising from a cubic → tetragonal crystal lattice rearrangement. Without any a priori constraint on the geometry of the particle, the equilibrium shape is shown to be a rotation disk formed by two cones with the common base. It is far from the ellipsoidal shape assumed in the conventional analytical calculations based on Eshelby's model.
Modular verification of modular finite state machines

This paper summarizes the key results for modular verification of modular finite state machines; that is, for verifying the correctness of a system of modular finite state machines without performing the composition of all of the modules. The modular finite state machine framework is first reviewed; this framework differs from standard finite state machines in that there are two types of events: triggers, which the system reacts to, and responses, which it generates or forces to occur. Because the proofs of modular verification are based on the languages generated by modular finite state machines, the main definitions and properties of trigger response languages are summarized. The paper also describes the computational complexity of the modular verification procedure.
Stuck in the middle: Rac, adhesion, and cytokinesis

Rho family small GTPases (Rac, RhoA, and Cdc42) function at the core of cytokinesis, the physical division of one cell into two. In this issue, Bastos et al. (2012. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201204107) identify a new role for Rac inhibition: to release cell adhesion at the division plane and allow efficient constriction of the contractile ring. They show that the GTPase-activating protein, CYK4, suppresses equatorial cell substrate adhesion by inhibiting Rac and therefore its effectors ARFGEF7 and PAK1/2.
Interannual fluctuations in primary production: Direct physical effects and the trohic cascade at Castle Lake, California

Direct physical effects and cascading trophic interactions operate together to determine interannual variability in the seasonal pattern .of primary productivity at Castle Lake, California. Principal component analysis was used to investigate the depth-time distributions of productivity for summers 196 l-l 986. Two characteristic patterns were found, together accounting for 60-70% of the year-to-year variability. The first pattern corresponds to the deep productivity maximum that forms in the hypolimnion in June and July. Variability in this first pattern arises from the direct effects on phytoplankton populations of year-to-year changes in timing of ice breakup and hydraulic flushing in spring. The first pattern is unusually strong or weak, compared to the longterm average, during the phenomenon of El Niiio-Southern Oscillation. A second characteristic pattern corresponds to the mixed-layer productivity maximum that develops in August and September. Variability in this second pattern arises from trophic interactions at higher levels: rainbow trout feed on late-summer Daphnia rosea populations, which in turn graze on the mixed-layer algal community. In addition, some of the variability in the rainbow trout population arises from yearto-year differences in angling pressure from humans. These results demonstrate how interannual variability in an ecosystem property (primary productivity) can be controlled by forces acting simultaneously through the top and the base of the food web.
An adaptive cross-layer scheduler for improved QoS support of mixed data traffic on wireless data systems

With the rapid growth of the Internet and other IP related applications, wireless systems have shifted towards supporting a wider variety of data services. This has placed an enormous strain on the already tight capacity of wireless systems. Many improvements have been made at the link layer in 2+ and 3rd generation wireless systems. However, further improvements in packet data admission, scheduling, and policing are necessary to maximize capacity and user satisfaction. Of the three, efficient scheduling has the greatest impact on increased system capacity. In addition, proper scheduling can greatly improve user satisfaction. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive cross-layer packet scheduler, which outperforms popular packet schedulers with respect to both packet delay and user throughput.
Speech recognition using randomized relational decision trees

We explore the possibility of recognizing speech signals using a large collection of coarse acoustic events, which describe temporal relations between a small number of local features of the spectrogram. The major issue of invariance to changes in duration of speech signal events is addressed by defining temporal relations in a rather coarse manner, allowing for a large degree of slack. The approach is greedy in that it does not offer an "explanation" of the entire signal as the hidden Markov models (HMMs) approach does; rather, it accesses small amounts of relational information to determine a speech unit or class. This implies that we recognize words as units, without recognizing their subcomponents. Multiple randomized decision trees are used to access the large pool of acoustic events in a systematic manner and are aggregated to produce the classifier.
Existence and reality of solutions of the coupled‐cluster equations

Coupled-cluster equations are non-Hermitian and nonlinear. Hence neither the existence of their solutions nor the reality of the corresponding eigenvalues is guaranteed. By the method of characteristic equations, it can be shown that in physically relevant cases coupled-cluster equations have the same number of solutions as corresponding configuration interaction equations. Additionally, one finds that eigenvalues can be made real, if the Hamiltonian is not velocity dependent and if the cluster interaction is not too large.
Appendiceal endometriosis presenting as a cecal mass

Appendiceal intussusception is described, in the surgical literature, as a rare entity with a 0.01% incidence (1). Presenting symptoms can be vague, and preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Given concerns about malignancy, complete surgical removal of the mass and histologic examination of the specimen are paramount, in order to ensure correct diagnosis and proper treatment. Herein, we describe the case of a 44-year-old woman with appendiceal endometriosis leading to intussusception.
Novel HBT with reduced thermal impedance

Heterojunction bipolar transistors have been fabricated using a novel process in which the majority of the front side of the chip is metallized to serve as the groundplane. The completed chip is assembled inverted so that the emitters are next to the heat sink; base and collector are contacted using through-wafer vias and microstrip lines on the back side of the chip. These devices show a 50% reduction in thermal impedance compared to conventionally fabricated devices and have achieved power densities of 10 W/mm of emitter length. Such devices are expected to have substantially lower emitter inductance as well, which may lead to improved gain at higher frequencies. >
Athletic Scholarships as Contracts of Employment: the Rensing Decisions and the Future of College Sports:

In 1982 and 1983, the Indiana Court of Appeals and the Indiana Supreme Court, respective ly, reached opposite answers to the question: Is an athletic scholarship an employment contract which entitles an injured athlete to workers' compensation? Both decisions, in Rensing v. Indiana State University, highlight the inability of narrowly drawn judicial rulings to recognize and remedy the most egregious manifestations of professionalism in college athletics.The following article draws two lessons from the limitations of the Rensing decisions. First, judicial involvement is necessary when due process or procedural fairness are implicated, but when the athlete's "conditions of participation" (based upon the scholarship agreement) are at issue, judges must permit educators to make necessary policy choices. Second, the existing system of college athletics is beset by a host of problems which derive from the "employment- like" conditions under which the scholarship athlete lives. Several means of diminishing the r...
Edge-preserving noise filtering based on adaptive windowing

An adaptation procedure is introduced for determining in real-time the extent on the analysis window in point estimation of signals corrupted by additive noise. In the tasks of restoring a noisy one-dimensional test signal and a two-dimensional noisy image, mean, median and minimum-mean-square-error filters are compared with fixed and adaptive window implementations. The visual results of the signal and image restorations exhibit superior preservation of edge and detail and suppression of noise for the filters with adaptive windows. >
The Influence of Electron‐Trapping Impurity on Defect Creation and Bleaching in KCl Irradiated at 78 °K

The excitonic mechanism for creation of halogen Frenkel-type defects in alkali halides predicts an early positive curvature in the defect growth curve. The model also predicts that annihilation of VK-centers by the optical release of electrons from traps would produce Frenkel pairs in the halide sublattice. The first prediction has been checked in KCl: Tl+ and KCl:Pb++ irradiated at 78 °K with 1.7 MeV Van de Graaff electrons, and the second upon ir bleaching of an irradiated Tl+-doped crystal at 78 °K. If one takes the F-center concentration as a measure of the Frenkel-defect density, both tests were positive. A careful monitoring of the α-band region before and after bleaching, however, indicates that the F-center concentration is not a valid measure of the vacancy density. In a crystal containing 48 ppm Tl°, the α-center concentration after irradiation at 80 °K was 2.5 times that for F-centers. Moreover, ir bleaching of Tl° and VK, while enhancing the F-band ≈ 30%, destroyed nearly all of the α-centers. The last observation reveals that more empty halide vacancies are destroyed than F-centers are produced by the bleaching light. Der Exzitonmechanismus fur die Bildung von Halogendefekten vom Frenkeltyp in Alkalihalogeniden sagt eine fruhe positive Krummung der Defektwachstumskurve vorher. Auch sagt das Modell aus, das die Annihilation von VK-Zentren durch optische Befreiung von Elektronen aus Haftstellen Frenkelpaare im Halogenuntergitter erzeugen sollte. Die erste Aussage wurde in KCl: Tl + und KCl: Pb++, die bei 78 °K mit 1,7 MeV-Van de Graaff Elektronen bestrahlt wurden, uberpruft, die zweite durch Infrarotbleichen eines bestrahlten. Tl+-dotierten Kristalls bei 78 °K. Wenn man die F-Zentrenkonzentration als Mas fur die Frenkeldefektdichte ansieht, waren beide Tests positiv. Eine sorgfaltige Kontrolle der α-Bande vor und nach dem Bleichen zeigte jedoch, das die F-Zentrenkonzentration kein zuverlassiges Mas fur die Leerstellendichte ist. In einem Kristall. der 48 ppm Tl° enthielt, war die α-Zentrenkonzentration nach der Bestrahlung bei 80 °K 2,5mal so hoch wie die der F-Zentren. Daruberhinaus ergab das Infrarotbleichen von Tl° und VK eine Erhohung der F-Bande um ≈ 30%, wahrend sie nahezu alle α-Zentren beseitigte. Die letzte Beobachtung zeigt, das durch das bleichende Licht mehr leere Halogenleerstellen vernichtet als F-Zentren produziert werden.
STK11 Mutation Identified in Thyroid Carcinoma.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal-dominant disorder, in which germline mutation of serine threonine-protein kinase 11 (STK11) is identified in up to 90 % of the patients who meet clinical criteria for PJS. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides of the tumor were reviewed to confirm areas with at least 25 % of tumor cellularity. Then, the designated area was extracted for genomic DNA. Targeted next-generation sequencing analysis was performed using a 47-gene panel. Case 1 is a 71-year-old man with high grade follicular thyroid carcinoma with clear cell and oncocytic features. The carcinoma showed a missense mutation in TP53 (p.R342G, c.1024C > G) and a 16-nucleotide intronic deletion started next to the 3' of exon 6 (involving the canonical +1 and +2 bases of the splice donor site) in STK11 (p.?, c.862 + 1_862 + 16delGTGGGAGCCTCATCCC). Case 2 is a 76-year-old woman with tall cell variant papillary thyroid carcinoma. The carcinoma demonstrated a missense mutation in BRAF (p.V600E, c.1799T > A) and a missense mutation in STK11 (p.F354L, c.1062C > G). In summary, we present two elderly patients with thyroid carcinoma harboring STK11 mutation without clinical manifestation of PJS. The findings suggest that STK11 may play a role in thyroid carcinoma development.
Radiative collisional quenching of metastable muonic hydrogen p μ − ( 2 s ) and the metastable muonic helium ion α μ − ( 2 s )

Fully quantum-mechanical calculations have been performed to determine the radiative collisional cross sections for quenching of metastable muonic hydrogen $p{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}(2s)$ by normal hydrogen atoms and for quenching of the metastable muonic helium ion $\ensuremath{\alpha}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}(2s)$ by normal helium atoms. The interatomic potential curves and the radiative transition rates for the mixed electronic-muonic systems are calculated using molecular-structure methods. The nuclear motion is treated as adiabatic and the interaction is written in terms of a complex potential. The cross sections are evaluated by direct numerical integration of the Schr\"odinger equation. The two-body thermal (300 K) quenching rate constants obtained are 3.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec for $p{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and 6.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec for $\ensuremath{\alpha}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$.
Intimate Partner Violence Experienced by Physicians: A Review

Abstract Background: Physicians play a significant role in screening for domestic violence. However, little information is available about the prevalence of physicians who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) or the implications for their clinical practice. National surveys indicate a potential prevalence of 16% for sexual abuse and 32% for abuse by an intimate partner. This extrapolates to more than 395,000 potential physician victims, the majority of which are women. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of IPV and physician victims from 1990 to 2014 that included peer-reviewed journals, trade books, and dissertations that referenced physician victims. Results: We identified 17 publications; nine quantitative studies, four first-person accounts, one qualitative study, and a qualitative dissertation that included two physician subjects. Two case studies of victimized physicians were identified in trade books. Quantitative results noted that women reported higher prevalence for all experiences o...
Fatigue in the aviation environment: an overview of the causes and effects as well as recommended countermeasures

Fatigue is an insidious threat to aviation safety because of the impairments in alertness and performance it creates. The fatigue associated with sleep loss, shift work, and long duty cycles can cause aviators to become sloppy, inattentive, careless, and inefficient. The only cure for fatigue is adequate sleep; however, gaining sufficient amounts of sleep is often difficult because of work requirements, family demands, or poor sleep habits. Although it may not be possible to avoid some of these problems, pilots can improve their sleep habits and thus gain more restful and restorative sleep by using self-administered relaxation therapy, establishing consistent and soothing bedtime routines, and avoiding certain activities and substances immediately prior to sleep. When opportunities for adequate sleep are not available because of work-related factors, prophylactic naps can sustain performance until sleep is possible.
The Growing Need for High Ethical Standards in Engineering

A significant feature of contemporary life is the combination of the accelerating development of scientific knowledge in a variety of fields and the rapid application of much of this knowledge in the form of new consumer products and services, as well as in various commercial and industrial processes. We hear regularly about progress in genetics?for example, the cloning of mammals. Chemists report on new ideas concerning buckeyballs. Applications obvious to all are cell phones, laser eye surgery, the world-wide web, genetically modified foods, and low cost GPS devices. New pharmaceutical products appear regularly. Much of the new work was made possible by the use of computers. In return, many of the new ideas in chemistry and physics are directed at maintaining the exponential growth of computer capabilities, which has been on going for about two decades and is considered normal.
Boll Weevils: Leggett Traps as a Substitute for Woods Trash Examinations as an Indicator of Potential Field Populations

During a 3-yr study, the number of emerging overwintered Anthonomus grandis Boheman captured in Leggett traps was positively correlated throughout the emergence period with the number of A. grandis found previously in samples of surface woods trash. Thus, the traps can detect a potential early field population on individual farms. This information will be useful in both pest management and eradication programs.
UTILIZING TIDAL CONSTITUENT AND RESIDUAL INTERPOLATION TO SIMULATE WATER LEVELS AND DETERMINE PATTERNS OF INUNDATION

At a location where installation of a NOAA tidal station was not possible, Tidal Constituent and Residual Interpolation (TCARI) was used to interpolate water levels between two locations with observed water levels. One year of interpolated water levels was collected and a full suite of tidal analyses were completed based on the interpolated water level data set. These analyses include datums computations, inundation analyses, seasonal analyses, and harmonic analyses. Results indicate that interpolating water levels with TCARI can be a suitable alternative when collecting water levels at a specified location is not possible.
Mite (Acari) Species Composition in Michigan Apple Orchards

At least 6 species of herbivorous mites, 18 species of predatory mites, and >5 species of detritus- and fungus-feeding mites were found on apple foliage during 2 yr of sampling in 17 southern Michigan apple orchards. Species with the greatest volume (biomass) included the stigmaeid predators Agistemus fleschneri Summers and Zetzellia mali (Ewing), the phytosdeiid predator Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman), and the tetranychid herbivore Panonychus ulmi (Koch). Volume of mite species in abandoned orchards was correlated with their volume in commercial orchards. However, several species with high volume in abandoned orchards had a low volume or were absent in commercial orchards. A shift in predator species took place rapidly over a single season when orchards were not sprayed. Predator volume was less than herbivore volume in commercial orchards, but the reverse was true in abandoned orchards.
Communicating about Climate Change with Corporate Leaders and Stakeholders

Within the corporate sector, climate change represents an unfolding market shift; one that is driven by policy, but also by pressures from a variety of market constituents such as consumers, suppliers, buyers, insurance companies, banks and others. The shift is manifest in changes in market demand, cost of capital, operational efficiency, access to raw materials within supply chains (most notably in energy use) and other issues of business concern. In fact, when viewed in this way, business leaders and stakeholders can be agnostic about the science of climate change and still see it as a business issue. In the face of a market shift, successful companies must innovate. And as in any market shift, the implications of addressing climate change are not uniform, and the burden will not fall evenly. There are both risks and opportunities; there will be both winners and losers. Certain companies, industries, and sectors will be impacted more than others. This chapter will discuss the ways in which climate change poses market risk and the strategic responses that companies might adopt to respond to and mitigate that risk. This focus is critically important as the solutions to climate change must come from business. The market is the most powerful institution on earth, and business is the most powerful entity within it. Business makes the goods and services we rely upon: the clothes we wear, the food we eat, the forms of mobility we use and the buildings we live and work in. If business does not lead the way towards solutions for a carbon neutral world, there will be no solutions.
International Multiparty Mediation and Conflict Management: Challenges of Cooperation and Coordination

Introduction 1. Theory of International Mediation 2. Multiparty Mediation 3. Tajikistan 4. Namibia 5. Cambodia 6. Kosovo 7. Sri Lanka 8. Discussion and Lessons for Practice
Regression trees analysis of related factors to depressive symptom among urban elderly population

Objective:To explore the relationship between different combination of related factors and depressive symptom in urban elderly. Methods:In this cross-sectional study,1457 elderly aged 60 years and older lived in urban area w ere selected. Their depressive symptoms w ere assessed w ith the Self-rating Depression Scale(SDS).The generalized linear models w ere used to analyse the related factors of depressive symptom. The regression trees w ere used to analyse the relationship betw een different combination of related factors and elderly depressive symptom. Results:The independent variables of age,number of physical diseases,types of medical insurance and educational level w ere entered in the Generalized Linear M odels. In the regression trees,five independent variables included age,educational level medical insurance,per capita income and number of physical diseases entered to the model. The participants w ho had educational level of illiteracy and primary school,suffering from physical illness,age 75. 5 years and no medical insurance had the highest SDS score of(50. 4 ± 7. 3). Compared to the low est subgroup,w ho had the characteristics of educational level of junior high school or above,age≤78. 5 years and per capita income 3150 yuan. 0,the SDS score mean difference w as up to 11. 6 and the difference w as statistically significant(P 0. 01). Conclusion:It reveals that the relationship betw een different combination of related factors and urban elderly depressive symptom may be different. The elderly w ith low er educational level,suffering from physical illness,elder age and no medical insurance may have the highest level of depressive symptom.
The Need to Know: BIOLOGICAL LEARNING NEEDS IDENTIFIED BY PRACTICING PSYCHIATRIC NURSES

1. Psychiatric nursing in the 1990s requires integrating an expanding biological focus into nursing practice to accommodate both the growing biological knowledge base and changing patients' needs. 2. The following areas of learning needs for practicing psychiatric nurses were identified: knowledge of medications; recognition of interactions of patient physical conditions and medications with other substances; obtainment of skills to manage acute and chronic medical problems in the psychiatric milieu, and to differentiate medical and psychiatric concerns; maintenance of safety and management of the impact of environmental factors; and achievement of self-care for the caregiver. 3. There was widespread interest from the nurses participating in this study in knowing what nurses in other settings were experiencing in their practice and the learning needs they perceived.