cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CXC chemokine receptor 4 signaling upon co-activation with stromal cell-derived factor-1α and ubiquitin.

Recently, we reported that extracellular ubiquitin functions as another agonist of CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4. Whereas the cognate CXCR4 ligand, stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, is also a CXCR7 agonist, ubiquitin does not bind to CXCR7. Because both ligands are present in the extracellular environment, co-activation of CXCR4 appears to be physiologically relevant. CXCR4 mediated effects of ubiquitin, however, are not well understood and consequences of co-activation of CXCR4 with both ligands are unknown. Utilizing proximity ligation assays and flow cytometry, we detected CXCR4, but not CXCR7, on the cell surface of THP-1 cells, which suggests that confounding effects of CXCR7 are unlikely. Time course and magnitude of reduction of cell surface CXCR4 expression were comparable after stimulation of THP-1 cells with both ligands. SDF-1α was more efficacious than ubiquitin to mobilize Ca2+. Co-stimulation of THP-1 cells with both ligands resulted in synergistic effects on Ca2+ fluxes at suboptimal ligand concentrations. Homologous desensitization of Ca2+ fluxes was detectable with both ligands. SDF-1α pre-stimulation desensitized ubiquitin induced Ca2+ fluxes, but not vice versa. Effects of SDF-1α and ubiquitin on cAMP levels, Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and chemotactic responses were additive. The chemotactic activities of ubiquitin and SDF-1α were sensitive to AMD3100, pertussis toxin, U73122, LY94002 and U0126. These data suggest that CXCR4 activation with SDF-1α and ubiquitin results in partially synergistic effects on cellular signaling events and in differential effects on receptor desensitization. The ligand ratio that is present in the extracellular environment may contribute to the regulation of CXCR4 mediated functions.
Accumulation of α2u-globulin in the renal proximal tubules of male rats exposed to unleaded gasoline

Abstract Saturated branched-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, found in motor fuels, induce nephrotoxicity in male rats. Treatment of male rats with unleaded gasoline (0.04–2.0 ml/kg body wt, po) for 9 days increased markedly the number and size of hyaline (protein resorption) droplets in epithelial cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and enhanced cellular exfoliation at high dose levels. No other treatment-related pathological effects were observed in the plomeruli, distal tubules, or medulla. The renal content of α 2u -globulin, a major urinary protein of male rats, was increased maximally by about 4.4-fold after gasoline administration (1.0 ml/kg, po, 9 days); no further increase was observed at higher doses. Immunoperoxidase staining of kidney tissue sections for α 2u -globulin revealed large accumulations of antigen localized in many of the PCT epithelial cells which contained hyaline droplets. The hepatic content of α 2u -globulin and its mRNA were not altered by gasoline administration. These data show, for the first time, that α 2u -globulin is accumulated in the kidneys of gasoline-intoxicated male rats and sequestered specifically in some of the hyaline droplets characteristic of gasoline-induced nephropathy. A hydrocarbon-induced defect in the renal lysosomal degradation of low-molecular-weight urinary proteins, rather than increased synthesis of these proteins, appears to cause hyaline droplet accumulation.
Maintaining the brain: insight into human neurodegeneration from Drosophila melanogaster mutants

The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster has enabled significant advances in neurodegenerative disease research, notably in the identification of genes that are required to maintain the structural integrity of the brain, defined by recessive mutations that cause adult onset neurodegeneration. Here, we survey these genes in the fly and classify them according to five key cell biological processes. Over half of these genes have counterparts in mice or humans that are also associated with neurodegeneration. Fly genetics continues to be instrumental in the analysis of degenerative disease, with notable recent advances in our understanding of several inherited disorders, Parkinson's disease, and the central role of mitochondria in neuronal maintenance.
Coated anion-exchange resins for ion chromatography

Abstract Ion-exchange resins suitable for use in anion chromatography can be easily prepared by statically coating a porous, neutral resin with an appropriate quaternary ammonium salt. Anion exchangers formed by coating a polystyrene resin with large pores (XAD-1) or a porous polyacrylate resin aer more easily wetted than coated PRP-1 resins previously reported an are more stable than dynamically coated silica resins. The chemical composition of the resin thatis coated is shown to have a major effect on the relative affinity of the anion exchanger for certain anions. The chemical structure of the quaternary ammonium salt used as a coating also affects the affinity of the resin for different anions. Actual separations are included to demonstrate the convenience, flexibility and practical use of these anion exchangers.
Helping children cope with marital conflict, divorce, and remarriage

Coping with marital conflict, divorce, and/or parental remarriage can be stressful for children. In this article, I review some of the effects that these family stressors can have on children, describe therapeutic approaches to help children cope with these stressors, and present a case illustration. In order to help children cope with marital conflict, divorce, and/or remarriage, it is often necessary to work in a multifaceted way with a number of subsystems within the family. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mechanisms leading to NLTE IR emission in the terrestrial thermosphere and their impact on remote sensing of atmospheric parameters

ABSTRACT Assuming large signal-to-noise ratio and using the rotationally resolved fundamental vibration-rotation band emission from NO near 5.3 m we propose a scheme for remotely sensing temperature above the altitudes where the 15 m emission from CO 2 becomes very weak. We also find that the rotationally resolved 5.3 m emission can be used to remotely sense N( 4 S) atom, O 2 , and O densities in the terrestrial thermosphere  this being the only method for remotely sensing the first two species. Keywords: NO; infrared emission; remote sensing 1. INTRODUCTION The next few years promise to offer great opportunities to the atmospheric scientists. The data gathered by SABER (S ounding of the A tmosphere by B roadband E mission R adiometry) and MIPAS (M ichelson Interferometer for Passive A tmospheric Sounding) aboard the NASA satellite TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and D ynamics) and ESA satellite ENVISAT (Environmental Satellite), respectively, are yielding data which should put the models of atmospheric phenomenology, especially those involving the emission of infrared radiation, on a firmer footing. Furthermore, these data should permit retrieval of additional atmospheric parameters. This retrieval of additional parameters includes extending an already existing retrieval, e.g., retrieval of temperature to higher altitudes, or retrieving parameters for which no methods currently exist, e.g., N(
In situ e.s.r. monitoring of the coordination and oxidation states of copper in Cu-ZSM-5 up to 500°C in flowing gas mixtures: 1. Interaction with He, O2, NO, NO2, and H2O

Abstract A flow cell was used for the monitoring of the state of copper ions in Cu-ZSM-5 in situ at high temperatures by e.s.r. Reduction of the most reactive square-planar coordinated Cu 2+ ions to Cu + occurs at 500°C in methane flow. The reoxidation of cuprous to cupric ions at 500°C by NO or O 2 is very fast; and, at 500°C, in mixtures of CH 4 with excess oxygen, most of the copper in CuH-ZSM-5 retains the cupric state. The formation of weak adsorption complexes between isolated Cu 2+ cations and CO molecules at 200°C leads to a measurable change in coordination. An activated formation of strong adsorption complexes, with charge transfer, takes place on treatment of the CuH-ZSM-5 by CO at 100–300°C. Subsequent heating in He flow removes all ligands at T > 400°C. At 500°C, in CO flow a slow reduction of Cu 2+ takes place. Cooling of the CuH-ZSM-5 in a mixture [CO + NO] is accompanied by a change in Cu 2+ coordination which is indicative of a mixed adsorption complex.
ParaDockS - an open-source framework for molecular docking: implementation of target-class-specific scoring methods

Accurate scoring of protein-ligand interactions in molecular docking and virtual screening is still challenging. Despite great efforts, the performance of existing scoring functions strongly depends on the target structure under investigation. Recent developments in the direction of target-class-specific scoring methods and machine-learning-based classification models reveals a significant improvement in binding mode and activity prediction [1]. However, there is currently no open-source framework available that combines novel scoring techniques with molecular docking algorithms to make this simply applicable for virtual screening. Therefore, the aim of this work is the implementation and validation of target-biased scoring methods within the open-source docking framework ParaDockS [2]. ParaDockS includes algorithms for protein-ligand docking and is organized that every newly developed scoring function can be immediately implemented. Furthermore, interaction-based classifier, trained on a target-specific knowledge base can be used in a post-docking filter step. In general, we focus on knowledge-based scoring functions based on well established statistical potentials. Recently it was shown, that atom-pair potentials are also useful for training machine-learning models based on support vector machines or random forest approaches [1]. Such methods circumvent a particular functional form for the scoring function and thereby implicitly capture binding contributions that are hard to model explicitly. In a first validation study, we applied newly developed target-specific potentials on different kinase data sets and we found that they outperform scoring functions that are not tailored to this target class. Due to the open-source and modular architecture of ParaDockS further scoring funtions can be easily implemented and immediately used for docking and virtual screening. The whole ParaDockS suite is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License Version 2 and is free to download, to reuse, to modify and to redistribute any file of the source code.
Inactivation of γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase by (S)-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-2-furancarboxylic acid does not proceed by the expected aromatization mechanism

Abstract Inactivation of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent γ-aminobutryic acid aminotransferase by ( S )-4-amino-4,5-dihydro-2-furancarboxylic acid (SADFA) gives pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate, not the expected SADFA-PLP aromatization product. Inactivation appears to proceed by a Michael addition/hydrolysis mechanism instead.
The ontogeny of social behaviour among juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters

Abstract Ontogenetic changes in behaviour often reveal ecological forces that influence particular life-history stages. Postlarval ‘algal phase’ Caribbean spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus , live solitarily in vegetation, whereas older, ‘postalgal’ juveniles aggregate in crevice shelters. The shelter choice, activity patterns and social influence across the ontogenetic phases that span this period of habitat transition were experimentally examined in mesocosms. Algal juveniles (6–16 mm carapace length; CL) did not seek shelter with conspecifics or alter their activity pattern in their presence. However, postalgal juveniles (24–45 mm CL) both congregated in shelters and altered their activity pattern in the presence of conspecifics. The presence of same-sized conspecifics caused increased walking activity and decreased time spent in algal cover. These particular ontogenetic behavioural changes are concomitant with the habitat shift from vegetation (solitary) to crevice sheltering (aggregated). Social interactions, especially through the formation of groups, may influence the timing and character of the ontogenetic habitat shift in juvenile spiny lobsters.
Current-sheet velocity oscillation and radiation emission in plasma focus discharges

Summary form only given, as follows. A phenomenon of current sheet velocity oscillation during the compression phase in plasma focus discharge has been found with a schlieren photography technique. The oscillation period has been determined as about 17 ns and coincided with the period of the simultaneously measured time derivative of the current. The same velocity behavior has been observed with magnetic probes. A microwave emission burst (in 3 cm and 10 cm bands) consisting of a sequence of very narrow (FWHM<1 ns) peaks, 17 ns apart one another, has also been observed before, during, and after the pinch. The microwave was polarized with the electric field parallel to the electrode axis. All these effects have been recorded on the same PF device (6 kJ). The origin of these oscillations can be interpreted in a few ways, e.g. as related to the electrode-plasma sheath RLC circuit, or to the j/sub s//spl times/B of the plasma current sheet, where j/sub s/ is the current density component perpendicular to the current sheet surface. The j/sub s/ is related to the current sheet velocity. These results provide the basis of our analysis.
Extraordinary mode absorption at the electron cyclotron harmonic frequencies as a tokamak electron temperature diagnostic

An experimental study of extraordinary mode absorption at the semi-opaque second and third cyclotron harmonic frequencies has been performed on the Alcator C tokamak. A narrow beam of submillimetre laser radiation was used to illuminate the plasma in the horizontal plane, providing a continuous measurement of the onepass, quasi-perpendicular transmission. Experimental electron cyclotron absorption (ECA) data have been found to agree with theoretical results for lowest significant order in finite density and finite Larmor radius. The ECA data have been used together with data for the tokamak electron density and magnetic field to determine local electron temperatures in the range 75 ≤ Te(eV) ≤ 3300, with a spatial resolution of ≤ 1 cm. Transmission during lower hybrid radiofrequency (LHRF) heating and current drive remained unaffected by suprathermal electrons because of their low density and the relativistic downshift of the absorbing harmonics away from the laser frequency. Therefore, this permitted the ECA technique to be used to measure the bulk plasma temperature during LHRF heating. A density dependent non-resonant attenuation was observed which, when present, was taken into account in the data analysis.
Bisphenol-A and disparities in birth outcomes: a review and directions for future research

Racial disparities in pregnancy outcome in the United States are significant, persistent and costly, but the causes are poorly understood. We propose that disproportionate exposure of African-American women to environmental endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) may contribute to birth outcome disparities. Marked racial segregation, as well as health behaviors associated with poverty could result in differences in exposure to particular EDCs. One EDC that has aroused concern in recent years is bisphenol-A (BPA), a widely used industrial plasticizer with known estrogenic properties. Published studies indicate that excessive BPA exposure is associated with reduced fetal survival, as well as reductions in maternal weight and fetal body weight. Related findings include adverse effects of BPA exposure on ovarian function, mammary gland development, earlier age of puberty onset and some metabolic parameters. However, these findings are largely limited to experimental animal studies, and need to be validated in human populations. Our review supports the need to move beyond the currently dominant toxicological approach to examining the effects of BPA exposure, and rely more on observational human studies and epidemiological methods. Many of the risk factors for racial disparities in pregnancy outcome are global or difficult to modify, but exposure to BPA is a potentially malleable risk factor. If BPA contributes to racial disparities in pregnancy outcome, there are important implications for prevention. It is our hope that this review will stimulate further research in this important and neglected area.
WITHDRAWN: Reprint of “Teenage drivers: patterns of risk”

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy ). This reprinted article has been retracted at the request of the Publisher. The online version of this reprint has been withdrawn as it was a redundant duplicate of the original article. The original can be found via http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4375(02)00075-0 . The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause.
Fretting of polyimide coatings Part I: Structure and moisture effects

Abstract Fretting wear of polyimide coatings sliding against a 52100 steel sphere as a function of humidity was measured. The coating life, defined as the duration for which the 52100 ball wore through the polyimide coating, shortened with increasing humidity. A hydrophobic fluorine was exploited to reduce the effect of moisture on the coating life. Microhardness tests showed that the hardness of the polyimides changes only after long time exposure to moisture suggesting that short time exposure to moisture as in the fretting test did not alter the bulk properties of the polyimides. For the wear mechanisms, the abrasive iron-rich debris generated from the 52100 ball in the polyimide-metal contact accelerated the fretting wear of the polyimides by two-body and three-body abrasion. Interpreting the debris as iron oxides did not fully account for the test results in argon, although such a model satisfactorily explained the results in air.
Predicting clinical biological responses to dental materials.

Abstract Objectives Methods used to measure and predict clinical biological responses to dental materials remain controversial, confusing, and to some extent, unsuccessful. The current paper reviews significant issues surrounding how we assess the biological safety of materials, with a historical summary and critical look at the biocompatibility literature. The review frames these issues from a U.S. perspective to some degree, but emphasizes their global nature and universal importance. Methods The PubMed database and information from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, International Standards Organization, and American National Standards Institute were searched for prominent literature addressing the definition of biocompatibility, types of biological tests employed, regulatory and standardization issues, and how biological tests are used together to establish the biological safety of materials. The search encompassed articles published in English from approximately 1965–2011. The review does not comprehensively review the literature, but highlights significant issues that confront the field. Results Years ago, tests for biological safety sought to establish material inertness as the measure of safety, a criterion that is now deemed naive; the definition of biocompatibility has broadened along with the roles for materials in patient oral health care. Controversies persist about how in vitro or animal tests should be used to evaluate the biological safety of materials for clinical use. Controlled clinical trials remain the single best measure of the clinical response to materials, but even these tests have significant limitations and are less useful to identify mechanisms that shape material performance. Practice-based research networks and practitioner databases are emerging as important supplements to controlled clinical trials, but their final utility remains to be determined. Significance Today we ask materials to play increasingly sophisticated structural and therapeutic roles in patient treatment. To accommodate these roles, strategies to assess, predict, and monitor material safety need to evolve. This evolution will be driven not only by researchers and manufacturers, but also by patients and practitioners, who want to use novel materials in new ways to treat oral disease.
Inhibition of mitochondrial palmitate oxidation by calmodulin antagonists.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of calmodulin antagonists on the rate of palmitate oxidation by isolated rat liver mitochondria was studied. 2. 2. In the presence of 100 μM amitriptyline, chlorpromazine, prenylamine, N -(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide or N -(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, palmitate oxidation was inhibited by 17, 34, 49, 31 and 37%, respectively. 3. 3. The degree of inhibition of palmitate oxidation exerted by these chemical compounds did not appear to correlate appreciably with changes in mitochondrial membrane fluidity.
The Economic Possibilities of Conservation

Conservation distinguished from the conservation movement, 497. — The relation between utilization and exhaustion, 499. — Economic conditions which determine the rate of exhaustion when resources are controlled by individuals, 503. — The connection between the conditions which result in economical utilization by individuals and those determining the aggregate depletion of natural resources, 509. — The costs of conservation, 512. — The absolute limits of conservation, 515. — Conclusions as to conservation policy, 518.
OCCIPITO-PARIETO-TEMPORAL SEIZURE DISCHARGE WITH VISUAL HALLUCINATIONS AND APHASIA.

UMMARY The case of a 41-year-old woman revealed prolonged occipito-parieto-temporal seizure discharges that were precipitated by photic stimulation and were accompanied by visual hallucinations, aphasia, and other manifestations that were filmed. There was a slow march with spread of electrical seizure discharge and successive objective and subjective manifestations. Extensive investigation failed to reveal intracranial pathologic changes. The patient otherwise was well 13 years after the onset of seizures. It is important, but not always easy, to distinguish the symptoms of neurotic behavior from those of focal neurological disorder. RESUME Le cas d'une femme âgee de 41 ans revelait des decharges prolongees dans la region occipito-parieto-temporale. Ces decharges etaient precipitees par stimulation lumineuse et etaient accompagnees de hallucinations visuelles, d'aphasie et d'autres manifestations qu'on a filmees. Il existait un deroulement lent accompagne d'une marche de decharge electrique et de manifestations objectives et subjectives successives. Des recherches minutieuses n'ont revele aucun changement pathologique intracranien. A d'autres egards la malade se portait bien 13 ans apres le commencement des crises. Il est important, mais pas toujours facile, de distinguer les symptomes du comportement nevrose de ceux de troubles neurologiques focaux.
The requirement of pax6 for postnatal eye development: evidence from experimental mouse chimeras.

PURPOSE. The small eye mouse mutant (Sey) is caused by a mutation of the Pax6 gene. Previous studies, in which aggregation chimeras were used, have demonstrated that Sey/Sey cells contribute poorly to the neural retina forming small clumps of cells restricted to the inner retina at embryonic day 16.5. In addition, Sey/+ cells are absent from the lens epithelium during this embryonic period and postnatally. This study was conducted to determine the fates of these Sey/Sey and Sey/+ cells with continued development in chimeric mouse eyes. METHODS. Observations were made on heterozygous and homozygous Sey cells in chimeric eyes from postnatal day (P)0 to P10. RESULTS. In Sey/Sey↔wild-type (wt) chimeras, all Sey/Sey cells originating from retinal progenitor cells died at perinatal times. The only remaining Sey/Sey cells in the neural retina were associated with blood vessels, including vascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia, which have extraretinal origins. In contrast, Sey/+ cells formed all retinal cell classes. As previously reported, Sey/Sey cells were absent from the lens and corneal epithelium. However, in contrast to previous reports, Sey/+ cells contributed to the lens epithelium as well as corneal tissues, and Sey/Sey cells were absent from the anterior retinal pigment epithelium. CONCLUSIONS. All evidence showed that, when Pax6 is absent at the initial stages of the development, Sey/Sey cells that contribute to the neural retina die, even when wild-type cells are available to provide normal environmental cues.
Human-competitive results produced by genetic programming

Genetic programming has now been used to produce at least 76 instances of results that are competitive with human-produced results. These human-competitive results come from a wide variety of fields, including quantum computing circuits, analog electrical circuits, antennas, mechanical systems, controllers, game playing, finite algebras, photonic systems, image recognition, optical lens systems, mathematical algorithms, cellular automata rules, bioinformatics, sorting networks, robotics, assembly code generation, software repair, scheduling, communication protocols, symbolic regression, reverse engineering, and empirical model discovery. This paper observes that, despite considerable variation in the techniques employed by the various researchers and research groups that produced these human-competitive results, many of the results share several common features. Many of the results were achieved by using a developmental process and by using native representations regularly used by engineers in the fields involved. The best individual in the initial generation of the run of genetic programming often contains only a small number of operative parts. Most of the results that duplicated the functionality of previously issued patents were novel solutions, not infringing solutions. In addition, the production of human-competitive results, as well as the increased intricacy of the results, are broadly correlated to increased availability of computing power tracked by Moore's law. The paper ends by predicting that the increased availability of computing power (through both parallel computing and Moore's law) should result in the production, in the future, of an increasing flow of human-competitive results, as well as more intricate and impressive results.
From Civil Rights to Environmental Rights: Constructions of Race, Community, and Identity in Three African American Newspapers’ Coverage of the Environmental Justice Movement

Environmental racism refers to the placement of health-threatening structures such as landfills and factories in areas where the poor and ethnic minorities live. These issues are often ignored by the mainstream environmental movement, which is largely White, male, and middle class. In advocating against discriminatory polluting practices, the environmental justice movement particularly emphasizes the issues of community, identity, and race. This article examines how the coverage of environmental justice in three African American newspapers (The Los Angeles Sentinel, The Chicago Defender, and Detroit’s Michigan Chronicle) articulates these three issues in politically problematic ways that are likewise present in the mainstream media.
Coherent dynamics of a free-electron laser with arbitrary magnet geometry. II. Conservation laws, small-signal theory, and gain-spread relations

Generalized conservation laws and gain-spread relations in the free-electron laser are derived for variable wiggler configurations. The derivation follows from the general equations of paper I in this series. It is suggested that bandwidth limitations on the optimization of the small-signal gain-to-spread ratio of a storage ring FEL might be overcome by transverse velocity filtering of the electrons.
Donor Bias Towards Small Countries: an overlooked Factor in the Analysis of Foreign Aid and Economic Growth

The consensus of the literature is that international cross-sectional data do not reveal a stable relationship between foreign aid and economic growth, a conclusion which weakens the case for giving aid. However, previous econometric analysis has not made allowance for the fact that larger countries grow faster, but receive less aid. In this paper it is demonstrated that when due allowance is made for the effects of country size, a positive and significant relationship between aid and growth can be shown to exist.
Volatile Compounds Produced During Deodorization of Soybean Oil and Their Flavor Significance

Freshly deodorized soybean oil has a characteristic nutty flavor but often yields no detectable headspace volatiles. The cause of this flavor was investigated by deodorizing soybean oil in an apparatus with a double cold trap that allowed the volatile compounds formed from the initial decomposition of hydroperoxides to be collected separately from those produced during the normal deodorization process. The chief volatile components from the normal deodorization process were hydrocarbons, which contributed little to no odor to the oil. The compounds with the greatest odor were carbonyls, especially heptanal and cis-4-heptenal. Although these components should accumulate at some steady-state concentration in an oil during its deodorization, none seemed to account for the flavor of the deodorized oil. By using a particle detector, it was shown that small particles could be generated in the human mouth that could provide a mechanism to bring oil with nonvolatile flavor components into contact with the olfactory organ. Attempts to separate possible nonvolatile flavors in deodorized oil from triacylglycerides by chromatography on alumina or reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine were unsuccessful. Possibly, the flavor is caused by the glycerol esters themselves.
Long-term reduction of cold hardiness following ingestion of ice-nucleating bacteria in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata

We investigated the effect of ingestion of ice-nucleating bacteria on the supercooling capacity and cold hardiness of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), a freeze-intolerant species that overwinters as adults in shallow, terrestrial burrows. Ingestion of ice-nucleating bacteria (Enterobacter agglomerans, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas syringae), fed on slices of potato tuber, caused an abrupt decrease in supercooling capacity. No change occurred in the supercooling capacity of beetles fed Escherichia coli, as this species lacks ice-nucleating activity. Ingestion rates showed that tubers treated with different species were equally palatable. During diapause induction beetles evacuated food from their guts, but nevertheless retained sufficient ice-nucleating bacteria to diminish supercooling. Beetles fed P. fluorescens and P. putida exhibited reduced supercooling even after an 8-wk exposure to simulated winter conditions. Furthermore, P. fluorescens was isolated 10-wk post-ingestion from diapausing beetles. Our data suggest that ingested bacteria may be retained by insects during entry into diapause and that the cold hardiness of candidate crop pests, such as L. decemlineata, may be reduced by feeding them ice-nucleating bacteria prior to winter diapause.
The Fate of Completed Goal Information in Narrative Comprehension

Abstract Most studies investigating the use of goal information in narrative comprehension have focused more on the increased availability of uncompleted or failed goal information relative to completed goal information. The current study does the opposite. Two experiments were conducted to determine the fate of completed goal information. Three possibilities were considered: (a) that completed goal information remains more available than neutral information, (b) that completed goal information decays to baseline, or (c) that completed goal information is suppressed below baseline. The results of the experiments indicate that completed goal information remains more available than neutral information. These results are related to current theories of how causal information affects narrative comprehension.
Cellular interactions in lymphocyte proliferation: effect of syngeneic and xenogeneic macrophages.

Abstract The interaction of syngeneic and xenogeneic macrophages with purified lymphocytes from human peripheral blood or mouse spleen was examined in the in vitro proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic cells. Both syngeneic and xenogeneic macrophages markedly augmented the response of lymphocytes to suboptimal mitogen concentrations. Kinetic studies indicated that the effect of the macrophages was to increase the number of lymphocytes proliferating in response to mitogen. Human macrophages were also able to support a proliferative response to allogeneic cells by purified mouse lymphocytes. These results indicate that the possible histocompatibility requirement between lymphocyte and macrophage necessary for proliferation induced by soluble antigen is not a requirement for the proliferative response to mitogen and alloantigen.
Scaphoid Fracture in the Elite Athlete

Scaphoid fracture remains a common, potentially devastating, injury that can impair upper extremity function. Early recognition with proper imaging and treatment provides the best opportunity to heal and return to a normal activity level. Surgical treatment offers the patient a quicker return to the rehabilitation of the extremity and therefore an earlier return to elite play. There is evidence that healing occurs faster if the fractured scaphoid is fixed with internal fixation. Absolute compliance by the athlete and the training program that surrounds the athlete is critical to protect the wrist while maintaining the necessary conditioning of an elite athlete.
Kinetics of homovanillic acid and determination of its production rate in the rhesus monkey.

Abstract Homovanillic acid (HVA) labelled with two deuterium atoms (d 2 -HVA) was used to label the peripheral body pool of endogenous HVA (d 0 -HVA). D 2 -HVA was rapidly injected intravenously into Rhesus monkeys and concentrations of both d 2 - and d 0 -HVA in sequential samples of blood serum and urine determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Parameters describing the distribution and elimination of HVA, as well as its pool size, turnover, and synthesis rate were then calculated. Results indicate that the decline of serum d 2 -HVA concentration with time is multiexponential, with a biological half-life ranging from 35.9 to 102 min in the four monkeys studied. The apparent volume of distribution of d 2 -HVA in the body was 0.813–1.17 1/kg. Serum clearance was 7.28–18.2 ml/kg/min. For most animals, only about 50% of the administered dose of d 2 -HVA was recovered unchanged in the urine. Renal clearance ranged from 3.79 to 17.0 ml/kg/min, and d 0 -HVA excretion rates ranged from 19.5 to 64.1 μg/hr. The size of the peripheral body pool of HVA, calculated from serum kinetic parameters, was 63.3–80.7 μg; HVA turnover was 5.43–13.9 μg/1/hr; and HVA production rate was calculated to be 36.6–84.3 (5.23–12.6 μg/kg/hr).
XLIX. Atomic hydrogen and the balmer series spectrum

(1922). XLIX. Atomic hydrogen and the balmer series spectrum. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 44, No. 261, pp. 538-546.
Phage loss and the breakdown of a defensive symbiosis in aphids

Terrestrial arthropods are often infected with heritable bacterial symbionts, which may themselves be infected by bacteriophages. However, what role, if any, bacteriophages play in the regulation and maintenance of insect-bacteria symbioses is largely unknown. Infection of the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum by the bacterial symbiont Hamiltonella defensa confers protection against parasitoid wasps, but only when H. defensa is itself infected by the phage A. pisum secondary endosymbiont (APSE). Here, we use a controlled genetic background and correlation-based assays to show that loss of APSE is associated with up to sevenfold increases in the intra-aphid abundance of H. defensa. APSE loss is also associated with severe deleterious effects on aphid fitness: aphids infected with H. defensa lacking APSE have a significantly delayed onset of reproduction, lower weight at adulthood and half as many total offspring as aphids infected with phage-harbouring H. defensa, indicating that phage loss can rapidly lead to the breakdown of the defensive symbiosis. Our results overall indicate that bacteriophages play critical roles in both aphid defence and the maintenance of heritable symbiosis.
A retina-derived stimulator(s) of retinal pigment epithelial cell and astrocyte proliferation

Retinal detachments are frequently accompanied by retinal pigment epithelial cell and glial cell proliferation. This may be important in the pathogenesis of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and may also play a role in the failure of some eyes to regain visual function despite anatomically successful retinal reattachment surgery. In this study, we demonstrate that a retina-derived substance or substances stimulates the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells (250% above control) and astrocytes (150% above control) in vitro. The stimulation of proliferation occurs in the absence of serum, but is accentuated by serum. There is some degree of target-cell specificity as there is no stimulation of smooth-muscle-cell proliferation. Morphologic changes induced in the proliferating cell types as well as preliminary characterization suggest that one or more of the previously described eye-derived growth factors may be involved.
Growth-modulating serum tripeptide is glycyl-histidyl-lysine.

The structure of a growth-modulating tripeptide from human serum and plasma has been determined to be H-glycyl-histidyl-lysine-OH.
Can stress in farm animals increase food safety risk

All farm animals will experience some level of stress during their lives. Stress reduces the fitness of an animal, which can be expressed through failure to achieve production performance standards, or through disease and death. Stress in farm animals can also have detrimental effects on the quality of food products. However, although a common assumption of a potential effect of stress on food safety exists, little is actually known about how this interaction may occur. The aim of this review was to examine the current knowledge of the potential impact of stress in farm animals on food safety risk. Colonization of farm animals by enteric pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Campylobacter, and their subsequent dissemination into the human food chain are a major public health and economic concern for the food industries. This review shows that there is increasing evidence to demonstrate that stress can have a significant deleterious effect on food safety through a variety of potential mechanisms. However, as the impact of stress is difficult to precisely determine, it is imperative that the issue receives more research attention in the interests of optimizing animal welfare and minimizing losses in product yield and quality, as well as to food safety risks to consumers. While there is some evidence linking stress with pathogen carriage and shedding in farm animals, the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully elucidated. Understanding when pathogen loads on the farm are the highest or when animals are most susceptible to infection will help identifying times when intervention strategies for pathogen control may be most effective, and consequently, increase the safety of food of animal origin.
Detection of DNAPLs using ultra high-resolution seismic data and AVO analysis at Charleston Naval Weapons Station, South Carolina

Summary High-resolution seismic reflection data and AVO analysis were used to locate high concentrations of dense nonaqueous phase (DNAPL) contaminants at the Charleston Naval Weapons Station Solid Waste Management Unit 12 (SWMU-12) near Charleston, SC. At this site Trichloroethane (TCA) is found in the upper 15 feet of the subsurface in concentrations in excess of several hundreds parts per million. Because TCA is 34 percent denser than water and occurs as a separate phase, seismic reflection profiling and AVO analysis was proposed as a non-invasive means to detect pockets of highly concentrated DNAPL. The results of a model study using VSP data indicated that the presence of DNAPL should cause a detectable AVO anomaly. Three seismic profiles were collected. A major amplitude anomaly was detected and tested. The test confirmed chlorinated solvents in the excess 500,000 ppb. Drilling outside the anomaly found either much lower concentrations or no contamination.
Ammonia inhibits insulin stimulation of the Krebs cycle: further insight into mechanism of hepatic coma.

Oxidation of [2,3-14C]succinate in the intramitochondrial Krebs cycle was used as a probe to investigate the effect of ammonia on protein incorporation and Krebs cycle oxidation of succinate carbons in isolated rat hepatocytes. At low concentrations of ammonium chloride (0.1 to 0.5 mM) a slight increase in14CO2 formation from [2,3-14C]succinate was observed, however, the stimulatory effect of insulin was significantly reduced. Insulin failed to cause any stimulation of succinate carbons incorporation into hepatocyte protein in the presence of ammonium chloride. Addition of ammonium chloride also depressed the movement of tracer carbons into the gluconeogenesis pathway. The activity of the amphibolic amino acid pool was significantly enhanced by ammonia. The data presented in this paper lend strong support to the Krebs-cycle depletion theory of hepatic coma. They also suggest that reduced mitochondrial Krebs cycle activity caused by increased amphibolic depletion of substrates results in loss of insulin sensitivity in ammonia toxicity.
Primary direct sum decomposition

(1976). Primary direct sum decomposition. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 285-304.
Laser Cladding Of Chromium-Manganese-Carbon On Low Carbon Steel For Wear Resistance

Laser Cladding of Chromium- Manganese- Carbon on Low Carbon Steel for Wear ResistanceCheryl R. EiholzerIIT Research Institute10 West 35 Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616AbstractA wear- resistant Cr -Mn -C clad was produced on an AISI 1016 substrate by a laser tech-nique using a defocused beam and a powder delivery system. The resulting physical proper-ties were measured and correlated to processing parameters. The tribology and micro-structure of the clads were evaluated and compared to hardened 440 -C stainless steel,Stellite 6, and AISI 1016. The laser processed clads were more wear- resistant than thematerials they were compared to. The alloy distribution varied within the clads.
Adding dimensions to wireless systems with orientation-aware devices and reconfigurable antennas

This article examines candidate technologies that can jointly and rapidly improve the performance of wireless networks. Specifically, the rise of pragmatic reconfigurable antenna technology tailored to mobile devices offers new possibilities in establishing reliable communication links while limiting interference to nearby users. The operation of these systems can be enhanced by incorporating orientation information, which is readily available on most smart devices, into the allocation of wireless resources. Altogether, this article discusses the promise of improved network performance through the management of radiation patterns and more astute statistical signal processing. It also outlines several outstanding challenges that must be met for this vision to become reality.
The effect of metal attachment to human apotransferrin on its binding to reticulocytes

Abstract The effect that metal attachment to apotransferrin exerts on the binding affinity of reticulocyte surface receptors sites for transferrin has been studied using two methods: (1) by direct binding studies using iodinated transferrin and (2) by competition experiments in which the ability of the test transferrin to impair reticulocyte Fe 3+ uptake from 59 Fe 3+ -transferrin was determined. While the absolute values for the dissociation constants for transferrin binding to reticulocytes varied somewhat between preparations of reticulocytes, the relative affinities of the various transferrins were constant. Typical apparent dissociation constants obtained by direct binding studies were 0.5 mg/ml for apo- and Cu 2+ -transferrin, 0.28 mg/ml for Cr 3+ -transferrin and 0.13 mg/ml for di-Fe 3+ -transferrin. Di-Fe 3+ -transferrin had a dissociation constant that was 30% lower than mono-Fe 3+ -transferrin. Typical inhibitor constants obtained by competition experiments were 1.06 mg/ml for apotransferrin, 0.65 mg/ml for Cr 3+ -transferrin, 0.19 mg/ml for mono-Fe 3+ -transferrin and 0.14 mg/ml for di-Fe 3+ -transferrin. These data show that the binding of transferrin to its cellular receptor site is greatly influenced by the attachment of metals to the protein. This effect is primarily related to the particular metal that is bound and is less dependent on whether 1 or 2 atoms of metal are bound per mole of protein. Data obtained from gel filtration experiments indicates that metal attachment to apotransferrin results in different conformational states of the protein. On a column of Sephadex G-150, Fe 3+ -transferrin was slightly more retarded than either apo- or Cr 3+ -transferrin, suggesting that the Stokes radius of Fe 3+ -transferrin is smaller than that of the other molecules. Whether metal binding to apotransferrin affects the binding of the protein to reticulocyte receptor sites by inducing a conformational change in the protein or by directly participating in the binding cannot be determined from these data.
Modification of the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase assay

Methods are presented that describe alternative protocols for the isolation of rat liver microsomes containing the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and the procedure in which the solubilized enzyme is assayed. The method for determining the rate of 14CO2 incorporation into low molecular weight, acid soluble substrates by the rat liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase has been modified in order to optimize safety, accuracy and simplicity. For these studies the rat liver microsomes containing the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase were isolated by CaCl2 precipitation. These Triton X-100 solubilized microsomes were found to be equivalent to the microsomes obtained by high speed ultracentrifugation with regard to protein concentration, pentapeptide carboxylase activity, carboxylase activity, preprothrombin concentration and total carboxylatable endogenous protein substrate. This modified assay procedure requires fewer steps and pipetting transfers and is quantitatively equivalent to previously employed protocols. The described technique can be adapted for any assay where 14CO2 or H14CO3- is incorporated into non-volatile products. This newly developed assay procedure was employed to assess conditions necessary for optimal vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of the less expensive substrate, N-t-Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester. The optimal conditions for the carboxylation of N-t-Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester by the carboxylase were found to be 10 mM N-t-Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester, 10 mM MgCl2 at 15-18 degrees C. The rate of N-t-Boc-L-glutamic acid alpha-benzyl ester carboxylation under these optimized conditions was found to be higher (1.5-fold) than the rate of carboxylation of 1 mM Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Ile in the presence of the cation activator, MgCl2.
Asymptotic properties of hybrid random processes modulated by Markov chains

Abstract This work focuses on asymptotic properties of hybrid random processes modulated by Markov chains. The underlying processes have two components that interact with each other. To highlight the different rates of changes and to reduce the computational complexity, we use a two-time-scale formulation. The motivation of the study stems from applications in manufacturing systems, communication networks, and mathematical modeling for economic systems. This paper concentrates on the development of weak convergence analysis and strong approximation for suitably scaled sequences.