cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Punishment, Prisons, and the Bible: Does 'Old Testament Justice' Justify Our Retributive Culture?

The phrases “Old Testament justice” and “eye for an eye” are associated with harsh vengeance and retribution, and are sometimes used to justify the current practices of ubiquitous incarceration and harsh sentencing within our own criminal justice system. But a detailed analysis of the Jewish legal tradition and the criminal justice system embodied therein reveals that victim compensation and offender atonement - not retribution or inflicting suffering for its own sake - were the touchstones of criminal punishments. Indeed, prisons as we know them did not exist within the ancient Israeli or Talmudic tradition, and the punishments that most closely approximated prisons promoted rehabilitation more than incapacitation or retribution. Although the particular punishments utilized would be ill-suited to a modern secular society, the societal values reflected therein are highly relevant to our own times.
Physical Layer Considerations for Vehicular Communications

This chapter contains sections titled: Standards Overview Previous Work Wireless Propagation Theory Channel Metrics Measurement Theory Empirical Channel Characterization at 5.9 GHz Future Directions Conclusion Appendix: Deterministic Multipath Channel Derivations Appendix: LTV Channel Response Appendix: Measurement Theory Details References
Th2-specific immunity and function of peripheral T cells is regulated by the p56Lck Src homology 3 domain.

T cell activation and effector function is essential for robust immunity. Ag TCR signals are known to regulate T lymphocyte differentiation, but the mechanisms involved in this regulation remain unclear. Recent work has demonstrated that the Src family protein tyrosine kinase p56Lck specifically links TCR signaling to activation of the MAPK pathway through the function of its Src homology 3 (SH3) domain. The MAPK pathway is involved in T cell activation and has previously been implicated in Th2 immunity. We have used Lck SH3 mutant knockin mice (LckW97A) to investigate the potential role of this regulatory mechanism in T lymphocyte activation and effector function. Our results demonstrate that Lck SH3 domain function regulates activation of T lymphocytes as indicated by reduced IL-2 production, CD69 induction, and proliferation of LckW97A T cells following TCR stimulation. Biochemical studies confirm that activation of the MAPK pathway is selectively altered following TCR ligation in LckW97A T lymphocytes. Phospho-ERK induction is reduced, but phospho-phospholipase Cγ1 induction and calcium mobilization are largely unaffected. Immunization with DNP–keyhole limpet hemocyanin, heat-killed Brucella abortus, or infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis demonstrates selectively impaired Th2 immunity with reduced serum levels of IgG1, IgE, and IL-4. In vitro studies show that LckW97A T cells can differentiate into Th2-type cells, but they form IFN-γ–producing cells under conditions that normally favor Th2 development. These data indicate that the Lck SH3 domain controls T lymphocyte activation by regulating MAPK pathway induction and demonstrate a novel role for Lck in the regulation of Th2-type immunity.
Raman spectroscopy with LED excitation source

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel instrument arrangement, which allows for the collection of Raman spectra with a broadband light source. This is achieved by spatially dispersing the optical spectrum in the focal plane and confocally reimaging the Raman signal, which originates from different locations, onto the entrance slit of an imaging spectrometer. Using this approach and broadband radiation derived from a commercially available LED, we acquired high signal-to-noise spectra with a spectral resolution limited by the spectral resolution of a spectrometer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinguishing spontaneous quantum Hall states in bilayer graphene.

Chirally stacked $N$-layer graphene with $N\ensuremath{\ge}2$ is susceptible to a variety of distinct broken symmetry states in which each spin-valley flavor spontaneously transfers charge between layers. In mean-field theory, one of the likely candidate ground states for a neutral bilayer is the layer antiferromagnet that has opposite spin polarizations in opposite layers. In this Letter, we analyze how the layer antiferromagnet and other competing states are influenced by Zeeman fields that couple to spin and by interlayer electric fields that couple to layer pseudospin, and comment on the possibility of using Zeeman responses and edge state signatures to identify the character of the bilayer ground state experimentally.
Myoeardial ischaemia during non-cardiac surgery†

Summary Computerised ST segment analysis was used to compare the frequency of ischaemia occurring in electro-cardiographic leads II, V5, CS5 and CB5. Three out of 15 patients with ischaemic heart disease developed ischaemic changes, which were evident in all four leads in each patient. A single bipolar lead may be substituted for a true K5 lead when monitoring patients at increased risk of developing myoeardial ischaemia. ST segment analysis facilitates the early diagnosis of peri-operative myoeardial ischaemia, which may otherwise be missed on the standard electrocardiogram.
β2-Adrenergic receptor desensitization in perirenal adipose tissue in fetuses and lambs with placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction

Placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) fetuses have chronic hypoxaemia and elevated plasma catecholamine concentrations. In this study, we determined whether adrenergic responsiveness becomes desensitized in the perirenal adipose tissue of IUGR fetuses and lambs by measuring adrenergic receptor (AR) mRNA and protein levels. We also tested the ability of adrenaline to mobilize non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) in young lambs. Perirenal adipose tissue was collected from IUGR and control fetuses at 133 days of gestational age (dGA) and lambs at 18 days of age (dA). β2-AR mRNA concentrations were 59% and 74% lower (P < 0.05) in IUGR fetuses and lambs compared to controls, respectively, which also resulted in lower protein levels (P < 0.05). No treatment differences were detected for α1A-, α1B-, α1D-, α2A-, α2B-, α2C-, β1- and β3-AR expression. mRNA concentrations were also determined for hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), perilipin (lipid droplet-associated protein), and two adipokines, leptin and adiponectin. Adiponectin and HSL were not different between treatments at either age. Compared to controls, perilipin and leptin mRNA concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in IUGR fetuses but not in lambs. Because of the β2-AR results, we challenged a second cohort of lambs with exogenous adrenaline at 21 dA. The ability of adrenaline to mobilize NEFA was 55 ± 15% lower (P < 0.05) in IUGRs than controls. Collectively, our findings indicate that elevated catecholamine exposure in utero causes desensitization of adipose tissue by down-regulation of β2-AR, and this persists in lambs. This impairment in adrenergic stimulated lipolysis might partially explain early onset obesity in IUGR offspring.
Stepping Forward Too Far

Prematurity in Scientific Discovery On Resistance and Neglect. Ernest B. Hook, Ed. University of California Press, Berkeley, 2002. 398 pp. $80, £55. ISBN 0-520-23106-6. The contributors present a range of historical examples and perspectives on Gunther Stent's concepts of premature claims and their roles as an obstacle to scientific discovery.
Review and Analysis of Color Coding Research for Visual Displays

The experimental literature on the effects of color on visual search and identification performance was reviewed. Forty-two studies published between 1952 and 1973 were located that gave results which could be used to determine the effectiveness of color codes relative to various types of achromatic codes. Quantitative analyses of these results indicated that color may be a very effective performance factor under some conditions, but that it can be detrimental under others. Tentative conclusions about the nature of these conditions were derived from the results. A guide for design decisions and an indication of knowledge gaps are also provided.
Laser-induced Back-ablation Of Aluminum Thin Films Using Ultrashort Laser Pulses

Conventional laser-induced front ablation at metal/vacuum interfaces is a well-known and successful technique used in processes such as pulsed laser deposition (PLD).
Dioxygen Binds End-On to Mononuclear Copper in a Precatalytic Enzyme Complex

Copper active sites play a major role in enzymatic activation of dioxygen. We trapped the copper-dioxygen complex in the enzyme peptidylglycine-alphahydroxylating monooxygenase (PHM) by freezing protein crystals that had been soaked with a slow substrate and ascorbate in the presence of oxygen. The x-ray crystal structure of this precatalytic complex, determined to 1.85-angstrom resolution, shows that oxygen binds to one of the coppers in the enzyme with an end-on geometry. Given this structure, it is likely that dioxygen is directly involved in the electron transfer and hydrogen abstraction steps of the PHM reaction. These insights may apply to other copper oxygen-activating enzymes, such as dopamine beta-monooxygenase, and to the design of biomimetic complexes.
A New Method of Poultry Litter Application to Perennial Pasture: Subsurface Banding

Recently, incorporation of poultry litter by subsurface band application into pasture has been shown to reduce surface runoff transport of nutrients; however, data to evaluate the impact of this potential management strategy on forage production, forage nutrient concentrations, or the accumulation of soil nutrients after multiyear applications is limited. Therefore, two experiments, one in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and one in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) were initiated in which treatments included (i) a standard commercial fertilizer application, (ii) a surface broadcast litter application, (iii) poultry litter applied in subsurface bands placed 25 cm apart, and (iv) poultry litter applied in subsurface bands placed 38 cm apart. The experiments were conducted for 3 yr on a Hartsells (fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludult) soil at Crossville, AL, and showed that subsurface band applications resulted in forage yields equivalent to those achieved by conventional broadcast litter applications. Subsurface band applications also did not generally impact forage N, P, and K concentrations compared with surface litter applications. Three years of subsurface band applications to a depth of approximately 4 cm did not significantly alter the Mehlich 3 extractable nutrient content of soils collected at a depth of 0 to 15 cm. Data suggest, however, that subsurface band application would allow increases in subsurface movement of nutrients, as was evidenced by increased Cu concentrations at the 15- to 30-cm depth. The data suggest that the environmental benefits of subsurface band application of poultry litter into grass production systems are achieved without detrimental impacts on forage productivity or nutrient concentrations.
Determinants of white collar income: An evaluation of equal pay for equal work

Abstract Determinants of earnings are assessed among a sample of urban white collar workers. Multiple regression techniques are used to explore the relative importance of three clusters of variables: work characteristics, company, and biographical characteristics. In addition, contextual and compositional effects are examined. The findings suggest that, for white collar jobs, the type of work performed by an individual is of minor importance in determining earnings, but that most of the explained variance can be accounted for by other factors such as sex and marital status. Equal pay for equal work remains unrealized and the implications for ascription-achievement and the division of labor are noted.
A mechanistic-based healing model for self-healing glass seals used in solid oxide fuel cells

The use of self-healing glass as hermetic seals is a recent advancement in sealing technology development for the planar solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Because of its capability to restore mechanical properties at elevated temperatures, the self-healing glass seal is expected to provide high reliability in maintaining the long-term structural integrity and functionality of SOFCs. To accommodate the design and evaluate the effectiveness of these engineered seals under various thermomechanical operating conditions, a computational modeling framework must be developed to accurately capture and predict the healing behavior of the glass material. In the present work, a mechanistic-based, two-stage model was developed to study the stress and temperature-dependent crack healing of the self-healing glass materials. The model initially was first calibrated by experimental measurements combined with kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation results and then implemented into finite element analysis (FEA). The effects of various factors, e.g., stress, temperature, and crack morphology, on the healing behavior of the glass were investigated and discussed.
Pseudopterosin Biosynthesis in Symbiodinium sp., the Dinoflagellate Symbiont of Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae

Abstract Investigations are reported that identify the biosynthetic source and origins of the pseudopterosins, pharmacologically important diterpene glycosides, in the gorgonian coral Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae . We report here the isolation of physiologically significant levels of endogenous pseudopterosins A, B, C, and D from purified symbionts identified as the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. Biosynthetic studies in photosynthesizing symbiont isolates utilizing 14 C-labeled inorganic carbon and the tritiated intermediate geranylgeranyl diphosphate yielded radiochemically pure pseudopterosins A through D and the first committed intermediate, elisabethatriene. The 14 CO 2 uptake into the pseudopterosin pathway occurred at low levels compared to the 14 CO 2 uptake into total lipids, suggesting a large reserve pool of the compounds. These results reveal for the first time that pseudopterosin biosynthesis is occurring within the algal symbiont and suggests the physiological implications of this biosynthesis.
Interfacial Reactions of Ag Thin Films On (001) GaAs

Ag thin films of 90 nm in thickness were deposited on (001) GaAs substrates, with or without an amorphous Ta-Si-N cap layer on top. All samples were annealed at 550°C for 30 min in an Ar flow. The interaction between the Ag film and the GaAs substrate is characterized by MeV 4He backscattering spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. p]Without encapsulants, As is lost by sublimation and Ga-oxide forms on the Ag surface during the annealing process. Elongated prismatic triangular pits bounded by GaAs {111} planes develop in the substrate that are filled with Ag. Also, the native oxide between the GaAs substrate and the polycrystalline Ag layer balls up after annealing. No Ag-Ga or Ag-As compound is produced. With a Ta-Si-N cap layer, the pits are almost totally absent, but the interfacial native oxide layer still balls up.a
Separation of tolerance to the behavioral effects of LSD from changes in serotonin receptor binding in rats

Abstract Nearly complete tolerance to a test dose of 50 μg/kg of LSD occurred within 24 h following an initial dose of 50 μg/kg of the drug, using limb flicking and abortive grooming as behavioral indices in the cat. No changes in serotonin receptor binding were observed at this time. However, chronic administration of LSD (50 μg/kg every 12 h for 6 days) produced a significant decrease in serotonin receptor binding in both the forebrain and brainstem plus spinal cord. These data suggest that the behavioral effects of LSD and tolerance to LSD as measured here are mediated predominantly by different sites.
Measurements of the Degree of Comprehensive Cooling in Stochastically Quenched Microstructures

We clarify the atomistic behavior of a micromechanical structure whose thermally driven stochastic motion has been quenched, using force-feedback techniques. The quenching is observed, via both qualitative and quantitative measurements, to optically clamp one of the vibrational modes of the lever such that the overall body temperature is only reduced slightly. The degree of comprehensive cooling is gauged by examining the reduction in the stochastic vibration of the third vibrational mode of a doubly clamped lever, while the first is quenched, to 143 K. The observation of only slight temperature reductions is confirmed by noting the absence of a phase change in condensing water vapor on a cantilever, although the deflection-magnitude of the fundamental vibrational mode is reduced to an effective temperature of 11 K. Finally, the measured stochastic variation rate is consistent with the lever's mechanical properties, not its thermal properties, demonstrating near-room temperature operation. The results thus imply that each vibrational mode can be reduced to deep sub-Kelvin temperatures independent of the overall thermal state of the lever, thus enabling sub-Brownian sensing in applications such as chemical and radiation detection, and quantum superposition experiments
American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Grade 4 Renal Injury Substratification Into Grades 4a (Low Risk) and 4b (High Risk)

Purpose: We identified computerized tomography findings associated with the need for urgent intervention for hemostasis after traumatic renal injury to update and refine the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale for renal trauma.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of consecutive patients presenting to our level I trauma center from 1999 to 2008 with American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grades 3 and 4 renal injury. In all patients initial abdominal computerized tomography was done soon after presentation to the emergency department before renal intervention. All images were interpreted by a staff radiologist and urologist blinded to clinical outcomes. Novel radiographic features (perirenal hematoma size, intravascular contrast extravasation and renal laceration site) were analyzed and correlated with the invasive intervention rate to control life threatening bleeding.Results: Of 299 patients hospitalized with renal injury 102 met study inclus...
A study of grain boundary segregants in thermally embrittled maraging steel

Auger electron spectroscopy was employed to directly determine the cause of thermal embrittlement of 250 series maraging steel. A drop in CVN energy with introduction of an embrittling intermediate anneal was directly correlated with a build-up of both Ti and C on the prior austenite grain boundaries. By following grain boundary concentration of Ti as a function of time at a given temperature, the diffusion coefficient for Ti in the maraging steel at 1600°F was determined. Finally, the further drastic drop in CVN energy on aging an embrittled specimen was shown to be due to a segregation of B to the already embrittled prior austenite grain boundaries, causing a further loss of cohesion.
Memories for sale : Nostalgia and the construction of identity in Old Pasadena

The contemporary moment is characterized by a deep desire for memory. The shift of identity from traditional familial, community and work structures to “lifestyle” along with the fragmentation and globalization of postmodern culture engenders in many a profoundly felt need for the past. The loss of a culture of memory has been met by the rise of “memory places.” This essay argues that landscapes of memory like Old Pasadena respond to the fragmentation with memory created by contemporary culture. Classical and Renaissance rhetorical concepts provide the materials necessary for a critical analysis of contemporary landscapes of memory. The engagement between traditional rhetorical concepts and postmodern problems leads to a retheorizing and reevaluation of memory, invention and style, where memory becomes a grammar for the rhetorical performance of the self.
Electrodeposition of nickel particles on a gas diffusion cathode for hydrogen production in a microbial electrolysis cell

Abstract Gas diffusion cathodes with electrodeposited nickel (Ni) particles have been developed and tested for hydrogen production in a continuous flow microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). A high catalytic activity of electrodeposited Ni particles in such a MEC was obtained without a proton exchange membrane, i.e. under direct cathode exposure to anodic liquid. Co-electrodeposition of Pt and Ni particles did not improve any further hydrogen production. The maximum hydrogen production rate was 5.4 L/LR/day, corresponding to Ni loads between 0.2 and 0.4 mg cm−2. Continuous MEC operation demonstrated stable hydrogen production for over one month. Owing to the fast hydrogen transport through the cathodic gas diffusion layer, the loss of hydrogen production to methanogenic activity was minimal, generally with less than 5% methane in the off-gas. Overall, gas diffusion cathodes with electrodeposited Ni particles demonstrated excellent stability for hydrogen production compared to expensive Pt cathodes.
A Review of Machine-Vision-Based Analysis of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy Video

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) enables a physician to diagnose a patient's digestive system without surgical procedures. However, it takes 1-2 hours for a gastroenterologist to examine the video. To speed up the review process, a number of analysis techniques based on machine vision have been proposed by computer science researchers. In order to train a machine to understand the semantics of an image, the image contents need to be translated into numerical form first. The numerical form of the image is known as image abstraction. The process of selecting relevant image features is often determined by the modality of medical images and the nature of the diagnoses. For example, there are radiographic projection-based images (e.g., X-rays and PET scans), tomography-based images (e.g., MRT and CT scans), and photography-based images (e.g., endoscopy, dermatology, and microscopic histology). Each modality imposes unique image-dependent restrictions for automatic and medically meaningful image abstraction processes. In this paper, we review the current development of machine-vision-based analysis of WCE video, focusing on the research that identifies specific gastrointestinal (GI) pathology and methods of shot boundary detection.
Headaches and heart disease: the lack of a positive association.

SYNOPSIS In order to investigate the relationship between headaches and cardiovascular disease, 200 individuals with recurrentidiopathic headaches were compared with age- and sex-matched controls for the prevalence of cardiovasculardiagnoses and electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities. Only hypertension was diagnosed more frequently in theheadache group; ischemic heart disease and valvular lesions were diagnosed equally in some cases and controls, aswere rhythm disturbances. Matched ECG's were available in 161 pairs. Ischemic ECG changes were more frequent inthe controls than the headache cases. There were no other differences in ECG findings. This study fails to show apredilection for cardiovascular diseases, other than hypertension, in individuals with headaches. Ischemic heart diseasemay, by ECG analysis, be less common in headache cases than nonheadache controls.
Mutagenicity of aminoazo dyes and their reductive-cleavage metabolites: a QSAR/QPAR investigation

Abstract Quantitative structure–activity/property–activity relationships are developed that correlate the observed mutagenic behavior of 62 aminoazo derivatives and 12 of their reductive cleavage products with a variety of molecular descriptors calculated using quantum-chemical semiempirical methodology. Multilinear regression techniques using 8 descriptors are shown to account for more than 70% of the variation in the relative mutagenic activity of these compounds. Approaches using artificial neural networks in conjunction with fuzzy logic can account for about 95% of this variation using 8 descriptors.
P16 is an essential regulator of skeletogenesis in the sea urchin embryo

Abstract The primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs) of the sea urchin embryo undergo a dramatic sequence of morphogenetic behaviors that culminates in the formation of the larval endoskeleton. Recent studies have identified components of a gene regulatory network that underlies PMC specification and differentiation. In previous work, we identified novel gene products expressed specifically by PMCs (Illies, M.R., Peeler, M.T., Dechtiaruk, A.M., Ettensohn, C.A., 2002. Identification and developmental expression of new biomineralization proteins in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus . Dev. Genes Evol. 212, 419–431). Here, we show that one of these gene products, P16, plays an essential role in skeletogenesis. P16 is not required for PMC specification, ingression, migration, or fusion, but is essential for skeletal rod elongation. We have compared the predicted sequences of P16 from two species and show that this small, acidic protein is highly conserved in both structure and function. The predicted amino acid sequence of P16 and the subcellular localization of a GFP-tagged form of the protein suggest that P16 is enriched in the plasma membrane. It may function to receive signals required for skeletogenesis or may play a more direct role in the deposition of biomineral. Finally, we place P16 downstream of Alx1 in the PMC gene network, thereby linking the network to a specific “effector” protein involved in biomineralization.
The Foundational Bases of Learning With the Arts

As Maxine Greene and other philosophers of the arts have said, participation is key to arts learning. The whole person has to be engaged when creating, playing, enacting, producing, and reviewing i...
Alcohol inhibits the depolarization-induced stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation in synaptosomes.

The effects of alcohol and Ca 2+ transport inhibitors on depolarization-induced stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation and free-Ca 2+ concentrations in rat synaptosomes were investigated. Glucose oxidation was stimulated by depolarization with K + or veratridine and by the Ca 2+ ionophore ionomycin. The stimulation by K + , veratridine, and ionomycin was correlated with elevation of synaptosomal free Ca 2+ . Depolarization-stimulated respiration was inhibited by verapamil, Cd 2+ , and ruthenium red but not by diltiazem. Synaptosomal Ca 2+ elevation was inhibited by verapamil but not by ruthenium red. These results indicate that the stimulation depends on elevation of mitochondrial free Ca 2+ . Ethanol, at pharmacological concentrations (50-200 mM), inhibited the Ca 2+ -dependent stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation. This inhibition resulted, in part, from the inhibition of voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels, which inhibited the elevation of synaptosomal free Ca 2+ , and, in part, from the stimulation of the mitochondrial Ca 2+ /Na + antiporter, which inhibited the elevation of the mitochondrial matrix free Ca 2+ . The inhibition by ethanol of the excitation-induced stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation in the synapse may contribute to the depressant and narcotic effects of alcohol and enhance excitotoxicity.
Mindfulness and product failure management: an engineering epistemology

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of engineering knowledge creation in the context of product failure management, thereby extending knowledge about organizational learning and mindfulness to a largely unexplored context. The study addresses a gap in the literature by illustrating “engineering epistemology” as a critical knowledge asset that gives rise to superior problem solving – and potentially – superior business performance.Design/methodology/approach – The authors conducted qualitative research based on phenomenological interviews with product engineers to generate a grounded theory about organizational knowledge creation. Rigorous analysis of narratives detailing the “lived lives” of problem solvers relied on a research protocol recommended by Corbin and Strauss.Findings – The findings show that engineers' real‐world problem‐solving practices mirror Nonaka and Takeuchi's five phases of knowledge creation and the three stages of sensemaking in enactment theory, the ...
Characterization of the Closed Complex Intermediate Formed during Transcription Initiation by Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase

We have carried out detailed DNase I footprinting studies of the closed complex formed on the phage lambda prmup-1 Delta265 promoter under reaction conditions such that the contribution of the open complex to the footprint was negligible. Detailed quantification shows that the closed complex detected has the same binding constant as that determined in kinetic studies. The footprinting pattern of the closed complex shows major differences from that of the open complex. Not only is it about 20 base pairs shorter, there are also many fewer positions being protected around and upstream of the -35 region. We have derived potential contact regions in the closed and open complexes based on the DNase I footprinting patterns, and confirmed the contact region for the open complex by hydroxyl radical footprinting. One important finding is that most of the essential contacts with the phosphate groups in the -35 region are formed during the isomerization step, a conclusion consistent with our kinetic data showing that this step is salt dependent on this promoter. In addition, we found that the derived contact regions for the closed and open complexes are offset by about three base pairs in the -35 region, which suggests a shift of the contact during isomerization. Finally, we found that the footprinting pattern of the complex formed at 4 degreesC has some similarities to as well as differences from the closed complex formed under standard transcription conditions.
Detecting osteoporosis. Beyond the history and physical examination.

A number of developments are contributing to clinicians' understanding of osteoporosis as a clinical continuum characterized by low bone mass and increased risk of fractures rather than as a disease characterized by fragility fractures. With improved capability for accurate measurement of bone mass, the prevalence of this disease has increased to include at least 25 million Americans. The responsibility of primary care physicians to detect and treat osteoporosis has increased accordingly. Parents should be counseled regarding their children's diet and lifestyle to optimize peak adult bone mass and ensure adequate dietary calcium intake. Adults should be counseled to minimize behaviors that result in accelerated bone loss (e.g., smoking, alcohol use, anorexia, bulimia). Physicians need to be aware of the serious potential complications of osteoporosis and offer counseling to menopausal women about the disease and the benefits and risks of hormone replacement and estrogen replacement therapy. Physicians should be familiar with technologies available in their community for measuring bone mass and recognize the need to consider prescribing pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for patients with low bone mass or osteoporosis. Physicians also can educate caregivers about prevention of falls and fractures in elderly patients who are unsteady on their feet. Improved technologies for bone mass measurement and fracture risk assessment, as well as expanded options for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, are likely to become available within the next 5 to 10 years, thereby increasing the wisdom of early detection and treatment of osteoporosis.
A lifting surface theory for thrust augmenting ejectors

The circulation theory of airfoil lift has been applied to calculate the performance of thrust augmenting ejectors. The ejector shroud is considered to be 'flying' in the secondary velocity field induced by the entrainment of the primary jet, so that the augmenting thrust is viewed as analogous to the lift on an airfoil. Vortex lattice methods are utilized to compute the thrust augmentation from the force on the flaps. The augmentation is shown to be a function of the length and shape of the flaps, as well as their position and orientation. Predictions of this new theory are compared with the results of classical methods of calculating the augmentation by integration of the stream thrust.
Exploring Mercury: The Iron Planet

Planet Mercury is both difficult to observe and difficult to reach by spacecraft. Just one spacecraft, Mariner 10, flew by the planet 30 years ago. An upcoming NASA mission, MESSENGER, will be launched this year and will go into orbit around Mercury at the end of this decade. A European mission is planned for the following decade. It's worth going there because Mercury is a strange body and the history of planetary exploration has taught us that strangeness gives us insight into planetary origin and evolution. Mercury is intrinsically the densest of the planets and it must be iron-rich. Perhaps not coincidentally it has a significant magnetic field, which may mean that it can generate a field, much as Earth generates a field. Yet Mercury is small; it has an old, heavily cratered surface, and very little atmosphere. It also has unusual spectroscopic and radar characteristics. We understand it far less well than any other planet inward of Uranus.
Optimization of lipschitz continuous functions

This paper contains basic results that are useful for building algorithms for the optimization of Lipschitz continuous functionsf on compact subsets of En. In this settingf is differentiable a.e. The theory involves a set-valued mappingxźźźf(x) whose range is the convex hull of existing values of źf and limits of źf on a closedź-ball,B(x, ź). As an application, simple descent algorithms are formulated that generate sequence {xk} whose distance from some stationary set (see Section 2) is 0, and where {f(xk)} decreases monotonously. This is done with the aid of anyone of the following three hypotheses: Forź arbitrarily small, a point is available that in arbitrarily close to:(1)the minimizer off onB(x, ź),(2)the closest point inźźf(x) to the origin,(3)ź(h) ź źźf(x), where [ź(h), h] = max {[ź, h]: ź ź źźf(x)}. Observe that these three problems are simplified iff has a tractable local approximation. The minimax problem is taken as an example, and algorithms for it are sketched. For this example, all three hypotheses may be satisfied. A class of functions called uniformly-locally-convex is introduced that is also tractable.
Cloning and characterization of the murine manganous superoxide dismutase-encoding gene

Abstract The murine manganous superoxide dismutase-encoding gene (MnSOD) is highly homologous in both sequence and organization to its rat homolog. MnSOD is encoded by five exons spanning approx. 7 kb of DNA. RNA blot analysis indicated multiple RNA species, with the major RNA corresponding to a 960-bp message. This major transcript is highly inducible by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in murine fibroblasts. Analysis of other murine tissues demonstrated ubiquitous expression. RNase protection and primer extension assays used to map the 5' end of the gene revealed a series of closely spaced multiple transcription start points. Sequence analysis of the 1.7 kb of 5' flanking DNA showed high homology to the 5' proximal 950 bp of the rat homolog. Within this region, multiple potential regulatory elements are present, including several SP1 sites, two NFκB sites and an antioxidant-response element. However, no TATA box was identified, placing MnSOD in the family of inducible genes that lack consensus TATA-box elements and contain G + C-rich promoter regions.
Bulimia and taste: Possible interactions.

Potential abnormalities of taste were examined in bulimic subjects who purged by vomiting and in controls. When spatial testing of the tongue and palate was performed by direct local application of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter solutions, bulimics showed a selective spatial loss on the palate. The palate may be affected by purging because vomit is directed toward the roof of the mouth where the palate receptors are located. The data suggest that the acid in vomit damages these receptors. Bulimics and controls did not differ in their basal ratings of intensity or pleasantness of sweet, salty, sour, and bitter stimuli when these were sipped rather than directly applied to the tongue. However, after ingesting a glucose load, controls found sweet taste significantly less pleasant, whereas bulimics did not. The results suggest that bulimics may also have an abnormal experience of satiety.
Clans as Genetic Barriers1

Intermarrying clans represent negligible genetic barriers, which may well be ignored in modeling human population structure. Sections and circulating connubia also have little effect on the mean coefficient of kinship between random individuals, but have larger effects on the coefficient of inbreeding, which in extreme cases may be nearly twice as great as in the absence of a prescribed marriage system. The use of exchange matrices to infer genetic properties of idealized and actual mating systems is illustrated and discussed.
Predicting the effect of transfusing only phenotype-matched RBCs to patients with sickle cell disease: theoretical and practical implications.

BACKGROUND : Transfusing only phenotype-matched RBCs has been recommended to reduce the incidence of alloimmunization to blood group antigens in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The expected benefit of phenotype matching was determined by identifying which of the existing blood group alloantibodies in patients with SCD who received conventional transfusions would not have been formed if they had received only phenotype-matched RBCs. By use of each patient's alloantibodies as a baseline, it was possible to identify specific alloantibodies that would not have been formed if each of five different phenotype-matching protocols had been used. RESULTS : During a 12-year period, 351 patients received transfusions with 8939 units of ABO- and D-matched RBCs. Of these, 102 patients (29.1%) formed at least one blood group alloantibody. An additional 35 patients with SCD with alloantibodies were identified by reviewing clinical records, yielding a total of 137 alloimmunized patients for inclusion in this study. If all transfusions had been selected by limited phenotype matching (C, c, E, e, and K, as well as for ABO and D), all alloantibodies would have been prevented for more than half (53.3%) of the 137 alloimmunized patients. If all transfusions had been matched for C, c, E, e, K, S, Fy a , and Jk b , all antibodies would have been prevented for 70.8 percent of the 137 alloimmunized patients. Approximately 13.6 percent of random white blood donors would be expected to match a limited phenotype-matching protocol, whereas only 0.6 percent would match an extended phenotype-matching protocol. CONCLUSION : Limited phenotype matching would have prevented all alloantibodies in 53.3 percent of the patients who formed alloantibodies. This protocol requires RBCs that are readily available. Extended phenotype matching would have prevented alloimmunization in 70.8 percent of patients who formed alloantibodies. However, this would require phenotypes that are 22.7 times less prevalent among random blood donors and is therefore impractical for a long-term strategy.
Passive Antibody Therapies: Progress and Continuing Challenges

In recent years antibody-based therapies have returned as first-line therapy for a variety of diverse conditions that include viral infections, inflammatory disorders, and certain malignancies. Renewed interest in antibody-based therapies is a consequence of major advances in the technology of antibody production and the need for new therapeutic agents. Dozens of antibody preparations are in clinical use. Several monoclonal antibodies are now licensed for clinical use and many are in advanced clinical development. Antibody-based therapies have both significant advantages and disadvantages relative to conventional chemotherapy. Advantages include versatility, specificity, and biological functions not replicated by available chemotherapeutic drugs. Disadvantages include high cost and small markets that hinder commercial development. The available experience suggests that antibody-based therapies can be successfully developed for use in clinical situations where no effective therapy is available. Continued success in the development of antibody-based therapies will require extensive clinical research to learn how to use these compounds optimally and basic immunological research to define the basic mechanisms of antibody action.
Actin-Based Cell Motility and Cell Locomotion

We explicitly acknowledge key intellectual contributions from Jody Rosenblatt (depolymerization) and Julie Theriot (protrusion, Listeria motility). Owing to space restrictions, we were unable to cite all relevant publications. We attempted to fairly represent different laboratories, systems, and opinions and apologize to authors whose papers we did not include. We thank Matt Welch and Jody Rosenblatt for helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was funded by grant GM48027 from the National Institutes of Health and a fellowship from the Packard Foundation to T. J. Mitchison, and a senior postdoctoral fellowship from the American Cancer Society to L. P. Cramer.
Aftermarket support and underpricing of initial public offerings

Abstract We study the aftermarket for 72 initial public offerings (IPOs) using comprehensive trade and quote-change data from every market maker for the first three days of trading. Underwriters quote higher bid prices than other market makers for issues that commence trading at or below the offer price. Underwriters repurchase large quantities of stock in the aftermarket without risk by overselling the issue by the amount of the overallotment option. If the IPO is hot, the overallotment option is exercised. If not, the short position is covered with aftermarket selling. We discuss several reasons for underwriter support.
Corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in southwest Idaho: prediction of intensity of infestation

Corn earworms, Heliothis zea (Boddie), are a major pest in the major sweet corn seed-growing area of the United States. In an effort to predict corn earworm infestations, populations per 100 ears were recorded over a period of 8 yr, 1971–78. Growing degree-days (GDD) were calculated (thresholds of 13 and 35°C) for 1970–78. Chronological dates for photoperiod necessary for diapause induction were also determined. Correlations of peak corn earworm populations with GDD during the previous year were calculated. Highest degree of correlation occurred between GDD on 23 September and the peak population the following year. A theory is presented to explain the relationship of accumulated GDD on 23 September and the peak corn earworm population the following year.
Computational modeling of cerebral aneurysms in arterial networks reconstructed from multiple 3D rotational angiography images

Previous patient-specific computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of cerebral aneurysms constructed from 3D rotational angiography have been limited to aneurysms with a single route of blood flow. However, there are numerous aneurysms that accept blood flow from more than one avenue of flow such as aneurysms in the anterior communicating artery. Although the anatomy of these aneurysms could be visualized with other modalities such as CTA and MRA, cerebral rotational angiography has the highest resolution, and is therefore the preferred modality for vascular CFD modeling. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel methodology to construct personalized CFD models of cerebral aneurysms with multiple feeding vessels from multiple rotational angiography images. The methodology is illustrated with two examples: a model of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm constructed from bilateral rotational angiography images, and a model of the complete circle of Willis of a patient with five cerebral aneurysms. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the intraaneurysmal flow patterns with respect to mean flow balance in the feeding vessels was performed. It was found that the flow patterns strongly depend on the geometry of the aneurysms and the connected vessels, but less on the changes in the flow balance. These types of models are important for studying the hemodynamics of cerebral aneurysms and further our understanding of the disease progression and rupture, as well as for simulating the effect of surgical and endovascular interventions.
β-Catenin signaling is required for neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells

Culture of embryonic stem (ES) cells at high density inhibits bothβ -catenin signaling and neural differentiation. ES cell density does not influence β-catenin expression, but a greater proportion ofβ -catenin is targeted for degradation in high-density cultures. Moreover, in high-density cultures, β-catenin is preferentially localized to the membrane further reducing β-catenin signaling. Increasing β-catenin signaling by treatment with Wnt3a-conditioned medium, by overexpression ofβ -catenin, or by overexpression of a dominant-negative form of E-cadherin promotes neurogenesis. Furthermore, β-catenin signaling is sufficient to induce neurogenesis in high-density cultures even in the absence of retinoic acid (RA), although RA potentiates the effects of β-catenin. By contrast, RA does not induce neurogenesis in high-density cultures in the absence ofβ -catenin signaling. Truncation of the armadillo domain ofβ -catenin, but not the C terminus or the N terminus, eliminates its proneural effects. The proneural effects of β-catenin reflect enhanced lineage commitment rather than proliferation of neural progenitor cells. Neurons induced by β-catenin overexpression either alone or in association with RA express the caudal neuronal marker Hoxc4. However, RA treatment inhibits the β-catenin-mediated generation of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, suggesting that not all of the effects of RA are dependent upon β-catenin signaling. These observations suggest thatβ -catenin signaling promotes neural lineage commitment by ES cells, and that β-catenin signaling may be a necessary co-factor for RA-mediated neuronal differentiation. Further, enhancement of β-catenin signaling with RA treatment significantly increases the numbers of neurons generated from ES cells, thus suggesting a method for obtaining large numbers of neural species for possible use in for ES cell transplantation.