cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation twinning during impact of a titanium cylinder – numerical calculations using a constitutive theory based on multiple natural configurations

Abstract It is well-known that polycrystalline metals (especially those with bcc or hcp structures), when subjected to impact, undergo two inelastic processes – slip and twinning. Since the work of Taylor [20] the former one has been studied extensively; while more recently, deformation twinning has attracted attention of some researchers, e.g. [3] , [1] , [22] . Zerilli and Armstrong [22] suggested that the major effect of twinning is a refinement of the grain size. Based on this assumption, they proposed a model for twinning and showed that much better agreement with experiments can be obtained if, in addition to deformation by slip, deformation twinning is also considered. Similar conclusions were reached by Holt et al. [5] who analyzed the Taylor impact of a titanium specimen. In this work, we concentrate on the processes associated with deformation twinning. We model twinning by using the theory introduced by Rajagopal and Srinivasa [17] , [18] , which is based on multiple natural configurations (an outline of the theory is given in Section 2 ). The theory considers the energetics associated with twinning and it can predict the volume fraction of the twinned material at each point and time. In this study, we model the Taylor impact of a titanium cylinder. We assume that the problem is axisymmetric and solve the full dynamic equations by using the Galerkin finite element method . Our results show that the energy absorbed during twinning and the deformation due to twinning are relatively small, and the material twins more near the center line . We also demonstrate the dependence of the results on the initial grain size of the material. Specifically, by modeling two materials of widely differing grain sizes, we show that the large-grained material twins substantially more than the small-grained material.
Delay analysis of a unidirectional bus network with an erasure station

Abstract Fiber-based unidirectional bus networks offer attractive solutions for very high speed multiaccess communications over local and metropolitan areas. The transmission capacity of such networks can be increased considerably through the use of erasure stations that enable reuse of slots that have passed their destinations on the bus. An analysis of the mean packet delay performance of a unidirectional bus network with one erasure station is presented. The two bus sections separated by the erasure station are modeled as coupled queues. A functional equation for the joint generating function of the queue sizes in steady state is obtained and used to evaluate the mean packet delay under Poisson arrivals.
Key Terms in Pragmatics by ALLOTT, NICHOLAS.

The article reviews the book "Key Terms in Pragmatics" by Nicholas Allott, a book in the Key Terms book series.
Oncogenic potential of tamoxifen on endometria of postmenopausal women with breast cancer--preliminary report.

Abstract Tamoxifen (TAM), a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, is used for pre- and postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. Recent reports suggest that TAM may cause endometrial neoplasia. This study is designed to evaluate the oncogenic potential of low-dose TAM on the endometrium. Initially, endometrial screening of patients with breast cancer who had received TAM therapy for at least 12 months was conducted. Seventy patients were interviewed and office endometrial biopsies were obtained from thirty-eight patients. Seven (18%) had hyperplastic changes, ranging from simple hyperplasia through complex hyperplasia with atypia. The following prospective study was conducted: after breast surgery and prior to initiation of TAM therapy, an office endometrial sampling was obtained as a control. After initiation of TAM therapy, biopsies were repeated every 4 to 6 months as long as the patients remained asymptomatic. Nineteen patients were interviewed. Twelve patients were biopsied and followed from 3 to 15 months. One patient refused additional biopsies. Eleven patients had repeat biopsies after initiation of TAM. New hyperplastic changes were found in 311 (27%) patients. The preliminary results of this study (although with a small number of patients) indicate that TAM may have some neoplastic effect on the endometrium of postmenopausal patients with breast cancer. This study is still in progress. Additional prospective studies are warranted before a significant correlation between TAM and endometrial neoplasia is confirmed.
The precursors in the Intra‐Americas Seas to seasonal climate variations over North America

In this paper, we show from observations that the Intra-American Seas precursor as characterized by the onset of the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP; defined by the area enclosed by 28.5°C isotherm in the tropical Atlantic Ocean) has discernible impact on the boreal summer and fall seasonal climate variations over North America, a season and a region well known for relatively poor seasonal predictability. The onset of the AWP season is objectively defined as the day when the daily anomaly of the AWP area, west of 50°W, and north of the equator exceeds its climatological annual mean value. We show that early (late) onset of AWP is associated with following August-September-October (ASO) deficit (excess) seasonal rainfall anomalies over southern Mississippi valley extending to the Midwest US east of Iowa. On the other hand, Central America and the Caribbean region exhibit enhanced (decreased) ASO seasonal mean rainfall during an early (late) onset of AWP. We also find that early (late) onset of the AWP is associated with early (late) onset and early (late) demise of the rainy season over Mesoamerica. This relationship also leads to association of early (late) onset of AWP with increased (shortened) length of the rainy season over Mesoamerica. These teleconnections are dictated by the modulation of the low-level flow and moisture flux convergence associated with the varying development of the AWP. Similarly, we find that early (late) onset years of the AWP are associated with a more active (inactive) seasonal Atlantic tropical cyclone activity. These teleconnections are sustained from the fact that the AWP onset date variations are found to be a precursor to the seasonal AWP size variations.
Complications of Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgical Procedures

All surgical and anesthetic procedures convey some degree of risk. New procedures in cardiac surgery are being developed for which patterns of complications are just beginning to emerge. The experience with minimally invasive direct coronary bypass, transmyocar dial laser revascularization, and Port-Access cardiac surgery is reviewed with emphasis on perioperative complications and causes of early morbidity and mortal ity.
Effect of aspirin treatment on TNFα production by women with a history of preterm birth

Abstract Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated TNFα production is reported to be greater for whole blood (WB) cultures prepared from patients with a history of preterm birth than cultures obtained from women with a history of term birth. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine if there is a similar differential responsiveness for peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) and (2) to determine if treatment with aspirin influences LPS-stimulated TNFα production in these patients. WB and PBML were obtained from women with a history of preterm delivery before 32 weeks (cases; n =5) and age- and race-matched controls ( n =5) with a history of uncomplicated term delivery. WB and PBML were cultured and stimulated with LPS. All participants then took aspirin daily for 1 week and responsiveness of PBML and WB cultures to LPS was retested. The history of preterm labor was found to have no effect on LPS-stimulated TNFα production in cultures of WB or PBML. Aspirin treatment enhanced LPS-stimulated TNFα production by PBML from controls but not cases. We conclude that endotoxin responsiveness of women with a history of preterm birth is similar to that of women with a history of term birth in terms of in vitro TNFα production. Aspirin increases TNFα production by PBML in control women but not in women with a history of preterm birth. The divergent responses to aspirin treatment in patients with and without prior preterm labor may reflect differential regulation of cytokine production by prostaglandins in women with preterm labor associated with infection or inflammation.
Multiple thermal discontinuities in glucose-6-phosphatase activity

Abstract The temperature dependence of glucose-6-phosphatase ( d -glucose-6-phosphate phosphohydrolase EC 3.1.3.9) was studied in rat liver and kidney microsomal fractions. Arrhenius plots were non-linear and showed four distinct discontinuities in enzyme activity over the temperature range 2–41°C. The discontinuities occurred at approx. 39, 30, 20 and 12°C in the liver and were similar to this in the kidney. Changes in the energy of activation for the enzyme were noted at approx. 20°C in both tissues. The multiple discontinuities in glucose-6-phosphatase activity are viewed as a reflection of complex reorganization and/or change in physical state of the membrane components, primarily lipid.
Two-wave mixing and phase conjugation at 830 nm in BaTiO(3).

We report two-wave mixing and self-pumped phase-conjugation measurements for GaAlAs laser-diode radiation at 830 nm in BaTiO3. At 11°C, two-wave mixing gain coefficients as large as 18 cm−1 and response times of the order of 1 min have been observed by using an optimized mixing geometry. Phase-conjugate reflectivities as large as 56% with 10-sec response times have also been measured using BaTiO3 in a passive ring conjugator when the source laser is optically isolated from the conjugator. These results represent significant improvements over corresponding values previously reported.
Comparison of the effects of excess vitamin A and high oxygen tension on in vitro epiphyseal plate growth. I. Morphologic response

Epihyseal plate organ cultures grown in medium containing excess vitamin A (100 USP units/ml) showed marked reduction in the length of the cartilage component of the explant, progressive loss of acid mucopolysaccharide stainability of the cartilage matrix, loss of the zone of hypertrophic cells followed by the loss of all zoning, an accumulation of cells at the bone-cartilage junction, and eventual detachment of the cartilage from the bone. Epsilon partially reversed these effects. Explants grown in 90% oxygen showed no reduction in the length of the cartilage component, a progressive loss of acid mucopolysaccharide stainability of the cartilage matrix narrowing and eventual loss of the zone of hypertrophic cells, an accumulation of an acellular, PAS-positive debris at the bone-cartilage junction, and marked reduction in length of the bone component of the explant. EACA and chloroquine partially reversed these effects.
A New Description of Riboflavin Deficiency Syndrome in Chickens

Abstract Day-old male broiler chickens were fed for three weeks with diets containing graded levels of riboflavin (0, 0.22, 0.52, 0.88, and 4.53 mg. added per kg. of basal diet). Curled-toe paralysis which is considered indicative of riboflavin deficiency occurred in less than 10% of the birds at the zero levels of added riboflavin while the mortality was about 25%. Commonly, the birds at the lower levels were paralyzed but with their legs spraddled out and without their toes curled downward and inward. The most senstive indicator of riboflavin deficiency was growth rate which was significantly (P
School sexual abuse prevention: Unintended consequences and dilemmas

In view of the recent proliferation of school sexual abuse prevention programs and materials, this article critically examines current assumptions about the role of elementary school personnel in prevention and possible unintended consequences of such assumptions. These unintended consequences include emphasizing a simple solution to a complex social problem and contributing to victim blaming. Some dilemmas that arise for classroom teachers around predeveloped curricular materials and mandatory reporting are also explored. Teacher use of predeveloped materials may mean a diminishing of wider teaching skills and reduction of complex concepts to brief, noncontroversial interventions that may serve to mystify sexuality and unduly frighten students. Mandatory reporting, as it is frequently presented to teachers, can create further dilemmas by obscuring the ethical decisions inherent in the process, assuming consistently positive outcomes after reporting, and neglecting the context in which teachers work. The authors suggest that educators should be aware of these possible unintended consequences and dilemmas in order to maintain a broad perspective on child sexual abuse and to focus their efforts more effectively within a larger network addressing the problem.
Neuronal firing: Does function follow form?

Neurons generate diverse firing patterns to perform a range of specialized tasks. Experiments show that many features of these firing patterns arise from distinctive membrane properties, but theoretical work predicts that differences in neuronal morphology are also important.
Processing discourse roles in scripted narratives: The influences of context and world knowledge

Discourse context may affect comprehension of a word in a text by facilitating lexical access or by facilitating integration of the target concept with the preceding text. In two experiments, we used eye tracking measures to examine contextual influence on the integration of role fillers in scripted narratives. In both experiments, context had an early influence on integration of role fillers. However, measures of post-target processing indicated that semantic knowledge continued to influence integration. The results are discussed in terms of several theories of contextual influence on reading. The data appear to support a two-stage model of processing: in the first stage, incoming text is linked to the contents of active memory; in the second stage, the link between the new and old information is evaluated.
The analysing power of the reaction 7Li(p, α)4He for polarized protons from 3 to 10 MeV

Abstract The analysing power of the 7 Li(p, α) 4 He reaction has been measured as a function of angle in the energy range between 3 and 10 MeV proton energy. It is found that this reaction is an excellent proton polarization analyser up to 4.5 MeV and again between 5.5 and 10 MeV.
Formation of in vivo complexes between the TAL1 and E2A polypeptides of leukemic T cells.

Abstract Tumor-specific activation of the TAL1 gene occurs in approximately 25% of patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). The TAL1 gene products possess a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain that interacts in vitro with the bHLH proteins (E12 and E47) encoded by the E2A locus. We have now applied two independent methods, the two-hybrid procedure and co-immunoprecipitation analysis, to demonstrate that TAL1 and E2A polypeptides also associate in vivo. These studies show that the bHLH domain of TAL1 selectively interacts with the bHLH domains of E12 and E47, but not with the Id1 helix-loop-helix protein. TAL1 does not self-associate to form homodimeric complexes, implying that the in vivo functions of TAL1 depend on heterologous interaction with other bHLH proteins such as E12 and E47. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed the presence of endogenous TAL1/E2A complexes in Jurkat cells, a leukemic line derived from a T-ALL patient. Thus, the malignant properties of TAL1 may be due to obligate interaction with the E2A polypeptides.
Hyperthyroidism. Causes, etiology of Graves’ disease, clinical features, general aspects of treatment

Summary The etiology of Graves’ disease remains unknown. The leading current theory considers it to be an hereditary autoimmune disorder of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity with production of abnormal thyroid stimulators. Uncommon causes of hyperthyroidism include autonomous thyroid nodules, administration of iodine to patients with nodular goiter, subacute thyroiditis, trophoblastic tumors producing molar thyrotropin, large differentiated thyroid carcinomas, struma ovarii, pituitary tumors producing thyrotropin, and taking excessive amounts of thyroid medication. The clinical features of hyperthyroidism are described. Subtotal thyroidectomy is effective treatment, but has the disadvantage of significant complications which include hypothyroidism, rare mortality, hypoparathyroidism, paralysis of vocal cords and altered voice, recurrence of hyperthyroidism, rare thyroid crisis and morbidity from the wound.
Stochastic differential equation derivation: Comparison of the Markov method versus the additive method

Abstract There are several methods of transforming an ordinary differential equation into a stochastic differential equation (SDE). The two most common are adding noise to a system parameter or variable and transforming to a SDE or deriving the SDE by assuming an underlying Markov process. Using simple one- and two-dimensional systems we investigate the differences in dynamics and bifurcations between SDE derived by each method from simple deterministic population models.
Release and uptake of catecholamines in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis measured in the mouse brain slice.

The release and clearance of electrically evoked catecholamine (CA) in the ventral portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTV) in mouse brain slices was evaluated with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFME). Uptake in this region was observed to be markedly slower than in the caudate putamen (CPu). Clearance rates were reduced in the BSTV in both norepinephrine transporter knockout (NET KO) and dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice when compared to results in wild-type (WT) mice. However, uptake was faster in the BSTV in both the DAT and NET KO mice than in the CPu of DAT KO mice. This indicates that both transporters play a role in CA clearance in the BSTV. The transporters restrict extracellular CA to the general area of the BSTV, as revealed by the diminished signal as the CFME is moved sequentially further and further from the site where CA release is evoked. However, in slices from the DAT KOs and NET KOs, CA release could be observed outside of the BSTV region during such experiments. These results show that the low rate uptake in the BSTV facilitates extrasynaptic diffusion of catecholamine, but that uptake still regulates and limits the range of the transmitter to the region. Slower clearance from the extracellular fluid allows the released CA to act as a volume transmitter and diffuse to distant sites within the region to exert its neurochemical action.
Is the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in liver transplantation candidates impaired using a dedicated CMR stress test as a 'one-stop-shop'? a pathological correlation study.

Background Precise diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is crucial in the selection and timing of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) patients, especially cirrhotics. The preoperative workup of OLT patients is logistically cumbersome and expensive given the need for separate cardiac, vascular, and abdominal imaging. We have recently demonstrated the value of a ‘one-stop-shop’ approach combining the attributes of a nuclear stress, echocardiogram and abdominal MRI into one single preop CMR evaluation. However, this approach requires further validation as accurate detection of HCC is critically important. Hypothesis: HCC detectability is independent of whether the study is performed as part of a larger onestop-shop CMR or as a traditional focused MRI. Objective: We evaluated the ‘detectability’ of HCC using cardiac MRI for pre-operative evaluation of OLT candidates in a CMR suite performing assessment of cardiac structure, function and viability, along with simultaneous evaluation of thoracoabdominal vasculature and liver anatomy and compared with histopathology in explanted livers.
Ally McBeal and her Homies The Reification of White Stereotypes of the Other

This article critically analyzes the popular television show,Ally McBeal, with a specific focus on how women and ethnic minorities are stereotypically portrayed. Through Complicity Theory, Standpoi...
Partial Hydrodynamic Lubrication With Large Fractional Contact Areas

An alternative average REeynolds equation for use under conditions of large fractional contact area is proposed. The flow factors for this form of the equation are calculated for a variety of longitudinal surfaces and the results are shown to be relatively insensititve to the initial height distribution and a variety of Peklenik surface pattern parameters are also derived form the work of Patir and Cheng, Lo and Tripp. These are represented by semi-empirical equations over the full range of contact conditions. The implicaitons of the results, with respect to the lubrication of metal forming processes, is discussed.
Nucleotide sequence of the yeast plasmid.

The nucleotide sequence of the yeast DNA plasmid (2µ circle) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain A364A D5 has been determined. The plasmid contains 6,318 base pairs, including two identical inverted repeats of 599 base pairs. Possible functions are suggested, and attributes of an improved vector for cloning foreign DNAs in yeast are discussed.
Renormalization of the BKLT equations for the coupled NN-πNN system

Abstract Self-energy contributions are identified and eliminated in the Baer, Kouri, Levin and Tobocman equations for the coupled NN- π NN system. Vertex renormalization is also carried out. The equations are formulated with a new coupling scheme that is simpler and more natural.
Complex dural arteriovenous fistulas Results of combined endovascular and neurosurgical treatment in 16 patients

✓ Of the 88 patients evaluated for symptomatic dural arteriovenous (AV) fistula over the past 8 years, 16 had large or complicated lesions that could not be treated with standard transvascular approaches or in which such treatment had been unsuccessful. Eleven fistulas were located in the transverse sinus, two in the cavernous sinus, two in the straight sinus, and one in the falx-tentorial region near the vein of Galen. The patients were treated with a combination of endovascular and neurosurgical techniques. Fourteen patients underwent preoperative transarterial embolization; this procedure closed the fistula in one patient. In the remaining 15 patients, surgery was performed to provide access to the fistula for embolization from either the venous or the arterial side, or for excision of the fistula. Transvenous embolization completely obliterated the fistula in seven of nine patients; the fistulas were embolized incompletely through the feeding arteries in two patients; and complete surgical resection o...
Ligand-independent activation of the Hedgehog pathway displays non-cell autonomous proliferation during eye development in Drosophila

Deregulation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is associated with the development of human cancer including medullobastoma and basal cell carcinoma. Loss of Patched or activation of Smoothened in mouse models increases the occurrence of tumors. Likewise, in a Drosophila eye model, deregulated Hedgehog signaling causes overgrowth of eye and head tissues. Surprisingly, we show that cells with deregulated Hh signaling do not or only little contribute to the tissue overgrowth. Instead, they become more sensitive to apoptosis and may eventually be eliminated. Nevertheless, these mutant cells increase proliferation in the adjacent wild-type tissue, i.e., in a non-cell autonomous manner. This non-cell autonomous effect is position-dependent and restricted to mutant cells in the anterior portion of the eye. We also observe precocious non-cell autonomous differentiation in genetic mosaics with deregulated Hh signaling. Together, these non-cell autonomous growth and differentiation phenotypes in the Drosophila eye model reveal another strategy by which oncogenes may generate a supportive micro-environment for tumor growth.
Structure of the complex of the colicin E2 R-domain and its BtuB receptor. The outer membrane colicin translocon

The crystal structure of the complex of the BtuB receptor and the 135-residue coiled-coil receptor-binding R-domain of colicin E3 (E3R135) suggested a novel mechanism for import of colicin proteins across the outer membrane. It was proposed that one function of the R-domain, which extends along the outer membrane surface, is to recruit an additional outer membrane protein(s) to form a translocon for passage colicin activity domain. A 3.5-A crystal structure of the complex of E2R135 and BtuB (E2R135-BtuB) was obtained, which revealed E2R135 bound to BtuB in an oblique orientation identical to that previously found for E3R135. The only significant difference between the two structures was that the bound coiled-coil R-domain of colicin E2, compared with that of colicin E3, was extended by two and five residues at the N and C termini, respectively. There was no detectable displacement of the BtuB plug domain in either structure, implying that colicin is not imported through the outer membrane by BtuB alone. It was concluded that the oblique orientation of the R-domain of the nuclease E colicins has a function in the recruitment of another member(s) of an outer membrane translocon. Screening of porin knock-out mutants showed that either OmpF or OmpC can function in such a translocon. Arg452 at the R/C-domain interface in colicin E2 was found have an essential role at a putative site of protease cleavage, which would liberate the C-terminal activity domain for passage through the outer membrane translocon.
Modeling and simulation of irradiation hardening in structural ferritic steels for advanced nuclear reactors

Hardening and embrittlement are controlled by interactions between dislocations and irradiation induced defect clusters. In this work we employ the visco plastic self consistent (VPSC) polycrystalline code in order to model the yield stress dependence in ferritic steels on the irradiation dose. We implement the dispersed barrier hardening model in the VPSC code by introducing a hardening law, function of the strain, to describe the threshold resolved shear stress required to activate dislocations. The size and number density of the defect clusters varies with the irradiation dose in the model. We find that VPSC calculations show excellent agreement with the experimental data set. Such modeling efforts can both reproduce experimental data and also guide future experiments of irradiation hardening.
Implications and applications of apoptosis in cell culture

Numerous stimuli, including viral infection and deprivation of cell growth factors, can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) of cells grown in culture. The genetic machinery that controls the apoptotic response is currently being investigated. The expression of genes involved in this process using recombinant DNA technology has been utilized to control and limit programmed cell death in cultured cells. In the future, this technology may be used to increase the productive lifetime of cell culture systems.
School-Based Programs for Children with Emotional Disturbance: Obstacles to Program Design and Implementation and Guidelines for School Practitioners

Children classified as emotionally disturbed constitute a most challenging and expensive population in the public schools. This article presents a tri-part model of barriers to program design, implementation, and evaluation for children classified as emotionally disturbed in public school settings. An examination of the available school-based outcome literature with this population offers insights on the efficacy of available programs in schools. In addition, guidelines are outlined for school practitioners to assist in designing and implementing school programs for this population.
Tacrolimus dose requirements in African-American and Caucasian kidney transplant recipients on mycophenolate and prednisone

Racial differences among kidney transplant recipients may impact the total daily tacrolimus dose required to achieve therapeutic tacrolimus concentrations. Previous studies suggest that African Americans require higher doses to achieve similar therapeutic drug concentrations compared with Caucasians. Data were collected on a total of 147 de novo kidney transplant recipients. Tacrolimus total daily dose (TDD) requirements (mg/kg/d) and tacrolimus concentrations were retrospectively reviewed at discharge and at days 30, 60, and 90 after transplant. TDD requirements in African-American and Caucasian patients were 0.14 mg/kg/d and 0.11 mg/kg/d, respectively (p = 0.005), at day 30. TDD requirements at day of hospital discharge and days 60 and 90 following transplant were significantly higher in African-American patients vs. Caucasian patients, with similar tacrolimus concentrations at all time points. This study suggests that when compared to Caucasians, African Americans require significantly higher TDD of tacrolimus to achieve similar tacrolimus concentrations. These findings provide transplant clinicians with a sense of certainty to more rapidly titrate daily tacrolimus doses in African-American patients to achieve therapeutic concentrations.
Multispectral imaging via luminescent down-shifting with colloidal quantum dots

The high infrared quantum yield, continuous absorption spectrum, and band edge tunability of colloidal quantum dots (QD) has opened up new opportunities to use luminescent down shifting for multispectral imaging in the infrared. We demonstrate a QD sensitized short wavelength infrared (SWIR) camera which is capable of UV-SWIR multispectral imaging. The application of multispectral cameras for UV tagging applications is demonstrated and the extension of this technology to the mid infrared spectral region is discussed.
An Improved Histological Technique for Refractory Insect Brood Material in Research on Doryline Ant Behaviour

FOR examination of the biological basis of cyclic behaviour in doryline ants, the need to have extremely thin sections of brood material in complete series covering highly limited areas of tissues, from early developmental stages to adult, has led to the improved techniques reported here. The methods of fixing, sectioning and staining have made possible the fast routine processing of otherwise difficult, refractory materials through specimens representing a wide range of body-lengths. The linear dimensions of individuals comprising the polymorphic brood in the tropical American army ant, Eciton burchelli, for example, range from that of 0.5 mm in the microlarvae to 15 mm in the semi-pupae and callows of worker majors. Throughout such a range of material we are able to obtain a complete series of uniformly thin sections for each speciment, cut at thicknesses between 4 and 7 µ at any desired angle. These thin sections, moreover, are easily mounted in series for rapid examination because these techniques furnish ribbons of tissue without the loss of sections through knife-shattering or unevenness of material usual with other techniques we have tried (for example, refs. 1 and 2). Despite the thinness of the sections, it is a rare experience to lose even one of a series through its being shattered during sectioning or in handling.
The Development and Purposes of Farm-Cost Investigation in the United States

I. Four methods of collecting cost data: route method, survey method, questionnaire, farmer's record, 274. — History of the movement, 275. — II. Influences promoting the movement, 277. — Efficiency, country life, tariff inquiries, cost in relation to price, 278. — III. Price-fixing as an object, 283. — Farm efficiency, 284. — IV. Difficulties in the way of accuracy, 286. — How deal with managerial ability, rent and land value, joint costs, 287. — Cost records of doubtful value; problems of averaging, 287. — Not easy to advise farmers what to produce, 291. — Conclusion, 293.
What Would Have Happened in Indonesia if Different Economic Policies Had Been Implemented When the Crisis Started

Many models of the Indonesian economy cannot generate the large collapses in output and exchange rate experienced in 1997–98. The model in this paper was able to replicate the actual events by adding several new links. One new link is between the depreciation of the exchange rate and the deterioration of the balance sheets of firms, which are in turn linked to decline in investment. Another new link is between decline in output and decline in business confidence, leading to possible increased capital outflow and exchange rate collapse. The IMF's high interest rate policy did not succeed in strengthening the rupiah because it inflicted such severe damage on the net worth of Indonesian firms that it caused capital flight to accelerate, turning what was originally just a financial crisis into a major recession. Two alternative counterfactual policy packages are examined: (1) a lower interest rate policy and (2) a lower interest rate policy combined with a partial write-down of the external debt. The model in...
Enzymatic estimation of steroids in human urine.

The enzymatic microestimation of urinary steroid alcohols by means of ±- and ²-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases is described. These highly purified enzymes catalyze selective and stereospecific oxidations of certain hydroxy-steroids to ketosteroids. Diphosphopyridine nucleotide functions as hydrogen acceptor and the assays are based on the spectrophotometric measurement of the reduced pyridine nucleotide. Methods are described for the preparation of extracts of human urine suitable for enzymatic assay. The reliability of the procedures has been established by a variety of criteria including the recovery of physiological amounts of steroids added to urineValues for the excretion of ±- and ²-hydroxysteroids have been determined in normal adult subjects of both sexes and in several patients with abnormalities of the endocrine system. The estimation of individual urinary steroids separated by paper chromatography is demonstrated. THE estimation of urinary steroids in man has been of interest for approximately 20...
The Virtual Art Therapy Studio.

(1999). The Virtual Art Therapy Studio. Art Therapy: Vol. 16, The interface between art therapy and computer technology, pp. 197-200.
COMPARISON OF 2-METHOXYESTRADIOL AND METHOTREXATE EFFECTS ON NON-HODGKIN’S B-CELL LYMPHOMA

Purpose :M ethotrexate (MTX) is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent to treat primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and intraocular lymphoma (IOL). 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2) is a potent antitumor and anti-angiogenesis agent which, unlike other cytotoxic drugs, has minimal toxicity. In this study, anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and cell- cycle effects of 2ME2 and MTX were compared to evaluate 2ME2 efficacy in human lymphoma cells, models for non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas. Methods: The cells were cultured and incubated with varying concentrations of 2ME2 or MTX. A tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay was used to quantify the anti- proliferative effects of 2ME2 and MTX using a microplate reader. To detect apoptotic and cell cycle distribution changes induced by 2ME2 and MTX, the cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC and/or propidium iodide (PI) and ana- lyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Lymphoma cell proliferation was inhibited by 50% at concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 1 µM for 2ME2 and 0.06 to 0.2 µM for MTX. Induction of apoptosis by 2ME2 and MTX was observed in the tested cells. 2ME2 was a G2/M-phase specific blocker whereas MTX was an S-phase specific blocker in cell cycle analyses. At 1 µM concentration, 2ME2 and MTX showed similar anti-proliferative effect on the lymphoma cell lines. In previ- ously reported studies, for normal endothelial cells, 1 µ M2 ME2 showed no appreciable toxicity, while MTX at this same concentration exhibited significant cytotoxicity. 2ME2 at a therapeutic target concentration of 1 µM may be an effective and relatively non-toxic drug for the treatment of PCNSL with IOL. Conclusions: Our study of the effect of 2ME2 and MTX on anti-proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycling suggests that 2ME2 is a potential agent for treating PCNSL and IOL.
Design of an optical content-addressable parallel processor with applications to fast searching and information retrieval

Associative processing based on content-addressable memories has been argued to be the natural solution for non-numerical information processing applications. Unfortunately, the implementation requirements of these architectures using conventional electronic technology have been very cost prohibitive, and therefore associative processors have not been realized. Optics has the capability over electronics for directly supporting associative processing by providing economic and efficient interconnects, massive parallelism, and high-speed processing. This paper presents the principles of designing an optical content-addressable parallel processor called OCAPP, for the efficient support of parallel symbolic computing. The architecture is designed to fully exploit optics advantages in interconnects and high-speed operations, and is potentially very suitable for applications where the number of data sets to be operated on is high. Several search and retrieval algorithms are mapped onto OCAPP to illustrate its ability to support parallel symbolic computing. >
Language Ideology: The Case of Spanish in Departments of Foreign Languages

In this article we investigate language ideology in a department of Spanish. We are concerned with examining the acquisition and transmission of linguistic culture in departments of foreign languages within university settings and the ways in which views about non-English languages that are part of the American cultural dialogue are maintained and nurtured by educational institutions. Using long-term participant-observation data and focused interviews, we contend that foreign language departments in U.S. colleges and universities, although involved in a nonhegemonic practice—that is, in the teaching of non-English languages—are nevertheless working in concert with deeply held American ideologies about bilingualism and monolingualism.
Collaboration mechanisms in SME context: a case study in the footwear sector

This paper describes a case study and proposes two different services implemented in an Italian footwear district to support shoe producers in managing automatically their temporary partnerships with suppliers and customers through ICT applications. The approach used here is a roadmap, developed in an EU-funded project related to European SMEs, guiding different types of Virtual Enterprise (VE) through the process of improving network management, especially through designing cooperation process and implementing ICT tools. Even if the initial focus was on strengthening the relationships of the existing VE, the most important result was the creation of a set of tools to support and promote the extension of the VE to other partners both from suppliers and customers side stressing flexibility aspects.
The workstation as global communication interface

The DASH project which is concerned with the logical design of large-scale multimedia systems and in particular, with the design of operating system software for its nodes is discussed. The system requirements include support for multimedia communication (this may require real-time scheduling techniques throughout the system) and a naming and security architecture that scales to global size and that accommodates mutually distrustful groups and subgroups. A prototype distributed system design to address these requirements is being built. The author describes the goals of the DASH project and provides a sketch of the DASH design, with an emphasis on its network communication architecture. >
The Pragmatics of Successful Public Meetings

Professional planners and designers often find that their technical infrastructure solutions are opposed by the public because of different values and thus decision rules. The public has a strong affinity for western notions of justice, equality, and risk minimization. John Rawls theorized three basic aspects of western justice: distributive, procedural, and access. Structured public involvement is a public participation protocol that recognizes these values and incorporates them so as to increase public satisfaction with infrastructure planning and design outcomes. The specific aspects of S.P.I, and the analytic minimum impedance surface used for transmission line routing are discussed
Dangerous Supplements, Inventive Dissent, and Military Critiques of the Bush Administration's Unitary Executive Theories

Given the growing resonance of presidential rhetorics that are filled with tales of “unitary executive” power, wartime necessities, and unlawful combatants, critics of the administration need to find novel ways of dissenting. In recent years, several generals and other soldiers have assiduously avoided using frontal assault strategies in their critiques of Bush administration policies. Instead, they have used dangerous supplements, strategies of mythic reappropriation, where detractors have claimed that the Vulcans of the Bush administration have betrayed their masculine duties. Several case analyses of military tribunal debates and the generals' ouster of Donald Rumsfeld show us both the rewards and costs that have attended the embrace of some of these martial rhetorics.
The resilience wall: Cross-layer solution strategies

Resilience to hardware failures is a key challenge for a large class of future computing systems that are constrained by the so-called power wall: from embedded systems to supercomputers. Today's mainstream computing systems typically assume that transistors and interconnects operate correctly during useful system lifetime. With enormous complexity and significantly increased vulnerability to failures compared to the past, future system designs cannot rely on such assumptions. At the same time, there is explosive growth in our dependency on such systems. To overcome this outstanding challenge, this paper advocates and examines a cross-layer resilience approach. Two major components of this approach are: 1. System and software-level effects of circuit-level faults are considered from early stages of system design; and, 2. resilience techniques are implemented across multiple layers of the system stack - from circuit and architecture levels to runtime and applications - such that they work together to achieve required degrees of resilience in a highly energy-efficient manner. Illustrative examples to demonstrate key aspects of cross-layer resilience are discussed.
Refining cast implant-retained restorations by electrical discharge machining

The UCLA abutment was developed to create implant-retained restorations with ideal contours, excellent esthetics, and minimal vertical space requirements for restorative materials. A major drawback of this abutment is that casting inaccuracies in the lost-wax process are difficult to control. This article describes a method of refining cast implant-retained restorations by use of electrical discharge machining.
Selection, Optimization, and Compensation in the Domain of Emotion Regulation: Applications to Adolescence, Older Age, and Major Depressive Disorder

Emotions often are well calibrated to the challenges and opportunities we face. When they are not, we may try to regulate our emotions. Interestingly, there seems to be considerable variation both in the strategies people use to regulate emotions and in the success of these emotion regulation efforts. The Selection, Optimization, and Compensation with Emotion Regulation framework suggests that variation in the resources required for particular emotion regulation strategies may be a crucial determinant of emotion regulation use and success within individuals across situations, between individuals, and between groups of individuals. In this review, we consider the ways in which two resources for emotion regulation (working memory and social support) might differ among three groups, namely adolescents, older adults, and adults with major depressive disorder. We link these between-group differences in resources to differences in emotion regulation and make suggestions for future research.
Vibration sensor data compression and its effect on structural system identification

Current trend in structural condition monitoring system is towards the use of a large number of networked sensors, which correspondingly generate huge amount of sensor data. High data rates pose challenges in data transmission, storage search and remote retrieval, especially for wireless communication network. To address this problem, innovative sensor data compression techniques are needed to reduce the sensor data size. Lossy data compression techniques have the potential to achieve high compression rates but suffer the problem of signal distortion. This paper presents a waveletbased lossy compression method targeted for vibration sensor data. The trade-off between compression rate and signal distortion due to lossy compression is discussed in this paper. The effect of wavelet-based lossy data compression on both the time domain and frequency domain characteristics of vibration signals is studied. Real sensor data collected from a scaled two-story building structure using wireless accelerometer has been used in this study.
Taxon Combinations, Parsimony Analysis (PAUP*), and the Taxonomy of the Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey, Lagothrix flavicauda

The classifications of primates, in general, and platyrrhine primates, in particular, have been greatly revised subsequent to the rationale for taxonomic decisions shifting from one rooted in the biological species concept to one rooted solely in phylogenetic affiliations. Given the phylogenetic justification provided for revised taxonomies, the scientific validity of taxonomic distinctions can be rightly judged by the robusticity of the phylogenetic results supporting them. In this study, we empirically investigated taxonomic-sampling effects on a cladogram previously inferred from craniodental data for the woolly monkeys (Lagothrix). We conducted the study primarily through much greater sampling of species-level taxa (OTUs) after improving some character codings and under a variety of outgroup choices. The results indicate that alternative selections of species subsets from within genera produce various tree topologies. These results stand even after adjusting the character set and considering the potential role of interobserver disagreement. We conclude that specific taxon combinations, in this case, generic or species pairings, of the primary study group has a biasing effect in parsimony analysis, and that the cladistic rationale for resurrecting the Oreonax generic distinction for the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) is based on an artifact of idiosyncratic sampling within the study group below the genus level. Some recommendations to minimize the problem, which is prevalent in all cladistic analyses, are proposed.