cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions between pepper ringspot virus and cylindrical inclusions of two potyviruses

Abstract Immunoelectron microscopy showed that cylindrical inclusions (CI) of the potyvirus potato virus Y (PVY) bound in addition to their homologous virions those of a co-infecting rod-shaped virus, pepper ringspot virus (PRV), in infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells. The latter virus does not code for cylindrical inclusions and is cl assified as a Tobravirus. Virions of PRV were scattered throughout the cell cytoplasm and not associated with mitochondria in PVY + PRV double infections. Binding of PRV to mitochondria was disrupted in PVY + PRV infected cells. In double infections with a second potyvirus, tobacco etch virus (TEV), and PRV in N. benthamiana cells, TEV-CI bound homologous TEV virions but did not bind PRV. In contrast to PVY + PRV infections, virions of PRV attached end-on to mitochondrial limiting membranes in PRV-only and in TEV + PRV double infections. The results are interpreted to mean that there are differences in the PRV virion binding sites of PVY-CI and TEV-CI. In previous reports, potyviral CI have been nondiscriminating in binding virions or capsid proteins of other co-infecting rod-shaped viruses.
Fredholm calculation of electron-atom scattering amplitudes using L2 basis sets

Abstract Use of square integrable ( L 2 ) basis functions in calculating approximations to the Fredholm determinant for elastic and inelastic scattering processes is described. Results of calculations for purely elastic e-H and e-He phase shifts are given, as well as elastic scattering cross sections for e-H scattering at energies where ionization channels are open.
Diet of a Cryptic but Widespread Invader, the Oriental Weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) in Idaho, USA

Abstract The oriental weatherfish (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) is invasive to 13 U.S. states and at least 9 other countries. Although this cryptic fish species is widespread, very little is known regarding its ecology. We used baited minnow traps to collect 237 individuals from water bodies connected to the Boise River, Idaho. To determine the diet of the fish within this invasive population, we dissected and examined stomach contents of the sampled fish. Most of the stomachs (158 of 237) were empty, and 42 contained only the trap bait. However, 37 contained natural food items. Gravimetric analysis, frequency of occurrence, and mean percent by number all indicated macroinvertebrates as the primary diet component, with chironomid larvae as the most numerous prey eaten. Graphical analysis of prey-specific abundance also indicated that oriental weatherfish fed on a generalized diet, of which detritus is likely an important part. An omnivorous diet may, in part, explain the species' ability to expand its inva...
A novel asymmetrically coupled quantum well infrared modulator

Abstract A novel high-speed infrared modulator is proposed which uses resonant tunneling and intersubband optical transitions within the conduction band of a semiconductor quantum well. Variations of the applied bias voltage control the amount of light transmitted through the device.
Relationship between rate and extent of absorption of oral theophylline from Uniphyl brand of slow-release theophylline and resulting serum concentrations during multiple dosing.

Abstract The relationship between a standardized assessment of rate and extent of absorption of slow-release theophylline and serum concentrations during multiple dosing was examined in eight healthy adult volunteers. Each subject received single doses of a reference theophylline solution in addition to single and multiple doses of Uniphyl, a "once-a-day" theophylline formulation, administered after an overnight fast and after a large breakfast. Extent of absorption was similar during single and multiple dosing but was significantly greater when dose was taken after breakfast; 68 ± 7% (mean ± SEM) and 61 ± 4% of administered doses were absorbed during single and multiple dosing, respectively, when breakfast was withheld, whereas 83 ± 4% and 86 ± 4% of administered doses were absorbed when single and multiple doses, respectively, followed breakfast. Observed mean serum concentrations during multiple dosing approximated values predicted from the single-dose study; mean peak serum concentrations averaged more than twice the tough for both predicted and observed values after both fasting and postprandial administration. These data demonstrate incomplete absorption of theophylline from Uniphyl with greater extent of absorption when Uniphyl is taken after food. The study also provides further documentation that characterization of rate and extent of absorption from single doses permit prediction of the mean serum concentration-time profile during multiple dosing at defined rates of theophylline elimination. This provides the potential to anticipate fluctuations in serum concentrations at clinically relevant elimination rates that deviate from the mean of samples typically used for study.
Educational competencies and technologies for disaster preparedness in undergraduate nursing education: An integrative review

Summary Objectives This integrative review of literature was conducted to determine (1) what are the suitable disaster preparedness competencies for undergraduate nursing curriculum? and (2) what are the suitable methods of instruction to deliver disaster preparedness content? Data sources and review method A literature search was conducted on three major electronic databases: Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) using the keywords; Disaster Preparedness, Disaster and nursing education; disaster response and nursing education. Limiters used were published within the last 10 years and in nursing field. Out of the 190 articles retrieved, eight were research articles that met the inclusion criteria. These articles were carefully reviewed and the results are summarized in two sections to answer the research questions. Results and findings There was no uniformity of intended competencies among the studies, though all studies used resources from reputed national and international organizations. All the studies reviewed adhered to a systematic approach in delivering content and used eclectic methods including multiple technologies to enhance the educational outcomes. Most of the studies had incorporated simulation in different ways involving low to high fidelity simulators, virtual simulation and live actors. Content and length of the programs were greatly varied but stayed focused on the general principles of disaster management and appropriate for the level of the students within the programs. Discussion and conclusion More rigorous research is needed in this area since all published articles had deficiencies in the methodologies, especially in data collection and analysis. Disaster preparedness education was found to be a suitable activity for interprofessional education.
"Die Stunde der Entscheidung": Ordeal and Uncertainty in Kleist's "Der Zweikampf"

Kleist's “Der Zweikampf” (1811) depicts the use of trial by combat to decide between two contradictory claims to the truth. The duel's aftermath, though, represents a second form of medieval proof, the trial by ordeal, in which wounds communicate guilt and innocence. While many readers take “Der Zweikampf” as a story about the pitfalls of ambiguity and the futility of hermeneutics, this article argues that the uncertainty derives not from ambiguous messages or obscure signs. It occurs, rather, when two forms of medieval proof deliver clear but mutually exclusive results and divine judgment undermines itself through an excess of legible judgments. Kleist uses this conflict to demonstrate that an element of human decision cannot be removed from adjudication. Although the judicial duel seeks to pass difficult decisions to divine authority, the court must always decide whether a particular instance of combat conforms to the norm of divine judgment. (BMT)
The Use of Student Subjects in Hospitality Research: Insights from Subjective Knowledge

This study addresses the use of students as a research subject issue by examining three groups’ (hospitality students, other major students, and non-student adults) responses to service failure and recovery. The findings, based on two experiments, suggest similar levels of overall satisfaction and return intentions but differences in the magnitude of failure, negative emotions, complaint intentions and overall justice perceptions in the three sample groups. Hospitality students’ responses are closer to non-student adults’ than other major students’ and subjective knowledge of restaurant services provides an explanation for this pattern. Implications using student samples and evaluating research findings based on them are discussed.
Photoinduced electron-transfer reactions of platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide complexes: reductive quenching in a hydrogen-generating system.

The one-electron reduction of [(mpt)Pt(CCPhCl)] ClO4 [mpt = 4‘-(4-methylphenyl)-2,2‘,6‘,2‘ ‘-terpyridyl; CCPhCl = chlorophenyl acetylide] by a series of amine donors was investigated in a CH3CN solution. The excited state has a lifetime of 550 ns in the absence of quencher in degassed CH3CN. Quenching rate constants were >108 M-1 s-1 even for trialkylamines. Transient absorption spectroscopy provided convincing evidence for the production of the one-electron-reduced Pt complex, even with quenchers that could potentially serve as H-atom donors. The transient spectrum obtained in the presence of triethylamine exhibits, in addition to bleaching of the PtII complex absorption, a maximum at ∼360 nm and broad absorption from 500 to 800 nm, indicating that the reduced complex has a complex electronic structure and is not easily assigned as a terpyridyl anion radical.
Magnetic resonance studies of lunar samples

Electron spin resonance searches at 9.5 gigahertz on several fines samples and portions of several rocks have yielded signals whose lineshapes and temperature dependences show that the samples are principally ferromagnetic in nature. Proton magnetic resonance searches at 60 megahertz of these samples have not revealed any signals ascribable to water or any other types of hydrogen in concentrations greater than 0.0001 percent by weight contained in narrow lines (5 oersteds wide or less) and 0.01 percent by weight in wide lines (as wide as 100 oersteds).
Peritoneal calcification associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is important in treating end-stage renal disease but may be complicated by aseptic and bacterial peritonitis and, recently described, progressive calcifying peritonitis [1]. To our knowledge, this entity has not been well described in the radiology literature. Radiologists should be aware of this abnormality so they can identify it by noting calcification of the peritoneum and surrounding the small intestine. We report a patient maintained on long-term peritoneal dialysis before renal transplantation who developed extensive peritoneal, small intestine, and mesenteric calcification associated with peritonitis and metastatic calcification.
Calculation of velocity overshoot, velocity autocorrelation and hot electron noise in semiconductors from the small signal microwave mobility

Abstract The small signal behavior of semiconductors under hot electron conditions is modeled as that of a casual, linear, time-invariant system with the small signal mobility as the system transfer function. Using linear system analysis techniques the small signal velocity overshoot is calculated from the mobility thereby establishing a close link between velocity autocorrelation and overshoot. The effect on the transients due to finite collision duration, which can be important in small geometry and high speed semiconductor devices, is demonstrated. This technique allows us to calculate a number of hot electron properties without carrying out involved Monte Carlo computations. Some numerical results for silicon are given as an example.
Gases Do not adsorb on the interstitial channels of closed-ended single-walled carbon nanotube bundles

We have experimentally determined the binding energies of Xe, ${\mathrm{CH}}_{4}$, and Ne on samples of closed-ended single-wall nanotube (SWNT) bundles. We find values for these quantities which are larger by approximately $75%$ on the SWNT samples than the values found for the same adsorbates on planar graphite. We have also determined the monolayer capacity of a SWNT sample using Xe and Ne adsorption. A comparison of all of our results leads us to conclude that none of the gases studied adsorb on the interstitial channels in the SWNT bundles.
How Do Young Firms Manage Product Portfolio Complexity? The Role of Absorptive Capacity and Ambidexterity

Building a complex portfolio of products can be beneficial for young firms due to increased sales growth and competitiveness. Yet, the benefits from product portfolio complexity (PPC) are often outweighed by rising costs, leading to an inverted U-shaped relationship between PPC and performance. Recent research has called for an increased understanding of how firms are able to better manage higher levels of PPC. We suggest that absorptive capacity and ambidexterity are vital to enhancing the benefits and mitigating the costs of increasing PPC. Using a sample of 215 young high technology firms, we find support for positive moderating effects of absorptive capacity and ambidexterity on the inverted U-shaped relationship between PPC and firm performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Mechanics of Brain Motion During Free-Field Blast Loading

Overpressure is the primary metric considered when investigating head injuries due to primary blast loading. However, capturing the mechanics of brain motion is necessary to understand the risk of additional injury mechanisms. The Human Surrogate Head Model (HSHM) is used to measure relative brain motion due to live-fire blast loading. Although the initial blast loading resulted in almost no brain motion, the subsequent head rotation generated up to 3 mm of relative brain displacement.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Covalent aggregation of rabbit immunoglobulin G and liberation of free H and L chains in the absence of exogenous reducing agents.

Abstract 1. 1. The immunoglobulin fraction obtained from the pooled serum of rabbits stimulated by endotoxin contained covalently linked dimers and trimers of immunoglobulin G (IgG), probably held together by disulfide bonds. 2. 2. Rabbit IgG dissolved in 5 M guanidine·HCl becomes partially aggregated through the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds initiated by occasional free sulfhydryl groups normally present. 3. 3. Free H and L polypeptide chains can be liberated from rabbit IgG in the presence of 5 M guanidine·HCl without the addition of exogenous reducing agents.
Detecting laterally transferred genes: use of entropic clustering methods and genome position

Most parametric methods for detecting foreign genes in bacterial genomes use a scoring function that measures the atypicality of a gene with respect to the bulk of the genome. Genes whose features are sufficiently atypical-lying beyond a threshold value-are deemed foreign. Yet these methods fail when the range of features of donor genomes overlaps with that of the recipient genome, leading to misclassification of foreign and native genes; existing parametric methods choose threshold parameters to balance these error rates. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a two-pronged approach to minimize the misclassification of genes. First, beyond classifying genes as merely atypical, a gene clustering method based on Jensen-Shannon entropic divergence identifies classes of foreign genes that are also similar to each other. Second, genome position is used to reassign genes among classes whose composition features overlap. This process minimizes the misclassification of either native or foreign genes that are weakly atypical. The performance of this approach was assessed using artificial chimeric genomes and then applied to the well-characterized Escherichia coli K12 genome. Not only were foreign genes identified with a high degree of accuracy, but genes originating from the same donor organism were effectively grouped.
Permanent ventricular assist device support versus cardiac transplantation.

Abstract Background . Although cardiac transplantation provides excellent therapy for some patients with terminal heart failure, the results are limited by the scarcity of donor organs, reduced long-term survival, and comorbid conditions. Current experience with temporary left ventricular assist devices suggest that a permanent, totally, or near totally implantable device may be a viable alternative. Methods . We analyzed data from the 1997 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Registry and other literature on heart transplantation and compared survival and complication rates with our experience and that of others with temporary ventricular assist devices. From these data, we attempted to identify those patients who would benefit most from permanent left ventricular assist systems (LVASs). Results . Among heart transplant candidates, United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status II, O blood type, weight >180 lb, older age, and preformed antibodies are negative factors for receipt of donor hearts. Of patients transplanted, women and nonwhites have poorer outcomes. Success with wearable LVAS's suggest some of these patients might be better served with an LVAS than with cardiac transplantation. Conclusions . Because LVAS's could be made readily available without the need for a waiting list, they might compete well with the strategy of cardiac transplantation.
Numerical simulations and the problem of periodicity in the cratering record

Ages of craters in the record of impacts on earth may be uniformly periodic, totally random, or a mixture of the two. These alternatives are studied through numerical simulation wherein time-series analysis is performed on real and simulated sequences to which random noise has been added to represent age-dating uncertainty. It is concluded that the real record is most likely to have been generated by a mixture of random and periodic impacts, with the random events constituting the majority.
High risk of human papillomavirus infection and cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions among women with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection.

We investigated the relationship of human papillomavirus (by cervicovaginal lavage and Southern blot), human immunodeficiency virus, and squamous intraepithelial lesions in 96 high-risk women in the Bronx, New York. Antibodies for human immunodeficiency virus were detected in 51 (53%) women. Of the 33 women with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection, 23 (70%) had human papillomavirus infection compared with 4 of 18 (22%) asymptomatic women who were human immunodeficiency virus seropositive and 10 of 45 (22%) uninfected women ( p
Contrast effect in the interview

Employment interviewers (N = 120) and managers (N = 180) viewed videotaped interviews of four MBA applicants for a management trainee position and evaluated them on a dichotomous criterion. The change-over sequence design method was used to analyze for a contrast effect in the three counterbalanced treatment conditions. Three anchor stimuli preceded the target stimulus as in the traditional contrast paradigm. Results confirmed the presence of a contrast effect [F(2,596) = 34.57, p <.01]. The findings indicated a greater contrast effect when averaged over the three anchor stimuli (ω2 =.065) than with the target stimulus (ω2 =.037), where it was also significant [F(2,294) = 5.91, p <.01]. Adaptation explains the diminished contrast effect over successive judgments. The contrast effect rivals applicant level (ω2 =.087) in importance.
Application of a digital computer to emergency toxicology.

Abstract A digital computer has been applied to the laboratory diagnosis of drug overdose. Analytic data is entered by the technologist at a keyboard in response to computer instructions. Major and minor ultraviolet absorption peaks, pH dependent spectral shifts, and peak absorbance ratios are used for decision making. Data derived from thin-layer chromatography and colorimetric tests are used for drugs without sufficiently strong spectra. The program can be interrupted and re-entered at any point if additional analyses are required. Results are printed out at the terminal after each step. Upon completion of the screen a summary report lists drugs present (with concentration), absent, and not tested. This system has been developed primarily for application in the general hospital laboratory. The drugs or drug groups included in the program comprise well over 90% of those involved in acute overdose.
Analysis and suppression of a common mode resonance in the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter

The common mode (CM) voltage and current issues due to the parasitic ground capacitance have been well reported for the PWM converters. However, most of the previous work focused on the CM voltage generated at the motor side, or the input/output filter design for the standard compliance purpose. This paper identified a unique ground loop resonance phenomenon for the cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter, which is generated internally due to the stray inductance of the bridge interconnection cable and the bus-to-ground parasitic capacitance. This resonance will increase the voltage and current stress in the power stage and therefore reduce the reliability of the system. The mechanism of the resonance is analyzed in detail and the corresponding suppression approach is discussed, proposing the preferred CM choke placement scheme. Simulation and experimental results provided verification of the resonance analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed suppression approach.
Mechanism of production of electronically excited BaO in the reaction of Ba vapor with O2

Abstract The reaction Ba + O 2 was studied by a diffusion flame technique. Emission from the A → X system of BaO was found to be unaffected by the presence of atomic oxygen but greatly affected by addition of inert third body. Results are explained by the incorporation of the complex BaO 2 into the mechanism.
The physics of fatigue crack initiation

Abstract The fatigue life of a component can be expressed as the sum of two segments of life: (a) the number of loading cycles required to initiate a crack and (b) the number of cycles it takes that crack to propagate to failure. In this review, the primary emphasis is relating the fatigue crack initiation to the microstructure of the material. Many studies have focused on this phenomenon over the years and the goal of this paper is to put this work in perspective and encourage future work of fatigue in polycrystals based on the material’s microstructure. In order to address fatigue, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms that facilitate crack initiation. Slip irreversibilities exist in a material and accumulate during fatigue loading. At the defect level, irreversibilities are a result of dislocations: annihilating, cross-slipping, penetrating precipitates, transmitting through grain boundaries, and piling-up. These slip irreversibilities are the early signs of damage during cyclic loading. The dislocations subsequently form low-energy, stable structures as a means to accommodate the irreversible slip processes and increasing dislocation density during cyclic forward and reverse loading. The result is strain localizing in a small region within the materials, i.e. persistent slip bands and dislocation cells/bundles. Strain localization is a precursor to crack initiation. This review paper will focus on experimental observations of strain localization and the theory and numerical analysis of both slip irreversibilities and low energy configuration defect structures. This fundamental understanding is necessary to study persistent slip bands in FCC metals and alloys including the appropriate characterization, theory, and modeling. From this fundamental knowledge both micromechanical and crystal plasticity models can be used to predict crack initiation, which are also reviewed. Finally, this review ends with a discussion of the future of fatigue modeling and experiments.
Note on Shim and Kim’s lower bounds for scheduling on identical parallel machines to minimize total tardiness

Abstract This note introduces a new lower bound for the problem of scheduling on parallel identical machines to minimize total tardiness that is based on the concepts used in the two lower bounds developed by Shim and Kim [Shim, S.O., Kim, Y.D., 2007. Scheduling on parallel identical machines to minimize total tardiness. European Journal of Operational Research 177, 135–146]. The note shows that the new lower bound dominates the three lower bounds used in Shim and Kim’s branch-and-bound algorithm and can be used in place of these lower bounds to lower the enumeration required.
Inhibition of maize endosperm cell division and endoreduplication by exogenously applied abscisic acid

Abscisic acid (ABA) is thought to play a role in inhibiting or aborting kernel growth during water deficit. To test the responsiveness of early endosperm development to ABA concentrations, cylinders containing (±)ABA in a buffered agar medium were applied to the apical pericarp surface of kernels on intact, well-watered maize (Zea mays L. cv. Pioneer Brand 3925) plants from 5 to 11 days after pollination (DAP). Endosperm nuclei were analyzed by flow cytometry to assess effects on cell division and endoreduplication. ABA treatments of ≥ 100 µM substantially decreased endosperm cell numbers and fresh weight accumulation, but did not affect average cell size. ABA at ≥ 300 µM decreased the proportion of nuclei in the size classes ≥ 12C, indicating that the rate of transition to endoreduplication status was inhibited, and decreased the progressive advance from 12C to 24C to 48C, indicating that the rate of S-phase cycling of endoreduplicating cells was inhibited. We conclude that cell division was more responsive to ABA concentrations than were endoreduplication or cell expansion growth.
Diarrhea caused by Shigella, rotavirus, and Giardia in day-care centers: Prospective study

We conducted a 19-month prospective study of children attending 20 day-care centers to determine the occurrence, causes, and transmission of gastroenteritis among children, staff, and family members. Nine centers had 15 outbreaks of diarrhea involving 195 persons. A enteropathogen was identified in all outbreaks. Shigella was detected in five outbreaks, rotavirus in two, giardia in one, and in the remaining seven multiple enteropathogens were identified. Rotavirus and Giardia occurred only in children less than 3 years of age; shigellosis occurred at all ages. In six DCC 68 single cases of diarrhea were not associated with an outbreak; an enteropathogen was identified in only three (4%) persons. Thirty-four family members (11%) developed diarrhea associated with the occurrence of gastroenteritis in children in six DCC evaluated for this problem. Secondary attack rates of diarrhea in families according to organisms identified in the DCC outbreaks were: Shigella 26%, rotavirus 15%, and G. lamblia 17%. DCC may play an important role in the epidemiology and transmission of gastroenteritis in the United States.
Zinc binding: a difference between human and bovine milk.

Gel chromatography indicated that most of the zinc in cow9s milk was associated with high-molecular-weight fractions, whereas zinc in human milk was associated with low-molecular-weight fractions. A species difference in zinc-binding ligands may explain why symptoms of the genetic disorder of zinc metabolism, acrodermatitis enteropathica, can be alleviated by feeding human but not cow9s milk.
Discovery and Scoring of Protein Interaction Subnetworks Discriminative of Late Stage Human Colon Cancer

We used a systems biology approach to identify and score protein interaction subnetworks whose activity patterns are discriminative of late stage human colorectal cancer (CRC) versus control in colonic tissue. We conducted two gel-based proteomics experiments to identify significantly changing proteins between normal and late stage tumor tissues obtained from an adequately sized cohort of human patients. A total of 67 proteins identified by these experiments was used to seed a search for protein-protein interaction subnetworks. A scoring scheme based on mutual information, calculated using gene expression data as a proxy for subnetwork activity, was developed to score the targets in the subnetworks. Based on this scoring, the subnetwork was pruned to identify the specific protein combinations that were significantly discriminative of late stage cancer versus control. These combinations could not be discovered using only proteomics data or by merely clustering the gene expression data. We then analyzed the resultant pruned subnetwork for biological relevance to human CRC. A number of the proteins in these smaller subnetworks have been associated with the progression (CSNK2A2, PLK1, and IGFBP3) or metastatic potential (PDGFRB) of CRC. Others have been recently identified as potential markers of CRC (IFITM1), and the role of others is largely unknown in this disease (CCT3, CCT5, CCT7, and GNA12). The functional interactions represented by these signatures provide new experimental hypotheses that merit follow-on validation for biological significance in this disease. Overall the method outlines a quantitative approach for integrating proteomics data, gene expression data, and the wealth of accumulated legacy experimental data to discover significant protein subnetworks specific to disease.
Growth Inhibition of Escherichia coli W by d-Norvalyl-d-Alanine: an Analogue of d-Alanine in Position 4 of the Peptide Subunit of Peptidoglycan

Position 4 analogues of d-alanine in the peptide subunit of uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-Ala(1)-dGlu(2)- Lys(3)-dAla(4)-dAla(5) have a significant inhibitory effect on penicillin-sensitive peptidoglycan synthesis in Gaffkya homari (C. V. Carpenter, S. Goyer, and F. C. Neuhaus, 1976). The specificity profile of this in vitro system has been used as a basis for designing analogues with potential antibacterial activity. To circumvent the specificity determinants exerted by d-alanine:d-alanine ligase (adenosine 5'-diphosphate), attention was directed to dd-dipeptides of the type d-alanyl-analogue-d-alanine as a method for incorporating analogues into position 4 of the peptide subunit in vivo. Of the three dipeptides, dAbu-dAla, dNva-dAla, and dVal-dAla, only dNva-dAla (5 x 10(-4) M) inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli W in the presence of 5 x 10(-6) M d-cycloserine. This concentration of d-cycloserine did not inhibit growth, but it potentiated the bactericidal activity of the dipeptide. The lack of antibacterial activity observed with dAbu-dAla and dVal-dAla was correlated with the poor ability of these dipeptides to be taken up via the dipeptide transport system of this organism. Prevention of lysis induced by dNva-dAla plus d-cycloserine by certain dipeptides and not by others supported this correlation. It is proposed that the d-norvalyl residue of the dipeptide is incorporated in vivo into position 4 of the peptide subunit of peptidoglycan, and that this subunit is not an effective substrate in the reaction(s) catalyzed by the penicillin-susceptible enzyme(s) of cross-linked peptidoglycan synthesis.
Bilateral capacity for speech sound processing in auditory comprehension: Evidence from Wada procedures

Data from lesion studies suggest that the ability to perceive speech sounds, as measured by auditory comprehension tasks, is supported by temporal lobe systems in both the left and right hemisphere. For example, patients with left temporal lobe damage and auditory comprehension deficits (i.e., Wernicke's aphasics), nonetheless comprehend isolated words better than one would expect if their speech perception system had been largely destroyed (70-80% accuracy). Further, when comprehension fails in such patients their errors are more often semantically-based, than-phonemically based. The question addressed by the present study is whether this ability of the right hemisphere to process speech sounds is a result of plastic reorganization following chronic left hemisphere damage, or whether the ability exists in undamaged language systems. We sought to test these possibilities by studying auditory comprehension in acute left versus right hemisphere deactivation during Wada procedures. A series of 20 patients undergoing clinically indicated Wada procedures were asked to listen to an auditorily presented stimulus word, and then point to its matching picture on a card that contained the target picture, a semantic foil, a phonemic foil, and an unrelated foil. This task was performed under three conditions, baseline, during left carotid injection of sodium amytal, and during right carotid injection of sodium amytal. Overall, left hemisphere injection led to a significantly higher error rate than right hemisphere injection. However, consistent with lesion work, the majority (75%) of these errors were semantic in nature. These findings suggest that auditory comprehension deficits are predominantly semantic in nature, even following acute left hemisphere disruption. This, in turn, supports the hypothesis that the right hemisphere is capable of speech sound processing in the intact brain.
Fixed ratio and fixed interval behavior of severely and profoundly retarded subjects

Abstract Profoundly and severely retarded Ss were studied with operant conditioning procedures. Through shaping techniques, an operant knob-pulling response was established by 15 profoundly and severely retarded Ss. The Ss showed rather typical fixed ratio behavior with high rates of responding and with pauses after reinforcement. Mild deprivation increased the number of responses per session for two Ss. For a third S a change in reinforcer increased the number of responses. Fixed interval schedules yielded low rates of responding with some evidence of temporal discrimination.
Erosion behavior and surface characterization of beryllium under high-flux deuterium plasma bombardment

Abstract The erosion of beryllium subject to a high-flux deuterium plasma is studied, including post-bombardment surface characterization. Simulating divertor plasma conditions of the ITER tokamak, the PISCES-B steady-state plasma facility at U.C., San Diego is used to bombard beryllium specimens. The measured sputtering yield is compared with theoretical Monte Carlo calculations using the TRIM.SP code, and with experimental values obtained by others using an ion beam facility. It is found that at elevated specimen temperatures (250°C ≤ T ≤ 720°C), low atomic number impurities of the plasma, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, form an impurity layer on the beryllium surface. This layer is not eroded away by extended plasma exposure but appears to be continuously regenerated. The presence of this film reduces the apparent sputtering yield of beryllium by up to two orders of magnitude. An in-situ emission spectroscopy technique is used to confirm the effect of deposited contaminants. Depth-profile Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) data shows that relative concentration of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in the thin film is each in the range, 10 to 20%. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data indicates the formation of BeO and a small amount of Be2C on the surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns obtained with a small angle of incidence show no evidence for crystalline Be2C and suggest that the impurity layer may have a disordered or amorphous structure. Importantly, no impurity deposition is observed when the specimen is maintained at room temperature (∼ 40°C). Application of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirms that the low temperature surface is free of impurities except for a trace amount of oxygen. The sputtering yield measured at room temperature agrees with theoretical values within a factor of two.
Against the Yuck Factor: On the Ideal Role of Disgust in Society

The view we defend is that in virtue of its nature, disgust is not fit to do any moral or social work whatsoever, and that there are no defensible uses for disgust in legal or political institutions. We first describe our favoured empirical theory of the nature of disgust. Turning from descriptive to normative issues, we address the best arguments in favour of granting disgust the power to justify certain judgements, and to serve as a social tool, respectively. Daniel Kahan advances a pair of theses that suggest disgust is indispensable (Moral Indispensability Thesis), and so has an important part to play in the functioning of a just, well-ordered society (Conservation Thesis). We develop responses and show how they rebut the arguments given in support of each thesis. We conclude that any society free of social disgust would be more just, reasonable and compassionate.
Bone growth during rapamycin therapy in young rats

Rapamycin is an effective immunosuppressant widely used to maintain the renal allograft in pediatric patients. Linear growth may be adversely affected in young children since rapamycin has potent anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties. Weanling three week old rats were given rapamycin at 2.5 mg/kg daily by gavage for 2 or 4 weeks and compared to a Control group given equivalent amount of saline. Morphometric measurements and biochemical determinations for serum calcium, phosphate, iPTH, urea nitrogen, creatinine and insulin-growth factor I (IGF-I) were obtained. Histomorphometric analysis of the growth plate cartilage, in-situ hybridization experiments and immunohistochemical studies for various proteins were performed to evaluate for chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte differentiation and chondro/osteoclastic resorption. At the end of the 2 weeks, body and tibia length measurements were shorter after rapamycin therapy associated with an enlargement of the hypertrophic zone in the growth plate cartilage. There was a decrease in chondrocyte proliferation assessed by histone-4 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expression. A reduction in parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTH/PTHrP) and an increase in Indian hedgehog (Ihh) expression may explain in part, the increase number of hypertrophic chondrocytes. The number of TRAP positive multinucleated chondro/osteoclasts declined in the chondro-osseous junction with a decrease in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa β ligand (RANKL) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Although body and tibial length remained short after 4 weeks of rapamycin, changes in the expression of chondrocyte proliferation, chondrocyte differentiation and chondro/osteoclastic resorption which were significant after 2 weeks of rapamycin improved at the end of 4 weeks. When given to young rats, 2 weeks of rapamycin significantly decreased endochondral bone growth. No catch-up growth was demonstrated at the end of 4 weeks, although markers of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation improved. Clinical studies need to be done to evaluate these changes in growing children.
Relative selective action of propranolol on cardiovascular and respiratory responses to isoproterenol

Organ selectivity of beta sympathetic blockade with propranolol was studied in 6 normal men by comparing the cardiovascular and respiration responses during isoproterenol infusions before and after propranolol. Beta sympathetic blockade was achieved with propranolol and was considered present when there was no heart rate (HR) response to isoproterenol during an infusion tenfold greater than that which raised HR 25% during a control period. During blockade there was no change in HR or systolic or diastolic blood pressure during isoproterenol infusions. There was a consistent (p < 0.05) rise in resting ventilation (+17%), oxygen consumption (+9%), and carbon dioxide production (+15%) with low-dose (raised HR 10% before blockade) isoproterenol infusion during blockade. These respiratory effects of low-dose isoproterenol during cardiovascular blockade were quantitatively similar to that before blockade. With infusion that raised HR 25%, there was a further increase in VE, VO2, and VCO2 before blockade but no further increase during beta blockade. Changes in acid-base status did not explain the increase in VE during blockade. We conclude that there are differences between effectiveness of propranolol blockade of the cardiovascular system and of the respiratory system. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 27, 454–459; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.63
Information security policy: An organizational-level process model

To protect information systems from increasing levels of cyber threats, organizations are compelled to institute security programs. Because information security policies are a necessary foundation of organizational security programs, there exists a need for scholarly contributions in this important area. Using a methodology involving qualitative techniques, we develop an information security policy process model based on responses from a sample of certified information security professionals. As the primary contribution of this research study, the proposed model illustrates a general yet comprehensive policy process in a distinctive form not found in existing professional standards or academic publications. This study's model goes beyond the models illustrated in the literature by depicting a larger organizational context that includes key external and internal influences that can materially impact organizational processes. The model that evolved from the data in this research reflects the recommended practices of our sample of certified professionals, thus providing a practical representation of an information security policy process for modern organizations. Before offering our concluding comments, we compare the results of the study with the literature in both theory and practice and also discuss limitations of the study. To the benefit of the practitioner and research communities alike, the model in this study offers a step forward, as well as an opportunity for making further advancements in the increasingly critical area of information security policy.
Nd isotopic evidence for the position of southernmost Indian terranes within East Gondwana

Abstract Sm-Nd model ages of orthopyroxene-bearing massif charnockites from the Cardamom Hills Massif and adjoining supracrustal rocks from the Kerala Khondalite Belt in southernmost India are used to infer some of the relationships within these rocks and between them and neighboring areas. Most of these rocks have model ages of 2.1–2.8 Ga with most charnockites in the range 2.2–2.6 Ga. Thus, 3.0–3.4 Ga Archean rocks to their north did not contribute material to either suite and the two suites may have been juxtaposed after formation of the supracrustal rocks. The similarity of Sm-Nd isotope systems in the two units studied here supports an argument that the massif charnockites were the primary sole source of the detritus incorporated into the supracrustal rocks. A cordierite gneiss, representative of a relatively minor lithology in the supracrustal belt, has a model age of ∼ 1.3 Ga. The protolith of this gneiss not only formed from much younger material than the rest of the belt but also formed significantly after the other metasedimentary rocks. The source material of the gneiss protolith may have been located in the Wanni and Vijayan Complexes of Sri Lanka. The overlap of the model ages of rocks in this area and those in the Highland Complex of Sri Lanka supports the notion that these two sets of rocks were joined to each other in Gondwana. They belong to a belt that ran from Antarctica through Sri Lanka and India into Madagascar. This belt was involved in Pan-African tectono-metamorphism, as reflected in the ∼ 550 Ma age of the last, granulite-forming, event throughout the belt.
New method for reduction of astrolabe observations using rectangular coordinates on the celestial sphere

A new reduction method usingx, y, z-coordinates is derived for astrolabe observations. By this method, the latitude and the longitude of the station are computed without the need of a priori knowledge of the station position. This method is a significant development in data reduction of astrolabe and other almucantar observations due to its mathematical exactness, simplicity, and the ease of handling the associated statistics.
Stress Analysis of Thick Laminated Composite and Sandwich Plates

Because of the relatively soft interlaminar shear modulus in high per formance composites, laminated plate theory based on the Kirchhoff hypothesis becomes inaccurate for determining gross plate re...
Temperature dependant characteristics of scaled NMOS transistors with ultra-thin high-K dielectrics and metal gate electrodes

This paper discusses the temperature dependence of the threshold voltage, electron mobility and gate leakage current for the scaled NMOS transistor, which has an interfacial SiO2 layer of 0.5 nm and an ALD (atomic layer deposition) fabricated HfO2 dielectric layer of 2.0 nm with a 10 nm TiN metal gate electrode covered by polysilicon.
Differential gene expression of RAW 264.7 macrophages in response to the RGD peptide lunasin with and without lipopolysaccharide stimulation

Lunasin is a novel peptide from soybean with demonstrated chemopreventive property. We compared the effect of lunasin on gene expression of RAW 264.7 macrophages with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulation. Our hypothesis was that lunasin will have a differential effect in RAW 264.7 gene expression in a normal and challenged state. Analysis of the microarray data using False Discovery Rate (FDR) method resulted in the identification of 340 up-regulated and 162 down-regulated genes (FDR p-value <0.05) associated with simultaneous treatment of lunasin and LPS for 24h. Treatment of lunasin with no LPS for 24h resulted in the up-regulation of 855 genes and down-regulation of 397 genes. Pre-treatment of lunasin for 24h resulted in the up-regulation of 35 genes and down-regulation of 65 genes in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. GeneVenn analysis of these three sets of genes showed that there are 66 genes common among the three groups which are mostly associated with regulation of cell death, ion binding and transcription as datamined by DAVID. Analysis of the 838 genes unique to lunasin alone by functional annotation clustering tool showed that lunasin mostly affected genes associated with RNA processing, apoptosis and protein kinase activity. Further datamining of these genes by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) showed that lunasin affected genes involved in cellular growth and proliferation, cellular function and maintenance, and cell to cell signaling and interaction. These findings support the potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic use of lunasin against cancer.
The Gender Debate About Intimate Partner Violence: Solutions and Dead Ends

The debate on gender continues to define much scholarship on partner violence. No other single issue is as important to identifying one's theoretical and political position among those who are concerned about intimate partner violence (IPV). At this point in time, several well-documented conclusions can be drawn. First, two common estimates--under 10% female-perpetrated and 50% or more female-perpetrated--are quite discrepant from virtually all other data on physical violence. Second, several key definitional and measurement issues explain a large part of this discrepancy. Third, a number of commonly mentioned possibilities for measurement artifacts are unlikely sources of the gender parity found in many studies of IPV. This article will review each of these issues and suggest a third approach, the moderate asymmetry approach. The moderate asymmetry hypothesis for IPV is currently best-supported by the data, and it should be emphasized until a better alternative is found.