cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models: Linear regression: the basics

Linear regression is a method that summarizes how the average values of a numerical outcome variable vary over subpopulations defined by linear functions of predictors . Introductory statistics and regression texts often focus on how regression can be used to represent relationships between variables, rather than as a comparison of average outcomes. By focusing on regression as a comparison of averages, we are being explicit about its limitations for defining these relationships causally, an issue to which we return in Chapter 9. Regression can be used to predict an outcome given a linear function of these predictors, and regression coefficients can be thought of as comparisons across predicted values or as comparisons among averages in the data. One predictor We begin by understanding the coefficients without worrying about issues of estimation and uncertainty. We shall fit a series of regressions predicting cognitive test scores of three- and four-year-old children given characteristics of their mothers, using data from a survey of adult American women and their children (a subsample from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth). For a binary predictor, the regression coefficient is the difference between the averages of the two groups We start by modeling the children's test scores given an indicator for whether the mother graduated from high school (coded as 1) or not (coded as 0).
Reduction of Noise Produced by Small and Medium 2-Pole Turbine Generators [includes discussion]

In 1945, a systematic program aimed at reducing the noise level of their small and medium size 2-pole turbine generators was undertaken by the company with which the authors are associated. Factory tests on over 110 air-cooled generators ranging from 1,000-kw to 12,500-kw rating indicate that the average noise level of this line of machines has been reduced over 6 decibels. This noise level reduction has been brought about primarily by reducing sound energy transmission. One of the most important methods of reducing sound transmission is to keep the natural mechanical frequency of any part well away from any of the forcing frequencies. A discussion is given of the analytical work, the design program, the test equipment, and the development of a test procedure for obtaining consistent test results. The methods used in this program are general, and are applicable to the reduction of noise generated by other electrical apparatus.
MEMS-actuated magnetic probe-based storage

There are significant gaps in the memory hierarchy of small and large computer systems. Gaps in entry price, latency, power, and volume can be filled with a non-volatile probe-based MEMS-actuated storage chip. The Carnegie Mellon vision for this system uses a magnetic storage medium positioned in the xy plane by electrostatic comb motors, and writes magnetically using an array of probe tips, each positioned by a z axis servo. This paper reviews published work by several Carnegie Mellon authors on aspects of this system.
Towards Uniformly Efficient Trend Estimation Under Weak/Strong Correlation and Non-stationary Volatility

In this paper, we consider the deterministic trend model where the error process is allowed to be weakly or strongly correlated and subject to non-stationary volatility. Extant estimators of the trend coefficient are analysed. We find that under heteroskedasticity, the Cochrane–Orcutt-type estimator (with some initial condition) could be less efficient than Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) when the process is highly persistent, whereas it is asymptotically equivalent to OLS when the process is less persistent. An efficient non-parametrically weighted Cochrane–Orcutt-type estimator is then proposed. The efficiency is uniform over weak or strong serial correlation and non-stationary volatility of unknown form. The feasible estimator relies on non-parametric estimation of the volatility function, and the asymptotic theory is provided. We use the data-dependent smoothing bandwidth that can automatically adjust for the strength of non-stationarity in volatilities. The implementation does not require pretesting persistence of the process or specification of non-stationary volatility. Finite-sample evaluation via simulations and an empirical application demonstrates the good performance of proposed estimators.
Indeterminate body growth and lack of gonadal decline in the brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus), an organism exhibiting negligible brain senescence

The brown ghost knifefish (Apteronotus leptorhynchus (Ellis in Eigenmann, 1912)) is the only vertebrate organism identified thus far that exhibits negligible brain senescence. The present study exa...
Electrodeposition of Thin Films of Nickel‐Iron: II . Modeling

A mathematical model is developed to simulate the electrodeposition of the nickel‐iron alloy from simple sulfate solutions. Equilibrium calculations indicate the importance of the metal monohydroxide species in the codeposition mechanism. A one‐dimensional diffusion model of the codeposition is developed and agrees well with experimental results for different bath compositions and operating conditions. The sensitivity of the model is evaluated and a mechanism for the anomalous codeposition of nickel‐iron is proposed.
Three approaches to type structure

We examine three disparate views of the type structure of programming languages: Milner's type deduction system and polymorphic let construct, the theory of subtypes and generic operators, and the polymorphic or second-order typed lambda calculus. These approaches are illustrated with a functional language including product, sum and list constructors. The syntactic behavior of types is formalized with type inference rules, but their semantics is treated intuitively.
Role of the carboxyl-terminal domain of TolA in protein import and integrity of the outer membrane.

Abstract The TolA protein is involved in maintaining the integrity of the outer membrane of Escherichia coli, as mutations in tolA cause the bacteria to become hypersensitive to detergents and certain antibiotics and to leak periplasmic proteins into the medium. This protein also is required for the group A colicins to exert their effects and for many of the filamentous single-stranded bacteriophage to infect the bacterial cell. TolA is a three-domain protein, with the amino-terminal domain anchoring it to the inner membrane. The helical second domain is proposed to span the periplasmic space to allow the carboxyl-terminal third domain to interact with the outer membrane. A plasmid that allowed the synthesis and transport of the carboxyl-terminal third domain into the periplasmic space was constructed. The presence of an excess of this domain in the periplasm of a wild-type cell resulted in an increased sensitivity to deoxycholate, the release of periplasmic alkaline phosphatase and RNase into the medium, and an increased tolerance to colicins E1, E2, E3, and A. There was no effect on the cells' response to colicin D, which depends on TonB instead of TolA for its action. The presence of the free carboxyl-terminal domain of TolA in the periplasm in a tolA null mutation did not restore the wild-type phenotype, suggesting that this domain must be part of the intact TolA molecule to perform its function. Our results are consistent with a model in which the carboxyl-terminal domain of TolA interacts with components in the periplasm or on the inner surface of the outer membrane to function in maintaining the integrity of this membrane.
RFID survivability quantification and attack modeling

In this paper, we present an RFID survivability experiment and quantitatively measure the degree of survivability of an RFID system under varying attacks. By modeling different malicious scenarios using stochastic process algebras, we show the different effects of those attacks on an RFID system's ability to provide critical services even when some components have been damaged. Our model relates its statistic to the attack strategies and security recovery. The model is the first of its kind to formally represent and simulate attacks on RFID systems from a survivability perspective and to measure the degree of survivability of an RFID system under different attacks.
Major abdominal surgery of the neonate: anaesthetic considerations

The anaesthetic handling of neonates scheduled for major abdominal surgical procedures is one of the most demanding tasks that can confront an anaesthesiologist. This chapter will review the specific physiological characteristics of the newborn with relevance to anaesthesia and will also provide robust guidelines for the anaesthetic handling of the most frequent diagnoses that need major abdominal surgery during the neonatal period.
Trajectory Analysis for Vertical Takeoff and Vertical Landing Reusable Launch Vehicle's Upper Stage

Reusable launch vehicles are a promising business for the future because of their flexibility, reliability, low cost, and good operability. There are two takeoff styles: the vertical takeoff and the horizontal takeoff. Compared to the horizontal takeoff vehicle, the vertical takeoff reusable launch vehicle has advantages, such as a shorter down-range landing, a quicker recovery system (wherein takeoff and landing happen in approximately the same location), and a lighter weight. A vertical profile is used for vertical takeoff and vertical landing (VTVL) vehicles to achieve a recovery at the launch site. However, the first stage of the vertical takeoff reusable launch vehicle (RLV) typically can provide a very small or even zero velocity to its second or upper stage, if the upper stage is released at the peak altitude. Therefore, primarily, this type of launch vehicle is used to achieve hundreds of seconds in a microgravity environment. The upper stage payload delivery capabilities of a vertical takeoff RLV...
Glucose transporter glut 5 expression in microglial cells

Glut 5 is a member of a family of facilitative glucose transporter proteins that are involved in the transportation of glucose and/or fructose across plasma membranes. Glut 5 is one of three isoforms expressed in brain. Using immunocytochemical and immunoblotting techniques in formalin fixed tissue, we have shown that Glut 5 is exclusively expressed in microglial cells of the human and rat brain. Our data demonstrate that unlike other microglial markers, Glut 5 can be used as a microglial marker in formalin fixed tissue.
Corrections to Where do sets come from

My paper [1] contains two egregious errors. Contrary to a remark on p. 151, ZFC + GCH does not imply that af infinite cardinals are acceptable. (I made a similar error in [2].) In fact, ZFC implies that all singular cardinals are not acceptable. (Example: Power(N,) injects into n which injects into the set of countable subsets of N..) Thus ZFC + GCH implies that a cardinal is acceptable iff it is infinite and regular. I thank Richard G. Heck, Jr., for straightening me out on all this. The above shows that, contrary to my claim on p. 162, the Union Axiom is Al,-valid! Setting my embarrassment aside, this is good news. The Union Axiom has never been controversial, and seems self-evident under the limitation-of-size conception of sethdod. It should prima facie come out valid in a logic embodying that conception; when I thought it not Al,-valid I felt that counted against Al, (and similarly for MO1s). Now this, at least, is as it should be. Note also that Replacement is Al,-valid (and MO,,-valid). Finally, the proof of Fact 3.2 can be simplified: since an acceptable model has regular cardinality, by Fact 1.2 the sequence j<, can be cut off at S'(3).
Nuclear-spin relaxation in molecular solids with reorienting methyl and t -butyl groups: The spectral density and the state of the solid

We have measured the temperature T dependence of the proton Zeeman relaxation rate R in polycrystalline 1,3-di-t-butylbenzene (1,3-DTB) at Larmor frequencies of \ensuremath{\omega}/(2\ensuremath{\pi})=8.50, 22.5, and 53.0 MHz. The relaxation is caused by the modulation of the methyl proton dipole-dipole interactions by the reorientation of the t-butyl groups [C(${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$${)}_{3}$] and their three constituent methyl groups (${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$).There are two solid phases which either have a large hysteresis of at least 90 K, or are both stable below 200 K. The sample melts at 262 K. We interpret the high-temperature phase R-versus-${T}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ data with three models. First, we adopt a one-correlation-time model using a Davidson-Cole spectral density which suggests that there is a distribution of correlation times, or, equivalently, a distribution of activation energies for t-butyl and methyl group reorientation. In this case, the methyl and t-butyl reorientation is characterized by a cutoff activation energy of 17\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 kJ/mol which is to be compared with 18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 kJ/mol in 1,4-DTB [P. A. Beckmann, F. A. Fusco, and A. E. O'Neill, J. Magn. Reson. 59, 63 (1984)] in which there is only the one phase. Second, we adopt two two-correlation-time models using Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound spectral densities; one based on the dynamical inequivalence of the methyl groups in each t-butyl group and one based on the dynamical inequivalence of different t-butyl groups, either because of intramolecular effects or because of intermolecular (crystal-structure) effects. In the low-temperature phase of 1,3-DTB, R(\ensuremath{\omega},T) is unusual in that it is Larmor-frequency dependent in the short-correlation-time limit (i.e., temperatures above the relaxation rate maximum). We have fit the data with a Havriliak-Negami spectral density (which reduces to a Davidson-Cole spectral density when one of the parameters becomes unity which, in turn, reduces to a Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound spectral density when an additional parameter becomes unity). The fit, with an effective activation energy of 10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 kJ/mol, suggests that this low-temperature phase in 1,3-DTB is a glassy state. We relate the Havriliak-Negami spectral density to the Dissado-Hill spectral density which has a fundamental microscopic basis and which has been used to interpret a vast quantity of dielectric relaxation data as well as some mechanical relaxation data.
Perceptual Withdrawal from an Invasion of Personal Space: A Methodological Note

Subjects experiencing intrusion of personal space indicated which stimulus figures from homogeneous arrays first attracted their attention. The distance of the selected figure from the intruder was shown to be sensitive to degree of invasion.
Resection and adjuvant immunotherapy for melanoma metastatic to the lung and thorax

Although melamoma that metastasizes to distant sites is generally associated with a median survival of only 6 to 8 months, certain metastatic sites including the lung may carry a better prognosis than others. Surgical therapy for pulmonary metastases remains controversial because of the variable survival rates reported for previous small series. To determine the prognosis and optimal management of patients with melanoma with pulmonary metastases, we reviewed our 22-year melanoma database of over 6100 patients. Of 984 patients with metastatic melanoma involving the lung or thorax, 106 underwent resection by posterior lateral thoracotomy or median sternotomy. There were no operative deaths, and the median follow-up period for surgical patients was 55 months. The remaining 878 patients were treated without operation with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination. In both treatment groups the male/female ratio was approximately 2:1. The primary lesion's Clark level of invasion and Breslow thickness and the patient's age at diagnosis of metastatic disease were not significantly different between the two groups. The 1-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rates for surgical patients were 77%, 37%, and 27%, respectively, compared with 32%, 7%, and 3% for nonsurgical patients; these differences were highly significant ( p =0.0001). The highest 5-year survival rate (39%) occurred in those patients with a single metastatic lesion. Sixty-three percent of the surgical patients received some form of immunotherapy, compared with 34% of the nonsurgical patients. Multivariate analysis showed that resection and immunotherapy with a melanoma cell vaccine were both independent predictors of survival ( p
Guanylyl Cyclases: Approaching Year Thirty

Since its discovery in 1963, cyclic GMP (cGMP) has been shown to be a ubiquitous second messenger. The enzymes that catalyze the formation of cGMP from GTP, guanylyl cyclases, exist in soluble and particulate isoforms. An explosion in the number of known isoforms, gene disruption, identification of new inhibitors and activators and finally the resolution of the structure of adenylyl cyclases have all provided important clues about the structure and function of guanylyl cyclases. This article gives a brief review of the recent developments in the field of guanylyl cyclase research.
First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875–1920 by Jeffrey S. Adler

First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920. By Jeffrey S. Adler. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. 384. $35.00 cloth. Reviewed by Lawrence M. Friedman, Stanford University This is an excellent book, and a valuable addition to the literature on the history of homicide in the United States. It supplements, for Chicago, the work of Roger Lane (Philadelphia) and Eric Monkkonen (New York). Adler pieced his story together, using police records, newspapers, court records, coroners' inquests, and anything else he could find; the result is a rich, detailed, and illuminating picture of murders in Chicago during this period-5,645 cases of homicide, to be exact. This includes as close as one can get to all the homicides reported to the police (even, presumably, those that remain unsolved). This book is about these homicides. It is, naturally, a pretty depressing story: every murder was after all a tragic event, and usually a double tragedy, ending one life and ruining at least one more. There are no happy endings. Murder has always been (fortunately) a fairly unusual crime, even in the most violent times and places. Think of how many more rapes, burglaries, and armed robberies must have occurred in Chicago during this 45-year period. Murder is, however, easier to count than other serious crimes. Nobody has any idea how many women were raped in 1890 in Chicago, for a variety of reasons. A dead body, on the other hand, is hard to ignore, and rarely goes unreported. Homicide figures are by far the most accurate figures there are for any crime. And what we call homicide has a fairly stable definition-as a rule. But not always. When, in the twentieth century, drivers of cars started killing people, police or coroners asked for indictments for manslaughter or murder in about 12 percent of these incidents, usually involving drunks or joyriders (p. 214). Deaths after illegal abortions are also homicide only if you define them that way; the number of these cases that were prosecuted grew greatly in the twentieth century (see p. 219). The "dark figure" for homicides is much smaller than the "dark figure" for other crimes; but there are considerable numbers of deaths that might be called accidental, or otherwise not reported as a "homicide." There is good reason to think-and Adler pretty much demonstrates as much - that these definitions did change a good deal over this time period. Adler writes well and gracefully. He tells a story that is interesting in itself; but it also sheds considerable light on social history. What one might call fashions in homicide are socially determined, like everything else. In the late nineteenth century, for example, a great many homicides came out of drunken brawls in taverns. …
Adherence to HIV Treatment and Care Among Previously Homeless Jail Detainees

HIV-infected persons entering the criminal justice system (CJS) often experience suboptimal healthcare system engagement and social instability, including homelessness. We evaluated surveys from a multisite study of 743 HIV-infected jail detainees prescribed or eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART) to understand correlates of healthcare engagement prior to incarceration, focusing on differences by housing status. Dependent variables of healthcare engagement were: (1) having an HIV provider, (2) taking ART, and (3) being adherent (≥95% of prescribed doses) to ART during the week before incarceration. Homeless subjects, compared to their housed counterparts, were significantly less likely to be engaged in healthcare using any measure. Despite Ryan White funding availability, insurance coverage remains insufficient among those entering jails, and having health insurance was the most significant factor correlated with having an HIV provider and taking ART. Individuals interfacing with the CJS, especially those unstably housed, need innovative interventions to facilitate healthcare access and retention.
Pre-natal exposures to cocaine and alcohol and physical growth patterns to age 8 years

Two hundred and two primarily African American/Caribbean children (classified by maternal report and infant meconium as 38 heavier, 74 lighter and 89 not cocaine-exposed) were measured repeatedly from birth to age 8 years to assess whether there is an independent effect of pre-natal cocaine exposure on physical growth patterns. Children with fetal alcohol syndrome identifiable at birth were excluded. At birth, cocaine and alcohol exposures were significantly and independently associated with lower weight, length and head circumference in cross-sectional multiple regression analyses. The relationship over time of pre-natal exposures to weight, height, and head circumference was then examined by multiple linear regression using mixed linear models including covariates: child's gestational age, gender, ethnicity, age at assessment, current caregiver, birth mother's use of alcohol, marijuana and tobacco during the pregnancy and pre-pregnancy weight (for child's weight) and height (for child's height and head circumference). The cocaine effects did not persist beyond infancy in piecewise linear mixed models, but a significant and independent negative effect of pre-natal alcohol exposure persisted for weight, height, and head circumference. Catch-up growth in cocaine-exposed infants occurred primarily by 6 months of age for all growth parameters, with some small fluctuations in growth rates in the preschool age range but no detectable differences between heavier versus unexposed nor lighter versus unexposed thereafter.
Demonstration of Infectious Taura Syndrome Virus in the Feces of Seagulls Collected during an Epizootic in Texas

Abstract Laughing gulls Larus atricilla were observed feeding on diseased shrimp Penaeus vannamei during an epizootic of the Taura syndrome virus (TSV) at a south Texas farm in May 1995. Fresh fecal samples were collected from a gull roosting site on a pond levee where gulls that fed on diseased shrimp had roosted overnight. The feces samples were tested for the presence of TSV by injection bioassay. A cell-free clarified homogenate of the fecal material was injected into indicator P. vannamei, and the shrimp were observed for 9 d. Cumulative mortalities of the two replicate groups of indicator shrimp were 45% and 70%. Moribund indicator shrimp collected and preserved for histological examination exhibited lesions pathognomonic for acutephase infections by TSV. The presence of TSV in the induced lesions was confirmed with in situ hybridization with cDNA probes specific for a portion of the TSV genome. The presence of infectious TSV in the gulls' feces supports the hypothesis that these birds are a probabl...
ICT Development and the Regional vs. Global Strategies of MNEs

This paper investigates the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on the spatial dispersion of FDI. Using a gravity model, we find that geographic distance remains negative for bilateral FDI activities and ICT advances in source countries have no statistically significant impact on outward FDI. However, ICT advances in host countries have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between distance and FDI. In other words, although ICT does not change the regional orientation of MNEs, it has increased the ability for a country to attract FDI by increasing its attractiveness as an FDI destination in a region.
The Proteases, Amylase and Lipase of the Intestinal Contents of Germfree and Conventional Chickens

Abstract INTRODUCTION IN STUDIES carried out on the pancreatic function in chickens, measurements were made upon the proteases, amylase and lipase of the pancreas and of the corresponding enzymes of the contents of the intestine, ceca and colon (Lepkovsky et al., unpublished data). It was difficult to interpret the measurements obtained on the enzymes in the contents of the intestine, ceca and colon because the activity of these enzymes represented the algebraic sum of the activity of the enzymes entering the duodenum with the pancreatic juice, the losses due to inactivating mechanisms and the losses or gains due to the activity of the microflora. Information was needed about the action of the microflora upon the digestive enzymes in the intestinal contents, and this information was obtained with the use of germfree and conventional chickens. EXPERIMENTAL Germfree chickens were hatched from White Leghorn eggs purchased from HiView Farms, LaPaz, Indiana. They were…
Wavelength-Specific Synergy Between Ultraviolet Radiation and Interleukin-1α in the Regulation of Matrix-Related Genes: Mechanistic Role for Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

Ultraviolet light causes both acute and chronic changes in extracellular matrix. We sought to examine the effects of different ultraviolet wavelengths on expression of matrix-related genes in fibroblasts. We previously reported that tropoelastin gene expression in vivo decreases with acute ultraviolet B exposure, and interleukin-1α-mediated upregulation of tropoelastin is blocked in vitro after ultraviolet B radiation. In this study, we found that only ultraviolet B, but not ultraviolet A or ultraviolet A1, blocked the ability of interleukin-1α to stimulate tropoelastin expression in vitro . Ultraviolet B and interleukin-1α synergistically increased tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by fibroblasts, a finding not seen with ultraviolet B alone nor with ultraviolet A or ultraviolet A1 combined with interleukin-1α. Keratinocytes showed a similar ultraviolet B-specific induction of tumor necrosis factor-α production. Addition of tumor necrosis factor-α to cultured fibroblasts blocked interleukin-1α-induced stimulation of tropoelastin message, and addition of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibodies restored the responsiveness of tropoelastin and collagen messages to exogenous interleukin-1α after ultraviolet B exposure. We conclude that interleukin-1α in combination specifically with ultraviolet B induces fibroblasts to secrete tumor necrosis factor-α, and that this ultraviolet B-specific induction of tumor necrosis factor-α secretion is responsible for effects of ultraviolet B on the expression of matrix-related genes in the skin.
People use the memory for past-test heuristic as an explicit cue for judgments of learning

When people estimate their memory for to-be-learned material over multiple study–test trials, they tend to base their judgments of learning (JOLs) on their test performance for those materials on the previous trial. Their use of this information—known as the memory for past-test (MPT) heuristic—is believed to be responsible for improvements in the relative accuracy (resolution) of people’s JOLs across learning trials. Although participants seem to use past-test information as a major basis for their JOLs, little is known about how learners translate this information into a judgment of learning. Toward this end, in two experiments, we examined whether participants factored past-test performance into their JOLs in either an explicit, theory-based way or an implicit way. To do so, we had one group of participants (learners) study paired associates, make JOLs, and take a test on two study–test trials. Other participants (observers) viewed learners’ protocols and made JOLs for the learners. Presumably, observers could only use theory-based information to make JOLs for the learners, which allowed us to estimate the contribution of explicit and implicit information to learners’ JOLs. Our analyses suggest that all participants factored simple past-test performance into their JOLs in an explicit, theory-based way but that this information made limited contributions to improvements in relative accuracy across trials. In contrast, learners also used other privileged, implicit information about their learning to inform their judgments (that observers had no access to) that allowed them to achieve further improvements in relative accuracy across trials.
Genomic analysis of murine phospholipase D1 and comparison to phospholipase D2 reveals an unusual difference in gene size.

Abstract Phospholipase D (PLD) catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to generate phosphatidic acid and choline. In mammals, PLD activity is encoded by two different genes, PLD1 and PLD2. cDNAs for human, mouse and rat PLD1 and PLD2 and the mouse PLD2 genomic organization have recently been reported. In this article, we describe the genomic organization of mouse PLD1. Mouse PLD1 (mPLD1) contains 28 exons and spans approximately 147 kb. This is much larger than the closely related mouse PLD2 (mPLD2) gene (17 kb) and indicates that a rapid 20-fold extension/contraction of the set of introns for one of the genes has occurred. This change is not apparently due to PLD1-specific repetitive element mediated expansion. Similar to mPLD2, most PLD1 exons are less than 200 bp in length. Only the final exon, containing in part the 3′ UTR, is significantly longer (881 bp). Comparison of the mPLD1 and mPLD2 exon–intron boundaries revealed that almost all of the sites are conserved. The mPLD1 5′ UTR is interrupted by two large introns, 16 and 30 kb in length. A PLD1-specific sequence known as the `loop' region is encoded by two non-conserved exons. The boundary between the loop-encoding exons matches precisely the site at which an alternately spliced isoform had been proposed to be initiated.
Determination of sulfur species by cathodic square wave stripping voltammetry; Compounds relevant to natural sulfur mineralization.

The feasibility of rapid analysis of a number of environmentally important sulfur compounds by cathodic square wave stripping voltammetry at a mercury electrode has been investigated. For cysteine/cystine a relatively anodic peak was identified, which is ascribed to the stripping of a mercurous species. The dependence of the peak currents on pH was found to be different for cysteine and cystine. Methionine and thioproline gave similar stripping peaks to those for cysteine. It is proposed that they arise from species deposited by oxidative hydrolysis. A complex ion is proposed to cause the stripping peak of thiosulfate and tetrathionate, while polysulfides give both a HgS stripping peak and a non-adsorptive reduction peak. Limits of detection are in the 10−8–10−9M range.
An integrated systems approach to process control and maintenance

Abstract Organizational leaders increasingly recognize process management as an essential element in organizational performance. Two key tools for process management––Statistical Process Control and Maintenance Management––can create profound economic benefits, particularly when they are coordinated. This paper demonstrates the value of integrating Statistical Process Control and maintenance by jointly optimizing their policies to minimize the total costs associated with quality, maintenance, and inspection. While maintenance is often scheduled periodically, this analysis encourages “adaptive” maintenance where the maintenance schedule accelerates when the process becomes unstable. This paper presents a number of models to demonstrate the economic behavior and value of coordinating process control and maintenance. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to develop insights into the economic and process variables that influence the integration efforts.
Reaching the Mountaintop: Addressing the Common Core Standards in Mathematics for Students with Mathematics Difficulties

The Common Core State Standards provide teachers with a framework of necessary mathematics skills across grades K-12, which vary considerably from previous mathematics standards. In this article, we discuss concerns about the implications of the Common Core for students with mathematics difficulties (MD), given that students with MD, by definition, struggle with mathematical skills. We suggest that instruction centered on the Common Core will be challenging and may lead to problematic outcomes for this population. We propose that working on foundational skills related to the Common Core standards is a necessary component of mathematics instruction for students with MD, and we provide teachers with a framework for working on foundational skills concurrent with the Common Core standards. We caution, however, that implementation of the Common Core is in its infancy, and the implications of the Common Core for students with MD need to be monitored carefully.
Iranian *L, and Some Persian and Zaza Etymologies

This paper aims to establish Proto-Iranian *l by focusing on a variety of words in (I) Persian and (II) Zaza, many of which are of intrinsic etymological interest. In addition, (III) other etymologically noteworthy Zaza words are discussed.
Evaluation and treatment of substance use problems among adolescents in emergency departments

Abstract This paper summarizes research on the epidemiology, screening, and brief treatment of adolescent substance abusers in emergency departments (EDs). The admission rate for emergency treatment of substance-related illness and injury for older adolescents is as high or higher than the admission rate for adult patients. Still, compared with adults, there has been less research and fewer systematic attempts to screen for and treat problematic substance use among adolescents presenting to EDs. Brief screening instruments can be quickly and easily administered from memory and recent research has shown that brief screens are effective for differentiating adolescents with substance use problems from their non-substance abusing peers in EDs. While few studies have tested brief interventions with adolescents in the ED, generally positive results have been found for reducing adolescent substance-related risk for injury. The paper concludes by discussing a general approach for establishing rapport with adolescents and conducting an assessment of substance use problems among ED-treated adolescents.
Proposed nomenclature for human butyrylcholinesterase genetic variants identified by DNA sequencing

1. New information identifying nucleotide alterations of human butyrylcholinesterase allows the use of more specific nomenclature for the variants commonly known as atypical, fluoride, silent, and K variant. 2. In addition to suggesting a system of trivial names and abbreviations, we provide a list of formal names that follow the guidelines of the Committee for Human Gene Nomenclature. 3. It is suggested that formal names be included in publications whenever possible.
High-resolution dual-polarization frequency modulated reflectometer density profile measurements on DIII-D

A novel dual-polarization technique has been applied to the frequency-modulated electron density profile reflectometer on DIII-D. In this application, both O- and X-mode waves are simultaneously launched from a common high-performance solid-state source, and simultaneous measurements of both O- and X-mode reflections from corresponding cutoffs serve to expand the density coverage. The system consists of both Q-band (33–50 GHz) and V-band (50–72 GHz) subsystems, their combination covers a density range from 0 to 6.4×1019 m−3, with a time resolution of ⩾10 μs and spatial resolution of ⩾4 mm. The dual-polarization technique was implemented successfully in the Q-band subsystem during 2003 and detailed information for H-mode pedestal physics studies was provided. It has also recently been applied to the V-band subsystem, and extended contributions to H-mode pedestal physics and particle transport studies are expected during the 2004 DIII-D campaign.
Negotiating Gender/Race/Class Constraints in the New South Africa: A Case Study of Women’s Soccer

This study contributes to the emerging international literature on women’s soccer by exploring how South African women are negotiating material and ideological constraints to participate in the his...
Overrepresented Minorities in Special Education in the United States and Romania: Comparison between African-American and Roma Populations in Disability Studies.

This manuscript briefly examines minority participation within the school population that is eligible for special education services – namely, African Americans in the United States and the Roma po...
A characterization of almost periodic homeomorphisms on the 2-sphere and the annulus

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that every almost periodic homeomorphism of the 2-sphere or the annulus onto itself is topologically equivalent to either a standard rotation or a standard reflection or the composition of a standard reflection with a standard rotation of these spaces.
Polar symmetry and intercalation of new multilayered hybrid molybdates: [M2(pzc)2(H2O)x][Mo5O16] (M = Co, Ni).

The layered molybdate [M2(pzc)2(H2O)x][Mo5O16] (I: M = Ni, x = 5.0; II: M = Co, x = 4.0; pzc = pyrazinecarboxylate) hybrid solids were synthesized via hydrothermal reactions at 160−165 °C. The structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for I (Cc, Z = 4; a = 33.217(4) A, b = 5.6416(8) A, c = 13.982(2) A, β = 99.407(8)°, and V = 2585.0(6) A3) and powder X-ray diffraction data for II (C2/c, Z = 4; a = 35.42(6) A, b = 5.697(9) A, c = 14.28(2) A, β = 114.95(4)°, and V = 2614(12) A3). The polar structure of I contains new [Ni2(pzc)2(H2O)5]2+ double layers that form an asymmetric pattern of hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds to stair-stepped [Mo5O16]2- sheets, inducing a net dipole moment in the latter. In II, however, the [Co2(pzc)2(H2O)4]2+ double layers have one less coordinated water and subsequently exhibit a symmetric pattern of covalent and hydrogen bonding to the [Mo5O16]2- sheets, leading to a centrosymmetric structure. Thermogravimetric analyses and powder X-ray diffraction da...
Equations for stress and displacement fields around pressurized elliptical holes in elastic solids

A mechanical model based upon elasticity theory for the deformation around a pressurized elliptical hole in an homogeneous, isotropic solid has found application in many areas of engineering, rock mechanics, and structural geology. The explicit equations for stress and displacement around such a hole are given. An apl computer program for calculating these stresses and displacements also is presented. These equations and this program should ease future usage of this model by engineers and geologists.
The shape-oriented dissimilarity of polygons and its application to the classification of chromosome images

Abstract Pavlidis in his “analysis of set patterns” proposed three size-oriented similarity measures. In this paper, shape-oriented similarity and dissimilarity measures of triangles and polygons are proposed and investigated. There are three advantages of shape-oriented similarity measures. First, two polygons may have the same shape but differ in area and dimensions and still be similar. Second, shape-oriented similarity and dissimilarity measures can be normalized between zero and one. Third, shape-oriented similarity measures are invariant with respect to rotation, translation, or expansion or contraction in size. The “rubber-mask” technique proposed by Widrow utilized length and width parameters in the classification of chromosomes. In this paper, chromosome images are classified through the use of angular and dimensional proximity measures which are in terms of angle and length parameters. The results obtained in this paper may contribute to processing a picture from the polygonal approximation stage to the final filtering stage in order to recognize or classify a picture.
Profiling a city: Information resources on Chicago's 77 community areas

Abstract Urban areas are often considered to have distinct qualities and characteristics, for example, Chicago is the “City that Works” and Philadelphia is known as the “City of Brotherly Love.” Whether or not these cities are accurately described by such labels is a question that may be answered by looking at the “cities within the city.” These distinctive communities are often studied by researchers in the fields of sociology, geography, criminal justice, and urban planning; by city managers for allocations of funds and services; and by citizens interested in relocating to or starting a business in a particular area. This article provides background about the 77 community areas of Chicago, describing information resources available for compiling such profiles. Many similar resources are available for urban areas nationwide.
The ordering of hydrogen in β‐vanadium hydride

Electron microscope specimens of vanadium, thinned by a technique known to add hydrogen, showed evidence for ordering in β-vanadium hydride. Extra half-order reflections were observed and concluded to be due to scattering from hydrogen. The transformation between the ordered and disordered phases occurs reversibly at a specific temperature in the range 160 to 190 °C depending on the specimen. The reciprocal lattice as determined by electron diffraction was shown to be in the monoclinic Laue group. Indirect evidence places the composition of the ordered phase in the vicinity of V2H. The possible monoclinic structures consistent with observations place the hydrogens in tetrahedral sites on alternate (101)b. c. t. planes. Elektronenmikroskopische Proben von Vanadium, die durch eine Technik gedunnt wurden, die fur den Zusatz von Wasserstoff bekannt ist, beweisen einen Ordnungszustand in β-Vanadiumhydrid. Zusatzliche Halb-Ordnungs-Reflexionen wurden beobachtet, und es wurde geschlossen, das sie von der Streuung an Wasserstoff herruhren. Die Ubergange zwischen den geordneten und ungeordneten Phasen treten reversibel bei einer bestimmten Temperatur im Bereich 160 bis 190 °C in Abhangigkeit von den Proben auf. Es wird gezeigt, das das reziproke Gitter, das durch Elektronenbeugung bestimmt wurde, in der monoklinen Lauegruppe ist. Ein indirekter Beweis stellt die Zusammensetzung der geordneten Phase in die Nahe von V2H. Die moglichen, mit der Beobachtung vertraglichen monoklinen Strukturen plazieren die Wasserstoffatome an tetraedrische Platze auf alternierenden (101)k. r.z.-Tetraeder-Ebenen.
Site-specific insertion of selenium into the redox-active disulfide of the flavoprotein augmenter of liver regeneration

Augmenter of liver regeneration (sfALR) is a small disulfide-bridged homodimeric flavoprotein with sulfhydryl oxidase activity. Here, we investigate the catalytic and spectroscopic consequences of selectively replacing C145 by a selenocysteine to complement earlier studies in which random substitution of ∼90% of the 6 cysteine residues per sfALR monomer was achieved growing Escherichia coli on selenite. A selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element was installed within the gene for human sfALR. SecALR2 showed a spectrum comparable to that of wild-type sfALR. The catalytic efficiency of SecALR2 towards dithiothreitol was 6.8-fold lower than a corresponding construct in which position 145 was returned to a cysteine residue while retaining the additional mutations introduced with the SECIS element. This all-cysteine control enzyme formed a mixed disulfide between C142 and β-mercaptoethanol releasing C145 to form a thiolate-flavin charge transfer absorbance band at ∼530nm. In contrast, SecALR2 showed a prominent long-wavelength absorbance at 585 nm consistent with the expectation that a selenolate would be a better charge-transfer donor to the isoalloxazine ring. These data show the robustness of the ALR protein fold towards the multiple mutations required to insert the SECIS element and provide the first example of a selenolate to flavin charge-transfer complex.
VEGFR-1 Mediates Endothelial Differentiation and Formation of Blood Vessels in a Murine Model of Infantile Hemangioma

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor–1 (VEGFR-1) is a member of the VEGFR family, and binds to VEGF-A, VEGF-B, and placental growth factor. VEGFR-1 contributes to tumor growth and metastasis, but its role in the pathological formation of blood vessels is still poorly understood. Herein, we used infantile hemangioma (IH), the most common tumor of infancy, as a means to study VEGFR-1 activation in pathological vasculogenesis. IH arises from stem cells (HemSCs) that can form the three most prominent cell types in the tumor: endothelial cells, pericytes, and adipocytes. HemSCs can recapitulate the IH life cycle when injected in immuncompromised mice, and are targeted by corticosteroids, the traditional treatment for IH. We report here that VEGF-A or VEGF-B induces VEGFR-1–mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in HemSCs and promotes differentiation of HemSCs to endothelial cells. Studies of VEGFR-2 phosphorylation status and down-regulation of neuropilin-1 in the HemSCs demonstrate that VEGFR-2 and NRP1 are not needed for VEGF-A– or VEGF-B–induced ERK1/2 activation. U0216-mediated blockade of ERK1/2 phosphorylation or shRNA-mediated suppression of VEGFR-1 prevents HemSC-to-EC differentiation. Furthermore, the down-regulation of VEGFR-1 in the HemSCs results in decreased formation of blood vessels in vivo and reduced ERK1/2 activation. Thus, our study reveals a critical role for VEGFR-1 in the HemSC-to-EC differentiation that underpins pathological vasculogenesis in IH.
Tomato nutrient uptake as affected by limestone type.

Abstract Experiments were conducted at the Horticultural Research Farm at Rock Springs, PA and with a commercial grower at Clarks Summit, PA in 1986–8. ‘Count II’ tomato transplants (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) were grown in rows 1.52 m apart with 30 cm inrow spacing. Seven limestone type treatments were applied at 11.3 t/ha with a check. Calcitic (trace of Mg) and dolomitic (12% Mg) types and 5 mixtures with 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% Mg were combined with banded NPK fertilizers in 4 replications. Of special interest was the Ca/Mg balance. Leaf Ca was increased by the calcitic but not by the dolomitic type. Leaf Mg was increased substantially by dolomitic but tended to be decreased by calcitic. Limestone with 4% Mg was required to increase leaf Mg. Mg deficiency in commercial production has been caused by excessive calcitic application. Meaningful increases were obtained in leaf Ca and Mg, as were decreases in leaf Mn indicating increased soil pH, within 2–3 months after limestone application. Limestone types ...
Reclassification in the 1990s

During the 1960s the academic and large public libraries engaged in massive reclassification of their collections from Dewey Decimal to the Library of Congress Classification System. A search of the library literature of this decade indicates much publication activity on the topic of reclassification. While losing some momentum in the “trend to LC” during 1968‐1971 many libraries continued to reclassify into the 1970s.