cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of grain refinement in aluminum and copper subjected to cutting

Abstract Plane-strain orthogonal cutting has recently been exploited as a means to refine the microstructure of metallic materials from tens of micrometers or greater to a few hundred nanometers. While experimental work has produced a significant body of knowledge with regard to microstructure and properties of machined materials, only a handful of studies can be found in the literature to discuss the microstructural evolution mechanism and to predict grain refinement during cutting. In this paper, dislocation density-based material models are developed to model grain size refinement and grain misorientation during cutting of Al 6061 T6 and OFHC Cu under various cutting conditions. It is shown that the developed CEL finite element model embedded with the dislocation material models captures the essential features of the deformation field and grain refinement mechanism during cutting. The model predicts the grains in the machined chips are refined from an initial size of 50–100 μm to about 100–200 nm for Al 6061 T6 and OFHC Cu at a low cutting speed of about 0.02 m/s with negative rake angle tools. It is shown that a small applied strain, high cutting speed or high cutting temperature will all contribute to a coarser elongated grain structure during cutting.
Bilateral mental nerve neuropathy in an adolescent during sickle cell crises.

Mental nerve neuropathy causes the “numb chin” syndrome and is usually associated with mandibular bone injury or disease in adults. It has been reported in adults during sickle cell crises. We describe a 15-year-old boy who developed bilateral mental nerve neuropathies during a sickle cell crisis. This case is unusual because of the simultaneous bilateral involvement and because of the age.
State building and jewish community organization in germany

The question whether Jewry and Judaism, having survived persecution, can now survive freedom epitomizes for many modem Jews the peculiarity of their own situation. Keenly aware of the spiritual uncertainties of the present, they imagine a better past in the autonomous, self-integrated, organic Jewish communities of Europe that were distinguished by confident creativity, if not by physical security. To be sure their vision is a hybrid one, with the details of the premodem self-governing communities of central and Eastern Europe projected on a highly romanticized image of nineteenthand twentieth-century Jewish life in eastern Europe, which was actually in increasing disarray. Nevertheless, however inaccurate this vision of the past may be, the implied comparison with the present underlines its precarious ness even as it offers the questionable consolation that things were once better.
Biphasic effects of MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 on apomorphine-induced stereotypy in rats.

Abstract The effects of several doses of MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 (0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg, SC) on the stereotypic behavior induced by various doses (0.08, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg. SC) of apomorphine (APO) were tested in rats. MIF-1 increased the stereotypic behavior induced by 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg of APO, but decreased the stereotypic behavior induced by 2.0 mg/kg of APO. Tyr-MIF-1 showed a biphasic effect similar to that exerted by MIF-1. The results suggest that the type of response to MIF-1 and Tyr-MIF-1 after APO is influenced by the activity of central dopaminergic neurons.
Polyphosphazenes with adamantyl side groups

Poly[bis(adamantylamino-co-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene], poly[bis(adamantyloxy-co-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene], and poly[bis(adamantylmethoxy-co-trifluoroethoxy)phosphazene] with different ratios of adamantyl to trifluoroethoxy groups were synthesized by macromolecular substitution. This work was preceded by model compound studies with cyclophosphazene trimers and tetramers. Polymers in which all the side groups were adamantyl units could not be prepared because of the steric restrictions imposed by the side groups. However, the mixed-substituent polymers with trifluoroethoxy cosubstituents were accessible by sequential substitutions on poly(dichlorophosphazene). These reactions were complicated by some displacement of adamantyl groups by the second nucleophilesodium trifluoroethoxide. The molecular and materials properties of the mixed-substituent polymers are described.
Effects of label‐appropriate and label‐inappropriate behavior on interpersonal ratings 1

Abstract The relationship between the diagnostic label assigned to a child and the type of behavior exhibited by that child was investigated in this study. A group of advanced undergraduate students was asked to complete one of four randomly assigned case studies in which the label assigned to the child and/or the type of behavior exhibited by the child had been manipulated. The hypothetical child was said to be either emotionally disturbed (ED) or learning disabled (LD) and his case study contained behaviors characteristic of emotionally disturbed or learning disabled children; four label and behavior conditions were simulated and analyzed. Analysis of results suggested that label‐non‐appropriate behavior (i.e., LD child with ED behavior) was more disturbing and less accepted than label‐appropriate behavior (i.e., ED child with ED behavior). Implications of the study were discussed with regard to labeling theory and teacher training practices. 1The professional assistance of Kim Kinggard is gratefully ac...
Graphitization of graphene oxide with ethanol during thermal reduction

As an atypical reductant, ethanol has recently been considered for reducing the oxygen concentration and restoring the graphitic structure in multilayered graphene oxide (GO) during annealing [Su et al., ACS Nano2010, 4, 5285]. The reaction mechanism is, however, still not well understood, hindering progress in the use of GO. By combining density functional theory (DFT), ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) calculations, and in situ infrared absorption spectroscopy, the thermal evolution of both carbonyl and ether groups in multilayered GO is shown to vary dramatically upon individual intercalation of methanol, ethanol, and water molecules. In hydrated GO, bare etch holes are generated by thermal annealing, as evidenced by the evolution of carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules. In contrast, the replacement of water by methanol or ethanol prevents defect enlargement during annealing. Furthermore, ethanol is found to repair the etch holes by facilitating the formation of new hexagonal carbon rings. Ab initio MD simul...
The distribution, structure, and composition of freshwater ice deposits in Bolivian salt lakes

Freshwater ice deposits are described from seven, high elevation (4117–4730 m), shallow (mean depth < 30 cm), saline (10–103 g l-1) lakes in the southwestern corner of Bolivia. The ice deposits range to several hundred meters in length and to 7 m in height above the lake or playa surface. They are located near the lake or salar margins; some are completely surrounded by water, others by playa deposits or salt crusts. Upper surfaces and sides of the ice deposits usually are covered by 20–40 cm of white to light brown, dry sedimentary materials. Calcite is the dominant crystalline mineral in these, and amorphous materials such as diatom frustules and volcanic glass are also often abundant.
Sibling and peer victimization in childhood and adolescence

This study examined how victimizations by either a sibling or peer are linked to each other and to mental health in childhood and adolescence. The data were from the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence which includes a sample of children aged 3-9 (N=1,536) and adolescents aged 10-17 (N=1,523) gathered through telephone interviews. An adult caregiver (usually a parent) provided the information for children while self-reports were employed for adolescents. Fifteen percent of each age group reported victimization by both a sibling and peer. Victimization by a sibling alone was more common in childhood than adolescence. Victimization by a sibling was predictive of peer victimization. Children and adolescents victimized by both a sibling and peer reported the greatest mental distress. This work establishes that for some children and adolescents, victimization at the hands of other juveniles happens both at home and school. Programs should consider the role of siblings and target parents and siblings to encourage the development and maintenance of constructive sibling interactions.
Expression of tissue plasminogen activator in cerebral capillaries: possible fibrinolytic function of the blood-brain barrier.

Previous work has shown that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is a key enzyme in the control of fibrinolysis within the vascular system. The sources of brain tPA and the mechanisms by which tPA secretion and production occur within cerebral microcirculation are not well established. In this study, expression of tPA was investigated in cerebral capillaries and capillary-depleted brain isolated from cortices of 4- to 5-week-old rats and guinea pigs. In both species, a single tPA band of M(r) 67,000 was detected in cerebral capillaries by Western blot analysis. The tPA signal was absent from capillary-depleted brain. These results were corroborated at the messenger ribonucleic acid level. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of tPA complementary deoxyribonucleic acid in samples derived from cerebral microvessels and demonstrated very low or undetectable tPA expression in capillary-depleted brain. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed tPA localization in endothelial cells of brain capillaries. We conclude that microvascular endothelium, i.e., the blood-brain barrier, may have a role in promoting plasmin-dependent fibrinolysis in brain microcirculation. Delineation of the molecular mechanisms of blood-brain barrier-mediated fibrinolysis will likely contribute to future stroke prevention efforts.
The effects of prior training on the incidental discriminative learning of children

Abstract In Experiment 1, 8-year-old children were given pretraining with trial-and-error learning vs instructions (Special Training) on a one or two-relevant-cue problem before they were given zerotor 20 trials of redundant cue overtraining. As ascertained by a test-trial transfer taks, there were no differences in two-cue learning between Special Training and trial-and-error learning, but S s pretrained with one relevant cue were less likely to learn both cues than were S s pretrained with two relevant cues. This “blocking” effect was not complete, in that significant incidental learning was also obtained. Experiments 2 and 3 found no increase in blocking with increasing one-cue pretraining. The data were interpreted as suggesting that incidental learning may not be cumulative over trials, but rather, may be due to memory of the last trial. A theory adapted from Kamin's work in classical conditioning was found to be more successful in accounting for the data than were traditional discriminative learning theories.
A User-Centered Approach to Addressing Issues of Discoverability and Access

eResource access problems challenge electronic resources librarians and frustrate users. Challenges of using library systems can include information overload, links that do not work properly, incorrect metadata, and questionable relevance to search results. Nate Hosburgh, Electronic Resources Librarian at Montana State University, gave a presentation titled “A User-Centered Approach to Addressing Issues of Discoverability and Access” at the Mississippi State University Libraries’ eResource & Emerging Technologies Summit held in the Mitchell Memorial Library on August 2, 2013. Hosburgh spoke of lessons he and his team learned about troubleshooting eResources and his team’s approach to issues of discoverability and access.
The equivalence between two perturbation methods in weakly nonlinear stability theory for parallel shear flows

Two perturbation methods used in weakly nonlinear stability theory, namely, the method of multiple scales and the amplitude expansion method, are examined for their equivalence through formal analyses and numerical calculation of the Landau constants. The method of multiple scales is shown to give results equivalent to those obtained from the amplitude expansion formulation for slightly supercritical states if a normalization condition is applied to the fundamental mode. The convergence of the expansion in the method of multiple scales is also discussed.
Maintenance of Effects of a Home-Based Physical Activity Program among Breast Cancer Survivors

Purpose Although physical activity (PA) adoption improves fitness and psychological well-being among cancer survivors, PA maintenance has not been examined. This paper presents follow-up of a home-based PA program for women treated for early-stage breast cancer.
The validity of academic learning time-physical education (ALT-PE) as a process measure of achievement.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether the ALT–PE system (Version 2) is valid as a process approach to estimate student achievement. Students (N = 60) were randomly selected from a data base that includes pretest and posttest scores for two volleyball skills and seven sessions of videotaped instruction. Videotapes were collected using two cameras with a split-screen generator so most instruction and practice could be seen. ALT–PE data were coded from the videotapes. In addition to normal ALT–PE coding conventions, coders recorded the skill that was the focus of instruction. Combinations of context and learner involvement categories were summed for each skill across the seven class sessions and to form other logical categories (e.g., total motor appropriate intervals). Achievement scores were calculated by posttest on pretest regression for each skill with the residual score used for subsequent analysis. Residual achievement scores were correlated with summed ALT–PE categories. The res...
Exact maximum likelihood regression estimation with ARMA (n, n − 1) errors

Abstract Pesaran (1973) discusses regression estimation with first order moving average MA (1) errors. This paper provides similar closed form expression for the likelihood function in the general ARMA ( n , n − 1) case.
Full-wave spectral-domain analysis for open microstrip discontinuities of arbitrary shape including radiation and surface-wave losses (invited paper)

This article is a survey of the theoretical background for full-wave spectral-domain analysis of open microstrip discontinuities of arbitrary shape. The spectral-domain dyadic Green's function, which takes into account all the physical effects, such as radiation and surface waves, is used to formulate an electric field integral equation. The method of moments is then employed to find the current distribution on the microstrips, and subsequently, the scattering parameters of the junctions. Since all field components can be expressed in terms of the dyadic Green's function and the current distribution, the losses due to both radiation and surface waves are further determined through a rigorous Poynting vector analysis. To model the discontinuities of arbitrary shape, both rectangular and triangular subdomain functions are used as the current expansion functions in the moment method procedure. In addition, the semi-infinite traveling wave functions are applied to simulate the feeding structure and isolate individual junction effects. Several examples are demonstrated to illustrate the utility of different techniques in this analysis. Comparison of some numerical results with available experimental data shows excellent agreement. Finally, this approach is most natural for the characterization of 3-D integrated circuits and the design of printed antennas including excitation circuit effects. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A universal food-paste dispenser for use with cats and other animals

A description is provided for a relatively inexpensive universal food-paste dispenser which can be used with cats and other animals.
The impact of women's status on infant mortality rate: A cross-national analysis

A number of prior studies have attempted to account for cross-national differences in infant mortality rate using a variety of economic, demographic, and health related variables. These studies have given relatively little attention to the impact of predictors measuring the status of women. The present study, based on a sample of 96 less developed countries circa 1990, tests a series of hypotheses derived from gender stratification theory and industrialism theory. Evidence is presented of an inverse relationship between the status of women and infant mortality rate. The present study shows that it makes a difference whether we use relative or absolute measures of women's status and it shows that in addition to women's educational status, other dimensions of women's status particularly economic status and autonomy are also important predictors of infant mortality rate.
Parallel algorithms for querying data on two-dimensional electrophoresis gels

This paper describes some parallel processing algorithms for the analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis images. One of the largest processor arrays in the world, CLIP4, at University College London, was used in the research. The paper concentrates on algorithms using CLIP4 for querying the data produced on the gel images. It is shown that many typical queries that researchers request can be answered without removing the data from the processor array, eliminating slow transfer times due to the input/output bottleneck problem. The production of these data by CLIP4 has already been described in two previous papers in this journal. Improvements to the system for the future are also presented.
Development of a prototype portable binaural digital hearing aid

Summary form only given. For a hearing aid user to perform binaural directional hearing in noisy environments, it is important to maintain at audible levels the binaural cues (interaural time and level differences) that would be present if the hearing aid were not in place. We have developed a wearable prototype digital hearing aid and personal computer (PC) based methods of digital filter design for evaluation of the effectiveness of this method. The body-worn prototype processor utilizes a Motorola 56000-series DSP chip to implement the filtering and amplification for both ears via cabled ITE ear modules. Up to four different user-selectable algorithms can be programmed in the processor. Binaural fitting of the processor is accomplished in two steps: hearing aid equalization (HAE) and hearing loss compensation (HLC). The HAE is achieved with an FIR filter which equalizes the amplitude and phase insertion effects of the ear modules and maintains the binaural cues with the modules in place. The HLC for each ear is also achieved with an FIR filter and associated gain. The HAE and HLC filters are convolved to produce a single filter. A detailed description is given of the processor, fitting algorithms, methods and accuracy of fittings, as determined from in situ probe tube measurements, and the hardware and software comprising the binaural hearing aid. Results from field trials with the portable processors are also reported.
Debugging and tracing expert systems

A description is given of the expert system parsing environment (ESPE), a system for debugging and testing expert systems written in IBM's expert system development environment (ESDE). ESPE can perform the following operations: count the number of paths between each pair of nodes (parameter-value combinations or rules), split the expert system by focus control block (FCB) and draw the relationships in each section, and perform a sensitivity analysis. The values of any output parameters that might change when a given input parameter changes from one specified value to another are listed. Also input parameters whose value change might cause a given output change are given. ESPE gives the expert system designer some of the software engineering tools used in traditional programming languages. >
GASTROINTESTINAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE

Nuclear medicine has achieved an important role in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) disease in humans. Esophageal and gastric motility problems, gastroesophageal reflux, abnormal gastric secretory function, GI bleeding, and inflammatory diseases of the GI tract can all be evaluated using nuclear scintigraphy. The use of these techniques in human medicine, their advantages and disadvantages relative to other available diagnostic tests, and their potential application to veterinary medicine are discussed. Examples of esophageal and gastric motility studies performed on normal and abnormal dogs are included.
CFTR: The Nucleotide Binding Folds Regulate the Accessibility and Stability of the Activated State

The functional roles of the two nucleotide binding folds, NBF1 and NBF2, in the activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) were investigated by measuring the rates of activation and deactivation of CFTR Cl- conductance in Xenopus oocytes. Activation of wild-type CFTR in response to application of forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was described by a single exponential. Deactivation after washout of the cocktail consisted of two phases: an initial slow phase, described by a latency, and an exponential decline. Rate analysis of CFTR variants bearing analogous mutations in NBF1 and NBF2 permitted us to characterize amino acid substitutions according to their effects on the accessibility and stability of the active state. Access to the active state was very sensitive to substitutions for the invariant glycine (G551) in NBF1, where mutations to alanine (A), serine (S), or aspartic acid (D) reduced the apparent on rate by more than tenfold. The analogous substitutions in NBF2 (G1349) also reduced the on rate, by twofold to 10-fold, but substantially destabilized the active state as well, as judged by increased deactivation rates. In the putative ATP-binding pocket of either NBF, substitution of alanine, glutamine (Q), or arginine (R) for the invariant lysine (K464 or K1250) reduced the on rate similarly, by two- to fourfold. In contrast, these analogous substitutions produced opposite effects on the deactivation rate. NBF1 mutations destabilized the active state, whereas the analogous substitutions in NBF2 stabilized the active state such that activation was prolonged compared with that seen with wild-type CFTR. Substitution of asparagine (N) for a highly conserved aspartic acid (D572) in the ATP-binding pocket of NBF1 dramatically slowed the on rate and destabilized the active state. In contrast, the analogous substitution in NBF2 (D1370N) did not appreciably affect the on rate and markedly stabilized the active state. These results are consistent with a hypothesis for CFTR activation that invokes the binding and hydrolysis of ATP at NBF1 as a crucial step in activation, while at NBF2, ATP binding enhances access to the active state, but the rate of ATP hydrolysis controls the duration of the active state. The relatively slow time courses for activation and deactivation suggest that slow processes modulate ATP-dependent gating.
Human exposure to extremely-low and very-low frequency magnetic fields in living and working environments

The study of the human exposure to extremely-low frequency (ELF) and very-low frequency (VLF) magnetic fields have been found to cause health effects, such as leukemia, brain tumors and breast cancer. Three most commonly used composite environments, home, school and office, having various field-emitting devices such as a TV, microwave oven, monitor, computer, etc., were chosen for research. Both the magnitudes of the fields emitted by a source and its distribution were measured in isolation and in the composite environments. The analysis of the data revealed that individuals working and living in these environments are getting exposed to varying level of magnetic fields depending on how close and how long they work or live in the environments. Several suggestions were made to minimize the exposure. Since most of the people spend their time in one or more of the three environments, the findings will be relevant and useful to everyone.
Chlorella Virus-Encoded Deoxyuridine Triphosphatases Exhibit Different Temperature Optima

ABSTRACT A putative deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) gene from chlorella virus PBCV-1 was cloned, and the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein has dUTPase activity and requires Mg2+ for optimal activity, while it retains some activity in the presence of other divalent cations. Kinetic studies of the enzyme revealed a Km of 11.7 μM, a turnover kcat of 6.8 s−1, and a catalytic efficiency of kcat/Km = 5.8 × 105 M−1 s−1. dUTPase genes were cloned and expressed from two other chlorella viruses IL-3A and SH-6A. The two dUTPases have similar properties to PBCV-1 dUTPase except that IL-3A dUTPase has a lower temperature optimum (37°C) than PBCV-1 dUTPase (50°C). The IL-3A dUTPase differs from the PBCV-1 enzyme by nine amino acids, including two amino acid substitutions, Glu81→Ser81 and Thr84→Arg84, in the highly conserved motif III of the proteins. To investigate the difference in temperature optima between the two enzymes, homology modeling and docking simulations were conducted. The results of the simulation and comparisons of amino acid sequence suggest that adjacent amino acids are important in the temperature optima. To confirm this suggestion, three site-directed amino acid substitutions were made in the IL-3A enzyme: Thr84→Arg84, Glu81→Ser81, and Glu81→Ser81 plus Thr84→Arg84. The single substitutions affected the optimal temperature for enzyme activity. The temperature optimum increased from 37 to 55°C for the enzyme containing the two amino acid substitutions. We postulate that the change in temperature optimum is due to reduction in charge and balkiness in the active cavity that allows more movement of the ligand and protein before the enzyme and substrate complex is formed.
Voicing of Initial Interdental Fricatives in Early Middle English Function Words

In Modern English, function words such as this, that, and the are pronounced with a voiced onset, while content words have the original voiceless onset. A statistical analysis of the distribution of and in Vices and Virtues, a text preserved in London, British Library, Stowe MS 34 (circa 1200), reveals a distribution, whose most plausible interpretation is that these two letters were used to encode stress-conditioned differences in voicing. This sets the voicing of function words, normally dated to the fourteenth century, back to circa 1200 or earlier.*
Contemporary management of renal cell carcinoma

The contemporary management of renal cell carcinoma has been influenced by several factors over the past 10 years. Perhaps most important is the contribution of modern imaging techniques allowing the incidental detection of early stage renal tumors. Earlier detection has created a larger role for surgical intervention in the management of renal tumors that at the time of symptomatic presentation may have been too advanced for curative therapy. Given the larger role for intervention, a multitude of minimally invasive and renal-sparing techniques have emerged with the intent of improving surgical outcomes. Advances in imaging now allow reliable detection of solid masses as small as 1 cm. Such advances have created a need for increased understanding of the natural history of renal cell carcinoma to reduce the potential for length time bias in treatment outcomes and a resultant overtreatment of the disease. Prognostic scales have been developed to better aid clinicians in predicting the outcome of treatment, but these have largely focused on advanced disease. In evaluating inci-
Beam-pumping operations: Problem solving and technology advancements

Beam pumping is the most used, on-land artificial-lift method for petroleum production applications and has been since oil was discovered. Applications cover the full gamut of well types, including oil, water, and gas at depths from shallow to very deep, producing rates and volumes from low to high, viscous oil production, and dewatering-gas and coalbed-methane wells. Although beam pumping has become the ``standard`` lift method for on-land wells, the best engineering and operating practices still need to be followed to ensure cost-effective return on investment. When these best practices are not followed, continued operating problems, equipment failures, low efficiencies, and high operating costs often result. This paper presents some of the typical beam-pump engineering and operating practices that should be considered to obtain the most cost-effective operation over the life of the installation. Additionally, recent industry developments that are related to these practices are discussed.
Two-dimensional mapping of electron densities and temperatures using laser-collision induced flourescence

We discuss the application of the laser-collision induced fluorescence technique to produce two-dimensional maps of both electron densities and electron temperatures in a helium plasma. A collisional-radiative model is used to describe the evolution of electronic states after laser excitation. We discuss generalizations to the time dependant results that are used to simplify data acquisition and analysis. Calibration of the predictions made by the model is achieved using an cw rf discharge that is periodically perturbed via a high voltage pulse. We then demonstrate the capability of the technique by producing images of electron density and temperature of the sheath region formed around a biased electrode.
Robust sampling for MITL specifications

Real-time temporal logic reasoning about trajectories of physical systems necessitates models of time which are continuous. However, discrete time temporal logic reasoning is computationally more efficient than continuous time. Moreover, in a number of engineering applications only discrete time models are available for analysis. In this paper, we introduce a framework for testing MITL specifications on continuous time signals using only discrete time analysis. The motivating idea behind our approach is that if the dynamics of the signal fulfills certain conditions and the discrete time signal robustly satisfies the MITL specification, then the corresponding continuous time signal should also satisfy the same MITL specification.
Estimating aerosol light scattering at the Fresno Supersite

Aerosol light scattering (Bsp) was estimated from particle size and chemical measurements during the winter intensive period (15 December 2000–3 February 2001) at the Fresno Supersite as part of the California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQS). Bsp was underestimated by 41–46% from scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and optical particle counter (OPC) particle size distributions depending on assumptions about refractive index and hygroscopic growth. Bsp was underestimated by 35% using the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) light extinction equation and by 25% using chemical size distributions measured with micro orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) cascade impactors and a Desert Research Institute (DRI) PM2.5 sequential filter sampler (SFS). Underestimation of Bsp in Fresno was related to differences in the temperature and relative humidity (RH) at which various measurements were made. Evaporation of ammonium nitrate in the heated environment in which the SMPS and OPC instruments were located caused a reduction in particle size and number concentration. The MOUDI was operated outdoors at ambient temperature and RH, while a smart-heater equipped Radiance nephelometer was operated at RH <72%. Comparing estimated and measured Bsp required adjusting the SMPS, OPC, and MOUDI size distributions to the nephelometer RH. A systematic low-bias in estimated scattering suggests that organic aerosols may have contributed to hygroscopic growth. Consistent measurement strategies are needed to properly estimate aerosol light extinction under conditions such as those found in Fresno during winter.
Enhancing finite element-based photoacoustic tomography using total variation minimization

A total variation minimization (TVM)-based finite element reconstruction algorithm for photoacoustic (PA) tomography is described in this paper. This algorithm is used to enhance the quality of reconstructed PA images with time-domain data. Simulations are conducted where different contrast levels between the target and the background, different noise levels, and different sizes and shapes of the target are studied in a 30 mm diameter circular heterogeneous background. These simulated results show that the quality of the reconstructed images can be improved significantly due to the decreased sensitivity to noise effect when the TVM is included in the reconstruction algorithm. The enhancement is further confirmed using experimental data obtained from several phantom experiments and an in vivo animal experiment.
The fire at Cocoanut Grove

On November 28, 1942, a fire broke out at The Cocoanut Grove Nightclub, in Boston, Massachusetts. The fire claimed the lives of hundreds, and injured 170 patients who were treated at either Boston City Hospital or the Massachusetts General Hospital. With extraordinary leadership and scientific focus, this tragedy led to many important advances in burn management, including improvements in burn wound care, the first descriptions of inhalation injury, formulas to guide fluid resuscitation, and the initial studies of antimicrobial therapy with burns. This overview describes the treatment of the Cocoanut Gove victims, and how it transformed the management of burns forever.
OXIDATION OF THE SULFHYDRYL FORMS OF INSULIN A-CHAIN AND B-CHAIN

A modified procedure for the preparation of the S-sulfonates of the A- and B-chains of insulin and their conversion to the sulfhydryl forms by tri-n-butylphosphine is described. Air oxidation of the sulfhydryl forms of the A-chain in dilute solution (0.2 mg/ml) either in the presence or absence of urea at pH 9.0 yields primarily monomeric, intrachain disulfides. Similar treatment of the reduced B-chain yield monomeric, intrachain disulfide in 7 M urea but a large number of oligomeric, interchain disulfides in the absence of urea. Electrolytic reduction of insulin in 7 M urea of pH 8.5, followed by oxidation of the sulfhydryls in dilute solution in 7 M urea at pH 9.0 yields primarily a mixture of the monomeric, intrachain disulfides of the A-chain and of the B-chain which can be separated by chromatography on Sp-Sephadex in acidic urea. The rate of the oxidation of the sulfhydryls of the two separate chains was much slower and less complete than that reported for the two chains crosslinked by the carbonylbismethionyl residue.
Bacterial adherence and viability on cutting board surfaces

The adherence and viability of Escherichia coli inoculated onto the surfaces of plastic cutting boards and new and used wood cutting boards were evaluated. Most of the inoculum was recovered from all surfaces after resident drying times of 5 min and from plastic surfaces at 24 h. When the exposure time was extended to 2 h, > 90% of the cells placed on new and used dry wood surfaces were not recovered after vigorous rinsing. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the bacteria resided within the structural xylem fibers and vegetative elements of the wood. After resident drying times of up to 2 h, almost 75% of the adherent bacteria on the wood surfaces were viable, as defined by a nalidixic acid direct viable count procedure. Microcosm studies showed no intrinsic growth-supporting or toxic properties of the cutting board materials. Bacteria that adhered to plastic surfaces were more easily removed by low-temperature washing than were cells that adhered to wood surfaces. These studies demonstrated that bacteria adhering to wood surfaces resided within the structural and vegetative elements of the wood's xylem tissues and were viable; wood was more retentive than plastic; penetration of the inoculum liquid promoted cell adherence to the wood matrix; and conditioning of wood with water before inoculation interfered with bacterial adherence.
The nasal cavity microbiota of healthy adults

Background: The microbiota of the nares has been widely studied. However, relatively few studies have investigated the microbiota of the nasal cavity posterior to the nares. This distinct environment has the potential to contain a distinct microbiota and play an important role in health. Results: We obtained 35,142 high-quality bacterial 16S rRNA-encoding gene sequence reads from the nasal cavity and oral cavity (the dorsum of the tongue and the buccal mucosa) of 12 healthy adult humans and deposited these data in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) (Bioproject: PRJNA248297). In our initial analysis, we compared the bacterial communities of the nasal cavity and the oral cavity from ten of these subjects. The nasal cavity bacterial communities were dominated by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria and were statistically distinct from those on the tongue and buccal mucosa. For example, the same Staphylococcaceae operational taxonomic unit (OTU) was present in all of the nasal cavity samples, comprising up to 55% of the community, but Staphylococcaceae was comparatively uncommon in the oral cavity. Conclusions: There are clear differences between nasal cavity microbiota and oral cavity microbiota in healthy adults. This study expands our knowledge of the nasal cavity microbiota and the relationship between the microbiota of the nasal and oral cavities.
Laplace domain analysis of periodic noise modulation

Noise analysis of sampled-data circuits in the general framework of periodic noise modulation is discussed. The analysis relies on the Laplace transform instead of the more popular Fourier analysis. The approach leads to integral expressions that can be directly computed through numerical methods. Familiar Fourier domain expressions involving infinite series are shown to be special solutions to these integrals. The theory of the modified z transform is extended to the case of two-sided random signals to study the effect of correlated double sampling. The purpose of this analysis is to elaborate a basis for noise analysis of complex switched-capacitor (SC) circuits.
Modification of acrylamide neuropathy in rats by selected factors.

Abstract A modified rotarod technique was used to determine whether dietary deficiencies in pyridoxine or thiamine, bilateral adrenalectomy or cortisol treatment and pretreatment with microsomal enzyme inducers (DDT or phenobarbital) would modify the course of onset and recovery from functional acrylamide neuropathy in rats. Neither pyridoxine or thiamine deficiency nor daily injections of cortisol had any measurable effect on the cumulative dose of acrylamide required to produce functional impairment. Although adrenalectomized animals were more susceptible to acrylamide, the effect seemed nonspecific. The total cumulative doses of acrylamide required to produce neurologic deficit in DDT- and phenobarbital-pretreated rats were 520 and 600 mg/kg, respectively, compared to 360 mg/kg for the controls. Hepatic in vitro metabolism of acrylamide was studied to determine whether the observed delay could be explained by an increased capacity of the liver to detoxify acrylamide. There was a greater loss of acrylamide from incubation mixtures containing 9000 g supernatants from phenobarbital-pretreated rat livers than from control livers. Histologic studies of peripheral nerves from acrylamide-treated rats revealed that at the time of onset of functional impairment young and phenobarbital-pretreated adult rats had severe peripheral nerve damage, while no discernible peripheral nerve injury was seen in unpretreated adult rats.
Magnetic resonance imaging of normal mengingeal enhancement at 1.5T

Rationale and Objectives. We examined patterns of intracranial meningeal enhancement on gadolinium chelate contrast media—enhanced 1.5-T spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and developed criteria that might be useful for distinguishing between normal and abnormal meningeal enhancement. Methods. The convexity, falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, and suprasellar cistern regions of 204 patients were prospectively evaluated for contrast enhancement with a grading system ranging from 0 (no enhancement) to 5 (diffuse, irregular, thickened enhancement). Meningeal findings were correlated with other MR abnormalities and pertinent clinical histories that have been associated previously with meningeal enhancement. Results. Short-segment convexity meningeal enhancement was commonly seen and most likely represents intravascular contrast material in normal meningeal vessels. Such enhancement did not correlate with the presence of other MR abnormalities. Long-segment (> 3 cm) or diffuse convexity meningeal enhancement did correlate with other significant MR abnormalities and pertinent clinical history. Fine linear falcine and tentorial meningeal enhancement, as an isolated finding, did not correlate with other MR or clinical abnormalities. The suprasellar cistern and ventricular walls were rarely enhanced. Conclusion. Short-segment convexity meningeal contrast enhancement is a normal finding representing normal vascular structures. More extensive convexity meningeal enhancement is abnormal and should prompt careful examination of the remainder of an MR image as well as the patient's clinical history for an etiology of the enhancement.
Characterization of novel alleles of the Escherichia coli umuDC genes identifies additional interaction sites of UmuC with the beta clamp.

Translesion synthesis is a DNA damage tolerance mechanism by which damaged DNA in a cell can be replicated by specialized DNA polymerases without being repaired. The Escherichia coli umuDC gene products, UmuC and the cleaved form of UmuD, UmuD′, comprise a specialized, potentially mutagenic translesion DNA polymerase, polymerase V (UmuD′2C). The full-length UmuD protein, together with UmuC, plays a role in a primitive DNA damage checkpoint by decreasing the rate of DNA synthesis. It has been proposed that the checkpoint is manifested as a cold-sensitive phenotype that is observed when the umuDC gene products are overexpressed. Elevated levels of the beta processivity clamp along with elevated levels of the umuDC gene products, UmuD′C, exacerbate the cold-sensitive phenotype. We used this observation as the basis for genetic selection to identify two alleles of umuD′ and seven alleles of umuC that do not exacerbate the cold-sensitive phenotype when they are present in cells with elevated levels of the beta clamp. The variants were characterized to determine their abilities to confer the umuD′C-specific phenotype UV-induced mutagenesis. The umuD variants were assayed to determine their proficiencies in UmuD cleavage, and one variant (G129S) rendered UmuD noncleaveable. We found at least two UmuC residues, T243 and L389, that may further define the beta binding region on UmuC. We also identified UmuC S31, which is predicted to bind to the template nucleotide, as a residue that is important for UV-induced mutagenesis.
Dynamic mechanical analysis of barium ferrite magnetic tapes with aramid and poly(ethylene naphthalate) substrates

Frequency- and temperature-dependent viscoelastic characteristics of advanced materials used for high-capacity digital magnetic tapes were analyzed using a custom ultra-low frequency dynamic mechanical analyzer (ULDMA). The magnetic tapes studied both use barium ferrite (BaFe) magnetic particles. One tape uses an aromatic poly(amide) or aramid substrate, and the other tape uses a poly(ethylene naphthalate) or PEN substrate. ULDMA studies were performed for both types of tape materials using samples cut from reels and the substrates after the front and back coats were removed. Two-hour experiments were performed at 25, 30, 50, and 70°C temperatures, and four test frequencies were used at each temperature: 0.006, 0.010, 0.033, and 0.065 Hz. Properties determined were the peak strain-based elastic modulus, E, and the storage modulus, E′, loss modulus, E″, loss tangent, tan(δ), complex modulus, E*, and complex loss, E″/E*, expressed as a percentage. When compared with the PEN tape and substrate materials, the peak elastic modulus, storage modulus, and complex modulus were higher for the aramid materials. Substrates for each material exhibited higher elastic, storage, and complex moduli compared with their respective tapes. Through the complex loss percentage, comparisons were made between the aramid and PEN materials related to their viscoelastic characteristics. Finally, the influence of frequency was shown to have increasing relevance at higher temperatures, with the PEN tape and substrate exhibiting an increase in complex loss modulus in the 50°C range because of the β* secondary transition. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41478.
Peer video review and feedback improve performance in basic surgical skills.

Abstract Background Incorporation of home-video assessments allows flexibility in feedback but requires faculty time. Peer feedback (PF) may provide additional benefits while avoiding these constraints. Methods Twenty-four surgical interns completed a 12-week skills curriculum with home-video assignments focused on knot tying and suturing. Interns were randomized into 2 groups: PF or faculty feedback (FF). Peers and faculty provided feedback on home videos with checklists, global rating, and comments. Learners' skills were assessed at baseline, during, and at the conclusion of the curriculum. Performance of the 2 groups as rated by experts was compared. FF and PF were compared. Results Both groups improved from baseline, and the highest rated scores were seen on their home-video assessments. The PF group performed better at the final assessment than the FF group (effect size, .84). When using a checklist, there was no significant difference between scores given by peers and faculty. Conclusions The PF group performed better at the final assessment, suggesting reviewing and analyzing another's performance may improve one's own performance. With checklists as guidance, peers can serve as raters comparable to faculty.
A Non-Experimental Evaluation of Curricular Effectiveness in Math

We use non-experimental data from a large panel of schools and districts in Indiana to evaluate the impacts of math curricula on student achievement. Using matching methods, we obtain causal estimates of curriculum effects at just a fraction of what it would cost to produce experimental estimates. Furthermore, external validity concerns that are particularly cogent in experimental curricular evaluations suggest that our non-experimental estimates may be preferred. In the short term, we find large differences in effectiveness across some math curricula. However, as with many other educational inputs, the effects of math curricula do not persist over time. Across curriculum adoption cycles, publishers that produce less effective curricula in one cycle do not lose market share in the next cycle. One explanation for this result is the dearth of information available to administrators about curricular effectiveness.