cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Position, Highlighting, and Imbedding on Warning Effectiveness

An experiment utilizing 195 subjects investigated the behavoral influence of varying warning position, highlighting and imbeddedness on warning detection, recall and compliance. Subjects were given an unfamiliar consumer product to actually use, and direct behavioral observation and follow-up questions were utilized to measure the percentage of subjects who noticed, read and complied with the warning, plus the amount of information subjects could recall about the specific cause, nature and prevention of the danger. There was a steady decline in the number of subjects who first noticed, then read, and finally followed the warning across all measures. Imbedding information critical to warning compliance within the warning section was the only variable found to influence warning compliance. Imbedding the critical warning information significantly reducing warning compliance as compared to the beginning the warning section with the critical information (i.e., the unimbedded condition). Warnings were shown to ...
Correction: Forrester, N.L.; Coffey, L.L.; Weaver, S.C. Arboviral Bottlenecks and Challenges to Maintaining Diversity and Fitness during Mosquito Transmission. Viruses 2014, 6, 3991–4004

In the original manuscript, Forrester, N.L.; Coffey, L.L.; Weaver, S.C. Arboviral Bottlenecks and Challenges to Maintaining Diversity and Fitness during Mosquito Transmission. Viruses 2014, 6, 3991–4004, Figure 1 contains an error, the third bottle was absent from the figure:[...]
LAT-mediated signaling in CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell development

Engagement of the T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) induces formation of signaling complexes mediated through the transmembrane adaptor protein, the linker for activation of T cells (LAT). LAT plays an important role in T cell development, activation, and homeostasis. A knock-in mutation at Tyr136, which is the phospholipase C (PLC)-γ1–binding site in LAT, leads to a severe autoimmune disease in mice. In this study, we show that CD4+CD25+ T reg cells that expressed Foxp3 transcription factor were nearly absent in both thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs of LATY136F mice. This defect was not a result of the autoimmune environment as LATY136F T reg cells also failed to develop in healthy LAT−/− mice that received mixed wild-type and LATY136F bone marrow cells. Moreover, adoptive transfer of normal CD4+CD25+ T reg cells protected neonatal LATY136F mice from developing this disease. These T reg cells effectively controlled expansion of CD4+ T cells in LATY136F mice likely via granzymes and/or TGF-β–mediated suppression. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Foxp3 conferred a suppressive function in LATY136F T cells. Our data indicate that the LAT–PLC-γ1 interaction plays a critical role in Foxp3 expression and the development of CD4+CD25+ T reg cells
Visual motion processing by neurons in area MT of macaque monkeys with experimental amblyopia

Early experience affects the development of the visual system. Ocular misalignment or unilateral blur often causes amblyopia, a disorder that has become a standard for understanding developmental plasticity. Neurophysiological studies of amblyopia have focused almost entirely on the first stage of cortical processing in striate cortex. Here we provide the first extensive study of how amblyopia affects extrastriate cortex in nonhuman primates. We studied macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) for which we have detailed psychophysical data, directly comparing physiological findings to perceptual capabilities. Because these subjects showed deficits in motion discrimination, we focused on area MT/V5, which plays a central role in motion processing. Most neurons in normal MT respond equally to visual stimuli presented through either eye; most recorded in amblyopes strongly preferred stimulation of the nonamblyopic (fellow) eye. The pooled responses of neurons driven by the amblyopic eye showed reduced sensitivity to coherent motion and preferred higher speeds, in agreement with behavioral measurements. MT neurons were more limited in their capacity to integrate motion information over time than expected from behavioral performance; neurons driven by the amblyopic eye had even shorter integration times than those driven by the fellow eye. We conclude that some, but not all, of the motion sensitivity deficits associated with amblyopia can be explained by abnormal development of MT.
The water method significantly enhances patient-centered outcomes in sedated and unsedated colonoscopy.

Abstract Failure of cecal intubation when using air insufflation during scheduled unsedated colonoscopy in veterans prompted a literature search for a less uncomfortable approach. Water-related maneuvers as "adjuncts" to air insufflation were identified as effective in minimizing discomfort, although medication requirement was not reduced and willingness to repeat unsedated colonoscopy was not addressed. These adjunct maneuvers were combined with turning the air pump off to avoid colon elongation during insertion. Warm water infusion in lieu of air insufflation was evaluated in observational studies. Subsequent refinements evolved into the water method - a combination of air exclusion by aspiration of residual air to minimize angulations at flexures and a dynamic process of water exchange to remove feces in order to clear the view and aid insertion. In subsequent randomized controlled trials, the water method significantly reduced medication requirement, increased the proportion of patients in whom complete unsedated colonoscopy could be achieved, reduced patient recovery time burdens (sedation on demand), decreased abdominal discomfort during and after colonoscopy, enhanced cecal intubation, and increased willingness to repeat the procedure (scheduled unsedated). Supervised education of trainees and self-learning by an experienced colonoscopist were feasible. Lessons learned in developing the water method for optimizing patient-centered outcomes are presented. These proof-of-principle observations merit further research assessment in diverse settings.
An Examination of the Tripartite Model of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in African American Youth: Stressors and Coping Strategies as Common and Specific Correlates

The purpose of the current study was to examine the tripartite model of depression and anxiety in a community-based sample of 278 African American adolescents (M age = 12.89) from low-income communities and to identify stressors and coping strategies that were associated with the specific features of each disorder. Participants reported on depression, anxiety, stressors, and coping strategies. As predicted, the three-factor structure of the tripartite model was a valid representation of anxiety and depression in African American youth. Further, stressors and coping strategies showed specific associations to features of depression and anxiety. The findings provide evidence of factors that may help to distinguish between internalizing symptoms in African American youth.
PRT Statewide Application: Conceptual Design of a Transit System Capable of Serving Essentially All Daily Trips

While the State of New Jersey has extensive commuter railroad, light rail, and express and local bus systems, these transit systems serve only 5% of the State's daily work trips and a substantially smaller percentage of daily nonwalking trips. While extensive, these systems are incapable of offering competitive service to the diverse bulk of everyday trips that are spatially and temporally distributed throughout the state. Consequently, these trips are served by the ubiquity and efficient connectivity afforded by the state's roadway system through the use of on-demand personal automobiles. This paper describes attempts to conceptually design a statewide transit system that would afford automobile-like service ubiquitously to essentially all daily nonwalking trips. Technologically, the transit system is an area-wide Automated Transit Network (ATN) of auto-sized vehicles offering personalized on-demand non-stop service between all stations, commonly known as a Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) system. Presented is one state-wide design consisting of 8,099 stations interconnected by 16,926 kilometers of one-way guideway in which 215,000 vehicles serve 25 million daily trips.
A MANAGEMENT AUDIT OF SMALL BUSINESS LONG‐TERM FINANCIAL AFFAIRS

Most small businesses today could probably benefit from a management audit of the firm's long‐term financial affairs. In large corporations, internal auditors generally have free rein to audit all operations—including the activities of the corporate treasurer and the controller's department. Such audits involve not only the financial aspects of operations, but the day‐to‐day operating aspects as well. Internal audits of operations are typically called operational audits in the United States and value‐for‐money audits in the countries of the British empire. “Value‐for‐money audits” is probably the best name because the objective of the auditors is to point out ways that a department can save money or enhance revenues. Now it would be nice if small businesses had internal auditors to conduct value‐for‐money audits, but such is not the case. Most small companies do not have internal auditors. However, there is another alternative. The owner or manager of a small business can conduct the audit on sort of a do‐it‐yourself basis. Although every department could possibly benefit from such an audit, it is the long‐term financial management of the organization that might profit the most from a value‐for‐money audit.
Chains of Differential Subvarieties in an Algebraic Variety

Abstract Let X be a δ-variety over some δ-field K . Denote by tdδ(X/ K ), or simply tdδ(X) if the ground field is understood, the δ-transcendental degree of K 〈X〉 over K . Suppose tdδ(X) = d; Johnson [Comment. Math. Helv.44 (1969), 207–216] showed that there is an increasing chain of δ-subvarieties of length ωd in X. The question, also known as the Kolchin Catenary Problem, is: Given a point x ∈ X, is there an increasing chain of δ-subvarieties of length ωd starting at x? We will give an affirmative answer to this question if X is an algebraic variety.
Can radiation damage to protein crystals be reduced using small-molecule compounds?

Recent studies have defined a data-collection protocol and a metric that provide a robust measure of global radiation damage to protein crystals. Using this protocol and metric, 19 small-molecule compounds (introduced either by cocrystalliz­ation or soaking) were evaluated for their ability to protect lysozyme crystals from radiation damage. The compounds were selected based upon their ability to interact with radiolytic products (e.g. hydrated electrons, hydrogen, hydroxyl and perhydroxyl radicals) and/or their efficacy in protecting biological molecules from radiation damage in dilute aqueous solutions. At room temperature, 12 compounds had no effect and six had a sensitizing effect on global damage. Only one compound, sodium nitrate, appeared to extend crystal lifetimes, but not in all proteins and only by a factor of two or less. No compound provided protection at T = 100 K. Scavengers are ineffective in protecting protein crystals from global damage because a large fraction of primary X-ray-induced excitations are generated in and/or directly attack the protein and because the ratio of scavenger molecules to protein molecules is too small to provide appreciable competitive protection. The same reactivity that makes some scavengers effective radioprotectors in protein solutions may explain their sensitizing effect in the protein-dense environment of a crystal. A more productive focus for future efforts may be to identify and eliminate sensitizing compounds from crystallization solutions.
The integration of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 with silicon by the use of metallic buffers

Abstract Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BST) thin films have been deposited by pulsed laser deposition on metallic alloy conducting electrodes integrated onto a TiN/p-Si(100) wafer. The dielectric properties of these stacks have been studied, and other properties, including surface morphology and interface, have also been explored.
THE EFFECT OF UNIT FEES ON THE CONSUMPTION OF QUALITY

A law-of-demand explanation to the Alchian-Allen, or “shipping the good apples out,” proposition rests on a change in the relative price of quality when a unit fee is introduced. However, the manner in which quality is consumed is crucial. In some cases, for instance, there is no substitution between the quality attribute and the priced, quantity-measured attribute. This paper shows that in these cases the relative price of quality is unchanged by a unit fee. Nevertheless, while the “unit fee” proposition fails to obtain for individual choice, it does hold in aggregate.
Breast-cancer diagnosis with nipple fluid bFGF

Summary Early diagnosis of breast cancer is the key to extending survival of breast-cancer patients. We found that the concentrations of nipple fluid bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) was significantly increased in breast-cancer patients compared with concentrations in controls (1717 ng/L [SD 706] vs 19 ng/L [19]; Student's t test p=0·027). Measurement of bFGF in nipple fluid could be a useful diagnostic tool for breast cancer, and deserves further study.
Vitamin D deficiency vs. child abuse: what do we know now and where do we go?

1. Child abuse, unfortunately, is extremely common in the United States and throughout the world. Individuals of multiple medical disciplines contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. Individuals of multiple non-medical disciplines also contribute to investigating and assuring the medical and social well-being of these children.Wemust all work together with a common goal of ensuring the health and well-being of our greatest resource. 2. We believe that most physicians, regardless of their specialty, practice medicine correctly. Differential diagnoses are considered when appropriate. Tests for alternative diagnoses are performed when appropriate. Diagnoses are not rendered when unsubstantiated by medical evidence. Uncertainty in diagnosis is appropriately stated when the diagnosis is uncertain. 3. In many different ways, there are many different diseases and processes that may simulate child abuse, both clinically and on radiology studies. As physicians dealing with child abuse, it is imperative to know about these disorders and how they may mimic or be confused with child abuse. 4. There is a pandemic of vitamin D deficiency in the world. Evidence of widespread vitamin D deficiency in women of childbearing age is irrefutable. The significance of the maternal deficiencies to their infants is not fully determined. 5. There is no concrete evidence in the literature that vitamin D deficiency in infants younger than 6 months of age renders them susceptible to the same types of fractures as have been accepted to bear high specificity for child abuse.
Veteran-specific suicide prevention

Suicide rates have been increasing in some subgroups of Veteran populations, such as those who have experienced combat. Several initiatives are addressing this critical need and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) has been recognized for its leadership. This integrative review adopts the Research Impact Framework (RIM) to address suicide-specific prevention activities targeting Veterans. The RIM is a standardized approach for developing issue narratives using four broad areas: societal-related impacts, research-related impacts, policy-related impacts, and service-related impacts. The questions addressed in this review are: (1) What are the major initiatives in Veteran-specific suicide prevention in four areas of impact-society, research, policy, and services? (2) Are there gaps related in each impact area? and (3) What are the implications of this narrative for other strategies to address suicide prevention targeting Veterans? Systematic application of the RIM identifies exemplars, milestones, gaps, and health disparity issues.
Examining product champions as innovators

Champions of innovation often play a major role in facilitating entrepreneurial behavior within organizations. Without the influence and efforts of these entrepreneurial champions, many organizational initiatives would not be successful. Examples of organizational initiatives which are often influenced by champions include: new product development, new internal ventures, intrappreneurship, implementing a new information technology (IT) system, strategy creation & implementation, etc. Prior research, however, indicates that up to 70% of change initiatives fail (Higgs & Rowland, 2005). Howell and Higgins (1990) describe the role and importance of product champions this way: There is no shortage of creative idea in corporate America. However, for innovation to occur, someone must take the creative idea, guide it through the trying period when resistance hits a peak, and persevere until it becomes an innovation. In short, every idea needs a champion. The nationale of this paper is to understand more thoroughly the role of product champions in organizations and to identify what we know about several major areas considered important to product champion behavior. The areas we specifically focus on are the product champion's political, power, & process capabilities which can facilitate the evolvement of an innovation's performance. The study relies on an extensive literature review on product champions and what we've learned about their behavior. We then narrow our lens to what is known about the power, political, and process, and performance issues. A model is then developed that describes the potential relationships among these variables and performance. This study underscores the previous research findings that product champions use a mix of behaviors involving political, personal power capabilities, process issues, all of which influence innovation performance. The findings also suggest that in performing their role that too much influence, like too little influence, can adversely affect a project's potential for success. In addition, prior studies have noted that product champions use their web of influence both within and external to their organizations. Several managerial recommendations are advanced to improve product champion behaviors. Equally important, several research question are advanced for future study.
Millennium Russet: A dual purpose russet potato variety

Millennium Russet is a medium-late variety with long tubers having light russet skin and white flesh. It has potential as a fresh market and processing (french fries) variety. The tuber type of Millennium Russet is similar to Russet Burbank, but with better external and internal quality. The marketable yield, tuber set, and specific gravity are higher than Russet Burbank. Tubers show good fry color when processed from cold storage (7.2 C). Millennium Russet has a bland flavor and is less mealy and discolored than Russet Burbank. Chemical maturity of Millennium Russet occurs at approximately the same time as Russet Burbank, but it has lower sucrose levels in the bud and stem end. The glucose levels of Millennium Russet were 50% less than Russet Burbank throughout the first 4 months of storage at 10 C. Low glucose levels in the stem end of Millennium Russet when processed out of storage suggest tolerance to stress and low vulnerability to sugar end. Millennium Russet is resistant to common scab and corky ring spot, moderately resistant to dry rot, pink rot, and black scurf, and moderately susceptible to Verticillium wilt, bacterial wilt and brown rot. Millennium Russet is more sensitive to blackspot bruise than Russet Burbank, but more resistant to shatter bruise. Tuber yield of Millennium Russet was less responsive to nitrogen rates when compared with Russet Burbank, but tuber size distribution was more responsive to increases in in-row spacing.
Korean and American Elementary School Teachers' Beliefs about Mathematics Problem Solving

Elementary school teachers in South Korea and the United States completed a beliefs and practices questionnaire pertaining to mathematical problem-solving instruction. Although both groups of teachers shared a general approach to teaching with a focus on problem-solving strategies, many differences were apparent. Korean teachers rated themselves and their students higher in problem-solving ability than American teachers. Korean teachers perceived their mathematics textbook as a more valuable source for problem-solving instruction and word problems. Korean teachers more strongly agreed that students should know the key-word approach for solving problems. American teachers reported more frequent use of calculators, manipulatives, and small group instruction. The results indicate that American teachers may more often use instructional techniques that are aligned with current recommendations for mathematics instruction.
The enhancement ratio of corresponding convection heat transfer coefficient using electrospray evaporative cooling system

The thermal management of microelectronics demands high heat flux removal solutions due to a rapid increase in component and heat flux densities generated from the integrated circuits (ICs) per unit area. Electrospray evaporative cooling (ESEC), which combines two-phase cooling and an electrospray technique, is presented to be the thermal management solution for next generation microelectronics in order to overcome the heat transfer cooling limits for traditional cooling technologies. In this paper, the enhancement ratio of the corresponding convection heat transfer coefficients and heat removal ability of the ESEC system are investigated in terms of the number of spraying nozzles, total volume flow rates of ethanol alcohol, DC potentials, and gaps between the spraying nozzle and a thermal exchange surface. As the results show, thermal images have indicated the cooling ability of the ESEC system. Additionally, the electrospray modes induced by the distribution of electrostatic fields have a great impact on the heat transfer performance of the ESEC system. The maximum enhancement ratio, 1.61, and heat removal ratio, 61%, has been achieved by the 4-nozzle array. The corresponding calculated heat flux difference and convection heat transfer coefficient were approximately 123.19 W/cm2 and 3.99 W/cm2 K, respectively. Furthermore, the results also indicate that increase the number of the spraying nozzle and decrease the flow rate per nozzle is regarded as the effective way of improving the heat transfer performance of ESEC devices. A simple regression curve for the relationship between the heat removal ratio and enhancement ratio was also addressed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Raman spectra of gaseous and solid methyl-d3-vinyl ether, a re-investigation of the far infrared spectra, and the conformational stability in the gas phase

Abstract The Raman spectra (3500-40 cm −1 ) of gaseous and solid methyl- d 3 -vinyl ether, CH 2 CHOCD 3 , have been recorded, and assignments are provided for the observed bands. From the temperature study of the Raman spectrum of CH 2 CHOCH 3 , the enthalpy difference between the low energy s - cis conformer and the high energy gauche (skew) conformer was found to be 593 ± 32 cm −1 (1.70 ± 0.09 kcal/mol). The far i.r. spectra of both CH 2 CHOCH 3 and CH 2 CHOCD 3 have been re-investigated at a resolution of 0.1 cm −1 and several new features have been found which were not previously reported. The potential function governing the methoxy torsion was found in cm −1 to be V 1 = −227 ± 134 ( −0.65 ± 0.38 kcal/mol), V 2 = 1307 ± 170 (3.74 ± 0.49 kcal/mol), V 3 = 1475 ± 39 (4.22 ± 0.11 kcal/mol) and V 6 = 75 ± 17 (−0.21 ± 0.05 kcal/mol). The s - cis / gauche , gauche / gauche and gauche / s - cis barriers in cm −1 are 2456 ± 116 (7.02 kcal/mol), 610 ± 57 (1.74 kcal/mol) and 1818 ± 116 (5.20 kcal/mol), respectively. The dihedral angle for the methoxy group of the gauche conformer was determined to be 138°. The barrier to internal rotation of the methyl group is 1333 ± 40 cm −1 (3.81 ± 0.11 kcal/mol) for the s - cis conformer and 523 ± 10 cm −1 (1.50 ± 0.03 kcal/mol) for the gauche conformer. These results are compared to those obtained previously.
High-pressure fibrin sealant foam: an effective hemostatic agent for treating severe parenchymal hemorrhage.

Background The majority of early trauma deaths are related to uncontrolled, noncompressible, parenchymal hemorrhage from truncal injuries. The purpose of this study was to formulate a fibrin sealant foam (FSF) able to control severe parenchymal bleeding without compression or vascular control. Materials and methods FSF with high fibrinogen concentration (20 mg/mL) and low thrombin activity (5 U/mL) was prepared and pressurized by addition of liquid gas propellant. The efficacy of this foam was tested against a severe parenchymal hemorrhage, created by partial resection of liver lobes in anticoagulated rabbits ( n = 7) and compared to untreated injury ( n = 8) and placebo treatment ( n = 7). The hemostatic efficacy of pressurized FSF ( n = 8) was also compared to a commercially available liquid fibrin sealant ( n = 8) and a developing dry powdered fibrin sealant product ( n = 8) in the same model. Results The liver injury resulted in 122 ± 11.5 mL blood loss and death of 75% of untreated rabbits (3.2–3.4 kg) within 1 h. Treatment with placebo foam had no effect on blood loss or mortality rate. Pressurized FSF significantly reduced bleeding, resulting in 56% ( P P P = 0.008). When pressurized FSF was compared with liquid and powdered forms of fibrin sealant, only foam significantly reduced blood loss (49%, P P n = 9). Conclusion Biological nature, rapid preparation, coverage of large wound areas, and effective hemostatic properties make pressurized FSF an ideal candidate for treating nonoperable parenchymal injuries in damage control procedures.
Cumulative irritancy in man to sodium lauryl sulfate: The overlap phenomenon

Abstract Repeated contact of skin with surfactants causes irritation often characterized by dryness, erythema and scaliness. Morphologically healed skin after preexposure can still evoke a stronger reaction to any subsequent exposure of an irritant. Cumulative irrtancy using the overlap phenomenon was studied. The effects of repeated and prolonged application of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on human skin in vivo (healthy adult volunteers) were evaluated using non-invasive techniques of TEWL and skin capacitance measurements and visual scoring. The inability of TEWL and skin capacitance to achieve pretreatment values 2 weeks post SLS treatment suggests the possible detrimental effects of SLS on skin lipids. The surfactant effect was cumulative and dehydrating effects on prolonged and repeated application were observed.
Security policy analysis using deductive spreadsheets

As security policies get larger and more complex, analysis tools that help users understand and validate security policies are becoming more important.This paper explores the use of deductive spreadsheets for security policy analysis.Deductive spreadsheets combine the power ofdeductive rules (for specifying policies and analyses) with the usability of spreadsheets.This approach is introduced with a simple example of analyzing information flow allowed by RBAC policies and then applied in two case studies: analysis of computer system configurations and analysisof Security-Enhanced Linux access control policies.
Fluoro-Ruby labeling prior to an amphetamine neurotoxic insult shows a definitive massive loss of dopaminergic terminals and axons in the caudate-putamen.

Abstract Fluoro-Ruby (FR) was injected into the substantia nigra (SNc) to label dopaminergic axons and terminals in the caudate putamen (CPu) of rats 7 days prior to a neurotoxic d -amphetamine (AMPH) exposure. Three days after AMPH exposure, a massive loss in the TH immunoreactive (TH+) axons and terminals was seen in the CPu. The FR-labeled (FR+) axons and terminals in the CPu were greatly diminished with those remaining being enlarged or swollen after AMPH. Fluoro-Jade C (FJ-C) labeling was used to verify AMPH-induced axonal and terminal degeneration. This study demonstrates that fluorescent anterograde tract tracers can be used to show the subsequent axonal and terminal degeneration after systemic exposures to toxins and provides direct evidence that CPu axons and terminals from SNc dopaminergic neurons can be destroyed after neurotoxic exposure to AMPH.
Outcomes of thrombosed arteriovenous grafts: Comparison of stents vs angioplasty

The usual radiologic approach to thrombosed grafts is a combination of thrombectomy and angioplasty of the underlying lesion. However, the primary (unassisted) graft patency after thrombectomy is quite poor. We evaluated whether graft patency following thrombectomy is improved by placement of a stent in the stenotic lesion. Using a prospective, computerized vascular access database, we identified 14 patients with thrombosed arteriovenous (A-V) grafts treated with a stent at the venous anastomosis (stent group). The outcomes of these grafts was compared to those observed in 34 sex, age-, and date-matched control patients whose thrombosed A-V grafts were angioplastied (control group). Both groups were comparable in age, sex, race, diabetic status, graft age, and number of previous graft interventions. The immediate technical success, as indicated by the post-procedure graft to systemic pressure ratio, was similar in the stent and control groups (0.33+/-0.16 vs 0.41+/-0.17, P=0.14). The primary graft patency (time from thrombectomy to next intervention) was significantly longer for the stent group (median survival, 85 vs 27 days, P=0.02). Assisted or secondary patency (time from thrombectomy to permanent graft failure) was also longer for the stent group (median survival, 1215 vs 46 days, P=0.049). In conclusion, treatment of thrombosed grafts with a stenosis at the venous anastomosis with a stent results in longer primary and secondary graft survival, as compared to treatment with angioplasty. Stent placement may be a useful treatment modality in a subset of patients with thrombosed A-V grafts and stenosis at the venous anastomosis.
Auction-based energy-spectrum trading in green cognitive cellular networks

Green communications has received much attention recently. For cellular networks, the base stations (BSs) account for more than 50 percent of the energy consumption of the networks. Therefore, reducing the power consumption of BSs is crucial to enhance the energy efficiency of cellular networks. Meanwhile, the mobile data traffic is expected to increase exponentially. To accommodate the increasing data traffic with the limited radio frequency, enhancing the spectrum efficiency is critical for next generation cellular networks. In this paper, we propose an auction-based energy-spectrum trading scheme which exploits the cooperation between primary base stations (PBSs) and the secondary base stations (SBSs) to enhance the energy as well as spectrum efficiency of cellular networks. In the cooperation, by leveraging cognitive radio, PBSs share the licensed spectrum with SBSs, and the SBSs provide data service to the primary users under its coverage utilizing the shared bandwidth. The cooperation between PSBs and SBSs can significantly improve the energy and spectral efficiency of cellular networks. However, optimizing the bandwidth sharing between PBSs and SBSs is an NP-hard problem. Solving such problem using centralized algorithms is not computationally efficient, especially when considering a large number of PBSs and SBSs. Thus, we design an auction-based decentralized mechanism to enable the cooperation between PBSs and SBSs. Simulation results that demonstrated the performance and viability of the proposed decentralized mechanism.
Enhanced Productivity through Gratuitous Induction in Recombinant Yeast Fermentations

The advantages of gratuitous induction for GAL-regulated cloned gene (lacZ) product synthesis were evaluated for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The growth, yield, and productivity of a gratuitous (gal1) strain were compared with those of an otherwise isogenic, nongratuitous (GAL1) strain. Batch studies clearly demonstrated the improvements possible in product synthesis when the inducer is not metabolized by the yeast cells; both β-galactosidase specific and volumetric activities were superior for the gal1 strain. At equivalent metabolizable sugar concentrations, the productivity of the gratuitous strain exceeded that of the nongratuitous strain by 180%. The effects of initial inducer concentration and induction time were also examined. For the gratuitous strain, galactose:glucose ratios as low as 0.1 still gave maximum β-galactosidase volumetric activity. A 5-fold higher ratio was necessary for full induction with the nongratuitous strain, and productivity was substantially lower relative to the gal1 strain. A comparison of various times for galactose addition indicated that productivity is highest when the gratuitous culture is induced for the entire batch fermentation.
Freeon unitary group formulation of Hartree-Fock theory

Hartree—Fock theory was a major topic in Professor Lowdin's famous 1955Physical Review papers. His development was based on fermion orbitals and the Slater determinant. Since that time there has been developed, at the University of Texas, the freeon, unitary-group formulation of quantum chemistry as a viable alternative to the fermionic formulations of nonrelativistic quantum chemistry. We wish to express our appreciation to Professor Lowdin for his strong support of our freeon studies and for many helpful conversations.
Selective Enrichment and Identification of Azide-tagged Cross-Linked Peptides Using Chemical Ligation and Mass Spectrometry

Protein-protein interaction is one of the key regulatory mechanisms for controlling protein function in various cellular processes. Chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry has proven to be a powerful method not only for mapping protein-protein interactions of all natures, including weak and transient ones, but also for determining their interaction interfaces. One critical challenge remaining in this approach is how to effectively isolate and identify cross-linked products from a complex peptide mixture. In this work, we have developed a novel strategy using conjugation chemistry for selective enrichment of cross-linked products. An azide-tagged cross-linker along with two biotinylated conjugation reagents were designed and synthesized. Cross-linking of model peptides and cytochrome c as well as enrichment of the resulting cross-linked peptides has been assessed. Selective conjugation of azide-tagged cross-linked peptides has been demonstrated using two strategies: copper catalyzed cycloaddition and Staudinger ligation. While both methods are effective, Staudinger ligation is better suited for enriching the cross-linked peptides since there are fewer issues with sample handling. LC MSn analysis coupled with database searching using the Protein Prospector software package allowed identification of 58 cytochrome c cross-linked peptides after enrichment and affinity purification. The new enrichment strategy developed in this work provides useful tools for facilitating identification of cross-linked peptides in a peptide mixture by MS, thus presenting a step forward in future studies of protein-protein interactions of protein complexes by cross-linking and mass spectrometry.
Preservice teachers’ conceptions about computers: an ongoing search for transformative appropriations of modern technologies

Due to the variety of text forms that are being created as a result of improving information technologies, understandings of literacy must be broadened to include a variety of meaning‐making modes in order to include different social, cultural, and material contexts. The following case study examined the conceptions of technology held by two English preservice teachers enrolled in a required educational technology course designed to encourage the appropriation and integration of transformative uses of technology. Qualitative methodology was used in order to construct a detailed, intrinsic study. Cross‐case analyses established that the preservice teachers saw technology as a primarily utilitarian tool rather than a transformational one. These conceptions were greatly influenced by their personal experiences with technology and were not altered greatly by the content and/or theories presented in the educational technology course. For the greater teacher and teaching research community, significant aspects ...
A Multi-Scale Assessment of Amphibian Habitat Selection: Wood Frog Response to Timber Harvesting

Abstract: To understand changes in habitat selection in response to timber harvesting, we used radio-telemetry data from 82 adult wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus, formerly Rana sylvatica) and logistic regression modelling to assess habitat selection in response to an unharvested control and 3 forest management techniques: clearcutting (with removal of all merchantable timber > 10 cm diameter), clearcutting with coarse woody debris (CWD) retention, and partial harvesting with retention of ∼50% canopy cover. At the home range scale, frogs selected the partially harvested treatment in spring 2005 and avoided the CWD-retained treatment in fall 2006. Frogs spent 5 ± 2 d (mean ± SE) longer in forested treatments than in both clearcut treatments, but certain individuals were able to specialize on the clearcut treatments. At the weekly activity centre scale, the best-supported models indicated that frogs were more likely to occupy locations with more complex ground structure, especially coarse woody debris, war...
Effect of prostaglandins on cyclic nucleotide levels in cultured keratinocytes

Abstract Guinea pig ear epidermal cells (keratinocytes) were established in primary cultures using trypsin, and treated in their proliferative phase of growth with prostaglandins E1, D1, F1α, E2, D2, or F2α. This phase is induced by the addition of retinoic acid during cell plating. Intracellular content of cAMP and cGMP was measured by radioimmunoassay at various times after treatment. Maximum stimulation of cAMP levels was observed with PGD2, smaller increases with PGE2 and relatively transient rises with PGF2α which were of low significance, but confirm earlier data. Similar results were observed with PGD1, PGE1, and PGF1α with smaller increases. The effects of D and E PGs were biphasic. Significant increases in cGMP were immediately observed with PGD2 and PGE2. With PGF2α, maximum cGMP levels were noted after some delay. All PGs tested showed some effect in elevating cyclic nucleotides in keratinocytes. The most striking result was the increase in cAMP on PGD2 treatment.
Tellurite glass as a waste form for mixed alkali–chloride waste streams: Candidate materials selection and initial testing

Abstract Tellurite glasses have historically been shown to host large concentrations of halides. They are here considered for the first time as a waste form for immobilizing chloride wastes, such as may be generated in the proposed molten alkali salt electrochemical separations step in nuclear fuel reprocessing. Key properties of several tellurite glasses are determined to assess acceptability as a chloride waste form. TeO 2 glasses with other oxides (PbO, Al 2 O 3 + B 2 O 3 , WO 3 , P 2 O 5 , or ZnO) were fabricated with and without 10 mass% of a simulated (non-radioactive) mixed alkali, alkaline-earth, and rare earth chloride waste. Measured chemical durability is compared for the glasses, as determined by the product consistency test (PCT), a common standardized chemical durability test often used to validate borosilicate glass waste forms. The glass with the most promise as a waste form is the TeO 2 –PbO system, as it offers good halide retention, a low sodium release (by PCT) comparable with high-level waste silicate glass waste forms, and a high storage density.
Nash-Cournot or Lindahl Behavior?: An Empirical Test for the NATO Allies

This paper derives systems of demand equations for distinguishing between Nash-Cournot and Lindahl behavior in a group that either shares a pure public good or an activity that provides a private and a pure public joint product. Systems of simultaneous equations are estimated based upon Nash-Cournot and Lindahl behavior for a sample of ten NATO allies for the 1956–1987 period. Nonnested hypothesis tests support the Nash-Cournot specification for five of the ten sample allies. No evidence of Lindahl behavior is found. The Nash-Cournot joint-product specification outperforms the pure public model for all sample allies.
To burn or not to burn: an advocate’s report from the field

The long campaign for the fire safe cigarette nears its conclusion During the past two years, three significant events have occurred that will lead to the global reduction of fires caused by cigarettes. First, on 6 May 2003 in a Cleburne, Texas courthouse, the Philip Morris cigarette company ended an eight year products liability case by agreeing to pay damages of $2 million to Shannon Moore before the case went to a jury. Shannon was 21 months old when she sustained a 77% burn injury in a fire caused by a Marlboro cigarette. This represents the first “admission” of guilt by a cigarette company after 15 unsuccessful lawsuits filed in the United States during the past 25 years. Second, on 28 June 2004 the first regulation of cigarettes for fire safety took effect in New York state. (In fact, this was the first time cigarettes have ever been subject to product regulation, although labeling, divulging ingredients, toxicity testing, and taxation have been required by different governments at different times.) All cigarettes sold in New York (and, soon, in Vermont) must pass a fire safety test. Finally, in October 2005 Canada, using the New York performance standard, will become the first nation to regulate the fire safety of cigarettes and require that all cigarettes sold in Canada be “fire safe.” These three events are the culmination of nearly 30 years of advocacy by numerous individuals and organizations, often laboring in the shadows of the “anti-tobacco” movement. In the realm of injury control, the campaign for fire safe cigarettes provides a case study demonstrating that, in spite of overwhelming corporate opposition, regulating an unsafe product can be successful. Advocates need facts to be on their side, a deep commitment to the public’s health, and an abundance of patience. Annually, in the United …
Surface structure and chemistry of high surface area silica gels

Combined Raman and {sup 29}Si NMR investigations of high surface area silica gels indicate that dehydroxylation of the a-SiO{sub 2} surface results preferentially in the formation of cyclic trisiloxanes (3-membered rings). Estimates of the maximum experimentally observed concentration of 3-membered rings correspond to a surface coverage of about 28-58{percent}. Two consequences of 3-membered rings on the a-SiO{sub 2} surface are enhanced hydrolysis rates and increased skeletal densities. 29 refs., 6 figs.
Efficient route establishment and maintenance in wireless sensor networks with mobile base stations

The integration of ground wireless adhoc networks and airborne UAVs is a promising solution for realtime data collection in wireless sensor networks. Such networks play a vital role in many mission critical tasks such as forest fire-fighting and battlefield support. An important problem is to establish/maintain efficient routing structures in the ground sensor network for packet relaying. Our problem is unique in that the base stations are non-static, which necessitates frequent update of the routing structure. The performance of flooding based methods are evaluated. Particularly, in order to deal with non-uniform node density, we propose to introduce an artificial delay factor to control the flooding pattern. We mathematically prove that the delay should be proportional to local node density. Our simulation results show that the proposed method achieves good load balance among multiple base stations.
REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF POLIOVIRUS RIBONUCLEIC ACID.

Monkey kidney tissue culture (MKTC) cell homogenate depressed the infectivity of poliovirus RNA. This depression, however, was not due to RNAase activity of the cell homogenate, since after the depressed RNA solution was diluted and fresh facilitator was added, the infectivity was restored. Yeastolate, egg white, casein hydrolysate, and commercial RNA and DNA were found to have the same inhibitory effect on infectious RNA. The inhibitors destroyed the facilitating capacity of the facilitator. They could be easily removed by adsorbing them to large quantities of facilitator. The 7 per cent phenol treatment and the 50 per cent phenol extraction of poliovirus to obtain infectious RNA were compared. If the resulting RNA solution was inoculated undiluted, the 50 per cent method was superior because this method removed the proteinaceous material and hence part of the inhibitors in the crude virus suspension.
Bare-earth extraction from airborne LiDAR data based on segmentation modeling and iterative surface corrections

In the last decade, various algorithms have been developed for extracting the digital terrain model from LiDAR point clouds. Although most filters perform well in flat and uncomplicated landscapes, landscapes containing steep slopes and discontinuities are still problematic. In this research, we develop a novel bare-earth extraction algorithm consisting of segmentation modeling and surface modeling based on our previous work, forest canopy removal. The proposed segmentation modeling is built on a triangulated irregular network and composed of triangle assimilation, edge clustering, and point classification to achieve better discrimination of objects and preserve terrain discontinuities. The surface modeling is proposed to iteratively correct both Type I and Type II errors through estimating roughness of digital surface/terrain models, detecting bridges and sharp ridges, etc. Finally, we have compared our obtained filtering results with twelve other filters working on the same fifteen study sites provided by the ISPRS. Our average error and kappa index of agreement in the automated process are 4.6% and 84.5%, respectively, which outperform all other twelve proposed filters. Our kappa index, 84.5%, can be interpreted as almost perfect agreement. In addition, applying this work with optimized parameters further improves performance.
Rational belief structures and rational belief equilibria.

The paper introduces some simplifying tools and methods for studying Rational Beliefs and for proving existence of Rational Belief Equilibria. We identify a set of stable non-stationary stochastic processes, named SIDS processes. Furthermore we introduce the concept of a Rational Belief Structure, which formulates the Rational Beliefs of the agents as beliefs about the distribution of exogenous variables and the beliefs of other agents. The use of the developed apparatus is demonstrated by showing existence of a set of Rational Belief Equilibria in an Overlapping Generations Model with money and one commodity.