cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Characterization of Normal Mast Cells at Multiple Body Sites

This article reviews the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of normal human mast cells (MC) at multiple tissue sites. Current literature indicates that granules containing discrete scrolls (scroll-rich morphology) are frequent in MC from bowel mucosa and lung, locations where the majority of MC show only tryptase immunoreactivity (MCT). In contrast, most MC from skin, breast parenchyma, axillary lymph nodes, and bowel submucosa are characterized by scroll-poor morphology (that is, granules are rimmed by incomplete scrolls forming parallel lamellae and containing central, amorphous granular material or grating/lattice-like structures) and show both tryptase and chymase immunoreactivity (MCTC). MC having granules with both scroll-rich and scroll-poor features can occur in all tissue sites, and an occasional MC, especially in lung and bowel, may show only chymase immunoreactivity (MCC). Chymase immunoreactivity in MC also is closely associated with avidin binding and carboxypeptidase reactivity. We conclude that there is ultrastructural and immunophenotypic diversity among normal human MC, although certain forms predominate in specific tissue environments. In skin, breast tissue, axillary lymph nodes, and bowel submucosa MC tend to have scroll-poor granules and stain for avidin, chymase, tryptase, and carboxypeptidase, whereas, in lung and bowel mucosa MC granules tend to be scroll-rich and stain only for tryptase with currently available reagents.
The fine structure of mucosal epithelial cells of a pathological human gall bladder.

This communication presents the first electron micrographs known to us of human gall bladder mucosal epithelium. These cells are typical of epithelial cells in general. They possess microvilli, terminal bars, desmosomes, membrane interdigitations, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, and a nucleus limited by an envelope interrupted by pores and containing one to several nucleoli. Of particular interest are the three types of granular inclusions found in the cytoplasm. These granules are discussed in the light of their possible significance, in particular their possible relation to the functioning of this epithelium in a gall bladder exhibiting cholelithiasis.
Differential volume rendering: a fast volume visualization technique for flow animation

We present a direct volume rendering algorithm to speed up volume animation for flow visualizations. Data coherency between consecutive simulation time steps is used to avoid casting rays from those pixels retaining color values assigned to the previous image. The algorithm calculates the differential information among a sequence of 3D volumetric simulation data. At each time step the differential information is used to compute the locations of pixels that need updating and a ray-casting method as utilized to produce the updated image. We illustrate the utility and speed of the differential volume rendering algorithm with simulation data from computational bioelectric and fluid dynamics applications. We can achieve considerable disk-space savings and nearly real-time rendering of 3D flows using low-cost, single processor workstations for models which contain hundreds of thousands of data points. >
Responses of soil nitrogen dynamics in a Mojave Desert ecosystem to manipulations in soil carbon and nitrogen availability.

We investigated the effects of changes in soil C and N availability on N mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, NH3 volatilization, and soil respiration in the Mojave Desert. Results indicate a C limitation to microbial N cycling. Soils from underneath the canopies of Larrea tridentata (DC.) Cov., Pleuraphis rigida Thurber, and Lycium spp. exhibited higher rates of CO2 flux, lower rates of NH3 volatilization, and a decrease in inorganic N (NH4 +-N and NO3 --N) with C addition. In addition to C limitation, soils from plant interspaces also exhibited a N limitation. Soils from all locations had net immobilization of N over the course of a 15-day laboratory incubation. However, soils from interspaces had lower rates of net nitrification and potential denitrification compared to soils from under plant canopies. The response to changes in C availability appears to be a short-term increase in microbial immobilization of inorganic N. Under controlled conditions, and over a longer time period, the effects of C and N availability appear to give way to larger differences due to spatial location. These findings have implications for ecosystems undergoing changes in soil C and N availability due to such processes as desertification, exotic species invasions, or elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration.
New methods for recovery of soluble polymer-bound reagents

Abstract Acid- and base-containing dye-labeled polymers have been synthesized using polyacrylates and poly(maleic anhydride) copolymers. These dye-labeled polymers have in turn been used to evaluate the effectiveness of various extraction, absorption, crosslinking and precipitation strategies for polymer recovery using UV–Visible spectroscopy.
Stability properties of a nonstandard finite difference scheme for a hantavirus epidemic model

This paper studies the stability properties of a nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) scheme used to simulate the dynamics of a mouse population model in hantavirus epidemics. It is shown that this difference scheme and the underlying system of differential equations have the same dynamics. The proof uses the fact that the total population obeys the logistic equation, as well as techniques from calculus, graphical analysis, and dynamical systems.
Boundary controllability of the temperature in a long rod

The problem considered is that of using boundary heat flux control to steer the temperature in a rod from some given initial state to a prescribed final state. For rods of short to moderate length, it is well known that the control must satisfy a moment problem characterized by the eigenvalues of the system. For a long rod, viewed as one of semi-infinite length, the moment problem is replaced by an integral equation for the control. For sufficiently regular data, this integral equation can be solved explicitly for the desired control. The results further allow for the application of Tauberian theorems to relate the asymptotic time properties of the control to the asymptotic spatial properties of the final temperature state.
Synthesis and characterization of thin film multiferroic Ni3V2O8

We have synthesized thin films of multiferroic Ni3V2O8 by sputter deposition on several different substrates. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirm that the films are single phase Ni3V2O8, with the as-deposited amorphous films developing an increasingly polycrystalline structure on annealing at 900°C. Films prepared on sapphire substrates have a pronounced b-axis orientation, with grain sizes approaching 10 µm. The magnetization of the thin film samples exhibits an anomaly coincident with the transition to a canted antiferromagnetic state in bulk Ni3V2O8. Preliminary dielectric investigations on these thin film samples show a subtle feature coincident with the magnetic ordering transition, which shows no dependence on bias voltage up to an electric field of 4 MV m−1.
Increased incidence of atypical Papanicolaou tests from ThinPreps of postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy

BACKGROUND The authors noticed a significant increase in the rate of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) diagnoses in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy with ThinPrep (monolayer) Papanicolaou (Pap) tests (8.3%) as compared with conventional Pap tests (2.3%; P = 0.025). The purpose of this study was to correlate these morphologic changes with human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection by in situ hybridization and clinical outcome. METHODS Twenty-five monolayer Pap tests diagnosed as ASCUS in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement, as well as 2 cases of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) from the same group, were destained in acid alcohol. In situ HPV hybridization was performed with a consensus probe that can detect greater than 90% of the HPV types that occur in cervical SIL. In addition, 11 of the ASCUS tests were analyzed with the periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain. RESULTS All 25 ASCUS tests were negative for HPV DNA as compared with a detection rate of 15 of 17(88%) for low-grade SIL. Glycogen that was PAS positive was present in the atypical squamous cells of the postmenopausal women for whom HPV was not detected. Clinical follow-up demonstrated that only 2 of the 25 women with ASCUS had a subsequent biopsy proven SIL. CONCLUSIONS The ThinPrep preparation can produce artifactual HPV-like changes in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy that may be caused by glycogenization and, because of the high incidence of HPV negativity and negative clinical outcome, are best considered as benign cellular changes. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:357–63. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE DIMENSIONALITY OF THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION

An empirical study is described that derives the dimensionality of the concept of information. The resulting information structure was found to be in agreement with the structures suggested in the literature. Additionally, subject evaluations of three distinct report formats were determined using the derived dimensions of information. A graphical format was found to be preferred over both a tabular format and a bar chart format.
A Brief Group Intervention Using Video Games to Teach Sportsmanship Skills to Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.

Impaired social skills represent a fundamental deficit for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Despite the potential importance of “good sportsmanship,” this social skill has received relatively little attention in the literature. The current study utilized a Behavioral Skills Training (BST) approach to teach three sportsmanship skills (i.e., complimenting, turn taking, and being a good sport) during video game play (Wii Sports). Six children with ASD completed this study. Findings suggest BST can be used effectively to teach sportsmanship skills to children with ASD. The use of video-game technology as part of social skills intervention programs is also discussed.
Erratum to: A Combinatorial Library of Bi-Functional Polymeric Vectors for siRNA Delivery In Vitro

A funding source was mistakenly omitted from this article. The “Acknowledgments and Disclosures” section should read as follows: This publication was made possible in part by a grant from the Qatar National Research Fund under the National Priorities Research Program, award NPRP08-612-3-128. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Qatar National Research Fund. We thank the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Graduate Scholarship Programs and National Action Council for Minorities in Engineering (NACME), Inc. for a Sloan Fellowship (J.M.P.), the Cornell’s Learning Initiative in Medicine and Bioengineering (CLIMB) for the National Science Foundation (NSF) GK-12 Fellowship (J.M.P), and the Cornell University NMR and NBTC facilities.
Identification and function of host defense cells by flow cytometry.

(1997). Identification and Function of Host Defense Cells by Flow Cytometry. Immunological Investigations: Vol. 26, No. 1-2, pp. 83-89.
Prostate cancer histologic trends in the metropolitan Detroit area, 1982 to 1996

Abstract Objectives. One of the concerns regarding the widespread use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a screening tool for prostate cancer is the possibility that it may detect latent or clinically insignificant cancers. One indicator of clinical importance is thought to be histologic grade, with clinically unimportant cancers more likely to be well differentiated and clinically important tumors more likely to be moderately or poorly differentiated. Methods. Data from the metropolitan Detroit population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program were examined to determine trends in prostate cancer histologic grading before and after the introduction of PSA screening. Results. From 1989 through 1996, the most recent year for which data are available, a dramatic increase in the incidence of prostate cancer occurred in the Detroit area, corresponding to the routine use of PSA as a screening test for prostate cancer. Local stage cancer demonstrated the largest increase in incidence. The incidence of moderately differentiated cancers also rose substantially during the same period; the incidence of poorly differentiated tumors remained about the same, and the incidence of well differentiated tumors decreased. Coincident with the increasing proportion of moderately differentiated cancers was a significant increase in the proportion of prostate biopsies performed ( P = 0.001). Conclusions. These population-based data add important evidence that prostate cancers identified with PSA are more likely to be moderately than well differentiated. Additionally, if the definition of clinical significance depends on histopathologic grade, this finding could further be interpreted as evidence that PSA is more likely to detect clinically significant prostate cancer.
Vibrational Energy Relaxation Of Adsorbates On Surfaces

Picosecond infrared transient bleaching experiments have been performed to measure the population lifetime (T1) of vibrationally excited (v=1) functional groups chemisorbed on high surface area colloidal silicas (SiO2). The experimental method and results for vibrational modes of -OH, -OD, -NH2 and -OCH3 coordinated to surface silicon atoms and for the -BOH surface species are presented. Lifetimes for these groups at both vacuum and liquid interfaces indicate that the adsorbate degrees of freedom, chemical coordination and nearby substrate modes play an important role in damping vibrational energy. It is also surmised that the vibrational lifetime, especially that for the hydroxyl group (T1=150 ps), is related to the chemical reactivity of adsorbates on surfaces.
MULTINATIONALITY AND STOCK MARKET VALUATION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF U.S. MARKETS AND COMPANIES

It should be noted that this growth in overseas profits took place in spite of increasing nationalism in host countries leading to restrictions on overseas operations and increasing uncertainty in world financial markets especially in the seventies. The rewards of going overseas or the penalties of not going overseas must have been more than the difficulties encountered. The reasons for undertaking foreign direct investment are numerous2, and for some companies they certainly include the need to go overseas to stay competitive in the U.S. Whatever the reasons for a particular company, more and more companies must and are becoming multinational while companies that are already multinational are not likely to reduce their overseas involvement significantly. The purpose of this paper is to examine if on the average U.S. investors reward U.S. companies for going overseas. It has traditionally been assumed that a multinational company (MNC) should have a higher Price/Earnings (P/E) ratio than a comparable company that is purely domestic because of the opportunity for international risk diversification offered to investors by MNCs. While recent results of Solnik and others support that hypothesis3, the conclusions drawn by Adler and some others question the optimality of companies diversifying internationally as contrasted to such diversification by investors themselves.4 This paper attempts to provide empirical evidence regarding the stock market valuation of multinationality. The overseas involvement of U.S.-based multinational companies as measured by the percentage of foreign sales, foreign income, and foreign assets are related to the company's cost of equity capital, systematic risk, P/E ratio, and other variables. In the first part of the paper, some of the issues relevant to determining the optimality of international diversification by U.S. multinationals are discussed in view of other investment opportunities available to U.S. investors. Next, the results of other related empirical studies are examined as to U.S. investor reaction to multinationality among U.S. companies, as well as where this study fits in. The second part of this paper details the data
Device-Quality SiO2/Si(100) Interfaces Prepared by a Two-Step Remote Plasma-Assisted Oxidation-Depositon Process

When using conventional high-temperature thermal oxidation processes to fabricate Si-based devices that include SiO2 dielectrics, the SiO2/Si interface and bulk-oxide layer are formed at the same time. We have developed a new low-temperature process that separates interface formation, by plasma-assisted oxidation, from bulk-oxide deposition, by plasma-assisted chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) and thereby separately controls, and optimizes the respective electrical properties of the SiO2/Si interface, and the SiO2 layer. This approach has been extended to multilayer oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) dielectrics on Si substrates, and has also been successfully transferred to an integrated processing cluster tool that combines the new SiO2/Si oxidation/deposition process, with deposition of polycrystalline Si gate electrodes by a high-temperature, rapid thermal CVD process to form a stacked gate structure.
Gender Differences in Reward Preference A Status-Based Account

Extensive research has explored apparent differences in task group members'preferences for reward allocation. Some seem to prefer distributions based on equity, others a distribution based on equal...
Optimization and improvement of FOA corner cube algorithm

Alignment of laser beams based on video images is a crucial task necessary to automate operation of the 192 beams at the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The final optics assembly (FOA) is the optical element that aligns the beam into the target chamber. This work presents an algorithm for determining the position of a corner cube alignment image in the final optics assembly. The improved algorithm was compared to the existing FOA algorithm on 900 noise-simulated images. While the existing FOA algorithm based on correlation with a synthetic template has a radial standard deviation of 1 pixel, the new algorithm based on classical matched filtering (CMF) and polynomial fit to the correlation peak improves the radial standard deviation performance to less than 0.3 pixels. In the new algorithm the templates are designed from real data stored during a year of actual operation.
Clinical phenomenology of episodic rage in children with Tourette syndrome.

Objective: Episodic rage of unknown etiology causes significant morbidity in children with Tourette's syndrome (TS). Using modified Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria for intermittent explosive disorder (IED), we developed a screen and symptom questionnaire to explore rage attack phenomenology and to preliminarily investigate whether symptom clusters can identify clinical subgroups of TS children with rage attacks. Methods: 48 children with TS between ages 7 and 17 years consecutively presenting with rage attacks completed the Rage Attacks Screen and Questionnaire. Data was subjected to factor analysis. Cluster analytic procedures were used to identify clinical subgroups. Results: Final cluster solution revealed four homogeneous subgroups of TS children with rage who were differentiated by predominant clinical characteristics: specific urge resolution, environmentally secure reactivity, nonspecific urge resolution or labile nonresolving. Conclusion: Episodic rage in TS has stereotypic features, but diverse and complex etiologies. Identifying particular symptom clusters may facilitate improved treatment strategies.
The static electric quadrupole moments of the first excited states of 144, 146, 148, 150Nd

Abstract From the relative yield of γ-rays deexciting the 2 + first excited states of 144, 146, 148, 150 Nd following Coulomb excitation by helium, oxygen and sulfur ions, it has been possible to measure the relative static quadrupole moments of these states. Ratios of the γ-ray yields for different projectiles were compared with the calculations of a Coulomb excitation coupled channels computer code. Absolute quadrupole moments of +0.03 ± 0.21, −0.63 ± 0.10 and −1.24 ± 0.14 e · b were obtained for 144, 146, 148 Nd, respectively, if the rotational value of −1.48 e · b is assumed for the quadrupole moment of 150 Nd. Best agreement with the quadrupole moments of 144, 146, 148 Nd measured by Crowley 1 ) is obtained assuming Q 2+ = −2.00 ± 0.51 e · b for 150 Nd. Corresponding to this value for 150 Nd, the quadrupole moments for 144, 146, 148 Nd are −0.07 ± 0.15, −0.78 ± 0.09 and −1.46 ± 0.13 e · b, respectively. A comparison with previously published data on the quadrupole moments for neighboring nuclei shows a smooth increase in the magnitude of the (negative) quadrupole moments of the first 2 + states as one adds pairs of neutrons or neutron holes to the closed neutron shell at N = 82. The static quadrupole moments for 148 Nd and 150 Nd exceed the rotor value, derived from the B (E2, 0 + → 2 + ), by about 37 %. Similar results have been observed in previous reorientation measurements on rotational nuclei and are not understood at the present time.
Minimal subconstituent models of quarks and leptons

We analyze the structure of composite quarks and leptons in the framework of chiral subconstituent models of minimal internal symmetry. The model of Harari and Shupe contains the correct number of composite fields but it cannot sustain an exact color symmetry. An extension of the Harari-Shupe model is proposed, with both color and electromagnetic properties being realized linearly on the subconstituents. This model contains two generations of quarks and leptons; all models of this type contain additional quarklike states or leptonlike states of higher spin. Problems associated with the implementation of the approximate weak-electromagnetic symmetry and with the statistics of subconstituents are discussed.
A Generalized Logistic Model for Quantal Response Bioassay

In bioassay, where different levels of the stimulus may represent different doses of a drug, the binary response is the death or survival of an individual receiving a specified dose. In such applications, it is common to model the probability of a positive response P at the stimulus level x by P = F(x′β), where F is a cumulative distribution function and β is a vector of unknown parameters which characterize the response function. The two most popular models used for modelling binary response bioassay involve the probit model [BLISS (1935), FINNEY (1978)], and the logistic model [BERKSON (1944), BROWN (1982)]. However, these models have some limitations. The use of the probit model involves the inverse of the standard normal distribution function, making it rather intractable. The logistic model has a simple form and a closed expression for the inverse distribution function, however, neither the logistic nor the probit can provide a good fit to response functions which are not symmetric or are symmetric but have a steeper or gentler incline in the central probability region. In this paper we introduce a more realistic model for the analysis of quantal response bioassay. The proposed model, which we refer to it as the generalized logistic model, is a family of response curves indexed by shape parameters m1 and m2. This family is rich enough to include the probit and logistic models as well as many others as special cases or limiting distributions. In particular, we consider the generalized logistic three parameter model where we assume that m1 = m, m is a positive real number, and m2 = 1. We apply this model to various sets of data, comparing the fit results to those obtained previously by other dose-response curves such as the logistic and probit, and showing that the fit can be improved by using the generalized logistic.
Nanosized Contrast Agents to Noninvasively Detect Kidney Inflammation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Several molecular imaging methods have been developed that use nanosized contrast agents to detect markers of inflammation within tissues. Kidney inflammation contributes to disease progression in a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and a biopsy is currently the only method of definitively diagnosing active kidney inflammation. However, the development of new molecular imaging methods that use contrast agents capable of detecting particular immune cells or protein biomarkers will allow clinicians to evaluate inflammation throughout the kidneys and to assess a patient's response to immunomodulatory drugs. These imaging tools will improve our ability to validate new therapies and to optimize the treatment of individual patients with existing therapies. This review describes the clinical need for new methods of monitoring kidney inflammation and recent advances in the development of nanosized contrast agents for the detection of inflammatory markers of kidney disease.
Terahertz wave generation and detection from a CdTe crystal characterized by different excitation wavelengths

Terahertz (THz) wave generation and detection from a ‹110›-oriented CdTe crystal via optical rectification and electro-optic sampling has been performed with laser wavelengths ranging from 710 to 970 nm. Three optical rectification regimes are studied with various excitation wavelengths: a resonance-enhanced regime above the bandgap, a highly phase-mismatched regime near the band gap, and a semi-phase-matched regime. A CdTe crystal generates more THz power than a ZnTe crystal at 970 nm.
Quantitative synthesis of uncertain cascade feedback systems with plant modification

Consider the constrained part (denoted as the plant) of a control system, consisting of n cascaded sections, each of whose outputs can be sensed for feedback purposes. Feedback from these points is to be used to achieve a priori specified tolerances on the system response, despite great uncertainty in plant parameter values. In this first quantitative work of its kind, the feedback is permitted to proceed directly to internal plant variables, constituting ‘ plant modification ’. The reason is that the internal plant signal levels needed to achieve a specific output are now affected by the feedback loops. This is in contrast to previous quantitative research in which the feedback was confined to the plant input. The plant signal levels needed to achieve a specific output were then not influenced by the feedback. Plant modification feedback permits greater reduction in the ‘ cost of feedback ’, in terms of feedback loop bandwidths and effect of sensor noise, at the cost of increase in plant internal signal ...
Evidence of the Involvement of O-GlcNAc-modified Human RNA Polymerase II CTD in Transcription in Vitro and in Vivo

The RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD), which serves as a scaffold to recruit machinery involved in transcription, is modified post-translationally. Although the O-GlcNAc modification of RNA polymerase II CTD was documented in 1993, its functional significance remained obscure. We show that O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) modified CTD serine residues 5 and 7. Drug inhibition of OGT and OGA (N-acetylglucosaminidase) blocked transcription during preinitiation complex assembly. Polymerase II and OGT co-immunoprecipitated, and OGT is a component of the preinitiation complex. OGT shRNA experiments showed that reduction of OGT causes a reduction in transcription and RNA polymerase II occupancy at several B-cell promoters. These data suggest that the cycling of O-GlcNAc on and off of polymerase II occurs during assembly of the preinitiation complex. Our results define unexpected roles for both the CTD and O-GlcNAc in the regulation of transcription initiation in higher eukaryotes.
Lateral Solid Phase Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Under High Pressure

We have investigated a novel surface-seeded crystallization technique at low processing temperatures (≤ 550°C) and high pressures (10MPa∼25MPa) using polished polycrystalline diamond seeds. By controlling the high pressure, the nucleation and growth of silicon can be controlled to obtain improved quality silicon films on amorphous substrates at low temperatures. Depending on the annealing temperature and applied pressure, the orientation of crystallized silicon thin films varies as seen by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results. In addition, crystallization of amorphous silicon thin films has effect on their roughness.
Repeated measurements of dynamic tear distribution on the ocular surface after instillation of artificial tears.

PURPOSE. To determine the repeatability of real-time optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of tear film thickness (TFT) and variables of tear film menisci. METHODS. Forty eyes were imaged with a custom-built, real-time OCT to obtain heights, curvatures, and cross-sectional areas of upper and lower tear menisci simultaneously. The central TFT was indirectly determined as the difference between the combined thickness of the central cornea and tear film and the true corneal thickness obtained after instillation of artificial tears. Dynamic tear distribution was determined by OCT imaging immediately and 5, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after tear instillation. Measurements taken after two blinks of one eye at each visit were repeated on the next day. Measurements from the companion eye were made on separate days. RESULTS. There were no significant differences between the two measurements of each variable made on consecutive days. At baseline, upper tear meniscus variables were strongly correlated with the comparable lower meniscus variables. However, there were no significant correlations between TFT and any tear meniscus variable. Immediately after instillation of artificial tears, all measured variables increased significantly. TFT, upper and lower menisci heights, and upper meniscus area remained elevated for at least 5 minutes. In addition there were significant correlations between TFT and the lower tear meniscus height and area. CONCLUSIONS. The custom-built OCT showed good repeatability and holds promise in measuring the dynamic distribution of artificial tears on the ocular surface.
Gastroesophageal reflux and the upper airway

EER is a disorder commonly seen in otolaryngologic practice and differs from GERD in its clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and response to treatment. Its association with numerous disorders in children should lead otolaryngologists to consider this diagnosis in all patients with voice, airway, and swallowing complaints.
Long-Term Fertilizer Effects on Oxalate-Desorbable Phosphorus Pools in a Typic Paleaquult

Inorganic phosphate rapidly forms strong inner sphere bonds with hydrous oxides via ligand-exchange reactions. With time, P can be absorbed into minerals or occluded by oxides in highly weathered acidic soils. Phosphate ion concentrations in the soil solution are typically very low, which limits plant growth in pine plantations of the southeastern United States. While some plants and microbes secrete low-molecular-mass organic acids such as oxalate to access sorbed P pools, intensively managed plantations are commonly fertilized to ameliorate P deficiencies. Our goal was to determine if there were fertilizer treatment effects on ligand-desorbable P pools in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation 27 yr after fertilization. We quantified the fertilizer effect by measuring P (organic and inorganic) desorbed with increasing oxalate concentrations. Based on the increasing concentration of Fe, Al, and fulvic acids in the oxalate extracts, we were able to distinguish between oxalate-exchangeable P pools and oxalate-dissolvable P pools (P released with the dissolution of the mineral surface). The quantity of desorbed Fe and Al exceeded CuCl 2 -exchangeable concentrations when oxalic acid concentrations exceeded 20 mmol kg ―1 soil. Concurrently, the P desorbed from mineral surfaces increased when oxalate exceeded 20 mmol kg ―1 soil, indicating a shift from oxalate-exchangeable P to oxalate-dissolvable P pools. Oxalate-dissolvable P pools (0.06 mmol kg ―1 , 60%) increased significantly in response to the fertilizer treatment. These results show that the primary mechanism for the long-term retention of fertilizer P on this highly weathered, acidic soil is the sequestration of P into the oxalate (dissolvable) P pool.
Impact of Comorbid Anxiety in an Effectiveness Study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of comorbid anxiety on treatment for adolescent depression in an effectiveness study of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (IPT-A). Method: A randomized clinical trial was conducted from April 1, 1999, through July 31, 2002. Sixty-three depressed adolescents, ages 12 to 18, received either IPT-A or treatment as usual delivered by school-based mental health clinicians. Adolescents with and without probable comorbid anxiety disorders were compared on depression and overall functioning. All analyses used an intent-to-treat design. Results: Comorbid anxiety was associated with higher depression scores at baseline ( p p p =.07). Adolescents whose depression and functioning improved during the course of treatment also showed an improvement in anxiety ( p Conclusions: Adolescents with comorbid depression and anxiety present with more severe depression and may be more difficult to treat. Structured treatments like IPT-A may be particularly helpful for comorbidly depressed adolescents as compared to supportive therapy. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2006;45(8):904-912.
The effect of air–water interface on the vortex shedding from a vertical circular cylinder

Abstract The flow past an interface piercing circular cylinder at the Reynolds number Re=2.7×10 4 and the Froude numbers Fr=0.2 and 0.8 is investigated using large-eddy simulation. A Lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scale model and a level set based sharp interface method are used for the spatially filtered turbulence closure and the air–water interface treatment, respectively. The mean interface elevation and the rms of interface fluctuations from the simulation are in excellent agreement with the available experimental data. The organized periodic vortex shedding observed in the deep flow is attenuated and replaced by small-scale vortices at the interface. The streamwise vorticity and the outward transverse velocity generated near the edge of the separated region, which enforces the separated shear layers to deviate from each other and restrains their interaction, are primarily responsible for the devitalization of the periodic vortex shedding at the interface. The lateral gradient of the difference between the vertical and transverse Reynolds normal stresses, increasing with the Froude number, is the main source of the streamwise vorticity and the outward transverse velocity at the interface.
Ultra-Low power neuromorphic computing with spin-torque devices

Emerging spin transfer torque (ST) devices such as lateral spin valves and domain wall magnets may lead to ultra-low-voltage, current-mode, spin-torque switches that can offer attractive computing capabilities, beyond digital switches. This paper reviews our work on ST-based non-Boolean data-processing applications, like neural-networks, which involve analog processing. Integration of such spin-torque devices with charge-based devices like CMOS can lead to highly energy-efficient information processing hardware for applicatons like pattern-matching, neuromorphic-computing, image-processing and data-conversion. Simulation results for analog image processing and associative computing has shown the possibility of ~100X improvement in energy efficiency as compared to a 15nm CMOS ASIC.
Opposite effects of different hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane) isomers on cerebellar cyclic GMP: relation of cyclic GMP accumulation to seizure activity.

Abstract A number of different depressant and convulsant agents have been shown to alter accumulation of cerebellar cyclic GMP. Since the different hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers elicit different pharmacological responses in mammals, we examined their effects on the accumulation of cerebellar cyclic GMP. Mice received one of the HCH isomers and were sacrified for determination of cyclic GMP concentrations one hour later. Gamma-HCH increased cyclic GMP while alpha and delta -HCH decreased it. In addition, alpha and delta -HCH prevented the increase in cyclic GMP due to the gamma isomer. Picrotoxin increased cyclic GMP in a manner similar to that of gamma-HCH while strychnine produced only a small increase. All three HCH isomers inhibited the binding of 3H-TBOB (a ligand for the GABA-A-receptor linked chloride channel) in mouse cerebellum. It is concluded that the different HCH isomers can have different effects on cerebellar cyclic GMP accumulation and that these effects may be mediated through actions at the GABA-A receptor linked chloride channel.
COMPARISON OF THE HARTREE-FOCK ORBITAL WITH THE FIRST NATURAL SPIN ORBITAL FOR TWO-ELECTRON SYSTEMS

A demonstration is given that for two‐electron systems the Hartree—Fock and first natural spin orbitals are different functions. The method used is perturbation theory for which the zero‐order problem is the Hartree—Fock approximation. A perturbation expansion through the second order is obtained for the first natural spin orbital. The two orbitals begin to differ in the second order, and their energies in the fourth order. An equation for the second‐order part of the orbital difference function is derived. Estimates of the norms of the orbital difference functions are calculated for the ground states of the helium atom and the hydrogen molecule and are found to be small.
Dysgraphia in Alzheimer's disease: a review for clinical and research purposes.

Purpose This article presents a critical review of literature on dysgraphia associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Research presented includes discussions of central and peripheral spelling impa...
Interface split routing for finer-grained traffic engineering

Legacy IP routing restricts the efficacy of traffic engineering solutions. This restriction stems from the constraint that traffic at a node must be uniformly split across all next-hop nodes corresponding to equal cost shortest path to a destination. Proposals that alleviate this constraint either completely overhaul legacy IP routing, or introduce complex control and/or forwarding plane components. This additional complexity departs from the elegant simplicity of legacy routing protocols where statically optimized link weights embed all traffic engineering semantics. We present Interface Split Routing (ISR), which retains the basic forwarding and control mechanism of legacy IP routing. Furthermore, a set of link weights embed all traffic engineering semantics in ISR. However, ISR makes possible finer-grained traffic engineering by configuring independent sets of next-hops to a destination at each incoming interface. This lends itself well to modern router architectures where each incoming interface has its own forwarding table. Consequently, at the aggregated node level, traffic to a particular destination may be non-uniformly distributed across next-hop nodes. Hence, ISR allows additional flexibility in routing traffic as compared to default IP routing while retaining its simplicity. We conduct simulation studies on representative ISP topologies to compare ISR with traditional link-weight-optimized routing. ISR reduces the difference between optimal routing and weight-optimized routing by 50%.
Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis as a functional somatic syndrome.

Abstract Purpose To determine whether bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) has the characteristics of a functional somatic syndrome (FSS). Materials and methods There is no accepted definition of an FSS. Consequently, this paper reviewed the literature for common FSS characteristics and for reports that BPS/IC has these characteristics. Results Eleven articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria and yielded 18 FSS characteristics. BPS/IC patients manifest all but two: the exceptions were normal light microscopic anatomy (after hydrodistention under anesthesia, some BPS/IC bladders have Hunner's lesions and most have petechial hemorrhages) and normal laboratory tests (many BPS/IC patients have hematuria). Petechial hemorrhages and hematuria are probably related and may appear during naturally-occurring bladder distention. Without such distention, then, the 90% of BPS/IC patients without a Hunner's lesion have all the characteristics of an FSS. Comparisons in the opposite direction were consistent: several additional features of BPS/IC were found in FSSs. Conclusions This systematic but untested method is consistent with but does not test the hypothesis that BPS/IC in some patients might best be understood as an FSS. Like most conditions, BPS/IC is probably heterogeneous; hence only a proportion of BPS/IC cases are likely to be manifestations of an FSS. This hypothesis has several implications. Explorations of processes that connect the FSSs might contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of BPS/IC. Patients with FSSs are at risk for BPS/IC and may benefit from future preventive strategies. Therapies that are useful in FSSs also may be useful in some cases of BPS/IC.
Fluorierung von Dioxa- und Oxazaphospholanen

Die Fluoridolyse cyclischer Ester und Esteramide der phosphorigen Saure (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 11, und 12,) mit dem sauren Fluorierungsagens Et3N · nHF (n > 1) ergibt ebenso wie mit uberschussigem basischen Fluorierungsmittel (n < 1) in allen Fallen HPF5− (3). Mit stochiometrischen Mengen Fluorid werden dagegen die Fluorphospholane (4,) und (5,) sowie fac.- und mer.-o- (6a, 6b,) und das spirocyclische Fluorohydridophosphat (8,) erhalten. (13,) reagiert zu (14,) und die Spiroverbindung (15,) ergibt (16,). Durch oxidative Fluorierung mit der Reagenzkombination · nHF (n < 1) werden aus den spiro- bzw. bicyclischen PH-Verbindungen 11, 12, und 20, die Fluorphosphorane (18,), (19,) und (21) erhalten. Die oxidative Fluorierung cyclischer Triester der phosphorigen Saure (7, 23,) fuhrt zu den cyclischen Fluorophosphaten (22,) und 16, sowie 6., Die Verbindungen 18, 19, und 22, entstehen auch bei der oxidativen Fluorierung von P4 in Gegenwart des entsprechenden bifunktionellen Nucleophils. Fluorination of Dioxa- and Oxazaphospholanes The fluoridolysis of cyclic esters and esteramides of phosphorous acid (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 11, and 12,) using the acid fluorination reagent Et3N · nHF (n > 1) or an excess of a basic composed agent (n < 1) yields in all cases HPF5− (3,). With stoichiometric amounts of fluoride, however, the fluorophospholanes (4,) and (5,) as well as fac.- and mer.-o- (6a, 6b,) and the spirocyclic fluorohydridophosphate (8,) are obtained. (13,) reacts to (14,) and the spirocyclic compound (15,) gives (16,). The fluorophosphoranes (18,), (19,), and (21,) are obtained by oxidative fluorination of the spiro- or bicyclic PH compounds 11, 12, and 20, with CCl4/Et3N · nHF (n < 1). The oxidative fluorination of the cyclic triesters of phosphorous acid 7, and 23, leads to the cyclic fluorophosphates (22,) and 16, as well as 6., The compounds 18, 19, and 22, are also formed by oxidative fluorination of elemental phosphorus, P4, in the presence of the corresponding bifunctional nucleophile.
The development of word recognition mechanisms: Inference and unitization

Adult, third-grade, first-grade, and kindergarten subjects searched for target letters through fields of six types. The six fields were formed by factorially combining the two variables wordness (words vs. nonwords) and case (upper, lower, and mixed). The adults and third-graders showed word superiority effects when searching through upper- and lowercase fields, but not when searching through mixed-case fields. First-grade subjects displayed a similar pattern, but the wordness effects in their data failed to reach statistical significance. The kindergarten subjects showed no word superiority effects in any of the three field conditions. The results are interpreted as indicating that the extraction of supraletter features is responsible for the word superiority effects shown by adults and third-graders, that this unitization process begins to develop in the first grade, and that by the third grade it is similar to that of an adult.
Integration of photoacoustic imaging and high-intensity focused ultrasound

We have developed an integrated photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) system for solid tumor treatments. A single-element, spherically focused ultrasonic transducer, with a central frequency of 5 MHz, was used to induce HIFU lesions in soft tissue. The same ultrasonic transducer was also used as a detector during PAI to guide HIFU ablation. The use of same transducer for PAI and HIFU can reduce the requirement on acoustic windows during the imaging-guided therapy, as well as ensuring the correct alignment between the therapeutic beam and the planned treatment volume. During an experiment, targeted soft tissue was first imaged by PAI. The resulted image was used to plan the subsequent HIFU ablation. After the HIFU ablation, targeted soft tissue was imaged again by PAI to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments. Good contrast was obtained between photoacoustic images before and after HIFU ablation. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that PAI technology may potentially be integrated with HIFU ablation for image-guided therapy.
Plasmodium gallinaceum: density dependent limits on infectivity to Aedes aegypti.

In acute, blood-induced infections of chickens, the malarial parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum is most infective to the mosquito Aedes aegypti 1 day before gametocyte numbers peak. In an effort to account for this disynchrony, daily changes in parasite infectivity, parasitemia, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were measured during the course of infections. Three events were correlated with the loss of infectivity: (1) In the 24 hr between peak infectivity and peak gametocytemia, schizont-induced hemolysis reduced the red blood cell volume 22%. (2)P. gallinaceum zygotes, fertilized in vitro and mixed with heavily infected red blood cells from which all viable, mature gametocytes had been removed, produced 67% fewer oocysts than when combined with uninfected red blood cells. (3) Zygotes fertilized in vitro on the day of peak parasitemia produced 47% fewer oocysts than zygotes prepared 24 hr earlier. It appears that high parasite density reduces infectiousness by destroying, through hemolysis and intraerythrocytic metabolism, a substance necessary to the sporogonic stages, and that there is also an intrinsic loss of infectivity, possibly due to decreased efficiency of fertilization.