cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationships between unemployment rates and suicide rates in eight countries, 1962-1976.

Annual variations in suicide rates between 1962 and 1976 were associated positively and significantly with concomitant annual variations in the unemployment rates of Canada, France, Germany (Federa...
Work, Family, and Organizational Advancement: Does Balance Support the Perceived Advancement of Mothers?

Following expansionist (Barnett and Hyde 2001) and enrichment (Greenhaus and Powell 2006) theories of work and family, the current study explores the beneficial effects of work-family balance. Survey responses from a nationally representative U.S. sample (N = 3,504; 53.5% male, 46.5% female) indicate that the extent to which individuals’ home lives positively affect their work lives is positively related to their perceived advancement. Contrary to hypotheses, these effects were similar for women and men suggesting that men benefit from work-family balance as much as women. However, compared to fathers, mothers who experienced positive spillover did not perceive greater opportunities for advancement, suggesting that positive aspects of the work-family interface may not overcome all the challenges to mothers’ perceived advancement.
Economic Development and the Common Good: Lonergan and Cobb on the Need for a New Paradigm

John B. Cobb, Jr and his associates offer a critique of prevailing economic theory and practice in the hopes of contributing to the reformation of both by examining the meaning and relevance of the common good in the economic sphere. This paper examines Cobb's critique of economic theory and practice and his contribution toward an understanding of economic life that would do greater justice to environmental and communal sustainability. It also examines the contours of the new paradigm for economic theory and practice that he and Herman E. Daly propose. While that paradigm stands in need of greater elaboration, their work suggests a line of further development, one that anticipates Bernard Lonergan's macroeconomic dynamics. The latter, I argue, accounts for Cobb's concerns and criticisms and provides a basis for the formulation of moral precepts that promote economic progress in ways consonant with a fuller vision of human flourishing.
Software-defined, virtualized networking and beyond 100G

Network Virtualization is coming to play the important role in network architecture because there are many flexible resources are available in ICT infrastructure. In this paper, we describe state-of-the-art challenges to be forced in implementing network virtualization functions and several use cases of utilizing network virtualization to get more value than is provided by using existing network architecture. We also discuss the future direction of networks in the Beyond 100G Era.
Protection of bi-directional AC-DC/DC-AC converter in hybrid AC/DC microgrids

This paper presents an investigation on the various faults that a bi-directional AC-DC/DC-AC converter linking a DC microgrid to the main AC grid may encounter. In addition, the protection of this converter against line-line, line-ground, one phase open and DC bus faults is developed, presented and discussed. The converter proved to be a very effective tool to transfer any desired amount of power from either of the sides to the other quickly. However, due to its importance, it has to be well protected. The fault current through the converter for any fault on the AC side was found not to exceed 2–4 p.u. This is because of the impedance of the filter, which limits the fault current. This increases the complexity of detecting this fault using the amplitude of the current. However, another quantity such as the zero sequence current can be used for this fault detection. On the other hand, for a fault on the DC side, the charged capacitor discharges in a very short time. Hence, the derivative of the current can be used for detecting the fault. A detailed discussion about these concepts is presented in this paper.
Financial Restructuring in Fresh‐Start Chapter 11 Reorganizations

We find that firms substantially reduce their debt burden in “fresh-start” Chapter 11 reorganizations, yet they emerge with higher debt ratios than what is typical in their respective industries. While cross-sectional regressions reveal that post-reorganization debt ratios are more in line with the predictions of the static trade-off theory, they also reveal that pre-reorganization debt ratios affect post-reorganization debt ratios. Collectively, these results suggest that impediments in Chapter 11 prevent firms from completely resetting their capital structures. We also find that firms that reported positive operating income leading up to Chapter 11 emerge faster, suggesting that it is quicker to remedy strictly financial distress than economic distress. Several high-profile firms such as General Motors, Chrysler, Enron, WorldCom, Kmart, Conseco, and multiple airlines have recently filed for protection from creditors under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code. While the intent of Chapter 11 is to reorganize the claims against the firms, a significant portion of the companies that file for Chapter 11 never emerge as standalone companies (Weiss, 1990; Wruck, 1990; Hotchkiss, 1995). Those that do emerge get a unique opportunity to establish a new capital structure. However, there is an ongoing debate whether the Chapter 11 process permits firms to adopt a capital structure that maximizes total value. Roe (1983) and Bebchuk (1988) argue that the Chapter 11 process imposes barriers to reducing debt, and that the process is therefore in need of reform. Alternatively, Alderson and Betker (1995) contend that the choice of capital structure for firms emerging from Chapter 11 is “free of the holdout and hidden information problems that might otherwise restrict a complete capitalstructurerearrangement.”Indeed,BruceParsons,PresidentandCEOofEBIZEnterprises, commented that EBIZ’s 2002 “reorganization plan gives us the fresh start that we need.” ConsistentwithAldersonandBetker’s(1995)argument,Gilson(1997)findsempiricalevidence that “transaction costs do not appear to be a major deterrent to reducing debt in Chapter 11.” In particular, he documents that the post-restructuring debt ratios are unrelated to pre-restructuring debt ratios suggesting that the new capital structure is completely reestablished. He also finds that firms have higher debt ratios than their industry peers upon emerging from Chapter 11 but attributes this to an increase in the optimal debt ratio during the Chapter 11 process rather than to the inability of firms to extinguish debt.
Speciation, Characterization, and Mobility of As, Se, and Hg in Flue Gas Desulphurization Residues

Flue gas from coal combustion contains significant amounts of volatile toxic trace elements such as arsenic (As), selenium (Se), and mercury (Hg). The capture of these elements in the flue gas desulphurization (FGD) scrubber unit has resulted in generation of a metal-laden residue. With increasing reuse of the FGD residues in beneficial applications, it is important to determine metal speciation and mobility to understand the environmental impact of its reuse. In this paper, we report the solid phase speciation of As, Se, and Hg in FGD residues using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and sequential chemical extraction (SCE) techniques. The SCE results combined with XRF data indicated a strong possibility of As association with iron oxides, whereas Se was distributed among all geochemical phases. Hg appeared to be mainly distributed in the strong-complexed phase. XRF images also suggested a strong association of Hg with Fe oxide materials within FGD residues. XAS a...
A Transmission/Disequilibrium Test That Allows for Genotyping Errors in the Analysis of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Data

The present study assesses the effects of genotyping errors on the type I error rate of a particular transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT(std)), which assumes that data are errorless, and introduces a new transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT(ae)) that allows for random genotyping errors. We evaluate the type I error rate and power of the TDT(ae) under a variety of simulations and perform a power comparison between the TDT(std) and the TDT(ae), for errorless data. Both the TDT(std) and the TDT(ae) statistics are computed as two times a log-likelihood difference, and both are asymptotically distributed as chi(2) with 1 df. Genotype data for trios are simulated under a null hypothesis and under an alternative (power) hypothesis. For each simulation, errors are introduced randomly via a computer algorithm with different probabilities (called "allelic error rates"). The TDT(std) statistic is computed on all trios that show Mendelian consistency, whereas the TDT(ae) statistic is computed on all trios. The results indicate that TDT(std) shows a significant increase in type I error when applied to data in which inconsistent trios are removed. This type I error increases both with an increase in sample size and with an increase in the allelic error rates. TDT(ae) always maintains correct type I error rates for the simulations considered. Factors affecting the power of the TDT(ae) are discussed. Finally, the power of TDT(std) is at least that of TDT(ae) for simulations with errorless data. Because data are rarely error free, we recommend that researchers use methods, such as the TDT(ae), that allow for errors in genotype data.
High-pressure NMR study of dynamical solvent effects on the conformational isomerization of 1,1-difluorocyclohexane

Abstract The effects of temperature and pressure on the conformational isomerization of 1,1-difluorocyclohexane in solution have been studied using 19F FT NMR spectroscopy. The pressure dependence of the isomerization of 1,1-difluorocyclohexane in acetone-d6 and methylcyclohexane compared to the pressure dependence of the isomerization of cyclohexane in the same solvents indicates the presence of dielectric friction effects for 1,1-difluorocyclohexane in a polar solvent.
Comparison of naturally occurring proximal duodenal obstruction and abomasal volvulus in dairy cattle.

Physical and clinicopathologic findings from six cows with proximal duodenal obstruction (PDO) and 58 cows with abomasal volvulus (AV) were compared retrospectively. Many of the physical signs were similar in cows with PDO and cows with AV, but the two conditions differed in the type of abdominal distention, and in the findings from rectal examination and abdominal auscultation. Cows with PDO had significantly lower mean values for serum sodium (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl-), and higher mean values for plasma bicarbonate [HCO3], base excess, carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2), serum phosphate, urea nitrogen, and total protein than AV affected cattle. Cows with PDO showed hyperglycemia (range, 263–990 mg/dl; mean, 618 mg/ dl) of unexplained etiology that was significantly higher than blood-glucose concentrations in AV cows (mean, 178 mg/dl). Although all AV cows with anion gap values greater than 32 mEq/l died; PDO cows with equally elevated anion gap survived. The anion gap elevations in PDO and AV cows resulted from accumulation of different anions. Although the site of obstruction of aborad flow of ingesta is similar in both disease conditions, the differences in physical and clinicopathologic findings appear to reflect differences in the degree of reticulo-omasal orifice obstruction and the degree of abomasal vascular compromise.
Carbon nanotubes synthesized in a hydrogen arc discharge

We have developed a novel method to synthesize ‘‘clean’’ carbon nanotubes with relatively higher yield using a hydrogen arc discharge. The quality and yield of the tubes depend sensitively on the gas pressure in the arc discharge. We have observed sharp, open‐ended nanotubes with clear lattice fringes at the edges and empty interiors. The existence of these frozen‐open‐ended tubes in the buckybundles provides evidence for an open‐ended growth model for nanotubes.
Immuno-identification of two non-amelogenin proteins of developing bovine enamel isolated by affinity chromatography. Further proof that tooth "enamelins" are mainly serum proteins.

Affinity chromatography of “Enamelin Extracts” of developing bovine molar enamel on CNBr activated Sepharose 4B to which polyclonal antibodies of whole bovine serum and fetuin were cross-linked, revealed that at most, only 1–2% of the proteins in the extracts were not bound to the columns. The approximately 98% or more of the proteins in such extracts were bound to the resin and were eluted in the position of the serum proteins and fetuin. The small amount of protein which was not bound to the affinity column and which was eluted very early, was subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunostained with polyclonal antibodies to two non-amelogenin proteins isolated and identified previously (∼26kDa and 22kDa). The antibody to the ∼50kDa protein immunostained strongly with only one protein band of ∼26kDa. The antibody to the ∼22kDa band reacted strongly with one protein band of ∼22kDa, weakly with an ∼100kDa and very weakly with several lower molecular weight bands, suggesting either aggregation and degredation of the 22...
The unified theory of pseudorandomness: guest column

We survey the close connections between a variety of "pseudorandom objects," namely pseudorandom generators, expander graphs, list-decodable error-correcting codes, randomness extractors, averaging samplers, and hardness amplifiers.
Integration of NDA Instruments into the Savannah River Plant Computer Network

The Safeguards Systems Group at the Los Alamos National Laboratory is collaborating with several other national laboratories in designing an integrated, state-of-the-art nondestructive assay (NDA) system for a new facility being constructed at the Savannah River Plant. We have focused our efforts on the development of an Instrument Control Computer (ICC) that will perform interfacing and communication tasks among small computers controlling NDA instruments in the Sample Assay Room and the Feed Assay Room, the host computer for the process control system, and an existing nuclear materials accounting computer. Solution sample scheduling, feed-material sample verification, and other ICC functions will be described in detail.
Paraboloid colony bases in Paleozoic stenolaemate bryozoans

Dendroid stenolaemate bryozoan colonies with paraboloid bases developed initially in the same manner as stenolaemate colonies with broadly encrusting bases. Their unique shape is related to the narrowly cylindrical shape of the encrusted surface (algal stipe?) and to radially differentiated rates of growth from the point of colony origin. The colony shape is interpreted as an adaptation to unconsolidated substrates in relatively quiet though not necessarily deep water.
Characterization of two clones isolated from the tc‐1 murine marrow stromal cell line: Growth factor and retrovirus production and physical support of hemopoiesis

We previously reported the isolation of an adherent murine marrow cell line termed TC-1, and the initial characterization of two subclones derived from this line. In this study we report a further characterization of two subclones from the non-cloned TC-1 cell line. One subclone, TC-1-C-3, consisted of large, slow-growing syncytial polypoid cells that grew to relatively low saturation densities, did not form colonies in soft agar and showed desmosome-like junctions. The other subclone, TC-1-C-11, consisted of smaller, rapidly growing fibroblast-like diploid cells which showed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. Both these subclones produced growth factors which stimulated giant macrophage colonies in soft agar culture in vitro, but only the TC-1-C-3 subclone produced a retrovirus, whose source was most likely the endogenous ecotropic Emv-2 provirus present in chromosomal DNA in C57BL mice. This retrovirus from the TC-1-C-3 subclone did not appear capable of transforming TC-1-C-11 cells. Together, these data suggest that TC-1-C-3 cells have a special capacity for supporting hemopoiesis. The question of whether the mechanism of this support relates to an intrinsic property of the cell or is possibly related to retrovirus production remains unanswered.
Information policies of international organizations

Abstract Major policy issues relating to the international flow of information are debated in various international, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). These debates are often highly politicized and generally have diminished the reputation of the agencies, even though many IGOs themselves are large producers and disseminators of valuable information. The primary purpose of this article is to examine the flow of information from international organizations to users in libraries. First, the types of materials are explained before considering general and specific factors that either help or hinder the timely flow of information from IGOs to the public. Next, there is a review of the positive and negative factors affecting information flow in eight specific agencies, including the United Nations (UN), UNESCO and the International Telecommunication Union. These details enable the reader to get a picture of the restrictive or helpful information policies of the IGOs. With the growing importance of electronic information today, the final part of the article considers the question of access to IGO databases, highlighting a UN committee's study of public access to databases throughout the UN system of organizations.
Gender differences in associations between stressful life events and body mass index.

Objective To identify relationships between body mass index (BMI) and stressful life events and to determine whether relationships differ by gender.
Application of a total life prediction model for fretting fatigue in Ti–6Al–4V

Abstract A method for predicting the total fretting fatigue life is applied for Ti–6Al–4V dog-bone fretting fatigue specimens. The total life model incorporates a dual mechanism approach of including the crack initiation life and propagation life while simultaneously determining an associated initial flaw size. This technique adds autonomy to existing fretting fatigue models by releasing the dependence on estimating an initiation flaw size. The model is exercised on two sets of Ti–6Al–4V fretting fatigue experiments and compared to existing results and life prediction methods. The variable initiation crack length model predicts the experimental data and proves to be a new advancement in total fretting fatigue life prediction.
Jevons’ Paradox and the myth of technological liberation

Abstract Natural resource consumption has increased considerably in the past 200 years despite more efficient technology advancements. This correlation between increased natural resource consumption and increased efficiency is known as Jevons’ Paradox. Since all the inputs to economic production come from the environment, increased resource consumption and ecosystem destruction should be of concern. Furthermore, the expenditure of natural resources to provide energy and other consumer goods is an irreversible process, worsening the human condition instead of improving human welfare as neoclassical theory would have one to believe. Therefore, sustainable development policies need to be considered to end the continued excess consumption, beyond sustainable levels, of natural resources and the potential resulting conflicts. To design environmentally sustainable policies, the effect of economic activity, of resource utilization, and increased efficiency must be understood. In this paper, we attempt to illustrate how human consumption of natural resources alters the natural state of the economy and the environment. Further, using energy data from the Energy Information Administration we develop models that provide some empirical support that Jevons’ Paradox may exist on a macro level. Finally, we examine the resulting policy implications and the applications for an ecological economic approach.
Contrast agents for MR imaging of the liver

A variety of different categories of contrast agents, and within each category a number of individual agents, are currently available for clinical use in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the liver. In this review, the use of nonspecific extracellular gadolinium chelates, reticuloendothelial system-specific iron oxide particulate agents, hepatocyte-selective agents, and combined perfusion and hepatocyte-selective agents are described. Most clinical experience is with nonspecific extracellular gadolinium chelates. The relatively low cost, safety, good patient tolerance, and ability to help detect and characterize a wide range of liver diseases have rendered gadolinium chelates as commonly used agents. Reticuloendothelial system-specific agents improve lesion detection by decreasing the signal intensity of background liver on T2-weighted MR images, which increases the conspicuity of focal hepatic lesions with negligible reticuloendothelial cells (eg, metastases). Hepatocyte-selective agents increase the signal intensity of background liver on T1-weighted images, which increases the conspicuity of focal lesions that do not contain hepatocytes (eg, metastases). The clinical application of the different categories of contrast agents, techniques for their administration, sequences to be used, and appearances of common entities on contrast agent-enhanced studies are described.
Mechanical Continuity and Reversible Chromosome Disassembly Within Intact Genomes Removed From Living Cells

Chromatin is thought to be structurally discontinuous because it is packaged into morphologically distinct chromosomes that appear physically isolated from one another in metaphase preparations used for cytogenetic studies. However, analysis of chromosome positioning and movement suggest that different chromosomes often behave as if they were physically connected in interphase as well as mitosis. To address this paradox directly, we used a microsurgical technique to physically remove nucleoplasm or chromosomes from living cells under isotonic conditions. Using this approach, we found that pulling a single nucleolus or chromosome out from interphase or mitotic cells resulted in sequential removal of the remaining nucleoli and chromosomes, interconnected by a continuous elastic thread. Enzymatic treatments of interphase nucleoplasm and chromosome chains held under tension revealed that mechanical continuity within the chromatin was mediated by elements sensitive to DNase or micrococcal nuclease, but not RNases, formamide at high temperature, or proteases. In contrast, mechanical coupling between mitotic chromosomes and the surrounding cytoplasm appeared to be mediated by gelsolin-sensitive microfilaments. Furthermore, when ion concentrations were raised and lowered, both the chromosomes and the interconnecting strands underwent multiple rounds of decondensation and recondensation. As a result of these dynamic structural alterations, the mitotic chains also became sensitive to disruption by restriction enzymes. Ion-induced chromosome decondensation could be blocked by treatment with DNA binding dyes, agents that reduce protein disulfide linkages within nuclear matrix, or an antibody directed against histones. Fully decondensed chromatin strands also could be induced to recondense into chromosomes with pre-existing size, shape, number, and position by adding anti-histone antibodies. Conversely, removal of histones by proteolysis or heparin treatment produced chromosome decondensation which could be reversed by addition of histone H1, but not histones H2b or H3. These data suggest that DNA, its associated protein scaffolds, and surrounding cytoskeletal networks function as a structurally-unified system. Mechanical coupling within the nucleoplasm may coordinate dynamic alterations in chromatin structure, guide chromosome movement, and ensure fidelity of mitosis.
Parental history and cardiovascular disease risk factor variables in children.

Abstract As part of a total community study of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor variables in children (ages 5–17 years), parental histories of heart attacks, hypertension, diabetes, and stroke were obtained for each of 4,074 participating children. Subsequently, each child was examined for serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoproteins (LP) and glucose, measurement of height, weight, triceps skinfold thickness, and blood pressure (BP), and had a physical examination. A family history of high BP was reported by 26.5% of all children, diabetes by 7.1%, heart attacks by 6.8%, and stroke by 2.1%. The children of parents with heart attacks or diabetes were heavier and had different lipid and LP profiles than children without this background. Children of reported hypertensive parents had higher systolic and diastolic BP, were heavier and had thicker skinfolds. The heaviest children were more likely to have a parental history of diabetes, hypertension, and heart attack. Children in the highest decile for systolic or diastolic BP were more likely to come from a family reporting hypertension. Children with the highest cholesterol, triglycerides, β + pre-β-LP and lowest α-LP values tended to have parents with heart attacks or diabetes. These data indicate that familial tendencies in multiple CVD risk factors are observable early in life. Children of parents with CVD or manifested risk factors clearly differ in their own risk factor profiles from children of parents without these conditions.
In vivo inactivation of formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthetase in rat hepatoma.

Abstract The antitumor drug acivicin, l -(αS,5S)-α- amino -3- chloro -4,5- dihydro -5- isoxazoleacetic acid, irreversibly inactivated in vivo formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthetase (FGAM synthetase, EC 6.3.5.3) in transplantable rat hepatoma 3924A while the activity in host liver remained unchanged. At acivicin doses of 1.0 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight, enzyme activity in the hepatoma decreased to 26 and 5%, respectively, after 2 hr. The activity of the in vivo inactivated hepatoma 3924A enzyme could not be restored by gel filtration or 40 hr of dialysis. In the absence of l -glutamine, acivicin in vitro inactivated both liver and hepatoma FGAM synthetase in a time-dependent fashion, with an inactivation constant K inact = 66 μ M and a minimum inactivation half-time T = 1.0 min. In the presence of l -glutamine, competitive inhibition was observed with a K i = 5 μ M. Protection against in vitro inactivation was observed in the presence of 1 mM l -glutamine, suggesting that l -glutamine concentrations are important in the selective toxicity of acivicin on hepatoma cells in vivo . Irreversible inhibition of FGAM synthetase by acivicin is consistent with the view that this antibiotic is an active site-directed affinity analog of l -glutamine and indicates that this enzyme is a sensitive target of acivicin action.
A method for the quantitative estimation of cholesterol α‐oxide in eggs

A method for the quantitation of cholesterol α-oxide in egg and egg products is described. Total lipids extracted from dry egg samples were fractionated on a silicic acid column to concentrate cholesterol oxides which were then quantitatively determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Those samples which showed cholesterol oxides by GLC were further analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the ratio of cholesterol α-oxide and cholesterol β-oxide. Cholesterol α-oxide content was calculated from the combined results of GLC and HPLC.
The Copper Chaperone for Superoxide Dismutase

Abstract Copper is distributed to distinct localizations in the cell through diverse pathways. We demonstrate here that the delivery of copper to copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is mediated through a soluble factor identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae LYS7 and human CCS (copperchaperone for SOD). This factor is specific for SOD1 and does not deliver copper to proteins in the mitochondria, nucleus, or secretory pathway. Yeast cells containing alys7Δ null mutation have normal levels of SOD1 protein, but fail to incorporate copper into SOD1, which is therefore devoid of superoxide scavenging activity. LYS7 and CCS specifically restore the biosynthesis of holoSOD1 in vivo. Elucidation of the CCS copper delivery pathway may permit development of novel therapeutic approaches to human diseases that involve SOD1, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
2014 AGU Election Results

Congratulations to the following members who were elected to leadership positions that will begin on 1 January 2015.
The Two-Way Video Classroom

Abstract The authors describe an intercampus venture employing video-based, distance education technology to address gaps in their respective gerontology curricula. They discuss their efforts to increase participation of faculty in the exchange of gerontology resources by providing them with training in the pedagogy and technology of the two-way video classroom. The rationale for and nature of this training and the advantages and limitations of video-based distance education are explored. The authors consider several common concerns related to distance education, note innovations that have enhanced the delivery course content and student-active learning, and comment on bridges built between their respective institutions as a consequence of this project.
A General Approach to Analysis of Flow and Heat Transfer in Packed Beds

It is postulated that proper scaling will collapse the multiplicity of data for friction and heat transfer coefficient to a usable reasonably general formulation by choosing the hydraulic diameter as Dh = 4 · 〈m〉Sw where is the average porosity and Sw is the surface area per unit volume. The chosen hydraulic diameter allows the transformation and comparison of correlation equations and experimental results obtained for diverse media morphologies. Also, it allows experimentally-determined characteristics of the media to be related to the closure relationship derived from the VAT analysis. The numerical results of closure are presented and are compared to various experimental results. The Nusselt number is based on the media internal local surface average transfer coefficient and the friction factor is the local internal value. Results obtained by VAT closure using direct numerical simulation show reasonable agreement between calculated local friction factors and local heat transfer coefficients and data confirming that the friction factor and heat transfer coefficient when correctly scaled can be computed numerically with satisfactory results. This conclusion will enable one to optimize the effectiveness of a compact heat exchanger in terms of porosity and internal surface area.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Compartment‐directed physical examination of the knee can predict articular cartilage abnormalities disclosed by needle arthroscopy

Objective. To determine whether physical examination maneuvers that focus on each knee compartment and assess crepitus at several distinct sites can specifically disclose articular cartilage abnormalities in the compartment being assessed. Methods. Twenty patients with knee pain were examined before needle arthroscopy. Crepitus was sought from the patellofemoral compartment, medial tibiofemoral compartment, and lateral tibiofemoral compartment. Any crepitus felt in the distal tibia during a tibiofemoral stress maneuver was recorded as transmitted bony crepitus (TBC). Needle arthroscopy assessed articular cartilage (5 sites) and both menisci in each knee. Results. Crepitus by conventional assessment revealed patellar cartilage disruption (69% sensitive, 50% specific) and abnormalities of tibiofemoral cartilage (67% sensitive, 40% specific) but could not indicate their location. Tibiofemoral crepitus found cartilage disruption in the compartment at a sensitivity of 22% and a specificity of 100%, and with added tibiofemoral stress, a sensitivity of 65% and a specificity of 94% (the one false positive had bare bone in the other compartment). TBC was detected in 7 compartments, all of which had focal bare bone on tibial and femoral surfaces; 6 other compartments had tibial bare bone without TBC. Thus, TBC was 54% sensitive and 100% specific for tibial bare bone, and 88% sensitive and 100% specific for bone-on-bone. Conclusion. Compartment-directed physical examination of the painful knee can locate and assess the severity of certain articular cartilage abnormalities that are not reliably found by conventional methods. Transmitted bony crepitus is a specific finding for bone-on-bone in the compartment being assessed.
Stable-Isotope and Elemental Trends in Pleistocene Sabkha Dolomites: Descending Meteoric Water vs. Sulfate Reduction

ABSTRACT A 55 m thick Pleistocene dolomite section was sampled in 33 borings in the Arabian Gulf, offshore of Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia. The regional setting, suite of sedimentary structures, abundance of evaporites (crystals, nodules, and chickenwire horizons), and geochemistry of the dolomite are all consistent with accumulation as part of a series of vertically stacked sabkha depositional complexes. Analyses of the ordering, stoichiometry, and overall stable-isotope composition indicate that after dolomitization the sediment underwent diagenesis in contact with meteoric waters. Stable-isotope analyses of 385 samples have demonstrated that within this sequence there are four correlatable horizons that display marked excursions to low 13C values; some shifts exceed 6% between vertically adjacent samples. The 18O values show a similar, but less pronounced, shift to low values at the same stratigraphic horizons. The samples with low 13C and 18O values have a greater admixture of fine-grained siliciclastics, are light gray (i.e., reducing conditions), and have higher concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Zn than other parts of the deposit. These diagenetic attributes, especially the marked change in 13C values, may be due to either diagenesis due to the descent of meteoric water beneath a soil horizon or diagenesis associated with bacterially mediated sulfate-reduction processes; sulfate reduction is the favored hypothesis. It is envisioned that after the initial dolomitization diagenesis associated with bacterially mediated sulfate reduction of laterally extensive microbial mats within the top parts of sabkha sequences produced the correlatable horizons of low 13C and 18O values.
Evaluating the Viscoelastic Properties of Tissue from Laser Speckle Fluctuations

Most pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, cancer, neurodegenerative and orthopedic disorders are accompanied with alterations in tissue viscoelasticity. Laser Speckle Rheology (LSR) is a novel optical technology that provides the invaluable potential for mechanical assessment of tissue in situ. In LSR, the specimen is illuminated with coherent light and the time constant of speckle fluctuations, τ, is measured using a high speed camera. Prior work indicates that τ is closely correlated with tissue microstructure and composition. Here, we investigate the relationship between LSR measurements of τ and sample mechanical properties defined by the viscoelastic modulus, G*. Phantoms and tissue samples over a broad range of viscoelastic properties are evaluated using LSR and conventional mechanical testing. Results demonstrate a strong correlation between τ and |G*| for both phantom (r = 0.79, p <0.0001) and tissue (r = 0.88, p<0.0001) specimens, establishing the unique capability of LSR in characterizing tissue viscoelasticity.
POLARISATION-INDEPENDENT ELECTRO-OPTICALLY TUNABLE WAVELENGTH FILTER IN LITAO3

Polarisation-independent electro-optically tunable wavelength filter using passive polarisation splitters and strain-induced polarisation mode conversion in LiTaO/sub 3/ is demonstrated. Tuning of the centre wavelength from 655 to 692 nm is realised. An optical bandwidth (FWHM) of 11 nm and a tuning rate of 0.4 nm/V are obtained. >
Crystal Structure of a Bulged RNA Tetraplex at 1.1 Å Resolution: Implications for a Novel Binding Site in RNA Tetraplex

Abstract Bulges are an important structural motif in RNA and can be used as recognition and interaction sites in RNA-protein interaction and RNA-RNA interaction. Here we report the first crystal structure of a bulged RNA tetraplex at 1.1 A resolution. The hexamer r(U)( Br dG)r(UGGU) forms a parallel tetraplex with the uridine sandwiched by guanines bulging out. The bulged uridine adopts the syn glycosidic conformation and its O2 and N3 atoms face outwards, serving as an effective recognition and interaction site. The bulge formation both widens the groove width and changes the groove hydrogen-bonding pattern on its 5′ side. However, the bulge does not make any bends or kinks in the tetraplex structure. The present study demonstrates the dramatic difference between uridine and guanine in forming tetraplex structure. In addition, both G( syn ) tetrad and G( anti ) tetrad have been observed. They display the same base-pairing pattern and similar C1′-C1′ distance but different hydrogen-bonding patterns in the groove.
An Inductive Sensor for Real-Time Measurement of Plantar Normal and Shear Forces Distribution

Goal: The objective of this paper is to demonstrate a multiplexed inductive force sensor for simultaneously measuring normal force and shear forces on a foot. Methods: The sensor measures the normal force and shear forces by monitoring the inductance changes of three planar sensing coils. Resonance frequency division multiplexing was applied to signals from the multiple sensing coils, making it feasible to simultaneously measure the three forces (normal force, shear forces in x- and y -axis) on a foot using only one set of measurement electronics with high sensitivity and resolution. Results: The testing results of the prototype sensor have shown that the sensor is capable of measuring normal force ranging from 0 to 800 N and shear forces ranging from 0 to 130 N in real time. Conclusion: With its high resolution, high sensitivity, and the capability of monitoring forces at different positions of a foot simultaneously, this sensor can be potentially used for real-time measurement of plantar normal force and shear forces distribution on diabetes patient's foot. Significance: Real-time monitoring of the normal force and shear forces on diabetes patient's foot can provide useful information for physicians and diabetes patients to take actions in preventing foot ulceration.
Glottic configuration after arytenoid adduction.

It has been recently noted that laryngeal paralysis results in a complex alteration of the glottis. The membranous segment of the paralyzed vocal fold is shortened, and, during phonation, patients use hyperfunction to shorten the normal vocdal fold to about the same length. Additonally, if the paralyzed vocal forld is not near the midline, the angle between the membranous and cartilaginous egments of the vocal fold is decreased, resulting in a posterior gap which cannot be closed by hyperadduction of the normal side
Proactive versus reactive recruitment to a physical activity intervention for breast cancer survivors: does it matter?

BackgroundThere is a gap in the current breast cancer survivorship literature identifying potential sample biases that may result from recruiting participants via different methods.PurposeTo document whether participant recruitment method influences baseline demographic or psychosocial variables and trial participation among breast cancer survivors recruited for a physical activity intervention trial.MethodsParticipants were recruited for the trial via either a reactive method (letters mailed through their oncologist’s office inviting them to contact the research staff) or a proactive method (referred in person by their oncologist at a clinic appointment). The groups of participants recruited via the two methods were compared based on baseline sociodemographic characteristics, weight, time since diagnosis, stage of disease, treatment, motivational readiness for physical activity, level of physical activity, self-reported physical and mental health, willingness to receive the intervention, and study retent...
Asset Productivity Turnaround: the Growth/Efficiency Challenge

Growth and productivity have been linked together as the path to increasing profitability. However, companies that embark on aggressive growth strategies often find their efficiency severely compromised. This research examined companies whose asset productivity declined severely during periods of aggressive growth. Contrary to conventional turnaround wisdom, asset pruning and debt reduction did not accompany asset productivity turnarounds; however, successful turnaround companies did decrease their long-term debt ratios as they continued to expand. Companies that failed to turn around their asset productivity declines suffered subsequent declines in sales and income growth. Although the firms in this study did not publicly acknowledge the presence of decline, takeover attempts were more likely to occur during or immediately after the period of asset productivity decline.
The Influence of Ethionine-Supplemented Soy Protein Diet on Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity

These studies were designed to investigate the influence of ethionine, a suspected carcinogen, on cell-mediated (CMI) and humoral immunity. It is believed that ethionine, an analog of methionine which is produced by intestinal bacteria, could have significant relevance to health. To study the effect of ethionine on immune responsiveness, three groups of mice were allowed to feed ad libitum for 5 weeks on one of the following regimens: diet 1, a basal diet of 16% soy protein; diet 2, soy protein supplemented with 0.6% dl-methionine; and diet 3, soy protein supplemented with 0.1% dl-ethionine. The immunological parameters measured were responsiveness to mitogens, [phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), and antibody formation to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). There were no significant differences in mitogen and antigen responses in mice maintained on diets 1 and 2 as measured by thymidine uptake in proliferating lymphocytes. However, there was a significant suppression in mitogen responsiveness in mice that received diet 3. DTH was also suppressed in mice on diet 3. Antibody levels were similar in all groups. Thus, there was clear evidence of suppression of CMI by ethionine in these studies.
An observational study of safety belt use among taxi drivers in Boston

Study objective Although safety belt legislation exists for drivers in Massachusetts, there is an exemption for taxicab drivers. According to the most recent data from the Governor's Highway Safety Bureau, the observed safety belt use rate of drivers in Massachusetts is 64%. However, the safety belt use among taxicab drivers in Boston is unknown. Methods An observational study was conducted to assess the prevalence of safety belt use among taxicab drivers in Boston. We compared our findings with state-level data obtained from the Governor's Highway Safety Bureau. Research staff made observations of taxicabs arriving at various sites within Boston (Logan Airport, Back Bay subway entrance, Government Center, and a hospital in Boston). The methodology used in this study was adapted from MASS-Safe, the Traffic Safety Research Program of the Governor's Highway Safety Bureau. In brief, research staff assessed the use of shoulder safety belts worn by taxicab drivers in Boston. Researchers observed traffic flow coming from a single direction at each observation site. These observers were instructed to include only taxicabs in motion, approaching in the nearest lane to the sidewalk. Results Two hundred fifty taxicabs were observed during the study period. Of these, 247 taxicab drivers were men (98.9%), whereas 3 were women (1.2%). Overall, 17 of 250 taxicab drivers (6.8%; 95% confidence interval 3.9% to 9.7%) wore safety belts, whereas 233 (93.2%) did not. Conclusion The safety belt use among taxicab drivers in Boston is 6.8%, markedly lower than the state-level safety belt use of other drivers in Massachusetts. Stronger safety belt use legislation in Massachusetts may help to improve safety belt use among taxi drivers in Boston.
Mobile Assistive Technology Mapping and Integration

Assistive technology (AT) is designed to identify and provide individuals with disabilities independence and equal access to interact with their environment. With this type of assistance, people can maximize their independence and their performance of tasks they were not able to accomplish before. The research project illustrated here identifies one approach for an campus accessibility map to allow a population with mobility impairments to improve their daily experience when navigating through the Kean University campus. This project integrates an accessible campus map design with an interactive Android navigation mobile application to permit the identification of convenient accessible pathways within campus. In the project design phase, after a review of available accessibility maps elsewhere, usability studies were conducted in order to ensure that the application will meet the needs of the users. In the development phase, an accessibility layer was created on top of Google maps to display the accessible information on campus buildings, including convenient paths. This two-phase approach provides all students and visitors with critical accessibility information about the Kean University campus, while assisting researchers to design better overall user experiences in human computer interaction.
Detection and localization of multiple sources via Bayesian predictive densities

A new approach based on a Bayesian inference scheme and unitary subspace decomposition is proposed to detect and estimate coherent and noncoherent signals. The authors assume that the signal vectors are random Gaussian vectors with zero mean and unknown covariance matrix and the prior of the direction-of-arrivals is a uniform distribution. Under these assumptions, the Bayesian estimator for the directional parameters coincides with the maximum likelihood estimator. In the detection part, the proposed detection criterion outperforms the minimum description length (MDL) principle and Akaike's information criterion (AIC) particularly for a small number of sensors and/or snapshots, and/or low SNR. This is achieved without additional computational complexity. Simulation results that demonstrate the performance of the proposed solution are included. >
Discussion of “Discussion on AASHTO LRFD Load Distribution Factors for Slab-on-Girder Bridges” by C. S. Cai

The author has presented a way of combining the tables in the LRFD code into a single table, making the calculation of load distribution factors a much simpler task. Further simplification can be obtained by using what is known as Henry’s method Huo et al. 2004. Henry’s method was developed by Henry Derthick, a former engineer of the Structures Division of the Tennessee Department of Transportation TDOT. Henry’s method has been in use in Tennesse since 1963. TDOT design guides specify that the designer should use the smaller of the lateral distribution factors found by: AASHTO standard formulas AASHTO 1996 or Henry’s method. Huo et al. 2004 lists 24 bridges, of which 21 were designed by Henry’s method. No negative reports were received on the design and service of the primary members. The standard AASHTO formulas can result in highly unsafe results more than 40% and highly conservative results more than 50%AASHTO l994, p. 21. It would therefore be safer to avoid using the AASHTO standard formulas. In Table 4 of the original paper, the AASHTO standard values range from 17 to 42% over the measured values. Table 1 of this discussion shows that both Henry’s method and the finite-element method give distribution factors that are closer to the measured values than the AASHTO LRFD AASHTO 1998 and the proposed method. The accuracy, simplicity and proven track record of Henry’s method make it the clear choice for calculating distribution factors. The text below is a direct quote from Huo et al. 2004. “Henry’s Method