cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in standardized neonatal encephalopathy exam criteria may impact therapeutic hypothermia eligibility

Background Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is routinely provided to those with moderate or severe neonatal encephalopathy (NE). Subtle differences exist in the standardized exams used to define NE severity. We aimed to assess if an infant's TH eligibility status differed if they were evaluated using either the NICHD/Neonatal Research Network's (NICHD-NRN) or TOBY/British Association of Perinatal Medicine's (TOBY-BAPM) neurological exam. Methods Encephalopathic infants ≥36 weeks with evidence of perinatal asphyxia and complete documentation of the neurological exam Results Ninety-one encephalopathic infants were included. Despite good agreement between the two exams (κ = 0.715, p Conclusions Both the NICHD-NRN and TOBY-BAPM exams are evidence-based. Despite this, there is a significant difference in the number of infants eligible for TH depending on which exam is used. The NICHD-NRN exam identifies a greater proportion as eligible. Impact There are subtle differences in the NICHD-NRN and TOBY-BAPM's encephalopathy exams used to determine eligibility for TH. This results in a significant difference in the proportion of infants determined to be eligible for TH depending on which encephalopathy exam is used. The NICHD-NRN encephalopathy exam identifies more infants as being eligible for TH than the TOBY-BAPM encephalopathy exam. This may result in different rates of cooling depending on which evidence-based neurological exam for evaluation of encephalopathy a center uses.
Distrust, Limited Resources, and Uncertainty

In searching for a constructive resolution to conflict, it is natural to focus on the chief actors in a dispute, the issues that divide them, and the settings in which they interact. Generally, disputes cannot end until some form of resolution is reached between the principal disputing groups on the main issues. Discussing underlying interests and discovering alternatives that offer gains to all depend on having a knowledge of interests and facts that usually only the groups and actors in a dispute possess.
Protein synthesis in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification of Co-eIF-2A and 'mRNA-binding factor(s)' and studies of their roles in Met-tRNAf.40S.mRNA complex formation.

Antibodies prepared against a homogeneous preparation of Co-eIF-2A20 [Ahmad et al. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 6955–6959] reacted with several polypeptides including an 80-kDa polypeptide present in a crude yeast ribosomal salt wash. This 80-kDa polypeptide, containing Co-eIF-2A (Co-eIF-2A80) activity, has been extensively purified using a two-step purification procedure involving an immunoaffinity column chromatograph prepared using antibodies against Co-eIF-2A20 (fraction II) and hydroxyapatite chromatography (fraction III). The factors, eIF-2 + homogeneous Co-eIF-2A80 (fraction III) promoted Met-tRNAf· 40S complex formation with an AUG codon but not with a physiological mRNA or a polyribonucleotide messenger poly(U,G) whereas eIF-2 + a partially purified Co-eIF-2A80 preparation (fraction II) promoted Met-tRNAf· 40S complex formation with an AUG codon as well as with globin mRNA and poly(U,G) messenger. This factor-promoted Met-tRNAf binding to 40S ribosomes depends absolutely on the presence of a polyribonucleotide messenger containing an initiation codon (such as AUG or GUG). Other polyribonucleotide messengers tested, such as poly(U), poly(A) and poly(A,C), were completely ineffective in this binding reaction. This result indicates that the Met-tRNAf· 40S · mRNA complex is formed by a direct interaction between Met-tRNAf, 40S ribosomes and the initiation site in mRNA. A mechanism has been proposed for Met-tRNAf· 40S · mRNA complex formation in yeast.
On a Preferred Habitat for Liquidity at the Turn-of-the-Year: Evidence from the Term-Repo Market

In this article, we document a preference for liquidity at the year-end in the brokered market for general-collateral term-repurchase agreements. Our tests indicate significant increases in the repo rates for one-week through one-month term instruments when the maturities span the turn-of-the-year. We show that the results cannot be consistent with window dressing or with the argument that investors in this market tilt their portfolios away from riskier assets at the year-end. Our results suggest a generalized liquidity premium at year-end that could also explain the survival of the turn-of-the-year effect in equities. This desire for liquidity could be due to perceived risk, but since it appears in short-term general-collateral government repos, it seems more likely attributable to year-end payment patterns.
Receiver Overview and Preprocessing

This chapter provides an overview on the OFDM receiver structure for three types of channel settings: (i) the single‐input single‐output (SISO) channel, (ii) the single‐input multi‐output (SIMO) channel, and (iii) the multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) channel. It focuses on receiver preprocessing which converts the analogous time‐domain waveform to the frequency‐domain discrete samples. After the receiver preprocessing, the input–output relationship between frequency samples and transmitted data symbols in the above three types of channel settings are presented. A general overview on OFDM receivers is provided based on two data decoding philosophies. The chapter analyzes he system model for CP‐OFDM transmissions, and highlights the subtle difference between ZP‐OFDM and CP‐OFDM receiver designs. Finally, it provides numerical results on the OFDM receiver theoretical performance bound.
Parameter Convergence of Modified Adaptive Laws with Persistent Excitation

An important property of adaptive laws without robustness modifications and in the absence of plant uncertainties is the exponential convergence of the estimated parameters to their true ones under some persistent excitation (PE) condition on the information signal vector. When the adaptive laws are modified for robustness this ideal property of parameter convergence may no longer be maintained due to the effect of the modifications on the convergence properties of the adaptive law. In this paper we examine the effect of the switching-? modification on the exponential convergence of parameter estimates for two different adaptive laws. We show that the switching-? modification does not affect the convergence properties of the estimated parameters but instead improves the speed of convergence.
Varying pharmacy benefits with clinical status: The case of cholesterol-lowering therapy

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a pharmacy benefit that varies copayments for cholesterol-lowering (CL) therapy according to expected therapeutic benefit would improve compliance and reduce use of other services. METHODS Using claims data from 88 health plans, we studied 62 274 patients aged 20 years and older who initiated CL therapy between 1997 and 2001. We examined the association between copayments and compliance in the year after initiation of therapy, and the association between compliance and subsequent hospital and emergency department (ED) use for up to 4 years after initiation. RESULTS The fraction of fully compliant patients fell by 6 to 10 percentage points when copayments increased from 10 dollars to 20 dollars, depending on patient risk (P < .05). Full compliance was associated with 357 fewer hospitalizations annually per 1000 high-risk patients (P < .01) and 168 fewer ED visits (P < .01) compared with patients not in full compliance. For patients at low risk, full compliance was associated with 42 fewer hospitalizations (P = .02) and 21 fewer ED visits (P = .22). Using these results, we simulated a policy that eliminated copayments for high- and medium-risk patients but raised them (from 10 dollars to 22 dollars) for low-risk patients. Based on a national sample of 6.3 million adults on CL therapy, this policy would avert 79,837 hospitalizations and 31,411 ED admissions annually. CONCLUSION Although many obstacles exist, varying copayments for CL therapy by therapeutic need would reduce hospitalizations and ED use--with total savings of more than 1 billion dollars annually.
Real-time PCR assays compared to culture-based approaches for identification of aerobic bacteria in chronic wounds

Chronic wounds cause substantial morbidity and disability. Infection in chronic wounds is clinically defined by routine culture methods that can take several days to obtain a final result, and may not fully describe the community of organisms or biome within these wounds. Molecular diagnostic approaches offer promise for a more rapid and complete assessment. We report the development of a suite of real-time PCR assays for rapid identification of bacteria directly from tissue samples. The panel of assays targets 14 common, clinically relevant, aerobic pathogens and demonstrates a high degree of sensitivity and specificity using a panel of organisms commonly associated with chronic wound infection. Thirty-nine tissue samples from 29 chronic wounds were evaluated and the results compared with those obtained by culture. As revealed by culture and PCR, the most common organisms were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) followed by Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The sensitivities of the PCR assays were 100% and 90% when quantitative and qualitative culture results were used as the reference standard, respectively. The assays allowed the identification of bacterial DNA from ten additional organisms that were not revealed by quantitative or qualitative cultures. Under optimal conditions, the turnaround time for PCR results is as short as 4-6 h. Real-time PCR is a rapid and inexpensive approach that can be easily introduced into clinical practice for detection of organisms directly from tissue samples. Characterization of the anaerobic microflora by real-time PCR of chronic wounds is warranted.
Technology and Consumer Behavior: Household, Managerial and Social Implications

The preceding chapters have described the phenomenal changes in technologies that have transformed consumer choices and consumer behaviors, particularly the ways in which we shop, entertain ourselves, communicate with each other, and pay for the purchases. To take advantage of these technologies, household consumers have invested in a wide array of goods and services such that an average household today owns several items such as TV sets, mobile phones, e-mail addresses, many of which exceed the number of individuals living in that particular household.
Tracking workforce diversity in dentistry: importance, methods, and challenges

Objectives The objectives of this paper are to describe sources of data on underrepresented minority (URM) dental providers and to perform a structured critique of primary survey research on African American (AA), Hispanic/Latino (HL), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) dentists. Methods A national sample survey was conducted between October 2012 and March 2013, and secondary datasets were assessed for comparability. The survey used 21 sampling frames, with censuses of AI/AN and nonurban dentists, and assessed demographics, education, practice history, patient population, volunteerism, experiences with discrimination, and opinions on issues in dentistry. The survey was developed with constituent input, pilot-tested, and distributed online and through US mail with three reminder postcards, phone, and email follow-up. Continuing education credit and entry to a prize drawing were provided for participation. Results Existing data sources cannot answer critical research questions about URM dentists. Using best practices, the survey received a 34 percent adjusted response rate. Selection likelihood and measurable response bias were adjusted for using base and poststratification weights. Conclusions The survey design was consistent with best practices, and our response analytics provide high confidence that the survey produced data representative of the URM dentist population. Enhanced study design, content, and response rates of existing survey efforts would be needed to provide a more robust body of knowledge on URM providers, perspectives, and practices.
A Kalman-Filter Smoothing Approach for Extrapolations in Certain Dose–Response, Damage-Assessment, and Accelerated-Life-Testing Studies

Abstract In this expository paper, a new method for inference and extrapolations in certain dose–response, damage-assessment, and accelerated-life-testing studies is advocated. The method is based on the use of Kalman-filter smoothing. A distribution theory involving the double lognormal distribution is outlined, and some suggestions for implementing the method are made. An expository development of the backward recursive equations for Kalman-filter smoothing is given in an appendix.
Block Copolymer PEO-b-PHPMA Synthesis Using Controlled Radical Polymerization on a Chip

Block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide-block-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate) (PEO-b-PHPMA) with a range of molecular masses of the PHPMA block were obtained by controlled radical polymerization on a chip (CRP chip) using a PEO macroinitiator. A series of well-controlled polymerizations were carried out at different pumping rates or reaction times with a constant ratio of monomer to initiator. The stoichiometry of the reactants was also adjusted by varying relative flow rates to change the reactant concentrations.
WHICH 3-RIBOFURANOSYL-SUBSTITUTED PURINE 5'-PHOSPHATES UNDERGO TEMPLATE-DIRECTED OLIGOMERIZATION ?

We have studied the oligomerization reactions of the 2-methylimidazolide derivatives of 3-isoisoguanosine 5′-phosphate (2) and 3-isoxanthosine 5′-phosphate (5) in the presence of a variety of homopolynucleotide templates. In no case did we observe a substantial template-facilitated production of long oligomers. Polyuridylic acid directed the synthesis of low molecular-weight products from both monomers. Polycytidylic acid, polyadenylic acid, polyinosinic acid, and polyguanylic acid were ineffective as templates in the systems that we investigated.
Design of high-velocity fluid beds for flash hydrogenation

Abstract Successful commercial development of flash hydrogenation for the production of light liquids and gases from coal is largely dependent on the design of the coal-hydrogen reactor. Reactors which operate in the high velocity regimes of fluidization (turbulent and fast fluid beds) offer potential advantages over dilute phase reactor systems. Lower hydrogen circulation rates, lower hydrogen preheat temperatures and reactor temperatures are the most significant of these, resulting in lower capital costs, increased energy efficiency and reduced product cost. Pilot plant experience with high velocity beds fed with caking coal is promising for the development of flash hydrogenation reactors. These trials suggest criteria for design of the coal injection zone and show how growth of char agglomerates can be controlled. Two design examples are developed to explore the applicability of high velocity beds to flash hydrogenation in concrete terms. The first deals with processing of lignite in a fast fluidized bed, the second with processing a bituminous coal in a turbulent bed. The designs in both cases show the advantage of this approach, as well as its uncertainties and limitations. They suggest that further development would be rewarding.
Abstract 832: MicroRNA-30c inhibits human breast tumor chemo-resistance by regulating twinfinlin-1 (TWF1) and IL-11.

Chemotherapy resistance remains a challenging problem in the clinic and the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly characterized. We hypothesize that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in therapy resistance and cancer progression, but the functional link and signalling pathways need to be elucidated. Our work discovered that miR-30c, a human breast tumour prognostic marker, plays a pivotal role in chemo-resistance and apoptosis by a direct targeting of TWF1, which encodes an actin-binding protein and promotes EMT. We also identified IL-11 as a secondary target of TWF1 in the miR-30c signalling pathway. Expression of miR-30c inversely correlated with TWF1 and IL-11 levels in primary breast tumours and low IL-11 associated with relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that miR-30c is transcriptionally regulated by GATA3 in breast tumours. Identification of a novel miRNA-mediated pathway that regulates chemo-resistance and apoptosis in breast cancer will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This study was supported in part by The University of Chicago Women9s Board (J.B.) and Chicago Fellows Program (H.L.), DOD W81XWH-09-1-0331, NIH K12 CA139160-02, NCI K99 CA160638-01A1, CTSA UL1 RR024999 (H.L.), Segal Fund and Ludwig Fund (G.L.G.). Citation Format: Huiping Liu, Jessica Bockhorn, Rachel Dalton, Chika Nwachukwu, Simo Huang, Aleix Prat, Kathy Yee, Ya-Fang Chang, Dezheng Huo, Jun Lu, Eileen Dolan, Charles M. Perou, Olufunmilayo I. Olopade, Michael F. Clarke, Geoffrey Greene. MicroRNA-30c inhibits human breast tumor chemo-resistance by regulating twinfinlin-1 (TWF1) and IL-11. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 832. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-832
Commensurability in memory for frequency

Abstract A fundamental property of the Minerva 2 model of memory for frequency is that frequencies accumulated under two different conditions, A and B, should be commensurable—that is, the frequency signals for all items, regardless of frequency or condition, should fall along a unidimensional scale. An experimental and analytic technique is developed that tests for commensurability, with the added constraint that the variance be linearly related to the mean. The method is applied to artificial data—some displaying commensurability and some violating commensurability in specific ways. It is then applied to frequency-discrimination experiments in which the A and B conditions are defined by: (1) type (“level”) of encoding, (2) exposure duration, (3) recency, and (4) spacing of repetitions. Type of encoding and exposure duration yield data that are consistent with commensurability, while recency and spacing violate the property in what appear to be two different ways. Tentative explanations of these violations are proposed: Subjects may adjust for differences in recency, by rescaling frequency signals; and optimal comparisons of massed and spaced frequencies may require some translation between two different frequency codes. Application of the method to questions concerning recognition memory is also discussed.
Analyzing development, dependency and underdevelopment: Suggestions for an alternative approach

This paper reexamines sociological modernization theories of development and current theories of dependency and underdevelopment. It is argued that both sets of literature present one‐sided portrayals of social change in contemporary Third World countries. In place of these we propose an alternative dialectical approach. We suggest the way in which this approach integrates international political and economic emphases of the neo‐Marxist approaches with domestic socio‐cultural foci of modernization theory through examples from classic and contemporary studies.
Estimating population sizes for elusive animals: the forest elephants of Kakum National Park, Ghana

African forest elephants are difficult to observe in the dense vegetation, and previous studies have relied upon indirect methods to estimate population sizes. Using multilocus genotyping of noninvasively collected samples, we performed a genetic survey of the forest elephant population at Kakum National Park, Ghana. We estimated population size, sex ratio and genetic variability from our data, then combined this information with field observations to divide the population into age groups. Our population size estimate was very close to that obtained using dung counts, the most commonly used indirect method of estimating the population sizes of forest elephant populations. As their habitat is fragmented by expanding human populations, management will be increasingly important to the persistence of forest elephant populations. The data that can be obtained from noninvasively collected samples will help managers plan for the conservation of this keystone species.
Poetry and aphasia: A clinical outlook

Aphasia is a neurogenic communicative disorder characterized by difficulty in producing or comprehending language. A multidisciplinary approach to aphasia treatment and recovery is essential in preserving and enhancing self-expression and language. The aim of this article is to provide a theoretical framework for poetry therapy as a complementary method for improving aphasic rehabilitation. Poetry is a medium which can help to develop the communicative and artistic abilities in a person with aphasia.
Microplasticity during High Temperature Indentation and the Peierls Potential in Sapphire (α‐Al2O3) Single Crystals

The temperature dependence of the Vickers hardness is measured on the basal (0001) plane of single crystal α-Al2O3 (sapphire) from room temperature to 1273 K. The plastic zone surrounding the indents is investigated using selective chemical polishing and etching, optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Indentation was accompanied by three competitive damage processes: fracture, twinning, and dislocation plasticity. At room temperature, cracking predominates, and the presence of dislocations and/or twins could be revealed only by TEM. At intermediate temperatures (673 to 1073 K), extensive rhombohedral twinning is observed, while at higher temperatures, prismatic slip bands on {1120} dominates the microstructure. TEM observations reveal that the dislocation substructure at the vicinity of the indents consists of fairly straight dislocations lying in basal and/or prism planes and aligned along the 〈1010〉 and 〈1120〉 directions. The details of the glide dissociation of perfect 〈1010〉 screw dislocations into three collinear 1/3 〈1010〉 partials on the prism plane, the mechanism of the microplasticity of sapphire single crystals, and details of the Peierls potential for α-Al2O3 are discussed. Die Temperaturabhangigkeit der Vickers Harte wird auf der Basalebene (0001) in Saphireinkristallen im Temperaturbereich von Zimmertemperatur bis 1273 K gemessen. Die die Eindrucke umgebende plastische Zone wird durch selektives chemisches Polieren, Atzen, optische Mikroskopie und Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie (TEM) untersucht. Die Identierung wird von drei dominanten Schadensprozessen begleitet: Bruch, Verzwillingung und Versetzungsplastizitat. Bei Zimmertemperatur dominiert der Bruch; nur mit Hilfe der TEM kann das Vorhandensein von Versetzungen und/oder Zwillingen nachgewiesen werden. Im mittleren Temperaturbereich (673 bis 1073 K) werden rhomboedrische Zwillingslamellen mit Hilfe von selektivem Atzen auf (0001) gefunden. Bei hoheren Temperaturen dominieren prismatische Gleitbander auf {1120}-Ebenen die Mikrostruktur. TEM Beobachtungen der Hochtemperaturfolien zeigen, das die Versetzungsstruktur im Bereich der Eindrucke aus relativ geraden Versetzungen entlang 〈1010〉 und 〈1120〉 auf der Basal- und/oder den prismatischen Ebenen gebildet wird. Die Details der Gleitaufspaltung von perfekten 〈1010〉-Schraubenversetzungen in drei kollineare 1/3 〈1010〉-Partialversetzungen auf der prismatischen Ebene und der Mechanismus der Mikroplastizitat von Saphireinkristallen werden diskutiert.
A comparison of continuous versus intermittent light exposure on apoptosis

Purpose. We recently found that continuous light exposure at a moderate intensity triggered apoptosis of photoreceptor cells. Since intermittent light exposure is known to cause more severe retinal damage than is continuous light exposure, we sought to determine if intermittent light exposure also triggered apoptosis of photoreceptor cells.Methods. Lewis albino rats were reared, for 2 weeks, in cyclic light and dark adapted for 24 hr before light exposure. Rats were exposed to intermittent light or continuous light for 6 or 9 hr, respectively. Light-exposed rats were killed by lethal injection at three timepoints: immediately after light exposure, after 6 hr of dark recovery following light exposure and after 24 hr of dark recovery following light exposure. Retinal damage after light exposure was evaluated by morphology, morphometry, the terminal transferase-mediated biotin dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique for identification of nicked/cleaved nuclear DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis of retinal ...
Iced saline perfusion of Simon Nitinol Filters: improved control during transfemoral delivery: technical note.

Simon Nitinol inferior vena cava filters were placed via a transfemoral venous route in 14 patients. The initial seven caval filters wre placed using refrigerated saline infused at a slow rate. In these cases, Simon Nitinol filter expansion was explosive and difficult to control. In the next seven caval filters, the saline infusate was partially frozen and delivered at a higher infusion rate. In this group, the Simon Nitinol filter expansion was noticeably slower with improved ability to control filter placement in the inferior vena cava
Sex-related differences in patients' responses to heart failure therapy.

Dr. Moss and colleagues review data from randomized clinical trials which suggest that important sex-specific differences in the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of patients with heart failure can affect their response to both medical and device therapies.
Crystallization of AcpA, a respiratory burst-inhibiting acid phosphatase from Francisella tularensis.

Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious bacterial pathogen that is classified as a Category A Pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Here, we report crystallization of a recombinant form of F. tularensis AcpA, a unique and highly expressed acid phosphatase that is thought to play a role in intracellular survival by inhibiting the host respiratory burst. Three crystal forms have been obtained, with form III being the most suitable for high-resolution structure determination. Form III crystals were grown in the presence of PEG 1500 and the competitive inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (5 mM). The space group is C222(1) with unit cell parameters a = 112.1 A, b = 144.4 A, c = 123.9 A. The asymmetric unit is predicted to contain two protein molecules and 43% solvent. A 1.75-A native data set was recorded at beamline 8.3.1 of the Advanced Light Source. To our knowledge, this is the first report of high-resolution crystals of any F. tularensis protein.
DEFINING GRADIENTS IN A SAMPLE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

SUMMARY Three orthogonal planes (two vertical and one horizontal with respect to the apparent bedding structure) of a core sample of seemingly graded graywacke sandstone have been petrographically analyzed in order to determine the form and characteristics of the lithologic gradients in the specimen. Compositional and textural properties were sampled in thin section according to an orthogonal grid pattern on each of the three faces. Variability among rows and columns (plus interaction) with respect to each petrographic variable was tested by analysis of variance using a two way classification. A larger number of properties show significant variation among the rows of the sampling grid (thus in a vertical direction) than in the horizontal plane of the apparent bedding. Quality control models with confidence limits, which display graphically trends in the individual constituents, indicate that feldspar proportion, mica proportion, and quartz grain size exhibit significant gradients (above the level of analytical error) in the direction perpendicular to the bedding. Quartz proportion oscillates in a non-systematic fashion, and quartz grain shape shows no trend in the vertical planes of the specimen. The petrographic variability observed in the horizontal plane of the bedding is generally trendless. Partial trend surfaces show that the trends in quartz grain size are dominant, but are not simple in form according to the comparative reductions in total variation achieved by fitted surfaces of successively higher degree. Again, the major portions of variability are explained by the surfaces fitted to planes perpendicular to the bedding. The textural homogeneity of the rock in the horizontal (bedding) plane is reflected in the relatively subdued trends exposed by the surfaces in this direction. Taking grain size as an example, a 1: 1 correspondence is established between this property and the theoretical effects of settling in a liquid medium by a functional relationship; it is shown that only 25 to 40% of the total grain size variation in the specimen is attributable to this process. It is concluded that the interpretation of natural sedimentation processes from analysis of petrographic properties is complex due to the interaction of the processes and the interdependencies among the measurable properties which result.
Negro Comrades of the Crown: African Americans and the British Empire Fight the U.S. before Emancipation

In this provocative book, Horne demonstrates that African Americans willingly joined with or served the purposes of the British government in opposing the interests of the United States between 177...
VASCULAR SYSTEM OF LODICULES OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.

The vascular system for the two lodicules in a floret of Dactylis glomerata L. was studied in serial sections. The floret stele contained a few modified tracheary elements and xylem transfer cells enveloped by a phloem of squat sieve-tube members and intermediary cells. A single sieve tube and associated phloem parenchyma exited the right and left sides of the stele and upon nearing the base of each lodicule branched and formed the minor veins of the lodicule. The minor veins underwent limited branching and anastomosing to form a small three-dimensional system which described an arc during its ascent in the adaxial portion of each lodicule. The sieve tubes in the minor veins extended halfway up the lodicule and contained short sieve-tube members with transverse, slightly oblique, or lateral simple sieve plates. The associated phloem parenchyma cells were intermediary cells, companion cells, and less intimate parenchyma cells. Intermediary cells terminated the minor veins and touched the distal ends of the terminal sieve-tube members, which lacked distal sieve plates. Although the transverse area of the sieve-tube members remained constant up the lodicule, the transverse area of the associated phloem parenchyma fluctuated.
On a fourth-order wave equation for EM propagation in chiral media

A fourth-order wave equation is derived to study the propagation of an electromagnetic (EM) wave in a medium composed of chiral objects. This approximate wave equation does not reflect the handedness of the medium directly, which is more readily apparent, however, in a pair of two coupled second-order wave equations obtaineden route.
Dual Effects on Choice of Conditioned Reinforcement Frequency and Conditioned Reinforcement Value.

Pigeons were presented with a concurrent-chains schedule in which the total time to primary reinforcement was equated for the two alternatives (VI 30 s VI 60 s vs. VI 60 s VI 30 s). In one set of conditions, the terminal links were signaled by the same stimulus, and in another set of conditions they were signaled by different stimuli. Choice was in favor of the shorter terminal link when the terminal links were differentially signaled but in favor of the shorter initial link (and longer terminal link) when the terminal links shared the same stimulus. Preference reversed regularly with reversals of the stimulus condition and was unrelated to the discrimination between the two terminal links during the nondifferential stimulus condition. The present results suggest that the relative value of the terminal-link stimuli and the relative rate of conditioned reinforcer presentation are important influences on choice behavior, and that models of conditioned reinforcement need to include both factors.
Modulation of cyanobacterial photosystem I deposition properties on alkanethiolate Au substrate by various experimental conditions.

Abstract We present results from atomic force microscopy (AFM) images indicating various experimental conditions, which alter the morphological characteristics of self-assembled cyanobacterial PS I on hydroxyl-terminated self-assembled alkanethiolate monolayers (SAM/Au) substrates. AFM topographical images of SAM/Au substrates incubated in solutions containing different PS I concentrations solubilized with Triton X-100 as the detergent reveal large columnar aggregates (∼100 nm and hence, much taller than a single PS I trimer) at high PS I concentrations. Depositions from dilute PS I suspensions reveal fewer aggregates and relatively uniform surface topography (∼10 nm). Confocal fluorescence microscopy analysis of fluorescently tagged PS I deposited on to SAM/Au substrates using electric field and gravity driven techniques reveal preliminary indications of directionally aligned PS I attachments, besides corroborating a uniform monolayer formation [1] , for the former deposition method. The complex attachment dynamics of PS I onto SAM substrates are further investigated from the AFM images of PS I/SAM/Au substrates prepared under different experimental conditions using: 1) PS I isolated as monomers and trimers 2) adsorption at elevated temperatures, and 3) different detergents with varying pH values. In each of the cases, the surface topology indicated distinct yet complex morphological and phase characteristics. These observations provide useful insight into the use of experimental parameters to alter the morphological assembly of PS I on to SAM substrates en route to successful fabrication of PS I based biohybrid photoelectrochemical devices.
Successful treatment of the murine model of cystinosis using bone marrow cell transplantation

cell transplantation. Organ-specific cystine content was reduced by 57% to 94% in all organs tested in the BMC-treated mice. Confocal microscopy and quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed a large quantity of transplanted BMC in all organs tested, from 5% to 19% of the total cells. Most of these cells were not from the lymphoid lineage but part of the intrinsic structure of the organ. The natural progression of renal dysfunction was prevented, and deposition of corneal cystine crystals was significantly improved in the BMC-treated mice. HSC had the same therapeutic effect as whole BMC. In contrast, mesenchymal stem cell did not integrate efficiently in any organ. This work is a proof of concept for using HSC transplantation as a therapy for cystinosis and highlights the efficiency of this strategy for a chronic, progressive degenerative disease. (Blood. 2009; 114:2542-2552)
SIGCUE (Paper and Panel Session)

Presentations will focus on current research in effective strategies for visual representation of information in a graphical context. Topics of concern are: What combination of textual and graphical information is most effective for a given purpose? What are advantages of color vs. black and white? When is a dynamic or evolving presentation more effective than a static one? What do we know about effectiveness of various positions in the display and time of exposure? How little information is needed to convey a given idea?
Generalized least squares estimators of linear functional relations with known error-covariance

It is considered the estimation of a linear functional relation in the multivariate case for several observational models.The model includes strongly correlated observations the covariance then the generalized least squares estimator can be obtained almost surely as a solution of a certain maximization problem which is accessible immediately to iterative numerical procedures.Under normal error distributions the generalized least sqaures estimators is the maximum likelihood estimator.The model regarded includes the intrablock analysis of an in general incomplete block design with general covariance structure,Finally the equivariance of the generalized least squares estimator is shown.
Microphone based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) micro-pillars and patterned electrodes

This article is focused on the development of an acoustic pressure sensor with extremely high sensitivity and small footprint. We propose a sensor design consisting of micron-sized Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) pillars which generate a charge when subjected to normal stresses associated with acoustic waves. A rigid membrane placed between the micro-pillars and the acoustic medium ensures high mechanical coupling. The electrode covering the micro-pillars is patterned to decrease the capacitance, and hence increase the sensitivity of the sensor. The key sensor parameters (diameter and height of the micro-pillars, gap between pillar edges, and number of pillars) are determined through a constrained optimization algorithm in which the penalty function is the sensor footprint. The algorithm incorporates the effects of mechanical and electrical properties of the sensor and conditioning amplifier. Details of the fabrication process are described. Nano-indentation tests demonstrate that the PVDF micro-pillar sensor exhibits piezoelectric responses under an applied voltage or strain, thus demonstrating the sensor concept.
Administration of praziquantel to pregnant and lactating women.

Praziquantel (PZQ) is the safest of all anti-helminthics and now forms the backbone for all national control programs against schistosomiasis (Med. Res. Rev. 3 (1983) 147-200; Bull. WHO 57 (1979) 767-771; Wegner, D.H.G, Therapeutic Drugs (1991), Churchill Livingstone; Adv. Intern. Med. 32 (1987) 193-206; Drugs 42 (1991) 379-405; Pharmac. Ther. 68 (1995) 35-85; Ann. Intern. Med. 110 (1989) 290-296). Despite its lack of known toxicity, the drug was not tested on pregnant or lactating women prior to release. It is currently listed as Pregnancy Category B by the US FDA, which is a drug presumed safe based in animal studies. Unfortunately, this has been interpreted by most national control programs and WHO (1998) to exclude lactating and pregnant women from treatment. In fact, some experts advocate excluding adolescent girls from mass treatment campaigns over this issue. As a result, a large number of women living in endemic countries are currently left untreated or have treatment significantly delayed. A review of the current known toxicology of PZQ, combined with over two decades of clinical experience with this drug, suggest very low potential for adverse effects on either the mother or her unborn child. In contrast, significant animal and human data are presented in this review that suggest both the pregnant woman and her unborn fetus suffer morbid sequella from schistosomiasis. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial that could resolve this issue would require a very large and expensive study and in light of the above facts might not now be ethically appropriate. The author concludes that pregnant women should be treated with PZQ, that women of childbearing age should be included in all mass treatment programs and that lactating women are not systematically excluded from treatment.
From The Speech Teacher to Communication Education : Some Reflections

This article describes personal reflections on Communication Education between 1976 and 1978 under the author's editorship. Reflections are discussed under three headings: events and experiences shaping the editor's views of the field of communication education; the transition from The Speech Teacher to Communication Education; and dominant issues that authors wrote about between 1976 and 1978.
The mechanism of sound production in organ pipes and cavity resonators

A new unified method of treating the sounding mechanism of organ pipes and cavity resonators replaces the control volume method which until recently has been the most widely accepted theory. It is shown that shear layers contain a dividing surface whose motions control the production of sound in the resonant cavity. Both jet-drive andforce drive contributions are found to be involved in the sounding mechanism. The present approach shows the drive system to be inherently linear over a range of shear layer widths, so that sinusoidal oscillation is readily achievable. For voicing situa tionscalling for spectra rich in harmonics, nonlinear drive is attained by resorting to a smaller ratio of jet width to lip cutup which, at high enough Reynolds number, permits the growth of eddies which result in impulsive action at the lip.
New Interpretation of the Valence Tautomerism of 1,6-Methano(10)annulenes and Its Application to Fullerene Derivatives

bond (˘1.8 A).Substituents affect the relative stabilities between the aromatic and the bisnorcaradine forms, but their effectson the minima positions are moderate. We attribute the absence of a static C-C bond length in the vicinityof 1.8 A to the well-defined inherent minima of cyclopropane in its singlet state (˘1.5 A) and trimethylenein its triplet state (˘2.6 A), which serve as the basis of our fragment analysis. The 1,6 bonding in thesemolecules is associated with a shallow potential well, in agreement with the Woodward-Hoffmann rulesrather than to the existence of a static intermediate structure with a very long C-C bond. These results arein qualitative agreement with recent temperature-dependent
Quantitation of Interferon γ mRNA Levels in Psoralen/UVA-Treated HUT-78 Cells by Competitive PCR

We have developed a method to accurately quantitate IFN gamma mRNA in HUT-78 cells before and after PUVA treatment by the competitive RT/PCR technique, which could be utilized to accurately quantitate any mRNA species of interest. Total RNA was isolated from HUT-78 cells before and after PUVA treatment. A synthetic IFN gamma mRNA was made to contain a 54 bp deletion in the middle of IFN gamma cDNA gene and used as an internal standard. 0.5 microgram of target RNA was co-reverse transcribed and co-amplified with increasing concentrations of synthetic IFN gamma RNA using the same primers. The products of the synthetic RNA were separated from that of the target RNA by gel electrophoresis. This allowed determination of the amount of target IFN gamma mRNA to be quantitated by extrapolating against a standard curve. PUVA treatment of HUT-78 cells resulted in an increase in IFN gamma mRNA level from 32 to 80 pg/microgram of total RNA, suggesting that PUVA induces transcription of T-helper 1 cytokines as part of its mechanism of action.
Effects of repeated callbacks on response rate and nonresponse bias: Results from a 17-state pharmacy survey

Abstract Background Although surveys are the most common method of data collection in research in the social & behavioral pharmaceutical sciences, little evidence exists on pharmacists' and pharmacies' patterns of telephone survey participation and the impact of repeated callbacks on minimizing nonresponse bias. Objectives To (1) describe final disposition of the survey sample, (2) describe the effect of repeated callbacks on response rate, and (3) examine whether hard-to-contact cases differ from those that are relatively easier to contact in terms of general pharmacy characteristics and characteristics specific to survey topics. Methods This study used a cross-sectional descriptive survey design that gathered information from key informants of 2558 community pharmacies in 17 states. Telephone interviews were conducted using a Computer Assisted Telephone Interview system. Final disposition of the sample units and the final response rate were reported. General pharmacy characteristics and characteristics specific to immunization delivery (ID) and emergency preparedness and response (EPR) activities were compared across different ease-of-contact levels. Results A total of 1707 pharmacies (66.7%) completed the interview; 757 (29.6%) were eligible cases that were not interviewed; 8 (0.3%) and 86 (3.4%) were cases of unknown eligibility and ineligibility, respectively. The final response rate was 69.1%. The number of calls to pharmacies was most productive on the first 9 calls and leveled off after the 14th call. When comparing characteristics among different ease-of-contact levels, 2 out of 3 characteristics related to ID activities were different. No differences were found in general pharmacy characteristics and characteristics specific to EPR activities, however. Conclusion The greater number of callbacks resulted in higher response rates due to greater number of completed interviews. The increase in response rate did not rule out nonresponse bias, however. Hard-to-contact cases differed from relatively easier to contact cases in terms of characteristics related to the survey topic, but not general characteristics.
Effects of Hatha yoga and African dance on perceived stress, affect, and salivary cortisol.

Background: Dance and yoga have been shown to produce improvements in psychological well-being.Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine some of the psychological and neuroendocrine responses to these activities.Methods: Sixty-nine healthy college students participated in one of three 90-min classes: African dance (n = 21), Hatha yoga (n = 18), or a biology lecture as a control session (n = 30). Before and after each condition participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), completed the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule, and provided a saliva sample for cortisol.Results: There were significant reductions in PSS and negative affect (ps < .0001) and Time × Treatment interactions (ps < .0001) such that African dance and Hatha yoga showed significant declines, whereas there was no significant change in biology lecture. There was no significant main effect for positive affect (p = .53), however there was a significant interaction effect (p < .001) such that positive affect increased in African dance, decreased in biology lecture, and did not change significantly in Hatha yoga. There was a significant main effect for salivary cortisol (p < .05) and a significant interaction effect (p < .0001) such that cortisol increased in African dance, decreased in Hatha yoga, and did not change in biology. Changes in cortisol were not significantly related to changes in psychological variables across treatments. There was 1 significant interaction effect (p = .04) such that change in positive affect and change in cortisol were negatively correlated in Hatha yoga but positively correlated in African dance and biology.Conclusions: Both African dance and Hatha yoga reduced perceived stress and negative affect. Cortisol increased in African dance and decreased in Hatha yoga. Therefore, even when these interventions produce similar positive psychological effects, the effects may be very different on physiological stress processes. One factor that may have particular salience is the amount of physiological arousal produced by the intervention.