cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic Anatomy of the Normal and Diseased Heart

Conventional chest roentgenography, angiocardiography, and cast corrosion preparation studies of the heart have been supplemented by anatomical sections of cadavers in the horizontal, sagittal, and coronal planes. The heart is the most important anatomical structure of the middle mediastinum. The ventral coronal section of the heart (Figure 1) exhibits, from left to right, the superior vena cava (above), the right atrium (below) the ascending aorta (in the middle), the pulmonary trunk (to the right), and the right ventricle (below the aorta and pulmonary trunk). The dorsal coronal section of the heart (Figure 2) shows the bifurcation of the trachea (above) with the right and left primary divisions of the pulmonary trunk (in front of the main bronchi) and the pulmonary veins and left atrium (below). Above the right main bronchus one sees the arch of the azygos vein and above the left main bronchus, the arch of the aorta.
Genealogical Pragmatism: Problematization and Reconstruction, (Old Version)

A much newer version of this paper, titled now "Genealogical Pragmatism: How History Matters for Dewey and Foucault" is now available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2166427. I argue for a new broad-based form of critical inquiry which I refer to as genealogical pragmatism. This conception of critical inquiry combines the genealogical emphasis on problematization featured in Michel Foucault's work with the pragmatist emphasis on reconstruction featured in John Dewey's work. Rather than being understood as two opposed forms of critique and inquiry, as is commonly supposed, I demonstrate that problematization and reconstruction fit together quite well. The work of problematization invites the response of reconstruction just as the work of reconstruction requires the motivation supplied by problematization. This combination of genealogy and pragmatism not only yields an effective conception of critical inquiry, but also helps repair crucial deficits in both genealogy and pragmatism as they currently stand on their own.
Quantifying relationships between urban land use and flow frequency of small Missouri streams.

Abstract Flow frequency is an important hydrologic statistic to consider in environmental flows assessment. However, there is a paucity of focused interdisciplinary hydrologic assessments that quantify human development influence on flow frequency of small streams (drainage area 50% total impervious surfaces (i.e. high density urban areas). Urban land use influence on flow frequency was not detected in events below median flow (0.02510 0.03356; n = 32). Conversely, urban land use - flow frequency relationships were relatively strong above median flow (0.55500 0.78703; n = 32). Further, explained variance generally increased to meso-scale flows (0.58350 0.82470; n = 32), and then, decreased during high flows (0.34912 0.61805; n = 32). More specifically, the greatest observed influence of urban land use on flow frequency increased from a 0.2 to 1 year return period in low density urban areas, to a 1 to 2 year return period in high density urban areas in small Missouri streams. Thus, results indicate that management efforts should focus on reducing the frequency of 1 year events in low density urban land use areas, and 2 year events in high density urban areas to secure environmental services of small urban streams in Missouri, USA. These results hold important implications for other regions globally, where urban land use has increased the frequency of streamflow response.
Nonconventional topological band properties and gapless helical edge states in elastic phononic waveguides with Kekulé distortion

This study investigates the topological behavior of a continuous elastic phononic structure characterized by a three-term Kekul\'e distortion. The elastic waveguide consists of a hexagonal unit cell whose geometric dimensions are intentionally perturbed according to a generalized Kekul\'e scheme. The resulting structure exhibits an effective Hamiltonian that resembles a quantum spin Hall system, hence suggesting that the waveguide can support helical topological edge states. Using first-principles calculations, we show the existence of nondegenerate pseudospin states and a very peculiar six-lobe pseudospin texture and Berry curvature pattern. Important insights are also provided concerning the topological states in the Kekul\'e lattice, so far considered indistinguishable, and their critical role in enabling unique gapless edge states, typically not achievable in phononic systems.
Collective harmony as a moderator of the association between other-referent upward counterfactual thinking and depression

The current study aimed to investigate a recently observed significant positive relationship between other-referent upward counterfactual thinking and depressive symptoms in a Filipino sample by ex...
On Sets Closed Under the Cross Product and a Property of the Octahedron

We find necessary and sufficient conditions for a set closed under the cross product to be dense in R3 . We also show that, up to orthogonal transformations, the vertices of a regular octahedron an...
Probabilistic classification of hazardous materials release events in train incidents and cargo tank truck crashes

Abstract As two of the main modes of hazmat surface transportation, quantifying conditional probability of release of hazmat from trains in rail incidents and Cargo Tank Trucks (CTTs) in highway crashes is an important component of risk assessment. The objective of this study was identifying computational tools with reliable performance for quantifying probability of hazmat release in train incidents and CTT crashes, based on the type of the decision-making problem. Events of release of hazmat were probabilistically classified by statistical and machine learning methods (Mixed Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Random Forests, and Support Vector Machines) using relevant explanatory variables. The datasets were Federal Railroad Administration rail equipment incident data, and combined Nebraska and Kansas police-reported traffic crash data. Given the rarity of these events, the classification performance of different methods was compared based on precision, recall and area under ROC curves (AUC). Random Forests had the best performance in classifying hazmat release for trains and railcars, based on different criteria. For CTTs, Support Vector Machines and Random Forests had the highest precision, while logistic regression and naive Bayes performed better based on recall and AUC. The research provides recommendations regarding usage of the methods depending on the purpose of analysis.
Measuring Ergonomic Risk in Operating Surgeons by Using Wearable Technology

This case series study examines the ergonomic risk of surgery using wearable sensor inertial measurement units to monitor the ergonomics of surgeons at work.
Functional response and prey stage preference of Delphastus catalinae and D. pallidus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Considering the importance of natural enemies in the integrated management programme of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in the current study we evaluated the biocontrol potential of two predatory beetl...
ALLEGED CONFLICTS OF INTEREST BECAUSE OF THE "APPEARANCE OF IMPROPRIETY"

Criticisms of lawyers for alleged ethical failings have become more frequent over the years. Some of these charges are serious and welltaken, but others claim that there is an alleged conflict of interest because of an “appearance of impropriety.” The charge may be no more substantial than a claim that a lawyer is a friend of someone, and that friendship causes an appearance of impropriety leading to a conflict of interest. Yet the charge, even if unsubstantial, is serious. Any allegation of a conflict of interest is a very serious matter, for it attacks the integrity and bona fides of the person charged. As the ABA has advised, a charge of a conflict of interest “should be viewed with caution . . . for it can be misused as a technique of harassment.” Consider one of the earliest cases in the modern trend—the case of John Erlenborn. President George H.W. Bush appointed Erlenborn, a former member of Congress to the Board of the Legal Services Corporation (“LSC”). Erlenborn was also a partner in a major law firm that represented growers in disputes over farm workers’ conditions; the farm workers were often represented by LSC—funded lawyers. The
Abstract PR11: Active YAP as a functional marker of drug-tolerant persister cells in EGFR-mutant and ALK fusion-positive NSCLC

Targeted therapies against clinically actionable oncogenic drivers in lung adenocarcinoma have significantly improved survival of cancer patients, but durable responses are limited due to the emergence of drug resistance. Resistance development is often characterized by the retention of a small subpopulation of cancer cells under drug treatment and their evolution from non-/low-proliferative residual disease to an aggressively growing resistant tumor. Most importantly, drug-tolerant persister cells have been identified as a reservoir for a multitude of drug resistance mechanisms and thus, their characterization and the development of rational combinatorial treatment may delay or prevent resistance development and improve treatment outcome for cancer patients. Using a multitude of in vitro models such as cell culture models and patient-derived organoids, we characterized signaling and transcriptional changes in drug-tolerant persisters. We identified YAP nuclear relocalization and its increased transcriptional activity as a key marker of persisters derived from EGFR-mutant and EML4-ALK fusion-positive specimen under third-generation TKI treatment. Image analysis of cells genetically engineered via CRISPR-Cas9 to express endogenously labeled YAP-mNeonGreen validated these results. Moreover, we were able to prove the functional relevance of YAP activation in drug persistence by overexpressing active mutants of YAP that are lacking inhibitory Hippo phosphorylation sites. The latter resulted in increased nuclear levels and transcriptional activity of YAP and mediated significantly reduced cell death under high-dose drug treatment in different cell line models. Using RNA sequencing, we show a clear evolutionary path from drug-sensitive parental cells to drug-tolerant persisters and long-term derived drug-acquired resistant cells. We are currently profiling vulnerabilities of drug-tolerant EGFR-mutant and EML4-ALK fusion persisters using genetic and pharmacologic approaches. In conclusion, YAP activation is a functional marker of EGFR-mutant and EML4-ALK fusion persisters derived under high-dose drug treatment with third-generation TKIs. Targeting YAP activation either on the level of upstream signaling input, its relocalization between cytoplasm and nucleus, or its action as transcriptional coactivator may represent a promising combinatorial treatment approach to limit resistance development and improve patient survival in lung adenocarcinoma. Citation Format: Franziska Haderk, David Allegakoen, Juan Guan, Wei Wu, Trever Bivona. Active YAP as a functional marker of drug-tolerant persister cells in EGFR-mutant and ALK fusion-positive NSCLC [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Hippo Pathway: Signaling, Cancer, and Beyond; 2019 May 8-11; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(8_Suppl):Abstract nr PR11.
Race modifies survival benefit of guideline‐based treatment: Implications for reducing disparities in muscle invasive bladder cancer

Author(s): Washington, Samuel L; Gregorich, Steven E; Meng, Maxwell V; Suskind, Anne M; Porten, Sima P | Abstract: BackgroundBlack individuals with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) experienced 21% lower odds of guideline-based treatment (GBT) and differences in treatment explain 35% of observed Black-White differences in survival. Yet little is known of how interactions between race/ethnicity and receipt of GBT drive within- and between-race survival differences.MethodsBlack, White, and Latino individuals diagnosed with nonmetastatic, locally advanced MIBC from 2004 to 2013 within the National Cancer Database were included. Guideline-based treatment was defined as the receipt including one or more of the following treatment modalities: radical cystectomy (RC), neoadjuvant chemotherapy with RC, RC with adjuvant chemotherapy, and/or chemoradiation based on American Urological Association guidelines. Cox proportional hazards model of mortality estimated effects of GBT status, race/ethnicity, and the GBT-by-race/ethnicity interaction, adjusting for covariates.ResultsOf the 54 910 MIBC individuals with 125 821 person-years of posttreatment observation (max = 11 years), 6.9% were Black, and 3.0% were Latino. Overall, 51.4%, 45.3%, and 48.5% of White, Black, and Latino individuals received GBT. Latino individuals had lower hazard of death compared to Black (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.75-0.87) and White individuals (HR 0.92, 95% 0.86-0.98). With GBT, Latino and White individuals had similar outcomes (HR = 1.00, 95% 0.91-1.10) and both fared better than Black individuals (HR = 0.88, 95% 0.79-0.99 and HR = 0.88, 95% 0.83-0.94, respectively). Without GBT, Latino individuals fared better than White (HR = 0.85, 95% 0.77-0.93) and Black individuals (HR = 0.74, 95% 0.67-0.82) while White individuals fared better than Black individuals (HR = 0.87, 95% 0.83-0.92). Black individuals with GBT fared worse than Latinos without GBT (HR = 1.02, 95% 0.92-1.14), although not statistically significant.ConclusionLow GBT levels demonstrated an "under-allocation" of GBT to those who needed it most-Black individuals. Interventions to improve GBT allocation may mitigate race-based survival differences observed in MIBC.
Activity-based anorexia disrupts systemic oxidative state and induces cortical mitochondrial fission in adolescent female rats.

Objective Patients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN) display increased levels of oxidative stress that correlates with disease severity. Unfortunately, the biological ramifications of AN-induced oxidative stress on the brain are largely unknown. Our lab uses the preclinical activity-based anorexia (ABA) paradigm to model symptoms of AN. The goal of the present study was to determine how ABA experience affects oxidative state and its consequences in adolescent female rats. Method We compared systemic glutathione and cysteine plasma concentrations and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) mitochondrial fission in ABA animals at maximum weight loss or following 10-days of weight recovery to levels in age-matched sedentary (SED) control rats. Results ABA animals at maximum weight loss had significantly lower plasma levels of cysteine and glutathione compared to SED controls. Additionally, ABA animals at max weight loss have significantly more mPFC mitochondrial fission. There were no significant differences in plasma analyte levels or mitochondrial fission between weight recovered ABA animals and SED controls. Discussion These data suggest that ABA experience results in oxidative stress that is remedied after weight restoration. The long-lasting ramifications of transient periods of increased oxidative stress are unknown and can lead to significant consequences on brain function and behavior.
Defining the functions of PIWI-interacting RNAs.

In the animal germ line, PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) silence transposons and may also control gene expression. Distinct, but not incompatible, models have been proposed for how piRNAs regulate genes. To promote discussion in the small RNA community of how best to test these models, we propose criteria for validating piRNA function. Wu and Zamore discuss models of piRNA function and suggest experimental criteria to be followed in order to validate them.
Pathways from pain to physical and mental health-related quality of life during the third trimester of pregnancy: an exploratory mediation analysis.

Aims and objectives To understand how pain affects physical and mental health-related quality of life during the third trimester of pregnancy. Background Poor health-related quality of life during pregnancy is associated with adverse maternal foetal health outcomes such as increased risk of low-birth-weight neonates. Poor health-related quality of life is linked to pain, pain interference and anxiety in the general adult population. However, we do not know how pain, pain interference (i.e., interference of pain with patient function), and anxiety are interrelated during the third trimester of pregnancy. Methods This exploratory cross-sectional study followed STROBE guidelines. A mobile educational and tracking pregnancy application was used to obtain a racially/ethnically diverse convenience sample of 141 third trimester pregnant women from the U. S. In this sample, 58.2% of women had commercial health insurance, 68.8% were Caucasian, 86.5% were younger than 35 years, and 85.1% had a partner. Women completed demographics, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Brief Pain Inventory on REDCap. Path analysis was used to investigate a model for the relationships among pain intensity, pain interference, anxiety and physical and mental health-related quality of life. Results Pain intensity affected health-related quality of life indirectly by increasing pain interference, which in turn, decreased both physical and mental health-related quality of life. In addition, pain interference also increased anxiety, which in turn worsened mental health-related quality of life, but not physical health-related quality of life. Conclusions Treating perinatal pain may improve health-related quality of life by decreasing pain interference and anxiety. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses should assess for pain interference and anxiety in women experiencing moderate to severe pain during the third trimester of pregnancy. With this knowledge, nurses may advocate for women in receiving effective treatment for their conditions and improvements in their physical and mental health-related quality of life.
The History and Physical Exam

A thorough history and physical examination are the key steps in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While abdominal pain, weight loss, rectal bleeding, and diarrhea are the usual symptoms associated with IBD, the presentation may differ between Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis. Children may have unique presenting symptoms like short stature, delayed puberty, or extraintestinal manifestations. Patient awareness of symptoms may vary widely. A careful history can often yield the diagnosis, but sometimes a high index of suspicion is required to recognize atypical presentations.
Cercopithecus aethiops sabaceus (Vervet monkey, African green monkey)

One pair of subtelocentric autosomes bears a deep secondary constriction on the long arm near the centromere. Satellites may also be detected on the short arm of the smallest acrocentric chromosomes.
Active damping control of critical mode vibrations in large flexible space structures

The problem of vibration suppression in large flexible space structures (LFSSs) is investigated in this paper. Based on the structure property of LFSSs, an active damping strategy is proposed to attenuate the critical vibrations of the structure subject to modeling uncertainty and external disturbance. Control algorithms are derived with the aim of suppressing both the vibrating magnitude and vibrating rate to an acceptable level. It is shown that the strategy exhibits robust and adaptive properties and is truly model-independent. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the fact that it is fairly easy to set up the strategy and the overall computation involved is much less than any other strategies available to date. A two bay truss is used to verify the validity of the proposed approach.
Density and pressure effects on the transport of gas phase chemicals in unsaturated porous media

[1] The density of gas phase contaminants may be responsible for several important transport phenomena in porous media. One-dimensional laboratory experiments were conducted to explore the transport of a dense gas (Freon-113) through an air-dry sand. Gas densities were measured and fluxes were estimated during transport through a column filled with oso-flaco sand. Significant differences in density profiles and fluxes were observed for the three primary flow directions (horizontal, vertically upward, and vertically downward) at high source densities. Estimates indicate that pressure gradients of up to 20 Pa/m measured in the first 2.5 cm of the column were possibly due to the nonequimolar diffusion of Freon and air. Simulated Freon densities from numerical models based on the standard Darcy-Fickian transport equation did not compare well against measured density data. Density profiles generated by the model differed from the data by up to 400%. Numerical simulations indicated that slip flow may be significant relative to Darcy advective flow, but the slip phenomenon did not account for the discrepancy between model simulations and data. Further research and equation development will be necessary in order to ascertain why the standard theory does not adequately describe the diffusive and advective transport processes for dense gases.
Construction and Analysis of a Streptococcus parasanguis recA Mutant: Homologous Recombination Is Not Required for Adhesion in an In Vitro Tooth Surface Model

PCR was used to amplify an internal region of the recA gene from Streptococcus parasanguis FW213. The PCR fragment was used as a probe to recover the entire streptococcal recA gene from an S. parasanguis genomic library, and the sequence of the gene was determined. The deduced product of the S. parasanguis recA gene showed a high degree of amino acid identity with other prokaryotic RecA proteins. The cloned recA sequence was disrupted in vitro by insertional mutagenesis, and the mutated allele was then introduced into the S. parasanguis chromosome by homologous recombination. Results of Southern hybridizations confirmed the replacement of the wild-type recA gene with the mutated allele. The recA mutant strain was considerably more sensitive to UV light than the parental strain, and this phenotype was consistent with a mutation in recA . The S. parasanguis recA mutant showed no reduction in its ability to adhere in the in vitro tooth surface model, saliva-coated hydroxylapatite (SHA), or in its ability to express the fimbria-associated adhesin Fap1. These results demonstrate that in vitro attachment of S. parasanguis FW213 to SHA and expression of Fap1 are recA independent.
Nonparametric and Semi-parametric Estimation of Efficient Frontier

This paper has presented a nonparametric approach to estimate the deterministic frontier model with unknown function form. Single index modeling and partially linear modeling techniques have been modified for estimation of a semi-parametric deterministic frontier model. Those approaches are free from functional form specification and error term distribution assumption. The methods are very attractive for computational simplicity and straightforward interpretation. They can be extended to estimate the stochastic frontier model with more parametric assumption. At the center is the kernel estimation of the continuous density and conditional expectation. These kernel estimations are used as the instruments in estimating expectation of efficiency level, production frontier, and firm's specific inefficiency.
SAVONOSKI CRATER, ALASKA: A POSSIBLE METEORITE IMPACT STRUCTURE

Savonoski Crater, a small basin about 1700 feet in diameter, is located on a ridge of gently-dipping Jurassic sandstone in Katmai National Monument, southwestern Alaska. Reconnaisance geological, geophysical, and petrographic studies suggest that it was formed either by volcanic processes or meteorite impact prior to the end of the latest glaciation in the region. Surface ejecta, if originally present, apparently have been removed by glaciation. No distinctive shock-metamorphic effects were observed in the few rock specimens collected. Final determination of the crater's origin will require more extensive field studies or drilling in the center of the crater.
Low Luminosity Globular Cluster X-Ray Sources

Two classes of globular cluster X-ray sources are known. Each consists of compact objects accreting material from a close binary companion. The brighter class has a neutron star primary, and the low luminosity class has a white dwarf primary. These sources formed by tidal capture of the compact object by a main sequence dwarf in the core of the globular cluster. Their presence and number has implications on the end points of stellar evolution in globular clusters and on the formation of binaries in cluster cores.
Effect of acetylcholine on the uterine vascular bed.

Abstract Intra-arterial injections of acetylcholine caused vasodilatation in the uterine vascular bed of the ewe. During the last two trimesters of ovine pregnancy, maximum conductance increases averaged 135 per cent of control. The principal difference between 1.0 and 1,000 μg doses was in the duration rather than the magnitude of the response. In nonpregnant ewes, the magnitude of uterine vasodilatation at the 0.1 μg dose exceeded the highest mean values observed during pregnancy. The magnitude and duration of vasodilatation rose progressively with increasing acetylcholine doses reaching a maximum mean conductance of 400 per cent of control at the 1,000 μg dose. The wide variation in the magnitude of nonpregnant responses suggests that responsiveness may be related to the phase of the estrous cycle. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that estrogen-induced uterine vasodilatation is mediated by acetylcholine from a nonnervous tissue source.
Perforation of a Cystic Ovarian Carcinoma into the Sigmoid, Presenting as a Minor Gastrointestinal Upset

Summary A 57-year-old, obese woman with chronic constipation and vague low abdominal distress developed severe diarrhea following the use of large quantities of purgatives. This episode in retrospect represented the rupture of a papillary cystadenocarcinoma into the sigmoid which subsequently progressed to a huge retroperitoneal abscess. Operation revealed a fibroid uterus and a large retroperitoneal abscess communicating with the sigmoid through a 3 cm. perforation. The wall of the abscess contained remnants of a papillary cystadenocarcinoma. Postmortem examination confirmed the operative findings and demonstrated a retroperitoneal abscess extending from the anus almost to the renal arteries. Metastatic carcinoma was found in the liver and in a peribronchial lymph node. The present case appears to be the first instance of rupture of a papillary cystadenocarcinoma into the sigmoid to be reported in the recent literature.
Wasp waist or beer belly? Modeling food web structure and energetic control in Alaskan marine ecosystems, with implications for fishing and environmental forcing

The Eastern Bering Sea (EBS) and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) continental shelf ecosystems show some similar and some distinctive groundfish biomass dynamics. Given that similar species occupy these regions and fisheries management is also comparable, similarities might be expected, but to what can we attribute the differences? Different types of ecosystem structure and control (e.g. top-down, bottom-up, mixed) can imply different ecosystem dynamics and climate interactions. Further, the structural type identified for a given ecosystem may suggest optimal management for sustainable fishing. Here, we use information on the current system state derived from food web models of both the EBS and the GOA combined with dynamic ecosystem models incorporating uncertainty to classify each ecosystem by its structural type. We then suggest how this structure might be generally related to dynamics and predictability. We find that the EBS and GOA have fundamentally different food web structures both overall, and when viewed from the perspective of the same commercially and ecologically important species in each system, walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus). EBS food web structure centers on a large mass of pollock, which appears to contribute to relative system stability and predictability. In contrast, GOA food web structure features high predator biomass, which contributes to a more dynamic, less predictable ecosystem. Mechanisms for climate influence on pollock production in the EBS are increasingly understood, while climate forcing mechanisms contributing to the potentially destabilizing high predator biomass in the GOA remain enigmatic. We present results of identical pollock fishing and climate-driven pollock recruitment simulations in the EBS and GOA which show different system responses, again with less predictable response in the GOA. Overall, our results suggest that identifying structural properties of fished food webs is as important for sustainable fisheries management as attempting to predict climate and fisheries effects within each ecosystem.
Pixel- and site-based calibration and validation methods for evaluating supervised classification of remotely sensed data

Abstract The characteristics of calibration and validation data, especially sample size, distribution, thematic labeling, and representativeness, are important to supervised classification algorithms, as are their use to ascribe accuracy statements to supervised classification results. While random and stratified random sampling of calibration and validation into calibration (training) and validation (testing) subsets has often been based on pixel sampling, the resulting accuracy statements may be overly optimistic and biased due to spatial autocorrelation. This is especially true for decision tree and neural network algorithms that tend to learn examples well even when just a single pixel from a site is presented in the learning phase. Therefore, polygon- or site-based sampling (using groups of contiguous pixels) for calibration and validation may provide better estimates of prediction accuracies. This paper presents the results of pixel- versus polygon-based calibration and validation of a supervised Gaussian ARTMAP neural network algorithm. Both techniques were applied to (1) a multitemporal AVHRR vegetation index data set and (2) a multitemporal data set of NDVI, temperature, and additional temporal metric and physical data to map vegetation and land cover (VLC) based on a regional network of sites in Central America. Our results indicate that although pixel-based accuracy assessment because of spatial autocorrelation may overstate accuracy, polygon-based assessments are also problematic. The Gaussian ARTMAP algorithm was used to provide insight into the problems of site heterogeneity, per-class accuracy, sampling rate, sampling representativeness, and the generalization properties of sites and classes, as related to pixel- and polygon-based sampling.
Photovoltage dynamics of the hydroxylated Si(111) surface investigated by ultrafast electron diffraction

We present a method to measure transient photovoltage at nanointerfaces using ultrafast electron diffraction. In particular, we report our results on the photoexcitation of carriers and their ensuing relaxations in a hydroxyl-terminated silicon surface, which is a standard substrate for fabricating molecular electronics interfaces. The transient surface voltage is determined by observing Coulomb refraction changes induced by the modified space-charge barrier within a selectively probed volume by femtosecond electron pulses. The results are in agreement with ultrafast photoemission studies of surface-state charging, suggesting a surface charge relaxation mechanism closely coupled to the bulk carrier dynamics near the surface that can be described by a drift-diffusion model. This study demonstrates an ultrafast diffraction method for investigating interfacial processes with both charge and structural resolutions.
[Cp2Co][Bi{Co(CO)4}4]: Ein paramagnetischer, tetraedrischer Zehnelektronenkomplex des Bismuts

Le compose du titre cristallise avec le groupe d'espace P1. Affinement de la structure jusqu'a 0,046
Genetic Variation in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Columbia River and Three Oregon Coastal Rivers

Abstract Genetic variation in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from ten hatcheries along the Columbia River drainage and the Oregon coast was described from results of starch gel electrophoresis. Highly significant differences were found between spring and fall chinook in the Columbia River watershed. It was suggested that frequencies of malate dehydrogenase, tetrazolium oxidase, and phosphoglucomutase phenotypes may be influenced directly or indirectly by selective forces.
Experimental evidence for moleculelike absorption and emission of porous silicon using far-field and near-field optical spectroscopy

Far-field photoluminescence (PL) and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) have been used to provide insight into both the light emission and light absorption mechanisms of porous silicon (PS). Experiments were performed in air and in mercaptoethanol on two types of surface-prepared porous silicon samples. Dynamic studies on a time scale of the order of several minutes suggest that the surface state of the porous silicon is the principal determinant of the PL emission spectrum and the PL efficiency. From the results of experiments performed in various chemical environments, we infer that the PL emission may comprise multiple molecular spectral transitions. Further, variations in the nature of the PL as a function of excitation energy can be explained on the basis of the absorption of moleculelike species on the PS surface but not by the nature of absorption by nanocrystalline quantum structures. Finally, high-spatial-resolution NSOM spectroscopy is employed to determine that the spectral nature of the PL is spatially homogeneous down to a scale approaching 40 nm. Primarily, our experiments suggest that surface complexes are principally involved in the light emission from PS. Second, we also provide evidence that surface complexes, and not quantum confinement, may be responsible for the absorption of the incident excitation radiation.
The Soviet Navy's SSBN bastions: Why explanations matter

(1989). The Soviet Navy's SSBN bastions: Why explanations matter. The RUSI Journal: Vol. 134, No. 4, pp. 33-39.
Pollination biology of heteromorphic populations of Oxalis alpina (Rose) (Oxalidaceae) in south‐eastern Arizona

In south-eastern Arizona, heterostylous (often trimorphic) populations of Oxalis alpina (Rose) Knuth are visited most commonly by females of the solitary bee Heterosarus bakeri Cockerell. Bees collect pollen from flowers and are presumed to be the major pollinators of O. alpina in this region. Analysis of pollen loads from the corbiculae of H. bakeri suggests that individual bees may specialize temporally on different floral forms. However, the apparent preferential collection of pollen probably results from spatial segregation of morphs and the localized foraging behaviour of bees rather than preference on the part of individual bees for particular stylar forms. As a group, bees appear to visit floral morphs of O. alpina indiscriminately, even though individual bees may have a preponderance of pollen from one morph type. Despite spatial segregation leading to pollinator flights between members of the same incompatibility group, capsule and seed production in populations of O. alpina is high for all forms. Loss of the mid form in some populations cannot be attributed to pollinator preferences for individual style morphs.
Validating the clinical assessment of eustachian tube dysfunction: The Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7).

Objectives/Hypothesis Eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) is a common condition that is associated with otologic and rhinologic symptoms. The complete assessment of ETD is limited without a valid symptom score. We developed and conducted initial validation of the seven-item Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ-7), a disease-specific instrument to assess symptoms with respect to ETD.
Lessons from in vitro models of small, irregular, multiple and tunnel-like stenoses relevant to clinical stenoses of valves and small vessels

This review examines data on the accuracy of the simplified Bernoulli equation for quantitation of pressure drops across small, irregular, multiple and tunnel-like stenoses. This information is drawn from in vitro models of such cardiovascular stenoses and explores the limits of this simplification as they affect accuracy in special situations. Within the physiologic range, discrete small and irregular stenoses present no problems for the measurement of pressure drops using the simplified Bernoulli equation. Multiple side by side orifices of different dimension also give reasonable data using this approach. Tunnel-like stenoses of very small diameter and finite length produce underestimation of the true pressure drop through the stenosis when the simplified Bernouli equation is used. This underestimation is primarily due to neglect of the energy consumed by viscous friction in this situation. These considerations are especially pertinent to the problem of measuring pressure gradients across coronary vessels to assess their clinical significance as well as the adequacy of angioplasty and other intravascular interventional techniques. Because this area needs further exploration, some discussion of in vitro models as such as included.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is a useful clinical tool in nephrology

Hypertension is a key factor in the genesis and deterioration of many renal diseases and is also a risk factor for death in patients with end-stage renal disease. However, the standard methods of measurement are prone to variability, especially in patients undergoing dialysis. The technique of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring allows a better assessment of overall blood pressure levels and promises to assume a bigger role in the care of renal patients. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is widely used in hypertension trials, and the reports of several consensus meetings on the clinical uses of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring have been published. Two similar validation protocols now exist for ambulatory blood pressure monitors, and tables of population-based normal blood pressures for age and gender are available. The available evidence suggests that ambulatory blood pressure compared with blood pressure measured in the physician's office is better correlated to left ventricular mass in subjects with chronic renal disease. Furthermore, studies in subjects with chronic renal disease and those undergoing renal replacement therapy show that blood pressure control is suboptimal in many patients and that nocturnal blood pressure is generally higher than in control subjects. Further insights into overall blood pressure behavior in this population will certainly emerge in the future.
Arguers as editors

People use editorial criteria to decide whether to say or to suppress potential arguments. These criteria constitute people's standards as to what effective and appropriate arguments are like, and reflect general interaction goals. A series of empirical investigations has indicated that the standards fall into three classes: those having to do with argument effectiveness, those concerned with personal issues for arguer and target, and those centered on discourse quality. The essay also sketches the affinities certain types of people have for the different criteria.
Right-left asymmetry of inclusive hadron production in electron-positron annihilation

Abstract We calculate a possible right-left asymmetry of inclusive hadron production in highly transversely polarized e + e − annihilation, which is, if successfully measured, an unambiguous clean evidence for parity violation.
Interpolation in a non-ideal ternary: MgO-CaO-AlO1.5

Abstract The MgO-AlO1.5 binary system has been reanalyzed to incorporate the latest value for the heat of fusion of MgO (74 ± 6 kJ mol−1, 1). This together with published values for MgO-CaO (1) and CaO-AlO1.5 (2) provides data for all three edges of the MgO-CaO-AlO1.5 ternary system. Kohler, Muggianu, and Toop-Muggianu interpolations were examined for this ternary. All three give similar results, but the Kohler method is especially inconvenient to use. None of the simple interpolations matched the experimental data (3, 4) on the liquid in equilibrium at 1645 K with the three solids: MgO, MgAl2O4, and CaAl2O4. Adding three ternary terms to the Toop-Muggianu interpolation gave an excellent fit here, and a good calculated three component phase diagram. The Bonnier interpolation procedure is unacceptable.
Anterior Provisional Restorations Used to Determine Form, Function, and Esthetics for Complex Restorative Situations, Using All‐Ceramic Restorative Systems

A technique is proposed for the restoration of a large and visible maxillary anterior defect. The importance of proper diagnosis, treatment planning, and communication is emphasized. Irreversible treatment should only be rendered once patient approval has been obtained through objective evaluation with provisional restorations. The techniques presented in this article use a combination of ceramic systems currently available to satisfy functional demands while achieving acceptable esthetics. A controlled series of steps, where the provisional restorative components are being replaced by the definitive ones is planned. The only difference between the provisional and definitive restorative components is the material used. The definitive restorations consisted of an implant-supported zirconium oxide framework. Individual pressed porcelain restorations were luted to the framework and a natural tooth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Provisional restorations allow an objective form of communication. Vertical and horizontal transitional lines can be effectively masked with appropriate treatment planning and a skilled ceramist. Many traditional dental laboratory steps may be eliminated or simplified without compromising the definitive restorations.
Quantitative measurement of [3H]ouabain binding to human skeletal muscle cryostat sections.

Abstract The etiopathogenesis of myotonic muscular dystrophy is thought to involve a basic defect in muscle membrane. Biochemical investigations of human muscle membrane have been hampered by difficulty in obtaining large quantities of muscle at biopsy for the preparation of sarcolemma. We have determined [3H]ouabain binding to normal and myotonic dystrophy human skeletal muscle by using cryostat sections. The binding increased with increase in number of tissue sections (protein) and in concentrations of [3H]ouabain, ATP and Na+. The binding of [3H]ouabain in myotonic dystrophy patients was 2–3 fold higher than in normal and disease controls. Kinetic analysis revealed that the increased binding of ouabain to myotonic tissue sections was independent of low-affinity sites directed by ATP and Na+. These findings provide further evidence for the involvement of membrane abnormalities in myotonic muscular dystrophy.
Extrinsic inhibitors in axon sprouting and functional recovery after spinal cord injury.

Summary: The limited axonal growth after central nervous system (CNS) injury such as spinal cord injury presents a major challenge in promoting repair and recovery. The literature in axonal repair has focused mostly on frank regeneration of injured axons. Here, we argue that sprouting of uninjured axons, an innate repair mechanism of the CNS, might be more amenable to modulation in order to promote functional repair. Extrinsic inhibitors of axonal growth modulate axon sprouting after injury and may serve as the first group of therapeutic targets to promote functional repair.
Organogenesis and angiogenin

Our search for an angiogenesis-inducing factor in culture medium conditioned by human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) was inspired by the 'organizer' hypothesis originally postulated by Spemann. It led us to the isolation of angiogenin, a 14 kD protein homologous to pancreatic ribonuclease and one of the most potent stimulators of blood vessel formation known. This review summarizes the properties of angiogenin, its enzymatic and three-dimensional relationship to ribonuclease A (RNase A), those aspects of its structure that are critical for its biological function, and the therapeutic potential of angiogenin inhibition. Despite having the same arrangement of catalytic residues as RNase A, angiogenin has very low enzymatic activity. It lacks one of the four disulphide loops of RNase A; instead, the corresponding residues form part of a cell binding region. Both the catalytic activity and cell binding site are essential for angiogenesis. Angiogenin binds to cell-surface actin in confluent endothelial cells and to an as yet uncharacterized receptor on proliferating cells. Internalization and translocation to the nucleolus are also required for activity. Inhibitors of angiogenin can block angiogenesis in vitro and prevent tumour growth in vivo. Thus, a noncytotoxic neutralizing monoclonal antibody prevents the establishment of HT-29 human tumour xenografts in up to 65% of treated athymic mice. In those tumours that develop, the number of vascular elements is reduced. Actin also prevents the establishment of tumours while exhibiting no toxic effects at daily doses > 50 times the molar amount of circulating mouse angiogenin. These antagonists also inhibit the appearance of tumours derived from two other human tumour cell lines. Inhibition of the action of angiogenin may prove to be an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of malignant disease.
Unusual form of oxacillin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains

The mechanisms by which there is differential expression of resistance to oxacillin within the populations of a single strain remains to be fully understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and characterize 25 GOA48 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) oxacillin-susceptible mecA-positive strains, which were obtained by screening consecutively 832 S. aureus isolates. These 25 isolates (3% of the total strains investigated) were uniformly detected by extending the 24-h oxacillin agar screen plate to 48 h (namely, GOA48-MRSA). Twenty-two isolates tested positive for penicillin-binding protein 2a, whereas the remaining 3 isolates were inconsistently mecA positive. Inconsistent detection of mecA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the mentioned 3 isolates was investigated by colony hybridization using a mecA probe (> or = 80% of colonies hybridized poorly to the probe). A PCR product that amplified the empty SCCmec insertion site (attB), present only if the element was excised, resulted positive in all 3 isolates before oxacillin exposure, whereas integrated elements were positive only for oxacillin-grown isolates. The remaining 22 strains did not reveal excision demonstrating stable mecA. We concluded that resistance to beta-lactams in MRSA-positive mecA strains susceptible to oxacillin is associated to an extreme heterogeneous expression of resistance combined in some cases to oxacillin SCCmec excision.