cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal transport properties of two-dimensional materials

Abstract The thermal transport in two-dimensional (2D) materials has attracted great attention in the past decade. There has been significant progress in developing new algorithms to predict the new thermal transport properties in 2D materials. Correspondingly, there is also substantial progress in building up new experimental tools to verify the predictions. This chapter provides an introduction to the recent theoretical and experimental progress on the thermal transport properties of 2D materials. It starts with the fundamental concepts of thermal transport at micro/nanoscale. Then, it briefly covers several interesting thermal transport properties and new phenomena. Finally, it elaborates several major theoretical and experimental methods for thermal transport properties of 2D materials.
Heart Valve Disease

The function of the heart is to circulate blood in closed circuit to the lungs, where blood is oxygenated, and out to the body, where oxygen provides fuel for cellular metabolism. To accomplish this task, blood is pumped by the right heart system from the body to the lungs. Once oxygenated in the lungs, blood is returned to the left heart, where it is then pumped out to the body. Although described as a biological pump, the heart is actually two biological pumps in series, composed of a right and left heart. Each unit of the heart is composed of an atrial and ventricular chamber; their synchronized contractions result in the forward flow of blood out of the heart. Crucial to the appropriate function of the heart are four valves (the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonic) that function in concert to maintain forward flow of blood across the heart. Diseases affecting the heart valves result in either obstruction to forward flow (stenosis) or reversal of flow across an incompetent valve (regurgitation). In either case, significant morbidity and mortality will result if no treatment is offered to the patient.
Out of Reach and Under Control: Distancing as a Self-Control Strategy:

In a world where they are inundated with potential temptations, how are successful dieters able to resist the urge to give in to unhealthy foods? Four studies suggest distance is one tool that may enable people to forego temptation. People with strong goals to eat healthy preferred to be farther away from unhealthy foods (Study 1a), which was associated with feeling less tempted by and less likely to give in to them (Study 1b). In addition, successful self-regulators with goals to restrict unhealthy eating perceptually represented the distance to unhealthy foods as greater than the distance to healthy foods (Study 2). Moreover, in a week-long food diary study, distancing from temptations helped people make healthier food choices (Study 3). The studies suggest that successful self-regulators' motivations to avoid unhealthy foods are reflected in the way they structure and perceive the world. Distancing may allow people space to make healthier choices.
Urgency and Human Rights: The Necessary and Legitimate Role of Regional Human Rights Tribunals

This chapter explores the use and development of the power to grant interim measures of international human rights institutions. The legal basis of such judicial power is often not explicitly found in treaties. Therefore, some states do not consider themselves legally bound as such. The chapter argues that the two needs that give rise to implied powers to take urgent measures are the administration of justice, on the one hand, and effective protection of the fundamental rights of individuals and groups within the jurisdiction of member states, on the other hand. Thus, the legal authority for this power is inherent in the judicial function and applies also to quasi-judicial bodies such as the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. Yet precautionary measures, as they are called by this Commission, often concern sensitive matters in domestic law and politics, generating considerable internal resistance. The chapter discusses the major reform of the Inter-American Commission’s Rules of Procedure, resulting in a more legitimate process. While this overhaul satisfied the states, the chapter expresses concern for the expansion in the subject matters of precautionary measures without risk of irreparable harm. Yet the author concludes that the legal systems put in place by the agreements the states wrote, have given human rights bodies the mandate and the obligation to carefully and fairly respond to imminent threats of irreparable harm. They should continue to do so when the facts and the law justify action.
Economic perceptions and voting behavior in US presidential elections

The economic voting literature disagrees over the exogeneity of economic perceptions on individual electoral behavior. One side argues that economic perceptions are driven by partisan dispositions,...
Magical Realism: Foreign Investment in Colombian Real Property

Extended civil conflict in Colombia has not only taken the lives and homes of thousands of residents; it has also dramatically weakened the climate for foreign investment. Security concerns, especially in rural areas, have prevented sustainable opportunities in economic development through farming, mining, and energy exploration, among other things. The 2016 peace accord between the Colombian government and the FARC has opened the door to new opportunities for investment in these previously high-risk areas. And a new program offering tax incentives for new firms operating in designated post-conflict zones provides an important opportunity for economic growth as well as for foreign investment. This paper examines the Zomac initiative and explains how it fits into the long-term Colombian peace and economic development plan, and how it presents an opportunity for foreign investment in Colombian real property.
Comparing Keynes's Mathematical IS-LP(LM) Model from His Student Lectures in 1933 -1935 with the Mathematical IS-LP(LM) Model in the General Theory in Chapters 15 and 21: The Model is All There in the General Theory in Chapter 21

J M Keynes’s IS-LP(LM) model was first introduced in his December,1933 -1935 student lectures. Keynes’s IS-LP(LM) model in the General Theory is contained in chapter 15 on pp.199-203, 208-09 where it is summarized and briefly analyzed. It is more comprehensively analyzed in chapter 21 on pp.298-303. The General Theory versions in chapters 15 and 21 are much more mathematically detailed and explicit than the version in his 1933-35 student notes. The work of Dimand and Rubin, while superior to the rest of the literature on IS-LM over the last 80 years, suffers from severe omissions due to their overlooking the work contained in chapters 15 and 21 of the General Theory.
Statistical guided-waves-based structural health monitoring via stochastic non-parametric time series models:

Damage detection in active-sensing, guided-waves-based structural health monitoring (SHM) has evolved through multiple eras of development during the past decades. Nevertheless, there still exist a...
The oxidation of ferrocene in sessile toluene macro- and microdroplets: An opto-electrochemical study

Abstract Obtaining mechanistic insight into interfacial electron and ion transfer processes remains imperative to developing a comprehensive understanding of synthetic and biological processes. There is fundamental interest in the coupled electron-ion transfer processes characteristic of heterogeneous reactions at three-phase boundaries comprised of two immiscible liquids and a solid electrode surface. To probe reactivity at the three-phase boundary, we report a multifaceted analysis of ferrocene (Fc) oxidation in toluene droplets of diverse sizes. In one experiment, we study Fc oxidation in a large toluene macrodroplet. In a second experiment, we study Fc oxidation in an array of toluene microdroplets. We performed each experiment with and without an ionic liquid, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide. Upon Fc oxidation in the oil phase without supporting electrolyte, the ferrocenium cation (Fc+), which is soluble in water, is expelled from the oil phase to maintain charge neutrality. Because Fc is only slightly soluble in water (∼40 µM), reversing the scan to reduce Fc+ in the aqueous phase generates a Fc precipitate adjacent to the three-phase boundary. This observation was confirmed by correlated optical microscopy. Increasing the voltammetric scan rate elucidated sequential versus concerted ion transfer mechanisms, which are shown to be highly dependent on the droplet size and the presence of trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide in the toluene phase. Differences in voltammetric responses are supported by finite element simulations.
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation: Fluoroscopic Implant Techniques

Although peripheral neuromodulation devices have been utilized as far back as the 1960s following the pioneering work of Wall and Sweet, it was not until the late 1990s that less invasive, percutaneous techniques were introduced. These minimally invasive techniques brought forth an expanse of utilization for peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) as implantation was no longer restricted to peripheral nerve surgeons but could also be performed by anesthesiologists and physiatrists. Given the low invasiveness of these procedures, reliance is placed almost entirely on intraoperative imaging to guide lead placement in real time. Both intraoperative fluoroscopy and ultrasound have proven to be crucial adjuncts in the placement of percutaneous PNS electrodes. In this chapter, we focus on procedural details of PNS lead implantation where intraoperative fluoroscopy is used for surgical targeting while highlighting the specific workflows for the placement of these electrodes.
Geodesic laminations with transverse Hölder distributions

Abstract To interpolate between isotopy classes of simple closed curves on a surface S , Thurston introduced the space ML(S) of geodesic laminations with transverse measures on S. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a differential calculus on ML(S) . This space is a piecewise linear manifold, but does not admit any natural differentiable structure. We give an analytic interpretation of the combinatorial tangent vectors to ML(S) , as geodesic laminations with a certain type of transverse distributions. As an illustration, we apply this technique to determine the derivative of the length function associated to a hyperbolic 3-manifold.
A Study of Radio Wave Scattering from Sporadic E near the Magnetic Equator

Abstract Sporadic-E irregularities in the equatorial ionosphere have been simultaneously studied with an ionosonde located at Huancayo, Peru and by means of radio-wave scattering at 50 Mc/s. The latitude dependence of oblique scattering has been observed over paths in the vicinity of the magnetic equator. A close relationship has been established between the strength of the scattering irregularities associated with equatorial sporadic E and the intensity of the equatorial electrojet current. Radar studies at Huancayo suggest that the equatorial sporadic E irregularities in the electrojet are plane wave fronts parallel to the earth's magnetic lines of force. On this model, the wave normals to these planar irregularities are distributed at various angles in a surface normal to the magnetic field lines, and the planes move westward at velocities which are a function of these inclination angles. The slanted trace heretofore described as “equatorial slant sporadic E” is demonstrated to be a configuration arising from echoes in the east-west plane from the equatorial sporadic E-layer.
Sampling sub-problems of heterogeneous max-cut problems and approximation algorithms

Recent work in the analysis of randomized approximation algorithms for NP-hard optimization problems has involved approximating the solution to a problem by the solution of a related sub-problem of constant size, where the sub-problem is constructed by sampling elements of the original problem uniformly at random. In light of interest in problems with a heterogeneous structure, for which uniform sampling might be expected to yield sub-optimal results, we investigate the use of nonuniform sampling probabilities. We develop and analyze an algorithm which uses a novel sampling method to obtain improved bounds for approximating the Max-Cut of a graph. In particular, we show that by judicious choice of sampling probabilities one can obtain error bounds that are superior to the ones obtained by uniform sampling, both for weighted and unweighted versions of Max-Cut. Of at least as much interest as the results we derive are the techniques we use. The first technique is a method to compute a compressed approximate decomposition of a matrix as the product of three smaller matrices, each of which has several appealing properties. The second technique is a method to approximate the feasibility or infeasibility of a large linear program by checking the feasibility or infeasibility of a nonuniformly randomly chosen sub-program of the original linear program. We expect that these and related techniques will prove fruitful for the future development of randomized approximation algorithms for problems whose input instances contain heterogeneities.
Tumorigenesis in transplanted irradiated and nonirradiated ovaries.

Over 300 hybrid mice were used to determine the incidences of ovarian tumors after irradiation and transplantation of ovaries. Female mice were given 87 or 175 r total-body radiation. Ovaries of these and non-irradiated donors were permitted to remain in place or transplanted subcutaneously or intratesticularly in male hosts. Some irradiated female mice received subcutsneous transplants of nonirradiated ovaries or of testes. Most of the intact and unilaterally castrated males had ovarian grandlosa-cell tumors 600 to 700 days after a non-irradiated ovary was placed in the testis. Only about a third of the irradiated ovaries similarly grafted became turaorous. Nonirradiated ovaries grafted subcutaneously became tumorous in all the castrated male hosts, and two thirds of the irradiated ovaries became tumorous when transplanted in castrated male hosts. Approximately two thirds of the intact irradiated females and one taird of the unilaterally ovariectomized, irradiated mice had ovarian tumors at death. Only 8 percent of the irradlated females that had an ovary transplanted subeutaneously from a young donor had ovarian tumors at death. Grafts of testis did not inhibit ovarian tumorigenesis. The environment provided by the male favored either ovarian tumorigenesis in grafted ovaries from both nonirradiated and irradlated donors or the growthmore » of cells that had become tumorous. The incidence of lymphomas was higher in the male mice bearing grafts of irradiated ovaries. Two male mice bearing granulosacell tumors of the follicular type had mammary adenocarcinomas at death. (auth)« less
Gastrointestinal ulcer formation in rabbits immunized with prostaglandin E2

Abstract Circulating prostaglandin E 2 antibodies were produced in 12 rabbits immunized with prostaglandin E 2 -thyroglobulin conjugate and ulcers occurred in 10, usually in the stomach and less often in the small intestine. Immunization of rabbits with both prostaglandin E 2 and 6-keto prostaglandin F 1α significantly increased the number of gastric ulcers compared with rabbits immunized with prostaglandin E 2 alone. Gastrointestinal ulceration in prostaglandin E 2 -immunized rabbits was not prevented by oral enprostil. Gastrointestinal ulcers occurred as early as 6 wk after beginning immunization and often perforated with resulting fatality. Neither prostaglandin E 2 antibodies nor ulcers developed in rabbits immunized with thyroglobulin vehicle (controls). Passive immunization of unimmunized rabbits with prostaglandin E 2 -hyperimmune plasma led to acute gastric ulcers within 9 days, whereas passive transfer of nonimmune plasma did not produce ulcers. This latter finding suggests that prostaglandin E 2 antibodies per se were responsible for ulcer formation.
Pattern Formation in the Nearshore

The sandy shores of ocean beaches deform under the continual action of waves and currents into a rich set of patterns and morphologies with scales from centimeters to kilometers. Since the bathymetry acts as a boundary condition to the progressing waves and those waves also slowly modify the bathymetry, an important feedback loop exists. It appears to be this feedback that causes observed nearshore morphologies, rather than the sand simply responding to a pattern of forcing imposed by the fluids. Because interactions between the fluid and sediment are inherently nonlinear, they can be complicated to study. For weak nonlinearities, perturbation techniques are available, or the system may be modeled numerically in a series of small time steps. However, as the time scales of interest extend, small errors in forward stepping models grow exponentially and other approaches are needed. Self organization models study the phenomenology that is derived from very simple feedback loops, felt to represent the essence of the nearshore system and implemented by sets of rules. Top down modeling examines long time series of field data to extract empirically the basic physics required to explain the observed phenomenology. Merging the results of these approaches will facilitate progress.
Differential sensitivity of in vivo and ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging to evolving optic nerve injury in mice with retinal ischemia

Abstract Decreased axial ( λ || ) and increased radial ( λ ⊥ ) diffusivity have been shown to reflect axonal and myelin injury respectively. In the present study, evolving white matter injury within the optic nerves of mice with retinal ischemia was examined by in vivo and ex vivo measurements of λ || and λ ⊥ . The results show that at 3 days after retinal ischemia, a 33% decrease in vivo and a 38% decrease ex vivo in λ || without change in λ ⊥ was observed in the injured optic nerve compared to the control, suggestive of axonal damage without myelin injury. At 14 days, both in vivo and ex vivo measured λ ⊥ increased significantly to 220–240% of the control level in the injured optic nerve suggestive of myelin damage. In contrast, the axonal injury that was clearly detected in vivo as a significantly decreased λ || (33% decrease) was not as clearly detected by ex vivo λ || (17% decrease). The current findings suggest that ex vivo λ ⊥ is comparable to in vivo λ ⊥ in detecting myelin injury. However, the structural changes resulting from axonal damage causing the decreased in vivo λ || may not be preserved ex vivo in the fixed tissues. Despite the accurate depiction of the pathology using λ || and λ ⊥ in vivo, the use of ex vivo λ || to extrapolate the status of axonal injury in vivo would require further investigation.
Perception of forbidden colors in retinally stabilized equiluminant images: an indication of softwired cortical color opponency?

In color theory and perceptual practice, two color naming combinations are forbidden—reddish greens and bluish yellows—however, when multicolored images are stabilized on the retina, their borders fade and filling-in mechanisms can create forbidden colors. The sole report of such events found that only some observers saw forbidden colors, while others saw illusory multicolored patterns. We found that when colors were equiluminant, subjects saw reddish greens, bluish yellows, or a multistable spatial color exchange (an entirely novel perceptual phenomena); when the colors were nonequiluminant, subjects saw spurious pattern formation. To make sense of color opponency violations, we created a soft-wired model of cortical color opponency (based on winner-take-all competition) whose opponency can be disabled.
Chemical Abundances of DEEP2 Star-forming Galaxies at z~1.0-1.5*

We present the results of near-infrared spectroscopic observations for a sample of 12 star-forming galaxies at 1.0 1 DEEP2 galaxies in our sample are significantly offset from the excitation sequence observed in nearby H II regions and SDSS emission-line galaxies. This offset implies that physical conditions are different in the H II regions of distant galaxies hosting intense star formation, and may affect the chemical abundances derived from strong-line ratios for such objects.
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy using a newly-developed pencil-grip syringe holder.

Until now, commercially available syringe holders for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) were designed to be held in a pistol-grip manner. A newly developed, pencil-grip syringe holder, the Tao Aspirator™, was tested. The device is equipped with a release button for automatically drawing back the syringe plunger and a regulating knob for adjusting negative pressure for the aspiration. After direct smears were made for on-site examination, the remaining aspirated material was collected by rinsing the needle and syringe with CytoRich red fixative. Hettich cytocentrifuge preparations were then prepared. The quality of the first 150 FNA specimens procured by this device and prepared with liquid fixation was evaluated in terms of adequacy of specimen, amount of obscuring blood, preservation of cells, and ease of screening and interpretation. These 150 specimens included 32 from thyroids; 34 from breasts; 40 from lymph nodes; 24 from subcutaneous nodules; and 20 from salivary glands. There were no unsatisfactory specimens. In Hettich preparations, red blood cells were lysed, making interpretation easier. All cellular elements and tissue fragments were adequately fixed, showing excellent cellular morphology. Specimens fixed in liquid fixative yielded uniform cell suspensions, resulting in cytocentrifuge preparations with evenly distributed cells, and so the screening was also easier. The aspiration techniques using pistol-grip and pencil-grip FNA syringe holders were also compared in terms of control in tissue sampling, ease of use, and safety. The pencil-grip syringe holder allowed greater tactile sensation of the texture of the lesion, and enabled the operator to use a single hand to place a needle into a target lesion with minimal error. This device placed the hand relatively close to the needle tip while the hand was in a position of natural function, imparting more control in tissue sampling. It was more easily manipulated, and could prevent dripping when cystic fluid was aspirated. Specimen collection using the Tao Aspirator™ and processing with liquid fixation in addition to direct smear preparations allowed the laboratory to consistently produce adequate cytologic preparations and cell blocks. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999;20:99–104. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anthropogenic Sources of Arsenic and Copper to Sediments in a Suburban Lake, Northern Virginia

Mass balances of total arsenic and copper for a suburban lake in densely populated northern Virginia were calculated using date collected during 1998. Mass-balance terms were precipitation; stream inflow, including road runoff; stream outflow; and contributions from leaching of pressure-treated lumber. More mass of arsenic and copper was input to the lake than was output the 1998 lake-retention rates were 70% for arsenic and 20% for copper. The arsenic mass balance compared well with a calculated annual mass accumulation in the top 1 cm of the lake sediments; however, the calculated contribution of copper to the lake was insufficient to account for the amount of copper in this zone. Leaching experiments were conducted on lumber treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) to quantify approximate amounts of arsenic and copper contributed by this source. Sources to lake sediments included leaching of CCA-treated lumber (arsenic, 50%; copper, 4%), streamwater (arsenic, 50%; copper, 90%), and atmospheric deposition (arsenic, 1%; copper, 3%). Results of this study suggest that CCA-treated lumber and road runoff could be significant nonpoint sources of arsenic and copper, respectively, in suburban catchments.
Are We Finally Winning the War on Cancer

Summary Overall, Table 2 shows that behaviors, screening, and treatment advances forthe four cancers I consider were each important in improved cancer survival.Together, they explain 78 percent of the reduction in cancer mortality between1990 and 2004. Thirty-ﬁve percent of reduced cancer mortality is attributable togreater screening—partly through earlier detection of disease, and partly throughremoval of precancerous adenomas in the colon and rectum. Behavioral factors arenext in importance, at 23 percent; the impact of smoking reductions on lungcancer is the single most important factor in this category. Finally, treatmentinnovation is third in importance, accounting for 20 percent of reduced mortality.The relative importance of these different strategies seems surprising, but it iseasily understandable. Despite the vast array of medical technologies, metastaticcancer remains incurable and fatal. The armamentarium of medicine can delaydeath, but cannot prevent it. Thus, technologies in metastatic settings have onlylimited effectiveness. Far more important is making sure that people do not getcancer in the ﬁrst place (prevention) and that cancer is caught early (screening),when it can be successfully treated.
Synthesis and Evaluation of S‐Aryl‐S,S‐cycloalkylsulfonium Salts as Cationic Photoinitiators

A series of well characterized S‐aryl‐S,S‐cycloalkylsulfonium salts was prepared using a simple, straightforward synthetic method. Due to their poor absorption characteristics at UV wavelengths greater than 300 nm, these compounds were found to display sluggish photoinitiation activity when the cationic photopolymerizations of various monomers were attempted in this spectral range. Using 9,10‐dialkoxyanthracenes as electron‐transfer photosensitizers, the cationic polymerization of several typical vinyl and heterocyclic monomers were carried out. Optical pyrometry and real‐time infrared spectroscopy were employed to monitor the course of these photopolymerizations. The thermal stability of the photoinitiators at room temperature in the presence of reactive monomers was excellent. A mechanism for the photolysis of S‐aryl‐S,S‐cycloalkylsulfonium salts and their photoinitiation of cationic polymerization was proposed.
Preattentive object Files: Shapeless bundles of basic features

A considerable body of recent evidence shows that preattentive processes can carve visual input into candidate objects. Borrowing and modifying terminology from Kahneman and Treisman (1984), this paper investigates the properties of these preattentive object files. Experiments 1–3 show that preattentive object files are loose collections of basic features. Thus, we can know preattentively that an object has the attributes “red” and “vertical” and yet have no idea if any part of the object is red and vertical. Experiment 4 shows that some information about the structure of an object is available preattentively, but Experiments 5–12 search for and fail to find any preattentive representation of overall shape. Appreciation of the overall shape of an object appears to require the binding together of local form features—a process that requires attention. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Thomas Jefferson, Time, and History. By Hannah Spahn. (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2011. Pp. x, 290. $45.00.)

Historians long have bemoaned Thomas Jefferson's maddening elusiveness, “impenetrable” mind, and “sphinx‐like” character. Now we are told by Hannah Spahn that Jefferson did not even reckon time its...
The adiabatic hypothesis for magnetic fields

The usual proof of the adiabatic invariance of the quantum integrals of a multiply periodic dynamical system rests on the assumption that the Hamiltonian equations remain valid for the adiabatically changing system, with the same Hamiltonian function H, or at any rate with a new Hamiltonian function differing from the old one only by terms that vanish with ȧ, (a) being the varying parameter.
Algorithms for the remote estimation of chlorophyll-a in the Chesapeake Bay

Remote estimation of chlorophyll-a concentration [Chl-a] in the Chesapeake Bay from reflectance spectra is challenging because of the optical complexity and variability of the water composition as well as atmospheric corrections for this area. This work is focused on algorithms for near surface measurements. The performance and tuning of several well established global inversion algorithms that use the NIR and Blue-Green parts of the spectrum are analyzed together with recently proposed algorithm that use the Red-Green part of the spectrum. These algorithms are evaluated and tuned on our field data collected during summer 2013 field campaign in the in the Chesapeake Bay region . These data consist of a full range of water optical properties as well as chlorophyll concentrations and specific absorption spectra from in water samples. We then compare these algorithms with a multiband retrieval algorithm that was developed using neural networks (NN) and which was trained on simulated data generated through bio-optical modeling typical for a broad range of coastal water parameters, including those known for the Chesapeake Bay. This NN algorithm was then applied to our field measurements and used to retrieve the phytoplankton absorption at 443nm which was then related to [Chl-a]. In this process, special attention was paid to field data consistency in terms of both measured reflectance and [Chl-a] values, to avoid undesirable biases and trends. All algorithm retrievals were finally evaluated by several statistical indicators to arrive at their relative merits and potential for further improvements and application to satellite data.
Experimental investigation of electromagnetic propagation through the plasma sheath in a hypersonic low density wind tunnel

Abstract A hypersonic free jet flowing at hypersonic speed past an aerodynamic model in a very large test chamber provides proper conditions for the study of signal attenuation through an ion sheath. The test chamber surrounding the free jet is large enough to house all the necessary radar gear, so that all the electronics (both transmitting and receiving) is housed inside the wind tunnel. The pressure in the interior of the wind tunnel can be maintained continuously at those corresponding to altitudes of from 130,000 to 400,000 ft by use of cryopumping. Flows at Mach numbers up to 15 and stagnation temperatures near 5,000°K will be produced by the combination of cryopumping and r.f. heating of the gas. Electron densities of the order of 1012 are expected. The wind tunnel facility, the instrumentation and the testing programme will be described.
Exploring the Relationship Between Changes in Weight and Utterances in an Online Weight Loss Forum: A Content and Correlational Analysis Study

Background: There is increasing interest in the use of online forums as a component of eHealth weight loss interventions. Although the research is mixed on the utility of online forums in general, results suggest that there is promise to this, particularly if the systems can be designed well to support healthful interactions that foster weight loss and continued engagement. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the styles of utterances individuals make on an online weight loss forum and week-to-week fluctuations in weight. This analysis was conducted to generate hypotheses on possible strategies that could be used to improve the overall design of online support groups to facilitate more healthful interactions. Methods: A convenience sample of individuals using an online weight loss forum (N=4132) included data both on online forum use and weight check-in data. All interactions were coded utilizing the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) system. Mixed model analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between these LIWC variables and weight over time. Results: Results suggested that increased use of past-tense verbs ( P =.05) and motion ( P =.02) were associated with lower weekly weights whereas increased use of conjunctions (eg, and, but, whereas; P =.001) and exclusion words (eg, but, without, exclude; P =.07) were both associated with higher weight during the weeks when these utterances were used more. Conclusions: These results provide some insights on the styles of interactions that appear to be associated with weight fluctuations. Future work should explore the stability of these findings and also explore possibilities for fostering these types of interactions more explicitly within online weight loss forums. [J Med Internet Res 2014;16(12):e254]
Best Management Practices for Stormwater Management in the Desert Southwest

: Despite several decades of experience with stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) in the United States, the application of such approaches in the Desert Southwest region has not received adequate attention. One reason for this shortcoming could be the general perception of the insignificance of BMPs in a region with little annual precipitation. However, the Desert Southwest still experiences relatively high rainfall intensity and runoff from rainfall. Sparse vegetation, steep topography, complex soils, unique geology, and rapid land development all contribute increase runoff response. Since the Desert Southwest hosts a large and rapidly growing population, stormwater BMPs are important for protecting the quality and quantity of scarce receiving surface and ground waters. The hydrometereological characteristics of intense short-term precipitation, large inter-storm duration, and smaller annual volumes of rainfall and the region's watershed characteristics are unique; the design of regional stormwater BMPs should consider these characteristics. Also, there is a need for more specific design guidance for implementing general approaches for adapting stormwater BMPs from humid regions to arid settings.
DOES SIMILARITY BREED RESPECT? INTERVIEWER EVALUATIONS OF MEXICAN-DESCENT RESPONDENTS IN A BILINGUAL SURVEY

A guiding assumption of survey methodology is that similarity between interviewers and respondents on important social characteristics increases the validity of the information ob- tained in the interview. Therefore, an effort is made in surveys to match interviewers and respondents on important social char- acteristics such as race. This study examines the interviewer evaluations of Spanish/English bilingual Mexican descendants from a national survey. The results show that the respondents' social characteristics were related to interviewer evaluations even though interviewers were of Mexican descent, Spanish/En- glish bilinguals, and knowledgeable of Mexican and U.S. culture. Respondents who met conventional societal criteria of success (being better educated, having higher incomes, being fair skinned and European looking, and speaking English) were evaluated as better able to understand questions, better able to answer ques- tions, and more cooperative and interested in the interview. However, this correlational study could not determine whether these evaluations were based on differences in respondents' abili- ties, on bias in favor of higher-status respondents, or on some combination of the two. Further research needs to determine the causal direction of these interviewer evaluations and their possi- ble implications for the training of interviewers, especially in bi- lingual surveys with predominantly working-class populations who are racially distinct.
An O-Glycosyltransferase Promotes Cell Adhesion during Development by Influencing Secretion of an Extracellular Matrix Integrin Ligand

Protein secretion and localization are crucial during eukaryotic development, establishing local cell environments as well as mediating cell interactions, signaling, and adhesion. In this study, we demonstrate that the glycosyltransferase, pgant3, specifically modulates integrin-mediated cell adhesion by influencing the secretion and localization of the integrin ligand, Tiggrin. We demonstrate that Tiggrin is normally O-glycosylated and localized to the basal matrix where the dorsal and ventral cell layers adhere in wild type Drosophila wings. In pgant3 mutants, Tiggrin is no longer O-glycosylated and fails to be properly secreted to this basal cell layer interface, resulting in disruption of integrin-mediated cell adhesion in the wing. pgant3-mediated effects are dependent on enzymatic activity, as mutations that form a stable protein yet abrogate O-glycosyltransferase activity result in Tiggrin accumulation within the dorsal and ventral cells comprising the wing. Our results provide the first in vivo evidence for the role of O-glycosylation in the secretion of specific extracellular matrix proteins, thus altering the composition of the cellular "microenvironment" and thereby modulating developmentally regulated cell adhesion events. As alterations in cell adhesion are a hallmark of cancer progression, this work provides insight into the long-standing association between aberrant O-glycosylation and tumorigenesis.
Optimization of electroporation conditions for Mycobacterium avium.

Abstract Successful transformation and subsequent genetic manipulation of Mycobacterium avium requires suitable vectors, efficient transformation systems, and reliable selectable markers. A systematic analysis of the parameters involved in the transformation of M. avium was performed to optimize DNA transfer. Factors examined included the composition of the growth medium, growth medium additives, variations in washing of the bacteria prior to electroporation, and conditions of electroporation. Of the parameters assayed, the frequency of transformation (defined as the number of transformants per 10 6 transformed bacteria) showed the greatest increase with the addition of 1.5% glycine to the M. avium culture medium and the use of higher concentrations of plasmid DNA. The addition of 0.5 M sucrose to the growth medium and wash solution yielded a modest increase in transformation frequency, but more importantly afforded greater consistency of results between different batches of cells with no decrease in transformation yields following freezing and thawing. We also confirmed that gfp could be used as a selective marker for M. avium , even as a single copy integrant, and allowed for rapid discrimination between false and true transformants. Using this protocol, we were able to transform nine of 11 clinical strains of M. avium.
Comparative clinical outcomes between pediatric and young adult dialysis patients

Published data on the comparative achievement of The Kidney Disease Dialysis Outcome Quality Initative (KDOQI) recommended clinical performance targets between children and young adults on dialysis are scarce. To characterize the achievement of KDOQI targets among children (<18 years) and young adults (18–24 years) with prevalent end stage renal disease (ESRD), we performed a cross-sectional analysis of data collected by the Mid-Atlantic Renal Coalition, in conjunction with the 2007 and 2008 ESRD Clinical Performance Measures Projects. Data on all enrolled pediatric dialysis patients, categorized into three age groups (0–8, 9–12, 13–17 years), and on a random sample of 5% of patients ≥18 years in ESRD Network 5 were examined for two study periods: hemodialysis (HD) data were collected from October to December 2006 and from October to December 2007 and peritoneal dialysis (PD) data were collected from October 2006 to March 2007 and from October 2007 to March 2008. In total, 114 unique patients were enrolled the study, of whom 41.2% (47/114) were on HD and 58.8% (67/114) on PD. Compared to the pediatric patients, young adults were less likely to achieve the KDOQI recommended serum phosphorus levels and serum calcium × phosphorus product values, with less than one-quarter demonstrating values at or below each goal. Multivariate analysis revealed that both young adults and 13- to 17-year-olds were less likely to achieve target values for phosphorus [young adults: odds ratio (OR) 0.04, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.01–0.19, p < 0.001; 13- to 17-year-olds: OR 0.17, 95% CI 0.04–0.77, p = 0.02] and calcium × phosphorus product (young adults: OR 0.01, 95% CI 0.002–0.09, p < 0.001; 13- to 17-year-olds: OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02–0.56, p = 0.01) than younger children. In summary, there are significant differences in clinical indices between pediatric and young adult ESRD patients.
Obstacle Avoidance for Spatial Hyper‐Redundant Manipulators Using Harmonic Potential Functions and the Mode Shape Technique

This paper deals with the obstacle avoidance problem for spatial hyper-redundant manipulators in known environments. The manipulator is divided into two sections, a proximal section that has not entered the space among the obstacles and a distal section among the obstacles. Harmonic potential functions are employed to achieve obstacle avoidance for the distal section in three-dimensional space in order to avoid local minima in cluttered environments. A modified panel method is used to generate the potential of any arbitrary shaped obstacle in three-dimensional space. An alternative backbone curve concept and an efficient fitting method are introduced to control the trajectory of proximal links. The fitting method is recursive and avoids the complications involved with solving large systems of nonlinear algebraic equations. The combination of a three-dimensional safe path derived from the harmonic potential field and the backbone curve concept leads to an elegant kinematic control strategy that guarantees obstacle avoidance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projection of protein yield to 305 days.

Abstract Lactation records with at least 305 d in milk, information on milk and protein yields at each sample day, and completion dates during 1984 were obtained from the dairy records processing center in Provo, UT. Most of the 180,323 Holstein and 11,685 Jersey records were from Colorado, Idaho, Maryland, Ohio, Utah, and Washington. Protein yield between last sample day and 305 d was regressed on product of milk yield between last sample day and 305 d, protein percentage from partial record or at last sample day, and a quadratic function of days in milk. This function estimated a factor for each day of lactation to adjust last sample day or partial lactation protein percentage to expected protein percentage for remainder of lactation. Errors from projection with average percentage of partial records had smaller variance at less than 240 d in milk than did those from projection with last sample day percentage. For records with less than 240 d in milk, partial lactation protein percentage was adjusted by a quadratic function of days in milk jointed at 50 and 140 d. For records with 240 d or more in milk, last sample day protein percentage was adjusted by a quadratic without joint points. No difference between factors for first and later lactations was found. Holstein and Jersey factors were applied to records completed during 1982 and 1983 in addition to previously analyzed 1984 data to determine projection errors for partial records of 150 to 304 d in milk. Standard deviations of projection errors showed a linear decline from 15.1 kg for Holsteins and 12.6 kg for Jerseys for the 150 to 159-d group to almost 0 at 304 d.
Fables of globalization: race, sex and money in nineteenth-century Latin America

This article argues that nineteenth-century Latin American literary texts should be read not only as allegories of nation-building projects, but also as allegories of the global market, named “fables of globalization.” The texts studied include the Argentine-born Juana Manuela Gorriti's 1869 novella about Peruvians in gold-rush era California; a set of Argentine novels inspired by the calamitous stock market crash of 1890; and a virtually unknown science-fiction story by the Peruvian author Clemente Palma, written in the midst of national experiments with the gold standard. While these texts remain for the most part forgotten, their resurrection as fables of globalization allows us to begin to excavate the global market and its unstable regimes of value as a potent imaginary source for nineteenth-century literature.
Massive neutrinos and cosmology

Abstract We show that in a neutrino dominated universe the cosmological bound on neutrino masses cannot be evaded by heavy and unstable μ and τ neutrinos whose decay is mediated by a large flavor changing neutral current.
Tissue-arterial PC02 difference is a better marker of ischemia than intramural pH (pHi) or arterial pH-pHi difference

Abstract Gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) is often calculated by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, using arterial plasma [HCO3−]ap and PCO2 measured in saline obtained from a silastic balloon tonometer after equilibration in the lumen of the stomach. A pHi value less than approximately 7.3 pH units is often taken as evidence of intestinal ischemia. An alternative measure is tissue Pco2 (PtCO2) - PaCO2 difference [P(t − a)CO2]. The idea is that Ptco2 will increase slightly relative to PtCO2 as O2 supply decreases, and then increase strikingly when flow decreases to a critical value, because of liberation of CO2 from tissue HCO3− by anaerobically generated strong acid. A third method is arterial plasma pH (pHap) - pHi difference [pH(ap - i)]. We used mathematical simulations to test the hypotheses that calculated pHi is independent of arterial acid-base status; and pH(ap - i) provides the same information as does P(t - a) CO2. Using the Van Slyke version of the arterial whole blood [standard base excess] ([SBE]aWB) equation, it was found that a change in [SBE]aWB at constant PaCO2 and constant PtCO2 produces a change in calculated pHi (P = 0), such that the relation between changing [SBE]aWB and changing pHi is predictable by a single polyomial equation (R2 = .999). pH(ap - i) avoids this confounding influence of [SBE]aWB. However, it was further shown that pH(ap - i) can be associated with a wide range of P(t - a)CO2, depending on the magnitude of pH(ap - i), and on the PaCO2 at which P(t - a)CO2 is measured. We conclude that P(t - a)C02 is a more reliable index of gastric oxygenation than is pHi alone or pH(ap - i).
Magnetotransport phenomena in Bi2Se3 thin film topological insulators grown by hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition

Intrinsic defects in Bi2Se3 topological insulators tend to produce a high carrier concentration and current leakage through the bulk material. Bi2Se3 thin films were grown by hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition on (0001) Al2O3 substrates with high Se vapor pressure to reduce the occurrence of Se vacancies as the main type of defect. Consequently, the carrier concentration was reduced to ∼5.75 × 1018 cm−3 comparable to reported carrier concentration in Bi2Se3 thin films. Magnetotransport measurements were performed on the films and the data were analyzed for weak anti-localization using the Hikami-Larkin-Nagaoka model. The estimated α and lϕ values showed good agreement with the symplectic case of 2-D transport of topological surface states in the quantum diffusion regime. The temperature and angular dependence of magnetoresistance indicate a large contribution of the 2-D surface carriers to overall transport properties of Bi2Se3 thin film.
A quantitative microwell assay for chondrocyte cell adhesion

Abstract An assay for measuring the quantity of live articular chondrocytes attached to a substratum in microwell plates was established by measuring the absorbance of the blue formazan product generated from the dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-dyphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). Blue formazan production was optimal at an MTT concentration of 1 mg/ml (100 μl per microwell) and an incubation period of 3 h. The absorbance of the dye was linearly related to the quantity of cells added per microwell. The number of live chondrocytes attached to adhesive proteins can be quantitated using this technique.