cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Studies of Critical Phenomena in Mn F 2 . I. Time-Average Properties

A detailed experimental study is made of the ${\mathrm{F}}^{19}$ nuclear resonance in the antiferromagnet Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ near its paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic critical point ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}=67.34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. The dependence of the time-averaged sublattice magnetizations on temperature and external magnetic field is deduced from the behavior of the NMR frequencies. In zero external field the reduced sublattice magnetization is given by the cube-root law $\frac{{M}_{0}(T)}{{M}_{0}(0)}=1.20{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{\mathrm{N}}})}^{0.333\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003}$. It was possible to make measurements up to within about 5 mdeg of ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$ and so demonstrate that this law holds with remarkable precision over the reduced temperature range $0.92l\frac{T}{{T}_{\mathrm{N}}}l0.99993$. The corresponding range in reduced magnetization was from 0.50 to 0.05. The influence of an external field on the sublattices was studied in detail. In addition to field-proportional changes in the magnetizations, nonlinear effects occur which can be associated quantitatively with the observed downward shift in the N\'eel temperature produced by the field. A theoretical discussion of the magnetic critical behavior is made using the molecular-field approximation. It is found that the experimentally observed relation between the nonlinear effects of the applied field and the shift of the N\'eel point is a property of the molecular-field model near ${T}_{\mathrm{N}}$. However, the observed shift is about three times the calculated shift. An accurate experimental determination of the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the N\'eel temperature is made. The result, $\frac{d{T}_{\mathrm{N}}}{\mathrm{dP}}=(3.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K/kg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, is used together with thermal-expansion data to estimate that the magnetic critical behavior of Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ corrected to the case of fixed lattice parameters is described by $\frac{{M}_{0}(T)}{{M}_{0}(0)}=1.19{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{T}{{T}_{\mathrm{N}}})}^{0.335\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005}$.
The calcium transient in sea urchin eggs during fertilization requires the production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate.

Abstract The production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP 3 ) has been reported to mediate the transient rise in intracellular Ca 2+ activity ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in sea urchin eggs during fertilization. However, direct evidence of an absolute requirement for generation of InsP 3 during fertilization is still lacking. We investigated this question by blocking the InsP 3 synthesizing enzyme phospholipase C (PLC) during fertilization with U73122, an aminosteroid. U73122 inhibited the sperm-induced Ca 2+ release in a dose-dependent manner, although above 15 μM U73122 eggs showed an elevated resting [Ca 2+ ] i and a lower fertilization rate. The inhibition of Ca 2+ transient by U73122 was not due to a failure of fertilization, since incorporated sperm nuclei were evident in eggs used to measure the Ca 2+ response. U73122 also prevented the accompanying rise in intracellular pH (pH i ), which is mediated by the activation of the Na + -H + antiporter. The antiporter is regulated through activation of protein kinase C by 1,2-diacylglycerol, which is the other hydrolytic product of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by PLC. Further evidence of the specificity of U73122 action was inhibition of the increase in InsP 3 mass during the first 2 min of fertilization. In addition, U73122 inhibited the GTPγS-induced Ca 2+ release and pH i rise in unfertilized eggs. These results suggested that the transient rise in Ca 2+ in sea urchin during fertilization requires the production of InsP 3 .
Distribution of short paired duplications in mammalian genomes

Mammalian genomes are densely populated with long duplicated sequences. In this paper, we demonstrate the existence of doublets, short duplications between 25 and 100 bp, distinct from previously described repeats. Each doublet is a pair of exact matches, separated by some distance. The distribution of these intermatch distances is strikingly nonrandom. An unexpectedly high number of doublets have matches either within 100 bp (adjacent) or at distances tightly concentrated approximately 1,000 bp apart (nearby). We focus our study on these proximate doublets. First, they tend to have both matches on the same strand. By comparing nearby doublets shared in human and chimpanzee, we can also see that these doublets seem to arise by an insertion event that produces a copy without markedly affecting the surrounding sequence. Most doublets in humans are shared with chimpanzee, but many new pairs arose after the divergence of the species. Doublets found in human but not chimpanzee are most often composed of almost tandem matches, whereas older doublets (found in both species) are more likely to have matches spaced by approximately 1 kb, indicating that the nearly tandem doublets may be more dynamic. The spacing of doublets is highly conserved. So far, we have found clearly recognizable doublets in the following genomes: Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Caenorhabditis elegans, indicating that the mechanism generating these doublets is widespread. A mechanism that generates short local duplications while conserving polarity could have a profound impact on the evolution of regulatory and protein-coding sequences.
EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED COLONY EXPANSION BY BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGS (CYNOMYS LUDOVICIANUS) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION

Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) were greatly reduced in number and range in the last century, which is of conservation concern because their activities promote habitat heterogeneity and enhance biodiversity in prairie ecosystems. Based on their behavioral ecology, we hypothesized that prairie dogs would expand into areas adjacent to active colonies where woody shrubs and other visual obstructions were reduced, and designed an experimental study to assess this possibility at Theodore National Park, North Dakota. A combination of controlled burns and brush removal was applied to 2-ha experimental plots at 3 different prairie dog study colonies where adjacent control plots were left untreated. Systematic behavioral observations and periodic colony mapping revealed a strongly disproportionate use of experimental compared to control plots by prairie dogs over a 1.5-year period. More prairie dogs ventured into experimental plots than into control plots and there were an average of 335 new burrows and a mean 50.3% expansion into experimental plot areas compared to an average of 69 new burrows and a mean 1.6% expansion in control plots. Our results indicate that it may be possible to facilitate restoration of black-tailed prairie dogs by habitat manipulations, ultimately benefiting multiple native species in prairie ecosystems.
Simplified single patch technique for the repair of atrioventricular septal defect

Abstract Objective: Because of the complexity of traditional 1- and 2-patch techniques for the repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect, we modified our repair technique to avoid the use of any ventricular septal patch material. We report our prospective experience with this simplified 1-patch technique. Method: Forty-seven consecutive patients between May 1995 and August 1998 underwent repair with the use of this technique without modification. Repair was done in all patients by direct suturing of the common atrioventricular valve leaflets to the crest of the ventricular septum. No division of valve leaflets was necessary. A single pericardial patch was used to close the defect in the atrial septal component. Follow-up included electrocardiography and echocardiographic assessment of ventricular function, atrioventricular valve function, and adequacy of the left ventricular outflow tract. Results: There were 2 deaths (4%), only 1 cardiac related, in the series. There were 17 male patients and 30 female patients. Mean age at repair was 5.6 months (median, 3.4 months). Associated lesions were repaired in 19 patients (40%). Mean follow-up was 1.85 years (median, 1.9 years). There was no heart block. There were no significant residual ventricular septal defects detected and no left ventricular outflow tract obstruction seen on echocardiography in any patient to date. Mitral valve status after operation was assessed as no incompetence in 13 patients (28%), minimal in 19 patients (40%), mild in 12 patients (26%), and moderate in 3 patients (6%). Conclusion: The repair of complete atrioventricular septal defect by direct suturing of the atrioventricular valve leaflets to the crest of the ventricular septum with a single-patch technique greatly simplifies the repair and does not lead to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction nor interfere with valve function. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:642-7)
Plasma treatment of severe, near-fatal anaphylactic shock

Abstract 1.1. A report is presented of a case of severe, near-fatal anaphylactic shock of "exudative" type (excessive blood volume loss). 2.2. The intravenous use of plasma, now increasingly available, may prove to be a specific treatment for this alarming condition. It should be tried early and in adequate amounts.
Oral manifestations of systemic chemotherapy and their management

Many antineoplastic drugs in use now have cytotoxic side effects that also manifest in the oral cavity or influence dental management. Chemothera-peutic agents that have a high potential for precipitating oral mucosal damage and bone marrow depression are methotrexate, cyclophospha-mide, daunorubicin doxorubicin hydrochloride, 5 fluorouracil, bleomy-cin, nitrogen mustard, cytosine-arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine, busulfan, and L-phenylalanine mustard. Mucositis may lead to neglected oral hygiene, which in turn may cause a chain reaction of local infections, bleeding, and septicemia in myelosuppressed patients. Preventive oral care before chemotherapy and active oral care during therapy are necessary for compromised patients. A protocol for oral care is described.
Profiles and Correlates of Relational Aggression in Young Adults' Romantic Relationships.

The present study examines prevalence and correlates of experiencing and perpetrating relational aggression in the context of young adults’ romantic relationships. We assess correlates of relational aggression in four domains of risk: (1) Social-cognitive, (2) Relationship, (3) Trait/dispositional, and (4) Mental health. Results indicate that modest involvement in relational aggression is relatively common. Females reported higher levels of perpetration whereas males reported higher levels of victimization. Relational aggression and victimization were related to each domain of risk for both men and women, although different patterns of findings emerged for each domain. For example, individuals who reported perpetrating relational aggression in their romantic relationships believed that aggression was most acceptable (social-cognitive risk) whereas individuals who reported experiencing relational aggression (as victims) were more likely to indicate that their self worth is contingent on relationships and that romantic relationships are very important to them (dispositional risk). Respondents who reported either perpetrating or experiencing relational aggression had higher levels of exclusivity in their relationships and were more likely to describe their relationships in anxious attachment terms (relationship risk). They also reported higher levels of depressive and anxious symptoms (mental health risk). Implications of these results for theory and prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.
Explicitly Teaching for Transfer: Effects on the Mathematical Problem-Solving Performance of Students with Mathematics Disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to explore methods to enhance mathematical problem solving for students with mathematics disabilities (MD). A small-group problem-solving tutoring treatment incorporated explicit instruction on problem-solution rules and on transfer. The transfer component was designed to increase awareness of the connections between novel and familiar problems by broadening the categories by which students group problems requiring the same solution methods and by prompting students to search novel problems for these broad categories. To create a stringent test of efficacy, we incorporated a computer-assisted practice condition, which provided students with direct practice on real-world problem-solving tasks. We randomly assigned 40 students to problem-solving tutoring, computer-assisted practice, problem-solving tutoring plus computer-assisted practice, or control, and pre- and posttested students on three problem-solving tasks. On story problems and transfer story problems, tutoring (with or without computer-assisted practice) effected reliably stronger growth compared to control; effects on real-world problem solving, although moderate to large, were not statistically significant. Computer-assisted practice added little value beyond tutoring but, alone, yielded moderate effects on two measures.
Associations of ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes with response to alcohol in Asian Americans.

Objective: Individuals with alcohol dependence are less likely to possess variant alleles of the alcohol-metabolizing genes, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1B*2), than non-alcohol-dependent controls. It is hypothesized that the mechanism through which these alleles protect against alcohol dependence is by causing elevations in acetaldehyde, which in turn cause an increased response to alcohol. Previous research has shown that individuals with ALDH2*2 demonstrate enhanced reactions to alcohol compared with those without this genetic variant, but evidence that ADH1B*2 is associated with a greater alcohol response is mixed. This study was designed to determine whether the ADH1B genotype is associated with more intense reactions to alcohol after controlling for the ALDH2 genotype. Method: Participants (N = 101) were Asian American college students. Each was evaluated using objective and subjective measures before and after ingestion of alcohol and placebo beverages. Results: Pa...
Dimensional reduction near a phase transition.

The dimensional-reduction hypothesis is tested in theories with a first-order phase transition. Five-dimensional SU(2) lattice gauge theory has a confined phase which resembles the two-dimensional theory; across the phase transition this resemblance is lost and the string tension vanishes. A similar pattern is found for reduction from four-dimensional SO(3) to the two-dimensional SO(3) theory. An external random flux does not induce reduction where it is not spontaneously present.
Two theorems regarding the state-space realisation of the transfer-function matrix Z(s)

This letter shows the independence of the matrix products (CAiB, i = 1, 2, …) from any state-space realisation of the infinite number of possible realisations1,2 of a transfer-function matrix Z (s). In addition, it shows that, in the sequnce (Z1, Z2, …) derived from Z(s), only the first M can be linearly independent, where M is the degree of the minimum polynomial of A.
THE ROLE OF LEXICAL FREQUENCY IN SYNTACTIC AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION

Abstract The role of lexical frequency in syntactic ambiguity resolution was explored in two self-paced reading studies of ambiguous reduced relative clauses. Recent constraint-based models of syntactic ambiguity resolution have proposed that for a reduced relative clause (e.g., “The room searched by the police was . . .”), both the participle and past tense forms of the ambiguous verb (“searched”) are made available in parallel and that local syntactic and semantic information are used to resolve the ambiguity within a parallel constraint-satisfaction process (MacDonald, Pearlmutter, & Seidenberg, 1994a; Trueswell, Tanenhaus, & Garnsey, 1994). A crucial prediction of these models is that the frequency with which the verb is used as a participle form in the language should affect a reader's ability to consider the relative clause alternative. This prediction was confirmed in two self-paced reading experiments that directly manipulated participle frequency while controlling for the degree of contextual constraint. Implications for constraint-based lexicalist accounts of sentence comprehension are discussed.
Initial treatment of epilepsy Special issues in treating the elderly

The incidence of new-onset epilepsy is higher among the elderly, the most rapidly growing segment of the population, than in any other age group. New-onset seizures in elderly patients are typically cryptogenic or symptomatic partial seizures that require long-term treatment. Because seizures in the elderly are often readily controlled, considerations of tolerability and safety, including pharmacokinetics and the potential for drug interactions, may be as important as efficacy in the selection of an antiepileptic drug (AED). The newer AEDs introduced during the past decade offer advantages in this respect over older agents. Phenytoin is the most widely used AED in the United States, but its hepatic metabolism and associated enzyme induction, as well as its nonlinear pharmacokinetics, are particular disadvantages for elderly patients. Because of their potential effects on cognitive function, sedating AEDs such as phenobarbital and primidone have little place in the treatment of new-onset seizures in elderly patients. Carbamazepine also is an enzyme-inducing agent with significant potential for drug interactions. Among the newer AEDs, gabapentin and levetiracetam have good safety and cognitive effect profiles and do not interact with other drugs, and lamotrigine offers many of the same benefits. Oxcarbazepine has better tolerability than carbamazepine, and topiramate and zonisamide, although they have more cognitive side effects than the other new AEDs, can be considered for some elderly patients. Forthcoming data from the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Trial 428, as well as recent guidelines from the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society, are likely to provide support for the use of selected second-generation AEDs as first-line agents for the treatment of epilepsy in elderly patients.
Transplanted induced pluripotent stem cells mitigate oxidative stress and improve cardiac function through the Akt cell survival pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Recent evidence suggests transplanted stem cells improve left ventricular function in diabetic induced cardiomyopathy (DICM). However, little is known about the mechanisms by which induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells or factors released from these cells inhibit adverse cardiac remodeling in DICM. The present study was designed to determine molecular mediators and pathways regulated by transplanted iPS cells and their conditioned media (CM) in DICM. Animals were divided into four experimental groups such as control, streptozotocin (STZ), STZ+iPS-CM, and STZ+iPS cells. Experimental diabetes was induced in C57BL/6 mice by intraperitoneal STZ injections (100 mg/kg body weight for 2 consecutive days). Following STZ injections, iPS cells or CM was given intravenously for 3 consecutive days. Animals were humanely killed, and hearts were harvested at D14. Animals transplanted with iPS cells or CM demonstrated a significant reduction in apoptosis, mediated by Akt upregulation and ERK1/2 downregulation, and inhibi...
Dynamics, Air Drag, and Orientation Development in the Spunbonding Process for Nonwoven Fabrics

A laboratory apparatus for investigating the spunbonding process is described. Filaments emerging from a spinneret are drawn by high velocity air moving through an aspirator. The dynamics of the process are specified and the air drag is experi mentally determined. Friction factor/Reynolds number relationships are developed for the aspirator and contrasted to the other fiber air drag correlations in the lit erature. Birefringence and WAXS measurements were performed on polypropylene fibers produced in this manner. Hermans-Stein orientation factors fa+, fb, and fc were correlated with spinline stress and agree with the experimental relationships in the literature for traditionally melt spun polypropylene fibers.
Factors Related to Activity Limitations in a Group of Cuban Americans Before and After Hip Fracture

Background and Purpose . Cuban Americans over the age of 50 years, like people from a number of other cultures, have been exposed to distinctive social and psychological aspects of their culture that may affect their recovery from a major health event. The purpose of this study was to determine factors related to activity limitations in a group of Cuban Americans recovering from hip fractures. Subjects . The subjects were 28 adults of Cuban-American origin with an average age of 79 years (SD=9, range=57–96) who were recovering from hip fracture. Subjects were followed for 2 months after discharge from a hospital-based inpatient rehabilitation facility. Methods . Subjects were interviewed at the time of discharge from the rehabilitation facility and 2 months after discharge, and they completed the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and a social support interview. Functional Independence Measure scores and information regarding rehabilitative care were obtained from the rehabilitation facility. Multilinear regression analysis was used to determine the factors related to activity limitations before and after hip fracture. Results . More premorbid activity limitations were related to poorer mental health status, older age, and male sex. More activity limitations at the time of discharge from the rehabilitation hospital were related to poorer mental health status prior to admission and partial or non–weight-bearing status after hip fracture. Older age and male sex were premorbid factors that appeared to relate to function after discharge. More activity limitations during the 2 months after discharge were related to the subjects reporting more social support in the form of physical assistance, less social support in the form of emotional assistance, less negative social support in the form of demand and criticism, status for weight bearing as tolerated at the time of discharge from the rehabilitation hospital, and older age. Discussion and Conclusion . In this group of Cuban Americans, mental health status was related to more activity limitations prior to admission to the rehabilitation facility and early in the recovery process, but not later in the recovery process. Conversely, social support was related to activity limitations later in the recovery process, but not prior to admission or early in the recovery process. Physical therapists should be aware of the psychosocial determinants of activity limitations during the process of recovery from disease or trauma.
The catalytic activity of transition metal complexes of sterically hindered isocyanides

Abstract The synthesis of a sterically hindered isocyanide, 2,6-di-isopropyl-phenylisocyanide, is described. The use of this isocyanide, together with 2,6-dimethylphenylisocyanide, as ligands for complexes of Group VIA metals and rhodium, which are catalysts for the hydrosilylation of a variety of unsaturated species, and for the metathesis of alkynes, is also reported.
Fast adaptive filters: A geometrical approach

This is a tutorial article on the application of geometrical vector space concepts for deriving the rapidly converging, reduced computation structures known as fast recursive least squares (RLS) adaptive filters. Since potential applications of fast RLS, such as speech coding [1] and echo, cancellation [2], have been previously examined in the ASSP Magazine, this article focuses instead on an intuitive geometrical approach to deriving these fast RLS filters for linear prediction. One purpose of this article is to keep the required mathematics at a minimum and instead highlight the properties of the fast RLS filters through geometrical interpretation. The geometrical vector space concepts in this article are then applied to deriving the very important fast RLS structure known as the fast transversal filter (FTF).
Clinical characteristics and treatment-related biomarkers associated with response to high-dose interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma: retrospective analysis of an academic community hospital’s experience

Background Immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma can produce durable therapeutic responses, which may improve survival. We aimed to identify clinical characteristics and biomarkers associated with response to high-dose interleukin-2 therapy (IL-2) in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma treated at an academic community hospital.
Immunogenicity of transgenic plant-derived hepatitis B surface antigen.

Abstract The focus of the Children's Vaccine Initiative is to encourage the discovery of technology that will make vaccines more readily available to developing countries. Our strategy has been to genetically engineer plants so that they can be used as inexpensive alternatives to fermentation systems for production of subunit antigens. In this paper we report on the immunological response elicited in vivo by using recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) purified from transgenic tobacco leaves. The anti-hepatitis B response to the tobacco-derived rHBsAg was qualitatively similar to that obtained by immunizing mice with yeast-derived rHBsAg (commercial vaccine). Additionally, T cells obtained from mice primed with the tobacco-derived rHBsAg could be stimulated in vitro by the tobacco-derived rHBsAg, yeast-derived rHBsAg, and by a synthetic peptide that represents part of the a determinant located in the S region (139-147) of HBsAg. Further support for the integrity of the T-cell epitope of the tobacco-derived rHBsAg was obtained by testing the ability of the primed T cells to proliferate in vitro after stimulation with a monoclonal anti-idiotype and an anti-idiotype-derived peptide, both of which mimic the group-specific a determinant of HBsAg. In total, we have conclusively demonstrated that both B- and T-cell epitopes of HBsAg are preserved when the antigen is expressed in a transgenic plant.
"POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY": SOME PLUSSES AND SOME OPEN ISSUES

This commentary considers aspects of the recent American Psychologist Special Issue (SI) on “Positive Psychology.” Strong points of this new thrust include: (a) a focal concern with insufficiencies in the current medical model in mental health; (b) a core focus on positive outcomes; and (c) the belief that such outcomes may, in the long run, be the most efficacious way of reducing psychological dysfunction.The approach’s major current limitations include: (a) its relative insulation from closely related prior work in primary prevention and wellness enhancement; (b) its lack of a cohesive undergirding theoretical framework; and (c) its prime adult, cross-sectional approach, which does not sufficiently reflect key life history and developmental pathways and determinants of specific positive outcomes. The movement’s wholesome future development stands
Effect of ileal perfusion of carbohydrates and amylase inhibitor on gastrointestinal hormones and emptying.

To determine if carbohydrates perfused into the ileum affect gastric emptying and circulating levels of gastrointestinal hormones, 18 healthy subjects were intubated with an oroileal tube. A 400-cal (60% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 20% fat) homogenized meal labeled with 111 In-DTPA was then infused into the stomach over 10 min. Simultaneously, a test solution of normal saline (n = 6) or 12.5 (n = 4), 25 (n = 4),50 (n = 2), or 100 (n = 2) mg/min of carbohydrates (75% rice starch, 25% glucose) containing a nonabsorbable marker, polyethylene glycol, was continuously perfused into the terminal ileum at 3 ml/min for 7 h. In one-half of the subjects the perfusate contained an amylase inhibitor (3.3 mg/ml) that reduced starch digestion and carbohydrate absorption. Gastric emptying was measured by a dual-headed γ-camera. Plasma concentrations of hormones and the amount of carbohydrates passing the ileum were measured every 10 min. The amylase inhibitor significantly reduced the absorption of complex carbohydrates from the terminal ileum (p
What Can Drive Successful Entrepreneurial Firms? An Analysis of Inc. 500 Companies

Entrepreneurship scholars tend to discuss the merits of using innovation over imitation for the creation of new ventures. We take a step forward to focus our attention on the drivers of successful entrepreneurial firms and use Inc. 500 companies to test our framework. Findings indicate that the extent of innovation positively influences long-term sales growth and the relationship is positively moderated by prior experience and negatively moderated by family involvement. Research and practical implications are discussed.
Metazoan Parasites of Catfishes in the Big Thicket National Preserve and Surrounding Areas, Texas, U.S.A.

ABSTRACT: A survey of 2 species of ictalurid catfishes, channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and yellow bullhead (Ameiurus natalis), was conducted in southeastern Texas, United States. Sixty-nine channel catfish and 26 yellow bullhead were collected from 6 sites within the Big Thicket National Preserve and 6 sites in surrounding bodies of water. Thirty-one species of parasites were found including 11 trematodes, 8 nematodes, 5 copepods, 3 cestodes, and 1 each of an acanthocephalan, leech, monogene, and myxozoan. Channel catfish harbored 23 species of parasites, yellow bullhead harbored 17, and 9 species occurred in both host species. Adult endohelminths dominated the fauna (18 species). Trematodes (Alloglossidium corti, Alloglossidium kenti, Polylekithum catahoulensis), a cestode (Megathylacoides giganteum), a nematode (Dichelyne robusta), and an ectoparasitic copepod (Ergasilus cerastes) constituted over 75% of the total parasite abundance. Although this constitutes the highest species diversity report...
Saddlepoint Series for Distribution Functions

Recall from §3 that calculating distribution function approximations from Edgeworth density approximations was a simple matter. The Edgeworth series for the density is a linear combination of derivatives of the normal distribution function, and hence is easily integrated to give a corresponding cumulative distribution function approximation. This cumulative distribution function approximation inherits many good properties from the density approximation.
Distinguishing motor starts from short circuits through phase-angle measurements

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health investigated how the starting of induction motors may cause nuisance tripping of short-circuit protection on coal mine power systems. This research had a dual purpose: (1) to identify how motor-start waveforms differ from those for short circuits and (2) to devise a method to provide short-circuit protection without intentional time delays to account for motor starts. This technology will help ensure that surface temperatures of energized electrical apparatus will not exceed gas or dust ignition thresholds when short circuits occur.
A process model for analyzing and managing flexibility in information systems

Competitive pressures are forcing organizations to be flexible. Being responsive to changing environmental conditions is an important factor in determining corporate performance. Earlier research, focusing primarily on IT infrastructure, has shown that organizational flexibility is closely related to IT infrastructure flexibility. Using real-world cases, this paper explores flexibility in the broader context of the IS function. An empirically derived framework for better understanding and managing IS flexibility is developed using grounded theory and content analysis. A process model for managing flexibility is presented; it includes steps for understanding contextual factors, recognizing reasons why flexibility is important, evaluating what needs to be flexible, identifying flexibility categories and stakeholders, diagnosing types of flexibility needed, understanding synergies and tradeoffs between them, and prescribing strategies for proactively managing IS flexibility. Three major flexibility categories, flexibility in IS operations, flexibility in IS systems & services development and deployment, and flexibility in IS management, containing 10 IS flexibility types are identified and described.
MCNC's Vertically Integrated Symbolic Design System

This paper describes the VIVID (Vertically Integrated VLSI Design) System developed at the Microelectronics Center of North Carolina. The system is based on a symbolic, virtual-grid design methodology that greatly reduces the design time for custom VLSI circuits. This methodology has made it possible to provide, in a single integrated system, several unique features: technology independent tools for a wide range of MOS processes (CMOS, nMOS, SOI); scale independent circuit designs; open architecture that simplifies both integration with existing tools and creation of new tools; fast layout debugging using symbolic level circuit simulation; and fully automated mask generation and automated chip assembly.
Economic and Environmental Impact of Utilizing a Total Mixed Ration in Pennsylvania Grazing Dairy Herds

A whole-farm analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential long-term environmental and economic impacts of feeding either a concentrate or a partial total mixed ration (TMR) on grazing dairies. A representative dairy farm was simulated over 25 yr of historical Pennsylvania weather using the Dairy Forage System Model (DAFOSYM). A representative grazing farm (100 ha) was simulated using two types of supplementation: 1) concentrate (PC), or 2) a partial TMR (pTMR). These farms were then compared to an alfalfa- and corn-based confinement farm (CONF) on the same land base where TMR was fed year-round. Assumed annual milk production for the PC, pTMR, and CONF farms were 7500, 9090, and 10,000 kg/cow, respectively. The CONF farm showed the greatest profitability, which was not much greater than the pTMR farm. Profitability was lowest for the PC farm. Economic risk or year-to-year variation was greater for the CONF farm than for the grazing (pTMR and PC) farms. The PC farm had less nitrogen leaching than the CONF and pTMR farms. Feeding a pTMR to grazing dairy cows provides a viable feeding strategy for increasing production while maintaining similar environmental impact and farm profitability.
SMI 2012: Full α-Decomposition of polygons

Decomposing a shape into visually meaningful parts comes naturally to humans, but recreating this fundamental operation in computers has been shown to be difficult. Similar challenges have puzzled researchers in shape reconstruction for decades. In this paper, we recognize the strong connection between shape reconstruction and shape decomposition at a fundamental level and propose a method called @a-decomposition. The @a-decomposition generates a space of decompositions parameterized by @a, the diameter of a circle convolved with the input polygon. As we vary the value of @a, some structural features appear and disappear quickly while others persist. Therefore, by analyzing the persistence of the features, we can determine better decompositions that are more robust to both geometrical and topological noises.
Thermal Sensitive Quantum and Phonon Confinements for Temperature Mapping in Extreme Environments

Spatial and/or temporal temperature mapping in extreme environments that cannot be physically accessible remains a grand challenge, such as in the interior of high tempeature solid oxide fuel cells and opaque fireballs, where real-time readout of temperature is not feasible. Our study showed that photoluminescence (PL) spectra of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and Raman spectra of anatase TiO2 NPs exhibit thermal sensitive quantum confinement and phonon confinement, respectively. Here, we explored the highly temperature sensitive irreversible growth of NPs together with the strong quantum and phonon confinements in these oxide NPs as unique signatures for ex situ temperature sensing, especially for applications in extreme environments. By distributing these NPs, a spatially and temporally nonuniform thermal mapping can be determined by a direct read-off of their PL and Raman spectra at various locations.
Disease prevention: experiments in nature.

The Special Section on Disease Prevention (21 September, p. [1466][1]) reminded me of the late E. L. Wynder's key role in the development of this field. Wynder developed the idea of using “experiments in nature” as clues to the role of the environment in understanding disease causation and prevention. For example, he and his coauthors pointed to the fact that gastric cancer, a common cancer in the United States at the turn of the century, was relatively rare during the latter half of the century. They attributed the decline not to medical intervention but to the introduction of refrigeration and the ensuing decline in the use of nitrates for food preservation. ([ 1 ][2]) Bolstering this view was the finding that nitrates are readily converted into carcinogenic nitrosamines in the acidic environment of the stomach ([ 2 ][3]). Wynder thus provided an interesting example of how a disease could be suppressed (but not cured) by a technological innovation rather than a medical intervention. 1. [↵][4]1. C. P. Howson, 2. T. Hiyama, 3. E. L. Wynder , Epid. Rev. 8, 1 (1986). [OpenUrl][5][FREE Full Text][6] 2. [↵][7]1. C. Liu, 2. R. M. Russell , Nutr. Rev. 66, 237 (2008). [OpenUrl][8][Abstract/FREE Full Text][9] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.337.6101.1466 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEpidemiologic%2BReviews%26rft.stitle%253DEpidemiol%2BRev%26rft.aulast%253DHOWSON%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%2BP.%26rft.volume%253D8%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D1%26rft.epage%253D27%26rft.atitle%253DTHE%2BDECLINE%2BIN%2BGASTRIC%2BCANCER%253A%2BEPIDEMIOLOGY%2BOF%2BAN%2BUNPLANNED%2BTRIUMPH%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F3533579%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [6]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6MzoiUERGIjtzOjExOiJqb3VybmFsQ29kZSI7czo2OiJlcGlyZXYiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6NToiOC8xLzEiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyNDoiL3NjaS8zMzgvNjEwOS84ODMuMi5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30= [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [8]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNutr.%2BRev.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2008.00029.x%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F18454810%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [9]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6MTY6Im51dHJpdGlvbnJldmlld3MiO3M6NToicmVzaWQiO3M6ODoiNjYvNS8yMzciO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyNDoiL3NjaS8zMzgvNjEwOS84ODMuMi5hdG9tIjt9czo4OiJmcmFnbWVudCI7czowOiIiO30=
The Performance Evaluation of an Improved Finite Volume Method for Solving the Navier Stokes Equation

One of the most important goals of this research effort is to improve the efficiencies of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) tools by focusing on the development of a robust and accurate numerical framework capable of solving the Navier-Stokes Equations under a wide variety of initial and boundary conditions. The new scheme, which was initially described in Ref. 1 and referred to as the Integro-Differential Scheme (IDS), has a number of favorable qualities. For instance, the scheme is developed on the basis of a unique combination of the differential and integral forms of the Navier-Stokes Equations (NSE). In this paper, the differential form of the NSE is used for explicit time marching and the integral form is used for spatial flux evaluations. As such, the scheme has the potential to accurately capture the complex physics of fluid flows. In addition, the Method of Consistent Averages (MCA) numerical procedure directly provides continuity of the numerical flux quantities rather than manipulating the primitive flowfield variables to ensure continuity. Coupled temporal and spatial analyses of the mass, momentum, and energy fluxes are considered at two major locations; namely, at the center of the numerical control volume, and at each of the surface making up an elementary control volume. It is also of interest to note that the IDS procedure developed herein is based on two fundamental types of control volumes. This paper elaborates on the development of the IDS procedure and presents the results of its implementation on three established fundamental high Reynolds number fluid dynamic problems. The problems of interest to this study are the supersonic rearward facing step and the supersonic cavity flow problems. A careful analysis of the results generated from the use of the IDS procedure confirms its predictive capability and supports its potential to solve a variety of fluid dynamics problems.
The Ethical Limits of Power: On the Perichoresis of Power

This article explores the interrelations among religious, moral and political power in an analogy to the Christian concept of ‘perichoresis’ of the Trinity. Starting with beliefs about power, the endoxa, the article explores, first, moments in Western thought to show how power has been grounded in God or gods and in the vitalities of nature. In each case, ultimately speaking, ‘might makes right’. Within this history the article also charts the ‘axial breakthrough’ in Christianity that places ‘ethical’ limits on religious and political power. In a second step, the works of Reinhold Niebuhr and Stanley Hauerwas are explored in order to show that current Christian ethics is caught in an aporia: it asserts the reality of power in history and the ‘world’, but also the ultimate claim of Christian love. The article concludes that Christian ethics needs a differentiated conception of power and a renewed conception of ‘conscience’ as the mode of moral being within complex social systems.
Dizziness. A clinical perspective.

The clinical presentations and the causes of dizziness are highly diverse. Certain rules of thumb can be useful to the clinician in localizing and defining the problem.
Effect of Intracystic Pantopaque on Renal Cysts

AbstractIntracystic pantopaque can alter the natural history of renal cysts. More than two-thirds of all renal cysts treated with percutaneous intracystic instillation of pantopaque decreased to at least half the original volume when followed for up to 4 years. A similar control group without intracystic pantopaque instillation did not show this dramatic change.
Pharmacologic approaches to obstructive airway disease.

SUMMARY We have outlined the various bronchodilator medications currently employed in chronic obstructive airways disease. A knowledge of the pharmacology of the lung and the sites of action of these medications should make it possible to combine them in ways that will promote the most benefit for the patient with the least side effects. A logical format for approaching the patient with chronic obstructive airways disease is listed below. Frequently, for the patient with mild or intermittent symptoms of airways obstruction, an inhaled beta agonist will suffice. This may be taken regularly and as needed (for example, prior to vigorous exercise). For patients with more symptoms or those who cannot be controlled on a single agent, a long-acting theophylline preparation should be initiated. Usually, a 12-hour sustained release tablet is preferable. Bedtime dosing may prevent nocturnal shortness of breath. The factors affecting theophylline metabolism should be kept in mind, and theophylline levels should be obtained in those situations where there is an inadequate or inappropriate clinical response. The combination of an oral theophylline and an inhaled beta agonist should suffice in approximately 80 per cent of patients with chronic obstructive airways disease. For those patients who still have symptoms and in whom no other precipitating factor, such as infection or allergy, has been defined, additional therapy can be initiated. For outpatients, this usually consists of the addition of an oral beta agonist, starting at the lowest dose first. If tachyphylaxis appears to be developing, then aerosol atropine or initiation of corticosteroids should be considered. The addition of mucolytics, mist, and chest physiotherapy will frequently reduce the need for additional measures.
The Utilitarian Assessment

To the inquiry: “...do you think that the first thing we should aim at is to take measures to avoid danger?” Socrates responds, “Certainly not”(Plato, 1974, 128). To the rebuttal question, “Well then, if risks must be run, should one not run them where success will improve people”(Plato, 1974)? Socrates answers without hesitancy, “Obviously” (Plato, 1974). Thus, the modern notion that societal risks should be taken for the utilitarian good of the political community is embedded in one of the classical colloquies of Plato’s Republic. In fact, historians have traced the use of professional risk assessors to an earlier time in ancient Babylon. In the year 3200 B.C., it is recorded that people calculated the communal utility in risky decisions like marriage proposals and construction sites (Boroush, 1998). More importantly, for more than a quarter of a century in American public policy, some version of the philosophical notion of utilitarianism—“the modern theory that judges the goodness of outcomes and therefore the rightness of actions...by the degree to which they secure the greatest benefit to all concerned”—has been the foundation for assessing environmental risk (Hardin, 1988, xv).
The dielectric behavior of some fluorogases and their mixtures with nitrogen

It has been known for a long time that the gases containing Fluorine have in general a higher dielectric strength relative to air and therefore offer practical applications as dielectrics. For instance, sulfur hexafluoride has been used to insulate X-ray transformers, Van de Graaff and telephone cables.
School Safety Education

(1930). School Safety Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 3-56.
Pravastatine et acide acétylsalicylique en association fixe: des bénéfices cliniques additifs dans la prise en charge des patients coronariens

Une meta-analyse portant sur 5 essais cliniques randomises a objective les benefices cliniques de l’association pravastatine — acide acetylsalicylique, dans la prise en charge des patients coronariens en prevention secondaire: comparativement a la pravastatine seule, l’association pravastatine — acide acetylsalicylique reduit de 26 % le risque d’infarctus du myocarde (IDM) fatal ou non, de 31 % le risque d’accident vasculaire cerebral (AVC) ischemique, et de 13 % le risque de survenue d’evenements cardiovasculaires a 5 ans. L’association pravastatine — acide acetylsalicylique permet donc de reduire significativement le risque cardiovasculaire chez les patients coronariens. Suite aux recommandations de l’AHA/ACC et du National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) I et II, le pourcentage de patients recevant de l’acide acetylsalicylique, des betabloquants et des statines a significativement augmente: respectivement 94 %, 57 % et 91 % a un an de suivi versus 68 %, 18 % et 10 % avant application des recommandations.