cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prepregnancy obesity is associated with cognitive outcomes in boys in a low-income, multiethnic birth cohort

Maternal obesity and high gestational weight gain (GWG) disproportionally affect low-income populations and may be associated with child neurodevelopment in a sex-specific manner. We examined sex-specific associations between prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and child neurodevelopment at age 7. Data are from a prospective low-income cohort of African American and Dominican women (n = 368; 44.8% male offspring) enrolled during the second half of pregnancy from 1998 to 2006. Neurodevelopment was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) at approximately child age 7. Linear regression estimated associations between prepregnancy BMI, GWG, and child outcomes, adjusting for race/ethnicity, marital status, gestational age at delivery, maternal education, maternal IQ and child age. Overweight affected 23.9% of mothers and obesity affected 22.6%. At age 7, full-scale IQ was higher among girls (99.7 ± 11.6) compared to boys (96.9 ± 13.3). Among boys, but not girls, prepregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with lower full-scale IQ scores [overweight β: − 7.1, 95% CI: (− 12.1, − 2.0); obesity β: − 5.7, 95% CI: (− 10.7, − 0.7)]. GWG was not associated with full-scale IQ in either sex. Prepregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with lower IQ among boys, but not girls, at 7 years. These findings are important considering overweight and obesity prevalence and the long-term implications of early cognitive development.
Assessment of peritoneal microbial features and tumor marker levels as potential diagnostic tools for ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) is the most deadly cancer of the female reproductive system. To date, there is no effective screening method for early detection of OC and current diagnostic armamentarium may include sonographic grading of the tumor and analyzing serum levels of tumor markers, Cancer Antigen 125 (CA-125) and Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4). Microorganisms (bacterial, archaeal, and fungal cells) residing in mucosal tissues including the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts can be altered by different disease states, and these shifts in microbial dynamics may help to diagnose disease states. We hypothesized that the peritoneal microbial environment was altered in patients with OC and that inclusion of selected peritoneal microbial features with current clinical features into prediction analyses will improve detection accuracy of patients with OC. Blood and peritoneal fluid were collected from consented patients that had sonography confirmed adnexal masses and were being seen at SIU School of Medicine Simmons Cancer Institute. Blood was processed and serum HE4 and CA-125 were measured. Peritoneal fluid was collected at the time of surgery and processed for Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) using 16S V4 exon bacterial primers and bioinformatics analyses. We found that patients with OC had a unique peritoneal microbial profile compared to patients with a benign mass. Using ensemble modeling and machine learning pathways, we identified 18 microbial features that were highly specific to OC pathology. Prediction analyses confirmed that inclusion of microbial features with serum tumor marker levels and control features (patient age and BMI) improved diagnostic accuracy compared to currently used models. We conclude that OC pathogenesis alters the peritoneal microbial environment and that these unique microbial features are important for accurate diagnosis of OC. Our study warrants further analyses of the importance of microbial features in regards to oncological diagnostics and possible prognostic and interventional medicine.
Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury

The patient with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is encountered frequently in the hospital whether it be an acute or chronic injury. The following chapter will seek to demonstrate the relevant diagnosis and management of these patients for the pain provider. This discussion begins with the epidemiology and then moves into the mechanisms and pathophysiology and related complications of acute TBI. Diagnosis and management will be presented in a systematic way which covers the workup of the inpatient pain treatment modalities and considerations. The chapter concludes with a summary of pain assessment tools as well as the challenges that may face the clinician treating patients with TBI and pain in the inpatient setting.
Some Extensions of E. Stein’s Work on Littlewood–Paley Theory Applied to Symmetric Diffusion Semigroups

Discrete diffusion semigroups have proven to be highly effective tools for machine learning and data analysis due to the interplay between diffusion processes (of inferences), and their naturally associated geometries. Inspired by the harmonic analysis machinery that E. Stein developed for symmetric diffusion semigroups acting on $$L_p$$ spaces, we show that a correspondence between the rate of diffusion approximation and a Besov-type version of smoothness exists in the general continuous case, even without a local kernel representation. Specifically, let $$\left\{ A_t\right\} _{t\ge 0}$$ be a symmetric diffusion semigroup on $$L_p(X)$$ , for X a complete positive $$\sigma $$ -finite measure space. We first establish that for $$1<p<\infty $$ the semigroup $$\left\{ A_t\right\} _{t\ge 0}$$ acting on $$L_p(X)$$ is strongly continuous and holomorphic. We then show that for $$f\in L_p(X)$$ and $$0<\alpha <1$$ , the following are equivalent: We also present some extensions, including results for the $$p=\infty $$ case.
Increasing domestic financial participation: Implications for business cycles and labor markets

Abstract Recent policies in emerging economies (EMEs) have sought to increase the shares of households and firms that participate in the domestic banking system amid the backdrop that, compared to advanced economies (AEs), EMEs have drastically lower shares of both firm and household financial participation. We build a model with extensive margins of firm and household financial participation and equilibrium unemployment to study the impact on EME labor-market and business cycle dynamics of increasing the shares of firm and household financial participation in EMEs to AE levels. We find that a joint increase in household and firm domestic financial participation considerably narrow the differences in some, but not all, business cycle moments between EMEs and AEs. Critically, the impact of increasing only firm or only household participation can differ substantially from the impact of a joint increase. We stress the relevance of the extensive margin of domestic financial participation for labor-market and business cycle dynamics and the fact that promoting a joint increase in the shares of household and firm financial participation in EMEs can lead to smoother cyclical fluctuations, particularly in labor markets.
The Role of Research in Business Schools and the Synergy Between Its Four Subdomains

The vast domain of research in business schools may be categorized according to Stokes’s four quadrant classification, which uses two dimensions: consideration of use (yes or no) and quest for fund...
A game-theoretic security framework for quantum cryptography: Performance analysis and application

In this paper, we analyze quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols through a game-theoretic framework. In particular, we assume parties and adversaries are “rational.” Unlike other game theoretic models, we show how important key-rate and noise tolerance computations may be performed through our system allowing for interesting comparisons to the “standard adversarial model” of QKD. We show that, depending on the relative cost of operating devices, increased noise tolerance and improved secure communication rates are possible if one assumes adversaries are rational as opposed to being malicious.
Hotline Use in the United States: Results from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys

Crisis hotlines are a fixture in providing mental health services to individuals experiencing mental and behavioral problems in the United States (U.S.). Despite this, and the growing need for easily-accessible, anonymous, and free services amidst the suicide and opioid crises, there is no study reporting U.S. national prevalence and correlates of hotline use. Data on n = 18,909 participants from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES), a group of three nationally-representative, population-based studies, were used to estimate the prevalence of lifetime and past 12-month hotline use. A series of logistic regression models examined sociodemographic, clinical history and service use correlates of hotline use. Lifetime and past 12-month hotline use was estimated at 2.5% and 0.5%, respectively. Being female, having a mental or behavioral disorder, experiencing suicidality, or interacting with other formal and informal sectors of the mental health service system were significant correlates of use. This study provides the first national estimates of crisis hotline usage in the U.S. Hotlines are more likely to be used by certain sociodemographic subgroups, but these differences may be due to differing psychiatric history and service use patterns. Efforts should be made to ensure that crisis hotlines are being utilized by other marginalized populations at high risk of suicide or overdose amidst the current public health crises in the U.S., such as racial/ethnic minorities or youth. To evaluate the role that crisis hotlines play in the mental health service system, national surveys should aim to monitor trends and correlates over time.
Efficiency Advances in Thin CdSeTe/CdTe Solar Cells with CdMgTe at the Back

100 nm-thick CdMgTe with a 1.8-eV band gap was sputter-deposited at the back of 1.5-µm CdSeTe/CdTe bilayer absorbers to create a rear conduction-band offset and minimize the voltage deficit in the devices. With no additional applied heat during sputter deposition of the CdMgTe, the devices retained the necessary chlorine passivation of the absorber, a prevalent obstacle for CdTe-based devices with CdMgTe deposited by close-space sublimation. This in concert with minimal magnesium diffusion into the absorber and optimized copper doping has led to 16% efficiency in thin-absorber cells with a sputtered CdMgTe back layer.
Corporate Entrepreneurship, The Marketing Mix, and Business Performance

Relationships are examined among a firm’s corporate entrepreneurship (CE) behavior; pricing, product, and promotional strategy components; and business performance. There is a positive correlation between CE and each of these mix factors; and between CE and business performance. There are stronger relationships between the marketing mix factors within consumer than industrial firms.
Jensen’s Procedure

Monocular elevation deficiency (double elevator palsy) is the inability to elevate the eye in any direction of gaze, due to paresis of the superior rectus, inferior oblique, or both simultaneously. It may be variably accompanied by inferior rectus restriction. Monocular elevation deficiency is often associated with ptosis and Marcus-Gunn Jaw-Wink phenomenon. Surgery is used to correct abnormal head posture, restoration of cosmesis, or as part of amblyopia treatment. In cases of large angle hypotropia or restriction of elevation, the Jensen’s Procedure can be combined with an inferior rectus recession.
Protocol-based interdisciplinary co-management for hip fracture care: 3 years of experience at an academic medical center

Interdisciplinary standardized protocols for the care of patients with hip fractures have been shown to improve outcomes. A hip fracture protocol was implemented at our institution to standardize care, focusing on emergency care, pre-operative medical management, operative timing, and geriatrics co-management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of this protocol. We conducted a retrospective review of adult patients admitted to a single tertiary care institution who underwent operative management of a hip fracture between July 2012 and March 2020. Comparison of patient characteristics, hospitalization characteristics, and outcomes were performed between patients admitted before and after protocol implementation in 2017. A total of 517 patients treated for hip fracture were identified: 313 before and 204 after protocol implementation. Average age, average Charlson Comorbidity Index, percent female gender, and distribution of hip fracture diagnosis did not vary significantly between groups. There was a significant reduction in time from admission to surgical management, from 37.0 ± 47.7 to 28.5 ± 27.1 h (p = 0.0016), and in the length of hospital stay, from 6.3 ± 6.5 to 5.4 ± 4.0 days (p = 0.0013). The percentage of patients whose surgeries were performed under spinal anesthesia increased from 12.5 to 26.5% (p = 0.016). There was no difference in 90-day readmission rate or mortality at 30 days, 90 days, or 1 year between groups. With the implementation of an interdisciplinary hip fracture protocol, we observed significant and sustained reductions in time to surgery and hospital length of stay, important metrics in hip fracture management, without increased readmission or mortality. This has implications to minimize health care costs and improve outcomes for our aging population. III, therapeutic.
Incidence and Management of Carfilzomib-induced Cardiovascular Toxicity; A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Background The ASPIRE and ENDEAVOUR trials have shown cardiovascular adverse effects in patients treated with carfilzomib-based regimens. Therefore, we conducted this meta- analysis of published clinical trials to identify the cumulative incidence and risk of cardiovascular adverse effects due to carfilzomib. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane library was performed, and we identified 45 prospective trials of carfilzomib with data on 5583 patients. Among all patients being treated with carfilzomib (N=5,583), 8.9% sustained all grade cardiotoxicity, while 4.4% sustained high-grade cardiotoxicity. All-grade hypertension was present in 13.2%, while the incidence of high-grade hypertension was 5.3%. Results The observed incidences of all-grade heart failure, edema, and ischemia were 5.1%, 20.7%, and 4.6%, respectively. Likewise, for high-grade heart failure and edema observed incidence was 3.2%, and 2.7%, respectively. There was no difference in the event rate of all and highgrade cardiotoxicity between newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and relapsed/refractory (p-value 0.42 and 0.86, respectively). Likewise, we did not observe any difference in the event rate of all and high-grade cardiotoxicity when carfilzomib was used as a single agent versus when used in combination therapy with other agents (p-value 0.43 and 0.73, respectively). Conclusion Carfilzomib is associated with a significant risk of cardiovascular toxicity and hypertension. With the increasing utilization of carfilzomib, it is critical for primary care physicians, oncologists and cardiologists to be aware of the risk of cardiotoxicity associated with the use of carfilzomib to recognize and treat baseline cardiovascular risk factors in such patients.
Moving Medical Students into Shared Housing During the COVID-19 Pandemic

A new academic year began in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to allow for in-person learning, a fundamental part of medical education, some medical schools grappled with how to safely move students into shared on-campus housing. The authors describe a behavior-based strategy to safely move students from all parts of the United States to the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in the Bronx, New York. This strategy included a school-organized phased move-in that included 14-day quarantines for students coming from states with high COVID prevalence; requiring students to sign a COVID-agreement; the use of a phone-based daily COVID risk assessment; and facilitation of safe in-person social activities with peer monitoring of adherence to behavior guidelines. This strategy resulted in no known transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in student housing between July and October of the 2020 to 2021 academic year. The authors share this strategy in the hope that colleagues at other medical schools will find it useful in utilizing similar behavior-based strategies to keep students safe in shared housing.
Beyond Victory Gardens: Bolstering Resilience in Food Crisis Response

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted much of daily life, not the least of which was the nation’s food supply. Empty grocery store shelves, rotting produce in the fields, and gallons of milk dumped rather than sold manifested as symptoms of the fragile nature of the U.S. food system. Rectifying issues of resilience through the incorporation of local and regional food sources as supplementary to the existing channels of production and distribution may have prevented such a harsh shock to the system. This article identifies the weaknesses of the U.S.’s industrial and consolidated food supply chain that prioritizes extraction and economic gain over resiliency, and further describes the ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these points of failure. The article first depicts some of the disruptions to the food supply chain stemming from consequences of the pandemic such as issues with matching supply to demand, wasting large quantities of food, and exacerbating systemic food insecurity. The article then provides a comprehensive overview of existing government crisis and disaster planning with an eye toward how these plans and policies incorporate or ignore implementing local and regional food into the greater food supply. The article concludes with recommendations for how to integrate local and regional food sources into government planning, identifying local and regional private entities such as food policy councils, farmers markets, and food banks as the most promising vehicles of change.
Pressure-driven flow of the viscoelastic Oldroyd-B fluid in narrow non-uniform geometries: analytical results and comparison with simulations

We analyze the pressure-driven flow of a viscoelastic fluid in arbitrarily shaped, narrow channels and present a theoretical framework for calculating the relationship between the flow rate $q$ and pressure drop $\Delta p$. We utilize the Oldroyd-B model and first identify the characteristic scales and dimensionless parameters governing the flow in the lubrication limit. Employing a perturbation expansion in powers of the Deborah number ($De$), we provide analytical expressions for the velocity, stress, and the $q-\Delta p$ relation in the weakly viscoelastic limit up to $O(De^2)$. Furthermore, we exploit the reciprocal theorem derived by Boyko $\&$ Stone (Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 6, 2021, pp. L081301) to obtain the $q-\Delta p$ relation at the next order, $O(De^3)$, using only the velocity and stress fields at the previous orders. We validate our analytical results with two-dimensional numerical simulations of the Oldroyd-B fluid in a hyperbolic, symmetric contracting channel and find excellent agreement. For the flow-rate-controlled situation, both our theory and simulations reveal weak dependence of the velocity field on the Deborah number, so that the velocity can be approximated as Newtonian. In contrast to the velocity, the pressure drop strongly depends on the viscoelastic effects and decreases with $De$. Elucidating the relative importance of different terms in the momentum equation contributing to the pressure drop, we identify that a pressure drop reduction for narrow contracting geometries is primarily due to gradients in the viscoelastic shear stresses, while viscoelastic axial stresses have a minor effect on the pressure drop along the symmetry line.
Reproduction by zoospores inOedogonium

Emergence of zoospores ofOedogonium and their subsequent developmental changes have been studied using live material and sections prepared for light and electron microscopy. Release commences with rupture of the cell wall at its pre-weakened site near the apical caps. The pliable protoplast of the zoospore becomes completely spherical once free of the wall; it is enclosed within the hyaline vesicle which expands continuously and then disappears. Meanwhile, as the flagella become active, the zoospore begins to elongate and its dome starts to protrude from a circular constriction where the flagella are inserted. Once free of the hyaline vesicle, it is actively motile for a variable period, during which elongation continues. The motile phase ceases when the zoospore begins to vibrate, whereupon the flagella are all violently shed. Soon after this, the constriction disappears from around the dome which becomes more pointed; the immobile cell now elongates further, increasing in volume. The cell periphery contains numerous contractile vacuoles. Zoospore elongation may be associated with a proliferation of longitudinal microtubules, and once the flagella are shed, the flagellar rootlet system disintegrates, probably releasing the rootlet microtubules. Mechanisms involved in the release of the zoospore are also discussed.
MIMESIS AND ICONOCLASM

What is the enduring power of mimesis? What hold do paintings that mimic perception have over our imagination? This essay analyses Hans Holbein the Younger's portrait of The Ambassadors to assess its magic both for ourselves in the present and for those who first beheld it. The very structure of the work, its facture, is invested with an iconic vitality that we often overlook. Its surface is alive with a thoroughly medieval sense of pictorial presence that Reformation image theory sought to destroy. The shadow of iconoclasm that hangs over these pictures lends them a particular poignancy, for the illusionism that once endowed the dead with afterlife continues to invest them with remarkable ontological power. The to-and-fro of our perceptual encounter with the world insists that we ascribe such paintings an agency that exceeds our own.
Differential Effects of the Great Recession by Household Type

Economists do not have a sufficiently clear grasp of how inequality and debt affect business cycles. These authors lay the important groundwork, providing solid new evidence as to how inequality can contribute to less stability.
Invariant Frequency Ratios in Electron and Positron Geonium Spectra Yield Refined Data on Electron Structure

In this article I survey our work in geonium spectra at the University of Washington, carried out with my colleagues and collaborators, Robert Van Dyck, Jr., Paul Schwinberg, and Gerald Gabrielse, since its inception in 1976 up to the Summer of 1980 emphasizing a number of so far only briefly reported new developments. Also, I propose a new detection scheme for high-resolution geonium spectra which does not rely on a magnetic bottle.
The Effect of Inflation on the Income Elasticity of Taxes

This paper defines the relationship between the nominal (or money) income elasticity and the real income elasticity of a tax system. Under most circumstances, the real and the nominal income elasticities differ. This difference has not been recognized by economists who rely strictly on nominal elasticities as an indicator of revenue adequacy or tax burden, a practice which can be misleading, especially under conditions of general price inflation. The income tax, sales tax and property tax are analyzed briefly in terms of their elasticity features.
Sensitization and recall of anti-Brucella immunity in Guinea pig macrophages by attenuated and virulent Brucella.

Abstract Peritoneal macrophages from guinea pigs vaccinated with strain Rev I of Brucella melitensis were only moderately activated thereby to limit, in an in vitro system, the intracellular growth of Rev I bacilli. Nevertheless, the appropriate memory cells had been primed, as demonstrated by the observation that reinfection of animals with virulent B. melitensis followed by intraperitoneal inoculation of mineral oil called forth macrophages in immunized guinea pigs which inhibited strongly the intracellular growth of brucellae. These macrophages slowed the growth of brucellae in the absence of immune serum. The intensity of the recall response was related to the challenge route and to the virulence of the challenge strain. After equal doses of attenuated or virulent brucellae, resistance was highest in macrophages recalled by the virulent strain. An important basis for the attenuation of the Rev I strain may lie in its initially low degree of macrophage activation during primary infection, although still retaining the capacity to prime stem cells. This property is associated with a protein found in fraction I, because 600 μg/ml in Freund's adjuvant primed guinea pigs so that challenge by strain 6015 evoked activated macrophages. This was seen microscopically as a reduced spread of infection in and amongst the macrophage population. Immune serum further reduced this spread and limited the number of viable intracellular brucellae.
Choptuik scaling in null coordinates.

A numerical simulation is performed of the gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric scalar field. The algorithm uses the null initial value formulation of the Einstein-scalar equations, but does not use adaptive mesh refinement. A study is made of the critical phenomena found by Choptuik in this system. In particular it is verified that the critical solution exhibits periodic self-similarity. This work thus provides a simple algorithm that gives verification of the Choptuik results.
Effects of cycloleucine on macrophages and on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract Cycloleucine is known to suppress the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an autoimmune disease produced by immunization with central nervous system (CNS) antigen and manifested by inflammation in the CNS. The present work shows that cycloleucine inhibited EAE produced by passive transfer of cells from fully immunized donor rats. The drug also inhibited macrophage response in simplified models for the inflammatory events at sites of antigen inoculation and in target neural tissues. However, cycloleucine was not completely specific for macrophages. The data suggest that cycloleucine inhibits both the early antigen-processing stage and the late lesion-development stage of EAE, and that the macrophage is an important but not unique target cell. Inhibition was not due to interference with transport of inoculum into draining lymph nodes or to activation of the adrenal cortex.
Transverse mode localization in a dual-span rotating shaft

In this paper, transverse mode localization in a dual-span rotating shaft is studied. The shaft is elastically supported by transverse and rotational springs at an intermediate point and at both ends. A Timoshenko beam model including the effects of axial loads is employed, and a small disorder in the span length is introduced in the study of the mode localization. The exact eigensolutions of the systems are obtained by the phase closure principle. Based on actual values of typical bearing stiffness applied in turbo machinery, the effects of support stiffness, rotation speed and axial load on the mode localization are examined. These results are compared with those obtained from the Rayleigh shaft model to assess the effects of shear deformation. It is shown that mode localization depends strongly on the modelling of the bearing support.
Difluoromethylornithine and leukocyte interferon: A phase I study in cancer patients

Abstract Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, and human leukocyte interferon (IFN-α) have synergistic anti-tumor activities in vivo in B 16 melanoma and in vitro against several human cancer cell lines. We have, therefore, carried out a phase I combination study with DFMO plus alpha interferon in the following manner: DFMO was maintained at a steady dose for the first four levels, 1.5 g/m 2 every 6 hr . IFN-α was given in 100% increments ranging from 0.4 × 10 6 U/m 2 to 3.2 × 10 6 U/m 2 i.m. daily. At the fifth dose level both IFN-α and DFMO were raised by 100 and 50% respectively. From levels one through four the combination was well tolerated with no dose interruptions required because of G.I. toxicity or myelosuppression. However, at dose level 5 , one-third of the patients required dose cessation and decrease due to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. We conclude that for phase II studies the maximal tolerated dose is 3.2 million units of IFN-α/ m 2 and 1.5 g/m 2 of DFMO every 6 hr . Of 12 patients with metastatic melanoma, 2 had partial remissions lasting 58+ and 36+ , weeks . Two additional patients had minor responses lasting 29 and 32+ , weeks . Minor responses were observed in a patient with colon carcinoma and a patient with renal carcinoma. The clinical activity of the combination is currently being pursued in a phase II study among patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
Alloglossidium demshini sp. nov. (Digenea: Macroderoididae) from leeches in Minnesota

Alloglossidium demshini sp. nov. is described based on specimens from leeches Haemopis grandis collected in northwestern Minnesota. The new species is morphologically closest to Alloglossidium schmidti. The two species can be readily differentiated based on several morphological characters. The cirrus sac in A. schmidti is almost entirely situated anterior to the ventral sucker while in A. demshini sp. nov. it is situated dorsal to the ventral sucker and its proximal end almost reaches the posterior end of ventral sucker or extends posterior to it. The new species has a prepharynx that is substantially longer than the esophagus while in A. schmidti the situation is the opposite. The two species also differ in the position of the ovary and the position of the testes and vitelline fields in relation to the ends of the ceca. Hirudineatrema oschmarini described from leeches in Eastern Palaearctic and Alloglossidium richardsoni described in North America demonstrate great morphological similarity. Nevertheless, Hirudineatrema cannot be synonymized with Alloglossidium at this point because of several peculiar morphological features of H. oschmarini such as a V-shaped excretory bladder and the apparent presence of a true seminal receptacle in the latter species. These features need to be re-evaluated before any taxonomic decision can be made.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS III. CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDES TYPES II AND III IN THE MOUSE

The cytological distribution of the pneumococcal polysaccharides, types II and III, was followed in the tissues of the mouse. The most constant and striking concentrations of these polysaccharides were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the ordinary capillary endothelium, and fibroblasts throughout the body. In addition, polysaccharide was detected in monocytes and lymphocytes, hepatic cells, cardiac and smooth muscle cells, uterine epithelium, and in steroid-forming cells in the adrenal cortex, testis, and ovary. Studies of the persistence of polysaccharide, type III, in the tissues were carried out after an injection of 4.0 mg. The polysaccharide remained for at least 75 days in the macrophages of lymphoid organs, the Kupffer cells of the liver, the interstitial macrophages in the myocardium, the lung septal cells, the capillary endothelium, and the renal glomerulus. After a single injection of 8 mg., it persisted for at least 6 months in the macrophages of the spleen, liver, and heart and in the endothelium of peritubular capillaries in the kidney. The smallest dose of polysaccharide which produced detectable amounts in any cells 24 hours after injection was 0.03 mg. The distribution of polysaccharide is compared with that of acid vital dyes and suspensoids, and the significance of its fixation in relation to its antigenicity and possible toxicity in mice is discussed.
USING SIMULATED SESSIONS TO ENHANCE CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION

This article evaluates a learning method that used theatre students as family clients in an advanced social work practice course. Data from 47 advanced graduate students showed that observing peers conduct simulated sessions can be an effective and valued learning experience. Quantitative findings indicated that simulations are perceived to be better learning experiences than peer role-plays, and that students associate observation of a peer with improvement in their own skills. Qualitative responses described useful components of the simulation method in relation to specific domains of professional learning and provided highly favorable assessments of the simulation method.
The orientation relationship between delta-phase plutonium and alpha-phase plutonium

Abstract Microbeam X-ray diffraction on partially transformed Pu-2% Al alloys show the following relationship between the delta-phase matrix and the transformation alpha-prime phase product: alpha ∥ cubic and alpha ∥ cubic ±5 °. The statistics of such a relationship are discussed.
Organizational processes and nuclear power plant safety

Abstract This paper describes an integrated effort to define and measure organizational factors related to nuclear power plant safety. The research began by reviewing previously conducted studies looking at nuclear power operations and operations in other high reliability industries for indications of common safety-related, performance dimensions. Having established a list of 20 common dimensions, the project went on to fully define these dimensions and develop methods for their assessment. The methods of assessment developed for this application were employee survey—a series of self report questions answered by employees, behavioral checklist—sets of statements about the plant and its operations that observers respond to by answering yes or no, structured interview—a set of questions and interviewer asks of an employee and built around the 20 dimensions identified, and behaviorally anchored rating scales—an extension of the methodology used for assessing the performance of individuals to the process of assessing a nuclear power plant. Each of the methodologies is described as it applies to the assessment within the nuclear power environment and examples of each method are presented. Pilot tests of the feasibility of using these assessment methods were conducted in two nuclear power plants and the results are encouraging both in terms of the immediate identification of potential safety issues and as valuable additions to probabilistic risk assessment. Implications of this work for the future assessment of organizational factors related to nuclear power safety are discussed.
Structure in the classification of stimuli differing on several continuous attrjbutes

Subjects were requested to sort sets of multidimensional stimuli differing in tint or shade, size, shape, and orientation. Each S received either 64 triangles selected at random from a larger population or 16 selected at random from the sample of 64. On one sort he was allowed to select the number ofcategories to be used; otherwise, he was required to distribute the stimuli among four, five, and six categories, respectively. The predominant strategy proved to be simple abstraction, with incomplete generalization a frequent alternative. On all but a few of the sorts, the sorting principle involved the use of one or a pair of attributes. In addition, Ss displayed a marked tendency toward numerical balance in their sorts and, when allowed to select the number of categories to be used, to limit them to a relatively small number. Imai has previously reported numerical balance and the use of a limited number of categories also to characterize the sorting of stimuli differing on discontinuous attributes. Informational measures proved helpful in describing such aspects of classification behavior as response uncertainty, numerical balance, and efficiency in abstraction.
Effects of an Educational Video on the Measurement of Bullying by Self-Report

This study of 1,283 middle-school students examined the effect of an educational video designed to distinguish bullying from ordinary peer conflict. Randomly assigned classrooms of students either watched or did not watch a video prior to completing a self-report bullying survey. Compared to the control group, students who watched the video reported 32% less social bullying victimization, while boys who watched the video reported 54% less physical bullying victimization and 68% less physical bullying of others. These results indicate that student self-reports could yield inflated estimates of the prevalence of bullying if students are not adequately educated about the distinction between bullying and other forms of peer conflict.
A CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE CHLOROPLASTS IN SOME HIGHER PLANTS

IN RECENT YEARS several investigators have focused their attention on the problem of whether or not nucleic acids are present in the chloroplasts of higher plants. Some earlier workers (Milovidov, 1936; Yuasa, 1938) had reported Feulgen staining in chloroplasts. Milovidov, concerned mainly with reports that certain plant nuclei were Feulgen-negative, tried the reaction on a large number of species and incidentally mentioned a few cases in which the chloroplasts were stained in the unhydrolyzed controls. He attributed this staining to the presence of aldehydic precursors of starch. Yuasa used leaves and prothallia of a single species of fern which he fixed in each of 38 different fixing fluids before staining with the Feulgen reaction. The chloroplasts stained after certain fixatives which failed to permit nuclear staining (results in control sections were not reported); so Yuasa concluded that this reaction of the chloroplasts was not due to thymonucleic (desoxyribonucleic) acid but was an artifact caused by the fixing fluid. Cytochemical evidence for the presence of nucleic acids in chloroplasts was presented by Chiba (1951), who studied Rhoeo discolor, Tradescantia fiuminensis, and Selaginella savatieri. He observed a positive Feulgen reaction (controls were not mentioned) and methyl green staining in chloroplasts; trichloracetic acid (TCA) abolished both reactions. Staining of the chloroplasts by pyronin, was only partly removed by ribonuclease but completely removed by TCA. Since pyronin may stain depolymerized desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as well as rihonucleic acid (RNA) (Kurnick, 1950), Chiba decided that both depolymerized and polymerized DNA and possibly RNA were localized in the chloroplasts. Metzner (1952 a, b) made a fairly thoroughgoing investigation of the nucleic acid staining of chloroplasts of several plants. His tests showed the chloroplasts of mature leaves of Agapanthus umbellatus to be Feulgen-positive (control slides were negative) under certain conditions, but those of Ambulia heterophylla stained in both hydrolyzed and control sections. Finding the results with the Feulgen reaction equivocal, Metzner turned to the basic dyes methyl green and pyronin. Methyl green stained the grana, while pyronin stained both the grana and stroma of the chloroplasts of Ambulia heterophylla and Heteranthera zosterifolia. Lacking spe-
What is the real crystallographic structure of the L photointermediate of bacteriorhodopsin

In the last few years, three laboratories have reported three entirely different crystallographic models for the L photointermediate of bacteriorhodopsin. All are from X-ray diffraction of illuminated crystals that contain L in photostationary states created at similar cryogenic temperatures. This article compares the models and their implications, the crystallographic statistics and the methods used to derive them, as well as their agreement with non-crystallographic information.
Watershed influences on the transport, fate and bioavailability of mercury in Lake Superior: Field measurements and modelling approaches

The issuance of fish consumption advisories in US states bordering Lake Superior has heightened the need for understanding the biogeochemical cycling and transformations of mercury in this great lake. Major routes of mercury (Hg) transport to lakes include atmospheric deposition (wet and dry), direct discharges and riverine (watershed) inputs. The specific objectives of this ongoing study are to: (i) determine the speciation and bioavailability of Hg transported to Lake Superior (ii) determine the importance of watershed-specific characteristics that control physical and chemical forms of Hg; (iii) identify key mechanisms controlling Hg bioavailability and speciation in near-shore zones relative to open lake regions; and (iv) provide process-level information to compliment concurrent development of Hg fate and transport models of the Lake Superior ecosystem. Three tributaries of Lake Superior were chosen for detailed field study based on previous results and particular watershed characteristics. Mixing zones represent a potentially important zone of Hg entry into the food chain, and were sampled for biota, water and sediment in transects between the tributary mouth and the lake end member. Sampling of open-water sites was conducted during Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored cruises on the research vessel Lake Guardian. Results from our work on Lake Superior tributaries demonstrate that dissolved organic carbon and methylmercury (MeHg) export was greatest from watersheds containing wetlands. In Lake Superior, concentrations of Hg species were small at pelagic stations (total mercury (HgT) averaged 0.49 ng/L, MeHg averaged 6.4 pg/L). In contrast, MeHg concentrations in tributaries ranged from 100 to 250 pg/L. Watershed sites dominated by wetlands exhibited the greatest MeHg concentrations, occasionally in excess of 12 ng/L. Samples of bulk zooplankton ranged from 20 to 130 ng/g dry weight HgT and from 15 to 45 ng/g dry weight MeHg, and demonstrated typical bioacculmulation of mercury as well as distinct seasonality in concentrations.
Effects of Nitrate on the Stability of Uranium in a Bioreduced Region of the Subsurface

The effects of nitrate on the stability of reduced, immobilized uranium were evaluated in field experiments at a U.S. Department of Energy site in Oak Ridge, TN. Nitrate (2.0 mM) was injected into a reduced region of the subsurface containing high levels of previously immobilized U(IV). The nitrate was reduced to nitrite, ammonium, and nitrogen gas; sulfide levels decreased; and Fe(II) levels increased then deceased. Uranium remobilization occurred concomitant with nitrite formation, suggesting nitrate-dependent, iron-accelerated oxidation of U(IV). Bromide tracer results indicated changes in subsurface flowpaths likely due to gas formation and/or precipitate. Desorption-adsorption of uranium by the iron-rich sediment impacted uranium mobilization and sequestration. After rereduction of the subsurface through ethanol additions, background groundwater containing high levels of nitrate was allowed to enter the reduced test zone. Aqueous uranium concentrations increased then decreased. Clone library analyses of sediment samples revealed the presence of denitrifying bacteria that can oxidize elemental sulfur, H{sub 2}S, Fe(II), and U(IV) (e.g., Thiobacillus spp.), and a decrease in relative abundance of bacteria that can reduce Fe(III) and sulfate. XANES analyses of sediment samples confirmed changes in uranium oxidation state. Addition of ethanol restored reduced conditions and triggered a short-term increase in Fe(II) and aqueous uranium,more » likely due to reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxides and release of sorbed U(VI). After two months of intermittent ethanol addition, sulfide levels increased, and aqueous uranium concentrations gradually decreased to <0.1 {mu}M.« less
Green light from the FDA for new drug development in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia.

Green Light from the FDA for New Drug Development in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Functional Dyspepsia
Movement of Gating Machinery during the Activation of Rod Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels

In the visual and olfactory systems, cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels convert stimulus-induced changes in the internal concentrations of cGMP and cAMP into changes in membrane potential. Although it is known that significant activation of these channels requires the binding of three or more molecules of ligand, the detailed molecular mechanism remains obscure. We have probed the structural changes that occur during channel activation by using sulfhydryl-reactive methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, the alpha-subunit of the bovine retinal channel forms homomultimeric channels that are activated by cGMP with a K1/2 of approximately 100 microM. Cyclic AMP, on the other hand, is a very poor activator; a saturating concentration elicits only 1% of the maximum current produced by cGMP. Treatment of excised patches with MTS-ethyltrimethylamine (MTSET) or NEM dramatically potentiated the channel's response to both cyclic nucleotides. After MTSET treatment, the dose-response relation for cGMP was shifted by over two orders of magnitude to lower concentrations. The effect on channel activation by cAMP was even more striking. After modification, the channels were fully activated by cAMP with a K1/2 of approximately 60 microM. This potentiation was abolished by conversion of Cys481 to a nonreactive alanine residue. Potentiation occurred more rapidly in the presence of saturating cGMP, indicating that this region of the channel is more accessible when the channel is open. Cys481 is located in a linker region between the transmembrane and cGMP-binding domains of the channel. These results suggest that this region of the channel undergoes significant movement during the activation process and is critical for coupling ligand binding to pore opening. Potentiation, however, is not mediated by the recently reported interaction between the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of the alpha-subunit. Deletion of the entire amino-terminal domain had little effect on potentiation by MTSET.
Photoinduced electron transfer across a water–oil boundary as a model for redox reaction separation

THE creation of artificial solar energy conversion and storage systems that mimic the photosynthetic pathway has evoked great interest in recent years1. One approach to the photolysis of water involves the mediation of two photosystems in the generation of reduced and oxidised species that are the active components in the decomposition of water2,3. However, homogeneous (aqueous) solutions of these components suffer from the basic limitation that the reducing and oxidising agents can react with each other and thus no net reaction can be observed. Several kinds of synthetic ‘photosynthetic membranes’ have been suggested as a means of separating the two redox units and overcoming these fundamental difficulties3. Recently, photo-sensitised electron transfer across vesicle walls has been demonstrated and suggested as a means for generating oxidising and reducing agents in separate water compartments4. We report here a photochemical electron transfer across the interface of a water-in-toluene microemulsion, and propose this system as a model for the separation of oxidised and reduced species. It is well known that surfactant molecules aggregate to reversed micelles in organic solvents5. Reversed micelles entrap water to form ‘water pools’ in a continuous oil phase. The proposed general model for the compartmentalisation of two water phases and its utilisation in the photolysis of water is shown in Fig. 1.
Estimating the area fraction of geophysical fields from measurements along a transect

Methods are presented for estimating the fractional area coverage of geophysical phenomena from measurements taken along a transect. These methods are most useful for assessing potential errors in sampling strategies but may also be used for the analysis of data. The procedure provides a means to compute confidence interval estimates of the true area fraction when the autocovariance function for the geophysical field is known or assumed. Another approach that does not require a priori knowledge of the underlying autocovariance function is described for the special case of linear features modeled as a Poisson line process. >