cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal and fetal effects of exchange transfusion with a red blood cell substitute

Abstract Recent reports have demonstrated the efficacy of Fluosol-DA (20%) as a temporary erythrocyte substitute. We investigated two groups of pregnant ewes that underwent exchange transfusion. In group 1, the animals underwent a nearly total isovolemic exchange of Fluosol-DA (20%) for maternal whole blood; in group 2, the red blood cells were removed and the plasma along with Ringer's lactate was replaced isovolumetrically. Although group 1 animals received 100% oxygen and Fluosol-DA (20%), the maternal arterial P o 2 increased to 350 to 400 torr. However, the maternal blood oxygen content decreased during the exchange, with no change in fetal pH, P co 2, or hematocrit. Maternal blood pressure remained stable and there was a 40% to 50% increase in cardiac output and mean pulmonary arterial pressure. During the exchange, the maternal hematocrit decreased from a mean of 32% to 5.5%; the maternal fluorocrit at the end of the exchange was 9%. Throughout the Fluosol-DA (20%) exchange, the proportion of fetal brain oxyhemoglobin as estimated from infrared transcranial transmittance increased, as did the fetal blood P o 2 and oxygen content. In group 2, the maternal mean blood pressure decreased, and the hematocrit decreased from a mean of 32% to 8%. Despite an increase in the maternal P o 2 to 250 torr, the fetal P o 2 and oxygen content decreased in group 2. This investigation demonstrated that Fluosol-DA (20%) exchange of the mother does not impair delivery of oxygen to the fetus under the conditions of the study.
RATIFICATION AND UTILIZATION: HYPNOTIC TECHNIQUES TO FACILITATE REFRAMING DURING EARLY MARITAL THERAPY

This paper reexamines the Mental Research Institute (MRI) associates' intervention of refraining in marital therapy. The roots of MRI refraining are traced back to Milton Erickson. Ericksonian strategies of ratification and utilization are introduced to enhance the artistry of refraining construction and delivery. Through the use of these strategies, there is a heightened emphasis to four departures from the MRI position: (a) nonverbal language, (b) conjoint refraining,(c) unconscious “wisdom,” and (d) recursive therapy. Examples of ratification and utilization techniques illustrate how the marital therapist can have greater therapeutic impact in designing reframes based on the “raw material” of presenting couple behaviors.
190 CELL CYCLE REGULATION IN RHESUS MONKEY OOCYTES AND EMBRYOS OF DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL POTENTIAL

After fertilization, cell division is required for development during the transition from a zygote to an embryo. Degradation of oocyte transcripts, transcriptional activation of the nucleus, and chromatin remodeling occur during early cleavage divisions. Defects in cell cycle regulation decrease the ability of embryo to grow and can be detrimental. In the rhesus monkey, embryos derived by fertilization of oocytes from prepubertal females or oocytes collected during the non-breeding season undergo cleavage arrest (Schramm and Bavister 1994; Zheng et al. 2001). We employed the Primate Embryo Gene Expression Resource (PREGER; www.Preger.org) to examine the expression pattern of 70 mRNAs involved in cell cycle regulation in rhesus monkey oocytes and embryos derived from different stimulation protocols (non-stimulated, FSH stimulated-in vitro matured, and FSH and hCG stimulated-in vivo matured; Mtango and Latham 2007, 2008; Zheng et al. 2005). The resource encompasses a large, biologically rich set of more than 170 samples with 1 to 4 oocytes or embryos which were constructed using the quantitative amplification and dot blotting method. This method entails the direct lysis of small numbers of oocytes or embryos in a reverse transcription buffer supplemented with nonionic detergent, thereby avoiding RNA losses associated with organic extractions (Brady and Iscove 1993). We find that aberrant regulation of cell cycle regulatory gene mRNAs is a prominent feature of oocytes and embryos of compromised developmental potential (FSH stimulated-moderate reduced potential and NS-severely compromised potential). Of the 56 mRNAs for which expression was detected, there was significant aberrations related to oocyte and embryo quality in the expression of more than half (n = 30), P < 0.05), 26 of 30 display significant differences in metaphase II stage oocytes, 20 being altered in FSH stimulated females and 24 of 30 being altered in NS females. The comparison between monkey and previously reported mouse array expression data (Zeng et al. 2004) revealed striking differences between 2 species. These data provide novel information about disruptions in the expression of genes controlling the cell cycle in oocytes and embryos of compromised developmental potential. We thank Bela Patel, Malgorzata McMenamin, and Ann Marie Paprocki for their technical assistance. We also thank R. Dee Schramm for his contribution to the development of the PREGER resource. This work was supported by National Centers for Research Resources Grant RR-15253.
On the Protein Requirement of Milk Production

Summary After allowing 0.6 pound apparently digestible crude protein (0.5 pound true protein) per 1000 pounds live weight for maintenance, an intake of crude protein equal to 1.25 times the milk protein of two weeks previous (true protein, 1.03 times the milk protein) caused a slight nitrogen loss with one cow, and a slight retention of nitrogen with the other. The intake, therefore, was close to the requirement. In the same experimental periods the total synthesized protein (milk protein plus positive or minus negative protein balances) was 0.85 to 0.90 of the amount of the crude protein available for increase (protein intake minus the maintenance requirement). It is recognized that this rate of efficiency of production of milk, in relation to the protein intake, applies less definitely to practice than to the conditions of these metabolism experiments. Reduction of the protein intake from the larger to the smaller amounts fed had the effect to reduce, the milk flow. Subsequent increase of protein intake caused a significant increase of milk production with the cow of more pronounced milk-giving tendency (no. 869), but no significant increase with the poorer cow (no. 884), while both cows responded to the increase of protein in the ration by considerable storage of nitrogen in the body. With a low protein intake the utilization of protein for milk production was more efficient than with an intake of protein sufficient to permit of more extensive use for fat and energy production. There is, with the cow, a prominent inclination to produce milk at an individual rate which is determined by inheritance. On account of the ability of the cow to deflect protein from energy production, and to withdraw protein from the tissues, and to use the same, in both cases, for milk production, the immediate effect of reduction of protein intake to reduce the production of milk is only partial in degree, the maximum effect being reached after a period which may extend to a number of weeks. The apparent digestibility of protein by the cow increases prominently with increase in the protein intake, this effect apparently being due to metabolic protein being more nearly a body constant than a variable related directly to the feed.
Examining ethics and materialism with purchase of counterfeits

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to measure undergraduate students' ethical and materialistic values, and the correlation of these variables with the purchase of counterfeit apparel products.Design/methodology/approach – Students (n=741) were surveyed via an online method. Instrument items from the Muncy‐Vitell consumer ethics scale and the values‐oriented materialism scale ascertained students' values of ethics and materialism. Previous purchasing behavior of counterfeit apparel goods was also assessed.Findings – A significant relationship between materialism and ethics was found. Those participants who reported to be more ethical in their decision making were those that held less materialistic values. Ethics and materialism were also significantly related to the purchase behavior of counterfeit apparel goods. Consumers holding stronger ethical values and who were less materialistic were less likely to report purchasing counterfeit apparel products.Practical implications – Findings are useful in un...
Heuristic spectral estimation of bivariate nonstationary processes

A heuristic technique is developed for the estimation of auto-spectra and cross-spectra of multivariate nonstationary random processes which are used as models of earthquake accelerograms. The spectra are estimated by considering the statistical moments of the energy of linear systems (filters) excited by the stochastic seismic processes. The usefulness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by examples.
N-methylaspartate: an effective tool for lesioning basal forebrain cholinergic neurons of the rat

Abstract The ability of the excitotoxin, N-methyl- d,l -aspartic acid (NMA), to destroy basal forebrain cholinergic (BFC) neurons was evaluated. NMA (100 nmol) was directly injected into the peripallidum, a region containing a proportionately large number of cortically-projecting BFC neurons. Cholineacetyltransferase (ChAT) activity 10 days later was markedly and significantly reduced (up to 62%) in the cortex ipsilateral to the lesion. NMA induced a focal lesion affecting BFC neurons without damaging axons of passage or causing lesions distant from the site of injection. ChAT immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to directly demonstrate loss of ChAT-positive neurons from the lesion site. This loss persisted at all survival times examined, from 2 days to 7.5 months post-injection.
Differential Mitotic Phosphorylation of Proteins of the Nuclear Pore Complex

During each cell cycle, the nucleus of higher eukaryotes undergoes a dramatic assembly and disassembly. These events can be faithfully reproduced in vitro using cell-free extracts derived from Xenopus eggs. Such extracts contain three major N-acetylglucosaminylated proteins, p200, p97, and p60. All three become assembled into reconstituted nuclear pores. Here we show that p200, p97, and p60 exist in eggs in soluble high molecular mass complexes of 1000, 450, and 600 kDA, respectively. The bulk of p60 is stably associated with proteins of 58 and 54 kDa, while p200 is associated with a fraction of p60 in a separate complex lacking p58 and p54. Upon examining the behavior of these proteins in the cell cycle, we find that p200 and p97 are highly phosphorylated at mitosis, both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, in extracts that cycle between interphase and mitosis, p200 and p97 are specifically phosphorylated at mitosis. Corresponding with their mitotic phosphorylation, both p200 and p97 are specific substrates for purified mitotic Cdc2 kinase, whereas nucleoporin p60 is not. Analysis indicates that the size of the complexes containing the pore N-acetylglucosamine glycoproteins does not change during mitosis, suggesting that such complexes represent stable multicomponent modules into which the nucleus disassembles at mitosis.
The Los Alamos FEL photoinjector drive laser

The drive laser system of the photoelectric injector for the Los Alamos free-electron laser (FEL) is described. This system consists of a 1.053 mu m mode-locked Nd:YLF oscillator, a grating-rhomb pulse compressor, a fast electrooptic shutter to reduce pulse repetition frequency, a pulsed Nd:YLF amplifier chain, and a KTP frequency doubler. The bright electron beams required for high performance FELs demand stringent specifications on drive laser output levels, beam quality, and stability. The design specifications, laser architecture, and operating performance following the most recent round of upgrades are presented. >
Japanese‐Americans in St. Louis: From Internees to Professionals

This article deals with aspects of the resettlement processes of Japanese- Americans in St. Louis. Having gone mere from internment camps in the 1940s, they have experienced rapid upward mobility in a city highly polarized along white/black lines. Several factors in the migrants themselves and in the socioeconomic and ethnic structure of the city help explain how local Japanese- Americans were accepted as honorary whites. The article also explores deep personal tensions and denial patterns arising out of their experiences in internment camps and their rapid assimilation into white society in St. Louis. Data is drawn from Setsuko Matsunaga's 1944 master's thesis on Japanese in St. Louis and from an ethnographic research project carried out between September 1987 and February 7988. [Japanese-Americans, St. Louis, ethnicity, assimilation]
Topometry optimisation for crashworthiness design using hybrid cellular automata

An objective in crashworthiness design is to obtain energy-absorbing components. This task has been efficiently undertaken using the Hybrid Cellular Automaton method. This method combines the CA paradigm with nonlinear, dynamic finite element analysis. Lightweight, energy-absorbing topology concepts have been obtained with this approach. This paper furthers the development of the HCA method to an efficient tool for synthesising shell structures using topometry optimisation. The objective is to find the thickness distribution that uniformly distributes the structure’s internal energy density. This approach addresses problems involving collisions, large displacement and material plastic hardening. The final designs meet manufacturing and performance constraints.
3D metamaterial broadband ground plane designed using genetic programming for the long slot array antenna

Previously developed MATLAB code for designing planar (2D) metamaterial broadband ground planes is extended to design volumetric (3D) metamaterial structures. A 3D ground plane designed to operate as an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) in the 225-450 MHz frequency range is presented. Its performance when used as the ground plane of the planar long slot array (PLSA) antenna and cylindrical long slot array (CLSA) antenna is evaluated and compared to the previously used absorbing ferrite ground plane, resulting in enhanced gain performance due to in phase reflection and minimal absorption.
Microanalysis of N.R.M. in a granodiorite intrusion

The natural remanent magnetization (NRM) associated with individual oriented grains of the major rock-forming minerals of the Tatoosh granodiorite has been determined to establish the magnetic carriers of stable and unstable components of NRM. In addition, magnetic parameters such as weak field susceptibility, Konigsberger ratio, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization and remanent coercivity have been used to characterize the various carriers. The NRM associated with the different rock-forming minerals may be conveniently classified into two types. Type A NRM is carried by fine particles of magnetite, which occur as inclusions in feldspar, especially in plagioclase. It is magnetically hard and has a narrow range of blocking temperatures. Type B NRM is carried by large grains of magnetite associated mostly with biotite and partly with hornblende. It is magnetically soft and contains thermally unstable or viscous components. It appears that in this intrusion the paleomagnetic signal is carried by the fine particles of magnetite, while the coarse particles record poorly and their remanence contributes noise.
Comparison of DOTA and NODAGA as chelators for 64Cu-labeled immunoconjugates

Abstract Introduction Bifunctional chelators have been shown to impact the biodistribution of monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based imaging agents. Recently, radiolabeled 1,4,7-triazacyclononane,1-glutaric acid-4,7-acetic acid (NODAGA)-peptide complexes have demonstrated improved in vivo stability and performance compared to their 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) counterparts. Here, we investigated if similar utility could be achieved with mAbs and compared 64 Cu-labeled DOTA and NODAGA-immunoconjugates for the detection of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) in a prostate cancer model. Methods DOTA and NODAGA-immunoconjugates of an EpCAM targeting mAb (mAb7) were synthesized and radiolabeled with 64 Cu (DOTA: 40°C for 1hr; NODAGA: 25°C for 1hr). The average number of chelators per mAb was quantified by isotopic dilution, and the biological activity of the immunoconjugates was evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISA. Radioligand assays were performed to compare cellular uptake and determine the dissociation constant ( K d ) and maximum number of binding sites ( B max ) for the immunoconjugates using DsRed-transfected PC3-cells. A PC3-DsRed xenograft tumor model was established in nude mice and used to perform biodistribution studies to compare organ uptake and pharmacokinetics. Results 64 Cu-DOTA-mAb7 and 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7 were prepared with chelator/protein ratios of 2–3 and obtained in comparable radiochemical yields ranging from 59 to 71%. Similar immunoreactivity was observed with both agents, and mock labeling studies indicated that incubation at room temperature or 40°C did not affect potency. 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7 demonstrated higher in vitro cellular uptake while 64 Cu-DOTA-mAb7 had higher K d and B max values. From the biodistribution data, we found similar tumor uptake (13.44±1.21%ID/g and 13.24±4.86%ID/g for 64 Cu-DOTA-mAb7 and 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7, respectively) for both agents at 24hr, although normal prostate tissue was significantly lower for 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7. 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7 also had less accumulation in the liver, suggesting excellent retention of the chelation complex in vivo . This was further confirmed by the higher blood activity of 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7, which corresponds to increased bioavailability afforded by the enhanced in vivo stability of the agent. Although tumor/muscle ratios were comparable, tumor/prostate ratios were >2-fold and 1.5-fold higher for 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7 at 24 and 48hr, respectively, and suggest better ability to discriminate tumor tissue with 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7 in our prostate cancer model. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first comparison of 64 Cu-labeled DOTA and NODAGA immunoconjugates in vivo . Our results show favorable in vivo performance for 64 Cu-NODAGA-mAb7 which builds upon previous data on our hybrid mAb7 imaging agent by increasing the detection sensitivity for metastatic prostate tumors, as well as for other types of cancer that express EpCAM.
Novel humanized murine models for HIV research

There are few models in which HIV pathogenesis, particularly gut-associated lymphoid tissue CD4+ T-cell depletion, can be studied and in which potential clinical interventions against HIV disease can be evaluated. HIV cannot be studied in normal mice due to the limited species tropism of the virus. Through the pioneering efforts of many investigators, humanized mice are now routinely used to rapidly advance HIV research. It is important to recognize that not all humanized murine models are equal, and their strengths and weaknesses must be taken into consideration to obtain information that is most relevant to the human condition. This review distinguishes the major humanization protocols and highlights each model’s recent contributions to HIV research, including mucosal transmission, gut-associated lymphoid tissue pathogenesis, and the evaluation of novel therapeutic and prevention approaches to potentially treat HIV disease and prevent the further spread of AIDS.
Erosion of the triquetrum and pisiform bones caused by a foreign body granuloma

A 16-year-old boy had pain and swelling in the left wrist 6 months after he had fallen on a twig. Erosion of the triquetrum and pisiform was seen on x-ray films. A granulomatous process was identified at operation. Despite numerous cultures and special stains, no organisms were identified. Wood debris was seen under high-power magnification. A wooden foreign body may cause bone and joint destruction through a granulomatous process. In this case, surgical debridement and excision stopped the destructive process.
Management of pyoderma gangrenosum

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an idiopathic ulcerative condition of the skin. There are several clinical variants of this disorder that have been described, including classical, atypical, peristomal, and mucosal forms. In all forms pathergy is a common feature. Roughly 50% of the patients with PG will have an associated disorder, but the associations vary based upon the clinical variant of PG. Specifically, classical PG tends to be associated most commonly with inflammatory bowel disease or arthritis, atypical PG is associated with leukaemic and preleukaemic states, and peristomal PG is most often associated with inflammatory bowel disease has also occurred in patients with stomas created after cancer surgery. PG is a diagnosis of exclusion and therefore cultures and biopsies are generally part of the evaluation. Once a diagnosis is established, management begins with treatment of an associated disorder when present. For patients without an associated disease, or for those where the associated disease is controlled or quiescent, therapy often begins with systemic corticosteroids with or without an immunosuppressive agent. There are no controlled, randomized trials that demonstrate the effectiveness of any of our therapeutic approaches for these patients, therefore the therapeutic ladder is one of personal choice. This presentation will focus on diagnosis, evaluation and therapy.
Biomechanics: bacterial flagellar switching under load.

Flagellated bacteria swim up gradients of chemical attractants by modulating the direction of rotation of their flagellar motors, but how this switching mechanism works is not understood. Here we show that the probability of the motor rotating in the clockwise direction increases under high load, when the motor spins slowly (at less than 50 Hz). We suggest that either the switch is responding to small changes in torque — the torque increases only fractionally between 50 Hz and stall — or it senses motor speed, perhaps by means of proton flux.
Expression by midbrain dopamine neurons of Sema3A and 3F receptors is associated with chemorepulsion in vitro but a mild in vivo phenotype

Here we explore the role of semaphorin 3A and 3F (Sema3A, Sema3F) in the formation of the mesotelencephalic pathway. We show that Sema3A and 3F are expressed in the ventral mesencephalon (VM) of E13.5 rat embryos; the receptors Neuropilin 1 and Neuropilin 2, and co-receptors L1CAM, NrCAM, and Plexins A1 and A3 but not A4 are expressed by VM dopaminergic neurons; these neurons bind Sema3A and 3F in vitro which induces collapse of their growth cones and elicits, with different potencies, a repulsive response; and this response is absent in axons from Nrp1 and Nrp2 null embryos. Despite these in vitro effects, only very mild anatomical defects were detected in the organization of the mesotelencephalic pathway in embryonic and adult Nrp1 or Nrp2 null mice. However, the dopaminergic meso-habenular pathway and catecholaminergic neurons in the parafascicular and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus were significantly affected in Nrp2 null mice. These data are consistent with a model whereby Sema3A and 3F, in combination with other guidance molecules, contributes to the navigation of DA axons to their final synaptic targets.
Phage integrases: biology and applications.

Phage integrases are enzymes that mediate unidirectional site-specific recombination between two DNA recognition sequences, the phage attachment site, attP, and the bacterial attachment site, attB. Integrases may be grouped into two major families, the tyrosine recombinases and the serine recombinases, based on their mode of catalysis. Tyrosine family integrases, such as λ integrase, utilize a catalytic tyrosine to mediate strand cleavage, tend to recognize longer attP sequences, and require other proteins encoded by the phage or the host bacteria. Phage integrases from the serine family are larger, use a catalytic serine for strand cleavage, recognize shorter attP sequences, and do not require host cofactors. Phage integrases mediate efficient site-specific recombination between two different sequences that are relatively short, yet long enough to be specific on a genomic scale. These properties give phage integrases growing importance for the genetic manipulation of living eukaryotic cells, especially those with large genomes such as mammals and most plants, for which there are few tools for precise manipulation of the genome. Integrases of the serine family have been shown to work efficiently in mammalian cells, mediating efficient integration at introduced att sites or native sequences that have partial identity to att sites. This reaction has applications in areas such as gene therapy, construction of transgenic organisms, and manipulation of cell lines. Directed evolution can be used to increase further the affinity of an integrase for a particular native sequence, opening up additional applications for genomic modification.
Interfractional Positional Variability of Fiducial Markers and Primary Tumors in Locally Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer During Audiovisual Biofeedback Radiotherapy

Purpose To evaluate implanted markers as a surrogate for tumor-based setup during image-guided lung cancer radiotherapy with audiovisual biofeedback. Methods and Materials Seven patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer were implanted bronchoscopically with gold coils. Markers, tumor, and a reference bony structure (vertebra) were contoured for all 10 phases of the four-dimensional respiration-correlated fan-beam computed tomography and weekly four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography. Results The systematic/random interfractional marker-to-tumor centroid displacements were 2/3, 2/2, and 3/3 mm in the x (lateral), y (anterior–posterior), and z (superior–inferior) directions, respectively. The systematic/random interfractional marker-to-bone displacements were 2/3, 2/3, and 2/3 mm in the x , y , and z directions, respectively. The systematic/random tumor-to-bone displacements were 2/3, 2/4, and 4/4 mm in the x , y , and z directions, respectively. All displacements changed significantly over time ( p Conclusions Although marker-based image guidance may decrease the risk for geometric miss compared with bony anatomy–based positioning, the observed displacements between markers and tumor centroids indicate the need for repeated soft tissue imaging, particularly in situations with large tumor volume change and large initial marker-to-tumor centroid distance.
A synthetic scheme for the preparation of carbon labelled furan compounds

A facile synthesis for the efficient incorporation of 14C or 13C into trisubstituted furan compounds has been elaborated. 3-Methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzofuran was prepared in five steps from methyl- and ethyl-2-oxo-1 cyclohexanecarboxylate with overall yield of 65%. Radioactive label was nearly quantitatively incorporated. One new compound, 7, has been prepared in elaborating the synthetic sequence.
Reflections on historical study in criminal justice curricula

Based on questionnaire responses from criminal justice programs that offer a history course, this paper discusses justifications and approaches to teaching criminal justice history. The author interviewed representatives of criminal justice doctoral programs to examine the extent to which future criminal justice educators are being exposed to historical study, and to what degree these programs are forging interdisciplinary links with history departments. A list of resources used by questionnaire respondents is included, and the author names other important historical resources for criminal justice educators.
Correlation of compartment pressure data from an intraoperative sensing device with postoperative fluoroscopic kinematic results in TKA patients

Fluoroscopy has recently been used to analyze postoperative kinematics in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). These analyses have reported varying results even in patients with similar implant design. In addition, patterns of wear in retrieved tibial polyethylene inserts of similar design have been found to vary substantially. These findings suggest that surgical technique, especially soft tissue balancing, may play a role in postoperative kinematics and implant failure. Accurate soft-tissue balancing is hypothesized to result in similar pressures within the medial and lateral compartments of the knee. However, a method of easily measuring these pressures at TKA has not been developed. In the present study, 32 patients were implanted with a mobile-bearing LCS TKA utilizing the balanced gap technique. An electronic pressure sensor, developed specifically to record pressure magnitude and distribution in the medial and lateral compartments, was incorporated into the implant trials. The knee was then passively taken through a range of motion while pressure data was recorded via computer. Postoperatively, 16 patients underwent active fluoroscopic kinematic analysis to assess for condylar liftoff and femorotibial translation. We found that abnormal compartment pressures and distributions as recorded by the intraoperative pressure sensor were correlated with inappropriate or paradoxical postoperative kinematics. In addition, subjects having similar pressures in both compartments throughout a range of motion did not experience condylar liftoff values greater than 1.0 mm. These data suggest that surgical technique influences the magnitude and distribution of forces at the articulation, postoperative kinematics, and likely, implant longevity.
In situ spectral reflectance monitoring of III–V epitaxy

Near normal incidence spectral reflectance was used to monitor the growth of ALAs, GaAs, and AlGaAs films by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition in real time. The simultaneous acquisition of reflectance data over a wide spectral bandwidth allows compositional discrimination between layers and greater thickness sensitivity than single wavelength measurements. The potential of this technique for application to device structures was demonstrated by moni-toring the fabrication of AlAs/AlGaAs visible distributed Bragg reflectors.
Water Quality Response to the Partial Casing of a Well

The computer model MODFLOW was used to model the water quality effects caused by casing off a contaminated layer in a well screened across multiple hydrogeologic units. Water produced from the contaminated layer is initially prevented from entering the well, but eventually a new concentration steady state is reached in which the contamination returns to the original level. The time needed for establishment of the new concentration steady state is primarily a function of aquifer conductivity and is essentially independent of aquitard conductivity. Under the modeled conditions, pressure steady state was reached in less than 100 days. Under the same conditions, concentration steady state was reached in less than 6000 days.
Dielectric phantoms for electromagnetic radiation

Abstract This report describes the design and performance of a synthetic material that has the same dielectric heating characteristics as living muscle in the 1–1000 MHz frequency range. This dielectric phantom is a combination of four components: 1) a 50/50 solution of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate chosen to have the same dielectric constant as water, 2) an organic salt to provide the same conductivity as biological electrolytes, 3) flakes of polyethylene terephthalate to provide the interfacial polarization that occurs at cell walls in biological tissue and 4) an inorganic and/or polymeric gelling agent to provide mechanical rigidity. The resulting composite material is more stable to biological attack and drying than are existing aqueous based phantom materials, and its dielectric properties are more closely matched to those of natural tissues over most of the frequency range from 1–1000 MHz.
Evaluation of the long-term pancreatic effects of constitutive nitric oxide synthase inhibition in dogs.

Constitutive and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) catalyze the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine in various tissues and in different pathophysiologic states. Short-term treatment with NOS inhibitors has been associated with pancreatic enzyme elevations and pancreatic acinar cell degeneration; however, long-term pancreatic effects of NOS inhibition are not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the subchronic pancreatic effects of L-nitro-arginine (LNA), a compound that preferentially inhibits constitutive NOS isoforms. LNA was administered orally at doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg per day to 6 female dogs/group for 4 weeks. To differentiate whether the pancreatic effects of LNA may be related to its arginine structure, an additional group was given L-arginine (L-Arg) at plasma concentrations similar to the high dose of LNA (30 mg/kg per day). Pancreatic effects were monitored by changes in serum levels of pancreatic enzymes at regular intervals and by microscopic examinations at the end of the study. Both LNA and L-Arg were systematically available throughout the 4-week study period. LNA produced dose-related elevations (1.3–10-fold above concurrent control) in serum levels of pancreatic enzymes (amylase, lipase and trypsin-like immunoreactivity) during the 4-week treatment period with peak elevations occurring during the first week. Histologic assessments of the pancreas conducted at the end of the 4-week dosing period were unremarkable. Additionally, LNA treatment resulted in reduction in heart rate (40%), gastric distension and gastric mucosal erosion and ulceration. No pancreatic, cardiac, or gastric effects were seen with L-Arg, indicating that above effects were likely due to NOS inhibition. Results of this study confirmed previous observations of acute pancreatic alterations following the inhibition of constitutive NOS isoforms. However, these pancreatic alterations appear to be only transient effects as elevations in serum enzymes declined over time and no structural acinar cell damage was seen after continuous treatment with LNA for 4 weeks, suggesting an adaptation to NOS inhibition over time.
Obstruction to Positive Curvature on Homogeneous Bundles

Examples of almost-positively and quasi-positively curved spaces of the form M = H\((G, h) × F) were discovered recently [J. Differential Geom. 65:273–287, 2003; Invent. Math. 148:117–141, 2002]. Here h is a left-invariant metric on a compact Lie group G, F is a compact Riemannian manifold on which the subgroup $$H\subset G$$ acts isometrically on the left, and M is the orbit space of the diagonal left action of H on (G, h) × F with the induced Riemannian submersion metric. We prove that no new examples of strictly positive sectional curvature exist in this class of metrics. This result generalizes the case F = {point} proven by Geroch [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 66(2):321–326, 1977].
Cetacean visual pigments.

Abstract Visual pigments from marine cetaceans, as in other mammals, are homogeneous and based on the retinal-l chromophore, but show a wider range in absorption maxima. Maxima range from 497 to 486 nm and for one species to 481 nm, but with less certainty. This distribution correlates best with the dominant hue present in the habitat of each species. The diving habits of cetaceans provide behavioral contrasts to most marine fishes. The particular wavelength sensitivity of oceanic cetaceans perhaps represents a compromise intermediate to the dim blue radiance encountered at diving depths and the brighter blue-green radiance of surface waters.
Experimental implementation of Multi-Agent System algorithm for distributed restoration of a Smart Grid System

There have been numerous simulation works done on Grid Restoration using Multi-Agent System but almost no experimental work to ascertain the duplicity of these simulation results. This work aims to experimentally perform distributed restoration of a smart power grid system. The concept used in this research is based on the distributed and intelligent multi-agent system technology where multiple smart entities are geographically spread and if equipped with two-way communication capability these entities are able to reach goals or solutions that would have been impossible to reach with non-smart entities. The technology is implemented through the use of a six-bus experimental test bed set up using Tennessee Technological University Smart Grid Laboratory which is undergoing rapid development. The experimental results obtained align with simulation results published earlier and show that the proposed system can restore power in a timely manner without violating any constraints.
The DNA/RNA‐Binding Protein, Translin, Binds microRNA122a and Increases Its In Vivo Stability

Translin (TSN), also known as testis-brain RNA-binding protein, is proposed to bind to breakpoint junctions at chromosomal translocations in the nucleus and to specific RNAs in the cytoplasm. In germ cells of the mouse testis, it recognizes target mRNAs transcribed by the transcription factor CREM-tau in spermatids, specific meiotically expressed mRNAs, and a noncoding RNA that encodes piRNAs. Here we show that TSN also binds to the microRNA miR-122a. MiR-122a is expressed in late-stage germ cells and is complementary to a sequence in the 3' untranslated region of the transition protein 2 mRNA. The binding of TSN to miR-122a increases its in vivo stability, suggesting an additional posttranscriptional function for TSN.
Aggregated versus disaggregated data in regression analysis: implications for inference

Abstract This note demonstrates why regression coefficients and their statistical significance differ across degrees of data aggregation. Given the frequent use of aggregated data to explain individual behavior, data aggregation can result in misleading conclusions regarding the economic behavior of individuals.
Analysis of the Driving Forces for Multiple Cracks in an Infinite Nonhomogeneous Plate, Part II: Numerical Solutions

In Part I of this work, an analytical model was developed for the fundamental solution for a crack embedded in an infinite nonhomogeneous plate. This fundamental solution is used here to generate the stress intensity factors and strain energy release rates for fully interactive multiple crack problems. Also, a numerical technique used in solving the singular integral equation in Part I is presented, along with a parametric study. The parametric study addresses the influence of crack distance, relative angular orientation, and the coefficient of nonhomogeneity on the crack driving forces. The strain energy release rate is recommended for use as a crack propagation criterion because it depends on the local material properties as well as all the remaining parameters contained in the stress intensity factors.
Upper bounds for p-divisibility of sets of Bernoulli numbers

Abstract Kummer's criterion asserts that a prime p divides the class number of the pield of p th roots of unity if and only if p divides the numerator of at least one of the Bernoulli numbers B 2 , B 4 ,…, B p −3 . We partition the set { B 2 , B 4 ,…, B p −3 } into certain “divisions” and prove that up to a higher order term at most one-half of the B 2 k in a given division can be divisible by p .
The enzymatic preparation of L(+)‐3‐hydroxy(3‐14C)butyrate

L(+)-3-hydroxy(3-14C)butyrate was prepared by treating the D, L-racemic mixture with the stereospecific D-(−)-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase enzyme. The unfavorable equilibrium position of the dehydrogenase was overcome by the addition of acetaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase. The D-isomer was converted by this treatment to acetoacetate. The unreacted L(+)-3-hydroxy(3-14C)butyrate was then isolated by preparative silica gel chromatography in an overall yield of 65%.
Intercultural Attitudes Predict Favorable Study Abroad Expectations of U.S. College Students

This study focused on identifying intercultural attitudes associated with favorable expectations about participation in study abroad programs. A total of 282 U.S. 1st-year college students completed a questionnaire that included measures of ethnocentrism, intercultural communication apprehension, language interest and competence, prejudice, intolerance of ambiguity, and expectations about study abroad. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that favorable expectations about study abroad were best predicted by levels of language interest, followed by low ethnocentrism and low intercultural communication apprehension. Female participants were significantly more likely than male participants to have positive expectations of study abroad and indicated significantly less ethnocentrism and intercultural communication apprehension and greater language interest. These findings suggest that interest in international study programs may be facilitated in part by interventions addressing intergroup attitudes...
A Simultaneous Equation Model of Corporate Strategy

Over the past decade strategy has become a concept of value to management as it relates the firm to the threats and opportunities of an increasingly turbulent environment. However, empirical tests of the validity of the strategy construct have been limited, as have been the managerial applications of the models used to test the construct. Early research efforts, both analytical and empirical, have shown that quantitative modeling of strategy could be a tool of value in helping top management achieve the goal is of the firm [Gershefski, George W. 1969. Building a corporate financial model. Harvard Business Rev. July--August 61--72; Guth, W. D. 1972. Product differentiation and concentration in the brewing industry. J. Business Policy.2 3 31--36.]. Prior research has been limited to single equation models linking strategy and environment to only one performance goal, profitability. While there is some controversy about it, complex organizations set multiple, and sometimes conflicting goals, creating a need for models that car; encompass more than a single performance goal. Moreover, the interactive effects of strategic variables governing the efficiency of daily operations, suggests that single equation models of strategy cannot capture the complexity of the modern firm. This research explores the use of a simultaneous equation model of corporate strategy as a means of overcoming the multiple performance goal problem, while capturing the complex patterns of the strategic, operating, and environmental variables that influence goal achievement. The difficulties of estimating the model, including the problems of sample heterogeneity so important to this type of work, are identified and discussed using data and results taken from the U.S. brewing industry.
Polarisation effects in SAW acousto-optic interactions

The polarisation dependence of the incidence-angle bandwidth of the acousto-optic interaction between an unguided, `side-entry´, optical beam and a surface acoustic wave in YZ-LiNbO3 is analysed and compared with reported experimental results.
Photoinduced ligand transformations in a ruthenium complex of dimethoxytetrapyridotetraazapentacene

The dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex [(phen)2Ru(tatpOMe)Ru(phen)2]4+ (24+; phen is 1,10-phenanthroline and tatpOMe is 10,21-dimethoxy-9,10,20,33-tetraazatetrapyrido[3,2-a:2′3′-c:3′′,2′′-l:2′′′,3′′′-n]pentacene) has been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, ESI mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Loss of methoxy group from bridging ligand of complex 24+ due to irradiation is observed by 1H NMR and photochemistry. The interrelated electronic properties UV-Vis, electrochemistry, photochemistry and molecular orbital calculation are analyzed and discussed on the bridging ligand of the complex 24+.
Estimating Driven Pile Side Resistance from SPT-Torque Tests

Despite its many perceived shortcomings, the Standard Penetration Test remains the most common site investigation tool used throughout the world. The results from the SPT are often used to estimate side resistance of piles. The SPT- Torque Test or SPT-T is a simple modification to the SPT in which the traditional SPT is complemented by a torque measurement after driving the split spoon to give a more direct measurement of side resistance between the soil and the spoon. SPT-T tests performed at a number of sites demonstrate that the results obtained from the SPT-T may be used to estimate pile side resistance much in the same way that the CPT "friction sleeve" is used. The results show a direct correlation between SPT N60-values and unit side resistance. This is consistent with observations reported in the literature relating N to side resistance of full scale piles. The results are used to provide some reasoning for the apparent correlations reported in the literature and suggest that the SPT-T can be a valuable test for making preliminary estimates of pile side resistance. ABSTRACT: Despite its many perceived shortcomings, the Standard Penetration Test remains the most common site investigation tool used throughout the world. The results from the SPT are often used to estimate side resistance of piles. The SPT- Torque Test or SPT-T is a simple modification to the SPT in which the traditional SPT is complemented by a torque measurement after driving the split spoon to give a more direct measurement of side resistance between the soil and the spoon. SPT-T tests performed at a number of sites demonstrate that the results obtained from the SPT-T may be used to estimate pile side resistance much in the same way that the CPT "friction sleeve" is used. The results show a direct correlation between SPT N60-values and unit side resistance. This is consistent with observations reported in the literature relating N to side resistance of full scale piles. The results are used to provide some reasoning for the apparent correlations reported in the literature and suggest that the SPT-T can be a valuable test for making preliminary estimates of pile side resistance.
A machine learning approach for finding hyperspectral endmembers

A support vector algorithm for detecting endmembers in a hyperspectral image is introduced. It is a novel method for finding the spectral convexities in a high-dimensional space which addresses several limitations of previous endmember methods. A new approach for estimating the number of endmembers using rate-distortion theory is also presented. It is based upon the observation that the endmembers form a set of basis vectors for the hyperspectral datacube using the linear mixture model. The result is a fully-automatic method for endmember detection. Experimental results using the Cuprite datacube are presented.
Code Mixing in a Young Bilingual Child

As the culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) population of the United States continues to increase dramatically, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) face the challenge how best to serve child...
Want a Better Team? Foster a Climate of Fairness

The article reports on a study pertaining to factors associated with fair corporate climates and the impact of fairness on team performance. Researchers discovered that when team members embraced a collective view of team operations they were more likely to feel that they were being treated fairly. The study also indicated that a strong climate of fairness leads to better team performance and lower levels of absenteeism. Fair treatment is perceived to give team members a sense of dignity and respect.
Amyloidosis in hamsters with leishmaniasis.

SummaryForty-six days after successful inoculation of L. donovani into hamsters, there appeared edema associated with amyloidosis. There was marked anasarca at 60 and 77 days after infection with extensive deposition of amyloid in the glomeruli and the adrenal cortex. The hypoalbuminemia, which coincided with the edema and a proteinuria, is believed to have been caused by the impairment of glomerular function.