cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simple method for improving crustal corrections in waveform tomography

SUMMARY Accurate accounting for the effects of crustal structure on long-period seismic surface waves and overtones is difficult but indispensable for determining elastic structure in the mantle. While standard linear crustal corrections (SLC) have been shown to be inadequate on the global scale, newer non-linear correction (NLC) techniques are computationally expensive when applied to waveforms containing higher frequencies and/or overtones. We devise, implement, and verify a modified SLC approach that mimics the non-linear effects of the crust without substantially increasing the computational costs. While theoretically less accurate than the NLC approach, in practice, the reduced computational costs allow this ‘modified linear correction’ (MLC) technique to be applied at higher frequencies and using more detailed crustal regionalizations than is possible with NLC. In order to validate the MLC technique, we use the spectral element method to carry out a series of synthetic tests. These tests demonstrate that MLC nearly eliminates the contamination of mantle isotropic structure by unmodelled crustal effects, which can be substantial in the uppermost 150 km when using SLC. Furthermore, we show that MLC significantly reduces contamination of anisotropic structure compared to SLC, the inaccuracies of which are significant in the upper 250 km and can even obliterate the mantle anisotropic signature at depths shallower than 100 km. Finally, we apply the MLC technique to a real long period waveform data set and demonstrate the benefit of improved crustal corrections on the retrieved model.
The Mutation of Professionalism as a Contested Diffusion Process: Clinical Guidelines as Carriers of Institutional Change in Medicine

The Anglo-American institution of the profession is mutating: we propose to analyse this mutation as a contested diffusion process that spreads new organizing practices among professionals. We offer an integrated account of the roles played in this diffusion/mutation process by facilitating and impeding factors at three levels: individual professionals (their autonomy, expertise, values, identities, and ties), professional organizations (their strategies, structures, cultures, skills, and systems), and the broader institutional field (professional associations, accountability demands, and competition). At the occupational and organizational level, we show how the distinctive and evolving features of professionalism moderate the mechanisms found in prior research on diffusion in other, non-professional settings; and at the field level, we show how field-level forces moderate the impact of professionalism on these diffusion dynamics. Changes at each of these levels interact with changes at the others, with influences flowing both downward and upward. We ground and illustrate this theoretical synthesis with evidence from the case of clinical guidelines as carriers of institutional change in the medical profession.
Hyperglycemic Emergencies: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious acute complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus and, less commonly, type 2 diabetes mellitus. DKA continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes, despite significant advances in the treatment of DKA. With prompt and appropriate treatment, the mortality rate between 5-20%, but this increases substantially with aging and the presence of concomitant severe illness.
A comparison of command, menu-selection and natural-language computer programs

Abstract An experiment compared three man-machine language interfaces to the same interactive computer program: command language, menu selection and natural language. No significant differences were found between language modes for time, error and attitude measures. Significant task differences were found for word and line counts as well as for several two-way interactions. The results suggest that the interface to the program (natural language, menu selection or commands) may not be as important as the structure and constraints of the underlying program.
Surgical Approaches in Thyroid Cancer : What the Radiologist Needs to Know

This article discusses the broad topic of thyroid cancer, with a focus on giving the reader an understanding of the basis for surgical decision making. The reader will gain an understanding of the embryology, anatomy, and various cancer pathologies than can affect the thyroid gland. The reader will also be exposed to clinical correlations that greatly assist in management of these cancers. Planning and rationale for various surgical procedures are also discussed.
In vivo red cell glycolytic control and DPG-ATP levels.

Much of clinical medicine involves a struggle against hypoxic diseases (such as heart disease, pulmonary disease, and anemia), all of which owe their morbidity and mortality ultimately to inadequate tissue oxygenation. Because of the quantitative significance of these kinds of diseases in health today, it is particularly important to try to understand and exploit the possible compensatory mechanisms for inadequate tissue oxygenation. FIGURE 1 puts the role of the red cell in perspective with other factors influencing tissue oxygenation. As the figure indicates, the factors that influence tissue oxygenation can be considered under four categories : cardiac output, pulmonary oxygen exchange, red cell oxygen transport, and lastly, hematological parameters, that is, red cell mass and amount of hemoglobin per red cell. Of course, an abnormality in any one of the four oxygen transport factors can be compensated somewhat by alterations in the other three factors. For instance, anemia leads to an increase in cardiac output and hyperventilation as well as to changes in red cell oxygen transport. Our emphasis in this paper, however, centers on those changes within the individual red cell that may improve its oxygen delivery during each transit through the tissue. Potentially, the most important change in this regard is a decrease in the oxygen affinity of the red cell (a shift to the right of the oxygen dissociation curve). A question of importance that has not yet been answered is whether or not oxygen affinity within the ranges seen normally and pathologically in various mammalian species really influences function. Theoretically, it can be shown in man that a 3 mm right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve, as might be produced by a 25% increase in DPG,t has a potential for 22% greater oxygen transport if cardiac output, ventilation, and hemoglobin levels remain the same.’ This theoretical benefit is based upon essentially a resting situation in which blood with a normal oxygen affinity returns to the lungs with approximately 70% of its oxygen remaining, whereas with a decrease in oxygen affinity the blood returns more deoxygenated. With stress such as exercise or in certain organs such as the heart, desaturation is more complete and the theoretical benefit of decreased oxygen affinity is relatively less. The effect of changes in oxygen affinity can also be examined in terms of the hypothetical drop in tissue
Mechanism of Crumb Rubber Modifier Dissolution into Asphalt Matrix and Its Effect on Final Physical Properties of Crumb Rubber-Modified Binder

Modification of asphalt by crumb rubber modifier (CRM) is mostly done through exchange of components between asphalt and CRM. At 160°C and 10 Hz, CRM absorbs aromatics of asphalt and swells; however, at 220°C and 50 Hz, CRM dissolves into the asphalt; this process leads to the release of different components of CRM including carbon black, fillers, and polymeric and oily components. Depending on interaction conditions, CRM dissolution is performed differently, and therefore the state and role of the released components can be different. In this research different mechanisms of dissolution of one size of CRM in asphalt matrix and their effects on property development of modified asphalt were studied by using different analytic techniques, including dissolution test, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Dissolution test results in combination with DSR results indicate the state and the role of CRM particles in the matrix, while T...
An electrically-small multi-frequency genetic antenna immersed in a dielectric powder

Emerging military and commercial applications require more compact and light weight systems. Some of the potential applications for small antennas are for satellites, unmanned airborne vehicles, manpacks, radio frequency identification and mobile communications. Since the antenna is often the largest system component, electrically small antennas are desirable. It has been shown that resonant antennas, that will fit in a cubic volume as small as 1/20th of a wavelength on a side, can be designed using a genetic algorithm [1, 2]. Placing an electrically small antenna in a dielectric further reduces its operational frequency, where that frequency is defined as one for which the antenna has an acceptable performance. However, as the antenna becomes electrically smaller, its Quality Factor (Q) becomes larger and the bandwidth becomes smaller, thus limiting it to very narrow bandwidth systems. However, it has been found that an antenna immersed in a dielectric, also has a set of higher frequencies at which it is operational. Thus, although an antenna in a dielectric cannot operate over a wide continuous band of frequencies, it can be used for multi-frequency applications.
Optimal server bandwidth allocation for streaming multiple streams via P2P multicast

We consider the general scenario where content hosted by the server comprises streams and each peer can subscribe one or more streams. Multiple multicast trees are built to deliver the streams to respective peers while exploiting the overlap of their interests for efficient and scalable delivery. We propose an optimization framework for allocating server bandwidth to minimize distortion across the peer population. We apply the framework to a novel application, peer-to-peer (P2P) multicast live video streaming with virtual pan/tilt/zoom functionality. In this application, each user can watch arbitrary regions of a high-spatial-resolution scene yet the system exploits overlapping interests by building multicast trees. Experimental results indicate that optimal server bandwidth allocation enhances the delivered quality across the peer population.
Faecal incontinence in adults.

Summary Faecal incontinence can affect individuals of all ages and in many cases greatly impairs quality of life, but incontinent patients should not accept their debility as either inevitable or untreatable. Education of the general public and of health-care providers alike is important, because most cases are readily treatable. Many cases of mild incontinence respond to simple medical therapy, whereas patients with more advanced incontinence are best cared for after complete physiological assessment. Recent advances in therapy have led to promising results, even for patients with refractory incontinence. Health-care providers must make every effort to communicate fully with incontinent patients and to help restore their self-esteem, eliminate their self-imposed isolation, and allow them to resume an active and productive lifestyle.
The Multiattribute Utility Tree

This paper introduces the notion of a multiattribute utility tree. This graphical representation decomposes the von Neumann--Morgenstern utility of a multiattribute consequence into a sum of products of indifference probability assessments of binary gambles. The utility tree displays the sequence of gambles required to elicit the utility value of a consequence. In addition, it enables the analyst to conduct consistency checks on the indifference assessments provided by the decision maker and to change the order of the assessments based on her comfort level. Once the indifference assessments are provided, the utility value of a consequence can be obtained by direct rollback analysis. On a continuous domain, the utility tree decomposes the functional form of a multiattribute utility function into a sum of products of normalized conditional utility functions. Each attribute in the expansion is conditioned on the boundary values of the attributes expanded before it. This formulation provides a general method for deriving the functional form of a multiattribute utility function under a wide variety of conditions. It also leads to several new independence concepts such as “boundary independence,” which is a weaker condition than utility independence, and “corner independence,” which makes higher-order independence assertions. Reversing the order of the nodes in the tree relates several widely used notions of utility independence found in the literature.
The Future of Nuclear Physics

Nuclear physics is on the threshold of new and exciting developments stemming both from new understanding of the nuclear many-body system and new higher-energy probes—electrons, kaons and heavy-ions—that are becoming available or on the horizon. The discovery of new dynamic symmetries and the parallel establishment of an algebraic, rather than a geometric, approach has revolutionized our understanding of nuclear structure and promises a similar inpact on nuclear dynamics. The response of the nuclear system to ever increasing angular momentum and temperature is being mapped out with characteristic gross changes in shape and behavior. Higher-energy electron beams are probing the nuclear interior—long an ignored domain—and establishing the roles of meson currents and the validity of shell model concepts deep in the nuclear interior. They will soon be able to map the transition from nucleonic to quark matter within the nucleus—the appearance of nucleon isobars and their melting with the beginning of quark deconfinement. Current lattice gauge calculations predict the deconfinement phase transition at a temperature of about 200 MeV. Relativistic heavy-ion studies have already demonstrated that densities several times normal are achieved in centralcollisions;the next generation of experiments in this field holds promise of probing the quark-gluon plasma and of giving access to the equation of state of nuclear matter. Quantum chromodynamics may provide the key to understanding of the strong nuclear interaction at a fundamental level—perhaps equivalent to what has already been achieved in quantum electrodynamics—as new phenomena emerge at relativistic energies. But at the same time, it bears emphasis that radioactivity—double beta decay, searches for finite neutrino mass and for neutron-antineutron oscillations, for example—and studies with low-energy Van de Graaff and cyclotron accelerators continue to provide data that are critical to our understanding of nuclear phenomena. As our microscopic knowledge of nuclear structure improves, the nucleus becomes an ever more powerful microscopic laboratory wherein some of the most fundamental symmetries and interactions in nature can be subjected to quantitative tests. All contribute to the fabric of nuclear science and to the rich interfaces between nuclear and its sister sciences.
Using Atmospheric Budgets as a Constraint on Surface Fluxes

Abstract Possible methods for estimating surface fluxes include (i) use of bulk fluxes and in situ observations, (ii) use of model parameterizations to interpret specified inputs and compute surface fluxes, and (iii) various indirect methods, which rely on the fact that the mass and surface heat, energy, and momentum budgets must balance and so, given computations of all the other components in the various budget equations applied to fields either within the ocean or the atmosphere, fluxes may be inferred as a residual. This paper reviews the third approach using indirect methods and outlines the advantages associated with the use of global atmospheric analyses from four-dimensional data assimilation (4DDA). The time mean increment required in producing analyses in 4DDA is identical to the systematic short-term (6 h) assimilating model forecast error and is most likely due to errors in the model physics. Therefore, the analyses include a desirable fix, which allows the sum of the “physics” to be deduced f...
Kontsevich Integral Invariants for Random Trajectories

In connection with the investigation of the topological properties of stochastic flows, we encounter the problem of description of braids formed by several trajectories of the flow starting from different points. The complete system of invariants for braids is well known. This system is known as the system of Vasil’ev invariants and distinguishes braids to within a homotopy. We consider braids formed by the trajectories Z k (t) = X k (t) + iY k (t) such that X k , Y k , 1 ≤ k ≤ n, are continuous semimartingales with respect to a common filtration. For these braids, we establish a representation of the indicated invariants in the form of iterated Stratonovich integrals.
Germinal Centers: Gaining Strength from the Dark Side

Germinal center B cells exist in two conditions, a dark zone state and a light zone state. Two studies in this issue (Dominguez-Sola et al., 2015; Sander et al., 2015) report that Foxo1 deficiency causes an almost complete loss of dark zone cells and an inability to undergo robust antibody affinity maturation.
Stigma Mitigation and the Importance of Redundant Treatments

Abstract Disgust can evoke strong behavioral responses. Sometimes these extreme visceral responses can lead to stigmatization—an overreaction to a risk. In fact, disgust may be so inhibiting that it leads people to refuse to consume completely safe items, such as treated drinking water, leading to important economic and policy implications. Using economic experiments, we provide a measure of the behavioral response to disgust. Our findings suggest that when monetary incentives are provided, the behavioral response may have been exaggerated by previous studies that have relied on survey methods. Furthermore, mitigation steps successfully reduce the stigma behavior. In fact, the results suggest that stigma is primarily reduced not by a specific mitigation step taken but by how many steps are taken consecutively. These results have important implications for policies addressing issues such as the global shortage of drinking water. Some efforts to resolve the shortage have involved recycled water that is completely safe to drink but is often rejected because of reactions of disgust.
The Nuisance Settlement 'Problem': The Elusive Truth and a Clarifying Proposal

Many analysts have studied nuisance-value settlements and the disruption they pose to the administration of civil justice in the United States. Concerns about litigation extortion have been expressed. Economic models for why nuisance litigation occurs have been offered. Solutions to the crisis have been proposed. Despite this attention, the surprising truth is that actual proof of a nuisance settlement problem simply does not exist. For reasons such as settlement confidentiality, this lack of empirical evidence is not likely to change any time soon. The absence of reliable data has consequences for legal reform. Without an accurate measurement of the impact of nuisance litigation, crafting solutions proportionate to the problem becomes all the more difficult. Because the perception of a litigation crisis stands far ahead of the proof, there is a significant danger that proposals aimed at curbing nuisance litigation will overreach, causing unintended effects. Still, there is progress to be made. Ultimately, whether a particular plaintiff intends to abuse the legal system by filing a meritless claim comes down to this inquiry: what did the plaintiff know and when did the plaintiff know it? To aid in answering this question, this Article proposes a five-part test for determining nuisance intent. The test focuses the nuisance analysis on how a plaintiff acts to determine what that plaintiff actually believes. It is not enough to look at the face of a complaint and try to divine conclusions about the plaintiff's state of mind. Something more is needed. The test I propose aims to provide that something more. On the deterrence side, I then propose the Nuisance Litigation Sanctions Act, which combines the nuisance intent test with a number of small but important procedural changes designed to heighten the ability of defendants to seek relief against nuisance filings.
Benign Chondroblastoma: Report of Four Cases with a Discussion of the Presence of Ossification

Four cases of benign chondroblastoma are presented. In one of the cases the neoplasm recurred, but it is believed that this recurrence was due to incompleteness of the initial curettage. The benign nature of our cases is consistent with other published reports. The presence of bone formation in benign chondroblastoma was investigated. In each of the four cases there was unequivocal evidence of bone formation; however, the degrees varied from minimal to quite prominent. It is emphasized that lesions which involve significant amounts of new bone formation can be confused with primary osteoblastic lesions. Polarization microscopy of the bone in benign chondroblastoma reveals a woven collagenous pattern, regardless of whether osteoblastic rimming is present.
Continual Partial Attention

Linda Stone, a Microsoft researcher, was quoted by Thomas Friedman in the New York Times as describing our present state of mind as one of “continual partial attention.” Friedman himself gets personal: “I love that phrase. It means that while you are answering your e-mail and talking to your kid, your cell phone rings and you have a conversation. Now you are involved in a continuous flow of interactions in which you can only partially concentrate on each.”
MP37-01 EXPANDED PROSTATE CANCER INDEX COMPOSITE-26 (EPIC-26) ONLINE: VALIDATION OF AN INTERNET-BASED INSTRUMENT FOR ASSESSMENT OF HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE AFTER TREATMENT FOR LOCALIZED PROSTATE CANCER

ABSTRACT Objectives To test the validity of an Internet-based version of Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC-26) versus the phone-based version. Most men will survive for years after treatment for localized prostate cancer (PCa) and may experience lasting treatment-related toxicities affecting health-related quality of life. The EPIC-26 is a validated instrument that measures health-related quality of life across 5 PCa-specific domains. Previously, EPIC-26 was administered via phone in a large multicenter clinical trial. Methods We developed an Internet-based version of EPIC-26. We recruited subjects from two prospective longitudinal study cohorts of PCa patients undergoing local therapy: PROST-QA, and PROSTQA-RP2. Subjects were randomized to either an "Internet-first" or "phone-first" group. Subjects were offered the alternate questionnaire modality 2 weeks after completing the initial modality. Results 181 subjects were offered enrollment; 133 agreed to participate. 65 subjects were randomized to the "Internet- first" group and 68 subjects to the "phone-first" group. Of these, 37 and 26 subjects respectively completed both questionnaire versions (response rate: 44.4%). Test-retest analysis showed significant intraclass correlations in all 5 domains of EPIC-26: urinary incontinence (r = 0.96), urinary irritation (r = 0.85), bowel function (r = 0.61), sexual function (r = 0.94), and hormonal function (r = 0.89). There was no effect of order of questionnaire administration. Conclusion This study demonstrates excellent correlation of responses between Internet-based and phone-based EPIC-26 administration. All domains demonstrated test-retest reliability between modalities, without ordering effect. This validates the use of internet-based EPIC-26 in international registries as part of the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement effort, and may facilitate its use in clinical practice and quality improvement.
Testicular torsion: temporal considerations.

Unilateral testicular torsion may result in contralateral testicular alterations which appear immunologically mediated and avoidable by immunosuppression or orchiectomy of the twisted testicle within 24 hours. This study was instituted to assess three temporal aspects of these observations: (1) The effect of prepubertal torsion was studied. It was found that after prepubertal torsion, the contralateral testicle underwent normal development. (2) The duration of torsion necessary to result in contralateral testicular alterations in adult rats was studied. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) histograms were utilized to assess disturbed spermatogenesis. After>8 hours of torsion, detorsion offered no protection to the contralateral testicle. Marked alterations occurred in DNA histograms of 60% to 80% of the animals. (3) The duration and significance of these alterations were assessed. The alterations persisted in the contralateral testis 6 months, and the fertility rates were significantly lower than for control animals.
Postcoital Test: Physiologic Basis, Technique, and Interpretation

The postcoital test determines the adequacy of sperm and the receptivity of cervical mucus. It is the only test which evaluates the interaction between sperm and the female genital tract fluids. The Sims-Huhner test should be an integral part of an infertility investigation, but it must not be used as a substitute for semen analysis. Since cervical mucus accurately reflects the ovarian cycle, the PC test is a useful indicator of the endocrine preparation of the female reproductive system. It is also an important method for the evaluation of a variety of contraceptive steroids which may act directly or indirectly upon cervical secretion. For best results the test should be properly timed, meticulously performed, and knowledgeably interpreted.
Indigeneity in Asia: an emerging but contested concept

This introduction presents background information about some of the ways that the concept of indigenous peoples is emerging but is also being contested in Asia. Indeed, many governments in Asia accept that there are indigenous peoples in the world, but claim that the concept does not apply to them due to a relative lack of European settler colonization in the continent. This is why many governments of Asia signed onto the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007, but with the understanding that UNDRIP does not apply to them. This has become known as ‘the salt-water theory’ or the ‘Asian controversy’. This special issue includes five articles that variously consider the ways that the concept of indigeneity is being deployed in various parts of Asia, including Cambodia, Myanmar, and Nepal, and also transnationally between Thailand, Myanmar, China and Laos; and between Cambodia, Vietnam and the United States.
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME OF THE FOREARM AND HAND

Compartment syndrome in the hand and forearm is a serious and debilitating complication of crush injury. Pain with passive motion is the most reliable physical finding; however, compartment pressure measurement is the only truly reliable method of diagnosis. Immediate and adequate decompression will prevent the development of Volkmann's ischemic contracture and its associated severe loss of function in the affected extremity.
High-Resolution Particle-Scale Simulation of Biomass Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis is an important process encountered in direct combustion, gasification, and fast pyrolysis of solid biomass materials. This paper describes a computational study of biomass pyrolysis at the particle scale, considering the intraparticle transport phenomena and flow fields surrounding the particles. The lattice Boltzmann method, chosen to solve the conservation equations, was coupled with a chemical reaction mechanism to simulate the pyrolysis kinetics. The flow field was directly resolved at a scale smaller than the particle size, and Darcy’s law was employed to simulate the gas flow in the porous biomass particle. The present numerical method was validated by predicting the pyrolysis process of a single biomass particle. The numerical results agreed with experimental data on the temperature history and extent of conversion of the biomass particle under pyrolysis conditions. A small-scale fast pyrolysis reactor was also simulated. The numerical results indicated that the pyrolysis process may be ...
Reengineering the Tumor Microenvironment to Alleviate Hypoxia and Overcome Cancer Heterogeneity

Solid tumors consist of cancer cells and stromal cells, including resident and transiting immune cells-all ensconced in an extracellular matrix (ECM)-nourished by blood vessels and drained by lymphatic vessels. The microenvironment constituents are abnormal and heterogeneous in morphology, phenotype, and physiology. Such irregularities include an inefficient tumor vascular network comprised of leaky and compressed vessels, which impair blood flow and oxygen delivery. Low oxygenation in certain tumor regions-or focal hypoxia-is a mediator of cancer progression, metastasis, immunosuppression, and treatment resistance. Thus, repairing an abnormal and heterogeneous microenvironment-and hypoxia in particular-can significantly improve treatments of solid tumors. Here, we summarize two strategies to reengineer the tumor microenvironment (TME)-vessel normalization and decompression-that can alleviate hypoxia. In addition, we discuss how these two strategies alone and in combination with each other-or other therapeutic strategies-may overcome the challenges posed by cancer heterogeneity.
Fears from a medical student part II: Prepping the patient.

> > Veins replete with burning medicine, his eyes > > > > shiver shut. Is it quite the same to call this sleep? > > > > He's surrounded by masks, whispering and weaving, > > > > cleansing his arms, piercing taut skin. A catheter > > > > slithers into the …
Innovation as national industrial policy

Innovation and technology development have become synonymous in the minds of policymakers in virtually all of the major industrial nations. Yet, as nations set out to establish innovation as a national priority or to incorporate innovation stimuli as components of national industrial policy, there are existing internal politico–economic structures that limit the tools that national governments can and/or do use to facilitate innovation strategies. This paper explores both the concept of innovation as national industrial policy and the policy tools different national economic systems can use to build industrial innovation into national industrial policy.
Clinical Research Applications of Health Disparities Science in Community Settings

The goals of this chapter are (1) to provide an overview of the different types and approaches to conducting clinical research, including health disparities studies in community-based settings, (2) to present a framework for researchers to conceptualize the community as an appropriate level of intervention to improve health and health care, (3) to present useful steps to consider when planning and conducting clinical research in community settings, and (4) to provide a conceptual framework to guide research and community engagement. The chapter provides an overview of the essential steps that require careful consideration at all points in the planning, design, development, and implementation of clinical research studies, and emphasizes the need for community engagement. In any community-based research, the studies of impact are those that have been carefully designed and implemented with community input, and that meet community needs and are valued or adopted by the community. These are usually the studies that adhere to the highest standards of ethical and scientific practices. Well-designed studies in community settings have the potential to contribute to existing clinical evidence, with a greater chance for improved health outcomes and reduction in population health disparities.
An optimal filter for signals with time-varying cyclostationary statistics

This paper presents a filter for exploiting time-varying cyclostationary statistics. The motivating example is designing redundancies into an OFDM signal to reject in-band, strong, wideband interference. Combining the filter with error correcting codes gives a 10 dB gain over LDPC codes and more than a 1000x reduction in BER. This allows the creation of multicarrier waveforms that are robust, reliable and resistant to interference. The filter improves upon existing techniques thought the ability to exploit time-varying spectral redundancy, a capability unique to this filter. The design equations for the optimal filter weights are derived, showing the upper bound for the performance of the filter. The applications range from control channel protection for next generation commercial broadband to mission-critical communications.
Recent Developments on the Application of the Finite Element Method to Metal Forming Problems

Most recent developments on the finite element method as applied to metal forming problems emphasize the application to three dimensional problems. There are some areas in metal forming where technological advancements can be made by full utilization of capabilities of the finite element method. An example is the development on the use of the finite element method for preform design. In this paper these developments are described.
Bronchoscopy Simulation Training as a Tool in Medical School Education.

Background Procedural simulation training is rare at the medical school level and little is known about its usefulness in improving anatomic understanding and procedural confidence in students. Our aim is to assess the impact of bronchoscopy simulation training on bronchial anatomy knowledge and technical skills in medical students. Methods Medical students were recruited by email, consented, and asked to fill out a survey regarding their baseline experience. Two thoracic surgeons measured their knowledge of bronchoscopy on a virtual reality bronchoscopy simulator using the Bronchoscopy Skills and Tasks Assessment Tool (BSTAT), a validated 65-point checklist (46 for anatomy, 19 for simulation). Students performed four self-directed training sessions of 15 minutes per week. A posttraining survey and BSTAT were completed afterward. Differences between pretraining and posttraining scores were analyzed with paired Student's t tests and random intercept linear regression models accounting for baseline BSTAT score, total training time, and training year. Results The study was completed by 47 medical students with a mean training time of 81.5 ± 26.8 minutes. Mean total BSTAT score increased significantly from 12.3 ± 5.9 to 48.0 ± 12.9 ( p p p Conclusions Self-driven bronchoscopy simulation training in medical students led to improvements in bronchial anatomy knowledge and bronchoscopy skills. Further investigation is under way to determine the impact of bronchoscopy simulation training on future specialty interest and long-term skills retention.
Beyond the barricades: class interests and actually existing black life

In his 1962 essay ‘Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afro-American,’ Harold Cruse quipped, ‘American Marxists cannot “see” the Negro at all, unless he is storming the barricades, either in the pres...
Chemistry and Mechanisms of Low-Temperature Dissolution of Silicates by Organic Acids

Organic acids are important diagenetic agents in near-surface weathering processes. The mechanism of interaction, however, is complex, and their significance in a particular environment will depend on a variety of geo-chemical parameters. Organic acids in low-temperature aqueous systems can complex metals and metalloids in solution, thereby increasing their solubility and mobility. Organic acids are also implicated in mineral-surface interactions where they can act in ligand exchange reactions to increase the rate of mineral dissolution independent of solution concentration constraints. The manner in which organic acids accelerate dissolution rate can be examined by looking at how organic acids complex metals in solution, and by examining the fundamental mechanisms of silicate dissolution.
Paraesophageal Hernia: Indications and Technique

Giant paraesophageal hernias (PEH), though relatively uncommon, represent a large percentage of the cases referred to the antireflux surgeon. In general, PEH represent a condition where the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm is sufficiently enlarged to allow for the migration of abdominal contents into the posterior mediastinum, most commonly the stomach. PEH is associated with varying degrees of compressive symptoms and/or torsion. The operative approach to the PEH differs from that of a standard fundoplication and demands particular care and meticulous technique to maximize outcomes and minimize complications. They differ greatly from a standard GERD patient in many ways: their presenting symptoms often are related to mechanical factors rather than “heartburn,” they are technically more complex to operate on, and recurrence rates are much higher than after standard reflux/hiatal hernia repair. This is a factor of their being a disease of the diaphragm more than of the esophagus and probably an underlying genetically based connective tissue disorder. While recurrence rates are much higher than seen in routine antireflux surgery (25 % at 1 year) most are small, asymptomatic, and seldom need operative reintervention.
Relationship of lipoprotein(a) molar concentrations and mass according to lipoprotein(a) thresholds and apolipoprotein(a) isoform size.

Background Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is reported as Lp(a) particle mass (mg/dL) or molar concentration of apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] (nmol/L), which is considered the gold standard. Values are often converted from one measurement to the other but the validity of this is unknown. Objectives To quantify the relationship between Lp(a) molar concentration and Lp(a) mass in the context of various Lp(a) level thresholds and apo(a) isoform size. Methods In all samples, Lp(a) levels in molar concentration and apo(a) isoform size were determined at the Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories (NLMDRL). Lp(a) mass levels were determined at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) (1635 samples), by 5 commercially available assays: Denka 1 and Denka 2 (each 80 samples), 2 turbidimetric assays (2545 and 2673 samples, respectively), and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (2605 samples). The ratios between Lp(a) molar concentration and mass (eg, nmol/L/mg/dL) were calculated and related to apo(a) isoform size. Results The mean (SD) ratios for NLMDRL/UCSD, NLMDRL/Denka1, and NLMDRL/Denka2 were 2.42 (1.25), 1.64 (0.18), and 2.02 (0.22), respectively. The ratios for NLMDRL/UCSD, NLMDRL/Denka1, and NLMDRL/Denka2 increased by Lp(a) cutoffs, with ratios of 1.82, 1.52, and 1.87, respectively, for Lp(a) 125 nmol/L. For the commercial turbidimetric assays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the ratios ranged from 5. Conclusions Lp(a) molar/mass ratios are threshold, method, and isoform dependent. A single conversion factor between assays is not appropriate. These data support the transition of Lp(a) mass assays to molar concentration to improve diagnostic and clinical interpretation of Lp(a)-mediated risk.
Extraction of Ninhydrin-Developed Spots from Paper Chromatograms and Determination of Amino Acids1

(1957). Extraction of Ninhydrin-Developed Spots from Paper Chromatograms and Determination of Amino Acids. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 15, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1957, pp. 60-65.
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Immune Modulation as a Prerequisite for Successful Gene Therapy Strategies

Abstract Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease for which there is no cure. Pancreatic beta cells are the source of insulin that keeps blood glucose normal. When susceptible individuals develop T1D, their beta cells are destroyed by autoimmune T lymphocytes and no longer produce insulin. T1D patients therefore depend on daily insulin injections for survival. Gene therapy in T1D aims at the induction of new islets to replace those that have been destroyed by autoimmunity. A major goal of T1D research is to restore functional beta cell mass while eliminating diabetogenic T cells in the hope of achieving insulin independence. Multiple therapeutic strategies for the generation of new beta cells have been under intense investigations. However, newly formed beta cells would be immediately destroyed by diabetogenic T cells. Therefore, successful islet induction therapy must be supported by potent immunotherapy that will protect the newly formed beta cells. Herein, we will summarize the current information on immunotherapies that aim at modifying T cell response to beta cells. We first outline the immune mechanisms that underlie T1D development and progression and review the scientific background and rationale for specific modes of immunotherapy. Numerous clinical trials using antigen-specific strategies and immune-modifying drugs have been published, though most have proved too toxic or have failed to provide long-term beta cell protection. To develop an effective immunotherapy, there must be a continued effort to define the molecular basis that underlies immune-mediated killing of pancreatic islet cells in T1D.
Hacia una nueva lectura de los grabados de Cárcel de amor 1493-1496

Los grabados xilograficos crean un punto de encuentro entre lo narrativo y lo material en el libro impreso de la edad moderna. Este ensayo reexaminara la interaccion de lo verbal y lo visual en las ediciones ilustradas de Carcel de amor y Carcer d’amor producidas entre 1493 y 1496. Como se argumentara, las ediciones ilustradas de la novela ofrecen al publico receptor una combinacion de texto e imagen que crea lecturas intermediales, y por lo tanto, experienciasinterpretativas que difieren sustancialmente de las ofrecidas por las ediciones sin ilustraciones. Carcel, como libro material y obra literaria sumamente metaficticia en la que los personajes escriben y manipulan textos materiales, ejemplifica como la textualidad, la visualidad y la materialidad se pueden interrelacionar en el libro impreso de la epoca.
Effects of non-driving-related-task modality and road geometry on eye movements, lane-keeping performance, and workload while driving

Abstract Driving on horizontal, curved roads requires much research attention because it tends to result in more accidents compared to driving on straight roads. Several studies have found that non-driving-related-task (or secondary-task) sensory modality and horizontal-road geometry (e.g., curvature radius and curve direction) are major factors that affect driving performance and safety on horizontal curves. However, few studies have examined the combined effects of these factors. This paper reports a driving simulation study of the impacts of non-driving-related-task modality (4 levels), road curvature radius (4 levels), and curve direction (2 levels) on driver behaviour. Eye movements, lane-keeping performance, and subjective workload of 24 participants were measured. The results showed that drivers performing non-driving-related tasks using visual stimuli or manual responses on curved roads fixated less frequently and with shorter durations on the road and showed poorer lane-keeping performance compared to other modalities. In addition, when driving on sharper curves with a non-driving-related task, drivers looked at the road more frequently and longer, but their lane-keeping performance was poorer (i.e., higher standard deviations of lane position and of steering wheel angle). Participants reported higher visual demand when performing visual-speech types of tasks compared to auditory-manual types of tasks. The practical implications for driving safety on horizontal, curved roads are discussed.
Enhancing Teams in the Workplace: A New Model of Team-Building

Abstract This article explores the literature on team-building, including its application to employee assistance programs and the relevant theories discussed within the field. In addition, the paper applies family systems theory, particularly experiential family therapy and structural family therapy, to team enhancing. The authors outline a model for team-enhancing that employee assistance professionals can use directly with the organizations they serve. The team-enhancing model consists of three phases: (1) Initial Contact and Assessment; (2) Team Assembly; and (3) Accountability and Follow-Up. The first phase is brief, with no sub-stages. Phase two consists of four stages. The third phase incorporates an accountability stage that offers the option of convening future team assemblies (i.e., meetings) to continue the team-enhancing process.
CHAPTER 72 – IRS-Protein Scaffolds and Insulin/IGF Action

The IRS-protein family, particularly IRS-2, plays a fundamental role in insulin and IL-4, IL-7, and IL-9 signaling. Failure of IRS2 might be central to the development of Type 2 diabetes and its associated complications by dysregulating multiple biological processes, including peripheral insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and the immune response. Moreover, understanding the function of IRS-proteins during inflammatory responses might reveal rational approaches to modify the effect of stress on cell function and metabolism. Understanding the differences between IRS1 and IRS2 for growth control might reveal strategies to slow general tissue aging or tumor growth while promoting peripheral insulin action and the survival and regeneration of pancreatic p-cells.
Hemorrhagic Transformation of Arterial Ischemic and Venous Stroke in Children

Hemorrhagic transformation can complicate both arterial ischemic stroke and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis. Risk factors for hemorrhagic transformation after adult arterial ischemic stroke include larger infarct volume, cardioembolic stroke, and anticoagulation in the acute period. Large hemorrhagic transformation in adults is associated with poor outcome. Therefore hemorrhagic transformation is used as a safety end point for most arterial ischemic stroke acute treatment and secondary prevention trials. Up to 30% of children with arterial ischemic stroke have hemorrhagic transformation, most of which are petechial. As in adults, large infarct size is the greatest predictor of hemorrhagic transformation, but in children, acute anticoagulation is not a clear predictor of hemorrhage. As use of acute endovascular interventions for arterial ischemic stroke has expanded in adults, these therapies have also been used in some teenagers and even younger children. More information, including safety data with end points like hemorrhagic transformation, is needed in the pediatric population. In adults with cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, including those with hemorrhagic transformation, acute anticoagulation is associated with better outcomes and is the standard of care. Some hemorrhagic transformation may be evident at baseline in over half of children and neonates with cerebral sinus venous thrombosis. Anticoagulation-associated hemorrhage in pediatric cerebral sinus venous thrombosis occurs in about 10% of children but is not clearly related to outcome, whereas lack of anticoagulation may be associated with clot propagation and worse outcomes. This review provides background on hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke in adults and summarizes literature regarding hemorrhagic transformation of pediatric arterial ischemic stroke and cerebral sinus venous thrombosis, with a focus on implications for acute treatment and outcome.