cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sports Teams as Organizations A Leader–Member Exchange Perspective of Player Communication With Coaches and Teammates

Sport teams by definition can be considered a type of organization; yet, the incorporation of an organizational perspective has not been utilized to examine athletes’ interactions. The current study utilizes leader–member exchange theory as theoretical lens to examine the influence that athlete–coach communication has on relationships and communication with coaches and teammates. A sample of 158 former high school athletes produced results that indicate that athletes with in-group relationships with coaches report more satisfaction and symmetrical communication with coaches, and more task cohesion, social cohesion, and cooperative communication with teammates. These results highlight the importance of athlete–coach communication for influencing perceptions of relationships and communication with coaches and teammates.
Effects of Radiation Therapy in Adult Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (STS) of the Extremities (Ext): A 20-Year Retrospective Review

intermediate grade and two low grade. All were large (>5cm), deep tumors (T2b). Four patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (two cycles of doxorubicin and ifosfamide) and the response to therapy was mixed, with a mean change in post-chemotherapy volume of -3% (range -51 to 31%). All patients received neoadjuvant RT (50 to 50.4Gy in 1.8 to 2Gy fractions) and all patients had a reduction in tumor volume, with a mean change of -65% (range -19 to -82%). Two received neoadjuvant RT alone, with a mean change of -72% (range -61 to -82%). Mean pretreatment volume was 484cc and post-RT volume was 123cc (p Z 0.14). All patients had evidence of pathological response to neoadjuvant therapy, and five demonstrated >80% treatment effect (30 to 100%). One patient had a complete pathologic response to RT alone. Two patients had positive margins (tumor at ink). With a median follow up of 23.5 months (1-36 months), there were no local or distant recurrences. Conclusions: Patients with ML treated with neoadjuvant RT and/or chemotherapy demonstrated a profound response, with tumor shrinkage in all patients. The volumetric response to RT was more pronounced than the response to chemotherapy and trended toward significance in this small cohort. This was correlated with >80% pathologic treatment effect in five out of six patients (including one complete response) and no clinical recurrences to date. Given these findings, we conclude that MLs demonstrate significant sensitivity to neoadjuvant RT and this treatment approach should be considered in all cases. Author Disclosure: T.R. Chapman: A. Employee; University of Washington. G. Jour: A. Employee; University of Washington. B.L. Hoch: A. Employee; University of Washington. D.J. Davidson: A. Employee; University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. R.L. Jones: A. Employee; University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance. G.M. Kane: A. Employee; University of Washington. E.Y. Kim: A. Employee; University of Washington.
Binding constants of soluble NGF-receptors in rat oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in culture.

Summary The neuronotrophic factor NGF binds to peripheral neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and the sympathetic nervous system. NGF binds to a cell surface receptor, NGFR, on these cells and displays Kd's of 10 −9 and 10 −11 M. NGF receptors have also been reported for basal forebrain magnocellular neurons. In addition, NGF specifically binds to NGFR on Schwann cells although the biological significance of this binding is not known. Here we report that NGF binds in a saturable and specific fashion to receptors on cultured isolated populations of rat astrocytes but not to oligodendrocytes. The binding to astrocytes in culture displayed a Kd of 2.7 ± 1.0 nM with 36,000 receptors per cell.
The social construction of opportunity

The concept of structured opportunity has played a key role in explanations of social inequality. While variations in human capital and other traits of individuals are often implicated, many sociologists contend that inequality is primarily determined by differential opportunity. Raymond Boudon has claimed that inequality of outcome is a virtual measure of unequal opportunity: “a society is characterized by a certain amount of inequality of social opportunity if the probability of reaching a high social status is smaller for.. . a worker’s son than for a lawyer’s son” (1974, p. xi). Beck, Horan, and Tolbert aver that “Analysts in the structural tradition interpret the existence of sex and race differences in earnings as indicative of systematic forces involving differential opportunity structures which are embedded in the socioeconomic order” (1978, p. 709). According to Michael Smith (1990), structural explanations of social inequality have become increasingly dominant in recent years. The concept of opportunity is commonly adduced to rival culturally based explanations. Opportunities are treated as the “hard,” that is, “external” and “objective” facts of social order that constrain thought and action. Insofar as culture is recognized at all, it is seen not an autonomous source of action but as a practical tool through which actors rationally respond to their circumstances. This is how Valentine interprets the culture of poverty: “through culture men collectively adapt themselves to environmental conditions and
Deficiency in C3b receptors on neutrophils of patients with chronic granulomatous disease and hyperimmunoglobulin-E recurrent infection (Job's) syndrome

C3b receptor (CR1) expression by neutrophils (PMNs) and erythrocytes (Es) from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) or with hyper-IgE, frequent infection (Job's) syndrome was compared with that of control subjects. The control subjects consisted of one group of patients with infections and a second group of normal, healthy individuals. Three quantitative assays were used: rosette formation with C3b-coated cellular intermediates (EAC43b), binding of radiolabeled monoclonal anti-CR1 ([125I]anti-CR1) to PMN surfaces, and binding of the antibody to nonidet P-40 (NP-40) extracts of PMNs and Es in an immunoradiometric assay. Rosette formation by the PMNs of five male CGD patients was about 50% of that of paired normal control subjects, whereas the rosette formation of three female CGD patients was similar to that of the control subjects. Surface binding of [125I]anti-CR1 to PMNs of 10 CGD patients was about half that of the normal subjects (mean percent binding was 2.33% for the CGD patients vs. 3.86% for the normal subjects, giving a difference of -1.53 +/- 0.22%, P less than 0.001 by the paired-sample t test). The degree of PMN binding was similarly low for both the male and the female CGD patients. Conversely, the binding of anti-CR1 to the PMNs of 11 infected control patients appeared to be similar to that of the normal subjects (4.51% for the patient vs. 4.21% for the paired normal subjects). The infected control group originally included four Job's syndrome patients, and when this subgroup was analyzed separately, their PMNs were shown to bind significantly less anti-CR1 than did the PMNs of the normal subjects (P less than 0.01 by the paired-sample t test). In contrast, the other infected control patients showed higher-than-normal levels of anti-CR1 binding (P less than 0.05). When compared to that of the normal subjects, the total CR1 quantitated in PMN extracts was also lower than normal in CGD patients (P less than 0.01 and in the PMN extracts of eight Job's syndrome patients tested (P less than 0.01). The PMNs of the other infected control subjects were not significantly different from those of the normal subjects in total CR1 expression. Extracts of Es from Job's syndrome patients also had fewer than normal CR1 (P less than 0.02). On the other hand, CR1 levels in E extracts from the CGD patients and the other control patients were similar to those in the normal control subjects. Quantitations of C3, C4, and factor B were normal in CGD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Influence of nonspecific brain and plasma binding on CNS exposure: implications for rational drug discovery

Relative plasma, brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exposures and unbound fractions in plasma and brain were examined for 18 proprietary compounds in rats. The relationship between in vivo brain-to-plasma ratio and in vitro plasma-to-brain unbound fraction (fu) was examined. In addition, plasma fu and brain fu were examined for their relationship to in vivo CSF-to-plasma and CSF-to-brain ratios, respectively. Findings were delineated based on the presence or absence of active efflux. Finally, the same comparisons were examined in FVB vs. MDR 1a/1b knockout mice for a selected P-glycoprotein (Pgp) substrate. For the nine compounds without indications of active efflux, predictive correlations were observed between ratios of brain-to-plasma exposure and plasma-to-brain fu (r(2) = 0.98), CSF-to-brain exposure vs. brain fu (r(2) = 0.72), and CSF-to-plasma exposure vs. plasma fu (r(2) = 0.82). For the nine compounds with indications of active efflux, nonspecific binding data tended to over predict the brain-to-plasma and CSF-to-plasma exposure ratios. Interestingly, CSF-to-brain exposure ratio was consistently under predicted by brain fu for this set. Using a select Pgp substrate, it was demonstrated that the brain-to-plasma exposure ratio was identical to that predicted by plasma-to-brain fu ratio in MDR 1a/1b knockout mice. In FVB mice, plasma-to-brain fu over predicted brain-to-plasma exposure ratio to the same degree as the difference in brain-to-plasma exposure ratio between MDR 1a/1b and FVB mice. Consistent results were obtained in rats, suggesting a similar kinetic behavior between species. These data illustrate how an understanding of relative tissue binding (plasma, brain) can allow for a quantitative examination of active processes that determine CNS exposure. The general applicability of this approach offers advantages over species- and mechanism-specific approaches.
What is Modern Science

Newton is no longer modern. We are in the midst of an over-all intellectual transformation as extensive and significant as that which led from the medieval to the Newtonian world picture. In its scientific aspects, the present period is comparable to the late sixteenth century. We can discern the direction of modern trends, but we are still surrounded by the persistent tradition of an older science. Therefore, modern science becomes fully comprehensible only in a historical perspective. Since modernism differs from both Newtonianism and scholasticism, and since both of the latter are still strongly with us, the new organization of science must be contrasted to its Newtonian as well as its scholastic antecedents. Thus, in this historical approach, we must deal with two periods of reorganization, one in the sixteenth and seventeenth, and one in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Four main areas of change are involved in all such reorganizations of science: its relations to other intellectual endeavors, its method, its concepts, and the division between its different fields.
Goal-directed Speech in a Spoken Language System

The advent of reliable speaker‐independent continuous speech recognition systems has made it possible to design systems that use speech as a replacement for keyboard input. To understand the nature of a system that accepts spontaneous goal‐directed speech (as opposed to the current standard of read speech), a spoken‐language spreadsheet was implemented and users performing a series of tasks using this system were studied. The system was instrumented to allow the collection of detailed timing information about the components of the interaction cycle. The (HMM‐based) recognition system incorporates a lexicon of 273 words and a language of perplexity 51. Four users performed a series of 40 tasks (involving the entry of personal financial information) alternating voice and keyboard input. Users completed 30 tasks in one block of sessions, then returned a month later to complete the remainder. The utterances spoken into the system (over 7500) were stored for later analysis. The data collected provide a comprehensive picture of how users learn to use a spoken‐language system and provide an understanding of the factors that govern performance in spoken‐language systems.
Finding and Remembering Words Some Beginnings by English-Learning Infants

Although infant-directed speech is generally slower and has more exaggerated pitch contours than adult-directed speech (Fernald & Simon, 1984), the lack of clear boundaries between successive words is still present. Nevertheless, the word segmentation problem might not pose a serious difficulty for acquiring a vocabulary if new words were always presented to infants as isolated utterances. However, even when parents are explicitly instructed to teach their children new words, they present these words in isolation only about 20% of the time (Woodward & As lin, 1990). Consequently, to make real headway in acquiring a vo cabulary, learners need to solve the word segmentation problem.
War Fatigue? Selective Compassion and Questionable Ethics in Mainstream Reporting on Afghanistan and Iraq

This paper asks to what extent the mainstream press may be responsible for the American public's lack of moral and emotional investment in US counterinsurgency operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Reviewing the stagnating effect that conventional journalistic practices recently have had on American foreign policy in the Middle East, and considering in particular the kinds of information that mainstream print and broadcast outlets tend to overlook, suppress, or misrepresent, I argue that the obstacles to compassionate and educative reporting on international conflicts are not merely geographic, economic, or logistical; nor are they necessarily rooted in unbridgeable ethnic, linguistic, or sociopolitical divisions. More accurately, they are ideological, in ways that tend tobut do not have tocorroborate and facilitate the kinds of evolutionary biases that have been demonstrated by recent social, anthropological, and philosophical studiesbiases favoring one's own culture, race, and class. I conclude that the m...
Detection of the luteoviruses, beet mild yellowing virus and beet western yellows virus, in aphids caught in sugar‐beet and oilseed rape crops, 1990–1993

Summary The incidence of beet mild yellowing luteovirus (BMYV) and non-beet-infecting strains of beet western yellows luteovirus (BWYV) in individual winged aphids, caught in yellow water-traps, in sugar beet during the spring and early summer, and in oilseed rape plots in the autumn, was monitored using monoclonal antibodies in ELISA tests from 1990 to 1993. Between 0% and 8% of the Myzus persicae trapped in sugar beet each year carried BMYV, whereas 0% to 4% caught in oilseed rape in the autumn contained this virus. In 1990, 6.5% of Macrosiphum euphorbiae trapped in sugar beet contained BMYV, but in subsequent years less than 1% were carrying virus. Much higher proportions (26–67%) of the M. persicae tested from sugar beet contained BWYV, and similar proportions tested from oilseed rape (24–45%) also carried this virus in the autumn. In contrast only 3–19% of the M. euphorbiae caught in sugar beet contained BWYV, and none in oilseed rape. In 1991 and 1992 large numbers of Breuicoryne brassicae were caught in the plot of oilseed rape, of which over 50% contained BWYV; none were carrying BMYV. In transmission studies between 1990 and 1992, 1% and 27% of M. persicae transmitted BMYV and BWYV respectively to indicator plants; subsequent ELISA tests on the same aphids showed that 3% and 33% respectively contained the two viruses. One percent of M. euphorbiae transmitted BMYV, but none were found to contain BMYV using ELISA; 15% transmitted BWYV whilst only 5% were found to carry the virus. In 1992 and 1993 the incidence of BMYV-infection in the sugar-beet fields in which aphids had been trapped ranged from 1.2%, in a field which had received granular pesticide (aldicarb) at drilling plus three foliar aphicidal sprays, to 39.5% in a field which had received only one foliar spray. In 1992 in a sugar-beet crop which had received no aphicidal treatments, and where 2.8% of immigrant M. persicae and 2.5% of M. euphorbiae contained BMYV, 11.6% of plants developed BMYV infection. Lowest levels of infection were associated with the use of granular pesticides at drilling. In 1990, 80% of oilseed rape plants in a field plot were infested with a mean of seven wingless M. persicae per plant by mid-December; 37% of these plants were infected with BWYV. The studies show that M. persicae is the principal vector of BWYV, and large proportions of winged M. persicae carry the virus, in contrast to BMYV, which is consistent with the common occurrence of BWYV in brassica crops such as oilseed rape.
Probing the kinetic landscape of transient peptide-protein interactions by use of peptide 15N NMR relaxation dispersion spectroscopy: Binding of an antithrombin peptide to human prothrombin

Protein-ligand interactions may lead to the formation of multiple molecular complexes in dynamic exchange, affecting the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the binding equilibrium. We followed the dissociation kinetics of the transient and specific complex of an antithrombotic peptide N-acetyl-Asp(55)-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro(60)-Glu-Glu-Tyr-Leu-Gln(65) with human prothrombin by use of (15)N NMR relaxation dispersion spectroscopy of the peptide. Every one of the five (15)N-labeled adjacent residues of the peptide exhibited apparently different kinetic exchange and relaxation behaviors, which were especially evident at different concentrations of prothrombin. Binding-induced (15)N relaxation dispersion of residues Phe(56), Glu(57), Glu(58), and Ile(59) can be fitted phenomenologically to a two-site on-and-off exchange mechanism with physically feasible relaxation and kinetic parameters obtained for residues Phe(56), Glu(58), and Ile(59), independent of the prothrombin concentration. The apparent kinetic parameters of Glu(57) show some dependence on the concentration of prothrombin and the extracted transverse relaxation rate for Glu(57) in the bound state was severalfold higher than that expected for a protein-peptide complex with a size of approximately 72 kDa. In addition, the equilibrium population of the bound peptide obtained for Glu(57) was inconsistent with those for Phe(56), Glu(58), and Ile(59) and with the prothrombin/peptide ratios used in the experiments. These discrepancies can be explained by the presence of two conformations for the peptide-protein complex exchanging at a rate of approximately 100 s(-)(1). In all, our study shows that fast dissociation of protein-peptide complexes can be studied quantitatively using peptide (15)N NMR relaxation dispersion measurements without a precise knowledge of the peptide and protein concentrations. In addition, protein titration was found to improve the accuracy of quantitative analysis and may make it possible to determine the rate of conformational changes within the protein-peptide complex.
Clinical Predictors of Abnormal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Patients With Asymmetric Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Importance Asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss (ASNHL) is commonly encountered in an otolaryngologic clinical practice. Determining what factors are associated with abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings will help with diagnostic workup. Objective To evaluate the association between clinical and audiometric factors and abnormal MRI findings in patients with ASNHL. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective medical record review from an urban, tertiary referral center of 451 patients with ASNHL who underwent MRI testing between January 2005 and December 2011. Main Outcomes and Measures Medical records were reviewed for audiometric parameters as well as clinical presentation and compared with MRI results, which were categorized as abnormal, normal, or incidental. Data analysis included χ 2 tests, logistic regression analysis, and multivariate analysis. Results A total of 48 patients (10.6%) had abnormal MRI findings. Only 21 patients (4.7%) had a mass of the cerebellopontine angle/internal auditory canal on MRI, making up 40% of all abnormal MRI findings. The next most common MRI finding was labyrinthitis (n = 13; 25%). Vertigo/dizziness (n = 20; P = .01), tinnitus (n = 18; P = .02), sudden hearing loss (n = 15; P = .054), and 15-dB asymmetry at 3 kHz (n = 39; P = .01) were associated with abnormal MRI findings. Loud noise exposure was associated with normal MRI findings. Logistic regression analysis showed that vertigo/dizziness (odds ratio [OR], 2.14; 95% CI, 1.15-3.96; P = .02), unilateral tinnitus (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.14-4.03; P = .02), and 15-dB asymmetry at 3 kHz (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.24-5.57; P = .01) were significantly associated with abnormal MRI findings. Multivariate analysis showed that only 15-dB asymmetry at 3 kHz (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.07-5.50; P = .03) was significantly associated with an abnormal MRI finding. Conclusions and Relevance This study found that asymmetry of 15 dB at 3 kHz on audiometry was associated with higher positive yield on use of MRI in evaluating patients with ASNHL. We recommend that patients who present with ASNHL with this audiometric characteristic undergo MRI as part of their diagnostic workup.
Defects in Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) trafficking and function cause glucose-galactose malabsorption

Cotransporters harness ion gradients to drive 'active' transport of substrates into cells, for example, the Na+/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) couples sugar transport to Na+ gradients across the intestinal brush border. Glucose-Galactose Malabsorption (GGM) is caused by a defect in SGLT1. The phenotype is neonatal onset of diarrhea that results in death unless these sugars are removed from the diet. Previously we showed that two sisters with GGM had a missense mutation in the SGLT1 gene. The gene has now been screened in 30 new patients, and a heterologous expression system has been used to link the mutations to the phenotype.
Abstract A74: Inhibition of azoxymethane‐induced preneoplastic lesions in the rat colon by a novel resistant starch cooked by different methods

The purpose of this study was to test the inhibitory effects of a novel resistant starch cooked by two different methods on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. The novel resistant starch (RS)(patent pending) was processed from commercial high amylose cornstarch. A normal cornstarch (CS) and the high amylose cornstarch (HA) were used as negative and positive control starch groups, respectively. Two cooking methods were applied to all the three starches: (1) making each starch into bread using a standard bakery procedure (cB). (2) using boiling water, high moisture cooking method (cW). Then the starches were mixed with other ingredients based on AIN-93 formulations into 6 rat diets: bread normal-cornstarch diet (cB-CS), bread high-amylose-cornstarch diet (cB-HA), bread novel-resistant-starch diet (cB-RS), boiling-water-high-moisture normal-cornstarch diet (cW-CS), boiling-water-high-moisture high-amylose-cornstarch diet (cW-HA), and boiling-water-high-moisture novel-resistant-starch diet (cW-RS). Six groups of 5-week-old male Fischer 344 rats including 15 animals each were injected with two doses of 20 mg/kg bw AOM one week apart and fed the above diets respectively. Another six groups of male Fischer 344 rats with 5 animals in each group were injected with saline and fed the same six kinds of diets as the AOM treated groups. The rats were fed for 8 weeks after the second injection and then killed. Caecum weight and pH, Aberrant Crypt Foci (ACF) and Mucin Depleted Foci (MDF) were investigated. ACF and MDF were only seen with AOM treatment. The ACF numbers for cB-CS, cB-HA, cB-RS, cW-CS, cW-HA, and cW-RS groups were 29, 29, 17, 225, 256, and 121, respectively. The MDF numbers for the above diet groups were 6.1, 4.9, 1.9, 10.7, 8.7 and 2.1, respectively. ACF and MDF numbers were significantly reduced in rats fed novel resistant starch diet in comparison with rats fed the other two diets (P<0.0001). When comparing the two cooking methods, the cB diet groups also showed a significantly decrease in preneoplastic lesion numbers compared with the cW diet groups (P<0.0003). Increased caecum weight and decreased caecum pH were also observed in the novel resistant starch diet group in comparison with the other two diet groups (P<0.05). These results suggested that the novel resistant starch, which is less digestible than regular cornstarch or commercial high amylose cornstarch, may inhibit colonic carcinogenesis. The cooking method could also be important since the bread baking procedure showed significantly more effectiveness in the inhibition than the boiling water high moisture method. The inhibition might be related to increased caecal fermentation.
Fiscal Implications of a Childhood Disorder DRG

Abstract. There is considerable interest in the development of a viable prospective payment system for psychiatry. Under the currently proposed system, all child/adolescent psychiatric admissions would be assigned to a single DRG. An alternative set of three DRGs, based on a service variable, were previously identified. Assuming no decrease in the per diem cost for extended lengths of stay, the eight public hospitals in the sample would be compensated at 54% of cost using the single-DRG model and at 83% of cost using the three-DRG model.
Vegetation and arthropod responses to wastewater enrichment of a pine forset.

The effects of spraying secondary-treated wastewater on a young pine forest were studied in South Carolina, U.S.A. Soil, herb-shrub layer vegetation and arthropods were analyzed in control, low-spray and high-spray areas to determine the overall impact of four years of chronic nutrient and water enrichment. Spraying had no significant effect on soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity. Soil cation buildups did not occur and cation leaching was evident.Wastewater application produced a more mesic environment and the herb-shrub layer vegetation shifted to an earlier stage in succession. Plant diversity decreased significantly as a few rapidly-growing opportunistic species (e.g., Erechtites hieracifolia, Polygonum pensylvanicum) replaced the more diverse perennial herbshrub layer vegetation of the pine forest. Peak vegetation biomass levels doubled and net primary production rates were 10 times greater in high spray areas. Litter biomass levels, however, did not change significantly. Litter decomposition rates were significantly greater in treated areas which apparently offset the added litter resulting from increased plant production.Arthropod production increased 3-fold in treated areas. All herbivore guilds had higher biomasses that reflected seasonal changes in producer phenology. Total arthropod diversity increased despite the lower vegetation diversity in spray areas. Arthropod diversity apparently increased because of greater resource availability in treated areas.
A 0.013 ${\hbox {mm}}^{2}$ , 5 $\mu\hbox{W}$ , DC-Coupled Neural Signal Acquisition IC With 0.5 V Supply

We present an area-efficient neural signal-acquisition system that uses a digitally intensive architecture to reduce system area and enable operation from a 0.5 V supply. The architecture replaces ac coupling capacitors and analog filters with a dual mixed-signal servo loop, which allows simultaneous digitization of the action and local field potentials. A noise-efficient DAC topology and an compact, boxcar sampling ADC are used to cancel input offset and prevent noise folding while enabling “per-pixel” digitization, alleviating system-level complexity. Implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process, the prototype occupies 0.013 mm2 while consuming 5 μW and achieving 4.9 μVrms of input-referred noise in a 10 kHz bandwidth.
Structure of bis(o-phenylenedioxy)dimethylsilane

Abstract The reaction of dichlorodimethylsilane with 1,2-dihydroxybenzene yielded bis(o-phenylenedioxy) dimethylsilane as a crystalline product. An X-ray diffraction study of this material showed that it adopts a dimeric structure. The configuration at the silicon atoms was approximately tetrahedral and the SiO bond lengths were 1.63 and 1.65 A. The phenyl rings were in parallel planes separated by a distance of 0.83 A.
Load Development for Vessels With Skirts or Intermediate Supports Located in Structures

Pressure vessels are sometimes supported in structures using skirts at the bottom tangent line, skirts on the shell, or intermediate supports such as lugs). Examples of pressure vessels with these kinds of support are coke drums and CCR reactors. In these cases some part of the shell and lower vessel head extend below the line of support such as the top of the skirt or lugs. The vessel can be separated into three sections: the first section (top) vessel shell and head above the support line; the second section (bottom) is the shell and head below the line of support; the third section is the combination of the top and bottom section. This paper presents a method to determine the design values of the shear and moment, of these three sections of the vessel and support in response to wind and seismic excitation to determine their loading of the support structure. It is important to assess the contribution of each section to the loading that is used to design the supporting structure. Direction is given as to which these three will govern the vessel design and which will govern the design of the structure. The loading which may govern the vessel design may not govern the design of the structure.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Sufficient conditions for a graph to be Hamiltonian

Abstract Three sufficient conditions for a graph to be Hamiltonian are given. These theorems are in terms of subgraph structure and do not require the fairly high global line density which is basic to the Posa-like sufficiency conditions. Line graphs of both Eulerian graphs and Hamiltonian graphs are also characterized.
Using Web-Based Technology to Facilitate Client Engagement

To meet the needs of clients, mental health clinics must offer responsive, organized intake procedures. Clients who receive rapid intervention when they request therapy services are more likely to attend and benefit from therapy. The present study examined the effects of implementing a web-based scheduling program on treatment delays and first session attendance. Results indicated that the use of a web-based scheduling system significantly reduced the number of days clients waited for a first appointment and increased the number of kept appointments. Additionally, clients provided with an immediate response to their request for treatment successfully terminated from therapy after fewer sessions.
High capacity magnetic mesoporous carbon-cobalt composite adsorbents for removal of methylene green from aqueous solutions.

Abstract Mesoporous carbons containing cobalt nanoparticles are synthesized by tri-or quad-constituent self assembly of Pluronic F127, phenol-formaldehyde oligomer (resol), cobalt acetylacetonate (acac), and optionally tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, optional). Upon pyrolysis in N 2 atmosphere, the resol provides sufficient carbon yield to maintain the ordered structure, while decomposition of the Co(acac) yields cobalt nanoparticles. To provide increased surface area, the dispersed silicate from condensation of TEOS can be etched after carbonization to yield micropores, Without silica templated micropores, the surface area decreases as the cobalt content increases, but there is a concurrent increase in the volume-average pore diameter (BHJ) and a dramatic increase in the adsorption capacity of methylene green with the equilibrium adsorption capacity from 2 to 90 mg/g with increasing Co content. Moreover, the surface area and pore size of mesoporous composites can be dramatically increased by addition of TEOS and subsequent etching. These composites exhibit extremely high adsorption capacity up to 1151 mg/g, which also increases with increases in the Co content. Additionally, the inclusion of cobalt nanoparticles provides magnetic separation from aqueous suspension. The in situ synthesis of the Co nanoparticles yields to a carbon shell that can partially protect the Co from leaching in acidic media; after 96 h in 2 M HCl, the powders remain magnetic.
Endogenous opiates: 1979

Abstract Since the discovery in 1971 of opiate receptors and later of the opiate-like peptides, there has been widespread interest in determining their exact localization, number and kinds, nature, and physiological and pharmacological functions. Between 1971 and 1978, vast amounts of research investigated these problem areas, but in 1979 alone the literature on the opiate peptides nearly doubled. This review is the second of an annual series and summarizes the highlights of the work published during 1979.
Dose‐dependent elimination of propranolol and its major metabolites in humans

The disposition of propranolol and the formation of its major metabolites, propranolol glucuronide (I), 4-hydroxypropranolol glucuronide (II), and α-naphthoxylactic acid (III), were examined at steady state in four healthy volunteers given oral doses of 40-320 mg/day. The blood to plasma ratio of propranolol was 0.85 ± 0.11 (SD). In all subjects, the average steady-state concentration (C¯ss) of propranolol in plasma increased disproportionately with dose. There was a 1.8- to 2.6-fold difference in the C¯ss between subjects, a 56 ± 20% reduction in the intrinsic clearance, and a 175% increase in the half-life of propranolol over the range of doses administered. The renal clearance was 75.4 ± 17.5 ml/min for 1,130.6 ± 28.3 ml/min for II, and 56.8 ± 13.3 ml/min for III. The formation of I was saturable in three subjects; the Vmax and Km were 103 ± 43 mg/day and 124 ± 46 ng/ml, respectively. In the remaining subject the nonrenal clearance of I was 496 ml/min. The formation of II and III was saturable in all subjects. The Vmax and Km were 71 ± 25 mg/day and 46 ± 22 ng/ml, respectively, for II and 92 ± 35 mg/day and 35 ± 24 ng/ml, respectively, for III. In each subject, the formation clearance associated with the unidentified metabolic pathway(s) (accounting for ~ 45% of the dose) was best described by a saturable process. The Vmax and Km estimated for this pathway were 212 ± 34 mg/day and 40 ± 12 ng/ml, respectively. These results suggest that the elimination of propranolol is saturable in the human at doses from 40 to 320 mg/day and can be explained only partly by saturability in the metabolic pathways resulting in the formation of I, II, and III.
Narrative and the Reading Public in 1870s Beirut

This paper reads narrative published in the journals of 1870s Beirut in the context of an emerging bourgeois readership and argues that the significance of this archive to modern Arabic fiction has been neglected by critics. Taking the intensification of the silk trade with France following the civil war of 1860 as a point of historical departure, this paper traces the nexus of multiple influences upon narrative forms published in the burgeoning press of this period. Reading two serialized novels of 1870 alongside one another, this paper reveals the centrality of suspense to the proliferation of the press and the novel form. Anticipation, anxiety and hope pervade the pages of these periodicals as readers and writers negotiate changing notions of class and gender. The final portion of the paper returns to the question of influence, exposing the overdetermined narrative weave that connects these early serialized Arabic novels to not only the European novel, but also the heritage of popular Arabic storytelling epitomized by A Thousand and One Nights.
Selective injection of magnetization by slow chemical exchange in NMR.

In a system in slow dynamic equilibrium two NMR methods are shown to be suitable for injecting magnetization from one resonance to another by means of slow chemical exchange. The combined outputs of the methods may be employed to measure the value of the off-rate constant kappa(off) in the complex. The methods are implemented experimentally using the complex of molecules composed of the enzyme Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and the ligand folate. In an equilibrium solution with DHFR, folate is known to undergo chemical exchange between a free state and a bound state. The modified synchronous nutation method is applied to a spin of the folate molecule in the free and bound states; magnetization transfer occurs between the two sites due to the underlying exchange process. As a preliminary step for the application of the synchronous nutation method, a new one-dimensional 1H NMR technique is proposed which facilitates the assignment of the resonance of a spin in the bound state, provided the resonance of its exchange partner in the free state is known. This experiment is also used to obtain quantitative estimates of the transverse relaxation rate constant of the bound resonance. The numerical procedure necessary to analyze the experimental results of the synchronous nutation experiment is presented.
JavaTutor: An Intelligent Tutoring System that Adapts to Cognitive and Affective States during Computer Programming

Introductory computer science courses cultivate the next generation of computer scientists. The impressions students take away from these courses are crucial, setting the tone for the rest of the students' computer science education. It is known that students struggle with many concepts central to computer science, struggles that could be alleviated in part through hands-on practice and individualized instruction. However, even the best existing instructional practices do not facilitate individualized hands-on support for students at large. We have built JavaTutor, an intelligent tutoring system for introductory computer science, which works alongside students to support them through both cognitive (skills and knowledge) and affective (emotion-based) feedback. JavaTutor aims to make advances in interactive, scalable student support. JavaTutor's behaviors were developed within a novel framework that leverages machine learning to acquire tutorial strategies from data collected within tutorial sessions between novice students and experienced human tutors. This demo presents an overview of the data-driven development of JavaTutor and shows how JavaTutor assesses and responds to students' contextualized needs. It is hoped that JavaTutor will help to usher in a new generation of tutorial systems for computer science education that adapt to individual students based not only on incoming student knowledge, but on a broad range of other student characteristics.
Changes in the numerical density of synaptic contacts with long-term potentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in the rat dentate gyrus is a multifaceted phenomenon, including synaptic potentiation; simultaneous synaptic depression at neighboring, unconditioned synapses; and a change in the amount of cell firing produced by a specified amount of synaptic current (see Levy and Desmond: In G. Buzsaki and C. Vanderwolf (eds): Electrical Activity of The archicortex. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado, pp. 359–373, ′85b). This study presents long-term anatomical modifications that seem related to excitatory synaptic modification. These anatomical alterations appear early and persist for at least 60 minutes following conditioning stimulation. Each animal received test pulse stimulation delivered alternately to the angular bundles before and after brief, unilateral high-frequency conditioning stimulation that is typical of many LTP paradigms. Anataomical preparation followed standard procedures. Double-blind scoring procedures quantified the number of asymmetric synapses in the dentate molecular layer. These counts were converted to the number of synapses per unit volume using stereological corrections that combined geometrically derived theory and modest serial sectioning. Multivariate analysis of variance evaluated the statistical significance of changes in synapse density. Across all three groups of animals, conditioning stimulation does not significantly change the density of synaptic contacts across the entire molecular layer. There is a trend for a decreased density of synaptic contacts in the middle molecular layer, the region activated by the conditioning stimulation. Here the density of concave spine profiles increases significantly in all three groups of animals with conditioning stimulation. This increase accompanies significant decreases in the density of nonconcave, simple and ellipsoid, spine profiles. No significant changes in the density of shaft synapses occur with LTP-inducing conditioning stimulation. These data suggest that the concave spine profiles are a correlate of LTP-inducing stimulation and may be the potentiated synapses. We hypothesize that with synaptic potentiation there occurs an interconversion of spine synapses such that some nonconcave spine profiles become concave spine profiles. Such an interconversion apparently begins shortly after the conditioning stimulation and persists for at least 60 minutes.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isoenzymes: Separation and properties of three forms from cotton leaf tissue

Abstract Three P-enolpyruvate carboxylase isoenzymes (Pc-I, II, and III) were isolated from cotton leaf tissue by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. One of the isoenzymes (Pc-III) was associated with particulate fractions isolated and purified by both aqueous and nonaqueous methods. Michaelis constants ( K m ) for P-enolpyruvate were similar among the isoenzymes (~1.0–1.2 × 10 −5 m and 3.7–5.7 × 10 −5 m , respectively, at 0.005–0.05 m m and 0.05–2.5 m m PEP). Michaelis constants for Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ appeared to differ. The K m values for Mg 2+ were approximately one order of magnitude higher than for Mn 2+ . In both cases, the K m for Pc-III (Mn 2+ , 6.3 × 10 −5 m ; Mg 2+ , 1.3 × 10 −4 m ) was greater than for Pc-II (Mn 2+ , 2.8 × 10 −5 m ; Mg 2+ , 0.7 × 10 −4 m ), and the K m for Pc-II was greater than Pc-I (Mn 2+ , 0.2 × 10 −5 m ; Mg 2+ , 0.1 × 10 −4 m ). In general, the order of cation activation at 0.34 m m was Mg ++ > Mn 2+ > Co 2+ > Zn 2+ , Al 2+ , Fe 2+ . Some differences among the isoenzymes for cation requirement were noted. The K m values for bicarbonate were similar for Pc-III (5.6 × 10 −5 m ) and Pc-II (5.3 × 10 −5 m ) and smaller than for Pc-I (14.4 × 10 −5 m ). Bicarbonate concentrations greater than 2.5 m m tended to inhibit all isoenzymes. Pc-I was more thermal stable than Pc-II or Pc-III. All were inactivated by increasing ionic strength (NaCl). Pc-I could be distinguished from Pc-II and Pc-III by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinetic and physical properties tended to suggest that Pc-II and Pc-III were similar, but different from Pc-I. None of the isoenzymes is activated or inhibited by acetyl-CoA. At high concentrations (5–30 m m ) compounds such as malate, pyruvate, citrate, isocitrate, aconitate, and ADP tended to partially inhibit activity. Pc-II was much more sensitive to these compounds than were Pc-I and Pc-III. Kinetic studies with organic inhibitors suggested that Pc-III may be an allosteric protein. With respect to inhibition by organic acids and nucleotides, it was concluded that the leaf isoenzymes are unlike the P-enolpyruvate carboxylase of the Enterobacteriaceae and that regulation of metabolism mediated by these isoenzymes is to a large extent by spatial compartmentation.
Cell architecture and morphogenesis I. The cytoskeletal proteins

Abstract ‘A mighty maze! but not without a plan.' These words of Alexander Pope ( An Essay on Man, 1733 ) aptly relate to this description of the cytoskeletal proteins and the fact that changes in cell shape depend on a dynamic internal scaffolding comprising actin filaments and microtubules.
Long-term night chilling of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) does not result in reduced CO2 assimilation

The aim of this study was to characterise the response of CO2 assimilation (A) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to short- and long-term exposures to night chilling. We hypothesised that short-term exposures to night chilling would induce reductions in gs and, therefore, A during the following days, while growth of cotton plants for several weeks in cool night conditions would cause elevated leaf carbohydrate content, leading to the down-regulation of the capacity for A. Transferring warm-grown seedlings of wild type cotton, transgenic cotton with elevated sucrose-phosphate synthase activity (SPS+) that might produce and export more sucrose from the leaf, and a segregating null to cool nights (9°C minimum) for 1 or 2 d caused a small reduction in A (12%) and gs (21-50%) measured at 28°C. Internal CO2 did not change, suggesting some biochemical restriction of A along with a gs restriction. After 30 d, new leaves that developed in cool nights exhibited acclimation of A and partial acclimation of gs. Despite the elevated leaf carbohydrate content when plants were grown to maturity with night chilling, no reduction in A, gs, carboxylation capacity, electron transport capacity, or triose-phosphate utilisation capacity occurred. Instead, growth in cool nights tended to retard the diminishing of photosynthetic parameters and gs for aging stem and subtending leaves. However, elevated SPS activity did not affect any photosynthetic parameters. Therefore, when cotton that is well fertilised with nitrogen is grown with continuous night chilling, photosynthesis should not be negatively affected. However, an occasional exposure to cool nights could result in a small reduction in A and gs for leaves that have developed in warm night conditions.
In vitro assembly of poliovirus-related particles.

Abstract A viral fraction has been isolated from poliovirus-infected HeLa cells which sediments at 10 S and which contains virus-specific polypeptides closely resembling those of 73 S empty capsids. In the presence of infected cell extracts, the 10 S material is assembled to a 73 S product indistinguishable from natural empty capsids by sedimentation behavior or by polypeptide analysis with gel electrophoresis. Kinetic experiments suggest that the 10 S and 73 S components are sequential precursors of the complete virion.
Hospital-Based Strategies for Combating Resistance

Selective pressures generated by the indiscriminate use of beta-lactam antibiotics have resulted in increased bacterial resistance across all beta-lactams classes. In particular, the use of third-generation cephalosporins has been associated with the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Conversely, beta-lactams (e.g., cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ampicillin-sulbactam) have not demonstrated such strong selective pressures. Chief among institutional strategies to control outbreaks of multidrug-resistant bacteria are infection-control measures and interventional programs designed to minimize the use of antimicrobial agents that are associated with strong relationships between use and resistance. Successful programs include antimicrobial stewardship programs (prospective audit and feedback), formulary interventions (therapeutic substitutions), formulary restrictions, and vigilant infection control. Fourth-generation cephalosporins, such as cefepime, have proven to be useful substitutes for third-generation cephalosporins, as a part of an overall strategy to minimize the selection and impact of antimicrobial-resistant organisms in hospital settings.