cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Objective 3D surface evaluation of intracranial electrophysiologic correlates of cerebral glucose metabolic abnormalities in children with focal epilepsy

To determine the spatial relationship between 2-deoxy-2[18 F]fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) metabolic and intracranial electrophysiological abnormalities in children undergoing two-stage epilepsy surgery, statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used to correlate hypo- and hypermetabolic cortical regions with ictal and interictal electrocorticography (ECoG) changes mapped onto the brain surface. Preoperative FDG-PET scans of 37 children with intractable epilepsy (31 with non-localizing MRI) were compared with age-matched pseudo-normal pediatric control PET data. Hypo-/hypermetabolic maps were transformed to 3D-MRI brain surface to compare the locations of metabolic changes with electrode coordinates of the ECoG-defined seizure onset zone (SOZ) and interictal spiking. While hypometabolic clusters showed a good agreement with the SOZ on the lobar level (sensitivity/specificity = 0.74/0.64), detailed surface-distance analysis demonstrated that large portions of ECoG-defined SOZ and interictal spiking area were located at least 3 cm beyond hypometabolic regions with the same statistical threshold (sensitivity/specificity = 0.18-0.25/0.94-0.90 for overlap 3-cm distance); for a lower threshold, sensitivity for SOZ at 3 cm increased to 0.39 with a modest compromise of specificity. Performance of FDG-PET SPM was slightly better in children with smaller as compared with widespread SOZ. The results demonstrate that SPM utilizing age-matched pseudocontrols can reliably detect the lobe of seizure onset. However, the spatial mismatch between metabolic and EEG epileptiform abnormalities indicates that a more complete SOZ detection could be achieved by extending intracranial electrode coverage at least 3 cm beyond the metabolic abnormality. Considering that the extent of feasible electrode coverage is limited, localization information from other modalities is particularly important to optimize grid coverage in cases of large hypometabolic cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3098-3112, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sortilin 1 Loss-of-Function Protects Against Cholestatic Liver Injury by Attenuating Hepatic Bile Acid Accumulation in Bile Duct Ligated Mice.

Sortilin 1 (Sort1) is an intracellular trafficking receptor that mediates protein sorting in the endocytic or secretory pathways. Recent studies revealed a role of Sort1 in the regulation of cholesterol and bile acid (BA) metabolism. This study further investigated the role of Sort1 in modulating BA detoxification and cholestatic liver injury in bile duct ligated mice. We found that Sort1 knockout (KO) mice had attenuated liver injury 24 h after bile duct ligation (BDL), which was mainly attributed to less bile infarct formation. Sham-operated Sort1 KO mice had about 20% larger BA pool size than sham-operated wildtype (WT) mice, but 24 h after BDL Sort1 KO mice had significantly attenuated hepatic BA accumulation and smaller BA pool size. After 14 days BDL, Sort1 KO mice showed significantly lower hepatic BA concentration and reduced expression of inflammatory and fibrotic marker genes, but similar degree of liver fibrosis compared with WT mice. Unbiased quantitative proteomics revealed that Sort1 KO mice had increased hepatic BA sulfotransferase 2A1, but unaltered phase-I BA metabolizing cytochrome P450s or phase-III BA efflux transporters. Consistently, Sort1 KO mice showed elevated plasma sulfated taurocholate after BDL. Finally, we found that liver Sort1 was repressed after BDL, which may be due to BA activation of farnesoid x receptor. In conclusion, we report a role of Sort1 in the regulation of hepatic BA detoxification and cholestatic liver injury in mice. The mechanisms underlying increased hepatic BA elimination in Sort1 KO mice after BDL require further investigation.
A parallel-vector algorithm for rapid structural analysis on high-performance computers

A fast, accurate Choleski method for the solution of symmetric systems of linear equations is presented. This direct method is based on a variable-band storage scheme and takes advantage of column heights to reduce the number of operations in the Choleski factorization. The method employs parallel computation in the outermost DO-loop and vector computation via the 'loop unrolling' technique in the innermost DO-loop. The method avoids computations with zeros outside the column heights, and as an option, zeros inside the band. The close relationship between Choleski and Gauss elimination methods is examined. The minor changes required to convert the Choleski code to a Gauss code to solve non-positive-definite symmetric systems of equations are identified. The results for two large-scale structural analyses performed on supercomputers, demonstrate the accuracy and speed of the method.
Abstract 5625: Identification and validation of a PD-L1 specific peptide for determination of PD-L1 expression in tumors

In recent years, immunotherapy has seen a resurgence as a promising method of treating cancers. The interaction between Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor, Programmed Death 1 receptor (PD-1) has been of particular interest. Many different types of tumors have been shown to overexpress PD-L1, which causes host immune cells that express the PD-1 receptor and bind PD-L1 to cease killing the tumor. Patients who have tumors exhibiting high levels of PD-L1 show poor prognosis compared to those who do not. Inhibition of the PD-L1 PD-1 binding axis has been shown to restore host immunity to the tumor, and recently many new drugs such as atezolizumab and pembrolizumab have been developed to target this interaction. Current methods of PD-L1 diagnosis have shown to vary based on the antibody, detection kit brand, antigen retrieval method, and clinically strict defined methods for use by the FDA for assessment. To refine detection of PD-L1, we have identified a PD-L1 specific peptide which can be used to detect PD-L1 expressing tumors using either conventional immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry using this peptide was tested against the FDA-approved PD-L1 (SP263) Rabbit monoclonal primary antibody on biopsied patient tissues. Flow cytometry was performed on both cultured cell lines and patient tissues. We have shown that our PD-L1 peptide shows specific staining in the tumor regions of FFPE tissues where the SP263 kit does not stain, and we can also detect PD-L1 expression in both cell samples and patient tissues using flow cytometry. Citation Format: Charles Caldwell, Cory Johnson, Richard Hammer, Raghuraman Kannan. Identification and validation of a PD-L1 specific peptide for determination of PD-L1 expression in tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5625. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5625
The 50 Most-Cited Articles in Meniscal Allograft Transplantation Research: A Bibliometric Analysis.

ObjectiveTo identify the 50 most-cited articles in meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) research and analyze their characteristics.DesignIn September 2017, the Scopus database was queried to id...
Recognizing affective state patterns using regularized learning with nonlinear dynamical features of EEG

In the present work, we aim to classify human emotional states categorized based on the arousal-valence model [1] by applying logistic regression (the original and L 1 — regularized LR model) to nonlinear features extracted from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals. Recurrence quantifica­tion analysis (RQA) [2] was employed to effectively capture the underlying dynamics behind the complex reactivity corresponding to affective phenomenon. A benchmark dataset, DEAP [3], was used for our two-fold objectives: (1) to investigate the suitability of RQA measures and regularized learning method for emotion recognition, and (2) to compare the performances as well as topographic patterns of important channels for classifying emotional states with previous studies. The results demonstrated that our proposed method with selected RQA measures has better performance (test accuracy = 75.7% and F1 score = 78.1% on average) comparing to previous studies, and Li-regularized model is less over-fitted comparing to the LR.
On the association and other forms of positive dependence for Feller processes

We characterize various forms of positive dependence, such as association, positive supermodular association and dependence, and positive orthant dependence, for jump-Feller processes. Such jump processes can be studied through their state-space dependent Levy measures. It is through these Levy measures where we will provide our characterization. Finally, we present applications of these results to stochastically monotone Feller processes, including Levy processes, the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, pseudo-Poisson processes, and subordinated Feller processes.
Activity-Dependent Development and Plasticity of Crustacean Motor Terminals

The role of impulse activity in synaptic differentiation can be studied in the crustacean motor system, where the impulse activity of individual motor axons can be monitored and altered in vivo. A number of synaptic properties are correlated with impulse activity levels and are altered in an appropriate manner by changes in impulse activity. Compared to phasic motor axons, the more active, tonic motor axons have larger, more varicose terminals that contain more mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. These structural differences are strongly correlated with differences in synaptic depression: phasic terminals show more prominent synaptic depression than do tonic terminals. Chronic stimulation of a phasic motor terminal transforms the morphology and physiology to a more tonic type. Tonic and phasic motor terminals show differences in intracellular Ca2+ regulation, which develop during axon growth as a result of differences in impulse activity. Differences in Ca2+ regulation influence growth-cone motility and most likely influence the transmitter releasing properties of the motor terminal. There is also evidence that the initial release of transmitter and the production of posttetanic potentiation at crustacean motor terminals are influenced by prior impulse activity.
The Analytic Hierarchy Process: Decision Making in Complex Environments

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a problem solving framework. It is a systematic procedure for representing the elements of any problem. It organizes the basic rationality by breaking down a problem into its smaller constituent parts and then calls for only simple pairwise comparison judgments, to develop priorities in each hierarchy.
Post-concussion syndrome and pre-existing mood disorder: A case report

Sport-related concussions in youth and adolescent athletes most commonly resolve within one week without residual symptoms, with athletes resuming full participation following return to play guidelines. A small percentage of athletes have persistent symptoms that cause significant morbidity, some of whom are ultimately diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome. In these athletes, symptoms in the emotional domain can be more prolonged than other domains, with athletes reporting anxiety and depression months to years following injury. A prior personal or family history of pre-existing mood disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder increases the risk of a prolonged duration of symptoms. In this case series, we discuss two cases of post-concussion syndrome in adolescent athletes with a past personal or family history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, and depression treated by a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy and medication with ongoing persistent symptoms. There is increased need for mental health screening in all athletes to identify individuals at risk for post-concussion syndrome. Early identification of at-risk individuals allows the interdisciplinary care team to discuss expectations for the athlete and family regarding duration of symptoms.
Uavsar L-Band and P-Band Tomographic Experiments in Boreal Forests

SAR tomographic methods have proven extremely adept at measuring vegetation vertical structure at a variety of wavelengths including L and P-bands [2]. Measuring the three dimensional structure of vegetation and its changes resulting from either natural or anthropogenic causes are key parameters in monitoring ecosystems. The NASA/JPL UAVSAR system has deployed to multiple sites including Alaska over the last several years to conduct tomographic SAR observations at L-band and P-band. This talk will provide a brief overview of a tomographic SAR experiment conducted in the boreal forests of Alaska in August and September of 2017 at both L and P-bands. This site consists mostly of relatively short vegetation with mean height less than 20 m and maximal height less than 25 m. It is sparse compared with previous temperate and tropical forest tomographic observations made by UAVSAR. These observations provides a unique data set to compare tomographic data at L and P-bands for this type ofbiome.
Diversity Awareness and Documentation Practices Among Oncology Advanced Practice Providers

Advanced practice providers (APPs) care for widely diverse populations. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) states that bias, prejudice, and stereotyping by a health-care provider may contribute to disparities, which are associated with worse outcomes. The IOM called for efforts to increase awareness among health-care providers. The objective of this study is to assess the cultural self-awareness of oncology APPs who practice in a community-based outpatient cancer center and investigate the extent to which APPs include cultural care into patient assessments and document this data. Oncology APPs completed a questionnaire evaluating cultural self-awareness. A prospective, quality improvement chart review was performed to analyze the extent to which cultural themes were addressed during oncology clinic visits. A list of cultural keywords was used as a guide. About 10% of the 2015 cancer population at the institution was examined, which included a stratified sample of the top six disease groups. Responses were analyzed. All APPs demonstrated average or above-average cultural awareness. Documentation of cultural assessment was low. Of the 28 cultural keyword items, an average of 4.88 items were addressed during each visit. Multiple cultural items, including literacy, language, insurance status, and belief about the disease were addressed less than 5% of the time.
Plasticity-induced restructuring of a nanocrystalline grain boundary network

Abstract The grain boundary-mediated mechanisms that control plastic deformation of nanocrystalline metals should cause evolution of the grain boundary network, since they directly alter misorientation relationships between crystals. Unfortunately, current experimental techniques are unable to track such evolution, due to limits on both spatial and temporal resolution. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are used to study grain boundary restructuring in nanocrystalline Al during both monotonic tension and cyclic loading. This task is enabled by the creation of new analysis tools for atomistic datasets that allow for a complete characterization and tracking of microstructural descriptors of the grain boundary network. Quantitative measurements of grain boundary character distribution, triple junction type, grain boundary plane normal, and other interfacial network characteristics are extracted and analyzed. The results presented here show that nanocrystalline plasticity leads to an increase in special boundary fraction and disruption of two-dimensional boundary connectivity, with the most dramatic evolution occurring in the smallest grain sizes.
Managing Resources and Legitimacy: The Impact of Leadership Diversity on Nonprofit Survival

Socially diverse leadership teams can have both positive and negative impacts on organizational performance. Institutional theory identifies two prominent reasons for an organization to diversify i...
Effect of Two Common Head-Mounted Augmented Reality Systems on Muscle Force and Blink Rate of Electric Utility Power Plant Operators:

Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that combines real and virtual information presented to the user in an interactive way in real time. The Microsoft HoloLens and RealWear HMT-1 are two common ...
Tiny Plants with Enormous Potential: Phylogeny and Evolution of Duckweeds

Duckweeds (family Lemnaceae) comprise 37 angiosperm species, which are distributed among five genera. Although these tiny specimens represent the smallest flowering plants on earth, the group is practically ubiquitous in water bodies worldwide. The paucity of morphological features in duckweeds has made it difficult to elucidate their evolutionary history, or to present a compelling classification of the group, but more recent molecular evidence has facilitated an improved systematic evaluation of these unique plants. The duckweeds are closely related to aroids (family Araceae), with which they share several morphological features. Within Lemnaceae, the two species of Spirodela and the monotypic genus Landoltia are more distantly related to other duckweeds than are the larger genera Lemna, Wolffia, and Wolffiella to one another. A substantial amount of plastid DNA sequence data has upheld a phylogeny for the family that is mostly consistent, and many of those relationships have been corroborated by the recent addition of nuclear DNA data. Morphologically, the genera lacking roots (Wolffia and Wolffiella) comprise a single lineage, as do the three largest genera (Lemna, Wolffia, and Wolffiella) that are more reduced in comparison with Landoltia and Spirodela. The biogeography of Lemnaceae indicates that numerous dispersal events have occurred in relatively recent evolutionary time, and that several species essentially are cosmopolitan. Although not particularly speciose, duckweeds comprise a surprisingly diverse group with much potential for exploring various genetic, biochemical, and metabolic phenomena.
Walking with Youth in Los Platanitos: Learning Mobilities, Youth Inclusion, and Co-production in International Planning Studios:

This article examines the role of mobile spaces to foster trans-disciplinary learning in international planning studios. Drawing from Indigenous ontologies and critical pedagogy, we suggest that wa...
Experiential Media in Urban Design

Architects and planners trained in the design of cities acquire the skills necessary to represent what exist and what might become reality. However, the richness and complexity of the real world cannot be fully represented, thus the designer is forced to select from reality. If the selection emphasizes the concept of space, the outcome is abstract, like theory, and open to interpretation. If the selection emphasizes experience, representations are equally open to interpretation, but show conditions that speak to the human senses. The historian Rudolf Arnheim has called the gap between thought and sense a deficiency disease of modern man. Some designers have taken up the challenge to create representation that overcome the split between concept and experience. This chapter exams their work, their motivations, the strength and the limitations of their representations. The discussion leads us to knowledge domains of psychology, how we perceive the world around us and how we become cognizant, what we commit to memory and how our perceptions shape our values. The discussion also leads us to methods of representation. To show experience, the designer has to overcome the static nature of representations, not to show the world frozen in time and place, but in motion and through time: representations that take the viewer on a walk. After review of work by Gordon Cullen, Kevin Lynch, Donald Appleyard, Benedikt Loderer and others, the chapter ends with a discussion about response equivalence. The chapter reports on experiments that compare responses to walks in the real world to responses from identical, but virtual walks generated by electronic media. The results reveal the challenge posed by the need for response equivalence and makes suggestions how to overcome some of the limitations.
The Impact of Family Constellation Upon Salesperson-Customer Interaction: A Theoretical Application

This paper presents a composite variable (called family constellation) and a model from the social sciences that when extended will iso-late the determinants of successful salespersoncustomer interactions, thereby permitting more sophisticated analysis of this dyad.
COURTS Voluntary Pre-Appeal Settlement Conference: Provide for Procedures

The Act authorizes the establishment of voluntary pre-appeal settlement conference procedures by the court of appeals.
Cloning SU8 silicon masters using epoxy resins to increase feature replicability and production for cell culture devices

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) devices for cell-based studies. Commonly, the negative tone photoresist, SU8, is used to pattern features onto silicon wafers to create masters (SU8-Si) for PDMS replica molding. However, the complexity in the fabrication process, low feature reproducibility (master-to-master variability), silane toxicity, and short life span of these masters have been deterrents for using SU8-Si masters for the production of cell culture based PDMS microfluidic devices. While other techniques have demonstrated the ability to generate multiple devices from a single master, they often do not match the high feature resolution (∼0.1 μm) and low surface roughness that soft lithography masters offer. In this work, we developed a method to fabricate epoxy-based masters that allows for the replication of features with high fidelity directly from SU8-Si masters via their PDMS replicas. By this method, we show that we could obtain many epoxy based masters with equivalent features to a single SU8-Si master with a low feature variance of 1.54%. Favorable feature transfer resolutions were also obtained by using an appropriate Tg epoxy based system to ensure minimal shrinkage of features ranging in size from ∼100 μm to <10 μm in height. We further show that surface coating epoxy masters with Cr/Au lead to effective demolding and yield PDMS chambers that are suitable for long-term culturing of sensitive primary hippocampal neurons. Finally, we incorporated pillars within the Au-epoxy masters to eliminate the process of punching media reservoirs and thereby reducing substantial artefacts and wastage.
Posibles factores que producen la caída de fruto de Myrciaria dubia (HBK) Mc Vaugh, "camu camu" durante la fenología reproductiva de la colección "cinco cuencas" en el centro experimental San Miguel - IIAP, Loreto, Perú

"Camu camu" plants were evaluated in five basins in Loreto (Peru), according to the percentage of fruits with symptoms of pest infestation, retention of flowers and fruits in each basin, diameters of branches, and the influence of precipitation and temperature in the process of falling fruit as the phenological stage. In the genetic factor, the Putumayo river basin highlighted by a longer retention of fruit, higher yield and average fruit weight and less attack by pests. During the phenological process that lasted 12 weeks, the critical stage of flower and fruit drop occurred during the first seven, with the retention of flowers of 5.12%. The pests are causing the observed fall 9.27%, 9.15% being caused by Edessa sp., And 0.12% for Conotrachellus dubiae. The other 90.73% was caused by other undetermined factors such as physiological, nutritional, competition, wind, rain. Environmental factors of temperature and precipitation have a direct influence and inversely proportional to the fall of fruits, respectively.
Minimum alpha chain cytoplasmic tail sequence needed to support integrin-mediated adhesion

Previously, we found that deletion of the integrin alpha 4 and alpha 2 subunit cytoplasmic domains, just after the conserved GFFKR motif, causes a loss of adhesive activity mediated by VLA-4 or VLA-2, respectively (Kassner, P.D., and Hemler, M. E. (1993) J. Exp. Med. 178, 649-60; Kawaguchi, S., and Hemler, M. E. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 16279-12685). Here, we show for alpha 4 and alpha 2 chains (expressed in MIP101 and Chinese hamster ovary cells) that adding only 3-4 amino acids after the GFFKR motif restores substantial adhesive activity and that 5-7 amino acids confers maximal adhesive activity (to VCAM-1, CS1 peptide, or collagen, respectively). Point mutations within the most critical 5 alpha 4 residues had no effect on alpha 4 adhesive activity, nor did exchange of the alpha 4 tail with that of alpha 2. Thus, only a short and relatively nonspecific stretch of alpha chain cytoplasmic domain amino acids may be required to achieve maximal integrin adhesive activity. Also, comprehensive divalent cation titration assays revealed (i) that deletion of alpha chain cytoplasmic domains caused a marked decrease in the efficiency of divalent cation utilization during cell adhesion assays and (ii) that cytoplasmic domain deletion effects could be either suppressed or accentuated depending on the type and amount of divalent cation and the cellular environment utilized. Notably, integrin alpha chain tail deletions did not appear to alter the intrinsic ability to interact with ligand because deletion effects were minimal in the presence of metabolic energy inhibitors and were absent during cell-free ligand binding assays.
Business research platforms: Selected academic business library web sites

Abstract The “Business Research Platforms” chapter describes the Web sites of business libraries at ten top business schools, ranked on research output by faculty. Highlights of each site are included.
Autoplex: Automated Discovery of Content for Virtual Databases

Most virtual database systems are suitable for environments in which the set of member information sources is small and stable. Consequently, present virtual database systems do not scale up very well. The main reason is the complexity and cost of incorporating new information sources into the virtual database. In this paper we describe a system, called Autoplex, which uses machine learning techniques for automating the discovery of new content for virtual database systems. Autoplex assumes that several information sources have already been incorporated ("mapped") into the virtual database system by human experts (as done in standard virtual database systems). Autoplex learns the features of these examples. It then applies this knowledge to new candidate sources, trying to infer views that "resemble" the examples. In this paper we report initial results from the Autoplex project.
Formation of an Adenyl Xanthosine Monophosphate Intermediate by Xanthosine 5'-Phosphate Aminase and Its Inhibition by Psicofuranine

Abstract The amination of xanthosine 5'-phosphate and its inhibition by psicofuranine was examined with substrate amounts of purified xanthosine 5'-phosphate aminase from Escherichia coli. In the absence of NH3, incubation of the enzyme with adenosine triphosphate-8-14C and XMP-8-14C for 10 min results in the conversion of ATP to AMP without concomitant formation of guanosine monophosphate. Shorter periods of incubation permit the accumulation of an electrophoretically distinct intermediate which contains radioactivity derived equally from ATP-8-14C and XMP-8-14C. The formation of the intermediate is accompanied by the formation of an equivalent amount of inorganic pyrophosphate. The intermediate is cleaved in the presence of NH3 to yield AMP and GMP or in the absence of NH3 to AMP and XMP. Psicofuranine does not inhibit the hydrolytic cleavage of the intermediate to AMP and XMP. In contrast, the psicofuranine-inhibited aminase cannot catalyze the aminolysis of the preformed intermediate to AMP and GMP, nor can it condense ATP and XMP to form the intermediate despite its undiminished ability to bind both of these substrates.
Biochemical studies of the developing embryo: I. Metabolism of gluconeogenic precursors☆

Abstract Metabolism of 14C-alanine, 14C-glutamate, and 14CO2 and their incorporation into glucose has been studied by liver slices in developing embryonic chicken and fetal dog livers. Embryonic chicken liver is capable of incorporating 14C-alanine, 14C-glutamate, and 14CO2 into glucose at an early stage of development. This activity is unchanged after birth, but fetal dog liver slices are unable to incorporate 14C-glutamate and 14CO2 into glucose at an early stage of fetal development; these precursors are incorporated into glucose after birth and reach peak activity in 7–10 days. Oxidation of these substrates to 14CO2 suggests citric acid cycle enzymes are fully developed in the chicken embryo, but similar enzymes, although present in fetal dog livers, are only fully developed 7–10 days after birth. In addition it was observed that glucose levels in the whole egg are depleted by 80–90% within 10 days of incubation.
Effect of Mg2Si Phase on Extrusion of AA6005 Aluminum Alloy

The extrusion behavior and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys are very sensitive to the microstructure of the billets after homogenization. In order to optimize the homogenization practice for the extrusion process, the influence of different cooling rates from soaking temperature during homogenization was investigated for an AA6005 alloy. The specimens were soaked at 580°C for 8 hours, and then cooled by 3 different cooling rates: water quenching, air cooling and furnace cooling. The homogenized microstructures from specimens exhibit an increase in both amount and size of Mg2Si particles with a decreasing cooling rate. The hardness at room temperature and the flow stress at preheating temperature (450°C) and real extrusion temperatures (500–550°C) also generally decrease with a slower cooling rate. However, re-precipitation of Mg2Si is observed upon reheating to 450°C and dissolution is observed at 500°C and 550°C. A fast cooled billet is identified to have fully solutionized microstructure but requires higher extrusion pressure and is sensitive to preheating rate, while a slow cooled billet is easier to extrude but is not sufficiently solutionized after extrusion.
Designing over the Horizon: Architecting for Emergence.

This work links architecture to such organizational outcomes as IT flexibility and business value. I connect changes in architecture with technological and market uncertainty, I show how investments in architecture create real-option value, and I describe how firms manage their architecture by developing an architectural capability. In this work I develop software tools that enable architects to assess, manage, and appreciate the impact of the gap between espoused and emergent architecture. The tools enable organizations to evaluate investments in architecture and automate the mapping of their architecture by probing the network and attached operating systems.
The role of forest cover and valley geometry in cold‐air pool evolution

This study utilizes a version of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) with a canopy submodel (ARPS-CANOPY) to evaluate the sensitivity of cold-air pool evolution to forest canopy density and valley geometry and elucidate the underlying processes. Numerical experiments are conducted with forest canopy structures spanning from bare ground to dense canopies and terrain configurations ranging from small, shallow valleys to broad, deep valleys. In a set of experiments in which forest canopy density is varied, the minimum potential temperature in the cold-air pool is found to be as much as 15 K warmer with a dense canopy than with no canopy. Analysis of the thermodynamic budget reveals weaker cooling rates in the dense canopy case than the sparse canopy case, with differences in cooling rates persisting through the duration of the simulation. An additional experiment in which cooling of canopy elements and the influence of the canopy on the ground radiation budget are neglected highlights the important role the canopy plays in limiting radiative loss from the ground surface along the sidewall and valley floor. In experiments in which valley geometry is varied, the cold-air pool is found to be strongest in a medium valley (10 km wide, 187.5 m deep) and weakest in a small valley (2 km wide, 37.5 m deep). Analysis of along-slope buoyancy suggests that downslope flow-driven cooling in a medium valley is more efficient than in a large valley (30 km wide, 500 m deep).
Pin tract infection of operatively treated supracondylar fractures in children: long-term functional outcomes and anatomical study.

Purpose The purpose of our study was to determine the long-term functional outcomes of pin tract infection after percutaneous pinning of displaced supracondylar humeral fractures in children, and to evaluate the potential for intracapsular pin placement based on pin configuration in cadaveric elbows.
A Balanced News Diet, Not Selective Exposure: Evidence From A Direct Measure of Media Exposure

This study provides the first direct assessment of the extent to which citizens encounter news and opinion challenging their political views via mass media. The widely accepted conjecture that people refuse to hear the other side is based upon self-reports of media exposure, rather than direct observation of it. In light of this long-acknowledged limitation, I leverage unique data tracking partisanship as well as actual exposure to media collected 24/7 via passive tracking devices. Contrary to previous understandings, the vast majority of citizens consume predominately centrist information, while frequently encountering ideological programming challenging their views. In fact, the best predictor of how much conservative news you watch is how much liberal news you watch, regardless of partisanship. The demonstration of widespread exposure to diverse viewpoints challenges claims asserting that resistance to political influence occurs at the exposure stage of the persuasion process.
Ligands, Reagents, and Methods in Organometallic Synthesis

This chapter describes some recent trends in organometallic synthesis. We pay particular attention to the types of ligands, reagents, and methods that have become popular during the past decade, and contextualize them within the broad fields of organometallic and inorganic chemistry more generally. The chapter, which is necessarily limited in scope, discusses a range of varied topics including the use of steric bulk in small molecule activation, reversibly cyclometallated species, highly electrophilic organometallics and their corresponding non-coordinating anions, zwitterionic organometallic species, carbene ligands, secondary coordination sphere interactions, fluorous phases, and C atom transfer reagents in organometallic synthesis. Many of the reagents, ligands, and methods employed in these various areas of synthesis are described, and many relevant references are provided.
Raman spectroscopy of arsenolite: crystalline cubic As4O6

Abstract The complete Raman spectrum of arsenolite, cubic crystalline As 4 O 6 , is reported for the first time. The previously unseen E g mode has been found at 443 cm −1 . Further, there is additional support for the assignment of the 415 cm −1 mode as T 2 g .
Effect of Frozen Storage Conditions on Yields, Shear Strength and Color of Ground Beef Patties

One-quarter pound (113g) ground beef patties containing 15 or 30% fat were packaged in either polyethylene bags or vacuum-packaged and stored at -12.2°, -23.3°, or -34.4°C for 20 weeks. At 4-wk intervals, samples were thawed and analyzed. The results were compared with fresh samples. Drip loss, cooking loss and shear strength increased with increasing time in frozen storage. Package type affected drip loss and cooking loss but not shear strength. Products with higher f at contents had higher drip loss, cooking loss, shear strength, and color (L, a, and b) values.
Planning personal health services: a Markovian model.

A Markovian planning model is presented. It takes into account the dynamics of the health services system and allows health planners flexibility in a continuously changing environment. Analysis of the Markovian model leads to its three applications: 1) prediction, i.e., determining future requirements for manpower and resources for any population defined in terms of desired or specified demographic and/or epidemiologic characteristics; 2) simulation, i.e., analysis of changes in the health services system and/or in demographic and/or epidemiologic variables and the repercussions of these changes on present and future resources; 3) goal seeking, i.e., the design of several alternative strategies of reaching, in a given time period, specified utilization patterns or organizational arrangements, and the choice of the "best" alternative according to defined constraints such as "cost" or "minimum changes in current resources," etc. The three applications of the model have been used in different situations. Empirical data from diverse sources has been used. Within the conceptual framework of the model the levels of care and the composition of population groups can be changed to meet desired criteria.
Effects of resident soil fungi and land use history outweigh those of commercial mycorrhizal inocula: testing a restoration strategy in unsterilized soil.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have numerous effects on temperate grassland ecosystems, but prairie restorations are frequently located in sites with depauperate AMF communities. In this greenhouse study, four native species (Schizachyrium scoparium, Elymus canadensis, Monarda punctata, and Aster ericoides) and an invasive grass (Bromus inermis) were grown in unsterilized field soils and treated with two types of commercial AMF inoculum. Inocula were applied at one and two times the manufacturers' suggested rate. Soil was collected from a meadow enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), and from an active agricultural field. Inoculum addition had no effect on biomass or percent colonization by AMF for any grass species, regardless of soil type. Inoculum type significantly affected Aster biomass and percent colonization, although pairwise comparisons of treated individuals and controls were not significant. The overall lack of effectiveness of the commercial inocula may reflect the small number of propagules added, even when used at twice the recommended rate. Higher rates of fungal colonization in all three grasses and increased biomass in the native grasses were observed in individuals grown in the CRP soil. Plants were also colonized by dark septate endophytic fungi; for Schizachyrium, endophyte colonization was significantly greater in tilled than CRP soil. Our results indicate that an existing soil fungal community promotes colonization by AMF more than the addition of commercial inocula, and that soil characteristics associated with land use history significantly affect the growth of native species in a restoration setting.
Dispersion of surface polaritons at metal surfaces

Abstract The dispersion relation for surface polaritons at a vacuum-metal interface has been obtained using a wave-vector-dependent electrical conductivity. Surface polariton attenuation coefficients calculated in the limits of local and extreme nonlocal conductivity vary with frequency ω as ω2 and ω 7 3 respectively.
Urban space, ethnic community, and national belonging: the political landscape of memory in Little Tokyo

The “Little Tokyo” neighborhood of Los Angeles was the center of pre-internment community life for Japanese immigrants and their children and is still considered the symbolic home of later generations of Japanese Americans in Southern California. Drawing on three years of ethnographic research in Little Tokyo, I explore in this article how contemporary Japanese Americans have used and transformed this ancestral landscape in order to express, contest, and formalize collective memories of the Japanese American experience, particularly with regard to their place in the national body politic. Historical narratives inscribed at many places in Little Tokyo, both informal and institutional, project a narrative of sacrifice, suffering, and redemption in the context of internment and military service, articulating neatly with mainstream American tropes of overcoming hardship as a process of ‘earning’ citizenship and its benefits. However, such narratives are also contested by alternative interpretations and representations of these spaces that describe a special role for Japanese Americans in making demands of their government, rather than just sacrifices to it. The resulting debates, disagreements, and even occasional consensus around constructions of nation, identity, community, and belonging are rooted in the ‘sacred ground’ of Little Tokyo, gathering meaning and persuasive power through their connection to a symbolically dense site of shared memory. The multiple memory projects of this landscape reveal how Japanese Americans have envisioned their relationship to the concept of America, to each other, and to other communities with shared experiences in a diverse metropolis.
Analysis of chromatin proteins from human placenta.

Abstract Low-salt extracts of chromatin from human term placenta have been examined for the presence of the high mobility group (HMG) proteins. Based upon salt-dissociation characteristics, solubilities in trichloroacetic acid and electrophoresic behaviour on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and non-equilibrium pH gradient gel electrophoresis (NEPHGE), each of the HMG proteins is present, including HMG-1, -2, -E, -14, and -17. A remarkably large amount of HMG-E is present in term human placenta. Additionally, a protein not previously recognized, which we designate HMG-PL, is present in term placenta. Electrophoretic comparison of the HMG proteins from placentae of varying gestational age, using NEPHGE, demonstrates that all of the placental HMG proteins exhibit multiplicity, reminiscent of chicken erythrocyte HMG proteins. Specifically, we found HMG-E to be unaltered in amounts relative to HMG-1 and -2 in placentae varying from 20 to 40 weeks of gestation. HMG-PL, however, is differentially expressed, increasing in amounts as gestation proceeds past 34 weeks. HMG-PL was purified and subjected to amino acid analysis. Its composition supports the notion that HMG-PL is a member of the HMG-1 family.
WHAT BECOMES OF THE VACUUM ANGLE IN GENERALLY COVARIANT GAUGE THEORIES AND THE VIELBEIN APPROACH TO GRAVITY

We examine the fate of the gauge theory vacuum angles (like the QCD θ) when the topology of the spatial slice M is nontrivial and diffeomorphism invariance is included. The analogues of the θ angles are then defined by the unitary irreducible representations of the semidirect product $\pi_0(D^\infty)\,\circledS\,\pi_0({\mathscr G}^\infty), D^\infty$ and ${\mathscr G}^\infty$ being the groups of asymptotically trivial diffeomorphisms and gauge transformations for M. Features from spatial and gauge group topologies thus get nontrivially mixed up. As a consequence, a spectrum of θ angles or their appropriate analogues can occur in a quantum theory. We also find the remarkable result that the vacuum angles are quantized for certain M like ℝ2#T2. The new variable approach to gravity or any approach using vielbeins resembles a gauge theory with diffeomorphism invariance and hence can be subjected to our analysis. In particular, in such approaches as well as a spectrum of gravity θ angles or their suitable analo...
A Kinetic Assay for p-Nitrophenol Hydroxylase in Rat Liver Microsomes

A real-time kinetic method for measuring the activity of microsomal p-nitrophenol hydroxylase, in which the rate is measured directly by uv-visible spectrophotometry, is described. The method is based on the fact that the reaction product, 4-nitrocatechol, absorbs at 480 nm and longer wavelengths while the absorbance of the reactant, p-nitrophenol, decreases to baseline at these wavelengths. The conditions of the assay are similar to the incubation conditions of the Reinke and Moyer method. The advantages of the new method include simplicity, direct measurement of the rate rather than use of a timed assay, and elimination of experimental steps such as changing pH and centrifugation before spectrophotometric reading. The new method produces results that are comparable to and may be more reproducible than those of the Reinke and Moyer method.
White Matter Injury in Newborns With Congenital Heart Disease: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study

BACKGROUND: Brain injury is observed on cranial magnetic resonance imaging preoperatively in up to 50% of newborns with congenital heart disease. Newer imaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging provide sensitive measures of the white matter integrity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diffusion tensor imaging analysis technique of tract-based spatial statistics in newborns with congenital heart disease. METHODS: Term newborns with congenital heart disease who would require surgery at less than 1 month of age were prospectively enrolled (n ¼ 19). Infants underwent preoperative and postoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging. Tract-based spatial statistics, an objective whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging analysis technique, was used to determine differences in white matter fractional anisotropy between infant groups. Term control infants were also compared with congenital heart disease infants. Postmenstrual age was equivalent between congenital heart disease infant groups and between congenital heart disease and control infants. RESULTS: Ten infants had preoperative brain injury, either infarct or white matter injury, by conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging. The technique of tract-based spatial statistics showed significantly lower fractional anisotropy (P < 0.05, corrected) in multiple major white matter tracts in the infants with preoperative brain injury compared with infants without preoperative brain injury. Fractional anisotropy values increased in the white matter tracts from the preoperative to the postoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging correlating with brain maturation. Control infants had higher fractional anisotropy in multiple white matter tracts compared with infants with congenital heart disease. CONCLUSION: Tract-based spatial statistics is a valuable diffusion tensor imaging analysis technique that may have better sensitivity in detecting white matter injury compared with conventional brain magnetic resonance imaging in term newborns with congenital heart disease.
Finite amplitude plastic shock wave treated with summed infinitesimal amplitude elastic-plastic waves through dislocation dynamics☆

Abstract In the high strain rate region of a finite amplitude plastic shock wave constitutive equations need to be strongly history dependent and thus are difficult to use in the description of plastic deformation because the deformation is dominated by a dislocation dynamics which is far removed from quasi-equilibrium conditions. The Johnston-Cilman (1969) theory of the upper and lower yield point is the prototype of an analysis of a type of plastic flow that is more meaningfully described through dislocation dynamics than by setting up some sort of constitutive eqution which does not fully incorporate internal variables. In this paper it is shown that a finite amplitude elastic-plastic wave can be treated as a sum of infinitesimal amplitude elastic-plastic waves in which the plastic deformation rate is effectively linearized through a varying parameter η which is a measure of the relative strengths of the elastic and plastic strain rates. The waves treated are planar and the sum of their transverse elastic and plastic strains is always null. Dislocation dynamics determines the value of the η parameter. The plastic waves treated are of moderate amplitude (stress/bulk modulus small compared to 1).