cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer-aided nodule detection system: results in an unselected series of consecutive chest radiographs.

Rationale and Objectives To evaluate the performance of a computer-aided detection (CAD) system with bone suppression imaging when applied to unselected consecutive chest radiographs (CXRs) with computed tomography (CT) correlation. Materials and Methods This study included 586 consecutive patients with standard or portable CXRs who had a chest CT scan on the same day. Among the 586 CXRs, 438 had various abnormalities, including 46 CXRs with 66 lung nodules, and 148 CXRs had no significant abnormalities. A commercially available CAD system was applied to all 586 CXRs. True nodules and false positives (FPs) marked on CXRs by the CAD system were evaluated based on the corresponding chest CT findings. Results The CAD system marked 47 of 66 (71%) lung nodules in this consecutive series of CXRs. The mean FP rate per image was 1.3 across all 586 CXRs, with 1.5 FPs per image on the 438 abnormal CXRs and 0.8 FPs per image on the 148 normal CXRs. A total of 41% of the 752 FP marks were related to non-nodule pathologic findings. Conclusions A currently available CAD system marked 71% of radiologist-identified lung nodules in a large consecutive series of CXRs, and 41% of “false” marks were caused by pathologic findings.
LANDER'S TABLES ARE COMPLETE!

In 1983 E.S. Lander published “Symmetric Designs: An Algebraic Approach”. At the back are provided a set of tables. Each entry in a table specifies an abelian group G, the parameters of a putative difference set D in G with cardinality k, whether D exists or not, a construction when D does exist, and a nonexistence proof when D does not exist. At time of publication there were some 25 entries which were open, i.e. the existence or nonexistence of D had not been determined From 1983 until 1993 K.T. Arasu and others filled in all but 8 entries. In 1994 entry 148 was filled in by Hams, Liebler and Smith (1994). In this paper we fill in the last seven entries by demonstrating nonexistence. We point out several applications to nonabelian difference sets.
Perceived Race as Variable: Moderating Relationship Between Perceived Discrimination in the Workplace and Mentally Unhealthy Days

Since race is a social construct, the experience of racial discrimination occurs based on perceived race. This study explores the moderating effects of self-identified race and perceived racial identity on the relationship between perceived discrimination in the workplace and mentally unhealthy days using data derived from the four states (Arizona, Minnesota, Mississippi, and New Mexico) that responded to the 2014 Reactions to Race module of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The study hypothesized that self-identified White people, also perceived as White (WW), would have less perceived workplace discrimination and less mentally unhealthy days than self-identified non-White people perceived as White (NWW); NWW would have less perceived discrimination associated with mentally unhealthy days than self-identified White perceived as non-White (WNW); and, WNW would have less perceived discrimination associated with mentally unhealthy days than self-identified non-White perceived as non-White (NWNW). The study was conducted under the regulating body of the City University of New York in 2017. Findings suggest that being perceived as White is a protective factor as analysis determined that NWW experienced less discrimination in the workplace associated with mentally unhealthy days than NWNW.
Role of MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping in assessing the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Henan Province, China

Tuberculosis remains a serious threat to human health as an infectious disease in China. Henan, a most populated province in China, has a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB). Though the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has been investigated in many regions, there have been only a few studies on the molecular characteristics and drug resistance phenotypes in Henan. This is the first study on the genetic profile of MTB from Henan. A total of 668 MTB isolates from various areas were genotyped with spoligotyping and 26-locus MIRU-VNTR (classical 24-locus MIRU-VNTR and 2 other loci). The association between TB spoligotype signatures and drug-resistant profiles was analysed. Our data revealed that MTB isolates circulating in Henan had a high degree of genetic variation. The Beijing family was the most predominant genotype (83.53%,n = 558), and the typical Beijing type(ST1) was the major sublineage (81.73%,n = 546). In total,668 isolates were divided into 567 different types, forming 38 clusters (2–15 isolates per cluster), and 529 unique types by 26-locus MIRU-VNTR analysis. There was no correlation between the Beijing family and gender, age at diagnosis or treatment history, whereas the Beijing family was significantly associated with all four first-line drug resistance and multidrug-resistant phenotypes. For these samples, 15 of 26 MIRU-VNTR loci had high or moderate discriminatory power according to the Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index. A combination of the 10 most polymorphic loci had similar discriminatory power as the 26-locus set. The Beijing genotype is the most prevalent family. Ten-locus MIRU-VNTR in combination with spoligotyping can efficiently classify the molecular type of MTB in Henan Province.
Improving Science Content Learning with Choreographed Songs at an Astronomy Summer Camp.

In this exploratory study, we looked at the effect adding a choreographed song to camp had on middle-school aged campers’ retention of two concepts: order of the planets with increasing distance fr...
Abstract P343: Patients With Cardiovascular Disease Are Not Meeting American Heart Association Secondary Prevention Recommendations

Introduction: In the United States, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality. More than 92 million Americans have one or more types of CVD and 800,000 die from it annually. Mo...
Introducción al muestreo de poblaciones y comunidades microbiológicas

Se identifican y comentan brevemente los principales topicos de muestreo que pueden interesar a un investigador de poblaciones y comunidades microbiologicas naturales: definicion de universo y unidades de estudio, determinacion del tamano de una muestra, definicion de variables acerca de las cuales se desea efectuar estimaciones muestrales, factores de que depende la precision de una estimacion, disenos clasicos que otorgan alta “representatividad” a una muestra, importancia del azar en la seleccion muestral y limitaciones en las estimaciones proyectadas a partir de “miniunidades”
Abstract 458: Fcgamma Receptor IV Expressed on Inflammatory Cells Drive Diet-induced Atherosclerosis in Hyperlipidemic Mouse Model

Objective: Functionally, Fcgamma receptors (FcgRs) can be classified as activating (FcgRI, III, and IV) and inhibitory (FcgRII) receptors. We have reported that combined deficiency of all three act...
Deep reuse: streamline CNN inference on the fly via coarse-grained computation reuse

This paper presents deep reuse, a method for speeding up CNN inferences by detecting and exploiting deep reusable computations on the fly. It empirically reveals the massive similarities among neuron vectors in activation maps, both within CNN inferences on an input and across inputs. It gives an in-depth study on how to effectively turn the similarities into beneficial computation reuse to speed up CNN inferences. The investigation covers various factors, ranging from the clustering methods for similarity detection, to clustering scopes, similarity metrics, and neuron vector granularities. The insights help create deep reuse. As an on-line method, deep reuse is easy to apply, and adapts to each CNN (compressed or not) and its input. Using no special hardware support or CNN model changes, this method speeds up inferences by 1.77--2X (up to 4.3X layer-wise) on the fly with virtually no (
Research and Evaluation of CPS Outcomes

This chapter describes various factors associated with evaluating the effects of implementing Collaborative Problem Solving (CPS). It first provides a summary of existing evidence regarding CPS outcomes and then demystifies the process of outcome evaluation for quality improvement by outlining the critical steps for examining outcomes in any clinical or educational setting. Finally, the chapter follows a fictional case example as it takes the necessary steps to complete an evaluation of outcomes and presents results to stakeholders.
Positive and Negative Constitutional Rights

In November, 1980, in Joliet, Illinois, a car turned over and caught fire. A policeman arrived and began directing traffic away from the scene. He made no effort to determine whether or not there were people in the car. There were, and they burned to death. The city was sued for damages on the ground that, by failing to save the occupants, the policeman and therefore the city had deprived them of life or liberty without due process of law. Relief was denied. Our Constitution, wrote Judge Posner, "is a charter of negative rather than positive liberties. . . . The men who wrote the Bill of Rights were not concerned that Government might do too little for the people but that it might do too much to them. The Fourteenth Amendment, adopted in 1868 at the height of laissez-faire thinking, sought to protect Americans from oppression by state government, not to secure them basic governmental services."1 Thus the city had no constitutional duty to help the accident victims, and thus its failure to act deprived them of neither liberty nor life.2 The question is important. If government has an affirmative duty to help accident victims, it may have other positive duties as well. It may have a duty to protect people against hostile acts of third parties such as theft and murder. It may also have a duty to protect them from hunger and disease. Judge Posner's broad denial of the existence of "positive liberties" seems to reject any such obligation. He is telling us, among other things, that there is no constitutional right to welfare benefits. The language of the constitutional provision seems to support Judge Posner's conclusion. Like so many of the provisions of the
Uncommon but devastating: Stroke after percutaneous coronary intervention

Stroke occurs infrequently following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with 30-day and 1-year cumulative incidence of 0.4 and 1.5%, respectively. Patient comorbidities, acute presentations, and complex coronary lesions are more prevalent among patients who sustain a stroke. The occurrence of stroke is associated with higher short-term and overall mortality compared with bleeding or myocardial infarction.
Computational-chemistry-based evaluation of metal salts and metal oxides for application in mercury-capture technologies

Anthropogenic mercury emission to the atmosphere adversely affects the environment, wildlife, and human health. Accordingly, the design and implementation of improved mercury-capture technologies h...
Building an Equalized Technology-Mediated Advising Structure: Academic Advising at Community Colleges in the Post-COVID-19 Era

While online student services became more relevant than ever amid the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, community colleges need to be proactive about alternative academic advising modalities. To res...
The Golden Thread of Charity: Love and the Formation of Character in Origen and Augustine:

Several recent educators have proposed a reconsideration of the importance of love in higher education. Drawing on resources from early Christian catechesis, this article explores ways in which edu...
Disparities in Outcomes of CD8+ Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma by Race and Presenting Lesion Location

While cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) presents most commonly with a CD4+ phenotype, CD8+ and CD30+ variants have also been described. CD8+ variants include primary cutaneous epidermotropic cytotoxic T-cell lymphoma, subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, cutaneous CD8+ lymphomas associated with immunodeficiency, and CD8+ variants of other well-defined CTCLs1 . While the epidemiology of other CTCLs has been well described, there remains a dearth of literature characterizing the incidence and survival patterns of CD8+ CTCL2 . Thus, we aimed to better characterize data on US national epidemiologic trends of this diverse group of malignancies using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.
Clinical Performance of A Semi-Quantitative Assay for SARS-CoV2 IgG and SARS-CoV2 IgM Antibodies

Abstract Background While the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is primarily based on detection of viral RNA, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is useful for assessing past prevalence of the disease, and in corroborating a current infection in challenging cases. Sensitive and specific immunoassays provide the ability to identify exposure to SARS-CoV-2, to determine seroconversion, to confirm eligibility for donation of convalescent plasma as well as play an essential part in epidemiological studies. We report on the validation of the Ansh Laboratories SARS-CoV-2 IgG and SARS-CoV-2 IgM ELISA immunoassays. These assays were evaluated for detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies for clinical use in our hospital as part of an orthogonal testing algorithm recommended by the CDC. Methods Diagnostic specificity and sensitivity of the IgG and IgM ELISA assays were tested using samples confirmed to be negative or positive for COVID-19 by RT-PCR. We also evaluated precision, analytical interference, and cross-reactivity with known cases of infection with other viruses. Additionally, we validated concordance with molecular and other serological testing and evaluated seroconversion in our patient population. Results The IgG and IgM ELISA assays showed acceptable precision, were robust to analytical interference and did not exhibit cross reactivity with specimens positive for common respiratory viruses. Both assays exhibited 95% agreement with a primary screening serological assay utilized at our institution as well as with a reference laboratory semi-quantitative method. Concordance with RT-PCR was excellent > 6 days after symptom onset (100%). Conclusions The Ansh SARS-CoV-2 ELISA assays have good analytical performance suitable for clinical use.
Soft Interactions Modify the Diffusive Dynamics ofPolymer-Grafted Nanoparticles in Solutions of Free Polymer

We examine the dynamics of silica particles grafted with high molecular weight polystyrene suspended in semidilute solutions of chemically similar linear polymer using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. The particle dynamics decouple from the bulk viscosity despite their large hydrodynamic size and instead experience an effective viscosity that depends on the molecular weight of the free polymer chains. Unlike for hard-sphere nanoparticles in semidilute polymer solutions, the diffusivities of the polymer-grafted nanoparticles do not collapse onto a master curve solely as a function of normalized length scales. Instead, the diffusivities can be collapsed across two orders of magnitude in free polymer molecular weight and concentration and one order of magnitude in grafted molecular weight by incorporating the ratio of free to grafted polymer molecular weights. These results suggest that the soft interaction potential between polymer-grafted nanoparticles and free polymer allows polymer-grafted nanopart...
The White Coat: A Counter Narrative

What does it mean to wear the white coat? I began to grapple with this as an internal medicine intern. I trained at Duke, where the dress code was more formal than at my medical school. Other than ...
Addressing the Gender Gap in Research: Insights from a Women in Neuroscience Conference

There has been growing interest in quantifying the proportion of women participating in scientific conferences, publications, and committees. Numbers reveal persistent disparities, but offer few cures to the root causes of the gender gaps in research. Toward remediation, we outline five lessons learned through organizing two conferences for Women in Neuroscience (WiN). These recommendations build on participants' comments, and aim to better support women in their scientific paths and help provide equal opportunity.
Ohio's Johne's Disease Demonstration Project:

Ohio has participated in the National Johne's Disease Demonstration Project since the summer of 2004. Our overall goals included obtaining experience with and evaluation of the Trek ESP broth culture system, assessing the overall usefulness of culture of pooled fecal samples as compared to individual animal fecal cultures in identifying infected animals and infected herds, culturing samples taken from selected environmental sources to compare environmental "load" on the farm with apparent prevalence of infection in the animals and to determine if specific sites in the environment are more likely to present a hazard to young animals in that environment. In addition, we wanted to collect some of this data in beef herds to better characterize the disease in beef herds typical of our region.
Has the COVID-19 outbreak altered the prevalence of low back pain among physiotherapy students?

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) among physiotherapy students during the COVID-19 lockdown in the State of Israel. Participants/methods One hundred and sixty four physiotherapy students from all four-year student levels were invited to participate. One hundred and thirty-seven students (83.5%) were recruited in the study with 79 females (57.7%) and 58 males (42.3%). We used a structured anonymous questionnaire that sought standard information on age, height, weight, sports activity and low back pain (LBP) prevalence during three periods. Results No significant differences were noted in the prevalence of LBP between the lockdown period compared to 12-month period in all four-year levels. More so, our findings showed that LBP prevalence among physiotherapy students was greater during the 12-month period compared to the lifetime period. Conclusions This study indicates that COVID-19 lockdown has no negative impact on the prevalence of LBP among physiotherapy students.
Do Fund Managers Make Informed Asset Allocation Decisions

Based on a dynamic model of informed asset allocation, we identify a holdings-based measure of a manager's forecast for future market returns. The model also predicts that the variance of this measure should be indicative of a manager's ability: The higher the variance, the greater the ability. We test these predictions on a large dataset of mutual fund domestic equity holdings and find strong evidence that, across mutual fund managers, our holdings-based measure appears to contain information for future market returns. Moreover, as the model predicts, where timing ability can be detected the variability of our measure is positively related to timing ability.
Persistence of bacterial and archaeal communities in sea ice through an Arctic winter.

The structure of bacterial communities in first-year spring and summer sea ice differs from that in source seawaters, suggesting selection during ice formation in autumn or taxon-specific mortality in the ice during winter. We tested these hypotheses by weekly sampling (January–March 2004) of first-year winter sea ice (Franklin Bay, Western Arctic) that experienced temperatures from −9°C to −26°C, generating community fingerprints and clone libraries for Bacteria and Archaea. Despite severe conditions and significant decreases in microbial abundance, no significant changes in richness or community structure were detected in the ice. Communities of Bacteria and Archaea in the ice, as in under-ice seawater, were dominated by SAR11 clade Alphaproteobacteria and Marine Group I Crenarchaeota, neither of which is known from later season sea ice. The bacterial ice library contained clones of Gammaproteobacteria from oligotrophic seawater clades (e.g. OM60, OM182) but no clones from gammaproteobacterial genera commonly detected in later season sea ice by similar methods (e.g. Colwellia, Psychrobacter). The only common sea ice bacterial genus detected in winter ice was Polaribacter. Overall, selection during ice formation and mortality during winter appear to play minor roles in the process of microbial succession that leads to distinctive spring and summer sea ice communities.
How iron is the iron law of oligarchy

Abstract. Probably the most famous dictum about parties' internal structures is Robert Michels' ‘iron law of oligarchy’. Over the past two decades, however, the societal context within which parties are embedded has begun to change which may alter the psychological premise upon which Michels’ law is based. More specifically, we hypothesize that New Politics proponents within established parties are disproportionately likely to rely on cues from local party branches, instead of leadership cues, in forming issue positions on intra-party controversies. Accordingly, this paper analyzes the influence of New Politics issues on the leadership-constituency views of party delegates within fifty-two West European parties. In addition, we analyze the relative contribution of party ideology and party structures to the evolution of mean party support for NP policies and constituency orientations. The data base for this paper is a unique study of convention delegates conducted in all major West European parties, and a study of party characteristics. We find that New Politics supporters, especially within socialist parties, are predisposed to emphasize the representation of their local party constituency, in case the views of local party branches and a party's national leadership clash. We assess the implications of this research for parties and party theories, especially Michels' law.
Speak softly--and forget the stick. Corporal punishment and child physical abuse.

Background Previous studies have shown an association between spanking and child physical abuse. However, the relationship between more frequent and severe corporal punishment and abuse remains unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between reported spanking, spanking frequency, or spanking with an object and the odds of physical abuse in a representative sample of mothers from North and South Carolina. Methods This study is a cross-sectional, anonymous telephone survey of adult mothers with children aged Results Mothers who report that the child was spanked are 2.7 (95% CI=1.2, 6.3) times more likely to report abuse. Increases in the frequency of reported spanking in the last year are also associated with increased odds of abuse (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.06). Mothers reporting spanking with an object are at markedly increased odds of reporting abuse (OR=8.9, 95% CI=4.1, 19.6). Conclusions Although reported spanking increases the odds of reported physical abuse, the relationship between the reported hitting of a child with an object and reported abuse is much stronger. Reduction in this form of discipline through media, educational, and legislative efforts may reduce child physical abuse.
Understanding cargo specificity in intraflagellar transport.

Cilia biogenesis and maintenance depends on intraflagellar transport (IFT) that at the same time mediates shuttling of cell‐type‐specific cargo. Mechanistic understanding of how the general IFT transport machinery links to the movement of specific ciliary cargo remains sparse. In this issue of The EMBO Journal , Zhao and Malicki (2011) show that two components of the IFT machinery (Fleer and IFT88) interact with axoneme and basal body localized factors (B9d2 and Inversin) to regulate transport of specific ciliary cargo.
Pathway of infection of mosquito iridescent virus. I. Preliminary observations on the fate of ingested virus.

Abstract Mosquito iridescent virus (MIV) is ingested in large amounts by first- and second-instar Aedes taeniorhynchus larvae without causing a high rate of infection. Electron microscope studies have been undertaken to determine the fate of ingested virus. Preliminary observations suggest that most, if not all, ingested particles are degraded shortly after entering the midgut. MIV and other virus particles employed in this study were apparently unable to penetrate the peritrophic membrane; consequently, none was observed inside, or in contact with, midgut epithelial cells.
Total integral and ejected-energy differential cross sections for the electron-impact ionization of lithium

Time-dependent close-coupling calculations of the electron-impact ionization of lithium are presented and compared to experiment and other recent theoretical calculations. Total integral cross sections are found to be in excellent agreement with the previous converged close-coupling calculations of Bray [J. Phys. B 28, L247 (1995)], but are substantially lower than the only low-energy region experimental results of Zapesochnyi and Aleksakhin [Sov. Phys. JETP 28, 41 (1969)]. Ejected-energy differential cross sections are presented for incident energies of 10 eV, 15 eV, 20 eV, and 25.4 eV. At 25.4 eV, the time-dependent close-coupling results are found to be in only moderately good agreement with the converged close-coupling results of Bray et al. [J. Phys. B 32, 4309 (1999)]. A study is also made of the convergence of the spin asymmetry parameter as a function of orbital angular momentum. The final time-dependent result for the spin asymmetry parameter at an incident energy of 15 eV is found to be in excellent agreement with the converged close-coupling results of Bray [J. Phys. B 28, L247 (1995)], but is slightly lower than the experiment of Baum et al. (1985).
The discretized sum-product and projection theorems

We give a new presentation of the discrete ring theorem for sets of real numbers [B]. Special attention is given to the relation between the various parameters. As an application, new Marstrand type projection theorems are obtained and formulated either in terms of box or Hausdorff dimension. It is shown that the dimension of the projections satisfies a nontrivial lower bound outside a very sparse set of exceptional directions.
14.2 A physically unclonable function with BER −8 for robust chip authentication using oscillator collapse in 40nm CMOS

Security is a key concern in today's mobile devices and a number of hardware implementations of security primitives have been proposed, including true random number generators, differential power attack avoidance, and chip-ID generators [1-4]. Recently, physically unclonable functions (PUFs) were proposed as a secure method for chip authentication in unsecure environments [5-7]. A PUF is a function that maps an input code ("challenge') to an output code (“response”) in a manner that is unique for every chip. PUFs are increasingly used for IC authentication to offer protection against identity theft, cloning, and counterfeit components [2-4].
THE WILD MAN, CHARLEMAGNE AND THE GERMAN BODY

The exceptional image of Charlemagne that surfaced in a printed frontispiece from 1521 shares formal qualities with the German wilde Mann, a folkloric creature who lurked in the margins of civilized society and late medieval art. The use of a wild man to establish Charlemagne's filiation with his modern descendant Charles v strikes the modern viewer as a peculiar strategy. In the visual tradition, the wild man typically represented the rejection of all affects of civilized man and embodied his alter ego. Once understood as an undomesticated contemporary of the late medieval European, personified, here, as Charlemagne, the wild man represents a stage in the evolution of the contemporary German. This essay argues that the rediscovery in Germany c. 1473 of Tacitus's first-century Germania transformed the wild man into the ur-German described in the ancient text and gave him a national identity.
Surface fractality of wood charcoals through small‐angle X‐ray scattering

Geometrical properties of the pore-solid interfaces of devolatilized charcoals from the pyrolysis of fuel woods in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor were investigated through small-angle X-ray scattering. Specifically, surface morphological features of the interfaces were characterized by a single parameter indicative of the degree of surface roughness, that is, the surface fractal dimension, dSF, at various retention times. The surface fractal dimensions of the original wood samples prior to devolatilization were approximately identical for all species within the range between 2.00 and 2.15, over a length scale from 55 to 600 A, and those for the respective charcoals from these wood samples were influenced to different degrees by the retention time, τ, in the reactor. The dSF's of the mesopores of charcoals of all the species attained maxima at a value of τ equal to 35 s and decreased subsequently with an increase in τ. The analysis of this unexpected trend was facilitated by the values of the mean radii of gyration of the pores, estimated through the Guinier plots. The results imply that when the retention time of the charcoals in the reactor is prolonged, the mechanism of pore enlargement and smoothening of the interfaces can play a dominant role in altering the surface morphology and thereby influence significantly the kinetics of chemical reactions in heterogeneous porous systems.
State-space methods for calculating concentration dynamics in multizone buildings

Abstract This work explores analytic solutions to contaminant transport in multizone systems as a means of solving concentration dynamics more rapidly and providing insight into system behaviour. A general formulation is developed that is consistent with state-space theory. This is used to provide general and specific solutions for the concentration time series. In particular, an analytical expression is presented for the case of constant system parameters and constant input conditions using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the case of a diagonalisable state matrix for the multizone system. A method for using this expression to solve concentrations over a series of varying building and input states is developed, with potential for use as a rapid means of calculating concentrations at any time. In principle, this method could be used as a complementary method for solving concentration dynamics within multizone software. Analytical expressions for cumulative exposure for the same case are also presented. The characteristic behaviour of the solutions and their dependence on the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the state matrix are explored for the steady state case and the decay solution. In particular, the behaviour in the late decay phase is shown to be characterised by a single decay rate, given by the smallest magnitude eigenvalue, and a fixed concentration ratio, given by the associated eigenvector. The independence of the concentration ratio in this phase to the initial conditions is also demonstrated. Two example cases are used to illustrate these and additional features.
Strengths, Widths, and Shapes of the Lines of the 3ν CO Band

Spectral curves of several CO samples have been used to investigate the 3ν band whose center is near 6350 cm−1. The strength of the band for the common 12C16O isotope has been found to be 0.0130±0.0005 atm−1·cm−1STP·cm−1. An empirical equation, Fm=1+0.011m, has been derived to account for the influence of vibration—rotation on line strengths. The half‐widths of the self‐broadened lines at 1 atm pressure vary from approximately 0.090 cm−1 at | m | = 1 to 0.062 cm−1 at | m | = 20. The widths of self‐broadened lines are 1.08±0.005 times as great as N2‐broadened lines at the same pressure. The Lorentz line shape appears to be appropriate for the collision‐broadened lines within a few cm−1 of their centers; but the extreme wings of the lines are sub‐Lorentzian.
SePARating polarity and proliferation in ErbB2 oncogenesis

Loss of tissue organization, including disruption of epithelial polarity, is a feature of many carcinomas. Activation of the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase, ErbB2, induces alterations in epithelial architecture, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are poorly understood. New data suggests that the polarity proteins, Par6 and atypical PKC, may affect epithelial polarity and cell survival through interactions with an ErbB2 receptor complex.
Ultrafast optical properties in dendrimer and dendrimer metal nanocomposites

The ultra-fast emission and nonlinear optical properties are reported in novel transition metal dendrimer nanocomposites. Time-resolved results show an ultra-fast decay for the gold (Au) and silver (Ag) dendrimer nanocomposites with a decay time of approximately 70 fs and a complex anisotropy decay result for the silver dendrimer nanocomposite. A weak decay result was obtained from the pristine PAMAM dendrimer and the emission spectrum is also reported. The wavelength dependence of the ultra-fast decay was also investigated for all systems. Nonlinear optical measurements were carried out with both gold and silver dendrimer metal nanocomposites. A strong nonlinear absorption effect was observed for the external configuration of the silver and gold dendrimer metal nanocomposites. The mechanism of the nonlinear absorption in this novel architecture is also investigated. These results show the potential of emission and nonlinear optical effects in a new architecture.
Effect of p-aminobenzoic acid and vitamin C upon duration of survival of nephrectomized rats.

SummaryThe administration of a single dose of a combination of Vit. C and p-aminobenzoic acid to nephrectomized rats significantly increases the survival time.
Quantum-enhanced magnetometer with low-frequency squeezing

We report the demonstration of a magnetometer with noise-floor reduction below the shot-noise level. This magnetometer, based on a nonlinear magneto-optical rotation effect, is enhanced by the injection of a squeezed vacuum state into its input. The noise spectrum shows squeezed noise reduction of about $2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.35$ dB spanning from close to 100 Hz to several megahertz. We also report on the observation of two different regimes of operation of such a magnetometer: one in which the detection noise is limited by the quantum noise of the light probe only, and one in which we see additional noise originating from laser noise which is rotated into the vacuum polarization.
Is ego depletion too incredible? Evidence for the overestimation of the depletion effect.

The depletion effect, a decreased capacity for self-control following previous acts of self-control, is thought to result from a lack of necessary psychological/physical resources (i.e., “ego depletion”). Kurzban et al. present an alternative explanation for depletion; but based on statistical techniques that evaluate and adjust for publication bias, we question whether depletion is a real phenomenon in need of explanation.
On transitivity of proximinality

Abstract A characterization of normed linear spaccs, which “transmit” proximinality for subspaces of finite codimension, is given. This also gives a solution to a problem of Pollul [10].
Application of CFD Analysis for Rotating Machinery: Part 2 — Labyrinth Seal Analysis

Labyrinth seals are used in various kinds of turbo machines to reduce internal leakage flow. The working fluid or, the gas passing through the rotor shaft labyrinth seals, often generates driving force components that may increase the unstable vibration of the rotor. It is important to know the accurate rotordynamic force components for predicting the instability of the rotor-bearing-seal system. The major goals of this research was to calculate the rotordynamic force of a labyrinth seals utilizing a commercial CFD program and to further compare those results to an existing bulk flow computer program currently used by major US machinery manufacturers. The labyrinth seals of a steam turbine and a compressor eye seal are taken as objects of analysis. For each case, a 3D model with eccentric rotor was solved to obtain the rotordynamic force components. The leakage flow and rotor dynamics force predicted by CFX TASCFlow are compared with the results the existing bulk flow analysis program DYNLAB. The results show that the bulk flow program gives a pessimistic prediction of the destabilizing forces for the conditions under investigation. Further research work will be required to fully understand the complex leakage flows in turbo machinery.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Evaluation of thoracic mechanics in the ventilated patient part 1: Primary measurements

Abstract In ambulatory patients, the respiratory system can be evaluated by voluntary tests of pulmonary function, as well as by physical examination, roentgenography, and arterial blood sampling. Unfortunately, although data regarding thoracic mechanics and muscle strength are often key to the scientific management of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation, patient cooperation is often impaired. This review focuses on techniques for assessing effort intensity, the pattern and rhythm of the breathing cycle, and the physical properties of the lung and chest wall during mechanical ventilation. In the first portion of this two-part review, the discussion centers on five primary measurements that underlie all derived indices of mechanics, drive, and effort: airway and esophageal pressures, flow, volume, and breathing pattern. Detailed discussion of applied mechanics, including ventilatory drive, muscle strength, work of breathing and energy expenditure, will be addressed in the second segment.
A General Decomposition Algorithm for Parallel Queues with Correlated Arrivals

Queueing with correlated arrivals occurs when customers arrive at a set of queues simultaneously. The difficulty in analyzing systems with correlated arrivals is due to the fact that the individual queueing systems are stochastically dependent. Exact methods for analyzing these systems are computationally intensive and are limited to only a few special cases. In this paper, we consider a system of parallel queues with bulk service and correlated arrivals. We show how the matrix-geometric approach can be used to obtain the performance measures of the system. We also develop an algorithm for large systems that efficiently approximates the performance measures by decomposing it into individual queueing systems. Finally, we describe how the principles of our decomposition algorithm can be extended to analyze a variety of different parallel queueing systems with correlated arrivals. We then evaluate the accuracy of our algorithm through a numerical study.
The development of the young child's ability to anticipate the outcomes of simple causal events.

KEIL, FRANK. The Development of the Young Child's Ability to Anticipate the Outcomes of Simple Causal Events. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1979, 50, 455-462. Children at 12 and 232 years observed events consisting of the removal of crucial support blocks from simple block structures. It was proposed that the child's causal intuitions were related to the ability to anticipate the outcomes of the events. The child's anticipation ability was measured by the degree of surprise observed on certain "trick" trials in which concealed magnets prevented the expected collapse. While an event requiring knowledge of one physical law to anticipate collapse was surprising to both ages, an event requiring an additional second law was not surprising to either age (but was surprising to older ages). When the simpler event was screened from view, only the 2n3-year-olds were surprised at the causal incompatibility between the initial and final conditions. These findings are interpreted within a component-theory framework.
In-plane force–extension response of a polymer confined to a surface

Abstract The force–extension response of synthetic polymers and biomolecules governs properties such as bulk elasticity of rubbery materials and the behavior of DNA and several filamentous proteins. In several cases, such as DNA adsorbed on a plasma membrane, or polymers adsorbed onto a hard material, the molecule is confined to two dimensions as it extends under external forces (e.g., due to applied electric field). However, the force response in two dimensions is relatively poorly-studied. In this paper, we present closed-form analytical expressions for the two-dimensional force–extension response of a freely-jointed chain under force control. Our principal results relate end-to-end distance to total force under two modes of stretching: (i) when force is applied only to the free end of the chain, and (ii) when the applied force is distributed uniformly throughout the chain. In both cases, we further propose explicit approximate expressions for force in terms of extension. Analytical results have been verified by Brownian dynamics simulation. We also show that the distributed force model agrees well with experimental measurements of stretching surface-adsorbed DNA by an electric field.
Fracture of shape memory CuAlNi single crystals

The fracture behavior of shape memory CuAlNi single crystals loaded in tension is studied. Specimens cut from a single crystal are notched and loaded in tension until final fracture. Eight different crystallographic orientations of the notch and tensile axes are considered. The stress field at the notch tip triggers a cubic to orthorhombic phase transition in the crystal, which results in a set of twinned martensite plates emanating from the notch tip. As loading increases, a crack forms and grows off the notch tip, with the martensite plates continuing to appear at the growing crack. Details of the crack growth depend strongly on both the type of singular microstructures that forms and how this microstructure interacts with the growing crack. In one group of orientations a distinct transformation zone forms along one flank of the crack and the motion of this zone is directly connected to the crack growth. In a second group of orientations, the microstructure formation is not as strongly tied to the crack. Interestingly, in all specimens studied, the final crack direction is approximately 80° from the direction of the martensite plates.
Excitation Functions of ( p , xp ) Reactions

Radiochemically measured excitation functions are reported for several ($p, \mathrm{xp}$) reactions, where $xg~2$, for target nuclei encompassing a wide range of mass numbers and for incident energies of 100 to 440 MeV. The ($p, 2p$) reactions were studied using ${\mathrm{Si}}^{30}$, ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{68}$, and ${\mathrm{W}}^{186}$ as target nuclei; the ($p, 3p$) reactions were studied using ${\mathrm{Si}}^{30}$, ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$, ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}$, ${\mathrm{As}}^{75}$, ${\mathrm{W}}^{186}$, and ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$; the ($p, 4p$) reactions were studied using ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$, ${\mathrm{S}}^{32}$, ${\mathrm{As}}^{75}$, and ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$; and a ($p, 5p$) excitation function was measured using ${\mathrm{S}}^{32}$ as the target. The data do not seem to exclude important contributions by either the knock-on or evaporation mechanisms in all mass regions studied, although, according to qualitative arguments it seems plausible that knock-on processes predominate in the high-mass region.
A NEW CLASS OF HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULINS. II. NORMAL SERUM IGD

A new class of immunoglobulin, IgD, was identified in normal human serum by immunochemical technics. Antiserums prepared against the unique S.J. myeloma protein facilitated recognition of the related normal protein. IgD was shown to possess type K (I) and type L (II) light chain determinants, similar to those present in other classes of immunoglobulins. IgD does not possess determinants which are specific to IgG, IgA, or IgM. The IgD proteins possess their own specific antigenic determinants. IgD migrates in the fast gamma-region on immunoelectrophoresis. The properties on sephadex gel filtration and DEAE cellulose chromatography are described. IgD was found to have a median level of 0.03 mg/ml in 100 normal serums. The range of concentrations found in individual normal serums is much wider, however, than that of other classes of immunoglobulins. IgD, on the average, accounts for less than 1 per cent of the normal serum immunoglobulins.
Statistics of peak spacings and widths in the quantum coulomb blockade regime

Measurements of Coulomb blockade conductance peak spacings and widths measured over large ensembles (∼104 peaks) of peaks in ballistic GaAs quantum dots are reported. Distributions of spacings for both broken (B≠0) and unbroken (B=0) time-reversal symmetry are roughly Gaussian with broad non-Gaussian tails and a standard deviation of 2–6% of the average spacing, comparable to the single-particle level spacing. Spacing distributions for B=0 are wider by a factor of ∼1.2±0.1 compared to B≠0, consistent with random matrix theory. Surprisingly, spacing distributions are unimodal, suggesting an absence of spin-degeneracy. Peak width distributions reflect fluctuations in the “lever arm,” or capacitance ratio η=Cgate/Cdot. Field-averaged peak width and spacing both change smoothly as electrons are added to the dot, but fluctuations in peak width appear uncorrelated with spacing fluctuations.
Perceptions of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace

This study attempted to test assumptions derived from the sex-role spillover model of sexual harassment developed by Gutek and Morasch (1982). One hundred fourteen male and 120 female undergraduates were asked to read scenarios describing potentially sexually oriented behaviors toward women in three different types of job settings (job types: female dominated, male dominated, and mixed). The independent variables were (a) the status difference between the supervisor and subordinate (small vs. large), (b) job type, (c) sex of subject, and (d) sex type of subject (same-sexed, cross-sexed, androgynous, or undifferentiated). The results indicated that ambiguous behaviors are perceived as being more sexually harassing in male dominated and mixed settings than in female dominated settings. The implications for future theory and research on sexual harassment are discussed.
Primary prevention, priorities, and implementation: The case of the New Zealand accident compensation act

The demands of implementation can distort the most logical system of preventive priorities in coordinated programs, as this case study of theory and practice indicates.
Higher order averages of primary recoil distributions

Die Abbremsung eines energiereichen Teilchens durch Stose mit den Atomen eines Kristalls wird unter der vereinfachenden Annahme behandelt, das die periodische Anordnung des Kristalls durch eine statistisch unabhangige Anordnung gleicher Dichte ersetzt werden kann. Die Verteilung der Endlagen (xs) des energiereichen Teilchens genugt einer Integro-Differential-Gleichung. Aus dieser Gleichung gewinnt man eine einfache Darstellung fur die Mittelwerte von Produkten der kartesischen Komponenten (xs,xsxt etc), sowie ihrer Energieabhangigkeit. Liegt den Stosen ein Zentralpotential zugrunde, so kann die Darstellung weiter vereinfacht werden. Als Beispiel wird behandelt „Die Harte-Kugel-Naherung“ der klassischen Stostheorie fur abstosende Potentiale, wie sie in der Theorie des Abbremsvorgangs haufig verwendet werden. Die Mittelwerte bis einschlieslich vierter Ordnung (xsxtxuxυ) werden dargestellt durch Mehrfachintegrale uber die Energie. Diese Integrale enthalten neben explizit angegebenen Integralkernen nur die freie Weglange als Funktion der Energie. Die Zahl der benotigten Integrationen ist gleich der Ordnung des Mittelwertes. Bei der Behandlung ist vorausgesetzt, das das abgebremste Teilchen und die Kristallatome gleiche Massen besitzen. Besonders einfach wird das Ergebnis fur Potentiale, die proportional zu einer reziproken Potenz des Abstandes sind. Schlieslich wird an einem speziellen Beispiel und einem Vergleich mit Maschinenrechnungen gezeigt, das man auch die Verteilungsfunktion aus den Mittelwerten niedriger Ordnung einigermasen verlaslich ermitteln kann.