cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of anxiety-relieving drugs on unit discharges in hippocampus, reticular midbrain, and pre-optic area in the freely moving rat.

Summary-The effects on unit discharges of various doses of the compounds chlordiazepoxide, meprobamate, sodium pentobarbital, and diazepam were studied in the unanesthetized, unrestrained rat. Recordings of action potentials were made simultaneously in hippocampus, pre-optic region, and the reticular formation of the midbrain. The doses of chiordiazepoxide were 5,10,20 and 40 mgfkg; 5,lO and 20 mg/kg of sodium pentobarbitaf ; 80,100 and 120 mg/kg of meprob~ate, and finally 5,lO and 20 mg/kg of diazepam. In the hippo~mpus, chlordiazepoxide depressed spont~eous activity at every dose used. The reduction ranged from 30 to SO%, but in no case was there inhibition of al1 discharges. Diazepam also had substantial depressing effects on the activity in this region of the brain. In contrast, sodium pentobarbital had relatively minor effects in the lower dose range, but significant depressing effects at the higher doses. Meprobamate also had comparatively small effects in the hippocampus. In the pre-optic area, chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate depressed spontaneous activity at the higher dose range. There were small effects in the lower dose range. Sodium pentobarbital also had minor depressing effects at all doses. Diazepam caused less depression even at the higher doses than either chlordiazepoxide or meprobamate, and these effects were transient. In the midbrain reticular formation, meprobamate caused substantial depression of spontaneous activity even at the lower doses. Sodium pentobarbital similarly depressed activity, but the onset of effect was less delayed than with meprobamate. Chlordiazepoxide at low doses caused less depression of reticular midbrain neurons than of hippocampal or pre-optic region ones. At high doses, the effect was similar to that of meprobamate. The data suggest the possibility of a mode of action of chlordiazepoxide and diazepam which implicates the hippocampus, whereas in the case of sodium pentobarbital and meprobamate, the mode of action appears to implicate the midbrain reticular area. Such a view is based upon comparison of effects at low doses on spontaneous activity of the three regions investigated. CLINICAL studies suggest that chlordiazepoxide may sedate through increasing the wellbeing of the patient rather than depressing him. Studies on animal behavior also report an increase in the animal’s willingness to endure punishment to obtain food or water after chlordiazepoxide (Special Report, 1965). This compound may thus be enhancing positive drives rather than reducing anxiety.
Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy : effect on local recurrence in the conservatively treated breast cancer patient

Background. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of adjuvant systemic chemotherapy and adjuvant hormonal therapy on local relapse in the conservatively treated breast. Materials and Methods. Before December 1989, 548 patients underwent lumpectomy with axillary dissection followed by radiation therapy to the intact breast. Adjuvant systemic therapy was administered as clinically indicated. The majority of patients with pathologically involved lymph nodes received adjuvant systemic therapy, whereas those with pathologically negative lymph nodes received no adjuvant systemic therapy. The majority of patients received a course of radiation therapy either concomitant with or before systemic therapy
Captivity reduces hippocampal volume but not survival of new cells in a food-storing bird.

In many naturalistic studies of the hippocampus wild animals are held in captivity. To see if captivity itself affects hippocampal structure, adult black-capped chickadees (Poecile atricapilla) were caught in the fall, injected with bromodeoxyuridine to mark neurogenesis and alternately released back to the wild or held in captivity for 4–6 weeks. Wild birds were recaptured and perfused simultaneously with their captive counterparts. The hippocampus of the captive birds was 23% smaller than the wild birds, with no hemispheric differences in volume within groups. There was no statistically significant difference in the size of the telencephalon between groups, or in the number and density of surviving new cells. Proximate causes of the hippocampal volume change could include stress, lack of exercise, diminished social interaction or limited caching opportunity; a hippocampal-dependent activity. The results suggest the avian hippocampus - a structure essential for rapid, complex relational and spatial learning - is both plastic and sensitive, much as is the case in mammals, including humans.
Predicting social ties in mobile phone networks

A social network dynamically changes since the social relationships (social ties) change over time. The evolution of a social network mainly depends on the evolution of the social relationships. The social-tie strengths of person-to-person are different one another even though they are in the same group. In this paper we investigate the evolution of person-to-person social relationships, quantify and predict social tie strengths based on call-detail records of mobile phones. We propose an affinity model for quantifying social-tie strengths in which a reciprocity index is integrated to measure the level of reciprocity between users and their communication partners. Since human social relationships change over time, we map the call-log data to time series of the social-tie strengths by the affinity model. Then we use ARIMA model to predict social-tie strengths. For validation of our results, we used actual call logs of 81 users collected for a period of 8 months at MIT by the Reality Mining Project group and also used call logs of 20 users collected for a period of 6 months by UNT's Network Security team. These users have around 5000 communication partners. The experimental results show that our model is effective. We achieve prediction performance with accuracy of average 95.2% for socially close and near members. Among other applications, this work is useful for homeland security, detection of unwanted calls (e.g., spam), and marketing.
In‐Situ Partial Sintering of Gold‐Nanoparticle Sheets for SERS Applications

A new, versatile substrate design for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is introduced that provides better illumination and collection efficiency than other solid substrates. It uses sheets of 5 nm diameter gold nanoparticles that are draped by drying-mediated self-assembly onto 100 nm thick silicon nitride membranes. During laser illumination, partial in-situ sintering of the nanoparticles into larger structures with tiny gaps (≈2 nm) greatly increases the SERS enhancement factor. The detection of 1 pM of p-mercaptoaniline and 1 fg of 2,4-dinitrotoluene is demonstrated. The use of self-assembled nanoparticle sheets furthermore makes it possible to perform SERS detection in situ on top of a probe solution droplet.
The Solar Potential for Process Heat:A Commercialization Perspective

A overview of the results of a survey of potential applications of solar energy for supplying process heat requirements in the industrial sector of California is presented. Technical, economic, and institutional characteristics of the sector are examined. Specific applications for solar energy are then discussed. Finally, implications for state and federal energy policy are discussed along with a perspective on the potential for commercialization of solar industrial process heat systems.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Moisture-conserving efficiency of condenser humidifiers*

Summary The moisture-conserving efficiency of commercially available condenser humidifiers (small, disposable, airway humidifiers) was studied. A comprehensive comparison of all currently available condenser humidifiers utilising a laboratory system which simulated a breathing, intubated patient in temperature, humidity, dead space, and respiratory pattern characteristics was undertaken. The percentage of moisture conserved, or efficiency, of the humidifiers was calculated gravimetrically from the water loss of the testing system with and without the condenser humidifiers. The Portex Humid-Vent® and Trach-Vent®, Siemens Servo 150® and the Terumo Brethaia® were evaluated. The data revealed an inverse correlation between efficiency and tidal volume. The most efficient were the Portex Humid- Vent® at low tidal volumes and Siemens Servo 150® at the mid and high tidal volumes. To achieve a minimum inspired water content of 33 mg H2O/litre gas. a 79% condenser humidifier efficiency is necessary. None of these units met this requirement; however, they may be appropriate for limited clinical application.
Preparation and properties of immobilized methanol oxidase

Methanol oxidase produced by the yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL-1 was used for the enzymatic oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. The kinetics of enzyme and protein release during cell desruption were studied at the laboratory scale with a Braun homogenizer and the pilot plant scale with a Manton–Gaulin homogenizer. Conditions were defined for maximum release and retention of high activity in cell-free extracts. Methanol oxidase was immobilized by adsorption on DEAE-cellulose from enzymes in cell-free extracts or from ammonium sulfate purified purified fractions. The kinetics of formaldehyde formation with both soluble and immobilized enzyme was studied in batch and continuous reactors.
Fitting Hierarchical Holographic Modeling into the Theory of Scenario Structuring and a Resulting Refinement to the Quantitative Definition of Risk

A point of view is suggested from which the Hierarchical Holographic Modeling (HHM) method can be seen as one more method within the Theory of Scenario Structuring (TSS), which is that part of Quantitative Risk Assessment having to do with the task of identifying the set of risk scenarios. Seen in this way, HHM brings strongly to our attention the fact that different methods within TSS can result in different sets of risk scenarios for the same underlying problem. Although this is not a problem practically, it is a bit awkward conceptually from the standpoint of the "set of triplets" definition of risk, in which the scenario set is part of the definition. Accordingly, the present article suggests a refinement to the set of triplets definition, which removes the specific set of scenarios, found by any of the TSS methods, from the definition of risk and casts it, instead, as an approximation to the "true" set of scenarios that is native to the problem at hand and not affected by the TSS method used.
Ligand-Mediated Anticodon Conformational Changes Occur during tRNA Methylation by a TrmD Methyltransferase†

Orthologs of TrmD, G37 tRNA methyltransferases, have been analyzed with regard to post-tRNA binding events required to move the residue G37 in proximity to bound AdoMet for catalysis. This was approached initially by probing tRNA with T2 nuclease or Pb acetate in the presence, then absence, of Escherichia coli TrmD protein. Cleavage patterns clearly show that portions of the anticodon loop phosphodiester backbone are protected from cleavage only in the presence of sinefungin, a potent AdoMet analogue. This demonstrates that there must be considerable movement of the loop region and/or protein as the AdoMet site is occupied. Florescence energy transfer experiments were employed to better assess the movement of the G37 and G36 base residues in response to occupancy of the AdoMet site. When the Streptococcus pneumoniae TrmD protein was bound to synthetic tRNA(1)(Leu) substituted with 2-aminopurine at positions 36 and 37, fluorescence energy transfer analysis showed that a decrease in 2-aminopurine fluorescence occurs only when AdoMet is present. Taken together, these results suggest that the base to be methylated by the TrmD protein is mobilized into the active center after tRNA binding only when the AdoMet site is occupied.
Orthogonalization assumption in atomic scattering theory

The issue of orthogonality between initial and final state wavefunctions in the evaluation of scattering amplitudes is addressed. Over the years, various treatments of this issue may be found ranging from artificially modifying wavefunctions to ensure orthogonality to totally ignoring the issue. The assumption that initial and final states scattering wavefunctions should be orthogonal is examined for the case of electron-hydrogen scattering and it is shown that enforcing orthogonality introduces spurious effects.
Top down characterization of larger proteins (45 kDa) by electron capture dissociation mass spectrometry.

The structural characterization of proteins expressed from the genome is a major problem in proteomics. The solution to this problem requires the separation of the protein of interest from a complex mixture, the identification of its DNA-predicted sequence, and the characterization of sequencing errors and posttranslational modifications. For this, the “top down” mass spectrometry (MS) approach, extended by the greatly increased protein fragmentation from electron capture dissociation (ECD), has been applied to characterize proteins involved in the biosynthesis of thiamin, Coenzyme A, and the hydroxylation of proline residues in proteins. With Fourier transform (FT) MS, electrospray ionization (ESI) of a complex mixture from an E. coli cell extract gave 102 accurate molecular weight values (2−30 kDa), but none corresponding to the predicted masses of the four desired enzymes for thiamin biosynthesis (GoxB, ThiS, ThiG, and ThiF). MS/MS of one ion species (representing ∼1% of the mixture) identified it with...
Remarks on the calculation of upper and lower limits to quantum‐mechanical properties

The geometrical inequalities arising from Gramian determinants are derived in a simple closed form for determinants of arbitrarily high order. These inequalities are discussed in the context of methods for upper and lower bounds to quantum-mechanical properties, and a numerical application is made to calculate improved lower bounds for various helium atom properties.
Laser resonator design using optical ray tracing software: comparisons with simple analytical models and experimental results

Software simulation of complex resonator and optical system designs offer the potential to couple traditional opto/mechanical tolerance analysis with the required system performance. One such a software platform, ASAP, and the methodology to perform tolerance analyses has been evaluated and validated for the case of the crossed Porro resonator. Simulation results and experimental measurements are presented and discussed.
Radiochromic solutions for reference dosimetry

A chemical radiochromic dosimeter using hexa(hydroxyethyl)pararosaniline nitrile (HHEV-CN) dissolved in an aerated mixture of triethyl phosphate and dimethyl sulfoxide can be used over a wide absorbed dose range as a stable reference dosimeter, with useful characteristics, both for steady-state and pulsed radiation fields. Solutions of the leuco dye at 2-mM concentration, containing small amounts of acetic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid and polyvinylbutyral, show high precision and a linear response for absorbed doses up to 4 kGy. When the leuco dye concentration is increased to 100 mM, the response is also linear, and absorbed doses as low as 0.5 Gy can be read with a precision of 1.3% (95% confidence limits). The radiation chemical yield is constant with changes in absorbed dose rate, but it increases with concentration of the leuco dye up to 10−1 molarity. The radiation chemical yields for dye formation are: for 2-mM solution, G(dye) = 0.015 μmol J−1; for 100-mM solution, G(dye) = 0.28 μmol J−1. The uncertainties for these measured values are ±2.6% (95% confidence limits). The molar linear absorption coefficient at 605–608 nm wavelength is 1.0 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1, the uncertainty (95% confidence limits) being ±2.2%. This dosimeter solution may be used in small sealed glass ampoules or plastic vials and is useful for measuring x- and γ-ray doses of interest in food irradiation and in clinical radiology. The combination of ingredients simulates water and biological tissue (muscle) in terms of radiation interaction cross sections, i.e. mass energy-absorption coefficients for photons (0.1–20 MeV) and mass collision stopping powers for electrons (0.1–50 MeV).
A Case for Revisiting the Safety of Pesticides: A Closer Look at Neurodevelopment

The quality and quantity of the data about the risk posed to humans by individual pesticides vary considerably. Unlike obvious birth defects, most developmental effects cannot be seen at birth or even later in life. Instead, brain and nervous system disturbances are expressed in terms of how an individual behaves and functions, which can vary considerably from birth through adulthood. In this article I challenge the protective value of current pesticide risk assessment strategies in light of the vast numbers of pesticides on the market and the vast number of possible target tissues and end points that often differ depending upon timing of exposure. Using the insecticide chlorpyrifos as a model, I reinforce the need for a new approach to determine the safety of all pesticide classes. Because of the uncertainty that will continue to exist about the safety of pesticides, it is apparent that a new regulatory approach to protect human health is needed.
The British labor market in disequilibrium: Did the dole reduce employment in interwar Britain?

Abstract In this paper we estimate an econometric model of the labor market in interwar Britain. We reject the hypothesis that wages adjust sufficiently speedily to clear the labor market in each year in favor of a disequilibrium model in which the level of employment is determined by the lesser of labor demand or supply. We find that the level of unemployment benefits is a key determinant of labor supply. We estimate that a reduction in benefits to approximately half the 1925-38 average would have resulted in an increase in employment of between eight and twelve percent.
Structural and electronic characterization of multi-electron reduced naphthalene (BIAN) cobaloximes

Reported here are the syntheses and characterization of cobaloximes that feature a bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN) appended ligand. The X-ray crystal structures and spectroscopy (1H NMR or EPR) of the complexes within the series [Co(aqdBF2)2(MeCN)2] (1), [Co(aqdBF2)(MeCN)2]− (2) and [Co(aqdBF2)2(MeCN)2]2− (3, 3′) are reported and the 3-electron reduced complex [Co(aqdBF2)2(MeCN)2]3− (4) has been prepared in situ and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structures revealed the presence of a 6-coordinate CoII species (1), a 5-coordinate CoI species (2), and a 4-coordinate complex (3, 3′). In the case of complex 3, evidence from single crystal EPR spectroscopy (g‖ = 2.017, g⊥ = 1.987; <10 G linewidths) in conjunction with DFT calculations indicate that the EPR signal originates from a delocalized ligand-based unpaired spin. The frontier orbitals obtained from DFT calculations on 1, 2, 3, & 4 support the electronic assignments that were observed spectroscopically. The cathodic cyclic voltammogram (CV) of the solvato congener in DMF solution, namely [Co(aqdBF2)2(DMF)2], exhibits three reversible redox events near −1.0, −1.5 and −2.0 V vs. Fc/Fc+. Catalytic proton reduction was observed by CV near the third redox peak. Compared with other cobaloximes (Ecat = −1.0 V), the delay of catalytic onset arises from the existence of a series of resonance-stabilized intermediates.
Developing Undergraduate Engineering Curriculum Material Using the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning and Building Management Systems of a High Performance Academic Building

The Mechanical Engineering faculty at the Cooper Union is leveraging a new high performance academic building as a learning resource for students to connect undergraduate theory to professional practice. The new teaching strategy utilizes an energy efficient building to provide students with direct, practical exposure to modern heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and Building Management Systems. Students are taken on tours of the building’s HVAC mechanical rooms and partake in laboratory experiments that illustrate the principles of operation and control of these building systems. Furthermore, the student activities are supplemented with new undergraduate curriculum material that introduces basic thermodynamic principles of HVAC operation and provides an overview of the control systems theory involved. This paper will present the pedagogical motivation and goals of the new teaching methods, an overview of the building systems under study, and the development of corresponding curriculum materials and assessment methods.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Reflected Identities: Applying Positionality and Multicultural Social Reconstructionism in Teacher Education

This work explores how positionality, as a pedagogical construct, can enhance the goals of teaching multicultural education courses that are social reconstructionist in nature. It highlights excerp...
Intravenous (+)-methamphetamine causes complex dose-dependent physiologic changes in awake rats.

Abstract Hemodynamic and temperature dose–response relationships were characterized in freely moving rats following i.v. (+)-methamphetamine administration to mimic the rapid onset of effects experienced by many human users. Rats received saline and (+)-methamphetamine in a repeated-measures, mixed-sequence design at 22±1 °C. Significantly greater blood pressure and heart rate elevations were observed after 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg (+)-methamphetamine vs. 0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg. The time to peak hemodynamic values and the duration of effects were significantly greater after 3.0 mg/kg vs. the lower doses. The time to peak temperatures was significantly longer after 1.0 mg/kg vs. the lower doses. Following 3.0 mg/kg, all rats experienced temperature decreases before having elevated temperatures. The duration and magnitude of the delayed temperature elevations were significantly greater after 3.0 mg/kg vs. the lower doses. In conclusion, the (+)-methamphetamine-induced hemodynamic and temperature effects were not temporally synchronized, and the complex responses were not linearly related to dose.
Electrochemical reduction of horse heart ferricytochrome c at chemically derivatized electrodes

Platinum or gold electrodes derivatized with an N,N'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium reagent can be used to reduce horse heart ferricytochrome c, whereas reduction doses does not occur at the "naked" electrodes. From 3 to 17.7 millimoles per liter, the reduction of ferricytochrome c is mass transport-limited at electrode potentials more negative than about -0.6 volt against a saturated calomel reference electrode. Data for the photoreduction of ferricytochrome c at derivatized p-type silicon photocathodes show directly that the rate of reduction is mass transport-limited. Use of derivatized electrodes may allow convenient manipulation and analysis of biological molecules that do not ordinarily respond at conventional electrodes.
Taking a proactive approach to physician impairment.

(2005). COMMENTARY: Taking a proactive approach to physician impairment. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 118, No. 1, pp. 16-18.
Angiotensin II receptors of human and primate adrenal fasciculata and glomerulosa: correlations of binding and steroidogenesis.

Abstract Subcellular fraction and collagenase-dispersed isolated adrenal fasciculata and glomerulosa cells from human and primate adrenal glands and cortisol-producing tumors have been utilized to study angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors and steroid biosynthesis. The receptor density of glomerulosa was threefold higher than that of fasciculata. A benign cortisol-producing adenoma did not differ from normal fasciculata, but a malignant tumor had significantly lower affinity binding. Agonist and antagonist analogues of Ang II competed for binding sites commensurate with known biologic activity. The Kd of binding to fasciculata (2 nmol/L) correlated well with the ED50 of cortisol biosynthesis in normal and adenomatous tissue. Analogue binding also had corresponding changes in cortisol biosynthesis. The ED50 for aldosterone biosynthesis by glomerulosa cells was significantly lower at 55 pmol/L. Fewer receptors in human fasciculata as compared to glomerulosa and a less sensitive response to Ang II are consistent with previous in vitro observations in other species. These studies suggest that there may be a biologically relevant Ang II receptor of human and primate adrenal fasciculata that share many characteristics with the receptor of the glomerulosa.
Jet impingement nucleate boiling

Abstract The characterististics of nucleate boiling with jet impingement were investigated. Included are the effects of velocity, subcooling, flow direction and surface condition on fully developed boiling and on the correspondence of the extrapolation of pool boiling with developed jet boiling. Incipient boiling and partial boiling are in accordance with the Bergles and Rohsenow correlations. In general, much of the experience and procedures for forced convection boiling inside tubes can be applied to jet impingement boiling.
Synergism of cobalt and palladium in MFI zeolite of relevance to NO reduction with methane

A series of MFI supported bimetallic catalysts with high Co/Pd ratios and high metal loading was prepared by first subliming CoBr2 vapor onto H/MFI, followed by ion exchange of some Pd from an aqueous solution of Pd(NH3)4(NO3)2. They were tested for NO reduction with CH4 in the presence of 2% O2. Best performance was observed with Co/Pd = 14/1. In this catalyst Pd0 sites are assumed to activate methane. At higher Pd loading the catalytic selectivity is lower because large PdO particles are formed, which catalyze methane combustion. The reducibility of Co is significantly enhanced by small amounts of Pd. At 55 °C, the Pd and a comparable amount of Co are co-reduced. The particles consist of two phases, including a phase of almost pure Pd capable of forming Pd hydride. Metal reduction is complete at 550 °C. Many reduced particles are biphasic, with a Pd-rich kernel and Co-rich mantle. EXAFS reveals Pd–Co bonds at the interface. A substantial reorganization of the metal particles takes place at 800 °C, Pd-rich large alloy particles coexist with small particles of Co and Co-rich alloy. The alloy particles exhibit high and stable activity for NO reduction to N2 with CH4 at 300 °C, but lose this activity at high reaction temperature.
Low back functional health status of patient handlers.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess low back functional health among a group of nurses with a history of low back pain symptoms in a university hospital using a direct measure of low back functional performance and compare to traditional low back disability and pain questionnaires. Methods Fifty-two nurses and patient care associates volunteered for the study. The clinical lumbar motion monitor (LMM) was used to directly measure low back functional performance. The participants performed a series of standard tasks involving trunk flexion and extension at different asymmetries. The LMM measures the motion signature of the participant (range of motion, velocity and acceleration) in all three planes of the body. The clinical LMM evaluation documented objective assessment of low back function normalized for age and gender. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) was used to evaluate self-reported disability and the McGill Pain Questionnaire visual analog scale assessed pain symptom. Results The average functional performance probability was 0.49 with a standard deviation of 0.29, indicating that on average the functional performance was impaired. The average ODI score was 13.4 with a standard deviation of 11.6. The correlation between the functional performance probability and ODI was 0.046 (not statistically significant). Conclusions The clinical LMM functional performance measure provides a direct measure of trunk function. The low correlation between the ODI and clinical LMM functional performance probability indicates that the direct functional performance measure adds another component to our understanding of low back health or impairment that traditional questionnaires lack.
Topological theory of hadrons. II. Baryons

The first paper of this series described a method for incorporating spin into the meson sector of the topological theory of hadrons. This second paper extends the theory to all hadrons. It also incorporates into the covariant S-matrix topological framework the group-theoretic properties of the constituent quark model.
Evaluation of a coupled mass transport-biofilm process model using dissolved oxygen microsensors

A 2-dimensional model has been developed which couples hydrodynamics, solute transport and reaction in a steady state biofilm system of irregular geometry under laminar flow. Biofilm thickness is initially specified over the domain and remains constant during the simulations. The Navier-Stokes equations are coupled with advection-diffusion-reaction equations describing oxygen transport and solved using finite differences. This model facilitates computational investigation of fluid velocity and solute concentration distributions in proximity to the fluid-biofilm interface. Model evaluation has been carried out using dissolved oxygen profiles measured by microsensors in a rectangular open channel with a 300 μm (approximate) artificial biofilm composed of alginate gel with an 8×1010 cells/ml concentration of Ps. aeruginosa cells. Significant variability in dissolved oxygen profile shape was observed at three locations on the artificial biofilm. Model simulations of these experiments facilitated a direct comparison between observed and computed values of dissolved oxygen concentration in the vicinity of the fluid-biofilm interface. Simulated profiles agreed closely with measured profiles at all three locations.
The sequence of gene product interaction in bacteriophage T4 tail core assembly.

Abstract T4 mutants defective in any one of the genes 19, 48 and 54 accumulate baseplates which appear complete in electron micrographs. Extracts prepared from 19-, 48- and 54-defective mutant-infected cells complement in pair-wise mixtures to produce infectious phage, indicating that interaction of the baseplate with gene products P19, P48 and P54 to form the core can take place in vitro. Baseplates isolated from each of the three defective extracts by zone sedimentation were tested for ability to complement the other two unfractionated extracts. The results demonstrate that the sequence of gene-product interaction is 48, 54, 19.
Evaluation of recombinant Salmonella expressing CD154 for persistence and enhanced antibody response in commercial turkeys

Foodborne illness due to Salmonella is a worldwide public health concern and epidemiological evidence has identified poultry and poultry products as a significant source of human Salmonella infection. To discover an effective vaccine that protects poultry against multiple Salmonella serotypes, several novel attenuated Salmonella Enteritidis strains (DeltaSE) were developed to express variations of a potential immune-enhancing CD154 peptide sequence on the outer membrane protein lamB in association with a M2e (marker) epitope. The 3 CD154 peptide sequences evaluated in this study correspond to those naturally occurring in turkeys, humans, and chickens. In 3 separate trials, poults were immunized with 10(7) to 10(8) cfu/poult of the appropriate recombinant Salmonella strains (DeltaSE-M2e, DeltaSE-M2e-T/CD154, DeltaSE-M2e-H/CD154, DeltaSE-M2e-C/CD154) via oral gavage on day of hatch and again on 21 d posthatch. Liver, spleen, and cecal tonsils were aseptically removed on d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 posthatch for detection of Salmonella and blood samples were obtained at these same time points for determination of an M2e-specific antibody response. In all 3 trials, DeltaSE strains exhibited significantly less invasion of the liver and spleen at d 7 when compared with Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 13A (P < 0.05). In 2 of the 3 trials, the DeltaSE strains expressing a CD154 peptide sequence further decreased invasion of the liver and spleen. Similarly, colonization of the cecal tonsils was also decreased in the poults immunized with the DeltaSE strains. However, there were no differences in colonization or invasion due to the amino acid sequence of the CD154 insert in all 3 trials. By d 21, the DeltaSE strains exhibited a significantly higher M2e-specific antibody response when compared with the negative control and SE13A groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences in M2e-specific antibody responses were observed between any of the DeltaSE candidate vaccine strains expressing CD154 throughout the study. Overall, these data suggest that oral live attenuated Salmonella-vectored vaccines expressing a foreign peptide sequence are able to elicit a humoral immune response in commercial poults and may contribute to a reduction in Salmonella organ invasion and colonization.
Synthesis of 2-quinuclidonium by eliminating water: experimental quantification of the high basicity of extremely twisted amides.

The chemical properties of an extremely twisted amide are examined quantitatively for the first time. The predicted high basicity of 2-quinuclidonium is confirmed experimentally by measuring the gas-phase proton affinity using the extended kinetic method. Fragmentation of this molecule further reveals that the lack of resonance stabilization weakens the amide bond. Furthermore, a new route for synthesizing 2-quinuclidonium by eliminating water is demonstrated in the gas phase.
The conformation of microRNA seed regions in native microRNPs is prearranged for presentation to mRNA targets

MicroRNAs control gene expression by post-transcriptional down-regulation of their target mRNAs. Complementarity between the seed region (nucleotides 2-8) of a microRNA and the 3'-UTR of its target mRNA is the key determinant in recognition. However, the structural basis of the ability of the seed region to dominate target recognition in eukaryotic argonaute complexes has not been directly demonstrated. To better understand this problem, we performed chemical probing of microRNAs held in native argonaute-containing complexes isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans. Direct probing of the RNA backbone in isolated native microRNP complexes shows that the conformation of the seed region is uniquely constrained, while the rest of the microRNA structure is conformationally flexible. Probing the Watson-Crick edges of the bases shows that bases 2-4 are largely inaccessible to solvent, while seed region bases 5-8 are readily modified; collectively our probing results suggest a model in which these bases are primed for initiating base pairing with the target mRNA. In addition, an unusual DMS reactivity with U at position 6 is observed. We propose that interaction of miRNAs with argonaute proteins pre-organizes the structure of the seed sequence for specific recognition of target mRNAs.
A k-space analysis of small-tip-angle excitation

Abstract We present here a method for analyzing selective excitation in terms of spatial frequency ( k ) space. Using this analysis we show how to design inherently refocused selective excitation pulses in one and two dimensions. The analysis is based on a small-tip model, but holds well for 90° tip angles.
Making Metamorphosis Meaningful for Young Children

Although butterflies are a common topic of study in many early childhood classrooms, integrating art production broadens the scope of the study and allows children to deepen their knowledge and understanding through creative self-expression. This article presents a set of integrated activities that focus on helping children fully grasp the process of metamorphosis by making observations, asking questions, and using visual arts to communicate ideas. In all the activities, children actively engage in discussing the life cycle of the butterfly and using concept-specific vocabulary to explore relationships among the butterflies' different stages, as well as relationships between butterflies and their environment.
Presentation and interpretation of chemical data for igneous rocks

Arguments are made in favor of using variation diagrams to plot analyses of igneous rocks and their derivatives and modeling differentiation processes by least-squares mixing procedures. These methods permit study of magmatic differentiation and related processes in terms ofall of the chemical data available. Data are presented as they are reported by the chemist and specific processes may be modeled and either quantitatively described or rejected as inappropriate or too simple.
Walden Two: A 1950 Review

The following review of B. F. Skinner's Walden Two (1948) 1 was written forty years ago, not long after the book was originally publisbed. My manuscript was set in type -I have the galley proofs -but never appeared in print. I have been asked to describe the circumstances. From 1939, when I graduated from high schoo~ until 1951, when I left New York for Indiana, I probably spent more of my time campaigning against nationalism and war and for a socialist society than I did pursuing my studies. I thought of myself as a person whose mission in life was to transform the existing social order. One of my reasons for taking up psychology was that I agreed with Floyd Allport's contention (Institutional Behavior, 1933) that, when closely examined, social institutions turn out to be nothing more than the activities of their individual participants. Accordingly, I concluded that the best way to understand the functioning of various institutions must be through the study of individual behavior. Another reason was more practical: I hoped to earn my living in a way that would not be harmful to others and in a setting that would give me some license to speak on political matters but would leave me relatively free of pressures to conform to the viewpoint of any single political or economic organization. From 1943 to 1949 I pursued my graduate studies at Columbia, and from 1946 to 1951 I taught classes there, mostly in the School of General Studies. Through the influence of Fred Keller and Nat Schoenfeld I had become familiar with Skinner's writings (see Dinsmoor, 1990), and when his second book, Walden Two, appeared I inlmediately purchased and read it. I considered it an extremely innovative and significant contribution to our thinking on the way society should be organized and tried to think of ways of bringing it to the attention of other people who migllt be interested in that issue. For about ten years I had been a member of the National Executive Committee of the Young People's Socialist League, the youth section of the Socialist Party, and between my undergraduate and my graduate studies I had even served for a brief period as its National Secretary. But the Socialist Party's endorsement of the American military intervention in Korea proved the last straw, and in desperation the political grouping to which I belonged withdrew from the SP and
Multiherbicide tolerance conferred by AtPgp1 and apyrase overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana

Herbicide resistance is an important trait often introduced into crop plants. Mechanisms of resistance can involve a mutant target protein that is unaffected by the herbicide, or metabolic detoxification or degradation of the herbicide. Recently, we showed that overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana of either psNTP9, the garden pea apyrase gene, or AtPgp1, the A. thaliana homolog of the plant multidrug resistance (MDR) gene, enabled A. thaliana to germinate on the toxin cycloheximide and to grow better on toxic levels of the plant hormone N6-[2-isopentyl]adenine (2iP). Here we report that overexpression of either MDR or apyrase proteins resulted in increased resistance to herbicides from different chemical classes. Apyrase inhibition by small molecule inhibitors reversed this resistance. Treatment of untransformed plants with an apyrase inhibitor increased their sensitivity to the same herbicides. These results indicate that the genes may be involved in a resistance mechanism relating to decreased retention or increased active efflux of herbicide from the plant cell.
Templation of the Excited-State Chemistry of α-(n-Alkyl) Dibenzyl Ketones: How Guest Packing within a Nanoscale Supramolecular Capsule Influences Photochemistry

Excited-state behavior of eight α-alkyl dibenzyl ketones (alkyl = CH3 through n-C8H17) that are capable of undergoing type II and/or type I photoreactions has been explored in isotropic solution and within a water-soluble capsule. The study consisted of two parts: photochemistry that explored the excited-state chemistry and an NMR analysis that revealed the packing of each guest within the capsule. The NMR data (COSY, NOESY, and TOCSY experiments) revealed that ternary complexes between α-alkyl dibenzyl ketones and the capsule formed by two cavitands are kinetically stable, and the guests fall into three packing motifs modulated by the length of the α-alkyl chain. In essence, the host is acting as an external template to promote the formation of distinct guest conformers. The major products from all eight guests upon irradiation either in hexane or in buffer solution resulted from the well-known Norrish type I reaction. However, within the capsule the excited-state chemistry of the eight ketones was depe...
Identification of a Proline-rich Akt Substrate as a 14-3-3 Binding Partner

Akt (also called protein kinase B) is one of the major downstream targets of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. This protein kinase has been implicated in insulin signaling, stimulation of cellular growth, and inhibition of apoptosis as well as transformation of cells. Although a number of cellular proteins have been identified as putative targets of the enzyme, additional substrates may play a role in the varied responses elicited by this enzyme. We have used a combination of 14-3-3 binding and recognition by an antibody to the phosphorylation consensus of the enzyme to identify and isolate one of the major substrates of Akt, which is also a 14-3-3 binding protein. This 40-kDa protein, designated PRAS40, is a proline-rich Akt substrate. Demonstration that it is a substrate of Akt was accomplished by showing that 1) PRAS40 was phosphorylated in vitro by purified Akt on the same site that was phosphorylated in insulin-treated cells; 2) activation of an inducible Akt was alone sufficient to stimulate the phosphorylation of PRAS40; and 3) cells lacking Akt1 and Akt2 exhibit a diminished ability to phosphorylate this protein. Thus, PRAS40 is a novel substrate of Akt, the phosphorylation of which leads to the binding of this protein to 14-3-3.
HiRISE images of yardangs and sinuous ridges in the lower member of the Medusae Fossae Formation, Mars

Abstract HiRISE images of the lower member of the Medusae Fossae Formation (MFF) were used to identify characteristics of two specific landforms that are well expressed in this particular geologic unit; yardangs and sinuous ridges. Yardangs are wind-eroded ridges that are usually confined to arid environments where the bedrock materials can be easily eroded by windblown sand. Yardangs are common in the lower member of MFF, where many individual yardangs show evidence of a caprock unit overlying a more friable unit, most consistent with an ignimbrite origin for these MFF deposits. Heights of the yardangs in the lower member materials are generally less than a few tens of meters, in contrast to yardangs in the thicker middle member MFF materials to the east of the study area. The yardangs may form in materials comprised of discrete depositional units, and there is good evidence that at least a dozen such depositional events contributed to the emplacement of the lower member of MFF. The lower member yardang heights indicate aeolian erosion has removed at least 19,000 km 3 of lower member MFF materials. Sinuous ridges are elongate, positive-relief landforms that have been attributed to a variety of possible fluvial flow processes on Mars. Sinuous ridges are very common within exposures of the lower member of MFF. Multiple ridge types are present, but all forms seen at HiRISE scale are most consistent with some form of aqueous channel flow rather than other possible origins. The results from this initial examination of HiRISE images indicate the potential utility of comparing yardangs and sinuous ridges in the lower member to other members of MFF, although it remains to be determined if sinuous ridges are abundant in the younger MFF members.
Primary Care Patients with Depression Are Less Accepting of Treatment Than Those Seen by Mental Health Specialists

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether depressed patients treated exclusively in primary care report less need for care and less acceptability of treatment options than those depressed patients treated in the specialty mental health setting after up to 6 months of treatment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Forty-five community primary care practices. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 881 persons with major depression who had received mental health services in the previous 6 months and who enrolled in 3 of the 4 Quality Improvement for Depression Collaboration Studies. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Patients were categorized into 1 of 2 groups: 1) having received mental health services exclusively from a primary care provider (45%), or 2) having received any services from a mental health specialist (55%) in the previous 6 months. Compared with patients who received care from mental health specialists, patients who received mental health services exclusively from primary care providers had 2.7-fold the odds (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 4.4) of reporting that no treatment was definitely acceptable and had 2.4-fold the odds (95% CI, 1.5 to 3.9) of reporting that evidence-based treatment options (antidepressant medication) were definitely not acceptable. These results were adjusted for demographic, social/behavioral, depression severity, and economic factors using multiple logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with depression treated exclusively by primary care providers have attitudes and beliefs more averse to care than those seen by mental health specialists. These differences in attitudes and beliefs may contribute to lower quality depression care observed in comparisons of primary care and specialty mental health providers.
Vibrio vulnificus, a Notably Lethal Human Pathogen Derived from Seafood: A Review of Its Pathogenicity, Subspecies Characterization, and Molecular Methods of Detection

Vibrio vulnificus is presently considered the most infectious and lethal of all human pathogenic vibrios. The organism requires at least 0.5 NaCl for growth, is naturally ubiquitous to marine coastal waters and shellfish, and is sensitive to refrigeration temperatures. Septisemic infections by the organism usually result from the consumption of raw shellfish. Three biotypes are presently recognized and distinguished on the basis of biochemical characteristics, serology, and molecular typing. Cirrhosis of the liver due to chronic alcoholism is considered a high risk factor for infection by this organism, presumably due to increased levels of serum iron released by damaged hepatocytes. The organism produces an unusually large number of extracellular virulence factors. A number of selective agar media have been developed for isolation of the organism incorporating various levels of the antibiotics colistin, polymyxin-B, bile salts, and K tellurite. The molecular techniques applied to detecting, identifying, ...
Performance of ATLAS tile calorimeter production modules in calibration testbeams

Abstract The next-generation hadron calorimeter to be used in the ATLAS experiment at the LHC consists of over 450 000 scintillating tiles in a 2300 ton iron matrix. The tiles are coupled to 10 000 photomultiplier tubes by wavelength shifting fibers. From 2000 to 2003 more than 12% of the 192 production calorimeter modules were exposed to hadron, electron, and muon beams with momenta between 2 and 300 GeV / c . The uniformity, linearity, and resolution were studied, and the absolute electromagnetic energy scale was set. Results of these performance studies will be presented.