cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Health Care Hazards: Lessons From The Commercial Aviation Safety Team

The movement to improve quality of care and patient safety has grown, but examples of measurable and sustained progress are rare. The slow progress made in health care contrasts with the success of aviation safety. After a tragic 1995 plane crash, the aviation industry and government created the Commercial Aviation Safety Team to reduce fatal accidents. This public-private partnership of safety officials and technical experts is responsible for the decreased average rate of fatal aviation accidents. We propose a similar partnership in the health care community to coordinate national efforts and move patient safety and quality forward.
Structure and mechanism of alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase was the first zinc enzyme to be discovered in which three closely spaced metal ions (two Zn ions and one Mg ion) are present at the active center. Zn ions at all three sites also produce a maximally active enzyme. These metal ions have center-to-center distances of 3.9 A (Zn1-Zn2), 4.9 A (Zn2-Mg3), and 7.1 A (Zn1-Mg3). Despite the close packing of these metal centers, only one bridging ligand, the carboxyl of Asp51, bridges Zn2 and Mg3. A crystal structure at 2.0-A resolution of the noncovalent phosphate complex, E.P, formed with the active center shows that two phosphate oxygens form a phosphate bridge between Zn1 and Zn2, while the two other phosphate oxygens form hydrogen bonds with the guanidium group of Arg166. This places Ser102, the residue known to be phosphorylated during phosphate hydrolysis, in the required apical position to initiate a nucleophilic attack on the phosphorous. Extrapolation of the E.P structure to the enzyme-substrate complex, E.ROPO4(2-), leads to the conclusion that Zn1 must coordinate the ester oxygen, thus activating the leaving group in the phosphorylation of Ser102. Likewise, Zn2 appears to coordinate the ester oxygen of the seryl phosphate and activate the leaving group during the hydrolysis of the phosphoseryl intermediate. Both of these findings suggest that there may be a significant dissociative character to each of the two displacements at phosphorous catalyzed by alkaline phosphatase. A water molecule (or hydroxide) coordinated to Zn1 following formation of the phosphoseryl intermediate appears to be the nucleophile in the second step of the mechanism. Dissociation of the product phosphate from the E.P intermediate is the slowest, 35 s-1, and therefore the rate-limiting, step of the mechanism at alkaline pH. Since the determination of the initial crystal structure of alkaline phosphatase, two other crystal structures of enzymes involved in phosphate ester hydrolysis have been completed that show a triad of closely spaced zinc ions present at their active centers. These enzymes are phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus (structure at 1.5-A resolution) (43) and P1 nuclease from Penicillium citrinum (structure at 2.8-A resolution) (74). Both enzymes hydrolyze phosphodiesters. Substrates for phospholipase C are phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, while P1 nuclease is an endonuclease hydrolyzing single stranded ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides. P1 nuclease also has activity as a phosphomonoesterase against 3'-terminal phosphates of nucleotides. The Zn ions in both enzymes form almost identical trinuclear sites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of isomeric pyrazolinium salts under matrixless conditions

Abstract Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry of solid matrixless samples of pyrazolinium salts give spectra with molecular ions that are suitable for structural analysis and differentiation between isomeric structures.
Cultural Models, Parent Behavior, and Young Child Experience in Working American Families

SYNOPSIS Objective . We evaluated the resolution of conflicts between cultural models of parenting related to child security and child enrichment in the daily scheduling practices of families with young children, given the competing pressures of work and family. Design . Parents in 35 families provided 7 days of detailed prospective daily schedule data for themselves and their preschool-aged focal child using the Daily Life Architecture method. Interviewers probed cultural models for regulation of the child's daily activity, child enrichment and opportunity for development, and household gender ethos. The frequency of transitions between physical activity settings was used as an index of the density of the daily schedule. Results . Parents viewed themselves as responsible for providing their children with security, stimulating experience/enrichment, and continuous supervision, while avoiding schedule overload. Children's schedules were less dense than either parents', a gap that increased with denser pare...
Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index for Remote Quantification of Biophysical Characteristics of Vegetation

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is widely used for monitoring, analyzing, and mapping temporal and spatial distributions of physiological and biophysical characteristics of vegetation. It is well documented that the NDVI approaches saturation asymptotically under conditions of moderate-to-high aboveground biomass. While reflectance in the red region (rho(red)) exhibits a nearly flat response once the leaf area index (LAI) exceeds 2, the near infrared (NIR) reflectance (PNIR) continue to respond significantly to changes in moderate-to-high vegetation density (LAI from 2 to 6) in crops. However, this higher sensitivity of the rho(NIR) has little effect on NDVI values once the rho(NIR) exceeds 30%. In this paper a simple modification of the NDVI was proposed. The Wide Dynamic Range Vegetation Index, WDRVI = (a * rho(NIR-rho(red))/(a * rho(NIR) + rho(red)), where the weighting coefficient a has a value of 0.1-0.2, increases correlation with vegetation fraction by linearizing the relationship for typical wheat, soybean, and maize canopies. The sensitivity of the WDRVI to moderate-to-high LAI (between 2 and 6) was at least three times greater than that of the NDVI. By enhancing the dynamic range while using the same bands as the NDVI, the WDRVI enables a more robust characterization of crop physiological and phenological characteristics. Although this index needs further evaluation, the linear relationship with vegetation fraction and much higher sensitivity to change in LAI will be especially valuable for precision agriculture and monitoring vegetation status under conditions of moderate-to-high density. It is anticipated that the new index will complement the NDVI and other vegetation indices that are based on the red and NIR spectral bands.
Age structure and age-related performance of sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta)

Abstract Age distributions of sulfur cinquefoil populations were determined on sites that were historically grazed, cultivated, and mechanically disturbed. From 12 sites, a total of 279 reproductively active plants were collected and aged by using herbchronology (counting rings in the secondary root xylem of the root crown) to (1) estimate the age structure of the populations, (2) relate plant size and flower production to plant age, and (3) examine the relation of population age structure to environmental variables and disturbance history. Results indicated that the mean age for all sampled plants was 3.5 (± 1.74 SD) yr and ranged from 1 to 10 yr. Age was not related to number of flowers, plant size (number of stems per plant or plant height), or site disturbance type but was positively correlated with site elevation (P < 0.001). The pooled age distribution from all 12 sites was right-skewed with fewer old plants than young plants. We conclude that sulfur cinquefoil plants sampled in northeast Oregon are...
Polyploidy in Angiosperms: Monocotyledons

Several different estimates of polyploid frequency in angio-sperms have been made, including G.L. Stebbins’ (1,2) figure, first published in 1950, of 30–35%, and suggestions by M.J.D. White in 1942 (3) of at least 40%, and by Grant in 1963 (4) of 47%. These figures represent different ways of calculating Polyploidy and different interpretations of the meaning of the word in the context of plant systematics. Stebbins’ estimate includes as polyploid those species which have gametic chromosome numbers that are multiples of the basic diploid number found in their genus, in other words, intrageneric Polyploidy. White’s figure is based on the simple observation that even haploid numbers exceed odd by about 40% and he thus assumed this 40% to be largely attributable to a polyploid origin. Grant postulated that species with haploid numbers in excess of n=13 would mainly be polyploid and those with n=13 or less, predominantly diploid. Grant’s study also included the only estimate I have encountered of Polyploidy in each of the two subclasses of angiosperms. He calculated a frequency of 43% in Dicotyledonae and a much higher 58% in Monocotyledonae. These figures were based on chromosome data accumulated by 1955 for some 17,138 species.
The Presence of Water in the Common CeCl3/RLi Alkylation System

Dehydration of CeCl3(H2O)7 following standard procedures for making the commonly-used CeCl3/RLi reagent forms a material containing water and not anhydrous CeCl3. Heating CeCl3(H2O)7 at 150 °C and 0.03 Torr for 12 h forms a material which has an elemental composition of [CeCl3(H2O)]n, contains water by Karl Fischer analysis, reacts with MeLi to form methane, and crystallizes from THF as [Ce(μ-Cl)3(THF)(H2O)]n in space group P1 with a = 6.691(2) A, b = 7.433(2) A, c = 10.092(2) A, α = 84.46(2)°, β = 76.72(2)°, γ = 74.76(3)°, V = 471.0(2) A3, ρcalcd = 2.37 g/cm3, and Z = 2 at T = 158 K. [Ce(μ-Cl)3(THF)(H2O)]n crystallizes in a layered structure in which eight-coordinate cerium atoms are ligated to terminal water and THF ligands and six bridging chlorides in a distorted square antiprismatic geometry. The THF ligands extend above and below the layers which contain the water molecules. Reactions of “CeCl3/RLi” must take into account the presence of 1 equiv of water.
William James’s Theory of Truth

William James's theory of truth is far more subtle than it is generally thought to be. It cannot be dismissed in the easy and offhand manner in which some of James's critics have dismissed it. Their criticisms, for the most part, confuse the problem of defining truth with that of formulating the conditions of adequacy for a definition of truth. James's theory is like Aristotle's in presupposing that the primary sense of true is its application to belief or judgment. It is, therefore, a doxastic theory of truth. James's intentions are seen in the clearest light, it seems to me, if his theory is interpreted in accordance with Peirce's pragmatic con ception of rational inquiry as a process. One of the philosophical questions with which "theories of truth" have been concerned is this: What is the primary sense of true? The question had been put by Aristotle, who answered it by saying that the primary sense of true is its application to beliefs or judgments. What is meant, then, by "the primary sense of true?" The question may also be put by asking: "What are the primary bearers of truth?" The primary sense of true, if there is one, is the sense that is prior to the others. A given sense A is prior to another sense if and only if, (i) can be explicated by reference to A and (ii) A cannot be explicated by reference to B. We may say that there are three options with respect to the question "Which use of 'true' is prior?" (1) The first is the view, which Aristotle had held, according to which the primary sense of true is its application to believings or judgings. I use "believing" and "judging" instead of "belief" and "judgment" in order to make clear that the reference is to the act of believing or judging (the state of believing or judging), and not, as the terms "belief" and "judg ment" might suggest, to the content of believing or judging. We will call this first answer to our question, "the doxastic answer." (2) The second option is the view, according to which the primary sense of true is its application to propositions?where "a proposition" is taken to refer to an ens per se: an objectively existing entity that is not dependent for its being upon the thoughts of any individual thing. We will call this "the propositional answer. ' '
NASA GSFC Perspective on Heterogeneous Processing

This presentation provides an overview of NASA GSFC, our onboard processing applications, the applicability heterogeneous processing to these applications, and necessary developments to enable heterogeneous processing to be infused into our missions.
Management of infants with left ventricular outflow obstruction by conduit interposition between the ventricular apex and thoracic aorta

On the basis of experience with older children, creation of a double-outlet ventricle by interposition of a valved conduit between the apex of the left ventricle and the thoracic aorta appeared to be an option for treating life-threatening left ventricular outflow tract obstruction even in the small heart of the infant. Over the recent 3 year period, nine infants ranging in age from 3 days to 13 months with various forms of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction underwent placement of an apical-aortic conduit to decompress the hypertensive left ventricle. There were two early and two late deaths. Five patients are clinically well and developing normally 5 to 23 months following the operation. This series demonstrates that this operation permits normal growth and development in infants previously failing to thrive. Echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization data suggest that left ventricular function need not be adversely affected by placement of a stent in the small infant ventricle; rather, ventricular function can be markedly improved. Although the mortality in this series is appreciable, it appears that apical-aortic conduit interposition can provide significant palliation for infants with otherwise lethal left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
Tobacco 21 Laws: Withdrawing Short-Term Freedom to Enable Long-Term Autonomy

Raising the minimum legal age of sale for tobacco and nicotine products including e-cigarettes from 18 to 21 years has been demonstrated as an effective means to reduce youth smoking initiation, th...
Regulatory Peptides in the Control of Food Intake

A number of peptides have been demonstrated to modulate feeding. Physiological studies have suggested that one or more humoral agents that are released from the gastrointestinal tract during the digestion of food are responsible for the termination of a meal. It appears that these humoral agents are gastrointestinal peptides. This system for the regulation of food intake has been termed the PERIPHERAL SATIETY SYSTEM. Regulatory peptides also interact with other neurotransmitters within the central nervous system to stimulate or inhibit feeding. This central regulatory system is known as the CENTRAL FEEDING SYSTEM.
Group visits to encourage insulin initiation: targeting patient barriers.

Aims and objectives To evaluate the effect of an ‘insulin introduction’ group visit on insulin initiation and A1C in adults with type 2 diabetes. Background The clinical course of type 2 diabetes involves eventual beta-cell failure and the need for insulin therapy. Patient psychological insulin resistance, provider-related delays and system barriers to timely initiation of insulin are common. Group visits are widely accepted by patients and represent a potential strategy for improving insulin initiation. Design A single two-hour group visit in English or Spanish, facilitated by advanced practice nurses, addressed psychological insulin resistance and encouraged mock injections to overcome needle anxiety. Methods A retrospective review of 273 patients referred from 2008–2012, determined characteristics of group attenders, rates of mock self-injection, rates of insulin initiation and changes in A1C from baseline to 2–6 and 7–12 months postgroup. Change in A1C was compared to patients referred to the group who did not attend (‘nonattenders’). Results Of 241 patients eligible for analysis, 87·6% were racial/ethnic minorities with an average A1C of 9·99%. Group attendance rate was 66%; 92% performed a mock injection, 55% subsequently started insulin. By 2–6 months, A1C decreased by 1·37% among group attenders, and by 1·6% in those who did a mock injection and started insulin. Fewer nonattenders started insulin in primary care (40%), experiencing an A1C reduction of 0·56% by 2–6 months. A1C improvements were sustained by 7–12 months among group attenders and nonattenders who started insulin. Relevance to clinical practice Nurses can effectively address patient fears and engage patients in reframing insulin therapy within group visits. Conclusions This one-time nurse-facilitated group visit addressing psychological barriers to insulin in a predominantly minority patient population resulted in increased insulin initiation rates and clinically meaningful A1C reductions.
Characterization of the Drosophila BEAF-32A and BEAF-32B Insulator Proteins

Data implicate the Drosophila 32 kDa Boundary Element-Associated Factors BEAF-32A and BEAF-32B in both chromatin domain insulator element function and promoter function. They might also function as an epigenetic memory by remaining bound to mitotic chromosomes. Both proteins are made from the same gene. They differ in their N-terminal 80 amino acids, which contain single DNA-binding BED fingers. The remaining 200 amino acids are identical in the two proteins. The structure and function of the middle region of 120 amino acids is unknown, while the C-terminal region of 80 amino acids has a putative leucine zipper and a BESS domain and mediates BEAF-BEAF interactions. Here we report a further characterization of BEAF. We show that the BESS domain alone is sufficient to mediate BEAF-BEAF interactions, although the presence of the putative leucine zipper on at least one protein strengthens the interactions. BEAF-32B is sufficient to rescue a null BEAF mutation in flies. Using mutant BEAF-32B rescue transgenes, we show that the middle region and the BESS domain are essential. In contrast, the last 40 amino acids of the middle region, which is poorly conserved among Drosophila species, is dispensable. Deleting the putative leucine zipper results in a hypomorphic mutant BEAF-32B protein. Finally, we document the dynamics of BEAF-32A-EGFP and BEAF-32B-mRFP during mitosis in embryos. A subpopulation of both proteins appears to remain on mitotic chromosomes and also on the mitotic spindle, while much of the fluorescence is dispersed during mitosis. Differences in the dynamics of the two proteins are observed in syncytial embryos, and both proteins show differences between syncytial and later embryos. This characterization of BEAF lays a foundation for future studies into molecular mechanisms of BEAF function.
How elected leaders prolong unpopular wars: Examining American policy during the Vietnam War and French policy during the Algerian War

I seek to explain why democracies often maintain involvement in peripheral wars years after public support has dissipated. Using insights from literature on prospect theory and framing theory, I ar...
Meiofauna mute the Cambrian Explosion.

Trace fossils from the Ediacaran–Cambrian transition of Brazil point to the existence of bioengineering meiofaunal animals prior to the ‘Cambrian Explosion’.
All roads lead to Rome: Towards understanding different avenues of tolerance to huanglongbing in citrus cultivars.

Abstract Citrus tolerance to huanglongbing could result from tolerance to the pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and/or to its vector Diaphorina citri. Field observations and greenhouse-controlled studies showed that some citrus cultivars were more tolerant than others. However, the mechanism(s) behind the tolerance has not been determined yet. Using GC-MS, we investigated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the non-volatile metabolite profiles of two tolerant citrus cultivars- Australian finger lime, ‘LB8-9’ Sugar Belle® mandarin hybrid, and a recently released mandarin hybrid ‘Bingo’. The three were grafted onto the rootstock, Carrizo citrange. Our findings showed that the metabolomic profiles of Australian finger lime were different from that of ‘LB8-9’. Finger lime was high in many amino acids and tricarboxylic acid intermediates, whereas ‘LB8-9’ was high in several amino acids, sugars, and sugar alcohols. ‘LB8-9’ was high in thymol, which is known for its strong antimicrobial activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria. The metabolomic profiles of ‘Bingo’ were intensely different from the other mandarin hybrid, ‘LB8-9’, including a reduced thymol biosynthetic pathway and low amounts of most of the amino acids and sugar alcohols. Remarkably, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) was only detected in ‘Bingo’, indicating that eucalyptol could have feeding and ovipositional repellency against D. citri. The metabolite profiles generated for HLB-tolerant citrus species will improve the ability of citrus breeders and will allow them to take more informed decisions. Metabolomic profiling of HLB-tolerant citrus species could identify tolerance specific markers that can be introduced to other commercial citrus cultivars to improve their tolerance to HLB disease.
A caloric method for the determination of the anode fall of discharges

A discharge without a positive column is produced by the authors and its cathode fall is determined by means of a caloric method. The surface current loading and the surface watt loading of the anode and cathode resp. are adjusted to a previously determined value. The experimental conditions are described and the theoretical and experimental principles of the testing method are discussed in detail. The authors examine the conditions under which the method can be applied and report their results obtained in the case of mercury-argon-neon-filled discharge tubes, which agree well with those of their previous examinations.
Computation of H *(Λ(M))

We have seen in the previous chapters that the space \(\mathbb{F}_k (M)\) can be described as a twisted product of simpler spaces when M is ℝ n+1 or S n+1. The simpler spaces are bouquets of n-dimensional spheres when M = ℝ n+1; when M = S n+1, they include the Stiefel manifold O n+2,2 of orthonormal 2-frames in ℝ n+2, as well. We have also seen that the space \(\Omega \mathbb{F}_k (M)\) of based loops splits as a product of the loop spaces of the split factors as spaces, but not as loop spaces. A natural question to ask is whether the space of free loops \(\Lambda \mathbb{F}_k (M)\) splits, at the homology level, as a tensor product of the homology of the split factors of \(\mathbb{F}_k (M)\). We shall see in this chapter that this is the exception: it is true for k = 3, but not in general.
Exploring South Asian Women's Experiences of Domestic Violence and Help-Seeking Within the Sociocultural Context in Hong Kong.

Data are reported from a survey of 49 South Asian women who self-identified as having experienced domestic violence from an intimate partner within the past 12 months. Logistic regression analysis ...
Phenylalanine and tyrosine measurements across gestation by tandem mass spectrometer on dried blood spot cards from normal pregnant women.

Maternal phenylketonuria (MPKU) requires strict control of phenylalanine (Phe) and supplemental tyrosine (Tyr). Monitoring during pregnancy using dried blood spot (DBS) cards by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is now standard practice, however there are no Phe and Tyr reference ranges for DBS MS/MS method in healthy pregnant women. DBS cards (63–1364 days in storage) from healthy women with singleton pregnancies were analyzed by MS/MS. Three hundred ninety DBS cards from 170 pregnancies (5/1–39/6 weeks’ gestation), were tested. Both Phe and Tyr levels declined from the first trimester (Phe: 36.2 +/− 10.6; Tyr 25.7 +/− 9.7 µmol/L) to the second trimester (Phe 33.4+/−9.3; Tyr 21.7+/− 6.7 µmol/L) and remained stable in the third trimester (Phe 32.3 +/− 8.7; Tyr 21.0 +/− 6.6 µmol/L). Phe and Tyr levels declined over time since collection (Phe: 0.004 µmol/L per day; Tyr 0.002 µmol/L). Nomograms by gestational age were created using raw data and data adjusted for time from sample collection. Reference ranges by trimester are provided. Both Phe and Tyr decline quickly during the first trimester and remain relatively constant over the second and third trimesters. These nomograms will provide a valuable resource for care of MPKU.
Time Course of Axon and Myelin Degeneration in Peripheral Nerves in Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis Rats

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is an animal model for Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), which results in neurological symptoms and histopathological changes in peripheral nerves. In this model, the correlation between the progression of the disease and the histopathological changes is not clear. To further examine histopathological changes in peripheral nerves in EAN rats, sciatic nerves were sampled at onset (day 10), peak (day 16), and recovery (days 22 and 25) of neurological symptoms in P2(57-81)-peptide-administered rats. Axon and myelin degeneration was observed by light microscopy at onset, degeneration became severe at peak, and persisted at recovery. Densities of myelinated nerve fibers and myelin areas decreased from day 10 to a minimum on day 22. Slight axon and myelin degeneration, such as accumulation of vesicles in axons and focal myelin splitting and folding, was observed by transmission electron microscopy at onset; severe degeneration, such as axonal loss, myelin ovoid, and demyelination, increased at peak; and regenerative changes, such as remyelination and enlargement of Schwann cell cytoplasm, occurred at recovery. These results suggest that EAN rats have histopathological similarities to some types of GBS patients and that EAN rats are a useful model to understand the pathogenesis of GBS.
Characterizing the child passenger safety workforce in Michigan: A statewide survey in 2015.

Objective: In this study, we assessed the number of child passenger safety technicians (CPSTs) in Michigan over 4 years and characterized the CPST workforce in 2015 to identify factors associated with high productivity and longevity in the field. Methods: We determined the number of CPSTs and those newly certified using lists from the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning (OHSP) from 2012 to 2015. We conducted a statewide survey of Michigan CPSTs in October 2015. Analyses were conducted in 2016. The survey assessed demographic characteristics, reasons to enter the field and maintain certification, and motivations to conduct seat checks. We used CPST-reported time devoted to seat checks and average number of seats checked per month to create a composite "activity level" variable. We examined activity levels across several characteristics. Results: The number of CPSTs ranged from 941 to 980 over the study period, with approximately 200 new certifications annually. In 2015, surveys were started by 496 of 962 eligible CPSTs and 427 submitted complete responses. CPST-instructors had a higher response rate than CPSTs in general (89 vs. 49%, P 24 seats checked/year), one third medium-activity (5 to 24 seats checked/year), and one quarter low-activity (<5 seats checked/year). High-activity CPSTs most commonly reported both being paid and volunteering their time to check seats, worked with a Safe Kids coalition, worked in law enforcement or social services, and had recertified at least once. Motivation to participate in seat checks did not vary with activity level. Conclusions: Understanding the demographic characteristics and motivations of CPSTs can help Michigan OHSP recruit and retain a workforce dedicated to increasing the safety of child passengers. Agencies hosting seat checks can use these results to align the strategies they employ to incentivize CPSTs to serve in their communities with the factors that have the greatest influence on CPST participation.
Accelerating Deterministic Bit-Stream Computing with Resolution Splitting

Deterministic approaches to stochastic computing (SC) have been recently proposed to produce completely accurate results with stochastic logic. Long processing time is the main limitation of these methods when a deterministic zero error rate output is expected. For instance, when multiplying two n-bit precision input values, a processing time of $2^{2n}$ cycles is required. This long processing time makes the current deterministic approaches of SC inefficient for many applications. In this work, we propose an acceleration method based on resolution splitting to mitigate this long latency. The result is an exponential reduction in the processing time at the cost of some increase in the hardware area. The exponential reduction in the processing time results in a significant reduction in energy consumption. Synthesis results show that for the common 2-input multiplier, the proposed design decreases the energy consumption more than $\pmb{2000}\times$ compared to the prior state-of-the-art deterministic bit-stream-based design.
An Iowa Schoolma'am: Letters of Elizabeth "Bess" Corey, 1904–1908

Review of: "An Iowa Schoolma'am: Letters of Elizabeth "Bess" Corey, 1904–1908," written by Elizabeth "Bess" Corey, edited by Philip L. Gerber and Charlotte M. Wright.
Functional and Anatomic Assessment of Coronary Artery Stenoses

Coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States and most technologically advanced countries despite declining cardiovascular mortality since 1968. It is responsible for 640,000 deaths each year, including almost a third of all deaths between the ages of 35 and 64 years old [1].
Analytical Techniques in Hypothesis Testing: Why Area Under the Curve?

Once we have information about the system, information coming from measurements and from expert estimates, we use this information to come up with a model describing the system. The usual way to come up with such a model is to formulate several different hypotheses and to select the one that best fits the data. There are many statistical techniques for selecting the model, most of them well-justified but some more heuristic—and thus, less reliable. One such technique is the widely used area-under-the-curve method. Specifically, to compare two different hypothesis testing techniques, researchers use the following heuristic idea: for each technique, they form a curve describing how the probabilities of type I and type II errors are related for this technique, and then compare areas under the resulting curves. In this chapter, we provide a justification for this heuristic idea.
Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

A 65-year-old man with no significant medical history presents to your clinic for a wellness visit. His social history includes smoking periodically in his 20s, and his family history includes a father who died from an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in his 60s. The patient wants to know whether he should be screened for AAA.
The Right Kind of Pooled Testing for the Novel Coronavirus: First, Do No Harm.

As with so much else in the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States is so far losing the SARS-CoV-2 testing race. In a growing number of areas of the country, as well as at educational and work sites, testing and obtaining timely results cannot keep pace with demand. Because the effort and cost of so much testing is considerable, and because some testing supplies are still scarce, it's important to conduct tests as efficiently and cost-effectively as possible. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print September 24, 2020: e1-e2. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305945).
Instabilities in free-surface Hartmann flow at low magnetic Prandtl numbers

We study the linear stability of the flow of a viscous electrically conducting capillary fluid on a planar fixed plate in the presence of gravity and a uniform magnetic field, assuming that the plate is either a perfect electrical insulator or a perfect conductor. We first confirm that the Squire transformation for magnetohydrodynamics is compatible with the stress and insulating boundary conditions at the free surface but argue that unless the flow is driven at fixed Galilei and capillary numbers, respectively parameterizing gravity and surface tension, the critical mode is not necessarily two-dimensional. We then investigate numerically how a flow-normal magnetic field and the associated Hartmann steady state affect the soft and hard instability modes of free-surface flow, working in the low-magnetic-Prandtl-number regime of conducting laboratory fluids (Pm ≤ 10−4). Because it is a critical-layer instability (moderately modified by the presence of the free surface), the hard mode exhibits similar behaviour as the even unstable mode in channel Hartmann flow, in terms of both the weak influence of Pm on its neutral-stability curve and the dependence of its critical Reynolds number Rec on the Hartmann number Ha. In contrast, the structure of the soft mode's growth-rate contours in the (Re, α) plane, where α is the wavenumber, differs markedly between problems with small, but non-zero, Pm and their counterparts in the inductionless limit, Pm ↘ 0. As derived from large-wavelength approximations and confirmed numerically, the soft mode's critical Reynolds number grows exponentially with Ha in inductionless problems. However, when Pm is non-zero the Lorentz force originating from the steady-state current leads to a modification of Rec(Ha) to either a sub-linearly increasing or a decreasing function of Ha, respectively for problems with insulating or perfectly conducting walls. In insulating-wall problems we also observe pairs of counter-propagating Alfven waves, the upstream-propagating wave undergoing an instability driven by energy transferred from the steady-state shear to both of the velocity and magnetic degrees of freedom. Movies are available with the online version of the paper.
Justified Species Partiality

A core question in practical ethics is ‘which entities do we need to consider in our decision-making?’ In this chapter we evaluate the justifications and motivations for defending species-membership views of human moral status. These are views on which human beings have a distinctive type of moral status grounded in their being human or possessing some property that almost perfectly correlates with being human. Many ethicists endorse species-membership views on moral status because they believe that moral status differences are needed to support widely held and purportedly well-justified beliefs about species differentiation in consideration and treatment. We argue against the need to adopt a species-membership or human-privilege view on moral status in order to justify species partiality in consideration and treatment. The sort of partiality with respect to consideration and treatment that motivates species-membership views is largely consistent with more egalitarian views about moral status, according to which an entity’s moral status depends on its own features, not the biological group to which it belongs. Given the traditional objections to species-membership views, to the extent that justified species partiality is consistent with alternative views of moral status, there is reason to reject the moral status significance of being human.
Farm-Forestry Design at Jeypore Block (Koraput), India

The renewed focus on developing ecologically resilient and socially acceptable design of farm-forestry has gained momentum in the wake of increasing farmers’ income. The social embeddedness of farm-forestry design, with appropriate extension and market provisioning, can contribute significantly to improve ecosystem services, economic growth, and poverty alleviation. This must be investigated with extensive understanding of field veracity. To fill the gap, this study proposed site specific and scientifically backed farm-forestry design, with traditional – tacit – knowledge at its core. Extensive field study was conducted with an objective of analyzing current farm-forestry practices at five blocks (covering 47 villages and 107 farmers) of Koraput district, Odisha. The study documents the importance of on-farm soil and water conservation practices in maintaining soil nutrient and farm productivity. Use of appropriate sowing and weeding practices had shown positive impact on seedling growth. With underlying principal of social acceptability and ecological suitability, the study proposed the farm-forestry design with intercropping of horticulture (like Turmeric, Ginger, Pineapple etc), field crops (like Ragi, Arhar, Sorghum, Maize, Niger etc.) and medicinal plants (like Acorus calamus, Asparagus abascendus, Centalla asiatica etc.).
Induction and maintenance immunosuppression in lung transplantation

Immunosuppression for lung transplant recipients is a critical part of post-transplant care, to prevent acute and chronic rejection. Treatment protocols consist of induction and maintenance immunotherapy. Induction agents provide an immediate state of immunosuppression following transplantation and over time, and their use has become more commonplace. Several agents are available for clinical use, including anti-thymocyte globulin, alemtuzumab, and basiliximab, the latter being most commonly employed. Each induction agent has unique side effects and caveats to their use, of which we must be aware. Maintenance immunosuppression is initiated following transplant but requires multiple doses prior to reaching therapeutic levels. A calcineurin inhibitor, an anti-metabolite, and a corticosteroid are traditionally used, most commonly tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. Dosing regimens and goal trough levels vary and are tailored to a patient’s clinical status and duration post-transplant. Future clinical studies may be able to assist in determining the optimal induction and maintenance immunosuppression regimens. In the interim, we use cohort and registry data to guide our therapies.
CIB1 depletion impairs cell survival and tumor growth in triple-negative breast cancer

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype with generally poor prognosis and no available targeted therapies, highlighting a critical unmet need to identify and characterize novel therapeutic targets. We previously demonstrated that CIB1 is necessary for cancer cell survival and proliferation via regulation of two oncogenic signaling pathways, RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3K-AKT. Because these pathways are often upregulated in TNBC, we hypothesized that CIB1 may play a broader role in TNBC cell survival and tumor growth. Methods utilized include inducible RNAi depletion of CIB1 in vitro and in vivo, immunoblotting, clonogenic assay, flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing, bioinformatics analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. CIB1 depletion resulted in significant cell death in 8 of 11 TNBC cell lines tested. Analysis of components related to PI3K-AKT and RAF-MEK-ERK signaling revealed that elevated AKT activation status and low PTEN expression were key predictors of sensitivity to CIB1 depletion. Furthermore, CIB1 knockdown caused dramatic shrinkage of MDA-MB-468 xenograft tumors in vivo. RNA sequence analysis also showed that CIB1 depletion in TNBC cells activates gene programs associated with decreased proliferation and increased cell death. CIB1 expression levels per se did not predict TNBC susceptibility to CIB1 depletion, and CIB1 mRNA expression levels did not associate with TNBC patient survival. Our data are consistent with the emerging concept of non-oncogene addiction, where a large subset of TNBCs depend on CIB1 for cell survival and tumor growth, independent of CIB1 expression levels. Our data establish CIB1 as a novel therapeutic target for TNBC.
Stern's Diatomic Sequence 0,1,1,2,1,3,2,3,1,4,…

Stern's diatomic sequence appeared in print in 1858 and has been the subject of numerous papers since. Our goal is to present many of these properties, both old and new. We present a large set of r...
Medication adherence Part three: Strategies for improving adherence.

AbstractPurpose:This is the third of a three part series on Medication Adherence in which the authors describe the continuum of adherence to nonadherence of medication usage.Data sources:Research articles through Medline and PubMed.Conclusions:Understanding the magnitude and scope of the problem of
Specification and implementation of a standard for remote database access

Modern office information systems are increasingly distributed systems of heterogeneous, administrative organizational units. In general, in such systems data is held at different locations, not necessarily identical with the place at which the data is accessed and/or manipulated. There is an increasing need to access remote data without regard to computer boundaries, architectures and software specifies, thus making application programs independent of a specific database. In general, such communication requirements are addressed by standards efforts of ISO for ‘Open Systems Interconnection’ (OSI) and, in particular, by efforts of standardizing the ‘Remote Database Access’ (RDA).
Diesel exhaust particle size distributions - Fuel and additive effects

Particle mass and size distribution measurements were made on the exhaust of an Onan prechamber diesel engine in order to describe the influence of fuel and fuel additives on physical characteristics of particulate matter emitted from a prechamber diesel engine. Seven fuels were examined (No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuels, 40 and 50 cetane number secondary reference fuels, and No. 2 diesel fuel doped with three different concentrations of Lubrizol 565, a barium-based smoke suppressant). Fuel cetane number had a marked influence on diesel exhaust particle emissions. Reducing the cetane number decreased particle mass and volume concentrations in exhaust. A probable explanation for this decrease was that longer ignition delay periods associated with reduced cetane number fuels allowed more complete mixing of fuel and air prior to ignition, thus minimizing the amount of fuel burnt under rich conditions that lead to particle formation. It was found that the barium smoke suppression additive markedly reduced Bosch smoke number but did not produce similar reductions in particle mass emissions. Under certain conditions of light load and high additive concentrations, mass emissions were increased. The additive apparently suppresses the production of light-absorbing carbon particles, but leads to the formation of dense but only weakly light-absorbing barium-containing particles. No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuels and the 50 cetane number reference fuel produced very similar emissions, with emission indexes in the 0.3-1.3 mg range and volume mean diameters between 0.09 and 0.15 micrometers. The 40 cetane number reference fuel produced both smaller emission indexes and particle diameters.
Comparing Migration and Development Policy in Morocco and Mexico

In late August of 1989, a Spanish immigration officer observed the crush of Moroccans returning to Europe by ferry from Tangier at the end of their summer vacations. Morocco is becoming to Spain what Mexico is to the United States, he complained (qtd. in Riding 1989). For decades, Moroccan migrants had pushed on through to Europe's wealthier countries, but as Spain's economy started to expand, Moroccans began to stay and fill the growing demand for cheap labor. They took the same kinds of menial jobs in Spain's fields, factories, restaurants, and homes that they had worked in for more than a generation in France, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands. These jobs were strikingly similar to the low wage jobs, an ocean away, which Mexicans crossed into the United States to fill. Morocco added Spain to the list of countries to which it could export its unemployed youth and also, when possible, the men that made up the political opposition that mounted occasional but serious threats to Morocco's fragile monarchy. Meanwhile, Mexico continued to let millions of its unemployed and underemployed seep north past its border, just as it had for over twenty years, its autocratic one-party government quietly grateful for the economic relief as the country lurched from crisis to crisis.
Millimeter and submillimeter wave measurements of complex optical and dielectric parameters of materials

These low loss materials were chosen for the first in this series of measurements of the complex parameters over the entire millimeter and submillimeter wavelength range of the spectrum. A modular, polarizing, dispersive Fourier transform spectrometer capable of operating over the range 5 mm to 0.004 mm was used to provide a continuous spectrum of the refractive index and absorption coefficient to an accuracy of five decimal places and less than 1 percent, respectively.
Coexistence of cellular CDMA and FSM

The authors investigate the spectrum sharing capability of a CDMA PCN (48 MHz bandwidth), overlayed on the Fixed Service Microwave (FSM) band (1850-1990 MHz). This overlay may cause two types of interference: 1) Interference from the overlayed PCN on the FSM systems, 2) interference from the microwave system to the PCN users. In the first case, both analog and digital microwave systems are considered. In the second case, the performance degradation is investigated of a CDMA PCN due to the interference produced by the FSM signal. The cochannel (CDMA) interference within the SS system is also considered.
Street children in Russia: steps to prevention

This article examines the historical evolution of the development of social policy toward street children in Russia and makes recommendations for prevention. The historical examination begins with the Soviet period, when statistics on social problems were not publicly known. It continues through the post-Soviet period when there was an emerging awareness about the increasing number of abused, abandoned children and children living on the streets. Etiological factors, such as child maltreatment and parental substance abuse, are then discussed. Based on these etiological factors, the article then proposes a model in which existing institutions and professionals are supported in facilitating an integrated system of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. This includes improving child protection services and interventions to prevent children leaving their homes, early identification of children who are becoming involved in street life and a continuum of care for children who cannot return home.
Diurnal cycle of precipitation in a climate model

[1] An investigation is carried out to study the model capability in resolving the diurnal cycle of June–August rainfall using the Florida State University/Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (FSU/COAPS) climate model. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission multisatellite precipitation analysis products are used as the verification data. In order to uncover which model components are more responsible for the diurnal cycle, a number of seasonal (3-month-long) integrations are performed by modifying the climate model configurations. It is found that the convective scheme employed is the most crucial component in properly capturing the diurnal cycle of rainfall. A detailed and improved signal of diurnal cycle is obtained in the experiments with a higher horizontal resolution. A negative influence is found when the Community Land Model version 2 as a land surface scheme is used. No additional improvement in the oceanic precipitation diurnal cycle is conferred even if a frequently coupled ocean model is used rather than prescribed weekly sea surface temperatures (SST). This is due to the weak SST diurnal cycle from the ocean model.