cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflow turbulence generation for eddy-resolving simulations of turbomachinery flows

A simple variant of recycling and rescaling method to generate inflow turbulence using unstructured grid CFD codes is presented. The method has been validated on large eddy simulation of spatially developing flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The proposed rescaling algorithm is based on the momentum thickness which is more robust and essentially obviates the need of finding the edge of the turbulent boundary layer in unstructured grid codes. Extension of this algorithm to hybrid RANS/LES type of approaches and for wall-bounded turbomachinery flows is also discussed. Results from annular diffuser with different inflow boundary layer characteristics is presented as an example application to show the utility of such an algorithm.
Product Differentiation and Relative Performance Evaluation in an Asymmetric Duopoly

In a model of managerial delegation in a duopoly with asymmetric costs, I show that an increase in the intensity of market competition (product differentiation) increases the absolute weight placed on rival's profit (relative performance) in the managerial compensation scheme for both firms and also increases market concentration. The relatively efficient (larger) firm always places higher weight on rival's performance and obtains higher market share.
Real-Time Data Driven Wildland Fire Modeling

We are developing a wildland fire model based on semi-empirical relations that estimate the rate of spread of a surface fire and post-frontal heat release, coupled with WRF, the Weather Research and Forecasting atmospheric model. A level set method identifies the fire front. Data are assimilated using both amplitude and position corrections using a morphing ensemble Kalman filter. We will use thermal images of a fire for observations that will be compared to synthetic image based on the model state.
Intelligent Guidance for Headway and Lane Control

The principal objective of this study is to define techniques for using graphical imagery alone as guidance information for automotive headway and lane control. The goal is to accelerate, steer, and brake an automobile at normal speeds on both limited-access and conventional highways, including entry/exit ramps, multiple-lane roads, and undivided highways, and accounting for mixed traffic, road signs, traffic signals, and unexpected emergencies. It is expected that a system capable of performing these tasks would consist of one or more television cameras, pattern-recognition logic implemented in digital signal processing chips, a rule-based expert system for guidance and control, conventional motion sensors, and actuators for steering, braking, and throttle control.
Time-Varying Price Interactions and Risk Management in Livestock Feed Markets – Determining the Ethanol Surge Effect.

This paper studies the dynamic effects that the recent growth in supply of Distiller Dried Grains (DDGs), due to the ethanol production surge from corn consumption, has had in relation to other market feeds, specifically corn, grain sorghum and soybean meal. Prior to the U.S. ethanol surge, more than a half of corn’s production was consumed as feed for livestock. This amount has dropped to around 40%, as corn is increasingly being used – about 1/3 of U.S. supply - for ethanol production. Ethanol’s by-product for feed, DDGs, contains more proteins than corn and serves as substitute in feed rations for livestock, and may likewise affect soybean meal, a protein feed component. In addition, increased corn demand may impact grain sorghum (milo), a similar carbohydrate substitute. A multivariate regime-switching model is applied to two different periods, pre and post- ethanol mandates (Energy Acts of 2005 and 2007), to gauge the dynamic correlations among these markets. Results are consistent with previous literature regarding increasing relationship (correlation) between DDGs and corn, among others. More importantly, an improved characterization of the dynamic inter-relationships between these feed markets not only empirically identifies ethanol surge effects, but serves to assess cross-hedging potential with current corn and soybean meal futures markets. Implications for agricultural price levels, risk management and policy analysis are discussed.
Intra-household labor supply, migration, and subsistence constraints in a risky environment: Evidence from rural El salvador

Abstract We investigate the use of intra-household labor allocation as a means of risk coping when subsistence constraints matter in rural El Salvador. We show that households increase the labor supply of its male members to the family farm and abroad in the US after being subjected to adverse agricultural productivity shocks. The latter is the result of a standard substitution effect, whereas the former is the result of subsistence concerns. Theoretically, these results are not at odds with each other if these events differentially impacted rich and poor households. We also show that the earthquakes of 2001 resulted in large reductions in the number of female members who were sent abroad and large increases in hours of domestic labor supplied by female members. We argue that this result is a consequence of subsistence motives because female labor supply at home increased despite lower remuneration.
How unfair is the inequality of wage earnings in Russia ? estimates from panel data

This paper attempts to determine the extent to which inequality in wage earnings in the Russian Federation is unfair. Unlike other similar attempts that can, at best, produce a lower bound on the estimate of the share of inequality that is unfair, this paper exploits the longitudinal nature of the data to come up with a lower bound as well as an upper bound. The upper bound is further refined to take into account the indirect effect of circumstances at birth (gender, parental wealth, etc.) on effort. Results show that the upper bound on the inequality of opportunity may be three to four times the measured lower bound and significantly higher for females than males in the sample. Finally, comparison with the United States and Germany show that although total inequality is lower in Russia, the share of unfair inequality is distinctly larger. The markedly large explanatory role of extraneous factors, such as gender and parental characteristics, in wage inequality calls for a close examination of governments’ efforts to address inequities in the labor market.
Dictionary Learning With Few Samples and Matrix Concentration

Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix, $X$ be an $n \times p$ matrix, and $Y = AX$ . A challenging and important problem in data analysis, motivated by dictionary learning and other practical problems, is to recover both $A $ and $X$ , given $Y$ . Under normal circumstances, it is clear that this problem is underdetermined. However, in the case, when $X$ is sparse and random, Spielman et al. showed that one can recover both $A$ and $X$ efficiently from $Y$ with high probability, given that $p$ (the number of samples) is sufficiently large. Their method works for $p \ge C n^{2} \log ^ {2} n$ and they conjectured that $p \ge C n \log n$ suffices. The bound $n \log n$ is sharp for an obvious information theoretical reason. In this paper, we show that $p \ge C n \log ^{4} n$ suffices, matching the conjectural bound up to a polylogarithmic factor. The core of our proof is a theorem concerning $l_{1}$ concentration of random matrices, which is of independent interest. Our proof of the concentration result is based on two ideas. The first is an economical way to apply the union bound. The second is a refined version of Bernstein’s concentration inequality for the sum of independent variables. Both have nothing to do with random matrices and are applicable in general settings.
Evaluating call-by-need on the control stack

Ariola and Felleisen's call-by-need λ-calculus replaces a variable occurrence with its value at the last possible moment. To support this gradual notion of substitution, function applications--once established--are never discharged. In this paper we show how to translate this notion of reduction into an abstract machine that resolves variable references via the control stack. In particular, the machine uses the static address of a variable occurrence to extract its current value from the dynamic control stack.
Timeline: a dynamic hierarchical dirichlet process model for recovering birth/death and evolution of topics in text stream

Topic models have proven to be a useful tool for discovering latent structures in document collections. However, most document collections often come as temporal streams and thus several aspects of the latent structure such as the number of topics, the topics' distribution and popularity are time-evolving. Several models exist that model the evolution of some but not all of the above aspects. In this paper we introduce infinite dynamic topic models, iDTM, that can accommodate the evolution of all the aforementioned aspects. Our model assumes that documents are organized into epochs, where the documents within each epoch are exchangeable but the order between the documents is maintained across epochs. iDTM allows for unbounded number of topics: topics can die or be born at any epoch, and the representation of each topic can evolve according to a Markovian dynamics. We use iDTM to analyze the birth and evolution of topics in the NIPS community and evaluated the efficacy of our model on both simulated and real datasets with favorable outcome.
The Galactic Distribution of Electron Density Microstructure Inferred from Radio Scattering Observations

I first review the observables and optics of interstellar seeing associated with radio wave scattering in the interstellar medium. I then describe the Galactic distribution of electron density and its fluctuations, as inferred from a number of observables, including angular and pulse broadening, diffractive scintillations, and dispersion measures. Propects for improving the Galactic model are outlined.
Mismatched estimation in large linear systems

We study the excess mean square error (EMSE) above the minimum mean square error (MMSE) in large linear systems where the posterior mean estimator (PME) is evaluated with a postulated prior that differs from the true prior of the input signal. We focus on large linear systems where the measurements are acquired via an independent and identically distributed random matrix, and are corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The relationship between the EMSE in large linear systems and EMSE in scalar channels is derived, and closed form approximations are provided. Our analysis is based on the decoupling principle, which links scalar channels to large linear system analyses. Numerical examples demonstrate that our closed form approximations are accurate.
Thermal Synthesis of 3‐Bromothieno[3,2‐c]pyridin‐4‐(5H)‐one: A Telescoped Procedure with Tributylamine

3-Bromothieno[3,2-c]pyridine-4-(5H)-one (1) was prepared from (2E)-3-(4-bromo-2-thienyl)-2-propenoic acid (3) by the Eloy–Deryckere thermal benzo/heteropyridinone synthesis. A telescoped procedure was developed, which reduces some of the risk associated with the classic procedure. Use of tributylamine as an additive in this process was shown to facilitate E/Z-isomerization of the intermediate vinyl isocyanate and lower the temperature necessary for the overall thermal process.
Why You Really Should Consider Using Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Silanols and Silanolates.

The transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling of organometallic nucleophiles derived from tin, boron, and zinc with organic electrophiles enjoys a preeminent status among modern synthetic methods for the formation of carbon–carbon bonds. In recent years, organosilanes have emerged as viable alternatives to conventional reagents, with the added benefits of low cost, low toxicity, and high chemical stability. However, silicon-based cross-coupling reactions often require heating in the presence of a fluoride source, which has significantly hampered their widespread acceptance. To address the “fluoride problem”, a new paradigm for palladium-catalyzed, silicon-based cross-coupling reactions has been developed that employs a heretofore underutilized class of silicon reagents, the organosilanols. The use of organosilanols, either in the presence of Bronsted bases or as their silanolate salts, represents an operationally simple and mild alternative to the fluoride-based activation method. Organosilanols are readi...
Nonlinear effects of altitude on child growth in Peru : a multilevel analysis

Growth at high altitude has been the object of many investigations after experimental studies on animals showed that hypoxia at high altitude slows growth. Many studies have also looked at the Andean populations and found different results. Even though a few studies find that individuals living at high altitudes are smaller than the ones living at low altitudes, a significant group of studies does not reveal such a clear relationship. This study focuses on Peru, a country characterized by a diverse territory, great altitude variations, and a population with a wide socioeconomic gradient. The analysis differs from previous studies in three ways. First, in an attempt to reconcile the main findings of the biological literature with the economic models of child health, it explores the relationship between altitude and child health within a multivariate framework. Second, it benefits from a large spectrum of altitude data and does not concentrate on one or two isolated villages. Third, it takes into account the cluster nature of the data and controls for correlation of variables in the same cluster through multilevel statistical modeling. After controlling for characteristics of the children, families, and communities, the data show a significant nonlinear relationship between altitude and child nutritional status. Peruvian children living at medium/high altitudes appear to be worse off than children living at extremely high altitudes, where the negative effect of hypoxia on growth could be compensated by other favorable health and environmental conditions.
Automobility and the liberal disposition

This article considers automobility, defined as the entire gamut of practices that foster car culture, and how it qualifies as both product and producer of modernity. The author describes the constitutive visual image of automobility as one of dignified convoys of individual cars, vehicles whose solitary drivers can remain separated from each other as they collectively pursue private goals on public highways. This picture captures the salient features of cars in a post-Enlightenment order: the experience of driving, identified by the quiet pleasures of the open road, speed, power and personal control; all of these complement the functionality of covering distance, managing time, and maintaining certain forms of individuation. Automobility is also the field in which the biopolitics of individualization fully matches the security mode of power. This is one in which the daily routines and practices of pleasure of an individual conform perfectly to the demands of an external power, and in the process set in motion the organization of a vast and complex network of social life and spatial relations.
Education and its poverty-reducing effects: The case of Paraiba, Brazil

Breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty requires far-reaching actions in the education sector. Widespread poverty affects both students' performance and their availability to attend school. Low-quality education leads to low income, which in turn perpetuates poverty. Furthermore, low levels of education affect growth though low labor productivity. Although Paraiba, Brazil suffers from a history of educational neglect, the state has recently made significant gains in primary enrollment; 93 percent of the children aged 7-14 are enrolled in school. However, 30 percent of the population aged 15 and older are illiterate and, unfortunately, it is not only the older generations that cannot read and write: 15 percent of children aged 10 to 15 are illiterate. However, substantial achievements in education have helped the extremely poor segment of population as much as expected. Probit analyses reveal that education attainment is the single most important poverty-reducing factor. All levels of education from primary to tertiary are significant and negatively associated with the probability of being poor.
Length-dependent prediction of protein intrinsic disorder

Due to the functional importance of intrinsically disordered proteins or protein regions, prediction of intrinsic protein disorder from amino acid sequence has become an area of active research as witnessed in the 6th experiment on Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP6). Since the initial work by Romero et al. (Identifying disordered regions in proteins from amino acid sequences, IEEE Int. Conf. Neural Netw., 1997), our group has developed several predictors optimized for long disordered regions (>30 residues) with prediction accuracy exceeding 85%. However, these predictors are less successful on short disordered regions (≤30 residues). A probable cause is a length-dependent amino acid compositions and sequence properties of disordered regions. We proposed two new predictor models, VSL2-M1 and VSL2-M2, to address this length-dependency problem in prediction of intrinsic protein disorder. These two predictors are similar to the original VSL1 predictor used in the CASP6 experiment. In both models, two specialized predictors were first built and optimized for short (≤30 residues) and long disordered regions (>30 residues), respectively. A meta predictor was then trained to integrate the specialized predictors into the final predictor model. As the 10-fold cross-validation results showed, the VSL2 predictors achieved well-balanced prediction accuracies of 81% on both short and long disordered regions. Comparisons over the VSL2 training dataset via 10-fold cross-validation and a blind-test set of unrelated recent PDB chains indicated that VSL2 predictors were significantly more accurate than several existing predictors of intrinsic protein disorder. The VSL2 predictors are applicable to disordered regions of any length and can accurately identify the short disordered regions that are often misclassified by our previous disorder predictors. The success of the VSL2 predictors further confirmed the previously observed differences in amino acid compositions and sequence properties between short and long disordered regions, and justified our approaches for modelling short and long disordered regions separately. The VSL2 predictors are freely accessible for non-commercial use at http://www.ist.temple.edu/disprot/predictorVSL2.php
A bit-compatible parallelization for ILU(k) preconditioning

ILU(k) is a commonly used preconditioner for iterative linear solvers for sparse, non-symmetric systems. It is often preferred for the sake of its stability. We present TPILU(k), the first efficiently parallelized ILU(k) preconditioner that maintains this important stability property. Even better, TPILU(k) preconditioning produces an answer that is bit-compatible with the sequential ILU(k) preconditioning. In terms of performance, the TPILU(k) preconditioning is shown to run faster whenever more cores are made available to it -- while continuing to be as stable as sequential ILU(k). This is in contrast to some competing methods that may become unstable if the degree of thread parallelism is raised too far. Where Block Jacobi ILU(k) fails in an application, it can be replaced by TPILU(k) in order to maintain good performance, while also achieving full stability. As a further optimization, TPILU(k) offers an optional level-based incomplete inverse method as a fast approximation for the original ILU(k) preconditioned matrix. Although this enhancement is not bit-compatible with classical ILU(k), it is bit-compatible with the output from the single-threaded version of the same algorithm. In experiments on a 16-core computer, the enhanced TPILU(k)-based iterative linear solver performed up to 9 times faster. As we approach an era of many-core computing, the ability to efficiently take advantage of many cores will become ever more important.
Comparing Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity and extended degree: The borderline cases

Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity and any extended degree function can be thought of as complexity measures for the structure of finitely generated graded modules. A recent result of Doering, Gunston, and Vasconcelos shows that both can be compared in the case of a graded algebra. We extend this result to modules and analyze when the estimate is in fact an equality. A complete classification is obtained if we choose as extended degree the homological or the smallest extended degree. The corresponding algebras are characterized in three ways: by relations among the algebra generators, by using generic initial ideals, and by their Hilbert series.
A method for experimental heating of intact soil profiles for application to climate change experiments

Advanced facilities are needed to evaluate the response of complex ecosystems to projected unique climate conditions not observable in the context of current natural variation or through the use of climate gradients. A next-generation, experimental system for simulating future belowground temperature increases was conceived, simulated, constructed and tested in a temperate deciduous forest in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. The new system uses low-wattage, 3-m deep, circumferentially-installed heaters surrounding a defined soil volume to both add the necessary energy to support a set-point soil temperature differential within the treatment area and to add exterior energy inputs equal to that which might be lost from lateral heat conduction. This approach, which is designed to work in conjunction with aboveground heated chambers, requires only two control positions, (1) aboveground air temperatures at 1 m and (2) belowground temperatures at 0.8 m. The approach is capable of achieving in situ target temperature differentials in the tested range of +4.0 0.5 C for soils to a measured depth of -2 m located within the aboveground boundary for air heating. These differentials were sustained throughout 2009, and both diurnal and seasonal cycles at all soil depths were retained using this simple heating approach. Measured mean energymore » inputs required to sustain the target heating level of +4 C over the 7.1 m2 target area were substantial: 21.1 kW h d-1 m-2 for aboveground heating but 16 times lower for belowground heaters at 1.3 kW h d-1 m-2. Observations of soil CO2 efflux from the surface of the target soil volumes showed CO2 losses throughout 2009 that were elevated above the temperature response curve for control CO2 losses at levels greater than have been reported in previous soil warming studies. Stimulation of biological activity of previously undisturbed deep-soil carbon stocks is the expected source. Long-term research programs may be able to apply similar experimental systems to address uncertainties in process-level responses of microbial, plant, and animal communities in whole, intact ecosystems using this new heating method that capture expected future warming and temperature dynamics throughout the soil profile.« less
Small-Scale Interstellar NA I Structure toward M92

We have used integral field echelle spectroscopy with the DensePak fiber-optic array on the KPNO WIYN telescope to observe the central 27'' × 43'' of the globular cluster M92 in the Na I D wavelength region at a spatial resolution of 4''. Two interstellar Na I absorption components are evident in the spectra at LSR velocities of 0 km s-1 (cloud 1) and -19 km s-1 (cloud 2). Substantial strength variations in both components are apparent down to scales limited by the fiber-to-fiber separations. The derived Na I column densities differ by a factor of 4 across the cloud 1 absorption map and by a factor of 7 across the cloud 2 map. Using distance upper limits of 400 and 800 pc for cloud 1 and cloud 2, respectively, the absorption maps indicate structure in the interstellar medium (ISM) down to scales of 1600 and 3200 AU. The fiber-to-fiber Na I column density differences toward M92 are comparable to those found in a similar study of the ISM toward the globular cluster M15. Overall, the structures in the interstellar components toward M92 have significantly lower column densities than those toward M15. We interpret these low column density structures as small-scale turbulent variations in the gas and compare them with the larger scale, higher column density variations toward M15, which may be the hallmarks of actual H I structures.
Fast, quality, segmentation of large volumes – isoperimetric distance trees

For many medical segmentation tasks, the contrast along most of the boundary of the target object is high, allowing simple thresholding or region growing approaches to provide nearly sufficient solutions for the task. However, the regions recovered by these techniques frequently leak through bottlenecks in which the contrast is low or non-existent. We propose a new approach based on a novel speed-up of the isoperimetric algorithm [1] that can solve the problem of leaks through a bottleneck. The speed enhancement converts the isoperimetric segmentation algorithm to a fast, linear-time computation by using a tree representation as the underlying graph instead of a standard lattice structure. In this paper, we show how to create an appropriate tree substrate for the segmentation problem and how to use this structure to perform a linear-time computation of the isoperimetric algorithm. This approach is shown to overcome common problems with watershed-based techniques and to provide fast, high-quality results on large datasets.
Effect of training on skeletal muscle injury from downhill running in rats

Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that injury to skeletal muscle in rats resulting from prolonged downhill running is prevented to a greater extent by prior downhill training than by either uphill or level training. Changes in plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDase) activity in the soleus (S), vastus intermedius (VI), and medial head of triceps brachii (TM) muscles were evaluated as markers of muscle injury 48 h after 90 min of intermittent downhill running (16 m . min -1). Prior to this acute downhill run, groups of rats were trained by either downhill (-16 degrees), level (0 degrees), or uphill (+16 degrees) running (16 m . min -1) for 30 min/day. Training duration was either 5 days or 1 day. A training effect (i.e., reduced muscle injury) was indicated if muscle G-6-PDase or plasma CPK activity in a trained group following the 90-min downhill run was not different from that of nonexercised control animals and/or if it was lower than that of nontrained runners. A significant training effect was achieved in all three muscles with 5 days of either downhill or level training, but only in S after 5 days of uphill training. Elevation of plasma CPK activity was prevented by 5 days of training on all three inclines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Building Sustainable Organizations: The Human Factor

Executive Overview Although most of the research and public pressure concerning sustainability has been focused on the effects of business and organizational activity on the physical environment, companies and their management practices profoundly affect the human and social environment as well. This article briefly reviews the literature on the direct and indirect effects of organizations and their decisions about people on human health and mortality. It then considers some possible explanations for why social sustainability has received relatively short shrift in management writing, and outlines a research agenda for investigating the links between social sustainability and organizational effectiveness as well as the role of ideology in understanding the relative neglect of the human factor in sustainability research.
Penetrating Dust Tori in AGN

We present preliminary results from high resolution ~ 0.05”) adaptive optics observations of Cygnus A. The images show a biconical structure strongly suggestive of an obscuring torus around a quasar nucleus. A bright (K’ = 18.5) point source is found near the expected position of the nucleus. We interpret this source as the hot inner rim of the torus seen through the opening of the torus. Using high angular resolution K-band spectroscopy, we measure the ratio of molecular to recombination hydrogen lines as a function of distance to the center of the putative torus. These measurements place constraints on the properties of the torus and indicate a projected diameter of ~ 600 pc.
Biosystematic Studies in Erythronium (Liliaceae-Tulipeae)

A number of clones of Erythronium japonicum were examined karyologically. The interphase nucleus is of the reticulate type, i.e. extremely homogeneous, with no chromocenters observed. Root tip chromosomal lengths and total genome lengths under both colchicine and 8-hydroxyquinoline pretreatments were virtually identical. All the material examined was 2n=24. Three size groups were discernible among the somatic complement, though all the chromosomes were clearly classifiable as subtelocentric. Within this asymmetrical complement, little size variation was observed in the small arms, whereas the greatest difference occurred in the long arms. Although the whole complement was subtelocentric, several of the smaller chromosomes had arm ratios close to 2:1. No nucleolar organizing chromosomes were observed for this species' complement. Based on size and centromeric position, the somatic complement can be represented as: K(2n)=24=4Lst+10Mst+10Sst. The karyological affinities of E. japonicum are with the subtelocentric, western North American species, rather than with those with metacentric chromosomes occurring in eastern North America.
Molecular Network Control Through Boolean Canalization

Boolean networks are an important class of computational models for molecular interaction networks. Boolean canalization, a type of hierarchical clustering of the inputs of a Boolean function, has been extensively studied in the context of network modeling where each layer of canalization adds a degree of stability in the dynamics of the network. Recently, dynamic network control approaches have been used for the design of new therapeutic interventions and for other applications such as stem cell reprogramming. This work studies the role of canalization in the control of Boolean molecular networks. It provides a method for identifying the potential edges to control in the wiring diagram of a network for avoiding undesirable state transitions. The method is based on identifying appropriate input-output combinations on undesirable transitions that can be modified using the edges in the wiring diagram of the network. Moreover, a method for estimating the number of changed transitions in the state space of the system as a result of an edge deletion in the wiring diagram is presented. The control methods of this paper were applied to a mutated cell-cycle model and to a p53-mdm2 model to identify potential control targets.
Tandem gold-catalyzed dehydrative cyclization/diels-alder reactions: facile access to indolocarbazole alkaloids.

A gold-catalyzed synthesis of cyclic 2-oxodienes from readily prepared propargyl alcohols and the subsequent Diels–Alder reaction are reported. The dehydrative cyclization reactions proceeded smoothly, and the dienes formed in situ were demonstrated to undergo cycloaddition with a variety of dienophiles. This method offers a new strategy for the synthesis of indolocarbazole alkaloids, whereby the convergent synthetic design allows for differentiation between the indole nitrogens.
Estimating Treatment Effects for Ordered Outcomes Using Maximum Simulated Likelihood

I present four new commands to estimate the effect of a binary endogenous treatment on an ordered outcome. Such models conventionally rely upon joint normality of the unobservables in treatment and outcome processes, as do treatoprobit and switchoprobit. In this article, I highlight the capabilities of treatoprobitsim and switchoprobitsim, which both use a latent-factor structure to model the joint distribution of the treatment and outcome and allow the researcher to relax the assumption of joint normality.
Nanostructured conductive polymers for advanced energy storage

Conductive polymers combine the attractive properties associated with conventional polymers and unique electronic properties of metals or semiconductors. Recently, nanostructured conductive polymers have aroused considerable research interest owing to their unique properties over their bulk counterparts, such as large surface areas and shortened pathways for charge/mass transport, which make them promising candidates for broad applications in energy conversion and storage, sensors, actuators, and biomedical devices. Numerous synthetic strategies have been developed to obtain various conductive polymer nanostructures, and high-performance devices based on these nanostructured conductive polymers have been realized. This Tutorial review describes the synthesis and characteristics of different conductive polymer nanostructures; presents the representative applications of nanostructured conductive polymers as active electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries and new perspectives of functional materials for next-generation high-energy batteries, meanwhile discusses the general design rules, advantages, and limitations of nanostructured conductive polymers in the energy storage field; and provides new insights into future directions.
Anisotropic migration velocity analysis: Application to a data set from West Africa

Although it is widely recognized that anisotropy can have a significant influence on the focusing and positioning of migrated reflection events, conventional depth imaging methods still operate with isotropic velocity fields. Here, we present an application of a 2D migration velocity analysis (MVA) algorithm, designed for factorized v(x, z) VTI (transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis) media, to an offshore data set from West Africa. By approximating the subsurface with factorized VTI blocks, it is possible to decouple the spatial variations in the vertical velocity from the anisotropic parameters with minimal a priori information. Since our method accounts for lateral velocity variation, it produces more accurate estimates of the anisotropic parameters than those previously obtained with time-domain techniques. The values of the anellipticity parameter η found for the massive shales exceed 0.2, which confirms that ignoring anisotropy in the study area can lead to substantial imaging distortions, such as mis-stacking and mispositioning of dipping events. While some of these distortions can be removed by using anisotropic time processing, further marked improvement in image quality is achieved by prestack depth migration with the estimated factorized VTI model. In particular, many fault planes, including antithetic faults in the shallow part of the section, are better focused by the anisotropic depth-migration algorithm and appear more continuous. Anisotropic depth migration facilitates structural interpretation by eliminating false dips at the bottom of the section and improving the images of a number of gently dipping features. One of the main difficulties in anisotropic MVA is the need to use a priori information for constraining the vertical velocity. In this case study, we successfully reconstructed the time–depth curve from reflection data by assuming that the vertical velocity is a continuous function of depth and estimating the vertical and lateral velocity gradients in each factorized block. If the subsurface contains strong boundaries with jumps in velocity, knowledge of the vertical velocity at a single point in a layer is sufficient for our algorithm to determine all relevant layer parameters.
Relativistic jets in collapsars

We examine the propagation of two-dimensional relativistic jets through the stellar progenitor in the collapsar model for gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Each jet is parameterized by a radius where it is introduced and by its initial Lorentz factor, opening angle, power, and internal energy. In agreement with previous studies, we find that relativistic jets are collimated by their passage through the stellar mantle. Starting with an initial half-angle of up to 20°, they emerge with half-angles that, though variable with time, are around 5°. Interaction of these jets with the star and their own cocoons also causes mixing that sporadically decelerates the flow. We speculate that this mixing instability is chiefly responsible for the variable Lorentz factor needed in the internal shock model and for the complex light curves seen in many GRBs. In all cases studied, the jet is shocked deep inside the star following a brief period of adiabatic expansion. This shock converts most of the jet's kinetic energy into internal energy, so even initially "cold" jets become hot after going a short distance. The jet that finally emerges from the star thus has a moderate Lorentz factor, modulated by mixing, and a very large internal energy. In a second series of calculations, we follow the escape of that sort of jet. Conversion of the remaining internal energy gives terminal Lorentz factors along the axis of approximately 150 for the initial conditions chosen. Because of the large ratio of internal to kinetic energy in both the jet (≥80%) and its cocoon, the opening angle of the final jet is significantly greater than at breakout. A small amount of material emerges at large angles, but with a Lorentz factor still sufficiently large to make a weak GRB. This leads us to propose a "unified model" in which a variety of high-energy transients, ranging from X-ray flashes to "classic" GRBs, may be seen depending on the angle at which a standard collapsar is observed. We also speculate that the breakout of a relativistic jet and its collision with the stellar wind will produce a brief transient with properties similar to the class of "short-hard" GRBs. Implications of our calculations for GRB light curves, the luminosity-variability relation, and the GRB-supernova association are also discussed.
Three-Dimensional Trajectory Optimization in Constrained Airspace

The operational airspace of aerospace vehicles, including airplanes and unmanned aerial vehicles, is often restricted so that constraints on three-dimensional climbs, descents, and other maneuvers are necessary. In this paper, the problem of determining constrained, three-dimensional, minimum time-to-climb, and minimum fuel-to-climb trajectories for an aircraft in an airspace defined by a rectangular prism of arbitrary height is considered. The optimal control problem is transformed to a parameter optimization problem. Because a helical geometry appears to be a natural choice for climbing and descending trajectories subject to horizontal constraints, helical curves are chosen as starting trajectories. A procedure for solving the minimum time-to-climb and minimum fuel-to-climb problems by using the direct collocation and nonlinear programming methods including Chebyshev pseudospectral and Gauss pseudospectral discretization is discussed. Results obtained when different constraints are placed on airspace and state variables are presented to show their effect on the performance index. The question of "optimality" of the numerical results is also considered.
Vinylsilyl Grignard reagents as aryne traps. A new route to (arylalkenyl)silanes

Abstract A general method for preparing (arylalkenyl)silanes via nucleophilic capture of arynes with vinyltrimethylsilyl Grignard reagents is described.
Generation of high purity telecom-band entangled photon-pairs in dispersion-shifted fiber

We generate entangled photon-pairs from dispersion-shifted fiber at various temperatures. Two-photon interference with > 98% visibility and Bellpsilas inequality violation by > 8 standard deviations are observed at 77 K, without subtracting background Raman photons.
How effective is the effective potential

Abstract Motivated by bubble nucleation in first order phase transitions, we question the validity of the effective potential for inhomogeneous configurations. In an attempt to get some insight into the importance of derivative terms, we analyze a simple model, a kink in 1 + 1 dimensions and zero temperature. We evaluate the energy shift from the quantum fluctuations about the non-uniform background (i.e. the effective action) and compare it to the energy from the effective potential. Our results clearly show that for inhomogeneous configurations it may be inadequate to omit derivative terms and confine oneself to the effective potential. We then couple the kink field to an additional scalar field and perform the same comparison. The addition of the second field allows us to vary the mass of the fluctuations and their coupling to the underlying kink. If the mass of the second field is large, it does not feel the inhomogeneities in the kink field and consequently does not give rise to important derivative corrections in the effective action. In contrast, if the mass is small, derivative terms are significant and the effective potential fails. In the latter regime we can, however, rely on the Born approximation to calculate the effective action.
Transverse wakefield effects in the two-beam accelerator

Abstract Transverse wakefield effects in the high-gradient accelerating structure of the two-beam accelerator (TBA) [1–3] are analyzed theoretically using three different models. The first is a very simple two-particle model due to Wilson [4]; the second, due to Chao et al. [5], is for a beam with uniform charge distribution, constant betatron wavelength, and a linear wake approximation. Both of these models give analytic scaling laws. The third model has a Gaussian beam (represented by 11 superparticles), energy variation across the bunch, acceleration, variation of betatron focusing with energy, and variation of the wakefield from linearity. The three models are compared, and the third model is used to explore the wakefield effects when accelerator parameters such as energy, energy spread, injection energy, accelerating gradient, and betatron wavelength are varied. Also explored are the sensitivity of the beam to the wakefield profile to the longitudinal charge distribution. Finally, in consideration of wakefield effects, possible parameters of a TBA are presented.
End User Preferences for USDA Market Information

Abstract Buyers and sellers of agricultural commodities benefit from public provision of information in decision-making processes. The purpose of this study is to improve understanding of current preferences for public agricultural information. Results indicate preference for farm level reports by Extension agents and leading economic indicators by agribusiness or market analysts. Implications are outlined for ongoing discussions regarding maintenance of public investment in an era of tightening U.S. federal budgets.
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Csp3-H Functionalization of Methyl Azaarenes with α-Trifluoromethyl Carbonyl Compounds

A Lewis acid promoted Csp3–H bond functionalization of methyl azaarenes with α-trifluoromethylated carbonyl compounds is described. Catalytic amounts of Yb(OTf)3 provided a straightforward access to the corresponding trifluoromethylated alcohols in excellent yields up to 94% under mild reaction conditions.
ADL-Based Specification of Implementation Styles for Functional Simulators

Functional simulators find widespread use as subsystems within microarchitectural simulators. The speed of a functional simulator is strongly influenced by its implementation style, e.g. interpreted versus binary-translated simulation. Speed is also strongly influenced by the level of detail of the interface the functional simulator presents to the rest of the timing simulator. This level of detail may change during design space exploration, requiring corresponding changes to the interface and the simulator. However, for many implementation styles, changing the interface is difficult. As a result, architects may choose either implementation styles which are more malleable or interfaces with more detail than is necessary. In either case, simulation speed is traded for simulator design time. Such a tradeoff has become particularly unfortunate as multicore processor designs proliferate and multi-threaded benchmarks must be simulated. We show that this tradeoff is unnecessary if an orthogonal-specification design principle is practiced: specify how a simulator is to be implemented separately from what it is implementing and then synthesize a simulator from the combined specifications. We show that the use of an architectural description language with constructs for implementation style specification makes it possible to synthesize interfaces with different implementation styles with reasonable effort.
Scheduling broadcasts in wireless networks

We consider problems involving how to schedule broadcasts in a pulled-based data-disseminationservice, such as the DirecPC system, where data requested by the clients is delivered via broadcast. In particular, we consider the case where all the data items are of equal size and preemption is not allowed. We give an offline O(1)-speed O(1)-approximation algorithm for the problem of minimizing the average response time. We provide worst-case analysis, under various objective functions, of the online algorithms that have appeared in the literature, namely, Most Requests First, First Come First Served, and Longest Wait First. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Racializing the Discourse of Adult Education

Adult education scholarship has been racialized through the lens of Eurocentric theory and research. Theoretical paradigms such as Africentrism struggle to gain academic legitimacy as discourses of transformative learning, critical thinking and self-direction - all grounded in the European Enlightenment tradition of the individual pursuit of rational self-knowledge - hold sway. This article reviews the way that repressive tolerance serves to broaden the field of adult education by including racially based perspectives on adult learning, yet simultaneously ensures that they are always seen as an exotic alternative to what is clearly the mainstream Eurocentric perspective. It reviews the way that discourses of criticality can be reinterpreted from the perspective of the African American lifeworld and explores in detail the work of Lucius T. Outlaw Jr. and Cornel West. Both scholars draw partly from the tradition of European critical theory in their attempts to use its central analytical categories (such as alienation, lifeworld, objectification and hegemony) to understand the African American experience. The piece ends with a consideration of how the dominant Eurocentric perspective in adult education can be critiques and challenged.
An approach to the design of lightfast disperse dyes-analogs of disperse yellow 42

Abstract The effects of incorporating a photostabilizer moiety into the aromatic rings of Disperse Yellow 42 have been investigated. The results of this study indicate that both the ring into which the stabilizer residue is placed and the actual type of stabilizer group employed influence the lightfastness of the dyes developed. It has also been shown that the incorporation of a photostabilizer group into the backbone of Disperse Yellow 42 can lead to dyes superior in lightfastness to a physical mixture of Yellow 42 and commercial photostabilizer.
Large Deviations for Processes in Random Environments with Jumps

A deterministic walk in a random environment can be understood as a general random process with finite-range dependence that starts repeating a loop once it reaches a site it has visited before. Such process lacks the Markov property. We study the exponential decay of the probabilities that the walk will reach sites located far away from the origin. We also study a similar problem for the continuous analogue: the process that is a solution to an ODE with random coefficients. In this second model the environment also has ``teleports'' which are the regions from where the process can make discontinuous jumps.