cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Resolution of Haplotype Distributions to Delineate Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Migratory Behaviors

Regions of southern Florida and southern Texas (extending into Mexico) provide the overwintering source populations for virtually all fall armyworm infestations affecting the continental United States. Understanding how these migratory populations annually disperse is important to predict and control infestations by this specific pest and to more generally investigate the environmental factors that influence the long-distance movements of flying insects. The two overwintering locations are associated with differences in the distribution of certain mitochondrial haplotypes that overlap in the region near the border separating the states of Alabama and Georgia. This provided an opportunity to test the resolution of the haplotype method by comparisons between smaller geographical areas and shorter time frames than previously examined. Correspondences were found between trap-capture numbers, fall armyworm strain proportions, and haplotype ratios calculated for individual counties and within season time periods that were generally consistent with expectations, providing confidence that those population movements could be accurately inferred. The comparison of haplotype distributions identified a migratory boundary separating the Texas and Florida populations coincident with the eastern edge of the Apalaehicola—Chattahoochee—Flint River basin. Calculations of strain numbers based on genetic markers revealed similarities and differences in strain population dynamics that can be applied to study the migratory behavior of fall armyworm subpopulations. The use of this methodology for the detailed mapping of migratory pathways and the identification of factors that influence the direction and extent of pest migration are discussed.
Ultrasonography of the optic nerve

The orbital optic nerve is extremely difficult to study clinically, as is the optic disc in eyes with opaque media. The combined use of quantitative A-scan and B-scan ultrasonography allows us to evaluate the intraocular and orbital optic nerve with a degree of precision and elegance not previously attainable. Disc cupping, elevation, drusen and many peripapillary affections may be demonstrated by ultrasonographic techniques. In the orbit. the optic nerve and its cerebrospinal fluid cuff may be studied and measured, and both intrinsic and extrinsic perineural mass lesions may be demonstrated. These techniques also allow for the differentiation of intrinsic neural masses from perineural tumors. In nearly all cases of orbital mass lesions involving or surrounding the optic nerve, a tissue diagnosis may be made with a high degree of reliability by ultrasonographic investigation. Ultrasonography is non-invasive, repeatable ‘ad lib’, and free of radiation or other iatrogenic sequelae.
Public Authority and Private Rules: How Domestic Regulatory Institutions Shape the Adoption of Global Private Regimes

How might domestic regulatory institutions influence the adoption of global private regimes? We focus on the ISO 9001 and 14001 certification standards, which obligate firms to establish quality and environmental management systems. Previous research highlights the roles of international commercial audiences and national regulatory pressures as unconditional drivers of adoption. However, we argue that domestic regulatory institutions condition their effects—in opposite directions. Where regulatory institutions function well, firms facing high levels of regulatory pressure are more likely to seek ISO certification, but firms facing pressures from international audiences are less likely to do so. In contrast, weak regulatory institutions make export-oriented and foreign-owned firms more likely to seek ISO certification, but render firms facing high levels of regulatory pressure less likely to do so. We find support for our claims using firm-level data from 10,000 firms in 30 countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Interactions of K + ATP channel blockers with Na + /K + -ATPase

Two K+ATP channel blockers, 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) and glyburide, are often used to study cross-talk between Na+/K+-ATPase and these channels. The aim of this work was to characterize the effects of these blockers on purified Na+/K+-ATPase as an aid to appropriate use of these drugs in studies on this cross-talk. In contrast to known dual effects (activating and inhibitory) of other fatty acids on Na+/K+-ATPase, 5-HD only inhibited the enzyme at concentrations exceeding those that block mitochondrial K+ATP channels. 5-HD did not affect the ouabain sensitivity of Na+/K+-ATPase. Glyburide had both activating and inhibitory effects on Na+/K+-ATPase at concentrations used to block plasma membrane K+ATP channels. The findings justify the use of 5-HD as specific mitochondrial channel blocker in studies on the relation of this channel to Na+/K+-ATPase, but question the use of glyburide as a specific blocker of plasma membrane K+ATP channels, when the relation of this channel to Na+/K+-ATPase is being studied.
Geological applicability of critical-wedge thrust-belt models

Critical-wedge models for foreland thrust belts, although popular paradigms for thrust mechanics, also predict definite progressive changes within the orogenic belt. The most important constraint on critical-wedge models is the need for deformation of the interior of the wedge when new sheets are accreted to its front. Well-dated foreland thrust belts have sequential formation of new thrust sheets in the front of the belt. Thus, they also require continued superimposed deformation within the wedge. Geologic mapping and fabric studies provide evidence of only minor later intra-wedge shortening, severely reducing the acceptability of an accreting critically tapered wedge model. To apply critically tapered wedge models to foreland fold-and-thrust belts, one must relax requirements for constant wedge strengths and basal sliding laws. The wedge will need to strengthen after initial thrust emplacement, and the fault zones will probably need to progressively weaken. It is most likely that critical-wedge models which apply well to accretionary wedges do not apply in simple ways to foreland fold-and-thrust belts.
Why stereotypes don't even make good defaults.

Many concepts have stereotypes. This leaves open the question of whether concepts are stereotypes. It has been argued elsewhere that theories that identify concepts with their stereotypes or with stereotypical properties of their instances (e.g., Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Ed.), Cognition and Categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; Smith, E. E., Medin, D. L. (1981). Categories and Concepts. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.) fail to provide an adequate account of the compositionality of concepts (Fodor, J., Lepore, E. (1996). The red herring and the pet fish: Why concepts still cannot be prototypes. Cognition, 58, 253–270.; Fodor, J. (1998). Concepts: Where cognitive science went wrong. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.). This paper extends this argument and reports an experiment suggesting that participants do not assume, even as a default strategy, that complex concepts inherit the stereotypes of their constituents. Thus propositions such as ‘‘Baby ducks have webbed feet’’ were judged to be less likely to be true than propositions like ‘‘Ducks have webbed feet.’’ Moreover, manipulation of the type and number of noun phrase modifiers revealed a systematic departure from the unmodified noun’s stereotype both with the addition of stereotypical modifiers (‘‘Quacking ducks have webbed feet’’ versus ‘‘Ducks have webbed feet’’) and with the addition of a second modifier (‘‘Baby Peruvian ducks have webbed feet’’ versus ‘‘Baby ducks have webbed feet’’). Thus, in the general case the stereotypical properties of a head noun are systematically
The physiology of congenital heart disease: assessment by Doppler color flow mapping.

The use of Doppler echocardiography is a routine part of the noninvasive assessment of the patient with heart disease. In children with congenital heart disease, pulsed- and continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography techniques provide accurate, reproducible hemodynamic data relative to structural defects. Doppler color flow imaging, however, allows for qualitative assessment of blood flow patterns, which may give important insights into the changing physiology of the newborn infant or that of a patient in the medical or surgical intensive care settings. Ten cases are presented in which this flow information is instructive in understanding the physiological sequelae of congenital heart disease. (ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 8, September 1991)
Design and Analysis of a Tunable Miniaturized-Element Frequency-Selective Surface Without Bias Network

A novel, tunable miniaturized-element frequency-selective surface that does not require additional bias networks is presented. This spatial filter is composed of two wire-grids printed on opposite sides of a substrate and connected to each other with an array of varactors using plated via holes. Varactor diodes are positioned between the grids. Via sections and metallic pads are fabricated and create a dc path for biasing the varactors with the grids themselves. This configuration eliminates the need for any additional network, and therefore resolves the design difficulties associated with the spurious response of the bias network. An equivalent circuit model is developed to facilitate the design procedure. Full-wave numerical simulations are used to validate the results based on the circuit model. Simulations show that by altering the capacitance of the varactors from 0.1 to 1 pF, a frequency tunability from 8 to 10 GHz with an almost constant bandwidth can be achieved.
The Legacy of Asa Gray's South American Botany: Examples of Amphitropical Disjunctions from the Brassicaceae

Abstract. Asa Gray published two important works that dealt with South American plants. His monumental work of plants of the Wilkes expedition, largely from the South Pacific, enumerated 1,052 species in 557 genera of 83 families of dicots. It included 246 new species, 17 new genera, 48 new combinations, and 26 varieties. The second major work, in collaboration with Joseph Dalton Hooker, discussed disjunctions in general and provided 88 examples of North-South American disjunction. This amphitropical disjunction is briefly presented, with key references cited. Several new examples from the Brassicaceae are presented for the first time, and they demonstrate the three major North-South American amphitropical disjunctions proposed by Peter Raven in 1963.
Overlapping meta-analyses on the same topic: survey of published studies

Objective To assess how common it is to have multiple overlapping meta-analyses of randomized trials published on the same topic. Design Survey of published meta-analyses. Data sources PubMed. Study selection and methods Meta-analyses published in 2010 were identified, and 5% of them were randomly selected. We further selected those that included randomized trials and examined effectiveness of any medical intervention. For eligible meta-analyses, we searched for other meta-analyses on the same topic (covering the same comparisons, indications/settings, and outcomes or overlapping subsets of them) published until February 2013. Results Of 73 eligible meta-analyses published in 2010, 49 (67%) had at least one other overlapping meta-analysis (median two meta-analyses per topic, interquartile range 1-4, maximum 13). In 17 topics at least one author was involved in at least two of the overlapping meta-analyses. No characteristics of the index meta-analyses were associated with the potential for overlapping meta-analyses. Among pairs of overlapping meta-analyses in 20 randomly selected topics, 13 of the more recent meta-analyses did not include any additional outcomes. In three of the four topics with eight or more published meta-analyses, many meta-analyses examined only a subset of the eligible interventions or indications/settings covered by the index meta-analysis. Conversely, for statins in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery, 11 meta-analyses were published with similar eligibility criteria for interventions and setting: there was still variability on which studies were included, but the results were always similar or even identical across meta-analyses. Conclusions While some independent replication of meta-analyses by different teams is possibly useful, the overall picture suggests that there is a waste of efforts with many topics covered by multiple overlapping meta-analyses.
Enhanced antitumor activity of adriamycin in combination with allopurinol

Abstract Xanthine oxidase reduction of adriamycin (Am) and daunorubicin (Dm) to their respective 7-deoxy aglycones is inhibited by allopurinol. Administered to DBA 2 mice with L1210 leukemia, allopurinol (60 mg/kg per day × 3) enhances the antitumor activity of adriamycin.
Subwavelength imaging with non-magnetic anisotropic bilayers

We show the features of a non-magnetic subwavelength imaging system achieved with an anisotropic bilayer. The two anisotropic layers can be implemented with metal-insulator stacks, and the resonance condition is not required for either layer.
Can blood additives reduce hemolysis in an artificial heart

Mock circulatory loops are useful in determining fluid mechanical properties of flow through artificial hearts and associated valves. In order to determine the effects that the Penn State artificial heart and associated valves have on blood, a 340 ml mock circulatory loop composed entirely of Biomer, stainless steel, and silicon was designed and assembled. Experiments were then completed to test the effects of known hemolysis-reducing agents on red blood cell damage caused by the artificial heart assembly. Neither Pluronic F-68 nor Dextran-40 produced any significant decrease in hemolysis under normal circulatory pressure and flow conditions, and caused an increase in hemolysis at high concentrations. Known drag-reducing agents, Polyox WSR-301 and Praestol 2273TR (a.k.a. Separan AP-273), caused large increases in hemolysis at very low concentrations. It can be concluded that none of these additives can be used as hemolysis-reducing drugs in artificial heart patients. >
Specific Binding of Immunoglobulin G with Bioactive Short Peptides Supported on Antifouling Copolymer Layers for Detection in Quartz Crystal Microgravimetry and Surface Plasmon Resonance

A new peptide-based system supported on copolymer brushes grafted from gold sensors and with resistance to nonspecific adsorption is reported for selective binding of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). A random copolymer rich in primary amines, poly(2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(AMA-co-HEMA)) was first grafted from initiator-coated gold substrates via activators regenerated by electron transfer-atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET-ATRP), followed by immobilization of acetylated-HWRGWVA peptide, which has specific binding affinity with IgG. The peptide ligands covalently linked to the soft copolymer layer were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The extent of binding, binding affinity, and selectivity for target IgG molecules as well as the capability to minimize nonspecific interactions with other proteins were examined by fluorescence imaging, surface plasmon resona...
Dynamic visualization of graphs with extended labels

The paper describes a novel technique to visualize graphs with extended node and link labels. The lengths of these labels range from a short phrase to a full sentence to an entire paragraph and beyond. Our solution is different from all the existing approaches that almost always rely on intensive computational effort to optimize the label placement problem. Instead, we share the visualization resources with the graph and present the label information in static, interactive, and dynamic modes without the requirement for tackling the intractability issues. This allows us to reallocate the computational resources for dynamic presentation of real time information. The paper includes a user study to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the visualization technique.
Influenza virus-induced changes in rabbit sleep and acute phase responses

Systematic investigations of sleep after viral inoculation have not previously been described. In the present study, rabbits were inoculated intravenously (iv) with control allantoic fluid followed by two sequential inoculations of influenza virus at intervals of 24 h. After each i.v. inoculation, sleep and brain temperature (Tbr), as well as leukocyte distributions and serum levels of antiviral activity and ceruloplasmin, were monitored. The first viral inoculation elicited several acute phase responses, including increased non-rapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS), Tbr, serum antiviral activity, and serum ceruloplasmin levels, as well as neutrophilia and lymphopenia. In contrast to the effects of the first inoculation, after the second inoculation of virus, all these acute phase parameters were diminished or absent (the hyporesponsive state). Inoculation of naive rabbits with heat-inactivated virus was similarly ineffective; however, inoculation of this group of rabbits with viable virus 24 h later did induce full-scale acute phase responses. The possible role of cytokines in mediating the acute phase response after influenza viral challenge is discussed. Results support the hypothesis that sleep is a facet of the acute phase response involved in host defense mechanisms.
Ideology in Economics

This chapter explores the sensitive issue of the degree to which economics is infused with ideology. It summarizes, interprets, and assesses the discussion of this question within economics from the 1950s to the mid-1970s.
A hybrid finite difference and integral equation method for modeling and inversion of marine CSEM data

Summary One of the major problems in the modeling and inversion of marine controlled source electromagnetic (MCSEM) data is related to the need for accurate representation of very complex geoelectrical models typical for marine environment. At the same time, the corresponding forward modeling algorithms should be powerful and fast enough to be suitable for repeated use in hundreds of iterations of the inversion and for multiple transmitter/receiver positions. To this end, we have developed a novel 3D modeling and inversion approach, which combines the advantages of the finite difference (FD) and integral equation (IE) methods. In the framework of this approach, we solve the Maxwell’s equations for anomalous electric fields using the FD approximation on a staggered grid. Once the unknown electric fields in the computation domain of the FD method are computed, the electric and magnetic fields at the receivers are calculated using the IE method with the corresponding Green’s tensor for the background conductivity model. This approach makes it possible to compute the fields at the receivers accurately without the need of very fine FD discretization in the vicinity of the receivers and without the need for numerical differentiation and interpolation. We have also developed an algorithm for 3D inversion of MCSEM data based on the hybrid FD-IE method. A model study for the 3D inversion of MCSEM data is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed hybrid method.
Extreme Blood Pressure After Ephedrine: Should We Rule Out Pheochromocytoma?

This case discusses a pharmacokinetic interaction between selegiline and ephedrine-induced norepinephrine resulting in hypertension.
METALLABORANE HETEROATOM INCORPORATION REACTIONS : ENYNE INSERTION INTO ARACHNO-(CO)(PME3)2HIRB8H12

arachno-[(CO)(PMe3)2HIrB8H12] (1) reacts with HC⋮C−C(CH3)CH2 in xylene at 138 °C to afford [7-{C(CH3)CH2}-9,9,9-(CO)(PMe3)2-nido-9,7,8-IrC2B8H10] (2; 10%) together with traces of [5,5,5-(CO)(PMe3)2-μ-6,7-{CHC(CH3)CH2}-nido-5,6-IrCB8H11] (3, <1%). Compound 2 is a conventional nido 11-vertex metallacarborane with the {C2Ir} three-atom string in the open face of the cluster, whereas compound 3 is based on a nido 10-vertex {5,6-IrCB8} skeleton with C(2) of the original butyne bridging adjacent B(7) and C(6) cluster open-face positions. Compounds 2 and 3 are characterized by 1H, 31P, and 11B NMR spectroscopy and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Directed Donations: An Underutilized Blood Donor Resource

One hundred sixty directed donors were sent questionnaires inquiring about their motivations, prior donation history, and future donation plans. One hundred two donors responded. The reasons given for donating included concerns about transfusion-transmitted AIDS (55%) or hepatitis (36%), availability of blood (59%), and optimal blood type match (44%). Of the 44% who were first-time donors, 58% planned to make future nondirected donations. Of the 56% non-first-time donors, 91% planned to continue to make general donations. Twenty-nine percent of the non-first-time donors had not donated in over three years and were thus “reentered” into the donor pool. From this study, we concluded that directed donors are a valuable donor resource that can help alleviate the donor loss that will occur as a result of surrogate testing for non-A, non-B viral hepatitis.
Concentration of Trading in S&P 500 Stocks

We use the power law function to study changes in the distribution of trading volumes of S&P 500 stocks and non-S&P 500 stocks from 1960 to 2013. We find that the distribution of daily trading volumes has changed significantly for different baskets of non-index stocks and trading has become more concentrated over this time. However, the distribution of trading volumes in S&P 500 stocks follows a different pattern. The trading concentration in S&P 500 stocks increases from 1960 to 1975 but the trend reverses sharply thereafter and steadily decreases, indicating that the distribution has steadily become more even from 1976 to 2013. This anomalous trading behavior appears to be driven by the introduction and, later, the dominance of index fund investors over active stock pickers in the trading of S&P 500 stocks.
Study on Parameters A_1 and A_2 in Anti-uplift Shearing Method in"Technical Regulations on Overhead Line Foundation Design"

Aiming at the value setting of parameters A1 and A2 in general formula for shear method in DL/T5219-2005,the normalized formulae for A1 and A2 corresponding to DL/T5219-2005 are derived based on theoretical equations of anti-uplift soil limit load bearing capability.Comparisons among theoretical values of A1 and A2,calculated A1 and A2 using general equations in DL/T5219-2005,and A1 and A2 curves in DL/T5219-2005 are performed.The similarities and differences between different methods are identified.This research provides an effective means to value settings of A1 and A2in foundation stability calculation.
Regional and Local Politics in the USSR

Western analysis of Soviet politics invariably focuses on the institutions at the pinnacle of the Soviet system—the CPSU Central Committee and the Politburo. For the average Soviet citizen, however, the machinations of these organs are remote and often irrelevant. It is at the regional and local levels that Soviet citizens most frequently come into direct contact with their political system. Regional and local governments are responsible for a wide range of services that directly affect citizens: the provision of housing, health care, education, the supervision of industrial production, the operation of stores and commercial enterprises, and cultural and recreation facilities.
Do Office Managing Partners Influence Audit Quality

This study investigates the association between the line of service (audit, tax, advisory) of Big Four office managing partners (OMPs) and both non-audit service fees and audit quality. Given that audit quality has been shown to vary across offices and because changes in office-level leadership can impact office culture, I examine the impact of the OMP’s line of service on non-audit service fees and multiple measures of audit quality. I find that when an accounting firm office changes leadership to an advisory OMP non-audit service fees increase, while audit quality suffers. These findings suggest that advisory OMPs encourage an office culture that emphasizes selling non-audit services (understates audit quality) relative to other OMPs. Overall, this study provides evidence consistent with regulators’ concerns that the recent trend toward greater advisory services at the largest accounting firms reduces their focus on providing high-quality audits, thereby leading to decreased audit quality. While these findings are robust to a battery of additional tests, caution should be exercised in overstating the regulatory implications of the observed association.
Screening for prostatic carcinoma with prostate specific antigen: results of the second year.

AbstractProstate specific antigen (PSA) has been shown to be useful alone and in conjunction with other tests in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Previously, we demonstrated that a PSA level of greater than 4.0ng./ml. as the initial diagnostic test in a screening population results in a detection rate of 2.6 and positive predictive value of 30.5. In the present investigation we performed digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound as well as ultrasound guided biopsy in men who in the initial year of the screening study had a PSA level of less than 4.0ng./ml. but on evaluation 1 year later they had a 20% increase in the PSA level.A total of 701 subjects returned for year 2 of the protocol and 260 (37.1%) demonstrated more than a 20% increase in PSA value. Biopsy was performed in 82 men and carcinoma was detected in 14 (17.1%). Of the men with carcinoma 12 had a second year PSA level of less than 4.0ng./ml.Radical prostatectomy was performed in 8 patients, 7 of whom had organ confined disease...
Dosimetric aspects of breast radiotherapy with three-dimensional and intensity-modulated radiotherapy helical tomotherapy planning modules

In this work, we investigated the dosimetric differences between the intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans and the three-dimensional (3D) helical plans based on the TomoTherapy system. A total of 15 patients with supine setup were randomly selected from the data base. For patients with lumpectomy planning target volume (PTV), regional lymph nodes were also included as part of the target. For dose sparing, the significant differences between the helical IMRT and helical 3D were only found in the heart and contralateral breast. For the dose to the heart, helical IMRT reduced the maximum point dose by 6.98Gy compared to the helical 3D plan (p = 0.01). For contralateral breast, the helical IMRT plans significantly reduced the maximum point dose by 5.6Gy compared to the helical 3D plan. However, compared to the helical 3D plan, the helical IMRT plan increased the volume for lower dose (13.08% increase in V5Gy, p = 0.01). In general, there are no significant differences in dose sparing between helical IMRT and helical 3D plans.
Design Opportunities for Mental Health Peer Support Technologies

Barriers to accessing mental health care leave the majority of people with mental illnesses without professional care. Peer support has been shown to address gaps in care, and could scale to wider audiences through technology. But technology design for mental health peer support lags far behind tools for individuals and clinicians. To identify opportunities for design, we interviewed 18 people with a diverse range of mental illnesses about their use of technology for peer support, and invited them to design technologies that could improve their experience of peer support. We found that technology could enhance peer support for mental health by: (1) matching peers on similarities beyond diagnosis; (2) enhancing accessibility; and (3) proactively mitigating risk through training and intervention. We discuss these findings in the context of the broad peer support literature, and present design opportunities for making mental health peer support tools empowering, accessible, and safe.
LogAider: A tool for mining potential correlations of HPC log events

Today's large-scale supercomputers are producing a huge amount of log data. Exploring various potential correlations of fatal events is crucial for understanding their causality and improving the working efficiency for system administrators. To this end, we developed a toolkit, named LogAider, that can reveal three types of potential correlations: across-field, spatial, and temporal. Across-field correlation refers to the statistical correlation across fields within a log or across multiple logs based on probabilistic analysis. For analyzing the spatial correlation of events, we developed a generic, easy-to-use visualizer that can view any events queried by users on a system machine graph. LogAider can also mine spatial correlations by an optimized K-meaning clustering algorithm over a Torus network topology. It is also able to disclose the temporal correlations (or error propagations) over a certain period inside a log or across multiple logs, based on an effective similarity analysis strategy. We assessed LogAider using the one-year reliability-availability-serviceability (RAS) log of Mira system (one of the world's most powerful supercomputers), as well as its job log. We find that LogAider very helpful for revealing the potential correlations of fatal system events and job events, with an accurate mining of across-field correlation with both precision and recall of 99.9-100%, as well as precise detection of temporal-correlation with a high similarity (up to 95%) to the ground-truth.
Cumulative trauma, emotion reactivity and salivary cytokine levels following acute stress in healthy women.

Background and Objectives: To better understand how trauma leads to poor health, this study examined whether cumulative trauma and emotion reactivity contribute to pro- (IL-1β) and anti-inflammator...
Trajectories of Mother-Child Relationships Across the Life Course: Links with Adult Well-Being

The family is a long-term, intergenerational network of interacting actors. This chapter takes a person-centered approach to examine the dynamics of mother-child relationships from adolescence to adulthood, and the associations of these trajectories with adult child well-being. The authors present empirical findings from the two-generation Youth Development Study, where more than 1000 9th graders have been followed for over two decades. A growth mixture model latent trajectory analysis identified three pathways of G1 mother and G2 child relationship quality: persistently close relationships as youth moved from adolescence to adulthood, initially lower but increasing closeness over time, and diminishing closeness through the transition to adulthood. The chapter reports an examination of these trajectories in relation to G2 adult mental health, finding that the two trajectories indicating problematic mother-child relationships, either in adolescence or in adulthood, are associated with higher adult depressed mood and lower self-esteem.
Towards automatically detecting whether student learning is shallow

Recent research has extended student modeling to infer not just whether a student knows a skill or set of skills, but also whether the student has achieved robust learning --- learning that leads the student to be able to transfer their knowledge and prepares them for future learning (PFL). However, a student may fail to have robust learning in two fashions: they may have no learning, or they may have shallow learning (learning that applies only to the current skill, and does not support transfer or PFL). Within this paper, we present an automated detector which is able to identify shallow learners, who are likely to need different intervention than students who have not yet learned at all. This detector is developed using a step regression approach, with data from college students learning introductory genetics from an intelligent tutoring system.
Resistant Bacterial Infections

Bacterial resistance is only one of the factors to consider in selecting a regimen for empiric therapy in the immunocompromised patient with fever, but it may become a more important consideration because of recent developments on the part of our bacterial adversaries (Jacoby and Archer 1991). Presently susceptibility or resistance is largely predictable even though a sizable fraction of infections are due to bacteria acquired in the hospital where antibiotic resistance has a selective advantage. At most institutions 90% or more of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enteric Gram-negative organisms are reliably susceptible to aminoglycosides like amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin or to β-lactams like aztreonam, ceftazidime, and imipenem. Virtually 100% susceptibility can be anticipated for Pneumocystis carinii to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, for Legionella pneumophila to erythromycin, and for staphylococci to vancomycin. What are emerging, but not yet prevalent, are new mechanisms for resistance to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, quinolones, and vancomycin. Time will tell how important these resistance mechanisms will become clinically.
Differential expression of N- and B-cadherin during lens development.

PURPOSE. To analyze the dynamics of N- and B-cadherin cell adhesion molecule expression and cytoskeletal interaction during embryonic chick lens development. METHODS. Localization of N- and B-cadherin, F-actin, and connexin 56 were determined by immunohistochemistry of developing lenses or immunocytochemistry of differentiating primary lens cultures. Biochemical analysis of cytoskeletal linkage of N- or B-cadherin was assessed by differential detergent extraction, electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. RESULTS. The results indicate that although both cadherins are expressed throughout lens development, N-cadherin expression detected was similar in both lens epithelial and fiber cells, whereas B-cadherin was preferentially localized to the lens fiber cells. During differentiation, both cadherins become increasingly associated with the lens cytoskeleton, as indicated biochemically by a transition from largely Triton X-100-soluble to Triton X-100-insoluble pools and immunocytologically, by cadherin localization to cell-cell borders and colocalization with the actin cytoskeleton. Although a significant fraction of N-cadherin remains Triton X-100-soluble as the lens cells differentiate, B-cadherin becomes resistant to extraction by both Triton X-100 as well as RIPA buffers. As detected immunocytochemically in lens cell cultures, the temporal localization of N-cadherin to cell-cell interfaces precedes that of B-cadherin. Furthermore, temporal localization of B-cadherin, as opposed to N-cadherin, to cell- cell borders more closely parallels that of connexin 56 in vitro as well as in vivo. CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that while both N- and B-cadherin are expressed during lens cell differentiation, both their patterns of expression as well as their cytoskeletal association differ between epithelial and fiber cells.
Irène Joliot-Curie, A Nobel Laureate in Artificial Radioactivity

This chapter provides a biographical profile of Irene Joliot-Curie, the daughter of Nobel laureates Marie and Pierre Curie, and details of her personal life and professional accomplishments. Growing up with internationally renowned parents, Irene led a life marked by both expectations and obligations. Irene, like her mother, chose to marry a scientist, Frederic Joliot, with whom she would collaborate successfully (leading eventually to a joint Nobel Prize in Chemistry) and have two children, both of whom would become part of the next generation of scientists. Even with all of her successes, the difficulties of being a woman in the sciences affected Irene, as they had her mother. Denied memberships and honors given to men with equal successes, both Marie and Irene fought for their place, respectability and research opportunities.
The health consequences of smoking: Cancer

Smoking has now been identified as a definite cause of cancer at many sites (Table 2). Of all cancers in the United States, 30% could be prevented if cigarette smoking were eliminated. Organs in direct contact with smoke--the oral cavity, esophagus, lung, and bronchus--are at the greatest risk of malignancy among smokers. As many as 90% of these cancers are attributable to smoking. Organs and tissues distant from smoke are also at some increased risk. Among smokers, rates of cancer of the cervix, pancreas, bladder, kidney, stomach, and hematopoietic tissue are increased 50% to 200% over rates in nonsmokers. Risk of cancer at all sites increases with increasing exposure to cigarette smoke. Cigarette smoke contains potent carcinogens that influence carcinogenesis at both early and late stages. These carcinogens can interact with other exposures, such as alcohol, to synergistically increase the risk of cancer. The adverse carcinogenic effects of cigarette smoking, however, can be reduced for all smokers if tobacco use is stopped. The prevalence of smoking among the US population as a whole has declined from 40% in 1965 to 29% in 1987. This progress against the epidemic of tobacco use has already produced a decrease in the occurrence of the most common tumor among men, lung cancer. Unfortunately, the decline in smoking prevalence and cancer incidence has not occurred equally across US populations. Death rates of lung cancer in women continue to rise, and, based upon current smoking patterns, these rates will continue to increase into the next century. The challenge to physicians and public health workers is compelling and immediate: Abstaining from smoking is the single most effective way to reduce an individual's risk of cancer.
Rare Homicides and the Returns to Police Labor

I empirically evaluate the effect of increased policing intensity on criminal offending by using a novel natural experiment in conjunction with detailed, high-frequency, criminal incident data. I leverage the occurrence of homicides in police jurisdictions where homicides are a very rare occurrence as a quasi-random shock to policing intensity as law enforcement seeks to assuage the concerns of a public unaccustomed to homicide. I then evaluate the patterns of criminal offending before, and in the immediate aftermath of, a rare homicide using both a regression discontinuity in time design and an event study. I find substantial declines in criminal offending, and reveal distinct declines in violent, drug and total crimes with reductions as large as 8.1% for violent crime and 24.5% for drug crime. Results are highly significant and robust to a wide range of specifications, estimation techniques and sample refinements. This paper contributes by separating deterrence effects from incapacitation effects, revealing the time evolution of reductions in crime, and evaluating the ability of police to deter crime through increases in police manpower via the intensive margin alone. I also contribute by documenting drug offender rationality in response to an elevated police presence and shed light on criminal offending and policing in communities outside large urban centers.
Rock and Romanticism: Blake, Wordsworth, and Rock from Dylan to U2: edited by James Rovira, Lanham, MD, Lexington Books/Rowman & Littlefield, 2018 174 pp., $95.00 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-1-4985-5383-4

Not counting William Blake and William Wordsworth, the English writers who, in tune with the subtitle, garner by far the most attention in this collection of twelve essays (including the introducti...
Six years of ecosystem-atmosphere greenhouse gas fluxes measured in a sub-boreal forest.

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) are the greenhouse gases largely responsible for anthropogenic climate change. Natural plant and microbial metabolic processes play a major role in the global atmospheric budget of each. We have been studying ecosystem-atmosphere trace gas exchange at a sub-boreal forest in the northeastern United States for over two decades. Historically our emphasis was on turbulent fluxes of CO2 and water vapor. In 2012 we embarked on an expanded campaign to also measure CH4 and N2O. Here we present continuous tower-based measurements of the ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of CO2 and CH4, recorded over the period 2012–2018 and reported at a 30-minute time step. Additionally, we describe a five-year (2012–2016) dataset of chamber-based measurements of soil fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O (2013–2016 only), conducted each year from May to November. These data can be used for process studies, for biogeochemical and land surface model validation and benchmarking, and for regional-to-global upscaling and budgeting analyses. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)
Psychiatric Aspects of Incest Involving Juveniles

This chapter will focus on the psychiatric aspects of an extremely broad, intriguing, and ultimately enigmatic subject: incest. Even the contradictory etymological origins of the word incest reflect its essential mystery. Incest is believed to derive both from the Latin castus meaning “pure, chaste,” and from incestus meaning “impure, immodest, lewd.” Yet another linguistic interpretation traces the word back to the latin word cestus, used both to described girdle (of Venus), and to mean capable of arousing love.1
Alkylglycerol monooxygenase, a heterotaxy candidate gene, regulates left-right patterning via Wnt signaling

Abstract Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of morbidity in the pediatric population yet its genetic and molecular causes remain poorly defined. Previously, we identified AGMO as a candidate heterotaxy disease gene, a disorder of left-right (LR) patterning that can have a profound effect on cardiac function. AGMO is the only known alkylglycerol monooxygenase, an orphan tetrahydrobiopterin dependent enzyme that cleaves the ether linkage in alkylglycerols. However, whether AGMO plays a role in LR patterning was unexplored. Here we reveal that Agmo is required for correct development of the embryonic LR axis in Xenopus embryos recapitulating the patient’s heterotaxy phenotype. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Agmo is a regulator of canonical Wnt signaling, required during gastrulation for normal formation of the left – right organizer. Mutational analysis demonstrates that this function is dependent on Agmo’s alkylglycerol monooxygenase activity. Together, our findings identify Agmo as a regulator of canonical Wnt signaling, demonstrate a role for Agmo in embryonic axis formation, and provide insight into the poorly understood developmental requirements for ether lipid cleavage.
Evolution of the human MHC: New haplotype frequency analysis is not informative.

The genes in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) (human major histocompatibility complex [MHC]) complex are iconic examples of balancing selection (1⇓–3). Two important HLA signatures, the retention of alleles, polymorphism, and haplotypes over evolutionary time, known as transspecies polymorphism, and dN/dS > 1 and the related high polymorphism at functionally important amino acids sites, are fundamental aspects of HLA variation. Using simulation, Lobkovsky et al. (4) examined the causes of variation at the highly variable HLA loci in a large database. However, their results are not consistent with either transspecies polymorphism because of the short observed life of haplotypes or dN/dS > 1 because of the low expected amount of … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: philip.hedrick{at}asu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Probabilistic risk assessment of barge impacts on hurricane floodwalls

AbstractHurricanes produce high winds and heavy precipitation, causing widespread damage to infrastructure in coastal areas. Throughout low-lying coastal cities such as New Orleans, Louisiana, a ne...
Development and Validation of the Parenting Skill Use Diary (PSUD) in a Nationally Representative Sample

Objective: We describe the development and psychometric properties of an instrument designed to assess the use of effective parenting skills reported with a daily diary. The Parenting Skill Use Dia...
Elimination of the Autopsy Requirement by CMS

Elimination of an Autopsy Requirement Numerous studies have shown that autopsy helps identify medical errors, which is essential for the promotion of quality in patient care. However, the Centers f...
Lost in Translation: The Implementation of Community Service in Lebanese High-schools Following Decree No.8924

In 2012, the Lebanese Ministry of Education and Higher Education (MEHE) issued Decree No. 8924. Entitled “Project Community Service in Public and Private Secondary Schools”, the decree states that all schools should apply a mandatory 60-hour community service program across the three secondary school years. There have been scattered efforts to study how the Decree is being implemented across Lebanon, with no exhaustive and thorough study yet documented. This research sought to fill part of that gap by examining the experience of ten private Catholic schools. The research results were congruent with global educational policy implementation research and suggested future lines of inquiry specific to Lebanon.
An Anthropological Approach to Education Policy as a Practice of Power: Concepts and Methods

Since the introduction to our 2001 edited volume, Policy as Practice: Toward a Comparative Sociocultural Analysis of Education Policy (Sutton and Levinson 2001), we have continued to sketch the foundational postulates of a critical anthropological approach to the study of education policy. In 2009, we expanded and deepened many of the points from that introduction, more systematically introducing and defining theoretical terms, and providing a bit of their intellectual genealogy (Levinson et al. 2009). We also discussed certain methodological considerations that accompanied the theoretical approach, and we argued for a type of engaged educational anthropology that goes beyond the mere “study” of education policy to its democratization and transformation. Here we provide an updated synopsis of our approach.
POWER IMBALANCE AND VALUE CREATION IN JOINT VENTURES

Abstract Joint ventures (JVs) often do not create expected value due to power imbalance between partners. Despite the fact that JV partners are embedded in relational constraints, prior research has largely relied on economic reasoning by focusing on equity ownership difference between JV partners as the main source of power imbalance. We extend prior research to also consider important relational factors represented by repeated ties between partners and network openness, as well as institutional status difference and network status difference as two additional dimensions of power imbalance. Our findings indicate that ownership power imbalance by itself does not have a significant effect on value creation. However, value creation is facilitated when there is ownership power imbalance between partners with more repeated ties. In contrast, value creation may be hindered when JV partners with unequal ownership are embedded in more open interfirm alliance networks. Furthermore, value creation is facilitated if JV partners that have unequal ownership also have network status power imbalance in the same direction.