cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgery of the Nasal Septum and Turbinates

Septal and turbinate surgery accounts for the majority of all sinonasal procedures performed in the United States. Nasal obstruction is a common presenting complaint in any otolaryngology practice. Surgical methods to address this problem have evolved over the last century with an increased focus on tissue preservation and structural conservation. Contemporary surgical techniques incorporate a blend of methods and strategy and now even involve the capacity to utilize endoscopic guidance. Patients are best treated with an approach based on individual nasal pathology rather than a standard surgical technique applied to all scenarios. More recently, rigorous attempts have been made to report quality of life outcome measures following these procedures in order to better assess their clinical utility.
A 26-Year-Old Female with Systemic Mastocytosis with Associated Myeloid Neoplasm with Eosinophilia and Abnormalities of PDGFRB, t(4;5)(q21;q33).

Various translocations involving the PDGFRB gene are identified in myeloid neoplasms. However, the PRKG2/PDGFRB fusion gene associated with t(4;5)(q21;q33) has previously been reported in only 3 patients. We present the case of a 26-year-old woman with microcytic anemia, basophilia, thrombocytosis, and massive splenomegaly, who was found to have systemic mastocytosis and associated clonal hematological non-mast cell lineage disease (SM-AHNMD), with myeloid neoplasm with PRKG2/PDGFRB rearrangement. Initial findings included basophilia (37%, 4.1 k/ L), hypercellular marrow with eosinophilia, and increased and atypical megakaryocytes, suggestive of myeloproliferative neoplasm. Additional studies revealed large clusters of CD25 positive mast cells, fulfilling the criteria for the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis. Consistent with prior reports of this translocation, our patient has responded well to imatinib. This case, in conjunction with others in the literature, suggests a possible connection between t(4;5)(q21;q33) PRKG2/PDGFRB and systemic mastocytosis and highlights their favorable response to imatinib.
A Systematic Approach for Constructing Asymptotic Boundary Conditions for Wave-Like Equations

In this work, we investigate some computational and theoretical issues for a class of problems in compressible flows. The issues under consideration are mainly un-addressed in the literature, except for some relevant ideas. Our work is driven by two classes of problems which we propose as benchmark problems. They are 1. Time-dependent transonic flows in open domains. 2. Time-dependent three-dimensional spherically non-symmetric flows in open domains. process.
Algorithms for Fitting the Constrained Lasso

We compare alternative computing strategies for solving the constrained lasso problem. As its name suggests, the constrained lasso extends the widely used lasso to handle linear constraints, which ...
Moynihan's Book

Charles Grosser's diatribe against "Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding" lends itself to many interpretations, but it is certainly no book review. The book traces the origins of the concept of maximum feasible participation of the poor in the War on Poverty and shows how this idea was based on theory that given the opportunity for economic advancement, through education and job training, delinquency and anomie could be reduced. He then describes how in the process of implementing the idea of maximum feasible participation, the goal of enabling the poor to enter the opportunity structure of the larger society through individual effort tended to be supplanted by efforts to organize the poor as a power bloc that could bargain with the established power configurations in society. The book suggests that the vaunted objectivity of the social scientist is as much influenced by value orientations as is that of the man in the street. In the interest of the professional objectivity that social work ostensibly seeks, something went wrong here. KEYWORDS: Juvenile justice; juvenile delinquency
Local Neocolonialism and Terrorism in Africa

This study examines the critical nature and the difficulties associated with understanding the fundamental ideology of the postcolonial wave of new terrorism on the African continent. This is facil...
Dysbiosis and inflammation in periodontitis: synergism and implications for treatment

Recent advances from microbiome and host response mechanistic studies indicate that periodontitis is not a bacterial infection in the classical sense but rather results from dysbiosis owing to a br...
Long term outcome after resection of liver metastases from squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Background Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) liver metastases still remains a difficult challenge and the effectiveness of resection for SCC liver metastases is unclear. The aim of this study was to analyze long-term outcomes of surgically treated patients with SCC liver metastases. Methods The clinicopathological characteristics, overall survival (OS), and recurrence free survival (RFS) of all patients with SCC liver metastases resected between 1998 and 2015, were analyzed. Results Among 28 patients who met inclusion criteria, there were 19 patients with anal cancer metastases (68%), 2 (7%) with cervix cancer metastases, 2 (7%) with tonsil cancer metastases, 2 (7%) with lung cancer metastases, 2 (7%) with primary unknown cancer metastases and 1 (4%) with vulvar cancer metastases. Four (14%) patients underwent major hepatectomy. There were no liver insufficiency cases or 90-day mortality. Cumulative 3- and 5-year OS rates were 52% and 47%. Cumulative 1- and 3-year RFS rates were 50% and 25%. Conclusions Long-term outcomes after resection of SCC liver metastases compare favorably with those of colorectal or neuroendocrine liver metastases. Liver resection can be an effective treatment option for SCC liver metastases in appropriately selected patients after systemic therapy.
Toward a Scalable Capital Markets Funded Lease–Purchase Strategy for Low- and Moderate-Income Families

The Great Recession inflicted enormous financial damage to household balance sheets, and while the ongoing economic and housing market recovery has been restorative, a residual effect is a near-record-low national homeownership rate, lagging credit scores that disqualify tens of thousands of individuals from securing a mortgage and the rapid growth of institutionally managed single family rentals (SFRs). Heightened political and policy interests in SFRs has followed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s recent decisions to provide liquidity to private equity-backed operators. This article illustrates how working together, the GSEs and socially motivated investors could work with private equity-backed SFR operators to create scalable, capital markets-funded lease-purchase business strategies that could bring homeownership opportunities within reach of low- and moderate-income households—without the need for deep public subsidies.
Incidence of Osteoporosis-Related Complications Following Posterior Lumbar Fusion.

Study Design:Retrospective review.Objectives:This study investigates the prevalence of adverse postsurgical events, or osteoporosis-related complications (ORCs), following spinal fusion.Methods:Pat...
Children and Adults With Rare Diseases Need Innovative Medical Devices

Abstract Rare diseases (RD) affect approximately 30 million Americans, half of whom are children. This study is the first to comprehensively evaluate their medical device needs via a survey of physicians. The study sought to identify and document the presumed unmet diagnostic and therapeutic device needs for RD management; clarify the magnitude of the potential unmet need; and generate meaningful data to inform medical device stakeholders. A cross-sectional nonprobability survey was conducted. The study population was drawn from the membership files of four groups: FDA Medical Devices Advisory Committee, Pediatric Advisory Committee, Pediatric Device Consortia, and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network. Only physician respondents with experience or knowledge regarding RD were eligible. Among eligible respondents, 90% confirmed the need for innovative devices to care for people with RD. Over 850 device needs were identified for 436 RD, with 74% of needs related to children. Pediatric physicians (OR = 2.11, 95% CI 1.01-4.39, P = 0.046) and physicians with more RD experience reflected greater dissatisfaction with existing devices (OR = 4.49, 95% CI 2.25-8.96, P < 0.0001). Creation of entirely new devices is the top recommendation for mitigating needs. This study demonstrates a major public health need for innovative medical devices to care for children and adults with RD. FDA and NIH support and seek opportunities to accelerate device development for these vulnerable patients.
Analysis of 76Ge(16O, 14C)78Se reaction in terms of exact-finite-range coupled-channel born approximation

Abstract It is shown that an exact finite-range CCBA calculation is feasible and does fit the data of 76 Se ( 16 O , 14 C ) 78 Se very well, while an exact finite-range DWBA calculation does so rather poorly.
Time Domain Modeling of Induction Machines

We will now consider the transient (time domain) behavior of electro-mechanical devices which are activated by a voltage or current source, such as motors or actuators. The voltage (current) source for such devices may be time-dependent. One cannot specify a priori the numerical value of the current density in all of the conductive source regions of the device. The finite element procedures which we used previously required current density as a known input to the analysis. In addition, it may be necessary to attach external circuit components between the voltage or current sources and the region to be modelled by finite elements. The lumped components may represent the internal impedance of the voltage or current source, or they may be used to approximate the effects of the parts of the device which are outside the region modelled by finite elements. The corresponding transient circuit equations must be coupled to the transient finite element field equations. Moreover, in the case of the motor or actuator, there are movable components. Magnetic forces in part determine the position of these components, and the positions, in turn, affect the magnetic field within the device. Provisions must be made for the transient modeling of such a coupled electro-mechanical system.
Water Loss—Cuticular

There are several avenues for water loss from arthropods: the general cuticle, the respiratory surfaces via the spiracles (if these are present), the excretory system (of which the hind gut is usually but not always a part) and the mouth, through which material from the salivary glands and part of the alimentary canal may be discharged. We shall consider the extent, and the possibilities for control, of net outward flow of water through each of these channels. The present chapter is concerned with water loss through the cuticle, and in this regard considerations of size are of the greatest importance. This has been referred to before, and is illustrated in another context below (Chap. 5.A.).
PROPERTIES OF SLEEP-PROMOTING FACTOR S DERIVED FROM HUMAN URINE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the properties of sleep-promoting factor S derived from human urine. Sleep-promoting factor S was originally extracted and purified from cerebrospinal fluid and from whole brains of sleep-deprived animals. Chemical and physiological properties of this material are similar to those of factor S purified from brain. The chapter discusses the use of this material for studies of its chemical structure. Sufficient purified material has been obtained to start systematic physiological studies. The primary effect of factor S is to increase slow wave sleep (SWS) at the expense of wakefulness while leaving the periodicity and amount of REM unaffected. The excess SWS induced by factor S is not followed by increased wakefulness during the 32-hour recording periods that we have employed for the analysis. The chemical and physiological properties of factor S differ from those of DSIP, arginine vasotocin, and other putatative sleep factors; however, factor S may be related to the sleep-promoting substance extracted from brainstems of sleep-deprived rats.
Linguistic Abilities in Translators and Interpreters

My purpose is not to report any results of empirical research on linguistic abilities in translators and interpreters, for I have never had the opportunity to do any such research, but to review research in the general area of linguistic abilities that might have relevance to the selection and training of translators and interpreters. As I understand the purpose of the symposium, it is to bring research workers in psycholinguistics together with practitioners in language translation and interpretation, with the hope that new research directions can be defined.
The Two-Dimensional Simulator

This chapter deals with the extension of the one-dimensional model described in Chapter III to two space dimensions. Section 5.1 discusses the development of the appropriate difference equations and the incorporation of boundary conditions. Matrix structure and model solution procedure are examined in Section 5.2. The final section of this chapter presents an example two-dimensional simulation of TCE migration in a confined aquifer.
Impact of ride-pooling on the nature of transit network design

Abstract This paper examines the basic design trade-off in six distinctive transit systems, including two state-of-the-art fixed-route systems and four hybrid systems that use ride-pooling as an integrated feeder service. The systems are analyzed using a continuous approximation approach, and the resulting optimal design problem is formulated and solved as a mixed integer program. We find that ride-pooling changes little the fundamental laws inherent in transit design. Specifically, all six systems, despite their seemingly vastly different design features, display the following laws: (1) that the per capita agency cost correlates linearly with the per capita user cost, (2) that both costs are power functions of the demand density with an exponent close to − 1 3 and − 0.4 for agency and user costs, respectively, and (3) that the per capita agency cost is not significantly affected by city size but the user cost is. This finding suggests that ride-pooling may have a rather limited impact on the economy of scale in mass transit systems. However, mixing ride-pooling with fixed-route services does promise modest improvements to the overall system efficiency. It also tilts the balance of trade-off considerably in the user’s favor, at the operator’s expense.
Reduced frequency and size of late-twenty-first-century snowstorms over North America

Understanding how snowstorms may change in the future is critical for estimating impacts on water resources and the Earth and socioeconomic systems that depend on them. Here we use snowstorms as a marker to assess the mesoscale fingerprint of climate change, providing a description of potential changes in winter weather event occurrence, character and variability in central and eastern North America under a high anthropogenic emissions pathway. Snowstorms are segmented and tracked using high-resolution, snow water equivalent output from dynamically downscaled simulations which, unlike global climate models, can resolve important mesoscale features such as banded snow. Significant decreases are found in the frequency and size of snowstorms in a pseudo-global warming simulation, including those events that produce the most extreme snowfall accumulations. Early and late boreal winter months show particularly robust proportional decreases in snowstorms and snow water equivalent accumulations. Predicting the impact of climate change on snowstorms is key for future water resource estimates. North American snowstorms are tracked in high-resolution warming simulations and exhibit robust decreases in storm count, snow water equivalent and areal footprint, particularly in shoulder seasons.
Work-related and Personal Factors Associated with Mental Well-being during COVID-19 Response: A Survey of Health Care and Other Workers

ABSTRACT Objective Measure the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, work-exhaustion, burnout, and decreased well-being among faculty and staff at a university and academic medical center during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and describe work-related and personal factors associated with mental health and well-being. Design Observational cohort study conducted between April 17 and May 1, 2020 using a web-based questionnaire. Setting Medical and main campuses of a university. Participants All faculty, staff, and post-doctoral fellows. Exposures Work factors including supervisor support and exposure to high-risk clinical settings; personal factors including demographics and family/home stressors. Main Outcomes and Measures Stress, anxiety, depression, work exhaustion, burnout, and decreased well-being. Results There were 5550 respondents (overall response rate of 34.3%). 38% of faculty and 14% of staff (n=915) were providing clinical care, while 57% of faculty and 77% of staff were working from home. The prevalence of anxiety, depression, and work exhaustion were somewhat higher among clinicians than non-clinicians. Among all workers, anxiety, depression, and high work exhaustion were independently associated with community or clinical exposure to COVID-19 [Prevalence Ratios and 95% confidence intervals 1.37(1.09- 1.73), 1.28(1.03 - 1.59), and 1.24(1.13 - 1.36) respectively]. Poor family supportive behaviors by supervisors were also associated with these outcomes [1.40 (1.21 - 1.62), 1.69 (1.48 - 1.92), 1.54 (1.44 - 1.64)]. Age below 40 and a greater number of family/home stressors were also associated with poorer outcomes. Among the subset of clinicians, caring for patients with COVID-19 and work in high-risk clinical settings were additional risk factors. Conclusions and Implications Our findings suggest that the pandemic has had negative effects on mental health and well-being among both clinical and non-clinical employees. Prevention of exposure to COVID-19 and increased supervisor support are modifiable risk factors that may protect mental health and well-being.
Balancing the Need for Energy and Clean Water: The Case for Applying Strict Liability in Hydraulic Fracturing Suits

Hydraulic facturing is a process used to extract natural gas from shale formations. This process has been used commercially since the 1940s, but has recently become prevalent as more shale formations have been discovered, specifically the Marcellus Shale formation in Pennsylvania. Although natural gas is a relatively clean source of domestic energy, there have been numerous allegations of water contamination caused by hydraulic fracturing, and several lawsuits have been filed as a result. Two of these suits (Berish v. Southwestern Energy Production Co. and Fiorentino v. Cabot & Gas) are pending in the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. Both complaints seek recovery under a strict liability cause of action—asserting that hydraulic fracturing is an “ultrahazardous and abnormally dangerous” activity. Although it is unlikely that the court will adopt a strict liability framework in deciding these cases, this Note argues that such a framework is both legally appropriate and beneficial to helping balance our energy needs and the importance of clean water. These pending cases will likely set the standard for future hydraulic fracturing contamination cases in Pennsylvania, and potentially across the United States.
Sacral acceleration can predict whole-body kinetics and stride kinematics across running speeds.

Background Stress fractures are injuries caused by repetitive loading during activities such as running. The application of advanced analytical methods such as machine learning to data from multiple wearable sensors has allowed for predictions of biomechanical variables associated with running-related injuries like stress fractures. However, it is unclear if data from a single wearable sensor can accurately estimate variables that characterize external loading during running such as peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), vertical impulse, and ground contact time. Predicting these biomechanical variables with a single wearable sensor could allow researchers, clinicians, and coaches to longitudinally monitor biomechanical running-related injury risk factors without expensive force-measuring equipment. Purpose We quantified the accuracy of applying quantile regression forest (QRF) and linear regression (LR) models to sacral-mounted accelerometer data to predict peak vGRF, vertical impulse, and ground contact time across a range of running speeds. Methods Thirty-seven collegiate cross country runners (24 females, 13 males) ran on a force-measuring treadmill at 3.8-5.4 m/s while wearing an accelerometer clipped posteriorly to the waistband of their running shorts. We cross-validated QRF and LR models by training them on acceleration data, running speed, step frequency, and body mass as predictor variables. Trained models were then used to predict peak vGRF, vertical impulse, and contact time. We compared predicted values to those calculated from a force-measuring treadmill on a subset of data (n = 9) withheld during model training. We quantified prediction accuracy by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Results The QRF model predicted peak vGRF with a RMSE of 0.150 body weights (BW) and MAPE of 4.27 ± 2.85%, predicted vertical impulse with a RMSE of 0.004 BW*s and MAPE of 0.80 ± 0.91%, and predicted contact time with a RMSE of 0.011 s and MAPE of 4.68 ± 3.00%. The LR model predicted peak vGRF with a RMSE of 0.139 BW and MAPE of 4.04 ± 2.57%, predicted vertical impulse with a RMSE of 0.002 BW*s and MAPE of 0.50 ± 0.42%, and predicted contact time with a RMSE of 0.008 s and MAPE of 3.50 ± 2.27%. There were no statistically significant differences between QRF and LR model prediction MAPE for peak vGRF (p = 0.549) or vertical impulse (p = 0.073), but the LR model's MAPE for contact time was significantly lower than the QRF model's MAPE (p = 0.0497). Conclusions Our findings indicate that the QRF and LR models can accurately predict peak vGRF, vertical impulse, and contact time (MAPE < 5%) from a single sacral-mounted accelerometer across a range of running speeds. These findings may be beneficial for researchers, clinicians, or coaches seeking to monitor running-related injury risk factors without force-measuring equipment.
The multinationalization of developing country MNEs: The case of multilatinas

I study the multinationalization — the decision to establish foreign direct investment (FDI) — of developing country firms, in particular Latin American ones or “Multilatinas”. Despite a long exporting tradition, many firms in Latin America have only recently become multinational enterprises (MNEs). The analysis of case studies reveals three insights. First, Multilatinas take a long time to become MNEs, reflecting the additional challenges and need for sophisticated advantages for establishing FDI. Second, Multilatinas are induced to become MNEs after changes in the home country that follow structural reform induce them to upgrade their competitiveness to international levels. As a result, they can overcome the difficulties of establishing FDI and become MNEs. Third, Multilatinas follow four strategies in their selection of the country where to establish FDI first depending on the interplay between difficulties and advantages of operating abroad. These three arguments build on and link the notion of advantages of internationalization put forward by the eclectic paradigm of international production and the idea of difficulties in internationalization presented by the incremental internationalization model. The strategies are explained by the balancing of the ease of overcoming difficulties and the advantages derived from foreign operations.
Sediment transport, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen responses to annual streambed drawdowns for downstream fish passage in a flood control reservoir.

Abstract Sediment transport, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen were evaluated during six consecutive water years (2013–2018) of drawdowns of a flood control reservoir in the upper Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. The drawdowns were conducted to allow volitional passage of endangered juvenile chinook salmon through the dam's regulating outlets by lowering the reservoir elevation to a point where the historical streambed was exposed and transported water and sediment through the reservoir dam. Sediment loads during the drawdown were highest in the first year of monitoring, with a computed value of 40,200 metric tons over a 5-day drawdown, followed by 5 years of lower sediment loads and lower sediment transport rates, suggesting that much of the stored sediment within the reservoir thalweg was transported out of the reservoir in the early years of the consecutive drawdowns. Suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) computed using turbidity and streamflow data resulted in maximum SSC at the onset of the drawdowns, with the highest computed values occurring during the water year 2017 drawdown at 17,500 mg/L (turbidity = 2,990 FNU), and average drawdown SSC values ranging from 654 to 3,950 mg/L for the six years of monitoring. Computed SSC were on the lower range of concentrations that could be harmful to out-migrating juvenile salmon published in other studies. High amounts of particulate organic matter and sand-sized material in drawdown SSC samples affected relations between turbidity and SSC, requiring the use of multiple surrogate regression models over short time frames. Dissolved oxygen minimum values were recorded in two of the monitoring years, with a minimum value of 0.71 and 3.4 mg/L recorded at the onset of the drawdowns in water years 2016 and 2018, respectively. Dissolved oxygen values below 4 mg/L lasted for 1 h, suggesting a rapidly expressed chemical oxygen demand. The response of suspended sediment loads and SSC highlight the site-specific nature of reservoir drawdowns, and the need for evaluation of expected sediment responses for drawdowns being considered at other locations.
Catalase, a therapeutic target in the reversal of estrogen-mediated aging.

Despite increasing interest in the reversal of age-related processes, there is a paucity of data regarding the effects of post-menopausal-associated estrogen loss on cellular function. We studied human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) isolated from women younger than 45 years old (pre-menopause, pre-hASC) or older than 55 years old (post-menopause, post-hASC). In this study, we provide proof of concept that the age-related ineffective functionality of ASCs can be reversed to improve their ability in promoting tissue repair. We found reduced estrogen receptor expression, decreased estrogen receptor activation, and reduced sensitivity to 17β-estradiol in post-hASCs. This correlated with decreased antioxidants (catalase and superoxide dismutase [SOD] expression) and increased oxidative stress compared with pre-hASCs. Increasing catalase expression in post-hASCs restored estrogen receptor (ER) expression and their functional capacity to promote tissue repair as shown in human skin ex vivo wound healing and in vivo mouse model of lung injury. Our results suggest that the consequences of 17β-estradiol decline on the function of hASCs may be reversible by changing the oxidative stress/antioxidant composition.
Carceral Progressivism and Animal Victims

This chapter places the criminalization of harm to non-human animals within a larger context of left and progressive efforts to use criminal law to address social problems. This chapter treats the animal welfare movement’s turn to criminal legal solutions as a case study of the broader phenomenon of “carceral progressivism.” Specifically, the chapter identifies this case study as reflecting two particularly common features of left or progressive criminalization projects: (1) the presence of a particularly vulnerable class of victims; and (2) the claim that criminal law can send a message about society’s respect for that class of victims and condemnation of harm done to them. Ultimately, the chapter argues that carceral progressivism – despite its ostensibly egalitarian or left commitments – risks reinscribing and legitimating the evils of the carceral state.
Species distribution models for invasive Eurasian watermilfoil highlight the importance of data quality and limitations of discrimination accuracy metrics

Aim Availability of uniformly collected presence, absence, and abundance data remains a key challenge in species distribution modeling (SDM). For invasive species, abundance and impacts are highly variable across landscapes, and quality occurrence and abundance data are critical for predicting locations at high risk for invasion and impacts, respectively. We leverage a large aquatic vegetation dataset comprising point-level survey data that includes information on the invasive plant Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian watermilfoil) to: (a) develop SDMs to predict invasion and impact from environmental variables based on presence-absence, presence-only, and abundance data, and (b) compare evaluation metrics based on functional and discrimination accuracy for presence-absence and presence-only SDMs. Location Minnesota, USA. Methods Eurasian watermilfoil presence-absence and abundance information were gathered from 468 surveyed lakes, and 801 unsurveyed lakes were leveraged as pseudoabsences for presence-only models. A Random Forest algorithm was used to model the distribution and abundance of Eurasian watermilfoil as a function of lake-specific predictors, both with and without a spatial autocovariate. Occurrence-based SDMs were evaluated using conventional discrimination accuracy metrics and functional accuracy metrics assessing correlation between predicted suitability and observed abundance. Results Water temperature degree days and maximum lake depth were two leading predictors influencing both invasion risk and abundance, but they were relatively less important for predicting abundance than other water quality measures. Road density was a strong predictor of Eurasian watermilfoil invasion risk but not abundance. Model evaluations highlighted significant differences: Presence-absence models had high functional accuracy despite low discrimination accuracy, whereas presence-only models showed the opposite pattern. Main conclusion Complementing presence-absence data with abundance information offers a richer understanding of invasive Eurasian watermilfoil's ecological niche and enables evaluation of the model's functional accuracy. Conventional discrimination accuracy measures were misleading when models were developed using pseudoabsences. We thus caution against the overuse of presence-only models and suggest directing more effort toward systematic monitoring programs that yield high-quality data.
Engineered Minichromosomes in Plants: Structure, Function, and Applications

Engineered minichromosomes are small chromosomes that contain a transgene and selectable marker, as well as all of the necessary components required for maintenance in an organism separately from the standard chromosome set. The separation from endogenous chromosomes makes engineered minichromosomes useful in the production of transgenic plants. Introducing transgenes to minichromosomes does not have the risk of insertion within a native gene; additionally, transgenes on minichromosomes can be transferred between lines without the movement of linked genes. Of the two methods proposed for creating engineered minichromosomes, telomere-mediated truncation is more reliable in plant systems. Additionally, many plants contain a supernumerary, or B chromosome, which is an excellent starting material for minichromosome creation. The use of site-specific recombination systems in minichromosomes can increase their utility, allowing for the addition or subtraction of transgenes in vivo. The creation of minichromosomes with binary bacterial artificial chromosome vectors provides the ability to introduce many transgenes at one time. Furthermore, coupling minichromosomes with haploid induction systems can facilitate transfer between lines. Minichromosomes can be introduced to a haploid-inducing line and crossed to target lines. Haploids of the target line that then contain a minichromosome can then be doubled. These homozygous lines will contain the transgene without the need for repeated introgressions.
Catalyst poisoning and fixed bed reactor dynamics—II: Adiabatic reactors

Abstract Prior work on experimental and modeling studies of nonisothermal nonadiabatic reactor dynamics induced by catalyst poisoning is extended in this paper to adiabatic reactors. Thiophene poisoning of the nickel catalysed hydrogenation of benzene is used as the experimental system. A pseudohomogeneous one dimensional dispersion model was used to model both steady state and transient behavior of the reactor on introduction of poison into the feed. Poisoning kinetics were interpreted via a shell-progressive mechanism which appears to provide a plausible and simpler alternative to the two site mechanism previously postulated [1]. In general a reasonable agreement between experiment and model was obtained; however the accumulation of errors involved in separate determination of the reactor/reaction parameters ultimately limits the degree of precision which such simulations can attain.
On the use of partial area under the ROC curve for comparison of two diagnostic tests

Evaluation of diagnostic performance is typically based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) as its summary index. The partial area under the curve (pAUC) is an alternative index focusing on the range of practical/clinical relevance. One of the problems preventing more frequent use of the pAUC is the perceived loss of efficiency in cases of noncrossing ROC curves. In this paper, we investigated statistical properties of comparisons of two correlated pAUCs. We demonstrated that outside of the classic model there are practically reasonable ROC types for which comparisons of noncrossing concave curves would be more powerful when based on a part of the curve rather than the entire curve. We argue that this phenomenon stems in part from the exclusion of noninformative parts of the ROC curves that resemble straight-lines. We conducted extensive simulation studies in families of binormal, straight-line, and bigamma ROC curves. We demonstrated that comparison of pAUCs is statistically more powerful than comparison of full AUCs when ROC curves are close to a "straight line". For less flat binormal ROC curves an increase in the integration range often leads to a disproportional increase in pAUCs' difference, thereby contributing to an increase in statistical power. Thus, efficiency of differences in pAUCs of noncrossing ROC curves depends on the shape of the curves, and for families of ROC curves that are nearly straight-line shaped, such as bigamma ROC curves, there are multiple practical scenarios in which comparisons of pAUCs are preferable.
The Quest for Transgenic Poultry: Birds are not Mice with Feathers

Although the production of transgenic mice for research is now routine, and the application of this technology to many livestock species has met with considerable success, the production of transgenic poultry has been severely hindered by biological obstacles that have prevented the direct application of mammalian technology to birds. Many of these obstacles have been overcome in recent years, resulting in success in the production of either chimeric or transgenic individuals by microinjection of naked DNA into the newly fertilized ovum, transfer of blastodermal cells or primordial germ cells from donor to recipient embryos, and development of replication-defective retroviral vectors for DNA insertion. Stable integration of foreign DNA into the poultry genome remains problematical, but recent research demonstrating the use of the Drosophila element mariner to integrate foreign DNA into the chicken chromosome with a high frequency of germline transmission seems promising. Much basic research remains in order to achieve the routine production of transgenic poultry and to regulate expression of transgenes in tissues and amounts that are appropriate for their intended use. The short generation time and large number of progeny possible with poultry species should ensure that interest in the production of transgenic poultry for research and commercial purposes will increase.
Many Mirrors: Body Image and Social Relations and Body, Self, and Society: The View from Fiji

Many Mirrors: Body Image and Social Relations. Nicole Sault. ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press,1994(cloth and paper), xvi. 346 pp. Body, Self, and Society: The View from Fiji. Anne E. Becker. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995(cloth and paper), xvi. 206 pp.
Technology Use for Diabetes Problem Solving in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: Relationship to Glycemic Control

Abstract Background: This study examines technology use for problem solving in diabetes and its relationship to hemoglobin A1C (A1C). Subjects and Methods: A sample of 112 adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed measures assessing use of technologies for diabetes problem solving, including mobile applications, social technologies, and glucose software. Hierarchical regression was performed to identify the contribution of a new nine-item Technology Use for Problem Solving in Type 1 Diabetes (TUPS) scale to A1C, considering known clinical contributors to A1C. Results: Mean age for the sample was 14.5 (SD 1.7) years, mean A1C was 8.9% (SD 1.8%), 50% were female, and diabetes duration was 5.5 (SD 3.5) years. Cronbach's α reliability for TUPS was 0.78. In regression analyses, variables significantly associated with A1C were the socioeconomic status (β=−0.26, P<0.01), Diabetes Adolescent Problem Solving Questionnaire (β=−0.26, P=0.01), and TUPS (β=0.26, P=0.01). Aside from the Diabetes Self-Care Inventory—Re...
SELF‐CONTROL PROBLEMS AND CONSUMPTION‐SAVING DECISIONS: THEORY AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE*

Time-discounting is a fundamental preference which affects wealth accumulation. If people are impatient, they may spend their earnings instantaneously, and do not save enough for the future. People are often time-inconsistent, i.e., they often put exceptionally high value on immediate consumption compared to any time in the future. Whether they are aware or not, these individuals are susceptible to self-control problems. In this paper, we review theoretical and empirical research on time-inconsistency and self-control problems, particularly on consumption and saving, and discuss their policy implications.
Interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 messenger RNA are up-regulated after orthotopic liver transplantation in tolerant rats: evidence for cytokine-mediated immune dysregulation.

Background. Immune regulation requires antigen recognition, signaling, activation, secretion of cytokines, and effector function by lymphocytes. Although there is redundancy in the activation and function of the immune response, some cytokines simultaneously promote and suppress different pathways of immunity. In the experiments reported here we compare cytokine gene expression within liver allografts from tolerant rats with normal and isografted liver tissue. We also compare the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the supernatant from mixed lymphocyte cultures by using peripheral blood lymphocytes stimulated against donor antigen. Methods. Orthotopic liver transplantations were performed using the cuff technique without hepatic artery revascularization. Nonisotopic in situ hybridization (ISH) was used to detect and localize messenger RNA to specific cells within tissue. Antisense DNA probes were generated to interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ. One-way mixed lymphocyte cultures were set up against irradiated donor splenocytes, and the supernatant was collected to measure IFN-γ by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 was up-regulated in tolerant animals versus normal or isografted liver (p=0.0002 and 0.0001, IFN-γ and IL-10, respectively). In situ hybridization localized the expression of messenger RNA predominantly to the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Levels of IFN-γ were higher in the supernatant from proliferating peripheral lymphocytes against donor antigen from tolerant animals versus naive control animals. Conclusions. Expression of IFN-γ and IL-10 is up-regulated in hepatocytes from allograft tissue after orthotopic liver transplantation. We believe that the up-regulation of IL-10 cross-regulates the effector function of IFN-γ and supports cytokine-mediated immune dysregulation, which may be a mechanism of tolerance after orthotopic liver transplantation in rats.
Individual responses to population size structure: the role of size variation in controlling expression of a trophic polyphenism

We investigated how size structure affects development of alternative larval phenotypes in Arizona tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum nebulosum, by testing the hypothesis that population size structure per se is a significant component of an individual's environment. Larvae of this subspecies exhibit one of two feeding phenotypes; typical larvae eat zooplankton and macroinvertebrates and cannibalistic larvae feed primarily on conspecifics. Previous laboratory experiments showed that larval density positively affected expression of the cannibalistic phenotype. In this study we tested the hypothesis that size variation among larvae also serves as a cue triggering development of the cannibalistic phenotype. We report laboratory experiments and field observations showing that both an individual larva's position in a size distribution and the amount of size vaiation among larvae serve as cues stimulating development of cannibalistic larvae. Larval density and population size structure provide a larva with an indication of the abundance and vulnerability of potential conspecific prey. Size variation among larvae, in turn, appears to be influenced by larval density. Thus, a complex relationship exists between larval density, population size structure, and the frequency of cannibals within a habitat.
Availability and accessibility of information in the semantic memory of retarded and nonretarded adolescents.

Abstract The availability of semantic information in storage and the accessibility of that information for retrieval were studied in retarded and nonretarded adolescents. In Experiment 1, 40 normal and 40 CA-equivalent (mean, 15 years) retarded subjects were required to retrieve information from semantic categories as well as to judge whether specific items were members of a given category. The results showed large IQ group differences on the retrieval task which could not be wholly accounted for by the items available in storage. Experiment 2 was designed as an attempt to remediate this retrieval deficit by introducing an organized retrieval plan consisting of subcategory cues. This organization facilitated retrieval as long as it was experimentally provided. Retrieval returned to its original level, however, when the cues were withdrawn. It was concluded that retarded persons had an accessibility deficit in addition to an availability deficit; one aspect of this accessibility deficit involved the failure to use spontaneously mnemonic strategies that were consistent with the semantic organization.
PPAR-γ agonist protects podocytes from injury

Podocyte injury and loss contribute to progressive glomerulosclerosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- γ (PPAR- γ ) is a nuclear hormone receptor, which we have found to be increased in podocytes in a variety of kidney diseases. It is not known if PPAR- γ contributes to renal injury or if it serves as a countermeasure to limit renal injury during disease progression. We tested these possibilities utilizing the puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) model of renal injury in immortalized mouse podocytes. The cultured podocytes expressed PPAR- γ mRNA at baseline but this was decreased by PAN. Pioglitazone, a pharmacologic agonist of PPAR- γ , increased both PPAR- γ mRNA and activity in injured podocytes, as assessed by a reporter plasmid assay. Further, pioglitazone significantly decreased PAN-induced podocyte apoptosis and necrosis while restoring podocyte differentiation. The PPAR- γ agonist significantly restored expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 and the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-xL while significantly decreasing proapoptotic caspase-3 activity. Pioglitazone tended to decrease PAN-induced transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β ) mRNA expression. Our study shows that PPAR- γ is normally expressed by podocytes and its activation is protective against PAN-induced apoptosis and necrosis. We postulate that this protective effect may be mediated in part by effects on p27 and TGF- β expression.
Effects of a fungicide on in vitro hemocyte viability, phagocytosis and attachment in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica

The effect of a commercial fungicide containing Triforine as the active ingredient was tested in vitro for its effect on the viability, phagocytic ability and attachment properties of hemocytes from the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin 1791). Cell viability was determined by the hemocytes' ability to hydrolyze fluorescein diacetate to produce intracellular fluorescence. Phagocytosis was evaluated with 2-μm fluorescent beads and cell attachment was determined by counting cells remaining in suspension in hemolymph after gentle centrifugation onto a bead monolayer. Both cell viability and phagocytic activity were reduced to approximately 50% of control levels within a dose range of 0.0295 to 1.966 μg Triforine per ml of hemolymph. Addition of the highest dose failed to further reduce viability or phagocytosis. Cell attachment to bead surfaces was inversely proportional to the dose of fungicide. These data show that exposure of hemocytes to fungicide reduces the cells' ability to function in their normal capacity as immune cells.
Identifying, appraising, and implementing medical education curricula: a guide for medical educators.

This article presents an approach to identifying, appraising, and adapting an established curriculum as an alternative to developing a new one, and reviews a published managed care curriculum as an...
Eating quality and certain physical measurements of pheasant and turkey.

Abstract INTRODUCTION INCREASED demand for pheasant meat has prompted some investigations on the production of pheasant, but little information is available on their eating quality. On the other hand, extensive research has been done on the various factors that affect the palatability of chicken and turkey and the flavor of chicken and turkey has been studied comparatively (Hall and Spencer, 1964). This study compares the eating quality and certain physical measurements of pheasant and turkey males and females. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The study was divided into two parts: 1) 13 pheasant cocks compared with 13 turkey toms, and 2) 13 pheasant hens compared with 13 turkey hens. Jumbo pheasants were obtained commercially and tom turkeys from the Kansas State Poultry Farm. The birds were slaughtered and processed by conventional methods and frozen under controlled conditions at the Kansas State University Poultry Research Center. Frozen turkey hens were obtained from a commercial processing plant. . .