cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Airborne Measurements Of Infrared Atmospheric Radiance And Sky Noise

A series of 23 data flights was made using the 30 cm telescope on board the NASA Lear Jet Observatory to investigate the magnitude and spatial structure of IR atmospheric radiance in the spectral region 5 to 30 μm. Data were obtained in five wavebands with two multi-channel, Ge:Cu, detector systems having IFOV's of 200 and 500 μrad. Measurements were made in three geographical locations: 9°, 35° and 60° north latitude and at altitudes from 15 to 45 kft. A dual channel spectrum analyzer was used to process the recorded data which included a number of accelerometer channels. A high level of excess noise on the IR signals was observed during flight and was due to vibration effects and cabin gas leaks. The RMS value of the spatial variations in the atmospheric background was estimated to be less than 7 x 10-5 to 10-3 times the DC sky radiance. This result is discussed in terms of a theo-retical model for sky noise based on upper atmospheric turbulence. Values for the in-band sky radiance are compared to the AFGL atmospheric model calculations.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
POPULAR RELIGION AS A UNIFYING FACTOR IN THE LATINO/A RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY: A PENTECOSTAL PROPOSAL IN US LATINO/A ECUMENICAL THEOLOGY

ABSTRACT This article addresses popular religion as conceived by Hispanic theologians. The article is contextual in its nature, focusing only on an intra-dialogue among Latino/a theologians. Popular religion is considered by many to be impregnated all over the lives of Latinos living in the United States. My intention is to formulate how popular religion could be approached as a source for ecumenical dialogue and further collaboration between Hispanic Pentecostals and Roman Catholics.
Understanding and designing field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry separations in gas mixtures.

Field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) has significant potential for post-ionization separations in conjunction with MS analyses. FAIMS fractionates ion mixtures by exploiting the fact that ion mobilities in gases depend on the electric field in a manner specific to each ion. Nearly all previous work has used pure gases, for which FAIMS fundamentals are understood reasonably well; however, unexpected phenomena observed in some gas mixtures (e.g., N2/CO2) but not in others (N2/O2) remain unexplained. Here, we introduce and experimentally test a universal model for FAIMS separations in mixtures, derived from formalisms that determine high-field mobilities in heteromolecular gases. Overall, the theoretical findings are consistent with data for N2/CO2 (although quantitative discrepancies remain), while results for N2/O2 fit Blanc's law, in agreement with measurements. Calculations for He/N2 and He/CO2 are also consistent with observations and suggest why adding He to the working gas gener...
Reversible inactivation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase: Reductase kinase and mevalonate kinase are separate enzymes

Abstract Reductase kinase and mevalonate kinase are separated by: a) ammonium sulfate fractionation; b) chromatography on agarose-Procion Red HE3B; and c) chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. Fractions containing only reductase kinase reversibly inactivated microsomal or homogeneous HMG-CoA reductase. Fractions containing only mevalonate kinase revealed artifactual reductase kinase activity in the absence of EDTA or mevalonic acid; however, addition of EDTA or mevalonate before reductase assay completely blocked any apparent decline in HMG-CoA reductase activity. Under these conditions no dephosphorylation (reactivation) was observed by phosphatase. The combined results demonstrate unequivocally that reductase kinase and mevalonate kinase are two different enzymes and inactivation of HMG-CoA reductase is catalyzed by ATP-Mg-dependent reductase kinase.
Rift-zone magmatism: Petrology of basaltic rocks transitional from CFB to MORB, southeastern Brazil margin

Compositions of basaltic samples from the southeastern Brazil passive margin (18°–24° S) depict the change from continental to oceanic lithosphere during the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Samples studied range from 138 to 105 m.y. old and are from 12 Petrobras drill cores recovered from the coastline to about 150 km offshore in the Espirito Santo, Campos, and Santos basins. Compositions vary, ranging, for example, from 49–54 wt.% SiO2, 0.5–3.0 wt.% TiO2, 0.6–5.0 FeO*/MgO, and 〈1-〉6 La/ Yb(n), but can be grouped: (i) basalts enriched in incompatible elements, such as K (some K2O>2.0 wt.%), Rb (>18 ppm), Zr (>120 ppm), and LREE (some FeO* 16 wt.%; most with SiO2 51–54 wt.%), and resembling Serra Geral continental flood basalts (SG-CFB) of southern Brazil; (ii) basalts less enriched, or transitional, in incompatible elements, having K2O 30). Trace-element ratios (e.g., Zr/Nb, Zr/Y) link the Brazil margin basalts to a heterogeneous mantle (attributed to metasomatic veining) of variably proportioned mixtures of depleted-mantle (N-MORB) and plume (P-MORB, e.g., Tristan hotspot) materials. The various compositions therefore reflect, in part, different zones of melting during the separation of Gondwanaland, where gradual decompression during rifting enabled concurrent melting of upper, more depleted (non- or sparsely-veined) mantle and enriched (densely-veined) mantle. Within the time represented, melting produced enriched, transitional, and depleted magmas that were emplaced subaerially, hypabyssally, and subaqueously; they mark the transition from CFB before rifting and separation (from deeper, enriched mantle) to N-MORB in the S. Atlantic afterwards (from non- or sparsely-veined upper mantle). While P-type mantle components account for the enriched compositions of some basalts (Zr/Nb<8), continental crust is largely responsible for that of others (e.g., Ti/Zr 40–57; La/Yb(n) 5–6, and δ 18O+12.2 in one sample). Some may be contaminated expressions of otherwise T-type basalts free of crustal components. This study identifies CFB to be from sources similar to those for T- and P-type oceanic rocks, where individual CFB magmas may or may not have acquired crustal signatures.
Multidisciplinary management of colorectal brain metastases: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND. The incidence of brain metastases (BM) from colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing, and the management of this previously rare complication at a single institution is reported. METHODS. The records of all patients with BM from 1994 to 2005 were reviewed, and 49 patients (33 men, 16 women) with 102 BM from CRC were identified. Associations between patient and tumor characteristics, treatment modality, and survival were assessed. RESULTS. The median age at diagnosis of BM from CRC was 66 years. Forty patients (82%) had other systemic disease. The median survival after a diagnosis of BM from CRC was 5.1 months. Fifteen patients (31%) underwent surgery at some point, 14 patients (29%) underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and 42 patients (86%) received whole-brain radiotherapy during their management. Seven patients (14%) underwent upfront SRS. On multivariate analysis, a longer interval from diagnosis of CRC to diagnosis of BM was associated significantly with shorter survival (p = .01). Sex, Karnofsky performance status, tumor location, recursive partitioning analysis class, and initial treatment modality did not have an impact on survival. CONCLUSIONS. Because BM from CRC are a late-stage phenomenon, the majority of patients in the current study had other systemic involvement, and survival after CNS involvement was poor. The results indicated that a high prevalence of systemic disease limits the proportion of patients who are strong candidates for upfront SRS, thereby limiting the impact that this modality has on outcomes in this population as a whole. Late development (>1 year after the primary tumor diagnosis) of CNS involvement may predict for poorer survival after therapy for patients with BM from CRC. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Academics vs. Professional Managers when Leading Hospitality Management Education

Traditionally, faculty assumes academic leadership positions without the adequate preparation and skill development that can lead to poor management. In addition, as higher education becomes more complex and financial resources become more challenging, schools need to make more partnerships with the business world and consequently hire professional managers in leadership positions in an attempt to meet the budgets and lead effectively the faculty. An e-mail survey and a focus group were administered. The study examined fifty case studies, including the opinions of faculty and administrators, and discusses the benefits and challenges of hiring professional managers instead of the traditional hiring of academic department chairs and deans in leadership positions in hospitality management education. Results indicate that the need for academic experience and the understanding of the academic culture are the main decisive factors why participants favor academics over professional managers in academic leadership.
Preventing Co-Occurring Depression Symptoms in Adolescents with Conduct Problems The Penn Resiliency Program

Children who exhibit elevated levels of conduct problems are at increased risk for developing co-occurring depression symptoms, especially during adolescence. This study tests the effectiveness of a manualized after school intervention (the Penn Resiliency Program [PRP]) for the prevention of depression symptoms among a subset of middle-school-aged students who exhibited elevated levels of conduct problems, but not depression symptoms, at the start of the study. Longitudinal analyses demonstrate that the program successfully prevented elevations in depression symptoms across early- to mid-adolescence compared to no-intervention controls.
Post-Self-Assembly Covalent Chemistry of Discrete Multicomponent Metallosupramolecular Hexagonal Prisms

The multicomponent coordination-driven self-assembly of hexakis[4-(4-pyridyl)phenyl]benzene, cis-(PEt3)2PtII(OTf)2, and amine- or maleimide-functionalized isophthalate forms discrete hexagonal prisms as single reaction products. The amino or maleimide groups decorating the isophthalate pillars of the prisms provide reactive sites for post-self-asssembly modifications. In this communication, we demonstrate that the hexagonal prisms can be functionalized without disrupting the prismatic cores, enabling the incorporation of new functionalities under mild conditions.
Thermodynamics of two-dimensional QCD in the large-N limit.

We study the thermodynamics of QCD in the limit of a large number of colors. It is argued that in this limit there is an order parameter for confinement, which is the energy density itself. We show that at a first-order confinement-deconfinement phase transition, the ratio of the latent heat of the phase transition to the energy density of matter in the hadronic phase is infinite. We explicitly study the 't Hooft model of two-dimensional QCD. It is shown that at any finite temperature the thermodynamic potential is not computable in perturbation theory, and that the high-temperature limit of the thermodynamic potential is infinite in the limit of zero interaction strength. We also demonstrate how the Feynman graphs for the thermodynamic potential may be resummed to produce the same contribution as that from a resonance gas of hadrons, and show that the thermodynamic potential which is nominally of order N is in fact of order 1. We argue that at an infinite temperature, T\ensuremath{\sim}(N\ensuremath{\sigma}${)}^{1/2}$, where \ensuremath{\sigma} is the string tension, the system may become a deconfined gas of quarks, but that there need be no phase transition at any finite temperature.
Some wonderful rings in algebraic geometry

Abstract Let A = k ⊕ A1… be a graded ring over a field k. The ring is wonderful if TorAi(k, k) has pure degree i for all i where k = A A 1 . In a previous paper [4] it was discovered that the ring of regular functions on many cones over abelian varieties is wonderful. Similarly in [1]Backelin has shown that embeddings by high enough trists on ample sheaf on projective schemes give wonderful rings. We will estimate “high enough” and we will note that the coordinate ring of Grassmannians in Plucker coordinates gives wonderful rings. More exactly.
Control of the antibody response of C57BL/6 Lyt-congenic strains to the Lyt-3.1 alloantigen by a gene linked to theLyt-2 locus

Congenic anti-Lyt-3.1 sera have recently been produced by immunizing B6-Lyt-2a mice with thymocytes from either B6-Lyt-2a, Lyt-3a or B6-Lyt-2a, Lyt-3a, H-2k mice (Boos et al. 1978). Surprisingly, mice of the congenic strain B6 failed to produce either anti-Lyt-2.1 or anti-Lyt-3.1 cytotoxic antibodies after identical immunizations. To determine the genetic basis for the difference in response to Lyt-3.1, (B6 × B6-Lyt-2a)Fa mice and progeny of the backcross, (B6 × B6-Lyt-2a)F1 × B6-Lyt-2a, were immunized with B6-Lyt-2a, Lyt-3a, H-2k thymocytes. In addition, thymic biopsies of backcross progeny were performed and thymocytes tested for the Lyt-2.2 antigenic specificity. Results indicate that gene(s) governing the immune response to Lyt-3.1 is (are) linked to theLyt-2 locus, and that the responder allele (linked toLyt-2 a ) shows very poor penetrance in Lyt-2a/Lyt-2b mice.
Helicity conservation in inclusive nonleptonic decay B to VX: Test of long-distance final-state interaction

The polarization measurement in the inclusive B decay provides us with a simple test of how much the long-distance nal-state interaction takes place as the energy of the observed meson varies in the nal state. We give the expectation of perturbative QCD for the energy dependence of the helicity fractions in a semiquantitative form. Experiment will tell us for which decay processes the perturbative QCD calculation should be applicable.
The pathogenicity and virulence of four Ophiostomatoid fungi on young Longleaf pine trees

In southeastern USA, insect vectors transfer pathogenic ophiostomatoid fungi that cause disease in southern pines. During 2007 and 2008, potted longleaf pines (P. palustris Mill.), of similar ages ranging in height from 58 to 198 cm, were inoculated with the following fungi to assess their pathogenicity (and virulence): Grosmannia huntii, Leptographium procerum, L. serpens and L. terebrantis. Seventeen weeks after inoculation, L. terebrantis, L. serpens and G. huntii were found to cause significantly larger lesions and more sapwood discolouration than wounded uninoculated controls. Leptographium terebrantis caused significantly more sapwood discolouration than all other fungi. Despite significant sapwood occlusion after fungal inoculation, no reductions in needle water potentials were observed between treatments. All fungal species were successfully re-isolated from longleaf pine trees.
Motion control and coordination in the development of a conceptual gait rehabilitation system

A conceptual gait rehabilitation system was developed to generate the coordinated motion of the hip and knee joints according to normal physiological gait pattern with a pair of linkage mechanisms (one for each leg). This article presents the design of a mechanical timing mechanism for the motion control and coordination of the linkage mechanisms in the system. The desired motion of the input crank of the linkage mechanism is first obtained for the control purpose. To facilitate the implementation of different modes of operation of the gait rehabilitation system, a combination of cam and planetary gears is developed to achieve both timing and coordination through mechanical means. Motion simulation of the new timing mechanisms shows that the proper timing of the gait mechanisms, thus the hip and knee joints, is achieved with a constant speed input.
Binary Code Multi-Level Optical Computing Using Pulsed Sagnac Interferametric Switches

Two ternary, an ordinary ternary (0T) and a binary balanced ternary (BT), number representations to be used for optical computing are discussed. An unsigned OT number is represented by a string of symbols (0,1,2), while for the BT, the three logic symbols take on the set (-1,0,+1). The BT symbols can represent a signed number. Using a particular binary encoding method, the three ternary symbols are converted to a pair of binary symbols. The binary coded ternary (BCT) representation has two advantages. First, it allows the use of the well-developed binary optical components. Second, it reduces the number of input-output chan-nels and thus is able to conserve the optical space-bandwidth product. As an example for arithmetic operations, BCT full addition algorithms are given. As examples for multiple-valued logic computing, BCT Post, Webb, and residue logic elements are discussed. Optical implementations of various BCT arithmetic and logic operations are described. Using the two-port Sagnac Interferametric switches (TPSIS), a number of implementation examples are presented.
Brief Report: Autism Awareness: Views from a Campus Community

This paper reports on a college community's views of the diagnostic characteristics and causes associated with autism spectrum disorders. An anonymous on-line survey of autism knowledge was distributed via campus server university-wide to all undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, and staff. Of the 1,057 surveys completed, 76 % of respondents had more correct answers than neutral and incorrect ones. Respondents who reported that they or someone in their immediate family had autism had significantly more correct responses than other respondents. Demographic variables of respondent sex, age, education, and role at the university independently accounted for significant, though modest, variance in autism knowledge. More accurate and widespread dissemination of information about autism may facilitate a smoother transition for college students who are on the spectrum.
The NC2 Domain of Type IX Collagen Determines the Chain Register of the Triple Helix

Precise mapping and unraveling the mechanism of interaction or degradation of a certain type of collagen triple helix requires the generation of short and stable collagenous fragments. This is a great challenge especially for hetero-trimeric collagens, where chain composition and register (stagger) are important factors. No system has been reported that can be efficiently used to generate a natural collagenous fragment with exact chain composition and desired chain register. The NC2 domain (only 35–50 residues) of FACIT collagens is a potent trimerization domain. In the case of type IX collagen it provides the efficient selection and hetero-trimerization of three distinct chains. The ability of the NC2 domain to determine the chain register of the triple helix is studied. We generated three possible sequence combinations (α1α1α2, α1α2α1, α2α1α1) of a type I collagen fragment (the binding region for the von Willebrand factor A3 domain) attached to the NC2 domain. In addition, two control combinations were produced that constitute homo-trimers of (α1)3 or (α2)3. For the hetero-trimeric constructs, α1α1α2 demonstrated a higher melting temperature than the other two. Binding experiments with the von Willebrand factor A3 domain revealed the homo-trimer of (α1)3 as the strongest binding construct, whereas the homo-trimer of (α2)3 showed no binding. For hetero-trimers, α1α1α2 was found to be the strongest binding construct. Differences in thermal stability and binding to the A3 domain unambiguously demonstrate that the NC2 domain of type IX collagen determines not only the chain composition but also the chain register of the adjacent triple helix.
Multi-unit franchising: Growth and management issues

Abstract Entrepreneurs in a number of retailing sectors have eschewed the creation of company-owned chains and have embraced franchising as a preferred method for growing their businesses. There have been two leading reasons proposed for this preference. First, that franchisees provide the financial capital necessary for expansion, and second that franchisees manage the outlets better than company employees would if the unit were company owned. Interestingly, although many entrepreneur/franchisors confirm the relevance of the capital acquisition argument in their decision-making, theoretical analysis has discounted its importance. Instead, researchers have focused on the incentives of employee store-managers to misrepresent their ability and their effort as the dominant impetus behind franchising. Misrepresentation by employees as to ability and effort imposes costs and inefficiencies on the entrepreneur's chain. Arguing that franchising solves these problems by having the stores managed by persons with claims to the profits, these researchers have, by and large, rejected the capital acquisition argument for franchising in favor of this incentive-based rationale. Within this view, multi-unit franchising presents a curious anomaly. Multi-unit franchising, either through the incremental expansion by the franchisee one unit at a time or through the rights to open multiple units contained in an area development agreement, creates a collection of mini-chains within the franchise system. These mini-chains are operated by employee store-managers. Of course, they are employees of the franchisee, but they are employees nonetheless, and as franchise researchers have traditionally argued regarding the entrepreneur's employees, they will have incentives to misrepresent their ability and effort. Moreover, multi-unit franchising is ubiquitous. If multi-unit franchising is at odds with the incentive rationale for franchising, and it has a positive association with the growth of franchise systems, it must be providing the entrepreneur with some other benefit. In this study, we argue that the benefit it provides is access to capital. Through a study of fast-food franchise systems, we demonstrate that the more a chain engages in multi-unit franchising (i.e., the greater the proportion of multi-unit franchisees it has), the faster it grows, even faster than franchise systems generally. Moreover, we show that the level of commitment franchisors feel toward continuing to franchise is negatively related to the average number of units per franchisee and negatively related to their ability to obtain financial capital elsewhere. In other words, although multi-unit franchising helps an entrepreneur grow his or her business by providing increased access to capital, store level incentive problems get increasingly troublesome as franchisees get more and more units. It would appear, therefore, that capital acquisition is a relevant reason for engaging in franchising after all.
Transient effects in natural convection cooling of vertical parallel plates

Abstract This work presents results from a numerical study of transient natural convection between vertical parallel plates. Two boundary conditions – uniform wall temperature and uniform heat flux – are considered. Results presented include the rate of heat transfer for uniform wall temperature and the maximum wall temperature for uniform heat flux. Also presented are simple correlations to calculate the minimum heat transfer and the maximum wall temperature during the transient period. It is found that for uniform wall temperature the ratio of the minimum heat transfer to the steady state heat transfer decreases with length of the channel, and for uniform heat flux the maximum transient temperature has a maximum of about 9% over the steady state temperature.
Towards an Ontology-based Persona-driven Requirements and Knowledge Engineering

Abstract This paper presents the development of ontologies for OntoPersonaURM, an Ontology-Based Persona-Driven User Requirements Modeling model, with goal of providing insights into the construction of ontologies for explicit specifications of the concept of persona in representing users’ knowledge and characteristics, and the concepts of viewpoints, goals, scenarios, tasks, and requirements for Web application domain. OntoPersonaURM is composed of three interrelated ontologies: Persona Ontology, Behavioral-GST (Behavioral-Goal-Scenario-Task) Ontology, and Requirements Ontology. The objectives are to examine 1) how the concept of persona, in the context of the concepts of viewpoint, goal, scenario, task, and requirement, may be integrated in a unified environment and 2) how the concepts and their relationships may be specified ontologically. The explicit specifications of concepts and their relationships in the developed ontologies serve to establish a knowledge repository and foster common understanding of users’ needs and behaviors among developers and stakeholders during the requirements analysis and modeling activity. We provide a running example of a university course registration web application domain to demonstrate the OntoPersonaURM model, consisting of UML class diagrams and explicit specifications of the concepts of the ontologies in the Protege-Frames ontology knowledge management environment.
The effect of erodent particle characteristics on the erosion of metals

Abstract The effects of several particle variables on the erosivity of particle streams were determined. They included shape, mass, size impact velocity and feed rate. Tests were carried out at room temperature on 1018 steel using spherical glass beads and angular SiC, neither of which shattered upon impact. The ranges of the test variables, particularly the particle velocities, used in the investigation were considerably different from those reported in the literature. It was determined that the particle size effect was different for spherical and angular particles. The angular particles were much more erosive than the spherical particles. Lower feed rates caused more mass loss than higher feed rates when tests with large differences in the feed rate were compared.
Is the Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Cognition a Placebo Effect

A number of studies and meta-analyses conclude that aerobic fitness (walking) interventions improve cognition. Such interventions typically compare improvements from these interventions to an active control group in which participants engage in non-aerobic activities (typically stretching and toning) for an equivalent amount of time. However, in the absence of a double-blind design, the presence of an active control group does not necessarily control for placebo effects; participants might expect different amounts of improvement for the treatment and control interventions [1]. We conducted a large survey to explore whether people expect greater cognitive benefits from an aerobic exercise intervention compared to a control intervention. If participants expect greater improvement following aerobic exercise, then the benefits of such interventions might be due in part to a placebo effect. In general, expectations did not differ between aerobic and non-aerobic interventions. If anything, some of the results suggest the opposite (e.g., respondents expected the control, non-aerobic intervention to yield bigger memory gains). These results provide the first evidence that cognitive improvements following aerobic fitness training are not due to differential expectations.
On the flexibility of toroidal embeddings

Two embeddings @J"1 and @J"2 of a graph G in a surface @S are equivalent if there is a homeomorphism of @S to itself carrying @J"1 to @J"2. In this paper, we classify the flexibility of embeddings in the torus with representativity at least 4. We show that if a 3-connected graph G has an embedding @J in the torus with representativity at least 4, then one of the following holds:(i)@J is the unique embedding of G in the torus; (ii)G has three nonequivalent embeddings in the torus, G is the 4-cube Q"4 (or C"4xC"4), and each embedding of G forms a 4-by-4 toroidal grid; (iii)G has two nonequivalent embeddings in the torus, and G can be obtained from a toroidal 4-by-4 grid (faces are 2-colored) by splitting i(i=<16) vertices along one-colored faces and replacing j(j=<16) other colored faces with planar patches.
Genome-wide expression analysis identifies a modulator of ionizing radiation-induced p53-independent apoptosis in Drosophila melanogaster

Tumor suppressor p53 plays a key role in DNA damage responses in metazoa, yet more than half of human tumors show p53 deficiencies. Therefore, understanding how therapeutic genotoxins such as ionizing radiation (IR) can elicit DNA damage responses in a p53-independent manner is of clinical importance. Drosophila has been a good model to study the effects of IR because DNA damage responses as well as underlying genes are conserved in this model, and because streamlined gene families make loss-of-function analyses feasible. Indeed, Drosophila is the only genetically tractable model for IR-induced, p53-independent apoptosis and for tissue regeneration and homeostasis after radiation damage. While these phenomenon occur only in the larvae, all genome-wide gene expression analyses after irradiation to date have been in embryos. We report here the first analysis of IR-induced, genome-wide gene expression changes in wild type and p53 mutant Drosophila larvae. Key data from microarrays were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR. The results solidify the central role of p53 in IR-induced transcriptome changes, but also show that nearly all changes are made of both p53-dependent and p53-independent components. p53 is found to be necessary not just for the induction of but also for the repression of transcript levels for many genes in response to IR. Furthermore, Functional analysis of one of the top-changing genes, EF1a-100E, implicates it in repression of IR-induced p53-independent apoptosis. These and other results support the emerging notion that there is not a single dominant mechanism but that both positive and negative inputs collaborate to induce p53-independent apoptosis in response to IR in Drosophila larvae.
Production of Star-grazing and Star-impacting Planetesimals via Orbital Migration of Extrasolar Planets

During the orbital migration of a giant extrasolar planet via ejection of planetesimals (as studied by Murray et al. in 1998), inner mean-motion resonances can be strong enough to cause planetesimals to graze or impact the star. We integrate numerically the motions of particles which pass through the 3:1 or 4:1 mean-motion resonances of a migrating Jupiter-mass planet. We find that many particles can be trapped in the 3:1 or 4:1 resonances and pumped to high enough eccentricities that they impact the star. This implies that for a planet migrating a substantial fraction of its semimajor axis, a fraction of its mass in planetesimals could impact the star. This process may be capable of enriching the metallicity of the star at a time when the star is no longer fully convective. Upon close approaches to the star, the surfaces of these planetesimals will be sublimated. Orbital migration should cause continuing production of evaporating bodies, suggesting that this process should be detectable with searches for transient absorption lines in young stars. The remainder of the particles will not impact the star but can be ejected subsequently by the planet as it migrates further inward. This allows the planet to migrate a substantial fraction of its initial semimajor axis by ejecting planetesimals.
SV40 small t antigen enhances the transformation activity of limiting concentrations of SV40 large T antigen

A murine recombinant Neo(r) retrovirus encoding the SV40 small t antigen was used to infect Balb/c 3T3 CIA31 cells. From analyses of G418-resistant clones containing at least as much intact t as Cos-1 cells, we found that t, alone, had no detectable A31 transforming activity. In contrast, we noted that SV40 large T promoted A31 agar colony formation when present over a 5- to 7.5-fold concentration range. However, at the low end of the spectrum, its transforming effect was manifest inefficiently except in the presence of t. Thus a major role for t in the SV40 transforming mechanism is to enhance directly or indirectly the transforming function of T.
Magnetospherically trapped ions as a source of magnetosheath energetic ions

It has been suggested that energetic ions observed in the magnetosheath may be due to the direct leakage of trapped magnetospheric ions. To test this hypothesis, three-dimensional ion spectra from the energetic particle experiment on ISEE 1 for a magnetopause crossing on Nov. 10, 1977 are utilized to construct three-dimensional distribution functions in the magnetosphere and in the sheath. Using the observed magnetic field, a simple one-dimensional model of the magnetopause is developed. Ions are then followed in the model, starting in the magnetosphere, through the magnetopause and ending up in the sheath. Using Liouville's Theorem a model sheath distribution function is then built up by following the magnetospheric distribution function through the model fields. The model distribution is then compared with the observed sheath distribution. For this case it is found that the main features of the observed ions in the sheath are consistent with direct leakage and with no energization or de-energization processes, and an inward-pointing normal component is required. The energetic particles mapped in this case apparently follow a flux tube which does not penetrate the magnetopause where local tangential electric fields have been reported.
A cyber forensics ontology: Creating a new approach to studying cyber forensics

The field of cyber forensics, still in its infancy, possesses a strong need for direction and definition. Areas of specialty within a professional environment, certifications, and/or curriculum development are still questioned. With the continued need to standardize parts of the field, methodologies need to be created that will allow for uniformity and direction. This paper focuses on creating an ontological for the purpose of finding the correct layers for specialization, certification, and education within the cyber forensics domain. There is very little information available on this topic and what is present, seems to be somewhat varied. This underscores the importance of creating a method for defining the correct levels of education, certification and specialization. This ontology can also be used to develop curriculum and educational materials. This paper is meant to spark discussion and further research into the topic.
Differences between Chest Pain Observation Service Patients and Admitted “Rule-out Myocardial Infarction” Patients

Objective: To compare and contrast the patient characteristics of ED patients at low risk for acute cardiac ischemia who were assigned to a chest pain observation service vs those admitted to a monitored inpatient bed for “rule-out acute myocardial infarction” (R/O MI). Methods: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional comparison of adult patients considered at relatively low risk for cardiac ischemia and who were evaluated in 1 of 2 settings: a short-term observation service and an inpatient monitored bed. All patients had an ED final diagnosis of “chest pain,” “R/O MI,” or “unstable angina” during the 7-month study period. Demographic features and presenting clinical features were examined as a function of site of patient evaluation. Results: Of 531 study patients, 265 (50%) were assigned to the observation service. Younger age (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.26, 2.44, for each decrement of 20 years), the complaint of “chest pain” (OR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.34, 4.12), and the absence of prior known coronary artery disease (OR = 1.64, 95% CI 1.13, 2.38) were the principal independent factors associated with assignment to a chest pain observation service bed. Conclusions: Patients evaluated in a chest pain observation service appear to have different clinical characteristics than other individuals admitted to a monitored inpatient bed for “R/O MI.” Investigators should address differences in clinical characteristics when making outcome comparisons between these 2 patient groups.
Estradiol increases Pet-1 and serotonin transporter mRNA in the midbrain raphe nuclei of ovariectomized rats

Abstract Previous research has shown that estradiol increases the anorexia associated with serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. To examine further the putative relationship between estradiol and 5-HT, we investigated whether estradiol increases the expression of Pet-1 and the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), two genes implicated in the development and regulation of the 5-HT system. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats (n = 5–6/group) were treated with 0, 2, or 10 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) in sesame oil on 2 consecutive days. Food intake and body weight were recorded 2 days later when EB-treated rats typically display signs of behavioral estrus (e.g., reduced feeding). Following the collection of behavioral data, rats were perfused, brains were removed, and coronal sections were cut through the midbrain raphe nuclei. Pet-1 and 5-HTT mRNA levels were quantified throughout the dorsal and median raphe nuclei (DRN and MRN) by conducting in situ hybridization on free-floating tissue sections using 35S-labeled cDNA probes. As expected, EB treatment decreased food intake and body weight on the day that modeled estrus. At this same time, EB treatment increased Pet-1 and 5-HTT mRNA levels within the DRN and MRN. We conclude that a physiologically relevant regimen of estradiol treatment in OVX rats increases Pet-1 and 5-HTT mRNA levels in the midbrain raphe nuclei at a time when the anorexigenic effect of estradiol is apparent. Further studies are required to determine whether the increased expression of Pet-1 and 5-HTT mRNA plays a causal role in the anorexigenic effect of estradiol.
A comparison of different enzyme-antibody conjugates for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Abstract Calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP)- and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-linked goat antibody (Ab) conjugates have been prepared by two procedures. One procedure is by glutaraldehyde coupling of the proteins; the other is by intermolecular disulfide bond formation of the appropriately modified proteins. The conjugates, specific for rabbit IgG, were tested for their effectiveness as reagents in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for ragweed antigen E specific rabbit antibody. The CIAP-Ab conjugate prepared by glutaraldehyde coupling and the HRP-Ab conjugate made by disulfide bond formation were equally effective reagents for immunoassay, but the HRP-Ab conjugate obtained by glutaraldehyde coupling was definitely less useful than the other two conjugates. The assay procedure utilized an antigen E coupled paper disc as the immunosorbent and it was sensitive in the range of 0.5–100 ng per test. Inhibition of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used as a sensitive technique for measuring antigenic activity of antigen E or its derivatives.
A Decade of SCM Literature: Past, Present and Future Implications

This study covers a decade of academic research in the Supply Chain Management (SCM) field, offering an in-depth analytical review focused on the existing trends and gaps in the supply chain literature. Nine academic journals were investigated and a subject categorization is developed for SCM research. A content analysis was then conducted on 405 articles, focusing on the categories covered within the SCM literature, various levels of the chain examined and sample populations and industries studied, as well as the research methods employed. Finally, a conceptual framework of the most highly researched categories in SCM indicates that there is a need for more research that seeks to understand the nature of multiple links in SCM chains and networks, as opposed to focusing on dyadic and inter-firm relationships.
Two approaches to the computational determination of molecular structure: the torsional angle in tolane and the effect of fluorination on the structure of oxirane

Abstract Two types of structural problems are distinguished in relation to the nature of the quantumchemical methods suitable for their resolution. One problem concerns the chemical conclusions that can be drawn from intercomparison of the structures of a family of related molecules. For such a study, relatively low-level computational methods can be employed, because residual errors for a given structural parameter due to neglect of electron correlation and use of only a mediumsized Hartree-Fock basis set are nearly invariant to minor changes in the rest of the molecule. Such a study is illustrated by a set of structural evaluations of oxirane (ethylene oxide) and of all its possible fluorinated derivatives. The other class of problems consists of situations in which absolute values of structural parameters are required, either because the molecule under study has no close chemical relatives or because the chemically interesting question requires knowledge of the absolute value of one parameter for its resolution. Such a problem is illustrated by a study of the barrier inhibiting torsion about the CC bond of tolane (diphenylacetylene). The structural effects of successive fluorination of oxirane are found to parallel very closely those previously reported for fluorinated cyclopropanes. Even minor effects, such as the greater shortening of a C-F bond when it is cis to another C-F group compared to the shortening when it is in a trans configuration, are reproduced. The large-scale calculations on tolane, C 6 K 5 -CC-C 6 H 5 , made using a 6-311G ∗∗ basis set and MP2 treatment of electron correlation would have exceeded the storage capacity of our Cray computer without use of a new “direct correlation” method which makes unnecessary the storage of two-electron integrals over atomic basis functions. The equilibrium geometry of tolane is found to have the two phenyl rings coplanar. A barrier of 0.64 kcal mol −1 is found at the energy maximum at a torsional angle of 90 °.
An acid–base adjustable pseudocryptand-type [2]pseudorotaxane based on a bis(meta-phenylene)-32-crown-10 derivative and paraquat

Abstract A pseudocryptand-type [2]pseudorotaxane was formed via the self-assembly of a dipyridyl bis( meta -phenylene)-32-crown-10 (BMP32C10) derivative and a paraquat derivative. Due to the basicity of the pyridyl group, which forms the third pseudo-bridge of the pseudocryptand, this pseudorotaxane possesses two finite acid–base adjustable association constants.
Image processing projects for introductory students

Two image processing projects are presented for introductory students that require only minimal computer facilities. The first produces a binary (black or white pixel) image and introduces signal processing concepts. The second project extends these ideas to the production of a grey level image.
Maximum Principal Strains in the Glenohumeral Capsule During a Clinical Exam: A Validated Finite Element Model

The shoulder is the most frequently dislocated joint in the body, with 80% of dislocations occurring in the anterior direction [1]. One of the primary contributors to anterior shoulder stability is the glenohumeral capsule. Up to 23% of repaired shoulders redislocate following arthroscopic surgical techniques [2], and the function of the capsule in response to external loading remains unclear. Information on the strain distribution throughout the capsule during joint motion can help lead to more effective pre- and post-surgical diagnostics for capsular pathologies. One common diagnostic examination is the apprehension test, in which anterior loading is applied to the humerus at 60° of glenohumeral abduction with varying amounts of external rotation. The inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL), composed of three regions, the anterior band (AB-IGHL), axillary pouch, and posterior band (PB-IGHL), has been shown to be the primary region of the capsule to provide stability in this joint position [3]. The objective of this study was to determine the maximum principal strains in each region of the IGHL during an apprehension test at 0, 30, and 60° of external rotation, using a validated subject-specific model of the glenohumeral joint. The strain distribution may help elucidate the function of these regions in providing stability and transferring load between the humerus and scapula.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Similarity and Equivalence of Nutating Mechanisms to Bevel Epicyclic Gear Trains

This paper addresses similarities between various nutating or wobbling mechanisms, especially kinematic similarities. A case is made for the generalization of several mechanisms into a mechanism “class” having common kinematic characteristics. This mechanism class is shown to be typified by bevel epicyclic gear trains. It is proposed that not only kinematic analysis, but static-force, power-flow, and efficiency analyses of mechanisms belonging to this “class” can be simplified by modeling them as bevel-gear trains. Simplified kinematic, force, and efficiency analyses are demonstrated for a novel wobbling speed reducer using this concept of “equivalent” geared mechanisms. The reduction in complexity of these analyses is the main motivation for this work.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Crystal structure of the catalytic trimer of Methanococcus jannaschii aspartate transcarbamoylase

The catalytic trimer of Methanococcus jannaschii aspartate transcarbamoylase is extremely heat stable, maintaining 75% of its activity after heat treatment for 60 min at 75°C. We undertook its structural analysis in order to understand the molecular basis of its thermostability and gain insight on how its catalytic function adapts to high temperature. Several structural elements potentially contributing to thermostability were identified. These include: (i) changes in the amino acid composition such as a decrease in the thermolabile residues Gln and Asn, an increase in the charged residues Lys and Glu, an increase in Tyr and a decrease in Ala residues; (ii) a larger number of salt bridges, in particular, the improvement of ion-pair networks; (iii) shortening of the N-terminus and shortening of three loops. An interesting feature of the crystal structure is the association of two crystallographically independent catalytic subunits into a staggered complex with an intertrimer distance of 33.8 A. The active site appears similar to Escherichia coli. Upon substrate binding, smaller changes in the global orientation of domains and larger conformational changes of the active site residues are expected as compared to E. coli. Proteins 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
4-Hydroxynonenal inhibits cell proliferation and alters differentiation pathways in human fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells.

During fetal development, the liver serves as the primary hematopoietic organ in which hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) comprise a large proportion of hepatic cell populations. Because HSC are capable of initiating long-term hematopoiesis, injury to these cells may have ramifications with regard to the etiology of blood-borne diseases. In the current study, we examined the effects of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a mutagenic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde that can be produced in utero, on HSC proliferation, differentiation, viability and apoptosis. Exposure of HSC to acute single doses of 4-HNE as low as 1 nM inhibited HSC proliferation. Because 4-HNE rapidly disappears from culture media, a multiple dosing regime was also employed to approximate short-term steady state 4-HNE concentrations relevant to physiological oxidative stress. 4-Hydroxynonenal steady state concentrations as low as 1 μM altered HSC differentiation pathways, but did not affect apoptosis or cause cell death. In contrast, exposure to steady state 5 μM 4-HNE elicited a loss in viability, and increased the rate of apoptosis in total HSC populations. Collectively, our data indicate that cellular levels of 4-HNE associated with a low level of oxidative stress cause a loss of proliferation and viability and alter differentiation pathways in human fetal HSC.