cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A LIGHT AIRCRAFT AS A LOW-FREQUENCY SOUND SOURCE FOR ACOUSTICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

The sound from a propeller-driven aircraft is largely generated by the propeller itself. Its acoustic signature consists of a series of harmonics, the lowest of which, the fundamental, is typically in the region of 100 Hz, with the higher harmonics appearing at multiples of the fundamental. Experiments have recently been conducted off the coast of southern California, using several different types of single-engine, light aircraft, which show that the first 10 or so propeller harmonics are detectable not in the atmosphere, in the water column and also on sensors buried to a depth of about 1 m in the seabed. The Doppler-shifted comb of frequencies produced by an aircraft propeller is the basis of a recently developed technique for making point measurements of the low-frequency sound speed and attenuation in marine sediments
Lung alveolar cell cytosomes: a consideration of their significance.

An ultrastructural comparison of mammalian, reptilian, and amphibian lung alveolar cells, and avian lung atrial cells reveals that morphologically similar cytoplasmic bodies (cytosomes) occur in these cells. The cytosomes, which appear generally as osmiophilic, lamellae-containing, membrane-bound, round bodies 0.3 to 0.5 μ in diameter, are also similar to bodies occurring in epithelial cells of both physoclistous and physostomatous swimbladders of fishes. Because the function of both lung alveolar and swimbladder epithelial cells is gas-handling, the possibility is raised that the morphologically similar lamellae-containing bodies of these vertebrate cells are functionally identical. One function, suggested by other investigators, is that, in mammalian lungs, these bodies supply a surface-tension lowering material (surfactant). Because several assumptions concerning this proposed function remain unproved, an alternative proposal is speculatively explored. The suggestion is offered that cytosomes contain an antioxidant needed to protect alveolar and swimbladder cells against the toxic effects of the relatively high concentration of oxygen to which these cells are exposed.
Controlling gold nanoclusters by diphospine ligands.

We report the synthesis and structure determination of a new Au22 nanocluster coordinated by six bidentate diphosphine ligands: 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino) octane (L8 for short). Single crystal X-ray crystallography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry show that the cluster assembly is neutral and can be formulated as Au22(L8)6. The Au22 core consists of two Au11 units clipped together by four L8 ligands, while the additional two ligands coordinate to each Au11 unit in a bidentate fashion. Eight gold atoms at the interface of the two Au11 units are not coordinated by any ligands. Four short gold–gold distances (2.64–2.65 A) are observed at the interface of the two Au11 clusters as a result of the clamping force of the four clipping ligands and strong electronic interactions. The eight uncoordinated surface gold atoms in the Au22(L8)6 nanocluster are unprecedented in atom-precise gold nanoparticles and can be considered as potential in situ active sites for catalysis.
2D coarsening in phase-separated polymer solutions: Dependence on distance from criticality.

Polymer solutions of various compositions have been phase separated in two dimensions in order to monitor the growth rate of the domain size $d$ associated with coarsening in restricted dimensions. For off-critical solutions, $d$ grows approximately as ${t}^{1/3}$, consistent with theory. For near-critical solutions, $d$ grows approximately as ${t}^{1/3}$ at early times, followed by a crossover to a rate that is consistent with the ${t}^{2/3}$ growth rate reported in some numerical studies. The early-time coarsening of critical solutions is dominated by critical wetting and a highly bimodal size distribution, making measurements of $d$ difficult to obtain.
Theory and practice converge: a proposed set of corporate communication principles

Purpose – To report on empirical research which tested the use and value of ten specific characteristics of communication, the principles of authentic communication, and based on the findings, to recommend them as corporate communication best practices.Design/methodology/approach – The principles of authentic communication were grounded in both professional and academic literature to establish their applicability in corporate communication and their role in cultivating symmetrical communication. A survey was mailed to large US water utilities to determine various aspects of their communication programs. Analyses were conducted using SPSS.Findings – Data analyses showed that all ten principles of authentic communication were correlated with communication success.Research limitations/implications – Limitations of the study include a fairly low response rate and the self reporting of success. Suggestions for further research are testing the principles with larger samples, in different industries, and/or in a...
Determination of multiphoton absorption of silk fibroin using the Z-scan technique

The multiphoton absorption of silk fibroin at 810 nm was determined by open-aperture Z-scan. Three-photon absorption was confirmed at this wavelength and the three-photon cross section of silk fibroin was measured. Silk fibroin of varying molecular weight was tested and the cross section was found to increase exponentially with increasing molecular weight. The confirmation of a relatively large three-photon absorption cross section in silk will help lay the groundwork for future investigation of direct laser writing of three-dimensional structures within a silk matrix.
Costochondritis mimicking a pulmonary nodule on FDG positron emission tomographic imaging.

An F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic (FDG PET) scan in a 59-year-old woman showed intense focal FDG uptake in the anterior right upper lobe, initially thought to represent a malignant lung nodule. However, a computed tomographic (CT) scan did not show a nodule in this area. Instead, findings of the CT scan were consistent with costochondritis in the area of FDG uptake. Clinical examination revealed tenderness in this area, and the patient was thought to have costochondritis. Costochondritis on an FDG-PET scan can cause focal uptake, which can be difficult to distinguish from a lung nodule. Close correlation with CT can help make the diagnosis.
Enhancing Civil Engineering Education Through Case Studies

The civil engineering profession is characterized by multifaceted, interdisciplinary problems requiring teams comprised of diverse members including technical specialists, designers, and constructors. Unique attributes including location, regulatory agencies, and owner preferences require architecture-engineering-construction (AEC) teams to cooperate throughout the design-build process to ensure that all specifications are satisfied. In contrast, civil engineering education is characterized by disciplinary boundaries which minimize opportunities for civil engineering students to interact with students from architecture or other related disciplines. This paper introduces one approach, currently being implemented at the Georgia Institute of Technology, to reduce these boundaries through the introduction of an interdisciplinary course focusing on the development of civil engineering case studies. Additionally, the paper presents an effort to introduce precollege students to the civil engineering profession through the use of the developed case studies.
Reduction and oxidation of hydroperoxo rhodium(III) complexes by halides and hypobromous acid.

Oxygen atom transfer from trans-L(H(2)O)RhOOH(2+) [L = [14]aneN(4) (L(1)), meso-Me(6)[14]aneN(4) (L(2)), and (NH(3))(4)] to iodide takes place according to the rate law -d[L(H(2)O)RhOOH(2+)]/dt = k(I)[L(H(2)O)RhOOH(2+)][I(-)][H(+)]. At 0.10 M ionic strength and 25 degrees C, the rate constant k(I)/M(-)(2) s(-)(1) has values of 8.8 x 10(3) [L = (NH(3))(4)], 536 (L(1)), and 530 (L(2)). The final products are LRh(H(2)O)(2)(3+) and I(2)/I(3)(-). The (NH(3))(4)(H(2)O)RhOOH(2+)/Br(-) reaction also exhibits mixed third-order kinetics with k(Br) approximately 1.8 M(-)(2) s(-)(1) at high concentrations of acid (close to 1 M) and bromide (close to 0.1 M) and an ionic strength of 1.0 M. Under these conditions, Br(2)/Br(3)(-) is produced in stoichiometric amounts. As the concentrations of acid and bromide decrease, the reaction begins to generate O(2) at the expense of Br(2), until the limit at which [H(+)] 2(NH(3))(4)(H(2)O)RhOH(2+) + O(2); i.e., the reaction has turned into the bromide-catalyzed disproportionation of coordinated hydroperoxide. In the proposed mechanism, the hydrolysis of the initially formed Br(2) produces HOBr, the active oxidant for the second equivalent of (NH(3))(4)(H(2)O)RhOOH(2+). The rate constant k(HOBr) for the HOBr/(NH(3))(4)(H(2)O)RhOOH(2+) reaction is 2.9 x 10(8) M(-)(1) s(-)(1).
The Dark Side of Self-Affirmation: Confirmation Bias and Illusory Correlation in Response to Threatening Information

The effect of self-affirmation on reasoning biases was explored. After participants wrote about a value that was important to them (self-affirmation) or a value that was not important to them (no affirmation), they tested a hypothesis using a task commonly used to study the confirmation bias (Study 1) and assessed correlation from data presented in a 2 x 2 frequency table (Study 2). In both tasks, participants assessed the validity of a hypothesis that had either threatening or nonthreatening implications for their self-concepts. Nonaffirmed participants who tested threatening hypotheses exhibited the confirmation bias less frequently (Study 1) and assessed correlation more accurately (Study 2) than self-affirmed participants or participants who tested nonthreatening hypotheses. Results support models of motivated reasoning that propose that information processing is altered in response to threatening information. By ameliorating the threat, self-affirmations can elicit less effective reasoning strategies.
N,N-disubstituted n-aliphatic amides as repellents for four cockroach species.

Eight of 48 N,N -disubstituted n -aliphatic amides were very effective repellents in laboratory tests against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), the American cockroach, Pertplaneta americana (L.), the brownbanded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.), and the Oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis L. N,N -Diethylnonanamide gave 100% repellency against all 4 species.
An improved kernel size for rotation distance in binary trees

Kernelization is one technique for studying intractable problems. By pre-processing a problem instance, and converting it into an equivalent smaller instance, one can substantially lower the time needed to obtain a solution. Cleary and St. John first established the fixed-parameter tractability of the problem of determining whether two binary trees are within a distance of k rotations of each other. They showed that the original two trees can be reduced to an equivalent pair of trees each containing at most 5k nodes. In this paper we show an improved bound on the size of the kernel. Using the equivalence of binary trees and convex polygon triangulations, we show that the kernel size is bounded by 2k.
All ErbB Receptors Other Than the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Are Endocytosis Impaired (

Four transmembrane tyrosine kinases constitute the ErbB receptor family: the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, ErbB-2, ErbB-3, and ErbB-4. We have measured the endocytic capacities of all four members of the EGF receptor family, including ErbB-3 and ErbB-4, which have not been described previously. EGF-responsive chimeric receptors containing the EGF receptor extracellular domain and different ErbB cytoplasmic domains (EGFR/ErbB) have been employed. The capacity of these growth factor-receptor complexes to mediate 125I-EGF internalization, receptor down-regulation, receptor degradation, and receptor co-immunoprecipitation with AP-2 was assayed. In contrast to the EGF receptor, all EGFR/ErbB receptors show impaired ligand-induced rapid internalization, down-regulation, degradation, and AP-2 association. Also, we have analyzed the heregulin-responsive wild-type ErbB-4 receptor, which does not mediate the rapid internalization of 125I-heregulin, demonstrates no heregulin-regulated receptor degradation, and fails to form association complexes with AP-2. Despite the substantial differences in ligand-induced receptor trafficking between the EGF and ErbB-4 receptors, EGF and heregulin have equivalent capacities to stimulate DNA synthesis in quiescent cells. These results show that the ligand-dependent down-regulation mechanism of the EGF receptor, surprisingly, is not a property of any other known ErbB receptor family member. Since endocytosis is thought to be an attenuation mechanism for growth factor-receptor complexes, these data imply that substantial differences in attenuation mechanisms exist within one family of structurally related receptors.
Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) Suppresses Antibody Formation in Spleen Cells Following Oral Exposures of Mice

Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene (DBC) is a potent environmental carcinogen in rodents, fish, and human cells examined in culture. There are numerous similarities between the patterns of cytochrome P-450 (P450) activation of DBC and its covalent binding to DNA and proteins with another polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Our lab has previously shown that DMBA produces immunosuppression in rodents and human cell systems. Therefore, the purpose of these studies was to examine the immunotoxicity of DBC in a rodent model that was found to be sensitive to the immunosuppressive effects of DMBA. Data showed that DBC had similar potency to DMBA in producing suppression of a T-dependent antibody response (TDAR) and altered spleen cell subsets in a similar manner as DMBA when DMBA was given by gavage for 5 d in corn oil to mice at doses of 1–100 mg/kg total cumulative doses. T-cell-independent antigen (TNP-Ficoll) responses were quantitatively less sensitive to DBC suppression. It wa...
Variations in Endogenous Gibberellins in Developing Bean Seeds II. Changes Induced in Acidic and Neutral Fractions by GA1

Immature (8-mm), medium mature (11-mm), and mature green (16- and 17-mm) bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Kentucky Wonder and Bountiful) were incubated in gibberellin A1 solutions for 24 hours at 20°. Extracts from the seeds were separated into nonacidic, acidic ethyl acetate, and acidic butanol fractions. These were chromatographed. The eluates of the chromatograms were tested on Progress No. 9 dwarf peas grown under red light. The level of neutral gibberellin-like substances remained unchanged in immature seed, but they increased markedly in mature green seeds. Coincident with increased levels of the neutral substances, there were significant decreases in acidic ethyl acetate-soluble gibberellin-like substances, including applied GA1, and in 1 acidic butanol-soluble gibberellin-like substance. Seed incubation in GA1 brought about increased activity of substance B-II in immature and medium mature seeds. The level of butanol-soluble gibberellin-like substance B-I in seeds of any size was not affected by incubation in GA1. Considering the marked increases in activity induced in the neutral fraction and the decreases in activity of certain eluates from the chromatograms of the acidic fractions, it was concluded that the neutral fraction may serve as a reserve form of gibberellins in the dry seed. The acidic ethyl acetate substances and substance B-II may be required for normal development of the bean seed.
Mechanism of pion double charge exchange at T π =292 MeV

At 5/sup 0/ and 292 MeV, the A dependence of pion-induced double-charge-exchange cross sections on T = 1 targets differs significantly from the A/sup -10/3/ behavior expected theoretically. The addition of a second process, whose cross section varies as A/sup -4/3/, provides a good fit to the data. The resulting two-amplitude model predicts cross sections for heavier (T>1) nuclei that are in agreement with experiment.
Use DB2 optimization techniques to get and maintain a good query execution plan

The DB2 optimization profile is often used as a work around to get a required query execution plan when the DB2 optimizer failed to produce a good plan. However users often find it challenging to use. Part of the reason is documentation has been focused on the command line processor (CLP). It lacks coverage with concrete examples on profile usage in applications, like Java and SQL procedure, which are more widely used.
Modeling Sustainability of Complex Systems: A Multi-Scale Framework Using SysML

In this paper, we propose a framework to design and analyze sustainability within complex multi-scale systems. Systems that have large variability in temporal and spatial resolution are common in lifecycle analyses and sustainability studies. Unlike traditional problems in systems engineering, these systems are composed of numerous interacting layers, each intricate enough to be a complete system on its own. In addition, the goal of achieving an economically and environmentally sustainable system introduces new elements to the problem domain. To manage this complexity, the suggested methodology focuses on integrating existing modeling constructs in a transparent manner, and capturing structural and functional relationships for efficient model reuse. The Systems Modeling Language (OMG SysML™) is used to formally implement the modeling framework. To demonstrate the method, we apply it to a large scale multi-modal transportation network. Analysis of key network parameters such as emissions output, well-to-wheel energy use, and system capacity are presented in a case study of the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Emergency department immunization of the elderly with pneumococcal and influenza vaccines

Study objective: To determine the feasibility of immunizing unvaccinated elderly patients with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in the emergency department. Participants and setting: A convenience sample of elderly patients presenting to an urban university-affiliated ED. Design and interventions: Elderly ED patients were asked about prior influenza and pneumococcal immunization. Nonimmunized patients were given information sheets, were informed of the charges for vaccination, and were asked if they desired immunization as part of their ED care. Those desiring immunization who lacked contraindications were immunized. Results: One hundred thirty-three patients were enrolled. Eighty-two percent had not been immunized with pneumococcal vaccine; 62% of these nonimmunized patients stated they desired pneumococcal vaccination, and 58% were immunized. Sixty-three percent of the 133 patients had not received current influenza vaccine; 54% of these nonimmunized patients stated they desired influenza vaccine, and 50% were immunized. Conclusion: The majority of elderly ED patients are not immunized adequately with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most elderly patients will accept immunization with these vaccines as part of their ED care. These vaccines can be delivered effectively to elderly patients in the ED.
Bench‐Scale Evaluation of a Micro‐Computer Automated Algal Turbidostat

A bench-scale, micro-computer automated algal turbidostat was constructed and its production and culture maintenance capabilities were evaluated. The computer program “Supervisor,” written in Turbo Pascal, consisted of a series of functions and procedures integrated through a core program consisting of a: 1) stack; 2) bubble sort routine; and 3) supervisor procedure. The program controlled the daily routine procedures including harvesting, feeding, monitoring and a semimonthly disinfection process. Data received from the monitoring devices were used by the computer for decision making processes concerning changes in operation. In addition to reducing labor, continuous computer monitoring insured more reliable system operation. The system operated successfully for five months, reliably producing Chlorella minutissima. For each harvesting event, the percent volume removed from each chamber depended on the solar cell reading recorded immediately before the harvest cycle began. Significant correlations between millivolts and algal biomass concentrations allowed the use of solar cells as a reliable and inexpensive method of culture density management. Kinetic studies using Chlorella minutissima resulted in a maximum biomass concentration of approximately 190 g/m3 and an average specific growth rate of 0.66/d. Experimental data combined with a first order computer analysis projected a daily harvest of 82 g/m3/d (dry weight) based on a 38% turnover rate, the average observed harvest rate for the three chambers.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound Injury in Preterm Infants With Seizures

Although the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a universal screening tool in preterm infants has been contested, it is increasingly used to investigate neonatal seizures. The authors evaluated 236 infants <34 weeks' gestation at birth. Seizures were documented according to the clinical standard of care. Infants underwent MRI and head ultrasound during the neonatal period, and a neuroradiologist and ultrasonologist performed detailed reviews of the images. During the hospital course, 9 infants (3.8%) had clinical suspicion of seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging was abnormal in each case. Periventricular hemorrhagic infarct was more common in infants with seizures. Infants with seizures were more likely to have white matter injury, though the difference was not significant. Head ultrasound failed to detect the extent of brain abnormality in 8 (89%) of the infants. In this large cohort, infants with clinical suspicion of seizures had a high rate of MRI abnormalities that were not as well characterized by head ultrasound. Magnetic resonance imaging may be the study of choice for evaluating preterm infants with seizures.
Durable response of a radiation-induced, high-grade cerebellar glioma to temozolomide

Background Radiation-induced high-grade gliomas are a rare but serious late complication of radiotherapy. We report a patient with radiation-induced cerebellar high-grade glioma who had a durable response to temozolomide.
The Bright Side of Bad Times: : The Affective Advantages of Entering the Workforce in a Recession.

This paper examines whether earning a college or graduate degree in a recession or an economic boom has lasting effects on job satisfaction. Across three studies, well-educated graduates who entere...
The Detection of Anti-Dna and Dna/Anti-Dna Complexes

(1975). The Detection of Anti-Dna and Dna/Anti-Dna Complexes. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology: Vol. 4, No. sup11, pp. 7-11.
The Optical Identification of Close White Dwarf Binaries in the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna Era

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is expected to detect close white dwarf binaries (CWDBs) through their gravitational radiation. Around 3000 binaries will be spectrally resolved at frequencies greater than 3 mHz, and their positions on the sky will be determined to an accuracy ranging from a few tens of arcminutes to a degree or more. Because of the small binary separation, the optical light curves of 30% of these CWDBs are expected to show eclipses, giving a unique signature for identification in follow-up studies of the LISA error boxes. While the precise optical location improves binary parameter determination with LISA data, the optical light curve captures additional physics of the binary, including the individual sizes of the stars in terms of the orbital separation. To optically identify a substantial fraction of CWDBs and thus localize them very accurately, a rapid monitoring campaign is required, capable of imaging a square degree or more in a reasonable time, at intervals of 10-100 s, to magnitudes between 20 and 25. While the detectable fraction can be up to many tens of percent of the total resolved LISA CWDBs, the exact fraction is uncertain because of unknowns related to the WD spatial distribution and potentially interesting physics, such as induced tidal heating of the WDs due to their small orbital separation.
Peace and health in the occupied Palestinian territory

Jimmy Carter 32 years ago, one of my highest priorities as President of the USA was to bring peace to the Middle East. For 13 days, I led intense negotiations between Israel and Egypt, resulting in the Camp David Accords in 1978.1 There were two agreements, ratified by an overwhelming vote of the Israeli Knesset. One was a peace treaty that was signed 6 months later between Egypt and Israel, and which has been meticulously honoured by both sides. The other was a commitment by Israel to withdraw its political and military forces from Palestinian territory and grant the Palestinians full autonomy over their own affairs. This part has been consistently violated. There has been no withdrawal from the West Bank and the Palestinians here and in the Gaza Strip have been increasingly strangled. Therefore the conflict within the occupied Palestinian territory has not abated and, by any objective measure, has worsened since I left office.
Determination of the effective charge of a protein in solution by capillary electrophoresis.

Abstract This paper describes two methods to estimate the effective charge of a protein in solution by capillary electrophoresis and demonstrates these methods by using representative proteins. In one method, a "charge ladder"--a series of derivatives of a protein differing by known increments of charge but differing only minimally in hydrodynamic drag--is generated by covalent modification of the epsilon-amino groups of lysines with 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate or acetic anhydride. In the second method, the equivalent of a charge ladder is produced by noncovalent association of a protein with differently charged ligands. Analysis of the electrophoretic mobilities of the protein and its derivatives as a function of added charge allows the effective charge to be estimated for the unmodified protein. This type of analysis permits estimation of the effective charge of a protein without knowing its composition, structure, or amino acid sequence.
Preschoolers' English vocabulary development: The influence of language proficiency and at-risk factors

Abstract A persistent achievement gap, particularly in language development, exists between English language learners and their peers prior to kindergarten entry (Fuller et al., 2009) and throughout the formal education years (Garcia & Frede, 2010). While language experience is known to contribute to this gap, the impact of additional risk factors, whether indexed cumulatively or individually, is not well understood. This longitudinal study investigates preschool children's (n = 204) patterns of English receptive vocabulary development by the level of English language proficiency designation at preschool entry, as well as by the influence of cumulative and individual risk factors drawn from 29 child, parent, and context variables. Our results show that, although there was positive vocabulary growth for all preschoolers, there was a more adverse impact of cumulative and individual risk for children designated as less versus more English proficient. Implications for policy, practice, and further research are discussed.
Faking Study of Scores on the Self-Perception Inventory

The Self-perception Inventory (SPI) contains 200 true-false items yielding scores on Uncommon Response, Consistency, Self-acmalization, Supervision, Rigidity-Dogmatism, Authoritarianism, Anxiety, Depression, Paranoia, General Adjustment, and General Maladjusunent (Martin, 1968, 1969) . A faking study was conducted with an earlier 70-item form of the SPI containing only six subscales. College Ss ( N = 25) were to fake so as to create the most favorable impressions of themselves. "They were unable to do so with any degree of statistical significance on any of the six subscales" (Martin, 1969, p. 9). -,The present study investigated fakability of the 200-item SPI, using 37 undergraduates and graduate students enrolled in introductory courses in tests and measurements. All completed the SPI anonymously in a regular class meeting, with 17 having instructions to fake "good" (create most favorable impression) and 20 having instructions to fake "bad" (create least favorable impression). These opposed instructions had been placed in alternate test booklets prior to distribution of the booklets to the class. Mann-Whitney U tests were computed to assess the significance of the differences between the means under the opposed instructions. Table 1 presents the basic descriptive data.
KINETIC ANALYSIS OF BLOOD LEVELS AND URINARY EXCRETION IN THE ABSORPTIVE PHASE AFTER SINGLE DOSES OF DRUG.

The use of per cent absorbed versus time plots to elucidate kinetic models for drug absorption is described. The following kinetic models, which are illustrated with experimental data, are considered: absorption by a zero-order process, by two zeroorder processes operating in parallel, by a first-order process, by two parallel firstorder processes, and by simultaneous zero-order and first-order processes.
Evaluation of optimal-guidance algorithm for aeroassisted orbit transfer

In this paper we perform an evaluation of a guidance algorithm for aeroassisted orbit transfer based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions (MAEs). It is shown that, by exploiting the structure of the matched asymptotic expansion solution procedure, the original problem, which requires the solution of a set of 20 implicit algebraic equations, can be reduced to a problem of 6 implicit equations in 6 unknowns. Guidance law implementation entails treating the current state as a new initial state and repetitively solving the MAE problem to obtain the feedback controls.
A 600 GHz imaging radar for concealed objects detection

We present the hardware and the experimental results from a 600 GHz imaging radar with sub-centimeter resolution in all three spatial dimensions. The FMCW radar transceiver is built on a back-end of commercial microwave components - with a front-end of custom designed frequency multipliers and mixers. The optics consists of a 40 cm diameter ellipsoidal primary reflector with a 4 m focal length. The acquired images will be compared with those achieved with a more traditional sub-millimeter wave active imaging technique.
Masturbation in Infancy and Early Childhood Presenting as a Movement Disorder

To the Editor. We read with great interest the recent article by Yang et al “Masturbation in Infancy and Early Childhood Presenting as a Movement Disorder: 12 Cases and a Review of the Literature.”1 Their findings further support the utility of home video recordings of “spells” in assisting evaluation into the nature of suspicious paroxysmal events. Reliance on the clinical history is subjective by nature and often frustrating because the child often appears …
The pathophysiology of enterocutaneous fistulas

The patient with an enterocutaneous fistula represents a high-risk situation with overall mortality rates of up to 20%, depending on the series. Treatment of these patients to a successful outcome requires attention to detail and, if necessary, meticulous operative technique.
Are economists different? An empirical note

Abstract This article examines a game-theoretic approach by Carter and Irons which tests the proposition that “economists” behave differently than “non-economists.” By supplementing an economics experiment among college undergraduates with a survey of the students' previous exposure to economics we lend support to the hypothesis that students who understand basic economic axioms will employ this logic in decision-making processes. However, by controlling for the students' present field of study, we find contrary evidence to the Carter-Irons theory, that the students who grasp the basic economic axioms will self-select economics as a field of study. Despite our improvements to the Carter-Irons test, little additional evidence is provided to determine if economists are born or made.
Consumers' Virtual Product Experiences and Risk Perceptions of Product Performance in the Online Co‐Design Practice: A Case of NIKEiD

This study investigated how online consumers perceive usefulness, ease of use, and enjoyment of an online co-designing practice. This study also examined how the consumers' virtual experiences with customized products related to product performance risk, attitude toward product, and purchase intention online. A Web-based survey was conducted using the stimulus website of NIKEiD. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 137 female college students at a Midwestern university. Findings from structural equation modeling showed online consumers' perceived ease of use of co-designing alleviated product performance risks. Also, the consumers' perceived enjoyment of co-designing increased attitudinal and behavioral responses to customized products. Managerial implications to better utilize the co-designing practice for mass customization and to help online consumers perceive less product performance risk are presented.
Can classical physics give g-factors > 1?

Abstract It has long been held that in flat space-time a classical slowly moving body with a charge density proportional to its mass density has g = 1. In this communication we demonstrate that classical special relativistic physics is sufficient to give g-factors which may exceed unity for such systems.
Kinetics of free-radical polymerization of p-vinylbenzyl methyl ether: Crosslinking by initiator free radicals

Kinetics of polymerization of p-vinylbenzyl methyl ether at low conversion either in bulk or in benzene have been found to be quite similar to those of the unsubstituted monomer styrene. Rates of polymerization initiated by peroxides or α,α′-azobisisobutyronitrile over the temperature range 50–70°C. have been found to be proportional to [Monomer][Initiator]1/2 with an activation energy difference Epropagation – 1/2 Etermination ≈ 6 kcal./mole. Azo initiation leads to essentially unbranched poly(vinyl-benzyl methyl ether) even at very high conversions, whereas initiation of undiluted monomer by diacyl peroxides results in some crosslinking at high conversion. Use of biacetyl as a photoinitiator of polymerization over the temperature range 0–60°C. with either bulk monomer or monomer solutions in benzene has been found in each instance to yield crosslinked, insoluble polymers at low degrees of conversion. Benzene solutions of soluble polymer have been converted to high molecular weight branched polymers by free radicals generated by photolysis of biacetyl, and a substantial preference of methyl free radicals to abstract benzyl hydrogens of poly(p-vinylbenzyl methyl ether) rather than add to solvent benzene has been observed.
The effect of classroom amplification on the signal-to-noise ratio in classrooms while class is in session.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to measure the signal-to-noise ratios in classrooms while class was in session and students were interacting with the teacher and each other. Method Measuremen...
“A van with a bar and a bed”: Ritualized gender norms in the John/Joan case

Through a critical reading of the mass mediated discourse that arose in the wake of the John/Joan or “twins” case, this analysis investigates contemporary iterations of gender performativity, gendered morals and feminism. The author calls for a complication of gender culture and feminism in the public sphere.
Principal components representation of the two-dimensional coronal tongue surface

This paper uses principal components (PC) analysis to represent coronal tongue contours for the 11 vowels of English in two consonant contexts (/s/, /l/), based upon five replicated measurements in three sessions for each of 6 subjects. Curves from multiple sessions and speakers were overlaid before analysis onto a common (x, y) coordinate system by extensive preprocessing of the curves including: extension (padding) or truncation within session, translation, and truncation to a common x range. Four PCs plus a mean level allow accurate representation of coronal tongue curves, but PC shapes depend strongly on the degree of padding or truncation. The PCs successfully reduced the dimensionality of the curves and reflected vowel height, consonant context, and physiological features.
Size distributions of aerosols in an indoor environment with engineered nanoparticle synthesis reactors operating under different scenarios

Size distributions of nanoparticles in the vicinity of synthesis reactors will provide guidelines for safe operation and protection of workers. Nanoparticle concentrations and size distributions were measured in a research academic laboratory environment with two different types of gas-phase synthesis reactors under a variety of operating conditions. The variation of total particle number concentration and size distribution at different distances from the reactor, off-design state of the fume hood, powder handling during recovery, and maintenance of reactors are established. Significant increases in number concentration were observed at all the locations during off-design conditions (i.e., failure of the exhaust system). Clearance of nanoparticles from the work environment was longer under off-design conditions (20 min) compared to that under normal hood operating conditions (4–6 min). While lower particle number concentrations are observed during operation of furnace aerosol reactors in comparison to flame aerosol reactors, the handling, processing, and maintenance operations result in elevated concentrations in the work area.
Comparing basic knowledge in critical care nursing between nurses from the United States and nurses from other countries.

• BACKGROUND No previous research was found that compared basic knowledge in critical care nursing among nurses from different nations. Nurses from outside the United States were invited to participate during reliability testing of the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool, Version 5. • PURPOSE To compare basic knowledge in critical care between nurses from the United States and nurses from other countries and to measure the reliability of the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool, Version 5. • SAMPLE Data were collected for 16 months from 682 critical care nurses: 528 from the United States and 154 from other countries. • RESULTS The Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool, Version 5, was a reliable test for all nurses studied, regardless of country of origin. The level of knowledge of nurses from English-speaking countries other than the United States did not differ from that of nurses from the United States. Scores for nurses from non‐English-speaking nations were lower than scores for nurses from the United States. The largest source of variance in scores among all subjects was the length of experience in critical care nursing. • CONCLUSIONS The Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool, Version 5, is a valid and reliable tool for assessing critical care nurses from the United States and the other countries studied. Critical care nurses from English-speaking countries scored higher than nurses from countries where the primary language is not English. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2003;12:41-46)
Design of Millimeter-Wave CMOS Radios: A Tutorial

This paper deals with the challenges in the design of millimeter-wave CMOS radios and describes circuit and architecture techniques that lead to compact, low-power transceivers. Candidate topologies for building blocks such as low-noise amplifiers, mixers, oscillators, and frequency dividers are presented. Also, a number of radio architectures that relax the generation, division, and distribution of the local oscillator signal are reviewed. Last, integration issues for transmit and receive paths and for multiple beamforming transceivers are addressed.
Replacing Cabinet Ministers: Patterns of Ministerial Stability in Parliamentary Democracies

We examine the stability of individual ministers across parliamentary democracies. Our data show that this stability is only loosely related to the stability of cabinets, making it impossible to rely primarily on arguments about cabinet duration to explain patterns of individual stability. We argue that to explain patterns of individual stability, it is useful to focus on the problems that party leaders have in identifying which individuals have the qualities necessary to do their jobs well. The institutional powers of ministers, coalition attributes, and party-specific variables should affect the uncertainty that party leaders have about which individuals will be successful ministers, on one hand, and the ability of party leaders to replace unsuccessful ministers, on the other. Our empirical tests support these arguments. The analysis therefore has implications for expectations regarding the circumstances under which minister stability should positively or negatively influence the policymaking performance of government.
Propofol inhibits phosphorylation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 subunits in neurons

Background Anesthetics may interact with ionotropic glutamate receptors to produce some of their biologic actions. Cellular studies reveal that the ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), can be phosphorylated on their NR1 subunits at the C-terminal serine residues, which is a major mechanism for the regulation of NMDAR functions. It is currently unknown whether anesthetics have any modulatory effects on NMDAR NR1 subunit phosphorylation. Methods The possible effect of a general anesthetic propofol on phosphorylation of NR1 subunits at serine 897 (pNR1S897) and 896 (pNR1S896) was detected in cultured rat cortical neurons. Results Propofol consistently reduced basal levels of pNR1S897 and pNR1S896 in a concentration-dependent manner. This reduction was rapid as the reliable reduction of pNR1S896 developed 1 min after propofol administration. Pretreatment of cultures with the protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors okadaic acid or calyculin A blocked the effect of propofol on the NR1 phosphorylation, whereas okadaic acid or calyculin A alone did not alter basal pNR1S897 and pNR1S896 levels. In addition, propofol decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of protein phosphatase 2A at tyrosine 307, resulting in an increase in protein phosphatase 2A activity. In the presence of propofol, the NMDAR agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ increase was impaired in neurons with dephosphorylated NR1 subunits. Conclusions Together, these data indicate an inhibitory effect of a general anesthetic propofol on NMDAR NR1 subunit phosphorylation in neurons. This inhibition was mediated through a signaling mechanism involving activation of protein phosphatase 2A.
The Effect of Daily Caffeine Use on Cerebral Blood Flow: How Much Caffeine Can We Tolerate?

Caffeine is a commonly used neurostimulant that also produces cerebral vasoconstriction by antagonizing adenosine receptors. Chronic caffeine use results in an adaptation of the vascular adenosine receptor system presumably to compensate for the vasoconstrictive effects of caffeine. We investigated the effects of caffeine on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in increasing levels of chronic caffeine use. Low (mean = 45 mg/day), moderate (mean = 405 mg/day), and high (mean = 950 mg/day) caffeine users underwent quantitative perfusion magnetic resonance imaging on four separate occasions: twice in a caffeine abstinent state (abstained state) and twice in a caffeinated state following their normal caffeine use (native state). In each state, there were two drug conditions: participants received either caffeine (250 mg) or placebo. Gray matter CBF was tested with repeated-measures analysis of variance using caffeine use as a between-subjects factor, and correlational analyses were conducted between CBF and caffeine use. Caffeine reduced CBF by an average of 27% across both caffeine states. In the abstained placebo condition, moderate and high users had similarly greater CBF than low users; but in the native placebo condition, the high users had a trend towards less CBF than the low and moderate users. Our results suggest a limited ability of the cerebrovascular adenosine system to compensate for high amounts of daily caffeine use.
The influence of precipitation on X-band polarimetric SAR: Results from TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed and terrestrial weather radars

When synthetic aperture radars (SAR) operating above 5 GHz began acquiring data clearly showing attenuation and backscatter from storms in the images, the notion that SAR is truly an “all weather” technology was challenged. With the recent launch of several dual-polarization X-band SAR systems, the capability of characterizing this impact became reality; however, a model to demonstrating SAR observations in precipitation is necessary to accomplish this. Using storm observations by fully polarimetric ground radars and microphysical models of electromagnetic scattering from hydrometeors, a quantitative characterization of the impact of precipitation on high frequency SAR can be created. Model validation is presented using data from two cases: 1. X-SAR storm observations simulated from archived polarimetric S-band ground radar data incorporated with TerraSAR-X acquisitions over central Florida, U.S.A. and 2. dual-polarized C-band ground radar with simultaneous co-polar COSMO-SkyMed X-band SAR channels over northern Italy in June 2010. Given the challenges involved in characterizing the propagation effects, the results demonstrate the model capabilities well.
mRNA in the Mammalian Central Nervous System

Scientists have studied brain molecules for decades, but it is only in the last few years that a consensus field of molecular neurobiology has emerged (cf Cold Spring Harbor Symposium 1983). A significant aspect of molecular neurobiology is tracking the flow of information from genes into proteins, . and that is the topic of this article. Tremendous progress has been made in understanding the structures and biological properties of macromolecules. This is largely due to tech­ nical advances brought about by molecular biologists studying bacterial phage and animal viruses. These advances, which include the following, have made it possible to investigate the structures of genes, RNA tran­ scripts, and proteins with a rapidity and precision far beyond previous technical know-how: the ability to isolate and amplify fragments of inter­ esting DNA by fusing them with bacterial replicons such as plasmids or phage (DNA cloning); the availability of restriction endonucleases for sequence-specific DNA cleavage and hence controlled handling and analy­ sis of cloned DNA fragments; the use of the retroviral enzyme reverse transcriptase for copying RNA molecules into complementary DNA (eDNA),' which is extremely stable compared to chemically labile RNA,
Comparison of Design Requirements Methods for Monitoring Eating Patterns of Seniors in a Smart House

The Smart House technology introduced an intelligent home designed to monitor the health and well being of senior residents unobtrusively. As one of the most important components of the smart house technology, we are developing an online eating-pattern monitoring system to be incorporated into a Smart House. A combination of four needs assessment methods including focus groups, observation, questionnaire and document review was used to gather information from seniors to determine critical design requirements for the system. A framework of information and interface requirements was developed to compare the effectiveness of the four methods used in our needs assessment. All four methods provided useful design recommendations, but each method differed in terms of specification of information and interface requirements. Based on the classification and comparison of methods, other practitioners can determine tradeoffs and select relevant needs assessment methods for their particular application.