cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Further clarification of Sporotrichum species.

When creating the genus Sporot(h)richum, Link (20) described it inadequately and failed to designate a type species. As a result, the genus until recently encompassed an obviously heterogeneous group of mostly unrelated species, no one of which seemed properly and unequivocally to typify the genus. Nees, for example, believed S. badium and S. fulvum best represented the taxon (13, p. 799); however Saccardo designated S. roseum and S. virescens as the most characteristic species (28). Because it was the first species described and the only one illustrated by Link, Dodge also selected S. badium as the type species (13, p. 798). Hughes, however, found S. badium to be a Basidiomycete, and S. virescens the Helicosporium state of Ophionectria cerea (Hypocreales). He designated S. aureum as lectotype for the genus and transferred the remaining species originally described by Link to other taxa (19). Subsequently, Carmichael (9) noted the marked differences between Sporotrichum and Sporothrix Hektoen & Perkins (18, 31), returned S. schenckii to its original position, and reduced several other hyalinespored Sporotrichum species to synonymy with species in Chrysosporium Corda. In an extensive monograph of the genus, Mueller (22-24) demonstrated further synonymies between species in Sporotrichum and in several other genera. He did not, however, accept Carmichael's interpretation of the genus Chrysosporium, or differentiate adequately the genera Sporotrichum and Sporothrix. The present investigation was undertaken to examine Sporotrichum species not included in the above reports, or not yet properly disposed.
A controlled safety study of diindolylmethane in the immature rat model.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural product from cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to be a dietary component that has inhibitory effects on some tumors (e.g., laryngeal papilloma). However, current evidence to support its safety is based on adult humans or mature animals. There is little to show on its safety in children. This study is designed to assess safety in the young rat model. Study Design: Prospective controlled animal study. Methods: Forty rats were separated into four treatment groups of 10 rats each, based on the amount of study drug they received in their daily food: 1) immature rats fed a low dose of DIM, (0.6 mg/kg/day); 2) immature rats fed a high dose of DIM (6.0 mg/kg/day); 3) immature rats fed no DIM (control) ; and 4) adult rats fed a high dose of DIM (6.0 mg/kg/day). At the conclusion of the study we collected blood to compare serum chemistries and vitamin D levels, and harvested organs to observe for any gross or histological changes among the groups. Statistical methods involved one-way analysis of variance and pairwise comparisons with Tukey multiple comparison adjustment. Results: Although our numbers do not allow for statistical significance, there was no appreciable difference in rat weights among the immature groups, nor was there appreciable difference in serum chemistries, or gross or histological examination of liver, kidney, and bone. Conclusions: Diindolylmethane seems to have no adverse affects on the rat even when given in doses 3× what we propose to therapeutic. This adds evidence to the safety of this drug in the pediatric population as a treatment option for recurrent respiratory papilloma.
Escape of TA3 tumors from allogeneic immune rejection: theory and experiments†

A factor promoting tumor growth in allogeneic mice was found in the ascites fluid of TA3-Ha tumor-bearing mice. Preliminary attempts to isolate this factor resulted in a preparation (P3), devoid of free immunoglobulins or serum proteins, which had enhanced action in promoting tumor growth in vivo. Electron microscopy showed that the P3 preparation is of membranous origin. Biochemical assays for membrane marker enzymes were positive. 5′ -Nucleotidase and alkaline α-glycerophosphatase activity was found. Chemical and gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of long-chain carboxylic acids present in the tumor cell membrane and in the P3 revealed the presence of fatty acids in almost identical ratios in both preparations, again indicating the membranous character of P3. The P3 preparation as well as the ascites fluid have immunogenic properties. They could induce immune tolerance if injected neonatally and the P3 preparation could immunize against the TA3-Ha tumor if injected intramuscularly or subcutaneously into adult mice. It had no effect if injected intravenously. In vitro studies of the mode of action of the tumor growth facilitating component indicate that it acts through reaction with immunocytes. A cytotoxic effect of ascites fluid on normal thymocytes in the presence of added complement could be demonstrated. Exposure of immune spleen cells to ascites fluid abrogated their ability to adoptively transfer resistance. A working hypothesis has been proposed according to which TA3-Ha tumor cells produce highly reactive membranous decay products which intercept incoming immunocytes or immunoglobulins before they can reach their targets on living tumor cells. Whether this self protection of TA3 ascites tumors can be applied to other tumors remains to be investigated.
Specificity of an HLA-DRB1*0401-restricted T cell response to type II collagen

A panel of HLA-DRB1*0401-restricted CD4+ mouse T cell hybridomas specific for bovine type II collagen were generated from transgenic mice expressing the human HLA-DRA1*0101/-DRB1*0401 and CD4 molecules. The vast majority recognized a single peptide determinant corresponding to residues 261-273 (CII 261-273). This determinant was rapidly defined by the use of a predictive algorithm for peptide binding to DRB1*0401. CII 261-273 is conserved in bovine and human type II collagen and overlaps with an important I-A q - restricted T cell determinant in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. This study demonstrates how HLA-DR and human CD4-transgenic mice can be used to identify a T cell epitope in a potential or candidate autoantigen.
BI-PHASE BOX COUNTING: AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF BINARY IMAGES

Many natural systems are irregular and/or fragmented, and have been interpreted to be fractal. An important parameter needed for modeling such systems is the fractal dimension, D. This parameter is often estimated from binary images using the box-counting method. However, it is not always apparent which fractal model is the most appropriate. This has led some researchers to report different D values for different phases of an analyzed image, which is mathematically untenable. This paper introduces a new method for discriminating between mass fractal, pore fractal, and Euclidean scaling in images that display apparent two-phase fractal behavior when analyzed using the traditional method. The new method, coined "bi-phase box counting", involves box-counting the selected phase and its complement, fitting both datasets conjointly to fractal and/or Euclidean scaling relations, and examining the errors from the resulting regression analyses. Use of the proposed technique was demonstrated on binary images of deterministic and stochastic fractals with known D values. Traditional box counting was unable to differentiate between the fractal and Euclidean phases in these images. In contrast, bi-phase box counting unmistakably identified the fractal phase and correctly estimated its D value. The new method was also applied to three binary images of soil thin sections. The results indicated that two of the soils were pore-fractals, while the other was a mass fractal. This outcome contrasted with the traditional box counting method which suggested that all three soils were mass fractals. Reclassification has important implications for modeling soil structure since different fractal models have different scaling relations. Overall, bi-phase box counting represents an improvement over the traditional method. It can identify the fractal phase and it provides statistical justification for this choice.
Book Review Essays

History and Archaeology on the Chesapeake Bay: A Chesapeake Family and Their Slaves: A Study in Historical Archaeology. Anne Yentsch. History and Archaeology on the Chesapeake Bay: Historical Archaeology of the Chesapeake. Paul Shackel and Barbara Little, eds.
An Update on the Performance of Actively Managed Etfs

Actively managed ETFs are a relatively recent introduction to the investing landscape, and understanding their performance against passive funds is becoming increasingly important. Consistent with preliminary studies, I find that active funds are more volatile than their passive counterparts and do not provide an absolute return advantage. Thus, active ETFs are generally not good substitutes for existing passively managed funds. However, in contrast to prior studies, I find that performance metrics based on relative risk (e.g., Information and Treynor ratios) suggest that active funds may be good additions to existing portfolios for their diversification benefits. I also find that these relative benefits are primarily concentrated in the funds with the highest average daily trading volume.
A PREDICTION INTERVAL FOR SCORE ON A PARALLEL TEST FORM

Given any observed number-right score on a test, a method is described for obtaining a prediction interval for the corresponding number-right score on a randomly parallel form of the same test. The interval can be written down directly from published tables of the hypergeometric distribution.
Use of a Square-Array Direct-Current Resistivity Method to Detect Fractures in Crystalline Bedrock in New Hampshire

Azimuthal square-array direct-current (dc) resistivity soundings were used to detect fractures in bedrock in the Mirror Lake watershed in Grafton County, New Hampshire. Soundings were conducted at a site where crystalline bedrock underlies approximately 7 m (meters) of glacial drift. Measured apparent resistivities changed with the orientation of the array. Graphical interpretation of the square-array data indicates that a dominant fracture set and (or) foliation in the bedrock is oriented at 030° (degrees). Interpretation of crossed square-array data indicates an orientation of 027° and an anisotropy factor of 1.31. Assuming that anisotropy is due to fractures, the secondary porosity is estimated to range from 0.01 to 0.10. Interpretations of azimuthal square-array data are supported by other geophysical data, including azimuthal seismic-refraction surveys and azimuthal Schlumberger dc-resistivity soundings at the Camp Osceola well field. Dominant fracture trends indicated by these geophysical methods are 022° (seismic-refraction) and 037° (dc-resistivity). Fracture mapping of bedrock outcrops at a site within 250 m indicates that the maximum fracture-strike frequency is oriented at 030°. The square-array dc-resistivity sounding method is more sensitive to a given rock anisotropy than the more commonly used Schlumberger and Wenner arrays. An additional advantage of the square-array method is that it requires about 65 percent less surface area than an equivalent survey using a Schlumberger or Wenner array.
C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Attenuates Evoked Dopamine Efflux by Influencing Goα

-Natriuretic peptides suppress adrenergic neurotransmission by a mechanism sensitive to pertussis toxin, suggesting that GTP-binding proteins are involved in the response. The major GTP-binding proteins present in the pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells used in this report are Goalpha and Gialpha2. We tested the hypothesis that the more abundant GTP-binding protein, Goalpha, mediates natriuretic peptide effects in PC12 cells by selectively ablating Goalpha from the cells with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. The results indicate that a selective ablation of Goalpha with this technique eliminated C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) effects and suppressed dopamine efflux evoked by a depolarizing stimulus. However, the activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) by CNP was sustained after the Goalpha ablation. Further, Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester suppressed evoked dopamine efflux equally in the presence and absence of Goalpha. These results suggest that CNP attenuates evoked catecholamine efflux from PC12 cells by a mechanism requiring Goalpha but independent of GC activation.
TCAD analysis of self heating in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs under pulsed conditions

To our knowledge this is the first TCAD analysis of self heating in the time domain for a GaN HEMT. Several points can be made on the significance of these results which can help advance the field to understand reliability of GaN RF devices under various electrical and thermal conditions.
The Vaginal Smear in the Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer12

WE ARE presenting evidence that uterine cancer can be diagnosed with accuracy by the vaginal smear. The diagnosis depends upon the identification of cancer cells in the vaginal secretion. Papanicolaou, in 1928, first recognized cancer cells in the vaginal secretion of women with cancer of the uterus. Since 1941 articles have appeared by Papanicolaou (1) and Papanicolaou and Traut (2, 3); and in 1943 a monograph on the diagnosis of uterine cancer by vaginal smear (4) was published by these two authors. In the same year Meigs et al. (5) published results on 220 cases. Since our publication we have studied approximately 600 additional cases and here report on our total group of 813, statistics of which follow. The method is simple. A nurse or the patient herself can easily be taught to take the smear. A dry pipette, with a rubber suction bulb compressed, is inserted into the fornix of the vagina, the bulb is released and the pipette withdrawn. Vaginal secretion is blown on a previously marked glass slide, fi...
Surface Tension of Molten Alkali Borates

The surface tensions of a series of lithium, sodium, and potassium borate melts were measured by a maximum pull-on-cylinder method. All the alkali oxides raised the surface tension. In the high-alkali range the order Li+ > Na+> K+ was observed for surface tension and for the algebraic value of the temperature coefficient of surface tension. In the low-alkali range (up to 15 mole %) the order of surface tension was K+ > Na+ > Li+ and the temperature coefficients of surface tension, independent of the type or concentration of alkali ion, had approximately the same value as that of B2O3. This behavior was interpreted as a tendency toward immiscibility limited to surface phenomena. Correlation was observed between alkali content, volume expansivity, and temperature coefficient of surface tension.
The effect of applicant race upon personnel selection decisions: A review with recommendations

The research literature addressed in this review concerns unfair racial discrimination in the personnel selection process. Because of methodological limitations and narrow research interests, the extant research fails to provide a clear framework from which to interpret the impact of racial discrimination on personnel selection, nor does it adequately account and control for the factors associated with unfair racial discrimination. Furthermore, this report shows that investigations concerning racial minorities other than blacks are virtually nonexistent. Following reviews of resume, in-basket, and interviewing studies, recommendations for future research are provided.
An Optical Phase-Locked Loop Photonic Integrated Circuit

We present the design, fabrication, and results from the first monolithically integrated optical phase-locked loop (OPLL) photonic integrated circuit (PIC) suitable for a variety of homodyne and offset phase locking applications. This InP-based PIC contains two sampled-grating distributed reflector (SG-DBR) lasers, semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), phase modulators, balanced photodetectors, and multimode interference (MMI)-couplers and splitters. The SG-DBR lasers have more than 5 THz of frequency tuning range and can generate a coherent beat for a wide spectrum of frequencies. In addition, the SG-DBR lasers have large tuning sensitivities and do not exhibit any phase inversion over the frequency modulation bandwidths making them ideal for use as current controlled oscillators in feedback loops. These SG-DBR lasers have wide linewidths and require high feedback loop bandwidths in order to be used in OPLLs. This is made possible using photonic integration which provides low cost, easy to package compact loops with low feedback latencies. In this paper, we present two experiments to demonstrate proof-of-concept operation of the OPLL-PIC: homodyne locking and offset locking of the SG-DBR lasers.
OTCS 2000: Achievements and Challenges

The last 30 years has brought significant changes to self care through responsible self medication. From being essentially unregulated in the 1960s, over-the-counter (OTC) medicines have been transformed by the evolving statutory and regulatory initiatives into a mature market with a high level of consumer confidence in their safety and expected benefits. This paper reviews the legislative/regulatory achievements that have modernized self care with OTCs, including the statutory and regulatory basis for OTCness, the criteria and studies used as a basis for permitting OTC availability, and the paradigm for interaction between regulators and sponsors, as well as the challenges still facing the industry.
Prognostic implications of positive nonsentinel lymph nodes removed during selective sentinel lymphadenectomy for breast cancer.

: Nonsentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are commonly removed at the time of selective sentinel lymphadenectomy (SSL). Their predictive value for the rest of the nodal basin is unknown. A retrospective review of 436 breast cancer patients who underwent SSL between 12/97 and 04/03 at a single institution. One-hundred nineteen patients had non-SLNs removed at SSL; eight were positive (6.7%). Positive non-SLNs predicted that SLNs would also be positive (p = 0.008). There was no difference in rates of additional positive nodes found on completion axillary node dissection between the non-SLN and SLN positive patients (p = 0.62). After adjustment for covariates, the presence of positive non-SLNs was not associated with poorer disease free survival (p = 0.24), time to systemic recurrence (p = 0.57), or overall survival (p = 0.70). Positive non-SLNs removed during SSL are not a significant risk factor for additional positive nodes on completion axillary nodal dissection (CALND) or for worse survival than positive SLNs.
Providing secure execution environments with a last line of defense against Trojan circuit attacks

Integrated circuits (ICs) are often produced in foundries that lack effective security controls. In these foundries, sophisticated attackers are able to insert malicious Trojan circuits that are easily hidden in the large, complex circuitry that comprises modern ICs. These so-called Trojan circuits are capable of launching attacks directly in hardware, or, more deviously, can facilitate software attacks. Current defense against Trojan circuits consists of statistical detection techniques to find such circuits before product deployment. The fact that statistical detection can result in false negatives raises the obvious questions: can attacks be detected post-deployment, and is secure execution nonetheless possible using chips with undetected Trojan circuits? In this paper we present the Secure Heartbeat And Dual-Encryption (SHADE) architecture, a compiler-hardware solution for detecting and preventing a subset of Trojan circuit attacks in deployed systems. Two layers of hardware encryption are combined with a heartbeat of off-chip accesses to provide a secure execution environment using untrusted hardware. The SHADE system is designed to complement pre-deployment detection techniques and to add a final, last-chance layer of security.
Contracting for Complex Products

Abstract : The US Federal Government spends just under twenty percent of its budget buying everything from paper clips to complex weapons systems. Effective contracting promises win-win exchanges: governments gain efficiency and qualities not available through in-house production, and vendors win because the price is above their production costs. Markets are most likely to produce win-win outcomes when buyers and sellers can easily define and verify product cost, quality and quantities. We call these simple products. Markets for simple products tend to have large numbers of buyers and sellers who are well informed about each others' offerings, can easily enter and exit the market, and can clearly define the terms of exchange. In such ideal circumstances, contracts are relatively complete in that there are few unanticipated circumstances in which the buyers' and sellers' roles are not clearly defined. If for some reason a buyer or seller fails to live up to her obligations, the transgression is quickly and easily recognized and a richly competitive market provides a replacement partner seeking similar terms. When markets fail, the win-win outcomes of contracting are replaced by lose-lose or win-lose outcomes where the winner's gains are greater than the loser's losses. One source of market failure is buyer and seller uncertainty about the product in the exchange, what we call complex products. Unlike simple products, the cost, quality and quantity parameters of complex products can not be easily defined or verified, leaving buyers and sellers unable to clearly and completely define exchange terms (Bajari & Tadelis, 2001). The risk is that the government is the only purchaser and once the contract is let, the vendor is the only viable supplier, leaving each with no easy exit from the contract, limited information about costs and quality, and engaging a partner relatively unconstrained by market pressures.
The Palynology and Micropaleontology of Boundaries: The Geological Society of London Special Publication 230

A.B. Beaudoin and M.J. Head, eds., 2004, The Geological Society of London, London, 368 p. (Hardcover, £85.00, ∼US $149.20) ISBN: 1-86239-160-2. The Palynology and Micropaleontology of Boundaries examines changes in microfossils that occur across stratigraphic boundaries, although the editors recognize that other kinds of boundaries could be of interest. The title is somewhat unfortunate because, in my view, micropaleontology includes all microscopic fossils, so palynology is a part of micropaleontology. The practice of paleontology is too fragmented for the discipline's own good, so we should be making more of an effort to put the pieces together. This volume, derived in part from a symposium at the Geological Association of Canada in 2002, contains four synthetic papers covering the nature of boundaries and microfossil records across them and 13 papers on specific boundary intervals. These include conodonts across Cambro–Ordovician, Ordovician–Silurian, and Permian boundaries; miospores in the Carboniferous boundary in Britain; forams or ostracodes across Jurassic; Cretaceous, and Paleogene boundaries; dinoflagellates across the Jurassic–Cretaceous, Cretaceous–Tertiary, Paleogene, and Paleogene– Neogene boundaries; pyritized diatoms across the Paleocene–Eocene; and comparison of multiple groups across the Turonian–Coniacian boundary in Europe and North America. While each paper has information for specialists in its group or stratigraphic interval, most readers want to know the context that makes them of interest to a wider audience. There are a number of questions that could be addressed: How can we better define the standards of geologic time we apply around the world? What is the pattern of fossils across a mass-extinction boundary? Is there a pattern of response of fossils to multiple mass-extinction boundaries? What are lateral changes in organisms associated with a stratigraphic boundary in one area? How can we correlate biostratigraphies across great distances? How do changes in lithofacies or sequence stratigraphy associated with a boundary affect the distribution …
Foucault, forensic psychiatry, and the first involuntary commitment.

My romantic interest arrived in town, and, eager to impress her, I suggested that we amble through downtown New Haven on this radiant August day to build appetites for dinner. Graduates of Yale have praised the Green for its majestic ancient churches, seasonal open concerts, and perpetually
Payday Lending Regulation and the Demand for Alternative Financial Services

In this paper we use a novel empirical strategy to estimate the net benefit of regulatory restrictions on the supply of fringe credit products. Our estimation measures the effect of strict regulation and prohibition of one such product — payday loans — on demand for another product — refund anticipation loans (RALs). Using a policy discontinuity at state border approach with zip-code-level panel data, we find an economically and statistically significant negative effect of strict regulation of payday loans on demand for RALs. A state ban on payday lending results in about five percent reduction in demand for RALs. We interpret this effect as evidence that the behavioral component is stronger than the rational-strategic component of demand for payday loans, indicating that strict regulation of payday loans may benefit households on net. We conclude with a discussion of implications for policy.
Abstract 318: Caregiver Experiences with Decision Making in Destination Therapy Left Ventricular Assist Devices: A Qualitative Study

BACKGROUND: Destination therapy left ventricular assist device (DT LVAD) is increasingly offered to patients with end-stage heart failure who are ineligible for heart transplantation. Implanting centers often require the identification of a dedicated caregiver prior to DT LVAD implantation; however, the caregiver experience surrounding this difficult decision is relatively unexplored. METHODS: Between October 2012 and July 2013, we conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews of caregivers to understand their experiences with decision making for loved ones considering and living with DT LVADs. Data were analyzed using a mixed inductive and deductive approach. RESULTS: We interviewed 17 caregivers: 16 caregivers of patients who had received a DT LVAD and 1 caregiver of a patient who had declined a DT LVAD. At the time of the caregiver interview, 10 DT LVAD patients were living and 7 were deceased. The majority were women (n=16) of whom 12 were either spouses or widows of the patients. Median age of caregivers was 65 (range 35-79). Twelve caregivers reported spending more than 8 hours per week caring for their loved one, and 14 attended regular medical appointments. Throughout the interviews, caregivers reported that DT LVAD was a complex decision making process with many inherent tensions. The themes identified are broadly interpreted under three domains: 1) the stark decision context with tension between hopes and realities, “when we first started out¼we had hopes of a transplant¼but once the lung function was done, and the kidneys ¼there was pretty much nothing. There was no hope other than the LVAD”; 2) the challenging decision process and the tension between wanting their loved ones to live, “I said ‘Well, I'll tell you what. I didn't marry you to be a young widow” and wanting to respect their loved ones’ wishes, “My thoughts were this was his life and it was his choice”; and 3) the downstream decision outcome and the tension between gratitude, “I'm just thankful to have my dad here¼” and a feeling of burden, “I've never felt caregiver was my gift¼I tend to feel like I'm being imposed upon at times.” CONCLUSIONS: Despite the promise of significantly improved survival for some patients, DT LVAD has major implications for caregives as well as patients. Decision making surrounding DT LVAD requires education of both the patient and caregiver of potential stresses. Additionally, decision-making surrounding DT LVAD should seek to incorporate decision support for patients and caregivers. This should include a focus on caregiver burden and the tensions that caregivers may experience.
Neuropathologic effects of proton-beam irradiation in man. II. Evaluation after pituitary irradiation.

In ten patients with intracranial tumor, treatment with proton-beam irradiation was followed by neuropathologic evaluation of autopsy material. Computer-determined isodose curves of radiation dosage aided the correlation of tissue damage with tissue dose of irradiation. Although we found variations in the vulnerability of different anatomic regions (and even within the same region), threshold levels for the effect of proton irradiation were defined. Variables other than tissue dose which determine the extent of damage to the brain include the volume of tissue irradiated, length of time following irradiation, and limitations in our own ability to establish tumor boundaries. Despite these variables, however, tissue reaction and threshold levels following proton-beam irradiation are similar to those of other modalities of radiation therapy.
Selective vagal rhizotomies: a new dorsal surgical approach used for intestinal deafferentations

We have developed a dorsal intracranial surgery that is minimally invasive and gives excellent access to either afferent or efferent vagal rootlets to produce selective deafferentations or deeffere...
Abstract 723: Detection of TIMP3 promoter hypermethylation in salivary rinse as an independent predictor of local recurrence-free survival in head and neck cancer

Objective: To validate a panel of methylation-based salivary rinse biomarkers (P16, CCNA1, DCC, TIMP3, MGMT, DAPK, and MINT31) previously shown to be independently associated with poor overall survival and local recurrence in a larger, separate cohort of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: One hundred ninety-seven patients were included. All pre-treatment saliva DNA samples were evaluated for the methylation status of the gene promoters by quantitative methylation-specific PCR. The main outcome measures were overall survival, local recurrence-free survival and disease-free survival. Results: In univariate analyses, the detection of hypermethylation of CCNA1, MGMT, and MINT31 was significantly associated with poor overall survival; the detection of hypermethylation of TIMP3 was significantly associated with local recurrence-free survival; and the detection of hypermethylation of MINT31 was significantly associated with poor disease-free survival. In multivariate analyses, detection of hypermethylation at any single marker was not predictive of overall survival in patients with HNSCC; detection of hypermethylation of TIMP3 in salivary rinse had an independent, significant association with local recurrence-free survival (Hazard Ratio, 2.51, 95% CI, 1.10 to 5.68); and none of the studied markers was significantly associated with disease-free survival. Conclusions: The detection of promoter hypermethylation of the seven genes in salivary rinse as an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival in patients with HNSCC was not validated. Detection of promoter hypermethylation of TIMP3 in pretreatment salivary rinse is independently associated with local recurrence-free survival in patients with HNSCC and may be a valuable salivary rinse biomarker for HNSCC recurrence. Such a test could potentially refine our ability to identify HNSCC patients at a high risk for recurrence. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 723. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-723
DYNAMICS AND SCALING OF WALL-BOUNDED SHEAR TURBULENCE THROUGH THE PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION

The turbulent flow close to a solid boundary is dominated by low-speed and high-speed stream wise streaks alternating in the spanwise direction. The streaks oscillate, burst into small scale structures and reform. Most of the turbulence production, maintenance and transport occurs during the breakup of the streaks, or "bursting event". We recall how low dimensional dynamical models based on the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) reproduce this self-sustained intermittent dynamics. We also show that the fluctuating velocity, when decomposed into POD modes in the wall-normal direction, exhibits a cascade of energy toward small scales similar to the Kolmogorov energy cascade in homogeneous turbulence. More specifically, the flow is organized into families of modes. Within each family, all modes can be deduced from one another by stretching (i.e. scaling) symmetry. The spectral energy follows a well-defined decay law as the length scales are decreased.
The Promise of Action Research: Lessons Learned From the Indiana Principal Leadership Institute

The purpose of this article is to describe a professional development program for principals focused on their engagement in action research, the systematic and intentional study by principals of their own administrative practice. The program is described in detail along with a brief analysis of the action research produced by the principals, a report of the principals’ perceptions of the action research experience from survey data, and the authors’ reflections on important considerations to take into account when designing a long-term program of principal professional development that endeavors to develop principals as action researchers.
Education and simulation training of pediatric intensive care unit nurses to care for open heart surgery patients.

Providing appropriate education for nurses working in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to develop and update the skill sets and knowledge required to care for infants and children with congenital heart disease (CHD) is a challenge. We provide care to children with a variety of congenital heart defects that require medical care and surgical corrections. In the extreme circumstance, we provide extracorporeal membrane oxygenation to those children who require extracardiac support postoperatively. Our program deals with a mean of about 150 cases annually that require surgical correction, in addition to the medically managed patients with CHD. The hospital-based simulation center opened in 2010. It provides high-fidelity simulation to enhance current medical and nursing education. Patient scenarios are created on the basis of real patient cases, maintaining the realistic details of the disease and injury processes essential to provide the pertinent learning points of each case. Shortly after the simulation center opened, the PICU educator inquired about the process to provide PICU nurses an opportunity to learn about pediatric open heart surgery patients at the simulation center. The inherent challenge within our PICU is that we have 32 nurses with various skills sets and experiences who must be able to provide care for all patients within our unit, including children with CHD. At that time, 7 PICU nurses were ready to learn how to provide nursing care to children who have undergone open heart surgery. This state of readiness is detailed later. A classroom format was used to present the material, which addressed identification of defects, along with medical and nursing management. This classroom training was followed by a 4-hour simulation session, wherein these nurses participated in 2 patient scenarios. Clinical objectives (Table 1) were reviewed and reinforced to define what needed to be learned and to ensure that learning occurred. Following this simulation training, each nurse was assigned to admit a pediatric open heart patient with an experienced nurse present to reinforce the prior learning.
Air Permeation with Gossyplure: Feasibility Studies on Chemical Confusion for Control of the Pink Bollworm

In laboratory experiments, adult Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) mated as frequently in gossyplure permeated atmospheres as in untreated atmospheres. Male moths with antennae ablated at the basal segment did not mate. Males with 2–5 antennal segments remaining and females with antennae ablated at the basal segment were able to mate but did so less frequently than unaltered moths. Males with only antennal tips removed mated as frequently as untreated males. We concluded that males require olfactory stimulation to mate and that close range chemical communication takes place even in an atmosphere permeated with gossyplure. Moths from preadapted pupae mated as frequently in continuous total darkness as did those held in continuous light, suggesting that visual cues are not essential for mating in this species. Flight activities recorded from field experiments and laboratory observations indicate that male moths fly at random in untreated and pheromone permeated atmospheres. This behavior presumably functions to bring males within some critical distance of calling females where pheromone diffusion gradients provide short range orientational cues. We estimate a large number of random male-female encounters that could result in many matings in normal postdiapause field populations of the pink bollworm. Male random movement may be an effective mate acquisition strategy within a host patch and this behavior may thwart attempts to control the pink bollworm by chemical confusion with gossyplure in fields previously planted to cotton.
The Historiography of an Execution: The Killing of Ḥujr b. ʿAdī

Muslim historical works give contradictory accounts of the execution of Ḥujr. Using a source-critical approach, this paper will show that the narrators of Ḥujr’s execution shaped this story to support their religio-socio-political point of view. Uncovering these different versions will shed light on Islamic historiography. Being aware of the different versions of Ḥujr’s execution allows the reader to distinguish between what really happened from why these narrators feel it happened. This exercise can be useful for other historical incidents or personalities which are extant in our sources.
Immunolocalization of AE2 anion exchanger in rat kidney.

The cellular and subcellular localizations of the AE2 anion exchanger in rat kidney have remained elusive despite detection of moderately abundant AE2 mRNA and AE2 polypeptide in all kidney regions...
Identifying the Structure and Effect of Drinking-Related Self-Schemas.

Self-schemas have received increased attention as favorable targets for therapeutic intervention because of their central role in self-perception and behavior. The purpose of this integrative review was to identify, evaluate, and synthesize existing research pertaining to drinking-related self-schemas. Russell’s integrative review strategy guided the search. Sixteen published works were identified, meeting criteria for evaluation (n = 12 data-based publications and n = 4 models). The retrieved data-based publications rated fair-good using Polit and Beck’s criteria; the overall body of literature rated “B” using Grimes and Schulz criteria. Retrieved models rated 4 to 7 using Fitzpatrick and Whall’s criteria. The existing literature strongly supports the availability of a drinking-related self-schema among moderate-to-heavy drinking samples, and suggests a positive relationship between elaboration and drinking behavior. The relationship between valenced content of the schema and drinking behavior remains un...
Reusing metamodels and notation with Diagram Definition

It is increasingly common for language specifications to describe visual forms (concrete syntax) separately from underlying concepts (abstract syntax). This is typically to enable interchange of visual information between graphical modeling tools, such as positions of nodes and routings of lines. Often overlooked is that separation of visual forms and abstract concepts enables languages to define multiple visual forms for the same underlying concepts and for the same visual form to be used for similar underlying concepts in different languages (many-to-many relationships between concrete and abstract syntax). Visual forms can be adapted to communities using different notations for the same concepts and can be used to integrate communities using the same notation for similar concepts. Models of concrete syntax have been available for some time, but are rarely used to capture these many-to-many relationships with abstract syntax. This paper shows how to model these relationships using concrete graphical syntax expressed in the Diagram Definition standard, examining cases drawn from the Unified Modeling Language and the Business Process Model and Notation. This gives definers of graphical languages a way to specify visual forms for multiple communities.
Getting It “Right”: Ensuring Informed Consent for an Online Clinical Trial

Ethical principles in conducting technology-based research require effective and efficient methods of ensuring adequate informed consent. This study examined how well participants understood the in...
National sheep improvement program: age adjustment of weaning weight.

Lamb weaning weights at 30 +/- 14, 60 +/- 28, and 90 +/- 28 d were used to evaluate the effect of birth weight on the linear adjustment of weaning weight to a constant age and the effect of deviations from target dates on the accuracy of linear age adjustment. The data consisted of 13,501 birth weights, 3,721 30-d records, 10,988 60-d records, and 3,285 90-d records from the National Sheep Improvement Program data base for the Dorset, Polypay, Rambouillet, Columbia, Hampshire and Suffolk breeds. The effect of using constant vs actual birth weights in a standard linear age adjustment was evaluated using various sex, type-of-birth, and breed type constants. Product moment and rank correlations indicated that a constant birth weight should be used when the actual birth weight is not known, but the choice of constant makes little difference in average bias or maximum adjustment error. The linear age adjustment procedure and the optimal age range for recording weaning weight were examined using a model including effects for contemporary group, sex, type of birth and rearing, age of dam, and breed. The linear age adjustment did not remove the effect of age for the small breed type (Dorset, Polypay, and Rambouillet breeds) at 30 d and the large breed type (Columbia, Hampshire, and Suffolk breeds) at 60 d for age ranges greater than +/- 7 d (P less than .01) but was adequate for all lambs weaned at 30 +/- 7 d, 60 +/- 7 d, and 90 +/- 28 d of age.
An All-MOSFET Sub-1-V Voltage Reference With a —51 –dB PSR up to 60 MHz

This paper presents a voltage reference (VR) with a power supply rejection (PSR) better than 50 dB for frequencies of up to 60 MHz, and uses MOSFETs in strong inversion. Another innovation is a compact MOSFET low-pass filter, which was developed along with a feedback technique for a wide-bandwidth PSR not achieved in previous works. The proposed all-MOSFET VR was fabricated using a standard $0.18~\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process. It achieves a minimum temperature coefficient of 6.5 ppm/°C for temperatures from −30 °C to 110 °C. The line regulation is 0.076%/V for a step from 0.8 to 2.2 V supply voltage with 360 nW power consumption at room temperature and an area of 0.0143 mm $^{{\mathbf {2}}}$ .
Air pollution, physical activity, and markers of acute airway oxidative stress and inflammation in adolescents.

Background The airway inflammatory response is likely the mechanism for adverse health effects related to exposure to air pollution. Increased ventilation rates during physical activity in the presence of air pollution increases the inhaled dose of pollutants. However, physical activity may moderate the relationship between air pollution and the inflammatory response. The present study aimed to characterize, among healthy adolescents, the relationship between dose of inhaled air pollution, physical activity, and markers of lung function, oxidative stress, and airway inflammation. Methods With a non-probability sample of adolescents, this observational study estimated the association between air pollution dose and outcome measures by use of general linear mixed models with an unstructured covariance structure and a random intercept for subjects to account for repeated measures within subjects. Results A one interquartile range (IQR) (i.e., 345.64 μg) increase in ozone (O3) inhaled dose was associated with a 29.16% average decrease in the percentage of total oxidized compounds (%Oxidized). A one IQR (i.e., 2.368E+10 particle) increase in total particle number count in the inhaled dose (PNT) was associated with an average decrease in forced expiratory flow (FEF25-75) of 0.168 L/second. Increasing activity levels attenuated the relationship between PNT inhaled dose and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO). The relationship between O3 inhaled dose and percent oxidized exhaled breath condensate cystine (%CYSS) was attenuated by activity level, with increasing activity levels corresponding to smaller changes from baseline for a constant O3 inhaled dose. Conclusions The moderating effects of activity level suggest that peaks of high concentration doses of air pollution may overwhelm the endogenous redox balance of cells, resulting in increased airway inflammation. Further research that examines the relationships between dose peaks over time and inflammation could help to determine whether a high concentration dose over a short period of time has a different effect than a lower concentration dose over a longer period of time.
Semisupervised, multilabel, multi-instance learning for structured data

Many classification tasks require both labeling objects and determining label associations for parts of each object. Example applications include labeling segments of images or determining relevant parts of a text document when the training labels are available only at the image or document level. This task is usually referred to as multi-instance MI learning, where the learner typically receives a collection of labeled or sometimes unlabeled bags, each containing several segments instances. We propose a semisupervised MI learning method for multilabel classification. Most MI learning methods treat instances in each bag as independent and identically distributed samples. However, in many practical applications, instances are related to each other and should not be considered independent. Our model discovers a latent low-dimensional space that captures structure within each bag. Further, unlike many other MI learning methods, which are primarily developed for binary classification, we model multiple classes jointly, thus also capturing possible dependencies between different classes. We develop our model within a semisupervised framework, which leverages both labeled and, typically, a larger set of unlabeled bags for training. We develop several efficient inference methods for our model. We first introduce a Markov chain Monte Carlo method for inference, which can handle arbitrary relations between bag labels and instance labels, including the standard hard-max MI assumption. We also develop an extension of our model that uses stochastic variational Bayes methods for inference, and thus scales better to massive data sets. Experiments show that our approach outperforms several MI learning and standard classification methods on both bag-level and instance-level label prediction. All code for replicating our experiments is available from https://github.com/hsoleimani/MLTM .
T-bet-expressing B cells during HIV and HCV infections.

T-bet-expressing B cells, first identified as perpetuators of autoimmunity, were recently shown to be critical for murine antiviral responses. While their role in human viral infections remains unclear, B cells expressing T-bet or demonstrating a related phenotype have been described in individuals chronically infected with HIV or HCV, suggesting these cells represent a component of human antiviral responses. In this review, we discuss the induction of T-bet in B cells following both HIV and HCV infections, the factors driving T-bet+ B cell expansions, T-bet’s relationship to atypical memory B cells, and the consequences of T-bet induction. We propose potential antiviral roles for T-bet+ B cells and discuss whether this population poses any utility to the HIV and HCV immune responses.