cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical bonding, adatom-adatom interaction, and replacement reaction of column-3 metals on GaAs(110)

Studies of the electronic states associated with column-3 (Al, Ga, and In) overlayers on cleaved GaAs(110) surfaces by photoemission electron spectroscopy (PES) and low-energy electron diffraction are reported. Deposition of In or Ga leaves the valence-band spectra devoid of structure other than that characteristic of clean GaAs(110). Comparison with theory shows that the models assumed previously in calculations are in error and that a fundamentally new understanding of the metal-semiconductor bonding is needed. The most significant result is that a strong interaction between the column-3 adatoms leads to cluster formation on the surface. It is shown that at submonolayer coverage Ga most likely forms flat (one- or two-atom-thick) clusters on the surface, which are not in registry with the GaAs surface lattice, while In shows a greater tendency toward three-dimensional cluster formation. As a result, the electronic structure of the overlayer is free-electron-like even at submonolayer coverage. As a contrasting example, Sb (a column-5 element), which forms an ordered overlayer, produces quite significant changes in the surface valence band. The room-temperature reaction between Al adsorbate atoms and a GaAs(110) surface is observed by means of soft-x-ray photoemission techniques using core-level spectroscopy. Evidence of two states of Al which are distinct from the bulk Al metal is seen at submonolayer coverages. The sequential appearance of these states suggests that Al, as deposited at room temperature, tends to replace Ga below the surface layer first; but, as monolayer coverage of Al is reached, a large degree of replacement in the top or surface layer may take place. This interpretation is consistent with the finding by Kahn, Duke, and co-workers that (in thermodynamic equilibrium) Al tends to replace Ga below the GaAs(110) surface layer before much replacement in the first layer occurs. It is concluded that the differences between the room-temperature data of various workers in both the type (surface versus subsurface) and extent of the Al-Ga replacement reaction (for a given Al coverage without annealing) is due to the situation that kinetically, at room temperature, nonequilibrium states of the Al adatoms can dominate, and that the relative proportion of Al in nonequilibrium states to Al in the equilibrium state is a sensitive function of experimental conditions. Smearing of the upper-valence-band features (as seen in photoemission data) occurs as a result of the replacement reaction, suggesting that the replacement reaction is too random at room temperature to produce sharp well-defined new valence-band structure. The Al overlayers do not have structure as free-electron-like as those for Ga and In; this is most likely due to a partial replacement of Ga by Al atoms at the surface and a different type and/or size of clusters formed by Al overlayers compared to Ga or In.
Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitudes Regarding Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus among Caregivers of Hospitalized Children

Objectives To explore knowledge, awareness, and attitudes among caregivers of hospitalized children with regard to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Study design We developed and administered a bedside questionnaire to caregivers of hospitalized children in contact isolation for MRSA colonization or infection. Results Of 104 caregivers approached, 100 (96%) consented to participate. The caregivers’ children included 28 (28%) newly recognized as colonized or infected with MRSA during the hospitalization and 72 (72%) previously identified as colonized or infected with MRSA. Eighteen (18%) caregivers had no knowledge of MRSA. Twenty-nine (29%) were unaware that their child had MRSA, including caregivers of 9 newly identified patients with MRSA and 20 patients with previously identified MRSA. Of the 71 caregivers aware of their child’s MRSA status, 89% had concerns; 77% worried about risks of future MRSA infection, 51% worried about spreading MRSA, and 16% described a feeling of stigma. Worries were more common among caregivers of children with newly identified MRSA ( P Conclusion Caregivers of children hospitalized with MRSA are frequently unaware that their child has MRSA. Among those aware of their child’s MRSA status, many have concerns and worries. Caregivers of children with newly identified MRSA more often are worried and may need additional education and reassurance.
Lessons from an Early Management Scientist

Over 100 years ago, the silk industry in France was facing a serious threat. They called in an analyst, a "management scientist" if you will, named Louis Pasteur. Working with a small team, Pasteur critically studied the system to determine cause/effect relationships and the variables that management could control. He determined an optimal strategy and fought an uphill battle to win organizational approval. A setback occurred when he discovered that his model was invalid, not including an important factor. Pasteur persevered not only in the tedium of analysis, but also against jealous fellow scientists who sought to discredit his work. He was finally able to convince management by employing a variant of the now-popular technique of simulation. I have found this account from history a useful way to introduce the practice of management science to MBA students. The story shows 1 the usefulness of scientific analysis to business profitability; 2 the importance of observation skills, rigor, and critical thought; and 3 that there is more to management science than mathematics.
Toxic Shock Syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome is a staphylococcal disease caused by toxins produced by the staphylococci, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 and enterotoxin B. The disease results from staphylococci growing in the vagina with the use of tampons during menstruation, primarily in young women. However, any staphylococcal infection can result in toxic shock syndrome if the staphylococci produce the appropriate toxins and the individual has no antibodies to the toxins. The symptoms can be quite severe, with high fever, low blood pressure, diffuse macular erythroderma, orthostatic dizziness, vomiting and or diarrhea at the onset, severe myalgia, peeling of the skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet after seven to ten days, and death in some cases. The disease is not contagious as it is necessary for the toxin producing organisms to infect a cut or incision or be inserted into the vagina with a tampon. A high percentage of individuals have protective antibody titers to the toxins, with the percentage of individuals with titers increasing with age. Anyone colonized with a toxin-producing staphylococci will have a protective antibody titer. The source of the disease causing staphylococci is difficult to determine although it can be transferred from other family members or from a surgeon during operations. The disease is more or less accidental. The toxins are classed as superantigens because they react with many more T-cells than do conventional antigens. They stimulate the production of cytokines which may be directly involved in toxic shock syndrome.
Breast Cancer: A Review for the General Surgeon

Breast cancer care is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. In this study, we provide an overview of current practices for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer for surgical practitioners who do not focus on this disease. We include studies published in high-impact, peer-reviewed journals that have informed or altered the standard of care, with preference given to large, multicenter, randomized clinical trials when available. Our study highlights that the surgical management of breast cancer has changed dramatically over the past decades. As our understanding of the disease process increases, practice guidelines will continue to evolve.
Experimental observation of the dynamic micro-and macro-layer during pool boiling

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on nucleate pool boiling. Experiments were performed using vapor-deposited thin films which were electrically heated. High-speed infrared and visible cameras simultaneously observed bubble growth from the heater surface. Possible experimental confirmation of microlayer dynamics is presented.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Effect of hydrochloric acid on the mean solute species in copper(II) chloride/hydrochloric acid solutions☆

Abstract In the concentrated solutions of CuCl2/HCl/H2O examined in this study, Cu2+ has tetragonally distorted octahedral coordination on the average. In these solutions of ca. 2 molar concentration, solute association does not appear to be an important solution parameter. In all of the solutions, the linear ClaxCuClax network remains intact upon dissolution of anhydrous copper(II) chloride. Ligand occupation of the equatorial coordination sites apparently is dependent upon the chloride/copper and/or the water/chloride stoichiometric ratios in each solution. The Cu-ligand bond distances are calculated to be: CuOeq, 1·95 A; CuCleq, 2·35 A; and CuClax, 2·8 A. The latter two distances are significantly different than those calculated for the highly associated solute species found in aqueous solutions of CuCl2[1].
Regional Industry Workforce Development: The Gulf Coast Petrochemical Information Network

The Gulf Coast Petrochemical Information Network (GC-PIN) is a workforce development partnership among industry businesses and area institutions of higher education in the four-county Gulf Coast region. GC-PIN partners develop new industry-specific curricula, foster industry career awareness, and retrain existing employees in new technologies.
Defining patient acceptable symptom state thresholds for commonly used patient reported outcomes measures in general orthopedic practice.

Abstract Background Patient reported outcomes measures are distributed regularly within musculoskeletal physical therapy practice in an effort to track patient progress and response to treatment. A number of studies have reported on the amount of change necessary to identify the minimal clinically important difference. Few studies have identified thresholds signifying patient satisfaction with treatment and what patient specific factors may be influential in identifying patient satisfaction. Objectives To identify thresholds amongst commonly used patient reported outcomes measures associated with the patient acceptable symptom state (PASS). To identify the confounding effects of demographic and psychosocial variables on reported PASS estimates. Design Prospective cohort study. Method A sample of convenience consisting of consecutive patients referred for outpatient physical therapy for general orthopaedic conditions fulfilling the eligibility criteria were included. All patients completed baseline demographic information as well as baseline pain and functional outcomes measures. The PASS question was used as the anchor in this study to identify patient thresholds. Patients completed outcomes measures every 2 weeks and at patient discharge. PASS thresholds were identified using receiver-operating curves maximizing sensitivity and specificity. Results PASS thresholds were found to vary depending on baseline pain levels, functional status, socioeconomic status, educational level, and psychosocial status. Conclusions Multiple factors are influential in determining patient success following treatment. Clinicians should be aware of patient baseline pain and functional status as well as socioeconomic status, educational level, and psychosocial status and stratify patients accordingly when determining patient prognosis and developing a plan of care.
Stable Ordered FePt Mesoporous Silica Catalysts with High Loadings

A new concept is presented to form catalysts by infusion of presynthesized bimetallic nanocrystals into ordered mesoporous supports. For presynthesized FePt nanocrystals (<4 nm) coated with oleic acid and oleylamine ligands in toluene, high loadings above 10 wt % were achieved in 10 min. The strong metal−support interactions were favored by the low coverage of the weakly bound ligands. The nanocrystals were highly dispersed within the pores as indicated by HAADF-STEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and stable against sintering at 700 °C and desorption into polar and nonpolar solvents at room temperature. A phase transformation from a disordered phase (FCC) to ordered phase (FCT) was observed upon thermal annealing at 700 °C without sintering, as confirmed by convergent beam electron diffraction and XRD. The calcined FePt catalyst exhibited 6-fold higher catalyst activity (TOF = 30 s−1) than that of a commercial Pd-alumina catalyst for liquid 1-decene hydrogenation and was stable for multiple reactions. The de...
CONTEXT EFFECTS ON CHOICE

Four pigeons responded on a concurrent-chains schedule in four experiments that examined whether the effectiveness of a stimulus as a conditioned reinforcer is best described by a global approach, as measured by the average interreinforcement interval, or by a local contextual approach, as measured by the onset of the stimulus preceding the conditioned reinforcer. The interreinforcement interval was manipulated by the inclusion of an intertrial interval, which increased the overall time to reinforcement but did not change the local contingencies on a given trial A global analysis predicted choice for the richer alternative to decrease with the inclusion of an intertrial interval, whereas a local analysis predicted no change in preference. Experiment 1 examined sensitivity to intertrial intervals when each was signaled by the same houselight that operated throughout the session. In Experiment 2, the intertrial interval always was signaled by the stimulus correlated with the richer terminal link. In Experiment 3, the intertrial interval was signaled by the keylights correlated with the initial links and two novel houselights. Experiment 4 provided free food pseudorandomly during the intertrial interval. In all experiments, subjects' preferences were consistent with a local analysis of choice in concurrent chains. These results are discussed in terms of delay-reduction theory, which traditionally has failed to distinguish global and local contexts.
Localized lymphoid nodules of lung. A reappraisal of the lymphoma versus pseudolymphoma dilemma

Eleven patients with localized lymphoid nodules of the lung (LLN) were seen at the Mount Sinai Hospital from 1962-1981. The diagnosis of pseudolymphoma was made in six instances based on the following criteria: (1) solitary or multiple nodules discovered on chest roentgenograms composed of cytologically benign lymphoid cells (small lymphocytes); (2) polymorphic character of the infiltrate, including plasma cells, histiocytes and monocytes; and (3) presence of germinal centers in the lesion. Five lesions were classified as lymphomas and exhibited: (1) solitary or multiple nodules composed of atypical lymphoid cells; (2) absence of germinal centers; (3) lack of mediastinal lymph node involvement. Bronchial and/or pleural infiltration by lymphoid cells was present in lymphomas as well as in pseudolymphomas. Five lesions were studied with immunofluorescent techniques for the presence of intracytoplasmic immunoglobulins and in one pseudolymphoma, lymphocyte marker studies were performed. The procedures were not useful in separating benign from malignant lesions. All patients underwent surgery; three with lymphoma and one with pseudolymphoma received adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients were followed post surgically for up to 13 years. None of the six patients with pseudolymphoma died as a result of their lesions but two had either recurrences or developed extrapulmonary lymphoid lesions. All five lymphoma patients did well. Only one died while on chemotherapy with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis but no tumor. One-hundred and sixty-seven reported cases from the literature are analyzed. Pulmonary pseudolymphomas do not necessarily follow a benign course and malignant lymphomas limited to the lungs do not usually undergo progressive disease. Present pathologic criteria do not allow prediction of recurrence or progression of disease and are not acceptable for determining the advocacy of chemotherapy in patients with LLN.
Characterization of a partial male fertility derived from Ogura-cms in progeny of a resynthesized Brassica napus

The inheritance of a partial male fertile phenotype in somatic hybrid B. napus plants that carried novel mtDNA was investigated over five backcross generations to B. napus ‘Triton.’ The recurrent parent and the original somatic hybrid both contained chloroplasts resistant to atrazine. The F1 population contained mainly plants that were partial fertile, and some of the plants differed in mtDNA. The partial fertility predominated in the progeny of each backcross generation, but fully male sterile and fertile plants were also obtained. However, the sterility/fertility of these latter plants was not stable; both the fully male sterile and the male fertile plants produced progeny that were again predominantly partial male fertile. This pattern of predominant partial fertility but occasional sterile and fertile plants persisted in different nuclear backgrounds. Neither the male sterility nor the male fertility could be fixed and made stable. Test crosses indicated that restorer genes were probably not associated with appearance of male fertile plants. The evidence indicates that the behavior of the partial male fertility is cytoplasmic, and probably controlled by the chondriome.
UBV photometry of the Ap variable UZ Psc = HD 10783

The photometric variability of the Ap star HD 10783 = UZ Psc is discussed. New UBV photometry, obtained between late 1965 and early 1969, is presented and it is combined with existing published photometry to derive an improved ephemeris for times of maximum brightness: 2439758.00 + 4d.1328 n. It is concluded that the results are not very sensitive to the small shifts applied to the blue photometry.
Kinetically Favored Adsorbate Ordering: Hydrogen and Iodine on the Si(100)-2 × 1 Surface

An equimolar mixture of hydrogen and iodine atoms adsorbed on the Si(100) surface is generated by adsorption of iodoethane and annealing to 570 K (which causes ethyl groups to undergo hydrogen elimination and ethylene to desorb). Multiple internal reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MIR-FTIR) shows that the adsorbed hydrogen is distributed among several configurations. After annealing to 700 K, the spectrum shows only a single configuration, which is assigned to surface dimers that are occupied by one hydrogen and one iodine atom. Density functional theory calculations indicate that these mixed-occupation dimers are not energetically favored over other doubly occupied configurations (two H atoms or two I atoms). This evidence indicates that, in contrast to other ordering phenomena in surface adlayers, the ordering in this case is a kinetic effect and is not driven by thermodynamics.
Thyroxine-induced changes in rat liver mitochondrial cytochromes

Abstract The effects of 10 days of thyroxine injection (15 μg/100 g body weight) on rat liver mitochondrial cytochrome concentration and on the percent reduction of the individual cytochromes during succinatedriven state III and IV respiration was spectrophotometrically determined at cytochrome-specific wavelength pairs. The concentrations of cytochromes b, c, total c (c + c1) and aa3 increased in hyperthyroid rats. The concentration of cytochrome C3 remained constant in euthyroid and hyperthyroid rats. Changes in the concentration of the membrane-bound cytochromes were also determined by difference spectra in cytochrome c-depleted mitochondrial membranes. Cytochromes b and aa3 showed increased concentrations in hyperthyroid rats while the concentration of cytochrome C1 remained unchanged. Hyperthyroid mitochondria showed increased reduction of cytochromes b, c1, c and total c during state III respiration and cytochromes c1, c, and total c during state IV respiration. The percent reduction of cytochrome b decreased during state IV respiration in the hyperthyroid mitochondria. These results suggest that the increase in respiration observed in the hyperthyroid state may be related to changes both in the mitochondrial cytochrome concentration and in the cytochrome reduction level.
Turning bias in virtual spatial navigation: age-related differences and neuroanatomical correlates.

Abstract Rodents frequently exhibit rotational bias associated with asymmetry in lesions and neurotransmitters in the striatum. However, in humans, turning preference is inconsistent across studies, and its neural correlates are unclear. We examined turning bias in 140 right-handed healthy adults (18–77 years old), who navigated a virtual Morris Water Maze. On magnetic resonance images, we measured volumes of brain regions relevant to spatial navigation. We classified turns that occurred during virtual navigation as veering (less than 10°), true turns (between 10° and 90°) and course reversals (over 90°). The results showed that performance (time of platform search and distance traveled) was negatively related to age. The distance traveled was positively associated with volume of the orbito-frontal cortex but not with the volumes of the cerebellum, the hippocampus or the primary visual cortex. Examination of turning behavior showed that all participants veered to the right. In turns and reversals, although on average there was no consistent direction preference, we observed significant individual biases. Virtual turning preference correlated with volumetric asymmetry in the striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex. Participants preferred to turn toward the hemisphere with larger putamen, cerebellum and (in younger adults only) hippocampus. Advanced age was associated with greater rightward turning preference. Men showed greater leftward preference whereas women exhibited stronger rightward bias.
Cardiovascular diseases in American women.

Aims Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major public health issues in women among diverse populations across the world. This article reports current information about the occurrence and risk factors of atherosclerotic CVD in American women.
The use of fertility awareness methods (FAM) among young adult Latina and black women: what do they know and how well do they use it? Use of FAM among Latina and black women in the United States

Abstract Objectives Although a sizeable percentage of minority women use fertility awareness methods (FAM), little is known about their use in the United States. We sought to fill this gap by examining FAM use among Latina and black women ��� groups that have high rates of unintended childbearing and FAM use ��� focusing on knowledge, sources of information and accuracy of use. Unlike other methods, accurate use of FAM requires relatively high levels of knowledge. Study Design In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 58 Latina and black women who were current or past users of FAM. Participants were recruited through local clinics and ads posted in neighborhoods and local Web sites. A purposive sample design was used to ensure that the sample included individuals with characteristics associated with FAM use. An inductive approach was used in the data analysis. Results Women learned about FAM from family, professionals and the Internet. In general, what they learned fell into one of two levels of information ��� basic or in-depth ��� and many women possessed moderate to low levels of knowledge. By decomposing accuracy of use into its components, we find that it is driven largely by knowledge. While the vast majority of women were abstaining from unprotected sex during what they believed to be their fertile window, only 34 of the 58 participants accurately identified their fertile period. Conclusions Findings speak to a gap in reproductive literacy that has important implications for FAM users. The gap between behavior and knowledge could help account for high failure rates associated with FAM use.
Seasonal trends of helminth parasites of bobwhite quail.

Helminthologic examination of 120 adult and 65 juvenile bobwhites (Colinus virginianus) from Leon County, Florida, during a one-year period revealed seven common (>30% prevalence) species including Raillietina cesticillus, R. colinia, Cheilospirura spinosa, Cyrnea colini, Heterakis bonasae, Tetrameres pattersoni, and Trichostrongylus tenuis. Less frequently found helminths included Hymenolepis sp., Rhabdometra odiosa, Mediorhynchus papillosis, Aproctella stoddardi, Dispharynx nasuta, Gongylonema ingluvicola, Strongyloides avium, and Subulura sp. Juvenile bobwhites had acquired infections of 6 of the 7 common helminths by July and all seven species by August. A shift from a predominance of immature to mature parasites was noted with increasing age of juvenile bobwhites. Patterns of acquisition of common helminths by juvenile bobwhites followed both linear and non-linear (plateau effect) trends when compared to age of the host. By mid-winter total helminth burdens of juvenile birds approached levels in adul...
Variations of hot O in the thermosphere

Using measurements of electron temperature and density, a model of neutral density, and a theoretical expression for the O+−O collision cross section, we compute the ion temperature and find it to be lower than the measured value. We compute the amount of hot O at 4000°K necessary to provide this heat deficit. At 400 km altitude very little hot O is needed at solar maximum while 1–2% of total O must be hot at solar maximum. Hot O densities at 400 km altitude are lowest during the day, highest at night; lowest at the equinoxes, highest at the solstices; lowest at solar maximum, highest at solar minimum; lowest for magnetically disturbed periods, highest for quiet periods; lowest for a warm, dense thermosphere, highest for a cool, rare thermosphere. All of these variations are consistent with thermal quenching by ambient O, with larger ambient O densities yielding lower hot O densities. This indicates that hot O should form a layer shape in the atmosphere.
Page Kidney: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Page kidney is caused by the accumulation of blood in the perinephric or subcapsular space, resulting in compression of the involved kidney, renal ischemia, and high renin hypertension. Most patients are young hypertensives with a remote history of blunt trauma to the abdomen or back. We describe a case of acute Page kidney following a renal biopsy in a patient with underlying IgA nephropathy. In addition to the new-onset hypertension, this patient developed a significant decline in renal function due to the inability of the contralateral diseased kidney to compensate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound were valuable in making this diagnosis. Medical and surgical therapeutic options were considered. This report also reviews all previously described cases of Page kidney.
ERK1/2 activation is a therapeutic target in age-related macular degeneration

Deficient expression of the RNase III DICER1, which leads to the accumulation of cytotoxic Alu RNA, has been implicated in degeneration of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) in geographic atrophy (GA), a late stage of age-related macular degeneration that causes blindness in millions of people worldwide. Here we show increased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation in the RPE of human eyes with GA and that RPE degeneration in mouse eyes and in human cell culture induced by DICER1 depletion or Alu RNA exposure is mediated via ERK1/2 signaling. Alu RNA overexpression or DICER1 knockdown increases ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the RPE in mice and in human cell culture. Alu RNA-induced RPE degeneration in mice is rescued by intravitreous administration of PD98059, an inhibitor of the ERK1/2-activating kinase MEK1, but not by inhibitors of other MAP kinases such as p38 or JNK. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized function of ERK1/2 in the pathogenesis of GA and provide a mechanistic basis for evaluation of ERK1/2 inhibition in treatment of this disease.
Screening for breast cancer: How effective are our tests? a critical review

The primary goal of screening for breast cancer is to detect the disease at a smaller size and presumably earlier stage. A review of the literature is presented, which evaluates the ability of thermography, mammography, and clinical examination to lower the threshold size at detection and evaluate the predictive value of a positive test as compared with the prevalence of cancer existing in the population reported. We have found little evidence to indicate that clinical thermography lowers the stage at detection, and neither does a positive thermogram in screening seem to have a strong predictive value. Clinical examination can lower threshold over current threshold levels, but only at the expense of a very high biopsy rate. The data reported in the literature show that mammography can advance the stage at detection and have a reasonably high predictive value compared with the isoprobability baseline.
The influence of epileptic neuropathology and prior peripheral immunity on CNS transduction by rAAV2 and rAAV5

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) provides a promising platform for clinical treatment of neurological disorders owing to its established efficacy and lack of apparent pathogenicity. To use viral vectors in treating neurological disease, however, transduction must occur under neuropathological conditions. Previous studies in rodents have shown that AAV5 more efficiently transduces cells in the hippocampus and piriform cortex than AAV2. Using the kainic acid (KA) model of temporal lobe epilepsy and AAV2 and 5 carrying a hybrid chicken β-actin promoter driving green fluorescent protein (GFP), we found that limbic seizure activity caused substantial neuropathology and resulted in a significant reduction in subsequent AAV5 transduction. Nonetheless, this reduced transduction still was greater than AAV2 transduction in control rats. Although KA seizures compromise blood–brain barrier function, potentially increasing exposure of target tissue to circulating neutralizing antibodies, we observed no interaction between KA seizure-induced damage and immunization status on AAV transduction. Finally, while we confirmed the near total neuronal-specific transgene expression for both serotypes in control rats, AAV5–GFP expression was increasingly localized to astrocytes in seizure-damaged areas. Thus, the pathological milieu of the injured brain can reduce transduction efficacy and alter viral tropism- both relevant concerns when considering viral vector gene therapy for neurological disorders.
Effect of electron and hole doping on the structure of C, Si, and S nanowires

We use ab initio density functional calculations to study the effect of electron and hole doping on the equilibrium geometry and electronic structure of C, Si, and S monatomic wires. Independent of doping, all these nanowires are found to be metallic. In absence of doping, C wires are straight, whereas Si and S wires display a zigzag structure. Besides two preferred bond angles of 60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in Si wires, we find an additional metastable bond angle of 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in S wires. The equilibrium geometry and electronic structure of these nanowires is shown to change drastically upon electron and hole doping.
Potential role for snoRNAs in PKR activation during metabolic stress.

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) has long been known to be activated by viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as part of the mammalian immune response. However, in mice PKR is also activated by metabolic stress in the absence of viral infection, and this requires a functional kinase domain, as well as a functional dsRNA-binding domain. The endogenous cellular RNA that potentially leads to PKR activation during metabolic stress is unknown. We investigated this question using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells expressing wild-type PKR (PKR WT ) or PKR with a point mutation in each dsRNA-binding motif (PKR RM ). Using this system, we identified endogenous RNA that interacts with PKR after induction of metabolic stress by palmitic acid (PA) treatment. Specifically, RIP-Seq analyses showed that the majority of enriched RNAs that interacted with WT PKR (≥twofold, false discovery rate ≤ 5%) were small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). Immunoprecipitation of PKR in extracts of UV–cross-linked cells, followed by RT-qPCR, confirmed that snoRNAs were enriched in PKR WT samples after PA treatment, but not in the PKR RM samples. We also demonstrated that a subset of identified snoRNAs bind and activate PKR in vitro; the presence of a 5′-triphosphate enhanced PKR activity compared with the activity with a 5′-monophosphate, for some, but not all, snoRNAs. Finally, we demonstrated PKR activation in cells upon snoRNA transfection, supporting our hypothesis that endogenous snoRNAs can activate PKR. Our results suggest an unprecedented and unexpected model whereby snoRNAs play a role in the activation of PKR under metabolic stress.
SORPTION BEHAVIOR OF PERRHENATE AND OXOCHROMIUM(VI) ON REILLEX™-HPQ ANION EXCHANGE RESIN FROM NITRIC ACID SOLUTION

ABSTRACT The distribution coefficients (K'd) are reported for perrhenate and oxochromium(VI) ions on the nitrate form of Reillex™-HPQ anion exchange resin as a function of nitric acid concentration. Maximum loadings of <5.1 equivalent % were used. K'd is defined by the following equation where Mtotal is the total mmol of metal ion added and (Msol) is the analytical molarity of metal ion in Vsol mL of Solution. The values of K'd) for perrhenate at 10.0, 5.00, and 1.00 M HNO3 are 5.00, 16.9, and 186 ml/g dry resin, respectively. The average value of K'd) for oxochromium(VI) between 10.0 and 4.0 M HNO3 is 1.21 ± 0.23 ml /g dry resin. At 1.0 MHNO3, the value is 1.80 rnl /g dry resin. The behavior of the perrhenate system can be best described by assuming that the acid, HReO4, is formed with a derived acid dissociation constant of 2.32 M. The behavior of the oxochromium(VI) system is more complex. It is described phenomenologically by a simple inverse [HNO3] dependence.
Evidence for replicate 5p core levels in photoelectron spectra of Eu metal due to nonconstant kinetic-energy resonant Auger decay

Satellites on the low-binding-energy side of core-level photoelectron emission due to extra 4f screening are a well-known feature in the x-ray photoelectron spectra of valence fluctuation materials and rare-earth metals. A notable exception is Eu metal, where up to now no low-binding-energy satellite has been observed. In this paper we show that in Eu metal the 4d-4f resonance can decay via a resonant Auger decay, which is not a constant kinetic-energy feature due to a rapid change of the strength of 4f screening with excitation energy, establishing a low-binding-energy replica of the 5p core-level photoelectron emission. (c) 1999 The American Physical Society.
Implications of carbon flux from the Cascadia accretionary prism: results from long-term, in situ measurements at ODP Site 892B

A 403-day in situ field experiment at Ocean Drilling Program Site 892B sought to quantify the flux of methane along a fluid-active fault and to experimentally determine rates of methane hydrate and authigenic carbonate deposition associated with fluid expulsion from the borehole. An instrument package was deployed that osmotically sampled fluid, measured borehole pressure and flow rates, and contained reaction chambers in which deposition of gas hydrates and carbonates was anticipated, and from which microbial communities might be extracted. Flow is highly variable in the three-phase water–methane system that exists at Site 892B. Flow rates fluctuate over two orders of magnitude in response to tidally induced pressure variations and gas hydrate formation and dissociation. Hydrate formation began 45 days into the experiment and reduced the initial flow (∼2 l/day) to 20 ml/day. Unexpectedly, the hydrate destabilized after about 125 days. Tidally induced flow reversals are common (∼25% of time) in this setting characterized by ‘overpressured’ pore waters. These reversals pump sulfate-rich bottom water into near-surface sediments where Archaea anaerobically oxidize CH4 and induce carbonate precipitation. At the sediment–water interface, authigenic carbonates are undergoing dissolution. Methanotrophs dominated the microbial community where fluid is discharged to ambient seawater. All expelled methane is apparently oxidized in the water column.
Francisella tularensis RipA Protein Topology and Identification of Functional Domains

ABSTRACT Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus and is the etiological agent of the disease tularemia. Expression of the cytoplasmic membrane protein RipA is required for Francisella replication within macrophages and other cell types; however, the function of this protein remains unknown. RipA is conserved among all sequenced Francisella species, and RipA-like proteins are present in a number of individual strains of a wide variety of species scattered throughout the prokaryotic kingdom. Cross-linking studies revealed that RipA forms homoligomers. Using a panel of RipA-green fluorescent protein and RipA-PhoA fusion constructs, we determined that RipA has a unique topology within the cytoplasmic membrane, with the N and C termini in the cytoplasm and periplasm, respectively. RipA has two significant cytoplasmic domains, one composed roughly of amino acids 1 to 50 and the second flanked by the second and third transmembrane domains and comprising amino acids 104 to 152. RipA functional domains were identified by measuring the effects of deletion mutations, amino acid substitution mutations, and spontaneously arising intragenic suppressor mutations on intracellular replication, induction of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion by infected macrophages, and oligomer formation. Results from these experiments demonstrated that each of the cytoplasmic domains and specific amino acids within these domains are required for RipA function.
Canine Nasal Disease

Nasal disease often manifests as nasal discharge with or without other nasal signs. Attention to signalment, history, and physical examination findings often facilitates a differential diagnosis. Imaging techniques and tissue sampling for microscopic examination are usually necessary for diagnosis. Advanced imaging offers important advantages over traditional skull radiographs but is less widely available and more costly. Bacterial culture is seldom beneficial, and fungal culture is reserved for cases likely to have fungal rhinitis. Nasal biopsy is required to confirm a specific diagnosis and is always required for diagnosis of specific tumor type or for inflammatory rhinitis.
Conservation and authenticity: Interactions and enquiries

AbstractThe possible meanings in conservation of the word authenticity are discussed and some different definitions are briefly evaluated. Recent research showing the brain reacts differently to the concepts of copy and authentic is reviewed. The relationship between cultural heritage charters and how authenticity has been employed in them is explored with examples from the Athen's Charter, The Venice Charter, The Nara Document, The San Antonio Declaration, and the UNESCO World Heritage Documents. Several examples are discussed in the text concerning the interactions between authenticity and restoration, employing the examples of ancient buildings and old master paintings. Some of the important writings on the subject of authenticity by scholars and art historians are reviewed. Criteria which could be used to evaluate the concept of authenticity in different cultural settings are discussed and these are illustrated with case studies taken from restoration carried out on ancient marble sculptures, the Sist...
Functional heterogeneity of genetically defined subclones in acute myeloid leukemia

The relationships between clonal architecture and functional heterogeneity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples are not yet clear. We used targeted sequencing to track AML subclones identified by whole-genome sequencing using a variety of experimental approaches. We found that virtually all AML subclones trafficked from the marrow to the peripheral blood, but some were enriched in specific cell populations. Subclones showed variable engraftment potential in immunodeficient mice. Xenografts were predominantly comprised of a single genetically defined subclone, but there was no predictable relationship between the engrafting subclone and the evolutionary hierarchy of the leukemia. These data demonstrate the importance of integrating genetic and functional data in studies of primary cancer samples, both in xenograft models and in patients.
On the Relevance of Statistical Relevance Theory

In Salmon's discussion of his account of statistical relevance and statistical explanation there is a peculiarity in the selection of examples. Where he wishes to show that statistical accounts are reasonably treated as explanatory, he draws examples from the social sciences, such as juvenile delinquency. But when he explains the concept of ‘causal’ relevance, the examples are selected from the natural sciences. This conceals difficulties with Salmon's account of causality in the face of multiple causes such as are characteristic of the social sciences. Salmon's account is shown not to escape difficulties associated with Simon's earlier approach.
Selective inhibition of E. coli 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase by acetylphosphonates().

DXP synthase catalyzes the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, an essential precursor in pathogen isoprenoid biosynthesis. The selective inhibition of this ThDP-dependent transformation is a challenging goal in the development of isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors. Potent, selective inhibitors could lead to new anti-infective agents. Here, we demonstrate selective inhibition of E. coliDXP synthase by butylacetylphosphonate.
A win-win paradigm for quality of work life and business performance

This study develops and tests hypotheses to examine empirically how the perceived image of a company's quality of work life will affect its market and financial performances. Growth and profitability of two groups of publicly held companies were compared based on sales growth, asset growth, return on equity, and return on assets. The first group consisted of fifty-eight companies identified as the best companies to work for in the United States; the second group consisted of eighty-eight of Standard and Poor's top one hundred companies. Statistical evidence found in this study supports a paradigm that aligns the interests of the investor, manager, and employee stakeholders into a win-win situation. Findings from this empirical study suggest that companies with high quality of work life can also enjoy exceptional growth and profitability.
Wavelet Galerkin methods for second-kind integral equations

We use vector-valued multiwavelets on compact sets to develop a Galerkin method for systems of integral equations of the second kind. We propose a compression strategy for the coefficient matrix of the linear system obtained from this method and show that the compressed scheme preserves almost optimal convergence rate of the original scheme and yields a sparse matrix with a bounded condition number.
The relationship between pulsatile secretion and calcium dynamics in single, living gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons.

It is well established that pulsatile release of GnRH regulates the reproductive axis, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying this pulsatility. Recent findings that GT1 cells, a line derived from the mouse embryonic hypothalamus, release GnRH in a pulsatile manner indicates that this rhythmic activity is an intrinsic property of GnRH neurons. In several attempts to uncover the intracellular basis for this pulsatile phenomenon, it was revealed that intracellular calcium concentrations change in a rhythmic fashion in GnRH neurons and that cellular depolarization, which triggers a secretory event, is associated with profound calcium changes in the cells. These findings raised the intriguing possibility that periodic alterations in intracellular calcium concentrations may underlie the phenomenon of pulsatile secretion in GnRH neurons. To address this, we first adapted the use of FM1‐ 43 fluorescence to monitor changes of secretion in individual GT1‐7 cells and then combined this approach with simultaneous measurement of intracellular free calcium ([Ca 21 ]i, fura 2 method). In initial validation experiments, we found that stimulation of exocytosis with K 1 (75 mM )o rN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA, 100 mM) predictably evoked dynamic increases of both FM1‐ 43 and fura 2 fluorescence. Later measurement of calcium dynamics and exocytotic activity in unstimulated cells revealed that [Ca 21 ]i underwent transitions from quiescence to high oscillatory behavior, and that these shifts were frequently associated with exocytotic events. Moreover, these calcium oscillatory transitions and associated changes in secretory activity occurred synchronously among most adjacent cells and at a frequency similar to that reported for pulsatile release of GnRH by entire cultures of GnRH neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that the intrinsic secretory pulsatility of GnRH neurons appears to be a consequence of coordinated, periodic changes in the pattern of calcium oscillations within individual cells. (Endocrinology 141: 2012‐2017, 2000)
The effect of steroid hydroxylase inhibitors on the rate of reduction of adrenal mitochondrial cytochrome P-450.

Abstract When added to adrenocortical mitochondria, metyrapone, amphenone and aminoglutethimide induce type II difference spectra, and block both the initial rate of malate-linked cytochrome P-450 reduction and also the DOC-induced increase in this rate. Removing the -NH 2 group from aminoglutethimide shifts the spectrum to shorter wavelengths and reduces its effectiveness in blocking P-450 reduction. These compounds appear to block steroid hydroxylation by binding to oxidized P-450 and only very slowly allowing the P-450 to be reduced.
Exploring long lifetime routing (LLR) in ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, node mobility causes links between nodes to break frequently, thus terminating the lifetime of the routes containing those links. An alternative route has to be discovered once a link is detected as broken, incurring extra route discovery overhead and packet latency. A simple solution to reduce the frequency of this costly discovery procedure is to choose a long lifetime route carefully during the route discovery phase rather than a simple random shortest-path route scheme. This simple solution, although straightforward, requires investigation of several questions before it can be implemented. Specifically, how much effect does node mobility have on the link lifetime? Correspondingly, how much effect does it have on the route lifetime? How much lifetime extension can we achieve by using a long lifetime route compared to a randomly chosen shortest-path route? How much benefit can we obtain by using these longer lifetime routes, and what is the tradeoff of using them? By answering these questions, we gain enough insight to determine under what circumstances long lifetime routes are worth being discovered and implemented. In this paper, we first formulate the distribution of a link lifetime and correspondingly the distribution of a route lifetime. Then we present an algorithm to determine the longest lifetime routes at different route lengths. We experimentally compare these long lifetime routes with traditional random shortest-path routes and reveal the tradeoff of using long lifetime routes of different lengths. All the fundamental results will serve as the guideline for our future implementation of a distributed long lifetime routing protocol.