cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microsatellite linkage analysis, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and haplotype associations with ECB21 in the COGA data.

This study, part of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 14 (GAW14), explored real Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data for linkage and association mapping between genetic polymorphisms (microsatellite and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) and beta (16.5–20 Hz) oscillations of the brain rhythms (ecb21). The ecb21 phenotype underwent the statistical adjustments for the age of participants, and for attaining a normal distribution. A total of 1,000 subjects' available phenotypes were included in linkage analysis with microsatellite markers. Linkage analysis was performed only for chromosome 4 where a quantitative trait locus with 5.01 LOD score had been previously reported. Previous findings related this location with the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor. At the same location, our analysis showed a LOD score of 2.2. This decrease in the LOD score is the result of a drastic reduction (one-third) of the available GAW14 phenotypic data. We performed SNP and haplotype association analyses with the same phenotypic data under the linkage peak region on chromosome 4. Seven Affymetrix and two Illumina SNPs showed significant associations with ecb21 phenotype. A haplotype, a combination of SNPs TSC0044171 and TSC0551006 (the latter almost under the region of GABAA genes), showed a significant association with ecb21 (p = 0.015) and a relatively high frequency in the sample studied. Our results affirmed that the GABA region has potential of harboring genes that contribute quantitatively to the beta oscillation of the brain rhythms. The inclusion of the remaining 614 subjects, which in the GAW14 had missing data for the ecb21, can improve the strength of the associations as they have already shown that they contribute quite important information in the linkage analysis.
The value of sequential bone marrow biopsy and laparotomy and splenectomy in a series of 200 consecutive untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Abstract The information derived from sequential routine bone marrow biopsies and exploratory laparotomy with splenectomy in 200 consecutive untreated protocol patients with malignant lymphomata other than Hodgkin's disease is reviewed. Of 114 patients with nodular lymphomata, 64% had a change of stage after these diagnostic procedures, almost all to more advanced stages, usually as a result of bone marrow biopsy. Of 86 patients with diffuse lymphomata, 29% changed stage, one-third of them to a lower stage. The correlation of pathological stages to clinical stages is presented for the major subgroups of the Rappaport classification. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrates that 76% of patients with nodular lymphocytic poorly differentiated (NLPD) lymphoma have disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. In only 13% of patients with diffuse histiocytic (DH) lymphoma is the bone marrow involved at the time of diagnosis. The different natural history of these two major histological subgroups is emphasized.
Situational irony: A concept of events gone awry.

An event can be classified as situationally ironic when it deviates from routine in certain ways. In Study 1, a taxonomy of situational ironic event kinds was developed and features of these events were identified. Features included unexpectedness, human frailty, opposition, and outcome (the experience of loss or win). Study 2, category production, and Study 3, goodness-of-exemplar ratings, showed that individuals have a situational irony concept, consisting of representations of event kinds. These events exhibit typifying features, giving the concept graded structure. On this basis, knowledge of ironic events is claimed to be a form of event knowledge, along with but distinct from the event schema or script
On environmental Kuznets curves arising from stock externalities

Abstract We develop a stock externality model in an optimal growth framework and examine the relationship between economic growth and the environment. We find that as incomes rise over the growth path, both the marginal benefits of pollution control and the marginal costs of pollution control rise. If at a given income level the marginal benefits rise more than the marginal costs, the emissions-income relationship has a negative slope at that income level and vice versa. We are thus able to generate examples of emissions-income relationships of varying shapes by varying pollution specific parameters which determine marginal costs and benefits, such as the convexity of the cost function, the rate of decay of the stock of pollution, and the share of consumption in the composite good. An inverted U-shape relationship (an “environmental Kuznets curve”) requires only minimal assumptions. A convex cost function and that environmental quality is a normal good imply an inverted U-shape relationship for an open set of parameters. We also examine how environment-income relationship varies according to what measure is used for the environment (emissions, stock of pollution, or emissions control).
Measurement of Dynamic Flame Response in a Lean Premixed Single-Can Combustor

Combustion oscillations are a serious technical challenge for stationary gas turbine manufacturers. In order to address this issue, the development cycle for a gas turbine combustor typically involves an extensive test program. In many cases, the dynamic stability observed in sub-scale test rigs differs from the commercial engines. If encountered late in the development cycle, these rig-to-engine variations can impact an entire engine program. This paper discusses an experimental approach to measure time-scales (i.e., fuel-transport time and flame response time) that play a critical role in combustion oscillations. If these time-scales can be measured throughout the development cycle, the rig-to-engine variations in combustor performance may be improved. The results described in this paper are collected from a nominal 1MWth single-can combustor rig operating on natural gas. The inlet-air temperature and pressure are 589K (600°F) and 760 kPa (7.5 atm), respectively. The measured time-scales are significantly larger than the bulk fuel-transport time calculated from simple estimates. In order to explain these discrepancies, a simple flame model is presented to show how the flame structure can influence these time-scales. This model is also used to illustrate how these critical time-scales can change as a function of operating condition.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
National Grid experience with management of Multi-Functional Numerical Relay settings

In 2008 National Grid (UK) implemented a new relay settings process and database system both to facilitate the management of relay settings sheets associated with Multi-Functional Numerical Relays (MFRs) and to ensure the correct application of settings on protection relays on site. This paper describes how this new process and database system enables a reduction in the number of settings sheets, reduces the risk of human errors and provides a more rigorous methodology for the management of multi-functional relay settings. The paper also considers the challenges and experiences associated with the new arrangements. (6 pages)
Performance Capabilities and Competencies at the Undergraduate and Graduate Levels for Performance Improvement Professionals.

This quantitative study sought to identify the performance capabilities and competencies that organizations in the northern midwestern United States expect of future performance improvement professionals at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Eighty-nine performance improvement professionals representing 89 organizations completed an online survey that captured the participants' perspective regarding undergraduate and graduate-level performance capabilities, and undergraduate competency expectations. Results suggest that participants expect several training and development performance capabilities, a few organization developments, and no performance management performance capabilities at the undergraduate level. Several training and development capabilities, most organization development capabilities, and all performance management performance capabilities were expected at the graduate level. This definition is fundamental to support academic curricular development and the field of performance improvement.
Transition metal cyclopentadienyl complexes bearing perfluoro-4-tolyl substituents

Abstract Depending on the ratio of starting materials and the reaction conditions, perfluorotoluene (C 6 F 5 CF 3 ) reacts with sodium cyclopentadienide (NaCp; Cp = C 5 H 5 ) and excess sodium hydride to afford, after acidic aqueous workup, moderate to high yields of mono-, bis-, tris-, and tetrakis(perfluoro-4-tolyl)cyclopentadiene ( 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 , respectively). Treatment of 1 with excess NaH in THF afforded sodium (perfluoro-4-tolyl)cyclopentadienide ( 5 ) in 90% yield. Reaction of FeBr 2 with 2 equiv. of 5 afforded a 68% yield of (η 5 -C 5 H 4 C 7 F 7 ) 2 Fe ( 6 ). Reaction of ZrCl 4 (THF) 2 with 2 equiv. of 5 afforded a 58% yield of (η 5 -C 7 F 7 C 5 H 4 ) 2 ZrCl 2 ( 7 ). Reaction of Mn(CO) 5 Br with 5 afforded a 74% yield of (η 5 -C 7 F 7 C 5 H 4 )Mn(CO) 3 ( 8 ). Treatment of 3b with NaH and then with Mn(CO) 5 Br in DME afforded a 26% yield of [η 5 -1,2,4-(C 7 F 7 ) 3 C 5 H 2 ]Mn(CO) 3 ( 9 ). Treatment of 3b with NaH and then with FeBr 2 in DME afforded a trace yield of [η 5 -1,2,4-(C 7 F 7 ) 3 C 5 H 2 ] 2 Fe ( 10 ), which was not fully characterized. Dienes 2a , 3a , and 3b and metal complexes 7 , 8 , and 9 were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Infrared spectroscopic analysis of the substituted CpMn(CO) 3 complexes showed a linear increase of 5 cm −1 in the A -symmteric stretching frequency for each C 7 F 7 substituent, compared to the analogous value of 4 cm −1 reported earlier for each pentafluorophenyl (C 6 F 5 ) substituent. Solution voltammetric analysis of the substituted ferrocene 6 revealed a shift in the E 1/2 of 465 mV relative to ferrocene, compared to the analogous value of about 340 mV for 1,1′-bis(pentafluorophenyl)ferrocene.
Effect of endothelium on the actions of sympathetic and sensory nerves in the perfused rat mesentery

Abstract We and others have previously demonstrated that pretreatment with capsaicin produces an augmentation of vasoconstrictor responses to transmural nerve stimulation. In the present study, removal of endothelium by saponin or inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester produced an augmentation of vasoconstrictor responses to transmural nerve stimulation, responses which were further potentiated after treatment with capsaicin to desensitize sensory nerves. Capsaicin treatment decreased vasodilator responses to acetylcholine, but only at low acetycholine concentrations. Potentiation by capsaicin of vasoconstrictor responses to transmural nerve stimulation was not affected by indomethacin. In the presence of guanethidine and methoxamine, transmural nerve stimulation caused vasodilator responses in the perfused rat mesentery. These responses were unaffected by removal of endothelium, as were vasodilator responses to exogeneous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). In contrast, substance P did not produce any relaxation in the methoxamine-contracted mesentery. This study suggests that facilitation of vasoconstrictor responses to transmural nerve stimulation after capsaicin treatment primarily reflects inhibition of sensory nerve effects resulting in an increase of sympathetic vasoconstrictor actions. The present results also suggest that vasodilator responses to sensory nerve activation or exogenous CGRP are endothelium-independent and the substance P does not significantly contribute to modulation of vascular tone in the rat mesentery.
High-resolution three-dimensional numerical simulation of a circulating fluidized bed

Abstract A simple averaged equation model for two-phase flows is used to perform high-resolution three-dimensional numerical simulations of gas–solid flow in a fluidized bed. Results are compared to experimental observations of Van den Moortel et al. [Chem. Eng. Sci. 53 (10) (1998) 1883]. It is found that a simple averaged equation model, which accounts directly for only simple fluid–particle interactions, captures the basic physics of the two-phase flow provided sufficient resolution is used. This is because mesoscale structures produced by the nonlinear interactions represented by the nonlinear terms in the averaged equations have dominant effects on the macroscale. Similarities and differences between our results and those of Agrawal et al. [J. Fluid Mech. (2000) submitted for publication] and the implications for future directions in two-phase flow theory for fluidized beds are discussed.
Decreased response of plasma immunoreactive erythropoietin to "available oxygen" in anemia of prematurity.

Erythropoietin, hemoglobin, hematocrit, oxygen affinity (P 50 ), and reticulocyte counts were measured weekly starting at 1 week of age in 10 very-low-birth-weight infants and on a single occasion in 15 healthy men. In the adults, "available oxygen" (derived from oxygen carrying capacity and P 50 ) averaged 13.1 ml/dl blood and the mean erythropoletin level was 15.2 mU/ml. Erythropoietin levels in the infants were inversely related to concentration of hemoglobin, P 50 and available oxygen. However, despite the much lower mean "available oxygen" of 9.3 ml/dl in the infants compared with that in adults ( P P
Detecting Intimate Partner Violence: More Than Trauma Team Education Is Needed

BACKGROUND: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an underappreciated cause of morbidity and mortality in female trauma patients. We investigated the impact of a domestic violence education program for trauma residents on the detection of IPV. STUDY DESIGN: In January 2008, an educational IPV program was implemented for all trauma residents. A retrospective review of all female patients evaluated by the trauma service before and after institution of the IPV program was performed. Medical records were reviewed for demographic data, injury mechanism, social habits, and IPV documentation. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to compare patients before and after institution of the educational IPV program. RESULTS: The records of 645 female trauma patients evaluated in 2007 and 2008 were reviewed. Patients were not routinely asked about IPV, despite implementation of the educational program; 39.9% were asked about IPV in 2007 versus 46.1% in 2008 (p0.11).The positive disclosure of IPV did not increase from 2007 to 2008 (20.1% versus 21.2%; p 0.83). Documentation about social habits increased considerably. In 2008, patients were asked more regularly about alcohol (71.8% versus 80.8%; p 0.01), drugs (64.1% versus 73.7%; p 0.01), and tobacco use (67.0% versus 78.1%; p 0.002). Importantly, patients with documented IPV (n 57) frequently presented to the trauma team with nonviolent mechanisms of injury (n 30, 52.6%). CONCLUSIONS: IPV is a frequent finding in female trauma patients. Despite increased education, questions about IPV are not documented routinely. In addition, screening at-risk patients by mechanism will underestimate the prevalence of IPV. Universal screening should be mandated to increase IPV detection and enhance opportunities for intervention. (J Am Coll Surg 2011;212: 867–872. © 2011 by the American College of Surgeons)
Inhibitory effect of glutamine and ammonia on replication of influenza virus in ascites tumor cells.

Abstract Glutamine in the presence of bicarbonate or excess phosphate inhibits replication of influenza cell-associated hemagglutinins in Krebs 2 ascites tumor cells. Ascites cells rapidly liberate ammonia from glutamine. Ammonium ion at a concentration of 0.5–1.3 mg. % caused significant suppression of the growth of influenza and Newcastle virus in Krebs 2 cells. Higher concentrations were required for inhibition in Ehrlich ascites cells and chorioallantoic tissue. There appears to be a relation between the formation of ammonia from glutamine and the observed inhibitory effects of this substance. With delayed addition of glutamine or ammonia (1–4 hours after the virus) there was little or no decrease of hemagglutinin formation.
The role of oxidation catalyst in dual-catalyst bed for after-treatment of lean burn natural gas exhaust

Abstract A dual-catalyst bed composed of a reduction (Pd/SZ) and an oxidation (CoOx/CeO2) catalyst was investigated for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO2 using hydrocarbons for lean-burn natural gas engines. The choice of a multifunctional oxidation catalyst was seen to play a crucial role to achieve the desirable NO2 reduction performance. A dual-catalyst bed optimization showed that different cobalt containing oxidation catalysts could be exploited to achieve desirable NOx and hydrocarbon conversions. Moreover, cyclic experiments in the presence of water vapor were conducted to understand its implications on dual catalyst bed performance. Finally, both kinetic and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) studies were undertaken to examine the behavior of the oxidation catalyst with respect to hydrocarbon oxidation which consequently affect the overall NOx reduction activity.
Metabolic and nutritional aspects of thermal injury

A MARKEDLY elevated resting metabolic expenditure, as measured by increased oxygen consumption, following major thermal or soft-tissue injury, was first noted in I953 by Cope and his associates. These and other investigators (Gubler and Zimina, 1963; Roe et al., 1965; Roe and Kinney, 1965; Gump et ai., I970) have repeatedly documented the presence of this hypermetabolic response even though thyroid function remains normal and the presence of other known hyperdynamic disease states, such as pregnancy, Paget's disease and cirrhosis, is excluded. Resting metabolic rates of I50-200 per cent of normal have been measured following major thermal injury, and they persist at this elevated level for 2-8 weeks until wound coverage is accomplished. Total caloric expenditures of 5000 kcal/day have been measured during the early post-burn period, by both direct and indirect calorimetry, in extensively burned patients. The hypermetabolism exhibited by burned or traumatized patients is in marked contrast to the hypometabolic rates observed in other semistarvation states. Benedict'sclassicstudies in 1915 revealed a prompt reduction in oxygen consumption to 80 per cent of normal when body-weight had fallen by 10 per cent during starvation. In traumatized patients metabolic expenditure promptly rises despite weight losses of much greater magnitude. It is now well recognized that weight loss in traumatized individuals results from increased gluconeogenesis with striking losses of muscle protein (Cahill, 1970a, b). The non-traumatized starving patient quickly adapts after several days to the utilization
The Oxygen Isotope Composition of Granitoid and Sedimentary Rocks of the Southern Snake Range, Nevada

Six diverse intrusive igneous types are exposed as discrete outcrops within an area of 900 km2 in the southern Snake Range, White Pine County, Nevada. The previously recognized variety among these igneous types is reflected in the wide range ofδ 18O values (−1.1 to 13.4 permil) found in these rocks. This range ofδ 18O values probably results from differences in source material and post-crystallization history of the different intrusive types. The Jurassic intrusive of the Snake Creek-Williams Canyon area represents the chemical equivalent of a large part of a differentiation sequence, with the entire range of composition (63–76 percent SiO2) exposed over a horizontal distance of about five km. The rather regular increase ofδ 18O values from the most mafic to the most felsic parts of this pluton, together withδ 18O values determined for constituent minerals recovered from five of the samples, supports a fractional crystallization model. The highδ 18O values found (10.2–12.2 permil) indicate that the magma likely was derived from or assimilated sedimentary materials. Nine samples of the Cretaceous two-mica granite of the Pole Canyon-Can Young Canyon area haveδ 18O values in the range 10.6–12.1 permil. These highδ 18O values, an initial87Sr/86Sr ratio of 0.7165, and the presence of muscovite along with an accessory mineral suite limited to monazite, apatite, zircon, and an allanite-like mineral, characterize this intrusive mass as an S-type granite. It probably formed through anatexis of late Precambrian pelitic rocks. The granitoid rock exposed in the Young Canyon-Kious Basin area is Tertiary (32 m.y.). Most of this intrusive has been cataclastically deformed as a result of late (18 m.y.) movement on the overlying Snake Range decollement. The undeformed portion of this intrusive hasδ 18O values of 8.7–10.0 permil. However, the deformed portion of this intrusive hasδ 18O values as low as −1.1 permil, apparently resulting from isotopic exchange between this rock and ground water at the time of cataclasis. Although the igneous types exposed in the southern Snake Range differ petrologically and range in age from Jurassic to Tertiary, most have relatively highδ 18O values compared with other granitoid rocks of the Basin-Range Province.
Chronic granulomatous disease associated with systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immune deficiency that characterized with recurrent infections and granuloma formation. A variety of autoimmune disorders and immune-mediated phenomena such as inflammatory bowel disease, discoid lupus erythematous, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Ig A nephropathy, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic thrombocytopenia, eosinophilic cystitis, celiac disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia and antiphospholipid syndrome have been associated with CGD.
Board size and diversity as governance mechanisms in community development loan funds in the USA

Community Development Loan Funds (CDLFs) in the US help revitalize low-income communities by providing financial services to underserved populations. This article uses recently available data from several surveys to explore the link between performance and board size and diversity. Given the unique nature of CDLFs, specific hypotheses are formulated based on insights from the literature on governance in banks and nonprofit institutions. To capture the CDLFs multiple objectives, the article adapts an empirical approach used to study governance in banks. The results show that efficiency improves as the board size increases up to 13 members. The results also suggest that gender diversity has a positive impact, while racial diversity is associated with a negative but negligibly small impact.
Activation of c-Met and Upregulation of CD44 Expression are Associated with the Metastatic Phenotype in the Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis Model

Background Liver metastasis is the most common cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer. Despite extensive research into the biology of cancer progression, the molecular mechanisms that drive colorectal cancer metastasis are not well characterized.
Ultrastructure of the sexually dimorphic basitarsal glands of leg i in manaosbiid harvestmen (opiliones, laniatores)

Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LouisianaABSTRACT Chemical communication is an importantaspect of arthropod biology especially for those arthro-pods with limited abilities to detect visual and acousticsignals. Sexually dimorphic glands are often associatedwith the production of pheromones, which play a role inreproductive processes. In the family Manaosbiidae (Opi-liones: Laniatores), males exhibit an enlarged, swollen,often fused, and spindle-like basitarsus on leg I. In thisstudy, we provide a novel description of the morphologyand ultrastructure of the glandular structures found inthe proximal swollen tarsomeres of the male manaosbiidRhopalocranaus albilineatus Roewer, 1932 and comparethe external leg I morphology with that of two othermanaosbiid harvestmen (Barrona williamsi Goodnightand Goodnight, 1942 and Cranellus montgomeryi Good-night and Goodnight, 1947). The two proximal tarso-meres of the male R. albilineatus leg I contain two large,paired, acinar glands consisting of many glandular cells.Cells empty their secretory products into a large,branched epicuticular duct, which exits the leg via apore on the ventral region. Thus, a total of four glandu-lar structures are present within the two swollen tarso-meres and each possesses a conducting canal and pore.Finally, we discuss possible roles of these basitarsalglands in manaosbiid reproductive biology based on thepresent understanding of sexually dimorphic glandsin other terrestrial arthropods (i.e., insects and spiders).J. Morphol. 272:872–882, 2011.
Automated calibration and optical testing of the AWARE-2 gigapixel multiscale camera

Gigapixel-class cameras present new challenges in calibration, mechanical testing, and optical performance evaluation. The AWARE-2 gigapixel camera has nearly one-hundred micro-cameras covering a 120 degree wide by 40 degree tall field of view, with one pixel spanning an 8 arcsec field angle. Viewing the imagery requires stitching the sub-images together by applying an accurate mapping of registration parameters over the entire field of view. For this purpose, a testbed has been developed to automatically calibrate and test each micro-camera in the array. Using translation stages, rotation stages, and a spatial light modulator for object space, this testbed can project any test scene into a specified micro-camera, building up image quality metrics and a registration look-up table over the entire array.
Reliability and validity of the computerized comprehension task (CCT): data from American English and Mexican Spanish infants.

Early language comprehension may be one of the most important predictors of developmental risk. The need for performance-based assessment is predicated on limitations identified in the exclusive use of parent report and on the need for a performance measure with which to assess the convergent validity of parent report of comprehension. Child performance data require the development of procedures to facilitate infant attention and compliance. Forty infants (20 at 1 ; 4 and 20 at 1 ; 8) acquiring English completed a standard picture book task and the same task was administered on a touch-sensitive screen. The computerized task significantly improved task attention, compliance and performance. Reliability was high, indicating that infants were not responding randomly. Convergent validity with parent report and 4-month stability was substantial. Preliminary data extending this approach to Mexican-Spanish are presented. Results are discussed in terms of the promise of this technique for clinical and research settings and the potential influences of cultural factors on performance.
Affective Reconstruction in the Context of a Pluralistic Approach to Couple Therapy

Couple therapists confront a tremendous diversity of individual and relationship difficulties characterizing couples in distress. This article describes a hierarchical model for structuring interventions from an informed pluralistic approach. Special consideration is given to affective reconstruction or interpretation of recurrent maladaptive relationship patterns evolving from developmental processes. Theoretical assumptions underlying affective reconstruction are presented along with specific therapeutic techniques and criteria for their implementation. Affective reconstruction of maladaptive relationship themes is contrasted with alternative psychodynamic and developmental approaches. The broader pluralistic approach advocated here is also contrasted with alternative integrative models. Discussion concludes with implications of an informed pluralistic approach for research and clinical practice.
High-conjugation-efficiency aqueous CdSe quantum dots

Quantum dots (QDs) are photoluminescent nanoparticles that can be directly or indirectly coupled with a receptor such as an antibody to specifically image a target biomolecule such as an antigen. Recent studies have shown that QDs can be directly made at room temperature and in an aqueous environment (AQDs) with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as the capping ligand without solvent and ligand exchange typically required by QDs made by the organic solvent routes (OQDs). In this study, we have synthesized CdSe AQDs and compared their conjugation efficiency and imaging efficacy with commercial carboxylated OQDs in HT29 colon cancer cells using a primary antibody–biotinylated secondary antibody–streptavidin (SA) sandwich. We showed that the best imaging condition for AQDs occurred when one AQD was bound with 3 ± 0.3 SA with a nominal SA/AQD ratio of 4 corresponding to an SA conjugation efficiency of 75 ± 7.5%. In comparison, for commercial CdSe–ZnS OQDs to achieve 2.7 ± 0.4 bound SAs per OQD for comparable imaging efficacy a nominal SA/OQD ratio of 80 was needed corresponding to an SA conjugation efficiency of 3.4 ± 0.5% for CdSe–ZnS OQDs. The more than 10 times better SA conjugation efficiency of the CdSe AQDs as compared to that of the CdSe–ZnS OQDs was attributed to more capping molecules on the AQD surface as a result of the direct aqueous synthesis. More capping molecules on the AQD surface also allowed the SA–AQD conjugate to be stable in cell culture medium for more than three days without losing their staining capability in a flowing cell culture medium. In contrast, SA–OQD conjugates aggregated in cell culture medium and in phosphate buffer saline solution over time.
An iterative matrix-free method in implicit immersed boundary/continuum methods

The objective of this paper is to present an iterative solution strategy for implicit immersed boundary/continuum methods. An overview of the newly proposed immersed continuum method in conjunction with the traditional immersed boundary method will also be presented. As a key ingredient of the fully implicit time integration, a matrix-free combination of Newton-Raphson iteration and GMRES iterative linear solver is proposed.
Professionalism in the health sciences: lessons learned from its definition, evaluation, and teaching in a medical school

For the past 15 years, the medical profession has been concerned about the professionalism, or lack thereof, exhibited by many physicians, and similar concerns are evident for the broad scope of health professions. This article summarizes the efforts of one school of medicine to define the problem, embark on a program to improve the situation, and evaluate its progress. Because the author's experience is within the realm of human medicine and the education of medical students, the article has been written from this perspective, but it is hoped that readers in the other health professions will find this account of benefit. While the vignettes presented here are taken from human medicine, readers in other health professions should be readily able to translate them into their own spheres of interest.
Intersubband lasers based on the subband dispersion of inverted mass.

We propose a novel intersubband laser based on transitions between subbands in the k-space region where the light-hole effective mass is inverted. We consider GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well (QW) structures which give rise to several confined subbands including ground state heavy-hole subband (HH1) and light-hole subband (LH1). The inverted-effective-mass feature in subband LH1 emerges only in wide QWs which produce closely spaced subbands in energy that are strongly coupled. Laser wavelength determined by this energy separation is typically in the THz range. The laser structure is designed to facilitate electrical pumping with a quantum cascade scheme consisting of isolated single GaAs/AlGaAs QWs. Our calculation shows that with only a small fraction of the carrier population in the upper subband (LH1), it is still possible to achieve population inversion locally in k-space between the two subbands where the light-hole effective mass is inverted. Our result indicates that optical gain in excess of 150/cm can be achieved with a relatively small pump current density on the order of 100A/cm2.
Trying Harder for Different Reasons

Summary: Past investigations of performance on a conjunctive physical persistence task have yielded consistent evidence of motivation gains in the less able worker - a pattern first seen in data co...
Minority Youths and Juvenile Justice: Disproportionate Minority Contact After Nearly 20 Years of Reform Efforts

This article describes the current status of minority youths in juvenile justice systems. With nearly 20 years of federal support, there has been considerable research attention to identifying, explaining, and reducing the disproportionate minority contact with juvenile justice systems. Although progress is evident, the achievements of the Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) initiative have made it clear that the questions are more complicated than initially appeared. The answers do not appear in simple comparisons of youths by race but require “similarly situated” youths who differ only by minority status. Assuring that youths are similarly situated requires knowing their status on many complex and interrelated factors that exist across multiple levels of individuals, families, communities, and juvenile justice systems. The ways in which DMC can be reduced also require addressing parity in opportunities and expectations, both in the community and throughout juvenile justice systems.
Photodehydrocyclisations of stilbene‐like compounds XII. Photochemistry of 2‐(2‐benzo[c]phenanthrylethenyl)‐1,6‐methano[10]annulene

On irradiation of the title compound the methano group is completely eliminated. Benzo-[m]hexahelicene is obtained as the sole cyclization product.
Immunohistochemical localization of keratan sulfate and chondroitin 4- and 6- sulfate proteoglycans in subregions of the tectorial and basilar membranes

Proteoglycans containing keratan sulfate (KSPG) and 4- and 6-sulfated epitopes of chondroitin sulfate (CSPG) were identified in distinct domains of the tectorial and basilar membranes by ultrastructural immunogold labeling with monoclonal antibodies. In the tectorial membrane (TM), the highest concentration of gold particles was present in the upper fibrous layers of the limbal, middle and marginal zones with all three antibodies. Reactivity with anti-KSPG exceeded that with anti-4S and anti-6S CSPG, especially in the marginal zone. The cover net showed no reactivity for any antibody. Labeling density of gold particles with all three antibodies increased markedly from base to apex. In the basilar membrane (BM), all three PGs were most highly concentrated in regions of amorphous ground substance bordering the upper and lower filamentous bands. As in the TM, reactivity for anti-KSPG in the BM exceeded that for either CSPG antibody and staining with all three antibodies was stronger and more widespread in the apical as compared to the basal turns. These results provide the first ultrastructural demonstration of KSPG and CSPG in distinct subregions of the TM and BM. The preferential distribution and marked increase in PGs from base to apex in both TM and BM supports a role for these macromolecules in regulating structural and mechanical properties of these highly specialized extracellular membranes.
Self-oscillations for epidemic models

Abstract In this paper systems of functional differential equations with several parameters are considered. Assuming a generic condition on the rate of change of the real part of eigenvalues of the linearized problem, we are able to show the existence of the bifurcating oscillations for the system of equations. The general theorem is then applied to the equations of epidemics to obtain the existence of bifurcating solutions.
Erythrocyte membranes: Effects of sonication

Abstract Chromatographic, ultracentrifugal and electron-microscopic studies show that sonication of red blood cell membranes breaks these membranes into small vesicles and linear fragments having intact unit membrane structures. These fragments are from 100 to 600 A in size and do not sediment under conditions usually used to define solubility.
Trust, Effectiveness, and Organizational Development: A Field Study in R & D:

Trust and organizational development in research and development laboratories were studied, using a multiple time-series, natural quasi-experimental research design. Nine focal groups from three or...
The Uninsured And The Affordability Of Health Insurance Coverage

ABSTRACT: The 2005 Current Population Survey (CPS) is used to estimate what share of uninsured Americans are eligible for coverage through Medicaid or the State Children's Health Insurance Program ...
Two membrane-associated regions within the Nodamura virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase are critical for both mitochondrial localization and RNA replication.

UNLABELLED Viruses with positive-strand RNA genomes amplify their genomes in replication complexes associated with cellular membranes. Little is known about the mechanism of replication complex formation in cells infected with Nodamura virus. This virus is unique in its ability to lethally infect both mammals and insects. In mice and in larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella), Nodamura virus-infected muscle cells exhibit mitochondrial aggregation and membrane rearrangement, leading to disorganization of the muscle fibrils on the tissue level and ultimately in hind limb/segment paralysis. However, the molecular basis for this pathogenesis and the role of mitochondria in Nodamura virus infection remains unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Nodamura virus establishes RNA replication complexes that associate with mitochondria in mammalian cells. Our results showed that Nodamura virus replication complexes are targeted to mitochondria, as evidenced in biochemical, molecular, and confocal microscopy studies. More specifically, we show that the Nodamura virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase interacts with the outer mitochondrial membranes as an integral membrane protein and ultimately becomes associated with functional replication complexes. These studies will help us to understand the mechanism of replication complex formation and the pathogenesis of Nodamura virus for mammals. IMPORTANCE This study will further our understanding of Nodamura virus (NoV) genome replication and its pathogenesis for mice. NoV is unique among the Nodaviridae in its ability to infect mammals. Here we show that NoV establishes RNA replication complexes (RCs) in association with mitochondria in mammalian cells. These RCs contain newly synthesized viral RNA and feature a physical interaction between mitochondrial membranes and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), which is mediated by two membrane-associated regions. While the nature of the interaction needs to be explored further, it appears to occur by a mode distinct from that described for the insect nodavirus Flock House virus (FHV). The interaction of the NoV RdRp with mitochondrial membranes is essential for clustering of mitochondria into networks that resemble those described for infected mouse muscle and that are associated with fatal hind limb paralysis. This work therefore provides the first link between NoV RNA replication complex formation and the pathogenesis of this virus for mice.
A hands-on course teaching bioinstrumentation through the design and construction of a benchtop cardiac pacemaker

We have developed a bioinstrumentation course that emphasizes practical application of engineering and biological concepts by having students focus on the development of a single biomedical device: a cardiac pacemaker. In creating their benchtop pacemaker, students learn about and design sensing circuitry, data acquisition and processing code, control system algorithms, and stimulation electronics. They also gain an understanding of cardiac anatomy and electrophysiology. The separate elements of the pacemaker created throughout the semester will be repeatedly tested, re-designed, and integrated with one another, culminating in an emulated pacemaker whose efficacy will be tested on North American bullfrogs. It is hypothesized that the hands-on learning in this course, coupled with the practical application of concepts in the context of a single biomedical device, will enhance students' skills in bioinstrumentation design.
The Health Benefits of Human-Animal Interactions

(1994). The Health Benefits of Human-Animal Interactions. Anthrozoos: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 85-89.
Geology of Upper Continental Slope in Alaminos Canyon Region: ABSTRACT

The surficial sediments of an area of the upper continental End_Page 1895------------------------------ slope in the Alaminos Canyon area, Gulf of Mexico, indicate sand input from the ancestral Colorado-Brazos and Mississippi River systems. The clay minerals in the area were derived from indeterminate sources and were incorporated in coarse samples through resuspension of former sediment. Vermiculite, as well as tubular hallaysite, were identified in clay samples. The first mineral is unreported in the northwest Gulf, and the latter is only known from the Mississippi delta in the northwest Gulf area. The "hummocky" nature of the bathymetry in the area resulted from salt diapirism and scouring by tractive and/or density flow. Sand-size sediment was transported to the area from river systems by longshore drift during the Holocene transgression or through channels still identifiable on the present continental shelf. The lineation of one of these features, the Outer Colorado-Brazos Channel, is probably due to salt tectonics and not the result of a barrier spit as previously reported. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1896------------
THE SYNERGISTIC EXTRACTION OF BISMUTH AND ZINC BY 2-ETHYLHEXYL PHENYLPHOSPHONIC ACID AND MICELLES OF DINONYL NAPHTHALENE SULPHONIC ACID

ABSTRACT The extraction of bismuth(III) and zinc(II) from perchloric acid solutions into ligroine solutions of a mixture of 2-ethylhexyl phenylphosphonic acid (HEHφP) and micellar dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid (HDNNS) extractants is reported. A synergistic enhancement of extraction was observed for only Bi(III); the enhancement was by a factor of 9.5. We report an aggregation number of HDNNS for Bi(III). Slope analysis, organic phase loading and continuous variation methods were employed to ascertain the extraction stoichiometry. The extraction stoichiometry varies as the concentration of the micellar HDNNS in the organic phase and the acidity of the aqueous phase changes.
Subcellular differentiation arrested in Artemia embryos under anoxia: Evidence supporting a regulatory role for intracellular pH

Previous work has clearly documented that intracellular pH (pHi) mediates metabolic arrest during anaerobic dormancy in Artemia embryos. This study provides evidence that subcellular differentiation during preemergence development (PED) is regulated by transitions in pHi and also reports the first detailed ultrastructural description of PED in these embryos. Mitochondrial maturation, elaboration of glycogen fields, and alteration in yolk platelet structure are clearly evident during aerobic development (embryo pHi ≥ 7.9). Mitochondrial maturation involves two populations of mitochondria that are spatially segregated in embryonic cells—one in the cytoplasm and the other located inside of yolk platelets. Identification of the latter population is based in part on histochemical staining of DNA. While both mitochondrial populations mature structurally during PED, enzymatic evidence indicates that the intra-yolk platelet population is not functional. Subcellular morphogenetic events observed during aerobic development are blocked when embryos are incubated under anoxia (pHi ⩽ 6.8) or aerobic acidosis (a quiescent state induced by artificially elevating CO2 to 60%; pHi = 6.8). Embryonic cells exposed to either of these experimental treatments for 12 h are essentially identical to cells of the undifferentiated, hour 0 embryo. Analogously, cytochrome c oxidase specific activity increases 230% over 12 h of aerobic development, but this ontogenetic increase is arrested by 12 h of anoxia or aerobic acidosis. Returning the acidified embryos to control aerobic conditions causes enzyme proliferation to resume at rates identical to aerobic, control values. A similar arrest of the proliferation of cytochrome c oxidase activity is seen under aerobic acidosis when CO2 is present at only 11%. Finally, alkalinizing the pHi of embryos under anoxia by adding ammonia to the medium results in a 37% increase in cytochrome c oxidase levels relative to those measured under anoxia. These data support pHi- dependent regulation of development in preemergence Artemia embryos.
Scanning capacitance detection and charge trapping in NOS

Charge trapping in thin films of silicon nitride has long been studied for use as a non-volatile semiconductor memory. Recently, this technology has been combined with scanned probe technologies with the sharp probe tip serving as the upper electrode in a Si 3 N 4 - SiO 2 Si (NOS) structure. By applying a voltage pulse between the tip and silicon substrate, charge carriers can be made to tunnel through the oxide and be trapped in the nitride. This trapped charge causes a shift in the capacitance-voltage curve along the voltage axis; the voltage at which depletion occurs is increased. It has been proposed that such a system could be used as a high density data storage device. We have begun to explore some of the issues related to such an application, including data lifetime and data rates. In thermally accelerated life tests, no sign of charge spreading was seen after 100 days at 150 degree(s)C and from the rate of charge decay we would predict room temperature lifetimes in excess of 1 million years. We have also used an air-bearing spindle to conduct high speed measurements on a spinning NOS sample and obtained data rates as high as 500 kHz with carrier-to-noise ratios of approximately 60 dB in a 3 kHz bandwidth.
Does the variability of the cell cycle result from one or many chance events

Smith and Martin1,2 proposed the transition probability (TP) model to explain the significance of the variability of the cell cycle length of individual cells within a clone or culture. This postulates that the cell cycle length consists of a fixed period of time, which is the same for all members of the population, plus a variable period which is distributed according to a negative exponential function among the individual cell cycles. This variable part is contained entirely within G1, may be controlled hormonally by the organism, and is assumed to result from a single first order random process that terminates the variable part of the cell cycle with constant probability. As originally proposed, the model failed to account for timing of the fastest third of the population3. Minor and Smith4 assumed that there is biological variability in the previously presumed constant part of the cycle and that this variability accounts for the failure to see an abrupt discontinuity. They proposed that most of this kind of variation can be cancelled out by comparing sister cells. Thus, they proposed a second plot to test their model, the β-plot. This is a two-cycle semi-logarithmic plot of the percentage of sister-sister cells having a smaller difference in age at division than the time value corresponding to the abscissa of the graph. Their model predicts a straight line starting at 100% at time zero. Any model would require this value at time zero, but theirs requires that the plot be straight and parallel to the terminal slope of the α-plot. Shields and Smith5 and Shields6 have convincingly shown that for tissue culture cells of both mouse cell lines and Staphylococcus albus, the β-plots are linear for 97–98% of the cell populations and parallel to the α-plots. This has been taken as strong support for the TP model. Recently, in developing computer simulation of a growth controlled (GC) model7, I found that certain properties, such as the linearity of β-plots, are very sensitive to the presence of subpopulations of cells with longer doubling times. My major purpose here is to point out three statistical aspects of the cell cycle that are strongly influenced by growth rate heterogeneity for any model of the cell cycle.