cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superoxide poisons mononuclear iron enzymes by causing mismetallation

Superoxide (O(2)(-)) is a primary agent of intracellular oxidative stress. Genetic studies in many organisms have confirmed that excess O(2)(-) disrupts metabolism, but to date only a small family of [4Fe-4S] dehydratases have been identified as direct targets. This investigation reveals that in Escherichia coli O(2)(-) also poisons a broader cohort of non-redox enzymes that employ ferrous iron atoms as catalytic cofactors. These enzymes were inactivated by O(2)(-) both in vitro and in vivo. Although the enzymes are known targets of hydrogen peroxide, the outcome with O(2)(-) differs substantially. When purified enzymes were damaged by O(2)(-) in vitro, activity could be completely restored by iron addition, indicating that the O(2)(-) treatment generated an apoprotein without damaging the protein polypeptide. Superoxide stress inside cells caused the progressive mismetallation of these enzymes with zinc, which confers little activity. When O(2)(-) stress was terminated, cells gradually restored activity by extracting zinc from the proteins. The overloading of cells with zinc caused mismetallation even without O(2)(-) stress. These results support a model in which O(2)(-) repeatedly excises iron from these enzymes, allowing zinc to compete with iron for remetallation of their apoprotein forms. This action substantially expands the physiological imprint of O(2)(-) stress.
Intimate partner assault and structural-level correlates of crime: exploring the relationship between contextual factors and intimate partner violence

Drawing from social disorganization theory, the relationship between correlates of social disorganization theory and intimate partner aggravated assaults are explored. Specifically, the current study presents a descriptive picture of intimate partner violence from a police perspective, and investigates the relationship between structural-level factors and the criminal offense intimate partner aggravated assault. A descriptive analysis of intimate partner assaults and multiple negative binomial regression models are estimated using the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) and the American Community Survey (ACS) to explore the relationship between structural factors and intimate partner violence. The primary sample includes 7290 intimate partner aggravated assaults across 227 counties in two states, Tennessee and Virginia. Concentrated disadvantage, immigrant concentration, and urbanity were all significantly associated with intimate partner assaults in the expected directions. The results indic...
Imaging suppurative infections of the central nervous system in horses

Summary Suppurative infections are typically caused by pyogenic bacteria, and are characterised by the formation of purulent exudates (pus). These infections may occur anywhere in the body and are particularly life-threatening when pertaining to the central nervous system (CNS). Suppurative infections of the CNS may be due to trauma, local extension of disease, and haematogenous spread. In horses, suppurative infections are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, but only infrequently involve the CNS. The gross morphology of suppurative inflammation is described as phlegmon, abscess and empyema, with each form having characteristic morphological features that may be identified during advanced imaging of the CNS. In horses with known or suspected suppurative infection of the CNS, imaging may be performed to reduce diagnostic uncertainty, determine prognosis, or to describe the character and extent of the disease to guide case management.
Vertebrate Immune System: Evolution

The vertebrates possess unique adaptations for immune defense that have apparently evolved gradually over the long evolutionary history of the vertebrate lineage. Molecular diversity is one of the hallmarks of vertebrate immune mechanisms, and molecular analyses have clearly implicated natural selection as the major factor in promoting molecular diversity and a consequent enhanced immune surveillance. Keywords: immune system; immunoglobulin; innate immunity; major histocompatibility complex; NF-κB
Synthesis of p36 and p35 is increased when U-937 cells differentiate in culture but expression is not inducible by glucocorticoids.

Abstract p36 and p35 are distinct but related proteins that share many structural and biochemical features which were first identified as major substrates for protein-tyrosine kinases. Subsequently, both proteins have been shown to be Ca2+-, phospholipid-, and F-actin-binding proteins that underlie the plasma membrane and are associated with the cortical cytoskeleton. Recent reports have claimed that these proteins function as lipocortins, i.e., phospholipase A2 inhibitors that mediate the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids. To investigate this possibility and to learn more about the functions of p36 and p35, we used human-specific anti-p36 and anti-p35 monoclonal antibodies to determine whether the expression or secretion of either protein was inducible by dexamethasone in the human U-937 myeloid cell line and in other human cell types. Additionally, we examined the levels of mRNA for both proteins. No effect of dexamethasone was observed on p36 or p35 expression at either the mRNA or protein level, nor were these proteins secreted under any of the culture conditions investigated. However, it was observed that in these cells the rate of synthesis and accumulation of both proteins was increased when the U-937 cells were induced to differentiate in culture to adherent macrophagelike cells. This offers a model system with which to study the control of p36 and p35 expression.
Recovery of the Bendego Meteorite

A description of the recovery of one of the largest known meteorites. The great mass of the specimen, its inaccessibility, and the means of transport available at the time made moving it an exceptionally difficult task.
A Theoretical Analysis of the Role of Characteristics in Entrepreneurial Propensity

Research summary The literature reveals a broad range of inconsistencies in defining entrepreneurship and in identifying personal characteristics that predict and explain the phenomena of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this work is to propose a model for consistency in predicting entrepreneurial propensity. This article acknowledges categories of entrepreneurs such as: business enterprise creating entrepreneurs, social entrepreneurs, student entrepreneurs, academic entrepreneurs, and corporate entrepreneurs. The proposed theory is specifically focused on business enterprise creating entrepreneurs, defined as Type One. These are individuals who risk their personal capital, time, and reputation in the pursuit of business ventures. Existing theories and observations regarding affect and personality as characteristics of entrepreneurs are reviewed and a new three-dimensional taxonomy of personal characteristics for predicting Type One entrepreneurial propensity is introduced. Managerial summary The academic literature has revealed a wide range of definitions of entrepreneurship and this has resulted in inconsistent conclusions for defining and predicting entrepreneurial propensity. This has likely proven problematic for educational institutions interested in expanding entrepreneurial programs, governmental agencies interested in promoting localized economic activity, and lending institutions that wish to strengthen their confidence in entrepreneurs to whom they lend operating capital. This theory article is designed to propose a path to clarity and offer a model for predicting business enterprise creating entrepreneurs. These individuals are defined as Type One entrepreneurs, represented by those who risk their personal capital, time, and reputation in the pursuit of business ventures. A new three-dimensional taxonomy of personal characteristics of these individuals is proposed.
Phase transition of an itinerant-electron antiferromagnet

A weak-coupling theory of the itinerant-electron antiferromagnet forT>T c is described, Vertex and self-energy parts are treated self-consistently using Ward-Pitaevskii identities. The weak-coupling criterion is that the scalar three-vertex must be suitably small. This condition is not satisfied right down toT c ; however, it is satisfied in a region nearT c where the corrections to the bare electron-electron interaction are not small. Expressions are derived for the specific heat, temperature derivative of the electrical resistivity, etc., which are all proportional to the weakly singular form[T c /(T−T c )] n , withh«1. An analogous theory applies for superconductors. In this case the weak-coupling exponenth is approximately equal to(T c /E F )2. This quantity is typically 10−8–10−7 for superconductors, and in the weak-coupling temperature regime the lambda curve singularity would not be observable experimentally. However, for an itinerant-electron antiferromagnet such as chromium, the quasicubic shape of the electron and hole Fermi surfaces causes enhancement ofh to a value of order 10−1. For chromium the theory is consistent with experimental results and with a recent theory by Dzyaloshinskii and Kats (using a different method).
Bandgap tuning of photonic crystals on III-V nitride thin films

Nanophotonics and photonic crystals (PhCs) are emerging as platforms with which highly sensitive biosensor devices can be fabricated. One such device under development by our group is a nano-opto-fluidic fluorescence emission enhancement biosensor that can provide significant increase in photon emission and associated detection limit. The inclusion of tunability of thin film PhCs patterns offers means of adjusting fabrication errors and provides a mechanism for increased device functionality. Therefore, this work aims to provide active tunability of the bandgap of PhC patterns in piezoelectric AlN thin films through piezoelectric deformation. Modeling efforts of bandgap tuning of 'as-drawn' and deformed 1- and 2-D PhC lattice structures, using coupled results from PhC optical behavioral modeling tools such as: MIT Photonic Bands (MPB) and finite element modeling using ANSYS, are discussed. Furthermore, the fabrication process of 1D photonic crystals in AlN will be presented.
Introduction: Developmental strategies in human resources management—The next generation

While major issues facing human resources in the next century have not solidified, it is possible to suggest several trends and generalize from issues already known. Some of these trends are a rapidly changing world economy, an increasing world population, and an undereducated workforce. In addition to these, we are faced with increased competition, changes in organizational structures, simultaneous introduction of new technology, a richer diverse workforce with heightened expectations. Innovation is a necessity as is global vision. We expect tomorrow’s organizations to be run by persons who possess a magnitude of skills and an endless reservoir of knowledge as well as diverse talents. Our expectations also include that tomorrow’s leaders will be able to deal successfully with social, political, economic, and cultural issues. In “going global”, the 1990’s agenda for senior line executives will include “defining the competitive imperatives, i.e. mastering economies of scale, technological advantage, access to markets, distribution. . . .” (Tichy 1988). As human resource professionals, we are challenged to put in place developmental mechanisms by which tomorrow’s leaders are equipped to deal with this rapidly changing world; from multinational finance and banking to multicultural human resources management. We need to develop frameworks for top management to fully understand the necessities of being ready for this future and its implications. It has been predicted that “the shortage of talented executives with the preparation necessary to run global companies may reach crisis proportions by the year 2000” (Kern/Ferry 1989). What will it mean to be a leader in the next century, what will it take to lead future organizations? Bennis (1990) describes future business leaders as being curious, enthusiastic, team-oriented, risk-taking, devoted to long-term growth not just short term profit, committed to excellence, virtuous and visionary. The following description of the new CEO by Taylor (19901, further emphasizes this point:
Using Identity Style and Parental Identification to Predict Political Orientation

There has been a recent increase in interest in the psychological differences and antecedents related to political orientation. Personality, disgust sensitivity, attachment, and closeness to parents have all been found or have been theorized to be predictive of political orientation. These variables and the additional roles played by normative identity style and parental identification were examined. The results showed that normative identity style is associated with political orientation and that the role played by parental identification depends on the perceived parental political ranking, the gender of the parent, and the measure used to examine political orientation. No support was found for Lakoff’s (2002) model of parenting and political orientation.
Gender and the Experience of Conversion: The Case of “Returnees” to Modern Orthodox Judaism*

This essay develops a gendered analysis of the experience of conversion to one particular religious perspective, that of modern Orthodox Judaism. Based on interviews with newly Orthodox men and women, our analysis reveals important gender differences in the processes of recruitment and resocialization. Male recruits were more likely to have been active seekers and to have found Orthodoxy "on their own, " while women were more likely to enter through personal contacts. Men emphasized ethical and workplace concerns in discussing the appeal of Orthodoxy; women stressed issues related to family and personal relationships. Men reported higher levels of belief in an anthropomorphic God. Questions of gender roles were more salient for the women. These differences are consistent with gender role distinctions both in the wider society and within Orthodox Judaism. Future research should employ gender as a category in the analysis of all forms of religious experience.
Glaciologist studies Greenland snow conditions and helps calibrate CryoSat instrument

[1] GREENLAND—On a typically frigid mid-July day at Summit Station, almost smack in the middle of Greenland, with the temperature hovering around −10°C, Elizabeth Morris and John Sweeny were bundled up against the cold atop their black Ski-Doo snowmobiles, which Morris described as being similar to motorcycles on ski tracks. They drove the vehicles—without yet attaching three wooden sleds that would be pulled during their summer scientific traverse across part of central Greenland—on a practice spin along the perimeter of Summit's groomed, approximately 4600-meter × 60-meter snow runway. One of the longest runways in the world, it lies atop 3.2 kilometers of ice, with the horizon stretching in every direction. Morris, a glaciologist who is a senior associate at the Scott Polar Research Institute at Cambridge University, United Kingdom, and Sweeny, her polar guide, were taking advantage of an unexpected extra day at Summit, a scientific research station sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), before the traverse began. They hoped that the socked-in visibility just a few hours earlier that morning, 16 July, would not be repeated the following day so that a U.S. Air National Guard 109th Airlift Wing C-130 cargo plane would be cleared to fly to Summit from Kangerlussuaq on Greenland's west coast with needed supplies. Morris and Sweeny would load up each sled with about 270 kilograms of gear.
“How Can She Claim Equal Rights When She Doesn't Have to Do as Many Push-Ups as I Do?” The Framing of Men's Opposition to Women's Equality in the Military

The public arguments for and against women in the military and in combat are numerous, well-worn, and readily accessible in congressional testimony, books, and articles. But the laundry list of arguments does not necessarily tell us much about how military men actually make sense to themselves of their own experiences and opinions, or the ways that they frame their feelings about the issue. Drawing on in-depth interviews with military officers, this article describes and analyzes a dominant form in which male officers frame their opposition to women in the military, the “PT (physical training) protest,” a variant of “standards discourse.” Having different physical training standards for men and women is seen as special treatment for women, lowering standards for women, and/or evidence that women cannot cut it in the military. Although standards discourse invokes an apparently “objective” and neutral ideology that links equal status with same standards, the author shows that the discursive context in which...
Historical queries along multiple lines of time evolution

Traditional approaches to addressing historical queries assume a single line of time evolution; that is, a system (database, relation) evolves over time through a sequence of transactions. Each transaction always applies to the unique, current state of the system, resulting in a new current state. There are, however, complex applications where the system's state evolves into multiple lines of evolution. In general, this creates a tree (hierarchy) of evolution lines, where each tree node represents the time evolution of a particular subsystem. Multiple lines create novel historical queries, such as vertical or horizontal historical queries. The key characteristic of these problems is that portions of the history are shared; answering historical queries should not necessitate duplication of shared histories as this could increase the storage requirements dramatically. Both the vertical and horizontal historical queries have two parts: a "search" part, where the time of interest is located together with the appropriate subsystem, and a reconstruction part, where the subsystem's state is reconstructed for that time. This article focuses on the search part; several reconstruction methods, designed for single evolution lines can be applied once the appropriate time of interest is located. For both the vertical and the horizontal historical queries, we present algorithms that work without duplicating shared histories. Combinations of the vertical and horizontal queries are possible, and enable searching in both dimensions of the tree of evolutions.
Cumulative Sum Tests: Theory and Practice

(1969). Cumulative Sum Tests: Theory and Practice. Technometrics: Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 625-626.
Remarks on the paper 'Regenerative stochastic processes'

The proof of a theorem in the above-mentioned paper (Smith, W. L. 1955 Proc. Roy. Soc . A, 232, 6) assumes more than it should and a new proof is given. For certain (unusual) kinds of Semi-Markor process the definition given in the aforementioned paper is inadequate to define the process for all values of the time parameter, and this weakness is removed. Furthermore, a ‘regularity’ condition for an S. M.- process to have step-function realizations (almost certainly) was given incorrectly; this error is now corrected, and certain other ‘regularity’ conditions are discussed.
Categorization of biologically relevant chemical signals in the medial amygdala

Many species employ chemical signals to convey messages between members of the same species (conspecific), but chemosignals may also provide information to another species (heterospecific). Here, we found that conspecific chemosignals (male, female mouse urine) increased immediate early gene-protein (IEG) expression in both anterior and posterior medial amygdala of male mice, whereas most heterospecific chemosignals (e.g.: hamster vaginal fluid, steer urine) increased expression only in anterior medial amygdala. This categorization of responses in medial amygdala conforms to our previously reported findings in male hamsters. The same characteristic pattern of IEG expression appears in the medial amygdala of each species in response to conspecific stimuli for that species. These results suggest that the amygdala categorizes stimuli according to the biological relevance for the tested species. Thus, a heterospecific predator (cat collar) stimulus, which elicited behavioral avoidance in mice, increased IEG expression in mouse posterior medial amygdala (like conspecific stimuli). Further analysis suggests reproduction related and potentially threatening stimuli produce increased IEG expression in different sub-regions of posterior medial amygdala (dorsal and ventral, respectively). These patterns of IEG expression in medial amygdala may provide glimpses of a tertiary sorting of chemosensory signals beyond the primary-level selectivity of chemosensory neurons and the secondary sorting in main and accessory olfactory bulbs.
Studies of new indole alkaloid coupling methods for the synthesis of haplophytine.

The two novel bisindole alkaloid structures shown can be synthesized in a few steps from the canthiphytine derivative 9.
On caudal prehensility and phylogenetic constraint in lizards: The influence of ancestral anatomy on function in Corucia and Furcifer.

We examined caudal anatomy in two species of prehensile-tailed lizards, Furcifer pardalis and Corucia zebrata. Although both species use their tails to grasp, each relies on a strikingly different anatomy to do so. The underlying anatomies appear to reflect phylogenetic constraints on the consequent functional mechanisms. Caudal autotomy is presumably the ancestral condition for lizards and is allowed by a complex system of interdigitating muscle segments. The immediate ancestor of chameleons was nonautotomous and did not possess this specialized anatomy; consequently, the derived arrangement in the chameleon tail is unique among lizards. The limb functions as an articulated linkage system with long tendinous bands originating from longitudinal muscles to directly manipulate vertebrae. Corucia is incapable of autotomy, but it is immediately derived from autotomous ancestors. As such, it has evolved a biomechanical system for prehension quite different from that of chameleons. The caudal anatomy in Corucia is very similar to that of lizards with autotomous tails, yet distinct differences in the ancestral pattern and its relationship to the subdermal tunic are derived. Instead of the functional unit being individual autotomy segments, the interdigitating prongs of muscle have become fused with an emphasis on longitudinal stacks of muscular cones. The muscles originate from the vertebral column and a subdermal collagenous tunic and insert within the adjacent cone. However, there is remarkably little direct connection with the bones. The muscles have origins more associated with the tunic and muscular septa. Like the axial musculature of some fish, the tail of Corucia utilizes a design in which these collagenous elements serve as an integral skeletal component. This arrangement provides Corucia with an elegantly designed system capable of a remarkable variety of bending movements not evident in chameleon tails. J. Morphol. 239:143-155, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Recruitment of the mussel Mytilus edulis L. on sheltered and exposed shores in Maine, USA

Abstract Recruitment by Mytilus edulis L. was monitored during the summers of 1984–1988 at six locations on Swan's Island, Maine, USA. Resin castings of the barnacle Semibalanus balanoides (L.), made from molds of natural aggregations of barnacles, were used as settlement plates. Plates were placed, either caged or uncaged, at mean low water and left exposed for 3, 4 or 10 wk. Recruitment was estimated as the number of individuals · U−1 area at the end of the sampling interval and, thus, was an estimate of settlement and early mortality. Not all possible combinations of years, locations and sampling intervals were examined. Data from different sampling intervals were not statistically compared because the effects of settlement and differing exposure to postsettlement mortality. Recruitment varied from 100 mussels · 4 cm−2 · month−1. Commencement of recruitment depended upon location but usually occurred in mid-July. There were large differences among years and among locations; caging had little effect. There were no consistent differences between sheltered and exposed locations. There were significant locations × years and years × caging interactions. Estimates of recruitment were not correlated with percent cover by adult mussels or with availability of bare space.
Bioactive compounds and 1,3-di[(cis)-9-octadecenoyl]-2-[(cis,cis)-9,12-octadecadienoyl]glycerol from Apium graveolens L. seeds.

Bioassay-directed isolation and purification of the hexane extract of Apium graveolens L. seeds led to the characterization of three compounds: beta-selinene (1), 3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide (2) and 5-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (3). The structures of these compounds were established by using (1)H and (13)C NMR spectral methods. Compounds, 1-3 demonstrated 100% mortality on fourth-instar Aedes aegyptii larvae at 50, 25, and 200 microg mL(-)(1), respectively, in 24 h. Also, 2 inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and Candida kruseii at 100 microg mL(-)(1). It inhibited both topoisomerase-I and -II enzyme activities at 100 microg mL(-)(1). Compound 2 displayed 100% mortality at 12.5 and 50 microg mL(-)(1), respectively, when tested on nematodes, Panagrellus redivivus and Caenorhabditis elegans. The triglyceride, 1,3-di[(cis)-9-octadecenoyl]-2-[(cis,cis)-9, 12-octadecadienoyl]glycerol (4) and 3 were isolated for the first time from A. graveolens seeds, although 4 was not biologically active.
Soft decomposition search and binary game forest model for move decision in Go

In this paper, a new approach to game tree search in Go, called soft decomposition search, is proposed. A simplified approximation model, binary game forest, for move selection in Go is presented. A new paradigm for move decision in computer Go based on soft decomposition search and binary game forest is introduced.
Optical and structural properties of InN grown by HPCVD

The optical and structural properties of InN layers grown by 'High Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition' (HPCVD) using a pulsed precursor approach have been studied. The study focuses on the effect of ammonia precursor exposure time and magnitude on the InN layer quality. The samples have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Raman scattering, infra red reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Raman measurements and X-ray diffraction showed the grown layers to be single phase InN of high crystalline quality. The E2(high) Raman mode showed FWHM's as small as 9.2 cm -1 . The FWHM's of the InN(0002) X-ray Bragg reflex in the 2Θ-Ω- scans were around 350 arcsec, with rocking curve values as low as 1152 arcsec Photoluminescence features have been observed down to 0.7 eV, where the low energy cutoff might be due to the detector limitation. The analysis of the IR reflectance spectra shows that the free carrier concentrations are as low as as 3.3•10 18 cm -3 for InN layers grown on sapphire substrates.
Computer-aided drafting on desktop computers

This paper briefly examines the reasons for using a computer-aided drafting (CAD) system, and the various ways of obtaining such a system. It also describes 2-D Drafting, a new computer-aided drafting system developed at Tektronix.
Modeling Viscoelastic Behavior of Polyethylene Pipe Stresses

Polyethylene pipes are commonly used for new and existing pipeline systems. The stresses developed in the polyethylene pipes affect the behavior of other pipe materials in the system to which they are connected. The overall behavior of the pipeline depends on the soil-pipe interaction characteristics; however, understanding and modeling the polyethylene pipe stresses as a first step without the influence of other factors is necessary. Laboratory tests were performed to investigate the time-dependent stress relaxation behavior of polyethylene pipe under mechanical and thermal loading conditions. Analytical methods using convolution integrals and numerical modeling using finite elements were used to model stress relaxation behavior monitored during the tests performed. The results show that the pipe thermal stresses are significantly less than the design stresses typically used by utility companies. In addition, linearly viscoelastic material characterization can be used to predict polyethylene pipe behavior for the range of stresses expected to occur in buried polyethylene pipes exposed to thermal loading. This article presents the test results as well as analytical and numerical results for modeling and predicting stresses in polyethylene pipes.
Nontyrosine crystalloids in salivary gland lesions: Report of seven cases with fine‐needle aspiration cytology and follow‐up surgical pathology

We report a series of seven patients who underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) for clinically apparent parotid gland lesions. In all seven cases, numerous to abundant polyhedral, multifaceted (nontyrosine) crystalloids were noted in the background of scanty cellular specimens composed predominantly of oncocytic cells. Subsequent surgical excision showed that three of the seven glands revealed sialolithiasis and sialadenitis without evidence of neoplasia. The histology of the remaining four cases consisted of two Warthin's tumor, one oncocytic papillary cystadenoma, and one cellular benign mixed tumor. In all seven cases the nontyrosine crystalloids were found in highest concentrations in cystic spaces lined with oncocytic metaplastic cells. We conclude that nontyrosine cystalloids can be associated with both neoplastic and nonneoplastic salivary gland disease, and they may be a product of oncocytic cell secretion. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2000;22:167–171. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape . Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002. 344 pp. $59.50 cloth; $24.95 paper.

New York City's great importance has necessarily attracted exceptional scholarship, including recently a Pulitzer Prize-winning history as well as widely acclaimed studies of the city's physical and social dimensions. Viewed from virtually every angle, the great city's history might appear to have been pretty well exhausted. With the publication of David Scobey's Empire City , however, New York may have received its most innovative and important study to date. Viewing the city's mid-nineteenth century boom as a crucial point in its development, Scobey manages both to infuse familiar subjects with new meaning and to invest them with broad national consequence.
Heterotransplantation of Blood Vessels Preserved in Cold Storage

The experiments show merely that blood vessels transplanted from dog to cat can act as arteries for seventy-seven days at least; and that having spent several days in cold storage does not interfere with their ordinary functions. The animals operated upon must, however, be kept under observation for several months, or, indeed, for several years, before any conclusion can be drawn concerning the practicability of this method of preservation and heterotransplantation of blood vessels.
in vitro Increase in Virus Infectivity

SOME of the many previous reports of an in vitro increase in virus or of infectivity of plant viruses have been reviewed1,2, but the phenomenon is not generally accepted3. I believe that the work reported here with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in beet is simpler, gives a greater increase and will be more easily confirmed than previous reports. The results are interpreted as caused by slow inactivation of inhibitors of infection, not by an actual increase in virus.
Nephrin AKTs on actin: The slit diaphragm–actin cytoskeleton signaling network expands

Regulation and maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton of podocytes has emerged as a critical process for preserving glomerular permselectivity. Signaling through nephrin, a crucial component of the slit diaphragm, can lead to rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Zhu et al. identify phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent activation of Akt and Rac as mediators of nephrin-induced actin reorganization, expanding the signaling network linking two of the podocyte's unique structures, its actin cytoskeleton and the slit diaphragm.
Electron Holography of Field-Emitting Carbon Nanotubes

Electron holography performed in situ inside a high resolution transmission electron microscope has been used to determine the magnitude and spatial distribution of the electric field surrounding individual field-emitting carbon nanotubes. The electric field (and hence the associated field emission current) is concentrated precisely at the tips of the nanotubes and not at other nanotube defects such as sidewall imperfections. The electric field magnitude and distribution are stable in time, even in cases where the nanotube field emission current exhibits extensive temporal fluctuations.
Global bifurcations in periodically perturbed gyroscopic systems with application to rotating shafts

Abstract In this paper, we examine global bifurcations in two degree of freedom conservative nonlinear gyroscopic systems which are periodically perturbed. We study the effect of these periodic perturbations near a double zero eigenvalue of the linear system in the presence of symmetrybreaking. After determining the normal form for the Hamiltonian, we study the unperturbed system and find that parameter regions exist in which homoclinic and heteroclinic cycles are present. Using the Melnikov method for perturbations of Hamiltonian systems, we determine that, under perturbation, the homoclinic cycles break, and the stable and unstable manifolds of the normally hyperbolic invariant manifold intersect transversally. These transverse intersections generate Smale horseshoes, which result in chaotic phenomena.
Sequential Design for a Fixed Width Interval Estimation of the Common Mean of Two Normal Distributions. I. The Case of One Variance Known

Abstract The objective is to provide a fixed-width interval estimator of the unknown common mean of two normal distributions having a prescribed coverage probability and minimal possible sample size. The variance of one distribution is known. The design problem is to decide sequentially while sampling the distribution with the unknown variance when to switch and sample from the distribution with the known variance. New types of boundaries are derived for this sequential design problem. The operating characteristics of this procedure are compared with those of two other ad hoc procedures by Monte Carlo simulation.
Effects of AY-22,241 (Actodigin) on electrical and mechanical activity of cardiac tissues.

Abstract AY-22,241 (Actodigin) is a new rapid-acting semisynthetic cardiotonic steroid. In experiments on contractility of cat papillary muscle, Actodigin (2 × 10−7 to 4 × 10−6 M) produced a dose-dependent positive inotropic effect, a marked increase in the maximum rate of force development, and no change in resting tension. Electrophysiologic studies performed with microelectrode techniques on isolated Purkinje fibers superfused with Tyrode solution, revealed dose-dependent decreases in resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude and duration, and the maximum rate of rise of phase 0 Vmax). Purkinje fiber superfused with extracorporeally circulated blood from a donor dog receiving 0.075 mg/kg/min Actodigin showed small decreases in resting membrane potential preceding the onset of donor premature ventricular contractions. Progressive decreases in resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude and duration, and Vamx accompanied donor ventricular tachycardia. All effects were rapidly reversible, and compared to ouabain, equi-inotropic concentrations of Actodigin caused significantly less electrophysiologic toxicity.
Treatment of biliary calculi using holmium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser

Background: The holmium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Ho: YAG) has been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of urinary calculi. Its effectiveness for the treatment of biliary calculi was investigated. Methods: Endoscopic Ho: YAG lithotripsy of biliary stones was performed 7 times in 4 patients. Two patients had biliary duct calculi, and the other two patients had gall bladder calculi. All patients had multiple calculi that ranged in size from 4 mm to 5 cm. All procedures were performed percutaneously under intravenous sedation and local anesthesia. Rigid and flexible endoscopes were used to access the biliary calculi. Postoperative cholangiograms were performed on all patients. Results: All calculi were successfully fragmented with the Ho: YAG laser. The most common settings on the laser were 1.0 J and 10 Hz. Average total laser energy used was 12.24 kJ. Two patients required multiple procedures for the resolution of the biliary calculi. No vascular or biliary injuries were encountered. Three patients were free of biliary calculi on their postoperative cholangiogram. One patient with multiple gallbladder stones refused further treatment after two percutaneous procedures. Conclusion: The holmium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser can be used safely and effectively in the endoscopic treatment of biliary calculi. This treatment maybe a suitable option in patients who are not candidates for more invasive procedures.
Practical Amination of Nitropyridones by Silylation

A practical method for coupling nitropyridones (1) with primary amines by treatment with hexamethyldisilazane has been developed, avoiding the use of hazardous reagents such as POCl3. The activation of the pyridone by a nitro group is necessary for efficient coupling, leading to aminonitropyridines (3) in good yields. Regioisomers other than 3-nitro-4-pyridone (1) were found to be substantially less reactive but would undergo coupling with primary amines.
Performance scaling via passive pulse shaping in cavity-enhanced optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification

We show that an enhancement cavity seeded at the full repetition rate of the pump laser can automatically reshape small-signal gain across the interacting pulses in an optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier for close-to-optimal operation, significantly increasing both the gain bandwidth and the conversion efficiency, in addition to boosting gain for high-repetition-rate amplification. Applied to a degenerate amplifier, the technique can provide an octave-spanning gain bandwidth.
Robust and resilient finite-time bounded observer for a class of discrete-time nonlinear systems with nonlinear measurements

A resilient and robust finite-time bounded observer design is derived for a class of nonlinear systems with nonlinear measurement equations, both having vanishing nonlinear model perturbations and additive disturbances. The observer is robust for all vanishing nonlinear perturbations in the system model and measurements, and it is resilient against bounded perturbations in the observer gain. Therefore, in the presence of unknown and vanishing nonlinear perturbations and additive disturbances with known waveforms, the estimation error magnitude remains below a prescribed bound over a finite-time interval. Furthermore, under special conditions, the estimation error can also be made asymptotically stable. A Luenberger type nonlinear observer is used to find an estimate of the unknown state vector from the available measurements. A set of conditions, representing a set of linear matrix inequalities, which guarantee the existence of such an observer and allow a solution for the observer gain and the bound on the maximum allowable gain perturbation is derived. The paper is concluded with a numerical example, which illustrates the applicability of the observer design.
Asian origin and upslope migration of Hawaiian Artemisia (Compositae–Anthemideae)

Aim Major habitat shifts are well documented for the Hawaiian flora, but examples of shifts to the highest Hawaiian habitats by plant lineages of lowland tropical ancestry have been lacking. We sought to determine whether Hawaiian Artemisia (Compositae–Anthemideae), which includes lowland and subalpine species, represents such an example, by investigating the origin and relationships of the Hawaiian taxa. Location Hawaiian Islands and continental settings world-wide (except Antarctica and Australia). Methods Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Hawaiian Artemisia in the context of world-wide diversity were conducted using nuclear and chloroplast DNA spacers. The timing of divergence events associated with inferred dispersals was estimated with calibration from fossil pollen records. Historical biogeographical analyses based on molecular trees and ecological modelling of the distributions of extant taxa were used to aid the interpretation of geographical and habitat shifts associated with diversification and long-distance dispersal. Results Our findings indicate that the Hawaiian endemic species (A. australis, A. kauaiensis and A. mauiensis) constitute a clade sister to Southeast Asian A. chinensis, which, like the Hawaiian endemics, has ribbed fruit walls and, unlike other members of Artemisia except A. kauaiensis, has a distinct pappus, which is often associated with dispersal ability in Compositae. The clade encompassing A. chinensis and Hawaiian Artemisia was resolved to be most likely of Asian origin. The natural occurrence of A. chinensis in littoral habitats of Taiwan, Okinawa, and the Ryukyu and Bonin islands, and of A. australis in similar settings in the Hawaiian Islands, is likely to reflect the ancestral ecology of the Hawaiian clade, with subsequent colonization of inland, higher-elevation habitats, including subalpine shrubland, where A. mauiensis is endemic. Main conclusions An ecological shift in Hawaiian Artemisia from tropical coastal habitats to drier and colder subalpine slopes is consistent with evidence from recent studies for repeated colonization of the Arctic by diverse lineages of Artemisia. Artemisia appears to be prone to such anticlimatic ecological shifts, which may explain this exceptional example of an ancestrally lowland tropical lineage in the Hawaiian high-montane flora.
A method for measurement of total 17-OH, 21-methyl steroids in the urine and its application to clinical problems.

A method for measuring the urinary levels of 17-OH, 21-methyl corticosteroids is proposed. The principle of the method involves the selective extraction of these compounds from β-glucuronidase hydrolyzed urines with carbon tetrachloride. The routine method for determination of 17-ketogenic steroids is then done on the CCl4 extract. In the presence of significant amounts of 17-KGS, it is possible to distinguish the 17-OH 21-methyl steroids from 17-OH, 20, 21-ketols by performing the Porter-Silber reaction for the latter compounds. The normal levels of total 17-OH, 21-methyl corticosteroids were determined. Elevated levels of total 17-OH 21-methyl steroids were shown in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and in adult onset virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. Responses to exogenous corticosteroid therapy are also shown. This method is attractive in that it employs the early steps of the routine clinical methods for determination of 17-OH corticosteroids (Porter-Silber chromogens), the modification being the extraction of the 17-OH 21-methyl sterods by CCl4 prior to the methylene dichloride extraction for 17-OHCS. The extraction method is also useful in isolation studies of such steroids.
Managing Nonsexual Multiple Relationships in University Counseling Centers: Recommendations for Graduate Assistants and Practicum Students

Graduate students typically serve in a wide variety of positions throughout their course of study in an academic setting. Because of the large number of roles assumed, graduate students may encounter several ethical dilemmas unique to the academic setting, particularly dilemmas regarding nonsexual multiple relationships. Although the topic of multiple relationships and psychologists has been extensively discussed in the literature, fewer articles have focused on the potential for nonsexual multiple relationships between graduate assistants, practicum students, and undergraduate students. This article focuses on the unique ethical dilemmas and challenges experienced by graduate assistants completing their practica at University Counseling Centers and provides recommendations for evaluating and managing nonsexual multiple relationships with undergraduate students.
Differences in Quit Attempts Between non-Hispanic Black and White Daily Smokers: The Role of Smoking Motives

article i nfo Introduction: The prevalence of smoking across racial/ethnic groups has declined over the years, yet racial health disparities for smoking persist. Studies indicate that non-Hispanic Black smokers attempt to quit smoking more often compared to non-Hispanic White smokers but are less successful at doing so. Research suggests that motives to quit smoking differ by race, however, less is known about the role of motives to smoke in explaining racial differences in attempts to quit smoking. Methods: This study examined whether smoking motives accounted for the differential rates in quit attempts between non-Hispanic Black (n = 155) and non-Hispanic White (n = 159) smokers. Data were culled from a larger study of heavy-drinking smokers. The Wisconsin Index of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM) assessed motives to smoke. Results: As expected, Black and White smokers reported similar smoking patterns, yet Black smokers reported higher rates of failed attempts to quit smoking than White smokers. Findings indicated that Black, compared to White, smokers endorsed lower scores in the negative reinforcement, positive reinforcement, and taste WISDM subscales and scores in these subscales mediated the relationship between race and quit attempts. Conclusions: In this study, Blacks, compared to Whites, endorsed lower motives to smoke, which are generally associated with successful quit attempts, yet they experienced more failed attempts to quit smoking. This study demonstrates racial health disparities at the level of smoking motives and suggests that Black smokers
Selenium removal using Ca-based sorbents : Reaction kinetics

Selenium, along with mercury and halides, represents one of the most volatile trace metallic emissions from coal-fired combustors and utility boilers. Calcium-based sorbents are shown to capture selenium oxide via a chemical reaction leading to the formation of calcium selenite. In this study, intrinsic kinetics of this chemical interaction is investigated. Experiments are conducted to obtain initial reaction rate and to determine basic kinetic parameters such as activation energy of the reaction, order of reaction with respect to the gas-phase selenium concentration, and influence of sorbent initial surface area. Experimental investigations are conducted in a dif ferential-bed flow-through reactor system at 400−600 °C temperature conditions with SeO2 partial pressure in the range of 5−30 Pa. Activation energy of the reaction of 4.03 kcal/gmol is obtained, and the reaction is found to have an order of 0.67, with respect to SeO2 partial pressure. Rate of reaction is determined to vary with the initial sorb...