cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Instantons and disorder in antisymmetric tensor gauge fields

Abstract Generalized gauge fields with compact U(1) invariance of the “lth” kind are examined by semiclassical methods. The technique is a direct generalization of Polyakov's for compact quantum electrodynamics. Suitable order parameters are defined, and it is found that these models are disordered for all couplings in l+1 dimensions, but possess a non-zero critical coupling in l+2 and higher dimensions. In particular this means that the U(1) rank-two antisymmetric tensor field in four dimensions has bubble-like particles, analogous to glueballs, in its spectrum, as well as a non-zero “surface tension”. The ZN models with compact invariance of the lth kind are shown to possess three phases in 2l dimensions. The l+1 dimensional U(1) models contain spinless particles which are massless at the tree level, but develop a mass away from the fixed point due to instanton effects.
Information theory of quantum entanglement and measurement

Abstract We present a quantum information theory that allows for a consistent description of entanglement. It parallels classical (Shannon) information theory but is based entirely on density matrices rather than probability distributions for the description of quantum ensembles. We find that quantum (von Neumann) conditional entropies can be negative for entangled systems, which leads to a violation of entropic Bell inequalities. Quantum inseparability can be related, in this theory, to the appearance of “unclassical” eigenvalues in the spectrum of a conditional “amplitude” matrix that underlies the quantum conditional entropy. Such a unified information-theoretic description of classical correlation and quantum entanglement clarifies the link between them: the latter can be viewed as “super-correlation” which can induce classical correlation when considering a tripartite or larger system. Furthermore, the characterization of entanglment with negative conditional entropies paves the way to a natural information-theoretic description of the measurement process. This model, while unitary and causal, implies the well-known probabilistic results of conventional quantum mechanics. It also results in a simple interpretation of the Levitin-Kholevo theorem limiting the accessible information in a quantum measurement.
E2f6 and Bmi1 cooperate in axial skeletal development

Bmi1 is a Polycomb Group protein that functions as a component of Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1) to control axial skeleton development through Hox gene repression. Bmi1 also represses transcription of the Ink4a-Arf locus and is consequently required to maintain the proliferative and self-renewal properties of hematopoietic and neural stem cells. Previously, one E2F family member, E2F6, has been shown to interact with Bmi1 and other known PRC1 components. However, the biological relevance of this interaction is unknown. In this study, we use mouse models to investigate the interplay between E2F6 and Bmi1. This analysis shows that E2f6 and Bmi1 cooperate in the regulation of Hox genes, and consequently axial skeleton development, but not in the repression of the Ink4a-Arf locus. These findings underscore the significance of the E2F6-Bmi1 interaction in vivo and suggest that the Hox and Ink4a-Arf loci are regulated by somewhat different mechanisms.
Long-term therapeutic plasma exchange in the outpatient setting using an implantable central venous access device.

We presented the results of our prospective trial of the Bard CathLink® 20 in outpatient therapeutic plasma exchange in May 2000. Since the close of that study, three of the original subjects and one additional subject have received continuous outpatient treatment using the device. We report herein on its long-term use. Four patients with demyelinating polyneuropathy underwent outpatient plasma exchange of 1–1¼ plasma volumes using Bard CathLink® 20 venous access devices for up to 2½ years. Treatment schedules varied according to the status of the patient's neuropathy. Four men (age 59, 60, 76, 79) underwent 55, 56, 38, and 41 plasma exchanges over 18.5, 18, 20, and 38.5 months, respectively, all in the outpatient setting. Ninety-one percent were completed in <150 min (mean 120 ± 28 min) with 3,783 ± 314 ml of plasma removed. Mean access flow rates were approximately 70 ± 11 ml/min. Plasma flow rates were approximately 38 ± 6 ml/min. (During our original 6-month prospective trial, access and plasma flow rates were approximately 54 and 32 ml/min, respectively). There were no adverse effects resulting from use of the CathLink® and no hospitalizations were needed for plasma exchange. Pressure alarms were infrequent. Access and plasma flow rates achieved with the CathLink® 20 have increased by about 30 and 16%, respectively, with long-term use. The conclusion from our prospective trial of this device, that it could conveniently be used for long-term outpatient plasma exchange, is supported by our follow-up experience. J. Clin. Apheresis 19:180–184, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Biological interactions and environmental effects in the economics of pest control

Abstract The problem of pest control is tackled in a context of an ecosystem that consists of prey-predator populations with human interaction through pesticide application. The control, aimed at reducing pest damage, results in two undesirable external effects: reduction of beneficial predator population and environmental contamination. The untapped natural equilibrium is compared with equilibrium resulting from decentralized and centralized economic decision making. It is shown that, under certain conditions, myopic decision rules increase rather than decrease the pest damage. The “user cost” (or benefit) is shown to be crucial in determining the optimal centralized policy, and its relations to the various components of the system are analyzed. The components of the user cost are analyzed to determine the level of taxes or subsidies that will yield the optimal policy.
Glycation increases the permeability of proteins across the blood-nerve and blood-brain barriers

Our previous investigations have demonstrated increased permeability across the blood-nerve barrier of human plasma albumin after glycation with D-glucose [J.F. Poduslo and G.L. Curran, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89 (1992) 2218-2222]. In the present investigation, the generality of this observation was evaluated by measuring the permeability coefficient-surface area product (PS) after correction for the residual plasma volume (Vp) across the blood-nerve barrier (BNB), as well as the blood-brain barrier (BBB), for nerve growth factor (NGF) and human IgG after in vitro glycation with D-glucose using an i.v. bolus injection technique in the cannulated brachial vein and artery of normal adult rats. Glycated proteins (gNGF and gIgG) had significantly decreased circulating plasma half-lives compared to the non-glycated proteins. The PS across the BNB obtained for gNGF was significantly increased compared to NGF with a 2.0-fold increase observed after 8 weeks of glycation and a 5.1-fold increase at 21 weeks of glycation. The Vp measurement for NGF and gNGF across the BNB was not significantly different at 8 weeks of glycation but was 1.3-fold greater at 21 weeks of glycation. The PS across the BBB for gNGF was about 2-fold greater than NGF with a glycation time of 8 weeks and 3.2-3.6-fold greater with a glycation time of 21 weeks for six different brain regions. No changes were observed in the Vp for any of the brain regions for gNGF compared to NGF. The PS across the BNB for gIgG compared to IgG was significantly greater with a 4.1-fold relative increase and no significant difference in the Vp values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Altering the fatty acids in milk fat by including canola seed in dairy cattle diets

The objective was to evaluate the effects of feeding ground canola seed on the fatty acid profile, yield, and composition of milk from dairy cows. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows (548.3 +/- 11.9 kg body weight and 28 +/- 9 d in lactation) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: Control (CON) or ground canola seed treatment (GCS) with 14% [of diet dry matter (DM)] of the total ration as ground canola seed containing 34% lipid. Diets contained 20% crude protein, but varied in net energy as a result of fat content differences of 2.5% and 6.4% (DM) for CON and GCS, respectively. Diets were composed of corn, corn silage, alfalfa (50:50 ground hay and haylage, DM basis), soybean and blood meal, and vitamins and minerals. Mechanically extruded canola meal was used in the CON diet to adjust for the protein from canola seed in the GCS diet. Cows were housed in tie-stalls and fed and milked twice daily for 10 wk. The inclusion of ground canola seed did not alter DM intake, weight gain, or body condition score of cows. Milk fat from GCS cows had greater proportions of long-chain fatty acids (> or = 18 carbons) and a lower ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. Feeding GCS reduced the proportion of short- and medium-chain fatty acids. Milk fat from cows fed GCS had a greater proportion of vaccenic acid and tended to have a higher proportion of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid. Actual and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yields were similar between treatments. The milk fat and protein percentages were lower for GCS cows, but total yield of these components was similar between treatments. Milk urea nitrogen was lower and serum urea nitrogen tended to be lower in cows fed canola seed. Serum glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids were not altered, but serum triglycerides were higher in GCS cows. Ammonia and total volatile fatty acids tended to be lower in ruminal fluid from GCS cows; rumen pH was unchanged. Feeding canola seed to lactating dairy cows resulted in milk fat with higher proportions of healthful fatty acids without affecting milk yield or composition of milk.
Variational design of zone plates for the VUV and soft X-ray ranges

Many materials become appreciably translucent in the soft X-ray range, making them suitable for use as optical elements. However, since none is Perfectly transparent, it is crucial that optimum design procedures be followed in order to minimize unnecessary optical losses. In this paper we demonstrate such a solution for the ordinary metallic zone plate and compare its performance to some recently proposed configurations which were advanced on the basis of more restricted considerations.
How not to miss a bicuspid aortic valve in the echocardiography laboratory.

Figure 1. M-mode and two-dimensional (2D) diastolic frame in the parasternal long-axis view of a bicuspid aortic valve with eccentric closure (arrows). Although not diagnostic, an eccentric line of closure should prompt one to evaluate the aortic valve closely for BAV. LA = left atrium. (Modified with permission from: Kerut EK, McIlwain, Plotnick: Handbook of Echo-Doppler Interpretation 2nd Ed, Blackwell Publishing, Elmsford, New York, 2004, p. 84) Diagnosis of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) in the busy echocardiography laboratory is important, as it is a relatively common cardiac congenital defect (up to 3% of the population),1 and requires a recommendation for
Majority Party Leadership in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1977–96: Speakers, Committee Assignments, and Institutional Context

Objective. This paper describes and explains the presence of various strategies used by party leaders in the U.S. House of Representatives to increase cohesion among members of the majority party. Methods. Logistic regression analysis is performed on assignments to the most prestigious committees from the 95th through the 104th Congresses. Results, Leaders are likely to reward loyal members, to favor no ideological wing of the majority party, and to protect: on occasion-the vulnerable members of the caucus. Conclusions. The implementation of these strategies varies according to short-term changes in the institutional context of the majority party
RNA-directed transcriptional gene silencing and activation in human cells.

The overt loss or uncontrolled gain of gene expression is found at some level in virtually every malady afflicting humans. From cancer to HIV-1, the uncontrolled expression or loss of gene expression is prevalent in human diseases. Approaches toward the specific control of gene expression at the transcriptional level could have the potential to revert or reduce disease pathologies. Over the last several years, researchers have developed methodologies that utilize small antisense non-coding RNAs to specifically silence transcription. Only recently has the endogenous molecular pathway usurped by the introduction of these small RNAs to regulate transcription in human cells been defined. Observations suggest that long antisense non-coding RNAs function as the endogenous epigenetic regulators of transcription in human cells, thus explaining why small antisense RNAs were observed early on to silence transcription via directed epigenetic changes at the target loci. The mechanism of action whereby small regulator...
The Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index, Male Sexual Function Index, and Profile of Female Sexual Function for Use in Healthy Young Adults

Past research has typically used clinical samples to evaluate the validity of sexual function measures. As normal variations in sexually healthy individuals are of important research and clinical interest, evaluating the applicability of common sexual function measures to these populations is important. Factor structures of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Male Sexual Function Index (MSFI) (adapted for this investigation), and Profile of Female Sexual Function (PFSF) were examined in young, healthy men and women. We predicted the factor structures to be consistent with past evaluations. In a cross-sectional study, 1,258 participants (M age = 19.56 years; 59 % women) completed these measures. Confirmatory factor analyses did not initially support the factor structures. However, factor loadings showed marked differences between positively and negatively worded items. As such, each measure’s factor structure was tested using multi-trait multi-method confirmatory factor analysis which accounted for variance due to item valence. These models supported the predicted structures of the FSFI and MSFI, whereas the PFSF’s Responsiveness scale required modification, resulting in an Avoidance scale for both genders. This study was one of few to validate the FSFI in young, healthy adults and the first to examine the MSFI and PFSF in these populations. Additionally, this investigation was the first to propose a reconceptualization of the PFSF Responsiveness scale into an Avoidance scale. Lastly, our study highlights the significant impact of item valence on how individuals respond to questions regarding their sexual functioning.
The Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Targeting Pathway: A Historical Perspective

From today's perspective, it is obvious that macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is an important pathway that is connected to a range of developmental and physiological processes. This viewpoint, however, is relatively recent, coinciding with the molecular identification of autophagy-related (Atg) components that function as the protein machinery that drives the dynamic membrane events of autophagy. It may be difficult, especially for scientists new to this area of research, to appreciate that the field of autophagy long existed as a “backwater” topic that attracted little interest or attention. Paralleling the development of the autophagy field was the identification and analysis of the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway, the only characterized biosynthetic route that utilizes the Atg proteins. Here, we relate some of the initial history, including some never-before-revealed facts, of the analysis of the Cvt pathway and the convergence of those studies with autophagy.
CO2-induced changes in the ERG of the fly, Sarcophaga bullata. A component analysis

Abstract The changes in the ERG of the fly, Sarcophaga bullata, with increases in the ambient carbon dioxide concentration are described and analysed using a method of successive algebraic subtraction of normalized responses. On the basis of the behaviour of the five identifiable waves of the ERG before, during, and after carbon dioxide exposure, it is concluded that four components are responsible for the complex ERG. One of these components, which is unaffected by carbon dioxide, apparently arises from the receptor cells, while the other three components have a ganglionic origin. The waveforms of the four proposed components are derived by substracting normalised responses differing with respect to only one of the five waves. The finding that the loss of the waves, through the action of carbon dioxide, proceeds in a sequential and regular manner makes this approach to a component analysis possible. It is suggested that this sequential loss of components does not reflect differences in the basic sensitivity of visual neurons to carbon dioxide, but results from factors such as diffusion barriers and/or chemical processes which establish a decreasing radial concentration gradient of carbon dioxide within the visual ganglia.
Commentary on "Pathological Narcissism and the Obstruction of Love" by David Kealy and John S. Ogrodniczuk

Although in popular parlance narcissism has a pejorative connotation, in actuality narcissism connotes a spectrum that ranges from healthy-normal to pathological. The same behavior may reflect a developmental stage at one age and pathology at another. In this brief commentary, I reflect on the different types of narcissism and wonder what aspects of American culture have relegated the unmarked term as pejorative. As an unmarked term, without a qualifying adjective, narcissism suggests pathology. As a developmental stage, primary narcissism reflects the infant’s view of the world as centering around him/herself. This is the time for the development of a secure attachment that supportive adults encourage. This is also the time when unreliable parental figures block such development, a precursor to pathological narcissism and challenges in developing love relationships. When primary narcissism becomes confronted with such unreliability as to prevent need satisfaction or with downright abuse, the individual may develop pathological narcissism. Without an ability to trust his/her caretakers, the child is prematurely forced to rely on him/ herself. The need to deal with unreliable or abusive others during the primary narcissism stage prevents the true development of self-esteem and the ability to modulate him/herself. Instead, the insecurity may be covered with the palimpsest of a false self. Hence, swings between grandiosity and inferiority rock the individual. For self-protection, he/ she keeps others at a distance while envying the easy love relationships of those who have a secure, resilient sense of self. Both inappropriate grandiosity and inferiority reflect the lack of modulation for those who
The effects of information on incentives in health care

This paper examines the use of Agency Theory and Information Economics Models to determine the types of information that should be used in an information system. Under examination is the payment system used by the federal government to reimburse hospitals for treatment of Medicare patients. Incentives for the government and hospitals as a result of a payment system will be examined and an information system will be developed which will help to alleviate some of the incentive problems that exist. Payment is currently on the basis of Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs). The DRGs are categories of illnesses, and hospitals receive different amounts of money for each DRG.
Kinetin Blocks Abscisic Acid-Phosphatidylethanolamine Channels in Lipid Bilayers

Summary Permeability of erythritol to lipid bilayers composed of several types of phospholipids is enhanced by the plant hormones abscisic acid and kinetin. Abscisic acid increases permeability in its undissociated form and requires the presence of phosphatidylethanolamine in the bilayers. The abscisic acid-induced permeability can be completely inhibited by kinetin. A new model based on the kinetin blockage of abscisic acid-phosphatidylethanolamine channels is proposed to explain the antagonistic effect of these two hormones on membranes.
Anisotropic PrCo $_{5}$ Nanoparticles by Surfactant-Assisted Ball Milling

Magnetically hard PrCo5 nanoparticles have been produced by using surfactant-assisted high-energy ball milling techniques. The use of surfactant leads to the dispersion of the crashed particles and prevents them from rewelding during the milling process. Heptane was used as the milling medium, and oleic acid as the surfactant. High-energy ball milling experiments took place in a milling vial with steel balls by using a Spex 8000 M high-energy ball milling machine. The coercivity was found to increase with milling time with a value of 6.8 kOe after 12 h of milling. TEM data showed that the milled powders consist of nanoparticles with an average size of 8-10 nm.
Effects of modeling and modeling with instructions and feedback on the behavioral components of social skills

Modeling and modeling plus instructions and feedback were compared for social skills training of a male schizophrenic patient in a modified multiple-baseline desggn. Generalization to different individuals and social situations was assessed by probe scenes within sessions and between experimental conditions. For each scence, the subject responsed to male and female stimulus persons. The dependent measures were duration of eye contact, number of head and hand gestures, and ratings of affect and assertiveness. Modeling alone increased affect, but not gestures or duration of eye contact. Modeling combined with instructions and feedback increased eye contact, gestures, and overall affect.
Modeling of dose to tumor and normal tissue from intraperitoneal radioimmunotherapy with alpha and beta emitters

Dose distributions for normal and tumor tissues from intraperitoneally administered radiolabeled antibodies have been calculated for 90-Yttrium (90Y), 131-Iodine (131I), and 211-Astatine (211At). The dose calculations use data on the activity of intraperitoneal fluid administered, the percent injected dose/gm uptake by tumor, biological half life, and a model for diffusion of antibody/radionuclide complex into peritoneal tissues. Calculations are performed for planar and hemispherical tumor shapes, ranging in size to establish the influence of geometry on dose distribution. Calculations for tumor geometry obtained from biopsies are also performed. When the activity is concentrated on or near the tumor surface, the maximum dose to a planar tumor for a 20 mci administration of 90Y is approximately 60 Gy, and falls rapidly to 50% of this value within 1 mm. However, for a hemispherical tumor, the dose is a maximum of 26 Gy, with an average of approximately 20 Gy. The surface dose from 131I (130 mci) is 240 Gy, and diminishes to 20 Gy in .05 cm in the planar case, whereas a hemispherical tumor receives a dose of 90 Gy over a large fraction of the volume, with the distal portions receiving 40 Gy. The surface dose for an administration ofmore » 70 mci of 211 At is 450 Gy and decreases to 50% of this value in 30 microns. Both surface geometry and tumor size are important determinants in the heterogeneity of tumor dose, as are the dose administered, antibody uptake, biodistribution, and residence time factors. These initial studies suggest that the size of disease which may be effectively treated is much less than the range of the particle emitted by radiolabeled antibodies. Furthermore, therapy is ultimately limited by the degree to which the antibody/radionuclide complex can diffuse and permeate the tumor.« less
Mechanical properties evolution during sintering of optical sol-gel silica

Abstract As the densification of sol-gel derived optical silica monoliths proceeds, the mechanical properties of the material change continuously, corresponding to changes in structure. As shown by flexural, uniaxial compression, diametral-compression and dynamic mechanical testing, the evolution of mechanical properties can be divided into two regions: the first region corresponds to lower sintering temperatures and is characterized by relatively little increase in strength; in the second region, at higher densification temperatures, there is a pronounced increase in strength as densification proceeds. Changes in mechanical properties with densification are best described in terms of topological parameter, λ, the relative genus.
Test of a conflict model for preference judgment

Abstract Subjects rated their preference between pairs of sandwiches, drinks, or sandwich-drink combinations. Use of factorial designs allowed simple tests of a subtractive model for preference. The results gave considerable support to the model, although some discrepancies were obtained. These seemed to stem partly from idiosyncratic discrepancies in a few subjects, partly from certain number preferences by the subjects as a group. In addition, two methods of estimating the scale values of the preference alternatives were compared. Model-based estimates appeared to be superior to independent ratings of the single alternatives. Finally, it was noted that the results tended to validate the use of rating scales to measure preference and, more generally, to support a functional theory of measurement.
Allosteric regulation of small-molecule binding by aptimers

Modular aptameric sensors for oligonucleotides were constructed by combin- ing molecular beacon stem-loops and malachite green aptamers. These sensors were de- signed so that oligonucleotides complementary to the stem-loop region accomplish the release of malachite green from its binding module. The oligonucleotides that bound to both loop and stem caused efficient release of the dye. While this sytem is not suitable for single-mismatch detection, it represents proof-of-concept for drug delivery compo- nents of autonomous therapeutic devices on a molecular scale.
Electrocardiographic abnormalities in methamphetamine abusers.

Aims Although many adverse cardiovascular outcomes are mentioned in conjunction with methamphetamine use, a causal relationship between methamphetamine use and arrhythmia or cardiomyopathy has not been demonstrated in man. Clinical experience with methamphetamine users suggested a higher incidence of electrocardiographic abnormalities. This study seeks to quantify that incidence, among subjects enrolled in a study of adults with methamphetamine dependence. Methods Electrocardiograms obtained during screening in a previous clinical trial were examined. The study population (n = 158) of adults with methamphetamine dependence [Diagnostic and Statistical Manual version IV (DSM IV-TR)] was drawn from five sites across the United States, recruited in the interval 2002–03. Results A significant variance from the normal population was noted in the electrocardiograms of the study cohort. Among the abnormalities was a prolongation of the QTc beyond 440 ms in 27.2% of the group. QTc prolongation to this extent poses a particular risk for ventricular arrhythmias, most notably torsades de pointes. Conclusions We believe that this is the first demonstration of clinically significant QTc prolongation in a methamphetamine-using population, and that this has implications for the types of arrhythmias for which this population is at risk. It may further provide a marker for risk of cardiomyopathy. The fact of electrocardiographic changes with potential cardiac risks may be useful in a motivational interviewing approach, in challenging the methamphetamine user's basis for continuing use.
The structural stability of the HIV-1 protease

The most common strategy in the development of HIV-1 protease inhibitors has been the design of high affinity transition state analogs that effectively compete with natural substrates for the active site. A second approach has been the development of compounds that inactivate the protease by destabilizing its quaternary or tertiary structure. A successful optimization of these strategies requires an accurate knowledge of the energetics of structural stabilization and binding, and the identification of those regions in the protease molecule that are critical to stability and function. Here the energetics of stabilization of the HIV-1 protease has been measured for the first time by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. These studies have permitted the evaluation of the different components of the Gibbs energy of stabilization (the enthalpy, entropy and heat capacity changes). The stability of the protease is pH-dependent and due to its dimeric nature is also concentration-dependent. At pH 3.4 the Gibbs energy of stabilization is close to 10 kcal/mol at 25 degreesC, consistent with a dissociation constant of 5x10(-8) M. The stability of the protease increases at higher pH values. At pH 5, the Gibbs energy of stabilization is 14.5 kcal/mol at 25 degreesC, consistent with a dissociation constant of 2.3x10(-11) M. The pH dependence of the Gibbs energy of stabilization indicates that between pH 3.4 and pH 5 an average of 3-4 ionizable groups per dimer become protonated upon unfolding. A structure-based thermodynamic analysis of the protease molecule indicates that most of the Gibbs energy of stabilization is provided by the dimerization interface and that the isolated subunits are intrinsically unstable. The Gibbs energy, however, is not uniformly distributed along the dimerization interface. The dimer interface is characterized by the presence of clusters of residues (hot spots) that contribute significantly and other regions that contribute very little to subunit association. At the dimerization interface, residues located at the carboxy and amino termini contribute close to 75% of the total Gibbs energy (Cys95, Thr96, Leu97, Asn98 and Phe99 and Pro1, Ile3, Leu5). Residues Thr26, Gly27 and Asp29 located at the base of the active site are also important, and to a lesser extent Gly49, Ile50, Gly51 located at the tip of the flap region. The structure-based thermodynamic analysis also predicts the existence of regions of the protease with only marginal stability and a high propensity to undergo independent local unfolding. In particular, the flap region occupies a very shallow energy minimum and its conformation can easily be affected by relatively small perturbations. This property of the protease can be related to the ability of some mutations to elicit resistance towards certain inhibitors.
Mohs micrographic surgery as an alternative treatment method for cutaneous mucormycosis.

Background. Mucormycosis is an invasive fungal disease that most commonly occurs in immunocompromised patients. Early angioinvasion and dissemination can lead to the rapid demise of the patient. The growing number of organ transplant patients on pharmacologic immunosuppression has increased the risk for this opportunistic mycosis. Traditional therapy has included aggressive debridement and resection as well as antifungal medications. Objective. To demonstrate that the margin control and tissue-sparing technique of Mohs micrographic surgery can effectively eradicate mucormycosis infection and decrease morbidity. Methods. Case presentation of a 64-year-old transplant patient presenting with biopsy-proven cutaneous mucormycosis treated with Mohs micrographic surgery. Margin control was confirmed by a rapid Gomori methenamine silver stain. Results. There has been no recurrence at 1-year follow-up with full preservation of extremity function. Conclusion. The use of the Mohs technique combined with rapid Gomori methenamine silver staining for mucormycosis can be an effective tissue-sparing method for local control of this fungal infection. Mohs micrographic surgery should be considered for the cutaneous manifestations of mucormycosis.
Toxoplasma gondii expresses two distinct lactate dehydrogenase homologous genes during its life cycle in intermediate hosts

Two Toxoplasma gondii genes were characterized that are differentially expressed during the parasite's life cycle. The genes named LDH1 and LDH2, respectively, encode polypeptides similar to the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) from a variety of organisms. They show 64.0% nucleotide identity in the coding region and both have an intron at the same relative position. The deduced amino acid sequences of LDH1 and LDH2 share 71.1% identity. LDH1 and LDH2 are most similar to an LDH of Plasmodium falciparum (46.5% and 48.5% amino acid identities, respectively). The mRNA of LDH2 was only detected in the bradyzoite stage, while the mRNA of LDH1 was detected in both the bradyzoite and tachyzoite stages. However, by isoelectric focusing and immunoblot analysis, only one LDH isoform was found to be expressed in each stage. Furthermore, the expression of a reporter gene carrying chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequence and the putative LDH2 promoter sequence was significantly up-regulated by growing parasites in tissue culture in media with alkaline pH (pH 8.2, a condition known to induce the expression of bradyzoite-specific antigens), while the expression of a CAT reporter construct carrying the putative LDH1 promoter sequence was down-regulated by similar treatment. These results indicate that LDH expression is developmentally regulated in T. gondii and suggest a possible correlation between stage conversion and alteration in carbohydrate or energy metabolism in this parasite.
Implementation of jump-diffusion algorithms for understanding FLIR scenes

Our pattern theoretic approach to the automated understanding of forward-looking infrared (FLIR) images brings the traditionally separate endeavors of detection, tracking, and recognition together into a unified jump-diffusion process. New objects are detected and object types are recognized through discrete jump moves. Between jumps, the location and orientation of objects are estimated via continuous diffusions. An hypothesized scene, simulated from the emissive characteristics of the hypothesized scene elements, is compared with the collected data by a likelihood function based on sensor statistics. This likelihood is combined with a prior distribution defined over the set of possible scenes to form a posterior distribution. The jump-diffusion process empirically generates the posterior distribution. Both the diffusion and jump operations involve the simulation of a scene produced by a hypothesized configuration. Scene simulation is most effectively accomplished by pipelined rendering engines such as silicon graphics. We demonstrate the execution of our algorithm on a silicon graphics onyx/reality engine.
Inhibition of enzyme-antienzyme interaction by tryptic digests of enzyme.

Abstract This paper presents evidence that peptides of tryptic digests of adenylate kinases (EC 2.7.4.3) from yeast (Chiu et al. , 1967) and rabbit muscle (Noda and Kuby, 1957) are capable of inhibiting the rate of interaction of these enzymes with their respective antisera (Minatogawa et al. , 1967) . The inhibitions appeared specific and affected only the rate of interaction and not the final quantity which interacted. The findings suggest that a kinetic approach to the search for active peptide fragments is a sensitive method which permits the detection of antigen fragments which reversibly combine with antibody.
Dehydroepiandrosterone and Macronutrient Selection by Obese Zucker Rats (fa/fa)

The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) on the macronutrient preference and total energy intake of lean and obese female Zucker rats was studied. Introduction of DHEA led to a rapid decrease in the consumption of fat, protein and total calories by the obese rat. DHEA treatment of the lean rat caused a change neither in its total energy consumption nor in its fat consumption, but did cause a distinct expression of preference for carbohydrate over protein. Both lean and obese animals gained weight rapidly during the steroid-free weeks and lost weight while consuming the DHEA-supplemented diet. The difference in weight changes seen with the obese rats between the DHEA-free and DHEA-supplemented periods could be accounted for by differences in caloric intake. Lean rats, however, did not change their total energy intake during DHEA-treatment periods; therefore, DHEA caused weight loss in the lean rat probably by altering energy metabolism. It is concluded that in the obese, young, female Zucker rat, DHEA alters macronutrient preference as well as caloric intake. In the lean rat, DHEA has a more subtle effect on relative macronutrient preference and not on total energy consumption.
Phosphine Ligand Effects on the Formation, Equilibration, and Reactivity of the Isomeric Vinyl Complexes (μ-H)Os3(CO)9(PR3)(μ-η2-CHCH2)

The equilibrium between the two structural isomers of the cluster compound (μ-H)Os3(CO)9(L)(μ-η2-CHCH2), previously observed for L = P(C6H5)3, has been further studied for L = P(C2H5)3, P(p-CH3OC6H4)3, P(p-CH3C6H4)3, and P(C6H11)3. The equilibrium constants vary with ligand size: 0.20 for L = P(C2H5)3; 0.45 for L = P(p-CH3OC6H4)3, P(p-CH3C6H4)3, and P(C6H5)3; and 2.20 for L = P(C6H11)3. These values demonstrate increasing preference for positioning the vinyl group remote from rather than adjacent to the phosphine ligand. The half-life for approaching equilibrium from a pure sample of the adjacent isomer also varies in the same order: P(C2H5)3 (48 min), P(C6H5)3 (83 min), and P(C6H11)3 (570 min). Analysis of selectively deuterated (μ-D)Os3(CO)9(P(C6H5)3)(μ-η2-CHCHD) shows that the C−D bond of the vinyl group is cis to the Os−C bond in the adjacent isomer but trans in the remote isomer. Removal of a carbonyl ligand from (μ-H)Os3(CO)9(P(C6H5)3)(μ-η2-CHCH2) by trimethylamine oxide occurs selectively from th...
Location of the pteroylpolyglutamate-binding site on rabbit cytosolic serine hydroxymethyltransferase

Serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT; EC 2.1.2.1) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of serine and glycine with transfer of the serine side chain one-carbon group to tetrahydropteroylglutamate (H(4)PteGlu), and also the conversion of 5,10-methenyl-H(4)PteGlu to 5-formyl-H(4)PteGlu. In the cell, H(4)PteGlu carries a poly-gamma-glutamyl tail of at least 3 glutamyl residues that is required for physiological activity. This study combines solution binding and mutagenesis studies with crystallographic structure determination to identify the extended binding site for tetrahydropteroylpolyglutamate on rabbit cytosolic SHMT. Equilibrium binding and kinetic measurements of H(4)PteGlu(3) and H(4)PteGlu(5) with wild-type and Lys --> Gln or Glu site mutant homotetrameric rabbit cytosolic SHMTs identified lysine residues that contribute to the binding of the polyglutamate tail. The crystal structure of the enzyme in complex with 5-formyl-H(4)PteGlu(3) confirms the solution data and indicates that the conformation of the pteridine ring and its interactions with the enzyme differ slightly from those observed in complexes of the monoglutamate cofactor. The polyglutamate chain, which does not contribute to catalysis, exists in multiple conformations in each of the two occupied binding sites and appears to be bound by the electrostatic field created by the cationic residues, with only limited interactions with specific individual residues.
Real-Time Reachability for Verified Simplex Design

The Simplex Architecture ensures the safe use of an unverifiable complex controller by using a verified safety controller and verified switching logic. This architecture enables the safe use of high-performance, untrusted, and complex control algorithms without requiring them to be formally verified. Simplex incorporates a supervisory controller and safety controller that will take over control if the unverified logic misbehaves. The supervisory controller should (1) guarantee the system never enters and unsafe state (safety), but (2) use the complex controller as much as possible (minimize conservatism). The problem of precisely and correctly defining this switching logic has previously been considered either using a control-theoretic optimization approach, or through an offline hybrid systems reach ability computation. In this work, we prove that a combined online/offline approach, which uses aspects of the two earlier methods along with a real-time reach ability computation, also maintains safety, but with significantly less conservatism. We demonstrate the advantages of this unified approach on a saturated inverted pendulum system, where the usable region of attraction is 227% larger than the earlier approach.
Monoclonal antibody MOC‐31 reactivity as a marker for adenocarcinoma in cytologic preparations

BACKGROUND It has been shown previously that detection of the epithelial membrane antigen using the mouse monoclonal antibody MOC-31 has diagnostic utility in the distinction between mesothelioma and metastatic carcinoma in body fluids. The current immunohistochemical study confirmed the effectiveness of MOC-31 as a marker for adenocarcinoma from a broad range of primary sites in body fluid cytology prepared as paraffin sections of cell blocks. METHODS The authors evaluated 112 cell blocks for MOC-31 immunoreactivity, including 17 mesotheliomas, 86 metastatic adenocarcinomas from various sites, and 9 control fluids from patients with nonneoplastic conditions. RESULTS Membranous reactivity for MOC-31 was observed in 86 of 86 samples (100%) of metastatic adenocarcinoma, regardless of the specific primary site. Sixteen of 17 mesothelioma samples were negative. In all but 1 sample of adenocarcinoma, > 90% of tumor cells present showed reactivity, and the staining intensity consistently was strong. Staining of scattered, morphologically benign mesothelial cells was observed in nine samples but did not interfere with interpretation. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the staining profile, MOC-31 represented an effective marker for metastatic carcinoma in cell block preparations and may aid in distinguishing between benign and malignant mesothelial cells in these tumors. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Asymptotic behavior of solutions of pseudo-parabolic partial differential equations

Consider a solution to a second-order pseudo-parabolic equation with sufficiently smooth time-independent coefficients in a cylindrical domain. If it vanishes on the cylindrical surface for all times and if its restriction to a fixed instant belongs toC2+a, then its pointwise values decay exponentially as t→∞ while its Dirichlet norm grows expontially as t→−∞. Similar conclusion still hold for solutions to non-homogeneous equations under non-homogeneous boundary conditions provided the free term and the boundary data posses these asymptotic behaviors.
A Genomewide Scan for Age-Related Macular Degeneration Provides Evidence for Linkage to Several Chromosomal Regions

We report the results of a genomewide scan for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 158 multiplex families. AMD classification was based on fundus photography and was assigned a grade ranging from 1 (no disease) to 5 (exudative disease). Genotyping was performed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Mammalian Genotyping Service at Marshfield (404 short tandem repeat markers). The sample included 158 families with two or more siblings with AMD, 490 affected individuals, 101 unaffected individuals, and 38 whose affection status was unknown. Relative pairs included 511 affected sibling, 28 avuncular, 53 cousin, 7 grandparent-grandchild, and 9 grand-avuncular pairs. Two-point parametric and multipoint parametric and nonparametric analyses were performed. Maximum two-point LOD scores of 1.0–2.0 were found for markers on chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10, 14, 15, and 22. Multipoint analyses were consistent with the two-point results for chromosomes 1, 2, 8, 10, and 22 and provided evidence for additional linkage regions on chromosomes 3, 6, 8, 12, 16, and X. Our signals on chromosomes 1q, 6p, and 10q are consistent with some other previously published results. Significant linkage to AMD was found for one marker on chromosome 2, two adjacent markers on chromosome 3, two adjacent markers on chromosome 6, and seven contiguous markers on chromosome 8, with empirical P values of .00001. The consistency of many of the other signals across both two-point and multipoint, as well as parametric and nonparametric, analyses indicate several other regions worthy of follow-up.
Probing the intermediates of halogen addition to alkynes: bridged halonium versus open halovinyl cation; a theoretical study.

Intermediates formed in halogen addition (X = Br, Cl, F) to alkynes (ethyne, propyne, 2-butyne, trifluoromethylethyne, trimethylsilylethyne, and 1-trimethylsilylpropyne) were studied computationally by MP2 at the MP2/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level and/or by DFT at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level. Structure optimization and frequency calculations were performed to identify the minima and to obtain their relative energies. PCM calculations (with H2O, CH2Cl2, and CCl4 as model solvents) were employed to examine solvation effects on the relative stabilities in the resulting bridged halonium, β-halovinyl, or α-halovinyl cations. GIAO-MP2 and GIAO-DFT calculations were employed to compute NMR chemical shifts (13C, 19F, and 29Si as appropriate). In selected cases, PCM-GIAO calculations were also performed to investigate the extent of solvent effects on the computed NMR shifts. The NPA-derived charges and the GIAO shifts were examined in comparative cases to shed light on structural features. In several cases, structure optim...
Predicting permeability coefficient in ADMET evaluation by using different membranes-interaction QSAR.

Abstract Membrane-interaction quantitative structure activity relationship (MI-QSAR) analysis was applied to a data set with 18 compounds in 18 different membranes. MI-QSAR was used to estimate the ADMET properties including the transport of organic solutes through biological membranes. The most important descriptors are the aqueous solvation free energy, FH 2 O, and diffusion coefficient for all membranes. The correlation coefficient, r 2 , and cross-validation correlation coefficient, q 2 , for DMPG membrane is 0.850 and 0.770, respectively. The relationship between FH 2 O and permeability is nonlinear. But the detail effect of aqueous solvation free energy and diffusion coefficient to the permeability depends on the type of membrane. The final models also support the solution–diffusion mechanism of transport is important in membrane.
The neighborhood enhancement team: Contemporary initiatives in community-oriented policing

Determined to combat high levels of crime in two neighborhoods, a southern city implemented the Neighborhood Enhancement Team (NET) to focus on gang and drug activity through a combination foot and bicycle patrol. With the support and assistance of the community and its various agencies, the program's initiatives and outcomes have been successful. Compared to arrest rates before the implementation of NET, the communities experienced declining arrest numbers far surpassing those of national trends: The total number of arrests for these two communities over the first five years of NET implementation declined by 40%. Furthermore, the annual arrest numbers are continuing their downward trend. Since the inception of the NET program, many youth are now choosing alternatives to gang affiliations, and as a result, social order is returning to the communities. It is the purpose of this article to delineate those initiatives and present findings of the outcomes.