cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract A68: What do they do? The art and science of patient navigation among underserved Latina minorities: The significance of language

Background: Patient Navigation has evolved to reduce cancer health disparities by eliminating barriers to diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship services. Attempts have been made to describe barriers to care and navigator actions. Little attention has been paid to the unique needs of underserved minorities. Here we describe barriers to care reported by Latina survivors in the context of a social-ecological framework, actions taken by navigators to resolve those barriers, and the consequences of those activities. Methods: We evaluated 399 barriers to care reported by Latinas diagnosed with cancer as part of Redes En Accion: The National Latino Cancer Research Network from July 2008-January 2011. Navigators maintained monthly logs of encounters with patients and recorded reported barriers to care and actions taken to overcome each barrier. Spearman Correlation, Chi-squared analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the barriers and actions. Results: The most common barrier to care was needed Spanish-English translation (55.6%). Personal (e.g. fear) and system barriers (e.g. insurance) accounted for the remainder. 85% of all Latinas reported one or more barriers; 37% reported more than one. Multiple (2+) barriers resulted in slightly longer time to treatment (aHR [adjusted Hazard Ratio]= 0.871; p Conclusions: Barriers reported by Latinas are predominantly linguistic in nature. Multiple barriers appear to result in a delay between diagnosis and treatment initiation; however this effect disappears when accounting for the effects of a language barrier. Health care systems must attend to the special needs of underserved minorities when planning and improving programs. Citation Format: Amelie G. Ramirez, Eliseo J. Perez-Stable, Frank Penedo, Gregory A. Talavera, J. Emilio Carrillo, Maria Fernandez, Alan E. C. Holden, Edgar Munoz, Sandra San Miguel, Kipling Gallion. What do they do? The art and science of patient navigation among underserved Latina minorities: The significance of language. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A68.
Experimental and Simulation Study on Flexural Performance of 1000 kV UHV Arrester

The variation of mechanical properties such as the stress、strain and elastic modulus were analyzed through bending tolerance test and destruction test against 1000kV UHV arrester. The reason that tensile strain and compressive strain was different during the test was given and the tolerance load of the UHV arrester was verified. Meanwhile, through destruction test, the failure mode and failure stress of the whole UHV arrester were obtained and estimation method of equipment stress in mechanical tests was proposed. After comparing the test results with the simulation results, the correctness of the simulation model was also verified, and the scope and principles of the elastic modulus value of simulation model was proposed. The comparing results of theoretical arithmetic、test and simulation showed that the deformation under the free end of the load between electrical equipment Fixed at one end was different from an over hand beam, so the electrical equipment could not predigest an over hand beam. Data obtained in this paper could provide the basis for electrical equipment structure design and seismic design as well as mechanical properties evaluation of substation loop system.
Disopyramide phosphate: Clinical efficacy of a new oral antiarrhythmie drug

The efficacy of disopyramide phosphate (DP), a new oral antiarrhythmic agent, was evaluated by serial ten hour, portable electrocardiographic monitoring during placebo (P) and DP administration. In this 16 week outpatient study, DP therapy reduced the frequency of all cardiac ectopic depolarizations (ED) in 10 of 17 patients (average occurrence: P 145 per hour and DP 4 per hour, p < 0.05). Further, ventricular arrhythmias (VA): ventricular tachycardia (VT), and complicated VED, were recorded during P in 8 of 17 and in 16 of 17 patients, respectively, but this prevalence diminished with DP administration (VT 1 of 17, P < 0.05; VED 10 of 17 patients, p < 0.05). Atrial tachycardia (AT), noted in 6 patients during P, was abolished in 4 during active drug treatment. Despite minor anticholinergic adverse effects in 6 patients, DP was well tolerated in 17 of 18 patients and appeared safe even in 5 patients with cardiac decompensation prior to its administration.
Roles of different hydrophobic constituents in the adsorption of pulmonary surfactant

Surface tension-time adsorption isotherms were measured at 37 degrees C for calf lung surfactant extract (CLSE) and subfractions of its constituents: the complete mix of surfactant phospholipids (PPL), phospholipids depleted in anionic phospholipids (mPPL), hydrophobic surfactant proteins plus phospholipids (SP&PL, SP&mPL), and neutral lipids plus phospholipids (N&PL). Adsorption experiments were done using a static bubble surfactometer where diffusion resistance was present, and in a Teflon dish where diffusion was minimized by subphase stirring. The contribution of diffusion to bubble adsorption measurements decreased as phospholipid concentration increased, and was small at 0.25 mM phospholipid. At this phospholipid concentration, PPL, mPPL, and N&PL all adsorbed more rapidly and to lower final surface tensions than dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) on the bubble. However, none of these phospholipid mixtures adsorbed to surface tensions below 46 mN/m after 20 min, behavior that was significantly worse than CLSE, SP&PL, and SP&mPL which additionally contained hydrophobic SP. Both CLSE and SP&PL rapidly adsorbed to surface tensions below 25 mN/m at 0.25 mM phospholipid concentration on the bubble, as did SP&mPL at a somewhat reduced rate. Further experiments defining the influence of hydrophobic protein content showed that addition of even 0.13% SP (by wt) to PPL improved adsorption substantially, and that mixtures of PPL combined with 1% SP had adsorption very similar to CLSE. Mixtures of SP combined with mPPL had faster adsorption than corresponding mixtures of SP:DPPC, and neither fully matched the adsorption rates of CLSE and SP&PL even at high SP levels (4% in SP:mPPL and 5.2% in SP:DPPC). These results demonstrate that although the secondary zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids and neutral lipids in lung surfactant enhance adsorption relative to DPPC, the hydrophobic SP have a much more pronounced effect in promoting the rapid entry of pulmonary surfactant into the air-water interface.
Meta-analysis and “Effective Dose” Revisited

Quantitative reanalyses of data from various laboratories have been done for more than 30 years. However, the development of more formal rules for combining the results of controlled trials, the adaptation of existing statistical techniques to this type of data, and the development of new methods to advance such secondary analyses have taken place only over the past decade. Although the process of combining and synthesizing the results from separate but similar experiments — called meta-analysis — is still controversial, it is steadily gaining ground. In the area of health effects of ozone on pulmonary function, the objective of meta-analyses has been to characterize the ozone dose-effect relationship from diverse studies. Attempts have also been made to test the validity of the previously advanced notion of “effective dose,” the product of ozone concentration, minute ventilation, and duration of exposure (Silverman et al. 1976). One study of pooled data found that a linear regression model expressed the best dose-effect association; the author also concluded that the “effective dose” concept is valid (Colucci 1983). However, a later study based on a larger data set reported a quadratic function as the best-fitting model and implicitly demonstrated that in its present mathematical form, “effective dose” might be invalid (Hazucha 1987). Subsequent studies appear to support the conclusions of the latter study.
Optimising the expression of antibody in tears: manipulation of the common mucosal immune response?

The IgA in rat tears (200ug/ml) is supplied almost entirely by plasma cells in the lachrymal gland. We researched methods to elicit IgA responses in tears, with the aim of optimising vaccination protocols. Serum and tear responses after ocular topical (OT) or gastrointestinal (GI) immunisations with a particulate antigen (DNP coupled to Pneumococcus) were examined over several months. Though responses in serum (IgM/IgG) and bile (IgA) were similar, highest titres in tears were elicited by OT stimulation. Primary GI immunisation generated specific tear antibody, but also relatively downregulated IgA produced after subsequent OT doses. Addition of cholera toxin to the GI antigen doses did not overcome this effect, though it elevated anti-DNP antibody in both serum and bile. It was concluded that local stimulation of ocular tissue gives rise to cells in the gland which are more effective at promoting tear IgA than those arising after immunisation at a remote mucosal site.
Camp NERF: methods of a theory-based nutrition education recreation and fitness program aimed at preventing unhealthy weight gain in underserved elementary children during summer months.

The number of obese children in the US remains high, which is problematic due to the mental, physical, and academic effects of obesity on child health. Data indicate that school-age children, particularly underserved children, experience unhealthy gains in BMI at a rate nearly twice as fast during the summer months. Few efforts have been directed at implementing evidence-based programming to prevent excess weight gain during the summer recess. Camp NERF is an 8-week, multi-component (nutrition, physical activity, and mental health), theory-based program for underserved school-age children in grades Kindergarten - 5th coupled with the USDA Summer Food Service Program. Twelve eligible elementary school sites will be randomized to one of the three programming groups: 1) Active Control (non-nutrition, physical activity, or mental health); 2) Standard Care (nutrition and physical activity); or 3) Enhanced Care (nutrition, physical activity, and mental health) programming. Anthropometric, behavioral, and psychosocial data will be collected from child-caregiver dyads pre- and post-intervention. Site-specific characteristics and process evaluation measures will also be collected. This is the first, evidence-based intervention to address the issue of weight gain during the summer months among underserved, school-aged children. Results from this study will provide researchers, practitioners, and public health professionals with insight on evidence-based programming to aid in childhood obesity prevention during this particular window of risk. NCT02908230/09-19-2016
BMET-38METASTASIS TO BRAIN AND LUNG IN CARCINOSARCOMA OF THE PAROTID GLAND - A CASE REPORT

Carcinosarcoma of the parotid gland is a rare and aggressive malignant mixed tumor in which carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements coexist and they may metastasize together or independently. The tumor may occur in patients with previous or coexisting pleomorphic adenoma or may arise de novo of the parotid gland. We report a case of 56-year old male with history of carcinosarcoma of the parotid gland that subsequently developed solitary brain and lung metastases. The patient underwent craniotomy of the metastatic and symptomatic brain lesion and had adjuvant radiosurgery postoperatively. After that, his headache disappeared and the left hemiparesis improved. The next-generation sequencing gene study identified the amplification of IRS2, CDK4, IGF1R, MDM2 and MYC genes in metastatic brain lesion. In primary parotid lesion, genomic alteration identified amplification of RAF1, CDK4, IGF1R, MDM2 and MYC genes. The patient then entered a clinical trial and did not show any improvement. Due to the brain mets re-growth, a 2nd craniotomy was performed. He again improved significantly postoperatively. He currently received salvage chemotherapy for his progressive lung metastasis. The prognosis of carcinoma with distant metastasis is poor and the standard treatment has not been established yet. Herein we will present detailed pathological and molecular abnormality profiles of this case and will review similar cases reported in literatures. To our knowledge, this is the first case with carcinosarcoma of the parotid gland that developed brain and lung metastasis.
Delta rhythmicity is a reliable EEG biomarker in Angelman syndrome: a parallel mouse and human analysis

Clinicians have qualitatively described rhythmic delta activity as a prominent EEG abnormality in individuals with Angelman syndrome, but this phenotype has yet to be rigorously quantified in the clinical population or validated in a preclinical model. Here, we sought to quantitatively measure delta rhythmicity and evaluate its fidelity as a biomarker. We quantified delta oscillations in mouse and human using parallel spectral analysis methods and measured regional, state-specific, and developmental changes in delta rhythms in a patient population. Delta power was broadly increased and more dynamic in both the Angelman syndrome mouse model, relative to wild-type littermates, and in children with Angelman syndrome, relative to age-matched neurotypical controls. Enhanced delta oscillations in children with Angelman syndrome were present during wakefulness and sleep, were generalized across the neocortex, and were more pronounced at earlier ages. Delta rhythmicity phenotypes can serve as reliable biomarkers for Angelman syndrome in both preclinical and clinical settings.
Question 1: Effectiveness of melatonin in treating sleep problems in children with intellectual disability.

A 6-year-old boy with mild intellectual disability (ID) attends your clinic with sleep problems ongoing for 2 years; on most nights he has difficulty going to sleep and often wakes during the night. Behavioural approaches have been ineffective. MRI of brain and comparative genomic hybridisation microarray are normal and he has no other medical problems. His parents, who are exhausted, have heard about melatonin and ask you to prescribe it. In children with intellectual disability (patient), does exogenous melatonin (intervention) have a positive effect on measurable sleep parameters (outcome)? ### Primary sources An advanced search of MEDLINE using the terms ‘(intellectual disability OR learning disability) AND (melatonin) AND (child OR teenager)’ up to November 2016 was used. Non-systematic reviews were excluded, as were articles which did not provide quantitative data on sleep parameters or those in languages other than English. Additional potentially relevant studies were identifed by manual review of references. Ninety-eight articles were found in total; all titles were assessed, 32 articles qualified for further assessment and 19 were found to be relevant. ### Secondary sources A search of the Cochrane Library using the terms detailed above yielded one meta-analysis, which is also identified in the MEDLINE search. Sleep problems are common in children, and especially common in children with ID with prevalence rates of up …
SMARCA4 germline gene mutation in a patient with epithelial ovarian: A case report.

Abstract Background SMARCA4 is gene whose protein product participates in chromatin remodeling. Somatic mutations in this gene are associated with non-small cell lung cancer and malignant rhabdoid tumors, and both germline and somatic mutations are seen with small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type. To date, there are no data identifying an association with more common epithelial carcinomas of the ovary. Case The patient is a 57-year-old female without any significant family history of cancer, diagnosed with high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary. Per guideline, she underwent genetic testing, and was found to have a deleterious germline SMARCA4 mutation. She was treated with standard chemotherapy and an optimal tumor reduction, with a complete response to treatment. Conclusion The etiology of this patient's high-grade serous carcinoma is unknown. If the SMARCA4 gene plays a role in serous ovarian carcinoma it is with variable expressivity. Further investigation into the role of SMARCA4 as a susceptibility gene for epithelial ovarian cancer is warranted.
Hume on Church Establishments, Secular Politics and History

In the third volume of the History of England, David Hume considers the political ramifications of the Protestant reformation with a “Digression concerning the ecclesiastical state.” He advocates the establishment of a state church, believing it will dampen religious “enthusiasm” in the polity. Unlike later secularization theorists, Hume assumes an intractable basis for religion in the human passions. Tensions in Hume’s “cooptation” strategy are evident from Adam Smith’s famous attack upon it in section five of The Wealth of Nations, and in Hume’s own treatment of seventeenth century independency in the fifth volume of the History. Smith argues that public competition among sects facilitates political moderation. In History V Hume stresses the positive role of enthusiasm in fostering civil liberty. This article traces Hume’s indecision to his “external” mode of moral and historical analysis, arguing that a secular policy on religion cannot proceed fruitfully without engaging the theological particulars of the religions at issue.
From 'Wonderful Americans' to the AHCA: Contrasting Trump's Nomination Acceptance Address and his Administration's Actions on GLBTQ Health

Donald Trump's 2016 Nomination Acceptance Address at the Republican National Convention explicitly mentioned GLBTQ people as Trump promised to “protect our LGBTQ citizens” and called GLBTQ people “wonderful Americans.” However, since Trump (2016) inauguration, he has appointed anti-GLBTQ leaders, proposed cuts to HIV research, and offered his support for a ban on transgender recruits to the military. This article begins with a close reading of Trump's speech, showing how Trump expresses ostensible support for GLBTQ Americans, only to capitalize on the deaths of queer and trans people of color at the Pulse Nightclub in Orlando mere weeks before the convention by pitting GLBTQ people against “Islamic terrorism.” The second half of the article then examines the effects of Trump's appointments and policy priorities on GLBTQ people and their families. The contrast between Trump's speech and his presidency reveals that Trump values the deaths, but not the lives, of GLBTQ people.
Methylene Blue-Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of N-Carbonylated Indoles

The development of a visible-light-mediated oxidative cleavage of electron-deficient indoles is reported. Methylene blue serves as an effective catalyst and the transformation shows a broad substrate scope. A variety of functional groups are well accommodated in the mild reaction conditions. The photo-mediated single electron transfer and oxidative cleavage mechanisms were investigated via density functional theory and Marcus theory calculations.
Learning by Building (Destroying and Tinkering, Too): A Powerful Science Communication Tool

It is often said in discussions of education: ‘If I hear it, I forget it; if I see it, I remember it; and if I do it, I understand it.’ To that we would like to add a fourth maxim: ‘If I build it, I own it.’ That is, I create its meaning for myself and as a way to communicate it to others.
Towards a Unified Declarative and Imperative XQuery Processor.

Since the birth of XML, the processing of XML query languages like XQuery/XQueryP has been widely researched in the academic and industrial communities. Most of the approaches consider XQuery as a declarative query language similar to SQL, for which the iterator-based (stream-based), lazy evaluation processing strategy can be applied. The processing is combined with XML indexing, materialized view, XML view query rewrite over source data. An alternative approach views XQuery as a procedural programming language associated with eager, step-based evaluation, where each expression is fully evaluated by the end of the corresponding expression execution step. Usually, this approach uses a virtual machine running byte-code for compiled programs. In this paper, we share our experience of building a unified XQuery engine for the Oracle XML DB integrating both approaches. The key contribution of our approach is that the unified XQuery processor integrates both declarative and imperati ve XQuery/XQueryP processing paradigms. Furthermore, the processor is designed with a clean separation between the logical XML data model and the physical representation so that it can be optimized with various physical XML storages and data index and view models. We also discuss the challenges in our approach and our overall vision of the evolution of XQuery/XQueryP processors.
What Can Be Learned from the Arts About Aging

This brief article examines some of the theoretical questions raised by aesthetics. Paintings have not only form and content, but are underpinned by philosophical principles that connect art to gerontology. We examine specific theoretical messages of a trend in art that have important implications for conceptualizing humans, including their interactions and surroundings. Three artists are used to illustrate this trend: Cezanne, Picasso, and Pollock. These and other artists of this century foster a heightened awareness of humanistic concerns. Caught between abstract reason and expert systems on the one hand, and the life worlds of older people on the other, gerontology finds itself in a place where art can speak to its deeper concerns in unique ways.
Toxicant-Induced Liver Injury

Chemical- and drug-induced liver injury is a significant problem in clinical practice and during drug development. Many drugs fail during development due to acute hepatotoxicity. However, a substantial number of drugs currently on the market or already withdrawn have the potential to cause liver injury [1, 2]. Most of these drug-induced hepatotoxicities are idiosyncratic and the mechanisms of cell injury are not well understood [1, 2]. However, currently the most frequent cause of drug-induced liver failure in the United States and many other countries is acetaminophen (APAP) overdose [3]. In contrast to many other drugs on the market, acetaminophen causes acute liver injury in a dose-dependent manner. Relevant animal models are available and many aspects of the pathophysiology have been studied [4]. In addition to its clinical relevance, APAP is widely used as a model liver toxin to evaluate potential hepatoprotective compounds and therapeutic strategies. Therefore, this review will focus on mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury using mainly APAP as the best studied example. However, there are reviews focusing on other compounds not covered in this chapter including many environmental hepatotoxicants, for example, microcystins [5], herbal extracts [6], metals (e.g., iron, copper, cadmium) [7, 8], and specific chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride [9].
Applying abstraction and simplification to learn in intractable domains

Abstract In many domains it is computationally intractable to apply EBL to learn knowledge that is operational, complete and correct. Current approaches to solving this problem exploit the trade-off between correctness and operationality, and introduce approximations to learn operational but incorrect knowledge. In this paper we introduce an alternative approach that exploits the trade-off between completeness and operationality to learn knowledge that is both operational and correct, but incomplete, since it only covers a subset of the original domain. We employ a “boot-strapping” approach to incrementally increase coverage of the domain by using the knowledge learned from small problems to simplify learning from more complex problems. Correct knowledge is learned by employing a second order theory of goal achievement to construct abstract proofs that are useful for learning. These proofs are compiled into operational form by employing simplifying assumptions. The advantage of this approach is that learned knowledge is guaranteed to be correct if the simplifying assumptions made during learning hold during problem solving. We illustrate the method in two-person games and present preliminary results in Quinlan's lost-in-n- ply classification problem (1983).
CFD modelling of airflow pattern and thermal environment in a commercial manure-belt layer house with tunnel ventilation

Heat stress has become increasingly challenging for large-scale concentrated layer production. Tunnel ventilation has been widely used to abate heat stress, but it naturally forms large thermal gradients which result in non-uniform production performance and avian health risks associated with heat stress. Knowledge of the three-dimensional spatial distribution and seasonal variation of the indoor thermal environment of layer houses is needed to assess the comfort level of birds and develop mitigation strategies. This study developed a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for simulating air velocity, air temperature, humidity, and heat stress indices inside a commercial layer house. The model was successfully validated by field measurements in hot, mild, and cold seasons. Heat stress was found in 69.1%, 78.0%, and 18.4% of cages in summer, autumn, and winter based on temperature-humidity index when the incoming air temperature was 26.0 °C, 15.0 °C, and 2.5 °C with ventilation rates of 85.8, 15.5, and 11.7 air change per hour (ACH), respectively. Cold stress was observed in 18.3% of the cages in winter due to low incoming air temperature and inadequate mixing. Improvement on the ventilation systems is needed to protect the birds from heat and cold stress, which can become more severe in the scenarios of climate changing. The CFD model developed in this paper can be utilised to design and evaluate new ventilation systems for enhanced indoor environment of layer houses.
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries and Radiologic Considerations

Abstract Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are one of the most devastating injuries that can befall an individual. These patients suffer multisystem effects because of these injuries, and these are often life-threatening. The impact of the neurological damage that occurs with an SCI is often lifelong. This article describes acute SCIs in detail, including the common mechanism and pathophysiology of injury, as well as the rapid and efficient radiologic and clinical evaluation. Evidence-based management strategies and current controversies in SCI care are discussed.
Existence of extremals for a Fourier restriction inequality

The adjoint Fourier restriction inequality of Tomas and Stein states that the mapping f↦fσ is bounded from L2(S2) to L4(ℝ3). We prove that there exist functions that extremize this inequality, and that any extremizing sequence of nonnegative functions has a subsequence that converges to an extremizer.
The CBCL/1½–5’s DSM-ASD Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analyses Across 24 Societies

Previous research supports the CBCL/1½–5’s DSM-ASD scale (and its precursor, the DSM-PDP scale) as a Level 1 ASD screener. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) with data from population samples in 24 societies (N = 19,850) indicated good measurement invariance across societies, especially for configural and metric invariance. Items 4. 25, 67, 80, and 98 may be especially good discriminators of ASD because they have tend to have low base rates, strong loadings on the ASD latent construct, and the best measurement invariance across societies. Further research is needed to test the discriminative power of these items in predicting ASD, but our strong measurement findings support the international psychometric robustness of the CBCL/1½–5’s DSM-ASD scale.
Understanding and Quantifying Adversarial Examples Existence in Linear Classification.

State-of-art deep neural networks (DNN) are vulnerable to attacks by adversarial examples: a carefully designed small perturbation to the input, that is imperceptible to human, can mislead DNN. To understand the root cause of adversarial examples, we quantify the probability of adversarial example existence for linear classifiers. Previous mathematical definition of adversarial examples only involves the overall perturbation amount, and we propose a more practical relevant definition of strong adversarial examples that separately limits the perturbation along the signal direction also. We show that linear classifiers can be made robust to strong adversarial examples attack in cases where no adversarial robust linear classifiers exist under the previous definition. The quantitative formulas are confirmed by numerical experiments using a linear support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The results suggest that designing general strong-adversarial-robust learning systems is feasible but only through incorporating human knowledge of the underlying classification problem.
Information Literacy for Everyone: Using Practical Strategies to Overcome ‘Fear and Loathing’ in the Undergraduate Research Methods Course

Because the research methods course is critical in helping students to better understand political outcomes, one would expect the subject to be of great interest to political science majors. Eviden...
is (not) a Whistleblower: Ideographs, Whistleblower protections, and restrictions of speech

Edward Snowden’s revelations ignited public discourse on whistleblowing and whistleblower protection legislation. Given the polemics over whistleblower distinctions throughout mediated exchanges be...
Essential Principles for Autonomous Robotics

From driving, flying, and swimming, to digging for unknown objects in space exploration, autonomous robots take on varied shapes and sizes. In part, autonomous robots are designed to perform tasks that are too dirty, dull, or dangerous for humans. With nontrivial autonomy and volition, they may soon claim their own place in human society. These robots will be our allies as we strive for understanding our natural and man-made environments and build positive synergies around us. Although we may never perfect replication of biological capabilities in robots, we must harness the inevitable emergence of robots that synchronizes with our own capacities to live, learn, and grow. This book is a snapshot of motivations and methodologies for our collective attempts to transform our lives and enable us to cohabit with robots that work with and for us. It reviews and guides the reader to seminal and continual developments that are the foundations for successful paradigms. It attempts to demystify the abilities and limitations of robots. It is a progress report on the continuing work that will fuel future endeavors. Table of Contents: Part I: Preliminaries/Agency, Motion, and Anatomy/Behaviors / Architectures / Affect/Sensors / Manipulators/Part II: Mobility/Potential Fields/Roadmaps / Reactive Navigation / Multi-Robot Mapping: Brick and Mortar Strategy / Part III: State of the Art / Multi-Robotics Phenomena / Human-Robot Interaction / Fuzzy Control / Decision Theory and Game Theory / Part IV: On the Horizon / Applications: Macro and Micro Robots / References / Author Biography / Discussion
Impact of Crew Training and Safety Management System on Operational Management in Aviation Industry of Pakistan

Aviation plays a fundamental role in the growth of trade, tourism, economy as well as sustainable development in Pakistan. The two main influential factors Crew Training and Safety Management impacting operations of Engineering Management was found on the basis of literature and analyzed. Primarily, the numerous organizations training methodologies to get their crew staff training was collected from both primary sources that’s questionnaire instrument and secondary sources which is Literature. The reliability and validity of the instrument was tested with the help of Cronbach Alpha and the survey questionnaire was distributed to obtain primary data. The used Non-Probability Sampling technique analyzed thru Statistical Package for Social Sciences software. It was revealed that both the variables i-e Crew Training and Safety Management have a significant impact on improving aviation operational management. Therefore, the management should take remedial measures to work out on Crew Training and Safety Management factors that may augment aviation operational management according to latest National Aviation Policy 2019.
Saturated Absorption Spectroscopy of CH 3 OH

Up to now methyl alcohol has been the most fertile molecule for generating far infrared laser radiation via CO 2 laser optical pumping [1]. Nevertheless, of the numerous CH 3 OH submillimeter emission lines and their corresponding pump transitions, most of the spectroscopic assignments have yet to be made. Detailed knowledge of the quantum numbers, relaxation rates and dipole matrix elements is essential for assessing further potential of these lasers as sources and for new fundamental studies of the physics of three level systems.
Remarks on the spectral radius of $K_{r+1}$-saturated graphs

Write $\rho\left( G\right) $ for the spectral radius of a graph $G$ and $S_{n,r}$ for the join $K_{r}\vee\overline{K}_{n-r}.$ Let $n>r\geq2$ and $G$ be a $K_{r+1}$-saturated graph of order $n.$ Recently Kim, Kim, Kostochka, and O determined exactly the minimum value of $\rho\left( G\right) $ for $r=2$, and found an asymptotically tight bound on $\rho\left( G\right) $ for $r\geq3.$ They also conjectured that \[ \rho\left( G\right) >\rho\left( S_{n,r-1}\right) , \] unless $G=S_{n,r-1}.$ In this note their conjecture is proved.
Defining immune infiltrate heterogeneity by immunophenotyping of tumor micro-environment at single cell level: a step towards more effective personalized immunotherapy in ovarian cancer

Objectives: Robust biomarkers reflecting tumor immune microenvironment and tumor cell-intrinsic features are needed in ovarian cancer (OC) in order to treat the right patients with the right immunomodulatory therapy. To address this need and to better understand the immune landscape of tumor microenvironment, we initiated this prospective study of women with ovarian cancer, which we refer to as the Ovarian Cancer Precision Medicine Initiative (OCPMI). Part of this initiative includes comprehensive molecular and histopathological analyses of tumor specimens taken during primary debulking, interval debulking and at recurrence. Our goal is to use the molecular and histopathological data from these specimens to develop predictive biomarkers to select candidates for immune therapy. Methods: We have enrolled over 100 women and have examined five different strategies of measuring immune infiltration in 30 ovarian cancer patients: single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq), multiplex immunohistochemical assays, immunohistochemistry for PDL1 (Combined Positive Score - CPS), HE no correlation was noted between TIL category and the level of PD-1/PD-L1 gene expression. Conclusions: ScRNAseq identifies more patients with PD-1/ PD-L1 compared to IHC assays, suggesting histologic analysis of a single section might not accurately assess the heterogeneity of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in the tumor microenvironment. Our study is ongoing and we will present our analysis of molecular phenotypes and correlations with clinical features such as platinum resistance. The goal of this project is to use comprehensive molecular analyses to identify patients most likely to benefit from immunotherapy and further understand the mechanism of immune evasion in OC.
Heated conversations in a warming world: affective polarization in online climate change discourse follows real-world climate anomalies

Climate change research describes online discourse as sharply polarized, echoing real-world divides in society. Yet while polarization in online climate change discourse has been extensively studied in terms of isolated communities and echo chambers, less is known about the extent of affective polarization that characterizes the hostile nature of intergroup interactions. Utilizing a combination of machine learning and network science tools, we design a methodological pipeline that quantifies the extent to which stance groups interact with more negative sentiment toward out-group members than in-group members. We apply this framework to 100 weeks of Twitter discourse about climate change. We find that deniers of climate change (Disbelievers) are more hostile towards people who believe (Believers) in the anthropogenic cause of climate change than vice versa. We also observe that Disbelievers use more words and hashtags related to natural disasters during more affectively polarized weeks as compared to Believers. Finally, using vector autoregression analysis, we find that climate anomalies in terms of both severe temperature and storms predict asymmetric shifts in online climate change discourse: Disbelievers grow more hostile toward out-groups, while Believers become less affectively polarized. These findings resonate with prior work on the asymmetric nature of polarization in contentious discourse, both around climate change and beyond. Our work also extends existing findings around temporal associations between climate anomalies, divided media representations, and real-world conflicts. We conclude with implications for science communication and studying affective polarization in online discourse, especially concerning the subject of climate change.
APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF RANDOM DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL EQUATIONS

Publisher Summary In the recent past, random differential equations and random integral equations have been used to model many problems of interest in the real world. Such diverse phenomena as the scattering of tsunamis, electrical circuit output, population growth, fluid flow, stream pollution, and the twinkling of a star have all lent themselves to more accurate description when random, rather than deterministic, equations were used. The main drawback to the use of random equations, however, has been that they are in general more difficult to solve than their deterministic counterparts. While much progress has been made on existence, uniqueness theory for random equations, the derivation of usable closed form solutions has proved impossible in most cases. Thus, a meaningful use of random equations in applications has come to depend upon the effectiveness of techniques to approximate their solutions. This chapter discusses simple perturbation techniques using an example. Hierarchy techniques are a class of approximation methods that have found favor with a number of physicists.
Tumor size predicts the survival of patients with pathologic stage T2 bladder carcinoma: a critical evaluation of the depth of muscle invasion.

BACKGROUND Accurate examination of radical cystectomy specimens is critical for stratifying patients into prognostically important groups and determining the need for adjuvant treatment. Evidence has accumulated that cancers invading the superficial muscle wall (T2a) behave similarly to those invading the deep muscle wall (T2b). Quantitative analysis of the depth of invasion in relation to patient outcome is needed. METHODS The authors systematically evaluated the depth of invasion by micrometer measurement and its relation to the survival of 64 patients with bladder carcinoma pathologic classification as pT2 who had long term follow-up after radical cystectomy. Numerous clinical and pathologic variables were analyzed with univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. The mean age of patients was 64 years, and their mean follow-up was 8.3 years. RESULTS There was no significant difference in clinical outcome between patients with T2a carcinoma and those with T2b. Lymph node metastasis and tumor size were each significantly associated with distant metastasis free and cancer specific survival. Ten-year distant metastasis free and cancer specific survival were 100% and 94%, respectively, for patients with tumors <3 cm (P = 0.006) and 68% and 73%, respectively, for patients with tumors ≥3 cm (P = 0.005). After adjustment for lymph node status, tumor size maintained significance in predicting distant metastasis free survival (risk ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–2.0; P = 0.009) and cancer specific survival (risk ratio, 1.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.9; P = 0.01). Age was associated with recurrence free survival and all-cause survival. None of the other variables, including gender, vascular invasion, presence of carcinoma in situ, pathologic classification (T2a vs. T2b), depth of invasion, depth of muscle invasion, ratio of depth of invasion to bladder wall thickness, and percentage of muscle wall invasion, were significantly associated with patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that the subclassification of T2 bladder carcinoma by depth of muscle invasion is of no prognostic value; conversely, tumor size, an easily measured factor, is predictive of distant metastasis free and cancer specific survival. Cancer 1999;85:2638–47. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Divide and conquer based Fast Shmoo algorithms

Shmoo-plots are a powerful characterization technique in digital IC testing. Utilization and number of ICs exposed are limited by high execution times. This work presents an effective Fast-Shmoo algorithm to accelerate device characterization. The robust optimization concept is adapted to specific device characterization needs and reduce test execution times significantly.
Modeling senescence changes of the pubic symphysis in historic Italian populations: a comparison of the Rostock and forensic approaches to aging using transition analysis.

Age-related anatomical changes to the surface of the pubic symphysis are well-documented in the literature. However, aligning these morphological changes with chronological age has proven problematic, often resulting in biased age estimates. Statistical modeling provides an avenue for forensic anthropologists and bioarchaeologists to increase the accuracy of traditional aging methods. Locating appropriate samples to use as a basis for modeling age estimations can be challenging due to differing sample age distributions and potentially varying patterns of senescence. We compared two approaches, Rostock and Forensic, coupled with a Bayesian methodology, to address these issues. Transition analysis was run specific to each method (which differ by sample selection). A Gompertz model was derived from an informative prior that yielded the mortality and senescence parameters for constructing highest posterior density ranges, i.e., coverages, which are analogous to age ranges. These age ranges were generated from both approaches and are presented as reference tables useful for historic male and female Italian samples. The age ranges produced from each approach were tested on an historic Italian sample, using cumulative binomial tests. These two approaches performed similarly, with the Forensic approach showing a slight advantage. However, the Forensic approach is unable to identify varying senescence patterns between populations, thus preference for one approach over the other will depend on research design. Finally, we demonstrate that while populations exhibit similar morphological changes with advancing age, there are no significant sex differences in these samples, and the timing of these changes varies from population to population. Am J Phys Anthropol 156:466–473, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Occurrence of a Crystalline Inclusion in the Chloroplasts of Macadamia Leaves

PLANT cells are known to contain several types of crystals1 and crystal-containing bodies2–5, but there are only a few reports in the literature of crystalline structures in chloroplasts. Price, Martinez and Warmke6 found a crystalline inclusion in chloroplasts of healthy and virus-infected coconut palms. The inclusion was rhomboidal, consisting of particles with a maximum diameter of 12 mµ which were tightly packed in a hexagonal pattern. The crystal was contained in a single unit membrane within the chloroplast. Engelbrecht and Esau7 described, in chloroplasts of virus-infected sugar beet, an angularinclusion with parallel-linear and cross-hatched substructural patterns. Sun8 reported that in the last stages of virus-induced degeneration of Abutilon chloroplasts, a dense crystal may form inside the chloroplast. His micrographs do not, however, offer clear evidence that the crystals are within the chloroplasts. The crystals in Abutilon appeared as rhombic bodies composed of parallel electron-dense lines of 80 A spacing.
Rapid formal hydrolysis of peptide-αthioesters

In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol peptide-(α)thioesters undergo smooth conversion to their corresponding peptide-(α)carboxylates. This general and operationally simple reaction extends the utility of a promising new strategy for cleaving resin-bound Boc/benzyl-protected peptides without the use of hydrogen fluoride.
Crystal Structures of Apocalmodulin and an Apocalmodulin/SK Potassium Channel Gating Domain Complex

Abstract Small conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + channels (SK channels) are composed of the pore-forming α subunit and calmodulin (CaM). CaM binds to a region of the α subunit called the CaM binding domain (CaMBD), located intracellular and immediately C-terminal to the inner helix gate, in either the presence or absence of Ca 2+ . SK gating occurs when Ca 2+ binds the N lobe of CaM thereby transmitting the signal to the attached inner helix gate to open. Here we present crystal structures of apoCaM and apoCaM/SK2 CaMBD complex. Several apoCaM crystal forms with multiple (12) packing environments reveal the same EF hand domain-swapped dimer providing potentially new insight into CaM regulation. The apoCaM/SK2 CaMBD structure, combined with our Ca 2+ /CaM/CaMBD structure suggests that Ca 2+ binding induces folding and dimerization of the CaMBD, which causes large CaMBD-CaM C lobe conformational changes, including a >90° rotation of the region of the CaMBD directly connected to the gate.
All-pay 2 $$\times $$ × 2 Hex: a multibattle contest with complementarities

We examine a modified 2 $$\times $$ 2 game of Hex in which the winner of each cell is determined by a Tullock contest. The player establishing a winning path of cells in the game wins a fixed prize. Examining the polar cases of all cells being contested simultaneously versus all four cells being contested sequentially, we show that there is an increase in the total expected payoff for the players in the sequential case. We identify conditions under which players have identical and non-identical expected payoffs when the contest order is pre-specified. We also examine dissipation for random order contests. We thus provide a canonical model of a multibattle contest in which complementarities between battlefields are heterogeneous across both battlefields and players.
Acoustic refraction of off-axis shear horizontal waves in slightly anisotropic plates

Abstract Several techniques have recently been proposed to perform acoustic birefringence measurements, using off-axis SH-waves, in order to determine stresses in slightly anisotropic materials. These techniques tacitly assume that refraction effects, due to inhomogeneous stress distributions and/or local variations in material properties, are negligible. In this paper we investigate the conditions under which this assumption is valid.
Intermolecular Association of Stereoisomers as Examined by Infrared Spectra

Studies of acid–base association of asymmetric molecules in the solid state involving the determination of infrared spectra of diastereoisomeric salts are examined. Although infrared spectra measurements could not be used to indicate configuration of the components, definite differences in the spectra of salts formed from stereoisomers of like configuration from those of unlike configuration could be determined.