cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A sexual mosaic with internal embryogenesis in the dioecious Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus

The chelicerate arthropod Limulus polyphemus is a dioecious species, with external fertilization and development, in which the sexes can usually be readily distinguished (Shuster, 1960). In males the genital papillae are pointed, while in females they are blunt. In addition, the first walking leg of the mature male bears a claw-like appendage used for clasping the female during fertilization. Internally the gonads of both sexes are highly branched structures distributed throughout the cephalothorax. In February of 1972 we obtained an animal from the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, that appeared to be a mature male. The animal was about 17 cm wide across the carapace and possessed male claspers on both sides of the body. Upon dissection, however, the specimen was seen to contain numerous oocytes and embryos in various stages of development. These oocytes and embryos were limited to the left side and anterior mid-region of the animal. Several of the more fully developed embryos were dissected free of the ovarian tissue and placed in sea water at room temperature. Most of these larvae subsequently emerged, and many of them have been reared on brine shrimp in the laboratory for several weeks. Histological studies disclosed the existence of both ovarian and testicular elements on the left side of the animal, but only testes were found on the right side. This dimorphism extended to the genital ducts and papillae. The left papilla was femalelike, while the right more closely resembled the normal male structure. The left genital duct contained mature oocytes, while the right did not. We have examined several hundred representatives of this species and have never before observed the above condition. To our knowledge it is the first example of such a mosaic in chelicerate arthropods (Bacci, 1965). Additionally, we know of no other instance in which normal internal embryogenesis has been reported in such a form. We were unable to determine if embryogenesis resulted from internal self-fertilization or parthenogenesis.
Effect of elevated temperatures on sputtering yields.

Elevated temperatures effect on sputtering yields of polycrystalline and single crystal metals, considering defect annealing and focused collision sequence
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Static Tire–Pavement Interaction:

A three-dimensional tire-pavement interaction finite element model (FEM) was developed, calibrated, and validated. First, a threedimensional model of a radial truck tire was developed on the basis of tire characteristics reported by tire manufacturers using the finite element program ADINA. Contact groups between tire and pavement surfaces were then created, thus establishing a complete tire-pavement interaction model. Tire model properties were calibrated on the basis of measured load-deflection curves from one radial truck tire. The model was then validated by comparing predicted contact stresses with measured stresses from the actual radial truck tire. Contact stress analysis was conducted to evaluate tire responses under different levels of normal load and inflation pressure. Excellent correspondence between predicted and measured contact stresses was observed. This work appears to indicate that tire structure and geometry information reported by tire manufacturers, along with measured load-deflection...
Statistical analysis of under- and overinvoicing of imports

Abstract This paper uses trading partners' data comparisons at three different levels of refinement to verify whether the elimination of an over-valued exchange rate, which itself has been claimed to lead to over-valuation of imports, affects the valuation practice of importers. The advantages of correcting the import and export data of trading partners for eventual discrepancies in the volume of these trade flows is highlighted. Data for Turkey, Pakistan and The Netherlands are used. Turkey devalued in 1970, while Pakistan devalued in 1972. Data availability and the large discrepancy between reported exports to and imports from The Netherlands suggested the analysis of the data for this country.
Why Advocacy Research?: Reflections on Research and Activism with Immigrant Women

This article discusses some of the common problems that arise in fomenting participatory research, and proposes that some form of advocacy research may be a more accessible alternative. The advocacy research alternative is distinguished from the pure model of participatory research by several factors: 1) the people being studied do not control the research; 2) advocacy research recognizes that it is not always possible to know in advance precisely what research findings will in fact be “useful” as a tool of social change; and 3) advocacy research is realized through political action, but not necessarily in the same community in which the research was conducted. I discuss advocacy research by relating some of my research experiences in a Mexican undocumented immigrant community in northern California, and how I utilized some of the research materials in an outreach program aimed at Latina immigrant domestic workers in Los Angeles.
Location of Chlorophyll in Rhodospirillum rubrum

Holt, Stanley C. (University of California, Davis), and Allen G. Marr. Location of chlorophyll in Rhodospirillum rubrum. J. Bacteriol. 89:1402-1412. 1965.-If cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum are broken by sonic and ballistic disruption, the chlorophyll is not found in discrete cytoplasmic structures, but is located in a more extensive structure of the cell, the intracytoplasmic membrane. Direct electron microscopy of sonically disrupted cells of R. rubrum and stereo-electron microscopy of osmotically shocked cells reveal the presence of a tubular network of internal membranes originating from the periphery of the cell.
Aqueous extraction, composition, and functional properties of rice bran emulsion

The effect of temperature (20–60°C) on the aqueous extraction of emulsified rice bran oil from commercial rice bran was described. The total solids, protein, fat, and carbohydrate contents of the rice bran emulsions extracted at various temperatures were 4.82–6.99, 1.05–1.40, 0.82–1.65, and 2.65–3.36%, respectively. The mean droplet sizes of the rice bran emulsions extracted at 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60°C were 4.35, 2.92, 3.04, 4.40, and 3.73 μm, respectively. The phenolics extracted at various temperatures ranged from 63.28 to 82.51 mg/100 mL emulsion. The antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) of rice bran emulsions extracted at various temperatures ranged from 2087 to 3505 μmol Trolox® equivalents per 100 mL of emulsion. The relationship between ORAC and the total phenolic content was highly significant (R2=0.87). The shear stress and apparent viscosity of rice bran emulsions in response to shear strain were similar to those of homogenized whole milk. Hence, the composition and functional properties show the potential of aqueous rice bran extracts as food-grade emulsions.
Macular dysfunction in multiple sclerosis revealed by steady-state flicker and pattern ERGs

Abstract Recent evidence indicates that the 2nd harmonics of steady-state (8Hz) electroretinograms to either sinusoidal flicker (FERG) or to counterphased gratings (PERG) presented in the macular region (9°) represent different subsets of generators in the inner retina. We evaluated the steady-state macular FERG and PERG 2nd harmonics (2F and 2P, respectively) in 19 normal subjects (19 eyes) and in 23 multiple sclerosis patients (44 eyes; 25 eyes with a history of clinical optic neuritis, and 19 eyes with no history of optic neuritis, subclinical eyes). The mean 2F and 2P amplitudes were significantly reduced, as compared to controls, in both subclinical and optic neuritis eyes. The 2P phase was significantly delayed, as compared to controls subclinical eyes, whereas 2F phase was delayed in eyes with optic neuritis. 2F was outside the 95% confidence limits (in amplitude or phase) in 11/19 subclinical eyes and in 25/25 optic neuritis eyes. 2P was outside the normal range in 12/19 subclinical eyes and in 24/25 optic neuritis eyes. These results show that FERG and PERG 2nd harmonics are significantly altered in multiple sclerosis eyes with or without a clinical history of optic neuritis. This finding suggests a dysfunction of inner macular layers which may result from direct retinal involvement or retrograde degeneration.
A simple defense conservative model for mass requirements of hypervelocity projectile impact shields for reentry vehicles

Abstract Simple analytical modeling of the physics of interaction of hypervelocity (50–100 km/s) projectiles with a bumper shield countermeasure is given. The interaction of projectile and bumper is discussed briefly. Expansion of bumper/projectile debris in the region between bumper and underlying vehicle and interaction of bumper/projectile debris cloud with vehicle are examined. Expansion of debris is treated as an expansion superimposed upon a translation with partition derived from a simple inelastic collision model. The effect of nonunity aspect ratio of compressed debris is included. Debris colliding elastically with the vehicle will impart momentum equal to twice the incident normal component. A steady-state diffusion model is used to estimate the effect of stagnation radiative loss on collision elasticity. Impulse may be reduced up to a factor of 2 by stagnation radiative losses for small projectiles and large bumper/vehicle stand-off. Stagnation radiation loss is small for larger projectiles and smaller stand-off. Impulse can be enhanced by vehicle ablation from radiative coupling, shock heating (inadequate stand-off), or liquid droplet microcratering (inadequate bumper thickness). Estimates of required bumper mass are given for a specific example.
MODEL STUDIES ON THE PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF LENTICULAR FLUOROPHORES

With aging, human lens proteins accumulate fluorophores having blue and green emissions. Model studies were undertaken to determine the role of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and its glucoside (3-HKG) in the photochemical production of those fluorophores. Experiments were carried out using 10−3M 3-HK solutions in the presence or absence of glycine (1M), which was used to mimic the environment of the lens. The solutions were photolyzed (transmission above 295 nm) for various periods of time while the loss of starting material and the formation of fluorescent photoproducts (blue emission at 470 nm, and green emission at 520 nm) were monitored using fluorescence and UV-visible spectroscopy and thin-layer and high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. Several parameters were varied such as oxygen tension and the addition of the free radical scavenger, penicillamine. The photolytic loss of 3-HK in the absence of glycine occurred approximately 5-10 times faster than in its presence. Conversely, blue and green fluorophores formed in irradiated solutions containing glycine but not with the photolysis of 3-HK alone. The blue fluorophore was formed first and appeared then to be photochemically converted to the green one, with the rate of formation of the latter increasing with an increase in UV dosage or oxidizing conditions. The addition of penicillamine drastically reduced the photochemical formation of both fluorophores. Both the blue and green fluorophores appear to result from the photochemically induced covalent attachment of 3-HK to glycine. In the human lens, these reactions can explain the age-related loss of 3-HKG with the concomitant formation of fluorophores covalently attached to lens proteins, probably via the amino group of lysine.
Applying Tunstall Coding in the existing SEED format for Seismographic Data

The Standard for the Exchange of Earthquake Data (SEED) is a commonly used file format for recording seismographic data. The data description language (DDL) is part of the specification of the SEED format; it is used to describe the way in which the data has been encoded in the SEED file. All SEED files contain a piece of DDL code that describes how to read the data contained in the file. In this project, we explore the best possible way of compressing seismographic data losslessly under the constraint that it must be describable in DDL. Since DDL is not a Turing-complete language, it is impossible to implement many standard compression algorithms with it. However, we show it is possible to implement a modified Tunstall code under DDL that produces files that are on average 14% smaller than the traditionally used Steim2 compression technique. We also compare our results with a standard linear predictive coding scheme (which is not implementable in DDL) and show that our technique is on average 18% worse on the same set of files.
Mars navigation system utilizes GPS

Tasks envisioned for future generation Mars rovers - sample collection, area survey, resource mining, habitat construction, etc. - will require greatly enhanced navigational capabilities over those possessed by the Mars Sojourner rover. Many of these tasks will involve cooperative efforts by multiple rovers and other agents, adding further requirements both for accuracy and commonality between users. This paper presents a new navigation system a "Self-Calibrating Pseudolite Array" (SCPA) that can provide centimeter-level, drift-free localization to multiple rovers within a local area by utilizing GPS-based transceivers deployed in a ground-based array. Such a system of localized beacons can replace or augment a system based on orbiting satellite transmitters, and is capable of fully autonomous operations and calibration. This paper describes the prototype SCPA developed at Stanford to demonstrate these capabilities and then presents results from a set of field trials performed at NASA Ames Research Center. These experiments, which utilize the K9 Mars rover research platform, validate both the navigation and self-calibration capabilities of the system. By carrying an on-board GPS transceiver, K9 was successfully able to calibrate the system using no a priori position information and localized the pseudolite beacons to under 5 cm RMS.
Relationship of personalized jerseys and aggression in women's ice hockey.

The present study examined the relationship between aggression and players' names on uniforms in collegiate women's ice hockey. Aggression was defined as mean penalty minutes per game. Information, i.e., win/loss record, penalties, and names on uniforms, about the 2002-2003 season women's ice hockey team was obtained via e-mail from 53 of 72 (74% return rate) sports information directors (Division I = 23, Division II = 2, Division III = 28). Analysis indicated that teams with personalized jerseys had significantly more penalty minutes per game than teams without personalized jerseys. However, as the majority of the teams with personalized jerseys were Division I teams and the majority of the teams without personalized jerseys were Division III teams, it is unclear whether results were due to personalized jersey or competition level of play. Language: en
Anomalous H 1 spin-lattice relaxation in antiferroelectric ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)

$^{1}\mathrm{H}$ NMR static, and rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation times and dipolar relaxation times were measured between 135 and 270 K for a single crystal of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. Random fluctuation in nuclear dipolar interactions by means of ammonium-ion reorientation was found to be the dominant relaxation process. A critical fluctuation contribution to relaxation near the paraelectric-antiferroelectric phase transition, which was postulated in a previous study, was found to be unnecessary to account for the relaxation-time results.
Memory, Myth, and Rhetoric in Plato's Phaedrus

In loving memory of Janice Hocker Rushing Operating within the tension created by two antithetical readings of the Phaedrus, I argue that neither view fully captures Plato's final word on memory, myth, or rhetoric. Using the entire dialogue as a model, I discover a conversational form of rhetoric as “living myth” that leads Socrates and Phaedrus, as well as readers of the dialogue, towards self-knowledge of the soul. To reach these conclusions, I operate with a decidedly spiritual framework, and argue that such a critical perspective may well be useful in interpreting meanings in other important rhetorical texts.
Low-Income Women Speak out About Housing: A High-Stakes Game of Musical Chairs

This review of the social science literature examines correlates of homelessness. The review is supplemented by the voices of 12 low-income women who are temporarily housed or living in public housing. Homelessness for women is associated with teen pregnancy and parenting, domestic violence, working at minimum-wage jobs, and waiting lists of several years for subsidized housing. We conclude with a summary of women’s experiences accessing government housing programs. Public policy recommendations regarding housing programs are made. Government housing programs are briefly described in an Appendix to the article.
Narrow band gap base heterojunction bipolar transistors using SiGe alloys

Abstract Novel low temperature epitaxial growth techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy and low temperature chemical vapor deposition permit the use of pseudomorphic Si 1− x Ge x alloys in silicon technology. The smaller band gap of these alloys allows for a variety of novel band-engineered structures that promise to enhance silicon-based technology significantly. In this brief review, we discuss the growth and properties of pseudomorphic Si 1− x Ge x structures ands then focus on their applications, especially the Si 1− x Ge x base heterojunction bipolar transistor.
Resource management: information

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss the management of information as a performance standard for leadership.Design/methodology/approach – The approach is to show the importance of managing information well and then discuss how best to accomplish that with specific strategies and examples.Findings – The findings are that library leaders must understand the importance of managing information about their libraries and how to do it well in order to be able to make the best use of that information.Originality/value – The value is in saving time, effort and Angst in decision making, reporting library status, activities, and making the case for budget requests with administrators.
Spatial Extent of Charge Repulsion Regulates Assembly Pathways for Lysozyme Amyloid Fibrils

Formation of large protein fibrils with a characteristic cross β-sheet architecture is the key indicator for a wide variety of systemic and neurodegenerative amyloid diseases. Recent experiments have strongly implicated oligomeric intermediates, transiently formed during fibril assembly, as critical contributors to cellular toxicity in amyloid diseases. At the same time, amyloid fibril assembly can proceed along different assembly pathways that might or might not involve such oligomeric intermediates. Elucidating the mechanisms that determine whether fibril formation proceeds along non-oligomeric or oligomeric pathways, therefore, is important not just for understanding amyloid fibril assembly at the molecular level but also for developing new targets for intervening with fibril formation. We have investigated fibril formation by hen egg white lysozyme, an enzyme for which human variants underlie non-neuropathic amyloidosis. Using a combination of static and dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy and circular dichroism, we find that amyloidogenic lysozyme monomers switch between three different assembly pathways: from monomeric to oligomeric fibril assembly and, eventually, disordered precipitation as the ionic strength of the solution increases. Fibril assembly only occurred under conditions of net repulsion among the amyloidogenic monomers while net attraction caused precipitation. The transition from monomeric to oligomeric fibril assembly, in turn, occurred as salt-mediated charge screening reduced repulsion among individual charged residues on the same monomer. We suggest a model of amyloid fibril formation in which repulsive charge interactions are a prerequisite for ordered fibril assembly. Furthermore, the spatial extent of non-specific charge screening selects between monomeric and oligomeric assembly pathways by affecting which subset of denatured states can form suitable intermolecular bonds and by altering the energetic and entropic requirements for the initial intermediates emerging along the monomeric vs. oligomeric assembly path.
Frequent deregulation of p16 and the p16/G1 cell cycle-regulatory pathway in neuroblastoma.

Alterations of the p16 gene in neuroblastoma are very rare. Pronounced expression of p16 at both the transcript and protein levels, however, was observed in 7 of 19 (39%) neuroblastoma cell lines and 2 of 6 (33%) primary neuroblastoma samples. As p16 expression is tightly controlled in a feedback loop with Rb, we investigated the possibility that changes in p16 expression were reflective of alterations of the downstream components in the G1 regulatory pathway. Two cell lines and one primary sample highly expressing p16 were shown to harbor CDK4 amplification. The cyclin D2 gene was infrequently expressed in neuroblastoma cell lines and did not correlate with p16 expression. Slight variations in the expression of CDK6, cyclins D1, D3 and E; and E2F1 and E2F2 among the cell lines were observed, without apparent correlation with p16 status. No mutations to the p16-binding site of CDK4 and CDK6 nor any mutations to the coding region of p16 itself were identified in neuroblastoma cell lines. Despite frequent N-myc amplification in these cell lines, no relationship with this gene was observed either. All cell lines contained Rb protein with varying degrees of phosphorylation, which bears no correlation with p16 expression. Overall, alterations of the G1 pathway in neuroblastoma included relatively frequent p16 expression and infrequent CDK4 amplification and cyclin D2 expression. Despite a reported feedback relationship between p16 expression and Rb/G1 deregulation, p16 expression in neuroblastoma cell lines is independent of Rb gene and phosphorylation status and, in contrast to other cell lines where expression of p16 leads to G1/S arrest, neuroblastoma cell lines proliferate in the presence of elevated levels of p16. Int. J. Cancer 80:145–154, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A critical review of proposition analysis in Alzheimer's research and elsewhere

Abstract Propositional analysis of text, including the generation of proposition density ratios, is examined within the context of Alzheimer's research. A discussion of linguistic modularity raises questions regarding the outcomes of propositional analysis and its applications in Alzheimer's research.
A simple and practical linear-work parallel algorithm for connectivity

Graph connectivity is a fundamental problem in computer science with many important applications. Sequentially, connectivity can be done in linear work easily using breadth-first search or depth-first search. There have been many parallel algorithms for connectivity, however the simpler parallel algorithms require super-linear work, and the linear-work polylogarithmic-depth parallel algorithms are very complicated and not amenable to implementation. In this work, we address this gap by describing a simple and practical expected linear-work, polylogarithmic depth parallel algorithm for graph connectivity. Our algorithm is based on a recent parallel algorithm for generating low-diameter graph decompositions by Miller et al., which uses parallel breadth-first searches. We discuss a (modest) variant of their decomposition algorithm which preserves the theoretical complexity while leading to simpler and faster implementations. We experimentally compare the connectivity algorithms using both the original decomposition algorithm and our modified decomposition algorithm. We also experimentally compare against the fastest existing parallel connectivity implementations (which are not theoretically linear-work and polylogarithmic-depth) and show that our implementations are competitive for various input graphs. In addition, we compare our implementations to sequential connectivity algorithms and show that on 40 cores we achieve good speedup relative to the sequential implementations for many input graphs. We discuss the various optimizations used in our implementations and present an extensive experimental analysis of the performance. Our algorithm is the first parallel connectivity algorithm that is both theoretically and practically efficient.
ON THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOLAR PLASMA FLOW GENERATED BY SOLAR FLARES.

Three-dimensional structure of solar plasma flow generated by solar flares, noting geometric factors in geomagnetic storm intensity decrease
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MECHANISM OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY BY MEANS OF BACTERICIDAL MEASUREMENTS : II. THE REACTION BETWEEN THE ANTICARBOHYDRATE ANTIBODY AND TYPE-SPECIFIC PRODUCTS OF THE ORGANISM.

1. There is in the filtrate of a 5 day broth culture of Type III pneumococcus a type-specific substance which has a very powerful antibactericidal action. If the precipitinogen content of the broth filtrate and the specific carbohydrate is taken as the basis of comparison, it requires approximately one thousand times as much antiserum to neutralize the broth filtrate as is necessary to neutralize the specific carbohydrate. The active substance in the broth filtrate appears to be related to the specific carbohydrate. Its possible nature is discussed. 2. A similar substance, but in stronger concentration, was found in the filtrate of a lung from a Type III pneumonia autopsy. The influence of this substance on the disease is discussed. 3. One specimen of Type III convalescent blood, though comparatively weak in anticarbohydrate antibody (precipitin) was better able to neutralize the broth filtrate and the lung filtrate than a corresponding mixture of normal blood and antiserum. Two other specimens of Type II convalescent blood neutralized the Type III broth filtrate efficiently.
Statistical mechanics of closed fluid membranes

We discuss the statistical mechanics of systems, such as vesicle phases, that consist of many closed, disconnected fluid membranes. We show that the internal undulation free energy of a single such membrane always contains a logarithmically scale-dependent ``finite-size'' contribution, with a universal coefficient, that arises essentially from the absence of undulation modes of wavelength longer than the size of the surface. We show that the existence of this contribution is closely related to the existence of additional collective degrees of freedom, such as translations and polydispersity, that are present in a system of disconnected surfaces but absent in a system of infinite surfaces such as a lamellar or bicontinuous phase. The combination of undulation and collective mode free energy contributions found here is shown to yield thermodynamic properties (e.g., size distributions) for a vesicle phase whose parameter dependence is consistent with the scale invariance of the Helfrich bending energy. We briefly discuss the conceptually related problem of a polydisperse ensemble of fluctuating one-dimensional aggregates, such as rodlike micelles, for which we obtain the experimentally observed scaling of micelle size with concentration. We conclude by discussing the application of our results to the interpretation of recent experiments on equilibrium vesicle phases. (c) 1995 The American Physical Society
Success of initial and repeated medial branch neurotomy for zygapophysial joint pain: a systematic review.

Objectives To review the duration of pain relief after initial and repeated radiofrequency neurotomy (RFN) for cervical and lumbar zygapophysial joint pain. Methods We searched PubMed to identify all articles that met review criteria for in-depth analysis, synthesis, and review. Results Data from 16 articles are reported in this review, including 8 cervical studies, 7 lumbar studies, and 1 study of both cervical and lumbar treatment. Overall, methodology and design quality of cervical studies exceeded that of lumbar studies. For initial cervical RFN, average range duration of >50% pain relief was 7.3-8.6 months. Repeated cervical RFN was successful 67%-95% of the time when the first RFN procedure was successful. When the first RFN procedure was unsuccessful, repeated RFN was successful 0%-67% of the time. The average range duration of pain relief after successful repeated RFN was 6.0-12.7 months. For initial lumbar RFN, the average duration of >50% pain relief was 9.0 months. Repeated lumbar RFN was successful 33%-85% of the time when the first RFN procedure was successful. The average duration of pain relief after successful repeated lumbar RFN was 11.6 months. Conclusions The results of this review indicate that pain relief after initial RFN generally ends after 7-9 months and that repeating RFN is likely to provide additional pain relief if initial RFN was successful. Results are similar between cervical and lumbar spine studies.
Flavor and aroma of birds fed purified and standard diets.

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE search for better methods of improving poultry flavor has been handicapped by lack of fundamental knowledge on the influence of certain feed ingredients used in formulating modern broiler diets. According to Maw (1939), corn, wheat, oats, and barley may impart characteristic flavors to poultry meat. Poley et al. (1940) conducted a study on the effect of corn, wheat, and barley in the diets on flavor of fried and roasted chickens. These workers found no significant differences in flavor of birds fed various diets. Dark meat of birds fed corn scored higher than that of birds fed wheat or barley. Similar studies by North (1941) revealed that no single cereal grain produced a superior flavor in turkey meat. The preliminary investigation reported herein was designed on the assumption that, if birds fed a diet containing all natural feed ingredients show indications of producing a desirable flavor, those fed a …
Automated analysis of electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra of natural organic matter.

The advent of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry has revolutionized the ability of aquatic biogeochemists to examine molecular-level components of complex mixtures of organic matter. The ability to accurately assess the chemical composition, elemental formulas, or both of detected compounds is critical to these studies. Here we build on previous work that uses functional group relationships between compounds to extend elemental formulas of low molecular weight compounds to those of higher molecular weight. We propose an automated compound identification algorithm (CIA) for the analysis of ultra-high-resolution mass spectra of natural organic matter acquired by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. This approach is benchmarked with synthetic data sets of compounds cited in the literature. The sensitivity of our results is examined for different sources of error, and CIA is applied to two previously published data sets. We find that CIA works well for data...
Roads, petroleum and accessibility: the case of eastern Ecuador

Oil exploration and production (E&P) activities in remote regions are often considered a catalyst for landscape change through the direct alterations created by infrastructure features, as well as through the accessibility provided by roads. The construction, expansion and improvement of transportation routes in isolated areas can attract newcomers and resource users who engage in illegal logging, poaching, commercial agriculture, as well as planned and spontaneous colonization. These actions can lead to larger-scale surface disturbances that may also affect indigenous territories and natural preserves. However, do these parallel activities and outcomes always accompany E&P development, or can controlled access minimize changes? To answer this question we utilized an “accounting from above” approach that uses remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze surface disturbance patterns linked to infrastructure features for both E&P and parallel activities. Our study area included four neighboring oil blocks in eastern Ecuador’s tropical forest, displaying three types of E&P development: public-access, controlled-access and roadless. The first objective was to determine the spatial relationship between infrastructure pattern, disturbance regimes and the type of road access for the year 2000 using land-use land-cover maps, soils data, protected areas and colonization zones. The second objective was to examine the statistical relationships between agricultural conversion and the above factors. Spatial analysis findings suggest that areas of overlap where colonization zones, public-access roads and fertile soils meet are most prone to deforestation. Statistical findings from a linear regression model suggest that the presence of public-access non-oil roads are significant at explaining the conversion of natural vegetation (forest) to agriculture, while the presence of protected areas helps explain the conservation of forested land.
Inhibition of tumor Promoter‐induced hydrogen peroxide formation in vitro and in vivo by genistein

Abstract Here we report that genistein, a soybean isoflavone, strongly inhibits tumor promoter‐induced H2O2 formation both in vivo and in vitro. Genistein suppressed H2O2 production by 12‐O‐tetrade‐canoylphorbol‐13‐acetate‐ (TPA) stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and HL‐60 cells in a dose‐dependent manner over the concentration range 1–150 μM. Human PMNs were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of genistein than HL‐60 cells (50% inhibitory concentration 14.8 and 30.2 μM, respectively). In addition, genistein moderately inhibited Superoxide anion formation by HL‐60 cells and scavenged exogenously added H2O2 under the same conditions as in cell culture. However, the H2O2‐scavenging effect of genistein was about 50% lower than its inhibition of cell‐derived H2O2 formation at all concentrations. In the CD‐1 mouse skin model, genistein strongly inhibited TPA‐induced oxidant formation, edema, and PMN infiltration in mouse skin. Inhibition of TPA‐mediated H2O2 in vivo may result from decre...
Drug-Induced Hyperhidrosis and Hypohidrosis : Incidence, Prevention and Management

The human sweating response is subject to the influence of diverse classes of drugs. Some act centrally at the hypothalamus or at spinal thermoregulatory centres, while others act at sympathetic ganglia or at the eccrine-neuroeffector junction. Pharmacological disturbances of sweating have broad clinical implications. Drugs that induce hyperhidrosis, or sweating in excess of that needed to maintain thermoregulation, can cause patient discomfort and embarrassment, and include cholinesterase inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, opioids and tricyclic antidepressants. Drugs that induce hypohidrosis, or deficient sweating, can increase the risk of heat exhaustion or heat stroke and include antimuscarinic anticholinergic agents, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. As acetylcholine is the principal neuroeccrine mediator, anhidrosis is one of the clinical hallmarks by which acute anticholinergic toxicity may be recognized. The symptom of dry mouth often accompanies the less apparent symptom of hypohidrosis because the muscarinic M3 acetylcholine receptor type predominates at both sweat and salivary glands. Management options include dose reduction, drug substitution or discontinuation. When compelling medical indications require continuation of a drug causing hyperhidrosis, the addition of a pharmacological agent to suppress sweating can help to reduce symptoms. When hypohidrotic drugs must be continued, deficient sweating can be managed by avoiding situations of heat stress and cooling the skin with externally applied water. The availability of clinical tests for the assessment of sudomotor dysfunction in neurological disease has enhanced recognition of the complex effects of drugs on sweating. Advances in the understanding of drug-induced anhidrosis have also enlarged the therapeutic repertoire of effective treatments for hyperhidrosis.
Women of Northern, Western, and Central Africa: A Bibliography, 1976-1985

Foreword Preface Introduction General Subject Bibliography--Northern Africa Nations of Northern Africa Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Tunisia Western Sahara General Subject Bibliography--Western Africa Nations of Western Africa Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Islands Chad Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo General Subject Bibliography--Central Africa Nations of Central Africa Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Rwanda Sao Tome Zaire General Subject Bibliography--Sub-Saharan Africa Author Index
Performance evaluation of a prototype high resolution digital radiographic/near real-time fluoroscopic computerized tomographic system for radiotherapy simulation

Purpose : A new prototype digital radiographic/near real-time fluoroscopic and computerized tomographic (CT) imaging system has been developed and its performance is evaluated for future implementation in a radiotherapy simulator. Methods and Materials : The new imaging modality uses a slow scan cooled charge-coupled device (CCD) camera with 2 k X 2 k X 12 bit image resolution. X-ray images formed by a Gd 2 O 2 S :Tb flat screen are directly viewed by the CCD camera via a 45° angled mirror and a high speed objective lens. For CT image reconstruction, digital data from a slit image on the CCD array obtained from time-controlled x-ray scans around the object are transferred to a second tomographic computer for processing and display. Results : In the digital radiographic mode, and for a 43.2 X 43.2 cm field size at the phosphor plane, the spatial resolution of the system is 2.3 ± 0.1 lp/mm (1 ) as measured at the 4% level of the modulation transfer function (MTF), whereas the contrast resolution has a value of 0.5%. In the fluoroscopic mode, the system may be operated at a maximum rate of eight frames/s at a relatively lower spatial and contrast resolution. For CT scans, although the potential intrinsic spatial resolution at the isocenter is 0.35 mm, display-limited spatial resolutions of 1.2 and 1.6 mm were obtained for 30 and 40 cm reconstruction circle diameters, respectively. A contrast resolution of 1% at 0.015 Gy entrance dose was achieved, and CT reconstruction circles of up to 51 cm were attainable. Conclusion : The new CCD-based imaging system is capable of delivering high-quality digital radiographic and CT images for radiotherapy simulation, whereas the near real-time fluoroscopic mode yields acceptable flicker-free lower quality images at object speeds typical of simulation motions.
Ultrastructure of the Human Dermal Microcirculation. III. The Vessels in the Mid- and Lower Dermis and Subcutaneous Fat

This paper describes the ultrastructure of the microcirculatory vessels in the mid- and lower dermis and subcutaneous fat. Reconstruction of vessel walls, tracing out the courses of individual vessels, and survey examination of vessels were carried out by various combinations of routine and serial, ultrathin, and 1- μ m sections. Intracellular myofilamentous bundles associated with extracellular filaments were a characteristic feature of the endothelial cells in arterioles possessing an internal elastic lamina, but were only rarely seen in endothelial cells of venules. The ultrastructural features of these bundles and filaments suggested both contractile and anchoring functions. The elastic lamina of the arterioles was shown to be composed of individual elastic fibers oriented in the long axis of the blood vessel under the endothelium, rather than being a continuous sheet as in larger arteries and arterioles. The capillaries in the fat had wails of normal thickness (0.1–0.3 μ m) similar to capillaries in other organs, in contrast to the dermal capillaries whose walls are 2–3 μ m thick. The arterioles, capillaries, and venules in the fat were frequently devoid of veil cells in contrast to those in the derails. Venous capillaries with bridged fenestrations were found in close proximity to eccrine sweat glands and hair bulbs in the forearm, trunk, and buttock skin.
Operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture: An analysis of 12,570 patients in a large healthcare database

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to compare the latest patient demographics and rerupture rates of operative versus nonoperative treatment of acute Achilles tendon rupture in the United States. Methods Patients undergoing treatment of an acute Achilles tendon rupture from 2007 to 2011 were identified by cross-referencing ICD-9-CM and CPT codes through the PearlDiver Patient Record Database. Results In total, 12,570 patients were treated for an acute Achilles tendon rupture. The ratio of operative to nonoperative treatment increased from 1.41 to 1.65. Males were more likely to undergo surgery than females. There were no significant differences in short-term rerupture rate for operative (2.1%) versus nonoperative (2.4%) treatment. Conclusions The proportion of patients who received operative treatment for an acute Achilles tendon rupture increased slightly during the 5 year period, suggesting that surgeons in the United States have been slower to adopt nonoperative treatment than their European counterparts.
Overview of benzene‐induced aplastic anaemia

The scientific literature is replete with reports of cases of benzene-induced toxicity to the haematopoietic system. These mainly involve aplastic anaemia, the first cases of which were reported in 1897. At high level of benzene exposure (air concentration > 100 p.p.m.), the incidence of aplastic anaemia is approximately 1/100 individuals exposed, but this drops precipitously at lower levels of exposure (10-20 p.p.m.) to around 1/10,000. Factors that affect susceptibility may include high liver cytochrome P450 2E1 activity and low folic acid intake. The mechanism of benzene-induced aplastic anaemia remains unclear, but is likely to involve: (a) metabolism of benzene in the liver; (b) transport of metabolites to the marrow and their secondary activation to toxic quinones and free radicals by peroxidase enzymes; (c) induction of apoptosis, DNA damage and altered differentiation in early progenitor cells; and (d) depletion of the stem cell pool.
Computer science "big ideas" play well in digital sound and music

This paper reports the results of a four-year National Science Foundation CCLI grant that supported development and assessment of curricular material linking computer science (CS), digital audio, music, and sound design. A book and online learning aids were created and used in courses and summer workshops. The material was refined based on feedback from students and instructors. Learning was measured by pre- and post-tests. In this paper, we map the curricular material to the Big Ideas for CS Principles as well as to core CS courses. Objective and subjective assessment of the material over the course of the grant leads us to recommendations for purposeful, parallel, and convergent learning, concepts that are explained in the paper.
Performance of magnetically-injected-plasma opening switches on the particle beam fusion accelerator II (PBFA II)

Summary form only given, as follows. Plasma opening switch (POS) experiments have been performed on the PBFA II to develop a switch which will provide voltage and power gain to an applied- B lithium ion diode. These experiments have successfully coupled power to electron and ion beam diodes using a magnetically-injected-plasma (MIP) POS. Carbon plasma with electron densities of 1t1012 to 2t10 13/cm3 has been injected from the anode into the 8-cm gap of the 20-O magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) of PBFA II along a B r.z magnetic field. The MIP switch uses the inertia of the plasma to keep the switch closed and the magnetic pressure of B 0 from the conduction current to open the switch. The configuration of the injecting magnetic field and the plasma source, has a significant effect on the efficiency of coupling power to high-impedance loads. Plasma near the center of the injecting magnetic field limits the opening impedance of the switch and subsequently the power delivered to the load. The axial location of the switch with respect to the load has also been identified as a critical parameter in increasing the coupling efficiency. A length of 10 to 20 cm of MITL between the POS and the load has increased the power delivered to the load
SNAVI: Desktop application for analysis and visualization of large-scale signaling networks

Studies of cellular signaling indicate that signal transduction pathways combine to form large networks of interactions. Viewing protein-protein and ligand-protein interactions as graphs (networks), where biomolecules are represented as nodes and their interactions are represented as links, is a promising approach for integrating experimental results from different sources to achieve a systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving cell phenotype. The emergence of large-scale signaling networks provides an opportunity for topological statistical analysis while visualization of such networks represents a challenge. SNAVI is Windows-based desktop application that implements standard network analysis methods to compute the clustering, connectivity distribution, and detection of network motifs, as well as provides means to visualize networks and network motifs. SNAVI is capable of generating linked web pages from network datasets loaded in text format. SNAVI can also create networks from lists of gene or protein names. SNAVI is a useful tool for analyzing, visualizing and sharing cell signaling data. SNAVI is open source free software. The installation may be downloaded from: http://snavi.googlecode.com . The source code can be accessed from: http://snavi.googlecode.com/svn/trunk
Contralateral pelvic and aortic lymph node metastasis in clinical stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.

Bilateral pelvic and aortic node lymphadenectomy is recommended for clinically localized unilateral epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma (International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians stage IA). The laterality of nodal metastasis in clinical stage I disease is rarely documented in the literature. Some authors have reported that ipsilateral node dissection is adequate for staging. A patient with contralateral pelvic and aortic lymph node metastasis and clinical stage I epithelial ovarian adenocarcinoma is presented. Pathologic findings were consistent with contralateral-only lymph node metastasis. This case illustrates the importance of bilateral lymph node sampling for appropriate staging of clinically localized epithelial ovarian cancer.
Examining the Effect of Grouping Border Type on Visual Search Performance

Past research has shown that enclosing a group of items within a border can actually slow the reaction time of individuals during search tasks. Navon (1977) and Mermelstein, Banks, & Prinzmetal (1979) suggested that individual components are “hidden” within a larger group formed by borders because global perception comes before perception of the individual items. This study tried to identify the minimal visual cues needed to effectively produce perception of grouping. Different border types, including solid lines, dashed lines, and simple chevrons were manipulated in order to assess how quickly subjects can detect targets within groups. Results indicated that the single character condition was significantly faster than the double and triple character conditions. In addition, the Full Border condition was also significantly faster than the 1:3 Ratio Border condition.