cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alpha-actin and cytochrome c mRNAs in atrophied adult rat skeletal muscle

Specific complementary DNA (cDNA) hybridization probes were used to estimate the levels of alpha-actin and cytochrome c mRNAs and also 18S rRNA in three models of skeletal muscle atrophy. After 7 days of hindlimb suspension, or immobilization, or denervation, protein content decreased 26-32% in all muscles studied except suspended fast-twitch muscle, which lost only half as much protein. alpha-Actin mRNA content decreased 51-66% and cytochrome c mRNA content decreased 42-61% in slow- and fast-twitch muscles in all three models of atrophy. However, total RNA content did not show similar directional changes; RNA content decreased 27-44% in suspended and immobilized muscle but was unchanged in denervated fast-twitch muscle. The results were interpreted to suggest that loss of weight-bearing function of skeletal muscle is a major factor affecting the levels of alpha-actin and cytochrome c mRNAs during muscle atrophy.
Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism.; Skeletons in Our Closet: Revealing Our Past through Bioarchaeology.

Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism. Clark Spencer Larsen. ed. Gainsville: University Press of Florida, 2001. 320 pp. Skeletons in Our Closet: Revealing Our Past through Bioarchaeology. Clark Spencer Larsen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000. 248 pp.
Distributional assumptions and a test of the dual labor market hypothesis

Recent application of the switching regression model to allocate workers into the primary and secondary labor markets is considered to be the best solution to the classification problem of the empirical testing of the dual labor market theory. In such models, normality of the error terms is assumed. This paper adopts the switching regression model to test the dual labor market theory by assuming different distributions of the error terms. The test results strongly support the dual labor market theory regardless of the assumption one makes about the error terms. However, the results indicate that different distribution can lead to different percentage distributions of workers in the two segments. In particular, the normal distribution generates more workers in the primary segment than the non-normal distributions. Therefore, care must be taken not to generalize the type of industries or occupations that fall under the primary and secondary segments.
Effect of in vivo nicotine exposure on chlorpyrifos pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rats.

Abstract Routine use of tobacco products may modify physiological and metabolic functions, including drug metabolizing enzymes, which may impact the pharmacokinetics of environmental contaminants. Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus (OP) insecticide that is bioactivated to chlorpyrifos-oxon, and manifests its neurotoxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of repeated nicotine exposure on the pharmacokinetics of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its major metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) in blood and urine and also to determine the impact on cholinesterase (ChE) activity in plasma and brain. Animals were exposed to 7-daily doses of either 1 mg nicotine/kg or saline, and to either a single oral dose of 35 mg CPF/kg or a repeated dose of 5 mg CPF/kg/day for 7 days. Groups of rats were then sacrificed at multiple time-points after receiving the last dose of CPF. Repeated nicotine and CPF exposures resulted in enhanced metabolism of CPF to TCPy, as evidenced by increases in the measured TCPy peak concentration and AUC in blood. However, there was no significant difference in the amount of TCPy (free or total) excreted in the urine within the first 24-h post last dose. The extent of brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was reduced due to nicotine co-exposure consistent with an increase in CYP450-mediated dearylation (detoxification) versus desulfuration. It was of interest to note that the impact of nicotine co-exposure was experimentally observed only after repeated CPF doses. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for CPF was used to simulate the effect of increasing the dearylation Vmax based upon previously conducted in vitro metabolism studies. Predicted CPF-oxon concentrations in blood and brain were lower following the expected Vmax increase in nicotine treated groups. These model results were consistent with the experimental data. The current study demonstrated that repeated nicotine exposure could alter CPF metabolism in vivo, resulting in altered brain AChE inhibition.
Convection with heat flux prescribed on the boundaries of the system. I. The effect of temperature dependence of material properties

Abstract We study the bifurcation to steady two-dimensional convection with the heat flux prescribed on the fluid boundaries. The fluid is weakly non-Boussinesq on account of a slight temperature dependence of its material properties. Using expansions in the spirit of shallow water theory based on the preference for large horizontal scales in fixed flux convection, we derive an evolution equation for the horizontal structure of convective cells. In the steady state, this reduces to a simple nonlinear ordinary differential equation. When the horizontal scales of the cells exceed a certain critical size, the bifurcation to steady convection is subcritical and the degree of subcriticality increases with increasing cell size.
THE REACTIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE WITH EXCESS AMMONIA

Abstract The reaction of sulfur dioxide with excess ammonia was studied during warm-up of rare gas matrices and in sealed pressure tubes containing various isotropic species. In the matrix experiments six IR bands belonging to ammonium thionylimide, NH4: NSO, were observed in the temperature range between 40°K and 90°K. Above 80°K the spectrum of ammonium sulfite, NH4SO3 prevails. In sealed tubes containing liquid ammonia at room temperature several step-wise reactions can be followed. They consist of ammonolysis of SO2, followed by auto-redox disproportionation of SIV into a range of oxidation states. Raman spectra show the presence of sulfate, dithionate, thiosulfate, and the polythionates. Isotope substitution indicates that ammonia does not participate in redox reactions and acts merely as a nucleophilic catalyst. The composition of the samples changes over a period of at least 2 years. In some tubes with NH3:SO2 <7 a spontaneous reaction occurs after 1 ½ to 2 years and the colorless or pale yellow so...
Seawater treatment for larval culture of the fish Sciaenops ocellatus Linnaeus (red drum)

Abstract Poor survival of marine fish larvae during the first days of culture has frequently been observed. The possibility that microbes present in the incoming seawater might contribute to this mortality led to the development of a seawater treatment protocol for hatcheries. Several combinations of filtration at different particle sizes, and chlorination at different levels were tested with red drum larvae. The highest mortality in all experiments was found in untreated or 1 μm filtered seawater. A significant and consistent improvement in larval survival over control treatments resulted from filtering seawater through 1 μm filter, followed by chlorination at 5 ppm Cl− for 2 h, and dechlorination with sodium thiosulfate accompanied by strong aeration for a period of 1 h. Bacteria counts were drastically reduced by this treatment; however, bacteria numbers were similar or even higher 24 h after treatment than in untreated seawater. Therefore, it is postulated that it is not bacteria numbers, but the species composition of the microbiota that affects larval survival.
Allometry and photosynthetic capacity of poplar (Populus deltoides) along a metal contamination gradient in an urban brownfield.

The value of urban green space has become an increasingly controversial issue. In particular, development of novel vegetative assemblages on vacant lands may have many formerly unrecognized benefits. However, questions remain regarding the functional impairment of these assemblages due to degraded soils. We investigated the effects of elevated concentrations of soil metals on allometry and photosynthetic capacity of naturally colonized poplars (Populus deltoides Michx.) growing at Liberty State Park, New Jersey. We found that allometries of harvested trees did not differ significantly between the low metal load (LML) and high metal load (HML) sites suggesting that metal contamination did not negatively affect carbon allocation patterns of the target species. Likewise, photosynthetic parameters did not differ significantly between the LML and HML sites, suggesting that soil metal contamination did not negatively affect photosynthetic capacity. However, trees from the LML site were significantly younger for a given size than trees from the HML site. Trees from the medium metal load site (MML) differed significantly in allometry and photosynthetic parameters from the other two sites suggesting other edaphic and ecological factors are a stronger driver for carbon allocation patterns and photosynthetic capacity in these trees. Taken together, this research suggests that sapling establishment and growth may be impaired by heavy metals and that trees in HML sites may incur more maintenance costs than trees in LML sites. However, given enough time, poplars can provide considerable rehabilitation of urban brownfields, particularly those that exhibit soil metal contamination.
Haploid Production From Anther Culture of Saccharum spontaneum L.

Summary Initiation of microspore multicellular development in anther cultures of Saccharum spontaneum L. was stimulated by preculture treatment of panicle branches at 10°C for 21 d. This prolonged cold treatment killed young microspores and switched the development of nearly mature microspores from a gametic to a sporophytic route. Anther cultures produced microspore-derived calli in four of the ten clones tested. Calli of two clones yielded plants; one line was haploid, the other diploid.
Virulence characteristics of heterotrophic bacteria commonly isolated from potable water

Heterotrophic bacteria isolated from drinking water distribution systems were examined to determine if they possessed putative virulence factors such as hemolysins, proteases, or cytotoxins. Representative samples of colonies from several different distribution systems indicated that the median percentage of heterotrophic bacteria having at least one putative virulence characteristic was about 11% and all of the samples contained bacteria expressing at least one putative virulence characteristic. The overall frequency of bacteria from drinking water distribution samples expressing more than one putative virulence factor ranged from 0 to 8%. The eukaryotic cell culture cytotoxicity test appeared to be the most reliable indicator of those bacteria expressing multiple virulence factors. The results also indicated that the expression of putative virulence factors was highly dependent upon the type of isolation medium used. Although slow-growing heterotrophic bacteria occurred at high densities in certain systems, they expressed very few of the putative virulence factors observed in this study. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Correlation between decay planes in Higgs-boson decays into a W pair (into a Z pair).

For a conventional Higgs boson the decay correlation function for the azimuthal angle between the two W decay planes is F(\ensuremath{\varphi})=1+\ensuremath{\alpha}cos\ensuremath{\varphi}+\ensuremath{\beta}cos2\ensuremath{\varphi}, where \ensuremath{\alpha}=(3\ensuremath{\pi}/8${)}^{2}$\ensuremath{\gamma}/(1+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}$/2), \ensuremath{\beta}=1/41/(1+${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{2}$/2), with \ensuremath{\gamma}=(${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{H}}^{2}$-2${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{W}}^{2}$). While \ensuremath{\beta} is negligible, there will be a decay correlation fom \ensuremath{\alpha} if ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{H}}$ is not too large (\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ge}1/4 if ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{H}}$\ensuremath{\le}400 GeV). By \ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\ne}0, the standard ${\mathit{g}}_{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathit{v}}$ coupling is distinguished from the complete decoupling of a Higgs boson from transverse W bosons. For a technipion \ensuremath{\alpha}=0, but uniquely \ensuremath{\beta}=-(1/4. For the Z pair decay mode, \ensuremath{\alpha} contains an extra factor of 2r/(1+${r}^{2}$) from each Z\ensuremath{\rightarrow}f\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}f, where r is the ratio of the axial-vector- to the vector-coupling coefficients. This suppresses \ensuremath{\alpha} since 2r/(1+${\mathit{r}}^{2}$)\ensuremath{\simeq}1/\ensuremath{\surd}2\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} for d\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}d,\ensuremath{\simeq}-1/3 for u\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}u, and \ensuremath{\simeq}1/4 for ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$.
Some dynamical properties of idealized thermally-forced meridional circulations in the tropics

Through the use of a zonal balance model we investigate the properties of the tropical meridional circulation to a range of specified diabatic forcing fields for climatologically observed zonal winds. As in earlier studies, the solutions show that latent heat release away from the equator forces an asymmetric meridional circulation in response the anisotropy in the inertial stability parameter with respect to the meridional location of the forcing. The presence of strong zonal flows appears to play a relatively minor role in determining the magnitude and asymmetry of the meridional circulation, whereas the structure of the diabatic heating, particularly the meridional breadth, proves to be of much greater importance. A dynamic efficiency factor, which provides an analytic measure of the efficacy of diabatic heating at generating zonal kinetic energy, generally exhibits a meridionally symmetric structure except during Northern Hemisphere summer. This asymmetry gives rise to a pronounced sensitivity of zonal kinetic energy generation to the meridional location of ITCZ convection. Further examination of the flow pattern suggests that for zonal flows representative of those over the Indian Ocean during the Northern Hemisphere summer months, meridional displacements of the heating of less than 20° latitude can result in as much as an order of magnitude difference in the rate of kinetic energy generation. Solution of the balance system also implies the existence of a feedback mechanism, between zonally-organized convection and the energetics properties of the large-scale flow, that is highly sensitive to the meridional location of the convection.
Use of preventive care by the elderly.

Abstract Use of five early disease detection tests was examined in relation to history of specific chronic diseases and other health habits, as part of a cohort study including 11,888 residents of a retirement community in Southern California. Self-reported utilization rates by residents in the year preceding study entry were approximately 90, 30, 60, and 10% for blood pressure measurement, fecal occult blood test, Papanicolaou test, and mammography, respectively. Breast self-examination was practiced by 37% of the women on a regular basis. With the exception of the Pap test and blood pressure check, the majority of the study population did not use preventive procedures at the recommended frequencies. The most important determinants of use of screening tests in this elderly population were previous diagnosis of chronic disease, especially of the disease detected by the test itself, and having a regular physician. These two factors appeared to affect use independently.
A dual enzyme electrochemical assay for the detection of organophosphorus compounds using organophosphorus hydrolase and horseradish peroxidase

Abstract Neurotoxic organophosphorus (OP) compounds are commonly used as chemical warfare agents and pesticides. Due to their high toxicity, rapid and sensitive field detection of these compounds has been an ongoing topic of interest. Biosensors made with organophosphate hydrolase enzyme (OPH) are generally designed to either amperometrically detect an electroactive leaving group produced following enzymatic cleavage, or to potenitometrically detect the pH change that occurs during cleavage. Since OPs are more likely to have phenolic leaving groups as compared to electroactive leaving groups, we have developed a new amperometric dual enzyme electrochemical assay that enables the detection of a broad class of OP compounds using the OPH enzyme combined with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The assay has been applied to the detection of dichlofenthion, which does not have an electroactive leaving group and is not a commonly investigated OPH substrate. Using reverse phase HPLC, we have determined the Michaelis–Menten kinetic parameters of an engineered OPH enzyme to be K M = 0.11 ± 0.02 mM and k cat = 0.046 ± 0.003 s −1 with dichlofenthion as the substrate. Detection of the phenolic leaving group from the OPH enzyme reaction using the HRP electrode is carried out at −50 mV vs. Ag/AgCl where the noise and background are low and interferences are negligible. After optimization of the solution pH, the dual enzyme biosensor was found to have a limit of detection (LOD) of 24 μM (7.6 ppm), and a sensitivity of 0.095 ± 0.024 nA/μM for dichlorofenthion. By detecting the phenolic leaving groups from the OP targets using the HRP electrode, biosensors made using this new platform have the potential to detect a broad range of important OP compounds.
Network performance without compromising security

Cyber-security has always been a concern for enterprises, but with high-profile breaches of big corporations hitting the headlines in recent months, CIOs are starting to reassess their cyber-security strategies. While senior IT staff may be aware of the worrying extent of cyber-criminals' capabilities, troubling research from Intel Security shows warning signs that this security priority is not permeating to the staff that manage network systems on a day-to-day operational level.1Too many enterprises de-activate security functions in their firewalls in an effort to increase performance. That's because today's business landscape demands an 'always on' network.Performance and security must be considered hand-in-hand - forming a security strategy should include a detailed analysis of performance and business continuity and vice versa. And CIOs and CISOs should encourage full and open collaboration between operation and security staff, explains Ashish Patel of Intel Security.
Nature of “anomalous” fine structure observed in the low temperature recovery of copper and aluminum☆

Abstract Observed recovery maxima less than 2°K apart are shown to be consistent with appropriate classical rate theory, although the theoretical resolution of two processes is about 3°K. The recovery must consist of more processes than the number of maxima observable.
A study of the adhesion of copper using the twist compression technique in vacuum

Abstract The results of an investigation of the adhesion of 99.999% copper in vacuum using the twist compression technique are presented. The adhesion coefficient was found to increase with increasing abrasion until a constant value of the adhesion coefficient was achieved. After the surface was abraded the adhesion coefficient could be measured without further twisting. Data is presented showing the dependence of the adhesion coefficient upon contact area and load.
Solution of unsteady Euler equations: Gust-cascade interaction tones

Abstract The problem of interaction of a vortical gust with a two-dimensional cascade is considered. Full nonlinear time dependent Euler equations governing the flow are solved employing a 6th-order accurate spatial differencing scheme and a 4th-order accurate time marching technique. The vortical gust is represented by a Fourier series which includes three harmonics. The acoustic response of the cascade for single and multi frequency (vortical) excitations are calculated. The solutions show the generation and propagation of modes that are expected from the theory. It is demonstrated that at low amplitudes of excitation, the time domain analysis produces characteristics of the propagating modes such as the complex mode amplitudes, phase variations, axial waveforms, and tangential waveforms that are in very good agreement with those expected from the linear theory. The exponential decay of the cutoff modes of the first harmonic is also clearly observed. The sound pressure levels of the propagating modes obtained from the present nonlinear time domain analysis are compared with the results of a linearized Navier–Stokes solution and a linearized Euler solution (frequency domain analyses) and good agreement between the results is observed for all the propagating modes.
DNA probes in the diagnosis of genetic and infectious diseases

Abstract DNA hybridization is firmly established as an essential tool in modern molecular biology. During the past decade an increasing number of investigators have applied this technique to the detection and identification of a variety of infectious agents. In the recent past it has become clear that DNA hybridization, when coupled to restriction enzyme analysis, is an essential tool in the diagnosis of a constantly growing number of genetic diseases. A review of the scientific literature suggests that at the present time there are more than 50 DNA probes suitable for diagnostic purposes. The limiting factor in their full implementation as diagnostic tests is the development of a supporting ‘system', including suitable procedures for sample preparation and a high specific activity, non-radioactive DNA tagging procedure.
CCPM Symposium I - 02: Diffuse optical imaging of the neuro-metabolic-vascular relationship during brain activation

The ability and interest in functional imaging of the human brain has grown with the advent of positron emission tomography(PET) and functional magnetic resonancetomography (fMRI). These imaging techniques are leading to a better understanding of the healthy, diseased, and injured functioning brain. Diffuse optical imaging is a non‐invasive, portable, and relatively inexpensive method that complements PET and fMRI with the ability to continuously monitor the hemodynamic, metabolic, and possibly neuronal activity state of the brain, and to measure populations of subjects and paradigms not amendable to PET or fMRI. All of these methods are predominantly sensitive to the hemodynamic parameters of the brain which arise from the neuronal and metabolic activity. During this talk, I will discuss the contributions of optical imaging to understanding the relationship between neuronal, metabolic, and vascular activity within the brain. Better knowledge of this relationship will guide the development of better treatments and improve the utility of diagnostic imaging methods.
Mathematics of Genome Analysis

Preface 1. Decomposing DNA 2. Recomposing DNA 3. Sequence statistics 4. Sequence comparison 5. Spatial structure and dynamics of DNA Bibliography Index.
Protein architecture, dynamics and allostery in tryptophan synthase channeling

The alpha 2 beta 2 form of the tryptophan synthase bienzyme complex catalyses the last two steps in the synthesis of L-tryptophan, consecutive processes that depend on the channeling of the common metabolite, indole, between the sites of the alpha- and beta-subunits through a 25 A-long tunnel. The channeling of indole and the coupling of the activities of the two sites are controlled by allosteric signals derived from covalent transformations at the beta-site that switch the enzyme between an open, low-activity state, to which ligands bind, and a closed, high-activity state, which prevents the escape of indole.
Deligne's Reciprocity for Function Fields

Abstract Using Anderson's characteristic p solitons we prove, for the rational function field, an analogue of Deligne's reciprocity law for the classical Γ -function. We also deduce the analogue of Deligne's finer version in the classical case, which addresses rationality.
Independence of irrelevant expansions

Nash characterized the only bargaining solution to satisfy a well-known list of axioms. Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives states invariance of the solution outcome under certain contractions of the bargaining problem. A dual of this axiom is proposed here, stating invariance under certainexpansions of the bargaining problem andNash's solution is characerized by substituting this axiom for IIA in Nash's original list.
Adaptive mappings for mouse-replacement interfaces

Users of mouse-replacement interfaces may have difficulty conforming to the motion requirements of their interface system. We have observed users with severe motor disabilities who controlled the mouse pointer with a head tracking interface. Our analysis shows that some users may be able to move in some directions easier than other directions. We propose several mouse pointer mappings that adapt to the user's movement abilities. These mappings will take into account the user's motions in two-or three-dimensions to move the mouse pointer in the intended direction.
Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer

Evidence that environmental tobacco smoke may be a risk factor for lung cancer among individuals who themselves have never smoked tobacco products has been the subject of expert review over the last decade by several United States and international agencies. The most recent comprehensive review, published in 1993 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, concluded that environmental tobacco smoke is a Group A (known human) carcinogen. This report, coming in the midst of rapid social and political change in attitudes towards public policy implications for protecting human health, has been the subject of considerable discussion. Issues involved in these discussions, as well as more recently published studies on the topic, are reviewed with respect to current thinking about the risk of lung cancer in passive smokers, particularly women, who are lifetime never-smokers.
Studies on the Catalysis of Carbon−Cobalt Bond Homolysis by Ribonucleoside Triphosphate Reductase: Evidence for Concerted Carbon−Cobalt Bond Homolysis and Thiyl Radical Formation†

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) catalyze the rate-determining step in DNA biosynthesis: conversion of nucleotides to deoxynucleotides. The RNR from Lactobacillus leichmannii utilizes adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor and, in addition to nucleotide reduction, catalyzes the exchange of tritium from [5‘-3H]-AdoCbl with solvent. Examination of this exchange reaction offers a unique opportunity to investigate the early stages in the nucleotide reduction process [Licht S. S., Gerfen, G. J., and Stubbe, J. (1996) Science 271, 477−481]. The kinetics of and requirements for this exchange reaction have been examined in detail. The turnover number for 3H washout is 0.3 s-1, and it requires an allosteric effector dGTP (Km = 17 ± 3 μM), AdoCbl (Km = 60 ± 9 μM) and no external reductant. The effects of active-site mutants of RTPR (C119S, C419S, C731S, C736S, and C408S) on the rate of the exchange reaction have been determined, and only C408 is essential for this process. The exchange reaction has previously be...
Theoretical Study of Substituent Effects in the Diimine−M(II) Catalyzed Ethylene Polymerization Reaction Using the IMOMM Method

The integrated molecular orbital−molecular mechanics (IMOMM) method adopting the B3LYP:MM3 combination has been used to study the full catalysts in the diimine−M (M = Ni, Pd) catalyzed ethylene polymerization reaction. These results have been compared with previous molecular orbital calculations on model systems (model). There is a lowering of the migratory insertion activation barriers when including substituent effects from 9.9 (model) to 3.8 (IMOMM) kcal/mol for nickel and from 16.2 (model) to 14.1 (IMOMM) kcal/mol for palladium. Steric interactions decrease the complexation energy which leads to a lowering of the barrier. The β-H transfer process which involves the reaction n-propyl β-agostic → olefin hydride → isopropyl β-agostic is the likely mechanism leading to branching of polyethylenes. In the nickel system, the olefin−hydride intermediate lies 13.6 (model) or 14.5 (IMOMM) kcal/mol above the n-propyl β-agostic species, indicating that this pathway is unlikely for unsubstituted or substituted nic...
Application of radon-222 to investigate groundwater discharge into small shallow lakes

Abstract The objective of this work was to assess the groundwater discharge component of the hydrological budgets of several small lakes in north and central Florida using 222Rn (radon, t1/2 = 3.8 days) as a quantitative groundwater tracer. Methane gas and conductivity were also used as secondary natural tracers to help locate active sites of seepage. We present results based on a steady-state radon mass balance model developed to assess groundwater discharge into shallow unstratified lakes. Model assumptions include a constant 222Rn input flux over relatively short (days–weeks) periods and a well-mixed water column. Detailed surveys in several Florida lakes using continuous 222Rn measurements supported these assumptions. In five of the seven studied lakes a high to moderate groundwater inflow was detected using this technique, while in two of them the discharge was very low to not detectable. Based on these results and the size of the lakes the calculated water-renewal times based on groundwater inflows were in a range between 3 and 40 months. Close 2-year examination of the groundwater dynamics at two of the lakes that showed substantial discharge, did not show great seasonal groundwater discharge variations. These radon-derived groundwater seepage fluxes agreed well with seepage meters and water budget calculations performed independently for some of the lakes. The approach proved to be very efficient, relatively inexpensive, and should be able to be applied as a routine procedure for estimating groundwater discharge for similar lakes elsewhere. The ultimate purpose of our efforts is to use this method in obtaining important information for the hydrological budget of these lakes that will allow evaluating nutrient loadings and TMDLs (Total Maximum Daily Loads) calculations.
Psychophysiology and medicine.

Psychophysiology is just as closely related to internal medicine as it is to psychiatry. “Psychological variable” has two distinct meanings: a) an external sensory stimulus, or b) an organismic state described in psychological language. “Psychological” and “Physical” are names of two different languages. There is no such thing as a non-physical illness. Asking whether emotions cause diseases, or diseases cause emotions, leads to many difficulties and is unprofitable. It is far more useful to ask about stimulus-response relationships. There are more kinds of specificity relations in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine than are usually recognized, and the usual specificity statements in psychosomatic medicine are not concerned with I-R or S-R specificity. There are many problems in medicine which psychophysiology could help to solve.
Drought Detection and Quantification by Reflectance and Thermal Responses

Drought can be detected by its effect on plant canopy development as indicated by measurements of biomass production, leaf area index (LAI), and ground cover in the reflective wavelengths (0.4–2.5 μm) and by canopy minus air temperature in the thermal infrared (8–14 μm) wavelengths. Both measures are quantitative, but quantification in terms of drought's economic impact requires that relationships between canopy ‘appearance’ as revealed by the measurements and effect on salable plant parts be established. The measurements themselves are becoming routine and their quantification in terms of drought's economic impact on grain sorghum and wheat grain yields have been demonstrated, but are not yet routine. Seven considerations in a system for drought quantification are discussed, and results of semi-operational applications to drought assessment that incorporate most of the seven considerations are described. Future drought assessment systems will likely combine physiologically based crop growth and yield models with soil characteristics, weather data, and Earth satellite spectral scanner observations.
Satellite-based metrics of rangeland complexity and cattle stocking rates in Kansas

Abstract We examine relationships between landscape scale measurements of rangeland complexity and cattle stocking rates in Kansas. Rangeland complexity was characterized using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite imagery and the USGS National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD). Satellite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values were summed over the 2002 growing-season and then summarized by county. FRAGSTATS spatial pattern analysis software was used to derive 43 metrics of landscape complexity for each county. The metrics used were of two types: spatial pattern metrics, which quantify the shape and distribution of rangeland patches in each county; and spectral diversity metrics, which take advantage of variation in NDVI values to quantify complexity within each rangeland patch. A principle components analysis step-wise regression model revealed a strong correlation between rangeland complexity and cattle stocking rates (r2 = 0.53, p =0.000). This suggests that, from a rangeland ...
Characterization of genes encoding poly(A) polymerases in plants: evidence for duplication and functional specialization.

Background Poly(A) polymerase is a key enzyme in the machinery that mediates mRNA 3′ end formation in eukaryotes. In plants, poly(A) polymerases are encoded by modest gene families. To better understand this multiplicity of genes, poly(A) polymerase-encoding genes from several other plants, as well as from Selaginella, Physcomitrella, and Chlamydomonas, were studied. Methodology/Principal Findings Using bioinformatics tools, poly(A) polymerase-encoding genes were identified in the genomes of eight species in the plant lineage. Whereas Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was found to possess a single poly(A) polymerase gene, other species possessed between two and six possible poly(A) polymerase genes. With the exception of four intron-lacking genes, all of the plant poly(A) polymerase genes (but not the C. reinhardtii gene) possessed almost identical intron positions within the poly(A) polymerase coding sequences, suggesting that all plant poly(A) polymerase genes derive from a single ancestral gene. The four Arabidopsis poly(A) polymerase genes were found to be essential, based on genetic analysis of T-DNA insertion mutants. GFP fusion proteins containing three of the four Arabidopsis poly(A) polymerases localized to the nucleus, while one such fusion protein was localized in the cytoplasm. The fact that this latter protein is largely pollen-specific suggests that it has important roles in male gametogenesis. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that poly(A) polymerase genes have expanded from a single ancestral gene by a series of duplication events during the evolution of higher plants, and that individual members have undergone sorts of functional specialization so as to render them essential for plant growth and development. Perhaps the most interesting of the plant poly(A) polymerases is a novel cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase that is expressed in pollen in Arabidopsis; this is reminiscent of spermatocyte-specific cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerases in mammals.
Maximum microwave conversion efficiency from a modulated intense relativistic electron beam.

We calculate the power transfer from an intense modulated electron beam to an external load. The simple model fully incorporates various effects such as nonlinear beam loading, finite transit time, ac and dc space charges, and the beam's initial velocity modulation. We show that a fully modulated beam may deliver up to a maximum of 57% of its power to a load without forming a virtual cathode.
New AGU mineral physics committee

A new Committee on Mineral Physics consisting of Orson Anderson (chairman), Peter Bell, Raymond Jeanloz, Robert Lieberman, Murli Manghnani, Alexandra Navrotsky, Tom Shankland, Joseph E. Smith, and Donald Weidner has been approved by the AGU Executive Committee. The increasing number of research groups in an area that combines the study of mineral properties and solid state sciences (materials research) created the impetus for this new committee. At AGU meetings, mineral physics studies have been included in recent years in sessions of Volcanology, Petrology, and Geochemistry and sessions of Tectonophysics. A portion of the charter for the new committee includes arranging special sessions for mineral physics that would bridge the two sections.
The importance of iatrogenesis in the founding of modern neonatology.

There is enough interest in iatrogenesis in adult medicine today. The press echoes this, too. In the late 1950s, a new field of medicine in pediatrics began to emerge — Neonatology. The technology and information gained from research in physiology and biochemistry, pharmacology and antibacterial drugs and capability for micro-monitoring and micro-chemistry gained from aviation and space research contributed to the increased interest in the study and treatment of newborns. The infants of that time were already being looked upon as "Therapeutic Orphans" as a burst of harmful and disastrous results were being reported, not only from new drugs and technology, but from the old and accepted ones. This body of knowledge needed to be coordinated and controlled for education and research. Thus, iatrogenic observations truly served as an impetus for the cartoon, "Neonatology — A Six-Finger Exercise" in 1958, which showed the importance of thinking about iatrogenesis when looking at each sick infant along with the traditional clinical conditions, each body system and for birth defects. An appendage was tied with a suture and appropriately called pediatrica iatrogenica.
Tortured Bodies, Loved Bodies: Gendering African Popular Fiction

This essay examines the gendering of the crime novel in an African context. Specifically, it proposes that Malian Author Aida Diallo’s novel Kouty, memoire de sang uses the gendered body to critique the West’s delight in pornographies of sub-Saharan African violence while challenging the masculinist tendencies of African male authors of crime fiction. Most powerfully, the protagonist abides by and disturbs the continuity between gender and genre. By introducing recognizable tropes from the romance novel, Diallo productively challenges the persistent hegemonic strains residing latently within this popular literary tradition. In so doing, she finally, and this through a strategic manipulation and blending of popular forms proposes an inaugural African writing free to represent increasingly global, and yet resolutely local subjectivities.
Spin dependent deuteron-nucleus interaction caused by the coupling to stripping channels

Abstract Previously employed coupled equations which describe the dissociation and (recombination) of the incident deuteron into (and from) the stripping channels have been reformulated in order to include the spins of the proton, deuteron and the final nucleus involved in the reaction. The effects of nonorthogonality of the incident and the reaction channel are still ignored in the present formulation, as well as the effects due to deuteron breakup. Attention is focused on the spin orbit character of the nonlocal deuteronnucleus interaction which results from the presence of the coupling to the spin dependent stripping channels. A numerical application to the case of 11-MeV deuterons incident on 40 Ca is presented. It is found that roughly half of the vector polarization in the deuteron channel arises from the coupling to the stripping channels. The experimental j dependence of the stripping transition to the 2p 1 2 and 2p 3 2 states in 41 Ca near 100° is not reproduced, and the numerical study suggests that inclusion of deuteron-breakup channels into the coupled equations is called for.
Coronal Transients: A Summary

Observations with orbiting coronagraphs have illuminated the role of coronal mass ejections in solar activity, and raised a number of questions concerning their origin, the nature of the forces driving the coronal material, and their signature in interplanetary space. Current models of the ejection process - including propagation of loops as a result of azimuthal field gradients, ring currents or a build-up of magnetic pressure from below - are summarized, as are magnetohydrodynamic codes intended to stimulate transient conditions. Metric radio observations, can, in principle, distinguish the relative role of the magnetic field in the ejection process; observations to date are surveyed. It is concluded that at present, no compelling evidence is available to distinguish between transient driving mechanisms, but future observations of the corona and interplanetary medium may resolve the present ambiguity.
Metastatic Behavior of Rhabdomyosarcoma

Summary Embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma probably have the same histogenesis, yet alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma has a considerably worse prognosis and is generally less responsive to treatment. The metastatic behavior of rhabdomyosarcoma in 22 autopsied subjects was analyzed with respect to the histologic subtypes of the tumors to determine whether the more aggressive behavior of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma was related to greater tumor burden and/or more widely disseminated metastases. Subjects with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma tended to survive longer and had greater numbers of metastatic sites at autopsy compared to subjects with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, but these differences were not statistically significant. In addition, there were no significant differences in the overall distribution of metastases between embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The most frequent sites of metastases from both types of tumor were soft tissues (73%), serosal surfaces (64%), lymph nodes (64%), lungs (55%), and bone marrow (50%). The findings suggest that the metastatic behavior of rhabdomyosarcoma does not vary as a function of length of survival, mode of therapy, or histologic subtype. We propose that factors such as stage of disease at presentation and location of the primary tumor, rather than histologic subtype, are probably the most important variables governing the therapeutic responsiveness of rhabdomyosarcoma.
A numerical stable method for integration of the multicomponent species diffusion equations

Abstract A diagonally implicit method is shown to be an effective method for integrating the multicomponent species conservation equations. The constitutive equation for multicomponent diffusion is recast into a form analogous to that for binary diffusion, except that the diffusion coefficient is replaced with a matrix of effective multicomponent diffusion coefficients. The resulting matrix has properties that allow the diagonal terms to be integrated implicitly and the off-diagonal terms to be integrated explicitly. Numerical experiments show the integration procedure is stable for time steps much larger than the diffusion equation time step condition.
A mantispid larva can preserve its spider egg prey: evidence for an aggressive allomone

Data indicate that larvae of Mantispa uhleri Banks can halt the development of their spider egg prey. Absence of mechanical injury to the eggs suggests that halting is accomplished with an aggressive allomone. Such a mechanism allows larvae to consume eggs that might otherwise have hatched.
Monopolies as “Mechanical Defects”: Frank H. Knight on Market Power

This essay examines Frank Knight's view of monopolies in a market economy through an exegesis of his writings. A cogent development of Frank Knight's theory of monopolies is conspicuously absent in the economic literature. His prominence in the discipline and the influence his work has had on others establish his views as significant in the intellectural history of the theory of capitalist competition. The study focuses on Knight's characterization of monopolies and his views as to the appropriateness of coercive repressive regulatory policies. Also, capitalistic monopolies are discussed in the context of Knight's critical attitude toward economic and philosophic dogma and his disdain for centralized economic planning. The following section deals with the Knightian view of the nature of monopolies and categorization of types of monopolies. Then, the philosophical basis for Knight's position onmonopolies is presented. Specifically, the concentration of economic power in capitalism is explained in terms of Knight's perceptions of social reformers, static equilibrium analysis, and economic planning.
Computed Tomography and Radiation Risks: What Pediatric Health Care Providers Should Know

Computed tomography (CT) is an extremely valuable diagnostic tool. Recent advances, particularly multidetector technology, have provided increased and more diverse applications. However, there is also the potential for inappropriate use and unnecessary radiation dose. Because some data indicate that low-dose radiation (such as that in CT) may have a significant risk of cancer, especially in young children, it is important to limit CT radiation by following the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle. There is a variety of strategies to limit radiation dose, including performing only necessary examinations, limiting the region of coverage, and adjusting individual CT settings based on indication, region imaged, and size of the child. The pediatric health care provider has a pivotal role in the performance of CT and may be the only individual who discusses these important CT radiation issues with the child and family. For this reason, this article will summarize the issues with CT patterns of use and radiation risk, and provide dose reduction strategies pertinent to pediatric health care providers.
Wetting characteristics of E-glass textile filaments

Abstract Filaments from heat cleaned and silane finished E-glass cloth were subjected to wetting experiments to discern glass surface energetics resulting from an industrial manufacturing process. Work of adhesion quantified solid/liquid wetting, which was divided into components arising from dispersion force and hydrogen bonding attractions. Measurements of work of adhesion using water and non-polar oils showed dispersion force attraction to rise and hydrogen bonding interaction to decline when heat cleaned cloth was finished with silanes.
Continuous enzymatic saccharification of cellulose with culture filtrates of trichoderma viride QM 6a.

Continuous saccharification of Solka Floc (cellulose pulp) in single and four-vessel stirred-tank reactor systems has been possible employing enzymes obtained directly from submerged fermentation of Trichoderma viride QM 6a. Studies on the effect of modification of the solid substrate, enzyme stability, substrate concentration, and the influence of reducing sugar concentration on the rate of hydrolysis are reported. While susceptibility of substrate to digestion is not affected by heating alone, it is strikingly increased by heating plus grinding, or by grinding following heating. Batch and steady state continuous saccharification experiments have yielded more than 5% reducing sugar in the effluent with a dilution rate of 0.025 hr−1 at 50°C, at a substrate level of 10%. An average glucose concentration of 3.4% has been obtained in the effluent of a continuous saccharification using 5% substrate at the same dilution rate and temperature.