cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide analysis of mRNA lengths in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Although the protein-coding sequences in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome have been studied and annotated extensively, much less is known about the extent and characteristics of the untranslated regions of yeast mRNAs. We developed a 'Virtual Northern' method, using DNA microarrays for genome-wide systematic analysis of mRNA lengths. We used this method to measure mRNAs corresponding to 84% of the annotated open reading frames (ORFs) in the S. cerevisiae genome, with high precision and accuracy (measurement errors ± 6-7%). We found a close linear relationship between mRNA lengths and the lengths of known or predicted translated sequences; mRNAs were typically around 300 nucleotides longer than the translated sequences. Analysis of genes deviating from that relationship identified ORFs with annotation errors, ORFs that appear not to be bona fide genes, and potentially novel genes. Interestingly, we found that systematic differences in the total length of the untranslated sequences in mRNAs were related to the functions of the encoded proteins. The Virtual Northern method provides a practical and efficient method for genome-scale analysis of transcript lengths. Approximately 12-15% of the yeast genome is represented in untranslated sequences of mRNAs. A systematic relationship between the lengths of the untranslated regions in yeast mRNAs and the functions of the proteins they encode may point to an important regulatory role for these sequences.
Division and DNA Synthesis in the Kinetoplast of Crithidia Fasciculata

In Crithidia fasciculata division of the kinetoplast occurs prior to karyokinesis. Kinetoplast division involves the lateral replication of the nucleoid, and the subsequent constriction and ‘pinching off’ of the nucleoid and mitochondrial components. Two subunits are produced. DNA synthesis in the kinetoplast and the nucleus is overlapping but asynchronous. Experiments for short labelling times indicate that the kinetoplast S period either precedes, succeeds or is simultaneous with the nuclear period of DNA synthesis. The kinetoplast divides in a manner in which some radioactivity is transmitted to each unit.
Lives of a journal.

In July, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry developed two new ‘lives’. As with most journals, CMP began as a print only entity, distributed by means of the traditional post. Over time, the journal entered the digital age and developed a non-print life. Now the vast majority of CMP’s subscriptions are digital and downloads of the Journal articles surpass 60,000 per year. With our September issue, Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry announces other ‘digital lives’ of the Journal that have recently appeared online and are accompanied by a new website: culturemedicinepsychiatry.com. Increasingly, we rely on the interconnectivity that digital platforms provide. The real-time dissemination through Twitter, Facebook, and the blogosphere are now facts of life and are the new more rapid means of communication and contact. The CMP blog and its linked social media platforms (@CMPjournal and FaceBook) will provide insights from a millennial medical anthropology that synthesizes medical anthropology and other medical social sciences, medical history, bioethics, and medical humanities. Additionally, the website facilitates easier and more direct access to submission requirements, news, and updates (and links to our issues on SpringerLink). The present issue, which features a special section, demonstrates another way CMP seeks flexibility, and offers specific guidelines for the various categories of submissions with each appearing as pages on the site. Due to the success of the Journal over the last 7 years, we now welcome some three to four times the submissions that CMP received at the start of the tenure of the present Editor-in-Chief (mid 2007). As a consequence, CMP has been moved to streamline our double-blind peer-reviewed submission process by migrating to an online tracking system. At the same time, however, we are interested in preserving personal contact with our authors and recognize the impersonality and other problems with the vagaries of digital interaction. Thus, the Managing Editor, (Dr)
The evolution of drug trafficking and organized crime in latin america

This article analyses the evolution of illegal drug economy in the Americas over the past two decades. It identifies eight key trends that have characterized illicit drug trafficking and organized crime as of mid-2011. They are: (1) the increasing globalization of drug consumption; (2) the limited victories and unintended consequences of the U.S.-led ‘War on Drugs’; (3) the proliferation of cultivation areas and of drug smuggling routes; (4) the dispersion and fragmentation of organized criminal groups; (5) the failure of political reform and state-building efforts; (6) the inadequacies U.S. domestic drug and crime control policies; (7) the ineffectiveness of regional and international drug control policies; (8) the growing support for legalization debate.
Learning, Capital Accumulation, and the Transformation of California Agriculture

Between 1890 and 1914, California agriculture rapidly shifted from extensive to intensive crops, emerging as one of the world's major suppliers of Mediterranean products. Based on an analysis of new data on price and quantity movements, this article calls into question the traditional emphasis on changes in transportation, water, and labor market conditions as explanations for California's transformation. It argues that increases in fruit supply outpaced increases in demand and that declining farm interest rates and biological learning played crucial, if relatively neglected, roles in the intensification process.
Performance of priorities on an 802.5 token ring

The IEEE 802.5 token ring allows the user to define multiple message priorities. The priority mechanism is implemented using a reservation scheme whereby packets attempt to reserve the token. We present an analytic model that predicts mean delay for each priority level. We show that operation of the priority mechanism is not free; that is, there is a well-defined cost (measured in terms of increased average message delay) associated with its implementation, and that in general there is minimal discrimination made between the various priority levels. We also show that the cost of the priority mechanism is an easily computable function of various network parameters. One of the circumstances where the priority mechanism results in a large discrimination between priorities is when service is limited to a single packet per received token. We show that single-packet-per-token service is necessary (but not sufficient) to gain maximum benefit from priority operation. Our main conclusion is that the network user will not, in general, receive much benefit from the priority mechanism since the priority mechanism can in fact increase slightly the delay for all priorities. The exception to this statement occurs when the network is operating under fairly extreme conditions which are well defined, and which we believe are unlikely in most installations.
Trap Evaluations for Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Various trap types were evaluated for catching western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). More western flower thrips were attracted to blue (458-nm peak reflectance) sticky card traps compared with yellow (560 nm) or white sticky card traps. Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs; 465-nm peak emission) increased the efficacy of blue sticky card traps for catching western flower thrips. Numbers of western flower thrips caught on blue flat rectangular card traps were increased 2.0–2.5 times when cards were equipped with blue LEDs. Hoverflies adults are pollinators, and larvae are natural enemies of aphids and other pest insects. Hoverfly adults were attracted to blue sticky card traps. Nylon screen cages effectively excluded the hoverflies from the blue sticky card traps.
Molecular analysis of NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to gefitinib or erlotinib

7078 Background: We previously reported that in 2 of 5 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with acquired resistance to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib, tumors...
MSCs as Therapeutics

Marrow has long been recognized as a source of osteoprogenitor cells. Such cells are a member of a heterogeneous group of cells that I have termed mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) because they can be induced to form a number of differentiated mesenchymal cell types. With the realization that many of these MSCs are perivascular cells, pericytes, also comes the realization that they secrete a large array of bioactive molecules that are immunomodulator and trophic. In this context, the differentiation capabilities are less important than their medicinal capacity and their regenerative potential in a number of diseases and medical conditions. Thus, we propose the suggestion that they could be called medicinal signaling cells (MSCs).
Follow-up of multiple aneuploidies and single monosomies detected by noninvasive prenatal testing: implications for management and counseling

Objectives To determine the underlying biological basis for noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) results of multiple aneuploidies or autosomal monosomies. Methods Retrospective analysis of 113,415 tests to determine the study cohort, consisting of 138 (0.12%) cases reported as a single autosomal monosomy (n = 65), single trisomy with a sex chromosome aneuploidy (n = 36), or with multiple aneuploidies (n = 37). Clinical outcome information was reviewed and stratified into eight categories according to whether the karyotype or sonographic information agreed or disagreed with sequencing results. Results Of 67 cases with fetal or neonatal karyotypes available, 16 (24%) were partially or fully concordant with the NIPT result, 4 (6%) had aneuploidy on a reference chromosome, and 47 (70%) had normal fetal chromosomes, in which 5/47 had maternal malignancies reported. One case of maternal mosaic trisomy 8 was also detected. Of cases with no fetal karyotype information, ten had an abnormal clinical outcome, one was a normal live birth, and one reported maternal malignancy. Conclusions Noninvasive prenatal test results of autosomal monosomy or multiple aneuploidies are rare but have a diversity of underlying biologic causes. Some reflect the fetal karyotype; some reflect the presence of other maternal or fetal chromosome abnormalities, and a small number are linked to maternal disease. © 2016 Illumina. Prenatal Diagnosis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of heavy ions in space and their biologically important characteristics.

A review of the galactic cosmic-ray energy spectra of heavy ions with Z not greater than 28 is presented. Fluxes of these ions within critical body organs of astronauts travelling outside the magnetosphere will be modified from the free space values by fragmentation within the spacecraft and the bodies of the astronauts themselves. The effects of such fragmentation are presented in terms of variations in the particle flux above a given dE/dx at representative depths. Present limitations to the accuracy of such calculations are considered. The validity of dE/dx as a relevant physical parameter for characterizing the biologically important component of the heavy ion radiation environment is discussed. (auth)
TOTAL HEMISPHERICAL EMISSIVITY OF POTENTIAL STRUCTURAL MATERIALS FOR VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTOR SYSTEMS: HASTELLOY X

Total hemispherical emissivity of Alloy 617 was measured for applications in very high temperature reactors with apparatus based on ASTM Standard C835-06. The emissivity data were obtained for the...
Review: The Management of Nausea and Vomiting in Clinical Oncology

The development of cisplatin and the use of intensive combination chemotherapy have resulted in significant therapeutic advances in medical oncology, as well as the need for intensive supportive care aimed at ameliorating enhanced toxicity. From the patient's perspective, the most prominent adverse effects of chemotherapy are nausea and vomiting. Inadequate control of these symptoms leads to physiologic debilitation and psychologic distress, sequelae that result in either the patient being medically unable to continue therapy or noncompliant. Recent antiemetic research has created a voluminous data base from which the appropriate management of many aspects of chemotherapy-induced emesis can be gleaned. Despite these advances, at least 30% of patients continue to experience some degree of acute emesis with chemotherapy, and the problems of delayed and anticipatory nausea and vomiting have just begun to be addressed. Effective management of chemotherapy-induced emesis is an important aspect of the total care of oncologic patients, improving patient compliance and enhancing the therapeutic index of chemotherapy regimens resulting in a decrease in the overall morbidity and mortality of cancer therapy.
Gender-Blind Sexism and Rape Myth Acceptance

The purpose of this article is to explore whether gender-blind sexism, as an extension of Bonilla-Silva's racialized social system theory, is an appropriate theoretical framework for understanding the creation and continued prevalence of rape myth acceptance. Specifically, we hypothesize that individuals who hold attitudes consistent with the frames of gender-blind sexism are more likely to accept common rape myths. Data for this article come from an online survey administered to the entire undergraduate student body at a large Midwestern institution (N = 1,401). Regression analysis showed strong support for the effects of gender-blind sexism on rape myth acceptance.
Abstract A25: Public and provider awareness and use of a CA‐125 test for ovarian cancer

Introduction: CA‐125 is a serum marker approved for detecting recurrent ovarian cancer in women with a personal history of ovarian cancer. Several large trials have investigated the use of CA‐125 (alone or in combination with transvaginal ultrasound [TVU]) as a screening test for ovarian cancer. However, this test has generally been associated with a low positive predictive value and trials have concluded that screening asymptomatic women in the average risk population with CA‐125 is not beneficial. Still, there remains widespread discussion and marketing of ovarian cancer screening tests that include CA‐125. Since little is known about public and provider awareness of CA‐125, the objective of this study was to measure women9s familiarity with the CA‐125 test, and clinician beliefs about the effectiveness of screening for ovarian cancer with CA‐125 in the United States. Methods: In 2008, CDC funded the collection of data as part of its national awareness campaign, Inside Knowledge: Get the Facts About Gynecologic Cancer. Several questions related to CA‐125 were included as part of a standardized, survey administered annually in the contiguous United States by Porter Novelli. The HealthStyles survey included 2,991 female respondents age ≥ 18 years, and the DocStyles survey included 1,250 physician respondents of family/general practitioners (n=510), internists (n=490), and obstetrician/gynecologists (n=250). Participant responses to CA‐125‐related questions for the HealthStyles survey were weighted to match the demographic distribution of the general population. Chi‐square tests were used to assess differences with the p‐value set to 0.05. Results: Overall, most women (56%) had not heard of the CA‐125 test, 29% had heard of it, and 15% were unsure. Demographic characteristics generally were similar for women who had not heard of the CA‐125 test, except that women who had heard of the test more often were over age 45 (58% vs 37%) (p Conclusions: The large percentage of physicians who believe CA‐125 is an effective screen for ovarian cancer signals the need for improved education. Educational efforts geared toward the public and providers that include both lack of evidence for screening with CA‐125, as well as the potential harms of false‐positive CA‐125 tests should be a priority for public health programs and awareness campaigns. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):A25.
Controlling the Thermoelectric Properties of Thiophene-Derived Single-Molecule Junctions

Thermoelectrics are famously challenging to optimize, because of inverse coupling of the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity, both of which control the thermoelectric power factor. Inorganic–organic interfaces provide a promising route for realization of the strong electrical and thermal asymmetries required for thermoelectrics. In this work, transport properties of inorganic–organic interfaces are probed and understood at the molecular scale using the STM-break junction measurement technique, theory, and a class of newly synthesized molecules. We synthesized a series of disubstituted thiophene derivatives varying the length of alkylthio-linkers and the number of thiophene rings. These molecules allow the systematic tuning of electronic resonances within the junction. We observed that these molecules have a decreasing Seebeck coefficient with increasing length of the alkyl chain, while oligothiophene junctions show an increasing Seebeck coefficient with length. We find that thiophene–Au juncti...
Stratigraphy and Fossil Plants from the Cutler Formation (Late Paleozoic) and their Paleoclimatic Implications, Eastern Paradox Basin, Colorado

Exposures of the late Paleozoic Cutler Formation, near the town of Gateway, Colorado, have traditionally been interpreted as the product of alluvial-fan deposition along the western flank of the Uncompahgre uplift and within the easternmost portion of the Paradox Basin. The Paradox Basin formed between the western margin of the Uncompahgre uplift, a segment of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, and the western paleoshoreline of the North American portion of Pangea. This part of Pangea is commonly thought to have experienced semi-arid to arid conditions and warm temperatures during the Pennsylvanian and Permian. We present stratigraphic and fossil plant evidence in this paper to support prior interpretations that the Cutler near Gateway, Colorado, was deposited by alluvial fans that hosted localized wetland areas. Our findings are consistent with the results of prior studies that have suggested the climate in the area was warm, semi-arid, and ice-free at the time the plants described in this paper were living. Plant fossils collected from the Cutler Formation came from two sites in The Palisade Wilderness Study Area (managed by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management) of western Colorado. The stratigraphic sections at the sites were composed mostly of pebble to cobble conglomerate and sandstone, but the fossil plants were mainly preserved in fine-grained intervals (fine-grained sandstone to siltstone). The preservation of plant fossils in the proximal Cutler Formation is remarkable because the surrounding sections consist mostly of conglomerate and sandstone interpreted as fluvial and debris-flow deposits. The fine-grained strata containing the plant horizons must have been deposited in a wet and protected setting, possibly a spring-fed abandoned channel on the alluvial fan. The plants and their surrounding sediment must have been rapidly buried in order to allow for long-term preservation of the fossils. It seems likely that vegetation was abundant in and adjacent to low-lying wet areas on the fan’s surface, based on the abundance of plant fossils found at the two sites. The fossil plant assemblage includes Calamites, Walchia, and Pecopteris. The flora are interpreted to have lived near the apex of the alluvial-fan system. These fossils suggest that warm and at least seasonally and locally wet conditions existed in the area during the time that the plants were growing. More arid conditions during the late Paleozoic are suggested by the characteristics of some of the time-equivalent and near time-equivalent rocks exposed to the west of the study area in the central Paradox Basin.
Non-occupational Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Analysis of 201 Incidents

[Objective]To analyze the basic features of non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning,and explore the effective prevention and control measures.[Methods]Descriptive analysis was performed on 201 incidents of non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning reported from November 1st,2009-October 31st,2010 in a district of Beijing City.[Results]Non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning occurred frequently in winter heating period(81.6%)and the rurban areas(55.2%),with the peak in January 2010(38.3%).98.5% occurred in family,94.0% due to improper use of coal-fired heating with 260 poisoned cases,the young and middle-aged(41.2%),women(54.2%) were the major,52.7% were sent to emergency centre with hyperbaric oxygen therapy condition.[Conclusion]Only strengthening health education about carbon monoxide poisoning knowledge,improving safety awareness,emphasizing the importance of indoor ventilation,correct use of stove,gas water heaters and other heating facilities,can effectively prevent non-occupational carbon monoxide poisoning.Once discovering carbon monoxide poisoning patients,they should be sent to medical institutions with hyperbaric oxygen therapy condition as soon as possible.
Method for modeling post-mortem biometric 3D fingerprints

Despite the advancements of fingerprint recognition in 2-D and 3-D domain, authenticating deformed/post-mortem fingerprints continue to be an important challenge. Prior cleansing and reconditioning of the deceased finger is required before acquisition of the fingerprint. The victim’s finger needs to be precisely and carefully operated by a medium to record the fingerprint impression. This process may damage the structure of the finger, which subsequently leads to higher false rejection rates. This paper proposes a non-invasive method to perform 3-D deformed/post-mortem finger modeling, which produces a 2-D rolled equivalent fingerprint for automated verification. The presented novel modeling method involves masking, filtering, and unrolling. Computer simulations were conducted on finger models with different depth variations obtained from Flashscan3D LLC. Results illustrate that the modeling scheme provides a viable 2-D fingerprint of deformed models for automated verification. The quality and adaptability of the obtained unrolled 2-D fingerprints were analyzed using NIST fingerprint software. Eventually, the presented method could be extended to other biometric traits such as palm, foot, tongue etc. for security and administrative applications.
Obstruction of the Male Reproductive Tract

Anatomic obstruction of the male reproductive ducts may be congenital, inflammatory or iatrogenic in origin. Two cases of congenital obstruction and 1 case of iatrogenic obstruction are presented. Accurate identification of the etiology and location of the obstruction is necessary for patient counseling and choice of treatment.
Fatal cobalt toxicity after total hip arthroplasty revision for fractured ceramic components.

Context: Post-arthroplasty metallosis, which refers to metallic corrosion and deposition of metallic debris in the periprosthetic soft tissues of the body, is an uncommon complication. Systemic cob...
Spectral and color M-mode Doppler in genetically altered mice. Assessment of diastolic function.

Doppler indices of transmitral flow are used commonly to assess noninvasively LV diastolic function in man and in large animals. This review examines echocardiographic indices of LV diastole (focusing on color M-mode) in mice with abnormal LV relaxation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy based on genetic alterations of phospholamban and alpha-tropomyosin, respectively. Phospholamban (PLB) reversibly inhibits the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase and is a crucial regulator of myocardial relaxation; tropomyosin is a contractile protein that plays a critical role in regulating contractile activity vis-a-vis interactions with the actin and troponin complex. Accordingly, diastolic function was assessed in PLB knockout mice (PLB/KO) and age-matched transgenic mice expressing a mutant, superinhibiting form of PLB (PLB/N27A), and in mice with cardiac-specific expression a mutant a-tropomyosin (TM-180). Transmitral Doppler flow indexes suggested impaired diastolic filling in the PLB/N27A mice, but improved LV diastolic function in the PLB/KO mice and TM-180 mutants. However, the propagation velocity of early flow into the LV cavity, measured by color M-mode Doppler, confirmed the expected direction of altered LV relaxation in each mouse model. We conclude that transmitral filling patterns and color M-mode flow propagation velocity reflect changes in myocardial relaxation in genetically engineered mice, and may be useful tools to characterize LV diastolic function in other mouse models of disease.
Using the Big Picture Approach to Integrate Sustainability in Business-to-Business Marketing

Sustainability (or being “green”) has been identified as a key macro megatrend (Lubin and Esty 2010), but many organizations are struggling with how to operationalize the concept of sustainability for a competitive advantage (Nidumolu, Prahalad and Rangaswami 2009). This is particularly important for sustainability business-to-business marketing where there are numerous opportunities for creating a competitive advantage (Sharma, Iyer, Mehrotra, & Krishnan, 2009). The Big Picture marketing framework (Nordhielm 2006) offers one potential way for organizations to address this issue because it provides a framework that promotes a structured, disciplined approach to market analysis and decision-making. This research examines how Ecolab Inc. uses The Big Picture framework to include sustainability variables into its business-to business marketing and new product development processes.
The Paradox of End-of-Life Hospital Treatment Intensity among Black Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Abstract Objective: Black patients are more likely than white patients to die in the hospital with intensive care and life-sustaining treatments and less likely to use hospice. Regional concentration of high end-of-life (EOL) treatment intensity practice patterns may disproportionately affect black patients. We calculated and compared race-specific hospital-level EOL treatment intensity in Pennsylvania. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of Pennsylvania acute care hospital admissions, 2001–2007, among black and white admissions ≥21 years old at high probability of dying (HPD) (≥15% predicted probability of dying at admission). We calculated hospitals' race-specific observed, expected, and Bayes' shrunken observed-to-expected ratios of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ICU length of stay (LOS), intubation/mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, tracheostomy, and gastrostomy among HPD admissions; and an empirically weighted EOL treatment intensity index summing these ratios. Results: The...
Effective Approach of Finding Missing Children Using Face Age Progressed Prediction Method

An improved way of finding missing children is presented in the paper. It is very difficult, time consuming, tedious, and least efficient method to find missing children through traditional methodologies. Using the advanced method, the factor of facial transfiguration of a child is considered with increases the search efficiency. Large numbers of missing children cases are registered in their young age. These lost or kidnapped or missing children undergo huge facial transformation caused by several external, internal, and biological factors. Human face age progressed prediction is the recent upcoming research field which is used to study and decode these facial transfigurations efficiently. The facial image is being fragmented into parts to increase the granularity of face prediction with age progression. The growth curve of feature is used to predict the shape, size, and location of each and every feature at a different age. Hence, this increases the success rate of finding missing child. Various algorithms and image processing techniques are used to carry out this study. This paper aims at finding missing children with the most effective computational method.
Lateral torsional buckling of anisotropic laminated thin-walled simply supported beams subjected to mid-span concentrated load

Abstract In this paper, a generalized semi-analytical approach for lateral-torsional buckling of simply supported anisotropic, thin-walled, rectangular cross-section beams under concentrated load at mid-span/mid-height was developed using the classical laminated plate theory as a basis for the constitutive equations. A closed form buckling expression was derived in terms of the lateral, torsional and coupling stiffness coefficients of the overall composite. These coefficients were obtained through dimensional reduction by static condensation of the general 6x6 constitutive matrix mapped into an effective 2 × 2 coupled weak axis bending-twisting relationship. The resulting two coupled stability differential equations are manipulated to yield a single governing differential equation in terms of the twisting angle. This differential equation with variable coefficients, subjected to applicable boundary conditions, was solved numerically using Mathematica. The resulting solution was found to correlate with the effective lateral-flexure, torsional and coupling stiffness coefficients to yield a general semi-analytical solution. An analytical formula was possible to extract, which was verified against finite element buckling solutions using ABAQUS for a wide range of lamination orientations showing excellent accuracy. The stability of the beam under different geometric and material parameters, like length/height ratio, layer thickness, and ply orientation, was investigated.
Abstract 12314: β-2-Hydroxyglutarate Inhibits Glycolysis in Pulmonary Vascular Cells

β-2-hydroxyglutarate (L2HG) is a metabolite of unknown function that we have found to increase in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and lung fibroblasts (PAEC, PASMC, LF) i...
Polynyas and Other Polar Phenomena

The important roles of sensible and latent heat polynyas, the Odden, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave, polar outbreaks, icebergs, and other features and processes in the polar oceans are discussed in the context of their spatial distributions and frequency of occurrences as inferred from long term and synoptic observations by satellite sensors. Satellite data have provided valuable insights into how these special features could affect the thermohaline circulation and primary productivity of the oceans and cause deep vertical convection, ocean ventilation, storminess, and horizontal transport of salt in the polar oceans. It is apparent that large changes are occurring, including frequency of occurrence of the Odden and the character of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave. Many questions remain, but some answers are possible through concurrent use of satellite data, in situ data and numerical models.
Dairy fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in 3 cohorts of US men and women

Background Previous studies have examined dairy products with various fat contents in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk, although data regarding dairy fat intake per se are sparse. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the association between dairy fat intake and risk of T2D in 3 prospective cohorts. We also examined associations for isocalorically replacing dairy fat with other macronutrients. Methods We prospectively followed 41,808 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS; 1986-2012), 65,929 women in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS; 1984-2012), and 89,565 women in the NHS II (1991-2013). Diet was assessed quadrennially using validated FFQs. Fat intake from dairy products and other relevant sources was expressed as percentage of total energy. Self-reported incident T2D cases were confirmed using validated supplementary questionnaires. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the HR for dairy fat intake and T2D risk. Results During 4,219,457 person-years of follow-up, we documented 16,511 incident T2D cases. Dairy fat was not associated with risk of T2D when compared with calories from carbohydrates (HR for extreme quintiles: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.95, 1.02). Replacing 5% of calories from dairy fat with other sources of animal fat or carbohydrate from refined grains was associated with a 17% (HR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.21) and a 4% (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.08) higher risk of T2D, respectively. Conversely, a 5% calorie replacement with carbohydrate from whole grains was associated with a 7% lower risk of T2D (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98). Conclusions Dairy fat intake was not associated with T2D risk in these cohort studies of US men and women when compared with calories from carbohydrate. Replacing dairy fat with carbohydrates from whole grains was associated with lower risk of T2D. Replacement with other animal fats or refined carbohydrates was associated with higher risk.
Reinforcement Learning for Mixed Cooperative/Competitive Dynamic Spectrum Access

A dynamic spectrum sharing problem with a mixed collaborative/competitive objective and partial information about peers’ performances that arises from the DARPA Spectrum Collaboration Challenge is considered. Because of the very high complexity of the problem and the enormous size of the state space, it is broken down into the subproblems of channel selection, flow admission control, and transmission schedule assignment. The channel selection problem is the focus of this paper. A reinforcement learning algorithm based on a reduced state is developed to select channels, and a neural network is used as a function approximator to fill in missing values in the resulting input-action matrix. The performance is compared with that obtained by a hand-tuned expert system.
“Let’s Get Ready to Crumble”: Black Municipal Leadership and Public Housing Transformation in the United States:

U.S. cities transform public housing. Black municipal leadership (BML) may influence the scale and character of public housing removal and redevelopment. Informed by the “Black urban regime” litera...
"Thick Section" Gram Stain Yields Improved Detection of Organisms in Tissue Sections of Cystic Neutrophilic Granulomatous Mastitis.

OBJECTIVES Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis (CNGM) is an uncommon subtype of granulomatous mastitis featuring epithelioid histiocytes/neutrophils rimming discrete cystic spaces. When present, gram-positive bacteria (typically Corynebacterium species) are identified within these cystic spaces, although they can be difficult to appreciate on tissue sections. METHODS Based on pilot gram-stained tissue sections of CNGM cases cut on 6 μm thickness (in which bacterial organisms were more readily identifiable) instead of the traditional 4 μm, a formal comparative analysis of 19 CNGM cases was performed on parallel 6-μm ("thick") vs 4-μm sections from one representative block per case. RESULTS Biopsies (n = 17) and excisional specimens (n = 2) from 19 CNGM cases were included. Gram-positive palisaded rods were identified in seven cases using 4-μm sections and in 11 cases using 6-μm sections (sensitivity of 37% vs 58% in identifying organisms). Among all seven cases of organisms seen on the 4-μm section Gram stain, the paired 6-μm section Gram stain showed a higher number of and more readily identifiable bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Thick section Gram stain of representative tissue blocks performed at 6 μm improves both detection rate and ease of identification of gram-positive organisms in CNGM.
Efficacy of differenthyperbaric oxygen treatment time for focal cerebral infarction in rabbits andmicrodialysis study

：Objective To observe thetherapeutic efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) for focal cerebral infraction influencedby the treatment time after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rabbits.Methods Seventy-five male rabbits were randomly divided into simple MCAO group (n=25),MCAO+HBO group (100% O2, 250 kPa, 1 h/d, from 1 d after MCAO, n=25) and MCAO+DHBO group(100% O2, 250 kPa, 1 h/d, from 7 d after MCAO, n=25). Behaviors and volumes of infarctionwere observed, and microdialysis was applied to monitor the concentrations of glucose,lactate, pymvate and glutamate around the infarct foci at 1, 3, 10 and 30 d afterpermanent MCAO. Results Behaviors'score was lower in MCAO+HBO group than the others(P<0.05). The infarct volume from day 3 to day 30 was significantly smaller in MCAO+HBOgroup than in the other 2 groups (P<0.05). The lactate and pyruvate ratio was increasedafter MCAO in three groups, but they were lower in the MCAO+HBO group than in the othersat day 1 and day 3 (P<0.05). The glutamate concentration was increased after MCAO,peaked at 3 d, but at day 1 and day 3 the glutamate concentration was lower in theMCAO+HBO group (P<0.05). Conclusions HBO treatment could protect the brain frominfarction through improving the energy metabolism and decreasing the excitatory aminoacids disorders around the infarct foci after MCAO in rabbits. In order to improve thetherapeutic efficacy of HBO, it should be performed as possible. Key words: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy; Focal cerebral ischemia; Microdialysis
Computer Integrated Manufacturing

The sections in this article are 1 Manufacturing Technology 2 System Engineering in Manufacturing 3 System Architecture and Design of CIM 4 System Integration 5 Integration of Factory Information 6 Metrics: Measures of Effectiveness
Daylight-activated fumigant detoxifying nanofibrous membrane based on thiol-ene click chemistry.

Abstract Daylight-activated detoxifying nanofibrous membranes (LDNMs) are fabricated by grafting benzophenone-3,3′,4,4′-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BD) and biological thiols successively on poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (EVOH) nanofibrous membrane. Taking the merits of photoactivity of BD, high-reactivity of biological thiols, and high specific surface area and porosity of the nanofibrous membrane, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) can be efficiently detoxified on the LDNMs under daylight irradiation via a thiol-ene click reaction. The detoxification function of the LDNMs is “switched on” by light irradiation and continues by following a cascade of chemical attacks of thiyl radicals formed during the photoexcitation process. The resultant LDNMs present rapid detoxification rate (i.e., t1/2 = ~30 min) and massive detoxification amount (i.e., ~12 mg/g) against 1,3-D vapor under ambient conditions. More importantly, the LDNMs perform a detoxification tailing effect after moving the light-irradiated membrane to a dark environment, thus ensuring the protective function in the absence of sufficient light sources. The detoxification property of the LDNMs in an outdoor environment with sunlight irradiation shows comparable results to the lab-scale outcomes, enabling them to serve as innovative materials for personal protective equipment in practical applications. The successful fabrication of LDNMs may inspire new insights into the design of protective materials providing aggressive protection.
New species of black corals (Cnidaria:Anthozoa: Antipatharia) from deep-sea seamounts and ridges in the North Pacific

Three new species of antipatharian corals are described from deep-sea (677-2,821 m) seamounts and ridges in the North Pacific, including Antipathes sylospongia, Alternatipathes venusta, and Umbellapathes litocrada. Most of the material for these descriptions was collected on expeditions aboard NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer that were undertaken as part of the Campaign to Address Pacific Monument Science, Technology, and Ocean Needs (CAPSTONE). One of the main goals of CAPSTONE was to characterize the deep-sea fauna in protected waters of the U.S. Pacific, as well as in the Prime Crust Zone, the area with the highest known concentration of commercially valuable deep-sea minerals in the Pacific. Species descriptions and distribution data are supplemented with in situ photo records, including those from deep-sea exploration programs that have operated in the North Pacific in addition to CAPSTONE, namely the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory (HURL), the Ocean Exploration Trust (OET), and the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI).
Comparing Performance of Methods to Deal With Differential Attrition in Randomized Experimental Evaluations.

Background: In randomized controlled trials, attrition rates often differ by treatment status, jeopardizing causal inference. Inverse probability weighting methods and estimation of treatment effec...
The rule of reality and the reality of the rule (on Soviet ideology and its “shift”)

The present article is a critical engagement with Aleksei Yurchak’s Everything Was Forever until It Was No More: The Last Soviet Generation. It contends that, as rich as Yurchak’s insights on the language culture of Brezhnev’s Stagnation have proven to be, his account ends up seriously misrepresenting the Stalinist episode in the life of Soviet ideology. This misrepresentation is due, in large part, to the problematic use of post-structuralist models, and particularly of Claude Lefort’s theorization of ideology in the modern era. Through a re-examination of Lefort’s “Outline of the Genesis of Ideology in Modern Societies,” the present article advances an alternative understanding of the discursive “shift” in Soviet ideology. Yurchak has argued that, before being set afloat in the 1950s, Soviet official discourse was held together through the figure of the “external master,” Stalin himself. The master is able to mask what Yurchak terms the “Lefort paradox” of Soviet ideology and which he glosses as the divergence between ideological enunciation and ideological “rule.” Yet Yurchak misreads Lefort’s theory, and specifically the latter’s references to “master” and “rule.” When these terms are restored to their proper theoretical significance, it becomes possible to formulate in a new way the contradictory duality at the heart of Soviet ideology. The article contends, contra Yurchak, that this is not the duality of enunciation and actual exercise of power; but rather the split internal to ideological discourse, between the “rule of reality” and the “reality of the rule.” The “shift” of Soviet ideological discourse begins as a slippage between these two ideological representations, and not as the removal of some anchor external to representation.
The Relevance of the Adverse Childhood Experience International Questionnaire to Working Children: Knowledge Gaps and Implications for Policy Makers.

(1) Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are a global challenge, prioritized in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. The ACE questionnaire is widely adopted in the USA as a tool for measuring population-level trends, such as negative health, behavioral, and economic outcomes. Intuitively, children in resource-scarce settings are exposed to higher levels of trauma. To understand the global picture, the World Health Organization (WHO) adapted the ACE international questionnaire (ACE-IQ), to inform policy and target interventions. However, evaluation of whether the ACE-IQ captures the experiences of around 160 million working children remains limited. (2) I applied the ACE-IQ scoring tools to detailed case studies of working children, comparing issues highlighted by holistic assessment to those captured by the ACE-IQ. (3) The ACE-IQ struggles to capture nuance across cultural contexts. As a consequence, application of the ACE-IQ as a policy tool risks “policy failure”. The tool reflects prevalent Western concerns, such as school attendance and parental supervision, but global concerns affecting working children such as forced economic migration and famine are neglected. This limitation produces “policy myopia”, sidelining certain global challenges. (4) The ACE-IQ is a useful public health tool, increasingly used to define policy goals. However, given the limitations of the ACE-IQ, the consequences of prioritizing these particular policy goals need to be actively acknowledged and mitigated.
Dynamics of collagen accumulation and polymorphism in murine Schistosoma japonicum.

Abstract The dynamics of hepatic collagen biosynthesis and degradation were studied in mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum . Hepatic fibrosis, the major clinical manifestation of disease, increased during acute infection (0–15 wk). The majority of proline incorporation into hydroxyproline, which was reflective of collagen synthesis, was found within hepatic egg granulomas. As the disease became chronic (20–30 wk) there was a decrease in collagen synthesis and a maintenance of total collagenolytic activity, which resulted in decreased accumulations of both total hepatic and granuloma-associated collagen. In addition to these quantitative decreases in extracellular collagen there was a qualitative change in the type of hepatic collagen synthesized. Early in infection, type I collagen was the predominant biosynthetic product, whereas late in infection type III collagen became the dominant isotype. A similar switch was seen in the substrate specificity of the constitutive collagenolytic activity, with decreasing type I activity and increasing type III activity as the disease progressed from acute (10 wk) to chronic (30 wk). These changes in the quantity and makeup of extracellular collagen may lead to amelioration of disease and potential reversability of fibrosis.
Homologs of vertebrate growth factors in Drosophila melanogaster and other invertebrates.

Publisher Summary This character illustrates that loci do not encode precursors of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like molecules that act as diffusible effectors in determinative decisions. It appears that these molecules function in association with the membranes of the cells in which they are produced and may constitute components of a class of receptors required for sensing diverse cues that specify particular cell fates during development. The molecular characterization of a number of loci that controls developmental processes in invertebrates has revealed that a subset of these genes encode products that are homologous to vertebrate growth factors. Genetic analyses of the autonomy of action and molecular analysis of the patterns of expression of these genes have demonstrated that products of some of these loci appear to act in a cell-autonomous manner, while the products of other such loci act in a non-autonomous manner.
Opening Markets and Industrial Restructuring

Abstract Industries are responding to the challenge of increasing globalization of production by restructuring into leaner and more flexible production processes in order to cut costs and gain global competitiveness. The auto industry, which is one of the most globally oriented industries has been especially involved in this movement. Since 1990 the market environment of the Argentine auto industry has changed rapidly from that of a closed, highly protected environment to an open one that includes economic integration with the world’s 9th largest auto producer, Brazil. The need to be globally competitive has forced firms to adopt Just-in-Time/Total-Quality-Control (JIT/TQC) systems of production. This paper presents micro, plant level research on the response of Argentine autopart manufacturers to this radical change in its market environment. The analysis is based on a case study of 10 well-established autopart firms which were interviewed in depth to get some idea of the measures being taken by them to ...
Island Lives: Historical Archaeologies of the Caribbean

Island Lives: Historical Archaeologies of the Caribbean. Paul Farnsworth. ed. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001. 378 pp.