cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reevaluation of the accuracy of NIST photmask linewidth standards

Every artifact measurement standard has some uncertainty associated with its calibration, and the NIST Photomask Linewidth Standards are no exception. The methods of estimating measurement uncertainty, however, and the interpretation of its meaning, have been subjects of discussion for many years. The International organization for Standardization (ISO) has recently published a Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, which outlines an operational procedure for estimating and combining the effects of the various contributing factors. A new NIST policy on measurement uncertainty has led to a change in the method of determining the uncertainty of NIST Photomask Linewidth Standards to comply with ISO recommendations. Consequently, their calibration uncertainty has changed. The new method of evaluating systematic components leads to increased systematic uncertainty, and the new method of combining uncertainty components leads to reduced calibration uncertainty. This paper describes the old and new methods and compares their results.
5-Fluorouracil neurotoxicity

Two cases of 5-fluorouracil-induced neurotoxicity from the University of North Carolina are presented. 5-Fluorouracil metabolism is briefly discussed with reference to possible mechanisms for the neurotoxicity. A possible role for thiamine supplementation in the prevention of this unusual complication is supported by our experience.
3D late gadolinium enhancement in a single prolonged breath-hold using supplemental oxygenation and hyperventilation.

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) single breath-hold late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) of the left ventricle (LV) using supplemental oxygen and hyperventilation and compressed-sensing acceleration. Methods: Breath-hold metrics [breath-hold duration, diaphragmatic/LV position drift, and maximum variation of R wave to R wave (RR) interval] without and with supplemental oxygen and hyperventilation were assessed in healthy adult subjects using a real-time single shot acquisition. Ten healthy subjects and 13 patients then underwent assessment of the proposed 3D breath-hold LGE acquisition (field of view ¼320 � 320 � 100 mm 3 , resolution ¼1.6 � 1.6 � 5.0 mm 3 , acceleration rate of 4) and a free-breathing acquisition with right hemidiaphragm navigator (NAV) respiratory gating. Semiquantitative grading of overall image quality, motion artifact, myocardial nulling, and diagnostic value was performed by consensus of two blinded observers. Results: Supplemental oxygenation and hyperventilation increased the breath-hold duration (35 611 s to 58 621 s; P 0.01). LGE images were of similar quality when compared with free-breathing acquisitions, but with reduced total scan time (85 622 s to 35 6 6s ;P <0.001). Conclusions: Supplemental oxygenation and hyperventilation allow for prolonged breath-holding and enable single breathhold 3D accelerated LGE with similar image quality as free breathing with NAV. Magn Reson Med 000:000–000, 2013. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Challenges and Requirements of Multimode Multiband Power Amplifiers for Mobile Applications

Multimode multiband (MMMB) power amplifiers have been developed in recent years for next generation mobile handsets and tablets applications. Designers face new and greater challenges due to more stringent requirements in functionality, performance, size and cost. This paper will discuss the motivations that drive MMMB PA development and the requirements, challenges and considerations relevant to power amplifier design.
Consumer Use of Label Information In Ratings of Clothing Quality and Clothing Fashionability

In two simulated "shopping" tasks college female subjects rated four white blouses on quality and fashionability. Subjects obtained information needed to make these ratings from an information display board. Content analysis of the information selected indicated that subjects disregarded about half the available information when making the ratings. Style and price were the most sought pieces of information. The 100% cotton designer label blouse was rated higher in quality and fashionability than the other blouses, although the blouses were consistent across construction quality and styling. The use of the behavioral process technique for investigating pre-purchase information search behavior for clothing is discussed.
Effective population sizes: missing measures and missing concepts

Genetic diversity within a population is a critical parameter for conservation biologists to assess. One approach for examining genetic diversity is through the determination of effective population sizes. Animal Conservation recently published a review of genetic approaches for estimating effective population sizes. We felt this review was incomplete both methodologically and conceptually. Here we extend that review to include coalescent-based approaches for estimating effective population sizes. We then discuss different kinds of effective population sizes, including inbreeding, variance and eigenvalue effective sizes.
The seasonality of reproduction in photoperiod responsive and nonresponsive northern red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus) in Alaska

High-latitude arvicoline rodents usually reproduce in warmer months, but winter breeding has been documented in several species, including the northern red-backed vole (Myodes rutilus (Pallas, 1779) Wilson and Reader, 2005; for- merly Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas, 1779)). We tested whether the reproductive condition of the species is linked to changes in environmental parameters or its body condition, and we tested the frequencies at which different reproductive phenotypes are exhibited under field and laboratory conditions. Free-living voles in south-central Alaska reached peak re- productive organ masses in spring (females) and early summer (males). Between-subject comparisons showed an effect of body mass, photoperiod, percent fat, temperature, and snow depth on reproductive organ masses, depending on the sex and breeding period (p < 0.05). One instance of late-summer photoperiod nonresponsiveness was observed, but we detected no winter breeding. Captive male voles given food ad libitum and housed at room temperature exhibited strong phenotypic variation in testis mass in response to short photoperiods. The percentage of nonresponders was 28.2% and was within the known range of nonresponsiveness for lower latitude species (20%-40%). Thus, photoperiod nonresponsive morphs are conserved in at least one arctic and subarctic species at frequencies comparable to lower latitude voles despite no observ- ance of winter breeding in the field. Voles exhibit reproductive elasticity and may breed in winter if environmental condi- tions enable them. Resume´ : Les rongeurs arvicolines des hautes latitudes se reproduisent generalement durant les mois plus chauds, mais on a signaledes cas de reproduction hivernale chez plusieurs especes, en particulier chez le campagnol boreal (Myodes rutilus (Pallas, 1779) Wilson and Reeder, 2005; anterieurement Clethrionomys rutilus (Pallas, 1779)). Vous avons testesi la con- dition reproductive chez cette espece est reliee aux changements des variables environnementales ou asa condition corpo- relle et avons verifieles frequences auxquelles les divers phenotypes reproductifs se presentent dans des conditions de terrain et de laboratoire. Chez les campagnols libres en nature dans le centre-sud de l'Alaska, la masse des organes repro- ducteurs atteint son maximum au printemps (femelles) et au debut de l'ete´ (males). Des comparaisons entre individus rev-
The Effect of Bumetanide in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants with Acute Kidney Injury during their First Weeks of Life

Background: To determine the effect of Bumetanide (Btd) in Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) infants with Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Methods: In a retrospective case control study, medical records of all ELBW infants born at our institution (1-1-00 and 1-1-13) and developed AKI were reviewed. Results: 96 ELBW infants were enrolled. Infants who received Btd (n=33) had a lower Birth Weight and higher severity of illness scores at birth than their controls (n=63) [589.0±117.7 vs. 672.3±156.9; p=0.004 and 59.5±15.6 vs. 50.6±17.4; p=0.01 respectively]. 24 hours following the onset of AKI, the urine output increased from 1.5 ± 2.4 to 6.1 ± 9.8 ml/kg/hour (p=0.01) in the Btd group, and from 2.5 ± 2.4 to 3.3 ± 2.9 ml/kg/h (p=0.08) in the control group. The change in 24-hour urine output was significantly higher in the Btd group than the control group [urine output increased by 4.4±9.6 vs. 0.7±3.3 ml/kg/h during the first 24 h of the onset of AKI respectively; p=0.047]. To adjust for possible confounders, a backward linear regression analysis was conducted, Btd was found to be the only independent variable associated with an increase in urine output during the first 24 hours following the onset of AKI (R2=0.114; p=0.005). During the following week, infants who received Btd developed higher serum creatinines than their controls [General Linear Model (GLM); p=0.033]. At discharge, there were no significant differences in serum creatinines between survivors. Conclusions: In ELBW infants with AKI, Btd improved urine output at the expense of increasing serum creatinine
PET attenuation correction using mean attenuation coefficients: a simulation study

It is desirable to use mean population attenuation coefficients to reduce the statistical fluctuations in measured attenuation maps. In addition, the use of mean attenuation coefficients is also expected to facilitate algorithmic approaches to attenuation correction. Because of the large variation in lung attenuation coefficients both within and among individuals, there is concern about the errors using mean attenuation might create. To test the magnitude of this problem, myocardial metabolic studies were simulated. Attenuated projections were generated from 20 realistic emission and transmission distributions spanning the heart volume. The projections were corrected with both the actual attenuation map and with a mean attenuation map. Quantitative comparisons of the reconstructed images demonstrate no significant differences in the myocardial distributions. However, errors in the lung field exceeded 300% in some regions.
Unit sizing and cost analysis of stand-alone hybrid wind/PV/fuel cell power generation systems

An economic evaluation of a hybrid wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell (FC) generation system for a typical home in the Pacific Northwest is performed. In this configuration the combination of a FC stack, an electrolyser, and hydrogen storage tanks is used as the energy storage system. This system is compared to a traditional hybrid energy system with battery storage. A computer program has been developed to size system components in order to match the load of the site in the most cost effective way. A cost of electricity, an overall system cost, and a break-even distance analysis are also calculated for each configuration. The study was performed using a graphical user interface programmed in MATLAB.
The behavior of rheumatoid marrow in culture.

Hemopoietic marrow from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and controls was cultured in various substrate sera. The normal and some rheumatoid marrows were sensitive to the different iron concentrations of normal and rheumatoid sera. In rheumatoid patients with hypochromic anemia, the response of marrow to added iron in vitro agreed with the therapeutic response to intravenous iron. Patients with refractory normochromic anemia showed slightly abnormal erythropoiesis, but there was no evidence that their serum differed from that of non-anemic patients. By this technic, evidence for stimulation of marrow by batyl alcohol or other agents was equivocal. Medulla hematopoietic ab patientes con arthritis rheumatoide e ab subjectos de controlo esseva culturate in varie seros como substrato. Le specimens de medulla normal e certe specimens de medulla rheumatoide esseva sensibile pro le differentias del concentration de ferro inter seros normal e rheumatoide. In le caso de patientes con anemia hypochromic, le responsa del medulla al addition de ferro in vitro esseva congruente con le responsa therapeutic a ferro intravenose. Patientes con refractori anemia normochromic monstrava leve anormalitates erythropoietic, sed nulle evidentia esseva trovate que lor sero differeva ab illo de patientes sin anemia. Secundo le resultatos de iste technica, le evidentia pro un stimulation medullari per alcohol batylic o altere agentes es equivoc.
Hoxc6 Is Overexpressed in Gastrointestinal Carcinoids and Interacts With JunD to Regulate Tumor Growth

Background & Aims: The molecular alterations that underlie carcinoid tumor pathogenesis remain poorly defined. The homeobox gene HOXC6 was highly up-regulated in human gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, and we sought to define its pathogenic role. Methods: The functional and physical properties of Hoxc6 were investigated by establishing carcinoid cells that stably overexpressed Hoxc6 or were deficient in Hoxc6. Cellular proliferation assays, luciferase reporter assays, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, DNA affinity precipitation, and DNA microarray studies were performed. Results: Expression of Hoxc6 in cultured human BON1 carcinoid cells enhanced their proliferation, and knock-down of Hoxc6 inhibited their growth. Hoxc6 activated the oncogenic activator protein-1 signaling pathway through a physical interaction with JunD. Mutations in the homeodomain of Hoxc6 blocked this interaction and inhibited proliferation of carcinoid cells. Of note, Hoxc6 induced the expression of genes that characteristically are up-regulated in carcinoid tumors, including neurotensin and connective tissue growth factor. Conclusions: A novel molecular pathway has been identified that links Hoxc6 with oncogenic signaling through the activator protein-1 pathway in carcinoid tumorigenesis.
Biologic adjuvants for fracture healing

Bone tissue has an exceptional quality to regenerate to native tissue in response to injury. However, the fracture repair process requires mechanical stability or a viable biological microenvironment or both to ensure successful healing to native tissue. An improved understanding of the molecular and cellular events that occur during bone repair and remodeling has led to the development of biologic agents that can augment the biological microenvironment and enhance bone repair. Orthobiologics, including stem cells, osteoinductive growth factors, osteoconductive matrices, and anabolic agents, are available clinically for accelerating fracture repair and treatment of compromised bone repair situations like delayed unions and nonunions. Preclinical and clinical studies using biologic agents like recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins have demonstrated an efficacy similar or better than that of autologous bone graft in acute fracture healing. A lack of standardized outcome measures for comparison of biologic agents in clinical fracture repair trials, frequent off-label use, and a limited understanding of the biological activity of these agents at the bone repair site have limited their efficacy in clinical applications.
Skin nonlinearities and their effect on user perception for rotational skin stretch

Given that skin is a nonlinear, anisotropic and viscoelastic material, we are interested in exploring the relationship between skin mechanical properties and skin stretch perception, for the case of rotational displacements applied to the skin on a user's limbs. Studies were conducted with 10 naive subjects first to characterize the nonlinear stiffness of the skin with respect to applied rotations and subsequently to characterize the skin viscoelastic response and hysteresis. Despite substantial subject-to-subject variability, when results are normalized by each subject's maximum torque, the torque/displacement results are fairly consistent across subjects, at low and high speeds, and can be fit with a third order polynomial. For roughly one half of the subjects, a similar nonlinearity is discernible in the perceived versus actual rotation; other subjects produced nearly linear results across the range of positive and negative rotations. Viscoelastic and hysteresis effects in the skin were also evident. However, while subjects can clearly distinguish between slow and rapid movements, the speed of the applied motion does not significantly affect their perception of rotation.
Bullying: From the Playground to the Boardroom:

Bullying in organizations has become one the prime social phenomena which can have a direct as well as indirect impact on the productivity of employees and managers. While bullying is a part of the fabric of society, the rate of occurrence as well as the severity of bullying acts in the workplace is alarming. This paper puts forth a model that illustrates the triangular relationship and interaction between the three components in the bullying event: 1) the organizational environment and its impact on the occurrence of bullying activities; 2) the characteristics of those that bully; and 3) the characteristics of those being bullied (e.g., victims of bullying). These three interrelated issues form the triangle of bullying that is examined in this paper. This paper posits that a major source of many of the personnel relational problems faced in the workplace between coworker and coworker or manager and employees comes from bullies, just like the ones experienced on the childhood playground. Research shows th...
The utility of auxiliary data in statistical population reconstruction

Although statistical population reconstruction (SPR) provides a flexible framework for estimating demographics of harvested populations using age-at-harvest data, that information alone is insufficient. Auxiliary data are needed to ensure all model parameters are estimable and to improve the precision and accuracy of the estimates. We examined the influence of two types of auxiliary information, independent estimates of annual abundance and annual harvest mortality from radio-telemetry studies, on the stability and precision of abundance estimates from SPR. Further, we evaluated whether the timing of auxiliary studies in the reconstruction affected the precision of abundance estimates. Monte Carlo studies simulated auxiliary data with precision levels defined by the coefficients of variation (CV) of 0.05, 0.125, 0.25 and 0.50 corresponding to the three levels of precision suggested by Robson & Regier (1964) for accurate research, accurate management and rough management and a minimal information scenario....
Human Papillomavirus Testing for Triage in a Referral Population

Objective. This study evaluated the Digene HPV Assay Hybrid Capture System® as a triage method. Methods. Results of an HPV assay were compared with a final tissue diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN2) or greater. These results were stratified based on Pap smear diagnosis and evaluated in 4 triage algorithms. Results. Of the 4 algorithms evaluated, the highest savings came from not performing colposcopy for patients with repeat atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), but that resulted in missing nine patients with CIN2 and CIN3 histology. HPV testing failed to diagnose 67% (6 out of 9) to 48% (10 out of 21) of patients with underlying CIN2 and CIN3. Conclusions. Although HPV high-risk positive results correlate with high-grade histology, it is associated with significant false negatives. The HPV low-risk test is not clinically useful. These tests were poor methods to triage patients in our population.
Internet honeypots: protection or entrapment?

A honeypot is a decoy computer system designed to look like a legitimate system an intruder will want to break into while, unbeknownst to the intruder, they are being covertly observed. Honeypots are effective precisely because attackers do not know if they are there and where they will be. However, honeypots are also a controversial technique; they essentially bait and capture intruders skirting the fine line between keeping attackers out of a network versus inviting them in. Little legal precedent has been established. Some see them as unfair entrapment tools while others see them as an effective data gathering and deterrence mechanism. This paper attempts to flush out the issues on both sides of a technique that may become ubiquitous in the future.
Illiquidity and Stock Returns

A quarterly time series of the aggregate commission rate of NYSE trading for the period 1980-2003 is developed. The aggregate commission rate is of significant size, captures trading cost, and reflects market illiquidity. Consistent with financial theory, I find a positive relation between market returns and the aggregate commission rate. The impact of the aggregate commission rate on market returns survives a number of robustness checks and is significant after controlling for interest-rate factors, trading volume, and the variability of trading volume. Overall, the findings suggest that market-wide liquidity is a state variable important for asset pricing.
Autosomal Mutations Affecting Adhesion between Wing Surfaces in Drosophila Melanogaster

Integrins are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane α,β heterodimeric receptors involved in cell-to-matrix and cell-to-cell adhesions. In Drosophila the position-specific (PS) integrins mediate the formation and maintenance of junctions between muscle and epidermis and between the two epidermal wing surfaces. Besides integrins, other proteins are implicated in integrin-dependent adhesion. In Drosophila, somatic clones of mutations in PS integrin genes disrupt adhesion between wing surfaces to produce wing blisters. To identify other genes whose products function in adhesion between wing surfaces, we conducted a screen for autosomal mutations that produce blisters in somatic wing clones. We isolated 76 independent mutations in 25 complementation groups, 15 of which contain more than one allele. Chromosomal sites were determined by deficiency mapping, and genetic interactions with mutations in the β PS integrin gene myospheroid were investigated. Mutations in four known genes ( blistered, Delta, dumpy and mastermind ) were isolated. Mutations were isolated in three new genes ( piopio, rhea and steamer duck ) that affect myo-epidermal junctions or muscle function in embryos. Mutations in three other genes ( kakapo, kiwi and moa ) may also affect cell adhesion or muscle function at hatching. These new mutants provide valuable material for the study of integrin-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion.
Renal cell transplantation reverses PKD progression (1180.22)

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD, including ADPKD1, ADPKD2, ARPKD) are diseases with overlapping phenotypes and are not curable. They can progress to ESRD, and then the only hope to get off of dialys...
System-level considerations for OEIC photoreceiver design

This paper addresses various system-level aspects of OEIC photoreceiver design. Specifically, we compare and contrast monolithic FET-based photoreceivers that use the conventional depletion-only technology and receivers utilizing both enhancement- and depletion-mode (E-D) transistors. Both receivers considered are MSM-MODFET based, due to the well-recognized merits of each device; however, our discussion is general enough to be applied to any FET-based photoreceiver. >
Visual interaction with lifelike characters

This paper explores the use of fast, simple computer vision techniques to add compelling visual capabilities to social user interfaces. Social interfaces involve the user in natural dialog with animated, "lifelike" characters. However, current systems employ spoken language as the only input modality. Used effectively, vision can greatly enhance the user's experience interacting with these characters. In addition, vision can provide key information to help manage the dialog and to aid the speech recognition process. We describe constraints imposed by the conversational environment and present a set of "interactive-time" vision routines that begin to support the user's expectations of a seeing character. A control structure is presented which chooses among the vision routines based on the current state of the character, the conversation and the visual environment. These capabilities are beginning to be integrated into the Persona lifelike character project.
Ethnography or Ethnohistory? Reading the Popular Revolution of the People of Nicargua

Nicaragua's Other Revolution: Religious Faith and Political Struggle. Michael Dodson and Laura Nuzzi O'shaughnessy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. 279pp. $39.95 (cloth). ISBN 0-8078-4266-4. Women and Revolution in Nicaragua. Helen Collinson (editor). London: Zed Press, 1990. 224pp. $49.95 (cloth), $15.00 (paper). ISBN 0-86232-934-5, ISBN 0-86232-935-3. State, Class and Ethnicity in Nicaragua: Capitalist Modernization and Revolutionary Change on the Atlantic Coast. Carlos M. Vilas. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1989. 223pp. $33.50 (cloth). ISBN 1-55587-163-1.
Gluon versus photon production of a 750 GeV diphoton resonance

The production mechanism of a 750 GeV diphoton resonance, either via gluon or photon fusion, can be probed by studying kinematic observables in the diphoton events. We perform a detector study of the two production modes of a hypothetical scalar or tensor diphoton resonance in order to characterize the features of the two scenarios. The nature of the resonance production can be determined from the jet multiplicity, the jet and diphoton rapidities, the rate of central pseudorapidity gaps, or the possible detection of forward protons from elastic photoproduction for events in the signal region. Kinematic distributions for both signals and expected irreducible diphoton background events are provided for comparison along with a study of observables useful for distinguishing the two scenarios at an integrated luminosity of $20\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. We find that decay photons from a 750 GeV scalar resonance have a preference for acceptance in the central detector barrel, while background events are more likely to give accepted photons in the detector end caps. This disfavors the interpretation of the large number of excess events found by the Run-2 CMS diphoton search with one photon detected in the end cap as a wide spin-0 resonance signal. However, one expects more end cap photons in the case of spin-2 resonance.
First evidence for locomotion in the Ediacara biota from the 565 Ma Mistaken Point Formation, Newfoundland: COMMENT

[Liu et al. (2010)][1] claim to have found the first evidence for locomotion in the form of putative locomotion traces from the Ediacaran (565 Ma) Mistaken Point Formation of Newfoundland. If by first, they mean the geologically most ancient evidence of animal locomotion, they should have discussed
Bait-light combinations evaluated as attractants for house flies and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

The addition of heated bait to a lighted trap increased the catch of house flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), by an average of 2.4 and times, respectively, when the trap was placed at ceiling level in dairy barns. Light traps placed 0.5 m above the floor caught ca 1.8 to 4.6 times as many flies as did traps at ceiling level and adding heated bait to the low trap increased the catch of house flies 1.4 times.
Nomenclature and Classification of Odontogenic Tumors — Part I: Historical Review

Odontogenic tumor nomenclature and classification is frustrating for both physicians and veterinarians. There has been and continues to be an evolution of the terms and taxonomy used in veterinary and human literature. In this historical review, we aim to provide veterinarians a fundamental basis for understanding how the etymology for odontogenic tumors has evolved over the past two centuries.
Direct measurement of electron sloshing of an inertial Alfvén wave

We report laboratory measurements of the parallel current carried by suprathermal electrons associated with inertial Alfven wave excitation in the laboratory. The experiments presented here use a novel wave absorption diagnostic that measures the suprathermal tails of the electron distribution parallel to the mean magnetic field. The diagnostic is used to probe the electron distribution as an inertial Alfven wave propagates along the mean magnetic field. These results identify, for the first time, the periodic motion of suprathermal electrons participating in the inertial Alfven wave itself, in agreement with predictions from linear kinetic theory.
Digestibility and N-balance studies on growing heifers implanted with trienbolone acetate.

SUMMARY Twelve Friesian × Ayrshire growing heifers were paired according to weight and age, and fed a controlled diet related to their liveweight. One animal from each pair was implanted with 300 mg trienbolone acetate before the start of a 2-week digestibility and N (nitrogen) balance trial. The apparent digestibility of the diet was the same in the control and implanted groups of animals. Both groups of animals consumed the same amount of N, but the implanted group retained significantly more N as percentage of the digested N than the control group ( P P
How Is It Possible to Make a Difference? Agency, Actors, and Affect as Discourses of Change in Education Research

This paper describes three discourses that have been mobilized in educational research for thinking about how to make a difference: agency, actors, and affect. (1) Agency in critical theory is positioned in a particular dialectical relationship to structure. The distinction between domination and agency appears to derive from pre-existing ideological stances that cast change as the product of antagonistic oppositional forces. When structure is understood in terms of dominant ideologies, then agency becomes the explanation for change. (2) When we use Actor Network Theory to explain change, we have at our disposal a great many more sites of potential change. With ANT, researchers have the possibility to attribute change to non-human entities, and to produce historical narratives of change that include many changes of direction, fits and starts, aborted efforts, and serendipitous results of interactions. (3) Nonrepresentational theories put everything on the same plane of immanence, and this deregulation allows the greatest possible range of possibilities for attributing change. For educational research, nonrepresentational theory has the effect of deregulating the scope of possibilities and rules of engagement by which researchers can attribute change and claim difference, and still holding researchers accountable for the ethics and aesthetics of affecting change. This paper summarizes, historicizes and analyzes implications of agency, actors, and affect for effecting change.
Delayed Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery with or without Preceding Transsphenoidal Resection for Pituitary Pathology.

Background Skull base cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak after gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is a very rare complication. In patients who were treated with both GKRS and transsphenoidal resection (TSR) for pituitary lesions, early CSF leak occurs at a comparable rate with the general TSR population (4%). Delayed CSF leak occurring more than a year after TSR, GKRS, or dual therapy is exceedingly rare. Methods Retrospective chart review and review of the literature. Results We present 2 cases of delayed CSF leak after GKRS to treat pituitary adenoma. One patient developed CSF rhinorrhea 16 years after GKRS for growth hormone–producing pituitary adenoma. The patient had previously undergone TSR surgery 7 years prior to GKRS without complication. Additionally, a second patient developed high-flow CSF rhinorrhea 2 years after GKRS for a prolactinoma that failed dopamine agonist therapy. Both patients underwent a complicated clinical course after presentation, requiring multiple revisions for definitive CSF leak repair. Conclusions Delayed CSF leak is a rare but serious complication after GKRS independent of TSR status; urgent repair is the treatment of choice. Based on our experience, these leaks have the potential to be refractory, and we recommend aggressive reconstruction, preferably with a vascularized flap, and potentially supplemented by placement of a lumbar drain and acetazolamide. Current evidence is scant and provides little insight regarding an underlying mechanism, which may include bony destruction by the tumor, delayed radiation necrosis, or a secondary empty sella syndrome.
Descriptions of Unconventional Conflict

In this chapter, we expand on the definition of unconventional conflict given in the introduction (Chapter 1) by enumerating the many types of operations that are contained in this domain, presenting the results of some relevant analyses, and citing numerous works on the various parts of the domain. The earlier accounts of various types of operations cited in this chapter are more frequently purely descriptive. Later accounts incorporate analysis and some modeling, indicating a growth in understanding.
A numerical study of the effects of bell pulsation dynamics and oral arms on the exchange currents generated by the upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana

Mathematical and experimental studies of the flows generated by jellyfish have focused primarily on mechanisms of swimming. More recent work has also considered the fluid dynamics of feeding from currents generated during swimming. Here we capitalize on the benthic lifestyle of the upside-down jellyfish ( Cassiopea xamachana ) to explore the fluid dynamics of feeding uncoupled from swimming. A two-dimensional mathematical model is developed to capture the fundamental characteristics of the motion of the unique concave bell shape. Given the prominence of the oral arms, this structure is included and modeled as a porous layer that perturbs the flow generated by bell contractions. The immersed boundary method is used to solve the fluid–structure interaction problem. Velocity fields obtained from live organisms using digital particle image velocimetry were used to validate the numerical simulations. Parameter sweeps were used to numerically explore the effects of changes in pulse dynamics and the properties of the oral arms independently. Numerical experiments allow the opportunity to examine physical effects and limits within and beyond the biologically relevant range to develop a better understanding of the system. The presence of the prominent oral arm structures in the field of flow increased the flux of new fluid from along the substrate to the bell. The numerical simulations also showed that the presence of pauses between bell expansion and the next contraction alters the flow of the fluid over the bell and through the oral arms.
Determining When to Conduct a Violence Risk Assessment: Development and Initial Validation of the Fordham Risk Screening Tool (FRST).

Techniques to assess violence risk are increasingly common, but no systematic approach exists to help clinicians decide which psychiatric patients are most in need of a violence risk assessment. The Fordham Risk Screening Tool (FRST) was designed to fill this void, providing a structured, systematic approach to screening psychiatric patients and determining the need for further, more thorough violence risk assessment. The FRST was administered to a sample of 210 consecutive admissions to the civil psychiatric units of an urban medical center, 159 of whom were subsequently evaluated using the Historical Clinical Risk Management-20, version 3, to determine violence risk. The FRST showed a high degree of sensitivity (93%) in identifying patients subsequently deemed to be at high risk for violence (based on the Case Prioritization risk rating). The FRST also identified all of the patients (100%) rated high in potential for severe violence (based on the Serious Physical Harm Historical Clinical Risk Management-20, version 3, summary risk rating). Sensitivity was more modest when individuals rated as moderate risk were included as the criterion (rather than only those identified as high risk). Specificity was also moderate, screening out approximately half of all participants as not needing further risk assessment. A systematic approach to risk screening is clearly needed to prioritize psychiatric admissions for thorough risk assessment, and the FRST appears to be a potentially valuable step in that process. (PsycINFO Database Record
Identifying psychological responses of stigmatized groups to referendums

Public votes and referendums on the rights of marginalized communities are utilized in 27 states and occur with some regularity. However, research has only recently begun to examine the psychological consequences of these voter referendums for members of stigmatized groups, and a number of important questions remain regarding the internal validity and generalizability of the existing evidence. The current study advances this literature by combining survey data from a large probability-based sample conducted in 2012 [lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender (LGBT) n = 939; non-LGBT n = 31,067] with media market ad-buy data in states where marriage equality was on the ballot. Television media markets cross state boundaries, ensuring that there was an unintended group of people in 12 states who were exposed to the same-sex marriage discourse but who did not live in states with the voter referendum ("media market spillovers"). We take advantage of this unique data structure by comparing LGBT people in the media market spillovers to those residing in the same state but in nonspillover markets with no ad exposure. LGBT people are emotionally affected by these campaigns, and non-LGBT people are unaffected. LGBT people in markets with a cumulative total of 400 ads have a 34.0% greater probability of reporting stress than LGBT people not exposed to ads. Additionally, while the negative ads evoked sadness, positive ads evoked enjoyment and happiness. Thus, public votes on minority rights represent both a source of minority stress and resilience.
The crystal structure and Gibbs free energy of formation of chukanovite as an oxidation product of carbon steel in human liver

Abstract Chukanovite has been identified as an oxidation product of carbon steel in a human liver through powder X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Steel oxidation products include siderite, chukanovite, vivianite, magnetite, goethite, 2-line ferrihydrite. Hydroxylapatite and amorphous silica surrounding the oxidized steel are precipitated from body fluid. The Rietveld refinement of the chukanovite structure shows it is as expected monoclinic, space group of P21/a, with a = 12.402(2), b = 9.414(1), c = 3.216(1) A, β = 97.73(3)°. The standard Gibbs free energy of formation of chukanovite is estimated at −1167.2 ± 1.2 kJ mol−1 from the equilibrium between siderite and chukanovite. By using linear free energy relationship, the Gibbs free energy of formation for other isostructural phases of pokrovskite, paradsasvarite, and nullaginite are predicted. The results of this study could improve the mineralogical and geochemical properties of chukanovite which is an oxidation product of carbon steel relevant also in radioactive waste containers and oil/gas pipes. Furthermore, the combined method of experimental measurements and geochemical modeling could be a useful tool to study the formation of inorganic solid precipitates and bio-materials in biofluids, and is especially important in medical mineralogy field.
Ecological Aspects of Water Desalination Improving Surface Properties of Reverse Osmosis Membranes

The lack of fresh clean water is an economical and ecological problem which affects half of humanity. More than 97.5% of all water on the Earth is seawater, so the ability to harvest even a small fraction as fresh water would have a huge impact on water scarcity. Reverse osmosis (RO) is currently the main technique of seawater desalination. During RO, salt water under pressure exceeding the fluids osmotic pressure is forced through a semipermeable membrane. RO requires significant energy inputs and affects the environment due the greenhouse gas emissions (usually associated with an external power source), the output of brine with high salt concentration, and other negative effects. Improving the efficiency and environmental impact of RO plants involves several challenges, some of which are related to surface science and tribology. This involves mimicking water filtration by cell membranes, as well as creating biomimetic antifouling coatings on membranes. We present a comprehensive review of RO and other desalination techniques and suggest how a composite material can improve permeability and antifouling properties of RO membranes.
Control of Initiation of DNA Replication in Mammalian Cells

The initiation of DNA replication in a mammalian cell is a complex series of processes of which we have limited knowledge. We are aware of three parameters which must be regulated. The first and most stringent of these is the necessity to replicate every segment of each chromosome once and only once each cell cycle. Repair replication, which is a continuing process whether the cell is cycling or not, can occur, in the absence of this highly controlled semi-conservative replication. Since a chromosome consists of a single segment of DNA which is too long to replicate from a single origin in the time available for most cell cycles, each chromosome must have many initiation sites. Yet, each must function no more than once each cell cycle. If a potential site fails to function it must be modified as the replication fork passes over it so that it cannot function until the next cycle. It appears likely that this type of modification or regulation will be unique for chromosomal DNA. The DNA of animal viruses, and perhaps organelle DNA, may be designed to initiate several to many rounds of replication during an interval when the chromosomes complete one round or fail to replicate at all. The basis for this type of regulation is unknown and probably cannot be determined until we know more about the distribution and structure of potential origins for replication.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Clustering Supercomputer Failures Using a Multiple Time Window Approach

This paper proposes a heuristic to improve the analysis of supercomputers error logs. The heuristic is able to estimate the error on the measurement induced by the clustering process of error events and consequently drive the analysis. The goal is to reduce errors induced by the clustering and be able to estimate how much they affect the measurements. The heuristic is validated against 40 synthetic datasets, for different systems ranging from 16k to 256k nodes under different failure assumptions. We show that i) to accurately analyze the complex failure behavior of large computing systems, multiple time windows need to be adopted at the granularity of node subsystems, e.g. memory and I/O, and ii) for large systems, the classical single time window analysis can overestimate the MTBF by more than 150%, while the proposed heuristic can decrease the measurement error of one order of magnitude.
Nanosensors for Biomedical Applications: A Tutorial

Nanoparticles coated with different kinds of molecules are currently designed and synthesized for several important applications, including catalysis, solar cells, and biomedical uses. A crucial molecular design variable is whether the nanoparticle exhibits plasmonic activity, e.g., the case of nanoparticles made of coinage metals, where no band gap is present, or if it rather behaves as a nano-semiconductor with a band gap, e.g., metal oxide nanoparticles. In this tutorial, we will discuss the literature for both plasmonic and non-plasmonic materials and our own recent theoretical and experimental work in two different showcases. First, we will present the example of using gold nanoparticles to monitor molecular sensing activity to follow changes in antibody/antigen binding through changes of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) response. Second, we will discuss the case of surface-enhanced Raman resonance (SERS) in hybrid systems molecule-TiO2 nanoparticles and clusters, where the important physical quantity is the Raman signal to monitor the formation of chemical bonds and interfacial electron transfer processes.
Echocardiographic Assessment of Biventricular Function in 249 Patients During the Peri-Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Period.

Objectives At a quaternary care center that regularly performs and cares for patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a database of all adult patients since 2009 was assembled with echocardiographic parameters of left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular function. From the database, 175 venoarterial (VA) and 74 venovenous (VV) ECMO patients were analyzed to compare the decannulation echocardiographic assessments of biventricular function before, during, and after ECMO in survivors and nonsurvivors. Design Retrospective chart review-based study. Setting A single quaternary care center. Participants All adult patients who received ECMO from 2009 to 2017 with both survival data and echographic studies were included in this retrospective study. Interventions When indicated, transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiograms were performed for ECMO patients. The results of these echocardiograms were reviewed retrospectively, and differences between survivors and nonsurvivors were examined. Measurements and Main results A retrospective chart review of before, during cannulation, and after decannulation echocardiographic assessments of biventricular function was performed. On average, VA ECMO survivors had better post-decannulation LV function than did nonsurvivors by a full clinical grade—mild impairment versus moderate impairment (p Conclusions Retrospective chart review of 249 patients suggests that echocardiographic assessment of biventricular function before ECMO cannulation is not prognostic in VA or VV ECMO patients. Post-decannulation assessment of biventricular function may aid in triaging more “at risk” patients because nonsurvivors have significantly worse biventricular function after decannulation. The failure to improve biventricular function from the before to after ECMO phases and the during to after ECMO phases is concerning for a poor prognosis.
Birth outcomes and usability of Relaxbirth® for upright positioning intrapartum: A retrospective case control study

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to pilot Relaxbirth® (Relaxbirth®, Ltd., Helsinki, Finland), an investigational device designed to facilitate upright positioning intrapartum. The objective was to 1) compare birth outcomes with and without the use of Relaxbirth®, and 2) assess device usability. Methods and materials Study design: prospective product use and retrospective case control study at one perinatal center in Ohio. Inclusion criteria: ≥18 years old, Results Of the n = 60 included in the final analysis, RB women (n = 30) pushed for a shorter average duration compared to CON women (n = 30) [34 min (±48) versus 60 min (±63), p = 0.023]. RB women did not experience more adverse birth outcomes including: longer second stage duration, operative vaginal delivery, malpresentation, perineal laceration/episiotomy, higher blood loss, or low Apgars. Usability survey results were favorable (Total Average Scores: providers 74.1; RB 83.6). Conclusion Clinical experience with the Relaxbirth® device was positive at this pilot site. The device was associated with favorable birth outcomes and usability, suggesting potential as a safe and novel adjunct to promote intrapartum choices, upright positioning and maternal satisfaction.