cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
B cell lymphoma in hiv transgenic mice

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-1) infection is associated with a high incidence of B-cell lymphomas. The role of HIV in these lymphomas is unclear and currently there are no valid in vivo models for better understanding HIV-related lymphomagenesis. Transgenic (Tg) 26 mice have a 7.4-kb pNL4-3 HIV-1 provirus lacking a 3.1-kb sequence encompassing parts of the gag-pol region. Approximately 15% of these HIV Tg mice spontaneously develop lymphoma with hallmark pre-diagnostic markers including skin lesions, diffuse lymphadenopathy and an increase in pro-inflammatory serum cytokines. Here we describe the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of the B cell leukemia/lymphoma in the Tg mice. The transformed B cell population consists of CD19+pre-BCR+CD127+CD43+CD93+ precursor B cells. The tumor cells are clonal and characterized by an increased expression of several cellular oncogenes. Expression of B cell-stimulatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-13 and TNFα and HIV proteins p17, gp120 and nef were elevated in the Tg mice with lymphoma. Increased expression of HIV proteins and the B-cell stimulatory factors is consistent with the interpretation that one or more of these factors play a role in lymphoma development. The lymphomas share many similarities with those occurring in HIV/AIDS+ patients and may provide a valuable model for understanding AIDS-related lymphomagenesis and elucidating the role played by HIV-1.
Modeling diffraction efficiency effects when designing hybrid diffractive lens systems

We investigated the design of two broadband hybrid diffractive–refractive optical systems, a landscape lens, and a Schmidt telescope. The systems were achromatized by using the characteristically large negative dispersion of kinoforms. In the scalar wave regime kinoforms can approach 100% efficiency but only for one object point and wavelength. We evaluated polychromatic image quality, accounting for diffraction efficiency, by constructing weighted geometric point-spread functions from several diffracted orders and then calculating modulation transfer functions (MTF’s). The MTF’s of the hybrid achromats were improved at high spatial frequencies but were reduced at low frequencies because of diffraction into nondesign orders.
80-Gbit/s DQPSK optical tapped-delay-line equalization using finely tunable delays, phases and amplitudes

We experimentally demonstrate a tunable and reconfigurable optical tapped delay line using conversion dispersion based delays with optical multicasting and multiplexing. After equalization, at BER of 10−9 and 3 dB power penalty, dispersion tolerance is improved by >50% and 200% for 80-Gbit/s RZ-DQPSK and 40-Gbit/s RZ-DPSK signals, respectively.
Identification of recovered ICs using fingerprints from a light-weight on-chip sensor

The counterfeiting and recycling of integrated circuits (ICs) have become major problems in recent years, potentially impacting the security of electronic systems bound for military, financial, or other critical applications. With identical functionality and packaging, it is extremely difficult to distinguish recovered ICs from unused ICs. A technique is proposed to distinguish used ICs from the unused ones using a fingerprint generated by a light-weight on-chip sensor. Using statistical data analysis, process and temperature variations' effects on the sensors can be separated from aging experienced by the sensors in the ICs when used in the field. Simulation results, featuring the sensor using 90nm technology, and silicon results from 90nm test chips demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique for identification of recovered ICs.
Topographic Context of the Burn Edge Influences Postfire Recruitment of Arid Land Shrubs

ABSTRACT Although fire is becoming frequent in arid lands throughout the world, little is known about the recruitment pattern of many arid land shrub species after fire. We explored topographic and edaphic correlates of postfire recruitment for four shrub species 6 years following wildfire in central Nevada, United States. We hypothesized that the spatial pattern of shrub recruitment varies with fire-related species traits according to the topographic position of the burn edge, which correlated with postfire seed sources. Where the burn edge fell on a ridge, the frequency of the colonizing shrub, Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana, decreased with distance from the burn edge, whereas the frequency of facultative resprouting specieswas independent or increased with distance. Where the burn edge fell behind a ridge, there were fewer shrubs overall and a greater proportion of resprouting species. Most individuals of resprouting species were adults, suggesting immediate, fire-stimulated recruitment. Interactio...
The Role of Values in Predicting Fairness Judgments and Support of Affirmative Action

Affirmative action is one of the most controversial current public policies—public support has never reached a majority of the electorate for most versions of affirmative action. Many people oppose affirmative action on the grounds that it violates norms of procedural fairness and meritocracy, in spite of the fact that they also support egalitarian values consistent with it. This article explores this apparent paradox by testing reactions to affirmative action in college admissions by comparing three models positing differing roles for values in ideological reasoning: (1) a central role for values—Tetlock's (1986) value pluralism model, (2) a secondary role for values—Lind's (1992) fairness heuristic hypothesis, and (3) no role for values—affective explanations (i.e., Jackman, 1978). Results support the fairness heuristic hypothesis—subjective assessments of fairness play a mediating role between personal values and support for affirmative action. These results indicate that values play a significant role in determining support for affirmative action. To more fully understand how people reason about affirmative action, however, values research must be yoked with justice research.
The whole woman: Sex and gender differences in variation

The tradition of large-scale survey methodology in the study of variation has left a gap between the linguistic data and the social practise that yields these data. Since sociolinguistic surveys bring away little information about the communities that produce their linguistic data, correlations of linguistic variants with survey categories have been interpreted on the basis of general knowledge of the social dynamics associated with those categories. The success of this approach has depended on the quality of this general knowledge. The examination of variation and socioeconomic class has been benefited from sociolinguists’ attention to a vast literature on class and to critical analyses of the indices by which class membership is commonly determined. The study of gender and variation, on the other hand, has suffered from the fact that the amount of scientific attention given to gender over the years cannot begin to be compared with that given to class. Many current beliefs about the role of gender in variation, therefore, are a result of substituting popular (and unpopular) belief for social theory in the interpretation of patterns of sex correlations with variation.
Automated Purification and Suspension Array Detection of 16S rRNA from Soil and Sediment Extracts by Using Tunable Surface Microparticles

Autonomous, field-deployable molecular detection systems require seamless integration of complex biochemical solutions and physical or mechanical processing steps. In an attempt to simplify the fluidic requirements for integrated biodetection systems, we used tunable surface microparticles both as an rRNA affinity purification resin in a renewable microcolumn sample preparation system and as the sensor surface in a flow cytometer detector. The tunable surface detection limits in both low- and high-salt buffers were 1 ng of total RNA ( approximately 10(4) cell equivalents) in 15-min test tube hybridizations and 10 ng of total RNA ( approximately 10(5) cell equivalents) in hybridizations with the automated system (30-s contact time). RNA fragmentation was essential for achieving tunable surface suspension array specificity. Chaperone probes reduced but did not completely eliminate cross-hybridization, even with probes sharing <50% identity to target sequences. Nonpurified environmental extracts did not irreparably affect our ability to classify color-coded microparticles, but residual environmental constituents significantly quenched the Alexa-532 reporter fluor. Modulating surface charge did not influence the interaction of soluble environmental contaminants with conjugated beads. The automated system greatly reduced the effects of fluorescence quenching, especially in the soil background. The automated system was as efficacious as manual methods for simultaneous sample purification, hybridization, and washing prior to flow cytometry detection. The implications of unexpected target cross-hybridization and fluorescence quenching are discussed relative to the design and implementation of an integrated microbial monitoring system.
Oncogenic mutations produce similar phenotypes in Drosophila tissues of diverse origins

An emerging interest in oncology is to tailor treatment to particular cancer genotypes, i.e. oncogenic mutations present in the tumor, and not the tissue of cancer incidence. Integral to such a practice is the idea that the same oncogenic mutation(s) produces similar outcomes in different tissues. To test this idea experimentally, we studied tumors driven by a combination of RasV12 and scrib1 mutations in Drosophila larvae. We found that tumors induced in tissues of neural ectodermal and mesodermal origins behaved similarly in every manner examined: cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, cellular morphology, increased aneuploidy and response to Taxol. We conclude that oncogenic effects override tissue-specific differences, at least for the mutations, tissues, and phenotypes studied herein.
Modified log-wake law for zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layers

This paper shows that the turbulent velocity profile for zero-pressure-gradient boundary layers is affected by the wall shear stress and convective inertia. The effect of the wall shear stress is dominant in the so-called overlap region and can be described by a logarithmic law in which the von Karman constant is about 0.4 while the additive constant depends on a Reynolds number. The effect of the convective inertia can be described by the Coles wake law with a constant wake strength about 0.76. A cubic correction term is introduced to satisfy the zero velocity gradient requirement at the boundary layer edge. Combining the logarithmic law, the wake law and the cubic correction produces a modified log-wake law, which is in excellent agreement with experimental profiles. The proposed velocity profile law is independent of Reynolds number in terms of its defect form, while it is Reynolds number dependent in terms of the inner variables. The modified log-wake law can also provide an accurate equation for skin...
Analyzing radar backscatter of land within the TRMM footprint using high resolution SAR

Spaceborn precipitation radars acquire atmospheric measurements using beams that scan through nadir. Naturally, the reflection from the surface is typically quite strong, especially at nadir. This surface observation can be used to estimate the attenuation caused by precipitation provided there is a reasonable value of the non-attenuated surface return leading to an estimate of the rain rate. Over land, the backscatter characteristics are usually very dynamic and change in the presence of water due to its high dielectric constant. In addition, the viewing geometry results in very large beam footprints on the ground containing highly variable scattering mechanisms. Using a high resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar, the surface characteristics within this footprint can be examined with respect to how precipitation changes the backscatter. This research investigates both of these radar types, plus ground based weather radars, to quantitatively analyze surface dynamics within the footprint of a precipitation radar.
HbA1c Standardization: Background, Progress and Current Issues

Glycated hemoglobin (GHB), reported as HbA 1c , has been used to monitor glycemic control in patients with diabetes for many years. The critical importance of the test was not fully realized until the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) 1 showed a strong relationship between HbA 1c and risk for diabetes complications. After the DCCT was completed, specific diabetes treatment goals were established 2 ; a general goal for most patients with diabetes was an HbA 1c of <7%. The correlation between HbA 1c levels and outcome risks demonstrated in the DCCT for type 1 diabetes, and later in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) for type 2 diabetes, 3 underscored the need to measure HbA 1c with high precision and in such a manner that results can be directly related to the outcome risks measured in these studies. For example, an HbA 1c of 10% indicates a risk of retinopathy progression that is almost 3 times that of an HbA 1c of 7.5%. 1 Glycated hemoglobin is derived from the nonenzymatic addition of glucose to valine and lysine residues on the alpha and beta chains of the hemoglobin molecule. HbA 1c is a specific GHB that results from the attachment of glucose to the N-terminal valine of the hemoglobin β-chain. Total GHB includes all glycated fractions, comprising HbA 1c as well as hemoglobin glycated at sites other than the N-terminus of the beta chain (eg, epsilon amino groups on lysine residues). The concentration of HbA 1c depends on both the concentration of glucose in the blood and the lifespan of the erythrocyte. Because erythrocytes are in the circulation for approximately 4 months, HbA 1c represents the integrated glucose concentration over the preceding 2 to 3 months. 4 Many methods have been developed for the measurement of GHB based on the differences in charge or structure between glycated and nonglycated species. These include ion-exchange chromatography, electrophoresis, boronate affinity chromatography, and immunoassay. At the end of the DCCT in 1993, these methods measured either HbA 1c , HbA 1 (HbA 1a + HbA 1b + HbA 1c ), or total GHB. A single sample produced widely varying results among methods and
Water security in the Middle East and North African region

Water security in the Middle East and North Africa region has changed dramatically over the last few decades. The region has a history of political conflict, making effective cooperative water management difficult. Meanwhile, leaders of these stats have pursued large supply-side projects like dams to satisfy large population increases and growing agriculture and industry, but these projects increase tensions with neighbors. At the same time, climate change is reducing the supply of water, and groundwater is being unsustainably mined. This Forum addresses water security in the region, particularly in the Iran, the Gulf Cooperation Council states, and the Tigris-Euphrates basin. While this Forum is far from comprehensive, important trends and water security threats are identified, and “exit strategies” are discussed. In this essay, we contextualize the changing notions of security and the growing water security paradigm Forum authors are writing about.
An improved fully stressed design evolution strategy for layout optimization of truss structures

FSD-ES is improved to handle the displacement constraints more efficiently.The improved version follows the principles of contemporary evolution strategies.Evaluation of a kinematically unstable design is revised.Complicated truss optimization test problems are developed.The improved FSD-ES is demonstrated to outperform the best available peer methods. During the recent decade, truss optimization by meta-heuristics has gradually replaced deterministic and optimality criteria-based methods. While they may provide some advantages regarding their robustness and ability to avoid local minima, the required evaluation budget grows fast when the number of design variables is increased. This practically limits the size of the problems to which they can be applied. Furthermore, many recent stochastic optimization methods handle the size optimization only, the potential saving from which is highly limited, when compared to the most sophisticated, and obviously the most challenging scenario, simultaneous topology, shape and size (TSS) optimization. In a recent study by the authors, a method based on combination of optimality criteria and evolution strategies, called fully stressed design based on evolution strategies (FSD-ES), was proposed for TSS optimization of truss structures. FSD-ES outperformed available truss optimizers in the literature, both in efficiency and robustness. The contribution of this study is twofold. First, an improved version of FSD-ES method, called FSD-ES-II, is proposed. In comparison with the earlier version, it takes the displacement constraints in the resizing step into account and can handle constraints governed by practically used specifications. Update of strategy parameters is also revised following contemporary and new developments in evolution strategies. Second, a test suite involving a number of complicated TSS optimization problems is chosen to overcome usual shortcomings in the available benchmark problems. For each problem, performance of FSD-ES-II is compared with the best results available in the literature, often showing a significant superiority of the proposed approach.
Robust inventory control under demand and lead time uncertainty

In this paper a general methodology is proposed based on robust optimization for an inventory control problem subject to uncertain demands and uncertain lead times. Several lead time uncertainty sets are proposed based on the budget uncertainty set, and a set based on the central limit theorem. Robust optimization models are developed for a periodic review, finite horizon inventory control problem subject to uncertain demands and uncertain lead times. We develop an approach based on Benders’ decomposition to compute optimal robust (i.e., best worst-case) policy parameters. The proposed approach does not assume distributional knowledge, makes no assumption regarding order crossovers, and is tractable in a practical sense. Comparing the new approach to an epigraph reformulation method, we demonstrate that the epigraph reformulation approach is overly conservative even when costs are stationary. The approach is benchmarked against the sample average approximation (SAA) method. Computational results indicate that the approach provides more stable and robust solutions compared to SAA in terms of standard deviation and worst-case solution, especially when the realized distribution is different than the sampled distribution.
The Effect of Non-Protein Energy Source and Age on Hexokinase Concentration in Chick Muscle

Abstract Muscle hexokinase was ascertained in the gastrocnemius muscles of 160 male chicks. Observations were made in four age groups and two diets. No differences in enzyme activity were observed which could be attributed to the feeding of either the high-carbohydrate or high-fat diet. Hexokinase activity declined significantly between 6 and 12 days of age in the chicks fed the respective diets.
Research and statistics: distribution, variability, and statistical significance.

1. Tyler K. Smith, MD, MPH* 2. Sara B. Johnson, PhD, MPH† 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 2. †Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. Given the growing prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschool-age patients, you have been charged with identifying an effective intervention to reduce body mass index (BMI) in this age group. Your search of a bibliographic database identifies a randomized, controlled trial of a physical activity program that looks promising. (1) The study authors examined a three-times-weekly 30-minute exercise program conducted over the course of 1 year with 545 pre-kindergarteners. The study results are reported in confidence intervals and P values. How do you evaluate the effectiveness of the program in reducing child BMI? Clinical trials (and, indeed, most research studies) gather data from a sample of people and use the information from the sample to make inferences about the population from which the sample was drawn. In this case, the 545 children in the study sample are used to make inferences about how the program would work with the whole population of similar pre-kindergarteners. Rarely are data available about an entire population. For this reason, a sample is used. Several metrics are commonly calculated or reported that provide information about the nature of samples and populations in clinical research. …
Carbon markets: Effective policy?

In Their Policy Forum “Carbon market lessons and global policy outlook” (21 March, p. [1316][1]), R. G. Newell and his colleagues present an optimistic—but ultimately misleading—picture of existing carbon markets. Citing the expanded use of carbon markets, Newell et al. use economic theory
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Bithiophenes with Methylthio Functionalities

The photoluminescence and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of 5,5′-bis(methylthio)-2,2′-bithiophene (BMTbT) have been studied and compared to those of 2,5-bis(methylthio)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (f-BMTbT) and 5,5′-diethyl-2,2′-bithiophene (DEbT), the fused-ring and alkyl analogues of BMTbT, respectively. All of these compounds emitted in the blue/violet region of the visible spectrum, with a fluorescence quantum yield of ca. 0.03. In acetonitrile, BMTbT and f-BMTbT each exhibited an irreversible reduction wave in addition to the well-documented two-electron oxidation processes. ECL was observed from solutions of BMTbT and of f-BMTbT via annihilation of the electrogenerated anion and dication, with emission following only the reduction step, likely due to an unstable anion species. Lack of solvent stability at potentials required to reduce or oxidize DEbT in acetonitrile or tetrahydrofuran, respectively, precluded annihilation ECL in these solvents. For all three compounds, sweeping to negative poten...
Foreign Policy Belief Systems in Comparative Perspective: The United States and Costa Rica

The hierarchical model of foreign policy belief systems (Hurwitz and Peffley, 1987) stipulates that attitudes toward specific foreign policies (e.g., defense spending or support for new weapon systems) are constrained by more general foreign policy beliefs (postures and images of other nations) which, in turn, are constrained by even more general core values (e.g., patriotism). In this way, U.S. citizens were found to exhibit consistency and structure in their foreign policy attitudes, despite possessing little information in the domain. To test the generalizeability of the hierarchical model, we deliberately selected a polity which poses a dramatic contrast to the citizens in the United States—Costa Rica; here we found individuals who are far more pacific and isolationist in their beliefs relative to North Americans. To what degree do Costa Ricans and North Americans exhibit a common belief structure , despite possessing different attitudes? Analysis of analogous models in the two countries reveals that the most important structuring dimension in the United States—militarism—does not serve to constrain specific foreign policy beliefs of Costa Ricans, probably because of their nation's lack of experience in dealing with national security issues. However, anti-communism and, importantly, images of salient nations (e.g., Cuba, Nicaragua, and the U.S.) do structure Costa Ricans' policy attitudes, leading us to conclude that, as found in the U.S., general beliefs provide constraint to foreign policy belief systems abroad.
Deletion analysis of RNA polymerase interaction sites in the Escherichia coli lactose operon regulatory region.

Two sets of deletions produced in vitro by S 1 nuclease were used to study the structure and function of promoters lac PUV5 and lac P115. The upstream boundary of the RNA polymerase binding site in lac PUV5 was determined by comparing the levels of β -galactoside expression in vivo programmed from a set of deletions progressively extending into the −35 region of the lac PUV5 promoter. Sequences upstream from base-pair −37 are not necessary for the full functioning of lac PUV5. A deletion that removes base-pair −37 retains only half of the promoter activity. Deletion of the first T·A base-pair of the consensus −35 region sequence, 5′ T-T-T-A-C-A 3′, leads to a sixfold reduction of promoter activity. Deletion of the whole −35 region of lac PUV5 leads to at least a 20-fold reduction of its promoter activity. Abortive initiation assays were performed on the fully functional lac PUV5 and two lac PUV5 deletions, which removed part of the −35 consensus sequence, to study their effect on the kinetics of RNA polymerase-promoter open complex formation. These two deletions show a 3·5 to 7-fold reduction in K B . Analysis in vivo of lac P115 showed that sequence information upstream from the −35 region is important for the full functioning of lac P115. A deletion removing sequences upstream from −41 caused a three- to fourfold reduction in promoter activity, apparently due to reduced transcription initiation. lac P115 has a much lower k 2 value than lac PUV5; its K B value is about threefold higher than that of lac PUV5.
Immunization effect of Chinese hamster ovary( CHO) cell hepatitis B vaccine with different schedules in adults

Objective To evaluate the immunization effect of hepatitis B vaccine in adults with different schedules.Methods The subjects were adults aged 16- 49-years and selected in 6 townships in Nanxun district of Huzhou,Zhejiang province,and blood samples were taken from them to detect HBs Ag,anti-HBs and anti-HBc. The subjects with negative results of HBs Ag,anti-HBs and anti-HBc detections were divided into two groups to receive 20 μg Chinese hamster ovary( CHO) cell hepatitis B vaccine at 0,1,3 month( Group A) and at 0,1,12 month( Group B). One month after vaccination,the quantitative detection of anti-HBs was conducted to evaluate the immunization effects. Results Totally435 subjects completed the vaccination series and blood samples were taken from them. The anti-HBs positive rates and geometric mean concentration( GMC) of group B and group A was 95. 87%,893. 53 m IU / ml and 63. 59%,31. 99 m IU / ml,respectively. The difference in anti-HBs positive rate was statistical significant between the two groups( χ2= 70. 207,P 0. 001); and the difference in GM C was also statistical significant between the two groups( F = 89. 609,P 0. 001). Conclusion The immunization effect of hepatitis B vaccine with 0,1,12 month schedule is better.
Effect of Nutrition Education for Parents of Infants Aged 4 Months

Objective To unvestigate the effect of nutrition education for parents of infants aged 4 months during the period when solid food is added Methods Sixty infants aged 4～6 months were divided into two group: experimental group (n=30) in which nutritious solid food was added since the age of 4 months for 3 months, and nutrition education was given to the parents; and control group (n=30) in which only general feeding guidance was given Before and after the training, questionmaire survey was conducted to investigate the KAP of the parents in experimental group By the end of the 4 th months, 5 th months, and 6 th months, all infants in both groups had their weight and height taken Results The knowledge,attitudes and behavior about nutrition and feeding were improved gratly among the parents in the experimental group after training (P0 01) The monthly gain in weight and height among the imfants in experimental group was greater than that in the control group Conclusion Addition of solid food is essential for healthy growth of imfants aged 4～6 months Nutrition education for parents is effective
Detection of Pentosidine Cross-Links in Cell-Secreted Decellularized Matrices Using Time Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Hyperglycemia-mediated, nonenzymatic collagen cross-links such as pentosidine (PENT) can have deleterious effects on cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Present techniques to quantify PENT are limited, motivating the need for improved methods to study the accumulation and contribution of PENT toward diabetic clinical challenges such as impaired bone healing. Current methods for studying PENT are destructive, laborious, and frequently employ oversimplified collagen films that lack the complexity of the native ECM. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the capacity of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (TRFS) to detect PENT in cell-secreted ECMs possessing enhanced compositional complexity. To demonstrate an application of this method, we assessed the response of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to cross-linked substrates to explore the role of detected PENT on osteogenic differentiation. We exposed MSC-secreted decellularized matrices (DMs) to 0.66 M ribose for 2 wee...
A review of clinical effects associated with metabolic syndrome and exercise in prostate cancer patients

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), a primary treatment for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, is associated with the adverse effects on numerous physiologic parameters, including alterations in cardiometabolic variables that overlap with components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). As MetS is an established risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and treatment for prostate cancer has been associated with the development of MetS, interventions targeting cardiometabolic factors have been investigated in prostate cancer patients to attenuate the detrimental effects of ADT. Much support exists for exercise interventions in improving MetS variables in insulin-resistant adults, but less evidence is available in men with prostate cancer. Regular exercise, when performed at appropriate intensities and volumes, can elicit improvements in ADT-related adverse effects, including MetS, and contributes to the growing body of literature supporting the role of exercise in cancer survivorship. This review (1) discusses the biologic inter-relationship between prostate cancer, ADT and MetS, (2) evaluates the current literature in support of exercise in targeting MetS and (3) describes the physiological mechanisms by which exercise may favorably alter MetS risk factors in prostate cancer patients on ADT.
Miscellaneous Bone Marrow Disorders

Bone marrow involvement is frequently seen in patients with systemic disorders. Some of these disorders have unique MRI imaging appearance which may be sufficient to make a diagnosis of the particular entity while others require correlation with clinical history and extramedullary findings.
Glioblastoma: Overview of Disease and Treatment.

Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant brain tumor in adults. Current treatment options at diagnosis are multimodal and include surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Significant advances in the understanding of the molecular pathology of GBM and associated cell signaling pathways have opened opportunities for new therapies for recurrent and newly diagnosed disease. Innovative treatments, such as tumor-treating fields (TTFields) and immunotherapy, give hope for enhanced survival.
Weakening the Effect of Unfavorable Country of Origin: A Process- and Parameter-Associated Theoretical Framework

ABSTRACTThe consequence of strategic decisions of Western brands to source their products from offshore countries, largely from the Far East, has added a lot of unfavorable origin countries to their products' labels. Thus, scholars and marketing practitioners are becoming aware of the negative downstream consequences of unfavorable countries of origin in consumers' product evaluation. This research work suggests that, depending on the parameters (cues) that consumers consider along with the country of origin cue, their product evaluation can follow either cognitive, affective, or normative processing. This research study offers a unique framework associated with process-specific parameters that are manifested in weakening the effect of unfavorable country of origin in previous research.
Advanced imaging and therapeutic endoscopy

Abstract From the early days of gastrointestinal endoscopy, there has been remarkable progress in imaging technology. High-definition endoscopes are now part of the standard armamentarium and a variety of other advanced imaging modalities jostle for space. However, the objective of each of these remains much the same; the enablement of the endoscopist to accurately characterize early gastrointestinal mucosal lesions, which are beyond the capability of standard devices. The benefit of doing so, may be manifold. First, during surveillance of gastrointestinal malignancy, the endoscopist may choose to eschew random biopsies in favor of targeted ones from areas of suspicious mucosa. Second, early mucosal lesions may be detected, which are typically amenable to endoscopic therapy. The ultimate result is improved clinical outcomes and in many cases, the avoidance of surgery. The goal of this review is to summarize for the reader, the most important technologies in advanced endoscopic imaging and their applicability to clinical practice with emphasis on their functioning, implementation, and effect on therapeutic endoscopy.
Measurement of longitudinal flow correlations in Pb+Pb collisions at sNN=2.76and5.02TeV with the ATLAS detector

Abstract Measurements of longitudinal flow correlations are presented for charged particles in the pseudorapidity range | η | 2.4 by using a reference detector at 3.2 η ref 4.8 in Pb+Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76 and 5.02 TeV , respectively, with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. It is found that the correlation between the harmonic flow coefficients v n measured in two separated η intervals does not factorize into the product of single-particle flow harmonic v n . This breaking of factorization, or flow decorrelation, increases linearly with the η separation between the intervals. The linear coefficients of the flow decorrelation are found to be larger at 2.76 TeV than 5.02 TeV. The longitudinal flow correlations are also measured between v n of different order in n. The longitudinal fluctuations of v 4 are found to contain significant contribution from the non-linear component from v 2 2 .
Fever as a Complication of Maxillofacial Surgery

Fever is the presence of an elevated body temperature above normal and a manifestation of cytokine release in response to a variety of conditions. There is some evidence that IL-6 is the cytokine most closely correlated with postoperative fever. The emergence of fever, defined as a temperature greater than 38 °C (100.4 °F), within the perioperative course, presents a diagnostic and management challenge for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Symptoms of fever include sweating, shivering, headache, muscle aches, loss of appetite, dehydration, and generalized weakness. In severe instances, the symptoms may include hallucinations, confusion, irritability, convulsions, or severe dehydration. The body is normally able to maintain a fairly steady temperature via a balancing act between excess heat production and heat dissipation from the skin and lungs (Porat, http://www.uptodate.com, 2016; Weed, http://www.uptodate.com, 2016; Lee-Chiong and Stitt, Compr Ther 21:697, 1995). Throughout this chapter, we will explore the causes of fever development, the importance of identifying time of onset, the significance of fever, and its management in the perioperative oral and maxillofacial surgery patient.
Pr3-xTe4: Boost in ZT from Spike at the Fermi Level, but Not before a Good Synthesis

In this issue of Joule , Cheikh et al. show that the praseodymium telluride compound Pr 3-x Te 4 stands out as an excellent high-performance thermoelectric material. They demonstrate favorable electronic structure, which features high f electron density in orbitals with high density of states near the Fermi level that leads to power factor enhancement. These properties are brought out of the material by a successful synthesis of pure stoichiometrically controlled samples.
Faunas and Facies—Fact and Artifact

The fossil record of the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition appears to reflect the relatively sudden, global appearance and diversification of complex metazoan life. Despite assumptions and inferences of a long period of metazoan evolution prior to their preservation in the rock record, virtually all new fossil discoveries and stratigraphic sections only appear to reinforce the relative abruptness of this radiation event (Cloud, 1949; Valentine, 1973; Stanley, 1976; but see Durham, 1978; Runnegar, 1982a, b).
Efficacy of Medical Student Surgery Journal Club.

Background Journal clubs exist in a variety of forms in medical schools across the United States. Many incorporate a full spectrum of medical specialties, some are specific to certain interest groups or specialties, and many widely vary in whether or not they are school mandated or student-run. While these clubs are ubiquitously scattered throughout medical education, there has been very little quantitative or qualitative analysis regarding the efficacy of these clubs in enhancing medical students' abilities to evaluate clinical literature. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of attending Surgical Journal Club meetings at Eastern Virginia Medical School from both a qualitative and quantitative perspective. The authors' hypothesis was that regular attendance of these sessions would improve student performance from a multitude of perspectives and demonstrate the value of clinical literature analysis earlier in medical education. Methods A fifteen question Likert survey was administered on an optional basis to thirty-six medical students attending journal club. Responses were analyzed anonymously, and there was no incentive or demerit for completing the survey. Data was compiled and the mean, median, and mode for each question calculated with “5” corresponding to “Strongly Agree” and “1” corresponding to “Strongly Disagree.” RESULTS Twenty-seven of thirty-six attendees to our seventh journal club meeting completed the survey. Student responses were overwhelming positive, with all but one question reaching above “Agree” by analysis of the mean responses. CONCLUSION Journal clubs remain an integral part of medical education but their importance has been diminished in recent years due to the increasing demands of other aspects of the first two years in medical school. We described a medical student run/established journal club that increased students' interest in surgery, their perceived knowledge-base, and comfort in critically analyzing medical journal articles.
Influential Factors on Selecting an Engineering Major in a First-Year Course

AbstractThis research evaluated factors that first-year engineering students took into consideration when deciding on their major. The study was done at a large, public, urban institution located i...
Awareness and Interest in HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Street-Based Female Sex Workers: Results from a US Context.

Abstract Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to be an empowering HIV prevention tool among female sex workers (FSW), yet little is known about PrEP awareness and interest in this popu...
Big Data Research in Neuro-Ophthalmology: Promises and Pitfalls.

Background:Big data clinical research involves application of large data sets to the study of disease. It is of interest to neuro-ophthalmologists but also may be a challenge because of the relative rarity of many of the diseases treated.Evidence Acquisition:Evidence for this review was gathered fro
Reduction of Postdischarge Suicidal Behavior Among Adolescents Through a Telephone-Based Intervention

Objective:Brief telephone follow-up for a patient with suicidal tendencies after he or she has been discharged from an emergency room or hospital has been shown to decrease subsequent suicide attem...
Bound states in the Brillouin zone continuum

Abstract Systems with space periodic Hamiltonians have unique scattering properties. The discrete translational symmetry associated with periodicity of the Hamiltonian creates scattering channels that govern the scattering process. We consider a two-dimensional scattering system in which one dimension is a periodic lattice and the other is localized in space. The scattering and decay processes can then be described in terms of channels indexed by the Bloch momentum. We find the 1D periodic lattice can sustain two types of bound states in the positive energy continuum (BICs): one protected by reflection symmetry, the other protected by discrete translational symmetry. The lattice also sustains long-lived quasibound states. We expect that our results can be generalized to the behavior of states in the continuum of 2D periodic lattices.
Individual Type 1: Materialists

The materialist type includes individuals whose decisions and behaviors are based on their material needs. There are three major subtypes. The first subtype, survivalists, includes people who regularly struggle to feed themselves and are consumed by the desire ensure their own short- and long-term survival.
Lipid mediators of insulin signaling in diabetic kidney disease.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) affects ∼40% of patients with diabetes and is associated with high mortality rates. Among different cellular targets in DKD, podocytes, highly specialized epithelial c...
Chronic Myeloid Neoplasms

Chronic myeloid neoplasms are group of clinically heterogenous diseases characterized by a wide range of abnormalities affecting the function of cells in the myeloid lineage. Their classification is based on an integrated, multimodality approach that requires the strict correlation of clinical, morphologic, and genetic features. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies are an essential component of the assessment of these patients at the time of diagnosis and in the monitoring phase to assess disease progression and for risk stratification across the disease spectra. In this chapter, we highlight the most common somatic genetic abnormalities identified in this group of diseases.
Clinical instrument to retrospectively capture levels of EDSS.

Abstract Background The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), a common outcome measure in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is obtained prospectively through a direct standardized evaluation. The objective of this study is to develop and validate an algorithm to derive EDSS scores from previous neurological clinical documentation. Methods The algorithm utilizes data from the history, review of systems, and physical exam. EDSS scores formally obtained from research patients were compared to captured EDSS (c‐EDSS) scores. To test inter‐rater reliability, a second investigator captured scores from a subset of patients. Agreement between formal and c-EDSS scores was assessed using a weighted kappa. Clinical concordance was defined as a difference of one-step in EDSS (0.5) and functional system (1.0) scores. Results Clinical documentation from 92 patients (EDSS range 0.0–8.5) was assessed. Substantial agreement between the c‐EDSS and formal EDSS (kappa 0.80; 95% CI 0.74–0.86) was observed. The mean difference between scores was 0.16. The clinical concordance was 78%. Near-perfect agreement was found between the two raters (kappa 0.89; 95% CI 0.84–0.95). The mean inter-rater difference in c-EDSS was 0.23. Conclusions This algorithm reliably captures EDSS scores retrospectively with substantial correlation with formal EDSS and high inter‐rater agreement. This algorithm may have practical implications in clinic, MS research and clinical trials.
A Proof Theory for the Logic of Provability in True Arithmetic

In a classical 1976 paper, Solovay proved the arithmetical completeness of the modal logic GL; provability of a formula in GL coincides with provability of its arithmetical interpretations of it in Peano Arithmetic. In that paper, he also provided an axiomatic system GLS and proved arithmetical completeness for GLS; provability of a formula in GLS coincides with truth of its arithmetical interpretations in the standard model of arithmetic. Proof theory for GL has been studied intensively up to the present day. However, it might sound somewhat strange that no proof theory for GLS was ever developed nor even suggested thus far, except for the axiomatic system offered by Solovay. In this paper, we develop a proof theory for GLS based on the sequent calculus method. We provide a sequent calculus for GLS and prove the cut-elimination and some standard consequences of it: the interpolation and definability theorems. As another consequence of cut-elimination, we also prove the equivalence of GL and GLS with respect to a special form of formulas which we call Godel sentences, using a purely proof-theoretical method.
Does Sexual Orientation Complicate the Relationship Between Marital Status and Gender With Self-rated Health and Cardiovascular Disease?

A substantial body of work has demonstrated the importance of marital status for health, yet the vast majority of this work has studied heterosexual marriages and relationships. To understand the role of marital status in shaping health among heterosexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual men and women, we examine data from a probability-based sample of adults living in 40 U.S. states for selected years between 2011–2015. We test two physical health outcomes—poor-to-fair self-rated health and cardiovascular disease—and present predicted probabilities and pairwise comparisons from logistic regression models before and after adjustment for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and depression. Overall, findings reveal some important similarities and differences in the relationships between marital status and health by sexual orientation and gender. First, the health benefits of marriage extend to sexual minority adults, relative to adults who are either formerly or never married. Among heterosexual adults, adjusted models also highlight the healthy status of never-married adults. Second, the health benefits associated with intimate relationships appear less dependent on legal marriage among sexual minorities than among heterosexual adults. Third, we document a persistent health disadvantage for bisexual adults compared with heterosexual adults, particularly among women who are formerly married, indicating some elevated health vulnerability among selected sexual minority women. Fourth, associations between sexual orientation and health are more similar across marital status groups for men than women. Altogether, these findings add much needed nuance to our understanding of the association between marital status and health in an era of increasing diversity in adult relationships.
Testing for Lorentz-Invariance Violations Through Birefringence Effects on Gravitational Waves

LIGO-VIRGO gravitational-wave data provide a new means of testing for Lorentz violation; a methodology is developed to test for Lorentz violation using gravitational wave-data via the PIRO Simulation. We focus on the gravity sector of the Standard-Model Extension, where a possible observable effect is birefringence: we would observe a small shift in the arrival times between the two gravitational-wave polarizations from a distant source at the detectors.