cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representations of Complex Semi-simple Lie Groups and Lie Algebras

Lie groups and Lie algebras occupy a prominent and central place in mathematics, connecting differential geometry, representation theory, algebraic geometry, number theory, and theoretical physics. In some sense, the heart of (classical) representation theory is in the study of the semisimple Lie groups. Their study is simultaneously simple in its beauty, as well as complex in its richness. From Killing, Cartan, and Weyl, to Dynkin, Harish-Chandra, Bruhat, Kostant, and Serre, many mathematicians in the twentieth century have worked on building up the theory of semisimple Lie algebras and their universal enveloping algebras. Books by Borel, Bourbaki, Bump, Chevalley, Humphreys, Jacobson, Varadarajan, Vogan, and others form the texts for (introductory) graduate courses on the subject.
Rapid ab initio RNA folding including pseudoknots via graph tree decomposition

The prediction of RNA secondary structure including pseudoknots remains a challenge due to the intractable computation of the sequence conformation from intriguing nucleotide interactions. Optimal algorithms often assume a restricted class for the predicted RNA structures and yet still require a high-degree polynomial time complexity, which is too expensive to use. Heuristic methods may yield time-efficient algorithms but they do not guarantee optimality of the predicted structure. This paper introduces a new and efficient algorithm for the prediction of RNA structure with pseudoknots for which the structure is not restricted. Novel prediction techniques are developed based on graph tree decomposition. In particular, stem overlapping relationships are defined with a graph, in which a specialized maximum independent set (IS) corresponds to the desired optimal structure. Such a graph is tree decomposable; dynamic programming over a tree decomposition of the graph leads to an efficient algorithm. The new algorithm is evaluated on a large number of RNA sequence sets taken from diverse resources. It demonstrates overall sensitivity and specificity that outperforms or is comparable with those of previous optimal and heuristic algorithms yet it requires significantly less time than other optimal algorithms.
Recurrent motifs as resonant attractor states in the narrative field: a testable model of archetype

At the most basic level, archetypes represented Jung's attempt to explain the phenomenon of recurrent myths and folktale motifs (Jung 1956, 1959, para. 99). But the archetype remains controversial as an explanation of recurrent motifs, as the existence of recurrent motifs does not prove that archetypes exist. Thus, the challenge for contemporary archetype theory is not merely to demonstrate that recurrent motifs exist, since that is not disputed, but to demonstrate that archetypes exist and cause recurrent motifs. The present paper proposes a new model which is unlike others in that it postulates how the archetype creates resonant motifs. This model necessarily clarifies and adapts some of Jung's seminal ideas on archetype in order to provide a working framework grounded in contemporary practice and methodologies. For the first time, a model of archetype is proposed that can be validated on empirical, rather than theoretical grounds. This is achieved by linking the archetype to the hard data of recurrent motifs rather than academic trends in other fields.
TRADE POLICY AND PROTECTIONISM IN ARGENTINA

Protectionism can take many different forms. In some cases, strong export performance can mislead observers assessing the trade policy of a country. Such is the case with regard to Argentina, where the strong showing in exports is not the result of a strategy of export-led economic growth, but rather reflects a complex strategy of government intervention and isolation from international markets in general.
Speed Scaling with a Solar Cell

We consider the speed scaling problem of scheduling a collection of tasks with release times, deadlines, and sizes so as to minimize the energy recharge rate. This is the first theoretical investigation of speed scaling for devices with a regenerative energy source. We show that the problem can be expressed as a polynomial sized convex program. We that using the KKT conditions, one can obtain an efficient algorithm to verify the optimality of a schedule. We show that the energy optimal YDS schedule, is 2-approximate with respect to the recharge rate. We show that the online algorithm BKP is O(1)-competitive with respect to recharge rate.
On optimizing the performance of interference-limited cellular systems

Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) technology has seen prolific use to achieve higher data rates and an improved communication experience for cellular systems. However, one of the challenging problems in MIMO systems is interference. Interference limits the system performance in terms of rate and reliability. In this paper, we analyze a novel method that provides high performance over interference-limited cellular networks such as Long Term Evolution (LTE). Our proposed algorithm includes an optimized solution that models the interference as correlated noise, and uses its statistical information to jointly optimize the base station precoding and user receiver design of LTE systems. We study the benefits of exploiting interference in terms of both probability of error and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In addition, we compare the proposed method with the conventional beamforming and maximum ratio combining (MRC).
REGIMap: register-aware application mapping on coarse-grained reconfigurable architectures (CGRAs)

Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architectures (CGRAs) are an extremely attractive platform when both performance and power efficiency are paramount. Although the power-efficiency of CGRAs can be very high, their performance critically hinges upon the capabilities of the compiler. This is because a CGRA compiler has to perform explicit pipelining, scheduling, placement, and routing of operations. Existing CGRA compilers struggle with two main problems: 1) effectively utilizing the local register files in the PEs, and 2) high compilation times. This paper significantly improves the state-of-the-art in CGRA compilers by first creating a precise and general formulation of the problem of loop mapping on CGRAs, considering the local registers, and from the insights gained from the problem formulation, distilling an efficient and constructive heuristic solution. We show that the mapping problem, once characterized, can be reduced to the problem of finding maximal weighted clique in the product graph of the time-extended CGRA and the data dependence graph of the kernel. The heuristic we've developed results in average of 1.89 X better performance than the state-of-the-art methods when applied to several kernels from multimedia and SPEC2006 benchmarks. A unique feature of our heuristic is that it learns from failed attempts and constructively changes the schedule to achieve better mappings at lower compilation times.
Peddling Postcards and Selling Empire: Image-Making in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule

Picture postcards were an important element of Japanese imperial propaganda, though they have yet to receive the scholarly attention they deserve. This paper argues that the Taiwan Government-General played an active role in the production and dissemination of picture postcards to propagate a particular view of life in the ‘Aborigine Territory’. To promote ethnic tourism in the wake of the bloody 1930 Wushe Uprising, and to construct Taiwan's majority Han population as ‘inauthentic’ as part of a wider ideological offensive against China, Japanese colonial postcards portrayed Taiwan Indigenous Peoples as isolated, culturally intact, and indebted to a benevolent state. The most widely circulated picture-postcard images of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples were produced by a coterie that included photographer Segawa Kōkichi, publisher Katsuyama Yoshisaku, watercolorist Lan Yinding and Aborigine Affairs Chief Suzuki Hideo. The documentary traces they left behind reveal a series of cross-cutting social and professiona...
Consequences of the Inertial Equivalence of Energy

The usual macroscopic theory of relativistic mechanics and electromagnetism is formulated so that all assumptions but one are consistent with both special relativity and Newtonian mechanics, the distinguishing assumption being that to any energyE, whatever its form, there corresponds an inertial massE/c 2 . The speed of light enters this formulation only as a consequence of the inertial equivalent of energy1/c 2 . While, for1/c 2 >0 the resulting theory has symmetry under the Poincare group, including Lorentz transformations, all its physical consequences can be derived and tested in any one inertial frame. In particular, an account is given in one inertial frame for the dynamic causes of relativistic effects for simple accelerated clocks and roads.
Copulation, conception and deception in aboriginal Australia

Ashley Montagu. Coming Into Being among the Australian Aborigines: A Study of the Procreative Beliefs of the Native Tribes of Australia. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1974. Revised and Expanded Second Edition, xi + 426 pp., figures, notes, bibliography, and index.
The prevalence of laparoscopy and patient safety outcomes: an analysis of colorectal resections

Although laparoscopic colorectal surgery is associated with faster postoperative recovery and shorter hospital stays than open surgery, perioperative patient safety analyses using process-focused, validated measures have yet to be performed. This study analyzed the U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample, a 20 % weighted sample of inpatient hospital discharges, from 1998 to 2009. The study included patients who underwent open or laparoscopic colorectal resections and excluded those younger than 18 years and those who underwent emergent or multiple colorectal operations. The primary outcome measure was surgery-specific patient safety indicators (PSIs). Uni- and multivariate regression methods were used to estimate associations of surgery type with PSIs. A total of 2,936,641 patients were identified, and 177,547 (6 %) of these patients underwent laparoscopic colorectal resections. The laparoscopic patients were younger (p < 0.001) and more likely to be Caucasian (p = 0.005) and male (p < 0.001), to have lower Charlson scores (p < 0.001), and to undergo surgery in teaching hospitals (p < 0.001) located in urban areas (p < 0.001). The prevalence of laparoscopic surgery has increased rapidly in recent years, from 5 to 29 % of all colorectal procedures performed in 2007 and 2009, respectively. The prevalence of any PSI was lower in the laparoscopic group (4.2 vs. 8.3 %; p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses showed that the likelihood of any PSI for laparoscopic colorectal resection was 57 % lower than for open resections (odds ratio, 0.43; 95 % confidence interval, 0.40–0.46; p < 0.001). Laparoscopic colorectal surgery was associated with a lower risk of adverse patient safety events, a difference that became more pronounced as the prevalence of laparoscopy increased. Future studies should focus on factors that promote the safe adoption of innovative surgical techniques and optimize surgical outcomes.
Observation of intense Stokes and anti-Stokes lines in CH4 pumped by 355 nm of a Nd:YAG laser

The stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and four-wave mixing (FWM) processes are studied in detail in CH4 gas pumped by the third-harmonic of Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm. The conversion efficiency and average output energy are measured for the various Stokes and anti-Stokes lines at different experimental conditions. The threshold input energy at various CH4 pressures is calculated for the unguided and capillary waveguide Raman cells. The calculated values for the capillary case are compared with the measured values at different CH4 pressures and the two results are in good agreement.
Developmental Role of Hyaluronate

(1982). Developmental Role of Hyaluronate. Connective Tissue Research: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 93-100.
Daptomycin resistance and treatment failure following vancomycin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) mitral valve acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE)

Acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE) is most commonly due to virulent pathogens, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus ABE may be due to methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) or methicillin-resistant (MRSA) strains and, optimally, ABE should be treated with bactericidal antibiotics. Traditionally, vancomycin has long been used to treat MRSA ABE, but it has been shown that vancomycin may increase the staphylococcal the thickness, resulting in permeability-mediated resistance. We present a case of a 72-year-old male with mitral valve MRSA ABE refractory to daptomycin therapy following initial therapy with vancomycin. We were not able to diminish the intensity of the patient's MRSA bacteremia from his mitral valve ABE, even with high-dose (12 mg/kg day) daptomycin, presumably because of permeability-mediated resistance due to antecedent vancomycin therapy.
Leaf ties as colonization sites for forest arthropods: an experimental study

Secondary colonization of leaf shelters constructed by caterpillars has been reported from a number of systems. Both the mechanism (larval or adult movement vs. oviposition) and the cues used by arthropods in locating leaf shelters,however,have received little attention. 2. Artificial leaf shelters (i.e. leaf ties or pairs of leaves clipped together to form sandwiches) were constructed on understorey white oak (Quercus alba L.) trees and the abundance and species composition of arthropods colonizing and ovipo- siting on leaf pairs was examined in three treatments: occupied leaf ties (contain- ing a leaf-tying caterpillar),unoccupied leaf ties,and non-tied control leaves. 3. The density of arthropods present in the occupied and unoccupied leaf ties after two weeks was seven and four times greater respectively,than non-tied controls. The guild composition of these early colonists differed among treat- ments,with the highest densities of leaf chewers,scavengers,and predators in occupied ties and the lowest densities in non-tied controls. 4. The densities of all arthropods ovipositing on leaf pairs in the occupied and unoccupied leaf tie treatments were four and three times greater than non-tied controls. Leaf-chewing insects (including leaf-tiers and non-tying inquiline species) and scavengers showed strong oviposition preferences for tied leaves. However,most species of leaf-tying caterpillars and the psocids (Psocoptera) did not distinguish between occupied and unoccupied ties,suggesting that these groups do not use occupancy-related cues in selecting oviposition sites.
Neurotransmitter Receptors and Aging

The role of receptors in the central nervous system and effects of aging on the four neurotransmitter receptors most often studied in the context of aging--beta-adrenergic, cholinergic, benzodiazepine, and dopamine--are discussed.
Dopamine β-Hydroxylase Inhibitors Enhance the Discriminative Stimulus Effects of Cocaine in Rats

Inhibitors of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme that converts dopamine (DA) to norepinephrine (NE) in noradrenergic cells, have shown promise for the treatment of cocaine abuse disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of these compounds have not been fully elucidated. We used the drug discrimination paradigm to determine the impact of DBH inhibitors on the interoceptive stimulus properties of cocaine. Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate cocaine (5.6 mg/kg) from saline using a multicomponent, food-reinforced discrimination procedure. On test days, subjects were pretreated with the nonselective DBH inhibitor disulfiram (0–100.0 mg/kg i.p.) or the selective DBH inhibitor nepicastat (0–56.0 mg/kg i.p.) 2 hours prior to a test session either alone or in combination with cumulatively administered cocaine (0–5.6 mg/kg i.p.). Neither disulfiram nor nepicastat substituted for the cocaine stimulus when tested up to doses that nonspecifically reduced responding. However, in combination studies, pretreatment with either disulfiram or nepicastat produced leftward shifts in the cocaine dose-response function and also conferred cocaine-like stimulus effects to the selective NE transporter inhibitor, reboxetine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg i.p.). These results indicate that pharmacological inhibition of DBH does not produce cocaine-like interoceptive stimulus effects alone, but functionally enhances the interoceptive stimulus effects of cocaine, possibly due to facilitated increases in DA released from noradrenergic terminals. These findings suggest that DBH inhibitors have low abuse liability and provide support to clinical reports that some subjective effects produced by cocaine, particularly aversive effects, are enhanced after DBH inhibition.
Cardiac motion and fiber shortening : the whole and its parts

Radionuclide ventriculography findings in 24 subjects show that the ventricular blood pool motion goes from base to apex, a finding that contradicts the expectation that an apex to base relationship should exist, because excitation proceeds from apex to base. This discrepancy reflects a difference between motion caused by whole heart transmural action, and regional activity that does not require global movement. Confirmation of the radionuclide ventriculography findings was made from sonomicrometer crystals, echocardiography, and MRI that demonstrated early basal motion. During excitation, only the endocardial muscle is stimulated by the electrical impulse, but transmural motion that is needed for the endocardial motion that is detected by radionuclide ventriculography. Differences between the isometric and ejection phases are described, and there is discussion of how these findings relate to the myocardial band. The reality of twisting and downward motion of the heart observed during ejection only happens following transmural activation, a motion that exists far beyond the QRS electrical signal on the ECG.
Lucas' number is finally up

Discussion de l'argumentation de J. R. Lucas suivant laquelle les etres humains ne peuvent etre des machines ("Minds, Machines and Godel", Philosophy, 36, 1961, p. 120-124). L'A. montre que l'argument de Lucas suivant lequel il n'est pas une machine repose sur une premisse erronee: suivant l'A., Lucas est donc lui-meme une machine.
Comparison of oxygen isotope data obtained by laser fluorination of olivine with KrF excimer laser and CO2 laser

Abstract The physics and chemistry of laser fluorination techniques that rely on CO 2 lasers and excimer lasers differ on several fundamental levels: the mechanisms of laser-sample coupling, the time-scales of the interactions, and the nature of the fluorination chemistry. We examine the fluorination chemistry of the mineral olivine (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) and use the results of our laser fluorination analyses to assess the accuracy and precision of both techniques. Oxygen isotope analyses of two populations of olivine grains made by using the CO 2 laser fluorination technique give δ 18 O of 5.02 and 4.84 ‰, respectively. Analyses of the same sample populations by KrF excimer laser give δ 18 O of 5.07 and 5.00 ‰, respectively. We maintain that these two techniques are independent of one another and, therefore, that these results can be used to confirm their respective accuracy and precision. We have also examined the chemistry of the two techniques for fluorination of olivine with an eye toward pinpointing pitfalls, advantages, and analytical strategies for each.
Why Russia is in Tajikistan

Since the Soviet breakup in 1991, the Russian government has maintained a substantial military and diplomatic presence in Tajikistan, yet Tajikistan shares no common border with Russia, the once sizable Russian population largely has abandoned the country, and there is little in Tajikistan of commercial value to Russia. What then accounts for Russia's continuing involvement in Tajikistan? This paper argues that Russia's commitment to Tajikistan has psychological, tactical and strategic dimensions.
Invited Paper Multiple-Quantum-Well CCD Spatial Light Modulators

We review previously reported results on the fabrication and operation of spatial light modulators which use electroabsorption in multiple-quantum-well (MQW) structures. These devices are electrically addressed by clocking a pattern of charge packets into a charge-coupled device (CCD). At each CCD pixel the amount of stored charge determines the electric field across the underlying MQW structure, which in turn determines the optical transmission of the device near the band-edge quantum-well excitors peak. The light is incident normal to the wafer surface and enters the device through semi-transparent CCD gates. Both 16-stage and 32-stage one-dimensional devices and 16-by-16 two-dimensional devices have been fabricated on epitaxial layers containing GaAs/AlGaAs MOW structures for operation in the 0.85-μm region and also on epitaxial layers containing InGaAs/GaAs MQW structures for operation above 0.9 μm. The one-dimensional devices have been operated as spatial light modulators at low CCD clock frequencies (up to 1 MHz); they display modulation depths far superior to CCD spatial light modulators fabricated on bulk GaAs.
Demonstration of multiple-hypothesis tracking (MHT) practical real-time implementation feasibility

Since its initial definition, about 25 years ago, the potential data association performance enhancements associated with Multiple Hypothesis Tracking (MHT) have been widely accepted. However, the actual practical implementation of MHT has been impeded by the perception that its complexity precludes real-time application. The purpose of this paper is to show that modern computational capabilities and newly developed MHT algorithm efficiencies make real-time MHT implementation feasible even for scenarios with large numbers of closely spaced targets. The paper begins by outlining the elements of our MHT algorithm and by defining a typical stressing scenario, with about 100 closely spaced targets, which is used for evaluation of real-time MHT implementation capability. It then presents the processing times required for each of the MHT algorithm elements on a 866Mhz Pentium III computer. Finally, it also presents the memory requirements. Conclusions are that real-time implementation is currently feasible for typical stressing scenarios using the 866Mhz Pentium III computer or other similar modern machines. The extension to larger scenarios with future computer systems is outlined.
Valve Replacement in Patients Over 70 Years

From July, 1972, to April, 1976, 54 consecutive patients over the age of 70 years underwent valve replacement at Tampa General Hospital. Twenty-one patients had isolated aortic valve replacement (Group 1), 14 had isolated mitral valve replacement (Group 2), and 19 had combined procedures that included at least 1 valve replacement (Group 3). There was 1 operative death (in Group 1), and another patient (Group 3) died three weeks post-operatively, resulting in an early mortality of 3.7%. Follow-up of the 52 hospital survivors from one to forty-one months reveals 2 additional deaths for a late mortality of 3.8%. Cardiac status improved noticeably in the surviving 50 patients. The data suggests that with current techniques, complex intracardiac procedures can be performed safely with acceptable operative mortality and a satisfactory prognostic outlook in elderly patients.
Father Involvement With Young Children Among the Aka and Bofi Foragers

In this article, the nature of father involvement with young children (1-4 years of age) among the Aka and Bofi foragers of Central Africa is examined. Human behavioral ecology predictions about fathering indicate that father involvement is associated with cultural values, such as lack of warfare, non-violent ideology, flexible gender roles, the high evaluation of both male and female children, residence patterns, and the kin resources of fathers (i.e., number of brothers). Furthermore, human behavioral ecology predictions posit that father involvement increases in early childhood around the time of weaning and that low father involvement is related to postmenopausal female kin involvement. Informed by these predictions, the present cross-sectional study of father involvement with young children will evaluate the role of residence patterns, age of children, the presence of fathers' brothers and postmenopausal female kin, and cultural and ecological contexts among two forest forager groups in the Congo Bas...
Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase modulation of trophoblast cell differentiation

The trophoblast lineage arises as the first differentiation event during embryogenesis. Trophoblast giant cells are one of several end-stage products of trophoblast cell differentiation in rodents. These cells are located at the maternal-fetal interface and are capable of invasive and endocrine functions, which are necessary for successful pregnancy. Rcho-1 trophoblast stem cells can be effectively used as a model for investigating trophoblast cell differentiation. In this report, we evaluated the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway in the regulation of trophoblast cell differentiation. Transcript profiles from trophoblast stem cells, differentiated trophoblast cells, and differentiated trophoblast cells following disruption of PI3K signaling were generated and characterized. Prominent changes in gene expression accompanied the differentiation of trophoblast stem cells. PI3K modulated the expression of a subset of trophoblast cell differentiation-dependent genes. Among the PI3K-responsive genes were those encoding proteins contributing to the invasive and endocrine phenotypes of trophoblast giant cells. Genes have been identified with differential expression patterns associated with trophoblast stem cells and trophoblast cell differentiation; a subset of these genes are regulated by PI3K signaling, including those impacting the differentiated trophoblast giant cell phenotype.
A desperate means to dignity: Work refusal amongst Philadelphia welfare recipients

Sentiments favoring a sweeping overhaul of the United States’ social welfare system culminated in the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in 1996 - a law that mandates states to move almost all recipients from cash assistance on welfare to paid work. This ethnographic study examined work refusal among women who left menial jobs to return to welfare, or to subsistence by other means. Seventy interviews and 18 months of participant observation revealed a pattern of confrontations with authority figures at various job sites as well as resentment of the subservience often demanded of workers in the lowest tiers of the primary economy. Confrontations in training programs and at work afforded impoverished women the chance to express their resentments about being relegated to unrewarding, low income work and to maintain vestiges of even a defiant dignity in the face of a hostile social order.
Cell cycle progression and de novo centriole assembly after centrosomal removal in untransformed human cells

How centrosome removal or perturbations of centrosomal proteins leads to G1 arrest in untransformed mammalian cells has been a mystery. We use microsurgery and laser ablation to remove the centrosome from two types of normal human cells. First, we find that the cells assemble centrioles de novo after centrosome removal; thus, this phenomenon is not restricted to transformed cells. Second, normal cells can progress through G1 in its entirety without centrioles. Therefore, the centrosome is not a necessary, integral part of the mechanisms that drive the cell cycle through G1 into S phase. Third, we provide evidence that centrosome loss is, functionally, a stress that can act additively with other stresses to arrest cells in G1 in a p38-dependent fashion.
Variability of parameters measured during the resuspension of sediments with a particle entrainment simulator

The release of contaminants from sediments is an important problem facing environmental managers concerned with issues such as maintenance dredging, habitat restoration and dredge spoil placement. While there are laboratory methods to assess the remobilization of contaminants from resuspended sediments, little is known about how their operating characteristics influence a sediments response to resuspension. In this study, a particle entrainment simulator (PES) for resuspending sediments was evaluated by assessing variability among replicates and over operation time (12 h) for three estuarine sediments. These sediments varied in physical and chemical properties as well as the degree of metal contamination. Results showed that under identical resuspension conditions, there was low variability among sediment replicates. Sediment properties and the degree of metal contamination affected the magnitude and variation in water column parameters and contaminant release. Fine-grained sediments affected water column parameters, which stabilized over several hours of resuspension. While metal concentrations in the aqueous and particulate samples varied throughout operation, variation was highest for Cd and Ni. Compared to other methods used to evaluate the effects of sediment resuspension, the PES has operational advantages such as the ability to monitor water column conditions and resuspend sediment at specified energy levels. Overall, the PES provided reproducible conditions of resuspension effects among sediments varying in composition and contamination, demonstrating its value as a tool to evaluate contaminant mobility.
The role of L1 stalk:tRNA interaction in the ribosome elongation cycle

The ribosomal L1 stalk is a mobile structure implicated in directing tRNA movement during translocation through the ribosome. This article investigates three aspects of L1 stalk-tRNA interaction. First, by combining data from cryo electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations through the molecular dynamics flexible fitting method, we obtained atomic models of different tRNAs occupying the hybrid P/E state interacting with the L1 stalk. These models confirm the assignment of fluorescence resonance energy transfer states from previous single-molecule investigations of L1 stalk dynamics. Second, the models reconcile how initiator tRNA(fMet) interacts less strongly with the L1 stalk compared to elongator tRNA(Phe), as seen in previous single-molecule experiments. Third, results from a simulation of the entire ribosome in which the L1 stalk is moved from a half-closed conformation to its open conformation are found to support the hypothesis that L1 stalk opening is involved in tRNA release from the ribosome.
A New Trajectory Control of a Car-Like Wheeled Robot

This paper proposes a trajectory control scheme for a car-like four-wheeled mobile robot. The proposed control scheme consists of a trajectory generator, a motion control law, and a steering control law. First, a real-time trajectory generator is designed based on the nonholonomic kinematic constraints of the robot, in which the reference driving speed and time rate of heading angle are computed in real time for a given desired trajectory of the robot. Next, motion and steering control laws are designed based on the dynamic model of the robot. The motion and steering control laws are used to control the robot speed and steering angle. Finally, the validity of the proposed control scheme is shown by realistic computer simulations with one sampling time delay in the control loop. In this study, the Lyapunov stability theorem and the loop shaping method are used as mathematical design tools. The proposed control guarantees asymptotic stability of the trajectory control while keeping all internal signals bounded. The proposed method of control design is much simpler than the back-stepping method.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Overcoming Incentive Constraints by Linking Decisions

Consider a Bayesian collective decision problem in which the preferences of agents are private information. We provide a general demonstration that the utility costs associated with incentive constraints become negligible when the decision problem is linked with a large number of independent copies of itself. This is established by defining a mechanism in which agents must budget their representations of preferences so that the frequency of preferences across problems mirrors the underlying distribution of preferences, and then arguing that agents' incentives are to satisfy their budget by being as truthful as possible. We also show that all equilibria of the linking mechanisms converge to the target utility levels. The mechanisms do not require transferable utility or interpersonal comparisons of utility, and are immune to manipulations by coalitions.
Experimental and Theoretical Comparison of the Precision of Flame Atomic Absorption, Fluorescence, and Emission Measurements

Theoretical equations and experimental evaluation procedures for the determination of the precision of flame atomic absorption, emission, and fluorescence measurements are presented. These procedures and noise power spectra are used to evaluate the precision and noise characteristics of atomic copper measurements with all three techniques under the same experimental conditions in an H2-air flame. At the detection limit, emission and fluorescence measurements are limited by background emission shot and flicker noise whereas absorption measurements are limited by flame transmission lamp flicker noise. Analyte flicker noise limits precision at higher analyte concentrations for all three techniques. Fluctuations in self-absorption and the inner filter effect are shown to contribute to the noise in atomic emission and fluorescence measurements.
Sixty years of management and natural disturbance in a New England forested landscape

Abstract Changes in species composition of overstory trees (percent of basal area) and size class were monitored over 60 years on 441 cruise plots located on the Bartlett Experimental Forest, a 1052 ha experimental forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The plots were analyzed by elevation class, landtype (deciduous and coniferous), and year (1931–32, 1939–40, and 1991–92) within managed and unmanaged stands. The primary changes in species composition over the 60-year period were due to natural succession, which resulted in marked increases (doubling) of the eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) component, and consistent decreases in paper birch ( Betula papyrifera Marsh.), yellow birch ( B. alleghaniensis Britton) (at medium or low elevations), and aspen ( Populus spp.). Timber management resulted in small decreases in the beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) component and slight increases in sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.). Natural disturbances (beech-bark disease and hurricane damage) had only minor effects on species occurrence. No consistent evidence of red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) decline was detected. Eastern hemlock, a climatically sensitive species in northern New England with a limited elevational range, increased dramatically at moderate to low elevations, but showed little tendency to invade the highest elevation class; apparently, the warming trend reported elsewhere in New Hampshire is not occurring, or the species are not responding in terms of changes in elevational distribution. The results emphasize the resilience of New England forests and their resistance to exogenous disturbance.
The transition from amphibolite-facies mylonite to chloritic breccia and role of the mylonite in formation of Eocene epizonal plutons, Bitterroot dome, Montana

The Bitterroot mylonite is a ductile-deformed amphibolitefacies mylonite (A-mylonite), abruptly capped by ductile- to brittle-deformed greenschist-facies mylonite (G-mylonite). The movement picture of the A-mylonite from its lineation and S-C-surfaces is strongly focused; the average orientation for the G-mylonite is similar but much more diffuse.
Protonation of the ground states of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers

Abstract Ru(II) complexes that possess 2,2′-bipyrazine, 2,2′-bipyrimidine, and 2-(2′-pyridyl)pyrimidine ligands in combination with 2,2′-bipyridine undergo protonation at the basic nitrogen heteroatoms on the periphery of the aromatic rings as the solution is made more acidic, resulting in changes in the absorption spectra. In this study, the acidity of the solution was controlled with concentrated H 2 SO 4 ; titration curves for the first protonations were obtained from plots of absorbance versus acidity, from which the p K a1 values for the monoprotonated species were extracted. As has been observed before for the acid-base properties of the excited states and the one-electron reduced forms of the complexes, the p K a1 values of the protonated forms of the ground states (−1.6 to −5.0) correlate with the reduction potentials, and demonstrate site selectivity of the protonation process.
Model-free occupancy-based control of variable-air-volume terminal boxes: demo abstract

In this demo abstract, we describe an occupancy-based control (OBC) system under development that has potential to save 18% of the energy use on average in office buildings having single-duct variable-air-volume (VAV) heating, ventilating and air-conditioning systems. The OBC system uses the measured number of occupants to control the airflow rate through the VAV box during times when no heating or cooling is called for by the zone thermostat. It can be retrofit on the terminal boxes in existing VAV systems. The demonstration will provide: 1) background on the concept, energy benefits, system structure, and system components, 2) a working bench-top system with actual terminal box, terminal box controller, and OBC software running on a microprocessor, and 3) a computer-based dashboard that will graphically display occupancy changes of a virtual room, which will drive the bench-top system, and key variables that show the behavior of the OBC system and its impacts.
Delamination buckling and growth in laminates

The phenomenon of delamination buckling and growth in a compressively loaded, two-layer circular plate is analyzed. Geometrical nonlinearity is included in the model in order to determine the effect of postbuckling stiffness on the delamination growth process, and the influence of imperfections in the form of transverse loads is also examined.
Nucleation And Growth Of Thin Films

There are three basic thin-film growth modes: Volmer-Weber (island), Frank and van der Merwe (layer), and Stranski-Krastanov (layer followed by island). Examples of these growth modes and variations thereof are presented, and the theories governing the initial and later stages of growth in each case are reviewed. Some useful applications of the theories are also given.
Clinical evaluation of the QMS® Tacrolimus immunoassay.

Abstract Background Tacrolimus, a widely used immunosuppressant, inhibits T-lymphocyte signal transduction and cytokine upregulation. We evaluated and compared the performance of a newly developed tacrolimus immunoassay method to LC–MS/MS. Method Analytical performance was assessed using quality control materials and whole blood patient samples. Interferences studies were performed using pooled whole-blood samples spiked with each interferent, respectively. Comparison studies were conducted using 145 de-identified whole blood samples collected after routine tacrolimus analysis by LC–MS/MS. Results CVs were between 3.9 and 8.1% and the method was linear (r2 = 0.99) up to 30.0 ng/ml. Calibration was stable ≤ 12 days and LOQ was 0.7 ng/ml (14.4% CV). Bilirubin (≤ 48 mg/dl), hemoglobin (≤ 345 mg/dl), and triglycerides ( Conclusions Overall, the QMS Tacrolimus Immunoassay showed good analytical performance. Comparison studies showed a proportional bias of 17%, which can be attributed to the significant number of liver and kidney transplant patients present in this study (121/145).
Two interacting electrons in a one-dimensional parabolic quantum dot: exact numerical diagonalization

We apply the exact numerical diagonalization technique to study two interacting electrons in a one-dimensional parabolic quantum dot. We consider a modified Coulomb interaction potential between the electrons with a truncation parameter that serves to regularize the behaviour of the bare Coulomb potential in one dimension. We report the dependence of ground and excited state energies for several values of the truncation parameter as the strength of electronic correlations is varied relative to the confinement energy. The similarity of this quantum dot system to the ammonia molecule is pointed out.
Energetics and kinetics of the c(2 × 2) to (2√2 × √2)R45◦ transition during the early stages of Cu(100) oxidation

The energetics and kinetics of the $c$($2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2$) to ($2\sqrt{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{2}$)$R$${45}^{\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}$ missing-row reconstruction transition on the Cu(100) surface are investigated using density functional theory calculations. First, oxygen-molecule-induced surface restructuring on the unreconstructed Cu(100) surface is compared to that on the missing-row reconstructed surface. We find that the surface-oxide energy decrease on the missing-row reconstruction ($\ensuremath{-}0.149$ eV/\AA{}${}^{2}$) is larger than that on the unreconstructed surface ($\ensuremath{-}0.080$ eV/\AA{}${}^{2}$). Cu${}_{2}$O-like structures, which are found on the reconstructed surface, are not found on the unreconstructed surface. These results indicate that the missing-row reconstruction is necessary for the formation of Cu${}_{2}$O on the Cu(100) surface. Then, we investigate copper ejection from the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ phase using the nudged elastic band method. A series of ejections onto the nearest-neighbor copper atom is found to be the most probable mechanism for the formation of the missing row. The barriers for the subsequent copper diffusion events are comparable to those on the perfect $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ phase and the clean copper surface, suggesting that the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)$ phase acts as a copper diffusion channel during surface oxidation.
Competition and community

Ecology and Evolution of Communities. Edited by Martin L. Cody and Jared M. Diamond. Pp. xii+545 (Belknap for Harvard University: Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, 1975). $17.70.
Nonequilibrium dynamics simulations of nitric oxide release : Comparative study of nitrophorin and myoglobin

Nitrophorin 4 (NP4) is a heme protein that reversibly binds nitric oxide (NO), with release rates modulated by pH change. High-resolution structures of NP4 revealed that pH changes and NO binding induce a large conformational rearrangement in two loops that serve to protect the heme-bound NO molecule from solvent. We used extended (110 ns) molecular dynamics simulations of NP4 at pH 5 and pH 7, modeled by selective deprotonation of acidic groups. Conformational and dynamic changes were observed, consistent with those found in the crystal. Further, major solvent movement and NO escape were observed at pH 7, while the ligand remained in the heme binding pocket at pH 5. As a control, we also performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of sperm whale myoglobin, where NO migration into the interior cavities of the protein was observed, consistent with previous reports. We constructed a kinetic model of ligand escape to quantitatively relate the microscopic rate constants to the observed rates, and tested the predictions against the experimental data. The results suggest that release rates of diatomic molecules from heme proteins can be varied by several orders of magnitude through modest adjustments in geminate rebinding and gating behavior.
Radiographic evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament graft failure with special reference to tibial tunnel placement

Graft failure in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction can result from anterior placement of the tibial tunnel. Conventional radiographic evaluation of this problem does not take into account potential changes in tibio-femoral relationship caused by ACL instability. A retrospective radiographic evaluation of failed as well as successful ACL reconstructions was carried out. Both published radiographs as well as those obtained of patients treated by the authors were evaluated for tibial tunnel placement, roof impingement, and tibial position relative to the femur. In the second part of the study, the radiographs were obtained under standard conditions in both failed ACL reconstructions and normal knees. The results of both parts of the study indicate that lateral radiographs of the extended knee with ACL instability are likely to show subtle anterior tibial subluxation. The subluxation can give the impression of roof impingement on the graft. However, the majority of the failed knees had similar tibial tunnel placement compared with successful reconstructions and would appear unimpinged once corrected for subluxation. The diagnosis of graft impingement by the femoral intercondylar roof has to take into account potential tibial subluxation. Impingement as a cause graft failure may be less common than previously thought.
Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus during the first four years of life

Objectives : To determine whether cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to recall antigens develop in children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and if so, whether these responses are retained. Methods : Children infected with HIV and uninfected children born to mothers infected with HIV were compared with respect to lymphoproliferative responses to recall antigens and protective levels of antibody to bacterial toxoids during the first 4 years of life. Results : Children infected with HIV who were enrolled in a prospective study of the natural history of the infection were relatively normal (1) in their lymphoproliferative responses to diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, and Candida , and (2) in their ability to make protective diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins during the first 2 years of life. During the next 2 years, attrition was noted in both lymphoproliferative and humoral responses. Attrition in response was not necessarily correlated with declining numbers of helper T cells. Conclusions : These results suggest that both cellular and humoral immune responses develop early in life in most children infected with HIV, while they remain relatively well both clinically and immunologically. Previously reported severe immune deficits in these children were probably attributable to advanced clinical disease when they were first studied.
Hepatic microsomal mixed function oxygenase: Enzyme multiplicity for the metabolism of carcinogens to DNA-binding metabolites☆

Microsome-mediated metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and benzo[a]-pyrene (BP), as determined by the in vitro formation of DNA binding metabolites, was studied, using hepatic microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital (PB)-treated and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-treated male rats. Contrasting results were obtained for the two substrates: in the case of AFB1, microsomes from PB-treated rats were twice as active as microsomes from untreated and MC-treated rats, whereas, in the case of BP, microsomes from MC-treated rats were several fold more active than microsomes from untreated and PB-treated rats. These data strongly suggests enzyme multiplicity of microsomal mixed function oxygenase for the activation of carcinogens, especially AFB1 and BP whose reactive metabolites are believed to be epoxides.