cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating broad-scale system change using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research: challenges and strategies to overcome them

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the utility of the CFIR framework for evaluating broad-scale change by discussing the challenges to be addressed when planning the assessment of broad-scale change and the solutions developed by the evaluation team to address those challenges. The evaluation of implementation of Patient-centered Care and Cultural Transformation (PCC&CT) within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) will be used as a demonstrative example. Patient-Centered Care (PCC) is personalized health care that considers a patient’s circumstances and goals. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is working towards implementing PCC throughout its healthcare system, comprised of multiple interventions with a singular long-term goal of cultural transformation, however little is known about the factors influencing its implementation. This paper discusses the issues that arose using CFIR to qualitatively assess the factors influencing implementation of cultural transformation. Application of CFIR to this broad-scale evaluation revealed three strategies recommended for use in evaluating implementation of broad-scale change: (1) the need for adapted definitions for CFIR constructs (especially due to new application to broad-scale change), (2) the use of a mixed deductive-inductive approach with thematic coding to capture emergent themes not encompassed by CFIR, and (3) its use for expedited analysis and synthesis for rapid delivery of findings to operational partners. This paper is among the first to describe use of CFIR to guide the evaluation of a broad-scale transformation, as opposed to discrete interventions. The processes and strategies described in this paper provide a detailed example and structured approach that can be utilized and expanded upon by others evaluating implementation of broad-scale evaluations. Although CFIR was the framework selected for this evaluation, the strategies described in this paper including: use of adapted definitions, use of mixed deductive-inductive approach, and the approach for expedited analysis and synthesis can be transferred and tested with other frameworks.
Oral and Dental Health

The dental patient with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities will present numerous challenges in communication, diagnosis and treatment. For a variety of reasons, these individuals often are unable to find or access needed dental care, often leading to increased incidence and severity of dental disease as well as loss of teeth and the many problems associated with edentulism. The presence of dental disease has also been shown to have a direct impact on the person’s overall systemic health, making dental care a critical component health care.
Relating Structural and Microstructural Evolution to the Reactivity of Cellulose and Lignin during Alkaline Thermal Treatment with Ca(OH)2 for Sustainable Energy Production Integrated with CO2 Capture

The transition toward a low carbon economy necessitates the implementation of a wide range of negative emissions technologies, including bioenergy integrated with CO2 capture and storage. Advancing...
Exploring the options for the improvement of H2S adsorption on sludge derived adsorbents: Building the composite with porous carbons

Abstract With an objective to fully utilize a high catalytic capability of sludge-based adsorbents towards hydrogen sulfide oxidation, the composites consisting of a sewage sludge derived phase and coconut-carbon were synthesized with 10 and 30% of the latter phase. They were obtained by simple pyrolysis at 600, 800 and 950 °C. After an extensive surface characterization from the viewpoints of chemistry and porosity, their performance was tested in a hydrogen sulfide removal from a moist gas phase at ambient conditions. The results showed an improvement in the performance only for the samples obtained at 600 and 800 °C. These composites performed better than the hypothetical physical mixtures of the components and the highest hydrogen sulfide breakthrough capacity reached 22 mg/g, which was three times more than for only sludge derived samples. The improvement was linked to the availability of catalytic centers contributing to hydrogen sulfide oxidation and to an increase in the porosity from the carbon phase, where the products of reactive adsorption could be stored. On the other hand, pyrolysis of the composites at 950 °C decreased the performance in comparison with that of an only-sludge-based adsorbent (87 mg/g). It was linked to the high temperature effect of blocking the favorable chemistry of the sludge phase by the carbon particles and by blocking the pores of carbon by its sintering with the inorganic sludge-based phase.
Correction of iron deficiency in hospitalized heart failure patients does not improve patient outcomes

Heart failure (HF) has an estimated prevalence of 1-2% in the world's population and up to 10% of patients age 65 and above. Iron deficiency (ID) in HF has been shown to be an independent contributor of increased mortality and poorer quality of life and has been associated with increased rates of hospitalization. Estimates are varied, but it is believed that as many as 30-83% of HF patients have ID, often without overt anemia, therefore making diagnosis more difficult. Well-established large studies have shown intravenous iron (IVFe) supplementation in HF patients is superior to an oral route, though these guidelines were developed for the chronic HF patients in the outpatient setting. For patients who are frequently hospitalized for HF, their inpatient stays may present an opportunity to diagnose ID. We previously showed that ID is underdiagnosed in the inpatient setting. To date, limited studies investigate long-term outcomes in hospitalized HF patients diagnosed with ID who are treated with IVFe compared to those who are not. In this retrospective analysis, we assessed 1-year readmission rates and mortality outcomes in patients who were diagnosed with ID while admitted for HF and subsequently received IVFe versus those who did not on their initial admission. These data suggest that there is no significant reduction in readmissions for HF or mortality between those patients who received IVFe and those who did not.
The importance of making testable predictions: A cautionary tale

We found a startling correlation (Pearson ρ > 0.97) between a single event in daily sea surface temperatures each spring, and peak fish egg abundance measurements the following summer, in 7 years of approximately weekly fish egg abundance data collected at Scripps Pier in La Jolla California. Even more surprising was that this event-based result persisted despite the large and variable number of fish species involved (up to 46), and the large and variable time interval between trigger and response (up to ~3 months). To mitigate potential over-fitting, we made an out-of-sample prediction beyond the publication process for the peak summer egg abundance observed at Scripps Pier in 2020 (available on bioRxiv). During peer-review, the prediction failed, and while it would be tempting to explain this away as a result of the record-breaking toxic algal bloom that occurred during the spring (9x higher concentration of dinoflagellates than ever previously recorded), a re-examination of our methodology revealed a potential source of over-fitting that had not been evaluated for robustness. This cautionary tale highlights the importance of testable true out-of-sample predictions of future values that cannot (even accidentally) be used in model fitting, and that can therefore catch model assumptions that may otherwise escape notice. We believe that this example can benefit the current push towards ecology as a predictive science and support the notion that predictions should live and die in the public domain, along with the models that made them.
Improved Hybrid RM-Polar Codes and Decoding on Stable Permuted Factor Graphs

A new family of modified polar codes and a new permutation selection scheme for belief propagation list (BPL) decoding are presented. We first propose a new code construction methodology to interpolate between Reed-Muller (RM) codes and polar codes. By taking advantage of an existing partial order on bit-channels whose corresponding indices share the same Hamming weight, we analyze the complexity of the new construction method. It is shown that we need to compute the reliability of roughly a fraction 1/log3/2N of all the bit-channels contained in the subset. Then, we explore a special family of factor-graph layer permutations called stable permutations (SPs) that preserve a specified information set when the corresponding bit permutations are applied to message bit indices. Simulation results show that the error-rate performance of the new family of codes is better than that of 5G polar codes under successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding. In addition, the SP selection scheme stands out as a preferred one for BPL decoding in terms of error-rate performance, while the average number of iterations per belief propagation (BP) decoder on the permuted factor graph is close to that of the original BP decoder when an early stopping condition is applied.
Racial Differences in Natriuretic Peptide Levels: The Dallas Heart Study.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess whether N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels differ according to race/ethnicity. Background Natriuretic peptides (NP) are hormones with natriuretic, diuretic, and vasodilatory effects. Experimental NP deficiency promotes salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy, conditions that are more common among black individuals. Methods We examined plasma NT-proBNP levels according to race/ethnicity in 3,148 individuals (51% black, 31% white, 18% Hispanic) free of prevalent cardiovascular disease in the Dallas Heart Study. NT-proBNP values in the bottom sex-specific quartile were defined as low. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed adjusting for clinical covariates and magnetic resonance imaging measurements of cardiac structure and function. Results Hypertension was present in 41%, 25%, and 16% of black, white, and Hispanic individuals, respectively. Unadjusted NT-proBNP levels were lowest in black (median: 24 pg/ml; interquartile range [IQR]: 10 to 52 pg/ml) as compared with Hispanic (30 pg/ml; IQR: 14 to 59 pg/ml) and white individuals (32 pg/ml; IQR: 16 to 62 pg/ml), p Conclusions In this multiethnic cohort, NT-proBNP levels differ substantially according to race/ethnicity. Despite a higher prevalence of hypertension, black individuals had significantly lower NP levels than white and Hispanic individuals. A relative NP “deficiency” among black individuals may lead to greater susceptibility to salt retention and hypertension.
Have dockside prices improved after MSC certification? analysis of multiple fisheries

A number of studies have investigated consumers' payment of a price premium for ecolabeled seafood from sustainability-certified fisheries, however studies of price premiums for certified fish at the dockside (ex-vessel) level remain scarce. This paper examines the effect of Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certification on ex-vessel prices from three different fisheries: salmon and halibut in Alaska, and flathead flounder in Kyoto, Japan. A difference-in-difference approach (DiD) is used to estimate whether the relationship between ex-vessel prices of MSC-certified fisheries and market-competing non-certified fisheries have statistically changed after certification. Mixed results show that after certification significant increases occurred in the differences between ex-vessel prices for certified chum and pink salmon and flathead flounder relative to their uncertified counterparts, while the price difference declined between certified and uncertified sockeye salmon experienced significant negative effects. No significant effects were found for chinook and coho salmon and halibut. Results may be attributable to MSC certification or other unobservable variables influencing the certified fishery relative to the uncertified fishery. This paper adds to the literature on market and environmental effects of fisheries certification, which in aggregate continues to show ambiguous results across a landscape of fisheries globally.
Anesthetic Management and Challenges in the Pregnant Patient

Trauma during pregnancy is the leading cause of non-obstetric morbidity and mortality and presents a unique set of challenges to the anesthesiologist, as there are inherently two patients to care for. The best treatment for the fetus is expeditious evaluation and resuscitation of the mother. Evaluation of the fetus by an obstetrician should be part of the secondary survey, including fetal heart rate monitoring for pregnancies exceeding 20 weeks gestation. The duration of fetal heart rate monitoring should be guided by the severity and mechanism of injury, as well as by maternal and fetal responses. Pregnancy brings about a multitude of physiologic changes that must be considered when evaluating and treating the pregnant trauma patient. The anesthesiologist may have more familiarity with the physiology of pregnancy and can play an important role in resuscitation. The initial goals of resuscitation are maintenance of adequate ventilation and oxygenation, volume replacement, and avoidance of aortocaval compression.
Interacting ensemble of the instanton-dyons and the deconfinement phase transition in the SU(2) gauge theory

Instanton-dyons, also known as instanton-monopoles or instanton-quarks, are topological constituents of the instantons at nonzero temperature and holonomy. We perform numerical simulations of the ensemble of interacting dyons for the SU(2) pure gauge theory, using standard Metropolis Monte Carlo and integration over parameter methods. We calculate the free energy as a function of the holonomy (logarithm of the Polyakov line), the dyon densities, and the Debye mass, and find its minima as a function of those parameters. We show that the backreaction on the holonomy potential does generate confinement, provided the density is sufficiently high (or the temperature sufficiently low). We then report various properties of the self-consistent ensembles as a function of temperature.
The equivalence of several set invariance conditions under saturation

Several equivalent conditions or statements for set invariance were obtained for systems with one saturating actuator in a recent paper. In particular, it was shown that the invariance of an ellipsoid under a saturated linear feedback is equivalent to its controlled invariance and also to the existence of a feedback linear inside the ellipsoid that makes it invariant. In this paper, we attempt to extend the results to systems with multiple saturating actuators. Our analysis reveals that the equivalence holds conditionally for some pairs of the statements and does not hold for some other pairs.
Predictive Measures of Fetal Distress in Calves During Delivery

The effect of birth stress on tongue color, length, and responsiveness was studied in fifty eight calves. The calves were monitored from stage 2 of parturition until birth. Tongue parameters (Tongue color, length, and responsiveness) were measured at two minute intervals. Immediately after birth arterial blood samples were taken and analyzed for PO2, PCO2, pH to establish stress levels as described by Strawn et al. (1996). Calves were then released to the farm management. Tongue length …
Gold nanoparticles with perfluorothiolate ligands.

Two syntheses of gold nanoparticles with fluorinated alkyl and aryl thiolate ligands are reported. The fluorous Au nanoparticles are smaller than previous gold fluor-capped examples, and are in the 44−75 Au atom size range. Fluoroalkyl thiolate-protected (1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiolate) nanoparticles synthesized by a Brust reaction are a mixture of (mainly) ∼8.5 kDa (ca. 44 core atoms) and ∼14 kDa (ca. 75 core atoms) species, by MALDI-mass spectrometry. This composition is consistent with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results of the ligand shell composition. 19F NMR spectra display a progressive line broadening of resonances for fluorine sites closer to the Au core. A second synthetic route used a (ligand replacement) reaction of pentafluorobenzenethiol with Au55(PPh3)12Cl6. The exchange is (as previously observed for nonfluorinated thiols) accompanied by nanoparticle core size changes to produce a polydisperse mixture within which a Au75 core species could be electrochemically discerned by its ch...
Simulation of the precipitation of silver bromide photographic emulsions

Nucleation and crystal growth processes involved in the batch precipitation of photographic emulsions by the addition of silver nitrate to an aqueous solution of bromide and gelatin have been reasonably successfully modeled. Simulation predicts the known increase in average crystal size with increased addition time, with increased temperature, and with increased halide levels. Solubility is related to crystal size by the Gibbs-Thomson equation. The predicted decrease in the number of crystals during the course of precipitation is similar to published data, but there are quantitative differences. The model is very sensitive to variations in the constant in the growth equation, but not to variations in the constants in the nucleation equation.
Instability investigation of cantilevered seacliffs

Wave action is a fundamental mechanism in seacliff erosion, whereby wave undercutting creates an unstable cantilevered seacliff profile and can lead to large catastrophic cliff failures, thus threatening coastal infrastructure. This study investigated the instability of two such failures that occurred in Solana Beach, California, by combining terrestrial LIDAR scanning, cantilever beam theory and finite element analysis. Each landslide was detected by evaluating the surface change between subsequent high resolution digital terrain models derived from terrestrial LIDAR data. The dimensions of failed cantilever masses were determined using the surface change measurements and then incorporated into failure stress analysis. Superimposing stress distributions computed from elastic cantilever beam theory and finite element modeling provided a method to back-calculate the maximum developed tensile and shear stresses along each failure plane. The results of the stress superposition revealed that the bending stresses caused by the cantilevered load contributed the majority of stress leading to collapse. Both shear and tensile failure modes were investigated as potential cliff failure mechanisms by using a comparison of the back-calculated failure stresses to material strengths found in laboratory testing. Based on the results of this research, the tensile strength of the cliff material was exceeded at both locations, thus causing the cliffs to collapse in tension. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The structure and content of the medical subinternship: a national survey.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the educational and administrative structure and content of internal medicine subinternship (SI) programs at medical schools throughout the United States. DESIGN: A cross-sectional mailed survey of internal medicine SI directors at U.S. medical schools. MAIN RESULTS: Responses were received from 100 (80%) of 125 eligible programs. Seventy-five percent of schools require a SI for graduation; 26% of these schools require the completion of a medical SI. Nationally, about 75% of all medical students opt to complete a medical SI. Dedicated SI administrative committees exist at 46% of medical schools. A minority of programs provide students with explicit curricula (31%) or exclusive conference time (36%). In 44% of programs, subinterns are used by hospital departments of medicine as intern substitutes. Subinterns are responsible for sign-out and cross-coverage in about half of the programs, and all patient orders entered by subinterns require cosignature. Subintern evaluation criteria include attending evaluation (100%), resident evaluation (80%), case write-ups (27%), supervised clinical examination (20%), written examination (14%), and oral examination (3%). CONCLUSION: Although most medical schools offer an SI in internal medicine and many require it, the experience often lacks clearly defined curricular goals and often does not provide medical students with house-staff-level responsibilities. In an effort to ease the transition from undergraduate to postgraduate training, further studies are needed to define which educational and structural components of the medicine SI should be developed and emphasized.
HIV-1 Vpr binding to HIV-1 LTR C/EBP cis-acting elements and adjacent regions is sequence-specific.

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral protein R (Vpr) is a 14 kDa virion-associated protein that transactivates the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) as well as other eukaryotic promoters. Vpr also functions in nuclear localization and import of the HIV-1 preintegration complex (PIC), cell cycle arrest at the G 2 /M interface, and virion packaging. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis has been utilized to demonstrate a direct association between purified Vpr (strain pNL4-3) and HIV-1 LTR sequences that span the adjacent C/EBP site I, NF-κB site II, and ATF/CREB binding site (nt –95 to –130, relative to the start of transcription). A similar interaction has been observed between HIV-1 Vpr and LTR C/EBP site II (nt –167 to –175). A total of 94.7% of LTRs derived from peripheral blood contained C/EBP site I variants that displayed a high relative Vpr binding affinity phenotype, while only 5.3% exhibited a low relative Vpr binding affinity phenotype. All LTRs derived from peripheral blood exhibited a high relative Vpr binding phenotype at C/EBP site II. These results suggest a preference for the maintenance of two cis -acting elements with high affinity for Vpr within LTRs derived from peripheral blood. Additional studies have also demonstrated that naturally occurring sequence variation within C/EBP site I and II can dramatically alter the relative affinity of Vpr for these cis -acting elements. These studies suggest that Vpr may regulate the interaction of members of the C/EBP transcription factor family with the viral LTR.
Dynamical behavior of electronic states of NH32+ prepared from N1s ionization of ammonia

Abstract Several electronic states of NH32+ were prepared by Auger decay following core electron ionization of NH3. The ionic products from these states were observed by single-event energy-resolved Auger electron multiple-ion coincidence time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The dependence of the fragmentation channel branching ratios on the electronic state of the dication correlates with the energy threshold for each channel. In general, the kinetic energy released in fragmentation depends only weakly on the electronic state producing the fragments.
Acquiescence Response Style and the Vocational Development Inventory.

Abstract The possible effects of acquiescence response style upon endorsement of items in the Vocational Development Inventory-Attitude Scale (VDI-Att) were investigated in an experimental paradigm. On Test “free-choice” (T,F,?) response options were presented to both the Experimental (E) and the Control (C) groups; on Retest C received the same format but E was administered a “forced-choice” (T,F,) answer sheet. One hundred male and female undergraduates were randomly assigned to the E and C groups cross-classified by sex. ANOVA on Test indicated the groups were equivalent; ANOVA on Retest yielded negative findings on acquiescence in the VDI-Att. It was concluded that responses to the VDI-Att are not significantly affected by acquiescence; rather, it was hypothesized that they can be conceptually related to discrimination learning processes.
Illocutionary acts across languages: editorializing in Egyptian English

: This paper provides a description of the pragmatics of language use in Egyptian English newspaper editorials. Editorials are defined as ‘acts of passing judgement’, and Searle's (1976) taxonomy of illocutionary acts is used to compare editorials from Egyptian English, American English, and Egyptian Arabic newspapers. The results show that Egyptian English conforms neither to the American English nor to Egyptian Arabic patterns with regard to the use of representatives and declaratives. It uses more declaratives and fewer representatives than American English, but fewer declaratives and more representatives than Egyptian Arabic. Qualitative as well as quantitative differences in the usage of the illocutionary acts are discussed, and it is hypothesized that American English places more emphasis on Grice's (1975) maxim of quality, while Egyptian English places more emphasis on the maxim of quantity.
Electron collision quenching of CO(v) chemiluminescence in CS2/O2 and CS2/O2/N2O flames

Chemiluminescence from vibrationally excited carbon monoxide formed by the reaction CS+O→CO(v)+S was observed in CS2/O2 and CS2/O2/N2O flames to which an electric discharge was applied. Although the total amount of chemiluminescence increased with increasing discharge current probably due to enhanced reaction rates as a result of radical formation, the vibrational distribution was quenched, becoming thermal in character. The thermalization is attributed to superelastic electron collisions [e+CO(v)→e+CO(v−1)]. The technique demonstrates a sensitive method for detecting collisional transfers between excited states by separating the perturbation (electron collisions) from the initial excitation mechanism (chemical reactions).
σ-Conjugation and σ-Aromaticity

Resonance integrals between different hybrid AOs do not vanish, contrary to statements in current texts. Bonds in saturated molecules are therefore not localized. Indeed β(sp3, sp3) is much greater than the CC resonance integral in conjugated hydrocarbons. Paraffins are therefore σ-conjugated analogs of π-conjugated polyenes. Additivity of collective properties applies equally to both, for reasons explained by PMO theory. This is why the localized bond model successfully interprets collective properties. Cyclopropanes should then be isoconjugate with benzene and hence σ-aromatic. Various anomalies concerning the chemistry of small ring compounds can be explained in this way. Delocalization in alkyl anions and radicals, due to σ-conjugation, is discussed.
Storage Stability of Vacuum Packaged Frozen Pork Sausage Containing Soy Protein Concentrate, Carrageenan or Antioxidants

Fresh pork sausage patties containing carrageenan, without or with soy protein and an antioxidant were packaged with or without vacuum. They were evaluated for sensory properties, visual color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and Hunter color ‘L’, ‘a’, ‘b’ values at 4-wk intervals during 16 wk frozen storage. Rosemary extract was as effective as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)/propyl gallate (PG)/citric acid (CA) in antioxidant properties, but patties with BHT/PG/CA showed less surface discoloration (P < 0.05). In fat-control (FC) products, antioxidants combined with vacuum packaging provided optimum protection against rancidity. With vacuum packaging (VP), reduced-fat products maintained acceptable quality (TBARS and sensory properties) during 16 wks frozen storage.
On the role of the mouth and gut in the control of saccharin and sugar intake: a reexamination of the sham-feeding preparation.

Abstract Adult female rats, each fitted with a gastric fistula, were tested for their “normal-feeding” (fistula closed) and “sham-feeding” (fistula open) response to saccharin and sugar solutions under a variety of conditions. When hungry, rats consumed no more of a 0.2% saccharin solution with their fistula open than they did with their fistula closed. Increasing or decreasing the saccharin concentration did not increase the amount of solution sham fed, but adding a small amount of glucose (3%) to the saccharin solution did increase the amount sham fed. Thirsty rats, unlike hungry rats, significantly increased their 0.2% saccharin solution intake when tested with an open fistula. When tested with a 32% glucose solution, hungry rats consumed up to six times more solution with their fistula open than with their fistula closed. The hungry rats also sham fed significantly more of the 32% glucose solution than of the 0.2% saccharin solution or 0.2% saccharin + 3% glucose solution. Sham-feeding of a 32% sucrose solution significantly elevated blood glucose levels, but blocking this effect by adding acarbose, a drug that inhibits sucrose digestion, did not reduce the amount of solution sham fed. Several possible explanations for the differential sham-feeding response to saccharin and sugar solutions are discussed.
Residence location of drivers involved in fatal crashes

Traffic safety researchers have long known that the majority of fatal crashes occur on rural roads, but it is not clear whether these crashes involve people who live in rural areas or residents of urban areas traveling on rural roads. 'Geodemographic' market-research tools allow determination of the urbanization of drivers' residence locations from their postal 'zip code.' Using data from the 1988-1992 files of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) maintained by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), this study determined the residence location of several subgroups of drivers involved in fatal crashes. Not only did the majority of fatal crashes occur in rural areas, but the majority of fatal crashes involved rural and small-town residents and the majority of the rural and small-town residents involved in fatal crashes were traveling on rural roads.
Financial constraints and the trade-off between salaries and savings in labor-managed firms

Abstract This paper examines the sensitivity of salaries and retained earnings to enterprise income and long-term financial obligations in Yugoslav firms operating in five industries in the republic of Slovenia during the period 1979–1981. The majority of enterprises appear to retain sufficient earnings, as a result of upper limits on salaries, to cover long-term debt repayments. Yet there is evidence that debt obligations impose downward pressure on the salaries of some enterprises in three of the industries. There also exist enterprises in two of the industries with “soft budget constraints.”
Physical and Hydrological Characteristics of Reclaimed Minesoils in Southeastern Ohio

Reclamation of disturbed soils is done with the primary objective of restoring the land. Therefore, measurement of physical and chemical properties of reclaimed minesoils (RMS) is essential for understanding the process of soil restoration. This study was designed to assess soil quality of two reclaimed sites and two nearby undisturbed sites in Jackson and Vinton counties, Ohio. Three different rates of fertilizers applied annually to the RMS at Jackson and Vinton County sites from 1979-1994 were: no fertilizer (FL1), 112-25-46 kg NPK ha -1 (FL2), and 224-50-92 kg NPK ha -1 (FL3). Bulk and core samples were obtained for only 0- to 10-cm depth for undisturbed (unmined) soil (UMS) and for 0 to 10 and 10 to 20 cm for RMS. A comparison within UMS and RMS showed that water-stable aggregation and mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWDs) were significantly higher for UMS than RMS for both sites (P 6.4 and was favorable for root development and biomass production at both reclaimed sites. No significant differences in several soil properties between UMS and RMS showed that fertility treatments improved the soil quality of RMS.
Spatial Structure of Negative ∂ũ/∂y in a Low Rθ Turbulent Boundary Layer

Multiple line Molecular Tagging Velocimetry (MTV) measurements are used to explore the flow fields associated with wall region negative ∂u/∂y in a low R θ turbulent boundary layer. Velocity and velocity gradient statistical profiles establish the present flow as a canonical flat plate boundary layer. Spatial correlations of ∂u/∂y in the (x,y) plane, and the probability of observing negative ∂ū + /∂y + exceeding a negative threshold of -0.25 reveal the highly significant presence of negative ∂u/∂y in the region 25 ≤ y + ≤ 35. Examination of the instantaneous flow fields underlying the conditional pdf indicates that there are two primary contributing motions: (i) streamwise shear layers and (ii) compact regions containing ±∂ū/∂y. The importance of these motions to wall region turbulence production is discussed
Observations concerning production amplitudes and models forJ p=3/2+ baryons

We have considered the effect of inelastic processes (pion production) on single-channel bootstrap calculations forJp=3/2+ baryons, with particular reference to the Ω─ and to some of the difficulties of working with production amplitudes in such a context.
Considering macroeconomic indicators in the food before fuel nexus

Abstract A structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model along with a direct acyclic graph is employed to decompose how supply/demand structural shocks affect food and fuel markets. The results support the hypothesis that fundamental market forces of demand and supply are the main drivers of food price volatility. Increased biofuel production may cause short-run food price increases but not long-run price shifts. Decentralized freely operating markets will mitigate the persistence of any price shocks and restore prices to their long-run trends. The main policy implications are that oil, gasoline, and ethanol market shocks do not spillover into grain prices, which indicates no long-run food before fuel issue. In the short-run, grain prices can spike due to market shocks, so programs designed to blunt these price spikes may be warranted.
Thinking Historically about Just War

Abstract This essay responds to the six essays on my thought above, doing so both directly on particularly important points and indirectly through my own reflections on how I understand my work and its development.
Putative role of specific JAG1 gene exons in modulating clinical features in patients with leukoencephalopathy.

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the possible role of JAG1 gene mutations in modulating clinical features in patients with CADASIL-like phenotype which resulted negative for NOTCH3 gene mutations. Sixty-six CADASIL-like patients without NOTCH3 gene mutations were investigated for 5 out of 26 exons of the JAG1 gene, whose mutations were implicated in central nervous system vascular abnormalities. PCR was performed with primers specific for exons 3, 4, 13, 23 and 24 comprising the intron–exon boundaries. Amplicons were then analyzed by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). The exons showing a variant DHPLC profile were directly sequenced. The sequence of exons 3, 4 and 23 revealed the presence of four already described polymorphisms in JAG1. 1001C/T (g.16015 C > T) in exon 4 was found in 9 patients, IVS23 + 18delT (g.33147 delT) in 29 patients, IVS3-15T/C (g.15852 T > C) in 17 patients, IVS2-43C/T (g.10532 C > T) in 1 patient; both the polymorphism 1001C/T and IVS3-15T/C were found in 3 patients. No mutations were found. These data demonstrate absence of correlation between mutations in specific JAG1 gene exons and clinical features in patients with CADASIL-like phenotype.
Cation-induced inhibition of the 515-nm absorption change in chloroplasts: relation to structural changes.

Abstract Divalent cations were found to inhibit the light-induced 515-nm absorption change in chloroplasts with half-maximal effects occurring between 0.3 and 0.7 m m . Monovalent cations were also effective but higher concentrations (~ 30–40 m m ) were required for half-maximal effects. Divalent and monovalent cations also caused absorption changes of chloroplasts in the dark which superficially resemble 515-nm absorption changes. However, they can be correlated with volume changes and represent a combination of turbidity and pigment-absorption changes (flattening) which result from shrinkage. Half-maximal effects occurred at 0.8–1.2 m m for divalent cations and between 15 and 20 m m for monovalent cations. The relationship between salt-induced and osmotic-induced structural changes is also discussed.
Particle sizing by capillary hydrodynamic chromatography

Abstract Liquid borne ultrafine particles have elsewhere been shown to pass through a packed column at rates varying with particle size. The process is termed “hydrodynamic chromatography”, since a separation of the particles according to size can thereby be achieved. Similar results are reported herein for larger particles suspended in liquid when the passageway, instead of being a packed column is a long, completely open, capillary tube. Particle transit time is a function of the logarithm of particle diameter. The underlying mechanism for the latter phenomena is believed to be that previously called the “tubular pinch effect” which arises from a balance of lateral forces within the flow field, but experimental results are not adequately described by any theory yet proposed. The open-tube discrimination process is designated “capillary hydrodynamic chromatography”.
Liquid—liquid—vapor phase equilibrium behavior of certain binary nitrous oxide + n-alkanol mixtures

Abstract Liquid—liquid—vapor (LLV) phase equilibrium loci for the binary mixtures nitrous oxide + n-octanol, nitrous oxide + n-decanol and nitrous oxide + n-dodecanol were experimentally studied using a visual cell (stoichiometric) technique. The pressure, temperature, phase compositions and molar volumes of the two liquid phases are reported for all the mixtures. LLV locus end points are reported for all the nitrous oxide + n-alkanol mixtures from n-heptanol to n-hexadecanol; n-heptanol is the first member of the series to exhibit LLV immiscibility with nitrous oxide, while n-hexadecanol is the last. The mixture nitrous oxide + n-decanol exhibits two separate LLV loci.
Hearing results after primary cartilage tympanoplasty.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Cartilage-perichondrium grafting of the tympanic membrane has been used in an effort to reduce recurrence or progression of middle ear disease. The rigidity of cartilage has obvious benefit in preventing tympanic membrane retraction, but concern has been raised regarding its sound conduction properties. Few studies in the literature address hearing results after cartilage tympanoplasty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the hearing results after primary cartilage tympanoplasty and compare them with results after primary tympanoplasty with temporalis fascia. Study Design: A retrospective review of all ear surgeries using cartilage between 1994 and 1999 was performed. Methods: Only primary cases in which the ossicular chain was intact and no mastoid surgery was performed were included. Indications for surgery included tympanic membrane perforation, retraction, and cholesteatoma. Pre- and postoperative speech reception thresholds and air-bone gaps at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 4000 Hz were compared. Results: Eleven patients comprised the cartilage study group, and there were 11 age- and temporally matched control subjects. The mean improvement in speech reception threshold for both the study group and the control group was 10 dB. The majority of patients in both groups had ABG closure to within 10 dB at all frequencies examined. There were no statistically significant differences in speech reception threshold improvement or air-bone gap closures between the two groups. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that hearing results after cartilage tympanoplasty are comparable to those after temporalis fascia tympanoplasty. Therefore, when indicated, a cartilage-perichondrium graft can be used for prevention of disease recurrence or progression without fear of impairing hearing.
Commentary: Mixed-Cell Granulomatous Panniculitis on the Cheek Due to Injection of Solution Containing Phosphatidylcholine and Deoxycholate

Adam M. Rotunda, MD, is the co-inventor of a patented method that describes the use of deoxycholate to reduce localized collections of fat and serves as a consultant to Kythera Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. and Lithera, Inc.
Developmental variation in plant tissue culture

Abstract Plant cells propagated in culture can undergo considerable variation in phenotype, either spontaneously or as a result of specific environmental situations. Such variation can have either a developmental (epigenetic) or genetic basis. The experimental methods by which these types of variation can be distinguished are discussed and a review is given of cases of epigenetic variation in plant cells with particular reference to the most thoroughly examined type of epigenetic variant, habituation.
Development Of Porous Glass Fiber Optic Sensors

A method for producing rugged, continuous porous glass fiber optic sensors was developed. pH and temperature sensors based on this technology have been successfully produced. The sensor portion of the fiber is made porous by selective leaching of a specially formulated borosilicate glass fiber. This results in a strong, monolithic structure where the sensor portion of the fiber remains integrally attached to the rest of the fiber (which acts as a light pipe), essentially eliminating losses at the sensor-light pipe interface. Pore size in the sensor can be controllably varied by modifying heat treatment conditions, making these sensors suitable for chemical concentration measurements in liquids and gases. Appropriate dyes were chemically bonded by silanization to the large interior surface area of the porous sensors to produce the pH and temperature sensors. Cresol red and phenol red were used for pH and pinacyanol chloride was used for temperature sensing. The sensitivity of these devices can be controlled by varying the concentration of the chemically bonded dye and the length of the porous region. Optical absorbance measurements were made in the visible range. The tip of the sensors was coated with a thin, porous layer of gold to reflect the incident light, resulting in a double pass across the porous sensor. Experimental measurements were made over a pH range of 3 to 8 and a temperature range of 28-70 C. These porous glass fiber optic sensors were found to be rugged and reliable due to their monolithic structure and large interior surface area for attachment of active species. A broad range of sensors based on this technology could be developed by using different active species, such as enzymes and other biochemicals, which could be bonded to the interior surface of the porous glass sensor.
Osteoporosis in men

Abstract Osteoporosis affects approximately 75 million people worldwide. Because of limitations in the widely accepted screening guidelines (especially for men), the number of individuals affected with osteoporosis is probably underestimated. This article reviews the epidemiology of osteoporosis, as well as the risk factors for its development, as illustrated by the case of a 71 year old smoker and COPD patient. It further reviews the screening guidelines for men including special populations of men, such as those undergoing androgen deprivation therapy, and concludes with a discussion of treatment options. Finally there is a detailed discussion of the case resolution.
Supporting cell proliferation in the olfactory epithelium decreases postnatally

It is well known that progenitor cells in the basal layer of olfactory epithelium proliferate continuously throughout life; the offspring of these dividing cells produce replacements for receptor neurons. In the rat the number of proliferating basal cells/mm length of epithelium (proliferation density) decreases with postnatal age while the area of the olfactory sheet increases. The supporting cells, which act as the glia of the olfactory epithelium, also divide. We examined in detail some aspects of the dynamics of olfactory supporting cell proliferation to determine whether their rate of proliferation changes with age, and how it compares with the rate in basal progenitor cells. Using BrdU to label dividing cells, we determined the proliferation density of supporting cells and basal cells in 10 μm coronal sections from six different anterior-posterior regions in rats ranging in age from birth (P1) until P333. We observed a dramatic decrease in supporting cell proliferation density from P1 (80 cells/mm) to P11 (32 cells/mm) to P21 (12 cells/mm); the density decreases continuously to P333 (0.4 cells/mm). This reduction was even more dramatic than that in the basal cell population (Weiler and Farbman, 1997). Analysis of the data for correlation between basal and supporting cell proliferation revealed a weak correlation in neonates but no correlation in older animals. This suggests that the mechanisms that regulate proliferation of the two cell types are different. Our data also indicate that the proliferation of supporting cells is related only to growth in surface area of the epithelium. No turnover seems to occur in the supporting cells as it does in the olfactory neurons, where proliferation of basal cells is necessary for both growth and replacement. GLIA 22:315–328, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Comparison Between Growth Morphology of "Eutectic" Cells/Dendrites and Single-Phase Cells/Dendrites

Directionally solidified (DS) intermetallic and ceramic-based eutectic alloys with an in-situ composite microstructure containing finely distributed, long aspect ratio, fiber, or plate reinforcements are being seriously examined for several advanced aero-propulsion applications. In designing these alloys, additional solutes need to be added to the base eutectic composition in order to improve heir high-temperature strength, and provide for adequate toughness and resistance to environmental degradation. Solute addition, however, promotes instability at the planar liquid-solid interface resulting in the formation of two-phase eutectic "colonies." Because morphology of eutectic colonies is very similar to the single-phase cells and dendrites, the stability analysis of Mullins and Sekerka has been extended to describe their formation. Onset of their formation shows a good agreement with this approach; however, unlike the single-phase cells and dendrites, there is limited examination of their growth speed dependence of spacing, morphology, and spatial distribution. The purpose of this study is to compare the growth speed dependence of the morphology, spacing, and spatial distribution of eutectic cells and dendrites with that for the single-phase cells and dendrites.
Thy‐1 is a differentiation antigen that characterizes immature murine erythroid and myeloid hematopoietic progenitors

To determine the role of Thy-1 antigen in murine hematopoietic differentiation, bone marrow was treated with anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and complement or complement alone. Growth of immature hematopoietic progenitors, erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E), and granulocyte/macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) was greatly reduced following antibody and complement treatment and was not restored by mitogen-stimulated spleen cell supernatants. In contrast, more mature erythroid and myeloid progenitors, the erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU-E) and the macrophage progenitor stimulated by L-cell-conditioned media (LCM), were spared by anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and complement treatment. Here, to separate the effects of anti-Thy-1.2 antibody treatment on accessory cells from those on progenitors, splenic T cells and thymocytes were added to treated marrow at ratios of up to 200%. Growth of BFU-E and CFU-GM was not restored. To more precisely replace required accessory cells, male complement-treated marrow was cocultured with female anti-Thy-1.2 antibody and complement-treated marrow. Even marrow cells failed to restore female BFU-E and CFU-GM growth. Fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and immune sheep red cell rosetting with anti-Thy-1.2-labeled marrow were then performed to determine if immature hematopoietic progenitors bear Thy-1.2. These techniques revealed enrichment of BFU-E and CFU-GM in the Thy-1.2-positive fraction, demonstrating the presence of Thy-1.2 on early murine hematopoietic progenitors. CFU-E and CFU-M were present in the Thy-1.2-negative fraction following FACS separation. These data demonstrate that Thy-1.2 is a differentiation antigen, present on at least some murine BFU-E and CFU-GM and lost as they mature to CFU-E and CFU-M.