cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Joint Action of Pyrethroids with Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides Applied to Western Spruce Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

A statistical method for testing mixtures of chemicals based on a model for independent joint action with no correlation in susceptibility is described. Antagonism (significantly less mortality than predicted by the model), synergism (significantly greater mortality than predicted), and independence (no significant difference in mortality) may be identified at one response level or over a range of levels by this method. Each of three pyrethroids (decamethrin, fenvalerate, and permethrin) was tested in a 1:10 mixture with each of four carbamates (aminocarb, carbaryl, methomyl, thiodicarb) and five organophosphorous insecticides (acephate, chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion, malathion, phosmet) by topical application to 6th-instar Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman. Co-toxicity ratios (LC50 predicted ÷ LC50 observed) ranged from 0.5 to 7.3 but were not reliable indicators of the type of joint action occurring because response lines of mixture components were not generally parallel. By the criterion of synergism in the upper (>50% mortality) concentration range, mixtures of fenvalerate with aminocarb, carbaryl, methomyl, thiodicarb, acephate, fenitrothion, or phosmet; decamethrin with acephate, carbaryl chlorpyrifos, or fenitrothion; and permethrin with carbaryl, methomyl, or thiodicarb appear to merit testing in more intensive bioassays involving spray applications to insects on foliage.
Effect of follicular size on oocyte retrieval, fertilization, cleavage, and embryo quality in in vitro fertilization cycles: a 6-year data collection

Objective To determine the effect of follicular size, including the size of the leading follicle, on oocyte retrieval, fertilization, cleavage, and embryo quality in IVF cycles based on a large data collection. Design Retrospective analysis of 1,109 IVF cycles between 1987 and 1993 at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania including 606 patients ranging in age from 23 to 49years. Results Follicles with a volume≤1mL show a significantly lower oocyte recovery rate than follicles with a volume of>1mL. The highest recovery rate (83.5%) was found in follicles with a volume of 3 to 4mL. Above a follicular volume of 7mL, the oocyte recovery drops below that observed for follicles between 1 and 7mL. Fertilization and cleavage rates were also higher in oocytes obtained from follicles>1mL compared with follicles ≤1mL. Although fertilization rates were fairly stable above volumes of 1mL, cleavage rates continued to rise to a peak percentage of 92% with volumes between 6 and 7mL. Leading follicle size did not have an effect on fertilization and cleavage rates of cohort oocytes. Embryo quality was not influenced significantly by follicular volume. Conclusion Based on this evaluation of a large number of follicles, follicular size is a useful indicator of oocyte recovery, fertilization, and cleavage in IVF cycles. For optimal results, the follicular fluid volume in gonadotropin- and hCG-stimulated cycles should be >1mL, which corresponds to a follicle diameter of >12mm, and not larger than 7mL (24mm). For timing of hCG administration, the number of adequate size follicles appears to be more important than the size of the leading follicle(s).
Diuretic and electrolyte effects of oral tolvaptan tablets in healthy male Chinese volunteers

Objective: To evaluate the diuretic and electrolyte effects of 4 different doses of tolvaptan in healthy male Chinese volunteers.Methods: Thirty-nine healthy men were randomly divided to four groups,and orally administered with tolvaptan at single dose of 15 mg(n=9),30 mg(n=10),60 mg(n=10),or 120 mg(n=10).The changes in urine volumes,serum concentrations of electrolytes and water drink volumes were observed;the body weight(BW) and adverse events were also observed during 48 h.Results: The average BW did not change significantly(P0.05).The urine volumes(mL) during 0~6 h,6~12 h,12~24 h and 24~48 h were(1 921±496),(2 977±389),(3 680±724),(3 948±398) after taking 15 mg;(1 361±500),(2 631±661),(3 492±1 094),(4 518±802) after taking 30 mg;(1 268±868),(2 167±1 074),(2 267±1 088),(3 981±1 667) after taking 60 mg;(1 302±624),(2 643±1 100),(2 460±660),(4 394±1 132) after taking 120 mg,respectively.The serum chloride and sodium concentrations were significantly increased at 24 h but recovered at 48 h after administration;especially the serum chloride was over the normal range(110 mmol ·L-1) but did not need to treat.The serum concentration of sodium was increased and that of potassium was decreased slightly,but they were within the normal ranges without clinical significance.Blood pressure and heart rate did not change significantly.Mild and moderate dry mouth and/or thirsty occurred in 13/39 volunteers(33.3%),but the symptoms were well tolerated.No severe adverse events were observed.Conclusion: Single doses of tolvaptan(15 mg,30 mg,60 mg or 120 mg) exert a strong diuretic effect that lasts for 24 h and is dose-dependent in healthy male Chinese volunteers;it also increases serum chloride concentration significantly but is well tolerated.
Long-Term Efficacy of Ureteral Dilation for Transplant Ureteral Stenosis

AbstractTransluminal ureteral dilation was performed in 11 renal allograft recipients with transplant ureteral obstruction. Success was achieved in 5 patients (45 per cent) with a followup of 12 to 29 months (mean 19.6 months). All failures have been evident within 12 months of dilation. We conclude that ureteral dilation can provide long-term success in renal allograft recipients. However, continued close long-term monitoring of the anatomical and functional result is mandatory for patients treated in this manner.
Simplifying the Description of Tissue Oxygenation

Here as in all engineering problems first priority must go to establishing orders of magnitude, both of key system parameters and of unavoidable uncertainties. Once this is done it is possible to develop a solution providing the maximum degree of simplicity consistent with the need for accuracy. Accordingly we begin by defining a model, the modified Krogh tissue cylinder of Fig. 1, and establishing representative dimensions and other characteristics (see Fig. 1 and Table 1).
Joint-specific risk of impaired function in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP).

Abstract Background Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) causes progressive disability due to heterotopic ossification from episodic flare-ups. Using data from 500 FOP patients (representing 63% of all known patients world-wide), age- and joint-specific risks of new joint involvement were estimated using parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. Results Compared to data from a 1994 survey of 44 individuals with FOP, our current estimates of age- and joint-specific risks of new joint involvement are more accurate (narrower confidence limits), based on a wider range of ages, and have less bias due to its greater comprehensiveness (captures over three-fifths of the known FOP patients worldwide). For the neck, chest, abdomen, and upper back, the estimated hazard decreases over time. For the jaw, lower back, shoulder, elbow, wrist, fingers, hip, knee, ankle, and foot, the estimated hazard increases initially then either plateaus or decreases. At any given time and for any anatomic site, the data indicate which joints are at risk. Conclusions This study of approximately 63% of the world's known population of FOP patients provides a refined estimate of risk for new involvement at any joint at any age, as well as the proportion of patients with uninvolved joints at any age. Importantly, these joint-specific survival curves can be used to facilitate clinical trial design and to determine if potential treatments can modify the predicted trajectory of progressive joint dysfunction.
The effect of heat-to-heat variations in metallurgy and hydrogen-metal interactions on the hydrogen embrittlement of Monel K-500

Abstract The influence of heat-to-heat variations on the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of age-hardened Monel K-500 (UNS N05500) was evaluated through detailed characterization of metallurgical attributes and hydrogen interactions, coupled with notched tensile specimen embrittlement metrics. Four nominally peak-aged material heats of Monel K-500 were assessed using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) testing while immersed in 0.6 M NaCl solution and exposed to cathodic polarization levels ranging from −0.850 to −1.1 V SCE . Despite each of the four heats meeting the US Federal Procurement Specification QQ-N-286G, the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility was found to vary extensively between the tested material heats. Characterization of microstructural features, composition, and hydrogen-metal interactions were performed to facilitate correlation between material property and susceptibility trends. Results suggest that subtle differences in grain boundary chemistry and H uptake behavior may contribute to heat-to-heat variations in hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of Monel K-500. Conversely, parameters including yield strength, hydrogen diffusivity, hydrogen production rate, grain boundary character, and grain size do not independently control the observed variations in susceptibility. Based on these experimental results, a macroscale framework for assessing the degradation in fracture stress as a function of applied potential is proposed and possible avenues for framework improvement are suggested.
Evaluating the mutual pathways among electronic cigarette use, conventional smoking and nicotine dependence

Background and Aims The implications of the rapid rise in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use remain unknown. We examined mutual associations between e-cigarette use, conventional cigarette use and nicotine dependence over time to (1) test the association between e-cigarette use and later conventional smoking (both direct and via nicotine dependence), (2) test the converse associations and (3) determine the strongest pathways predicting each product's use. Design Data from four annual waves of a prospective cohort study were analyzed. Path analysis modeled the bidirectional, longitudinal relationships between past-month smoking frequency, past-month e-cigarette frequency and nicotine dependence. Setting Chicago area, Illinois, USA. Participants A total of 1007 young adult smokers and non-smokers (ages 19–23 years). Measurements Frequency of (1) cigarettes and (2) e-cigarettes was the number of days in the past 30 on which the product was used. The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale measured nicotine dependence to cigarettes. Findings E-cigarette use was not associated significantly with later conventional smoking, either directly (β = 0.021, P = 0.081) or through nicotine dependence (β = 0.005, P = 0.693). Conventional smoking was associated positively with later e-cigarette use, both directly (β = 0.118, P < 0.001) and through nicotine dependence (β = 0.139, P < 0.001). The strongest predictors of each product's use was prior use of the same product; this pathway was strong for conventional cigarettes (β = 0.604, P < 0.001) but weak for e-cigarettes (β = 0.120, P < 0.001). Nicotine dependence moderately strongly predicted later conventional smoking (β = 0.169, P < 0.001), but was a weak predictor of later e-cigarette use (β = 0.069, P = 0.039). Conclusions Nicotine dependence is not a significant mechanism for e-cigarettes’ purported effect on heavier future conventional smoking among young adults. Nicotine dependence may be a mechanism for increases in e-cigarette use among heavier conventional smokers, consistent with e-cigarettes as a smoking reduction tool. Overall, conventional smoking and, to a lesser extent, its resulting nicotine dependence, are the strongest drivers or signals of later cigarette and e-cigarette use.
Treatment options for severe traumatic brain injuries in children: current therapies, challenges, and future prospects.

Introduction: Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) afflicts many children and adults worldwide, resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality. Recent therapeutic advances have focused on both s...
Clinical Entrepreneurship: A Student Teacher Assigning Desktop Documentary Making

This study examines a student teacherâ€™s assignment of a historical documentary project in her middle school classroom placement. Results reveal that this student teacher and her cooperating teacher collaborated together to assign the project as a means to foster a personal connection with students and that their mutual commitment to this purpose fostered an experimentalist type of student teaching experience.Â Despite experiencing adversity with assigning the documentary project, the student teacher was not deterred from completing the project nor from her desire to assign a documentary making project in the future.Â Implications of these findings are discussed.
Five Seconds to the Ad: How ProgramInduced Mood Affects Ad Countdown Effects: An Abstract

The study examines what effects a 5 s countdown warning will have on consumer’s attitudes toward the advertisement depending on the main program content. This study builds upon several theoretical models concerning program-induced moods in relation to viewer’s judgment to commercial advertisements. Findings from two studies suggest that program-induced mood systematically influences attitude toward the inserted ad with (vs. without) a 5 s countdown: for the negative-affect program, attitude toward the ad was more positive when the ad was preceded by the countdown than when the ad was not preceded by the countdown. However, for the positive-affect program, attitude toward the ad was more negative when the ad was preceded by the countdown than when the ad was not preceded by the countdown. A similar interaction was found with purchase intent.
Optimal Procurement Auctions Under Multistage Supplier Qualification

We consider a firm that solicits bids from a fixed-sized pool of yet-to-be-qualified suppliers for an indivisible contract. The contract can only be awarded to a supplier who passes a multistage qualification process. For each stage of the qualification process, the buyer incurs a fixed testing cost for each supplier she chooses to test. The buyer seeks an optimal mechanism—that is, one that minimizes her total expected cost. Motivated by the buyer’s urgency (or the lack of it) of time for completing the qualification process, we obtain optimal mechanisms for two testing environments: (1) simultaneous testing, where in each stage, the buyer selects a subset of those suppliers who have passed all the previous stages and tests them simultaneously; and (2) nonsimultaneous testing, where the simultaneous-testing requirement is not imposed. Under simultaneous testing, the admission policy for selecting suppliers at each stage is based on nonuniform reserve-price thresholds. Under nonsimultaneous testing, too, ...
The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Higher Education

This chapter provides an assessment of how previous industrial revolutions have impacted higher education in the United States and around the world. Penprase assesses new STEM instruction that develops technical capacity in emerging technologies in active and project-based settings. The societal changes from the 4IR will require higher education to develop greater capacity for ethical and intercultural understanding, placing a premium on liberal arts-type education with modifications to adapt to the particular issues raised by 4IR technologies and their disruptions to society. Penprase argues that a rapid adjustment of on-campus curriculum is needed by expanding its capacity to accommodate the acquisition of new knowledge by students, faculty and alumni, with new modalities of instruction that leverage the digital advances from the Third Industrial Revolution.
A Flow Rule Timeout Assignment Algorithm for SDN-Assisted Network MIMO Systems

Network Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is able to increase spectrum efficiency and mitigate inter-cell interference. These benefits mainly result from one salient feature of network MIMO, the centralized control enabling coordinated scheduling. As Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides the innate centralized control, we propose a new cellular system architecture featuring SDN network MIMO. In this setting, the coordination of network MIMO downlink transmission is achieved in the SDN fashion. Two performance metrics, Cluster Average flow rule Storage Load (CASL) and Cluster Average flow table Miss Rate (CAMR) of Base Stations (BSs) are solved based on a Multivariate Markov Chain (MMC) model for flow rule dynamics of the BSs in a cluster. According to the analysis, we design an algorithm for the controller to assign flow rule timeout values to minimize the CASL for a given CAMR. Simulation results are presented to show the accuracy of the analysis, and the insight into the trade-off between the two metrics.
Consensus-Based Decentralized Aerodynamic Moment Allocation Among Synthetic Jets and Control Surfaces

In this brief, a decentralized allocator is presented for synthetic jet actuators (SJAs) and control surfaces onboard a small unmanned aerial vehicle to cooperatively generate desired aerodynamic moments. In this brief, the first-order dynamics are assumed for both the SJAs and control surfaces. A weighted consensus algorithm with limited feedback is used for the aerodynamic moment contribution allocator considering constraints. The proposed allocator is validated via simulations.
The hierarchical (not fluid) nature of preservice secondary science teachers' perceptions of their science teacher identity

Abstract This qualitative cross-case study explores three US preservice secondary science teachers' conceptions of their science teacher identities and contexts within which they draw upon those science identities for teaching. Grounded in a figured worlds framework, data analysis revealed that participants view their science teacher identity separate from their science identity, with only the latter being part of their “core” identity. Participants view their teacher identity as dominant, and draw upon their science identity's cultural tools in only two teaching contexts—teaching science content and analyzing student work to facilitate learning. Implications for teacher preparation programs are considered.
Who tells the truth? Former inmates' self-reported arrests vs. official records

Abstract Purpose Self-reports are integral to the understanding of a variety of behavioral phenomena, with arrest history being no exception. The current study investigated how accurate self-reports of arrest are when compared to official arrest records, and we also assessed several new predictors of self-report accuracy. Methods In a sample of 339 former jail inmates, we examined agreement between self-reported arrests and official records. We also examined whether self-reported arrest accuracy was associated with substance use frequency and dependence, impression management, psychopathy , paranoia , criminal thinking, intelligence, and interview type (i.e., on time vs. delayed). Results Most (80%) participants accurately reported whether or not they had been arrested in the year following release from jail. Only one of 25 variables significantly predicted self-report accuracy: criminal thinking. Participants who scored low on criminal thinking were more likely than those who scored high on criminal thinking to under-report arrests. Discrepancies between self-reports and official records of arrests were unrelated to substance use frequency and dependence, impression management, paranoia, and intelligence. Conclusions Results strongly support the validity of self-reported arrest data.
Exceptional, After All and After Oil States: Judicial Review and the Patent System

The U.S. Supreme Court’s seminal 2018 decision in Oil States Energy Servs., LLC v. Greene’s Energy Group, LLC appears to mark the end of “patent exceptionalism”—that is, the notion that patent law and administration (should) remain at variance with the precepts of general administrative law. The petitioners contended that invention patents are “private rights” that, under the Constitution, can be canceled only by Article III courts, not administratively. The Court’s unequivocal rejection of that position removed a lingering constitutional cloud over the Patent and Trademark Office’s administrative patent review and reexamination procedures under the 2011 America Invents Act. However, the statutory judicial review regime of the Patent Act still departs from general administrative law. Parallel to an APA-conforming provision for appellate judicial review, the Patent Act permits disappointed patent applicants to contest adverse administrative decisions by way of an original, de novo action in U.S. district court. The relevant provision, Section 145 of the Patent Act, is wholly incompatible with administrative-law precepts of appellate (deferential, on-the-record) judicial review. Dating all the way back to the 1836 Patent Act, it is a statutory remnant of Marbury’s near-forgotten world of private rights and separated powers. This Article chronicles the strange survival of Section 145 and explores its present-day, post-Oil States implications. As a practical matter, the rarely used Section 145 may offer a means of “gold-plating” patents: an administrative revocation of a “Section 145” patent would amount to a constitutionally prohibited executive revision of a final judicial decision. As a doctrinal matter, the Supreme Court has clearly recognized the “exceptional” nature of Section 145. The Oil States decision, read on its own but especially in the context of the Supreme Court’s broader administrative and patent law jurisprudence, affirms that position. Patent law will remain exceptional after all—just not for reasons grounded in property law and theory, but in a statutory and administrative-law sense.
Evaluation of Educational Interventions to Enhance Adolescent Specific Vaccination Coverage.

BACKGROUND In this study, we assessed impact of two educational interventions designed to increase coverage of three vaccines recommended during adolescence among Georgia middle and high school students (tetanus diphtheria pertussis [Tdap], meningococcal [MenACWY], and human papillomavirus [HPV] vaccines). METHODS We randomized 11 middle and high schools in one school district into one of three arms: (1) control; (2) educational intervention for parents only (P only); and (3) multicomponent educational intervention for parents and adolescents (P + A), which consisted of educational brochures for parents about vaccines recommended during adolescence and a vaccine-focused curriculum delivered to adolescents by science teachers. We obtained vaccination coverage data during intervention years from the state immunization registry. RESULTS Odds of receiving at least one vaccine during the study were higher among adolescents in P + A arm compared to control (Odds Ratio [OR]: 1.4; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.1-2.0). Adolescents in P + A arm had greater odds of receiving at least one vaccine compared with those in P only arm (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1-1.7). CONCLUSIONS A multicomponent educational intervention for adolescents and parents increased adolescent vaccination uptake. Results suggest similar interventions can increase awareness and demand for vaccines among parents and adolescents.
The Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation Via Median Sternotomy

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in the United States and remains a major cause of significant morbidity and mortality. Current treatment options include medical management, catheter ablation, and surgical techniques, which have been improved over the past decades through surgical innovation and advancement in instrumentation. The gold standard of surgical treatment for AF is the Cox-maze procedure (CMP). First introduced clinically in 1987, the procedure used multiple incisions in the left and right atria to eliminate AF. This cut-and-sew technique was subsequently replaced by the CMP-IV with the advent of bipolar radiofrequency and cryoablation technology. The modern ablation devices have made the CMP technically faster and more amenable to minimally invasive approaches. This manuscript reviews the surgical technique of the CMP-IV through a median sternotomy approach.
IEC 60870-5-104 Network Characterization of a Large-Scale Operational Power Grid

Modern SCADA systems are interconnected with one or more industrial network protocols such as DNP3, Modbus/TCP, Ethernet/IP, and IEC 60870-5-104(IEC 104). IEC 104 is a particularly important protocol because it is one of the network protocols used for Automatic Generation Control (AGC), which is the algorithm that maintains electric power balance across large geographical areas. In this work, we focus on an empirical study and observation of a real-world, large scale IEC 104 power network.
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Deficiency

Since insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) measurement has become widely known to reflect cumulative growth hormone (GH) secretion, it is not surprising for clinicians to be tempted to use IGF-1 levels to not only screen for GH excess but for GH deficiency also (Le Roith D. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Insulin-like growth factors. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:633–40). Can low IGF-1 levels be used as a surrogate indicator of reduced GH secretion? Are low IGF-1 levels prognostic of other pathologies? To interpret IGF-1 levels properly, it is important to understand IGF-1/GH regulation and related variables. The causes of IGF-1 deficiency can be classified into two main types: primary and secondary. Primary IGF-1 deficiency refers to IGF-1 impairment but with normal GH secretion. Secondary IGF-1 deficiency refers to IGF-1 impairment due to some dysregulation in GH secretion. Low IGF-1 levels without no GH related issues, may be a prognostic indicator of one of the individual’s co-morbidities.
Influencing Technology Education Teachers to Accept Teaching Positions.

Technology education is facing a significant teacher shortage. The purpose of this study was to address the technology education teacher shortage by examining the factors that influence technology education teachers to accept teaching positions. The population for the study consisted of technology education teachers and administrators. A survey instrument was developed that asked participants to indicate their level of agreement on 28 factors influence on whether a technology education teacher accepts a teaching position. A five point Likert scale was used to determine level of agreement. The results of the study revealed that the factors believed to most influence a technology education teacher to accept a teaching position included having resources available for the classrooms and labs, having resources for professional development, and a collaborative work environment. Discussions include recommendations for the development of technology education teacher recruitment programs, as well as policies that positively impact recruitment. ____________ Luke Joseph Steinke is an Assistant Professor in the School of Technology at Eastern Illinois University. He can be reached at lsteinke@eiu.edu. Alvin Robert Putnam is an Associate Professor in the Department of Workforce Education and Development at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. He can be reached at bputnam@siu.edu. 72 JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL TEACHER EDUCATION
Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients and Families in Hospice and Palliative Care: Perspectives of the Palliative Care Team

Background: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients fear being open about their identities, not receiving equal or safe treatment, and having their family and surrogates disrespected or ignored by providers. Objective: To examine inadequate, disrespectful, and abusive care to patients and family due to sexual orientation or gender identity. Design: A cross-sectional study using an online survey. Setting/Subjects: Home and residential hospice, inpatient palliative care service, and other inpatient and outpatient settings. Subjects were 865 hospice and palliative care providers, including physicians, social workers, nurses, and chaplains. Measurements: Inadequate, disrespectful, or abusive care to LGBT patients and discriminatory treatment of family and surrogates were measured. Results: Among respondents, 53.6% thought that lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) patients were more likely than non-LGB patients to experience discrimination at their institution; 23.7% observed discriminatory care; 64.3% reported that transgender patients were more likely than nontransgender patients to experience discrimination; 21.3% observed discrimination to transgender patients; 15% observed the spouse/partner of LGBT patients having their treatment decisions disregarded or minimized; and 14.3% observed the spouse/partner or surrogate being treated disrespectfully. Conclusions: These findings provide strong evidence that LGBT patients and their families are more likely to receive discriminatory care as compared with those who are not LGBT. Disrespectful care can negatively impact the trust patients have in providers and institutions, and lead to delaying or avoiding care, or not disclosing relevant information. Partners/spouses and surrogates may be treated disrespectfully, have their treatment decisions ignored or minimized, be denied or have limited access to the patient, and be denied private time. Advocacy and staff training should address barriers to delivering respectful and nondiscriminatory care.
Physical Activity Promotion Message Perceptions Biased by Motivational Dispositions

BACKGROUND The delivery of physical activity (PA) promotion messages is an important component of any PA intervention. Gain-framed messages appear beneficial for prevention (rather than detection) behaviors such as PA, but the effects are small and inconsistent. It is possible that these effects are moderated by motivational traits, but this has not been systematically tested in the context of PA promotion messages. This study tested whether motivational traits interact with message features to influence basic subjective perceptions of a standardised set of very brief PA promotion statements. METHODS Fifteen statements were developed across five conditions, manipulated according to frame and kernel state. Participants (n = 800) rated statement content using semantic differential scales reflecting perceived gains/losses, costs/benefits, and positive/negative outcomes. Traits and PA were measured by survey. RESULTS Structural equation models revealed that ratings of gain-framed statements were positively related to approach motivation, and ratings of loss-framed statements were negatively related to avoidance motivation. CONCLUSIONS Observations support the presence of a congruency effect of motivational traits and message frame on basic perceptions of message content. Future studies should test the impact of these biases on indices of persuasion (attitude and intention) as well as intervention reach and effectiveness.
Chapter 6 – Principles of Hormonal Integration

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the general principles of endocrine integration. Survival in a hostile environment has been made possible by the evolution of fail–safe mechanisms to govern crucial functions. Redundancy can also be seen at the molecular level. Redundant mechanisms not only assure that a critical process will take place, but they also offer opportunity for flexibility and subtle fine-tuning of a process. In accomplishing any end, most hormones act at several locales either within a single cell, or in different tissues or organs to produce separate but mutually reinforcing responses. Reinforcement can also take the form of a single hormone acting in different ways in different tissues to produce complementary effects. Many critical processes are under dual control by agents that act antagonistically either to stimulate or to inhibit. Such dual control allows for more precise regulation through negative feedback than would be possible with a single control system. The relationship between the amount of hormone available and the magnitude of the response is subject to regulation by many factors, including the actions of other hormones. Two most important determinants of the magnitude and duration of responses are the concentration of hormone present in the extracellular fluid surrounding target cells and the length of time the concentration is maintained. The capacity to respond, or the maximum response that a tissue or organ is capable of giving, depends on the number of target cells and their competence. Hormones regulate both the sensitivity and the capacity of target tissues to respond, either to themselves or to other hormones.
A PERSPECTIVE ON THE CLIMATE OF REGIONS

Interpretations of the climates of regions were not uncommon during the first half of the Twentieth Century. The intent and scope of the published studies ranged from popular notions about the weather of a region, to scholarly monographs of regional climatic dynamics, to assemblages of useful climatic statistics. Examples culled mostly from geographical literature are sampled. This review closes with mention of 6 regional climate centers that have been established recently, primarily to monitor and assess regional climatic variability and change, and their environmental and economic impacts in the United States. [Key words: history of climatology, climates of regions, regional climate centers, climate monitoring.]
Trans-interface-diffusion-controlled coarsening of γ ′ particles in Ni–Al alloys: commentaries and analyses of recent data

Recently published data on coarsening of γ′ precipitates in a binary Ni–Al alloy are critically reviewed within the framework of the trans-interface diffusion-controlled theory of particle coarsening. These data are shown to be remarkably consistent in every respect with the predictions of theory using the temporal exponent n = 2.2, which was arrived at by fitting experimental histograms and experimental cumulative distribution functions to their theoretical counterparts. This is the best procedure for evaluating the temporal exponent n, but plotting the average radius, 〈r〉, as 〈r〉n versus aging time t is a suitable alternative. Semiquantitative agreement is obtained with all the data, including the kinetics of solute depletion as well as the temporal dependencies of the volume fraction and number density, Nv. The inverse time dependency of Nv is shown once again to be incorrect, failing the simplest test of internal consistency, specifically constancy of the product Nvt. The notion that there exists a “quasi-stationary” regime of γ′ precipitate coarsening is seriously questioned and shown to be untenable. Analysis of the data enables quantitative prediction of the interfacial free energy, σ. In combination with previous work, this provides the first concrete experimental evidence for a linear decrease of σ with increasing temperature.
Illicit drug use and self-reported vision loss among military service members or veterans.

Introduction Little is known about differences in vision loss prevalence among service members or veterans (SMVs) and civilians; further, no study has compared vision loss risk factors in these two populations. As such, we seek to fill this gap in the literature. Methods In this cross sectional study, we obtained data on 106 SMVs and 1572 civilians from the 2013–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We compared the prevalence of or mean values of vision loss risk factors between SMVs and civilians using the Wald χ2 statistic or Kruskal-Wallis test. Further, we examined the relative strength of 17 vision loss risk factors in predicting self-reported vision loss via Firth’s logistic regression. Results SMVs had a significantly higher prevalence of illicit drug use (20.75% vs 13.62%) and HIV (1.89% vs 0.41%), while civilians had a higher prevalence of poor dietary habits (7.61% vs 13.21%). SMVs also had higher mean values of systolic blood pressure (125.85 vs 122.53 mmHg), pack years of cigarette smoking (8.29 vs 4.25), and sedentary minutes per day (379.15 vs 337.07 min). More SMVs (8.49%) self-reported vision loss than civilians (4.48%). After adjustment for covariates, illicit drug use (adjusted β coefficient=0.72, p=0.02) was associated with self-reported vision loss. Conclusions This study indicates that self-reported vision loss among SMVs is more prevalent than among civilians, and vision loss in SMVs is associated with severe or prolonged illicit drug use.
Changes in Population-Level and Institutional-Level Prescribing Habits of Radioiodine Therapy for Papillary Thyroid Cancer

Background: In the past two decades, new evidence and guidelines have emerged to refine recommendations for the use of radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy after thyroidectomy for cancer. We aim to des...
Association between mean arterial pressure during the first 24 hours and hospital mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock.

The optimal MAP target for patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) remains unknown. We sought to determine the relationship between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and mortality in the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) patients with CS. Using a single-center database of CICU patients admitted between 2007 and 2015, we identified patients with an admission diagnosis of CS. MAP was measured every 15 min, and the mean of all MAP values during the first 24 h (mMAP24) was recorded. Multivariable logistic regression determined the relationship between mMAP24 and adjusted hospital mortality. We included 1002 patients with a mean age of 68 ± 13.7 years, including 36% females. Admission diagnoses included acute coronary syndrome in 60%, heart failure in 74%, and cardiac arrest in 38%. Vasoactive drugs were used in 72%. The mMAP24 was higher (75 vs. 71 mmHg, p 0.1). In patients with CS, we observed an inverse relationship between mMAP24 and hospital mortality. The poor outcomes in patients with mMAP24 < 65 mmHg provide indirect evidence supporting a MAP goal of 65 mmHg for patients with CS.
Cryoprotectant toxicity and hypothermic sensitivity among Anopheles larvae.

Abstract Laboratory rearing of mosquitoes is commonly practiced by researchers studying mosquito-borne infectious diseases and vector control methods. In the absence of cryopreservation methods to stabilize unique or genetically modified strains, mosquito lines must be continuously maintained, a laborious process that risks selection effects, contamination, and genetic drift. Towards the development of a cryopreservation protocol, several commonly used cryoprotectants were systematically characterized here both individually and as cocktails. Among first instar, feeding-stage An. gambiae and An. stephensi larvae, cryoprotectant toxicity followed the order of dimethyl sulfoxide > ethylene glycol > methanol. The resulting LD50 values were used as the basis for the development of cryoprotectant cocktail solutions, where formulation optimization was streamlined using Taguchi methods of experimental design. Sensitivity to hypothermia was further evaluated to determine the feasibility of cryoprotectant loading at reduced temperatures and slow cooling approaches to cryopreservation. The information described here contributes to the knowledge base necessary to inform the development of a cryopreservation protocol for Anopheles larvae.
Prevalence, pattern, and probability for goals of care discussions among women diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer

High quality advanced cancer care includes goals of care (GOC) discussions and should be tailored according to clinical diagnosis, patient characteristics, and in concordance with patient’s goals. Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and treatment has heterogeneity according to subtype which makes the timing of initiating and continuing GOC discussions challenging. With an ever-increasing array of therapy, women with advanced stage disease are unique survivors in that they receive relatively aggressive cancer care to not only palliative symptoms but extend survival time. It is the purpose of this paper to explore the prevalence, pattern, and likelihood of having a GOC discussion according to key tumor, demographic, social, and clinical factors. A single-institution retrospective chart review of women deceased from MBC between November 2016 and November 2019 with double verification chart review was completed. Data were analyzed with descriptive, correlative, and comparative statistics. Total sample was N=167 women, with 14.4% (n=24) Black and 85.6% (n=143) White. Mean age was 55.3 years (SD 11.73). Overall, MBC survival was 3.12 years (SD 3.31), White women 41.2 (3.4 years) months, and Black women 19 (1.6 years) months. A total of 87.4% (n=146) participated in one or more GOC discussions. GOC discussions were more likely among those who were referred to palliative care (p<0.001) and social work (p=0.035) services. Of the GOC discussions, only 29.3% were conducted by the primary oncologist. Black women were more likely to have GOC discussion near death. Advanced stage cancers are treated, at times relatively aggressively, to extend survival time instead of merely offering palliation. This new paradigm of survivorship requires thoughtful integration of GOC conversations. Describing the current status of GOC discussions among a cohort of women deceased from MBC highlights the patients most vulnerable to having a GOC discussion avoided or delayed. These identified vulnerabilities will indicate where targeted interventions can be implemented in the future.
The health consequences of excess emissions: Evidence from Texas

Abstract Excess emissions are air pollution releases that exceed permitted levels and occur during facility start-ups, shutdowns, or malfunctions. While they are violations of the federal Clean Air Act, states have historically granted violating facilities automatic exemptions; limiting enforcement and weakening existing regulation. Recent efforts to harmonize state and federal rules have ignited debate surrounding optimal excess emissions regulation. Using Texas data from 2002 to 2017, we show robust evidence on the costs of excess emissions. We find that excess emissions increase harmful nearby pollution and elderly mortality, and are responsible for an average of 35 annual deaths in Texas alone. Using excess emissions as an instrument for ozone concentrations, we find that a 10% increase in monthly average ozone increases elderly mortality by 3.9%, driven by increased deaths in the oldest age groups.
Recent Advances in Peripheral Opioid Receptor Therapeutics.

Although opioids are excellent analgesics, they are associated with severe short- and long-term side effects that are especially concerning for the treatment of chronic pain. Peripherally acting opioid receptor agonists promise to mitigate the more serious centrally mediated side effects of opioids, and the goal of this paper is to identify and elaborate on recent advances in these peripheral opioid receptor therapeutics. Peripheral opioid receptor agonists are effective analgesics that at the same time circumvent the problem of centrally mediated opioid side effects by (1) preferentially targeting peripheral opioid receptors that are often the source of the pain and (2) their markedly diminished permeability or activity across the blood-brain barrier. Recent novel bottom-up approaches have been notable for the design of therapeutics that are either active only at inflamed tissue, as in the case of fentanyl-derived pH-sensitive opioid ligands, or too bulky or hydrophilic to cross the blood-brain barrier, as in the case of morphine covalently bound to hyperbranched polyglycerols. Recent innovations in peripheral opioid receptor therapeutics of pH-sensitive opioid ligands and limiting opioid permeability across the blood-brain barrier have had promising results in animal models. While this is grounds for optimism that some of these therapeutics will be efficacious in human subjects at a future date, each drug must undergo individualized testing for specific chronic pain syndromes to establish not only the nuances of each drug’s therapeutic effect but also a comprehensive safety profile.
Section Four of the Twenty-fifth Amendment: Easy Cases and Tough Calls

Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment transfers presidential power to the Vice President when the President is "unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office." The ambiguity of the term "unable" suggests that a wide variety of situations might be covered by Section 4. But Section 4's defining characteristic is not the textual meaning of "unable," it is the structure that Section 4's framers created, which effectively limits Section 4 to a much narrower range of uses. The structure makes it simple to strip a President of his power when he cannot object, and it makes it hard to do so when he does object. As a result, Section 4 is likely to be used only in one of the following four situations: 1. The President is unconscious or otherwise unable to communicate. 2. The President's impairment is so severe and so obvious that the Vice President and Cabinet agree — unanimously or close to it — both that the President must be pushed aside, and that they can be certain of winning the congressional vote if the President resists. 3. The President is arguably unable but is definitely about to do something irreversibly catastrophic. 4. The President is arguably unable, is being impeached, and needs to be sidelined in the meantime.
Is retrograde nailing superior to lateral locked plating for complete articular distal femur fractures

Abstract Introduction Nonunion rates for distal femur fractures treated with lateral locked plating (LLP) remains as high as 18–22% despite significant advances with implant design and construct modulation. However, whether treatment of distal femur fractures with rIMN has improved outcomes compared to LLP has not been well characterized. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of complete articular distal femur fractures (AO/OTA 33-C) treated with either LLP or rIMN. Methods 106 distal femur fractures in 106 patients between January 2014 and January 2018 were identified. Medical records were reviewed to collect patient age, gender, body mass index, sagittal and coronal plane alignment on immediate postoperative radiographs, time to union, incidence of nonunion, and incidence of secondary operative procedures for repair of a nonunion. Results Of 106 patients, 50 underwent rIMN and 56 underwent LLP. The mean age at the time of injury was 51 years (21 to 86 years) and there were 55 males. Average coronal alignment of 83.7° of anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) and sagittal alignment of Conclusions Our results demonstrated a higher nonunion rate and coronal plane malalignment with LLP compared to rIMN. While prospective data is required, rIMN does appear to be an appropriate treatment for complete articular distal femur fractures with a potentially decreased rate of nonunion .
“I Try to Keep That Sugar Down” Homebound Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Barriers to Self-Management

With the population of older Americans on the rise, the burden of chronic health conditions, functional decline, and diminished independence place an unprecedented strain on the resources of indivi...