cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mean structure and seasonal variability of the poleward undercurrent off southern California

[1] The magnitude, location, and extent of the California Undercurrent (CUC) off southern California is investigated using cruises of the California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) from 1993 to 2003 which provide hydrographic, biochemical, and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) velocity data on a quarterly basis. This study is the first use of the decade-long ADCP time series; it improves on prior geostrophic calculations by providing an absolute velocity reference for estimates of currents and transport. The long-term mean reveals two undercurrent cores in the region south of Point Conception and north of Baja, California: one in the region of the continental slope within the Southern California Bight (SCB) and a second off the Santa Rosa Ridge (SRR). A single core is observed off Point Conception. Spiciness is found to be a good indicator of the presence of the CUC; however, direct velocity observations or a deep reference level are required to resolve the full strength of the CUC cores. In particular, the core off the SRR would be almost entirely missed by geostrophic calculations relative to 500 m, the maximum depth sampled by CalCOFI. The undercurrent transport off Point Conception is estimated to be about 1.7 ± 0.1 Sv, slightly less than the sum of that estimated for the SCB (1.0 ± 0.1 Sv) and that estimated off the SRR (1.1 ± 0.1 Sv) and consistent with some of the flow turning offshore at Point Conception. The CUC in the SCB is strongest in summer, while that off the SRR is strongest in fall. The CUC off Point Conception is strong in both summer and fall, reflecting the confluence of these two branches. Interannual variability is also present, and the velocity and spiciness of the CUC appear to peak during El Nino periods.
Storing cycles in Hopfield-type networks with pseudoinverse learning rule: Admissibility and network topology

Cyclic patterns of neuronal activity are ubiquitous in animal nervous systems, and partially responsible for generating and controlling rhythmic movements such as locomotion, respiration, swallowing and so on. Clarifying the role of the network connectivities for generating cyclic patterns is fundamental for understanding the generation of rhythmic movements. In this paper, the storage of binary cycles in Hopfield-type and other neural networks is investigated. We call a cycle defined by a binary matrix @S admissible if a connectivity matrix satisfying the cycle's transition conditions exists, and if so construct it using the pseudoinverse learning rule. Our main focus is on the structural features of admissible cycles and the topology of the corresponding networks. We show that @S is admissible if and only if its discrete Fourier transform contains exactly r=rank(@S) nonzero columns. Based on the decomposition of the rows of @S into disjoint subsets corresponding to loops, where a loop is defined by the set of all cyclic permutations of a row, cycles are classified as simple cycles, and separable or inseparable composite cycles. Simple cycles contain rows from one loop only, and the network topology is a feedforward chain with feedback to one neuron if the loop-vectors in @S are cyclic permutations of each other. For special cases this topology simplifies to a ring with only one feedback. Composite cycles contain rows from at least two disjoint loops, and the neurons corresponding to the loop-vectors in @S from the same loop are identified with a cluster. Networks constructed from separable composite cycles decompose into completely isolated clusters. For inseparable composite cycles at least two clusters are connected, and the cluster-connectivity is related to the intersections of the spaces spanned by the loop-vectors of the clusters. Simulations showing successfully retrieved cycles in continuous-time Hopfield-type networks and in networks of spiking neurons exhibiting up-down states are presented.
Fatigue of aluminium alloy 2024-T351 in humid and dry air

Reversed bending fatigue tests conducted on specimens of aluminium alloy 2024-T351 in dry and humid air at stress levels of 248, 276, 290, 317 and 359 MPa showed that at low stress amplitude humid air reduces the fatigue life by as much as 21%. Mirco-hardness tests showed that the reduction in fatigue life is primarily attributed to localized hydrogen-induced overageing. SEM analysis and microhardness data were combined with past studies to propose a mechanism for environmentally induced fatigue in aluminium alloy 2024-T351 over a wide range of stress levels.
The Dialectic of Representation: Black Freemasonry, the Black Public, and Black Historiography

The investment of African American Freemasonry in abolition, respectability, and literacy reflected an anxious intersection between dissent and incorporation. Furthermore, although the first black lodge represented a small and self-selected group, black Masonic thought described black identity in the broadest descriptive and discursive terms. In seeming paradox, the desire of black Freemasons to be respectable also reflected their demand for recognition as a function of abolitionism and historiographical revision. In consequence, the earliest African American lodge of Freemasons labored to occupy two opposing positions simultaneously, that of a counterpublic and that of a universal public. This essay examines this tension to argue that the same traits that made black Freemasonry unique and novel—its narrow self-selection, its abolitionist origins, and its arguments in print—also structured its conscious drive to represent African Americans in debates about freedom, racial equality, and Masonic history.
Association of calmodulin and smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase: application of a label selection technique with trace acetylated calmodulin

A method is described for rapidly surveying the effects of modifying individual amino acid residues of a protein on its ability to interact specifically with another macromolecule. The procedure has been used to examine the individual roles of the seven lysyl residues of calmodulin in its ability to bind to smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase; previous studies by Jackson et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 261:1226-12232, 1986) have suggested that certain lysines may be located close to the interaction site. Trace [3H]-acetylated calmodulin, consisting predominantly of molecules acetylated at single sites together with unmodified protein, was incubated in excess (five- to 20-fold) with smooth muscle MLC kinase to allow the modified and unmodified molecules to compete for binding to the enzyme. Subsequently, the calmodulin-enzyme complex was separated from unbound calmodulin, and the level of acetylation of each of the seven lysines of the bound fraction of calmodulin was determined and compared to that of each corresponding group of the starting preparation. Significant changes were found at only two of the lysines, 21 and 75, where the extent of acetylation in the bound fraction was three- and fivefold lower, respectively, than that in the original preparation. These results were reproducible in three separate selection experiments employing both chicken and turkey gizzard MLC kinase. It is concluded that acetylation of calmodulin at either lysine 21 or 75 markedly reduces its affinity for MLC kinase, but acetylation at any of the other lysines (13, 30, 77, 94, or 148) has only minor effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chlorophyll α specific absorption and fluorescence excitation spectra for light-limited phytoplankton

Methods are described for the measurement of spectral absorption coefficients, fluorescence excitation, and fluorescence yields for pigmented particles retained on filters. The corrections required for absorption coefficients include determining increased optical pathlength while corrections for fluorescence include determining system spectral variability, mean light level and reabsorption. The empirical technique is consistent with and validated by theoretical relationships for light transmission and fluorescence of absorbing particulate material embedded in a medium with intense scattering.These methods were applied to a study of photoadaptation in several phytoplankton species and revealed variations in the blue for chlorophyll α specific absorption [αph*(λ)] and fluorescence excitation [F*(λ)] of greater than 3− and 10-fold, respectively. Variations in the spectral shapes and the magnitude of αph*(λ) and F*(λ) with photoadaptation are determined largely by the effect of pigment absorption in discrete particles, sometimes referred to as the sieve or package effect. A model is presented expressing F*(λ) in terms of α*(λ) which predicts large variability in F*(λ) due to cell size and cellular pigmentation and which may help reconcile the previously reported, but unexplained variations in F*(λ). Spectral variations in the fluorescence yield appear to be caused by variations in the fraction of light absorbed by photosystem II which fluoresces as compared to photosystem I or photoprotective pigments which do not fluoresce. The techniques presented provide a rapid, reproducible, and simple approach for routine analysis, particularly for field applications where particle densities are too low for direct analysis of absorption spectra.
Two-dimensional stagnation point flows of binary mixtures

Abstract Comprehensive numerical solutions have been obtained for axisymmetric and planar stagnation point flows of air with foreign gas injection. The injected species are H, H2, He, C, CH4, O, H2O, Ne, Air, Ar, CO2, Xe, CCl4 and I2, at wall cooling ratios of T s T e = 0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 . Thermodynamic properties are calculated assuming an inert ideal gas mixture and constant species specific heats; for the transport properties the rigid sphere model is used in order to eliminate temperature level as a problem parameter. The effect of injectant thermodynamic and transport properties on the reduction, due to mass transfer, of wall shear stress, mass transfer conductance and heat transfer rate, are explained with the aid of results calculated for synthetic injectants with adjusted specific heats and collision cross-sections. The increased pressure gradient at planar points (β = 1.0) is found to yield results little different to those for the axisymmetric situation (β = 0.5), except for the shear stress reduction with light injectants at high wall temperatures. Thermal diffusion effects with moderate to severe wall cooling are found to be interesting, but of little practical importance. Engineering correlations for mass and heat transfer are presented. These are of the exponential form suggested by a Couette flow model, with the blowing parameter B weighted by the factors a m,i =1·65 M air M i 5 6 ; a h,i =1·3 M air M i 1 3 C pi 5 2 R M 1 1 2 for mass and heat transfer, respectively.
The utility of commercially available endografts in the treatment of contained ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm with hemodynamic stability

Abstract Purpose Food and Drug Administration–approved endografts are suitable for the elective repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) with favorable aneurysm anatomy. Our aim is to illustrate the feasibility and versatility of commercially available endografts for emergency AAA repair in hemodynamically stable AAA rupture. Methods From June 2001 to July 2002, five patients presented with severe abdominal pain and were diagnosed with contained rupture of an infrarenal AAA. In all cases, patients were deemed unfit to withstand conventional open repair by both the referring outside medical center as well as our center's team. All patients were hemodynamically stable on arrival at our medical center. Measurement and selection of endovascular devices were based on computed tomography (CT) scans performed emergently at the outside referring center. The required emergently procured endografts were obtained within 2 to 4.5 hours (mean, 3.1 hours) of presentation. Complex anatomy at the proximal and distal fixation zones or difficult access was present in every case. Results All patients survived endograft repair and had successful exclusion of their aneurysm sac on the basis of intraoperative arteriography and postoperative CT surveillance. All were discharged to home at baseline function within a mean of 6.8 days (range, 2-13 days). There were no deaths. There was one postoperative pulmonary embolism, one myocardial infarct, and one type 2 endoleak. Mean operative time and blood loss were 4.67 hours and 217 mL, respectively. At a mean follow-up of 18 months, CT scans showed stable or shrinking aneurysm sacs. Conclusions In patients with contained ruptured AAAs who present with hemodynamic stability and comorbidities that preclude open surgery, commercially available endografts are a versatile treatment option even in the face of complicated aneurysm anatomy.
Microbial and biogeochemical responses to projected future nitrate enrichment in the California upwelling system

Coastal California is a dynamic upwelling region where nitrogen (N) and iron (Fe) can both limit productivity and influence biogeochemistry over different spatial and temporal scales. With global change, the flux of nitrate from upwelling is expected to increase over the next century, potentially driving additional oceanic regions toward Fe limitation. In this study we explored the effect of changes in Fe/N ratio on native phytoplankton from five currently Fe-replete sites near the major California upwelling centers at Bodega Bay and Monterey Bay using nutrient addition incubation experiments. Despite the high nitrate levels (13-30 M) in the upwelled water, phytoplankton at three of the five sites showed increased growth when 10 M nitrate was added. None of the sites showed enhanced growth following addition of 10 nM Fe. Nitrate additions favored slow sinking single-celled diatoms over faster sinking chain-forming diatoms, suggesting that future increases in nitrate flux could affect carbon and silicate export and alter grazer populations. In particular, solitary cells of Cylindrotheca were more abundant than the toxin-producing genus Pseudonitzschia following nitrate addition. These responses suggest the biogeochemistry of coastal California could change in response to future increases in nitrate, and multiple stressors like ocean acidification and hypoxia may further result in ecosystem shifts.
Ribonucleotide reductase: association of the regulatory subunit in the presence of allosteric effectors.

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductase from Ehrlich tumor cells moves as a 9 S particle in sucrose gradient centrifugation. In the presence of ATP or dATP, but not dGTP, there is a loss of enzyme activity in the 9 S region. When a fraction from the 6 S region of the gradient or the reductase component not bound by blue-dextran Sepharose or ATP-agarose columns, is added to each gradient fraction, essentially full activity can be recovered, the major portion of which is in the 16–18 S region. The reductase subunit which is bound by blue-dextran Sepharose moves as a 6.5 S particle but ATP shifts this component to 16–18 S. These results indicate that ATP or dATP causes association of the nucleoside triphosphate-binding subunit and dissociation of the remainder of the enzyme from this aggregate.
Approximations of uptake rate of spherical adsorbent pellets and their application to batch adsorption calculations

Abstract Two approximate expressions of sorbate uptake rate of spherical adsorbent pellets (referred to as model I and model II) were derived and applied to batch adsorption calculations. The derivations were made by assuming that the significant part of the concentration profile within a pellet may be represented by a parabolic expression over a spatial domain which expands with time. Both models I and II have expressions similar to that of the linear driving force (LDF) model but give much better accuracy, especially for small time. In particular, the results obtained from using model I were found to be nearly the same as those of the exact solutions.
Processing resources and eyewitness suggestibility

Purpose. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that encountering or retrieving suggested information under conditions of limited, rather than full, attentional resources is likely to increase false memory for suggested events. Methods. A typical eyewitness suggestibility paradigm was employed in which participants viewed a slide sequence depicting an office theft, answered misleading questions regarding the theft, and were later tested on their memory for the source of the suggested details. In Expt 1, participants encountered the misinformation under conditions of either divided or full attention, and in Expt 2 participants were given either ample time to make the source judgment or were forced to provide source judgments very quickly. Results. The results of both experiments showed that participants who encountered (Expt 1) or retrieved (Expt 2) misleading suggestions under conditions of limited attentional resources were more likely to misattribute the suggested items to the slides and less likely to remember having encountered the suggestions in the post-event questions. Conclusions. The results support the hypothesis that limiting attentional resources impairs participants' ability to retrieve source-specifying information and increases false memory for suggested details.
Peace Journalism Negotiating Global Media Ethics

The terrorist attack on the United States on September 11,2001, demonstrated that we live in an interdependent, vulnerable, and fragile global village. This village, however, does not enjoy the int...
Consciousness and the natural method.

Abstract ‘Consciousness’ is a superordinate term for a heterogeneous array of mental state types. The types share the property of ‘being experienced’ or ‘being experiences’—‘of there being something that it is like for the subject to be in one of these states.’ I propose that we can only build a theory of consciousness by deploying ‘the natural method’ of coordinating all relevant informational resources at once, especially phenomenology, cognitive science, neuroscience and evolutionary biology. I'll provide two examples of the natural method in action in mental domains where an adaptationist evolutionary account seems plausible: (i) visual awareness and (ii) conscious event memory. Then I will discuss a case, (iii), dreaming, where I think no adaptationist evolutionary account exists. Beyond whatever interest the particular cases have, the examination will show why I think that a theory of mind, and the role conscious mentation plays in it, will need to be built domain-by-domain with no a priori expectation that there will be a unified account of the causal role or evolutionary history of different domains and competences.
Nuclear surfaces and zero-energy scattering

Abstract The assumption of a diffuse nuclear edge introduces computational difficulties in optical model calculations. The present note discusses an approximation procedure for this case, in which the diffuse edge is replaced by an infinitesimally thin “effective edge” with appropriate reflection and transmission coefficients. Illustration is made with zero-energy neutron scattering, where the parameters 〈 Γ n / D 〉 and 〈 a − R 〉 are both multiplied by the same factor T for any shape of diffuse edge. The empirical value is T ≈2, corresponding to a total edge “width” of order 2×10 −13 cm.
Size and shape evolution of pores in a viscoplastic matrix under compression

The frequent use of soils and earth materials for hydraulic capping and for geo-environmental waste containment motivated our interest in detailed modelling of changes in size and shape of macro-pores to establish links between soil mechanical behaviour and concurrent changes in hydraulic and transport properties. The objective of this study was to use finite element analysis (FEA) to test and extend previous analytical solutions proposed by the authors describing deformation of a single macro-pore embedded in linear viscoplastic soil material subjected to anisotropic remote stress. The FEA enables to consider more complex pore geometries and provides a detailed picture of matrix yield behaviour to explain shortcomings of approximate analytical solutions. Finite element and analytical calculations agreed very well for linear viscous as well as for viscoplastic materials, only limited for the case of isotropic remote stress due to the simplifications of the analytical model related to patterns and onset of matrix-yielding behaviour. FEA calculations were compared with experimental data obtained from a compaction experiment in which pore deformation within a uniform modelling clay sample was monitored using CAT scanning. FEA predictions based on independently measured material properties and initial pore geometry provided an excellent match with experimentally determined evolution of pore size and shape hence lending credence to the potential use of FEA for more complex pore geometries and eventually connect macro-pore deformation with hydraulic properties.
The use of theory in everyday practice: an exploratory study.

Purpose: This exploratory study, using a phenomenological framework with ethnographic methodology investigated the use of theory in everyday practice as described by three registered occupational therapists.Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three practicing occupational therapists. Ethnographic observations and field notes supplemented the data collection. Data were analyzed using qualitative techniques.Results: Six major themes emerged from the interview data and were supported by the observational data: (1)“This is where I kind of get confused.”(2)“I remember hearing about theory.”(3)“It helps me.”(4)“I don't think there's a particular reason.”(5)“We rarely use the terminology.” (6)“It's kind of hard to incorporate that.”Discussion: The lack of the use of theory is paradoxical since all three therapists valued its use and saw it as a way to distinguish occupational therapy from other professions. The lack of use may be due to inadequate educational preparation, pragmatic issues prev...
A trap design for combined insect emergence and soil arthropod extraction from soil

Abstract For insect sampling on large-scale field experiments or sites situated in difficult terrain, e.g. woodlands, it may be desirable to use techniques that allow more than one operation to be carried out simultaneously. Equipment should be lightweight, durable, easy to construct from readily available materials, and allow easy retrieval, transportation, and processing of samples. The following trap design attempts to combine the monitoring of insect emergence, with the extraction of soil arthropods from the same soil sample.
SYNTHESIS OF CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANE POLYPEPTIDES DURING SYNCHRONOUS GROWTH OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII

The synthesis of the major chloroplast membrane polypeptides has been studied during synchronous growth of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Under these conditions, chlorophyll is synthesized during the latter part of the light period and cell division takes place during the dark period. The profile of the chloroplast membrane polypeptides of C. reinhardtii has been well characterized and shown to contain two major classes by size (Hoober, J. 1970. J. Biol. Chem. 245:4327). Polypeptides of group I have a mol wt range of 50,000–55,000 daltons. The second region consists of at least three polypeptide groups, IIa, IIb, and IIc, having mol wt of 40,000, 31,000, and 27,000 daltons, respectively. The synthesis of these polypeptides has been measured using a double-labeling technique and a computer-aided statistical analysis. The rate of labeling of group I polypeptides is highest during the early light period and decreases after 6 h of growth. Group IIa is labeled from the beginning of the light period, but little synthesis of IIb occurs before 3 h, and significant amounts of label are not found in IIc before 5 h of growth. After approximately 8 h of light, groups IIb and IIc are synthesized at rates significantly greater than those of the other membrane polypeptides. The synthesis of the major polypeptide groups ceases in the dark. We conclude that the biosynthesis of the chloroplast membranes is a sequential or stepwise process.
Synthesis of a 35-member stereoisomer library of bistramide A: evaluation of effects on actin state, cell cycle and tumor cell growth.

Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of a 35-member library of bistramide A stereoisomers are reported. All eight stereoisomers of the C1−C13 tetrahydropyran fragment of the molecule were prepared utilizing crotylsilane reagents 9 and 10 in our [4+2]-annulation methodology. In addition, the four isomers of the C14−C18 γ-amino acid unit were accessed via a Lewis acid mediated crotylation reaction with use of both enantiomers of organosilane 11. The spiroketal subunit of bistramide A was modified at the C39-alcohol to give another point of stereochemical diversification. The fragments were coupled by using a standard peptide coupling protocol to provide 35 stereoisomers of the natural product. These stereochemical analogues were screened for their effects on cellular actin and cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines (UO-31 renal and SF-295 CNS). The results of these assays identified one analogue, 1.21, with enhanced potency relative to the natural product, bistramide A.
Mass Spectrometric Identification of Methylxanthines and Methyluric Acids, the Possible Metabolites of Caffeine

A rapid and direct mass spectrometric method for the identification of caffeine and its 15 possible metabolites formulated as tri-, di-, and monomethyl derivatives of xanthine and uric acid is described. With the exception of uric acid and its 7-methyl derivative, the molecular ion itself was found to be the base peak in the mass spectra of all of the compounds studied. Fragmentation mechanisms, along with the relative intensities of the major fragments and data on metastable ions useful in the identification of these compounds, are reported.
Pn anisotropy in Mesozoic western Pacific lithosphere

Pn is the high-frequency, scattered P phase guided for great distances within the old oceanic lithosphere. Two arrays of ocean bottom seismometers were deployed on old (150–160 Ma) seafloor in the northwestern Pacific south of Shatsky Rise for the Pacific Lithosphere Anisotropy and Thickness Experiment. We use Pn phases from 403 earthquakes during the 1 year of deployment to measure apparent velocities across the arrays. Each array was deployed on a separate limb of a magnetic bight, formed near a fast-spreading, ridge-ridge-ridge triple junction. Using high-frequency waves (5–10 Hz), we look at variations of Pn velocities as a function of azimuth. In the western array, we find Pn anisotropy with velocities ranging from ~8.7 km/s in the back azimuth (θ) direction of 310° to ~7.7 km/s at ~350°. In the eastern array, the velocity ranges from ~8.5 km/s in back azimuth direction of ~210° to ~7.7 km/s at 260° and ~310°. We observe rapid velocity changes with azimuth in the both arrays requiring sinusoidal variations of roughly equal amplitude as a function of both 2θ and 4θ, which is not expected for the orthorhombic symmetry of olivine or orthopyroxene. The fastest directions on the two limbs are roughly orthogonal to each other suggesting the dominance of fossil anisotropy, but the fast directions of the 2θ components are skewed counterclockwise from the spreading directions. We speculate that the rapid azimuthal variations may be caused by vertical stratification with changing anisotropy with depth in the oceanic lithosphere.
Negative differential transconductance in silicon quantum well metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect/bipolar hybrid transistors

Introducing explicit quantum transport into Si transistors in a manner amenable to industrial fabrication has proven challenging. Hybrid field-effect/bipolar Si transistors fabricated on an industrial 45 nm process line are shown to demonstrate explicit quantum transport signatures. These transistors incorporate a lateral ion implantation-defined quantum well (QW) whose potential depth is controlled by a gate voltage (VG). Quantum transport in the form of negative differential transconductance (NDTC) is observed to temperatures >200 K. The NDTC is tied to a non-monotonic dependence of bipolar current gain on VG that reduces drain-source current through the QW. These devices establish the feasibility of exploiting quantum transport to transform the performance horizons of Si devices fabricated in an industrially scalable manner.
CD154-CD40 interactions mediate differentiation to plasma cells in healthy individuals and persons with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem human autoimmune disease characterized by the differentiation of shortand long-lived plasma cells (PCs) that secrete pathogenic autoantibodies (1–3). These include autoantibodies specific for DNA involved in glomerulonephritis, autoantibodies to phospholipid 2glycoprotein I in thrombosis, and anti-Ro autoantibodies in congenital heart block. The exact cause of SLE is unclear, but the emergence of the disease appears to depend on a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors that initiate and/or contribute to pathogenic autoimmunity. Candidate initiating factors include ultraviolet light, cigarette smoking, and infections with bacteria and/or viruses that polyclonally activate B cells. More frequent or aggressive disease is associated with female sex, African American and African Caribbean origin, and restricted educational experience. Genetic susceptibility loci include genes affecting activation, proliferation, cytokine secretion/ responsiveness, and apoptosis of the T and B cells involved in humoral immunity, as well as genes involved in presentation and clearance of apoptotic material and autoantigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and phagocytes (4).
Cardiomyopathy of Friedreich’s Ataxia: Use of Mouse Models to Understand Human Disease and Guide Therapeutic Development

Friedreich’s ataxia is a multisystem disorder of mitochondrial function affecting primarily the heart and brain. Patients experience a severe cardiomyopathy that can progress to heart failure and death. Although the gene defect is known, the precise function of the deficient mitochondrial protein, frataxin, is not known and limits therapeutic development. Animal models have been valuable for understanding the basic events of this disease. A significant need exists to focus greater attention on the heart disease in Friedreich’s ataxia, to understand its long-term outcome, and to develop new therapeutic strategies using existing medications and approaches. This review discusses some key features of the cardiomyopathy in Friedreich’s ataxia and potential therapeutic developments.
Transneuronal regulation of ribosomes after blockade of ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors.

Abstract Elimination of auditory nerve activity results in death and atrophy of neurons in the cochlear nucleus, nucleus magnocellularis (NM), of the chick. One early event believed to lead to cell death and atrophy is the disruption of ribosomes in the NM neuron. A useful assay for visualizing these ribosomal changes is immunolabeling with the antibody Y 10B, which recognizes ribosomal RNA. Activity-dependent changes in Y10B labeling have been observed both in vivo, after unilateral cochlea removal and in vitro after unilateral auditory nerve stimulation. Although it is clear that activity is crucial for maintaining ribosomal integrity, the identity of the important transynaptic signal(s) is not known. It is possible that this trophic signal is glutamate, the neurotransmitter release from the auditory nerve. The present study investigates the role of ionotropic glutamate receptors in the activity-dependent regulation of ribosomes, as measured by the Y10B immunoreactivity. Brain slices containing the auditory nerve and NM on both sides were obtained from hatchling chicks. The auditory nerve on one side of the slice was stimulated for 1 h. The slice was then processed for Y10B immunoreactivity. As expected, greater Y10B immunolabeling was observed on the stimulated side of the slice. Unexpectedly, however, this immunolabeling difference was still observed after blocking NMDA receptors (50μM dl -APV), non-NMDA receptors (20 μM CNQX), or blocking both ionotropic receptor subtypes (APV and CNQX). This was true even though CNQX eliminated driven postsynaptic potentials. These data suggest that ionotropic glutamate receptors are not necessary for the activity-dependent regulation of ribosomes in NM neurons.
Numerical effects in stability simulations of power systems with Wind turbine generators

Based on experience with stability models for a variety of wind turbine generator (WTG) technologies, the paper describes numerical effects that are either a manifestation of modeling problems or may be inconsistent with real WTG behavior. Effects such as low-frequency and high-frequency oscillations, peaks in variables, noise, excessive sensitivity to numerical solution and questionable tripping are often observed in stability simulations of power systems with WTGs and can mislead system planners. The paper describes these effects, discusses their mechanisms and makes recommendations to model developers and power system planners on how to prevent or minimize the negative impact of numerical effects on stability simulations.
On asymptotically correct linear laminated plate theory

Abstract The focus of this paper is the development of asymptotically correct theories for laminated plates, the material properties of which vary through the thickness and for which each lamina is orthotropic. This work is based on the variational-asymptotical method, a mathematical technique by which the three-dimensional analysis of plate deformation can be split into two separate analyses: a one-dimensional through-the-thickness analysis and a two-dimensional “plate” analysis. The through-the-thickness analysis includes elastic constants for use in the plate theory and approximate closed-form recovering relations for all three-dimensional field variables expressed in terms of plate variables. In general, the specific type of plate theory that results from this procedure is determined by the procedure itself. However, in this paper only “Reissner-like” plate theories are considered, often called first-order shear deformation theories. This paper makes three main contributions: first it is shown that construction of an asymptotically correct Reissner-like theory for laminated plates of the type considered is not possible in general. Second, a new point of view on the variational-asymptotical method is presented, leading to an optimization procedure that permits a derived theory to be as close to asymptotical correctness as possible. Third, numerical results from such an optimum Reissner-like theory are presented. These results include comparisons of plate displacement as well as of three-dimensional field variables and are the best of all extant Reissner-like theories. Indeed, they even surpass results from theories that carry many more generalized displacement variables.
Conducting and Interpreting Canonical Correlation Analysis in Personality Research: A User-Friendly Primer

The purpose of this article is to reduce potential statistical barriers and open doors to canonical correlation analysis (CCA) for applied behavioral scientists and personality researchers. CCA was selected for discussion, as it represents the highest level of the general linear model (GLM) and can be rather easily conceptualized as a method closely linked with the more widely understood Pearson r correlation coefficient. An understanding of CCA can lead to a more global appreciation of other univariate and multivariate methods in the GLM. We attempt to demonstrate CCA with basic language, using technical terminology only when necessary for understanding and use of the method. We present an entire example of a CCA analysis using SPSS (Version 11.0) with personality data.
Competitive energy storage in the presence of renewables

A large fraction of new distributed generation will use renewable sources, and cannot be treated as conventional generators due to high variability. Energy storage is a natural mechanism for absorbing variability, and hence minimizing costly reliance on generator reserves. We consider a simple scenario in which energy imbalances are allocated to energy storage, representing either cooperation with a renewable producer or competitive operation in markets. The optimal storage scheduling strategy is shown to be an inventory control-like policy, which through mild approximation yields affine relationships with the state variables. We develop and numerically evaluate suboptimal policies that approximately incorporate the effects of correlation. Further approximation enables us to characterize the Nash equilibria arising between generation and storage, which we use to analyze strategic effects. Specifically, we find that inefficient storage can lead to non-socially optimal behavior.
Asian corn borer pheromone binding protein 3, a candidate for evolving specificity to the 12-tetradecenyl acetate sex pheromone

Most moth species in the genus Ostrinia use varying ratios of (Z)-11- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate as their main sex pheromone components. The Asian corn borer is unique within the genus having evolved to use pheromone components with a shift in the location of the double bond, (Z)-12- and (E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate. We identified cDNAs representing five pheromone binding proteins (PBPs) and two sensory neuron membrane protein genes from an antennal transcriptome. The coding regions of the orthologous genes were cloned from the Asian corn borer and the (E) and (Z) sex pheromone races of the European corn borer. Their nucleotide sequences and transcript expression levels were analyzed to identify candidate genes from the Asian corn borer that may have evolved specificity to the 12-tetradecenyl acetate ligand. PBP2 and PBP3 transcripts were expressed at high male-biased levels. PBP3 had the most nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions resulting in ten amino acid changes. Based on the predicted three-dimensional structure of PBP3, six of these ten amino acid changes occur in domains that may interact with the pheromone ligand. Future studies will determine whether PBP3 has evolved specificity to the Asian corn borer sex pheromone.
The renal dopaminergic system: novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in hypertension and kidney disease

Salt sensitivity of blood pressure, whether in hypertensive or normotensive subjects, is associated with increased cardiovascular risk and overall mortality. Salt sensitivity can be treated by reducing NaCl consumption. However, decreasing salt intake in some may actually increase cardiovascular risk, including an increase in blood pressure, that is, inverse salt sensitivity. Several genes have been associated with salt sensitivity and inverse salt sensitivity. Some of these genes encode proteins expressed in the kidney that are needed to excrete a sodium load, for example, dopamine receptors and their regulators, G protein–coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4). We review here research in this field that has provided several translational opportunities, ranging from diagnostic tests to gene therapy, such as (1) a test in renal proximal tubule cells isolated from the urine of humans that may determine the salt-sensitive phenotype by analyzing the recruitment of dopamine D 1 receptors to the plasma membrane; (2) the presence of common GRK4 gene variants that are not only associated with hypertension but may also be predictive of the response to antihypertensive therapy; (3) genetic testing for polymorphisms of the dopamine D 2 receptor that may be associated with hypertension and inverse salt sensitivity and may increase the susceptibility to chronic kidney disease because of loss of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the renal dopamine D 2 receptor, and (4) in vivo renal selective amelioration of renal tubular genetic defects by a gene transfer approach, using adeno-associated viral vectors introduced to the kidney by retrograde ureteral infusion.
Segregation and Replication of Chromosomes in Turkey Parthenogenesis

A STRAIN of Beltsville small white (BSW) turkeys developed at this station regularly produce eggs with a marked predisposition to develop parthenogenetically. More than 40 per cent of incubated unfertilized eggs laid by birds of this strain can reasonably be expected to undergo development at least to the degree where sheets of unorganized cells can be detected macroscopically when the eggs are broken1,2.
Learning to Use Parentheses and Quotes in LISP

This article illustrates successful strategies for helping novice programming students understand the use of parentheses (Ps) and quotes (Qs) in LISP. Based on detailed analysis of students working programming problems, we designed lab exercises to address typical difficulties. Rather than emphasizing correct answers, our approach, inspired by the scaffolded knowledge integration (SKI) framework, required students to take the role of investigator and critic. In particular, the intervention required students to critique incorrect calls, identify the incorrect rule being applied in the incorrect call, and correct the call. It also required students to identify causes of error messages we identified as difficult. These exercises had a positive effect not just on the calls to functions, which the intervention specifically addressed, but also on writing function definitions and predicting results, which were not specifically addressed by the intervention. The exercises improved students’ understanding of LISP ...
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Photoemission in the Region of Periodic Schottky Deviations

The existence of deviation from the photoelectric Schottky line has been investigated for metals theoretically, and the experimental evidence for this deviation has been obtained for tungsten and molybdenum. A theoretical equation is derived based on a modified model which contains a classical image force and exchange and correlation forces. The theoretical solution indicates that the amplitude is inversely proportional to the frequency of the light source, whereas the phase or the period is found to be independent of the frequency of the light source. The experiments involved measuring the photoelectric emission current of tungsten and molybdenum as a function of electric field. Results were obtained for two different frequencies of light source for each sample. The periodic deviation from the Schottky line was observed clearly from a number of runs. A comparison of the experimental results with the theoretical prediction has been made. The agreement in the amplitude and the phase between them is very good.
Second-site adaptation in the red-green chromatic pathways

On different chromatic adapting fields, thresholds were measured with a 1.2 deg flash consisting of simultaneous incremental and decremental red and green components that stimulate the M and L cones in any desired ratio. Thresholds were plotted in normalized coordinates in which the quantal change in the M and L cones due to the flash was divided by the quantal catch due to the field. Detection contours for a wide range of test flashes provide evidence for luminance and chromatic mechanisms that respectively respond to the sum and difference of the M and L cone signals. Field color has little influence on the luminance mechanism but strongly affects chromatic detection, with sensitivity being maximal on yellow fields and declining slightly on green fields and declining strongly on red fields. Similar effects were obtained for long (200 msec) and very brief flashes, although the shape of the contours differed considerably. The results provide evidence for a second adaptation site within the red-green chromatic pathways, similar to the second-site in the S cone pathways. Chromatic fields (green and red) polarize the site and reduce sensitivity to chromatic flashes.
The effect of age on water metabolism in hens.

SummaryKinetic parameters associated with the body water pool were studied in hens of two age brackets by Isotope Dilution Techniques using tritium-labeled water.The half-life of body water was found to be significantly longer (p < 0.05) in hens than in pullets. It is probable that the difference is due to an increased utilization of body water by the younger birds for their greater anabolic demands.Total body water, expressed as percent of body weight, was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the pullets than in the hens. The lower water content of the hens appears to be due to a decrease in intra- and extracellular body water with age as previously suggested for mammals. Additionally, the greater fat mass of the older birds may be contributing to the results observed.
Visual Transient Phenomenon: Its Polarity and a Paradox

Luminance stimuli modulated at frequencies above flicker fusion create perceptible visual transient responses when the frequency is changed abruptly. The polarity of these transients, as directly perceived and objectively confirmed, is shown enough by itself to yield a powerful criterion for visual models. An apparent paradox when light flashes are superposed on the frequency discontinuity has further implications for models and suggests a possible non-conservation of polarity in the brightness perception process.
Microgenetic algorithm design of hybrid conventional waveguide and photonic crystal structures

We previously proposed the hybrid integration of photonic crystals (PhCs) and conventional index-guided waveguides (CWGs) as a potentially attractive method of realizing compact waveguide elements for large-scale planar lightwave circuits (PLCs). We now examine 90-deg bends and beamsplitters in PhC/CWG structures in which the waveguide core has a high refractive index (3.25) and yet a low refractive index contrast (1.54%) with the clad material. A PhC structure composed of a triangular or square array of air holes is placed at the intersection of input and output waveguides to obtain high efficiency 90-deg bends. We find that diffraction from the boundary of the PhC region with CWG limits the optical efficiency of the bend. To overcome this we use a rigorous design tool based on a microgenetic algorithm (µGA) and a finite difference time domain (FDTD) method to optimize the boundary layer to suppress the unwanted diffraction. We find that this approach yields improvements in the bend efficiency at a wavelength of 1.55 µm from 56.2 to 92.5% (for a triangular PhC structure, TE polarization) and from 72.0 to 97.4% (square PhC structure, TM polarization).
Contracting around International Uncertainty

International cooperation is plagued by uncertainty. Although states negotiate the best agreements possible using available information, unpredictable things happen after agreements are signed that are beyond states' control. States may not even commit themselves to an agreement if they anticipate that circumstances will alter their expected benefits. Duration provisions can insure states in this context. Specifically, the use of finite duration depends positively on the degree of uncertainty and states' relative risk aversion and negatively on the cost. These formally derived hypotheses strongly survive a test with data on a random sample of agreements across all four of the major issue areas in international relations. Not only do the results, highlighting evidence on multiple kinds of flexibility provisions, strongly suggest that the design of international agreements is systematic and sophisticated; but also they call attention to common ground among various subfields of political science and law.