cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Alternative Pathway of Complement

The alternative pathway of complement activation provides the host with a humoral component of the natural defense mechanisms against infectious agents. The six plasma proteins involved in recognition and activation perform a continuous surveillance function that does not require specific antibody to recognize potential pathogens. Discrimination between host and foreign particles occurs because activation of the system is under strict control by regulatory plasma and membrane proteins of the host. Full activation only occurs when the function of these regulators is dampened on the surface of foreign particles. Organisms sensitive to attack by the alternative pathway include bacteria, fungi, certain viruses, virus-infected cells, some tumor cell lines, and human erythrocytes lacking the decay accelerating factor (DAF) in their membrane. Activation of the pathway on these particles results in the deposition of large numbers of C3b molecules and assembly of the cytolytic membrane attack complex. These events trigger, through a variety of mediators, several cellular responses including leukocyte chemotaxis, release of vasoactive amines, hydrolytic enzymes and of arachidonic acid metabolites, adhesion, and phagocytosis.
Administrative Procedures and Democracy: The Italian Experience

The link between participation and democracy is evident: democracy means participation (at least), and participation is ensured by procedures whose goal is to ensure that a “good” decision is made. With regard to democracy, even if the Italian Constitution does not lay down a general rule that refers to administration, there is no doubt that democratic principles also apply to administration, given how important it is. Participation is the presence, within public bodies, of nonprofessional subjects. According to Italian scholars, we can either have institutional participation, which involves people within administrative organs, or functional participation, which relates to procedure. Over the past few years, administrative procedures, and the role of private individuals within them, have been emphasized by Italian administrative science. There is a special reason for this: the approval of an administrative procedure law, which contains a set of minimum principles that apply to the relationship between authorities and citizens, is a basic measure of democracy. I am referring to Law n. 241 of August 7, 1990, which has tried to incorporate the results of a debate that has been going on for many years. Hence, this law is a kind of codification. This debate, which dealt with the crisis of the classic liberal model, was aimed at providing citizens with new channels for representing their interests.
Electrotherapy in tissue repair.

Research into treatment techniques for tissue repair has undergone tremendous discus­ sion and growth in recent years. There are many treatment facets to consider when addressing the healing process. Treatment options may range in scale from global concerns to effects produced at a cellular level. Global tissue repair issues include health care coverage, reimbursement, and the in­ teraction of health care professionals on a wound care team. Client-centered matters may also affect healing. For example, health care professionals may choose to use a team approach including the client, family, and other care givers in the management of tissue healing. Other client-centered factors that af­ fect the healing process include injury, disease, nu­ trition, and compliance. Last, there are treatment components affecting the tissue or wound environ­ ment. Previous articles in this journal have covered many cellular aspects of tissue and wound environ­ ment issues with regard to tissue healing and re­ pair. Electrotherapy influences tissue repair at the level of the wound environment. This article dis­ cusses research findings and the clinical use of electrotherapy in tissue repair. A brief review of the theories and current scientific rationale for use of electrotherapy in tissue healing is provided. Included is a brief examination of research dealing with electrotherapy and tissue healing. Clinical treatment decisions-involving types of electrical current, polarity, electrode placement, and other pa­ rameters as well as precautions and contraindications -are discussed. This article summarizes recent de­ velopments and trends in the use of electrotherapy for tissue repair in order to facilitate clinicians' de­ cision-making capabilities and their understanding of treatment options.
A zeolitic porous lithium-organic framework constructed from cubane clusters.

Reported here is a lithium cubane based zeolitic framework possessing a multi-dimensional channel system. The unique design strategy of adopting the ditopic ligand 4-pyridinol leads to a rigid porous framework with high thermal stability. It has a BET surface area of 440.3 m2 g−1 and a H2 uptake capacity of 108.7 cm3 g−1 at 77 K.
First impressions are lasting impressions: A primacy effect in memory for repetitions

Two experiments demonstrated that the encoding of a repeated object is biased toward the attributes of its first presentation. In Experiment 1, subjects saw objects five times each, but either the first presentation or the fifth presentation was the mirror reverse of the standard orientation seen on the other four trials. When recognition was tested with both orientations simultaneously, subjects reported seeing only the single mirror-reverse orientation more often if it was the first presentation than when it was the fifth presentation, and seeing only the standard orientation more often if it was presentations 1–4 than when it was presentations 2–5. A second experiment demonstrated that this primacy effect generalized to size changes. This pattern of results is consistent with the hypothesis that top-down biases affect what subjects learn: The first representation established for a stimulus is likely to influence the encoding of subsequent repetitions.
Metastable high-pressure transformations of orthoferrosilite Fs82

High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments with natural ferrosilite Fs82 (Fe
Emulating human visual perception for measuring difference in images using an SPN graph approach

This paper presents a new methodology for efficiently representing the content of images and comparing images by detecting and recording their visual differences. In particular, the methodology presented here is based on a stochastic Petri-net (SPN) graph approach able to extract and record local and global features from both images, compare them, and define the percentage of similarity. One of the features of the human visual perception is the detection of similarities between two images. The visual similarity is based on color, size, shape, and local and global topological changes of the image regions. Several methods dealing with image or object similarities have been proposed. The new feature of the method here is the partial emulation of the human observer's visual perception by recording differences extracted from different images. Results of the method described here are presented for a variety of images by using local and global noisy conditions.
A pilot study of a simple photon migration model for predicting depth of cure in dental composite.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to build a photo migration model to calculate the radiant exposure (irradiance!time) in dental composite and to relate the radiant exposure with extent of cure using polymer kinetics models. Methods. A composite (Z100, Shade A2) cylinder (21 mm diameter by 15 mm deep) was cured with a tungsten-halogen lamp emitting 600 mW/cm 2 , 1 mm above the composite for 60 s. For each of the 2!1 mm grids along the longitudinal cross section (diameter versus depth), the degree of conversion (DC) and hardness (KHN) were measured to construct the curing extent distribution. The inverse adding-doubling method was used to characterize the optical properties of the composite for the Monte Carlo model simulating the photon propagation within the composite cylinder. The calculated radiant exposure (H) distribution along the cross section was related to the curing extent DC/DCmax distribution and fitted with two polymer curing
Major and Minor Chronotopes in a Specialized Counting System

The Northern English Sheep Counting Score, a stray numeral system, has been vexing folklorists and linguists for over a hundred years. I suggest that the form of the score reflects a process of specialization distinct from the abstract mathematical functions which characterize common numeral systems. This specialization is explored through the use of Bakhtin's concepts of minor and major chronotopes. Chronotopes, understood as the creation of spatiotemporal ground on which indexicality has meaning, are used to describe the ways that contiguity and sequence form dialogically interacting indexical relationships at various levels of analysis, from minimal adjacent pairs and rhythm, to performance, to the large-scale chronotopes organizing scholarly and popular discourses. [Sheep Count, chronotope, indexicality, numeral systems, ethnomathematics]
Theory of Metal-Solid Electrolyte Interface

A comprehensive time independent theory of the solid electrolyte(SE)–metal electrode interface is presented, using the assumption that cations are the only mobile charge carrier in the electrolyte. The temperature and the dc current across the SE are the only free parameters for the solutions along with three intrinsic parameters which depend on the properties of the particular system. The phenomenological model of the interface double layer is based on the Gouy–Chapman–Stern model. The numerical solutions of the theory for porous tungstenzeolite system enables us to predict most of the properties in the SE system such as;the current–overpotential characteristics, the capacitances of the double layer, concentration profile in the diffusion layer, the potential profile across the interface, electrochemical exchange current, and the potential of zero charge(PZC) etc. An experimental technique to measure the PZC of SE systems has been also proposed.
CONSTRAINED FERMIONIC MODELS IN NON-TRIVIAL TOPOLOGICAL SECTORS

We study a constrained fermionic model involving non-trivial topological gauge configurations. After a path-integral treatment of the topologically trivial degrees of freedom we show that the resulting effective theory is equivalent to a Coulomb gas theory with a "background charge" at infinity plus a b, c ghost system. The Virasoro central charge of the theory is found to be independent of the topological sector.
Transplantation of chimeric bone marrow.

SummaryRetransplantation of bone marrow was studied in an attempt to understand why foetal liver was superior to adult bone marrow in the treatment of lethally-irradiated mice.Presensitization experiments, in which recipients were immunized against cells of the future donor-strain, were performed. In this system foetal-liver-chimeric spleen-cells were as effective antigenically as those taken from adult-bone-marrow chimeras.Foetal-liver-chimeric bone-marrow, used to protect irradiated mice that had been presensitized to normal homologous donor-type cells, was as ineffective as that from normal mice of comparable strain. From these results an unaltered sensitivity of the foetally-derived chimeric cells to specific isoantibodies was deduced.The findings are discussed in relation to several postulates offered to explain the ameliorating effect of foetal liver on homologous disease in radiation chimeras. Investigations presented here test, but the results fail to support, a loss of either isoantigenicity or s...
Full- and half-day kindergarten programmes: examining impacts on second language learners

This study investigated the effect of full- and half-day kindergarten programmes on English language learners (ELL) and English-only-speaking children's literacy and mathematics performance in a large urban school district. Considerations were given to how the length of the school day, children's language status (ELL and non-ELL), and children's attendance patterns influenced achievement. Results reveal that all children in full-day kindergarten settings performed significantly better on spring literacy assessments and mathematics when compared to children in half-day settings. Non-ELL children performed significantly higher on spring literacy assessments than ELL children. Children who missed fewer than 10 days of kindergarten had significantly higher spring literacy and mathematics scores than children with more than 10 absences. Findings from this study have significant policy and practice implications related to the overall quality, availability, and the effect of kindergarten programming in the USA.
Genetic Analysis of the IRS Pleiotropic Effects of Genes Influencing Insulin Levels on Lipoprotein and Obesity Measures

Abstract Insulin resistance is part of a metabolic syndrome that also includes non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, obesity, and hypertension. It has been hypothesized that insulin resistance represents the primary physiological defect underlying this syndrome. Since insulin resistance is at least partially genetically determined, we hypothesized that genes influencing insulin resistance would have pleiotropic effects on a number of other traits, including triglyceride (TG) and HDL cholesterol levels, body mass index (BMI) and body fat distribution, and blood pressure levels. To investigate this hypothesis, we analyzed data obtained from individuals in 41 families enrolled in the San Antonio Family Heart Study. Statistical methods that take advantage of the relatedness among individuals were used to differentiate between genetic and nongenetic (ie, environmental) contributions to phenotypic variation between traits. Serum levels of fasting and 2-hour insulin (measured in 767 and 743 nondiabetic family members, respectively) were used as a measure of insulin resistance. The genetic correlations were high between insulin levels (both fasting and 2-hour) and each of the following: BMI, HDL level, waist-to-hip ratio, and subscapular-to-triceps ratio, indicating that the same gene, or set of genes, influences each pair of traits. In contrast, the genetic correlations of insulin levels with systolic and diastolic blood pressures were low. We have previously shown that a single diallelic locus accounts for 31% of the phenotypic variation in 2-hour insulin levels in this population. We conducted a bivariate segregation analysis to see if the common genetic effects on insulin and these other traits could be attributable to this single locus. These results indicated a significant effect of the 2-hour insulin locus on fasting insulin levels ( P =.02) and BMI ( P =.05), with the “high” insulin allele associated with higher levels of fasting insulin but lower levels of BMI. There was no detectable effect of this locus on HDL level, TG level, subscapular-to-triceps ratio, or blood pressure. Overall, these results suggest that a common set of genes influencing insulin levels also influences other insulin resistance syndrome–related traits, although for the most part this pleiotropy is not attributable to the 2-hour insulin level major locus.
PHOTOGENERATION OF REACTIVE ORGANOMETALLIC SPECIES

Abstract : A large number of thermally inert organometallic complexes can be photoactivated for stoichiometric and catalytic reactions using visible or ultraviolet light. In favorable cases, low temperature irradiation leads to the generation of spectroscopically detectable intermediates, e.g. (eta 5-C5H5)W(CO)2C2H5 or Fe(CO)eta(alkene)5-eta, that likely participate in catalytic cycles at higher temperatures where the steady state concentration is too low to detect. The dissociative process of CO or H2 loss and metal-metal bond rupture can lead to the coordinatively unsaturated intermediates that pervade homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. In some cases, the same catalyst as generated thermally at high temperature can be prepared photochemically at low temperature using the same precursor, as in the case of H4Ru4(CO)12 where loss of CO thermally or photochemically produces an active species. In other situations different catalysis results, as reflected in product ratios, when photo-excitation is used compared to thermal activation as in hydrogenation vs. isomerization using H2Os3(CO10. New spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy will become important in the in situ analysis of heterogenizea catalyst precursors, where gas/solid interfacial photoreactions can be monitored.
Radiolabeled neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: synthesis, in vivo evaluation, and primate PET studies.

The objectives of this study were to synthesize neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I)-selective imaging agents based on the 2 potent, selective inhibitors AR-R 17443 [N-(4-((2-((phenylmethyl) (methyl)-amino)ethyl)phenyl)-2-thiophenecarboximidamide)] and AR-R 18512 [(N-(2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-7-yl)-2-thiophenecarboximidamide)] in positron-emitting form and to evaluate regional brain uptake in rodents and primates. Methods: [ 11 C]AR-R 17443 and [ 11 C]AR-R 18512 were produced by N-alkylation of the corresponding desmethyl precursors using [ 11 C]iodomethane. Regional brain uptake of [ 11 C]AR-R 17443 and [ 11 C]AR-R 18512 was assayed in rats and NOS-I knockout mice, and PET was performed in baboons. Tracer kinetic modeling used a 2-compartment plasma and brain tissue model. Results: Yields of [ 11 C]AR-R 17443 and [ 11 C]AR-R 18512 ranged from 8% to 16% at the end of synthesis, with specific activities of 50-178 GBq/μmol (1350-4800 Ci/mmol) at the end of synthesis. In rat cerebellum and cortex at 30 min after injection, [ 11 C]AR-R 17443 showed 1.01 ± 0.01 and 1.63 ± 0.12 percentage injected dose per gram (%ID/g) uptake, respectively, whereas [ 11 C]AR-R 18512 showed 0.88 ± 0.01 and 1.30 ± 0.07 %ID/g uptake, respectively. Attempts to block tracer uptake by pretreatment with the NOS-1-selective inhibitor 7-nitroindazole or the corresponding unlabeled inhibitor (or desmethyl precursor to AR-R 17443 of similar potency) were unsuccessful. A small but significant (20%) decrease in cerebellar uptake of [ 11 C]AR-R 18512 was present in NOS-1 knockout mice compared with control mice. PET of [ 11 C]AR-R 18512 in baboons with concurrent regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) determination before and after administration of blocker showed dose-related decreases in cerebellar uptake that were greater than or equal to decreases in rCBF. Plasma metabolites accounted for 27% of total activity at 30 min after injection. Kinetic modeling of binding potentials revealed a distribution volume of 334 in cerebral blood that dropped 51% after blocker administration. Conclusion: Rodent studies for [ 11 C]AR-R 17443 and [ 11 C]AR-R 18512 showed little evidence of specific NOS-I binding. In baboons, we detected a higher uptake of [ 11 C]AR-R 18512 in the cerebellum than in the cortex (approximately 5%, accounting for decreased rCBF because of blockade), indicating minimal specific binding. Analogs of higher affinity are likely required if this class of agents is to prove viable for PET.
Impacts of a half century of sea‐level rise and development on an endangered mammal

The extraordinary growth of human populations and development in coastal areas over the last half century has eliminated and degraded coastal habitats and threatened the persistence of associated wildlife. Moreover, human-induced sea-level rise (SLR) is projected to further eliminate and alter the same coastal ecosystems, especially low-lying regions. Whereas habitat loss and wildlife population declines from development are well documented, contemporary SLR has not yet been implicated in declines of coastal faunal populations. In addition, the projection of severe synergistic impacts from the combination of development and SLR is well described, yet the scientific literature offers little empirical evidence of the influence of these forces on coastal wildlife. Analysis of aerial photographs from 1959 to 2006 provided evidence of a 64% net loss of the endangered Lower Keys marsh rabbit’s (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri; LKMR) habitat, the majority due to SLR (>48%). Furthermore, there was a strong negative relationship between the proportion of development per island and the amount of new habitat formed. Islands with modest development (less than 8% of land area) saw formation of new areas of marsh vegetation suitable for rabbits, whereas islands with 8% or more of their lands developed between 1959 and 2006 saw little to no addition of LKMR habitat. Only 8% of habitat loss was directly due to conversion to impervious surfaces, indicating that the greatest threats from development were indirect, including blocking of the inland migration of habitat triggered by SLR. Our results were consistent with an ongoing squeeze of coastal ecosystems between rising seas and development as a threat to LKMR habitat, which raises concern for a wide variety of coastal species. Our results provide evidence that SLR has become a contemporary conservation concern, one that is exacerbated by development, and expected to increase in magnitude as ocean waters continue to rise.
Desonide: a review of formulations, efficacy and safety.

Background: Desonide is a low-potency topical corticosteroid that has been used for decades in the treatment of steroid-responsive dermatoses. The favorable safety profile of this topical agent makes it ideal for patients of all ages. Objective: This article provides a review of desonide's history, pharmacodynamic properties, vehicle technology, efficacy and safety. Methods: Randomized controlled trials, as well as open-label and non-comparative studies, case series and reports, experimental models, and data from the Galderma pharmacovigiliance program were reviewed in order to address the clinical efficacy and safety of desonide. Results/conclusion: Clinical efficacy and safety have been proven in multiple clinical trials. In addition to cream, lotion and ointment formulations, the recently developed hydrogel and foam preparations have increased desonide's versatility and patient tolerability.
Antidotes for Novel Oral Anticoagulants Current Status and Future Potential

The direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and the anti-Xa agents rivaroxaban, edoxaban, and apixaban are a new generation of oral anticoagulants. Their advantage over the vitamin K antagonists is the lack of the need for monitoring and dose adjustment. Their main disadvantage is currently the absence of a specific reversal agent. Dabigatran’s, unlike the anti-Xa agents, absorption can be reduced by activated charcoal if administered shortly after ingestion and it can be removed from the blood with hemodialysis. Prothrombin complex concentrate, activated prothrombin complex concentrate, and recombinant factor VIIa all show some activity in reversing the anticoagulant effect of these drugs but this is based on ex vivo, animal, and volunteer studies. It is unclear, which, if any, of these drugs is the most suitable for emergency reversal. Three novel molecules (idarucizumab, andexanet, and PER977) may provide the most effective and safest way of reversal. These agents are currently in premarketing studies.
Interaction between reflexive fighting and cooperative escape

Subjects separated by a Plexiglas partition were trained to follow a cooperative escape procedure which produced behavior like the escape responding of individual subjects. Removal of the partition produced fighting and less efficient escape. Efficient escape behavior was restored and fighting disappeared when the partition was replaced. Neither increased space nor a moving toy affected escape behavior. The results indicate that switching animals from an isolated to a social situation produced a change in the effect of shock upon escape which was related to shock-induced fighting.
'She is the beginning of all the ways of perversity': Femininity and Metaphor in 4Q184

Commentators of Quern text 4Q184 have variously identified the poem's subject, the Seductress as a prostitute or a symbol of enemies to the Essenes. Rather than a "real" woman, or even a code for a particular, specified anti-Essene group, she is a vehicle for promoting the ideals of the orthodox poet, an alarming example of the fate of the wayward. An emblem legitimated by the feminine models in the Hebrew Bible upon which the poet draws, the evil woman as heretical symbol rages anew. Her amplified presence in 4Q184 affirms an ideological "siege mentality" that manifestly distinguishes "in group" from "other" in several Qumran documents.
If I Forget Thee: History Lessons in Selma, American Sniper, and A Most Violent Year

Subcultural groups sometimes wish to have their stories included in the national story as a way to emphasize their contributions to society and overcome the emergent negative attitudes of a dominant group. Movies can depict historical events in a way that shapes public attitudes, leaving a more persuasive view than a history book or a conversation with friends can. Three recent movies, Selma, American Sniper and A Most Violent Year, are attempts to rehabilitate the declining opinions of the general public about African Americans, the Army and immigrant businessmen. Individual heroes are preferred to more correct accounts of collective action in affecting audience attitudes.
Crystallization kinetics of rhyolitic melts using oxygen isotope ratios

Crystals provide themeans to understand igneous systems, but natural constraints on crystallization kinetics are rare because thermal conditions and crystallization timescales are typically unknown. Oxygen isotope ratios in quartz and alkali feldspar crystals in spherulites provide a natural record of the temperature interval of crystallization and crystal growth rates in rhyolitic melts. Oxygen isotope compositions in both phases change progressively with position from the spherulite core to rim. Quartz δO increases from 5.0±0.3‰ in the core to 5.6±0.3‰ at the rims, whereas alkali feldspar decreases from 3.7±0.4‰ in the core to 2.7±0.9‰ at the rims. Fractionation therefore increases from 1.3±0.7‰ in the cores to 2.9±1.1‰ at the rims. Oxygen isotope thermometry tracks crystallization temperature with position. Spherulites nucleate at 578±160°C and continue to grow until 301±88°C. The in situ analyses demonstrate that spherulites self-contain a record of their thermal history and that of the host lava.
United States Approaches to Trademark Protection in Cyberspace

The rise of the internet and electronic commerce has transformed United States trademark law in significant ways. The technological and structural choices that created the internet spawned online trademark uses that challenged traditional legal doctrines governing the power of trademark owners to control the uses of their marks. The result of these challenges has been the rapid expansion of prior doctrines to apply to these new issues, with somewhat dubious reasoning, and the creation of new causes of action to protect trademark owners' interests. Although the final impact of the internet has yet to be felt, some basic conclusions may be drawn: (i) courts and regulators in the United States have rapidly expanded trademark owners' rights; (ii) the pace of technological change will continue to challenge existing laws and interpretations; and (iii) United States legal decision makers should be mindful of the possible future effects of the doctrines they espouse. In this essay, I focus on two areas: (i) cybersquatting and dilution; and (ii) metatagging, keywords, and initial interest confusion. Although these two areas provide only a taste of the legal issues raised by online trademark usage, they capture the basic approach that lawmakers have taken in the face of technological challenge - protect trademark owners' interests.
Mapping Community Capitals: A Potential Tool for Social Work

Concept mapping can be a useful tool in social work practice at all levels. Mapping can help clarify and increase comprehension of abstract concepts, such as community capitals or assets. This paper describes community capitals, presents a simple method for mapping community assets conceptually, and demonstrates this method through two case examples. The cases detail activities of two organizations involved in work with communities. The development and leveraging of capitals is illustrated in both instances. Following the case examples, the significance and value of mapping in social work and suggestions for future research are discussed based on the mapping exercise.
Structure and biologic functions of human IgD. II. Alteration of serum IgD levels during pregnancy.

SummarySera from 156 race-matched New Orleans women at various stages of pregnancy were studied to determine the effect of gestation time on IgD concentration. A significant elevation in IgD was found in women at about time of delivery over concentrations observed at other times during pregnancy.I wish to thank Dr. C. Corsantez of Family Planning, Inc., of New Orleans for many of the sera used in this study and for specific clinical information on each patient. I am grateful to Dr. T. Swate for his cooperation in obtaining sera, to Dr. David Klapper for many stimulating discussions and to Mr. A. P. Monlezun, Jr. of the Tulane Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics for the statistical analyses.
Research on Low-voltage Power Quality Conditioning Test Model for High Speed Railway

For the negative sequence and harmonics brought to the power grid by traction power supply system of high-speed railway,this paper develops a low-voltage test model for these power quality problem,and in-depth studies the principle of the negative sequence and harmonics compensation,the topology and control methods of the test model.The test model converter consists of three back-to-back single-phase H-bridges converter,and then access trac-tion system through single-phase transformer.One side of the converter uses fixed DC voltage control strategy and the other side uses fixed active power output control strategy.Simulation and experimental results showes that the proposed structure of the model and control methods are effective,the model achieves comprehensive compensation for negative sequence and harmonic.
Research pogress of influential factors and intervention for psychological status in pulmonary tuberculosis patients

The current knowledge about the risk factors of psychological status and intervention in pulmonarytuberculosis patients(PTB) was reviewed with literature review. The results showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis could affecton the central nervous system of PTB,and recurrence,drug resistance; the results of sputum could all affected the psychologicalstatus of the PTB patients. In addition,the PTB patients with different age,gender,and education level were in differencepsychological state. The humanistic care and drug treatment could effectively improve the psychological health of PTB patients.The current researches on the factors influencing the psychological conditions mainly concentrated on the disease on thedisease and hosts,but emphasis should be also put on effect of social and enviromental factors at different stages and providing psychological assistance to improve the complicant of patients.
MANAGEMENT OF URETERAL AND RENAL PELVIC RECURRENCE AFTER CYSTECTOMY

SUMMARY Relatively few data are available on UT TCC following cystectomy. In most circumstances nephroureterectomy is the treatment of choice. The risk of bilateral disease is small (2% to 4%); however, in patients with bilateral UT TCC, a solitary kidney, or poor renal function and low-stage, low-grade TCC, renal preservation by local resection and/or topical therapy may be effective. In high-grade or high-stage disease, whenever feasible nephroureterectomy should be performed.
Adding power to PowerPoint. Add-ons and plug-ins.

Microsoft's PowerPoint (PPT) has been around for about ten years. It works on both the Macintosh and Windows platforms. Many users have a Macintosh at home and a Windows PC in the office and files can be easily transferred. Presentations magazine estimated that 85 percent of all presentations given in the U.S. last year used PPT. These presentations can be done as 35 mm slides, black and white or color overhead transparencies, electronic lectures or the software can be used to produce pages for Web sites. PPT has become the "Swiss Army Knife" for presenters and can be found everywhere. Since PPT has such a large share of the marketplace, a secondary market has developed to cater to PPT users who need something that didn't come in the box. These products are referred to as add-ons or plug-ins. They are available as commercial products, shareware or even directly from Microsoft. This article will look at several of these add-ons and discuss their possible use in a health care media production environment.
Synthetic Optimization of an Effective Vibrational Reporter Unnatural Amino Acid: 4-(Azidomethyl)-L-Phenylalanine

Unnatural amino acids (UAA) can be effective probes for studying protein structure, hydration, and dynamics. Azide UAA are especially good because the azide asymmetric stretch vibration provides a strong signal, which is sensitive to its local environment (hydration and electrostatic), and appears in a clear region of the infrared spectrum. Azide groups are small three-atom probes that should, depending on the site, cause minimal perturbations of the local protein environment. Among azide UAA, 4-(azidomethyl)-L-phenylalanine (1) is especially valuable because it is successfully incorporated into proteins in a site-specific manner with high yields and fidelity. UAA 1 is more stable than 4-azido-L-phenylalanine which photodegrades. Previous syntheses of 1 required 6-8 steps, were time consuming, labor intensive, and had a low overall yields of 10-30%.Work towards a more efficient and readily scalable synthesis of 1 will be presented. The key step converts 4-(aminomethyl)-L-phenylalanine into 1 by a diazotransfer reaction using imidazolesulfonylazide. The free base form of 4-(aminomethyl)-L-phenylalanine is commercially available and its hydrochloric salt form is readily synthesized in one step from L-phenylalanine without chromatography. The diazotransfer was conducted with both without protection of the alpha-amine or with protection through complexes with boron, copper, or zinc. Various deprotection strategies were tested. The new synthesis successfully provided 1 in 2-4 steps from phenylalanine and does not require flash chromatography. Future work will involve increasing the yields and purity of 1.
A New Reliable Adhesion Enhancement Process for Directly Plating on Molding Compounds for Package Level EMI Shielding

Plating on molding compound is a relatively new field whichcould open up new package designs. One major application is conformal self EMI shielding (package level shielding) of ICs. Generally, EMI shielding is done mainly by metallic cans, however, this technique increases the space requirements and reduces flexibility of component layout on the PCB, that would not be suitable to handset products. An alternative and more space saving approach is "Conformal Self EMI Shielding (package level shielding)". A popular method to provide a metallic seed layer for"Conformal Self EMI Shielding" is sputtering and conductive paste, however, in order to make it more cost effective and feasible for mass production, there is a need for classical electroless plating metallization along with adhesion enhancement process. While in some instances conductive paste and sputtering metallization will provide adequate adhesion -- it has the technical drawbacks of poorsidewall coverage and limited metal layer thickness that would not fulfill for lower frequency noise shield. As a result, scale-up for mass production is relatively difficult and costly. Classical electroless and electrolytic plating metallization are much more desirable but have been so far limited by insufficient adhesion by existing chemical treatment, due to the presence of extremely high ratio (80-90%wt.) and irregular size (from few µm to tens of µm) offillers. In this paper we will present a new "Adhesion nhancementProcess" approach that is based on an innovative combination of mechanical anchoring by selective resin etching and chemical adhesion promoter along with adhesion results and shielding effectiveness results. This adhesion enhancement technology is applicable to various kinds of molding compounds. Extending this technology to new package design (Embedded PoP/SiP) can be other reaching applications.
THE SOLUTION OPERATOR WITH INFINITE DELAYS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a solution operator with infinite delays. For a retarded functional differential equation for which the solution at time t depends only on the past history over the interval [t - r, t], the solution operator takes the initial data on an interval [σ,-r, σ] into the restriction of the solution to [t - r, t] and is extremely simple. If the complete continuity is exploited to obtain results on the existence of periodic solutions for nonlinear equations, it must be supposed that the period ω is ≥ r. If the solution at time t of a retarded functional differential equation depends on the past history over (-∞, t], then the operator never becomes completely continuous so that spectral properties are not immediate and crude methods for obtaining periodic solutions will not work.
Feasibility Testing a Family-Level Intervention to Prevent Risky Sex Behaviors Among Middle School–Age Latinas:

Purpose: In this article, we report a pilot study that tested the feasibility and initial efficacy of a culturally, linguistically, and developmentally tailored risky sex prevention intervention for middle school–age Latinas and their mothers. Design: We used a one-group pre-test, post-test, and 3-month post-intervention follow-up design. Data were collected at three points on aspects of the girls’ communication, beliefs, and behaviors. Results: Promising results included improvements in girl’s self-efficacy regarding condom communication and condom consistent use, and in mother–teen sexual risk communication. There were also trends in demonstration of fewer risky sex behaviors. Discussion: These findings suggest that the “Latina–Girls Empowered through Mind and Mission” (L-GEMM) intervention for young Latinas and their mothers is feasible and warrants further testing. Implications: Nurses are uniquely positioned to deliver risky sex preventive interventions to young Latinas. Including mothers and tailoring interventions to build on cultural strengths are important for success.
Worker Voice and Union Revitalization: The Role of Contract Enforcement at SEIU:

This article contributes to the study of union revitalization efforts by exploring the strategic underpinnings of and consideration for a restructured grievance system in a large Service Employees ...
The effect of β-mannanase on nutrient utilization and blood parameters in chicks fed diets containing soybean meal and guar gum

The present study was conducted to determine whether the addition of β-mannanase in broiler feed changes hormonal profiles in the blood and broiler performance and nutrient availability. Five hundred and four Cobb male chickens were studied during d 7 to 21. Three corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets 1) Low SBM (18% SBM); 2) High SBM (31% SBM); and 3) High SBM+GG (31% SBM + Guar Gum (GG) 0.5%) with 3 levels of β-mannanase (0, 200, and 400 ppm) were mixed to produce 9 diets. A factorial design 3 × 3 was performed with JMP pro 13 (SAS, 2017). Analysis of variance and contrast analysis were used to test significance level at P < 0.05. Glucose (190 and 188 mg/dL) was increased with 200 and 400 ppm of β-mannanase, respectively, compared to control (182 mg/dL) in the fasted state (P < 0.037). Glucose was higher in chicks fed with the High SBM and High SBM + GG diets but lower in the fasted re-fed state (P < 0.01). Insulin was higher with 200 and 400 ppm added β-mannanase in the fed state (P < 0.021). Insulin-like growth factor-1 was higher with 400 ppm added to High SBM+GG. β-mannanase improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) 9 points with 400 ppm in High SBM diet (P < 0.01) and 16 and 18 points with 200 and 400 ppm, respectively, added to the High SBM+GG diet (P < 0.01). Viscosity decreased from 19.2 to 7 cps with both enzyme doses in the High SBM + GG diet (P < 0.01). Digestible energy was +152 kcal/kg with 400 ppm β-mannanase in the High SBM diet and +200 kcal/kg with both levels of enzyme in High SBM+GG diet. Digestibility of amino acids was improved from 0.8 to 3.6% with β-mannanase in High SBM+GG diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, chicks fed with High SBM and High SBM+GG diets with added β-mannanase significantly improved blood glucose and anabolic hormone homeostasis, FCR, digestible energy, and digestible amino acids compared to chicks fed with same diets without β-mannanase.
Women's Suffrage

This article presents the concept of women's suffrage and its political importance as the most visible feature of the larger historical movement for ending women's subordination to men that we now call feminism. The first section, ‘Women's Suffrage and Democratization,’ discusses the meaning of the vote to women in societies that were undergoing democratization, but enfranchising men alone. A second section, ‘History of Women's Suffrage,’ examines the first demands for enfranchising women, looking briefly at Europe (especially France) and the United States from the late eighteenth century through the nineteenth century, and at the first ‘neo-European’ countries to enfranchise women at the local and national levels—New Zealand and Australia. A third section, ‘The International Woman Suffrage Alliance,’ looks at the development of sustained campaigns for women's suffrage in European countries and North America at the national and transnational levels in the early twentieth century. Section four traces the spread of—and reactions to—women's suffrage enactment from the 1920s to the 1950s, taking note of the campaigns in Latin America, and women's enfranchisement in South Asia, China, and Japan and other parts of the world. The article finally sketches the development of historical scholarship concerning women's suffrage since the 1960s.
Recruitment, Preparation, and Retention of Catholic High School Religion Teachers

In September 2000, this journal announced an important national study, funded by grants from the Lilly Endowment, the Knights of Columbus McGivney Fund, and the Chief Administrators of Catholic Education, on the impending shortage of religion teachers in Catholic high schools. This article reports the findings of that study in three important areas: recruitment, preparation, and retention. The study summarizes the results of surveys to nearly 200 Catholic high schools and 1000 religion teachers throughout the United States. Extensive recommendations are offered for each area studied, with a view to securing a stable future pool of highly qualified high school religion teachers.
Selenium Supplementation, Antioxidant Effects, and Immune Restorative Effects in Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract As the incidence and prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) rises, research into antiretroviral therapy seeks to improve morbidity and mortality outcomes in patients infected with the retrovirus. The role of micronutrients in the human body ranges through the entire spectrum of vital biochemical reactions necessary for life. More recently, the exact role that micronutrients play within our body has enabled us to see the role they play in health and disease. The nonmetal micronutrient selenium is an element contained within selenocysteine, a precursor building block of selenoproteins. Selenium is an integral part of peroxidase and reductase enzymes, selenoproteins, and compounds necessary for the maintenance of cell homeostasis. Our focus is on the antioxidant and immune system effects that selenium supplementation plays in HIV-positive individuals. HIV has been shown to decrease levels of selenoproteins and selenium levels. In this chapter we discuss the implications of supplying selenium in HIV-positive patients to improve immune system response, slow the rate of CD4 T cell decline, and finally, exploring the concept of reducing morbidity and mortality rates caused by the virus.
Hydrogen Production by Steam Oxidation of Reduced CaFe2O4 during Chemical Looping Coal Gasification: Equilibrium and Kinetic Analysis

CaFe2O4 reduced with coal can be oxidized with steam to produce hydrogen. The equilibrium and conversion-time data of the oxidation of reduced CaFe2O4 with steam were analyzed over the temperature range of 1023–1123 K and steam concentrations of 10-25 vol%. Experimental data were evaluated to characterize H2 production kinetics and oxidation isotherms. The kinetics of the oxidation process followed a zero-order rate model and the film diffusion process controlled the rate. The zero-order rate constants and the parameters of film diffusion were determined based on the rate model. The steady state oxygen uptake data was also analyzed with Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms. The oxidation isotherms correlated best with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum uptake capacity decreased with increasing temperatures, which suggests an exothermic process. The negative Gibbs free energy values indicate that oxidation process was spontaneous and favorable at 1023–1123 K.
Debates and Disagreement

There were many issues to be resolved before the question of whether to move forward with a space station could be ready for presidential decision. They included: whether the scientific community or national security community would support a space station program; what was the design of the space station of the station the president would be asked to approve; how much that station would cost; and whether the U.S. space station program would be open to international participation. Those issues were extensively analyzed and debated during the April-August 1983 period. The SIG (Space) study process proved highly bureaucratic, as interested agencies and White House staff offices had widely differing perspectives. There emerged deeply felt disagreements among senior Cabinet officials and White House staff on the wisdom of approving the space station proposal, and by August those disagreements resulted in deadlock. President Reagan at several points during 1983 signaled that he was personally in favor of developing a space station. But Reagan’s decision-making style meant that he did not impose his personal preferences early on in the policy-making process; issues were fully debated before policy options were presented to the president for choice.
Republished: The transclival artery: a variant persistent carotid–basilar arterial anastomosis not previously reported

During embryological development, primitive anastomoses exist between the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries. These anastomoses typically regress or are incorporated into the developing vasculature. Persistence beyond fetal development, however, results in vascular anomalies that alter haemodynamic flow with a predisposition for aneurysm formation. The carotid–vertebrobasilar anastomoses mirror the primitive communications and include (from most to least common) the trigeminal, hypoglossal, proatlantal and otic arteries. The hypoglossal and proatlantal variants extend through the hypoglossal canal or foramen magnum, respectively. We present a previously undescribed variant of these persistent fetal anastomoses, the ‘transclival artery’, which courses through its own transclival skull base canal/foramen.