cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Absorption and metabolism of genistein and its five isoflavone analogs in the human intestinal Caco-2 model

The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of structural change on the intestinal disposition of isoflavones and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for transport of phase II isoflavone conjugates. Transport and metabolism of six isoflavones (i.e., genistein, daidzein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A, and prunetin) were studied in the human intestinal Caco-2 model and mature Caco-2 cell lysate. Glucuronides were the main metabolites in intact Caco-2 cells for all isoflavones except prunetin, which was mainly sulfated. In addition, the 7-hydroxy group was the main site for glucuronidation whereas the 4′-hydroxy group was only one of the possible sites for sulfation. Glucuronidated isoflavones (except biochanin A) were preferably excreted to the basolateral side, whereas sulfated metabolites (except genistein and glycitein) were mainly excreted into the apical side. Polarized excretion of most isoflavone conjugates was inhibited by the multidrug resistance-related protein (MRP) inhibitor leukotriene C4 (0.1 μM) and the organic anion transporter (OAT) inhibitor estrone sulfate (10 μM). When formation and excretion rates of isoflavones were determined simultaneously, the results showed that formation served as the rate-limiting step for all isoflavone conjugates (both glucuronides and sulfates) except for genistein glucuronide, which had comparable excretion and formation rates. In conclusion, the intestinal disposition of isoflavones was structurally dependent, polarized, and mediated by MRP and OAT. Formation generally served as the rate-limiting step in the cellular excretion of conjugated isoflavones in the Caco-2 cell culture model.
Fault detection and fault related performance degradation in sonar arrays

It is desirable to maximize sonar gain against noise and interference in the prevailing underwater acoustic environment. Although significant emphasis is placed upon monitoring and modeling underwater acoustics for these purposes, little attention is paid to sensing the prevailing sonar configuration, especially deficiencies in the configuration arising from faults, design conditions, or improper operation. Yet, these deficiencies can degrade sonar performance as seriously as external environmental factors. Several techniques are examined for detecting fault related sonar configuration deficiencies and evaluating their effect on sonar performance. In particular, these analysis techniques are employed within a hierarchical framework that specifies the fault detection and performance evaluation methodology. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated using both simulated data examples and real data gathered from towed array trials at sea.
Computationally Efficient Mismatched Filters Based on Sidelobe Inversion

A computationally efficient mismatched filter comprised of a matched filter in cascade with a multi-stage filter based on v is proposed. For this approach to work, the autocorrelation of the given code has to satisfy certain conditions that are derived in this work. If in addition, the sidelobes are sparse and of small integer values, such as in Barker codes and Huffman sequences, then the proposed filters are shown to be computationally very efficient. When implemented in VLSI, they require significantly smaller chip area and less power compared to the length-optimal filters achieving comparable sidelobe suppression.
Ethnocentrism as a Short-Term Force in the 2008 American Presidential Election

Faced with a choice between John McCain and Barack Obama, voters in 2008 were swayed by the familiar play of factors—party identification, policy preferences, and economic conditions—but also, we find, by ethnocentrism, a deep-seated psychological predisposition that partitions the world into ingroups and outgroups—into “us” and “them.” The effect of ethnocentrism was significant and substantial, and it appeared over and above the effects due to partisanship, economic conditions, policy stances, political engagement, and several varieties of conservatism. Two features of Obama were primarily responsible for triggering ethnocentrism in 2008: his race and his imagined Muslim faith. As such, we demonstrate that ethnocentrism was much more important in 2008 than in the four presidential elections immediately preceding 2008, and we show that it was much more important in the actual contest between Senator McCain and Senator Obama than in a hypothetical contest between Senator McCain and Senator Clinton.
Bank erosion hazard index as an indicator of near-bank aquatic habitat and community structure in a southeastern Piedmont stream

Abstract Streams in the southeastern Piedmont region display varying degrees of bank erosion, which in turn can influence multiple physical and biological processes. In efforts to assess and predict bank erosion, the multi-metric tool Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) is often calculated. As designed, the BEHI takes into consideration many physical phenomena and scores stream banks categorically from very low to extreme bank erosion hazard; however the power of this index to directly predict in-stream biological conditions is unknown. The predictive ability of BEHI was evaluated on near-bank aquatic biota and organic matter (OM) retention in an AL Piedmont stream with a range of bank conditions. Fifteen banks were characterized using the BEHI and subsequently, macroinvertebrates, crayfishes, fishes and organic matter associated with each bank were quantified. Results suggest increased macroinvertebrate richness and OM retention with low BEHI score. Multivariate analyses suggest functional similarity in macroinvertebrate assemblages associated with low BEHI banks and greater variation in assemblages as BEHI increased. Crayfish were more abundant at banks with high BEHI, a pattern attributed to increases in a generalist species in more-degraded habitats. Fish response showed no discernible pattern in relationship to BEHI score. These results suggest that BEHI may have applications as an informative ecological evaluation tool integrating physical and biological conditions in streams.
Iron supplementation for the control of iron deficiency in populations at risk.

Iron supplementation, mostly with a therapeutic orientation, has been a key strategy for the short-term control of iron deficiency and ferropenic anemia. It has been used almost exclusively in antenatal clinics, but in spite of its confirmed efficacy in supervised trials, it has proven ineffective in practice in most developing countries. Poor effectiveness has been attributed to various factors including insufficient dose and time of supplementation and poor adherence. These problems have led to the administration of high iron doses, which have proven equally ineffective in practice. This paper introduces four concepts: (1) that iron supplementation targeted to pregnant women should cover the full reproductive cycle, from prepregnancy to at least the end of lactation instead of only the pregnant woman; (2) that entering pregnancy with iron deficiency contributes to the failure of antenatal iron supplementation and that prepregnancy iron reserves increase the effectiveness of antenatal supplementation; (3) that medium- to long-term weekly ingestion of proper iron-folate supplements, with a preventive aim and directed to all risk groups, should be community based rather than health service based but supervised by the latter (in this sense, preventive supplementation is equal to targeted iron fortification); and (4) that preventive supplementation, based on weekly dosing, has proven efficacious. Problem-oriented research to evaluate the sustainability and medium- to long-term efficacy of these concepts is called for. The bases for the concepts and suggestions are summarized in this paper.
Conceptualization and Measurement of Perceived Consumer Knowledge and Skills in Apparel Products: An Exploratory Study among College Students

The objectives of this exploratory study were to delineate dimensions of perceived consumer knowledge and skills in apparel products and to conceptualize these dimensions by developing and testing a measurement model using LISREL confirmatory factor analysis. Based on a sample (N = 574) of college students, a 56-item perceived consumer knowledge and skill inventory initially revealed 10 interpretable factors. These 10 factors were factored again, revealing three conceptual constructs that served as a basis for the development of a confirmatory factor analysis measurement model. The LISREL confirmatory factor analysis on the hypothesized measurement model revealed that (a) the four dimensions (Comparison Shopping Skills; Efficient, Value-Oriented Shopping Skills; Shopping Planning Skills; and Information-Gathering and Evaluation Skills) measure Efficient Shopping, (b) the two dimensions (e.g., Fabric Knowledge and Fashion Knowledge/Appearance Enhancement Skills) measure Product Knowledge, and (c) the three dimensions (Informed Consumers, Knowledge of Legal and Economic Consumer Issues, and Information Interpretation Skills) measure General Consumer Proficiency. It was concluded that perceived consumer knowledge and skills in apparel products were multidimensional and were conceptually classified into three main domains. Several implications for future studies are discussed.
Action of Bicarbonate on Photosynthetic Electron Transport in the Presence or Absence of Inhibitory Anions

Bicarbonate (or CO2) was shown by Warburg and Krippahl [1] to stimulate electron transport during the Hill reaction. This phenomenon has been referred to as the bicarbonate (HCO3 −) effect. The electron transport chain can be dissected into a number of clearly defined partial reactions through the addition of specific inhibitors and electron donors and acceptors. By applying this approach (see e.g., [2, 3]) the HCO3 − effect has been shown to be associated with the acceptor side of Photosystem II (PS II): $${{H}_{2}}O\to OEC\to Z\to P680\to Pheo\to {{Q}_{A}}\to {{Q}_{B}}\to PQ$$ (1)
Essential Role of the Dynamin Pleckstrin Homology Domain in Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are found in numerous membrane-associated proteins and have been implicated in the mediation of protein-protein and protein-phospholipid interactions. Dynamin, a GTPase required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis, contains a PH domain which binds to phosphoinositides and participates in the interaction between dynamin and the betagamma subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. The PH domain is essential for expression of phosphoinositide-stimulated GTPase activity of dynamin in vitro, but its involvement in the endocytic process is unknown. We expressed a series of dynamin PH domain mutants in cultured cells and determined their effect on transferrin uptake by those cells. Endocytosis is blocked in cells expressing a PH domain deletion mutant and a point mutant that fails to interact with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. In contrast, expression of a point mutant with unimpaired PI(4,5)P2 interaction has no effect on transferrin uptake. These results demonstrate the significance of the PH domain for dynamin function and suggest that its role may be to mediate interactions between dynamin and phosphoinositides.
Modeling and slip control of a doubly fed induction wind turbine generator

Doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) are widely used in wind generation. The possibility of getting a constant frequency AC output from a DFIG while driven by a variable speed prime mover improves the efficacy of energy harvest from wind. In the power lab at North Dakota State University (NDSU), the wind turbine is substituted by a variable-speed DC motor which dives a DFIG. A wound rotor induction motor is converted to a DFIG by injecting a three-phase voltage to the rotor at various frequencies. The stator is connected to a three-phase resistance load. Both computer simulation and experiments are performed to demonstrate the frequency, voltage and power relationships between the rotor and the stator. Using the relationship between the stator and rotor voltages, a PWM based slip control scheme together with volts/Hz control for the rotor side converter is developed and the performance verified in PSIM. The DFIG with the proposed control scheme generates a constant voltage with constant frequency at the stator. The experiments, simulation and analysis help students understand DFIG operation and PWM control.
In-vivo pan/tilt endoscope with integrated light source

Endoscopic imaging is still dominated by the paradigm of pushing long sticks into small openings. This approach has a number of limitations for minimal access surgery, such as narrow angle imaging, limited workspace, counter-intuitive motions and additional incisions for the endoscpic instruments. Our intent is to go beyond this paradigm, and remotize sensors and effectors directly into the body cavity. To this end, we have developed a prototype of a novel insertable pan/tilt endoscopic camera with an integrated light source. The package has a size of 110 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter and can be inserted into the abdomen through a standard trocar and then anchored onto the abdominal wall, leaving the incision port open for access. The camera package contains three parts: an imaging module, an illumination module, and a pan/tilt motion platform. The imaging module includes a lens and CCD imaging sensor. The illumination module attaches to the imaging module and has an array of LED light sources. The pan/tilt platform provides the imaging module with pan of 120 degrees and tilt motion of 90 degrees using small servo motors. A fixing mechanism is designed to hold the device in the cavity. A standard joy stick can be used to control the motion of the camera in a natural way. The design allows for multiple camera packages to be inserted through a single incision as well.
Star‐shaped condensation polymers: Synthesis, characterization, and blend properties

A series of ϵ-caprolactone linear and star polymers were prepared and characterized in order to determine the effect of the star architecture (i.e., star number and arm length) on the morphology of these semicrystalline polymers. A spherulitic morphology was found in all the polymers investigated. However, for six arm stars containing low degrees of polymerization, it appears that the star core dominates its morphological behavior (presumably due to its relatively high volume fraction). The star core effects, however, are markedly reduced in star polymers were the arms contain higher degrees of polymerization. The impact of the star core was further explored by investigating several poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL):styrene–acrylontrile copolymers (SAN) blends. In all instances, miscible blends were the result because a single compositionally dependent glass-transition temperature (Tg) was observed. A moderate elevation in the Tg of the star-shaped polymers does occur, however, compared to their linear analogs. This effect is presumably due to the inability of the SAN chains to completely mix with all segments of star structure. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Time-Dependent Behavior of Posttensioned Concrete Pavements Under Environmental Loading

The performance of cast-in-place posttensioned concrete pavement (PTCP) constructed in 1985 on I-35 in Waco, Texas, has been excellent. Encouraged by the performance of the section, the Texas Department of Transportation began construction of another PTCP project in 2008 on I-35 in Hillsboro. In this study, the time-dependent behavior of PTCP under environmental loading was experimentally investigated and its implications in PTCP design investigated. Concrete strain and slab movement as well as temperature and relative humidity were measured. The effects of such factors as posttensioning (PT) force, friction, curling stress, creep, and shrinkage on the behavior of PTCP were investigated. The stress introduced by longitudinal PT varied along the slab length, with a maximum near the armor joint and a minimum at the center of the slab. The variations were induced by the friction between concrete and subbase. The concrete strain at middepth of the slab under environmental loading was also affected by friction...
Shifting the Paradigm: Using HIV Surveillance Data as a Foundation for Improving HIV Care and Preventing HIV Infection

Context: Reducing HIV incidence in the United States and improving health outcomes for people living with HIV hinge on improving access to highly effective treatment and overcoming barriers to continuous treatment. Using laboratory tests routinely reported for HIV surveillance to monitor individuals’ receipt of HIV care and contacting them to facilitate optimal care could help achieve these objectives. Historically, surveillance-based public health intervention with individuals for HIV control has been controversial because of concerns that risks to privacy and autonomy could outweigh benefits. But with the availability of lifesaving, transmission-interrupting treatment for HIV infection, some health departments have begun surveillance-based outreach to facilitate HIV medical care. Methods: Guided by ethics frameworks, we explored the ethical arguments for changing the uses of HIV surveillance data. To identify ethical, procedural, and strategic considerations, we reviewed the activities of health departments that are using HIV surveillance data to contact persons identified as needing assistance with initiating or returning to care. Findings: Although privacy concerns surrounding the uses of HIV surveillance data still exist, there are ethical concerns associated with not using HIV
SecPAL: Design and semantics of a decentralized authorization language

We present a declarative authorization language. Policies and credentials are expressed using predicates defined by logical clauses, in the style of constraint logic programming. Access requests are mapped to logical authorization queries, consisting of predicates and constraints combined by conjunctions, disjunctions, and negations. Access is granted if the query succeeds against the current database of clauses. Predicates ascribe rights to particular principals, with flexible support for delegation and revocation. At the discretion of the delegator, delegated rights can be further delegated, either to a fixed depth, or arbitrarily deeply. Our language strikes a careful balance between syntactic and semantic simplicity, policy expressiveness, and execution efficiency. The syntax is close to natural language, and the semantics consists of just three deduction rules. The language can express many common policy idioms using constraints, controlled delegation, recursive predicates, and negated queries. We describe an execution strategy based on translation to Datalog with Constraints, and table-based resolution. We show that this execution strategy is sound, complete, and always terminates, despite recursion and negation, as long as simple syntactic conditions are met.
Characterization and quantitation of 3-alkylthymidines from reactions of mutagenic propylene oxides with thymidine

Thymidine was reacted in methanol with four epoxides of varying mutagenicities: propylene oxide, glycidol, epichlorohydrin and trichloropropylene oxide. A single product was detected with each epoxide, and these products had the same retention times on silica high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). UV spectra of the products identified them as 3-alkylthymidines, and this was confirmed by infrared (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. Mass spectra (MS) analysis showed the products to be consistent with attachment at the least substituted carbon of the epoxide. Formation of 3-alkylthymidines correlated to Taft sigma electron withdrawing values for the substituents on the epoxides and mutagenicities in strain TA100 of the Ames Assay.
Pulse Oximetry Measurements in the Evaluation of Patients With Possible Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Purpose We present our experience in using pulse oximetry as an aid in the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Our attention was given to those symptomatic patients without objective confirmatory data on imaging or electrodiagnostic evaluation. Methods Using a pulse oximeter, we measured the oxygen saturation and the pulse rate during a provocative extremity abduction stress test exercise maneuver in 18 patients with symptoms and signs consistent with a diagnosis of nonspecific neurogenic TOS. The oxygen saturation and pulse rates in 18 asymptomatic subjects were used as a control. Results Resting oxygen saturation above 97% was present in both groups initially. After the provocative exercise maneuver, there was a significant reduction in the oxygen saturation levels, which dropped to 86% in the symptomatic TOS group compared with 94% in the control group. There was a significant increase in pulse rate in those subjects suspected of having TOS compared with a minimal increase in pulse rate in control subjects. Conclusions Pulse oximetry produced objective confirmatory measurements, which support a hypothesis that hypoperfusion in the upper limb during provocative activities or exercise may cause disabling symptoms associated with nonspecific neurogenic TOS. This method may be a useful, noninvasive, rapid, and inexpensive clinical tool in the diagnosis of TOS, a condition frequently lacking in objective, confirmatory diagnostic data. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic III.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Stimulates Active Potassium Secretion in the Rat Colon

To determine whether cyclic adenosine monophosphate influences active potassium transport in the rat colon, we studied the effect of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and theophylline on unidirectional transmural 42K fluxes across proximal colonic mucosa under short-circuited conditions. Active potassium secretion (-0.19 ± 0.02 δEq/h . cm2) was present in animals maintained on a normal potassium diet. Both 0.5 mM dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and 5 mM theophylline significantly increased net potassium secretion by 0.49 ± 0.04 and 0.33 ± 0.03 δEq/h . cm2, p
The Best Cataloger is a Frustrated Library User: Cataloging Failure and the Underutilization of Library Resources

This essay points out that inconsistencies in the assignment of subject headings and call number can lead to failure to retrieve relevant materials from our libraries. Today it is frequently asserted that bibliographic records cataloged by the Library of Congress or other approved libraries will not require review or editing in our local libraries. This paper provides clear, but by no means unique examples of “cataloging failure” and explains the implications of a policy to add unedited bibliographic records (from vendors such as OCLC) to our library catalogs. The result is the omission of otherwise relevant titles from fairly routine searches.
Current views on inducing synthetic lethal RNAi responses in the treatment of cancer.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Cancer cells arise from normal cells that have incurred mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. The mutations are often unique and not readily found in normal cells, giving rise to the opportunity of exploiting these mutations to induce synthetic lethality. Synthetic lethality occurs when inhibition or mutation in two or more separate genes leads to cell death while inhibition or mutations of either gene alone has no lethal effect on the cell. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to identify synthetic lethality has become a growingly popular screening approach.Areas covered: In this review, we cover the use of RNAi therapeutics to induce synthetic lethality in cancer. Additionally, we discuss several select small molecule inhibitors that were identified or verified by RNAi that induce synthetic lethality in specific cancers. We also discuss the identification of novel synthetic lethal combinations and the cancer model that the combination was validated in. Lastly, we discuss RNAi...
The role of Notch3 signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer

21049 Background: Given the extremely poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention is crucial in improving clinical outcome. Exi...
Sodium Intake During an Ultramarathon Does Not Prevent Muscle Cramping, Dehydration, Hyponatremia, or Nausea.

Ultramarathon runners commonly believe that sodium replacement is important for prevention of muscle cramping, dehydration, hyponatremia, and nausea during prolonged continuous exercise. The purpose of this study was to measure total sodium intake to determine if these beliefs are supported. Participants of a 161-km ultramarathon (air temperature reaching 39 °C) provided full dietary information during the race, underwent body weight measurements before and after the race, completed a post-race questionnaire about muscle cramping and nausea or vomiting during the race, and had post-race plasma sodium concentration measured. Among 20 finishers providing dietary data, mean (±SD) total sodium intake was 13,651 ± 8444 mg (range 2541–38,338 mg), and sodium in food and drink accounted for 66 % of the sodium when averaged across subjects (range 34–100 %). Sodium intake rates were similar when comparing the 10 % of subjects who were hyponatremic with those who were not hyponatremic, the 39 % with muscle cramping or near cramping with those without cramping, and the 57 % who reported having symptoms of nausea or vomiting with those without these symptoms. Weight change between race start and finish was significantly related to rate of sodium intake (r = 0.49, p = 0.030) and total sodium intake (r = 0.53, p = 0.016), but the maximum weight loss among those taking the least total sodium (<4400 mg total sodium during the race) was 4–5 % below the weight measured immediately pre-race. Exercise-associated muscle cramping, dehydration, hyponatremia, and nausea or vomiting during exercise up to 30 h in hot environments are unrelated to total sodium intake, despite a common belief among ultramarathon runners that sodium is important for the prevention of these problems.
Patronage Appointments in the Modern Presidency: Evidence from a Survey of Federal Executives

This paper analyzes how modern presidents make patronage decisions. It explains where less qualified but essential-to-place persons want to go and where presidents find it easiest to place them. It uses new survey data from the George W. Bush Administration to provide some of the first systematic evidence we have on where presidents place patronage appointees in the federal government. It finds that presidents are most likely to place patronage appointees in agencies that share the president‘s views about policy and in positions where appointees have less visible impact on agency outputs or performance. I conclude that patronage factors play an important and underappreciated role in presidential administrative strategies.
Designing Catalysts for Nitrene Transfer Using Early Transition Metals and Redox-Active Ligands

In this Forum Article, we discuss the use of redox-active pincer-type ligands to enable multielectron reactivity, specifically nitrene group transfer, at the electron-poor metals tantalum and zirconium. Two analogous ligand platforms, [ONO] and [NNN], are discussed with a detailed examination of their similarities and differences and the structural and electronic constraints they impose upon coordination to early transition metals. The two-electron redox capabilities of these ligands enable the transfer of organic nitrenes to tantalum(V) and zirconium(IV) metal centers despite formal d0 electron counts. Under the correct conditions, the resulting metal imido complexes can participate in further multielectron reactions such as imide reduction, nitrene coupling, or formal nitrene transfer to an isocyanide.
Sexuality in Pythium sylvaticum: heterothallism.

Pairings of 5 heterothallic isolates of Pythium sylvaticum in all possible combinations revealed the existence of 2 sexually compatible groups of isolates.Tracings of gametangial hyphae leading to ...
The Soul of Spain

Few Americans had any insight into the critical part that Spain had played and still continues to play in the development of the modern world, through the fact that Spain endeavored to transpose the dying medieval culture into a modern key; witness Loyola’s Society of Jesus. Spain gave to her colonies in the New World her language, religion, civic institutions, her system of education, her social customs, her chivalric sense of honor and her mystic fervor. Spain gave her body and soul to the New World. It is, therefore, in my humble opinion, of paramount importance to know the soul of Spain in order to comprehend and understand the Spanish American people. To that purpose—to better understand the spiritual and cultural background of Spanish America by studying the “Soul” of Spain—this work is dedicated.—T HE A UTHOR . At the close of the eighteenth century Nicholas Masson de Morvilliers raised a hubbub in Europe by asking these two questions in the Encyclopedie Methodique: “ Mais que doit-on a I’Espagne? Et depuis deux siecles, depuis quatre, depuis six, qu’a-t-elle fait pour l’Europe?” At the end of a century of positivistic philosophy and at the beginning of the industrial era this was a very logical question. It is true that Spain did not invent the locomotive, the telegraph, the telephone nor the modern frigidaire; but in the realm of human and eternal values could a more idiotic question have been asked? The metaphysics of Suarez, the international law of Victoria, the great theologians of the Council of Trent, Cano and Soto, had no value whatsoever for this Positivistic century; nor did the fact that Spain had produced one of the most human and original theatres with Lope de Vega, Calderon, Tirso de Molina and Alarcon; the greatest novel in the modern sense of the word, Don Quijote; the most profound satirist of all Europe, Quevedo; the outstanding moralist of the seventeenth century, Lorenzo Gracian; and above all these a school of mystics in Saint Teresa of Avila, Saint John of the Cross, Fray Luis de Leon and Juan de los Angeles, which has never been equaled. Even if Mr. Masson de Morvilliers could not see the importance of these contributions it is difficult to comprehend how he could ignore the transcendental fact that Spain had broken the columns of Hercules and had spread Mediterranean culture through the countries lying on the other side of the Atlantic and on the remotest shores of the Pacific.
Nucleic acid content of chromosomes of normal and leukemic mouse spleen.

SummaryThe residual chromosome fraction isolated from leukemic mouse spleen contained from 0.32 to 0.45 μ of pentose nucleic acid per μ of nitrogen, while that from normal spleen contained 0.18-0.19 μ per γ of nitrogen.
Effect of Fermi Level Pinning at the Surface During OMVPE Growth

During organometallic vapor phase epitaxy of GaAs, the Fermi energy is found to be pinned ≈200 meV below the intrinsic Fermi energy on a (lOO)-oriented surface. This was determined by making the first comparison of Zn concentration, Nzn. obtained from growth with that obtained at equilibrium, all under the same nominal ambient conditions. Donor solubility has been found to be virtually unchanged during growth of n- or p-type GaAs, and this is strong evidence that the Fermi level remains pinned at essentially the same energy during growth of n- or p-type GaAs. Consistent with Fermi level pinning, we find (1) the NZn is supersaturated in the epilayer for the ambient growth conditions used, (2) a large excess concentration of positively charged Ga interstitials can be grown into n-type GaAs and which diffuses into nearby p-type layers, causing (3) the Zn diffusivity, DZn ∼10−13 cm2/s, out of buried npn layers to be essentially independent of the ambient conditions. Annealing of a heavily Zn-doped layer at the surface can lead to 10−16<DZn<10−13 cm2/s at T=800°C simply by varying the Zn partial pressure over its commonly used range. Use of In-doped spikes in n- and p-type GaAs suggest that interstitial point defects have a strong effect on the group III diffusion.
Direct measurement of the dynamics of hole hopping in extended DNA G-tracts. An unbiased random walk.

We report the measurement of distance- and temperature-dependent rate constants for charge separation in capped hairpins in which a stilbene hole acceptor and hole donor are separated by A3Gn diblo...
Thyrophobia: how to overcome your fear of thyroid follicular tumours

Thyroid follicular derived lesions are common in surgical pathology and range from non-neoplastic and inconsequential all the way to rare aggressive tumours. Unfortunately, the histological features can overlap substantially across this spectrum of diagnostic possibilities. The field of thyroid pathology is also notorious for being difficult for the pathologist, with reportedly high inter-observer variability, challenging interpretations of reported criteria, and a lack of good ancillary diagnostic assays. For all these reasons (and more), the pathologist facing a thyroid follicular lesion may have to wade through anxiety-provoking differential diagnoses that impact directly on patient care and follow-up. This course will provide extensive illustrations and images to describe some of the standard and more subtle histological and cytological features of thyroid follicular tumours. The presentation will provide the pathologist with hints and tips for practical use in their every-day sign-out, and will review some of the ancillary testing that has been reported in the literature.
Clinical and Electroencephalogram Features in Children with Autism Combined with Epilepsy

Objective To investigate the clinical features,electroencephalogram(EEG) and therapeutic effect of autism combined with epilepsy in children.Methods A retrospective review was conducted in 56 children who were diagnosed as autism combined with epilepsy.The epilepsy was treated,and the clinical features and EEG were analyzed.Results Forty-two(75%) cases of 56 patients were found to have partial seizures,which was most common,of which 63% were complex partial seizures.Other common seizure types were tonic seizures(36%) and febrile convulsion(27%),but tonic-clonic seizures,atonic seizures,atypical absence seizures and other forms of attack could occur also.Focal and multifocal paroxysmal abnormalities were the main characteristics of EEG,which mainly included background activity slowing,paroxysmal fast activity,paroxysmal theta and delta activity and the activities of non-specific focal,multifocal or diffuse sharp(spine) wave,sharp(spike) slow wave and other abnormal epileptiform EEG abnormalities.Epileptic foci were localized in temporal lobe in 26 cases(46%),10 cases(18%) in the frontal lobe,9 cases(16%) in the central region and 6 cases(10%) in the occipital lobe.Focal EEG paroxysmal abnormalities were mainly in the bilateral lobe region in 29 cases(52%) cases,unilateral focal lesions in 19 cases(34%),diffuse abnormalities in 8 cases(14%).Seventy-seven percent children had seizure-free effect for more than 1 year,most of whom(63%) were treated with monotherapy while others(37%) required combination therapy,and 23% of the patients failed to have seizure-free effect.Conclusions There are several types of epileptic seizures in autistic children,and partial seizure is the most common one,in which the most were complex partial seizures.Paroxysmal abnormalities are the main characteristics on EEG.The epileptiform discharges on EEG are more frequently shown in the temporal lobe,often bilaterally.The outcome of treatment with antiepileptic drugs is similar to that of epilepsy resulting from other causes.
Physical Education as a Site of Critical Inquiry: Intersectionality and Ethnically Diverse Young People’s Issues of Embodiment

Current scholars involved in the study of critical issues in physical education (PE) have acknowledged how gender must not be viewed in isolation from the many other socio-cultural and economic dimensions of life that impact young people’s embodied identities (Carrington and Wood, Sociology of Leisure: A reader, E & FN Spon, London 1995; Fleming, Leisure Studies 13:159–177, 1994; Flintoff et al., International Studies in Sociology of Education, 13:159–177, 2008). Using intersectionality as a theoretical framework, young people’s ways of performing, constructing, and expressing masculinities and femininities are viewed as plural and fluid, informed by race and social class relations, as produced by and negotiated in specific sport contexts. Early critical work in PE that emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, however, focused on gender as a single and unitary social category, treating “girls” and “boys” as homogeneous groups.
The logic of Kara and Node in Japanese

The two Japanese particles kara and node, both mean ‘because’ or ‘since’, as illustrated in (1).
Alcohol Septal Ablation for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Word of Balance

The management of drug-refractory symptoms of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has long been debated and is primarily centered on the choice between surgical myectomy and alcohol septal ablation. Decision making in these patients requires consideration of procedural risk, expertise and efficacy, and the long-term impact on patients' survival. Although there have been numerous reports on these procedures that may help guide decision making, these data continue to be self-reported and voluntary. Greater insight into the real-world experience for these therapies and how they should be applied in practice would be gained from mandatory reporting, akin to other multidisciplinary, transcatheter-based therapies.
Expectation Propagation with Stochastic Kinetic Model in Complex Interaction Systems

Technological breakthroughs allow us to collect data with increasing spatio-temporal resolution from complex interaction systems. The combination of high-resolution observations, expressive dynamic models, and efficient machine learning algorithms can lead to crucial insights into complex interaction dynamics and the functions of these systems. In this paper, we formulate the dynamics of a complex interacting network as a stochastic process driven by a sequence of events, and develop expectation propagation algorithms to make inferences from noisy observations. To avoid getting stuck at a local optimum, we formulate the problem of minimizing Bethe free energy as a constrained primal problem and take advantage of the concavity of dual problem in the feasible domain of dual variables guaranteed by duality theorem. Our expectation propagation algorithms demonstrate better performance in inferring the interaction dynamics in complex transportation networks than competing models such as particle filter, extended Kalman filter, and deep neural networks.
A-Site Cation in Inorganic A3Sb2I9 Perovskite Influences Structural Dimensionality, Exciton Binding Energy, and Solar Cell Performance

Inspired by the rapid rise in efficiencies of lead halide perovskite (LHP) solar cells, lead-free alternatives are attracting increasing attention. In this work, we study the photovoltaic potential of solution-processed antimony (Sb)-based compounds with the formula A3Sb2I9 (A = Cs, Rb, and K). We experimentally determine bandgap magnitude and type, structure, carrier lifetime, exciton binding energy, film morphology, and photovoltaic device performance. We use density functional theory to compute the equilibrium structures, band structures, carrier effective masses, and phase stability diagrams. We find the A-site cation governs the structural and optoelectronic properties of these compounds. Cs3Sb2I9 has a 0D structure, the largest exciton binding energy (175 ± 9 meV), an indirect bandgap, and, in a solar cell, low photocurrent (0.13 mA cm–2). Rb3Sb2I9 has a 2D structure, a direct bandgap, and, among the materials investigated, the lowest exciton binding energy (101 ± 6 meV) and highest photocurrent (1....
Environmental Analysis of Self-Lubricating Composites: A Review

Human activities have affected the balance in the eco-system and put the habitant surrounding us in a catastrophic danger. Most of these wrecking effects which had been strengthened or emerged recently would also last for a long period of time. Taking immediate thoughtful actions are necessary to prevent high risk human activities. Based on the data collected for global surface mean temperature and CO2 emission, it has been shown that a huge discrepancy in climate is already occurring. There are various reasons which are causing climate change, specifically global warming, which most of those would be discussed in this study. The negative effects of different materials on the eco-system have one of the biggest shares in environmental concerns. Emerging Eco-tribology science helped design products and processes for the environment. The design of products has been significantly modified to be more environmental friendly and sustainable. A brief review of tribology and different definitions, which had been changed during the time, will be discussed in this study. Furthermore, eco-tribology has a positive effect in reducing energy consumption and increasing the lifetime of the products. Lubricant is an example of the materials which produce environment destructive waste. In the recent decades, researchers improved the lubricant materials to be less destructive for the environment. Self-lubricant composites, for instance, significantly reduced the drawbacks of lubricant materials. The advantage is not only improving wear resistance and reduced COF, but also the elimination of the need for external lubricants. Aluminum/graphite (Al/Gr) composites have been used as self-lubricating materials due to the superior lubricating effect of graphite during sliding process. This study reviews the environmental concerns and advances of eco-tribological, lubricant and self-lubricant composites.
Index Notation and Tensor Notation

The full notation and array notation are very helpful when introducing the operations and rules in tensor analysis. However, tensor notation and index notation are more commonly used in the context of partial differential equations and tensor analysis. The tensor notation just requires the utilization of different symbols for tensors of different orders and the use of appropriate symbols as operators connecting these tensors. The tensor notation thus enables us to write PDEs in a concise way, which is also independent of the adopted coordinate system. But in many cases, the index notation is preferred as it is proven to be much more powerful for occasions such as derivations. In this chapter, we will start from the basic rules of the index notation, then move to the use of the index notation for tensor algebra, and finally reach the calculus in terms of the index notation. At the end of the chapter, two examples will be given to show the algebraic manipulations, i.e., derivations, using the index notation.
Extratropical Cyclone Precipitation Life Cycles: A Satellite-Based Analysis

Although extratropical cyclones are the most common midlatitude storms, the relationship between their precipitation life cycle and dynamical strength life cycle has not been thoroughly analyzed. Given that thermodynamic heat exchanges associated with precipitation impact cyclone circulation, there is a need to understand the precipitation/dynamics relationship. Based on Integrated MultisatellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation MeasurementGPM precipitation and Lagrangian cyclone tracks, the precipitation maximum occurs prior to the dynamical strength maximum 70% of the time. The lag in timing is consistent with the difference in cyclone precipitable water vapor at the two peaks. Conditional subsetting of the cyclone composites shows that if the precipitable water vapor distribution is constrained to be equal throughout the composite life cycle, the precipitation peak occurs very near the time of the peak in cyclone dynamical strength. Thus, the boost in dynamical strength caused by latent heat associated with precipitation manifest itself with little to no time lag.
Pol μ dGTP mismatch insertion opposite T coupled with ligation reveals promutagenic DNA repair intermediate

Incorporation of mismatched nucleotides during DNA replication or repair leads to transition or transversion mutations and is considered as a predominant source of base substitution mutagenesis in cancer cells. Watson-Crick like dG:dT base pairing is considered to be an important source of genome instability. Here we show that DNA polymerase (pol) μ insertion of 7,8-dihydro-8′-oxo-dGTP (8-oxodGTP) or deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) into a model double-strand break DNA repair substrate with template base T results in efficient ligation by DNA ligase. These results indicate that pol μ-mediated dGTP mismatch insertion opposite template base T coupled with ligation could be a feature of mutation prone nonhomologous end joining during double-strand break repair. Incorporation of mismatched nucleotides during DNA replication or repair can lead to mutagenesis. Here the authors reveal that DNA ligase can ligate NHEJ intermediates following incorporation of 8-oxodGTP or dGTP opposite T by DNA Polymerase mu (Pol mu) in vitro, which suggests that Pol mu could cause promutagenic mismatches during DSB repair.
Linker histones as liquid-like glue for chromatin.

Linker histones play essential roles in chromatin structure and function by binding to nucleosomes and modulating the accessibility of DNA for biological processes such as gene transcription and DNA replication (reviewed in ref. 1). For example, DNA promoters of actively transcribed genes and DNA undergoing replication both exhibit reduced linker histone binding (2⇓–4). However, although the structure of the nucleosome core particle was reported in 1997 (5), insights into the structure and function of linker histones within chromatin have emerged only recently (1). Linker histones are small proteins with an ∼75-residue globular domain flanked by N- and C-terminal intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs; between ∼20 and ∼100 residues and ∼100 residues, respectively). The folded domain binds core and linker DNA on (6) or near (7) the nucleosome dyad symmetry axis (6). While the N-terminal IDR plays only a minor role, the C-terminal IDR [termed C-terminal domain (CTD) hereafter], composed of ∼40% lysine residues, contributes significantly to nucleosome condensation by linker histones (8, 9) and dramatically enhances nucleosome binding (>1,000-fold increased affinity) (10). Due to their intrinsic disorder, the CTDs are usually not resolved in X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) data for nucleosomes containing linker histones. A recent cryo-EM study of histone H1 bound to nucleosomes (11) revealed that density for the CTD preferentially associated with one of the two linker DNA segments; however, relatively low resolution (∼10 A) precluded detailed structural analysis of this density. Thus, while the structure and nucleosome-positioning role of the globular domain of linker histones are known, the structural details of CTD–linker DNA interactions have remained elusive. In PNAS, Turner et al. (12) report that the CTD of chicken histone H1.11L (termed CH1) remains disordered and dynamic upon binding to short double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) oligonucleotides and that, upon reaching a critical stoichiometry … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: richard.kriwacki{at}stjude.org. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1