cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rebuilding Organizational Capacity in Turnaround Schools Insights from the Corporate, Government, and Non-profit Sectors

In this article, we provide a grounded narrative of capacity building in the turnaround equation by exploring the turnaround literature outside of education and applying it to troubled schools. Our analysis is based upon reviews of: (1) 14 comprehensive, historical volumes that examine the turnaround phenomenon; (2) 16 book-length analyses of turnaround in a single organization or a specific industry; (3) articles attending to theory building in this emerging area of scholarship; and (4) a plethora of empirical studies examining turnaround in a variety of different (non-educational) contexts. We organize findings on capacity building in turnarounds into the following broad categories: (1) rallying and mobilizing people (motivating people, building, morale, and communicating openly); (2) growing people (empowering people, building teams, and developing people); and (3) creating a productive culture. We close by teasing out important lessons from the turnaround literature in the non-education sector to capa...
CropConnect: enabling community supported agriculture

This research describes a user-centered design effort to facilitate community supported agriculture programs. This process resulted in a paper prototype of a web-based system that connects a diverse user group more efficiently and robustly than at present. The prototype was evaluated by several stakeholders who were able to successfully accomplish their tasks.
Diurnal variation in uterine estrogen receptors in immature female rats--inhibition by arginine vasotocin.

A diurnal variation in uterine estrogen receptors from immature female rats was observed with the peak occurring during the mid-light phase (noon) of the cycle. Although no dose response was noted, all concentrations of arginine vasotocin ranging from 5 × 10−7 to 5 × 10−9 significantly inhibited binding of 3H-estradiol to estrogen receptors in the cytosol fraction of uteri obtained from immature female rats either during the light or dark phase of the photoperiod.
Variations of Upper Mantle Structure under the Pacific Ocean

The inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion data for the Pacific Ocean shows that lithospheric thickness increases systematically with age. The lid to the low-velocity channel is very thin or absent near the ridge crest; the low-velocity channel may be absent in the oldest parts of the ocean.
Bioassay for monitoring biochemical methane potential and anaerobic toxicity

Abstract Techniques are presented for measuring the biodegradability (Biochemical Methane Potential—BMP) and toxicity (Anaerobic Toxicity Assay—ATA) of material subjected to anaerobic treatment. These relatively simple bioassays can be conducted in most research laboratories without the need for sophisticated equipment. BMP is a measure of substrate biodegradability determined by monitoring cumulative methane production from a sample which is anaerobically incubated in a chemically defined medium. The ATA measures the adverse effect of a compound on the rate of the total gas production from an easily-utilized, methanogenic substrate. These techniques are demonstrated by an analysis of the BMP and ATA of processed samples of peat.
Suppression of IL-8 production in gastric epithelial cells by MUC1 mucin and peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor-γ.

MUC1 is a membrane-tethered mucin expressed on the apical surface of epithelial cells. Our previous report (Guang W, Ding H, Czinn SJ, Kim KC, Blanchard TG, Lillehoj EP. J Biol Chem 285: 20547–2055...
Efficient Codesign For Geology Image Processing

In this paper, an integrated hardware-software platform is proposed to process geological images. This platform is versatile as it is configurable. It also provides high-speed and low power consumption performances. The concept is illustrated by a prototype system for geological image registration. The FPGA is configured at run time to perform fast Fourier transform. The software part runs on a microprocessor inside the same FPGA. The results show that complex geoscience imaging processing tasks are feasible on a small FPGA chip and suitable for on-board applications in an airplane. This complete hardware/software prototype can also be easily integrated as a part of a large PC-FPGA geological image processing system. To the knowledge of the authors, it is the first attempt to use hardware-software codesign approach for geological image processing, which will have significant impact for related applications.
Saving the Bilayer

During the cool, shortening days of fall, plants of the high latitudes prepare for winter survival through a process of cold acclimation. For the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , cold acclimation improves freezing tolerance from −5° to −12°C. Other plant species can survive considerably lower temperatures ( 1 ), but it is believed that the underlying biochemical processes are similar. This means that discoveries made in Arabidopsis are generally valuable for understanding and improving the freezing tolerance of plants. On page 226 of this issue ( 2 ), Moellering et al. provide a satisfying explanation for an enzyme and a process that are absolutely essential for plants to survive freezing.
A critique of the current state of homelessness in post-industrial societies

In the following essay, the author argues that homelessness presents a challenge not only to society in general, but to social theory in particular, insofar as that theory remains bound to a 19th-century conception of industrial society. Until social theorists are willing to problematize their own assumptions about social processes and associations, they will simply (and unwittingly) continue to reproduce ‘popular’ models of homelessness based upon unexamined notions of subjectivity and individualism. Finally, in this essay I am concerned with uncovering the interrelated set of problems associated with the homelessness ‘mess’ rather than an idealized design for dealing with it.
Ultrastructural evaluation of 585-nm pulsed-dye laser-treated glottal dysplasia.

Summary Objective/Hypothesis: To describe the ultrastructural changes occurring within pulsed-dye laser (PDL)-treated glottal tissues. Study Design: Prospective. Methods: Nine patients presenting with glottal dysplasia requiring biopsy to rule out microinvasive carcinoma were enrolled in this prospective study. At least two samples were obtained in each case: one from a PDL-treated area and another from a non-PDL-treated area (obtained from a nonphonatory region as an internal control). In some cases, a third sample was obtained from the junction between PDL- and non-PDL-treated areas. All samples were examined with light microscopy (H&E stain) and transmission electron microscopy. Observations were made of morphological changes within the epithelium, epithelial/ superficial lamina propria (SLP) junction, and the lamina propria of tissues treated with the PDL. Eight of nine patients were followed for a period of 9–25 months (mean, 18 months) with two recurrences that were retreated with awake-PDL and followed for an additional 8.3 and 9.5 months without recurrence. Vocal fold appearance returned to normal within 3–4 weeks posttreatment. Results: Intraepithelial desmosome junctions were preferentially destroyed, and regional blood vessels were coagulated. The PDL consistently caused a separation of epithelial cells away from the basement membrane. Conclusions: The PDL allowed for both a surgical and a nonsurgical multimodality method for treatment of precancerous lesions with minimal effects on the SLP.
Process modeling and analysis of pulp mill-based integrated biorefinery with hemicellulose pre-extraction for ethanol production: a comparative study.

Abstract Pulp and paper mills represent a major platform to use more effectively an abundant, renewable bio-resource – wood. Modification of the modern day pulp mills into integrated forest biorefineries (IFBR) presents an excellent opportunity to produce, in addition to valuable cellulose fiber, co-products including fuel grade ethanol and additional energy, thus resulting in increased revenue streams and profitability and potentially lower the greenhouse gas emissions. A process model to simulate the integrate forest biorefinery manufacturing pulp and other co-products has been developed. This model has been used to compare three integrated biorefinery scenarios: the conventional Kraft pulping process, the pulp mill-based IFBR with hemicelluloses extraction prior to pulping for ethanol production, and the pulp mill-based IFBR with both pre-extracted hemicelluloses and the short fiber for ethanol production. Based on a fixed feedstock throughput of 2000 dry Mg wood/day, results show that the pulp mill-based IFBR with both pre-extracted hemicelluloses and the short fiber cellulose converted to ethanol can produce 0.038 MM m3 (10.04 MM gal) ethanol per year at a minimum ethanol selling price (MESP) of $491/m3 ($1.86/gal). The economic feasibility of IFBR can be further improved by using further improvements in the pre-extraction process, other biomass such as corn stover for producing ethanol, and taking advantage of the economies of scale.
Improvisational Cultures: Collaborative Emergence and Creativity in Improvisation

I was delighted to read Becker’s (this issue) insightful and broad-ranging comments, especially since they touch on parallels that I’ve been exploring in my own work—between jazz, improvisational theater, and everyday social life. Becker identifies several fruitful areas for future research, and my comments will focus on these areas and how they connect with my own recent research. I focus on two key themes of Becker’s article. First, Becker’s title tells us that his focus will be on “etiquette.” Etiquette is collective social knowledge—“no one taught us these rules”—the rules are learned through long years of socialization. The etiquette of jazz is “aggressively egalitarian,” and Becker connects this egalitarian ethic to the processes of musical interaction during a collaborative jazz performance. Jazz is fundamentally an ensemble art form, and everyone involved in the improvisation is constantly offering new ideas—“tentative moves, slight variations”—and each musician is listening closely to the others. The performance that results is truly a group creation, a collective social process that I call collaborative emergence(Sawyer, 1999). Second, Becker emphasizes the preexisting structures that guide an improvisational performance. It’s a common misconception about improvisation that performers simply play whatever pops into their heads, that “anything goes.” Improvisation, although it involves spontaneity and extemporizing, doesn’t mean that there is a total lack of structure. In fact, all genres of musical performance include some structures that guide the performance (Sawyer, 1996). Likewise, in jazz, musicians follow shared structures—typically by agreeing on a song and then improvising together within the harmonic structure of that song (although the melody and rhythm may be completely improvised). Becker notes that the use of these shared structures reflects an etiquette vis-a-vis the audience; because a knowledgeable audience is also familiar with these structures, they will better be able to understand the performance and to appreciate how it is different from similar improvisations (cf. the conventions of Becker, 1982). Almost all jazz musicians also rely on licks—a less-pejorative term for what Becker calls cliches—short melodic lines that can be used at many different points during a solo and that are worked out and refined in the privacy of rehearsal. Only the dedicated fan will recognize these licks; most audiences will not be able to tell which portions of a solo are completely new and which are licks that have been used many times before. Jazz musicians know that they need these licks to perform effectively, but they have mixed feelings about relying on them too much; they
Treatment of Very High Triglycerides with Fish Oils: A Review of 2 Cases:

Objective:To report 2 cases of serum triglycerides >1000 mg/dL (i.e., very high serum triglycerides) in which fish oil was used because of treatment failure or intolerance with conventional therapeutic modalities.Case Summary:Two individuals with a history of serum triglycerides >1000 mg/dL were referred to a pharmacist-managed lipid clinic by their primary-care provider because of either treatment failure or intolerance to conventional therapeutic modalities. Fish oils were used in lieu of and in addition to conventional treatment modalities in cases 1 and 2, respectively. Both cases demonstrated that fish oil, at doses ranging from 1 to 6 g/d, decrease triglyceride levels to a degree similar to conventional measures. Both patients tolerated fish oil well; however, increases in liver transaminases were observed.Discussion:Published studies have shown that fish oil can reduce elevated plasma triglycerides by an average of 30–52% in subjects with borderline-high (150–199 mg/dL) to high (200–499 mg/dL) trig...
A new species of Gleasonia (Henriquezieae: Rubiaceae) from Brazilian Guayana

Gleasonia prancei, a new species form Serra Araca, Amazonas, Brazil, is described and illustrated.
Three-dimensional scene reconstruction using optimal information fusion

The vision system described in this paper reconstructs 3-D scenes from sequences of noisy binocular images. First, the system establishes all possible matches between the feature pixels in the first binocular image pair and assigns a confidence value to a possible match. Because of finite resolution of cameras, each possible match is associated with a 3-D volume, instead of a 3-D point. The possible matches are used to predict projections of associated 3-D volumes onto the remaining binocular image pairs. These projections are utilized to limit searches for possible matches. The new matches are used to update confidence values using an optimal fusion algorithm. After fusion, matched pixels with high confidence values are considered as correct matches. The spatial uncertainty due to finite camera resolution is reduced by fusing the 3-D information provided by binocular image sequences.
Polémica versus representación: el Inca Garcilaso frente a Gómara y a Las Casas

La voz autorial del Inca Garcilaso de la Vega funde selectivamente los escritos de los cronistas espanoles revelandolos algunas veces y diluyendolos otras en el aparato de citas de los Comentarios ...
The use of the Greulich-Pyle method in a longitudinal growth study

The Greulich-Pyle method of assessing skeletal maturity is essentially suited to cross-sectional analyses, though it may be used retrospectively in longitudinal studies, through the technique of regression analysis. When applied to the serial records of 120 Philadelphia children, considerable variability in maturation rate may be observed. This variability is both within and between-individuals. While most seems to be random, there is the strong suggestion that individuals who are, during infancy and early childhood, slow maturers, speed up to greater-than-average rates during middle childhood and adolescence; the opposite may be inferred in those who are initially rapid maturers. Though these findings were consistent in the Philadelphia sample, they may be artifacts of the Greulich-Pyle standards.
Extraction of Interpretable Multivariate Patterns for Early Diagnostics

Leveraging temporal observations to predict a patient's health state at a future period is a very challenging task. Providing such a prediction early and accurately allows for designing a more successful treatment that starts before a disease completely develops. Information for this kind of early diagnosis could be extracted by use of temporal data mining methods for handling complex multivariate time series. However, physicians usually prefer to use interpretable models that can be easily explained, rather than relying on more complex black-box approaches. In this study, a temporal data mining method is proposed for extracting interpretable patterns from multivariate time series data, which can be used to assist in providing interpretable early diagnosis. The problem is formulated as an optimization based binary classification task addressed in three steps. First, the time series data is transformed into a binary matrix representation suitable for application of classification methods. Second, a novel convex-concave optimization problem is defined to extract multivariate patterns from the constructed binary matrix. Then, a mixed integer discrete optimization formulation is provided to reduce the dimensionality and extract interpretable multivariate patterns. Finally, those interpretable multivariate patterns are used for early classification in challenging clinical applications. In the conducted experiments on two human viral infection datasets and a larger myocardial infarction dataset, the proposed method was more accurate and provided classifications earlier than three alternative state-of-the-art methods.
Catabolic pathways of carbohydrate in the intermolt crayfish, Pacifastacus leniu sculus

Abstract 1. 1. The radiorespirometric method was used to study the catabolic pathways of carbohydrates in the intact intermolt crayfish, Pacifastacu leniusculus . 2. 2. The terminal respiratory mechanism was studied using specifically labeled acetate and dl -glutamate. The experimental results are in accord with the operation of the Krebs cycle in this organisms. 3. 3. Glucose appears to be catabolized via three pathways. Rapid and extensive conversion of C-3(4) of glucose to CO 2 suggested that a large portion of the administered glucose was routed into glycolysis-pyruvate decarboxylation sequence. Likewise, the high yield of C-6 of glucose in the respiratory CO 2 suggests the operation of the glucuronate pathway. Some pentose phosphate pathway activity appears to be present since C-1 of glucose is converted to CO 2 at a slightly higher rate than C-2 in the earlier portions of the time-course experiments. 4. 4. Further evidence for the operation of the glucuronate pathway and pentose phosphate pathway was obtained by administering glucuronate-6-C 14 ang gluconate-1-C 14 . Extensive conversion of these intermediates to C 14 O 2 was noted.
On the Imposition of Shape Constraints in a Robust Bayesian Analysis

We consider the problem of imposing shape constraints on a neighborhood class — the density ratio class (DeRobertis and Hartigan, 1981). Bose (1994) used mixture distributions to impose shape and smoothness constraints simultaneously. We discuss how one may impose either or both unimodality and symmetry without requiring simultaneous imposition of a smoothness constraint.
Pharmacological and neurochemical investigations of lead-induced hyperactivity.

Abstract Mice chronically exposed to inorganic lead from birth, demonstrate levels of spontaneous motor activity approximately three times higher than coetaneous controls. In addition, their behavioural responses to (+)- and (−)-amphetamine, methylphenidate, and phenobarbital are altered. To further clarify the mechanism of action of lead involved in the induction of hyperactivity and altered pharmacological response, lead-treated mice were administered apomophrine, atropine, neostigmine, physostigmine, α-methylparatyrosine, benztropine, chlorpromazine, l -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine ( l -Dopa), fenfluramine and 2-dimethylaminoethanol. A comparison of the effects of these compounds on motor activity and reactivity showed significant differences between control and lead-treated hyperactive mice. Neurochemical investigations of lead-induced hyperactivity were undertaken in chronically treated hyperactive mice by measurement of steady state levels and of synaptosomal transport. The so-called high affinity transport systems were studied for the following putative neurotransmitters, precursors, and amino acids: choline, tyrosine, phenylalanine, norepinephrine, dopamine, leucine, glycine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Significant changes in high affinity synaptosomal transport were found for choline, dopamine and tyrosine. The transport systems of other suspected neurotransmitters and the amino acid leucine were not different between lead-treated and coetaneous control mice. In addition, steady-state levels of acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine were measured in forebrains. Norepinephrine levels were increased, while dopamine and acetylcholine levels were not different in lead-treated animals.
Hydrogen vapor pressure measurements over a portion of the Lu-H system

Abstract Hydrogen vapor pressures were measured over the Lu-H system using Sieverts' technique and covered the composition range lutetium to LuH 2 and the temperature range 825–950 °C. The measurements allowed delineation of the phase boundaries for the temperature range 0–1000 °C. Combination of the present data with earlier measurements showed consistency and allowed evaluation of the enthalpy and entropy of formation of LuH 2 as ΔH f ° = −204.8 ± 1.9 kJ mol -1 and ΔS f ° = 136 ± 2 J mol -1 K -1 . The results make dubious the validity of an earlier suggestion of metastability or LuH 2 at temperatures below 170 °C.
The Impact of an Over-the-Counter Migraine Medication Program on Quality of Life

Objective.—This study was conducted to assess the health-related quality of life of patients treated with samples of an over-the-counter migraine medication. Background.—Population-based epidemiologic studies have reported that over 90% of an estimated 28 million migraine sufferers in the United States use both prescription and nonprescription medications for their migraine headaches, with 60% taking over-the-counter medications exclusively. Despite the widespread use of nonprescription drugs, no published literature to date has assessed migraineurs' health-related quality of life associated with use of over-the-counter headache medication. Methods.—This prospective and observational study evaluated the impact on health-related quality of life of patients from a managed care organization who were diagnosed with migraine and prescribed migraine medications. Patients were enrolled from four different medical groups and were requested to complete health-related quality-of-life questionnaires 2 and 4 months after they were provided with educational materials on migraine and samples of an over-the-counter migraine medication containing a combination of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. Results.—A total of 99 patients who chose an over-the-counter medication as their initial treatment for acute migraine occurring over the ensuing 4 months completed a baseline Short-Form 36, a validated and reliable general health status questionnaire. They then were retested at months 2 and 4. Results demonstrated significant improvements at months 2 and months 4 in one to four of the health-related quality-of-life dimensions measured relative to scores recorded before the patients were given access to the over-the-counter medication (P < .05). In addition, patients who initially took an over-the-counter medication to treat their migraine headaches reported increased frequency of relief. Conclusion.—In the 4 months following availability of an over-the-counter migraine medication and educational migraine materials, health-related quality of life and frequency of relief improved for the managed care migraine sufferers who participated in this study.
INTERACTION OF UREA AND THIOUREA WITH BENZOIC AND SALICYLIC ACIDS.

Urea forms soluble complexes of low stability with benzoic acid in water, methanol, and dioxane. With salicylic acid, urea forms insoluble interaction products which can be isolated from the above solvents. On the basis of these results a procedure for the separation of salicylic acid from benzoic-salicylic acid mixtures is described. Thiourea forms only soluble complexes of low stability. The difference in the extent of interaction in the different solvent systems is explained on the basis of competing solute-solvent interactions, which can be translated into terms of solute solubilities.
The closed world: Systems discourse, military strategy and post WWII American historical consciousness

This essay proposes a cultural and historical explanation for the American Military's fascination with computing. Three key elements of post-WWII US political culture — apocalyptic struggle with the USSR, subsuming all other conflicts: a long history of antimilitarist sentiment in American politics; and the rise of science-based military power — contributed to a sense of the world as a closed system accessible to American technological control. A developing scientific systems discourse, centrally including computer science and AI, was adopted for strategic thinking and military technology. The Strategic Computing and Strategic Defense Initiatives are discussed as contemporary examples of this conjunction.
Are Orthopaedic Residents Competent at Performing Basic Nonoperative Procedures in an Unsupervised Setting? A "Pop Quiz" of Casting, Knee Arthrocentesis, and Pressure Checks for Compartment Syndrome

BACKGROUND Many patient care procedures are routinely performed by orthopaedic residents while not directly supervised by attending physicians. However, resident competence to perform these procedures is often presumed and not confirmed by objective measures. The purpose of this study was to formally evaluate 3 basic pediatric orthopaedic procedures commonly performed without attending supervision. METHODS All orthopaedic residents (n=20) were asked to complete 3 procedures (placement and removal of a short arm cast, aspiration of a knee joint, and compartment pressure checks of a leg) under direct attending supervision. Attending faculty developed a checklist for each procedure, listing the appropriate steps required and criteria with which to assess the final results. Scores were calculated, including means and SDs. Change in score by postgraduate year level was determined by simple linear regression. RESULTS The mean score for short arm cast application and removal was 6.2 of a total possible score of 8, with an average 1.1 increase in score per year of training (P<0.001). Uneven cast padding and lack of full thumb motion were the most common reasons for losing points. Knee joint aspiration had an average score of 6.2 of 7, with an average increase in score of 0.3 per year of training (P=0.046). Lack of equipment preparation and not donning gloves in a sterile manner were the most common reasons for losing points. Measure of leg compartment pressures had an average score of 9.7 of 12, with an average increase in score of 0.5 per increase in year of training (P=0.087). Injecting an inappropriate amount of fluid and not recording measurements were the most common reasons for losing points. CONCLUSIONS The ability of a resident to appropriately perform certain procedures without direct supervision improves with advancing level of training. The most junior residents might not appropriately be placing short arm casts, aspirating knee joints, or checking compartment pressures of the leg. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II—Diagnostic.
Computational Toxicology and the Generation of Mechanistic Hypotheses: γ-Butyrolactone

Abstract In this study, we use SAR approaches in an attempt to elucidate the action of γ-butyrolactone (GBL), an illicit drug and a dietary supplement, that can cause coma and deaths in humans while exhibiting low systemic toxicity towards rodents. The lack of systemic toxicity of GBL and of its metabolite(s) was also predicted by validated SAR models. In fact using diverse SAR models, the only significant SAR prediction was that GBL had the potential for inhibiting human cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6). However, inhibition of that isozyme is not necessarily associated with toxicity. It is suggested that GBL users also abuse other substances. When GBL inhibits CYP2D6 this may prevent the CYP2D6-mediated detoxification of other toxicants simultaneously consumed by the GBL user.
Application of aluminum, copper and gold electrodes in a.c. polymer light-emitting devices

Abstract Symmetrically configured a.c. light-emitting (SCALE) ‘5-layer’ devices having the configuration M/EB/P/EB/ITO, where M = Al, Cu or Au, EB = polyaniline (emeraldine base), P = poly(2,5-dihexadecanoxy phenylene vinylene pyridyl vinylene) or PPV-PPyV, and ITO = indium-tin oxide glass, show electroluminescent properties in both forward and reverse bias modes. In the absence of emeraldine base, in the case of aluminum and copper, electroluminescence is observed only in the forward biasmode; in the case of gold no electroluminescence is observed in either forward or reverse bias modes. The electrical properties of the ‘5-layer’ devices (M = Al, Cu) are most surprising since their total resistance at a given applied voltage is significantly less than that of the corresponding devices in which the two polyaniline insulator layers are not present.
The effect of molecular symmetry in alkane complexes of 2,5-diphenylfuran and related species

Abstract Fluorescence excitation spectra are reported for van der Waals complexes of 2,5-diphenylfuran (PPF), 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) and 2,5-diphenyloxa-1,3,4-diazole (PPD), with a number of normal alkanes ranging from pentane to dodecane, measured under supersonic jet conditions. It is shown that referencing the spectral red shifts for alkane complexes against the corresponding pyrene S0 → S2 data provides a useful means of detecting structural variations. The PPF complexes with alkanes from heptane to dodecane show an odd—even effect, where n-alkane guests of different symmetries give rise alternately to single and doubled resonances. Thus, even-alkane complexes have two indistinguishable isomers of C1 symmetry, which contribute to a single spectrum. On the other hand, odd-alkane complexes also have a Cs isomer, which has a slightly different electronic origin resonance, so that a double spectrum results, with spacing on the order of 10 cm−1. These conclusions are consistent with the general predictions of atom—atom pair-potential calculations. We also show that further splitting may be induced in the spectra by complexation of the asymmetrical molecule 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO). Complexes with the shorter alkanes pentane and hexane show increased complexity in the spectrum, which is attributed to greater flexibility in the complexation geometry.
Mechanical cutting of submersed macrophytes: Immediate effects on littoral water chemistry and metabolism

Abstract Immediate consequences of mechanical cutting of submersed macrophytes may include suspension of sediments and Aufwuchs and exudation from damaged tissues which can potentially alter water chemistry and metabolism. In the densely vegetated littoral of a shallow hardwater eutrophic lake, effects of cutting on concentrations of seston, dissolved organic carbon, biological oxygen demand of dissolved organic carbon, and particulate, dissolved unreactive, and dissolved reactive phosphorus were short lived or insignificant. In shallow areas, community photosynthesis and respiration were decreased by macrophyte removal. Use of this management approach on the limited basis tested does not appear to cause substantial detriment to the littoral environment.
Influence of RE3+ co-substitution on the structure and magnetic properties of Sr0.82RE0.18Fe12O19 (RE: La0.18−xPrx) ferrites

Abstract The influence of replacing Sr 2+ ions by RE 3+ ions (RE: La and Pr) on the structural and magnetic properties of Sr 0.82 (La 0.18− x Pr x )Fe 12 O 19 hexaferrite prepared via autocombustion method is presented in this study. The effect of codoping La 3+ (non-magnetic) and Pr 3+ (magnetic) ions for Sr 2+ in Sr-Ferrite is studied using X-ray diffraction, magnetometry, and 57 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction patterns show the samples are single phase hexaferrites with magnetoplumbite structure without other secondary phases. A continuous decline in saturation magnetization and an increase in coercivity is observed upon replacing La with Pr. Maximum coercivity, H c ∼ 5.97 kOe, and Curie temperature, T c ∼ 732 K was obtained for x = 0.18 samples. A decline in hyperfine field values at all Fe 3+ sites is observed with Pr 3+ substitution. The quadrupole shift and isomer shift values of Fe 3+ sites reflect subtle charge variations resulting upon Pr 3+ substitution. It is found that the appropriate amount of La increases the saturation magnetization while Pr improves H c and T c as compared to undoped Sr-Ferrites.
Crime and rehabilitation: Correctional education as an agent of change—A research note

Offenders' access to instructional grants for postsecondary education has come under attack in Congress and in state legislatures throughout the country. Policy makers demand empirical evidence that public support for correctional education will reduce recidivism. Using 10-year follow-up data and logistic regression techniques, we estimate the likelihood of recidivism among parolees from a close-security prison in Ohio who have varying levels of education. We conclude that participation in a postsecondary education program contributes to postrelease employment, which in turn explains a significant amount of variation in recidivism.
Experiments in using tangible interfaces to enhance collaborative learning experiences

TICLE (Tangible Interfaces for Collaborative Learning Environments) is a project that explores new ways that a computer can enhance learning without dominating the educational experience. We have developed a prototype system that "watches" as students play with Tangram pieces on a physical tabletop, and acts as a "guide on the side" by offering help at appropriate times. This system is currently installed at the Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science. Our paper describes the implementation of our prototype and results of a usability study conducted at the museum. We also discuss ongoing enhancements and plans for further testing. Although this work focuses on learning with mathematical puzzles, it has implications for other physical learning activities.
Mixed layer heat balance in the western North Pacific

[1] The mixed layer heat balance in the western North Pacific is examined using historical temperature data and U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis surface wind and heat flux. Although the data come from different sources, the mixed layer heat budget is balanced reasonably well in the region studied. For the annual average, the surface thermal forcing is significant mainly in three regions. One is in the Mindanao Dome, where the incoming surface heat flux is balanced in a large part by the vertical entrainment induced by Ekman pumping. The second occurs in the Kuroshio region, where much of the heat advected by the Kuroshio is released to the atmosphere. The third is located in the central subtropical gyre where the annually integrated surface thermal forcing is balanced primarily by vertical entrainment associated with the deepening of the mixed layer. Although seasonal variation in sea surface temperature (SST) is mainly due to surface thermal forcing, ocean dynamics also has an effect, particularly, during the developing stage of the summer monsoon. From late May to early July, there is a northeastward increase in SST (>29°C) in the region 120°–160°E, 10°–20°N, which coincides with the northeastward onset of the summer monsoon. As the summer monsoon develops, vertical entrainment becomes effective at cooling, leading to a decrease in SST against the incoming surface heat flux over a large part of the western North Pacific.
A large scale pattern in the solar magnetic field

A clearly evident large-scale pattern in the interplanetary magnetic field during 1964 is used to search for a similar large-scale pattern in the solar magnetic field. It is found that such a pattern did exist in the photospheric field observations on both sides of the equator over a range of at least 40°N to 35°S. The pattern is basically similar at all these latitudes, and differs from that to be expected from solar differential rotation in three important respects. It is found that the solar magnetic pattern changed at all latitudes investigated within an interval of a few solar rotations.
Short-term dynamics in fibrillatory wave characteristics at the onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in humans.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude and time course of fibrillatory wave dynamics during spontaneous onset of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods We studied fibrillatory waves in Holter recordings of paroxysmal AF with regard to the fibrillation-free interval (FFI) preceding each episode. Results For 38 episodes of paroxysmal AF in 20 patients, dominant frequency (DF) ranged from 4.4 to 6.8 Hz (5.5 ± 0.5 Hz). Long-FFI episodes showed a gradual increase in DF over the first 4 minutes (P Conclusion The dynamics during onset and their relation to the FFI are consistent with the influence of short-term electrophysiological changes and their reversal. These findings have implications for the timing of antifibrillatory interventions.
Amounts of Zeatin and Zeatin Riboside in Xylem Sap of Senscent and Nonsenescent Sorghum

Xylem sap from decapitated vegetative and mature plants of nonsenescent ‘Tx2817’ and senescent ‘TxTOOO’ sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars was analyzed for cytokinins to determine whether the delayed leaf senescence of nonsenescent sorghums may be associated with transport of greater quantities of cytokinins from roots. Cytokinins were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (ultraviolet absorption) with ˡ⁴C-labeled zeatin (Z) as an internal standard. For field-grown plants, the amount of Z + zeatin riboside (ZR) in xylem sap per gram shoot dry weight was 1.51 times higher for the nonsenescent sorghum. Vegetative plants were grown in solution culture for ⊄ 1 mo and then irradiance and N supply were altered for 7 or 8 d prior to collection of sap for 24 h. With high N and high light, Tx7000 and Tx2817 had nearly identical Z + ZR in the sap per gram shoot fresh weight. Treatments of 10% N supply or 50% light reduced growth only slightly. With 10% N, however, Z + ZR averaged 38% of the control for Tx7000 and 59% for Tx2817; with 50% light, Z + ZR averaged 55% of the control for Tx7000 and 136% for Tx2817. Thus, Z and ZR transport from roots to shoots of nonsenescent Tx2817 was less susceptible to reduction by low N and was actually increased by low light. High xylem sap cytokinin contents for Tx2817 with 50% light suggests that its delayed senescence and enhanced resistance to adverse conditions may be due to high cytokinin production by roots when the carbohydrate supply to the roots is reduced. Contribution of the Texas Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal Article no. TA27045.
G2M arrest and apoptosis in murine T lymphoma cells following exposure to 212Bi alpha particle irradiation

Asynchronous exponentially growing EL4 murine T lymphoma cells were exposed either to high LET alpha-radiation from 212Bi-DTPA or to gamma-radiation from a 137Cs source. Radiation-induced cell cycle perturbation was studied by flow cytometry. Alpha irradiation, like gamma, transiently arrested cells in the G2M phase in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum percentages of cells accumulated in G2M 18 h after alpha- and gamma-irradiation were comparable, though the dose-response relationships differed. The "RBE" value for G2M block for alpha- versus gamma-radiation was approx. 4. Electron microscopic studies of the cell samples where a large proportion of cells were arrested in G2M showed subcellular changes in nuclear membrane and the presence of morphologically apoptotic cells. Biochemical analysis of DNA from irradiated cells by agarose gel electrophoresis revealed more extensive DNA fragmentation for alpha- vs gamma-irradiation, even at relatively low total doses. We conclude that the high LET radiation is more efficient in inducing G2M block and apoptosis in EL4 lymphoma cells. The overall radiosensitivity of some high and low grade malignant lymphoma cells to radiation may correlate with these processes. The clinical implications of 212Bi-induced G2M delay may be particularly important for biologically targeted high LET radiopharmaceutical therapy.
Interrelationships among the viscoelastic functions for anisotropic solids: application to calcified tissues and related systems.

Abstract The Boltzmann superposition integral is applied to the anisotropic solid in order to derive relationships between various viscoelastic functions for orthotropic solids with special emphasis on describing biological systems such as calcified and connective tissues. These relations show that the results of uniaxial tension or compression experiments are rather complicated functions of the stiffness modulus tensor elements; as such the data could not be readily treated in a theoretical manner. On the other hand, torsional type experiments can be used to directly yield the appropriate shear elements of the tensor. Applying these derived relationships, the experimental results on cortical bone in uniaxial compression were transformed by means of computer techniques into a common representation (the complex dynamic modulus). The lack of agreement among these transformed results, based on the data from several different experimenters, as well as the failure of data from individual experiments to satisfy internal consistency tests, lead to the conclusion that the Boltzmann integral fails to describe properly the viscoelastic properties of cortical bone in compression. This implies that linear viscoelasticity theory, invariably assumed for bone, does not apply to bone in compression over the entire frequency range studied. For the purpose of comparison, dynamic moduli for synthetic (PMMA and high density linear polyethylene) and other natural (dentin and cancellous bone) materials are also presented. Fourier analytic techniques similar to those used for the above have been applied to the time-dependence of knee-joint forces obtained from gaiting studies.
An empirical conceptualization of the recovery orientation

Abstract Objective The recovery movement is having a growing impact on policy for people with severe mental illness. The empirical literature on the recovery orientation, however, is scant, and no empirical conceptualization of recovery has been published. Method We identified items reflecting recovery themes and measuring aspects of subjective experience, and used principle components and confirmatory factor analyses to develop an empirical conceptualization of the recovery orientation, using data from a large, systematic study of schizophrenia. Results We identified four domains of the recovery orientation: empowerment, hope and optimism, knowledge and life satisfaction. Conclusions We propose here an initial approach to measuring and conceptualizing recovery attitudes. We also suggest that the evidence-based practice (EBP) movement may help to identify interventions that promote the recovery orientation and help to advance recovery attitudes. We suggest that there is a bidirectional relationship between recovery attitudes and the positive clinical outcomes that are the goals of EBPs. Through the use of empirically derived conceptualizations of recovery, EBPs can provide a mechanism for identifying treatments that promote the recovery orientation. The conceptualization proposed here can, thus, serve as a tool to assess changes in recovery attitudes during participation in specific EBPs.
Beyond Anecdotes: A Quantitative Examination of Black Women in Academe

Using data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates, the Survey of Doctorate Recipients, and the Integrated Postsecondary Educational Data System Completion Survey by Race, this paper provides a quantitative analysis of black woman as they progress through the academy as students, faculty or administrators. This paper will detail the number of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees awarded to black woman, the colleges and universities that are successful at conferring said degrees, and the professional outcomes of black women employed in academe. We find that black women earn twice as many degrees as black men and that younger black female professors seem to face fewer barriers to success in the academy than their predecessors.
The time‐varying behaviour of real interest rates: a re‐evaluation of the recent evidence

A time-varying parameter model with Markov-switching conditional heteroscedasticity is employed to investigate two sources of shifts in real interest rates: (1) shifts in the coefficients relating the ex ante real rate to the nominal rate, the inflation rate and a supply shock variable and (2) unconditional shifts in the variance of the stochastic process. The results underscore the importance of modelling continual change in the ex ante real rate in terms of other economic variables rather than relying on a statistical characterization that permits only a limited number of discrete jumps in the mean of the process. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow properties of the solar wind derived from a two-fluid model with constraints from white light and in situ interplanetary observations

We derive the flow properties of the solar wind in coronal holes using a two-fluid model constrained by density profiles inferred from simultaneous space-based SPARTAN 201–01 and ground-based Mauna Loa White Light coronagraph observations, and by in situ interplanetary measurements. Also used as a guide is the hydrostatic temperature profile derived from the density gradient. Density profiles are inferred between 1.16 and 5.5 Rs, for two different density structures observed along the line of sight in a polar coronal hole. The model computations that fit remarkably well the empirical constraints yield a supersonic flow at 2.3 Rs for the less dense ambient coronal hole, and at 3.4 Rs for the denser structures. The novel result that emerges from these fits is a proton temperature twice as large as the electron temperature in the inner corona, reaching a peak of 2 × 106 K at 2 Rs.
Effect of Moving Speed of Charged Metallic Spherical Electrode on Electrostatic Discharge

SUMMARY In this investigation, the nature of the electrostatic discharge (ESD) that occurs when a charged object moves toward a stationary grounded object is experimentally clarified. The spark lengths, discharge currents, and induced voltages in a magnetic probe were measured when a charged metallic spherical electrode connected to a 422 pF capacitor approached a stationary grounded object, which was the current target, for different moving speeds of the charged metallic spherical electrode in a range of 1 mm/s to 100 mm/s. The charge voltages of the capacitor were +6.5 kV and +10 kV. Based on the results, the average gap length shortened with the speed of the spherical electrode. The average peak values of the discharge current and the induced voltage were likely to increase with the speed of the spherical electrode. The average rise times of the discharge current and the induced voltage were likely to drop with the speed of the spherical electrode. The relation between the spark length and the discharge current due to the ESD can be explained qualitatively by using an equation derived from the spark resistance formula proposed by Rompe and Weizel.
Image relaxation: restoration and feature extraction

The techniques of a posteriori image restoration and iterative image feature extraction are described and compared. Image feature extraction methods known as graduated nonconvexity (GNC); variable conductance diffusion (VCD), anisotropic diffusion, and biased anisotropic diffusion (BAD), which extract edges from noisy images, are compared with a restoration/feature extraction method known as mean field annealing (MFA). All are shown to be performing the same basic operation: image relaxation. This equivalence shows the relationship between energy minimization methods and spatial analysis methods and between their respective parameters of temperature and scale. As a result of the equivalence, VCD is demonstrated to minimize a cost function, and that cost is specified explicitly. Furthermore, operations over scale space are shown to be a method of avoiding local minima. >