cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoelectric response from chlorophyll-a microcrystals in suspension

Abstract Flash photoelectric studies in the near infrared of a suspension of chlorophyll-a microcrystals in saturated hydrocarbon media reveal two current pulses. The first pulse matches the light pulse which occurs on the scale of microseconds. The second pulse is “dark” signal seen on the scale of tens of milliseconds. These signals are examined between 77°K and room temperature, with and without blocked electrodes, and as a function of light intensity. It is seen how the fast pulse reflects charge separation within the crystallite while the slow pulse represents discharge of the ionized crystallites into the surrounding medium followed by bulk charge flow. A sublinear light exponent indicates that the photocurrents are partially saturated but that the charge separation probably involves a monophotonic mechanism. Activation energies are measured for each of the two stages. Chlorophyll-a as a monomer or only slightly aggregated appears to mediate the discharge of the microcrystals. A preliminary investigation of chlorophyll-b reveals the same qualitative behaviour.
The –174 IL-6 GG genotype is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a family sample from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study

We evaluated the –174 IL-6 gene polymorphism as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus in a family-based analysis. We tested for associations between the –174 IL-6 G/C promoter polymorphism and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and type 2 diabetes in a sample of 1,428 individuals from the largest 182 families in the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study population. A significant association was found with FPG (p=0.01) and log (FPG) (p=0.005) using a modified family-based transmission disequilibrium test, the family-based association test (FBAT). The association between IL-6 genotype and FPG (p=0.035) and log (FPG) (p=0.03) was also found in the subset of families that were informative in FBAT using a mixed-effects regression model and strengthened after adjustment for potential confounders (p=0.008 for log [FPG]). The mean glucose level estimated from models with log (FPG) as the dependent variable for the GG genotype in the informative families was significantly lower (5.20±0.06 mmol/l) than for the GC (5.41±0.06 mmol/l) and CC (5.38±0.06 mmol/l) genotypes (p=0.03 for contrast between GG and GC genotypes). In the subset of informative families, the risk of type 2 diabetes associated with the GG genotype was lower relative to the GC and CC genotypes combined (potential confounder-adjusted, mixed-effects odds ratio 0.35, 95% CI 0.14–0.88, p=0.026, unaffected n=391, affected n=32). These results are consistent with a protective role for the –174 IL-6 G allele against type 2 diabetes and warrant further analysis of this polymorphism.
Octonionic torsion on S7 and englert's compactification of d=11 supergravity

Abstract In an octonionic realization of the Cartan-Schouten parallelism on S 7 we exhibit the algebraic nature and Hopf topology of Englert's solutions for spontaneously compactified d =11 supergravity. The S 7 torsion and its dual, the index 4 gauge field are given locally by the Cayley structure constants and the associator of the imaginary octonion units, respectively.
Revenue management in the context of movie theaters: Is it fair?

Certain industry characteristics (for example, a relatively fixed capacity, varying and uncertain demand, and perishable inventories) are a prerequisite for a successful implementation of revenue management (RM) practices. Although movie theaters have these characteristics, they have failed to try RM as a pricing strategy. The current study examines the joint impact of five potential RM practices (that is, rate fences) and framing effects (surcharge versus discount) on consumers’ price fairness perceptions. Several rate fences (morning-versus-noon, weekday-versus-weekend and time-of-booking-based pricing) received relatively high fairness ratings, whereas location-based and popularity-based pricing were perceived as less fair. In addition, framing ticket prices as a discount rather than a surcharge significantly improved customers’ price fairness perceptions. The findings of this study provide guidance for movie theater operators in their pursuit of optimal pricing.
Impaired aortic distensibility determined by magnetic resonance imaging in patients with different bicuspid aortic valve phenotypes

Beyond the morphologic and functional abnormalities of the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) there is also intrinsic pathology of the aortic wall, manifested by potentially lethal complications such as aortic aneurysm or dissection. Aortic distensibility and compliance are impaired in atherosclerotic aortic aneurysms and Marfan syndrome. Similar abnormalities of compliance are felt to occur in the setting of BAV, though this has been little studied with velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging (VENC-MRI), and further there is no data on the influence of BAV morphology on this abnormality. VENC-MRI is a potent non-invasive technique to determine aortic distensibility via aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements; in addition these measurements do not depend on knowledge of central arterial pressure or geometrical assumptions that may limit alternative measurement tools.
Comparison of bronchial responses to prostaglandin F2α and methacholine

Abstract We examined bronchial responsiveness to prostaglandin (PG) F 2α to determine its applicability in clinical practice and to compare it with bronchial responsiveness to the pharmacologically dissimilar agent, methacholine. Inhalation tests with twofold increasing concentrations of the two agents were carried out in 19 asthmatic and four normal subjects. The results were expressed as the provocation concentration causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (PC 20 ). The range of concentrations required to determine the PC 20 was greater with PGF 2α (0.0001 to 2α . Repeat measurements in the same subjects showed that responses to PGF 2α were as highly reproducible (r = 0.98, p 20 PGF 2α correlated with PC 20 methacholine (r = 0.5, p 2α relative to methacholine, three of whom were aspirin (ASA) intolerant; the correlation was much stronger when these subjects were excluded from analysis (r = 0.91, p 2α is not a suitable agent to use in clinical practice to measure nonspecific bronchial responsiveness because of the wide dose range and unpleasant side effects, (2) the bronchial responsiveness of different individuals to PGF 2α and methacholine is usually well correlated and is thus unrelated to specific receptor activity, and (3) there is a relative reduction in responsiveness to PGF 2α in some asthmatics, particularly those with ASA intolerance.
Pharmacist-based intervention to prepare residents of assisted-living facilities for emergencies

Objective To assess views of disaster preparation and readiness of assisted-living residents after a comprehensive program developed and presented by pharmacists on the importance of preparing for an emergency, specifically regarding organizing of medical information. Methods Four assisted-living facilities were identified throughout Rhode Island to participate in a 30-minute program conducted by two pharmacists who were involved in disaster preparedness on both a national and state level. A survey assessed the participants' possession of a disaster kit, medical form, and personal plan, as well as their knowledge of their facilities' possession of a kit, form, and plan. Participants were also surveyed on their attitudes regarding current preparedness and on the disasters (e.g, hurricanes, bioterrorism, avian influenza, floods, fire) about which they were most concerned before the program began. Student pharmacists and faculty assisted residents in the completion of the survey. At the conclusion of the program, all participants were asked to retake the survey to assess the impact of the program. Results 58 preprogram and 42 postprogram surveys were returned anonymously. A statistically significant change in preparedness was observed for hurricane, avian influenza, bioterrorism, and flood, and a statistically significant change in concern was seen for avian influenza and bioterrorism. Conclusion Elderly assisted-living residents are at increased risk of adverse effects in disasters; however, this growing population lacks baseline preparedness items such as a simple emergency preparedness kit. Educational programs by pharmacists can increase levels of preparedness for and defuse concerns about disasters in this population. Pharmacists also can educate elderly patients about preparedness for potential disasters specific to their location.
Primary and Secondary Qualities: The Historical and Ongoing Debate

Lawrence Nolan (ed.): Primary and Secondary Qualities: The Historical and Ongoing Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. x + 404. £45.00 (hb.). ISBN 978-0-199-55615-1. This excellent vo...
Development of a Pressurized Blister Test for Interface Characterization of Aggregate Highly Polymerized Bituminous Materials

Bituminous crack sealants are commonly used for pavement maintenance. While cracks in pavement are inevitable, sealing the cracks helps maintain the integrity of the pavement by preventing water and debris from entering the structure. Sealing cracks increases pavement service life up to 5 years, and this can lead to significant cost savings for the U.S. highway system. Crack sealing is a cost-effective maintenance approach, provided that the right sealant is selected and properly installed. However, sealant selection is difficult because of the lack of a rheology-based standard test that correlates with field performance. To address this drawback, performance-based guidelines for the selection of hot-poured crack sealants have been developed by a research team, including the writers. To complement these guidelines, this paper describes a recently developed adhesion test procedure that predicts interface bonding based on a fundamental property of the interface, interfacial fracture energy (IFE). This recently developed pressurized blister test is a fracture test. The principle of the test is to break the interface bonding by pressurizing the interface between the adhesive and adherend. The amount of pressure and the deformation of the adhesive before and during the debonding period are used to calculate the IFE. The test variation is acceptable because its average coefficient of variation is 8.7%. This paper describes the test apparatus and procedure and discusses the adhesion of several hot-poured bituminous sealants to aluminum, limestone, quartzite, and granite.
Treatment of Alcoholic Cirrhosis of the Liver with High Vitamin Therapy

Conclusion1. There appears to be a significant relationship between nutritional deficiency and alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver. 2. It is believed that patients with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver are benefitted by high vitamin therapy.
Molecular mycology: a genetic toolbox for Histoplasma capsulatum

Research in medical mycology has traditionally been a mix of exciting biology and frustrating genetics, although the excitement has been steadily increasing as genetic obstacles have been successfully overcome. Now, a variety of fungal pathogens can be studied using molecular techniques derived from classical bacterial and yeast genetics, but with selective and strategic adaptations. Histoplasma capsulatum is the best-studied of the primary pathogens known as 'dimorphic' fungi, and tailored molecular genetic strategies are beginning to reveal a repertoire of genes and gene products intimately associated with pathogenesis.
Annual Growth Patterns of Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) Along Salinity Gradients

The effects of salinity on Taxodium distichum seedlings have been well documented, but few studies have examined mature trees in situ. We investigated the environmental drivers of T. distichum growth along a salinity gradient on the Waccamaw (South Carolina) and Savannah (Georgia) Rivers. On each river, T. distichum increment cores were collected from a healthy upstream site (Upper), a moderately degraded mid-reach site (Middle), and a highly degraded downstream site (Lower). Chronologies were successfully developed for Waccamaw Upper and Middle, and Savannah Middle. Correlations between standardized chronologies and environmental variables showed significant relationships between T. distichum growth and early growing season precipitation, temperature, and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Savannah Middle chronology correlated most strongly with August river salinity levels. Both lower sites experienced suppression/release events likely in response to local anthropogenic impacts rather than regional environmental variables. The factors that affect T. distichum growth, including salinity, are strongly synergistic. As sea-level rise pushes the freshwater/saltwater interface inland, salinity becomes more limiting to T. distichum growth in tidal freshwater swamps; however, salinity impacts are exacerbated by locally imposed environmental modifications.
Effects of in utero ethanol exposure on serotonin uptake in cortical regions

Previously, this laboratory found that the 19- and 35- to 37-day-old offspring of rats that consumed ethanol on a chronic basis prior to parturition had a decreased cortical content of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) as well as a decreased number of cortical 5-HT1 binding sites. These results emphasized the sensitivity of the developing cortical serotonergic nerves to the effects of in utero ethanol exposure. In the present study, we examined the effects of in utero ethanol exposure on an additional component of the developing cortical serotonergic systems. Specifically, we examined the uptake of [3H]-5-HT by synaptosomes which were isolated from the motor or somatosensory regions of the cerebral cortex. The results demonstrated that the Vmax for serotonin uptake was significantly decreased (p less than 0.025) by approximately 15-20% in the motor cortices of the 19- and 35-day-old offspring of rats that consumed ethanol on a chronic basis prior to parturition. In addition, there was a significantly (p less than 0.025) approximately 30% decrease in the Km for serotonin uptake in the motor cortex of 35-day-old offspring of ethanol-fed rats. In contrast, neither the (Km) nor the Vmax for serotonin uptake were significantly altered (p greater than 0.05) in the somatosensory cortices in 19- or 35-day-old offspring of ethanol-fed rats. These results emphasize the selective sensitivity of developing cortical projections of the serotonergic system.
A simulation study of image reconstruction for PET

A program for simulating event generation in a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner is reported. The Monte-Carlo program was used to study the effects of detector size and filtering function on spatial resolution and noise artifacts in reconstructed images. It is concluded that the spatial resolution is improved as the detector size is decreased and that the more high-frequency components the filter passes, the better the resolution. However, high-frequency noise artifacts are amplified as well. >
Transmural inflammation by interferon-γ-producing T cells correlates with outward vascular remodeling and intimal expansion of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms

Arterial pathology manifests as aneurysmal or obstructive disease depending on changes in lumen size due to vascular remodeling (change in vessel external diameter) and/or intimal expansion. Recent clinical and experimental observations in abdominal aortic aneurysms have led to the emerging dogma that Th2-dominant immune responses result in expansive vascular remodeling and luminal ectasia, whereas Th1 immune responses cause intimal hyperplasia and luminal stenosis. We tested this hypothesis by descriptive analyses of 31 non-aneurysmal and 29 aneurysmal ascending thoracic aortic specimens. Approximately half the aneurysms were distinguished by transmural inflammation. The remaining aneurysms and all the non-aneurysmal aortas had a similar leukocytic infiltrate that spared the inner media. Aneurysm tissue had increased expression of the prototypical Th1 cytokine, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and undetectable Th2 cytokines. Specimens with inner media infiltration displayed robust production of IFN-gamma, induction of the IFN-gamma-inducible chemokines IP-10 and Mig, and recruitment of lymphocytes bearing their cognate receptor CXCR3. Transmural inflammation and IFN-gamma production were associated with increased aortic external diameter, intimal thickening, preserved vascular smooth muscle cell density, and decreased matrix proteins. Th1, but not Th2, immune responses have a positive correlation with both outward vascular remodeling and intimal expansion of ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms.
A copyright dilemma: The TV format

(1978). A copyright dilemma: The TV format. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 249-257.
Host-parasite interaction in the rat renal pelvis: a possible role for pili in the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis.

The initial interaction between bacteria and the renal pelvic epithelium may determine whether intrarenal infection occurs. A model of retrograde pyelonephritis was employed to study these events by electron microscopy. Female rats received an intravesicular inoculation of a 0.5-ml suspension of Proteus mirabilis containing 108 organisms. At intervals after inoculation, the kidneys were fixed by intravascular perfusion and the tissues were prepared for electron microscopy. During the first 24 h, increasing numbers of bacteria were seen to be attached by pili to the renal pelvic epithelial cells. The organism appeared to cross the mucosal barrier by several mechanisms: (a) penetration into the cytoplasm of intact epithelial cells, (b) passage between epithelial cells that were separated by excessive hydrostatic pressure generated during bladder inoculation, (c) passage across necrotic regions of the pelvis, and (d) translocation to the cortex by calicotubular backflow. Whereas at inoculation bacteria possessed pili 40 A in diameter (type III pili) 24 h after reflux, the predominant type of pili measured 70 A in thickness (type IV pili). Repetitive subculture induced a similar transition in vitro. To assess the influence of pili type on virulence in this model, 80 rats were challenged with either type III or type IV pilated organisms and the frequency of rats with cortical abscesses were compared at 1 wk. A significantly greater number of rats inoculated with type IV pilated Proteus manifested macroscopic evidence of infection. These results suggest that pili play a role in the pathogenesis of ascending pyelonephritis.
Television Watching, Leisure Time Physical Activity, and the Genetic Predisposition in Relation to Body Mass Index in Women and Men

Background—Previous studies on gene-lifestyle interaction and obesity have focused mostly on the FTO gene and physical activity, whereas little attention has been paid to sedentary behavior as indicated by television (TV) watching. Methods and Results—We analyzed interactions between TV watching, leisure time physical activity, and genetic predisposition in relation to body mass index (BMI) in 7740 women and 4564 men from 2 prospective cohorts: The Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Data on physical activity and TV watching were collected 2 years before assessment of BMI. A weighted genetic risk score was calculated on the basis of 32 established BMI-associated variants. In both women and men, the genetic associations with BMI strengthened with increased hours of TV watching. An increment of 10 points in the weighted genetic risk score was associated with 0.8 (SE, 0.4), 0.8 (SE, 0.2), 1.4 (SE, 0.2), 1.5 (SE, 0.2), and 3.4 (SE, 1.0) kg/m2 higher BMI across the 5 categories o...
Fast iterative graph computation with block updates

Scaling iterative graph processing applications to large graphs is an important problem. Performance is critical, as data scientists need to execute graph programs many times with varying parameters. The need for a high-level, high-performance programming model has inspired much research on graph programming frameworks.In this paper, we show that the important class of computationally light graph applications - applications that perform little computation per vertex - has severe scalability problems across multiple cores as these applications hit an early "memory wall" that limits their speedup. We propose a novel block-oriented computation model, in which computation is iterated locally over blocks of highly connected nodes, significantly improving the amount of computation per cache miss. Following this model, we describe the design and implementation of a block-aware graph processing runtime that keeps the familiar vertex-centric programming paradigm while reaping the benefits of block-oriented execution. Our experiments show that block-oriented execution significantly improves the performance of our framework for several graph applications.
Ultrastructural aspects of fibrogenesis and osteogenesis in tissue culture.

This electron microscopic study of 11 day old chick tibiae cultured for 7 and 14 days has demonstrated significant changes in the exposed, cut, cartilaginous surfaces of the explants. Many chondrocytes had degenerated near these surfaces and, in the lacunae of these cells, 640A-banded collagen fibrils appeared. The diameters of these fibrils varied widely and, sometimes, exceeded 4,000A. The non-banded filaments of the normal, cartilaginous, extracellular matrix were replaced by 640A-banded collagen fibrils near the cut surfaces of the explants. These fibrils had a narrower (500A) and more uniform diameter than those in the lacunae of degenerated chondrocytes. This study also has confirmed the occurrence of osteogenesis in vitro. The collagenapatite and matrix-cell relationships were similar to fiber (embryonic) bone. Two types of cells resembling osteocytes and osteoblasts were found in the newly mineralized matrix formed in culture. Mineralization in the zone of outgrowth was incomplete and focal. In some regions the hydroxyapatite crystals were larger than usual, measuring 1,000–2,000 A in length. Longitudinal sections of collagen fibrils in the zone of outgrowth revealed electron-dense granules along the course of the fibrils. These granules exhibited no preferred orientation with respect to the band or interband regions.
Responses of Turkey Poults to Virginiamycin as Influenced by Litter Condition and Experimentally Induced Stunting Syndrome

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of virginiamycin (VM, 22 mg/kg of diet) on performance of uninfected (CON) turkey poults and those infected (INO) with stunting syndrome and reared on used woodshavings (Experiment 1) or on clean or used woodshavings (Experiment 2). Virginiamycin improved BW (P
A novel brain injury mechanism after intracerebral hemorrhage: the interaction between heme products and the immune system

In this paper we hypothesize a novel mechanism by which brain injury occurs after intracerebral hemorrhage. We propose the following mechanism: (1) heme that is derived from extravasated erythrocytes is degraded into bilirubin and bilirubin oxidation products (BOXes). (2) Bilirubin and BOXes activate microglia and astrocytes, which are cells with immune functions in the brain. This activation leads to release of cytokines and activation of leukocyte adhesion molecules on the luminal surface of cerebral endothelial cells. (3) Leukocytes then traffic into the brain. (4) Leukocytes, activated glial cells and cytokines contribute to injury processes. We present preliminary data in support of our hypothesis that BOXes activate glia.
Trends in antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infection in veterans with spinal cord injury and disorder

Results: There were 5713 ARI visits; 50% received new antibiotic prescriptions. URI and LRI visits were 2.3 times and almost 4 times (P < 0.0001), respectively, more likely to have antibiotics prescribed than pneumonia visits. The majority of URI visits with antibiotic prescriptions had a diagnosis of the common cold or URI not otherwise specified (78%). Acute bronchitis without exacerbation was associated with 95% of LRI visits that received antibiotics. Broad-spectrum antibiotic use increased over time (1999, 46%; 2001, 62%; P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Although rates of antibiotic prescribing remained stable, prescriptions for broad-spectrum antibiotics increased. Most prescriptions were for indications for which antibiotic use is generally not recommended. Since patients with SCI&D are susceptible to multiple complications, providers may be more concerned with ensuring that any infection is treated, rather than the potential for overuse and resistance. Future efforts should focus on defining benefits of antibiotic use for ARIs in those with disabilities, predictors of prescribing, and interventions to prevent injudicious use of antibiotics.
Antibiotic susceptibility of the subspecies of Bacteroides fragilis.

Strains (115) of Bacteroides fragilis were identified at the subspecific level and were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, penicillin, and tetracycline using an agar dilution technique. We tested the following strains: B. fragilis subsp. distasonis , 12; B. fragilis subsp. fragilis , 39; B. fragilis subsp. ovatus , 10; B. fragilis subsp. thetaiotaomicron , 32; B. fragilis subsp. vulgatus , 10; and B. fragilis subsp. “other,” 12. There were no marked differences in susceptibility between the subspecies. One strain of B. fragilis subsp. thetaiotaomicron had a minimal inhibitory concentration of 12.5 μg/ml for clindamycin, but all other strains were susceptible. All the strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol. Susceptibility to tetracycline was variable. Only a few strains were susceptible to the penicillins and cephalothin.
CONCEPTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPOKEN WORDS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDS: EVENT-RELATED BRAIN POTENTIAL MEASURES

Abstract Identifiable nonspeech sounds were paired with spoken words. In Experiment 1, words preceded by related sounds yielded faster lexical decision times than those preceded by unrelated sounds. In Experiment 2, subjects were presented with sound/word and word/sound pairs while event-related potentials were recorded. Words preceded by related sounds elicited smaller N400 components than those preceded by unrelated sounds; this N400 context effect was slightly larger at electrode sites over the right hemisphere. A context effect similar in latency and morphology was observed for sounds—a smaller negative wave for related than unrelated sounds. The context effect for sounds was significantly larger at left than right recording sites, suggesting differential hemispheric involvement in the processing of word meanings than the “meanings” of environmental sounds.
Evaluation of the Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) for Turbulence Measurements

Abstract Accuracy of the acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) is evaluated in this paper. Simultaneous measurements of open-channel flow were undertaken in a 17-m flume using an ADV and a laser Doppler velocimeter. Flow velocity records obtained by both instruments are used for estimating the true (“ground truth”) flow characteristics and the noise variances encountered during the experimental runs. The measured values are compared with estimates of the true flow characteristics and values of variance (〈u′2〉, 〈w′2〉) and covariance (〈u′w′〉) predicted by semiempirical models for open-channel flow. The analysis showed that the ADV sensor can measure mean velocity and Reynolds stress within 1% of the estimated true value. Mean velocities can be obtained at distances less than 1 cm from the boundary, whereas Reynolds stress values obtained at elevations greater than 3 cm above the bottom exhibit a variation that is in agreement with the predictions of the semiempirical models. Closer to the boundary, the measure...
Enterobacter taylorae, a new opportunistic pathogen: report of four cases.

Abstract Severe nosocomial infections due to Enterobacter taylorae (formerly known as CDC Enteric Group 19) are described in four patients. Unlike most members of the Enterobacter genus, the isolates were not susceptible to penicillins or cephalosporins. Restriction endonuclease analysis of E. taylorae DNA obtained from three patients identified two distinct strains. One strain was found in two patients, suggesting a common source which we were not able to identify. We postulate that in patients harboring E. taylorae, the combination of cephalosporin therapy and instrumentation enables this organism to become an opportunistic pathogen.
A Product of Heme Catabolism Modulates Bacterial Function and Survival

Bilirubin is the terminal metabolite in heme catabolism in mammals. After deposition into bile, bilirubin is released in large quantities into the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We hypothesized that intestinal bilirubin may modulate the function of enteric bacteria. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of bilirubin on two enteric pathogens; enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), a Gram-negative that causes life-threatening intestinal infections, and E. faecalis, a Gram-positive human commensal bacterium known to be an opportunistic pathogen with broad-spectrum antibiotic resistance. We demonstrate that bilirubin can protect EHEC from exogenous and host-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the absorption of free radicals. In contrast, E. faecalis was highly susceptible to bilirubin, which causes significant membrane disruption and uncoupling of respiratory metabolism in this bacterium. Interestingly, similar results were observed for other Gram-positive bacteria, including B. cereus and S. aureus. A model is proposed whereby bilirubin places distinct selective pressure on enteric bacteria, with Gram-negative bacteria being protected from ROS (positive outcome) and Gram-positive bacteria being susceptible to membrane disruption (negative outcome). This work suggests bilirubin has differential but biologically relevant effects on bacteria and justifies additional efforts to determine the role of this neglected waste catabolite in disease processes, including animal models.
The mineralogy and petrology of compositionally zoned ash flow tuffs, and related silicic volcanic rocks, from the McDermitt Caldera Complex, Nevada‐Oregon

The McDermitt caldera complex, Nevada-Oregon, is a composite collapse structure formed following eruption of three ash flow tuffs from a single compositionalIy zoned magma chamber. The major and early erupted portions of the tuffs are mildly peralkaline high-silica comendite. Later erupted portions of two ash flow sheets are metaluminous low-silica rhyolite. Associated with the caldera complex are precaldera dacite to rhyolite lava flows and postcaldera rhyolite domes and intrusives. Systematic variations in mineral compositions and whole-rock chemistry throughout the entire silicic volcanic suite record the petrogenesis of highly silicic comendite through fractional crystallization of dacitic or rhyodacitic parental magma. Fractionation from daciterhyodacite to metaluminous rhyolite is characterized by initially decreasing light and middle rare earth elements; little change in Zr and Hf; and increasing U, Th, K, Rb, and Ba; controlled by removal of plagioclase, low and high-Ca pyroxenes and significant (5%) amounts of apatite, magnetite, and ilmenite. Fractionation from rhyodacite-low-silica rhyolite to high-silica comendite is characterized by increasing rare earth elements, U, Th, K, Rb, Zr, and Hf, with drastically decreasing Eu and Ba, controlled by removal of ternary-alkali feldspar, quartz, ferroaugite-ferrohedenbergite, fayalite and lesser ilmenite, magnetite, and apatite. Heavy rare earth element enrichment (HREE) from dacite to rhyolite is pronounced in ash flow tuffs and postcaldera volcanic rocks but not in precaldera lavas; this is possibly due to the variable presence of F as a HREE complexing agent during crystal fractionation in the caldera magma chamber. Fe-Ti oxide compositions and phase equilibria indicate progressively decreasing magmatic temperature and oxygen fugacity: 865–940°C in dacite-low-silica rhyolite, with fo2 below the fayalite-magnetite-quartz buffer, and approximately 800°C in high-silica comendite, with fo2 slightly above the wustite-magnetite buffer. In the ash flow tuffs, observed patterns of vertical compositional zonation and phenocryst distributions reveal preeruptive processes important for the genesis of mildly peralkaline silicic magmas. Influx of heat is required to maintain crystallization of relatively mafic, high-temperature mineral assemblages, notably with ternary feldspar, and prohibits further crystallization of derivative melts. Heat transfer occurred throughout a density-stratified magma chamber via convection within compositionally discreet zones of low- and high-silica rhyolite.
Work Characteristics and Family Routines in Low-Wage Families

The maintenance of routines is linked to positive outcomes in children and families. Role theory asserts that resources and constraints found in family and work environments will shape a parent’s ability to successfully fulfill both roles. To date, there is scant research examining the maintenance of routines in low-income families whose work environments are often characterized by temporary work, non-traditional shifts, and irregular hours. This study seeks to understand the relationship between employment characteristics on the maintenance of family routines in a sample of low-wage families. The results of this study support the findings of other researchers that low-wage families face considerable work-family strain due to their jobs, but they succeed in maintaining routines despite adverse working conditions.
Neuroimaging: Intrinsic Lesions of the Central Skull Base Region

The sphenoid bone is the osseous foundation of the central skull base. The body of the sphenoid is cuboid in shape and its posterior margin is joined to the basilar occipital bone (basiocciput) via a synchondrosis to form the complete clivus. Traditionally, radiologic discussions of intrinsic disease of the central skull base emphasize marrow space-occupying lesions including metastatic disease, myeloma, and chordoma. Based on our practical experience and the anatomical boundaries of the central skull–based region put forth, we include lesions of the sphenoid sinus and petrous apex in our discussion. We describe lesions that might originate within, be confined to, or principally involve the skeletal foundation of the central skull base, including the pneumatized regions contained within. Intrinsic lesions affecting the central skull base are emphasized and the most important computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings that allow for effective diagnosis, planning, and treatment are highlighted.
The Political Geography of the Post Cold War World

The end of the Cold War is marked by dramatic events like the reunification of Germany and the crisis of the continued existence of the Soviet Union. The current changes alter the fundamental building-blocks of global international order and can be thought of as constituting a geopolitical transition. This collection of essays resulted from a panel discussion held at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Miami in April 1991. The seven essays present the views of the panel participants on the current geopolitical transition and their expectations about the nature of the new world order.
Gravitational deformation and astigmatism of tiltable radio telescopes

An ideal telescope structure would deform, when tilted, in a homologous way, from one paraboloid of revolution to another one. Conventionally designed telescopes approach this condition already to some degree, special designs to a very high degree, and a measure for the degree of this approach is suggested. An equation is presented for the deviations from homology if an antenna is adjusted at zenith angle \theta and observes at angle \phi ; it contains only two structural parameters for alt-azimuth mounts (three for polar mounts). The choice of the best adjustment angle is discussed; this is basically different for both types of mount, and examples are given. Supported at two elevation bearings, conventional telescopes will generally show a strong gravitational astigmatism which may be corrected at the secondary mirror, thus improving the astronomical performance considerably. Two possible correction methods are suggested. Several of the equations presented are checked with the example of the 140-ft telescope at Green Bank, W. Va. Good agreement is obtained between detailed computer analysis and equations, and between analysis and astronomically obtained data. Suggested improvements for the 140-ft (applicable also to other telescopes) would diminish the deviations from homology by a factor of 2.5, and the remaining residuals then are brought below the internal inaccuracy of the surface panels. The astigmatic correction thus is advisable as well as sufficient.
Optical water quality of a blackwater river estuary: the Lower St. Johns River, Florida, USA

This paper reports measurements of absorption and scattering coefficients in relation to standard water quality measurements in the St. Johns River (Florida, USA), a blackwater river in which phytoplankton chlorophyll and non-algal particulates as well as colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) contribute substantially to the inherent optical properties of the water. Extremely high concentrations of CDOM in this river present special problems for the measurement of inherent optical properties, such as the presence of very fine particulate matter that passes through most glass fiber filters. Empirical relationships are presented for estimating true dissolved absorption at very high CDOM concentrations. Specific-absorption and -scattering coefficients of suspended particulate matter varied widely, but appeared to decline steadily with salinity at salinities above 5, consistent with increasing influence of large-sized, unconsolidated mineral particulates with increasing tidal energy near the estuary mouth. Relationships are given for prediction of inherent optical properties from water quality concentrations for use in radiative transfer modeling, and changes in water quality measurements are recommended that can avoid the need for empirical corrections.
75Se-selenomethionine turnover rate during growth and aging in rats.

Summary75Se-selenomethionine turnover rate was used as an index for protein metabolism in rats ranging in age from 30 to 600 days of age. The data indicated that protein turnover rate was more rapid in young (150 days or less) than in old rats (600 days of age) and this rate is stable beyond 240 and 360 days of age.
Extreme-ultraviolet emission spectra of core-excited levels in sodium and magnesium

Using a pulsed-hollow-cathode discharge, we have observed the emission spectra of core-excited levels of Na i and Mg ii. Line identifications and implications for extreme-ultraviolet lasers are discussed.
The Lynch Syndrome: Melding Natural History and Molecular Genetics to Genetic Counseling and Cancer Control.

Despite progress in chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, little change has occurred in the survival of patients with colorectal cancer. This dismal therapeutic situation has stimulated the study of the etiology of colorectal cancer so that an understanding of its causes can be applied to its early detection and prevention. It is in this realm that genetics has become particularly important, given its power to predict cancer risk. Our purpose is to focus attention on the clinical and molecular genetics, cancer phenotype, surveillance, management, and genetic counseling for patients at high risk for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer of the Lynch syndrome I and II variants.
The Prevalence of Mentoring Programs in the Transition from Student to Practitioner Among U.S. Dental Hygiene Programs

Mentoring of students to assist them in the transition to clinical practice has been utilized in a number of health professions but has only been recently introduced in dental and dental hygiene education. A survey was sent to all U.S. dental hygiene program directors to determine the prevalence of mentoring programs in the dental hygiene curriculum that utilize practicing dental hygienists as mentors to facilitate the transition from student to practitioner. Results showed that less than 30 percent of dental hygiene programs are using this type of student mentoring. Dental hygiene program directors reported that the main benefit mentoring provided was "real world" experiences to their students. Lack of formal structure to the mentoring program was the most frequently cited weakness of existing programs. Programs not utilizing mentoring programs listed inadequate time in the existing dental hygiene curriculum as the main obstacle for not implementing a mentoring program. Student mentorship in other health professions has been shown to not only enhance personal and professional growth, but also to increase job satisfaction and retention. Further research, however, is needed on student mentoring programs in the dental and allied dental fields.
Contextual Expectations of Privacy in Self-Generated Health Information Flows

Converging technological, regulatory, and social forces point to an increasingly personalized, data driven, and collaborative future of health decision-making. A prominent driver of this transition is the ready availability of low-cost, off-the-shelf commercial digital self-monitoring sensors and apps that enable individuals to log broad swaths of highly granular behavioral and physiological health attributes in near real time. Mobile health self-quantification tools, including smart pedometers, calorie counters, heart rate monitors, sleep trackers, and other “participatory personal data” collection devices hold great promise for individuals and for the public health, including increased bodily awareness, proactive health engagement, and community building. Their commercial implementation also raises significant privacy and security issues that warrant close attention.
Why Have Americans Lost Faith in their Schools? Declining Public Support for the American Educational System and its Policy Implications

In this paper, we examine the Cumulative General Social Survey (GSS) survey data and find that American confidence in schools declined markedly between 1973 and 2010. Those whose confidence declined the most were white, elderly men.In order to determine if this lost confidence was due to poor student performance, we examined NAEP math and reading scores (1978-2008). We found evidence of strong improvements across students of all ages and racial groups.Finally, we re-estimated the NAEP gains by using two different statistical methods that control for changes in the demographic composition of the American student body. We find that failure to control for these factors causes researchers to underestimate NAEP gains by more than 40%.
Human immunodeficiency virus-associated disruption of mucosal barriers and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV/AIDS disease

Oral, intestinal and genital mucosal epithelia have a barrier function to prevent paracellular penetration by viral, bacterial and other pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight and adherens junctions of mucosal epithelia. HIV-associated disruption of epithelial junctions may also facilitate paracellular penetration and dissemination of other viral pathogens. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of HIV-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis of HIV and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Increased synthesis of hyaluronic acid by insulin in embryonic chick skin.

SummaryThe in vitro effect of insulin on glycosaminoglycan synthesis was studied using d-[6-3H] glucosamine in 10-day embryonic chick skin. Insulin stimulated both the total incorporation of glucosamine and glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Stimulation of glycosaminoglycan is specific for hyaluronic acid.The authors thank Susan Halpern for technical assistance. The authors also thank Drs. J. Perlish and R. Stephens for help in preparing the manuscript.
Nutrient trap for Late Cretaceous organic-rich black shales in the tropical North Atlantic

Neodymium isotopes of fish debris from two sites on Demerara Rise, spanning ∼4.5 m.y. of deposition from the early Cenomanian to just before ocean anoxic event 2 (OAE2) (Cenomanian-Turonian transition), suggest a circulation-controlled nutrient trap in intermediate waters of the western tropical North Atlantic that could explain continuous deposition of organic-rich black shales for as many as ∼15 m.y. (Cenomanian–early Santonian). Unusually low Nd isotopic data (e Nd(t) ∼−11 to ∼−16) on Demerara Rise during the Cenomanian are confirmed, but the shallower site generally exhibits higher and more variable values. A scenario in which southwest-flowing Tethyan and/or North Atlantic waters overrode warm, saline Demerara bottom water explains the isotopic differences between sites and could create a dynamic nutrient trap controlled by circulation patterns in the absence of topographic barriers. Nutrient trapping, in turn, would explain the ∼15 m.y. deposition of black shales through positive feedbacks between low oxygen and nutrient-rich bottom waters, efficient phosphate recycling, transport of nutrients to the surface, high productivity, and organic carbon export to the seafloor. This nutrient trap and the correlation seen previously between high Nd and organic carbon isotopic values during OAE2 on Demerara Rise suggest that physical oceanographic changes could be components of OAE2, one of the largest perturbations to the global carbon cycle in the past 150 m.y.
Differentiating Atypical Parathyroid Neoplasm from Parathyroid Cancer

The differentiation of benign parathyroid gland atypia and true parathyroid carcinoma (PC) can be challenging. In some instances, patients are classified as having ‘atypical parathyroid neoplasms’ (APNs), explicitly acknowledging that the distinction between benign and malignant disease appears impossible to determine. This ‘grey area’ diagnosis makes rendering an accurate prognosis difficult, and clouds clinical management and treatment planning. We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients undergoing operation for primary hyperparathyroidism in our institution (2000–2014). Patients with a histopathological diagnosis of PC or APN were included. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and survival rates were analyzed, and analysis was conducted using SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Fifty-four patients were included in the study—31 (57.41 %) with PC and 23 (42.59 %) with APN. PC versus APN was associated with higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) (p = 0.005) and with males (p = 0.002). Five-year overall survival (OS) from diagnosis was 82.64 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 59.82–93.17] for the PC group and 93.33 % (95 % CI 61.26–99.03) for the APN group, while the 5-year recurrence-free survival rate was 59.63 % (95 % CI 36.32–76.81) in the PC group and 90.91 % (95 % CI 50.81–98.67) in the APN group. PC and APN are distinct clinical entities with differences in tumor biology reflected in overall recurrence rates, disease-free survival, and OS. APNs present with a less accentuated biochemical profile and demonstrate an indolent clinical course compared with PCs. Efforts to improve categorization and staging of PC and APN are needed.
Chemical Constituents from Leaves of Phellodendron amurense Rupr.

Seven compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the leaves of Phellodendron amurense Rupr..Their structures were identified as phellodenol-A(1),skimmin(2),phellodenol E(3),amurensin(4),phellamurin(5),(2R)-phellodensin-F(6),and clerosterol 3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside(7) on the basis of NMR data and comparing with literatures.Compound 7 was isolated from this genus for the first time,and 3 and 6 were isolated from the plant for the first time.