cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Persistent alternate abundance states in the coral reef sea urchin Diadema savignyi: evidence of alternate attractors

Alternate attractors have been shown to exist in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic systems, e.g. temperate forests, savannas, shallow lakes, wetlands, coral reefs, kelp forests. The shift from one attractor to another, also referred to as a regime shift, is thought to occur when a system passes some critical threshold such that the trajectory of the system changes direction. Alternate attractors in population dynamics can also exist, leading to alternate stable states in the population abundance of a species. This study explored alternate attractors in the population dynamics of the Indo-Pacific sea urchin Diadema savignyi and the potential underlying mechanisms that promote its bi-stability. In Moorea, French Polynesia, the local abundance of D. savignyi, a functionally important herbivore in lagoon habitats, occurs in two states: (i) solitary individuals that occupy crevices in low densities and (ii) aggregations of tens to hundreds of individuals. These different states are temporally stable and are not explained by spatial differences in recruitment rates of juveniles. A field experiment revealed that the per capita mortality rate of adult D. savignyi was substantially lower at sites where urchins occurred in aggregations compared with sites at which they were solitary individuals. An additional experiment showed that per capita mortality decreased with increasing aggregation size. Individuals in high-density aggregations, however, had significantly smaller test diameters than solitary individuals, indicating that individuals in aggregations may be food limited. Collectively, the evidence suggests that the two different local abundance states of D. savignyi result from negative feedback loops where high local density can be maintained by aggregative behavior that greatly reduces per capita risk of predation when the local number of adult sea urchins is sufficiently large; sites with few sea urchins remain at low density because individuals are more susceptible to predation when crevices are occupied but there are not enough individuals to form large aggregations. Thus, there may be alternate attractors in the population dynamics of D. savignyi that can produce either persistently low or high local population densities.
Changing Hands: Industry, Evolution, and the Reconfiguration of the Victorian Body

Our hands are changing, as are our brains—or at least so claim the most recent popular media reports on our smartphones and touchscreens. Yet, long before its current digital prominence, the hand a...
Bounded Variation, Convexity, and Almost-Orthogonality

Let N ≥ 2 be fixed. Suppose that, for every dyadic cube Q in R d , we have: N convex regions {R i (Q)}1 N , subsets of Q; and N complex numbers {c i (Q)}1 N such that | c i (Q) | ≤ 1 and ∑1 N c i (Q) | R i (Q) | = 0. Define \(\tilde{h}_{(Q)}(x) \equiv \vert Q\vert ^{-1/2}(\sum _{1}^{N}c_{i}(Q)\chi _{R_{i}(Q)}(x))\). We prove a technical theorem which implies that, for all such collections \(\{\tilde{h}_{(Q)}\}_{Q\in \mathcal{D}}\) and all finite linear combinations \(\sum \lambda _{Q}\tilde{h}_{(Q)}(x)\), $$\displaystyle{\left \Vert \sum \lambda _{Q}\tilde{h}_{(Q)}\right \Vert _{2} \leq (2 + \sqrt{2})Nd\left (\sum \vert \lambda _{Q}\vert ^{2}\right )^{1/2}.}$$ We show that, if \(\{\tilde{h}1_{(Q)}\}_{Q\in \mathcal{D}}\) and \(\{\tilde{h}2_{(Q)}\}_{Q\in \mathcal{D}}\) are two such families, the L2 bounded linear operator T defined by $$\displaystyle{T(\,f) \equiv \sum _{Q}\langle \,f,\tilde{h}1_{(Q)}\rangle h2_{(Q)}}$$ is, in a natural sense, stable with respect to small dilation and translation errors in the kernel functions \(\{\tilde{h}1_{(Q)}\}_{Q\in \mathcal{D}}\) and \(\{\tilde{h}2_{(Q)}\}_{Q\in \mathcal{D}}\).
Regulation of Bacterial Gene Expression

The total properties of any bacterium result from an interplay between its genome and its environment. The bacterium Escherichia coli carries approximately 3000 genes, but this total repertoire describes its potential properties and, in reality, only a small subset of this genetic information is expressed at any given moment. A primary influence of the environment is the determination of what subset is expressed. It presents the cell with the signals that ultimately lead to gene regulation—the turning on or off of gene expression.
Examining the feasibility of the integrated hope scale in American college students

The Integrated Hope Scale (IHS) provides a multi-dimensional evaluation of factors common across measures of hope, examining social relationships, trust and confidence, perspectives of the future, and a lack of hopefulness. Despite promise for the instrument’s utility, research on the IHS is sparse has been limited to non-English-speaking populations, requiring translated items, and the cross-cultural transportability of hope constructs has previously been raised. Predominant theories of hope used in American populations have been criticized for not measuring important aspects that are included within the IHS. Using confirmatory factor analysis and latent class analysis, this study explored the IHS’s structural integrity and interpretive potential using a regionally and racially diverse sample of American college students. Results suggest that the IHS offers a valid global assessment of hope as well as for targeted measurement of discrete areas identified by instrument factor scores. The IHS also shows pr...
Husserl on Perception: A Nonrepresentationalism That Nearly Was

There is a longstanding debate among Husserl scholars about whether Husserl thinks perception involves mental representation. The debate, I believe, has not been settled. I deny that the existentialist-inspired charge of representationalism about perception in Husserl is precise enough to stick. Given a clearer understanding of just what mental representation amounts to, I contend that those who defend Husserl against the accusation of representationalism fare little better than Husserl's existentialist-leaning critics. I argue that he is in fact a representationalist about perception insofar as it involves a noematic sense. Nevertheless, Husserl opens up the possibility for a representation-free form of perceiving in certain later discussions of the matter in which he suggests that some perceptual states lack noematic sense. What they lack in noematic sense is compensated for by other means, namely, by two sorts of affect and their functional interrelation with abilities for bodily movement. The texts that entertain this possibility, though, severely limit the scope of its actual occurrence. Husserl never commits to a generally or substantially nonrepresentational view of perception. I attempt to sketch out, however, what this nonrepresentationalism about perception that Husserl nearly landed on might look like, rearranging various more or less familiar elements already present in his theory of perception to that end.
Post-fire Quercus alba fitness in a stressed plant community

Prescribed burns are widely used for managing North American deciduous forests due to their ability to positively affect plant community structure and composition. This study examines the effects of neighboring herbaceous plants on the recruitment of Quercus alba (white oak) seedlings in fire-managed parts of Shawnee National Forest (Illinois, USA). We clipped herbs to induce plant community stress and assessed relative growth rates (RGR) of planted white oak seedlings to determine if a competitive or facilitative dynamic is present. In addition to RGR, we observed the mycorrhizal network via fungal colonization in mesh bags to quantify belowground activity for our experimental plots. Our results supported fire9s positive effects on tree recruitment and herbaceous growth. Clipping combined with fire management decreased RGR. This finding suggests that a facilitative dynamic is at play and herbaceous neighbors help white oak seedlings persist due to protection from environmental stressors (p = 0.017). Soil moisture played a large role in promoting tree fitness on each of our sites. We observed lower hyphal biomass in areas where herbs were clipped. We further speculate that the stress caused by clipping may have suspended or eliminated the need for mycorrhizae to form, possibly due to herb mortality. Knowing how herbs and trees interact will lead to purposeful forest community planning especially in fire-managed forests where herbs are likely to dominate post-prescribed burn.
Imaging Patterns of Injuries After the 2015 Amtrak Philadelphia Train Derailment.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this article is to describe the injury patterns observed in the 2015 Philadelphia Amtrak train derailment. CONCLUSION. Fractures accounted for most observed injuries, but ...
Moving Participation beyond the Classroom: Who Benefits from Online Social Communities?:

The proliferation of social media, especially among traditional higher education students, leads many advertising educators to Facebook and other social media platforms to engage their students. Th...
Mo Ti and the English Utilitarians

If the differences in the milieus which foster distinct philosophies are kept in mind, a comparison of ideas drawn from widely separated eras and environments can be profitable to the student of political thought and institutions. Social and environmental changes, and even technological revolutions, have altered but have not displaced the fundamental and still largely unsolved problems of human adjustment. Many formulas considered as peculiarly modern had their counterpart in antiquity, and concepts regarded as typical of Western culture have frequently been encompassed in the thought of Eastern peoples. A case in point is offered by the utilitarian political creed, which, while most famous and influential in England during the nineteenth century, was partially anticipated in one of the philosophical schools of ancient China. Utilitarianism was understandably a suitable vehicle for eighteenth- and nineteenth-century English reformers, but it seems remarkable to find the principle expounded in tradition-bound China of the later Chou dynasty, when, as afterward, appeal to authority and reverence for the past were strongly embedded. Not only was a utilitarian concept vigorously and logically developed by the philosoher Mo Ti (approximately 468-382 B.C.), but his disciples constituted a flourishing school for more than a century after his death and were formidable competitors of the Confucianists. Mencius, the greatest exponent of Confucianism at the opening of the third century B.C., denounced as the two most dangerous heresies the extreme individualism of Yang Chu (fourth-century hedonistic anarchist) and the indiscriminate altruism of Mo Ti, both of which doctrines he regarded as tending to undermine social decorum and a proper respect for authority. The rivalry between Confucianists and the champions of Mo Ti took on the nature of a partisan conflict. On many fundamentals the two schools were not so utterly irreconcilable as the heat of controversy made it appear. Both appealed to the example of ancient sage-kings for justification; both accepted as a political norm a benevolent, paternalistic system with power and initiative descending from above, although Mo's conceptions were more authoritarian and theocratic than those of the Confucians; both regarded politics and ethics as synonymous and believed that the creation of the good society would go hand in hand with the improvement of the individual's moral character. They shared the common ground of a logical, matter-of-fact approach to human problems, in contrast to the mysticism of the Taoists. Nevertheless, the Confucianists campaigned uncompromisingly against their rivals and finally won such a complete victory that Mo Ti's influence was extinguished and his teachings remained almost unknown for some 2,000 years.
Use of Molecular Biology to Study Development and Function of Mammalian Oocytes

Elucidating the genetic program that controls the differentiation of mammalian gametes has been complicated by various factors, including the small size, small numbers, and relative inaccessibility of the cells. In this chapter, I review recent advances in molecular biological approaches and methods that now make this task feasible. Although particular emphasis is placed on analysis at the level of the genes and their mRNAs, analysis of proteins is equally important. Rather than providing a catalogue of the temporal expression of genes during oogenesis, this review illustrates how different approaches have been used to elucidate the pattern of expression of a few of the better-characterized genes.
Migration and Replication of the Germ Cell Line in Rana pipiens

Over the past several years we have undertaken a series of studies on germ cell migration in the anuran, Rana pipiens, during their endoderm phase, between the early tailbud stages 16, 17 (Shumway 1940) and the time when they emerge from the endoderm in the swimming larva (stage 22). They involve extirpation experiments and germ cell transfer experiments, utilizing the grafting techniques of Blackler (1962) and Gipouloux (1962). We have also made an analysis of gonocyte numbers in normal larvae at stage 25 (operculum complete), and their replication within the early gonad at later stages of development. These studies differ from earlier investigations in two important ways
On a class of zero-sum discrete games with delayed information

In this paper we obtain the complete solution to the following discrete zero-sum dynamic game with delayed information.
Internet of Things (IoTs) and Marketing: Conceptual Issues, Applications, and a Survey: An Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and evaluate the area of IoTs in marketing and its related sectors. The IoTs have grown multifold and will have a big impact on marketing and consumers in the USA and global markets. The paper reviews the IoTs-related literature and its interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary perspectives and related investigations. We specifically used over 90 conceptual and empirical studies which were published between 2009 and 2017. For interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research, we benchmarked studies such as Cheng et al. (2009, 2014), Fulmer and Ployhart (2014), Picone et al. (2014), and Siedlok and Hibbert (2014). Our common denominator and topics regarding finding relevant studies on IoTs was based on smart devices, controllers, sensors, actuators, Web-based areas, and technological advances. In addition to EBSCO and Business Source Complete, we used Web-based searches and publishers’ indexes (see Wiley, Elsevier/Science Direct, Springer, SAGE, Taylor & Francis, Palgrave, Routledge, etc.) which complemented the literature. These criteria helped us regarding retrieving interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary studies, surveys, and related investigations.
Educational Applications of Large Synthetic Power Grids

This paper describes the use of large electric grids in university electric power system courses. Since much actual power system information is not publicly available, the application of public domain synthetic grids developed by the authors is presented including a 2000-bus grid. Discussion of the educational applications utilized in a senior level class are given for power flow analysis and sensitivity, economic dispatch, contingency analysis, optimal power flow (OPF), security-constrained OPF, transient stability, and real-time dynamic operations. In each of these, the application of the large synthetic grids give students insights and experience with cases closer to actual power systems in complexity and size.
Design and Characterization of a Novel Robotic Surface for Application to Compressed Physical Environments

Developments of robot arms are countless, but there has been little focus on robot surfaces for the reshaping of a habitable space—especially compliant surfaces. In this paper we introduce a novel, tendon-driven, robot surface comprised of aggregated, overlapping panels organized in a herringbone pattern. The individual 3D-printed panels and their behavior as an aggregation are inspired by the form and behavior of a pinecone. This paper presents our concept, design, and realization of this robot, and compares our prototype to simulations of four physical configurations that are formally distinct and suggestive of how the surface might be applied to habitable, physical space in response to human needs and wants. For the four configurations studied, we found a validating match between prototype and simulations. The paper concludes with a consideration of potential applications for robot surfaces like this one.
100 years of Electromagnetic Waves in Random Media

This paper gives a summary of the key research developments of electromagnetic waves in random media during the past 100 years, emphasizing the statistical multiple scattering theories applied to geophysical remote sensing and imaging of biological media by electromagnetic, optical, and ultrasound waves. This summary also includes considerations of integration of random media theories and signal processing. Radiative transfer theories have been extensively applied to remote sensing, imaging, and detection; recent developments include coherent effects in multiple scattering, acoustic multi-physics, and time-reversal imaging. This paper concludes with a discussion of possible future studies and research development.
Stickiness of sugar syrups with and without particles

Abstract Stickiness of sugar solutions causes problems in various food products and operations. In this study, the effects of glucose syrup type (dextrose equivalent) and crystalline particles on stickiness of sugar solutions with water contents from 10 to 20% were determined. Four different corn syrups with varying dextrose equivalence (DE) were used to determine the effects of polysaccharide distribution on sugar syrup stickiness. The effects of particles (zirconium oxide beads (Zr2O3), fondant sucrose and granular sucrose crystals) on the surface were then evaluated to gain a better understanding of their role in reducing syrup stickiness. Stickiness was measured as tack force and work of adhesion with a texture analyzer and correlated with water content and glass transition temperature (Tg). Both tack force and work of adhesion increased to a maximum as moisture content decreased from 20% down to between 11 and 13%. Below this water content, work of adhesion decreased as syrups underwent a transition from cohesive to adhesive failure. Similar behavior was shown for T-Tg. In general, lower DE caused a reduction in both tack force and work of adhesion without a significant change in Tg. Particles at the surface, regardless of their size or origin, decreased stickiness approximately linearly with increasing surface coverage, verifying the hypothesis that a reduction in the surface area of amorphous sugar in contact with the probe causes a direct reduction in stickiness. Stickiness of a partially-crystalline coating layer was correlated to moisture content and the extent of surface coverage of particles.
Two-photon absorption line shapes in the transit-time limit.

A weak excitation transit-time resolution limited analytic line shape is derived for a Doppler broadening-free degenerate two-photon transition from a standing wave with a TEM00 transverse profile. This approximation is appropriate when the collisional mean free path is much larger than the transverse width of the TEM00 beam. It is considerably simpler than the two-photon absorption line shape previously published, Borde, C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. B 282, 341–344 (1976), which was derived for more general experimental conditions. The case of a saturating field, with an intensity-dependent shift of the resonance frequency, is treated and expressed in reduced units. Numerical calculations are presented for the line shape for a range of the reduced intensity and light intensity shifts values.
Buckwheat self-assembling peptide-based hydrogel: Preparation, characteristics and forming mechanism

Abstract The synthetic self-assembly peptides are the main building blocks for the multifunctional hydrogels, but they have safety-related issues. However, the generation of self-assembly peptides from the plant-sourced proteins has not been attempted. This study aimed to demonstrate a scalable mild enzymatic approach for generating peptides (∼3.4 kDa) with robust hydrogel-forming capacity from buckwheat proteins. The peptides produced using this method exhibited a smooth and uniform micromorphology and high self-aggregation ability, and their hydrogels presented a porous texture and remarkable rheological properties. Further studies showed that the hydrophobic aggregation and the interchange of sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds, in particular hydrogen bonding, dominated the formation of peptide hydrogels. Proteomics analysis demonstrated regularly alternating and representative amino acid compositions of the self-assembly peptides responsible for potent hydrogel formation. The findings offered opportunities for the use of natural peptide-based hydrogels in a range of applications that relied on their synthetic counterparts.
Non-Commutative Cryptography and Complexity of Group-Theoretic Problems

This book is about relations between three different areas of mathematics and theoretical computer science: combinatorial group theory, cryptography, and complexity theory. It explores how non-commutative (infinite) groups, which are typically studied in combinatorial group theory, can be used in public-key cryptography. It also shows that there is remarkable feedback from cryptography to combinatorial group theory because some of the problems motivated by cryptography appear to be new to group theory, and they open many interesting research avenues within group theory. In particular, a lot of emphasis in the book is put on studying search problems, as compared to decision problems traditionally studied in combinatorial group theory. Then, complexity theory, notably generic-case complexity of algorithms, is employed for cryptanalysis of various cryptographic protocols based on infinite groups, and the ideas and machinery from the theory of generic-case complexity are used to study asymptotically dominant properties of some infinite groups that have been applied in public-key cryptography so far. This book also describes new interesting developments in the algorithmic theory of solvable groups and another spectacular new development related to complexity of group-theoretic problems, which is based on the ideas of compressed words and straight-line programs coming from computer science.
Training Better Medical Students: A 2015 Update of The Graduate Medical Sciences Master's Program at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center

The TTUHSC Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences has developed a 2-year non-thesisGraduate Medical Sciences (GMS) Master's program (http://www.ttuhsc.edu/gsbs/mspremedsci.aspx) designed for studen...
Switching Transients in Wound Rotor Induction Motors [includes discussion]

This paper presents an analysis of the transients that occur when voltage is suddenly applied across the terminals of an induction motor, with and without a connected capacitor. In wound rotor motors, the transient currents are reduced by connecting resistance in the rotor circuit, but transient voltages then appear across the slip rings. Both current and voltage transients are increased when capacitors are connected across the stator terminals. Calculated curves and test oscillograms are given for the transient currents when voltage was applied to the terminals of a 4-pole 3,000-horsepower wound rotor induction motor, with an external resistance across the slip rings, with and without a capacitor. The calculations and tests confirm the wellknown rule that, when there is an appreciable reactance between the power source and the motor, and when voltage is suddenly applied, the peak transient voltage on the motor capacitor unit will rise above the steady-state voltage. If the capacitor kilovolt-amperes (kva) exceed the motor magnetizing kva, the steady-state voltage will be higher than the source voltage, and the motor voltage will also rise above its steady-state value when the motor is disconnected. It is shown that the capacitor increases the time constant of voltage decay by the factor v/1-Kv2, approximately, where K is the ratio of capacitor to magnetizing kva, and v is the per unit motor speed. If Kv2>1, E builds up instead of decaying.
Accountability and Effectiveness in Homeland Security

In response to the continued terror threat facing the United States, counterterrorism measures must be developed that are both effective and meet accountability standards. This paper approaches the issue by: (1) proposing a matrix facilitating the measurement of the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of a particular counterterrorism measure; and (2) proposing an accountability matrix for measuring the effectiveness of particular measures. The paper's central focus is developing criteria for measuring effective counterterrorism - premised on the rule of law, policy considerations, and the limits of power. If utilized, these criteria will provide empirical evidence that particular counterterrorism measures in actuality contribute to effective and legal counterterrorism.
Privatization in the Last Frontier

For 28 years Alaska, like the vast majority of the nation, has struggled with growing prison populations and shrinking budgets. In 1995, the Alaska Department of Corrections, faced with sanctions unless they ameliorated their crowded prison conditions, looked to the popular practice of contracting out its correctional operations by sending 650 prisoners to a private out-of-state prison. But, as the costs of prisoner litigation and transportation mounted, the state began to consider building its own private prison, a decision which many state lawmakers and business entrepreneurs argued would allow the state to stretch scarce dollars by providing cheaper and better quality prisons, return millions of dollars to the state economy, and create permanent jobs. In this decision case, students are required to put themselves in the role of the Alaska Legislature to determine whether they should permit the building and operation of a private prison in one of Alaska's remote communities. The students must analyze and juggle the complex and often competing set of objectives, values, and political tensions intrinsic to all privatization decisions.
Labor Regulation, Employment and Informality: Evidence from the Retail Sector in India

A new dataset of 1,948 retail stores in India compiled by the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys shows that 27% of the stores find labor regulations as a problem for their business. Using these data we analyze the effect of labor regulations on employment at the store level. We find that stricter labor regulations have a strong negative effect on employment. Our estimates show that labor reforms are likely to increase employment by 22% of the current level for an average store. We also address the issue of informality in the country's retail sector. Our findings suggest that more stringent labor laws encourage firms to operate in the relatively less efficient informal retail sector where labor laws are hardly implemented. According to our estimates, labor reforms could reduce the level of informality by as much as 33% of the current level.
Technological Entry Barriers and Economic Nationalism in Underdeveloped Countries: Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) and United Fruit Company in Colombia

The US corporations United Fruit and Standard Oil (New Jersey) have been historically considered the purest representatives of American imperialism in Latin America, generating strong nationalist feelings and hostile actions from both working classes and local elites. By studying these two companies' operations in Colombia, this article analyzes how and why nationalism towards these multinationals differed from each other. I argue that the differences in the technological entry barriers between the banana and the oil industry strongly influenced nationalist policies at the government level. In the case of the low-entry banana sector, elite wanted limited government intervention because they were themselves active participants in this industry. The high costs of the oil industry, by contrast, encouraged elites to ally with the government to gain a foothold in this industry.
Demographic influences on Latinos political empowerment: comparative local illustrations.

How do Latinos gain local political power, given their demographic proportions and characteristics in a community's population? This paper examines the influences of population structure, socioeconomic factors, and residential patterns on the process by which Latinos have translated their numbers into an effective political presence in five California cities. The distinctive routes to empowerment evidenced in these cities reveal the varied possibilities local demographic settings may offer and the sensitivity of different election systems to those settings. Two alternatives are considered: (1) a change from election at large to election by single-member district, or (2) augmentation of Latinos' citywide voting strength in deciding the second- or third-place winner in a multi-member at-large election format. The findings can inform local districting efforts planned around the 2000 census. Their implications extend more broadly to courts applying laws intended to safeguard minority voting rights; and to public policies aimed at balancing interests that unify a community and those that may divide its members.
Cryobiology of platelets: I. Aminopeptidase activity as a measure of intactness of platelets in vitro

Summary In order to achieve the discrimination necescesary to evaluate the effects of freezing, storage
The University of Minnesota Youth and AIDS Projects Adolescent Early Intervention Program: a model to link HIV-seropositive youth with care.

Abstract The survival of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive adolescents may be abbreviated by delays in health care delivery. Methods of linking youth with services have not been well studied. With support from the Special Projects of National Significance Program, the Youth and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Projects’ (YAP) Adolescent Early Intervention Program offers early intervention health care services to all affected youth in Minnesota, a state with mandatory reporting of HIV/AIDS cases. The conceptual framework is a novel application of traditional public health disease surveillance strategies to link HIV-positive adolescents with health care services. The target population is composed of all 13–22-year-old HIV-positive persons reported to the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). MDH staff locate and contact HIV-positive youth, conduct structured interviews regarding health status and needs, and facilitate enrollment at YAP. Sixteen male and 20 female participants (mean age 21 years; 56% people of color; 32% gay or bisexual) reported serious health risks, including inconsistent condom use (83%), poverty (78%), high school dropout (56%), unemployment (50%), illegal conduct (50%), medical debt (42%), unstable living situations (33%), running away (33%), substance abuse (33%) and attempted suicide (28%). More than one third reported each of six HIV-related symptoms. Seventy-five percent of participants sought advocacy/case coordination; 56%, clinical trials of experimental therapies; and 50%, vocational training and access to entitlement/eligibility programs. Linking HIV-positive youth to care is a valuable extension of the work of disease intervention specialists in states with similar reporting systems.
Energy, Balance, and Armagnac

An exhaustive study has been made of a newly-discovered object of astronomical interest, Armagnac. Celestial coordinates are not available at this time. In several follow-up studies the position of the object (and of the observers) will be determined as closely as possible.
Proteinase Enzyme System of Lactic Streptococci II. Role of Membrane Proteinase in Cellular Function

The effect of several environmental conditions on the structure and activity of a membrane-associated proteinase from Streptococcus lactis was investigated. The activity of the enzyme varied with pH. Before storage at 3 C, maximal activity occurred at pH 6.0, but was minimal at this pH after storage. At all pH values tested, the enzyme was inactivated after storage. After storage at 3 C, the enzyme showed gross structural alterations with a concomitant loss of activity. Gel filtration and sedimentation velocity data indicated that inactivation of the enzyme was the result of aggregation to higher molecular weight forms. p-Hydroxymercuribenzoate prevented inactivation of the enzyme during storage by preventing aggregation. Activity was correlated with disaggregation of polymer forms of the enzyme to an active monomer. The storage-inactivated enzyme could be reactivated by treatment of the enzyme with cysteine, glutathione, or ferrous ion. Glutathione enabled stored cells to produce acid at their original rate when subcultured in milk. This was attributed to the effect of glutathione on the membrane proteinase. The data suggested that the biological activity of stored cells may be dependent upon the activity of the membrane proteinase.
NOTICE OF TRANSFER OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI PALEONTOLOGY COLLECTIONS TO CINCINNATI MUSEUM CENTER

The university of Cincinnati invertebrate paleontology collections were transferred to Cincinnati Museum Center (formerly The Cincinnati Museum of Natural History in part), through the combined effort of N. C. Hughes, formerly of Cincinnati Museum Center, now at the University of California Riverside, E. Merritt of Cincinnati Museum Center, and D. L. Meyer of the University of Cincinnati. The University of Cincinnati transferred its vertebrate paleontology collections to the Cincinnati Museum Center in 1987, under the guidance of H. G. McDonald (formerly of Cincinnati Museum Center, now at Hagerman Fossil …
Physicians' comfort in caring for patients with chronic nonmalignant pain.

ABSTRACT Background More than 100 million U.S. adults experience chronic nonmalignant pain. Many physicians are uncomfortable managing such patients. We sought to determine the timing and intensity of training that primary care physicians receive in chronic pain treatment, and the effect of training on their comfort in managing patients. Methods The 4P Study was a cross-sectional study conducted at 12 academic medical centers in the United States. More than 500 primary care physicians completed a survey regarding their attitudes toward patients with chronic nonmalignant pain and their education in chronic pain management. Results We received 572 surveys out of 753 distributed. The respondents’ mean age was 35 years; 64% were white, non-Hispanic and 41% were women. Eighty-eight percent were internists, and mean years spent in practice were 7.6. Fifty-seven percent of the physicians felt that they should serve as the principal doctor managing patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Only 34% of physicians felt comfortable in managing patients with chronic pain. More intensive education after entry into practice was associated with the highest comfort level. Conclusions Most primary care physicians are not comfortable treating patients with chronic nonmalignant pain. Education increases primary care physicians’ comfort in managing these patients. Increased comfort was associated with the willingness of primary care physicians to take charge of managing chronic pain. In addition, physician comfort is greatest when pain management skills are taught after residency training.
Development of an integrated approach for the stability testing of flavonoids and ascorbic acid in powders

Abstract An integrated approach for determining the stability of flavonoids and ascorbic acid in powders was developed. A rapid analyte solubility procedure was used to decide whether HPLC, GLC, or NMR would best serve to measure the stability of each flavonoid. Both the flavonoid under study and ascorbic acid were measured in one analysis with any of the determinative methods. Seventeen flavonoids of differing types, as well as ascorbic acid, were evaluated to establish the approach. The effects of storage relative humidity (RH) on the stability of several flavonoid powders with and without ascorbic acid were then determined. Quercetin, luteolin, taxifolin, naringenin, and naringin were stable for up to 8 weeks in RHs up to 98%, and ascorbic acid was significantly destroyed in the presence of quercetin, luteolin, and taxifolin at 98% RH. Both grape anthocyanins and ascorbic acid were unstable in the presence of each other at 98% RH. The integrated approach could be used for shelf-life testing of powdered flavonoids under a variety of storage conditions.
On the thermodynamics of periodic phases

A computer system has been developed to handle archiving and analysis of data acquired during operations of the Continuous Wave Deuterium Demonstrator (CWDD). Data files generated by the CWDD Instrumentation and Control system are transferred across a local area network to the CWDD Archive system where they are enlisted into the archive and stored on removeable media optical disk drives. A relational database management system maintains an on-line database catalog of all archived files. This database contains information about file contents and formats, and holds signal parameter configuration tables needed to extract and interpret data from the files. Software has been developed to assist the selection and retrieval of data on demand based upon references in the catalog. Data retrieved from the archive is transferred to commercial data visualization applications for viewing, plotting and analysis.
Diadem X: Automated 4 Dimensional Analysis of Morphological Data

The development of multi-photon imaging technique has greatly facilitated in vivo time-lapse imaging and enables comparison of the fine morphological structures of individual neurons over time. Despite the fact that 4D data acquisition has become easier and can be applied to a variety of brain tissues, both in vivo and in tissue slices, the analysis of these 4D data remains extremely laborious and painstaking. Manual analysis greatly limits the pace of research and introduces errors. Recent work suggests that an automated dynamic analysis tool can be successfully applied to time-lapse images of cultured neurons,1 which are flat and relatively simple. So far no such automated analysis program has yet been reported for in vivo 4D image analysis, which poses several technical challenges, including alignment of complex 3 dimensional structures across time points, and identification of persistent and dynamic structures. The goals of the Diadem Challenge were to generate algorithms for automated reconstruction of light microscope images of 3D neural structures. Quantitative characterization of neuronal structure will be extremely valuable for the identification of cell types, to establish and interpret neuronal connectivity maps, for comparative analysis across individuals, brain regions or experimental conditions, and to identify plasticity events and mechanisms that regulate plasticity, for instance by analysis of the structure of neurons from animals of different genotypes or with different experience or training. These goals are based on the premise that neuronal morphology is stereotypic, so that data from single reconstructions are meaningful within a dataset. Participants of the Diadem Challenge explored different model-based algorithms based on either local voxel information or global objective function of the image to automatically reconstruct the neuronal structure.2 The ultimate goal is to achieve completely automated reconstruction with high precision and efficiency. Progress demonstrated by participants of the Diadem Challenge indicates that the development of algorithms for automated reconstruction of neuronal structures is very promising and will be able to significantly facilitate supervised reconstruction of neurons in complex data sets. This progress is very exciting and will have a huge impact on current research in basic neuroscience and as it pertains to human disease. One important advance from this point will be to automate analysis of time-lapse imaging data. Applications of automated analysis of time-lapse imaging data include analysis of the development of neuronal structure and acquisition of cell type specific morphological features, analysis of mechanisms of structural plasticity, and events underlying degenerative and regenerative events.
Mental Health and the Teacher

The emotional atmosphere in a classroom setting is important to the experiences of all students. That atmosphere is affeected by the emotional stability of the teacher. A teacher with personal mental health problems can have a detrimental effect upon all of those students who are associated with him or her. There are a variety of courses and contributing factors of mental health problems. Certain signs and symptoms, at times, can be identified that relate to emotional difficulties. It is important that measures be identified to help teachers with emotional problems. This is not always an easy task, yet it is necessary if the teaching-learning environment is to be of a positive nature. School administrators, teacher preparation programs, teaching peers, and self-analysis all should play a role in identifying one's teaching. This is a task that no one person or agency can accomplish alone. Though often felt to be an uncomfortable issue with which to deal, all educators must become increasingly aware of the problem and be willing to work toward greater emotional health of all teachers.
Dietary regulation of glycolytic enzymes. I. Adaptive changes in rat jejunum.

1. 1. The effects of dietary fructose, sucrose, glucose, casein and fasting upon the activity of several glycolytic enzymes [fructokinase (ketohexokinase, EC 2.7.1.3), hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1), glucokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.2), Fru-I-P aldolase (ketose-I-phosphate aldehyde-lyase, EC 4.1.2.7), Fru-I,6-P2 aldolase (fructose-I,6-diphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13) and aldose reductase (alditol:NADP+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.21)] were studied in the jejunum of rats. 2. 2. Individual sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) have specific carbohydrate effects on certain jejunal glycolytic enzymes. Fructose had a specific adaptive effect upon fructokinase and Fru-I-P aldolase, while glucose exerted its adaptive effect upon hexokinase and glucokinase. The addition of calories in the form of casein to fasted rats caused a non-specific increase in the activity of all jejunal glycolytic enzymes studied. 3. 3. Changes in rat jejunal glycolytic enzymes due to diet reflect those in rat liver. 4. 4. The ratio of Fru-I,6-P2/Fru-I-P adolase activities in the liver activities was close to 1.0 for all diets whereas in the jejunum the ratio of activities is altered by diet. The fact that the jejunal activity ratio was lower than I in fructose-fed rats suggests that the intestine may contain an aldolase with different properties from those in other tissues.
MRI of Cartilage

Evaluation of articular cartilage plays an integral role in the assessment of the musculoskeletal system. Osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent chronic disease affecting millions of Americans and is one of the most common causes of disability in the United States. Many individuals in our country and worldwide also suffer from the debilitating effects of inflammatory, crystalline-induced, and infectious arthritis. New medical and surgical treatment options are now available to treat these individuals. However, noninvasive methods are needed to identify patients who can be treated early and aggressively to prevent future morbidity and to monitor the response to medical and surgical interventions. Due to its high spatial resolution, multiplanar capability, and excellent tissue contrast, MRI is the noninvasive modality of choice for evaluating articular cartilage in both the clinical and the research setting. Cartilage imaging in the past has focused primarily on large joints such as the knee and hip. However, with recent development of high field strength scanners, three-dimensional cartilage-sensitive sequences, and multichannel coils, images of joints with higher spatial resolution, thinner slices, and greater tissue contrast can be obtained in clinically feasible scan times. With this new technology, MRI is now being used to evaluate the articular cartilage of the shoulder, elbow, ankle, and small joints of the upper and lower extremity. This edition of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America gives a broad overview
Inorganic–Polymer Composite Membranes for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Composite membranes consisting primarily of a polymer and an inorganic proton conducting particle or a proton conducting polymer containing inorganic particles for use as proton exchange membranes in low and intermediate temperature fuel cells are reviewed. The chemistry of major inorganic additives that have been used is described in terms of their structure and intrinsic ability to conduct protons. Composites are classified in terms of four main classes: inorganic proton conductors suspended in inert polymers; inorganic particles added to extend polymeric ionomers; inorganic proton conductors blended with polymeric ionomers; and polymer acid complexes between basic polymers and acidic inorganic particles.
The Prosthodontic Management of Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Literature Review. Part I. Success and Failure Data, Treatment Concepts

Part I of this three-part literature review discusses the incidence of endodontic treatment required after prosthodontic procedures, whether crowns are needed on endodontically treated teeth, the primary purpose of posts, the causes of post and core failure, root fracture incidence data, and post design considerations. Pertinent questions are addressed based on the past 25 years of dental literature.
Wide-temperature-range kinetics of the BO reactions with O2, HCl, and CO2, comparison to AlO reactions

Rate coefficients for the title BO reactions have been measured by using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) in high-temperature reactors. The results obtained are, for BO+O 2 →BO 2 +O (1), k (298–960 K)=7.9×10 −12 exp(161 K/ T ), and for BO+HCl→products (2), k (293–760 K)=6.3×10 −13 exp(−1403 K/ T ), bothin units of cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . Upper limits are found for BO+CO 2 →products (3). Reactions 1 and 2 have preexponentials two orders of magnitude smaller than the corresponding AlO reactions. Evidence is presented suggesting that all six reactions proceed through complexes, which for BO are thought to readily dissociate back to the reactants. This would explain why reaction 3 is too slow for observation. That reaction, and its reverse, were considered as very sensitive in models for B/O/H/C system combustion.