cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Searching for Light Relics with LSS

Light thermal relics of the hot big bang are one of the primary targets of cosmological measurements. At present, the energy density in such relics is constrained to be less than ten percent of the total energy density in radiation. Upcoming cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, however, have the potential to measure the radiation density at the one-percent level, which is close to well-motivated theoretical targets. In this chapter, we explore to what degree the CMB observations can be enhanced by future large-scale structure surveys. We carefully isolate the information encoded in the shape of the galaxy power spectrum and in the spectrum of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). We find that measurements of the shape of the power spectrum can significantly improve on current and near-term CMB experiments. We also propose a modified analysis of BAO data and show that the phase shift induced by relic neutrinos in the BAO spectrum can be detected at high significance in future experiments.
Age-related outcomes in laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair: Is there a “too old” for antireflux surgery?

Minimally invasive antireflux surgery has been shown to be safe and effective for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) in elderly patients. However, there is a paucity of data on the influence of advanced age on long-term quality of life (QoL) and perioperative outcomes after laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS). A retrospective study of patients undergoing LARS between February 2012 and June 2018 at a single institution was conducted. Patients were divided into four age categories. Perioperative data and quality of life (QOL) outcomes were collected and analyzed. A total of 492 patients, with mean follow-up of 21 months post surgery, were included in the final analysis. Patients were divided into four age-determined subgroups (< 50:75, 50–65:179, 65–75:144, ≥ 75:94). Advancing age was associated with increasing likelihood of comorbid disease. Older patients were significantly more likely to require Collis gastroplasty (OR 2.09), or concurrent gastropexy (OR 3.20). Older surgical patients also demonstrated increased operative time (s 6.29, p < .001), length of hospital stay (s 0.56, p < .001) in addition to increased likelihood of intraoperative complications (OR 2.94, p = .003) and reoperations (OR 2.36, p < .05). However, postoperative QoL outcomes and complication rates were parallel among all age groups. Among older patients, there is a greater risk of intraoperative complications, reoperation rates as well as longer operative time and LOS after LARS. However, a long-term QoL benefit is demonstrated among elderly patients who have undergone this procedure. Rather than serving as an exclusion criterion for surgical intervention, advanced age among chronic reflux patients should instead represent a comorbidity addressed in the planning stages of LARS.
Biomarkers for prostate cancer

The detection of prostate cancer using a blood test has by many standards changed the face of the disease. Despite this tremendous success, there are limitations attributed to the use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a means to screen and detect prostate cancer. PSA, as its name implies, is not specific for prostate cancer and as such is often found elevated in other prostatic diseases/symptoms associated with the aging male. Clearly, more specific marker(s) that could identify which individuals actually have prostate cancer and differentiate them from those without the disease would be of tremendous value. The search for more accurate and clinically useful biomarkers of prostate cancer has been extensive. This has focused on individual markers, as well as groups of markers. Included among these are PSA isoforms, pathological indicators and stains, nucleic acids and others. This article highlights the discovery of PSA as a first blood-based biomarker for prostate cancer detection, as well as other molecular biomarkers and their potential application in detection of the disease.
The Effect of a Fermented Soy-Based Dietary Food Product on Blood Lipids in Individuals at High Risk for Cardiovascular Disease

Objectives Previous reports indicate that intake of some soy products may be associated with improvements in blood lipids but few studies examined fermented soy foods. Q CAN PLUS® is a functional food product derived from fermented soybeans. To evaluate the effects of fermented soy on cardiovascular risk factors, we implemented a clinical trial to compare the effects of the fermented soy powder (Q CAN PLUS®) against a placebo (sprouted brown rice powder) in individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases.
Kriging-Based Design for Robust High-Performance Control Systems

AbstractHigh-performance control systems (HPCS) are sophisticated vibration-mitigation devices that include active, semiactive, and hybrid systems. HPCS leverage feedback mechanisms to dynamically ...
Point-of-care Ultrasound Detection of Cataract in a Patient with Vision Loss: A Case Report.

Author(s): Dornhofer, Kyle; Alkhattabi, Marawan; Lahham, Shadi | Abstract: Background: Point-of-care ocular ultrasound in the emergency department (ED) is an effective tool for promptly evaluating for several vision-threatening etiologies and can be used to identify more slowly progressing etiologies as well, such as cataract formation within the lens.Case Report: A 62-year-old female presented to the ED with a two-day history of painless vision loss of the left eye as well as reduced vision for the prior 30 days.Conclusion: Point-of-care ultrasound was performed and showed calcification of the lens consistent with cataract.
The Millennials Acts in Finance

This paper demonstrates that the Millennials exhibit a unique personality treats that has implications on their portfolio choice, and hence on the stock market. Specifically, Millennials display greater propensity to participate in the stock market, exhibit more confident, as they trade more frequently, and more diverse (invest more in many stocks and foreign assets). At the macro level, we find that the stock market behaves differently surrounding holidays, and the statistical significance of key financial anomalies disrupted. Collectively, we infer that the financial market not only exposed to business cycles, but also to generation cycles.
Post-Vaccination Yellow Fever Antiserum Reduces Zika Virus in Embryoid Bodies When Placental Cells are Present

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that originated in Africa but emerged in Latin America in 2015. In this region, other flaviviruses such as Dengue (DENV), West Nile, and Yellow Fever virus (YFV) also circulate, allowing for possible antigenic cross-reactivity to impact viral infections and immune responses. Studies have found antibody-mediated enhancement between DENV and ZIKV, but the impact of YFV antibodies on ZIKV infection has not been fully explored. ZIKV infections cause congenital syndromes, such as microcephaly, necessitating further research into ZIKV vertical transmission through the placental barrier. Recent advancements in biomedical engineering have generated co-culture methods that allow for the in vitro recapitulation of the maternal-fetal interface. This study utilized a transwell assay, which was a co-culture model utilizing human placental syncytiotrophoblasts, fetal umbilical cells, and a differentiating embryoid body, to replicate the maternal-fetal axis. To determine if cross-reactive YFV vaccine antibodies impacted the pathogenesis of ZIKV across the maternal-fetal axis, syncytiotrophoblasts were inoculated with ZIKV or ZIKV incubated with YFV vaccine antisera, and the viral load was measured 72 h post-inoculation. Here, we report that BeWo and HUVEC cells were permissive to ZIKV and that the impact of YFV post-vaccination antibodies on ZIKV replication was cell line-dependent. Embryoid bodies were also permissive to ZIKV, and the presence of YFV antibodies collected 4-14 months post-vaccination reduced ZIKV infection when placental cells were present. However, when directly infected with ZIKV, the embryoid bodies displayed significantly increased viral loads in the presence of YFV antiserum taken 30 days post-vaccination. The data show that each of the cell lines and EBs have a unique response to ZIKV complexed with post-vaccination serum, suggesting there may be cell-specific mechanisms that impact congenital ZIKV infections. Since ZIKV infections can cause severe congenital syndromes, it is crucial to understand any potential enhancement or protection offered from cross-reactive, post-vaccination antibodies.
Siderophore Receptor and Porin Protein Technology for Control of Salmonella and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in Cattle

Siderophore receptor and porin protein vaccine technology is a new tool to control clinical and subclinical bacterial disease in cattle through protection of exposed animals and decreased shedding in animals with enteric bacterial colonization. Data in this review have shown that the immune system of animals normally doesn't recognize SRP proteins. However, if primed the immune system will continue to increase the titer against these proteins without re-vaccination. These novel subunit Escherichia coli and salmonella vaccines have shown to decrease mortality and condemnation while increasing the performance in fed turkeys. The salmonella and E. coli 0157:H7 vaccines have shown to prevent mortality and decrease shedding of both salmonella and E. coli 0157:H7 in mice and cattle. The decrease in shedding and protection from subsequent disease leads to increased production, as illustrated by the results in dairy cow studies. After effectively demonstrating control of salmonella and E. coli, it is exciting to think of the potential that SRP vaccine technology has for control of numerous bacterial disease complexes in cattle such as bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), liver abscesses, footrot and pink eye.
Spectroscopic evidence for the direct involvement of local moments in the pairing process of the heavy-fermion superconductor CeCoIn 5

The microscopic mechanism for electron pairing in heavy-fermion superconductors remains a major challenge in quantum materials. Some form of magnetic mediation is widely accepted with spin fluctuations as a prime candidate. A novel mechanism, ``composite pairing'' based on the cooperative two-channel Kondo effect directly involving the $f$-electron moments, has also been proposed for some heavy-fermion compounds including ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$. The origin of the spin-resonance peak observed in neutron-scattering measurements on ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$ is still controversial and the corresponding hump-dip structure in the tunneling conductance is missing. This is in contrast to the cuprate and Fe-based high-temperature superconductors, where both characteristic signatures are observed, indicating spin fluctuations are likely involved in the pairing process. Here, we report results from planar tunneling spectroscopy along three major crystallographic orientations of ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$ over wide ranges of temperature and magnetic field. The pairing gap opens at ${T}_{\mathrm{p}}\ensuremath{\sim}5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, well above the bulk ${T}_{\mathrm{c}}=2.3\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, and its directional dependence is consistent with ${d}_{x2\ensuremath{-}y2}$ symmetry. With increasing magnetic field, this pairing gap is suppressed as expected but, intriguingly, a gaplike structure emerges smoothly, increasing linearly up to the highest field applied. This field-induced gaplike feature is only observed below ${T}_{\mathrm{p}}$. The concomitant appearance of the pairing gap and the field-induced gaplike feature, along with its linear increase with field, indicates that the $f$-electron local moments are directly involved in the pairing process in ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$.
Turning scientific serendipity into discoveries in breast cancer research and treatment: a tale of PhD students and a 50-year roaming tamoxifen team.

This retrospective, about a single “mobile” laboratory in six locations on two continents, is intended as a case study in discovery for trainees and junior faculty in the medical sciences. Your knowledge of your topic is necessary to expect the unexpected. In 1972, there was no tamoxifen, only ICI 46, 474, a non-steroidal anti-estrogen with little chance of clinical development. No one would ever be foolish enough to predict that the medicine, 20 years later, would achieve legendary status as the first targeted treatment for breast cancer, and millions of women would benefit from long-term adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. The secret of tamoxifen’s success was a translational research strategy proposed in the mid 1970’s. This strategy was to treat only patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer and deploy 5 or more years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy to prevent recurrence. Additionally, tamoxifen prevented mammary cancer in animals. Could the medicine prevent breast cancer in women? Tamoxifen and the failed breast cancer drug raloxifene became the first selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): a new drug group, discovered at the University of Wisconsin, Comprehensive Cancer Center. Serendipity can play a fundamental role in discovery, but there must be a rigorous preparation for the investigator to appreciate the possibility of a pending discovery. This article follows the unanticipated discoveries when PhD students “get the wrong answer.” The secret of success of my six Tamoxifen Teams was their technical excellence to create models, to decipher mechanisms, that drove the development of new medicines. Discoveries are listed that either changed women’s health or allowed an understanding of originally opaque mechanisms of action of potential therapies. These advances in women’s health were supported entirely by government-sponsored peer-reviewed funding and major philanthropy from the Lynn Sage Breast Cancer Foundation, the Avon Foundation, and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. The resulting lives saved or extended, families aided in a time of crisis and the injection of billions of dollars into national economies by drug development, is proof of the value of Federal or philanthropic investment into unencumbered research aimed at saving millions of lives.
Health requirements for advanced coal extraction systems

Health requirements were developed as long range goals for future advanced coal extraction systems which would be introduced into the market in the year 2000. The goal of the requirements is that underground coal miners work in an environment that is as close as possible to the working conditions of the general population, that they do not exceed mortality and morbidity rates resulting from lung diseases that are comparable to those of the general population, and that their working conditions comply as closely as possible to those of other industries as specified by OSHA regulations. A brief technique for evaluating whether proposed advanced systems meet these safety requirements is presented, as well as a discussion of the costs of respiratory disability compensation.
Elizabeth Oakes. The Luminescence of All Things Emily: A Series of Poems About Emily Dickinson and Those Close to Her.

Emily Dickinson is perhaps the most popular private figure in the history of reclusive authors. Elizabeth Oakes examines this paradox in The Luminescence of All Things Emily, which does exactly wha...
Intersections of Schubert varieties and other permutation array schemes

Using a blend of combinatorics and geometry, we give an algorithm for algebraically finding all flags in any zero-dimensional intersection of Schubert varieties with respect to three transverse flags, and more generally, any number of flags. The number of flags in a triple intersection is also a structure constant for the cohomology ring of the flag manifold. Our algorithm is based on solving a limited number of determinantal equations for each intersection (far fewer than the naive approach in the case of triple intersections). These equations may be used to compute Galois and monodromy groups of intersections of Schubert varieties. We are able to limit the number of equations by using the permutation arrays of Eriksson and Linusson, and their permutation array varieties, introduced as generalizations of Schubert varieties. We show that there exists a unique permutation array corresponding to each realizable Schubert problem and give a simple recurrence to compute the corresponding rank table, giving in particular a simple criterion for a Littlewood-Richardson coefficient to be 0. We describe pathologies of Eriksson and Linusson’s permutation array varieties (failure of existence, irreducibility, equidimensionality, and reducedness of equations), and define the more natural permutation array schemes. In particular, we give several counterexamples to the Readability Conjecture based on classical projective geometry. Finally, we give examples where Galois/monodromy groups experimentally appear to be smaller than expected.
Biobehavioral Factors Are Associated with Obesity in Puerto Rican Children

The purpose of this case-control study was to identify predictors of obesity among Puerto Rican children from Hartford, CT. The study included 53 prepubertal children, 31 girls and 22 boys, between 7 and 10 y of age. Children were classified as obese [n = 29, body mass index (BMI) >/= 85th percentile] or controls (n = 24, BMI < 85th percentile). Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that frequency of fruit juice consumption [odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI); 4.02, 1.48-10.95], hours of daily TV viewing (1.86, 1.02-3.42), maternal BMI (1.39, 1.10-1.77) and lower dairy product intake (0.41, 0.19-0.93) were associated with obesity. Television viewing was correlated (P < 0.05) with lower physical activity in girls, and with higher snacking frequency and sweets consumption in boys. Obese children were more likely than controls to have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures and to have experienced more ear infections and diarrhea during the previous year. Results provide evidence of the multifactorial nature of childhood obesity in this community.
Characterization and relevance of physicochemical interactions among components of a novel multiparticulate formulation for colonic delivery.

Abstract The primary objective of this study was to investigate potential interactions among a model drug (azathioprine; AZA), polymers and a divalent metal ion, which were utilized in the development of a novel multiparticulate formulation for colonic delivery. The approach involved preparation of beads by ionotropic gelation of deacylated gellan gum (DGG) in the presence of Ca 2+ ions, followed by coating with Eudragit ® S-100. Various possible physicochemical interactions among formulation components were characterized by DSC, FT-IR, XRPD, 1 H-NMR, and an isothermal stress test. Results of isothermal stress testing indicated that there was no significant interaction of AZA with DGG and Eudragit ® S-100. However, results of DSC and XRPD studies suggested that there could be interactions between AZA and DGG, and ionotropic gelation can affect the physical state of AZA, which may have implications for drug release characteristics and, physical and chemical stability. The results of FT-IR studies were suggestive of interactions of DGG with AZA and Eudragit ® S-100, and provided evidence for interactions of AZA and DGG with Ca 2+ ions. The electrostatic interaction of DGG with Ca 2+ was also supported by results of DSC studies while that between AZA and Ca 2+ was confirmed by 1 H-NMR studies. This study, to our knowledge, is first reported investigation in which the unique thermal property of gellan gum gels, and possible interactions between a drug and counter ions of an ionotropic agent have been demonstrated through bead characterization studies. The formation of AZA–Ca 2+ complex could have an impact on drug release kinetics, product stability and clinical efficacy for treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases or other diseases, which merit further investigation.
The New Photocrystallography

the field oflight-induced reactions in solids went through a “heroic” era,in which physical methods for characterizing the internalstructureofcrystalswerecompletelynon-existent.Itwasonlywith the development of methods for the determination ofmore complex molecular structures by X-ray diffraction thatsignificant progress could be made. A strong concerted effortto exploit the new crystallography to gain insight intochemical reactivity in the solid state was made by Schmidtand co-workers, starting in the 1960s.
Effects of long-term, low-dose growth hormone therapy on immune function and life expectancy of mice.

Abstract We have studied effects of long-term, low-dose growth hormone therapy on the immune function and life expectancy of Balb/c mice. Sixty male Balb/c mice were aged up to the time when they started showing signs of senescence and casual death (deaths started when they became 17 months old). The aged mice were divided into two groups of 26 mice each. One group received growth hormone (309 μg/mouse) subcutaneously twice a week for 13 weeks. The control group received an equal volume of saline for the same period. During this treatment period, 16 control mice died (61%) whereas only 2 of the hormone-treated micef died (7%). Four mice from each group were killed and immunological functions of splenocytes were evaluated. Hormone-treated mice had higher stimulation indices for pokeweek mitogen but not for Concanavalin-A. Total IgG production was decreased but IL-2, IL-2 and TNF production was increased. After a lag period of 4 weeks, growth hormone therapy was continued for another 6 weeks. One of the growth hormone treated mice died while the control group no longer existed. Splenocyte functions of the growth hormone treated mice were compared to those of young mice. The results showed no significant difference between cytokine production (IL-1, IL-2, TNF and IgG) in the young and the hormone treated groups. Stimulation induced by concanavalin-A and pokeweed mitogen however, was higher in the young group than the old group. The mortality curve obtained suggests that long-term low-dose growth hormone treatment prolongs life expectancy.
HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE MEASUREMENTS IN THE 4P 2P3/2 STATE OF 41K USING POLARIZATION QUANTUM-BEAT SPECTROSCOPY

A pump-and-probe approach was used to investigate polarization quantum beats resulting from hyperfine interactions in the resonant 4p${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ level of $^{41}\mathrm{K}$. Coherent time evolution of the electronic polarization was observed over eight radiative lifetimes of the 4p${\mathrm{}}^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ level. Analytical expressions for the resulting polarization beat signals were fitted to the data to determine the magnetic-dipole constant, A=3.325(15) MHz, and the electric-quadrupole constant, B=3.230(23) MHz. These results represent an improvement of about one order of magnitude over previous measurements.
Ready or Not, Here We Come: Retaining Hispanic and First-Generation Students in Postsecondary Education.

According to Census data (U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 2001), the Hispanic American population was the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States. If this trend continues, they will become the majority minority population in the near future. However, this accelerated growth pattern in the Hispanic population is not mirrored in higher education enrollment; indeed Hispanics are presently a highly underrepresented group in American colleges and universities. The focus of this article is to examine what is happening in the period between the initiation of the high school experience and the first years of undergraduate coursework in postsecondary education. The importance of a rigorous high school preparation is discussed and its relationship to college entrance examinations is explored. The role of Hispanic family demographics (e.g., socioeconomic status and educational level) also is examined. Recommendations to promote the success of Hispanic students include the need for an ext...
Squig sheets and some other squig fractal constructions

Squig intervals are a class of hierarchically constructed fractals introduced by the author. They can be visualized as the final outcome upon a straight interval of a suitable cascade of local perturbative “eddies” ruled by two processes called decimation and separation. Their theory is summarized and their scope is extended in several new directions, especially by introducing new forms of separation. Squig intervals are generalized in two dimensions, with fractal dimensions ranging from 1.2886 to 1.589. Squig sheets are constructed in three dimensional space with fractal dimensions ranging from 8/3 up. They should prove useful in modeling the fractal surfaces associated with turbulence and related phenomena. Squig intervals are constructed in three dimensions. Nonsymmetric “eddies” and the resulting squigs are tackled. Squig trees and intervals are drawn on unconventional lattices, either in the plane or in a prescribed fractal surface. Peyriere'sM systems are mentioned: their study includes the proof that the informal “renormalization” argument (involving a transfer matrix) is exact for squigs.
Alternative instructional strategies for creative and critical thinking in the accounting curriculum

Abstract In the midst of numerous accounting reform reports declaring that the memorization of accounting facts will no longer suffice, global economies have increased the pressure on universities to develop higher-order thinking skill curricula. This paper suggests that a consultative model of teaching can meet these challenges. From this framework, learning environments can be reshaped to support both the creative and critical thinking skills demanded by workplaces of the 21st century. In contrast to the passive reception of knowledge of teacher-centered classrooms, this style of teaching promotes active, student-centered learning. Importantly, a myriad of critical and creative thinking techniques, activities, and examples are detailed for developing accounting curricula in accordance with these views. Peripheral issues related to assessing higher-order thinking as well as cooperative grouping also are considered.
From the Lab to the Front Line: How Individual Biogerontologists Navigate their Contested Field.

Abstract This paper infuses a new perspective into scholarship on anti-aging science: the experiences of individual scientists as they have entered and navigated this controversial field. We draw on in-depth interviews with 43 prominent biogerontologists to accomplish three objectives. First, we highlight key factors that draw scientists into biogerontology – especially the unique and complex puzzles posed by aging. Second, we examine how biogerontologists define themselves and their research in relation to “anti-aging” science – particularly how scientists distance themselves from the tarnished history of the field and employ powerful language to distinguish legitimate from illegitimate scholarship, and science from industry. Finally, we explore how individual scientists manage any social, religious, and ethical objections to conducting “anti-aging” research — and the repertoire of responses they use to simultaneously dismantle objections and reinforce the legitimacy of their science. The analyses reveal how much is ultimately at stake for these individual scientists on the front line.
Cultural Competency as a Relational Process: Scenes From a Family Therapy Training Context in the Philippines

This article describes the experiences of a U.S.-based family therapy practitioner during a 3-week academic consultation in the Philippines. Revisioning the concept of cultural competency as a performance that occurs in relationship, the author shares three autoethnographic stories that illustrate cultural borderlands in the global arena of family therapy training and practice. The stories address (a) questioning dominant (U.S.) views of family therapy process, (b) deconstructing the multiple meanings of the clinical presenting problem “I've killed my child,” and (c) redefining the act of “cheating” as a performance of solidarity and relationship.
Nephrogenic adenoma mimicking carcinoma: a potential pitfall in cytodiagnosis.

Nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder and urethra is an uncommon benign lesion of the urinary epithelium that can cytologically and histologically mimic malignancy. We report on the cytologic findings of a case of nephrogenic adenoma of the urethra that mimicked malignancy in an 84-yr-old woman. The differential diagnosis of this problematic lesion is discussed, and the literature describing the cytologic features is reviewed.
Surface and mass fractals in vapor-phase aggregates.

Several types of fumed-silica aggregates with differing surface areas were studied over a wide range of spatial resolution by employing both light and neutron scattering. At intermediate length scales, between 100 and 1000 A\r{}, the aggregates are mass fractals with ${D}_{m}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}1.7--2.0, in basic agreement with simulations of aggregating clusters. At short length scales below 100 A\r{} where the nature of the surfaces of the primary particles dominates the scattering, some of the samples appear to be fractally rough. In particular, a higher surface area seems to be correlated not with smaller primary particles in the aggregates, as previously assumed, but with fractally rough surfaces having ${D}_{s}$ as high as 2.5. These may be the first materials discovered to have both mass and surface fractal structure.
Potential of a 3-Dimensional Halo Charge Distribution

A simple method for obtaining the expression of the electrical potential for a 3-dimensional non-uniform charge distribution is given. It is shown how the method can be used to obtain the expression for a 3-dimensional halo distribution.
Titrimetric, coulometric and spectrophotometric determination of manganese following perchloric acid oxidation in the presence of pyrophosphate

Manganese is oxidized quantitatively to a violet, tervalent pyrophosphate in a boiling mixture of equal parts of perchloric acid and phosphoric add. This Mn(III) can be titrated potentiometrically or coulometrically with iron(II); it can also be measured spectrophotometrically. If the titrimetric method is carried out with titanium (III) or chromium(II), iron can also be titrated immediately after the manganese. The methods were applied to a new reference sample, ISU 600 Manganiferous Iron Ore, and to manganese ore, spiegeleisen, ferromanganese, and rail steel. Manganese(II) oxalate dihydrate has been reinvestigated as a primary standard and is highly recommended.
The Roles of Phytohormones in Development as Studied in Transgenic Plants

Abstract The study of transgenic plants has greatly advanced our understanding of the control of development and metabolism. The ability to isolate and modify genes greatly extends the range of what is technically feasible. In the area of hormone biology, transgenic plants have helped to elucidate the pathways of synthesis, the metabolic control points, and the biological functions of the various phytohormones. This review covers the available genes that modulate the metabolism and perception of the phytohormones. One of the most significant conclusions coming out of transgenic plant work is the complex interaction among the different classes of phytohormones. For example, increasing the level of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in a plant has the secondary effect of inducing ethylene biosynthesis. This complication can be circumvented by combining transgenic plants modulating multiple hormones or through the use of available mutants. In this manner, transgenic plants have been utilized to unambiguous...
INFECTIVITY OF BDDOD PRODUCTS IN NURSERY ACQUIRED CMV (NACMV) IN NEWBORNS (NB)

Weekly CMV cultures as well as admission and discharge CMV serologies were performed on 400 NB in an ongoing NICU study of NACMV. Seven of 106 (6.6%) NB hospitalized for > 4 wks acquired CMV, 3 were symptomatic. Blood from 28 ELISA+ and 13 IgM−FA+ units was administered to the 7 NB who acquired CMV. Forty-eight seronegative(S-) NB received blood from the 28 ELISA+ units. Nineteen of the 48 remained hospitalized >14 days following their last ELISA+ transfusion: 6/19 became culture positive(C+) and seropositive(S+), and 5/19 became S+. A transfusion of 8 ml of blood from 1 ELISA+, IgM-FA+ unit was the only blood product received by one of the S- NB, and he became C+ 4 wks later, at 8 wks of age. Twenty ml of this same unit were administered to another S- NB who became C+ at 19 wks of age, 3 wks after the transfusion. In addition, 1 NB who was S+ at birth received 11 ml from the same unit 4 wks before becoming C+ at 8 wks of life. Thus 3 of the 7 NB with NACMV apparently acquired infection from 1 ELISA+, IgM−FA+ unit. However, another NB received 3 ml from this same unit and remained uninfected. Twelve of 34 initially S+ study NB reverted to S-. It appears that seropositivity at birth may not provide long term protection against NACMV. In addition, small volumes from an infectious unit can transmit CMV to more than 1 susceptible NB, but all susceptible recipients may not become infected.
Hurricane Gilbert strikes Jamaica: Linking disaster recovery to development

Abstract This study evaluates long‐term housing recovery in Jamaica following Hurricane Gilbert of 1988. Particular emphasis is placed on the impacts of a large scale housing aid program initiated by international donor agencies and the Jamaican government. Data were obtained through a survey of 240 households in disaster‐stricken areas and through in‐depth open‐ended interviews of key informants. Householders and informants were asked to respond to questions on disaster impacts and recovery strategies used in rebuilding. Implications of the Hurricane Gilbert experience for improving disaster recovery and development efforts are then discussed. Finally, a proposed strategy for developing recovery planning programs, which emphasizes local participation and initiative, is presented.
The search for high‐temperature superconductors

Since 1911 superconductivity at room temperature has been the dream of scientists and science‐fiction writers alike. Unfortunately for superconductivity, the boundary between these two dream worlds has become totally blurred during the last decade. Still, today, superconductivity at room temperature together with controlled thermonuclear fusion are often mentioned as the two most important and crucial problems in physics relevant to the needs of society. Controlled fusion has now become a distinct possibility, and its progress over the last twenty years has covered many orders of magnitude. During this same time, superconducting transition temperatures have expanded from a range of 0.4 K to 16 K to a range stretching from 0.0002 K to 21 K. If this upper limit could be further increased, not by another order of magnitude, but by a factor of as little as 1.2, or as large as 1.5, superconductivity, while still far from room temperature, would revolutionize our technology. This revolution would encompass elec...
Continuance of circannual reproductive refractoriness in pinealectomized parthenogenetic whiptails (Cnemidophorus uniparens)

Twelve control and thirteen pinealectomized lizards (Cnemidophorus uniparens) were exposed to a temperature gradient of 27°C to 42°C and a 10L:14D photothermal regime for nearly one year starting during the latter part (late October-early November) of their reproductive refractory period. This lizard is refractory to photothermal stimulation in captivity from early July to mid-December. Two pinealectomized animals became reproductive by mid-November but the remaining in both groups became reproductive as usual starting in December. These results conflict with those reported for another lizard in which pinealectomy in the winter resulted in significant ovarian activity. The data presented here demonstrate that the pineal organ does not play a role in the endogenous circannual cycle of this lizard but may be involved in thermoregulation as reported for other lizards.
A deep-sea thermohaline flow path in the northwest Pacific

Abstract A recent reevaluation of the bathymetry of the northwest Pacific accompanied by an analysis of reflection profiler records and Deep Sea Drilling sites, provide geological evidence for a 2000 km long, north—south flow path east of the Emperor Seamounts. The geological evidence is similar to that associated elsewhere with thermohaline currents. As there are no present-day physical oceanographic observations of a north—south flowing thermohaline current, I conclude that the inferred bottom current is either presently inactive or has not been observed by the methods of investigation used to determine its presence.
Patient-Physician Discordance in Assessments of Global Disease Severity in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective To determine the degree of discordance between patient and physician assessment of disease severity in a multiethnic cohort of adults with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to explore predictors of discordance, and to examine the impact of discordance on the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28). Methods Adults with RA (n = 223) and their rheumatologists completed a visual analog scale (VAS) for global disease severity independently. Patient demographics, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale score, the Health Assessment Questionnaire score, and the DAS28 were also collected. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify predictors of positive discordance, defined as a patient rating minus physician rating of >25 mm on a 100-mm VAS (considered clinically relevant). DAS28 scores stratified by level of discordance were compared using a paired t-test. Results Positive discordance was found in 30% of cases, with a mean ± SD difference of 46 ± 15. The strongest independent predictor of discordance was a 5-point increase in PHQ-9 score (adjusted odds ratio 1.61, 95% confidence interval 1.02–2.55). Higher swollen joint count and Cantonese/Mandarin language were associated with lower odds of discordance. DAS28 scores were most divergent among subjects with discordance. Conclusion Nearly one-third of RA patients differed from their physicians to a meaningful degree in assessment of global disease severity. Higher depressive symptoms were associated with discordance. Further investigation of the relationships between mood, disease activity, and discordance may guide interventions to improve care for adults with RA.
Conditions, concessions, and the many tender mercies of learning through multicultural literature

Abstract This qualitative research stems from a larger study, and presents cases that focus on four ninth‐grade students’ responses to multicultural literature. I wanted to understand how these students constructed their own texts and meanings when they were required to read, interpret, and critique unfamiliar text written about underrepresented people. My analyses are moored in heuristic characteristics of case study methods (Merriam, 1998) I developed a conceptual framework that centered on the conditions under which students studied and how they conceded to present tangible objects (e.g., journal responses; answer essay test questions) for noticeable outcomes (e.g., grades), thus, revealing what was learned and how. Three broad queries guided my research: (a) What meanings might students construct about cultural diversity and oppression in other countries while studying multicultural literature? (b) What intertextual links might students make to their own ethnic, cultural and economic contexts? and (c)...
Multivariate nonhomogeneous refinement equations

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of compactly supported distribution solutionsf=(f1,...,fr)T of nonhomogeneous refinement equations of the form $$f(x) = h(x) + \sum\limits_{\alpha \in A} {c_\alpha f(2x - \alpha )(x \in R^s )} $$ , where h=(h1,...,hr)Tis a compactly supported vector-valued multivariate distribution, A⊂Z+s has compact support, and the coefficientsc α are real-valued r×r matrices. In particular, we find a finite dimensional matrix B, constructed from the coefficientsc α of the equation (I−B)q=p, where the vectorp depends on h. Our proofs proceed in the time domain and allow us to represent each solution regardless of the spectral radius of P(0):=2−s∑c α , which has been a difficulty in previous investigations of this nature.
Theory of ignition and auto-ignition

Abstract A fuel-oxidant system may auto-ignite, be ignited by a source, or remain non-inflammable depending upon the ambient temperature, pressure, composition, geometry of the container, etc. This paper presents a theoretical attempt to explain how all these observed phenomena can occur in a given chemical system. The theory presented here predicts the minimum ignition energy of a system for three configurations of the ignition source and yields the auto-ignition temperature for the same system when the minimum ignition energy approaches zero. In addition, the present work is based on a non-adiabatic theory which has previously accounted for flame extinction limits.
It Hurts So Bad: Comparing Grieving Patterns of the Families of Murder Victims with Those of Families of Death Row Inmates:

This research examines the experiences, attitudes, feelings, and coping mechanisms of 17 families of murder victims and compares them with Smykla’s findings based on interviews of families of death...
A physiologically stable rat model for in vivo studies

Abstract A physiologically stable rat model was developed to allow in vivo microcirculatory studies for up to 4 hr. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (200–250 g) underwent venous and arterial cannulation, tracheotomy and mechanical ventilation, and constant intravenous infusion of maintenance fluid and anesthesia. Heart rate, central venous pressure, arterial pressure, pH, pCO2, pO2, and rectal temperature were monitored and shown to be stable in the physiological range for 4 hr. This model is applicable to a wide variety of in vivo studies in circulatory, respiratory, and muscle physiology.
The ontogeny of osmoregulation and its neurosecretory control in the decapod crustacean, Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould).

Laboratory-hatched larvae of this estuarine crab were reared at 25°C in seawater of 25‰ salinity for 18 days covering zoeal Stages I to IV and a megalops. Three-day periods between zoeal stages represent intermolt stages of circadean metecdysis, diecdysis, and proecdysis. Larvae were exposed to either a series of seawater salinities from 5-40‰ in 5‰ increments or of 10-40‰ in 10‰ increments for one hour during each day of their development. The osmoconcentrations of 20-80 nanoliter hemolymph samples from each of four larvae were measured separately by determinations of freezing point depression. Eyestalkless larvae in metecdysis of zoeal Stage II were exposed to the same osmoconcentrations as unoperated controls to test for osmoregulation by eyestalk nerve tissue. Larvae tend to be isosmotic with seawater of 30-40‰ salinity (S) and to hyperregulate in more dilute media except for larvae in their first diecdysis which remain isosmotic. Larvae in the last few hours of proecdysis hyperregulate against 40‰ S as well, presumably to insure inflow of water to establish a greater body volume during hardening of the exoskeleton. They are consequently isosmotic in the very early metecdysis. The presence of eyestalks at the first metecdysis (Stage II) keeps zoeas hyperosmotic to 5-30‰ S, but prevents them from hyperregulation against 40‰ S. Eyestalkless zoeas become isosmotic with 5-30‰ S and hyperregulate against 40‰ S like late proecdysal larvae. Lack of eyestalks makes diecdysal animals hyperregulate against a medium with which normal animals are isosmotic. The eyestalk influence affects second metecdysal (Stage III) larvae in a way similar to those in first metecdysis except that it apparently also prevents a curious tendency to hyporegulate in 5-30‰ S. Similarly, in this stage, the eyestalks prevent hyperosmosity in 40‰ S seawater as they do during the first day of zoeal Stage II. Eyestalk nerve tissue reduces the degree to which diecdysal larvae of this stage remain hyperosmotic to media of 10‰ S and 20‰ S and apparently causes larvae to be hypoosmotic at 40‰ S. Preliminary data indicate that removal of eyestalks has little effect on proecdysal larval osmoregulation or on regulation of Stage IV zoeas. In other experiments ablation of eyestalks caused Stage II larvae to lose the ability to osmoregulate against 10-30‰ S seawater within two hours after the operation. The same zoeas did not hyperregulate against 40‰ seawater until four hours after removal of eyestalks.
Retinal Ischemia and Risk of Neovascularization Following Central Retinal Vein Obstruction

The predominant risk factor for the development of neovascular complications involving the retina (NVR), the optic disc (NVD), and iris (NVI) following central retinal vein obstruction (CRVO) is the extent, location, and duration of retinal ischemia (ischemic drive). The extent of retinal capillary nonperfusion (ischemic index) was quantitated by microcomputer analysis of 200 standard fundus-iris fluorescein angiograms. The results were correlated with the development of neovascularization in eyes not receiving prophylactic argon laser panretinal photocoagulation (PRP). Of the 85 eyes with intact capillary perfusion (hyperpermeable group), none developed NVR/NVD and only one eye (1%) developed neovascular glaucoma (NVG). Twenty-nine eyes exhibited moderate degrees of retinal ischemia (indeterminate group), and three eyes (10%) developed NVR/NVD, with two eyes (7%) developing NVG. Of the 86 eyes with extensive retinal capillary nonperfusion (ischemic group), 28 eyes (33%) developed NVR/NVD and NVG occurred in 39 eyes (45%). The inherent difficulties in following high risk patients clinically and angiographically at frequent intervals over extended periods of time, the tendency for rapid progression of early NVI to NVG, and the relatively poor results following treatment in advanced cases make the early recognition of eyes at high risk to develop NVG essential and the initiation of prophylactic PRP as the treatment of choice in this disorder.
Estimating correlation coefficient between two variables with repeated observations using mixed effects model

We estimate the correlation coefficient between two variables with repeated observations on each variable, using linear mixed effects (LME) model. The solution to this problem has been studied by many authors. Bland and Altman (1995) considered the problem in many ad hoc methods. Lam, Webb and O'Donnell (1999) solved the problem by considering different correlation structures on the repeated measures. They assumed that the repeated measures are linked over time but their method needs specialized software. However, they never addressed the question of how to choose the correlation structure on the repeated measures for a particular data set. Hamlett et al. (2003) generalized this model and used Proc Mixed of SAS to solve the problem. Unfortunately, their method also cannot implement the correlation structure on the repeated measures that is present in the data. We also assume that the repeated measures are linked over time and generalize all the previous models, and can account for the correlation structure on the repeated measures that is present in the data. We study how the correlation coefficient between the variables gets affected by incorrect assumption of the correlation structure on the repeated measures itself by using Proc Mixed of SAS, and describe how to select the correlation structure on the repeated measures. We also extend the model by including random intercept and random slope over time for each subject. Our model will also be useful when some of the repeated measures are missing at random.
Dissecting and implementing steam spectroscopy

A rapid, simple method for constructing a site-specific STEAM sequence from a basic Hahn three-pulse sequence is presented. The method assures maximum signal available from the hardware.