cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in Diagnosing Left Superior Vena Cava

Seventy-three consecutive patients with a left superior vena cava evaluated at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, between 1983 and 1987 underwent cardiac catheterization and two-dimensional echocardiography. Bilateral superior venae cavae were present in 89%. Entry of the left superior venae cavae was into the coronary sinus in 62% (4% were unroofed), a pulmonary venous atrium in 21%, and a common atrium in 17%. Catheterization successfully identified the left superior vena cava in all patients; two-dimensional echocardiography was successful in 68% (group 1) and unsuccessful in 32% (group 2). There was no significant difference between groups with regard to age, sex, diagnosis, or site of drainage. In group 1, 43% had a dilated coronary sinus; in group 2, the coronary sinus was present in 61% but was of normal size. Cineangiograms revealed smaller caliber left superior venae cavae in group 2 than in group 1 (means 7.4 and 11.3 mm, respectively). Thus two-dimensional echocardiography is not totally reliable for the detection of small but possibly significant left superior venae cavae.
Nanoscale iron particles for complete reduction of chlorinated ethenes

Abstract This paper examines the potential for using laboratory synthesized nanoscale Pd/Fe bimetallic particles to reduce chlorinated ethenes. Rapid and complete dechlorination was achieved for six chlorinated ethenes: tetrachloroethene (PCE, C 2 Cl 4 ), trichloroethene (TCE, C 2 HCl 3 ), 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE, C 2 H 2 Cl 2 ), cis - and trans -1,2-dichloroethene (c-DCE, t-DCE, C 2 H 2 Cl 2 ), and vinyl chloride (VC, C 2 H 3 Cl). The chlorinated ethenes (20 mg l −1 ) were completely reduced within 90 min at a metal loading of 5 g l −1 . Ethane was the primary product from these reactions, amount to 60–90% of the total carbon. Ethene (3–20%) was produced during the transformation of TCE, DCEs and VC. No chlorinated intermediates or final products were detected above the method detection limit ( −1 ). The remarkable performance of the nanoscale particles can be attributed to: (1) High specific surface area of the nanoscale metal particles, approximately 35 m 2 g −1 , tens to hundreds of times higher than commercial grade micro- or milli-scale iron particles; (2) Increased reactivity per unit metal surface area, largely due to the presence of the noble metal (Pd) on the surface. Values of the surface-area-normalized rate coefficients ( k SA ) were two orders of magnitude higher than those reported in the literature for larger iron particles. Due to their small particle size and high reactivity, the nanoscale bimetallic particles may be useful in a wide array of environmental applications including subsurface injection for groundwater treatment.
Recessive self-aligned double patterning with gap-fill technology

In this paper, a recessive self-aligned double patterning (RSADP) process enabled by gap-fill technology is proposed and developed for BEOL applications. FEOL application is also possible by adding gap-fill/CMP steps to reverse the tone of contact/trench patterns. Compared with positive-tone spacer self-aligned double patterning (SADP), RSADP technique can reduce the process complexity by using less masks to pattern 2-D features. With a RSADP process, we successfully demonstrate (half-pitch) 50nm contact and 30nm line/space patterns using dry lithography.
Lease and Fee Hunting on Private Lands in the U.S.: A Review of the Economic and Legal Issues

This review highlights current economic and legal issues relating to lease and fee hunting on private lands in the United States. Recreational hunting leases provide an important practical example of the potential of market-based conservation to create win-win arrangements among rural landowners and hunters. Research suggests that there are significant positive values and economic impacts from fee and lease hunting. Results show that many national trends for hunting on public land and private lands are declining; however, there are important exceptions to those trends (e.g., big game hunting) and differences across states. Given hunting quality on public land, hunters often express a willingness to pay significantly higher than the price charged on private land. Further, institutional innovations can remove legal barriers and positively affect lease and fee hunting on private land. Future research needs include further regional comparisons, case studies on institutional arrangements, as well as additional...
Catching the Waves: Following the Leading Edge of Elongating RNA Polymerase II

By precisely tracking the waves of elongating RNA polymerase II (Pol II) during gene activation, Danko et al. (2013), in this issue of Molecular Cell, discovered a surprising diversity of elongation rates among and along human genes.
Development of size constancy in children: a test of the proximal mode sensitivity hypothesis.

In two experiments, we attempted to replicate Shallo and Rock’s (1988) finding that 5- and 6-yearold children exhibit size constancy for a distant object when tested with comparison objects that are matched for visual angle. Experiment 1 (N = 80) included four age groups: 5-, 6-, and 9-year-olds and adults. Participants viewed one standard object from 61 m and indicated which of nine nearby comparison objects matched the standard object in size. The comparison objects subtended equal visual angles in one condition and different visual angles in another. In both conditions, the 5- and 6-year-old children underestimated the size of the standard object, whereas the 9-year-old children and adults made nearly accurate size estimates. In Experiment 2 (N = 32), we replicated the finding that 6-yearold children underestimate size when tested with comparison objects that subtend equal visual angles. Our results conflict with those of Shallo and Rock and support earlier findings that young children do not exhibit size constancy for distant objects.
Adjustable intensity-hue-saturation and Brovey transform fusion technique for IKONOS/ QuickBird imagery

Among various image fusion methods, intensity-hue- saturation IHS and Brovey transforms BT can quickly merge huge amounts of IKONOS/QuickBird imagery. However, spectral degradation often appears in the fused images. Moreover, IHS and BT suffer from individual color distortion on saturation compression and saturation stretching, respectively. To balance these two saturation changes during the fusion process, an adjustable IHS-BT approach with spectral adjust- ment is proposed. Furthermore, to solve the typical bright target recovery BTR problems, a simple procedure of dynamic range adjustment DRA is also presented. By adopting different DRA techniques, the pro- posed IHS-BT method is divided into two different fusion approaches: the model of preserving spectral information and the model of enhancing spatial details. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed com- bined approaches can achieve significant improvement over other cur- rent approaches. © 2005 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Norepinephrine Release in the Human Forearm: Effects of Epinephrine

Abstract It has been postulated that delayed facilitation of norepinephrine release by epinephrine is causally related to the development of hypertension. It has been proposed that a brief increase in epinephrine concentrations results in the uptake of epinephrine into the sympathetic nerve terminal. Subsequent rerelease of epinephrine stimulates presynaptic β-adrenergic receptors, resulting in a prolonged increase in plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations, with amplified sympathetic responses and vasoconstriction. To determine whether such epinephrine-induced, delayed facilitation of NE release occurs in a vascular bed draining resistance vessels and, if it occurs, whether that facilitation differs in hypertension, we used a radioisotope dilution method to measure unstimulated and isoproterenol-stimulated forearm NE spillover before, during, and after a 50 ng/min infusion of epinephrine for 30 minutes directly into the brachial artery. No delayed facilitatory effects of epinephrine on forearm NE spillover were observed in either 6 normotensive (NT) or 8 borderline hypertensive (BHT) subjects (NT unstimulated forearm NE spillover preepinephrine 1.79±0.41 ng/min versus postepinephrine 2.36±0.65 ng/min, P =.38; BHT preepinephrine 2.24±0.70 ng/min versus postepinephrine 1.93±0.46 ng/min, P =.51; NT isoproterenol-stimulated forearm NE spillover preepinephrine 4.61±1.01 ng/min versus postepinephrine 4.4±0.98 ng/min, P =.9; BHT preepinephrine 4.04±1.36 ng/min versus postepinephrine 4.69±1.49 ng/min P =.5). We conclude that the short-term local infusion of epinephrine does not have a delayed facilitatory effect on forearm NE spillover in NT or BHT subjects. Therefore, the prolonged increase in NE concentrations after epinephrine infusion previously shown systemically, and not seen locally in the forearm, suggests that the delayed facilitatory response to epinephrine may occur in other organs.
Sense and Sentimentality: Race and Schooling in Sausalito--Part II. Counterrevolution.

The Sausalito, California, schools were desegregated and radicalized. Part I was an account of those happenings. Part II, below, describes the "counterrevolution" and the schools' return to more restricted goals.
Diversity in the classroom: Pro and con

Diversity in the classroom may be rewarding to the teacher, but it may reveal that students are reluctant to learn from each other.
Gender, Race, and Health: The Structure of Health Status Among Older Adults

A previously developed model of disease, disability, functional limitation, and perceived health was examined for race and/or gender biases. This model focuses on (a) the direct effects of three factors on perceived health status, (b) how disability, functional limitations, and self-rated health interrelate, and (c) how race and gender condition these interrelationships. The results confirm the construct validity of separate dimensions of disability and functional limitation, and indicate that their differential effects are further modified by gender. Eight significant differences in structural effects are identified, including one gender effect among both blacks and whites, and seven additional gender effects among whites. In the structural model, then, most differences are gender differences among whites. The significant racial differences within gender were found only in the measurement model. Race differences for upper body disability and perceived health are consistent across gender. Sex differences, however, in measures of basic ADLs and household ADLs are not consistent across race. The findings confirm earlier conclusions that differences in the measurement of health exist between males and females, and between blacks and whites, but that the differences in the causes of perceived health exist only between males and females.
Yttrium-90 Resin Microsphere Radioembolization Using an Antireflux Catheter: An Alternative to Traditional Coil Embolization for Nontarget Protection

Serious complications can result from nontarget embolization during yttrium-90 (Y-90) transarterial radioembolization. Hepatoenteric artery coil embolization has been traditionally performed to prevent nontarget radioembolization. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved Surefire Infusion System (SIS) catheter, designed to prevent reflux, is an alternative to coils. The hypothesis that quantifiable SIS procedural parameters are comparable to coil embolization was tested. Fourteen patients aged 36–79 years with colorectal, neuroendocrine, hepatocellular, and other predominantly bilobar hepatic tumors who underwent resin microsphere Y-90 radioembolization using only the SIS catheter (n = 7) versus only detachable coils (n = 7) for nontarget protection were reviewed retrospectively. Procedure time, fluoroscopy time, contrast dose, radiation dose, and cost were evaluated. Multivariate analysis identified significant cohort differences in the procedural parameters evaluated (F(10, 3) = 10.39, p = 0.04). Between-group comparisons of the pretreatment planning procedure in the SIS catheter group compared to the coil embolization group demonstrated a significant reduction in procedure time (102.6 vs. 192.1 min, respectively, p = 0.0004), fluoroscopy time (14.3 vs. 49.7 min, respectively, p = 0.0016), and contrast material dose (mean dose of 174.3 vs. 265.0 mL, respectively, p = 0.0098). Procedural parameters were not significantly different between the two groups during subsequent dose delivery procedures. Overall cost of combined first-time radioembolization procedures was significantly less in the SIS group ($4252) compared to retrievable coil embolization ($11,123; p = 0.001). The SIS catheter results in a reduction in procedure time, fluoroscopy time, and contrast material dose and may be an attractive cost-effective alternative to detachable coil embolization for prevention of nontarget radioembolization.
Dandy-Walker Malformation in Transgenic Mice That Ectopically Express Engrailed-1 , A Homeodomain Transcription Factor, in the Embryonic Brain • 302

In WEXPZ-En-1 transgenic mice, Engrailed-1, a homeodomain-containing transcription factor, is ectopically expressed in the embryonic midbrain and hindbrain under control of the Wnt-1 enhancer. En-1 is a development regulatory control gene which has an essential role in the formation of the midbrain and cerebellum. Approximately 28% of WEXPZ-En-1+ mice develop hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, 4th ventricular dilatation, cerebellar cyst and postnatal hydrocephalus, thus comprising key features of the Dandy-Walker malformation in humans. This mouse strain may therefore serve as an animal model for Dandy-Walker malformation, and raises the possibility that abnormal regulation of ENGRAILED genes, or targets of ENGRAILED, may be involved in the pathogenesis of this clinical condition.
Solicitation behavior in the estrous female rat: a review

Data are reviewed concerning the display of solicitation behaviors in the estrous female rat, including precopulatory hopping, darting, and ear wiggling, and the pacing of copulatory contacts through patterns of approach toward and withdrawal from a sexually active male rat. Observations made under semi-natural and laboratory conditions suggest that solicitation behaviors determine the types and amounts of coital stimuli received by the female. Solicitation behaviors as regulators of cervical-vaginal stimulation play a primary role in ensuring the activation of the neuroendocrine reflex are responsible for prolongation of ovarian corpora luteal function. Despite solicitation behaviors' importance for reproductive success, few studies have examined the neural and endocrine mechanisms involved in the display of those aspects of solicitation behavior which influence the patterning of coital stimuli received by the female. The present review suggests that two elements of pacing behavior, the ability to discriminate between varying intensities of coital stimulation and the active patterning of approach/withdrawal which controls receipt of that stimulation, are constituent parts of solicitation behaviors readily amenable to experimental investigation.
The dynamics of three-dimensional scroll waves in excitable media

Abstract We investigate the motion of the central filament of a scroll wave in excitable medium. We assume that two-dimensional spiral solutions are known and use these solutions to produce slowly varying scroll waves in three-dimensional space. Using standard ideas from perturbation theory (multiscale techniques) we find equations governing the motion of the central filament of the scroll and the twist of the scroll wave. These equations are specialized to the case of a circular filament with uniformly distributed twist, to determine the collapse or expansion and vertical drift of the spiral filament and to a helical filament with drift. The predictions of these equations are in good qualitative agreement with the numerical experiments.
Functional and molecular characterization of teleost leukocytes

The coupling of immunologically relevant in vitro assay systems, cell separation techniques, and the development of distinct clonal leukocyte lines has established the existence of T, B, natural killer, and accessory cell equivalents in teleosts. B cells are directly defined by monoclonal antibodies to teleost immunoglobulin (Ig) and identification of Ig H and L chain genes. As in mammals, fish B cells show Ig H-chain gene rearrangements, allelic exclusion, produce both membrane-bound and secreted forms of Ig, and transduce intracellular proliferative signals upon anti-Ig cross-linking. It has also been found that some fish B cells express a unique chimeric Ig chain with sequence homology to mammalian Ig delta. Teleost T cells are still indirectly defined as sIg- lymphocytes due to a lack of definitive surface markers. These mIg- lymphocytes are the responding cells in mixed leukocyte cultures, proliferate specifically to autologously processed and presented antigen, provide helper function for in vitro antibody responses, and produce interleukin-like factors upon activation. Recent identification of teleost T-cell receptor alpha and beta genes has now permitted the unequivocal genetic demonstration that some of these mIg- cells are bona fide T cells. It is anticipated that such long-term clonal cell lines will be indispensable tools for dissecting the physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of teleost immune responses.
Extracting information is hard: A Turing degree of non-integral effective Hausdorff dimension

Abstract We construct a Δ 2 0 infinite binary sequence with effective Hausdorff dimension 1/2 that does not compute a sequence of higher dimension. Introduced by Lutz, effective Hausdorff dimension can be viewed as a measure of the information density of a sequence. In particular, the dimension of A ∈ 2 ω is the lim inf of the ratio between the information content and length of initial segments of A. Thus the main result demonstrates that it is not always possible to extract information from a partially random source to produce a sequence that has higher information density.
A scattering study on intermicellar interactions and structures of polymeric micelles

The micellar structure is usually considered to be composed of a hard sphere (liquid) core and a heavily solvated corona. Therefore, the correction for intermicellar interactions at finite concentrations can be relatively complicated. In this article, small-angle neutron scattering of a copolymer, known as Pluronic L64 (PEO13PPO30PEO13), in o-xylene in the presence of D2O is used to demonstrate that, based on the hard sphere approximation, intermicellar interactions can be corrected by representing the micellar size as having an equivalent hard sphere radius. The procedure remains valid even if the micellar shape becomes asymmetric, with axial ratios of 3 ˜ 4. For the present system, the equivalent hard sphere radius corresponds to the micellar core radius plus one-half of the micellar shell thickness. With the equivalent hard sphere approach, the scattering behavior of the micelle could be described by using a core-shell structure. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE EFFECT OF FIRING TEMPERATURE ON THE DIELECTRIC STRENGTH OF PORCELAIN1

An electrical porcelain body (H and G A1 English china clay, 30%; Tennessee ball clay No. 7, 20%; Buckingham feldspar, 30%; Ottawa flint, 20%) was fired to various cone temperatures and the puncture voltages were determined. The mean values in kilovolts per quarter-inch thickness were cone 7, 37; cone 8, 51; cone 9, 60; cone 10, 63; cone 11, 61; cone 12, 64. The probable error of the mean in each case is approximately ± 1 kilovolt per quarter inch. The differences of the means between cones 9 and 12 were shown statistically to be without significance. Other conditions remaining identical, it was shown that the most uniform body resulted when fired to cone 9.
A Woman's Voices: Mercè Rodoreda's La Plaça Del Diamant

(1983). A Woman's Voices: Merce Rodoreda's La Placa Del Diamant. Kentucky Romance Quarterly: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 301-309.
High-precision oxygen isotope analysis of picogram samples reveals 2 μm gradients and slow diffusion in zircon

Ion microprobe analysis with a sub-micrometer diameter spot reveals a sharp, 2 μm gradient in oxygen isotope ratio proving that oxygen diffusion in zircon is slow even under prolonged high-grade metamorphism. The data are consistent with an oxygen diffusion coefficient of 10 -23.5±1 cm 2 /s. Furthermore, this gradient is found in a zircon that contains clear textural evidence of recrystallization in nearby regions. This finding shows that through careful textural and chemical analysis, primary information can be extracted from a zircon that has also undergone partial recrystallization. The oxygen isotope ratios found in zircon have been used to infer magmatic and pre-magmatic histories, including the presence of liquid water on the surface of earliest Earth. Recently, these interpretations have been questioned with the assertion that zircon may not retain its primary oxygen isotope signature through metamorphism. The slow diffusion confirmed by these results supports interpretations that assume preservation of magmatic compositions.
CPA theory of diluted Heisenberg antiferromagnet with random first- and second-neighbour exchange bonds

A coherent potential approximation (CPA) ansatz for a Heisenberg ferromagnet which possesses both nearest and next-nearest neighbour exchange interactions, is given. Spatial randomness caused by introduction of non-magnetic impurities, i.e. magnetic site dilution, is treated in the approximation where the bonds are taken to be independent. The occurrence of exchange bond fluctuations between pairs of magnetic atoms, is also considered. Numerical results are given for the coherent exchange integrals, spin-wave stiffness and the Curie temperature (which is derived within a random phase type of approximation) for a variety of situations.
How Effectively Do We Predict Plans for College Attendance

The extent to which college attendance could be predicted by taking into consideration a wide range of variables—ability, school achievement, and socio-economic, cultural, and personality factors—was examined. Multiple correlation coefficients in the vicinity of .6 were obtained both for the total population and for homogeneous sub-populations.
Principal eigenvalues and an anti-maximum principle for homogeneous fully nonlinear elliptic equations

We study the fully nonlinear elliptic equation (0.1)F(D2u,Du,u,x)=f in a smooth bounded domain Ω, under the assumption that the nonlinearity F is uniformly elliptic and positively homogeneous. Recently, it has been shown that such operators have two principal “half” eigenvalues, and that the corresponding Dirichlet problem possesses solutions, if both of the principal eigenvalues are positive. In this paper, we prove the existence of solutions of the Dirichlet problem if both principal eigenvalues are negative, provided the “second” eigenvalue is positive, and generalize the anti-maximum principle of Clement and Peletier [P. Clement, L.A. Peletier, An anti-maximum principle for second-order elliptic operators, J. Differential Equations 34 (2) (1979) 218–229] to homogeneous, fully nonlinear operators.
Why we ought to be a little less beneficent

from Hanser's own, show that the central idea of Hanser's principle cannot be incorporated in a fully acceptable principle of beneficence. But there are more worrisome problems facing Hanser's principle of beneficence. If principles of beneficence are designed to maximize benefits, rather than maximize benefactors, then there is no uniquely correct principled approach to beneficence. The level of beneficence certain to produce the greatest overall benefits varies widely from one set of circumstances to another. It is true in many circumstances that unerring moral agents who give equal or greater consideration to others cannot guarantee maximum overall benefits, while unerring moral agents who care very little about others can make this guarantee. We are sometimes all better off when we are a little less beneficent. On Hanser's view a context affords the opportunity for pure beneficence if (i) there are people in need (ii) agents could benefit these people without harming anyone (iii) the beneficiaries would gain more in receiving aid than the benefactors would sacrifice in giving it (iv) nothing else the moral agents could do would produce more well-being, and (v) no special obligations come into play. Among the possible responses to cases of pure beneficence we find the recommendation of following controversial principle.
Single cells in squirrel monkey lateral geniculate nucleus with broad spectral sensitivity.

Abstract Microelectrode recordings were obtained from single cells of the squirrel monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) when the eye was stimulated with diffuse light of different wavelengths and intensities. Spectral sensitivity curves were derived for single cells under conditions of both dark-adaptation and chromatic adaptation of the eye. Observations were presented on broad-band cells: those units which give the same type of response to all spectral stimuli, either excitation (broad on cells) or inhibition (broad inhibitors). About 5 per cent of these units responded to stimulation of either eye. Analysis of the response patterns of the broad-band cells indicated the following: (a) broad on cells and broad inhibitors are functionally identical; (b) the spectral sensitivity of summed broad-band cells follow closely the behavioral luminosity function of this monkey; (c) the results of chromatic adaptation experiments indicated that more than one receptor component contributes to the input to these units; (d) from the foregoing it was concluded that broad-band cells serve to mediate luminosity information.
Dynamical Analysis of the Boundary Layer and Surface Wind Responses to Mesoscale SST Perturbations

Abstract The dynamical response of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) to mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) perturbations is investigated over the Agulhas Return Current during winter from a 1-month, high-resolution, three-dimensional simulation using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model. A steady lower boundary condition for July 2002 is obtained using SST measurements from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Earth Observing System (EOS)–Aqua satellite (AMSR-E). The WRF models’ ability to accurately simulate the SST-induced surface wind response is demonstrated from a comparison with satellite surface wind observations from the SeaWinds scatterometer on the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite. Relevant features of this simulation include a quasi-periodic distribution of mesoscale SST perturbations with spatial scales ∼200 km and strong winds that lead to a large surface sensible heat flux response, whose broad range of 80–100 W m−2 between warm and ...
Determinants of minority business formation: a detailed industry analysis

An attempt is made to identify the major determinants of the formation rate of minority-owned businesses. By means of the ordinary least-squares method the study shows that the major determinants of minority business formation are both market and supply related. The market variables are city size which must be at least 100 000 people, household income and the regional unemployment rate. The most important supply variable appears to be household income. Although home equity can be a strong determinant of business formation, few of the businesses formed between 1970 and 1982 used it, probably because their owners will need to persuade commercial banks to accept their home equity as collateral for such loans. It is the author's belief that the potential use of home equity can be neutralized by the unwillingness of commercial banks to finance minority business formation. Since the commercial banks have been lending very little, much more capital will have to come from personal savings to bring about more mino...
Optical spectroscopy of excitons and trions in single layer MoS2

Our study reveals temperature dependent optical properties of excitons and trions in monolayer MoS2 using absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The extremely large trion binding energy is directly extracted from our data.
Differential measure of matched linear accelerometers as a sensing strategy for the development of a vestibular prosthesis

We propose using a matched pair of linear diaphragm accelerometers in order to capture angular velocity data for use in a vestibular prosthesis. Each sensor transduces linear acceleration into deflection of the membrane. This deflection changes the distance between the plates and concordantly their capacitance. Through analytic equations of motion and finite element analysis we show that such a sensor design will allow for sufficient sensitivity for a vestibular prosthesis. By placing two accelerometers in such a way that they are parallel, within the same plane, and share a perpendicular axis, we can derive angular acceleration, and through signal processing, angular velocity. In such a configuration, linear accelerations will be rejected by taking the difference between the measured capacitances, while angular acceleration data will be accepted. Physical analysis shows that this scheme will generate the requisite data.
Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance during graded exercise

Seven trained men were studied during graded cycle ergometer exercise to assess the effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolism and performance. A single blind experimental procedure was followed with one trial being performed 60 min after the subject ingested caffeine (5 mg·kg−1) while the second trial required the subject to ingest a placebo with the treatment order being counterbalanced. Subjects began exercising at a work load of 30 W while the load was increased by an additional 30 W every 3 min until the subject could not maintain the desired pedal frequency. Venous blood samples were obtained at each work load and assayed for free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol, lactic acid, and caffeine. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in time to exhaustion between the two experimental treatments. Resting measurements of FFA and glycerol showed that ingestion of caffeine brought about significant (p 0.05) between the two exercise tests. These data suggest that a small dose of caffeine does not change the rate of blood lactate accumulation nor does it enhance performance during graded cycle ergometer exercise.
Representation of Addition and Subtraction Word Problems.

This study investigated children's ability to write number sentences for simple addition and subtraction word problems. First graders taught to represent problems with open number sentences (e.g., 5 + 7 = 8) represented a variety of problems with number sentences that directly modeled the action in the problems. First graders taught to represent all problems with number sentences in standard form (a + b = 7, a b = 7) were limited in the problems they could represent. Second graders could represent problems directly with open number sentences or transform them to number sentences in standard form. The results, consistent with research on solutions using modeling and counting strategies, suggest that open number sentences may provide mathematical symbolism that allows young children to build upon informal strategies for representing and solving simple word problems.
The fourth-century origin of the gradual*

The conventional view on the origin of the gradual was stated succinctly by Peter Wagner: ‘The Responsorial solo in the mass is of apostolic origin…in imitation of the Jewish liturgy a solo from the psalmist was inserted between the readings.’ The precise form this view has taken more recently in the works of both musical and liturgical historians can be summarised as follows. The early Mass or Eucharist consisted of two major parts. The essential part, the Eucharist proper, had its origins in the Last Supper, a Jewish ceremonial meal, possibly the Passover Seder. This was preceded by a ‘service of the Word’, made up of four elements: scripture reading, discourse on the reading, congregational prayer and psalms sung in response to the readings. This pre-eucharistic service was plainly and simply an adoption en bloc of the ancient synagogue service.
Elastic stresses, twin boundaries and fatigue cracking

Abstract Prior finite element method calculations have previously shown that high cycle fatigue cracks start at twin boundaries, because elastic interactions produce the highest stresses there. This investigation was undertaken to test this idea. Three diffusion-bonded bicrystals of 70-30 α-brass, having a boundary plane at 45 ° to the loading axis, were fatigued at low strain amplitudes. The component crystals were so oriented that bicrystal 1 produced low elastic interaction stresses and bicrystals 2 and 3 were of matrix-twin orientations, with the highest total stresses on slip systems nearly parallel to the twin boundary. Only for the initial few cycles did bicrystals 1 reveal no slip bands near the boundary, whereas bicrystals 2 and 3 produced a significant slip band nearly parallel to the twin boundary at the outset. With repeated cycling, the matrix of bicrystal 2 also showed a secondary slip band at the boundary where it produced large incompatibility strains and subsequent cracking. Fatigue cracks were initiated along slip band extrusions away from the bicrystal boundary in bicrystal 1 and along the twin boundary in bicrystal 3. For all three bicrystals, cracking commenced where the stresses and therefore the strains were the highest.
Some methods for reducing propagation-induced phase errors in coherent imaging systems. I. Formalism

The random phase errors induced in an electromagnetic wave propagating through turbulence in the troposphere and/or the ionosphere can degrade the performance of a coherent imaging system such as a synthetic-aperture radar. Several methods for removing or reducing these phase errors are described. Some of these methods, such as cubic-spline approximations with map drift and a deterministic technique based on a Legendre-series expansion of the phase error, are not new but are included for comparison. At least three techniques are (to our knowledge) new; a binary multiplexing scheme, a method using the Wigner–Ville distribution, and an optimal estimator based on the covariance matrix of the Legendre-series expansion coefficients. The method based on the Wigner–Ville distribution promises to be the most effective in reducing the deleterious effects of the phase errors on image quality.
SALAMANDER TRACKS (AMBYSTOMICHNUS?) FROM THE CATHEDRAL BLUFFS TONGUE OF THE WASATCH FORMATION (EOCENE), NORTHEASTERN GREEN RIVER BASIN, WYOMING

Vertebrate tracks are comparatively rare in Tertiary deposits of the western United States. Unlike the deposits of the Mesozoic in this region, in which each formation often has several dozen known tracksites, there are only a few known sites in Paleocene units of the region (Lockley and Hunt, 1995), and though the Eocene Green River Formation contains relatively numerous tracks, especially those of birds, there are only a few taxa represented. The occurrence of amphibian tracks in the Eocene Wasatch Formation is therefore of interest, not only in that it adds to the known ichnological record of the Tertiary of the western United States but also in that the tracks indicate the presence of an otherwise under-represented member of the vertebrate paleofauna of the time. Skeletal remains of amphibians are present but not common in many Tertiary formations of the western United States, and remains of large salamanders are rare. Only the large caudate Piceoerpeton is known from the Tiffanian and Clarkforkian of Montana and Wyoming (Naylor and Krause, 1981), and its only Wasatchian occurrence is at Ellesmere Island, north of the Arctic Circle. The tracks described here appear to represent a nearly Piceoerpeton -sized salamander in the lacustrine shoreline deposits of the early Eocene Wasatch Formation of southwestern Wyoming. Abbreviations: USNM—National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; UW—Collection of Fossil Vertebrates, Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie. The tracks were found in the Bird Quarry, north of Rock Springs, in Sweetwater County, Wyoming (Fig. 1), in the Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Wasatch Formation. This site was found by F. Simnacher in 1970 and worked by P. O. McGrew and is University of Wyoming locality V-58006. The quarry is approximately 30 m below the top of the Cathedral Bluffs Tongue (McGrew, 1980), which is …
A Unique Global Health Elective for Pre-Clinical Medical Students

North American medical students are increasingly seeking global health clinical field experiences very early in their training. These experiences can be greatly improved by appropriate preparatory didactic courses. The challenges of designing a course like this for early-stage medical students are considerable. No medical school appears to offer a brief, intensive didactic course encompassing both biological and psycho-social determinants of health designed for application to real-life scenarios in resource-poor global contexts by medical students with limited basic science and clinical background. This paper describes a course, "Human Behavior and Disease in Tropical Developing Countries" (FCH 735) offered at Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine (JCESOM) at Marshall University that fits these criteria. The course, taught by a family physician, is offered to medical students as a forty-hour, one-week summer elective after the first year. It employs a distinctive pedagogical strategy and organizes material according to relevant human behaviors. Students have performed well on written and oral evaluative exercises. Nine students' reactions to the course were further explored confidentially, using qualitative research techniques, by a peer not enrolled in the class. The students' comments affirmed that the course's goals had been achieved. FCH 735 is a unique global health course offering that appears to meet the challenges faced in designing a robust preparatory didactic global health course for early-stage medical students. Replication and application of the course's methodology in other settings and to other aspects of pre-clinical medical school curriculum might be beneficial.
Phase conjugating nanomirrors: utilizing optical phase conjugation for imaging

Barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) is a good candidate for phase conjugation on the nano-scale, as four-wave mixing has been shown in nanoparticles of this type. Also, the ability to dope this material with rare earth elements, with strong absorption and emission lines, makes it possible to use these as multi-functional, multi-modal probes for biomedical applications. BaTiO 3 nanoparticles are synthesized using a precipitation method and fully characterized. These particles are used in a four wave mixing setup to optically conjugate scattered light traveling through turbid media, such as tissue, to re-obtain lost image information due to the scattering process.
A non-memoryless stochastic simulation algorithm for modeling diffusion-reactions on biological membranes

Diffusion of biological molecules on 2D membranes can play an important role in the behavior of stochastic biochemical reaction systems. Yet, we still lack a fundamental understanding of circumstances where explicit accounting of the diffusion and spatial coordinates of molecules is necessary. In this work, we illustrate how time-dependent, non-exponential reaction probabilities naturally arise when explicitly accounting for the diffusion of molecules. We use the analytical expression of these probabilities to derive a novel algorithm which, while ignoring the exact position of the molecules, can still accurately capture diffusion effects. We investigate the regions of validity of this algorithm and show that for most parameter regimes, it constitutes an accurate framework for studying these systems. Our results constitute an important step in deriving a fundamental understanding of the role of diffusion in the operation of biochemical networks. Simultaneously, they provide a general computational methodology for simulating a broad class of systems whose behavior is influenced by diffusion on 2D membranes.
Multiuser Two-Way Relaying for Interference Limited Systems

We investigate multiuser two-way relaying strategies for interference limited systems where multiple pairs of users exchange information with their partners via an intermediate relay node in a two-phase communication scenario. To take advantage of the bidirectional communication structure, we propose that each pair of users share a common spreading signature instead of using distinct signatures as in a traditional CDMA setting. We design the jointly demodulate-and-XOR forward (JD-XOR- F) relaying scheme and derive the decision rule which enables the relay to generate the XORed symbol upon reception of the superposition of user symbols. When the relay has limited computational capability, amplify-and-forward relaying can be applied instead. We evaluate the BER performance for the proposed relaying schemes and show that they significantly outperform the traditional "one-way" CDMA systems.
B-Cell Lymphoma, Unclassifiable, with Features Intermediate Between Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma

B-cell lymphomas that have overlapping clinical, morphological, and/or immunophenotypic features between classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). More specifically, most of these tumors arise in the mediastinum and have overlapping features between nodular sclerosis CHL and primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBL). These tumors are also referred to as mediastinal gray zone lymphoma (MGZL).
Polymerization in the crystalline state. I. Acrylamide

Crystalline acrylamide was irradiated at --78 deg C with gamma rays and the postpolymerization of the irradiated crystals was studied in the temperature range 0 to 60 deg C. The polymerization rate decays rapidly at low conversion, and the polymer yield is, for long polymerization times, linear in the logarithm of time. The activation energy for the polymerization is 25 kcal/mole, The molecular weight of the polymer depends at a given polymerization temperature on the polymerization time, but remains unchanged over a sixteenfold variation of the irradiation dose. The number of polymer chains, as deduced from the ratio of polymer yield and molecular weight, increases only slightly with conversion, probably owing to chain transfer to monomer, The number of chains calculated in this way is in satisfactory agreement with the number of radicals estimated from electron spin resonance. The ESR signal changes very little during the postpolymerization. The presence of oxygen has little effect on the polymerization. Molten and shock-cooled monomer yields about twice as much polymer as large slowly grown crystals, but the molecular weight of the product is the same, implying that crystal imperfections increase slightly the chain initiation efficiency, but are without effect on chain propagation, Propionamidemore » is isomorphous with acrylaraide and forms with it solid solutions over the entire concentration range. The polymerization of acrylamide in solid solutions containing up to l0% propionamide proceeds at a rate indistinguishable from that for pure acrylamide; at higher propionamide concentrations the rate falls off less rapidly than the concentration of the monomer. The molecular weights of polymers obtained from solid solutions approach a limiting value for long polymerization times which is determined by chain transfer to propionamide. Up to 10% propionamide concentration, the limiting polymer chain length is inversely proportional to the propionamide concentration and corresponds to a chain transfer coefficient of 0.022 at 25 deg C and 0.0664 at 60 deg C. The high value of the chain transfer coefficient at 25 deg C is ascribed to the directing influence of the crystal lattice which makes it difficult for a chain to "grow around" a site occupied by a propionamide molecule, The gradual loosening of the lattice restraints at higher temperatures explains the decrease in the chain transfer at higher temperatures. Acetamide is not isomorphous with acrylamide, but a limited amount of acetamide can be incorporated into the acrylamide lattice; the polymerization of such solid solutions exhibits, however, no chain transfer. X-ray-diffraction studies indicate that partially polymerized acrylamide contains separate monomer and polymer phases. Since the chain transfer behavior of propionamide and other evidence points to the importance of lattice control in solid-state polymerization, it is suggested that the polymer chains grow at a monomer-polymer interface with the growing end anchored in the crystal lattice of the monomer. (auth)« less
Dysfunctional innate immune responsiveness to Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in diabetes

Introduction Type 1 diabetes is a major risk factor for the development of severe periodontal disease. As diabetes increases in severity, so does the susceptibility to and severity of periodontitis. People with diabetes who have periodontal disease have a harder time maintaining healthy blood glucose levels. Macrophages play an important role in both diabetes and periodontitis. Previous research comparing bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BM-Mvarphi) from diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and control mice illustrates that a dysregulation in cytokine, Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, and cell signaling occurs in the diabetic state. Methods This study examines the effect of chronic hyperglycemia on BM-Mvarphi TLR expression and activation, cell signaling, cytokine production, and phagocytic function in the diabetic state, when challenged with the periodontal stimulus Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to further understand how diabetes and associated hyperglycemia may contribute to the increased susceptibility of people with diabetes to periodontitis. Results When BM-Mvarphi, obtained from diabetic NOD mice, are stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS under hyperglycemic conditions the following changes occur: reduced messenger RNA expression and cell surface expression of TLR2, reduced messenger RNA expression and protein production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, reduced signal transduction, and a reduction in phagocytic function. All the activity of BM-Mvarphi from diabetic NOD mice was restored when differentiation and stimulation occurred under normoglycemic conditions. Discussion Diabetic patients in a hyperglycemic state may be generating macrophages that are inherently immunocompromised, contributing to an environment allowing periodontal infections to flourish. As a consequence, people with diabetes who maintain proper control of blood sugar levels may experience an increased immunological benefit when challenged with a periodontal infection.