cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hexosamine and β-glucuronidase alterations during the acute onset and repair of isopreterenol-induced myocardial infarction

Abstract This investigation demonstrates that isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in Long-Evans rats is characterized by alterations in serum and myocardial hexosamine and β-glucuronidase during acute myocardial ischemia or necrosis. With the ebb of active cardiac necrosis, in those animals which survive, myocardial hexosamine becomes reduced and the activity of myocardial β-glucuronidase becomes significantly increased concomitant with the appearance and subsequent formation of myocardial scar tissue and repair. Since β-glucuronidase is involved in the catabolism of mucopolysaccharides it is believed that the changes in these two myocardial constituents, hexosamine and β-glucuronidase, are indicative of a dynamic process pertaining to myocardial wound repair.
Alcohol Reduction of Enamines

Abstract Primary or secondary alcohols will reduce enamines to their corresponding saturated amines when heated in a microwave apparatus at a temperature of 160 °C for a period of one hour.
Radiotherapy for pleomorphic adenoma.

Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to update our experience in treating pleomorphic adenoma with radiotherapy (RT). Materials and Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 25 patients treated with RT alone (2 patients) or combined with surgery (23 patients), with follow-up ranging from 1.8 to 34.9 years (median, 10.5 years). Results Local control was achieved in 13 (75%) of 16 patients with subclinical disease and 5 (56%) of 9 patients with gross disease. Overall local control was achieved in 18 (72%) of 25 patients. The 5-, 10-, and 15-year overall local control rates were 76 %, 76%, and 68%, respectively. Ten patients died of the following causes: recurrent disease, 2; malignant transformation, 2; and intercurrent disease, 6. At last follow-up, 14 patients were alive without evidence of disease, and 1 patient was alive with disease. Dental carries and transient facial nerve deficits were the most common complications. No patients developed severe complications subsequent to RT. Conclusions In patients at high risk for developing recurrent pleomorphic adenoma after surgery, RT is effective in controlling subclinical disease.
The uptake and metabolism of (1,2-3H)-testoster-one by the brain of functionally hepatectomized and totally eviscerated male rats

Following intravenous infusion of (1,2-3H)-testosterone, the uptake of radioactivity in the brain of control, functionally hepatectomized, and totally eviscerated castrate male rats was compared to that noted in blood. Total evisceration resulted in concentrating radioactivity in brain to significantly higher levels per unit weight than in blood sampled at comparable time intervals, although no statistical difference was noted in the functionally hepatectomized and control animals. Extracts of the one hour samples were separated by chromatography into radioactive testosterone, 5α-dihydrotesCosterone, and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol. Significant proportions of the latter two metabolites were found in the brain of all groups of rats. The finding of a higher concentration in brain than blood of 5α-dihydrotestosterone in the functionally hepatectomized and of 5α-dihydrotes-tosterone and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in the totally eviscerated groups suggests that under these in vivo conditions rat brain is capable of converting testosterone to androgenic metabolites.
Universal Higher Order Bernoulli Numbers and Kummer and Related Congruences

Abstract We define higher or arbitrary order universal Bernoulli numbers and higher order universal Bernoulli–Hurwitz numbers. We deduce a universal first-order Kummer congruence and a congruence for the higher order universal Bernoulli–Hurwitz numbers from Clarke's universal von Staudt theorem. We also establish other Kummer-type congruences for the higher order universal Bernoulli numbers and for the universal Norlund polynomials, generalizing the author's previous work.
Beyond Mathematical Morphology

We present an algebraic structure, known as the AFATL (Air Force Armament Technical Laboratory) Image Algebra, that is capable of expressing all image-to-image transformations. After presenting a brief overview of the operands and operations of the algebra, we show how a subalgebra of the full Image Algebra generalizes the theory of mathematical morphology. We provide examples which include 1) morphological operations expressed in the algebra, 2) Image Algebra algorithms not expressible in terms of morphological operations, and 3) a fractal target detection algorithm expressed in terms of the Image Algebra.
Bethanechol treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants: Effect, on continuous esophageal pH records

TIlE ASSUMPTION TIIAT GASTROESOPllAGEAL REFLUX is the result of an "incompetent" lower esophageal sphincter led to the expectation that a eholinergic drug such as bethanechol, which elevates LES pressure, might be useful in its treatment, t3 Although few well-controlled clinical trials of bethanechol in GER have been performed, they have tended to support this expectation. 4-* Recent studies have shown, however, that reduced LES resting pressure is not the only factor responsible for GER. Decreased volume and buffering capacity of saliva, increased gastric emptying time, phasic relaxation of the LES, increases in intra-abdominal pressure relative to LES pressure, and inadequate esophageal clearance of acid material may all produce or perpetuate GER. 7tt On which factor(s) does bethanechol act? We have evaluated the continuous esophageal pH records of infants with GER before and immediately after initiation of bethanechol treatment, to define the early "effects of bethanechol on patterns of GER and to gain information about the mode of action of this drug.
Bias in participant ratings of psychotherapy process: An initial generalizability study

Rater bias has long been considered a source of error in observer ratings but has been ignored by process researchers using participant ratings. In particular, rater variance, or differences in generalized favorable or unfavorable perceptions of others, represents a neglected source of error in studies using participant ratings. The author presents an initial generalizability study of 2 commonly used psychotherapy process measures and discusses the implications for statistical power of studies using these measures and for interpretation of research findings. Results suggest that bias may be a substantial source of error in process ratings, accounting for 4 to 8 times as much variance in observed scores as intrarater error.
GALILEO'S THEOLOGICAL VENTURE

In this essay, I will lay out first in some detail the exegetical principles implicit in Augustine's treatment of an early apparent conflict between Scripture and the findings of “sense or reason.” Then I will analyze Galileo's two major discussions of the issue, first in his Letter to Castelli, and then in his Letter to the Grand Duchess, touching on Foscarini's ill-fated Letter in between. I will turn then to an internal tension that many commentators have perceived within the exegetic principles that Galileo deploys in meeting the theological challenge to Copernicanism. The tension was, broadly speaking, between two rather different strategies for dealing with that challenge. According to the more radical choice, the strategy would be to deny the relevance of Scripture to our knowledge of the natural world. The more conservative strategy would be to allow that the authority of divine revelation extended to passages in Scripture describing features of the natural world but also to admit that where this description clashed with something that could be demonstrated through “sense or reason,” an alternative to the literal, everyday, meaning of the Scripture passage should be sought. This latter proviso would imply that even in this, the most conservative, approach, theology is not being given absolute priority over natural philosophy.
Modelling solution entropy in the theory of micellization

Abstract In order to develop an equilibrium theory of surfactant solutions, one needs to estimate the entropy of the system consisting of the solvent, singly dispersed surfactant molecules and aggregates of all possible sizes and shapes. No fundamental approach for estimating this entropy taking into account such variations in the size, shape, flexibility and compactness of the constituent species is available in the literature. Currently available theories use entropy estimates that may lack a priori justification, but with the anticipation of obtaining useful practical results. The four widely used entropy estimates are based on the ideal solution model, the gas-like translation model, the Flory—Huggins model, and the translational entropy model. In this paper, we explore the consequences of using these entropy models to predict the properties of solutions in which globular and rodlike micelles are present. Specifically, we compare the theoretical predictions of the CMC, the average aggregation number of the micelles, the size polydispersity, the dependence of micelle size on concentration, the critical constants for incipient phase separation, the spinodal line and the osmotic compressibility resulting from the different entropy models. Our analysis shows that the different entropy estimates lead to widely differing predictions of aggregation characteristics and solution phase behavior. All four entropy estimates employed in the literature lead to predictions that disagree with one or more of the experimentally observed solution characteristics. We find however, that a simple modification to the translational entropy model based on the fact that the surfactant solution is a liquid and not gas-like, brings all theoretical predictions into consistency with the experiments.
Schedule dependent efficacy of gefitinib and docetaxel for bladder cancer.

Purpose: We determined the sequence specific efficacy of gefitinib and docetaxel treatment for bladder cancer. This combination was selected because it is currently under study in a phase II clinical trial.Materials and Methods: In vitro antiproliferative effects of gefitinib, docetaxel and a combination were determined in the 4 bladder cancer cell lines 253J B-V, UM-UC-3, KU-7 and UM-UC-13 by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Cell cycle analysis was analyzed using flow cytometry and propidium iodide labeling. Epidermal growth factor receptor downstream signaling was assessed by Western blot analysis. In vivo nude mice were injected subcutaneously with 253J B-V cells and treated with placebo, gefitinib, docetaxel, docetaxel followed by gefitinib or gefitinib followed by docetaxel. Tumor kinetics were established.Results: Gefitinib demonstrated antiproliferative effect against 253J B-V cells (50% inhibitory concentration less than 0.5 μM) but no apoptotic effect in vitro, ...
Edema associated with I-125 or Pd-103 prostate brachytherapy and its impact on post-implant dosimetry : An analysis based on serial CT acquisition

Abstract Purpose: To characterize the magnitude and duration of post-implant edema following the implantation of I-125 or Pd-103 seeds into the prostate and to investigate its effect on the CT-based calculation of the total dose delivered by the implant. Materials and Methods: A pre-implant CT scan and 3 to 5 serial post-implant CT scans were obtained on 10 patients who received either I-125 or Pd-103 seed implants. None of the patients received hormone therapy. The magnitude and duration of edema were determined from the change in the spatial distribution of the implanted seeds as the edema resolves. Dose volume histograms were compiled to determine the percentage of the prostate volume that received a dose equal to, or greater than, the prescribed dose. Results: The magnitude of the edema, expressed as the ratio of the post- to pre-implant volume on the day of the procedure, ranged from 1.33 to 1.96 (mean 1.52). The edema decreased exponentially with time; however, the edema half-life (time for the edema to decrease by 1/2) varied from 4 to 25 days (mean 9.3 days). As the edema resolved, the percentage of the prostate that received a dose equal to or greater than the prescribed dose increased by at least 7% in 7 of the 10 patients and increased by more than 15% in 2. In those patients in whom dose coverage was unaffected by the resolution of edema, more than 90% of the prostate was covered by the prescribed dose in the initial CT scan. Conclusion: Post-implant edema increased the prostate volume by factors which ranged from 1.33 to 1.96 (mean: 1.52). The edema resolved exponentially with an edema half-life which varied from 4 to 25 days (mean: 9.3 days). Edema had a significant effect on the post-implant dosimetry in 7 of 10 cases. Factors that affect the impact of edema on the dosimetry are the magnitude of the edema and the planned margin between the prescribed isodose line and the periphery of the prostate.
Multi‐gradient echo with susceptibility inhomogeneity compensation (MGESIC): Demonstration of fMRI in the olfactory cortex at 3.0 T

Short image acquisition times and sensitivity to magnetic susceptibility favor the use of gradient echo imaging methods in functional MRI (fMRI). However, magnetic susceptibility effects attributed to air-tissue interfaces also lead to severe signal loss in images of the large inferior frontal and lateral temporal cortices of the human brain, which renders these regions inaccessible to fMRI. The signal loss is caused by the local field gradients in the slice selection direction. A multigradient echo with magnetic susceptibility inhomogeneity compensation method (MGESIC) is proposed to overcome this problem. The MGESIC method effectively corrects the susceptibility artifacts and maintains the advantages of gradient echo methods to both BOLD sensitivity and fast image acquisition. The effectiveness of the MGESIC method is demonstrated by fMRI experimental results within the olfactory cortex.
A new derivative for improved GLC separation of mannose, galactose and glucose

The procedure involving oxime formation followed by silylation for the analysis of standard hexoses by GC resulted in unseparated peaks for D-glucose, D-mannose and D-galactose. This procedure was therefore modified to obtain clear separation of hexoses. STOX (hydroxylamine containing phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside as the internal standard) was mixed with trimethylsilylimidazol or hexamethyldisilazane, and then added to a standard sugar mixture containing D-glucose, D-galactose and D-mannose. The mixture was analyzed by gas chromatography with OV-17/OV-22 as the stationary phase, resulting in three distinct peaks.
Stroke risk modifies regional white matter differences in mild cognitive impairment.

Forty non-demented older adults who were divided into two groups on the basis of their cognitive status (MCI: n = 20; normal control: n = 20) underwent diffusion tensor imaging, and estimates of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were obtained for the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Results demonstrated the following: (1) group comparisons revealed that splenium FA was significantly lower in MCI participants than in NC participants, despite no differences in gross morphometry or hippocampal volumes; (2) in the overall sample, higher stroke risk was associated with lower white matter integrity, particularly in the genu; (3) increased stroke risk was more strongly associated with poorer splenium FA in those with MCI than in normal elderly; (4) splenium FA significantly predicted performance on verbal memory (adjusting for the effects of age, education, and whole brain volume). Findings demonstrate a relationship between increased vascular burden and white matter changes, and they support the possibility that posterior white matter pathology may contribute to the development of MCI-related cognitive changes.
The energetics of young bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)

Abstract 1. 1. An energetic model of growth and development of bobwhites was generated from measurement of energy intake, metabolized energy and body composition of chicks from hatching through asymptotic weight at 84 days of age. 2. 2. Maximum energy requirements occur at 65 days of age and growth measured in caloric terms produces different logistic curves than growth in terms of weight. 3. 3. Comparison of the energetics of bobwhite with those of Japanese quail indicates that the latter are more efficient in the utilization of food and production of total biomass in caloric terms. 4. 4. Although conventional analyses indicate that Japanese quail grow rapidly when compared to bobwhite, absolute growth rates of the two species in caloric and weight terms are extremely similar.
Anal Dysplasia in Kidney Transplant Recipients

BACKGROUND: Although the risk of anal cancer in immunosuppressed individuals is significantly higher than in the general population, methods for detecting precancerous anal dysplasia have not been well studied in solid-organ transplant recipients. We sought to identify the incidence of anal dysplasia in kidney transplant recipients and associated factors that increase the likelihood of dysplasia. STUDY DESIGN: We prospectively analyzed kidney transplant recipients who had been immunosuppressed for at least 6 months with a functioning allograft. We interviewed willing participants and performed anal cytology sampling and high-resolution anoscopy; if we found microscopic abnormalities, we performed biopsies. We used univariate analysis to measure the association between variables and anal dysplasia. RESULTS: Of the 40 participants, 15 were women and 25 were men; their mean age was 61 years. Their median duration of immunosuppression was 5.6 years; 23 (59%) had fewer than 5 lifetime sexual partners, and 2 (5%) reported ever practicing anal intercourse. Of all cytology specimens, 35 (88%) had sufficient cells for interpretation and 2 (6%) demonstrated dysplasia. We performed biopsies in 11 patients; 6 had dysplasia (4 low-grade, 2 high-grade). Of these patients, five had normal anal cytology. The sensitivity of cytology to predict histologic evidence of dysplasia was 17%. Overall, seven (18%) had dysplasia according to either cytology or histology specimens; two (5%) had high-grade dysplasia. We found no significant associations between the tested variables and the presence of dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of kidney transplant recipients harbor anal dysplasia. One time anal cytology sampling was not predictive of histologic findings. Although these findings confirm their high risk for dysplasia, a larger sample is required to more accurately quantify risk factors for dysplasia and progression to cancer.
Cushing’s Syndrome Due to Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Production Secondary to Hepatic Carcinoid: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Improved Quality of Life

INTRODUCTION We describe a previously healthy 40-year-old woman with Cushing’s syndrome caused by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion from metastatic carcinoid.
INVOKING STATE RESPONSIBILITY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the international community is globalizing, integrating, and fragmenting, all at the same time. States continue to be central, but many other actors have also become important: international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, corporations, ad hoc transnational groups both legitimate and illicit, and individuals. For the year 2000, the Yearbook of International Organizations reports that there were 922 international intergovernmental organizations and 9988 international nongovernmental organizations. If organizations associated with multilateral treaty agreements, bilateral government organizations, other international bodies (including religious and secular institutes) , and internationally oriented national organizations are included, the number of international organizations reaches nearly thirty thousand. Another twenty-four thousand are listed as inactive or unconfirmed. Corporations that produce globally are similarly numerous. As of September 27, 2002, an estimated 6,252,829,827 individuals lived on our planet. Some of these individuals and groups have made claims against states for breaching their obligations, particularly for human rights violations. In short, international law inhabits a much more complicated world than the one that existed fifty or even thirty years ago.
Nanoporous surfaces via impact of molten metallic droplets

Here we describe a new pathway for the production of nanoporous surfaces, by recourse to molten droplet impact and solidification. The nanopores in this case are frozen in bubbles that nucleate in the melt due to gas supersaturation within 100 nanoseconds of impact. Initial observations and previous analysis are presented, as well as ongoing work to control or pattern porosity via process variation and substrate pre-treatment. This method is presumably not limited in material, and has potential to create large area, functional surfaces.
Effect of temperature on capacitance–voltage characteristics of SOI

Abstract The effect of temperature on capacitance–voltage ( C – V ) characteristics of Si/SiO 2 interfaces in SIMOX was investigated. The results obtained for SIMOX were compared with the C – V characteristics of Si/SiO 2 and Si/SiN x devices. The results suggested that the positively charge centers in buried SiO 2 layer were located closer to the superficial Si layer of SIMOX. These positively charged centers considerably affected the capacitance of SIMOX-based devices upon increase of device temperature. It was also found that the MOS type devices fabricated using SIMOX had a higher temperature effect than MIS structures.
Refinements of Nash Equilibria

This paper describes ways that the definition of an equilibrium among players' strategies in a game can be sharpened by invoking additional criteria derived from decision theory. Refinements of John Nash's 1950 definition aim primarily to distinguish equilibria in which implicit commitments are credible due to incentives. One group of refinements requires sequential rationality as the game progresses. Another ensures credibility by considering perturbed games in which every contingency occurs with positive probability, which has the further advantage of excluding weakly dominated strategies.
The generalizability of social information processing to organizational settings: A summary of two field experiments

-The purpose of this research was to conduct two field experiments of the Social Information Processing (SIP) theory of job attitudes and reports of job characteristics. In the first, subjects were randomly assigned to either positive or no feedback regarhng the job satisfaction of others in similar jobs. The results indicated that being exposed to such feedback had no effect on job satisfaction or perceptions of iob characteristics. A second experiment was conducted in which both newly h~red employees and employees with considerable job experience were randomly assigned to positive, negative, or no feedback conditions. The results were consistent with those of Exp. 1 in that being exposed to feedback regarding the job satisfaction of others had no effect on satisfaction or job perceptions. This was true regardless of job experience. Salancik and Pfeffer in 1978 may have overstated the importance of social cues in organizational settings.
Effect of text coherence and elaboration on recall of sentences within paragraphs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test competing explanations of the levels effect in memory for text. In both experiments subjects read paragraphs in which the height of target propositions was held constant while the amount of target elaboration differed across versions of the paragraphs. Free recall of target propositions differed reliably as a function of elaboration. In addition, Experiment 2 revealed that the free recall results were not due to reading time differences. These findings are interpreted within the framework of the coherence processing explanation of text memory.
Agriculture and community in Chaco Canyon: Revisiting Pueblo Alto

Abstract The Bonito Phase (ca. AD 860–1140) in Chaco Canyon is widely recognized as one of the primary sources of information about emergent social complexity in prehispanic North America. Large masonry buildings called “great houses,” such as Pueblo Bonito, are iconic symbols of the rapid rise of a powerful society based on the ability to harness labor to prolonged construction projects. It is clear that the political forces at work during the Bonito Phase had an agricultural foundation, presumably in the financing of construction through food surpluses, but the actual nature of farming in Chaco is surprisingly opaque to archaeologists. Indeed, many researchers have concluded that farming in Chaco Canyon was too constrained by poor soils to have supported the dynamic developments associated with the massive stone structures and extensive trade systems of the Bonito Phase. The popular perspective that Chaco was mysterious or enigmatic is largely a response to this view of the canyon as agriculturally marginal. In this study we argue that a predictive model of potential agricultural productivity that includes other portions of the canyon besides the floodplain indicates that Chaco was not marginal for farming. The results of this analysis suggest that great house communities may have been sited to control local production zones and that some great houses may have been linked to others in order to manage multiple agricultural areas.
Postictal Depression following Subtle Seizures

We describe a woman with stereotypic recurrent episodes of severe depression with suicidal ideation that follow series of simple partial seizures. Her seizures were not clinically recognized for many years. When her seizures are effectively treated with antiepileptic drug therapy, her depressive episodes remit.
Using lifetime value to gain long-term profitability

The underlying rationale for a customer life time value (LTV) is well established, with the vast majority of literature citing its strategic benefits to businesses. Yet direct marketers frequently encounter difficulties in implementing its principles because of the lack of a systematic framework. This paper presents a practical guideline by using LTV concepts to assess an entire marketing mix. As such, three fundamental issues are addressed: (1) With a defined analytic goal under given circumstances, a new term ‘LTVA’ (LTV averaging) is proposed to facilitate traditional LTV proceeding; (2) an LTV analysis relies on a constant stream of data to drive its efficiency, which will be specified with an LTV functional data-mart; (3) whereas LTV affects short-term breakeven rate (BE%), a new benchmark, LTV BE%, is derived for leveraging decision powers in terms of long-term profitability.
A temporal study of collagen, proteoglycan, lipid and mineral constituents in a model of endochondral osseous repair

Abstract The direct biochemical and histological changes which occur as a function of healing time in a non-immobilized rat tibia fracture have been investigated. The biochemical parameters characterized in the healing callus were the content of mineral, water, hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline, proteoglycan (hexosamine), and total lipid, as well as lipid type. In this system the changes of these parameters with healing time resembles the changes observed in zonal progression in epiphyseal growth plate mineralization.
The Improved Quadrilateral Discretization Model for the Discrete Topology Optimization of Structures

In the discrete topology optimization, material state is either solid or void and there is no topology uncertainty problem caused by intermediate material state. In this paper, the improved quadrilateral discretization model is introduced for the discrete topology optimization of structures. The design domain is discretized into quadrilateral design cells and each quadrilateral design cell is further subdivided into 16 triangular analysis cells. All kinds of dangling quadrilateral design cells and sharp-corner triangular analysis cells are removed in the improved quadrilateral discretization model to promote the material utilization. To make the designed structures safe, the local stress constraint is directly imposed on each triangular analysis cell. To circumvent the geometrical bias against the vertical design cells, the binary bit-array genetic algorithm is used to search for the optimal topology. The effectiveness of the proposed improved quadrilateral discretization model and its related discrete topology optimization method is verified by two topology optimization examples of structures.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
"Glandular intoxication" following emergent tracheotomy during transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly: Cushing's 1910 unrecognized case of thyroid storm?

Harvey Cushing’s monograph The Pituitary Body and Its Disorders describes Case XXXVIII, H. M. B., a 33 year-old man who presented with acromegaly in 1910. The detailed operative note reports an emergency tracheotomy performed following induction of anesthesia, and immediately prior to a naso-labial approach to a suspected sellar lesion. Cushing’s post-operative notes document a significant increase in temperature prior to the patient’s death. Cushing offered an explanation for the patient’s symptoms immediately pre-mortem, which is largely unsatisfying. Following institutional review board approval, and through the courtesy of the Alan Mason Chesney Archives, the surgical records from the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1896–1912, were reviewed. A review of the original surgical file revealed a more extensive description of the emergent tracheotomy required following induction of anesthesia, and provided additional information regarding the patient’s symptoms in the immediate pre-mortem period. Namely, the urgent tracheotomy transected the thyroid gland, and post-operatively the patient experienced significant tachycardia and hyperthermia, consistent with thyroid storm. The new information regarding the hospital course of H. M. B. offers insight into the previously incompletely described circumstances surrounding his emergent tracheotomy, and subsequent death. Additionally, the case underscores the clinical importance of recognizing and appropriately treating thyroid storm.
The Nighttime Environment and Incontinence Care Practices in Nursing Homes

OBJECTIVES: To determine the variability in noise, light, and incontinence care practices between nursing homes (NHs) and the association between these factors and residents' nighttime sleep. DESIGN: Prospective descriptive study of a sample of incontinent NH residents. SETTING: Ten nursing homes. SUBJECTS: Two hundred twenty-five incontinent NH residents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of residents' sleep by wrist actigraphs, bed mobility by pressure sensitive Kynar strips, and environmental noise and light changes were recorded by bedside monitors in consecutive 2-minute intervals for two 10-hour nighttime data collection periods (7 PM to 5 AM). RESULTS: Forty-two percent of waking episodes lasting 4 minutes or longer were associated with noise, light, or incontinence care events. Twenty-two percent of waking episodes of 4 minutes or longer were associated with noise alone, 10% with light or light + noise, and 10% with incontinence care routines. Seventy-six percent of all incontinence care practices resulted in awakenings. There was variability between the 10 NHs, with the percentage of waking episodes associated with environmental events (noise, light, or incontinence care events) ranging from 23.6 to 66.0%. CONCLUSION: Noise and incidents of incontinence care practices were associated with a substantial amount of sleep disruption in residents in all 10 nursing homes, even though there was variability between homes. Interventions minimizing such environmental events are needed to promote better sleep in incontinent NH residents.
Physiological and Pharmacokinetic Factors Affecting Performance of Sustained Release Dosage Forms

AbstractAmong many workers in the drug formulation area, there is the mistaken notion that an oral product which releases drug at an idealized rate in vivo will result in drug blood levels which are relatively constant over the duration of the dosing interval. Unfortunately, intra-and inter-subject variability in physiological processes virtually ensures that under clinical conditions this will not be the case. Some of the many factors involved include: (1) differing rates of absorption dependent upon the site of drug release in the gut; (2) gastrointestinal motility and transit times, particularly gastric emptying; (3) the presence of food in the gut; (4) gastrointestinal blood flow; (5) disease and drug induced effects on gut physiology; and (6) the nature of the microflora in the large intestineFrom a pharmacokinetic view, the blood levels of drugs which are more rapidly eliminated from the body will be more sensitive to this gastrointestinal variability than those which are more slowly eliminated. Con...
Accueil à l’officine des femmes victimes de violences : repérer, conseiller et orienter

Resume Bien que frequentes, les violences faites aux femmes sont trop souvent ignorees. Elles doivent etre la preoccupation de tous les professionnels de sante et notamment du pharmacien qui est particulierement accessible. Professionnel de premier recours, il doit etre en capacite d’accueillir et d’orienter une femme victime, avec tact et conviction.
Hypertext as a means for knowledge acquisition

The most time consuming portion of constructing an expert system is the knowledge acquisition phase. A general knowledge acquisition tool designed around a hypertext concept could allow a knowledge engineer to list important concepts, create nodes attached to these concepts which explain their relevance, connect related concepts by linking their nodes, use graphics to explain difficult concepts, and even critique information entered into the system previously. In such a system, knowledge acquisition would not be confined to linear input of information. The knowledge engineer could use the hypertext system to compile knowledge gathered from an expert after interviewing, or s/he could enter the knowledge into the system as the expert sits there telling her/him what information to encode. The advantage of a hypertext knowledge acquisition tool is that all knowledge relevant to the expert system would be centralized into a hypertext knowledge base which the expert, or experts, can peruse and verify before the knowledge is encoded into a representation scheme. Then when the knowledge engineer does transfer the knowledge into a scheme suitable for use by an expert system, s/he can be sure that the knowledge is complete, sufficient, necessary, and correct.
Lymphadenitis as a major element of disease in the guinea pig model of tuberculosis

Guinea pigs infected by low dose aerosol with the H37Rv strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rapidly developed granulomatous lesions in the pulmonary parenchyma and within the intra-thoracic hilar lymph node cluster. Lung lesions showed no predilection for specific lobes and were perivascular, peribronchial and peribronchiolar throughout the subpleural, hilar and pulmonary parenchyma. Marked hilar lymph node enlargement was due to coalescing foci of subcapsular, paracortical and medullary granulomatous inflammation that progressed to necrosis that effaced normal lymph node architecture. Lymph node lesions became severe and progressed more rapidly than pulmonary lesions. Immunization with BCG 6 weeks prior to infection significantly reduced the lung and lymph node lesion burden as well as the progression to necrosis in both tissues. Lymph node inflammation in BCG immunized animals partially resolved and was replaced by fibroblasts and fibrous connective tissue while lesions from non-immunized animals continued to progress to necrosis. We discuss here the observation that the distribution and progression of lung and lymph node lesions in the guinea pig aerosol model of tuberculosis have considerable similarity to the naturally occurring disease in children.
DSPP Contains an IRES Element Responsible for the Translation of Dentin Phosphophoryn

The major phosphoprotein in dentin is the aspartic acid and serine-rich protein called dentin phosphophoryn (DPP). DPP appears to be synthesized as a part of a larger compound protein, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). DSPP has never been isolated or detected in dentin extracts. It is now evident that DSPP is a chimeric protein composed of 3 parts: dentin sialoprotein (DSP), DPP, and dentin glycoprotein (DGP). Previous reports have suggested that the BMP1 protease is responsible for processing DSPP. However, unequal amounts of these products are present in the dentin matrix. Here, we provide evidence for an internal ribosome entry site in the DSPP gene that directs the synthesis of DPP. This mechanism would account for unequal amounts of intracellular DSP and DPP. The internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) activity varied in different cell types, suggesting the presence of additional regulatory elements during the translational regulation of DPP. Further, we provide evidence that DPP is transported to the extracellular matrix (ECM) through exosomes. Using tissue recombination and lentivirus-mediated gain-of-function approaches, we also demonstrate that DPP is essential for the formation of well-defined tooth structures with mineralized dentin matrix.
Optimizing the photo-induced-emf response for broadband remote sensing

A simple and inexpensive semiconductor based sensor based on the photo-induced electromotive effect has been demonstrated under a variety of remote sensing conditions. We have performed parametric investigations in an effort to optimize the performance of this adaptive photodetection system. These measurements range from fundamental device physics and materials studies to optical architectures and electronic packaging. We studied a monolithic, hybridized detector module, which achieved high-performance sensing at low cost, in a lightweight, compact, and rugged package.
Effects of renal pressor system during hemorrhagic hypotension.

SummaryGrafting of a normal kidney without interruption of renal circulation onto a nephrectomized rat during hemorrhagic hypotension causes a prompt return of blood pressure to near normal levels demonstrating that humoral renal mechanisms play a role in homeostatic regulation of blood pressure.
3-14 Micron Spectroscopy of Nova V445 Puppis

We report 3–14 μm spectroscopy of the nova V445 Puppis on 2001 January 31.45 UT using the Broadband Array Spectrograph System on the Infrared Telescope Facility, approximately 1 month after the object was discovered. The spectrum (W cm-2 μm-1) revealed only a smooth, featureless continuum that decreases monotonically with increasing wavelengths between 3 and 13.6 μm. Its slope is much shallower than the Rayleigh-Jeans tail of a blackbody. The spectrum is consistent with thermal emission from gray (constant) emissivity dust whose temperatures ranged from around 280 K to upward of 1300 K. IR magnitudes were L = 2.8, M = 1.6, and N = -0.27, all ±0.02. The presence of such strong IR continuum emission so early after the nova's outburst may suggest that this object has undergone previous outbursts and that we observed preexisting dust, at least in part
Knowledge Management: Using Topic Maps in Organizational Memory

Organizational memories play a significant role in knowledge management but several challenges confront their use. Artifacts of OM are many and varied. Access and use of the stored artifact is influenced by the user's understanding of these information objects as well as their context. Theories of distributed cognition and the notion of community of practice are used to develop a model of the knowledge management system. Topic maps are used in this implementation to represent user cognition of contextualized information. Topic maps also allow for access and analysis of stored memory artifacts. The paper presents the design and development of a system to accomplish this
Typical and Atypical Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Differ Clinically and Immunophenotypically

We compared the features of 17 cases of atypical chronic lymphocytic leukemia (aCLL) with those of a clinical control group of 24 cases of CLL. Quantitative flow cytometric data, available for 12 cases, were compared with an immunophenotypic control group of 58 cases using a relative fluorescence index for CD5, CD23, CD79b, and surface immunoglobulin light chain (sIg). Compared with the clinical control group, patients with aCLL had a higher mean WBC count and a lower platelet count. Patients with aCLL had a significantly higher probability of disease progression. Compared with an immunophenotypic control group of 58 CLL cases, 12 cases of aCLL demonstrated significantly higher expression of CD23. There was no significant difference in expression of sIg, CD79b, or CD5 between the groups. CD38 expression was noted in only 1 (9%) of 11 tested cases; 2 (18%) of 11 cases had trisomy 12. aCLL can be distinguished from typical CLL morphologically, clinically, and immunophenotypically. Atypical morphologic features in CLL seem to be a marker of aggressive clinical behavior.
Robotic analyses and simulation of automatic control of excavator finish trenching

Denavit–Hartenberg notations were used to study the forward and reverse kinematics of an excavator performing the fine finishing pass of a trenching operation. An approximated path generation technique was developed. A hydraulic control system with proportional values was modelled and simulated with proportional and proportional–integral control using the EASY 5/W simulation language. The simulation results illustrate the approximate performance which could be expected during flat–bottom trenching with light loading.
Increased morbidity and high variability of cyclosporine levels in pediatric heart transplant recipients.

Abstract Objectives This study analyzed the relationship of variability in routine trough cyclosporine (CSA) levels to morbidity after pediatric cardiac transplantation. Background Due to high interindividual variation between dosage and blood concentrations, trough surveillance CSA levels are routinely performed after cardiac transplantation to adjust dosages. In addition, trough CSA levels have been used as a measure of patient compliance in transplant recipients. Recent investigations have demonstrated a relationship between late rejection and mistimed CSA dosing intervals, which could also lead to CSA levels that are incorrectly presumed to be trough levels. Methods Trough surveillance whole-blood CSA levels were retrospectively reviewed in 49 pediatric heart transplant recipients who had a median follow-up of 42 months (range 6 to 138 months). All patients received the same immunosuppression regimen (CSA, azathioprine, and steroids), the same CSA-level surveillance protocol, and the same stabilization of CSA dose and level in the therapeutic range (150 to 300 ng/ml) prior to hospital discharge. CSA levels drawn because of coexisting phenomena (drug interaction, gastroenteritis) that could cause CSA-level fluctuation were excluded from analysis. Cyclosporine variability was measured as the percentage of CSA levels that were considered sub-therapeutic (≤ 100 ng/ml), toxic (≥ 450 ng/ml), or both. Cyclosporine-level variability was then analyzed in respect to demographic and outcome variables. Results For the group, the median percentage of sub-therapeutic levels was 3% (range, 0% to 16%); the median percentage of toxic levels was 5% (range, 0% to 36%); and the median of the combination of sub-therapeutic and toxic levels was 10% (0% to 38%). Eight of the 49 patients (16%) had a high (> 20%) percentage of sub-therapeutic + toxic levels or high CSA variability. High CSA variability was significantly associated with recipients > 12 months of age ( p = 0.05), black recipients ( p = 0.009), recipients from single-parent households ( p = 0.028), and recipients with a history of non-compliance ( p p = 0.036), higher rate of recurrent rejection (≥ 2 episodes; p = 0.0003), and higher death rate more than 6 months after transplant ( p = 0.01). Conclusion Although this study could not determine cause, high variability in trough CSA levels was a marker for pediatric heart transplant recipients at greater risk for recurrent rejection and hospitalization after transplantation.
Capital Flight Accounting and Welfare Implications in the MENA Region

This research brings together the first estimates of capital flight in the MENA countries from 1970 to 2002. In addition, it explains the nature, volume, determinants and growth impact of capital flight in the resource-based and the resource-poor economies of the MENA region on the basis of their respective structural and institutional characteristics. Our findings suggest that capital flight follows a systematic pattern depending on whether a MENA country is resource-based. The resource-based economies are found to be net creditors to the world economy and have experienced more than 273 billion of 1995 USD in capital flight (average of 9.42 percent of GDP). In these economies, capital flight is assisted by natural resource exporting rents, the outward orientation of most economies and the monarchial character of most of their political systems. In assessing the welfare impact, capital flight is shown to negatively and significantly affect economic growth in the resource-based economies. In contrast, the nonresource economies are shown to have experienced a net inflow of an unrecorded foreign exchange of $215 billion in 1995 USD (average of 9.38 percent of GDP). These inflows are mainly reflected in smuggling of imported goods to avoid trade taxes and regulations and are assisted by the inward-looking strategies, one-party or militarily controlled governments and the relatively significant capital controls in these economies. Interestingly, while capital flight is an outcome of government control in resource-based economies, increasing government control induces unrecorded foreign exchange inflows in the resource-poor economies. However, we find no significant effect of unrecorded inflows on economic growth in these economies. Based on these findings, the research provides policy implications for development in the MENA region.
Assessment of myocardial oxygen extraction fraction and perfusion reserve with BOLD imaging in a canine model with coronary artery stenosis.

Purpose To determine the feasibility of T2-weighted BOLD imaging for estimating regional myocardial oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and approximating perfusion reserve (MPR) simultaneously in a canine model with moderate coronary artery stenosis. Materials and Methods Eight mongrel dogs with moderate coronary artery stenosis underwent BOLD imaging at rest and during dipyridamole-induced hyperemia, using a turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence. Based on a two-compartment model, myocardial OEFhyperemia was calculated with the corresponding T2. MPR could be approximated based on Fick's law. Results During responsive hyperemia, a regional hypointensity was observed in the abnormally perfused myocardium, reflecting a relatively smaller myocardial T2 increase (3.06% ± 2.74%, in contrast to 10.19% ± 4.12% in the normal region). The average OEFs in the normally and abnormally perfused myocardial territories were 0.21 ± 0.11 and 0.43 ± 0.12, respectively. For the MPR approximated from the BOLD imaging, a strong correlation (R = 0.9) in the normal myocardium and a good correlation (R = 0.6) distal to the stenosis were obtained compared to microsphere results. Conclusion In a canine model with moderate coronary artery stenosis, TSE-based BOLD imaging can quantitatively estimate the regional OEFhyperemia and approximate the MPR, and can distinguish segments perfused by defected coronary artery. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:72–79. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.