cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Need for a Broader Concept of the Foreign Language Curriculum1

TO the average layman the term "foreign language course" usually implies an offering stressing skills associated with the tool-uses of language: pronunciation, reading, translation, composition, and grammar. To the relatively small percentage of our citizenry who pursue the language arts beyond the elementary stages the term may ultimately mean a course in the reading and translation of literary classics. Inasmuch as scarcely five people in a hundred2 are eligible for work in the graduate schools of our universities (where the foreign language curriculum has to date achieved its fullest development with respect to variety and scope of offerings), it is natural that such a restricted concept of the field should prevail in the popular mind. That the foreign language program need not be regarded as confined to such narrow limits, however, is evident from the divers types of offerings which have long been accepted as falling within the legitimate province of foreign language departments in American colleges and universities. Recent announcements of summer school offerings in reputable institutions of higher learning show that the following courses, among others, are taught by foreign language specialists, under the auspices of their respective departments:
Response of concrete armor units to wave-induced impact

In wave environments that exceed conditions of hydraulic stability, concrete armor units are susceptible to wave-induced rolling and rocking motions. These motions result in unit-to-unit impacts which may precipitate structural failure. This second of two companion papers presents the results of a comprehensive numerical study to quantify wave-induced impact stresses in A-Jacks concrete armor units. Nomographs are developed which facilitate the structural design of A-Jacks concrete armor units in hydrodynamically unstable wave environments.
Identification of a wound-induced inhibitor of a nuclear factor that binds the carrot extensin gene

Following wounding of carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots, the activity of a nuclear factor (EGBF-1) that binds a 5'-region of the carrot extensin gene declines to undetectable levels within 48 h. Mixing of nuclear extracts from wounded roots with nuclear extracts from unwounded roots has demonstrated the existence of a wound-induced inhibitor of EGBF-1. Inhibition of EGBF-1 DNA-binding activity by nuclear extracts from wounded roots is shown to be specific for EGBF-1, and to be destroyed by heat treatment. In addition, inhibition is saturable and occurs rapidly. Active EGBF-1 can be reconstituted from its inhibited state by renaturation of proteins from mixed extracts following denaturation by boiling in sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol, and electrophoretic separation, indicating that inhibition is dependent upon the reversible interaction of EGBF-1 with a titratable factor. However, EGBF-1 activity could not be detected in nuclear extracts from wounded roots following denaturation and electrophoretic separation. Inhibitory activity was not detectable in nuclear extracts from roots that had been trated with ethylene. The action of the inhibitor indicates one possible mechanism for the control of EGBF-1 activity in carrot roots following wounding.
Biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus: challenges and prospects for the future

The search for lupus biomarkers to diagnose, monitor, stratify, and predict individual response to therapy is currently more intense than ever before. This effort is essential for several reasons. First, epidemic overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of lupus, even by certified rheumatologists, leads to errors in therapy with concomitant side effects which may be more serious than the disease itself. Second, identification of lupus flares remains as much an art as it is a science. Third, the capacity to stratify patients so as to predict those who will develop specific patterns of organ involvement is not currently possible but would potentially lead to preventive therapeutic strategies. Fourth, only one new drug for the treatment of lupus has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in over 50 years. A major obstacle in this pipeline is the dearth of biomarkers available to prove a patient has responded to an experimental therapeutic intervention. This review will summarize the challenges faced in the discovery and validation of lupus biomarkers, the most promising lupus biomarkers identified to date, and the promise of future directions.
Kernels of covered groups with operators

Abstract In this paper we continue our investigations of generalized translation planes with operators, (G, C ,S). We focus on determining, in terms of geometric properties of (G, C ,S), when the associated near-rings, MS(G, C ), are simple. Special attention is given to the cases where S is a group of automorphisms and where S is a cyclic semigroup generated by a nilpotent operator.
Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Can't Predict the Future

The book, Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists Can't Predict the Future, presents a series of examples on the failure of mathematical modeling of environmental problems. The problems dealt with in this book are dominated by coastal process issues and beach erosion (three chapters) and one chapter each on nuclear storage at Yucca Mountain, surface mining, and invasive plant species.
Observations of magnetization reversal in cobalt-rare-earth particles

A new technique for the separation of strongly magnetic powders by particle size has led to observations of discontinuous magnetization changes in samples of cobalt-rare-earth particles. These magnetization jumps were investigated in a single particle, and it was found that they occurred at various reproducible and strongly quantized fields, whose value depended on the value of the field previously applied to saturate the sample. This suggested that the coercive force of these materials might be very sensitive to the nature of the surface, which was verified experimentally. These results add support to the interpretation of the magnetic properties of high-crystal-anisotropy permanent magnet materials in terms of domain boundary nucleation and motion.
Near-field diffraction tomography with diffuse photon density waves.

An angular spectrum algorithm is presented for fast, near-field diffraction tomographic imaging with diffuse photon density waves in highly scattering media. A general relation in K space is derived that connects the spatial variations of the optical properties of heterogeneities to the spatial spectra of the measured scattered diffuse photon density waves. The theory is verified experimentally for situations when boundary effects can be neglected. We further describe how to reconstruct absorption and scattering properties simultaneously, and how to incorporate boundary conditions into this angular spectrum algorithm for a turbid medium of finite size (e.g., the slab medium). Limitations and potential improvements of the near-field diffraction tomography are also discussed.
Optimizing TiO2-based phosphopeptide enrichment for automated multidimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry

An automated online multidimensional liquid chromatography system coupled to ESI-based tandem mass spectrometry was used to assess the effectiveness of TiO2 in the enrichment of phosphopeptides from tryptic digests of protein mixtures. By monitoring the enrichment of phosphopeptides, an optimized set of loading, wash, and elution conditions were realized for TiO2. A comparison of TiO2 with other resins used for phosphopeptide enrichment, Fe(III)-IMAC and ZrO2, was also carried out using tryptic digests of both simple and moderately complex protein mixtures; where TiO2 was shown to be superior in performance.
Magnesium Sulfate in Labor and Risk of Neonatal Brain Lesions and Cerebral Palsy in Low Birth Weight Infants

Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that administration of magnesium sulfate in labor protects against the development of neonatal brain lesions and cerebral palsy (CP) in low birth weight infants. Methods. Magnesium exposure was ascertained in a population-based cohort of 1105 infants weighing 2000 g or less through review of medical records of maternal magnesium sulfate administration and, where available, elevated maternal serum magnesium levels. Neonatal germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage and parenchymal brain lesions were ascertained by a prospective, timed ultrasound scanning protocol in the first week of life. CP was ascertained at 2 years of age by clinical examination in 80% of survivors and by interview and medical record review in another 6% and was classified as disabling or nondisabling. Results. No significant reduction in risk of nondisabling CP (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53 to 1.88) or disabling CP [DCP] (adjusted OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.32 to 1.24) CP with magnesium exposure was found in a logistic regression model that controlled for gestational age, fetal growth, gender, multiple birth status, mode of delivery, amnionitis, and hypertensive disorders. In a small subset of infants, those with onset of parenchymal lesions at 7 days of age or later (n = 29), magnesium exposure was associated with a significantly reduced risk of DCP (OR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.65). Magnesium sulfate exposure was not associated with germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage (adjusted OR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.25) or with parenchymal brain lesions (adjusted OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.30). Conclusions. The hypothesis that magnesium sulfate use reduces the risk of neonatal brain lesions or CP in low birth weight infants was not statistically supported in this study, although a modest reduction in risk of DCP cannot be excluded. The data further suggest that magnesium exposure may be associated with reduction in risk of CP in low birth weight infants who have late-onset brain lesions, but this unpredicted observation requires confirmation in another data set. cerebral palsy; magnesium sulfate; infant, low birth weight; preeclampsia; cerebral hemorrhage, infant.
Shape Memory Polymers for Active Cell Culture

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are a class of "smart" materials that have the ability to change from a fixed, temporary shape to a pre-determined permanent shape upon the application of a stimulus such as heat1-5. In a typical shape memory cycle, the SMP is first deformed at an elevated temperature that is higher than its transition temperature, Ttrans [either the melting temperature (Tm) or the glass transition temperature (Tg)]. The deformation is elastic in nature and mainly leads to a reduction in conformational entropy of the constituent network chains (following the rubber elasticity theory). The deformed SMP is then cooled to a temperature below its Ttrans while maintaining the external strain or stress constant. During cooling, the material transitions to a more rigid state (semi-crystalline or glassy), which kinetically traps or "freezes" the material in this low-entropy state leading to macroscopic shape fixing. Shape recovery is triggered by continuously heating the material through Ttrans under a stress-free (unconstrained) condition. By allowing the network chains (with regained mobility) to relax to their thermodynamically favored, maximal-entropy state, the material changes from the temporary shape to the permanent shape. Cells are capable of surveying the mechanical properties of their surrounding environment6. The mechanisms through which mechanical interactions between cells and their physical environment control cell behavior are areas of active research. Substrates of defined topography have emerged as powerful tools in the investigation of these mechanisms. Mesoscale, microscale, and nanoscale patterns of substrate topography have been shown to direct cell alignment, cell adhesion, and cell traction forces7-14. These findings have underscored the potential for substrate topography to control and assay the mechanical interactions between cells and their physical environment during cell culture, but the substrates used to date have generally been passive and could not be programmed to change significantly during culture. This physical stasis has limited the potential of topographic substrates to control cells in culture. Here, active cell culture (ACC) SMP substrates are introduced that employ surface shape memory to provide programmed control of substrate topography and deformation. These substrates demonstrate the ability to transition from a temporary grooved topography to a second, nearly flat memorized topography. This change in topography can be used to control cell behavior under standard cell culture conditions.
Peak stress intensity dictates fatigue crack propagation in UHMWPE

The majority of total joint replacements employs ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) for one of the bearing components. These bearings may fail due to the stresses generated in the joint during use, and fatigue failure of the device may occur due to extended or repeated loading of the implant. One method of analysis for fatigue failure is the application of fracture mechanics to predict the growth of cracks in the component. Traditional analyses use the linear elastic stress intensity factor K to describe the stresses near a loaded crack. For many materials, such as metals, it is the range of stress intensity, ΔK, that determines the rate of crack propagation for fatigue analysis. This work shows that crack propagation in UHMWPE correlates to the maximum stress intensity, Kmax, experienced during cyclic loading. This Kmax dependence is expected due to the viscoelastic nature of the material and the absence of crazing or other cyclic load dependent crack tip phenomena. Such a dependence on a non-cyclic component of the stress allows cracks to propagate under load with little or no fluctuating stresses. Consequently, traditional fatigue analyses, which depend on the range of the stress to predict failure, are not always accurate for this material. For example, significant static stresses that develop near stress concentrations in the component locking mechanisms of orthopedic implants make such locations likely candidates for premature failure due the inherent underestimate of crack growth obtained from conventional fatigue analyses.
Quasimolecular channel and vortex street modeling on a supercomputer

Abstract A quasimolecular model is developed for the simulation of vortex development in prototype fluid flow problems. The approach is formulated mathematically as an n -body problem which incorporates classical molecular type forces. Large systems of ordinary differential equations are generated and solved numerically on a Cray X-MP/24. A variety of examples in E 2 are described, including the development of Karman type vortices, wall vortices, and paired vortices.
A simple method for simultaneous estimation of zinc and copper in erythrocytes : Comparison of a new methodology with a standard technique.

A method is described for simultaneous estimation of zinc and copper in erythrocytes by hemolysis and flame aspiration atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Red blood cells (RBC) were also analyzed by the commonly used nitric acid digestion method for comparison. The difference in the results of zinc analyses of fifteen RBC samples by the two techniques was 0.5 ± 0.8 (mean ± SD) μg Zn/g hemoglobin indicating that these methods yield essentially similar results. Because of the low concentration of copper in RBC, results obtained by the acid digestion method were unreliable since nitric acid and undissolved particles of digested RBC in the acid extract increased instrumental noise to an unacceptable level. Average concentrations of zinc and copper estimated in RBC of 25 normal subjects by the present described technique (hemolysate method) were 43.9 and 2.0 μg/g Hb, respectively. No sex-related differences in RBC zinc or copper concentrations were found. The hemolysate method is simpler and faster to perform than the more commonly used nitric acid digestion method.
Displacement-length relations of thrust faults associated with lobate scarps on Mercury and Mars: Comparison with terrestrial faults

The displacement Dand length Lof thrust faults associated with lobate scarps on Mercury and Mars are estimated from topographic and planimetric measurements. Dranges from 0.29 to 3.58 km for mercurian thrust faults (n=10) and from 0.27 km to 2.90 km for martian thrust faults (n=13). The D-Lrelationship between thrust fault populations analyzed on Mercury and Mars is very similar (γMercury= 6.5 ± 3.2 ×10−3, γMars= 5.9 ± 2.0 × 10−3), and about an order of magnitude lower than terrestrial thrust faults. The difference is probably dominated by the contrast in tectonic setting between terrestrial thrust faults and those on Mercury and Mars. The similarity in morphology and the D-Lrelationship of the mercurian and martian thrust faults may be due to the similarity in mechanical properties of the deformed materials and the acceleration due to gravity of the two planets.
Foxp-Mediated Suppression of N-Cadherin Regulates Neuroepithelial Character and Progenitor Maintenance in the CNS

Neuroepithelial attachments at adherens junctions are essential for the self-renewal of neural stem and progenitor cells and the polarized organization of the developing central nervous system. The balance between stem cell maintenance and differentiation depends on the precise assembly and disassembly of these adhesive contacts, but the gene regulatory mechanisms orchestrating this process are not known. Here, we demonstrate that two Forkhead transcription factors, Foxp2 and Foxp4, are progressively expressed upon neural differentiation in the spinal cord. Elevated expression of either Foxp represses the expression of a key component of adherens junctions, N-cadherin, and promotes the detachment of differentiating neurons from the neuroepithelium. Conversely, inactivation of Foxp2 and Foxp4 function in both chick and mouse results in a spectrum of neural tube defects associated with neuroepithelial disorganization and enhanced progenitor maintenance. Together, these data reveal a Foxp-based transcriptional mechanism that regulates the integrity and cytoarchitecture of neuroepithelial progenitors.
Preliminary investigations of the hydrogen peroxide-iodic acid-manganese(II)-malonic acid oscillating system

The hydrogen peroxide-iodic acid-manganese(II)-malonic acid oscillating system has been investigated. The reaction has been shown to be photosensitive and to be inhibited by chloride ion. In the absence of light oscillations of ca. 200 mV were obtained in the initial stages of the reaction. An “activation energy” (Ew) of 72.7±2 kJ/mol was obtained.
Teaching Students About Learning Disabilities Through Children's Literature

Children's literature often portrays characters with disabilities. These books may be used to promote awareness, understanding, and acceptance of those with disabilities. We provide guidelines for ...
Dihomotopic Deadlock Detection via Progress Shell Decomposition

The classical problem of deadlock detection for concurrent programs has traditionally been accomplished by symbolic methods or by search of a state transition system. This work examines an approach that uses geometric semantics involving the topological notion of dihomotopy to partition the state space into components, followed by search of a reduced state space. Prior work partitioned the state-space inductively. In this work, a decomposition technique motivated by recursion coupled with a search guided by the decomposition is shown to effectively reduce the size of state transition systems. The reduced state space yields asymptotic improvement in overall runtime for verification. A prototype implementation of this method is introduced here, including a description of its theoretical foundation and its performance benchmarked against the SPIN model checker.
Nomogram for modification of dosage regimens in patients with chronic renal function impairment

A nomogram is presented for modifying dosage regimens of drugs administered to patients with chronic renal function impairment. The usefulness and limitations of the nomogram are discussed in terms of the objectives of dosage regimens. The nomogram is intended to serve as a guide for drug administration in patients with renal disease. It may be particularly helpful for drugs on which little or no definitive research has been undertaken.
Symplectic diffeomorphisms and the flux homomorphism

Let X be a connected smooth manifold without boundary. We will write Difff, oX for the group of all compactly supported diffeomorphisms of X which preserve the symplectic form o2, topologized as usual as the direct limit of the subgroups Diff~X of all diffeomorphisms with support in the fixed compact set K. Let Diff, ooX be its identity component. The flux is locally a homomorphism from a neighbourhood of the identity in Diffo, oX to H~(X;R). (See Calabi [6].) It gives rise to a global homomorphism s o from the universal cover of Difffo0X to HI(X; F,), and hence to a homomorphism
The Information Content of Multiple Stock Splits

We examine the relationship between the frequency of stock splits and firms' motives for splitting their stock. Compared to their peers, infrequent splitters show higher post-split operating performance, but not so for frequent splitters. We find that split ratio and liquidity change explain the stock split announcement effect for the frequent splitters. In contrast, the change in operating performance in the split year explains the announcement effect for the infrequent splitters. Our results suggest that frequent splits are more consistent with the trading range-improved/liquidity hypothesis and infrequent splits are more consistent with the signaling hypothesis.
Release of GABA and activation of GABAA in the spinal cord mediates the effects of TENS in rats

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a commonly utilized non-pharmacological, non-invasive treatment for pain. GABA is a neurotransmitter in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that mediates analgesia locally, and also through activation of supraspinal sites. TENS reduces hyperalgesia through activation of receptor-mediated pathways at the level of the spinal cord, and supraspinally. The current study tested the hypothesis that either high or low frequency TENS applied to the inflamed knee joint increases GABA in the spinal cord dorsal horn and activates GABA receptors spinally. We utilized microdialysis to sample the extracellular fluid before, during and after TENS and analyzed GABA in dialysates with high performance liquid chromatography. We analyzed the extracellular GABA concentrations in animals with and without knee joint inflammation induced by intra-articular injection of kaolin and carrageenan. We further tested if spinal blockade of GABA receptors prevents the antihyperalgesia produced by TENS in rats with joint inflammation. We show that high frequency TENS increases extracellular GABA concentrations in the spinal cord in animals with and without joint inflammation. The increases in GABA do not occur in response to low frequency TENS, and there are no increases in glycine in response to low or high frequency TENS. However, the reduction in primary hyperalgesia by both high and low frequency TENS is prevented by spinal blockade of GABA(A) receptors with bicuculline. Thus, high frequency TENS increases release of GABA in the deep dorsal horn of the spinal cord, and both high and low frequency TENS reduce primary hyperalgesia by activation of GABA(A) receptors spinally.
Scaffolds for tissue fabrication

Abstract Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary field. It has shown great promise in generating living alternatives for harvested tissues and organs for transplantation and reconstructive surgery. Materials and fabrication technologies are critically important for tissue engineering in designing temporary, artificial extracellular matrices (scaffolds), which support three-dimensional tissue formation. This review briefly introduces the concept of tissue engineering, and illustrates the relationship between tissue engineering and materials science and engineering. Important scaffold design principles are described. The most frequently used materials and fabrication technologies for scaffolds are reviewed. Some exciting new developments in scaffold materials and fabrication technologies are also discussed.
President’s Page: Women in Cardiology: Leading Our Present, Guiding Our Future

![Figure][1] Cardiology became a viable option for me as an intern when my chief of cardiology approached me in the parking garage one day, assuring me cardiology was a female-friendly specialty and I should strongly consider it as a career. While I did not really buy his contention that
Automotive component innovation: Development and diffusion of engine management technologies

Abstract In recent years, automobile manufacturers have successfully met, and in many cases exceeded, the apparent incompatibilities between government-imposed economy and emissions regulations, and consumer-oriented durability and performance demands. This paper focuses on the heritage of engine management systems (EMS) by examining the evolution of the fuel delivery systems of the Honda-MacLaren Formula 1 race cars and the Chevrolet Corvette and Nissan Z/ZX production sports cars. These case studies provide the foundation for a modification to the product life-cycle model, merging the seemingly unrelated technologies of automotive fuel and ignition systems and computer microprocessor components. EMS technology includes research and development (R&D), testing, technical assistance and production across an extensive network of generalists and specialists including automakers, race car constructor organizations, and parts suppliers. Breaking from the traditional total vehicle development by a single manufacturer, this division of labor results in more rapid incremental innovation of both the components (the parts) and the automobile (the end product and the sum of the parts). However, while the end product may be only incrementally improved, the parts — in this case, EMS — are so distinctly different that a new — not an extended — product life-cycle begins.
Diamond electrodes for neurodynamic studies in Aplysia californica

As part of an ongoing effort to demonstrate that diamond is a versatile electrode material for biological applications, we present our progress in the development of diamond electrodes for the study of neurodynamics in an animal model, Aplysia californica. Diamond provides a unique opportunity to integrate neural stimulation and sensing in the same implantable device. Data from several parallel studies are presented: in vitro measurement of serotonin concentration, measurement of electrical activity, and neural stimulation. Using diamond microelectrodes, changes of the Aplysia californica's feeding patterns are being studied as a function of concentration of serotonin, which can act as a neuromodulator of feeding behavior.
Epilithic diatom community response to years of PO4 fertilization: Kuparuk River, Alaska (68 N Lat.)

An arctic river was fertilized continuously through the ice-free season with phosphoric acid beginning in 1983. The epilithic diatom community increased in biomass in the first two years in response to the added limiting nutrient (Peterson et al., 1983). The diatom community switched from one dominated by Hannea arcus to one dominated by species of Achnanthes and Cymbella. The immediate responses to the P-addition were decreases in both the Shannon diversity and evenness indices. By the second year, the community diversity increased downriver reaching maximal species richness (110-127 spp). In 1985-1987, the epilithic algal biomass decreased an order of magnitude with both whole-river P04 (1985, 1987) and P04 + NH4 addition (1986). In the 5th summer of fertilization, the reduction in biomass was clearly caused by a numerical increase of grazing, refugia-building chironomids (Orthocladiinae, primarily) (Gibeau, 1991; Gibeau, Miller, Hershey, in prep.). We assume the algal biomass reduction in the 3rd and 4th years was similarly caused by grazers with a two year time lag in the numerical response of these monovoltine species. The evenness of the community increased in 1986 as if it might have been grazed; however the number of immigrants was reduced. The community became dominated by Eunotia, Cymbella and Achnanthes, species either fast growing or more prostrate, as the erect species of Hannea, Diatoma, and Fragillaria declined. A detrended correspondence analysis of the temporal and spatial diatom samples in species space (186 spp.) showed that the largest variation in the community was between years and less variation was associated with river fertilization.
Dynamic modelling of a Gifford-McMahon cryorefrigerator

Abstract The dynamic characteristics of a pneumatically driven Gifford-McMahon cryorefrigerator are modelled when the cryorefrigerator is operating in the steady state regime. The mathematical model, which includes dynamic, fluid dynamic and thermodynamic effects, consists of a set of six simultaneous differential equations. The model variables were determined to be the gas masses in the various chambers of the cryocooler's two stages, and the displacer's position and velocity. The non-linear time-varying system of differential equations is solved by numerical integration routines that use the Adams - Moulton method with an adaptive integration step size and a user specified tolerance. A direct comparison of the algorithm predicted results and actual experimental data indicates that the algorithm models the trends of the physical phenomena in an accurate fashion.
Evaluation of macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics for plasmid maintenance in low pH Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 fermentations

Clarithromycin, midecamycin and tylosin effectively provided selective pressure for maintenance of a macrolide, lincosamide and streptogramin B resistance (MLSr) plasmid in Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 at pH values as low as 4.5, whereas erythromycin, oleandomycin, spiramycin, lincomycin and clindamycin did not. Furthermore, clarithromycin, midecamycin and tylosin were not degraded by late stationary-phase ATCC 824 fermentation fluids. Solvent formation, but not acid formation. was inhibited by tylosin but not by clarithromycin in an MLSr plasmid containing strain. Clarithromycin should therefore be useful for the maintenance of selective pressure for MLSr plasmids in low pH recombinant C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 fermentations.
Adjustable Speed AC Drive Systems for Pump and Compressor Applications

The paper covers the application and performance of a cycloconverter type frequency converter and a doubly fed wound rotor ac motor as applicable to adjustable speed drive systems for pump and compressor loads. The paper covers the subject by discussion of the following: 1) basic theory and operation of a cycloconverter and a doubly fed wound rotor motor; 2) motor and converter ratings to meet the performance requirements of typical pump and compressor applications; 3) control schemes for starting, running, and process control; 4) efficiency and power factor; and 5) summation, including advantages of adjustable speed ac drive systems and static frequency conversion equipments.
Batch separation of uracil derivatives from urine

Abstract Commercial mixed-bed deionizing resins have been modified by conversion to the sulfonic acid and acetate forms and used to prepare extracts of urine that contain uracil derivatives (pKa > 8). A rapid batch extraction process, requiring less than 15 min is described for the first time that can be used either for rapid spectrophotometric screening of altered levels of these uracil derivatives or for accurate measurement of uracil and pseudo-uridine by high-performance liquid chromatography on reversed-phase columns using 0.002 M ammonium formate (pH 6) in water as the solvent. The spectrophotometric assay is based on the spectral shift of uracil derivatives when neutral aqueous solutions are made alkaline. After the batch extraction, the factor for conversion of absorbancy change to nmol is 0.0046 per nmol/ml for uracil and 0.0035 per nmol/ml for pseudouridine. Pseudouridine levels in two test urines were found to be 24 and 19.3 nmol/μmol of creatinine, which are consistent with published values of 17.6–24.
Advances in high-k dielectric gate materials for future ULSI devices

This article discusses recent developments in high dielectric constant gate insulator materials for future ultra-large-scale integration devices below 100 nm. Since conventional gate oxide poses problems as device features are scaled down, it becomes necessary to develop new gate dielectric materials with properties similar to SiO2 and compatible with current complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology. As the thickness of silicon dioxide approaches less than 1.5 nm, the leakage current becomes higher than 1 A/cm2 and tunnel current increases significantly. Therefore, materials are needed to provide excellent electrical characteristics such as dielectric constant higher than 30, interface-state-density less than 1 × 1011/cm2-eV, tunneling current less than 10 mA/cm2, and negligible hysteresis. Many high dielectric constant materials have been reported that could potentially replace SiO2. These include SiOxNy, Ta2O5, TiO2, Y2O3, CeO2, SrTiO3, Al2O3, La2O3, and silicates of hafnium and zirconium. These materials exhibit the desired high dielectric constants for applications as gate dielectrics in sub-100 nm silicon technology. However, detailed studies need to be performed to evaluate the compatibility of these materials with the rest of the silicon integrated-circuit manufacturing processes.
The role of ultrasound imaging in acute rupture of the Achilles tendon

In clinically suspected acute Achilles tendon rupture, ultrasound is a useful imaging modality which may confirm the diagnosis and distinguish between complete ruptures and partial tears. Ultrasound may help determine whether surgical or conservative treatment is most appropriate, and, where surgery is contemplated, allow optimal surgical planning. Sonographic features most highly correlated with a complete tear include absence of tendon at the injury site, tendon retraction and posterior acoustic shadowing at the tear margins.
Effect of renal function on urinary mineral excretion and stone composition.

Objective To determine the effect of renal function on urinary mineral stone excretion and composition of kidney stones in patients undergoing urologic intervention for nephrolithiasis. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 158 patients with 193 kidney stones who underwent endourologic intervention for nephrolithiasis. The patients were grouped by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The kidney stone composition and results of the 24-hour urinalysis were reported for each group. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and analysis of variance. Results The kidney stone composition profile differed significantly between the groups, with uric acid stones associated with a lower eGFR and calcium phosphate stones associated with a greater eGFR. A lower eGFR correlated with lower urine pH, lower calcium excretion, and greater oxalate excretion. Excretion of uric acid and the body mass index did not differ between groups. Conclusion Different degrees of renal function correlated with certain types of kidney stones. The urine pH was lower in patients with impaired renal function. Renal function might be an underappreciated factor that affects kidney stone composition and urinary mineral excretion.
Gender and role-based perceptions of domestic abuse: does sexual orientation matter?

Although it is estimated that domestic abuse is as common in gay male and lesbian intimate relationships as in heterosexual relationships, the legal system often fails to recognize or respond to same-gender cases. Empirical research examining the impact of sexual orientation on perceptions of abuse is virtually nonexistent. Undergraduates (N = 252) read a summary of a domestic abuse incident in which victims and perpetrators varied by gender and, by implication, sexual orientation. Victim and respondent gender, rather than the couple's sexual orientation, primarily affected responses to domestic abuse. Domestic abuse perpetrated against women was perceived to be more serious and in need of intervention than abuse against men. Women were more likely than men to believe the victim and to recommend criminal justice system interventions. Because they are inconsistent with gender role stereotypes, domestic abuse cases involving male victims or female perpetrators may not receive equitable treatment within the criminal justice system.
Improved methods for determination of rotational symmetries in macromolecules

Abstract Rotational symmetries of macromolecules are most clearly perceived in the en face projection and may be assessed by inspection of rotational power spectra calculated from electron micrographs of individual particles. However, if the symmetry is not contrasted strongly, this procedure may be inconclusive since the relevant peak may not be convincingly higher than other spectral components. To some extent, this is a sampling problem since the number of repeating elements involved is usually small. We have devised more sensitive statistical tests for rotational symmetry that pool the information contents of entire populations of particles. Both tests involve combining the rotational spectra of many particles and comparing them with the spectra of surrounding background areas. One method is based on the well known t -test which estimates whether two populations differ at a given significance level. In the second test, the ratio between the intensity of each component of the rotational spectrum and the average corresponding intensity for background areas is calculated, and thence, the cumulative product of these ratios over all particles in the data set. If a symmetry is present, this product gradually diverges; otherwise, it converges to zero. As a practical trial, the tests were applied to micrographs of negatively stained hexons of herpes simplex virus and confirmed their 6-fold symmetry. Applied to negatively stained “connector” proteins of bacteriophage T7 purified from a plasmid expression system, both algorithms detected polymorphism with distinct subpopulations of both 13-fold and 12-fold connectors.
Upper elementary‐aged children's reported perceptions about good readers: A self‐efficacy influenced update in transitional literacy contexts

Abstract This study sought to update the criteria by which fourth, fifth, and sixth grade children in transitional literacy contexts form reading ability judgments. A total of 56 students of varying reading abilities responded orally to interview questions structured around Bandura's (1977, 1982) model of self‐efficacy. Transcript analyses produced 15 separate criterial categories, 10 of which clustered into four major category groupings. In making “good reader” judgments, children most frequently referenced the public performance/fluency category grouping of reading (i.e., word recognition, word analysis, and reading rate). The three other major category groupings included selected teacher practices (verbal praise and call upon patterns) as well as indicators of affect (amount of reading, enjoyment, and recreational reading) and classroom achievement (task/test performance and grades). Comprehension, studying/practice, providing or receiving assistance, reading group membership, and effort represented re...
New constraints on dispersive form factor parametrizations from the timelike region

The authors generalize a recent model-independent form factor parameterization derived from rigorous dispersion relations to include constraints from data in the timelike region. These constraints dictate the convergence properties of the parameterization and appear as sum rules on the parameters. They further develop a new parameterization that takes into account finiteness and asymptotic conditions on the form factor, and use it to fit to the elastic {pi} electromagnetic form factor. They find that the existing world sample of timelike data gives only loose bounds on the form factor in the spacelike region, but explain how the acquisition of additional timelike data or fits to other form factors are expected to give much better results. The same parameterization is seen to fit spacelike data extremely well.
APS investigation across four types of elder maltreatment

Purpose – Little empirical attention has been given to adult protective services (APS) investigations and the clients involved in those investigations. The purpose of this study was to explore aspects of the APS investigation of and response to reported elder maltreatment, the perceptions of elderly victims and their refusal of services, and to compare findings by the type of maltreatment involved (financial exploitation, physical abuse, neglect, and hybrid financial exploitation).Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from two sources over a two‐year period: in‐depth interviews with 71 APS caseworkers and 55 of the corresponding elderly victims who experienced substantiated elder maltreatment; and a statewide database that contained 2,142 substantiated cases of elder abuse.Findings – Many aspects of the APS investigation and response differed by the type of maltreatment involved. While elderly victims were generally cooperative and satisfied with the APS intervention, 38 percent would have pre...
Tough beginnings: alterations in the transcriptome of cloned embryos during the first two cell cycles

Cloned embryos produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) display a plethora of phenotypic characteristics that make them different from fertilized embryos, indicating defects in the process of nuclear reprogramming by the recipient ooplasm. To elucidate the extent and timing of nuclear reprogramming, we used microarrays to analyze the transcriptome of mouse SCNT embryos during the first two cell cycles. We identified a large number of genes mis-expressed in SCNT embryos. We found that genes involved in transcription and regulation of transcription are prominent among affected genes, and thus may be particularly difficult to reprogram, and these likely cause a ripple effect that alters the transcriptome of many other functions, including oxidative phosphorylation, transport across membrane, and mRNA transport and processing. Interestingly, we also uncovered widespread alterations in the maternal (i.e., non-transcribed) mRNA population of SCNT embryos. We conclude that gene expression in early SCNT embryos is grossly abnormal, and that this is at least in part the result of incomplete reprogramming of transcription factor genes.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic, and Structural Studies of Two Mixed Transition Metal Complexes

Abstract The crystal structures of the mixed transition-metal nitrosylpentacyanoferrate trihydrates have been determined from three-dimensional single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. These polynuclear cyanides crystallize in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n ( Z = 4) with lattice parameters of a = 7.385(1), b = 14.905(3), c = 10.810(2) A, β = 91.54(2)°; and a = 7.4109(3), b = 14.9430(9), c = 10.8423(6) A, β = 91.570(4)° for 1:1 (Cd/Mn) and 1:1 (Cd/Zn)[Fe(CN) 5 NO · 3H 2 O, respectively. The final least-squares full-matrix refinements, based on 1978 and 2026 unique reflections, yielded reliability factors equal to 0.048 and 0.044, respectively. The mixed cation centers are six-coordinated, with five cyanide ligands and one water molecule in an octahedral arrangement. The Fe atoms also display octahedral symmetry with five cyanide ligands and one nitrosyl group. The distorted octahedral metal centers, which are geometrically arranged in a staggered fashion, are united by cyanide bridging. Two of the three water molecules which are uncoordinated occupy channels in the crystal lattice and are held in position by hydrogen bonding to the coordinated water molecule, O(1). Important bond distances and angles are presented and appropriately discussed. Conoscopic, infrared, thermogravimetic, and crystallographic results are reported.
Effect of Autogenous Marrow and Calcitonin on Reactions to a Ceramic

The effect of autogenous marrow and calcitonin on reactions to a tricalcium phosphate ceramic was studied by subcutaneous implantation in rats. No bone formation was evident in association with uncoated and calcitonin-coated ceramic. At four weeks and thereafter bone formation was evident in association with all marrow-coated implants.
High incidence of seed transmission of Papaya ringspot virus and Watermelon mosaic virus, two viruses newly identified in Robinia pseudoacacia

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is an ornamental legume tree susceptible to several viruses. Virus diseases of black locust often go unrecognized making infected trees a prime inoculum source, not only for legumes, but also other plant species. In this communication we report, for the first time, two viruses, Papaya ringspot virus and Watermelon mosaic virus, associated with disease in black locust. Isolates of both viruses were partially characterized and seed transmission was examined. The high percentage of seed transmission suggests that this may be an important avenue for virus dissemination.
Diffuse phase transitions in the (PbxBa1-x)TiO3 system

Diffuse phase transitions were observed in the solid solution (PbxBa1-x)TiO3. By measuring the diffuseness of the paraelectric to ferroelectric transition as a function of composition in the solid solution (PbxBa1-x)TiO3 the average size of the ferroelectric nuclei may be determined. Dielectric constant versus temperature curves were measured over the temperature range where the ferroelectric transition occurs. From these curves, the diffuseness of the transition was determined. The size of the microregions (Kanzig regions), which are responsible for the diffuse behaviour, was estimated to be between 2.5 and 4.0 nm. These microregions are the ferroelectric nuclei and hence this allows the measurement of the ferroelectric nuclei size. © 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Cost and risk considerations for test and evaluation of unmanned and autonomous systems of systems

The evolutionary nature of Unmanned and Autonomous systems of systems (UASoS) acquisition needs to be matched by evolutionary test capabilities yet to be developed. As part of this effort we attempt to understand the cost and risk considerations for UASoS Test and Evaluation (T&E) and propose the development of a parametric cost model to conduct trade-off analyses. This paper focuses on understanding the need for effort estimation for UASoS, the limitations of existing cost estimation models, and how our effort can be merged with the cost estimation processes. We present the prioritization of both technical and organizational cost drivers. We note that all drivers associated with time constraints, integration, complexity, understanding of architecture and requirements are rated highly, while those regarding stakeholders and team cohesion are rated as medium. We intend for our cost model approach to provide management guidance to the T&E community in estimating the effort required for UASoS T&E.