cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

So far in this book, you have learned how to test for the difference within one group of data between the mean of the group and the hypothesized population mean for the data using either the 95 % confidence interval about the mean (Chap. 3 of this book) or the one-group t-test of the mean (Chap. 4 of this book). You have also learned how to test for the difference between the means for two groups of to determine if this difference was a “significant” difference (Chap. 5 of this book). In this chapter, you will learn how to test for the difference between groups on a single variable when you have three or more groups of data. A practical human resource management problem is presented that walks you through the Excel steps needed to generate the output for a one-way ANOVA test. You will learn how to interpret the Summary Output table correctly, and how to test the hypotheses comparing the population means of the three or more groups to see if they are “significantly different from each other.” If this overall ANOVA test is produces a significant result, you will learn how to test the hypotheses comparing any two groups using an ANOVA t-test formula. This formula is presented, explained, and a practical human resource management example is used delineating the five steps needed to perform this test using a calculator. Then, the Excel steps for using this formula are presented and explained. Three practice problems are given at the end of the chapter to test your Excel skills, and the answers to these problems appear in Appendix A of this book. An additional practice problem is presented in the Practice Test given in Appendix B along with its answer in Appendix C of this book.
FYI for FYE: 20-minute instruction for library orientation

Purpose – This paper aims to provide an understanding of the experience of developing instruction to first-year-experience (FYE) students by introducing multiple library resources in 20 minutes. Design/methodology/approach – Introduce FYE students to library resources using activity-based learning models. Using activity-based learning models, FYE students at Cal Poly Pomona, in Pomona, California, were introduced to multiple library resources that were woven into major library resources that fulfilled FYE competencies. Findings – This paper demonstrates that librarians can effectively conduct library instruction to introduce FYE students to the core library resources in a 20-minute breakout session without the use of written assessments. Originality/value – This paper would be beneficial for academic librarians developing library instruction for FYE students. The instruction designed within this paper provides useful examples for teaching information literacy for limited time, one-shot sessions and semest...
URBAN VISUAL AIR QUALITY JUDGMENTS: RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY

A procedure based on judgments of human observers for measuring visual air quality in urban areas is described, and its reliability and validity are examined using the results of several studies conducted in a metropolitan area. It is concluded that the procedure provides a measure that is sufficiently reliable and valid to warrant its use in studies of the causes and consequences of changes in visual air quality. Substantial agreement was found among individuals with regard to judgments of visual air quality, but the possibility of differences between experienced and inexperienced observers requires further investigation. The paper provides an example of methods that can be used, and issues that should be addressed, in the development of perceived environmental quality indices.
CASCON high school programming competition 2009

The CASCON High School Programming Competition was a Java-based challenge that encouraged high school students to discover the fun in computer science and information technology. In its fifth year, the CASCON High School Programming Competition, CodeSpy, attracted many schools from across the Greater Toronto region. In addition to the competition, two hands-on workshops were held concurrently for high school computer science educators by Troy Vasiga of the University of Waterloo and Steve Engels of the University of Toronto. Attendees developed and implemented interesting exercises that they could take with them for classroom use. In the afternoon, the teachers attended a workshop to promote "Programming Contest Central". This website was developed by Shad Valley students at IBM to provide Java programming resources to students and teachers.
Ozone process insights from field experiments – Part III: extent of reaction and ozone formation

Abstract The analysis of ambient data offers a means of developing a qualitative understanding of the sensitivity of ozone formation at specific times and places to changes in VOC and NOx concentrations. The Integrated Empirical Rate (IER) model (Johnson, 1984, Proceedings of the Eighth International Clean Air Conference, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 715–731) and two revisions known as the Smog Production (SP) algorithm (Blanchard et al., 1999, Atmospheric Environment 33, 369–381; Chang et al., 1997, Atmospheric Environment 31, 2787–2794) are reviewed. Applied to ambient data, the algorithm requires measurements of ozone, NO, and either NOx or NOy and computes a quantity known as the extent of reaction. The extent of reaction is shown to be related to photochemical age and serves as an indicator of the sensitivity of instantaneous ozone production to changes in VOC or NOx concentrations. Extent of reaction alone is insufficient as an indicator of the sensitivity of ozone concentration to a complex upwind history of emission changes. Consideration of daily, hourly, and spatial patterns of extent of reaction is needed to interpret applications of the SP algorithm.
Biodegradation of Oil-Based Drilling Muds and Production Pit Sludges

Etude de l'aptitude de cinq cultures microbiennes a epurer les boues de forage a base d'huile et les dechets d'exploitation de puits de petrole situes au large des cotes de la Louisiane (Etats-Unis). Deux cultures, l'une provenant des eaux usees domestiques et l'autre d'un traitement des dechets de raffinerie, donnent de bons resultats
Phosphatidylethanolamine metabolism in rats fed a low methionine, choline-deficient diet.

The metabolism of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was studied in male rats fed a low methionine diet for 7 days with or without supplemental choline. Groups of animals were injected with 2-14C-ethanolamine and killed at intervals thereafter up to 72 hr. Liver phospholipids were isolated, and PE and phosphatidylcholine (PC) were separated by argentation chromatography into diene (18∶2), tetraene (20∶4) and hexaene (22∶6) fractions. Fatty acid composition and the distribution of radioactivity and specific activity in the total phospholipids and in the fractions were determined. Choline deficiency did not affect total liver phospholipid, but it did increase the amount of PE and decreased that of PC. The major effect of the deficiency on phospholipid fatty acids was to decrease the proportion of PE arachidonate and to increase that of docosahexaenoate. Ethanolamine incorporation into liver PE of deficient rats was only slightly less than in the controls, but loss of the radioactivity from the PE was slower. Ethanolamine radioactivity appearing in the PC of deficient rats was about half that of the controls, even though specific activities of the PE precursors were similar to the control rats. Choline deficiency increased the biological half-lives of the total PE and its fractions. Although the proportion of PE tetraenoic fraction was reduced, the total amount of this liver PE fraction in deficient rats was not affected. However the amount of hexaenoic fraction was doubled, and it accounted for most of the increased quantity of liver PE seen in deficient animals. The results suggested that in choline deficiency PE synthesis was delayed but not appreciably suppressed, and that limited availability of methionine for methylating the PE fractions in their proper proportions affected the concentrations of the PE fractions and impaired their normal conversion to PC.
Reconfiguration costs in analog sensor interfaces for wireless sensing applications

Analog sensor interfaces are used in wireless sensor nodes to perform sensor conditioning, event detection, and data reduction. The use of reconfigurable interfaces will enable applications developers to customize these sensor interfaces and to reconfigure them in the field. In this paper, we examine the energy cost of reconfiguring analog circuitry and how the requirements of wireless sensor nodes impact the design of reconfigurable analog systems.
Quantum planes of weight (1, 1, n)1

In this article we study the categories Tails A arising from Artin-Schelter regular algebras of global dimension 3 of weight (1, 1, n ), where n is an integer greater than 1. We determine generators and relations for all such algebras, and this information is used to classify the points and lines in Tails A .
hENT1 and Hodgkin lymphoma: not just crossing the channel.

Discussion of treatment options in advanced Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) tends to be somewhat dialectical-higher rates of responses can be obtained with intensification of therapy, but these may be accomp...
Observations of polyaniline surface morphology modification during doping and de-doping using atomic force microscopy

Chemically synthesized 30 μm thick polyaniline films were studied during the doping and dedoping process by imaging the polymer surface using in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM). The polymer, which was initially in the base non-conducting form, was doped using aqueous solutions of both tosylic acid (pH = 0.2) and HCl (pH = 0.2 and 1.0). De-doping was accomplished by exposing the same doped polymer surface to NH4OH (pH = 12) base solution. AFM images showed that it was necessary to cycle the polymer surface three times between acid and base before a reproducible surface morphology was established. For the case of doping with tosylic acid, AFM images showed that the polyaniline surface was immediately roughened; the changes in mean roughness for the base and acid conditions were ~ 5.4 and ~ 6.7 nm, respectively. In addition there appeared to be an increase in the size of surface channels and cracks. When doping with HCl (pH = 1.0), no change in surface morphology was observed; however, noticeable surface roughening occurred over 10 min for the case of the lower pH = 0.2 solution; mean roughness changes for the base and acid conditions were ~ 17.9 and 39.2 nm. Radio frequency measurements, which determined the polymer complex permittivity, and d.c. conductivity measurements were used to determine the level of doping in the samples studied by AFM which were exposed to acid solutions.
Activation of Peripheral-Blood Granulocytes Is Strongly Correlated With Patient Outcome After Immunotherapy With Anti-GD2 Monoclonal Antibody and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor

Purpose Adjuvant therapy using anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has shown treatment success for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB). Although there is ample evidence on how the antibody targets NB, in vivo contribution by GM-CSF remains unclear. This report investigates granulocyte activation and its correlation with treatment outcome. Patients and Methods Patients enrolled onto NCT00072358 received multiple treatment cycles, each consisting of anti-GD2 antibody 3F8 plus subcutaneous (SC) GM-CSF. Peripheral-blood (PB) samples from 151 patients were collected on day 0 and day 4 of cycle 1. PB from a subgroup of 35 patients had intravenous (IV) instead of SC GM-CSF during cycle 4. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry for CD11a, CD63, CD87, and CD11b and its activation epitope CBRM1/5. Results Comparing cycle 1 day 4 PB samples with day 0 PB samples, five of five activation marker–positive granulocytes were significantly higher. The change i...
A class of treatment assignment rules for sequential experiments

In an experiment to compare K(<2) treatments, suppose that eligible subjects arrive at an experimental site sequentially and must be treated immediately. In this paper, we assume that the size of the experiment cannot be predetermined and propose and analyze a class of treatment assignment rules which offer compromises between the complete randomization and the perfect balance schemes, A special case of these assignment rules is thoroughly investigated and is featured in the numerical compu-tations. For practical use, a method of implementation of this special rule is provided.
Inapparent infiltrations associated with vindesine administration

Vindesine is des-acetyl vinblastine amide sulfate (Eldisine, Eli Lilly and Co), an investigational derivative of the vinca alkaloid, vinblastine. Initial phase I results with vindesine have determined that myelotoxicity is dose-limiting and that, contrary to preclinical studies in animals [1], a neurotoxic potential is indeed present [2]. Another phase I study also observed a rather high incidence of phlebitis (16%) and of cellulitis (10%), however, myelosuppression remained the dose-limiting toxicity [3]. Because good clinical responses have been noted in lymphomas, leukemias [4] and some solid tumors including breast cancer [5], the drug has a potential for wide utility. However, while we have noted several clinical responses with vindesine, injections of the drug have been complicated by serious infiltration with atypically delayed presentation. The purpose of this communication is to briefly describe the incidence and course of these infiltrations.
Maximum concurrent flows and minimum cuts

In many applications, we need to find a minimum cost partition of a network separating a given pair of nodes. A classical example is the Max-Flow Min-Cut Theorem, where the cost of the partition is defined to be the sum of capacities of arcs connecting the two parts. Other similar concepts such as minimum weighted sparsest cut and flux cut have also been introduced. There is always a cost associated with a cut, and we always seek the min-cost cut separating a given pair of nodes. A natural generalization from the separation of a given pair is to find all minimum cost cuts separating all $$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ 2 \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ pairs of nodes, with arbitrary costs associated with all 2n−1 — 1 cuts. In the present paper, we show thatn — 1 minimum cost cuts are always sufficient to separate all $$\left( {\begin{array}{*{20}c} n \\ 2 \\ \end{array} } \right)$$ pairs of nodes. A further generalization is to considerk-way partitions rather than two-way partitions. An interesting relationship exists betweenk-way partitions, the multicommodity flow problem, and the minimum weighted sparsest cut. Namely, if the staturated arcs in a multicommodity flow problem form ak-way partition (k ≤ 4), then thek-way partition contains a two-way partition. This two-way partition is the minimum weight sparsest cut.
Stimulation of parathyroid secretion in the absence of the adrenal, thyroid, or pituitary gland

Abstract Parathyroid activity was studied in rats after removal of the adrenal, thyroid, or pituitary glands, or after parathyroid homotransplants. All animals were subjected to 8 hours of continuous peritoneal lavage in order to stimulate endogenous parathyroid activity. A quantitative osteoclast count in the metaphysis of the femur and measurements on serum and lavage calciums were made. The results show that in all groups except one, the parathyroids maintain the calcium and osteoclast values significantly above the parathyroidectomized level. The exception was the long-term thyroidectomized rats, which showed normal calcium but low osteoclast values. The relationships between parathyroid secretion and the other hormones are discussed.
Optical contamination screening of materials with a high-finesse Fabry-Perot cavity resonated continuously at 1.06-µm wavelength in vacuum

An optical-loss measurement system based on a resonant Fabry Perot cavity at 1.06µm in vacuum has been developed for independent monitoring of the cavity total loss and the optical absorption loss. Maintenance of cavity resonance over a one-month period allows the assessment of long-term degradation of the cavity optics in the presence of outgassing materials, with sensitivities of 5 ppm yr for total cavity loss and 2 ppm yr for cavity absorption loss. Test results for light-emitting diodes, Kapton-insulated cable assemblies, and Vac-seal epoxy adhesive are given. Scaling of these results to the optical performance requirements of LIGO is discussed.
Human Spatial Orientation Perception During Simulated Lunar Landing Motions

Safe and precise piloted lunar landings require control inputs that depend on an accurate perception of vehicle orientation and motion. However, the unique environment and motions experienced during a lunar landing trajectory may lead to misperceptions in vehicle state. Eight subjects participated in a human subject experiment in the NASA Ames vertical motion simulator, where self-reports of perceptions of vehicle tilt angle and horizontal velocity were made during lunar-landing-like motions. Three cases of sensory cues were studied: Subjects were blindfolded and given no visual cues; subjects were provided a simulated dynamic view of the lunar terrain out a forward-looking window; and subjects were provided dynamic instrument displays showing current vehicle states. Subjects’ perception indications differed substantially from the motions being simulated in the blindfolded and out-the-window conditions, but were better matched when viewing instrument displays. Subject perceptions were also compared with p...
Representation of a sentence and its pragmatic implications: Verbal, imagistic, or abstract?*

To test the hypothesis that the meaning of a sentence is represented in an abstract format rather than one mediated by words or images, 96 spoken sentences were immediately followed by a word or drawing probe. Subjects decided whether or not the probe was related to the meaning of the sentence. Response times to the drawing and word probes did not differ significantly overall. There was no interaction between probe modality and either the imageability of the sentence or the semantic relatedness of the sentence and probe. Unexpected free recall of the probes was better for drawings than for words; subjects accurately recalled the modality of probes. Although modality-specific representations must be computed (since they are retained), it is concluded that the meaning of a sentence or a probe is not represented in a modality-specific format but in an abstract conceptual format. This abstract representation, used in computing the pragmatic implications of the sentence, is directly accessible from either verbal or pictorial stimuli.
Variation in Magnitude of Negative Transfer on Successive Discrimination Reversal (SDR) Tasks across Species

Attention is directed to the isolation of the dimensions of SDR methodology which make it sensitive to inter-species performance differences that have systematic taxonomical significance. Two dimensions in particular are indicated, inconstancy of reinforcement and the maximum opportunity for the generation of negative transfer. To determine if variation in magnitude of negative transfer is diagnostic of phyletic level, indices were studied across different phyletic levels of birds. More “primitive” birds developed greater magnitudes of negative transfer than more “advanced” birds. The relevance of these data to the retention decrement and the differential extinction hypotheses is examined.
Single- and multiple-beam nonlinear absorption and refraction measurements in semiconductors

We describe picosecond single- and multiple-beam measurements of the nonlinear absorption and refraction in a variety of semiconductors. Single-beam and pump-probe transmission measurements are used to isolate instantaneous nonlinearities from cumulative processes. These techniques, together with a simple rate equation model, have allowed us to extract information regarding mid-gap levels and to measure both the two-photon absorption coefficients and the free carrier absorption cross sections in these samples. Our model, together with Z-scan and beam deflection measurements of the nonlinear refraction, has provided the change in index due to each photogenerated electron-hole pair.
Tissue distribution of EDTA encapsulated within liposomes of varying surface properties

Liposomes containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were prepared with different surface properties by varying the liposomal lipid constituents. Positively charged liposomes were prepared with a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and stearylamine. Negatively charged liposomes were prepared with a mixture of phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and phosphatidylserine. Neutral liposomes were prepared with phosphatidylcholine alone, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine alone, or with a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Distribution of 14C-labeled EDTA were determined in mouse tissues from 5 min to 24 h after a single intravenous injection of liposome preparation. Differences in tissue distribution were produced by the different liposomal lipid compositions. Uptake of EDTA by spleen and marrow was highest from negatively charged liposomes. Uptake of EDTA by lungs was highest from positively charged liposomes; lungs and brain retained relatively high levels of EDTA from these liposomes between 1 and 6 h after injection. Liver uptake of EDTA from positively or negatively charged liposomes was similar; the highest EDTA uptake by liver was from the neutral liposomes composed of a mixture of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Liposomes composed of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine produced the lowest liposomal EDTA uptake observed in liver and marrow but modrate uptake by lungs. Tissue uptake and retention of EDTA from all of the liposome preparations were greater than those of non-encapsulated EDTA. The results presented demonstrate that the tissue distribution of a molecule can be modified by encapsulation of that substance into liposomes of different surface properties. Selective delivery of liposome-encapsulated drugs to specific tissues could be effectively used in chemotherapy and membrane biochemistry.
Monomeric five-coordinate rhenium diazenido and hydrazido complexes with aromatic thiolate ligands: X-ray structures of [Re(NNC6H4-Br)2(SC6H3-2,5-Me2)(PPh3)2] and [ReO(NNMePh)(SPh)3], and of the synthetic precursor [Re(NNC6H4-4-Br)2Cl(PPh3)2]

Abstract Reaction of [ReOCl3(PPh3)2] with bromophenylhydrazine in methanol yields [ReCl(N2C6H4Br)2(PPh3)2] (1). Complex 1 reacts with arylthiolates to give mixtures of [Re(SAr)(N2C6H4Br)2(PPh3)2] (2) and [Re2(SAr)7(NNR)2]−. Complexes 1 and 2 display trigonal bipyramidal geometries with the phosphine ligands occupying the axial sites. A significant feature of the structures is the nonequivalence of the rhenium-diazenido moieties, such that for 1 the ReN(1) and N(1)N(2) distances are 1.80(2) and 1.24(3) A, while ReN(3) and N(3)N(4) are 1.73(2) and 1.32(3) A, and for 2 the ReN distances are 1.73(1) and 1.80(2)° with corresponding NN distances of 1.32(2) and 1.25(2) A. Reaction of (PPh4)[ReO(SPh)4] (3) with unsymmetrically disubstituted hydrazines affords complexes of the type [ReO(SPh)3(NMRR′)] (R = Me, R′ = Ph for 4). Complexes 3 and 4 display distorted square pyramidal geometries with the oxo groups apical. The significant feature of the structure of 4 is the nonlinear ReN(1)N(2) linkage, exhibiting an angle of 145.6(10)°. The angle does not appear to correlate with a significant contribution from a valence form with sp2 hybridization at the α-nitrogen. Crystal data: 1: monoclinic space group, P21/n, a = 12.216(2) A, b = 19.098(2) A, c = 20.257(4) A, β = 106.20(1)°, V = 4538.3(8) A3 to give Z = 4; structure solution and refinement based on 1905 reflections converged at R = 0.070. 2: monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 14.393(2) A, b = 18.842(3) A, c = 20.717(4)A, β = 110.26(1)°, V = 5270.5(8) A3 to give Z = 4 for D = 1.53 g cm−1; structure solution and refinement based on 4249 reflections to give R = 0.070. 3: monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 12.531(2) A, b = 24.577(4) A, c = 16.922(3) A, β = 99.06(1)°, V = 5146.2(9) A3, D = 1.36 g cm−3 for Z = 4, 2912 reflections, R = 0.050. 4: monoclinic space group p21/n, a = 16.137(2) A, b = 9.863(2) A, c = 16.668(2) A, β = 111.12(1)°, V = 2474.7(6) A3, D = 1.74 g cm−3 for Z = 4, 2940 reflections, R = 0.066.
Lipid Concentrations in Lake Michigan Fishes: Seasonal, Spatial, Ontogenetic, and Long-Term Trends

Lipid concentrations were measured in seven species of fish from several locations in Lake Michigan during spring, summer, and fall in 1994 to 1995. Adult alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) and age-2 coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) exhibited pronounced seasonal changes in lipid content. Adult alewives averaged 7.4% lipid, on a wet weight basis, during spring (May), 2.6% in summer (July), and 12.2% in fall (late September through October). Spring lipid concentration was low in age-2 coho salmon, averaging only 1.9%, then increased to 7.8% during summer and decreased to 4.5% by fall. In contrast, lipid content in adult bloater (Coregonus hoyi) was relatively constant with respect to season, ranging between 10.6% and 12.4% during the year. Lipid concentration increased with fish size for all species except rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax). Although deepwater sculpin (Myoxocephalus thompsoni) were considerably larger than slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) (mean total length of 117 mm vs 68 mm), mean lipid content of deepwater sculpin (7.6%) was only slightly higher than that for slimy sculpin (6.6%). Comparison of lipid concentrations from this study with previous studies indicated that lipid concentration in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and alewives in Lake Michigan did not change significantly from 1969–1971 to 1994–1995. Lipid concentration in large (about 250 mm total length) adult bloaters near Saugatuck (along the southeastern shore of the lake) decreased from 23.3% in 1980 to 11.9% in 1986, but showed no significant change between 1986 and 1994–1995.
A mu-opiate receptor in 7315c tumor tissue mediates inhibition of immunoreactive prolactin release and adenylate cyclase activity.

Cells of the 7315c tumor released immunoreactive PRL (IR-PRL). Cholera toxin enhanced this release. Morphine and other opiate agonists inhibited IR-PRL release from, both untreated and cholera toxin-treated tumor cells. The opiate-induced inhibition of IR-PRL release was concentration dependent and naloxone sensitive. Cholera toxin also enhanced the adenylate cyclase activity of 7315c tumor tissue. Opiates inhibited enzyme activity in both untreated and cholera toxintreated 7315c tissue in a concentration-dependent and naloxonesensitive manner. FK 33824 was more potent than [D-Ala2,D-Leu6] enkephalin in inhibiting IR-PRL release and adenylate cyclase activity. In cholera toxin-treated 7315c tumor tissue, GTP was required for opiate-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity. Nonhydrolyzable analogs of GTP inhibited toxin-stimulated cyclase activity in the absence of an opiate. These results suggest that the 7315c tumor possesses a μ-opiate receptor; stimulation of this receptor inhibits both IR-PRL ...
Flight test results of an active flutter suppression system installed on a remotely piloted research vehicle

Flight flutter test results of the first aeroelastic research wing of NASA's Drones for Aerodynamic and Structural Testing (DAST) program are presented. The implementation of the flutter suppression system and the flight test operation are described. The conduct of the flutter testing and the near-real time damping estimation algorithm are also described in detail. Flight data was obtained at Mach numbers up to 0.91 and was of high quality. Response to fast frequency sweep excitation provided reliable damping estimates and the open-loop flutter boundary was well defined. Evidence of angle-of-attack effects upon damping at high transonic Mach numbers is also presented. While the flutter suppression system provided augmented damping at speeds below the flutter boundary, an error in the implementation of the system gain caused the system to be less stable than predicted and the vehicle encountered system-on flutter on the third flight.
Smoking cessation predicts amelioration of microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year prospective study

The objective of the study was to assess the effect of smoking cessation on microalbuminuria in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). From 500 smokers newly diagnosed with type 2 DM and microalbuminuria, only 193 (96 men/97 women; age, 56.4 ± 7.8 years) agreed to participate and were educated on smoking cessation, diet, and exercise. Pharmacological interventions were not different among the studied groups. All subjects were contacted by phone monthly with emphasis on smoking cessation. Anthropometric, biochemical parameters and urine specimens were obtained at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin to creatinine ratio of 30 to 299.9 μg/mg creatinine. Ankle brachial pressure index was determined by ultrasound. A total of 120 (62.2%) subjects quit smoking. Prevalence of microalbuminuria was reduced at 1 year to 72.6% in the subjects who quit smoking and to 22.5% in those who continued smoking (P = .015). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that independently associated with the reduction in albumin to creatinine ratio (84.8 vs 28.7 μg/mg creatinine) were amelioration of glycemic control (P < .001), blood pressure (P = .02), dyslipidemia (P = .02), and insulin resistance (P = .05). Smoking cessation also reduced the prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (P = .03) and neuropathy (P = .04). From the pharmacological and lifestyle interventions, smoking cessation had the highest and an independent contribution to the reduction of microalbuminuria (P < .001). Smoking cessation in newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients is associated with amelioration of metabolic parameters, blood pressure, and the reduction of microalbuminuria. Stricter counseling about the importance of quitting smoking upon type 2 DM diagnosis is necessary to protect against the development of diabetic nephropathy and vascular complications.
The Impact of Science Education Games on Prescription Drug Abuse Attitudes among Teens: A Case Study

Two online science education games, in which players learn about the risks of prescription drug abuse in the context of investigating crimes, were evaluated to determine shifts of prescription drug abuse attitudes attributable to game exposure. High school students from grades 11 and 12 (n = 179) were assigned to one of the games and participated in a pretest, two game-play sessions, and a delayed posttest. Students in both groups demonstrated more negative attitudes toward prescription drug abuse after playing the game, driven by changes of students' normative beliefs and their ability to make the connection between prescription drug abuse and illicit drugs. A secondary aim was to assess gains in science knowledge; however, due to low internal consistency reliabilities of content measures, students' knowledge acquisition could not be determined.
A 9 eV superexcited state of 1,3-cyclohexadiene revealed by double resonance ionization photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract Photoelectron spectra of 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) have been obtained by three-photon, double resonance ionization via the ultrashort lived 1 B 2 ( S 2 ) state, and a previously unknown superexcited valence state at 9.0–9.5 eV. Upon two-photon excitation to the superexcited state there is an ultrafast internal conversion leading to a set of vibrationally excited Rydberg states. Ionization out of these latter states by a third photon results in photoelectron spectra that show two prominent Rydberg series with quantum defects of δ=0.58±0.04 and δ=0.98±0.02, respectively.
Molecular characteristics of sodium desoxyribonucleate.

Studies bt three different physical methods on a sample of Na desoxyribonucleate are described. 1. 1. Light-scattering studies indicate that the molecular length decreased from 6800 A for solvent ionic strength zero, to 4500 A for ionic strength 0.02. The molecular weight was found to be 4.5·106. 2. 2. Viscosities extrapolated to zero shear rate indicate an axial ratio of 330. 3. 3. Electron microscopic photographs reveal filamentous particles whose diameters are in agreement with values obtained by indirect methods.
Hybrid digital/optical ATR system

At Draper Laboratory we are investigating applications of optical processing architectures as they apply to guidance and navigation. In doing so, we have developed a breadboard automatic target recognition (ATR) system that classifies and locates an object regardless of orientation. This system contains a neural network (NN) for object classification and filter selection, and a correlator for extraction of positional information. Correlators suffer from the fact that a given filter is fairly sensitive to variations in scale and rotation of the object under scrutiny. For ATR systems that must locate an object regardless of its orientation, a method of choosing the right filter must be implemented. We have built a system that uses a neural network, implemented in a PC, to classify an object based on the magnitude of its Fourier Transform--a shift invariant function. The result of this classification is then used to select a filter to be displayed on the filter plane spatial light modulator (SLM) in our correlator. The correlator uses a commercial liquid crystal television for gray-scale input and a magneto-optic SLM to display a binary phase-only filter. This architecture not only gives us a non-sequential means of choosing the filter but the resulting correlation can be seen as a confidence factor on the neural network classification. In developing our system we have studied various aspects of NN and correlator performance such as sensitivity to clutter, rotation, and phase aberrations. We have shown this system to be capable of classifying and locating an object regardless of its position and rotation.
Building addressable libraries: a site-selective click-reaction strategy for rapidly assembling mass spectrometry cleavable linkers.

A click-reaction was site-selectively carried out on 1000 and 12 000 microelectrode arrays and characterized using TOF-SIMS.
Application of mid-IR spectroscopy for the characterization of pharmaceutical systems

In this article, the use of mid-IR in pharmaceutical settings is reviewed. An overview of mid-IR instrumentation and sampling techniques is provided. Subsequently, different pharmaceutical applications of the technique are described, including structure elucidation and identification, characterization of crystalline (polymorphs, hydrates, salts and co-crystals) and amorphous forms, as well as quantitative and remote sensing applications. Finally, an overview of current trends in FTIR-based imaging applications is provided, with special attention paid to currently emerging FTIR-AFM coupled techniques which have high spatial resolution.
Time and cost for recruiting older adults

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the time requirements and costs of recruiting older adults for participation in a medical center-/university-sponsored, home-based nutrition education study. A two-step recruitment strategy consisting of an introductory letter followed by a telephone call was used. DESIGN: A random selection of 1300 individuals aged 60 to 74 years was drawn from a patient database of a large, rural, tertiary care hospital to receive introductory letters and recruitment telephone calls. One week after the mailing, potential subjects were contacted by trained interviewers and asked to participate in a home-based nutrition education study. PARTICIPANTS: Men and women, aged 60 to 74 years, whose names appeared in a rural, tertiary care hospital database. MEASUREMENTS: Recruitment rate, time required for recruitment by telephone, and cost of the combined mailing and telephone recruitment effort. RESULTS: Of the 1300 individuals selected, 1077 (83%) people were contacted by phone and 223 (17%) people were unable to be reached. A total of 2895 calling attempts were required to determine the recruitment status of those identified as potential participants. Of those reached by phone, the recruitment rate was 45%. The total cost (mailing, telephone, and database management) per recruited subject was $8.56. CONCLUSION: This study has helped to establish the costs of recruitment for home-based education interventions using a two-step strategy of an introductory mailing and follow-up telephone interview.
Age-Related Changes in Electrophysiological and Neuropsychological Indices of Working Memory, Attention Control, and Cognitive Flexibility

Older adults exhibit great variability in their cognitive abilities, with some maintaining high levels of performance on executive control tasks and others showing significant deficits. Previous event-related potential (ERP) work has shown that some of these performance differences are correlated with persistence of the novelty/frontal P3 in older adults elicited by task-relevant events, presumably reflecting variability in the capacity to suppress orienting to unexpected but no longer novel events. In recent ERP work in young adults, we showed that the operation-span (OSPAN) task (a measure of attention control) is predictive of the ability of individuals to keep track of stimulus sequencing and to maintain running mental representations of task stimuli, as indexed by the parietally distributed P300 (or P3b). Both of these phenomena reflect aspects of frontal function (cognitive flexibility and attention control, respectively). To investigate these phenomena we sorted both younger and older adults into low- and high-working memory spans and low- and high-cognitive flexibility subgroups, and examined ERPs during an equal-probability choice reaction time task. For both age groups (a) participants with high OSPAN scores were better able to keep track of stimulus sequencing, as indicated by their smaller P3b to sequential changes; and (b) participants with lower cognitive flexibility had larger P3a than their high-scoring counterparts. However, these two phenomena did not interact suggesting that they manifest dissociable control mechanisms. Further, the fact that both effects are already visible in younger adults suggests that at least some of the brain mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognitive aging may already operate early in life.
Methyldopa-induced pancreatitis

An acute febrile illness associated with gastrointestinal upset developed in a patient within one week after starting treatment with methyldopa. The illness was characterized by prompt subsidence of symptoms when the patient withdrew therapy secondary to gastrointestinal upset, and recrudescence of symptoms when methyldopa therapy was reinitiated. This was associated with hyperamylasemia, hyperlipasemia, hyperpyrexia, and epigastric pain, both on admission to the hospital and upon rechallenge with methyldopa. Although gastrointestinal upset has been reported as an untoward side effect of methyldopa, this is the first report to our knowledge of documented methyldopa-induced hyperamylasemia and hyperlipasemia secondary to pancreatitis.
A Homogenization Scheme for Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behaviors of Particulate Reinforced Composites

The present study introduces a micromechanical model for predicting nonlinear viscoelastic responses of composite systems reinforced with solid spherical micro particles. The composite microstructures are simplified with uniformly distributed cubic particles over an infinite medium. The representative volume element (RVE) consists of a single particle embedded in the cubic matrix. One eighth unit-cell model with four particle and polymer subcells is generated. The solid spherical particle is modeled as linear elastic, while the polymer follows nonlinear viscoelastic material responses. The homogenized micromechanical relation is developed in terms of the average strains and stresses and satisfies traction continuity and displacement compatibility at the subcells' interfaces. The micromechanical model provides three-dimensional (3D) effective properties of homogeneous materials, while recognizing important micro-structural aspects and parameters of the heterogeneous medium. The micromechanical formulation is generalized to include an explicit time-scale for modeling time-dependent behavior and is designed to be compatible with general displacement based finite element (FE) analyses. Due to the nonlinear and time-dependent response in the polymeric matrix, the linearized micromechanical relations will often deviate from the nonlinear constitutive equations. Thus, the stress-strain correction scheme is formulated to satisfy both micromechanical and nonlinear constitutive relations. Experimental data and analytical models available in the literature are used to verify the capability of the above micromechanical model in predicting the overall nonlinear behaviors. Comparisons with detail unit-cell FE model are also presented.© 2006 ASME
Sex differences in depression symptoms in treatment-seeking adults: confirmatory analyses from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study

Abstract Background Although epidemiologic research consistently reports greater prevalence of major depressive disorder in women, small sample sizes in many studies do not allow for full elaboration of illness characteristics. This article examines sex differences in terms of illness attributes in a cohort of 2541 outpatients from across the United States who enrolled in the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study. Methods Confirmatory analyses were performed in 2541 outpatients comparing men and women with regard to sociodemographic features, comorbid Axis I and Axis III conditions, and illness characteristics. Results were compared with those of our previous report on the initial population of the first 1500 individuals enrolled in Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression study. Results In both samples, nearly two thirds of the sample (62.5%) were women. Women had greater symptom severity, but men had more episodes of major depression, despite no difference in the length of illness. No differences in age of onset emerged. As in the first cohort, women showed greater rates of an anxiety disorder, bulimia, and somatoform disorder, as well as more past suicide attempts, whereas men showed more alcohol and substance abuse. Women reported more appetite, weight, hypersomnia, interpersonal sensitivity, gastrointestinal and pain complaints, and less suicidal ideation. Irritability was equally common in men and women. Conclusion This large analysis confirmed most of the clinical features and comorbidities found to be more prevalent in the first cohort of women. In addition, this analysis corroborated previous research suggesting higher rates of atypical and anxious depression in women but refuted the notion of an “irritable depression” found in men. The report confirmed the 1.7:1 ratio for depression seen across sexes in the National Comorbidity Survey.
Expression of a soluble and functional form of the human beta 2 integrin CD11b/CD18.

Abstract Polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes (phagocytes) are a critical component of host defense against infections. However, these cells also play a significant role in host tissue damage in many noninfectious diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury syndromes and rejection of transplanted organs. The leukocyte adhesion molecule family CD11/CD18 (beta 2 integrins) is critical to the function of polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes in inflammation and injury. Inherited deficiency of CD11/CD18 impairs phagocyte chemotaxis, adhesion and transmigration across endothelium, and clearance of invading microorganisms through phagocytosis and cell-mediated killing. Furthermore, murine monoclonal antibodies directed against the CD11b/CD18 (CR3) heterodimer have been shown to reduce, by 50%-80%, phagocyte-mediated ischemia-reperfusion injury in several organ systems, such as the myocardium, liver, and gastrointestinal tract and to inhibit development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Expression of CD11b/CD18 in a soluble and functional form might therefore be potentially useful as an anti-inflammatory agent. We have now expressed a recombinant soluble heterodimeric form of this human beta 2 integrin, normally expressed as two noncovalently associated membrane-bound subunits. The secreted receptor exhibited direct and specific binding to its ligand, iC3b, the major complement C3 opsonin, and inhibited binding of polymorphonuclear cells to recombinant interleukin 1-activated endothelium.
Experimental Verification and Application of the Three Dimensional Finite Element Magnetic Vector Potential Method in Electrical Apparatus

The three dimensional magnetic field surrounding an 861 turn coil as well as that surrounding and within a single phase 1.5 kvA shell type transformer were calculated using the three dimensional finite element magnetic vector potential (m.v.p.) formulation described in a companion paper. Plots of equal magnetic vector potential contours which display vividly the three dimensional nature of the fields are given. Experimental verification of calculated flux densities and device inductance, given here for the first time, demonstrated the validity and accuracy of the given approach. Excellent agreement between the experimental and calculated values was achieved. Potential applications of this method to more complex problems, where conventional two dimensional methods are inadequate, are discussed in light of the given results.
A Critique of the Ideological and Political Position of the Brandt Report and the Alma Ata Declaration

This article analyzes the Willy Brandt Commission Report and the WHO Alma Ata Declaration within the socioeconomic and political context that determined them, and makes a critique of the ideological and political assumptions that both documents make. Through an assumedly apolitical and technological-administrative discourse, both documents reproduce the major positions upheld by the hegemonic development establishments of the Western world. Through a study of what is being said and not said, the article analyzes how these positions appear in the documents. It is indicated that 1) their understanding of the causes of underdevelopment and its major health and disease problems, and 2) their suggestions for change based on “moral calls for social justice” and “enlightened self-interest” are faulty and insufficient. Alternative explanations and solutions are presented.
The association between sports participation and athletic identity with eating pathology among college-aged males and females.

The current study examined associations among sports participation (SP), athletic identity (AI), weight status, and eating pathology, and whether these relations differed by gender. Data come from male and female first-year college students who participated in the Tufts Longitudinal Health Study (TLHS) between 1999–2007 (N=712). Relations among SP, AI, actual and perceived weight statuses, Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) subscale scores, and indices of body shape concern and restrictive eating were examined with hierarchical ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Associations between SP and eating pathology among females were moderated by perceived weight status. By contrast, relations between males’ EDI subscales scores and SP were moderated by ethnicity, as well as by actual weight status. Our findings support that sports participation alone neither promotes nor protects against eating pathology among males and females.
Optical waveguides and photodiodes in 0.18µm CMOS SOI with no post-processing

We demonstrate the first optical waveguide and fastest photodiode implemented in a commercial CMOS technology without performing any post-processing. The measured waveguide loss at 1.55μm is 37dB/cm and bandwidth of photodiode exceeds 9.2GHz at 850nm.