cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Fields in Liquids

In this article the present state of theory and experiments designed to determine local field effects on light scattering and induced birefringence in liquids of optically anisotropic molecules is reviewed. Attention is focused on the effective polarizabilities, which measure the deviation of local field contributions to the observed intensities from the isotropic Lorenz-Lorentz forms. Results of measurements of effective polarizabilities in isotropic and depolarized light scattering (DLS) from pure liquids and dilute solutions are described. Molecular theory, which explains the observed behavior of effective polarizabilities in terms of the anisotropy of the short range fluid structure and dipole-induced dipole intermolecular interactions, is presented. It is shown how the molecular theory relates the effective polarizabilities observed in DLS, Kerr effect, and Cotton-Mouton effect. The dielectric cavity theory for effective polarizabilities is derived from the molecular theory. The results of this theory along with those of other approximations are compared to the computer simulation results. Theoretical basis and accuracy of two modern experimental methods for measuring effective anisotropic polarizabilities are discussed. Some problems in need of further investigation are briefly described.
Feline Herpesvirus Infection in Fused Cultures of Naturally Resistant Human Cells

Feline herpesvirus (FHV) attaches to, but does not penetrate, naturally resistant human embryonic lung cells. When the cells with attached virus are subsequently fused with inactivated Sendai virus, FHV causes characteristic cytopathic effects, but no infectious virus can be recovered from the infected cells.
Combining multiple autonomous mobile sensor behaviors using local clustering

In crisis situations it may be necessary to re-establish communications via ad-hoc networks of communicating way-stations. Crisis, defence, or surveillance scenarios may require the distribution of sensor units over some region of interest. In both cases the use of communicating and sensing, autonomous, mobile robots will become prevalent in the near future. Existing literature describes various control rules for forming teams of robots into optimally distributed communicating or sensing grids. We show how these robot behaviors exhibit advantages and disadvantages related to the range between robots. Further we describe a new approach which enables several different behaviors to be combined, utilizing the best behavior for any particular inter-robot range. This method is demonstrated using computer model simulations and the improved performance of the combined behaviors, relative to that for individual behaviors, is graphed over important situational parameters
Nuclear Actin as Choreographer of Cell Morphology and Transcription

Changes in the cell9s cytoskeleton affect gene expression through a signaling circuit that involves regulation of cofactor transport and function by actin in the nucleus.
Iron-induced accumulation of lipofuscin-like fluorescent pigment in the retinal pigment epithelium.

Purpose One of the most prominent changes that occurs in the retinal pigment epithelium during senescence is the progressive accumulation of the autofluorescent pigment lipofuscin. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of nonenzymatic oxidation of photoreceptor outer segments in retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin formation. Methods Albino Fischer rats were given intravitreal injections of ferrous sulfate, a catalyst that promotes nonenzymatic lipid oxidation. At 2 hours, 24 hours, and 7 days after ferrous sulfate administration, the retinas were examined with fluorescence microscopy to assess the formation of fluorescent products. At these same time intervals, organic solvent extracts of the retinas and retinal pigment epithelium-choroid complexes were prepared. The extracts were analyzed with thin layer chromatography to assay for the presence of soluble fluorophores. The ultrastructural appearances of the retinas were examined at the same time points. Results At both 2 hours and 24 hours after the ferrous sulfate treatment, the photoreceptor outer segments displayed a yellow-green fluorescence emission that was not present in untreated eyes. Associated with this in situ fluorescence were a number of blue-green emitting fluorophores in organic solvent extracts that did not correspond to any of the fluorophores extracted from the retinal pigment epithelium of old animals. One week after the ferrous sulfate treatment, the photoreceptor cells had degenerated and the retinal pigment epithelium contained large amounts of an autofluorescent pigment with a golden-yellow emission typical of lipofuscin. The iron-induced fluorophores could not be extracted from this pigment into either chloroform or dichloromethane. Conclusions The initial fluorophores that were formed as a result of nonenzymatic oxidation of outer segment components did not appear to be the same as those responsible for retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin fluorescence. However, after the oxidized outer segments were phagocytosed by the retinal pigment epithelium, the latter cells became filled with a yellow-emitting fluorescent pigment that was similar in its fluorescence properties to lipofuscin. These observations suggest that lipofuscin fluorophores are not direct products of nonenzymatic lipid oxidation. However, some of these oxidation products may be modified after uptake by the retinal pigment epithelium to form insoluble lipofuscin fluorophores.
Antidepressant-Induced Suicidality: An Update

Evidence suggests that antidepressant treatment may in some cases result in worsening depression and increased risk of suicidality in pediatric and adolescent patients. The United States Food and Drug Administration requires that antidepressants carry a black box warning regarding such a risk in patients up to age 24. Many studies of antidepressant-induced suicidality among adults have also reported an increased risk, while several other investigations involving that population have not supported such a finding. This article provides an update of the controversy surrounding antidepressants as a potential cause of suicidal ideations or behavior. Antidepressant-induced suicidality appears to be an uncommon occurrence but also a legitimate phenomenon. Close monitoring and a follow-up care should be provided for patients after initiation of a new antidepressant.
Signal transduction molecules at the glutamatergic postsynaptic membrane

We have applied techniques from modern molecular biology and biochemistry to unravel the complex molecular structure of the postsynaptic membrane at glutamatergic synapses in the central nervous system. We have characterized a set of new proteins that are constituents of the postsynaptic density, including PSD-95, densin-180, citron (a rho/rac effector protein), and synaptic gp130 Ras GAP (a new Ras GTPase-activating protein). The structure of PSD-95 revealed a new protein motif, the PDZ domain, that plays an important role in the assembly of signal transduction complexes at intercellular junctions. More recently, we have used new imaging tools to observe the dynamics of autophosphorylation of CaM kinase II in intact hippocampal tissue. We have been able to detect changes in the amount of autophosphorylated CaM kinase II in dendrites, individual synapses, and somas of hippocampal neurons following induction of long-term potentiation by tetanic stimulation. In addition, we have observed a specific increase in the concentration of CaM kinase II in dendrites of neurons receiving tetanic stimulation. This increase appears to be the result of dendritic synthesis of new protein. Over the next several years we will apply similar methods to study regulatory changes that occur at the molecular level in glutamatergic synapses in the CNS as the brain processes and stores new information.
Analysis of polyomavirus-infected renal transplant recipients' urine specimens: correlation of routine urine cytology, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and digital image analysis.

Urinary polyomavirus subtype BK (BKV)-infected urothelial and renal tubular cells, “decoy cells,” have been shown to be aneuploid with digital image analysis (DIA). We wanted to determine whether decoy cells cause false-positive fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) results in BKV-infected urine samples. Urine samples from 38 renal transplant recipients were split 3 ways and evaluated for number of decoy cells per 10 high-power fields by routine cytology, total nuclear DNA content by DIA, and chromosomal abnormalities by FISH. For DIA, Feulgen-stained cells were quantified with a CAS 200 image analyzer (Bacus Laboratories, Lombard, IL), and for FISH, the UroVysion probe set (Vysis, Downers Grove, IL) consisting of chromosome enumeration probes 3, 7, 17, and locus-specific identifier probe 9p21 (p16 gene) was used. Of the 38 specimens, 32 (84.2%) had evidence of BKV infection by routine cytology. DIA and FISH results were aneuploid/aneusomic in 30 (93.8%) and 4 (12.5%) cases, respectively. All aneusomic FISH specimens occurred in men older than 52 years of age and who also had 4 of the 6 highest PCR-BKV titers. To date, no patient has clinical evidence of malignancy. The 6 specimens without decoy cells were DNA diploid/disomic by DIA and FISH. Abnormal FISH results of urinary decoy cells occur much less frequently than aneuploidy by DIA in renal transplant recipients and might merit close follow-up in some transplant recipients.
The replication advantage of a free linear rRNA gene is restored by somatic recombination in Tetrahymena thermophila

The autonomously replicating rRNA genes (rDNA) in the somatic nucleus of Tetrahymena thermophila are maintained at a copy number of approximately 10(4) per nucleus. A mutant in which the replication properties of this molecule were altered was isolated and characterized. This mutation of inbred strain C3, named rmm4, was shown to have the same effect on rDNA replication and to be associated with the same 1-base-pair (bp) deletion as the previously reported, independently derived rmm1 mutation (D. L. Larson, E. H. Blackburn, P. C. Yaeger, and E. Orias, Cell 47:229-240, 1986). The rDNA of inbred strain B, which is at a replicational disadvantage compared with wild-type C3 rDNA, has a 42-bp deletion. This deletion is separated by 25 bp from the 1-bp deletion of rmm4 or rmm1. Southern blot analysis and DNA sequencing revealed that during prolonged vegetative divisions of C3-rmm4/B-rmm heterozygotes, somatic recombination produced rDNAs lacking both the rmm4-associated deletion and the 42-bp deletion. In somatic nuclei in which this rare recombinational event had occurred, all 10(4) copies of nonrecombinant rDNA were eventually replaced by the recombinant rDNA. The results prove that each of the two deletions is the genetic determinant of the observed replication disadvantage. We propose that the analysis of somatically recombinant rDNAs can be used as a general method in locating other mutations which affect rDNA propagation in T. thermophilia.
Comparison of DNA fingerprinting and serotyping for identification of avian Pasteurella multocida isolates.

The DNA fingerprint profiles and serotypes of 63 avian Pasteurella multocida field isolates, 13 attenuated vaccine isolates (propagated from vaccines manufactured by five companies), and 16 somatic reference strains were compared. DNA fingerprinting established the relationship of isolates that could not be distinguished by serotyping. Of the 76 isolates, 28 DNA fingerprint profiles and 12 somatic types were recognized. One isolate was nonreactive with 16 reference somatic and 5 reference capsule-type antisera. Thirty-one field isolates and seven vaccine isolates were identified as capsule type A. Twenty-nine field isolates and six vaccine isolates were nonencapsulated. Three field isolates were capsule type F. Isolates of capsule types B, D, and E were not found. One field isolate, identified as somatic type 7, had a DNA fingerprint identical to that of the somatic reference type 6 profile. Twelve field isolates had profiles identical to the somatic reference type 3 strain profile; 11 of these were identified as somatic type 3, 4, and 1 was identified as somatic type 3. The DNA fingerprint profiles of 50 field isolates and 13 attenuated vaccine isolates did not match profiles of the 16 somatic type reference strains. Twenty-five DNA fingerprint profiles were recognized from 30 of these field isolates. The DNA fingerprint profiles of 20 field isolates and 13 attenuated vaccine isolates were identical. Three somatic types (3; 3,4; and 4,16) were identified from the field isolates, and two somatic types (3 and 3,4) were identified from the attenuated vaccine isolates. DNA fingerprinting is useful for accurate identification and epidemiologic study of P. multocida isolates. Images
On the strength of ductile particle reinforced brittle matrix composites

Abstract This study examines theoretically the strength characteristics of ductile particle reinforced brittle materials in which the strength enhancement is derived from the crack bridging process. The crack bridging is characterized by rectilinear and linear softening bridging laws that relate the crack surface traction to the crack opening displacement. The composite strength is expressed in terms of two non-dimensional parameters that combine the effects of the flaw size, elastic modulus, matrix toughness, and the bridging-law parameters. It is shown that such composites can be substantially more flaw tolerant than the monolithic matrices owing to a narrowing of the strength distribution. The role of interface debond length is also examined. It is shown that there exists optimal debond lengths of which the composite strength is maximized. In contrast, the steady state toughness increases monotonically with debond length. The implications of these results on the design of composite microstructures are briefly described.
Back decay and resonant hyperfine quenching in dd micro fusion.

Back decay in resonant $\mathrm{dd}\ensuremath{\mu}$ formation is predicted to give rise to a new phenomenon: resonant hyperfine quenching. The temperature dependence of the rate for this process is calculated. Experimental observation of resonant hyperfine quenching would provide a quantitative measure of back decay, and allow the total, as opposed to the observed, resonant molecular formation rates to be determined.
HR's view of ethics in the work place: Are the barbarians at the gate?

Based on responses from 1078 human resource (HR) professionals, this study concludes that there is not an ethical crisis in the work place. Seven of 37 situations were rated as serious problems by more than 25% of the respondents. HR reported that their organizations are serious about uncovering and disciplining ethical misconduct, top management has a commitment to ethical business conduct, personal principles are not compromised to conform to company expectations, and performance pressures do not lead to unethical conduct.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Trigeminal Motoneurons Supplying the Swallowing-related Muscles

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the short latency motor response of the swallowing-related muscles evoked by the transcranial magnetic stimulation of the trigeminal nerve. The subjects were 10 healthy humans aged between 18 and 37. Magnetic stimulation was delivered to the cranial nerve through the scalp, and the EMG responses were recorded from the suprahyoid muscle complex. The EMG responses were effectively evoked when the center of the round coil was at the locus 8.8-12.5 cm lateral and -1.5-3.6 cm posterior to the vertex. The latencies of the EMG responses were between 3.5 and 5.6 ms. The precise locus of the stimulation evoking the EMG responses was searched for using a figure-eight-shaped coil, and it was found that the EMG responses were most effectively evoked when the hot spot of the coil was at the locus 14-16 cm lateral and 4-6 cm posterior to the vertex, and when the induced current flow was posteriorly directed in the brain. This technique should be applicable for investigating the swallowing-related motor system.
Utilizing high throughput screening data for predictive toxicology models: protocols and application to MLSCN assays

Computational toxicology is emerging as an encouraging alternative to experimental testing. The Molecular Libraries Screening Center Network (MLSCN) as part of the NIH Molecular Libraries Roadmap has recently started generating large and diverse screening datasets, which are publicly available in PubChem. In this report, we investigate various aspects of developing computational models to predict cell toxicity based on cell proliferation screening data generated in the MLSCN. By capturing feature-based information in those datasets, such predictive models would be useful in evaluating cell-based screening results in general (for example from reporter assays) and could be used as an aid to identify and eliminate potentially undesired compounds. Specifically we present the results of random forest ensemble models developed using different cell proliferation datasets and highlight protocols to take into account their extremely imbalanced nature. Depending on the nature of the datasets and the descriptors employed we were able to achieve percentage correct classification rates between 70% and 85% on the prediction set, though the accuracy rate dropped significantly when the models were applied to in vivo data. In this context we also compare the MLSCN cell proliferation results with animal acute toxicity data to investigate to what extent animal toxicity can be correlated and potentially predicted by proliferation results. Finally, we present a visualization technique that allows one to compare a new dataset to the training set of the models to decide whether the new dataset may be reliably predicted.
The Ontology of “Political Violence”: Action and Identity in Civil Wars

I discuss several conceptual problems raised by current understandings of political violence, especially as they pertain to actions, motivations, and identities in civil wars. Actions “on the ground” often turn out to be related to local and private conflicts rather than the war's driving (or “master”) cleavage. The disjunction between dynamics at the top and at the bottom undermines prevailing assumptions about civil wars, which are informed by two competing interpretive frames, most recently described as “greed and grievance.” Rather than posit a dichotomy between greed and grievance, I point to the interaction between political and private identities and actions. Civil wars are not binary conflicts, but complex and ambiguous processes that foster the “joint” action of local and supralocal actors, civilians, and armies, whose alliance results in violence that aggregates yet still reflects their diverse goals. It is the convergence of local motives and supralocal imperatives that endows civil wars with their particular and often puzzling character, straddling the divide between the political and the private, the collective and the individual.
Corrosion study in TbFeCoCr amorphous magneto-optical films

(Tb/sub 20/Fe/sub 65/Co/sub 15/)/sub 94/Cr/sub 6/ film shows high corrosion resistance with good magnetooptical properties, H/sub c/=4.9 kOe, theta /sub k/=0.3 degrees , K/sub u/=1.4*10/sup 6/ erg/cm/sup 3/ and T/sub c/=230 degrees C. Pit corrosion in 1N-NaCl aqueous solution and wet corrosion in 85 degrees C and 85%RH atmosphere were studied for TbFeCo films with and without Cr addition. It is suggested that pit corrosion occurs by a chemical reaction between the anodic pit wall and the cathodic film surface, resulting in a piling up of corroded products inside the pits. On the other hand, wet corrosion in TbFeCo and TbFeCoCr films shows a bubble-chain-like morphology similar to conventional filiform corrosion observed in a coated film. This seems to take place by discontinuous movement of the anodic reaction area ahead of the bubbles. >
Does local X-irradiation of a tumor increase the incidence of metastases?

KHT sarcomas were implanted into the right rear legs of C3H mice. Animals receiving no treatment died at 32 days with a 67% incidence of metastatic tumors. A dose of 6000 rads in ten fractions over 12 days, starting ten days after implant, delivered to the primary tumor (with the remainder of the body shielded) produced 55% local tumor control. However, 83% of the mice with local tumor control, subsequently developed metastatic lesions. Amputation of the tumor-bearing leg either prior to the start of radiation treatment, at the end of treatment or at intervals during treatment or sham treatment, indicated that 1) metastases occurred predominantly during the initial three radiation fractions and 2) the increased incidence of metastases following irradiation was a result of the manipulations associated with the irradiation and not the irradiation per se. Irradiation did not change the distribution of organ sites involved with metastatic tumors compared to untreated or sham-treated tumors.
Community contexts for mentoring

Mentoring programs attempt to foster a relationship that is too often missing from the lives of disadvantaged children and youth. However, in view of both the power and the limitations of mentoring programs, it is important to understand how mentoring occurs naturally. Assuming an ecological perspective, we examine mentoring in four contexts: classrooms, youth development organizations, work and service-learning, and faith- based organizations. Although none has been studied in sufficient depth, and no research has been found on natural mentoring in faith-based organizations, available evidence indicates that such mentoring adds to young people's intellectual, psychological and emotional, social, and, to a lesser extent, physical assets. This review poses many questions for future research, including fundamental ones about the prevalence of mentoring in these contexts, the circumstances in which it arises, and its risks and benefits. Nonetheless, the evidence is sufficient to encourage practitioners to promote mentoring relationships of youth and adults in all of these contexts. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic fatigue syndrome and seasonal affective disorder: comorbidity, diagnostic overlap, and implications for treatment ☆

This study aimed to determine symptom patterns in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), in summer and winter. Comparison data for patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) were used to evaluate seasonal variation in mood and behavior, atypical neurovegetative symptoms characteristic of SAD, and somatic symptoms characteristic of CFS. Rating scale questionnaires were mailed to patients previously diagnosed with CFS. Instruments included the Personal Inventory for Depression and SAD (PIDS) and the Systematic Assessment for Treatment Emergent Effects (SAFTEE), which catalogs the current severity of a wide range of somatic, behavioral, and affective symptoms. Data sets from 110 CFS patients matched across seasons were entered into the analysis. Symptoms that conform with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) case definition of CFS were rated as moderate to very severe during the winter months by varying proportions of patients (from 43% for lymph node pain or enlargement, to 79% for muscle, joint, or bone pain). Fatigue was reported by 92%. Prominent affective symptoms included irritability (55%), depressed mood (52%), and anxiety (51%). Retrospective monthly ratings of mood, social activity, energy, sleep duration, amount eaten, and weight change showed a coherent pattern of winter worsening. Of patients with consistent summer and winter ratings (n 5 73), 37% showed high global seasonality scores (GSS) ‚10. About half this group reported symptoms indicative of major depressive disorder, which was strongly associated with high seasonality. Hierarchical cluster analysis of wintertime symptoms revealed 2 distinct clinical profiles among CFS patients: (a) those with high seasonality, for whom depressed mood clustered with atypical neurovegetative symptoms of hypersomnia and hyperphagia, as is seen in SAD; and (b) those with low seasonality, who showed a primary clustering of classic CFS symptoms (fatigue, aches, cognitive disturbance), with depressed mood most closely associated with irritability, insomnia, and anxiety. It appears that a subgroup of patients with CFS shows seasonal variation in symptoms resembling those of SAD, with winter exacerbation. Light therapy may provide patients with CFS an effective treatment alternative or adjunct to antidepressant drugs. Am J Med. 1998;105(3A):115S‐124S. © 1998 by Excerpta Medica, Inc.
A morphologic and histochemical study of the rat conceptus following ovariectomy.

SummaryThe distribution of lysosomal enzymes in conceptuses during resorption induced by ovariectomy was studied by histo-chemical methods. The histologic changes associated with ovariectomy-induced resorption were, in sequence, disruption of the maternal-fetal blood barrier (with mixing of fetal and maternal blood), simultaneous degeneration of the cells of the fetus, yolk sac, and placental labyrinth, and invasion of the fetal area with maternal blood. Histochemical study of acid phosphatase in the resorbing tissues showed a persistence of the lysosomes in the fetus, yolk sac, and placental labyrinth during tissue degeneration. There was a change in the distribution of the lysosomes in the fetal neural tube during the process of resorption.
The effects of causal beliefs and binge eating on the stigmatization of obesity.

Objective: Weight disorders and overeating are increasingly labeled as addictions. It is important to identify the consequences of this label on the stigmatization of obesity. Method: Participants (N = 374) were assigned randomly to one of six conditions, in which they read a scenario about an obese woman either with or without binge eating, followed by an account of the cause of her obesity as psychological, a biological addiction, or ambiguous. Participants then completed questionnaires designed to assess stigma and prognostic beliefs. Results: Participants in the obesity with binge eating condition rated obese persons more negatively and as having a worse prognosis. The causal manipulation check revealed no difference between groups and there were no significant effects of this condition. Discussion: Behavior (binge eating) has important implications for understanding the stigmatization of obesity. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009
An optimal determination of the bandgap of the most silicon-rich manganese sili cide phase

Polycrystalline thin films of the most silicon-rich manganese silicide phase were grown on silicon substrates. X-ray diffraction indicates that the films are single phase tetragonal MnSi1.7. Reflectance and transmittance measured as a function of wavelength were used to derive values of the optical constants and the absorption coefficient of the material. An analysis of the absorption coefficient data suggests that MnSi1.7 has a minimum direct energy gap of 0.68 eV. With such a direct bandgap, the material may be suitable for the development of both optical sources and detectors within the silicon microelectronics technology.
Homozygous K5Cre transgenic mice have wavy hair and accelerated malignant progression in a murine model of skin carcinogenesis

Mice with conditional gene deletions have been extremely valuable in allowing investigators to study the genes of interest in a tissue-specific manner. The Cre-loxP recombination system provides a powerful tool to produce targeted rearrangements of particular genes. The keratin 5-Cre recombinase (K5Cre) transgenic mouse line has been used to generate skin specific gene deletions. We found that the K5Cre mice display a unique phenotype when bred to homozygosity. The K5Cre(+/+) mice have a wavy hair coat and curly whiskers. Histologically, the hair follicles appear disoriented. Over time, the K5Cre(+/+) mice develop patches of alopecia. These mice are also runted when compared to wild-type controls. Fostering the K5Cre(+/+) pups to wild-type mothers results in normal weight gain, suggesting a maternal defect in milk production. When the K5Cre(+/+) mammary glands were examined, we not only found a significant decrease in the number of mammary branches in the virgin females, but also a greater number of quiescent alveoli units in the lactating glands. When the K5Cre(+/+) mice were bred to v-Ha-ras (Tg . AC) transgenic mice, the resulting Tg . AC(+/-) K5Cre(+/+) offspring were utilized in a chemically induced skin carcinogenesis model. The mice were treated with 2.5 microg of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) weekly for 10 wk. No difference was observed in the time to onset of papilloma formation, the number of papillomas and the average papilloma volume between the Tg . AC(+/-) K5Cre(+/+) mice and their corresponding controls. Surprisingly, however, the K5Cre(+/+) papillomas displayed an accelerated tendency to malignant progression; in addition, the frequency of malignant transformation of the papillomas is significantly enhanced. Although the K5Cre(+/+) mice resemble waved-1 and -2 mutants, the molecular basis for the K5Cre(+/+) phenotype is probably different. In conclusion, we discovered a unique phenotype associated with the K5Cre(+/+) transgenic line.
The cognitive correlates of third-grade skill in arithmetic, algorithmic computation, and arithmetic word problems

The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive correlates of 3rd-grade skill in arithmetic, algorithmic computation, and arithmetic word problems. Third graders (N = 312) were measured on language, nonverbal problem solving, concept formation, processing speed, long-term memory, working memory, phonological decoding, and sight word efficiency as well as on arithmetic, algorithmic computation, and arithmetic word problems. Teacher ratings of inattentive behavior also were collected. Path analysis indicated that arithmetic was linked to algorithmic computation and to arithmetic word problems and that inattentive behavior independently predicted all 3 aspects of mathematics performance. Other independent predictors of arithmetic were phonological decoding and processing speed. Other independent predictors of arithmetic word problems were nonverbal problem solving, concept formation, sight word efficiency, and language.
Generation of concentrated aerosols for inhalation studies

Abstract A technique is described for generation of concentrated respirable aerosols and their administration to canine lungs. The functional characteristics of the system were delineated using aqueous solutions of disodium fluorescein (DF). The aerosol was generated by delivering pressurized air and disodium fluorescein solution to a Turbotac jet nebulizer. The particles were dried with a sheath of warm air and concentrated using a seven orifice virtual impactor. The input aerosol particles were concentrated up to eight times, resulting in output aerosol concentration of about 10 mg m−3 at a flow rate of 20 l min−1. The particles had predictable mass median aerodynamic diameters between 4 and 7 μm, and geometric standard deviations between 1.7 and 2.0. To conduct inhalation studies on beagle dogs, the aerosol generation and concentration system was pressurized to 18 cm of water. In these experiments the test aerosol consisted of a mixture of disodium fluorescein with technetium-99m tagged to iron oxide colloid, controlled delivery of the aerosol to the dogs was achieved by sequencing low resistance solenoid valves using a logic control box. The animals were anesthetized and endotracheally intubated. The aerosols were carried in the ventilating air stream. The duration of exposure was 3 min. Gamma scintigraphy confirmed deposition of the aerosol in the lower lungs as demonstrated by a total lung retention between 70 and 75% after 24 h. This methodology is applicable for use with solutions and/or colloidal suspensions and can be adapted for continuous aerosol generation and delivery.
Transverse Magnetic Tweezers for Direct DNA Extension Measurements

Magnetic tweezers are an important tool used to stretch and twist single DNA molecules. While longitudinal magnetic tweezers have been widely used for DNA extension and rotation measurements, transverse MTs have found more limited applications due to the lack of a method to directly measuring DNA extension, even though they are better suited for visualization of events taking place on DNA. Here, we present a transverse magnetic tweezers setup that can directly measure DNA extension. This method should provide a more accurate determination of the anchoring position of the DNA on the substrate. It simplifies the measurement of the DNA extension and is potentially useful for studying short DNA constructs. In addition, our external lateral magnet can rotate, allowing us to twist torsionally constrained DNA at a constant force to generate DNA supercoils.
AQUARIUM VISITORS' PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES TOWARD THE IMPORTANCE OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY

To study people's perceptions and attitudes toward the importance of marine biodiversity, 102 visitors to San Francisco's UnderWater World aquarium were interviewed about their perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge about marine life and the environment needed for survival. They were asked about any changes in perceptions and attitudes after their visit. The data indicate that most visitors had very little education in marine biology, that 84% had previously visited other aquariums, that 98% had maintained or increased their positive attitudes toward marine life, and that only 20% financially or emotionally supported marine animal protection or preservation societies. These data, especially from people who had previously visited aquariums, indicated a need for school and college classes and texts to include more substantial and interest-stimulating information about the encompassing importance of the oceans for the survival of all terrestrial and oceanic species.
Size distributions of trace elements associated with ambient particular matter in the affinity of a major highway in the New Jersey–New York metropolitan area

To characterize the size distributions of trace elements associated with particulate matter in the areas heavily impacted by traffics, eleven sets of size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using a MOUDI sampler in winter and summer of 2007–2008 along the side of a highway in the northeast New Jersey near New York City. Selected trace metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, V and Zn) in aerosol samples were determined by ICPMS. A bimodal mass size distribution with peaks at the size ranges of 0.32–0.56 μm and 3.2–5.6 μm was identified, and the general size distributions of the mass concentrations did not change significantly with seasons. Trace metals of potential anthropogenic origin, including Cd, Co, Fe, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn, had higher concentrations and enrichment levels in winter, especially for fine particles. For trace metals of crustal origin, such as Al and Sc, their size distributions of enrichment factors showed significant seasonal variations, while no such variations were found for Cd, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn. Two groups of size distributions in trace metal concentrations were identified using cluster analysis: (1) coarse particles (>1.0 μm) with accumulation of mainly crustal trace metals such as Al, Fe, Sc, and Mn; (2) fine particles (<1.0 μm) with accumulations of trace metals of anthropogenic origins such as Cd, Pb, Ni, V and Co. The size distributions of trace metal enrichment factors showed primarily monotonic decline patterns with overwhelmingly high peaks in the size range of 0.18–0.32 μm for most of the trace metals from pollution sources. Crustal elements including Cu (summer), Mn (summer) and Sc (winter), however, showed tilted normal distributions pattern with peaks at 1.0–1.8 μm. Three major types of sources for these metals were identified at this location: (1) brake wear and fuel combustion, (2) primary fuel combustion, and (3) tires abrasion and fuel combustion. The particulate trace metals in the study area are primarily characterized by either the mixed sources or the exhaust emissions source. Weather factors, in particular temperature, wind speed and precipitation, were found to significantly (α = 0.05) influence the concentrations of trace metals and their size distributions.
The role of linear order in the computation of referential dependencies

I consider several types of referential dependencies: those between bound pronouns and their antecedents, e.g. weak crossover and the classical binding conditions. Constraints on such dependencies have typically been formulated in linguistic theory in terms of conditions on the syntactic structures in which these elements are arrayed. I suggest that a relevant factor in determining the well-formedness of such dependencies is the linear order in which the elements appear. On this view, computation of a referential dependency is sensitive to the extent to which the antecedent is accessible in discourse at the point in the string where the dependent element is processed in the course of interpretation. The evidence suggests that the interaction between linear order and discourse structure provides a more satisfactory account of certain well-known effects than do constraints formulated in terms of syntactic structure.
PHILOSOPHY OF EDUCATION TODAY

Abstract In this review essay J.J. Chambliss assesses the current state of the field of philosophy of education through analysis of four recent edited compilations: Randall Curren’s A Companion to Philosophy of Education; Nigel Blake, Paul Smeyers, Richard Smith, and Paul Standish’s The Blackwell Guide to Philosophy of Education; Wilfred Carr’s The RoutledgeFalmer Reader in Philosophy of Education; and Randall Curren’s Philosophy of Education: An Anthology. He considers how these books address the question of what constitutes philosophy of education, with specific reference to the approach each takes to two topics: feminism and practical reason. Then, taking as a starting point Carr’s insight that a revised history of the philosophy of education could help us better understand the discipline, Chambliss traces the evolution of philosophy of education in the United States from the discipline’s origins, dominated by a tension between Empiricism and Idealism; to the “schools of philosophy” approach — that is, applying a set of beliefs derived from a particular philosophical school to education — that prevailed through the mid-twentieth century; to the wide-ranging contemporary work in the field that draws from newer methodologies and philosophical research programs.
Analyzing terror attacks using latent semantic indexing

Terrorism activities occur in many parts of the world. Such activities seemingly occur randomly in different locations, at different times, and are caused by different perpetrators. Thus, it is a challenging task to find patterns in activities related to terrorism. Clustering of perpetrators into similar groups can provide valuable information such as common characteristics among the various groups, the types of targets typically attacked, and weapons used in such attacks. In this research, we develop a method to classify terrorist groups based on their attack patterns by analyzing textual descriptions of such attacks using latent semantic indexing and clustering. The resulting information can be used for counter-terrorism globally, and that can help develop security measures that can be taken to protect potentially affected entities such as hospitals, schools, and government agencies as well as saving the lives of innocent people.
A Spectrophotometric Method of Analysis of Cascara Sagrada Preparations

Abstract A method of quantitative analysis of Cascara Sagrada preparations dependent upon the isolation of the hydroxy‐methyl‐anthraquinones on a chromatographic column of magnesium oxide and celite was devised. The anthraquinones were quantitatively eluted from the column and the concentration of the resulting solutions determined from the results of spectrophotometric examinations. Calculations of concentration of total anthraquinones were made on the basis of a determined extinction coefficient for pure emodin. The results of the analyses of fluidextracts by this method gave results correlating quite closely those previously reported in the literature for a different process.
Water Relations in Pulvini from Samanea saman: II. Effects of Excision of Motor Tissues

Pulvinar motor tissues of Samanea saman are often excised for in vitro studies of ion transport. Because ion transport may be regulated in part by hydrostatic pressure (P), this study explores how P and water potential (Ψ) change when motor tissues are excised. Water potential (Ψ) of excised extensor and flexor tissues was measured by the Chardakov method and compared with Ψ measurements made on extensor and flexor tissues of intact pulvini (HL Gorton 1987 Plant Physiol 83: 945-950). Ψ values for excised extensor and flexor tissues were always substantially more negative than for the same tissues in intact pulvini. Extensor tissues excised from open pulvini had slightly more negative Ψ than excised flexor tissues, and the opposite was true for closed pulvini. Extensor and flexor tissues elongate immediately when excised from open or closed pulvini, suggesting that in intact pulvini they are constrained from elongating by the nonextensible vascular core. In addition, both tissues in both open and closed pulvini are under compression imposed by oppositely positioned motor tissue. Excision relieves constraint and compression, decreasing P, and thus decreasing Ψ. This finding may explain, at least in part, the difference between Ψ measurements on intact and excised motor tissues. Implications of these data for the planning and interpretation of in vitro experiments requiring excised strips of extensor and flexor tissues are discussed.
Complications of Vascular Catheters in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Insertion of an intravascular catheter is the most common invasive procedure in the neonatal ICU. With every passing decade, technological innovations in catheter materials and sizes have allowed vascular access in infants who are smaller and sicker for purposes of blood pressure monitoring, blood sampling, and infusion of intravenous fluids and medications. There is, however, growing recognition of potential risks to life and limb associated with the use of intravascular catheters. This article reviews complications of venous and arterial catheters in the neonatal ICU and discusses treatment approaches and methods to prevent such complications, based on current evidence.
Measurement of amphipod body length using a digitizer

A digitizer/camera lucida method was developed to measure total body length and gut contents of an amphipod Pontoporeia hoyi. The method was more accurate and precise than two conventional methods (the forceps/ocular micrometer method, and the map wheel/camera lucida method). The digitizer/camera lucida method also provided rapid and direct transfer of body and gut length values to a computer file for subsequent analysis.
Investigation of the operation of a d.c. electric field detector

Abstract Double Langmuir probe detector systems have been flown successfully on three rockets in the past two years to measure quasi-static and a.c. electric fields in the auroral zone ionosphere. Diagnostic tests and redundancy features associated with these experiments are investigated to show that the instruments performed as expected theoretically and that d.c. electric fields with typical magnitudes of 20–40 mV/m have been measured with 10–20 per cent accuracy. Uncertainties of the measurement that are considered include sheath potential and sheath resistance effects, photoemission, energetic particle currents, wake effects, asymmetries from the presence of the booms and the rocket body, contact potentials, and the subtraction of ν × B from the rocket data to obtain electric fields in an Earth-fixed frame of reference.
The RUNX2 transcription factor cooperates with the YES-associated protein, YAP65, to promote cell transformation.

The Runt box domain DNA‑binding transcription factors (RUNX) play key roles in hematopoietic, bone, and gastric development. These factors regulate angiogenesis and tumorigenic events, functioning as either activators or repressors of target genes. Although RUNX2 is an essential bone maturation factor, it has also been found to promote transformation in vivo and cell proliferation in vitro, perhaps by associating with specific coactivators or corepressors. Adenoviral‑mediated overexpression of dominant negative RUNX2 or specific reduction of RUNX2 with RNA‑interference inhibits cell proliferation. To determine whether RUNX2 also plays a role in cell transformation, RUNX2 interactions with the coactivator Yes‑associated protein (YAP65) were examined. RUNX2 associated with YAP65 via a proline‑rich segment in the C‑terminal domain (PPPY) and coexpression of RUNX2 and YAP65 significantly increased foci formation and anchorage‑independent growth relative to each factor alone. However, in contrast to wild‑type ...
An Adjustable Constant Current Stimulator for Electrophysiologic Experiments

An adjustable constant current stimulator has been designed and built which allows automation of many electrophysiologic experiments. It provides current continuously adjustable from 0 to 50 ?A, pulse intervals from 10 ms to 10 min, and pulse duration from 40 ?s to 10 s.
Brainstem command systems for locomotion in the lamprey: localization of descending pathways in the spinal cord.

Abstract The lamprey brainstem contains a ‘command system’ which descends into the spinal cord to activate motor networks and initiate locomotion. In the present study, partial lesions were made in the rostral spinal cord in order to spare various tracts and determine which tracts carry the descending command signal to the spinal cord. Sparing the medial areas of the rostral spinal cord usually blocked both sensory-evoked and spontaneous locomotion, while sparing the lateral regions of the rostral spinal cord did not abolish voluntary locomotor activity. Either the ventrolateral or dorsolateral spinal tracts could support the initiation of locomotion. Brainstem structures rostral to the mesencephalon were not necessary for the initiation of locomotor behavior. The data indicate that the lateral spinal tracts contain a significant part of the descending command pathway for locomotion. In contrast, the medial spinal tracts were neither necessary nor usually sufficient to support locomotor behavior, suggesting that the larger reticulospinal Muller cells, which project in these tracts, do not contribute significantly to the initiation of locomotion.
Which factors need to be improved for array models to correctly predict 'real-world' performance?

This paper poses the question how statistically varying data should be handled while the output of modeled real-world systems is sometimes interpreted by human preference? It asks the question whether modeled data or realworld data are of greater importance. This question is asked in the context of what is more important, having a model that correctly predicts real-world energy generation or cost of a PV array or the "typical" generation or cost for such array? Real-world performance can only be predicted within some uncertainty level. Are good average or individual values obtained when the real-world energy output or cost of a single system are predicted? Two or more input factors into a single output will also often lead to increased variation. The point is made that greater accuracy of modeled and experimental data may or may not result in deeper insight into the generation capability of a solar array. The answer to the question posed in the title of this contribution is: Be as accurate as possible, but always expect variation in both the calculated and experimental results and be cognizant of the difference between typical and actual values.