cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quality improvements and the incentive to leapfrog

Abstract In a model of an uncovered market of vertically differentiated products, incentives of non-identical duopolists to improve the technological maximum quality are analyzed. It is assumed that initially firms offer products with different qualities and that the R & D cost function changes exogenously. This induces a reconsideration of firms' quality decisions. Both firms have the same R & D costs for improving the maximum quality. Quality changes within the existing quality range are assumed to incur only fixed adjustment costs. It is shown that the firm which initially is in the low-quality position always has a higher incentive to improve industry's quality than its rival if adjustments costs are sufficiently high. Persistence of dominance may occur for a low degree of initial differentiation, low adjustment costs and R & D cost functions with a high slope.
The subcellular distribution of acyltransferases which catalyze the synthesis of phosphoglycerides.

glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, l-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine, l-acyl-sn-glycero-3phosphate and sn-glycero-3-phosphate as substrates, and different acyl-CoA esters served as donors of acyl groups. Glucose-6-phosphatase and the acyltransferase activities studied were distributed with similar relative specific activities among the subfractions. The results indicated that : a) Acyltransferases were located in the microsomal membranes. b) Nuclei and mitochondria did not have acyltransferase activity under the conditions used c) Plasma membranes appeared to have only a small amount of acyltransferase activity in d) All acyltransferase activities tested showed similar patterns of distribution. e) Acyltransferase activities may be useful in the future as marker enzymes for microsomal particles from tissues which do not contain glucose-6-phosphatase, but do contain the acyltransferase within the microsomal membranes. in these experiments, which were optimal for microsomal acyltransferases. comparison to that in the microsomal particles.
Catecholamine-containing neurons of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the cat

The nucleus locus coeruleus of the cat brain was studied using the Falck-Hillarp fluorescent histochemical method for the demonstration of cellular monoamines. In the cat, as in other mammals, the locus coeruleus is made up of catecholamine-containing neurons. The cell bodies of these neurons are diffusely distributed in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum, occupying a portion of the lateral central gray and extending laterally across the paralemniscal tegmental field to surround the brachium conjunctivum in its marginal nucleus. The neurons of the locus coeruleus are readily distinguished from others in the area in Nissl-stained material as well as in that prepared by the Falck-Hillarp method. No subdivisions of the nucleus are evident in either Falck-Hillarp or Nissl stained material. The locus coeruleus nucleus appears to include those neurons previously identified as the magnocellular component of the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum and the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus.
Automated measurement of lipid hydroperoxides in oil and fat samples by flow injection photometry

The status of oxidation of oil and fat samples is normally judged by their peroxide value (PV), an index that seeks to determine the peroxide content by measuring how much iodine is liberated by the sample from iodide in an acidic medium in a specified time period. At peroxide levels of interest, not only does this approach require considerable analyst skill, the method is inherently flawed because of the considerable differences in the rates at which different peroxides liberate iodine from iodide and potentially also the consumption of nascent iodine by unsaturated sites. We propose here a substantially less biased method based on the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) by peroxides, followed by the colorimetric detection of the latter as the thiocyanate complex. The system is automated through flow injection photometry. A methanol−butanol mixed solvent is used as the carrier stream. Samples, generally prediluted in the same solvent, are injected into this carrier; streams bearing Fe2+ and SCN- are separatel...
Heteroplasmic suppression of an amber mutation in the Chlamydomonas chloroplast gene that encodes the large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

The 18-5B and 18-7G mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii lack ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase holoenzyme and contain nonsense mutations in the chloroplast gene that encodes the protein's large subunit. Spontaneous revertants of the 18-5B opal (UGA) mutant were found to be heteroplasmic in a previous study (Spreitzer et al. 1984). They appeared to contain both mutant and wild-type alleles of a suppressor gene within the chloroplast. However, revertants of the 18-7G amber (UAG) mutant could not be recovered spontaneously. In the present investigation, revertants of the opal and amber mutants were recovered after a mutagen treatment. Heteroplasmic suppression of the 18-7G amber mutant was observed, suggesting that heteroplasmic suppression may be a common genetic mechanism of polyploid genomes. Although a diversity of other revertant types was also observed, no significant alteration occurred in the oxygen sensitivity of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase acitivity.
The Power of Feelings: Personal Meaning in Psychoanalysis, Gender, and Culture

In the middle of the twentieth century, leading cultural critics and visionaries-Erik Erikson, Lionel Trilling, Herbert Marcuse, and many others-turned to psychoanalysis as a measure of human personal and cultural fulfillment. Now, as we enter a new millennium, Nancy J. Chodorow, well known as a feminist theorist and psychoanalyst, takes her place in this line of eminent thinkers and revitalizes their project. Psychoanalysis, she claims, offers in its clinical goals and its vision of possibility insight into the nature of subjectivity and the quality of good relations with others. It continues centuries of reflection and imagination about the good life. In this pathbreaking book, Chodorow draws upon her broad knowledge and background in social theory, her feminism, and her experience as a psychoanalyst. In extensively elaborated chapters on psychoanalytic theory, she argues that a psychoanalysis that takes as its starting point the immediacy of unconscious fantasy and feeling found in the clinical encounter can illuminate our understanding of individual subjectivity and potentially transform all sociocultural thought. Creating a dialogue between feminism, anthropology, and psychoanalysis, she holds that feminism, anthropology, and other cultural theories require that psychoanalysts take seriously how cultural meanings help to constitute psychic life. At the same time, psychoanalysis demonstrates that contemporary theories of meaning cannot neglect the unconscious realm, which has just as much power as culture does to create meaning for the individual. Chodorow acknowledges postmodern accounts of the decentering and fragmentation of individuality but argues that psychoanalysis gives us an account of subjectivity that incorporates forms of wholeness and depth of experience, without which we cannot have a meaningful life.
Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapy: Outcomes and safety of rapid desensitization in 413 cases

Background Hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) to chemotherapeutic drugs, including mAbs, often require that the provoking medication be discontinued, thus raising a dilemma for the caregiver: further use could precipitate a severe, even fatal, allergic reaction on re-exposure, but alternative drugs might be poorly tolerated or much less effective compared with the preferred agent. Objective We have developed a standardized rapid desensitization protocol for achieving temporary tolerization to drug allergens. In this study we evaluate the safety and efficacy of this protocol. Methods Ninety-eight patients who had HSRs in response to treatment with carboplatin, cisplatin, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, liposomal doxorubicin, doxorubicin, or rituximab received rapid desensitization to these agents. A standardized 12-step protocol was used, with treatment given intravenously or intraperitoneally. Initial desensitizations occurred in the medical intensive care unit, whereas most subsequent infusions took place in an outpatient setting. Safety and efficacy of the protocol were assessed by review of treatment records. Results Of the 413 desensitizations performed, 94% induced mild or no reactions. No life-threatening HSRs or deaths occurred during the procedure, and all patients received their full target dose. Most reactions occurred during the first desensitization. Reactions were most commonly reported at the last step of the protocol. Desensitizations through the intravenous and intraperitoneal routes were equally effective. Conclusions Our standardized 12-step protocol for rapid drug desensitization is safe and effective and has been adopted as the standard of care at our institutions in treating patients with HSRs to chemotherapeutic drugs, including mAbs.
Directly light-fired thyristors with high di/dt capability

A 1200V 100A directly light triggered thyristor suitable for invertor application has been developed. A new amplifying gate design with a second amplifying stage was used in achieving a factor of 50 increase in gate sensitivity without any loss in dV/dt capability and only a small (less than a factor of two) reduction in device di/dt rating, despite a ten times smaller initial turn-on line length. In all, three versions were made with gate threshold currents down to 2ma and dV/dt capabilities to 1000V/µ second. All three types had 60Hz di/dt capabilities of about 250A/µsecond at 125° T J and turn-off times of approximately 25µ seconds. The new light sensitive amplifying gate stage design features a gate thyristor region with extending arms for high gate sensitivity, the inner portion of which is only large enough to accomodate initial on-region spreading during the short on time of the gate stage. The arms increase gate sensitivity while contributing very little to the overall dV/dt current. The turn-on speed can be accounted for by most of the inner region being turned on by the photo-gate pulse. Like regular electrically fired thyristors, a gate over-drive factor is important. With these devices an over-drive factor of about 10 is needed for high di/dt turn-on.
Performance evaluation of a real long term evolution (LTE) network

This paper analyzes the performance of a real LTE network through the real LTE network drive tests. Test cases were performed under stationary and mobile conditions. Paper presents the results under high user mobility conditions and compares these results with the ones collected under stationary conditions. User mobility affects average received user throughput, block error rates (BLER), Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) and Reference Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) values significantly. All of the test cases were performed using real LTE device in a real LTE network. Video traffic was used in drive tests under stationary and mobile conditions. The main key performance indicators used in this paper are average sector throughput, the number of codewords (CW) used, channel quality indicator (CQI), block error rate (BLER), signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio (SNIR), RSSI, RSRQ, and RSRP values. Average throughput values are very important to show the promised throughput performance of the LTE network. User mobility affects average delivered user throughput, BLER, and CQI values significantly.
Afferent nerve groups and sympathetic reflex pathways.

Summary In chloralose-anesthetized cats, two reflex sympathetic discharges were recorded from lumbar white rami after single shock stimulation of peripheral afferent nerves: an early discharge associated with a spinal reflex pathway, and a late discharge associated with a supraspinal pathway. The following relationship between afferent fibers and reflex pathways were noted: (1) Excitation of only Group I hindlimb muscle fibers did not evoke reflex sympathetic discharges. (2) Excitation of hindlimb Group II plus fibers, or of Group Aα or Aβ hind- or forelimb cutaneous, or visceral fibers evoked only the supraspinal reflex. Beyond its threshold the late response increased with stimulus strength. (3) Stimulus strengths greater than threshold for Group III hindlimb muscle, or Group Aδ hind- or forelimb cutaneous, or visceral fibers evoked the spinal sympathetic reflex. The discharge increased with stimulus strength. (4) Supraspinal sympathetic reflexes were present in all fore- and hindlimb studies. Spinal reflexes were consistently found in hindlimb nerve studies but in only one out of four forelimb nerve studies. (5) Stimuli strong enough to excite C fibers often caused increases in the late reflex sympathetic discharge. Such increases might be due to a C-fiber activated spinal pathway reflex. (6) Strychnine or tetanic stimulation of the peripheral nerves led to increased amplitudes of both early and late sympathetic responses to succeeding single shocks. (7) Stimulation of Aα or Aβ cutaneous afferent evoked an early sympathetic reflex in chronic spinal cats. Excitation of smaller fibers increased the amplitude of this reflex but did not evoke a late reflex.
An eleven year history of a Sigmodon population.

While general observation has indicated that annual fluctuations in population density of rodents in southern United States are less “cyclic,” i.e., peaks less regular, than is the case in the classic northern four-year cycles, few long-term observations have been made on populations in stable habitats. The possibility of a north-south difference in the nature of population oscillations has an important bearing on current theories of “cycles.” For the past eleven years trapping has been carried out according to a consistent plan in an old field where habitat features have been relatively constant. The field is located near Athens, Clarke County, Georgia in the Piedmont section of the state. The cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus , comprised the great bulk of the readily trappable small mammal population in the old field, which is in a stage of vegetative succession favorable to the species. (Cotton rats occurring in Georgia except for the coastal strip, below 100 foot contour line, have been assigned to the subspecies Sigmodon hispidus komareki by Gardner, 1948.) Results of this study are presented simply as evidence of changes in density, natality, age distribution and other population characteristics that apparently have occurred on a limited area. No attempt will be made at this time to interpret these data in terms of various theories that have been advanced to explain population cycles. The writer is indebted to the following students and former students who helped with trap setting and specimen preparation at various times during the period: Drs. Robert A. Norris and David W. Johnston, James C. Major, H. C. Robert, James O. Harrison, Edward J. Kuenzler, Jack Lowe, and J. B. Gentry. The study area .—The old field selected for this study (PL I) is one of a series of abandoned fields lying on a slope a quarter of …
Race and Research Productivity

Throughout the development of the sociology of science, one of the focal points of empirical investigation has been the study of scholarly productivity. A number of variables have been examined in regard to their impact upon productivity including sex (Austin, 1969), age (Pelz and Andrews, 1966), quality of department of doctoral training (Hagstrom, 1971), institutional affiliation (Crane, 1965), college grades (Folger et al., 1971), and professional orientation (Babchuk and Bates, 1962). One factor, however, which has received little attention is race. As Conyers (1968) has pointed out, students of productivity have generally ignored race as a possible explanatory variable. The present study attempts to shed some light upon the relationship between race and research output by examining the productivity of black and nonblack holders of the Ph.D.
Pathways to STEMM Support Occupations

The preceding articles in this issue of the Peabody Journal of Education have focused on preparation for and entry into professional positions in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). This article shifts the focus from professional positions to STEMM support occupations, focusing on the preparation necessary for entrance into this alternate STEMM field. As a group, STEMM support occupations feature shorter periods of formal training for entry, lower requirements for advanced study, and more flexibility in regard to the timing and entry into the workforce. Many of the young adults who eventually entered a STEMM support occupation did not make that decision until later along the educational pathway than did students who became STEMM professionals. Beyond the general features of the support occupations, an initial analysis also points to important differences between support occupations related to medicine and support occupations related to other areas of science and technology.
Evaluation of parameters critical to observing proteins inside living Escherichia coli by in-cell NMR spectroscopy.

Our recently developed in-cell NMR procedure now enables one to observe protein conformations inside living cells. Optimization of the technique demonstrates that distinguishing the signals produced by a single protein species depends critically on protein overexpression levels and the correlation time in the cytoplasm. Less relevant is the selective incorporation of 15N. Poorly expressed proteins, insoluble proteins, and proteins that cannot tumble freely due to associations within the cell cannot yet be observed. We show in-cell NMR spectra of bacterial NmerA and human calmodulin and discuss limitations of the technique as well as prospects for future applications.
The Influence of Managerial Style on Business Unit Performance

The relationship between managerial style and business unit performance has received considerable attention at a conceptual level during the past decade. However, very little empirical testing of the relationship between characteristics of the three components of managerial style (personality traits, background characteristics, and managerial behaviors) and performance has been conducted. This article reports the results of a study of the relationships among characteristics of the three components of managerial style, business unit strategy, and business unit performance. Support is found for contingency and universal relationships among the variables. Implications forfuture research are also discussed.
Psychological problems of patients with head and neck cancer

Summary Cancer of the head and neck affects the psyche as well as the soma and, as such, calls for a comprehensive approach to treatment. Physicians and dentists should be aware that patients normally react to the phenomenon of cancer as a grievous event and experience emotions such as denial, depression, anxiety, guilt, and fear. Patients also react to changes concomitant with disability, the treatment process, and surgery—changes that often affect their social roles and life-styles and vary in their degree of acceptance of the dependent role. Located in a highly visible and personally identifying place, head and neck cancer has serious social consequences and evokes symbolic sexual conflicts. Two factors that distinguish healthy reactions from pathologic reactions are the intensity and the duration of symptoms. Severe clinical depression, paranoid psychosis, acute brain syndrome, and delirium tremens are possible pathologic reactions. Milder reactions such as clinging dependency or uncooperativeness are more common. Patients at high risk for experiencing maladaptive response are those with so-called narcissistic personalities, those who have a history of disorganization and vulnerability to stress, and those who have recently experienced other forms of loss. Whether such persons are referred to a psychiatrist or not, the consideration of emotional factors is intrinsic to successful patient management.
Gender Differences in the Brain: Implications for the Study of Human Alcoholism

Gender differences in alcohol intake and response to alcohol may be influenced by basic variations in the organization and modulation of male and female brains. Although a number of genetic, social, environmental, and metabolic factors have been proposed to explain the gender differences observed in risk for alcoholism, alcohol intake, and medical consequences of excessive alcohol intake, very little attention has been given to the role of gender differences in the brain regarding alcohol use. Recent evidence documents the influence of neurosteroids on neurotransmitter activity in the brain and the impact of alcohol on neurosteroid levels. Neurosteroids are found in different levels in males and females during development and throughout life, depending on factors such as age, stage of development, estrous and menstrual cycles, and stress. This study discusses the hypothesis that many of the gender differences observed concerning alcohol use and misuse are determined by gender differences in the brain, which in turn differentially influence the behavioral and neurochemical responses of males and females to alcohol.
Nuclear Mechanics and Mechanotransduction in Health and Disease

The nucleus is the defining feature of eukaryotic cells and often represents the largest organelle. Over the past decade, it has become apparent that the nucleus is tightly integrated into the structural network of the cell through so-called LINC (linker of the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) complexes, which enable transmission of forces between the nucleus and cytoskeleton. This physical connection between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton is essential for a broad range of cellular functions, including intracellular nuclear movement and positioning, cytoskeletal organization, cell polarization, and cell migration. Recent reports further indicate that forces transmitted from the extracellular matrix to the nucleus via the cytoskeleton may also directly contribute to the cell's ability to probe its mechanical environment by triggering force-induced changes in nuclear structures. In addition, it is now emerging that the physical properties of the nucleus play a crucial role during cell migration in three-dimensional (3D) environments, where cells often have to transit through narrow constrictions that are smaller than the nuclear diameter, e.g., during development, wound healing, or cancer metastasis. In this review, we provide a brief overview of how LINC complex proteins and lamins facilitate nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling, highlight recent findings regarding the role of the nucleus in cellular mechanotransduction and cell motility in 3D environments, and discuss how mutations and/or changes in the expression of these nuclear envelope proteins can result in a broad range of human diseases, including muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy, and premature aging.
Attitudes, leprechauns and neutrinos: The ontology of behavioral science

Although the historical dispute between introspective psychology and ontological behaviorism encourages the belief that attitudes do not exist, this belief is misguided. Even the Hacking test, suggested by someone with grave doubts about behavioral science, supports the claim that attitudes are “just as real as neutrinos.” Nevertheless, the progress of a science of attitudes may be severely limited by the influence of exogenous factors, factors including normative beliefs about how we should treat the people to whom attitudes are attributed. In so far as these beliefs prevent scientists from experimenting on people and their institutions, particle physics has resources unavailable to survey research. Thus a serious examination of behavioral science leads to some surprising conclusions as to which sciences are the “hard” ones and which ones are simply easier.
Vascularity of the hip labrum: A cadaveric investigation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to define the vascularity of the hip labrum and to identify regional differences in vascular penetration that may have implications for the healing potential of this structure. Type of Study: Injection study of human cadavers to investigate the vascularity of the hip labrum. Methods: Twelve hips from 6 human frozen cadavers devoid of severe articular pathology were used. High-resolution surface-coil magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in both sagittal and coronal planes to better define anatomic planes in 2 dimensions and to correlate Spalteholz sections with the surrounding joint and labral anatomy. Each pelvis was injected with intra-arterial India Ink and frozen; 3-mm sagittal or coronal sections were then cut and processed using a modified Spalteholz technique, yielding anatomic zones of the labrum. Six specimens were cut in the sagittal plane and 6 were cut in the coronal plane. Specimens were examined at ×10 magnification with transillumination. Anatomic zones with regional variations in vascularity were defined. Results: The anterior and superior aspects of the labrum showed degenerative changes on MRI and under direct manual transillumination in 75% of specimens. Overall, there was a relatively poor vascular supply to the labrum; however, there were regional differences between anatomic zones. Zone I (capsular contribution) had significantly more vascularity than zone II (articular side) ( P Conclusions: The cadaveric specimens evaluated in this study had a relatively avascular hip labrum. However, the increased vascularity seen in zone I (capsular side) may have implications for treatment, similar to that described in the meniscus of the knee. Clinical Relevance: A better understanding of the vascularity of the hip labrum will guide treatment of labral pathology and may have implications for the healing potential of this structure. Labral tears occurring in the vascular zone may be amenable to arthroscopic repair rather than debridement.
Performance Characteristics of a Low Temperature Cell for Collisional Cooling Experiments

We fabricated and tested a low temperature cell which is mounted directly on the second stage of a CTI-Cryogenics Model 22C CRYODYNE CRYOCOOLER. The vacuum system consists of a room temperature vacuum shroud, a radiation shield maintained at 77K and the cell which is mounted directly to the second stage of the cryocooler. The ultimate cell temperature is 12.4 Kelvin, and the low temperature limit increases at a rate of 5.6 Kelvin/Watt. We achieve a cell temperature of 22 Kelvin under typical experimental conditions of approximately 29 milli Torr helium, slow flowing gas, and a heated injector. The absorption path length of the cell is 3.35 cm, and the window clear aperture is 1.27 cm. We preformed a series of experiments in which we determined the translational temperatures of vibration- rotation transitions in the band of CO for different cell temperatures. The results of our tests are discussed in this paper.
Extrachromosomal DNA in Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, var. finitimus, var. sotto, and in Bacillus popilliae

Abstract Four entomopathogenic bacteria contained extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules of various sizes. Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki contained twelve elements banding on agarose gels that ranged from 0.74 to > 50 × 106 daltons, three of which were giant extrachromosomal DNA elements. B. thuringiensis var. sotto contained one giant extrachromosomal DNA element with a molecular size of about 23.5 × 106 daltons and two lesser elements of 0.80 and 0.62 × 106 daltons. B. thuringiensis var. finitimus harbored two giant DNA elements corresponding to >50 × 106 daltons and two lesser bands with relative small size (0.98 and 0.97 × 106 daltons). B. popilliae contained no giant extrachromosomal DNA elements but did contain two smaller elements corresponding to 4.45 and 0.58 × 106 daltons. The possible use of extrachromosomal DNA elements that prove to be autonomous replicons for recombinant DNA studies is discussed.
Comparison of inorganic and organic selenium sources for broilers.

An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of organic and inorganic sources of Se on growth performance, carcass traits, breast and plasma Se concentrations, and plasma glutathione peroxidase (pGPX3) activity in broilers. Broiler chicks were sexed on d 0 and within sex, randomly allotted to dietary treatment. Average initial and final BW of the broilers were 47 and 2,684 g, and the experiment lasted 49 d. A 3-phase feeding program similar to industry recommendations was used, and the basal diets for each phase were corn-soybean meal based. For each growth phase, the basal diet was supplemented with 0 (control) or 0.30 ppm Se from sodium selenite (SS) or Se-enriched yeast (SY). Each treatment was replicated 7 times (4 pens of males and 3 pens of females) with 50 male or 55 female broilers per replicate. Daily gain, feed intake, gain:feed, eviscerated and chill weights, carcass yield, breast weight, and moisture loss from the breast were not affected (P > 0.05) by Se supplementation. Dietary supplementation with SY increased (P 0.05) by Se source or concentration. The results from this experiment indicate that organic Se increases tissue Se concentration, but it does not affect growth performance, carcass traits, or pGPX3 activity compared with inorganic Se.
Asset Funding in der betrieblichen Altersversorgung

Der am weitesten verbreitete Durchfuhrungsweg der betrieblichen Altersversorgung in Deutschland ist die Direktzusage. Werden die zugehorigen Verpflichtungen mit Kapitalanlagen bedeckt, handelt es sich um ein so genanntes Asset Funding. Dies ist fur das Risikomanagement eines Unternehmens ein bedeutender Faktor. Insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit der internationalen Rechnungslegung und Basel II wird eine Kapitalbedeckung der Direktzusagen zunehmend attraktiv. Diese Arbeit stellt einen ersten Schritt zu einer umfassenden wissenschaftlichen Analyse dieses Themenkomplexes dar. Insbesondere wird eine systematische Klassifikation der verschiedenen Verfahren des Asset Fundings vorgenommen und zugehorige Finanzierungsmoglichkeiten vorgestellt.
Control, Motivation, Affect, and Strategic Self-Regulation in the College Classroom : A Multidimensional Phenomenon

This study of 397 undergraduate students examined relations between self-reported control, goal orientation, future time perspective, affect, and strategic self-regulation. Five patterns were found in three canonical dimensions. The high end of bipolar Dimension 1 linked high self-regulated strategy use and study effort to high self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and effort causal attribution; high mastery and performance approach and low work avoidance goal orientations; and positive affect. The low end of Dimension 1 linked low strategy use and effort to low self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, and effort causal attribution; high work avoidance goal orientation; and low affect. The high end of bipolar Dimension 2 linked knowledge-building strategies, but not active self-regulation or study effort, to high self-efficacy, outcome expectancy for learning but not grades, and affect causal attribution; high mastery goal orientation; and positive affect. The low end of Dimension 2 linked surface learning, consisting of active self-regulation and study effort but not personal knowledge building, to high effort causal attribution but low self-efficacy and outcome expectancy. Unipolar Dimension 3 linked learned helplessness to high outcome expectancy and external causal attribution but low self-efficacy; high work avoidance goal orientation; and high negative affect and anxiety.
Is Bowen's disease a predictor for the development of internal malignancy? A methodological critique of the literature.

A critical review was performed to assess studies about Bowen's disease as a cutaneous predictor of the development of internal malignancy. In six of seven published cohort studies, the authors concluded that there was an association between Bowen's disease and internal malignancy. Three major methodological deficiencies occurred in these studies: lack of an adequate comparison group; inclusion of persons who already had internal malignancy when Bowen's disease was diagnosed; and lack of life-table analysis to describe and to compare cancer incidence rates over time. Though an association between Bowen's disease and internal malignancy may be pathophysiologically plausible and may eventually be demonstrated, we conclude that published reports do not demonstrate that persons with Bowen's disease have an increased risk to develop internal malignancy. ( JAMA 1987;257:516-518)
A NEW CLEISTOGAMOUS SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ERAGROSTIS (POACEAE: CHLORIDOIDEAE)

Eragrostis riobrancensis (Poaceae, Chloridoideae), a new species with cleistogamous spikelets from sandy river banks of southern Guyana and adjacent Terr. Roraima, Brazil, is described and illustrated.
Biological determinants and risk factors for tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a neurological side effect of chronic neuroleptic treatment, develops in 20%-30% of psychiatric patients. The biological characteristics that distinguish schizophrenic patients who develop TD from those who fail to develop TD during neuroleptic treatment are currently the subject of intense research. The aim of the present report is to present biological characteristics and risk factors of schizophrenic patients with TD. The findings of the study demonstrate that: (1) the timing of onset of schizophrenia is a biological determinant for the development of severe TD. (2) the mode of onset of schizophrenia and specifically, an insidious onset is a biological risk factor of TD. (3) belligerent behavior may be a risk factor for TD. (4) postmenopausal schizophrenic patients are at increased risk for TD
Utility of precordial, epicardial and transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography in the detection of intracardiac foreign bodies

Abstract Initial studies have indicated that in as many as 30% of instances, intracardiac foreign bodies cannot be located at operation. 1,2 Their accurate detection is important because retained missile fragments may be the cause of significant morbidity. 3,4 Recently, the detection and localization of intracardiac foreign bodies resulting from penetrating missile wounds of the heart have been accomplished with both precordial and intraoperative 2-dimensional echocardiography. 5−10 Clinical experience, however, is limited. Unanswered questions remain regarding the ability of echocardiography to detect accurately these retained fragments. In particular, it is not clear how accurately 2-dimensional echocardiography can detect small fragments when they are located in close proximity to highly reflective structures such as normal pericardium. This study reports our clinical and experimental investigations using precordial, epicardial and transesophageal 2-dimensional echocardiography to localize intracardiac foreign bodies.
MISSED ANTERIOR CROSSING VESSELS DURING OPEN RETROPERITONEAL PYELOPLASTY: LAPAROSCOPIC TRANSPERITONEAL DISCOVERY AND REPAIR

Purpose: Extrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction due to anterior crossing segmental renal vessels is present in more than 50% of patients in adulthood. In this situation the ureter must usually be dismembered and transposed anterior to the crossing vascular structures, where it is anastomosed to the renal pelvis. Via the open retroperitoneal approach there may be a limited view of the anterior surface of the ureteropelvic junction and, hence, anterior crossing vessels may possibly be missed. We describe 2 patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction in whom anterior vessels were missed during open retroperitoneal repair. Laparoscopic transperitoneal secondary pyeloplasty with posterior displacement of the crossing renal vessel was performed in each case.Materials and Methods: Two patients presented with symptomatic congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction after failed endopyelotomy in 1 and failed open retroperitoneal procedures in both. Preoperatively spiral computerized tomography angiogra...
Designing less-structured P2P systems for the expected high churn

We address the problem of highly transient populations in unstructured and loosely structured peer-to-peer (P2P) systems. We propose a number of illustrative query-related strategies and organizational protocols that, by taking into consideration the expected session times of peers (their lifespans), yield systems with performance characteristics more resilient to the natural instability of their environments. We first demonstrate the benefits of lifespan-based organizational protocols in terms of end-application performance and in the context of dynamic and heterogeneous Internet environments. We do this using a number of currently adopted and proposed query-related strategies, including methods for query distribution, caching, and replication. We then show, through trace-driven simulation and wide-area experimentation, the performance advantages of lifespan-based, query-related strategies when layered over currently employed and lifespan-based organizational protocols. While merely illustrative, the evaluated strategies and protocols clearly demonstrate the advantages of considering peers' session time in designing widely-deployed P2P systems.
Droplet Burning of JP-8/Silica Gels

For future high performance rocket launchers, gelled propellants have the potential to replace conventional solid and liquid fuels by combining the individual advantages of both systems and neglecting the most disadvantages at the same time. Since gels show dierent atomization, spray and combustion behavior in comparison to liquid propellants, the investigation of single droplet vaporization and combustion is fundamental for the understanding of designing a gel operated injector system. Based on a rheological characterization of gelled JP-8 turbine fuel using fumed silica as a gelling agent, single droplet combustion experiments have been conducted. Combustion experiments have shown a typical d 2 -law behavior with considerable inuence of the gelling agent. A higher amount of gellant agent results in a reduced burning rate. Droplet size as well as droplet temperature during combustion depend strongly on the consistency of the gel.
Abraham Miguel Cardoso's Messianism: A Reappraisal

Abraham Miguel Cardoso was born to a crypto-Jewish family living in Rio Seco, Spain, in the year 1626. He left Spain with with his older brother Isaac in 1648. Abraham Cardoso has usually been discussed within the larger context of the Sabbatian movement, which he served as one of its major theoreticians. Until his death in 1706, Cardoso found himself almost constantly under attack by the rabbinical authorities in the cities where he tried to settle with his family, although he sometimes found local non-Jewish authorities who would offer him protection. He served for some time as the personal physician to the bey of Tripoli and later to the local potentate in Tunis. In the last decades of his life, after the death of Sabbatai Zebi, he engaged in bitter debates with other leading Sabbatians about the divinity of the Messiah. Cardoso rejected wholeheartedly what he saw as their adoption of a Christian messialogy. Gershom Scholem's analysis of Cardoso's theology as Gnostic has remained fundamentally unchallenged. Scholem saw in Cardoso's thinking the crystallization of what he believed was the latent antinomian Gnosticism within Kabbalah and especially within the later strata of the Zohar, and he pointed to Cardoso's likely acquaintance with Gnostic ideas, filtered through the Church Fathers (read during theological studies in Spain), as the most significant factor in precipitating this crystallization (see expecially Scholem 1980, pp. 333–334; Scholem 1971a, pp. 65–74; Scholem 1971c, pp. 104–107).
Compressive sensing MRI with laplacian sparsifying transform

Compressive sensing (CS) is an emerging technique to speed up the data acquisition in MRI. CS relies on the sparsity constraint of the underlying image. Currently total variation (TV) is being used ubiquitously in CS-MRI as a sparsity measurement. TV is based on the first-order difference, which works well for piece-wise constant images. In this paper, a sparsifying transform based on the second-order difference (SD), i.e., Laplacian (LP) filters, is introduced as an alternative to the first-order difference. The new transform compresses MR image signals better than in the conventional TV framework. Therefore it is expected to enable improved CS reconstruction, particularly for images that are not piece-wise constant such as those acquired with nonuniform B 1 sensitivities. Both simulated and experimental images are applied to the TV minimization and the proposed method. The result shows that the proposed method has potentials to improve the CS reconstruction. However, Laplacian appears to be more sensitive to noise than TV.
GATHER: a systems approach to interpreting genomic signatures

Motivation: Understanding the full meaning of the biology captured in molecular profiles, within the context of the entire biological system, cannot be achieved with a simple examination of the individual genes in the signature. To facilitate such an understanding, we have developed GATHER, a tool that integrates various forms of available data to elucidate biological context within molecular signatures produced from high-throughput post-genomic assays. Results: Analyzing the Rb/E2F tumor suppressor pathway, we show that GATHER identifies critical features of the pathway. We further show that GATHER identifies common biology in a series of otherwise unrelated gene expression signatures that each predict breast cancer outcome. We quantify the performance of GATHER and find that it successfully predicts 90% of the functions over a broad range of gene groups. We believe that GATHER provides an essential tool for extracting the full value from molecular signatures generated from genome-scale analyses. Availability: GATHER is available at http://gather.genome.duke.edu/ Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A "loop entropy reduction" phage-display selection for folded amino acid sequences.

As a step toward selecting folded proteins from libraries of randomized sequences, we have designed a `loop entropy reduction'-based phage-display method. The basic premise is that insertion of a long disordered sequence into a loop of a host protein will substantially destabilize the host because of the entropic cost of closing a loop in a disordered chain. If the inserted sequence spontaneously folds into a stable structure with the N and C termini close in space, however, this entropic cost is diminished. The host protein function can, therefore, be used to select folded inserted sequences without relying on specific properties of the inserted sequence. This principle is tested using the IgG binding domain of protein L and the lck SH2 domain as host proteins. The results indicate that the loop entropy reduction screen is capable of discriminating folded from unfolded sequences when the proper host protein and insertion point are chosen.
Food retailer practices, attitudes and beliefs about the supply of healthy foods.

Objective: Non-supermarket food retailers can be a promising channel for increasing the availability of healthy foods in underserved communities. The present paper reports on retailer practices, attitudes and beliefs about the supply of healthy foods before and after the introduction of new subsidies for healthy foods by the US Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in October 2009. Design: We designed and conducted in-person standardized interviews with store owners and managers to assess perceptions of demand and profits for different foods, supply networks, barriers to stocking healthy foods and their changes following implementation of the new WIC packages. Setting: Non-supermarket retailers in five towns of Connecticut, USA (n 68 in 2009 and n 58 in 2010). Subjects: Owners and managers of WIC-authorized and non-WIC convenience stores and non-chain grocery stores. Results: Retailers identified customer demand as the primary factor in stocking decisions. They reported observing a significantly weaker demand for healthy foods compared with unhealthy foods, although it improved for certain foods with the new WIC subsidies. Less healthy foods were also perceived as more profitable. Supplier networks varied by product from convenient manufacturer delivery for salty snacks to self-supply for produce. WIC retailers were able to quickly adapt and supply healthy foods required under the new WIC programme guidelines. Conclusions: Retailers other than supermarkets currently perceive little demand for healthy foods, but new WIC subsidies have the power to change these perceptions. Supply barriers seem secondary in the limited offerings of healthy foods by stores and could be overcome when policy changes generate new demand for healthy foods.
The spectral density of the nonlinear damping model: single DOF case

An analytical method of computing the frequency response of single degree of freedom (DOF) oscillators with nonlinear damping is described. The author proposes an energy-type nonlinear damping model and the corresponding stationary probability density with white noise input can be obtained explicitly. A theorem is presented which gives an interesting result, in terms of the Krylov-Bogoliubov approximation, concerning the modeling and identification of nonlinear internal damping in flexible structures. This analysis also serves as a contribution to random vibration theory by providing a method of computing the first- and second-order statistics (steady-state probability density, correlation function, and spectral density) of nonlinearity damped oscillators with white noise input. >
Run-time monitoring of concurrent programs on the Cedar multiprocessor

A prototype run-time performance monitoring environment for the Cedar multiprocessor has been developed. The authors describe how the Cedar performance monitoring infrastructure is designed to achieve run-time monitoring and distributed communication of parallel program execution data. The underlying tracing procedures used in Cedar to gather execution data are described, and the procedures by which traces are dynamically off-loaded from the Cedar system and sent to remote processes are explained. The application of these tools to capture and visualize matrix data from an application at run-time is discussed. Finally, results regarding the performance of the run-time monitoring system in in terms of execution data bandwidth and program perturbation are presented. >
A Cochlea-based Preselector for UWB Applications

A compact, contiguous-channel multiplexer has been developed using a silicon multi-chip module (MCM) process. The passive channelizing filter is based on the mammalian cochlear response, covers 2-7 GHz in 15 channels (16% bandwidth) and occupies an area of 48 mm2. Such a filter finds application in integrated wideband and ultra-wideband (UWB) systems as a receiver preselector filter and/or a spectrum activity monitor.
Order Fill Rate, Leadtime Variability, and Advance Demand Information in an Assemble-to-Order System

We study an assemble-to-order system with stochastic leadtimes for component replenishment. There are multiple product types, of which orders arrive at the system following batch Poisson processes. Base-stock policies are used to control component inventories. We analyze the system as a set of queues driven by a common, multiclass batch Poisson input, and derive the joint queue-length distribution. The result leads to simple, closed-form expressions of the first two moments, in particular the covariances, which capture the dependence structure of the system. Based on the joint distribution and the moments, we derive easy-to-compute approximations and bounds for the order fulfillment performance measures. We also examine the impact of demand and leadtime variability, and investigate the value of advance demand information.