cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semantic Knowledge Use in Discourse Produced by Individuals with Anomic Aphasia

According to the feature-specific model (Cree & McRae, 2003), semantic knowledge is a distributed network of features that are stored separately and can be impaired separately. These semantic features are the building blocks of the semantic knowledge system and of concepts in general. This has led researchers to using semantic features-based treatments to improve word retrieval abilities in adults with anomic aphasia. Semantic features-based treatments have been used to improve the ability for individuals with aphasia to re-establish connections between the semantic and lexical systems. Researchers have found that semantic features-based treatment, are typically successfully in improving verbal production abilities in adults with aphasia at the word level (Kiran & Roberts, 2010) and discourse (Boyle, 2004; Peach & Reuter, 2010; Rider, Wright, Marshall, & Page, 2008). Recently, researchers have examined the utility of semantic features-based treatment for improving discourse production in adults with aphasia; however, few researchers have examined how the semantic knowledge is used within discourse. Armstrong (2001) examined the lexical patterns of verbs in discourse samples given by four participants with aphasia (PWA) and four healthy participants. Armstrong categorized verbs from personal recounts into one of five semantic-lexical categories (material, relational, mental, verbal, and behavioral). She found that PWA presented with different verb patterns that resulted in restricted communication. Moreover, the PWA had produced few mental and relational verbs. However, Armstrong included only lexical-semantic categories and they are connected by semantic relationships and possibly also grammatical relationships. To expand our knowledge of the appropriateness of using semantic features-based treatments at the discourse level, it important to understand how semantic knowledge is used beyond simply allowing access to lexical items. Unknown is if semantic knowledge use differs in adults with aphasia compared to cognitively healthy adults. These findings could have significant implications for how to apply semantic features-based treatments to improve discourse level abilities in adults with aphasia. To this end, the purpose of the study, then, was to determine if the semantic knowledge and category types used in discourse by participants with anomic aphasia differed from those used by cognitively healthy participants. Certain semantic knowledge types and category types may be more difficult to access, integrate, or maintain in discourse for adults with anomic aphasia because producing discourse is cognitively demanding and requires processes external to lexical and semantic access. Therefore, we hypothesized that the discourse produced by participants with anomic aphasia would differ in the proportion of semantic knowledge and category types used.
A unique costly contemplation representation.

We study preferences over menus which can be represented as if the individual is uncertain of her tastes, but is able to engage in costly contemplation before selecting an alternative from a menu. Since contemplation is costly, our key axiom, aversion to contingent planning, reflects the individual's preference to learn the menu from which she will be choosing prior to engaging in contemplation about her tastes for the alternatives. Our representation models contemplation strategies as subjective signals over a subjective state space. The subjectivity of the state space and the information structure in our representation makes it difficult to identify them from the preference. To overcome this issue, we show that each signal can be modeled in reduced form as a measure over ex post utility functions without reference to a state space. We show that in this reduced-form representation, the set of measures and their costs are uniquely identified. Finally, we provide a measure of comparative contemplation costs and characterize the special case of our representation where contemplation is costless.
Implementing the intelligent systems knowledge units of computing curricula 2001

Computing curricula 2001 (CC-2001) presents a set of curricular recommendations for undergraduate computer science programs. CC-2001 presents a computer science body of knowledge and identifies a list of core topics/units within each component body of knowledge that a computer science program should require. While some of these core units span hours that warrant or are equivalent to a full course, the core units for other areas are significantly less. This paper presents our experiences with integrating intelligent systems (IS) core units of CC-2001 into the undergraduate curriculum through the more traditional core courses such as discrete mathematics, data structures, and algorithms, thus eliminating the need to require a full course in the area in departments with various constraints that prevent this from being possible.
Conflict and Trade

This article applies microeconomic theory to illustrate the plausibility of a relationship between international trade and conflict. It is argued that the mutual dependence established between two trading partners (dyads) is sufficient to raise the costs of conflict, there-by diminishing levels of dyadic dispute. This hypothesis of a negative relationship between conflict and trade is tested using a ten-year thirty-country cross section merged from four separate data sources. It is found that ceteris paribus countries with the greatest levels of economic trade engage in the least amounts of hostility. In fact, a doubling of trade on average leads to a 20% diminution of belligerence. This relationship appears robust, holding even more strongly when statistical adjustments are made for causality.
Protecting Research Subjects, Employees and Researchers: Implications for Software Engineering

Human subjects research entails risks for subjects and, to a lesser extent, for researchers. This paper introduces the common types of risks to subjects of empirical software engineering research, and how risk can be a function of the context in which the research is conducted. Risks for researchers are also discussed. Government regulation of the ethics of human subjects research is introduced using the example of the Common Rule that governs much human subjects research taking place in the United States.
A Review Of “Staring: How We Look”

Staring: How We Look is what its author Rosemarie Garland-Thomson calls an “anatomy of staring.” With this metaphor she refers to a dissection of the cultural practice of staring as an “intense vis...
Isotachophoresis with counterflow in an open capillary: Computer simulation and experimental validation

The purpose of applying a countercurrent flow to isotachophoretic migration is to increase the effective separation channel length during ITP. However, severe dispersion induced by applying a counterflow can be detrimental to ITP. This paper uses numerical simulations in a 2D axisymmetric domain to investigate the dispersion caused by a parabolic counterflow in open-capillary ITP. Counterflow in these simulations was generated by applying a back pressure to stop the isotachophoretic stack, i.e., forming stationary ITP zones. It is found that dispersion is strongly related to analyte molecular diffusivity: R-phycoerythrin, due to its small diffusivity, showed ∼20-fold increase in zone width in stationary counterflow ITP, compared to ITP in the absence of counterflow, while fluorescein only had ∼10% increase in zone width under similar operating conditions. Applying the Taylor–Aris dispersion formula in counterflow ITP simulations provided only a rough estimate of the dispersion, e.g., overestimation of analyte zone widths. Experiments on counterflow ITP were conducted in a silica capillary that was covalently and dynamically coated to exclude electroosmosis effect. The counterflow was generated by adjusting the relative height of the fluids in the two reservoirs at the capillary ends. Good qualitative agreement between simulations and experiments was found.
Optimized implementation of the 2-D DFT on loosely-coupled parallel systems

The problem of optimal implementation of the 2-D DFT (discrete Fourier transform) on a very large number of loosely coupled processors is addressed by means of a very accurate, high-level simulation model based on an existing hardware system, called Armstrong. Simulations were run for 2-D DFT sizes of 2*2 to 2048*2048. A comparison of simulation results to timings on the real Armstrong hardware, for up to 32 processors, showed differences of less than 3%. The simulation results were further validated through a simple analytic model for 2-D DFT performance. It is shown that there exists an optimum number of processors for each size DFT and that increasing the number of processors beyond this number actually decreases system performance. >
Molecular basis of a unique African variant (A-IV 5) of human apolipoprotein A-IV and its significance in lipid metabolism.

Human apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) exhibits a genetically determined structural polymorphism amenable to analysis by isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting techniques. We have determined the allele frequency and molecular basis of a unique ApoA-IV*5 allele which is widely distributed among blacks but is absent in other populations. The frequency of the ApoA-IV*5 allele in blacks (N = 308) was estimated to be 3.2%. In comparison to the common ApoA-IV*1 allele, analysis of coding and non-coding sequences of the ApoA-IV*5 allele revealed an in-frame insertion of 12 nucleotides near the carboxyl terminal region of the mature protein. The insertion involves an exact duplication of the second of the four repeats and codes for 4 amino acids glutamic acid (GAA), glutamine (CAG), glutamine (CAG), and glutamine (CAG) and is responsible for the charge shift of the the apoA-IV 5 isoform slightly toward the anode as compared to the wild type apoA-IV 1 isoform on the isoelectric focusing gel. This in-frame insertion occurs in a region which is highly conserved among rat, mouse, and humans. In addition to the 12 nucleotide insertion, the four individuals sequenced for the ApoA-IV*5 allele also revealed a same-sense mutation by replacing G to T at the third position of codon 316. Our preliminary data suggest that this unqiue black allele marker may be of potentially significance in studies of human lipid metabolism and in microevolution. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Countering Kauffman with Connectionism: Two Views of Gene Regulation and the Fundamental Nature of Ontogeny

Understanding the operation and evolution of gene regulation networks is critical to understanding ontogeny and evolution. According to Stuart Kauffman's view, (1) each cell type cycles through its own repeated pattern of gene expression, (2) the order of ontogeny is dependent on these cycles being short, and (3) evolution is possible because these cycles mutate gradually. This view of gene regulation reflects Kauffman's view that ontogeny is fundamentally the process of cells repeating cycles of activity. I criticize Kauffman's view of gene regulation networks and offer the connectionist theory of gene regulation as an alternative. On this view, the generic order of gene regulation mechanisms is due to the qualitatively consistent way that one gene product influences the expression of another. This allows networks to be stable and evolve to regulate accurately, allowing cells to react appropriately to their microenvironments, due to design by natural selection.IntroductionKauffman's Model of Gene RegulationExplaining the Order of Kauffman's K = 2 NetworksThe Importance and Relevance of Kauffman's Explanations of the Order of Gene RegulationAdditional Orderly Facts of TranscriptionThe Order of Network AccuracyThe Accuracy of Connectionist NetworksThe Evolvability of Gene Regulation NetworksLaws of Structure
Evaluation of cryogenine on rat paw thermal oedema and rat isolated uterus

Summary 1 . Significant inhibition of oedema formation caused by thermal injury was observed for calcium carbaspirin, phenylbutazone, hydrocortisone, cryogenine and indomethacin when given daily beginning 2 days prior to thermal exposure and afterwards. Several anti-inflammatory drugs, including cryogenine, failed to reduce thermal oedema significantly when given as single doses 1 h prior to the thermal injury. 2 . Kinetic experiments on the rat isolated uterus demonstrated that cryogenine, chlorpromazine, and flufenamic acid were, in part, competitive inhibitors of synthetic bradykinin, while indomethacin and tetrabenazine showed only non-competitive antagonism.
Neurosurgery 100 Years Ago: The Queen Square Letters of Foster Kennedy

The prominent New York City neurologist Foster Kennedy (1884-1952) trained at London's Queen Square from 1906 to 1910. He was exposed to a number of eminent neurologists including, Sir Victor Horsley and other surgeons. A previously published but little known group of Kennedy's personal letters written during his neurological training is reviewed in light of their historic neurosurgical context. These often entertaining although at times unflattering letters capture the elation and frustration of neurosurgical experience during that important developmental period. Descriptions of the personalities involved give rare insight to this era. The Foster Kennedy syndrome--homolateral optic atrophy and contralateral papilledema with an inferior frontal tumor--was characterized under the stimulating support of Gowers and Horsley.
Factionalism and anti‐communism: Ford local 600

(1979). Factionalism and anti‐communism: Ford local 600. Labor History: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 227-255.
Patterns of health care resource utilization after macrolide treatment failure: results from a large, population-based cohort with acute sinusitis, acute bronchitis, and community-acquired pneumonia.

Abstract Background: Macrolide antibiotics are used as firt-line therapy for the treatment of respiratory tract infections. The recent emergence of macrolide-resistant pathogens is a major concern. Objective: This study quantifies the frequency of macrolide treatment failure in respiratory infections and examines its impact on health care use. Methods: Patients with respiratory infections treated with macrolides in outpatient clinics from January to December 2002 were identified from a health insurance claims database. Macrolide treatment failure was defined as the receipt of a second antibiotic, different from the first, within 4 weeks after the initial macrolide. The end points were numbers of hospitalizations and emergency department and office visits within 1 month after the initial macrolide. We examined diagnostic codes on claim forms for posttreatment hospitalizations and visits to identify those most likely to be related to treatment failure as opposed to other causes. Utilization data were analyzed by Poisson regression to control for confounding variables. Results: The patients were divided into acute sinusitis (n = 111,135), acute bronchitis (n = 157,360), and community-acquired pneumonia (n = 36,212). Of these respective groups, 11,285 (10.2%), 15,498 (9.9%), and 4144 (11.4%) received a second antibiotic within 4 weeks. This subgroup with macrolide treatment failure was older, included more women, and had used more medical care before the index visit compared with patients with treatment success. After adjustment for age, sex, and previous health care use, patients experiencing treatment failure were more likely to be admitted to the hospital or to use emergency department or outpatient care after the index visit. This association was strongest for admissions and visits pertaining to the care of respiratory infections. Conclusions: By our definition, about 10% of patients with respiratory infections who were treated with macrolide antibiotics experienced treatment failure within 4 weeks. Macrolide treatment failure was associated with increased health care utilization.
Behavior of Nine Species of Pacific Rockfish after Hook-and-Line Capture, Recompression, and Release

Abstract We evaluated the effect of barotrauma on the behavior of nine species of Pacific rockfish Sebastes spp. after hook-and-line capture and release using a video-equipped underwater release cage. Sampling was conducted across a range of bottom depths (12–194 m), mostly where barotrauma resulting from an expanded swim bladder and gaseous release of dissolved blood gases would be expected. Behavioral impairment from barotrauma was depth related but highly species specific. Increased depth of capture was associated with lower behavioral scores for black rockfish S. melanops, blue rockfish S. mystinus, and yelloweye rockfish S. ruberrimus, but not for canary rockfish S. pinniger. Behaviorally impaired fish showed a decreased ability to maintain vertical orientation and were slower in exiting the release cage. Species differed in the degree of behavioral impairment resulting from barotrauma and in how rapidly behavioral impairment increased with depth of capture. When captured at depths between 40 and 99 ...
El Hispanismo que viene: Estados Unidos y Canadá

El Hispanismo en los Estados Unidos y Canada se encuentra en un periodo de gran agitacion e importantes cambios. En realidad, no se pue­ de hablar de un Hispanismo en este continente, porque el «Hispanismo» son tres fenomenos distintos e interrelaciona dos, cada uno con sus inte­ reses creados, sus presiones y sus problemas, que trabajan separada­ mente y, a la vez, cada uno en conjunto con los otros dos. Por «Hispanis­ mo» se entiende 1) el estudio de las letras y la cultura de Espana, 2) el mismo estudio referido a Latinoamerica y 3) el nuevo fenomeno de los es­ tudios «US-latinos»-^ (o «chicanos»), cuya definicion incluye literatura es­ crita en ingles o en espanol por descendientes de gente de habla hispana pero no siempre nativos. La mezcla y equilibrio de estas tres ramas del arbol hispanico en departamentos de lengua, literatura y cultura —es­ pecialmente en los Estados Unidos— crea una situacion de gran dina­ mismo que esta marcando profundamente el futuro de nuestra profesion. El detalle mas importante que hay que tomar en cuenta al analizar el hispanismo en los Estados Unidos es el simple detalle demografico: la mi­ noria hispana sera, dentro de veinte anos, la minoria mas significativa en todo el pais. Como escribe Amparo Morales: La importancia y la representatividad que han alcanzado los grupos his­ panos en la sociedad actual estadounidense se hace palpable no solo en los datos cuantitativos demograficos, sino tambien en las inquietudes y los temores de muchos norteamericanos. (241) La minoria hispana ya es la minoria con el indice de crecimiento mas rapido, y Estados Unidos ya es la cuarta nacion en el mundo en cuanto a poblacion de hablantes de espanol. «Los datos indican que en 1982 habia 15,8 millones de hispanos, que representaban aproximadamente el 7 por
Bioremediation of tetryl-contaminated soil using sequencing batch soil slurry reactor

Abstract A laboratory study was conducted to determine whether tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenlymethylnitramine) contaminated soil could be bioremediated using a sequencing batch soil slurry reactor (SBR) operated under anoxic–aerobic sequence. The results indicated that tetryl was co-metabolically converted to aniline under anoxic conditions with molasses as the growth substrate. The gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of the soil slurry showed various metabolites, identified as trinitrobenzeneamine, dintrobenzenediamine, nitroaniline and aniline. Aniline was not metabolized further under anoxic conditions. When the soil slurry reactor was operated under aerobic conditions, the aniline concentration was reduced to below the detection limit (0.05 ppm). This metabolic conversion of tetryl is probably of value in the treatment of tetryl-contaminated soil and ground water, such as those found at the Joliet army ammunition plant site in Illinois and the Iowa army ammunition plant site in Burlington, Iowa.
Evolutionary pressures and a stable world for animals and robots: A commentary on Merker ☆

Abstract In his article on The Liabilities of Mobility, Merker (this issue) asserts that “Consciousness presents us with a stable arena for our actions—the world …” and argues for this property as providing evolutionary pressure for the evolution of consciousness. In this commentary, I will explore the implications of Merker’s ideas for consciousness in artificial agents as well as animals, and also meet some possible objections to his evolutionary pressure claim.
Comparison of model helicopter rotor primary and secondary blade/vortex interaction blade slap

A study of the relative importance of blade/vortex interactions which occur on the retreating side of a model helicopter rotor disk is described Some of the salient characteristics of this phenomenon are presented and discussed It is shown that the resulting secondary blade slap may be of equal or greater intensity than the ad vancing side (primary) blade slap Instrumented model helicopter rotor data are presented which reveal the nature of the retreating blade/vortex interaction The importance of secondary blade slap as it applies to predictive techniques or approaches is discussed When secondary blade slap occurs it acts to enlarge the window of operating conditions for which blade slap exists Nomenclature B = number of blades c =chord CT = thrust coefficient thrust/pIIK2 (ttR)2 CT/a = blade loading R = rotor radius V = tunnel speed x/c = nondimensional chordwise position ots = shaft angle Os = pitch at tip =0T A = vortex/blade interaction angle fj, = advance ratio V/SIR p = density of air a = rotor solidity Bc/HR Q = angular velocity
Neuroform Intracranial Stenting for Aneurysms Using Simple and Multi-stent Technique Is Associated With Low Risk of Magnetic Resonance Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Lesions

Background Detection of procedural thromboembolism by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MR-DWI+) can help identify and mitigate endovascular risk factors. Data remain scant on procedural MR-DWI+ following the use of the Neuroform open-cell design stent in aneurysm embolization. Objective We sought to evaluate the incidence of MR-DWI+ in Neuroform simple and multi-stent construct stenting for intracranial aneurysms in an attempt to delineate baseline risk and identify possible associated procedural factors. Methods Seventy-six patients receiving 97 Neuroform stents in the treatment of intracranial aneurysm were identified from a prospective database and eligible for inclusion in the study. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MR-DWI) was obtained in all patients within 48 hours of the procedure and reviewed for the presence of MR-DWI+ with patient records reviewed for analysis of factors predisposing to these lesions. Results Patients were treated with single-stent Neuroform constructs in 57 cases (73%) and multi-stent Neuroform constructs in 21 cases (27%). Y-stent technique was used in 16 cases. MR-DWI+ was identified in 7 of 78 cases (9.0%), with MR-DWI+ in 0 of 10 subarachnoid hemorrhage cases. No MR-DWI lesions led to a permanent neurological deficit at discharge. There was no MR-DWI+ in patients treated with Y-stenting or multi-stent Neuroform constructs. The only factor associated with ipsilateral MR-DWI+ was target aneurysm location on an arterial sidewall over bifurcation (P = .01). Conclusion The Neuroform stent carries a very low risk of MR-DWI+ compared with its closed-cell design counterpart. Subarachnoid hemorrhage and deployment of multiple stents in the same anatomical region in configurations such as the Y-stent construct did not increase the risk of acute procedural thromboembolism.
Steady-state in Vivo Glutamate Dehydrogenase Activity in Rat Brain Measured by 15N NMR

Abstract The in vivo activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) in the direction of reductive amination was measured in rat brain at steady-state concentrations of brain ammonia and glutamate after intravenous infusion of the substrate 15NH4+. The in vivo rate was determined from the steady-state fractional 15N enrichment of brain ammonia, measured by selective observation of 15NH4+ protons in brain extract by 1H-15N heteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence transfer NMR, and the rate of increase of brain [15N]glutamate and [2-15N]glutamine measured by 15N NMR. The in vivo GDH activity was 0.76-1.17 μmol/h/g at a brain ammonia concentration of 0.87 ± 0.18 μmol/g, and 1.1-1.2 μmol/h/g at 1.0 ± 0.17 μmol/g. Comparison of the observed in vivo GDH activity with the in vivo rates of glutamine synthesis and of phosphate-activated glutaminase suggests that, under mild hyperammonemia, GDH-catalyzed de novo synthesis can provide a minimum of 19% of the glutamate pool that is recycled from neurons to astrocytes through the glutamate-glutamine cycle.
Civil-Military Relations in the Post-Soviet State: "Loose Coupling" Uncoupled?:

In order to understand the incompletely reconstituted civil-military balance within an independent Russia, this article begins by re-evaluating the "loose coupling" model of Soviet civil-military relations. After examining two instances of civil-military interaction under Gorbachev through the lens of "loose coupling," it then describes the attempt to "tighten" the relationship between civil and military authority as part of overall political and economic reform. The "tightening" of authority over the military that accompanied apparent political democratization suggests a linkage between the nature of civil-military "coupling" and regime type. The article then proceeds to examine the current civil-military balance in Russia to assess whether "loose" or "tighter coupling" has persisted. It concludes by arguing in the absence of strong civil authority in the state and robust mechanisms of civilian dominance over defense decision-making that the role for the military in Russian politics will inevitably increase.
Temperature and grain size dependent plastic instability and strain rate sensitivity of ultrafine grained austenitic Fe–14Cr–16Ni alloy

Abstract In this study temperature and grain size dependent plastic instability and strain rate sensitivity (SRS) were investigated for coarse grained (CG) and ultrafine grained (UFG) austenitic Fe–14Cr–16Ni alloys. As tensile testing temperature increased from 20 to 200 °C, UFG alloys exhibited much more prominent decrease of uniform strain compared with CG counterparts. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of deformed UFG alloys revealed temperature dependent evolution of microstructures. Through grain refinement, the SRS of Fe–14Cr–16Ni alloy increased and activation volume decreased, which may be related to the interactions of dislocations with grain boundaries. The SRS of UFG alloys exhibited greater temperature dependence than CG alloys.
Homeland security: the possible, probable, and perils of information technology

Information technology is a key component in both defending against and aiding terrorism threats. The author considers the background in making progress with technology, bioterrorism and other forms of terrorism, cybersecurity - national (and global) critical information infrastructure protection, and the possibility of the establishment of a new department, the Department of (National) Homeland Security. He concludes that, more than ever, coordination, cooperation, and integration become a fundamental must in order to optimize our resources, which calls for standardization and interoperability of resources.
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review

Background The quality and quantity of individuals' social relationships has been linked not only to mental health but also to both morbidity and mortality. Objectives This meta-analytic review was conducted to determine the extent to which social relationships influence risk for mortality, which aspects of social relationships are most highly predictive, and which factors may moderate the risk. Data Extraction Data were extracted on several participant characteristics, including cause of mortality, initial health status, and pre-existing health conditions, as well as on study characteristics, including length of follow-up and type of assessment of social relationships. Results Across 148 studies (308,849 participants), the random effects weighted average effect size was OR = 1.50 (95% CI 1.42 to 1.59), indicating a 50% increased likelihood of survival for participants with stronger social relationships. This finding remained consistent across age, sex, initial health status, cause of death, and follow-up period. Significant differences were found across the type of social measurement evaluated (p<0.001); the association was strongest for complex measures of social integration (OR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.63 to 2.23) and lowest for binary indicators of residential status (living alone versus with others) (OR = 1.19; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.44). Conclusions The influence of social relationships on risk for mortality is comparable with well-established risk factors for mortality. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Surface temperature patterns in seals and sea lions: A validation of temporal and spatial consistency

Abstract We assessed infrared thermography (IRT) as a tool for evaluating spatial and temporal surface temperature patterns in juvenile female harbor seals ( Phoca vitulina , n =6) and adult female Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus , n =2). Following a technical assessment of the influence of environmental parameters on the specific camera to be used, we identified regional and seasonal variability of surface temperatures. Variation was observed in several seasonal transitions (winter, reproductive, molt) in ten monitored body regions. Spatially and temporally consistent thermal patterns in the shoulder, axillae, foreflipper and hindflipper suggest thermal windows in both species.
The Long-Term Corrosion Behavior of Titanate Ceramics for Pu Disposition: Rate-Controlling Processes

The corrosion behavior of a titanate ceramic was investigated with the aim of describing the rate-controlling process or processes. These titanate ceramics are similar to SYNROC and are proposed as immobilization materials for surplus Pu. The corrosion behavior was described with results from MCC-I and PCT-B static dissolution tests. Three important observations were made: (a) Ca is released at a constant rate [6x10{sup -5}g/(m{sup 2} day)] in PCT-B tests for up to two years, (b) all of the test leachates are oversaturated with respect to rutile and anatase, and (c) the release rates for Pu and Gd increase with time (up to two years) in PCT-B tests. The first observation suggests that the ceramics continue to corrode at a low rate for at least 2 years in PCT-B tests. The second observation shows that the rate of the corrosion reaction is not affected by the concentration of Ti in solution, suggesting that the approach to saturation with respect to either rutile or anatase is not a rate-limiting process. The third observation shows that the rate of Pu and Gd release increases with time in these tests. While this observation cannot be fully explained at this point, two possible explanations, alteration phase formation and grain boundary corrosion, are forwarded.
Effects of Salicylate and Its Noncalorigenic Congeners on the hyroidal Release of 131I in Patients with Thyrotoxicosis1

In contrast to the findings in a recent report, large doses of salicylate did not consistently slow the thyroidal release of 131I in patients with thyrotoxicosis. In 7 patients who received salicylate, and in 4 tests in which noncalorigenic congeners of salicylate (gentisate and gamma-resorcylate) were administered, slowing of thyroidal release of 131I was observed in only 2, and in both this change was very slight. In the remaining 9 studies, salicylate or its congeners either did not change or appeared to increase thyroidal 131I release rates. Since large therapeutic doses of 131I had been given to the patients in the previous study, it seems possible that the slowing of 131I release observed was due to an inhibition by salicylate of radiation thyroiditis. In all the patients, a decrease in the PBI occurred during the administration of salicylate or its congeners. This decrease could be ascribed largely to the selective inhibition of thyroxine binding by prealbumin which was evident in all the patients ...
Voltage up level shifter with improved performance and reduced power

In Ultra Deep Sub Micron technology nodes, particularly 45nm and below, multiple power supplies are needed to achieve optimum performance. In such SoC's, level shifters play an important role in translating the signals from one voltage level to another. The conventional level shifters suffer from the contention between the pull up and pull down transistors which leads to the increase in delay and the power consumption, so the existing techniques are unable to address the requirement of wide range of voltage translation at lower core voltages below 1V. In this paper a new voltage up level shifter has been proposed and designed for up shifting the signal levels for a wide range of voltage levels. This circuit consists of level shifter block and reference voltage generation circuit, which generates a constant voltage depending up on the ratio between pre charge rate and discharge rate to avoid the contention between pull up and pull down transistors of level shifter block. It results in faster transition and less power compared to earlier level shifters. The proposed circuit is designed in 45nm CMOS technology using POWERSPICE, consumes only 89.4nw power and gives an average delay of 70ps at Vin=0.45V, VDDH=1.05V while occupying an area of 1.67um2.
Adaptive optics at the University of Hawaii I: current performance at the telescope

The experimental adaptive optics system, currently developed at the University of Hawaii, is now equipped with a VME-based control system, and a high sensitivity wave-front sensor. The sensor uses an array of 13 photon-counting avalanche photodiodes which enable the system to work with faint reference or `guide' sources, as faint as magnitude 15. Results of the first successful observing runs are described here.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of chlorinated phenols on immunity in rats

Abstract Female Sprague—Dawley rats were exposed to 0, 5, 50 or 500 ppm 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) or pentachlorophenol (PCP) from weaning to 3 weeks postparturition after breeding at 90 days of age. Progeny were weaned at 3 weeks of age and continued on chlorophenol treatment for 10 weeks at which time major immune functions were tested. Humoral immunity was measured by an indirect ELISA, cell-mediated immunity was monitored by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to oxazolone, and macrophage function was tested by phagocytosis of sheep red blood cells. Rats treated with cyclophosphamide were included as a positive immunosuppressed control. PCP-treated rats had significantly decreased antibody titers and DTH response and increased induced peritoneal macrophage numbers which displayed hyperphagocytic activity. Immune responses in rats treated with 2-CP were not significantly different from controls. The data indicate that (1) the immune system may be a sensitive target for PCP toxicity but not for 2-CP, (2) closely related chlorophenolic chemical isomers may exert different toxic effects on the immune system, and (3) PCP can exert depressive effects on some major immune parameters while enhancing others.
Providing Metadata for Compound Digital Objects: Strategic Planning for an Institution's First Use of METS, MODS, and MIX

The University of Colorado at Boulder recently engaged in a grant-funded pilot project to use Metadata Encoding & Transmission Standard (METS), Metadata Object Description Standard (MODS), and NISO Metadata for Images in XML Schema (MIX) for a collection of digitized Sanborn fire insurance maps of the state. This article will draw on this experience to outline the processes and decision making required to implement new metadata structures, and will offer some insights on planning strategically for an institution's first use of these increasingly important metadata standards.
Mean droplet size for cross-stream water injection into a Mach 8 airflow.

Mean droplet size for cross stream water injection into Mach 8 air flow determined by scattered light angular variation measurement
Ultra-Small Optical Components: Lens And "Hybrid Lens"

Ultra -small optical components: lens and "hybrid lens"Yoshikazu Nishiwaki, Mitsuru Nishikawa, Kimizo Ono, Ken -ichi YoshidaResearch and Development Group, Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd.1 -3, Shimaya 1- chome, Konohana -ku, Osaka -shi, JapanAbstractAn ultra -small convex glass -rod lens with a diameter of 0.5mm was developed, and acoupling efficiency of 21% between laser diode and single mode fiber was attained. Thisvalue is considerably higher than that of commercially available graded -index lenses.
Equilibrium existence and uniqueness in impure public good models

Abstract Despite widespread application of the impure public good model, surprisingly little attention has been given to the model's equilibrium properties. This paper presents a proof that clearly shows sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of a Nash equilibrium.
Comparison of neonicotinoid insecticides as synergists for entomopathogenic nematodes

Abstract In previous greenhouse and field studies, the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri interacted synergistically against third-instars of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica , the oriental beetle, Exomala (= Anomala ) orientalis , and three masked chafer species, Cyclocephala hirta , C . pasadenae , and C . borealis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). We tested whether this interaction would also occur with other neonicotinoids, primarily thiamethoxam. In laboratory, greenhouse and field experiments, imidacloprid provided stronger and more consistent synergism with nematodes than thiamethoxam. White grub mortality resulting from nematode–neonicotinoid combinations was synergistic/additive/antagonistic in 75/25/0% of our observations with imidacloprid and 37/42/21% of our observations with thiamethoxam. Neonicotinoid–nematode interactions varied with white grub species. Imidacloprid always interacted synergistically with nematodes against E . orientalis and P . japonica , whereas no enhancement occurred against Rhizotrogus majalis and Maladera castanea . Against E . orientalis , imidacloprid interacted synergistically with five nematode species, H . bacteriophora , H . megidis , H . marelatus , S . glaseri , and S . feltiae . Synergistic combinations of nematodes and a neonicotinoid insecticide could be used for curative treatments of white grub infestations, especially against E . orientalis and P . japonica . This combination may allow spot-treatment of turf areas that exceed damage thresholds, thereby limiting the environmental impact of the insecticide application.
Nash as an organizing principle in the voluntary provision of public goods: Experimental evidence

Experiments are reported that add to the growing literature on the voluntary provision of public goods. Information conditions are manipulated to address whether early findings of above-equilibrium contributions to a public good are a result of complete information regarding the symmetry of the game. No significant information effect was found. Further, by examining designs with an interior Nash equilibrium, this research suggests that the non-zero contributions observed in the previous dominant strategy environments, where the prediction was a zero level of provision of the public good, were not simply transitional errors as the system converged to a boundary equilibrium.
Vascular Calcification. Mechanisms and Clinical Ramifications

Vascular calcification, long thought to result from passive degeneration, involves a complex, regulated process of biomineralization resembling osteogenesis. Evidence indicates that proteins controlling bone mineralization are also involved in the regulation of vascular calcification. Artery wall cells grown in culture are induced to become osteogenic by inflammatory and atherogenic stimuli. Furthermore, osteoclast-like cells are found in calcified atherosclerotic plaques, and active resorption of ectopic vascular calcification has been demonstrated. In general, soft tissue calcification arises in areas of chronic inflammation, possibly functioning as a barrier limiting the spread of the inflammatory stimulus. Atherosclerotic calcification may be one example of this process, in which oxidized lipids are the inflammatory stimulus. Calcification is widely used as a clinical indicator of atherosclerosis. It progresses nonlinearly with time, following a sigmoid-shaped curve. The relationship between calcification and clinical events likely relates to mechanical instability introduced by calcified plaque at its interface with softer, noncalcified plaque. In general, as calcification proceeds, interface surface area increases initially, but eventually decreases as plaques coalesce. This phenomenon may account for reports of less calcification in unstable plaque. Vascular calcification is exacerbated in certain clinical entities, including diabetes, menopause, and osteoporosis. Mechanisms linking them must be considered in clinical decisions. For example, treatments for osteoporosis may have unanticipated effects on vascular calcification; the converse also applies. Further understanding of processes governing vascular calcification may yield new therapeutic options for vascular disease.
Ending the Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic: The Critical Role of an HIV Vaccine

While the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS pandemic continues, the incidence of HIV infections has fallen because of the deployment of antiretroviral drugs and multiple prevention modalities. To achieve a durable end to the pandemic, a vaccine remains essential. Recent advances in vaccinology offer new promise for an effective HIV vaccine.
Incorporation of C14-labeled amino acids by Trichinella spiralis larvae.

Abstract 1. 1. Carbon-14-labeled amino acids were fed to mice infected with Trichinella spiralis to test the ability of immature larvae and encysted larvae to incorporate C 14 from the host. The C 14 amino acids were fed beginning 14, 56, or 180 days after infection. 2. 2. Immature larvae (14 days) incorporated higher levels of C 14 activity (C 14 per gram of dry tissue) from glycine-2-C-14 and dl -alanine-2-C-14 than the amounts found in muscle tissue. 3. 3. When the 7-day period of C 14 feeding began 56 days after infection, the encysted larvae incorporated C 14 activity indicating that the larvae were exchanging metabolites with the host. The specific activity of the carbon in the larvae exceeded that found in the muscles of the host. 4. 4. The presence of encysted Trichinella larvae in the muscle of 56-day and 180-day infected mice did not alter the incorporation of C 14 activity into muscle protein when compared with noninfected muscle. 5. 5. The encysted larvae in the 180-day infected mice incorporated significant levels of C 14 activity from the tissues of mice fed glycine-1-C-14 and dl -alanine-1-C-14 diets showing an active metabolism by well-encapsulated Trichinella spiralis larvae.
EM-ANN modelling and optimal chamfering of 90/spl deg/ CPW bends with air-bridges

Electromagnetically-trained artificial neural network (EM-ANN) models for coplanar waveguide (CPW) 90/spl deg/ bends with air-bridges are presented. The optimal chamfer is determined for a conventional CPW bend where both the slot and strip are chamfered. Also, a novel compensated CPW bend is introduced where only the strip is chamfered. Optimum value of this chamfer is found to be the maximum chamfer allowed by air-bridge placement. This novel compensated CPW bend is shown to reduce the return loss from that in the conventional optimally chamfered CPW bend by 3 to 7 dB.
Reactivities and Collision-Induced Dissociation of Vanadium Oxide Cluster Cations

Reactivities and collision-induced dissociation of vanadium oxide cluster cations are investigated using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled with a laser vaporization source. The dominant peaks in the mass distribution correspond to cluster ions with stoichiometries of (VO2)n(V2O5)m(O2)q+. Collision-induced dissociation studies of the vanadium oxide species V2O4-6+, V3O6-9+, V4O8-10+, V5O11-13+, V6O13-15+, and V7O16-18+ show that VO2, VO3, and V2O5 units are the main building blocks for most of these clusters. The reaction pathways observed for these vanadium oxide clusters include molecular association, cracking, dehydration, and oxygenation of the neutral hydrocarbons with the reactivities of specific clusters differing from species to species. For example, V3O7+ is very efficient in the dehydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene and in the cracking of 1-butene. On the other hand, V3O6+ produces only molecular association products with these same reactants. To help explain these differences in reactivit...
Hydration force and dynamic squeeze-out of hydration water under subnanometer confinement

We have performed molecular dynamics simulations to study the normal forces between two mica surfaces in water and the consequent dynamic squeeze-out process. A liquid–vapor molecular ensemble has been designed for this purpose. We find, however, that only the two-layer hydration water can support a repulsive hydration force, and beyond this thickness the overall forces are attractive. From the hydrodynamic pressure developed during a normal approach and dynamic squeeze-out, we estimate that the viscosity of confined hydration water in the thickness of 0.7–1.35 nm is about 5–16 times the bulk value. A steered diffusion model has been proposed, which directly predicts the critical velocity below which hydrodynamic effects can be eliminated in hydration force measurements.
Patient-physician interactions in diabetes management: consistencies and variation in the structure and content of two consultations.

The structure and content of medical consultations concerning diabetes were examined in two, successive quarterly medical consultations between two physicians and their diabetes patients (N = 44). The consultations were audiotaped and coded for structure (e.g. question asking, information giving) using a modified version of the Roter Interactional Analysis System (inter-coder correlations typically exceeded 0.90 for the composite variables derived from the coding system). The tapes were also coded for content by monitoring the topics discussed (e.g. diet, medication, exercise). The majority of the interactions consisted primarily of information giving and positive talk on the part of both patients and providers. Nutrition-related issues, blood glucose monitoring, medication and exercise were addressed in the majority of interactions, but other regimen areas such as foot care, smoking habits, and alcohol were seldom discussed. There was little stability across the two consultations in terms of either structure (median test-retest correlation = 0.24) or content (majority of test-retest correlations were below 0.30). The importance of studying more than one patient-physician encounter when studying interaction style and content is discussed, as is the need for investigation of interactions between non-physician health care providers and patients with chronic disease.
Total synthesis of vibriobactin

Abstract The first synthesis of the natural product N-[3-(2,3-dihydroxy-benzamido) propyl]-1,3-bis[2-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)- trans -5-methyl-2-oxazoline-4-carboxamido] propane (vibriobactin) is described. The synthesis illustrates the problems and solutions involved in the asymmetric functionalization of norspermidine, a triamine which consists of a symmetrical methylene backbone. Finally, the synthesis provides an independent and definitive proof of Neiland's suggested structure of vibriobactin.