cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of penetrating injuries of the neck: Prospective study of 223 patients

The objective of this study was to assess the role of clinical examination, angiography, color flow Doppler imaging, and other diagnostic tests in identifying injuries to the vascular or aerodigestive structures in patients with penetrating injuries to the neck. A prospective study was made of patients with penetrating neck injuries. All patients had a careful physical examination according to a written protocol. Stable patients underwent routine four-vessel angiography and color flow Doppler imaging. Esophagography and endoscopy were performed for proximity injuries. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of physical examination, color flow Doppler studies, and other diagnostic tests were assessed during the evaluation of vascular and aerodigestive tract structures in the neck. Altogether 223 patients were entered in the study. After physical examination 176 patients underwent angiography and 99 of them underwent color flow Doppler imaging. Angiographic abnormalities were seen in 34 patients for an incidence of 19.3%, but only 14 (8.0%) required treatment. Color flow Doppler imaging was performed on 99 patients with a sensitivity of 91.7%, specificity 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) 100%, and negative predictive value (NPV) 99%. These values were all 100% when only injuries requiring treatment were considered. None of the 160 patients without clinical signs of vascular injury had serious vascular trauma requiring treatment (NPV 100%), although angiography in 127 showed 11 vascular lesions not requiring treatment. "Hard" signs on clinical examination (large expanding hematomas, severe active bleeding, shock not responding to fluids, diminished radial pulse, bruit) reliably predicted major vascular trauma requiring treatment. Among 34 of the 223 total patients (15.2%) admitted with "soft" signs, 8 had angiographically detected injuries, but only one required treatment. An esophagogram was performed on 98 patients because of proximity injuries (49 patients) or suspicious clinical signs (49 patients), and two of them showed esophageal perforations. None of the 167 patients without clinical signs of esophageal trauma had an esophageal injury requiring treatment. It was concluded that physical examination is reliable for identifying those patients with penetrating injuries of the neck who require vascular or esophageal diagnostic studies. Color flow Doppler imaging is a dependable alternative to angiography. An algorithm for the initial assessment of neck injuries is suggested.
Self-Other Discrepancies in Waiting Time Decisions

Both anecdotal evidence and recently reported research suggest that people are risk-averse when faced with waiting time decisions. Four studies investigate whether there is a self-other discrepancy in how people make waiting time decisions themselves and how they predict others will make similar decisions. People are found to believe that others have valuations of time similar to their own. However, when faced with alternatives that involve risk in the duration of the wait, the results point to a self-other discrepancy, in that people report greater risk-aversion themselves than they think others would. Further, when faced with waiting time gains, people are themselves more risk-averse than they think others would be. Conversely, when faced with waiting time losses, people are themselves more risk-seeking than they think others would be. Overall, the results are consistent with the recently proposed risk-as-feelings hypothesis.
The preschool behavioral classification project: An initial report.

The Behavioral Classification Project (BCP), previously developed for children from 6–13 years of age, was extended to the preschool ages, the goal being to establish factorial dimensions of problem and nonproblem behaviors of children from 4 to 6 years of age. Initially, behavioral items on the BCP form not applicable to preschoolers were eliminated and replaced with new items. When completed, the Preschool Behavioral Classification Project (PBCP) form contained 268 behavioral items and 5 demographic variables. Forms were administered to 1,350 parents of 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds, and 668 usable forms were returned. Analysis of the data was done by means of the principal components method in which the data were rotated first to orthogonal simple structure and then to oblique simple structure. Twenty-two clearly delineated factors which made nosological sense were obtained. Five additional factors were extracted and although they were not clearly defined dimensions, they contained important behavioral items.
R & D spillover and productivity growth: Evidence from Indian private firms

Abstract We test the R & D spillover hypothesis of the endogenous growth literature using panel data for a sample of private manufacturing firms in India over the period 1975–1986. We estimate an extended production function that includes the firm's own R & D capital stock and the spillover effect of the industry-wide R & D capital stock as inputs, as well as physical capital and labor hours. We specify models which eliminate three sources of estimation bias and flawed hypothesis tests: serially correlated errors, unobserved heterogeneity due to omitted factors of production, and endogenous determination of value-added and input levels. Several specification tests are used to select a well-behaved model. The final parameter estimates show evidence for the R & D spillover hypothesis in all industries.
Demagnetisation of castings before electron beam welding – effect of casting shape

Abstract It is good practice to tell operators not to move a casting close to an electron beam welded joint as residual magnetism disturbs the beam trajectory; castings should, therefore be demagnetised. However, this is easy to recommend but not so easy to do as there is no universal solution to this problem. Fortunately, finite element modelling assists in solving complex cases.
Impact of simulated ostracism on overweight and normal-weight youths' motivation to eat and food intake.

Abstract There is growing evidence that the experience of being ostracized can impair individuals’ abilities to self-regulate, which in turn, leads to negative health behaviors, such as increased unhealthy eating. Research has focused on adults, but deficits in eating regulation in response to ostracism may be particularly detrimental for overweight or obese youth. This study examines the effects of a brief episode of ostracism on the motivation to eat and food intake of overweight and normal-weight young adolescents (M age = 13.6 years). A computerized ball-tossing game (Cyberball) was used to induce ostracism or inclusion. Following the inclusion/ostracism manipulation, all participants completed an operant computer task to earn points exchangeable for portions of food or for time socializing with an unfamiliar peer. Participants’ responses for food and their subsequent energy intake were recorded. As hypothesized, ostracized overweight participants responded more for food and had a greater energy intake than overweight participants in the inclusion/control condition; whereas this was not the case for normal-weight participants. These results are important as studies indicate that overweight and obese youth may be at risk of social isolation and peer difficulties. Social adversity, if left unchanged, may increase the difficulty of promoting long-term changes in overweight youths’ health behaviors.
Cytoplasmic dynein ATPase activity is regulated by dynactin-dependent phosphorylation.

Cytoplasmic dynein is a microtubule-associated motor that utilizes ATP hydrolysis to conduct minus-end directed transport of various organelles. Dynactin is a multisubunit complex that has been proposed to both link dynein with cargo and activate dynein motor function. The mechanisms by which dynactin regulates dynein activity are not clear. In this study, we examine the role of dynactin in regulating dynein ATPase activity. We show that dynein-microtubule binding and ATP-dependent release of dynein from microtubules are reduced in dynactin null mutants, Δro-3 (p150Glued) and Δro-4(Arp1), relative to wild-type. The dynein-microtubule binding activity, but not the ATP-dependent release of dynein from microtubules, is restored by in vitro mixing of extracts from dynein and dynactin mutants. Dynein produced in a Δro-3 mutant has ∼8-fold reduced ATPase activity relative to dynein isolated from wild-type. However, dynein ATPase activity from wild-type is not reduced when dynactin is separated from dynein, suggesting that dynein produced in a dynactin mutant is inactivated. Treatment of dynein isolated from the Δro-3mutant with λ protein phosphatase restores the ATPase activity to near wild-type levels. The reduced dynein ATPase activity observed in dynactin null mutants is mainly due to altered affinity for ATP. Radiolabeling experiments revealed that low molecular mass proteins, particularly 20- and 8-kDa proteins, that immunoprecipitate with dynein heavy chain are hyperphosphorylated in the dynactin mutant and dephosphorylated upon λ protein phosphatase treatment. The results suggest that cytoplasmic dynein ATPase activity is regulated by dynactin-dependent phosphorylation of dynein light chains.
Low-threshold continuous-wave Raman silicon laser

We report the first demonstration of a low-threshold continuous-wave (c.w.) Raman silicon laser based on a ring-resonator-cavity configuration. We achieved a lasing threshold of 20 mW, slope efficiency of 28% and an output power of 50 mW, with a 25 V reverse bias applied to the p-i-n silicon waveguides. This represents nearly a tenfold improvement in the lasing threshold and more than a fivefold improvement in both slope efficiency and output power over previous results. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time c.w. lasing with zero bias voltage. In this arrangement, the laser does not require an external electrical power supply, and we obtained a lasing threshold of 26 mW and laser output power exceeding 10 mW. The realization of low-threshold lasing and lasing with no external bias is a major advance towards producing practical silicon lasers based on stimulated Raman scattering, for applications ranging from telecommunications and interconnects to optical sensing and biomedical applications.
Biology and treatment of multiple myeloma

Abstract The uniformly fatal plasma cell malignancy, multiple myeloma (MM), currently represents 10–15% of hematologic neoplasms in the USA and has been steadily increasing in incidence for several decades. Therapeutic alternatives have lagged significantly behind insights into the biology and pathogenesis of this entity. Traditionally felt to be a neoplasm of fully differentiated plasma cells, evidence has been mounting that the self renewing population consist of cells derived from a much earlier compartment; perhaps prior to B-cell lineage commitment or even at the level of an earlier ‘stem cell'. Bcl -2 protein overexpression has been almost uniformly seen in both clinical myeloma specimens as well as in myeloma cell lines. The failure to consistently identify the t(14;18) translocation, normally found in follicular lymphomas and characteristically associated with overexpression of bcl -2, implies a unique mechanism in MM. A number of cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1 and IL-6 have been found to play a central role not only in the biology of the malignant clone but have been shown to prevent programmed cell death, this may be the unifying event in MM. Standard therapy for MM has been an alkylating agent and corticosteroid. Combination chemotherapy provides more prompt palliation but no clear survival advantage. In advanced stages, adriamycin may offer some survival advantage. High dose chemotherapy with or without stem cell support offers a potentially curative therapeutic approach. New interventions directed at the complex cytokine networks pertinent to the pathogenesis of MM are an exciting new area of investigation. Identification of new prognostic parameters as well as new active agents remains the central theme in clinical myeloma research.
Addressing climate change in state and local environmental impact analysis

This study examines the first generation of state and local policies in the US that require consideration of climate change in environmental impact analysis (EIA). Based on a review of six policies, the study finds significant variation in approach relative to the nature of analyses (quantitative versus qualitative), consideration of various greenhouse gases, methods used to analyse impacts, applicability of policies and approaches to integrating climate change analyses into EIA documents. At the same time, the analysis highlights key challenges associated with addressing climate change in the existing EIA framework, including addressing cumulative effects and scientific uncertainty and evaluating the significance of project-scale climate change impacts.
The Relationship Between the Employment of Part-Time Faculty and Student Degree and/or Certificate Completion in Two-Year Community Colleges

Prior research studies associated the employment of part-time faculty with student degree and/or certificate completion (Benjamin, 2002; Ehrenberg & Zhang, 2005; Jacoby, 2006; Leslie & Gappa, 2002; Umbach, 2008; Umbach & Wawrzynski, 2005). To date, institutional-level data have been utilized to investigate whether such employment adversely associated with student degree and/or certificate completion in two-year community colleges. Little research, however, has been conducted to study such association utilizing both student and institutional-level data (e.g., Eagan & Jaeger, 2009; Jacoby, 2006). In this study, we draw data from Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and The Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study (BPS: 04/09), and employ a multilevel logistic regression model to investigate whether the proportion of part-time faculty is negatively associated with individual student’s likelihood of degree and/or certificate completion. Analytical results indicate the proportion o...
Craft Labor and Mechanization in Nineteenth-Century American Canning

The development of new machinery in nineteenth-century American canning followed two paths. Automative, labor-saving devices were developed to replace labor in unskilled tasks while deskilling, human-capital-saving machinery was designed to make craft labor more replaceable. Cannery operators appear to have focused on deskilling machinery as the key to greater managerial control over production. Craft workers through organizational power and pressing for higher wages seem to have stimulated the early and sustained search for deskilling machinery. Because human-capital-saving machinery allowed wage cuts, they could be adopted prior to their being used as labor-saving devices.
Two genetic loci control the murine immune response to A-gliadin, a wheat protein that activates coeliac sprue.

Coeliac sprue is a disease in humans that is characterized by small intestinal mucosal injury and malabsorption. Ingestion of dietary gluten by susceptible individuals results in damage to the small intestine. The gliadin fractions of wheat gluten and similar proteins in rye and barley are known to activate the disease process1. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles HLA-B8, Dw3 and DRw3 occur at a high frequency in coeliac sprue2–5, suggesting that immunoregulatory mechanisms may be important in the pathogenesis of the disease. We recently reported that murine antibody responses to A-gliadin, a well characterized protein known to activate coeliac sprue1,6–9, are regulated by genes that map to H–2, the murine MHC10. However, it appeared that an additional genetic locus also might be important in regulating the immune response to gliadin proteins. We show here that two separate genetic regions determine the murine antibody response to A-gliadin: H–2 on chromosome 17 and the immunoglobulin heavy chain (CH) allotype locus (Igh) on chromosome 12. Possible ways in which these two loci could determine the response against A-gliadin are discussed.
Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models

Hypotheses involving mediation are common in the behavioral sciences. Mediation exists when a predictor affects a dependent variable indirectly through at least one intervening variable, or mediator. Methods to assess mediation involving multiple simultaneous mediators have received little attention in the methodological literature despite a clear need. We provide an overview of simple and multiple mediation and explore three approaches that can be used to investigate indirect processes, as well as methods for contrasting two or more mediators within a single model. We present an illustrative example, assessing and contrasting potential mediators of the relationship between the helpfulness of socialization agents and job satisfaction. We also provide SAS and SPSS macros, as well as Mplus and LISREL syntax, to facilitate the use of these methods in applications.
Spectroscopic evaluation of polyurea crosslinked aerogels, as a substitute for RTV-based chromatic calibration targets for spacecraft

Abstract Room temperature vulcanizing (RTV)-based components have been used on Mars Pathfinder, the Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, as well as the Phoenix Lander as a support matrix for pigmented panoramic camera calibration targets. RTV 655 has demonstrated superiority to other polymers due to its unique range of material properties namely mechanical stability between −115 and 204 °C and UV radiation tolerance. As a result, it has been the number one choice for many space-related missions. However, due to the high mass density and the natural tendency for electrostatic charging RTV materials have caused complications by attracting and retaining dust particles ( Sabri et al., 2008 ). In the current project we have investigated the relevant properties of polymer-reinforced (crosslinked) silica aerogels with the objective of substituting RTV-based calibration targets with an aerogel based design. The lightweight, mechanical strength, ability to accept color pigments, and extremely low dust capture makes polyurea crosslinked aerogels a strong candidate as a chromatic standard for extraterrestrial missions. For this purpose, the reflection spectra, gravimetric analysis, and low temperature response of metal oxide pigmented, polyurea crosslinked silica aerogels have been investigated and reported here.
Endovascular treatment options for chronic infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease: a pictorial essay

Learning Objectives To show cases which depict atherosclerotic occlusive disease in the femoral, popliteal and infrapopliteal regions and review endovascular therapeutic options. To discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different types of interventions. To discuss the importance of patient demographics, clinical presentation and ultimate goals of therapy in treatment. Background Chronic lower extremity atherosclerotic disease affects about 20% of people greater than 55 years of age and is often accompanied with comorbidities such as diabetes and chronic renal failure (1). Although the majority of these patients remain asymptomatic and are treated with medical optimization, some experience lifestyle limiting claudication, ischemic rest pain, non-healing ulcers or gangrene which may require intervention. Clinical Findings/Procedure Details Illustrate percutaneous revascularization treatment options which include excisional, laser and rotational atherectomy devices. Depict different types of balloons available for angioplasty including drug-eluting, radioactive, cutting and scoring balloons. Present different endovascular stents including nitinol stents, drug-eluded stents, stent grafts and biodegradable stents. Subsequent arteriograms will show post-intervention results. Emphasis will be on selection of the right interventional approach for the right arterial anatomy and clinical scenario. Conclusion and/or Teaching Points The use of endovascular therapy in patients with infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease continues to provide an efficacious and alternative to surgery in a majority of patients. This pictorial essay demonstrates currently available percutaneous endovascular options which include atherectomy devices, balloon angioplasty systems and a variety of stents while highlighting advantages and relative disadvantages at different sites of disease. Familiarity with these devices and techniques is important to provide complete options in which surgery may confer an unacceptable degree of morbidity in the absence of significant benefit. The ability for re-intervention yields added benefit for maintenance of revascularization. Reference 1. Hankey GJ, Norman PE, Eikelboom JW. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA. Feb 1 2006;295(5):547-53.
Abstract P5-20-07: Phase II Trial of Dasatinib in Combination With Weekly Paclitaxel for Patients with Metastatic Breast Carcinoma

Background: Src kinase plays an important role in proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and metastasis in several malignancies including breast cancer. Therefore, inhibition of Src and other tyrosine kinases (TKs) represents a novel therapeutic approach. Dasatinib is a potent inhibitor of 5 oncogenic TKs, inhibits VEGF-stimulated proliferation, has potent bone anti-resorptive activity and selectively inhibits basal-type breast cancer growth. Preclinically, the combination of dasatinib and paclitaxel had superior antitumor activity to either agent alone. In a previous phase I study, we determined that, in combination with weekly paclitaxel, the optimum dose of dasatinib was 120mg. Of note, 4/9 (44%) patients treated at or above this dasatinib dose level had objective tumor response. We now present results from the phase II trial of this combination. Methods: Patients with MBC, ECOG PS 0–1, normal hepatic, renal, marrow function were eligible. Patients had measurable, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC), ≤2 prior therapies for MBC. Treatment consisted of weekly paclitaxel 80 mg/m 2 IV 3/4 weeks + Dasatinib 120mg orally daily. Response was assessed by RECIST after every 8 weeks of therapy. Simon9s two-stage optimal design was used to test the null hypothesis of a 15% response rate (RR) against the alternative of a 30% RR. In stage I, planned enrollment was 23 patients based on Type I and Type II errors of 10%. If 4 or more responses are observed, enrollment will be extended to 55 patients. Exploratory correlative biomarkers of clinical benefit include Src phosphorylation (p-Src) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, plasma levels of VEGFR2 and collagen Type IV, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and tumor gene expression profiling. Results: 21 patients (19 females, 2 male) have enrolled; median age 48 (range 30–79). Patients received a median of 1 prior therapy for MBC (range 0–2). 6 patients are not assessable for response: 1 has received Conclusion: Data from this phase II has demonstrated preliminary evidence of activity for weekly paclitaxel and dasatinib 120mg in patients with MBC. These findings are consistent with data from this dose level in the earlier phase I study. Predictive biomarkers of clinical benefit are under investigation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-20-07.
Net Movements of Calcium and Magnesium in Slices of Rat Liver

Rat liver slices incubated at 1°C in phosphate (10 mM) or bicarbonate (25 mM) plus phosphate (2 mM)—buffered Ringer's solutions containing 1.2 mM Ca2+ underwent a 3-fold increase in Ca2+ content relative to their fat-free solids, and lost 10% of their Mg2+. Upon subsequent incubation at 38°C, slices in the bicarbonate medium lost about half of the accumulated Ca2+. This extrusion was less efficient in the phosphate medium. Succinate (40 mM), which strongly stimulated respiration, caused an accumulation of Ca2+ in slices incubated in the phosphate medium. The extrusion of Ca2+ was prevented by respiratory inhibitors, but not by inhibition of the Na+ and K+ transport (by ouabain or K+-free medium). This suggests that the Ca2+ transport was itself directly dependent on high-energy compounds and was not due to a hetero-exchange diffusion of Ca2+ against Na+ ions. Some evidence was obtained for the occurrence of an active accumulation of Mg+ ions.
I don't want to pick! Introspection on uncertainty supports early strategic behavior.

Although some evidence indicates that even very young children engage in rudimentary forms of strategic behavior, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that uncertainty monitoring underlies such behaviors. Three-, four-, and five-year-old children (N = 88) completed a perceptual discrimination task. Results indicated that children are more likely to withhold (vs. volunteer) responses on trials for which, when forced to provide an answer, they report subjective uncertainty (vs. subjective certainty). Furthermore, uncertainty monitoring positively predicted the strategic regulation of accuracy via withholding of incorrect responses, even when controlling for individual differences in inhibitory control. Overall, results suggest that children's awareness of their own knowledge states contributes to early strategic behavior.
Relationships among parity, pregnancy and endocrine events before and after estrus in Brahman cattle☆

Abstract Brahman cows and heifers were utilized to evaluate the effects of parity and pregnancy on the endocrine events around estrus. Fifty-two virgin heifers, 22 primiparous cows and 41 multiparous cows were randomly allotted within parity to receive one injection i.m. of prostaglandin (Luprostiol; 0, 3.75, 7.50, 15.0 or 30.0 mg) or cloprostenol (500 μg) on Day 8 or 9 after estrus (Day 0). Blood samples were collected for 72 h after injection or until estrus, at 6-h intervals. At estrus, samples were taken every 6 h for 24 h. All females were bred by artificial insemination 12 h after the onset of estrus. Blood samples were collected on Days 6, 10, 11 and 12 after estrus. Mean progesterone (P4) concentration was lowest (P 0.10) on mean estrogen or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration prior to estrus. Animals that became pregnant had lower P4 and higher LH (P
A Case of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Bicuspid Aortic Valve in Monochorionic Twins

The etiology of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) remains unclear. Since a genetic cause for HLHS has not been obvious, it is generally considered to be inherited in a multifactorial manner. Studies of twins are valuable in elucidating the genetic contribution to a birth defect such as HLHS. We report a case of monochorionic twins in whom one has HLHS and the other has a bicuspid aortic valve. Predisposing genetic and environmental influences on individuals with identical genotypes, such as twins, may result in discordance of left-sided flow lesions.
Effective chemotherapy for melanoma after treatment with interleukin-2.

Twenty patients with biopsy-proven metastatic malignant melanoma, previously treated with interleukin-2 (IL-2), received combination chemotherapy for progressive disease. Treatment included carmustine, cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen (BCDT). Nausea was the most common toxicity (100%) and usually was mild. Persistent thrombocytopenia was the most frequent toxicity limiting further treatment. Eleven patients (55%) had an objective partial response, three patients (15%) had a minor response, and six patients (30%) had no change or progressive disease in response to this treatment. These results were comparable to the high response rates (21 of 40, 53%) achieved with BCDT in previously untreated patients with melanoma. It was concluded that prior therapy using IL-2 does not significantly alter the response rate of metastatic melanoma to BCDT, thus suggesting that immunomodulators (e.g., IL-2) and chemotherapeutic agents are not cross-resistant treatments.
Looking for graded recollection: manipulating the number of details to be recollected does not affect recollection variance

Recollection has been the subject of much debate, with some models maintaining that it is subject to a threshold, some maintaining that it is a continuous process, and some maintaining that both are true. Threshold models maintain that recollection can fail (i.e., fall below threshold), whereas signal detection models treat recollection as a continuous process. Recent research has revealed that some manipulations can influence this behavior, but the general reasons why threshold patterns emerge in some conditions and graded patterns emerge in others are still unclear. One potential explanation is the number of retrieved details; recollection of stimuli with few details may succeed or fail, whereas recollection of stimuli with many details may be graded. If this is true, manipulating the amount of detail should produce threshold patterns for “few details” conditions, but more graded patterns for “many details” conditions. This hypothesis was tested in six experiments examining source memory, and the number-of-details manipulation consistently failed to affect the nature of recollection. Overall, the results suggest that the amount of information available to be retrieved does not, by itself, explain recollection variability.
How does coping help people resist lapses during smoking cessation

Objectives: To determine whether types of coping strategies have differential effects on preventing lapses and lowering urge levels and to investigate mechanisms by which coping strategies prevent lapses during smoking cessation. Design: Sixty-one respondents performed ecological momentary assessment using palm-top computers and tape recorders to report their coping strategies and urge levels before and after temptations to smoke. Multilevel linear regression models were used to compare the effects of individual strategy types with the average strategy. Main Outcome Measures: Lapses versus resisted temptations and changes in urge levels. Results: Number of strategies significantly predicted resisting smoking and change in urge levels. Compared with the effect of the average strategy, movement/exercise was marginally worse at preventing lapses, and food/drink was marginally related to higher postcoping urge levels. Conclusion: Although using multiple coping strategies helps people resist the urge to smoke, no particular coping strategy works better than any other. Coping strategies prevent lapses by reducing high urge levels during temptations.
A "big data" approach to HIV epidemiology and prevention.

The recent availability of “big data” from social media and mobile technologies provides promise for development of new tools and methods to address the HIV epidemic. This manuscript presents recent work in this growing area of bioinformatics, digital epidemiology, and disease modeling, describes how it can be applied to address HIV prevention, and presents issues that need to be addressed prior to implementing a mobile technology big-data approach to HIV prevention.
Heritable and environmental variables affect reproduction-related behaviors, but not ultimate reproductive success

Abstract The present study is an attempt to integrate a behavior—genetic approach and methodology with the goals of sociobiology, using a life history analysis. The study seeks to determine (a) whether differences in reproduction-related behaviors show evidence of heritability; and (b) what factors contribute to observed variance in reproduction-related activities. In accordance with sociobiological theory, the reproduction-related behaviors of males were found to be more variably influenced by both heritable and environmental factors than those of females. The results also suggest, however, that while some reproduction-related behaviors are associated in a proximate sense with heritable personality and health-related factors, this association does not ultimately translate into predictable differences in total number of children.
Pathfinder Advanced Radar Ice Sounder: PARIS

The objective of the PARIS NASA Instrument Incubator Project was to demonstrate successful ice thickness sounding from a high-altitude airborne radar. This paper describes key features of the system, including the radar and the processing algorithm. Test flights over the ice sheets of Greenland produced good results.
The infrared spectra of chelate compounds—I: A study of some metal chelate compounds of 8-hydroxyquinoline in the region 625 to 5000 cm −1

Abstract The infrared spectra of 8-hydroxyquinoline and its copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium and calcium chelate compounds have been determined between 2 and 16 μ. As far as possible, assignments of peaks have been made and correlations between peak position and stability constants have been drawn up. On the basis of the correlations the structure of the different chelates is discussed. From a study of the variation of peak height with concentration, it has been shown that the technique has considerable analytical value. A procedure is presented for the determination of copper and zinc as oxinates.
An improved quantitative method for determining dynamic current response of pyroelectric materials

Abstract An improved quantitative pyroelectric characterization system has been developed in an effort to more thoroughly investigate the dynamic pyroelectric response of selected materials at particular temperatures of interest, such as at transition, or to study electrical aging effects. Specifically, the system is capable of measuring pyroelectric current responsivity of a wide variety of materials ranging from ferroelectric ceramics to polymers at constant temperature utilizing a modulated heating source technique.' Effectiveness of this system was determined through measurements of lithium tantalate and lithium niobate samples of various geometries. The result of the study was a comprehensive evaluation of dynamic pyroelectric current responsivity of these samples with a particularly good signal-to-noise enhancement for evaluating high noise materials such as polymer gels which are extremely difficult to evaluate using other techniques. These measurements revealed a significant dependence of the pyro...
Using partial masking in X-chains to increase output compaction for an X-canceling MISR

An X-Canceling MISR [Touba 07] provides the ability to tolerate unknowns (X's) in the output response with very little loss of observability of non-X values. When the density of X's is low, an X-Canceling MISR is extremely efficient as the number of control bits depends only on the total number of X's in the output response. However, for higher X-densities, an X-Canceling MISR becomes less efficient. This paper describes a very effective approach for using an X-Canceling MISR for designs with high X-density. It utilizes the idea of stitching together scan cells that capture the largest number of X's into "X-chains" as was proposed in [Wohl 08]: In the proposed approach, a partial X-masking approach is used for the X-chains to eliminate the vast majority of the X's at very little cost in terms of control bits. Only the X's coming from the scan cells not in the X-chains plus X's that are left unmasked in the X-chains need to be handled by the X-canceling MISR thereby significantly reducing the total number of control bits required. Experimental results show an order of magnitude improvement in the output compaction can be achieved.
Lead in the Bolsa wetland of southern California, USA: Effect of flood control channelization

Abstract The distribution of lead in sediments of an estuary receiving flood control discharge has been examined. Relatively high concentrations of lead with a mean value of 64 ppm were found within the outer portion of Bolsa Bay which receives flood control runoff. Significantly lower concentrations of lead with a mean value of 9 ppm were found within the impounded inner portion of the bay which does not receive flood control discharge. On the basis of our findings we recommend that flood control runoff no longer be discharged directly into estuaries but that discharge be either rerouted to ocean outfalls or reclaimed and used for agricultural and industrial purposes.
Minimum Winning Coalitions on the U.S. Supreme Court A Comparison of the Original Vote on the Merit with the Opinion Vote

It has been claimed that in nonthreat situations opinions of the Court tend to receive a minimum winning vote. Using the private papers of Justice Burton, the size of the original vote on the merit...
Hydrodynamical accretion onto sagittarius A* from distributed point sources

Spectral and kinematic studies suggest that the nonthermal radio source Sgr A*, located at the center of the Milky Way, is a supermassive compact object with a mass ~(2-3) × 106 M☉. Winds from nearby stars, located ≈ 0.06 pc to the east of Sgr A*, should, in the absence of any outflow from the putative black hole itself, be accreting onto this object. We report the results of the first three-dimensional Bondi-Hoyle hydrodynamical numerical simulations of this process under the assumption that the Galactic center wind is generated by several different point sources (here assumed to be 10 pseudorandomly placed stars). Our results show that the accretion rate onto the central object can be higher than in the case of a uniform flow since wind-wind shocks dissipate some of the bulk kinetic energy and lead to a higher capture rate for the gas. However, even for this highly nonuniform medium, most of the accreting gas carries with it a relatively low level of specific angular momentum, although large transient fluctuations can occur. Additionally, the post-bow shock focusing of the gas can be substantially different than that for a uniform flow, but it depends strongly on the stellar spatial distribution. We discuss how this affects the morphology of the gas in the inner 0.15 pc of the Galaxy and the consequences for accretion disk models of Sgr A*.
A Curricular reform viewed through Bolman and Deal’s organizational frames

Professions exist to serve the needs of society, communities and, in the case of the dental profession, patients. Academic dental institutions strive to help meet these needs by educating and developing future practitioners, educators, researchers, and citizen leaders who serve the community and shape the changing environment in which they practice and provide care. The American Dental Association Commission on Change and Innovation affirms, “If dental educators are to meet these purposes, change and innovation in dental education must be responsive to evolving societal needs, practice patterns, scientific developments, and economic conditions”(Haden, et al., 2006). Guiding any institution through such authentic reform requires a number of strategies. Lee Bolman and Terrance Deal suggest four organizational constructs, or frames, through which to view a complex organization: Structural, Human Resource, Political and Symbolic (Bolman and Deal, 1997).“Like maps, frames are both windows on a territory and tools for navigation” (Bolman and Deal, 1997). This reflective case study examines a major curricular reform initiative in a North American school of dentistry through Bolman and Deal’s organizational frames.
On designing stable allpass filters using AR modeling

By exploiting the minimum-phase property of an autoregressive (AR) modeling technique, we propose a simple method for designing allpass filters that are guaranteed to be stable. It is assumed that equispaced samples of the desired allpass filter's phase function is given.
Vibrational line shapes and spectral diffusion in fluids

Vibrational spectroscopy is an excellent tool for probing structure and dynamics in condensed phases. The interpretation of experiment, especially the modern ultrafast versions, benefits from theoretical and computational modeling. In this short review, theoretical approaches to calculating vibrational spectroscopy observables are outlined, and applications to super-critical fluids, near-critical fluids, liquids, and solutions are discussed.
Translative interface for data sharing in integrating: a paradigm for distributed data systems

Typically, applications are built only after the database schema is available. To enable the application designer/programmer with the tools necessary to forge ahead without having to wait for the data schema definition, a change from traditional methodologies must take place. The paper proposes an alternative design methodology intended to bring applications on-line as soon as possible. The author looks at using Martin's subject databases and ties it together with Inmon's paradigm for decision support systems used in a distributed data system. >
The Economical Control of Infectious Diseases

If infectious people can infect other people, who in turn can infect others, and so on - the pure infection externality - government subsidies to affect private behavior should equally favor preventive and curative activities, if people recover to become susceptible again. Otherwise, other subsidy and tax strategies may make more sense. Despite interesting work on infectious diseases by such economists as Peter Francis, Michael Kremer, and Tomas Philipson, the literature does not set out the general structure of externalities involved in the prevention and cure of such diseases. Gersovitz and Hammer identify two kinds of externality. First, infectious people can infect other people, who in turn can infect others, and so on, in what the authors call the pure infection externality. In controlling their own infection, people do not take into account the social consequence of their infection. Second, in the pure prevention externality, one individual's preventive actions (such as killing mosquitoes) may directly affect the probability of others becoming infected, whether or not the preventive action succeeds for the individual undertaking it. Gersovitz and Hammer provide a general framework for discussing these externalities and the role of government interventions to offset them. They move the discussion away from its focus on HIV (a fatal infection for which there are few interventions) and on vaccinations (which involve plausibly discrete decisions) to more general ideas of prevention and cure applicable to many diseases for which interventions exhibit a continuum of intensities subject to diminishing marginal returns. Infections and actions to prevent or cure them entail costs. Individuals balance those parts of different costs that they can actually control. In balancing costs to society, government policy should take individual behavior into account. Doing so requires a strategy combining preventive and curative interventions to offset both the pure infection externality and the pure infection externality. The relative importance of the strategy's components depends on: The biology of the disease - including whether an infection is transmitted from person to person or by vectors. The possible outcomes of infection: Death, recovery with susceptibility, or recovery with immunity. The relative costs of the interventions. Whether interventions are targeted at the population as a whole, the uninfected, the infected, or contacts between the uninfected and the infected. The behavior of individuals that leads to the two types of externalities. This paper - a product of Public Service Delivery, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to examine the public economics of health.
Applying Data Mining of Fuzzy Association Rules to Network Intrusion Detection

This paper describes the use of fuzzy logic in the implementation of an intelligent intrusion detection system. The system uses a data miner that integrates Apriori and Kuok's algorithms to produce fuzzy logic rules that capture features of interest in network traffic. Using an inference engine, implemented using FuzzyJess, the intrusion detection system evaluates these rules and gives network administrators indications of the firing strength of the ruleset. The resulting system is capable of adapting to changes in attack signatures. In addition, by identifying relevant network traffic attributes, the system has the inherent ability to provide abstract views that support network security analysis. Examples and experimental results using intrusion detection datasets from MIT Lincoln Laboratory demonstrate the potential of the approach
A scaled small gain theorem with applications to spatially interconnected systems

In this note, a new result that extends the scaled small gain theorem is presented. As is well known, the scaled small gain theorem gives necessary and sufficient conditions for robust stability of a nominal linear time-invariant system in feedback with structured operators of norm less than or equal to unity. We propose alternative linear matrix inequality conditions that give necessary and sufficient conditions for robust stability against the class of structured unitary operators (invertible operators of exactly unit norm). It is shown that this result, besides being a less conservative version of the scaled small gain theorem, has connections to several recent results on the control of spatially interconnected systems and serves to unify and quantify the conservatism of those results.
Pathogenesis and prevention of tracheobronchial damage with suction procedures.

The pathogenesis and prevention of mucosal hemorrhages and erosions in the tracheobronchial tree associated with suctioning were investigated. Several presently available commercial suction catheters were placed within the tracheobronchial tree of dogs and their effects observed by cinebronchofiberscopy. When vacuum was applied to the catheter and its eyes came into close proximity to the bronchial mucosa, the mucosa elevated and invaginated into the side hole or end hole or both, depending on the configuration of the catheter tip. The area became hemorrhagic immediately after cessation of vacuum. Thus, the design of present day suction catheters is unacceptable because no provision is made for preventing the eyes from contacting the wall of the airway being suctioned. For this reason, a new tip was designed: a bead was placed around the distal tip of an end hole catheter and four small holes punched just proximal to this bead (Argyle Aero-Flo Tip). The bead prevents the holes from contacting the side wall of the airway by offering a mechanical impediment, and, the interrelation of the proximal side holes to the bead and end hole produces an air cushion which promotes centering of the catheter within the airway. Gross and histologic examination of the tracheobronchial tree after controlled suction in dogs confirmed the safety of the new catheter. This newly designed suction catheter should minimize damage to the tracheobronchial mucosa which is caused by standard catheters, thereby minimizing bacterial colonization and disturbance in mucociliary transport in patients who require suctioning of the tracheobronchial tree.
Measuring the Deliquescence Point of Crystalline Sucrose as a Function of Temperature Using a New Automatic Isotherm Generator

The relative humidity at which crystalline materials begin adsorbing large quantities of water from the atmosphere, termed the deliquescence point (RHo), is an important temperature dependent stability parameter. The RHo of a number of food and pharmaceutical materials has been determined at 25°C, but it is difficult to find RHo values in the literature at other temperatures, even for common food materials, such as sucrose. Thus, the primary objective of this research was to assess the effect of temperature on RHo for crystalline sucrose using a new automatic isotherm generator. A secondary objective was to determine and compare the RHo value using three other methods (RH after the MC step change method, and two smoothing and second derivative methods [Savitzky-Golay and Yuan and others]), in addition to the commonly used linear extrapolation method. The AquaSorp DDI method provides an accurate, fast, and convenient means of measuring the initial real-time aw values of the adsorption of water by the cryst...
Transfer of fatty acids between intracellular membranes: roles of soluble binding proteins, distance, and time.

Soluble fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are thought to facilitate exchange of fatty acids between intracellular membranes. Although many FABP variants have been described, they fall into two ge...