cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Making History in Banda: Anthropological Visions of Africa's Past

List of figures List of Plates List of tables Preface 1. Refracted visions of Africa's past 2. Envisioning Africa's lived past 3. The past in the present: history-making in Banda 4. The political-economic context 5. Local life in the context of the Niger trade c.1300-1700 6. The changing social fields of Banda villagers c.1725-1825 7. The changing social fields of Banda villagers c.1825-1925 8. Reflections: historical anthropology and the construction of Africa's past Notes References Index.
Poverty, Inequality, And Discrimination As Sources Of Depression Among U.S. Women

Poverty, inequality, and discrimination endanger women's well-being. Poverty is one of the most consistent predictors of depression in women, probably because it imposes considerable stress while attacking many potential sources of social support. Economic inequalities within societies are associated with reduced life expectancy and a variety of negative physical health outcomes. Parallel research on economic inequalities and depression has just begun. Discrimination maintains inequalities, condemns women to lives of lessened economic security, and exposes them to unmerited contempt. Although the mental health impact of poverty is documented and largely understood, the implications of inequality and discrimination are less well known. Much important work remains to be done, particularly research that connects individuals' mental health to ecological characteristics of the communities and societies in which they live.
Implications and Solution for High-Speed Business Architecture

This chapter presents a forward looking view of the transition to extremely rapid business operations. The argument for this future is based on the trajectory of business operations. It is not certain, but does show an interesting future view for systems the IT professionals will have to build and manage.
Thinking-feeling-doing: A therapeutic technique for children with bipolar disorder and their parents

Little is known about psychosocial interventions for children with bipolar disorder (BPD). In this paper, we describe a therapeutic technique, Thinking-Feeling-Doing (TFD), which we use as part of a comprehensive family-based psychosocial treatment program for children with BPD and their families. It is based on principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy. A simple schemata assists children and their parents to identify and link their negative feelings, thoughts, and behaviors and to develop alternative thoughts and behaviors that can lead to a more positive mood state. A case example is provided and developmental considerations for using TFD with younger children are addressed.
Development of autonomous triggering instrumentation

Triggering instrumentation for autonomous monitoring of load-induced strain is described for economical, fast bridge inspection. The development addresses one aspect for the management of transportation infrastructure - bridge monitoring and inspection. The objectives are to provide quantitative performance information from a load test, to minimize the setup time at the bridge, and to minimize the closure time to traffic. Multiple or networked measurements can be made for a prescribed loading sequence. The proposed smart system consists of in-situ strain sensors, an embedded data acquisition module, and a measurement triggering system. A companion control unit is mounted on the truck serving as the load. As the truck moves to the proper position, the desired measurement is automatically relayed back to the control unit. In this work, the testing protocol is developed and the performance parameters for the triggering and data acquisition are measured. The test system uses a dedicated wireless sensor mote and an infrared positioning system. The electronic procedure offers improvements in available information and economics.
Behavioral Symptoms in Cystic Fibrosis vs. Neurological Patients

In this study, the authors compared the adaptation of a group of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (N = 46: mean age = 10.91 years) to a similar group of patients who attended a neurological clinic (N = 71 ; mean age = 10.47). Both groups were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist by Achenbach (parent version). CF patients demonstrated significantly less psychosocial morbidity than the neurological patients. This was true for overall behavioral symptoms, externalizing and internalizing symptoms, and social competence. The findings indicate better adaptation by the CF group and further support the literature indicating better adaptation in CF patients over other chronically ili groups. Possible reasons for such findings are discussed.
Study of electric field—based lifetime projection method in IMD TDDB

Effect of backend interconnect critical dimension variation on IMD TDDB is studied. Statistical data shows that low-k dielectric TDDB time to failure correlates well with leakage current, which reflects actual trench-to-trench or trench-to-via spacing. So a lifetime projection method, based on equal electric field, is reported. A more realistic lifetime is achieved while predicting whole lot TDDB life-time. Moreover, monitoring leakage current could be adopted into process monitoring strategy.
Can connectionist models of phonology assembly account for phonology

Connectionist models have gained considerable success as accounts of how printed words are named. Their success challenges the view of grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences (GPCs) as rules. By extension, however, this challenge is sometimes interpreted also as evidence against linguistic rules and variables. This inference tacitly assumes that the generalizations inherent in reading (specifically, GPCs) are similar in their scope to linguistic generalizations and that they are each reducible to token associations. I examine this assumption by comparing the scope of generalizations required for mapping graphemes to phonemes and several linguistic phonological generalizations. Marcus (1998b) distinguishes between two types of generalizations: those that fall within a model’s training space and those that exceed it. The scope of generalizations is determined by the model’s representational choices— specifically, the implementation of operations over mental variables. An analysis of GPCs suggests that such generalizations do not appeal to variables; hence, they may not exceed the training space. Likewise, certain phonological regularities, such as syllable phonotactic constraints and place assimilation, may be captured by an associative process. In contrast, other phonological processes appeal to variables; hence, such generalizations potentially exceed the training space. I discuss one such case, the obligatory contour principle. I demonstrate that speakers conform to this constraint and that their behavior is inexplicable by the statistical structure of the language. This analysis suggests that, unlike GPCs, phonological generalizations may exceed the training space. Thus, despite their success in modeling GPCs, eliminative connectionist models of phonology assembly may be unable to provide a complete account for phonology. To the extent that reading is subject to phonological constraints, its modeling may require implementing operations over variables.
Intramolecular Oxidatively Induced Substitution on a Coordinated Terpyridyl Ligand

In recent experiments, the authors demonstrated that in the Os-hydrazido complexes, trans-[Os{sup VI}(L{sub 3})(Cl){sub 2}(NN(CH{sub 2}){sub 4}O)]{sup 2+} (L{sub 3} = 2,2{prime}:6{prime},2{double{underscore}prime}-terpyridine or tris(1-pyrazolyl)-methane and N(CH{sub 2}){sub 4}O{sup {minus}} = morpholide), there are four interconvertible oxidation states with Os(VI), Os(V), Os(IV), and Os(III) accessible within the solvent limit in CH{sub 3}CN. Examples of Os(VI), Os(V), and Os(IV) have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The authors report here a remarkable reaction between trans-[Os{sup VI}(tpy)(Cl){sub 2}(NN(CH{sub 2}){sub 4}O)]{sup 2+} (2), has been characterized crystallographically. An extraordinary electrophilic substituent effect of Os(VI) on the tpy ligand and the ability of Os(VI) to undergo reversible intramolecular Os(VI {yields} IV) electron transfer appear to play essential roles in these reactions.
Carbon dioxide dissociation using TM 011 cavity mode atmospheric microwave plasma

Summary form only given. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas that is responsible for global warming. It accounts for 84% of all US greenhouse gas emitted mainly due to fossil fuel combustion. One way to mitigate the environmental effects due to CO2 is to dissociate it into Carbon monoxide (CO) and Oxygen (O) using atmospheric microwave plasma. Advantages of atmospheric microwave plasma include reduction in the capital cost of equipment and elimination of constraints imposed by vacuum compatibility, generation of highly active species, and electrodeless power coupling. In this paper, we present an atmospheric microwave plasma system based on a TM011 cavity mode for CO2 dissociation. Analytical calculations, modeling, and design of the system will be described.
Concise and high-fidelity predictive criteria for maximizing performance and robustness of bistable energy harvesters

We employ an analytical model of a harmonically excited bistable vibration energy harvester to determine criteria governing continuous high-energy orbit (HEO) dynamics that maximize harvesting performance. Derivation of the criteria stems from previously unexplored dynamic relationships predicted by the model indicating critical conditions for HEO; experimental evidence of the phenomenon is provided as validation. The criteria are vastly more concise than existing HEO prediction methodology and can more accurately delineate HEO boundaries. This research addresses an essential need to create effective tools for high performance and robust bistable harvester design.
NGF mRNA is expressed by GABAergic but not cholinergic neurons in rat basal forebrain

Nerve growth factor (NGF) supports the survival and biosynthetic activities of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons and is expressed by neurons within lateral aspects of this system including the horizontal limb of the diagonal bands and magnocellular preoptic areas. In the present study, colormetric and isotopic in situ hybridization techniques were combined to identify the neurotransmitter phenotype of the NGF-producing cells in these two areas. Adult rat forebrain tissue was processed for the colocalization of mRNA for NGF with mRNA for either choline acetyltransferase, a cholinergic cell marker, or glutamic acid decarboxylase, a GABAergic cell marker. In both regions, many neurons were single-labeled for choline acetyltransferase mRNA, but cells containing both choline acetyltransferase and NGF mRNA were not detected. In these fields, virtually all NGF mRNA-positive neurons contained glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA. The double-labeled cells comprised a subpopulation of GABAergic neurons; numerous cells labeled with glutamic acid decarboxylase cRNA alone were codistributed with the double-labeled neurons. These data demonstrate that in basal forebrain GABAergic neurons are the principal source of locally produced NGF. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
HGMS coal desulfurization with microwave magnetization enhancement

The performance of high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) in removing mineral pyrite from coal has been improved by increasing the pyrite's magnetization through selective microwave heating. Separations were carried out on conventional 2-T iron magnet separators and using a superconducting magnet capable of 15 T. A critical temperature for conversion of pyrite to ferrimagnetic monoclinic pyrrhotite was determined by vibrating-sample magnetometer measurements, also used to assess the conversion of pyrite in irradiated coal samples. Thermal analysis demonstrated that temperatures reached after heating were higher in the pyrite than in the coal. Pyrite-coal samples were separated using continuous axial separation and conventional wire-matrix HGMS. >
On solar thermal processing and retorting of oil shale

Abstract The general concept and a recent paper on solar oil-shale retorting are critically reviewed. We conclude that a recent paper by Berber and Fletcher contains erroneously high oil yields, specially for fluidized beds, and provides no new insights concerning solar oil-shape process design or economic evaluation. A brief examination of solar retorting indicates that this technique is probably far more expensive than conventional processing. A few guidelines are presented concerning the kinds of research that might be appropriate to aid process design and to make a more rigorous economic evaluation.
Distributed Sensors as Spatial Filters in Active Structural Control

Abstract The response of a spatially continuous distributed sensor mounted on a vibrating structure is examined in this paper. The response of the distributed sensor to structural deformations is interpreted as a filtered version of the response of a point sensor to the same deformations, where the wavenumber filtering characteristics are determined by the spatial weighting pattern of the distributed sensor. When the distributed sensor is well removed from structural boundaries, discontinuities or forcing locations, the sensor dynamics are given by the Fourier transform of the sensor's spatial weighting. This relationship can be utilized to design distributed sensors having specified sensor dynamics. In this paper, the design process is illustrated by means of the design of a distributed sensor such that its sensor dynamics feature high order gain roll-off without phase lag. The spatial filtering of the resulting sinc function sensor is verified computationally and, through the use of piezoelectric polymer film, experimentally. The situation in which the distributed sensor is not well removed from a forcing location is also considered. The sensor dynamics are then determined by the coherent sum of several transforms of the sensor's spatial weighting. It is shown that the response of the sinc function sensor to point actuation collapses, at high frequencies, to an attenuated version of the "backbone" of the point sensor's response, i.e., the high frequency structural resonances are not observable through this distributed sensor.
Amniotic fluid embolism causing severe left ventricular dysfunction and death: Case report and review of the literature

Hemodynamic instability in amniotic fluid embolism has previously been demonstrated only by right heart catheterization. We present detailed documentation obtained by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization of a 35-year-old woman who developed amniotic fluid embolism and died from severe left ventricular dysfunction and wide QRS complex tachycardia despite intensive medical therapy (inotropes) and mechanical (intraaortic balloon pump) support.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anti-TNF Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

While anti-TNF agents have had a marked impact in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, a significant number of patients lose their response to these medications over time. Clinical trials have demonstrated that antibodies against anti-TNF medications may impact treatment response and increase the risk of infusion reaction. Scheduled dosing and concurrent use of immunomodulators may help to mitigate these risks via inhibiting the formation of these antibodies. The recent availability of assays to measure anti-TNF drug levels and antibodies against anti-TNFs offer the opportunity to assess patients who have lost response with infliximab and adalimumab, and potentially determine the most appropriate therapeutic strategy. There is growing evidence that such testing improves patient outcomes and is cost-effective, although heterogeneity in the assays used in clinical and observational trials has resulted in mixed results.
Peers' perceptions of the consequences that victimized children provide aggressors

Fourth- through seventh-grade children (mean age 11.5 years) estimated the likelihood that various consequences would occur following hypothetical acts of aggression toward victimized and nonvictimized classmates. Children also indicated how much they would care if the consequences were to occur. When contemplating aggression toward victimized classmates, children were more likely to expect tangible rewards, more likely to expect signs of victim suffering, and less likely to expect retaliation than when considering aggression against nonvictimized classmates. Also, when considering aggression toward victimized classmates, children cared more about securing tangible rewards but were less disturbed by the thought of hurting their victims or by the thought of their victims retaliating than when imagining aggression toward nonvictimized classmates. The foregoing pattern was stronger for boys than for girls. Implications for theories of aggression and for intervention with aggressive and victimized children are discussed. Language: en
Surgical Practice Patterns for Male Urinary Incontinence: Analysis of Case Logs from Certifying American Urologists

Purpose: Several options exist for the surgical correction of male stress urinary incontinence including periurethral bulking agents, artificial urinary sphincters and the recently introduced male urethral slings. We investigated contemporary trends in the use of these treatments.Materials and Methods: Annualized case log data for incontinence surgeries from certifying and recertifying urologists were obtained from the ABU (American Board of Urology), ranging from 2004 to 2010. Chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between surgeon characteristics (type of certification, annual volume, practice type and practice location) and the use of incontinence procedures.Results: Among the 2,036 nonpediatric case logs examined the number of incontinence treatments reported for certification has steadily increased over time from 1,936 to 3,366 treatments per year from 2004 to 2010 (p = 0.008). Nearly a fifth of urologists reported placing at least 1 sling. The proportion...
Osmium tetroxide-zinc iodide staining of golgi elements and surface coats of hydras

Hydras treated for 4 hours with osmium tetroxide-zinc iodide (OZI) exhibit complete impregnation of Golgi saccules and vesicles, staining of the fibrillar surface coat of the gastrodermis, and staining of the inner surface of certain clear, intracellular vacuoles. No deposition occurs within the epidermal surface coat, the intercellular spaces, or the mesoglea. When the OZI solution is adjusted to pH 7.0, Golgi structures stain, but deposition along surface coats is no longer noted. Increased or decreased duration of treatment with OZI produces incomplete Golgi permeation and variable loss of surface coat staining. Hyaluronidase pretreatment of living hydras prevents OZI deposition along the gastrodermal luminal surface and within Golgi zones, suggesting that OZI could be staining mucosaccharides in these sites.
Space systems verification program and management process: Importance of Implementing a Distributed-Verification Program with Standardized Modular-Management Process

Having a solid verification program that ensures a “system is built right” plays a crucial role in both government and commercial space programs, since even the smallest error in a requirement, design-analysis, test, or inspection at every level of a system development could cause a major system malfunction and would be almost impossible to troubleshoot and repair once in space. According to the space-launch vehicles (SV-LVs) failure related data that have been collected by Aerospace Corporation since the 1960s, almost all of the post-launch failures could have been prevented if their problems had been discovered prior to the shipment of these vehicles to their launch sites. In particular, it was found that the majority of these vehicles could have been successful if deficiencies were corrected during early phase (requirement and design phases) or lower system level of their systems development. In general, any latent problems discovered later on in system development would significantly impact cost and schedule of space programs, even if they were successfully corrected prior to launch. This paper presents a systematic approach to planning and executing verification of space systems based on a distributed-space system verification program. It enforces a standardized set of modular-management processes at every level and phase of space system development activities. This distributed verification program approach tries to enforce a standard set of management processes in order to prevent Total System Program Responsibility (TSPR) philosophy, a “faster, better, cheaper” approach, from being unintentionally adopted at any level of space system development due to schedule and cost pressures. This space systems verification approach is now explained in an U.S. DoD best practice document and also included in The Aerospace Corporation's specification and standard list. It has also been adopted as a compliance document in some major U.S. space programs, such as GPS Block III, and national security space programs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
An analysis of swimming behavior in the portunid crab Callinectes sapidus

The swimming behavior of a portunid crab was analysed using high‐speed cinematography. The posture adopted for sideways swimming includes the rigid extension of trailing legs 1–4 and the cyclic beating of the modified 5th‐legs. There is also beating of leading legs 2–4. The 5th‐legs beat in near synchrony at approx. 4/sec while legs 2–4 beat in a normal walking gait at approx. 2/sec. There is no significant phase coupling between legs 2–4 and the 5th legs. Amputation of single walking‐legs (2–4) causes the remaining 2 legs to beat alternately and phase relationships now appear between remaining walking‐legs and the 5th‐legs. Amputation of single 5th‐legs cause no changes in walking‐legs and bilateral amputation effects are also absent. These results lead to the postulation of neural control systems to account for the observed behavior.
Very elongated nuclei near A = 194

Abstract A γ-ray cascade in 191Hg of 12 members with average energy spacing 37 keV and Qt= 18(3)eb was reported by Moore and co-workers in 1989. This was the first report of very elongated nuclei (superdeformation) in this mass region. Since then, some 25 γ-ray cascades have been observed in 11 (slightly neutron deficient) Hg, Pb and Tl nuclei. Our collaboration has investigated 7 of these nuclei. The bands have similar dynamic moments-of-inertia. Some nuclei exhibit multiple bands, and the backbending phenomenon has been observed. Level spins can be obtained from comparison of transition energies to rotational model formulas. Selected bands (in different nuclei) have equal transition energies (within 0.1%). Alignment in integer multiples of has been observed. Properties of these bands will be described.
Tests of sommerfeld ground wave theory using ground-penetrating radar pulses

We have used ground-penetrating radar pulse waveforms within moveout profiles that we recorded over dielectric ground, to test the geometric amplitude attenuation rates of interfacial surface air waves predicted by classic Sommerfeld theory. The pulses allow separation of interfacial wave modes. We used horizontally polarized pulses centered from 37–390 MHz, frozen ground, and an intermediate range of tens of wavelengths over which radial polarization is predicted to exhibit anomalously low rates. As predicted, azimuthal broadside polarization at 37–45 MHz attenuated in proportion to the square of range, but the radial endfire rate was closer to the 1.6 power of range. At 360–390 MHz, both rates exhibited predicted range-squared amplitude attenuation. Not readily extractable from the theory are the rates for subsurface direct waves, for which we found, from numerical experiments, that both polarizations attenuate in proportion to the square of range. This suggests that geometric rates for all types of subsurface interfacial waves attenuate in proportion to range squared and could be subtracted from actual rates to determine material loss rates.
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Reappraisal of nuclear, cytoplasmic and axonal inclusions ultrastructural study of eight cases.

A description of “nuclear bodies”, “intranuclear crystalloid tubules” and intracytoplasmic inclusions from eight SSPE cases in clinical stage 2 and 3 is presented. The development and evolution of nuclear bodies is proposed. No correlation between the clinical stage of the disease and the different morphological aspects of nuclear bodies was found. The presence of nuclear bodies in SSPE is a consistent feature and consequently these “structures” should have a definite diagnostic value in clinically suspected cases of SSPE.
Directional localization in high ambient noise with and without the use of hearing protectors.

Personal hearing protective devices (HPDs) are becoming increasingly common in settings where levels of noise above 85 dB(A) represent a potential threat to hearing. Several previous studies have indicated that the use of such devices adversely affects the localization of sounds, but none of these experiments employed very precise measures of location discriminability. The major study in the present report examined just such fine discrimination, using a forced-choice task, and compared the effects of three different HPDS. Localization signals were 1.5 s bursts of noise (≥ 1 kHz). Both of the described experiments were conducted in acoustically complex, reverberant environments, to simulate real working conditions. Results indicated that greater attenuation (especially at higher frequencies) was the primary factor associated with poor performance on the fine discrimination task.
An evaluation of gender and racial disparity in the decision to treat surgically arterial disease.

Objective In 1994, our hospital reported a significant gender disparity in the treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD). The objective of this study was to determine if this gender-based treatment disparity still persists after 15 years. Methods A retrospective review of patients with PAD and carotid artery disease based on vascular laboratory studies was performed from January 2006 to February 2008. PAD was identified by ankle-brachial index ≤ 0.9 or abnormal waveform. Treatable carotid artery disease was identified by symptomatic stenosis 60%-99% or asymptomatic stenosis 80%-99%. Patients with interventions before January 2006 were excluded. Demographics, risk factors, and interventions were recorded. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors and independent predictors of intervention. Results Of 2,313 peripheral artery studies, 592 patients with PAD and no prior intervention were identified. Sixty-five (21.7%) of 299 men and 47 (16.0%) of 293 women underwent angioplasty, stenting, endarterectomy, or bypass grafting. This difference was not significant ( P = .077). However, by multivariate analysis of patients with critical limb ischemia, Caucasian race was an independent predictor of intervention ( P = .010; odds ratio [OR] 3.363). Of 3,505 carotid duplex studies, 253 patients with treatable carotid artery disease and no prior intervention were identified. Seventy-eight (52.7%) of 148 men and 43 (41.0%) of 105 women underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or stenting. This difference was not significant ( P = .065). However, by multivariate analysis, Caucasian race was identified as an independent predictor of intervention ( P = .015, OR 3.033). Insurance status was not a predictor of intervention in either the PAD ( P = .70) or carotid artery disease cohort ( P = .99). Conclusion Our data reveal that gender was not an independent predictor of intervention for PAD or carotid artery disease; however, Caucasian race independently predicted a greater likelihood of intervention in PAD patients with critical limb ischemia and in the carotid artery disease cohort. This study demonstrates the importance of performance assessments in uncovering unsuspected treatment disparities.
Top Picks from 2013

This column discusses the Top Picks special issue, including article topics, the selection process, and how articles differ from the conference version.
Juvenile hormone action mediated in male accessory glands of Drosophila by calcium and kinase C

In an in vitro system for the Drosophila melanogaster male accessory gland, it was found that 10(-9)M juvenile hormone III could accurately mimic the copulation-induced response of increased protein synthesis in glands from virgin flies. Stimulation by this hormone required calcium in the medium. Experiments with tumor-promoting phorbol esters indicated that activation of protein kinase C can also cause the glands to increase protein synthesis. Stimulation of protein synthesis by juvenile hormone did not occur in mutants deficient in kinase C activity. These results suggest a membrane-protein-mediated effect of juvenile hormone that involves calcium and kinase C.
Hepatitis C virus infection in the United States

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common chronic bloodborne infection in the United States, and most infected persons are younger than 50 years old. The relative importance of the two most common exposures associated with transmission of HCV, blood transfusion and intravenous drug use (IVDU), has changed over time. Blood transfusion, which accounted for a substantial proportion of HCV infections acquired >10 years ago, rarely accounts for recently acquired infections. In contrast, IVDU has consistently accounted for a substantial proportion of HCV infections and currently accounts for 60% of HCV transmission while sexual exposures account for up to 20%. Other known exposures (occupational, hemodialysis, household, perinatal) together account for about 10% of infections. In the remaining 10%, no recognized source of infection can be identified, although most persons in this category are associated with low socioeconomic level. Case-control studies have found no association with military service or exposures resulting from medical, surgical or dental procedures, tattooing, acupuncture, ear piercing or foreign travel. Reducing the burden of HCV infection and disease in the United States requires implementation of primary prevention activities that reduce or eliminate HCV transmission and secondary prevention activities that reduce liver and other chronic diseases in HCV-infected persons by identifying them and providing appropriate medical management and antiviral therapy. Surveillance and evaluation activities also are important to determine the effectiveness of these programs in reducing the incidence of disease, identifying persons infected with HCV, and promoting healthy lifestyles and behaviors.
The Debye-Falkenhagen theory of electrical relaxation in glass

The Debye-Falkenhagen-Tomozawa theory (DFT theory) of electrical relaxation in glass is reviewed. This theory interprets the principal electrical relaxation in ionically conducting glasses in terms of relaxation of Debye-Huckel ion atmospheres. Electrical relaxation data is presented to demonstrate that in typical alkali silicate glasses the concentration of free ions is too great for the DFT theory to hold. Further data in a series of borosilicate glasses containing Na2O at the 0.01 mol% level offers evidence for the validity of the theory in the dilute alkali regime. However, a quantitative fit to the theory can only be made under the assumption that less than 8% of the sodium in the glass is present as free ions at 400°C. This result is discussed in terms of the Bjerrum theory of ionic association.
Thermal conductivity measurements in helium films on a Mylar substrate

Abstract We report measurements of the temperature difference across a Mylar strip as a function of the film thickness for various amounts of heat applied to one end of the strip. The results reveal a dramatic jump in the thermal conductance at superflow onset. For thicker films the observed temperature difference decreases to zero in a non-trivial manner.
Microteaching in the Preservice Education of Teachers: Time for a Reexamination

AbstractAlthough considerable research has demonstrated the effectiveness of microteaching in promoting specific teacher behavior in small group settings, little investigation has been done on the level of transfer of these behaviors to the actual classroom, In this study thirteen specific questioning skills were taught to two groups of student teachers. The experimental group was given microteaching experiences to help them learn these skills, while the control group received no microteaching experiences, A comparison of the two groups accomplished by analyzing video tapes of teacher questioning behavior during regular classroom discussions revealed no significant differences. It was concluded that more effective means of integrating microteaching into a field experience program need to be developed.
Measurement of Achievable Timing Resolution With ZnO:Ga Films

ZnO:Ga films are attractive phosphors for a number of high energy physics and security applications because of their extremely fast temporal response (typically less than 1 ns). Significant efforts have been undertaken to study the dependence of luminescence properties of ZnO:Ga on dopant constituency and temperature. However, most of these studies simply report the decay time of the phosphor, and there is a lack of published values for measured timing resolution with ZnO:Ga. This work aims to present achievable timing resolution with ZnO:Ga through predictive models and experimentally measured values. Careful characterization of a ZnO:Ga sample's temporal distribution and photosensor response provided inputs for an analytical timing model to predict the timing performance of ZnO:Ga. Additionally, the statistical limit on timing performance is calculated via the Cramer-Rao statistic. The timing performance of a thin-film reference detector is quantified for alpha particle irradiation, and the timing resolution of a ZnO:Ga film is measured against the reference detector. A consistent and precise timestamp from the onset of the rising edge of the ZnO:Ga sample yielded a timing resolution of 52.5 ±10.0 ps FWHM was measured for the case of 50 detected photons. Good agreement is shown between measured and predicted timing performance, and the relation to the statistical limit is presented. The reported timing performance for a scintillator with an extremely fast decay but poor light yield has meaningful impact in many areas of study where a fast scintillator is required, including its use in the associated particle detector of a neutron generator to enable multimodal, time-of-flight (TOF) based imaging and TOF Positron Emission Tomography Imaging.
Redox reactions of the non-heme iron in photosystem II: an EPR spectroscopic study.

We have used EPR spectroscopy to investigate the redox chemistry of the non-heme iron of photosystem II, focusing on the cryogenic electron-transfer reactions of iron, QA and a variety of secondary electron donors, namely chlorophylls, carotenoids and tyrosine D. Glycolate coordination to the iron was used in combination with potassium ferricyanide to preoxidize the non-heme iron completely and prime it for photoreduction. The oxidized Fe3+ and QA centers operated as a single, one-electron acceptor site: EPR quantitation of both the oxidized donor yield and the Fe2+ QA − yield found no evidence for the formation of more than one oxidized secondary electron donor per PSII. The photooxidized chlorophyll and carotenoid secondary electron donors were shown, for the first time, to be capable of charge recombination with photoreduced Fe2+, oxidizing the iron in a temperature-dependent fashion below 300 K. Two redox populations of Fe3+ were revealed at low temperatures. One population was photoreduced at the lowest attainable temperatures, while the other was fully photoreduced only at temperatures above ca. 140 K. It is hypothesized that the redox activity of the non-heme iron depends upon the existence of a facile proton-transfer pathway linking the site to the stromal surface of the protein, and that the redox activity of the non-heme iron may probe redox-coupled proton-transfer reactions around the QB site.
Synergistic roles of IgM and complement in antigen trapping and follicular localization.

We have investigated the roles of IgM and complement (C) in the enhancement of primary immune responses and the localization of protein antigen (Ag) in the spleen. Pentameric but not monomericIgM enhances antibody (Ab) responses in both wild-type and secretory μ-deficient (μs–/–) mice, indicating that a single IgM clone is sufficient as long as it activates C. Ag localizes on follicular dendritic cells (FDC) within 16 h after injection of immune complexes (IC) containing pentameric but not monomeric IgM. Surprisingly, pentameric IgM-containing IC were trapped in spleens of C3-depleted and Cr2-deficient mice. However, the IC were found only in the marginal zone (MZ), associated predominantly with MZ macrophages. IC were also detected in the MZ in normal mice within 1 h after injection, but associated with other cells in addition to MZ macrophages. The results demonstrate an important role for pentameric IgM in the initiation of Ag trapping, a step independent of C3 activation and of the interaction of IC with CR1 and CR2. The data also provide direct evidence that C3 activation is required for the next phase of localization, in which Ag moves from the MZ to FDC, with consequent enhancement of specific immune responses.
Turbulent structure measurements by RELIEF flow tagging

Molecular tagging by Raman excitation + laser-induced electronic fluorescence (RELIEF) is applied to an isotropically turbulent air flow to demonstrate the utility of the technique for measurements of fundamental turbulence parameters. Lines which are 120 μm in diameter are written into the flow and their displacement is recorded after several microseconds. From these images, the average flow velocity profile, the average turbulence intensity profile, and the lateral velocity correlation function are computed. The lines themselves can be examined for coherent structure, eddy diffusion, line stretching, curvature, etc.
Effective atomic numbers for photoabsorption in alloys in the energy region of absorption edges

Abstract For photon interactions, the effective atomic numbers for 25 alloys containing different elements from carbon to bismuth at energies 10, 20, 30, 40 60, 80, 100 and 150 keV are derived. It is expected that the number should not vary with energy in this energy region, since photoabsorption is the dominant process. But, it is noticed that the number is not the same for alloys in the energy region of their respective constituent elemental photoabsorption edges. However, above the energy of the K absorption edge of the highest atomic number involved in each alloy, the number for photoabsorption more or less remains the same.
Misplaced marketing The real reason for the real bad advertising

Focuses on “bad” advertising commercials and asserts that such advertising is not because of a lack of creativity, entertainment value or money for production. Bad advertising is often because advertising creators fail to focus on potential end customers, and what they need to see and hear.
The sulfur chemistry of shiitake mushroom.

Allium herbs, such as Chinese chive, garlic, and onion, share a common sulfur biochemistry that occurs on cell breakage. Sulfoxide precursors are converted enzymatically to sulfenic acid intermediates and thence to a variety of pungent and in some cases noxious sulfur species that probably act to deter herbivores. Very similar biochemistry has been proposed to occur in shiitake mushrooms. Prior to the present work, our understanding of the sulfur biochemistry of these plants and fungi has been derived largely from conventional analysis procedures. We have used in situ sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy in intact and disrupted allium plants and shiitake mushroom. The expected changes in sulfur forms following cell breakage are indeed observed for the alliums, but no significant changes occur for the fungus. Thus, any changes involving the sulfur-containing compounds of shiitake mushroom following cell breakage occur to a far smaller extent than those involving allium plants, presumably reflecting ...
Review and Comparison of Fracture Mechanics-based Bond Strength Models for FRP-strengthened Structures:

This study presents a critical review on fracture mechanics-based bond strength models related to the use of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in the rehabilitation of concrete. The predictions from a set of typically used bond strength models are compared with each other through a set of parametric studies. Given that the models use a diverse set of parameters, in order to enable an equitable comparison, parameters are carefully chosen as related to (a) characteristics of concrete, (b) characteristics of the FRP, and (c) characteristics related to concrete cover and epoxy mortar. The corresponding reliability and accuracy is also confirmed by comparing with test data. A comparison of some of the major models in this class with experimental data shows that the accuracy in prediction of Pmax and Le varies substantially with very few of the models actually incorporating the effects of critical bond parameters such as adhesive thickness and characteristics of the FRP–concrete interp...
The Concept of Innovation and the History of Cocoa Farming in Western Nigeria

The history of cocoa production in Western Nigeria is an example of a successful innovation in the Schumpeterian sense of the term—a new productive activity which, when adopted by a number of producers, leads to economic growth and structural change within a given institutional and social context. Cocoa growing spread in Western Nigeria through the efforts of migrant farmers, many of whom relied on traditional, non-economic institutions, such as the lineage or ethnic community, to mobilize the economic resources they needed to establish cocoa farms. From an examination of the activities of migrant farmers in three Yoruba states—Ibadan, Ife and Ondo—it is argued that the spread of cocoa farming probably strengthened these traditional institutions. At the same time, it has effected significant changes in the volume, organization and geographical distribution of rural economic activity in Western Nigeria.
Anesthesia and periinterventional morbidity of rigid bronchoscopy for tracheobronchial foreign body diagnosis and removal

Summary Background : Undiagnosed tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (FBA) or delayed extraction can lead to serious morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate anesthetic and periinterventional morbidity of a straightforward regime using rigid bronchoscopy to rule out or remove a tracheobronchial foreign body in children with suspicion of FBA. Methods : We retrospectively analyzed rigid bronchoscopy charts of children with suspicion of acute (≤24 h) and subacute (>24 h–2 weeks) tracheobronchial FBA (1990–2003). Patient characteristics, duration of fasting, technique/course of anesthesia induction, and duration/course of rigid bronchoscopy were taken. Anesthetic, periinterventional complications and length of hospital stay were noted. Data are given in median (range [interquartile range]). Results : A total of 287 children were included in this study. Median age was 1.7 years (0.2–14.2 [1.2–2.5]); in 72.1% a tracheobronchial foreign body was found and removed. Fasting time before induction of anesthesia was 5 h (1–14 [4.0–7.0]). Anesthesia adverse events were seen in 0.7%, whereas periinterventional complication from rigid bronchoscopy was observed in 7.6%. Hospital discharge within 4 h after bronchoscopy was possible in 65.2%. Complications of delayed diagnosis (>24 h) were prolonged duration of rigid bronchoscopy because of severe mucosal changes or difficulties in foreign body extraction. Conclusions : General anesthesia for rigid bronchoscopy to rule out a tracheobronchial foreign body in children carries low morbidity. Most of the complications originated from the foreign body itself especially in patients with late diagnosis. The risk for serious complications caused by retained foreign bodies outweighs the low morbidity of explorative rigid bronchoscopy in children with suspected FBA or children with prolonged cough or pulmonary infection unresponsive to medical treatment.
Pineal and nonpineal supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors

Pineal region supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNETs; pineoblastomas) and nonpineal SPNETs are rare tumors that historically have carried a very poor prognosis. With multimodality therapy, including maximal surgical resection, craniospinal radiation therapy and chemotherapy, the survival for patients with pineal PNETs has significantly improved. Chemotherapy alone, at least in conventional doses, appears to be insufficient treatment for younger children with pineoblastomas, in whom there is almost universal rapid tumor progression and death. Survival of patients with nonpineal SPNETs remains in the order of 30–35% despite multimodality therapy. Unlike those with pineal SPNETs, a significant percentage of infants with nonpineal SPNETs who undergo gross total surgical resection followed by chemotherapy will be long-term survivors. This article gives an overview of the natural history, prognostic factors and treatment of both pineal and nonpineal SPNETs.
Validation of a Depression Screening Measure for Stroke Inpatients

The Stroke Inpatient Depression Inventory (SIDI) was developed and tested on 50 stroke inpatients on a rehabilitation unit. The format and content of the SIDI questions were intended to improve on the limited validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and other measures of depression with stroke inpatients. The validity of the SIDI was supported by higher correlations with a psychiatrist's rating of depression level (r = 0.70), SADS-C score (r = 0.68), and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score (r = 0.78) compared with the CES-D. Also, the SIDI was more accurate than the CES-D in correct classification of patients with regard to diagnosis of depression (86% vs. 76% correct).
Research on DTC System of Induction Motor Based on Fuzzy Control

Based on fuzzy control strategy, direct torque control (DTC) system of induction motor is designed by making use of a fuzzy controller to choose voltage-space-vectors. Simulation model of this system is realized via Matlab software. Finally, simulation results show that this system has improved dynamic and static performance that the response of torque gets quicker, and the fluctuation of torque turns milder, and better robustness after using the fuzzy controller.
The Pattern of Vascular Reactivity in Experimental Hypertension of Varied Origin

The response of the arterial pressure to a variety of drugs acting on different parts of the vascular tree has been employed to determine the contrasting mechanisms of chronic hypertension experimentally produced in dogs. The results suggest that the pattern of response depends on the state of the extrinsic regulatory mechanisms of the blood vessels rather than on intrinsic change in vascular musculature. Contrasting with chronic renal hypertension, greatly increased vasomotor function causes increased peripheral resistance in chronic neurogenic hypertension. The hypertension seems to us to be due more to this increase in resistance than to increased cardiac output. The pattern of vascular responsiveness in acute hypertension is different from the chronic and emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between the two phases of hypertension.