cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Green diabetes mellitus: a pilot project

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Most of approximately 422 million people globally have diabetes mellitus use sharps for glucose monitoring. Many adults with diabetes are unaware of safe disposal methods, posing a risk of injury or potential infection to others. AIM To determine how adults with diabetes dispose of diabetes care-related waste and to assess changes in their disposal habits after receiving brief targeted education during medical visits. METHODS Ambulatory adults with diabetes (aged ≥18 years) were enrolled during their medical visit. After completing an initial questionnaire, a handout on safe disposal practices was discussed with them, which was followed by a second questionnaire 3 months later. RESULTS There were 111 participants at baseline (mean age 55 years, 50.4% had diabetes for >10 years, 52% female, 74.7% insulin users, 59.4% had home sharps containers, 53.1% had previous diabetes education). Of these, 40.5% reported disposing of sharps in their household trash. Insulin use, previous diabetes education or having a ‘Red Sharps’ container at home were each significantly associated with safe disposal (all P < 0.05). Of the 96 (86.5%) participants who completed the second questionnaire, unsafe disposal of sharps fell from 39.6% to 10.4% (P < 0.001). Preferred method of container disposal was the use of drop-off sites (pharmacies, doctors’ offices and hospitals). Outside their homes, 18.8% of completers had used regular trash for sharps disposal. Post education, this fell to 8.7% (P = 0.065). Post education, reuse of sharps decreased from 38.3% to 14.9% (P < 0.001) and improper handling of sharps (eg bending or cutting) fell from 18.8% to 9.4% (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Safe sharps disposal can be improved by providing a simple handout with a brief discussion at the time of medical visits. Disposal methods that are easy, convenient and free-of-charge are needed to further increase safety.
TARGETED TEMPERATURE MANAGEMENT IN SURVIVALS OF CARDIAC ARREST WITH NON-SHOCKABLE RHYTHMS: A META-ANALYSIS AND TRIAL SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS

Controversy surrounds utilization of targeted temperature management (TTM) in comatose cardiac arrest (CA) survivors with a non-shockable rhythm. We conducted meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) comparing a TTM versus No TTM approaches in patients with CA and a non-shockable rhythm.
Racial Disparities among Patients Undergoing Left Ventricular Assist Device: A Single Center Experience

Purpose The impact of race on outcomes of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recipients remains a topic of debate as prior studies have demonstrated inconsistent results. We thought to investigate clinical outcomes of Hispanics LVAD recipients compared to Caucasians and African Americans at our institution. Methods We retrospectively identified LVAD recipients between 2009 and 2018. Patients were stratified according to race. Demographics and clinical acuity data were collected. The primary endpoint was survival. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of thrombosis, neurological events (NE), infection (INX), and right heart failure (RHF). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare survival between the two groups. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to conduct multivariable analysis. Results A total of 147 patients were included in the analysis (62 Hispanics, 39 Caucasians, 46 African Americans). The prevalence of hypertension was highest among Hispanics (69%) compared to Caucasians (41%) and African Americans (54%), p = 0.018. Similarly, more Hispanics suffered from diabetes (55%, 31%, 30%, p = 0.015). Unadjusted 1-year survival was not significantly different among the groups (p = 0.222 by log-rank test). Among the clinical acuity factors analyzed, total bilirubin was a predictor of mortality (HR 1.24 95% CI 1.05-1.47, p = 0.010). The incidence of thrombosis, NE, INX, and RHF were not significantly different among the three groups. Conclusion Race does not appear to impact clinical outcomes of advanced heart failure patients undergoing LVAD implantation. Total bilirubin at the time of LVAD implantation is a strong predictor of mortality.
Luminescence as a Continuous Real-Time Reporter of Promoter Activity in Yeast Undergoing Respiratory Oscillations or Cell Division Rhythms

This chapter describes a method for generating yeast respiratory oscillations in continuous culture and monitoring rhythmic promoter activity of the culture by automated real-time recording of luminescence. These techniques chiefly require the use of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that has been genetically modified to express firefly luciferase under the control of a promoter of interest and a continuous culture bioreactor that incorporates a photomultiplier apparatus for detecting light emission. Additionally, this chapter describes a method for observing rhythmic (cell cycle-related) promoter activity in small batch cultures of yeast through luminescence monitoring.
Coping Power in the City: Promoting Coping in African American Male Students

This article describes efforts to adapt an adolescent version of the Coping Power program, called Coping Power in the City, for use with high school students attending an urban school district with...
Beliefs about an Offender’s Capacity to Be Rehabilitated: Black Offenders Are Seen as More Capable of Change

One goal of incarceration is offender rehabilitation. We examined whether characteristics of an offender affect beliefs about rehabilitation capacity. In three studies using large samples, we inves...
The Dream Frontier

I. Introduction and Overview 1. The Dream Frontier II. New Ways of Thinking About Dreams 2. The Analysis and Creation of Dream Meaning 3. Secondary Revision, Tertiary Revision, and Beyond 4. Who Creates, Has, Remembers, Tells, and Interprets the Dream? 5. We Never Lie in Our Dreams 6. Condensation and Interobjects 7. Oneiric Darwinism 8. Dreams and the Language of Thought III. Clinical Work With Dreams 9. Vectors of Dream Interpretation 10. How to Analyze Dreams: Fundamental Principles 11. How to Analyze Dreams: Special Topics 12. Homonyms and Other Wordplay in Dreams 13. Dream Acts: Dreams in Analysis as Actions 14. Dream Symbols 15. Kleinian Positions and Dreams 16. The Patient's Dreams and the Countertransference 17. Dreams as Supervision, Dreams in Supervision 18. The Clinical Use of Countertransference Dreams 19. The Reallocation of Madness IV. Sleep, Dreams, and the Brain 20. Knowing What We Know in Waking and Dreaming 21. What Dreams Can Tell Us About the Brain 22. Endoneuropsychic Perception References Index
The Copper Oxides As Guides to New Superconductors

The copper oxides provide not only a remarkably high critical temperature Tc, but also model systems for the study of this new phenomenon. The search for new materials must be guided not only by our understanding of the phenomenon itself, but also by our knowledge of the competitive mechanisms that would suppress it. The paper outlines seven competitive mechanisms to be avoided as well as a model of the normal state from which high-Tc superconductivity condenses. The model is for a polaron liquid condensing below about 300 K from a gas of correlation polarons; the correlation polarons are large and move diffusely without an activated mobility because of a vibronic resonance between distinguishable ionic and covalent Cu-O bond lengths.
Stating the Problem as a Hypothesis

This chapter explores the provisional nature of hypotheses, meaning that there is nothing permanent, nothing final, about any hypothesis. In view of the fact that a hypothesis is central to any scientific investigation, theoretical or experimental, it is necessary to study hypotheses in more detail. But without hypotheses, there is no meaning or purpose to scientific investigation. Another way of saying this is that the hypothesis impels scientific investigation. There is a seeming exception to the above statement—namely, investigations in the classificatory sciences, such as zoology and botany. The uses of hypotheses are widespread and their varieties are large. Hypothesizing is part of human thought experiencing in daily lives. But to produce a hypothesis of the stature of the laws of motion is an extraordinary event, even among great scientists.
A risk methodology to evaluate sensitivity of plant risk to human errors

The authors present an evaluation of the sensitivity of plant risk parameters, namely the core melt frequency and the accident sequence frequencies, to the human errors involved in various aspects of nuclear power plant operations. Results are provided using the Oconee-3 Probabilistic Risk Assessment model as an example application of the risk methodology described. >
On real time reflector surface distortion determination

Gain loss in large reflector antennas due to main reflector surface distortion is a significant problem in both ground and spacecraft antennas. There are several techniques under development to compensate for these distortions. However, distortions due to thermal effects are time varying and generally not known a priori. Therefore, to compensate for these distortions, it is necessary to determine the characteristics of the actual distortion in real time. Three techniques for real time measuring of the main reflector surface distortion are discussed. 1) A two-camera optical surface-measuring system using photogrammetry, 2) A small array feed placed in the focal plane of the reflector system and 3) Small probes placed on the subreflector. It was demonstrated that all three methods can recover the main reflector distortion with the subreflector probe method seeming to offer the simplest (least number of probes and minimal computation) implementation. This paper describes an experiment to verify the subreflector probe technique.
Discrete-time systems: control and tracking

The design of controllers for linear discrete-time systems using the Lyapunov stability theory and Hamilton-Jacobi framework, numerical optimization and other viable methods, has been thoroughly studied. However, for nonlinear discrete-time systems, the tracking problem has not been rigorously approached to ensure desirable results. Motion control and tracking are important problems, and these issues are emphasized and studied in this paper using the Hamilton-Jacobi theory. The optimal state-feedback nonlinear tracking problem is formulated and solved using necessary conditions for optimality, and a nonquadratic performance index is minimized. It is shown that the proposed procedure extends the available analytical tools and provides a viable avenue to solve a wide spectrum of nonlinear design problems. The reported concept is applied to design a nonlinear digital controller for a ground vehicle driven by an advanced turbocharged diesel. The synthesized controller is verified, and the nonlinear simulation results carried out using high-fidelity mathematical model are reported and discussed.
Canalicular stenosis secondary to docetaxel (taxotere): A newly recognized side effect

Abstract Objective To report a newly recognized side effect of a commonly used antineoplastic agent, docetaxel, in three patients with metastatic breast cancer. Design Observational case reports. Participants Three patients with metastatic breast cancer who received weekly docetaxel chemotherapy. Main outcome measures Occurrence of epiphora and severity of punctal and canalicular fibrosis secondary to docetaxel. Results In three patients receiving weekly docetaxel, canalicular stenosis and resultant epiphora developed shortly after start of their treatment. Discontinuation of drug several months after initiation of therapy did not lead to resolution of symptoms in two of the three patients. Conclusions Epiphora is a newly recognized side effect of docetaxel and may occur more frequently with weekly cycles of this drug. The mechanism for epiphora seems to be punctal and canalicular stenosis. This side effect, in advanced cases, is not reversible with discontinuation of the drug. Patients being administered weekly cycles of docetaxel should be screened for epiphora and canalicular stenosis, and treatment in the form of silicone intubation or punctoplasty should be considered in early stages to prevent the need for conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy.
DiOlistic labeling in fixed brain slices: phenotype, morphology, and dendritic spines.

Identifying neuronal morphology is a key component in understanding neuronal function. Several techniques have been developed to address this issue, including Golgi staining, electroporation of fluorescent dyes, and transfection of fluorescent constructs. Ballistic delivery of transgenic constructs has been a successful means of rapidly transfecting a non-biased population of cells within tissue or culture. Recently, this technique was modified for the ballistic delivery of dye coated gold or tungsten particles, enabling a non-biased, rapid fluorescent membrane labeling of individual neurons in both fixed and non-fixed tissue. This unit outlines a step-by-step protocol for the ballistic method of dye delivery (“DiOlistic labeling) to fixed tissue, including optimal tissue fixation conditions. In addition, a protocol for coupling “DiOlistic” labeling with other immunofluorescent methods is detailed, enabling the association of neuronal morphology with a specific cellular phenotype.
Quantity of dietary protein, but not pattern of intake, affects net protein accretion in older adults (272.4)

We examined 16-h whole body protein turnover [protein synthesis (PS), breakdown (PB), and net balance (NB), expressed as delta changes from the fasted state] in four permutations: a level of protein intake of 0.8g/kg/day (1RDA) or 1.5g/kg/day (2RDA) with an uneven [U: 15/20/65%)] or even distribution patterns of intake (E: 33/33/33%) for breakfast, lunch, & dinner of intake over the day. Twenty healthy older subjects were randomly assigned into one of 4 groups: 1RDA-U, 1RDA-E, 2RDA-U, or 2RDA-E, and were studied with primed continuous infusions of ring-[2H5]phenylalanine & ring-[2H2]tyrosine on day 4 following 3 days of diet habituation. Positive NB was achieved at both protein levels, but NB was significantly greater in 2RDA vs. 1RDA [NB: 94.75 ± 6.01 vs. 58.86 ± 4.91 g protein/kg/750min; p = 0.0001], without effects of distribution on NB. The greater NB was due to the higher PS with 2RDA vs. 1RDA [PS: 15.40 ± 4.84 vs. -17.98 ± 8.44 g protein/kg/750min; p = 0.0018]. PS was significantly correlate...
Impact of the latitudinal distribution of tropical cyclones on ocean heat transport

[1] The heavy winds associated with tropical cyclones generate strong upper ocean mixing. Recent studies suggest that this enhanced mixing significantly contributes to the ocean poleward heat transport, mainly due to a strengthening of the subtropical cells. A general circulation model is used here to show that whether the poleward heat transport is actually increased depends crucially on the latitude band where mixing is enhanced. If upper ocean mixing is enhanced everywhere within 30° of the equator, poleward heat transport is increased. However, if mixing is enhanced solely in the subtropical bands, where tropical cyclones are observed, the poleward heat transport out of the deep tropics is decreased.
Data processing and computer science theory

Theoretical results have had much greater impact on computing practice than we are normally aware of, and the practical significance of theoretical results can be expected to become more prominent in the future. We discuss the past and present significance for data processing specialists of some results in analysis of algorithms, languages, and program proofs, and argue for a greater emphasis on computer science theory in data processing curricula.
Some effects of purified pituitary growth hormone on carbohydrate metabolism in the rat.

CRUDE pituitary extracts were shown in early work to prevent the hypoglycemic action of insulin, to produce hyperglycemia and glycosuria in dogs and cats when given in excess, to increase glycogen storage and lower the respiratory quotient in rats, and to promote ketogenesis and mobilization of fat to the liver in fasting animals. Later experiments indicated that a significant proportion of these effects on carbohydrate metabolism might be mediated through the action of the adrenocortical hormones. However, adrenalectomy did not eliminate the effects of pituitary extracts on muscle glycogen maintenance in hypophysectomized rats (Russell and Bennett, 1936; Bennett and Perkins, 1945), nor the ability of these extracts to antagonize the action of insulin in rabbits (Himsworth and Scott, 1938), nor the ketogenic activity of such extracts in rats (Shipley, 1940). Similarly, diabetogenic effects were seen in partially depancreatized dogs from which the adrenals had been removed (Houssay et al., 1946).
Drug monitoring in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review.

Objectives To conduct an evidence-based review of the common medication toxicities and strategies and utility of drug toxicity monitoring among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods PubMed and other databases were searched for articles published between the years 1960 and 2010 for keywords referring to medication toxicity or monitoring strategies for 7 drugs commonly used in SLE. All relevant English-language articles were reviewed. Most of the evidence we reviewed comprised studies that addressed the incidence of toxicity—randomized trials that compare different monitoring strategies for these drugs do not exist. Results Data to describe the frequency of adverse events and appropriate strategies for screening for these events are scarce. Toxicities do not appear to be substantially more common among patients with SLE compared to other conditions for which these drugs are used. Conclusions Our review demonstrates that the scientific basis for many aspects of drug toxicity monitoring is weak and that most current recommendations are based largely on expert consensus. We present a future research agenda to address these gaps.
Charmonium with three flavors of dynamical quarks

We present a calculation of the charmonium spectrum with three flavors of dynamical staggered quarks from gauge configurations that were generated by the MILC collaboration. We use the Fermilab action for the valence charm quarks. Our calculation of the spin-averaged 1P-1S and 2S-1S splittings yields a determination of the strong coupling, with {alpha}{sub {ovr MS}}(M{sub Z}) = 0.119(4).
Sex-Specific Pathways to Early Puberty, Sexual Debut, and Sexual Risk Taking: Tests of an Integrated Evolutionary-Developmental Model.

The current study tested sex-specific pathways to early puberty, sexual debut, and sexual risk taking, as specified by an integrated evolutionary-developmental model of adolescent sexual development and behavior. In a prospective study of 238 adolescents (n = 129 girls and n = 109 boys) followed from approximately 12-18 years of age, we tested for longitudinal relations between ecological stressors, family relationships, pubertal maturation, self-perceived mate value, and sexual risk taking in both boys and girls. Consistent with the theory, (a) higher levels of familial and ecological stress predicted earlier sexual debut and greater sexual risk taking; (b) pubertal maturation partially mediated these relations among girls but not among boys; (c) father absence had unique effects on female sexual outcomes but not on male sexual outcomes; (d) higher self-perceived mate value directly predicted earlier sexual debut and, through it, greater sexual risk taking; and (e) relations between pubertal maturation and early sexual debut were partially mediated by higher self-perceived mate value in boys but not in girls. Discussion focuses on the contribution of an integrated evolutionary-developmental theory to the adolescent sexual health literature.
Pituitary-Directed Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Transgene Causes Cushing’s Syndrome: Neuro-Immune-Endocrine Modulation of Pituitary Development

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) regulates the mature hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in vivo. In vitro, LIF determines corticotroph cell proliferation and induces POMC transcription. To explore LIF action on pituitary development, transgenic mice expressing LIF driven by the pituitary glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (alphaGSU) promoter were generated. Transgenic mice exhibited dwarfism with low IGF-I (29 +/- 9 ng/ml vs. wild type (WT) 137 +/- 16 ng/ml; P < 0.001), hypogonadism with low FSH (0.04 +/- 0.023 ng/ml vs. WT 0.63 +/- 0.18 ng/ml; P < 0.001), and Cushingoid features of thin skin and truncal obesity with elevated cortisol levels (86 +/- 22 ng/ml vs. WT 50 +/- 14 ng/ml; P = 0.002). Their pituitary glands showed corticotroph hyperplasia, striking somatotroph and gonadotroph hypoplasia, and multiple Rathke-like cysts lined by ciliated cells. LIF, overexpressed in Rathke's pouch at embryonal day 10, diverts the differentiation stream of hormone-secreting cells toward the corticotroph lineage and ciliated nasopharyngeal-like epithelium. Thus, inappropriate expression of LIF, a neuro-immune interfacing cytokine, plays a key role in the terminal differentiation events of pituitary development and mature pituitary function.
ADL ORVIS: an air-delay-leg, line-imaging optically recording velocity interferometer system.

An interferometry system that enables acquisition of spatially resolved velocity-time profiles with very high velocity sensitivity has been designed and applied to two diverse, instructive experimental problems: (1) measurement of low-amplitude reverberations in laser-driven flyer plates and (2) measurement of ramp-wave profiles in symmetric impact studies of fused silica. The delay leg in this version of a line-imaging optically recording velocity interferometer system (ORVIS) consists of a long air path that includes relay optics to transmit the optical signal through the interferometer cavity. Target image quality from the delay path at the image recombination plane is preserved by means of a compact and flexible optical design utilizing two parabolic reflectors (serving as the relay optics) in a folded path. With an instrument tuned to a velocity per fringe constant of 22.4 m s−1 fringe−1, differences of 1–2 m s−1 across the probe line segment can be readily distinguished. Measurements that capture small spatial variations in flyer velocity are presented and briefly discussed. In the fused silica impact experiments, the ramp-wave profile observed by this air-delay instrument compares favorably to the profile recorded simultaneously by a conventional line-imaging ORVIS.
The Role of Oxygen on the Stability of Crevice Corrosion

Crevice corrosion can initiate in a spontaneously active metal/electrolyte system even with some appreciable oxygen concentration in the crevice electrolyte, as indicated by the measured instantaneous milliampere current and active E x-L potential values at the bottom of the crevice. However, for crevice corrosion to occur, the oxidant concentration has to he below a certain level, set by the metal/electrolyte system and the experimental conditions. Similarly, the oxidant concentration needs to be increased to some higher level to terminate an on-going crevice corrosion process. Reinitiation of crevice corrosion (on a passive crevice wall) is much more difficult than the original initiation. This is because the passive crevice wall provides a small ionic current which generates only a modest IR voltage that cannot shift the potential far enough on the crevice wall to reach the active region. Oxidant reduction at the anodic sites on the crevice wall resulted in a significant reduction in the ionic current, I, and hence in IR. This decrease in IR caused E x-L to increase to a value in the passive region which resulted in passivation of the entire crevice wall and termination of the crevice corrosion process. Conversely, removal of the oxidant caused I to increase and E x=L to shift negatively back to the active region resulting in reactivation of crevice corrosion.
The Use of Core Competencies in Suicide Risk Assessment and Management in Supervision: A Feminist-Narrative Approach

Therapists-in-training receive limited training in how to perform suicide risk assessment and management. This task is generally left for clinical supervision. In fact, one-to-one supervision is the most critical element in helping supervisees become skilled at assessment and management of suicide risk. This article proposes the use of the Core Competencies for Suicide Risk Assessment and Management (Suicide Prevention Resource Center, 2006), using feminist and narrative family therapy perspectives. This approach is meant to foster competence and confidence necessary for supervisees to perform suicide risk assessment and management. Specific tools for supervision are provided.
Transport in the XXZ model

We present evidence suggesting that spin transport in the gapless phase of the $S=1/2 \mathrm{XXZ}$ model is ballistic rather than diffusive. We map the model onto a spinless fermion model whose charge stiffness determines the spin transport of the original model. By means of exact numerical diagonalization and finite size scaling we study both the stiffness and the level statistics. We show that the stiffness is nonzero at any temperature so that the transport is ballistic. Our results suggest that the nonzero stiffness arises because even in the presence of umklapp scattering a nonzero fraction of states remains degenerate in the thermodynamic limit.
A proglacial origin for the upper Proterozoic Rockfish Conglomerate, central Virginia, U.S.A.

Abstract The upper Proterozoic Rockfish Conglomerate is a lenticular unit of stratified pebbly sandstone and conglomerate as much as 500 m thick at the base of the Lynchburg Group in central Virginia. It has been interpreted as a deep-water resedimented deposit, but glacial influence is suggested by the presence of dropstones and coarse-grained rhythmites. The coarsest deposits in the Rockfish Conglomerate are confined to the lower 30 m and consist of stratified pebbly sandstones containing outsized clasts and lenses of cobble conglomerate. They are interpreted as subaqueous glacial outwash deposited on a delta front. Coarse-grained, rhythmically-bedded sandstones containing thin, laterally persistent pebbly horizons make up the bulk of the unit and probably accumulated by a combination of mass flow and ice-rafting processes seaward of the delta front. Overlying this rhythmite facies is a thin horizon of dropstone-bearing turbidites. The Rockfish Conglomerate may reflect local progradation of highland glaciers across the margin of the Lynchburg basin during the initial stages of late Proterozoic rifting. Recognition of glaciogenic rocks in the Lynchburg Group provides further evidence for regional glaciation in the southern Appalachians during late Proterozoic time. Glaciation in the southern Appalachian Blue Ridge may correlate with the worldwide Vendian glacial event, compatible with geochronologic data that indicate rifting between 690-570 Ma in the southern Appalachians.
We need programs for chronic airway obstruction.

The following comments from Dr. Thomas L. Petty were reviewed by the Executive Council of the American College of Chest Physicians. The Council unanimously endorsed Dr. Petty's communication.
The importance of the measure of health in empirical estimates of the labor supply of older men

Abstract When a more objective measure of health is used, economic variables previously masked by self-reported health measures are found to significantly affect work effort of older men. This may explain differences in results of previous studies even when the same empirical specifications are used.
Hyperbolic Curvature and Conformal Mapping

The connection between the second derivative of a conformal mapping and curvature has been used in a number of ways. In this note we give an intrinsic formulation of this as a kind of Schwarz lemma for hyperbolic curvature. Throughout, D will denote a simply connected domain in C with at least two boundary points and D(> i) = xD( > i) will denote the geodesic curvature of a smooth curve y in D at ZE y measured in the hyperbolic metric XD \ dz \ of D (constant curvature — 1).
Fundamental aspects of modeling turbulent particle dispersion in dilute flows

Modeling particle dispersion in turbulent flows is very complex. Several publications in this field have dealt with both the experimental and modeling aspects of turbulent particle dispersion. This paper gives a broad overview of different modeling techniques discussed in the literature in order to describe the problem of particle dispersion in dilute flows. Unlike other reviews of this subject, this paper maintains a simple approach in explaining mathematically and conceptually the complex issues involved in modeling. Some fundamental concepts, such as key characteristics of turbulent flow and the nature of interaction between turbulence and an individual particle under simplified conditions, are discussed. The authors have attempted to present several definitions (such as homogeneous flow, stationary condition, and integral time scale) that are commonly used to imply certain assumptions or as conceptual tools to derive a model. As indicated, a review of models that are capable of predicting the dispersion of dilute concentration of particles in turbulent flows is presented. The models are described in a simplistic way through use of previously explained ideas and concepts. One of the important practical applications of such dilute two-phase flow models deals with the problem of pulverized-coal combustion. The final part of the paper discusses some of the key issues involved in comprehensive pulverized-coal combustion models. The primary objective of this work is to provide a basic understanding of the subject and hence to serve as an introduction to the theoretical world of turbulent particle dispersion.
Contraception for adolescents.

1. Krishna K. Upadhya, MD, MPH* 1. *Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. 1. Low use of highly effective contraception in the United States contributes to a teen pregnancy rate higher than other developed countries. Pediatricians can play an important role in educating adolescents and their parents about contraception. 2. Although intrauterine devices (IUDs) are the most widely used contraceptive method worldwide, use in the United States remains limited. Prompted by proven safety and superior efficacy, the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology endorses IUDs as a first line contraceptive for all women, regardless of age and parity. 3. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine both support over-the-counter access to emergency contraception (EC) for adolescents despite the fact that most pediatricians in practice do not routinely provide EC counseling. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Identify, in order of effectiveness, the reversible methods of contraception that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and available to adolescents in the United States. 2. Describe the 4 available methods of long-acting reversible contraceptives, including their duration of action, adverse effects, and contraindications of use. 3. Discuss the use of combined hormonal contraceptives, including effects on menstruation, absolute and relative contraindications to use, common adverse effects, and recent innovations, including progestin types and ultralow-dose pills. 4. Recognize common barriers to the use of effective contraceptives among adolescents. 5. Prescribe hormonal contraceptives and emergency contraceptives to adolescents. This afternoon you have an appointment with a 17-year-old girl who is a long-time patient. She comes to the visit with her mother and reports that she is here to find out about birth control options. She is previously healthy but has a history of dysmenorrhea and has heard …
Thermal gasification or direct combustion? Comparison of advanced cogeneration systems in the sugarcane industry

Abstract We compare different cogeneration system scenarios for efficient energy production from bagasse fuel in an Indonesian sugar and ethanol factory. These scenarios include the use of condensing-extraction steam turbines, variable speed electric drives for process equipment, measures to reduce low pressure steam demand for process needs, and two advanced cogeneration systems. One advanced system includes an 80 bar high pressure direct combustion steam Rankine cycle (advanced SRC), while the other uses a biomass integrated gasifier combined cycle (BIGCC); both utilize fuel dryers. Using steady-state thermodynamic models, we estimate that the net electricity generation potentials of the BIGCC and advanced SRC systems are approximately seven and five times the potential of the existing factory, respectively. The maximum net electricity generation potentials for the respective systems are 170 kWh/tc (BIGCC) and 140 kWh/tc (advanced SRC). However, the BIGCC system needs a bagasse feed rate that is 50 percent higher than the advanced SRC system to satisfy the factory low pressure steam demand for sugar and ethanol processing, which may affect its ability to provide steam and electricity during the off-season. For the Indonesian sugar factory, the annual revenue potential of the BIGCC system is US$14 million per year, approximately 50 percent higher than that of the advanced SRC system (electricity sale rate: US$45/MsWh; carbon credit price: US$13.60). BIGCC technology is still in an early stage of development and there are no commercial systems in sugar factories, so an advanced SRC system may be a more suitable option in the near future.
Microcredit in Theory and Practice: Using Randomized Credit Scoring for Impact Evaluation

Microcredit institutions spend billions of dollars fighting poverty by making small loans primarily to female entrepreneurs. Proponents argue that microcredit mitigates market failures, spurs micro-enterprise growth, and boosts borrowers' well-being. We tested these hypotheses with the use of an innovative, replicable experimental design that randomly assigned individual liability microloans (of $225 on average) to 1601 individuals in the Philippines through credit scoring. After 11 to 22 months, we found evidence consistent with unmet demand at the current price (a roughly 60% annualized interest rate): Net borrowing increased in the treatment group relative to controls. However, the number of business activities and employees in the treatment group decreased relative to controls, and subjective well-being declined slightly. We also found little evidence that treatment effects were more pronounced for women. However, we did find that microloans increase ability to cope with risk, strengthen community ties, and increase access to informal credit. Thus, microcredit here may work, but through channels different from those often hypothesized by its proponents.
Assisting the employed breastfeeding mother

Breastfeeding and employment are often viewed as mutually exclusive activities. However, women who choose to breastfeed are more likely than other mothers to return to paid employment outside the home, and many of these mothers want to continue breastfeeding. The midwife is in a unique position to assist these mothers as they make plans for infant feeding during their pregnancy, while they are learning how to breastfeed, and after they have returned to the labor force. This paper presents relevant research findings and specific guidelines designed to assist the midwife in counseling mothers who are planning to breastfeed while employed outside the home. The author suggests that establishing lactation before the return to employment is a key to enabling breastfeeding to continue as long as the mother wishes. The importance of expressing milk during periods of separation is discussed. Key questions to ask when recommending breast pumps are identified.
Moving Forward on Competence in Sustainability Research and Problem Solving

Sustainability problem constellations related to sea-level rise, desertification, poverty, lack of education, pandemics, or military conflicts result from complex, dynamic cause–effect chains. Elem...
Simultaneous intensity, birefringence, and flow measurements with high-speed fiber-based optical coherence tomography

We demonstrate that tissue structure, birefringence, and blood flow can be imaged simultaneously by use of techniques of polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography and phase-resolved optical Doppler tomography. An efficient data-acquisition procedure is implemented that optimizes the concurrent processing and display of all three image types. Images of in vivo human skin acquired with a high-speed fiber-based system are presented.
Case report. Laparoscopic pancreatic cystogastrostomy

SummaryDefinitive management of pancreatic pseudocysts has traditionally involved surgical drainage via laparotomy. Minimally invasive percutaneous and endoscopic techniques for pseudocyst treatment have recently been described. The advantages of minimally invasive surgical techniques have led to the identification of new therapeutic applications of laparoscopy. We describe the technique we used to perform laparoscopic pancreatic cystogastrostomy. Although long-term predictions of morbidity, mortality and recurrence rates cannot be made based on a single case report, a laparoscopic approach to pancreatic pseudocyst is possible and may become an attractive treatment option.
Another look at the origin of late blight of potatoes, tomatoes, and pear melon in the Andes of South America.

Late blight of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary, is one of the most devastating plant diseases in human history. During the 1840s, the fungus caused epidemics in the United States and Europe culminating in the famous Irish potato famine of 1845. These late blight epidemics brought hunger to many people and the migration and death of many others. Indirectly, late blight also was a stimulus to the origins of plant pathology as a science. Plant pathology began with the contributions of Berkeley and De Bary. Reverend Berkeley became the main supporter of the “fungal theory” of late blight (1845) (12), and Anton De Bary provided evidence that late blight was caused by the fungus that he named Phytophthora infestans (1876) (22). These pioneers also believed that the fungus was imported to Europe from the Andes of South America, the native land of potatoes (12,21,22). Many other notable plant pathologists supported this idea until 1939, when Reddick presented the new concept that central Mexico was the center of origin of late blight (59). Today, Mexico is widely considered to be the center of origin of P. infestans (26,27,31,47,74). According to current plant pathology literature, P. infestans was introduced from central Mexico to the United States in 1842, and thence to Europe in 1845 (26,27,31). In South America, the presence of late blight in Argentina in 1887 and Brazil in 1898 has been attributed to an introduction of potatoes from Europe in the 1880s (47). In current scientific literature, the first appearance of late blight in Peru was in 1929 (47) or 1947 (61), in Bolivia in 1943, and in Chile in 1949 (47); no dates have been established for other Andean countries such as Colombia or Ecuador (47,61). The origins of the disease in South American countries other than Argentina and Brazil have not been definitively explained. It is widely accepted that Peru is the center of origin of potato, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and pear melon (Solanum muricatum Ait.) (36,48), the three major hosts of P. infestans (1,3,19,67). Contrary to the concept that late blight is of recent occurrence in Peru and other Andean countries, strong evidence exists in the historical literature that the disease has been endemic in the area for centuries. This report examines the historical literature on the origin of P. infestans in hopes of shedding more light on this fascinating mystery. A preliminary report on this assessment has been published (2).
Stability in representations

Let G′ be the centralizer of a one-parameter multiplicative subgroup of a reductive group G. There is a direct relationship between the induced representations of G and those of G′. As an interesting case, knowledge of the characteristic of those of G′ determines that for G.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Enhances Calcium Regulatory Mechanisms in Human Airway Smooth Muscle

Neurotrophins (NTs), which play an integral role in neuronal development and function, have been found in non-neuronal tissue (including lung), but their role is still under investigation. Recent reports show that NTs such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as NT receptors are expressed in human airway smooth muscle (ASM). However, their function is still under investigation. We hypothesized that NTs regulate ASM intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) by altered expression of Ca2+ regulatory proteins. Human ASM cells isolated from lung samples incidental to patient surgery were incubated for 24 h (overnight) in medium (control) or 1 nM BDNF in the presence vs. absence of inhibitors of signaling cascades (MAP kinases; PI3/Akt; NFκB). Measurement of [Ca2+]i responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and histamine using the Ca2+ indicator fluo-4 showed significantly greater responses following BDNF exposure: effects that were blunted by pathway inhibitors. Western analysis of whole cell lysates showed significantly higher expression of CD38, Orai1, STIM1, IP3 and RyR receptors, and SERCA following BDNF exposure, effects inhibited by inhibitors of the above cascades. The functional significance of BDNF effects were verified by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of proteins that were altered by this NT. Overall, these data demonstrate that NTs activate signaling pathways in human ASM that lead to enhanced [Ca2+]i responses via increased regulatory protein expression, thus enhancing airway contractility.
Role of self expandable metal stents in palliation of malignant duidenal obstruction

Background: Palliative surgical intervention for malignant duodenal obstruction is often associated with a significant morbidity. Endoscopic enteral stenting offers a suitable alternative, that is safe, effective, and less invasive. This study reports our experience with the use of self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant gastric duodenal obstruction. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients who underwent duodenal stenting from November 1998 to February 2001 was performed. All the patients had symptomatic gastric outlet and duodenal obstruction with nausea, vomiting, and decreased oral intake. All of them underwent enteral stenting with self-expandable metal Wallstents 20 or 22 mm in diameter and 6 or 9 cm long. Results: For this study, 33 patients (19 men and 14 women) with a mean age of 62 years (range, 37 81 years) were identified, 32 of whom had successful duodenal stent placement (6 were performed as outpatient surgery). The malignancies were pancreatic 18 (54%), gastric 4 (12%), duodenal 3 (9%), metastatic 6 (18%), and cholangiocarcinoma 2 (6%) disorders. The site of obstruction was pyloric (n = 5; 15%), pyloroduodenal (n = 3; 9%), duodenal bulb (n = 11; 33%), second portion of duodenum (n = 9; 27%), second and third portion of duodenum (n = 3; 9%), C-loop (n = 1: 3%), and anastomotic (n = 1; 3%). A total of 29 patients (91%) had good clinical outcomes, with relief of obstructive symptoms, Two of three patients with no symptomatic relief underwent gastrojejunostomy. One patient refused further treatment. No immediate stent-related complications were noted. During the follow-up period, 20 patients died (none as a result stent-related causes) due to progression of cancer. Median survival was 102 days. Four patients had recurrent obstruction (2 tumor ingrowths, 1 overgrowth, and 1 distally migrated stent) at a mean interval of 82 days. All four had successful restenting without complications. Conclusion: Self-expandable metal stems placed endoscopically provide a safe. less invasive palliative treatment option with good clinical outcome in the management of malignant gastric outlet-duodenal obstruction.
The Gendered Classroom: Girls’and Boys’Experiences in Postwar Germany

At the end of World War II, German educational administrators in the Soviet occupied zone of their nation decided to implement coeducation; that is, the schooling of girls and boys in the same classroom. This policy represented a radical break with German educational traditions, as well as with the western German zones' continued practice of gender-segregated schools.' The reason for this move was as simple as it was ambitious: educational reformers of the Soviet zone were committed to a new kind of school, one that would offer all children the same education in order to permit active and equal participation of all citizens, male and female, in the "new Germany." Educators estimated that over 90 percent of school-aged children attended school in the postwar years, approximately 15 percent of the entire population.2 Major change in young people's education could thus potentially bring about major social reform. Yet coeducation did not resolve the so-called "woman's question" of structural inequality, a theory elaborated by the nineteenth-century socialist August Bebel and of grave concern to the "antifascist democratic" educators of the postwar years.3 The
Next-to-leading order gluonic three-jet production at hadron colliders

We report the results of a next-to-leading order event generator of purely gluonic jet production. This calculation is the first step in the construction of a full next-to-leading order calculation of three-jet production at hadron colliders. Several jet algorithms commonly used in experiments are implemented and their numerical stability is investigated. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Cohesion and Control: Adolescents' Relationships with Parents as Mediators of Television:

This study explores the ways in which the contribution of television exposure to adolescents' conceptions of social reality is mediated by their relationships with their parents. The data come from...
Doppler assessment of the fetus with intrauterine growth restriction

Objective We sought to provide evidence-based guidelines for utilization of Doppler studies for fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Methods Relevant documents were identified using PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, 1983 through 2011) publications, written in English, which describe the peripartum outcomes of IUGR according to Doppler assessment of umbilical arterial, middle cerebral artery, and ductus venosus. Additionally, the Cochrane Library, organizational guidelines, and studies identified through review of the above were utilized to identify relevant articles. Consistent with US Preventive Task Force suggestions, references were evaluated for quality based on the highest level of evidence, and recommendations were graded. Results and Recommendations Summary of randomized and quasirandomized studies indicates that, among high-risk pregnancies with suspected IUGR, the use of umbilical arterial Doppler assessment significantly decreases the likelihood of labor induction, cesarean delivery, and perinatal deaths (1.2% vs 1.7%; relative risk, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.52–0.98). Antepartum surveillance with Doppler of the umbilical artery should be started when the fetus is viable and IUGR is suspected. Although Doppler studies of the ductus venous, middle cerebral artery, and other vessels have some prognostic value for IUGR fetuses, currently there is a lack of randomized trials showing benefit. Thus, Doppler studies of vessels other than the umbilical artery, as part of assessment of fetal well-being in pregnancies complicated by IUGR, should be reserved for research protocols.