cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concretionary manganese-iron oxides in streams and their usefulness as a sample medium for geochemical prospecting

Abstract Correlation studies of 400 samples of sieved stream sediments and 325 samples of fluvial, concretionary Mn-Fe oxides from Maine resulted in the separation of elements into the following categories: (1) elements not scavenged by Mn-Fe oxides — B, Cr, K, Mg, Rb, Sc, Ti, V, and Zr; (2) elements probably not scavenged by Mn-Fe oxides — Ag, Be, Ca, Ga, La, Sb, and Y; (3) elements scavenged weakly by Mn-Fe oxides — Cu, Mo, Pb, and Sr; (4) elements scavenged strongly by Mn oxides — Ba, Cd, Co, Ni, Tl, and Zn; and (5) elements scavenged strongly by Fe oxides — As and In. Studies of the scavenged elements showed that the deviation from the mean is characteristically greater in oxide samples as compared to sieved sediments from the same locality. However, a significant increase in contrast between anomalous and background localities, when oxides are the sample medium, more than offsets the disadvantage of data scatter. The use of oxides as a sampling medium clearly and significantly accentuates anomalous localities. In general, non-ratioed data on oxides give very nearly the same results as data consisting of scavenged elements ratioed to Mn and Fe. However, ratioed data expand the geographic area of specific anomalies. Cd and Zn consistently show strong correlations with concretionary Mn-Fe oxides, but their concentrations in the oxides do not generally show as much contrast between anomalous and background localities as do Cu, Mo, and Pb. These latter elements are strongly scavenged where rocks are mineralized.
Survey And Analysis Of Image Coding Techniques

A state-of-the-art survey of digital image coding techniques is presented. Performance analyses are given for pulse code modulation, statistical, frame replenishment, predictive, interpolative, and transform coding methods.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Unsteady flow of rubber compounds at injection molding conditions

An automated rheometer is developed for an evaluation of the processability of rubber compounds at injection molding conditions. The rheometer utilizes a screw injection molding machine in order to push rubber compounds through a thermostated slit die at controlled flow rates. Three pressure transducers are flush-mounted along the die length and a displacement transducer is installed to measure the screw motion. Signals generated by the pressure and displacement transducers and thermocouple are supplied to an A/D converted and the IBM PC/AT computer. Unsteady character of flow of rubber compounds is observed. The obtained data are compared with predictions from modeling of flow, using the viscoelastic plastic constitutive equation.
A Hobbesian derivation of the principle of universalization

In this article, I derive a weak version of Kant’s categorical imperative within an informal game-theoretic framework. More specifically, I argue that Hobbesian agents would choose what I call the weak principle of universalization, if they had to decide on a rule of conflict resolution in an idealized but empirically defensible hypothetical decision situation. The discussion clarifies (i) the rationality requirements imposed on agents, (ii) the empirical conditions assumed to warrant the conclusion, and (iii) the political institutions that are necessary to implement the derived principle. The analysis demonstrates the moral significance of the weak principle of universalization and its epistemic advantage over the categorical imperative.
THE RAPID PRODUCTION OF ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN RHESUS MONKEYS BY INJECTION OF HETEROLOGOUS AND HOMOLOGOUS BRAIN TISSUE WITH ADJUVANTS

1. A picture resembling acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in the human being has been regularly and rapidly produced in rhesus monkeys by injection of emulsions of adult rabbit and monkey brain administered with adjuvants. 2. No lesions of the central nervous system resulted from injection of similar emulsions of fetal rabbit brain or adult rabbit lung. 3. A description of the gross and histological findings in the central nervous system is given and compared with features of human demyelinating disease. 4. The experimental findings are in accord with the hypothesis that antibody to the injected brain emulsion reacts with the tissues of the nervous system of the animal to produce the pathological changes.
360/spl times/360 element three-phase very high frame rate burst image sensor: design, operation and performance

Design, fabrication, operation and performance are described for a 360/spl times/360 element very high frame rate (VHFR) image sensor that can capture images at a frame rate of up to 10/sup 6/ frames/s. This VHFR imager has 50/spl times/50 /spl mu/m macropixels, each consisting of a high-speed zero-lag photodetector with a 13.5% fill factor and 30 stages of serial-parallel type buried-channel CCD registers for storage and readout of the last 30 image frames acquired. Readout of this imager is similar to a frame transfer CCD consisting of four quadrants. Each quadrant contains one million pixels, readout at a relatively slow rate compatible with low readout noise, and PC class microcomputer-based data acquisition and storage. This imager is designed using SiO/sub 2//Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ gate dielectric, four levels of polysilicon, three levels of metal, eight implants, 21 photo masks using 1.5-/spl mu/m design rules, and it has four output ports. The high-speed photodetector is designed in the form of a graded three-potential-level pinned-buried BCCD structure. This 33-/spl mu/m long photodetector can achieve complete readout of photogenerated electrons in less than 0.1 /spl mu/s.
Is methyl farnesoate a crustacean hormone

Methyl farnesoate (MF) is a unepoxidated form of insect juvenile hormone (JH) III that is secreted by the mandibular organ (MO) in several crustaceans. MF was first isolated from the hemolymph of the spider crab Libinia emarginata. Recent studies suggest that MF is involved in the regulation of reproduction, molting, larval development, morphogenesis, behaviour and general protein synthesis in crustaceans. MF synthesis and secretion is negatively regulated by an eyestalk peptide, called mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone (MO-IH). In the present review, I have tried to summarize the recent studies on the role of MF in regulating crustacean molting, reproduction, osmoregulation, morphogenesis, metabolism, behavior, etc. I present, both direct and indirect evidence that support the role of MF as a bona fide hormone in crustaceans.
Aromatase activity in primary and metastatic human breast cancer

Aromatase activity was measured in 104 primary and 24 metastatic breast cancer patients. The assay employed quantitates the production of 3H water release from 1β-[3H] androstenedione after aromatization. Of 104 human primary breast tumors studied, 64 contained measurable aromatase activity, ranging from 5–70.5 pmol estrone formed/g protein/hour. In primary breast cancers there was no difference in levels of aromatase activity when analyzed by menstrual status or age by decade. Aromatase activity was similar in small and large primary tumors. The median aromatase activity of primary breast tumors (8.6 pmol/g/h) was similar to that found in metastatic breast cancer deposits (12.0 pmol/g/h). Aromatase activity did not correlate with either estrogen (ER) or progesterone (PR) receptor concentration in the tissues assayed. In this regard there were 33 ER− PR− tumor biopsies. Twelve of these 33 tumors contained aromatase activity greater than 10 pmol/g/hour. Cancer 59:779-782, 1987.
Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the thyroid

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma to the thyroid is an uncommon occurrence that can cause clinical and pathologic problems in diagnosis. The authors report seven cases from the files of The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Each presented clinically as a palpable thyroid nodule months or years after the primary renal cell carcinoma had been resected. Although renal cell carcinoma is more common in men, we found a female predominance of 6:1 in this series. These lesions appear as solitary “cold” nodules on iodine 131 scans and may be misdiagnosed as primary thyroid neoplasms, especially if the renal primary is still unrecognized. A correct diagnosis is important because surgical management can be curative. The diagnosis is facilitated by the use of fat stains, electron microscopic study, and immunoperoxidase stains.
Death in shunted hydrocephalic children: a follow-up study

Introduction The authors previously conducted a retrospective study regarding deaths from CSF shunt failure to identify circumstances surrounding shunt malfunction-related deaths in children in the modern era.
Chytrid-Like Fossils of Pennsylvanian Age

Chytrid-like fungal sporangia are described occurring in saccate pollen grains of Pennsylvanian age. Both endo- and epibiotic sporangia are present, and may exhibit discharge papillae and a coarse rhizomycelium. Sporangial features, choice of substrate, and the presence of a light refractile body in presumed zoospores suggest relationships with the Chytridiales.
Can We Recognize Each Other? Response to Donna Orange

The author responds to Orange's critique of her theory of recognition, which asserts that relational intersubjective theory replaces analytic empathy with an imperative that the patient recognize the analyst's subjectivity. She agrees with Orange that the therapeutic stance is based on empathizing with the patient but argues that it should allow the patient to gradually experience the analyst as a separate subject. Recognition is not imposed but rather a relieved appreciation that this separate person does not need to be omnipotently managed by a caretaker child desperately trying to suppress or regulate his own needs. This idea of recognition follows Winnicott's notion that the analyst external subjectivity arises by disconfirming the patient's fantasy of “destroying” a weak or retaliatory object. Orange's position implies that only one partner at a time can be subject, hence implicitly reproduces the very subject-object structure that theories of intersubjectivity were meant to solve.
Gray-level discrete associative memory

A gray-level discrete associative-memory neural network based on object decomposition and composition is presented. By decomposing a gray-level pattern into bipolar/binary subpatterns, a gray-level discrete associative memory can be constructed from the composition of the subpattern channel results. Preprocessing for removing dc bias and normalizing the gray-level scale is performed on the input gray-level pattern. This eliminates the mismatching and saturation problems caused by bias level, which shifts the pattern gray levels throughout the pattern. Computer-simulation and optical-experimental results for a gray-level interpattern association model are shown to be consistent with the theoretical model.
Prevention and Treatment Strategies in Giardiasis and Amoebiasis

In intestinal amoebiasis, motile Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites with ingested erythrocytes should be identifiable in stool or mucosal scrapings. Finding E. histolytica cysts is not sufficient for the diagnosis. The diagnosis of amoebic liver abscess is confirmed by finding an abscess by imaging study and an elevated serum antibody titre to the causative organism. Treatment for both forms of the disease is a nitroimidazole for trophozoites and a lumenal drug directed at the cysts.
On Separating Life and Death: An Explanation of Some Biblical Laws

Reexamen de trois lois: 1. ne pas faire cuire un chevreau dans le lait de sa mere (Exode23:19 et//)| 2. ne pas manger un animal mort de mort naturelle (Deuteronome14:21)| 3. ne pas se raser la tete pour un mort (Deuteronome 14:1). Ce qui leur est commun: ne pas meler la vie et la mort. Le lait qui donne la vie ne doit pas servir a consommer la mort| la viande, chose morte, ne doit pas etre consommee avec le sang, instrument de vie| un homme vivant ne doit pas imprimer sur lui les signes de la mort. L'A. voit la philosophie de ces pratiques rituelles dans le choix ethique offert a Israel: choisir la vie et non la mort (Deuteronome30:19). Les lois concernant les animaux purs et impurs s'expliqueraient de la meme maniere: les carnivores sont interdits.
Lead toxicity and management of gunshot wounds in the lumbar spine

Introduction Gunshot wounds are one of the commonest causes of spinal injury. Management of these patients differs from other blunt trauma injuries to the spine. We present a case of a gunshot wound to the lumbar spine that occurred in 1985 which was treated non-operatively.
CHALLENGES IN CROSS-CULTURAL MARRIAGE: WHEN SHE IS CHINESE AND HE EURO-AMERICAN*

Abstract In order to explore how cultural issues emerge as challenges for intercultural couples, intensive interviews were carried out with 12 couples in which she was Chinese and had grown up in Asia and he was Euro-American. The greatest challenges were communicating without a shared language in which both were equally fluent, the difficulties of living in his home country, and dealing with certain areas of cultural difference. The most challenging areas of cultural differences were zuo yue.zi (a set of postpartum rituals and practices), parenting standards, and filial piety. No couple reported issues with racism directed at them from families of origin or community like those that are common in the experience of black-white couples in the United States. The findings have implications for understanding the relationship course of intercultural couples.
The logic of causal methods in social science

Two kinds of causal inference rules which are widely used by social scientists are investigated. Two conceptions of causation also widely used are explicated — the INUS and probabilistic conceptions of causation. It is shown that the causal inference rules which link correlation, a kind of partial correlation, and a conception of causation areinvalid. It is concluded anew methodology is required for causal inference.
Determination of the effect of seawater on the interfacial strength of an interlayer E-glass/graphite/epoxy composite by in situ observation of transverse cracking in an environmental SEM

In an effort to understand the failure behaviour and to determine the effects of seawater on composites, a program has been developed to determine the interfacial strength (normal to the fiber) of an interlayer hybrid composite which has been exposed to seawater for two different lengths of time. Specimens were tested in transverse tension in an environmental scanning electron microscope. The specimens were tested in the as-received condition, after they reached saturation, and 8 months after they reached saturation. Observations revealed that damage was initiated at the boundaries of resin-rich regions, regardless of the conditioning process. Analytical results obtained by linear superposition to determine the stress at the fiber/matrix interface revealed several interesting findings. For example, as moisture is added to a composite, the hydrothermal residual stresses in resin-rich inhomogeneities change from tensile to compressive. Assuming a constant interfacial strength, this should make it more difficult to initiate damage in conditioned specimens. As this was not the case, moisture appeared to have a slight degrading effect on the interfacial strength. However, propagation of damage away from the resin-rich regions requires a higher stress than that required to initiate this damage. Moisture actually helped to arrest damage growth causing the ply stress required to cause transverse cracking to increase with increased moisture content and with increased aging time.
Online Surveys: A Potential Weapon Against Clinician Non-Compliance

Abstract Over the last two decades, our understanding of the pathogenesis of central line associated blood steam infections has improved significantly. Also, increased attention has been focused on reducing healthcare worker exposure to infectious agents. Best practice protocols have been developed to eliminate unnecessary morbidity, mortality and costs associated with these infections and exposures. Adoption of these best practices has been incomplete and non-compliance is a major factor preventing our infectious complication rates from reaching zero. Getting at the root cause of noncompliance is complex. Online surveys are uniquely positioned to help understand the human factors contributing to non-compliance. This article reviews some of the pros and cons associated with the use of online surveys. Using several relevant recent examples, this article explores how these surveys can be used to identify those factors that create barriers to compliance. By better understanding all the issues involved with non-compliance, we will be able to create strategies and engineer products to improve best practice protocol compliance and reduce the human factor contribution to our patient's infectious complications.
Implications of isospin dependence of NN annihilation cross sections

Abstract The observed isospin independence of hadron elastic scattering amplitudes is shown to impose strong constraints on the isospin dependence of inelastic channels. Possible ways in which these constraints may be experimentally realized are discussed. Meson exchange sum rules are also shown to imply relations between certain meson exchange and baryon exchange inelastic processes.
Psychosocial Risk Factors and Condom Use in Intravenous Drug Abusers

The authors studied psychosocial risk and protective /actors in HIV transmission in a population of intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs), with a focus on needle-sharing. The authors examined high-risk sexual behavior in the same population by looking at factors affecting the individual IVDA's condom use. The volunteer sample was 300 male IVDAs who were patients at AIDS or methadone clinics in a large city hospital. All subjects were individually interviewed regarding condom use for vaginal intercourse, with a structured questionnaire analyzed by means of multiple hierarchical regressions and Pearson correlation coefficients. Parental and peer factors and coping measures were associated with more condom use. The findings supported a mediational model for condom use. Family factors were associated with good coping and with the selection of friends who support condom use. These factors in turn were associated with planning to use and actually using condoms.
Effects of non-planarity on the mixed mode fracture resistance of bimaterial interfaces

Abstract The effects of non-planarity on the fracture resistance locus of interfaces has been investigated using a simple model of contacting facets along the crack surface. The contacts resist the motion of the crack surface by means of friction and locking and thereby modify the energy release rate Gt at the crack front. The modified Gt governs the effect of the contacting facets on the overall interface fracture resistance, Gj. The trends in Gj with phase angle of loading are found to be influenced largely by a non-dimensional parameter that determines the length of the contact zone. This parameter is, in turn, dependent on the amplitude of the undulations on the fracture interface as well as its intrinsic fracture resistance.
Response acquisition for music or beverages in adults with profound multiple handicaps

Behavioral shaping procedures and adapted devices were used to establish controlled hand movements in two severely disabled adults with profound mental retardation. Both individuals made arm/hand movements that were arbitrary or under partial voluntary control. Switches were adapted and positioned bilaterally on or near these hand movements to avoid shaping a complex response topography. Contact resulted in contingent music or beverages. Both subjects acquired controlled hand movements on each switch. As the number of switch operations increased, the response requirement needed to access the music or beverages was increased. For Subject 1, the schedule for music was abruptly changed to a conjugate schedule. For Subject 2, the value of the fixed ratio schedule for the automated delivery of beverages was gradually increased over values to a maximum of FR 40. Increases in the schedule response requirements were accompanied by increases in rate of responding, providing evidence that controlled hand movements had been acquired. During schedule conditions with high response requirements, responding was not only susstained by both subjects, but cumulative records show a high rate of responding controlled by the scheduled delivery of reinforcement. The conditioning of two responses simultaneously on separate switches and the schedule conditions with high response requirements demonstrate behavioral shaping procedures not investigated in previous studies. The adapted switches and the automated beverage dispensing device show the sucessful use of technology in training programs in adults with profound multiple handicaps. Applications for the shaping procedures and adapted devices in assessment and applied situations are discussed.
NASA's earth observations commercialization applications program A model for government promotion of commercial space opportunities

The role of government in promoting space commerce is a topic of discussion in every spacefaring nation. This article describes a new approach to government intervention which, based on its five-year track record, appears to have met with success. The approach, developed in NASA's Earth Observations Commercialization Application Program (EOCAP), offer several lessons for effective government sponsorship of commercial space development in general and of commercial remote sensing in particular.
Pharmacology and physiology of the biliary radiographic contrast materials

Abstract 1. (1) Solubilization of Telepaque in the intestine is a limiting factor in the rate of intestinal absorption. Bilopaque and Oragrafin are more water-soluble and appear to be better absorbed than Telepaque. 2. (2) Bile salts in the intestinal lumen increase the solubility of Telepaque. Therefore, a fatty meal administered with the Telepaque is desirable to evacuate bile salts from the gallbladder into the intestine. This is not required for the more water-soluble agents, Bilopaque and Oragrafin. 3. (3) The degree of protein binding of the contrast agents can be related to the degree of toxicity. Cholografin is the most highly bound and is the most toxic. 4. (4) Hepatic receptor proteins may specifically bind the biliary contrast agents. This may be the reason that the renal contrast materials are poorly excreted in bile compared to the biliary contrast agents. 5. (5) Telepaque is conjugated in the liver with glucuronide making the compound more soluble in bile. This prevents precipitation of Telepaque in the gallbladder and avoids reabsorption from the intestine. 6. (6) The biliary excretion of Telepaque is facilitated by bile salts. Therefore, the administration of a fatty meal with Telepaque not only increases the rate of intestinal absorption of Telepaque but also the rate of biliary excretion. 7. (7) The rate of biliary excretion of both the oral and the intravenous contrast agents appears to be limited by a hepatic transport maximum. Above a certain dose, increased amounts of the contrast agents do not result in more rapid excretion of the agents into bile. Rapid infusion of intravenous contrast agents results in high plasma concentration and greater urinary excretion, without increasing the biliary excretion. It does not appear to be indicated in clinical practice. 8. (8) The biliary concentration of the contrast agents used for intravenous cholangiography is determined by their rate of biliary excretion, the choleretic effect of the contrast agent, and factors that determine the rate of basal bile flow. Fixed coupling of water with the biliary excretion of these contrast agents imposes an inherent limitation on the concentration of the contrast agent in bile. It appears that the biliary concentration of the intravenous contrast materials can be increased by having the patient fast prior to intravenous cholangiography. This decreases the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts and the rate of bile-salt-dependent bile flow. 9. (9) Failure of the gallbladder to visualize after administration of Telepaque when there is adequate biliary excretion may be due to cystic duct obstruction, failure of the inflamed gallbladder mucosa to reabsorb water, or reabsorption of the contrast agent by the diseased gallbladder mucosa. 10. (10) Maximum concentration of Telepaque occurs at 14–19 hr after ingestion. It is at this time that radiographs of the gallbladder should be made. With Bilopaque, peak concentration occurs at 10 hr so radiographs can be made earlier when Bilopaque is used.
Synchronized picosecond pulses at two different wavelengths from a compact fiber laser source for Raman microscopy

We report on the development of a fiber laser system that supplies synchronized picosecond pulses at two different wavelengths suitable for Raman microscopy.
Food selection and growth of young snakehead Channa striatus

Food selection and growth of young snakehead Channa striatus were studied in the laboratory and in a field trial. In the laboratory, first-feeding snakehead larvae of 6–7 mm total length (TL) with a mouth opening of 0.55 mm selected for Artemia nauplii, and against formulated feed. Fish began feeding on formulated feed at 12mm TL when their mouth width reached 1.0mm. In both laboratory and field trials, snakehead diets changed as fish size increased. For fish 15–20 mm TL, cladocerans and copepods were 96.5% of their diet. With fish 30–40 mm TL, zooplankton consumption was greatly reduced while benthic organism consumption increased. Fish 45–50 mm TL fed exclusively on benthic invertebrates. Diet shift from zoo-plankton to benthic invertebrates was not due to reduced zoo-plankton availability, but was instead related to changes in gill raker structure. Low density of benthic invertebrates in the field trial caused reduced fish growth rates when fish switched diets from zooplankton to benthos. Our results indicate that snake-head can take Artemia nauplii as a larval starter food, then accept formulated feed at ≥12 mm TL. Zooplankton can serve as food for snakehead < 40 mm, but formulated feed should be provided for larger fish which are unable to catch zoo-plankton.
Care Theory and the Ideal of Neutrality in Public Moral Discourse

In this paper I argue that Care theory has the resources to offer an insightful and original theoretical perspective on issues in medical ethics. The paper begins with a discussion of the sort of theory Care is, and argues that it closely resembles virtue theory. After a discussion of common features of Care theories, I respond to a few of the criticisms that have been levied against the theory. The final section of the paper is a discussion of the question of neutrality in public moral discourse. Care theory is not a neutral theory with regard to questions of the nature of the good life for humans, but I argue that this should not preclude Care from playing a part in the public debate over policy decisions.
Nucleases and their inhibitors in the cellular components of human blood.

The inhibitors of nucleases in various cellular components of human blood have been determined as a follow-up of an earlier study on the nuclease level of human blood, plasma and serum. WBC contain a DNase inhibitor which is released into the medium as these cells are incubated. RNase activity equivalent to that found in whole blood is present in sonically disrupted WBC. Lysed RBC contain appreciable quantities of DNase inhibitor and comparatively little RNase inhibitor. On incubation of serum, the high DNase activity disappears, and it has been shown that an inhibitor develops which will reduce the activity of added pancreatic DNase. A concentration of 0.01 M Mg++ accelerates this release of DNase inhibitor. These findings can explain the conflicting reports on the nuclease content of blood and blood products. The relationship of these findings to the possible survival of viral nucleic acids is discussed.
Multinucleated podocytes: a diagnostic clue to cystinosis

A 4-year-old Caucasian boy was discovered to have proteinuria on routine examination. The protein excretion rate was 43 mg/kg/h (normal 300 mg%, no cells, casts, or crystals. Urine calcium–creatinine ratio was 0.03 and tubular reabsorption of phosphate was 95%.
Prolactin-Releasing Activity in Methanol Extracts of Human Plasma: Problems with the Bioassay of This Activity

PRL-releasing activity was found in methanol extracts of plasma acquired from breast feeding women postsuckling and from females with normal menses. PRL-releasing activity was bioassayed by injecting the extracts into estrogenpretreated male rats. PRL release was not related to the high sodium, potassium, and osmolar content of the extracts.In cubation of the plasma before separation decreased the content of peptides with PRL-releasing activity, such as TRH and arginine vasopressin. In addition, no TSH release was observed after infusion of the extracts. The PRL-releasing activity, however, was only noted after a rapid 2-min infusion of the extracts via the carotid artery, and a 4-min carotid artery infusion or a ugular vein infusion did not produce significant PRL release. The administration of various amounts of extracts to either GH.j or normal rat pituitary monolayer culture produced either no PRL release or dissociation of the cells from attachment to the culture plates. Incubation of the extracts wi...
Synthesis and Characterization of Bimetallic Nickel and Cobalt Carbonyl Complexes Containing Stannyl Groups

The bimetallic NiSn2 complex Ni(SnBu 3 t )2(CO)3, 1, was obtained from the reaction of Ni(COD)2 and Bu 3 t SnH and CO. The reaction of Co2(CO)8 and Bu 3 t SnH afforded the bimetallic Co–Sn complex Co(SnBu 3 t )(CO)4, 3. Compound 3 was also obtained from the reaction of Co4(CO)12 and Bu 3 t SnH but in a lower yield. Both compounds 1 and 3 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, and possess trigonal bipyramidal geometries around the transition metal centre with two and one stannyl ligands, respectively.
A non-cell autonomous role of E(z) to prevent germ cells from turning on a somatic cell marker

In many metazoans, germ cells are separated from somatic lineages early in development and maintain their identity throughout life. Here, we show that a Polycomb group (PcG) component, Enhancer of Zeste [E(z)], a histone transferase that generates trimethylation at lysine 27 of histone H3, maintains germline identity in Drosophila adult testes. We find excessive early-stage somatic gonadal cells in E(z) mutant testes, which originate from both overproliferative cyst stem cells and germ cells turning on an early-stage somatic cell marker. Using complementary lineage-tracing experiments in E(z) mutant testes, a portion of excessive early-stage somatic gonadal cells are found to originate from early-stage germ cells, including germline stem cells. Moreover, knocking down E(z) specifically in somatic cells caused this change, which suggests a non-cell autonomous role of E(z) to antagonize somatic identity in germ cells.
Who Enrolls in Head Start? A Demographic Analysis of Head Start-Eligible Children.

This article describes those who were and were not served by Head Start in 1990, and draws implications for program expansion. We first examined how characteristics of the child, the family, and the community were associated with the enrollment of poor 3to 5-year-old children in Head Start. Second, we identified the types of programs and child-care arrangements in which non-Head Start children were enrolled in 1990. Third, we looked at how family and community characteristics are related to Head Start-eligible parents’ use of multiple arrangements. Finally, we explored the types of supplementary and “wraparound” arrangements Head Start and non-Head Start children use. The sample was taken from the National Child Care Survey 1990. It consisted of 212 children ages 3 to 5 who, in 1990, were living with their mother, were not enrolled in school, and whose families were poor or on Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Results suggest that, in 1990, family structure was related to enrollment in Head Start; children in twoparent families with no earners were the most likely to be enrolled. In contrast to what was expected, there was little difference in enrollment by employment status of the mother per se, though having a mother in a job training program was associated with greater enrollment. Black children were more likely to be enrolled than children from other race/ethnic groups. Of 3to 5-year-olds not enrolled in Head Start, only about one quarter were enrolled in a center-based program, and only about half of these were in programs offering comprehensive services. The majority of children not enrolled in Head Start were in parent or in relative care. Thus there appears to be substantial room to expand the Head Start program without pulling children out of comparable existing programs.
Tumor resistance to CD8+ T cell-based therapeutic vaccination.

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an important role in antitumor immunity. Induction of tumor-specific CTLs is one major strategy for tumor immunotherapy. However, therapeutic vaccinations used to treat firmly established tumors are generally ineffective. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to CTL-based therapeutic vaccination is very important in the tumor immunology field. There are two main mechanisms by which tumors develop resistance to CTL-based therapeutic vaccinations. One is that tumors induce peripheral tolerance of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. The other is that tumor cells themselves develop immune evasion mechanisms to prevent recognition and killing by CTLs. This review focuses on recently reported cellular and molecular mechanisms of CD8+ T cell tolerance and immune evasion in tumors and discusses about the possibilities to improve tumor immunotherapy.
An improved family of exponentially accurate sigma-delta quantization schemes

ΣΔ-modulation is an A/D-conversion method which represents a bandlimited signal by sequences of ±1 whose local averages approximate the function values. The best bounds for the decay rate of the script-l ∞ -error arising from such quantization schemes have been given by Gunturk.1 He constructs an infinite family of schemes which lead to an algorithm that establishes exponential error decay with decay rate 0.077. In this paper we improve his construction introducing an additional symmetry, which is suggested by numerical experiments. To show that the modified schemes are still stable, we use the asymptotics of the Γ-function. This leads to a bound of 0.088 for the error decay rate.
Blocking HIV-1 virus assembly

Two recent papers identify the first peptide inhibitor that binds to the structural protein of HIV-1, thereby blocking assembly of both immature and mature virus-like particles in vitro. These studies open the door to a strategy for the development of new therapies against the virus.
Diagnosis of medial tubercle fractures of the talar posterior process using oblique views

Fracture of the medial tubercle of posterior process of talus is a very rare injury. Often, these fractures are not seen on the AP and lateral radiographs of the ankle joint resulting in them being misdiagnosed as an ankle sprain. This study examines 10 ankle specimens simulated with a posteromedial fracture in varying planes, by multiple X-ray views in varying angles of external rotation in order to increase the sensitivity of oblique views to diagnose a fracture of the posteromedial tubercle. True AP and lateral views (0° and 90° of external rotation) of the ankle joint were unable to detect the fracture simulated in the posteromedial tubercle of the posterior process in any specimens. The fractures in all the specimens were clearly visible when the X-ray beam was parallel to the plane of osteotomy. The fractures could still be identified when the plane of X-ray beam was within ±10° from the plane of osteotomy. Any further increase or decrease in plane of the X-ray beam could not identify the fracture. Two oblique views at 45° and 70° of external rotation could identify the fractures of the posteromedial tubercle at all planes. These oblique views can be used before resorting to the CT scan.
Choice in a variable environment: effects of d-amphetamine on sensitivity to reinforcement.

Abstract Four pigeons responded under a 7-component mixed schedule in which each component arranged a different left:right reinforcer ratio (27:1, 9:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:9, 1:27). Components were unsignaled, and the order within each session was randomly determined. After extensive exposure to these contingencies, effects of a range of doses of d-amphetamine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg) on estimates of sensitivity to reinforcement at several levels of analysis were assessed. Under non-drug conditions, the structure of choice was similar to that previously reported under this procedure. That is, responding adjusted within components to the reinforcer ratio in effect (i.e., sensitivity estimates were higher in the 2nd than in the 1st half of components), and individual reinforcers produced “preference pulses” (i.e., each food presentation produced an immediate, local, shift in preference toward the response that just produced food). Although there was a general tendency for d-amphetamine to reduce overall sensitivity to reinforcement, the size of this effect and its reliability varied across pigeons. Further analysis, however, revealed that intermediate d-amphetamine doses consistently reduced sensitivity immediately following reinforcer presentations; that is, these doses consistently attenuated preference pulses.
The greater negative charge density of DNA in Tris‐borate buffers does not enhance DNA condensation by multivalent cations

As indicated by recent measurements of the electrophoretic free solution mobility, DNA appears to have a greater helical charge density in Tris-borate-EDTA (TBE) buffers than in Tris-acetate-EDTA (TAE) buffers. Since electrostatic forces play a major role in DNA packaging processes, we have investigated the condensation of closed circular plasmid DNA using total intensity and dynamic light scattering in Tris-borate, Tris-acetate, and Tris-cacodylate buffers with cobaltic hexaammine (III) [Co(NH3)]. We find that neither the critical concentration of Co(NH3) nor the hydrodynamic radii of the resulting condensates vary significantly in the buffer systems studied here despite the prediction that DNA condensation should occur at significantly lower Co(NH3) concentrations in Tris-borate buffers. Assuming a persistence length behavior similar to B-DNA in the presence of multivalent cations, a decrease in the attractive counterion correlation pressure decay length in Tris-borate buffers does not account for our observations. It is possible that the binding of multivalent cations to DNA may hinder borate association with the DNA double helix. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 54: 572–577, 2000
Dynamic Load Balancing by Random Matchings

The fundamental problems in dynamic load balancing and job scheduling in parallel and distributed networks involve moving load between processors. In this paper we consider a new model for load movement in synchronous machines. In each step of our model, load can be moved across only a matching set of communication links but across each link any amount of load can be moved. We present an efficient local algorithm for the dynamic load balancing problem under our model of load movement. Our algorithm works on networks of arbitrary topology under possible failure of links. The running time of our algorithm is related to the eigenstructure of the underlying graph. We also present experimental results analyzing issues in load balancing related to our algorithms.
Changes in excited-state dipole moments with variations in pressure of the gaseous dielectric SF6

Abstract Electrochromism data are presented for the π* ← π transition of aniline and the 3s ← n transitions of acetone and cyclopentanone when the pressure of the arc-suppressor gas (SF 6 ) is increased. Second dielectric virial coefficients for these excited states are estimated from the variations in the dipole-moment changes.
A Study of Vocal Fold Vibration Using a Slightly Compressible Fluid Domain

During human voice production, air forced from the lungs through the larynx induces vibration of the vocal folds. Computational models of this coupled fluid-solid system have traditionally utilized an incompressible fluid domain. However, studies have shown that coupling of tracheal acoustics with vocal fold dynamics is significant. Further, in the absence of compressibility, some models fail to achieve self-sustained vibration. This presentation discusses a slightly compressible airflow model, fully coupled with a vocal fold tissue model, as a possible substitute for the traditional incompressible approach. The derivation and justification of the slightly compressible fluid model are discussed. Results are reported of a study of the nature of the coupling between the fluid and vocal fold regions for both slightly compressible and incompressible fluid domains using a commercial fluid-solid finite element package. Three different types of inlet boundary conditions, including constant pressure, constant velocity, and moving wall, are explored. The incompressible and slightly compressible models with the three boundary conditions are compared with each other and with experimental data obtained using synthetic self-oscillating vocal fold models. The results are used to validate the slightly compressible flow model as well as to explore candidate boundary conditions for vocal fold vibration simulations.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Mid-prophase human chromosomes. The attainment of 2000 bands.

Human mid-prophase chromosomes exposed to amethopterin, actinomycin D, and bromodeoxyuridine display more than 2000 bands per haploid set and show a remarkable resemblance to the fine chromomeric structures of early pachytene.
Significant changes in the skin microbiome mediated by the sport of roller derby

Diverse bacterial communities live on and in human skin. These complex communities vary by skin location on the body, over time, between individuals, and between geographic regions. Culture-based studies have shown that human to human and human to surface contact mediates the dispersal of pathogens, yet little is currently known about the drivers of bacterial community assembly patterns on human skin. We hypothesized that participation in a sport involving skin to skin contact would result in detectable shifts in skin bacterial community composition. We conducted a study during a flat track roller derby tournament, and found that teammates shared distinct skin microbial communities before and after playing against another team, but that opposing teams’ bacterial communities converged during the course of a roller derby bout. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the human skin microbiome shifts in composition during activities involving human to human contact, and that contact sports provide an ideal setting in which to evaluate dispersal of microorganisms between people.
Time-resolved two-window measurement of Wigner functions for coherent backscatter from a turbid medium

For the first time we are able to observe the time-resolved Wigner function of enhanced backscatter from a random medium using a novel two-window technique. This technique enables us to directly verify the phase-conjugating properties of random media. An incident divergent beam displays a convergent enhanced backscatter cone. We measure the joint position and momentum (x, p) distributions of the light field as a function of propagation time in the medium. The two-window technique allows us to independently control the resolutions for position and momentum, thereby surpassing the uncertainty limit associated with Fourier transform pairs. By using a low-coherence light source in a heterodyne detection scheme, we observe enhanced backscattering resolved by path length in the random medium, providing information about the evolution of optical coherence as a function of penetration depth in the random medium.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The impact of weather on influenza and pneumonia mortality in New York City, 1975-2002: a retrospective study.

The substantial winter influenza peak in temperate climates has lead to the hypothesis that cold and/or dry air is a causal factor in influenza variability. We examined the relationship between cold and/or dry air and daily influenza and pneumonia mortality in the cold season in the New York metropolitan area from 1975–2002. We conducted a retrospective study relating daily pneumonia and influenza mortality for New York City and surroundings from 1975–2002 to daily air temperature, dew point temperature (a measure of atmospheric humidity), and daily air mass type. We identified high mortality days and periods and employed temporal smoothers and lags to account for the latency period and the time between infection and death. Unpaired t-tests were used to compare high mortality events to non-events and nonparametric bootstrapped regression analysis was used to examine the characteristics of longer mortality episodes. We found a statistically significant (p = 0.003) association between periods of low dew point temperature and above normal pneumonia and influenza mortality 17 days later. The duration (r = −0.61) and severity (r = −0.56) of high mortality episodes was inversely correlated with morning dew point temperature prior to and during the episodes. Weeks in which moist polar air masses were common (air masses characterized by low dew point temperatures) were likewise followed by above normal mortality 17 days later (p = 0.019). This research supports the contention that cold, dry air may be related to influenza mortality and suggests that warning systems could provide enough lead time to be effective in mitigating the effects.
Effects of Ionic Strength on Passive and Iontophoretic Transport of Cationic Permeant Across Human Nail

Purpose Transport across the human nail under hydration can be modeled as hindered transport across aqueous pore pathways. As such, nail permselectivity to charged species can be manipulated by changing the ionic strength of the system in transungual delivery to treat nail diseases. The present study investigated the effects of ionic strength upon transungual passive and iontophoretic transport.
Modulo-X: a simple transformation language for HPC programs

While creating a parallel version of a sequential program, some code sections may be duplicated in the translated version, which can hinder the evolution of the newly created program. This can be prevented if parallel sections of a program can be separated from the sequential sections. In this paper, we introduce a transformation language, called Modulo-X, which can make the parallel to sequential conversion task easier without modifying the original source code. A case study is included to show how sequential code can be converted to two leading parallel programming models (i.e., OpenMP and MPI) using Modulo-X.