cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health care for homeless women.

Homelessness is a significant and growing problem in the United States. A recent study by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty estimates that over 700,000 people are homeless on any given night and up to 2 million people experience homelessness during 1 year.1 Furthermore, it is estimated that 14% of the U.S. housed population have been homeless in their lifetime.2 While the majority of the homeless are still men, studies have found women and families are the fastest growing segments of the homeless population. In its 1998 survey of 30 American cities, the U.S. Conference of Mayors found families comprised 38% of the homeless population. This study also concluded that a disproportionate number of racial and ethnic minorities are homeless.1 Living without a home increases one's health risks. The homeless have more morbidity, as well as higher age-adjusted mortality rates than the general population.3 A 1994 study of 6,308 homeless persons in Philadelphia found the age-adjusted mortality rate among the homeless was 3.5 times that of Philadelphia's general population.3 Previous research has also shown the homeless have higher rates of hypertension, arthritis, mental illness, victimization, tuberculosis, and substance abuse.4,5 Despite the higher rates of health problems, the homeless are less likely to have a regular source of health care, health insurance, a steady income, or social support.6 The homeless are less likely to obtain preventive medical services, even for children.7 Additionally, they are more likely to have experienced barriers to health care, such as not knowing where to go for care, long waiting times, and high costs.8 Previous research on homeless women is limited. While studies have identified numerous potential “perceived barriers” to health care, the majority of studies are based on convenience samples of women in clinics or shelters.6,8–12 Additionally, the studies that utilized probability samples did not determine the effect of multiple “perceived barriers” to care on unmet need for medical care.4,13,14Table 1 details previous research study characteristics and barriers to care identified. Table 1 Characteristics of Previous Studies on Homeless Women and Barriers to Health Care Our study, using data from the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)/RAND Homeless Women's Health Project, is the first representative, probability sample of homeless women where perceived barriers to care are used to predict unmet need for health care. We address 5 research questions. How much unmet need for medical care is there among homeless women? How does unmet need vary by race, age, insurance, time homeless, usual place of stay, or health status? What do homeless women perceive to be their barriers to health care? How do perceived barriers relate to unmet need for medical care? What do homeless women believe would facilitate their access to health care?
Farmers, Middlemen, and the New Rule of Law Movement

This paper investigates the economic relationships between farmers and middlemen in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta and places it in the context of the new rule of law movement. The new rule of law movement, which has grown in the wake of the collapse of formerly centrally planned economies, argues that the rule of law is a prerequisite for economic growth and that transition economies can only succeed by adopting strong formal legal rights and institutions. Notwithstanding more than two decades of an aggressive rule of law reform program, Vietnam’s formal legal system remains weak. Using survey data from a sample of fruit farmers and middlemen we find that participants in the farm-gate market for pomelos carry out relatively complex transactions by granting buyers credit with little explicit reliance on formal legal structures. The development of complex markets for fruit in the Mekong Delta in the absence of strong legal rights provides lessons for proponents of the new rule of law movement. First, in the absence of formal structures, private parties find ways of structuring transactions in order to assure contract performance. Second, development of formal legal structures is a very long term proposition with uncertain results. And finally, the experience of farmers and middlemen suggests that formal law and the development of formal legal institutions appear to trail economic development and should not therefore be considered an essential component of short-term economic
Soil Liquefaction and Cyclic Mobility Evaluation for Level Ground during Earthquakes

It is shown that the design engineer has two basic choices if he considers it appropriate to neglect the possible effects of drainage occurring during the period of cyclic stress applications: (1)To calculate the stresses induced in the ground by the design earthquake, and to compare these stresses with those required to cause cyclic mobility or liquefaction of representative samples in the laboratory. The main problem in this approach lies in correctly assessing the characteristics of the in-situ deposit from laboratory tests performed on even good quality undisturbed samples. (2)to be guided by the known field performance of sand deposits correlated with some measure of in-situ characteristics, such as the standard penetration test. In some cases it is desirable to evaluate the possible effects of pore pressure dissipation in different layers of a deposit during and following earthquake shaking. Methods of accomplishing this are reviewed and described.
Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) for gynecologic malignancies

Every year almost 95,000 women are diagnosed with a gynecologic malignancy and over 28,000 women will succumb to their disease. For patients with an isolated locoregional recurrence after primary therapy, surgical resection may sometimes provide a chance of cure. To optimize the chance of local control intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) has been used. The combination of salvage surgery and IORT has resulted in reasonable control in the IORT field. The addition of external beam radiation to limited volumes seems to result in improved disease control over surgery and IORT alone. Side effects are closely related to radical surgery, although neuropathy is seen more frequently after IORT; especially if doses of >20Gy are prescribed. Margin status remains critical, even with IORT.
Multicenter, Randomized, Phase III Trial of CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Combination With Recombinant Interleukin-2 in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

PURPOSE: To prospectively evaluate in a multicenter randomized trial the antitumor activity of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in combination with low-dose recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2), compared with rIL-2 alone, after radical nephrectomy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between December 1994 and March 1997, 178 patients with resectable primary tumors were enrolled at 29 centers in the United States and Europe. Patients underwent total nephrectomy, recovered, and were randomized to receive either CD8+ TILs (5 × 107 to 3 × 1010 cells intravenously, day 1) plus rIL-2 (one to four cycles: 5 × 106 IU/m2 by continuous infusion daily for 4 days per week for 4 weeks) (TIL/rIL-2 group) or placebo cell infusion plus rIL-2 (identical regimen) (rIL-2 control group). Primary tumor specimens were cultured at a central cell-processing center in serum-free medium containing rIL-2 to generate TILs. RESULTS: Of 178 enrolled patients, 160 were randomized (TIL/rIL-2 group, n...
Los medios de intercambio en la época prehispánica y la Colonia

En el Mexico prehispanico y en los tiempos coloniales, diversos materiales y objetos se usaron como medios de intercambio, especialmente granos de cacao, mantas de algodon y hachas de cobre. Eran ampliamente aceptados como moneda y permitian el intercambio comercial, aunque ninguno de ellos poseia un valor establecido, como sucede hoy en dia con el dinero
Green Integrated Photonics

Harvesting the optical energy lost to two-photon absorption in integrated photonic devices offers two advantages: reduced optical loss and simultaneous electrical power generation. This nonlinear photovoltaic effect may pave the path towards green integrated photonics.
Program for computing measures of association in two-way contingency tables

Description. The program computes various measures of association for two-way contingency tables. Two of these are estimates of the product-moment correlation under the assumption that the contingency table has been obtained by polychotomizing observations on each of two random variables having a bivariate normal distribution. The first of these is an estimate of the product-moment correlation based on the polychoric series developed by Lancaster and Hamdan (1964). The second is the maximum likelihood estimate developed by Tallis (1962). Both methods yield the usual tetrachoric correlation coefficient in the 2 by 2 case. Several ancillary results are printed out along with the maximum likelihood estimate, including a large sample estimate of its standard error and the likelihood ratio ch-square statistic for testing the hypothesis of bivariate normality. In addition, maximum likelihood estimates of the category boundaries are printed out after imposing the arbitrary identifiability condition that each random variable have zero mean and unit variance. Several other measures of association described by Kendall and Stuart (1973, Chapter 33) are also computed. These include (1) Pearson's chi-square
Pursuant to Deportation: Latinos and Immigrant Detention

This essay explores the historical genealogy of Latino immigrant detention in the United States. As a critical enforcement practice within the history of racialization and criminalization of nonwhite immigrants in the US, noncitizen detention pursuant to the deportation of immigrants has been utilized throughout the 20th century at the nexus of national crises, xenophobia, and racism. While episodes of detention expansion are often viewed in light of particular national security crises, this essay discusses the parameters and societal impacts of Latinos in detention, as a process possessing historical continuity, links to other racialized immigrants, and one that underscores the structural inequality of all noncitizens, documented and undocumented, before the law.
Redemptive Framings of Minority Stress and Their Association With Closeness in Same-Sex Relationships

Despite recent improvements in social and legal climates, same-sex couples continue to experience stress stemming from prejudice and discrimination, which can negatively impact the quality of their relationships. This mixed methods study examined the stories that 99 individuals in same-sex relationships told about their experiences of minority stress. Some participants told stories that involved initial negative experiences of minority stress that led to positive outcomes (i.e., redemption stories): most commonly improved closeness with their partners. Statistical analyses demonstrated a positive association between redemptive framings of minority stress and closeness in participants’ relationships. Implications for practice with same-sex couples are discussed.
Satisfaction in competitive conditions

Abstract Most theoretical discussions of competition have suggested that competitive conditions cause dissatisfaction. The reported effects of competition on satisfaction, however, have been mixed and equivocal. The reconciliation herein proposed attributes these discrepant findings to (a) different reinforcement contingencies which determine the competitive or cooperative interaction within the intergroup and intragroup reward structure and (b) to three salient motives evoked by the situation: need fulfillment, ability comparison, and receiving a reward. A review of the studies in which competition inhibited the fulfillment of needs generally found dissatisfaction resulting from competition. However, studies in which the primary motive was to compare one's abilities generally found increased satisfaction. Studies in which the major motive was receiving a reward suggested the general conclusion that the various aspects of the rewards, e.g., the type of reward, the reward contingency, and the value of the reward, are the important determinants of satisfaction rather than conditions of competition or cooperation per Se. It was concluded that the effects of competition on satisfaction can best be predicted from a reinforcement analysis.
Identification of human appendicitis by in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance.

Abstract The spin—lattice relaxation time, T1 as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, correlates positively with tissue water content. The latter relationship has been observed in rabbits with experimentally induced appendicitis whose inflamed appendiceal tissues had significantly higher T1's and water contents than tissue from normal controls. The present experiment studied these relationships in humans. Tissue water content and T1 were measured on appendiceal tissue from 10 patients with documented appendicitis and from 6 controls without the disease. All T1's were determined within 30–60 min of removal of the appendix at operation. The mean in vitroT1 of appendiceal tissue from patients with appendicitis was significantly higher than that of controls (527 ± 15 msec versus 430 ± 17 msec, mean ± SEM, P
The interaction of hydrogen with point defects in aluminum metal

Abstract The extended Huckel molecular orbital approach previously applied to the study of the interaction of a hydrogen atom with a monovacancy in an aluminum lattice is used to examine the interaction of a single hydrogen atom with Frenkel defects and divacancies, the stability of a hydrogen molecule and multiple hydrogen atoms in defect structures, and the activation energies for diffusion of hydrogen through the lattice in the presence of vacancies or impurities. The relevance of these results to embrittlement and blistering processes is discussed.
Medicinal Plants Used in Russia and Central Asia for the Treatment of Selected Skin Conditions

Russia and Central Asia are geographically located in the heart of the Eurasian continent. The Russian landscape is generally composed of hardwood and softwood forests, while in the Central Asian countries of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Tadjikstan, and parts of Mongolia and China, mountains, steppes, and deserts are the primary landforms. The flora of Russia and Central Asia contains approximately 300 species of plants that have been used in prescription and non-prescription pharmaceutical preparations, while nearly 2500 plants are known to have been used in traditional medicine. This paper reviews the plants used in both traditional and non-prescription pharmaceutical remedies for the treatment of allergic rashes, skin irritations, boils, wounds, dermatitis, and pyoderma.
Toward Comprehensive Behavioral Family Intervention An Algorithm for Matching Families and Interventions

A comprehensive behavioral family intervention would serve a heterogeneous family population and would be comprised of public and replicable decision-making rules and intervention techniques. Current family behavior and priorities, rather than crude surrogates such as socioeconomic status, would generate matching decisions. As a step towards a comprehensive behavioral family intervention, this paper presents an algorithm to solve the problem of matching families and behavioral child-related interventions. The algorithm reveals that the needs of some families might not be met by the three prevalent child-related interventions: contingency management, contingency contracting, and problem-solving training. Sample interventions that might meet these needs are briefly described: parent self-control training, parent self-sufficiency training, and marital problem-solving training.
Efficient Scores, Variance Decompositions, and Monte Carlo Swindles

Abstract Monte Carlo “swindles” or variance reduction techniques exploit the experimenter's knowledge of the stochastic structure governing the simulated data to construct more precise estimates of unknown parameters. Alternatively, one can reduce the number of replications (and thus the cost) needed to gain a desired level of precision. This article reviews the common case of swindles based on variance decompositions for estimating efficiencies and variances of location and regression estimators. We then propose a new swindle based on Fisher's efficient score function that can be applied profitably to a much wider range of situations than can the Gaussian-over-independent swindles used in many studies of robust estimators. We compare these methods by performing simulations for the efficiencies of location estimates and by placing them in a simple geometric framework. As an illustration, the score function swindle is used to estimate the variances of Pitman estimates of location for samples from selected ...
Negative Lobbying and Policy Outcomes

What explains policy outcomes? Using a data set containing the actions and assessments of 776 lobbyists working closely on 77 policy proposals, combined with newly collected data on each proposal, I show that the intensity of lobbying against a proposal is a powerful predictor of the likelihood that the proposal is adopted in Congress or a federal agency. This negative lobbying is more effective than positive lobbying: it takes 3.5 lobbyists working for a new proposal to counteract the effect of just one lobbyist against it. Negative lobbying is a more important predictor of the policy outcome than the level of conflict, the preference of the majority of lobbyists, and differences in interest group resources. Several institutional factors—presidential support for the measure, congressional polarization, and whether the proposal was initiated by a federal agency—are found to affect policy outcomes, but only presidential support matters more than negative lobbying.
A simple dispersion relation for the surface plasmon: Dependence on electron density profile

Abstract We know from the quantum-mechanical, random-phase-approximation (RFA) calculations for the surface plasmon that the electron density profile at the surface plays an important role in determining the dispersion relation. The full RPA calculations are very difficult to perform, and we present a simple expression for the dispersion relation which depends on the electron density profile at the surface. Our derivation is essentially semi-classical and parallels that of Ritchie and Marusak. The validity of our expression for the dispersion relation is assessed by computing the dispersion relations for different electron density profiles and comparing them with those obtained in the full RPA calculations.
Effects of Longitudinal and Hoop Stiffeners on Damage Propagation in Pressurized Composite Cylinders

An experimental study was conducted on the combined effects of longitudinal and hoop stiffening bands on the damage propagation in pressurized composite cylindrical shells. Damage was simulated as through-thickness longitudinal slits. Two different stiffener configurations were studied: 1) alternating continuous and broken hoop and longitudinal stiffeners (type A) and 2) continuous longitudinal and hoop fabric stiffeners (type B). In all but one cylinder, damage turned 90 deg near the edge of the hoop stiffening bands. In cases in which damage turned, it continued its propagation in the hoop direction, breaking the first set of longitudinal reinforcement layers, inducing secondary damage modes (such as stiffener debonding and delamination) along the way, and generally being arrested at the second set of longitudinal stiffeners. Damage redirection by the first set of longitudinal stiffeners was seen in one cylinder that had significant reinforcement in the longitudinal direction. The longitudinal stiffeners are, therefore, not as effective as the hoop stiffeners in inducing damage redirection in the laboratory-scaled specimens tested. The difference in the stiffener curvature and the presence of significant bending due to the flapping phenomenon caused by internal pressure during rupture contribute to this observed phenomenon. Since failure pressure of a laboratory-scaled specimen can be one order of magnitude higher than that of a full-scale structure, different damage propagation and arrest are expected in a full-scale structure.
Generalization of the Jost Function and Its Application to Off-Shell Scattering

An off-shell generalization of the Jost function is developed within the framework of the differential-equation approach to the off-shell $T$ matrix. Irregular solutions of the inhomogeneous Schr\"odinger-like equation that occurs in this approach are introduced, and their behavior at the origin is used to define an off-shell Jost function. The half-off-shell $T$ matrix is expressed directly in terms of the off-shell Jost function. It is shown how the fully off-shell $T$ matrix for a particular partial wave can be expressed simply in terms of a single integral involving the irregular solution for that partial wave. An integral equation for the irregular solution is developed, and used to derive an integral representation for the off-shell Jost function. Iteration of the integral equation leads to a series of successive approximations to the $T$ matrix. The formalism is applied to several examples, including a boundary-condition model.
Evidence for some new physical process in ultrahigh-energy collisions

Combining the published Pierre Auger Observatory measurements of the lon- gitudinal and lateral properties of UHE atmospheric showers is shown to point to an un- foreseen change in the nature of particle interactions at ultrahigh energy . A "toy model" of UHE proton-Air interactions is presented which provides the first fully c onsistent de- scription of air shower observations. While fundamentally phenomenological, the model is based on considerations of how the normal vacuum of QCD might be vaporized and chiral symmetry restored by the extreme energy densities produced in UHE collisions.
The (Dis)similarity of a Minority Religion to Its Broader Religious Context: The Case of American Jews

While much research shows the relationship between individual-level variables, such as Jewish background, education, age, and income and an individual’s Jewish identity, very little research has systematically addressed the question of community context, either general or Jewish, as a factor influencing Jewish religious or ethnic identity. This lack of research has been partially a result of the lack of an adequate data set to facilitate such analysis. Using the newly-aggregated Decade 2000 data set, with its 19,800 cases spread across 22 Jewish communities, we find that despite the anecdotal evidence and the logic that suggests that environment impacts behavior, the environmental impact on Jewish identity is clearly weak. Individual characteristics are much stronger than community context in explaining variations in the strength of Jewish identity.
Evaluation of eight bioaerosol samplers challenged with aerosols of free bacteria.

The need to quantify airborne microorganisms in the commercial microbiology industry (biotechnology) and during evaluations of indoor air quality, infectious disease outbreaks, and agriculture health investigations has shown there is a major technological void in bioaerosol sampling techniques to measure and identify viable and nonviable aerosols. As commercialization of microbiology increases and diversifies, it is increasingly necessary to assess occupational exposure to bioaerosols. Meaningful exposure estimates, by using area or environmental samplers, can only be ensured by the generation of data that are both precise and accurate. The Andersen six-stage viable (microbial) particle sizing sampler (6-STG) and the Ace Glass all-glass impinger-30 (AGI-30) have been suggested as the samplers of choice for the collection of viable microorganisms by the International Aerobiology Symposium and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Some researchers consider these samplers inconvenien...
Rational Isogenies of Prime Degree

In this table, g is the genus of Xo(N), and v the number of noncuspidal rational points of Xo(N) (which is, in effect, the number of rational N-isogenies classified up to "twist"). For an excellent readable account of isogenies and their related diophantine problems, see Ogg's [25, 26]. The first column of the table corresponds to the genus 0 cases; for each of these values of N rational parametrizat ions of Xo(N) are known [10]. For each integer N, and each order R ~ Q(1/-ZN) such that R contains ~ and has class number one, there is a Q-rat ional N-isogeny. This accounts for one noncuspidal rational point on Xo(N ) for N = 11, 19, 27, 43, 67, 163 and for the two noncuspidal rational points on Xo(14 ). For a discussion of the cases: N = l l , 15, 17, 21 see ([43], pp.78-80) and for the peculiar N = 37, see ([22], w 5). The object of this paper is to show that when N is a prime number there are no Q-rat ional N-isogenies beyond those exhibited in the above table. To prove this (in the light of known results concerning Xo(N)(Q) for the twelve prime numbers N appearing in the table [19]) it suffices to show:
Multimedia systems security

Multimedia data and information systems manage, communicate, and present multimedia data including text, images, audio and video. We need to ensure that the data is protected from unauthorized access as well as malicious corruption. Digital watermarking techniques that insert hidden copyright messages into the multimedia data are needed. Furthermore, since multimedia data is being used for security applications such as surveillance and monitoring, protecting privacy of the individual is crucial.This presentation will discuss the developments and directions for securing multimedia systems. First we will first issues on incorporating security into multimedia data and information systems. We will review various security mechanisms and access control policies and discuss the applicability of these mechanisms and policies for multimedia data. Second, we will examine the developments of digital libraries, which can be considered to be special kinds of multimedia data and information systems, and discuss various developments on secure digital libraries. Access control models such as role-based access control and copyright protection methods for digital libraries will be discussed. Third, we will discuss the developments in securing multimedia communication systems including VoIP security. Emerging novel techniques in digital watermarking as well as the use of multimedia data for computer forensics analysis will also be discussed. Finally, the applications of multimedia data for surveillance and monitoring as well as video data analysis for national security applications will be discussed. Privacy violations that could occur through multimedia data mining as well as directions for privacy preserving surveillance and privacy preserving multimedia data mining will be discussed.
The ligand geometry of copper determines the stability of amicyanin

Abstract Solution differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of oxidized amicyanin, a Type I copper protein, at pH 7.5 reveals two thermal transitions. The major transition at 67.7 °C corresponds to the disruption of the Cys 92 thiolate to Cu(II) charge transfer as evidenced by a corresponding temperature-dependent loss of amicyanin visible absorbance. A minor transition at 75.5 °C describes the further irreversible protein unfolding. Reduced amicyanin exhibits a pH-dependent change of the copper ligand geometry. At pH 8.5 where the Type I tetrahedral geometry is maintained, DSC reveals two thermal transitions with T m values similar to that of oxidized amicyanin. At pH 6.2 where the Cu(I) coordination is trigonal planar, reduced amicyanin exhibits a single thermal transition with a lower T m of 64.0 °C. Apoamicyanin, from which copper has been removed, also exhibits a single thermal transition but with a much lower T m of 51.8 °C. Thus, the thermal stability of amicyanin is dictated both by the presence or absence of copper and its ligand geometry, but not its redox state. The physiological relevance of these data is discussed.
On dilation equations and the Hölder continuity of the de Rham functions

We use a simple approximation method to prove the Holder continuity of the generalized de Rham functions. 1. Consider the following dilatation equation where |α| f is an integrable solution of (1); then f must satisfy where is the Fourier transform of f , and which immediately leads to
Regional differences in left ventricular response to atrial pacing in the dog: Mapping of segmental function by two-dimensional echocardiography☆

Abstract Two-dimensional echocardiography was applied in 10 closed-chest dogs to evaluate, in several left ventricular (LV) short-axis cross sections and subsegments, the regional contractile response to right atrial pacing. Compared with sinus rhythm (81 ± 10 beats/min), which exhibited a moderate 7.2 ± 12.0% (mean ± standard deviation) base-to-apex increment in function, this gradient was significantly augmented to 34 ± 12% by pacing at a heart rate of 180 beats/min. Measurements of wall thickening and perimeter shortening exhibited similar trends. Differences also were observed in subsegments of individual cross sections: in sinus rhythm the base-to-apex difference in function was relatively minor in the anterior and lateral aspects of the left ventricle (−9.1 ± 18% and −1.9 ± 19%), whereas a significant increase was noted in posterior and midseptal zones (18 ± 17% and 22 ± 30%). In response to pacing, the anterior and lateral wall base-to-apex gradients were significantly augmented (25 ± 8% and 35 ± 34%), but there was no further change in the posterior or septal regions. In conclusion, apical regions of the canine left ventricle responded to right atrial pacing with significant augmentation of contractile function, whereas more basal levels showed little response. Circumferentially, response to atrial pacing was most pronounced in the anterior and lateral segments.
Analysis of records from four airliners in the Denver microburst, July 11, 1988

Flight and radar position records are analyzed to determine the winds encountered by four airliners that penetrated a multicell microburst on approach to Denver's Stapleton International Airport. The results show significant expansion in the size of the microburst, and indicate that there were fluctuations in the internal wind velocity. At its peak strength, as experienced by the second aircraft, the microburst produced a head-wind-to-tail-wind shear of 115 ft/sec. The wind patterns derived from the flight-data analysis are in general agreement with results derived from Doppler weather radar and from a numerical microburst simulation.
The Neuter in Modern French

Author's summary.— The neuter gender still finds frequent expression through pronoun forms in modern French, being used to indicate the non-personal elements in daily human experience.
Differential effects of endocannabinoid catabolic inhibitors on morphine withdrawal in mice.

Background Inhibition of endocannabinoid catabolic enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and/or monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) reduces somatic morphine withdrawal signs, but its effects on aversive aspects of withdrawal are unknown. The present study investigated whether Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the MAGL inhibitor JZL184, the FAAH inhibitor PF-3845, or the dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor SA-57 would reduce acquisition of morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place avoidance (CPA) and jumping.
Psychological problems in family practice: Implications for training∗

Abstract The results of a questionnaire survey of 120 Directors of Family Practice Residency Programs and 200 Practicing Family Physicians are reported. The interpretation of the results is limited by a low return rate (24.7%) and a limited definition of Medical Psychology. Despite these disadvantages, the respondents indicated medical psychological problems as being more frequent than both “purely psychiatric”; and “psychosomatic”; problems. The respondents also indicated inadequacy of traditional psychiatry for dealing both with problems in their practice and in treating medical psychological problems. The respondents emphasized the importance of courses in Medical Psychology both for treating patients and for training Family Practice residents. The major types of conditions causing medical psychological problems are listed. Critical areas to be covered in a course in Medical Psychology were enumerated. There seems to be correlation of these results with similar data reported previously.
Orbiting molecular‐beam laboratory

The composition of the atmosphere within the planned orbital envelope of the Space Shuttle (200–1000 km) and the velocity necessary to maintain a stable orbit within that envelope (∠8 km s−1) provide unique conditions for forming a high‐purity, moderate energy beam (∠5 eV) of atomic oxygen. At 500 km for example, atomic oxygen comprises approximately 90% of the atmosphere with the remaining 10% being primarily helium. Since the mean thermal speed of the ambient atomic oxygen is substantially less than the orbital speed, a high‐purity beam can be generated by sweeping through the gas with a series of beam‐forming truncated conical shells. Further, molecular shielding provides a low‐density background inside the conical shells (∠103 cm−3) within which the beam is formed. The characteristics of the beam, including energy distribution, flux, and purity variation with orbital altitude and methods for lowering the mean energy, are presented. The approach to forming the beam, the planned apparatus, modes of deployment (attached to the Shuttle or as a free flyer), operational capabilities, measurement capabilities, and attitude control requirements, are also discussed. Finally, a number of gas–surface interaction experiments that have been proposed for this laboratory are discussed.
Computing the Relative Nucleation Rate of Phenylbutazone and Sulfamerazine in Various Solvents

This work simulates the nucleation of sulfamerazine in acetone, methanol, or water, and phenylbutazone in diethyl ether, methanol, or acetone. A new method is developed to estimate the time of onse...
New Imaginings: The Legacy of Benedict Anderson and Alternative Engagements of Nationalism

Where should we look as scholars, policymakers, and practitioners to decipher contemporary sources of nationalism and understand nations' historical origins? This article draws on Benedict Anderson's scholarly legacy and highlights potential pathways for future studies of ethnicity and nationalism. It outlines major themes from the landmark text Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983), reviews its impact and significance, describes heated scholarly critiques, and, finally, proffers three directions for ongoing research: the intersecting inquiries of political-economic mobilisation, of relational networks, and of hybrid identities.
Why some technical professionals write… and some don't

To find out if writing really does help establish a reputation, and why some technical professionals write and some don't, a questionnaire was distributed to a sampling of authors and non-authors at 19 IBM development laboratories and manufacturing plants in the US and Europe. Respondents were asked how many articles for professional journals and technical magazines, and how many conference papers they had written. The authors were then asked their principal reasons for writing; what, if any, benefits have come of it; and what they think are the relative advantages and disadvantages, to the author, of writing for journals, technical magazines and conferences. Non-authors in the sample were asked the principal reasons that have held them back from writing articles and papers. The results of this survey are presented.
Potential for bone turnover markers to cost-effectively identify and select post-menopausal osteopenic women at high risk of fracture for bisphosphonate therapy

Over half of all fractures among post-menopausal women occur in those who do not have osteoporosis by bone density criteria. Measurement of bone turnover may cost-effectively identify a subset of women with T-score >−2.5 for whom anti-resorptive drug therapy is cost-effective. Using a Markov model, we estimated the cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) for five years of oral bisphosphonate compared to no drug therapy for osteopenic post-menopausal women aged 60 to 80 years with a high (top quartile) or low (bottom 3 quartiles) level of a bone turnover marker. For women with high bone turnover, the cost per QALY gained with alendronate compared to no drug therapy among women aged 70 years with T-scores of −2.0 or −1.5 were $58,000 and $80,000 (U.S. 2004 dollars), respectively. If bisphosphonates therapy also reduced the risk of non-vertebral fractures by 20% among osteopenic women with high bone turnover, then the costs per QALY gained were $34,000 and $50,000 for women age 70 with high bone turnover and T-scores of −2.0 and −1.5, respectively. Measurement of bone turnover markers has the potential to identify a subset of post-menopausal women without osteoporosis by bone density criteria for whom bisphosphonate therapy to prevent fracture is cost-effective. The size of that subset highly depends on the assumed efficacy of bisphosphonates for fracture risk reduction among women with both a T-score >−2.5 and high bone turnover and the cost of bisphosphonate treatment.
Examination of prevalence rates of possible risk factors in a population with a fracture of the proximal femur

No statistical increase in the prevalence of either diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis or primary hyperparathyrodism was found among the hip fracture patient population. Since the relative risks for these diseases is small, the statistics suggest that these conditions are either noncontributory or represent only a minor risk factor in the overall pathogenesis of hip fractures. About 20% of the hip fracture patients had a history of other identifiable risk factors such as thyrotoxicosis, hemiplegia, malabsorption syndromes and corticosteroid therapy. Of these conditions only thyrotoxicosis could be evaluated by comparison of prevalence rates, and a significant increase was found among the fracture patients. A highly significant correlation was found between the side of a previous hemiplegia and side of he subsequent hip fracture; this may be due to the development of disuse osteoporosis in the hemiplegic limb. Recent reports have shown that a reduction in the number of hip fractures is associated with a high calcium intake or prophylactic estrogen therapy. Preventive therapy in patients with hemiplegia, thyrotoxicosis, or other predisposing conditions leading to osteopenia might result in a further reduction of the hip fracture rate. Language: en
Correct sequence for the major nucleocapsid protein mRNA of respiratory syncytial virus.

Abstract A nucleotide sequence for the mRNA of the major nucleocapsid (N) protein gene of respiratory syncytial virus was reported previously ( N. Elango and S. Venkatesen, 1983 , Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 5941–5951). However, we have been unable to confirm part of this sequence as N mRNA-specific and suggest that the published sequence represents that of an aberrant chimeric transcript. Here we present an alternative sequence for the N mRNA and provide data supporting its authenticity. The corrected N mRNA sequence contains 1197 rather than 1427 nucleotides exclusive of poly(A), and encodes a protein of 391 rather than 467 amino acids. The calculated molecular weight for the 391-amino acid protein described by the sequence presented here is 42,600, in agreement with the molecular weight of 42,000 determined for the RS viral N protein by gel electrophoresis. In addition, we present sequence data from dicistronic RNAs that span the junction between the 1B protein and N cistrons, and the junction between the N and phosphoprotein (P) cistrons.
Detection and quantitation of a type D retrovirus gag protein in ovine pulmonary carcinoma (sheep pulmonary adenomatosis) by means of a competition radioimmunoasay

Abstract A heterologous competition radioimmunoassay (RIA) which consisted of 125 I-labeled langur retrovirus major gag protein and goat anti-squirrel monkey retrovirus serum to detect a type D retrovirus-associated antigen in tumor cell homogenates, lung fluid, and cell culture supernatant fluids of naturally occurring and experimentally-induced ovine pulmonary carcinoma (OPC, sheep pulmonary adenomatosis). In this assay, there was no cross reactivity between structural proteins of the type D retrovirus and an ovine lentivirus, which frequently co-infects OPC-affected sheep. The sensitivity of the assay was similar to an immunoblotting assay using antiserum to Mason-Pfizer monkey virus major gag protein which had been used previously to detect the OPC retrovirus antigen in tumor homogenates and lung fluids of OPC-affected sheep. All unconcentrated samples of lung fluid collected from five sheep with naturally occurring OPC or six sheep with experimentally induced OPC completed in the competition RIA. The competition RIA titers of the type D retrovirus antigen in lung fluids of lambs with induced OPC were relatively higher than the titers of this antigen in the naturally occurring OPC cases. The competition RIA detected the retrovirus antigen associated with OPC in the culture fluids of four out of five primary lung cultures from OPC sheep tested between 1 and 56 days after culture initiation. Because this RIA is appropriate for the quantitation of OPC-associated antigen, it will provide a means for determination of the target cell type for OPC virus replication in vitro.
A dual task procedure combined with rapid serial visual presentation to test attentional blink for nontargets.

When viewers search for targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream, if two targets are presented within about 500 msec of each other, the first target may be easy to spot but the second is likely to be missed. This phenomenon of attentional blink (AB) has been widely studied to probe the temporal capacity of attention for detecting visual targets. However, with the typical procedure of AB experiments, it is not possible to examine how the processing of non-target items in RSVP may be affected by attention. This paper describes a novel dual task procedure combined with RSVP to test effects of AB for nontargets at varied stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). In an exemplar experiment, a target category was first displayed, followed by a sequence of 8 nouns. If one of the nouns belonged to the target category, participants would respond ‘yes’ at the end of the sequence, otherwise participants would respond ‘no’. Two 2-alternative forced choice memory tasks followed the response to determine if participants remembered the words immediately before or after the target, as well as a random word from another part of the sequence. In a second exemplar experiment, the same design was used, except that 1) the memory task was counterbalanced into two groups with SOAs of either 120 or 240 msec and 2) three memory tasks followed the sequence and tested remembrance for nontarget nouns in the sequence that could be anywhere from 3 items prior the target noun position to 3 items following the target noun position. Representative results from a previously published study demonstrate that our procedure can be used to examine divergent effects of attention that not only enhance targets but also suppress nontargets. Here we show results from a representative participant that replicated the previous finding.
Low temperature testing of LiSOCl2 cells

The performance and safety characteristics Li-SOCl2 cells were evaluated at -40 C. Tests were conducted on cells of several defferent designs to determine the influence of cell design on performance and safety. The cells exhibited low operating voltages, poor voltage regulation, and low capacity at -40 C. The performance of the cells was found to be critically dependent on the cell design. No safety problems were observed during discharge to 2.0 V under constant current and constant load operating conditions. Cells subjected to prolonged periods of continuous drain at constant-load did not vent/rupture upon warm-up. Cells subjected to prolonged reversal were found to be potentially hazardous. Microcalorimetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies performed on the cells suggested that those containing a catalyst may exhibit poor shelf life.
The role of negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia outcome

Schizophrenia is a lifelong illness, with symptoms beginning in late adolescence/early adulthood and persisting throughout the rest of the patient's life. Positive psychotic symptoms may fluctuate during the course of the illness, but negative symptoms, especially primary negative symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction are relatively constant. The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are both primary (associated with the illness) and secondary (due to depression, neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism or acute psychosis). While secondary negative symptoms may be reduced by treating the causative agent, primary negative symptoms are viewed as enduring, persisting between psychotic episodes. Conventional antipsychotics treat the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but they have little effect on primary negative and cognitive symptoms. Primary negative symptoms are often associated with poor premorbid function, the male sex, and low IQ (Intelligence Quotient). In addition, most studies find that negative symptoms are associated with a poor overall outcome. Several studies, including our own, have suggested that primary negative symptoms are functionally localized to the frontal and parietal cortices. These kinds of data raise the possibility that primary negative symptoms may have a pathophysiological basis distinct from positive psychosis. Cognitive impairment also appears to be a relatively independent aspect of schizophrenia. Impairment may be evident in a subtle form from early childhood, and often precedes the development of psychotic symptoms. Additional impairment accrues with the onset of psychotic illness with little evidence, in the vast majority of cases, of progression over the course of the illness. Cognitive impairment is only modestly related to psychotic symptom severity and type. However, the extent, and perhaps specific types of cognitive impairment, appear to be predictive of functional outcome.
Subsynovial Connective Tissue is Sensitive to Surgical Interventions in a Rabbit Model of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

The most common histological finding in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is non-inflammatory fibrosis and thickening of the subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT) in the tunnel. While the cause of SSCT fibrosis and the relationship of SSCT fibrosis and CTS are unknown, one hypothesis is that SSCT injury causes fibrosis, and that the fibrosis then leads to CTS. We investigated the sensitivity of the SSCT to injuries. Two types of surgical intervention were performed in a rabbit model: a skin incision with tendon laceration and SSCT stretching sufficient to damage the SSCT, and skin incision alone,. Twelve weeks after surgery, the rabbit carpal tunnel tissues were studied with immunochemistry for TGF-β receptors 1, 2, and 3, collagen III, and collagen VI. All TGF-β receptors were expressed. The percentages of the TGF-β receptors’ expressions were less in the control SSCT fibroblasts than in the fibroblasts from rabbits with surgical interventions. The surgical interventions did not result in any alteration of collagen III expression. However, both surgical interventions resulted in a significant decrease in collagen VI expression compared to the control group. The two surgical interventions achieved similar expression of TGF-β receptors and collagens. Our results provide evidence that the SSCT is sensitive to surgical interventions, even when these are modest. Since SSCT fibrosis is a hallmark of carpal tunnel syndrome, these data also suggest that such fibrosis could result from relatively minor trauma.