cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Interpretation of S-Band Ice Crystal Depolarization Signatures from Data Obtained by Simultaneously Transmitting Horizontally and Vertically Polarized Fields

AbstractData collected by the National Center for Atmospheric Research S-band polarimetric radar (S-Pol) during the Terrain-Influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (TiMREX) in Taiwan are analyzed and used to infer storm microphysics in the ice phase of convective storms. Both simultaneous horizontal (H) and vertical (V) (SHV) transmit polarization data and fast-alternating H and V (FHV) transmit polarization data are used in the analysis. The SHV Zdr (differential reflectivity) data show radial stripes of biased data in the ice phase that are likely caused by aligned and canted ice crystals. Similar radial streaks in the linear depolarization ratio (LDR) are presented that are also biased by the same mechanism. Dual-Doppler synthesis and sounding data characterize the storm environment and support the inferences concerning the ice particle types. Small convective cells were observed to have both large positive and large negative Kdp (specific differential phase) values. Negative Kdp regions suggest that ic...
Explorations of Caffeic Acid Derivatives: Total Syntheses of Rufescenolide, Yunnaneic Acids C and D, and Studies toward Yunnaneic Acids A and B

Yunnaneic acids A–D, isolated from the roots of Salvia yunnanensis, are hexameric (A and B) and trimeric (C and D) assemblies of caffeic acid that feature an array of synthetically challenging and structurally interesting domains. In addition to being caffeic acid oligomers, yunnaneic acids A and B are formally dimeric and heterodimeric adducts of yunnaneic acids C and D. Herein we report the first total syntheses of yunnaneic acids C and D featuring the formation of their bicyclo[2.2.2]octene cores in a single step from simple precursors via an oxidative dearomatization/Diels–Alder cascade that may have biogenetic relevance. In addition, exploitation of the key intermediate resulting from this cascade reaction has enabled rapid access to the structurally related caffeic acid metabolite rufescenolide through an unexpected Lewis acid-mediated reduction. Finally, we report the results of extensive model studies toward forming the dimeric yunnaneic acids A and B. These explorations indicate that the innate r...
Negotiating Knowledge Gaps in Dispersed Knowledge Work

Reviews from the two streams of research - knowledge based view of the firm and dispersed work â€“ offers evidence for knowledge gaps that exist among dispersed members. Dispersed members therefore cannot take for granted that they have a common context, making dispersed collaboration problematic. A major challenge for such teams is thus to co-create a commonly shared context. This paper examines the process of how dispersed teams negotiate knowledge gaps to create a common context. The study uses a multiple case design on dispersed teams at a knowledge-based marketing organization in the US. The findings from this field study highlight three strategies to negotiate knowledge gaps: (1) active engagement strategies, (2) negotiating relationally, and (3) redundant knowledge structures. Taken together, these findings have the potential to help managers in knowledge based organizations to discern appropriate social and technological interventions that may be needed for conducting dispersed knowledge work.
Polymerization as a means of stabilization for polystyrene

General purpose polystyrene prepared by conventional radical techniques contains a head-to-head unit as a consequence of polymerization termination by radical coupling. As has been previously demonstrated, thermal stress promotes homolysis of the bond linking the head-to-head components. The macroradicals that were generated depolymerize rapidly to generate styrene monomer. This decomposition during processing can lead to finished articles containing objectionable levels of styrene monomer, particularly for food packaging applications in which even low levels of monomer can promote objectionable taste and aroma. Polymer containing no head-to-head units should not be prone to this facile decomposition. In this instance, polystyrene has been prepared by nitroxyl-mediated polymerization of styrene monomer followed by reductive removal of nitroxyl end groups. Polymer prepared in this manner contains no head-to-head units and displays thermal stability much greater than that observed for conventional polystyrene. A direct comparison of the stability for the two polymers is readily available by thermogravimetric techniques. A quantitative reflection of the difference in stability is available from the rate constants for the respective decompositions. decompositions. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 12:198–203, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Non-suppressible addition frameshift in Salmonella.

Abstract A frameshift mutation in the histidinol dehydrogenase gene of Salmonella was isolated after induction with the intercalating agent, ICR-191 § . Reversion of the frameshift, 2578, is strongly enhanced by ICR and by the alkylating agent N -methyl-Ń-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine. In all cases previously examined, frame-shifts with this reversion profile have proven to be +1 types, most likely containing an extra G·C pair in a DNA repeat of G·C pairs. Most are suppressible by external suppressors, which appear to translate the +1 site on mRNA as proline or glycine. Frameshift 2578, however, is one of a small minority which, while reverted by ICR-191 and N -methyl-Ń-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine, does not appear to be suppressible by external suppressors. Sequence studies of revertant histidinol dehydrogenase suggest that 2578 is an addition of one or two G·C pairs in a DNA repeat of G·C pairs. This addition, however, produces mRNA quadruplets which are in an incorrect phase for suppressor translation.
PICO: Portable Instrument for Capturing Occultations

We describe a portable imaging photometer for the observation of stellar occultation events by Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs) and other small bodies. The system is referred to as the Portable Instrument for Capturing Occultations (PICO). It is designed to be transportable to remote observing sites by a single observer. A GPS timing system is used to trigger exposures of a Finger Lakes Instrumentation ML261E-25 camera to facilitate the combination of observational results from multiple sites. The system weighs a total of 11 kg when packed into its single rigid 55.1 × 35.8 × 22.6 cm container, meeting current airline size and weight limits for carry-on baggage. Twelve such systems have been constructed. Nine systems were deployed for observation of a stellar occultation by Kuiper Belt object 55636 in 2009 October. During the same month, one system was used to record a stellar occultation by minor planet 762 Pulcova.
The contribution of oropharyngeal sensations to hypothalamic hyperphagia.

Abstract Hypothalamic hyperphagia was studied in rats that fed themselves food they could not taste or smell. Overeating persisted in the absence of oropharyngeal sensations. However, high levels of obesity were not reached. The addition of small oral incentives produced new bouts of overeating and rapid weight gain. Excessive responsiveness to highly palatable foods is not the cause of hypothalamic hyperphagia but oropharyngeal sensations determine the rate and duration of the overeating and are essential for maximum levels of obesity.
Sarcomere Length Non-Uniformity in Relation to Tetanic Responses of Stretched Skeletal Muscle Fibres

At sarcomere lengths above the plateau region of the length-tension diagram, it has been found that isometric tetanic tension is proportional to the amount of thick and thin filament overlap. This finding has been questioned recently and is reinvestigated here. Central segments of single frog skeletal muscle fibres were held at constant length during contractions at various sarcomere lengths above those associated with the plateau region. Tension records showed little or no creep, and the tetanic tensions measured at 0 and 20 degrees C were inversely proportional to sarcomere length. These results extend and substantiate earlier findings. In contrast, when a stretched fibre had only its ends fixed during a tetanus, a different tension response was observed. The tension rise was initially very rapid but soon slowed to a gradual upward creep as stimulation was continued. This was followed by a tension decline. These tension phases were correlated with large decreases in sarcomere length at the fibre ends, while sarcomeres in the middle were extended a small amount. This tetanic tension response can be explained using the sarcomere length-tension relation and the force-velocity properties of muscle. These results strongly support the sliding filament, cross-bridge theory of muscle contraction.
Three-year Tooth Loss among Black and White Older Adults in North Carolina

The distribution and determinants of tooth loss in older adults are poorly defined, especially in Blacks, who have been underrepresented in previous studies. This study investigated, epidemiologically, the distribution and predictors of tooth loss in elder Blacks and Whites by following a random sample of older adults in North Carolina for three years. It was hypothesized that Blacks would be at greater risk of tooth loss and would have different risk factors for tooth loss. Data from 263 Blacks and 228 Whites were collected by dental examinations and interviews conducted in the participants' homes. During the three-year follow-up, 53% of Blacks and 29% of Whites lost at least one tooth. Blacks lost 13% of their remaining teeth compared with 4% for Whites. Logistic regression models showed that factors related to tooth loss for Blacks were: more S. mutans in stimulated saliva, deeper periodontal pockets, more P. intermedia in subgingival plaque, high blood pressure, limited help from others, and few symptoms of depression. For Whites, significant factors were: more lactobacilli in stimulated saliva, history of current oral pain at baseline, more alcohol consumption, no history of past use of calcium or xerostomic medications, higher income, lower occupational prestige, and increased numbers of negative life events. This study showed that older Blacks were at greater risk of tooth loss than older Whites. For both races, factors such as oral bacteria, periodontal conditions, oral symptoms, and psychosocial and economic factors are related to increased risk of tooth loss.
Regret-minimizing representative databases

We propose the k-representative regret minimization query (k-regret) as an operation to support multi-criteria decision making. Like top-k, the k-regret query assumes that users have some utility or scoring functions; however, it never asks the users to provide such functions. Like skyline, it filters out a set of interesting points from a potentially large database based on the users' criteria; however, it never overwhelms the users by outputting too many tuples.In particular, for any number k and any class of utility functions, the k-regret query outputs k tuples from the database and tries to minimize the maximum regret ratio. This captures how disappointed a user could be had she seen k representative tuples instead of the whole database. We focus on the class of linear utility functions, which is widely applicable.The first challenge of this approach is that it is not clear if the maximum regret ratio would be small, or even bounded. We answer this question affirmatively. Theoretically, we prove that the maximum regret ratio can be bounded and this bound is independent of the database size. Moreover, our extensive experiments on real and synthetic datasets suggest that in practice the maximum regret ratio is reasonably small. Additionally, algorithms developed in this paper are practical as they run in linear time in the size of the database and the experiments show that their running time is small when they run on top of the skyline operation which means that these algorithm could be integrated into current database systems.
Critiquing Culture in the “Small House”: How Vic and Sade Brought the Mass Culture Critique to the Masses

The popular comedic serial Vic and Sade can be viewed in relation to the mass culture critique, a series of criticisms advanced by twentieth century public intellectuals for the benefit of other intellectuals against the alleged negative impacts of mass entertainment, particularly radio, and other aspects of mass culture. A close examination of Vic and Sade's depiction of mass entertainment, specifically film, periodicals, and popular fiction, demonstrates that the program advanced its own critique of mass culture, one coming from the perspective of the masses and directed toward a mass audience.
The effect of flexible body armour on pulmonary function.

The additional mass and fit of current military in-service body armour (ISBA) can reduce pulmonary function in a way that is characteristic of a restrictive respiratory impairment. This could ultimately impair exercise capacity and military performance. This study compared pulmonary function (forced vital capacity [FVC] and forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1]) in UK ISBA (15.3 kg) and three flexible body armours (BAs) (FA1: 10 kg; FA2: 7.8 kg; FA3: 10 kg) in eight male soldiers. The design of the ballistic plates differed between the BAs to improve the flexibility. FVC and FEV1 were reduced by 4–6%, without reduction in FEV1/FVC for ISBA, FA2 and FA3, when compared to NoBA (p < 0.05). No difference was observed between FA1 and NoBA. As expected, wearing BA caused a mild restrictive ventilatory impairment; however, modifications to BA design can reduce the degree of this impairment.Practitioner Summary: This study showed that wearing body armour caused a mild restrictive ventilatory impairment. However,...
A synthesis method for multicomponent distillation sequences with fewer columns

An easy-to-use matrix-based method for the systematic synthesis of distillation configurations using less than n-1 columns to separate any zeotropic n-component feed into n product streams is described. The method is easily extended to obtain additional thermally coupled configurations. The only information needed to generate the configurations is the number of components in the feed, or equivalently, the number of distinct composition final product streams. We have successfully enumerated configurations for feeds containing up to eight components. This has resulted in a large number of hitherto unknown configurations even for four-component separations. Some of the novel configurations generated using the method have substantially lower heat duty than the previously known fewer column configurations for a four-component feed separation. Therefore, it is essential to include these novel configurations in the search space to find the optimal distillation configuration with fewer columns for a given application. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 2479–2494, 2012
Emulsifier‐free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate

The kinetics of the emulsifier-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and sodium styrene sulfonate have been examined over a range of comonomer compositions. The rate of polymerization was found to increase dramatically in the presence of small amounts of sodium styrene sulfonate. This increase is attributed to the increased number of particles formed when sodium styrene sulfonate was present and to a gel effect enhanced by ion association. At low concentrations of functional comonomer, where a monodisperse product was obtained, a homogeneous nucleation mechanism of particle generation is proposed. At higher concentrations, broader and then bimodal size distributions were obtained, and this is ascribed to significant aqueous phase polymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate. The water-soluble homopolymer is supposed to act as a locus of polymerization. The occurrence of this aqueous phase side reaction and the generation of secondary particles makes impossible the preparation of highly sulfonated polystyrene latexes by batch or seeded batch emulsion copolymerization.
Phonological Influences on Lexical (Mis)Selection

Speakers produce words to convey meaning, but does meaning alone determine which words they say? We report three experiments that show independent semantic and phonological influences converging to determine word selection. Speakers named pictures (e.g., of a priest) following visually presented cloze sentences that primed either semantic competitors of the target object name (“The woman went to the convent to become a …”), homophones of the competitors (“I thought that there would still be some cookies left, but there were …”), or matched unrelated control object names. Primed semantic competitors (nun) were produced instead of picture names more often than primed unrelated control object names, showing the well-documented influence of semantic similarity on lexical selection. Surprisingly, primed homophone competitors (none) also substituted for picture names more often than control object names even though they only sounded like competitors. Thus, independent semantic and phonological influences can co...
Numerical Calculation of Electrical Conductivity of Porous Electroceramics

A numerical method for the calculation of the electrical conductivity of porous ceramics for gas sensing applications is developed, which takes into account detailed microstructural features by mapping a mesoscopic irregular resistor network onto the microstructure. The overall conductance of the ceramic sample is obtained by solving the Kirchhoff equations for the irregular network using an efficient iterative algorithm. The method is designed to handle the widely varying conductivities of different microstructural components present in ceramic gas sensors. The evolution of the macroscopic conductance of the model systems during a phase field simulation of sintering is obtained and several characteristic stages are distinguished. The potential applications of the method in computer aided microstructural optimization for ceramic gas sensors is discussed.
Locus coeruleus damage and noradrenaline reductions in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The endogenous neurotransmitter noradrenaline exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo. Several studies report that noradrenaline levels are altered in the central nervous system of patients with multiple sclerosis and rodents with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, which could contribute to pathology. Since the major source of noradrenaline are neurons in the locus coeruleus, we hypothesized that alterations in noradrenaline levels are a consequence of stress or damage to locus coeruleus neurons. In C57BL/6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide 35-55 to develop chronic disease, cortical and spinal cord levels of noradrenaline were significantly reduced versus control mice. Immunohistochemical staining revealed increased astrocyte activation in the ventral portion of the locus coeruleus in immunized mice. The immunized mice showed neuronal damage in the locus coeruleus detected by a reduction of average cell size of tyrosine hydroxylase stained neurons. Analysis of the locus coeruleus of multiple sclerosis and control brains showed a significant increase in astrocyte activation, a reduction in noradrenaline levels, and neuronal stress indicated by hypertrophy of tyrosine hydroxylase stained cell bodies. However, the magnitude of these changes was not correlated with extent of demyelination or of cellular infiltrates. Together these findings demonstrate the presence of inflammation and neuronal stress in multiple sclerosis as well as in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Since reduced noradrenaline levels could be permissive for increased inflammation and neuronal damage, these results suggest that methods to raise noradrenaline levels or increase locus coeruleus function may be of benefit in treating multiple sclerosis.
Dental caries is associated with central and peripheral, but not general, adiposity in children.

Article title and Bibliographic Information Association between dental caries and adiposity status (general, central, and peripheral adiposity) in 12-year-old children. Peng SM et al. Caries Res 2013;48(1):32-8. Reviewer Lisa H. Chung, DDS, MPH Purpose/Question Is there a relationship between dental caries experience and different types of adiposity (central, peripheral, and general) among 12-year-old children in Hong Kong, SAR, China? Source of Funding: Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (project No. 782811) Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional study Level of Evidence Level 2: limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Neuronal Pathfinding Is Abnormal in Mice Lacking the Neuronal Growth Cone Protein GAP-43

Abstract GAP-43 has been termed a "growth" or "plasticity" protein because it is expressed at high levels in neuronal growth cones during development and during axonal regeneration. By homologous recombination, we generated mice lacking GAP-43. The mice die in the early postnatal period. GAP-43-deficient retinal axons remain trapped in the chiasm for 6 days, unable to navigate past this midline decision point. Over the subsequent weeks of life, most GAP-43-deficient axons do enter the appropriate tracts, and the adult CNS is grossly normal. There is no evidence for interference with nerve growth rate, and cultured neurons extend neurites and growth cones in a fashion indistinguishable from controls. Thus, the GAP-43 protein is not essential for axonal outgrowth or growth cone formation per se, but is required at certain decision points, such as the optic chiasm. This is compatible with the hypothesis that GAP-43 serves to amplify pathfinding signals from the growth cone.
From Quid Pro Quo to Quid Pro Bono: Reshaping the Influence of Industry on Health Care Epidemiologists

Recent scrutiny of relationships between medical professionals and the pharmaceutical and medical device industries has highlighted many opportunities for conflicts of interest and has prompted calls for reforms in the way we conduct such business. This article reviews ways in which industry influences health care epidemiologists and considers a range of strategies that might be considered for reshaping these influences to preserve the benefits while eliminating the conflicts of interest.
Incomplete Modeling of the Thromboembolectomy Technique

To the Editor: Dr Brekenfeld and his team are to be congratulated on their excellent study comparing the efficacy of thromboembolectomy devices.1 This is an important scientific comparison to make and to continue making as other devices appear on the market. The use of the internal carotid (or ascending pharyngeal) artery and lingular artery in pigs for clot retrieval testing initially seems to be a good choice due to the anatomic similarities with the basilar and middle cerebral arteries in humans. However, some concerns must be addressed. First, these are easy angiographic targets in pigs, much easier than in the human targets that they are to simulate. The angiography presented in the article is limited, and the …
Long-Term Evaluation of Temperature Profiles Measured by an Operational Raman Lidar

AbstractThis study investigates the accuracy and calibration stability of temperature profiles derived from an operational Raman lidar over a 2-yr period from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2010. The lidar, which uses the rotational Raman technique for temperature measurement, is located at the U.S. Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site near Billings, Oklahoma. The lidar performance specifications, data processing algorithms, and the results of several test runs are described. Calibration and overlap correction of the lidar is achieved using simultaneous and collocated radiosonde measurements. Results show that the calibration coefficients exhibit no significant long-term or seasonal variation but do show a distinct diurnal variation. When the diurnal variation in the calibration is not resolved the lidar temperature bias exhibits a significant diurnal variation. Test runs in which only nighttime radiosonde measurements are used for calibration show that the lidar exhibits a daytime...
Vancomycin‐Resistant Enterococci

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a major problem in numerous institutions in the United States. Most VRE are resistant to all available antimicrobial agents, resulting in serious therapeutic dilemmas. The resistance genes are transmitted on transposons, so the potential for dissemination to other species is significant. Risk factors associated with VRE infection and colonization are vancomycin and cephalosporin use, but numerous patient-related factors also contribute. Although resistant strains appear to arise from the patient's endogenous flora, VRE may be spread through direct contact with contaminated environmental surfaces and hands of caregivers. Published guidelines for preventing such spread suggest implementing infection-control practices and vancomycin restrictions. The ideal drug regimen for the treatment of VRE is unknown. Various drug combinations have been studied in the laboratory, but patient treatment data are scarce. There is an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents.
Calculation of Coupling Coefficients for Arrays With Skewed Lattices From Infinite Array Scan Reflection Data

Calculation of array antenna mutual coupling coefficients may be accomplished using a Fourier transform of scan reflection coefficient data from an infinite array code provided that the limits of integration are defined appropriately. In most cases the limits extend outside visible space, imposing a requirement on the infinite array code that the boundary conditions be formulated in terms of u, v instead of thetas, phi. Further, when the array lattice is skewed, an additional change of variable is needed to form a rectangular integration region. This paper describes the method needed for mutual coupling coefficient calculation, and gives examples showing its versatility and accuracy.
A feedback for longitudinal instabilities in the SLC damping rings

The longitudinal coupled bunch instability in the SLC damping rings is studied, as well as many possible cures are reviewed. The authors stress the passive damping cavities based on power considerations. The results of extensive evaluation and design studies done to make sure this will live up to expectations without causing adverse side effects are presented. >
Portacaval anastomosis: the longest shunt.

A 34-year-old patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis underwent a portacaval shunt after four episodes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. His subsequent course is remarkable not onle because of its 26-year duration, but also because of the absence of any subsequent hepatic decomensation such as jaundice, ascites, coagulopathy or encephalopathy. Currently, the shunt is patent.
Adverse consequences of lysergic acid diethylamide

The continued endemic use of hallucinogenic drugs, and of LSD in particular, raises concern regarding their short and long term adverse consequences. The epidemiology of LSD abuse is reviewed suggesting an increase in LSD use among the young as the prevalence rates for other substances continues to fall. Evidence supports the association of LSD use with panic reactions, prolonged schizoaffective psychoses and post-hallucinogen perceptual disorder, the latter being present continually for as long as 5 years. Evidence does not support claims of genetic disorders arising from hallucinogens. In light of the foregoing, current data confirm earlier findings of long lasting psychopathology arising in vulnerable individuals from the use of LSD. A hypothetical long term molecular mechanism of adverse effects is proposed.
Dissipative magnetohydrodynamic states with non-ideal boundary conditions

The solution is based on the results from previous analytical and computational investigations of electrically driven states, and is characterized by finite helical distortions and a small flow velocity
THE AUTOCRINE ROLE OF TRYPTASE IN PRESSURE OVERLOAD-INDUCED MAST CELL ACTIVATION, CHYMASE RELEASE AND CARDIAC FIBROSIS.

Abstract Background Cardiac mast cell (MC) proteases, chymase and tryptase, increase proliferation and collagen synthesis in cultured cardiac fibroblasts. However, the question as to why preventing individually the actions of either protease prevents fibrosis when both are released upon MC activation remains unanswered. Since tryptase has the ability to activate MCs in noncardiac tissues via the protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), there is the possibility that its, in vivo, fibrotic role is due to its ability to induce MC degranulation thereby amplifying the release of chymase. Methods This study sought to delineate the interactions between tryptase and chymase in myocardial remodeling secondary to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for 5 weeks in male Sprague–Dawley rats untreated or treated with either the tryptase inhibitor, nafamostat mesilate or MC membrane stabilizing drug, nedocromil (n = 6/group). In addition, ventricular slices from 6 rat hearts were incubated with tryptase, tryptase plus nafamostat mesilate or the chymase inhibitor chymostatin for 24 h. Results and conclusion The results indicate the presence of PAR-2 on MCs and that tryptase inhibition and nedocromil prevented TAC-induced fibrosis and increases in MC density, activation, and chymase release. Tryptase also significantly increased chymase concentration in ventricular slice culture media, which was prevented by the tryptase inhibitor. Hydroxyproline concentration in culture media was significantly increased with tryptase incubation as compared to the control group and the tryptase group incubated with nafamostat mesilate or chymostatin. We conclude that tryptase contributes to TAC-induced cardiac fibrosis primarily via activation of MCs and the amplified release of chymase.
One Nation Underground: The Fallout Shelter in American Culture

For the half-century duration of the Cold War, the fallout shelter was a curiously American preoccupation. Triggered in 1961 by a hawkish speech by John F. Kennedy, the fallout shelter controversy--"to dig or not to dig," as Business Week put it at the time--forced many Americans to grapple with deeply disturbing dilemmas that went to the very heart of their self-image about what it meant to be an American, an upstanding citizen, and a moral human being. Given the much-touted nuclear threat throughout the 1960s and the fact that 4 out of 5 Americans expressed a preference for nuclear war over living under communism, what's perhaps most striking is how few American actually built backyard shelters. Tracing the ways in which the fallout shelter became an icon of popular culture, Kenneth D. Rose also investigates the troubling issues the shelters raised: Would a post-war world even be worth living in? Would shelter construction send the Soviets a message of national resolve, or rather encourage political and military leaders to think in terms of a "winnable" war? Investigating the role of schools, television, government bureaucracies, civil defense, and literature, and rich in fascinating detail--including a detailed tour of the vast fallout shelter in Greenbriar, Virginia, built to harbor the entire United States Congress in the event of nuclear armageddon--One Nation, Underground goes to the very heart of America's Cold War experience.
Passive compliance and active force generation in the guinea pig outer hair cell

1. Cochlear outer hair cells 20-80 microns in length were compressed axially in vitro using calibrated glass fibers mounted on a piezoelectric actuator. 2. When driven by rectangular pulses in the compression direction, the motion of the fiber tip consisted of a rapid initial compression that was complete in 10-20 ms followed by a smaller compression of slower time course. 3. The initial fiber deflections were found to be linear in amplitude for compressions up to 400 nm. The axial compliances of outer hair cells were calculated from the difference between the fiber tip motions when unattached and when in contact with a cell. Axial compliances were found to be in the range of 0.04-1.2 km/N for 149 cells. The axial compliance was an increasing function of cell length. 4. The peak forces generated by electrically stimulated outer hair cells were measured from the deflection of a glass fiber when the cells were stimulated by sinusoidal voltage commands. The slope gains of force generation (force generated per mV of command at the cell membrane) were estimated to range from 0.01 to 100 pN/mV. Most of the results fell in the range of 0.1-20 pN/mV. 5. When the apparent stiffness of the fiber was increased by moving the cell closer to the fiber base, the peak amplitude of the fiber deflection generated by the cell decreased and the peak force increased, for the same sinusoidal voltage command. 6. The results of the previous experiment were interpreted in the light of a model of outer hair cell motility in which an ideal extension generating element is in series with an internal stiffness element. This internal stiffness was then calculated for 13 cells. 7. The internal stiffnesses of cells calculated by the above procedure were found to be positively correlated with the axial stiffness measurements obtained for the same cells. 8. The implications of the above results for the effectiveness of outer hair cell motility in vivo are discussed.
Colonial Education and the Politics of Knowledge in Carlos Bulosan’s America Is in the Heart

It has fallen upon us to inspire a united front among our people. .... We must achieve articulation of social ideas, not only for some kind of economic security but also to help culture bloom as it should in our time. We are approaching what will be the greatest achievement of our generation: the discovery of a new vista of literature, that is, to speak to the people and to be understood by them. . . . This is the greatest responsibility of literature: to find in our struggle that which has a future. (188)
Studies on Pigmented Coating Adhesive (II)

The effect on using PVA-converted starch and latex as pigmented coating adhesive when mixed in various ratios was studied. PVA with medium viscosity was used, and oxidized starch and hydroxyethylated starch (HES) were used for the converted starch. The flow properties of the coating colors were modified considerably by using together PVA and converted starch. Particularly, the conveging capacity of the coating colors is improved markedly by using a PVA-converted starch blending ratio of 50 : 50 and almost no “orange peel” pattern or ridges on the coated surface was observed. In case of coated paper, smoothness (both macro and micro), porosity and gloss which are superior to those when PVA and converted starch are used independently were obtained when a mixing ratio of 75 : 25 was used and the synergism of both was observed. The author also made comparative studies on the surface properties and printability of this coated paper and 5 kinds of commercial coated papers.
WAR, CAPITAL, AND WAGES: A NEW ECONOMIC THEORY OF “THE GREAT DIVERGENCE”

Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, a distinguished economic historian, and R. Bin Wong, an eminent world historian and specialist on imperial China, have collaborated in this effort to shed light on the causes of the eighteenth-century economic divergence of China and Europe. This book has many of the virtues one would expect from such a collaboration – keen insights into comparative history, explicit models of economic relationships, and novel ideas regarding causation. Yet it also has some defects that reflect this combination: at some points in their argument, the logic of models seems to outweigh historical facts. At other points, details of history that don't fit the models, such as the history of productivity gains in agriculture in imperial China, are neglected. I shall start with the virtues of their arguments, and then discuss some particulars that lead me to question their view.
Advanced Navy Applications Using CREATE-AV Kestrel

Kestrel is a fixed-wing computational based engineering product of the CREATE-AV program. Kestrel offers many advanced features that can be very useful for Navy applications. Some of these features include: modeling an aircraft in a prescribed maneuver while deflecting multiple control surfaces, simulating a 6DOF release of a store from an aircraft in flight, and simulating multiple spinning propellers on an aircraft in flight using overset meshes of complex geometries. These capabilities will be applied to two Navy representative aircraft. These aircraft include a twin-engine turbo-propeller configuration and a twin-tail fighter configuration. Results will be compared to test data or results from other software packages when available. Predictions show good agreement between CREATE-AV TM Kestrel and the comparison results. Comparisons are made between the latest release version of Kestrel and the previous release version.
Community health organizations' practice of combining treatment with prevention of chronic diseases

Objective To discuss the necessity and feasibility of the community health services organization realizing the medicine and public health initiative step by step during consummating self-construction and developing comprehensive Non-communicable disease(NCD) control and prevention.Methods We adopted induction of literature and argumentation of practicality and dissertate the measure of the medicine and public health initiative for comprehensive community-based NCD control and prevention in Hangzhou city.Results The comprehensive community-based NCD control and prevention offers a platform for the medicine and public health initiative.The medicine and public health initiative has been embodied in comprehensive community-based NCD control and prevention by aggrandizement behavior of government,optimization of social resource,reinforcement relation of subject,definition of responsibility and implementation of comprehensive control and prevention.Conclusion The comprehensive community-based NCD control and prevention is an optimal incisiveness for the medicine and public health initiative.
331 HYDROPS FETALIS DUE TO HEPATIC HEMANGIOENDOTHELIOMA: SKIN LESIONS AS A DIAGNOSTIC CLUE

Hydrops fetalis is defined as gross edema of the entire body of a fetus or newborn infant The majority of cases are nonimmune with a myriad of causes. Machin (1989) estimated that an etiology for hydrops fetalis can be found in up to 80-85% of cases. However, diagnosis can be difficult if initial testing does not lead to an underlying cause The purpose of this report is to present hepatic hemangioendothelioma as a rare cause of hydrops fetalis and indicate skin findings which may aide in diagnosis. We describe a 5 month old female with nonimmune hydrops fetalis detected at 31 weeks gestational age by prenatal ultrasound. An amniocentesis revealed a normal 46,XX karyotype. A C-section was performed due to worsening hydrops. She had a normal echocardiogram and abdominal ultrasound during a prolonged NICU stay. At three weeks of age, a hemangioma was noted over her right eyelid. Her hydrops gradually resolved and she was discharged to home at six weeks of age. At two months of age, she was noted to have three violaceous skin lesions over her back. At five months of age, a renal ultrasound was done due to a family history of vesicoureteral reflux. The ultrasound revealed multiple enhancing lesions in both hepatic lobes. An abdominal MRI confirmed the presence of the hepatic lesions which were diagnosed as hemangioendotheliomas. Infantile hemangioendothelioma is the most common vascular hepatic tumor in children. The tumor is seen almost exclusively in the first six months of life with girls more frequently affected (1.7:1). Only six cases of hepatic hemangioendothelioma associated with hydrops fetalis have been reported in the literature. We report an additional example of hydrops fetalis due to hepatic hemangioendothelioma. Vascular tumors, such as hemangioendotheliomas, may cause hydrops fetalis by functioning as shunts leading to high output cardiac failure. Our case demonstrates that hepatic hemangioendothelioma should be a diagnostic consideration in idiopathic hydrops fetalis. Skin hemangiomas can be found in 11-40% of hepatic hemangioendothelioma cases. Our patient developed unusual skin lesions over her back and a hemangioma over her right eyelid prior to the diagnosis of hepatic hemangioendothelioma. These skin lesions may serve as a diagnostic clue to the presence of hepatic hemangioendothelioma, especially in the setting of hydrops fetalis. By recognizing this association, an earlier diagnosis and more efficacious treatment may be possible.
JES Classics REDUX: ECS Science at Its Best

This issue of Interface celebrates the past contributions of ECS members that have made significant impact on further research. Seven articles are reviewed, drawn from the Corrosion; Electrodeposition; Electronics and Photonics; Energy Technology; Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures; and Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Divisions.
Graph Sketching and Streaming: New Approaches for Analyzing Massive Graphs

In this invited talk, we will survey some of the recent work on designing algorithms for analyzing massive graphs. Such graphs may not fit in main memory, may be distributed across numerous machines, and may change over time. This has motivated a rich body of work on analyzing graphs in the data stream model and the development of general algorithmic techniques, such as graph sketching, that can help minimize the space and communication costs required to process these massive graphs.
Past is prologue: how to advance caregiver interventions.

Objectives: Research on caregiving interventions has increased substantially in recent years. Although many promising approaches have been tested, results are often modest. The goal of this paper i...
Letter to IRS Concerning Notice 2017-28, 2017-2018 Priority Guidance Plan - Tax Treaty Matters

This letter responds to the request in Notice 2017-28 for public comment on recommendations for items that should be included on the 2017-2018 Priority Guidance Plan. Recommendations in this letter cover various treaty abuse situations.
The mechanism of Arabidopsis immutans variegation

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Dissertation Organization 1 Literature Review 1 References 23 CHAPTER 2. SEQUENCES REQUIRED FOR THE ACTIVITY OF PTOX (IMMUTANS), A PLASTID TERMINAL OXIDASE: IN VITRO AND IN PLANTA MUTAGENESIS OF FE-BINDING SITES AND A CONSERVED SEQUENCE THAT CORRESPONDS TO EXON 8 39 Abstract 39 Introduction 40 Materials and Methods 42 Results and Discussion 46 References 57 CHAPTER 3. CONSERVED ACTIVE SITE SEQUENCES IN ARABIDOPSIS PLASTID TERMINAL OXIDASE (PTOX): IN VITRO AND IN PLANTA MUTAGENESIS STUDIES 71 Abstract 7
Abstract P189: Evaluating the Effects of Free the Children on Students' Self-Efficacy, Eating Habits, and Activity Levels

Background: The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion reported in 2008, obesity was 19.6% in children ages 6-11 and 18.1% in children ages 12-19. Free The Children (FTC) was created by a 12 year-old student to promote healthy eating habits, physical activity, and community service in his peers. The program has grown in popularity and this study aims to evaluate its effect on middle school students who are directly and indirectly involved with FTC. Methods: Middle school students from Project Healthy Schools, a school based intervention in southeast Michigan, completed surveys detailing their self-efficacy, eating habits, and activity levels. To determine the direct effect of FTC, only students in FTC schools were surveyed and comparisons were made between participating and non-participating students. To measure indirect effects of FTC, all students were surveyed, regardless of their involvement in FTC, and comparison made between students who attended FTC schools and those who did not. Statistical analysis was conducted using non-parametric, independent t-testing and chi-square analysis. Results: In the second comparison, students at FTC schools ate better, exercised more, and also had higher self efficacy. Conclusions: Students who attended schools offering FTC had better eating/activity habits and significantly higher self-efficacy ratings. Students that directly participated in the FTC program showed even better results for diet, activity and self-efficacy. These results suggest that the FTC program may have both a direct and indirect positive impact on health behaviors and emotional status in middle school students.
Marriages of mathematics and physics: A challenge for biology.

Abstract The human attempts to access, measure and organize physical phenomena have led to a manifold construction of mathematical and physical spaces. We will survey the evolution of geometries from Euclid to the Algebraic Geometry of the 20th century. The role of Persian/Arabic Algebra in this transition and its Western symbolic development is emphasized. In this relation, we will also discuss changes in the ontological attitudes toward mathematics and its applications. Historically, the encounter of geometric and algebraic perspectives enriched the mathematical practices and their foundations. Yet, the collapse of Euclidean certitudes, of over 2300 years, and the crisis in the mathematical analysis of the 19th century, led to the exclusion of “geometric judgments” from the foundations of Mathematics. After the success and the limits of the logico-formal analysis, it is necessary to broaden our foundational tools and re-examine the interactions with natural sciences. In particular, the way the geometric and algebraic approaches organize knowledge is analyzed as a cross-disciplinary and cross-cultural issue and will be examined in Mathematical Physics and Biology. We finally discuss how the current notions of mathematical (phase) “space” should be revisited for the purposes of life sciences.
Replicated Randomized Complete Block Design

A computer program is given that assists in analyzing data from a replicated randomized complete block experimental design. One worked example is given.
Shortcomings in the diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis: evaluating diagnosis by otolaryngologists and primary care physicians

BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent illness in the United States that accounts for 18-22 million physician visits annually. The American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) has defined diagnostic criteria, but a recent study demonstrated that nearly all patients diagnosed by nonspecialists did not meet these criteria. In this study we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic rate of CRS by primary care physicians and otolaryngologists. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed a random sample of adult patients diagnosed with CRS in 2016, based on ICD-10 codes from primary care and otolaryngology departments. Patients with previous CRS diagnosis, previous sinus surgery, and related comorbidities were excluded. RESULTS A total of 502 patients with a new CRS diagnosis were analyzed (308 from primary care, 194 from otolaryngology). The percentage of diagnoses meeting the criteria was significantly higher from otolaryngology (28.9% vs 0.97%, p < 0.0001), but was low in both cohorts. Symptom duration <12 weeks was higher in primary care (81.6% vs 53.6%, p < 0.0001), as was lack of evidence of inflammation (97.4% vs 50.0%, p < 0.0001). Having <2 of the required symptoms was significantly higher in otolaryngology (63.8% vs 50.8%, p = 0.013). The most commonly unevaluated symptom was decreased sense of smell (97.7% in primary care, 69.1% in otolaryngology encounters). CONCLUSION CRS diagnoses commonly do not meet the diagnostic criteria outlined by the AAO-HNS in both primary care and otolaryngology. As a specialty, we should aim to improve our adherence to the guidelines and educate our primary care colleagues to better identify patients with CRS and initiate appropriate treatment.