cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-throughput study of gene expression in preterm labor with a subtractive microarray approach

Abstract Objective: We propose that elucidation of the pathophysiology of preterm labor can be achieved with genome-scale analyses of differential gene expression. Study Design: CD-1 mice on day 14.5 of a 19- to 20-day gestation were assigned to one of 4 treatment groups modeling different clinical conditions (n = 5 per group): group A, infection with labor (intrauterine injection of 10 10 heat-killed Escherichia coli , which causes delivery within an average of 20 hours); group B, infection without labor (intrauterine injection of 10 7 heat-killed E coli , which leads to normal delivery at term); group C, labor without infection (ovariectomy, which causes delivery within an average of 27 hours); and group D, no infection and no labor (intrauterine injection of vehicle). Total pooled myometrial RNA was prepared 3.5 hours after surgery for groups A, B, and D and 5 hours after surgery for group C. The relative expression of 4963 genes was assayed in these pools by using DNA microarrays. Transcripts specifically involved in infection-induced labor were identified by subtracting from the list of differentially regulated genes in group A those with common expression in groups B and C. Results: In group A 68 differentially expressed transcripts (≥2-fold upregulation or downregulation) were identified. Among these are 39 characterized genes. Fourteen (45%) are involved in inflammatory responses, 7 (18%) are involved in growth-differentiation-oncogenesis, and 3 (8%) are involved in apoptosis. Subtraction identified 13 gene products most likely to be important for bacterially induced labor, as opposed to labor without infection or bacterial exposure without labor. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential of the subtractive DNA microarray technique to identify transcripts important specifically for bacterially induced preterm labor. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:716-24.)
Quantifying information rate losses with zero-forcing and maximum-likelihood detectors

MIMO systems have caught a lot of attentions mainly because of the boost of the information rate. However, so far the existing results only consider continuous signals at the receiver side. The effect of detectors on the mutual information has not been addressed. In this paper, we study the mutual information between the transmitted discrete signal and the quantized signal given by maximum-likelihood or zero-forcing detectors over MIMO channels. To differentiate from the mutual information without quantization step, we refer the one here as post-detection mutual information (PMI). The approximations for PMI with MLD or ZFD and the closed form of the PMI with ZFD are derived. We show that the reliable data rates that can be transmitted through the MIMO channels with MLD or ZFD is actually reduced by the presence of quantization. The approximations proposed in the paper match well with the simulation results in the mid to high SNR region.
Loss and grief reactions after spontaneous miscarriage in the emergency department

Study objective: To describe the psychological and functional consequences of miscarriage in women after emergency department treatment and to identify variables that are associated with feelings of loss and grief. Design: A prospective telephone follow-up study. Setting: The ED of an urban teaching hospital. Type of participants: A consecutive sample of 44 women who were treated for miscarriage. Main results: Women were contacted a median of 17.5 days after their miscarriage. Although the pregnancy had been planned by only 12 women (28%), 30 (70%) stated they wanted the pregnancy once they knew they were pregnant. Women commonly felt a sense of loss (82%) and most experienced some limitations with daily functioning (77%). Although wanting the pregnancy was associated with a sense of loss, 40% of the women who did not want the pregnancy experienced loss. Conclusion: Grief reactions are pervasive after spontaneous miscarriage. There is no subgroup of women who could be expected not to experience loss and grief. The ED management of the woman who miscarries should address the anticipated loss and grief.
Improved performance for forensic casework: Extraction and isolation updates for the Maxwell® 16 instrument

Abstract The DNA IQ™ System is an established chemistry for DNA recovery from casework samples. Successful DNA recovery from most casework samples depends on the efficiency of extraction, which refers to removal of DNA from a solid support such as a swab or fabric cutting, and isolation, which refers to the recovery of DNA once it is extracted from the solid support. We have recently improved the performance of the DNA IQ™ System on the Maxwell ® 16 Instrument by increasing extraction and isolation efficiencies. First, we designed a new LEV plunger using a proprietary material that increases isolation efficiency. Second, we improved extraction efficiency by introducing an optimized DNA extraction buffer. In this article, we demonstrate the resulting increase in DNA yield across a variety of samples, and compare these results to data generated by organic extraction.
Palliative care for AIDS at a large urban teaching hospital: program description and preliminary outcomes.

Background: Despite major advances in therapy, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in young adult populations. As AIDS has been converted into a chronic disease, it has resulted for some patients in a more protracted course of symptomatic illness. Comprehensive care for late-stage human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease now involves an increasingly complex mixture of disease-specific and palliative therapies, requiring coordination and collaboration between AIDS and palliative care services. We describe the experience of developing a palliative care consultation service for patients with AIDS at a large urban teaching hospital, funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration as one of six national demonstration projects for the integration of HIV and palliative care. Setting: An 1100-bed medical center in the Bronx, New York. The multidisciplinary consultation team included a physician, nurse practitioner, social worker, chaplain, ...
Excretory plugs from the choroid plexus in the cerebrospinal fluid of dogs with neurological disease: possible role in the formation of corpora arenacea.

Abstract Cytological specimens of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 13 (6·5%) of 200 dogs with various neurological diseases contained excretory plugs (EPs) originating from choroid plexus cells (ChPCs). The presence of EPs was not related to age, breed or sex, or to any particular neurological disease. EPs, which ranged from 3 to 25 μm in diameter, had a sharp outline and contained granular material. Many such bodies were also found within ChPCs of dogs without neurological disease, which were examined to determine the origin of EPs. The results suggest that EPs found in the CSF are excretory products originating in a small population of ChPCs, and that when they reach a certain size they are eliminated into the CSF. It is possible that they serve as cores around which corpora arenacea (“brain sand”) are subsequently formed.
Neural emotion regulation circuitry underlying anxiolytic effects of perceived control over pain

Anxiolytic effects of perceived control have been observed across species. In humans, neuroimaging studies have suggested that perceived control and cognitive reappraisal reduce negative affect through similar mechanisms. An important limitation of extant neuroimaging studies of perceived control in terms of directly testing this hypothesis, however, is the use of within-subject designs, which confound participants' affective response to controllable and uncontrollable stress. To compare neural and affective responses when participants were exposed to either uncontrollable or controllable stress, two groups of participants received an identical series of stressors thermal pain stimuli. One group "controllable" was led to believe they had behavioral control over the pain stimuli, whereas another "uncontrollable" believed they had no control. Controllable pain was associated with decreased state anxiety, decreased activation in amygdala, and increased activation in nucleus accumbens. In participants who perceived control over the pain, reduced state anxiety was associated with increased functional connectivity between each of these regions and ventral lateral/ventral medial pFC. The location of pFC findings is consistent with regions found to be critical for the anxiolytic effects of perceived control in rodents. Furthermore, interactions observed between pFC and both amygdala and nucleus accumbens are remarkably similar to neural mechanisms of emotion regulation through reappraisal in humans. These results suggest that perceived control reduces negative affect through a general mechanism involved in the cognitive regulation of emotion.
A Role for the Transcriptional Repressor Blimp-1 in CD8+ T Cell Exhaustion during Chronic Viral Infection

T cell exhaustion is common during chronic infections and can prevent optimal immunity. Although recent studies have demonstrated the importance of inhibitory receptors and other pathways in T cell exhaustion, the underlying transcriptional mechanisms are unknown. Here, we define a role for the transcription factor Blimp-1 in CD8(+) T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection. Blimp-1 repressed key aspects of normal memory CD8(+) T cell differentiation and promoted high expression of inhibitory receptors during chronic infection. These cardinal features of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion were corrected by conditionally deleting Blimp-1. Although high expression of Blimp-1 fostered aspects of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion, haploinsufficiency indicated that moderate Blimp-1 expression sustained some effector function during chronic viral infection. Thus, we identify Blimp-1 as a transcriptional regulator of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection and propose that Blimp-1 acts as a transcriptional rheostat balancing effector function and T cell exhaustion.
Transition from metallic to tunneling regimes in superconducting microconstrictions: Excess current, charge imbalance, and supercurrent conversion

We propose a simple theory for the $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves of normal-superconducting microconstriction contacts which describes the crossover from metallic to tunnel junction behavior. The detailed calculations are performed within a generalized semiconductor model, with the use of the Bogoliubov equations to treat the transmission and reflection of particles at the $N\ensuremath{-}S$ interface. By including a barrier of arbitrary strength at the interface, we have computed a family of $I\ensuremath{-}V$ curves ranging from the tunnel junction to the metallic limit. Excess current, generated by Andreev reflection, is found to vary smoothly from $\frac{4\ensuremath{\Delta}}{3e{R}_{N}}$ in the metallic case to zero for the tunnel junction. Charge-imbalance generation, previously calculated only for tunnel barriers, has been recalculated for an arbitrary barrier strength, and detailed insight into the conversion of normal current to supercurrent at the interface is obtained. We emphasize that the calculated differential conductance offers a particularly direct experimental test of the predictions of the model.
Mathematical modeling of the effects of 'capability' and 'intent' on the stability of a competitive international system

In international relations theory, there is a long history of Richardson-like modeling of the evolution of military capability. Usually, such models are deterministic and predictive and do not allow for the representation of the transition from competitive peace to shooting war. More recently, models have been developed which attempt to represent the evolution of ‘relationship’ between nations. The ‘relationship’ between nations, varying from friendship to hostility, is taken to be synonymous with the ‘intent’ of nations towards each other, varying from good will to malice. Generally, these relationship models do not include ‘capability’ though common sense would indicate that capability and mutual intent should profoundly influence each other. A model is presented here which combines these two fundamental attributes of international relations and attempts to represent the outbreak of war in the world system by the onset of deterministic chaos in the extended model.
Evolution of the Na,K- and H,K-ATPase β subunit gene family: Structure of the murine Na,K-ATPase β2 subunit gene

Abstract We have cloned and characterized the mouse Na,K-ATPase β2 subunit gene ( Atp1b2 ). The gene spans approximately 7 kb and is split into seven exons. The transcription initiation site has been mapped and consensus TATA and putative CAAT sequences have been found at positions -23 and -137, respectively. Discrete structural domains of the β2 subunit protein are encoded by separate exons: The intracellular amino-terminal and putative transmembrane domains are encoded by individual exons and the extracellular carboxyl-terminal domain is encoded by five exons. The exon/intron organization of the β2 subunit gene closely resembles that of the H,K-ATPase β subunit gene, suggesting that these two genes evolved from a common evolutionary ancestor. Comparison of the promoter region of the mouse and rat β2 subunit genes reveals a remarkably high degree of homology within a 788-nucleotide segment immediately upstream of the transcription start site. This observation suggests that elements that serve to regulate the cell-specific expression of the β2 subunit gene are likely to be located within this conserved region.
An assessment of managerial commitment to lean production

Research on just‐in‐time (JIT) production and total quality management (TQM) has taken a variety of approaches. Focuses on the degree to which these elements of lean production are aided by investments in the supporting manufacturing infrastructure of the firm. The literature generally supports the hypothesis that manufacturers must support lean production with concurrent investments focusing on the training and development of the workforce in order to be successful. Uses data from a mail survey of 202 plants in the metalworking industries to examine this hypothesis. Examines four types of investment in the manufacturing infrastructure: quality leadership on the part of management, the use of small groups or teams for problem solving, training, and worker empowerment. Each of these types of infrastructural investment is shown to be highly correlated with the degree of managerial commitment to both JIT and TQM. Indicates that lean producers do invest in the development of the workforce and the supporting manufacturing infrastructure. Manufacturers in the metalworking industries appear to be making strong efforts to provide the necessary support to JIT and TQM programmes, rather than just paying lip service to the concept without following the underlying, core principles.
Effect of deuterium oxide on gastrin release from rat antral mucosal fragments

Abstract The effects of the microtubule stabilizing agent, deuterium oxide, on in vitro rat antral gastrin release were examined under basal conditions and during stimulation with isobutyl methylxanthine and bombesin plus isobutyl methylxanthine. Basal gastrin release from antral mucosal fragments was unaffected by increasing media concentration of deuterium oxide (12.5 to 75% v/v) during 1 h incubations. Gastrin release stimulated by isobutyl methylxanthine (0.1 mM), a potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase activity, was inhibited completely by 12.5% deuterium oxide. Bombesin (1 × 10 −8 M) in the presence of IBMX (0.1 mM) stimulated gastrin release (29.7 ± 1.9% of total gastrin). This was significantly greater than gastrin released under control conditions and with IBMX alone: 12.0 ± 1.1 ( P P
Distinct functional role of Hepatitis C virus core protein on NF-κB regulation is linked to genomic variation

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) often causes a prolonged and persistent infection. Sequence divergence in the HCV genome indicates several genotypes and a series of subtypes for this virus. The core protein of HCV has many intriguing functional properties and is implicated as a factor in virus mediated pathogenesis. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), a transcription factor, responds to inflammatory signals, activates the expression of inflammatory mediators, and plays a role in cell proliferation process. In this study, we have investigated NF-kappaB regulation by HCV core protein cloned from three isolates of different genotypes. Our results suggest that core protein from HCV genotype 1a represses NF-kappaB activation, unlike two other core genomic regions from HCV genotype 1b (BK or Taiwan). However, missense mutations in positions (K(9) to R or N(11) to T) of HCV genotype 1a relieve repression of NF-kappaB regulation by core protein. Interestingly, in vitro translation studies suggested that amino acid substitution at position 11 (N-->T) in HCV genotype 1a generated a primary protein product of approximately 17 kDa, smaller than the major approximately 21 kDa protein band apparent in the parental sequence or with one carrying mutation at amino acid position 9 (K-->R). However, the approximately 17 kDa protein did not appear to be involved in NF-kappaB regulation. Taken together, our present data suggest that genomic variation in the core protein determines a distinct functional regulation of NF-kappaB, which may modulate immunnoregulatory molecules early in viral infection.
Effect of computer knowledge on user performance over time

Abstract An experiment was conducted to assess the influence of computer semantic (conceptual) knowledge on user performance. The results indicate computer semantic knowledge differences influence user performance on computer models. However, the use of human factors software design can mitigate that influence especially during the initial periods of computer model use, as supported by the results. This study has important implications for software design and for industrial and academic training programs.
Endoscopic transsphenoidal approach versus microscopic approach in children

Abstract Objectives To confirm the efficacy and safeness of the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal (ETS) approach in the treatment of sellar and parasellar lesions in children compared with the conventional microscopic transsphenoidal approach (CTS). Study design Case series with chart review. Setting A. Gemelli – University Hospital – Catholic University of Sacred Heart – Rome. Subject and methods We retrospectively evaluate 21 children (mean age 8.3 years) affected by sellar/parasellar lesions: 11 were treated via microscopic sublabial approach between 1995 and 2005 and 10 were treated with ETS approach between 2006 and 2009. Results The past series (group A) comprised all sellar/suprasellar lesions and we observed: gross total surgical excision in 81.2% of cases, permanent morbidity in 1/11 patients, CSF fistula in 1/11 patients, mean hospitalization time of 5.8 days and PICU was required. The present series (group B) included 8 sellar/suprasellar and 2 clival lesions and we observed: GTS excision in 80% of the cases, no permanent morbidity, a mean hospitalization time of 4.1 days (P = 0.01), CSF fistula in 2/10 patients and the PICU was not required. 10/11 patient of group A underwent to blood transfusion vs 4/10 of the group B (P = 0.008). The mean pain score of group A was 5.8 ± 1.7 on the contrary in the group B it was 4.1 ± 1.5 (P = 0.006). Conclusion The ETS approach to the sellar and parasellar region has proved its reliability and effectiveness in the adults. The minimal invasiveness makes it ideal for the treatment of pediatric lesion of this region, in which it is essential to preserve the integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis and of the naso-facial structures to assure the correct growth of the child.
Disorder induced broadening in multimillion atom alloyed quantum dot systems

Disorder-induced broadening of the conduction and valence band eigenenergies is calculated for an ensemble of dome-shaped InGaAs quantum dots of diameter 20nm using an sp3d5s* tight binding model.
Multi-dimensional initial-boundary value problems with strong nonlinearities

Initial boundary value problems for the general scalar singularly perturbed parabolic equation in a cylindrical domain are studied. The one-dimensional reaction-diffusion equation is considered in the absence of convection. Then, the general one-dimensional and N-dimensional reaction-convection-diffusion equations are analyzed.
Sex and ethnic group effects on attitudes toward women

Two popular measures of attitudes toward women, the short version by Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp of the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (AWS) and the Smith, Ferree, and Miller Feminism (FEM) were administered to 208 women and 106 men who identified themselves as Caucasian, American of Japanese ancestry, Chinese, Hawaiian and part Hawaiian, and other. The two scales correlated highly with each other. The sex and ethnic identity main effects were statistically significant on both scales, and the AWS yielded a significant Sex by Ethnic Identity interaction, while the FEM did not.
Opioid receptor subtype antagonists differentially alter GABA agonist-induced feeding elicited from either the nucleus accumbens shell or ventral tegmental area regions in rats.

Abstract Food intake is significantly increased by administration of either GABAA (e.g., muscimol) or GABAB (e.g., baclofen) agonists into either the shell region of the nucleus accumbens (NAC) or the ventral tegmental area (VTA); these responses are selectively blocked by pretreatment with corresponding GABAA and GABAB antagonists. Previous studies found that a single dose (5 μg) of the general opioid antagonist, naltrexone reduced feeding elicited by muscimol, but not baclofen in the NAC shell, and reduced feeding elicited by baclofen, but not muscimol in the VTA. The present study compared feeding responses elicited by either muscimol or baclofen in either the VTA and NAC shell following pretreatment with equimolar doses of selective μ (0.4, 4 μg), δ (0.4, 4 μg), or κ (0.6, 6 μg) opioid receptor subtype antagonists. Muscimol (25 ng) and baclofen (200 μg) each significantly and equi-effectively increased food intake over 4 h following VTA or NAC shell microinjections. Muscimol-induced feeding elicited from the VTA was significantly enhanced by μ or δ antagonists, and was significantly reduced by κ antagonists. Baclofen-induced feeding elicited from the VTA was significantly reduced by μ or κ, but not δ antagonists. Muscimol-induced feeding elicited from the NAC was significantly reduced by either μ, κ or δ antagonists. Baclofen-induced feeding elicited from the NAC was significantly reduced by κ or δ, but not μ antagonists. These data indicate differential opioid receptor subtype antagonist-induced mediation of GABA receptor subtype agonist-induced feeding elicited from the VTA and NAC shell. This is consistent with previously demonstrated differential GABA receptor subtype antagonist-induced mediation of opioid-induced feeding elicited from these same sites. Thus, functional relationships exist for the elaborate anatomical and physiological interactions between these two neurochemical systems in the VTA and NAC shell.
αβ T Cell Development Is Abolished in Mice Lacking Both Lck and Fyn Protein Tyrosine Kinases

Abstract Two families of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), the Src and Syk/ZAP-70 families, are required for T cell development. Lck is the major Src family member required for thymopoiesis, since there is a severe deficit of CD4 + CD8 + thymocytes and mature T cells in its absence. However, some peripheral T cells are evident in these mice, suggesting that additional PTKs may contribute to T cell development. Here we show that the combined disruption of Lck and Fyn ( lck −/− fyn −/− ) completely arrests αβ T cell development at the CD4 − CD8 − stage. The development of Vγ3 + dendritic epidermal T cells is also severely impaired, but natural killer cell development and cytolytic activity is unaffected in lck −/− fyn −/− mice. These findings reveal the potential for redundant functions mediated by Src family PTKs while emphasizing crucial roles for Lck and Fyn in T cell development.
Ontology Dynamics in a Data Life Cycle: Challenges and Recommendations from a Geoscience Perspective

Ontologies are increasingly deployed as a computer-accessible representation of key semantics in various parts of a data life cycle and, thus, ontology dynamics may pose challenges to data management and re-use. By using examples in the field of geosciences, we analyze challenges raised by ontology dynamics, such as heavy reworking of data, semantic heterogeneity among data providers and users, and error propagation in cross-discipline data discovery and re-use. We also make recommendations to address these challenges: (1) communities of practice on ontologies to reduce inconsistency and duplicated efforts; (2) use ontologies in the procedure of data collection and make them accessible to data users; and (3) seek methods to speed up the reworking of data in a Semantic Web context.
XLIX. An improved standard Clark cell with low temperature-coefficient

(1889). XLIX. An improved standard Clark cell with low temperature-coefficient. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 28, No. 174, pp. 420-423.
DuP 747: a new, potent, kappa opioid analgesic. Synthesis and pharmacology1.

Abstract The synthesis and pharmacology of (±)-trans-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[5-methoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate (DuP 747), a novel kappa agonist analgesic, are described.
Clinical Aspects of Invasive Candidiasis in the Surgical Patient

Improvements in post-surgical care have led to decreased mortality, but to an increased number of critically ill surgical patients at high risk of fungal colonization and invasive disease. Use of catheters, enteral nutrition, antibacterials and haemodialysis add to the risk. Although Candida albicans remains the most common species causing invasive candidiasis in the post-surgical setting, there has been an increase in the prevalence of non-albicans species associated with the increased use of fluconazole prophylaxis in surgical intensive care units. The prompt diagnosis of candidiasis is complicated by a lack of specific clinical symptoms and difficulties in laboratory diagnosis; therefore, it is vital to recognize at-risk patients and initiate therapy promptly in these individuals. While Candida scoring systems to identify at-risk patients have been developed, these need to be validated in prospective interventional trials. Newer azole and echinocandin antifungal agents have expanded the range of available treatments, and prophylactic antifungal therapy in at-risk, critically ill surgical patients has been shown to be effective.
Cancer incidence among alachlor manufacturing workers

A historical cohort study was conducted to evaluate cancer incidence among chemical workers with occupational and environmental exposure to alachlor, the active ingredient in a family of pre-emergent acetanilide herbicides. The study followed 943 workers with at least 1 year of cumulative employment at the Monsanto plant in Muscatine, Iowa, from startup of the alachlor manufacturing process in March 1968 through December 1990. Approximately 96% of all workers were successfully traced to determine their last known residence and cancer status. Eighteen workers were diagnosed with cancer during the follow-up period, based on pathology information from the statewide cancer registry maintained by the State Health Registry of Iowa. The standardized incidence ratio for all cancers was 1.5 (95% CI 0.9-2.4) for all workers exposed to alachlor, which was due primarily to elevated rates for colorectal cancer and chronic myeloid leukemia. Workers with 5 or more years in estimated high alachlor exposure jobs had elevated rates of colorectal cancer (3 cases, SIR = 5.2, 95% CI 1.1-15.1). Interpretation of the study results is limited by the small size of the study population, minimal length of follow-up, and current information concerning alachlor metabolism in primates and humans. Nonetheless, the findings suggest the need for continued evaluation of this and other alachlor-exposed cohorts.
Probing Bacterial Electrosteric Interactions Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to probe the effects of pH, ionic strength, and the presence of bacterial surface polymers on interaction forces between individual, negatively charged bacteria and silicon nitride. Bacterial surface polymers dominated interactions between bacteria and AFM silicon nitride tips. The measured forces were represented well by an electrosteric repulsion model accounting for repulsion between the tip and bacterial polymers but were much larger in magnitude and extended over longer distances (100’s of nanometers) than predicted by DLVO theory. The equilibrium length (Lo) of the polymers was allowed to vary with solution chemistry to account for intramolecular electrostatic interactions between individual polymer units. The effects of the variables pH and ionic strength on bacterial interaction forces were investigated independently. Pseudomonas putida KT2442 was studied
The Anelastic Approximation for Thermal Convection

Abstract A formal scale analysis of the equations of motion in a plane parallel atmosphere is made, assuming conditions to be such that relative fluctuations in density and temperature are small. It is found that an energetically consistent set of approximate equations can be derived which preclude the existence of acoustic motions. Such equations can be used to describe subsonic convection or internal gravity waves. Under certain conditions the analysis can be generalized to include vertical pulsations of the atmosphere.
Not for Novices: Environmental “Studies”

Sometimes I wish that the DOS COPY command (or the DIR command) would accept multiple arguments. For instance, how do I copy all the .EXE files and all the .COM files from the current directory to drive A? One way is to use COPY *.EXE A:, then COPY *.COM A:. Here's a way to do the job with just one command. At the DOS prompt, type:
Integrated quantum well intersubband photodetector and light-emitting diode for thermal imaging

Thermal imaging devices -- especially large two-dimensional focal plane arrays -- are useful for a wide rage of applications. A key factor that has limited thermal imaging mainly to military applications is the cost of the imaging system. The approach taken here to overcome the cost limitation involves the integration of a quantum well intersubband photodetector (QWIP) and a light emitting diode (LED) for making large two-dimensional focal plane arrays. The advantage of this unique new approach over the conventional one is that it uses a mature GaAs-based materials system and avoids hybrid bonding with Si multiplexer chips. A demonstration device has been made and is discussed here, with the QWIP operating at a peak detection wavelength of 9 micrometer and the LED emitting at 930 nm. The performance issues are also addressed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of Drugs in Cardiogenic Shock due to Acute Myocardial Infarction

As a plan of therapy for shock associated with acute myocardial infarction in a general hospital and assuming that septic and hemorrhagic shock has been eliminated as diagnostic possibilities we would suggest the following: (1) Pain should be relieved using morphine or pentazocine, and atropine if brady-cardia is present. Oxygen by mask should be administered to bring the arterial oxygen tension to about 100 mm Hg. The airway must be examined and, if air exchange is poor and the arterial oxygen very low or carbon dioxide high, respiratory assistance and occasionally intubation may be required. (2) Blood pressure must be stabilized at an adequate level for perfusion of vital organs, or progression may be so rapid that death will occur before proper evaluation can be made and more rational therapy started. For this purpose we would start a norepinephrine infusion at a rate just sufficient to keep the systolic blood pressure near 100 mm Hg. If the shock syndrome is present but arterial pressure is normal or ...
A configuration interaction study of the spin dipole-dipole parameters for formaldehyde and methylene

The electron spin dipole-dipole contribution to the zero field splitting has been evaluated for the 3A2 (n π*) and 3A1 (π π*) states of formaldehyde using a CI wave function constructed from contracted Gaussian-lobe functions. The values D = 0.539 cm−1 and E = 0.031 cm−1 were obtained for the 3A2(n π*) state and D = −0.588 cm−1 and E = 0.058 cm−1 were obtained for the 3A1 (π π*) state using the CI wave function constructed from SCF orbitals of the respective parent configurations. An analysis of the effect of CI on the parameters is given for the 3A2 (nn π*) state of formaldehyde and the 3B1 ground state of methylene. Numerical results are given which show that internally consistent self-consistent field orbitals (ICSCF) are superior to canonical SCF orbitals as a starting point for a CI calculation. Our CI wave function for the 1A1 ground state gave an energy of −114.13658 hartrees which is significantly lower than any previously reported energy calculation. This wave function gives a dipole moment of 2.22 Debye (C+O−) in good agreement with the experimental value of 2.33 ± 0.02 Debye.
The role of social support and social context on the incidence of attempted suicide among adolescents living in extremely impoverished communities.

Abstract Purpose Evaluate the impact of social support and social context on suicide attempt in disadvantaged adolescents, and calculate that longitudinal risk of suicide attempt. Methods Seven thousand two hundred ninety-nine adolescents were used to evaluate the effect of social support and context on suicide attempt, and to estimate the overall risk of suicide attempt. Results Increased peer support reduced the risk of suicide attempt, and increased perceived inevitability of violence led to an increase in risk among 9-year-old children. As children age, the effect of overall peer support remains consistent, while there is a reduction in the effect of inevitability of violence. Approximately 36% of extremely impoverished adolescents attempt suicide by the age of 19. Conclusions The current study provides insight into the nature of suicide attempt within a grossly understudied population. Social support and social context have an important impact on suicidal behavior in extremely disadvantaged adolescents.
Phylogenetic analyses of a combined data set suggest that the Attheya lineage is the closest living relative of the pennate diatoms (Bacillariophyceae).

A Bayesian analysis of a seven gene data set was conducted to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among a sample of centric and pennate diatoms and to test alternative hypotheses about the closest living relative of Bacillariophyceae. A lineage, composed of two Attheya species, was inferred to share the most recent common ancestor with Bacillariophyceae – a relationship that was also corroborated by the combined parsimony analysis. All competing hypotheses about the closest living relative of Bacillariophyceae were rejected because 100% of the trees in the post-burn-in sample in the Bayesian analysis supported the Attheya-Bacillariophyceae clade. According to a partitioned Bremer support analysis, the majority of the genes in the combined data matrix supported the Attheya – Bacillariophyceae relationship. The global topology of the phylogenetic tree indicated that a monophyletic group consisting of Thalassiosirales and Toxarium undulatum formed the deepest branch followed by a node uniting a clade composed of Bacillariophyceae/Attheya species and a lineage made up of Eucampia zoodiacus, Chaetocerotales, Lithodesmiales, Triceratiales, Biddulphiales and Cymatosirales. Except for the phylogenetic positions of Lithodesmiales, Thalassiosira sp and Skeletonema costatum, the optimal tree obtained from the combined parsimony analysis showed the same branching order of taxa as those seen in the consensus tree inferred from three independent Markov chain Monte Carlo analyses. Noteworthy findings are that Toxarium undulatum shares a strongly supported node with Thalassiosirales and that the genus Attheya is not a member of the Chaetocerotales lineage.
Trends of PCB, hexachlorobenzene, and β-benzene hexachloride levels in the adipose tissue of the U.S. population

Results are presented on the levels of selected toxic chemicals in the adipose tissue of the U.S. population. Estimates of baseline levels and time trends are presented for the chemicals beta-benzene hexachloride (beta-BHC), hexachlorobenzene, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The statistical analyses are based on chemical data obtained from analysis of tissue specimens collected from a nationally representative sample of autopsied cadavers and surgical patients by EPA's National Human Adipose Tissue Survey during the period 1970 through 1983. The results show that while nearly the entire U.S. population has detectable levels of these chemicals, the actual concentration levels of beta-BHC and PCBs are steadily decreasing and the levels of HCB are remaining fairly constant. Comparisons of levels across demographic subpopulations show that there are some differences in concentration levels across geographic regions, age groups, and race groups.
Progress in the growth of nonpolar gallium nitride

The active regions of conventional c -plane (Al,In,Ga)N optoelectronic devices suffer from deleterious polarization effects. These polarization effects can be eliminated by growing devices on alternative GaN planes, such as {100} m -plane or {110} a -plane films. Previous attempts to grow nonpolar GaN by vapor phase and molecular beam epitaxy methods yielded rough and faceted surfaces that were unsuitable for device use. Beginning with Waltereit et al.'s work [Nature 406, 865 (2000)], significant progress has been made in improving nonpolar GaN structural quality and morphology. This paper reviews the structural and morphological characteristics of planar, nonpolar a -plane and m -plane GaN films grown by vapor phase and molecular beam epitaxy techniques. Defect reduction via lateral epitaxial overgrowth, and the influence of extended defects on surface morphology will be further discussed. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
LETTY RUSSELL: CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A HOLISTIC ECCLESIAL VISION

Abstract This article presents a holistic ecclesial vision that emerges from the academic, practical, and ecumenical work of Letty Russell, Professor of the Practice of Theology at Yale University Divinity School. This vision facilitates a systemic design (purpose, function, and structure) of the Christian church which promotes the church to be a transforming agency in post‐modern society. The discussion moves from an overview of a systemic understanding of the church through Russell's educational, theological, and sociological contributions to the possibility of integrating these contributions into an organismic image. Finally, the article suggests a fluid theoretical model necessary for the church to be proactive in to days changing world.
On the existence of a unique most probable category

When analyzing multinomial data interest often centers on the category with the largest probability. We examine a likelihood ratio test relevant for assessing the evidence for the existence of a unique most probable category. We provide the asymptotic null hypothesis distribution of the likelihood ratio statistic and the asymptotically least favorable configuration.
Consumer Reaction to Canned Sterlized Whole Milk and Milk Products

Abstract A Small-Scale Acceptability Study on Ultra High-Temperature Direct Steam, Sterilized Milk and Milk Products Showed Relatively Little Interest by Consumers in Sterilized Whole Milk Aseptically Canned in Quarts. Consumer Interest in Canned, Sterilized Chocolate Milk, Whipping Cream, and Whole Milk in Half-Pints was Greater, as Indicated by the Higher Level of Purchases. Generally, Canned Sterilized Milk Products Sold Best Early in the Study Period Totally or Relatively, Compared with Fresh, Pasteurized Milk Product Counterpart, but the Declined in Popularity, often Establishing a Plateau-Like Sales Picture. Canned, Flavored Sterilized Milk Shakes Created an Early Demand, which Maintained a Relatively Stable State. The Availability of Canned, Sterilized Whole Milk in Half-Pints, Chocolate Beverages, and Whipping Cream in the Dairy Store gave some Positive Indication of Having Spurred Total Sales of these Three Categories of Milk Products. Enthusiasm of Consumers for Canned, Sterilized Milk Products was Dampened to some Degree by Technical Faults in the Products, and a Need was Indicated for More Research Activity on the Physical and Chemical Stability of Sterilized Milk and Milk Products to give them Greater Shelf Life.
Adding new tools to the black bag--introduction of ultrasound into the physical diagnosis course.

INTRODUCTION Ultrasound, a versatile diagnostic modality that permits real-time visualization at the patient’s bedside, can be used as an adjunct in teaching physical diagnosis (PD). Aims: (1) to study the feasibility of incorporating ultrasound into PD courses and (2) determine whether learners can demonstrate image recognition and acquisition skills.
Evaluation of an Urban Canopy Parameterization in a Mesoscale Model Using VTMX and URBAN 2000 Data

Abstract A modified urban canopy parameterization (UCP) is developed and evaluated in a three-dimensional mesoscale model to assess the urban impact on surface and lower-atmospheric properties. This parameterization accounts for the effects of building drag, turbulent production, radiation balance, anthropogenic heating, and building rooftop heating/cooling. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) land-use data are also utilized to derive urban infrastructure and urban surface properties needed for driving the UCP. An intensive observational period with clear sky, strong ambient wind, and drainage flow, and the absence of a land–lake breeze over the Salt Lake Valley, occurring on 25–26 October 2000, is selected for this study. A series of sensitivity experiments are performed to gain understanding of the urban impact in the mesoscale model. Results indicate that within the selected urban environment, urban surface characteristics and anthropogenic heating play little role in the formation of the modeled nocturnal u...
Narrative Development in Adolescents and Young Adults with Fragile X Syndrome.

Abstract The narratives of 18 adolescents and young adults with fragile X syndrome were compared to those of 23 adolescents with Down syndrome and 21 typically developing children matched for nonverbal MA. Narratives were elicited using a wordless picture book and analyzed for use of narrative evaluation, linguistic productivity, and complexity. Results revealed that the individuals with fragile X syndrome produced significantly fewer different types of narrative evaluation, but more grammatically acceptable utterances than did the youth with Down syndrome. There was no significant difference between the participants with fragile X syndrome and their typically developing nonverbal-MA matches. Results suggest that a variety of language measures and contexts are needed to gain a full understanding of the language abilities of individuals with fragile X syndrome.
Fiber specklegram sensors

Instead of exploiting the temporal content, the spatial content from a multimode fiber is exploited for sensing. The analyses and experimentation have shown that the fiber specklegram sensor is highly sensitive to perturbation, and it is less vulnerable to the environment factor.
Synthesis of a novel cyclic prodrug of RGD peptidomimetic to improve its cell membrane permeation.

Abstract The objective of this work was to synthesize cyclic prodrug 2 derived from the parent RGD peptidomimetic 1 and to evaluate its chemical and enzymatic stabilities and antithrombic activity. Cyclic prodrug 2 was formed to improve the cell membrane permeation of RGD peptidomimetic 1 by transiently masking the unfavorable physicochemical properties of compound 1. Cyclic prodrug 2 was synthesized by linking the amino and carboxylic acid groups of parent 1 via the (acyloxy)alkoxy promoiety. The prodrug-to-drug conversion of cyclic prodrug 2 was evaluated in isolated esterase and human plasma in the absence and presence of the esterase inhibitor paraoxon. The rate of hydrolysis of cyclic prodrug 2 was significantly faster in plasma (t1/2=33.5±0.6 min) than in PBS (t1/2=314±11 min). Cyclic prodrug 2 was converted by esterase to the parent compound 1 and this conversion was inhibited by an esterase inhibitor, paraoxon. The IC50 (4 μM) of cyclic prodrug 2 was higher than the IC50 (1.9 μM) of parent drug 1. The antithrombic activity of cyclic prodrug 2 depends on the incubation time in platelet-rich plasma; the activity increases with incubation time, suggesting that the prodrug-to-drug conversion is time-dependent and mediated by esterase. Cyclic prodrug 2 was more stable under acidic and neutral conditions than under basic conditions, suggesting that handling and formulation of this prodrug should be undertaken under acidic conditions.
Theoretical Tinkering: The Search for Magnetically Ordered Organic Polymers Built From Sulfur, Carbon, Nitrogen-Containing Five-Membered Rings

The intriguing bis(1,2,3,4-trithiazolium) dication (CNS3)22+ is a triplet state system, even in the solid state. Prompted by this molecule, we propose and theoretically study several hypothetical p...
Erratum to: Some Joys and Trials of Mathematical Neuroscience

At the end of Sect. 2.2 I state that, as input current I increases, the first Hopf bifurcation occurring in the Fitzhugh-Nagumo (FN) equation is supercritical. This is incorrect. For neurally-relevant values of the time constant ratio τv/τr 1, it is subcritical and is preceded by a saddle-node bifurcation in which the stable limit cycle and an unstable cycle appear, as in the full Hodkin-Huxley equations. (The values τv = 0.1, τr = 1.25 were used to produce Fig. 4, and in Eqs. (8a)–(8b) the bifurcation is supercritical only for τv/τr ∈ (0.75, 1.250).) As I continues to increase a similar sequence occurs in reverse. Thus, FN does capture the qualitative behavior of the HH equations near the first Hopf bifurcation, but fails to do so at the second one, which is supercritical for HH. In fact the “quasi-threshold phenomenon” noted in FitzHugh’s papers (FitzHugh 1960, 1961 [especially Fig. 1, pp. 448–449]) provides a clue to the possible existence of unstable limit cycles, and to their relation to “canards” in relaxation oscillations (Izhikevich 2007). I am indebted to Gene Katsevich for alerting me to this error.