cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Settlement to Fordism: The Agro-Industrial Revolution in the American Midwest

The Midwest has often served as a paradigmatic case of capitalist development and a proving ground for American theories of urban and regional growth, although interest in the successful history of the region has diminished in recent years. Existing approaches based on central place, staples export, cumulative causation, and industrial take-off concepts all miss the mark, despite their several contributions to an understanding of the midwestern experience. New ideas coming from industrial geography provide a spur to rethinking the nineteenth century roots of the birthplace of Fordist mass production. Four considerations stand out: (1) The indigenous evolution of industry and productive capabilities, starting from the very earliest periods of settlement; industry did not follow the plow, it built the plow. (2) The symbiotic relation of agriculture and manufacturing in a process of agro-industrialization, and the particular materials processing and farm supply sectors that led midwestern growth; external tr...
Thermal conductivity of spinels and olivines from vibrational spectroscopy: Ambient conditions

The damped harmonic oscillator model for thermal conductivity of insulators is improved, leading to a formula that predicts thermal conductivity at ambient conditions ( k ) from various physical properties, most of which are commonly measured. Specifically, k = [ρ/(3 ZM )] C V [( u P + u S)/2]2/ , where ρ is density, Z is the number of formula units in the primitive unit cell, M is the molar weight, C V is heat capacity, u is the sound speed (P denotes compression; S denotes shear), and is the average of the damping coefficients determined from peak widths in infrared reflectivity spectra, or from suitable Raman and Brillouin spectra. The classical physics and quantum-mechanical basis for this model is discussed, with emphasis on the effect of phonon-phonon interactions on mode properties. The calculated values of k all lie within the experimental uncertainty of the measurements for all samples with the spinel or olivine structure examined by Horai (1971) with known or approximately correct chemical compositions. Other divergent measurements of k for MgAl2O4 are discounted for various reasons. Early studies of Fe-bearing spinels are not generally reliable, but rough estimates from the above equation are consistent with all data, and good agreement is obtained for samples such as Mg0.5Fe0.5Al2O4 and γ-Fe2SiO4 for which the previous authors obtained chemical data, and for which IR reflectivity data exist. The theory reproduces the measured dependence of k on composition and structure. Anisotropy in k results mainly from differences in lattice constants ( j ): the equation for olivine is k j/ k =( V 1/3/ j )0.73 which predicts the ratios within 3%. For solid solutions between Fe and Mg, the model provides a non-linear dependence of k on mol% Fe, with the damping coefficient being the key factor producing non-linearity. Predicted ambient values are 11.3 ± 0.4 W/m-K for γ-Mg2SiO4 , 6.5 ± 0.7 W/m-K for β-Mg1.2Fe0.8SiO4, and 6.9 ± 0.3 W/m-K for β-Mg2SiO4. The high k for ringwoodite suggests that heat in Earth’s transition zone should be conducted twice as efficiently as in the adjacent upper and lower mantles: this discontinuous depth dependence of k could impact thermal models of conduction in subducting slabs and of mantle convection
Helminth parasites of seven anuran species from northwestern Mexico

One hundred eighty-three specimens representing 7 anuran species were examined for helminth parasites: Bufo kelloggi, B. mazatlanensis, Leptodactylus melanonotus, Pachymedusa dacnicolor, Rana forreri, R. magnaocularis, Smilisca baudini . The following species were found: 8 species of Trematoda, Cephalogonimus americanus, Clinostomum attenuatum (larva), Glypthelmins poncedeleoni, G. quieta, Gorgoderina attenuata, Haematoloechus complexus, H. longiplexus , and Megalodiscus temperatus ; 2 species of Cestoda, Cylindrotaenia americana and Nematotaenia dispar ; 13 species of Nematoda, Aplectana incerta, A. itzocanensis, Cosmocerca podicipinus, Cosmocercella haberi, Cosmocercoides variabilis, Foleyellides striatus, Oswaldocruzia pipiens, Rhabdias americanus, R. ranae, Subulascaris falcaustriformis, Physaloptera sp. (larva), Physocephalus sp. (larva), and Spiroxys sp. (larva); and 1 species of Acanthocephala (cystacanth). Helminth species richness was 6.4 ± 2.4 s. Thirty-five new host records are reported.
Three Kinds of Strategic Humor: How to Use and Cultivate Them

This paper discusses three types of humor appropriate to strategic therapy. Tactical humor is primarily reactive or responsive to the client system. Strategic humor mainly defines the roles of the players in a pattern, and the payoffs of their interaction. Systemic humor alters the context in which the pattern is understood, and therefore the meaning and often the absurdity of its continuance. Each type of humor is discussed in terms of how to define it, when and how to use it, and finally how to cultivate or promote its development as a therapist or supervisor.
Neurobiological Concomitants of Motivational States

Abstract Core features of motivational states—approach, avoidance, engagement, and disengagement—may be reliably measured from a variety of neurobiological changes, including autonomic nervous system, neural activity, neuroendocrine systems, and cell biology. The goals of this chapter are to review various biological systems that are concomitant with distinct motivational states, and to examine overlap with and distinctions between conceptual cousins of motivation, namely emotion and stress. We then turn to moderators of the link between motivational states and neurobiology, such as context, thought processes, developmental factors, and sociocultural environments. In so doing, we offer important constraints to links between motivation and neurobiology.
Compartment syndrome of the lower extremity

Compartment syndrome is a devastating consequence of extremity trauma that is preventable with early recognition and treatment. A high index of suspicion and careful clinical evaluation will detect most impending or established compartment syndromes. Compartmental pressure measurements can be a useful adjunctive evaluation. Once the diagnosis of compartment syndrome is confirmed, or highly suspect, fasciotomy should be performed without delay. The functional and cosmetic results of fasciotomy are always acceptable if done early. The results of inadequate treatment of compartment syndrome are never satisfactory.
Accessing high-order resonances in plasmonic nanostructures

The optical excitation of high-order plasmonic resonant modes in nanostructures is important for the enhancement of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Due to the fast spatial variation of the electromagnetic field distribution associated with high-order modes, their excitation by conventional optical methods is extremely challenging. Here we describe a novel nonlinear scheme devised to access high-order plasmonic resonances. The proposed method is based on the temporal modulation of the permittivity of the medium surrounding a plasmonic nanoparticle. Analytical results are presented for the case of spherical nanoparticle demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The Art of Decolonization: The Battle for Algeria’s French Art, 1962–70:

In May 1962 French museum administrators removed over 300 works of art from the Musee des Beaux-Arts in Algiers and transported them, under military escort, to the Louvre in Paris. The artwork, how...
Top-down Infliximab Study in Kids with Crohn's disease (TISKids): an international multicentre randomised controlled trial

Introduction Crohn9s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly affecting the gastrointestinal tract. CD usually requires lifelong medication and is accompanied by severe complications, such as fistulae and strictures, resulting in surgery. Infliximab (IFX) is very effective for treating paediatric patients with CD, but is currently only registered for therapy refractory patients—the so-called step-up strategy. We hypothesise that using IFX first-line, that is, top-down, will give more mucosal healing, fewer relapses, less complications, need for surgery and hospitalisation. Methods and analysis This international multicentre open-label randomised controlled trial includes children, aged 3–17 years, with new-onset, untreated CD with moderate-to-severe disease activity (weighted Paediatric Crohn9s Disease Activity Index (wPCDAI)>40). Eligible patients will be randomised to top-down or step-up treatment. Top-down treatment consists of 5 IFX infusions combined with azathioprine (AZA). After these 5 infusions, patients will continue AZA. Patients randomised to step-up will receive standard induction treatment, either oral prednisolone or exclusive enteral nutrition, combined with AZA as maintenance treatment. The primary outcome is clinical remission (wPCDAI Ethics and dissemination Conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice. Medical-ethical approval will be obtained for each site. Trial registration number NCT02517684; Pre-results.
Pedagogies of neopatriarchy: Critical reflections on occupational courses and women's economic mobility in Turkey

Abstract The purpose of this article is to explore women's critical reflections on occupational courses and women's economic mobility in Turkey. Using qualitative data from twenty-four semi-structured interviews with education program coordinators located in women's organizations, I explore the limitations of increasing women's economic mobility vis-a-vis state-sponsored occupational courses by focusing on participants' reflections on the challenges of coordinating adult education programs. I argue that their experiences not only demonstrate the constraints surrounding non-formal educational initiatives, but also indicate that state-sponsored occupational and job-skills courses serve to further the political strategy of a neopatriarchal state in two distinct ways: 1) the potential effectiveness of these courses has largely been constrained by the exclusion of women from decision-making mechanisms; and 2) courses reinforce women's secondary status in the formal labor market.
Frequency of Consuming Foods Predicts Changes in Cravings for Those Foods During Weight Loss: The POUNDS Lost Study.

Objective Food cravings are thought to be the result of conditioning or pairing hunger with consumption of certain foods. Methods In a 2-year weight loss trial, subjects were randomized to one of four diets that varied in macronutrient content. The Food Craving Inventory (FCI) was used to measure cravings at baseline and at 6 and 24 months. Food intake was also measured at those time points. To measure free-living consumption of food items measured in the FCI, items on the FCI were matched to the foods consumed from the food intake assessments. Secondarily, the amount of food consumed on food intake assessments from foods on the FCI was analyzed. Results Three hundred and sixty-seven subjects with overweight and obesity were included. There was an association between change from baseline FCI item consumption and change in cravings at months 6 (P < 0.001) and 24 (P < 0.05). There was no association between change from baseline amount of energy consumed per FCI item and change in cravings. Conclusions Altering frequency of consuming craved foods is positively associated with cravings; however, changing the amount of foods consumed does not appear to alter cravings. These results support the conditioning model of food cravings and provide guidance on how to reduce food cravings.
Evaluation of oxythermal metrics and benchmarks for the protection of cisco (Coregonus artedi) habitat quality and quantity in Wisconsin lakes

The cisco (Coregonus artedi) requires cold, well-oxygenated water and is threatened by climate warming and lake eutrophication, especially at the southern edge of its range in the Laurentian Great ...
Attitudes and Beliefs About New Psychoactive Substance Use Among Electronic Dance Music Party Attendees

ABSTRACTBackground: Attitudes and beliefs about drug use have been shown to be robust correlates of use of drugs such as alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine; however, little is known regarding attitudes or beliefs about new psychoactive substances (NPS). We sought to examine attitudes and beliefs about NPS and how they relate to self-reported use in a high-risk population—electronic dance music (EDM) party attendees. Method: 1,048 individuals (age 18–40) were surveyed entering EDM parties in New York City in 2016. We queried lifetime use and attitudes and beliefs specific to NBOMe, 2C series drugs, “bath salts” (synthetic cathinones), tryptamines, dissociative NPS, and synthetic cannabinoids.Results: More than half the sample reported being unfamiliar with NPS other than “bath salts” and synthetic cannabinoids. “Bath salts” received the highest ratings of strong disapproval (34.3%), followed by synthetic cannabinoids (23.3%), compared to other NPS (10–14%). “Bath salts” were perceived to be a great risk by 43...
Cyclonic Pedagogy: Learning Interdisciplinary Lessons from a Hybrid Storm

By its very nature, a study of the natural environment is complex and challenging. To unearth new and to refine previously known geophysical knowledge requires systematic, sustained, and interdisciplinary methodologies that are seamlessly integrated and cohesively knitted. Therefore, to understand and teach the physical laws that govern the equilibrium and the perturbated states of the natural environment, strategies that employ interdisciplinary pedagogy are needed. Such was the case with Superstorm Sandy. The cyclone provided a classic, ready-made entree to a geophysical, interdisciplinary, and place-based learning course that has been transformational. Study results from the course show statistically significant increases in knowledge of the science, impacts, preparation and adaptation measures, meteorological dynamics, and reduction in the vulnerability and risk associated with the storm.
Associations among adolescent sleep problems, emotion regulation, and affective disorders: Findings from a nationally representative sample.

Abstract Sleep problems in youth reliably forecast the development of anxiety and mood disorders, presumably due to increased emotional difficulties. However, precise emotional mechanisms have yet to be delineated. The current study investigated how sleep problems in adolescence are associated with different emotion regulation strategies, and how sleep and psychiatric risk may be indirectly associated via poor emotion regulation. This study utilized data from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement, a nationally representative sample from the United States ( N = 10,148; age range 13–18 years). A diagnostic interview determined if adolescents qualified for a mood or anxiety disorder within the past year. Participants provided reports of their sleep, emotion regulation, and current life stress. Adolescents who reported greater sleep problems were more likely to qualify for a mood or anxiety disorder and generally reported poorer emotion regulation strategy use, even when accounting for demographic characteristics and current stress. Specifically, adolescents with greater sleep problems reported less problem solving, and greater avoidance, suppression, rumination, and acceptance. Sleep problems were indirectly associated with anxiety disorders through greater suppression and rumination, and indirectly associated with mood disorders through greater rumination and lower problem solving. Although cross-sectional, this study extends current research by suggesting that certain emotion regulation strategies may be more difficult for youth struggling with sleep problems, and provides initial evidence that poor emotion regulation may be one factor contributing to sleep-based psychiatric risk. These findings can inform more efficacious intervention efforts.
Tunable UHF origami spring antenna with actuation system

A tunable UHF origami paper based antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna is built based on the origami spring structure which can be physically adjusted. The reflection coefficient, gain and polarization of this antenna are investigated over a wide frequency band. The radiation patterns of this antenna are also examined. The proposed design of the antenna is verified by both simulations and measurements with a fabricated prototype. An actuation system is designed, which can change the total height of the antenna from 60 mm to 145 mm.
Pregnant women with heart disease: Placental characteristics and their association with fetal adverse events.

Background: Pregnant women with heart disease (HD) have higher rates of adverse fetal outcomes. We describe placental pathologic characteristics and their association with fetal events. Methods: In...
Looking for a Good Read? Running a Psychology Book Club.

Over the past seven years, we have offered a psychology book club to undergraduate and graduate students in our department. We suggest the book club provides an informal opportunity for student-to-...
Unifying computing resources and access interface to support parallel and distributed computing education

Abstract This article presents how various on-site and remote computing resources are combined into a framework to support teaching parallel and distributed computing (PDC) at the undergraduate level. The combination of these resources enables the delivery of PDC programming, system, and architectural concepts via a browser-based common interface (JupyterHub) and a single programming environment (Python and its supported libraries). This also allows lecturers and students to focus more on the principles of PDC and less on the technicalities of native languages for different platforms. We describe how this framework can support a comprehensive set of PDC course modules, including lectures, assignments, and projects, for a full semester junior-level class. Adoption of this framework in various teaching environments at Clemson University has received positive feedback from both instructors and participants.
Sunlight, clouds, sea ice, albedo, and the radiative budget: the umbrella versus the blanket

Abstract. The surface radiation budget of the Arctic Ocean plays a central role in summer ice melt and is governed by clouds and surface albedo. I calculated the net radiation flux for a range of albedos under sunny and cloudy skies and determined the break-even value, where the net radiation is the same for cloudy and sunny skies. Break-even albedos range from 0.30 in September to 0.58 in July. For snow-covered or bare ice, sunny skies always result in less radiative heat input. In contrast, leads always have, and ponds usually have, more radiative input under sunny skies than cloudy skies. Snow-covered ice has a net radiation flux that is negative or near zero under sunny skies, resulting in radiative cooling. Areally averaged albedos for sea ice in July result in a smaller net radiation flux under cloudy skies. For May, June, August, and September, the net radiation is smaller under sunny skies.
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octahydroanthracene-9,10- dicarbonitrile at 172, 216, 256, and 297 K

Octahydroanthracenedicarbonitrile is monoclinic, space group P21/c, at 172 K, a = 4.723(7), b = 8.254(3), c = 16.190(7) A, β = 91.76(8)°, Z = 2, V = 630.8(12) A3. The molecule, located on a center of symmetry, is disordered between the two senses of puckering in the aliphatic ring. The structure was also determined at 216, 256, and 297 K. The disorder increases with increasing temperature and can be described by a van't Hoff relationship with ΔH = 5.2(3) kJ mol−1 and ΔS = 13.8(12) J K−1 mol−1.
Stem Cell Based Strategies for Spinal Cord Injury Repair

As our understanding and ability to direct the differentiation of stem cells grows, specific targets and strategies to incorporate them are essential to define. Any cell-based transplantation strategy is fundamentally a combination therapy as either phenotypic or trophic mechanisms may contribute to functional recovery of the injured spinal cord. Both the transplant population as well as the recipient site will guide the growth factor expression profile and the phenotype of the transplanted cells. Although the use of high purity populations derived from stem cells will result in more regulated repair mechanisms, multiple challenges to the use of stem cell based strategies for SCI remain.
A visual–textual fused approach to automated tagging of flood-related tweets during a flood event

In recent years, social media such as Twitter have received much attention as a new data source for rapid flood awareness. The timely response and large coverage provided by citizen sensors signifi...
Pinning our possessions: Associations between digital hoarding and symptoms of hoarding disorder

Abstract Digital hoarding may relate to characteristics of physical Hoarding Disorder (HD), but this has only been systematically investigated once before. To that end, a non-clinical sample of 101 Pinterest users completed measures of emotional state before and after an experimental manipulation involving deception in which they were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: being led to believe that one digital item or a group of digital items, selected at random, would be deleted from their Pinterest account. Participants completed measures of electronic object attachment, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and HD. Results indicated a significant positive correlation between number of digital items and level of electronic object attachment. Higher levels of physical acquiring behaviors were significantly related to increased distress. Electronic object attachment mediated the relationship between hoarding severity and level of distress when asked to discard electronic possessions. Results support previous findings of a relationship between digital and physical hoarding, as well as research linking increased negative emotionality from an imaginal discarding exercise with HD severity. Future research needs to examine the relationship between physical and digital hoarding, the degree to which digital hoarding behaviors cause distress and impairment, and whether individuals with digital hoarding behaviors may meet criteria for HD.
Risk and Investment Horizon: Is Time Really Money?

In this study, we explore the extent to which a risky investment, like one in stocks, can become safer given a longer holding period. The key question is whether the final wealth is more at risk or less at risk as the holding period increases. We take a two-pronged approach: First, we use Monte Carlo simulation and perform a controlled analysis of the effect of the holding period on risk. Second, we examine the extent to which the actual historic returns are consistent with the simulation results. The sample period covers a total of 91 years, from 1926 to 2016. Our findings lend support to the common practice of investing more aggressively as the investment horizon lengthens.
Unintended Consequences: Information Releases and CEO Stock Option Grants

Scholars, regulators, and practitioners have long struggled with challenges emanating from the separation of ownership and control of modern corporations. Agency theory typically prescribes the use...
First-principles assessment of thermoelectric properties of CuFeS2

Composed of inexpensive and naturally abundant elements, the chalcopyrite mineral CuFeS2 has received attention as a potentially useful thermoelectric. We use first-principles electronic structure and Boltzmann transport theory calculations to investigate thermoelectric properties of n-doped CuFeS2. We find that energy-dependent carrier lifetimes that are inversely proportional to the electronic density-of-states are crucial for reproducing experimental data on the transport properties, including the measured values of the Seebeck coefficient, α. The heavy-effective-mass conduction band promotes high values of α, but it also leads to low mobility due to strong electron-acoustic-phonon scattering. Low mobility forces one to rely on high carrier concentration to achieve high conductivity, which decreases α and limits the achievable power factor. Our calculations predict that ideally doped CuFeS2 that has been nanostructured to an average grain size d≈20nm can attain thermoelectric figures of merit zT=0.25 to 0.8 for T=300 to 700 K, respectively, due to a reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity.
Hospitalization and medical evacuation of army personnel due to toxic inhalational exposure-Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom, 2001 through mid 2011.

Abstract : Following the first Gulf War (1991), concerns related to potential toxic inhalational exposures among military personnel were raised that remain unresolved. Similar exposure concerns during deployment have arisen as a result of current efforts, including military support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF). During these conflicts, extensive intermittent ambient sampling has been conducted at select locations within the US Central Command area of operations (CENTCOM AO)1 and questionnaires aimed at documenting service members' environmental exposures while deployed have been completed. Some work has been done to characterize exposure to specific exposure events on a population level. However research regarding the possible relationship(s) between deployment-associated toxic inhalational exposures and subsequent health outcomes is limited, due to the fact that quantitative, verifiable exposure information at the individual level is difficult to ascertain.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol After an Acute Coronary Syndrome: How Low to Go?

Recent advances in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering therapy have now enabled reducing LDL-C safely to very low levels. This review summarizes evidence from recent randomized clinical trials of intensive LDL-C lowering in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and provides a practical approach for LDL-C lowering to reduce the risk of recurrent ischemic events in this population. The risk of atherothrombotic events falls linearly with LDL-C level extending to very low achieved LDL-C levels (< 10 mg/dL) without apparent safety concerns. The addition of ezetimibe or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (i.e., evolocumab or alirocumab) to statin therapy lowers LDL-C to very low levels (≤ 30–50 mg/dL) with safety under the conditions studied and reduces the risk of recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Current data support LDL-C lowering to levels below 70 mg/dL in patients post-ACS. Combination of high-intensity statins, ezetimibe, and if needed PCSK9 inhibitors merits consideration in such patients with ACS to optimize outcomes.
“We’re Brokers”: How Youth Violence Prevention Workers Intervene in the Lives of At-Risk Youth to Reduce Violence:

This study explores the strategies youth violence prevention workers (YVPWs) employ to intervene in the lives of at-risk youth. Data drawn from 47 in-depth interviews with YVPWs in a large city in ...
3D Models of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein suggest challenges and opportunities for vaccine development

Here we have generated 3D structures of glycoforms of the spike (S) protein SARS-CoV-2, based on reported 3D structures for the S protein and on reported glycomics data for the protein produced in HEK293 cells. We also report structures for glycoforms that represent those present in the nascent glycoproteins (prior to enzymatic modifications in the Golgi and ER), as well as those that are commonly observed on antigens present in other viruses. These models were subjected to MD simulation to take into account protein and glycan plasticity, and to determine the extent to which glycan microheterogeneity impacts antigenicity. Lastly, we have identified peptides in the S protein that are likely to be presented in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complexes, and discuss the role of S protein glycosylation in potentially modulating the adaptive immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 virus or to a related vaccine.
Long-wavelength optical absorption edge of photo-thermo-refractive glass

The IR absorption spectrum of high purity photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glasses melted under atmosphere containing different concentrations of water is studied. The absorption spectra of the water and glass matrix are separated and deconvoluted to elementary Gaussian bands. The water absorption spectrum includes 11 bands with a maxima at 4320, 3560, 3053, 2897, 2815, 2765, 2525, 2315, 2219, 2150, and 1908 nm. The current technology provides a decrease of the decimal absorption coefficient at 2800 nm from 0.4 to 0.04 cm-1. The PTR glass matrix absorption spectrum includes three bands at 4855, 3950, and 3250 nm (2060, 2532, and 3077 cm-1). The long wavelength absorption edge for the PTR glass matrix is 2900 nm for the decimal absorption coefficient 0.01 cm-1, 3600 nm for 0.1 cm-1, and 4200 nm for 1 cm-1.
The Changing Role and Responsibilities of a Chairman—Letters

To the Editor.— Just a quick note of congratulations to Robert L. Brent concerning his outstanding article on department chairmen which appeared in Pediatrics (1992;90:50-57). Without a doubt, the finest article I have encountered on the sociopolitical realities of department/medical school administration. Unfortunately, too many of the negative scenarios that were described were all too familiar. Again, an outstanding piece of work. I do hope that the appropriate audience reads this piece. Moreover, I hope they are receptive to Dr Brent9s sage advice.
Finite Element Methods in Continuum Mechanics

Publisher Summary The chapter presents a brief introduction to the different finite element formulations for linear elastic solids and discusses similar formulations for several other field problems. The chapter presents detailed illustrations for several typical finite element formulations. In the finite element formulation, displacement and stress fields are assumed to be continuous within each discrete element. This formulation calls for modified variational principles for which the continuity or equilibrium conditions along the interelement boundaries are introduced as conditions of constraint and appropriate boundary variables are used as the corresponding Lagrangian multipliers. The chapter presents the several variational principles and the corresponding models used in the finite element formulation. The large majority of the existing finite element formulations are based on the assumed displacement approach. The chapter discusses equilibrium problems of linear elastic solids. There are several other problems in solid mechanics, which can be formulated by means of variational principles and hence can be solved by finite element methods. The finite element methods have also been extended to nonlinear problems resulting from elastic-plastic material properties or from large deflections or finite strains.
Targeted Microinjection of Synthetic mRNAs to Alter Retina Gene Expression in Xenopus Embryos

The individual cells of the Xenopus cleavage-stage embryo have been fate mapped, revealing which of these cells contribute to the retina. Using this retina fate map, one can specifically modulate levels of gene expression in retina lineages to determine the function of proteins in various aspects of early retinal development, such as formation of the eye fields and determination of specific cell fates. This chapter presents the techniques for identifying specific retina blastomere precursor cells, and injecting them with lineage tracers, mRNAs encoding wild-type and mutant constructs or morpholino antisense oligonucleotides to alter gene expression.
Studies on enzymes from parasitic helminths: II. Purification and properties of malic enzyme from the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta

Abstract A procedure for the isolation of malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) from the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta , is described. The 320-fold purified enzyme exhibits a specific activity of approximately 30 units/mg. Homogeneity of the preparation was adjudged by zone electrophoresis, analytical ultracentrifugation, and chromatography. Molecular weight determinations by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation and gel filtration yield a value of approximately 120,000. The purified enzyme utilizes NADP as a coenzyme, has the ability to decarboxylate oxalacetate at pH 7.5, and does not require addition of metal ions to the assay mixture. The enzyme is localized in the mitochondria and the physiological significance of this subcellular distribution is discussed.
Electrohydrodynamic pumping of refrigerant 11

An ion-drag pump in horizontal, axisymmetric configuration was built. The pumping section contained thirteen electrode pairs that were designed for a zero-drag coefficient and no filtering effect. Refrigerant 11 was used as a working fluid and significant pumping velocities, up to 24.02 cm/s, were obtained. >
What's new in pediatric surgery--1988.

During the past year, significant new information concerning basic science, molecular biology, imaging technology, and clinical medicine have led to a number of important advances in the field of pediatric surgery. In addition, for the first time, a segment of the Surgical Forum sessions at the annual meeting of the American College of Surgeons was devoted to pediatric surgical research projects. The following overview represents an update of the material presented at national and international pediatric surgical society meetings, recently published journal articles of importance, and some of the material presented at the 1988 meeting of the Surgical Section of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
When is Teaching Caring Good

One answer to “When is teaching caring good?” is that teaching caring is always good. That answer, however, depends very heavily on how caring is defined. Another answer is that “It depends on the kind or kinds of caring taught.” This essay will present an answer of the “it depends” type. It is vitally important, as Barbara Thayer-Bacon has recently done, to differentiate caring from kinds of not caring that can be mistaken for caring. I think it is also vitally important to differentiate kinds that are beneficial from kinds of caring that are misguided and harmful. This latter differentiation relates to developing what Barbara Houston describes as criteria for distinguishing legitimate and illegitimate forms of caring.
Initiation of stabilized detonations by projectiles

A high-speed projectile in combustible gas can initiate and stabilize a detonation wave under suitable conditions [1]. In this paper, numerical simulations of projectile induced detonation waves are presented. Using a one-step irreversible reaction model, the transition from shock-induced combustion to stabilized oblique detonation is observed via numerical simulations. An analysis of this transition by means of the critical decay-rate model, which considers a balance between energy-release due to reaction, and quenching due to shock-curvature, is presented.
A preliminary study of building a transmission overlay for regional U.S. power grid

Many European countries have taken steps toward a Supergrid in order to transmit large amount of intermittent and remote renewable energy over long distance to load centers. In the US, as the expected increase in renewable generation and electricity demand, similar problem arises. A potential solution is to upgrade the transmission system at a higher voltage by constructing a new overlay grid. This paper will first address basic requirements for such an overlay grid. Potential transmission technologies will also be discussed. A multi-terminal VSC HVDC model is developed in DSATools to implement the overlay grid and a test case on a regional NPCC system will be simulated. Another test system of entire US power grid, with three different interconnections tied together using back-to-back HVDC, is also introduced in this paper. Building an overlay system on top of this test case is ongoing, and will be discussed in future work.
Néstor Perlongher y sus cadáveres: del neobarroso a la necropoética

Este articulo explora la politica de la forma poetica en la obra de Nestor Perlongher en el contexto de la ultima dictadura militar argentina. En primer lugar, se analizan las operaciones de apropiacion y adaptacion que el poeta, antropologo y militante argentino realiza sobre el neobarroco cubano de Lezama y Sarduy, a la hora de implantar en el Rio de la Plata una poetica que Perlongher llamaria “neobarrosa”. Luego se estudia la fascinacion de Perlongher por los cadaveres nacionales, desde Eva Peron hasta los desaparecidos, y se postula que frente a la opcion militante, el argentino se inclina por una necropoetica. Asi, formas y tradiciones dadas por muertas se levantan como zombis, y en ese enfasis en la corporeidad del lenguaje, Perlongher no solo pone el cuerpo politicamente sino que les devuelve materialidad a los cuerpos borrados de los desaparecidos.
Focus on Family: Environments That Foster Inquiry and Critical Thinking in Young Children: Supporting Children's Natural Curiosity

Young children have a natural curiosity about their world, exemplified in their outpouring of questions. Children as young as 2 or 3 have no hesitation about asking “why” as they observe and questi...
Lentivectors encoding immunosuppressive proteins genetically engineer pancreatic β-cells to correct diabetes in allogeneic mice

The effectiveness of genetic engineering with lentivectors to protect transplanted cells from allogeneic rejection was examined using, as a model, type 1 diabetes treatment with β cell transplantation, whose widespread use has been limited by the requirement for sustained immunosuppressive treatment to prevent graft rejection. We examined whether lentivectors expressing select immunosuppressive proteins encoded by the adenoviral genome early region 3 (AdE3) would protect transplanted β cells from an alloimmune attack. The insulin-producing β cell line βTC-tet (C3HeB/FeJ-derived) was transduced with lentiviruses encoding the AdE3 proteins gp19K and RIDα/β. The efficiency of lentiviral transduction of βTC-tet cells exceeded 85%. Lentivector expression of gp19K decreased surface class I MHC expression by over 90%, while RIDα/β expression inhibited cytokine-induced Fas upregulation by over 75%. βTC-tet cells transduced with gp19K and RIDα/β lentivectors, but not with a control lentivector, provided prolonged correction of hyperglycemia after transplantation into diabetic BALB/c SCID mice reconstituted with allogeneic immune effector cells or into diabetic allogeneic BALB/c mice. Thus, genetic engineering of β cells using gp19K and RIDα/β expressing lentiviral vectors may provide an alternative that has the potential to eliminate or reduce treatment with the potent immunosuppressive agents currently necessary for prolonged engraftment with transplanted islets.
Role of adjunctive medical therapy in the fetoscopic surgical treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome.

The underlying etiology of twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is unknown, but our growing understanding of the cardiovascular features of TTTS suggests this may be a disease that could respond to transplacental medical therapy. Adjunctive medical therapy in TTTS with the calcium channel blocker nifedipine has been shown to improve recipient survival while having no effect on the donor. There is no significant difference in recipient survival from postoperative day 5 to birth suggesting that the survival benefit is confined to the effects of nifedipine in the perioperative period. Also, there is no significant effect of nifedipine on gestational age at delivery suggesting the survival benefit was unrelated to the tocolytic effects of nifedipine and more likely a result of hemodynamic effects in the recipient twins' cardiovascular system during the perioperative period. TTTS remains poorly understood but there appears to be good evidence suggesting twin–twin hypertensive cardiomyopathy is a large component of the pathophysiology in recipient twins. The initial findings of nifedipine's effectiveness as a targeted medical therapy to address TTTS cardiomyopathy and improve survival of recipient twins opens the door for further research for adjunctive medical therapies in TTTS.
Development of Occupational Aspiration Prestige: A Piecewise Latent Growth Model of Selected Influences.

Abstract Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) data sets, the complex phenomenon of intra-individual and inter-individual differences in and the potential predictors of those differences on career aspirations development over a 12-year period was analyzed. Results indicated that 73.1% of the total growth (change) in adolescents’ occupational aspiration prestige scores were achieved between grades 8–10, while 26.9% of growth was achieved between grades 10 and 12. One-third of the total growth in the occupational aspiration scores of these individuals as young adults was observed between high school graduation and 2 years after graduation, while 67.4% of the total growth was obtained during the period between 2 and 8 years after high school graduation. Individuals with higher initial aspiration scores experienced slower growth in aspirations than those with lower initial aspirations. A negative association between career aspiration prestige scores in grade 12 and 8 years post-graduation existed.
Skeletal Muscle Calpain Acts through Nitric Oxide and Neural miRNAs to Regulate Acetylcholine Release in Motor Nerve Terminals

Cholinergic overactivity in diseases of neuromuscular transmission elicits a retrograde signal resembling homeostatic synaptic plasticity that downregulates transmitter release. Understanding this compensatory pathway could provide insights into novel therapeutic avenues and molecular mechanisms underlying learning and memory. Here we identify nitric oxide as a possible source of this signal in pathological human and mouse muscle samples and link this signaling pathway to changes in synaptic function in the neuromuscular junction. We further show that neuronal nitric oxide synthase is regulated by cholinergic excess through activation of skeletal muscle calpain and its effect on Cdk5 and CaMKII, leading to direct modulation of presynaptic function. Finally, we show that this signaling pathway acts through specific miRNA control of presynaptic vesicle protein expression. The control of presynaptic miRNA levels by postsynaptic activity represents a novel mechanism for the modulation of synaptic activity in normal or pathological conditions.
Hypoxic cutaneous vasodilation is sustained during brief cold stress and is not affected by changes in CO2

Hypoxia decreases core body temperature in animals and humans during cold exposure. In addition, hypoxia increases skin blood flow in thermoneutral conditions, but the impact of hypoxic vasodilatio...
Comments on "Multiple-Radix Gray Codes in Lee Metric"

A major result relating to the Hamiltonian decomposition presented by Anantha, Bose, and AlBdaiwi [1], is actually a special case of a more general result already known in the literature.
Recent studies of self-condensation and co-condensation of melamine-formaldehyde resins; cure at low temperatures

Abstract Self-condensation: recent research on the chemical pathways by which alcoholated melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resins react with themselves and on the product structures is summarized. Model compound studies suggest that bridges are less stable than widely thought unless they are in hexahydro-1,3,5-triazine ring structures. In acyclic structures they are probably less stable than bridges. Co-condensation: studies of how the composition of MF resins influences the rates of reaction with poly(ol) co-reactant show that MF resins that contain very low levels of and/or functionality are quite reactive. Reactivities of a variety of poly(ester) and acrylic coreactants were studied. By combining reactive MF resins with reactive co-reactants one can formulate high solids enamels that cure by co-condensation in 30 min at 50 to 65 °C with 0.5 parts per hundred (phr) of p -toluenesulfonic acid ( p -TSA) catalyst. Cure at 25 °C appears feasible with higher catalyst levels.
A genetic isolate of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia with atypical clinical findings

Congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia (lipoid CAH) is the most severe form of CAH, eventually destroying all adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. Lipoid CAH is caused by mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which facilitates the entry of cholesterol into mitochondria to initiate steroidogenesis. Patients with lipoid CAH typically present with a salt-losing crisis in the first 2 months of life, although presentation as late as 10 months with partial retention of StAR activity has been reported. We describe eight patients from six Saudi Arabian families who were first diagnosed at 1-14 months of age (median, 4-7 months; mean, 7 months). Five patients were 46,XY, and three were 46,XX. At presentation, all had hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, elevated ACTH, and low cortisol. Pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were all low in those patients in whom it was measured. DNA sequencing showed that one patient was homozygous for the StAR mutation M144R, and the other seven, from five apparently unrelated families, were homozygous for the StAR mutation R182H. Each mutation was recreated in a human StAR cDNA expression vector and found to be wholly inactive in a standard assay of COS-1 cells cotransfected with the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme system. Thus, the loss of all assayable activity in vitro correlated poorly with the later onset of clinical symptoms in these patients. Lipoid CAH may present much later in life than previously thought.
On the Inverse Scattering Problem at Fixed Energy For the Tensor and Spin‐Orbit Potentials

The main purpose of this work is to find an analog of the Regge‐Newton equation for the problem of finding tensor and spin‐orbit potentials, acting among particles of spin ½, from the knowledge of the S‐matrix as a function of angular momentum at a fixed energy. We first find a transformation which makes the Schrodinger equation containing a central, a spin‐orbit, and a tensor potential the matrix analog of the Schrodinger equation for spin‐½ particle in a central and a spin‐orbit potential. Next, guided by the work of Sabatier for the case of central and spin‐orbit potentials, we are able to find the desired integral equation. The necessary existence and uniqueness of the solution to this integral equation is studied, and it is shown that indeed the wavefunctions for tensor and spin‐orbit potentials can be represented in terms of the solution of this integral equation. A series representation of the wavefunctions, which are necessary for finding the potentials from the S matrix, is found, but the actual construction of the potentials from the S matrix is not considered in this work.
Holistic reliability analysis of weighted voting systems from a multi-state perspective

The computation of the reliability of weighted voting systems is an important problem in reliability theory due to its potential application in security, target identification, safety and monitoring areas. Voting systems are used in a wide variety of applications where an acceptance or rejection decision has to be made about a binary proposition presented to the system. For these systems, it is of interest to obtain the probability so that based on the vote of decision-making units, the system aggregates these votes into the right decision when presented with such a proposition. This paper presents a holistic work on weighted voting system reliability by presenting modeling, computation, estimation and optimization techniques. The modeling part takes advantage of the structure of weighted voting systems to present a model of its reliability as a multi-state system. Next, based on the multi-state view of the system, an exact computational approach based on multi-state minimal cut and path vectors is introd...