cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
D-Band total power radiometer front end in 90nm SiGe technology

A D-Band total power radiometer, implemented in an advanced 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology is presented. The passive imager front-end consists of D-Band LNA followed by a HBT-based power detector. The LNA achieves 30 dB gain over 28 GHz bandwidth with measured noise figure lower than 7.5 dB. The square-law power detector achieves responsivity of 14.5 kV/W and noise equivalent power (NEP) <1.5 pW/√Hz. The receiver shows record bandwidth of 20 GHz, peak responsivity of 14 MV/W and NEP of 4.3 fW/√Hz at nominal bias. It's small footprint, and low power consumption (40 mW) make it suitable for large-scale imaging arrays.
Intervalley Biexcitons in Monolayer MoS 2

Interactions between two excitons can result in the formation of bound quasiparticles, known as biexcitons. Their properties are determined by the constituent excitons, with orbital and spin states resembling those of atoms. Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) present a unique system where excitons acquire a new degree of freedom, the valley pseudospin, from which a novel intervalley biexciton can be created. These biexcitons comprise two excitons from different valleys, which are distinct from biexcitons in conventional semiconductors and have no direct analogue in atomic and molecular systems. However, their valley properties are not accessible to traditional transport and optical measurements. Here, we report the observation of intervalley biexcitons in the monolayer TMD MoS2 using ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy [1]. By applying broadband probe pulses with different helicities, we identify two species of intervalley biexcitons with large binding energies of 60 and 40 meV. In addition, we also reveal effects beyond biexcitonic pairwise interactions in which the exciton energy redshifts at increasing exciton densities, indicating the presence of many-body interactions among them.
Effects of Colloidal Crystals, Antibiotics, and Surface-Bound Antimicrobials on Pseudomonas aeruginosa Surface Density.

We examined the effect of a crystalline layer of silica particles in the size range 0.5–4 μm on the adsorption and surface growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Growth on these colloidal crystal monolayers (CCMs) was compared to growth on a flat plate of silica. All surfaces were coated with a thin film of silica to provide chemical uniformity of the different topographies. The results showed that the CCM reduces the density of colony forming units (CFU) on the solid by 99–99.9% when the suspension load was 103 CFU. We also examined the interaction between the CCM and either antibiotics or a chemically bound antimicrobial. The addition of 20 μg/mL tobramycin after an initial 24 h growth period caused a further decrease in CFU counts of about 99–99.9% for all topographies. The percentage reduction as a result of the antibiotics was similar for all topographies, which suggested that there was no particular synergy between the topography and antibiotics. On the other hand, the additive nature of the two effects ...
2-Pyridinide as an Active Catalytic Intermediate for CO2 Reduction on p-GaP Photoelectrodes: Lifetime and Selectivity

The active intermediate responsible for pyridine (Py)-catalyzed reduction of CO2 on a p-GaP photoelectrode is currently under debate. Exploration of the proposed intermediates’ available pathways for further reaction may yield a deeper understanding of the CO2 reduction mechanism that will be essential to designing better cocatalysts in such photoelectrochemical systems. Adsorbed 2-pyridinide (2-PyH–*) was recently proposed by Carter and co-workers to be an intermediate that facilitates hydride transfer (HT) to CO2 to produce formate. However, the lifetime of 2-PyH–*, most likely controlled by the rate of 2-PyH–* protonation to form adsorbed dihydropyridine (DHP*), is still in question. In this work, we provide evidence for the transient existence of 2-PyH–* on a p-GaP surface by comparing the activation energy for HT to CO2 to those predicted for 2-PyH–* being protonated to form either DHP* or Py* + H2 via a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We predict that 2-PyH–* situated next to an adjacent surface h...
The Anonymous Tract On Isoperimetric Figures

The Introduction to the Syntaxis, transmitted as an anonymous compilation of edited extracts from commentaries on Ptolemy’s Book I, has drawn our attention already at three points. In dealing with its section on compound ratio, we have contested Mogenet’s thesis that the Introduction was composed by Eutocius, and have argued that it be assigned instead to a commentator named Arcadius, active in the mid-5th century (see Part I, chap. 7). The Introduction’s chapter on isoperimetric figures preserves certain testimonia on Archimedes’ treatment of the circle, which, when coordinated with the witness of Pappus and Theon, contribute to the argument for the reconstruction of DC*, the lost prototype of the extant ancient and medieval texts of the Dimension of the Circle (chaps. 1 and 3). Moreover, the same chapter on isoperimetrics betrays interesting parallels with the medieval Latin De curvis superficiebus, and so supports the case for the lost prototype CS* (chap. 8). Another section of the Introduction, its account of long division, will concern us in the next chapter. We turn now to a more systematic examination of its account of isoperimetric figures.
CHAPTER 46 – Decision Analysis Applied to Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy

Projected life expectancy changes for 50-year-old women undergoing a 15-year course of treatment were updated based on current estimates of the effect of hormone replacement therapy on the risk of breast cancer, heart disease, and hip fracture. Unopposed estrogen was evaluated for women with a prior hysterectomy and combined continuous estrogen progestin therapy was considered for women with a uterus. Gains in life expectancy for 15 years of treatment ranging from 0.4 to 8.9 months were projected for women at average risk for heart disease, breast cancer, and hip fracture. Gains were largest (2.7 to 13.5 months) among women with higher than average risk for heart disease and hip fracture and lower than average risk for breast cancer. In contrast, smaller gains and potential losses (-2.7 to 5.0 months) were noted for women at lower than average risk for heart disease and hip fracture and higher than average risk for breast cancer. This analysis did not account for potentially important health related quality-of-life factors, which may be critical for individual patient decision making. Nonetheless, estimates of the average health effect for long-term hormone replacement therapy among women with various risk profiles should provide useful information for health care providers when counseling patients regarding postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy decisions. Individual decisions regarding long-term use of postmenopausal therapy remain a personal matter worthy of careful deliberation.
Actinomycin sensitivity in Escherichiacoli produced by EDTA

Abstract E. coli can be made sensitive to the action of actinomycin by brief treatment with EDTA. Cells thus treated are not osmotically fragile and are viable. It is anticipated that such preparations will be of value in studying RNA metabolism and related problems in E. coli
Introduction: A Short History of Virology

Viral infections have been recorded unknowingly from the beginning of recorded history. The ancient Greeks and Romans described plagues of unknown origin. In general, infections were blamed on sins and punishment, balances of “vital humors” or on “miasma,” (rotten smells). In the sixteenth century, Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that infectious agents might spread disease, as did Agostino Bassi, studying diseases of silkworms. The development of the microscope by Hook and Van Leeuwenhoek in the seventeenth century led to the discovery of a new living world inhabited by very small creatures. Edward Jenner in England demonstrated that smallpox, a dreaded disease, could be prevented by inoculation with an organism that caused pockmarks on cows and dairymaids; this was the beginning of the concept of vaccination. Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation only occurred in the presence of air and was due to microorganisms. Pasteur and Pierre Roux, a colleague, as well as Jacob Henle and Robert Koch, proved that germs caused bacterial diseases such as anthrax and tuberculosis; Pasteur and Roux developed a vaccine against rabies by passaging the infectious material through rabbits. By the end of the nineteenth century it had been established that most infectious diseases were the result of germs. In parallel with this research, plant scientists had isolated material that passed through a low pore filter that was infectious to tobacco plants. This was called a “virus,” from the Latin for poison. Viruses were also found to be associated with leukemia and other cancers of chickens. The twentieth century saw the discovery of bacteriophage, viruses that attack bacteria, and the use of such bacteriophage to launch studies of molecular biology, and DNA and RNA structure.
Long-Term Parathyroid Hormone 1-34 Replacement Therapy in Children with Hypoparathyroidism.

Objective To determine whether multiple daily injections of parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1-34 are safe and effective as long-term therapy for children with hypoparathyroidism. Study design Linear growth, bone accrual, renal function, and mineral homeostasis were studied in a long-term observational study of PTH 1-34 injection therapy in 14 children. Methods Subjects were 14 children with hypoparathyroidism attributable to autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (N = 5, ages 7-12 years) or calcium receptor mutation (N = 9, ages 7-16 years). Mean daily PTH 1-34 dose was 0.75 ± 0.15 µg/kg/day. Treatment duration was 6.9 ± 3.1 years (range 1.5-10 years). Patients were evaluated semiannually at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Results Mean height velocity and lumbar spine, whole body, and femoral neck bone accretion velocities were normal throughout the study. In the first 2 years, distal one-third radius bone accrual velocity was reduced compared with normal children (P Conclusions Twice-daily or thrice-daily subcutaneous PTH 1-34 injections provided safe and effective replacement therapy for up to 10 years in children with hypoparathyroidism because of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 or calcium receptor mutation.
Pre-Mating Reproductive Isolation in Tiger Beetles (Carabidae: Cicindelinae): an Examination of the Role of Visual and Morphological Feedback

The biological species concept depends on mechanisms isolating reproduction to taxonomically define a species and to explain the disadvantages, and subsequent lack, of hybridization. In co-occurring tiger beetles (Carabidae: Cicindelinae), these between-species barriers are not readily apparent. To understand the characteristics potentially responsible for this isolation, we conducted behavioral and morphological experiments with two pairs of tiger beetle species. Choice trials showed males use visual cues to trigger the pursuit of potential mates and prefer females who appear similar in color. Geometric morphometric techniques allowed us to quantify shape differences in the mandibles of all four species. Previously, it was proposed that the mandible-coupling sulcus pairing acted as a lock-and-key mechanism to provide feedback necessary for species recognition. Our results, however, suggest that although there are significant differences in shape, these differences do not provide any feedback to the male or enhance his ability to retain his grasp on the female. Taken together, these findings suggest that vision, rather than the traditional mandibular lock-and-key hypothesis, may play a key role in reproductive isolation for co-occurring tiger beetle species.
The hemolymph microbiome of insects.

Abstract Hemolymph has long been recognized as a key mediator of nutritional and immunological homeostasis in insects, with the tacit understanding that hemolymph is a hostile environment for microorganisms, and microbiologically sterile in healthy insects. Recent research is overturning the conventional wisdom, and there is now overwhelming evidence that various non-pathogenic microorganisms can stably or transiently inhabit hemolymph in a diversity of insects. Most is known about Spiroplasma, especially in Drosophila species, and secondary symbionts of the Enterobacteriaceae, notably Hamiltonella defensa, in aphids. These bacteria require many nutrients, representing a likely drain on host nutritional resources, and they persist in the hemolymph by a combination of evasion and tolerance of insect immune effectors. These traits can be costly to the insect host. For some hemolymph microorganisms, these costs are balanced by other traits beneficial to the insect, notably protection against natural enemies mediated by specific toxins or competition for key nutrients. Three key priorities for future research are: to investigate the prevalence and taxonomic diversity of hemolymph microorganisms in insects; to establish the role of host nutritional and immune factors as determinants of the abundance and proliferation rates of hemolymph microorganisms; and to integrate the developing understanding of these microorganisms and their impacts (both costs and benefits) on insect nutrition and immune function into the wider study of insect physiology.
Analysis of electrical power in IBM POWER9 direct-attached memory subsystem

POWER9 processors are the current generation IBM POWER processors supporting direct-attached memory on the POWER series server systems. The POWER9 processors supports Industry Standard Registered Dual In-line Memory Modules (IS-RDIMM) running with Double Data Rate Generation 4 (DDR4) technology for the single-drop and dual-drop memory configurations. Memory throttling is an important feature of IBM systems for generations, but for the first time through direct-attached DDR memory interface in POWER9. Discussed in this paper is a case-study of the different memory throttles, their direct impact on the overall memory bandwidth and finally, the estimation of power consumed by the memory subsystem on POWER9 systems. The memory subsystem power estimation and consumption study determine the system bulk power requirements, apply them to system firmware and finally the datacenter architecture for IBM’s customers.
The Abortion Debate

Abortion, I once thought with the confidence in rationality of a young philosopher, was a moral issue much like any other. Given enough careful thought and ethical sensitivity, it could find an adequate resolution. As a political issue, I believed, it was no less subject to a solution. If the opposing parties would pay due attention to the convictions of their opponents, giving a bit here and there, then a decent compromise could be worked out, in the great tradition of American brokerage politics.
Representing postpartum depression in contemporary cinema: Cristina Comencini’s Quando la notte and Alina Marazzi’s Tutto parla di te:

This article aims to analyze Quando la notte, Cristina Comencini’s 2011 film, and Tutto parla di te, Alina Marazzi’s 2012 first fictional film. Both directors explore some of the problematic emotio...
Deriving the arterial Po2 and oxygen deficit from expired gas and pulse oximetry.

The details and limitations of a noninvasive measurement of pulmonary gas exchange efficiency, the oxygen deficit, are described. The oxygen deficit, calculated from expired gas measurements made d...
Multi-technique approach to study the stability of silver nanoparticles at predicted environmental concentrations in wastewater.

The concentration of silver nanoparticles (nano-Ag) in aqueous media influences the kinetics of ion release; hence, the transformation and stability of nano-Ag are also influenced. The stability, dissolution and further transformation of nano-Ag in aqueous media at predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) ≤ μg/L may differ from that reported at higher concentrations. Analytical techniques characterizing nanoparticles (NPs) at μg/L have advantages and limitations, including an inherent bias based on theoretical and analytical considerations, as well as the matrix effects. In this work, we applied nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), single particle ICP-MS (sp-ICP-MS), and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) analysis to study the stability and dissolution of nano-Ag with different nominal sizes (20, 40, 80 and 100 nm) at PECs in synthetic wastewater (SWW). The influence of the main wastewater constituents, such as organic matter, Cl-, S2-, PO43- and NH4+, on the stability and dissolution of nano-Ag (40 nm) at PECs was also determined. Diagrams of the predominant species of silver exposed to major ligands were generated using MINTEQ. After 5 h in SWW, 20 nm nano-Ag dissolved 19.27% and 40 nm nano-Ag dissolved 14.8%. Aggregates of Ag particles were clearly noted for 80 and 100 nm nano-Ag after 5 h of exposure to SWW. Aggregates size also ranged very similar for both techniques, NTA and sp-ICP-MS, 29-211 nm and 38-241 for NTA and 48-210 and 50-220 nm, for sp-ICP-MS, respectively. Monodispersed size distribution (22-85 nm) and low dissolution (up to 5.1%) of nano-Ag at PECs were observed in presence of organic matter (5-800 μg/L) and PO43- (9.5-47.5 mg/L), while precipitation and higher dissolution (up to 74.9%) were observed in media containing either Cl- (0.07-10.64 g/L), S2- (0.32-32.1 mg/L) or NH4+ (36-90 mg/L), respectively. Speciation diagrams predict the formation of Ag2S(s) and AgCl(s), and soluble species such as AgClx(x-1)-, AgNH3+ and Ag(NH3)2+ when Ag+ at PECs in wastewater. The NTA and sp-ICP-MS were suitable techniques for sizing nano-Ag in wastewater at PECs at experimented nominal sizes. sp-ICP-MS was also useful to quantify the coexistence of Ag+ and nano-Ag. The LSPR analysis served to determine the relative persistence of original nano-Ag at PECs in the wastewater during the first 5 h after spiking.
Quantifying hydrologic controls on local- and landscape-scale indicators of coastal wetland loss.

Background and aims Coastal wetlands have evolved to withstand stressful abiotic conditions through the maintenance of hydrologic feedbacks between vegetation production and flooding. However, disruption of these feedbacks can lead to ecosystem collapse, or a regime shift from vegetated wetland to open water. To prevent the loss of critical coastal wetland habitat, we must improve understanding of the abiotic-biotic linkages among flooding and wetland stability. The aim of this research was to identify characteristic landscape patterns and thresholds of wetland degradation that can be used to identify areas of vulnerability, reduce flooding threats and improve habitat quality. Methods We measured local- and landscape-scale responses of coastal wetland vegetation to flooding stress in healthy and degrading coastal wetlands. We hypothesized that conversion of Spartina patens wetlands to open water could be defined by a distinct change in landscape configuration pattern, and that this change would occur at a discrete elevation threshold. Key results Despite similarities in total land and water cover, we observed differences in the landscape configuration of vegetated and open water pixels in healthy and degrading wetlands. Healthy wetlands were more aggregated, and degrading wetlands were more fragmented. Generally, greater aggregation was associated with higher wetland elevation and better drainage, compared with fragmented wetlands, which had lower elevation and poor drainage. The relationship between vegetation cover and elevation was non-linear, and the conversion from vegetated wetland to open water occurred beyond an elevation threshold of hydrologic stress. Conclusions The elevation threshold defined a transition zone where healthy, aggregated, wetland converted to a degrading, fragmented, wetland beyond an elevation threshold of 0.09 m [1988 North American Vertical Datum (NAVD88)] [0.27 m mean sea level (MSL)], and complete conversion to open water occurred beyond 0.03 m NAVD88 (0.21 m MSL). This work illustrates that changes in landscape configuration can be used as an indicator of wetland loss. Furthermore, in conjunction with specific elevation thresholds, these data can inform restoration and conservation planning to maximize wetland stability in anticipation of flooding threats.
Chapter 5 – Cell Growth

Cells are living things, and as such they will grow and divide in a cyclic fashion. Biotechnologists often want to harvest products that are made by cells. To maximize the amount of product that is obtained, knowledge of the cell cycle is necessary for determining the best time to collect cells, to harvest cell products, or to move cells to a new growth environment. In this chapter, we will discuss the cell cycle on the cellular level and then move to a population-based view of cell (culture) growth. Mathematics will be used to model the growth (and decline) of cell cultures, and some means by which cell numbers and cell mass are determined will be discussed. What might work in the laboratory might not work on the industrial scale. Issues and realities of the scale-up process will be presented, along with some of the challenges they present for the biotechnologist.
Machine Learning Approaches and Neuroimaging in Cognitive Functions of the Human Brain: A Review

Brain science is that sphere of knowledge on the frontline of modern reality wherefrom the accuracy of diagnoses and speed of decision making depends on human mental health. Machine Learning and Deep Learning are the contemporary methodologies and algorithms that can combine a huge amount of complex data in the coherent structure and help scientists solve brain disorders. This paper reviews different Machine Learning algorithms that investigate data patterns and trends, collected from the human brain using several neuroimaging techniques.
Magnetic Field Analysis for HF Transformers with Coaxial Winding Arrangements

Magnetic analysis for high frequency (HF) transformers is an important step in designing the magnetic parts of the isolated DC-DC converters. A robust and effective magnetic design help to reduce the parasitic values such as leakage inductance and consequently increase the efficiency and improve the performance of the converters. In this paper, two different HF transformers with different winding arrangements are designed and analyzed. Coaxial windings are used for the transformers in order for obtaining a better magnetic coupling and lower leakage inductance. The results are compared to the regular windings and this comparison showed the effectiveness of the coaxial windings. The design procedure and results are conducted for a power rating of 2kW and a voltage level of 400V/400V at the frequency of 5 kHz. The design method and the analysis procedure used in this paper can later be used for designing optimal isolated DC-DC converters or integrating parasitic parameters in resonant tank circuits for achieving zero voltage switching (ZVS) and zero current switching (ZCS). Especially for converters including silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) switches. For analyzing the results and magnetic fields, finite element method (FEM) is used as a numerical strategy.
Design of cost-effective sorghum biomass feedstock logistics-A comparison of different systems

Abstract In this paper, we investigate performances of different sorghum biomass feedstock logistics systems (S-BFLSs). To do so, we use a multi-period, mixed integer linear programming model to determine the optimal design for such systems. Our model prescribes strategic decisions pertaining to locations and sizes of storage facilities (called satellite storage locations, SSLs), the number of equipment sets to purchase, and allocation of farms to each SSL, as well as tactical decisions including period-to-period biomass transportation flows and period-to-period biomass inventory plans. We have studied a wide spectrum of options pertaining to harvest, preprocessing, and transportation including regular delivery and a hybrid of just-in-time and regular deliveries. Our model is applied to a potential region for biorefinery construction. Based on our analysis, when the biomass yield and equipment rate are deterministic, the most cost-effective S-BFLS consists of forage-chop for harvesting, bunkers or bags for ensiling, and a hybrid delivery system for biomass. However, when they are stochastic, non-ensiling options are quite competitive, generally better than an ensiling option except for ensiling using bunkers when the biomass yield is low. Ensiling by modules, in general, is not found to be as cost-effective as that by bags or bunkers because of the occurrence of high equipment ownership cost and operating cost. Compression of biomass for juice extraction is also not found to be cost-effective. Forage-chop harvest and whole-stalk harvest have little difference in economic effectiveness. A hybrid system for biomass delivery is recommended since it reduces logistics cost for all the configurations.
Cell non-autonomous regulation of health and longevity

As the demographics of the modern world skew older, understanding and mitigating the effects of aging is increasingly important within biomedical research. Recent studies in model organisms demonstrate that the aging process is frequently modified by an organism's ability to perceive and respond to changes in its environment. Many well-studied pathways that influence aging involve sensory cells, frequently neurons, that signal to peripheral tissues and promote survival during the presence of stress. Importantly, this activation of stress response pathways is often sufficient to improve health and longevity even in the absence of stress. Here, we review the current landscape of research highlighting the importance of cell non-autonomous signaling in modulating aging from C. elegans to mammals. We also discuss emerging concepts including retrograde signaling, approaches to mapping these networks, and development of potential therapeutics.
Surveillance for Transthyretin Amyloidosis Progression after Heart Transplantation in the Era of Novel Disease Modifying Therapies

Purpose Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) predominantly involves the heart (ATTR-cardiac amyloidosis [CA]) and nerves, and may involve other organs or tissues. Disease modifying therapies improve outcomes in those with ATTR-CA or with neurologic involvement, however their utility post heart transplant (HT) or combined heart/liver transplant is uncertain. We evaluated patients who underwent HT for ATTR-CA to determine the incidence of de novo development or progression of neurologic, GI and soft tissue manifestations of ATTR deposition. Methods We performed a review of all patients who underwent HT for ATTR-CA at our center. Baseline demographics and post HT manifestations of TTR deposition were collected. All patients completed the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score (COMPASS-31) and Polyneuropathy Disability Score (PDS). The COMPASS-31 is a questionnaire of autonomic symptoms, with a higher score (0 - 100) indicating more severe autonomic dysfunction. The PDS ranges from 0 (asymptomatic) to 4 (confined to wheelchair/bed). Results Twelve patients were included. Mean age at HT was 67 ± 5 yrs, 83.3% male, and 50% Black. Five patients had wild-type and 7 had variant ATTR-CA (6 V122I, 1 T60A). At a mean of 5.2 ± 3.9 yrs post-transplant, 8 patients had symptoms of progressive or de novo ATTR deposition with 4 having involvement in ≥ 2 systems (Figure 1). None had cardiac involvement on PYP imaging (n=5) or serial endomyocardial biopsy . The mean COMPASS-31 was 19.5 (range 0.9 - 45.8) at a median time from HT of 3.9 ± 3.5 years. Three subjects had a PDS of 1 and 1 each scored 2, 3b, and 4, the latter patient was homozygous for the V122I variant. Conclusion In our single-center study, > 50% of patients had evidence of progressive or de novo TTR deposition post HT. This adds significant morbidity despite a functioning cardiac allograft. These observations underscore an unmet need for TTR modifying therapies that could slow TTR deposition and significantly improve quality of life post HT for ATTR-CA.
Proteolysis in Carcinogenesis

Publisher Summary Proteases have attracted special attention as the potential target for cancer therapy including the treatment of head and neck cancer. This chapter provides an overview of the various secreted and pericellular proteases that have been associated with the distribution of human tumors, and reviews data that link these proteases to tumor progression. The expression, prognostic significance, and causal involvement of proteases in the progression of carcinomas of the head and neck appear to be similar to those of other types of human cancers. Plg activators and members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and cathepsin families have all been documented to be consistently overexpressed in the stromal or tumor compartment of squamous cell carcinomas, as analyzed by in situ hybridization, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), or laser capture microdissection of surgically resected tumors. This includes uPA, tPA, MMP-2, -3, -7, -9, -10, -11, -13, and -14 and cathepsins B, D, H, and L. A direct correlation between the high expression of uPA, MMP-2, and cathepsins B and L and poor prognosis has been established for head and neck cancer, suggesting a causal involvement of these proteases in tumor progression.
Temperature sensitive mutants of influenza virus. IX. Genetic and biological characterization of TS-1[E] lesions when transferred to a 1972 (H3N2) influenza A virus.

The temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant recombinant influenza A/Hong Kong/1968-ts-1[E] (H3N2) previously was shown to possess properties desirable for a live attenuated vaccine. We investigated the regularity of transfer of these desirable properties by recombination to a newly emerged wild-type influenza A (H3N2) variant, A/Udorn/307/1972. Examination of Udorn/72-ts-1[E] recombinant clones confirmed that the ts-1[E] donor contained two independently segregating ts lesions, each of which segregated independently of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. Transfer of both of these ts lesions to a new recombinant was associated with a specific shutoff temperature in vitro of 38°, a moderate restriction of growth in the respiratory tract of hamsters, and infrequent reversion to ts+ phenotype in vivo. The absence of one of the two ts lesions in a Udorn/72-ts-1[E] recombinant clone resulted in a higher in vitro shutoff temperature (39°), less growth restriction in hamsters, and less genetic stability with regard to reversion to the ts+ phenotype. These results supported the hypothesis that well-defined ts lesions can be utilized as specific markers of attenuation which can be transferred to new, potentially epidemic, antigenic variants of influenza A virus.
Toxins from the entomogenous fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae. II. Symptoms and detection in moribund hosts.

Abstract Intrahemocoelic injection of filtrates of Metarrhizium anisopliae cultures induced tetanic paralysis in larvae of Galleria mellonella and Bombyx mori. Bombyx mori larvae infected with M. anisopliae underwent tetanic paralysis immediately prior to death, and blood from insects heat-treated (56° to 58°C) while in this condition was toxic to Galleria larvae when administered intrahemocoelically. Thus, it is possible that toxins produced by the fungus play an important role in this mycosis.
Structural and Mechanical Mechanisms of Ocular Tissues Probed by AFM

In recent years, the atomic force microscope (AFM) has become an important tool in ophthalmic research. It has gained popularity largely because AFM is not restricted by the diffraction limits of light microscopy and can be applied to resolve images with molecular resolution. AFM is a minimally invasive technique and can be used to visualize molecular structures under near-physiological conditions. In addition, the AFM can be employed as a force apparatus to characterize the viscoelastic properties of biomaterials on the micron level and at the level of individual proteins. In this article, we summarize recent AFM studies of ocular tissues, while highlighting the great potential of AFM technology in ophthalmic research. Previous research demonstrates the versatility of the AFM as high resolution imaging technique and as a sensitive force apparatus for probing the mechanical properties of ocular tissues. The structural and mechanical properties of ocular tissues are of major importance to the understanding of the optomechanical functions of the human eye. In addition, AFM has played an important role in the development and characterization of ocular biomaterials, such as contact lenses and intraocular lenses. Studying ocular tissues using Atomic Force Microscopy has enabled several advances in ophthalmic research.
Heterogeneous Topographic and Cellular Distribution of Huntingtin Expression in the Normal Human Neostriatum

A striking heterogeneous distribution of topographic and cellular huntingtin immunoreactivity was observed within the human neostriatum using three distinct huntingtin antibodies. Patchy areas of low huntingtin immunoreactivity were present in both the caudate nucleus and putamen, surrounded by an intervening area of greater immunoreactivity. Comparison of huntingtin immunoreactivity with contiguous serial sections stained for enkephalin and calbindin D28k immunoreactivities showed that the topographic heterogeneity of huntingtin immunostaining corresponded to the patch (striosome) and matrix compartments within the striatum. Huntingtin immunoreactivity was confined primarily to neurons and neuropil within the matrix compartment, whereas little or no neuronal or neuropil huntingtin immunostaining was observed within the patch compartment. There was marked variability in the intensity of huntingtin immunolabel among medium-sized striatal neurons, whereas a majority of large striatal neurons were only faintly positive or without any immunoreactivity. Combined techniques for NADPH-diaphorase enzyme histochemistry and huntingtin immunocytochemistry, as well as double immunofluorescence for either nitric oxide synthase or calbindin D28k in comparison with huntingtin expression, revealed a striking correspondence between calbindin D28k and huntingtin immunoreactivities, with little or no colocalization between NADPH-diaphorase or nitric oxide synthase neurons and huntingtin expression. These observations suggest that the selective vulnerability of spiny striatal neurons and the matrix compartment observed in Huntington's disease is associated with higher levels of huntingtin expression, whereas the relative resistance of large and medium-sized aspiny neurons and the patch compartments to degeneration is associated with low levels of huntingtin expression.
Geometry of river networks. III. Characterization of component connectivity

Essential to understanding the overall structure of river networks is a knowledge of their detailed architecture. Here we explore the presence of randomness in river network structure and the details of its consequences. We first show that an averaged view of network architecture is provided by a proposed self-similarity statement about the scaling of drainage density, a local measure of stream concentration. This scaling of drainage density is shown to imply Tokunaga's law, a description of the scaling of side branch abundance along a given stream, as well as a scaling law for stream lengths. We then consider fluctuations in drainage density and consequently the numbers of side branches. Data are analyzed for the Mississippi River basin and a model of random directed networks. Numbers of side streams are found to follow exponential distributions, as are intertributary distances along streams. Finally, we derive a joint variation of side stream abundance with stream length, affording a full description of fluctuations in network structure. Fluctuations in side stream numbers are shown to be a direct result of fluctuations in stream lengths. This is the last paper in a series of three on the geometry of river networks.
Research and Application on Nonlinear Control Algorithms Based on Viscous Dampers

One challenge in the use of semi-active technology is in developing nonlinear control algorithms that are appropriate for implementation in full-scale structures. Based on the basic characteristics of magnetorheological (MR) damper, the structural control algorithms are introduced. The nonlinear control algorithms are systematically reviewed from the aspects including clipped optimal control, LQR control, and Lyapunov stability control. Finally, the existed problem in application and the future developing in research on the structural control algorithms are summarized respectively.
Origin of chromosomal abnormalities in nuclear transplants--a reevaluation of nuclear differentiation and nuclear equivalence in amphibians.

Abstract Previous transplantation tests of amphibian nuclei derived from advanced somatic and germinal cell types have demonstrated that most of these nuclei have acquired developmental restrictions during embryogenesis. The nature of these restrictions has been revealed in part through chromosomal studies of abnormal nuclear transplants. In these studies, it has been found that the developmental restrictions in the nuclear transplants are accompanied in most cases by karyotypic alterations. In order to determine the origin of these chromosomal aberrations and thereby gain some understanding of the chromosomal changes accompanying normal embryogenesis, we have studied the nuclear and chromosomal morphology of nuclear transplants within the first 8 hours after nuclear transplantation. These studies carried out on nuclei of determined endodermal cells demonstrate that in most cases the origin of these chromosomal aberrations is traceable to the initial responses of the transplanted nucleus to the cytoplasm of the recipient egg. Many transplanted endodermal nuclei fail to undergo sufficient nuclear enlargement and chromatin decondensation. As a result of these events, chromatid bridges arise during the first mitotic cleavage and subsequent to chromatid breakage at late anaphase, variable deletions in chromosomes occur. These different amounts of genetic losses then lead to variable abnormal development in nuclear transplants and ultimately are the cause of developmental arrest. The results of these studies indicate that during embryogenesis the chromosomes of many endodermal nuclei have acquired restrictions in the form of condensed or compact chromatin (heterochromatin). Furthermore, these restrictions are not reversed completely by transplantation into young egg cytoplasm; and consequently, the complete expression of the transplanted nucleus is prevented. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to our current understanding of nuclear differentiation in amphibians.
Product evaluations of Lefschetz determinants for Grassmannians and of determinants of multinomial coefficients

Abstract A general result which produces product evaluations of determinants of certain raising operators for sl(2) representations is obtained. The most combinatorially interesting cases occur for self-dual raising operators of Peck posets. Applications include the following: A nice product expression is found for the determinant of the Lefschetz duality linear transformation on the cohomology of a Grassmannian. Known product expressions for the cardinalities of two sets of plane partitions are re-derived. The appearance of rising factorials for the hooks in one of these product expressions is “explained” by the appearance of rising factorials in sl(2) determinants. A higher dimensional generalization in a certain sense of MacMahon's famous product enumeration result for Ferrers diagrams contained in a box is stated in the context of nonintersecting lattice paths.
Spectrophotofluorometric method for the microdetection and estimation of morphine and codeine

Abstract A spectrofluorometric method for the detection and estimation of morphine and codeine in the presence of each other at the microgram and submicrogram range is described. The detection and estimation of codeine in the presence of morphine is based on the fact that at high pH, the fluorescence of codeine remains unchanged while that of morphine is quenched.
Photoresponsive permeability of polyelectrolyte complex capsule membrane containing triphenylmethane leucohydroxide residues

To develop a functional capsule, which can be controlled to release materials entrapped in the inner aqueous space responding to light, partly crosslinked poly(acrylic acid)–poly-ethylenimine complex capsules containing a copolymer of acrylic acid and bis[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](4-vinylphenyl)methyl leucohydroxide as an additional membrane component with radii of ca. 3 mm have been prepared. The triphenylmethane derivative on the copolymer dissociated into an ion pair under ultraviolet light irradiation in the weak alkaline region. Permeation of p-toluenesulfonate through the capsule membrane was enhanced significantly by the photoirradiation after a several minutes time lag under a weak alkaline condition. The photoinduced increase in permeability of the capsule was pH-dependent. The maximum effect of light on the permeability was observed near pH 8, whereas less enhancement was observed above or below the pH value. When the irradiation of the light was stopped, permeation of the permeant decreased. The photoresponsive permeability change of the capsule membrane can be carried out reversibly. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Osseous metastases of breast cancer. Clinical, biochemical, radiographic, and scintigraphic evaluation of response to therapy

Serial bone scans and radiographs were assessed in 50 patients with breast cancer metastatic to bone treated with combination chemotherapy. In 34 patients evaluable nonosseous metastases were present in addition to bone lesions. Clinical and biochemical changes also were assessed serially, independent of skeletal disease. Pretherapy bone scans were more sensitive but less specific than radiographs for detection of osseous metastasis. Response to therapy in nonosseous metastasis correlated well with radiographic improvement of bone lesions (91%), but less well with changes in bone scans (57%). There was concordance between clinical and radiographic findings, suggesting progression of metastatic disease, in 81% of patients and between scan and clinical findings in 72% of them. Changes in carcinoembryonic antigen levels closely reflected clinical and radiographic changes. Serial bone radiographs are the most useful method of determining response to therapy in breast cancer metastatic to bone. The addition of scintigraphs and carcinoembryonic antigen measurements results in a highly sensitive and accurate method of response evaluation.
Development of preschool-aged children of different social and ethnic groups: implications for developmental screening.

The developmental status of 1,180 children representing a cross section of Denver's ethnic and parental occupational groups was compared with that of 1,055 children (349 Anglo, 354 Spanish surname, and 352 Black) whose parents were unskilled workers. The children varied in age from 2 weeks to 6.4 years and were evaluated with the Denver developmental screening test. Comparisons were made in developmental achievements as reflected by individual item differences for Anglo children from unskilled families with Anglos from cross-sectional families. A second comparison of Anglo, Spanish, and Black children of the unskilled sample was also made. The first analysis comparing 910 Anglo children from the cross-sectional sample with 349 Anglo children from the unskilled families demonstrated significant differences (p
Is there diurnal variation of the vestibulosympathetic reflex: implications for orthostatic hypotension

Incidences of adverse cardiac events and orthostatic hypotension are associated with diurnal variations. The primary purpose of the present study was to determine if the vestibulosympathetic reflex (VSR) follows a diurnal variation in humans. We hypothesized that the VSR would be attenuated at night based on the relation between melatonin and the VSR. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, calf blood flow, and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were measured in nine healthy subjects (28 ± 1 yr, 5 men and 4 women) at rest and during head-down rotation. Each subject was tested during the day at 11:34 ± 13 and again at night 22:10 ± 5. MSNA was significantly decreased at night compared with day (8 ± 1 vs. 11 ± 2 bursts/min, respectively, P < 0.02). Heart rate and arterial blood pressure at rest were significantly increased at night compared with day (heart rate: 70 ± 4 vs. 66 ± 4 beats/min and mean arterial blood pressure: 91 ± 2 vs. 87 ± 1 mmHg, respectively). MSNA and hemodynamic responses to head-down rotation were not significantly altered at night compared with day (changes of 3 ± 1 bursts/min and 25 ± 6% for MSNA and calf blood flow, respectively). The data indicate that MSNA at rest decreases during the late evening hours and exhibits a diurnal variation, whereas the VSR does not. In summary, diurnal variation of orthostatic hypotension in humans does not appear to be associated with changes in the VSR and MSNA at rest.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Orbital Lymphangioma with and without Gadolinium Contrast Enhancement

Background: Lymphangioma is a vascular tumor of the orbit with a propensity for recurrent hemorrhage. These tumors may be difficult to diagnose in young patients who present with sudden proptosis due to hemorrhage into a previously unrecognized lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be ideally suited for evaluating lymphangioma due to the unique ability of MRI to characterize hemorrhage because of the paramagnetic qualities of hemoglobin. Methods: ThE Authors Performed T 1 , T2-, And Proton Density-Weighted MRI On 12 patients with orbital lymphangioma. Six patients underwent MRI with gadolinium-DTPA contrast enhancement. The MRI studies were performed using a 1.5 Tesla super-conducting magnetic resonance unit, except for 3 early studies performed with a 0.5 Tesla unit. All studies were performed with orbital surface coil imaging. Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 10 patients. Results: Tumor was visible on MRI in all 12 patients. Magnetic resonance imaging delineated clearly the internal structure of subacute and chronic hemorrhagic cysts, and differentiated between these tumors because of the different paramagnetic qualities of subacute hemorrhage compared to chronic hemorrhage. In two patients, MRI detected large tumor feeding vessels by the flow void phenomenon unique to MRI. Computed tomography did not detect these vessels. Gadolinium-contrasted T 1 -weighted MRI did not further delineate or characterize the tumor. Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice for imaging orbital lymphangioma because of its unequalled differentiation of hemorrhagic cysts, and its unique ability to detect tumor feeding vessels by the flow void phenomenon.
Tidal stresses in the Moon

The tidal stresses in a radially heterogeneous moon are calculated numerically as a function of time and location by using the latest moon model obtained from seismic data. Theoretical results are compared with the observed features of deep moonquakes and in particular with those of the most active A sub 1 hypocenter. The results show that (1) the magnitudes of tidal stresses are small, of the order of 1 bar and less, (2) they reach maxima in the seismically active depth range of 600-1200 km, (3) the geographic distribution of moonquake epicenters does not appear to be controlled solely by the highest tidal stresses, and the presence of heterogeneities and weak zones may be important in determining moonquake locations, (4) the occurrence times of moonquakes correlate with one or more of the tidal stress components, and (5) the presence of an ambient tectonic stress of about the same order of magnitude as the tidal stress is necessary to explain the observed reversal in polarity of the A sub 1 moonquakes.