cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corporate governance, investor protection, and performance in emerging markets

Recent research studying the link between law, and finance has concentrated on country-level investor protection measures, and focused on differences in legal systems across countries, and legal families. The authors extend this literature, and provide a study of firm-level corporate governance practices across emerging markets, and a greater understanding of the environments under which corporate governance matters more. Their empirical tests show that better corporate governance is highly correlated with better operating performance, and market valuation. More important, the authors provide evidence showing that firm-level corporate governance provisions, matter more in countries with weak legal environments. These results suggest that firms can partially compensate for ineffective laws, and enforcement by establishing good governance, and providing credible investor protection. The authors' tests also show that firm-level governance, and performance is lower in countries with weak legal environments, suggesting that improving the legal system, should remain a priority for policymakers.
Big Data Concept and Imposts in Business

Big data could be a willing dynamical issue. Successful organizations achieving business blessings by analyzing knowledge. It is conventional vital attention in recent years. However, some challenges measure one in all the key causes in decreasing the expansion of organizations. The most problem why these organizations are not beginning their recruiting board to implement the huge knowledge strategy because they are doing not enough grip regarding enormous knowledge and that is the main reason that they do not notice the advantages of huge knowledge. During this study, an effort is hoped to review the role of huge knowledge within the business is a Big Data.
Mortality, Length of Stay, and Healthcare Costs Associated With Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections Among Elderly Hospitalized Patients in the United States.

Background This study reports estimates of the healthcare costs, length of stay, and mortality associated with infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria among elderly individuals in the United States. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of patients aged ≥65 admitted for inpatient stays in the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system between 1/2007-12/2018. We identified those with positive cultures for multidrug-resistant bacteria and matched each infected patient to ≤10 control patients. We then performed multivariable regression models to estimate the attributable cost and mortality due to the infection. We also constructed multistate models to estimate the attributable length of stay due to the infection. Finally, we multiplied these pathogen-specific attributable cost, length of stay, and mortality estimates by national case counts from hospitalized patients in 2017. Results Our cohort consisted of 87 509 patients with infections and 835 048 matched controls. Costs were higher for hospital-onset invasive infections, with attributable costs ranging from $22 293 (95% confidence interval: $19 101-$24 485) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to $57 390 ($34 070-$80 710) for carbapenem-resistant (CR) Acinetobacter. Similarly, for hospital-onset invasive infections, attributable mortality estimates ranged from 14.2% (12.2-16.2%) for MRSA to 24.1% (12.1-36.0%) for CR Acinetobacter. The aggregate cost of these infections was an estimated $1.9 billion ($1.3 billion-$2.5 billion) with 11 852 (8719-14 985) deaths and 448 224 (354 513-541 934) inpatient days in 2017. Conclusions Efforts to prevent these infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria could save a significant number of lives and healthcare resources.
Impact of diabetes and modifiable risk factors on pancreatic cancer survival in a population-based study after adjusting for clinical factors

Our study aimed to examine the impact of diabetes, smoking and BMI on pancreatic cancer survival in a population-based setting by adjusting both sociodemographic and clinical factors and measuring their attributable risk. Data on pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients diagnosed in 2011–2017 were acquired from the Louisiana Tumor Registry. Diabetes, smoking, height, and weight were abstracted from medical records and linked with Hospital Inpatient Discharge Data to enhance the completeness of the diabetes data. The Cox regression model was used to assess effect sizes of diabetes, smoking, and BMI on cancer-specific survival and survival rate. The partial population attributable risk was employed to measure the attributable risk of these risk factors. Of the 3,200 eligible patients, 34.6% were diabetics, 23.9% were current smokers, and 52.3% had BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. After adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors, diabetic patients had an increased cancer-specific death risk of 15% (95% CI, 1.06–1.25), 36% (95% CI, 1.19–1.44) for current smokers, and 24% (95% CI, 1.00–1.54) for patients with a BMI ≥ 40 when compared to their counterparts. Diabetic current smokers had significantly lower 2- and 3-year adjusted cancer-specific survival rates, 13.1% and 10.5%, respectively. By eliminating diabetes and modifiable risk factors, an estimated 16.6% (95% CI, 6.9%–25.9%) of the cancer-specific deaths could be avoided during a nine-year observational period between 2011 and 2019. Diabetes and smoking contributed substantially to the reduction of pancreatic cancer survival even after controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors; however, BMI ≥ 35 was observed to increase risk of mortality among stage III–IV patients only.
Genetic Counseling: Some Psychological Considerations

Within recent years a few articles have appeared which examine some possible consequences of applied human genetics in the context of genetic counseling,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 These articles have explored genetic counseling in two senses also apparent in Dr. Hsia’s presentation. They are first, the level of understanding achieved by genetic counseling clients and the amount of information clients retained after various periods of time and second, the attitudinal and actual reproductive behavior of clients subsequent to counseling. Since most counselors take as their goal in genetic counseling the provision of sufficient information to enable clients to make rational decisions about future reproduction, it is understandable why they have examined these two topics.
The development of a state telecommunications infrastructure: A survey of telephone companies and large users

Abstract This article examines the development of a telecommunications infrastructure at the state level by presenting the results of a survey of telephone companies and large users of telecommunication services in Texas. This analysis suggests that telecommunications-intensive organizations are increasingly investing resources in establishing their own telecommunications systems and services. This development presents a threat to local telephone companies, and offers some interesting information to policymakers who are considering how to change their own telecommunications infrastructure.
Marvin v. Marvin (Palimony) in Social History of American Families: An Encyclopedia

While divorce law provides for property division, the term “palimony” was coined in the 1970’s to describe a financial settlement made upon the break-up of an unmarried, cohabiting couple (i.e., one that lives together and engages in a sexual relationship outside of marriage). In developing the contours of palimony and determining how property should be divided when an unmarried couple ends the relationship, courts have struggled to balance legal requirements, fairness, and public policy. This encyclopedic entry considers the law and public policy regarding palimony (the division of property upon the termination of a cohabitation), focusing on the Lee Marvin case.
Modeling of Supply Chain Risk Under Disruptions with Performance Measurement and Robustness Analysis

In this chapter, we develop a new supply chain network model with multiple decision-makers associated at different tiers and with multiple transportation modes for shipment of the good between tiers. The model formulation captures supply-side risk as well as demand-side risk, along with uncertainty in transportation and other costs. The model also incorporates the individual attitudes towards disruption risks among the manufacturers and the retailers, with the demands for the product associated with the retailers being random. We present the behavior of the various decision-makers, derive the governing equilibrium conditions, and establish the finite-dimensional variational inequality formulation. We also propose a weighted supply chain performance and robustness measure based on our recently derived network performance/efficiency measure and provide supply chain examples for which the equilibrium solutions are determined along with the robustness analyses. This chapter extends previous supply chain research by capturing supplyside disruption risks, transportation and other cost risks, and demand-side uncertainty within an integrated modeling and robustness analysis framework.
Identifiability of the unrooted species tree topology under the coalescent model with time-reversible substitution processes

The inference of the evolutionary history of a collection of organisms is a problem of fundamental importance in evolutionary biology. The abundance of DNA sequence data arising from genome sequencing projects has led to significant challenges in the inference of these phylogenetic relationships. Among these challenges is the inference of the evolutionary history of a collection of species based on sequence information from several distinct genes sampled throughout the genome. It is widely accepted that each individual gene has its own phylogeny, which may not agree with the species tree. Many possible causes of this gene tree incongruence are known. The best studied is incomplete lineage sorting, which is commonly modeled by the coalescent process. Numerous methods based on the coalescent process have been proposed for estimation of the phylogenetic species tree given multi-locus DNA sequence data. However, use of these methods assumes that the phylogenetic species tree can be identified from DNA sequence data at the leaves of the tree, although this has not been formally established. We prove that the unrooted topology of the $n$-leaf phylogenetic species tree is generically identifiable given observed data at the leaves of the tree that are assumed to have arisen from the coalescent process with time-reversible substitution.
Chapter 4 Meteorology and Atmosphere–Surface Coupling in and around Polynyas

Abstract Polynyas and the overlying atmosphere interact through a series of feedback mechanisms which impart a distinctive polar maritime character to the boundary layer over and downwind of the open water area. Enhanced turbulent fluxes across the ice-free interface introduce heat and moisture into the otherwise cold, dry polar atmosphere, modifying clouds through plume formation and radiative exchanges between the atmosphere and underlying surface. Anthropogenic aerosols of remote origin and local biogenic emissions provide additional direct and indirect radiative forcing, which may also influence precipitation rates, cloud optical depth, and ozone concentration. These combined effects modulate the efficacy of polar regions' ability to act as a “heat sink” for the climate system, establishing a link between the regional polynya meteorology and global conditions. Models, gridded analyses, and remotely-sensed and validating measurements which describe the meteorology and feedback mechanisms in and around polynyas are discussed in this chapter, with an outlook toward future efforts and novel measurement and analytical techniques.
Internet of Things Definitions and Frameworks

This chapter elaborates on the concept, definition, and a usable framework of the Internet of Things (IoT). Since the definition of the IoT is still evolving, it provides illustrative concept definitions rather than a tightly worded definition; nonetheless, a provisional “working definition” is in fact provided in order to baseline the discussion. Objects in the IoT context can also be classified from a functionality perspective. At a macro level, an IoT comprises a remote set of sensing assets (sensing domain, also known as machine‐to‐machine (M2M) domain in an M2M environment), a network domain, and an applications domain. Consistent with the high level M2M system architecture (HLSA), a remote device generally needs to have a basic protocol stack that supports as a minimum local connectivity and networking connectivity; in addition, some higher layer application support protocols are generally needed, with varying degrees of computational/functional sophistication.
Fine Structure within the Redshift-Magnitude Correlation for Galaxies

Previous work on the redshift-magnitude banding correlation is briefly reviewed. New tests of the concept are applied successfully to a second cluster (A2199) and the outer portions of the Coma cluster. Using more than 200 redshifts in Coma, Perseus, and A2199 the presence of a distinct band-related-periodicity in redshift is indicated. Finally, a new sample of accurate redshifts of bright Coma galaxies on a single band is presented, which shows a strong redshift periodicity of 220 km s−1. An upper limit of 20 km s−1 is placed on the internal Doppler component of motion in the Coma cluster.
The Old Jim Crow: Racial Residential Segregation and Neighborhood Imprisonment

This article examines the impact of racial residential segregation on imprisonment rates at the neighborhood level. Key to the strength of this enterprise is block-group level data on imprisonment, crime, and other demographic factors for about 5,000 neighborhoods in North Carolina. These data also include information on county racial residential segregation from the Population Studies Center at the University of Michigan. Hierarchical linear models that control for neighborhood characteristics, such as racial diversity, crime, poverty, unemployment, median income, homeownership, and other factors, show that neighborhoods in more segregated counties have higher imprisonment rates than neighborhoods in less segregated counties. On average, neighborhoods in counties with segregation levels at the minimum of 41.4 are expected to have imprisonment rates of 0.186 percent, while neighborhoods in counties with segregation levels at the maximum of 95.6 are expected to have imprisonment rates more than twice as high, or about 0.494 percent.
Making Connections: Elementary Teachers' Construction of Division Word Problems and Representations.

If teachers make few connections among multiple representations of division, supporting students in using representations to develop operation sense demanded by national standards will not occur. Studies have investigated how prospective and practicing teachers use representations to develop knowledge of fraction division. However, few studies examined primary (K-3) teachers' learning of contextual division problems, making connections among representations of division, and resolving the ambiguity of representing quotients with remainders. A written post-course assessment provided evidence that most teachers created partitive division word problems, used a set model without splitting the remainder, and wrote equations with limited success. Post-course written reflections demonstrated that many teachers developed pedagogical knowledge for helping students make connections among multiple representations, and mathematical knowledge of unit fractions. These findings suggest two areas that have implications for mathematics teacher educators who design professional development courses to facilitate teachers' learning of mathematical content and pedagogical knowledge of division and fraction relationships.
UNC-13 is required for synaptic vesicle fusion in C. elegans

We analyzed the synaptic physiology of unc-13 mutants in the nematode C. elegans. Mutants of unc-13 had normal nervous system architecture, and the densities of synapses and postsynaptic receptors were normal at the neuromuscular junction. However, the number of synaptic vesicles at neuromuscular junctions was two- to threefold greater in unc-13 mutants than in wild-type animals. Most importantly, evoked release at both GABAergic and cholinergic synapses was almost absent in unc-13 null alleles, as determined by whole-cell, voltage-clamp techniques. Although mutant synapses had morphologically docked vesicles, these vesicles were not competent for release as assayed by spontaneous release in calcium-free solution or by the application of hyperosmotic saline. These experiments support models in which UNC-13 mediates either fusion of vesicles during exocytosis or priming of vesicles for fusion.
A Mobile Stroke Treatment Unit for Field Triage of Patients for Intraarterial Revascularization Therapy

INTRODUCTION Favorable outcomes in intraarterial therapy (IAT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are related to early vessel recanalization. The mobile stroke treatment unit (MSTU) is an on-site, prehospital, treatment team, laboratory, and CT scanner that reduces time to treatment for intravenous thrombolysis and may also shorten time to IAT. METHODS Using our MSTU database, we identified patients that underwent IAT for AIS. We compared the key time metrics to historical controls, which included patients that underwent IAT at our institution six months prior to implementation of the MSTU. We further divided the controls into two groups: (1) transferred to our institution for IAT and (2) directly presented to our emergency room and underwent IAT. RESULTS After 164 days of service, the MSTU transported 155 patients of which 5 underwent IAT. We identified 5 historical controls that were transferred to our center for IAT. Substantial reduction in times including median door to initial CT (12 minute vs. 32 minute), CT to IAT (82 minute vs. 165 minute), and door to MSTU/primary stroke center departure (37 minute vs. 106 minute) were noted among the two groups. Compared to the 6 patients who presented to our institution directly, the MSTU process times were also shorter. CONCLUSION Our initial experience shows that MSTU may help in early triage and shorten the time to IAT for AIS.
Digestibility and Immunoreactivity of Shrimp Extracts Using an In Vitro Digestibility Model with Pepsin and Pancreatin

UNLABELLED Shellfish allergy affects 2% of the adult population in the United States. Identification of allergenic shrimp proteins is needed for improved management and assessment of shrimp allergy. We determined the temporal pepsin and pancreatin stability of total shrimp proteins using simulated physiological digestive conditions in vitro. Gel electrophoresis was used to determine protein stability, whereas immunoreactivity of protease stable proteins was determined using rabbit antigen-specific antibodies. Potential allergenicity of protease stable proteins was determined utilizing human sera from shrimp allergic patients. Total shrimp myofibrillar proteins were pepsin- and pancreatin-stable for up to 1 h after initiating digestion, whereas only pancreatin-stable total shrimp proteins were Immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunoreactive. However, shrimp proteins of 32 and 25 kDa were pepsin and/or pancreatin stable and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactive, denoting the stability and potential allergenicity. These findings suggest that this in vitro digestibility model may be useful for the identification of shrimp allergenic proteins that are more resistant to physiologic digestive conditions and may elicit an immunologic response in vivo. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Unlike other food allergies, shellfish allergy is typically life-long and predominantly affects the adult population. A major difficulty in managing shellfish allergy is the lack of reliable diagnostic assays due to limited knowledge of clinically relevant shellfish allergens. Therefore, the identification and characterization of digestive-stable and immunoreactive food proteins is fundamental to the development of new polyclonal antibodies for improved food allergen detection methods within the food industry.
Fifth-Grade Bilingual Students and Precursors to "Subtractive Schooling.".

Abstract In this paper, we present a yearlong ethnographic study of fifth-grade students who are either immigrants or the children of immigrants from Latin American countries, predominantly Mexico. We examined how they used their two languages at home, in the community, and at school. We also examined their perspectives, and those of their parents and teacher, about bilingualism and their awareness of barriers they may face in the future. Interviews and observations suggest these students were in a supportive bilingual environment. Their teacher provided materials and instruction in both languages. As a fluent Spanish speaker and cultural insider, she believes that proficiency in Spanish is important and serves as a strong foundation for acquiring English. The students' parents all valued maintenance of Spanish, and several were proactive in trying to ensure their children remained fluent Spanish speakers. At the time of the study, most students could speak, read, and write Spanish fluently and were concu...
Sensory Assessment for Children and Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorders

It is generally accepted that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) face varying levels of challenges processing sensory information (Ayres, 1979; Baranek & Berkson, 1994). The literature reports that persons with autism process sensory experiences differently than persons without autism (Dunn, Myles, & Orr, in press; Grandin, 1995; Short, 2001; Stehli, 1991; Williams, 1994). The purpose of this article is to present considerations for assessing sensory issues in individuals with ASD as a means of gathering information useful to families and professionals in understanding children and designing intervention strategies that support success across environments.
Genetic Diversity of Koala Retroviral Envelopes

Genetic diversity, attributable to the low fidelity of reverse transcription, recombination and mutation, is an important feature of infectious retroviruses. Under selective pressure, such as that imposed by superinfection interference, gammaretroviruses commonly adapt their envelope proteins to use alternative receptors to overcome this entry block. The first characterized koala retroviruses KoRV subgroup A (KoRV-A) were remarkable in their absence of envelope genetic variability. Once it was determined that KoRV-A was present in all koalas in US zoos, regardless of their disease status, we sought to isolate a KoRV variant whose presence correlated with neoplastic malignancies. More than a decade after the identification of KoRV-A, we isolated a second subgroup of KoRV, KoRV-B from koalas with lymphomas. The envelope proteins of KoRV-A and KoRV-B are sufficiently divergent to confer the ability to bind and employ distinct receptors for infection. We have now obtained a number of additional KoRV envelope variants. In the present studies we report these variants, and show that they differ from KoRV-A and KoRV-B envelopes in their host range and superinfection interference properties. Thus, there appears to be considerable variation among KoRVs envelope genes suggesting genetic diversity is a factor following the KoRV-A infection process.
Some observations on deformation banding and correlated microstructures of two aluminum alloys compressed at different temperatures and strain rates

Abstract In compressed samples of high-purity aluminum alloys, without (Al–0.5 wt% Cu) and with hard precipitates (Al–0.5 wt% Cu–1.0 wt% Si), a variety of deformation band patterns has been observed, including occasional exquisite detailed structuring. According to the present preliminary results, the banding does not significantly depend on strain rates between 0.05 and 100%/s, nor on temperature from ambient to cryogenic (−193°C). However, it is greatly decreased by the presence of precipitates in the Al–Cu–Si alloy and was barely if at all visible at and above 200°C. The banding is due to changing selections of operating slip systems, falling short of the five required in the Taylor model of homologous deformation in polycrystals. The occasional exquisite detail in the banding pattern is accepted as virtual proof of the low-energy dislocation structure (LEDS) hypothesis, the basic tenet from which the LEDS theory of crystal plasticity follows without further assumptions. In agreement with this interpretation, also the underlying dislocation cell structure, which did not reveal any evident correlation with the deformation banding, as well as the observed workhardening features as dependent on strain rate and temperature are in accord with the LEDS theory.
Asymmetric ERM activation at the Schwann cell process tip is required in Axon‐Associated motility

Axon-associated Schwann cell (SC) motility and process dynamics are crucial in the development and regeneration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The bipolar morphology of SCs represents an unexplored conundrum in terms of directed motility. Using fluorescence time-lapse microscopy of transfected SCs within myelinating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants, we demonstrate cycling of SCs between bipolar and highly motile, unipolar morphologies as a result of asymmetric process retraction and extension. Unipolar SC motility appears nucleotaxic in nature, similar to the movement of neurons on radial glia during cortical development. We also show that asymmetric process retraction is associated with the activation of ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) proteins and subsequent recruitment of ezrin-binding phospho-protein 50 kDa (EBP50) at the retracting process tip. This activation occurs in response to localized synthesis of phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) at this site. Finally, we demonstrate that the activation of ERM proteins at the SC process tip is essential for motility and the maintenance of SC polarity, as ERM disruption yields a dysfunctional, multi-polar cell. These results demonstrate that specializations at the tips of SC processes regulate their dynamics, which in turn is associated with directed motility in these cells.
A multidisciplinary approach in travel medicine: the pharmacist perspective.

ecently, travel to underdeveloped and exotic desti-nations has increased substantially. Internationaltravel is a multi-billion dollar industry exceeding$900 billionUS dollars (600 euros) in 2008. By the year2020, it is expected that the number of internationaltravelers willexceed1 billion,halfbeingforleisurepur-posesandapproximately15%businessrelated.
Properties of polypropylene-polyethylene blends

High-density polyethylene (PE) and isotactic polypropylene (PP) were melt-blended in the following percentages of PE by weight: O, 10, 33.3, 40, 50, 66.6, 90, and 100. For these blends we obtained data on shear stress vs shear rate; tensile modulus and strength; density; and rates of water-vapor transmission for films. The shear-rate/shear-stress data at 190 and 210°C are well fitted by the Ellis model with a maximum relative error of 5 percent. At 190°C all the mixtures were found to exhibit flow instabilities at high shear rates except the 90 percent and pure PE compositions. These, however, were unstable at 140, 150, and 160°C. The 10, 33.3, 40, 50, and 66.6 percent PE mixtures ruptured at elongations of less than 15 percent at the maximum tensile stress. The maximum tensile strength and modulus pass through maxima at 10 percent PE. Density is given by the equation ρ = 0.9029 + 0.0544 (wt fraction PE). Water-vapor permeability was measured using wax-sealed permeability cups, according to ASTM E96-66. Valid results were obtained for only a few compositions because of faulty seals that could be detected only during careful dismantling of the specimen dishes. Faulty seals could account for the value, about ten times ours, reported in the literature for linear PE.
Identification of the vapor phase species of (SN)x

Abstract A mass spectrometric study of the vapor phase species obtained by heating (SN) x (polythiazyl), polymeric sulfur nitride, at 140°C utilizing direct (collision free) and indirect (multiple wall collisions) sampling is reported. The experiments show that depolymerization occurs and that the major neutral species in the vapor of (SN) x is (SN) 4 , possibly of bent chain structure. Evidence for a hydride impurity in the (SN) x polymer has been obtained.
Determinants of thrombin receptor cleavage. Receptor domains involved, specificity, and role of the P3 aspartate.

Thrombin receptor cleavage at the Arg41-↓-Ser41 peptide bond in the receptor's amino-terminal exodomain is necessary and sufficient for receptor activation. The rate of receptor cleavage at this site is a critical determinant of the magnitude of the cellular response to thrombin. These observations underscore the importance of defining the molecular basis for thrombin-receptor interaction and cleavage. We report that chimeric proteins bearing only thrombin receptor amino-terminal exodomain residues 36-60 are cleaved at rates similar to the wild-type thrombin receptor when expressed on the cell surface. A soluble amino-terminal exodomain protein was also cleaved efficiently by thrombin with a Km of 15-30 μM and kcat of approximately 50 s-1, with cleavage occurring only at the Arg41-↓-Ser41 peptide bond. In the context of previous studies, these data suggest that the receptor's LDPR cleavage recognition sequence and DKYEPF hirudin-like domain account for thrombin-receptor interaction. Because a P3 aspartate in protein C's cleavage site inhibits cleavage by free thrombin, we investigated the role of the P3 aspartate in the receptor's LDPR sequence. Studies with mutant receptors revealed an inhibitory role for this residue only in the absence of the receptor's hirudin-like domain. These and other data suggest that the receptor's hirudin-like domain causes a conformational change in thrombin's active center to accommodate the LDPR sequence and promote efficient receptor cleavage. Taken together, these studies imply that the thrombin receptor's amino-terminal exodomain contains all the machinery needed for efficient recognition and cleavage by thrombin. Thrombin appears to bind and cleave this domain independently of the rest of the receptor, with one thrombin molecule probably activating multiple receptors.
Inquiry on Teachers’ Emotion

Teaching, like other caring professions, is emotional. These emotions tend to emerge as teachers’ goals, standards, and beliefs transact with other classroom stakeholders during everyday school activities. As such, for teachers, the classroom context involves both the extreme happiness and joy from a lesson that goes as planned to the intense frustration of working with a challenging student. These academic emotions have garnered the attention of a growing number of researchers, and will be the focus of this article. More specifically, my goal is to summarize and extend our thoughts about the nature of research and our program of research related to teacher emotion.
Identification of a specific inhibitor of the Dishevelled PDZ domain

The Wnt signaling pathways are involved in embryo development as well as in tumorigenesis. Dishevelled (Dvl) transduces Wnt signals from the receptor Frizzled (Fz) to downstream components in canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways. The Dvl PDZ domain is thought to play an essential role in both pathways, and we recently demonstrated that the Dvl PDZ domain binds directly to Fz receptors. In this study, using structure-based virtual ligand screening, we identified an organic molecule (NSC668036) from the National Cancer Institute small-molecule library that can bind to the Dvl PDZ domain. We then used molecular dynamics simulation to analyze the binding between the PDZ domain and NSC668036 in detail. In addition, we showed that, in Xenopus, as expected, NSC668036 inhibited the signaling induced by Wnt3A. This compound provides a basis for rational design of high-affinity inhibitors of the PDZ domain, which can block Wnt signaling by interrupting the Fz-Dvl interaction.
The “newest” separation of powers: Semipresidentialism

In a recent issue of the Harvard Law Review , Bruce Ackerman argues against the export of an American – style separation of powers to the rest of the world, preferring the model of “ constrained parliamentarism ” that operates in countries such as Germany and South Africa. 1 Ackerman comments that, “ since 1989, American jurists have become big boosters of the American Way at constitutional conventions everywhere. ” 2 Steven Calabresi agrees, claiming that “ Bruce Ackerman is absolutely right to say that presidentialism is now the toast of the world. ” 3 But reviewing the new democracies around the world today, the constitutional model rapidly being imported by these newly democratic states is neither the American – style presidentialism, so vigorously defended by Calabresi, nor the constrained parliamentary model advocated by Ackerman. Rather, semipresidentialism — an undertheorized constitutional type that is most often associated with the French Fifth Republic — has rapidly gained ground. This constitutional type combines a popularly elected head of state with a head of government who is responsible to a popularly elected legislature, thus making the model conceptually and analytically distinct from the other two principal constitutional types existing in the world today. Consider, in this context, that after the collapse of communism, when some thirty countries crafted democratic constitutions, the most common constitution chosen was semipresidentialism. Belarus, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Russia, and Ukraine, among many other countries in the postSoviet space, adopted semipresidentialism, contradicting the predictions of
The effects of actinomycin D and cycloheximide upon the ultrastructural localization of 3H-DOPA in differentiating chick neural crest melanocytes in vitro.

Cultured neural crest melanocytes from chick embryos were treated with actinomycin D or cycloheximide. The effects of these inhibitors upon melanogenesis was determined by monitoring the incorporation of 3H-DOPA into premelanosomes and melanosomes using high resolution autoradiography. Seven-day cultures were treated with actinomycin D (1 μm/ml) or cycloheximide (1 μm/ml) for five hours with the terminal three hours in labeled medium (0.5 m Ci/ml). They were compared to control cultures which were labeled three hours in the absence of inhibitors. Actinomycin D reduced the quantity of silver grains associated with melanogenic organelles to 39.7%-62.5% (different determinations) of the control value. Similarly, cycloheximide reduced the grain quantity to 58.9% of the control value. In a second type of experiment, 6.5-day cultures that had been subcultured once were treated with cycloheximide (1 μgm/ml) for 11 hours with the terminal three hours in 3H-DOPA. In this case, the quantity of silver grains associated with melanogenic organelles was reduced to 22.7% of the control value. Actinomycin D reduces 3H-DOPA incorporation by about one-half in from four to seven hours, while cycloheximide takes from six to seven hours to achieve a similar reduction. Therefore, RNA synthesis is at least as rate limiting as protein synthesis with regard to melanogenesis. Based on determinations from the literature regarding the minimal half-lives of ribosomal and transfer RNA's in cultured cells it is possible to infer that the main effect of actinomycin D was upon messenger RNA synthesis. Therefore, the ability of differentiating chick neural crest melanocytes to incorporate 3H-DOPA is under transcriptional control.
The interaction between a neutral molecule and a metal surface

Abstract A microscopic theory is presented to account for the interaction between a neutral molecule and a metal surface. Expressions for the excitation spectrum and ground-state energy for the interacting system are derived and discussed.
Synthesis of oligosaccharide substrates for N-linked glycoprotein processing enzymes.

Abstract The stereoselective syntheses of one pentasaccharide and one tetrasaccharide containing the Glc- α -(1 → 3)-Man- α moiety as their terminal unit, as well as one tetrasaccharide and one trisaccharide containing the Man- α -(1 → 2)-Man- α terminal unit were accomplished through the utilization of two key glycosyl donors, namely, 4-pentenyl 3-O- acetyl -2,4,6- tri -O- benzyl -α- d - mannopyranoside and ethyl 2-O- acetyl -3,4,6- tri -O- benzyl-1-thio-α- d -mannopyranoside .
Synchronous activation of both parental alleles at the 6-PGD locus of Japanese quail embryos.

The gene locus for the enzyme 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase belongs to that part of the genome which is activated at the beginning of embryonic development. The present experiment, utilizing three alleles at this autosomally inherited locus of the Japanese quail, was designed to show whether exhaustion of maternally stored 6-PGD is followed by maternally hemizygous de novo synthesis of the same enzyme. 6-PGD phenotypes of early embryos resulting from the mating between a male homozygous for one allele and a female heterozygous for two other alleles were examined by starch gel electrophoresis. The result showed that the maternally stored 6-PGD is exhausted before the twenty-fourth hour of incubation. This is followed by synchronous activation of both parental alleles. Previous studies on the development of various interspecific crosses have revealed that, at all loci studied, the activation of the maternally derived allele preceded that of the paternally derived allele. The present experiment reveals that preferential activation of maternally derived alleles need not be a rule of development.
Can one invasion lead to another? Niche space and the future of Southwestern U.S. riparian zones

Invasive species are increasingly problematic world-wide. Scientists working to understand why invasive species are successful must first understand the processes of invasion. Invasion facilitation and empty niche exploitation are key processes that have not been well-studied in species rich ecosystems such as riparian areas. In the southwestern United States (U.S.) two prominent invaders of riparian habitats are the exotic woody plant species tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima, T. chinensis, and their hybrids) and Russian olive (Eleagnus angustifolia). These plants were introduced by humans throughout the southwest around 1900. Both tamarisk and Russian olive have invaded the ephemeral stream system in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona. We worked in sites within Canyon de Chelly and throughout the region to address the following questions: (1) does Russian olive have a broader niche than cottonwood and tamarisk? And (2) can cottonwood and tamarisk facilitate Russian olive invasion by providing shaded habitat? We analyzed riparian tree seedling requirements in a controlled experiment, and performed empirical field studies at sites in Canyon de Chelly, and throughout the Colorado Plateau region. Our controlled experiment and field surveys indicate that Russian olive can establish and survive under shadier and drier conditions than tamarisk and native cottonwood. Russian olive survival was significantly higher in dense shade, and low soil moisture treatments than tamarisk and cottonwood. In the field, we found Russian olive establishing on a local and regional scale, up to 8 meters above the stream channel, in sites where flooding cannot occur. It established under dense canopies of tamarisk, cottonwood and Russian olive. Tamarisk and native riparian plants species seedlings cannot establish in these dry, shady habitats. Russian olive is limited only by seed dispersal in southwestern riparian ecosystems. Although Russian olive did not show a preference for shaded habitat and is therefore not being facilitated by cottonwood and tamarisk, our results demonstrate it has a much broader niche than cottonwood and tamarisk. Some researchers suggest that native cottonwood trees are undergoing population declines and invasive tamarisk trees have invaded all possible habitats in the southwestern US. The potential for continued Russian olive invasions in southwestern riparian ecosystems is tremendous. Russian olive will likely increase in abundance while tamarisk and cottonwood decrease along rivers in the southwestern US. Generalist exotic species that have broader niches than native species have the potential to exclude native species and create novel ecosystems where community composition is dominated by exotic species.
The Role of Helium in the Outer Solar Atmosphere

We construct models of the outer solar atmosphere comprising the region from the mid-chromosphere and into the solar wind in order to study the force and energy balance in models with a significant helium abundance. The corona is created by dissipation of an energy flux from the Sun. The energy flux is lost as radiation from the top of the chromosphere and as gravitational and kinetic solar wind energy flux. We find that in models with significant ion heating of the extended corona most of the energy flux is lost in the solar wind. The ion temperatures are higher than the electron temperature in these models, and the α-particle temperature is much higher than the proton temperature, so there is energy transfer from the α-particle fluid to the protons and electrons, but this energy exchange between the different species is relatively small. To a fairly good approximation we can say that the energy flux deposited in the protons and α-particles is lost as kinetic and gravitational energy flux in the proton and α-particle flow. How this energy flux is divided between gravitational and kinetic energy flux (i.e., how large the particle fluxes and flow speeds are) depends upon details of the heating process. We also find that mixing processes in the chromosphere play an important role in determining the coronal helium abundance and the relative solar wind proton and α-particle fluxes. Roughly speaking, we find that the relative α-particle and proton fluxes are set by the degree of chromospheric mixing, while the speeds are set by the details of the coronal heating process.
Experimental investigations of the stability of channel flows. Part 2. Two-layered co-current flow in a rectangular channel

The stability of the laminar co-current flow of two fluids, oil and water, in a rectangular channel was investigated experimentally, with and without artificial excitation. For the ratio of viscosity explored, only the disturbances in water grew in the beginning stages of transition to turbulence. The critical water Reynolds number, based upon the hydraulic diameter of the channel and the superficial velocity defined by the ratio of flow rate of water to total cross-sectional area of the channel, was found to be 2300. The behaviour of damped and growing shear waves in water was examined in detail using artificial excitation and briefly compared with that observed in Part 1. Mean flow profiles, the amplitude distribution of disturbances in water, the amplification rate, wave speed and wavenumbers were obtained. A neutral stability boundary in the wave-number, water Reynolds number plane was also obtained experimentally.It was found that in natural transition the interfacial mode was not excited. The first appearance of interfacial waves was actually a manifestation of the shear waves in water. The role of the interface in the transition range from laminar to turbulent flow in water was to introduce and enhance spanwise oscillation in the water phase and to hasten the process of breakdown for growing disturbances.
Transpose-free SAR imaging on FPGA platform

Range-Doppler Algorithm (RDA) and Chirp Scaling Algorithm (CSA) are two widely used Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging schemes. Both require multiple transpose operations which increase the total processing time significantly. In this paper, we propose transpose-free flow for both RDA and CSA. This is achieved by modifying the existing flows in order to utilize the access patterns favored by the external memory. As a result, the peak performance of the memory is sustained and the processing time shortened. The proposed Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based implementation outperforms the existing SAR accelerators; it computes RDA and CSA on data size of 4, 096 × 4, 096 in 323ms and 162ms, respectively.
The Ontogenesis of Trust

Psychologists have emphasized children's acquisition of information through first-hand observation. However, many beliefs are acquired from others' testimony. In two experiments, most 4-year-olds displayed sceptical trust in testimony. Having heard informants' accurate or inaccurate testimony, they anticipated that informants would continue to display such differential accuracy and they trusted the hitherto reliable informant. Yet they ignored the testimony of the reliable informant if it conflicted with what they themselves had seen. By contrast, three-year-olds were less selective in trusting a reliable informant. Thus, young children check testimony against their own experience and increasingly recognise that some informants are more trustworthy than others.
Molecular dynamics studies of the coalescence of silver clusters

The coalescence of two silver clusters was studied using molecular dynamics simulations governed by the cluster Sutton−Chen potential. These simulations were carried out for 10 systems with the silver clusters consisting of 2−8 and 19 atoms colliding at different kinetic energies and initial orientations. The products are mostly nonreactive product for Ag2 + Ag and Agn + Agn with n = 2−4. This indicates that the nucleation is dominant in the coalescence of the systems consisting of 8 or less Ag atoms. The studies of Agn + Agn with n = 7, 8, and 19 revealed that the coalescence product, i.e., Ag2n, forms at all cases. This illustrates that the cluster growth is dominant in the coalescence of the systems consisting of 14 or more Ag atoms.
Procedures for off-nominal cases: Very closely spaced parallel runway operations

This study investigated procedures to increase capacity in the terminal area using a high-fidelity flight deck simulator. The concept was developed to achieve visual meteorological condition capacities under instrument meteorological conditions when landing aircraft on runways 750 ft apart. The purpose was to investigate procedures related to breakout maneuvers on final approach during off-nominal conditions. Fifty percent of the simulation runs had an off-nominal situation. The off-nominal situation was either the wake of the lead aircraft drifting too close to the trailing aircraft or the lead aircraft deviating from its course and blundering towards the trailing aircraft. The location of the off-nominal situation was also a variable. Results showed that the workload and situational demands experienced by pilots were higher in the off-nominal as compared to the normal scenario. Pilots executed a breakout maneuver earlier for wake intrusion than for aircraft deviation. The location and cause of the off-nominal situation did not have a significant impact on workload or situation awareness. In general, the pilots flew the breakout maneuver accurately and safely. The results provide an assessment of the procedures for breakout maneuvers during off-nominal conditions.
Structure and Process in Speech Subcommunities of Hmong Students at a Northern California High School.

Abstract Hmong students, like other language minority students, have had to develop viable strategies for reducing barriers to communication in educational settings. To do this, they have relied on one another to open channels of communication across a variety of cultural and linguistic boundaries. This study focused on the form and function of speech subcommunities of Hmong students at a northern California high school. The structure of these subcommunities, physically and linguistically, was described and analyzed from a sociolinguistic perspective with emphasis on communicative channeling and cultural mechanisms regulating the distribution of information within the subcommunities. The study also indicates that these Hmong students and their teachers make extensive use of cultural/linguistic brokers to communicate across speech community boundaries.