cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Einstein effective temperature can predict the tagged active particle density.

We derive a distribution function for the position of a tagged active particle in a slowly varying in space external potential, in a system of interacting active particles. The tagged particle distribution has the form of the Boltzmann distribution but with an effective temperature that replaces the temperature of the heat bath. We show that the effective temperature that enters the tagged particle distribution is the same as the effective temperature defined through the Einstein relation, i.e., it is equal to the ratio of the self-diffusion and tagged particle mobility coefficients. This result shows that this effective temperature, which is defined through a fluctuation–dissipation ratio, is relevant beyond the linear response regime. We verify our theoretical findings through computer simulations. Our theory fails when an additional large length scale appears in our active system. In the system we simulated, this length scale is associated with long-wavelength density fluctuations that emerge upon approaching motility-induced phase separation.
A quasi-Newton algorithm for nonconvex, nonsmooth optimization with global convergence guarantees

A line search algorithm for minimizing nonconvex and/or nonsmooth objective functions is presented. The algorithm is a hybrid between a standard Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) and an adaptive gradient sampling (GS) method. The BFGS strategy is employed because it typically yields fast convergence to the vicinity of a stationary point, and together with the adaptive GS strategy the algorithm ensures that convergence will continue to such a point. Under suitable assumptions, it is proved that the algorithm converges globally with probability one. The algorithm has been implemented in C $$++$$ and the results of numerical experiments illustrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Subdural hematomas: I. Acute subdural hematoma: Progress in definition, clinical pathology, and therapy

A series of 206 patients with clotted subdural hematomas operated within 3 days of closed head injury is presented. Sixty-two percent (128) were operated within 24 hours of trauma (acute subdural hematoma) carrying a high incidence of sterotypic motor posturing, impaired oculomotor reflexes, and unilateral dilated fixed pupil. A functional recovery occurred in 27% and a vegetative state or death resulted in 62%. The remaining 38% were operated after 24 but within 72 hours from injury (early subacute subdural hematoma) and generally had less severe neurologic dysfunction. A functional recovery occurred in 54% and vegetative state or death in 34%. The 128 acute cases are presented in detail to establish a logical basis for time differential. The cases requiring operation within 12 hours of injury were the most challenging. Improved outcome is felt to result from prompt referral and large craniotomy in the earliest hours after injury, combined with careful postoperative monitoring. Clinical, operative and autopsy findings are presented and discussed in relation to pathogenesis.
Preparation of polymer colloids by chemical reactions in aerosols: II. Large particles

Abstract Polymer and copolymer colloids have been prepared in modal diameters up to 30 μm by reacting aerosol droplets of styrene or “divinylbenzene” (which was a mixture of ortho, meta, and para isomers with ethylvinylbenzene) with the vapor of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in a specially designed generator. The properties of the resulting particles (size distribution and surface characteristics) depend on the temperatures of the boiler and of the reaction chamber as well as on the monomer-to-initiator mass ratio.
GaN transistor based Bi-directional DC-DC converter for stationary energy storage device for 400V DC microgrid

This paper presents a novel GaN transistor based bidirectional isolated DC-DC converter for stationary energy storage device (SESD) for 400V DC microgrid. The improvements achieved in the application includes: first, benefitting from the internal ultra-fast free-wheeling diode, the converter's operation range can be expended to light load conditions (switches operate in hard switching). The light load efficiency can be greatly increased. Second, because of its low switching loss and on state resistance, the heavy load efficiency is increased. Third, the snubber inductor which is indispensable in Si device based converter can now be omitted in the GaN version. The power stage design as well as a loss analysis of GaN is based on a steady state analysis and PSpice simulation. Experimental results are presented for a 500 W bidirectional dc-dc converter prototype.
Space Telescope Observations of Globular Clusters

Six proposed Space Telescope programs involving globular clusters are described. The projects appropriate for galactic clusters are: the detection of white dwarfs, the study of the faint end of the Population II luminosity function, the measurement of mass segregation, and the search for a cusp in the density distribution caused by core collapse or by a massive black hole. The two programs that involve extragalactic globular clusters are: the determination of the luminosity function of clusters around different galaxies and the measurement of tidal radii of clusters surrounding elliptical galaxies.
A Critique of Slopegraphs

Slopegraphs are a popular form of graphic depicting change along two axes by means of a connecting line. The critique here lists several reasons why interpreting the slopes may be misleading and suggests alternative plots depending on the goals of the visualization. Guidelines as to appropriate situations to use slopegraphs are discussed.
An Experimental Study of Propeller - Induced Structural Vibration and Interior Noise

This paper presents results of tests conducted to study fuselage sidewall dynamics and their effects on the cabin interior noise of a twin-engine, propeller-driven, light aircraft. Data on the dynamic behavior were obtained by slowly sweeping the RPM of one of the engines while the aircraft was stationary on the ground. This technique allowed frequency response plots of the sidewall structural accelerations to be obtained. These accelerations are compared to similar results from a test using a mechanical shaker in order to evaluate the structural dynamic response caused by the harmonics of the propeller blade passage tone. The dynamic response of the fuselage sidewall is also discussed as a noise transmission mechanism. A second mechanism for noise transmission through the fuselage sidewall was investigated by opening the copilot's window. The results illustrate the complex nature of the noise transmission mechanisms and the importance of correctly assessing noise paths.
A history of prostate cancer treatment

The increased incidence of prostate cancer has led to remarkable changes in diagnosis and treatment over the past century. What were the first ways in which prostate cancer was treated, and how did these evolve into the variety of therapeutic strategies from which patients have to choose today?
Coca, Cocaine, and the Bolivian Reality

Coca, Cocaine, and the Bolivian Reality. Madeline Barbara Leons and Harry Sanabria. eds. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.310 pp.
Ethnography as a Bridge to Multicultural Practice

This article describes an ethnographic research method that is taught as a way of studying different cultural groups. Students learn to be sensitive observers of other cultures by conducting ethnographic interviews and forming assessments within a culturally relevant framework. In using this approach, faculty, fieldwork instructors, and students alike have noted improvement in students’ awareness of diversity and their ability to bridge cultures with sensitivity. In essence, students learn how to learn about other cultures.
Enriching Ontology for Deep Web Search

This paper addresses the problems of extracting instances from the Deep Web, enriching a domain specific ontology with those instances, and using this ontology to improve Web search. Extending an existing ontology with a large number of instances extracted from the Deep Web is an important process for making the ontology more usable for indexing of Deep Web sites. We demonstrate how instances extracted from the Deep Web are used to enhance a domain ontology. We show the contribution of the enriched ontology to Web search effectiveness. This is done by comparing the number of relevant Web sites returned by a search engine with a user's search terms only, with the Web sites found when using additional ontology-based search terms. Experiments suggest that the ontology plus instancesapproach results in more relevant Web sites among the first 100 hits.
Invention as a Factor in Economic History

The great inventions of the past and their effect on history form a subject that everyone talks about, and no one thinks about, or precious few ever think hard about. So I consider this a good subject for economic historians to do some hard thinking about now. It is not enough just to schematize the subject philosophically; we should replace and improve some ideas of history that are very popular. Particularly in need of examination is the idea of materialistic Karl Marx, which has spread to such respectable professors and other well-heeled gentlemen that Marx would shudder at his associates—the idea that invention, technologic change, determines economic life and hence all history.
Histiocytosis X: a seven-year experience at a children's hospital.

Thirty-two patients with histiocytosis X were evaluated and treated at Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, during the years 1978 to 1984. Twelve patients (38%) had solitary or multifocal bone lesions, three (9%) had bone lesions and diabetes insipidus, and seventeen (53%) had cutaneous and/or multisystem involvement. Age at diagnosis ranged from 2 days to 15 years. Fifteen patients were 2 years of age or younger at the time of diagnosis. Sixteen patients (50%) had skin infiltrates, of whom,seven (43%) had cutaneous lesions documented at birth. Cutaneous lesions included vesicopustules, erythematous papules, nodules, eczematous dermatitis, granulomatous ulcerative lesions, petechiae, and hemorrhagic lesions. Xanthomas and nail dystrophy were not observed. The therapeutic regimen chosen was based on extent of involvement and location of infiltrates. Only two of the thirtytwo patients died; both had multisystem disease.
The effects of rinse volumes and air and water pressures on enamel-composite resin bond strength

Abstract To assess the effect of different rinse volumes and air and water pressures on shear enamel-composite resin bond strength, the buccal surfaces of 384 maxillary molars were prepared through 600-grit silicon carbide, gel-etched, and rinsed with one of 24 randomly assigned test conditions: 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 25 ml volume wash with air and water syringe pressures of 20/10, 20/40, 40/10, or 40/40 psi. The rinsed enamel was dried, Scotchbond adhesive was applied, and a polysiloxane ring was secured to the flattened surface. Silux resin was incrementally added to a depth of 2 mm and each increment cured 40 seconds. Shear bond strengths were determined by using an Instron testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. A statistically significant (p 2 . Enamel-composite resin bond strengths were not significantly increased beyond 2 ml rinsing regardless of air and water syringe pressure used.
Labor Upsurges: From Detroit to Ulsan and Beyond

specifically to growth in trade union membership; however, it is clear from the overall thrust of his argument that he has in mind more wide-ranging gains (e.g., rising real wages, better working conditions, the extension/deepening of democratic rights, broad advances in social rights and equality), which may or may not go hand-in-hand with formal membership growth. Steve Jefferys (2004: 336) has pointed out the same ambiguity, arguing that the French case supports the existence of a more wide-ranging connection between “labor upsurge” and labor movement advance, although not the narrower connection with formal trade union membership growth. Labor Upsurges: From Detroit to Ulsan and Beyond
A FORTRAN program for cohen’s kappa coefficient of observer agreement

and The former represents the observed proportion of agreement, while the latter represents the proportion of agreement expected by chance. The coefficient essentially compares the observed entries in the main diagonal of the table with the expected entries on this diagonal, where the expected frequency is computed from the standard chi-square multiplicative model of independence (Light, 1973, p. 331). The statistical significance of K is tested with the large-sample (n ;;;. 100) normal approximation of the form:
Friction and Wear Performance of Candidate Surface Treatments for Wind Turbine Gearbox Bearings in High Slip Contacts

Ring-on-ring rolling/sliding contact tests were conducted to evaluate the impact of ground, black oxided, isotropically finished (ES20), and tungsten carbide-incorporated amorphous hydrocarbon coated surfaces (ES322) on friction and wear in high slip contacts relevant to wind turbine gearbox bearings. The testing was performed in three phases, including Stribeck testing, adhesive wear testing, and cyclic acceleration testing. Results indicated that neither black oxide treatment nor ES20 had long-term adhesive wear protection benefits. However, ES20 exhibited the lowest traction coefficients in boundary lubrication during run-in as compared to the other test surfaces. Only the contacts containing the ES322 hard-coated surface consistently survived the harshest slip and boundary lubrication conditions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The “Organization Man” and the Community: The Impact of Organizational Norms and Personal Values on Community Participation and Transfers

What is the relation of organizational norms and personal values to community involvement and career choices? Results from a national survey of middle-level production managers indicate that most managers perceive their companies as having a policy encouraging community involvement. However, less than a third of the managers perceive norms concerning transfers. A strong relation exists between organizational norms encouraging involvement and managers' participation in community affairs. Values, though less important than norms, nonetheless help in understanding attitudes toward community involvement and actual involvement. While norms prescribing participation and transfers are in themselves independent, their influence through attitudes towards participation indicate that managers who follow norms and get involved in community organizations are less likely than their counterparts to opt for a community transfer.
Quaternary Glaciers and Climate on Cerro Chirripó, Costa Rica

Glacial lake sediments and glacial geomorphology in Valle de las Morrenas, a glacial trough on the north face of Cerro Chirripo, Costa Rica, provide evidence on high-altitude Pleistocene conditions in Central America. The most recent glacier in the valley (Chirripo stage I) receded very rapidly near the end of the Younger Dryas chronozone. Radiocarbon dates on basal organic sediments from lakes beneath upper, middle, and lower limits of that glacier fall close together, and two-sigma calibrated ages overlap for the period 9700–9600 cal yr B.P. Earliest datable transition sediments from the central lake date to 12,360–11,230 cal yr B.P. Larger, older moraines, and associated trimlines, allowed reconstruction of three paleoglaciers (Chirripo stages II, III, and IV). Computer analysis of hypsometry using published tropical-glacier vertical mass balance profiles yields ELAs of 3506–3523, 3515–3537, and 3418–3509 m, respectively; Chirripo II ELA-estimate positions applied to Chirripo I yield an ELA of 3538–3546 m. We infer minimal temperature depressions of 7.4–8.0°C for the Chirripo I–IV stages. Modeling the behavior of modern tropical glaciers yields basinwide net accumulation estimates of 440–620, 550–830, and 960–1760 mm yr−1 for the Chirripo II, III, and IV stages.
The Effect of Social Change on Concepts of the Good Child and Good Mothering: A Study of Families in Kenya

Ever since my initial field experience in 1936 I have been interested in how individuals adjust to social change. Sent out by Leslie Spier to do salvage anthropology among the Paiutes of Harney Valley on the Malheur Reservation in Burns, Oregon, assisted by bilingual young women about my own age, I spent my mornings interviewing the oldest residents about their youth. My assignment included finding outjust how this band of Paiutes had made their dwellings, baskets, cradles, how they feathered their arrows, sewed their moccasins, made rabbit traps and fish weirs, and so on, as well as gathering information about band organization, rituals, and all the other topics that appeared in the accounts of other Indian groups, data that made possible the reconstruction of their history. When we had exhausted the patience of BlindJim and old Susie, I sat in the car with one or the other of my assistants and discussed the information we had gathered. As time went on we also discussed
Barriers to Depository Uses of Derviatives: An Empirical Analysis

We examine the relationship between derivatives use of US savings associations during 1993-1997. The advantage of examining thrifts is that they are only end-users of derivatives. We find that: (I) firm size positively correlated with derivatives use generally and to OTC derivatives use in particular; (2) the dominant underlying reason for the effect of firm size upon derivatives usage appears to be transactions cost, not the cost of acquiring the expertise to manage portfolio interest rate risk; and (3) the use of derivatives, especially OTC derivatives, is a least cost method of controlling interest rate risk. The lack of usage by smaller institutions, while consistent with profit-maximization, suggests that a significant segment of the industry is limited in its ability to manage interest rate risk.
Temperature-Induced Dissociation of Aβ Monomers from Amyloid Fibril

Using all-atom molecular dynamics, we study the temperature-induced dissociation of Aβ monomers from the fibril protofilament. To accelerate conformational sampling, simulations are performed at elevated temperatures and peptide concentrations. By computing free energy disconnectivity graphs we mapped the free energy landscape of monomers on the surface of Aβ fibril. We found that Aβ monomers sample diverse sets of low free energy states with different degrees of association with the fibril. Some of these states have residual amounts of fibril interactions, whereas others lack fibril-like content. Generally, Aβ monomers with partially formed fibril-like interactions have the lowest free energies, but their backbone conformations may differ considerably from those in the fibril interior. Overall, Aβ amyloid protofilaments seem to be highly resistant to thermal dissociation. Monomer dissociation from the fibril edge proceeds via multiple stages and pathways. Our simulation findings are discussed in the context of recent experimental results.
The effect of induced ovulation on pregnancy.

INVESTIGATORS have presented conflicting reports regarding the effect of induced ovulation on pregnancy in the mouse, rat, and rabbit. In 1928, Engle and Mermod stated that ovulation did not occur unless the pregnancy had just terminated. In that same year, Zondek and Aschheim reported the presence of living fetuses in one pregnant mouse which had ovulated after several injections of chorionic gonadotrophin. Later, Snyder and Wislocki (1931) observed living fetuses in two rabbits which had ovulated. After inducing ovulation in several other pregnant rabbits, however, they found that the fetuses were aborted or resorbed. Bellerby (1935) reported abortion or resorption after induced ovulation in rabbits in the third trimester. Snyder and Coteen (1939) caused abortion in rabbits on the seventeenth day of pregnancy by injecting 10 R.U. of pregnancy urine. A similar injection on the eleventh day did not result in abortion. Burdick et al.
The Evolution of Semantic Systems

: Semantic or cultural systems are sets of concepts connected by meaningful relationships, and they exhibit properties similar to those of populations of biological organisms. Drawing upon ideas from evolutionary biology and methods from information technology, this article explores the potential for research and engineering on the evolution of semantic systems. Such work in cultural genetics requires two things: (1) a rigorous but evolving taxonomic system to categorize cultural artifacts, elements, and clusters, and (2) a set of hypotheses about the processes that cause evolutionary change. This article illustrates systematic approaches to cultural taxonomy with data on the popular ideology of the space program, science fiction motion pictures, nanotechnology books, and nanotechnology research grants. It offers hypotheses derived from evolutionary and population biology that might be useful in explaining cultural evolution.
The Structure of Belief Systems Among Contending ERA Activists

The structures of beliefs on feminist policy preferences are compared for activists who led campaigns supporting and opposing a Massachusetts referendum on equal rights for women (ERA) in 1976. Beliefs of opposing activists demonstrate asymmetric structures. The preferences for feminist policies of ERA proponents show significantly greater constraint, consensus, and position extremity than do those of ERA opponents. These findings are explained in terms of differences in the group processes among activists within social movements that assert new claims and responsibilities compared with those that defend old rights and privileges. Are there systematic differences in the patterns of policy preferences held by social movement activists supporting and opposing change? For almost twenty years, Tilly has elaborated systematic differences at the structural level which distinguish proactive movements supporting change from reactive movements opposing. This paper extends that discussion by arguing that the organization of proactive and reactive belief systems differs systematically as well. Data to test this thesis are preferences on feminist policies held.by activists working for and against an Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the state constitution of Massachusetts in 1976. *An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, 1980. Preparation of the paper was made possible by a postdoctoral grant, #1F32 MHO7811-01 from the National Institute of Mental Health to the first author. Data collection and analysis were funded by a faculty grant to both authors from Wellesley College and continued support from its Center for Research on Women and the Wellesley College Computer Center. We thank Henry Noerenberg, our collaborator on the Massachusetts state survey, and Andrea Levere, who conducted most of the interviews with Massachusetts activists. We have benefited from the comments of Myra Ferree, Charles Judd, Robert Mitchell, Tahi Mottl, and Frances Fox Piven. ? 1982 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-7732/82/030657-75$01.90
The complexity of number-theoretic constants

Abstract We show that Artin's constant and two related number-theoretic quantities can be computed to t bits of precision using t3 + o(1) bit operations. The factor implied by the symbol o(1) depends on the cost of the underlying arithmetic, but for practical purposes can be taken as log t. As a by-product of this work, we estimate the complexity of computing Bernoulli numbers and evaluating the Riemann zeta function at positive integers. We also give examples of constants that seem hard to compute, such as Brun's twin prime constant and the exact density of primes for which a given base is a primitive root. This last cannot be computed quickly unless factorization of certain RSA moduli is easy.
Involvement of ERK-1/2 in IL-21-induced cytokine production in leukemia cells and human monocytes

Cytokines play an important role in the immune system, and abnormalities in their production have been found in many human diseases. Interleukin-21 (IL-21), a type I cytokine produced by activated T cells, has diverse effects on the immune system, but its ability to induce production of other cytokines is not well delineated. Furthermore, the signaling pathway underlying its action is poorly understood. Here, we have evaluated IL-21-induced cytokine production in human monocytes and U937 leukemia cells. We found that IL-21 induces upregulation of a variety of cytokines from multiple cytokine families. We also found that IL-21 triggers rapid activation of ERK1/2. Neutralizing antibody to the IL-21R prevented both IL-21-induced cytokine production and IL-21-induced activation of ERK1/2. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activity by the ERK-selective inhibitor U0126 reverses the ability of IL-21 to upregulate cytokine production, suggesting that IL-21-induced cytokine production is dependent on ERK1/2 activation.
Sensitivity analysis of a Vision 21 coal based zero emission power plant

The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) FutureGen project initiative is to develop and demonstrate technology for ultra clean 21st century energy plants that effectively remove environmental concerns associated with the use of fossil fuels for producing electricity, and simultaneously develop highly efficient and cost-effective power plants. The design optimization of an advanced FutureGen plant consisting of an advanced transport reactor (ATR) for coal gasification to generate syngas to fuel an integrated solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) combined cycle is presented. The overall plant analysis of a baseline system design is performed by identifying the major factors effecting plant performance; these major factors being identified by a strategy consisting of the application of design of experiments (DOEx). A steady state simulation tool is used to perform sensitivity analysis to verify the factors identified through DOEx, and then to perform parametric analysis to identify optimum values for maximum system efficiency. Modifications to baseline system design are made to attain higher system efficiency and to lower the negative impact of reducing the SOFC operating pressure on system efficiency.
Modeling and analysis of piezoaeroelastic energy harvesters

This work investigates the influence of structural and aerodynamic nonlinearities on the dynamic behavior of a piezoaeroelastic system. The system is composed of a rigid airfoil supported by nonlinear torsional and flexural springs in the pitch and plunge motions, respectively, with a piezoelectric coupling attached to the plunge degree of freedom. The analysis shows that the effect of the electrical load resistance on the flutter speed is negligible in comparison to the effects of the linear spring coefficients. The effects of aerodynamic nonlinearities and nonlinear plunge and pitch spring coefficients on the system’s stability near the bifurcation are determined from the nonlinear normal form. This is useful to characterize the effects of different parameters on the system’s output and ensure that subcritical or “catastrophic” bifurcation does not take place. Numerical solutions of the coupled equations for two different configurations are then performed to determine the effects of varying the load resistance and the nonlinear spring coefficients on the limit-cycle oscillations (LCO) in the pitch and plunge motions, the voltage output and the harvested power.
Pd(II)-catalyzed o-C-H acetoxylation of phenylalanine and ephedrine derivatives with MeCOOO(t)Bu/Ac2O.

Pd(II)-catalyzed ortho C−H acetoxylation of triflate protected phenethyl- and phenpropylamines has been achieved with tert-butyl peroxyacetate as the stoichiometric oxidant and either DMF or CH3CN as the promoter. The reaction was found to tolerate a large variety of functional groups and could be combined with subsequent intramolecular amination to afford functionalized indoline derivatives.
Contemporary concepts in the evaluation and management of male infertility

Infertility is a common problem, and its treatment an evolving field. In this Reviews, the authors discuss the evaluation of men who present with difficulty in initiating a pregnancy, describe the various tests available, and note their indications for use, focusing on the therapies currently available to treat male factor infertility, and considering future directions in the management of this condition.
Effect of chlorpromazine on H-reflex recovery curves in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients

This study sought to determine the effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) on a physiological measure, the H-reflex recovery curve (HRRC) and to determine whether the effect is different in normal subjects and schizophrenic patients. Eleven normal control subjects and 14 patients were administered 12.5 and 25.0 mg CPZ by IM injection. On the average, HRRCs measured 90 min after the injections were lower compared to pre-injection levels in both groups, at both doses. In general, the higher dose was more effective in both groups. Half of the patients, however, failed to respond to 12.5 mg, indicating that some schizophrenics are less sensitive than normals to CPZ. These results indicate that excessive dopamine activity or sensitivity may underlie abnormally high HRRCs in unmedicated psychotic patients.
Atypical congenital kyphosis

We describe two patients with an atypical congenital kyphosis in which a hypoplastic lumbar vertebral body lay in the spinal canal because of short pedicles. There were no defects in the posterior elements, or any apparent instability of the facet joints. Both patients were treated successfully by anterior fusion to the levels immediately above and below the affected vertebra, and posterior fusion which extended one level more both proximally and distally. This gave progressive correction of the kyphotic deformity by allowing some continued anterior growth at the levels which had been fused posteriorly.
Mapping the territory: agroforestry awareness among Washington State land managers

There is growing interest in research to develop potential agroforestry models for temperate climates. In Washington State, recent studies and anecdotal information suggest that agroforestry is already employed by land managers, and if so, this experience should inform future research efforts. Because this population is not well defined, a mail survey was designed to: 1) Assess Washington land manager awareness of agroforestry, 2) assess perceptions of agroforestry as a land management tool, 3) assess the perceived potential opportunities or obstacles for land managers to practice agroforestry, and 4) identify landowner groups believed to be practicing agroforestry in Washington State. Three groups of land managers were surveyed: employees of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), Washington State University Cooperative Extension Service (WSUCE) and OTHER, consisting of university faculty, private land managers, State and Federal land managers and owners of small natural resource businesses. Agroforestry was not a new concept for most (94%) respondents, further 55% of those familiar with agroforestry were practicing agroforestry or providing advice to landowners who were practicing agroforestry. ‘Use in (government mandated) soil conservation plans’ on farmland (100% of all respondents) was the most frequently cited potential application for agroforestry in the state followed by ‘range and pasture land’ and ‘managing non-commercial forest land’ (both 84%), use on ‘commercial forest plantation’ (83%) and ‘fruit and nut orchards’ (61%). ‘Diversifies land use’ (25%), ‘enhanced productivity’ (18%), ‘aesthetics’ (13%) and ‘income diversity’ (13%) were the four most frequently cited potential advantages to practicing agroforestry. ‘Lack of information’ (28%), ‘lack of technical assistance’ (18%), ‘establishment costs’ (14%) and ‘not an established practice’ (14%) were the most frequently identified potential obstacles to practicing agroforestry. Respondents suggested there is great potential for application of agroforestry throughout the state, and non-industrial private forest land owners were selected for future study of this potential.
Beta decay matrix elements in As76

Abstract Dynamic nuclear orientation has been used to study the 2 − ↔ 2 + 2.41 MeV β-ray in the decay of As 76 . The As 76 was a substantial donot atom in a silicon crystal and it was oriented by saturating each of the four Δ ( m J + m I = 0 forbidden transitions. The angular distribution of the gamma rays following the 2.41 MeV β-ray was measured with two scintillation counters. The electron and nuclear relaxation times were determined by observing the rate of growth and decay of the anisotropy of the gamma rays. The electron ( Δm J = ± 1, Δm I = 0) relaxation time was (3.6 ± 0.7) min. The nuclear relaxation can be attributed to a modulation of the isotropic hyperfine interaction; the relaxation time for the nuclear polarization is (3.1 ± 1) × 10 3 min. An analogue computer was used to correct the initial orientation parameters for the effects of nuclear relaxation. From this orientation experiment restrictions can be placed on the angular momentum carried off by the 2.41 MeV β-ray. This result was analyzed in conjunction with β-γ angular correlation and β-γ circular polarization correlation experiments to determine the beta-decay matrix elements. The set which fits the data best is V = − (0.9 ± 0.2), Y = −(0.9 ± 0.2). It is not impossible to rule out the set V = −(18±5), Y = 0±4.
Interplay of Thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the Journal (Volume 14, 2003) and the Discipline

As practiced disciplines, structural chemistry and thermochemistry need not be related. In the current study, the relation is made more evident from among the contents of the journal “Structural Chemistry” (Vol. 14) for the year 2003. The year's articles have been reviewed, giving to most of those appearing therein a thermochemical commentary, “spin” or “slant.”
Building trust among enemies: The central challenge for international conflict resolution☆

Abstract The article presents an approach to the gradual building of trust among enemies, who—even when they have an interest in making peace—are afraid to extend trust to each other lest it jeopardize their own existence. Efforts to resolve the conflict, therefore, confront a basic dilemma: Parties cannot enter into a peace process without some degree of mutual trust, but they cannot build trust without entering into a peace process. The article discusses the ways in which interactive problem solving—a form of unofficial diplomacy, which the author has applied most extensively to the Israeli–Palestinian case—attempts to deal with this dilemma. It describes five concepts that have proven useful to confronting this dilemma in problem-solving workshops with politically influential Israelis and Palestinians and that should also be relevant to trust building in the larger peace process: the view of movement toward peace as a process of successive approximations, in which the level of commitment gradually increases with the level of reassurance; the role of the third party as a repository of trust, particularly in the early stages of the process; the focus on “working trust” in the other's seriousness about peace based on their own interests (rather than interpersonal trust based on good will); the view of the relationship between participants in the peace process as an uneasy coalition; and the development of a systematic process of mutual reassurance, based on responsiveness and reciprocity.
Bacillus subtilis operon under the dual control of the general stress transcription factor sigma B and the sporulation transcription factor sigma H.

The sigma B transcription factor of Bacillus subtilis is activated in response to a variety of environmental stresses, including those imposed by entry into the stationary-growth phase, and by heat, salt or ethanol challenge to logarithmically growing cells. Although sigma B is thought to control a general stress regulon, the range of cellular functions it directs remains largely unknown. Our approach to understand the physiological role of sigma B is to characterize genes that require this factor for all or part of their expression, i.e. the csb genes. In this study, we report that the transposon insertion csb40::Tn917lac identifies an operon with three open reading frames, the second of which resembles plant proteins induced by desiccation stress. Primer-extension and operon-fusion experiments showed that the csb40 operon has a sigma B-dependent promoter which is strongly induced by the addition of salt to logarithmically growing cells. The csb40 operon also has a second, sigma H-dependent promoter that is unaffected by salt addition. These results provide support for the hypothesis that sigma B controls a general stress regulon, and indicate that the sigma B and sigma H regulons partly overlap. We suggest that in addition to its acknowledged role in the sporulation process, sigma H is also involved in controlling a subclass of genes that are broadly involved in a general stress response.
In vitro fertilization

A 37-year-old woman who has never been pregnant and her 40-year-old husband have been attempting to conceive a child for the past 3 years. An infertility evaluation has shown no cause for the difficulty. She is ovulating regularly, and a hysterosalpingogram shows that her reproductive tract is anatomically normal. He has a normal sperm count; he has not fathered any children. They are frustrated and want to proceed with in vitro fertilization. What should you advise?
The Flatness of the Mass-to-Light Ratio on Large Scales

It has been suggested that the mass-to-light (M/L) ratio of gravitationally clustering objects is scale-independent on scales beyond galaxy clusters and may also be independent of the mass of the objects. In this Letter, we show that the scale behavior of the M/L ratio is closely related to the scaling of cosmic structures that are larger than clusters. The scale dependence of the M/L ratio can be determined by comparing the observed scaling of the richness function (RF) of multiscale-identified objects with the model-predicted scaling of the mass function (MF) of large-scale structures. Using the multiscale-identified clusters from the IRAS 1.2 Jy galaxy survey, we have made comparisons of the observed RF scaling of IRAS rcl clusters with the MF scalings given by simulations of three popular models: SCDM, LCDM, and OCDM. We find that the M/L ratio is basically scale-independent from the Abell radius up to about 24 h-1 Mpc, while it seems to show a slight, but systematical, increase over this scale range. This result is weakly dependent on the cosmological parameters.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on litter decomposition depend on precipitation and litter chemistry in a shortgrass steppe ecosystem

We examined the effect of altered levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation (280–400 nm) and different amounts of precipitation on the decomposition rates of litter of contrasting carbon to nitrogen ratio (C : N) in a 3-year field experiment in a shortgrass steppe (SGS) ecosystem. UV radiation was either blocked or passed under clear plastic tents where precipitation was applied to simulate a very dry or very wet year. These treatments minimized or maximized the abiotic component (UV) or the biotic component (biological activity of decomposer organisms) of decomposition to assess potential interactions between the two. Initial litter chemistry varied in response to having been grown under ambient or elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. While precipitation and litter chemistry were the most important drivers in decomposition in this system, UV radiation increased decomposition rates under dry conditions in litter with higher C : N ratios. Exposure to UV radiation slightly increased the amount of holocellulose that was lost from the litter. UV exposure did not affect the decomposition of the lignin fraction. Increased decomposition with UV radiation was accompanied by a decrease in N immobilization over the summer months. These results suggest that the effects of UV radiation on decomposition rates may be primarily abiotic, caused by direct photochemical degradation of the litter. Our results demonstrate that the role of UV radiation in litter decomposition in semiarid systems depends on the aridity of the system and the chemistry of the litter.
Rationale and Value of Natural History Collections Digitisation

Natural science collections comprise a small component of a more extensive source of data on which questions about the natural world may be addressed. However, NHC data offer, when digitised, an exceptional resource: within collections lies the most extensive dataset that exists of the planet’s biodiversity. Indeed, our entire knowledge of most species is based on just one or very few specimens housed in natural science collections. Nevertheless, for most species, collections provide us with the best record available. The physical presence of specimens allows us to examine them many times using new techniques (e.g. the extraction and study of molecular data). In this article we argue in favor of expedited digitisation of NHC data.
Prevalence of HOXB13 mutation in a population of Ashkenazi Jewish men treated for prostate cancer

We performed a retrospective analysis of germline DNA samples from Ashkenazi Jewish men and a comparison group of non-Ashkenazi men treated for prostate cancer at our institution to determine the prevalence of HOXB13 G84E mutation in prostate cancer patients of Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, an ethnic group common to the New York City area. Patients were genotyped for G84E using a TaqMan assay (Applied Biosystems). Positive cases were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Median age at prostate cancer diagnosis was 68 years for 889 Ashkenazi Jewish patients, 64 years for 920 non-Ashkenazi Jewish patients. The median follow up was 9 years for Ashkenazi Jewish patients and 8.8 years for non-Ashkenazi Jewish patients. Only 4 patients were found to be heterozygous carriers of G84E. They were all of non-Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry and were diagnosed at 70, 66, 78, and 49 years of age. Two of them presented with high-risk prostate cancer. The prevalence of G84E in the non-Ashkenazi sample was 0.4 %. HOXB13 G84E mutation was not observed in prostate cancer patients of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry treated at our institution. Screening for G84E, therefore, may be unnecessary in Ashkenazi Jewish men if these results are validated by other studies.
SU-E-I-68: The Effect of Partially Parallel Imaging on SNR Across Scanning Platforms.

Purpose: Different manufacturers implement partially parallel imaging (PPI) with different proprietary reconstruction methods and algorithms. Additionally, signal to noise ratio (SNR) associated with PPI is highly dependent on coil design and conformation, as quantified by the g‐factor. This potentially leads to differences in SNR across coils and scanners. This study seeks to characterize the impact of PPI on SNR across four MRI platforms. Methods: Turbo spin echo(TSE) scans of a spherical phantom filled with an aqueous solution were acquired in a head coil on a 3T Siemens Tim Trio, 3T Philips Achieva, 1.5T Toshiba Vantage and 3T GE Signa Excite HD. Scans at each available integer R‐value and reconstruction method were taken on each scanner.SNR was measured in each image using the difference method. SNR was normalized to a maximum value of 1.0 for each reconstruction method. Linear regressions and percent change in SNR relative to R‐value were determined for each reconstruction method. Coefficient of variation (CV) was used to determine the relationship between PPI implementations. Results: Slopes of the linear regressions ranged from ×0.24 to ×0.27. Percent SNR on average was 67.3%±3.7%, 43.3%±2.9% and 27.4%±6.9% of the associated non‐PPI scan at R=2, 3 and 4 respectively. The range of percent SNR relative to non‐PPI scans was 62.1%–71.7%, 39.8%–46.8% and 20.7%–34.5% at R=2, 3 and 4 respectively. The CV was 7.75% at R=2, 16.05% at R=3 and 21.79% at R=4. Conclusions: Slopes of the linear regressions ranged from −0.24 to −0.27. Percent SNR on average was 67.3%±3.7%, 43.3%±2.9% and 27.4%±6.9% of the associated non‐PPI scan at R=2, 3 and 4 respectively. The range of percent SNR relative to non‐PPI scans was 62.1%–71.7%, 39.8%–46.8% and 20.7%–34.5% at R=2, 3 and 4 respectively. The CV was 7.75% at R=2, 16.05% at R=3 and 21.79% at R=4.
Transition from Fowler-Norheim Field Emission to Space Charge Limited Current Density

Summary form only given. Fowler-Nordheim law gives the current density extracted from a surface under strong fields, by treating the emission of electrons from a metal-vacuum interface in the presence of an electric field normal to the surface as a quantum mechanical tunneling process. Child's law predicts the maximum transmitted current density by considering the space charge effect. So when the electric field becomes high enough, the emitted current density will be limited by the Child's law. This work analyzes the transition of the transmitted current density from the Fowler-Nordheim law to the Child's law space charge limit. The study is performed using the one-dimensional OOPD1 code. Also studied is the response of the OOPD1 emission model to strong electric fields near the transition point. Methods for increasing the current density to approach the space charge limit by modifying the device design are also described
A Major Problem with the Theory of Status Integration and Suicide

Data from the 1970 U.S. census permit the most complete test of status integration theory ever undertaken, one based on four sets of achieved statuses (employment, household, marital, and residential) and three sets of ascribed statuses (age, race, and sex). A series of "betzween-columns" tests does not support the theory; and, contrary to expectations, simultaneous measures of status integration (i.e., measures based on a cross-classification of all four sets of achieved statuses) do not improve the theory's predictive accuracy. However, there is a substantial inverse relation among age-race-sex groups betzween the suicide rate and the measure of occupational integration; and that finding, together with numerous previous positive tests, precludes a categorical rejection of the theory. Nonetheless, the theory assumes that all statuses are relevant and approximately to the same degree, and the findings are contrary to that assumption.
When Did the Bible Become an Arabic Scripture

While the circumstances were favorable to the translation of the Jewish and Christian scriptures into Arabic in writing in pre-Islamic times, there is no compelling evidence to support the conclusion that such a translation was ever made. Rather the evidence of the Qurʾān along with other considerations suggests that prior to the rise of Islam, Jewish and Christian scripture texts circulated orally in Arabic and that the earliest Arabic translations in writing appeared first among the Christians in the monastic communities in Palestine and probably in part at least in response to the appearance of the Arabic Qurʾān itself in writing at the turn of the seventh and eighth centuries.