cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain

A quantitative analysis of the volume of the darkly staining region of the posteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis was performed on the brains of 26 age-matched male and female human subjects. We suggest the term "darkly staining posteromedial" component of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST-dspm) to describe this sexually dimorphic region of the human brain. The volume of the BNST-dspm was 2.47 times greater in males than in females. This region in humans appears to correspond to an area of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in laboratory animals that exhibits volumetric and neurochemical sexual dimorphisms, concentrates gonadal steroids, and is anatomically connected to several other sexually dimorphic nuclei. Furthermore, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved in sexually dimorphic functions, including aggressive behavior, sexual behavior, and gonadotropin secretion, which are also influenced by gonadal steroids. Therefore, it is possible that in human beings as well, gonadal hormones influence the sexual dimorphism in the BNST-dspm and that this morphological difference, in part, underlies sexually dimorphic function.
On Interpreting Scale (or View) and Emergence in Complex Systems Engineering

A human-centric treatment of the concepts of multi-scale analysis and emergence in complex systems engineering (CSE) is offered. This includes an attempt to characterize what an individual might do in conceptualizing a given systems engineering situation she/he is facing. The goal is to suggest fresh interpretations of the terms scale and emergence that will contribute to a more collaborative approach to improving the CSE practice. Because other authors use "scale" in several different ways, potentially causing confusion, this author proposes "view" instead. Here a given view is defined as a combination of "scope", "granularity", "mindset", and "timeframe". Although "emergence" has a rich spectrum of definitions in the literature, this author prefers to emphasize the unexpected, especially "surprising", flavor of emergence.
Diastereoselective π-facially controlled nucleophilic additions of chiral vinylorganometallics to chiral β,γ-unsaturated ketones. 2. A practical method for stereocontrolled elaboration of the decahydro--indacene subunit of ikarugamycin

Abstract 7,7-Dimethoxy-5-norbornen-2-one has been converted in 7 steps to tricyclic enone 10 , which comprises a principal subunit of the ikarugamycin structure.
Determination of the rates of formation of gaseous products from the pyrolysis of octahydro‐1, 3, 5, 7‐tetranitro‐1, 3, 5, 7‐tetrazocine (hmx) by simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry

The method for determining the rates of formation of gaseous pyrolysis products during thermal decompositions by simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry is presented. The analysis procedure that handles both molecular and continuum flow from the reaction cell is described. The technique is illustrated with the isothermal decomposition of HMX. The temporal bahaviors of the rates of formation of the pyrolysis products, H 2 O, HCN, CO, CH 2 O, NO, N 2 O, methylformamide, C 2 H 6 N 2 O, and octahydro-1-nitroso-3,5,7-trinitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocene, formed during the isothermal decomposition of HMX at 211 o C, are presented. The results show that a complex condensed-phase reaction mechanism control the decomposition
The preparation of poly(A)+mRNA from the hagfish slime gland.

Abstract The isolation of translatable poly(A)±mRNA from the slime glands of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, is not possible by the commonly used procedures because of the viscous slime that is formed when the contents of the glands are hydrated. This paper reports on a procedure developed to overcome this problem. Briefly, the tissue was powdered in liquid nitrogen, mixed with sodium lauroylsarcosine and proteinase K and lyophilized. The lyophilized powder was then mixed with 0.3 mm diameter glass beads, thoroughly ground and wetted with buffer and digested at 37°C. The RNA from the digest was recovered by ultracentrifugation through a CsCl cushion. Further purification of the RNA was accomplished by the usual methods with slight modifications.
Families of transmembrane sugar transport proteins.

We describe here 20 families of secondary (pmf-driven) carriers which, in addition to nine families within the ATP-dependent ABC superfamily, and seven families of Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane porins, largely account for the stereospecific transport of sugars and their derivatives into and out of all living cells on earth. Family characteristics as well as struc-tural and functional properties of the family constituents are described. By reference to our website (http://www-biology.ucsd.edu/~msaier/transport/), phylogenetic relationships, detailed substrate specificity information and both primary and secondary references are also available. This review provides a comprehensive guide to the diversity of carriers that mediate the transport of sugar-containing molecules across cell and organellar membranes.
Exact aggregation and Generalized Slutsky Conditions

Abstract This article indicates a natural connection between Generalized Slutsky Conditions and demand structures of the exact aggregation form. It is shown that Generalized Slutsky Conditions are assured when the number of consumers is greater than or equal to the number of goods, if and only if demands are of a generalized exact aggregation form. This result provides some understanding of the properties of aggregate demand and allowable differences between consumers, as well as naturally generalizing W. M. Gorman's ( Econometrica 21 (1953), 63–80) famous conditions for the integrability of aggregate demand.
A numerical experiment on the determination of kinetic rate constants in the presence of diffusion

Two chemicals,A andB, are allowed to diffuse together and a reaction described by $$A + B\mathop \rightleftharpoons \limits_{K_{ - 1} }^{K_1 } C$$ is allowed to proceed. This system is described mathematically by a system of partial differential equations. A numerical procedure is presented to find the rate constants ofK 1 andK −1. A systematic analysis of the effects of errors is also presented.
Segmental analysis of the rate of progression in patients with progressive coronary atherosclerosis

Bruschke et al.’ have shown that the likelihood of finding progressive coronary atherosclerosis at second catheterization increases in relation to time and severity of the initial lesion. Defining a rate of progression, however, has been difficult. Sudden, unpredicted events intermittently punctuate the clinical course of patients with coronary atherosclerosis, suggesting that there may be more than one rate of progression (fast versus slow), or that there may be some events occurring independently of time as a function of other variables.
Biochemical and Kinetic Characterization of the RNA Helicase Activity of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4A

Eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4A is the prototypic member of the DEAD box family of proteins and has been proposed to act as an RNA helicase to unwind secondary structure in the 5′-untranslated region of eukaryotic mRNAs. Previous studies have shown that the RNA helicase activity of eIF4A is dependent on the presence of a second initiation factor, eIF4B. In this report, eIF4A has been demonstrated to function independently of eIF4B as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase. The biochemical and kinetic properties of this activity were examined. By using a family of RNA duplexes with an unstructured single-stranded region followed by a duplex region of increasing length and stability, it was observed that the initial rate of duplex unwinding decreased with increasing stability of the duplex. Furthermore, the maximum amount of duplex unwound also decreased with increasing stability. Results suggest that eIF4A acts in a non-processive manner. eIF4B and eIF4H were shown to stimulate the helicase activity of eIF4A, allowing eIF4A to unwind longer, more stable duplexes with both an increase in initial rate and maximum amount of duplex unwound. A simple kinetic model is proposed to explain the mechanism by which eIF4A unwinds RNA duplex structures in an ATP-dependent manner.
Social Media in Plastic Surgery Practices: Emerging Trends in North America

Background: Social media is a common term for web-based applications that offer a way to disseminate information to a targeted audience in real time. In the current market, many businesses are utilizing it to communicate with clients. Although the field of plastic surgery is constantly changing in response to innovative technologies introduced into the specialty, the utilization of social media in plastic surgery practices is currently unclear. Objectives: The authors evaluate the current attitudes and practices of aesthetic surgeons to emerging social media technology and compare these to attitudes about more traditional modes of communication. Methods: A 19-question web-based survey was disseminated by e-mail to all board-certified or board-eligible American plastic surgeons (n = 4817). Respondents were asked to answer questions on three topics: (1) their use of social media in their personal and professional lives, (2) their various forms of practice marketing, and (3) their demographic information. Results: There were 1000 responses (20.8%). Results showed that 28.2% of respondents used social media in their practice, while 46.7% used it in their personal life. Most plastic surgeons managed their social media themselves or through a staff member. The majority of respondents who used social media in their practice claimed that their efforts were directed toward patient referrals. The typical plastic surgery practice that used social media was a solo practice in a large city with a focus on cosmetic surgery. Local competition of plastic surgeons did not correlate with social media use. Most plastic surgeons (88%) advertised, but the form of marketing varied. The most common forms included websites, print, and search engine optimization, but other modalities, such as television, radio, and billboards, were still utilized. Conclusions: Social media represents a new avenue that many plastic surgeons are utilizing, although with trepidation. As social media becomes commonplace in society, its role in plastic surgery practice development and communication will become more prominent and defined.
Convincing growers to fund cooperative marketing activities: Insights from the New York wine grape industry

The voting patterns among New York State wine grape growers are described to determine why a referendum to create a marketing order failed to reach a needed 65% threshold of support. Data analysis suggests that a crucial portion of the electorate, non-networked voters, disproportionately opposed the tax. Social marketing techniques might be helpful in future efforts to pass a marketing order referendum. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nanoscale Coatings on Wood: Polyelectrolyte Adsorption and Layer-by-Layer Assembled Film Formation

Surface chemistry of wood is based on the exposed surface that is the combination of the intact and cut cellular wall material. It is inherently complex and changes with processing history. Modification of wood surfaces through noncovalent attachment of amine containing water soluble polyelectrolytes provides a path to create functional surfaces in a controlled manner. Adsorption of polyethylenimine (PEI) and polydiallydimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) to wood was quantified as a function of solution conditions (pH and ionic strength). Polycation adsorption was maximized under basic pH without the addition of electrolyte. Added salt either had marginal influence or decreased adsorption of polycation, indicating interactions are strongly influenced by Coulombic forces. PEI adsorption could be modeled by both a Langmuir and Freundlich equations, although the wood surface is known to be heterogeneous. After adsorption of polycations, layer-by-layer assembled films were created on the wood surface. Layered fil...
Cytokinin antagonists: Synthesis and physiological effects of 7-Substituted 3-Methylpyrazolo[4,3-d]Pyrimidines☆

Abstract A series of sixteen pyrazolo[4,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives has been synthesized and tested for cytokinin antagonist activity in the tobacco bioassay
Effect of an Ectopic Pituitary Gland on Luteal Maintenance in the Hamster

Luteotropic activity in the hamster was studied by transplanting single anterior pituitary glands from cycling or pseudopregnant donors to the kidneys of cyclic recipients. Luteal status was assessed by ovarian histology and decidual cell response (DCR). In hamsters transplanted with pituitaries from donors at similar stages of the estrous cycle, the length of the first cycle was prolonged to 8 days in only a few day 1 and 2 recipients. Pituitaries of pseudopregnant animals on days 3 or 4 consistently induced pseudopregnancy in day 1 recipients. Pituitaries from cyclic animals on day 3 or 4 were also effective in inducing pseudopregnancy in day 1 recipients. Corpora lutea normally begin to regress on day 3 of the cycle; it is therefore understandable why pseudopregnancy could not be elicited in day 3 or 4 recipients. Succeeding cycles; were invariably pseudopregnant in type (8–10 days in duration) in all recipients. To determine the mechanism involved in recurrent pseudopregnancies, hypophysectomies follo...
Discontinuous Galerkin methods for simulating bioreactive transport of viruses in porous media

Primal discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods are formulated to solve the transport equations for modeling migration and survival of viruses with kinetic and equilibrium adsorption in porous media. An entropy analysis is conducted to show that DG schemes are numerically stable and that the free energy of a DG approximation decreases with time in a manner similar to the exact solution. Combining results for free and attached virus concentrations, we establish optimal a priori error estimates for the coupled partial and ordinary differential equations of virus transport. Numerical results suggest that DG can treat bioreactive transport of viruses over a wide range of modeling parameters, including both advection- and dispersion-dominated problems. In addition, it is shown that DG can sharply capture local phenomena of virus transport with dynamic mesh adaptation.
People's Intuitions About Intuitive Insight and Intuitive Choice

How do people balance intuition and reason when making decisions? We report 6 studies that indicate that people are cued by the features of the decision problem to follow intuition or reason when making their choice. That is, when features of the choice resemble features commonly associated with rational processing, people tend to decide on the basis of reason; when features of the choice match those associated with intuitive processing, people tend to decide on the basis of intuition. Choices that are seen as objectively evaluable (Study 1A), sequential (Studies 1B and 3), complex (Study 2), or precise (Study 4) elicit a preference for choosing rationally. This framework accurately predicts people's choices in variants of both the ratio-bias (Study 3) and ambiguity-aversion paradigms (Study 4). Discussion focuses on the relationship between the task cuing account, other decision-making models, and dual-process accounts of cognition.
The Automated Determination of NAD-Coupled Enzymes II. Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase

A precise automated procedure developed for determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase, using the Robot Chemist, measures absorbance of a cuprous-neo-cuproine complex formed by coupled reduction of the cupric-neocuproine reagent with enzymatically generated reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Activity values obtained by this method, by the identical automated colorimetric method on the AutoAnalyzer, and by an automated spectrophotometric (34O-mµ) procedure show excellent agreement.
Is there a way for pathologists to decrease interobserver variability in the diagnosis of dysplasia

Abstract Many obstacles interfere with our efforts to screen patients with Barrett esophagus. Probably the largest is choosing the appropriate patient group for screening. Beyond this problem, sampling error on the part of endoscopists is probably more serious a problem than observer variation among pathologists reviewing patient samples. Pathologists agree well on lesions that merit close follow-up or other intervention (high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma), although interobserver agreement between pathologists interpreting lesser lesions is not good. This lack of agreement is not likely to improve substantially, and many adjunct markers are being sought in an attempt to identify patients with lesions of lower grades that are most likely to progress, allowing doctors to identify patients who would benefit from upgraded surveillance.
HEAVY METALS IN WHITE-TAILED DEER LIVING NEAR A ZINC SMELTER IN PENNSYLVANIA

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann)) shot within 20 km of the zinc smelters in the Palmerton, Pennsylvania area contained extremely high renal concentrations of cadmium (372 ppm dry weight (dw)) and zinc (600 ppm dw). The deer with the highest renal zinc concentration was shot 4 km from the smelters and had joint lesions similar to those seen in zinc-poisoned horses from the same area. The highest concentrations of lead in both hard and soft tissues were relatively low, 10.9 ppm dw in a sample of teeth, 17.4 ppm dw in a metacarpus, and 4.9 ppm dw in a kidney.
Vulnerability to depression: A moderated mediation model of the roles of child maltreatment, peer victimization, and serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region genetic variation among children from low socioeconomic status backgrounds

Child maltreatment, peer victimization, and a polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) were examined as predictors of depressive symptomatology. Children (M age = 11.26, SD = 1.65), including 156 maltreated and 145 nonmaltreated children from comparable low socioeconomic backgrounds, provided DNA samples and self-reports of relational peer victimization, overt peer victimization, and depressive symptoms. Path analysis showed that relational and overt victimization mediated the association between child maltreatment and depressive symptoms. Bootstrapping procedures were used to test moderated mediation and demonstrated that genotype moderated the indirect effects of relational and overt victimization on child depressive symptoms, such that victimized children with the long/long variation were at an increased risk for depressive symptoms compared to victimized children carrying a short allele. Results highlight the utility of examining process models that incorporate biological and psychological factors contributing to the development of depressive symptomatology and provide direction toward understanding and promoting resilience among high-risk youth from a multiple levels of analysis approach.
The Maxillary Palp of Aedes aegypti, a Model of Multisensory Integration

Female yellow-fever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, are obligate blood-feeders and vectors of the pathogens that cause dengue fever, yellow fever and Chikungunya. This feeding behavior concludes a series of multisensory events guiding the mosquito to its host from a distance. The antennae and maxillary palps play a major role in host detection and other sensory-mediated behaviors. Compared to the antennae, the maxillary palps are a relatively simple organ and thus an attractive model for exploration of the neuromolecular networks underlying chemo- and mechanosensation. In this study, we surveyed the expressed genetic components and examined their potential involvement with these sensory modalities. Using Illumina sequencing, we identified the transcriptome of the maxillary palps of physiologically mature female Ae. aegypti. Genes expressed in the maxillary palps included those involved in sensory reception, signal transduction and neuromodulation. In addition to previously reported chemosensory genes, we identified candidate transcripts potentially involved in mechanosensation and thermosensation. This survey lays the groundwork to explore sensory networks in an insect appendage. The identification of genes involved in thermosensation provides prospective molecular targets for the development of chemicals aimed at disrupting the behavior of this medically important insect.
What Is Family Diversity? Objective and Interpretive Approaches

This article differentiates two ways of understanding family diversity— objectively and interpretively. The search for objective diversity is rooted in the assumption that there are many different kinds of families in the United States and around the world; the search for interpretive diversity is rooted in the assumption that any given “family” may be described in different, often contradictory ways. These divergent assumptions can lead relatively objective or interpretive scholars to produce divergent analyses, even as they use seemingly identical concepts to address similar explanatory concerns. Recognizing the difference between objective and interpretive family diversity can help illuminate the distinctive contributions of existing scholarship and open up potential avenues for future research.
A Low-Variance and Low-Complexity Carrier-Frequency-Offset Estimator using Multiple Pilot Sequences

A data-aided carrier frequency offset estimator is proposed. The proposed estimator is novel because it operates on multiple pilot sequences, spaced in time. Various papers have been presented which prove the estimation performance advantages of using such a scheme. However, little work has been presented on practical estimators which achieve these improved bounds. The new estimator is based on the family of phase-increment frequency estimator methods. Hence, it is low-complexity, as well as highly accurate.
DELTA SCUTI, SX PHOENICIS, AND RR LYRAE STARS IN GALAXIES AND GLOBULAR CLUSTERS

The distances to four galaxies and two globular clusters which are derived with the aid of period-luminosity and period-color relations of δ Scuti and SX Phe stars are compared to the distances derived by other methods, in particular RR Lyrae stars. We examine the luminosities of horizontal branch or RR Lyrae stars in Oosterhoff I and II globular clusters. Observational data from a variety of sources indicate a discontinuous jump of ~0.2 mag in the luminosities of RR Lyrae variables at [Fe/H] ≈ –1.5 as we transition from Oosterhoff I to Oosterhoff II clusters. If Oosterhoff I clusters have RR Lyrae variables with average M V values of M V = 0.53 mag at [Fe/H] = –1.5, it implies that RR Lyrae stars in Oosterhoff II clusters average M V values are ~0.34 mag. Unlike the Oosterhoff I clusters which show an increase in the V luminosity of RR Lyrae stars as [Fe/H] becomes smaller, little or no change in the V luminosity of RR Lyrae variables is evident in Oosterhoff II clusters in the interval of [Fe/H] from –1.5 to –2.2. We find distance moduli found with RR Lyrae variables agree to ≤0.04 mag with those found with the δ Scuti and/or SX Phe variables if the M V values of RR Lyrae stars above are adopted. We find evidence of recent star formation (presence of near solar-metallicity δ Scuti stars with ages of 150 Myr to 1 Gyr) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), Small Magellanic Cloud, and the central region of the Fornax (dSph) galaxies. We also find an older population of metal-poor δ Scuti variables (SX Phe stars) in the LMC and Fornax galaxies. The Carina dSph is unique in that only an old population of metal-poor δ Scuti variables is evident. No evidence of recent δ Scuti star formation is found. The minimum periods observed for the SX Phe variables (blue stragglers) in the globular clusters M55 and ω Cen indicate that they could have been formed in a burst of metal-poor single star formation in the last 2.9-6 Gyr. If formed by the more acceptable scenario of stellar mergers, it is likely that the merged remnant resembles a normal star in a relatively advanced stage of main-sequence evolution with an enriched He core and ordinary He envelope. We present equations to calculate intrinsic-color indices for δ Scuti, SX Phe, and RR Lyrae stars at mean light. Finally, we show that the fundamental-radial-pulsating stars (δ Sct and SX Phe variables) have larger average light amplitudes than the first-overtone pulsating variables. The fundamental metal-poor variables (SX Phe stars) have the largest average and individual amplitudes.
BLOCKADE OF OSTEOCLAST-MEDIATED BONE RESORPTION THROUGH OCCUPANCY OF THE INTEGRIN RECEPTOR : A POTENTIAL APPROACH TO THE THERAPY OF OSTEOPOROSIS

Bone resorption requires the tight attachment of the bone-resorbing cells, the osteoclasts, to the bone mineralized matrix. Integrins, a class of cell surface adhesion glycoproteins, play a key role in the attachment process. Most integrins bind to their ligands via the arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl (R-G-D) tripeptide present within the ligand sequence. The interaction between integrins and ligands results in bidirectional transfer of signals across the plasma membrane. Tyrosine phosphorylation occurs within cells as a result of integrin binding to ligands and probably plays a role in the formation of the osteoclast clear zone, a specialized region of the osteoclast membrane maintained by cytoskeletal structure and involved in bone resorption. Human osteoclasts express alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha v beta 3 integrins on their surface. Such signaling may also lead to "inside-out" effects, like increased expression of integrin receptors on the cell surface, or increased affinity of the integrin to its ligand. The alpha v beta 3 integrin, a vitronectin receptor, plays an essential role in bone resorption. Antibodies to this integrin and short synthetic RGD-containing peptides are able to block bone resorption in vitro. Echistatin, an RGD-containing protein from a snake venom, binds to the alpha v beta 3 integrin and blocks bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo. Peptides containing the RGD motif are potential competitive "antagonists" of the osteoclast integrins and may have utility in the blockade of bone resorption. Agonists may be identified by stimulation of intracellular signaling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Symposium: the national performance review and public administration

The Symposium on the National Performance Review (NPR) and Public Administration, contained in this issue of the International Journal of Public Administration, offers some insights from prominent scholars in the field. They have presented their research and assessments of a subject with enduring importance: government reform. They have critically appraised the progress of the latest effort toward such change, but they are generally pessimistic about the prospects for improving the effectiveness and economy of the federal government. However, they have not sought to evaluate the work of the NPR as a matter of what they think ought to have been examined. Instead, they explore whether it is accomplishing what it set out to do. They do not contend, as did management luminary Peter F. Drucker recently, that this commission should have explored a far different topic—namely, possible normative purposes of government at federal, state, and local levels and potential relationships with non-government sectors (non...
Common-Path Optical Coherence Tomography for Biomedical Imaging and Sensing.

This paper describes a development of a fiber optic common-path optical coherence tomography (OCT) based imaging and guided system that possess ability to reliably identify optically transparent targets that are on the micron scale; ability to maintain a precise and safe position from the target; ability to provide spectroscopic imaging; ability to imaging biological target in 3-D. The system is based on a high resolution fiber optic Common-Path OCT (CP-OCT) that can be integrated into various mini-probes and tools. The system is capable of obtaining >70K A-scan per second with a resolution better than $3\;{\mu}m$ . We have demonstrated that the system is capable of one-dimensional real-time depth tracking, tool motion limiting and motion compensation, oxygen-saturation level imaging, and high resolution 3-D images for various biomedical applications.
Differential effects of 17β-estradiol and raloxifene on VSMC phenotype and expression of osteoblast-associated proteins

Several studies demonstrate an association between osteoporosis and arterial calcific disease, both of which being common in elderly women. Estradiol and raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor m...
Band-limited image plane masks for the Terrestrial Planet Finder coronagraph: materials and designs for broadband performance

Coronagraphs for detection and characterization of exosolar earthlike planets require accurate masks with broadband performance in the visible and near infrared spectrum. Design and fabrication of image plane masks capable of suppressing broadband starlight to 10−10 level contrast presents technical challenges. We discuss basic approaches, material choices, designs, and fabrication options for image plane masks with particular focus on material properties to obtain adequate spectral performance. Based on theoretical analysis, we show that metals such as Pt and Ni, and alloys such as Inconel, may be employed as promising mask materials that can meet broadband performance requirements.
Using flowmeter pulse tests to define hydraulic connections in the subsurface: a fractured shale example

Cross-borehole flowmeter pulse tests define subsurface connections between discrete fractures using short stress periods to monitor the propagation of the pulse through the flow system. This technique is an improvement over other cross-borehole techniques because measurements can be made in open boreholes without packers or previous identification of water-producing intervals. The method is based on the concept of monitoring the propagation of pulses rather than steady flow through the fracture network. In this method, a hydraulic stress is applied to a borehole connected to a single, permeable fracture, and the distribution of flow induced by that stress monitored in adjacent boreholes. The transient flow responses are compared to type curves computed for several different types of fracture connections. The shape of the transient flow response indicates the type of fracture connection, and the fit of the data to the type curve yields an estimate of its transmissivity and storage coefficient. The flowmeter pulse test technique was applied in fractured shale at a volatile-organic contaminant plume in Watervliet, New York. Flowmeter and other geophysical logs were used to identify permeable fractures in eight boreholes in and near the contaminant plume using single-borehole flow measurements. Flowmeter cross-hole pulse tests were used to identify connections between fractures detected in the boreholes. The results indicated a permeable fracture network connecting many of the individual boreholes, and demonstrated the presence of an ambient upward hydraulic-head gradient throughout the site.
Update of current therapeutic options for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Background: Osteoporosis is a common chronic condition in elderly women and is associated with decreased bone strength and an increased risk for fractures. As the incidence of osteoporotic fractures continues to rise, it is important to identify the most effective therapies for reducing patients' risk of fracture. Objective: This article reviews the medication classes commonly used for treating osteoporosis and the efficacy, tolerability, and drug-interaction potential of specific medications. The evidence for the use of combination therapies is summarized, as are the agents under investigation.
Multiscale entropy identifies differences in complexity in postural control in women with multiple sclerosis.

Loss of postural center-of-pressure complexity (COP complexity) has been associated with reduced adaptability that accompanies disease and aging. The aim of this study was to identify if COP complexity is reduced: (1) in those with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) compared to controls; (2) when vision is limited compared to remaining intact; and (3) during more demanding postural conditions compared to quiet standing. Additionally, we explored the relationship between the COP complexity and disease severity, fatigue, cutaneous sensation and central motor drive. Twelve women with MS and 12 age-matched controls were tested under quiet standing and postural maximal lean conditions with normal and limited vision. The key dependent variable was the complexity index (CI) of the center of pressure. We observed a lower CI in the MS group compared to controls in both anterior-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions (p's 0.05) was observed, indicating that limiting vision did not impact COP complexity differently in the two groups. Decreased cutaneous sensitivity was associated with lower CI values in the AP direction among those with MS (r(2)=0.57); all other measures did not exhibit significant relationships. The findings reported here suggest that (1) MS is associated with diminished COP complexity under both normal and challenging postures, and (2) complexity is strongly correlated with cutaneous sensitivity, suggesting the unique contribution of impaired somatosensation on postural control deficits in persons with MS.
Cryoablation in fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA): a minimally invasive treatment option.

Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA) is a complex vascular malformation that typically presents with persistent pain, discomfort, contracture and other disabling symptoms. There are no minimally invasive treatment options to effectively control these symptoms. Image-guided percutaneous cryoablation, which has been used to control pain in people with cancer, could be used for similar indications in FAVA. To assess the role of image-guided percutaneous cryoablation for control of symptoms in FAVA lesions. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 20 children and young adults with FAVA who underwent percutaneous cryoablation at 26 sites, from September 2013 to August 2015. The outcome was based on the brief pain inventory scoring (BPI), concurrent symptoms, clinical response and patient satisfaction. After cryoablation there was significant improvement in pain, which dropped by 3 points (pain now) to 3.7 points (pain in the last 24 h). Most patients indicated that pain interfered less in their everyday social life. Concurrent symptoms like swelling, physical limitations and skin hyperesthesia also improved. Clinical response was greatest at 2–5 months follow-up after cryoablation, with acceptable patient satisfaction thereafter. Technical response was 100%. There were no major complications. Image-guided percutaneous cryoablation is a safe and effective option for treatment of symptomatic FAVA lesions.
The Flight Songs of Common Yellowthroats: Description and Causation

The flight songs of Common Yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) consist of three sections: 1) a series of short duration notes that extend over a wide range of frequencies, 2) a portion of the perch song, and 3) a complex series of notes and phrases that also extend over a wide range of frequencies. The initial and terminal sections provide information about the location of the singer while the inclusion of a portion of the perch song permits individual recognition by conspecifics. During these songs, males flew to a mean height of 5.5 m, enhancing the transmission of the vocal signal. Flight songs were uttered at similar rates throughout the breeding season, with no difference in rates before and after pairing. Most flight songs were performed when males were not interacting with conspecific males, suggesting that such songs play little or no role in territorial defense. Male yellowthroats did perform significantly more flight songs when I was present in their territories, suggesting that these songs are performed in response to the presence of potential predators. Such songs may simultaneously warn mates and direct the attention of the predator to the male.
Controlled Synthesis of AlN/GaN Multiple Quantum Well Nanowire Structures and Their Optical Properties

We report the controlled synthesis of AlN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) radial nanowire heterostructures by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. The structure consists of a single-crystal GaN nanowire core and an epitaxially grown (AlN/GaN)m (m = 3, 13) MQW shell. Optical excitation of individual MQW nanowires yielded strong, blue-shifted photoluminescence in the range 340–360 nm, with respect to the GaN near band-edge emission at 368.8 nm. Cathodoluminescence analysis on the cross-sectional MQW nanowire samples showed that the blue-shifted ultraviolet luminescence originated from the GaN quantum wells, while the defect-associated yellow luminescence was emitted from the GaN core. Computational simulation provided a quantitative analysis of the mini-band energies in the AlN/GaN superlattices and suggested the observed blue-shifted emission corresponds to the interband transitions between the second subbands of GaN, as a result of quantum confinement and strain effect in these AlN/GaN MQW nanowire struc...
Systems Theory and the Communist System

There is now a relatively large and growing literature on the use of systems theory in political science and in international relations. A significant part of that inquiry has concerned the usefulness of systems theory as a tool with which to study regional groupings of states-known also as subordinate systems or as subsystems. Although the Communist system has been studied from the point of view of its organizational characteristics,' no attempts have been made, to this writer's knowledge, to apply systems theory to the study of the Communist system. The purpose of this article is to consider whether there are any gains to be obtained from analyzing what we know of Communist affairs in terms of systems theory. Several characteristics of international Communism make application of systems theory both more interesting and more difficult than is the case with other regional systems. For one thing, there is the problem of whether to focus only on those states whose governments are Communist or, alternatively, to look at all Communist
LENS CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY AND CATARACT FORMATION.

SummaryAnalyses of rat lenses just before and just after the appearance of diabetic or galactose cataracts demonstrate that this event is accompanied by an abrupt disruption of the cell membranes of the lens. The concentrations of polyol, glucose and fructose in the lens approach those in the blood; and the extracellular space as determined with radioactive sorbitol is markedly increased. It is suggested that chemical changes in the cell membrane may hold the clue to the etiological mechanism of cataract formation.
Landscape in Motion: Nostalgia and Urban Redevelopment in Ed Ruscha’s Then & Now: Hollywood Boulevard, 1973-2004

Ed Ruscha’s photo book Then & Now: Hollywood Boulevard, 1973-2004 consists of two continuous photographic panoramas of the north and south sides of the eponymous street taken thirty years apart. Th...
Mainstreaming in American Music Education Journals (1960–1989): An Analysis

The purpose of this study was to explore the reaction of the music education community to Section 504 and PL 94-142 regarding mainstreaming practices. A content analysis was conducted for the artic...
Sentence Planning for Realtime Navigational Instruction

In the current work, we focus on systems that provide incremental directions and monitor the progress of mobile users following those directions. Such directions are based on dynamic quantities like the visibility of reference points and their distance from the user. An intelligent navigation assistant might take advantage of the user's mobility within the setting to achieve communicative goals, for example, by repositioning him to a point from which a description of the target is easier to produce. Calculating spatial variables over a corpus of human-human data developed for this study, we trained a classifier to detect contexts in which a target object can be felicitously described. Our algorithm matched the human subjects with 86% precision.
Sleep, Breathing, and Neurological Disorders

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the interrelationship among sleep, breathing, and neurological disorders. Most of the anatomic structures that control sleep and breathing are located in the central nervous system (CNS). These regions are influenced not only by other CNS structures but also by inputs from the peripheral neuromuscular system and other body systems. It is common to encounter in practice a variety of neurologic disorders that affect sleep and breathing. It is not only important to understand that the neurologic illnesses may affect sleep and breathing but also that alterations of sleep and breathing may adversely affect the natural history of a neurologic disorder. A number of excellent sources provide systematic descriptions of the effects of neurologic lesions on the pattern and control of breathing. This chapter describes the way sleep, sleep disorders, and breathing interact with the brain and other neural structures and discusses how dysfunctions result in sleep and sleep-related breathing disturbances. The chapter also discusses clinical manifestations, laboratory assessment, and treatment of sleep and breathing disorders that accompany neurologic illnesses.
Mergers, Merger Control, and Remedies: A Response to the FTC Critique

It has now been two years since publication of my research monograph Mergers, Merger Control, and Remedies: A Retrospective Analysis of U.S. Policy (MIT Press, 2015; hereafter MMCR). During this time, the book has received attention from economists and lawyers, from policymakers in the U.S. and elsewhere, from think tanks and consultants, from reporters and others. This has been due in part to the fact that the focus of the research – mergers, their effects, and their control – have become matters of wider public concern in the U.S. economy. MMCR also received attention since its methodology – distilling the results of careful studies of mergers – was relatively novel and also since its findings included a number of conclusions that ran counter to some strongly held opinions. I therefore expected it to be challenged, and that challenge has now come from the Federal Trade Commission. In this review and update, I will first provide a brief overview of what my book in fact says, and then respond to the FTC’s various criticisms of its methodology and conclusions. I acknowledge an oversight that affects the strength of one conclusion, but otherwise, as I will show, there is nothing in the FTC critique that undermines the methodology or alters the conclusions of the book. Indeed, that critique makes clear the fundamental objectivity and strength of the underlying research.
Distributed Voltage Control in Distribution Networks: Online and Robust Implementations

Voltage regulation in distribution networks is increasingly challenged by the penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs). This paper develops a distributed voltage control (DVC) scheme to achieve the globally optimal settings of reactive power provided by DERs’ power electronic interfaces. Based on unbalanced network flow modeling, the alternating direction method of multipliers algorithm is used to develop the proposed distributed design. To simplify the communication network, the power flow coupling is linearized to involve only neighboring buses. Interestingly, this linear approximation model enjoys a satisfactory performance and allows to exchange information only between neighboring buses. The DVC design is further improved for online implementations that can efficiently adapt to time-varying operating conditions. Last, to cope with cyber resource constraints, we slightly change the DVC design using a “freezing strategy” for unavailable variables due to link failures with guaranteed convergence. Numerical simulations using realistic multi-phase feeders and daily generation/load time-series have validated our analytical results and demonstrated the performance improved by the proposed DVC designs.
Exploring Public Relations Challenges in Compounding Crises: The Pariah Effect of Toxic Trailers

This study examined the distinct exigency of a compounding crisis, a crisis that occurs in close succession to another (potentially unrelated) crisis before an organization has had the opportunity ...
Student experiences of interprofessional simulation: Findings from a qualitative study

Interprofessional simulation provides healthcare profession students an opportunity to collaborate in a team. The purpose of this study was to examine student perspectives of an interprofessional simulation experience within the fields of nursing, physical therapy, nutrition, and social work. An exploratory case study design was employed, using open-ended interview questions post-simulation to generate information about the student's perceptions of the experience. Based on the content analysis of reflection articles submitted by 100 students across professions, three themes emerged from the data: increased understanding of the role of other professionals, increased sense of confidence and ability to improve patient outcomes, and increased appreciation for inter-professional simulation as a valuable learning experience. Participants felt a sense of comfort in working as a team, which in turn fostered confidence in their own role. This is an important finding, as confidence in one's own role in conjunction with increased willingness to work in a team is a powerful force for changing the ways in which professions interact with one another. Interprofessional simulation is a teaching strategy that shows great promise for promoting teamwork among the healthcare professions.
Beyond "Lots of Hugs and Kisses": Expressions of Parental Love From Parents and Their Young Children in Two-Parent, Financially Stable Families.

Given that parental love is essential for children's optimal development, the current study gathered examples of how parental love was demonstrated within parent-child relationships. Fifty-eight two-parent, financially stable families consisting of a mother, father, and young child (3-7 years old) from the Midwest were interviewed regarding how they demonstrated or perceived parental love. Results from an inductive thematic analysis revealed considerable variability in how parental love was demonstrated, with five themes emerging that overlapped between parents and their children: playing or doing activities together, demonstrating affection, creating structure, helping or supporting, and giving gifts or treats. Some gendered patterns among these themes were found with mothers emphasizing physical and verbal affection and fathers highlighting their more prominent role as playmates. The lay examples provided by parents and children in this exploratory study extend previous conceptualizations of parental love and underscore the importance of parents being attuned and responsive to the specific needs of their children.