cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intrusion detection in wireless ad-hoc networks

As the recent denial-of-service attacks on several major Internet sites have shown us, no open computer network is immune from intrusions. The wireless ad-hoc network is particularly vulnerable due to its features of open medium, dynamic changing topology, cooperative algorithms, lack of centralized monitoring and management point, and lack of a clear line of defense. Many of the intrusion detection techniques developed on a fixed wired network are not applicable in this new environment. How to do it differently and effectively is a challenging research problem. In this paper, we first examine the vulnerabilities of a wireless ad-hoc network, the reason why we need intrusion detection, and the reason why the current methods cannot be applied directly. We then describe the new intrusion detection and response mechanisms that we are developing for wireless ad-hoc networks.
Tetanus toxin binding to different morphological phenotypes of cultured rat and bovine adrenal medullary cells.

Abstract Tetanus toxin (TT) binding to cultured rat and bovine adrenal medullary cells has been investigated using indirect immunofluorescence and anti-dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) antibodies as a probe to identify catecholaminergic cells. TT binds to all rat adrenal medullary cells which display a neuronal phenotype induced by treatment with nerve growth factor and/or medium conditioned by C6 glioma cells. In contrast, 90–95% of the rounded DBH-positive cells are TT-negative, suggesting that in vitro-transdifferentiation of rat chromaffin cells alternates the expression of membrane properties. Cultured bovine chromaffin cells have no TT binding sites independent of their morphological phenotype.
Biochemical studies on the age-related toxicity of galactosamine in primary rat hepatocyte cultures.

Abstract Galactosamine (GalN) induces liver injury by depletion of uracil nucleotides. The objectives of this study were to investigate the age-related hepatotoxicity of GalN and to find out the mechanism(s) governing this toxicity in primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Hepatocyte cultures were established from foetal (day 20 of gestation), neonatal (3-day), adult (5-month) and aged (30-month) rat livers, and were exposed to 5 m m -GalN 24 hr after seeding. UDP-glucose (UDP-Glc), UDP-galactose (UDP-Gal) and glycogen were measured as indicators of disturbances in uracil nucleotides at 1, 12, 24, 48 and 60 hr after the addition of GalN. Additionally, UDP-glucosamine (UDP-GlcN) and UDP-galactosamine (UDP-GalN) were measured as uracil-trapping metabolites of GalN. Furthermore, the uptake of [ 3 H]GalN by hepatocyte cultures of different ages also was determined after incubation of cell cultures with radioactive GalN. UDP-Glc, UDP-Gal and glycogen were decreased significantly at 24, 48 and 60 hr after treatment of adult hepatocyte monolayers. Although the concentrations of UDP metabolites of glucose, galactose and glycogen were decreased in aged liver cells, the decreases were considerably smaller than those in the adult cells. Measurement of the same biochemicals in foetal and neonatal cells did not reveal any significant decrease in their concentrations. The uracil-trapping metabolites, UDP-GlcN and UDP-GalN, were detected at significant concentrations in adult hepatocytes. Although these metabolites were detected in cells of other ages, their levels were significantly lower than in the adult cells. Even though the uptake of [ 3 H]GalN by the cells reached a maximum at 30 min in all four ages, it was significantly higher in adult cells followed by aged, foetal and neonatal hepatocytes. A significantly lower uracil trapping by GalN metabolites in foetal and neonatal hepatocytes might be mitigated by further metabolism to non-toxic metabolites by foetal and neonatal cells. This could also be a direct result of much lower GalN uptake by these cells. These studies suggest that the age difference in GalN toxicity demonstrable in vitro may be related to the rate of GalN uptake and further metabolism of uracil-trapping metabolites such as UDP-GlcN and UDP-GalN.
Conversion of biomass into methane gas.

Land, marine and agricultural residues were subjected to a bioassay for an ultimate methane yield. Bioassays were performed in 250 ml serum bottles, incubated at 35°C. Methane yields were calculated from the percent methane in the gases formed and the total volume of gas produced. Methane yields from woody plants were lower in general than from other plant resource groups. High methane yields were obtained from several aquatic plants, some crop residues, and some root and tuber plants. Because of potentially high biomass productivity and high methane yields, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) and Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum L.) were selected for intensive study. Methane yield varied among different groups, various species within each group and different parts of the same plant species. Treatment of plants with various nutrients, especially N, during the growth period and the age of the plants at harvesting time affected the methane production.
A Group Program for Helping Siblings of Children With Cancer

Although the presence of childhood cancer threatens the equilibrium of the entire family, perhaps the most profoundly affected are the healthy siblings, who often suffer from a lack of knowledge as well as from feelings of abandonment, anger, resentment, sadness, and guilt. This article describes a model of intervention that provides education and support to the siblings of pediatric cancer patients, with a focus on promoting more successful coping and more open family communication.
PMU-Based Model-Free Approach for Real-Time Rotor Angle Monitoring

In this letter, we present an algorithm for rotor angle stability monitoring of power system in real-time. The proposed algorithm is model-free and can make use of high resolution phasor measurement units (PMUs) data to provide reliable, timely information about the system's stability. The theoretical basis behind the proposed algorithm is adopted from dynamical systems theory. In particular, the algorithm approximately computes the system's Lyapunov exponent (LE), thereby measuring the exponential convergence or divergence rate of the rotor angle trajectories. The LE serves as a certificate of stability where the positive (negative) value of the LE implies exponential divergence (convergence) of nearby system trajectories, hence, unstable (stable) rotor angle dynamics. We also show the proposed model-free algorithm can be used for the identification of the coherent sets of generators. The simulation results are presented to verify the developed results in the paper on the modified IEEE 162-bus system.
A Quizzical Look at Authors of New Jersey

Kirk reports on what he learned when he and his wife compilied a checklist of New Jersey authors for the New Jersey Association of Teachers of English.
The effect of ordering on lattice heat capacities ordered and disordered AuCu

Abstract Heat capacities of the AuCu3 alloy in both the ordered and disordered states have been measured between 20 and 298 K by isothermal calorimetry. At low temperatures the ordered state has a lower Cp by up to 6 per cent. This is in accord with expectation that the stronger chemical bonds have a lower vibrational heat capacity. However, above 130 K, the ordered state has a slightly higher heat capacity. It is suggested that this may be due to a dilational contribution to Cp.
PRELIMINARY STUDIES OF SEASONALITY, ECOLOGY, AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF ULVOID ALGAL BLOOMS IN WASHINGTON STATE

Blooms of green macroalgae can devastate important finfish and shellfish habitats. Ulvaria obscura, a relatively unstudied green alga, is a major contributor to these blooms in the San Juan Islands, Washington State, USA. The biomass and productivity of this and other ulvoid algae were measured seasonally for two years. Experiments comparing the growth rates, responses to desiccation, photoacclimation, and grazer preference of U. obscura and Ulva fenestrata were conducted. Ulvaria blooms tended to occur in the subtidal while Ulva blooms were often intertidal. Both genera bloomed between late June and September. Despite their superficial similarity, Ulvaria and Ulva display markedly different physiological and ecological responses. Ulva was capable of faster growth, had higher rates of photosynthesis, and was more desiccation tolerant than Ulvaria. Ulvaria, however, appears to be more resistant to grazing than Ulva.
The Analog Behavior of Digital Integrated Circuits

The analog behavior of digital VLSI circuits is investigated. A theory based on nonlinear Thevenin equivalent circuits and RC ladder networks is developed. We obtain closed form expressions for the upper and lower bounds on propagation delay through a string of inverters. We generalize this to multiple-input, multiple-output gates and show that the problem of estimating signal propagation delays in VLSI circuits may be reduced to the problem of summing the step responses of a set of linear RC networks. As well as having implications for a computationally efficient timing simulator, the theory begins the formalization of the fundamental properties of digital integrated circuits.
Validating Distinct Knowledge Assets: A Capability Perspective

Identification and measurement of organizational knowledge management capabilities is necessary to determine the extent to which an organization utilizes its knowledge assets. We developed and operationalized a set of constructs to measure capabilities associated with management of knowledge assets identified as distinct knowledge capabilities (KCs) comprising the overall knowledge management (KM) capability of an organizational unit. Each KC represents a distinct kind of knowledge that requires different organizational process and technological support. This delineation of knowledge allows targeted improvement to a specific KC. We present validation of these capability constructs with empirical evidence from two separate business units in a large semi-conductor manufacturing company, providing the basis of measurement standardization for KM capability improvement. Confirmatory factor analysis affirmed four KCs, each identified as an overall factor influencing a set of latent descriptor variables. Second order and general-specific structural equation models of each capability provide evidence as to the validity of measurement of these knowledge assets.
Adrenal Steroids and the Maintenance of a Circadian Distribution of Paradoxical Sleep in Rats

From continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings with electrodes permanently implanted in the brain, the 24-hr circadian distribution of paradoxical sleep (PS) was determined in unanesthetized rats shifted to a 1-hr lighting cycle (30 min light–30 min dark), and the influences of gonadal and adrenal steroids were studied. Under these conditions neither estrogen (5 μg estradiol benzoate/day, sc) nor progesterone (40–500 μg/day) affected the total amount of PS, its tendency to occur predominantly during the dark half of the hourly light cycle, or its diurnal distribution over the 24-hr day in 6 ovariectomized rats. Adrenalectomy abolished the circadian rhythm of PS distribution. In adrenalectomized rats the administration of cortisol (1 mg/100 g/day, sc, late afternoon) re-established a circadian rhythm but it was almost completely out of phase with the original rhythm. Neither the total 24-hr daily amount of PS nor its predilection for the dark half of the hourly light cycle was altered by adrenale...
Ketogenic Diets and Thermal Pain: Dissociation of Hypoalgesia, Elevated Ketones, and Lowered Glucose in Rats

Ketogenic diets (KDs) are high-fat, low-carbohydrate formulations effective in treating medically refractory epilepsy, and recently we demonstrated lowered sensitivity to thermal pain in rats fed a KD for 3 to 4 weeks. Regarding anticonvulsant and hypoalgesic mechanisms, theories are divided as to direct effects of increased ketones and/or decreased glucose, metabolic hallmarks of these diets. To address this point, we characterized the time course of KD-induced thermal hypoalgesia, ketosis, and lowered glucose in young male rats fed ad libitum on normal chow or KDs. A strict 6.6:1 (fat:(carbohydrates 1 protein), by weight) KD increased blood ketones and reduced blood glucose by 2 days of feeding, but thermal hypoalgesia did not appear until 10 days. Thus, ketosis and decreased glucose are not sufficient for hypoalgesia. After feeding a 6.6:1 KD for 19 days, decreased thermal pain sensitivity and changes in blood chemistry reversed 1 day after return to normal chow. Effects were consistent between 2 different diet formulations: a more mod- erate and clinically relevant KD formula (3.0:1) produced hypoalgesia and similar changes in blood chemistry as the 6.6:1 diet, thus increasing translational potential. Furthermore, feeding the 3.0:1 diet throughout an extended protocol (10-11 weeks) revealed that significant hypoalgesia and in- creased ketones persisted whereas low glucose did not, demonstrating that KD-induced hypoalgesia does not depend on reduced glucose. In separate experiments we determined that effects on thermal pain responses were not secondary to motor or cognitive changes. Together, these findings dissociate diet-related changes in nociception from direct actions of elevated ketones or decreased glucose, and suggest mechanisms with a slower onset in this paradigm. Overall, our data indicate that metabolic approaches can relieve pain. Perspective: Chronic pain is a common and debilitating condition. We show that a KD, a high-fat, very low carbohydrate diet well known for treating epilepsy, lowers sensitivity to thermal pain in rats. This reduced pain is not temporally correlated with hallmark diet-induced changes in blood glucose and ketones.
English Attitudes Toward the Relationship Between the Renaissance and the Reformation

The terms “Reformation” and “Renaissance” have acquired such currency that they have come to be accepted as denoting what really and truly happened, and in fact, the words themselves are regarded as the guarantee of the actuality of the phenomena they merely have been coined to describe. The matter of defining accurately and precisely the meaning of both the Reformation and the Renaissance has occasioned so large and disputatious a body of scholarship that it is with some trepidation that I add another, question to an already sufficiently vexing problem. For not only must the meaning of the Reformation and the Renaissance be defined in themselves but the relationship between them must be clearly stated as well. The fact of the matter is that the relationship between the two has an existence and nature as real and as significant as they have in themselves, for since the one without the other is impossible of full definition, what then is the exact relationship between them? What are the origins of this relationship and how did it develop and come to be regarded? I have tried to answer these questions in this paper; to simplify the story somewhat I have confined the study to English materials.
An analytical solution describing retrograde viral transport in an axon

Abstract An analytical solution representing a wave of viral concentration as it propagates from the axon synapse toward the neuron soma is obtained. The obtained solution is based on a model of molecular motor-assisted retrograde transport of a neurotropic virus in an axon of a peripheral nervous system. It is established that the velocity of the viral concentration wave is almost independent of the rate of viral destruction in the axon, but depends on viral diffusivity, especially right after viral uptake at the synapse, when viral concentration gradient is large. As time progresses, the velocity of the viral concentration wave approaches that of a dynein motor, which indicates that for a large time viral transport in an axon is almost exclusively motor-driven.
Genetic studies and molecular markers of bladder cancer.

Target genes implicated in cellular transformation and tumor progression have been divided into two categories: proto-oncogenes which, when activated, become dominant events characterized by the gain of function, and tumor suppressor genes which become recessive events characterized by the loss of function. Alterations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes seem equally prevalent among human cancers. Multiple mutations appear to be required to conform the malignant phenotype. Proto-oncogenes are activated mainly by point mutations; however, amplification and translocation events are also common. Tumor suppressor genes are inactivated by an allelic loss followed by a point mutation of the remaining allele. The prototype suppressor genes are the retinoblastoma (RB) gene and the TP53 (also known as p53) genes. Recent studies have shown that inactivation of TP53 and RB occur in bladder tumors that have a more aggressive clinical outcome and poor prognosis. We will review the molecular abnormalities associated with both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in bladder tumors, and also discuss the potential clinical use of their detection. The implementation of objective predictive assays to identify these alterations in clinical material will enhance our ability to assess tumor biological activities and to design effective treatment regimes.Semin. Surg. Oncol. 13:319-327, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Physiological variations in satellite components of yeast DNA detected by density gradient centrifugation.

Abstract In order to study changes in the molecular properties of yeast DNA during both vegetative growth and meiosis, we have explored density gradient centrifugation of protoplast lysates as a means of isolating DNA in a relatively undegraded condition. Application of this approach to several strains of Saccharomyces revealed that the main nuclear component was usually accompanied by two minor satellites which varied in amount during growth. One of these corresponded to the recently described low density mitochondrial DNA (Tewari et al. , 1965) and was absent from the two cytoplasmic “petite” mutants examined. The second minor component had a higher bouyant density than the main nuclear DNA and was present in the “petite” mutants.
EFFECTS OF PRAISE AND REPRIMAND ON THE TOPOGRAPHY AND PROBABILITY OF OCCURRENCE OF STEREOTYPIES IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN

7 autistic children were observed while participating in discrimination learning tasks. Ratings of the topography of their stereotypies were recorded following the administration of praise or repri...
Quantum Interference of Electron Waves in a Normal Metal

Using a very pure single crystal of magnesium we have observed large-amplitude oscillations in the transverse magnetoresistance which result from the direct interference of normal-state electron waves. The amplitudes of these interference oscillations appear to be independent of the $\mathrm{kT}$ broadening of the Fermi distribution. The primary result of our experiment shows that these waves are phase coherent at 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K over macroscopic distances of at least 0.01 mm; this corresponds to a quasiparticle lifetime of at least 2 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$ sec.
Diffusion of water in vitreous silica

Abstract Hydroxyl has been removed from three different commercial vitreous silicas at temperatures between 500 and 1100°C. The results indicate a change in activation energy with temperature. This change may be due to a change in the dehydroxylation mechanism with temperature or due to a change in the fictive temperature during treatment. The entry of water into five commercial silica glasses has been studied between 800 and 1000°C. A change in the solubility as a function of time at 1000°C is evident. A comparison of the results for the entry and removal of water is made.
The Development of a New Concept for Control of the Clear Lake Gnat

A new approach to control or the Clear Lake gnat, Chaoborus astictopus Dyar and Shannon, was developed and field tested. This control was based on the use of selective doses of insecticide to kill the susceptible larval stages of the gnat, without exceeding aceeptable levels in drinking water or causing any apparent damage to wildlife. Methyl parathion was used at doses of 2.3 and 3.8 ppb, applied at intervals to Clear Lake to achieve this. Procedures used and dose-mortality values obtained for various compounds on first- and fourth-instar gnat larvae and bluegill sunfish are presented, as are application methods and equipment.
A Review of: “Rashid Khalidi. Resurrecting Empire.”

In Resurrecting Empire, Rashid Khalidi attempts to explain the lens through which Arabs and Iranians view U.S. policies and actions in the Middle East. He argues that U.S. policymakers ignored the ...
Flow cytometric evaluation of ovarian cancer

Background. Despite recent advances in the treatment of ovarian cancer, the long-term pragnosis for patients with this malignancy appears to depend more on tumor prognostic factors than on treatment regimens. The traditionally used prognostic factors are often subjective and, currently, have not been sufficient to determine individual patient prognosis. Methods. Newer techniques of quantitative cytologic testing, including flow cytometry, facilitate the objective evaluation of tumor cell heterogeneity and the identification of additional prognostic factors
Gamma-aminobutyric acid and somatostatin immunoreactivity in the visual cortex of normal and dark-reared rats

Abstract Our previous single unit and ultrastructural studies of visual cortex of dark-reared rats revealed an impairment of intracortical inhibitory mechanisms [2,3,5]. Neurochemical changes in inhibitory neurotransmitter and/or neuropeptides, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and somatostatin (SS), respectively, may contribute to the observed alterations. The present study was designed to measure GABA and SS alterations in the visual cortex of the same dark-reared preparation, as possible neurochemical correlates of the changes seen both physiologically and anatomically in previous companion studies. In the present investigation the mean densities of GABA-and SS-immunoreactive neurons in area 17 of dark-reared rats were determined and compared to the density of those of rats reared in normal lighting conditions. Dark-rearing resulted in a significant decrease in the density of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in all cell layers of are 17 of the rat visual cortex; not limited to the thalamorecipient layer(s). There was also a higher mean density of total cortical cells in dark-reared animals. No differences, however, were seen in the density of SS-immunoreactive neurons. The alterations of GABA-immunoreactive neurons in all cortical layers agree with the altered synaptic ultrastructure and physiological responses seen in all cortical layers as reported in our previous companion studies. Taken together, these studies further support the notion of a deficit in intracortical inhibitory mechanisms in the visual cortex of dark-reared adult rats.
Photoperiod Control of Gibberellin Levels and Flowering in Sorghum

Regulation of rhythmic peaks in levels of endogenous gibberellins (GAs) by photoperiod was studied in the short-day monocot sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench). Comparisons were made between three maturity (Ma) genotypes: 58M ( Ma 1 Ma 1 , Ma 2 Ma 2 , phyB-1phyB-1 , and Ma 4 Ma 4 [a phytochrome B null mutant]); 90M ( Ma 1 Ma 1 , Ma 2 Ma 2 , phyB-2phyB-2 , and Ma 4 Ma 4 ); and 100M ( Ma 1 Ma 1 , Ma 2 Ma 2 , PHYBPHYB , and Ma 4 Ma 4 ). Plants were grown for 14 d under 10-, 14-, 16-, 18-, and 20-h photoperiods, and GA levels were assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry every 3 h for 24 h. Under inductive 10-h photoperiods, the peak of GA 20 and GA 1 levels in 90M and 100M was shifted from midday, observed earlier with 12-h photoperiods, to an early morning peak, and flowering was hastened. In addition, the early morning peaks in levels of GA 20 and GA 1 in 58M under conditions allowing early flowering (10-, 12-, and 14-h photoperiods) were shifted to midday by noninductive (18- and 20-h) photoperiods, and flowering was delayed. These results are consistent with the possibility that the diurnal rhythm of GA levels plays a role in floral initiation and may be one way by which the absence of phytochrome B causes early flowering in 58M under most photoperiods.
A dendrimer-based nanosized contrast agent dual-labeled for magnetic resonance and optical fluorescence imaging to localize the sentinel lymph node in mice

Purpose To preoperatively and intraoperatively localize the sentinel lymph node (SLN), a single hybrid probe for MR and near infrared (NIR) optical imaging was synthesized and tested. Materials and Methods A macromolecular MR/NIR optical contrast agent was synthesized based on a ∼191 gadolinium-labeled contrast agent using generation-6 polyamidoamine dendrimer (G6), which is also labeled with 2 Cy5.5, an NIR fluorophore. After establishing the optimal dose, the agent was injected into mammary glands of 10 normal mice to examine the lymphatic drainage from the breast using a 3T clinical scanner. Immediately after the MRI scan, NIR optical imaging and image-guided surgery were performed to compare the two imaging modalities. Results To consistently identify the SLNs, we needed to inject 25 μL of 30 mM [Gd] G6-Cy5.5. All SLNs could be easily identified and resected under NIR optical imaging-guided surgery. Although external NIR optical imaging failed to identify SLNs close to the injection site due to shinethrough, MR lymphography (MRL) consistently identified all SLNs regardless of their location. Conclusion We have successfully synthesized and tested a dual labeled MR/NIR optical hybrid contrast agent, G6-Cy5.5 for reoperative and intraoperative localization of SLNs. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mechanical properties of the integument of the common gartersnake, Thamnophis sirtalis (Serpentes: Colubridae)

The evolution of the ophidian feeding mechanism has involved substantial morphological restructuring associated with the ability to ingest relatively large prey. Previous studies examining the morphological consequences of macrophagy have concentrated on modifications of the skull and cephalic musculature. Although it is evident that macrophagy requires highly compliant skin, the mechanical properties of the ophidian integument have received limited attention, particularly in the context of feeding. We examined mechanical properties of skin along the body axis in Thamnophis sirtalis (Colubridae). Data were collected from tensile tests and were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post-hoc multiple comparison tests. Significant differences in mechanical properties were detected among regions of the body. In general, prepyloric skin is more compliant than postpyloric skin, consistent with the demands of macrophagy.
Perceptions of Parents of Handicapped Children About School and Parent‐Teacher Partnership

Abstract This study examined the perceptions of parents of exceptional students concerning their child's problems and the educational services provided; the nature and extent of their involvement in school; levels of satisfaction; needs and recommendations. Three hundred and twenty‐five parents of five categories of exceptional students responded to a 30‐item questionnaire; findings revealed that while parents tended to have an accurate perception of both their child's problems and the services provided, they perceived themselves as having low levels of involvement in school, including IEP meetings. Nevertheless, the majority were very satisfied with the child's education. Information and training needs were identified, together with parent recommendations. Some significant differences by type of exceptionality were found. The article concludes with discussion of training needs for both parents and educators.
An Unusual Case: Testing for Fetal Trisomy Abnormalities in Maternal Blood at 33‐Week Gestation

Childbearing Poster Presentation Background In 1997, the detection of fetal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in maternal circulation suggested the future of noninvasive prenatal testing. It is estimated that 95% of all women opt for prenatal screening. Reasons may include the desire to prepare for the birth of an affected child; preparation for the possibility of an in utero or neonatal death; planning for the time, mode, and place of delivery; planning for specialists to care for the affected child; and options for termination. Invasive tests carry a risk of injury to the fetus and are not 100% accurate. Fetal DNA testing for aneuploidy has been reported to have 98% to 99% specificity. Case Our patient was transferred to us at 33‐week gestation when an ultrasound detected anhydramnios. Genetic testing was offered multiple times due to known fetal anomalies, but she declined. Amniocentesis was no longer an option secondary to anhydramnios; however, trisomy 18 was suspected, so prenatal diagnosis for confirmation of diagnosis was recommended. Transabdominal chorionic villi sampling (CVS) was attempted but unsuccessful because only maternal cells were obtained. A relatively new procedure to test the maternal blood for fetal DNA to detect aneuploidy abnormalities was considered a solution. Ultrasound indicated a single umbilical artery, cleft lip, abnormal kidneys, absent bladder, and rocker bottom feet. The patient was counseled regarding the significant risk of neonatal death in the case of trisomy 18 but insisted on full resuscitative measures and a cesarean section for fetal distress. Ironically, she had a Category I fetal monitor strip, and the biophysical profile score was 2/10. Karyotyping of the newborn indicated Turner Syndrome and trisomy 16. Conclusion This was our first encounter with transabdominal CVS and fetal DNA testing in maternal blood. We are interested in the impact on the future.
Prevalence of Lower Genital Tract Infections Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)—Seropositive and High-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women

This study was undertaken to assess whether the prevalence of lower genital tract infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive women was higher than among high-risk HIV-seronegative women at their baseline visit for the HIV Epidemiology Research Study. Results were available for 851 HIV-seropositive and 434 HIV-seronegative women. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection was more prevalent among HIV-seropositive women (64% vs. 28%). Bacterial vaginosis was common (35% vs. 33%), followed by trichomoniasis (12% vs. 10%), syphilis (8% vs. 6%), Chlamydia trachomatis infection (4% vs. 5%), candidal vaginitis (3% vs. 2%), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection (0.8% vs. 0.3%). Alcohol use (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1. 3-2.4) and smoking (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5) were associated with bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.4), trichomoniasis (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.7), and syphilis (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.4) were found to be more prevalent among black women. Our study showed no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of lower genital tract infections except for HPV between HIV-infected and demographically and behaviorally similar HIV-uninfected high-risk women.
An Intricate Network of Conserved DNA Upstream Motifs and Associated Transcription Factors Regulate the Expression of Uromodulin Gene

Purpose: Uromodulin is a kidney specific glycoprotein whose expression can modulate kidney homeostasis. However, the set of sequence specific transcription factors that regulate the uromodulin gene UMOD and their upstream binding locations are not well characterized. We built a high resolution map of its transcriptional regulation.Materials and Methods: We applied in silico phylogenetic footprinting on the upstream regulatory regions of a diverse set of human UMOD orthologs to identify conserved binding motifs and corresponding position specific weight matrices. We further analyzed the predicted binding motifs by motif comparison, which identified transcription factors likely to bind these discovered motifs. Predicted transcription factors were then integrated with experimentally known protein-protein interactions available from public databases and tissue specific expression resources to delineate important regulators controlling UMOD expression.Results: Analysis allowed the identification of a reliable ...
What difference do bystanders make? The association of bystander involvement with victim outcomes in a community sample

OBJECTIVE: To fill gaps in the bystander literature by describing patterns of bystander involvement and associations between bystander involvement and victim outcomes across different types of emotional, physical, and sexual victimizations and to expand these considerations to a rural rather than urban sample. METHOD: Adults and adolescents (n = 1,703) were surveyed about bystander actions, bystander safety, and victim outcomes (injury, disrupted routine, fear level, and current mental health) for 10 forms of victimization. RESULTS: Bystanders were present for roughly 2 thirds of most victimization types (59% to 67%), except sexual victimization (17%). Relatives were the most common bystanders of family violence and friends or acquaintances were the most common bystanders of peer violence. For all 10 victimizations, more bystanders helped than harmed the situation, but most commonly had no impact. Rates of bystander harm for sexual victimizations were higher than for other types. Especially for peer-perpetrated incidents, victim outcomes were often better when bystanders helped. Bystander safety (unharmed and unthreatened) was consistently associated with better victim outcomes. CONCLUSION: Bystanders witness the majority of physical and psychological victimizations. These data lend support to the premise of many prevention programs that helpful bystanders are associated with more positive victim outcomes. Bystander prevention should focus on the type of bystanders most commonly present and should teach bystanders ways to stay safe while helping victims. Language: en
Effects of sleep deprivation on wound healing

Sleep deprivation is widely regarded as a stressor and has been shown to have significant effects on host defences. Severely sleep-deprived rats develop lesions on their paws and tails, suggesting possible deficits in the healing process. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of rapid eye-movement (REM) sleep deprivation (RSD) on wound healing in a rat model. Male dark-hooded Long-Evans rats, 2-4 months old, were subjected to dorsal application of two sterile punch biopsies, each 3.5 mm in size. Biopsies were performed either immediately before or immediately after 5 days of sleep deprivation. Wound healing in REM sleep-deprived animals was compared with home cage control and yoked control animals. RSD did not produce differences in the rate of healing, regardless of the timing of the biopsy punch. RSD does not appear to have significant effects on wound healing and thus appears to act differently from other types of stressors on wound healing.
An improved procedure for the conversion of3,3-disubstituted-1,4-cyclohexadienes to 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ones

Abstract The bis-allylic oxidations of 1,4-cyclohexadienes with tert -butyl hydroperoxide and pyridinium dichromate give 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ones in good to excellent yields.
Proteolytic cleavage and cell wall anchoring at the LPXTG motif of surface proteins in Gram-positive bacteria

Many surface proteins are thought to be anchored to the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria via their C-terminus. Cell wall anchoring requires a specific sorting signal, normally located at the predicted C-terminus of surface proteins. Here we show that when placed into the middle of a polypeptide chain, the sorting signal causes the specific cleavage of the precursor as well as the cell wall anchoring of its N-terminal fragment, while the C-terminal fragment remains within the cytoplasm. N-terminal sequencing of the C-terminal cleavage fragment suggests that the cleavage site is located between threonine (T) and glycine (G) of the LPXTG motif, the signature sequence of cell wall sorting signals. All surface proteins harbouring an LPXTG sequence motif may therefore be cleaved and anchored by a universal mechanism. We also propose a novel hypothesis for the cell wall linkage of surface proteins in Gram-positive bacteria.
Categorical vs dimensional classifications of psychotic disorders

Objective Both categorical and dimensional methods appear relevant to classifying psychotic disorders; however, there is no clear consensus on the most appropriate categories and dimensions or on the best approach for constructing nosologic criteria that integrate these 2 methods. This review examines the evidence on specific dimensions and categories that would best characterize psychoses.
Impact of the Village Health and Sanitation Committee on health-care utilisation: findings from propensity score matching in India

Abstract Background In order to improve the availability, accessibility, quality, and use of the public health system, the Government of India has engaged the community and local population in planning and monitoring health service delivery in rural areas. The Indian Government instituted the Village Health and Sanitation Committee (VHSC), which serves as a forum for village planning and monitoring. This study evaluates the impact of these village-level bodies on utilisation of health services in Indian villages. Methods The paper analyses the third waves of the District Level Household Survey (DLHS) implemented in 2007–08. DLHS is the only health survey that is representative at the district level. The evaluation uses a quasi-experimental method, propensity score matching, to separate the causal effect of VHSC on utilisation of health services. Several village-level and individual-level characteristics are used to find a control village comparable to the treatment village. Findings Preliminary results indicate that 29% (6554/22 824) of the Indian villages instituted VHSC by 2008. Households in VHSC villages are more likely to seek modern care and visit health facilities than are those in non-VHSC villages. VHSC participants are significantly more likely to visit modern health facilities when their children are sick with either fever or diarrhoea. In-facility births are also higher in the treated villages after controlling for socioeconomic confounding variables. The percentage of women seeking antenatal and postnatal care is also higher in VHSC villages than in non-VHSC villages. All these results are statistically significant at the 95% level, although data are preliminary. Interpretation The National Rural Health Mission aims to empower the community and local bodies to take leadership of health and sanitation issues at the local level. Grassroots community bodies such as VHSC are important steps in decentralising policy formulation and community participation. Community-based participatory methods have emerged as a response to conventional approaches that historically have failed to make notable improvement in population health in developing countries. Funding None.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Crowning the Nice Girl: Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture in Hawai`i's Cherry Blossom Festival. Christine R. Yano. Honolulu: University of Hawai`i Press, 2006. 294 pp.
Enantioselective Epoxide Polymerization Using a Bimetallic Cobalt Catalyst

A highly active enantiopure bimetallic cobalt complex was explored for the enantioselective polymerization of a variety of monosubstituted epoxides. The polymerizations were optimized for high rates and stereoselectivity, with s-factors (kfast/kslow) for most epoxides exceeding 50 and some exceeding 300, well above the threshold for preparative utility of enantiopure epoxides and isotactic polyethers. Values for mm triads of the resulting polymers are typically greater than 95%, with some even surpassing 98%. In addition, the use of a racemic catalyst allowed the preparation of isotactic polyethers in quantitative yields. The thermal properties of these isotactic polyethers are presented, with many polymers exhibiting high Tm values. This is the first report of the rapid synthesis of a broad range of highly isotactic polyethers via the enantioselective polymerization of racemic epoxides.
Hospice in End-of-Life Patients With Cancer: Does It Lead to Changes in Nonhospice Health Care Utilization After Stopping Cancer Treatment?

This study assessed the patterns of nonhospice health care utilization among 207 deceased cancer patients and focused on outcomes after cancer treatment was stopped. A total of 117 (57%) were enrolled in hospice. The mean cumulative number of emergency department visits, hospitalizations, or other noncancer clinic visits (standard deviation) among those enrolled and not enrolled in hospice was 1.8 (± 1.8) and 3.11 (± 3.0), respectively (P < .0001). Among hospice enrollees, the mean cumulative visits (standard deviation) was 1.29 (± 1.7) and 0.5 (± 1.0) before and after enrollment, respectively (P < .0001). For patients who eventually enrolled, the rates of nonhospice health care visits (visits per week) yielded a trend to suggest a decline (P = .054). Hospice was associated with a drop in nonhospice-related health care utilization, thus suggesting it provides timely medical interventions and favorable continuity of care.
76 ATTENUATION OF A RODENT MODEL OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: A NOVEL ROLE FOR SORAFENIB, A MULTIKINASE INHIBITOR.

Drawing from new drug discovery studies is the observation that severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) and cancer pathophysiology share common signal transduction pathways leading to abnormal smooth muscle and endothelial cell (EC) interactions and angioproliferative vasculopathy. Sorafenib (Sor), a chemotherapeutic agent in clinical trials for the treatment of renal cell cancer, is an inhibitor of multiple kinases, including Raf-1 kinase, MAPK, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3, genes implicated in angiogenesis, proliferation, and the inhibition of apoptosis. We therefore tested the hypothesis that Sor will attenuate the development of PH using an established rodent model of the disease. We performed two 3-week hypoxia (FiO2 10%) and SU5416 (a selective VEGFR-2 inhibitor known to dramatically augment hypoxia-induced PH) studies to induce PH in Dahl salt-sensitive rats (SS). Rat groups were normoxia/vehicle (Norm), hypoxia/vehicle (H), H-Su, hypoxia/sorafenib (H-Sor), and hypoxia/sorafenib/ SU5416 (H-Su-Sor). Except for Norm, all rats were kept in hypoxia, whereas the H-Su group received SU5416 at day 1 (20 mg/kg, sc) and Sor was gavaged daily (2.5 mg/kg). Echocardiography, pulmonary artery pressures (PAPs), right ventricular pressures (RVPs), and lung gene microarray analyses were assessed at 3 weeks. Our results showed that H-Su rats developed severe PH compared with Norm, rats in the H alone group had mildly elevated pressures compared with Norm, and no changes were seen in pressures, weights, or remodeling in the H-Sor or H-SU-Sor groups compared with Norm. The H-Su-Sor rats showed significant reductions in PAP (56%), RVP (55%), and RV hypertrophy (52%). Gene expression profiling data were compared with Norm using GCRMA normalization in R and SAM (> .639, MFC > 1.7). With false discovery rates (FDRs) of 5.1% and 0.7%, respectively, 356 and 293 genes were up- or down-regulated. Forty-seven of the 356 H genes were recapitulated from previous H studies in the rodent model. In addition, 45 genes were differentially expressed between H-Su and H-Su-Sor (FDR 12%), with ECM, cytoskeleton, and angiogenesis gene ontologies, and 81 genes were changed in the H and H-Su groups but not in the H-Su-Sor group. These studies suggest Sor as a powerful novel treatment in PH.
The difference between cytarabine and vidarabine

Medication errors are an important problem in pediatrics.Cytarabine and vidarabine are commonly used in pediatrics.But people are apt to confuse the two drugs.In this paper,we analyze the source and clinical use of cytarabine and vidarabine,and all causes of medication errors and possible preventive measures,as well as the legal responsibility of medication errors in Chinese laws and regulations.In short,we propose some suggestions to reduce medication errors,improve medication levels in our country.
COMPARISON AND ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BOTTOM ELECTRODE FOR DC EAF

In this paper , the different types of bottom electrode for DC EAF are compared and assessed from the points of safety , insulation , stirring , arc deflection , maintenance , start-up , furnace capacity , cooling method and current density , cost and life of the bottom electrode and so on. It shows that every type has its advantages and disadvantages , so it is unsuitable to certain which one is the best or the worst , the consumer must select the most suitable type of the bottom electrode based on practical situation. In the mean time , some suggestions are presented on the developmentof DC EAF in China.
Network Explorer: Design, Implementation, and Real World Deployment of a Large Network Visualization Tool

This paper describes the process of design, implementation, and real world deployment of a web-based network exploration tool called Network Explorer. We designed Network Explorer based on the expressed needs of our clients and later deployed it as part of a larger system for fraud detection in health care. Our implementation of Network Explorer provides visual interactive access to large-scale network data. As part of the Network Explorer tool we contribute a dynamic group-in-a-box implementation for laying out clusters, and a node navigator widget that aids in the exploration of large networks. We are also contributing two open source components of the Network Explorer for the community to reuse: an in-browser clustering library, and the dynamic group-in-a-box algorithm. We have evaluated the network explorer tool in multiple real-world environments including the fraud detection setting above.
Management of malignant bone tumors in children and adolescents.

In the past five years the rapid advances made in the multidisciplinary treatment of malignant bone tumors, resulting in prolonged disease-free survival in a majority of patients, make it imperative that physicians who treat children and adolescents become familiar with early symptoms and diagnosis of a malignant bone tumor, as well as become aware of the potential for modern treatment. With this awareness, the physician may properly manage the early phases of work-up and diagnosis, counsel the family with the knowledge of what need be done to optimize the patient’s chance of benefiting from the modern treatment, and make an early referral to a center that specializes in the treatment and rehabilitation of cancer in children.
Characterization of the radiation environment at the UNLV accelerator facility during operation of the Varian M6 linac

Abstract The bremsstrahlung photon flux from the UNLV particle accelerator (Varian M6 model) was determined using MCNP5 code for 3 MeV and 6 MeV incident electrons. Human biological equivalent dose rates due to accelerator operation were evaluated using the photon flux with the flux-to-dose conversion factors. Dose rates were computed for the accelerator facility for M6 linac use under different operating conditions. The results showed that the use of collimators and linac internal shielding significantly reduced the dose rates throughout the facility. It was shown that the walls of the facility, in addition to the earthen berm enveloping the building, provide equivalent shielding to reduce dose rates outside to below the 2 mrem/h limit.