cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AlphaIIbbeta3-mediated outside-in signaling induced by the agonist peptide LSARLAF utilizes ADP and thromboxane A2 receptors to cause alpha-granule secretion by platelets.

Summary. The peptide LSARLAF (LSA) causes αIIbβ3-dependent platelet activation that results in α-granule secretion and aggregation. LSARLAF-induced, αIIbβ3-mediated outside-in signaling causing α-granule secretion and platelet aggregation was studied using washed mouse platelets. ADP receptor antagonists, enzyme inhibitors, normal platelets and platelets from mice that lack either Gαq or thromboxane (Tx) A2 receptors were used for this investigation. The results demonstrate that LSA-induced αIIbβ3-mediated signaling producing aggregation of washed platelets is mediated through the release of ADP and thromboxane, which cause α-granule release by mediating their effects though Gαq and/or Gi depending on the level of LSA used to activate the platelets. Specifically, αIIbβ3 elicited aggregation of washed platelets in response to a low level of LSA requires signaling through the ADP receptor P2Y1 and Gαq, and the ADP receptor P2Y12 and Gi as well as TxA2 receptors. However, this aggregation is independent of Gαq and TxA2 signaling in response to high LSA concentrations, but is dependent on ADP signaling through its receptor P2Y12, and therefore presumably Gi, regardless of the level of LSA used to activate the platelets. PKC function is required for ADP secretion and the subsequent signaling through P2Y12 regardless of the level of LSA used to activate the platelets. The end point of the LSA-induced αIIbβ3-mediated signaling characterized in this study is α-granule secretion, which provides the fibrinogen required for aggregation of washed platelets.
Tight-binding molecular-dynamics study of defects in silicon

A tight-binding molecular-dynamics scheme is shown to have the efficiency and accuracy to study complex Si systems. We first establish the reliability of the scheme by showing that simulation results of liquid Si are nearly identical to ab initio (Car-Parrinello) results. The ability of the method to study complex systems is demonstrated by calculating defect formation energies and atomic configurations around vacancies and self-interstitials, with simulation unit cells of up to 512 atoms. The calculated formation energies compare well with first-principles results.
Calcium-dependent adenylate cyclase from rat cerebral cortex: Activation by guanine nucleotides

Abstract The adenylate cyclase activity of a participate preparation of rat cerebral cortex is composed of at least two contributing components, one of which requires a Ca2+-dependent regulator protein (CDR) for activity (Brostrom, C. O., Brostrom, M. A., and Wolff, D. J. (1977) J. Biol. Chem.252, 5677–5685). Each of these components of the activity was activated by GTP and its synthetic analog, 5-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p). The component of the adenylate cyclase activity which did not respond to CDR (CDR-independent activity) was stimulated approximately 60% by 100 μ m GTP and 3.5-fold by 100 μ m Gpp(NH)p. Concentrations of GTP required for maximal activation of the CDR-dependent adenylate cyclase component decreased as CDR concentrations in the assay were increased. Similarly, GTP pr Gpp(NH)p lowered the concentration of CDR required to produce half-maximal activation of this enzyme form. At saturating CDR concentrations, however, increases in activity were not observed with the addition of these nucleotides. The CDR-dependent component responded biphasically (activation followed by inhibition) to increasing free Ca2+ concentrations; both phases of this response occurred at lower free Ca2+ concentrations with GTP present in the assay. The concentration of chlorpromazine which inhibited activation of adenylate cyclase by CDR was elevated when GTP was present. The CDR-dependent form of activity, which is stabilized by CDR to thermal inactivation, was also stabilized by Gpp(NH)p. The increase in stability produced by Gpp(NH)p did not require the presence of CDR, and stabilization with both Gpp(NH)p and CDR was greater than that obtained with either Gpp(NH)p or CDR alone.
Effect of tenure relationships on resource efficiency.

This article outlines a method for developing optimum landlord-tenant relationships. The representative farm analysis indicates that resource efficiency is highest when the tenant's net return is maximized and production costs are shared equally between landlord and tenant. Maximizing returns to either lease participant, with the tenant paying all production costs, results in less efficient use of resources, negative capital accumulation over time, and/or an undesirable distribution of total farm returns. Resource efficiency is shown to be superior on owner-operator farms as compared to landlord-tenant operations. Nevertheless, similarities between owner-operator and landlord-tenant operations suggest that part ownership can continue to grow with only a small loss in resource efficiency when forward planning is employed. L'ETAT DES RELATIONS ENTRE FERMIERS ET PROPRIETAIRES SUR L'EFFICACITE DES RESSOURCES – Cet article souligne une methode permettant d'optimiser les rapports entre le proprietaire et le fermier. L'ana-lyse des fermes revele que l'efficacite des ressources est la plus etevee quand d'une part le profit net du fermier est maximise et quand d'autre part les couts de production sont portages equitablement entre le proprietaire et son fermier. Le fait de maximiser les rendements pour les parties prenantes du bail, avec le fermier payant tous les couts de production, s'accompagne d'une moin-dre efficacite dans l'utilisation des ressources, d'une desaccumulation du capital dans le temps et, ou d'une distribution inopportune des benefices totaux agricoles. L'efficacite des ressources est reconnue comme etant superieure dans les exploitations gerees par leurs proprietaires que dans celles gerees pai des fermiers. Neanmoins, des similarites entre ces deux types de fermes suggerent qu'une propriete partielle peut continuer a croitre avec une perte sensible au niveau de l'efficacite des ressources quand une p/anification du futur est utilisee.
Characterization and specificity of soluble RNA polymerase of brome mosaic virus.

Abstract From brome mosaic virus-infected barley leaves an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity was isolated by solubilization with Triton X-100. This enzyme, active in the presence of actinomycin D, was stimulated about 5-fold by the presence of an RNA and the four nucleoside triphosphates. The RNAs of brome mosaic virus and the closely related cowpea chlorotic mottle virus were the most effective, but some activity was also shown by certain other viral nucleic acids and polyribonucleotides. Enzyme activity was optimal at pH 8.0 and at 32 mM Mg2+ concentration and depressed by increasing monovalent ion concentration. The enzyme activity could be precipitated with ammonium sulfate, and it could be separated from the bulk of the plant components by sucrose gradient centrifugation where it moved with 5–7 S. However, its further purification was vitiated by its great instability.
Automatic forest canopy removal algorithm for underneath obscure target detection by airborne lidar point cloud data

The thermal imaging cameras can see the heat signature of people, boats, and vehicles in total darkness as well as through smoke, haze, and light fog, but not through the forest canopy. This study develops a novel algorithm to help detecting obscure targets underneath forest canopy and mitigate the vegetation problem for those bare ground point extraction filters as well. By examining our automatically processed results with actual LiDAR data, the forest canopy is successfully removed where all obscure vehicles or buildings underneath canopy can now be easily seen. Besides, the occluded rate of forest canopy and the detailed underneath x-y point distribution can be easily obtained accordingly. This will be very useful for predicting the performance of occluded target detection with respect to various object locations.
The toposcopic through-lumen everting catheter to facilitate dilation of severe strictures of the gastrointestinal tract.

Stricture formation in the gastrointestinal tract is quite common. The majority of these are peptic strictures of the esophagus related to gastroesophageal reflux and can be effectively managed with standard mercury bougies and medical antireflux therapy.l,2 However, strictures occur in the setting of malignancy, postoperative anastomoses, caustic injury, and less often peptic injury where the lumen is severely narrowed, irregular, and tortuous and mercury-filled bougies either will not reach or not pass. The irregularity of a stricture may increase the possibility of perforation.3 When these types of strictures are encountered, a variety of other therapies are employed, including surgery4-9 or Eder-Puestow dilation.3,lo-12 Strictures beyond the esophagus have been almost exclusively managed by surgery, but recently there have been several reports of utilization of coaxial balloon dilation of the pylorus and biliary tree.13,14 Coaxial balloon technology for the management of strictures has solved some of the problems related to dilation of severe esophageal strictures and that of access to areas like the pylorus and biliary tree.14,15 However, since the use of coaxial balloon dilators requires that they be passed over a guide wire to allow exchange of catheters and prevent lumen injury, passage of a guide wire through the area of stricture is essential. The passage of this guide wire, however, may be very difficult if not impossible at times. We report a method employing the toposcopic balloon catheter which allows passage of a guide wire through irregular or tortuous areas.
Identifying the role of tides, rainfall and seasonality in marsh sedimentation using long-term suspended sediment concentration data

Abstract This study utilizes data on suspended sediment concentrations obtained daily from a terminal tidal creek over a period of a decade as part of the Long-Term Ecological Research Program (LTER) to examine the mechanisms contributing to salt marsh sedimentation. A month long time-series of tidal velocity and amplitude measurements are used to predict tidal currents, elevation and phase during the sediment data collection periods. Tidal variation of suspended sediment load and fluxes are estimated and are used to evaluate the role of spring–neap tidal cycles, rainfall and seasonality in salt marsh sedimentation. The results indicate that spring tides correspond to periods of higher sediment concentrations and sediment import while neap tides correspond to periods of lower concentrations and slight sediment export. This is due to higher current velocities during spring tide, which increase the availability of sediments within the marsh system, in combination with an increase in the duration and area of marsh inundation during spring tides. Low water rainfall is responsible for elevated suspended sediment concentration in the channels due to increased erosion of the exposed marsh surface and creek banks. These low-tide rainfall events are not strictly erosional periods but rather appear to be associated with periods of sediment redistribution within the marsh system, as sediments eroded from the marsh surface are advected into the back marsh basin and deposited during subsequent high waters. In the back marsh, sediment import rates are increased by approximately 50% during periods of rainfall as compared to sediment import rates corresponding to periods without local rainfall, suggesting increased sediment accumulation on the marsh surface during these times. Finally, a seasonal signal of suspended sediment concentrations is observed with highest average concentrations found in the summer when water temperature and biological activity are at a maximum. Despite this increased sediment availability in summer, the fall season is responsible for the majority of sediment imported annually (55%). This occurs because mean sea level is greatest during these times and leads to increased periods of marsh inundation. Therefore, the frequency and duration of marsh inundation is more important than sediment availability in controlling surface accumulation within this marsh system.
Collagen-induced arthritis in rodents: a review of immunity to type II collagen with emphasis on the importance of molecular conformation and structure.

(1988). Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rodents: A Review of Immunity to Type II Collagen with Emphasis on the Importance of Molecular Conformation and Structure. International Reviews of Immunology: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 65-81.
Growth, relative prices, and exchange rates

Abstract Using the framework of the monetary (or asset market) approach to the exchange rate it is demonstrated that if growth alters relative prices the growing country's currency may depreciate rather than appreciate as suggested by Mundell.
Notch Rupture Behavior as Influenced by Specimen Size and Preparation

A notch-sensitive forging was tested at 1300 F to measure the effect of machining practice and of limited variations in Kt and specimen size upon notch rupture life. Within the limits studied, specimen size appeared predominant. A discontinuity was observed in the dependence of notch life upon stress.
Exploring importance of location and prior knowledge of environment on mobile robot control

Advances in technologies to create ever more sophisticated robots is outpacing our understanding of how such robots and humans successfully interact to accomplish specific tasks. In particular, it is now possible for humans to control the navigation of certain classes of robots via the Internet. Yet, we know little about how individual differences variables such as spatial ability and prior knowledge of the navigational space contribute to the success of human-robot interactions. Nor has there been much research on the kinds of interfaces that facilitate effective and efficient interaction, and whether these are differentially effective across the spectrum of spatial ability. In this study, an Internet control mechanism for an RWI B-14 mobile robot called "TourMate" was used to investigate the differences and similarities in how humans teleoperated the robot from two locations (intermediate and remote). Thirty-two participants who were assessed on spatial albility and prior knowledge of the space in which the robot was being controlled directed the robot in simple spatial navigation tasks. Time to comptete the task, number of steps, and errors were collected. Results indicated that spatial ability and location, but not prior knowledge, were reliable predictor of efficiency of robot teleoperation. Information was also obtained about the utility of various features of the interface and suggested that individual difference characteristics of robot operators are related to the utility of different interface features. Implications for design of human-robot interaction systems are discussed.
Thin-Film Chromatography in the Study of Carbohydrates

Abstract Thin-film silicic acid chromatography has been demonstrated to be a useful technique for the separation of a wide variety of partially and completely derivatized carbohydrates. The procedure can be applied to the quantitative separation and estimation of mixtures of O-methyl sugars.
Indigenous Movements and Globalization: What is Different? What is the Same?

Too often indigenous movements are lumped in with [anti-]globalization, globalization protest movements, or the ‘new social movements’. While in some respects this categorization fits, in other, more important respects it does not. Indigenous peoples have been resisting globalization and globalization-like forces for centuries in the western hemisphere, and for millennia in Africa and Eurasia. While the forms of resistance have changed significantly over time, a key difference for indigenous movements is that they typically are not interested in reforming the system. Rather, they are interested in autonomy and preserving their own political–cultural space to remain different. In this sense they are often deeper challenges to neoliberalism than other movements. This paper explores and elaborates on these differences and their significance for our understanding of globalization and the reactions to it.
Biology of natriuretic peptides and their receptors.

Initial discovery by de Bold et al. (1) demonstrated that atrial extracts contained natriuretic activity that led to isolate “atrial natriuretic factor/peptide (ANF/ANP).” ANP is the first described member in the natriuretic peptide (NP) hormone family, which elicits natriuretic, diuretic, vasorelaxant, and antimitogenic effects, all of which are largely directed to the reduction of fluid volume and blood pressure (2,3). Later, two other members, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) were identified, which also exhibit biochemical and structural characteristics similar to ANP, but each derived from a separate gene (4). Although ANP, BNP, and CNP have highly homologous structure, they bind to specific cell surface receptors and elicit some discrete biological functions (3,5). Three subtypes of NP receptors, namely natriuretic peptide receptor-A, -B, and -C (NPRA, NPRB, and NPRC, respectively) have been identified. NPRA and NPRB contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a single transmembrane region, and cytoplasmic protein kinase-like homology domain (KHD) and guanylyl cyclase (GC) catalytic domain (6,7). Interestingly, both ANP and BNP activate NPRA, which produces second messenger cGMP in response to hormone binding; however, CNP activates NPRB, which also produces cGMP, but all three natriuretic peptides indiscriminately bind to NPRC, which lacks GC catalytic activity (5,8,9). NPRA serves as the principal receptor of ANP and BNP, and most of the physiological effects of these peptide hormones are triggered by generation of second messenger cGMP (10,11).
Multiresolution representation of data in a haptic environment

A number of methods are available for the visualization of scientific data. Most of these methods use computer graphics for the visual representation of data. Such visual methods cannot be used by a blind person. Haptic interface technology makes it possible for a user to explore haptically rendered data. A haptic interface, therefore, can be used to effectively present data to a blind person. However large and complex datasets, if rendered without processing, are often confusing to the user. Additionally haptic devices are often point interaction. Thus the amount of information conveyed through the device is far less than that obtained through a visual device, making exploration difficult. Multiresolution methods provide a solution to problems that rise due to the low information capacity of these devices. Utilizing these methods the user can feel the data at low resolution and then add in details by increasing the resolution. These techniques are particular useful for the visually impaired because complex local detail of the data often prevent the user from obtaining an overall view of the haptic plot. Wavelet is a common technique used for the generation of multiresolution data. However, the wavelet decomposition uses linear filters result in edges that are smoothed. Since nonlinear filters are known to preserve edges, we have used affine median filter in a structure similar to that used for the evaluation of wavelet coefficient. The affine median filter is a hybrid filter because its characteristics can be varied from the nonlinear median filter to a linear filter. Thus a flexible multiresolution technique with controllable characteristic is proposed. The technique is used to haptically render a 2D evenly sampled data t different resolutions. The standard Wavelet multiresolution technique is also applied to the same data sets and compared to the hybrid multiresolution technique. The advantage with the hybrid method is that with the same multiresolution structure one can go from linear wavelet decomposition to completely nonlinear multiresolution are less for nonlinear techniques.
Pedestrian and bicyclist motivation: an assessment of influences on pedestrians’ and bicyclists’ mode choice in Mt. Pleasant, Vancouver

The majority of short distance travel in North America is completed by single occupancy vehicles. Substituting walking and bicycling for these trips would reduce energy use and environmental pollution, while improving quality of life. Therefore, understanding influences on non-automotive travel behavior is crucial. Researchers and planners have touted specific factors for encouraging walking and biking, but the body of work remains fragmented. Previous studies have focused on a smaller number of factors and most of them relate to physical design. This study tests the relative importance of a range of factors, both physical and perceptual that could influence one’s choice to walk or bike. The Mt. Pleasant neighborhood in Vancouver, B.C., Canada was chosen as the location for this study as all of the pedestrian-motivating factors identified in a literature review were present. A questionnaire-based survey addressing distance, sidewalks/bike lanes, pedestrian/bicycle traffic signals, buffering from auto traf...
Expression of the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factors 4E and 2α in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas

Transition of cells from quiescence to proliferation requires an increase in the rate of protein synthesis, which is regulated in part by two key translation initiation factors, 4E and 2alpha. The expression and activity of both factors are increased transiently when normal resting cells are stimulated to proliferate. They are constitutively elevated in oncogene transformed cultured cells, and overexpression of either initiation factor in rodent cells makes them tumorigenic. In this study we investigate an association between the expression of translation initiation factors and lymphomagenesis. We have analyzed the expression of the protein synthesis initiation factors 4E and 2alpha by immunohistochemistry in reactive lymph nodes and several types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma representing a wide range of clinical behaviors based on the Revised European-American Lymphoma behavioral classification. The study included 7 benign lymph nodes with follicular hyperplasia, 26 indolent lymphomas (6 marginal zone lymphomas, 7 small lymphocytic lymphomas, and 13 follicular lymphomas, grades 1 and 2), 16 moderately aggressive lymphomas (8 mantle cell lymphomas and 8 follicular lymphomas, grade 3), 24 aggressive lymphomas (14 large-B-cell lymphomas and 10 anaplastic large-cell lymphomas), and 15 highly aggressive lymphomas (7 lymphoblastic lymphomas and 8 Burkitt's lymphomas). Strong expression of initiation factors 4E and 2alpha was demonstrated in the germinal centers of reactive follicles. Minimal or no expression was seen in the mantle zones and surrounding paracortices, indicating that high expression of initiation factors 4E and 2alpha is associated with the active proliferation of lymphocytes. Most cases of aggressive and highly aggressive lymphomas showed strong expression of initiation factors 4E and 2alpha, in contrast to the cases of indolent and moderately aggressive lymphoma, in which their expression was intermediate between the germinal centers and the mantles of reactive follicles. A positive correlation was found between the expression of both initiation factors 4E and 2alpha and the Revised European-American Lymphoma behavior classification (P < 0.05). Thus, constitutively increased expression of initiation factors 4E and 2alpha may play an important role in the development of lymphomas and is correlated with their biological aggressiveness.
Integration of intercellular signaling through the Hippo pathway

Metazoan cells are exposed to a multitude of signals, which they integrate to determine appropriate developmental or physiological responses. Although the Hippo pathway was only discovered recently, and our knowledge of Hippo signal transduction is far from complete, a wealth of interconnections amongst Hippo and other signaling pathways have already been identified. Hippo signaling is particularly important for growth control, and I describe how integration of Hippo and other pathways contributes to regulation of organ growth. Molecular links between Hippo signaling and other signal transduction pathways are summarized. Different types of mechanisms for signal integration are described, and examples of how the complex interconnections between pathways are used to guide developmental and physiological growth responses are discussed. Features of Hippo signaling appear to make it particularly well suited to signal integration, including its responsiveness to cell-cell contact and the mediation of its transcriptional output by transcriptional co-activator proteins that can interact with transcription factors of other pathways.
New Applications of Resummation in Non-Abelian Gauge Theories: QED⊗QCD Exponentiation for LHC Physics, IR-Improved DGLAP Theory and Resummed Quantum Gravity

We present the elements of three applications of resummation methods in non-Abelian gauge theories: (1), QED⊗QCD exponentiation and shower/ME matching for LHC physics; (2), IR improvement of DGLAP theory; (3), resummed quantum gravity and the final state of Hawking radiation. In all cases, the extension of the YFS approach, originally introduced for Abelian gauge theory, to non-Abelian gauge theories, QCD and quantum general relativity, leads to new results and solutions which we briefly summarize.
Visible light responsive anticancer treatment with an amsacrine-loaded mesoporous silica-based nanodevice

The anticancer drug amsacrine is loaded inside the mesopores of mercaptopropyl-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles and entrapped by capping the mesopore-entrances with Ru(bpy)2(PPh3)- moieties (bpy = bipyridine, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine) through mercaptopropyl–Ru coordination. Exposure to visible light irradiation leads to cleavage of the Ru–S coordination bond, which releases the anticancer drug and capping moieties from the material, as determined by absorption and fluorescence measurements. Viability tests on HeLa cells confirmed the capability of the constructed drug delivery system to induce cell death upon exposure to visible light irradiation. These results prove the applicability of a harmless, visible light as the stimulus for cancer targeting, which may lead to better clinical outcomes in anticancer therapy.
Atomicity as a First-Class System Provision

We argue that atomicity, i.e., atomic actions with most of the traditional "ACID" prop- erties, namely atomicity, consistency, and isolation but perhaps not durability, should be provided as a fundamental first class resource in computer systems. This implies coherent, convenient, and well-engineered support from the hardware, through the run-time system, programming lan- guage, and libraries, to the operating system. We articulate the advantages of this approach, in- dicate what has already been accomplished, and outline what remains to be done to realize the vision.
Heterogeneous Swarm Formation Control Using Bivariate Normal Functions to Generate Potential Fields

A novel method is presented for dynamic heterogeneous swarm formation control with potential fields generated from bivariate normal probability density functions (pdfs) used to construct the surface which swarm members move on, controlling swarm geometry, individual member spacing, and managing obstacle avoidance. Limiting functions are defined to provide tighter swarm control by modifying and adjusting a set of control variables forcing the swarm to behave according to set constraints. Bivariate normal functions and limiting functions are combined to guarantee obstacle avoidance and control swarm member orientation and swarm movement as a whole. This approach compared to others, is simple, computationally efficient, scales well to different swarm sizes, to heterogeneous systems, and to both centralized and decentralized swarm models. The method is applied to a simple vehicle model and simulation results are presented for a heterogeneous swarm of ten robot vehicles following line and ellipse formations.
Spermine impairs biofilm formation by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a strict human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted infection termed gonorrhea. Recent reports indicate that gonococci can form a biofilm in vivo and under laboratory conditions. It is unclear, however, if formation of such biofilms or their dispersal are influenced by host factors that would be encountered during infection. In this respect, physiological levels of polyamines have been reported to influence biofilm structures formed by other Gram-negative bacteria as well those formed by Gram-positive bacteria and can cause dispersal of a biofilm formed by Bacillus subtilis. Based on these reports, we examined the influence of polyamines on gonococcal biofilm formation and their dispersal. We now report that physiological levels of certain polyamines, notably spermine, can significantly decrease the capacity of gonococci to form a biofilm, but do not cause dispersal of a preformed biofilm. In the context of natural gonococcal infection, the presence of physiological levels of spermine may be antagonistic for gonococci to form a biofilm and this may be of importance in the spread of the pathogen from a localized region.
Textural and Acidic Properties of Mixed Alumina-Silica Oxides Prepared with Commercially Available Sols

In this study we have used commercially available preformed sols as building blocks to systematically explore the effects of composition, particle size, and packing on the textural and acidic properties of alumina-silica. We have prepared single oxides and alumina-silica mixed oxides with varying Al:Si atomic ratios using commercial sols from Vista Chemical Co. (alumina) and Eka Chemicals, Inc. (silica). Simple particle packing models based on the structure and experimentally determined particle size distributions of the sols explain the textural and acidic properties of both the single and mixed oxides. Comparisons with aerogels prepared from alkoxides show that materials with different atomic-scale homogeneity can be obtained. This continuum of precursor sizes from monomer through colloid allows a measure of control over textural and acidic properties in the mixed oxides, even at a fixed composition. These results show that systematic studies using preformed sols add insight into the effect of preparation upon catalytic materials.
Connecting state and local futures: Goal setting and growth management of small towns in Florida

Abstract Americans are reluctantly turning to setting goals for their communities and states. Hundreds of localities — big and small, urban and rural— involve citizens and public officials in comprehensively thinking about their potential, preferable and practical futures. The process is generally open and representative; the results tend to generate consensual policy and action agendas. Strategic planning assesses strengths and weaknesses, considers major external and internal factors, concentrates on specific topics, determines resource availability and emphasizes practical results. The connecting themes of the state and a small community are generally neglected. They are reconnected in this study so that each might better face common problems.
The single electron transistor and artificial atoms

Modern techniques of lithography make it possible to confine electrons to sufficiently small dimensions that the quantization of both their charge and their energy are easily observable. When such confined electrons are allowed to tunnel to metallic leads a single electron transistor (SET) is created. This transistor turns on and off again every time one electron is added to the isolated region. Whereas we can understand conventional transistors using classical concepts, the SET is quantum mechanical in an essential way. In fact, there is a close analogy between the confined electrons inside an SET and an atom. In this review, the physics underlying the operation of SETs is explained, a brief history of its invention is presented, and issues of current interest are discussed.
Improving the Efficiency of Power Management Techniques by Using Bayesian Classification

This paper presents a supervised learning based dynamic power management (DPM) framework for a multicore processor, where a power manager (PM) learns to predict the system performance state from some readily available input features (such as the state of service queue occupancy and the task arrival rate) and then uses this predicted state to look up the optimal power management action from a pre-computed policy lookup table. The motivation for utilizing supervised learning in the form of a Bayesian classifier is to reduce overhead of the PM which has to recurrently determine and issue voltage-frequency setting commands to each processor core in the system. Experimental results reveal that the proposed Bayesian classification based DPM technique ensures system-wide energy savings under rapidly and widely varying workloads.
Modified rate-monotonic algorithm for scheduling periodic jobs with deferred deadlines

The deadline of a request is the time instant at which its execution must complete. The deadline of the request in any period of a job with deferred deadline is some time instant after the end of the period. The authors describe a semi-static priority-driven algorithm for scheduling periodic jobs with deferred deadlines: each job is assigned two priorities, the higher one for old requests and the lower one for the current request. This algorithm is called the modified rate-monotonic algorithm and is based on the well-known rate-monotonic algorithm. It is shown that the modified rate-monotonic algorithm is optimal when the deadline of every job is deferred by max (1, gamma -1) periods or more, where gamma is the ratio between the longest period and the shortest period. When the deadline of each job is deferred by one period of the job, any set of n independent jobs whose total utilization is equal to or less than (1+n(2/sup 1/n/-1))/2 can be feasibly scheduled by this algorithm. This bound approaches 0.845 when n approaches infinity. >
Fibronectin Unfolding Revisited: Modeling Cell Traction-Mediated Unfolding of the Tenth Type-III Repeat

Fibronectin polymerization is essential for the development and repair of the extracellular matrix. Consequently, deciphering the mechanism of fibronectin fibril formation is of immense interest. Fibronectin fibrillogenesis is driven by cell-traction forces that mechanically unfold particular modules within fibronectin. Previously, mechanical unfolding of fibronectin has been modeled by applying tensile forces at the N- and C-termini of fibronectin domains; however, physiological loading is likely focused on the solvent-exposed RGD loop in the 10th type-III repeat of fibronectin (10FNIII), which mediates binding to cell-surface integrin receptors. In this work we used steered molecular dynamics to study the mechanical unfolding of 10FNIII under tensile force applied at this RGD site. We demonstrate that mechanically unfolding 10FNIII by pulling at the RGD site requires less work than unfolding by pulling at the N- and C- termini. Moreover, pulling at the N- and C-termini leads to 10FNIII unfolding along several pathways while pulling on the RGD site leads to a single exclusive unfolding pathway that includes a partially unfolded intermediate with exposed hydrophobic N-terminal β-strands – residues that may facilitate fibronectin self-association. Additional mechanical unfolding triggers an essential arginine residue, which is required for high affinity binding to integrins, to move to a position far from the integrin binding site. This cell traction-induced conformational change may promote cell detachment after important partially unfolded kinetic intermediates are formed. These data suggest a novel mechanism that explains how cell-mediated forces promote fibronectin fibrillogenesis and how cell surface integrins detach from newly forming fibrils. This process enables cells to bind and unfold additional fibronectin modules – a method that propagates matrix assembly.
The balkanization metaphor in the analysis of U.S. immigration.

Recent social commentary and social science research invokes the term “balkanization” to describe geographical trends in contemporary U.S. society. For example, William Frey describes “demographic balkanization” as a “spatial segmentation of population by race-ethnicity, class, and age across broad regions, states, and metropolitan areas … driven by both immigration and long distance internal migration patterns” (1996:760). We take issue with the use of the balkanization metaphor for two reasons. First, we cite alternative evidence against the proposition of immigration-driven ethnic fragmentation in the U.S. The bulk of our argument, however, attends to the expression itself. Given that the term balkanization is associated with ethnic territorial conflict, we assert that the balkanization metaphor carries with it an implicit and deeply negative commentary on current immigration to the U.S. For us, the deployment of the term balkanization sounds a false alarm that warns of a Yugoslavian fate for the U.S. ...
The p-n junction quantum well APD: A new solid-state photodetector for lightwave communications systems and on-chip detector applications

A novel variation on the doped quantum well avalanche photodiode is presented that provides comparable signal-to-noise performance at more realizable material doping requirements. The device consists of repeated unit cells formed from a p-n Al 0.48 In 0.52 As junction immediately followed by near-intrinsic Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As and Al 0.48 In 0.52 As layers. As in the doped quantum well device, the asymmetric unit cell selectively heats the electron distribution much more than the hole distribution prior to injection into the narrow-gap Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As layer in which impact ionization readily occurs. The effects of various device parameters, such as the junction doping, Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As and intrinsic Al 0.48 In 0.52 As layer widths as well as the overall bias on the electron and hole ionization rates, is analyzed using an ensemble Monte Carlo method. From the determination of the ionization rates and the ionization probabilities per stage, P and Q, an optimal device design can be obtained that provides high gain at low multiplication noise. In addition, a structure that operates at less than 5 V bias is presented that can provide moderate gain at very low noise. It is expected that the device designs presented herein can serve either as high-gain low-noise detectors for lightwave communications systems or as moderate-gain low-noise detectors for on-chip application.
Effects of Agents which Inhibit the Slow Channel on Sinus Node Automaticity and Atrioventricular Conduction in the Dog

A slow ionic current carried by calcium, sodium, or both constitutes transmembrane ionic flow through the slow channel; such a current may be involved in normal action potentials of sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodal cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of the slow-channel inhibiting agents verapamil, D600, manganous chloride, and lanthanum chloride on sinus node automaticity and AV nodal conduction in open-chest dogs treated with atropine (0.5 mg/kg) and propranolol (1.0 mg/kg). The arteries to the sinus node and the AV node were cannulated and perfused with agents that inhibit the slow current. These agents slowed sinus node discharge rate, depressed AV nodal conduction, and lengthened the effective and the functional AV nodal refractory period. Effects were dose related and reversed with time. His-Purkinje conduction remained normal. Isoproterenol and epinephrine reversed the effects of slow-channel inhibiting agents, but calcium, sodium, glucagon, and phenylephrine did not. Concentrations of propranolol which produced beta-receptor blockade prevented Isoproterenol-induced reversal of the effects of slow-channel inhibitors. We concluded that (1) agents which inhibit the slow channel directly depress sinus node discharge rate and AV nodal conduction, (2) effects of slow-channel inhibiting agents are not mediated through the activation of cholinergic discharge or inhibition of adrenergic discharge, and (3) beta-receptor stimulation reverses these effects.
Repetitive Cycles of High-Dose Cytarabine Benefit Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia and inv(16)(p13q22) or t(16;16)(p13;q22): Results from CALGB 8461

Purpose To study the impact of repetitive (three to four courses) versus a single course of high-dose cytarabine (HDAC) consolidation therapy on outcome of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and inv(16)(p13q22) or t(16;16)(p13;q22). Patients and Methods We examined the cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR), relapse-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS) for 48 adults younger than 60 years with inv(16)/t(16;16) who had attained a complete remission on one of four consecutive clinical trials and were assigned to receive HDAC consolidation therapy. Twenty-eight patients were assigned to either three or four courses of HDAC, and 20 patients were assigned to one course of HDAC followed by alternative intensive consolidation therapy. Results Pretreatment features were similar for the two groups. The CIR was significantly decreased in patients assigned to receive three to four cycles of HDAC compared with patients assigned to one course (P = .03; 5-year CIR, 43% v 70%, respectively). The differen...
Developments in the Regulation of Lawyers: Competing Segments and Market, Client, and Government Controls*

The series of challenges to the autonomy and self-regulatory authority of the professions which occurred in the 1970s has generally been attributed to changes in public attitudes and values. Questioning the adequacy of this explanation, this paper examines the emergence of new or strengthened market, client, and government controls affecting the legal profession and argues that these developments were initiated or facilitated by the actions of segments of the bar itself seeking to further their own interests. New market, client, and government controls served to modify and supplement collegial regulation rather than displace it. Furthermore, it is argued that these developments contribute not so much to the deprofessionalization of the legal profession as to its reprofessionalization whereby the parameters of its autonomy and self-regulatory authority are redefined. Over the past century the classic professions of medicine and law successfully established the right to control their own destinies, to set educational standards, regulate admission to practice, prescribe ethical codes, and discipline deviant practitioners. So successful were they in the assertion of these rights that freedom from external review and self-regulation came to be regarded by sociologists as definitional characteristics of the professions, distinguishing them from other occupations (Carr-Saunders and Wllson; Goode; Greenwood). Historically, then, professional regulation took the form of peer review or collegial regulation (Freidson,b). Professional associations, admissions boards, codes of ethics, and discipline
Development of an Internally Controlled Antibody Microarray

Antibody microarrays are a high throughput technology used to concurrently screen for protein expression. Most antibody arrays currently used are based on the ELISA sandwich approach that uses two antibodies to screen for the expression of a limited number of proteins. Also because antigen-antibody interactions are concentration-dependent, antibody microarrays need to normalize the amount of antibody that is used. In response to the limitations with the currently existing technology we have developed a single antibody-based microarray where the quantity of antibody spotted is used to standardize the antigen concentration. In addition, this new array utilizes an internally controlled system where one color represents the amount of antibody spotted, and the other color represents the amount of the antigen that is used to quantify the level of protein expression. When compared with median fluorescence intensity alone, normalization for antibody spot intensity decreased variability and lowered the limits of detection. This new antibody array was tested using standard cytokine proteins and also cell lysates obtained from mouse macrophages stimulated in vitro and evaluated for the expression of the cytokine proteins interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-5, IL-6, and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta. The levels of protein expression seen with the antibody microarray was compared with that obtained with Western blot analysis, and the magnitude of protein expression observed was similar with both technologies with the antibody array actually showing a greater degree of sensitivity. In summary, we have developed a new type of antibody microarray to screen for protein expression that utilizes a single antibody and controls for the amount of antibody spotted. This type of array appears at least as sensitive as Western blot analysis, and the technology can be scaled up for high throughput screening for hundreds of proteins in complex biofluids such as blood.
Towards an alternative logic for electronic customer relationship management

Traditional Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems are based on a model of exchange that centres on goods (goods-dominant logic), with value created by the firm and relationship implying multiple transactions of value-laden output. We explore an alternative logic of exchange (service-dominant logic) based on the reciprocal application of applied competences (service), which sees relationship in terms of the co-creation of value. We then review the partial transition of recent CRM models toward a service-dominant logic perspective and offer an initial service-dominant logic-informed next generation CRM system design.
Monitoring the Seasonal Flight Activity of Cydia pomonella and Argyrotaenia velutinana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Apple Orchards by Using Pheromone-Baited Traps

Abstract Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), are two key tortricid orchard pests in Minnesota. Field trials were conducted during 2001 and 2002 in Minnesota apple orchards to determine seasonal phenology of C. pomonella and A. velutinana and to evaluate two popular trap designs (Pherocon 1CP or 1C “Wing” trap versus Pherocon VI “delta” trap) for monitoring both species. Trap performance was determined by comparing the number of males captured, date of first moth capture, and the capture of nontarget beneficial insects. For C. pomonella, two distinct flight periods were recorded, suggesting two generations per year in Minnesota. Emergence and flight activity of first generation C. pomonella began at ≈110 degree-days (DD) base 10°F. This corresponded to apple bloom in southern Minnesota. The delta trap captured significantly more C. pomonella males than the wing trap (Pherocon 1CP version). For A. velutinana, three flight periods were recorded at a...