cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of γ′ precipitates in a PWA1480 alloy

Abstract In the nickel-based superalloy PWA1480, 5–10-nm diameter γ precipitates form during heat treatment at 871 °C within the primary cuboidal γ′ precipitates that formed at high temperature (1079 °C). The stability of these γ precipitates during extended aging at 871 °C was investigated by atom probe tomography, computational thermodynamics, and diffusion-controlled growth kinetic modeling. The results show that these γ precipitates are not in thermodynamic equilibrium in the alloy and dissolve during extended aging. Thermodynamic and kinetic calculations indicate that the formation of these non-equilibrium precipitates is related to local concentration fluctuations in the primary γ′ phase that developed during diffusion-controlled growth of γ′ at high temperature.
Acquired G-group trisomy in acute monomyeloblastic leukemia.

A case of acute monomyeloblastic leukemia is described in which an extra chromosome, morphologically indistinguishable from the G group chromosomes, was demonstrated in nearly all mitoses from bone marrow. The additional chromosome was not found in cells from peripheral blood or in cultured fibroblasts. The authors suggest that the chromosomal abnormality is an acquired G group trisomy which may be related to the development of the leukemic process.
A multilevel out-of-core algorithm for FFT-accelerated time marching schemes

An out-of-core algorithm that reduces the main memory requirement of FFT-accelerated time-marching methods is proposed.
Characteristic Lifelength of Coherent Structure in the Turbulent Boundary Layer

A characteristic lifelength is defined by which a Gaussian distribution is fit to data correlated over a 3 sensor array sampling streamwise sidewall pressure. The data were acquired at subsonic, transonic and supersonic speeds aboard a Tu-144. Lifelengths are estimated using the cross spectrum and are shown to compare favorably with Efimtsov's prediction of correlation space scales. Lifelength distributions are computed in the time/frequency domain using an interval correlation technique on the continuous wavelet transform of the original time data. The median values of the lifelength distributions are found to be very close to the frequency averaged result. The interval correlation technique is shown to allow the retrieval and inspection of the original time data of each event in the lifelength distribution, thus providing a means to locate and study the nature of the coherent structure in the turbulent boundary layer. The lifelength data can be converted to lifetimes using the convection velocity. The lifetime of events in the time/frequency domain are displayed in Lifetime Maps. The primary purpose of the paper is to validate these new analysis techniques so that they can be used with confidence to further characterize coherent structure in the turbulent boundary layer.
Intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor activity in a marsupial, the american opossum (Didelphis virginiana)

1. Significant and specific binding of intrinsic factor-cobalamin occurred in proximal but not in the distal half of the intestine in an adult marsupial, the American opossum. 2. The purified opossum kidney receptor, like rat and canine kidney receptors, revealed a single band of M(r) approximately 230 on SDS-PAGE. However, unlike the rat and canine receptors, the opossum receptor was sensitive to both Endoglycosidase H and peptide-N-glycosidase F. 3. The opossum intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor demonstrated a ten-fold higher affinity for intrinsic factor-cobalamin complex when the source of IF was from the opossum pancreas, rather than rat stomach. 4. The opossum kidney receptor had low immune-crossreactivity with anti-serum raised to rat and canine kidney receptor. 5. These studies suggest that intrinsic factor-cobalamin receptor expressed in the American opossum, though conserved, appears to be structurally different from the rat and canine receptors.
EVALUATION OF ATROPHY PRODUCTION AND VASOCONSTRICTOR POTENCY IN HUMANS FOLLOWING INTRADERMALLY INJECTED CORTICOSTEROIDS

We have used intradermal injections of corticosteroids into normal and ultraviolet light (UVL)-induced inflamed human skin to evaluate the inherent atrophy producing potential as well as the vasoconstrictor potency of selected compounds. Two corticosteroids, desonide and triamcinolone acetonide, which differ only by the presence of a fluorine atom, exhibited similar vasoconstrictor potency but only the fluorine containing steroid produced severe persistent atrophy. Hydrocortisone 17-valerate and desonide produced a mild, transient atrophy while hydrocortisone produced none. Triamcinolone acetonide and desonide were more effective than hydrocortisone and hydrocortisone 17-valerate in producing vasocontriction in this model system of inflammation. The production of atrophy always greater in the UVL-induced inflamed skin than in normal control skin.
NONLINEAR EVOLUTION OF SLOW WAVES IN THE SOLAR WIND.

It is shown by numerical simulation using a hybrid code that comparison of the nonlinear steepening rate, calculated from fluid theory, with the linear collisionless damping rate defines reasonably well the parameters for which fast and slow MHD waves should steepen. The results indicate that, whereas fast modes should ordinarly steepen, steepened slow waves should occur rarely in the solar wind near 1 AU.
Celiac disease in children and adolescents: special considerations

Although there are many commonalities between adult and pediatric celiac disease (CD), special considerations must be taken into account when working with children and adolescents. In this patient population, there are unique aspects of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and management of CD. In terms of management, early and timely recognition of CD can maximize childhood and adolescent development and prevent complications. This requires insight into the unique presentations of CD in the pediatric population. Furthermore, health care providers must use proper screening methods and continue surveillance of at-risk individuals throughout childhood. Potential interventions for primary prevention of CD in children, although not completely understood, may offer some benefit. The goals of this article are to discuss in detail these special considerations when dealing with pediatric CD.
Verruciform xanthoma of penis Light and electron-microscopic study

Abstract A case of verruciform xanthoma of the penis diagnosed by light microscopy was studied ultrastructurally. No extra-oral verruciform xanthoma has been analyzed at the ultrastructural level before. On electron microscopy the lipidized cells were histiocytes distended with lipid vacuoles of varying sizes and electron density. Lipid vacuoles were also seen in the overlying epidermis. Viral particles were not seen in the epidermal cells.
Morbidity and mortality in follicular thyroid cancer.

The natural history and results of treatment have been analyzed in a group of 49 patients with follicular thyroid carcinoma who were followed for an average of 10.7 yr. Striking differences between the course of follicular thyroid carcinoma and the course of papillary carcinoma are evident. Deaths from cancer were double (16% for follicular), age at diagnosis was older, and age at death was younger. All deaths and recurrences happened within 13 yr, in contrast to the continued experience of deaths and recurrences in papillary cancer, even through 40 yr of observation. Adverse outcome correlated with extent of disease at diagnosis and with size of primary tumor, but did not correlate with vessel invasion, extent of capsule invasion, degree of dedifferentiation, extent of primary surgery, or radioactive iodide ablation. These observations are again in striking contrast to experience with papillary cancer. No patient with intrathyroidal disease who was under age 45 at diagnosis and with a primary tumor of le...
Localizing geopolitics: Disaggregating violence and return in conflict regions

Abstract Critical geopolitics began as a critique of Cold War geopolitical discourses that imposed homogenizing categories upon diverse regional conflicts and marginalized place-specific structural causes of instability and violence. This critique is still relevant. Implicit within it is the promise of a more geographical geopolitics that, arguably, has not been realized by research. Using Bosnia–Herzegovina as an example, this paper examines the challenges of developing a critical geopolitics grounded in the study of contested geopolitical regions and places. Reviewing anthropological and other place-sensitive studies of violent population displacement and post-war returns in Bosnia–Herzegovina, the paper considers some conceptual dilemmas and questions raised by attempting to create a grounded critical geopolitics.
CAPITAL BUDGETING: A FUZZY SET APPROACH FOR DETERMINING EXPECTED VALUE OF CASH FLOWS

This paper presents an alternative approach to the usual method of computing expected values of cash flows in capital budgeting situations. The approach is based on the more realistic notion that the cash flows, the probabilities assigned to the cash flows, or both are not always exactly known. Three cases representing different types of uncertainties relating to the cash flow prospects are presented and expected values are derived using the fuzzy set theory. The approach utilized in this paper provides an alternative to the prevalent methodology of estimating cash flows in capital budgeting. This approach offers greater flexibility in dealing with the complex issue of uncertainty than the prevalent probability‐based approach in cases where decisions are complex enough so that neither cash flows nor probability distributions are totally available.
Fish Populations of Five Florida Lakes

Abstract Population studies were made of five representative lakes in the Ocala National Forest, Florida, which ranged from immature to very mature in ecological age and development. The largemouth black bass made up a constant proportion of the total weight of the fish population. There was a direct relation between the number of pounds of fish per acre and the degree of ecological maturity of the lake. The number of largemouth black bass was from 12 to 27 per acre, which was less than one-third of the number stocked 3 years previously. The make-up of the supporting populations of other species of fish was variable from lake to lake, indicating that there may be considerable variation in species associations. The total number of legal fish per acre also varied from lake to lake but the weight was greater in the more mature lakes. The total weight of supporting populations was also related to the maturity of the lake. The ratio of supporting populations to predators was constant. Thirty-one per cent of la...
Mapping a Global Labor Market Gender and Skill in the Globalizing Garment Industry

This article examines the ways that managers in a rapidly globalizing industry use gendered discourses of skill to justify and frame their search for inexperienced workers in low-wage regions, using a case of a U.S.-based apparel firm that relocated and subcontracted its sewing operations in the 1990s. It uses feminist theory to examine managers' claims that women's sewing skills in the United States were disappearing and that they needed to seek out these skills in parts of the world where women were not yet active participants in labor markets. Feminist researchers have long understood the ways that naturalization of skill cheapens women's labor. The case presented here highlights the way in which the portrayal of certain skills as naturally occurring resources justifies the movement of capital in search of new pools of workers without labor market experience or union representation.
Synthesis of phosphonate derivatives of uridine, cytidine, and cytosine arabinoside.

Abstract The vinyl phosphonate derivatives of uridine, cytidine, and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) have been prepared through oxidation of appropriately protected nucleosides to the 5′ aldehydes and Wittig condensation with [(diethoxyphosphinyl)methylidine]triphenylphosphorane. Dihydroxylation of these vinyl phosphonates with an AD-mix reagent generated the new 5′,6′-dihydroxy-6′-phosphonates. After hydrolysis of the phosphonate esters and the various protecting groups, the six phosphonic acids were tested for their ability to serve as substrates for the enzyme nucleotide monophosphate kinase and for their toxicity to K562 cells.
Integrability of the Paul trap and generalized van der Waals Hamiltonians

Abstract We obtain global invariants for a Hamiltonian that includes the Paul trap and generalized van der Waals Hamiltonians as special cases. Similarities and differences in the dynamics of the systems are pointed out. In particular, we discover a double well in the trap potential possessing stable dynamical equilibria for experimentally realized parameter values.
Four electromagnetic propositions, with fluid mapper verification

A METHOD has been devised to give a visible representation of a magnetic or electrical field. Since reference can be made to another paper1 in which fluid mappers have been described, a very brief description must suffice here. In Figure 1A, a thin and uniform flow space would be provided between the flat face of a slab and the lower surface of a piece of plate glass. A hole or well in the slab, where the conductor is simulated, provides fluid entry; thus it is a source. The iron is represented by a barrier. If the slab and plate were of infinite extent, and if the flow is kept to within the streamline range, fluid-flow lines would simulate magnetic equipotentials, and isopressure lines would simulate flux lines. If a finite slab is made large in all directions as compared with the distance from the source to the singular point S, a close agreement with the idealized case could be secured.
Damage to human blood cells caused by 200 keV triton bombardment

Abstract Fixed specimens of human blood cells have been bombarded by 200 keV triton beams with fluences up to 7 × 10 16 tritons/cm 2 . The target chamber was filled with 0.5 atm of helium for heat transfer from the target. High magnification phase contrast photo-micrographs and low resolution scanning electron micrographs of the cells are used to show morphological details of radiation damage. Differences in images of the same radiation-damaged cells made with these two microscopy techniques are described. A fluence of 4 × 10 16 tritons/cm 2 was found to strip cytoplasm from white blood cells leaving their nuclei naked but intact. The same fluence caused relatively minor damage to red blood cells. Limits imposed by radiation damage on biomedical information that may be obtainable using triton bombardment to localize deuterated tracer metabolites in individual cells are discussed. A brief comparison with radiation damage observations in electron microscopy is also given.
Screening for learning disabilities in preadolescents using psychosocial disability markers—a pilot study

PURPOSE: Learning disabilities (LD) are among the most common developmental and psychiatric disorders encountered by pediatricians, yet many children are not adequately diagnosed or treated in elementary school when intervention is most effective. Because of the well-known co-morbidity between psychosocial problems and LD, this pilot study sought to utilize psychosocial "markers" to screen for unidentified LD among all fifth graders in three urban/suburb Connecticut elementary schools.METHODS: 115 fifth graders, representing a 71% response rate, agreed to participate in the study and were screened using standardized psychosocial questionnaires administered to parents (Child Behavior Checklist), students (Youth Self Report), and teachers (Teacher Report Form). Psychosocial symptom scores and associated t-scores were obtained for three types of problems; "internalizing," "attention" and "externalizing." 28 students with high levels (t > 60) of internalizing or attention problems, were selected along with a sample of 22 "normal" students with no evidence of psychosocial impairment. These 50 students were given an individually administered battery of ability, performance and cognitive processing tests to determine the presence of unidentified LD. Performance tests included standardized tests of reading, writing and mathematics. All test scores were normed with a mean of 100 and a SD of 15. LD was determined to be present if the student had a 1.5 SD or greater discrepancy between ability and performance in any of the three academic areas, and evidence of a cognitive processing deficit.RESULTS: The results indicated that 14 of the 50 students tested (28%) had evidence of undiagnosed LD. No significant difference was found in the proportion of undiagnosed LD among psychosocially impaired versus normal students. However regression analysis suggested that this finding was misleading. Controlling for ability, attention problems reported by the parent, were found to be significant (p < 0.05) predictors of lowered test scores, whereas internalizing problems were found to be predictive of increased test scores. Students with both internalizing and attention problems did not differ significantly from psychologically unimpaired students.CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study indicates that better screening methods are needed to identify the likely high proportion of elementary school children with undiagnosed learning difficulties and co-morbid psychosocial problems.
L-ARGININE PREVENTS METABOLIC EFFECTS OF HIGH GLUCOSE IN DIABETIC MICE

We tested the hypothesis that activation of the polyol pathway and protein kinase C (PKC) during diabetes is due to loss of NO. Our results show that after 4 weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, treatment with l-arginine restored NO levels and prevented tissue accumulation of sorbitol in mice, which was accompanied by an increase in glutathiolation of aldose reductase. l-Arginine treatment decreased superoxide generation in the aorta, total PKC activity and PKC-βII phosphorylation in the heart, and the plasma levels of triglycerides and soluble ICAM. These data suggest that increasing NO bioavailability by l-arginine corrects the major biochemical abnormalities of diabetes.
Acute effects of cadmium on Ictalurus punctatus (catfish).

Catfish, exposed to cadmium in ambient water, accumulated cadmium in the kidney and liver, with the kidney accumulating more of the higher concentration of cadmium. In 40 percent of the brains no cadmium was detected, and only trace amounts detected in the others. Although the amount of cadmium accumulated in the kidney and liver increased with exposure, the biological magnification of cadmium decreased. Therefore, tissue levels of cadmium cannot be correlated with ambient cadmium levels. None of the hematological constituents assayed appeared to be valuable as a diagnostic test for cadmium exposure.
What factors influence millennials to like brand pages

The purpose of this study is to investigate what factors influence young consumers to become fans of brand pages on social-networking sites and their intentions to purchase products or services from them. The data for this study were collected from college-age social media users using snowball sampling techniques. A modified Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) was used to examine the relationships between the constructs. The conceptual model was tested by using structural equation modeling. Perceived ease of use of social-networking sites and perceived usefulness of advertising on social-networking sites are significant predictors of attitudes. Both attitudes toward brand pages and social influence have positive impact on young consumers’ intentions to join (IJ) brand pages. Becoming fans of brand pages also affect consumers’ purchase intentions. This study provides marketers a better understanding of the effects of advertising informational values and peer influence on young consumers’ IJ brand pages. Capitalizing on these effects, marketers can build more appealing and involving content to recruit and increase brand page fans.
Status, Threat, and Stereotypes: Understanding the Function of Rape Myth Acceptance

This study applied system justification theory to understand the function of rape myth acceptance. Participants read a rape scenario that manipulated the difference in status between the perpetrator and victim, as well as the potential threat to perpetrator as depicted by whom the victim told about the rape. People’s opposition to equality and gender separately and together predicted rape myth acceptance. People with higher opposition to equality reported less rape myth acceptance when a higher-status perpetrator got away with rape than when he was reported to police. Conversely, people with lower opposition to equality reported more rape myth acceptance when the higher-status perpetrator got away with rape. People’s opposition to equality and gender interacted such that men with lower opposition to equality also reported more rape myth acceptance when the equal- and lower-status perpetrator got away with rape. Gender predicted rape myth acceptance such that when the lower-status perpetrator was reported to the police, women reported more rape myth acceptance whereas men reported less rape myth acceptance. This is the first study to show that rape myth acceptance is malleable and strategically motivated. These findings have implications for not only understanding rape myth acceptance, but also other ideologies that explain unethical behavior by advantaged groups.
A cross-sensor evaluation of three commercial iris cameras for iris biometrics

As iris biometrics increasingly becomes a large-scale application, the issue of interoperability between iris sensors becomes an important topic of research. This work presents experiments which compare three commercially available iris sensors and investigates the impact of cross-sensor matching on system performance. The sensors are evaluated using three different iris matching algorithms, and conclusions are drawn regarding the interaction between the sensors and the matching algorithm in a cross-sensor scenario.
The Microwave Realization of a Simple Surface Wave Filter Function

Surface wave acoustic device technology continues to generate new ideas, analyses and potential applications at an impressive rate. Concomitant introduction of some specific low-frequency prototypes into systems design and subsequently hardware is witness to the growing acceptance of this technology by the systems community. The demand for specific filter functions at steadily increasing frequencies is a natural consequence of this trend. Therefore, second order as well as high frequency effects must be understood in detail, if the desired filter properties are to be realized. In this paper the authors discuss the design and fabrication of a microwave delay line with a precisely specified bandpass characteristic and center frequency. The filter design required a parabolic form factor (to within /spl plus mn/0.3 dB) and essentially ripple free (<0. 1 dB) in-band response between 3 dB points. The filter was fabricated using three-period tuned interdigital transducers produced by electron beam microfabrication. The emphasis of this paper will be on interaction of the various effects, such as electrical load and acoustic mass loading, frequency dependent propagation loss and matching element parasitic which, particularly at microwave frequencies, render the achievement of the desired pass band properties more difficult. In addition, the accuracy and stability requirements of the electron beam microfabrication of micron-sized electrode geometry will be discussed. The sources and control of spurious response ripples which degrade the otherwise smooth transfer function are also discussed.
Effects of dietary fat levels and feeding durations on musculoskeletal health in female rats

Objectives: This study evaluates the effects of dietary fat levels and feeding durations on body composition, bone properties, and endocrine factors in female rats. Methods: Forty-eight 3-month-old female rats were assigned into a 2 (low-fat diet vs. high-fat diet) × 2 (4-month vs. 8-month feeding duration) factorial design. The body composition, bone matrix and microstructure, and endocrine factors were examined. Results: Compared to the low-fat diet, the high-fat diet (i) increased the % fat mass, femoral mineral density, trabecular and cortical formation and erosion, osteoblast and osteoclast numbers, insulin-like growth factor-I, and leptin and (ii) decreased the % fat-free mass, bone strength, and trabecular and cortical bone volume and thickness. Relative to the 4-month feeding duration, the 8-month feeding duration (i) increased the femoral mineral density, trabecular separation, formation and erosion, endocortical formation rate, and osteoclast number and (ii) decreased the trabecular bone volume, thickness, and number, osteoblast number, and adiponectin. Interactions between dietary fat level and feeding duration were observed in bone strength, trabecular thickness and formation rate, as well as cortical bone volume and mineral apposition rate. Conclusions: Both dietary fat level and feeding duration affect the bone mass and microstructure in female rats, possibly through the modulation of body composition and endocrine factors.
The Recharge‐Discharge Function of Wetlands Near Juneau, Alaska: Part I. Hydrogeological Investigations

Water levels in piezometers and the hydraulic conductivity of organic and mineral soils were measured during spring and summer 1986 to evaluate the recharge-discharge function of wetlands in the vicinity of the Mendenhall Valley near Juneau, Alaska. Computer modeling experiments were also done to evaluate the function of a large patterned fen. The blanket bogs are probably recharge zones, whereas forested wetlands are discharge zones. Approximately the upper third of the patterned fen is a ground-water recharge zone, whereas its northern margin receives ground-water discharge from flow systems recharged on moraines. The amounts of wetland recharge and discharge are very small. Recharge from wetlands to viable aquifers is probably less than 1% of the total annual recharge to the aquifer system. The amount of ground-water discharge to streams from wetlands is too small to measure.
Improvements in Block-Retransmission Schemes

Consider the case where an n -digit block encoded word cannot be decoded reliably and a second block of n redundant digits is sent to allow the receiver to make a new try based on the combined information received. Two classes of schemes are proposed and analyzed which give significantly better performance than is obtained by sending a repeat of the first block, yet do not require excessive decoding complexity. One approach is to consider small sub-blocks of the original n -digit code as the data digits of a short rate one-half code. The other approach is to treat the first sending as the data digits of a systematic convolutional code of short constraint length. Comparisons are made for the white Gaussian noise channel and the erasure channel. The comparisons are limited to an assessment of the improvement gained after two sendings. Procedures using length 4 sub-blocks and using convolutional codes with constraint lengths as short as 2 or 3 digits yield considerable improvement over block retransmission. For the case of the erasure channel, a very simple decoding rule is devised for the convolutional code case.
The Death Penalty

The focus of this paper is upon the particular problems, as conceived by Professor James Q. Wilson, that capital punishment is said to present. It is one of determining whether the death penalty can be justified on grounds of justice rather than utility. I share Wilson's conviction that debates about capital punishment are too often controversies about its capacity to deter, thus neglecting the most serious moral issue, namely, whether death is a just punishment for certain sorts of crimes. The profound question is, "Can execution be justified independently of considerations of utility, on the basis of its being the morally fitting penalty?" But, as my discussion indicates, it is not immediately clear how to interpret this question. Professor Wilson seems to think that an argument from justice, as distinguished from utility, for capital punishment is the claim that we cheapen the value of human life if an innocent victim dies while his killer lives. Since I do not understand how we could argue that claim ...
On the Mother Tongue Education Policy in Nigeria

Abstract This paper integrates public opinion with research findings on Nigeria's mother tongue education policy by examining the historical antecedents of the policy; its specifications and implications; and the major arguments for and against the policy. In addition to highlighting major obstacles that might hamper the implementation of the policy, the findings reveal that mother tongue education policies in ex‐colonial nations often represent two main types of struggle, one against linguistic colonialism and the other against the domination of ethnic and language minorities by the larger ethnic groups. The efforts made so far at policy implementation are assessed against these findings, while suggestions are offered for future improvement.
Applying physics to an undergraduate UAS design

The Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering at the United States Military Academy requires its graduates to complete an integrative capstone design in their senior year. One of these projects involves the design, construction, testing, and demonstration of a small, highly autonomous, uninhabited aerial system (UAS). This particular capstone option was added to the list of available capstone projects in the fall of 2005. In the past, while students have been able to complete the design process relatively well, an area of deficiency for all capstone design teams has been the physical modeling of their design before construction. This paper will describe the progression of physical modeling and analysis for the systemspsila air vehicles over the course of the three years of the projectpsilas existence. In the first year, the two teams did little or no modeling. During the second year of the project, with three different teams, some modeling was attempted, but not verified through testing once the designs were constructed. At the start of the third year, one of the faculty advisors developed a detailed procedure for aerodynamic modeling and performance analysis, called the ldquoAlpha .60 Laboratoryrdquo. To augment the previous yearpsilas design pedagogy with an inductive learning component, the students were required to complete the laboratory on an existing airframe. They were then required to apply the same analysis to each alternative developed through the engineering design process. Upon selection and construction of their final design, the students will be required to validate their analytical predictions through flight testing. Preliminary results have shown marked improvement in the detail of the analysis and the level of the studentspsila understanding of the underlying physics. An assessment of the laboratorypsilas impact on this yearpsilas designs will also be presented.
A driver linac for the advanced eotic beam laboratory: Physics design and beam dynamics simulations

The Advanced Exotic Beam Laboratory (AEBL) being developed at ANL consists of an 833 MV heavy-ion driver linac capable of producing uranium ions up to 200 MeV/u and protons to 580 MeV with 400 kW beam power. We have designed all accelerator components including a two charge state LEBT, an RFQ, a MEBT, a superconducting linac, a stripper station and chicane. We present the results of an optimized linac design and end-to-end simulations including machine errors and detailed beam loss analysis.
Benevolent intent? the development encounter in Kenya's horticulture industry

This article examines the trajectory of development policy and practice through the case of the Kenyan export trade of fresh produce. It traces how African labor, particularly women's labor, has been harnessed and restructured by three models of development: (1) the neoliberal prescriptions for agricultural diversification and contract farming; (2) the post-Washington consensus of pro-poor growth; and (3) the Corporate Social Responsibility movement of the late 20th century. While each model offers different approaches to improving Kenyan lives, they are united by a common intent to bring African labor into the fold of modernity, as both object and instrument of development. Drawing on fieldwork conducted among smallholders and waged employees, the article advances two arguments: (1) the construction and outcome of horticulture development is founded on, and contingent upon, gendered forms of labor; and (2) the exercise of trusteeship has been central to each model as international financial agencies and non-governmental organizations steward the ‘development’ of the African laborer. The article contends that all models cast the Kenyan worker as someone to be developed, be it through rural development, integration into a global workforce, or incorporation into a universal system of social justice.
Linking stream and landscape trajectories in the southern Appalachians

A proactive sampling strategy was de- signed and implemented in 2000 to document changes in streams whose catchment land uses were predicted to change over the next two decades due to increased building density. Di- atoms, macroinvertebrates, fishes, suspended sed- iment, dissolved solids, and bed composition were measured at two reference sites and six sites where a socioeconomic model suggested new building construction would influence stream ecosystems in the future; we label these "hazard sites." The six hazard sites were located in catchments with forested and agricultural land use histories.
EVOLUTION OF A ROTATING PROTOSTAR

A theory of a rotating uniform gas cloud that contracts gravitationally due to secular loss of angular momentum is applied to (Pop. I) protostars of hypothetical origin in the interstel­ lar medium. Representative thermal histories are displayed and the influence of various parameters discussed. It appears that some protostars, particularly the more massive ones, are apt to approach the mainsequcnce by a Helmholtz-Kelvin-like exjxmsion from be!ow rather than by the familiar contraction from above.
Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy improves cranial neuropathies in patients with skull base meningiomas: a retrospective cohort study

Background: Skull base meningiomas commonly present with cranial neuropathies. Fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy (FSRT) has been used to treat these tumors with excellent local control, but rates of improvement in cranial neuropathies have not been well defined. We review the experience at Thomas Jefferson University using FSRT in the management of these patients with a focus on symptom outcomes. Methods: We identified 225 cases of skull base meningiomas treated with FSRT at Thomas Jefferson University from 1994 through 2009. The target volume was the enhancing tumor, treated to a standard prescription dose of 54 Gy. Symptoms at the time of RT were classified based on the cranial nerve affected. Logistic regression was performed to determine predictors of symptom improvement after FSRT. Results: The median follow-up time was 4.4 years. In 92% of cases, patients were symptomatic at the time of RT; the most common were impaired visual field/acuity (58%) or extraocular movements (34%). After FSRT, durable improvement of at least one symptom occurred in 57% of cases, including 40% of visual acuity/visual field deficits, and 40% of diplopia/ptosis deficits. Of all symptomatic patients, 27% experienced improvement of at least one symptom within 2 months of the end of RT.
Data versus decision fusion in wireless sensor networks

Sensor networks provide virtual snapshots of the physical world via distributed wireless nodes that can sense in different modalities, such as acoustic and seismic. Classification of objects moving through the sensor field is an important application that requires collaborative signal processing (CSP) between nodes. Given the limited resources of nodes, a key constraint is to exchange the least amount of information between them to achieve the desired performance. Two main forms of CSP are possible. Data fusion - exchange of low dimensional feature vectors - is needed between correlated nodes, in general, for optimal performance. Decision fusion $exchange of likelihood values - is sufficient between independent nodes. Decision fusion is generally preferable due to its lower communication burden. We study the CSP of multiple node measurements, each modeled as a Gaussian signal vector (corresponding to the target class) corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise. The measurements are partitioned into groups. The signal components within each group are perfectly correlated whereas they vary independently between groups. Three classifiers are compared: the optimal maximum likelihood classifier; a data averaging classifier that treats all measurements as correlated; a decision fusion classifier that treats them all as independent. The performances of the three CSP classifiers are compared using analytical and numerical results based on real data. These indicate that the sub-optimal decision fusion classifier, that is most attractive in the context of sensor networks, is also a robust choice from a decision theoretic viewpoint.
Modeling Equilibrium Relationships: Error Correction Models with Strongly Autoregressive Data

Political scientists often argue that political processes move together in the long run. Examples include partisanship and government approval, conflict and cooperation among countries, public policy sentiment and policy activity, economic evaluations and economic conditions, and taxing and spending. Error correction models and cointegrating relationships are often used to characterize these equilibrium relationships and to test hypotheses about political change. Typically the techniques used to estimate equilibrium relationships are based on the statistical assumption that the processes have permanent memory, implying that political experiences cumulate. Yet many analysts have argued that this is not a reasonable theoretical or statistical assumption for most political time series. In this paper I examine the consequences of assuming permanent memory when data have long but not permanent memory. I focus on two commonly used estimators: the Engle‐Granger two-step estimator and generalized error correction. In my analysis I consider the important role of simultaneity and discuss implications for the conclusions political scientists have drawn about the nature, even the existence, of equilibrium relationships between political processes. I find that even small violations of the permanent memory assumption can present substantial problems for inference on long-run relationships in situations that are likely to be common in applied work in all fields and suggest ways that analysts should proceed.
Advances in menopausal hormonal therapy delivery systems

Recent epidemiologic evidence based on a large randomized controlled trial disputes a cardioprotective benefit of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), suggesting an increase in breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and venous thromboembolic events (VTE) among postmenopausal women receiving HRT. Outcomes data regarding the estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) arm demonstrated an increase in stroke and VTE but no increase in cardiovascular disease or breast cancer risk compared with placebo. Since HRT and ERT remain highly effective treatments for vasomotor disturbances and urogenital atrophy, these quality-of-life issues are now the primary decision-making factors for those patients who are considering HRT/ERT. Numerous ERT and HRT options are available to women today, including oral tablets, transdermal patches, intravaginal creams and ring systems, intrauterine devices, and intranasal preparations. Selection of HRT/ERT should be based upon symptom type and severity, lowest effective dose, shortest duration of treatment, and patient preference.
Hepatitis B and C Viruses

Hepatitis due to infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major global public health problems. Molecular diagnostic methods are now standard of care for the diagnosis, management and monitoring therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. After a brief description of the viruses and clinical manifestations of infection, the clinical utility of viral load testing and genotyping for HBV and HCV are reviewed. The relative advantages and limitations of the commercially available methods for performing these tests will be compared and key laboratory issues affecting the results are highlighted. The chapter also provides guidance for interpretation of these test results and insight into future directions for molecular diagnostic testing in patients with hepatitis B and C.
Atomic structure of a {1 1 1} incoherent interface in Zr–N alloy

Abstract High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), crystallographic analyses and near-coincident-site atom modeling were used to investigate the atomic structure of a planar {1 1 1}ZrN interface between the Zr and ZrN phases in a Zr–33.9 at.% N alloy. The Zr and ZrN phases were found to have a high-index orientation relationship and display poor atomic matching across the {1 1 1}ZrN interface in the HRTEM images and using near-coincident-site atom modeling. These results show that the {1 1 1}ZrN interface is atomically incoherent and suggest that atomic faceting in the ZrN phase, rather than atomic matching at the interface, is the dominant factor in determining the {1 1 1}ZrN interface plane. Both the experimental HRTEM images and atomic model of the interface indicate that six (0 0 2)Zr planes correspond to nine (0 2 0)ZrN planes across the interface, so that it is mathematically rational. The interface is faceted at the micrometer-level and contains atomic steps, similar to partly coherent interfaces, indicating that such features cannot be used to define partial coherency at interfaces.
Measurements of Interfacial Curvatures and Characterization of Bicontinuous Morphologies

Studies of bicontinuous and interpenetrating domain structures developed in the process of spinodal decomposition (SD) of binary mixtures of molecular fluids, binary alloys, and polymer blends have been an attractive research theme over the past several decades [1]. Complex structures can be observed in the phase separation process induced by a temperature quench from the stable one-phase region into the unstable two-phase spinodal region. The fact that the dynamical processes in complex fluids such as polymer blends, glasses, and gels are extremely slow due to their long characteristic relaxation times allows one to study their morphologies with better accuracy than those of simple liquid mixtures [2].
AMPKα1: SUMO Wrestling Runx2 as a Strategy to Inhibit Arteriosclerotic Calcification.

With our increasingly aged and dysmetabolic population, the deleterious consequences of globally perturbed calcium metabolism become increasingly apparent.1 Net loss of bone mineral quantity and quality increases risk for osteoporotic fracture,2 whereas accumulating arterial calcium loads stiffen conduit arteries and impairs Windkessel physiology—the rubbery elasticity of conduit vessels that ensures smooth distal tissue perfusion throughout the cardiac cycle.3 Murine models were first used to identify that reciprocal change in skeletal versus vascular calcium accrual can occur in response to the dysmetabolic states of diabetes mellitus, uremia, and dyslipidemia4. However, the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) firmly established the general connection between accrual of metabolic syndrome parameters—impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, obesity, low high-density lipoprotein, hypertriglyceridemia, or frank type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D)—and arterial calcium load in humans.5 Recent studies implementing high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography have shown that older men and women with T2D exhibit greater cortical bone porosity—a feature that compromises bone strength and increases fracture risk.6,7 Patients with calcified peripheral arterial disease also exhibit deficiencies in trabecular bone structure on high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography, further solidifying the relationship.8 Elegant human genetic studies by Mani et al9 highlighted that osteoporosis–atherosclerosis relationships are genetically determined in part by LRP6 signaling—with the cell-autonomous (osteoblast and vascular smooth muscle) contributions of …
Performance of adjustable pressure-limiting (APL) valves in two different modern anaesthesia machines

Summary The ability to gently ventilate a patient's lungs using a self-inflating bag requires a properly working adjustable pressure-limiting (APL) valve. We compared the performance of the APL valves of the GE Aisys CS2 and the Draeger Fabius anaesthetic machines during closure and opening from 1-20 and from 20-1 cmH2O, using standardised experimental baby and adolescent patient lung models. Airway pressures and inspiratory tidal volumes were measured using an ASL-5000 test lung and a GE Aisys CS2 near-patient spirometry sensors. In both lung models, the GE Aisys CS2 APL valves demonstrated non-linear behaviours for airway pressures and for inspiratory tidal volumes, with a sharp increase at set APL pressure levels of 8–10 cmH2O. With further closure of the GE Aisys CS2 APL valves up to 20 cmH2O, inspiratory tidal volumes decreased to ~50% of the highest values measured. Airway pressures in the Draeger Fabius APL valves demonstrated a near linear increase and decrease. Airway pressure values measured in the Draeger Fabius were never higher than those set by the APL valves, whereas in the GE Aisys CS2, they considerably exceeded set pressures (by up to 27 cmH2O). We conclude that the performance of the GE Aisys CS2 APL valve does not allow safe bag-assisted ventilation of a patient's lungs.
Transdifferentiation Requires iNOS ActivationNovelty and Significance

Rationale: We have previously shown that innate immunity is necessary for transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to endothelial cells. A major signaling molecule involved in innate immunity is inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Accordingly, we hypothesized that iNOS-generated nitric oxide (NO) might enhance transdifferentiation. Objective: To elucidate the role of NO in epigenetic plasticity during transdifferentiation. Methods and Results: We exposed the BJ fibroblasts to transdifferentiation formulation that included endothelial growth factors and innate immune activator polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid to induce endothelial cells. Generation of transdifferentiated endothelial cells was associated with iNOS expression and NO elaboration. In the absence of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, or in the presence of antagonists of NFκB (nuclear factor kappa B) or iNOS activity, NO synthesis and induce endothelial cell generation was reduced. Furthermore, genetic knockout (in murine embryonic fibroblasts) or siRNA knockdown (in BJ fibroblasts) of iNOS nearly abolished transdifferentiation, an effect that could be reversed by iNOS overexpression. Notably, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid induced nuclear localization of iNOS, and its binding to, and nitrosylation of, the epigenetic modifier ring finger protein 1A (RING1A) as assessed by immunostaining, Co-IP, and mass spectrometry. Nitrosylation of RING1A reduced its binding to chromatin and reduced global levels of repressive histone marker H3K27 trimethylation. Overexpression of a mutant form of RING1A (C398A) lacking the nitrosylation site almost abrogated transdifferentiation. Conclusions: Overall, our data indicate that during transdifferentiation, innate immune activation increases iNOS generation of NO to S-nitrosylate RING1A, a key member of the polycomb repressive complex. Nitrosylation of RING1A reduces its binding to chromatin and decreases H3K27 trimethylation level. The release of epigenetic repression by nitrosylation of RING1A is critical for effective transdifferentiation. # Novelty and Significance {#article-title-50}