cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Glenn A. Fry Award Lecture (1995). Myopia development in childhood.

Purpose. The Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia is a 12-year project examining predictive factors for the onset of myopia, the underlying etiologies of myopia, and normal eye growth in school children. Methods. This paper reports on all measurements made of the ocular components (cycloplegic refractive error, corneal curvature, crystalline lens power, and axial ocular dimensions), parental history of myopia, and near work activity in children participating in the Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia between 1989 and 1993. An analysis of the interaction between parental history of myopia and children's near work is conducted on the cross-sectional study data from 1993. Results. The cross-sectional and longitudinal data show a gradual decrease in refractive error from low hyperopia toward emmetropia, no shift in corneal curvature, a gradual decrease in crystalline lens power, thinning of the crystalline lens, and elongation of the eye between the ages of 6 and 14 years. Parental history is more contributory to a statistical model predicting myopia than is near work, but near work is a significant factor as well. We can find no evidence of statistical interaction between parental history and near work in explaining the presence or absence of myopia. Conclusions The emmetropization process is evident in the gradual decrease in refractive error toward emmetropia, the axial elongation of the eye, and the compensating decrease in crystalline lens power. Both nature and nurture play a role in the etiology of myopia, although the predominant role appears to belong to a positive parental history of myopia. This role does not appear to be through an interaction between parental myopia status and children's near work activity.
A FAST SCHEDULING ALGORITHM FOR LOW POWER DESIGN

In this paper, a fast low power scheduling algorithm is presented for high-level synthesis with multiple voltages. The resources are assumed to operate at different voltages and their power consumption and delay for each voltage level is known in advance. The proposed methodology achieves maximal power reduction of functional units by identifying the maximal available parallelism of power hungry operators in an initial schedule. The proposed methodology is developed in the framework of a modified stochastic evolution mechanism in order to tame the computational complexity. The proposed scheduling technique is extremely fast and it runs in quadratic complexity in the number of the nodes in the data flow graph of the design. This is the fastest reported time of scheduling algorithms for resource-and-latency constrained scheduling with resources operating at multiple voltages. The algorithm produces results within accuracy of 3%–5% of the linear programming method.
The Armenian Genocide and an Updated Denial Initiative: A Review Essay

When on 12 October 2006 the French National Assembly approved a bill that made it a crime to deny the mass killings of Armenians in Turkey around the turn of the twentieth century, Turkish leaders lamented the decision as a great disappointment, while several European officials insisted that it was not for the law to write history. That task, however, is compromised when leading historians deny, in Jacques Chirac’s memorable words, a country’s ‘‘dramas and errors.’’1 Because experts are lured to power, sometimes at the expense of their integrity, it behooves those searching for the truth to redouble their efforts. Therefore, the genuine need to identify and correct assertions made by those who wish to deny historical facts is a duty both to history and to the truth itself. Guenter Lewy, an emeritus professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts—Amherst, is the latest researcher attempting to deny the Armenian Genocide.2 Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Tampa Library at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact scholarcommons@usf.edu. Recommended Citation Kechichian, Joseph A. (2007) "The Armenian Genocide and an Updated Denial Initiative: A Review Essay," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 2: Iss. 2: Article 6. Available at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss2/6 The Armenian Genocide and an Updated Denial Initiative: A Review Essay
Consortial Cataloging Guidelines for Electronic Resources: I-Share Survey and Recommendations

In 2009, the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) charged a task force to update and revise recommendations that address cataloging practice and catalog access to electronic resources for libraries participating in the I-Share union catalog. This article presents the results of a survey and recommendations developed by the 2009 Task Force that cover all types of e-resources. Issues covered include: single or separate records for electronic and print versions of a title; the use of aggregator-neutral and provider neutral records; the construction and placement of the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and notes; and the use of vendor records.
Enzymic synthesis of peptide bonds. IV. Effects of variation in substrate structure on relative extents of synthesis of benzoylamino acid anilides as catalyzed by papain and ficin.

Summary From studies with related substrates it has been shown that the previously observed greater reactivity of benzoylleucine than of benzoylvaline, in the papain-catalyzed synthesis of anilides, is in accord with steric hindrance by the branching methyl in the valine substrate. This explanation invokes the principle of steric hindrance in enzyme-substrate interaction involving l -type substrates. The theoretical inferences of this sort of result have been indicated. The relative rankings of 13 benzamino acids in the above reaction were shown to differ when ficin was the catalyst, from the results obtained with papain. The effect of the position of the methyl substituent, however, again dominated in the contrast between leucine and valine. The relationships of yield to dilution of enzyme have been found to vary both with each of the enzymes and with the substrate. Newly obtained anilides have been characterized.
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis

Abstract Congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels occurs rarely with an incidence of approximately 0.02 per 1000 live births. Two embryologic errors, atrioventricular discordance and ventriculo-arterial discordance, result in physiologically corrected blood flow. Although some patients may present without additional cardiac anomalies, commonly associated lesions include complete heart block, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis and tricuspid valve anatomic abnormalities which can result in tricuspid regurgitation. Distinguishing features of clinical presentation, physical exam, electrocardiogram and chest X-ray are detailed. Diagnosis can currently be made non-invasively by echocardiography, including fetal, transthoracic and transesophageal modalities. Cardiac catheterization carries a significant risk of the induction of temporary or permanent complete heart block and is therefore only indicated for hemodynamic, electrophysiologic and angiographic assessment of associated abnormalities in symptomatic individuals when surgical intervention is anticipated. Prognosis for patients with corrected transposition of the great vessels depends on the severity of associated lesions. Since the onset of complete heart block occurs at a rate of 2% per year, and arrhythmia-related deaths are not uncommon, early pacemaker placement is indicated. Concern regarding the ability of the right ventricle to function as the long-term systemic pump has led to the recent concept of double switch repair as opposed to intracardiac repair of associated lesions, particularly in those patients with systemic right ventricular failure and tricuspid regurgitation. Due to the complexity of this congenital heart defect, recommendations for intervention must remain highly individualized.
Forty Years of ‘The Strategy’: Levins on Model Building and Idealization

This paper is an interpretation and defense of Richard Levins’ “The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology,” which has been extremely influential among biologists since its publication 40 years ago. In this article, Levins confronted some of the deepest philosophical issues surrounding modeling and theory construction. By way of interpretation, I discuss each of Levins’ major philosophical themes: the problem of complexity, the brute-force approach, the existence and consequence of tradeoffs, and robustness analysis. I argue that Levins’ article is concerned, at its core, with justifying the use of multiple, idealized models in population biology.
AMPHIBIAN COLONIZATION AND USE OF PONDS CREATED FOR TRIAL MITIGATION OF WETLAND LOSS

Created ponds were built as an experiment in mitigating the loss of a wetland to construction. We monitored amphibian breeding population sizes and juvenile recruitment at these “created ponds” for 8.5 years and compared the populations to those observed at the original wetland, Sun Bay (≤600 m from the created ponds), and at an undisturbed reference wetland, Rainbow Bay. Some amphibians continued breeding migrations to Sun Bay even after it was filled with soil. Few of the anuran colonists of the created ponds had been previously captured at Sun Bay, but many of the salamander colonists had been collected. The created ponds became permanent, whereas Sun Bay and Rainbow Bay were temporary ponds. Juveniles of two salamander species and 10 species of frogs and toads metamorphosed and emigrated from the created ponds during the study. By the final years of the study, the community structure of adult and juvenile amphibians differed among the three created ponds, as well as between these ponds and the prior amphibian community at the filled wetland and the contemporaneous community at the reference wetland. Mean size at metamorphosis was smaller at the created ponds than at the reference site for two species of frogs, whereas the opposite was true for two salamanders. We conclude that the created ponds provided partial mitigation for the loss of the natural amphibian breeding habitat. Differences between the created ponds and the natural wetlands were likely related to differences in their hydrologic regimes, size, substrates, vegetation, and surrounding terrestrial habitats and to the limited availability of colonists of some species.
Emissions impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle deployment on the U.S. western grid

Abstract The constantly evolving western grid of the United States is characterized by complex generation dispatch based on economics, contractual agreements, and regulations. The future electrification of transportation via plug-in electric vehicles calls for an energy and emissions analysis of electric vehicle (EV) penetration scenarios based on realistic resource dispatch. A resource dispatch and emissions model for the western grid is developed and a baseline case is modeled. Results are compared with recorded data to validate the model and provide confidence in the analysis of EV-grid interaction outlooks. A modeled dispatch approach, based on a correlation between actual historical dispatch and system load data, is exercised to show the impacts (emission intensity, temporally resolved load demand) associated with EV penetration on the western grid. The plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and selected charging scenarios are the focus for the analysis. The results reveal that (1) a correlation between system load and resource group capacity factor can be utilized in dispatch modeling, (2) the hourly emissions intensity of the grid depends upon PHEV fleet charge scenario, (3) emissions can be reduced for some species depending on the PHEV fleet charge scenario, and (4) the hourly model resolution of changes in grid emissions intensity can be used to decide on preferred fleet-wide charge profiles.
Group Dynamics of Corruption in Public Organizations

Abstract When there are two groups of officials in a public organization, we show that depending on the groups’ behavior – collusive or competitive – increasing the level of monitoring and punishment may have different impacts on corruption. If the two groups of public officials had been demonstrating collusive behavior, increased monitoring or punishment reduces both the level of corrupt activities and the corrupt officials’ bribe revenues. However, if the groups had not been colluding, increased monitoring reduces the level of corruption, but increases the corruption revenues collected. Only after reaching the optimum level of monitoring, is this result reversed.
Efficacy and physiological effects of human butyrylcholinesterase as a post-exposure therapy against percutaneous poisoning by VX in the guinea-pig.

Abstract The physiological effects of human plasma-derived butyrylcholinesterase (huBuChE) administration and its modulation of the effects of percutaneous VX challenge are poorly understood. Percutaneously administered nerve agents are more slowly absorbed than inhaled agents; consequently, signs of poisoning occur later, with a longer duration. Telemetry was used to monitor heart rate, EEG, temperature and activity in guinea-pigs. Treatment with huBuChE at 30 or 120 min following percutaneous VX challenge (∼2.5 × LD50) provided 100% protection from lethality. When huBuChE administration was delayed until the onset of observable signs of poisoning only 1 out of 6 animals survived to the end of the experiment at 7 days. This study adds to the body of evidence demonstrating the efficacy of huBuChE in animals by describing the successful therapeutic use of a protein bioscavenger as a post-exposure treatment against dermal exposure to VX up to 2 h post-exposure. This study simultaneously used telemetric methods to show that the efficacy of huBuChE is linked to the prevention of detrimental physiological changes observed in control VX-treated animals. Post-exposure therapy is a promising additional indication for the concept of use of this material, and one that has particular relevance in a civilian exposure scenario.
ChIP-PaM: an algorithm to identify protein-DNA interaction using ChIP-Seq data

ChIP-Seq is a powerful tool for identifying the interaction between genomic regulators and their bound DNAs, especially for locating transcription factor binding sites. However, high cost and high rate of false discovery of transcription factor binding sites identified from ChIP-Seq data significantly limit its application. Here we report a new algorithm, ChIP-PaM, for identifying transcription factor target regions in ChIP-Seq datasets. This algorithm makes full use of a protein-DNA binding pattern by capitalizing on three lines of evidence: 1) the tag count modelling at the peak position, 2) pa ttern m atching of a specific tag count distribution, and 3) motif searching along the genome. A novel data-based two-step eFDR procedure is proposed to integrate the three lines of evidence to determine significantly enriched regions. Our algorithm requires no technical controls and efficiently discriminates falsely enriched regions from regions enriched by true transcription factor (TF) binding on the basis of ChIP-Seq data only. An analysis of real genomic data is presented to demonstrate our method. In a comparison with other existing methods, we found that our algorithm provides more accurate binding site discovery while maintaining comparable statistical power.
Spin-glass fluctuation statistics: mesoscopic experiments in CuMn

Abstract Mesoscopic resistance fluctuation experiments on the spin glass Cu Mn are compared with expectations for different classes of spin-glass theories. The experiments show fluctuating units of about 10 4 spins, much larger than expected for spin-density-wave domain pictures. The noise statistics do not resemble those from independent two-state systems, so a dillute droplet model is not applicable. Scaling properties of the ‘second spectrum’ appear inconsistent with droplet pictures. These scaling properties could generally be fit with a hierarchical picture. Within a hierarchical picture, we use the data to calculate a coherence size (about 10 6 spins), the number of branches per hierarchical tree vertex and some features of the overlap distribution function, which seems to show more ‘replica symmetry breaking’ than expected from the mean-field theory.
Predicting energy response of radiographic film in a 6 MV x-ray beam using Monte Carlo calculated fluence spectra and absorbed dose.

The advantage of radiographic film is that it allows two-dimensional, high-resolution dose measurement. While there is concern over its photon energy dependence, these problems are considered acceptable within small fields, where the scatter component is small. The application of film dosimetry to intensity modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) raises additional concern since the primary fluence may vary significantly within the field. The varying primary fluence in combination with a large scatter fraction, present for large fields and large depths, causes the spectrum at various points within the IMRT field to differ from the spectrum in the uniform fields typically used for calibrating the film. As a result, significant artifacts are introduced in the measured dose distribution. The purpose of this work is to quantify and develop a method to correct for these artifacts. Two approaches based on Monte Carlo(MC) simulations are examined. In the first method, the film artifact, as quantified by film and ion chamber output measurements in uniform square fields, is derived from the MC calculated ratio of absorbed doses to film and to water. In the second method, the measured film artifact is correlated with MC calculated photon spectra, revealing a strong correlation between the measured artifact and the “scatter”-to-“primary” ratio, defined by the ratio of the number of photons below to the number of photons above 0.1 MeV , independent of field size and depth. These methods are evaluated in high- and low-dose regions of a large intensity-modulated field created with a central block. The spectral approach is also tested with a clinical IMRT field. The absorbed dose method accurately corrects the measured film dose in the open part of the field and in points under the block and outside the field. The dose error is reduced from as much as 16% of the open field dose to less than 1%, as verified with an ion chamber. The spectral method accurately corrects the measured film dose in the open region of the centrally blocked field, but does not fully correct for the film artifact for points under the block and outside the field, where the spectrum is substantially different. Applied to the clinical field, the corrected film measurement shows good agreement with data obtained with a two-dimensional diode array.
Fast and slow magnetic phenomena in focal epileptic seizures

The magnetic fields associated with penicillin-induced focal epilepsy were measured in laboratory rats. Interictal magnetic spikes were similar to those previously observed in humans with focal seizure disorders. The magnetic fields of the seizure itself displayed both slow and fast phenomena, reversing in direction on opposite sides of the head.
Women's college physical activity and self-reports of physician-diagnosed depression and of current symptoms of psychiatric distress

It is believed that physical activity is protective against depression. This paper investigates the association between women's athletic activity in the college and precollege years and physician-diagnosed depression in postcollege years. College alumnae (n = 3940), former college athletes and nonathletes, completed a detailed self-administered questionnaire that sought information on health histories up to the present time, including questions on history of physician-diagnosed depression and current symptoms of psychiatric distress. A negative association between college athletic activity and self-reported physician-diagnosed depression in the last 10 years was observed (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.664, with 95% confidence limits [CL] 0.545, 0.808, p < 0.0001). Other factors significantly associated with depression are living with a spouse, at time of reporting-protective; self-rated current health good to poor compared with very good or excellent; alcoholism; and having a doctoral degree-risk factors. Current state variables based on the Rand Mental Health Inventory-5 (RMHI-5) were also more favorable among athletes. This is the first study to report a long-term beneficial association between women's college athletic activity and self-reported physician-diagnosed depression in the postcollege years and current symptoms of psychiatric distress. The findings support the Surgeon General's promotion of the health benefits of physical activity.
Estimating Interregional Migration in the United States from Sample Data: A Procedural Note

The author examines newly available machine-readable samples from historical U.S. censuses. "The issue at hand is the use of data newly provided by the samples to improve our knowledge of the redistribution of the native-born population; the Public Use Samples (PUS) for 1900...and 1910....The procedures for developing the estimates are outlined: first an evaluation of data from the two samples in the context of the use to which they are put here; second the need to weight and the method used in weighting sample frequencies to produce comparable aggregates for the two dates; and third how estimates of net migrants are derived from these aggregates. A fourth section presents a brief analysis of net intercensal migration between 1900 and 1910 as indicated by the estimates. The conclusion suggests other general areas in which the procedure may be helpful...." (EXCERPT)
Mass spectral studies of cycloheptatrienes. II—The monochlorocycloheptatrienes

The mass spectra of isomeric chlorocycloheptatrienes have been studied at high and low electron beam energies. Ion kinetic energy spectrometry was utilized to examine the major decomposition pathways. The extreme similarity found in the spectral characteristics of these compounds provides information about the structure of the decomposing molecular ion.
Patterns of Gaze Between Parents and Children in European American and Mexican American Families

Mutual gaze has been shown to be a valuable channel of nonverbal communication. To examine mutual gaze between parents and children, 43 European American (EA) and 57 Mexican American (MA) families were coded on the occurrence of talking and gaze during a brief discussion. MA families showed lower levels of father-to-child gaze, mother-to-son gaze, and child-to-father gaze than EA families. MA families also showed less father–child mutual gaze, as well as less mother–child gaze for sons than EA families. Child gaze aversion was more common in European American families. Levels of gaze, father–child mutual gaze, and child gaze aversion all were positively correlated with acculturation. The importance of research exploring possible differences in function and meaning of gaze across cultural groups is emphasized.
Broadband sensor system and technique for detection and classification of targets and subsurface targets

In this paper, the author discusses a Broadband Bionic Sonar Sensor System and a signal processing technique for detection and identification of underwater targets. This bionic sonar system with the resonance detection technique for detection and identification of underwater objects appears to mimic a dolphin's sensory system. The dolphin's sonar system transmits a very short broadband pulse. It detects and classifies a target by processing the modulation of the echo's (back scattering) broadband spectrum. This spectral modulation is directly related to the target's natural resonance. Using the G-Transform technique, the author has successfully showed that target resonance exists and it is unique to target size, shape, structure and material composition. Furthermore, this natural resonance exists in both (active sonar) acoustic echoes, back scattering and (passive sonar) acoustic scattering in acoustic noise background. Using trained neural networks, these targets' resonances/signatures can be correctly identified for the respective targets. It is conceivable that a broadband radar system, similar to a dolphin's sonar system, can be developed for targets and subsurface targets.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Distributional Studies and the Computer: An Analysis of Durbin's Rank Test

Abstract A study of the distribution of a statistic involves two major steps: (a) working out its asymptotic, large n, distribution, and (b) making the connection between the asymptotic results and the distribution of the statistic for the sample sizes used in practice. This crucial second step is not included in many studies. In this article, the second step is applied to Durbin's (1951) well-known rank test of treatment effects in balanced incomplete block designs (BIB's). We found that asymptotic, χ2, distributions do not provide adequate approximations in most BIB's. Consequently, we feel that several of Durbin's recommendations should be altered.
Adaptive on-line estimation and control of overlay tool bias

Modern lithographic manufacturing processes rely on various types of exposure tools, used in a mix-and-match fashion. The motivation to use older tools alongside state-of-the-art tools is lower cost and one of the tradeoffs is a degradation in overlay performance. While average prices of semiconductor products continue to fall, the cost of manufacturing equipment rises with every product generation. Lithography processing, including the cost of ownership for tools, accounts for roughly 30% of the wafer processing costs, thus the importance of mix-and-match strategies. Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) run-by-run controllers are widely used in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. This type of controller has been implemented successfully in volume manufacturing, improving Cpk values dramatically in processes like photolithography and chemical mechanical planarization. This simple, but powerful control scheme is well suited for adding corrections to compensate for Overlay Tool Bias (OTB). We have developed an adaptive estimation technique to compensate for overlay variability due to differences in the processing tools. The OTB can be dynamically calculated for each tool, based on the most recent measurements available, and used to correct the control variables. One approach to tracking the effect of different tools is adaptive modeling and control. The basic premise of an adaptive system is to change or adapt the controller as the operating conditions of the system change. Using closed-loop data, the adaptive control algorithm estimates the controller parameters using a recursive estimation technique. Once an updated model of the system is available, modelbased control becomes feasible. In the simplest scenario, the control law can be reformulated to include the current state of the tool (or its estimate) to compensate dynamically for OTB. We have performed simulation studies to predict the impact of deploying this strategy in production. The results for high running parts show rework reductions of about 10%, while low running parts improve by over 50%.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Matrices over differential fields which commute with their derivative

Abstract A theorem is proved concerning the diagonalizability of a matrix over a differential field by means of a similarity transformation from the field of constants of the differential field. This result contains, as a special case, known results concerning the diagonalizability over the complex numbers of a Hermitian matrix of analytic functions under the hypothesis that the matrix commutes with its derivative.
Prolonged observations of the cardiovascular status in essential hyperlipemia; with special reference to serum lipid response to heparin.

Study of the natural course of essential hyperlipemia discloses that this disease is frequently associated with premature atherosclerosis. It is, therefore, our contention that we can no longer regard essential hyperlipemia as a benign disease. Heparin administered intravenously to patients with essential hyperlipemia produces dramatic though transient lowering of total lipids. This is due predominantly to heparin's effect upon neutral fat. Normal controls show no significant differences in their lipid response to heparin, though of course the degree of these changes is comparatively smaller.
Statistical Analyses of Next Generation Sequence Data: A Partial Overview

Next generation sequencing has revolutionized the status of biological research. For a long time, the gold standard of DNA sequencing was considered to be the Sanger method. However, in 2005, commercial launching of next generation sequencing has made it possible to generate massively parallel and high resolution DNA sequence data. Its usefulness in various genomic applications such as genome-wide detection of SNPs, DNA methylation profi ling, mRNA expression profi ling, whole-genome re-sequencing and so on are now well recognized. There are several platforms for generating next generation sequencing (NGS) data which we briefl y discuss in this mini overview. With new technologies come new challenges for the data analysts. This mini review attempts to present a collection of selected topics in the current development of statistical methods dealing with these novel data types. We believe that knowing the advances and bottlenecks of this technology will help the researchers to benchmark the analytical tools dealing with these data and will pave the path for its proper application into clinical diagnostics.
What Role Does Sleep Play in Weight Gain in the First Semester of University

We hypothesized that shorter sleep durations and greater variability in sleep patterns are associated with weight gain in the first semester of university. Students (N = 132) completed daily sleep diaries for 9 weeks, completed the MEQ (chronotype) and CES-D (depressed mood) at week 9, and self-reported weight/height (weeks 1 & 9). Mean and variability scores were calculated for sleep duration (TST, TSTv), bedtime (BT, BTv), and wake time (WT, WTv). An initial hierarchical regression evaluated (block 1) sex, ethnicity; (block 2) depressed mood, chronotype; (block 3) TST; (block 4) BT, WT; and (block 5; R(2) change = 0.09, p = 0.005) TSTv, BTv, WTv with weight change. A sex-by-TSTv interaction was found. A final model showed that ethnicity, TST, TSTv, and BTv accounted for 31% of the variance in weight change for males; TSTv was the most significant contributor (R(2) change = 0.21, p < 0.001). Daily variability in sleep duration contributes to males' weight gain. Further investigation needs to examine sex-specific outcomes for sleep and weight.
Constituent Diffusion in a Deformable Thermoelastic Solid

Solid mixtures containing initially uniform dilute concentrations of impurity elements may, upon the application of mechanical and thermal loading, develop regions of high impurity concentration that could result in local degradation of material properties. To address these degradation processes, a fully coupled thermomechanical-diffusion theory has been developed to describe the mass transport of mobile constituents driven by gradients in concentration, strain dilatation and temperature in a solid deformable parent material. A finite element code has been assembled to solve plane transient thermomechanical-diffusion problems. The theory presented and the resulting code have been successfully used to model internal hydrogen redistribution in ..beta..-phase Ti alloys induced by elastic strain gradients during bending.
Experience with the polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) bifurcated graft: case reports

Ten patients (eight men, two women) with a mean age of 61.8 years were operated on for atherosclerotic vascular disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm and had subsequent placement of Polytetraflourethylene (PTFE) bifurcation grafts. Follow up by the life table method at nearly five years reflects all patent grafts. We conclude the PTFE vascular grafts are an acceptable alternative to the current methodology in the aortofemoral position.
Conformational Dynamics of Single G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Solution

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large family of seven-helix transmembrane proteins which regulate cellular signaling by sensing light, ligands, and binding proteins. The GPCR activation process, however, is not a simple on–off switch; current models suggest a complex conformational landscape in which the active, signaling state includes multiple conformations with similar downstream activity. The present study probes the conformational dynamics of single β2-adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) in the solution phase by Anti-Brownian ELectrokinetic (ABEL) trapping. The ABEL trap uses fast electrokinetic feedback in a microfluidic configuration to allow direct observation of a single fluorescently labeled β2AR for hundreds of milliseconds to seconds. By choosing a reporter dye and labeling site sensitive to ligand binding, we observe a diversity of discrete fluorescence intensity and lifetime levels in single β2ARs, indicating a varying radiative lifetime and a range of discrete conformational states ...
Estrogens and the skeleton: cellular and molecular mechanisms.

Abstract Postmenopausal women lose bone mineral density and this loss can be prevented by estrogen administration. Although the skeletal effects of estrogens have been regarded previously as indirect, estrogen receptors have been discovered in cultured human osteoblasts and related cell lines. The UMR106 cell line derived from a rat osteogenic osteosarcoma is such an osteoblast model. We have shown direct effects of estradiol (E) on these cells in vitro , inhibiting growth and stimulating alkaline phosphatase activity (AP) corrected for cell number. This response was maximal at E conc, of 10 −10 M in serum and Phenol Red free medium, was metabolite specific and cell cycle-dependent. These cells contain high affinity binding sites with a K d of 0.5 nM. Estrogen receptors were detected by the monoclonal antibody H-222 on Western blot after initial immunoprecipitation to concentrate the proteins. E treatment increased several enzymes including creatine kinase and LDH isoenzymes along with increments in intracellular transferrin. Transforming growth factor-β is secreted by these cells. Secretion of this peptide was stimulated by E. TGF-β mediated the transient growth inhibition associated with E treatment. Insulin like growth factors (IGF) are also secreted by these cells with IGF-II concentrations in the culture medium being eight times higher than IGF-I levels. E treatment increased the concentrations of both IGFs in the culture medium after a 3 day incubation. Exposure of E treated cells manifested a mitogenic response and reduced AP, indicating that E induced receptors for IGFs. These findings establish direct effects of E on osteoblastic cells in vitro and demonstrate responses to E at many levels. These osteoblast responses in vitro suggest an important role for sex steroids in the development and function of the osteoblast lineage.
The GEOSS Common Infrastructure for the heavy metal pollution community applications

The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) is coordinating efforts to build a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) to provide decision-support tools to a wide variety of users. The GEOSS is concieved as a ‘system of systems’ linking together existing and planned observing systems around the world and supporting the development of new systems where gaps currently exist. This is made technically possible through a set of software components (portals, registries, specialized services) that constitute the so-called GEOSS Common Infrastructure (GCI). The GCI is in charge of addressing all of the issues to make possible the interaction of the users with the systems that are connected to GEOSS. Due to the need of keeping existing systems autonomous in terms of governance and technical evolution, interoperability (i.e. the ability of two or more systems or components to exchange information and to use the information that has been exchanged) is a major issue in building the GEOSS. The current GCI is based on a few principles:
Single Event Mechanisms in 90 nm Triple-Well CMOS Devices

Single event charge collection mechanisms in 90 nm triple-well NMOS devices are explained and compared with those of dual-well devices. The primary factors affecting the single event pulse width in triple-well NMOSFETs are the separation of deposited charge due to the n-well, potential rise in the p-well followed by the injection of electrons into the p-well by the source, and removal of holes by the p-well contact. Design parameters of p-wells, such as contact area, doping depth and placement, are varied to reduce single event pulse widths. Pulse width decreases as the area of the p-well contacts increases, the p-well contacts become deeper, and the p-well contacts are placed more frequently. Increasing the p-well-n-well junction depth also causes the full width half rail (FWHR) pulse width to decrease.
Novel stereospecificity of the L-arabinose-binding protein

Tertiary structure refinement at 1.7 A resolution of the liganded form of L-arabinose-binding protein from Escherichia coli has revealed a novel binding site geometry which accommodates both alpha- and beta-anomers of L-arabinose. This detailed structure analysis provides new understanding of protein-sugar interaction, the process by which the binding protein minimizes the difference in the stability of the two bound sugar anomers, and the roles of periplasmic binding proteins in active transport.
Large- and very-large-scale motions in channel and boundary-layer flows

Large-scale motions (LSMs; having wavelengths up to 2–3 pipe radii) and very-LSMs (having wavelengths more than 3 pipe radii) have been shown to carry more than half of the kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress in a fully developed pipe flow. Studies using essentially the same methods of measurement and analysis have been extended to channel and zero-pressure-gradient boundary-layer flows to determine whether large structures appear in these canonical wall flows and how their properties compare with that of the pipe flow. The very large scales, especially those of the boundary layer, are shorter than the corresponding scales in the pipe flow, but otherwise share a common behaviour, suggesting that they arise from similar mechanism(s) aside from the modifying influences of the outer geometries. Spectra of the net force due to the Reynolds shear stress in the channel and boundary layer flows are similar to those in the pipe flow. They show that the very-largescale and main turbulent motions act to decelerate the flow in the region above the maximum of the Reynolds shear stress.
Chaoborus predation on typical and spined morphs of Daphnia pulex: Behavioral observations1

Behavioral observations of Chaoborus americanus predation on juvenile instars of typical and spined forms of Daphnia pulex were used to answer two questions: Does the spincd morph (SM) have a higher escape efficiency than the typical morph (TM)? Is handling time of ingested SM longer than that of TM? Results indicate that SM was clearly superior to TM in escaping the grasp of both third and fourth instar Chaoborus larvae and visible injuries to escapees were rare. The escape efficiency of larger Daphnia was higher than that of smaller Daphnia when tested with fourth instar Chaoborus. Differences in handling time for the two morphs could not be demonstrated. Handling times were short but highly variable, being partly dependent on Chaoborus length and orientation of the prey item. Within the range of 0.8-1.3 mm, Daphnia body length had no discernible influence on handling time.
Chromosome numbers and pollen stainability of three species of Pacific Island breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae)

Chromosome numbers were determined for 48 accessions of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, A. mariannensis, and A. camnansi [Moraceae]) from 16 Pacific Island groups, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Artocarpus camansi and A. mariannensis exhibit counts of 2n = 56; 2n = 56 (diploidy) and 2n = 84 (triploidy) were observed for A. altilis. Most diploid cultivars of A. altilis were seeded, but two cultivars with reduced seed number were observed. Micronesian accessions included putative interspecific hybrids between A. altilis and A. mariannensis. The majority of these accessions were seedless diploids, but triploid putative hybrids were also observed. Pollen stainablility was shown to correlate with the degree of seediness. Breadfruit is an important staple food crop in the Pacific islands where two species, including numerous cultivars, are recognized and grown (Parham, 1966; Ragone, 1995, 1997). Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Fosberg [synonyms A. communis J. R. & G. Forster, A. incisus (Thunb.) L. f.] is the most widely distributed and exhibits great variability. This species includes both seedless and seeded forms with seeded types most common in the western South Pacific. Seedless cultivars are most common in Micronesia and the eastern islands of Polynesia. Artocarpus mariannensis Trecul is always seeded and grows wild on the uplifted rock islands of Palau and the limestone ridges of the Mariana Islands. A few cultivated trees can be found growing throughout the islands of Micronesia, especially on coral atolls. It is not found in Melanesia or Polynesia other than the islands of Tokelau and Tuvalu. Fosberg (1960) suggested that introgression between A. altilis and A. mariannensis may have occurred in Micronesia, and there are many
Growth inhibition of Candida albicans by vaginal cells from naïve mice.

Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) is a common idiopathic mucosal infection caused by Candida albicans. Current data suggests that local immunity is more important than that in the peripheral circulation for protection against infection. In the present study, anti-Candida innate resistance at the vaginal mucosa was investigated using a murine model. For this, splenic and vaginal cells were assessed for in vitro growth inhibition (GI) of C. albicans and cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cell-sensitive tumour targets (YAC-1). As expected, significant GI of C. albicans by splenic cells was mediated predominantly by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) at effector to target (E:T) ratios of 100 and 50:1. From the vaginal mucosa, naive unfractionated, but not nylon wool non-adherent (NWN), cells extracted from whole vaginal tissue showed significant GI of C. albicans at E:T ratios as low as 1:1, but only modest killing of YAC-1 targets at all E:T ratios. Subsequent experiments showed significant GI of C...
Structural Barriers to Receiving Health Care Services for Female Sex Workers in Russia

Female sex workers in Russia have been particularly vulnerable to recent social, political, and economic changes. In this article, we describe the facilitators and barriers for sex workers receiving health care services in St. Petersburg, Russia. We conducted observations at medical institutions and nongovernmental organizations and in-depth interviews with 29 female sex workers. We identified the following barriers: poverty, not having documents, lack of anonymity in testing, and the official registration system. We identified the following facilitators: intervention by family members, social connections within the health care system, and referral services from a nongovernmental organization. Our findings indicate a need for reassessing policies and designing programs that better facilitate the use of health care services for the most vulnerable populations. This should include the expansion of support systems and outreach services designed to help female sex workers navigate the health care system.
Certain physical properties of a herpangina strain and a pleurodynia strain of Coxsackie virus.

Summary1. There is no appreciable difference between the particle diameters of the 2 Coxsackie viruses—Strain 1816 (Herpangina) and Strain 4520 (Pleurodynia). The diameter is approximately 37 μx for single particles and about 28 μx for particles measured in rows. 2. The sedimentation constants, estimated indirectly, are 167S for the 1816 strain and 175S for the 4520 strain. For the 1816 strain the visible boundary measurements give 153S in this series of experiments. 3. Attaclay is useful in the procedure for preparing partially purified virus from suspensions of infected mouse muscle. 4. The technic of pseudo-replication from agar blocks has led to electron micrographs showing the virus particles in orderly hexagonal arrays.
Networks beat pipelines: the design of FG 2.0

The FG programming framework allows users to develop external-memory programs that mitigate high latency operations, such as disk accesses and interprocessor communication. Previous research culminated in FG 1.4, which structures programs as software pipelines that operate on large buffers, where each stage of the pipeline runs in its own thread. FG was originally developed with only linear pipeline structures in mind, but later versions, up to 1.4, expanded the original concept to include various nonlinear structures. When we reviewed the codebase for FG 1.4, we found that as FG picked up more features, the code became increasingly convoluted. Consequently, we decided to fully redesign and reimplement FG from a clean slate, producing FG 2.0. The underlying paradigm changes from a pipeline to a network of stages. With the network paradigm, several constructs that required special support in FG 1.4 come for free. Early experiences with FG 2.0 indicate that programs that use it are significantly smaller than they were with FG 1.4 and that they run faster.
Comparison of transient performance in the control of soft tissue grasping

In robot-assisted surgery, surgical tools interact with tissues that have nonlinear mechanical properties. For situations where a pre-specified trajectory of tool positions (or applied forces) is desired, there are many controller designs that might be used. Four candidates are comparatively evaluated here, via computer simulation involving a nonlinear model of soft tissue behavior during grasping actions. The parameters for this model were obtained experimentally (in earlier work). The four candidate controllers are: (1) a well- tuned PID controller; (2) feedback linearization in combination with deadbeat control; (3) an optimal open-loop control law obtained via minimization of a quadratic cost function; and (4) a model predictive controller. Simulation trials are used to compare the transient performance of these candidate controllers under different assumptions regarding input and output noises. The conditions where each of the candidates is best are characterized.
Personality Differences among Blacks in Jamaica and the United States

Personality differences among black populations of varying socioeconomic background from Jamaica and the United States were investigated using Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control measure, Gough's Adjective Check List, and Kelly's Role Construct Repertory Test. Results demonstrate the differential utility of these personality measures for cultural comparisons, and in particular suggest that the I-E Scale lacks equivalence of meaning cross-culturally as well as for differing sample populations within the United States. Differences in personality traits and social constructs were generally consistent with those that might be predicted between members of a more traditional society and those of a modern nation. The view that studies of racial minorities within a nationality are appropriately conducted in a cross-cultural framework is presented.