cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of latent tissue kallikrein, prolactin and growth hormone secretion in GH3 pituitary cells using modified radioimmunoassays.

Abstract Our studies demonstrate that rat anterior pituitary cells (GH 3 ) are capable of synthesizing and secreting tissue kallikrein together with prolactin and growth hormone. The secretion of prolactin and growth hormone in GH 3 cells was measured by two newly developed sensitive radioimmunoassays (RIA), using the polyethylene glycol separation technique. In the direct radioimmunoassay for rat tissue kallikrein, using a polyclonal antiserum which recognizes both active and prokallikrein, the GH 3 kallikrein displays parallelism with standard curves of rat urinary kallikrein. The production of immunoreactive kallikrein, prolactin, and growth hormone is time-dependent, and the levels after a 72 h incubation in serum-free media are ~ 12.2 ± 4.4 ng, 272.2 ± 33.0 ng, and 475.6 ± 4.8 ng per 10 6 cells per ml (mean ± SD, n = 3), respectively. In Western blot analyses, a specific monoclonal antibody to tissue kallikrein (V 4 D 11 ) identifies GH 3 -secreted kallikrein as a ~ 39000 Da protein, slightly larger than ~ 38000 Da kallikreins of submandibular gland, mouse anterior pituitary cells (AtT 20) or rodent neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells (NG108). Kallikrein mRNA in GH 3 cells was identified in Northern blot analyses, using a tissue kallikrein cDNA probe. In a RIA using a kallikrein monoclonal antibody (V 1 C 3 ) recognizing only active kallikrein, kallikrein could not be detected in the media incubated up to 48 h with GH 3 cells. However, after trypsin treatment, a time-dependent increase of immunoreactive kallikrein (using monoclonal antibody V 1 C 3 ), Tos-Arg-OMe esterase, and kinin-releasing activities can be measured in the conditioned media. The activated esterase activity was inhibited by aprotinin and by affinity-purified kallikrein monoclonal antibody (V 4 D 11 ) in a dose-dependent manner. The data indicated that rat anterior pituitary GH 3 cells secrete latent tissue kallikrein, which can be converted to active kallikrein by trypsin. These hormonally responsive cells co-synthesize kallikrein with prolactin and growth hormone and provide a model System for studying the regulation of kallikrein gene expression.
THE V-PARTICLE AND THE COMPOSITE PION

It is assumed that the $V$-particle is described by a spinor wave function, and that the pion may be treated as a nucleon-antinucleon pair. The rates of the following reactions $\left({\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}+\ensuremath{\nu}}{ {V}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}+P}}, \mathrm{now}\mathrm{written}\mathrm{as} \left\{{(P+\overline{N})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}+\ensuremath{\nu}}{ {V}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(\overline{P}+N)+P'}\right)$ are then compared under the assumption that both reactions are governed by the same form and strength of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-interaction. The ratio of the two lifetimes is independent of all numerical details of the pion structure. Putting in the observed lifetime of the pion, one finds for the lifetime of the $V:5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec for $Q=35$ Mev; and 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec for $Q=75$ Mev. The two $Q$ values have been interpreted in terms of a mass doublet.
Action of Co and Ni at the frog neuromuscular junction.

A GREAT deal of evidence shows that Ca2+ is critically involved in the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from motor nerve terminals1 and in the secretion of a variety of lipid-insoluble hormones and transmitters2. At the frog neuromuscular junction, Sr2+ and Ba2+ can replace Ca2+ (refs 3,4). When the motor nerve is stimulated tetanically in solutions without added Ca2+ or even in solutions containing Mg-EGTA there is an increase in miniature endplate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency. The increase has been attributed to trace amounts of Ca2+ remaining in the solution outside the nerve terminals5, or to Mg2+ acting as a relatively ineffectual substitute for Ca2+ (ref. 6).
Growth and Induction Kinetics of Inducible and Autoinducible Expression of Heterologous Protein in Suspension Cultures of Recombinant Mouse L Cell Lines

Mouse Ltk- cells were transfected with four different plasmids for autoinducible and highly-inducible expression of the bacterial lacZ gene and cultivated in suspension. Two selection genes, thymidine kinase (tk) and neomycin resistance (neor), were used to select the clones in both cell lines. The resulting two cell lines, designated M4 and R2, differ in that the inducible MMTV promoter from mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) controls glucocorticoid receptor (gr) gene and lacZ gene expression in the M4 cell line ("autoinducible"), while the constitutive rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter controls gr gene expression and the MMTV promoter controls lacZ gene expression in the R2 cell line ("highly-inducible"). Both cell lines were stable with respect to reproducibility of growth rate in spinner flasks and inducibility of beta-galactosidase expression. The exponential growth rate of R2 cells was slower than that of M4 cells before induction because the R2 cell line continuously expressed gr genes under the constitutive RSV promoter, and the percent reduction of exponential growth rate mainly caused by gr gene expression was about 20%. The inducibility of the M4 cell line was greater than that of the R2 cell line because in the M4 cell line MMTV promoter controlled gr and lacZ gene expression autoinducibly. Maximum induction of the M4 cell line occurred after induction with the hormone dexamethasone (Dex) at 10(-7) M, and the final beta-galactosidase content increased 400-fold after induction. The optimum conditions for inducer concentration and induction time were determined, and the highest production of beta-galactosidase occurred when Dex was added after the cell concentration had reached its maximum in batch culture. Dex (10(-9) M) is a critical inducer concentration in view of inducibility between M4 and R2 cell lines. The inducibility of R2 cell line is higher than that of the M4 cell line from 0 to 10(-9) M Dex, but the inducibility of M4 was higher than that of the R2 cell line at Dex concentrations of more than 10(-9) M.
A Test of the Automaticity Assumption of Compliance Tactics: Discouraging Undergraduate Binge Drinking by Appealing to Consistency and Reciprocity

The mindfulness of compliance with requests making use of the commitment/consistency or the reciprocity principle was investigated. Participants (N = 129) received a foot-in-the-door (FITD) request (commitment/consistency application), a door-in-the-face (DITF) request (reciprocity application), or no request. Next, participants read either a weak or neutral message about the importance of moderate alcohol consumption then reported the likelihood of not drinking excessively for one week (target request). When accompanied by a weak message, the target request elicited less compliance if preceded by the DITF or FITD requests than by no initial request, suggesting compliance tactics sometimes increase thoughtfulness.
Child-Langmuir law in the relativistic regime

Abstract An exact numerical solution describing the Child-Langmuir law appropriate to the relativistic regime is obtained for the case of a parallel plane diode. The numerical solution is carried out for anode voltages up to about one hundred million volts. Also, some comments are made regarding the Child-Langmuir law applicable to other geometries.
Self-Cooling of Photovoltaic Cells when Power is Drawn

The temperature of photovoltaic cells decreases when electric power is extracted. The temperature reduction ΔT is estimated by solving the energy balance equation, including thermal, optical and electrical components. ΔT increases monotonically with increasing intensity of the exciting light, cell efficiency and decreases with increasing heat transfer. It is typically on the order of 10 °C for cells of 20% efficiency and AM1 insolation for moderate heat transfer of 10 W/m2 K. The employed analysis uses first law of thermodynamics balance. The theoretical results are compared with experimental results in a laboratory set-up of an 11% efficient Si single crystal cell and on a rooftop deployment of solar panels with 14% single crystal Si cells and show reasonable agreement.
Weight-Adjusted and Activated Clotting Time–Guided Heparinization Might Reduce the Postprocedural Hemorrhage in Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty for Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion

To the Editor: We were impressed by the novel approach to treat acute ischemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion proposed by Dr Nakano and coworkers.1 Instead of intravenous thrombolytic therapy, they had treated such disease with intra-arterial reperfusion therapy in 70 consecutive patients, 34 of whom with direct percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) over the infarct-related artery (IRA) and the remaining 36 with thrombolytic therapy alone. They found that the PTA group had not only higher IRA patency rate (91.2% versus 63.9%, P 24 hours) contrast medium extravasation or minor bleeding after the procedure. Consequently, the authors proposed that the direct PTA is an effective alternative to intra-arterial thrombolysis for MCA trunk occlusion. To our surprise is the principle of anticoagulant dosage the authors used, which is quite different from that used in conventional percutaneous coronary intervention …
Mixed-symmetry superconductivity in two-dimensional Fermi liquids.

We consider a two-dimensional (2D) isotropic Fermi liquid with attraction in both {ital s} and {ital d} channels and examine the possibility of a superconducting state with mixed {ital s} and {ital d} symmetry of the gap function. We show that both in the weak-coupling limit and at strong coupling, a mixed {ital s}+{ital id} symmetry state is realized in a certain range of interaction. Phase transitions between the mixed and the pure symmetry states are second order. We also show that there is no stable mixed {ital s}+{ital d} symmetry state at any coupling. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Transport Energy Demand Modeling of the United States Using Artificial Neural Networks and Multiple Linear Regressions

In 2009, the transportation sector was the second largest consumer of primary energy in the United States, following the electric power sector and followed by the industrial, residential, and commercial sectors. The pattern of energy use varies by sector. For example, petroleum provides 96% of the energy used for transportation but its share is much less in other sectors. While the United States consumes vast quantities of energy, it has also pledged to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. In order to assist in planning for future energy needs, the purpose of this study is to develop a model for transport energy demand that incorporates past trends.This paper describes the development of two types of transportation energy models which are able to predict the United States’ future transportation energy-demand. One model uses an artificial neural network technique (a feed-forward multilayer perceptron neural network coupled with back-propagation technique), and the other model uses a multiple linear regression technique. Various independent variables (including GDP, population, oil price, and number of vehicles) are tested.The future transport energy demand can then be forecast based on the application of the growth rate of effective parameters on the models. The future trends of independent variables have been predicted based on the historical data from 1980 using a regression method. Using the forecast of independent variables, the energy demand has been forecasted for period of 2010 to 2030.In terms of the forecasts generated, the models show two different trends despite their performances being at the same level during the model-test period. Although, the results from the regression models show a uniform increase with different slopes corresponding to different models for energy demand in the near future, the results from ANN express no significant change in demand in same time frame. Increased sensitivity of the ANN models to the recent fluctuations caused by the economic recession may be the reason for the differences with the regression models which predict based on the total long-term trends.Although a small increase in the energy demand in the transportation sector of the United States has been predicted by the models, additional factors need to be considered regarding future energy policy. For example, the United States may choose to reduce energy consumption in order to reduce CO2 emissions and meet its national and international commitments, or large increases in fuel efficiency may reduce petroleum demand.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Patient-reported problems after office procedures.

To the Editor: Even though 83 million procedures are performed in medical offices in the US each year,1 patients are only rarely asked about problems they experience after these procedures. This oversight may highlight a key opportunity to improve health care because patient self-reporting is known to offer both clinical and scientific value.2,3 To inform decision-making for office-based procedures we studied patients treated for Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), the most common malignancy,4 which is most often treated with an office procedure.
DYNAMIC STATE‐SPACE MODELS

. In many cases, multiple time series can be viewed as realizations of the same underlying process and such data usually accumulate in time. The historic time-series data provide important information for our current prediction. In this paper, we extend the traditional state-space model to a general dynamic scheme, in which estimation and prediction across time series and within a time series are handled by a unified O(N) sequential procedure. Under this framework, the information from historic data serves as the prior for the current time series and the estimation and prediction of a time series can incorporate the information from other time series as well as its own history. The solution is to construct sequentially a new state-space model for the next time series conditional on the past time series. Because we achieve the general dynamic estimation and prediction through constructing new conditional state-space models, existing estimation procedures for state-space models can be adapted into this framework with minimal modifications. An application to infant growth curves is used as illustration.
Cancelling Periodicals in the Context of an Unallocated Budget

The Arizona State University Libraries have evolved, in the short time since becoming a PhD-granting institution, from a faculty selection model of collection shaping to the collection management approach, which includes full-time librarians in charge of policy making and planning, collection analysis and fiscal management. The book budget is not sub-allocated by discipline, which allows a great deal of flexibility. The recent budget crunch felt by ASU, along with other North American libraries, resulted in a review of currently-received periodicals in order to target titles for possible cancellation. One of the consequences of the tighter budget n the increasing popularity of investigating the sub-allocation of book funds. The collection development policy statement contains valuable data that can be used as the basis for analyzing priorities and making sub-allocations.
Hyperfine Coupling to the Bridging 17O in the Di-μ-oxo Core of a MnIII−MnIV Model Significant to the Core Electronic Structure of the O2-Evolving Complex in Photosystem II

Di-μ-oxo MnIII−MnIV dimers are models for coupled, mixed-valence manganese in the oxygen-evolving centers of green plants. Using a recently reported method of exchanging water oxygen into the di-μ-oxo cross-bridges (Tagore, R.; Chen, H.; Crabtree, R. H.; Brudvig, G. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9457−9465), we have incorporated 17O into the μ-oxo cross bridges of the MnIII−MnIV bipyridyl dimer for study of oxygen electron-spin hyperfine couplings by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR). The ENDOR evidence was for a di-μ-oxo 17O hyperfine coupling of 12.8 ± 1.0 MHz. Narrow and highly resolved EPR features from dimers exchanged with H216O (I = 0) became broadened when the dimer was prepared by exchanging the cross bridging oxygens with H217O (I = 5/2). The EPR broadening due to 17O was quantitatively reproduced by a model where the dimer has two equivalent di-μ-oxo cross-bridging 17Ο, and the 17O hyperfine coupling was highly consistent with that determined b...
Occlusion of mother liquor in solution-grown crystals

Abstract Mother-liquor inclusions, major defects in solution-grown crystals, sometimes form when the level of supersaturation increases. A change in supersaturation, even when relatively slight, can cause irregular growth particularly on fast growing faces, and inclusions can form by overgrowth of irregularities by contiguous faces or, if supersaturation is diminished, by redevelopment of the face originally present. In ammonium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium chlorate, grown with habits characterized by several forms, fast-growing faces provide primary sites for occlusion of mother liquor. Results can be explained if formation of growth centers is sensitive to supersaturation and their location is dictated by solute supply if supersaturation exceeds a limiting value.
Host responses to sepsis vary in different low-lethality murine models.

Introduction Animal models for the study of sepsis are being increasingly scrutinized, despite their essential role for early translational research. In particular, recent studies have suggested that at the level of the leukocyte transcriptome, murine models of burns, trauma and endotoxemia markedly differ from their human equivalents, and are only weakly similar amongst themselves. We compared the plasma cytokine and leukocyte transcriptome responses between two different low-lethality murine models of polymicrobial intra-abdominal sepsis. Methods Six to ten week male C57BL/6j mice underwent either the ‘gold standard’ cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of intra-abdominal sepsis or administration of a cecal slurry (CS), where cecal contents are injected intraperitoneally. Surviving mice were euthanized at two hours, one or three days after sepsis. Results The murine leukocyte transcriptomic response to the CLP and CS models of sepsis was surprisingly dissimilar at two hours, one, and three days after sepsis. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the maximum change in expression for the entire leukocyte transcriptome that changed significantly over time (n = 19,071) was R = 0.54 (R2 = 0.297). The CS model resulted in greater magnitude of early inflammatory gene expression changes in response to sepsis with associated increased production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. Two hours after sepsis, CLP had more significant expression of genes associated with IL-10 signaling pathways, whereas CS had greater expression of genes related to CD28, apoptosis, IL-1 and T-cell receptor signaling. By three days, the changes in gene expression in both sepsis models were returning to baseline in surviving animals. Conclusion These analyses reveal that the murine blood leukocyte response to sepsis is highly dependent on which model of intra-abdominal sepsis is employed, despite their similar lethality. It may be difficult to extrapolate findings from one murine model to another, let alone to human sepsis.
Review: New techniques for assessment of vascular function

The noninvasive measurement of hemodynamic variables associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease processes needs to be recognized as a viable adjunct to clinical practice. This review traces the history of the inception and development of noninvasive measurement of hemodynamic variable. It then identifies well established, useful, and available devices, and then notes clinical studies verifying the clinical relevance of these measurements. Given the need to intervene earlier in the course of cardiovascular disease processes, tools are needed to assist the medical team to evaluate, prognosticate, and guide their patient's therapy correctly. It is the goal of this review to heighten the awareness and enhance and encourage the implementation of these devices in our armamentarium for the betterment of our patient's health.
CD4 T cell defects in the aged: causes, consequences and strategies to circumvent.

Aging leads to reduced immunity, especially adaptive responses. A key deficiency is the poor ability to mount robust antibody response. Although intrinsic alterations in B cells with age are in part responsible, impaired CD4 T cell help makes a major contribution to the poor antibody response. Other CD4 effector responses and memory generation are also impaired. We find delayed and reduced development of CD4 T follicular help (Tfh) cells in aged mice in response to influenza infection with reduction of long-lived plasma cells. When we examine CD4 subsets we also find a shift towards Th1 and cytotoxic CD4 (ThCTL) responses. We summarize strategies to circumvent the CD4 T cell defect in aged, including adjuvants and proinflammatory cytokines. We find that we can strongly enhance responses of aged naive CD4 T cells by using Toll-like receptor (TLR) activated dendritic cells (DC) as APC in vivo and that this leads to improved germinal center B cells and IgG antibody responses. The enhanced response of aged naive CD4 T cells is dependent on IL-6 produced by the DC.
Predictors of subjective fatigue among individuals with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To examine a range of variables potentially associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-related fatigue and to determine which variables best predict subjective fatigue. Methods Measures of fatigue, disease activity, pain, and various psychosocial factors were gathered from 73 individuals with RA. Correlations between fatigue and other variables were examined, and the “best” predictors of fatigue were determined with multiple regression analyses. Results Many of the variables that were significantly correlated with fatigue had a psychosocial character. Moreover, the “best” predictors of increased fatigue were higher levels of pain, more depressive symptoms, and female sex. Longer symptom duration, less perceived adequacy of social support, and less disease activity were significant predictors of fatigue, over and above the “best” model. Conclusion RA-related fatigue appears to be strongly associated with psychosocial variables, apart from disease activity per se. Correspondingly, treatment of fatigue may be enhanced by interventions that address relevant cognitive and behavioral dimensions.
Nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems via cone analysis

IN THE study of fixed point equation Ax = x, Leray-Schauder degree theory has proved to be very effective if A is a compact or condensing operator acting in some Banach space, while the fixed point index theory has been very useful for operators leaving a retract invariant. For this information, see [4, 6, 11, 14, 15, 17, 191. In the past, whenever a cone was considered, people were mainly interested in positive fixed points. In this paper, however, we are going to use a combination of Leray-Schauder degree and the index theory to yield some new fixed points. Applications are given to nonlinear elliptic boundary value problems. Throughout this paper, X is a real Banach space, P C X a cone, i.e. a closed and convex subset such that AP c P for all ,! L 0, and P fl (-P) = (01. We always assume that P is total (i.e. P P = X) and A: X --) X is compact (i.e. continuous and mapping bounded sets into precompact sets). We use A’(O) and A’(a) to denote the Frechet derivative of A at x = 0 and 05, respectively. Let us notice that if A also maps P into P with A0 = 0, r@‘(O)) > 1 (where r(B) represents the spectral radius of an operator B) and A = 1 is not an eigenvalue of A’(O), then, for any small open !C? c X with 0 E 0, we have deg(Z A, CJ,O) = kl while, i(A,c2nP,P) = 0.
A Matrix-Isolation and Density Functional Theory Study of the Reactions of Laser-Ablated Beryllium, Magnesium, and Calcium Atoms with Methane

Beryllium atoms produced by laser ablation have been co-condensed with methane/argon mixtures onto a substrate at 10 K. Infrared spectroscopy has been used to identify a number of organoberyllium products, viz. CH3BeH, CH3BeCH3, CH3Be, H2CBeH, and HCBeH. Assignments of the infrared absorption bands are made on the basis of 2H and 13C substitution and by comparison with frequencies supplied by DFT calculations. In the reaction of magnesium or calcium atoms with methane, the only insertion product that could be identified was the monomethyl metal hydride, CH3MH (M = Mg or Ca).
Reply to "Use of chiral symmetry in pion-condensation calculations"

We review our earlier results on the role of chiral symmetry in pion condensation and show how they are completely consistent with Sawyer's observations in the preceding comment.
AMPA receptors on developing medial septum/diagonal band neurons are sensitive to early postnatal binge-like ethanol exposure

Abstract The impact of binge-like, early postnatal ethanol treatment on AMPA or kainate whole cell currents was examined in acutely isolated medial septum/diagonal band (MS/DB) neurons. AMPA (10 or 100 μM) current was inhibited by GYKI 52466, a selective AMPA receptor (AMPAR) antagonist, in all neurons isolated on postnatal day (PD) 5–8, PD 12–15 or PD 32–35. Cyclothiazide, a selective inhibitor of AMPAR desensitization, also effectively potentiated AMPA currents. This suggests that non-NMDA, ionotropic glutamate receptors on immature MS/DB neuron are predominantly AMPARs. Concentration-dependent kainate (10–1000 μM) application evoked nondesensitizing currents that exhibited an increase in the maximum response by the end of first postnatal month, consistent with developmental regulation of AMPAR function. Acute 3 s ethanol application (100 mM) consistently blunted AMPA- and kainate currents ∼20–30% across age groups. Inhibition was sustained during continuous ethanol superfusion lasting 10–12 min without evidence of acute tolerance. Repeated oral intubation of rat pups with ethanol (5.25 g/kg/day on PD 4–9), which models third trimester human binge drinking, resulted in peak blood ethanol levels of ∼350 mg/dl (measured 90 min after PD 6 dosing). AMPA or kainate currents were upregulated in neurons isolated on PD 32–35 by earlier ethanol intubation suggesting that binge-like intoxication augments developing AMPAR function. Despite this augmentation of AMPAR function, no significant changes were found in the sensitivity of AMPA currents to GYKI 52466, cyclothiazide or acute ethanol (100 mM) sensitivity or in the levels of GluR1/GluR2 subunit proteins from MS/DB tissue. These results indicate that non-NMDA ionotrophic glutamate receptors on immature MS/DB neurons, which are largely of the AMPAR subtype, are moderately sensitive to immediate inhibition by ethanol. Repeating this inhibition during early postnatal binge-like intoxication can augment normal development of AMPAR function.
Cancer Chemoprevention by Natural Products: How Far Have We Come?

Since ancient times, natural products, herbs and spices have been used for preventing several diseases, including cancer. The term chemoprevention was coined in the late 1970s and referred to the prevention of cancer by selective use of phytochemicals or their analogs. The field utilizes experimental carcinogenesis models to examine the efficacy of chemopreventive agents in a stage-specific manner. The concept of using naturally derived chemicals as potential chemopreventive agents has advanced the field dramatically. Throughout the years, a vast number of chemopreventive agents present in natural products have been evaluated using various experimental models. A number of them have progressed to early clinical trials. More recently, the focus has been directed towards molecular targeting of chemopreventive agents to identify mechanism(s) of action of these newly discovered bioactive compounds. Moreover, it has been recognized that single agents may not always be sufficient to provide chemopreventive efficacy, and, therefore, the new concept of combination chemoprevention by multiple agents or by the consumption of “whole foods” has become an increasingly attractive area of study. Novel technologies, such as nanotechnology, along with a better understanding of cancer stem cells, are certain to continue the advancement of the field of cancer chemoprevention in years to come.
Simultaneous measurement of phonons and ionization using silicon crystal acoustic detectors

Abstract We have configured a double-sided silicon crystal acoustic detector (SiCAD) [B.A. Young et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 311 (1992) 195] for simultaneous measurement of both phonons and ionization. This detector operates at ∼ 370 mK and consists of a Ti transition edge sensor (TES) on one side, and a similar pattern of metal acting as an electrode on the other side of a 300 μm thick high-purity, monocrystalline Si wafer. Distinguishing electron-recoil from nuclear-recoil events is possible due to the different partitioning of energy into phonons and ionization. This effect provides a powerful background rejection technique for neutrino physics experiments and weakly interacting, particulate dark matter searches where the events of interest are nuclear-recoils. In addition, the phonon sensor is position sensitive; it measures the depth of an event and can be used to reject background events occurring near the surface. We present the results of experiments which demonstrate the discrimination capability and position sensitivity of the detector for energy depositions above ∼ 3 keV.
Nonlocal cancellation of dispersion.

Classically, two coincident light pulses propagating through two dispersive media will become broadened and their degree of coincidence will be reduced. When entangled photon pairs from parametric down-conversion are considered instead, it is found that the dispersion experienced by one photon can exactly cancel the dispersion experienced by the other in such a way that their coincidence is maintained. The dispersion cancellation is independent of the separation between the two photons and provides a further example of the nonlocal nature of the quantum theory.
Sidebands in cooperative resonance fluorescence in collections of N three-level atoms in strong excitation laser fields

Abstract It is shown that, in addition to an Autler-Townes doublet, the resonance fluorescence spectrum of N three-level atoms consists of sidebands separated by three pump Rabi frequencies and much reduced in intensity to the symmetrically-located central doublet. The sidebands are due to cooperative atomic interaction.
A Qualitative Examination of Parents’ Experiences in Parent Education Groups

While parent education is recognized as a useful construct, practitioners often have little picture of the critical elements necessary for parent education to succeed. The study reported utilized qualitative methods to attain deeper insight into the dynamics underlying the reported benefits and outcomes of parent education in order to inform practice. Fifteen mothers at three sites across the Midwest were interviewed after participating in a parent education program based on the theory of Re‐evaluation Counseling. Results suggest the program can lead to significant, transformative learning and an enhanced sense of personal empowerment. The group format can provide critical social support to parents who may otherwise be socially isolated. Course content can encourage the acquisition of more effective parenting skills. The overall experience can result in deeper understanding of children and the role and responsibility of parents in encouracing children's development. Implications for practitioners and prog...
Comprehensive experimental fitness landscape and evolutionary network for small RNA

The origin of life is believed to have progressed through an RNA world, in which RNA acted as both genetic material and functional molecules. The structure of the evolutionary fitness landscape of RNA would determine natural selection for the first functional sequences. Fitness landscapes are the subject of much speculation, but their structure is essentially unknown. Here we describe a comprehensive map of a fitness landscape, exploring nearly all of sequence space, for short RNAs surviving selection in vitro. With the exception of a small evolutionary network, we find that fitness peaks are largely isolated from one another, highlighting the importance of historical contingency and indicating that natural selection would be constrained to local exploration in the RNA world.
Determination of D-amino acid oxidase activity in insect tissues using D-allohydroxyproline as substrate

Abstract This paper describes a sensitive procedure for the determination of d -amino acid oxidase activity using d -allohydroxyproline as the substrate. The substrate is enzymically dehydrogenated to Δ1-pyrroline-4-hydroxy-2-carboxylic acid, which, on acidification, is converted to pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid. Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid itself reacts very slowly, if at all, with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. However, after decarboxylation to pyrrole, it reacts rapidly to yield a red product. By means of this procedure, 10 mμmoles of pyrrole may be detected. Homogenates prepared from various organs of six insect species, the wax moth Galleria mellonella, the blue-bottle fly Calliphora erythrocephala, the large milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, the American cockroach Periplaneta americana, and the cockroaches Byrsotria fumigata, and Eurycotis floridana were assayed by this procedure. Activity was found in the fat body, midgut, and Malpighian tubules of all of the species examined. The muscle of Oncopeltus and the testes of Oncopeltus, Byrsotria, and Periplaneta also exhibited activity. No significant differences were found when enzyme activity was compared in Eurycotis floridana reared under sterile and non-sterile conditions.
Failure of trivalent chromium to improve hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Through the use of a double-blind cross-over investigative method, the effect of trivalent chromium supplements on blood sugar concentrations of normal and diabetic human subjects was evaluated. Four normal and 10 diabetic subjects took 50 μg. of trivalent chromium and a chromium-placebo thrice daily by mouth for 16-week periods. Chromium did not improve hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, and there was no difference in diabetic glucose tolerance measured after placebo and chromium treatment. Normal glucose tolerance was also unaffected. Despite evidence that trivalent chromium may be an essential micronutrient for maintenance of normal glucose tolerance in rats, results of this investigation do not support suggestions of a similar role in man.
A Comparison of Outcomes for Younger and Older Adult Patients Undergoing Surgery for Primary Hyperparathyroidism

In adolescents and young adults, primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is an uncommon diagnosis. We compared the clinical characteristics of these patients to those of older adult patients with PHPT. We hypothesized that PHPT in adolescents and young adults is more often caused by single-gland disease and is amenable to minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 452 consecutive patients who had surgery for PHPT. Patients ranged in age from 13 to 94 years and were dichotomized into younger (age <30 years, n = 17, 3.8%) and older (age ≥30 years, n = 435, 96.2%) patients. Continuous baseline and intraoperative and postoperative measures were not normally distributed and were summarized with medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs). Groups were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum test or Fisher exact test, and significance was set at P < .05. Median [IQR] age was 24 [23–27] years for the younger group and 58 [51–66] years for the older group. Though not statistically significant, a smaller proportion of the younger patients compared with the older patients had a positive 99mTc-sestamibi scan (71%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 44–90% vs. 83%; 95% CI = 79–86%) and showed a suspected parathyroid adenoma on ultrasound (65%; 95% CI = 38–86% vs. 80%; 95% CI = 76–83%). The younger and older age groups did not significantly differ on preoperative serum PTH levels (median [IQR]: 111 [76–145] pg/ml vs 110 [84–152] pg/ml; P = .73 respectively). The younger group had higher serum calcium levels (11.6 [11.1–12.2] mg/dl) compared with the older group (11.1 [10.7–11.5] mg/dl; P = .01). MIP was performed less frequently on the younger patients (70.6%) compared with older patients (88.7%; P = 0.04). Though the incidence of a single adenoma was somewhat more frequent in older patients (90%; 95% CI = 87–93%) than in younger patients (82%; 95% CI = 57–96%) it was the most frequent cause of PHPT in the younger patients. The younger and older groups did not significantly differ on percent drop from baseline for intraoperative PTH monitoring (81.7 vs 79.3%; P = .46), respectively. Younger patients with PHPT present with significantly higher serum calcium levels than older patients. However, younger patients are less likely to localize abnormal parathyroid glands on sestamibi or ultrasound. Though younger patients appear to have a higher incidence of hyperplasia compared with older patients, single gland disease is still the overall most frequent cause. Our data suggest that MIP should be more frequently considered in younger patients because of the high incidence of single gland disease.
Primary and secondary herpes simplex uveitis in rabbits.

Abstract Primary and secondary (recurrent) herpes simplex uveitis were studied in the rabbit eye. Intravitreal injection of liver herpes simplex virus (HSV) produced primary uveitis, and reinjection of HSV intravitreally in an eye that had completely recovered from the primary disease produced secondary uveitis. The onset of primary herpes simplex uveitis was gradual, but the secondary disease developed immediately after the intravitreal reinjection. Only live HSV would produce primary uveitis, whereas both inactivated and liver HSV could produce secondary uveitis. Infectious HSV could be isolated from the eye with primary uveitis, but not from the eye with secondary uveitis, a failure that appeared to be due in part to the persistence of anti-HSV neutralizing antibody in the eye after the primary uveitis. The results suggest that primary uveitis is caused by infection of the uveal tissue by live HSV, and that secondary uveitis is caused by HSV-induced immunological mechanisms.
A Multiscale Model for Electro-thermo-elasto-plastic Piezoelectric Metal Matrix Multifunctional Composites

Abstract A multiscale model was developed to analyze the deformation of piezoelectric multifunctional composites with metal matrix. In view of the thermo-inelastic deformation of metal matrix, this model was constructed using an incremental formulation based on the variational-asymptotic method. Although this study adopted the classical plasticity theory to model the metal matrix, it could easily be extended to include viscoplasticity theory as well. The microstructure of composites is assumed to be periodic. Taking advantage of the small size of the microstructure, we formulate a variational statement of energy change of the unit cell through an asymptotic analysis of the functional to predict the effective instantaneous tangential electromechanical matrix of the composites. The present model can recover the local fields using a set of algebraic relations obtained in the process of calculating the effective instantaneous tangential electromechanical matrix. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the application of the present modeling technique.
CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ENHANCES INTERMITTENT WORK PERFORMANCE

Abstract To determine the impact of creatine supplementation on high-intensity, intermittent work, 18 participants each performed 2 sets of 4 different work bouts to exhaustion. For 5 days prior to the first set of work bouts, all participants received a placebo (5 g of calcium chloride daily). For the second set of work bouts, 9 participants again received the placebo, while the other 9 received creatine supplementation (18.75 g creatine monohydrate daily for 5 days prior to and 2.25 g creatine daily during testing). The four work bouts in each set consisted of cycling to exhaustion at 150% peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) either nonstop (A), intermittently for either 60-s work/120-s rest periods (B), 20-s work/40-s rest (C), or 10-s work/20-s rest (D). Creatine supplementation significantly increased (p 100%); C increased 61.9%; B increased 61.0%; and A increased 23.5%. These results demonstrate that creatine supplementation ...
Maternal prepregnancy weight status and associations with children's development and disabilities at kindergarten.

Maternal prepregnancy weight status and associations with children’s development and disabilities at kindergarten
Self‐generated oscillations in continuous crystallizers: Part I. Analytical prediction of the oscillating output

The theory of nonlinear oscillations should provide a useful tool for studying both forced and self-generated oscillations in continuous crystallizers. The application of the theory is described in this paper for the case of self-generated oscillations in a MSMPR (mixed-suspension, mixed product removal) isothermal crystallizer. Although the process parameters do not correspond to typical industrial conditions, the results indicate that for the Class I system studied higher yields sometimes can be obtained from the periodic process than the steady state design. Thus, there may be some situations where oscillatory operation is advantageous.
A Three-Dimensional Thermohydrodynamic Analysis of Sector Thrust Bearings

Equations governing the steady-state thermohydrodynamic behavior of sector-shaped thrust bearings are solved numerically for an incompressible laminar flow of a Newtonian lubricant. The lubricant viscosity is taken as a function of the three-dimensional temperature distribution in the fluid film. Also, a general film thickness profile is allowed. Three dimensional heat transfer between the lubricant and both the moving and stationary solids is included in the analysis. The full thermohydrodynamic solutions are compared with other simpler solutions. It is shown that a type of adiabatic solution allowing for temperature gradients across the film can be used in most cases to predict accurately bearing load, friction, and lubricant flow. The results, expressed in nondimensional terms, can be applied to a wide range of operating conditions.
Plasma instabilities in magnetically assisted pulsed laser deposition

The laser ablation of a carbon target in a transverse magnetic field is studied using a quadruple Langmuir probe. Ion saturation signals indicate the presence of wavelike behaviour not found in field-free laser ablation of carbon. Results are discussed in terms of the lower-hybrid drift instability and the electron–ion hybrid instability. The results are found to be most consistent with the electron–ion hybrid instability.
Analysis of Dickkopf3 interactions with Wnt signaling receptors

Wnt signaling regulates essential biological processes ranging from embryogenesis to neurodegeneration. Recently, we demonstrated that Dickkopf3 (Dkk3) is a pro-survival glycoprotein that positively modulates Wnt signaling. An important step in understanding the mechanism of action of Dkk3 is identifying its interacting proteins in the Wnt pathway. In this study, we used a series of biochemical and functional assays to investigate the interaction between Dkk3 and the Wnt pathway receptors Kremen1 (Krm1), Kremen 2 (Krm2) and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6). Here, we report that, contrary to previous studies, Dkk3 interacts with Krm1 and Krm2. However, Dkk3 did not interact with, or alter expression of, LRP6. Blocking protein glycosylation did not alter the interaction between Dkk3 and Krm proteins. Additionally, Krm2 abolished Dkk3-mediated potentiation of Wnt signaling. Therefore, our data establish that Krm proteins are novel binding partners of Dkk3 and suggest a mechanism by which Dkk3 potentiates Wnt signaling.
Non linear resistivity and dissipation in the mixed state of superconducting Nb and V

Abstract At high reduced temperatures and low transport current densities, in the mixed state of superconducting niobium and vanadium, a non-linear behavior of the resistivity and the associated heat dissipation is observed. The I-V characteristics is found to obey a power law. The dependence of the power on magnetic field strength and temperature is investigated.
Token based algorithm for supporting mutual exclusion in opportunistic networks

Opportunistic networks are essentially distributed networks with transient connectivity among nodes. Nodes in opportunistic networks are resource constrained, mobile and infrequently come in contact with each other. In such a distributed network, nodes may require exclusive access to a shared object or resource. Ensuring freedom from starvation is a challenging problem in opportunistic networks due to the infrequent contacts and node failures. In this paper, we review mutual exclusion algorithms proposed for generic mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and discuss their applicability to opportunistic networks. Further, we propose a novel token based algorithm and prove it is free from starvation and deadlock, and satisfies the safety property. Unlike existing algorithms for MANETs, the proposed algorithm does not require continuous monitoring of the network topology. Simulation results show that our algorithm is communication efficient as compared to other algorithms proposed for generic mobile ad hoc networks. We also propose a timeout based fault detection algorithm that exploits the inter contact time distributions. To the best knowledge of the authors, the proposed algorithm is the first to support mutual exclusion in opportunistic networks.
Relation between marked changes in left ventricular outflow tract gradient and disease progression in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Spontaneous and persistent changes in left ventricular (LV) outflow gradient have been observed occasionally in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). However, the significance and frequency of such hemodynamic alterations have not been established. In this study, the serial preoperative hemodynamic status of 409 patients with HC was analyzed. Basal LV outflow tract obstruction either spontaneously appeared (or increased) or disappeared (or decreased) in 19 nonoperated patients (about 5%). Changes in hemodynamic state were shown by serial cardiac catheterization in 17 patients and by catheterization and M-mode echocardiography in 2 patients. In most patients (12 of 19), subaortic obstruction under basal conditions appeared or increased; 8 became more symptomatic and in 4 the condition remained stable. Reduction or loss of LV outflow gradient occurred in 7 patients; in 5 of these the condition deteriorated clinically and in 2 it did not change. Hence, in 13 of the 19 patients (70%), Spontaneous changes in the magnitude of the basal LV outflow gradient were associated with symptomatic progression. The mechanism of the decrease or disappearance of subaortic obstruction in those patients who deteriorated clinically appeared to be related in 4 patients to impaired global and/or segmental LV function. Chronic atrial fibrillation probably contributed to the worsening clinical condition in 2 of these patients as well as in 2 others. In conclusion, substantial changes in the magnitude of basal subaortic obstruction may occur in a small proportion of patients with HC as part of the natural history of their disease, and such hemodynamic alterations are usually associated with clinical deterioration. It is exceedingly rare for the hemodynamic state of a patient with HC to change from totally nonobstructive to obstructive or vice versa, because such patients usually retain the capacity to generate gradients with provocative maneuvers.