cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transversal Dirac Operators on Distributions, Foliations, and G-Manifolds

In these lectures, we investigate generalizations of the ordinary Dirac operator to manifolds with additional structure. In particular, if the manifold comes equipped with a distribution and an associated Clifford algebra action on a bundle over the manifold, one may define a transversal Dirac operator associated to this structure. We investigate the geometric and analytic properties of these operators, and we apply the analysis to the settings of Riemannian foliations and of manifolds endowed with Lie group actions.
Computational analysis of aerosol-dynamics in a human whole-lung airway model

Abstract Prediction of the air-particle dynamics in human lungs can reveal critical deposition sites of toxins or can determine best physical parameters for direct drug delivery and associated inhaler devices. However, the sheer complexity of the human lung, featuring a total of 16 million airways, prohibits a full-scale study. So, as an alternative, a physiologically realistic and computationally efficient computer simulation model has been developed. The configuration of the new whole-lung airway model (WLAM) consists of subject-specific upper airways from nose/mouth to, say, generation 3, which are then connected to adjustable triple bifurcation units (TBUs). These TBUs are in series and parallel to cover the remaining generations, based on morphometric measurements of human lung casts. Actual transient airflow, fluid-particle dynamics and alveolar tissue dynamics have been implemented to evaluate the impact of all respiratory airways under realistic inlet conditions. Specifically, the expanding and contracting motion of the alveoli mimic inhalation and exhalation in the alveolar region. Particle transport and deposition depend on the lung-airway geometry, particle characteristics, and inhalation flow frequency. Considering inhalation/exhalation in form of a square-wave breathing profile at 15 L/min with different tidal volumes and 3 μ m -size microspheres as a WLAM test case, significantly higher deposition was observed in the alveolar region than in the upper airways. For short and light breathing conditions, multiple breathing cycles are required to exhale all the suspended particles. Particle deposition patterns differ for inhalation vs. exhalation, as well as in subsequent breathing cycles. During later cycles, the suspended particles tend to travel to distal airways. The model predictions agree well with in vivo results. The new WLAM can be used for local, segmental and total deposition predictions of inhaled toxic or therapeutic aerosols, and for providing inhaler-design guidelines to improve drug-aerosol targeting.
Room-temperature fabrication of a delafossite CuCrO2 hole transport layer for perovskite solar cells

Delafossite oxides are promising hole transport layer (HTL) candidates for perovskite solar cells, due to their wide band gap, favorable energy band alignment relative to the perovskite absorber and simplicity of processing. In this paper, we investigate the properties of CuCrO2 (CCO) delafossite films using an integration of experimental and computational techniques. Phase-pure CCO films are deposited at room temperature by spin-casting suspensions of hydrothermally-synthesized nanoparticles, for use in a glass/ITO/CCO/CH3NH3PbI3/C60/BCP/Ag device structure. Although density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict an elevated hole effective mass along certain crystallographic directions, the nearly isotropic shape and small size of the CCO nanoparticles preserves transport properties within the films by randomizing particle orientation, preventing these unfavorable directions from dominating the film conductivity. Experimental measurements confirm that the CCO films display appropriate optical and electrical properties for use as an HTL, in good agreement with the DFT calculations. Solar cells made using these films exhibit stabilized power conversion efficiencies exceeding 14%, with only minor hysteresis in the current–voltage characteristics.
The Utility of Basic Metabolic Panel Tests After Total Joint Arthroplasty

Abstract Introduction Routine laboratory studies are often obtained daily after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) regardless of medical management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of routine basic metabolic panel (BMP) tests after TJA. Furthermore, the goal was to identify factors that may predispose patients to abnormal laboratory values that require medical intervention. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 767 patients who underwent primary TJA at a single institution. Preoperative and postoperative potassium, sodium, creatinine, and glucose values were collected along with demographic data, comorbidities, and procedural characteristics. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine independent risk factors for abnormal postoperative laboratory values. Results Diabetes was associated with abnormal glucose (odds ratio [OR] 23.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 10.7-51.0, P Conclusion Cost containment while maintaining high-quality patient care is critical. Routine postoperative BMP tests in patients with normal preoperative values without major medical comorbidities do not contribute to actionable information. Patients with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, or with abnormal preoperative values should obtain a BMP after TJA.
Parallel in time algorithms for multiscale dynamical systems using interpolation and neural networks

The parareal algorithm allows for efficient parallel in time computation of dynamical systems. We present a novel coarse scale solver to be used in the parareal framework. The coarse scale solver can be defined through interpolation or as the output of a neural network, and accounts for slow scale motion in the system. Through a parareal scheme, we pair this coarse solver with a fine scale solver that corrects for fast scale motion. By doing so we are able to achieve the accuracy of the fine solver at the efficiency of the coarse solver. Successful tests for smaller but challenging problems are presented, which cover both highly oscillatory solutions and problems with strong forces localized in time. The results suggest significant speed up can be gained for multiscale problems when using a parareal scheme with this new coarse solver as opposed to the traditional parareal setup.
Lower Atmospheric Energy Sources for the Upper Atmosphere

The question of energy sources for the region above 70 km is considered together with the necessarily concomitant questions of energy transmission and conversion. Brief attention is devoted to energy reaching the upper atmosphere by radiation and diffusion. Energy carried to the upper atmosphere by advection by the mean field and by vertically propagating waves is treated in greater detail. The explicit excitations of gravity waves, planetary waves and thermal and gravitational tides, and the factors influencing their transmission to the upper atmosphere are discussed. In the case of tides a quantitative description of the magnitudes and energetics is presented. A simple model for evaluating the thermal effects of wave dissipation is also presented.
Rheumatoid Pachymeningitis: A Rare Complication of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Rheumatoid pachymeningitis is a rare complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is a diagnosis of exclusion1,2. A 57-year-old male from El Salvador with a history of longstanding seropositive, nonerosive RA and interstitial lung disease, who was noncompliant with medical treatment, presented with severe occipital headache for about 8 months. The headache was associated with photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea, and was exacerbated by bending, laying supine, …
Positive Outliers Among African American Women and the Factors Associated with Long-Term Physical Activity Maintenance

Studying positive outliers, individuals who have achieved success with long-term (> 6-month) physical activity (PA) engagement, may be an important approach for understanding strategies for improving leisure-time PA maintenance among African American (AA) women. This cross-sectional, mixed-methods study (1) examined the personal characteristics, PA patterns, and behavioral practices of positive outliers among AA women and (2) compared characteristics of those who maintain PA at recommended levels (HIGH, ≥ 150 min/week > 6 months) with those who maintain low PA volumes (LOW, 6 months). A large sample of positive outliers completed this study (n = 290), and most became physically active on their own (76.2%). These AA women were committed to maintaining an active lifestyle, accumulated 249.7 ± 105.8 min of PA/week, and engaged in a variety of activities. Their behavioral practices included scheduling PA during the week (85.9%), goal-setting (82.4%), engaging in PA with others (55.9%), self-monitoring (78.3%), and having a backup plan for missed sessions (54.8%). HIGH maintainers (84.9%) made up most of the sample, and these women were characteristically similar to LOW maintainers with few differences. HIGH maintainers have been active longer, achieved higher commitment scores, and engaged in PA at a higher frequency, duration, and intensity, resulting in higher weekly PA volume compared to LOW maintainers (273.8 ± 96.1 vs. 114.4 ± 24.3 min per week, p ≤ 0.001). Our findings identify factors that may be important for successful PA maintenance among AA women and may help to inform the development of effective behavioral interventions to promote sustained, long-term PA engagement in this population.
A Multiscale Approach to Predict the Mechanical Properties of Copper Nanofoams

Pure metallic nanofoams in the form of interconnected networks have shown strong potentials over the past few years in areas such as catalysts, batteries and plasmonics. However, they are often fragile and difficult to integrate in engineering applications. In order to better understand their deformation mechanisms, a multiscale approach is required to simulate the mechanical behavior of the nanofoams, although these materials will operate at the macroscale, they will still be maintaining an atomistic ordering. Hence, in this work we combine molecular dynamics (MD) and finite element analysis (FEA) to study the mechanical behavior of copper (Cu) nanofoams. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the yield surface of a representative cell structure. The nanofoam structure has been generated by spinodal decomposition of binary alloy using an atomistic approach. Then, the information obtained from the molecular dynamics simulations in the form of yield function is transferred to the finite element model to study the macroscopic behavior of the Cu nanofoams. The simulated mechanical behavior of Cu nanofoams is in good agreement of the real experiment results.
Spatial characterization of heterogeneous nanopore surfaces from XCT scans of Niobrara shale

Abstract The multiphase fluid flow through natural and geo-architected nanopore structures is fundamentally controlled by the geometry of such nanopore structures, pore wettability and interfacial tension. Furthermore, multiphase fluid flow through the nanopore structures is compromised when the pore surfaces are heterogeneous, having surface regions of different composition, polarity, and wetting characteristics. In this regard, compositional analysis of the pore channel surface has been a big challenge in the past, since 3D analysis is required. Now, due to advances in nano X-ray CT, with a voxel resolution of 20 nm, it is possible to identify nanopore network structures and quantify their surface composition in 3D. In this paper, the development of procedures for detailed analysis to quantify the composition of the pore channel surface regions, including the corresponding area, is described using nanoCT images. Image analysis procedures, including preprocessing of the 3D tomographic images, correction for the partial volume effect (PVE), and the use of a new algorithm for determination of pore channel surface composition and area are discussed. Videos of the nanopore structure have been provided as supplementary information to further describe the heterogeneity of the nanopore surfaces.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Abdominal and Pelvic Trauma Patients With Psychiatric Illness

BACKGROUND The association between psychiatric illness and outcomes in trauma patients in general has only recently been investigated. The aim of this study was to describe the unique characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of patients with comorbid psychiatric illness and penetrating abdominal and pelvic injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective review of trauma patients with open injuries to the abdomen and pelvis identified in the 2010-2015 the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database. Baseline variables extracted included demographics, comorbidities, including a discrete "psychiatric illness" variable that preexisted in the database, and injury information. Outcome variables collected included in-hospital mortality, length of stay and intensive care unit stay, and complications. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was used to assess independent predictors for mortality with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) constructed about group differences. RESULTS There were 22,053 patients identified, 6.1% of whom were diagnosed with a psychiatric comorbidity. Patients with psychiatric illnesses were more likely to be aged ≥65 y (5.4% versus 3.2%, P < 0.0001), female (25.4% versus 12.4%, P < 0.0001), and have other comorbidities. Their injuries were more likely to be self-inflicted (34.9% versus 4.9%) and of a cut or piercing mechanism (33.7% versus 24.1%). Psychiatric comorbidity was an independent predictor of intensive care unit admission (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.14-1.53) and was independently associated with decreased odds of mortality (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.32-0.55) despite increased complication rates. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a psychiatric comorbidity may be independently associated with trauma patients' complications and outcomes. Patients with psychiatric comorbidities have a unique set of risk factors and health needs that must be recognized and addressed by multidisciplinary care teams.
Parental stressor exposure simultaneously conveys both adaptive and maladaptive larval phenotypes through epigenetic inheritance in the zebrafish (Danio rerio)

ABSTRACT Genomic modifications occur slowly across generations, whereas short-term epigenetic inheritance of adaptive phenotypes may be immediately beneficial to large numbers of individuals, acting as a bridge for survival when adverse environments occur. In the present study, crude oil was used as an example of an environmental stressor. Adult zebrafish (P0) were dietarily exposed for 3 weeks to no, low, medium or high concentrations of crude oil. The F1 offspring obtained from the P0 groups were then assessed for transgenerational epigenetic transfer of oil-induced phenotypes. The exposure did not alter body length, body and organ mass or condition factor in the P0 groups. However, the P0 fecundity of both sexes decreased in proportion to the amount of oil fed. The F1 larvae from each P0 were then exposed from 3 hpf to 5 dpf to oil in their ambient water. Remarkably, F1 larvae derived from oil-exposed parents, when reared in oiled water, showed a 30% enhanced survival compared with controls (P
Results and Analysis of Health Examination of Workers Exposed to Occupational Hazard Factor in Qingyuan in 2007

Objective To understand the health status of workers in Qingyuan in 2007, analyze the possible occupational hazard and provide some effective measures to resolve emerging occupational health problem. Method Health examination was conducted according to the regulation of health examination for occupational workers. Result Among 3175 examined workers, 1837 persons have one or more abnormal examination results, with a percentage of 57.83%. The workers exposed to dust have the abnormal rate of 2.08%; those exposed to lead with the abnormal rate of 10.00%; exposed to chemical toxicants with the abnormal rate of blood routine test of 7.43% and allergic dermatitis of 3.71%. Abnormal results are mainly observed in chest X-ray examination, the tests of lung function, audile function, blood count, and urine lead content. The main occupational hazards in Qingyuan are dust, chemicals and noise. Conclusion The occupational health status in Qingyuan in 2007 is poor, with high risk of exposes to dust, lead and other chemical toxicants. We should arouse the awareness of the workers and enterprises on the high risk of occupational hazards and to prevent occupational diseases.
100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Fundamentals for the Future of Macromolecular Nitroxide Radicals

Macromolecular radicals, radical polymers, and polyradicals bear unique functionalities derived from their pendant radical groups. The increasing need for organic functional materials is driving th...
Kinetic isotope effects during CO2 hydration: Experimental results for carbon and oxygen fractionation

Abstract Kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) during the hydration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in aqueous solution are key to understanding various geochemical, physicochemical, and biological processes. Despite the growing interest in KIEs in natural systems (e.g., speleothem calcites, skeletal formation of corals, formation of cryogenic carbonates, and more), the currently available experimental data is limited to only a few studies. Here, we report results from laboratory experiments to constrain kinetic isotope fractionation (KIF) during the hydration of CO2. The experimental setup consisted of a stock solution vessel containing a NaHCO3 solution, a reaction chamber in which BaCO3 was rapidly precipitated from a Tris-buffered BaCl2 solution, and a pump to internally circulate gas throughout the system that was isolated from the ambient laboratory air. Resultant BaCO3 samples, as well as the NaHCO3 and deionized H2O used for our experiments were analyzed for stable carbon and oxygen isotopes by mass spectrometry. Our experimental results were grouped into four different batches, which were obtained during discrete time periods, while some adjustments to the experimental setup and protocols were implemented to improve the data quality. We discuss possible experimental errors among the four batches and conclude that Batch-4 provided the most reliable results. The average δ13C and δ18O values of the Batch-4 BaCO3 samples produced at 25 °C and pHNBS = 8.0 are −29.7 ± 0.7‰ (VPDB) and 18.8 ± 0.6‰ (VSMOW), respectively, which is strongly depleted relative to gaseous CO2 in the system (δ13CVPDB ≅ −10.7‰, δ18OVSMOW ≅ 37.9‰) . From the isotope data, we calculate our experimental 13KIF and 18KIF, which refer to the 13C/12C and 18O/16O fractionation between CO2(g) and BaCO3, where the δ13C and δ18O values of CO2(g) were calculated using known equilibrium fractionation factors. From the mean of Batch-4 results, we conclude 13KIF = 19.6 ± 0.8‰ and 18KIF = 18.8 ± 0.6‰ at 25 °C and pHNBS = 8.0. If full carbon KIF of ∼ 2.0‰ is assumed between CO2(g) and CO2(aq), then the mean 13KIF relative to CO2(aq) is 17.6 ± 0.8‰. Our KIFs are the largest values compared to previously reported experimental KIFs (except for one study), suggesting that our values are closest to the full isotope disequilibrium during CO2 hydration, as any partial re-equilibration tends to reduce observed KIFs.
Robust Speaker Recognition Based on Single-Channel and Multi-Channel Speech Enhancement

Deep neural network (DNN) embeddings for speaker recognition have recently attracted much attention. Compared to i-vectors, they are more robust to noise and room reverberation as DNNs leverage large-scale training. This article addresses the question of whether speech enhancement approaches are still useful when DNN embeddings are used for speaker recognition. We investigate single- and multi-channel speech enhancement for text-independent speaker verification based on x-vectors in conditions where strong diffuse noise and reverberation are both present. Single-channel (monaural) speech enhancement is based on complex spectral mapping and is applied to individual microphones. We use masking-based minimum variance distortion-less response (MVDR) beamformer and its rank-1 approximation for multi-channel speech enhancement. We propose a novel method of deriving time-frequency masks from the estimated complex spectrogram. In addition, we investigate gammatone frequency cepstral coefficients (GFCCs) as robust speaker features. Systematic evaluations and comparisons on the NIST SRE 2010 retransmitted corpus show that both monaural and multi-channel speech enhancement significantly outperform x-vector's performance, and our covariance matrix estimate is effective for the MVDR beamformer.
Accelerating the convergence of higher-order coupled-cluster methods II: coupled-cluster Λ equations and dynamic damping

The method of sub-iteration, which was previously applied to the higher-order coupled-cluster amplitude equations, is extended to the case of the coupled-cluster Λ equations. The sub-iteration proc...
Triggering of Pressurized Gas Switches With a Class I Laser

The use of lasers to initiate the closure of high-power gas switches was initially explored soon after the development of suitable high-power pulsed lasers in the 1960s. The low jitter, excellent triggering range, and galvanic isolation provided by laser triggering have been extensively exploited in the triggering of megavolt switches in large pulsed power machines. The fact that the lasers and optical systems used in these machines are very large, complex, and expensive and have led to the perception that these are unavoidable characteristics of laser triggered gas switches, leading to a reluctance among the directed energy and compact pulsed power community to consider their use in compact pulsed power systems. The Advanced Pulsed Energy, Ionization, and Discharge Center (APERIODIC) Research Group at The University of New Mexico (UNM), Albuquerque, NM, USA, has been investigating novel triggering technologies for compact pulsed power. One of the technologies under investigation is a system we have named the microintegrated laser switch (MILS) [1] . This system holds the potential to overcome the limitations of traditional laser triggering of gas switches in compact applications. As part of the preliminary work on developing the MILS concept, UNM has collaborated with MegaWatt Lasers, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA, to conduct laser triggering experiments using a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) erbium-doped glass passively Q-switched microlaser. This 28 mm $\times 9$ mm laser produces 4-ns pulses at 1535 nm with an average energy per pulse of $244~\mu \text{J}$ . One of the principal advantages of this laser is that, due to the wavelength and energy, it is a class 1 laser and can be operated without the stringent controls necessary for the lasers typically used for laser triggering.
Benchmark, Endemic, Rare, and Endangered Soils in Nevada

This chapter discusses four broad kinds of soils in Nevada in terms of their need for protection. Benchmark soils are those that (i) have a large extent within one or more Major Land Resource Areas, (ii) hold a key position in the Soil Taxonomy, (iii) have a large amount of data, (iv) have special importance to one or more significant land uses, (v) or are of significant ecological importance. An endemic soil is defined as the only soil in a family. Rare soils are those with an area less than 10,000 ha. Endangered soils are those that are endemic and rare. In Nevada, 6.4% of the soils are designated as benchmark soils, 30% are endemic, 62% are rare, and 21% are endangered.
Generation of mechanosensory neurons in adult Drosophila

Auditory and vestibular mechanosensory hair cells in the adult mammalian inner ear do not regenerate following injury or ageing, inducing irreversible hearing loss and balance disorders for millions of people. Research on model systems showing replacement of mechanosensory cells can provide mechanistic insight to develop new regenerative therapies. Here we developed new lineage tracing systems to reveal the generation of mechanosensory neurons (Johnstons Organ, JO) in the antennae of intact adult Drosophila. New JO neurons develop cilia, express an essential mechano-transducer gene and target central brain circuitry. Furthermore, we identified low-level JO self-replication as a new mechanism of neuronal plasticity. Overall, our findings introduce a new platform to expedite the research of mechanisms and compounds mediating mechanosensory cell regeneration.
Designing and communicating new pedagogy ideas in economics

“The Cognitive Challenges of Effective Teaching,” by Chew and Cerbin (2021) outlines a framework of nine cognitive challenges to student learning. The framework can help economic educators better d...
Combinatorics of Ramanujan-Slater Type Identities

We provide the missing member of a family of four q-series identities related to the modulus 36, the other members having been found by Ramanujan and Slater. We examine combinatorial implications of the identities in this family, and of some of the identities we considered in “Identities of the Ramanujan-Slater type related to the moduli 18 and 24,” [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 344/2 (2008) 765–777].
Reactive Microglia and Ischemic Injury

This chapter elaborates the role of reactive microglia during ischemic injury. Microglia is a class of mononuclear phagocytes intrinsic to the central nervous system. These cells are the principal immune effector elements of the brain and are associated with diverse clinical problems including cerebrovascular disease. Presently, most investigators agree that microglia arise during early embryonic development from common stem cell populations which enter the neuroectoderm and later proliferate in situ . Microglia during the perinatal period are found in ameboid forms that eventually develop long, thin projections reaching up to several hundred microns in length. Rat neocortex damaged by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery shows well-defined regions of cortical infarction identified both by gross examination and by the inability to reduce tetrazolium. Significant numbers of reactive mononuclear phagocytes (both microglia and invading macrophage) appear within the infarct and along neighboring marginal areas by 2 days postischemia. This inflammatory cell population continues to increase with a peak at about 7 days. A second animal model suggests that neurotoxic microglia actually influence recovery of function after ischemic injury.
Mental Activation of the Electroencephalogram

ABSTRACT.Mental activation is a simple test consisting of two standardized questions and two commands. This test is given in order to raise the level of vigilance and to differentiate physiological drowsiness from states of mild to moderate impairment of consciousness (obtundation, morbid lethargy). In addition to the induced EEG changes, the patient's mental (behavioral) response is also observed.
Keynote - Gender and STEM: Opting in versus dropping out

Professor Jacquelynne Eccles is Patron member of the Network Gender & STEM: Educational and occupational pathways and participation . She and her colleagues have been developing the Expectancy-Value theory for more than 30 years (Eccles, 2009; Eccles et al., 1983), which provides an integrated framework to approach the question of why girls/women (and boys/men) make the choices they do, related to STEM or other fields. Since she started her research there has been a tremendous change; history has shown that the participation of girls/women in STEM can be changed by policy. In her Keynote address at our first Network conference in September 2012, Haarlem, Professor Eccles called for research to closely examine specific choices girls and women make and why, rather than why they may not choose certain fields of career. We are most pleased to include her overview of this event, ‘ Gender and STEM: Opting in versus dropping out ’. You may also access a video-link of Professor Eccles discussing her work here: http://www.genderandstem.com/about/patron.html
The Effects of Inhaled Uranium Mine Air Contaminants in Beagle Dogs

The high incidence of lung cancer among uranium miners of the Colorado plateau is a matter of national concern in a period of increasing demand for uranium ore. These miners are exposed to a variety of inhalation hazards, including radon daughters, uranium ore dust, and cigarette smoking, that may cause or contribute to respiratory tract pathology. Over 98% of the miners developing lung cancer have had histories of cigarette smoking.
Profit-maximizing input demand under rate-of-return regulation: Pathological substitution and output effects

Abstract Cost-minimizing and profit-maximizing input demand for the firm subject to rate-of-return regulation are examined. Unregulated cost and profit functions which are conditional on the rate of employment of the rate-base input are shown to be identically equal to the regulated cost and profit functions, evaluated at the regulated optimum. Shephard's lemma and Hotelling's lemma applied to the conditional cost and profit functions, evaluated at the regulated optimum, yield the regulated input demands. For both the profit-maximizing and cost-minimizing demands, own-price effects are not necessarily negative nor are the cross-price effects in general equal. Moreover, the profit-maximizing output effect is not necessarily negative. Various decompositions of input demand are explored to explain these conclusions.
A high throughput architecture for the H.264/AVC CAVLC encoder

One of the encoding methods offered by H.264/AVC is context-based adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC). This paper presents a high throughput hardware implementation of the CAVLC encoder. A dual coefficient scanning phase is investigated and modified to improve the speed of the encoding phase. This improved scanning solution determines all the required data for the encoding phase to be completed in a minimized and constant number of clock cycles. The modified scanning phase approach offers significant throughput capabilities for CAVLC: At 200 MHz, the architecture is capable of encoding 1080p video files at 86 fps.
Personal assistance for students with severe physical disabilities in post-secondary education: Is it the deal breaker?

Persons with severe physical disabilities are disadvantaged in the postsecondary education and the workforce due to inadequate education and educational supports. One of these educational supports is the availability of reliable and trained 24/7/365 personal assistance. Without adequate access to personal assistance, individuals with severe physical disabilities simply cannot attend and graduate from postsecondary degree programs. It is clear that if individuals with high support needs cannot live within the educational environment, they will not be able to succeed in the educational environment. This article examines the nature of this problem, describes current models of postsecondary disability support structures, and explores the difficulties and challenges inherent in personal assistance service provision. It is hoped that this discussion will prompt broader discourse regarding postsecondary services for students with severe physical disabilities and impact their participation in higher education.
Role of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid in the regulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli.

Morris, D. W. (University of California, San Diego), and J. A. DeMoss. Role of aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid in the regulation of ribonucleic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:1624–1631. 1965.—A leucine auxotroph of Escherichia coli was examined for its rate of ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis and the level of charged leucine-, arginine-, and valine-specific transfer RNA (tRNA) during the exponential growth period and when growth was limited by leucine starvation. During the logarithmic growth period, the leucine-specific tRNA was 70% charged, arginine-specific tRNA was 30% charged, and the valine-specific tRNA was 80% charged. When leucine became limiting, RNA synthesis was inhibited and the levels of charged arginine- and valine-specific tRNA remained constant, whereas the level of charged leucine-specific tRNA dropped to 40%. Examination of the leucyl-tRNA during the leucine starvation period showed that this 40% level is maintained by protein turnover. Addition of chloramphenicol or puromycin to a leucine-starved culture derepressed RNA synthesis. In the presence of chloramphenicol, the leucine-specific tRNA was fully charged; however, in the presence of puromycin the amount of charged leucine-specific tRNA remained at the starved level. Therefore, during leucine starvation the level of uncharged leucine-specific tRNA is not invariably correlated with the rate of RNA synthesis. We propose that it is the availability of charged tRNA and not the amount of uncharged tRNA which is the important factor in the amino acid control of RNA synthesis.
Reducing Rural Youth Substance Abuse by Educating Parents Through Nontraditional Technology-Based Methods: A Focus On Parental Acceptance of the Online Parenting Wisely Program

Purpose To examine acceptance of technology-based substance abuse prevention programming involving use of the Internet in a rural parent population. Methods Rural parents from a southern state in the east central part of the United States were recruited through local advertisements to participate in two study-related tasks: a brief survey and an online parenting skills educational program entitled Parenting Wisely . Findings Recruitment efforts yielded a total of 39 initial contacts. Of these potential subjects, 25 completed surveys and five requested online program access. Findings demonstrated parents were more likely to indicate a plan to participate in the online program if they cited a primary reason of perceived benefit, whereas parents were more likely to not participate if they selected a lack of time for task commitment as their emphasized motive. Of the five participants who requested online program access, only two of them actually attempted any modules. Neither of them successfully finished any module. Conclusions While rural parents indicated some degree of acceptance to an online parenting educational program through survey responses, those indications did not translate to actual completion of the Parenting Wisely program. Recruitment methods seemed to be most effective with flyer distribution and word-of-mouth social networking strategies, while the cost of newspaper advertisements seemed to greatly outweigh any perceived benefit. Also, the window for potential subject recruitment was most optimal in a four to six week timeline. More research with a larger sample size is needed in order to help identify and validate demographic characteristics leading to increased likelihood of online program participation. In addition, expanded follow-up research is needed to determine as to why parents do or do not complete such programming. Key Words: Adolescent, Access to Care, Parents, Substance Abuse Prevention, Technology, Rural
Critical properties of the random dipolar-coupled ferromagnet Li Tb p Y 1 − p F 4

The critical properties and the critical temperature ${T}_{c}$ versus concentration $p$ phase diagram of a site-diluted long-range coupled magnet have been measured and compared with renormalization group (RG) and ${T}_{c}(p)$ predictions. Zero-field magnetic-susceptibility measurements for eight concentrations $p$ of the randomized dipolar-coupled Ising ferromagnet $\mathrm{Li}{\mathrm{Tb}}_{p}{\mathrm{Y}}_{1\ensuremath{-}p}{\mathrm{F}}_{4}$ have been found to be inconsistent with "universal" RG predictions made for this system. The fact that subsequent "nonuniversal" RG theories have been shown to agree with the data suggests that the asymptotic reduced temperature range cannot be attained in this system. The effective susceptibility critical exponents $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ are found to be $p$ dependent. The ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{vs}\ensuremath{-}p$ phase line has been found to be linear for the entire concentration range measured with an extrapolated percolation concentration ${p}_{c}=0.12$. This behavior is in contrast to short-range coupled magnets.
Guayule biomass production under irrigation

Abstract Biomass, rubber, and resin yields of the drought-tolerant guayule plant ( Parthenium argentatum , Gray) can be greatly enhanced with irrigation. In arid environments, guayule yield increases were closely related to the amount of water added. Nitrogen additions also increased yields whenever water availability was not a yield-limiting factor. Yield functions were derived using evapotranspiration, as well as water and nitrogen applications as the primary variables. Water use efficiencies for biomass production of irrigated guayule were in the order of 0·7 and 0·5 kg m −3 for the Mesa and Yuma sites, Arizona, respectively. The efficiency values were lower than other crops grown in the same area. Yields at reduced rates, however, were obtainable even when the plants were under extreme water stress that would be totally damaging to other crops.
Nonexercise Model Fails to Predict Aerobic Capacity in College Students With High VO2peak

(1994). Nonexercise Model Fails to Predict Aerobic Capacity in College Students With High VO2peak. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 78-83.
Transformation of C3H/10T1 2 cells and induction of EBV-early antigen in Raji cells by altertoxins I and III.

Abstract Moulds of the genus Alternaria are common contaminants of some food crops. Some isolates have been shown to produce mutagenic compounds called altertoxins. Altertoxin I (ATX-I) and altertoxin III (ATX-III) were examined for activity in the Raji cell Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) induction system and in the C3H/10T 1 2 murine fibroblast cell transformation system. Exposure of Raji cells to ATX-I or ATX-III activated EBV-EA expression by 8- and 9.5-fold, respectively. A single exposure of C3H/10T 1 2 cultures to ATX-I or ATX-III resulted in significant increases in cell transformation, and the response to ATX-I was stronger. Both altertoxins enhanced the transformation of C3H/10T 1 2 cells, and chronic exposure of non-initiated C3H/10T 1 2 cells to ATX-I and ATX-III, starting 6 days after cells were plated, resulted in cell transformation in 8 59 and 12 37 dishes, respectively, compared with transformation in only 2 63 control dishes. Since activation of EBV-EA in Raji cells has been positively correlated with tumour promoters, these data together indicate that ATX-I and ATX-III are not just mutagens but have a potential role in cell transformation.
Application of signal subspace algorithms to scattered geometric optics and edge-diffracted signals

This paper addresses a signal processing problem arising from a high-frequency radar scattering problem. Signal subspace algorithms apply to signals which are a sum of sinusoids and are widely studied in this context. We consider the application of existing signal subspace algorithms to signals of a more general type. We analyze the accuracy of model parameters estimated and show that the signal subspace algorithms are in a certain sense robust. Thus these algorithms have potential for solving a signal processing problem arising in conventional radar target identification problems. >
Developmental biology: cell fate in the mammary gland.

Most breast cancers have their origin in the luminal epithelial cells of the mammary gland. Defining how a master regulator controls the development of this cell lineage could provide important hints about why this should be.
Apparent electrostatic ion cyclotron waves in the diffuse aurora

Emissions that have properties consistent with electrostatic ion cyclotron (EIC) waves have been observed at low altitude in the diffuse aurora by a sounding rocket payload. Peaks were observed in the power spectrum of the electric field near the hydrogen and oxygen ion cyclotron frequencies. Doppler shift and polarization analyses have been performed using EIC wave parameters derived from linear theory. Both analyses indicated that these emissions had properties consistent with those expected for H(+) and O(+) EIC waves. The two analyses indicated that both emission bands were due to waves propagating eastward parallel to the poleward boundary of the diffuse aurora. The large local cold plasma density and resulting Landau damping require that the source be local. Magnetometer data indicated the presence of a downward parallel current density of 5 microamps/sq m. Sufficient free energy for the waves was available from this current, although the waves were observed frequently at altitudes where the ion-neutral collision frequency exceeded the oxygen cyclotron frequency.
History & Variation Trained Cache (HVT-Cache): A process variation aware and fine grain voltage scalable cache with active access history monitoring

Process variability and energy consumption are the two most formidable challenges facing the semiconductor industry nowadays. To combat these challenges, we present in this paper the “History and Variation Trained-Cache” (HVT-Cache) architecture. HVT-Cache enables fine grain voltage scaling within a memory bank by taking into account both memory access pattern and process variability. The supply voltage is changed with alterations in the memory access pattern to maximize power saving, while assuring safe operation (read and write) by guarding against process variability. In a case study, SimpleScalar simulation of the proposed 32KB cache architecture reports over 40% reduction in power consumption over standard SPEC2000 integer benchmarks while incurring an area overhead below 4% and an execution time penalty smaller than 1%.
‘Mise en Scent’: The Théâtre d'Art's Cantique des cantiques and the Use of Smell as a Theatrical Device

In December 1891, an adaptation by Paul-Napoleon Roinard of the Old Testament text of the Cantique des cantiques (Song of Songs) of Solomon was performed at the recently created Theâtre d'Art, expressly to present a new idea of theatre as total art by engaging the visual, aural, and olfactory senses of the audience. One of the few theatre historians who has mentioned this remarkable endeavour notes that in it,‘music, words, colour, even perfume, were to be harmonized; all the senses were to be involved, simultaneously, in the one overwhelming experience’. Roinard's synaesthetic experiment drew on a range of sources including Baudelaire, Wagner and Rimbaud, and, most strikingly, featured scents pumped into the auditorium on cue by young symbolist poets stationed in the far edges of the proscenium and in the balcony and using hand-held vaporizers. According to the outline Roinard provided in the programme, nine scents were used: frankincense, white violets, hyacinth, lilies, acacia, lily of the valley, syringa, orange blossom, and jasmine. Each of these odours had corresponding orchestrations of speech (specific vowel sounds), tones (original music composed by Mme Flamen de Labrely), and colours.
Defense mechanisms in psychosomatic medicine

Abstract Defense mechanisms affect the ways in which individuals cope with stress and also play an important role in adaptation to illness. The author reviews the development of concepts of ego defenses and presents case histories to illustrate the usefulness of a familiarity with and awareness of defense mechanisms in treating physically and psychosomatically ill patients.
Anti-CD3 antibody-induced activated killer cells: cytokines as the additional signals for activation of killer cells in effector phase to mediate slow lysis.

Abstract This study examines the role of cytokines in activating the effector cells to mediate slow lysis. After activation of splenocytes by αCD3, further culturing the cells in the absence of αCD3 resulted in the generation of activated killer cells (CD3-AK − ) to mediate slow lysis. In contrast to fast lysis which was not affected by a PKC inhibitor H-7, slow lysis was inhibited. These findings suggested that a PKC-dependent activation phase preceded the lytic phase in slow lysis. To explore the mechanism for activating the lytic machinery in slow lysis, we examined the roles of cytokines in these reactions. First, it was found that αIL-2 or an α IL -2 α IL -4 combination inhibited slow lysis but had no effect on fast lysis. Secondly, IL-2, IL-4, or TNF-α converted a noncytolytic CD3-AK − cells to mediate slow lysis, but they did not augment fast lysis. IL-2 and IL-4 had additive effect, and TNFα synergized with IL-2 to further augment the CD3-AK − cytolytic activity. Exogenous IL-6 and INF did not have any appreciable effect on the cytolytic activity of the killer cells. Besides TNFα, these cytokines were not directly cytotoxic to the target cells, indicating that they were not cytotoxic factors per se. Treatment with cycloheximide for 24 hr abrogated the cytolytic activities of CD3-AK cells, suggesting that a cytotoxic factor(s) was continuously synthesized to be stored in activated killer cells and was catabolized within 24 hr. Our results indicated that in the effector phase of slow lysis, after activating the CD3-AK − cells by the first signal (appropriate target cells), IL-2 and or IL-4 appeared to be the second signal to initiate a cascade of events which triggered the release of other cytokines (e.g., TNF). This process resembles the secondary (memory) type of immune response. These events lead to full activation of the killer cells and converted the preformed cytotoxic factors into active form to initiate the lytic reaction and completed the lytic process.
Imaging fast SNARE mediated-membrane fusion in planar-supported bilayers.

Seven years ago, Rothman and co-workers reported that the pairing of SNARE molecules constitutes a minimal machinery for the fusion of two membranes (1), providing support for the earlier formulated SNARE hypothesis. Their conclusion was drawn from experiments in vitro in which the plasma membrane protein complex syntaxin1A/SNAP25 as t-SNARE and the synaptic vesicle membrane protein vamp2 as v-SNARE were reconstituted into lipid vesicles. Although this assay clearly demonstrated that t- and v-SNAREs were sufficient to fuse liposomes, the kinetics of the reaction were disturbingly slow. The half-time of fusion was on the order of 10 min, i.e., >105 times slower than Ca2+-triggered synaptic vesicle fusion in neurons (2).
Why Malcolm X Never Developed an Islamic Approach to Civil Rights

No student of Malcolm X's life has explored adequately the effects of Malcolm's relationships with foreign and immigrant Muslims on his approach to civil rights. This article argues that toward the end of his life Malcolm X accepted the Islamic ideology of his Arab Muslim sponsors, and in so doing, limited his own ability to conceptualise an Islam that was politically relevant to the struggle for black liberation. Embracing the idea that Islam was a universalistic tradition that, by definition, could have nothing to do with particularistic movements or struggles, the leader championed a pan-Africanist politics that sought to bring blacks together based on their common cultural and biological traits.