cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIGHLY CRYSTALLINE INVERSE OPAL TRANSITION METAL OXIDES VIA A COMBINED ASSEMBLY OF SOFT AND HARD CHEMISTRIES

A combined assembly of soft and hard chemistries is employed to generate highly crystalline three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) niobia (Nb2O5) and titania (TiO2) structures by colloidal crystal templating. Polystyrene spheres with sp2 hybridized carbon are used in a reverse-template infiltration technique based on the aqueous liquid phase deposition of the metal oxide in the interstitial spaces of a colloidal assembly. Heating under inert atmosphere as high as 900 °C converts the polymer into sturdy carbon that acts as a scaffold and keeps the macropores open while the oxides crystallize. Using X-ray diffraction it is demonstrated that for both oxides this approach leads to highly crystalline materials while heat treatments to lower temperatures commonly used for polymer colloidal templating, in particular for niobia, results in only weakly crystallized materials. Furthermore it is demonstrated that heat treatment directly to higher temperatures without generating the carbon scaffold leads to a...
Indefinite theta series of signature (1,1) from the point of view of homological mirror symmetry

Abstract We apply the homological mirror symmetry for elliptic curves to the study of indefinite theta series. We prove that every such series corresponding to a quadratic form of signature (1,1) can be expressed in terms of theta series associated with split quadratic forms and the usual theta series. We also show that indefinite theta series corresponding to univalued Massey products between line bundles on elliptic curve are modular.
Some examples of vector bundles in the base locus of the generalized theta divisor

Abstract We show that, on the moduli space of semi-stable vector bundles of fixed rank and determinant (of any degree) on a curve, the base locus of the theta divisor as well as its n-multiples is large. This extends known results for the case of trivial determinant and n = 1 . To cite this article: S. Casalaina-Martin et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 347 (2009).
Some Type I Solutions of Ricci Flow with Rotational Symmetry

We prove that the Ricci flow on CP^n blown-up at one point starting with any rotationally symmetric Kahler metric must develop Type I singularities. In particular, if the total volume does not go to zero at the singular time, the parabolic blow-up limit of the Type I Ricci flow along the exceptional divisor is a complete non-flat shrinking gradient Kahler-Ricci soliton on a complete Kahler manifold homeomorphic to C^n blown-up at one point.
Synthesis of α-Keto-Imides via Oxidation of Ynamides

A de novo preparation of α-keto-imides via ynamide oxidation is described. With a number of alkyne oxidation conditions screened, a highly efficient RuO2−NaIO4 mediated oxidation and a DMDO oxidation have been identified to tolerate a wide range of ynamide types. In addition to accessing a wide variety of α-keto-imides, the RuO2−NaIO4 protocol provides a novel entry to the vicinal tricarbonyl motif via oxidation of push−pull ynamides, and imido acylsilanes from silyl-substituted ynamides. Chemoselective oxidation of ynamides containing olefins can be achieved by using DMDO, while the RuO2−NaIO4 protocol is not effective. These studies provide further support for the synthetic utility of ynamides.
Conversion of ‘obstinate’ nitriles to amidines by Garigipati's reaction

Summary Reaction with methylchloroaluminum amide readily converts sterically hindered nitriles to amidines.
Millisecond Oscillations and Photospheric Radius Expansion in Thermonuclear X-Ray Bursts

We use archival data from the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer to examine 125 type I X-ray bursts from the nine weakly magnetic accreting neutron stars where millisecond oscillations have been detected during some bursts. We find that oscillations from the six "fast" (600 Hz) sources are almost always observed during radius expansion bursts whereas oscillations from the three "slow" (300 Hz) sources are about equally likely to be found in bursts both with and without photospheric radius expansion. This strongly suggests that the distinction between these two source groups cannot be an observational selection effect but must instead arise from some physical mechanism.
The Results of Prostate Carcinoma Screening in the U.S. as Reflected in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program

BACKGROUND The rapid escalation in the incidence of prostate carcinoma between the years 1988 and 1992 has been attributed to prostate specific antigen screening. There have been concerns regarding the possible diagnosis and treatment of insignificant tumors in the absence of randomized, controlled trial evidence of a decrease in mortality. Descriptive studies suggest that serial screening decreases the detection of advanced disease. In November 1996, the National Center for Health Statistics recorded a decrease in prostate carcinoma mortality. METHODS The basis of this analysis is 208,234 prostate carcinoma cases diagnosed between 1973 and 1993 in population-based Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries. The general staging system was used rather than that of the American Joint Committee on Cancer to permit observation of long term trends. Grade incorporating Gleason scores was used as an indication of the significance of the prostate carcinoma. Age-adjusted survival rates were used to separate prostate carcinoma deaths from deaths due to other causes. RESULTS The increase in the incidence of prostate carcinoma has been greater than for any other malignancy. The increase was largely in Grade 2 significant tumors and not in Grade 1 (15%) insignificant tumors. There was a decrease in the detection of advanced disease. After the peak incidence in 1992, a progressive decrease to near baseline levels occurred. Approximately 38% of all deaths were from prostate carcinoma. Deaths from other causes increased with age. When corrected for death from other causes, men age > 69 years had a greater rate of death from prostate carcinoma than men age 50-69 years. Approximately 61% of all deaths from prostate carcinoma occurred within 5 years of diagnosis and 88% within 10 years. The 10-year survival rate for patients treated by radical prostatectomy was 100%, 78% for patients treated by radiation, and 33% for patients treated with other (noncomparable modalities). CONCLUSIONS The indirect evidence suggested that prostate carcinoma screening of men ages >50 years decreased the incidence of distant disease, which influences the mortality rate. Cancer 1997; 80:1835-44. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Administrative fees and costs of mandatory private pensions in transition economies

This paper discusses fees and costs of pension companies in transition economies drawing on examples from four countries – Croatia, Hungary, Kazakhstan and Poland – where second pillar pensions have the longest history of implementation. It finds that at current levels, charges are likely to reduce returns on individual account balances by around 1% per annum on average. Exact rates vary by country and company. Fee structures are complex and, generally speaking, poorly understood by consumers. The limited information on costs that is available suggests that, by and large, companies are able to meet their operating costs within a few years after starting operations. There are large sunk costs in setting up business. As a result the industry displays strong economies of scale. Based on the available evidence, the paper estimates fixed costs to be of the order of $49 per account per year). Given costs of this order of magnitude, individual accounts need to be of the order of 4–6% of average wages for the second pillar to be viable i.e. to deliver a return greater than what can be expected from an unchanged first pillar.
Interactions among undergraduate engineers: How care and respect are demonstrated among peers

The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology requires all accredited engineering programs demonstrate that their students can function on multidisciplinary teams and communicate effectively. Previous research has shown that engineering faculty members remain uncertain on how to teach students to effectively work in groups and that care and respect from peers is a key factor related to both short- and long-term student interest in engineering. The purpose of this qualitative study was to obtain verbal descriptions of how care and respect or the lack thereof is experienced in engineering peer interactions. Eighteen participant interviews were conducted. The results of this study provided a list of actions that demonstrate care and respect and a lack thereof among engineering peers. Five conceptual categories of actions were identified. Study participants indicated that a lack of care and respect had been repeatedly experienced and/or observed during group work. Participants described a lack of guidance from faculty on how to effectively work in groups. While there are many educational advantages to group work, it also introduces some troubling peer dynamics. The findings further highlight a need for engineering faculty to teach their students how to communicate with peers and work effectively in groups.
Prosthetic Replacement of the Inferior Vena Cava for Malignancy

Involvement of the vena cava by retroperitoneal malignancy is generally indicative of advanced disease and is often considered a contraindication to attempted resection. The ability of non-surgical therapy to cure or palliate these tumors is variable and dependent on the tumor type, but generally in the absence of surgical resection, patient survival is limited.1 Tumors originating in the kidney, adrenal gland, soft tissues of the retroperitoneum as well as the liver may invade the inferior vena cava and have a dismal prognosis regardless of tumor type if resection is not possible.1–3 Caval involvement has traditionally been suspected by the presenting symptoms of lower extremity swelling and venous engorgement.1, 4 The widespread use of preoperative computerized tomography scans has demonstrated that many asymptomatic patients have involvement of the vena cava by tumor, and venograms in these patients have demonstrated extensive venous collaterals that reconstitute the vena cava above the level of obstruction by tumor.5 Although these patients may not manifest symptoms of their caval obstruction preoperatively because of adequate collateral flow, resection of the tumor often disrupts the retroperitoneal collaterals. If the removal of the tumor includes caval resection and ligation, then venous drainage through both the collaterals as well as the cava is lost. Thus patients who were asymptomatic before resection have been reported to manifest symptoms of venous obstruction in the lower extremities postoperatively.1 Recent reports have centered on the use of various techniques to aid in the achievement of complete tumor resection.2, 5 These include preoperative Prosthetic replacement of the inferior vena cava for malignancy
Rh(I)-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Transformations of Arenecarboxylic Acids: Ligand- and Reagent-Controlled Selectivity toward Hydrodecarboxylation or Heck−Mizoroki Products

A Rh(I)-based catalyst system has been developed to promote three types of decarboxylative transformations of arenecarboxylic acids: (1) hydrodecarboxylation, (2) Heck−Mizoroki olefination, and (3) conjugate addition. Scopes of reactions (1) and (2) were studied, and the ligand and reagent dependence of selectivity was explored.
Throughput optimization in dual-gripper interval robotic cells

Interval robotic cells with several processing stages (chambers) have been increasingly used for diverse wafer fabrication processes in semiconductor manufacturing. Processes such as low-pressure chemical vapor deposition, etching, cleaning and chemical-mechanical planarization, require strict time control for each processing stage. A wafer treated in a processing chamber must leave that chamber within a specified time limit; otherwise the wafer is exposed to residual gases and heat, resulting in quality problems. Interval robotic cells are also widely used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. The problem of scheduling operations in dual-gripper interval robotic cells that produce identical wafers (or parts) is considered in this paper. The objective is to find a 1-unit cyclic sequence of robot moves that minimizes the long-run average time to produce a part or, equivalently, maximizes the throughput. Initially two extreme cases are considered, namely no-wait cells and free-pickup cells; for no-w...
Chiral fermions and AdS/CFT duality for a nonabelian orbifold

Abstract We present what we believe is the minimal three-family AdS/CFT model compactified on a nonabelian orbifold S 5 /( Q × Z 3 ). Nontrivial irreps of the discrete nonabelian group Q × Z 3 are identified with the 4 of SU (4) R symmetry to break all supersymmetries, and the scalar content of the model is sufficient to break the gauge symmetry to the standard model. According to the conformality hypothesis the progenitor SU (4) 3 × SU (2) 12 theory becomes conformally invariant at an infra-red fixed point of the renormalization group.
Holonomy and Skyrme's Model

In this paper we consider two generalizations of the Skyrme model. One is a variational problem for maps from a compact 3-manifold to a compact Lie group. The other is a variational problem for flat connections. We describe the path components of the configuration spaces of smooth fields for each of the variational problems. We prove that the invariants separating the path components are well-defined for (not necessarily smooth) fields with finite Skyrme energy. We prove that for every possible value of these invariants there exists a minimizer of the Skyrme functional. Throughout the paper we emphasize the importance of holonomy in the Skyrme model. Some of the results may be useful in other contexts. In particular, we define the holonomy of a distributionally flat L2loc connection; the local developing maps for such connections need not be continuous.
Optimal wing configuration of a tethered satellite system in free molecular flow

Nomenclature A = Shuttle Orbiter altitude, 230 km C = aerodynamic damping derivative Cd = drag coefficient, 2D/pvS Ci = lift coefficient, 2L/pvS CM = center of mass Cm = moment coefficient, 2M/pvS/ref Cmq = pitch damping coefficient, d(Cm)/ d(d:/ref/v), 1/rad D =drag Dt = drag on satellite, 0.3 N (from Ref. 1) d$ boom length I^mJ = moment of inertia of the TS/WS / = inclination of the Orbiter plane relative to the equator, 50 deg L =lift / = position along the tether measured from the Orbiter, 88 km /ref = wing length M = moment MQz = moment resultant acting on the system RO = radius of the Earth, 6378.14 km S = wing area Sr speed ratio Tw = wall temperature, » 310 K (from Ref. 3) tm time of maximum angular overshoot v = satellite speed wt = wing thickness, 0.048 m a. angle of attack a(t) = angular displacement of the TS/WS a(tm) = maximum angular overshoot oLtm(S,a0,e/6) = &(tm) as a function of wing area, wing inclination, and boom length ao = wing inclination 18 = impulse magnitude factor d = applied impulse moment f = damping ratio of the TS/WS p = density of the atmosphere, 3.358 x 10~ kg/m (from Ref. 2) wn = natural frequency of the TS/WS
Investigation of Conformationally Rich Molecules: Rotational Spectra of Fifteen Conformational Isomers of 1-Octene

The rotational spectra of 15 conformational isomers of 1-octene have been measured in a molecular beam at a rotational temperature of less than 2 K using a pulsed-nozzle Fourier transform microwave...
A new approach to visual simulation.

The need for realism in visual simulation, particularly for the critical maneuvers of aircraft takeoff and landing, has long existed and has increased enormously with new requirements to operate under extreme conditions of low visibility. Not only is it difficult and dangerous to train for these conditions in the actual airplane, but the training problem is compounded by the fact that a mission in the aircraft must wait for the combination of the desired weather conditions and the availability of air space to occur. This paper describes the various approaches that the industry has taken in the attempt to solve the visual problem and provide the necessary training value. A new approach to the problem is described also which exploits the philosophy of limited corridor simulation and exercises the tradeoffs of limited freedom of maneuver in order to provide superior picture quality.
BDDC and FETI-DP under minimalist assumptions

The FETI-DP, BDDC and P-FETI-DP preconditioners are derived in a particulary simple abstract form. It is shown that their properties can be obtained from only a very small set of algebraic assumptions. The presentation is purely algebraic and it does not use any particular definition of method components, such as substructures and coarse degrees of freedom. It is then shown that P-FETI-DP and BDDC are in fact the same. The FETI-DP and the BDDC preconditioned operators are of the same algebraic form, and the standard condition number bound carries over to arbitrary abstract operators of this form. The equality of eigenvalues of BDDC and FETI-DP also holds in the minimalist abstract setting. The abstract framework is explained on a standard substructuring example.
The elasticity of demand for gasoline in China

Abstract This paper estimates the price and income elasticities of demand for gasoline in China. Our estimates of the intermediate-run price elasticity of gasoline demand range between −0.497 and −0.196, and our estimates of the intermediate-run income elasticity of gasoline demand range between 1.01 and 1.05. We also extend previous studies to estimate the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) elasticity and obtain a range from −0.882 to −0.579.
Measuring supply chain relationships: a social network approach

Achieving excellence in global supply chain performance usually requires firms to develop close connections and relationships with other parties in the chain. Today it is critical to evaluate, reengineer and manage these relationships properly. Drawing from social network analysis, this study presents a set of measures for a focal company and its relationships. These measures could be useful for practicing managers in designing and managing multiple relationships in a supply chain.
Characterizing memory requirements for queries over continuous data streams

This article deals with continuous conjunctive queries with arithmetic comparisons and optional aggregation over multiple data streams. An algorithm is presented for determining whether or not any given query can be evaluated using a bounded amount of memory for all possible instances of the data streams. For queries that can be evaluated using bounded memory, an execution strategy based on constant-sized synopses of the data streams is proposed. For queries that cannot be evaluated using bounded memory, data stream scenarios are identified in which evaluating the queries requires memory linear in the size of the unbounded streams.
Proton-Proton Interactions at 2.75 Bev

212 interactions of 2.75-Bev protons have been observed in a hydrogen-filled diffusion cloud chamber. The data indicate an elastic cross section of 15 millibarns, with about 9 millibarns cross section for single pion production, 13 millibarns for double, and 4 for triple. There is one example of quadruple pion production. One definite example of the production of heavy unstable particles was observed, and two doubtful cases. The median elastic scattering angle was 19\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the c.m. system. Angle and momentum distributions for inelastic events are consistent with those observed at lower energies.
The imine-epoxide rearrangement in the formation of trans-2,6-disubstituted piperidines: a stereoselective synthesis of (±)-teneraic acid

Abstract Teneraic acid, a naturally-occurring trans -2,6-piperidine dicarboxylic acid, has been synthesized using the imine-epoxide rearrangement.
Higgsless theory of electroweak symmetry breaking from warped space

We study a theory of electroweak symmetry breaking without a Higgs boson, recently suggested by Csaki et al. The theory is formulated in 5D warped space with the gauge bosons and matter fields propagating in the bulk. In the 4D dual picture, the theory appears as the standard model without a Higgs field, but with an extra gauge group G which becomes strong at the TeV scale. The strong dynamics of G breaks the electroweak symmetry, giving the masses for the W and Z bosons and the quarks and leptons. We study corrections in 5D which are logarithmically enhanced by the large mass ratio between the Planck and weak scales, and show that they do not destroy the structure of the electroweak gauge sector at the leading order. We introduce a new parameter, the ratio between the two bulk gauge couplings, into the theory and find that it allows us to control the scale of new physics. We also present a potentially realistic theory accommodating quarks and leptons and discuss its implications, including the violation of universality in the W and Z boson couplings to matter and the spectrum of the Kaluza-Klein excitations of the gauge bosons. The theory reproduces many successful features of the standard model, although some cancellations may still be needed to satisfy constraints from the precision electroweak data.
Reduction of spin glasses applied to the Migdal-Kadanoff hierarchical lattice

A reduction procedure to obtain ground states of spin glasses on sparse graphs is developed and tested on the hierarchical lattice associated with the Migdal-Kadanoff approximation for low-dimensional lattices. While more generally applicable, these rules here lead to a complete reduction of the lattice. The stiffness exponent governing the scaling of the defect energy ΔE with system size L, σ(ΔE) ~L y, is obtained as y 3 = 0.25546(3) by reducing the equivalent of lattices up to L = 2100 in d = 3, and as y 4 = 0.76382(4) for up to L = 235 in d = 4. The reduction rules allow the exact determination of the ground state energy, entropy, and also provide an approximation to the overlap distribution. With these methods, some well-know and some new features of diluted hierarchical lattices are calculated.
On the approximability of adjustable robust convex optimization under uncertainty

In this paper, we consider adjustable robust versions of convex optimization problems with uncertain constraints and objectives and show that under fairly general assumptions, a static robust solution provides a good approximation for these adjustable robust problems. An adjustable robust optimization problem is usually intractable since it requires to compute a solution for all possible realizations of uncertain parameters, while an optimal static solution can be computed efficiently in most cases if the corresponding deterministic problem is tractable. The performance of the optimal static robust solution is related to a fundamental geometric property, namely, the symmetry of the uncertainty set. Our work allows for the constraint and objective function coefficients to be uncertain and for the constraints and objective functions to be convex, thereby providing significant extensions of the results in Bertsimas and Goyal (Math Oper Res 35:284–305, 2010) and Bertsimas et al. (Math Oper Res 36: 24–54, 2011b) where only linear objective and linear constraints were considered. The models in this paper encompass a wide variety of problems in revenue management, resource allocation under uncertainty, scheduling problems with uncertain processing times, semidefinite optimization among many others. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first approximation bounds for adjustable robust convex optimization problems in such generality.
Serine and Threonine Schiff Base Esters React with β-Anomeric Peracetates in the Presence of BF3·Et2O to Produce β-Glycosides

Improved procedures are reported for the glycosylation of L-serine and L-threonine utilizing activated Schiff base glycosyl acceptors, which are less expensive and more efficient alternatives to published methods. L-serine or L-threonine benzyl ester hydrochloride salts were reacted with the diarylketimine bis-(4-methoxyphenyl)-methanimine in CH3CN at rt to form the more nucleophilic Schiff bases 3a and 3b in excellent yield. These Schiff bases exhibited ring-chain tautomerism in CDCl3 as shown by 1H NMR. Schiff bases 3a and 3b, acting as glycosyl acceptors, reacted at rt with simple sugar peracetate donors with BF3·OEt2 promotion to provide the corresponding L-serine and L-threonine O-linked glycosides in excellent yields and purities. The dipeptide ester Schiff base Ar2C = N-Ser-Val-OCH3 3e also reacted to provide β-glycosides in excellent yields, and without epimerization. With microwave irradiation the reactions were complete in 2 to 5 min. To investigate this reaction further, classical AgOTf-promote...
An efficient procedure for the solid phase tritylation of nucleosides and nucleotides

Abstract The interaction of tetra- n -butylammonium perchlorate with dimethoxytrityl chloride in the presence of 2,4,6-collidine in dichloromethane permitted a rapid and high yield tritylation of nucleosides or nucleotides covalently attached to a solid support.
Microwave Heating in Conjunction with UV Irradiation: a Tool for the Oxidation of 1,4-Dihydropyridines to Pyridines

Microwave heating is used for the preparation of 1,4-dihydropyridines and then, in conjunction with UV irradiation, is used for the efficient oxidation of the 1,4-dihydropyridines to pyridines. The oxidation reactions are performed in a sealed vessel using oxygen as the oxidant and an electrodeless discharge lamp as the irradiation source.
Tests of improved Kogut-Susskind fermion actions

Abstract Improved Kogut-Susskind quark actions containing repeatedly smeared links are studied to address the issue of flavor symmetry restoration. As a measure of the flavor symmetry restoration the mass spectrum of all the pions is computed. We present results for several variants of the “fat” actions that are suitable for full QCD simulations.
The Stickney Impact of Phobos: A Dynamical Model

The hypervelocity impact that excavated the Stickney crater on Phobos is numerically modeled in order to understand the effects this collision had on the interior and surface of Phobos. The model assumes homogeneity prior to impact based on Fujiwara's (1991) results. Constitutive relations for water ice and basalt are applied in tandem models. Fracture energetics is used to show that the impact itself is sufficient to cause the cracks observed on Phobos. It is further shown that the Stickney impact itself could not have created large voids; thus, the low density of Phobos must either be compositional in nature or else the result of porosity at a scale sufficiently small to avoid scattering the impact energy substantially.
Residential mobility and social identity in the periphery: strontium isotope analysis of archaeological tooth enamel from southeastern Arabia

a b s t r a c t Strontium isotope analysis represents an effective means of assessing mobility and reconstructing geographic residence patterns in archaeological populations. This biogeochemical technique was utilized to test the hypothesis that burgeoning interregional exchange networks and the occurrence of exotic grave goods in local tombs would correspond with a highly mobile population and a considerable immigrant presence during the Umm an-Nar (2700e2000 BC) period in the UAE. This region has been considered peripheral relative to larger civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley, but played an important role as a major supplier of copper for the Persian Gulf. Individuals (n ! 100) from six monumental Umm an-Nar tombs (Mowaihat; Tell Abraq; Umm an-Nar Island I, II, V; Unar 1) were selected to evaluate the geographic origins of tomb members. Mean 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios from local individuals interred at Mowaihat (0.708863 " 0.000014; 1s, n ! 12), Tell Abraq (0.708873 " 0.000020; 1s, n ! 27), Umm an-Nar Island (0.708902 " 0.000079; 1s, n ! 33), and Unar 1 (0.708805 " 0.000065; 1s, n ! 25) all display little isotopic variability, indicative of a population that was not highly mobile. However, coupled with archaeological evidence, three immigrants from Tell Abraq (n ! 2) and Mowaihat (n ! 1) identi! ed by deviant strontium values suggest that this region was actively engaged in interregional interaction. Despite claims that these tombs acted as visible markers of territoriality legitimized by local ancestors buried within them, the presence of non-locals suggests that as commerce became increasingly important, de! nitions of kinship and social identity may have become more " exible to better meet the needs of the local community and those with whom they interacted.
Lithopanspermia in Star-Forming Clusters

This paper considers the lithopanspermia hypothesis in star-forming groups and clusters, where the chances of biological material spreading from one solar system to another is greatly enhanced (rel...
Modeling of plasma turbulence and transport in the Large Plasma Device

Numerical simulation of plasma turbulence in the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) [W. Gekelman, H. Pfister, Z. Lucky et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62, 2875 (1991)] is presented. The model, implemented in the BOUndary Turbulence code [M. Umansky, X. Xu, B. Dudson et al., Contrib. Plasma Phys. 180, 887 (2009)], includes three-dimensional (3D) collisional fluid equations for plasma density, electron parallel momentum, and current continuity, and also includes the effects of ion-neutral collisions. In nonlinear simulations using measured LAPD density profiles but assuming constant temperature profile for simplicity, self-consistent evolution of instabilities and nonlinearly generated zonal flows results in a saturated turbulent state. Comparisons of these simulations with measurements in LAPD plasmas reveal good qualitative and reasonable quantitative agreement, in particular in frequency spectrum, spatial correlation, and amplitude probability distribution function of density fluctuations. For comparison with LAPD measurements, the plasma density profile in simulations is maintained either by direct azimuthal averaging on each time step, or by adding particle source/sink function. The inferred source/sink values are consistent with the estimated ionization source and parallel losses in LAPD. These simulations lay the groundwork for more a comprehensive effort to test fluid turbulence simulation against LAPD data.
Using path profiles to predict HTTP requests

Abstract Webmasters often use the following rule of thumb to ensure that HTTP server performance does not degrade when traffic is its heaviest — provide twice the server capacity required to handle your site's average load. As a result the server will spend half of its CPU cycles idle during normal operation. These cycles could be used to reduce the latency of a significant subset of HTTP transactions handled by the server. In this paper we introduce the use of path profiles for describing HTTP request behavior and describe an algorithm for efficiently creating these profiles. We then show that we can predict request behavior using path profiles with high enough probability to justify generating dynamic content before the client requests it. If requests are correctly predicted and pre-generated by the server, the end user will witness significantly lower latencies for these requests.
Collective dynamics at RHIC

The property of the 'perfect liquid' created at RHIC is probed with anisotropic flow measurements. Different initial conditions and their consequences on flow measurements are discussed. The collectivity is shown to be achieved fast and early. The thermalization is investigated with the ratio of v4/v22. Measurements from three sectors of soft physics (HBT, flow and strangeness) are shown to have a simple, linear, length scaling. Directed flow is found to be independent of system size.
Physics potential of a Tevatron tripler

Abstract We explore the capabilities for new physics discovery in proton-antiproton collisions at 5.4 TeV center-of-mass energy with luminosity 10 33 cm −2 s −1 at a Tripler upgrade of the Tevatron collider. The prospects are robust for the usual Higgs boson and supersymmetry benchmarks. With an integrated luminosity of 40 fb−1, discoveries at 5σ could be made for a standard Higgs boson of mass ≲680 GeV (600 GeV for 10 fb−1), a lighter chargino of mass ≲380 GeV, and an extra Z boson of mass ≲2.6 TeV; four-fermion contact interactions from new physics with scale ≲74 TeV could be excluded at the 95% confidence level.
A Sakurai−Prins−Ritter Sequence for the Three-Component Diastereoselective Synthesis of 4-Amino Tetrahydropyrans

A simple one-pot procedure for the Sakurai−Prins−Ritter sequence allows rapid assembly of 4-acylamino-2,6-substituted tetrahydropyrans in high yields and with excellent diastereoselectivity from re...
The superfluid Stirling refrigerator, a new method for cooling below 0.5 K

A new subkelvin refrigerator, the superfluid Stirling cycle refrigerator, uses a working fluid of [sup 3]He-[sup 4]He mixture in a Stirling cycle. The thermodynamically active components of the mixture are the [sup 3]He, which behaves like a Boltzman gas, and the phonon-roton gas in the [sup 4]He. The superfluid component of the liquid is inert. Two refrigerators have been built and temperatures of 340 mK have been achieved.
Spin calogero particles and bispectral solutions of the matrix KP hierarchy

Pairs of n×n matrices whose commutator differ from the identity by a matrix of rank r are used to construct bispectral differential operators with r×r matrix coefficients satisfying the Lax equations of the Matrix KP hierarchy. Moreover, the bispectral involution on these operators has dynamical significance for the spin Calogero particles system whose phase space such pairs represent. In the case r = 1, this reproduces well-known results of Wilson and others from the 1990’s relating (spinless) Calogero-Moser systems to the bispectrality of (scalar) differential operators.
A Uniqueness Theorem for Bounded Analytic Functions on the Polydisc

Given n, N ≥ 1 we construct a set of points \({\lambda_1,{\ldots},\lambda_{N^n}\in{\mathbb D}^n}\) such that for each rational inner function f on \({{\mathbb D}^n}\) of degree less than N the Pick problem on \({{\mathbb D}^n}\) with data \({\lambda_1,{\ldots},\lambda_{N^n}}\) and \({f(\lambda_1),{\ldots},f(\lambda_{N^n})}\) has a unique solution. In particular, we construct a 1-dimensional inner variety V and show that the points \({\lambda_1,{\ldots},\lambda_{N^n}}\) may be chosen almost arbitrarily in \({V\cap{\mathbb D}^n}\). Our results state that f is uniquely determined in the Schur class of \({{\mathbb D}^n}\) by its values on \({\lambda_1,{\ldots},\lambda_{N^n}}\).
Higher loop effects on unification via Kaluza-Klein thresholds

Abstract We discuss higher loop corrections to gauge coupling renormalization in the context of gauge coupling unification via Kaluza–Klein thresholds. We show that in the case of N =1 supersymmetric compactifications the one-loop threshold contributions are dominant, while the higher loop correction are subleading. This is due to the fact that at heavy Kaluza–Klein levels the spectrum as well as the interactions are N =2 supersymmetric. In particular, we give two different arguments leading to this result – one is field theoretic, while the second one utilizes the power of string perturbation techniques. To illustrate our discussions we perform explicit two-loop computations of various corrections to gauge couplings within this framework. We also remark on phenomenological applications of our discussions in the context of TeV-scale brane world.
Pneumoperitoneum in the newborn

Spontaneous perforation of the gastrointestinal tract in infants during the first few hours or days of life is a paediatric emergency with a very grave prognosis if not treated surgically. The stomach is the most common site of perforation, but occasionally it occurs in the duodenum, small or large intestine. Failure to recognise the condition and carry out early surgical intervention usually results in fatal consequences. There are many causes of gastrointestinal perforation in the newborn. Although the aetiology is uncertain, some of the commonly accepted theories include congestion of the bowel wall secondary to asphyxia or septicaemia (Vargus and Levin, 1959), trauma coincident with delivery (Arnold, 1955), high gastric acidity, peptic ulcer and direct or indirect mechanical injury from lavage tubes, rectal thermometers or resuscitation efforts (Vargus and Levin, 1959). Congenital defects of the musculature, diverticula, meconium stasis, vascular insufficiency, pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis and c...
Bondi-Hoyle-Lyttleton Accretion Model for Low-Luminosity X-Ray Sources in Globular Clusters

We present a new model for low-luminosity X-ray sources in globular clusters, with LX 1034 ergs s-1. The model we propose is that of a single neutron star accreting from cluster gas that has accumulated as a natural product of stellar evolution. An analytic luminosity function is derived under the assumption that the speed distribution of neutron stars in the central region of a cluster is described by a Maxwellian, and that the density and temperature of the gas are uniform. Predictions of the model and implications for the gas content of globular clusters are discussed.
Scaling analysis of surface roughness in simple models for molecular-beam epitaxy

There is currently interest in simple models for Molecular-Beam Epitaxy (MBE) which mimic the effect of thermal mobility by allowing incorporation of deposited atoms at kink sites with in a distance l of the deposition site. Scaling of the interface width, W, with mean film height, , of the form W {approximately}{beta}, is analysed. Studies for a Solid-on-Solid geometry in d=1+1 dimensions revealed a sudden transition from the T=0 K (l=0) behavior of {beta} = {1/2} to a new universality class for l{ge} {beta}=3/8. We consider the effect of incorporating realistic adsorption-site geometries and deposition dynamics into these d=1+1 MBE models. We find that {beta} is always less than 3/8 at T=0 K (l=0) due to lateral coupling, and that the effective {beta} increases smoothly with smaller l at least to 3/8. However, for larger l, the simple scaling of W described above breaks down in the physically relevant range of .
Synthesis of 4-Substituted Imidazo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazine (2-Azapurine)nucleosides

Several methods for functionalization of the 4-position of imidazo[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazin-4-one were investigated. These investigations were successful and led to the preparation of 4-amino, 4-triazol-1-yl, 4-methoxy, 4-methylthio, 4-methylamino, 4-thio, 4-nitrobenzyl, and 4-unsubstituted 9-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-imidazo-[4,5-d][1,2,3]triazine (2-azapurine ribosides). The 4-unsubstituted compound (19) was slightly active against HCMV in plaque and yield reduction experiments and was not cytotoxic at 100 microM. The methylamino (15), hydrazino (16), and p-nitrobenzylthio (20) were inactive against HCMV but slightly cytotoxic. The thiomethyl-substituted analog (21) was the most active with activity comparable to ganciclovir but with greater cytotoxicity. We conclude that even though none of the tested compounds had antiviral activity superior to ganciclovir, the new synthetic methods will provide a route to more interesting compounds.
Total synthesis of (-)-callystatin A.

An effective total synthesis of (−)-callystatin A (1), member of the leptomycin family of antibiotics, has been achieved. The synthesis features Evans extended aldol methodology to construct the northern polypropionate subunit and two separate Julia olefinations to assemble the conjugated dienes. The total synthesis proceeded in 2.3% overall yield with the longest linear sequence of 15 steps.
On series expansions of Capparelli's infinite product

Using Lie theory, Stefano Capparelli conjectured an interesting Rogers-Ramanujan type partition identity in his 1988 Rutgers PhD thesis. The first proof was given by George Andrews, using combinatorial methods. Later, Capparelli was able to provide a Lie theoretic proof. Most combinatorial Rogers-Ramanujan type identities (e.g., the Gollnitz-Gordon identities, Gordon's combinatorial generalization of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities, etc.) have an analytic counterpart. The main purpose of this paper is to provide two new series representations for the infinite product associated with Capparelli's conjecture. Some additional related identities, including new infinite families are also presented.
A Morphological Diagnostic for Dynamical Evolution of Wolf-Rayet Bubbles

We have observed Hα and [O III] emission from eight of the most well-defined Wolf-Rayet ring nebulae in the Galaxy. We find that in many cases the outermost edge of the [O III] emission leads the Hα emission. We suggest that these offsets, when present, are due to the shock from the Wolf-Rayet bubble expanding into the circumstellar envelope. Thus, the details of the WR bubble morphology at Hα and [O III] can then be used to understand better the physical condition and evolutionary stage of the nebulae around Wolf-Rayet stars, as well as to place constraints on the nature of the stellar progenitor and its mass-loss history.
Optimal transmission switching with contingency analysis

In this paper, we analyze the N-1 reliable DC optimal dispatch with transmission switching. The model is a mixed integer program (MIP) with binary variables representing the state of the transmission element (line or transformer) and the model can be used for planning and/or operations. We then attempt to find solutions to this problem using the IEEE 118-bus and the RTS 96 system test cases. The IEEE 118-bus test case is analyzed at varying load levels. Using simple heuristics, we demonstrate that these networks can be operated to satisfy N-1 standards while cutting costs by incorporating transmission switching into the dispatch. In some cases, the percent savings from transmission switching was higher with an N-1 DCOPF formulation than with a DCOPF formulation.
Wolff’s theorem on ideals for matrices

We extend Wolff's theorem concerning ideals on H-infinity(D) to the matrix case, giving conditions under which an H-infinity solution G to the equation FG = H exists for all z in D, where F is an m-by-infinity matrix of functions in H-infinity (D), and H is an m-by-1 vector of such functions. We then examine several useful results.
Markowitz meets Kahneman: Portfolio selection under divided attention

Abstract This paper explores how the scarcity of cognitive resources affects portfolio decisions. I consider an economy where investors allocate mental effort to learn about the mean return of a number of assets, by retrieving information from a stock of memories. As a result, parameter uncertainty arises endogenously. I characterize the optimal division of attention and the optimal portfolios and I show that limited attention might provide interesting insight into the equity home bias puzzle .
Statistics of X-Ray Polarization Measurements

The polarization of an X-ray beam that produces electrons with velocity components perpendicular to the beam generates an azimuthal distribution of the ejected electrons. We present methods for simulating and for analyzing the angular dependence of electron detections which enable us to derive simple analytical expressions for useful statistical properties of observable data. The derivations are verified by simulations. While we confirm the results of previous work on this topic, we provide an extension needed for analytical treatment of the full range of possible polarization amplitudes.
Why Kastner analysis does not apply to a modified Afshar experiment

In an analysis of the Afshar experiment R.E. Kastner points out that the selection system used in this experiment randomly separates the photons that go to the detectors, and therefore no which-way information is obtained. In this paper we present a modified but equivalent version of the Afshar experiment that does not contain a selection device. The double-slit is replaced by two separate coherent laser beams that overlap under a small angle. At the intersection of the beams an interference pattern can be inferred in a non-perturbative manner, which confirms the existence of a superposition state. In the far field the beams separate without the use of a lens system. Momentum conservation warranties that which-way information is preserved. We also propose an alternative sequence of Stern-Gerlach devices that represents a close analogue to the Afshar experimental set up.
Bismuth Triflate–Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Acylations of Sydnones

Abstract Friedel–Crafts acylations of various 3-arylsydnones at the C4 position have been achieved in good yields using 4 equivalents of an alkyl anhydride and 25 mol% each of bismuth triflate and lithium perchlorate in anhydrous acetonitrile at 95 °C. Acylations appear to be faster with arylsydnones bearing electron-donating moieties and sterically unencumbered anhydrides.
Measurement of the penetration depth and coherence length in U(1) and SU(2) dual Abrikosov vortices

Abstract We calculate the electric field and the curl of the magnetic monopole current for U(1) and for SU(2) in the maximal Abelian gauge in the mid-plane between a quark antiquark pair. The results can be understood as a dual Abrikosov vortex in the Ginzburg-Landau theory.
The Impact of Therapeutic Procedure Innovation on Hospital Patient Longevity: Evidence from Western Australia, 2000-2007

Abstract Assessing the benefits of medical innovation—its impact on health outcomes—is as important as assessing the costs—its impact on health expenditure. Most formal studies have focused on the expenditure impacts of medical technology, partly because costs are more easily identified and quantified than are benefits. Moreover, most quantitative research relating to the impact of broad categories of technology on health outcomes has focused on pharmaceuticals. This is the first study that investigates the benefits and costs of another broad category of medical innovation—inpatient therapeutic procedure innovation—using data on over one million hospital discharges. We investigate the effect of therapeutic procedure innovation in general on the longevity of Western Australia (WA) hospital patients with a variety of medical conditions. We can measure survival for a period as long as 8 years after admission. We know the date each procedure was added to the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS). First, we perform an analysis using cross-sectional patient-level data, controlling for the patient's age, sex, Diagnosis Related Group (DRG, over 600 categories), Aboriginal status, marital status, insurance coverage (whether or not the patient had private insurance), postcode (over 400 postcodes), year of hospital admission, and number of procedures performed. The estimates indicate that therapeutic procedure innovation increased the life expectancy of WA hospital patients (whose mean life expectancy was about 10 years) by almost 3 months between 2000 and 2007. Estimates based on longitudinal DRG-level data also indicate that therapeutic procedure innovation increased the life expectancy of WA hospital patients, but the implied increase may be smaller—about 2 months. In either case, therapeutic procedure innovation in WA hospitals appears to have been remarkably cost-effective, because it increased the cost of medical procedures by a negligible amount.