cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agonist-activated glucagon receptors are deubiquitinated at early endosomes by two distinct deubiquitinases to facilitate Rab4a-dependent recycling

The glucagon receptor (GCGR) activated by the peptide hormone glucagon is a seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that regulates blood glucose levels. Ubiquitination influences trafficking and signaling of many GPCRs, but its characterization for the GCGR is lacking. Using endocytic colocalization and ubiquitination assays, we have identified a correlation between the ubiquitination profile and recycling of the GCGR. Our experiments revealed that GCGRs are constitutively ubiquitinated at the cell surface. Glucagon stimulation not only promoted GCGR endocytic trafficking through Rab5a early endosomes and Rab4a recycling endosomes, but also induced rapid deubiquitination of GCGRs. Inhibiting GCGR internalization or disrupting endocytic trafficking prevented agonist-induced deubiquitination of the GCGR. Furthermore, a Rab4a dominant negative (DN) that blocks trafficking at recycling endosomes enabled GCGR deubiquitination, whereas a Rab5a DN that blocks trafficking at early endosomes eliminated agonist-induced GCGR deubiquitination. By down-regulating candidate deubiquitinases that are either linked with GPCR trafficking or localized on endosomes, we identified signal-transducing adaptor molecule-binding protein (STAMBP) and ubiquitin-specific protease 33 (USP33) as cognate deubiquitinases for the GCGR. Our data suggest that USP33 constitutively deubiquitinates the GCGR, whereas both STAMBP and USP33 deubiquitinate agonist-activated GCGRs at early endosomes. A mutant GCGR with all five intracellular lysines altered to arginines remains deubiquitinated and shows augmented trafficking to Rab4a recycling endosomes compared with the WT, thus affirming the role of deubiquitination in GCGR recycling. We conclude that the GCGRs are rapidly deubiquitinated after agonist-activation to facilitate Rab4a-dependent recycling and that USP33 and STAMBP activities are critical for the endocytic recycling of the GCGR.
A Linear Programming Model for Optimal Check Airmen Allocation to Minimize Travel Costs

Across the globe, civil aviation authorities (CAA) require pilots to be examined upon completion of their flight training and at regular intervals to uphold their pilot’s license. These flight examinations, or checkrides, are conducted by designated flight examiners and CAA pilots. While government employees are dispatched to different locations to conduct such exams, designated check airmen may only conduct checkrides that have limited coverage in the geographic area in which those exams are allowed. Thus, if the demand for checkrides at a given location is higher than the number of available designated flight examiners, those employed by the CAA may have to travel to satisfy the need for checkrides, incurring additional costs to these organizations. This paper aims at developing an optimization model using linear programming to find the optimal number of checkrides at different locations that minimizes the total travel cost of government check airmen (GCA) conducting checkrides, considering specific travel costs between locations. Based on a realistic set of initialization parameters, the optimal solution showed a minimal travel cost of $35,827.30 for six months. This model could be applied to other areas that may face a similar decision-making process.
Extracellular vesicles promote transkingdom nutrient transfer during viral-bacterial co-infection.

Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly appreciated as a mechanism of communication among cells that contribute to many physiological processes. Although EVs can promote either antiviral or proviral effects during viral infections, the role of EVs in virus-associated polymicrobial infections remains poorly defined. We report that EVs secreted from airway epithelial cells during respiratory viral infection promote secondary bacterial growth, including biofilm biogenesis, by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) increases the release of the host iron-binding protein transferrin on the extravesicular face of EVs, which interact with P. aeruginosa biofilms to transfer the nutrient iron and promote bacterial biofilm growth. Vesicular delivery of iron by transferrin more efficiently promotes P. aeruginosa biofilm growth than soluble holo-transferrin delivered alone. Our findings indicate that EVs are a nutrient source for secondary bacterial infections in the airways during viral infection and offer evidence of transkingdom communication in the setting of polymicrobial infections.
The Night Shift: Nest Closure and Guarding Behaviors in the Stingless Bee, Tetragonisca angustula

Social insects face threats to the colony during the day but also at nighttime. Multiple strategies have evolved across social insect species that protect the nest and each other at night. We asked what behaviors are employed by stingless bees, Tetragonisca angustula at night. We describe two layers of defense, nightly nest closing and night guarding at the entrance. After monitoring 10 naturally occurring colonies, we saw considerable variation in the likelihood of colonies leaving a nest open or closing them at night. Furthermore, more guards were at the entrances of open nests than closed nests. The mass of nightly guarding bees and tube closers was consistent with (even slightly exceeding) the mass of daytime guards, suggesting that these tasks are performed by especially large soldier bees. We found preliminary evidence supporting the hypothesis that the kairomone citral, released by obligate kleptoparasites, encourages nest closing behavior. Two nests that were consecutively open for a week, partially closed the night we applied alarm pheromone. These data are just a glimpse into some of the nightly defensive behaviors and what shapes nest closure behavior. We discuss how these data are an important first step and discuss hypotheses emerging from this study.
MICROBIAL BIOBURDEN OF ORTHOKERATOLOGY AND HYDROGEL CONTACT LENSES AND STORAGE CASES USING A HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE DISINFECTING SYSTEM:

Background and objective: The fitting of orthokeratology (ortho-k) and multifocal soft contact lenses (SCL) is becoming increasingly popular worldwide for reducing the rate of myopia progression. However, overnight wear use of lenses and microbial contamination of contact lenses and storage vials has been shown to increase the risk of corneal inflammatory and infiltrative events (CIEs). Therefore, we conducted a pilot study to compare the rate, level, and type of microbial contamination of contact lenses and storage vialswhen participants wear ortho-k and SCL in combination with a hydrogen-peroxide disinfecting system. Material and Methods: A prospective, single-centre, randomized, crossover study was conducted to evalu-ate the rate and level of contact lens and storage vials contamination during the use of ortho-k and SCL along with a hydrogen-peroxide disinfecting solution over two 10 day wearing periods. Ocular signs and symptoms were assessed during lens wear at baseline and after each wearing period. In addition, contact lens and storage vials were collected, and the type and amount of microbial contamination were evaluated using viable culture and standard identification methods.Results: Twenty-five adults were enrolled, and 21 completed the study. One (5%) ortho-k lens, five (24%) ortho-k storage vials, one (5%) SCL and one (5%) SCL storage vial were contaminated (P > 0.05), predominantly with Gram-positive bacteria. None of the participants had contamination with both ortho-k and SCL. No significant differences were found between the ocular signs, including conjunctival redness and roughness, or conjunctival or corneal staining (all P > 0.05), irrespective of using ortho-k or SCL. Conclusion: This study provides the first data that directly compares microbial contamination of ortho-K versus SCL in patients using a hydrogen-peroxide disinfection system. However, the overall microbial contamination rate of contact lens storage vials was much lower (30%) than the previously reported study with ortho-k lens wear. The results support conducting a larger clinical trial designed to understand differences in microbial contamination with different lens materials and modalities.
Cultural considerations and rigorous qualitative methods in public diplomacy research

This article examines how qualitative approaches to human-centered inquiry benefit public diplomacy (PD) scholarship. It argues that rigorous qualitative methods improve the frameworks guiding PD research. Tendencies for miscommunication permeate the encoding and decoding communication processes in international/intercultural contexts, with PD often transcending cultural boundaries and national borders. This article cautions against assuming conceptual, measurement, and semiotic equivalence of constructs and variables, based on influences from culture and language. Furthermore, the article advocates mixed methods, explicating how rigorous qualitative methods can better contextualize the statistics of quantitative methods, leading to more comprehensive understandings of PD.
The human and the physical in Debussy’s depictions of snow

This article explores Debussy’s musical engagement of the topic of snow in two representative works for piano, “Des pas sur la neige” from Preludes, Book I and “The Snow is Dancing” from Children’s Corner. In the analysis of “Des pas,” a narrative is put forth based on the interpretation of the work’s opening short-long rhythmic figure as a representation of contact with a frozen, encrusted surface followed by an immediate collapse of that frozen surface and contact with the ground underneath. As the work’s protagonist engages in walking meditation to confront a troubling memory, a state of contemplation is achieved whereby the musical portrayal of the footsteps are momentarily suppressed in strategic portions of the work designed to portray recollection, as Steven Rings (2008) has noted. In my analysis, I argue that the closing measures’ portrayal of footsteps is shifted into binary alterations of two notes, D and G, in steady quarter notes, so as to illustrate the protagonist’s emergence from an off beaten path to a more trodden one. In “The Snow is Dancing,” Debussy shifts focus from that of human emotion to the actual physical properties of snow. Interestingly, the snow is anthropomorphized nonetheless into dancers. I trace shifts in rhythm, line and register, and engage gestures of motion to illustrate Debussy’s compositional approach to both gravitationally suspending and animating wind-driven snowflakes.
Brothas Gonna work it out! hip hop philanthropy, black power vision, and the future of the race

(2004). Brothas Gonna work it out! hip hop philanthropy, black power vision, and the future of the race. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 18, Hip Hop, Race, and Cultural Politics, pp. 231-304.
Expression of wheat puroindoline genes in transgenic rice enhances grain softness

The puroindoline genes (pinA and pinB) are believed to play critical roles in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain texture. Mutations in either gene are associated with hard wheat. No direct evidence exists for the ability of puroindolines to modify cereal grain texture. Interestingly, puroindolines appear to be absent in cereal species outside of the tribe Triticeae, in which the dominant form of grain texture is hard. To assess the ability of the puroindolines to modify cereal grain texture, the puroindolines were introduced into rice (Oryzae sativa L.) under the control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. Textural analysis of transgenic rice seeds indicated that expression of PINA and/or PINB reduced rice grain hardness. After milling, flour prepared from these softer seeds had reduced starch damage and an increased percentage of fine flour particles. Our data support the hypothesis that puroindolines play important roles in controlling wheat grain texture and may be useful in modifying grain texture of other cereals.
Higher weierstrass points on X0(p)

We study the arithmetic properties of higher Weierstrass points on modular curves X 0 (p) for primes p. In particular, for r ∈ {2,3,4,5}, we obtain a relationship between the reductions modulo p of the collection of r-Weierstrass points on X 0 (p) and the supersingular locus in characteristic p.
Efficacy of liquid spray decontaminants for inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores on building and outdoor materials.

Aims: To obtain data on the efficacy of various liquid and foam decontamination technologies to inactivate Bacillus anthracis Ames and Bacillus subtilis spores on building and outdoor materials. Methods and Results: Spores were inoculated onto test coupons and positive control coupons of nine different materials. Six different sporicidal liquids were spray-applied to the test coupons and remained in contact for exposure times ranging from 10 to 70 min. Following decontamination, spores were recovered from the coupons and efficacy was quantified in terms of log reduction. Conclusions: The hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid products were the most effective, followed by decontaminants utilizing hypochlorous acid chemistry. Decontamination efficacy varied by material type. Significance and Impact of the Study: The study results may be useful in the selection of technologies to decontaminate buildings and outdoor areas in the event of contamination with B. anthracis spores. These results may also facilitate selection of decontaminant liquids for the inactivation of other spore-forming infectious disease agents.
Contemporary evolutionary divergence for a protected species following assisted colonization.

Background Contemporary evolution following assisted colonization may increase the probability of persistence for refuge populations established as a bet-hedge for protected species. Such refuge populations are considered “genetic replicates” that might be used for future re-colonization in the event of a catastrophe in the native site. Although maladaptive evolutionary divergence of captive populations is well recognized, evolutionary divergence of wild refuge populations may also occur on contemporary time scales. Thus, refuge populations may lose their “value” as true genetic replicates of the native population. Here, we show contemporary evolutionary divergence in body shape in an approximately 30-year old refuge population of the protected White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) resulting in a body-shape mismatch with its native environment. Methodology/Principal Findings Geometric morphometic data were collected from C. tularosa cultures raised in experimental mesocosms. Cultures were initiated with fish from the two native populations, plus hybrids, in high or low salinity treatments representing the salinities of the two native habitats. We found that body shape was heritable and that shape variation due to phenotypic plasticity was small compared to shape variation due to population source. C. tularosa from the high salinity population retained slender body shapes and fish from the low salinity population retained deep body shapes, irrespective of mesocosm salinity. These data suggest that the observed divergence of a recently established pupfish population was not explained by plasticity. An analysis of microsatellite variation indicated that no significant genetic drift occurred in the refuge population, further supporting the adaptive nature of changes in body shape. These lines of evidence suggest that body shape divergence of the refuge population reflects a case of contemporary evolution (over a 30-year period). Conclusions/Significance These results suggest assisted colonization can introduce novel, and/or relaxed selection, and lead to unintended evolutionary divergence.
The Three R's: Rapport, Relationship, and Reference

In the eyes of our patrons, the success of a library transaction depends on both the accuracy of the information conveyed and the quality of the patron/staff interaction. We each experience rapport naturally many times during the day. Skills borrowed from the field of neuro-linguistic programming allow us to learn to quickly create a state of rapport with anyone we encounter. By learning to create rapport intentionally with our patrons, we can improve the quality of their library experience.
BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS OF AN INFANT SQUIRREL MONKEY

The behavioral development and social relations of one infant squirrel monkey were observed in a small caged group of 5 animals. Description is based on 108 hr. of observation over the first 28 wk. of his life. During his first 12 days, the infant either rode on his mother's back or nursed. On the thirteenth day he began to leave her, becoming more independent during the next 5 wk. After 7 wk. he returned to his mother only to nurse or when frightened After Week 21 he was free from bodily contact with his mother at least 95% of the time. The infant first ate monkey chow at 7 wk. of age and regularly are it at 9 wk. Some maternal rejection appeared at 3 wk. and was strong by 16 wk. He still nursed at 28 wk. Incidental interaction among adults was described.
Investigating the impacts of time delays on trade

Abstract Time delays due to inefficient customs and administrative procedures have become a leading non-tariff barrier (NTB) that restrict international trade and impair social welfare. This paper investigates how time delays affect product quality, product price, trade flow, and social welfare, using data on the days it takes to clear customs in 96 countries. We explore the impacts of time delays on product quality and price with different levels of perishability. We find that longer time delays at the border would significantly decrease highly perishable agricultural products' quality and price. We also find that for highly perishable agricultural products, improved and simplified customs delays would increase trade flows and social welfare of importing countries.
Dual silicon surface-barrier detectors and associated electronics for monitoring chemical separation of 249Cf and 249Bk

Abstract The isotopes 249 Cf and 249 Bk are chemically separated by ion-exchange chromatography at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Transuranium Processing Plant. Control of the separation depends on the operator's ability to distinguish electronically between alpha radiation from the 249 Cf and beta particles from the 249 Bk. This new monitoring system consists of two surface-barrier detectors, each having its own channel of electronics and data acquisition. The two detectors are mounted in a Teflon holder and positioned near the tip of the ion-exchange column, where droplets of solution are formed as the nuclides are eluted from the column. Amplifier gain and window settings on the single-channel analyzer (SCA) for one detector are adjusted to count the energetic alpha particles from the 249 Cf, while the electronic settings of the other channel are adjusted to count the lower-energy beta particles from 249 Bk. The alpha count rate will increase first as 249 Cf passes from the column; then the beta count rate increases, indicating that 249 Bk is being eluted. At this point, the operator can make a cut in the separation process.
Stochastic cooling at Fermilab

Abstract Fermilab now has over 10 years of operational experience with stochastic cooling systems. New techniques and refinements of old techniques continue to push the state of the art. I will discuss recent developments which include strategies for new pickup and kicker arrays, laser signal processing, recent measurements on system performance, bunched beam cooling, new calculational/modeling techniques, and requirements for future accelerator upgrades.
Financial constraints and export participation in India

Abstract A firm making an entry decision into the export market faces various non-recoverable fixed costs. Financially constrained firms, unable to make this investment, cannot enter the export market. In this paper, I investigate this relation between financial constraints and the export market entry decision for manufacturing firms in India. Using multiple estimators, I find a strong correlation between the two. I find that firms entering the export market are financially healthier than non-exporting firms. I am also able to show that financial health is the cause and not an effect of exports. Further, the intensive margin of exports (increase in exports of continuing exporters) does not depend on the financial health of the firms. The extensive margin of exports (increase in exports due to new exporters) can be increased if financial constraints faced by firms are reduced. These results are important for the export promotion policies of a developing economy.
Crohn's disease presenting as septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein (pylephlebitis): case report and review of the literature

Septic thrombophlebitis of the portal vein, or pylephlebitis, is an extremely rare complication of intraabdominal infection, most commonly caused by diverticulitis (1). The following case report describes a patient without previous significant medical history presenting with painless jaundice and presumed malignancy. Workup revealed pylephlebitis due to an ileal abscess secondary to Crohn's disease. The patient was successfully treated with broad spectrum antibiotics and terminal small bowel and right colon resection. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Crohn's disease diagnosed after presentation with pylephlebitis.
Suicidal Behavior Among Latina College Students

Latina college students are one of the fastest-growing segments of the college student population. Although there is evidence suggesting Latina high school students are at increased risk of engagin...
Seeking the “Counter” in Counterpublics

As conceptual models of the public sphere have moved toward multiplicity, “counterpublic” has emerged as a critical term to signify that some publics develop not simply as one among a constellation of discursive entities, but as explicitly articulated alternatives to wider publics that exclude the interests of potential participants. This essay attempts to forestall potential reductionism in future counterpublic theory by considering through 3 “ominous examples” how the “counter” in counter-publics may be reduced to persons, places, or topics. Instead, this essay seeks to orient critical attention to the discursive quality of counterpublics. It argues that the ways in which counterpublics set themselves against wider publics may be most productively explored by attending to the recognition and articulation of exclusion through alternative discourse norms and practices.
A First-Principle Guided Circuit Simulator of Linear Complexity and its Linear Speedup for Die-Package Co-Design

In this work, guided by electromagnetics-based first principles, we develop a circuit simulator that allows for the simulation of a circuit including both nonlinear devices and the linear network in linear complexity. Moreover, it permits an almost embarrassingly parallel implementation on a many-core computing platform, and hence achieving linear speedup. The proposed circuit simulator rigorously captures the coupling between nonlinear circuits and the linear network. In addition, it bypasses the step of extraction, producing an RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) representation of the linear network without any numerical computation. Application to die-package co-simulation as well as simulation of very large-scale on-chip circuits involving over 800,000 CMOS transistors and interconnects having hundreds of millions of unknowns has demonstrated the superior performance of the proposed first-principle-guided circuit simulator.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
A Coupled Lagrangian-Eulerian Scheme for Reacting Flow Modeling

We describe a coupled Lagrangian-Eulerian numerical scheme for modeling reacting flow in two dimensions. The scheme uses the Lagrangian vortex method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations, and an Eulerian finite difference implementation on a multi-layered adaptive mesh for the scalar conservation equations. Coupling terms involving baroclinic and diffusional circulation source terms as well as expansion sources for dilatation resulting from heat release are implemented as necessary. A boundary element method is used for the potential flow solution. A fast multipole method is used for all velocity field evaluations. The numerical construction is presented along with representative buoyant reacting jet flow results.
Speech enhancement using minimum mean-square error estimation and a post-filter derived from vector quantization of clean speech

In this paper, a novel post-filtering method applied after the logSTSA filter is proposed. Since the post-filter is derived from vector quantization of clean speech database, it has an equivalent effect of imposing clean source spectral constraints on the enhanced speech. When combined with the logSTSA filter, the additional filter can noticeably suppress residual artifacts by effectively lowering the residual white noise of decision-directed estimation as well as reducing the musical noise of maximum likelihood estimation. Compared to the logSTSA enhanced speech, the overall enhanced speech is able to raise the PESQ score by nearly half a point.
2D locally focused MRI: Applications to dynamic and spectroscopic imaging

Conventional magnetic resonance images have uniform spatial resolution across the entire field of view. A method of creating MR images with user-specified spatial resolution along one dimension of the field of view was described recently by the authors. This paper presents the 2D generalization of this technique, which allows the user to specify arbitrary spatial resolution in arbitrary 2D regions. These images are reconstructed from signals that sparsely sample the k-space representation of the image. Therefore, locally focused images can be acquired in less time than that required by Fourier imaging with uniformaly high resolution. In this paper the authors show how to increase the temporal resolution of dynamic imaging (e.g., interventional imaging) by using high resolution in areas of expected change and lower resolution elsewhere. Alternatively, by matching the local spatial resolution to the expected edge content of the image, it is possible to avoid the localized truncation artifacts that mark Fourier images reconstructed from the same number of signals. For example, the authors show how proton spectroscopic images of the head may be improved by using high resolution in the neighborhood of scalp lipids that might otherwise cause truncation artifacts.
Quadricuspid Aortic Valve

After a transient ischemic attack, this 68-year-old patient was referred for transesophageal echocardiography to look for a possible cardiac source of embolization. There were no heart murmurs. Transesophageal echocardiography was unremarkable …
Multiprocessor/distributed processing bibliography (in machine-readable form)

There is a lot of renewed interest in parallel processing. People parallel process, too. Human parallel processing tends to be cooperative rather than competitive. To this end, research literature uses bibliographies like road-maps to the field.
A journey toward obtaining our first NSF S-STEM (scholarship) grant

Computer science Ph.D. training provides numerous opportunities to prepare doctoral graduates to write research grant proposals. However, writing scholarship grant proposals is a very different process, and a newcomer might go through many attempts before obtaining their first awarded grant. This paper documents our four proposal submissions prior to acquiring our first NSF S-STEM grant for the Department of Computer Science at Florida State University. This paper also highlights major issues to consider when writing such proposals. We hope that future newcomers will be able to avoid some of the pitfalls we encountered in obtaining scholarship grants of a similar nature.
Correlation of maternal triple screen values with fetal liver length.

Abstract Objective: To determine if a relationship exists between fetal liver length and any of the three serum markers (AFP, uE3, and hCG) that constitute the maternal triple marker screen. Methods: From March to November of 1996, 124 randomly selected women between 17.0 and 20.3 weeks gestation underwent serum triple screen testing on the same day that an anatomy sonogram was performed by a single sonographer. Fetal liver size was measured between the right hemidiaphragm and the tip of the right hepatic lobe. All triple marker screen results were obtained from the same commercial lab. Utilizing linear regression analysis, liver length adjusted for gestational age was plotted versus AFP, uE3, and hCG measurements (expressed as multiples of the median). Results: Of the 124 subjects, 17 (14%) were white and 97 (78%) were black; the remaining 10 (8%) were unknown or other. Neither hCG nor AFP measurements had a statistically significant association with liver length after taking into account gestational age (linear regression: R = −0.018, P = .848 and R = 0.100, P = .269 for hCG and AFP, respectively). Interestingly, a statistically significant correlation was identified between uE3 levels and fetal liver length ( R = 0.205, P = .023). Conclusions: No statistical significance was identified between either maternal serum hCG or AFP and fetal liver size. A statistically significant correlation between maternal serum uE3 and liver size was observed. Although preliminary, sonographic evaluation of fetal liver size has little role in elucidating the etiology of abnormal hCG or AFP levels, but may be relevant in the interpretation of abnormal uE3 values.
Genetic Mutations Associated with Isoniazid Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A Systematic Review

Background Tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality are declining worldwide; however, poor detection of drug-resistant disease threatens to reverse current progress toward global TB control. Multiple, rapid molecular diagnostic tests have recently been developed to detect genetic mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genes known to confer first-line drug resistance. Their utility, though, depends on the frequency and distribution of the resistance associated mutations in the pathogen population. Mutations associated with rifampicin resistance, one of the two first-line drugs, are well understood and appear to occur in a single gene region in >95% of phenotypically resistant isolates. Mutations associated with isoniazid, the other first-line drug, are more complex and occur in multiple Mtb genes.
Wideband envelope tracking power amplifiers for wireless communications

Envelope tracking (ET) RF power amplifiers are emerging from decades of research as practical approaches for highly efficient, highly linear, broadband power amplification. Many aspects of ET power amplifiers are ideally suited for modern wireless communications - they work well across a wide frequency range, they are amenable to high levels of integration at the mobile terminal level, and they will continue to improve as Moore's Law scaling of digital circuits allows for increasingly sophisticated algorithms to improve linearity and efficiency. At the same time, some genuine challenges for ET power amplifiers remain, particularly in the areas of efficiency, modulation bandwidth, and receive band noise. This paper will summarize the varying challenges of applying this exciting new technique to emerging wireless standards.
Building the powerful 10-minute office visit, Part I: Introduction to the new section.

Objective This is the first of a planned progressive series of articles entitled “Tutorials in Clinical Research” written to assist those who would become more active in the application of scientific methods to their practices and to assist those who would seek to develop and publish new discoveries of their own. On completion of Tutorials, the reader should be able to 1) critically and efficiently read the literature and 2) use his or her personal practice as a laboratory for clinical investigation. Study Design Tutorial. Methods The Journal editor agreed to launch the series “Tutorials in Clinical Research,” which was conceived out of a need for an easily understandable and accessible collection of tutorials for the busy practitioner. The Clinical Research Working Group at Washington University, Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, will write, edit, and solicit additional authors for the completion of this planned 22-article series. The intended audience includes, among other groups, practitioners without research funds who are interested in the application of scientific methods to their practices. Results This first article in the series outlines how to begin and three steps for the initial application of scientific methods to practice, including critical literature review, prospective analysis of practice, and specific project development. Conclusions The application of scientific methods to practice can be fun, educational, and effective in the enhancement of quality care. The “value added” result is the development of the powerful 10-minute patient office visit for the busy practitioner.
Chronic Aspiration of Gastric Fluid Induces the Development of Obliterative Bronchiolitis in Rat Lung Transplants

Long-term survival of a pulmonary allograft is currently hampered by obliterative bronchiolitis (OB), a form of chronic rejection that is unique to lung transplantation. While tracheobronchial aspiration from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has clinically been associated with OB, no experimental model exists to investigate this problem. Using a WKY-to-F344 rat orthotopic left lung transplant model, the effects of chronic aspiration on pulmonary allograft were evaluated. Recipients received cyclosporine with or without 8 weekly aspirations of gastric fluid into the allograft. Six (66.7%) of 9 allografts with aspiration demonstrated bronchioles with surrounding monocytic infiltrates, fibrosis and loss of normal lumen anatomy, consistent with the development of OB. In contrast, none of the allografts without aspiration (n = 10) demonstrated these findings (p = 0.002). Of the grafts examined grossly, 83% of the allografts with chronic aspiration but only 20% without aspiration appeared consolidated (p = 0.013). Aspiration was associated with increased levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β in BAL and of IL-1α, IL-4 and GM-CSF in serum. This study provides experimental evidence linking chronic aspiration to the development of OB and suggests that strategies aimed at preventing aspiration-related injuries might improve outcomes in clinical lung transplantation.
A search for steric effects on the rate constant for exothermic singlet-singlet electronic energy transfer in fluid solution

Abstract A study of exchange singlet-singlet energy transfer was made between a series of sterically hindered ketones and α-diketones in fluid cyclohexane. The comparison of the measured rate constants of energy transfer shows them to be nearly diffusion controlled and insensitive to steric hindrance. This is argued to be a solvent cage effect. That is, the rate of energy transfer in a bimolecular collision may be sensitive to steric hindrance, but the many collisions within the cage result in a transfer efficiency of unity.
Reduction in rat oocyte fertilizability mediated by S-(1, 2-dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine: a trichloroethylene metabolite produced by the glutathione conjugation pathway.

Trichloroethylene (TCE), a commonly used industrial degreasing solvent and environmental toxicant, reduces rat oocyte fertilizability by an incompletely understood mechanism. Previous evidence implicated cytochrome P450 dependent oxidation of TCE. The current study investigated a second pathway, glutathione conjugation using S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (DCVC), a mutagenic and cytotoxic TCE-metabolite. In vitro exposure of oocytes and in vivo exposure of females to DCVC significantly reduced oocyte fertilizability (63% vs. 26%; p < 0.005 and 60% vs. 36%; p < 0.005, respectively). Reduced fertilizability of oocytes following in vivo TCE exposure may be mediated partially by the glutathione conjugation pathway.
Hydrocortisone receptors and their nuclear acceptor sites in the developing chick retina

Summary In the embryonic chick retina, hydrocortisone (HC) elicits an age-dependent induction of glutamine synthetase (GS). Cytoplasmic HC-receptors from retinas of both preinducible (7-day) and inducible (12-day) stages of embryonic development display similar chromatographic and sedimentation properties. Specific, saturable receptor-hydrocortisone (R-HC) acceptor sites are detectable in nuclei from retinas of both stages. The concentration of these sites in the chromatin from 7-day retina is greater than that in the 12-day retina. These results suggest that the development of CS inductibility in the retina is eitehr due to ontogenic changes in the specificity of the receptor-acceptor interaction or due to developmental changes affecting the transcription or translation of GS mRNA.
The structure of the lipopolysaccharide from a galU mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa serogroup-O11

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of a galU mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103, a serogroup O11 strain, was sequentially extracted with phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether (PCP) followed by hot phenol-water extraction of the bacterial pellet remaining after PCP extraction. LPS was found in both the PCP extract as well as in the water phase of the hot phenol-water extract. Analysis of the carbohydrate portion released by mild acid hydrolysis of both LPS preparations, both before and after removal of all phosphate groups by treatment with aqueous HF, was performed by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses as well as by NMR and mass spectrometric analyses. The results showed that the carbohydrate portion of these two LPS extracts contained the same structure: namely, alpha-GalN(Ala)-(1-->3)-alpha-(7-Cm)HepII-(1-->3)-alpha-HepI-(1-->5)-alpha-Kdo-(2-->. The oligosaccharide preparation from PCP-extracted LPS consisted of a variety of structures containing up to six phosphate groups present as mono-, pyro-, and possibly triphosphate, primarily located on the HepI residue with some molecules having a monophosphate on HepII. The oligosaccharide preparation from the hot phenol-water-extracted LPS contained a similar variety of structures, but with an additional structure in which HepI contained a PPEA group at O-2. In addition, PAGE immunoblot analysis of the crude cellular extract with anti-A-antibodies revealed the presence of A-band material in both PA103 and the galU mutant. The A-band material was purified and characterized by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses, as well as by NMR spectroscopy, which confirmed that the A-band rhamnan polysaccharide was present but not as typical LPS since lipid-A or LPS core oligosaccharide components were not detected.
The long-term survival and causes of death in patients who survive at least 1 year after liver transplantation.

Abstract Background. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term survival and causes of death in patients who survive the first year after liver transplantation. Methods. The focus of the analysis was 433 patients who survived for at least 1 year after liver transplantation between November 1, 1984, and December 31, 2001. A total of 586 liver transplants were performed in 542 patients during this time period. The overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year survivals and the 5- and 10-year survivals for those patients who lived for a year were analyzed on the basis of Kaplan-Meier survival estimates. Factors examined included diagnosis, sex, age, and retransplantation. The causes of death were also analyzed. Results. The overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year survivals were 85%, 73%, and 55%, respectively. The 5- and 10-year survivals for those patients who lived for a year were 86% and 65%, respectively. Fifty-one percent of the causes of late death were graft-related, 71% from recurrent primary disease. Cardiovascular events and de novo malignancies were responsible for 65% of the nongraft-related deaths. Conclusions. The long-term survival in patients who survive for the first year after liver transplantation is excellent. Recurrent primary disease is responsible for the majority of graft-related deaths. Cardiovascular events and de novo malignancy cause most of the nongraft-related deaths. (Surgery 2002;132:775-80.)
Maintaining the moral order: a functional analysis of "The Jerry Springer Show"

The prevalence of verbal and physical aggression on daytime television talk shows has earned this genre the designation of “confrontainment.” In recent times academics, politicians, clergy, and media critics have frequently and publicly expressed their concern about the violation of moral values featured on the “The Jerry Springer Show.” On the other hand, sociologists in the functionalist tradition argue that commonly held moral values must be violated and the villains publicly punished for their transgressions to mark and reinforce moral boundaries. The goal of the study reported here was to assess the potential of “The Jerry Springer Show” for fulfilling these social maintenance functions. A content analysis of 100 episodes of the show over an eight-month period revealed that deviance from traditional family values is frequently featured on the show but that the studio audience and Jerry Springer played active roles in the public degradation of these transgressions, casting the show in a morally conser...
Bunyoro-Kitara Revisited: A Reevaluation of the Decline and Diminishment of an African Kingdom

Using primary sources (oral tradition, archival materials, archaeological evidence, 19th century European explorers’ and missionaries’ accounts) and secondary sources (historical, anthropological, archaeological, etc.), this article reevaluates, in a historical perspective, the decline and diminishment in political power and scale as well as in population and landmass of Bunyoro-Kitara, the earliest kingdom in East Africa’s lake region. It concludes that, contrary to the conventional wisdom proffered by 19th century Europeans and sanctified by Makerere University scholarship, the kingdom declined essentially because of the extraordinary errors of judgment and incompetence of most of its rulers from the close of the 17th century to the close of the 19th century, devastating deceases (human and animal), and brutal British conquest resulting in the death of thousands of individuals and loss of territory. By 1900 the kingdom’s population had declined by about four-fifths and landmass by about two-thirds. No m...
Phospholipid metabolism of monkey smooth muscle cells grown in hyperlipemic serum

The phospholipid content and synthesis of monkey smooth muscle cells grown in tissue culture with normal or hyperlipemic monkey serum were examined. The pattern of incorporation of radioactively labeled inorganic phosphate into the phospholipids of these cells was measured using a 4 h pulse of 32P. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were the predominant phospholipids labeled. Although phosphatidylcholine constituted 45% of the cellular phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol had the highest specific activity. Exposure of the smooth muscle cells to hyperlipemic monkey serum did not alter the phospholipid content, composition or synthesis of these cells. The total phospholipid content of the smooth muscle cells was independent of the concentration of lipid in the media. The distribution of 32P into the phospholipids of monkey alveolar macrophages, L-cell mouse fibroblasts, and segments of the intima-media from monkey aortas is reported.
Resistance to change and relapse of observing.

Four experiments examined relapse of extinguished observing behavior of pigeons using a two-component multiple schedule of observing-response procedures. In both components, unsignaled periods of variable-interval (VI) food reinforcement alternated with extinction and observing responses produced stimuli associated with the availability of the VI schedule (i.e., S+). The components differed in the rate of food arranged (Rich = VI 30 s; Lean = VI 120 s). In Experiment 1, following baseline training, extinction of observing involved removal of both food and S+ deliveries, and reinstatement was examined by presenting either response-independent food or S+ deliveries. In Experiment 2, extinction involved removal of only food deliveries while observing responses continued to produce S+. Reinstatement was examined by delivering food contingent upon the first two food-key responses occurring in the presence of the S+. Experiment 3 assessed ABA renewal of observing by extinguishing food-key and observing responses in the presence of one contextual stimulus (i.e., B) and then returning to the original training context (i.e., A) during continued extinction. Experiment 4 examined resurgence by introducing food reinforcement for an alternative response during extinction, and subsequently removing that alternative source of food. Across experiments, relative resistance to extinction and relapse of observing tended to be greater in the component previously associated with the higher rate of primary reinforcement. Relapse of observing or attending to stimuli associated with primary reinforcement appears to be impacted by frequency of primary reinforcement in a manner similar to responding maintained directly by primary reinforcement.
Nonequilibrium kinetics: Exact and approximate solutions

The relaxation of an internal state distribution in the presence of an excess of an inert gas is considered. The explicit time dependence of the nonequilibrium contributions to the transition rate coefficients is approximated using the Kapral-Hudson-Ross method. The resulting solution contains cross-correlation terms which do not appear when a single reaction is considered. It is shown that the first term of a perturbation expansion of an exact formal solution gives the Kapral-Hudson-Ross solution for short times, and the Chapman-Enskog solution at long times if there is a wide separation in time scales. The Kapral-Hudson-Ross, Chapman-Enskog, and exact solutions are compared for a two-state, hard-sphere model system.
Polarization Lidar and Synoptic Analyses of an Unusual Volcanic Aerosol Cloud.

Abstract Over an unusually brief three-day period in early August 1989, spectacular twilight effects indicative of a stratospheric volcanic cloud were seen at Salt Lake City, Utah. Concurrent polarization lidar observations detected an aerosol layer at altitudes between 14 and 16 km in the vicinity of the tropopause. Trajectory analyses indicate that the aerosol source was the relatively minor 19 July volcanic eruption of Santiaguito in Guatemala. Materials injected into the lower stratosphere by this eruption were transported initially by tropical easterlies and then by a subtropical jet stream to the locale. The sulfuric acid droplet cloud that formed during transport was affected locally by tropopause folds that promoted stratospheric-tropospheric exchanges. Although lidar depolarization analysis suggests that the ensuing cloud microphysical processes were usually dominated by acid droplet crystallization effects caused by ammonia gas absorption (yielding 0.1–0.2 linear depolarization ratios), there is...