cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic gene expression out-of-steady-state in the cyanobacterial circadian clock

This paper shows how noisy gene expression causes a bacterial cell to slowly lose track of time, as measured by its circadian clock. The theoretical framework thus introduced breaks the ground for the analysis of noise in other out-of-equilibrium living systems. Recent advances in measuring gene expression at the single-cell level have highlighted the stochastic nature of messenger RNA and protein synthesis1,2,3. Stochastic gene expression creates a source of variability in the abundance of cellular components, even among isogenic cells exposed to an identical environment. Recent integrated experimental and modelling studies4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13 have shed light on the molecular sources of this variability. However, many of these studies focus on systems that have reached a steady state and therefore do not address a large class of dynamic phenomena including oscillatory gene expression. Here we develop a general protocol for analysing and predicting stochastic gene expression in systems that never reach steady states. We use this framework to analyse experimentally stochastic expression of genes driven by the Synechococcus elongatus circadian clock. We find that, although the average expression at two points in the circadian cycle separated by 12 hours is identical, the variability at these two time points can be different. We show that this is a general feature of out-of-steady-state systems. We demonstrate how intrinsic noise sources, owing to random births and deaths of mRNAs and proteins, or extrinsic noise sources, which introduce fluctuations in rate constants, affect the cell-to-cell variability. To distinguish experimentally between these sources, we measured how the correlation between expression fluctuations of two identical genes is modulated during the circadian cycle. This quantitative framework is generally applicable to any out-of-steady-state system and will be necessary for understanding the fidelity of dynamic cellular systems.
Vandetanib mediates anti-leukemia activity by multiple mechanisms and interacts synergistically with DNA damaging agents

Vandetanib is an orally active small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) with activity against several pathways implicated in malignancy including the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor pathway, the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway, the platelet derived growth factor receptor β pathway, and REarranged during Transfection pathway. To determine if vandetanib-mediated inhibition of receptor tyrosine kinases is a potential therapeutic strategy for pediatric acute leukemia, these studies aimed to characterize the activity of vandetanib against acute leukemia in vitro. Treatment of leukemia cell lines with vandetanib resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in proliferation and survival. Vandetanib’s anti-leukemic activity appeared mediated by multiple mechanisms including accumulation in G1 phase at lower concentrations and apoptosis at higher concentrations. Alterations in cell surface markers also occurred with vandetanib treatment, suggesting induction of differentiation. In combination with DNA damaging agents (etoposide and doxorubicin) vandetanib demonstrated synergistic induction of cell death. However in combination with the anti-metabolite methotrexate, vandetanib had an antagonistic effect on cell death. Although several targets of vandetanib are expressed on acute leukemia cell lines, expression of vandetanib targets did not predict vandetanib sensitivity and alone are therefore not likely candidate biomarkers in patients with acute leukemia. Interactions between vandetanib and standard chemotherapy agents in vitro may help guide choice of combination regimens for further evaluation in the clinical setting for patients with relapsed/refractory acute leukemia. Taken together, these preclinical data support clinical evaluation of vandetanib, in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, for pediatric leukemia.
Ultrafast dynamics induced by coherent exciton–plasmon coupling in quantum dot-metallic nanoshell systems

We study ultrafast coherent-plasmonic dynamics of hybrid systems consisting of one semiconductor quantum dot and one metallic nanoshell when they interact with a laser field with a step-like amplitude rise. It is shown that such dynamics is generated when quantum coherence in these systems can generate a retarded super-enhanced local field. This process happens in the picosecond range when the applied laser field ceases to be time-dependent. We show such a field generates a strong impulse, leading to a dramatic upheaval of the collective properties of the system. These include ultrafast oscillations of the effective transition energy and linewidth of the quantum dot, and generation of a polarization pulse. Within this pulse the Forster resonance energy transfer from the quantum dot to the nanoshell happens at a significantly high rate, while after that it is blocked nearly completely. We study the collective molecular resonances of this system using Rayleigh scattering and show how the frequency of the field impulse can be tuned. The intrinsic differences between such resonances and those involving spherical metallic nanoparticles are discussed.
The Direct3D 10 pipeline

The Direct3D 10 Pipeline (Chas Boyd): A tour through the Direct3D 10 rendering pipeline with a detailed review of the APIs related to each stage. Comparisons with existing graphics APIs are called out to help bring the audience up to speed with the new design. [60 minutes].
Yang-Mills fields with nonquadratic energy

Abstract A gauge-invariant nonlinear Hodge-de Rham system is introduced. These equations have the same relation to the Yang-Mills equations that the conventional nonlinear Hodge equations have to the equations of classical Hodge theory. Conditions are given under which weak solutions are locally Holder continuous. The existence of solutions is proven for variational points of a certain class of nonquadratic energy functionals.
Distinction between sodium and potassium in change in permeability effected by lipid-soluble analogues of acetylcholine.

B. C. Abbott, A. V. Hill and J. V. Howarth have recently found that a rather strong positive heat roughly coinciding with the active phase follows within 100–300 msec. by a marked negative heat1. These results make untenable the assumption of a purely physical process underlying the bioelectric currents during nerve activity as proposed by Hodgkin and his associates. Further support for the necessity of a chemical reaction are the observations of Schoffeniels2 with the isolated single electroplax of Electrophorus electricus: he found a Q 10 of 3.6 for the action potential; the activation energy is 21,000 cal./mole.
Research issues in self-management

An evaluative review of some of the existing evidence on self-management is presented. After a preliminary clarification of terms, several contemporary research issues are discussed: (1) the relative efficacy of various self-management techniques, (2) the current status of self-imposed consequences, (3) the viability of Premackian extrapolations to self-management, (4) the role of stimulus variable (5) covert behavior modification, and (6) the necessary conditions for maintenance of self-managing behaviors. Very little research has been addressed to these issues. Moreover, methodological problems have jeopardized the significance of some selfmanagement inquiries. The need for expanding research into the component processes and controlling variable of self-management phenomena is emphasized.
Psychological and educational characteristics of instruction for people with severe disabilities: Interacting systems of responding

This paper presents a behavioral model which proposes that operants are organized and regulated into systems of responding. Multi-operant theory proposes that operants are organized into response systems that interact to adapt behavior to the complexities of the environment. The operant is the interaction between behavior and the environment which includes the conditions under which responses may occur, the class of behavior that is likely to be effective in producing outcomes, and the antecedent conditions that define the context of behavior. A central feature of this theory is that operants within a repertoire are organized into regulated systems of responding. The mechanisms of regulation are themselves operants that are learned and controlled by processes that are the same as those that govern more overt behavior. Operants stand in relationship to each other in coordinated response systems with some operants directly affecting and organizing the performance of other operants. An important implication of the systemic nature of behavioral repertoires is that bringing some aspect of a behavior class under control of new variables may demonstrate a spread throughout the entire operant system depending on past histories linking the classes.
Extracellular matrix, Rac1 signaling, and estrogen-induced proliferation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Estrogen receptor positive (ER+), estrogen (E) responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells cultured on the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein laminin (LM), exhibit significantly reduced E-induced proliferation compared with cells cultured on collagen I (Col I) that is not due to a loss of ER. Based on reported differences in integrin-activated pathways on Col I vs. LM, we investigated the potential role of Rac1/c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and downstream regulation of cyclin D1 by E on Col I vs.LM. E-induced proliferation was increased on LM in MCF-7 cells expressing constitutively active Rac1 (CA Rac1) and decreased in dominant negative Rac1-(DN Rac1) expressing cells on Col I. siRNA knockdown established the specificity and requirement for Rac1 activation for E-induced regulation of cyclin D1. More robust c-Jun activation occurred on Col I than on LM and E-induced proliferation was abolished after treatment with a JNK inhibitor. These results provide evidence that Rac1/JNK/c-Jun activation promotes E-induced proliferation on Col I and reduced Rac1/JNK/c-Jun activation on LM contributes significantly to reduced E-induced proliferation in MCF-7 cells on LM. These results identify a novel role for extracellular matrix (ECM)-integrin regulation of Rac1-JNK pathway in E-regulated proliferation in ER+ breast cancer cells. These findings suggest that tumor stromal environment, i.e., ECM composition, may contribute to loss of E regulation in ER+ breast cancers. Defining molecular markers for early identification of ER+ tumors that are ER+ but antiestrogen resistant would allow the design and use of alternative therapies to inhibit tumor growth and improve survival.
A fluence convolution method to account for respiratory motion in three-dimensional dose calculations of the liver: a Monte Carlo study.

We describe the implementation of a fluence convolution method to account for the influence of superior-inferior (SI) respiratory induced motion on a Monte Carlo-based dose calculation of a tumor located in the liver. This method involves convolving the static fluence map with a function describing the SI motion of the liver—the motion function has been previously derived from measurements of diaphragm movement observed under fluoroscopy. Significant differences are noted between fluence-convolved and static dose distributions in an example clinical treatment plan; hot and cold spots (on the order of 25%) are observed in the fluence-convolved plan at the superior and inferior borders of the liver, respectively. This study illustrates that the fluence convolution method can be incorporated into Monte Carlodose calculation algorithms to account for some of the effects of patient breathing during radiotherapytreatment planning, thus leading to more accurate dose calculations.
Early History and Evolution of Nutrition Science in the United States of America

Nutrition Science in the 21st century dates back to at least before the 5th century BCE. Whereas early theories on the relationship between food and health outcomes were founded on philosophical thought or divine intervention, today's nutritionists source their advice from empirical evidence. This essay delineates and reconstructs nutrition science as the discipline evolves and progresses through scientific stages of change in early North America.
Experiments with autonomous mobile radios for wireless tethering in tunnels

Tunnels are a challenging environment for radio communications. In this paper we consider the use of autonomous mobile radio nodes (AMRs) to provide wireless tethering between a base station and a leader in a tunnel exploration scenario. Using a realistic, experimentally-derived underground radio signal propagation model and a tethering algorithm for AMR motion control based on a consensus variable protocol, we present experimental results involving a tele-operated leader with one or two followers. Using radio signal strength measurements, the followers autonomously space themselves so as to achieve equal radio distance between each entity in the chain from the base to the leader. Results show the feasibility of our ideas.
Effect of Multiple Pulses on the Deformation Behavior of Ultrathin Metal Foils in 3D Micro-Scale Laser Dynamic Forming

Laser dynamic forming (LDF) is a novel high energy rate microfabrication technique, which makes use of the shock pressure induced by laser to generate dynamic high strain rate 3D forming of thin films. In LDF process, a high shock pressure accelerates the workpiece to a high velocity and deforms it into complex 3D shapes. The forming velocity of the workpiece imparted by a single laser pulse with high energy may exceed the critical forming velocity of the material, and thus causing it to fracture. This problem is more severe when 3D structure of large aspect ratio needs to be formed. To overcome this problem, multi-pulse laser dynamic forming is investigated in this study. The total laser energy is evenly distributed in different laser pulses to keep the forming velocity below the critical forming velocity of the material. The effects of the multiple-pulse LDF on the deformation behavior of ultra thin foils are investigated. The deformation depth and thickness variation distribution of the formed 3D features are characterized to reveal these effects. In addition, the effects of vacuum conditions on multiple-pulse LDF process are carried out. It is found that the bounce off of the foil can be effectively reduced by multiple-pulse LDF and the final shape could be controlled much more accurately. By extending single pulse LDF to multi-pulse LDF, the forming capability of LDF is further enhanced, and thus enlarges the applicable range of this technique.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
RAG1/2-Mediated Resolution of Transposition Intermediates: Two Pathways and Possible Consequences

During B and T cell development, the RAG1/RAG2 protein complex cleaves DNA at conserved recombination signal sequences (RSS) to initiate V(D)J recombination. RAG1/2 has also been shown to catalyze transpositional strand transfer of RSS-containing substrates into target DNA to form branched DNA intermediates. We show that RAG1/2 can resolve these intermediates by two pathways. RAG1/2 catalyzes hairpin formation on target DNA adjacent to transposed RSS ends in a manner consistent with a model leading to chromosome translocations. Alternatively, disintegration removes transposed donor DNA from the intermediate. At high magnesium concentrations, such as are present in mammalian cells, disintegration is the favored pathway of resolution. This may explain in part why RAG1/2-mediated transposition does not occur at high frequency in cells.
Individual differences in the ability to fake on personality measures

Abstract Industrial psychologists continue to chastise personality measures for their potential threats to predictive validity because of assumed fakability. While the extent of such threats to predictive validity continue to be debated, no researchers appear to have looked at the fakability construct as a possible individual difference variable in its own right. Therefore, in the present study 323 subjects completed a Big Five measure twice, at 1 week apart. Faking was measured by within-subject correlations between the honest and fake conditions. While it was hypothesized that the ability to fake good would be conceptually related to self-presentation, the results suggest that the ability to fake is an independent construct. The potential usefulness of several indices of faking are discussed, as are future directions for research in this area.
Feminism and fairy tales

To examine selected popular folktales from the perspective of modern feminism is to revisualize those paradigms which shape our romantic expectations and to illuminate psychic ambiguities which often confound contemporary women. Portrayals of adolescent waiting and dreaming, patterns of double enchantment, and romanticizations of marriage contribute to the potency of fairy tales. Yet, such alluring fantasies gloss the heroine's inability to act self‐assertively, total reliance on external rescues, willing bondage to father and prince, and her restriction to hearth and nursery. Although many readers discount obvious fantasy elements, they may still fall prey to more subtle paradigms through identification with the heroine. Thus, subconsciously women may transfer from fairy tales into real life cultural norms which exalt passivity, dependency, and self‐sacrifice as a female's cardinal virtues. In short, fairy tales perpetuate the patriarchal status quo by making female subordination seem a romantically desi...
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF SECRETORY GRANULES FROM RAT ISLETS OF LANGERHANS : I. Isolation of a Secretory Granule Fraction

A method has been devised for the isolation of a secretory granule fraction from isolated rat islets of Langerhans. The islets were homogenized in buffered sucrose, and the homogenate was separated into nuclear, mitochondrial, secretory granule, and microsomal fractions by differential centrifugation. The secretory granule fraction was purified by differential centrifugation in discontinuous sucrose density gradients. A greater degree of purification could be achieved by the use of two successive gradients of this type, although the final yield was greatly reduced. Biochemical and morphological characterization of the fractions was obtained; the secretory granule fraction contained both insulin and glucagon. The limiting membranes of the granules remained intact and the general appearance of the granules was similar to that seen within the whole islet cells.
Network Path Capacity Comparison without Accurate Packet Time Information

A fundamental problem of current bandwidth estimation methods is that they require accurate packet time information. However, it is hard to accurately measure packet time information in an increasing number of network environments, such as widely deployed high speed networks, and emerging cloud computing networks. Motivated by the observation that many applications only need the relative bandwidth information of different paths instead of the actual bandwidth information of a single path, we propose sequence-based bandwidth comparison. Specifically, this paper proposes a capacity comparison method, called Path Comp, which can relatively compare the capacities of the paths from two senders to the same receiver. Path Comp mainly uses the arrival sequence information of packets, and does not require any accurate packet time information. Our test bed, campus network, and EC2 experiments show that Path Comp can not only determine which path is faster but also accurately determine how much faster in a variety of network environments.
Photoemission from Cesium and Rubidium Tellurides

Photons of energy hν>3.5 ev eject external photoelectrons from the valence bands of the semiconductors Cs2Te and Rb2Te with a quantum efficiency as high as 30 percent. Fundamental optical absorption sets in roughly at this same point. These materials are similar to Cs3Sb, except that they have forbidden energy zones almost twice as wide. Consistent with this, energy distributions show no evidence for electron-electron scattering up to hν=6.7 ev. These substances are interesting for ultraviolet photometry.
Optimal Reconfiguration of Spacecraft Formations Using the Gauss Pseudospectral Method

This paper addresses the problem of how to reconfigure a tetrahedral formation in a fuel-optimal manner. The objective of this research is to formulate and solve an optimal control problem that results in a single-orbit, minimum-fuel reconfiguration strategy such that, after reconfiguration, the four spacecraft are in an orbit that creates an acceptable tetrahedral configuration throughout a portion of the orbit. In particular, an acceptable tetrahedron is one that meets specified size and shape requirements. The reconfiguration problem is posed as a multiple-phase nonlinear optimal control problem and is solved via direct transcription using the Gauss pseudospectral method. The results obtained in this study provide insight into the structure of the optimal mission design and demonstrate the generality, computational efficiency, and accuracy of the Gauss pseudospectral method.
The role of microbes and autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric illness.

Purpose of reviewTo illustrate how microbes might participate in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric illness by triggering the production of autoantibodies that bind to brain targets.Recent findingsSome studies link exposure to infectious agents to development of brain disorders; others have identi
Synthesis of light elements

Abstract The synthesis of light elements has provided both signatures, and tests of our understanding, of the processes of the big bang. Recent developments, both theoretical and experimental, have extended and refined those signatures. Prediction of the primordial abundance of Be and its observation at considerably more sensitive levels than previously achieved have produced hope that it and other light nuclides might provide new information about the details of the big bang. Late time effects have somewhat confused the issues for abundances of the light nuclides, but have also contributed to our understanding of the processes which occurred several minutes after the big bang. Recent laboratory measurements, using radioactive nuclear beams, of the 8Li(d, n) 9Be(g.s.), 8Li(d, t)7Li, and 8Li(α, n)11B reactions have shown that even the cross sections for the reactions which are important to primordial nucleosynthesis which involve short-lived nuclides can be measured.
A cautionary tale of innovation in refractive surgery

Hyperopia is difficult to treat surgically. Nearly a dozen techniques strive toward safe, effective outcomes. All techniques are bedeviled by 3 challenges: (1) the need for accurate centration over the pupil of a steeper central optical zone approximately 5 mm in diameter, (2) the potential decreased visual acuity caused by image minification, 1,2 and (3) the creation of corneal contours with physiologic characteristics able to minimize optical aberrations and regression of initial refractive effect.
Dye-coupling in the neostriatum of the rat: I. Modulation by dopamine-depleting lesions.

Abstract Evidence from experiments performed in turtle and fish retina suggests that dopamine (DA) modulates the permeability of gap junctions. The present experiment was aimed at determining if DA has a similar role in the mammalian neostriatum. Adults rats received one of four treatments: unilateral electrolytic substantia nigra lesions, unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the substantia nigra, unilateral neocortical aspiration, or no treatment. After 3-5 weeks, neostriata from both sides of the brain were prepared for in vitro intracellular recordings. Recorded neurons (N approximately 150) were filled with Lucifer Yellow (LY), a low molecular weight dye that crosses gap junctions. In animals with electrolytic nigral lesions, dye-coupling in the ipsilateral neostriatum occurred after 38% of the intracellular injections. After 6-OHDA lesions, 19% of the injections produced dye-coupling in the ipsilateral neostriatum. This difference may have been accounted for by the fact that electrolytic lesions produced a greater degree of DA loss than 6-OHDA injections. Both of these percentages contrast with the very small percentage of dye-coupling found in intact animals or in animals with neocortical lesions. Dye-coupling occurred only between medium-sized spiny cells. No morphological differences between dye-coupled and non-dye-coupled cells were observed with light microscopy. Overall, passive and active electrophysiological properties of dye-coupled and single neurons were similar. The results suggest that DA may function in the neostriatum to control permeability of gap junctions.
Infrared-driven unimolecular reaction of CH3CHOO Criegee intermediates to OH radical products

Ozonolysis of alkenes, an important nonphotolytic source of hydroxyl (OH) radicals in the troposphere, proceeds through energized Criegee intermediates that undergo unimolecular decay to produce OH radicals. Here, we used infrared (IR) activation of cold CH3CHOO Criegee intermediates to drive hydrogen transfer from the methyl group to the terminal oxygen, followed by dissociation to OH radicals. State-selective excitation of CH3CHOO in the CH stretch overtone region combined with sensitive OH detection revealed the IR spectrum of CH3CHOO, effective barrier height for the critical hydrogen transfer step, and rapid decay dynamics to OH products. Complementary theory provides insights on the IR overtone spectrum, as well as vibrational excitations, structural changes, and energy required to move from the minimum-energy configuration of CH3CHOO to the transition state for the hydrogen transfer reaction.
Approximate selections, best approximations, fixed points, and invariant sets

In the first section of this note we prove an approximate selection theorem for upper semicontinuous mappings defined on paracompact subsets of a Hausdorff topological vector space. In Section 2 we study continuity properties of setvalued metric projections. In the third section we combine the results obtained in the previous sections and establish some new fixed point theorems. In [36] we presented a set-valued version of Fan’s fixed point theorem for inward singlevalued mappings [ 171. We assumed there that the set-valued mapping in question was continuous. Now we are able to show that the same result is true for upper semicontinuous mappings. We also improve recent theorems due to Fitzpatrick and Petryshyn [19] and extend a theorem of Lim’s [27]. In the last section we consider invariance criteria that are similar to the inwardness conditions used in Section 3. In particular, we relate Nagumo’s subtangency condition [31] with Browder’s local support cones [6].
GSR biofeedback assisted relaxation training and psychosomatic hives

Abstract Auditory GSR feedback has been shown to be effective in the treatment of phobic reactions. This paper indicates that the technique may be of clinical value in the treatment of non-specific anxiety and the psychosomatic disorders which may stem from it.
How consumers use product reviews in the purchase decision process

This paper uses individual level data to examine the influence of product reviews in different stages of the consumer’s purchase decision process. Specifically, a two-stage model consisting of consideration set formation and choice is posited, where the consumer can incorporate information from product reviews in each stage. The model is estimated using an online panel survey about hotel choice. We find that (1) consumers use product reviews more in the consideration set stage and less in the choice stage, (2) Bayesian updating of prior perceived quality better explains how consumers use product reviews compared to two competing updating methods, and (3) the monetary value of a unit increase in the mean of product reviews is computed. Our results suggest that managers should make product review information (their number, average, and variance) available from the beginning of the search process and encourage satisfied customers to write reviews.
Lesions of the dorsolateral funiculus block supraspinal opioid delta receptor mediated antinociception in the rat.

Abstract Previous experiments have demonstrated that [D-Ala 2 ,Glu 4 ]deltorphin (DELT) produces δ-receptor mediated antinociceptive effects when microinjected into the rat lateral ventricle and ventral medial medullary reticular formation (MRF), but not in the periaqueductal grey region (PAG). The present experiments were undertaken to further characterize the role of δ opioid agonists microinjected into the MRF and to explore the possibility of a descending pain modulatory system which might be linked to supraspinal δ opioid receptors. Rats received formalin into the dorsum of the right hindpaw and flinching responses were recorded. DELT given intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.), intrathecally (i.th.) or into the MRF before formalin produced a dose-dependent and δ opioid receptor-mediated attenuation of both the first and second phases of the formalin-induced foot flinch response. DELT given i.c.v., i.th., or into the MRF also blocked formalin-induced increase in Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the dorsal horn of lumbar spinal cord ipsilateral to the formalin injection. Unilateral lesioning of the ipsilateral dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) did not alter nociceptive responses to formalin alone, but blocked the antinociceptive effect of DELT administered into the MRF; DELT was fully active in sham-DLF lesioned rats. Additionally, rats with DLF lesions did not show decreases in formalin-induced FLI in the ipsilateral lumbar spinal cord after injection of DELT into the MRF. These data suggest that δ opioid receptors in the MRF may be involved in activation of a descending inhibitory pain pathway projecting through the DLF to modulate tonic nociceptive input at the spinal level.
Using a stroke database to develop an optimal vascular imaging protocol for ischemic stroke

Abstract Objective: There are many combinations of studies for imaging the cervicocranial vasculature for diagnosis of ischemic stroke mechanism. We demonstrate a simple approach for using data from a stroke database to determine an optimal sequence of imaging studies on the basis of cost minimization and diagnostic yield. Methods: Our study uses patient data from the Hennepin County Medical Center stroke database, Minneapolis, Minn, to compare two vascular imaging protocols. In protocol 1, carotid ultrasound was the first vascular investigation for clinically determined anterior circulation strokes. Additional imaging with cervical and intracranial magnetic resonance angiography was obtained in nonanterior circulation cases and in cases when carotid ultrasound did not explain the mechanism for anterior circulation events. In protocol 2, cervical and intracranial magnetic resonance angiography was the first vascular investigation irrespective of the presumed topography of the stroke. Results: The mean cost per patient for imaging workup with protocol 1 was $702. With protocol 2, the cost was $679. Protocol 2 also provided clinically relevant information regarding tandem lesions and variations in intracranial collateral patterns that would have been missed by strictly following protocol 1. Conclusions: Our results indicate that, given our hospital costs and patient population, obtaining a cervical and intracranial magnetic resonance angiogram after acute ischemic stroke leads to a lower average cost per patient than obtaining a carotid ultrasound first on presumed anterior circulation events. This result depends on the relative costs of imaging studies and could be different among hospitals serving different patient populations.
Conserved solvent and side-chain interactions in the 1.35 Å structure of the Kelch domain of Keap1

The Kelch repeat is a common sequence motif in eukaryotic genomes and is approximately 50 amino acids in length. The structure of the Kelch domain of the human Keap1 protein has previously been determined at 1.85 A, showing that each Kelch repeat forms one blade of a six-bladed β-propeller. Here, use of 1.35 A SAD data for de novo structure determination of the Kelch domain and for refinement at atomic resolution is described. The high quality and resolution of the diffraction data and phase information allows a detailed analysis of the role of solvent in the structure of the Kelch repeat. Ten structurally conserved water molecules are identified in each blade of the Kelch β-propeller. These appear to play distinct structural roles that include lining the central channel of the propeller, interacting with residues in loops between strands of the blade and making contacts with conserved residues in the Kelch repeat. Furthermore, we identify a conserved C—H⋯π hydrogen bond between two key residues in the consensus Kelch repeat. This analysis extends our understanding of the structural roles of conserved residues in the Kelch repeat and highlights the potential role of solvent in maintaining the fold of this common eukaryotic structural motif.
Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma. A clinicopathologic study.

Background. A retrospective clinicopathologic study was performed to identify the influence of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures on the outcomes of patients with the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC). Methods. The results of 37 patients with FVPTC were compared with those of 37 randomly selected patients with papillary carcinoma and 22 patients with follicular carcinoma. Diagnostic, therapeutic, and followup data were obtained by review of clinical and histologic materials. Results. Median follow-up was approximately 3 years in all groups. Fine-needle aspiration had a sensitivity of 75% for FVPTC, which was similar to that for papillary carcinoma. Frozen section evaluation had a sensitivity of only 27% for FVPTC but 94% for papillary carcinoma and 44% for follicular carcinoma. All patients for whom the fine-needle aspiration specimen contained cytologic features of papillary carcinoma and frozen section suggested a follicular lesion proved to have FVPTC. Consequently, hemithyroidectomy was performed three times more often among patients with FVPTC than among those with papillary carcinoma. FVPTC tumors were modestly, but significantly, smaller than papillary carcinoma tumors (1.2 versus 1.6 cm). Metastases to cervical lymph nodes occurred least often in patients with FVPTC and usually were detected within 3 months of diagnosis. The frequency of distant metastases within this limited period of follow-up did not differ between FVPTC and papillary carcinoma. Conclusions. Fine-needle aspiration appears to be superior to frozen section for identification of FVPTC, although the number of aspirations performed was limited. Greater use of aspiration may permit more appropriate surgical management of this disease. Local and distant metastases of FVPTC do not occur more often than do those of papillary carcinoma.
Polymeric Micelles for Neoadjuvant Cancer Therapy and Tumor-Primed Optical Imaging

Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) micelles act as a 3-in-1 nanocontainer for three poorly water-soluble drugs–paclitaxel, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, and rapamycin (PTX/17-AAG/RAPA)–for cancer therapy. In a LS180 human colon xenograft model, a single intravenous (IV) injection of 3-in-1 PEG-b-PLA micelles reduced tumor volume by 1.6-fold with <10% body weight change. In a second step, IV injection of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(e-caprolactone) (PEG-b-PCL) micelles carrying a carbocyanine dye (1,1′-dioctadecyl tetramethyl indotricarbocyanine iodide (DiR)) after 48 h resulted in a 2.1-fold higher near-infrared (NIR) optical signal from excised solid tumors versus a negative control, presumably due to a reduction in tumor cell density and interstitial tumor pressure. Thus, a tandem of 3-in-1 PEG-b-PLA and PEG-b-PCL micelles could potentially be used for neoadjuvant cancer therapy and tumor-primed NIR optical imaging for intraoperative surgical guidance in oncology...
The Antwerp Polyglot Bible's New World ‘Indian-Jew’ Map as a Reflection of Empire

Edited by Elizabeth Baigent Advanced students whose dissertations are substantially concerned with the history of cartography are invited to contact the editor of this section (Dr Elizabeth Baigent...
Pyruvate enhances neurological recovery following cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation

Summary Purpose Cerebral oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction impede neurological recovery from cardiac arrest-resuscitation. Pyruvate, a potent antioxidant and energy-yielding fuel, has been shown to protect against oxidant- and ischemia-induced neuronal damage. This study tested whether acute pyruvate treatment during cardiopulmonary resuscitation can prevent neurological dysfunction and cerebral injury following cardiac arrest. Methods Anesthetized, open-chest mongrel dogs underwent 5min cardiac arrest, 5min open-chest cardiac compression (OCCC), defibrillation and 3-day recovery. Pyruvate ( n =9) or NaCl volume control ( n =8) were given (0.125mmolkg −1 min −1 i.v.) throughout OCCC and the first 55min recovery. Sham dogs ( n =6) underwent surgery and recovery without cardiac arrest-resuscitation. Results Neurological deficit score (NDS), evaluated at 2-day recovery, was sharply increased in NaCl-treated dogs (10.3±3.5) versus shams (1.2±0.4), but pyruvate treatment mitigated neurological deficit (NDS=3.3±1.2; P P Conclusion Intravenous pyruvate therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation prevents initial oxidative stress and neuronal injury and enhances neurological recovery from cardiac arrest.
LIGNIFICATION OF MATURE PHLOEM IN HERBACEOUS TYPES

Secondary growth in the woody stems of gymnosperms and angiosperms often results in the formation of annual rings in the xylem, but in the phloem no similar arrangement of elements is usually to be observed. The sieve tubes, which are generally the principal elements of the phloem, are crushed at the end of each period of growth by the pressure of surrounding cells and tissues. To these changes taking place in the secondary phloem the term obliteration has been applied for a long time. The alterations are initiated by the disappearance of the contents of the sieve tubes at the end of each growth period, soon followed by a crushing and distortion of the sieve tubes, and, in the case of angiosperms, of companion cells also. The sieve plates may be broken down, and the wall of the sieve tube takes on a swollen appearance. In an advanced condition of obliteration, the lumen of the sieve tube entirely disappears, being represented only by a line, and the whole mass of crushed sieve tubes takes on a horn-like consistency. During these changes the structure of the phloem parenchyma does not appear to be affected. The term horn prosenchym (Horngewebe) was applied by Wigand (I863) to such a mass of crushed tissue. The principal facts concerning the transformations undergone by the phloem of woody angiosperms have been generally known since the time of this writer. Previous to this date both -Oudemans (I862) and Rauwenhoff (I869) appear to have described obliterated structures in the phloem, Oudemans in I855, and Rauwenhoff in I859. These two writers, together with Moeller (I875) and Tschirch (I889), showed the crushed tissue to be composed of obliterated sieve tubes. Tschirch pointed out that the sieve tubes, including cambiform cells and companion cells, having lost the principal portion of their contents at the end of the growing season, become pressed together through the turgor of neighboring cells, so that only a small, cleft-shaped lumen remains. He believed that a subsequent thickening of the wall does not take place. De Bary (I884) indicated some doubt as to the extent to which the cambiform cells of the phloem are affected in obliteration, although he described the crilshing of the sieve tubes. Bliesnick (I89I) found that the phloem parenchyma takes no part in obliteration. His conclusions are essentially the same as those of Tschirch with regard to the causes of obliteration. Lignification of sieve plates was found in Clematis, and in another case he mentions that he found complete lignification of the obliterated phloem elements. His results differ from those of previous investigators in that 239
Cutoff scores for the Autism Spectrum Disorder – Comorbid for Children (ASD-CC)

Abstract Once considered rare, Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are increasingly becoming viewed as common disorders. Additionally, recent studies suggest that comorbid psychopathology within ASD is more common than previously thought. Though these deficits exist, specific instruments to diagnose psychopathology in this population are not available. In this study, 639 children between 2 and 17 years of age were screened for comorbid psychopathology with the ASD-CC. Norms and cut-off scores for numerous forms of psychopathology were established. The ASD-CC is the first screening instrument for comorbid psychopathology in children with ASD over 3 years of age with published psychometric properties.
391 THE CIRCULATING PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) TO CALCITRIOL (1,25OH2D) RATIO: A MEANS OF EVALUATING CALCITRIOL SYNTHESIS IN DISORDERS OF CALCIUM METABOLISM

Top of pageAbstract The circulating level of calcitriol is often considered abnormal without regard to the factors responsible for calcitriol synthesis: serum Ca, PO4 and iPTH level. Using a precise assay for calcitriol and an antibody assay for C-terminal and intact PTH, a ratio of PTH to calcitriol was determined in several disorders. These data suggest decreased calcitriol synthesis in moderate and severe renal failure, hypophosphatemic rickets with vitamin D2 and 250H-D deficiency despite high PTH/calcitriol ratios. Hypoparathyroid subjects have a lower ratio. This ratio demonstrated the influence of calcitriol Rx in patients with renal failure. This ratio may prove useful in evaluating the vitamin D status of a patient, the response to therapy and a better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms.
The chemistry of Ambrosia maritima L. II. Hydrogenation, oxidation, and dehydrogenation of ambrosin and damsin.

Abstract Hydrogenation, oxidation, and selenium dehydrogenation studies on ambrosin and on damsin are reported. A reaction mechanism is suggested to account for the formation of identical compounds when ambrosin and damsin are hydrogenated. Oxidation reactions indicate the presence of a terminal methylene group in both compounds. The formation of a dicarboxylic acid and application of the Blanc rule to it tends to prove that the ketone function resides in a five-membered ring.
Dielectric property measurements of materials using the cavity technique

A cavity technique based on frequency shift was used to measure dielectric properties (dielectric constant and loss factor) of some particulate materials as a function of temperature. The materials studied were alumina, cobalt/alumina, dolomite, and sand. The properties were measured at various points between room temperature and 600 degrees C in the frequency range of 925-995 MHz. The dielectric constant and loss factor of all samples, except the cobalt/alumina catalyst sample, were approximately constant with temperature. The dielectric constant and loss factor of the cobalt/alumina sample exhibited a noticeable increase with temperature. >
Vortex lattice inhomogeneity in spatially inhomogeneous superfluids

A trapped degenerate Bose gas exhibits superfluidity with spatially nonuniform superfluid density. We show that the vortex distribution in such a highly inhomogeneous rotating superfluid is nevertheless nearly uniform. The inhomogeneity in vortex density, which diminishes in the rapid-rotation limit, is driven by the discrete way vortices impart angular momentum to the superfluid. This effect favors the highest vortex density in regions where the superfluid density is most uniform (e.g., the center of a harmonically trapped gas). A striking consequence of this is that the boson velocity deviates from a rigid-body form exhibiting a radial-shear flow past the vortex lattice.
Maternal Patterns of Marijuana Use and Early Sexual Behavior in Offspring of Teenage Mothers

Teenage mothers use marijuana more frequently than older mothers, and marijuana use may predict HIV risk behavior in offspring. Our goals were to (1) describe trajectories of marijuana use in teenage mothers and (2) determine if these trajectories were associated with early sexual behavior in their offspring. Pregnant adolescents (12–18 years) were recruited at a prenatal clinic and interviewed during pregnancy, at delivery, and during follow-up visits when offspring were 6, 10, 14 and 16 years old. At 16 years, 332 women (71 % Black, 29 % White) and their offspring were assessed. Mothers were asked about their marijuana use at each time point. Offspring reported on their sexual behavior at age 14. Trajectory analyses using growth mixture models revealed four maternal patterns of marijuana use: no use, only at the 6 year follow-up, quit by the 16 year follow-up, and used across most of the time points. The children of chronic users were more likely to have early sex. The maternal marijuana trajectory group variable remained a statistically significant predictor in multivariate models controlling for race, gender, socioeconomic status, child pubertal timing, child externalizing behavior problems, and child marijuana use. These findings suggest that a minority of teenage mothers continue to use marijuana over time. Chronic maternal marijuana use across a decade was associated with early sex in offspring (oral or vaginal sex by age 14). Early sexual behavior places these children at significantly higher risk of teenage pregnancy and HIV risk behaviors.
Two new species and one reapplied name in Sesbania Scop. (Fabaceae, Sesbanieae) for Australia

For over 40 years, the names Sesbania benthamiana Domin, S. javanica Miq. and S. sesban (L.) Merr. have been applied to Australian plant specimens. A review of the types assigned to these taxa has resolved that the names S. javanica Miq. and S. sesban (L.) Merr. do not apply to species native to Australia and S. benthamiana has been misapplied. The name S. burbidgei is proposed to account for specimens previously identified as S. sesban and S. muelleri is proposed to account for specimens previously assigned as S. benthamiana. The name S. benthamiana is reapplied to material previously known as S. javanica.
Asymptotic theory of mode coupling in a space-time periodic medium&#8212;Part II: Unstable interactions

A singular perturbation analysis of the coupling of plane electromagnetic waves in an unbounded medium having its permittivity modulated by a progressive sinusoidal wave is carried out for the waves progressing parallel to the modulation direction. The phase velocity of the wave modulation is greater than that of the electromagnetic waves in the unmodulated medium. The interactions of the fundamental wave progressing in the direction of the modulating wave with the first four harmonics progressing in the reverse direction are investigated. The periodic inhomogeneity gives rise to self and mutual interactions. The self effect, in general, produces a phase shift and causes the mutual effect to occur for smaller wavenumbers and higher frequencies than those predicted by the Bragg conditions. The mutual interaction introduces a complex change in the frequencies resulting in absolute instability of the interacting waves. Analytical expressions for the shifts of the wavenumber and the frequency as well as the other characteristics of the waves and instabilities in the interaction region are deduced. The asymptotic results are compared with the numerical results evaluated from the mode theory.