cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sucrose and fructose have qualitatively different flavors to rats

Abstract Previous studies suggest that rats might be able to discriminate between sucrose and fructose, but no previous study has examined this posibility in much detail. Rats were conditioned to avoid either sucrose or fructose by injecting them with lithium chloride when they drank these substances. Control rats were given the same injections but were not exposed to either sugar during training. After training, the rats were given a choice of fructose vs. sucrose. Data from control rats provided information about the relative taste intensity of the sugars. If the sugars possess only a single gustatory quality, control rats should prefer the sweeter sugar; under this assumption, sucrose appears to be two-four times sweeter than fructose. The two sugars share a common taste because rats trained to avoid sucrose avoided fructose when the fructose concentration was much greater than the sucrose concentration. Nevertheless, the two sugars are discriminable because, when the apparent sweetness of the sugars was matched, rats showed a greater aversion to the sugar they were trained to avoid. Aversions to sucrose and fructose also generalized to maltodextrins, but sucrose may have a somewhat greater maltodextrin flavor than does fructose. It is proposed that the biological function of maltodextrin taste is to allow animals to sense the ratio of glucose to fructose in foods.
Theory of frequency and temporal compounding in coherent imaging: speckle suppression and image resolution

We develop the theory of frequency and temporal compounding of coherent images for the purpose of speckle suppression. Frequency compounding corresponds to the process in which a coherent pulse of a specific bandwidth is passed through a filter bank that divides the pulse into a number of subbands. The image is formed by incoherently summing (compounding) the intensities of the individual subbands. Temporal compounding is a form of nonlinear multirate signal processing in which the final pixel intensity is made up of the intensities of samples that were sampled initially at rates equal to or higher than the pulse bandwidth. The intensities of the samples are then compounded to form the final image. For cases of oversampling by the same factor as the number of combined samples, the final pixel sizes are not altered. In the limit of an infinite sampling rate, temporal compounding is exactly equivalent to analog integrated backscatter in which the sensor continuously integrates the intensity of the incoming signal. The scattering theory that serves as the basis for these calculations is developed from a coherent wave-packet formulation of pulses. The theory is applied specifically to calculations of the effects of frequency and temporal compounding on speckle contrast and axial (range) resolution as a function of coherent pulse bandwidths and signal-sampling frequencies. Trade-offs between speckle reduction and decrease in resolution are discussed. The results presented apply to coherent imaging systems covering the spectral ranges of electromagnetic and acoustic excitations where the signals are amenable to complex detection techniques.
Cross-talk penalty compensation and reach extension in wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network using remote Raman pump

We propose a relatively simple solution that can compensate the signal attenuation due to stimulated Raman scattering cross-talk in a wavelength division multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON). The proposed solution also significantly increases the reach of the PON segment, enabling the merger of access and metro network boundaries. This can be accomplished using remote Raman amplification where a continuous wave counter-propagating pump is injected from one of the optical node units. A ~13 dB amplification of the downstream signal is observed with a bit error rate 1×10−12 for a 20-km fiber span. The reach of WDM-PON can be extended to ~40 km for typical 32 splits or up to 25 km for 64 splits using the proposed technique. We also report the effect of pump polarization on the amplification.
Nonisothermal deformation behavior of a high performance aluminum matrix composite

Abstract In matrix composites, temperature change coupled with the usual mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion will induce internal stresses and strains that can accelerate creep by orders of magnitude. This phenomenon has been observed many times and is now reasonably well understood. In this study the nonisothermal behavior of aluminum matrix composite (X-8019 aluminum alloy + 11% SiC) was studied to assess its suitability for use in the High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT) aircraft. A unified approach of using both experiments and simulation by several numerical methods was used. Results show that the 8019 system should not suffer significant degradation in properties due to temperature cycling and that this conclusion can be reached using only isothermal data with numerical approaches such as the finite-element method.
Effects of electric currents and interfacial potentials on wound healing

BIOELECTRIC phenomena are one of many important manifestations demonstrated by living cells. The inter-facial potential can be defined as the potential existing between two materials of different physical state. The interfacial potential existing between blood cells and metal electrodes was measured in our laboratory and was found to be a critical factor in the production and prevention of intravascular thrombosis [S, 81. In addition injury to tissue cells results in reversal of electrical potential, yielding an injury potential of approximately 60 to 100 mv. [7], Becker’s experiments on salamanders demonstrated a reversal of polarity and variations in electrical potential in the range of 40 mv. in the wound of a regenerating limb bud [ 11. In 1962 Carey and Lepley passed 0.2 to 0.3 ma. of direct current through stainless steel wires placed in rabbit wounds sutured with silk and found that this current had no significant effect on wound tensile strength [2]. Information concerning the bioelectrical
Ultraviolet extrapolations in finite oscillator bases

The use of finite harmonic oscillator spaces in many-body calculations introduces both infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) errors. The IR effects are well approximated by imposing a hard-wall boundary condition at a properly identified radius ${L}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. We show that duality of the oscillator implies that the UV effects are equally well described by imposing a sharp momentum cutoff at a momentum ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ complementary to ${L}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. By considering two-body systems with separable potentials, we show that the UV energy corrections depend on details of the potential, in contrast to the IR energy corrections, which depend only on the $S$-matrix. An adaptation of the separable treatment to more general interactions is developed and applied to model potentials as well as to the deuteron with realistic potentials. The previous success with a simple phenomenological form for the UV error is also explained. Possibilities for controlled extrapolations for $Ag2$ based on scaling arguments are discussed.
COMPUTER AIDED OPTIMUM DESIGN AND CONTROL OF STAGED AQUACULTURE SYSTEMS

This paper deals with development of a generalized computer program which can be utilized for the optimum design of multi-stage recirculating aquaculture systems. The program incorporates culture organism growth, energy management, plant location, market conditions, harvest date, and harvest size. The program is capable of optimizing the plant design and its operation taking into consideration the economic effects of using insulated culture environment and utilization of solar energy. A unique feature of the program is its ability to select the optimal number of stages for a particular species and set of operational constraints. Dynamic programming is used for the optimization process. The program's capability is illustrated by its application to the design of plants for raising rainbow trout and yellow perch in recirculating culture systems. Considerable savings can be achieved due to the optimum selection of stages and energy policy.
Field-amplified sample stacking in micellar electrokinetic chromatography for on-column sample concentration of neutral molecules

Abstract On-column concentration of neutral molecules was achieved for the first time in micellar electrokinetic chromatography by means of field-amplified sample stacking. The stacking process was accomplished by dissolving the neutral analytes in a low-concentration micellar solution that was still above the critical micelle concentration. The lower total ionic strength in the sample buffer compared to the electrophoresis buffer allowed the negatively charged micelles to migrate rapidly into the boundary between the sample and the running buffer where they slow down. This field-amplified sample stacking was achieved by using normal or reversed electrode polarity and produced a 75–85-fold increase in sensitivity for 1,2,4,7- and 1,2,4,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxins. The peak area counts obtained from the sample stacking process were proportional to the sample volume injected, and the stacking efficiency was dependent on the micellar concentration. The best stacking efficiency was obtained when the micelle concentration was slightly higher than the critical micelle concentration. When the injection volume was relatively small, the normal-polarity stacking procedure produced a higher stacking efficiency. However, when the injection volume was large, reversed polarity produced a higher stacking efficiency because the non-uniform distribution of the electrical field strength had been eliminated.
Electrofishing Catch Rates as an Index of Largemouth Bass Population Density in Two Large Reservoirs

Abstract A shoreline electrofishing scheme with a stratified random design was developed for estimating largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides population density in Lake Norman, North Carolina, and Lake Wylie, North Carolina–South Carolina. Catch rates (number/100 m shoreline electrofished) of largemouth bass (≥200 mm total length) were linearly related (r = 0.98; P < 0.01) to population density estimates (number/hectare) obtained with mark-and-recapture methods.
Circuit duality and polarity conventions

By indicating how, but for chance, the present confusion in electric-potential notation conventions also could have arisen in electric current notations, the author seeks to show that our troubles with potentials are man-made. He suggests that the cure of potential-definition ills is to define potential independently of any connected circuit, as is done with current.
Antipsychotic Dose Equivalents and Dose-Years: A Standardized Method for Comparing Exposure to Different Drugs

Background A standardized quantitative method for comparing dosages of different drugs is a useful tool for designing clinical trials and for examining the effects of long-term medication side effects such as tardive dyskinesia. Such a method requires establishing dose equivalents. An expert consensus group has published charts of equivalent doses for various antipsychotic medications for first- and second-generation medications. These charts were used in this study. Methods Regression was used to compare each drug in the experts' charts to chlorpromazine and haloperidol and to create formulas for each relationship. The formulas were solved for chlorpromazine 100 mg and haloperidol 2 mg to derive new chlorpromazine and haloperidol equivalents. The formulas were incorporated into our definition of dose-years such that 100 mg/day of chlorpromazine equivalent or 2 mg/day of haloperidol equivalent taken for 1 year is equal to one dose-year. Results All comparisons to chlorpromazine and haloperidol were highly linear with R 2 values greater than .9. A power transformation further improved linearity. Conclusions By deriving a unique formula that converts doses to chlorpromazine or haloperidol equivalents, we can compare otherwise dissimilar drugs. These equivalents can be multiplied by the time an individual has been on a given dose to derive a cumulative value measured in dose-years in the form of (chlorpromazine equivalent in mg) × (time on dose measured in years). After each dose has been converted to dose-years, the results can be summed to provide a cumulative quantitative measure of lifetime exposure.
Collagen crosslinks in human dentin: Increasing content of hydroxypyridinium residues with age

The hydroxypyridinium crosslinks of collagen are believed to derive from reducible, divalent crosslinks. To study this concept further, both types of crosslink were quantified as a function of age in dentin, a tissue thought to have minimal collagen turnover. Human (5, 15, 28 and 56 years) and bovine (fetal and adult) root dentin was analyzed by a procedure that measures both hydroxypyridinium and reducible crosslinks on the amino acid analyzer. In human dentin, hydroxypyridinium crosslinks increased with age and became the predominant crosslinks as the two reducible residues, dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine and dehydrohydroxylysinonorleucine, diminished. Similarly in adult bovine dentin, hydroxypyridinium residues were sixfold more concentrated than in fetal bovine dentin. Borohydride treatment of tissue did not influence the measured content of hydroxypyridinium residues. The analyses also ruled out natural reduction as a stabilizing reaction for the divalent, reducible crosslinks. Though hydroxypyridinium residues became the major aldehyde-mediated crosslinks of adult dentin collagen, significant levels of reducible crosslinks remain throughout the tooth's adult life.
Child and Caregiver Dropout in Child Psychotherapy for Trauma

This study focused on the identification of variables collected at baseline assessments that predict children and caregivers who are at risk for dropout from treatment. A sample of 115 children and their caregivers who received evidence-based treatment for traumatic stress was utilized for this study. Multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that caregiver and child age, the child's externalizing behaviors, and the child and caregiver's acknowledgment of posttraumatic stress symptoms significantly predicted premature dropout from treatment. Clarification of child and caregiver characteristics that increase the risk of dropout allows for the identification of families in need of additional support to stay in treatment.
Aluminum nitride as a masking material for the plasma etching of silicon carbide structures

In this paper is detailed a technique for the plasma etching of silicon carbide (SiC) utilizing aluminum nitride (AlN) as a masking material. The fabrication technique enables the use of non-metallic etch masks to etch SiC which can aid in preventing micromasking defects on the etch surface and degradation in the health of plasma etch tools. This is the first report of this fabrication process. Through the experimental characterization of a high density inductively coupled plasma etch tool operated with SF 6 /O 2 chemistries, an etch recipe that yields a SiC etch rate of 0.4 µm/min, a selectivity of 16∶1 (SiC/AlN), and features with a sidewall angle of approximately 10° was developed. In addition, scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the etch recipe yields smooth etch surfaces that are free of micromasking defects. Further investigations of these preliminary results could lead to advancements in the manufacturability of SiC for the development of harsh environment sensing technology and high-power electronics.
A study of the synergism of poly(vinyl chloride)/polyether‐ester blends

The synergism between blends of poly(vinyl chloride), PVC, and a polyether-ester elastomer, COPE, was investigated. Previous research indicated that blends of these two polymers produced synergistic results in the melt index and Izod impact properties of the system. This research confirmed the increased flow properties of the blends using melt index, capillary rheometer, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The synergism was found to be shear rate dependent and an additive relationship was approached at high shear rates. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the blends were immiscible. This suggested that phase separation was the cause of the synergism in the flow properties and that elongation of the COPE domains most likely produced the shear rate dependency of the blend synergism. The phase separation would also have produced the improvement in the Izod impact properties of the blends.
The inhibitory effect of interleukin 1β on rat hepatocyte DNA synthesis is mediated by nitric oxide

Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and nitric oxide (NO) have potent growth-regulatory effects on different cell types. We found that epidermal growth factor-induced DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes was inhibited by NO when it was provided by addition to the cultures of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), an NO donor, as well as by addition of IL-1beta in a dose-dependent manner. IL-1beta also induced NO production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene expression. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by IL-1beta was completely abrogated when NO production was inhibited by N-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMA), a competitive inhibitor of iNOS. IL-1beta-receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), which interferes with the interaction of IL-1beta with target cells, also abolished the inhibitory effects of IL-1beta on hepatocyte DNA synthesis as well as IL-1beta-induced iNOS gene expression. We also found that hepatocyte DNA synthesis inhibition by IL-1beta was completely antagonized by providing deoxynucleosides to bypass the block in ribonucleotide reductase, a rate-limiting step in DNA synthesis, thus implicating this enzyme in the mechanism of growth inhibition by IL-1beta. These experiments extended prior observations on the growth-inhibitory actions of IL-1beta on hepatocyte DNA synthesis, involving the IL-1beta receptor, NO production, and ribonucleotide reductase.
Night eating in obese treatment-seeking Hispanic patients with and without binge eating disorder.

Objective To examine the frequency of night eating (NE) and its relation to binge eating disorder (BED), eating-disorder psychopathology, depression, and metabolic variables in obese treatment-seeking obese Hispanic men and women.
The physically disabled physician

This article reviews the available literature on physically disabled physicians and discusses the attitudinal, environmental, and political barriers they may encounter. Information on 215 physicians and 92 medical students with a wide range of disabilities was analyzed. Currently available personal and technological resources are outlined and special issues pertaining to medical education are highlighted. Greater awareness and acceptance by medical peers are essential for professional success. ( JAMA 1987;257:2935-2938)
The Origin of Veins of the Asbestiform Minerals

Microscopic examination shows that bundles consisting of thousands of fibers of chrysotile or amphibole asbestos behave as crystal units, an entire bundle exhibiting the same optical properties as any one of the component fibers. All asbestiform minerals have prismatic cleavage, and this suggests that the fibrous structure may be due to an abnormal development of the cleavage, or at least that the separation of the fibers takes place largely along cleavage planes. The highly fibrous structure of the asbestiform minerals is not, however, a crystallization phenomenon in the sense that it is due solely to the inherent physical properties of the crystal molecule, for all minerals having asbestiform varieties occur in non-fibrous as well as fibrous forms.
Nonlinear Compensator Design of Active Proximity Sliders for Head-Disk Spacing Variation Suppression in 3-nm Air Bearings

Based on the concept that the FH of a portion of the slider that carries the read/write element can be adjusted by a piezoelectric actuator and the FH can be measured according to the magnetic signal, a new 3-DOF analytic model and an observer-based nonlinear compensator are proposed to achieve ultra-low FH with minimum modulation under short range attractive forces. Numerical simulations show that the FHM due to disk waviness is effectively reduced with a control voltage of less than ±2V.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Defining antibody protection against HIV-1 transmission in Hu-PBL-SCID mice.

Abstract Multiple monoclonal and polyclonal antibody preparations have been shown to neutralize HIV-1 infection in vitro . Upon direct testing in humans, however, many of these have failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Hu-PBL-SCID mice offer a model system in which to test the pre-clinical efficacy of antibody preparations. Testing in hu-PBL-SCID mice has shown that some antibodies are able to mediate pre- and post-exposure protection against HIV-1 infection, at concentrations that should be attainable in humans. Despite differences in the route and mode of transmission in humans and in hu-PBL-SCID mice, several aspects of the model make it a favorable model for future testing of antibody protection against HIV-1 infection. These include the architecture of the peritoneal cavity, the mixture of human cells that engraft, the density of human target cells for HIV-1 infection, and the presence of complement and NK cells that can interact with antibody preparations in blocking HIV-1 infection. The use of this model in testing newer antibody preparations for efficacy against primary isolates should enhance our knowledge of the mechanisms of antibody protection against HIV-1 infection in vivo and speed the pre-clinical evaluation of potential immunoprophylactic agents against HIV-1.
Control of Hidden Mode Hybrid Systems: Algorithm termination

We consider the problem of safety control in Hidden Mode Hybrid Systems (HMHS) that arises in the development of a semi-autonomous cooperative active safety system for collision avoidance at an intersection. We utilize the approach of constructing a new hybrid automaton whose discrete state is an estimate of the HMHS mode. A dynamic feedback map can then be designed that guarantees safety on the basis of the current mode estimate and the concept of the capture set. In this work, we relax the conditions for the termination of the algorithm that computes the capture set by constructing an abstraction of the new hybrid automaton. We present a relation to compute the capture set for the abstraction and show that this capture set is equal to the one for the new hybrid automaton.
Activating the Prokaryotic leu-500 Promoter by Transient, Dynamic DNA Supercoiling in Escherichia Coli

DNA supercoiling is a fundamental property of chromosomal DNA in living cells and greatly affects the efficiency of many essential DNA transactions. For instance, the prokaryotic leu-500 promoter, an inactive promoter in bacteria, and can be activated by supercoiling in the topA strains. Although DNA supercoiling around the promoter region was considered playing an essential role in the activation of the leu-500 promoter, whether the global or the localized supercoiling carries out the activation is not clear. In this study, we developed two in vivo systems to study how transient, dynamic DNA supercoiling (TDDS) activates the leu-500 promoter. The first system consists of E. coli topA strain VS111(DE3) and a linear plasmid. The topA strains provided an IPTG-inducible T7 RNA polymerase for TDDS and also does not have a functional topoisomerase I to remove the (-) supercoiled domain. In this case, the (-) supercoiled domain should exist for longer time. The linear plasmid cannot be globally supercoiled, which provided an excellent template to study TDDS in vivo. We also cloned a luc gene (to express firefly luciferase) under the control of the leu-500 promoter and a lacZ gene under the control of the T7 promoter. Using this unique system, we discovered that TDDS was able to significantly activate the leu-500 promoter. In the second in vivo system, we studied how TDDS activated the lue-500 promoter on the chromosome. Utilizing a transposon Tn7-based method, the divergently coupled Pleu-500 and PT7A1/O4 promoters were inserted to the attTn7 site of the chromosome of MG1655 and VS111. Using these two E. coli strains, we found that TDDS was able to activate Pleu-500 ∼13- and 7-fold in VS111 and MG1655, respectively. Our studies suggest that TDDS has important biological functions in vivo.
The stimulation of purine nucleotide production by pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid in human erythrocytes

Abstract We previously reported that pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PC), the intermediate in the interconversions of proline, ornithine and glutamate markedly stimulates hexosemonophosphate-pentose pathway activity in human erythrocytes. The stimulation is mediated by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase which generates NADP+ accompanying the conversion of pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline. We now report that the previously demonstrated effect of pyrroline-5-carboxylate on glucose oxidation through the hexose-monophosphate-pentose pathway is accompanied by increased phosphoribosyl-pyrophosphate production and increased formation of nucleotides via the salvage pathway. The demonstrated effect of pyrroline-5-carboxylate on purine processing may provide a regulatory link between amino acid and nucleotide metabolism.
Children's perceptions of marital discord and behavior problems of boys and girls

Children's feelings of nonacceptance and their perceptions of their parents' marital discord were related to parental measures of marital satisfaction and behavior problems in the children. In a sample of 50 clinic children, it was found that (1) marital discord, as predicted, was most strongly related to conduct problems in boys, (2) boys and girls perceived parental marital discord with equal and moderate accuracy, and (3) children's feelings of nonacceptance were not significantly related to ratings of marital discord. These findings are discussed as they relate to etiological explanations of the impact of marital discord on children.
Cross-validation of Brain Segmentation by SPM5 and SIENAX

Abstract Volumes of cerebral grey (GM) or white matter (WM) are often used as clinical observations or statistical covariates. Several automated segmentation tools can be used for this purpose, but they have not been validated against each other. We used the most common ones, SPM5 and SIENAX 2.4, to derive volumes of grey and white matter in 56 healthy subjects (mean age 49 ± 13, range 22–80) and compared the two methods. Both methods yielded significant correlations with age in the expected directions, and estimates of parenchymal volumes were highly correlated. However, without use of prior probability maps, or priors, in SIENAX, GM was significantly underestimated in comparison to SPM (0.52 ± .06 vs 0.66 ± .07 L) and WM was significantly overestimated (0.48 ± .07 vs 0.46 ± .07 L). This error was associated with misclassification of GM as cerebrospinal fluid, especially in deep grey matter. Invoking prior probabilities in SIENAX resulted in excellent agreement with SPM: GM and WM volumes were found to be 0.64 ± 0.07 L and 0.47 ± 0.07 L, respectively. We conclude that SIENAX requires priors for accurate volumetric estimates, and then provides close agreement with SPM5.
Association of 1,5-Anhydroglucitol with Diabetes and Microvascular Conditions

BACKGROUND: 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) is inversely related to hyperglycemia and may be a useful indicator of short-term (1–2 weeks) hyperglycemia and glycemic excursions, but its prognostic value is unclear. We sought to evaluate the associations of 1,5-AG with risk of diabetes and microvascular disease. METHODS: We measured 1,5-AG in blood samples from over 10 000 participants in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study (baseline, 1990–1992) and characterized the independent associations with prevalent retinopathy and with incident chronic kidney disease and incident diabetes during approximately 20 years of follow-up. RESULTS: We found that 1,5-AG was associated with prevalent retinopathy, driven primarily by the strong association in persons with diagnosed diabetes: adjusted odds ratio (OR) 11.26 (95% CI, 6.17–20.53) for 2-fold increased risk of incident chronic kidney disease [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 2.83; 95% CI, 2.15–3.74] and remained significant after adjustment for Hb A1c (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.02–2.00). Nondiabetic participants with high 1,5-AG (≥10 μg/mL) had the lowest prevalence of retinopathy and lowest risk of kidney disease. In persons without diagnosed diabetes at baseline, 1,5-AG <10 μg/mL was also associated with incident diabetes (adjusted HR, 2.29; 95% CI, 2.03–2.58). CONCLUSIONS: 1,5-AG was associated with long-term risk of important microvascular outcomes, particularly in persons with diagnosed diabetes and even after adjustment for Hb A1c. Our results suggest 1,5-AG may capture risk information associated with hyperglycemic excursions.
Oxygen-deficient metal oxide nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water oxidation and other applications

This review presents highlights of the latest results of studies directed at developing oxygen-deficient metal oxides, including TiO2, WO3, and α-Fe2O3, nanostructures as electrode materials, which show significantly enhanced performance in applications for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. The enhanced photoelectrochemical performance is attributed to improved electrical conductivities by controlled incorporation of oxygen vacancies as shallow donors for metal oxides. We also discuss the potential of these oxygen-deficient metal oxides for other energy conversion and storage applications, such as photocatalytic reactions and charge storage.
Role sequencing: does order matter for mental health?

Role sequencing refers to the ordering of social roles. According to the normative order hypothesis, adults who follow a certain sequencing of their social roles will be better adjusted than their peers who follow other life course patterns. The normative order is defined as first entering the paid labor force, getting married, and later having children. This study tests this hypothesis by analyzing retrospective life history data from three subsamples of adults who completed the 1987–1988 National Survey of Families and Households: (1) married, working parents; (2) divorced, working parents; and (3) married, unemployed parents. The findings indicate significant race/ethnic (black/white), gender, and cohort differences in the type of role sequencing patterns that are conducive to positive mental health. For example, African Americans who work first, then have children, and later get married report better mental health than their peers who followed the normative order. White men and women seem to benefit f...
A review of lumbar spinal instrumentation: evidence and controversy

Disability secondary to disorders of the spine is a significant problem worldwide. In the USA, there has been a recent surge in the costs associated with caring for spinal pathology; from 1997 to 2005, there was a growth of 65% in healthcare expenditures on spinal disease, totalling $86 billion in 2005. Increasingly, there has been media and public scrutiny over the rapid rise in the volume of procedures with spinal instrumentation; some have suggested that this rise has been fuelled by non-medical drivers such as the financial incentives involved with the use of instrumentation; others suggest that innovation in spine technology and devices has led to improved options for the treatment of spine pathology.In this context, we conducted a review of the literature to assess the use of instrumentation in lumbar procedures and its relationship to successful fusion and patient outcome. Our review suggests that there is data supporting the thesis that lumbar instrumentation improves rates of fusion. However, there is no consistent correlation between increased rates of fusion and improved patient outcomes.
Media processing applications on the Imagine stream processor

Media applications, such as image processing, signal processing, video, and graphics, require high computation rates and data bandwidths. The stream programming model is a natural and powerful way to describe these applications. Expressing media applications in this model allows hardware and software systems to take advantage of their concurrency and locality in order to meet their high computational demands. The Imagine stream programming system, a set of software tools and algorithms, is used to program media applications in the stream programming model. We achieve real-time performance on a variety of media processing applications with high computation rates (4-15 billion achieved operations per second) and high efficiency (84-95% occupancy on the arithmetic clusters).
Exact and heuristic algorithms for the minimization of incompletely specified state machines

In this paper we present two exact algorithms for state minimization of FSM's. Our results prove that exact state minimization is feasible for a large class of practical examples, certainly including most hand-designed FSM's. We also present heuristic algorithms, that can handle large, machine-generated, FSM's. The possibly many different reduced machines with the same number of states have different implementation costs. We discuss two steps of the minimization procedure, called state mapping and solution shrinking, that have received little prior attention to the literature, though they play a significant role in delivering an optimally implemented reduced machine. We also introduce an algorithm whose main virtue is the ability to cope with very general cost functions, while providing high performance. >
Techniques for MIMO Channel Covariance Matrix Quantization

In this correspondence, we develop techniques to efficiently quantize channel covariance matrices in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Rayleigh fading environments. While these covariance matrices change less frequently than the channel matrices themselves, this information needs to be updated when it does change. Furthermore, these covariance matrices have significantly more parameters to quantize than their channel matrix counterparts. Since many applications focus on utilizing the strongest eigenmodes of the channel covariance matrix and since these matrices tend to be low-rank, we focus on efficiently quantizing the dominant eigenvectors of these matrices. We develop Lloyd-type algorithms based on training data from the environment to develop our codebooks. We also develop an algorithm based on the reduced-parameter Kronecker and Weichselberger models to generate codebooks with reduced real-time codeword search.
β1 integrin mediates an alternative survival pathway in breast cancer cells resistant to lapatinib

The overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2 in 20% of human breast cancers and its association with aggressive growth has led to widespread use of HER2-targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab (T) and lapatinib (L). Despite the success of these drugs, their efficacy is limited in patients whose tumors demonstrate de novo or acquired resistance to treatment. The β1 integrin resides on the membrane of the breast cancer cell, activating several elements of breast tumor progression including proliferation and survival. We developed a panel of HER2-overexpressing cell lines resistant to L, T, and the potent LT combination through long-term exposure and validated these models in 3D culture. Parental and L/T/LT-resistant cells were subject to HER2 and β1 integrin inhibitors in 3D and monitored for 12 days, followed by quantification of colony number. Parallel experiments were conducted where cells were either stained for Ki-67 and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) or harvested for protein and analyzed by immunoblot. Results were subjected to statistical testing using analysis of variance and linear contrasts, followed by adjustment with the Sidak method. Using multiple cell lines including BT474 and HCC1954, we reveal that in L and LT resistance, where phosphorylation of EGFR/HER1, HER2, and HER3 are strongly inhibited, kinases downstream of β1 integrin--including focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src--are up-regulated. Blockade of β1 by the antibody AIIB2 abrogates this up-regulation and functionally achieves significant growth inhibition of L and LT resistant cells in 3D, without dramatically affecting the parental cells. SiRNA against β1 as well as pharmacologic inhibition of FAK achieve the same growth inhibitory effect. In contrast, trastuzumab-resistant cells, which retain high levels of phosphorylated EGFR/HER1, HER2, and HER3, are only modestly growth-inhibited by AIIB2. Our data suggest that HER2 activity, which is suppressed in resistance involving L but not T alone, dictates whether β1 mediates an alternative pathway driving resistance. Our findings justify clinical studies investigating the inhibition of β1 or its downstream signaling moieties as strategies to overcome acquired L and LT resistance.
The Surprising Variance in Shortest-Derivation Parsing

We investigate full-scale shortest-derivation parsing (SDP), wherein the parser selects an analysis built from the fewest number of training fragments. Shortest derivation parsing exhibits an unusual range of behaviors. At one extreme, in the fully unpruned case, it is neither fast nor accurate. At the other extreme, when pruned with a coarse unlexicalized PCFG, the shortest derivation criterion becomes both fast and surprisingly effective, rivaling more complex weighted-fragment approaches. Our analysis includes an investigation of tie-breaking and associated dynamic programs. At its best, our parser achieves an accuracy of 87% F1 on the English WSJ task with minimal annotation, and 90% F1 with richer annotation.
Transforming Computer Science Education in High Schools

The CS 10K Project is an ambitious and bold endeavor that represents our best opportunity to transform computing education beginning where we must begin-at the high school level.
Rapid Facial Reactions to Emotional Facial Expressions in Typically Developing Children and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Typical adults mimic facial expressions within 1000 ms, but adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) do not. These rapid facial reactions (RFRs) are associated with the development of social-emotional abilities. Such interpersonal matching may be caused by motor mirroring or emotional responses. Using facial electromyography (EMG), this study evaluated mechanisms underlying RFRs during childhood and examined possible impairment in children with ASD. Experiment 1 found RFRs to happy and angry faces (not fear faces) in 15 typically developing children from 7 to 12 years of age. RFRs of fear (not anger) in response to angry faces indicated an emotional mechanism. In 11 children (8-13 years of age) with ASD, Experiment 2 found undifferentiated RFRs to fear expressions and no consistent RFRs to happy or angry faces. However, as children with ASD aged, matching RFRs to happy faces increased significantly, suggesting the development of processes underlying matching RFRs during this period in ASD.
Why Markets Don't Stop Discrimination

Markets, it is sometimes said, are hard on discrimination. An employer who finds himself refusing to hire qualified blacks and women will, in the long run, lose out to those who are willing to draw from a broader labor pool. Employer discrimination amounts to a self-destructive “taste” – self-destructive because employers who indulge that taste add to the costs of doing business. Added costs can only hurt. To put it simply, bigots are weak competitors. The market will drive them out.On this account, the persistence of employment discrimination on the basis of race and sex presents something of a puzzle. And if markets are an ally of equality and a foe of employment discrimination, perhaps discrimination persists because of something other than markets. Perhaps labor unions are to blame; perhaps the real culprit is the extensive federal regulation of the employment market, including minimum-wage and maximum-hour laws and unemployment compensation. If competitive markets drive out discrimination, the problem for current federal policy lies not in the absence of aggressive anti-discrimination law, but instead in the absence of truly competitive markets.If this account is correct, the prescription for the future of anti-discrimination law is to seek ways to free up employers from the wide range of governmental disabilities – including, in fact, anti-discrimination law itself. The argument seems to be bolstered by the fact that some groups subject to past and present prejudice – most notably, Jews and Asian-Americans – have made substantial progress in employment at least in part because of the operation of competitive markets.
Relationship of chemotactic receptors for formyl peptide and C5a to CR1, CR3, and Fc receptors on human neutrophils.

The co-expression of C5a and formyl-methionine-leucine-phenylalanine-lysine (FMLPL) receptors with CR1 , CR3, and Fc receptors on human neutrophils (PMN) was studied. Fluorescein-conjugated C5a (FL-C5a) and FMLPL (FL-FMLPL) were used to identify C5a and formyl peptide receptors. CR1 , CR3, and Fc receptors were identified with monoclonal antibodies and a Texas red-labeled goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin second step reagent. The co-expression of chemotactic receptors with CR1 , CR3, or Fc receptors was evaluated using two-color flow cytometry. A direct correlation between the degree of expression of receptors for FL-FMLPL and the expression of CR3, CR1 , and Fc receptors on individual PMN was observed. In contrast, no correlation between the degree of C5a receptor expression and CR1, CR3, or Fc receptor expression was found. Similar results were obtained with PMN after up regulation of CR1 , CR3, Fc, and FMLPL receptors by incubation at 37#{176}C for 10 mm with or without phorbol mynistate acetate. These data suggest that the expression of FMLPL, CR1 , CR3, and Fc receptors are regulated in a similar manner, whereas C5a receptor expression is regulated independently. Furthermore, these data indicate that within a given population of PMN, a parallel exists between the degree of CR1 , CR3, FMLPL, and Fc receptor expression on individual cells.
Merger is Indirect Gift in Cavallaro

In Cavallaro v. Commissioner, the Tax Court held that a merger of two family-owned businesses resulted in a substantial taxable gift. The taxpayers avoided penalties by demonstrating that they relied in good faith on the mistaken advice of competent tax advisers.
Review of Chemistry Education: Best Practices, Opportunities and Trends

W 28 chapters covering a wide range of topics over the course of its 792 pages, Chemistry Education: Best Practices, Opportunities and Trends needs the word “Guide”, “Handbook”, or “Collection” in the title. The chapters in the book include topics such as undergraduate chemistry curriculum, life-long learning, research-based teaching strategies, service learning, chemistry apps, and language in chemistry education. Similar to both volumes of Chemists’ Guide to Ef fective Teaching, chapters discuss larger issues related to student learning (e.g., Chapter 8, on problem-solving; Chapter 15, on concept integration; and Chapter 17, on the role of language), but then there are also chapters about specific teaching strategies and tools (e.g., Chapter 13, on flipping the classroom; Chapter 18, on effective use of demonstrations; and Chapter 26, on tools for blended learning). I appreciate the diversity of authors in this text. Forty-six people contributed from 14 different countries and five continents. The variety of examples and experiences makes the volume accessible to the global chemistry education community.
STAT3 is a key transcriptional regulator of cancer stem cell marker CD133 in HCC

Cancer stem cell (CSC) marker CD133 was found to be upregulated in many cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanism of CD133 regulation in the liver tumor microenvironment has remained elusive. In this study Won and colleagues report that interleukin-6 (IL-6) mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) signaling and hypoxia enhance the expression of CD133 and promote the progression of HCC.
Analysis on Dynamic Response of Beams with Flexible Supports under Seismic Loads

Much attention has been paid to the properties of materials and the shapes of cross-sections of beams in order to increase the resistance of seismic loading structures.The seismic resistance of beams could be also increased effectively by setting some special constrained condition at the supports.The dynamic response of beams is investigated with flexible supports condition which show the elastic and damping feature.A simplified equivalent DOF analytical method of the beam with springs and dampers was established on basis of secondary Lagrange's dynamic equations.The dynamic response(relative displacement of the mid-span,the absolute displacement of the supports,the influences of the stiffness and damping coefficient and etc.) of beams is analyzed,the theoretical results are validated by ABAQUS numerical simulation method,Which shows that the equivalent DOF analytical method could precisely describe the dynamic response of beams with flexible supports subjected to seismic loading,and setting springs and dampers at the supports could reduced the displacement of the mid-span relative to the supports effectively,but it may increased the absolute displacements at the supports.
Monte Carlo dose calculations for high-dose-rate brachytherapy using GPU-accelerated processing.

Abstract Purpose Current clinical brachytherapy dose calculations are typically based on the Association of American Physicists in Medicine Task Group report 43 (TG-43) guidelines, which approximate patient geometry as an infinitely large water phantom. This ignores patient and applicator geometries and heterogeneities, causing dosimetric errors. Although Monte Carlo (MC) dose calculation is commonly recognized as the most accurate method, its associated long computational time is a major bottleneck for routine clinical applications. This article presents our recent developments of a fast MC dose calculation package for high-dose–rate (HDR) brachytherapy, gBMC, built on a graphics processing unit (GPU) platform. Methods and Materials gBMC-simulated photon transport in voxelized geometry with physics in 192Ir HDR brachytherapy energy range considered. A phase-space file was used as a source model. GPU-based parallel computation was used to simultaneously transport multiple photons, one on a GPU thread. We validated gBMC by comparing the dose calculation results in water with that computed TG-43. We also studied heterogeneous phantom cases and a patient case and compared gBMC results with Acuros BV results. Results Radial dose function in water calculated by gBMC showed Conclusions The accuracy and efficiency of a new GPU-based MC dose calculation package, gBMC, for HDR brachytherapy make it attractive for clinical applications.
Computer-Assisted Management of ADHD

Researchers at the Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, conducted a randomized medication trial for ADHD involving 24 pediatric practices.
Combination therapy with arsenic trioxide (ATO), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and gemtuzumab ozogamycin (GO) in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

6558 Background: Relapse occurs in 20 to 30% of patients with APL treated with ATRA. ATO is an effective agent for salvage of APL relapse, and GO has shown activity in APL due to the high expressio...