cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydroperoxide Oxidations of α-(N, N-Dialkylamino)amides

Abstract m-Chloroperbenzoic acid oxidation of α-(N,N-Dialkylamino)-amides gives the respective N-oxides, whereas hydrogen peroxide oxidation results in the production of N-formylamides. A mechanism for the latter observation that is presented.
A versatile computation module for adaptable multimedia processors

This paper describes a low cost, low power, versatile computation module that can be used as a coarse-grain building block in multimedia processors. The module, which has a datapath and a controller integrated with its local data memory, performs various arithmetic operations on different data types, i.e., 8-bit integer, 16-bit integer, 32-bit integer and single precision floating point numbers. Running in parallel, the module provides high data throughput at low hardware cost. Multiple modules can be connected in a multimedia processor operated in mixed SIMD and MIMD modes, providing great flexibility for data parallel, computation intensive multimedia applications. Compared to recently proposed datapaths, the proposed module has more computational abilities, more flexibility and it is between 2/spl times/ and 10/spl times/ more energy efficient.
An introduction to ASL labeling techniques

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) methods allow for quantitative mapping of tissue perfusion in absolute units, without the use of contrast agents. In this technique, the magnetization of arterial blood water is labeled by magnetic inversion or saturation, and the delivery of labeled blood water to tissues is observed. In this review three classes of labeling methods for ASL are described and compared: continuous, pulsed, and velocity-selective. The quantification of perfusion from ASL data is discussed, and methods for the extraction of new types of information using ASL and related techniques, such as mapping of vascular territories or venous oxygenation, are described.
Genotype-environment interaction: apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene effects and age as an index of time and spatial context in the human.

We analyzed the age-dependence of the estimates of the parameters of the genetic architecture of plasma ApoE levels associated with ApoE gene variation. Our study sample included 1988 individuals in multigeneration pedigrees from the Rochester, MN, population. We used a 30-yr sliding window across the age range (5-90 yr) to estimate the age dependency of parameters. Additive ApoE allelic variance of transformed plasma ApoE values for both genders, heritabilities for males and phenotypic and residual variance for females peaked in the 20-40-yr age windows and decreased significantly with age (P < 0.05). Phenotypic and residual variance for males and dominance variance for both genders did not vary significantly with age. All parameter estimates were significantly different from zero across all age windows for both genders. Most studies of ApoE have focused on its functions in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) in middle-aged and older individuals. Our findings suggest the greatest role of this gene is in determining phenotypic differences among younger and middle-aged individuals. These observed genotypic effects on the plasma ApoE levels may contribute to age-dependent differences in physiological health, growth, and risk of disease.
Berry's phase and Fermi-Walker parallel transport

Abstract The usual condition for parallel transport of the eigenstates is identified with the Fermi-Walker parallel transport law known from general relativity. Other possible parallel transport laws are discussed.
Crosstalk between neurokinin receptors is relevant to hematopoietic regulation: cloning and characterization of neurokinin-2 promoter.

Abstract Neurokinin (NK)-1 and NK-2 receptors regulate hematopoiesis by interacting with neurotransmitters that belong to the tachykinin. This report studies the relationship between NK-1 and NK-2 in primary human bone marrow (BM) stroma, which supports hematopoiesis. Use of NK receptor antagonists and deficient stromal cells indicate that the neurotransmitter, substance P (SP), could exert dual hematopoietic effects (inhibitory or stimulatory), depending on the interacting receptor and crosstalk between NK-1 and NK-2. Cloning and identification of the minimal promoter for NK-2 and comparison with NK-1 promoter showed that the hematopoietic functions of NK receptors involve receptor crosstalk and the particular cytokine (IL-3, GM-CSF, TGF-β or IL-1α). Crosstalk between NK-1 and NK-2 adds to communication within neural–hematopoietic axis.
Global E-Government and the Role of Trust: A Cross Country Analysis

Using cross-country data from 140 countries, this empirical study extends past research by examining the impact of trust on the level of e-government. The major empirical finding of this research shows that, after controlling for the level of economic development and other socio-economic factors, trust as measured by ethnic and religious diversity, is a significant factor affecting e-government usage.
A Cue Alone or a Probe to Think? The Dual Role of Affect in Product Evaluations

Two studies investigate the conditions under which mood acts as a heuristic cue that influences the judgments of a message and when mood acts as a resource (facilitates relational elaboration). The findings indicate that mood serves as a cue when the message information is not easily accessible. This outcome is qualified by the individuals' willingness to hold accurate beliefs. When respondents are alerted to the potential effect of their mood on their judgment, they correct for it. Positive mood acts as a resource when information about the target is accessible and there are contextual cues that are perceived as relevant to the judgment of a target.
Effects of buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent humans.

Rationale: Buprenorphine is a partial mu opioid agonist under development as a sublingual (SL) medication for opioid dependence treatment in the United States. Because buprenorphine may be abused, tablets combining buprenorphine with naloxone in a 4:1 ratio have been developed to reduce that risk. Low doses of injected buprenorphine/naloxone have been tested in opioid-dependent subjects, but higher doses (more than 2 mg of either medication) and direct comparisons to SL buprenorphine/naloxone have not been examined. Objectives: To assess and compare the effects of intramuscular (IM) versus SL buprenorphine/naloxone in opioid-dependent volunteers. Methods: Opioid-dependent volunteers were maintained on 40 mg per day of oral hydromorphone while on a residential research ward. After safety testing in two pilot subjects, participants (n=8) were tested with both IM and SL buprenorphine/naloxone (1/0.25, 2/0.5, 4/1, 8/2, 16/4 mg); IM hydromorphone (10 mg) and naloxone (0.25 mg); both IM and SL buprenorphine alone (8 mg); and placebo. Test sessions were twice per week; dosing was double-blind. Results: Intramuscular buprenorphine/naloxone produced dose-related increases on indices of opioid antagonist effects. Effects were consistent with naloxone-precipitated withdrawal, and were short-lived. As withdrawal effects dissipated, euphoric opioid agonist effects from buprenorphine did not appear. Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone produced neither opioid agonist nor antagonist effects. Conclusions: Intramuscular injection of buprenorphine/naloxone precipitates withdrawal in opioid dependent persons; therefore, the combination has a low abuse potential by the injection route in this population. Sublingual buprenorphine/naloxone by tablet is well tolerated in opioid dependent subjects, and shows neither adverse effects (i.e., precipitated withdrawal) nor a high abuse potential (i.e., opioid agonist effects).
Molecular diagnostics: hurdles for clinical implementation

In the coming years, molecular diagnostics will continue to be of critical importance to public health worldwide. It will facilitate the detection and characterization of disease, as well as monitoring of the drug response, and will assist in the identification of genetic modifiers and disease susceptibility. A wide range of molecular-based tests is available to assess DNA variation and changes in gene expression. However, there are major hurdles to overcome before the implementation of these tests in clinical laboratories, such as which test to employ, the choice of technology and equipment, and issues such as cost-effectiveness, accuracy, reproducibility, personnel training, reimbursement by third-party payers and intellectual property. At present, PCR-based testing predominates; however, alternative technologies aimed at reducing genome complexity without PCR are anticipated to gain momentum in the coming years. Furthermore, development of integrated chip devices (‘lab-on-a-chip’) should allow point-of-care testing and facilitate genetic readouts from single cells and molecules. Together with proteomic-based testing, these advances will improve molecular diagnostic testing and will present additional challenges for implementing such testing in health care settings.
Improved airflow around multiple rows of buildings in hot arid climates

Abstract This paper studies the natural wind environments in two locations of hot climate regions at Egypt. Aswan and Farafra in south and west Egypt were selected. Two proposed models are simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in two cases of wind velocities. The two models have different both of dimensions at passages and cavities between buildings and shapes of windward sides of buildings. The wide distances between passages of buildings at the same row and rectangular shapes that have slope exterior wall in two directions at the windward sides are devoted to Aswan. The narrow distances between passages of buildings at the same row and rectangular shapes that have trapezoid courtyards that face wind are devoted to Farafra. The results show that the Aswan model can achieve at the inlet surfaces (windward side of buildings) 1.8–2.4 m/s (60–80% of wind velocity) especially at the second and third rows of indoor air velocity which is the required indoor air velocity for comfort. The Farafra model which uses a courtyard can achieve at the inlet surface 1–1.2 m/s (33–41% of wind velocity) which is less than the required indoor air velocity for comfort. The results can achieve the high rate of wind velocity 38–70% and between two and three times comparing favorably with previous studies that report only 20% of wind velocity at the second row and 15% of wind velocity at the third row.
Effects of grain size on the corrosion resistance of wrought magnesium alloys containing neodymium

Abstract A range of grain size from 70 μm to 0.7 μm was studied for corrosion resistance of Mg–Y–RE magnesium alloy using electrochemical and constant immersion testing in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The linear polarization resistance ( R p ) showed a clear trend of increasing R p value with grain refinement. The ultrafine grained sample showed the most positive pitting potential as compared to coarse grained samples. One order of magnitude decrease in corrosion rate was observed between coarsest and ultrafine grained microstructure.
A comparison between measured wave properties and simple wave hindcasting models in shallow water

Significant wave heights and wave periods obtained from field measurements in Lake Balaton, Hungary, were compared with two versions of the shallow water wave hindcasting model published by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The version presented in CERC [3, 4] was found to give very good hindcasts of wave height but fall -20% low on wave period. The model presented in CERC [5] was 15-20% above the earlier version at long fetches and approximately equivalent at shorter fetches.
On the Extrema of Linear Least-Squares Problems

We use the concept of generalized inverses to show that the extrema of the function \(G(x) = \|Ax-b\|^2\) are minima, A being a rectangular matrix not necessarily of full rank
Cellular Inhibitor of Apoptosis 1 and 2 Are Ubiquitin Ligases for the Apoptosis Inducer Smac/DIABLO

Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are crucial regulators of programmed cell death. The mechanism by which IAPs prevent apoptosis has previously been attributed to the direct inhibition of caspases. The function of mammalian IAPs is counteracted by cell death inducer second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac)/DIABLO during apoptosis. Here we show that cIAP1 and cIAP2 are E3 ubiquitin-protein isopeptide ligases (ubiquitin ligases) for Smac. cIAPs stimulate Smac ubiquitination both in vivo andin vitro, leading to Smac degradation. cIAP1 and cIAP2 associate with overlapping but distinct subsets of E2 (ubiquitin carrier protein) ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. The substrate-dependent E3 activity of cIAPs is mediated by their RING domains and is dependent on the specific interactions between cIAPs and Smac. Similarly, Drosophila IAP1 also possesses ubiquitin ligase activity that mediates the degradation of the Drosophila apoptosis inducers Grim and HID. These results suggest a novel and conserved mechanism by which IAPs block apoptosis through the degradation of death inducers.
Transient small-polaron hopping motion.

We calculate the transient motion of a well-localized charge carrier injected into a narrow-band molecular insulator. The carrier can often move with a mobility comparable to 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V?c for a considerable time before equilibrating to form a small polaron. Thus, time-of-flight measurements on thin films may measure this mobility rather than the low, thermally activated mobility characteristic of steady-state small-polaron hopping motion.
A note on competing risks in survival data analysis

Survival analysis encompasses investigation of time to event data. In most clinical studies, estimating the cumulative incidence function (or the probability of experiencing an event by a given time) is of primary interest. When the data consist of patients who experience an event and censored individuals, a nonparametric estimate of the cumulative incidence can be obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method. Under this approach, the censoring mechanism is assumed to be noninformative. In other words, the survival time of an individual (or the time at which a subject experiences an event) is assumed to be independent of a mechanism that would cause the patient to be censored. Often times, a patient may experience an event other than the one of interest which alters the probability of experiencing the event of interest. Such events are known as competing risk events. In this setting, it would often be of interest to calculate the cumulative incidence of a specific event of interest. Any subject who does not experience the event of interest can be treated as censored. However, a patient experiencing a competing risk event is censored in an informative manner. Hence, the Kaplan-Meier estimation procedure may not be directly applicable. The cumulative incidence function for an event of interest must be calculated by appropriately accounting for the presence of competing risk events. In this paper, we illustrate nonparametric estimation of the cumulative incidence function for an event of interest in the presence of competing risk events using two published data sets. We compare the resulting estimates with those obtained using the Kaplan-Meier approach to demonstrate the importance of appropriately estimating the cumulative incidence of an event of interest in the presence of competing risk events.
A Statistical Interpretation of Student Evaluation Feedback.

This article deals with the same basic subject—student evaluation of teaching—covered by Marlin and Niss in this issue. Dilts's approach is quite different, however. Readers will want to compare the model he used with that suggested by Marlin and Niss. One of Dilts's major findings is that “student course evaluations are directly associated with grade expectations and inversely associated with the degree to which the course is required.” In his paper he proposes a method that should help “to control for factors that distort evaluation.”
Comparison of Ray Tracing and Monte Carlo Calculation Algorithms for Thoracic Spine Lesions Treated With CyberKnife-Based Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy.

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an emerging technology for the treatment of spinal metastases, although the dosimetric impact of the calculation method on spinal dose distribution is unknown. This study attempts to determine whether CyberKnife (CK)-based SBRT using a Ray Tracing (RyTc) algorithm is comparable dosimetrically to that of Monte Carlo (MC) for thoracic spinal lesions. Our institutional CK-based SBRT database for thoracic spinal lesions was queried and a cohort was generated. Patients were planned using RyTc and MC algorithms using the same beam angles and monitor units. Dose–volume histograms of the planning target volume (PTV), spinal cord, esophagus, and skin were generated, and dosimetric parameters were compared. There were 37 patients in the cohort. The average percentage volume of PTV covered by the prescribed dose with RyTc and MC algorithms was 91.1% and 80.4%, respectively (P < .001). The difference in average maximum spinal cord dose between RyTc and MC plans was signif...
Targeted ablation of cells in the pituitary primordia of transgenic mice.

The various hormones of the anterior pituitary are expressed in a specific temporal and spatial pattern during organogenesis, which is interpreted as a reflection of a temporal pattern of pituitary cytodifferentiation. The first pituitary transcripts detected are from alpha GSU, which encodes the alpha-subunit common to the gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and TSH. TSH beta-subunit transcripts appear several days later but precede transcription of the GH and FSH beta and LH beta-subunit genes. To determine the lineage relationship between the alpha-subunit-expressing cells and the other hormone-producing cells of the anterior pituitary, we have employed the technique of transgene ablation. Transgenic mice were generated that express either the normal diphtheria toxin A chain or a 30-fold less active attenuated version in pituitary gonadotrope and thyrotrope cells. The absence of detectable transcripts for alpha-subunit, TSH beta-subunit, or LH beta-subunit by in situ hybridization confirmed that ablation was co...
A selection procedure for ear drying-rates in maize

A selection procedure to change the drying rates of maize (Zea mays L.) ears was developed and tested. Results indicated that drying rates were affected by hybrid genotype, ear maturity at harvest, number of kernels per row, ear diameter, and moisture content at harvest.
Hand-Related Mechanical Behavior of Enzyme-Treated Yarns Part I: Role of the Spinning System

This work evaluates changes in the low-stress mechanical behavior of 100% cotton and cotton/polyester yarns after treatment with a cellulase enzyme. The yarns made from the same fiber stock on four different spinning systems are reeled into skeins, and the skeins are enzyme treated under identical conditions. The compression and bending properties of both treated and untreated yarns are measured to understand the influence of enzyme treatment on the hand-related mechanical behavior of the structurally different yarns. The treated cotton yarns representing different spinning systems show widely different weight losses, suggesting that both fiber erosion and fiber separation from the yarn may be contributing to the observed weight losses. Irrespective of the structural differences, most treated yarns show reduced compressive resilience, greater thickness compression, higher compression energy, and reduced linearity of the load versus compression curve, all of which indicate improved compressive softness. Most treated yarns also show reduced bending stiffness, suggesting improved yarn flexibility. The extent of changes in yarn properties is different for different yarns. Thus, the OE friction yarn accounts for the maximum change in hand-related mechanical properties among the cotton yarns, while the air-jet yarn accounts for the maximum change among the polyester/cotton yarns, suggesting that the treatment probably offers maximum tactile benefit for the yarns and fabrics representing these two spinning systems. The overall changes in the properties of the treated yarns suggest that optimally engineered woven and knitted fabrics made from these yarns will feel softer and more flexible.
Modulation of types I and III procollagen synthesis at various stages of arterial smooth muscle cell growth in vitro

Collagen synthesis was monitored in cultures of rabbit arterial smooth muscle cells (SMC). Both the rate of collagen synthesis per cell and collagen synthesis as a percent of total protein synthesis were measured at specific intervals from 1 to 14 days after inoculation of smooth muscle cells. The proportions of types I and III collagen present in the conditioned incubation medium and in the cell layer were also examined. After inoculation the cells displayed population expansion typical of SMC in which growth slowed but did not cease after the cells attained confluence. Collagen synthesis rates, expressed as [14C]hydroxyproline per cell, were eight-fold higher in preconfluent cells. In these cultures collagen accounted for more than 20% of the newly synthesized, 14C-labeled protein present as trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble material in 24 h culture media. In postconfluent cultures, this percentage was reduced to about 7% of the total protein synthesized. Synthesis rates of both collagen and non-collagen protein decreased with increasing time after inoculation. However, the rate of decline of collagen synthesis was three times greater than that seen for non-collagen protein. Early cultures synthesized relatively more type I than type III procollagen. The type I to type III ratio was highest at day 3 and declined after that time to day 14. While the synthesis of both types decreased with increasing age, type I declined at a greater rate resulting in a predominance of type III procollagen secretion by older cultures. We conclude that protein synthesis in general and collagen synthesis in particular are quantitatively and qualitatively dependent upon the growth stage of SMC in vitro.
Effects of gaps on long range surface plasmon polaritons

We show that air gaps of 50 A and less in a symmetric dielectric‐metal film‐dielectric structure lead to mode cutoff for long range surface plasmons. High index liquids are discussed as a solution to this problem for most cases.
A Drosophila model to identify polyamine-drug conjugates that target the polyamine transporter in an intact epithelium

Polyamine transport is elevated in many tumor types, suggesting that toxic polyamine-drug conjugates could be targeted to cancer cells via the polyamine transporter (PAT). We have previously reported the use of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and its PAT-deficient mutant cell line, CHO-MG, to screen anthracene-polyamine conjugates for their PAT-selective targeting ability. We report here a novel Drosophila-based model for screening anthracene-polyamine conjugates in a developing and intact epithelium ( Drosophila imaginal discs), wherein cell-cell adhesion properties are maintained. Data from the Drosophila assay are consistent with previous results in CHO cells, indicating that the Drosophila epithelium has a PAT with vertebrate-like characteristics. This assay will be of use to medicinal chemists interested in screening drugs that use PAT for cellular entry, and it offers the possibility of genetic dissection of the polyamine transport process, including identification of a Drosophila PAT.
The role of magnesium sulfate in acute asthma: does route of administration make a difference?

Purpose of review The role of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) in the treatment of acute asthma is not clear. Four recent systematic reviews suggest a limited role of intravenous (i.v.) and inhaled nebulized treatment. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature, focus on two recent large multicenter randomized controlled trials, and discuss future research directions. Recent findings The Magnesium Nebulized Trial In Children (MAGNETIC) trial has shown little benefit to routine use of nebulized MgSO4 in children with acute asthma, but there may be a benefit in those with severe exacerbations and a shorter duration of symptoms. The 3Mg trial has shown no role for nebulized MgSO4 in adults and, at best a limited role for i.v. MgSO4 in only the most severe exacerbations. This is the only study with direct comparison of nebulized and i.v. MgSO4. Summary MgSO4 has a role in severe exacerbations of acute asthma and there is no evidence of benefit outside this clinical situation. Both nebulized and i.v. treatments are well tolerated and inexpensive. In adults, the most effective route of administration is i.v. There are no direct comparison studies in children. Further research should focus on more severe exacerbations.
Pulmonary capillary recruitment in neonatal lambs.

ABSTRACT: In species having lungs large enough to develop hydrostatic perfusion zones, increased pulmonary arterial pressure causes blood flow to be redistributed from the lower to the upper lung. The blood flow increase in the upper lung recruits capillaries and increases gas exchange surface area. There is disagreement, however, about whether such capillary recruitment occurs in young animals with small lungs. To investigate this issue, we used in vivo microscopy to directly study capillary perfusion in individual alveolar walls in the upper lungs of neonatal lambs and in older lambs with larger lungs. Pulmonary arterial pressure was elevated by airway hypoxia. In neonatal lambs (<10 d old; n = 7), hypoxia increased pulmonary arterial pressure by 55% but did not cause capillary recruitment. In older lambs (20–61 d old; n = 6), hypoxia increased pulmonary arterial pressure by 40% and caused a 46% increase in recruited capillaries. These results support the hypothesis that capillary recruitment does not occur in newborn lambs when pulmonary arterial pressure increases and implies that there is limited gas exchange reserve. In older lambs, however, gas exchange reserve develops through recruitable capillaries as the lungs mature.
Barcelona's Fossar de les Moreres: Disinterring the Heterotopic

The architectural discourse has eagerly embraced, frequently misinterpreted, and reluctantly abandoned Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia since he formulated it in the late 1960s. As a response, this article recuperates heterotopia by underscoring its subversive roots, its potential for revealing the built environment's political relevance, and its usefulness in interpreting urban landscapes as unique elements of everyday life. By reformulating the idea in terms of Fossar de les Moreres, a Barcelonan memorial built in 1988 to commemorate Catalan independence, this essay serves a dual purpose: clarifying the complex meaning of one specific urban landscape while emphasizing the contemporary relevance of heterotopia, particularly in relation to landscape architecture. As it is most often landscapes which the concept, in its formalistic guise, is employed to categorize, colonize and, effectively, control, the assertion of a more accurate definition of heterotopic spaces that is based on engagement, auto...
Experimental Investigation of Plume-Induced Flow Separation on the National Launch System 1 1/2-Stage Launch Vehicle

An experimental investigation of plume-induced flow separation on the National Launch System (NLS) 1 1/2-stage launch vehicle was done. This investigation resulted from concerns raised about the flow separation that was encountered on the Saturn 5. A large similarity exists between configurations and nominal trajectories. The study involved the use of solid plume simulators to simulate the base pressure encountered by the vehicle due to engine exhaust plumes at predetermined critical Mach numbers based on Saturn 5 flight plume effects. The solid plume was varied in location, resulting in a parametric study of base pressure effects on flow separation. In addition to the parametric study of arbitrary plume locations, the base pressure resulting from the nominal trajectory was tested. This analysis was accomplished through two wind tunnel tests run at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's 14 x 14-inch Trisonic Wind Tunnel during 1992. The two tests were a static stability and a pressure test each using a 0.004-scale NLS 1 1/2-stage model. This study verified that flow separation is present at Mach 2.74 and 3.48 for predicted flight base pressures at nominal or higher levels. The flow separation at the predicted base pressure is only minor and should not be of great concern. It is not of the magnitude of the flow separation that was experienced on the Saturn 5. If the base pressure exceeds these nominal conditions, the flow separation can drastically increase, and is of concern.
Photodissociation of HONO at 218 nm: motional anisotropy of the OH fragment

Abstract The correlation of vectorial properties of the OH fragment photoejected by HONO at 218 nm is probed by sub-Doppler polarization spectroscopy. It is shown that the fragment is ejected with its plane of rotation preferentially aligned perpendicular to the recoil direction (i.e. with a propeller-type motion).
Influence of teaching assistants' motivation on student learning

Teaching assistants (TAs) are crucial for student learning, especially in large science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs with student-centered learning environments. To understand TAs' perspectives of their ability to facilitate learning in these environments, this research team conducted a mixed-methods study. This study was set in the First-Year Engineering Program at Purdue University. The TAs for this program are responsible for scaffolding student teams' learning through feedback on open-ended problems, along with some other traditional TA duties (e.g., grading student work, answering student emails). The study began with a qualitative component in which eight TAs were interviewed about their abilities to execute their various responsibilities. Based on these interview findings and literature, a survey was developed to further investigate key elements that the TAs discussed (e.g., motivation and feedback). Forty-three TAs completed the survey. Based on the analysis of TAs' responses, two regression models were made that describe the factors that effect TAs' self-reported likeliness to give effective feedback and ineffective feedback. TAs with intrinsic motivation were more likely to give more effective feedback, while TAs with extrinsic motivation were more likely to give more ineffective feedback. Also female TAs reported giving less feedback in general than male TAs.
IN SEARCH OF THERMIDOR

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of the French Revolution in Russian intellectual life. One could even make the claim that the French Revolution has had a more significant impact on modern Russian history than it has had upon modern French history! Indeed, since the end of the nineteenth century, the French Revolution has become passe in France in the sense that no Frenchman has looked at it as a blueprint for current political development. While there have been cases in which some of the old revolutionary images were invoked to bolster support for certain political activities (such as support for the war against Germany), it has never been wholeheartedly re‐embraced and there has been a sense of detachment about the revolution, a sense that modern conditions were somehow different.
Prostaglandin production by 3T3-L1 cells in culture

Rapidly growing cultures of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes produce large quantities of prostaglandins when they are either stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 or incubated with arachidonic acid. The main prostaglandin produced under all conditions was prostaglandin E2. Prostaglandin production in response to ionophore stimulation or incubation with arachidonic acid decreased markedly, however, as the cultures approached confluence, were maintained in the confluent state, or were stimulated to differentiate. Enrichment of confluent, differentiated cultures with arachidonic acid did not enhance prostaglandin production. Recovery of prostaglandin production occurred when logarithmic growth was reinstituted by reseeding confluent cultures at low cell densities, but sparse cultures maintained in a low-growth phase did not recover the ability to produce large amounts of prostaglandin E2. Therefore, the decline in prostaglandin synthetic capacity appears to be associated with the decrease in growth rate as the cells approach confluence. Media conditioned by confluent cells reduced prostaglandin E2 production when added to rapidly growing cells, suggesting that an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis may be formed by the confluent cultures. Nondifferentiating 3T3 fibroblasts, which similarly release mainly prostaglandin E2, also exhibited a decrease in prostaglandin production as the cultures became confluent. The amounts of prostaglandins produced by 3T3 cells in the confluent state were much greater, however, than those produced by confluent or differentiated 3T3-L1 cultures. These findings suggest that the low capacity to produce prostaglandins may be involved in either the induction or maintenance of differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells.
Methuselah-An expert system for diagnosis in geriatric psychiatry

Abstract This report is based on the notion that criteria for “successful” diagnosis differ for different medical specialties. Diagnostic judgement in highly unstructured task domains is best characterized as clinical problem formulation with pragmatic implications for interventions. This concept is illustrated by the implementation of a computer-based diagnostic expert system for geriatric psychiatry. The program begins with guiding the patient's interview by the clinician. This is followed by the diagnostic process which is conducted in three steps. In the first step, candidate syndromes of disease states are identified by matching the presenting complaints with symptom lists of clinical syndromes. In the second step, the candidate syndromes serve as the organizers for gathering additional patient data (e.g., information from referral source and past illnesses) to seek constellations of findings which form a coherent clinical context. In this phase, the program can also prompt the clinician to obtain additional information from the patient or other available sources to resolve conflicts or, if necessary, invoke the concurrent presence of two independent syndromes to attain convergence (i.e., minimize the number of unexplained findings). In a final step, the syndromes with highest credence value, reflected by the number of linkages to patient data, are sharpened to specific diagnostic formulations. This is accomplished by frames of diagnoses which are associated with each syndrome. Once again, the patient data can be consulted to achieve optimal matches. A summary statement to the clinician lists the essential supporting evidence for the chosen diagnosis and can communicate alternatives or unresolved issues for clarifying interventions. Although no decisive evidence is available, informal obsevvations of clinicians support the notion that clinical reasoning in highly unstructured domains is largely contextual and seeks apprehension of “gestalts” in successive steps. The diagnostic program of this report aims at simulating this process.
Changing and unchanging the diameter of a hypercube

Abstract In a network of processors representing a massively parallel computer, the speed of communication is related to the diameter of the underlying graph. We investigate how the diameter of the hypercube Qn is affected by the removal of edges (presence of edge faults). In particular, we calculate the least number of edges whose removal increases the diameter and we show that asymptotically most of the edges of Qn may be removed without changing the diameter. For this purpose, a new family of spanning subgraphs of Qn of minimum diameter are constructed from pairs of broadcast trees. The corresponding invariants for edge addition to hypercubes are also determined.
Evaluation of pulmonary functions during pressure‐limited manual ventilation in preterm neonates

Manual ventilation (MAV) or handbagging is a frequent and often life-saving procedure for neonates; however, few studies allow for an objective evaluation of techniques or possible risks. We compared parameters of ventilation and pulmonary mechanics obtained during routine pressure-limited MAV to those obtained during spontaneous breathing (SPB) in the same infant at approximately the same time. We selected 20 preterm neonates in the recovery phase of respiratory distress syndrome who received periodic MAV and were capable of optimum spontaneous minute ventilation (> 300 mL/kg/min). During MAV compared to SPB we measured higher tidal volume (8.1 +/- 0.5 SE vs. 5.4 +/- 0.4 SE mL/kg, P < 0.001), lower total pulmonary compliance (0.65 +/- 0.05 vs. 1.16 +/- 0.11 SE mL/cmH2O, P < 0.001), end-inspiratory compliance, higher pulmonary resistance (121 +/- 11 vs. 61 +/- 7 SE cmH2O/L/s, P < 0.001) and higher peak inspiratory airflow (2.8 +/- 0.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.1 L/s, P < 0.001). Inspiratory time (Ti) was consistently longer during MAV (0.49 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.36 +/- 0.02 SE, P < 0.001) such that during MAV the difference between actual Ti and minimal effective Ti (fivefold inspiratory time constant) was larger (0.29 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.13 +/- 0.03 s, P < 0.05). Our study suggests that operator-dependent ventilatory variables such as tidal volume, inspiratory time, frequency, and airflow need to be further evaluated in order to develop standardized guidelines for the safe administration of MAV. Until then the ventilator used for brief or augmented ventilatory support is a reasonable alternative to administering MAV by inconsistent standards.
Immunological specificity of antibodies to morphine and their effect on the electroencephalographic activity of morphine

Abstract Rabbit antibodies to morphine were induced by immunization with morphine conjugated to bovine gamma globulin. The relative reactivity of the antibodies with morphine and twelve other opiates was ascertained in vitro by the capacity of the opiates to inhibit the reaction between antibodies and [14C] internally labelled morphine. Of the opiates tested, codiene, heroin and dihydromorphinone exhibited binding similar in magnitude to that of morphine; meperidine, normorphine, nalorphine, dextromethorphan, methadone, fentanyl, cyclazocine, levallorphan, and naloxone exhibited greatly reduced or no binding with antibodies. These findings indicate that the methyl group on the tertiary amine and the furan ring are crucial for the antigenic specificity of the molecule. Experiments on the passive transfer of the rabbit immune globulins into electrode implanted rats subsequently challenged with morphine, demonstrated the capacity of the transferred globulins to attenuate the electroencephalogram (EEG) effect of morphine. The attenuation was characterized by the absence of the maximum effect or phase 4 of the EEG continuum, induced by administration of 20 mg/kg morphine. Globulins obtained from rats following a single administration of 20 mg/kg morphine sulphate exhibited specific binding with morphine which was demonstrable at 16 days and 32 days following injection. The development of globulins capable of binding morphine, parallels the previously reported development of physiological tolerance to the drug induced by a single administration of 20 mg/kg morphine sulphate.
Gypsy moth caterpillar dermatitis—revisited

Gypsy moth caterpillar dermatitis is a pruritic, papular, urticarial eruption on exposed skin that occurs most commonly after direct contact with the first instar larva of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). We present two case reports to illustrate its clinical and histopathologic features. Both cases occurred during the spring of 1990 and coincided with the greatest infestation of L. dispar in the Northeast to date. The pathogenesis of this distinctive gypsy moth dermatitis most likely involves histamine release by the caterpillar and a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in its host.
Dynamics of two-dimensional traveling-wave convection patterns.

We report an experimental study of traveling-wave convection patterns in a binary mixture of ethanol and water. We survey the patterns observed in a large aspect ratio cylindrical container over a broad range of Rayleigh numbers. It is found that disordered patterns observed immediately after traveling-wave convection is initiated evolve toward organized multidomain patterns and that the nature of the multidomain patterns depends on the Rayleigh number. A numerical algorithm for extracting the complex order parameter from traveling-wave patterns and measuring their dynamical properties is described. This technique is used to characterize the dynamic aspects of traveling-wave convection patterns observed near the saddle node bifurcation. It is shown that the instantaneous rate of deformation of the pattern can be determined, and use of this information as a point of comparison with model equations is discussed. The joint wave number, frequency distribution for traveling-wave patterns is calculated and is shown to be significantly different from the dispersion curves previously obtained from one-dimensional traveling-wave convection patterns. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
A Silica-Supported Iron Oxide Catalyst Capable of Activating Hydrogen Peroxide at Neutral pH Values

Iron oxides catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxidants capable of transforming recalcitrant contaminants. Unfortunately, the process is relatively inefficient at circumneutral pH values because of competing reactions that decompose H2O2 without producing oxidants. Silica- and alumina-containing iron oxides prepared by sol−gel processing of aqueous solutions containing Fe(ClO4)3, AlCl3, and tetraethyl orthosilicate efficiently catalyzed the decomposition of H2O2 into oxidants capable of transforming phenol at circumneutral pH values. Relative to hematite, goethite, and amorphous FeOOH, the silica−iron oxide catalyst exhibited a stoichiometric efficiency, defined as the number of moles of phenol transformed per mole of H2O2 consumed, which was 10−40 times higher than that of the iron oxides. The silica−alumina−iron oxide catalyst had a stoichiometric efficiency that was 50−80 times higher than that of the iron oxides. The significant enhancement in oxidant production is attributable t...
Detecting random responding using the assessment of depression inventory: A brief screening measure of depression

Background Traditionally, the assessment of random responding in psychological assessment tools has been the primary domain of large multi-scale inventories. However, the ability of clinicians to assess random responding when using short symptom inventories is also an important facet of reliably assessing psychopathology and psychological distress. Methods This study assesses the effectiveness of a short symptom inventory, the Assessment of Depression Inventory (ADI), to assess random responding. Results The responses of 335 clinical patients, 150 responses from a feigning population, and 1,000 generated random profiles were compared to determine if the Random and Reliability scales of the ADI could detect adequately random responses. Conclusions Findings indicate that even scales as short as four items can be used to detect random responses in symptom inventories at levels equivalent to or better than longer multi-scale inventories.
Central tolerance: good but imperfect

T-cell development is a highly coordinated process that depends on interactions between thymocytes, thymic epithelium, and bone marrow (BM)-derived dendritic cells (DCs). Before entering the peripheral T-cell pool, thymocytes are subject to negative selection, a process that eliminates (or deletes) T cells with high affinity toward self-antigens and therefore promotes self-tolerance. These self-antigens include those that are broadly expressed ubiquitous antigens and those whose expression is restricted to a few tissues, tissue-specific antigens (TSAs). Expression of TSAs in the thymus is mostly a property of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), and because these cells may be less capable than BM-derived DCs at mediating negative selection to ubiquitous antigens, we investigated the roles of both of these cell types in tolerance to TSAs. Here, we review our studies in which we found that mTECs were competent mediators of negative selection to a subset of TSA-reactive T cells, while thymic DCs extend the range of TSA-reactive T cells that undergo negative selection by capturing TSAs from mTECs. In addition, we recently investigated the efficiency of central tolerance to TSA during ontogeny, and we report that this process was less efficient in neonates than adult animals.
Muonium. II. Observation of the Muonium Hyperfine-Structure Interval

A full discussion is given of the microwave-spectroscopy resonance method of measuring the hyperfine-structure interval $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ of the ground state of muonium, including the theoretical value for $\ensuremath{\Delta}v$, the transition frequencies, and the resonance line shape. A complete description is also given of our experimental method of measuring $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}$ at strong magnetic field. The initial experimental results gave $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=4461.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.0$ MHz, in good agreement with the theoretical value $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}=4463.282\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.062$ MHz. The first observations of muonium chemistry are described.
Chain confinement in electrospun nanofibers of PET with carbon nanotubes

Composite nanofibers of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PET/ MWCNT) were prepared by the electrospinning method. Confinement, chain conformation, and crystallization of PET electrospun (ES) fibers were analyzed as a function of the weight fraction of MWCNTs. For the first time, we have characterized the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) in polymer electrospun fibers, with and without MWCNTs. The addition of MWCNTs causes polymer chains in the ES fibers to become more extended, impeding cold crystallization of the fibers, resulting in more confinement of PET chains and an increase in the RAF. The fraction of rigid amorphous chains greatly increased with a small amount of MWCNT loading: with addition of 2% MWCNTs, RAF increased to 0.64, compared to 0.23 in homopolymer PET ES fibers. Spatial constraints also inhibit the folding of polymer chains, resulting in a decrease in crystallinity of PET. For fully amorphous PET/MWCNT composites, MWCNTs do not affect the chain conformation of PET in the ES fibers. For cold crystallized PET/MWCNT composite nanofibers, more trans conformers were formed with the addition of MWCNTs. The increase of RAF (chain confinement) is associated with an increase of the concentration of the trans conformers in the amorphous region as the MWCNT concentration increases in the semicrystalline nanofibers.
Theory of Adsorption by Activated Carbon. IV. High-Speed Modeling of Continuous Flow Columns

Abstract An algorithm is developed for integrating the differential equations modeling the operation of a continuous flow activated carbon column. This algorithm is more than an order of magnitude faster in computation than the direct numerical integration of the differential equations, and appears to be just as accurate. Computer memory requirements are small. Results are presented showing the dependence of the breakthrough curves on the parameters of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, flow rate, influent concentrations, mass transfer rate parameter, and other quantities appearing in the model. The theory is extended to the case of several solutes competing for adsorption sites.