cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RESULTS OF IRRADIATING SACCHAROMYCES WITH MONOCHROMATIC ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT : I. MORPHOLOGICAL AND RESPIRATORY CHANGES.

Effects of measured ultra-violet light on the yeast S. cerevisiae have been studied. Methods of culturing and irradiating the yeast, of estimating the nature and extent of the changes produced, and the means used in producing and measuring the radiation are given. No evidence of a stimulative action was observed. The absorbed energy did not produce an all or none effect; arbitrary criteria must be used for judging the various inhibitory and lethal effects. With increase in the incident energy diverse effects were produced until abnormal cell growth and "death" of the cells resulted. Changes in the rate of oxygen consumption did not occur until after a high proportion of the irradiated cells were so damaged that they produced abnormal cells. The shape of the curves relating effect to energy are similar for various wave-lengths but different energies are required to produce the same effect at each of the wave-lengths studied. The similarity of the curves to that for a first order reaction is noted, but attention is called to the modifying influence of accessory factors such as the age of the cells. A comparison is made of the morphological and metabolic changes on the basis of energy requirements, and their relative value as criteria in judging the effects of ultra-violet light on yeast and physiologically similar microorganisms.
Coherent optical modulation for antenna remoting

A coherent fiber optic link employing wideband frequency modulation (FM) of the optical carrier is used to transfer radio frequency (RF) or microwave signals. This system is used to link a remotely located antenna to a conveniently located electronics processing site. The advantages of coherent analog fiber optic systems over non-coherent intensity modulated fiber optic analog transmission systems are described. An optical FM link employing an indirect transmitter to frequency modulate the optical carrier and a microwave delay line discriminator receiver is described. Measured performance data for a video signal centered at 60 MHz is presented showing the use of wideband FM in the link.
Alterations in maternal epidermal growth factor (EGF) effect testicular descent and epididymal development

Abstract Objective. (1) To determine the ability of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to reverse antiandrogen-induced cryptorchidism and epididymal abnormalities; (2) to evaluate whether alterations in maternal EGF would result in abnormal testicular descent or mal development of the epididymis. Methods. Experiment 1: Timed pregnant ICR mice were treated with either flutamide, flutamide plus EGF, or vehicle alone on gestational days 1 1 through birth. Experiment 2: Maternal EGF was abolished by removing the submandibular glands. Following timed mating, dams were treated with either flutamide, anti-EGF, DHT or vehicle alone on gestational days 11 through birth. Results. Experiment 1 : Treatment with flutamide resulted in a 36 percent (26/72) incidence of undescended testes (UDT), and a 43 percent (31/72) incidence of abnormal epididymides. Rats treated simultaneously with flutamide plus EGF had a reduced incidence of UDT (14%, 6/42) and epididymal anomalies (19%, 8/42); p Conclusions. Our findings suggest that EGF stabilizes the wolffian duct system and partially mediates testicular descent.
Social categorization and the perception of facial affect: target race moderates the response latency advantage for happy faces

Two experiments competitively test 3 potential mechanisms (negativity inhibiting responses, feature-based accounts, and evaluative context) for the response latency advantage for recognizing happy expressions by investigating how the race of a target can moderate the strength of the effect. Both experiments indicate that target race modulates the happy face advantage, such that European American participants displayed the happy face advantage for White target faces, but displayed a response latency advantage for angry (Experiments 1 and 2) and sad (Experiment 2) Black target faces. This pattern of findings is consistent with an evaluative context mechanism and inconsistent with negativity inhibition and feature-based accounts of the happy face advantage. Thus, the race of a target face provides an evaluative context in which facial expressions are categorized.
Epidemiologic features of HTLV-II: serologic and molecular evidence.

Abstract PURPOSE: A literature review was performed of the three principal subpopulations most commonly associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) with the view of identifying the prevalence and transmission routes of HTLV-II. These included blood donors (BDs), intravenous drug users (IVDUs), and Amerindians (Indian populations from the Americas). We used the major criterion of serological and molecular distinction between human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I (HTLV-I) and II (HTLV-II). Three questions were formulated in addressing the possibility that HTLV-II might be responsible for the reported prevalence and transmission of this virus in these groups. Question One: Which population groups have the highest HTLV-II seroprevalence rates? Question Two: Are worldwide HTLV infection rates among the three sub-populations associated predominantly with the HTLV-II retrovirus type? Question three: What are the principal modes of transmission of HTLV-II? METHODS: Since earlier epidemiologic studies did not routinely use assays capable of distinguishing between HTLV-I and HTLV-II antibodies, their findings are necessarily inaccurate. However, with the more recent development of enhanced serologic assays, using recombinant antigens that are capable of accurately making this differentiation, it is now possible to more precisely define the epidemiology of HTLV-II. We reviewed only those studies where serological and molecular methods of accurately distinguishing between the two retroviruses were utilized. Initially, we located 36 studies, which met this particular review criterion. Of the five different assays we identified, the most prevalent were the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ( n = 14) and the synthetic peptide-based enzyme-linked immunoassay (Synth EIA) ( n = 13). Our BD, IVDU, and Amerindian groups were also evaluated according to this differentiation schema. We were able to locate over 100 prevalence studies where focus was on some aspect of analysis of at least one or more of these three groups. By using many search terms — such as HTLV-II endemic population, seroepidemiological, as well as case control and cohort studies — we were able to create a comprehensive bibliographic database. RESULTS: The two groups identified with high HTLV-II prevalence rates are the IVDUs and Amerindian population. The importance of breast-feeding, IVDU, and contaminated blood products in the HTLV-II transmission process is confirmed. Sexual intercourse, however, as a mode of HTLV-II transmission remains problematic. CONCLUSIONS: By confining our evaluation to only those studies that used serological and/or molecular methods capable of distinguishing between the two retroviruses , we have been able to establish with confidence that there are consistent emerging patterns of HTLV-II infection in these populations.
Minority Students in Mathematics: The Reading Skills Connection

The research discussed in this paper examined the performance of male and female minority students in the subject areas of mathematics and reading. The subjects for the study consisted of over one thousand junior and senior high school students who were enrolled in fifty-nine different mathematics classes at eleven different schools across the country. Most of the students–69 percent–were of non-minority background. Blacks represented the largest portion (87.6 percent) of the minority segment. The study had four objectives: (1) to compare the performance of minority students on achievement tests in mathematics with their performance on achievement tests in reading; (2) to compare the performance of minority students on achievement tests in mathematics and reading with the performance of non-minority students in those tests; (3) to compare the performance of male minority students with that of female minority students; and (4) to consider the relationship between performance on achievement tests in reading and mathematics to course grade in mathematics. The overall purpose of the study was to further our understanding of the type of academic preparation occurring among pre-college students from minority backgrounds.
Do Trauma Stomas Ever Get Reversed

Background There is a paucity of information about the frequency and timing of reversal after stoma creation for trauma. In addition, the barriers to reversal faced by those patients are largely unknown. We hypothesize that the rate of stoma creation and reversal are low among trauma patients. Additionally, we sought to identify patient-related barriers to stoma reversal. Study Design Analysis of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development patient database, 1995−2010. Inclusion criteria were all trauma patients with hollow viscus injury. Exclusion criteria were presence of a stoma at the time of injury or death within 48 hours of admission. Patient characteristics studied included age, sex, race, Survival Risk Ratio, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and insurance status. Kaplan-Meier, logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazard analysis were performed to identify predictors of immediate and eventual reversal. Results A total of 35,346 patients had hollow viscus injury, 3,899 resulted in stoma creation; 249 (6.4%) were reversed during their initial hospitalization. After discharge, 41% of patients were reversed at 6 months, 61% at 1 year, and 72% at 5 years. Stoma reversals occurred at a different hospital from the initial admission 57.1% of the time. Black race was a significant predictor for stoma reversal during the initial hospitalization. After the initial admission, having insurance increased the likelihood of reversal significantly; however, those of black and Hispanic race had a decreased rate. Conclusions The stoma reversal rate appears to be higher than we hypothesized; this is most likely due to the high rate of patient migration between hospitals. The factors that posed substantial barriers to reversal after initial admission were lack of health insurance and black and Hispanic race/ethnicity.
Heterosexism and the Study of Women's Romantic and Friend Relationships

The study of women's relationships has been guided by cultural scripts that are deeply heterosexist. In this article, the impact of cultural scripts on the research agenda is explored concerning two aspects of romantic and friend relationships: sexuality and relationship development. Research on lesbians is used to demonstrate how the inclusion of sexual orientation in relationship research challenges heterosexist assumptions and provides new directions for research.
Diurnal variation in settling velocity of pollen released from maize and consequences for atmospheric dispersion and cross-pollination

abstract Settlingvelocityofmaize(ZeamaysL.)pollenplaysanimportantroleinitsdispersaland,therefore,cross-pollination. Estimated probability density functions (PDFs) of settling velocity based on experimentalmeasurements show strong variation between early morning and noon. The variation is correlated tothe time-integrated vapor pressure deﬁcit (VPDT) and reﬂects the drying of pollen grains. A model forthe decrease in germination rate of pollen grains exposed to atmospheric conditions suggests that thedecrease in settling velocity is accompanied by a decrease in pollen viability. A simple dispersion modelis used to illustrate the possible consequences of changes in settling velocity and germination rate forpollen dispersal and cross-pollination of maize. Results suggest that current models of pollen dispersalthat do not account for these changes overestimate cross-pollination rates.© 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. IntroductionQuantifying and predicting gene ﬂow and rates of cross-pollination in maize (Zea mays L.) have been the focus of muchresearch in the past few decades. This information is important inthe development of strategies for gene ﬂow management, whichare required to ensure maximum kernel set and high levels ofgeneticpurityinhybridseedproduction(Aylor,2003;FonsecaandWestgate, 2005) and to minimize risks associated with the spreadof genetically modiﬁed traits (Wolfenbarger and Phifer, 2000). Acomplete model of cross-pollination has to account for pollen pro-duction and release at the source, pollen entrainment into theturbulent atmosphere, pollen dispersion and deposition, pollenviability, competition with local pollen at the receptor plant, andfertilization (e.g., see Aylor et al., 2003). The entrainment, disper-sion and deposition processes are governed by the characteristicsof atmospheric turbulence and physical properties of pollen grainssuch as shape, size, density and surface characteristics (Chameckietal.,2007).Pollenpropertiesdeterminetheinertiaofpollengrainsand, therefore, their response to turbulent motion. Typically, dis-persion models neglect pollen inertia using its settling velocity instillﬂuidtorepresenttheeffectsofthepollenpropertiesondisper-sion (Jarosz et al., 2004; Dupont et al., 2006; Chamecki et al., 2009;Viner and Arritt, 2010). In this simpliﬁed modeling approach, the
Daydreaming in 40‐ to 60‐year‐old women: Menopause, health, values, and sexuality

In a cross-sectional study of 17- to 92-year-olds two midlife influences in daydreaming were observed by Giambra (1979-80): A much larger mean for daydreaming frequency at 45-49 years of age for both men and women and a much smaller mean for sexual daydreaming beginning with 50- to 54-year-old women. This study investigated these midlife influences on daydreaming on a large sample of women. The sample consisted of 477 women from 40 to 60 years of age. A total of 42 variables were investigated; these included variables related to health status, symptom presence, menstruation difficulties, sexual activity, demographic concerns, importance of various life activities, and effects of menopause. The most salient outcome of this study was that daydreaming tended to be more prevalent among women who exhibited various psychological symptoms and who were less physically healthy, and that menopause was not a moderating variable. This outcome was discussed within the current concerns framework of Klinger (1971).
Lichen diversity changes along the Mississippi River in the Minneapolis-St. Paul urban area

Abstract Lichen diversity along the Mississippi River in the Minneapolis-St. Paul urban area was studied in 2008 by sampling 37 localities along the 110-kilometer river basin, resulting in 76 species, which are thought to represent 80% of the complete flora. A significant decrease in lichen diversity toward the urban part of the river basin, as well as the presence of only one cyanolichen suggests that urban factors, e.g. air pollutants and habitat destruction may be affecting lichen diversity. In addition, lichen diversity has significantly decreased from that of 112 years ago, when a study by Fink reported 113 species, and a higher number of genera represented by a single species.
Basic issues in the mechanics of high cycle metal fatigue

Mechanics issues related to the formation and growth of cracks ranging from subgrain dimension to up to the order of one mm are considered under high cycle fatigue (HCF) conditions for metallic materials. Further efforts to improve the accuracy of life estimation in the HCF regime must consider various factors that are not presently addressed by traditional linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) approaches, nor by conventional HCF design tools such as the S-N curve, modified Goodman diagram and fatigue limit. A fundamental consideration is that a threshold level for ΔK for small/short cracks may be considerably lower than that for long cracks, leading to non-conservative life predictions using the traditional LEFM approach. Extension of damage tolerance concepts to lower length scales and small cracks relies critically on deeper understanding of (a) small crack behavior including interactions with microstructure, (b) heterogeneity and anisotropy of cyclic slip processes associated with the orientation distribution of grains, and (c) development of reliable small crack monitoring techniques. The basic technology is not yet sufficiently advanced in any of these areas to implement damage tolerant design for HCF. The lack of consistency of existing crack initiation and fracture mechanics approaches for HCF leads to significant reservations concerning application of existing technology to damage tolerant design of aircraft gas turbine engines, for example. The intent of this paper is to focus on various aspects of the propagation of small cracks which merit further research to enhance the accuracy of HCF life prediction. Predominant concern will rest with polycrystalline metals, and most of the issues pertain to wide classes of alloys.
Smoking clinic failures and recent life stress.

Abstract To test the assumption that people with greater current life stress would more likely fail at quitting smoking in stop smoking clinics, 231 smokers who attended at least one session of an ongoing series of clinics were given a “Life Change Inventory” and had their smoking status assessed at the clinic's end. A high life stress score was a strong predictor for men ( n = 88) of continuing smoking and dropping out of the clinics, but not for the women ( n = 143). No difference in the numbers of life change items was reported between the sexes. Younger, lighter-smoking women did significantly better at stopping than older, heavier-smoking females, a relationship not found in the males. For this sample's males, life stress appears to be an important factor reducing motivation when undertaking changing another habit. It seems reasonable to counsel males under high life stress about their low chances of stopping smoking before subjecting themselves to a failure experience in a clinic.
Screening for domestic violence in a general pediatric clinic: be prepared!

Objectives. Exposure to violence, particularly domestic violence (DV), negatively affects children9s physical, emotional, and cognitive well-being. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends routine DV screening of female caretakers of pediatric patients. Few reports of screening in pediatric practices exist, and none have reported outcomes from a resident-run urban academic center. We set out to determine whether the use of the Partner Violence Screen (PVS) increases detection of DV and to test the mechanics of implementing large-scale DV screening in a busy, pediatric residency training clinic. Methods. Using the PVS, we screened a sample of consecutive female caretakers/guardians of children seen for pediatric care in the general pediatric clinic of Children9s Hospital of Michigan from March 1, 2002, through February 28, 2003. Positive screens obtained during the study period were compared with the number of DV referrals received by the clinic social workers from January 1, 2001, through December 31, 2001, before PVS screening began. To test the mechanics of screening, we also analyzed the number of forms returned blank or marked “no opportunity to screen” in the last 8 months of the study period. Results. In the 12 months before use of the PVS, our social work department received 9 referrals because of DV from the general pediatric clinic, among a total of 5446 caretakers/guardians bringing 6380 children for a total of 13 576 patient care visits. In contrast, the social work department received 164 referrals because of positive screening results among 5445 caretakers/guardians bringing 7429 children for 17 346 patient care visits in the 12-month study period after introduction of the PVS. Fourteen of 164 positive PVSs were found to involve nondomestic violence perpetrated by nonpartners or violence with the patient as the victim, not the mother or female caretaker. A total of 150 PVSs involved true DV. The difference in identification of DV with the PVS, compared with the rate before its introduction, was highly significant. The positive predictive value for the PVS was 91.5%, and the identified prevalence rate was 3.7%. In the last 8 months of the study period, 6301 of 8055 PVS forms (78%) were completed; 1754 of 8055 PVS forms (22%) were left blank, but it was not possible to determine whether these represented duplicate screening forms for instances in which the mother or female caretaker had brought >1 child for care. Conclusions. Formal screening for DV with the PVS in this study setting of a busy, urban, academic, general pediatric clinic appeared to be very successful, in terms of increasing referrals and documentation of previously unrecognized DV situations. This increase signals the need for resources (time and/or social work services) to provide appropriate referral services. The PVS identifies nonpartner violence occasionally.
Band-selective chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging with hyperpolarized xenon-based molecular sensors.

Abstract Molecular imaging based on saturation transfer in exchanging systems is a tool for amplified and chemically specific magnetic resonance imaging. Xenon-based molecular sensors are a promising category of molecular imaging agents in which chemical exchange of dissolved xenon between its bulk and agent-bound phases has been use to achieve sub-picomolar detection sensitivity. Control over the saturation transfer dynamics, particularly when multiple exchanging resonances are present in the spectra, requires saturation fields of limited bandwidth and is generally accomplished by continuous wave irradiation. We demonstrate instead how band-selective saturation sequences based on multiple pulse inversion elements can yield saturation bandwidth tuneable over a wide range, while depositing less RF power in the sample. We show how these sequences can be used in imaging experiments that require spatial–spectral and multispectral saturation. The results should be applicable to all CEST experiments and, in particular, will provide the spectroscopic control required for applications of arrays of xenon chemical sensors in microfluidic chemical analysis devices.
In vivo optical imaging using quantum dots for the management of brain tumors

The surgical management of brain tumors requires the precise localization of tumor tissues within normal brain parenchyma in order to achieve accurate diagnostic biopsy and complete surgical resection. Quantum dots are optical semiconductor nanocrystals that exhibit stable, bright fluorescence. The intravenous injection of quantum dots is accompanied by reticuloendothelial system and macrophage sequestration. Macrophages infiltrate brain tumors and phagocytize intravenously injected quantum dots, optically labeling the tumors. Macrophage-mediated delivery of quantum dots to brain tumors may represent a novel technique to label tumors preoperatively. Quantum dots within tumors may be detected with optical imaging and optical spectroscopy tools, providing the surgeon with real-time optical feedback during the resection and biopsy of brain tumors.
A quantitative Golgi study in the occipital cortex of the pyramidal dendritic topology of old adult rats from social or isolated environments

It has been previously established that the housing condition influences the appearance of the dendritic tree in young animals. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the extent of the influence that the housing condition exerts on morphometric studies involving old animals. Specifically, we found superficial pyramidal cells from the visual cortex of socially aged 20-month-old rats had more extensive oblique dendritic trees than neurons from isolated rats of the same age. The basal dendritic tree of neurons from socially reared rats was denser nearest layer IV while the basal dendritic tree of neurons from isolated rats appeared to shift away from layer IV. Our results indicate that the external environment is an independent variable and cortical dendritic morphology is a dependent variable in studies on old adult rats. Thus, the external environment should be considered in reporting results of aging studies on dendritic topology.
Extinction of diffusion flames burning diluted methane and diluted propane in diluted air

Abstract A theoretical and experimental investigation of the extinction limits of counterflow diffusion flames burning methane and propane is outlined. A diffusion flame is stabilized between counterflowing streams of a fuel diluted with nitrogen and air diluted with nitrogen. Extinction limits for such flames were measured over a wide parametric range. Results for methane and propane were found to be in approximate agreement with previous measurements. The experimental results are interpreted by use of activation energy asymptotic theories developed previously. The gas-phase chemical reaction is approximated as a one step, irreversible process with a large value for the ratio of the activation energy characterizing the chemical reaction to the thermal energy in the flame. Equilibrium dissociation of products is neglected. The theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results, and the overall chemical kinetic rate parameters characterizing the gas-phase oxidation of methane and propane in a diffusion flame are deduced. The overall chemical kinetic rate parameters deduced by use of this procedure are valid only at flame temperatures where equilibrium dissociation is negligible. The scalar dissipation rate at extinction is predicted over a wide range.
Many-Body Interactions in a Restricted Dimensionality Sample of Ultracold Rydberg Atoms

We study interactions among atoms in an ultracold Rydberg sample. Exciting a long thin tube of atoms restricts the sample's dimensionality, allowing us to explore the transition between two- and many-body interactions. NSF grant #0134676.
LOW GROWTH HORMONE (GH) DUE TO DEFECTIVE ADRENERGIC RESPONSIVENESS IN ANOREXIA NERVOSA (AN), AN EARLY HYPOTHALAMIC DEFECT

We studied GH levels in 18 adolescents with AN (12-20 yrs). Our patient population differs from others studied in that our patients are younger and at an earlier stage of the disease (12 with symptoms of 1 year or less). Mean weight was 77.8 ± 11.4 Ibs. and mean height was 61.8 ± 3.3 in. All had amenorrhea (4 primary and 11 secondary). Cerebral atrophy was present in 15 of 18. The mean basal level of GH (2.3 ng/ml) was comparable to that in 10 adolescent female controls (4.1 ng/ml). A low basal GH level in AN patients contrasts to other studies which report abnormally high basal GH levels in some patients. A blunted GH response (±10 ng/ml) to clonidine stimulation was noted in 15 of 18 (83%) patients. The mean maximum GH response to clonidine was 6.0 ng/ml. There was an inverse correlation (r=-.42) between GH response and weight loss (p<.05). These low GH responses could account for our previous findings that a disproportionate number of patients with AN are short. In view of other studies which report an elevated response of GH to GRF, our results suggest that Che abnormalities in GH secretion result from an abnormal hypothalamic response to adrenergic stimuli. Low GH responses to stimuli and cerebral atrophy both correlate best with acute weight loss and are therefore findings expected in the early phase in the disease. Other reports of high GH levels may reflect changes as AN becomes chronic.
Diffusion of information in medical care.

This paper presents evidence that doctors behave very differently in making treatment recommendations depending on the region where they work, creating large variations in the quantities of care delivered to seemingly standardized populations. This evidence on "variations" (and the failure of normal explanations of the variations) leaves almost by default the idea that incomplete diffusion of information about the efficacy of medical information must be largely responsible. The paper then discusses reasons why this problem might occur: difficulties in collecting information about the success of medical procedures; difficulties in establishing property rights to such information, even if it were to be collected; and liability considerations that hinder adoption of any information that is collected. It concludes with some suggestions for addressing these problems.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of hydrocarbon-seep bivalves on the Gulf of Mexico lower continental slope

Abstract Stable isotope compositions of cold-seep bivalves can illuminate processes that affect the chemical and isotopic compositions of seeping fluids along the continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico as well as provide insight into the physiological ecology of these species. Carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions were analyzed in mussels and clams from 14 seep sites spanning a depth range of 1000 to 2800 m along the lower Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Mussels of three species found on the lower slope, Bathymodiolus childressi, B. brooksi, and B. heckerae, showed site-specific differences in tissue δ13C, reflecting differences in the local methane pool. Mussels from sites on the lower slope sitting atop the contiguous salt sheet generally had tissue δ13C values that reflected a stronger biogenic methane signal (−70.8 to −58.8‰) than mussels on the upper slope or seaward of the Sigsbee Escarpment (−67.3 to −40.4‰). Clams (Calyptogena ponderosa and Calyptogena sp. nov.) had a narrow range of δ13C values between −37.0 and −34.4‰, indicating that their thiotrophic symbionts are fixing primarily seawater-dissolved organic carbon. The most depleted tissue δ15N values yet published for both mussels and clams are reported in this study at −23.7 and −9.2‰, respectively. These depleted values have implications for the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen by these symbioses and the concentrations of particular inorganic nitrogen sources in the local environment.
II. Synthesis of bis(methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate)osmate from methyl oleate and osmium tetroxide under conditions used for fixation of biological material

Abstract 1. 1. Methyl oleate was reacted with osmium tetroxide in water at 0°, conditions very similar to those used for fixation of biological material with osmium tetroxide. 2. 2.The major reaction product (the only one containing the fatty acid) was identified as bis(methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate)osmate. 3. 3.Methods are described for the isolation of this compound and for its characterization by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography.
A Case of Refractory Kawasaki Disease Complicated by Peripheral Ischemia

Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute systemic vasculitis that primarily affects infants and young children, is occasionally refractory to initial high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Some patients with KD develop peripheral gangrene as a fatal complication, though this is rare. There has been no case reported in the literature of complicated peripheral gangrene that completely resolved without sequelae. Recently, we encountered a patient with KD which was refractory to IVIG, later developing peripheral gangrene. For the treatment of a peripheral gangrene dexamethasone, methotrexate, and an anticoagulant were administered, resulting in resolution of the gangrenous lesions without sequelae. Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce permanent sequelae and mortality from refractory KD complicated by peripheral ischemia.
Genetic variation in invasive species response to direct and indirect species interactions.

Biotic resistance to invasion arises from strong species interactions that decrease the fitness and population growth rates of potential invaders. Strong, direct interactions such as predation and competition are typically thought to drive biotic resistance, but in diverse communities, indirect interactions among species may also affect biotic resistance. Further, genetic variation in traits of the invading species that affect species interactions may allow some genotypes to overcome biotic resistance. We investigated the direct and indirect effects of a native legume (Acmispon wrangelianus) and insect herbivores on the fitness of different genotypes of an invasive legume (Medicago polymorpha) in a California grassland. Insect herbivores decreased Medicago fitness, but only in the presence of Acmispon, suggesting that indirect interactions mediated through insects and Acmispon are important for deterring Medicago invasion. Some Medicago genotypes were less affected by interactions with other species, however. This genetic variance suggests that while biotic resistance reduced the reproductive success of most genotypes, a few genotypes were able to overcome these complex interactions. However, Medicago invasion was unsuccessful in all treatments at several of our sites, suggesting that factors beyond those manipulated here also play a key role at many sites. At sites where biotic resistance is important, spatial and temporal variation in community composition and the genetic composition of the invasion pool may explain the invasion success of Medicago into this community.
Sodium lactate increases sympathovagal ratios in normal control subjects: Spectral analysis of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

We used spectral analysis of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and respiration to examine the effects of lactate on cholinergic and adrenergic influences on HR and BP variability, a technique found to be very useful in cardiovascular research. We specifically used high frequency (0.2-0.5 Hz) and midfrequency (0.07-0.15 Hz) powers to study cholinergic and adrenergic activity in nine normal control subjects before and after lactate and placebo infusions. Our results demonstrate a marked decrease in cholinergic activity and a significant increase in sympathovagal ratios of HR modulation after lactate infusions. This altered sympathovagal balance may contribute to the panicogenic effects of lactate in panic disorder patients.
Teaching Students to Visualize: Nine Key Questions for Success

ABSTRACT The seemingly simple task associated with formal reading instruction may be problematic for many students with speech and language delays who often enter school with meager literacy experiences (B. K. Gunn, D. C. Simmons, & E. J. Kame'enui, 1999). However, the challenges that students face may be reduced when reading instruction includes opportunities for students to turn inward and reflect on ways that they use their language to read and write. The ability to reflect inward and use language to visualize words was thought to be a powerful tool for this population. The author developed a 2-year pilot program to determine whether a set of 9 key questions would help this population of students to increase the visualization and retell skills necessary for effective reading comprehension.
Synthetic vision for low-visibility aircraft operations: what we know and what we do not know

The joint FAA/DoD/industry synthetic vision technology demonstration (SVTD), completed in 1993, is but one of the many efforts conducted over the past three decades to provide all- weather visibility to the pilot for landing, take-off, and airport surface operations. The data collected in that demonstration is currently being organized in a database for use by industry, academic and government researchers. This paper summarizes the SVTD program and describes the lessons learned. While the SVTD concluded that there appear to be no insurmountable obstacles to the implementation of synthetic vision the demonstration also underscored the need for further research and development to satisfy specific operational requirements. We discuss some of the issues not yet fully resolved and identify the data still needed and effort required to resolve these issues. Topics addressed include operational requirements, atmospheric conditions, sensor performance, image processing, display performance, image enhancement, data fusion and certification.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Moonlighting Glutamate Formiminotransferases Can Functionally Replace 5-Formyltetrahydrofolate Cycloligase

5-Formyltetrahydrofolate (5-CHO-THF) is formed by a side reaction of serine hydroxymethyltransferase. Unlike other folates, it is not a one-carbon donor but a potent inhibitor of folate enzymes and must therefore be metabolized. Only 5-CHO-THF cycloligase (5-FCL) is generally considered to do this. However, comparative genomic analysis indicated (i) that certain prokaryotes lack 5-FCL, implying that they have an alternative 5-CHO-THF-metabolizing enzyme, and (ii) that the histidine breakdown enzyme glutamate formiminotransferase (FT) might moonlight in this role. A functional complementation assay for 5-CHO-THF metabolism was developed in Escherichia coli, based on deleting the gene encoding 5-FCL (ygfA). The deletion mutant accumulated 5-CHO-THF and, with glycine as sole nitrogen source, showed a growth defect; both phenotypes were complemented by bacterial or archaeal genes encoding FT. Furthermore, utilization of supplied 5-CHO-THF by Streptococcus pyogenes was shown to require expression of the native FT. Recombinant bacterial and archaeal FTs catalyzed formyl transfer from 5-CHO-THF to glutamate, with k(cat) values of 0.1-1.2 min(-1) and K(m) values for 5-CHO-THF and glutamate of 0.4-5 μM and 0.03-1 mM, respectively. Although the formyltransferase activities of these proteins were far lower than their formiminotransferase activities, the K(m) values for both substrates relative to their intracellular levels in prokaryotes are consistent with significant in vivo flux through the formyltransferase reaction. Collectively, these data indicate that FTs functionally replace 5-FCL in certain prokaryotes.
Satisfaction of what? Post hoc versus real-time construct validity.

Abstract Post hoc satisfaction (PHS) and real‐time satisfaction (RTS) are alternative ways to operationalize recreation satisfaction. PHS is an appraisal of a recrea‐tionist's current image of the recreation experience assessed after the on‐site activity has occurred. RTS is an appraisal of a recreationist's current state. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between these two constructs and their empirical operations. Satisfaction was assessed at 12 times during a day hike (RTS), on‐site immediately after the hike (PHS‐0), at home 3 months after the hike (PHS‐3), and at home 9 months after the hike (PHS‐9). Results indicate that PHS‐0 and the summary indicators of the RTS assessments were significantly related (R2 = .31, p < .01). The relation between PHS‐3 and RTS exhibited a reduced fit (R2 = .18, p < .01) and a still weaker fit between PHS‐9 and RTS (R2 = .04, p < .10). In addition, PHS‐0 was significantly greater than both PHS‐3 and PHS‐9. The analysis and discussion suggest that dif...
Quasi-decentralized networked process control using an adaptive communication policy

This work presents a model-based quasi-decentralized networked control structure with a state-dependent communication policy for plants with interconnected units that exchange measurements over a shared, resource-constrained communication network. The objective is to find a strategy for establishing and terminating communication between the local control systems in a way that minimizes network resource utilization without jeopardizing closed-loop stability. To this end, a Lyapunov-based controller that enforces closed-loop stability in the absence of communication suspensions is initially designed. A set of dynamic models are included within each local control system to provide estimates of the states of the neighboring units when measurements are not transmitted through the network. To determine when communication must be re-established, the evolution of each Lyapunov function is monitored locally within each unit such that if it begins to breach a certain stability threshold at any time, the sensor suites of the neighboring units are prompted to send their data over the network to update their corresponding models. Communication is then suspended for as long as the Lyapunov function continues to decay. The underlying idea is to use the Lyapunov stability constraint for each unit as the basis for switching on or off the communication between a given unit and its neighbors. This formulation, which leads to a state-dependent time-varying communication rate, allows the plant to respond adaptively to changes in operating conditions. Finally, the results are illustrated through an application to a chemical plant example.
Multiwavelength absorbance of filter deposits for determination of environmental tobacco smoke and black carbon

A multiwavelength optical absorption technique has been developed for Teflon filters used for personal exposure sampling with sufficient sensitivity to allow apportionments of environmental tobacco smoke and soot (black) carbon to be made. Measurements on blank filters show that the filter material itself contributes relatively little to the total absorbance and filters from the same lot have similar characteristics; this makes retrospective analysis of filters quite feasible. Using an integrating sphere radiometer and multiple wavelengths to provide specificity, the determination of tobacco smoke and carbon with reasonable accuracy is possible on filters not characterized before exposure. This technique provides a low cost, non-destructive exposure assessment alternative to both standard thermo-gravimetric elemental carbon evaluations on quartz filters and cotinine analyses from urine or saliva samples. The method allows the same sample filter to be used for assessment of mass, carbon, and tobacco smoke without affecting the deposit.
Effect of reaction zone temperature profiles on the pulsation frequency of flames spreading across a ceiling in the direction of the prevailing flow

In this paper, a hydrodynamic stability analysis is performed for the wind-aided flame spread problem in the ceiling configuration. The effect of the reaction zone temperature profile on stability is analyzed. It is found that the Froude number is the only parameter affecting the pulsation frequency of the flame once the temperature and velocity profiles are specified. The infinite-reaction-rate flame profile is the most unstable: generally, the sharper the temperature profile at the flame, the higher is its characteristic oscillation frequency. It is also found that the oscillation frequency increases with the B number.
Calibration/validation of SeaWinds on ADEOS-II

A microwave scatterometer of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States, SeaWinds, was launched on the second Advanced Earth Observing System (ADEOS-II) of the Japanese Space Agency (NASDA) in December 2002. A preliminary data set was released to the Ocean Vector Wind Science Team (OVWST) for calibration/validation on July 15, 2003. A comparison of this data set with ocean buoy measurements was performed and the quality of the data was found to be very similar to that from an identical scatterometer deployed on NASA QuikSCAT mission. An overview of potential unique impact of SeaWinds on ADEOS-2 is also presented.
Cell cycle-dependent and DNA damage-inducible nuclear localization of FEN-1 nuclease is consistent with its dual functions in DNA replication and repair.

Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN-1), a 43-kDa protein, is a structure-specific and multifunctional nuclease. It plays important roles in RNA primer removal of Okazaki fragments during DNA replication, DNA base excision repair, and maintenance of genome stability. Three functional motifs of the enzyme were proposed to be responsible for its nuclease activities, interaction with proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and nuclear localization. In this study, we demonstrate in HeLa cells that a signal located at the C terminus (the nuclear localization signal (NLS) motif) facilitates nuclear localization of the enzyme during S phase of the cell cycle and in response to DNA damage. Truncation of the NLS motif prevents migration of the protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, while having no effect on the nuclease activities and its proliferating cell nuclear antigen interaction capability. Site-directed mutagenesis further revealed that a mutation of the KRK cluster to three alanine residues completely blocked the localization of FEN-1 into the nucleus, whereas mutagenesis of the KKK cluster led to a partial defect of nuclear localization in HeLa cells without observable phenotype in yeast. Therefore, the KRKXXXXXXXX KKK motif may be a bipartite NLS driving the protein into nuclei. Yeast RAD27Δ cells transformed with human mutant Mkrk survived poorly upon methyl methanesulfonate treatment or when they were incubated at an elevated temperature.
Prospective effects of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and sex on adolescent substance use and abuse.

Context Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), an early manifestation of externalizing behavior, may identify children at high risk for later substance abuse. However, the ADHD–substance abuse relationship often disappears when co-occurring conduct disorder (CD) is considered. Objective To determine whether there is a prospective relationship between ADHD and the initiation of substance use and disorders, and whether this relationship depends on the ADHD subtype (hyperactive/impulsive or inattentive), CD, or sex. Design, Setting, and Participants Dimensional and categorical measures of ADHD and CD were examined via logistic regression analyses in relation to subsequent initiation of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use by 14 years of age and onset of substance use disorders by 18 years of age in a population-based sample of 11-year-old twins (760 female and 752 male twins) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Main Outcome Measures Structured interviews were administered to adolescents and their mothers regarding substance use and to generate diagnoses. Results For boys and girls, hyperactivity/impulsivity predicted initiation of all types of substance use, nicotine dependence, and cannabis abuse/dependence (for all, P 4.27). Conclusions Hyperactivity/impulsivity predicts later substance problems, even after growth in later-emerging CD is considered, whereas inattention alone poses less risk. Even a single symptom of ADHD or CD is associated with increased risk. Failure in previous research to consistently observe relationships between ADHD and substance use and abuse outcomes could be due to reliance on less-sensitive categorical diagnoses.
“Stay, Give Me Your Paw.” The Benefits of Family-Centered Care

The value of family-centered care in general and subspecialty pediatrics has been well documented in the literature. Translation of these principles into perioperative medicine has its logistical challenges; however, there are theoretical benefits. Specifically, pediatric patients with psychiatric diagnoses or special needs related to autism benefit from the incorporation of service animals into their daily routines. We describe the presence of one such service dog, at the request of our patient, during induction of general anesthesia. Consideration of the service dog as part of our family-centered care model improved the quality of care we provided this anxious teenager and her mother.
Editorial: distributed signal processing techniques for wireless sensor networks

1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA 2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA 3Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA 4Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA 5Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA