cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemic diarrhea of the newborn

Summary Three outbreaks of epidemic diarrhea of the newborn, involving a total of eighty-five infants, were observed in the past three years. 1. Fifty-nine full-term infants were involved in the first, thirteen premature infants in the second, and thirteen full-term infants in the last outbreak. 2. The morbidity rates for the three epidemics were 17.5 per cent, 81 per cent, and 6 per cent, respectively. 3. The infants in the first and second groups were for the most part not sick clinically and responded to simple isolation with no drastic limitations in their feedings. The third group were all very sick and showed classic signs and symptoms of grave gastrointestinal intoxication. Vigorous treatment, including starvation, parenteral fluids, transfusions, and a careful slow resumption of feeding, resulted in no deaths in this group. 4. No definite pathogenic organism was found in the stools of the full-term infants. From the stools of 70 per cent of the premature infants B. coli mutabile or hemolytic B. coli or both were cultured. 5. The low morbidity rates in the full-term infants (17.5 per cent and 6.1 per cent) indicate the desirability of prompt drastic isolation measures. 6. The fact that there were no deaths in the third group of very sick infants indicates that in the neonatal period treatment as drastic as that used for older infants with gastrointestinal intoxication may, under certain conditions, be desirable.
Studies on olfactory acuity in dogs. (1) discriminatory behaviour in problem box situations

Summary In all, thirty-six dogs were used in attempting to establish olfactory discrimination in three types of problem boxes which required a right or left hand turning response at the choice point. In most instances it was questionable whether the animals were discriminating between the odour substances when they made a successful response, or whether they were utilising some other set of non-olfactory cues. It was clear that they would use a flashing light or some useful signal from a dog handler to better advantage in associating a proper turn with reward than they would seize upon differences in smell to guide them. They could readily learn the steps necessary to escape from a box without ever learning to associate a given odour with a proper turn.
The Distributive Relations of Indirect Goods

The relative movements of products and costs as related to crises; various views, especially Carver's positions, one of which was underwritten by Mitchell, 635. — Prices and wages, prices and consumers' goods, prices and margins, prices and titles of ownership, 638. — The widening margins of good times; material costs versus wage costs, 643. — The narrowing margins of bad times; materials versus labor, 645. — Remoteness as a distributive category, 646. — Varieties of raw materials and of appliances, 648. — Speculation as explanation for the statistics, 654. — Divergencies between dates of contracts and of quotations and between the unlisted manufacturers' prices and the listed wholesalers' prices as probably the main explanation, 660.
F/A-18 Performance Benefits Measured During the Autonomous Formation Flight Project

The Autonomous Formation Flight (AFF) project at the NASA Dryden Flight Research Center (Edwards, California) investigated performance benefits resulting from formation flight, such as reduced aerodynamic drag and fuel consumption. To obtain data on performance benefits, a trailing F/A-18 airplane flew within the wing tip-shed vortex of a leading F/A-18 airplane. The pilot of the trail airplane used advanced station-keeping technology to aid in positioning the trail airplane at precise locations behind the lead airplane. The specially instrumented trail airplane was able to obtain accurate fuel flow measurements and to calculate engine thrust and vehicle drag. A maneuver technique developed for this test provided a direct comparison of performance values while flying in and out of the vortex. Based on performance within the vortex as a function of changes in vertical, lateral, and longitudinal positioning, these tests explored design-drivers for autonomous stationkeeping control systems. Observations showed significant performance improvements over a large range of trail positions tested. Calculations revealed maximum drag reductions of over 20 percent, and demonstrated maximum reductions in fuel flow of just over 18 percent.
Hypothermia-induced amnesia for newly acquired and old reactivated memories: Commonalities and distinctions

A series of six experiments compared the characteristics of hypothermia-induced amnesia for newly acquired and old reactivated memories. Old memory, when reactivated by cue exposure, was disrupted by mild or deep hypothermia treatment, while new memory was impaired only by deep cooling. Mild hypothermia had no disruptive influence on either new or old memories. Old, but not new, learning showed recovery from amnesia in a test-retest procedure. The onset of amnesia was more rapid for an old reactivated memory than for a newly acquired memory. The susceptibility of memory to disruption decreased over time following original learning or cue reactivation, although this decrease was, if anything, more rapid following the cuing procedure. Recovery from amnesia could be induced by a recooling reminder treatment and was similar for both new and old memories. It was suggested that activity of, or access to, memory rather than age per se determines susceptibility to disruption. The process of memory reactivation appears somewhat more sensitive, rapid, and brief than the processes) of memory formation. However, that the underlying old memory remains stable over time was supported by the strong retention when specific implicit or explicit reactivation cues were available.
Handheld photoacoustic probe to detect both melanoma depth and volume at high speed in vivo

We applied a linear-array-based photoacoustic probe to detect melanin-containing melanoma tumor depth and volume in nude mice in vivo. This system can image melanomas at five frames per second (fps), which is much faster than our previous handheld single transducer system (0.1 fps). We first theoretically show that, in addition to the higher frame rate, almost the entire boundary of the melanoma can be detected by the linear-array-based probe, while only the horizontal boundary could be detected by the previous system. Then we demonstrate the ability of this linear-array-based system in measuring both the depth and volume of melanoma through phantom, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments. The volume detection ability also enables us to accurately calculate the rate of growth of the tumor, which is an important parameter in quantifying the tumor activity. Our results show that this system can be used for clinical melanoma diagnosis and treatment in humans at the bedside.
Energetics and lattice contraction of beta -phase YH2+x.

The cubic ${\mathrm{YH}}_{2+\mathit{x}}$ system with an extended hydrogen composition is studied using the pseudopotential method and the local-density-functional approximation with a plane-wave basis. The study focuses on the \ensuremath{\beta} phase with the metal atoms forming a face-centered-cubic lattice and the octahedral sites partially occupied by hydrogen for 0x1. The self-consistent total-energy calculation is performed by employing the supercell modeling method. The structural property, in particular, the volume contraction with increasing x, is investigated by analyzing the energy changes for different site occupation. It is found that the lattice contracts mainly to increase the interaction of the additional electron and the metal d potential. In addition, the (420)-plane ordering of the x-excess hydrogen is examined for ${\mathrm{YH}}_{2.25}$ and is confirmed by energetics studies.
Preservice Elementary Teachers' Self-Efficacy Beliefs about Equitable Science Teaching: Does Service Learning Make a Difference?.

This pilot study investigated the effect of community-based service learning on the self-efficacy beliefs of preservice elementary teachers in regards to equitable science teaching and learning. Using the Self-Efficacy Beliefs About Equitable Science Teaching (SEBEST) instrument (Ritter, Boone, & Rubba, 2001), pre-and posttest data from 32 preservice elementary teachers who were enrolled in two different science methods courses were analyzed. Findings from this study suggest that community-based service learning significantly influenced preservice elementary teachers’ outcome expectancy toward equitable science teaching and learning.
Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam

Major considerations in the acceptance and impact of new antiepileptic drugs include their pharmacokinetics and their potential for interaction with other drugs. The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam, a newly approved add-on antiepileptic agent for partial-onset seizures in adults, has been evaluated in 27 phase I and II studies. Consistent findings in these studies include rapid and complete oral absorption, linear dose kinetics, a minimal degree of protein binding, and predominantly renal excretion. Because of the lack of hepatic metabolism and low protein binding, the risk of interaction with other drugs is considered low.
Mixing, Flow and Chemical Reaction of Partially Miscible Components in Micro-Scale Channels

Abstract This paper addresses single- and two-phase flows in channels having widths in the range 0.1–10 microns. The focus is on differences in phenomena compared to mixing and flow in macro-channels. Major differences include the speed of cross-channel diffusion, the importance of axial diffusion, and effects due to the finite thickness of the interface between partially miscible phases and the chemical nature of the channel walls. Results and computational techniques are provided for estimating mixing times in initially striated flows, for the effects of combined cross-channel and axial diffusion on chemical reactions, and on the spatial-mean concentrations, convected-mean concentrations and relative flow rates of partially miscible components and the possibility of flow enhancement through the choice of wall chemistry.
Corticocapsular cleavage during phacoemulsification: Viscodissection versus hydrodissection. Miyake-Apple view analysis.

Purpose To compare the corticocapsular separation created by viscodissection and by hydrodissection using Miyake–Apple video-photographic analysis. Setting University-based center. Methods Fourteen cadaver eyes were randomized to hydrodissection (Group 1, n=7) or viscodissection (Group 2, n=7). Twelve eyes were prepared for Miyake–Apple viewing. One eye in each group was prepared to simulate a closed chamber. On Miyake–Apple viewing, corticocapsular separation was graded from 0 to 3 after hydrodissection/viscodissection and at the sculpting, nuclear division, and early and late fragment removal stages. The surgeon's subjective impression of the mechanical cushion effect was noted. Histopathology of the capsular bag was performed in 4 eyes in each group to determine the amount of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs). Results More space was created and maintained between the capsule and cortex in Group 2 than in Group 1. The mean scores in Groups 1 and 2 were endpoint of hydrodissection/viscodissection 1.92 ± 0.38 and 2.58 ± 0.38, respectively ( P = .05); sculpting, 1.6 ± 0.42 and 2.3 ± 0.45, respectively ( P = .05); nuclear division, 0.9 ± 0.42 and 1.5 ± 0.35, respectively ( P = .13); early fragment removal, 0.6 ± 0.22 and 1.0 ± 0, respectively ( P = .04); and late fragment removal, 0.1 ± 0.22 and 0.4 ± 0.22, respectively ( P = .17). Although only early fragment removal achieved statistical significance, the surgeon's impression confirmed greater cushion effect with viscodissection. Residual LECs in the 2 groups were comparable. Conclusion Viscodissection as an adjunct to hydrodissection created and maintained greater corticocapsular separation than hydrodissection alone during phacoemulsification.
Freezing-Induced Phase Separation and Spatial Microheterogeneity in Protein Solutions

Amid decades of research, the basic mechanisms of lyo-/cryostabilization of proteins and more complex organisms have not yet been fully established. One major bottleneck is the inability to probe into and control the molecular level interactions. The molecular interactions are responsible for the significant differences in the outcome of the preservation processes.(1) In this communication, we have utilized confocal Raman microspectroscopy to quantify the freezing-induced microheterogeneity and phase separation (solid and liquid) in a frozen solution composed of a model protein (lysozyme) and a lyo-/cryoprotectant (trehalose), which experienced different degrees of supercooling. Detailed quantitative spectral analysis was performed across the ice, the freeze-concentrated liquid (FCL) phases, and the interface region between them. It was established that the characteristics of the microstructures observed after freezing depended not only on the concentration of trehalose in the solution but also on the deg...
Effects of combined administration of vitamins C and E on reactive hyperemia and inflammatory process in chronic smokers.

Abstract Purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined administration of antioxidant vitamins C and E on endothelial function and serum levels of inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukines 1b (IL-1b) and 6 (IL-6), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin in chronic smokers. Forty-three smokers were randomly divided into four groups receiving vitamin C 2 g/day (group A), vitamin C 2 g/day plus vitamin E 400 IU/day (group B), vitamin C 2 g/day plus vitamin E 800 IU/day (group C) or no antioxidant treatment (group D), for 4 weeks. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured using venous occlusion strain gauge plethysmography. Forearm vasodilatory response to reactive hyperemia (RH%) was expressed as the percentage change from baseline to post reactive hyperemia blood flow. RH% was significantly increased in groups B ( P P P
Fibroblast Growth Factor Inducible 14 (Fn14) Is Required for the Expression of Myogenic Regulatory Factors and Differentiation of Myoblasts into Myotubes EVIDENCE FOR TWEAK-INDEPENDENT FUNCTIONS OF Fn14 DURING MYOGENESIS

Fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14), distantly related to tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily and a receptor for TWEAK cytokine, has been implicated in several biological responses. In this study, we have investigated the role of Fn14 in skeletal muscle formation in vitro. Flow cytometric and Western blot analysis revealed that Fn14 is highly expressed on myoblastic cell line C2C12 and mouse primary myoblasts. The expression of Fn14 was decreased upon differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes. Suppression of Fn14 expression using RNA interference inhibited the myotube formation in both C2C12 and primary myoblast cultures. Fn14 was required for the transactivation of skeletal alpha-actin promoter and the expression of specific muscle proteins such as myosin heavy chain fast type and creatine kinase. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Fn14 receptor in C2C12 myoblasts decreased the levels of myogenic regulatory factors MyoD and myogenin upon induction of differentiation. Conversely, overexpression of MyoD increased differentiation in Fn14-knockdown C2C12 cultures. Suppression of Fn14 expression in C2C12 myoblasts also inhibited the differentiation-associated increase in the activity of serum response factor and RhoA GTPase. In addition, our data suggest that the role of Fn14 during myogenic differentiation could be independent of TWEAK cytokine. Collectively, our study suggests that the Fn14 receptor is required for the expression of myogenic regulatory factors and differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes.
A Combined Kenotron Rectifier and Pliotron Receiver Capable of Operation by Alternating Current Power

A new type of four-element tube is described, which combines the functions of kenotron rectifier and pliotron, and can be operated from an alternating current source of power without either "A" or "B" battery. The cathode is an equipotential surface so that alternating current hum is inappreciable even with three stages in series. The combination of equipotential cathode and large cathode area results in unusually high amplification and detection constants, making the tube a practical radio-frequency amplifier.
Ecologic stability of the dysaerobic biofacies during the Late Paleozoic

Late Paleozoic faunas found in sediments of dysaerobic origin represent a unique community type that remained essentially unchanged from the Middle Devonian to the Early Permian. This dysaerobic community had the following unique characteristics: (1) dominance by vagile molluscs, with suspension-feeding brachiopods, bryozoans, corals and echinoderms usually subordinate; (2) a trophic structure dominated by deposit feeders and carnivorous or scavenging cephalopods; (3) small body size as the result of high juvenile mortality and possibly stunting; and (4) preservation of most individuals as pyritic stein-kerns. All these characteristics are directly linked to the low oxygen levels of the dysaerobic environment. The relative stability of the deeper water, dysaerobic environment is consistent with Sanders' Stability-Time Hypothesis. The dysaerobic environment apparently offered a refuge for more archaic biotas that evolved in nearshore environments of the early Paleozoic.
Prevalence of Victimization and Exposure to Violence in a Sample of Hispanic Americans: A Research Note

Research on the growing U.S. Hispanic population has increased in recent years, although much of this work has examined differences between the foreign- and native-born or between Hispanics and non-Hispanics. Fewer studies have explored within-group differences (Mexican vs. Puerto Rican vs. Cuban, etc.) and none have assessed variability in the prevalence of victimization across these diverse groups. Unfortunately, the available evidence is somewhat inconclusive regarding the prevalence of victimization among Hispanics and relative to other demographic groups such as Whites and Blacks. This study first aims to provide clarification as to the prevalence of Hispanic victimization relative to non-Hispanic Whites (NHW) and non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB). Then, we assess within-group differences for the Hispanic subsample for each of the victimization measures. Using Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), we estimate the prevalence of various forms of criminal victimization an...
Comparing the fracture toughness of 3-D braided preform composites with z-fiber-reinforced laminar composites

Organic polymer engineering composite materials based on layered fabrics have many advantageous properties and processing features. However, performance properties of the layered OPECs, especially impact strength, delamination resistance, and fracture toughness are poor. Three-dimensional preforms fabricated with 3-D weaving, knitting and braiding techniques, are employed to improve the shortcomings of 2-D layered fabric reinforcements. z-directional microfiber-reinforced laminar composites were recently developed to improve impact strength and fracture toughness without reducing in-plane performance properties at minimal added cost and at higher productivity in the Flock Materials Laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth. The effectiveness of laminar composite z-directional microfiber reinforcement (by a flocking process) in improving fracture toughness was compared with that of a 3-D braided 8-layer glass fiber preform/epoxy composite plate. The results show that the Mode I fracture tough...
Stem cells for skeletal muscle repair

Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized tissue composed of non-dividing, multi-nucleated muscle fibres that contract to generate force in a controlled and directed manner. Skeletal muscle is formed during embryogenesis from a subset of muscle precursor cells, which generate both differentiated muscle fibres and specialized muscle-forming stem cells known as satellite cells. Satellite cells remain associated with muscle fibres after birth and are responsible for muscle growth and repair throughout life. Failure in satellite cell function can lead to delayed, impaired or failed recovery after muscle injury, and such failures become increasingly prominent in cases of progressive muscle disease and in old age. Recent progress in the isolation of muscle satellite cells and elucidation of the cellular and molecular mediators controlling their activity indicate that these cells represent promising therapeutic targets. Such satellite cell-based therapies may involve either direct cell replacement or development of drugs that enhance endogenous muscle repair mechanisms. Here, we discuss recent breakthroughs in understanding both the cell intrinsic and extrinsic regulators that determine the formation and function of muscle satellite cells, as well as promising paths forward to realizing their full therapeutic potential.
High feeding costs limit dive time in the largest whales.

SUMMARY Large body size usually extends dive duration in air-breathing vertebrates. However, the two largest predators on earth, the blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) and the fin whale (B. physalus), perform short dives for their size. Here, we test the hypothesis that the foraging behavior of these two species (lunge-feeding) is energetically expensive and limits their dive duration. We estimated the cost of lunge-feeding in both species using an approach that combined attaching time/depth recorders to seven blue whales and eight fin whales and comparing the collected dive information with predictions made by optimality models of dive behavior. We show that the rate at which whales recovered from a foraging dive was twice that of a non-foraging dive and that the cost of foraging relative to the cost of travel to and from the prey patch was 3.15 in blue whales (95 % CI 2.58-3.72) and 3.60 in fin whales (95 % CI 2.35-4.85). Whales foraged in small areas (<1 km2) and foraging bouts lasted more than one dive, indicating that prey did not disperse and thus that prey dispersal could not account for the limited dive durations of the whales. Despite the enormous size of blue whales and fin whales, the high energetic costs of lunge-feeding confine them to short durations of submergence and to areas with dense prey aggregations. As a corollary, because of their limited foraging time under water, these whales may be particularly vulnerable to perturbations in prey abundance.
Contributions of dysglycaemia, obesity, and insulin resistance to impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in humans.

Background—Individual effects of hyperglycemia and obesity to impair vascular health are recognized. However, the relative contributions of dysglycemia versus other obesity-related traits to vascular dysfunction have not been systematically evaluated. Methods—We undertook a cross-sectional evaluation of factors contributing to vascular function in 271 consecutive subjects, categorized as non-obese normal glucose tolerant (n=115), non-obese dysglycemic (n=32), obese normal glucose tolerant (n=57), obese dysglycemic (n=38), or type 2 diabetic (n=29). Vascular function was measured invasively as leg blood flow responses to methacholine chloride, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator. Categorical and continuous analyses were used to assess the contributions of hyperglycemia to vascular dysfunction. Results—Even among normoglycemic subjects, obese subjects had impaired vascular function compared to non-obese subjects (p=0.004). Vascular function was also impaired in non-obese dysglycemic subjects (p=0.04 versus non-obese normoglycemic subjects), to a level comparable to normoglycemic obese subjects. Within obese subject groups, gradations of dysglycemia including the presence of diabetes were not associated with further worsening of these vascular responses beyond the effect of obesity alone (p=NS comparing all obese groups, p<0.001 versus lean normoglycemic subjects). In univariate and multivariable modeling analyses we found that effects of glycemia were less powerful than effects of insulin resistance and obesity on vascular dysfunction.
Laparoscopic removal of virilizing hilar cell tumor in a postmenopausal patient

A postmenopausal woman experienced rapidly progressing hirsutism and signs of virilization. Hormone evaluations showed markedly elevated serum testosterone levels and no evidence of excess cortisol or dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production. A computerized tomographic scan of the adrenals and ovaries was normal, and transvaginal ultrasound revealed a left ovary with a maximum diameter of 3.2 cm. At outpatient laparoscopic bilateral oophorectomy, the left ovary had a benign, 2.5-cm Leydig cell tumor, hilar cell variant. Laparoscopy may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of select cases of virilizing tumors of the ovary.
From bench to bedside: a review of the clinical trial development plan of drotrecogin alfa (activated).

ABSTRACTObjective: To provide a comprehensive overview of the various clinical trials of drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA) completed by Eli Lilly and Company over the past 10 years.Methods: Eli Lilly and Company data from phase 1 through phase 4 trials, observational studies, and compassionate-use studies of DrotAA were reviewed. Safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic data were included. The review excluded pediatric studies and studies recently concluded where the manuscript was in press. All studies included in the review were approved by the ethical review boards at the participating institutions.Results: Over 9000 adults with severe sepsis have been enrolled in DrotAA clinical trials through December 2005 and the results of the clinical evaluation of DrotAA have been widely disseminated in publications. Analyses of the data indicate that the pharmacokinetics of DrotAA are both linear and dose-proportional. The phase 2 and phase 3 studies of administration of DrotAA to patients with severe sepsis de...
An exploratory haptic based robotic path planning and training tool

In this paper we present a concept of a versatile 'haptics' based robotic path planning and operator training tool. Some of the earlier work in the area of robotic path planning has been visited. A suitable force model has been developed and implemented to test the method. As a first step, a system for the training of machine operators and path planners is developed. Experiments are carried out to prove the hypothesis. Preliminary results from these experiments have been presented.
The posttranslational processing of prelamin A and disease

Human geneticists have shown that some progeroid syndromes are caused by mutations that interfere with the conversion of farnesyl-prelamin A to mature lamin A. For example, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is caused by LMNA mutations that lead to the accumulation of a farnesylated version of prelamin A. In this review, we discuss the posttranslational modifications of prelamin A and their relevance to the pathogenesis and treatment of progeroid syndromes.
Analysis of the in vitro biocatalytic production of poly -(β) -hydroxybutyric acid

Abstract Poly-(β)-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) is a biodegradable, thermoplastic biopolyester produced as a carbon-energy storage source by bacteria that are challenged by nutrient limitation. While production of PHB for industrial applications is generally accomplished via fermentation, in vitro enzymatic synthesis can be an attractive alternative. We now report a detailed analysis of the in vitro biosynthesis of PHB using the three-enzyme system from Wautersia eutropha . We have developed quantitative HPLC methodology which resolves CoA, acetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA, and β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA with baseline resolution and then utilized this methodology to elucidate the fluctuations in metabolite concentrations and the effect of each individual enzyme on the overall system. The experimental results were then used to design the first kinetic model for in vitro PHB biosynthesis. All previous modeling studies of PHB production have been designed to analyze in vivo biosyntheses, typically in bacteria but also in yeast and plants. From a biotechnological viewpoint, in vitro enzymatic synthesis has the advantage of obviating limitations related to cellular uptake and possible toxicity of substrates, thereby making it possible to utilize a much wider range of substrates for production of novel homopolymers or copolymers. Our results can therefore serve as a basis for further development of the potential of in vitro enzymatic syntheses of polyesters as a complement to the more widely used approach of in vivo production of these polymers.
Horizontal Transfer of Fipronil is Enhanced with Increased Group Size in Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Fipronil is a widely used insecticide for termite control. Although transfer of fipronil among termite cohorts has been investigated in previous studies, no study has yet focused on the influence of termite group size (density) on horizontal transfer. In this study, the mortality of donor and recipient Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) was compared among groups of 10, 25, and 50 workers. Most donor termites were dead within 20 h. There was a significantly higher mortality of recipient termites starting at 44 h when in bigger groups. LT50 and LT90 of recipient termites decreased with increase in group size, being significantly shorter in groups of 50 termites compared with groups of 10 termites. Moreover, the variance (within-group difference) of recipient mortality and lethal time estimations was lowest in the groups of 50 termites, indicating a more uniform horizontal transfer of fipronil by termites in bigger groups. Our findings suggest that group size has an influence on fipronil transfer among C. formosanus workers and should be considered as a variable of importance.
Multiview Hilbert transformation for full-view photoacoustic computed tomography using a linear array

Due to their low cost, hand-held convenience, wide selection of bandwidths, and ultrasound imaging capability, linear ultrasonic transducer arrays have been widely studied for photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT). As linear-array PACT suffers from a limited view, full-view imaging requires either the transducer or the object to be rotated. So far, both the central frequencies and bandwidth of linear transducer arrays applied in full-view PACT are low, limiting the spatial resolutions of the reconstructed images. Here, we present a multiview high-frequency PACT imaging system implemented with a commercial 40-MHz central frequency linear transducer array. By rotating the object through multiple angles with respect to the linear transducer array, we acquired full-view photoacoustic pressure measurements. Further, to quantify the unipolar initial pressures and overcome the limitations of the single-view Hilbert transformation, we developed a multiview Hilbert transformation method. The in-plane spatial resolution of this full-view linear-array PACT was quantified to be isotropically 60 μm within a 10×10 mm^2 field of view. The system was demonstrated by imaging both a leaf skeleton and a zebrafish in vivo.
Dynamic changes in optic fiber terminal arbors lead to retinotopic map formation: An in vivo confocal microscopic study

Dynamic remodeling of retinal ganglion cell terminal arbors has been proposed to contribute to formation of the topographically ordered retinotectal projection. To test this directly, the growth of individual terminal arbors was observed in live X. laevis tadpoles using a confocal microscope to visualize their complex three-dimensional structure. During initial development, nasal and temporal retinal arbors covered overlapping tectal areas. Despite subsequent remodeling, the dimensions and positions of the temporal arbors remained relatively stable. In contrast, the nasal arbors grew caudally, as they extended caudal branches and retracted rostral branches. These results suggest that differences in the remodeling of the nasal and temporal arbors lead to the emergence of retino-topography along the rostrocaudal axis of the tectum. All the terminal arbors were dynamic, including those with stable dimensions, suggesting that continual remodeling of arbors may be a universal feature of neuronal projections.
Functional Role for IκBNS in T Cell Cytokine Regulation As Revealed by Targeted Gene Disruption

Triggering of the TCR by cognate peptide/MHC ligands induces expression of IκBNS, a member of the IκB family of NF-κB inhibitors whose expression is associated with apoptosis of immature thymocytes. To understand the role of IκBNS in TCR triggering, we created a targeted disruption of the IκBNS gene. Surprisingly, mice lacking IκBNS show normal thymic progression but both thymocytes and T cells manifest reduced TCR-stimulated proliferation. Moreover, IκBNS knockout thymocytes and T cells produce significantly less IL-2 and IFN-γ than wild-type cells. Transfection analysis demonstrates that IκBNS and c-Rel individually increase IL-2 promoter activity. The effect of IκBNS on the IL-2 promoter, unlike c-Rel, is dependent on the NF-κB rather than the CD28RE site; mutation of the NF-κB site extinguishes the induction of transcription by IκBNS in transfectants and prevents association of IκBNS with IL-2 promoter DNA. Microarray analyses confirm the reduction in IL-2 production and some IFN-γ-linked transcripts in IκBNS knockout T cells. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that IκBNS regulates production of IL-2 and other cytokines induced via “strong” TCR ligation.
Some Truths about Morality

The knowledge of morality is usually taken for granted. The terms themselves which describe moral norms and attitudes are used as if their meaning and their implications were well known and clearly understood. The reason for this lies in the nature of morality itself. The moral sphere is so much part and parcel of human beings that its basic tenets are known as if by instinct — and therefore the need for definition does not arise, when one is in the natural attitude.
Doing Business In Australia: Illustration Of A Class Exercise

In this paper, the authors will discuss the current regulations and culture of Australia as an educational tool for an ex-patriot hoping either to locate a business there or obtain more insight into doing business in the country.
The Effects of Industrial Wastes on Marine Phytoplankton

Nineteen clones in three marine phytoplankton species were used in bioassays of DuPont Grasselli waste. We determined that low doses of waste stimulate growth; higher concentrations were inhibitory. The transition from stimulation to inhibition in culture occurs at approximately the highest concentration that is sustained in the environment. Clones from polluted estuaries are less sensitive to the waste than are clones of the same species from other environments.
Hot electron plasmon-protected solar cell

A solar cell based on a hot electron plasmon protection effect is proposed and made plausible by simulations, non-local modeling of the response, and quantum mechanical calculations. In this cell, a thin-film, plasmonic metamaterial structure acts as both an efficient photon absorber in the visible frequency range and a plasmonic resonator in the IR range, the latter of which absorbs and protects against phonon emission the free energy of the hot electrons in an adjacent semiconductor junction. We show that in this structure, electron-plasmon scattering is much more efficient than electron-phonon scattering in cooling-off hot electrons, and the plasmon-stored energy is recoverable as an additional cell voltage. The proposed structure could become a prototype of a new generation of high efficiency solar cells.
536PA PHASE I TRIAL OF IRINOTECAN (IRI) AND BUPARLISIB IN PREVIOUSLY TREATED PATIENTS (PTS) WITH METASTATIC COLORECTAL CANCER (MCRC): FINAL RESULTS

ABSTRACT Aim: Buparlisib is an oral pan-class PI3K inhibitor. A phase I trial established the safety and recommended dose of single agent Buparlisib, and promising preliminary anti-tumor activity was seen. It is currently being studied in combinatorial trials in several different malignancies. The primary objective of this phase I trial was to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for Iri plus Buparlisib in patients with previously treated mCRC, with or without previous exposure to Iri. The secondary objectives were to determine the PK of each drug alone and in combination, to determine clinical response to the combination, and to correlate biomarkers of PI3K signaling with clinical response. Methods: A conventional 3 + 3 dose titration scheme was used. Iri was administered intravenously every 14 days and Buparlisib given orally daily. The first dose of Iri was administered on cycle1 day1, with Buparlisib starting 24 hours after the first dose of Iri. Pts were assessed for safety and toxicities every cycle (q14 days). Results: Twenty patients were enrolled: 14 were evaluable for DLT: 3 in cohort 0 (Iri 120 mg/m2 + Buparlisib 50 mg/d), 7 in cohort 1 (Iri 150 mg/m2 + Buparlisib 50 mg/d), 4 in cohort 2 (Iri 150 mg/m2 + Buparlisib 80 mg/d). The most common adverse events (all grades) were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, hyperglycemia, and transaminitis. The MTD was Iri 150 mg/m2 + Buparlisib 50 mg/d. One dose limiting toxicity (DLT), grade 2 genital mucositis, was observed in a male pt in cohort 1. In cohort 2, one pt had DLT of grade 3 diarrhea and another had DLT with asymptomatic grade 3 hyponatremia. One pt in cohort 1 experienced grade 2 delirium and a pt in cohort 2 had grade 3 psychosis. Of the 4 pts who received 4 cycles of therapy 2 had stable and 2 had progressive disease. No objective responses were observed. PK data and molecular correlates will be presented in the meeting. Conclusions: This first human trial established that Buparlisib (50 mg qd) and Iri (150 mg/m2 q14d) are tolerable in combination. The efficacy of this regimen will need to be tested in future studies. Disclosure: J.C. Baranda: Research Funding from Novartis. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Efficient Solution Techniques for Discontinuous Galerkin Discretizations of the Navier-Stokes Equations on Hybrid Anisotropic Meshes

The goal of this paper is to investigate and develop fast and robust solution techniques for high-order accurate Discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of non-linear systems of conservation laws on unstructured meshes. Previous work was focused on the development of hp-multigrid techniques for inviscid flows and the current work concentrates on the extension of these solvers to steady-state viscous flows including the effects of highly anisotropic hybrid meshes. Efficiency and robustness are improved through the use of mixed triangular and quadrilateral mesh elements, the formulation of local order-reduction techniques, the development of a line-implicit Jacobi smoother, and the implementation of a Newton-GMRES solution technique. The methodology is developed for the twoand three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured anisotropic grids, using linear multigrid schemes. Results are presented for a flat plate boundary layer and for flow over a NACA0012 airfoil and a two-element airfoil. Current results demonstrate convergence rates which are independent of the degree of mesh anisotropy, order of accuracy (p) of the discretization and level of mesh resolution (h). Additionally, preliminary results of on-going work for the extension to the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations and the extension to three dimensions are given.
Roth's Removal Rule and the Rational Canonical Form

(1996). Roth's Removal Rule and the Rational Canonical Form. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 103, No. 4, pp. 332-335.
The Failure of Thomas Reid's Aesthetics

A spate of recent articles on Thomas Reid's aesthetic theory constitutes a valuable commentary on both Reid's own theory and on eighteenth century aesthetics. However, while these articles provide a generally sym patheic introduction to Reid's position, they are primarily expository in nature and uncritical in tone.1 I shall therefore address the plausibility of both Reid's general aesthetic theory and the arguments advanced for the theory. I contend that his theory, however much an improvement over those offered by his contemporaries, is fatally flawed by internal confusion and inconsistency; he cannot justify his claim that beauty and sublimity are ob jective qualities of objects. My analysis focuses on Reid's mature statement on aesthetics, the essay "Of Taste" found at the end of the Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man (1785). Given my plan to evaluate Reid's aesthetics, let me note that some of the criticisms recently directed against Reid are unfounded. First, W. J. Hippie claims that "Reid cared nothing for aesthetics perse, and added the brief and perfunctory essay on taste to his Intellectual Powers only for the sake of systematically dawing all psychology under his favorite principles."2 In fairness to Reid, his essay on taste is hardly "brief and per functory." It occupies fifty-three pages of the first edition of the Essays, some seven per cent of that lengthy work. Reid's essay is far longer than Hume's only sustained work in aesthetics, the celebrated essay "Of the Standard of Taste." Hippie's charge that systematicity alone accounts for Reid's discussion of taste is undercut by two considerations. First, taste was an important, even major philosophic issue in Reid's day; there is no evidence that Reid took the problem of taste any less seriously than did his contemporaries. That he tried to subsume aesthetics under his general theory of perception is to be expected and hardly suggests a lack of personal interest in the topic. Second, Reid lectured on aesthetics for some thirty years, first at King's College and then at the University of Glasgow. His "Lectures on the Fine Arts" reveal his knowledge of the aesthetic theories of Joseph Addison, Edmund Burke, John Bailie, Alexander Gerard, William Hogarth, David Hume, Francis Hutcheson, Lord (Henry Home) Kames, Longinus, Shaftesbury, and Joseph Spence.3 This list hardly reflects the studies of someone with little interest in aesthetics. A second criticism of Reid, advanced by Hippie and explored by Peter Kivy, contends that Reid's attack on extreme aesthetic subjectivism is an
A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Test of the Solvency Risks of Social Security Fund

The Solvency Ⅱ has been published and put into practice by the European Union against insurance companys' solvency,which leads to a revolution about the solvency risks of the commerial insurance and social insurance in the world with a view to resisting the great threat of the insurance industry in international financial crisis.The situation of Chinese social insurance is rather different from that of the European Union in the capital source and operational management and has not yet paid much attention to the solvency risks of social insurance fund seriously.Therefore,theoretically,the paper first deal with the solvency of social insurance fund risks analysis,and combines with social insurance fund revenue and expenditure time series on the basis of ARMA model to forecast the solvency risks of social insurance funds.The research can not only enrich social insurance fund risk management theory,but also provide more reasonable risk management methods for social insurance fund management institutions in order to protect the right of insured person by reducing the national financial pressure.
99 CHEMOTHERAPY WITH TAXANES DURING PREGNANCY.

Background Cancer chemotherapy during pregnancy is a challenging problem. There are multiple case reports and reviews indicating that the risk of fetal malformation is rare with cytotoxic chemotherapy if administered after 14 weeks of gestation. There is, however, limited information on the risks of taxanes during pregnancy (3 case reports on paclitaxel and 1 on docetaxel). We describe two additional patients who received docetaxel during pregnancy, with one child having a minor, but probably unrelated, birth defect. Case Reports Case #1: A 29-year-old female was diagnosed with breast cancer stage IIIA at 12 weeks of gestation. Biopsy revealed grade IIIA infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER2neu were all positive. She was started on neoadjuvant chemotherapy at 14 weeks of gestation with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (4 cycles). The patient had a fetal ultrasound at 17 weeks of gestation, which revealed hydrocephalus. She had a mastectomy and node dissection at 24 weeks. She received 4 cycles of taxotere (75 mg/m2) every 2 weeks between weeks 26 and 32. She delivered at 34 weeks with the infant having mild hydrocephalus, which regressed over several months. The child9s development has been normal at 24 months. Case #2: A 38-year-old female was diagnosed with breast cancer stage IIIA at 10 weeks of gestation. Biopsy demonstrated poorly differentiated infiltrating ductal carcinoma with estrogen and progesterone receptors positive and HER2neu negative. She began neoadjuvant chemotherapy at 14 weeks of gestation with doxorubicin and docetaxel (75 mg/m2) every 3 weeks for 6 cycles. She developed preeclampsia and underwent cesarean delivery of a healthy child at 35 weeks. Child development has been normal at 6 months. Conclusion Adjuvant therapy of breast cancer with taxanes reduces the risk of cancer recurrence. Pregnant cancer patients can be treated with chemotherapy including taxanes during the second and third trimesters without significant risks to the fetus. Taxanes should not be excluded, if indicated, in the pregnant cancer patient.
A four-dimensional virtual hand brain-machine interface using active dimension selection

Objective. Brain–machine interfaces (BMI) traditionally rely on a fixed, linear transformation from neural signals to an output state-space. In this study, the assumption that a BMI must control a fixed, orthogonal basis set was challenged and a novel active dimension selection (ADS) decoder was explored. Approach. ADS utilizes a two stage decoder by using neural signals to both (i) select an active dimension being controlled and (ii) control the velocity along the selected dimension. ADS decoding was tested in a monkey using 16 single units from premotor and primary motor cortex to successfully control a virtual hand avatar to move to eight different postures. Main results. Following training with the ADS decoder to control 2, 3, and then 4 dimensions, each emulating a grasp shape of the hand, performance reached 93% correct with a bit rate of 2.4 bits s−1 for eight targets. Selection of eight targets using ADS control was more efficient, as measured by bit rate, than either full four-dimensional control or computer assisted one-dimensional control. Significance. ADS decoding allows a user to quickly and efficiently select different hand postures. This novel decoding scheme represents a potential method to reduce the complexity of high-dimension BMI control of the hand.
The Neurologic Examination of the Horse for Purchase

The veterinarian needs to be able to incorporate an accurate neurologic examination as a portion of the pre-purchase evaluation. Subtle neurologic deficits may be hidden by musculoskeletal disease or missed as a result of lack of knowledge or understanding of these disorders. It is important to know which musculoskeletal disorders are commonly associated with neurologic disease to better assist the buyer with the decision about whether to purchase the animal.
Treatment of compulsive eating disturbances with anticonvulsant medication.

Ten patients with symptoms of compulsive eating were treated pharmacologically with diphenylhydantoin. All but one had abnormal EEGs, indicating that neurological dysregulation may have been an eti...
What to Call this Thing

I love writing clever titles. Unfortunately, librarians and tenure committees do not love clever titles. Why? Because they are difficult to search and to find in library databases. Other researchers need to stumble onto your work so that they can cite your ideas in their own work.