cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human trabecular endothelium, corneal endothelium, keratocytes, and scleral fibroblasts in primary cell culture. A comparative study of growth characteristics, morphology, and phagocytic activity by light and scanning electron microscopy.

To obtain baseline data for our experimental investigations in vitro we established a pure cellline culture model of human trabecular endothelium, corneal endothelium, keratocytes, and scleral fibroblasts, using an identical environment for each cell type. We studied the growth characteristics, morphology and phagocytic activity of live cultures by phase-contrast microscopy and time-lapse cinephotomicrography; fixed preparations were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. From these observations, we were able to characterize the distinctive features of the cells. By correlated ultrastructural and tissue culture studies, we showed that human cadaver eyes cold-stored (4°C) up to 5 days can be used as a tissue source of trabecular endothelium, keratocytes and scleral fibroblasts. Corneal endothelium, however, rarely survived after 4 days of postmortem storage. Our observations revealed that, in primary confluent culture, the trabecular cells grew in a monolayer. Individual cells had flattened, elongated cell bodies, a centrally located, oval nucleus, and a generally smooth cell surface with occasional microvillous projections; in places, adjacent cells and their processes adhered closely one to another. Corneal endothelium at confluency presented a flattened hexagonal profile of cells arranged in a honeycomb pattern, interdigitating cell borders, a centrally located nucleus, prominent perinuclear microvillous projections, and numerous surface invaginations. The keratocytes and scleral fibroblasts had a thin and elongated, spindle-shaped profile with a remarkably smooth cell surface and an oval to oblong nucleus surrounded laterally by scanty cytoplasm; the cell surfaces and processes frequently overlapped but rarely formed firm attachments. In contrast to the monolayer growth of trabecular and corneal endothelium, these cells characteristically grew in superimposed layers. In primary culture and with latex spheres and carmine particles used as markers, the trabecularendothelial cells showed a greater phagocytic capability than did corneal endothelium, keratocytes and scleral fibroblasts. Our preliminary studies indicate that cytochalasin B markedly inhibits the phagocytic activity of the trabecular cells.
Epitaxial Ir layers on SrTiO3 as substrates for diamond nucleation: deposition of the films and modification in the CVD environment

Abstract Iridium films on SrTiO3(001) have recently proven to be a superior substrate material for the heteroepitaxy of diamond thin films by chemical vapour deposition in the effort towards the realization of single crystal diamond films. In this paper we report on the growth and structural properties of iridium (Ir) films deposited by electron-beam evaporation on SrTiO3(001) surfaces varying the deposition temperature between 280 and 950°C. The films were studied by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. At the highest temperature film growth proceeds via three-dimensional nucleation, coalescence and subsequent layer-by-layer growth. The resulting films show a cube-on-cube orientation relationship with the substrate and a minimum mosaic spread of 0.15°. Towards lower deposition temperatures the orientation spread increases only slightly down to ∼500°C while the surface roughness, after passing through a maximum at ∼860°C, decreases significantly. For the lowest temperatures (below 500°C) the mosaic spread rises accompanied by the occurrence of twins until the epitaxial order is lost. Plasma treatment in the diamond deposition reactor at high temperature (920°C) yields low nucleation densities and modifies the Ir surface. At the same time {111} facets show a significantly higher structural stability as compared with {001} facets. Nucleation at 700°C results in highly aligned diamond grains with low mosaic spread and a vanishing fraction of randomly oriented grains, proving the superior properties of Ir films on SrTiO3 for diamond nucleation as compared with pure silicon substrates.
Two new cerium-doped mixed-anion elpasolite scintillators: Cs2NaYBr3I3 and Cs2NaLaBr3I3

Abstract We recently discovered that mixed-anion Br–I elpasolite scintillators, Cs2NaYBr3I3: Ce and Cs2NaLaBr3I3: Ce, have promising performance. Ce concentration of these compounds was optimized in terms of light yield. Cs2NaLaBr3I3 with 5% Ce (by mole) has a light yield of 58,000 ph/MeV, and excellent energy resolution of 2.9% at 662 keV. It is better than both endpoint compounds of the Br–I solid solution. Cs2NaYBr3I3 with 2% Ce doping shows energy resolution of 3.3% at 662 keV, despite a relatively modest light yield of 43,000 ph/MeV. Non-proportionality of the mixed Br–I compounds was measured using gamma ray sources ranging in energy from 14 keV to 835 keV. The electronic band gaps of undoped Cs2NaLaBr3I3 and Cs2NaYBr3I3 were determined from optical transmittance and absorbance measurements. The band gaps of the compounds are 4.4 ± 0.1 eV, and 4.3 ± 0.1 eV, respectively. The crystal structures of Cs2NaLaBr3I3: Ce and Cs2NaYBr3I3: Ce are tetragonal and cubic respectively. The high symmetry leads to fewer cracks during crystal growth and minimizes light scattering at grain boundaries. The ease of crystal growth is promising for the scale-up of the growth process to larger sizes.
TLR Cross-Talk Mechanism of Hemorrhagic Shock-Primed Pulmonary Neutrophil Infiltration

Hemorrhage resulted from severe trauma renders patients susceptible to the development of acute lung injury (ALI). The accumulation of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the lung is a critical event in the development of ALI. PMN migration is a result of a cascade of cellular events, in which PMN, endothelial cells (EC), and macrophages (Mϕ) act in concert. Recent studies explored interrelated novel findings indicating that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) cross-talk mechanisms occurring in PMN, EC, and Mϕ are important determinants for hemorrhage-primed PMN migration. In Mϕ and EC, LPS acts through TLR4 signaling to up-regulate TLR2. Oxidant signaling derived from hemorrhage-activated PMN NAD(P)H oxidase enhances the TLR2 upregulation through PMN-Mϕ or PMN-EC interaction, resulting in an amplified release of cytokines and chemokines from the Mϕ and expression of adhesion molecules in the EC in response to TLR2 ligands, thereby promoting PMN migration. This review provides an insight of the mechanisms.
Les huiles de poissons, une ressource à protéger

Each year more than 80 millions of tons of fish are caught in seas and oceans all over the world. 1/3 of the fish are used for the manufacturing of fish oils. Omega-3 from marine sources knows a great success on different markets (food, cosmetics, OTC...) but the natural resources of fish are going to decrease: that would restrict the supplying sources in the future. We need to find other sources: research has been intensified these last years to evaluate consequences of the partial or total replacement of fish oils by vegetable oils. But the problem is the fatty acids content which is not the same. The replacement of fish oils by vegetable oils induces a diminution of omega-3 fatty acids content, which is the characteristic of fish oils (EPA & DHA). Other alternatives to fish oils: marine resources such as micro-algae, genetic manipulation (phytoplankton); reusing of co-products (fish skin, eggs...).
Potassium requirement of dairy calves.

Thirty-five Holstein and Jersey calves were blocked according to breed and sex, then randomly assigned at 4 wk of age to four dietary concentrations of K (.55, .84, 1.02, or 1.32% of DM) for a 10-wk period. Plasma K, Na, Ca, and Mg; body weight change; and feed intake were similar among the four treatments, as was average daily gain, which averaged .73 kg across all diets. In a second trial, 16 Holstein calves were blocked according to sex and randomly assigned at 6 wk of age to two concentrations of dietary K (.34 and .58% of DM) for an 8-wk period. Plasma Ca was higher at wk 8, and plasma Mg lower at wk 4, on the .58% K diet, while plasma Na and K were unaffected by dietary K concentration. Average daily gain for the .58% K group was .74 kg compared with .60 kg for calves receiving .34% K. In addition, both feed intake and body weight change were higher during the last 4 wk of the trial for the calves fed .58% K. As a result of the increased performance exhibited by the calves receiving .58% K, we conclude that the dietary K requirement of the growing dairy calf is within the range of .34 to .58%.
A Simplified Dynamic Model of Space Shuttle Main Engine

This paper presents a simplified model of the space shuttle main engine (SSME) dynamics valid within the range of operation of the engine. This model is obtained by linking the linearized point models obtained at twenty five differenc operating points of the SSME. The simplified model was developed for use with a model-based diagnostic scheme for failure detection and diagnostics studies, as well as control design purposes.
A deletion-generator compound element allows deletion saturation analysis for genomewide phenotypic annotation.

With the available eukaryotic genome sequences, there are predictions of thousands of previously uncharacterized genes without known function or available mutational variant. Thus, there is an urgent need for efficient genetic tools for genomewide phenotypic analysis. Here we describe such a tool: a deletion-generator technology that exploits properties of a double transposable element to produce molecularly defined deletions at high density and with high efficiency. This double element, called P{wHy}, is composed of a “deleter” element hobo, bracketed by two genetic markers and inserted into a “carrier” P element. We have used this P{wHy} element in Drosophila melanogaster to generate sets of nested deletions of sufficient coverage to discriminate among every transcription unit within 60 kb of the starting insertion site. Because these two types of mobile elements, carrier and deleter, can be found in other species, our strategy should be applicable to phenotypic analysis in a variety of model organisms.
Sunlight is the best disinfectant: Legal and ethical analysis of a Mohs referral gone awry

Dr Medderm (hereinafter referred to as Dr M for brevity) routinely refers cases needing Mohs micrographic surgery to her friend and colleague, Dr Idomohs (Dr IDM). Although Dr IDM is not fellowship trained he has been doing Mohs micrographic surgery in the community for many years and has completed several short preceptorships and courses to augment his skills. Dr M has a good personal and working relationship with Dr IDM, having first worked with him when he was her senior resident. There is also a fellowship-trained Mohs surgeon in town, Dr Collegefellow (Dr CF), whom Dr M does not like because he has a reputation among other physicians and patients of being arrogant as well as more costly than most Mohs surgeons. Unfortunately, one of Dr M’s patients has sustained what she regards as a suboptimal and unexpected, in her opinion, unsightly scar after surgery performed by Dr IDM, and is furious to learn that she was referred to a surgeonwith less training than Dr CF, about whom she was not even informed. The patient, Ms Plaintiff (Ms P) sues Dr M for alleged negligence, having failed to inform her that the surgeon to whom she referred her was not formally fellowship trained in Mohs micrographic surgery and that there was another Mohs surgeon in the community with formal Mohs fellowship training.
Morphological and morphometrical analysis of the acute response of the bovine alveolar wall to Pasteurella haemolytica Al-derived endotoxin and leucotoxin

Endotoxin or leucotoxin derived from Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A serotype 1 or saline was deposited by fibreoptic bronchoscopy into the caudal segment of the right anterior lung lobe of calves, and the lesions were characterized by light and transmission electron microscopy. Morphometric techniques were used to determine if changes in the arithmetic mean thickness of the alveolar wall occurred. Group 1 calves (n = 2) were inoculated with 6 ml saline, groups 2 calves (n = 3) received 6 ml of a partially purified leucotoxin preparation, group 3 calves (n = 3) received 96 micrograms of endotoxin in 6 ml of saline and group 4 calves (n = 3) received 2.5 mg of endotoxin in 6 ml of saline. Calves were killed 4 h after inoculation. Lesions in groups 2, 3 and 4 were similar and we found that (a) endotoxin alone is capable of initiating an inflammatory response in the bovine lung, (b) leucotoxin causes cytotoxic changes in alveolar macrophages but not in parenchymal cells of the lung, (c) neutrophil sequestration and platelet aggregation occur in alveolar capillaries in association with pulmonary intravascular macrophages, (d) neutrophils and fibrin were found in the alveolus in close association with alveolar macrophages, (e) disruption of the alveolar epithelial layer occurred in association with neutrophils and (f) there were no significant increases in the arithmetic mean thickness of the alveolar wall.
Weight change following smoking cessation: The role of food intake and exercise

While much of the interest in the relationship between weight change and smoking cessation has focused on weight gain, several studies have also reported weight loss or no change. To assess determinants of the direction of weight change, this study followed middle aged smokers from before to after their participation in various local smoking cessation programs. Measures included caloric consumption, available macro- and micronutrients in the diet, taste sensitivity and hedonics, smoking behavior, mood and exercise patterns. Smoking status was confirmed by determination of salivary cotinine levels. Subjects who successfully stopped smoking could be divided in those who gained weight and those who showed no change or lost. These subjects were compared to those who continued smoking and could be divided into the same weight categories. Subjects who gained weight after cessation did not consume more calories but ate somewhat less protein and significantly more carbohydrate than quitters whose weights did not change. Percentage of calories as sugar, in particular, was increased. Regardless of weight change, subjects who stopped smoking showed increased preference for sweet taste. Subjects who gained weight engaged in significantly less aerobic activity than those who did not.
Accelerated growth of carbon nanofibers using physical mixtures and alloys of Pd and Co in an ethylene–hydrogen environment

Abstract The rate of catalytic carbon nanofiber formation from a mixture of ethylene and hydrogen at 550 °C was found to be dramatically faster over physical mixtures of palladium and cobalt micron scale particles than over either metal independently. The rate correlated with the metal fraction nearly identically for either Pd or Co rich mixtures. The highest rate increase over either pure metal was observed for a 1:1 mass ratio (∼150 times faster), although significant increases were found even at metal ratios of 11:1 (∼45 times faster). There was no direct evidence of extensive alloy formation from the mixed powders which suggests that a synergistic mechanism driven by proximity only may be responsible for the observed rate increases. It is thought a species (e.g. hydrogen atoms) formed at one metal (e.g. palladium) diffuses to the other where it accelerates carbon deposition by affecting the other catalyst material directly, or by generating favorable radical species. Kinetic synergism was also observed for Pd–Co alloys, although it was clearly less dramatic than that found for mixtures. Still, the fundamental similarity in behavior suggests that on the alloy surface two site types exist: one primarily Pd and one primarily Co.
A guideline for the inpatient care of children with pyelonephritis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Febrile urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis are common in children and frequently lead to hospitalization for management, especially in the child who appears toxi...
An estimate of damage on the contact surfaces of a total hip prosthesis due to walking

Abstract In a recent paper the authors have developed a rational constitutive theory for metals undergoing surface degradation such as corrosion, stress corrosion and fatigue corrosion. By means of this new development, the long term problems of the degradation of implanted prostheses can be predicted in a straightforward manner. The boundary value problem of the surface damage on the femoral and acetabular components due to a walking motion is solved and the resulting damage distribution is compared to a clinical investigation.
Effect of phenobarbital on hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in the Ahr-null mouse.

Abstract Studies have suggested that phenobarbital (PB) induces members of the CYP1A subfamily by both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. Using the Ahr −/− mice, we examined the induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 by PB. CYP1A2 mRNA and protein were induced by PB in the null mice, suggesting that CYP1A2 is regulated by PB by a mechanism independent of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). In contrast, the regulation of CYP1A1 is highly dependent on the AHR.
Choline administration: Central effect mediated by stimulation off acetylcholine synthesis

Abstract Oral administration of either choline or physostigmine to rats stimulated the metabolism of dopamine in brain. Treatment of rats with an acetylcholine receptor blocker (atropine) or an inhibitor of acetylcholine synthesis [4-(1-naphthylvinyl) pyridine] antagonized the choline-induced increase in dopamine metabolism. In contrast to its effect on the choline-induced increase in dopamine metabolism, 4-(1-naphthylvinyl) pryridine did not prevent the increase induced by physostigmine. These results indicate that oral administration of choline augments central cholinergic function, and suggest that the mechanism involves stimulation of the rate of synthesis and release of acetylcholine.
Use of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Images to Optimize Vineyard Sampling Protocols

Applying traditional statistical models to vineyards with known field variability can lead to inefficient sampling. A previously developed sampling optimization model, based on manually collected canopy data, was adapted to analyze aerial normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images from two Washington State Riesling vineyards for the purposes of quantifying vineyard spatial structure and computing optimal vineyard sampling protocols. A heuristic optimization algorithm was used to determine the most efficient sampling protocols needed to accurately capture canopy variability as expressed by the NDVI images, resulting in sample size reductions up to 69% and reduced distance traveled between sampling locations by over 90% compared to random sampling.
190 NO BURNS, NO GRADIENT - PULSE OXIMETRY, AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRANSCUTANEOUS PO 2

Continuous monitoring of oxygenation in sick newborns is essential. However, transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) measurements have limitations. The extremely immature infant cannot tolerate a heated electrode. Older infants, and infants with BPD have large and unpredictable skin-arterial gradients. We report pulse oximetry as a technique for continuous, non-invasive measurement of arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). We studied 20 infants, gestational ages 28–40 weeks, ages 1–49 days. Fetal hemoglobin (Hb) determinations were made on all infants and ranged from 5–100%. SaO2 readings from the Nellcor Pulse Oximeter were compared to the SaO2 measured with an IL282 CO-Oximeter on simultaneously obtained arterial blood samples. The method of Cornellisen (Clin. Chem., 1983) was used to correct for the fictitiously elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels caused by the presence of fetal Hb. The figure shows the close correlation for the 121 samples (Y=24.45+0.72X, r=.89.). The correlation was equally good for the 3 infants greater than 1 month of age with BPD. We conclude that the pulse oximeter provides an accurate, non-invasive alternative to tcPO2 monitoring, and overcomes some of the limitations previously encountered.
Proplatelet formation: IIb or not IIb?

Comment on Larson and Watson, page [1509][1] Findings by Larson and Watson suggest a role for platelet GPIIb in murine proplatelet formation through a mechanism that is independent of classic outside-in integrin signaling networks. Phillips and Agin[1][2] established the currently accepted Roman
DNA in a material world

The specific bonding of DNA base pairs provides the chemical foundation for genetics. This powerful molecular recognition system can be used in nanotechnology to direct the assembly of highly structured materials with specific nanoscale features, as well as in DNA computation to process complex information. The exploitation of DNA for material purposes presents a new chapter in the history of the molecule.
Desensitized states prolong GABAA channel responses to brief agonist pulses

We studied the role of desensitization at inhibitory synapses by comparing nonequilibrium GABAA channel gating with inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). Currents activated by brief pulses of 1-10 mM GABA to outside-out patches from cultured hippocampal neurons mimicked GABA-mediated IPSCs. Although the average open time of single GABAA channels following brief pulses was less than 10 ms, channels entered long (tau = 38-69 ms) closed states and subsequently reopened. Movement through these states resulted in paired-pulse desensitization. The time required for deactivation after removal of agonist also increased in proportion to the extent of desensitization. These results suggest that visits to desensitized states buffer the channel in bound conformations and underlie the expression of long-lasting components of the IPSC. Reopening after GABAA receptor desensitization may thus enhance inhibitory synaptic transmission by prolonging the response to a brief synaptic GABA transient.
Multiple brain-memory systems: the whole does not equal the sum of its parts

Most contemporary theories of memory are based on the assumption that memory can be divided into multiple psychological systems that are subserved by different neural substrates and that contribute to performance in a relatively independent manner. Although the study of individual memory systems has proved to be enormously useful, recent data increasingly point towards complex interactions between memory systems during performance of any given memory task. Three basic classes of interactions between different memory systems (competition, synergism and independence) are presented that appear to be congruent with the findings of many behavioral studies. Consideration of interactions among multiple memory systems will enhance our current understanding of memory by encouraging the view that memory systems are dynamic interactive units, rather than independent modules that act in isolation.
Expression and characterization of a heterodimer of Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D.

Abstract Streptomyces chromofuscus phospholipase D (PLD) is secreted by the bacterium and proteolytically cleaved to a more active form (PLD37/18) where the two parts of the molecule are still tightly associated. Based on previous sequencing results of authentic PLD37/18, we have constructed a vector consisting of separate ORFs for the N-terminal and C-terminal portions of S. chromofuscus PLD and overexpressed active heterodimeric PLD. Neither fragment cloned separately folded properly. The identity of each peptide was confirmed by peptide-mass fingerprinting with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The recombinant complex had a specific activity about six times higher than that of the recombinant intact PLD enzyme and was no longer activated by phosphatidic acid (PA). Phosphotransferase activity, binding affinity to phospholipid vesicles, loss of product activation, pH profile and pH-related Ca2+ activation and inhibition were comparable to authentic PLD37/18 purified from S. chromofuscus growth medium. PLD37 alone could also be isolated; the enzyme was active but not as stable as PLD37/18. These experimental results strongly support the hypothesis that the C-terminal peptide is necessary for correct folding and insertion of catalytic metal ions. However, they suggest the ligands involved in Fe3+ coordination must be altered upon cleavage of the protein. Asp389, in the C-terminal fragment, whose replacement impairs Fe3+ binding to the protein, must be replaced by another ligand, since the N-terminal fragment, once folded, is active. In the process of cloning the two peptides, the complete signal sequence for this protein was also determined. The signal peptide of S. chromofuscus PLD enzyme contained a twin arginine motif suggesting that S. chromofuscus PLD, like Bacillus subtilis phoD, is most likely secreted by the TAT translocation pathway under the transcriptional control of the pho regulon.
Use of Monte Carlo Methods in the Calibration and Design Optimization of Radiation Ganges and Analyzers

Monte Carlo Methods are described for use in the calibration and optimum design of radiation gauges and analyzers. The advantages of the use of specific Monte Carlo models designed for a particular gauge or analyzer are discussed relative to the use of existing general purpose Monte Carlo codes. The extensive use of variance reduction techniques based on fundamental physical principles and properties of the particular system of interest is stressed in the design of these Monte Carlo models.
O(3P) reactions with small alkenes adsorbed on Rh, Au, and ice

Abstract Using molecular beams, we studied the reaction of O(3P) with 1- and 2-butene on the surface of Rh(1 1 1) and ice, and propene on the surface of Au(1 1 1), in vacuum at cryogenic temperatures. Unlike in the gas phase, and similar to reactions in the condensed phase, only the oxygen addition products were observed. The surface serves as a sink for the excess energy of this highly exoergic process, stabilizing the adduct product channels.
Reflection hologram solar spectrum-splitting filters

In this paper we investigate the use of holographic filters in solar spectrum splitting applications. Photovoltaic (PV) systems utilizing spectrum splitting have higher theoretical conversion efficiency than single bandgap cell modules. Dichroic band-rejection filters have been used for spectrum splitting applications with some success however these filters are limited to spectral control at fixed reflection angles. Reflection holographic filters are fabricated by recording interference pattern of two coherent beams at arbitrary construction angles. This feature can be used to control the angles over which spectral selectivity is obtained. In addition focusing wavefronts can also be used to increase functionality in the filter. Holograms fabricated in dichromated gelatin (DCG) have the benefit of light weight, low scattering and absorption losses. In addition, reflection holograms recorded in the Lippmann configuration have been shown to produce strong chirping as a result of wet processing. Chirping broadens the filter rejection bandwidth both spectrally and angularly. It can be tuned to achieve spectral bandwidth suitable for spectrum splitting applications. We explore different DCG film fabrication and processing parameters to improve the optical performance of the filter. The diffraction efficiency bandwidth and scattering losses are optimized by changing the exposure energy, isopropanol dehydration bath temperature and hardening bath duration. A holographic spectrum-splitting PV module is proposed with Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and silicon (Si) PV cells with efficiency of 25.1% and 19.7% respectively. The calculated conversion efficiency with a prototype hologram is 27.94% which is 93.94% compared to the ideal spectrum-splitting efficiency of 29.74%.
Pseudopotential Calculations of the Electronic Structure of a Transition-Metal Compound-Niobium Nitride

The electronic band structure, density of states, and ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}(\ensuremath{\omega})$, the imaginary part of the dielectric constant, are calculated for niobium nitride using the empirical-pseudopotential method. The results are compared with non-self-consistent and with the self-consistent augmented-plane-wave calculations. A discussion of the Fermi surface is included.
Self administration of cocaine in monkeys receiving LAAM acutely or chronically.

Abstract GERAK, L. R., R. GALICI AND C. P. FRANCE. Self administration of cocaine in monkeys receiving LAAM acutely or chronically. PHYSIOL BEHAV 00(0) 000-000, 2007. Polydrug abuse remains a common problem among opioid abusers as well as patients in opioid maintenance programs. Although cocaine abuse has been reported in patients receiving methadone, the incidence of cocaine use in patients receiving l -alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) has not been well established. The goal of this study was to determine whether acute or chronic administration of LAAM modified the reinforcing effects of cocaine using a self-administration procedure in rhesus monkeys. Four monkeys responded under a fixed ratio (FR) 30 schedule to receive i.v. infusions of cocaine (0.0032–0.32 mg/kg/infusion) in the absence of other treatment, after acute LAAM administration (0.1–1.0 mg/kg, s.c.), and during daily administration of 1.0 mg/kg of LAAM. Cocaine maintained self-administration responding that exceeded responding maintained by saline; acutely administered LAAM had small and variable effects on self administration of cocaine. Daily LAAM administration increased the number of infusions received of at least one dose of cocaine. These studies indicated that LAAM administration did not attenuate the reinforcing effects of cocaine, suggesting that LAAM would not likely alter cocaine abuse in patients undergoing treatment for opioid abuse.
Heat transfer comparison between a vertical rectangular cavity and an isosceles right-angled triangular cavity of equal cross-sectional area

This paper addresses the heat transfer performance of natural convection flows in three different (but related) cavities in the form of: a square, isosceles rightangled triangle, and vertical rectangle with aspect ratio 2:1. The isosceles right-angled triangular cavity is derived from a square cavity when cut in half diagonally, whereas the vertical rectangular cavity is derived from a square cavity when cut in half vertically. In the three cavities, the left vertical wall is the common wall heated. The buoyant air flow is characterized by height-based Rayleigh numbers ranging from a conduction-dominant to up to 10 6 for the laminar natural convection regime. Employing the finite volume method, the velocity and temperature fields as well as the mean convective coefficients evaluated at the common heated vertical wall are numerically determined for the isosceles rightangled triangular cavity. For this cavity, flow streamlines and temperature contours are presented in graphical form and some numerical results are validated against published experimental measurements. A one-to-one comparison for the heat transfer performance of the three interconnected cavities is reported in tabulated form.
Discontent with the World Bank's Excursion into Economic Geography: Lions and Butterflies Once More?

The World Bank s 2009 Reshaping Economic Geography has had overwhelmingly negative reviews by geographers. Why are they so unhappy with the Bank s excursion into economic geography? One answer is that they have some valid criticisms. Another explanation, one that we think is important, is that some of their criticisms are not valid. We think that this problem arises because of cross disciplinary problems, filled with ―venom and incomprehension. We attempt to put what we think are misunderstandings to the side to clarify the most effective criticisms. If this can be done, perhaps the Bank s foray into economic geography could be more usefully engaged by geographers and others Robert M. Buckley Graduate Program in International Affairs The New School The Rockefeller Foundation, New York rbuckley@rockfound.org Thomas D. Buckley Department of Geography George Washington University Geocommons, Arlington, VA buckley.tom@gmail.com
In vivo and in vitro studies on the synthesis of albumin by perinatal pigs.

Abstract The concentration of albumin in the serum of the pig increases rapidly after birth. Synthesis of porcine serum albumin (PSA) was studied in perinatal piglets by means of immunological precipitation of PSA by a rabbit antiserum demonstrated to be specific for PSA. Radioactive leucine ( 14 C or 3 H) incorporation into PSA in vivo , expressed as a percentage of the incorporation into total serum protein, was 10 times as great in 10-day-old animals as in prenatal animals, a sharp increase occurring at or near the time of birth. Net synthesis of PSA by liver slices was 5–10 times greater in slices from 10-day-old and 14-day-old animals than in slices from newborn, unsuckled animals. Net synthesis of PSA was not detected in liver slices from a prenatal animal. Incorporation of radioactive leucine into PSA by liver slices was assayed under conditions in which incorporation into both PSA and total protein was proportional to the wet weight of the slice and to the radioactivity added. Incorporation of radioactivity into PSA was 2- to 15-fold greater in slices taken from animals 4–14 days of age than in slices from newborn animals. The specific activity of PSA in liver slices from the older animals was higher than in liver slices from newborns, despite the much higher concentrations of PSA in the livers of the older animals. When incorporation of radioactivity into PSA was expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivity in protein, the increase in labeling of PSA was 5- to 10-fold in the same age interval. Again, the sharpest increase occurs at or near birth. These results indicate that the rate of synthesis of albumin increases abruptly in the liver of the postnatal piglet and that it increases out of proportion to the rate of synthesis of the bulk of liver proteins. This increase in the rate of synthesis of albumin is thus a selective alteration of patterns of protein synthesis in the liver. It is sufficient to account for the rising concentration of albumin in the serum of the postnatal piglet.
Heats of formation of Pu(aq)3+, PuCl3(c), PuOCl(c) Am(aq)3+, AmCl3(c) and AmOCl(c)

Abstract The following heats of solution have been measured: alpha plutonium in 6 M HCl, −138·90 ± 0·9; alpha plutonium in 1·5 M HCl, −138·65 ± 0·7; PuCl 3 (c) in 0·001 M HClO 4 −0·099 M NH 4 ClO 4 , −31·60 ± 0·35; AmCl 3 (c) in 1·5 M HCl, −30·60 ± 0·2; AmCl 3 (c) in 0·001 M HCl, −33·36 ± 0·25 kcal mole −1 , respectively. On combination with other thermodynamic data these results yield the following standard heats of formation at 298°K: Pu (aq) 3+ , −138·6 ± 0·7; PuCl 3 (c) , −226·8 + 0·7; PuOCl (c) , −219·7 ± 1; Am (aq) 3+ , −162·4 ± 3; AmCl 3 (c) , −249·2 ± 3; AmOCl (c) , −227·6 ± 3, all in kcal per mole.
Nonlinear and active hyperbolic metamaterials

Hyperbolic metamaterials hold great promise to enable a family of novel, metamaterial-inspired electromagnetic devices that can become essential components of future microwave, infrared and optical circuits. These devices may realize lenses overcoming the diffraction limit, exhibit negative refraction, achieve perfect absorption and obtain broadband super-Planckian thermal emission in different frequency ranges.
Subculture-centered public health communication: A social media strategy:

Social media use by health practitioners helps articulate a subculture-centered approach to public health communication. This article explores public health practitioners’ communication strategies with one subculture: young (18- to 29-year-old) men who have sex with men (MSM). Interviews with staff at a public health clinic reveal the use of a variety of social media systems to engage potential MSM clients (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Grindr, and Google+). Public health communicators’ social media use reflected the esthetic, behavioral, and media preferences of a high-risk target group and the ethical risks associated with publicly viewable communication. Social media became a platform for integrated multi-channel communication that comprised both top-down (i.e. institution centric) and bottom-up (i.e. subculture centric) communication flows that work together in a complementary fashion. Ultimately, subculture-centered social media use in this setting helps minimize cultural barriers between member...
An optimal control analysis for baseflow externalities in an interconnected lake–aquifer system

Groundwater resources play a vital role in regional growth and development. From a sustainability viewpoint, it is, however, imperative to ensure that groundwater extractions do not lead to deleterious environmental consequences. The interconnections between groundwater in the aquifers and surface water bodies are increasingly being recognized in recent times and groundwater discharges to surface water bodies are critical to maintain water levels and water quality during summer months and periods of drought. Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause water levels in streams and lakes to drop below unacceptable levels. This phenomenon is referred to as baseflow externality in this study. The primary goal of this investigation was to develop a mathematical model useful to assess policy options pertaining to groundwater withdrawals considering baseflow externalities. The model was used to evaluate five wide-ranging policy options that emphasize economic gains and ecological impacts to different levels. The weak sustainability policy option represents a reasonable compromise and identifies groundwater pumping that maximizes economic benefits while maintaining acceptable water levels in an interconnected lake. However, the implementation success of this approach hinges on achieving consensus among stakeholders and the ability to find reliable additional water supplies at the end of the planning period. The developed model can be a useful tool for facilitating stakeholder discussions that foster participatory groundwater management.
Live Attenuated Oral Poliovirus Vaccine

During 1952-1954, some of the first papers were published on the attenuation of wild poliovirus for vaccine purposes. These efforts soon came to fruition, and large-scale field trials were held in many countries under a variety of conditions. Routine use of live oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) was begun in many countries during the spring of 1960, and vaccines made from the Sabin strains were licensed in the United States in 1961-1962. In the early years of immunization with OPV, vaccines were usually monovalent, but a trivalent vaccine is now used. Throughout the world the introduction and continued proper use of OPV has been followed by a striking decrease in the number of paralytic cases. This dramatic and persistent outcome has stimulated recent discussions on the possible eradication of the disease. This paper reviews the criteria for the selection of vaccine strains that now make up the OPV, thermal stabilization of OPV, safety precautions that are followed in the manufacture of OPV, genetic stability of OPV strains following replication in vaccinees and their contacts, and potential incorporation into OPV of totally attenuated polioviruses that can no longer revert to neurovirulence because the regions of the viral genome associated with neurovirulence are de
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles: Development and Implementation of Time and Energy Efficient Trajectories

The paper describes the implementation of time and energy efficient trajectories onto a test-bed autonomous underwater vehicle. The trajectories are loosely connected to the results of the application of the maximum principle to the controlled mechanical system. We use a numerical algorithm based on geometric control theory to compute efficient trajectories designed to optimize a given cost function. Experimental results are shown for the time minimization problem.
Inefficient glycosylation leads to high steady-state levels of actively degrading cardiac triadin-1.

In junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum, binding to cardiac triadin-1 provides a mechanism by which the Ca2+-release channel/ryanodine receptor may link with calsequestrin to regulate Ca2+ release. Calsequestrin and triadin-1 both contain N-linked glycans, but about half of triadin-1 in the heart remains unglycosylated. To investigate mechanisms for this incomplete glycosylation, we overexpressed triadin-1 as a series of glycoform variants in non-muscle cell lines and neonatal heart cells using plasmid and adenoviral vectors. We showed that the characteristic incomplete glycosylation stemmed from properties of the glycosylation sequence that are conserved among triadin splice variants, including the close proximity of Asn75 to the sarcoplasmic reticulum inner membrane. Although triadin-1 appeared by SDS-PAGE analysis as a 35/40-kDa doublet in all cells, variations occurred in the relative levels of the two glycoforms depending on the cell type and whether overexpression involved a plasmid or adenoviral vector. Treatment of triadin-1 with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 led to striking changes in the relative levels of triadin-1 that indicated active breakdown of unglycosylated, but not glycosylated, triadin-1. Besides substantial increases in the relative levels of unglycosylated triadin-1, proteasome inhibition led to an accumulation of two new modified forms of triadin-1 that were seen with triadin-1 only when it is not glycosylated on Asn75. Effects of tunicamycin and endoglycosidase H confirmed that these novel isoforms represent two alternative N-linked glycosylation sites, indicating that an alternative topology occurs infrequently leading to yet other glycoforms with short half-lives.
Process window of micromachined gyroscopes subjected to vibrational frequencies

A micromachined gyroscope (or gyro) is used to measure angular velocities for many applications such as automotive, robotics, navigation, military and consumer electronics applications. For our specific automotive applications, the gyro is used to sense the yaw, roll, and pitch angular rates for ride stabilization and rollover detection. The process window is very important to the goal of achieving high volume mass production and cost reduction of the devices. The purpose of this study is to perform modal analyses, validate the simulation results with testing data, and provide a design tool for quick gyro element resonant frequency predictions. Then the process window and design limit can be quickly evaluated and optimized before the final wafers are built.
Mobile-friendly Peer-to-Peer client routing using out-of-band signaling

It is expected that Peer-to-Peer (P2P) services will co-exist with the client-server based services such as IMS. Mobile users may subscribe to the traditional wireless cellular services while participating in P2P overlay networks. In this paper, a method is proposed to reduce the signaling overhead in a mobile P2P system. With the help of the underlying infrastructure, a mobile device in the P2P overlay can be located using out-of-band non-P2P signaling. This reduces its P2P signaling for location update while a mobile device is changing the point of attachment in the P2P overlay. As the signaling cost depends on both the client's mobility and traffic models, an analytical model has been developed to determine the optimal threshold for the registration update. Analytical results have shown that the proposed method could save up to 70% signaling cost when the Call-to-Mobility Ratio (CMR) is low. On the other hand, it would be better to fall back to the base client routing method when the CMR is high, i.e., perform the registration update whenever the client changes the point of attachment in the P2P overlay.
The relative effects of mutation accumulation versus inbreeding depression on fitness in experimental populations of the housefly

Loss of fitness due to inbreeding depression in small captive populations of endangered species is widely appreciated. Populations of all sizes may also experience loss in fitness when environmental conditions are ameliorated because deleterious alleles may be rendered neutral and accumulate rapidly. Few data exist, however, to demonstrate loss in fitness due to relaxed selection. Loss of fitness in life-history traits were compared between LARGE (Ne ≥ 500) and SMALL (Ne = 50) populations of the housefly Musca domestica L that were subjected to curtailed life span at 21 days to remove selection on late-acting deleterious alleles. During the early part of the life history (≤21 days), the rate of decline in fecundity and progeny production over 24 generations was greater in the small (1.5%) than in the large populations 21 days) was equivalent across populations, consistent with neutral theory, and amounted to 1.7% per generation. This rate of loss due to relaxed selection was equivalent to the rate of loss due to inbreeding in populations with an effective size of 50 individuals. Even if captive populations are kept large to avoid inbreeding, breeding them in benign environments where the forces of natural selection are curtailed may jeopardize the capability of these populations to exist in natural environments within few generations. Zoo Biol 20:145–156, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mercados laborales corporativistas y no corporativistas y desempleo en la OCDE

El articulo muestra que la incidencia de las instituciones del mercado de trabajo sobre el desempleo varia en funcion del regimen de dicho mercado. En un regimen corporativista, caracterizado por buenas relaciones laborales, complementariedad institucional y equilibrio entre flexibilidad externa e interna, los efectos son distintos. A partir de datos de 20 paises de la OCDE para 1985-2008, el autor observa que en los mercados corporativistas, una legislacion de proteccion del empleo estricta correlaciona con desempleo bajo. Al incluir variables macroeconomicas se observa que, en recesion, el desempleo aumenta con tipos de interes reales elevados, baja acumulacion de capital y politicas sociales restrictivas.
The state of federal health statistics on racial and ethnic groups.

Objective. —To examine assumptions underlying federal health statistics on racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Data Sources. —Studies conducted by federal agencies and other investigators, and technical appendices of published vital statistics and census reports. Data Synthesis. —Several assumptions underlying federal health statistics on racial and ethnic groups are not well supported. Conceptual (as opposed to operational) definitions of race and ethnicity are not available, and scientific grounds for definition are not considered. Procedures for the ascertainment of race and ethnicity vary within and among data-collection agencies. Miscounting and misclassification may vary by an order of magnitude between whites and other races. The responses of individuals to questions of racial and ethnic identity differ for different indicators, in different surveys, and at different times. As a result, counts, rates, and rate ratios may not be meaningful or accurate. Particularly for Hispanics and for races other than whites or blacks, there are inconsistencies in statistical information that may hinder health research and program development. Conclusions. —Improvement of federal health statistics for racial and ethnic groups requires (1) clarification of goals for classification, (2) adoption of scientific principles for the validation and definition of the categories "race" and "ethnicity," (3) assessment of perceived social identity in the population, and (4) periodic evaluation. ( JAMA . 1992;267:268-271)