cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A predictive study of turnover

A study of 395 scientists from two organizations indicated that turnover can be predicted by means of a confidential questionnaire " completed while the person is still employed. A general model predicting turnover on the basis of individual orientations and characteristics, inclusion in the organization, job factors, group cohesiveness, involvement, rewards, performance, and opinion about leaving was partially supported by the findings, especially when applied to high performers. Factors most strongly associated with subsequent turnover included the feeling that it would help the person's career, low provisions for rewarding performance, and lower age and technical maturity. Longer working hours, higher income, and more contacts and reference groups outside the organization tended to associate both with high performers remaining and low performers leaving their
“Screening” for Prostate Cancer in New York’s Skid Row: History and Implications

The Bowery series, open perineal biopsies performed on more than 1200 alcoholic men recruited from homeless shelters in New York City’s Bowery section, began in 1951 and persisted for more than a decade. If frozen sections revealed prostate cancer, men typically underwent radical perineal prostatectomy, orchiectomy, and diethylstilbestrol treatment. This poorly informed, vulnerable population was subjected to health risks that investigators knew others would not accept. Although the knowledge produced had little impact on practice, the Bowery practices foreshadowed and have troubling continuities with later developments. Currently, more than a million American men each year undergo prostatic biopsies. But the efficacy of prostate-specific antigen screening and the treatment that typically follows has never been established. The Bowery series and subsequent developments are part of one continuous story of how medical and lay people came to believe in the efficacy of population screening followed by aggress...
Experiences with proportional wire chambers

Abstract The construction and operation of proportional wire chambers is discussed. Electron microphotographs show damage to the sense wiress where traverse by an intense charge particle beam. A solution to this problem is discussed.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Chordoma and Chondrosarcoma: Further Experiences

Abstract Purpose: Skull base chordomas and chondrosarcomas pose management challenges owing to their critical location, locally aggressive nature, and high recurrence rate despite multimodality treatment. We used stereotactic radiosurgery as primary or adjuvant therapy to achieve safe and effective therapeutic irradiation. Methods and Materials: At an average of 4 years (range 1–7), we evaluated 15 patients (nine with chordomas and six with chondrosarcomas) who had gamma-knife radiosurgery as an adjunct (13 patients) or as an alternative to microsurgical resection (two patients). Patient age varied from 7 to 70 years (mean 38). There was a distinct male preponderance (2:1). Thirteen patients had undergone between one and four resections. Using conformal radiosurgical planning, a maximum tumor dose of 24–40 Gy (mean 36) and a tumor margin dose of 12–20 Gy (mean 18) was given to a mean tumor volume of 4.6 ml. Results: Eight patients showed clinical improvement, three remained stable, and four died. Two of the four patients who died had tumor progression remote from the radiosurgery volume; two patients died of unrelated disorders. Among 11 surviving patients, follow-up imaging showed a reduction in tumor size in five, no further tumor growth in five, and an increase in the size of the tumor in one. The patient with further tumor growth after radiosurgery subsequently underwent repeat resection. Conclusion: Despite the formidable management challenge posed by these neoplasms, our long-term evaluation has shown that radiosurgery is a safe and effective treatment for patients with small volume tumors.
Critical Regimes of Flows with Density Stratification

This study first discusses the analogy between flow in an open channel and either internal or surface currents in large bodies of fluid and shows that the concept of the critical regime is generally applicable to such cases. The critical regime of gravity currents due to density stratification is then examined in terms of both the momentum principle and the somewhat simpler energy principle; contrary to the case of open-channel hydraulics, the two principles result in different flow criteria. In the case of surface currents it is shown that, for constant piezometric or energy level at the surface, the critical regime corresponds to a velocity distribution which reaches a maximum some distance from the surface. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951.tb00773.x
Methyl Jasmonate Application Induces Increased Densities of Glandular Trichomes on Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum

This study was designed to address whether applications of methyl jasmonate (MJ) or Benzothiadiazole (BTH) to cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, induced elevated densities of defense-related glandular trichomes on new leaves. Four-leaf tomato plants were sprayed with MJ, BTH, or control solutions, and the density of type VI glandular trichomes on new leaves was subsequently determined at 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d. At 7, 14, and 21 d, the density of type VI glandular trichomes on new leaves was significantly higher on MJ-treated plants than on BTH- or control-treated plants. At 7 and 14 d after treatment, the mean density of glandular trichomes on new leaves of MJ-treated plants was ninefold higher than on leaves of control-treated plants. We observed entrapment of immature western flower thrips in trichomes on MJ-treated plants at higher rates than on BTH or control plants. Studies to evaluate potential trade-offs between reductions in pest populations by increased trichome density and possible negative impacts of trichome induction on biological control agents are needed.
Affinity chromatography: Interactions between sepharose-linked and soluble γ-globulin

Abstract When antibodies are bound to Sepharose, they will specifically bind immunoglobulins of the IgG class. This interaction depends on the presence of the Fc fragment in the soluble immunoglobulin. The affinity between the soluble and the Sepharose-linked immunoglobulin is apparently similar to that between a bound antibody and its specific antigen. The effects of this interaction on the utility of affinity chromatography are discussed.
Consistency of current commutation relations and related considerations

Okubo recently proved the inconsistency of the commutation relation, [j k (x),j 0 (x′)]=0, for any local Lorentz vectorj μ(x). In his proof, use is made of the assumption that there are no massless excitations in the physical spectrum. An elementary observation reveals, however, that this assumption is really not necessary. The PS-PV meson theory and the σ-model are discussed. With a proper definition for the current as localized field operator product, theformal inconsistencies observed by Okubo in these two theoretic models are resolved.
Solving airside airport congestion: Why peak runway pricing is not working

Abstract The paper examines why peak runway pricing has never been effectively implemented. Some of the literature discussing the theory is examined to show the basis for the theory and the potential for flaws in practice. Three cases where airports attempted to implement peak runway pricing are analyzed. The findings indicate that there may be some institutional barriers to peak pricing theory that prevent effective implementation. Airports and others seeking to reduce congestion might consider focusing their efforts on working towards providing alternatives for passengers, rather than attempting to use peak pricing as a congestion-reduction mechanism in isolation.
Studies of hypersensitivity reactions to foods in infants and children

In order to extend previous investigations of adverse reactions to foods performed at this institution, 68 children, aged 5 mo to 15 yr, were studied. All subjects reported a history of adverse reaction to ingestion of one or more of the 14 foods under study. Sixteen of 43 subjects, 3 yr of age or older, had 22 adverse reactions during 94 food challenges with one or more of the 14 foods. All reactions confirmed were to peanut or other nuts, milk, egg, and soy. Skin testing with 1:20 weight/volume concentrations of food extracts applied by the puncture technique produced a net wheal reaction 3 mm or greater in all subjects 3 yr of age or older in whom double-blind food challenges confirmed the history of adverse reaction. Thirteen of 25 children less than 3 yr of age manifested adverse reactions during 49 food challenges. Skin testing by puncture technique produced a net wheal 3 mm or greater in 9 children less than 3 yr of age in whom food challenge elicited a clinical response within 2 hr. One of 4 subjects less than 3 yr of age in whom the adverse reaction occurred more than 4 hr after food challenge exhibited a wheal to puncture skin test of 3 mm or greater. These studies suggest that at present double-blind food challenge is an indispensible tool for the unequivocal evaluation of adverse reactions to foods.
Retinoic Acid Homeostasis: Retinoic Acid Regulates Liver Retinol Esterification as Well as Its Own Catabolic Oxidation in Liver

Retinol is stored in liver in the form of its esters. The retinol-esterifying enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) catalyzes the conversion of retinol into its storage form. Expression of the LRAT mRNA is induced by retinoic acid (RA), or by dietary vitamin A, and is downregulated upon vitamin A depletion. RA also induces the expression in liver of the mRNA for CYP26, the enzyme that disposes of excess RA by oxidizing RA to 4-oxo-RA. CYP26 is downregulated upon vitamin A depletion.
Why lifespans are more variable among blacks than among whites in the United States.

Lifespans are both shorter and more variable for blacks than for whites in the United States. Because their lifespans are more variable, there is greater inequality in length of life—and thus greater uncertainty about the future—among blacks. This study is the first to decompose the black-white difference in lifespan variability in America. Are lifespans more variable for blacks because they are more likely to die of causes that disproportionately strike the young and middle-aged, or because age at death varies more for blacks than for whites among those who succumb to the same cause? We find that it is primarily the latter. For almost all causes of death, age at death is more variable for blacks than it is for whites, especially among women. Although some youthful causes of death, such as homicide and HIV/AIDS, contribute to the black-white disparity in variance, those contributions are largely offset by the higher rates of suicide and drug poisoning deaths for whites. As a result, differences in the causes of death for blacks and whites account, on net, for only about one-eighth of the difference in lifespan variance.
Stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity by gonadotropic hormones and cyclic AMP in the testis of immature rats

Summary Ornithine decarboxylase activity in the testes of immature rats was measured 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after the injection of FSH, LH or cAMP. Both gonadotropic hormones stimulated the synthesis of the enzyme. Maximal activity was observed 4 hours after the injection of the hormones. cAMP increased the activity of the enzyme during the first two hours after the injection. Pretreatment with cycloheximide inhibited the synthesis of the enzyme in all groups of animals.
Gerontology in Higher Education: An Autobiographical Memoir∗

Over my 45 years in the field of aging, gerontological education has evolved from a pioneering endeavor to a vital and essential resource for our aging societies. Happily, my career has been intertwined with this developmental trajectory. This autobiographical memoir, based on the 2007 Clark Tibbitts Award Lecture for AGHE, reveals that to the extent I have made contributions to gerontological education, they were as much due to happenstances as they were the consequences of agendas I had planned. I had the good fortune to be in the right places, with the right people, at the right times.
In vivo flow-independent T2 measurements of superior mesenteric vein blood in diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia: A preliminary evaluation

Rationale and Objectives. The authors attempted to determine whether the T2 relaxation time of superior mesenteric vein (SMV) blood would decrease in patients with chronic mesenteric ischemia after a meal. Materials and Methods. Thirty-two patients without chronic mesenteric ischemia and eight patients with symptomatic chronic mesenteric ischemia underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. All examinations were performed with a 1.5-T unit, a modified Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence, final section-selective pulse of 180°, and spiral readout gradients. Measurements of SMV blood T2 were obtained after at least 6 hours of fasting and 15 and 35 minutes after ingestion of 240 mL of a liquid nutritional supplement. Maximal change of the SMV blood T2 was expressed as a percentage of the fasting T2 in all patients. Results. In control patients, SMV blood T2 increased postprandially by 9.4% ± 1.3 (95% confidence level; range, 6.8%–11.9%) (data range, −7.3% to 25.6%) compared with fasting T2. In symptomatic patients, SMV blood T2 decreased postprandially by 15.8% ± 2.2 (95% confidence level; range, −20.1% to −10.7%) (data range, −7.9% to −25.3%). The difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( P t test). Conclusion. Measurement of SMV blood T2 is a promising test for chronic mesenteric ischemia diagnosis. Therefore, conversion of T2 measurements to estimate oxygen saturation may not be necessary for all cases of this clinical indication.
Moral Evil, Freedom and the Goodness of God: Why Kant Abandoned Theodicy

Kant proclaimed that all theodicies must fail in ‘On the Miscarriage of All Philosophical Trials in Theodicy’, but it is mysterious why he did so since he had developed a theodicy of his own during the critical period. In this paper, I offer an explanation of why Kant thought theodicies necessarily fail. In his theodicy, as well as in some of his works in ethics, Kant explained moral evil as resulting from unavoidable limitations in human beings. God could not create finite beings without such limitations and so could not have created humans that were not prone to committing immoral acts. However, the work of Carl Christian Eberhard Schmid showed Kant that given his own beliefs about freedom and the nature of responsibility one could not account for moral evil in this way without tacitly denying that human beings were responsible for their actions. This result is significant not only because it explains an otherwise puzzling shift in Kant's philosophy of religion, but also because it shows that the theodi...
Diffuse absorbing beryllium coatings produced by magnetron sputtering

Beryllium coatings with varying thicknesses and columnar grain sizes were deposited by low temperature magnetron sputtering and wet chemically etched to enhance diffuse absorption of light. After etching these coatings exhibited a matte black surface finish and low specular reflectance (below 2%) in the IR up to a critical wavelength dependent upon the original grain size of the coating. Extremely thick coatings (350 j.tm) with original grain sizes of 10 to 12 j.m were produced which exhibited specular reflectances below 0.5% up to 50 p.m wavelength and a Lambertian BRDF at 10.6 p.m averaging 4.3x103 ster1. Scanning electron micrographs are presented for etched and unetched beryllium coatings which showed the etching process produces roughness and porosity over several size scales simultaneously with the maximum size scale limited by the initial coating grain size and thickness. This technique for producing diffuse absorbing baffle materials has great versatility in choice of coating material and substrate and can be expected to provide optical system designers with a variety of material options for stray light management.
Simultaneous measurements of plant structure and chlorophyll content in broadleaf saplings with a terrestrial laser scanner

Abstract Plant structure and chlorophyll content strongly affect rates of photosynthesis. Rapid, objective, and repeatable methods are needed to measure these vegetative parameters to advance our understanding and modeling of plant ecophysiological processes. Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) can be used to measure structural and potentially chemical properties of objects by quantifying the x , y , z coordinates and intensity of laser light, respectively, returned from an object's surface. The objective of this study was to determine the potential usefulness of TLS with a green (532 nm) laser to simultaneously measure the spatial distribution of chlorophyll a and b content (Chl ab ), leaf area (LA), and leaf angle (LAN). The TLS measurements were obtained from saplings of two tree species ( Quercus macrocarpa and Acer saccharum ) and from an angle-adjustable cardboard surface. The green laser return intensity value was strongly correlated with wet-chemically determined Chl ab ( r 2 = 0.77). Strong agreement was shown between measured and TLS-derived LA ( r 2 = 0.95, intercept = − 1.43, slope = 0.97). The TLS derived LANs of both species followed a plagiophile LAN distribution, and the measured angles of the cardboard surface allowed us to quantify that these LAN values were strongly correlated with TLS derived angles ( r 2 = 1.0, intercept and slope = 0.98). Our results show that terrestrial laser scanners are feasible for simultaneous measurement of LA, LAN, and Chl ab in simple canopies of small broadleaved plants. Further research is needed in more complex and larger canopies.
Intestinal protozoa important to poultry

Parasites of two groups are important in poultry, the coccidia and the mastiogophora (flagellates) (Table 1). Most of the Coccidia in poultry are in the genus Eimeria, but a few species of Isospora, Cryptosporidium, and Sarcosporidia are represented. The Eimeria are best known, with seven important species recognized in chickens and several others in turkeys. Diagnosis of coccidiosis is by recognition of classic signs and lesions, by gross examination, and can be aided by microscopic examination of feces and intestinal contents. Control of coccidiosis is by preventive use of anticoccidials and by immunization. Cryptosporidium are common in poultry but little is known of their importance, except for the occasional outbreak of respiratory cryptosporidiosis in turkey poults. Of the flagellates, Histomonas meleagridis is the best known. Infections in turkeys may cause near 100% mortality, but outbreaks in chickens are more often marked by morbidity and subsequent recovery. Recent outbreaks in broiler breeder pullets caused excessive losses from mortality (5 to 20%) culling, and overall poor flock performance. Histomonas organisms are carried by eggs of the cecal worm Heterakis gallinarum enabling them to survive for long periods in soil as a source of infection. In the U.S. there are no products available for treatment of blackhead. Preventive use of anthelminthics to destroy the cecal worm carrier show some promise in reducing exposure.
Increased turnover of norepinephrine in the rat cerebral cortex during stress: role of the locus coeruleus.

The effect of “stress” (electrical foot shocks) on the turnover of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex (including hippocampus) was studied in rats with an acute unilateral lesion in the area of the locus coeruleus. The noradrenergic nerve terminals in the rat cerebral cortex are mainly supplied by norepinephrine-containing neurones originating in the locus coeruleus. Stress induces an increase of the rate of disappearance of norepinephrine after inhibition of catecholamine synthesis (with α-methyl-(p-tyrosine) and an increased formation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol sulphate (a major metabolite of norepinephrine in the brain) in the cerebral cortex; these changes were blocked in the ipsilateral cortex of rats with unilateral lesions in the locus coeruleus. These results suggest that the locus coeruleus plays an important role in mediating the effect of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex.
Longshore Movements of the Sand Crab, Emerita Analoga (Decapoda, Hippidae)

Wir haben Markierungsmoglichkeiten fur Sandkrabben (Emerita analoga) gepruft und entdeckten 3 brauchbare Methoden. Auf dem Ruckenschild angenahte Faden erwiesen sich als die wirksamste Methode mit Ruckfangraten von 6,1 Prozent. 114 bezeichnete Sandkrabben wurden 1 bis 27 Tage nach ihrer Freilassung ostlich und westlich des Aussetzungsorts mit einer durchschnittlich ostlichen Versetzung (Wanderung) von 47,6 Fus pro Tag wiedergefunden. Die Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der Wasserstromung betrug 15,4 Fus pro Minute ostwarts. Die Ansammlungen neigten dazu, in der gleichen relativen Lage (Verbindung mit Sandspitzen) zu bleiben. Die ostwarts gerichtete Entfernung einzelner Sandkrabben deutet darauf hin, das diese eher eine physikalische als eine biologische Ursache hat. Wir bezweifeln die Gultigkeit von Wachstumskurven, die auf der Annahme beruhen, das der Sandkrabbenbestand seshaft bleibt.
Vapor-phase HF solvolysis of cellulose: Modification of the reversion oligosaccharide distribution by in-situ methanolysis

Abstract The solvolysis of cellulose by anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) vapor produces water-soluble oligosaccharides generated by repolymerization of the primary solvolysis product, glucosyl fluoride. In-situ methanolysis of glucosyl fluoride in the HF-reacting cellulose substrate reduced the extent of this reversion reaction and increased the recovery of monomers (as glucose and 1-O-methyl glucose) in the water-soluble reaction products. Single cellulose filter paper wafers both with and without absorbed methanol were reacted with an HF vapor stream at 30°C and 1·0 atm for reaction times varying from 2 to 12 min. The oligosaccharide product distribution in the water-soluble reaction products was then profiled by HPLC. The cellulose substrate was completely converted to water-soluble products within 4 min exposure to HF vapor, but the oligosaccharide product distribution did not reach equilibrium until 10 min exposure to HF vapor. Absorbed methanol (5 mole methanol to 1 mole glucan) in the cellulose substrate increased the monomer recovery of the water-soluble reaction products from 30 mole % to 60 mole %.
Identification and characterization of mitochondrial translation products in various yeasts and in Prototheca zopfii.

Mitochondrial genomes of different eucaryotes are not all alike. We have examined mitochondrial translation products in a number of yeasts (Candida krusei, Hansenula saturnus, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula rubra, Torulopsis glabrata andSaccharomyces cerevisiae) and in Prototheca zopfii, a colorless alga, in order to determine whether certain proteins are invariably synthesized within mitochondria, how different these proteins are, and what additional proteins, if any, might be synthesized by diverse mitochondria. Using a variety of techniques and criteria, including immunological analysis and peptide mapping, we show that all the yeasts studied, and probablyP. zopfii as well, make versions of the 3 large subunits of cytochrome c oxidase. Not all of these oxidase subunits are equally closely related to their counterparts inS. cerevisiae, however. Mitochondria of some of the yeasts studied do not make, or make only small amounts of, a counterpart to Varl, a major mitochondrially made protein inS. cerevisiae. Mitochondria ofP. zopfii possibly do not make an apocytochrome b.T. glabrata, H. saturnus and the two Rhodotorula species each make one or more proteins whose relationship, if any, to mitochondrial translation products ofS. cerevisiae is not apparent. These results provide new information about mitochondrial diversity. Whereas mitochondria of all the organisms that we have studied devote the major part of their synthetic effort to making the three large subunits of cytochrome c oxidase, and probably make certain other proteins in common, they do not all synthesize a completely identical set of proteins.
A transgenic Plasmodium falciparum NF54 strain that expresses GFP-luciferase throughout the parasite life cycle.

Plasmodium falciparum is the pathogenic agent of the most lethal of human malarias. Transgenic P. falciparum parasites expressing luciferase have been created to study drug interventions of both asexual and sexual blood stages but luciferase-expressing mosquito stage and liver stage parasites have not been created which has prevented the easy quantification of mosquito stage development (e.g. for transmission blocking interventions) and liver stage development (for interventions that prevent infection). To overcome this obstacle, we have created a transgenic P. falciparum NF54 parasite that expresses a GFP–luciferase transgene throughout the life cycle. Luciferase expression is robust and measurable at all life cycle stages, including midgut oocyst, salivary gland sporozoites and liver stages, where in vivo development is easily measurable using humanized mouse infections in conjunction with an in vivo imaging system. This parasite reporter strain will accelerate testing of interventions against pre-erythrocytic life cycle stages.
Cycle detection in speech breathing signals

As with any physiological process, breathing behaviors can be represented by time-varying signals. Speech breathing, or breathing behavior that supports speech production, is one particular type of breathing that can be difficult and time-consuming to analyze visually. In this paper, we introduce a novel cycle identification algorithm using MATLAB programming that automatically identifies breath cycles in speech breathing signals. The results of simulations have shown that the proposed algorithm can identify breath cycles correctly and efficiently despite the complexity of speech breathing signals. The use of this algorithm can help researchers and clinicians more easily identify and analyze cycles associated with speech breathing.
Dissection of an Aneurysmic Ascending Aorta in a Child with Atresia of the Aortic Isthmus

A boy with atresia of the aortic isthmus suffered dissection of the aneurysmatic ascending aorta. It is assumed that he had coarctation as a newborn and survived the subsequently developed atresia because of extensive collateralization.
Effect of isoelectric solubilization/precipitation and titanium dioxide on whitening and texture of proteins recovered from dark chicken-meat processing by-products

Processing of chicken generates by-products containing muscle proteins attached to bones and skin that, if recovered, could be a functional ingredient in restructured food products. However, color of restructured products made of proteins recovered from chicken processing by-products is poor. The by-products contain bones, skin, fat, etc. that affect color of restructured products. Therefore, color properties need to be improved. The objectives of this study were to determine effects of isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) and TiO2 on instrumental color and texture properties of heat-set gels made of proteins recovered from dark chicken-meat processing by-products as compared to gels made of chicken breast meat. Skin-on bone-in chicken drumsticks were used as a model dark chicken-meat processing by-products. TiO2 at 0–1 g/100 g and canola oil at 10 g/100 g were added to the ISP-recovered proteins followed by cooking. Due to higher (P < 0.05) yellowness (b∗) and lower (P < 0.05) lightness (L∗), the whiteness of drumstick gels without TiO2 was lower (P < 0.05) than breast gels. TiO2 at 1 g/100 g with canola oil resulted in slightly better (P < 0.05) whiteness of drumstick gels than breast gels. TiO2 did not deteriorate gel texture, which was generally comparable to breast gels. This research indicates that ISP allows recovery of proteins from skin-on bone-in dark chicken-meat processing by-products without removal of bones, skin, and fat prior to processing. Addition of TiO2 to proteins recovered from these by-products allows development of heat-set gels with color and texture comparable to chicken breast gels. Although this study shows the potential for a novel, marketable food product, sensory tests are recommended.
The Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) with Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC): Comprehensive Care for Preterm Infants

State-of-the-art Newborn Intensive Care Units (NICUs), instrumental in the survival of high-risk and ever-earlier-born preterm infants, often have costly human repercussions. The developmental sequelae of newborn intensive care are largely misunderstood. Developed countries eager to export their technologies must also transfer the knowledge-base that encompasses all high-risk and preterm infants' personhood as well as the neuro-essential importance of their parents. Without such understanding, the best medical care, while assuring survival jeopardizes infants' long-term potential and deprives parents of their critical role. Exchanging the womb for the NICU environment at a time of rapid brain growth compromises preterm infants' early development, which results in long-term physical and mental health problems and developmental disabilities. The Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) aims to prevent the iatrogenic sequelae of intensive care and to maintain the intimate connection between parent and infant, one expression of which is Kangaroo Mother Care. NIDCAP embeds the infant in the natural parent niche, avoids over-stimulation, stress, pain, and isolation while it supports self-regulation, competence, and goal orientation. Research demonstrates that NIDCAP improves brain development, functional competence, health, and life quality. It is cost effective, humane, and ethical, and promises to become the standard for all NICU care.
Japanese construction industry

The JTEC study of Japanese construction technologies examines specific technology developments, research funding and organization, and implementation. It at tempts to compare the current state of construction technology in Japan with that in the United S t a t e s a formidable task in so complex a field. Panelists chose to focus on three basic areas within the f ie ld--processes , materials, and sys t ems-and on ten related topics: 1. Automat ion 2. Materials 3. Structural Systems 4. Intelligent Structures, Materials, Systems 5. R & D Funding and Administration 6. Construction Field Operat ions 7. Construction Management Systems 8. Safety 9. Environmental Technologies 10. Publ ic /Pr ivate Interactions. In addition, aspects of public policy and industrial policy and management were included where important to a topic.
Recovery of added 15N-labelled ammonium-N from Louisiana Gulf Coast estuarine sediment

Abstract The loss of added 15N-labelled NH4+ from bottom sediment was studied in situ in a shallow saline Louisiana Gulf Coast lake. 15N-labelled NH4+ was uniformly mixed with sediment at the level of 35 μg N g−1 dry sediment for 24 h before being weighed into polyethylene containers. The 15N-enriched sediment was incubated on the lake bottom for periods up to 337 days. At intervals, triplicate samples were taken and analyzed for inorganic NH4+, organic N, and denitrification rates. Concentrations of NH4+ in the 15NH4+ enriched sediment samples were at levels similar to those measured in vertical intact cores removed from the lake at each sampling date. The initial and final isotopic compositions of NH4+ in the incubated sediments were 44.26 and 0.521 atom % 15N excess, respectively. 15N enrichment in the organic N fraction increased rapidly during the first 15 days of incubation and then increased slowly from 15 to 123 days. Denitrification, estimated by the acetylene blockage technique, ranged from 0.994 to 0.079 ng N g−1 dry sediment per hour. The mean denitrification rate for the 337-day period was 0.28 ng N g−1 h−1. There was no statistical difference in the recovery of 15N between 15 and 337 days of incubation. When the added 15N became incorporated into the organic N pool, little or no further 15N was lost.
Control and optimization with dimensionality constraints

The purpose of this thesis is to develop synthesis tools for control design with dimensionality constraints. In particular, given a model for a physical process, the goal is to characterize all possible controllers of a certain dimension which satisfy given performance criteria. In classical feedback design, the complexity of controller adversely affects robustness of the regulatory mechanisms of the feedback and adds to the fragility of the system. The complexity is often due to the difficulty in imposing performance specifications in a natural mathematical context. Typically, this is done using "weight functions" which encapsulate the specifications, and then introducing those in a suitable optimization problem. A contribution of this work is to address a certain type of optimization problem and the choice of weight functions. More precisely, we develop a new design approach which leads to a controller achieving both requirements, the performance specifications and low complexity, at the same time. Further, this thesis generalizes the previous methods for multivariable systems by developing analogous theory and techniques. The main contribution in multivariable analytic interpolation is to characterize a family of minimal McMillan degree solutions by a choice of spectral-zero dynamics. In addition to application of this theory for model-matching in control design, we show how to use the same techniques for maximum power transfer in circuit theory, and for spectral estimation in signal analysis. Also in this thesis we give new results on implementation of controllers with some very specific elements. One such, which is hard to simulate on a digital computer, is what could be described as "half capacitor". It implements a "fractional integration" and can be used to a great advantage in classical feedback design, providing gain but without introducing time-lag.
The Role of Coercion in the Jurisprudence of Hart and Raz: A Critical Analysis

Legal positivism as a jurisprudential theory is often associated with the project of understanding 'law as it is' rather than 'law as it ought to be.' H.L.A. Hart, widely regarded as the most influential legal philosopher of the 20th century and the founder of contemporary legal positivism, characterized his project as 'descriptive sociology,' an attempt to provide theoretical insight into the workings of actual modern legal systems. Since most people, as well as most lawyers, would say that the law’s enforceability through sanctions, whether criminal or civil, is a key feature of law, it is surprising that Hart rejected the view that coercion is essential to the nature of law. It is equally surprising that Joseph Raz, the most influential positivist of the last quarter century, agrees with this rejection. Indeed, according to Hart, coercion is merely ancillary to the main functions of law in society, and according to Raz, coercion is not an essential feature of law because it plays no necessary conceptual role in elucidating and distinguishing law as an institutionalized normative system.In this article, I argue that Hart and Raz are both mistaken here - i.e., that coercion is essential to the nature to law. In particular, with respect to Hart, I argue that (1) in order to understand his account regarding the role of coercion in a theory of the nature of law, we must analyze his criticisms of John Austin’s and Hans Kelsen’s sanction-centered accounts of law; (2) Hart’s critique of Austin and Kelsen reveal a fundamental role for the concept of obligation; (3) Hart’s critique of Austin and Kelsen reveal a fundamental role for an explanation of the experiences of law-subjects; (4) Hart rejects sanction-centered accounts because they could not adequately account for legal obligation and obscured how law functions in society; (5) Hart’s theory of obligation, however, requires an explication of the legal sanction in order to differentiate legal obligation from other forms of obligation; and (6) Hart’s focus on the experience of law-subjects undermines his claim that the internal point of view is primary for understanding the nature of modern legal systems.With respect to Raz, I argue that: (1) in order to understand his account of the role of coercion in a theory of the nature of law, we must first understand his account of institutionalized normative systems; (2) his account of such systems apparently implies that coercion is unnecessary for the existence of a legal system; (3) this account, however, fails because it does not provide a basis for distinguishing a legal system from other institutionalized normative systems within the same society (specifically, religious systems and popular morality); and (4) his conceptual methodology implies a different conclusion than the one offered.
Fabrication and characterization of nanotubular semiconductor oxides In2O3 and Ga2O3

Hollow nanotubes comprised of In2O3 and Ga2O3 have been successfully synthesized for the first time via sol–gel chemistry and porous alumina templating thereby providing a new morphology for these important semiconductor oxides. The nanotubes are characterized by SEM, XRD and XPS, and the length (typically tens of microns) and outside and inside diameter (of the order of 100 nm) can be varied by selecting the template dimensions and sol immersion time. This new morphology with a large surface area may be important in applications ranging from gas sensors to optoelectronic nanodevices.
The transmission characteristics of asymmetric-sideband communication networks

This paper, in continuation of Part 1, which has already been published in the Journal,1 deals with the transmission of an amplitude-modulated wave through a bandpass channel the transfer characteristics of which are not symmetrical, either in modulus or phase, or both, about the carrier frequency. This paper is not concerned with any specific application of such asymmetric-sideband working; perfectly general forms of modulating wave and channel characteristics have been assumed. The theorem, given in Part 1, expressing the ?equivalent modulation frequency characteristics? of such a channel in terms of the bandpass characteristics is here considered in greater detail. The idealized transfer characteristics chosen by various authors for analysis of asymmetric-sideband channel distortion are examined in the light of this theorem, as are also the characteristics of a generalized tuned circuit amplifier stage (or series of stages), taken as a practical example. The theorem is again extended to include the case of a carrier wave modulated by an envelope wave which rises or decays at a rate greater than that of the carrier itself (that is, a wave spectrum containing ?negative? sidebands). An appendix is included, giving some notes on the waveform of such a modulated wave.
Generational differences in vulnerability to identity denial: The role of group identification

Identity denial, or having one’s group membership go unrecognized by others, is a form of discrimination and a common experience for ethnic minorities whose national identities are routinely questioned. Three studies found that being denied one’s national identity generated greater negative emotions for second+ generation (i.e., U.S.-born) compared to first generation (i.e., foreign-born) Asian Americans, and for those first generation Asian Americans who arrived to the USA earlier in their lives compared to later. Negative emotions in response to identity denial were mediated by American identification, specifically greater self-stereotyping as American, among second+ generation Americans. The present work thus identifies which group members are most vulnerable to the negative effects of identity denial and further suggests that identity denial is a self-definitional threat in which one’s view of oneself is not validated by others.
Fullerene-Based Hybrid Devices for High-Density Nonvolatile Memory

We demonstrate a CMOS-compatible, nonvolatile, hybrid-memory device using fullerenes as a floating gate. In the hybrid MOS capacitors, organic fullerene molecules were encapsulated between inorganic oxides, i.e., SiO2 as a tunnel oxide and HfO2 as a control oxide. Aluminum was e-beam deposited on the fullerenes and spontaneously oxidized to act as a nucleation layer for the HfO2 control oxide. Material characterization confirmed the presence of fullerenes and high-k dielectric in the gate stack. Electrical characterization verified the memory operation of the devices. Finally, the molecular orbital energies of the fullerene molecules in the gate stack were estimated.
Abundance of Vertebrates and Macroinvertebrates One and Two Years after a Winterkill in a Small Ohio Pond

ABSTRACT We documented the abundance and distribution of amphibian larvae and macroinvertebrates one and two years following a winterkill in a small pond in the winter of 2000. The densities of bivalves, damselfly nymphs, snails, dragonfly nymphs, nematodes, and crayfish did not differ significantly between years. Five taxa (dipteran larvae, hemipterans, Rana sp. tadpoles, Blued [Lepomis macrochirus], and coleopteran larvae) were observed in 2002 but not in 2001. For all taxa, densities in Wood Duck Pond tended to be lower than those reported in other nearby ponds. Thus, although recovery from the winterkill was progressing, the fauna of this small permanent pond was still affected two years later.
Plasma Exchange in Stiff‐Man Syndrome

Stiff-man syndrome (STS) is a rare neurological disorder characterized by involuntary axial and proximal limb rigidity and continuous motor unit activity on electromyography (EMG). Autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) present in 60% of the patients are implicated. We report on the use of plasma exchange (PE) in 2 patients with STS whose serum and cerebrospinal fluid were negative for GAD autoantibodies. One patient showed minimal clinical improvement following PE while the second reported subjective improvement, but not any different from that with medications. Based on the results of PE in our patients, it seems that those who are autoantibody negative are less likely to respond. Whether a more aggressive approach to PE will be beneficial remains speculative.
Solid-State Reactions in the System PbO-TiO2-ZrO2

The reaction sequence and the calcination reaction diagrams for the formation of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) solid solutions were investigated. The formation reactions were studied by differential thermal analyses, wet chemical titrimetric techniques for determining uncombined PbO, and by X-ray diffraction for phase determinations as a function of calcining temperatures and times.
Maternal depression and violence exposure: double jeopardy for child school functioning

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine how violence exposure affects the relationship between maternal depression, cognitive ability, and child behavior. METHODS. A multivariate regression analysis of data for a nationally representative sample of kindergarten students was performed. Maternal depression and violence exposure were measured with standardized parent interviews. Standardized T scores were derived from direct testing of children in reading, mathematics, and general knowledge; child behavior was reported by teachers. RESULTS. A total of 9360 children had neither maternal depression nor violence exposure, 779 violence only, 1564 depression only, and 380 both. Maternal depression alone was associated with poorer mean T scores for reading, mathematics, and general knowledge. However, this effect was attenuated by nearly 25% for reading and general knowledge with adjustment for violence. Children with concurrent exposure to depression and violence had lower mean T scores for reading, mathematics, and general knowledge, as well as more-concerning behaviors, than did those exposed to either factor alone. Across all outcome measures, boys seemed more affected than girls. CONCLUSIONS. Violence compounds the effect of maternal depression on school functioning and behavior. Research and intervention planning for children affected by maternal depression should consider violence exposure. Language: en
Recidivism of Offenders Released from Prison in North Carolina: A Gender Comparison

Using official data, the authors compare rearrest statistics of males and females released from prison in North Carolina between July 1, 1992, and June 30, 1993. The releasees were tracked for reci...
The Olfactory Memory of the Honeybee Apis Mellifera: I. Odorant Modulation of Short- and Intermediate-Term Memory After Single-Trial Conditioning

In the first 15 min after a single learning trial the olfactory memory of the honeybee, Apis mellifera , proceeds through different processing phases during which time the memory is differentially sensitive to a cooling treatment that causes amnesia. During learning about floral odours in a natural situation, several decisions would normally be made about floral choice within that period. In order to study these phenomena in more detail, single-trial proboscis extension conditioning to different odorants was used. Several stimulus-specific effects on memory consolidation in the honeybee are shown. From previous experiments it was predicted that certain odorants would be more salient conditioning stimuli. This result is confirmed. Second, generalization from the conditioned odorant to a different odorant depends on the conditioned odorant and the time postconditioning. In some combinations, responses to a novel odorant are significantly stronger than responses to the conditioning odorant after memory consolidation. These data indicate that memory recall in the honeybee, as it is evidenced by proboscis extension, is sensitive to several aspects of stimulus identity and presentation. The acquisition and recall processes are therefore much more dynamic processes than realized previously.
Protein ligands to HuR modulate its interaction with target mRNAs in vivo.

AU-rich elements (AREs) present in the 3′ untranslated regions of many protooncogene, cytokine, and lymphokine messages target them for rapid degradation. HuR, a ubiquitously expressed member of the ELAV (embryonic lethal abnormal vision) family of RNA binding proteins, selectively binds AREs and stabilizes ARE-containing mRNAs in transiently transfected cells. Here, we identify four mammalian proteins that bind regions of HuR known to be essential for its ability to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm and to stabilize mRNA: SETα, SETβ, pp32, and acidic protein rich in leucine (APRIL). Three have been reported to be protein phosphatase 2A inhibitors. All four ligands contain long, acidic COOH-terminal tails, while pp32 and APRIL share a second motif: rev-like leucine-rich repeats in their NH2-terminal regions. We show that pp32 and APRIL are nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins that interact with the nuclear export factor CRM1 (chromosomal region maintenance protein 1). The inhibition of CRM1 by leptomycin B leads to the nuclear retention of pp32 and APRIL, their increased association with HuR, and an increase in HuR's association with nuclear poly(A)+ RNA. Furthermore, transcripts from the ARE-containing c-fos gene are selectively retained in the nucleus, while the cytoplasmic distribution of total poly(A)+ RNA is not altered. These data provide evidence that interaction of its ligands with HuR modulate HuR's ability to bind its target mRNAs in vivo and suggest that CRM1 is instrumental in the export of at least some cellular mRNAs under certain conditions. We discuss the possible role of these ligands upstream of HuR in pathways that govern the stability of ARE-containing mRNAs.