cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen configurational stability: The effect of a neighboring ferrocene group

The diastereotopic benzyl group has been used to probe dynamic effects in systems where a ferrocene group and nitrogen are directly σ-bonded. We have studied the effect of a ferrocene group on nitrogen inversion as well as observing interesting rotational phenomena in N-ferrocenyl-benzamides and -acetamides.
The American Academy of Roentgenology.

The Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States was involved in total war. The first Golden Age of Radiology (19201941) had ended, and the eventual cessation of hostilities would see a new orientation for certified specialists in all disciplines. The need of the armed services to categorize physicians’ skills would reinforce the need for documented training and certification. Radiology would eventually emerge from World War II poised for a new and greater Golden Age. The Hodges brothers, Paul C. in Chicago and Fred J. in Ann Arbor, had been active and influential in radiologic education and radiologic organizations for many years. They had already started to consider ways to strengthen radiology to ensure its continued growth toward equality with the senior clinical specialties. In their perception, one of the weaknesses in the radiologic organizational structure was the fragmentation of the specialty: too many societies with overlapping functions and members and too many journals competing for original work. We must recall that most radiology at that time was done by general radiologists, certified as equally skilled in diagnosis, radiation therapy, and the use of radium. The Hodges brothers believed that the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), the American College of Radiology (ACR), the American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS), and the American Radium Society (ARS) were diluting the potential influence of a single voice for all of radiology by each going its separate way. They envisioned a single monolithic society formed by the merger of the Big Four, somewhat like the AMA, with sections for special situations and the publication of a single journal. In the beginning, there was little interest in the Hodges’ proposal because the war was everyone’s first priority. But as the Allies’ position improved after Midway and El Alamein, more consideration could be given to the nature of the postwar world and postwar radiology in particular. Because of wartime travel and hotel restrictions, the ARRS and RSNA agreed to hold a joint meeting in 1944. The meeting went smoothly and was highlighted by an outstanding combined Caldwell (ARRS)-Carman (RSNA) Lecture by Dr. Lawrence Reynolds, the distinguished bibliophile and Editor of the MR. The Hodges’ proposal resurfaced in the aftermath ofthe successful
One size does not fit all: the case for tailoring print materials.

Printed health education materials frequently consist of mass-produced brochures, booklets, or pamphlets designed for a general population audience. Although this one-size-fits-all approach might be appropriate under certain circumstances and even produce small changes at relatively modest costs, it cannot address the unique needs, interests, and concerns of different individuals. With the advent and dissemination of new communication technologies, our ability to collect information from individuals and provide feedback tailored to the specific information cellected is not only possible, but practical. The purpose of this article is to: (a) distinguish between tailored print communication and other common communication-based approaches to health education and behavior change; (b) present a theoretical and public health rationale for tailoring health information; and (c) describe the steps involved in creating and deliverin tailored print communication programs. Studies suggest computer tailoring is a promising strategy for health education and behavior change. Practitioners and researchers should understand the approach and consider the possibilities it presents for enhancing their work in disease prevention.
Newly Recognized Occupational and Environmental Causes of Chronic Terminal Airways and Parenchymal Lung Disease

With the introduction of new materials and changes in manufacturing practices, occupational health investigators continue to uncover associations between novel exposures and chronic forms of diffuse parenchymal lung disease and terminal airways disease. In order to discern exposure disease relationships, clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for the potential toxicity of occupational and environmental exposures. This article details several newly recognized chronic parenchymal and terminal airways. Diseases related to exposure to Indium, Nylon Flock, Diacetyl used in the flavorings industry, nanoparticles, and the World Trade Center disaster are reviewed. Additionally, this article will review methods in worker surveillance as well as the potential use of biomarkers in the evaluation of exposure disease relationships.
Electron-propagator calculations with a transition-operator reference

Abstract The quest for a single election-propagator approximation, simple enough to permit applications to quite general molecular systems and sufficiently realistic to predict accurate electron binding energies from the core to the outer valence regions, has inspired a renewed study of some simple self-energy forms using transition orbitals and orbital energies. Applications to H 2 O, C 2 H 4 , Ne, CN − and NH 2 − are reported.
A monolithic lining for 300-ton steelcasting ladles

It was shown that in principle it is possible to produce a rammed lining in 300-ton steelcasting ladles by means of a template. A total of 20 experimental linings were produced by this method. The durability of the monolithic lining produced in 300-ton ladles at the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant by a refined ramming technology was 11 melts on average, i.e., the same as that of a brick lining. The vertical distribution of the hardness of the lining is more even when the clearance between the reinforcing layer and the template is 170 mm wide. No distinct relation was found to exist between the durability of the lining and its hardness immediately after ramming. The variation of the hardness is the most significant factor in the durability of the lining. The durability of monolithic linings produced with a quartzite-based ramming compound is greater than that of a lining produced with a compound based on Chasov-Yar loamy quartz sand (10–13 melts as against 9–11).
Ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure in a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, using continuous spinal anesthesia and intravenous nitroglycerin for uterine relaxation

Summary The ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure allows for the controlled management of a potentially life-threatening difficult airway in the newborn. General anesthesia has previously been reported for the management of this procedure. We report the use of continuous spinal anesthesia in conjunction with intravenous nitroglycerin for the ex utero intrapartum treatment procedure in a woman with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita, a rare syndrome characterized by rigid joints and limb contractures.
FUNCTIONAL DIOECY IN ECHINOCEREUS COCCINEUS (CACTACEAE): BREEDING SYSTEM, SEX RATIOS, AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE OF FLORAL DIMORPHISM'

The breeding system of the hedgehog cactus, Echinocereus coccineus Engelm. (Cactaceae), was studied at two sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico. Two distinct flower types, restricted to separate plants, were observed. One was hermaphroditic and the other male-sterile. Hand-pollinations and field observations showed them to be functionally male and functionally female, respectively. There were significant quantitative intersexual differences in floral morphology. The main pollinators of the populations studied are probably two species of halictid bee. Sex ratios based on the number of plants and flowers at the two sites did not differ significantly from 1:1. Significant differences in fruit set existed between functional female plants from the two sites. The floral dimorphism described here appears confined to eastern and northwestern populations, at the periphery of the range of E. coccineus. Floral dimorphism was not observed in three closely related species.
Achromatic beam combiner and bend system for ILSE

Abstract The lattice configuration of the beam combiner and bend system of the proposed induction linac system experiment (ILSE) is described. These subsystems
Antibody feedback and somatic mutation in B cells: regulation of mutation by immune complexes with IgG antibody

In response to an appropriate antigenic stimulus, and with help from T lymphocytes, naive B cells differentiate into plasmacytes which produce the primary (germline-encoded) IgM and IgG antibody with low affinity for the antigen. The isotype switch from IgM to IgG coincides with the burst of germinal center reaction and the onset of somatic hypermutation. Here we propose that formation of immune complexes between the residual antigen and the primary IgG antibody, which activate complement and localize specifically in the network of follicular dendritic cells, provides an important signal for triggering the mutation mechanism in germinal center B cells. This hypothesis has been supported by studies on immunogenicity of immune complexes in vivo. The experiments have included an immunization with pre-formed antigen/IgG antibody complex and/or an administration of IgG antibody shortly after the antigen injection. Either of these strategies, which are known to augment the germinal center formation, resulted in earlier onset of somatic mutation and increased mutation frequency in VDJ rearrangements in antigen-reactive B cells, provided that help from T cells was also present. It is presumed that the antigen/antibody/complement complex is able to deliver this important signal by cross-linking of antigen receptor with the CD21/CD19/CD81 molecules on B cells. As a corollary, the signaling by immune complexes may lower the threshold of cell activation determined by receptor affinity for antigen and stimulate diverse V-gene repertoire of B-cell clones in germinal centers.
CASSCF/CI calculations of electronic states and potential energy surfaces of PtH2

Complete active space MCSCF followed by MRSDCI (multireference singles and doubles configuration interaction) calculations are carried out on the electronic states of PtH2. Spin–orbit interaction is introduced using a relativistic configuration interaction scheme on PtH+ whose d orbital Mulliken population is close to that of the d population of PtH2 and thus enables calculation of spin–orbit splittings for the electronic states of PtH2. The bending potential energy surfaces of the 1A1 and 3A1 states are obtained. The 1A1 surface has a bent minimum and dissociates almost without a barrier into Pt(1S0) and H2, while the 3A1 state has a large (∼55 kcal/mol) barrier to dissociation into Pt(3D3)+H2. The ground state of PtH2 is a bent 1A1 state (θ=85°).
Redox effects on the bacteriochlorophyll α-containing Fenna-Matthews-Olson protein fromChlorobium tepidum

The BChla-containing Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) protein from the green sulfur bacteriumChlorobium tepidum was purified and characterized. Fluorescence spectra indicate that efficient excited state quenching occurs at neutral or oxidizing redox potentials. The major fluorescence lifetime at room temperature is approximately 60 ps in samples that are in neutral or oxidizing conditions, and approximately 2 ns in samples where the strong reductant sodium dithionite has been added. A similar change is observed in pump-probe picosecond absorbance difference experiments, where the long life time component increases after dithionite addition. A 16 Gauss wide EPR signal with g factor =2.005 is observed in samples without dithionite. This signal largely disappears upon addition of dithionite. Dithionite induces large reversibile changes in the 77 K absorbance spectra of the purified FMO protein and in whole cells. These results indicate that the FMO protein contains redox active groups, which may be involved in the regulation of energy transfer. Room temperature circular dichroism and low temperature absorption spectra show that dithionite also induces conformational or structural changes of the FMO protein complex.
How Valence Affects Language Processing: Negativity Bias and Mood Congruence in Narrative Comprehension

The present research examined how positive and negative moods affect readers' understanding of positive and negative story endings. It demonstrated how negativity bias and mood congruence emerge during narrative comprehension. Participants were induced to experience either a positive or a negative mood and then read stories that could have either a positive or a negative ending. In Experiment 1, participants took longer to integrate negative endings than positive endings, independent of their mood. In Experiment 2, participants judged as more surprising those endings that did not match their mood. The present results illustrate that ending valence has strong influence on moment-by-moment reading, but that readers' moods influence expectations for story outcomes once readers reflect on a complete representation of the story.
Foreign Currency Translation and the Behavior of Exchange Rates

Two major controversies exist in the translation of foreign currency financial statements: (1) which translation method should be used, and (2) how should the resulting translation gain or loss be reported. This paper proposes and implements two criteria for resolving these issues in which the appropriate combination is determined by examining the behavior of exchange rates. Application of these criteria would yield translation policy substantially different from that required under current accounting rules.
Some observations on growth and tusk weight in male and female African elephants

Summary. 1 Linear measurements, tusk weights, sex, and locality of origin are given for a series of elephants shot in Uganda. 2 Photographic records of the molar dentition have been used to assess the relative age of specimens and to put selected animals in order of age at death. Comparison with captive elephants of known age shows that wild female African elephants usually begin to breed at eight to twelve years, and examination of very old animals showed that they may be capable of breeding until extreme old age. 3 A diagram has been constructed to relate the body size and tusk size of individual animals to their position in a series arranged in order of age (according to the condition of the molar teeth), the sex being indicated in each case. The diagram includes fifty-seven animals for which all the relevant data are available and it shows that: (i) Growth is noticeably uniform within the sample. (ii) Males and females grow more slowly after puberty but continue to grow for a considerable time. Growth probably continues until late in life or until death. (iii) Males are generally bigger than females of the same age. (iv) The tusks of females usually cease to grow after puberty. (v) The tusks of males sometimes cease to grow after puberty, but more usually continue to do so. Their growth may continue at the same high rate as before puberty, or it may be slowed to a greater or lesser degree. Large tusks are evidently the product of rapid growth rather than longevity, and exceptionally large tusks are probably attributable to the survival to old age of an animal whose tusks have continued to grow at a higher rate than the average.
Brief Report: Parent–Child Sexuality Communication and Autism Spectrum Disorders

While considerable research has focused on promoting independence and optimizing quality of life for adolescents and young adult with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), sexual development and sexuality education have been largely neglected. Experts recommend that parents be the primary source of sex education for adolescents with ASD, and that sex education be tailored to a child's developmental level. Prior studies show that parents of youth with ASD are uncertain about how to best communicate about sex and which topics to discuss with their children. In the current study we administered an online survey to 190 parents of adolescents with ASD in order to better understand sexuality communication patterns between parents and adolescents with both low and high functioning ASD.
Treatment of facial rhytids with a nonablative laser: a clinical and histologic study.

Background.Current facial resurfacing modalities (laser, chemical peels, and dermabrasion) remove the epidermis and thus cause open wounds which carry significant risks and extended recovery periods. The nonablative laser is a novel Nd:YAG system designed to alleviate facial rhytids without injuring
Initial stages of the reaction of oxygen with Si(1 0 0)

Abstract High resolution electron energy loss spectra and work function results are presented for the Si(1 0 0) surface held at 20 K during exposure to O 2 and subsequently annealed to 300 K. The loss spectra provide evidence for the presence at 20 K of physisorbed molecular and chemisorbed monatomic oxygen. When the oxygen covered surface is warmed, the physisorbed oxygen evaporates at thkap;35 K. Upon oxygen exposure at 20 K, the work function increases by ≈1.5 eV and decreases only when the surface is annealed above ≈90 K, indicating that certain metastable oxygen species besides the physisorbed molecular oxygen may exist on the surface at low temperatures.
The proliferation of human tumor cell lines in the presence of different agars, agaroses, and methyl cellulose

Human tumor cell lines, derived from cancers of the colon, ovary, and cervix, were grown in liquid tissue culture media and media made semisolid with agar (Bacto & deoxycholate lactose agar), agarose [LE, ME, Sea Plaque and Sea Prep (15/45)], and methyl cellulose. The effects of each agent on overall cell proliferation and rate of overall cell proliferation were examined. The agents, used to make media semisolid, were observed to inhibit or, in some cases, enhance cell growth in a fashion that was characteristic of individual cell lines. These phenomena may be of consequence to the optimization of nutrient media for primary tumor cell preparations.
Origin of the difference of the coverage-dependent vibrational shift for S on Ni(100) and O on Ni(100).

The p(2 x 2) and c(2 x 2) coverages of S on Ni(100) are studied with a cluster model. Consistent with a recent lattice-dynamics study, the chemical contribution (rigid Ni lattice) to the coverage-dependent shift of the S vibrational energy is of opposite sign to that for O. Analysis of the cluster wave functions suggests that S becomes less negatively charged with coverage, while O becomes more ionic; however, this effect is small.
Resonant spin-transfer-driven switching of magnetic devices assisted by microwave current pulses

The torque generated by the transfer of spin angular momentum from a spin-polarized current to a nanoscale ferromagnet can switch the orientation of the nanomagnet much more efficiently than a current-generated magnetic field and is therefore in development for use in next-generation magnetic random access memory (MRAM). Up to now, experiments have focused on spin-torque switching driven by simple square-wave current pulses. Here we present measurements showing that spin transfer from a microwave-frequency current pulse can produce a resonant excitation of a nanomagnet and improved switching characteristics in combination with a square current pulse. With the assistance of a microwave-frequency pulse, the switching time is reduced and achieves a narrower distribution than when driven by a square current pulse alone, and this can permit significant reductions in the integrated power required for switching. Resonantly excited switching may also enable alternative, more compact MRAM circuit architectures.
Infectious mycobacteriophage nucleic acids.

A previous investigation in which it was found that DNA extracted from D29 mycobacteriophage was infectious forM. smegmatis 607, has been extended. DNA extracted from mycobacteriophage D4 and D32 produced plaques when plated on their respective hosts; D28 DNA, extracted in the same manner and tested under similar conditions, failed to show infectivity. Species barriers were not crossed by mycobacteriophage DNA; bacteria resistant to intact phage were not infected with the phage DNA. The efficiency of plating of the DNA is very much lower than that of intact phage; infection of a given host was not accomplished by DNA when titration for plaque formation by the intact phage was less than 109 PFU.
Velocity field estimates and three-dimensional discrete vortex methods

Abstract A general three-dimensional vortex-in-cell algorithm is presented. The algorithm uses vortex spreading and velocity interpolation techniques which are performed in real space. This allows the use of an efficient and portable solver for the elliptic boundary value problem that is a result of the formulation. The trade-off that is made is that the representation of the velocity field used to update the position of the vortex markers becomes a sensitive issue. This is illustrated through a number of numerical examples and suggestions are made for the improvement of the velocity field representation.
Control of cell proliferation, endoreduplication, cell size, and cell death by the retinoblastoma-related pathway in maize endosperm

The endosperm of cereal grains is one of the most valuable products of modern agriculture. Cereal endosperm development comprises different phases characterized by mitotic cell proliferation, endoreduplication, the accumulation of storage compounds, and programmed cell death. Although manipulation of these processes could maximize grain yield, how they are regulated and integrated is poorly understood. We show that the Retinoblastoma-related (RBR) pathway controls key aspects of endosperm development in maize. Down-regulation of RBR1 by RNAi resulted in up-regulation of RBR3-type genes, as well as the MINICHROMOSOME MAINTENANCE 2-7 gene family and PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN, which encode essential DNA replication factors. Both the mitotic and endoreduplication cell cycles were stimulated. Developing transgenic endosperm contained 42-58% more cells and ∼70% more DNA than wild type, whereas there was a reduction in cell and nuclear sizes. In addition, cell death was enhanced. The DNA content of mature endosperm increased 43% upon RBR1 down-regulation, whereas storage protein content and kernel weight were essentially not affected. Down-regulation of both RBR1 and CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE A (CDKA);1 indicated that CDKA;1 is epistatic to RBR1 and controls endoreduplication through an RBR1-dependent pathway. However, the repressive activity of RBR1 on downstream targets was independent from CDKA;1, suggesting diversification of RBR1 activities. Furthermore, RBR1 negatively regulated CDK activity, suggesting the presence of a feedback loop. These results indicate that the RBR1 pathway plays a major role in regulation of different processes during maize endosperm development and suggest the presence of tissue/organ-level regulation of endosperm/seed homeostasis.
ENCOPRESIS AND SOILING

Constipation, encopresis, and fecal incontinence are common problems in children. Constipation can have a variety of causes, such as organic and anatomic causes or intake of medication. Encopresis is the involuntary loss of formed, semiformed, or liquid stool into the child's underwear in the presence of functional (idiopathic) constipation in a child 4 years of age or younger. Fecal incontinence is fecal soiling in the presence of an organic or anatomic lesion, such as Hirschsprung's disease, anal malformation, anal surgery or trauma, meningomyelocele, and some muscle disease. This article reviews the symptoms of functional constipation in young children and the symptoms of functional constipation and encopresis in older children, presents the differential diagnosis of constipation with or without fecal incontinence, describes the evaluation and treatment of these children, and reports on treatment outcome.
Design and characterization of 1.3/1.55-µm optical transceiver using straight waveguide and double-filter photodiode

We developed a 1.3/1.55-µm optical transceiver module for use in asynchronous transfer mode-passive optical network (ATM-PON) systems, which is the global standard for optical access networks. A compact, low-cost module was implemented by mounting the active devices such as optical devices like laser diodes (LDs) and photodiodes (PDs), and integrated circuits, and the passive devices such as optical waveguides, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) filters, and optical fibers on the surface of a silicon (Si) bench. We adopted the simplest waveguide, the straight waveguide, to achieve the best repeatability by the SiO2 waveguide and developed a double-filter photodiode to lessen optical crosstalk. The results achieved an output of 0 dBm from the optical fiber to 1.3 µm at 155.52 Mbit/s and a −40 dBm minimum receiver sensitivity at 1.55 µm during full-duplex communication, and demonstrated the effectiveness of this transceiver module design. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 25–33, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10028
High power microwave nonlinear performance of high - temperature superconductor filters

In this paper, full-wave three-dimensional nonlinear High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulator is developed. The HTS nonlinear model is based on the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory. The nonlinear GL equations are solved simultaneously with Maxwell's equations. The analysis is performed in the time domain, which is necessary for modeling the nonlinear aspects of microwave superconductor devices. The fields along HTS filter are investigated. Interesting aspects of the nonlinearity in a superconducting material are observed. The scattering parameter of the HTS filter is calculated. The change in the HTS filter characteristics with the applied power is analyzed.
232 SEX SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN RESPIRATORY TOLERANCE IN RAT SUCKLINGS (RS) UNDERGOING ASPHYCTIC EPISODES

232 SEX SPECIFIC DIFFERENCES IN RESPIRATORY TOLERANCE IN RAT SUCKLINGS (RS) UNDERGOING ASPHYCTIC EPISODES
On a unifying concept of cancer

Abstract An oxygen-stress-reaction theory is outlined as an umbrella for divergent views and isolated facts.
Mathematical modeling of heat conduction processes for structural elements of nuclear power plants by the method of R -functions

Mathematical models of heat exchange in the motion of an incompressible viscous liquid through channels with a helical type of symmetry, including polyzonal finning of fuel elements, in curvilinear nonorthogonal coordinates are proposed. For a laminar flow in the domain of thermal stabilization, we reduce the three-dimensional problem to the two-dimensional problem and investigate the influence of a twist parameter on the distribution of a temperature field. Numerical solutions of model multiparameter problems of calculation of stationary temperature fields by the R-function method (RFM) are considered, which enables us to choose appropriate structural means of the RFM for the subsequent solution of real problems.
Three‐dimensional quantum mechanical studies of the H + H2 and F + H2 reactions

New results are presented for quantum mechanical reactive scattering in H + H2, including a comparison of close-coupling cross sections for para to ortho conversion with results obtained through momentum decoupling approximations. Information-theoretic analysis of product rotational distributions is given for one total energy. Results are also presented of the first three-dimensional coupled-channel study of the F + H2 reaction, showing the energy dependence of the probability distribution for vibrational excitation and population inversion.
Characterization of quaternary extremal codes of lengths 18 and 20

We prove that, up to equivalence, there is a unique extremal quaternary Hermitian self-dual code of length 18, and that there are two inequivalent extremal quaternary Hermitian self-dual codes of length 20.
Using multicast communication to reduce deadlock in replicated databases

Obtaining good performance from a distributed replicated database that allows update transactions to originate at any site while ensuring one-copy serializability is a challenge. A popular analysis of deadlock probabilities in replicated databases shows that the deadlock rate for the system is high and increases as the third power of the number of replicas. We show how a replica management protocol that uses atomic broadcast for replica update reduces the occurrence of deadlocks and the dependency on the number of replicas. The analysis is confirmed by simulation experiments.
Uses and gratifications of social games: Blending social networking and game play

This study applied a uses and gratifications approach to investigate social games — the game applications integrated in social networking platforms. Users’ expected social gratifications and game gratifications from playing social games were examined. The investigation focused on three dimensions of game play: frequency, duration, and engagement of game activities. A hierarchical regression analysis found that social interaction and diversion are positive predictors of game play. Results suggest that there is a distinctly social aspect to social games that reflects their social networking characteristics. Social games should be described as social media rather than as just one category of online computer games.
Diagnostic Errors that Lead to Inappropriate Antimicrobial Use

OBJECTIVE We found previously that inappropriate inpatient antimicrobial use was often attributable to erroneous diagnoses. Here, we detail diagnostic errors and their relationship to inappropriate antimicrobial courses. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study SETTING Veterans Affairs hospital PATIENTS A cohort of 500 randomly selected inpatients with an antimicrobial course METHODS Blinded reviewers judged the accuracy of the initial provider diagnosis for the condition that led to an antimicrobial course and whether the course was appropriate. RESULTS The diagnoses were correct in 291 cases (58%), incorrect in 156 cases (31%), and of indeterminate accuracy in 22 cases (4%). In the remaining 31 cases (6%), the diagnosis was a sign or symptom rather than a syndrome or disease. The odds ratio of a correct diagnosis was 4.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2–8.5) if the index condition was related to the reason for admission. When the diagnosis was correct, 181 of 292 courses (62%) were appropriate, compared with only 10 of 208 (5%) when the diagnosis was incorrect or indeterminate or when providers were treating a sign or symptom rather than a syndrome or disease (P<.001). Among the 309 cases in which antimicrobial courses were not appropriate, reasons varied by diagnostic accuracy; in 81 of 111 cases (73%) with a correct diagnosis, incorrect antimicrobial(s) were selected; in 166 of 198 other cases (84%), antimicrobial therapy was not indicated. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic accuracy is important for optimal inpatient antimicrobial use. Antimicrobial stewardship strategies should help providers avoid diagnostic errors and know when antimicrobial therapy can be withheld safely. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015;36(8):949–956
Conducting and publishing integrated assessments

Several assessments of such large-scale environmental concerns have been conducted. One was the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP), which guided the drafting of the Clean Air Act. These efforts have come to be referred to as integrated assessments. In the United States, the concept of an integrated assessment has been strongly supported by the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources and by the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Despite these endorsements (and political calls to require integrated assessments of major environmental concerns), the concept of what an integrated assessment is is still hazy. The author discusses the planning of an integrated assessment and its documents.
Preform permeability predictions by self‐consistent method and finite element simulation

The self-consistent method and finite element simulations have been used to estimate the permeability of an aligned fiber bundle. The self-consistent method gives out formulas for both longitudinal and transverse permeabilities as functions of the fiber volume fraction. The finite element simulation presents the solutions of various periodic fiber packings. The results for square and hexagonal fiber packings are found coincident with the literature results. It is shown that the permeability is not only related to the fiber volume fraction of porosity, but is also greatly influenced by the packing structure or micro-level disturbance. A unified empirical model is proposed, which uses as variables ultimate fiber volume fraction in addition to fiber volume fraction. The model predications agree with numerical simulation results in different cases.
Building interoperable vocabulary and structures for learning objects

The structural, functional, and production views on learning objects influence metadata structure and vocabulary. The authors drew on these views and conducted a literature review and in-depth analysis of 14 learning objects and over 500 components in these learning objects to model the knowledge framework for a learning object ontology. The learning object ontology reported in this article consists of 8 top-level classes, 28 classes at the second level, and 34 at the third level. Except class Learning object, all other classes have the three properties of preferred term, related term, and synonym. To validate the ontology, we conducted a query log analysis that focused on discovering what terms users have used at both conceptual and word levels. The findings show that the main classes in the ontology are either conceptually or linguistically similar to the top terms in the query log data. The authors built an “Exercise Editor” as an informal experiment to test its adoption ability in authoring tools. The main contribution of this project is in the framework for the learning object domain and the methodology used to develop and validate an ontology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation and management of severe preeclampsia before 34 weeks' gestation.

Objective We sought to review the risks and benefits of expectant management of severe preeclampsia remote from term, and to provide recommendations for expectant management, maternal and fetal evaluation, treatment, and indications for delivery. Methods Studies were identified through a search of the MEDLINE database for relevant peer-reviewed articles published in the English language from January 1980 through December 2010. Additionally, the Cochrane Library, guidelines by organizations, and studies identified through review of the above documents and review articles were utilized to identify relevant articles. Where reliable data were not available, opinions of respected authorities were used. Results and Recommendations Published randomized trials and observational studies regarding management of severe preeclampsia occurring
Achievable Rates of Pulse-Position Modulated Impulse Radio with Transmitted Reference

In this paper, we study the achievable rates of practical ultra-wideband (UWB) systems using pulse position modulation (PPM) and transmitted-reference (TR) transceivers. TR obviates the need for complex channel estimation, which is particularly challenging in the context of UWB. Based on an upper bound we derive for the error probability with random coding, we establish that for SNR values of practical interest, PPM-UWB with TR can achieve rates on the order of C(?) = P/N0 (nats/second), where C(?) denotes the capacity of an AWGN channel in the UWB regime for average received power P and noise power spectrum density N0.
Use of circulation statistics and interlibrary loan data in collection management

The authors analyzed the holdings, circulations, and interlibrary loan (ILL) borrowing requests of the English-language monograph collection at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Data for each area were mapped to conspectus subject areas, using Library of Congress Classifications, and then compared. The resulting data and subject distributions were analyzed by overall holdings, transactions per item, percentage of collection circulated, and a ratio of ILL holdings to requests. The method of analysis used in this study could be fruitfully applied to other research collections to assist with remote storage, preservation, and collection development decisions.
Race and Racial Identity Status Attitudes: Mock Jury Decision Making in Race Discrimination Cases

This study examined the relationship between race and racial identity status attitudes and jury decision making with a sample of 210 racially diverse mock jurors. Participants were shown an employment stimulus case and asked to determine whether the facts supported that the plaintiff had been discriminated against and had suffered emotional distress. Chi-square tests found both in-group and out-group racial bias. Logistic regression analyses used to test the contribution of racial identity status attitudes in mock jury decision making also highlighted significant findings and within-group differences. The results from this exploratory investigation provide insightful directions for future research on race and juror decision making.
Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies

In recent years, an explosion of neuroimaging studies has examined cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy that involves changing the way one thinks about a stimulus in order to change its affective impact. Existing models broadly agree that reappraisal recruits frontal and parietal control regions to modulate emotional responding in the amygdala, but they offer competing visions of how this is accomplished. One view holds that control regions engage ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), an area associated with fear extinction, that in turn modulates amygdala responses. An alternative view is that control regions modulate semantic representations in lateral temporal cortex that indirectly influence emotion-related responses in the amygdala. Furthermore, while previous work has emphasized the amygdala, whether reappraisal influences other regions implicated in emotional responding remains unknown. To resolve these questions, we performed a meta-analysis of 48 neuroimaging studies of reappraisal, most involving downregulation of negative affect. Reappraisal consistently 1) activated cognitive control regions and lateral temporal cortex, but not vmPFC, and 2) modulated the bilateral amygdala, but no other brain regions. This suggests that reappraisal involves the use of cognitive control to modulate semantic representations of an emotional stimulus, and these altered representations in turn attenuate activity in the amygdala.
Constructions of Gender in Sport An Analysis of Intercollegiate Media Guide Cover Photographs

Within the arena of sport, as throughout society, traditional definitions of femininity and masculinity have established and maintained gender differentiation. The authors’research examines this pattern in intercollegiate athletics by analyzing National Collegiate Athletic Association media guide cover photographs. They find gender differentiation in the depiction of women and men athletes. For example, women athletes are less likely to be portrayed as active participants in sport and more likely to be portrayed in passive and traditionally feminine poses. These differences changed little between 1990 and 1997. The findings suggest that while one might expect less gender stereotyping from the teams themselves, the gendered images produced by intercollegiate athletic programs vary little from those produced by the popular press.
Least squares approximate solution of the Lyapunov equation

The author addresses the problem of computing a low rank estimate Y of the solution X of the Lyapunov equation without computing the matrix X itself. This problem has applications in both the reduced-order modeling and control of large dimensional systems as well as in a hybrid algorithm for the rapid numerical solution of the Lyapunov equation via the alternative direction implicit method. >
Teaching Violence Prevention: How Much Does Bullying Weigh?

Abstract Bullying is a prevalent problem for many elementary school students, and it is associated with physical injury and depression.1-4 Objectives: Students engaged in this teaching activity will be able to identify bullying behaviors as well as list and demonstrate strategies to effectively deal with bullying situations. Target Audience: Fourth- and fifthgrade students.
Mindful teaching practice: lessons learned through a hearing voices simulation.

A hearing voices simulation (Deegan, 1996) was conducted with mental health nursing students (N = 87) at a large Midwestern university. The goals of this simulation were to change attitudes and decrease stigma. Students used mp3 players to listen to an audio simulation while simultaneously engaging in activities requiring focus and concentration. The Attitude toward Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ; Cunningham, Sobell, & Chow, 1993) was administered pre-and post-simulation and open-ended questions about the experience also were asked. Responses to questions demonstrated increased patience, tolerance, understanding, and empathy among participants. Statistical data demonstrated significant changes in participants post-simulation. However, although students reported increased comfort being around persons hearing voices, they were less likely to acknowledge individual behavior as indicative of recovery. In this article, we discuss how these unexpected outcomes may be related to a subtle illness versus recov...
Analysis of a magnetically-shielded cellular phone antenna using finite-difference time-domain method

The characteristics of an antenna used in a transceiver system are studied by several researchers in detail. These characteristics are mainly the radiation pattern, input impedance and the gain of the antenna. This paper proposes a new antenna suitable for cellular phone applications to reduce hazardous electromagnetic radiation toward humans. The antenna is shielded with PEC and the shielding is coated by a lossy magnetic material. When a magnetically shielded antenna is used, it is shown that the near electric field for the user drops significantly.
Abatacept versus other biologics in methotrexate inadequate responders with rheumatoid arthritis: you like tomato and I like tomahto... let's call the whole thing off

In the absence of head-to-head trials, analysis of available data from randomized clinical trials allows for comparison of the efficacy of biologic agents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Methotrexate (MTX) inadequate responder trials provide data suggesting no major differences among any of the biologic agents, which is also confirmed in MTX naive population trials, when available, possibly a more reliable comparison group. The decision to pick one over the other should focus on safety, long-term survival of the drug and ease of use, which is for the most part influenced by patient preferences.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Rat Models of Invasive Brain Tumors

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and its metrics, such as mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy, have been used for detecting the extent of brain tumors, and for understanding tumor growth and its influence on the surrounding tissue. However, there are conflicting reports on how the DTI metrics can be used for tumor diagnosis. The physiological interpretation of these metrics in terms of tumor growth is also not clear. Animal models can be used in bridging the gap between imaging findings and pathological features. Particularly for cancer research, in vivo DTI studies of well-established rat brain tumor models would greatly benefit from the advantages of having greater experimental control, histological confirmation, and follow-up studies of underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. However, in vivo DTI of the rat brain is not trivial, considering the small size of the rat brain compared to the human brain. In this chapter, we will discuss the background of DTI, practical considerations for DTI of the rat brain, and its applications in rat brain tumor models.
Assessing ecosystem vulnerability to invasive rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)

Despite the widespread introduction of nonnative species and the heterogeneity of ecosystems in their sensitivity to ecological impacts, few studies have assessed ecosystem vulnerability to the entire invasion process, from arrival to establishment and impacts. Our study addresses this challenge by presenting a probabilistic, spatially explicit approach to predicting ecosystem vulnerability to species invasions. Using the freshwater-rich landscapes of Wisconsin, USA, we model invasive rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) as a function of exposure risk (i.e., likelihood of introduction and establishment of O. rusticus based on a species distribution model) and the sensitivity of the recipient community (i.e., likelihood of impacts on native O. virilis and O. propinquus based on a retrospective analysis of population changes). Artificial neural networks predicted that approximately 10% of 4200 surveyed lakes (n = 388) and approximately 25% of mapped streams (23 523 km total length) are suitable for O. rusticus introduction and establishment. A comparison of repeated surveys before vs. post-1985 revealed that O. virilis was six times as likely and O. propinquus was twice as likely to be extirpated in streams invaded by O. rusticus, compared to streams that were not invaded. Similarly, O. virilis was extirpated in over three-quarters of lakes invaded by O. rusticus compared to half of the uninvaded lakes, whereas no difference was observed for O. propinquus. We identified 115 lakes (approximately 3% of lakes) and approximately 5000 km of streams (approximately 6% of streams) with a 25% chance of introduction, establishment, and extirpation by O. rusticus of either native congener. By identifying highly vulnerable ecosystems, our study offers an effective strategy for prioritizing on-the-ground management action and informing decisions about the most efficient allocation of resources. Moreover, our results provide the flexibility for stakeholders to identify priority sites for prevention efforts given a maximum level of acceptable risk or based on budgetary or time restrictions. To this end, we incorporate the model predictions into a new online mapping tool with the intention of closing the communication gap between academic research and stakeholders that requires information on the prospects of future invasions.