cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Process development of replacement metal gate Tungsten chemical mechanical polishing on 14nm technology node and beyond

The control of gate height uniformity, especially within-die gate height uniformity, and metal gate surface properties of 14nm technology node replacement metal gate (RMG) chemical mechanical polishing is important for 14nm high-k metal gate (HKMG) process. Good within-die uniformity would benefit for the following Tungsten etching back process(WEB) to have a uniform within-die etching depth, and proper post CMP Tungsten gate surface properties would generate a thinner Tungsten oxide surface to reduce WEB process loading. This study demonstrated the possibility of Tungsten gate CMP(WGCMP) to obtain good within-die gate height uniformity by selection of slurry and proper Tungsten gate surface by post buffing step CMP treatment. Due to high hardness of Tungsten, hardness of polishing pad and abrasive of slurry selection should be not a gap for micro scratch improvement, what the performance focus would put on within-die uniformity and post CMP Tungsten surface properties. In this study, the first result showed the control of erosion was important for within-die gate height uniformity. The criteria of slurry selection for WGCMP were higher Tungsten removal rate and lower oxide removal rate which especially resulted in lower pattern density area of erosion. And the second result showed Chemical-A polish time of post-Tungsten buffing CMP would dominate the Tungsten surface properties and influence WEB behavior.
Lateral diffusion study of excimer-forming lipids in lamellar to inverted hexagonal phase transition of unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamine

Using multi-frequency cross-correlation fluorometry, the monomer fluorescence lifetime of 1-palmitoyl-2-[10-(1-rmpyrenyl)decanoyl)phosphatidylcholine (Py-PC) was employed to determine the lateral diffusion constant (DT) of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) in both the lamellar (Lα) and the inverted hexagonal (HII) phases. The values of DT increased with temperature in both phases. However, the rate of increase of DT declined abruptly at ∼ 10–13°C (Lα-HII) transition temperature), as indicated by the existence of an inflection point in the log (DTT) vs. 1T plot. This observation suggests that the translational motion of lipids in the HII phase is lower than that in the Lα phase upon temperature extrapolation. Lipid perturbants, cholesterol and diacylglycerol, were found to destabilize the Lα phase of DOPE. This was demonstrated by a down-shift of the inflection point in the log (DTT) vs. 1T plot in the presence of the perturbants. Both cholesterol and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol (diolein) decreased the lateral diffusion constant in both phases. Diolein promoted the HII phase more effectively than did the cholesterol. This is explained by an intrinsic wedge-shape geometry of diolein which strongly favors the formation of inverted cylindrical packing of the lipids.
Drosophila as a Model for Human Disease

Drosophila melanogaster has proved a remarkable genetically tractable model organism that continues to provide significant contributions to our understanding of numerous biological processes. In this chapter we discuss insights into a variety of human diseases that have been gained directly from studies conducted in fly labs. These include discoveries relating to the basic biology of diseases (the signaling pathways, for example, that may contribute to disease states), new loci implicated in disease progression or susceptibility (uncovered in large-scale screens and verified in situ using often ingenious assays) and the identification of pharmacological reagents to treat diseases (also identified and tested in well-designed screens and assays). Because genomes, biological processes, and responses have been well conserved, and particularly with the current trend in translational research, studies in flies continue to build a strong foundation for disease studies. Those discussed in this chapter include cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease, diabetes and metabolic diseases, addiction, and sleep disorders.
Relation of hemodynamic load to left ventricular hypertrophy and performance in hypertension.

Left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction in patients with hypertension are often poorly related to the level of blood pressure. To evaluate the reasons for this, 100 untreated patients (44 ± 14 years) with essential hypertension were studied using cuff blood pressure and quantitative echocardiography to measure left ventricular mass index and end-diastolic relative wall thickness as 2 indexes of left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular hypertrophy, as measured by either left ventricular mass index or end-diastolic relative wall thickness, correlated weakly with all indexes of blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure (r = 0.16 to 0.32). In contrast, end-diastolic relative wall thickness, an index which assesses the severity of concentric hypertrophy, showed a closer direct relation with total peripheral resistance (r = 0.52, p It is concluded that in patients with hypertension (1) left ventricular hypertrophy is correlated only modestly with measurements of resting blood pressure; and (2) the classic pattern of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, as measured by relative wall thickness, is more closely related to the “typical” hypertensive abnormality of elevated peripheral resistance, suggesting that these anatomic and hemodynamic changes may be pathophysiologically interdependent. Furthermore, left ventricular performance declines when the pressure overload in hypertension is not offset by compensating hypertrophy, allowing wall stresses to increase.
Spectra and structure of organophosphorus compounds. LVI. Vibrational spectra, conformational stability, ab initio calculations, and vibrational assignment of fluoromethyl phosphonic difluoride

Abstract The Raman (3200 to 10 cm −1 ) and infrared (3200 to 30 cm −1 ) spectra of fluoromethyl phosphonic difluoride, FCH 2 P(O)F 2 , in the gas and solid phases have been recorded. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid along with qualitative depolarization ratios have been obtained. These data show that there is an equilibrium between the trans (fluorine atom of the fluoromethyl group trans to the oxygen atom) and gauche conformers in the gas and liquid phases, with the trans conformer being the more stable form in both of these physical states and the only form present in the crystalline solid. From the study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid as a function of temperature, a value of 157 ± 36 cm −1 (448 ± 103 cal/mol) has been determined for ΔH . A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for both conformers based on infrared band contours, Raman depolarization data, group frequencies, and normal coordinate calculations. The conformational stabilities, barriers to internal rotation, force constants, infrared and Raman intensities and fundamental vibrational frequencies, along with the structural parameters, have been obtained from RHF/3-21G ∗ , RHF/6-31G ∗ , and/or MP2/6-31G ∗ ab initio calculations. The calculated Raman intensities reproduce the observed Raman spectrum remarkably well. Many of these results are compared to the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
Antibiotic levels in saliva obtained with a new antibiotic: thiostrepton troche studies.

Abstract In order to study the saliva levels of a new antibiotic, Thiostrepton, which might be obtained following the administration of troches containing 10 mg. of this antibacterial substance, salivary specimens were assayed before, during, and after the administration of Thiostrepton troches to twelve adult male volunteer subjects. Our findings suggest that, in terms of the minimum inhibitory concentration of Thiostrepton against various susceptible microorganisms, saliva levels far in excess of this minimum inhibitory level are obtained during the period in which the troche is not yet completely dissolved and that the saliva Thiostrepton levels some thirty-five minutes after the troche had dissolved were also well in excess of the minimum inhibitory concentration in at least nine of the twelve subjects.
Influence of ionic-liquid incubation temperature on changes in cellulose structure, biomass composition, and enzymatic digestibility

Varying ionic liquid, 1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium acetate, pretreatment incubation temperature on lignocellulosic biomass substrates, corn stover, switchgrass and poplar, can have dramatic effects on the enzymatic digestibility of the resultant regenerated biomass. In order to delineate the chemical and physical changes resulting from the pretreatment process and correlate changes with enzymatic digestibility, X-ray powder and fiber diffraction, 13C cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and compositional analysis was completed on poplar, corn stover and switchgrass samples. Optimal pretreatment incubation temperatures were most closely associated with the retention of amorphous substrates upon drying of regenerated biomass. Maximal glucan to glucose conversion for 24 h enzyme hydrolysis was observed for corn stover, switchgrass and poplar at ionic liquid incubation temperatures of 100, 110 and 120 °C, respectively. We hypothesize that effective pretreatment temperatures must attain lignin redistribution and retention of xylan for optimal enzyme digestibility.
Prospective comparison of a bovine collagen dressing to bovine spray thrombin for control of haemorrhage of skin graft donor sites

A prospective trial compared spray thrombin to a bovine collagen haemostatic agent on skin graft donor sites. Twenty donor sites had half of the area covered with the collagen sheet and the other half sprayed with thrombin. Each treatment was covered with a surgical sponge, pressure was applied for 10 min and then the sponges and collagen were removed. A second sponge was then placed on each wound for 2 min. These sponges were tested for oxyhaemoglobin by spectrophotometry. The results showed that the half of 18/20 donor sites covered with collagen lost more blood than the half treated with spray thrombin. These results suggest that thrombin is superior to collagen sheets for donor sites treated in this manner.
Microsphere delivery of Risperidone as an alternative to combination therapy

The purpose of this study was to develop a parenteral delivery system of Risperidone that would provide initial and extended drug release and thereby avoid the need for co-administration of oral tablets. Key formulation parameters utilized to achieve desired therapeutic levels in vivo were particle size and drug loading. Three poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microsphere formulations (Formulations A, B, and C) that encapsulated Risperidone were prepared by varying particle size (19-49 μm) and drug loading parameters (31-37%) but with a uniform bulk density (0.66-0.69)g/cc and internal porosity, utilizing the solvent extraction/evaporation method. The microspheres were characterized for drug content by HPLC, particle size by laser diffractometry, surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and in vivo drug release. In vivo studies were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats, and levels of the active moiety (Risperidone and its metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone) were assessed. In vivo release profiles from the three microsphere formulations were dependent on particle size and drug loading. The smaller sized microspheres (Formulation A) exhibited a large initial burst and a shorter duration of action, while the larger particles exhibited a smaller initial burst (Formulations B and C) but released drug for a much longer period in vivo. Extended duration of drug release was ascribed to higher drug content in the microspheres. A biweekly simulation of multiple dosing revealed that Formulation C, the selected formulation, with a high load and large particle size would provide adequate initial and maintenance levels of the active moiety (Risperidone and its metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone). A comparison of biweekly dosing in vivo of Formulation C with the marketed product showed that at steady state, though average concentrations for both preparations were similar, the time taken to achieve steady state was much faster for Formulation C. The delay in attaining steady state with Risperdal Consta® was attributed to the 3 week latency in drug release from the microspheres and was in accordance with previous studies indicating a good corroboration with clinical findings. Calculated cumulative AUC (area under the curve) levels for Formulation C were similar to the Risperdal Consta®, though there were marked differences in AUC levels at the early time points. Comparison of Risperidal Consta® and Formulation C by multiple dosing in vivo experiments revealed that the marketed preparation demonstrated a substantial delay in providing an initial loading dose, continuous circulating levels, and attainment of steady state; all of which were observed rapidly with Formulation C. Findings from the current study strongly suggest that a microsphere dosage form of Risperidone can be formulated with an optimum particle size and drug loading to provide an initial bolus followed by maintenance levels, thereby eliminating combination therapy and improving patient compliance.
Regulation of the Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Channel by Luminal Ca2+ Involves Luminal Ca2+ Sensing Sites

The mechanism of activation of the cardiac calcium release channel/ryanodine receptor (RyR) by luminal Ca2+ was investigated in native canine cardiac RyRs incorporated into lipid bilayers in the presence of 0.01 microM to 2 mM Ca2+ (free) and 3 mM ATP (total) on the cytosolic (cis) side and 20 microM to 20 mM Ca2+ on the luminal (trans) side of the channel and with Cs+ as the charge carrier. Under conditions of low trans Ca2+ (20 microM), increasing cis Ca2+ from 0.1 to 10 microM caused a gradual increase in channel open probability (Po). Elevating cis Ca2+ above 100 microM resulted in a gradual decrease in Po. Elevating trans [Ca2+] enhanced channel activity (EC50 approximately 2.5 mM at 1 microM cis Ca2+) primarily by increasing the frequency of channel openings. The dependency of Po on trans [Ca2+] was similar at negative and positive holding potentials and was not influenced by high cytosolic concentrations of the fast Ca2+ chelator, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N, N-tetraacetic acid. Elevated luminal Ca2+ enhanced the sensitivity of the channel to activating cytosolic Ca2+, and it essentially reversed the inhibition of the channel by high cytosolic Ca2+. Potentiation of Po by increased luminal Ca2+ occurred irrespective of whether the electrochemical gradient for Ca2+ supported a cytosolic-to-luminal or a luminal-to-cytosolic flow of Ca2+ through the channel. These results rule out the possibility that under our experimental conditions, luminal Ca2+ acts by interacting with the cytosolic activation site of the channel and suggest that the effects of luminal Ca2+ are mediated by distinct Ca2+-sensitive site(s) at the luminal face of the channel or associated protein.
The anatomy and function of the feeding apparatus in two armadillos (Dasypoda): anatomy is not destiny

The morphology and function of the masticatory apparatus in two armadillos, Dasypus novemcinctus and Euphractus sexcinctus are compared. Euphractus sexcinctus, a species restricted to South America, is omnivorous, eating a wide range of foods, including significant amounts of plant material and carrion. Dasypus novemcinctus is geographically the most widespread of all armadillos, ranging from northern Argentina into the United States. It is insectivorous-omnivorous, apparently consuming whatever it encounters in the leaf litter. In South and Central America, this leads to a diet with a large proportion of ants and termites; in North America, the diet is considerably broadened. The teeth, jaws and jaw musculature of E. sexcinctus are large and the configuration of the jaws maximizes force production. Dasypus novemcinctus possesses derived morphology relative to the primitive condition in armadillos and exhibits many characteristics of ant and termite-eating mammals, including reduced jaw muscles, teeth and facial bones. The apparent morphological specializations for myrmecophagy in D. novemcinctus do not, however, constrain its diet to ants and termites. It is broadly omnivorous, especially in North America. Our data highlight the difficulties in predicting diet from morphological analysis and raise questions concerning the behavioural limits imposed by morphological specialization.
Effects of knee position, graft tension, and mode of fixation in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A cadaveric knee study

Abstract Purpose: Many knees exhibit residual ligament laxity after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, which is believed to be technique related. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optimal graft tension, the best angle of knee flexion, and the mode of fixation in PCL reconstruction. Type of Study: Anatomic biomechanical study. Methods: A testing apparatus with frictionless bearing that allows other degrees of freedom except for flexion and extension of the knee joint was designed. The normal PCL tension at different angles of knee flexion was measured with a force transducer, and the optimal tension of the PCL graft that allows full range of knee motion was studied with a tensiometer in 12 cadaver knees. The modes of fixation failure between interference screw fixation and post fixation were studied with an Instron (Canton, MA) machine in 8 cadaver knees. Results: The lowest PCL tension in normal knees was noted at 20° to 30° of knee flexion and the highest at 90°. The optimal tension of PCL graft, which allows full range of knee motion, was 15 lb (68 N). The average load of graft failure was 417 (179-730) N with interference screw fixation and 367 (149-701) N with post fixation when the patellar bone-tendon-bone graft was tested. There was no statistical difference in the failure load between interference screw fixation and post fixation ( P =.753); however, the modes of failure differ. The sites of failure for interference screw fixation were 25% caused by rupture of ligament substance and 75% bone plug pullout; those of post fixation were 25% caused by rupture of ligament substance, 37.5% caused by fracture, and 37.5% as a result of suture breakage. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that a 15-lb tension to the graft at 20° to 30° of knee flexion is optimal in PCL reconstruction. There was no statistical difference in the failure load between interference fixation and post fixation despite different modes of fixation failure. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 18, No 5 (May-June), 2002: pp 496–501
Diskussion des Beitrags von Jönsson

Jonssons Beitrag vermittelt einen uberblick uber eine Reihe nationaler Untersuchungen uber die Kosten der peptischen Ulkuskrankheit und die Auswirkungen von Cimetidin auf diese Kosten. Der Beitrag unterscheidet 3 Stadien der makrookonomischen Evaluation einer neuen medizinischen Intervention oder Technologie: 1. Veranschlagung der Kosten der Zielkrankheit; 2. Projektion der erwarteten Veranderungen, zu denen es voraussichtlich aufgrund der Einfuhrung der neuen Technologie kommen wird, Ex-ante Berechnungen genannt; 3. Bewertung der tatsachlichen, durch die neue Technologie verursachten Veranderungen, Ex-post-Berechnungen genannt.
Sense amplifier power and delay characterization for operation under low-Vdd and low-voltage clock swing

Two critical aspects of sense amplifiers (SA), power consumption and clock-to-data delay, are studied and presented for operation under low-supply voltage and driven by low-swing clock. Trade-offs and simulation results are given for a 4-stack StrongARM and a 3-stack double-tail SA, showing up to 50% power reduction in the SA itself and 25% in the clock generation circuit, with acceptable delay degradation.
Using a holistic approach to assess the impact of engineered nanomaterials inducing toxicity in aquatic systems.

In this report, we critically reviewed selected intrinsic physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) and their role in the interaction of the ENMs with the immediate surroundings in representative aquatic environments. The behavior of ENMs with respect to dynamic microenvironments at the nano–bio–eco interface level, and the resulting impact on their toxicity, fate, and exposure potential are elaborated. Based on this literature review, we conclude that a holistic approach is urgently needed to fulfill our knowledge gap regarding the safety of discharged ENMs. This comparative approach affords the capability to recognize and understand the potential hazards of ENMs and their toxicity mechanisms, and ultimately to establish a quantitative and reliable system to predict such outcomes.
The Influence of Leadership on Perceptions of Job Autonomy

Summary Recent conceptual work has noted the behavior of leaders as one of the influences in the work context that directs employee attention to specific aspects of the job and thus influences job perceptions. The present study tested the hypothesis that structuring and considerate leader behaviors would focus the attention of subjects on job autonomy and thus would influence their perceptions of it only and would not demonstrate effects on other job characteristics. Forty-eight persons responding to a “help wanted” advertisement in the school newspaper of a large university in the U.S.A. served as subjects. The hypothesis was supported. Subjects working under conditions of high consideration and low structure exhibited high autonomy perceptions but not as high as those in the low consideration and high structure.
TI-X Alloy Composition Modulated Layered Structures

The binary alloy series of Ti-X metallic, composition modulated layered structures has been fabricated via magnetron sputtering. The Ti-X systems (where X is Ta, Mo, or V) explored are exemplary of solid solution systems, such as the supermodulus systems of Cu-Ni, Ag-Pd, Au-Ni, and Cu-Pd (which all feature fee crystalline compatibility). In the present case, the beta-phase of Ti sought in these Ti-X systems suggests bec crystalline compatibility, with interlayer misfit strains not exceeding 10%. The Ti-X series examined, matches elements of high and low atomic number. (Z of Ti, V, Mo, and Ta are 22, 23, 42, and 73, respectively.) Difficulties which arise in a conventional tungsten basket - alumina crucible physical vapor deposition process, i.e. obtaining thr vaporization temperatures for Ti, V, Mo and Ta of 1235, 1332, 1822, and 2240 °C at 130 mPa, respectively, are overcome by magnetron sputtering. Thin films produced by alternate deposition of Ti with V, Mo, or Ta, are desired with individually unique, regular repeating layer thicknesses which range from 1.5 to 15 nm. An initial characterization of the Ti-X composition modulated alloys has been conducted using X-ray diffraction. The pole figure constructions of the various composition wavelengths give a qualitative look at the strain accomodation within the thin films and possible manifestations in mechanical properties.
Politics and Legislative Advocacy

Physicians should be active in civic engagement and can have an active political life. Multiple routes of political involvement can range from small tasks to large career changes. Physicians can have high impact in advocacy because they are well-respected; however, learning the art of politics can make them even more effective.
A linear MOS transconductor using source degeneration and adaptive biasing

This paper presents a new configuration for linear MOS voltage-to-current conversion (transconductance). The proposed circuit combines two previously reported linearization methods. The topology achieves 60-dB linearity for a fully balanced input dynamic range up to 1 V/sub pp/ at a 3.3-V supply voltage, with slightly decreasing performance in the unbalanced case. The linearity is preserved during the tuning process for a moderate range of transconductance values. The approach is validated by both computer simulations and experiments.
Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma with an atypical radiographic appearance

Central mucoepidermoid carcinoma (CMC) is a rare osseous neoplasm occurring most often in the fourth to seventh decades of life. Its usual presentation is one of a locally destructive radiolucent lesion found primarily in the mandible, in the premolar region. No reported case to date has shown a mixed radiolucent-radiopaque expression of this tumor. The objective of this article is to report such a case: a CMC that presented an atypical radiographic appearance of a mixed lesion.
‘To Polish and Adorn the Mind’: The United States Naval Lyceum at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, 1833–89

AbstractThe United States Naval Lyceum, a museum and library at the Brooklyn Navy Yard, offers a revealing insight into the history of American science, material culture, and museums. This article explores the Lyceum’s history to enlarge our understanding of the ways the nineteenth-century museums used artefacts of natural and human history to tell meaningful stories. The Naval Lyceum was a place where navy officers, as curators, could perform their worldliness, demonstrate their scientific expertise, and create connections to community and to the past, and where visitors might make emotional links to the worlds of nature and humanity.
Conjugated linoleic acid and its effects on animal products and health in single-stomached animals

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been shown to have anti-carcinogenic, anti-obesity, anti-atherogenic and immunomodulatory functions. The basis for these effects has not been fully explained, but probably involves effects of CLA on eicosanoid metabolism, cytokine production and/or gene expression. The predominant isomer (85-90 %) in the natural sources of CLA has the cis-9, trans-11 configuratιon. As interest in CLA grew and synthetic forms became available, the number of studies examining the effects of dietary CLA in rodents, human subjects and livestock has increased greatly. In the late 1990s the observation that CLA had anti-obesity effects was reported. Subsequently, it was determined that this effect in mice could be attributed to the trans10, cis-12 isomer that, along with the cis-9, trans-11 isomer, predominates in the synthetic forms of CLA. The anti-obesity response varies in magnitude depending on species, and has not been consistent in non-rodents. In general, the response is greatest in mice and less or absent in other species. The basis for this lack of consistency is not clear and is unlikely to be accounted for by differences in the source of CLA. In the pig variation in body fat of animals may account for differences in responsiveness. There is no direct evidence of an anti-carcinogenic effect of CLA in human subjects or livestock. Indirect evidence from in vitro studies with cell lines, as well as epidemiological studies, suggest that CLA may be relevant as a natural anti-carcinogen. The immunomodulatory effects of CLA may have application in livestock production as an alternative to the use of feed antibiotics, or as a means of improving the response to vaccination and conferring disease resistance. The recent literature on the effects of CLA, with emphasis on its anti-obesity effects, is reviewed.
Co-Occurring Severe Mental Illnesses and Substance Abuse Disorders as Predictors of State Prison Inmate Assaults:

Using hierarchical logistic regression with a nationally representative sample of state prisoners (n = 12,504), we found inmates with dual severe psychiatric and substance abuse disorders to be at higher risk of being assaulted and to assault others in prison than nonmentally ill inmates. Dually disordered inmates may be “importing” characteristics that put them at more risk of involvement in assaults. Next, more than 50% of assault victims were themselves the perpetrators of assault, and significant percentages of inmates reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses and physical and sexual victimizations. With other studies linking PTSD and being assaulted with revictimization and violence toward others, substance abuse, and poorer psychiatric outcomes, a study implication is providing inmates with effective trauma-relevant treatments.
Tree-based model checking for logistic regression

A tree procedure is proposed to check the adequacy of a fitted logistic regression model. The proposed method not only makes natural assessment for the logistic model, but also provides clues to amend its lack-of-fit. The resulting tree-augmented logistic model facilitates a refined model with meaningful interpretation. We demonstrate its use via simulation studies and an application to the Pima Indians diabetes data.
An Energy-Efficient Time-Domain Asynchronous 2 b/Step SAR ADC With a Hybrid R-2R/C-3C DAC Structure

This paper describes an energy-efficient SAR ADC for ultra-low power applications. The asynchronous 2 b/step scheme halves both conversion time and DAC/digital circuit's switching activities and hence likewise reduces static and dynamic energy consumption. A low-power sleep mode is engaged at the end of each clock period. The technical contributions of this work include: 1) an innovative 2 b/step reference scheme based on a hybrid R-2R/C-3C DAC to minimize DAC hardware, 2) an interpolation-assisted time-domain 2 b comparison scheme that saves 33% in comparator circuitry, and 3) a dual-edge-comparison mechanism that reduces the time-domain comparator's (TDC) switching activities by 50%. All these techniques help reduce circuit overhead and overall energy consumption. The prototype ADC was fabricated in 180 nm CMOS process with an active area of 0.103 mm 2 . With a single 0.6 V supply and reference, the ADC achieves an ENoB of 9.2 bits and a FoM of 6.7 fJ/conversion-step while sampling at 100-kS/s.
Autism Symptoms and Internalizing Psychopathology in Girls and Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Findings regarding phenotypic differences between boys and girls with ASD are mixed. We compared autism and internalizing symptoms in a sample of 8-18 year-old girls (n = 20) and boys (n = 20) with ASD and typically developing (TYP) girls (n = 19) and boys (n = 17). Girls with ASD were more impaired than TYP girls but did not differ from boys with ASD in autism symptoms. In adolescence, girls with ASD had higher internalizing symptoms than boys with ASD and TYP girls, and higher symptoms of depression than TYP girls. Girls ages 8-18 with ASD resemble boys with ASD and not TYP girls, and appear to be at increased risk for affective symptoms in the teen years.
The zero angular momentum, three-body problem: All but one solution has syzygies

A syzygy in the three-body problem is a collinear instant. We prove that, with the exception of Lagrange's solution, every solution to the zero angular momentum, Newtonian three-body problem suffers syzygies. The proof works for all mass ratios.
OD Techniques and Their Results in 23 Organizations: The Michigan ICL Study:

Data collected by the Michigan Inter-Company Longitudinal Study from more than 14,000 respondents in 23 organizations are analyzed in terms of the organizational development treatments that intervened between pre and postmeasures. Four "experimental" treatments (Survey Feedback, Interpersonal Process Consultation, Task Process Consultation, and Laboratory Training) and two "control" treatments (Data Handback and No Treatment) are compared to determine their relative association with improved organizational functioning as measured by the Survey of Organizations questionnaire. The results indicate that Survey Feedback was associated with statistically significant improvement on a majority of measures, that Interpersonal Process Consultation was associated with improvement on a majority of measures, that Task Process Consultation was associated with little or no change, and that Laboratory Training and No Treatment were associated with declines. In addition, organizational climate emerges as a potentially ex...
Dynamics and control of a vehicle propelled by a rotating unbalanced mass

Prior research and commercial practice have shown that rotating unbalanced masses are highly efficient means of producing cyclic motions in larger mechanical structures. Presented in this paper is the dynamic model of a wheeled vehicle coupled to a rotating unbalance mass. The research objective is to show that the rotating unbalance mass, properly coupled to the vehicle, can produce propulsive force along the longitudinal axis. Numerical studies are presented here to support the hypothesis. The work examines the foundation for developing highly efficient vehicle propulsion schemes using rotating unbalanced masses.
BUBBLESTREAM WHISTLES ARE NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF A BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN'S VOCAL REPERTOIRE

Whistling bottlenose dolphins sometimes identify themselves with a concurrent bubblestream, and some researchers use these bubblestream whistles as their sole whistle sample. However, bubblestream whistles are not known to be representative of the entire repertoire. Bubblestreams and whistles were recorded from three captive female dolphins and their newborn calves. Bubblestreams were rare (0.13/min), with calves producing ten times as many as adults. Overall, 79% of bubblestreams were associated with whistles, but only 1 % of whistles were associated with bubblestreams. Bubblestream whistles were not independent: 49% occurred within 1 sec of another bubblestream, and 72% of these had the same contour as other bubblestream whistles in the bout. Bubblestream use was context-dependent: adults were more likely to bubblestream when caring for a calf (P < 0.001), and calves were more likely to bubblestream when other calves were present (P < 0.001). Bubblestreams were not associated with all whistle types. Bubblestream whistles were not evenly distributed across the clusters of a hierarchical cluster analysis of contour parameters using 300 randomly selected non-bubblestream whistles and 92 independent bubblestream whistles (10 clusters, P= 0.003). In conclusion, bubblestreams are rare visual cues that dolphins produce in association with certain whistles in certain contexts and are not representative of the dolphin's repertoire.
Sets and Functions

We begin with an elementary review of the language of functions and, more importantly, the classification of functions according to purely set-theoretic criteria. We assume that the reader has seen the formal definition of a function elsewhere; in any case, we shall need nothing beyond the provisional definition implicit in the following paragraph.
Effects of treadmill exercise to exhaustion on the insulin response to hyperglycemia in untrained men.

The effects of a single bout of exercise to exhaustion on pancreatic insulin secretion were determined in seven untrained men by use of a 3-h hyperglycemic clamp with plasma glucose maintained at 1...
Greater loss of object than spatial mnemonic discrimination in aged adults

Previous studies across species have established that the aging process adversely affects certain memory-related brain regions earlier than others. Behavioral tasks targeted at the function of vulnerable regions can provide noninvasive methods for assessing the integrity of particular components of memory throughout the lifespan. The present study modified a previous task designed to separately but concurrently test detailed memory for object identity and spatial location. Memory for objects or items is thought to rely on perirhinal and lateral entorhinal cortices, among the first targets of Alzheimer's related neurodegeneration. In line with prior work, we split an aged adult sample into "impaired" and "unimpaired" groups on the basis of a standardized word-learning task. The "impaired" group showed widespread difficulty with memory discrimination, whereas the "unimpaired" group showed difficulty with object, but not spatial memory discrimination. These findings support the hypothesized greater age-related impacts on memory for objects or items in older adults, perhaps even with healthy aging. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predation on Experimentally Deployed Molluscan Shells from Shelf to Slope Depths in a Tropical Carbonate Environment

Abstract Predation was examined using experimentally deployed shells along two transects representing shallow shelf (15 to 30 m), outer shelf (70 m) and bathyal (100 m to 267 m) habitats in the Bahamas. Lethal breakage on experimentally tethered shells was not restricted to the shallow-shelf (≤ 30 m), but could occur to outer shelf (70 m) and upper slope (≥ 88 m) depths. However, significantly more shells were preyed on at shallow-shelf depths (≤30 m) than at deeper depths (≥ 70 m) for both transects. Predation was not restricted to shelf sites (≤ 70 m), and predator-induced damage, such as peeled shells or last whorl remnants, could be encountered to a depth of 195 m. However, significantly more predation occurred at shelf rather than slope (≥ 88 m) depths for both transects. Although the experimental shells were exotic species, they were preyed upon at differing frequencies depending upon transect location and depth. It appears that morphology alone may not account for the differences in predation. Long...
Expression of protooncogene c-myb in normal human hematopoietic cells

Expression of the protooncogene, c-myb, in various subpopulations of normal human hematopoietic cells was characterized. Cells expressing the immature cell surface marker, CD34 (My10), were isolated by immune adherence with the "panning" technique or immunomagnetic microspheres and were shown to be strongly positive for c-myb protein expression in an immunoperoxidase assay. The CD34+ progenitor cell population was further separated into myeloid plus erythroid progenitors (CD34+, CD10-) v B-lymphoid precursors (coexpressing CD34 and CD10) by two-color FACS. Both CD34+ progenitor cell subsets strongly expressed c-myb protein by the immunoperoxidase assay. A flow cytometric assay was then developed which permitted simultaneous detection of a cell-surface antigen (to characterize lineage and stage of maturation) and the nuclear oncoprotein. This assay confirmed that CD34+ cells were strongly positive for c-myb expression and also allowed quantitative comparisons of c-myb expression in selected populations of other normal hematopoietic cells. Most human bone marrow cells appear to express some level of c-myb protein, although the CD34+ progenitor cell population expresses the highest amount.
Timothy R. White, Blue Collar Broadway: The Craft and Industry of American Theater (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015).

New York City’s Theater District doubles as an industrial district and these two seemingly disparate designations inform and rely on each other. That’s the premise of Timothy R. White’s Blue Collar...
Fermi surface topology and negative longitudinal magnetoresistance observed in the semimetal NbAs 2

We report transverse and longitudinal magnetotransport properties of ${\mathrm{NbAs}}_{2}$ single crystals. Attributing to the electron-hole compensation, nonsaturating large transverse magnetoresistance reaches up to 8000 at 9 T at 1.8 K with mobility around 1 to $2{\mathrm{m}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{V}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{S}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. We present a thorough study of angular-dependent Shubnikov--de Haas (SdH) quantum oscillations of ${\mathrm{NbAs}}_{2}$. Three distinct oscillation frequencies are identified. First-principles calculations reveal four types of Fermi-surface pockets: electron $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ pocket, hole $\ensuremath{\beta}$ pocket, hole $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ pocket, and small electron $\ensuremath{\delta}$ pocket. Although the angular dependence of $\ensuremath{\alpha},\ensuremath{\beta}$, and $\ensuremath{\delta}$ agree well with the SdH data, $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ pocket is missing in SdH. Negative longitudinal magnetoresistance is observed which may be linked to novel topological states in this material, although systematic study is necessary to ascertain its origin.
Ethanol Dehydration in HZSM-5 Studied by Density Functional Theory: Evidence for a Concerted Process

Dehydration over acidic zeolites is an important reaction class for the upgrading of biomass pyrolysis vapors to hydrocarbon fuels or to precursors for myriad chemical products. Here, we examine the dehydration of ethanol at a Bronsted acid site, T12, found in HZSM-5 using density functional theory (DFT). The geometries of both cluster and mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM:MM) models are prepared from the ZSM-5 crystal structure. Comparisons between these models and different DFT methods are conducted to show similar results among the models and methods used. Inclusion of the full catalyst cavity through a QM:MM approach is found to be important, since activation barriers are computed on average as 7 kcal mol–1 lower than those obtained with a smaller cluster model. Two different pathways, concerted and stepwise, have been considered when examining dehydration and deprotonation steps. The current study shows that a concerted dehydration process is possible with a lower (4–5 kcal mol–1) activ...
Abstract A29: The TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion, ERG expression and prostate cancer outcomes: A cohort study and meta-analysis

Background: The TMPRSS2:ERG gene fusion is a common genomic abnormality in prostate cancer that has been studied as a possible biomarker of prognosis. Methods: We undertook a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis to evaluate whether TMPRSS2:ERG is associated with more aggressive prostate cancers. The cohort consisted of 1,052 men with prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy between 1982 and 2005 nested within the Physicians9 Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. We identified presence of the fusion by immunohistochemical assessment of ERG protein expression. We used Cox proportional hazards models for associations of the fusion with biochemical recurrence and lethal prostate cancer. The meta-analysis included 6,448 subjects with prostate cancer from 43 studies (including our cohort) published since 2005. Studies characterized presence of the fusion by fluorescence in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, or immunohistochemistry. Results: During a median follow-up of 12.5 years, 245 men in the cohort experienced biochemical recurrence, and 95 developed lethal disease (distant metastases or cancer-specific mortality). Men whose tumors harbored the fusion were more likely to be diagnosed at a higher stage (p=0.02). There was no association, however, between the fusion and Gleason score (Gleason 8–10 vs. 2–6; p=0.45), biochemical recurrence (HR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.72–1.20), and lethal disease (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.54–1.22). For men treated with radical prostatectomy, the meta-analysis yielded similar results. Fusion status was associated with higher stage at diagnosis (RR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.11–1.28), but not with Gleason score (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.76–1.10), biochemical recurrence (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.84–1.22) or lethal disease (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.44–1.99). Conclusions: The results suggest that TMPRSS2:ERG fusion status and ERG expression are associated with higher stage at diagnosis but are not strong predictors of Gleason score, biochemical recurrence or cancer-specific death among men with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):A29.
Micrografts and minigrafts for refining grafted hairlines.

Micrografts and minigrafts comprise the newest and most exciting recent refinement in hair replacement surgery. They overcome the tufted and abrupt hairlines common to punch- graft surgery. Micrografts are used for softening and feathering the hairline, and minigrafts are best used for thickening the hairline.
Regional cerebral blood flow and metabolism in chronic subdural hematoma

There are two hypotheses on how chronic subdural hematoma causes hemiparesis and other focal neurologic symptoms without, in most cases, leaving permanent neurologic deficits. One hypothesis is that the reduced regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) caused by either compression or distortion of the local or remote brain tissue is responsible for hemiparesis. The other hypothesis is that the reduction in rCBF alone is not sufficient to cause permanent hemiparesis.
Instrumentation and Technique

Modern instruments to monitor maternal and fetal systems continuously during advanced gestation and labor are manufactured in an extraordinary variety of models, sizes, sensitivities, and potentials for simultaneous recordings. The most popular ones are the two-channel monitors designed to record uterine contractions (UC) and FHR. The accessory instruments and the techniques of application will be reviewed briefly, as well as the techniques to record a number of other physiologic phenomena of great importance to mother and fetus.
Interferometric image reconstruction: techniques, results, and future direction

Image reconstruction is slowly maturing to reach a phase where solutions to most interferometric imaging problems are starting to emerge. This paper gives a brief overview of current state-of-the-art techniques in the field of optical interferometry imaging, and attempts to extrapolate the current research efforts to the foreseeable future.
Final Results of a Phase II Trial of the Novel Oral Akt Inhibitor Perifosine in Relapsed and/or Refractory Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia (WM).

INTRODUCTION: Perifosine is an oral, novel synthetic alkylphospholipid, with multiple effects on signal transduction pathways, including inhibition of Akt. We previously demonstrated that Akt is upregulated in samples of patients (pts) with WM, and the Akt inhibitor perifosine induces significant growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo in xenograft models in WM. This phase II study aimed to determine the activity and safety of perifosine at a dose of 150mg in pts with relapsed/refractory WM. METHODS: Pts who had at least one previous therapy for WM and who had relapsed or refractory disease were eligible. NCI CTCAE v3.0 was used for toxicity assessment. Response was assessed by criteria established at the second consensus panel for WM, and included minimal response (MR), partial response (PR) and complete response (CR). All pts received 150 mg perifosine daily for 28 days per cycle until progression or excessive toxicity. RESULTS: The trial accrued from 10/06 to 11/07, with 37 pts (27 men and 10 women, median age 65 years, range 44 – 82) treated. Of these patients 65% were relapsed and 35% were relapsed and refractory to prior therapy. The median number of lines of prior treatment was 3 (range 1 – 5) with 35% of the patients having more than 3 lines of prior therapy. Prior therapy included rituximab, nucleoside analogues (fludarabine and 2-CDA), combination chemotherapy (e.g. CHOP, CVP), chlorambucil, and bortezomib. Thirty-six patients are evaluable for response after at least 2 cycles of therapy. The overall response rate (PR+MR) was 36%. PR occurred in 2 (6%) patients, with a median duration of response of 9+ and 18+ months, MR occurred in 11 (30%) patients, with a median duration of response of 7 months (2–21+ months). Stable disease occurred in 21 (58%) patients, and progressive disease in 2 (6%) patients at 2 and 4 months. The most common adverse events were GI toxicities (nausea, vomiting and diarrhea) with grade 1 and 2 in 36% of the patients. Grade 3 and 4 events included anemia (9%) and leucopenia (9%). Grade 3 arthritis occurred in 9% of the pts; was considered likely related to therapy, (especially in rapidly responding pts), and reversed with symptomatic treatment as well as dose reduction. Dose reductions to 100 mg occurred in a total of 36% of the pts and were otherwise due to GI toxicity or cytopenias. As of August 2008, the progression free survival (PFS) and time to progression (TTP) are similar at a median of 10.7 months (7.2-not reached). CONCLUSION: Perifosine monotherapy induces a prolonged time to progression in relapsed or refractory WM, with a promising response rate of 36%, stabilization of disease in 58% of pts, and manageable toxicity, as well as the convenience of oral administration. Future clinical trials in combination with rituximab are planned.