cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PROCESS MECHANISMS OF INSTITUTIONAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Field and historical data from China delineate two specific process mechanisms that facilitate institutional change: diminished utility of regulatory controls and negotiated boundaries of institutional space. These mechanisms tend to have entrepreneurial origins and, together, create new institutions when in the context of other factors that may be present in emerging economy institutional transition. These mechanisms link praxis, or experiential participation, with institutional change, thus enhancing our understanding of the drivers of entrepreneur-initiated institutional transition. Specifically, the effectiveness of regulatory controls decreases in the presence of collective entrepreneurial action and mobilization. In addition, negotiated boundaries of institutional space increase in the presence of reflective shifts in consciousness and increased activity of potential institutional entrepreneurship.
A high throughput workflow environment for cosmological simulations

The next generation of wide-area sky surveys offer the power to place extremely precise constraints on cosmological parameters and to test the source of cosmic acceleration. These observational programs will employ multiple techniques based on a variety of statistical signatures of galaxies and large-scale structure. These techniques have sources of systematic error that need to be understood at the percent-level in order to fully leverage the power of next-generation catalogs. Simulations of large-scale structure provide the means to characterize these uncertainties. We are using XSEDE resources to produce multiple synthetic sky surveys of galaxies and large-scale structure in support of science analysis for the Dark Energy Survey. In order to scale up our production to the level of fifty 1010-particle simulations, we are working to embed production control within the Apache Airavata workflow environment. We explain our methods and report how the workflow has reduced production time by 40% compared to manual management.
Toroidal Atmospheres around Extrasolar Planets

Jupiter and Saturn have extended, nearly toroidal atmospheres composed of material ejected from their moons or rings. Here we suggest that similar atmospheres must exist around giant extrasolar planets and might be observable in a transit of the parent star. Observation of such an atmosphere would be a marker for the presence of orbiting debris in the form of rings or moons that might otherwise be too small to be detected.
Proposals for Synchrotron Light Sources

Ever since it was first applied in the 1960's synchrotron radiation from an accelerating electron beam has been gaining popularity as a powerful tool for research and development in a wide variety of fields of science and technology. By now there are some 20 facilities operating either parasitically or dedicatedly for synchrotron radiation research in different parts of the world. In addition there are another 20 facilities either in construction or in various stages of proposal and design. The experiences gained from the operating facilities and the recent development of insertion devices such as wigglers and undulators as radiation sources led to a new set of requirements on the design of synchrotron radiation storage rings for optimum utility. The surprisingly uniform applicability and unanimous acceptance of these criteria give assurance that they are indeed valid criteria derived form mature considerations and experiences. Instead of describing the design of each of these new facilities it is, thus, more effective to discuss these desirable design features and indicate how they are incorporated in the design using machines listed as examples. 9 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.
Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment for nursing home residents with dementia.

Purpose Many nursing home (NH) residents with dementia receive burdensome, aggressive treatments at the end of life (EOL). The Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatments (POLSTs) paradigm is a strategy to enhance EOL care. This article describes the history and features of the POLST paradigm, discusses the potential advantages of using this paradigm for NH residents with dementia, and briefly explores challenges that nurse practitioners (NPs) face in using the POLST for persons with dementia. Data sources Review of the literature. Conclusions Potential advantages associated with implementation of POLST in NH residents with dementia include increased communication and documentation about residents’ EOL care preferences, increased concordance between care preferences documented in POLST forms and EOL care provided to residents, and lower rates of unwanted, burdensome treatments at EOL. POLST may also guide NPs in communicating EOL care options with residents and/or their surrogates. However, difficulty interpreting and explaining POLST care options, lack of understanding of POLST, limited discussions, and issues with surrogate authority and scope of practice are challenges that NPs may face in caring for NH residents with dementia. Implications for practice NPs should assess and optimize their knowledge and skills to conduct goals of care discussions, including POLST discussions.
Human capital and earnings distribution dynamics

Abstract Earnings heterogeneity plays a crucial role in modern macroeconomics. We document that mean earnings and measures of earnings dispersion and skewness all increase in US data over most of the working life-cycle for a typical cohort as the cohort ages. We show that (i) a human capital model can replicate these properties from the right distribution of initial human capital and learning ability, (ii) differences in learning ability are essential to produce an increase in earnings dispersion over the life cycle and (iii) differences in learning ability account for the bulk of the variation in the present value of earnings across agents. These findings emphasize the need to further understand the role and origins of initial conditions.
Distributed universally optimal strategies for interference channels with partial message passing

In distributed wireless networks, nodes often do not know the topology (network size, connectivity and the channel gains) of the network. Thus, they have to compute their transmission and reception parameters in a distributed fashion. In this paper, we consider that each of the transmitter know the channel gains of all the links that are at-most two-hop distant from it and the receiver knows the channel gains of all the links that are three-hop distant from it in a deterministic interference channel. With this limited information, we find a condition on the network connectivity for which there exist a distributed strategy that can be chosen by the users with partial information about the network state, which achieves the same sum capacity as that achievable by the centralized server that knows all the channel gains. Specifically, distributed decisions are sum-rate optimal only if each connected component is in a one-to-many configuration or a fully-connected configuration. In all other cases of network connectivity, the loss can be arbitrarily large.
Key Issues in Instructional Computer Graphics.

The integration of computer graphics into the undergraduate instructional engineering program is not a recent idea. The University of Illinois pioneered this concept with the PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations) system more than 15 years ago [ I]. The cognitive and pedagogical reasons for instructional graphics were well known at that time. Although computer graphics usage was found to be very beneficial in engineering curricula, one could not conclusively prove that computer graphics was significantly “better” than more traditional instructional techniques [2]. Consequently, university efforts limped along for 10 years with only sporadic attempts to incorporate graphics widely into the instructional program, most notably at the University of Michigan [3.4] and the U.S. Naval Academy[5,6]. Clearly. one could not justify this expensive technology purely on pedagogical grounds. The low cost per terminal promised by PLATO never materialized. and the concept of managed instruction using computers. CA1 (Computer Aided Instruction), was never widely adopted by engineering schools. Finally. the “theoretical” space age orientation of most engineering programs could not reconcile the “design” nature of graphics usage in industry, where it was used for “mundane” work like drafting. However. the situation changed dramatically in the 19761977 time frame. The decline in U.S. industrial productivity was acknowledged to be a national crisis. The high cost of labor and the demand for shorter design-to-manufacturing lead times made “computerization” necessary. The turnkey graphics system suppliers which had plodded along since 1969 suddenly became the premier growth industry. Computer graphics interpreted in its broadest sense, has become a vital link in the nation’s quest for increased industrial productivity. All projections indicate that this rapid growth will continue well into the next decade. This explosion has created a large industrial demand for engineering graduates who understand computer graphics. Instead of an expensive toy with inconclusive cognitive and pedagogical value, computer graphics has become an indispensable tool of the engineer. The whole question of computer graphics in engineering education must be re-examined. This paper addresses a number of key issues facing universities which plan to establish instructional computer graphics facilities. The issues are presented in a generic sense, but are based on four years of experience in directing the RPI Center for Interactive Computer Graphics. Appendix A gives a brief overview and equipment configuration for the Center. More detailed information on specific faculty experiences in developing and using instructional software appears in Refs [7-291 and elsewhere in this issue. Appendix B lists the courses which used computer graphics during the 198&81 academic year including the number of terminal-hours involved.
Boundary Energy of the Open XXZ Chain from New Exact Solutions

Bethe Ansatz solutions of the open spin-\(\frac{1}{2}\) integrable XXZ quantum spin chain at roots of unity with nondiagonal boundary terms containing two free boundary parameters have recently been proposed.We use these solutions to compute the boundary energy (surface energy) in the thermodynamic limit.
Local spectroscopy of the electrically tunable band gap in trilayer graphene

The stacking order in trilayer graphene plays a critical role in determining the existence of an electric field tunable band gap. We present spatially resolved tunneling spectroscopy measurements of dual gated Bernal (ABA) and rhombohedral (ABC) stacked trilayer graphene devices. We demonstrate that while ABA trilayer graphene remains metallic, ABC trilayer graphene exhibits a widely tunable band gap as a function of electric field. However, we find that charged impurities in the underlying substrate cause substantial spatial fluctuations of the gap size. Our work elucidates the microscopic behavior of trilayer graphene and its consequences for macroscopic devices.
A Sequential Linear Optimization Approach for Controller Design

A linear optimization approach with a simple, real arithmetic algorithm is presented for reliable controller design and vibration suppression of flexible structures. Using first-order sensitivity of the system eigenvalues with respect to the design parameters in conjunction with a continuation procedure, the method converts a nonlinear optimization problem into a maximization problem with linear inequality constraints. The method of linear programming is then applied to solve the converted linear optimization problem. The general efficiency of the linear programming approach allows the method to handle structural optimization problems with a large number of inequality constraints on the design vector. The method is demonstrated using a truss beam, finite element model for the optimal sizing and placement of active/passive structural members for damping augmentation. Results using both the sequential linear optimization approach and nonlinear optimization are presented and compared. The insensitivity to the initial conditions of the linear optimization approach is also demonstrated.
DETECTING DIFFERENTIAL ROTATION AND STARSPOT EVOLUTION ON THE M DWARF GJ 1243 WITH KEPLER

We present an analysis of the starspots on the active M4 dwarf GJ 1243, using 4 years of time series photometry from Kepler. A rapid P = 0.592596 ? 0.00021 days rotation period is measured due to the ?2.2% starspot-induced flux modulations in the light curve. We first use a light curve modeling approach, using a Monte Carlo Markov Chain sampler to solve for the longitudes and radii of the two spots within 5 day windows of data. Within each window of time the starspots are assumed to be unchanging. Only a weak constraint on the starspot latitudes can be implied from our modeling. The primary spot is found to be very stable over many years. A secondary spot feature is present in three portions of the light curve, decays on 100?500 day timescales, and moves in longitude over time. We interpret this longitude shearing as the signature of differential rotation. Using our models we measure an average shear between the starspots of 0.0047 rad day?1, which corresponds to a differential rotation rate of ? = 0.012 ? 0.002 rad day?1. We also fit this starspot phase evolution using a series of bivariate Gaussian functions, which provides a consistent shear measurement. This is among the slowest differential rotation shear measurements yet measured for a star in this temperature regime, and provides an important constraint for dynamo models of low-mass stars.
DISUSE ATROPHY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASE IN NUMBER OF GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS

Atrophy of muscles due to disuse is similar in form to glucocorticoid-induced atrophy of the general body musculature. Because of this similarity, a hypothesis was formed which attributed the selective muscle atrophy resulting from immobilization to an increase in glucocorticoid sensitivity. As an initial test of this hypothesis, the thermodynamic characteristics of 3H-dexamethasone binding were examined in cytosol prepared from immobilized and contralateral control gastrocnemius muscles. We report here an increase in numbers of glucocorticoid receptors in immobilized muscles relative to contralateral controls, with no change in binding affinity. These findings support the hypothesis that selective muscle atrophy is a result of changes in glucocorticoid sensitivity.
Several Routes to Determining Entropy Generation in the Early Universe

We analyze how entropy could be generated via a semi classical argument as well as by multiple brane- anti brane combinations leading to an initial soliton-instanton formation. The supposition is that the two different types of methods give similar initial conditions for entropy and information/ computational bits of information in the initial universe. We close then with observations we think are pertinent to entropy increase and also the variation of statistical noise about the CMBR spectra. This is linkable to a table of computational bits as presented by Smoot in 2007. We also have a tie in with the race track model of inflation in the cooling down period, as other fields to which the inflaton couples through gravity undergo symmetry breaking phase transitions as the universe cools. This article will set the stage for later evaluating how brane-anti brane models of entropy fare against more classical formulations of entropy in a future publication.
Public-Private Consumption Tradeoffs and the Balanced Budget Multiplier

This paper considers consumers who have multiperiod utility functions that have private and public goods as arguments. The paper analyzes the effect on private demands of various exogenous balanced budget changes in the path of public expenditure: temporary, permanent, and countercyclical. The effects of temporary and countercyclical changes depend upon whether public and private goods are complements or substitutes and whether public goods are over- or undersupplied. The largest impact comes from countercyclical changes in undersupplied complementary public goods. Permanent changes tend to have a smaller impact but are harder to specify, since the results crucially depend upon the third derivatives of utility functions.
Gold nanostructures: a class of multifunctional materials for biomedical applications

Gold nanostructures have proven to be a versatile platform for a broad range of biomedical applications, with potential use in numerous areas including: diagnostics and sensing, in vitro and in vivo imaging, and therapeutic techniques. These applications are possible because of the highly favorable properties of gold nanostructures, many of which can be tailored for specific applications. In the first part of this tutorial review, we will discuss the most critical properties of gold nanostructures for biomedical applications: surface chemistry, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and morphology. In the second part of the review, we will discuss how these properties can be harnessed for a selection of biomedical applications, aiming to give the reader an overview of general strategies as well as highlight some recent advances in this field.
Spontaneous channelization in permeable ground: theory, experiment, and observation

Landscapes that are rhythmically dissected by natural drainage channels exist in various geologic and climatic settings. Such landscapes are characterized by a lengthscale for the lateral spacing between channels. We observe a small-scale version of this process in the form of beach rills and reproduce channelization in a table-top seepage experiment. On the beach as well as in the experiments, channels are spontaneously incised by surface flow, but once initiated, they grow due to water emerging from underground. Field observation and experiment suggest the process can be described in terms of flow through a homogeneous porous medium with a freely shaped water table. According to this theory, small deformations of the underground water table amplify the flux into the channel and lead to further growth, a phenomenon we call ‘Wentworth instability’. Piracy of groundwater can occur over distances much larger than the channel width. Channel spacing coarsens with time, until channels reach their maximum length.
Long-term Impacts of Household Electrification in Rural India

India's huge expansion in rural electrification in the 1980s and 1990s offers lessons for other countries today. The paper examines the long-term effects of household electrification on consumption, labor supply, and schooling in rural India over 1982-99. It finds that household electrification brought significant gains to consumption and earnings, the latter through changes in market labor supply. It finds positive effects on schooling for girls but not for boys. External effects are also evident, whereby households without electricity benefit from village electrification. Wage rates were unaffected. Methodologically, the results suggest sizeable upward biases in past estimates of the gains from electrification associated with how past analyses dealt with geographic effects.
The hospital as a human system

EDITOR'S NOTE: This article represents an unusual departure from ordinary procedure for this journal. With the permission of its author and the publisher of the journal, Physics in Medicine and Biology, we are republishing it exactly as it appeared in October, 1962. The article was called to our attention by an Australian scientist, Dr. William H. Weekes, now at the Melbourne Institute of Technology. As early as 1938, Professor Revans was concerned with a systems approach to health care. Perhaps his clearest presentation of his ideas on this topic appears in the following article. For more than 50 years, he has made recommendations for improving health care in numerous countries, and although health delivery systems have become more complex in that half-century, his concepts seem to be as relevant today as they were when the article was first published. Particularly remarkable are his relating of the concepts from physics to communication and information flow in a human system, including such ideas as noise and feedback loops. In addition, he recognizes the promise of digital computers, linear programming, and simulation for improving effectiveness of human organizations such as hospitals.
Bayesian information extraction network

Dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) offer an elegant way to integrate various aspects of language in one model. Many existing algorithms developed for learning and inference in DBNs are applicable to probabilistic language modeling. To demonstrate the potential of DBNs for natural language processing, we employ a DBN in an information extraction task. We show how to assemble wealth of emerging linguistic instruments for shallow parsing, syntactic and semantic tagging, morphological decomposition, named entity recognition etc. in order to incrementally build a robust information extraction system. Our method outperforms previously published results on an established benchmark domain.
Groups of type E_7 over arbitrary fields

Freudenthal triple systems come in two flavors, degenerate and nondegenerate. The best criterion for distinguishing between the two which is available in the literature is by descent. We provide an identity which is satisfied only by nondegenerate triple systems. We then use this to define algebraic structures whose automorphism groups produce all adjoint algebraic groups of type E 7 over an arbitrary field of characteristic ≠ 2, 3. The main advantage of these new structures is that they incorporate a previously unconsidered invariant (a symplectic involution) of these groups in a fundamental way. As an application, we give a construction of adjoint groups with Tits algebras of index 2 which provides a complete description of this involution and apply this to groups of type E 7 over a real-closed field.
The delay/Doppler radar altimeter

The key innovation in the delay/Doppler radar altimeter is delay compensation, analogous to range curvature correction in a burst-mode synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Following delay compensation, height estimates are sorted by Doppler frequency, and integrated in parallel. More equivalent looks are accumulated than in a conventional altimeter. The relatively small along-track footprint size is a constant of the system, typically on the order of 250 m for a Ku-band altimeter. The flat-surface response is an impulse rather than the more familiar step function produced by conventional satellite radar altimeters. The radar equation for the delay/Doppler radar altimeter has an h/sup -5/2/(CT)/sup 1/2/ dependence on height h and compressed pulse length /spl tau/, which is more efficient than the corresponding h/sup 3/CT factor for a pulse-limited altimeter. The radiometric response obtained by the new approach would be 10 dB stronger than that of the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter, for example, if the same hardware were used in the delay/Doppler altimeter mode. This new technique leads to a smaller instrument that requires less power, yet performs better than a conventional radar altimeter. The concept represents a new generation of altimeter for Earth observation, with particular suitability for coastal ocean regions and polar ice sheets as well as open oceans.
Mercurial Commitments with Applications to Zero-Knowledge Sets

We introduce a new flavor of commitment schemes, which we call mercurial commitments. Informally, mercurial commitments are standard commitments that have been extended to allow for soft decommitment. Soft decommitments, on the one hand, are not binding but, on the other hand, cannot be in conflict with true decommitments. We then demonstrate that a particular instantiation of mercurial commitments has been implicitly used by Micali, Rabin and Kilian to construct zero-knowledge sets. (A zero-knowledge set scheme allows a Prover to (1) commit to a set S in a way that reveals nothing about S and (2) prove to a Verifier, in zero-knowledge, statements of the form x?S and x?S.) The rather complicated construction of Micali et al. becomes easy to understand when viewed as a more general construction with mercurial commitments as an underlying building block. By providing mercurial commitments based on various assumptions, we obtain several different new zero-knowledge set constructions.
A generalized probabilistic data association detector for multiple antenna systems

The Probabilistic Data Association (PDA) method for multiuser detection (MUD) over synchronous CDMA channels is extended to the signal detection problem in V-BLAST systems. Computer simulations show that the algorithm has an error probability that is significantly lower than that of the V-BLAST optimal order detector and has a computational complexity that is cubic in the number of transmit antennas.
A “Present” for the Future The Unexpected Value of Rediscovery

Although documenting everyday activities may seem trivial, four studies reveal that creating records of the present generates unexpected benefits by allowing future rediscoveries. In Study 1, we used a time-capsule paradigm to show that individuals underestimate the extent to which rediscovering experiences from the past will be curiosity provoking and interesting in the future. In Studies 2 and 3, we found that people are particularly likely to underestimate the pleasure of rediscovering ordinary, mundane experiences, as opposed to extraordinary experiences. Finally, Study 4 demonstrates that underestimating the pleasure of rediscovery leads to time-inconsistent choices: Individuals forgo opportunities to document the present but then prefer rediscovering those moments in the future to engaging in an alternative fun activity. Underestimating the value of rediscovery is linked to people's erroneous faith in their memory of everyday events. By documenting the present, people provide themselves with the opportunity to rediscover mundane moments that may otherwise have been forgotten.
Polarization mode dispersion in optical communication systems

Summary form only given. Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) has become one of the major barriers to achieving single-channel data rates of 10 Gbits/sec and beyond in optical communications systems. In this tutorial, the physical origins of birefringence and PMD are first reviewed. The effects of first-, second-, and higher-order PMD are next elucidated. Finally, PMD compensators and emulators are described. In particular, the need for physically realistic emulators in order to realistically evaluate the effects due to PMD and compensators is emphasized.
A Dynamic, Adaptive, Locally Conservative, and Nonconforming Solution Strategy for Transport Phenomena in Chemical Engineering

A family of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods are formulated and applied to chemical engineering problems. They are the four primal discontinuous Galerkin schemes for space discretization: symmetric interior penalty Galerkin, Oden-Babuska-Baumann DG formulation, nonsymmetric interior penalty Galerkin, and incomplete interior penalty Galerkin. Numerical examples of DG to solve typical chemical engineering problems, including a diffusion-convection-reaction system in a catalytic particle, a problem of heat transfer in a fixed bed, and flow and contaminant transport simulations in porous media, are presented. This article highlights the substantial advantages of DG on adaptive mesh modification over traditional methods. In particular, we propose and investigate the dynamic mesh modification strategy for DG guided by mathematically sound a posteriori error estimators.
Lattice matrix elements and CP violation in B and K physics: Status and outlook

Status of lattice calculations of hadron matrix elements along with CP violation inB and inK systems is reviewed. Lattice has provided useful input which, in conjunction with experimental data, leads to the conclusion that CP-odd phase in the CKM matrix plays the dominant role in the observed asymmetry inB → ψK s. It is now quite likely that any beyond the SM, CP-odd, phase will cause only small deviations in B-physics. Search for the effects of the new phase(s) will consequently require very large data samples as well as very precise theoretical predictions. Clean determination ofall the angles of the unitarity triangle therefore becomes essential. In this regardB → KD0 processes play a unique role. RegardingK-decays, remarkable progress made by theory with regard to maintenance of chiral symmetry on the lattice is briefly discussed. First application already provide quantitative information onB K and the ΔI = 1/2 rule. In the lattice calculation, the enhancement in Re A0 appears to arise solely from tree operators, esp. Q2; penguin contribution toRe A0 appears to be very small. However, improved calculations are necessary for e’/e as the contributions of QCD penguins and electroweak penguins largely seem to cancel. There are good reasons, though, to believe that these cancellations will not survive improvements that are now underway. Importance of determining the unitarity triangle purely fromK-decays is also emphasized.
The effectiveness of boards of directors of state owned enterprises in developing countries

This paper aims to shed some new light on the conditions needed to ensure the effectiveness of Boards of Directors of state owned enterprises with a focus on infrastructure sectors. In the case of developing countries, empirical studies have found evidence of positive links between the composition of the Board of Directors and financial performance. Yet the lack of solid theoretical foundations, and in some cases poor data availability, makes the conclusions of most studies weak. Several policy recommendations emerge from the review of the economic literature and evidence from case studies. First, the introduction of a sufficient number of independent directors emerges as an important corporate governance milestone. Empowering them to exercise effective monitoring of management, however, may prove to be a formidable challenge for of state owned enterprises. More attention to board procedures, particularly related to the Board selection and evaluation process, is essential, to produce the necessary insulation of Boards from government interference. Ensuring sufficient continuity of services to directors is particularly crucial to improve corporate governance. In addition, other factors that may reduce directors' ability to monitor corporate activities, such as the age profile and the number of Boards on which they sit, need to be handled more carefully.
Microwave traps for cold polar molecules

We discuss the possibility of trapping polar molecules in the standing-wave electromagnetic field of a microwave resonant cavity. Such a trap has several novel features that make it very attractive for the development of ultracold molecule sources. Using commonly available technologies, microwave traps can be built with large depth (up to several Kelvin) and acceptance volume (up to several cm3), suitable for efficient loading with currently available sources of cold polar molecules. Unlike most previous traps for molecules, this technology can be used to confine the strong-field seeking absolute ground state of the molecule, in a free-space maximum of the microwave electric field. Such ground state molecules should be immune to inelastic collisional losses. We calculate elastic collision cross-sections for the trapped molecules, due to the electrical polarization of the molecules at the trap center, and find that they are extraordinarily large. Thus, molecules in a microwave trap should be very amenable to sympathetic and/or evaporative cooling. The combination of these properties seems to open a path to producing large samples of polar molecules at temperatures much lower than has been previously possible.
Are Eco-Labels Valuable? Evidence From the Apparel Industry

Using apparel catalog data from the United States, we estimate hedonic price functions to identify market valuation of environmental attributes of apparel goods. We identify a significant and robust premium for the organic fibers embodied in the apparel goods. We also find a discount for the “no-dye” label. We do not, however, find any evidence of a premium for environment-friendly dyes. We further investigate the pricing behavior of apparel suppliers for potential heterogeneous pricing of the organic-fiber attribute and find no evidence of different premia across firms.
A generalization of Poisson–Nijenhuis structures

Abstract We generalize Poisson–Nijenhuis structures. We prove that on a manifold endowed with a Nijenhuis tensor and a Jacobi structure which are compatible, there is a hierarchy of pairwise compatible Jacobi structures. Furthermore, we study the homogeneous Poisson–Nijenhuis structures and their relations with Jacobi structures.
Scoring correspondence in outcomes related to erectile dysfunction treatment on a 4-point scale (SCORE-4).

ABSTRACT Introduction The Erection Hardness Score (EHS), a validated single-item patient-reported outcome (PRO), may provide a simple method to capture erectile dysfunction (ED) symptoms and to monitor treatment outcome. Aim To map the relationship between the EHS, which was used as the anchor, and other validated PROs: International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), Quality of Erection Questionnaire (QEQ), Sexual Experience Questionnaire (SEX-Q), and Self-Esteem and Relationship questionnaire (SEAR). Methods Data were from a trial of flexible-dose sildenafil (50 or 100 mg) in 209 men with ED. Main Outcome Measures A mixed-effects repeated-measures model with EHS as a categorical explanatory variable and each of the other PROs, as a separate dependent variable, was applied to analyze the longitudinal data from randomization to the end of the 10-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase and the 6-week open-label phase. EHS data, which were generated at each sexual encounter (event), were averaged per patient over the same recall period that preceded administration of the other PRO questionnaires. Results Scores on all domains of the IIEF and SEX-Q, as well as the SEAR total score and SEAR Sexual Relationship domain, discriminated on all EHS categories. The QEQ total score discriminated on all EHS categories except EHS 1 and EHS 2. Although the model did not impose any functional relationship between PRO score and EHS, an approximately linear relationship existed between the EHS and all other PROs, which was especially pronounced for those PROs that were more directly related to erectile quality or function. Conclusions The relationship between discrete EHS categories and PRO scores demonstrates the close correspondence of erectile hardness with erectile function (IIEF), erection quality (QEQ), overall sexual experience (SEX-Q), and ED-related psychosocial factors (SEAR) in men with ED. Cappelleri JC, Bushmakin AG, Symonds T, and Schnetzler G. S coring c orrespondence in o utcomes r elated to e rectile dysfunction treatment on a 4-point scale (SCORE-4). J Sex Med 2009;6:809–819.
Estimating a Payment Vehicle for Financing Nourishment of Residential Beaches using a Spatial- Lag Hedonic Property Price Model

Beach nourishment projects are common methods for coastal states to protect beaches and property from the natural erosive process. However, while the beneficiaries of beach nourishment tend to be local property owners and recreators, projects are typically funded at the state level. Based on the benefit principle, as local residents receive more of the erosion protection benefits of the nourishment projects, we estimate a value capture tax, designed to levy the financing burden in a manner that approximates the distribution of benefits. The benefits of nourishment projects to coastal property owners are estimated using the results from a spatial-lag hedonic model that controls for viewshed effects.
Corrolazines: New Frontiers in High-Valent Metalloporphyrinoid Stability and Reactivity

The activation of dioxygen and its analogues, such as hydrogen peroxide, by metalloporphyrins leads to the generation of high-valent metal–oxo species. This process is critically important to heme-catalyzed reactions, such as for cytochrome P450, and synthetic porphyrin-catalyzed oxidations. We have synthesized a new ring-contracted porphyrinoid system called a corrolazine that is designed to stabilize high oxidation states, including high-valent metal–oxo species. The corrolazine ligand stabilizes manganese(V) terminal oxo and terminal imido complexes for isolation, both of which are only transiently observed with normal porphyrin macrocycles. Examination of both oxygen atom transfer and hydrogen atom abstraction reactions for the Mn(V)–oxo complex has led to a number of mechanistic insights regarding these transformations. The activation of H2O2 to give the Mn(V)–oxo complex exhibits some dramatic and unexpected axial ligand effects that call into question the normal role of axial ligands in O–O bond cl...
How Do Trade and Financial Integration Affect the Relationship between Growth and Volatility

The influential work of Ramey and Ramey [Ramey, G., Ramey, V.A., 1995. Cross-country evidence on the link between volatility and growth. American Economic Review 85, 1138–1151 (December).] highlighted an empirical relationship that has now come to be regarded as conventional wisdom—that output volatility and growth are negatively correlated. We reexamine this relationship in the context of globalization—a term typically used to describe the phenomenon of growing international trade and financial integration that has intensified since the mid-1980s. Using a comprehensive new data set, we document that, while the basic negative association between growth and volatility has been preserved during the 1990s, both trade and financial integration significantly weaken this negative relationship. Specifically, we find that, in a regression of growth on volatility and other controls, the estimated coefficient on the interaction between volatility and trade integration is significantly positive. We find a similar, although less robust, result for the interaction of financial integration with volatility. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
AUTOMATED ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE IMAGE DATA USING ISOMORPHIC FUNCTIONAL MIXED MODELS, WITH APPLICATION TO PROTEOMICS DATA

Image data are increasingly encountered and are of growing importance in many areas of science. Much of these data are quantitative image data, which are characterized by intensities that represent some measurement of interest in the scanned images. The data typically consist of multiple images on the same domain and the goal of the research is to combine the quantitative information across images to make inference about populations or interventions. In this paper, we present a unified analysis framework for the analysis of quantitative image data using a Bayesian functional mixed model approach. This framework is flexible enough to handle complex, irregular images with many local features, and can model the simultaneous effects of multiple factors on the image intensities and account for the correlation between images induced by the design. We introduce a general isomorphic modeling approach to fitting the functional mixed model, of which the wavelet-based functional mixed model is one special case. With suitable modeling choices, this approach leads to efficient calculations and can result in flexible modeling and adaptive smoothing of the salient features in the data. The proposed method has the following advantages: it can be run automatically, it produces inferential plots indicating which regions of the image are associated with each factor, it simultaneously considers the practical and statistical significance of findings, and it controls the false discovery rate. Although the method we present is general and can be applied to quantitative image data from any application, in this paper we focus on image-based proteomic data. We apply our method to an animal study investigating the effects of opiate addiction on the brain proteome. Our image-based functional mixed model approach finds results that are missed with conventional spot-based analysis approaches. In particular, we find that the significant regions of the image identified by the proposed method frequently correspond to subregions of visible spots that may represent post-translational modifications or co-migrating proteins that cannot be visually resolved from adjacent, more abundant proteins on the gel image. Thus, it is possible that this image-based approach may actually improve the realized resolution of the gel, revealing differentially expressed proteins that would not have even been detected as spots by modern spot-based analyses.
North American Carsharing: A Ten-Year Retrospective

Carsharing (or short-term auto use) organizations provide members access to a fleet of shared vehicles on an hourly basis, reducing the need for private vehicle ownership. Since 1994, 50 carsharing programs have been deployed in North America—33 are operational and 17 defunct. As of July 1, 2008, there were 14 active programs in Canada and 19 in the United States, with approximately 319,000 carsharing members sharing more than 7,500 vehicles in North America. Another six programs were planned for launching in North America by January 2009. The four largest providers in the United States and Canada support 99% and 95.2% of total membership, respectively. A 10-year retrospective examines North America's carsharing evolution from initial market entry and experimentation (1994 to mid-2002) to growth and market diversification (mid-2002 to late 2007) to commercial mainstreaming (late 2007 to present). This evolution includes increased competition, new market entrants, program consolidation, increased market di...
Domain Wall World(s)

Gravitational properties of domain walls in fundamental theory and their implications for the trapping of gravity are reviewed. In particular, the difficulties to embed gravity trapping configurations within gauged supergravity is reviewed and the status of the domain walls obtained via the breathing mode of sphere reduced Type IIB supergravity is presented.
Security in multiagent systems by policy randomization

Security in multiagent systems is commonly defined as the ability of the system to deal with intentional threats from other agents. This paper focuses on domains where such intentional threats are caused by unseen adversaries whose actions or payoffs are unknown. In such domains, action randomization can effectively deteriorate an adversary's capability to predict and exploit an agent/agent team's actions. Unfortunately, little attention has been paid to intentional randomization of agents' policies in single-agent or decentralized (PO)MDPs without significantly sacrificing rewards or breaking down coordination. This paper provides two key contributions to remedy this situation. First, it provides three novel algorithms, one based on a non-linear program and two based on linear programs (LP), to randomize single-agent policies, while attaining a certain level of expected reward. Second, it provides Rolling Down Randomization (RDR), a new algorithm that efficiently generates randomized policies for decentralized POMDPs via the single-agent LP method.
Demand for food-away-from-home: a multiple-discrete–continuous extreme value model

Obesity is a complex problem with many causes, from genetic and behavioral disorders to environmental factors, including access to calorie-dense fast food meals. Economists and epidemiologists disagree on the importance of access to fast food as a causal factor for obesity, but agree that any policy regulating access to fast food will likely use the price system, through taxes or other means to raise the relative cost of buying fast food. Yet, little is known of the structure of demand for food-away-from-home (FAFH). This study provides estimates of
Diamond-Kite Meshes: Adaptive Quadrilateral Meshing and Orthogonal Circle Packing

We describe a family of quadrilateral meshes based on diamonds, rhombi with 60° and 120° angles, and kites with 60°, 90°, and 120° angles, that can be adapted to a local size function by local subdivision operations. The vertices of our meshes form the centers of the circles in a pair of dual circle packings in which each tangency between two circles is crossed orthogonally by a tangency between two dual circles.
Do Some Forms of Financial Flows Help Protect Against “Sudden Stops”?

There is a debate on whether some forms of financial flows offer better protection against crises than others. Using a large panel data set that includes advanced, emerging, and developing economies during 1970-2003, this article analyzes the behavior of several types of flows: foreign direct investment (FDI), portfolio equity investment, portfolio debt investment, other flows to the official sector, other flows to banks, and other flows to the nonbank private sector. Differences across types of flows are limited with respect to volatility, persistence, cross-country co-movement, and correlation with growth at home or in the world economy. However, consistent with conventional wisdom, FDI is the least volatile form of financial flow, when the average size of net or gross flows is taken into account. The differences are striking during sudden stops in financial flows (defined as drops in total net financial inflows of more than percentage points of gross domestic product (GDP) compared with the previous year). In such episodes, FDI is remarkably stable, and portfolio equity seems to play a limited role. Portfolio debt experiences a reversal, though it recovers relatively quickly, and other flows (including bank loans and trade credit) experience severe drops and often remain depressed for a few years.