cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Collaborative Professional Development for Teacher Educators: Number Talks as Culturally Responsive Online Teaching

The chapter is authored by a group of four teacher educators who sought to explore problems of practice together while intentionally moving toward a critically conscious, culturally responsive stance in online, mathematics teacher preparation. In order to accomplish this work, we connected across disciplinary lines to engage with one another as an interdisciplinary team (mathematics education, instructional technology, and critical pedagogy). This chapter presents two focal points. First, we highlight the professional learning of teacher educators as we deepened our understanding of culturally responsive teaching in terms of the mathematics teacher preparation conducted through synchronous online technologies. Second, we explore the instructional redesign process the group collectively engaged in, to imagine and then actualize the teaching of a specific practice, number talks, in a mathematics methods course for EC-8 preservice teachers in the synchronous online learning environment. Implications for practice include considerations of both the significance of peer-to-peer professional development that supports teacher educator growth and online format strategies for enacting critically conscious culturally responsive teaching in the preparation of future mathematics teachers.
Chapter 9. Antiarrhythmic Agents

Publisher Summary The cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial (CAST) study is designed to test the hypothesis that the suppressing asymptomatic premature ventricular beats with Class I anti-arrhythmic drugs would prolong the survival. The three drugs studied (encainide, flecainide, and moricizine) are chosen because they already had been shown to suppress the premature ventricular beats in post MI patients. Other anti-arrhythmic drugs, such as quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide mexilitene, and tocainide are not used, because previous studies suggests that they do not suppress arrhythmias as effectively or that the adverse effects precluded their long-term use in most patients. This chapter discusses the CAST study and its implications, and then gives an update on the Class I and Class III agents. The Class I antiarrhythmic agents, pirmenol, cibenzolin, and ethmozine (moricizine); the IC agents, encainide, flecainide, and propafenone; and the IB agents, mexiletine, and tocainide, have been discussed in this chapter. All Class I drugs are Na + channel inhibitors and they decrease the fast inward Na + current; they reduce the conduction velocity (V max ) in those cardiac structures, in which resting potential is negative to −60 mV. The sub-classes differ with respect to their mode of action on Na + channels and in their effects on action potential duration (APD). Class III agents exert their primary anti-arrhythmic activity by prolonging the cardiac action potential duration, and thereby the effective refractory period (ERP) with no effect on conduction. These electrophysiological changes are brought about by the blockade of cardiac potassium channels; this mechanism is not associated with the depression of the contractile function of the heart and may result in a slight enhancement of the contractile force.
Trans-Atlantic Reach: The Potential Impact of the European Union's New Chemical Regulations on Proof of Causation in U.S. Federal Courts

On June 1, 2007, a new set of regulations governing nearly all chemical substances took effect throughout the EU's twenty-seven member states. The primary goal of the legislation, called REACH, is to improve the protection of human health and the environment from risks posed by toxic chemical exposure. No equivalent federal legislation exists in the United States. As a result, chemicals that the EU will soon ban or restrict under REACH will continue to enter American homes and workplaces. This Note explores how private law—particularly in the form of toxic tort litigation—may fill the gap in U.S. chemicals regulation, and induce manufacturers to produce safer products for U.S. consumption. Focusing on the potential of REACH to influence the establishment of general causation in toxic tort litigation, it analyzes whether and to what extent REACH data is likely to assist toxic tort plaintiffs in U.S. federal courts. The Note concludes that, although REACH is likely to provide plaintiffs with additional evidentiary support of general causation in some instances, it seems unlikely that REACH data alone will be sufficient to support causation claims at the federal level.
Construction and Testing of the Two-Meter-Diameter TPC Thin Superconducting Solenoid

The TPC experiment at PEP is one of several colliding beam experiments which use thin superconducting solenoid magnets. The CELLO experiment at PETRA in Hamburg, Germany and a detector for the ISR at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland use superconductors with an aluminum matrix[1–3]. The TPC magnet and a magnet to be used at Cornell University use the concept of a shorted secondary circuit to protect a high-current-density copper-based superconductor[4].
Union Densities, Business Unionism, and Working-Class Struggle: Labour Movement Decline in the United States and Japan, 1930-2000

[Trade union leadership produces] bureaucratism and a certain narrowness of outlook.... [Trade union leaders tend to overvalue] the organization, which from a means has gradually been changed into an end in itself, a precious thing, to which the interests of the struggles should be subordinated [, eventuating in an] ... openly admitted need for peace which shrinks from great risks and presumed dangers to the stability of the trade unions.
A Novel Ribonucleoprotein Complex Defined by Monoclonal Antibodies to NIH 3T3 Cells Transfected with Human Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma DNA

Abstract Three monoclonal antibodies elicited to NIH 3T3 cells transfected with DNA from a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line recognized a novel ribonucleoprotein complex. Minimally, this ribonucleoprotein complex contained a M r 240,000 protein (by sodium didecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) and two RNA species with apparent sizes of 1.5 and 3.0 kilobases (by formaldehyde agarose gel electrophoresis). In addition to a cytoplasmic and nuclear subcellular localization, the RNA antigen was secreted from human tumor cell lines and NIH 3T3 cells transfected with pancreatic tumor DNA (inhibitable by monensin) and was apparently not a viral or Mycoplasma contaminant. The ribonucleoprotein antigen was detected in some normal tissues by immunoperoxidase but was not found in or secreted from in vitro cultured normal human fibroblasts, nontransfected or spontaneously transformed NIH 3T3 cells, or normal peripheral blood leukocytes.
Doppler Free Spectroscopy

These notes will give an elementary formalism to acquaint the students with the simplest aspects of the theory. It will provide background theoretical material for the applications to high resolution spectroscopy. The presentation will be tutorial. The lectures will then be followed by a review of the recent work of the author’s laboratory in the area of Doppler free spectroscopy.
The Late Devonian brachiopod Cyrtiopsis davidsoni Grabau, 1923, and related forms from central Hunan of South China

New specimens representing species of Cyrtiopsis Grabau, 1923, described by Grabau (1931a) were recovered in samples from the Late Devonian deposits of the Changlongjie Member of the Xikuangshan Formation in central Hunan Province of South China. Associated Famennian age conodonts and morphotypes of the rhynchonellid brachiopod Yunnanellina lineage fix the ranges of species of Cyrtiopsis and related taxa in the Xikuangshan Formation within the interval of the Middle triangularis Zone through the Lower crepida Zone (early Famennian) in central Hunan Province. Detailed study and comparison of external and internal shell structures of the type species of Cyrtiopsis Grabau, 1923, and related species described in Grabau (1931a) shows that Cyrtiopsis from South China includes the types species, C. davidsoni (embodied by the holotype), and C. graciosa. Both of these species are shown to lack a delthyrial plate. Grabau's paratypes of C. davidsoni are considered to belong in Cyrtiopsis intermedia Grabau, 1931. The species C. kayseri Grabau, 1931, and C. shensiensis Grabau, 1931, are also deemed synonyms of C. davidsoni Grabau, 1923 (as restricted above). "Cyrtiopsis" intermedia differs from other species of Cyrtiopsis by development of a short delthyrial plate and its systematic position remains uncertain. The genus Pseudocyrtiopsis is proposed with Cyrtiopsis spiriferoides Grabau, 1931, as the type. Pseudocyrtiopsis new genus is distinguished from Cyrtiopsis Grabau, 1923, by its alate hinge and development of a delthyrial plate. Comparisons of species of Cyrtiopsis from South China with cyrtospiriferid brachiopods identified as Cyrtiopsis by Crickmay (1952) demonstrate that none of the early Famennian species from western Canada can be assigned to the genus as revised here, although C. mimetes Crickmay, 1952, is closely related to "C." intermedia Grabau, 1931.
The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict – By Jonathan Schneer

Having published two books in recent decades that deal in part with the Balfour Declaration, this reviewer has long been aware of the subject, most of the old archival and new secondary sources in ...
Abstract 3257: NME1 mediates a switch in expression of beta integrin subunits that correlates with prolonged patient survival

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Expression of the metastasis suppressor NME1 in melanoma is associated with reduced cellular motility and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this activity are not completely understood. Herein we report a novel mechanism through which NME1 modulates focal adhesion dynamics via regulation of integrin β1. Stable expression of NME1 significantly altered focal adhesion turnover at the cell periphery. Interestingly, over-expression of NME1 resulted in a switch in from predominantly fast recycling α4β1 integrins to slower recycling αvβ3 integrins. Contrary to its regulation of other cell surface receptors, the inhibition of integrin β1 by NME1 was found to occur at the transcriptional level rather than through dynamin-mediated endocytosis. This effect of NME1 required both its 3-5′ exonuclease and nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activities, which are also required for its metastasis suppressor activities in vivo. Furthermore, an inverse correlation was observed between NME1 and integrin β1 mRNA in a large cohort of primary melanoma biopsies. The inverse correlation of NME1 and integrin β1 RNA was also a strong predictor of prolonged distant disease-free and overall survival in patients with the basal-like subtype of breast carcinoma. Together, these data strongly suggest NME1 suppresses metastasis of human melanoma and some types of breast cancers by inhibiting integrin β1 expression, which reduces recycling of focal adhesions and suppresses cell motility. Citation Format: M. Kathryn Leonard, Marian Novak, Xiuwei Yang, Alexey Belkin, David Kaetzel. NME1 mediates a switch in expression of beta integrin subunits that correlates with prolonged patient survival. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3257. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3257
Outcomes of older and younger malnourished and well-nourished patients one year after hospitalization

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between malnutrition and later health status in old and young patients after hospitalization. Men were evaluated by nine criteria of malnutrition and classified as older (age 65 and older) and younger (younger than 65). About 32% of the younger and 45% of the older men were malnourished. At base-line, malnourished patients had more diagnoses (p less than 0.01) and depressed lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (p less than 0.05). Older malnourished patients also had more depressed chemotaxis results (p less than 0.05). One year later, the malnourished patients still had more markers of malnutrition (p less than 0.001), more diagnostic problems (particularly infections) during the follow-up (p less than 0.01), and depressed lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (p less than 0.05) and increased IgA levels (p less than 0.01). The only deaths (n = 4) occurred among the malnourished older men. Alcoholism in the malnourished young men may have contributed to their continued or recurrent status of protein energy malnutrition. The malnourished old patients could have had less recuperative powers and continued poorer diets. The study suggests malnourished hospitalized patients are at high risk for long-term health problems probably through continued or reoccurring episodes of malnutrition.
Probabilistic approaches to current life table estimation.

Abstract Two simple current life table estimators of conditional probabilities of death result from making either a uniform or exponential distributional assumption of time at death in the age interval. Each is compared with Chiang's estimator based on the concept of fraction of the last age interval of life. Graphical and numerical results are presented to assess the magnitude and direction of differences between estimators when the true value of Chiang's fraction takes on specific values.
Attitudes toward family size and family planning in nairobi.

In Nairobi, 352 married African adults, 152 men and 200 women, were interviewed on their attitudes toward family size and family planning. The respondents had, on the average, slightly less than three children at the time of interview and hoped to add slightly more than three children to this total. There was little difference in desired family size by sex.
An elementary sentence which has ordered models

Let 0, then K is ainaccessible iff for each P < a, each closed, cofinal subset of K contains a Pl-inaccessible. (The (1 + a)-inaccessibles are just the pal cardinals of Mahlo.) This paper is concerned with the proof of the following theorem. MmN THEoREM. There is an elementary sentence a with the property that whenever a is an ordinal and K an infinite cardinal, then a has an a-ordered K-like model iff K is not a-inaccessible. This theorem gives some additional answers to a question of Mostowski about languages with generalized quantifiers. Fuhrken [1] showed that this question is equivalent to the following one: For which cardinals Kc and A is it true that if an elementary sentence has a K-like model, then it has a A-like model? It is actually this question to which the theorem refers. The theorem limits the possible pairs K, A of cardinals which answer the question. In fact, if the question is generalized so as to permit sentences from some more extensive language, then the theorem still limits the possible answers. For a more thorough introduction to this problem, the reader is referred to the aforementioned article of Fuhrken as well as Keisler [2] and Vaught [6]. The proof of the Main Theorem is carried out in the following manner. We first give an elementary characterization of the class of a-inaccessibles. This is a rather complicated characterization which is done by means of a certain partition property. In ?1 this characterization is stated as Theorem 1.3 after the requisite definitions are given. The proof of Theorem 1.3 is given in ?2. It then must be shown that this characterization is elementary, in the sense that it can be formulated as a single elementary sentence, and this is done in ?3. ?3 is completely independent of ?2. ?4 contains some concluding remarks. This paper contains an expanded version of Chapter 5 of my Ph.D. thesis written under the supervision of Professor R. L. Vaught. There, the proof of the Main Theorem is only indicated. An ordinal number is the set of its predecessors. Ordinals are denoted by a, P,, r, v, fA, e; infinite cardinals by K, A; finite ordinals by m, n. The first infinite ordinal co is considered to be inaccessible. We denote the set of finite subsets of X by SJ(X).
Buckling and Static Analysis of Curvilinearly Stiffened Plates Using Mesh-Free Method

With the advancement s being made in manufactu ring technology, it is now possible to manufacture panels with arbitrary curvilinear stiffeners. A plate with curvilinear stiffener s can in some cases yield a desired structural response but with a lower mass . In this paper , the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method is employed for buckling and static analysis of stiffened plates. The formulation allows the placeme nt of any number of arbitrarily curvilinear stiffeners within a plate. The First Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) is used to model the behav ior of the plate and the stiffener . Moving Least Squares (MLS) approximation is used to construct the shape function s. One of the major difficulties in the implementation of some mesh free methods is the imposition of essential boundary conditions as the appro ximations do not pass through the nodal parameter values. In this research , the penalty method is used for satisfying the boundary conditions. Using a meshfree method sets free the user from providing a nodal line on the plate along every stiffener. This i s very beneficial for performing optimization studies. Several numerical examples using both straight and curvilinear stiffener s are obtained and compared with those available in the literature and those obtained using ANSYS ® . This demonstrate s the validit y of th e presented approach .
Evaluation of image-guided positioning for frameless intracranial radiosurgery.

Purpose The standard for target alignment and immobilization in intracranial radiosurgery is frame-based alignment and rigid immobilization using a stereotactic head ring. Recent improvements in image-guidance systems have introduced the possibility of image-guided radiosurgery with nonrigid immobilization. We present data on the alignment accuracy and patient stability of a frameless image-guided system. Methods and Materials Isocenter alignment errors were measured for in vitro studies in an anthropomorphic phantom for both frame-based stereotactic and frameless image-guided alignment. Subsequently, in vivo studies assessed differences between frame-based and image-guided alignment in patients who underwent frame-based intracranial radiosurgery. Finally, intratreatment target stability was determined by image-guided alignment performed before and after image-guided mask immobilized radiosurgery. Results In vitro hidden target localization errors were comparable for the framed (0.7 ± 0.5 mm) and image-guided (0.6 ± 0.2 mm) techniques. The in vivo differences in alignment were 0.9 ± 0.5 mm (anteroposterior), −0.2 ± 0.4 mm (superoinferior), and 0.3 ± 0.5 mm (lateral). For in vivo stability tests, the mean distance differed between the pre- and post-treatment positions with mask-immobilized radiosurgery by 0.5 ± 0.3 mm. Conclusion Frame-based and image-guided alignment accuracy in vitro was comparable for the system tested. In vivo tests showed a consistent trend in the difference of alignment in the anteroposterior direction, possibly due to torque to the ring and mounting system with frame-based localization. The mask system as used appeared adequate for patient immobilization.
Bowel habits in young adults not seeking health care.

In order to determine bowel patterns and perceptions of diarrhea and constipation in young adults not seeking health care, we surveyed 1128 young adults about their bowel habits. The mean number of stools varied by race and sex. Whites reported more frequent stools than nonwhites (7.8 vs 6.0 stools per week, P<0.0001) and men reported more frequent stools than women (9.2 vs 6.7 stools per week, P<0.0001). Milk and coffee consumption differed by race and sex, but did not account for the differences in stool frequency. Subjects were asked to estimate the percentage of the time their stools were normal or abnormal. The median value for normal was 85% of the time; only 3.6% of subjects reported diarrhea greater than 25% of the time, and only 7.3% reported constipation greater than 25% of the time. Subjects most commonly defined constipation as straining and hard stools and diarrhea as looselwatery stools and urgency. Investigators should use race- and sex-specific norms to study individuals who have patterns which deviate from the usual. Investigators and clinicians must also consider definitions used by their subjects.
What Can Geography Tell Us About Prostate Cancer

One of the most striking characteristics of prostate cancer is the degree of geographic variation in its patterns of occurrence and progression; this variation is apparent at local, national, and international levels. Although geographic theory, methods, and data are increasingly utilized for public health research, epidemiologic research in prostate cancer etiology and progression has not taken full advantage of the spatial sciences as partner disciplines. This article reviews the known factors influencing the biology and epidemiology of prostate cancer and some of the ways in which findings to date have benefited from geography. A model is presented for geographically integrated research in prostate cancer, with discussion of how spatially referenced data and methods could enhance approaches to answering remaining questions in prostate cancer.
A Model of Socialist Industrial Wage Differentials: The Case of East Germany

I. Introduction, 132. — II. Empirical estimation of the model, 133. — III. Regression results, 135. — IV. An alternate model, 135. — V. Conclusions, 137. — Appendix: East and West German wage data, 1965, 137.
User Advocacy in Participatory Design: Designers‘ Experiences with a New Communication Channel

We report on participatory design activities within the PoliTeam project, a large project which introduces groupware into the German government. Working with a representative small group of users in different worksites, an existing system was adapted to user and organizational needs, with the plan to improve and expand the system to a large scale. We integrated new approaches of user advocacy and osmosis with an evolutionary cycling process. User advocates and osmosis were techniques used to explore the users‘ needs during actual system use. These techniques were incorporated into the system development. In this paper, we present experiences with this approach and reflect on its impact on the design process from the designers‘ point of view.
School psychology as viewed by the supervisors of school psychological services

Abstract The survey was conducted to determine pupil personnel supervisor interests with particular emphasis given to the services rendered by practicing school psychologists in 130 of the largest metropolitan centers in this country. Responses (88% return) to the 13 item questionnaire suggested that supervisors preferred the school psychologist with post-masters level training performing as a generalist within his speciality rather than as a specialist who performs one or two basic functions.
The high-gain regime of the free electron laser

Abstract The main emphasis of this paper is on the role played by diffraction in the small-signal, high-gain regime of the FEL. The paper begins by reviewing the one-dimensional theory of the high-gain FEL. This is followed by an analysis of diffractive effects in an axisymmetric cw FEL. It is shown that exponentially growing modes exist which have a profile independent of the longitudinal coordinate. A dimensionless parameter a , which is proportional to the radius of the electron beam and independent of the interaction length, determines whether diffraction is important. For a > 20 , one-dimensional theory gives the correct gain. For small a the lowest-order transverse mode has a gain substantially higher than the other modes. Maximum gain occurs for a positive value of the energy detuning, though the gain on resonance is nearly maximal. Positive energy detuning broadens the laser modes, while negative detuning concentrates them within the electron beam. The paper concludes with an appendix on small-signal pulse propagation in the FEL and its high-gain limit.
Highly stabilized phenoxyl radicals with hydrogen-bonding capability

The syntheses of 4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenoxyl and 4-(1H-5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenoxyl radicals (1–2) by oxidation of the corresponding phenols is described. The radicals are stable enough to retain color for weeks in the solid state in air under some conditions. Their hydrogen bonding functionality offers prospects for use in molecular magnetic materials.
Does size matter? Tumor size and morphology as predictors of nodal status and recurrence in endometrial cancer

Abstract Objective. To determine whether tumor size or morphology is predictive of extrauterine disease and/or recurrence risk in endometrial cancer and therefore guide decisions about the necessity of complete surgical staging and adjuvant therapy. Methods. All women with surgically treated endometrial carcinoma between 1 January 1990 and 1 January 2000 were eligible. 345 patients were eligible for retrospective chart review. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the predictors of nodal metastasis and recurrence. Results. As tumor size increased, the risk of nodal metastasis increased. However, a risk of nodal metastasis remained even with small lesions less than or equal to 2 cm (6.3% risk). Patients with tumor size greater than 2 cm had a 26.3% incidence of nodal metastasis. In univariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) for tumor size as a predictor of extrauterine disease was 1.4 (95% CI 1.2–1.6). In multivariate analysis, tumor size was not statistically significant. Only the lesions greater than or equal to 8 cm confer a risk that approaches previously identified well-known predictors. Tumor size was not found to be a statistically significant predictor of recurrence OR 1.3 (1.0–1.8). Conclusions. Tumor size correlates with extrauterine disease, but it is not an independent prognostic variable. Although the risk of extrauterine disease increases with tumor size, the risk of nodal metastases remains even for those patients with very small tumors, underscoring the need for routine complete surgical staging. Tumor size does not appear to be an independent predictor of recurrence.
Enantioselective sulfoxidation as a probe for a metal-based mechanism in H2O2-dependent oxidations catalyzed by a diiron complex

The catalytic properties of the diiron complex 1, Fe2OL4(H2O)2(ClO4)4 with L = (−)-4,5-pinenebipyridine, a chiral bipyridine derivative, have been investigated. Complex 1 efficiently catalyzes the oxidation of aryl sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides by hydrogen peroxide, with yields ranging from 45 to 90% based on the oxidant. Furthermore the reactions were enantioselective and produced a mixture of sulfoxide enantiomers with significant enantiomeric excesses. The largest ee value (40%) was found in the case of p-bromophenyl methyl sulfide. Optimal ee's were obtained in polar solvents and at low temperature (below 0 °C), when the excess of the oxidant was limited. The observation of (i) a saturation kinetics with respect to both sulfide and H2O2 concentrations, (ii) a linear Hammett correlation of the initial Vmax values with σp values, for a series of p-substituted aryl methyl sulfides, (iii) iron−peroxo complexes, characterized by light absorption and Raman resonance spectroscopies, during reactio...
Life satisfaction of young adults reared in low-income Appalachian families

This study examines issues related to the life satisfaction of young adults reared in white, low-income Appalachian families. Data from 38 female and 29 male subjects who participated in a longitudinal study are analyzed qualitatively. Level of global life satisfaction is found to be comparable to that of the general population with the salient domains being: personal, marriage and family, work, and financial concerns. Frames of reference are found to be important in subjective assessments of life satisfaction.
Opioid and neurokinin activities of substance P fragments and their analogs.

Newly developed substance P (SP) analogs with altered N-terminal sequences which equalize the lipophilicity of the N-terminal and C-terminal elements and of their fusion product were examined using i.t. injection in mice. I.t. injection of either the full length analog or the C-terminal hexapeptide (CP) produced biting and scratching behavior similar to that elicited by SP. SPF was approximately 5-fold and CP 14-fold less potent than native SP. The N-terminal peptide (NP) was inactive by itself but inhibited CP-elicited behavior. Naloxone antagonized this action of NP and shifted the SPF dose-response curve 4-fold to the left. However, naloxone had no effect on the action of CP or on the action of any of the native neurokinins. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that N- and C-terminal analogs of SP can have opioid and SP-like actions, respectively, in the CNS of rodents. Furthermore, analogs of SP which include at least the terminal tetrapeptide retain neurokinin activity.
Targeting of microRNA-142-3p in dendritic cells regulates endotoxin-induced mortality

While miRNAs are increasingly linked to various immune responses, whether they can be targeted for regulating in vivo inflammatory processes such as endotoxin-induced Gram-negative sepsis is not known. Production of cytokines by the dendritic cells (DCs) plays a critical role in response to endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We profiled the miRNA and mRNA of CD11c+ DCs in an unbiased manner and found that at baseline, miR-142-3p was among the most highly expressed endogenous miRs while IL-6 was among the most highly expressed mRNA after LPS stimulation. Multiple computational algorithms predicted the IL-6 3′ untranslated region (UTR) to be a target of miR-142-3p. Studies using luciferase reporters carrying wild-type (WT) and mutant IL-6 3′UTR confirmed IL-6 as a target for miR-142-3p. In vitro knockdown and overexpression studies demonstrated a critical and specific role for miR142-3p in regulating IL-6 production by the DCs after LPS stimulation. Importantly, treatment of only WT but not the IL-6–deficient (IL-6−/−) mice with locked nucleic acid (LNA)–modified phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to miR 142-3p reduced endotoxin-induced mortality. These results demonstrate a critical role for miR-142-3p in regulating DC responses to LPS and provide proof of concept for targeting miRs as a novel strategy for treatment of endotoxin-induced mortality.
Electron Beam Assisted CVD Of Silicon Dioxide And Silicon Nitride Films

A glow discharge electron beam has been used to deposit silicon dioxide (Si0 2 ) and silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) films for microelectronic applications. Electron beam assisted CVD is a new technique in which the reaction volume is defined mainly by the geometry of the electron beam and offers the possibility of uniform deposition over large areas. The Si0 2 films were deposited in silane-nitrous oxide-nitrogen mixtures, and the Si 3 N 4 films were deposited in silane-ammonia-nitrogen mixtures. The films were deposited with a 2-4 kV electron beam parallel to the sample, at 0.1-1 Torr pressures, and at substrate temperatures from 50-400°C. The index of refraction, sthoichiometry, pinhole density, etch rate, conformal step coverage, and hydrogen bonding were measured.
Complete fracture-dislocation of the lumbar spine without paraplegia.

A case of fracture-dislocation of the lumbar spine with complete anterior dislocation of L4 without any neurological deficit.
Cellular basis of diabetic nephropathy: III. In vitro GLUT1 mRNA expression and risk of diabetic nephropathy in Type 1 diabetic patients

Altered glucose transporter expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. There is increasing evidence that genetic factors convey risk of, or protection from, diabetic nephropathy and that the behaviour of cultured skin fibroblasts from Type 1 diabetic patients may reflect these genetic influences. This study aimed to compare GLUT1 mRNA expression levels in skin fibroblasts from Type 1 diabetic patients with either rapid (“fast-track”, n=25) or slow (“slow-track”, n=25) development of diabetic nephropathy and from non-diabetic normal control subjects (controls, n=25). Skin fibroblasts were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium with 25 mmol/l glucose for 36 h. Total RNA was isolated, and GLUT1 mRNA levels were estimated by microarray analysis and RT-PCR. Levels of GLUT1 mRNA expression in skin fibroblasts from “slow-track” patients were greater than those from “fast-track” patients (p=0.02), as initially detected by microarray. GLUT1 mRNA expression levels were confirmed by RT-PCR to be higher in skin fibroblasts from “slow-track” patients (4.59±2.04) than in those from “fast-track” patients (3.34±1.2, p=0.02), and were also higher than in skin fibroblasts from control subjects (3.52±1.66, p=0.03). There was no statistically significant difference between levels of expression in the “fast-track” patients and the control subjects. This finding is consistent with the presence of cellular protection factors against diabetic nephropathy in the “slow-track” patients. These factors could be associated with the regulation of the GLUT1 pathway and may be genetically determined.
Measurement of reflected-shock bifurcation over a wide range of gas composition and pressure

To determine the extent and magnitude of reflected-shock bifurcation in shock-tube chemistry studies at elevated pressures, experiments were performed using a simple laser schlieren technique and a fast- response pressure transducer. The laser schlieren diagnostic provided a quantitative measurement of the normal-shock passage, an event normally obscured in pressure signals by the bifurcated region. A range of gas mixtures covering molecular weights from 14.7 to 44.0 and specific heat ratios from 1.29 to 1.51 was explored. The results were combined with a standard gas dynamic model to determine the time of arrival of the normal shock wave, the size and strength of the bifurcated region, and the characteristic passage times of dominant features. All results could be expressed in empirical correlations as functions of the gas properties and shock speed. The measured size of the bifurcation zone increased with increasing shock velocity and decreasing specific heat ratio, but displayed no pressure dependence for the conditions of this study (P 5 = 11 − 265 atm., T 5 = 780 − 1740 K).
Identifying an abnormal electroencephalographic sleep profile to characterize major depressive disorder

There is little agreement as to the best definition of a categorically abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep profile to characterize major depressive disorder. Therefore, a series of classification, replication, and validation analyses were conducted to identify such a profile. The EEG sleep studies of healthy controls (n = 44), depressed inpatients (n = 44), and depressed outpatients (n = 181) were utilized, including subgroups of patients studied both before and after nonpharmacologic treatment with either cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). A discriminant index score (based on reduced REM latency, increased REM density, and decreased sleep efficiency) was found to: 1) reliably discriminate between depressed inpatients, depressed outpatients, and controls; 2) show good test-retest reliability; and 3) identify a subset of depressed outpatients who were older, manifested a broader array of EEG sleep disturbances, and were less responsive to CBT or IPT. Posttreatment studies of patients indicated that normal sleep profiles were relatively stable, whereas abnormal profiles tended to normalize. These findings provide an empirically validated method that may improve the applicability, efficiency, and prognostic utility of EEG sleep studies of depressed patients.
Sodium intake: Challenges for researchers attempting to assess consumption relative to health risks

For years, food manufacturers have focused on reducing fat in the marketplace, reformulating products to create healthier versions acceptable to the consumer in fat content and flavor. Often sodium content increased to compensate for the decreased/missing taste of the fat. But excess sodium intake may contribute to the development of hypertension in some individuals, increasing cardiovascular disease risk. Processed and restaurant foods contribute approximately 77% of the dietary sodium for Americans. To create awareness of the variability of sodium levels in food products, comparisons were made between food composition tables and data from manufacturers/restaurants. This variability challenges researchers to accurately assess dietary sodium intake of individuals. Current data collected from the marketplace confirmed the variability of sodium content in food products, especially when comparing the sodium data from foods in the USDA databases to the data provided by manufacturers for the same food products. For some frozen meals, the sodium may be approximately on target (653 mg vs 660 mg) or may vary greatly (1863 mg vs 2263 mg). Variations were also noted in fast foods, where foods identified in the database may have values different from the ones available from the producer; sodium may be either underestimated or overestimated; it is not always on target. Depending upon your objective, awareness of the variability among food products is key. It is not feasible to capture the sodium content of every food in the marketplace but being aware of these differences and updating databases (particularly for your own feeding or assessment trials) are necessary steps to assess actual sodium consumption. Intended use of the data will drive the decision regarding the need for sodium specificity.
Endocrine Disruptors and Epigenetic Transgenerational Disease Etiology

Exposure to an environmental factor (e.g. endocrine disruptor) during embryonic gonadal sex determination appears to be epigenetically reprogram the male germ-line and subsequently promote transgenerational adult-onset disease. Disease phenotypes resulting from this epigenetic phenomenon include testis abnormalities, prostate disease, kidney disease, tumor development, and immune abnormalities. The epigenetic mechanism is hypothesized to involve the induction of new imprinted-like DNA sequences in the germ-line to transgenerationally transmit disease phenotypes. This epigenetic transgenerational disease mechanism provides a unique perspective from which to view adult onset disease and ultimately offers new insights into novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Review of United States fuel-cell patents issued from 1860 to 1947

Abstract This review of the U.S. Patent literature covers the period to the end of 1947. Several pre-1900 patents stand out as classics. The two patents of Mond and Langer are notable for their insight into the various technological problems that plague present-day researchers; the Jacques work is significant because he built and operated the largest fuel-cell battery in the period covered by this review. Greger's series of patents describing molten-carbonate fuel cells looms as the most significant patented work from 1900 to 1947.
Effects of quisqualic acid analogs on metabotropic glutamate receptors coupled to phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat hippocampus

l-Glutamic acid (L-Glu) and l-aspartic acid (L-Asp) activate several receptor subtypes, including metabotropic Glu receptors coupled to phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis. Quisqualic acid (Quis) is the most potent agonist of these receptors. There is evidence that activation of these receptors may cause a long lasting sensitization of neurons to depolarization, a phenomenon called the Quis effect. The purpose of the current studies was to use Quis analogs and the recently identified metabotropic receptor antagonist, (+)-α-methyl-4-carboxy-phenylglycine((+)-MCPG), to define the structural properties required for interaction with the metabotropic receptors coupled to PI hydrolysis and to determine if the Quis effect is mediated by these receptors. The effects of Quis analogs on PI hydrolysis were studied in the absence or presence of the metabotropic receptor-specific agonist 1SR,3RS-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (1SR,3RS-ACPD) in neonatal rat hippocampus. Some of the compounds that induce the Quis effect also stimulate PI hydrolysis, including Quis itself and 9 (homoquisqualic acid). Not all of the Quis analogs that stimulate PI hydrolysis, however, induce the Quis effect, including 7A (EC50 = 750 ± 150 μM) and (RS)-4-bromohomoibotenic acid (BrHI) (EC50 = 130 ± 40 μM). Although (+)-MCPG blocked PI hydrolysis stimulated by Quis (IC50 = 370 ± 70 μM), it had no effect on the induction of the Quis effect. Other Quis analogs did not stimulate PI hydrolysis but rather blocked the effects of 1SR,3RS-ACPD. The IC50 values were 240 ± 70 μM for 2, 250 ± 90 μM for 3, and 640 ± 200 μM for 4. Data for inhibition by 2 and 3 were consistent with non-competitive mechanisms of action. These studies provide new information about the structural features of Quis required for interaction with metabotropic receptors coupled to PI hydrolysis and provide evidence that the Quis effect is not mediated by (+)-MCPG sensitive subtypes of these receptors.
A simple mathematical model of cytokine capture using a hemoadsorption device.

Sepsis is a systemic response to infection characterized by increased production of inflammatory mediators including cytokines. Increased production of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can have deleterious effects. Removal of cytokines via adsorption onto porous polymer substrates using an extracorporeal device may be a potential therapy for sepsis. We are developing a cytokine adsorption device (CAD) containing microporous polymer beads that will be used to decrease circulating levels of IL-6, TNF, and IL-10. In this paper we present a mathematical model of cytokine adsorption within such a device. The model accounts for macroscale transport through the device and internal diffusion and adsorption within the microporous beads. The analysis results in a simple analytic expression for the removal rate of individual cytokines that depends on a single cytokine-polymer specific parameter, Γ i . This model was fit to experimental data and the value of Γ i was determined via nonlinear regression for IL-6, TNF, and IL-10. The model agreed well with the experimental data on the time course of cytokine removal. The model of the CAD and the values of Γ i will be applied in mathematical models of the inflammatory process and treatment of patients with sepsis.
Montecito: a dual-core, dual-thread Itanium processor

Intel's Montecito is the first Itanium processor to feature duplicate, dual-thread cores and cache hierarchies on a single die. It features a landmark 1.72 billion transistors and server-focused technologies, and it requires only 100 watts of power. Intel's Itanium 2 processor series has regularly delivered additional performance through the increased frequency and cache as evidenced by the 6-Mbyte and 9-Mbyte versions.
Uniaxial Strain Hardening at Large Strain in Several Sheet Steels

The detailed strain hardening characteristics of four steels have been measured in uniaxial tension for strains beyond the uniform elongation, i.e., in the diffuse neck. Tensile tests were carried out on photogridded samples so that true strain, strain rate, and stress could be determined for small elements up to the fracture strain. Analysis of these data showed that a two-piece function could satisfactorily model the strain rate vs strain behavior in tension. Using this function along with an equation relating strain-rate sensitivity (m-value) and strain rate, allowed accurate determination of the strain hardening exponent in the diffuse neck. In each steel, the strain hardening exponent increased for strains beyond the uniform elongation. This effect, coupled with the measured increase of strainrate sensitivity with strain rate, helps explain why steels in general have a forming limit strain which is higher than that expected from uniform elongation measurements.
Rooming-In: Redesigning Hospitals and Motherhood in Cold War America

Rooming-in, a model of maternity care that placed newborns in their mothers' rooms instead of central nurseries, appeared in American hospitals in the early 1940s, advocated by physicians and mothers as an antidote to the emotional sterility of the modern maternity ward. It has been cited as a successful illustration of health-care reform, in which practitioners and patients redesigned postpartum care to make it more fulfilling. However, factors other than visionary leadership contributed to the establishment and popularity of rooming-in. First, wartime changes in the medical care of postpartum patients, including antibiotic therapy and early ambulation, paved the way for a system in which mothers played an active role. Second, rooming-in effectively solved two hospital crises: a nursing shortage, and an epidemic of infections in newborn nurseries. Finally, it achieved notoriety far beyond its actual prevalence because it resonated with trends in mass culture: a wariness of technology, interest in the causes and prevention of neurosis, and the "feminine mystique." This article suggests that changes in health care depend less on reasoned planning than on coincidental events inside and outside the hospital.
Spitzer IRS Observations of Seyfert 1.8 and 1.9 Galaxies: A Comparison with Seyfert 1 and Seyfert 2

We present Spitzer mid-infrared spectra of 12 Seyfert 1.8 and 1.9 galaxies over the 5-38 μm region. We compare the spectral characteristics of this sample to those of 58 Seyfert 1 and 2 galaxies from the Spitzer archives. An analysis of the spectral shapes, the silicate 10 μm feature and the emission-line fluxes have enabled us to characterize the mid-IR properties of Seyfert 1.8/1.9s. We find that the EWs of the 10 μm silicate feature are generally weak in all Seyfert galaxies, as previously reported by several studies. The few Seyfert galaxies in this sample that show deep 10 μm silicate absorption features are highly inclined and/or merging galaxies. It is likely that these absorption features originate primarily in the dusty interstellar medium of the host galaxy rather than in a dusty torus on parsec scales close to the central engine. We find that the EW of the PAH band at 6.2 μm correlates strongly with the 20-30 μm spectral index. Either of these quantities is a good indicator of the amount of starburst contribution to the mid-IR spectra. The spectra of Seyfert 1.8s and 1.9s are dominated by these starburst features, similar to most Seyfert 2s. They show strong PAH bands and a strong red continuum toward 30 μm. The strengths of the high-ionization forbidden narrow emission lines [O IV] 25.89 μm, [Ne III] 15.56 μm, and [Ne V] 14.32 μm relative to [Ne II] 12.81 μm are weaker in Seyfert 1.8/1.9s and Seyfert 2s than in Seyfert 1s. The weakness of high-ionization lines in Seyfert 1.8-1.9s is suggestive of intrinsically weak AGN continua and/or stronger star formation activity leading to enhanced [Ne II]. We discuss the implications of these observational results in the context of the unified model of AGNs.
Prototype of a Cognitive Radio System with Cooperative Sensing and Interference Alerting

Cognitive radio systems provide dynamic spectrum access, which is expected to improve frequency use efficiency. These systems need a sensing function to avoid interference from other radio stations. However, it is impossible to completely avoid interference because no perfect sensing function has been developed. To solve this problem, we propose using a new cognitive radio system with three main functions: cooperative sensing, interference alerting, and frequency management. We developed and evaluated a prototype of the system and found that the system is effective.