cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detained Suspected Terrorists: Trial in Military Courts or Civilian Courts?

Military commissions, like detention in wartime, embody the Framers’ challenge in reconciling liberty and security. The U.S. Supreme Court has found that Congress’s war powers authorize establishment of military commissions. However, without proper constraints, military commissions pose tensions with individual rights and the Framers’ architecture of checks and balances. Recently, the D.C. Circuit, applying a deferential plain error standard, rejected an Ex Post Facto Clause challenge to the military commission inchoate conspiracy conviction of Ali Hamza al Bahlul, a former aide to Osama bin Laden. The D.C. Circuit’s reasoning suggested that, under a less deferential de novo standard of review, inchoate conspiracy convictions for conduct prior to enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006 might pose problems, given the lack of recognition under international law for such charges. The legality of trying inchoate conspiracy charges in commissions may reach the Supreme Court. In addition, the Supreme Court may ultimately decide whether inchoate conspiracy charges in commissions are consistent with Article I of the U.S. Constitution, which enumerates Congress’s war powers, and Article III, which protects the independence of the federal courts. This brief Article applies a functional approach to deciding both the Ex Post Facto Clause and Article III issues. On the Ex Post Facto Clause, the Article asks whether the underlying conduct of the defendant violated international law. The conviction should pass muster if (as in al Bahlul’s case), 1) the charging documents provided actual notice of the alleged violation, and, 2) uncontroverted evidence and findings by members of the commission establish that such a violation in fact occurred. In the Article III realm, the Article provides a test based on the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence in cases such as Stern v. Marshall and Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor. The test has four parts: 1) Was the tribunal at issue established pursuant to Congress’s Article I powers?, 2) Do the circumstances of adjudication render an Article III tribunal impracticable?, 3) Does a manageable “limiting principle” curb Congress’s power to establish non-Article III tribunals?, and, 4) Has historical practice assigned the issues to be adjudicated to Article III tribunals or to other tribunals, such as state courts, beyond Congress’s reach? After analysis, the Article concludes that Article III poses no bar to commission prosecutions of belligerents in an armed conflict for inchoate conspiracies reasonably related to internationally recognized war crimes.
Fatty Acid Composition of Escherichia coli as a Possible Controlling Factor of the Minimal Growth Temperature.

Shaw, Maxwell K. (University of California, Davis), and John L. Ingraham. Fatty acid composition of Escherichia coli as a possible controlling factor of the minimal growth temperature. J. Bacteriol. 90:141–146. 1965.—If Escherichia coli ML30 is shifted from 37 to 10 C during exponential growth in glucose minimal medium, a 4.5-hr lag results. During this lag, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increases in the cellular lipids. However, the adjustment of the fatty acid composition does not appear to be prerequisite to growth at 10 C. If shifts are made to 10 C into minimal medium containing glucose after starvation for glucose at 37 C for 0.5 and 16 hr, the lag periods at 10 C are 4.5 and 6 hr, respectively. Withholding glucose during the lag periods does not affect the duration of the lag periods, but no change in fatty acid composition occurs if glucose is not present. Supplementing the medium with glucose after the lag period permits immediate growth at 10 C; however, the fatty acid composition is still typical of cells grown at 37 C. It is concluded that the fatty acid composition of cells does not determine the minimal temperature of growth.
Regulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) gene transcription and mRNA stability in smooth muscle cells: Involvement of RhoA GTPase and p38 MAP kinase and sensitivity to actin dynamics

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is an immediate early gene-encoded polypeptide modulating cell growth and collagen synthesis. The importance of CTGF/CCN2 function is highlighted by its disregulation in fibrotic disorders. In this study, we investigated the regulation and signaling pathways that are required for various stimuli of intracellular signaling events to induce the expression of the endogenous CTGF/CCN2 gene in smooth muscle cells. Incubation with the bioactive lysolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) produced a threefold increase, whereas stimulation with either fetal bovine serum or anisomycin induced an even stronger activation (eightfold) of CTGF/CCN2 expression. Using a combination of pathway-specific inhibitors and mutant forms of signaling molecules, we found that S1P- and fetal bovine serum-induced CTGF/CCN2 expression were dependent on both RhoA GTPase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase transduction pathways, whereas the effects of anisomycin largely involved p38 and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase signaling mechanisms. However, activation via these signaling events was absolutely dependent on actin cytoskeleton integrity. In particular, RhoA-dependent regulation of the CTGF/CCN2 gene was concomitant to increased polymerization of actin microfilaments resulting in decreased G- to F-actin ratio and appeared to be achieved at the transcriptional level. The p38 signaling pathway was RhoA-independent and led to CTGF/CCN2 mRNA stabilization. Use of actin-binding drugs showed that the actual physical state of monomeric G-actin is a critical determinant for CTGF/CCN2 gene induction. These data indicate that distinct cytoskeletally based signaling events within the intracellular signaling machinery affect either transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally the expression of the CTGF/CCN2 gene in smooth muscle cells.
Determining differences in user performance between expert and novice primary care doctors when using an electronic health record (EHR).

Rationale, aims and objectives The goal of this study is to determine usability gaps between expert and novice primary care doctors when using an electronic health record (EHR). Methods Usability tests using video analyses with triangular method approach were conducted to analyse usability gaps between 10 novice and seven expert doctors. Doctors completed 19 tasks, using think-aloud strategy, based on an artificial but typical patient visit note. The usability session lasted approximately 20 minutes. The testing room consisted of the participant and the facilitator. Mixed methods approach including four sets of performance measures, system usability scale (SUS), and debriefing session with participants was used. Results While most expert doctors completed tasks more efficiently, and provided a higher SUS score than novice doctors (novice 68, expert 70 out of 100 being perfect score), the result of ‘percent task success rate’ were comparable (74% for expert group, 78% for novice group, P = 0.98) on all 19 tasks. Conclusion This study found a lack of expertise among doctors with more experience using the system demonstrating that although expert doctors have been using the system longer, their proficiency did not increase with EHR experience. These results may potentially improve the EHR training programme, which may increase doctors' performance when using an EHR. These results may also assist EHR vendors in improving the user interface, which may aid in reducing errors caused from poor usability of the system.
Chemokine receptor 5 and its ligands in the immune response to murine tuberculosis

Summary Setting: The ability of chemokines such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 α , MIP-1 β , and regulated-upon-activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), to attract and activate T cells and monocytes, the building blocks of the granuloma, suggests that these chemokines may have a role in modulating immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Objective: We hypothesized that the chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) ligands, MIP-1 α , MIP-1 β and RANTES, are virulence correlates in M. tuberculosis infection and are indispensable to granuloma formation. Design: The ability of virulent (H37Rv) and avirulent (H37Ra) strains of M. tuberculosis to induce chemokine production in vivo and in vitro was determined at protein and mRNA levels. We also compared bacterial burden, and granuloma numbers and size in H37Rv-infected CCR5-/- or wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Results: In vivo, lung mRNA and protein measurements of MIP-1 α , MIP-1 β and RANTES indicate significantly higher \( p 0.05 \) values (days 14–28) in the H37Rv-infected than the H37Ra-infected mice. This is consistent with a higher infection burden of the virulent strain. However, in vitro alveolar macrophage stimulation by H37Rv or H37Ra yielded no significant differences in production of the three chemokines at all time points. Histological analysis of granulomas did not show any significant differences in granuloma numbers, size and M. tuberculosis growth in CCR5-/- compared to wild-type mice. Conclusions: The production of the CCR5 ligands, MIP-1 α , MIP-1 β , and RANTES, does not clearly correlate with virulence of M. tuberculosis. These ligands and their receptors may not be indispensable to the development of granulomas in murine tuberculosis.
Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Is an Innate Immune Sensor of HIV and Other Retroviruses

Retroviruses, including HIV, can activate innate immune responses, but the host sensors for retroviruses are largely unknown. Here we show that HIV infection activates cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) to produce cGAMP, which binds to and activates the adaptor protein STING to induce type I interferons and other cytokines. Inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase, but not integrase, abrogated interferon-β induction by the virus, suggesting that the reverse-transcribed HIV DNA triggers the innate immune response. Knockout or knockdown of cGAS in mouse or human cell lines blocked cytokine induction by HIV, murine leukemia virus, and simian immunodeficiency virus. These results indicate that cGAS is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses.
Trade Creation and Trade Diversion for Mercosur

ABSTRACT This paper describes the process of economic integration of Mercosur and discusses the trading patterns before and after the formation of the trading bloc. It also evaluates the effects of Mercosur on the trade volumes of the member countries, analyzes their bilateral trading patterns, and estimates the extent to which this bloc has resulted in either trade creation or trade diversion in each country. The objective was to provide insights into patterns of trade creation and trade diversion within Mercosur. A modified gravity model was used to measure the bilateral trade flows between 13 countries consisting of the Mercosur members and selected non-member countries. Countries include the four Mercosur members, the remaining six countries in South America-Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela-Japan, the United States, and the European Union. It considers the effects of international trade related variables such as GDP, population, imports, exports, distance, and adjacency variables...
Epoxidation of olefins and α,β-unsaturated ketones over sonochemically prepared hydroxyapatites using hydrogen peroxide

An effective and environmentally friendly protocol for the epoxidation of olefins and α,β-unsaturated ketones in the presence of hydroxyapatite as catalyst using hydrogen peroxide is described. The catalyst is active and reusable for the selective epoxidation of a variety of olefins and olefinic ketones under a relatively mild condition. It is also found that the reactivity of less reactive enones can be significantly improved by the addition of a surfactant when methanol is employed as the solvent.
Recovering the tracked object shape by dual-region growing

For the majority of object tracking scenario, the emphasis has been put on achieving robust motion estimation under different situations. In this paper, besides introducing a multiple frame based 3D motion estimation to handle the partial occlusion problem, we present an object shape delineation scheme by dual region growing. As it is well-known, the problem of shape extraction of a moving object undergoing self-occlusion is highly ill-posed. Approaches have been proposed by assuming the similarity of object pixels in the vicinities of the boundaries between the current frame and the previous one. Such an assumption is usually broken down when occlusion occurs; instead, our implementation is based on a stronger assumption. The system consists of (i) a multi-frame motion estimation, (ii) dual-region growing, and (iii) boundary points arbitration. This method is shown to recover favorable object shape during the tracking process.
The structure of childhood disruptive behaviors.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) frequently co-occur. Comorbidity of these 2 childhood disruptive behavior domains has not been satisfactorily explained at either a structural or etiological level. The current study evaluated a bifactor model, which allows for a “g” factor in addition to distinct component factors, in relation to other models to improve understanding of the structural relationship between ADHD and ODD. Participants were 548 children (321 boys, 227 girls) between the ages of 6 years and 18 years who participated in a comprehensive diagnostic assessment incorporating parent and teacher ratings of symptoms. Of these 548 children, 153 children were diagnosed with ADHD (without ODD), 114 children were diagnosed with ADHD + ODD, 26 children were diagnosed with ODD (without ADHD), and 239 children were classified as non-ADHD/ODD comparison children (including subthreshold cases). ADHD symptoms were assessed via parent report on a diagnostic interview and via parent and teacher report on the ADHD Rating Scale. ODD symptoms were assessed via teacher report. A bifactor model of disruptive behavior, comprising a “g” factor and the specific factors of ADHD and ODD, exhibited best fit, compared to 1-factor, 2-factor, 3-factor, and 2nd-order factor models of disruptive behaviors. It is concluded that a bifactor model of childhood disruptive behaviors is superior to existing models and may help explain common patterns of comorbidity between ADHD and ODD.
Identification of mRNA and protein expression of the Na/K-ATPase α1-, α2- and α3-subunit isoforms in Antarctic and New Zealand nototheniid fishes

Abstract Antarctic nototheniids living in waters below 0 °C have a serum osmolality nearly double that of temperate nototheniids. Warm acclimation of Antarctic nototheniids to +4 °C decreases serum osmolality by 25% and nearly doubles gill Na/K-ATPase activity without an increase in Na/K-ATPase number or a change in the enzyme's affinity for ouabain. However, the increased activity may result from a change in gill Na/K-ATPase α-subunit isoform composition. Four known Na/K-ATPase α-subunit isoforms have been identified in other species, however, identification of the isoforms in teleosts has been incomplete. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and cloning, we have identified partial cDNA sequences of the Na/K-ATPase α1-, α2- and α3-subunit isoforms in the Antarctic nototheniid Trematomus bernacchii . Using isoform-specific primers, the mRNA for all three isoforms was found in T. bernacchii brain, gill, heart, trunk kidney and muscle. Using isoform-specific antibodies, the Na/K-ATPase α1-, α2- and α3-subunit isoforms were found in the tissues of both T. bernacchii and Notothenia angustata , a temperate nototheniid. This is the first report detecting all three isoforms at the nucleotide and protein level in teleosts. Further experiments will determine if the gill T. bernacchii Na/K-ATPase α-subunit isoform composition changes during warm acclimation.
Running a Surgical Education Center: From Small to Large

In the last 2 decades, surgical education has experienced a transformative paradigm shift from the purely service-based Halstedian system to a curriculum-driven model based on educational theory. With the advent of minimally invasive surgery and its educational challenges, fostered by the simultaneously occurring rapid advances of computer technology and graphics and further promoted by rising concerns about patient safety, simulation and skills training has become a well-established tool in the arsenal of the surgical educator. Although most training institutions now have access to skills laboratories and simulation centers, running and integrating these facilities into the surgical curriculum remains a challenge. This article outlines general principles that are relevant for training facilities of all sizes and covers aspects from the initial phase of planning and establishing the center until its ultimately successful integration into the surgical education program.
Positional errors due to substrate charging in e-beam lithography tools

As computer logic and memory device dimensions shrink to submicron range the mask lithography tool placement accuracy becomes more critical. Charging effects in e-beam tools considered irrelevant in the past, today represent a large portion of the total error budget. Two such effects on glass substrates are described in this paper. The first is brought about by incomplete Cr coating of the edges, while the second is due to resist charging. It is shown that conductive coating of the edges is necessary if the exposed patterns fall closer than approximately 25 mm from the edge. Thin resist coatings less than 1.0 um can be tolerated when combined with Au mesh shielding techniques and application of electrostatic fields near the target. This gives the low energy secondary electrons a "harmless" path, reducing the charge accumulation on the resist surface.
EFFECT OF LASER INTENSITY AND OF LOWER-STATE ROTATIONAL ENERGY TRANSFER UPON TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE

–air flame, with OH at 2000 K. We calculate the ratio of LIF intensities that would be induced by doubled dye-laser light near 283 nm, by means of the A←X, 1←0, P1(7), and Q2(11) transitions in OH. Here we show that the ratio of LIF signals from those two transitions, and thus the deduced temperature, is sensitive to laser intensity. That is caused mainly by the competition between laser-pumping of molecules out of the lower rotational state and of rotational energy transfer (RET) collisions into that state. A-state collisional effects are normally important, but are minimized here by assuming that they are the same for both transitions. The laser spectral intensity dependence of the fluorescence ratio depends heavily upon the value of the RET coefficients within the X-state. While RET reduces the sensitivity of the observed signal to the laser spectral intensity, the conversion of a measured fluorescence ratio to temperature is particularly difficult. That is because RET rates, and quenching rates, can be a function of local conditions and of the rotational state being populated. Two different models are used to demonstrate these effects, and both predict large effects upon temperature.
Single domain dynamics of weakly pinned charge density waves

Abstract The classical model of Efetov and Larkin and of Fukuyama and Lee for the pinning of the charge density wave phase φ by impurities is investigated and is shown to exhibit narrow-band noise for small samples. The static coherence length ξ s of the order parameter in the presence of impurities is found in a manner analogous to that of Efetov and Larkin, and is shown to be closely related to the Lee-Rice domain size. This length is taken to be the natural cut-off in the problem, and we investigate the collective motion of the charge density wave within a single domain, with the residual interactions treated as coupling between domains. The collective coordinate Δ is chosen to be the spatial average of φ over the domain. An equation of motion for Δ is found by assuming dissipative dynamics, and by calculating the impurity pinning force F ( Δ ) within the adiabatic approximation. We find that F ( Δ ) can be written as a Fourier series in Δ, where the amplitudes A n and phases θ n of the nth term in the series depend strongly upon the particular impurity configuration. The probability functions for the A n and θ n values are found from correlation functions of F in two ways. Perturbation theory is found to be convergent for the size ξ of the domain ⪡ ξ s but diverges for ξ / ξ s > 1. In addition an iteration solution is found, which appears to converge for all values of ξ / ξ s . As ξ / ξ s → 1, all the terms in the Fourier series for F ( Δ ) become important, leading to many metastable states in the pinning potential for the collective motion of a single Lee-Rice domain, with threshold electric fields in different directions being in general distinct. The spectrum of narrow-band noise for a domain is determined. It is suggested how this work might be extended to include the coupling of domains.
Cyclic nucleotide activity in gastrointestinal tissues and fluids.

Abstract Published values of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) in gastrointestinal tissues and fluids have varied depending upon extraction and purification methods and assay procedures. Cyclic nucleotide levels in a variety of gastrointestinal tissues and fluids from several animal species were measured by the Gilman protein kinase assay for cAMP, and by a radioimmunoassay for cAMP and cGMP. The neutral alumina/Dowex-1-formate column was the most accurate for the preparation of bile and gastric juice samples for the measurement of cAMP and cGMP, as verifled by the use of column blanks, spiked samples, phosphodiesterase treatment, and serial sample dilution. Tissue samples gave consistent results regardless of the various column procedures employed.
Leptospira Serology in Small Ruminants on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

A serological survey of 16 serovars of Leptospira interrogans, previously reported in tropical small ruminants, was undertaken to determine the serovars involved and the prevalence of these antibodies in sheep and goats on St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands (USVI). Seven of eight goat herds (108 animals) had at least two seropositive animals in each herd with an individual animal seroprevalence of 26%. The 53 sheep tested (one flock only) showed a 32% seroprevalence. Antibodies against seven serovars were detected in goats (autumnalis, ballum, bataviae, bratislava, canicola, icterohemorrhagiae, and pyrogenes). In addition, hardjo antibodies were detected in sheep. Serovar autumnalis accounted for about 30% of seropositive animals in each species. Many animals showed titers against more than one serovar. The number of seropositive animals suggests Leptospira may be a factor in the health of small ruminants on St. Croix.
An energy equation for the weakly damped driven nonlinear Schro¨dinger equations and its application to their attractors

Abstract In this note we present an energy equation concerning the H 2 norm of a forced one-dimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation. As an application we are able to corroborate recent results on attractors of weakly damped forced nonlinear Schrodinger equation, by proving that the attractor is an attractor in the strong topology of H 2 and its Hausdorff and fractal dimensions are finite in H 2 . The energy equation for the H 1 norm can be derived in the same fashion and it implies corresponding results for the attractor in H 1 .
Moire Interferometry Applied to Topographic Contour Measurement

Abstract Moire interferometry in this paper is extendedto topographic contour measurement of an arbi-trary object. The principle of the proposed methodis different from that of projection moire and shadowmoire methods in both the moire fringe formingmechanism and the w displacement evaluation.The advantage of the present method over the oth-ers is that it has a very high sensitivity which canbe the order of ymm. As an experimental verifi-cation, the method is applied to the topographiccontour measurement of a cylindrical shell withand without a diametric point loading. 1 Introduction In applied mechanics and engineering prac-tice, a knowledge of topographic contour is of-ten required. The existing methods for measur-ing topographic contour include the shadow moiremethod,' the projection moire method,2 the holo-graphic method,' the laser speckle method4 andsome other methods. The main disadvantage ofthe shadow moire method is the lack of sensitiv-ity; of the projection moire and the holographicmethods, the sophisticated optical arrangement;of the laser speckle method, the poor fringe qual-
A gradient-based optimization approach for reduction of blocking artifacts in JPEG images

This paper presents a gradient-based optimization approach to achieve reduction of blocking artifacts in compressed JPEG images. This approach involves decomposing a JPEG image into 1-D signals once along the rows or columns and once along the columns or rows. The reduction of blocking artifacts is carried out per 1-D signal by an optimization formulation where the gradient of an original 1-D signal is approximated based on the gradient of a compressed signal. A fixed-weight and an adaptive-weight optimization formulation are considered and solved analytically. A restored image is reconstructed by aggregating recovered 1-D signals. The performance of the developed method is assessed by examining both gray-level and color images and by computing the three measures of PSNR, SSIM, and GBIM. Comparison results with five existing methods are also reported. The block-based processing in JPEG as well as the quantization of DCT coefficients cause blocking artifacts in compressed JPEG images which become more visible at low quantization levels.This paper presents a gradient-based optimization approach to achieve reduction of blocking artifacts.The approach involves deblocking along rows and columns (treated as 1-D signals) by an optimization formulation which involves either a fixed-weight or an adaptive-weight.The optimization formulation is solved analytically using the information provided by the approximated gradient of original 1-D signals.A blocking artifacts reduced image is reconstructed by aggregating 1-D signals.The performance of the developed method is assessed by examining both gray-level and color images and by computing the three measures of PSNR, GBIM, and SSIM.
Immunocytochemical localisation of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase in the goldfish retina

A DIRECT way to examine whether certain neurones may use γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter is to determine by immunocytochemistry if L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis, is localised in these cells. We have been studying GABA-ergic pathways in the goldfish retina by autoradiographic and biochemical methods1–3. It would therefore be of interest to localise the GAD-containing cells in this system immunocytochemically. However, although GAD has been purified from mouse brain4 and antibodies against the enzyme have been obtained, these antibodies do not cross-react with the GAD found in neural tissues of teleosts5. Thus, before immunocytochemical studies of GAD-containing neurones in the goldfish retina were possible, we had to purify GAD from teleost brain and obtain a specific antibody against this enzyme. Such an antibody has now been obtained6. We show here that in the goldfish retina, GAD is localised in specific interneurones: type H1 horizontal cells and probably type Ab pyriform amacrine cells. These cell types have been shown to be both pre- and postsynaptic to red-sensitive cones and red-sensitive centre-depolarising bipolar cells, respectively3,7–9.
Carcinoma of the Rectum in Youth: Report of Three Cases

That carcinoma of the rectum is not a disease limited to the declining decades of life is illustrated by the observation of three cases in patients twenty-one years of age and younger during a period of six months at Cleveland City Hospital. Case No. 1: A. L., a twenty-one-year-old white female, was admitted to Cleveland City Hospital on July 1, 1932. Her chief complaint was massive hemorrhage from the rectum. A year and a half prior to entry the patient had been committed to the City Sanatorium because of pulmonary tuberculosis. A right-sided pneumothorax was produced, and her progress was so satisfactory that one year before admission she had been transferred to Sunny Acres Sanatorium. In April, 1932, she first suffered from constipation, followed, during May, by a watery diarrhea with tenesmus. On the morning before admission she passed “about a quart” of dark red blood per rectum, became dizzy, and fainted. The day of admission one watery, non-bloody stool was passed. There was no history of previous melena or tarry stools. The patient was pale but well developed and well nourished. There was clinical evidence of a right pneumothorax; the left lung field was clear. Abdominal examination was entirely negative. Pelvic examination showed a slightly soft cervix pointing anteriorly. The fundus was in mid-position. In the cul-de-sac was a palpable mass which was found on rectal examination to be due to a large, ulcerated, irregular crater involving the anterior rectal wall and apparently encircling the rectum about 6 cm. above the anal orifice.
Implications of the Hydrostatic Assumption on Atmospheric Gravity Waves

Abstract The validity of the hydrostatic approximation is examined for use in predicting the dynamics of topographically generated atmospheric gravity waves (lee waves) propagating in an atmosphere with realistic wind shear. To isolate nonhydrostatic effects, linear, analytic solutions derived both with and without the hydrostatic assumption are compared. The atmospheric profiles of wind and stability are chosen both to render the governing equations analytically tractable and be representative of typical atmospheric conditions. Two atmospheric models are considered: 1) a troposphere-only model in which the wind increases linearly with height and the stability is constant and 2) a troposphere-stratosphere model, which retains the important effect of the vertical wind shear in the troposphere and adds the essential feature of a stability jump at the tropopause. The nonhydrostatic trapping effect of wind shear on gravity wave modes is clearly illustrated in the troposphere-only atmospheric model. In the tro...
Removing the effects of additive noise from TIRM measurements.

Abstract Total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM) is an optical technique for monitoring Brownian fluctuations in separation between a single microscopic sphere and a flat plate in aqueous medium. The sphere is levitated above the plate by colloidal forces such as double-layer and steric repulsion. Changes in elevation as small as 1 nm can be detected by measuring the light scattered by a single sphere when illuminated by an evanescent wave. From the Boltzmann distribution of elevations sampled by the sphere over a long time, the potential energy (PE) profile can be determined with a resolution of about 0.1 kT. By corrupting clean data (having a mean scattering intensity I s and standard deviation σs) obtained by Brownian dynamics simulations with various levels of white, additive, background noise (having a mean background intensity I b and standard deviation σb), we simulate a noisy signal which is then used to test various schemes for removal of the noise. Merely subtracting I b from the measured total intensities before analysis removes the distortion in the PE profile when σb/σs is less than 0.15. To remove the distortion under more severe conditions, we used a Butterworth low-pass filter with the cutoff frequency chosen by comparing the power spectral density of the signal with that of the noise. This technique was found to be effective in removing distortion from the PE profile for cases when σb/σs is as large as 2.5.
Activity of Sodium Ricinoleate Against In Vitro Plaque

Abstract The antiplaque activity of sodium ricinoleate was studied in vitro against intact preformed plaques of Streptococcus mutans . The data obtained suggest that sodium ricinoleate may not interfere with in vivo plaque formation by S . mutans , however, there is some evidence that sodium ricinoleate may render these plaques less acidogenic.
Hematologic Aspects of Mastocytosis: II: Management of Hematologic Disorders in Association with Systemic Mast Cell Disease

Individuals with systemic mast cell disease (SMCD) may develop various hematologic abnormalities, including cytopenias, myeloproliferative or myelodysplastic syndromes, lymphoproliferative syndromes, and primary or secondary leukemias. Management of those patients is often complicated by their associated hematologic abnormalities. In the case of non-malignant hematologic syndromes, the approach to management is supportive. At present, overt malignancies are managed with traditional chemotherapy. The presence of leukemia in patients with mast cell disease usually indicates a grave prognosis.
Cryotherapy influences joint laxity and position sense of the healthy knee joint.

Abstract Uchio Y, Ochi M, Fujihara A, Adachi N, Iwasa J, Sakai Y. Cryotherapy influences joint laxity and position sense of the healthy knee joint. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:131-5. Objective: To investigate the influences of cryotherapy on the anteroposterior (AP) laxity and the joint position sense of the knee. Design: Experimental. Setting: University hospital in Japan. Participants: Twenty healthy volunteers (10 men, 10 women; age range, 21[ndash ]28y) were analyzed. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: A cooling pad was applied to the knee for 15 minutes under the circulating medium at 4[deg ]C. The subject's skin temperature over the anteromedial aspect of the knee was measured during the 15 minutes of cooling and again 15 minutes later. The accuracy of the knee joint position sense was evaluated before and after cooling by using a modified Skinner's method. AP displacement and anterior terminal stiffness (ATS) of the knee were obtained with a KT-2000[trade ] knee arthrometer. Results: Total (AP) laxity and anterior knee laxity decreased by 1.0 and 1.2mm after 15 minutes of cooling ( P =.003, P =.017), respectively. ATS and inaccuracy of position sense increased by 21N/mm and 1.7[deg ] ( P [lt ].001, P =.003), respectively. All parameters had normalized at 15 minutes postcooling. Conclusion: Cooling for 15 minutes makes the knee joint stiffer and lessens the sensitivity of the position sense. These findings may be significant and should be taken into account for therapeutic programs that involve exercise immediately after a period of cooling. [copy ] 2003 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Amphiphilic EuDOTA-Tetraamide Complexes Form Micelles with Enhanced CEST Sensitivity

The synthesis and characterization of four new DOTA-tetraamide ligands having variable alkyl chain lengths (C(1), C(12), C(14), and C(16)) and their respective europium (III) complexes are reported. The three EuL complexes having long alkyl chains spontaneously form micelles of variable size. The critical micelle concentration differed for each complex (lower for the C(16) complex than the C(12) complex) while micelle size increased with increasing alkyl chain length. Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) experiments showed that all four Eu(III) complexes display slow-to-intermediate water exchange kinetics. As expected, the CEST signals in these complexes decreased with increasing temperatures due to faster water exchange but, interestingly, the CEST signals for the C(14) and C(16) complexes approached a maximum near 25°C consistent with exchange limited CEST at or near room temperature. The water residence lifetimes obtained by fitting the CEST spectra to the Bloch equations increased in parallel with an increase in alkyl carbon chain-length. By comparisons with the monomethylamide complex, which served as control, the data illustrate that micelle formation serves to slow the rate of water exchange in these systems. The complex having the largest CEST effect per unit Eu(III) concentration (the C(16) analog) had a detection limit of 5.3 μM. This represents an approximate 250-fold increase in sensitivity relative to the monomethylamide control (detection limit ~1.3 mM). These features highlight the potential of using micelle-based systems such as these as paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (PARACEST) agents for molecular imaging by MRI.
Human Augmentics: Augmenting human evolution

Human Augmentics (HA) refers to technologies for expanding the capabilities, and characteristics of humans. One can think of Human Augmentics as the driving force in the non-biological evolution of humans. HA devices will provide technology to compensate for human biological limitations either natural or acquired. The strengths of HA lie in its applicability to all humans. Its interoperability enables the formation of ecosystems whereby augmented humans can draw from other realms such as “the Cloud” and other augmented humans for strength. The exponential growth in new technologies portends such a system but must be designed for interaction through the use of open-standards and open-APIs for system development. We discuss the conditions needed for HA to flourish with an emphasis on devices that provide non-biological rehabilitation.
Carotenoids of the scarlet ibis.

Abstract 1. 1. The orange egg-yolk, red tarsal skin and bright scarlet feathers of an ibis, Guara rubra, captured in Venezuela and received by the San Diego Zoo, yielded a number of carotenoid fractions, the majority of which are new xanthrophylls. 2. 2. Six fractions were recovered from the yolk: one whose acidic derivative was somewhat reminiscent of astacene (absorbing maximally at 466 mμ rather than at 470–472 mμ in petroleum ether), and five neutral components, absorbing maximally at single major peaks in the blue-violet to blue region. 3. 3. From tarsal skin a single carotenoid was recovered, showing a single absorption maximum at 458 mμ, but distinguishable from either echinenone or canthaxanthin. 4. 4. By chromatography and the action of selective solvents, four neutral and two acidogenic xanthophylls were obtained from the feathers. A prominent neutral fraction was canthaxanthin, the 3,3′-diketo-β-carotene, found also in flamingo feathers. The single absorption maxima of the two acidic Guara xanthophyll derivatives (484 and 475 mμ respectively) distinguished them from astacene (490 mμ; all in pyridine) recoverable from many invertebrates, from some fishes, and flamingo feathers.
Electrical Test Sites for AMLCD-TFT Array Process Characterization

Electrical test structures provide a method of rapid and low cost end-of-process metrology for both materials properties and specific process information. We have demonstrated the use of electrical test structures for monitoring key process parameters such as line width, edge taper width, layer-to-layer alignment, and data metal coverage over topography. These results are compared with those from traditional metrology methods and in all cases, the correlation was good, demonstrating that electrical test structures have sufficient accuracy for process control applications. For the structures used, the line width, edge taper width, and layer-to-layer alignment electrical measurements have uncertainties of less than 0.1 micron. A novel capacitance method was used for layer-to-layer alignment measurements and a combination of resistive and capacitive line width measurements were used to electrically determine the gate metal taper width. The test structures are all compatible with typical thin film transistor array processing.
Chemical effects of Ne+ bombardment on the MoS2(0001) surface studied by high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy

The effect of 1 keV Ne+ bombardment on the clean MoS2(0001)-1 × 1 surface with fluences between 4 × 1014 and 4 × 1016 Ne+/cm2 was studied using high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy excited with synchrotron radiation. Spectra of the Mo 3d and S 2p core levels were measured with photon energies that ensured that the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons was the same, resulting in the same depth being probed for both core levels. For lower fluences (i.e., ≲2 × 1015 Ne+/cm2), S vacancy defect formation occurs in the MoS2 lattice, with the concurrent formation of a small amount (< 10%) of dispersed elemental molybdenum [Mo(0)]. For fluences greater than ∼l × 1016 Ne+/cm2, the Mo(0) is the predominant species in the surface region, while the remaining species consist of amorphous MoS2−x and polysulfide species. Valence band spectra taken with photon energies of 152 and 225 eV were consistent with the core level results. The movement of the valence band maximum toward the Fermi level indicated the formation of a metallic surface region. Annealing the sample to temperatures up to 1000 K resulted in the formation of metallic Mo coexisting, in approximately equal amounts, with reformed MoS2 in a surface with no long-range order as determined by LEED. Finally, a qualitative depth distribution of the chemical species present after Ne+ bombardment was determined by varying the photon energies used for the core level spectra. The results indicate that the preferential sputtering of sulfur over molybdenum occurs predominantly through a mechanism involving chemical bonding effects, specifically, through the preferential emission of polysulfide ions over other species in the bombarded region.
Factorization, invariant measure, and random selection of matrices in SU(n) and other groups

Abstract Matrices of the group SU(n) are parameterized in several ways by a system of generalized polar coordinates. The parameters have an interpretation in terms of a factoring of SU(n) matrices into matrices of SU (2) type. They yield a separable form for the group invariant measure and a continuous map of SU(n) to the unit hypercube in n 2 − 1 dimensions such that the invariant measure is the Euclidean measure. Random sampling of SU(n) matrices distributed according to the invariant measure and certain related measures is facilitated. An algorithm for random selection of SU (2) stepping matrices with prescribed trace average and standard deviation is given. Extensions to U(n) , SO(n) , and O(n) are made.
Conjugated polyelectrolytes with pH-dependent conformations and optical properties.

We report here the synthesis and characterization of two new conjugated polymers: poly{2,5-bis[3-(N,N-diethylammonium acetate)-1-oxapropyl]-1,4-phenylenevinylene} (P1‘) and poly{2,5-bis[3-(N,N,N-triethylammonium bromide)-1-oxapropyl]-1,4-phenylenevinylene} (P2). Both polymers exhibit unique pH-dependent optical properties in aqueous solution. These pH-dependent optical properties are attributed to the mutual electrostatic repulsions of positive charges pendent on the benzene rings. This electrostatic repulsion leads to an increased or decreased torsional angle in the conjugated backbone, thus affecting the effective conjugation length of these polymers. The UV−vis spectra of P1 in various pH solutions exhibit a near-isosbestic point, which indicates changes in the composition of the two distinct conformations (the charged and the neutral forms). The transition between the highly charged state and the neutral state was clearly observed in the UV−vis and photoluminescence studies on both P1 and P2. This tr...
REDUCTION OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELASTICITY PROBLEM FOR A FINITE-LENGTH SOLID CYLINDER TO THE SOLUTION OF SYSTEMS OF LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

UDC 539.3 We have proposed an approach to the construction of an analytical solution of the three-dimensional elasticity problem for a homogeneous solid isotropic cylinder subjected to normal compressive external forces applied to its end faces. The lateral surface is assumed to be free of force loading. For the determination of the stress-tensor components, a representation via the Dougall harmonic functions is used. Based on the superposition method, we have reduced the problem of determination of the coefficients in the obtained expressions to infinite systems of linear algebraic equations.
SPACE AND THE MEASUREMENT OF INCOME SEGREGATION

This paper proposes a new spatial ordering index that that can be used to quantify the dependence of a given pattern of income segregation on the spatial arrangement of neighborhoods. Unlike other spatial measures of income segregation proposed in the literature, the spatial ordering index is less sensitive to the presence of outliers, satisfies the “principle of transfers,” and is flexible enough to quantify a variety of spatial patterns of segregation. The index can be interpreted in terms of the ratio of two covariances. Properties of the proposed measure are demonstrated using an example from the city of Baltimore, Maryland.
Augustine and Descartes: an Overlooked Chapter in the Story of Modern Origins

This essay is intended as a corrective to contemporary accounts of the Cartesian origins of modernity and Augustine's relationship to them. The essay examines the relationship between Augustine's trinitarian theology and his doctrine of grace in order to situate his understanding of the self and the will within the context of the trinitarian beauty manifest in Christ. Then tracing the development of an alternative tradition, from the Pelagian controversy through some features of Christian asceticism, the essay contends that Descartes’res cogitans derives fundamentally not from Augustinian interiority, but from a Stoicism, derived from this tradition and from the Neo-stoic revival of the Renaissance, which Augustine had once opposed in the name of Christ and the Trinity.
RECOGNIZING, UNDERSTANDING, AND TREATING POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS

Postpartum thyroiditis is the most common endocrinologic disease. Although the incidence varies geographically, the entity develops in approximately 5% to 10% of all women. Postpartum thyroiditis is accompanied by a constellation of signs and symptoms, which can range from the extremely subtle to the overt, and has been linked to postpartum depression. Long-term follow-up of women in whom postpartum thyroiditis develops reveals a high rate of recurrence and a markedly increased risk for long-term hypothyroidism.
Voltage fluctuations of metal-electrolyte interfaces in electrophysiology

In addition to wide band thermal noise, metal-electrolyte interfaces generate spontaneous voltage fluctuations of electrochemical origin. They range in duration from less than 100 msec to more than several seconds. Special activities are spikes and semi-periodic oscillations. Amplitudes are usually below 1 mV on macroscopic specimens. Similar fluctuations can also be mechanically induced. Results are documented from silver, platinum and stainless steel. Fluctuations were also observed with copper, brass, aluminum, monel, solder, mercury, carbon and degenerating Ag−AgCl electrodes. Several examples of artifact in biological data are discussed.
CpcF-dependent regulation of pigmentation and development in Fremyella diplosiphon

Cyanobacteria harvest light for photosynthesis using photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes called phycobilisomes (PBSs). Lyases are enzymes responsible for covalent attachment of light-absorbing chromophores to the phycobiliproteins (PBPs) contained in PBSs. We isolated a pigmentation mutant in the filamentous cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon and determined that it possesses an insertional mutation in cpcF, which encodes one component of a heterodimeric phycocyanin lyase. Here, we discuss the implications of the mutation in cpcF on light-dependent pigmentation and morphology responses characteristic of complementary chromatic adaptation in F. diplosiphon. Although cpcF encodes a phycocyanin lyase, significant decreases in the levels of all classes of PBPs are associated with CpcF deficiency in F. diplosiphon. Notably, CpcF deficiency has a limited effect on the shape of F. diplosiphon cells, but significantly impacts filament length. Possible mechanisms for the broad impact of CpcF deficiency on pigmentation and filament morphology are discussed.