cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal partitioning of cache memory

A model for studying the optimal allocation of cache memory among two or more competing processes is developed and used to show that, for the examples studied, the least recently used (LRU) replacement strategy produces cache allocations that are very close to optimal. It is also shown that when program behavior changes, LRU replacement moves quickly toward the steady-state allocation if it is far from optimal, but converges slowly as the allocation approaches the steady-state allocation. An efficient combinatorial algorithm for determining the optimal steady-state allocation, which, in theory, could be used to reduce the length of the transient, is described. The algorithm generalizes to multilevel cache memories. For multiprogrammed systems, a cache-replacement policy better than LRU replacement is given. The policy increases the memory available to the running process until the allocation reaches a threshold time beyond which the replacement policy does not increase the cache memory allocated to the running process. >
Performance of Coupled Product Development Activities with a Deadline

This paper explores the performance of coupled development activities by proposing a performance generation model (PGM). The goal of the PGM is to develop insights about optimal strategies (i.e., sequential, concurrent, or overlapped) to manage coupled design activities that share a fixed amount of engineering resources subject to performance and deadline constraints. Model analysis characterizes the solution space for the coupled development problem. The solution space is used to explore the generation of product performance and the associated dynamic forces affecting concurrent development practices. We use these forces to explain conditions under which concurrency is a desirable strategy.
Foreign Language Learning Aptitudes, Attitudes, Attributions, and Achievement of Postsecondary Students Identified as Gifted

We investigated the aptitudes, attitudes, attributions, and achievement of undergraduates identified as gifted who were taking a beginning Spanish course, and compared these characteristics to undergraduates in the same cohort group who had not been identified as gifted. There were differences in the aptitudes, attitudes, and achievement of post-secondary introductory Spanish students who had been identified as gifted and their nongifted peers. Gifted students had higher scores than nongifted students on the aptitude scale. The gifted group displayed a more positive attitude toward learning a foreign language than the nongifted group. Based on their performances on the attribution scale, the students identified as gifted and their nongifted peers did not differ in their attributions for ability, effort, teacher impact (context), or chance as explanations for their success in foreign language learning. Our findings seem to lead to suggestions for foreign language instructors to increase their focus on deve...
Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Disasters are traumatic events that may result in a wide range of mental and physical health consequences. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is probably the most commonly studied post-disaster psychiatric disorder. This review aimed to systematically assess the evidence about PTSD following exposure to disasters. Method: systematic search was performed. Eligible studies for this review included reports based on the DSM criteria of PTSD symptoms. The time-frame for inclusion of reports in this review is from 1980 (when PTSD was first introduced in DSM-III) and February 2007 when the literature search for this examination was terminated. RESULTS: We identified 284 reports of PTSD following disasters published in peer-reviewed journals since 1980. We categorized them according to the following classification: (1) human-made disasters (n=90), (2) technological disasters (n=65), and (3) natural disasters (n=116). Since some studies reported on findings from mixed samples (e.g. survivors of flooding and chemical contamination) we grouped these studies together (n=13). CONCLUSIONS: The body of research conducted after disasters in the past three decades suggests that the burden of PTSD among persons exposed to disasters is substantial. Post-disaster PTSD is associated with a range of correlates including sociodemographic and background factors, event exposure characteristics, social support factors and personality traits. Relatively few studies have employed longitudinal assessments enabling documentation of the course of PTSD. Methodological limitations and future directions for research in this field are discussed. Language: en
New technologies extend the scope of newborn blood-spot screening, but old problems remain unresolved.

UNLABELLED The potential of newborn blood-spot screening is expanding rapidly with the development of new analytical techniques and treatment methods. At the same time, some existing programmes, particularly that for congenital hypothyroidism, are coming under scrutiny because of suspicion that they are being shaped by analytical performance rather than evidence of clinical need. Screening policy varies greatly from country to country. CONCLUSION Ethical and political considerations may sometimes override formal scientific decision models.
Solomon Stoddard, 1643–1729

The town of Northampton was settled in 1654, by pioneers coming up the valley from Connecticut. The physical tasks of the first years kept them from forming a church, but in 1659 they called Eleazar Mather to be their parson, who came with his bride Esther, daughter of the Reverend John Warham of Windsor. Mathers were either long or very short lived; Eleazar died on July 24, 1669, leaving Esther a widow of twenty-five, with three children and an estate of £524, of which £60 were in books, and Northampton went in search of a new pastor. In the forthright New England of the seventeenth century there was a method in such situations so frequently observed that it might almost be called a custom. When a minister died, after a town had invested in him to the extent of land and a house, and the widow was of marriageable age, they summoned a young bachelor to the pulpit. A few months after Eleazar's death, Solomon Stoddard, eight years out of Harvard, came by invitation to exhibit a sample of his preaching; on March 18, 1670, he married Esther Mather. She bore him twelve children and in her old age, though very “lame of the Sciatica,” she still was spinning “at the Linen-wheel”; she outlived her husband by seven years and died in 1736 at the age of ninety-two.
Cognitive and linguistic factors affect visual feature integration.

Five experiments investigated the influence of cognitive and linguistic factors on the integration of color and letter-shape information. Subjects were briefly presented strings of colored letters that varied in pronounceability and familiarity. Detection and search tasks required subjects to identify the color of predesignated target letters. It was proposed that errors in integrating color and shape would be less likely with items from different perceptual units than from items within the same perceptual unit. If words, at some level of perceptual analysis, are processed as units whereas nonwords are processed by individual letters, then there should be more letter-shape and color feature integration errors with words than with nonwords. The first two experiments tested this prediction by comparing feature integration errors with words and nonwords. The remaining experiments manipulated letter-string pronounceability, familiarity, and the presence of vowels to isolate the factors that may influence feature integration. The results demonstrate that cognitive and linguistic factors, such as familiarity and pronounceability, can influence the combination of colors and shapes in perception.
Models and Indicators

Returning to themes of Land (1971a) and Land (1971b), this article addresses topics in formal sociological models and the definition, construction, and interpretation of social indicators. I show how standard classes of formalisms used to construct models in contemporary sociology can be derived from the general theory of models. This demonstrates, at a high level of abstraction, the isomorphism of many formal sociological models to the formal models used in virtually every scientific discipline today. I also review recent model-building and model-evaluation efforts in which I have participated on the estimation of active life expectancy of the U.S. elderly population, an assessment of the robustness of a recently proposed adjusted total fertility rate, and the construction of a new index of child and youth well-being. These studies show how formal models help us to see patterns in data that otherwise are not detectable, improve social measurement, and, in particular, define and interpret social indicators.
The development of the 'ethical' ICT professional: and the vision of an ethical on-line society: how far have we come and where are we going?

It has been a decade since Computer Ethics came into prominence within the field of computer science and engineering, changing not only the profession but the classroom as well. The commercialization and globalization of the World Wide Web has impacted us all, both producers and consumers alike. What was once the province of the few has become the virtual society of the multitudes. Ethical issues concerning security, privacy, information, identity, community and equity of access once contained and localized, have assumed additional complexity in the global environment. Every day, the front pages of our newspapers and magazines report violations of one sort or another.This paper will address two questions: As we move into the 21st century, how can we shape 'ethical' information communication technology (ICT) professionals? And, is our vision of an 'ethical' global on-line society a realistic one?
Scientific and Computational Challenges of the Fusion Simulation Program (FSP)

This paper highlights the scientific and computational challenges facing the Fusion Simulation Program (FSP) a major national initiative in the United States with the primary objective being to enable scientific discovery of important new plasma phenomena with associated understanding that emerges only upon integration. This requires developing a predictive integrated simulation capability for magnetically-confined fusion plasmas that are properly validated against experiments in regimes relevant for producing practical fusion energy. It is expected to provide a suite of advanced modeling tools for reliably predicting fusion device behavior with comprehensive and targeted science-based simulations of nonlinearly-coupled phenomena in the core plasma, edge plasma, and wall region on time and space scales required for fusion energy production. As such, it will strive to embody the most current theoretical and experimental understanding of magnetic fusion plasmas and to provide a living framework for the simulation of such plasmas as the associated physics understanding continues to advance over the next several decades. Substantive progress on answering the outstanding scientific questions in the field will drive the FSP toward its ultimate goal of developing the ability to predict the behavior of plasma discharges in toroidal magnetic fusion devices with high physics fidelity on all relevant time and space scales. From a computational perspective, this will demand computing resources in the petascale range and beyond together with the associated multi-core algorithmic formulation needed to address burning plasma issues relevant to ITER - a multibillion dollar collaborative experiment involving seven international partners representing over half the world's population. Even more powerful exascale platforms will be needed to meet the future challenges of designing a demonstration fusion reactor (DEMO). Analogous to other major applied physics modeling projects (e.g., Climate Modeling), the FSP will need to develop software in close collaboration with computers scientists and applied mathematicians and validated against experimental data from tokamaks around the world. Specific examples of expected advances needed to enable such a comprehensive integrated modeling capability and possible "co-design" approaches will be discussed. __________________________________________________
Criminal Activities and Ethical Responsibilities

This article addresses the question of a lawyers professional responsibility when a seemingly simple domestic relations case begins to turn into a major criminal catastrophe. Starting with ABA Model Rule 1.2(d) that an attorney “shall not counsel or assist in criminal or fraudulent conduct but may discuss the legal consequences of proposed conduct…”it analyzes the attorney’s responsibilities in the context of a hypothetical case involving hidden assets and misrepresented financial statements. Options to withdraw under Model Rule 1.16(b) are discussed along with the questions raised therefrom and the lawyer’s Model Rule 4.1(b) obligation not to knowingly fail to disclose material facts. From there the nightmare turns criminal as the hypothetical client is indicted raising issues ranging from emergency lawyering under Model Rule 1.1 to the lawyers own fees being subject to forfeiture. In conclusion it is nearly impossible to screen out every client who may bring criminal activities into family law representation. However, with careful research, clear communication, and documentation, a lawyer will be able to find a route out of the nightmare without being caught up in the criminal activity itself.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLE OF LEUCOSTOMA PERSOONII

Abundant isometric virus-like particles were visible in hyphae of a hypovirulent isolate of Leucostoma persoonii, NC14.4A, that also contained at least six segments of double-stranded RNA. We purif...
Current Status of the research on High Temperature Resistance and Salt Resistance Filtrate Reducers

With the development of oil drilling and the increase of the deep and ocean drilling,the requirements of filtrate reducers also continuously raise to satisfy the new demand of salt resistance and high temperatures resistance.2-Acrylamido-2methylpropane sulphonic acid(AMPS) is an acrylamide derivatives with-SO3 H and-CH_2 ═CH_2-in its molecular structure.The copolymers of AMPS with other monomers are a new kind of drilling additives with many specific characteristics and have been widely used in oil fields.
Finite Element Analysis of Column-Cable Composite Tower Structure

The composite tower structure of cable and column is simply constructed,beautifully formed,material-saving and easy to build.It's widely used in engineering structures.Takes some tower structure as example and carries out Finite Element Analysis to introduce common analysis method of composite tower structure for reference.
Development of a potentially reversible vas deferens occlusion device and evaluation in primates

A vas deferens occlusion device has been developed and tested in primates. The device consists of two silicone plugs held together by a nylon suture. Implantation of each plug is readily accomplished by making two small puncture holes in the vas deferens and inserting one plug into the lumen toward the epididymis and the other plug toward the seminal vesicles. Implantation is aided by a metal stylus inserted in each plug to give the plug rigidity. The stylus is removed after insertion of the plug into the vas deferens. Two separate primate experiments showed that the device completely prevents sperm transport over a 7-month period. Upon device removal, all of the primates ejaculated spermatozoa again at normal concentrations and motility. These results indicate the potential contraceptive use of the device and encourage its validation in men.
Measurement of Urinary Antibodies to Crude Bacterial Antigen in Patients with Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

Measurements of IgG and IgA antibodies against common gram negative organisms in pre and post prostatic massage urines were investigated. Lower tract urinary localization specimens were obtained in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis, nonbacterial prostatitis, and without evidence of infection. Quantitative cultures were performed on all specimens. A rapid and simple enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) was developed to measure urinary total immunoglobulins and antibodies to common gram negative organisms (mixed antigen-specific antibodies, MASA). Comparison with a previously developed radioimmunoassay yielded a correlation determinant of 0.89 per cent. Almost all patients had post prostatic massage urinary IgA and IgG levels that were higher than the premassage levels, reflecting the presence of prostatic fluid in the postmassage specimens. In only the patients with chronic bacterial prostatitis, however, were levels of IgA or IgG MASA in the postmassage urines higher than those measured in the premassage urines. This same elevation was found in the urinary specimens from men who could not be diagnosed to have bacterial prostatitis by traditional means on a specific occasion because of antibiotic treatment, inadequate specimens, or bacteriuria, but had chronic bacterial prostatitis confirmed traditionally on another occasion. No detectable MASA were measured in either the pre or postmassage urines of men without a history of previous urinary infections. From these data it appears that urinary MASA may be used to diagnose bacterial prostatitis in situations in which quantitative bacteriologic cultures cannot be performed. These measurements may, furthermore, be used to diagnose chronic bacterial prostatic infection in men who cannot be diagnosed to have bacterial prostatitis when prostatic fluid is unobtainable or culture results are uninterpretable.
Field and Length Dependence of the Creep Rate in Proximity Effected Multifilamentary Strands

Magnetization creep rates have been measured in proximity effected multifilamentary superconductive strands. Measurements have been made as a function of field for both untwisted strands of various lengths (L), and longer strands for several twist pitches (Lp). The results are described using a model which includes dual field gradients and a semi-Bean approximation. Three regimes are found; (1) low fields where the creep rate is similar to NbTi, (2) intermediate fields, where the creep rate is high due to proximity effect (PE), and (3) high fields, where the NbTi creep rate is recovered. U0 values for proximity effected strands are found to be between 5.3 and 10 meV. PE creep in twisted 71.1 cm strands (even where Lp/L ≪ 1) in which static PE at lower fields is controlled by Lp, is strongly influenced by end effects.
Kriterien für das Maßschneidern — Der Klient

Will man Klienten in Hinblick auf das Masschneidern der Behandlung beschreiben, so hat man dazu begrifflich verschiedene Moglichkeiten. Ein medizinisches Modell legt sofort die Psychodiagnose als einen geeigneten deskriptiven Ansatz nahe. Leider mus man in der Psychodiagnose, wie sie ublicherweise durchgefuhrt wird, oft eine Aktivitat erkennen, die grostenteils irrelevant fur die Behandlung ist. Immer weiter werden — in Verbeugung vor dem medizinischen Modell — diagnostische Verfahren und Formulierungen angewendet, und nur sehr wenige derer, die in der Praxis damit arbeiten, fragen sich: „Diagnose wofur?“ Therapeuten lassen Diagnosen erstellen, legen die sich daraus ergebenden Berichte ordnungsgemas zu den Akten und bieten in den meisten Fallen dann doch das an, was in ihrem therapeutischen Repertoire dominiert — unabhangig von der Psychodiagnose.
Fibrin mechanical properties and their structural origins

Fibrin is a protein polymer that is essential for hemostasis and thrombosis, wound healing, and several other biological functions and pathological conditions that involve extracellular matrix. In addition to molecular and cellular interactions, fibrin mechanics has been recently shown to underlie clot behavior in the highly dynamic intra- and extravascular environments. Fibrin has both elastic and viscous properties. Perhaps the most remarkable rheological feature of the fibrin network is an extremely high elasticity and stability despite very low protein content. Another important mechanical property that is common to many filamentous protein polymers but not other polymers is stiffening occurring in response to shear, tension, or compression. New data has begun to provide a structural basis for the unique mechanical behavior of fibrin that originates from its complex multi-scale hierarchical structure. The mechanical behavior of the whole fibrin gel is governed largely by the properties of single fibers and their ensembles, including changes in fiber orientation, stretching, bending, and buckling. The properties of individual fibrin fibers are determined by the number and packing arrangements of double-stranded half-staggered protofibrils, which still remain poorly understood. It has also been proposed that forced unfolding of sub-molecular structures, including elongation of flexible and relatively unstructured portions of fibrin molecules, can contribute to fibrin deformations. In spite of a great increase in our knowledge of the structural mechanics of fibrin, much about the mechanisms of fibrin's biological functions remains unknown. Fibrin deformability is not only an essential part of the biomechanics of hemostasis and thrombosis, but also a rapidly developing field of bioengineering that uses fibrin as a versatile biomaterial with exceptional and tunable biochemical and mechanical properties.
"End-of-Life Care? I'm not Going to Worry About That Yet." Health Literacy Gaps and End-of-Life Planning Among Elderly Dialysis Patients.

Purpose Between 2000 and 2012, the incident dialysis population in the United States increased by nearly 60%, most sharply among adults 75 years and older. End-of-life (EOL) conversations among dialysis patients are associated with better patient-centered outcomes and lower use of aggressive interventions in the last month of life. This study examined how health literacy may affect engagement, comprehension, and satisfaction with EOL conversations among elderly dialysis patients. Design and methods Qualitative/descriptive study with semi-structured interviews about health literacy, EOL conversations, and goals of care with 31 elderly dialysis patients at 2 centers in Boston. Themes were interpreted in the context of Nutbeam's health literacy framework. Results Despite high mortality risk in this population, only 13% of patients had discussed EOL preferences with physicians, half had discussed EOL with their social network, and 25% of participants explicitly stated that they had never considered EOL preferences. Less than 30% of participants could correctly define terminology commonly used in EOL conversations. Analyses yielded 5 themes: (1) Misunderstanding EOL terminology; (2) Nephrologists reluctant to discuss EOL; (3) Patients conforming to socially constructed roles; (4) Discordant expectations and dialysis experiences; and (5) Reconciling EOL values and future care. Patients had limited understanding of EOL terminology, lacked of opportunities for meaningful EOL discussion with providers and family, resulting in uncertainty about future care. Implications Limited health literacy presents a substantial barrier to communication and could lead to older adults committing to an intensive pattern of care without adequate information. Clinicians should consider health literacy when discussing dialysis initiation.
Abstract IA28: Innovative PDX models for studying immunotherapy of cancer

PDX models are limited by the absence of a complete and functional immune system. Overwhelming evidence now exists to suggest that immune cells play an integral role in the development and maintenance of tumors. Without a functional immune system, PDX models cannot reflect the dynamic processes of tumor-immune surveillance and immune-mediated editing, limiting the translation of antitumor results obtained in these models. Another important consequence of lacking an immune system is the impossibility to test in these models anticancer drugs that directly target immune cells. To overcome these important limitations, PDX models with human immune systems are needed. There are different approaches to enrich PDX models with human immune cells: engrafting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, engrafting hematopoietic stem cells, or engrafting primary patient-derived tumor xenografts with human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. All these alternatives have different strengths and weaknesses that are important to know for obtaining preclinical results that are meaningful for clinical translation. Citation Format: Miguel F. Sanmamed. Innovative PDX models for studying immunotherapy of cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Patient-Derived Cancer Models: Present and Future Applications from Basic Science to the Clinic; Feb 11-14, 2016; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(16_Suppl):Abstract nr IA28.
The Highly Selective Caspase-1 Inhibitor VX-765 Provides Additive Protection Against Myocardial Infarction in Rat Hearts When Combined With a Platelet Inhibitor.

Use of ischemic postconditioning and other related cardioprotective interventions to treat patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has failed to improve outcomes in clinical trials. Because...
Areas and Angles

Someone may have told you that it equals one square centimeter. Did you ever see a proof of this statement? If not, do you suppose that it was a definition?
Emergence and Evolution of Mutational Hotspots in Sun-Damaged Skin.

In this issue, Albibas et al. investigate the mutational nature of p53-immunopositive patches, commonly observed in sun-damaged skin. p53-immunopositive patches have long been suspected to be lineal precursors to actinic keratoses and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. However, the mutations actually giving rise to p53-immunopositive patches, and their relationship to skin cancer, have never been defined. The considerable clinical and economic costs of monitoring and treating sun-damaged skin demand we better understand the evolution of these common premalignancies.
Temporal Dynamics of the Rat Thoracic Duct Contractility in the Presence of Imposed Flow

Abstract Background: The initial periods of increased flow inside lymphatic vessels demonstrate specific temporary patterns of self-tuning of lymphatic vessel contractility that are heterogeneous across regional lymphatic networks. The current literature primarily refers to the immediate and fast reactions of the lymphangions to increases in basal flow. Until now, there were no available data on how the lymphatic vessels react to comparatively longer periods of imposed flow. Methods and Results: In this study, we measured and analyzed the contractility of the rat thoracic duct segments, isolated, cannulated, and pressurized at 3 cm H2O at no imposed flow conditions and during 4 hours of imposed flow (constant transaxial pressure gradient of 2 cm H2O). We found the development of a progressing lymphatic tonic relaxation and inhibition of the lymphatic contraction frequency over 4 hours of imposed flow. After a short initial decrease, lymphatic phasic contraction amplitude rose significantly during the firs...
Aging and Opportunity: Growing Older in Clara Reeve's School for Widows

The state of widowhood has traditionally been understood in terms of what is missing from a woman's life--a husband--rather than what she is, and this traditional practice of negative definition is reflected in the novels of eighteenth-century England. This essay will examine some of the stereotypes of the widow that were prevalent during the eighteenth century, and present Clara Reeve's novel The School for Widows (1791) as a strong and valid response to the pervasive negative perception of widowhood and of older women in general.
Hemodynamic factors in acute renal failure.

Abstract The renal vascular system contributes in important ways to injury, dysfunction, and duration of ischemically induced and certain forms of nephrotoxic acute renal failure (ARF). Understanding injury to the renal vascular depends on an appreciation of the factors that control normal tone and reactivity in the kidney microvasculature. This is reviewed in some detail. Ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion not only cause substantial damage to the renal tubules, but cause frank injury to the vasculature as well. Vascular injury is mediated by oxidants, proteases, and cytokines that together alter basic properties of vascular function. There is an increase in intrinsic vascular tone that reduces glomerular filtration, and there is increased sensitivity to vasoconstrictor stimuli and altered autoregulatory capacity, which leave the kidney vulnerable to recurrent ischemic injury. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents, radiocontrast media, and cyclosporine A cause ARF largely through their effects on the renal vasculature. Given these postischemic and toxic effects on the kidney microvessels, there is growing evidence that protection of the kidney from prolonged and recurrent injury depends on careful support of systemic hemodynamics and avoidance of injudicious use of vasoconstrictor agents.
Functional analysis of discoidin domain receptors binding to lipids and collagen

Discoidin Domain Receptors (DDR1 and DDR2), are widely expressed Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) and are found upregulated in several malignancies. DDRs share an unusual extracellular domain (ECD)...
Eastern Hemlock in Bamboo-Reinforced Glulam

AbstractEastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is an abundant yet underutilized low-value tree species native to the northeast region of the United States. Developing value-added markets for these tree...
Electrolytic Capacitor-Less Single-Phase to Three-Phase Inverter with Harmonics Suppression Control for Air Conditioner

Global demand for highly energy-efficient inverter air conditioners is rising. However, the power converter must comply with harmonics regulations. This requires the converter to have a large inductor, PFC circuit and electrolytic capacitor. Therefore, the converter becomes expensive, which prevents inverter air conditioners from becoming popular around the world. In order to solve this problem, electrolytic-capacitor-less inverters were proposed.This paper proposes a harmonics suppression control of an electrolytic capacitor-less inverter. As a result of applying this control, the inductance and the capacitance of power converter have been reduced to 1/6 and 1/50, respectively, compared with those for conventional power converters, which has resulted in the commercialization of low-cost inverter air conditioners.
Effect of inclusion rate of Fermenten on performance, carcass traits, and apparent total tract digestibility of growing Angus crossbred steers

In Phase 1 (days 0 to 56) of a two-phase experiment, 81 steers (initial BW = 189 ± 22 kg) were arranged in a generalized randomized block design, allocated to nine pens (nine steers per pen) and assigned to one of three dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of different inclusion rates of Fermenten (FER) in a backgrounding diet fed ad libitum, and were as follows: 0% (CON), 2%, or s FER in the diet DM. Steer was considered the experimental unit, and individual DMI was measured using the GrowSafe system. In Phase 2 (days 57 to 112), treatments were discontinued and steers were relocated to a paddock with free access to a common basal diet, to assess potential residual effects of FER. Effect of treatment was measured on performance, concentration of serum urea nitrogen (SUN), NEFA and glucose, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients. On day 56, steers fed 4% FER had lesser (P = 0.01) BW than 2% FER steers. Steers fed CON also tended (P = 0.08) to have greater BW than 4% FER steers. ADG was not different (P = 0.96) between CON and 2% FER steers, whereas steers in the 4% FER treatment had lesser (P ≤ 0.01) ADG than CON and 2% FER. Steers in the 4% FER treatment had lesser (P = 0.04) DMI than CON, and were less feed efficient (P ≤ 0.04) than 2% FER and CON steers. However, DMI as a percentage of the BW did not differ (P = 0.07) across treatments. A treatment effect was observed for final BW on day 112 (P = 0.05), where 4% FER tended (P = 0.07) to have lesser BW than CON. In Phase 2, ADG was not different (P = 0.18) among treatments. However, overall ADG (days 0 to 112) was lesser (P = 0.02) for steers fed 4% FER when compared with CON. There was no difference (P ≥ 0.12) in longissimus muscle area gain or 12th rib fat depth gain. There was a treatment × day interaction for serum concentrations of glucose (P < 0.001), NEFA (P < 0.001), and SUN (P < 0.001). Steers fed 4% FER had greater (P < 0.001) DM, OM, NDF, ADF, and CP apparent total tract digestibility than CON. Similarly, 4% FER steers had greater (P ≤ 0.02) DM, OM, NDF, and ADF digestibility than 2% FER. Results show that although inclusion of FER increased apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, DMI and overall performance of growing beef cattle were negatively affected, mainly when FER was included at 4% of the diet DM.
Prevalence of Secondary Adrenal Insufficiency in Recipients of Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant: A Single Center Study

Background Data on adrenal function following pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is limited. Therefore, a single-institution retrospective study was performed to determine the prevalence of secondary adrenal insufficiency (AI) and identify associated risk factors in pediatric HCT recipients. Methods All allogeneic HCT patients from January 2007 through December 2014, with a minimum of two years of post-HCT follow up were included. AI was diagnosed when testing done at either clinical presentation of AI or routine yearly screening in the long term follow up clinic, revealed a morning cortisol level Results Eighty patients (48 male, 32 female) with malignant (n=38) and non-malignant diagnoses (n=42) were included. Median age at HCT and length of follow up were 7.6 years (range 0.1- 20.5 years) and 4.1 years (range 2-10 years), respectively. Twelve (12, 15%) patients developed secondary AI at a median of 16 months post-HCT (range 2-61 months), with an equal number presenting with clinical AI (n=6) and biochemical AI (n=6) respectively. In univariate analysis (Table 1), occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), and post-HCT corticosteroid exposure were significant risk factors for development of secondary AI. Age, gender, type of diagnosis, total body irradiation (TBI)-containing and myeloablative conditioning were not. Conclusion: GvHD, and post-HCT steroid exposure were significant risk factors for AI, with one-third patients with post-HCT corticosteroid exposure diagnosed with AI. As half of patients with AI in this cohort were asymptomatic, routine screening for AI should be performed in pediatric allogeneic HCT recipients for timely diagnosis of AI to prevent morbidity associated with this complication.
The cascading effects of human food on hibernation and cellular aging in free-ranging black bears

Human foods have become a pervasive subsidy in many landscapes, and can dramatically alter wildlife behavior, physiology, and demography. While such subsidies can enhance wildlife condition, they can also result in unintended negative consequences on individuals and populations. Seasonal hibernators possess a remarkable suite of adaptations that increase survival and longevity in the face of resource and energetic limitations. Recent work has suggested hibernation may also slow the process of senescence, or cellular aging. We investigated how use of human foods influences hibernation, and subsequently cellular aging, in a large-bodied hibernator, black bears (Ursus americanus). We quantified relative telomere length, a molecular marker for cellular age, and compared lengths in adult female bears longitudinally sampled over multiple seasons. We found that bears that foraged more on human foods hibernated for shorter periods of time. Furthermore, bears that hibernated for shorter periods of time experienced accelerated telomere attrition. Together these results suggest that although hibernation may ameliorate cellular aging, foraging on human food subsidies could counteract this process by shortening hibernation. Our findings highlight how human food subsidies can indirectly influence changes in aging at the molecular level.
Enhancer of Polycomb and the Tip60 complex repress hematological tumor initiation by negatively regulating JAK/STAT pathway activity

ABSTRACT Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal hematopoietic disorders that cause excessive production of myeloid cells. Most MPN patients have a point mutation in JAK2 (JAK2V617F), which encodes a dominant-active kinase that constitutively triggers JAK/STAT signaling. In Drosophila, this pathway is simplified, with a single JAK, Hopscotch (Hop), and a single STAT transcription factor, Stat92E. The hopTumorous-lethal [hopTum] allele encodes a dominant-active kinase that induces sustained Stat92E activation. Like MPN patients, hopTum mutants have significantly more myeloid cells, which form invasive tumors. Through an unbiased genetic screen, we found that heterozygosity for Enhancer of Polycomb [E(Pc)], a component of the Tip60 lysine acetyltransferase complex (also known as KAT5 in humans), significantly increased tumor burden in hopTum animals. Hematopoietic depletion of E(Pc) or other Tip60 components in an otherwise wild-type background also induced blood cell tumors. The E(Pc) tumor phenotype was dependent on JAK/STAT activity, as concomitant depletion of hop or Stat92E inhibited tumor formation. Stat92E target genes were significantly upregulated in E(Pc)-mutant myeloid cells, indicating that loss of E(Pc) activates JAK/STAT signaling. Neither the hop nor Stat92E gene was upregulated upon hematopoietic E(Pc) depletion, suggesting that the regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway by E(Pc) is dependent on substrates other than histones. Indeed, E(Pc) depletion significantly increased expression of Hop protein in myeloid cells. This study indicates that E(Pc) works as a tumor suppressor by attenuating Hop protein expression and ultimately JAK/STAT signaling. Since loss-of-function mutations in the human homologs of E(Pc) and Tip60 are frequently observed in cancer, our work could lead to new treatments for MPN patients. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Behavioral response of a mobile marine predator to environmental variables differs across ecoregions

Animal movement and habitat selection are in part a response to landscape heterogeneity. Many studies of movement and habitat selection necessarily use environmental covariates that are readily available over large‐scales, which are assumed representative of functional habitat features such as resource availability. For widely distributed species, response to such covariates may not be consistent across ecosystems, as response to any specific covariate is driven by its biological relevance within the context of each ecosystem. Thus, the study of any widely distributed species within a limited geographic region may provide inferences that are not widely generalizable. Our goal was to evaluate the response of a marine predator to a suite of environmental covariates across a wide ecological gradient. We identified two behavioral states (resident and transient) in the movements of shortfin mako sharks Isurus oxyrinchus tracked via satellite telemetry in two regions of the western North Atlantic Ocean: the tropical Caribbean/Gulf of Mexico marginal sea (CGM), and the temperate waters of the open western Atlantic Ocean (OWA). We compared patterns of resident behavior between regions, and modeled relationships between oceanographic variables and resident behavior. We tracked 39 sharks during 2013–2015. Resident behavior was associated with shallow, continental shelf and slope waters in both regions. In the OWA resident behavior was associated with low sea surface temperature and high primary productivity, however, sharks exhibited no response to either variable in the CGM. There was a negative relationship between sea‐surface height gradient (a proxy for oceanic fronts) and resident behavior in the OWA, and a positive relationship in the CGM. Our observations likely reflect shark responses to regional variability in factors responsible for the distribution and availability of prey. Our study illustrates the importance of studying widely distributed species in a consistent manner over large spatial scales.
Addressing Depression, Burnout, and Suicide in Oncology Physicians

The best practice of oncology relies heavily on a mentally and physically healthy oncology clinician workforce. Historically, the mental health of physicians and clinicians has largely been ignored, perhaps in the spirit of a collective collusion to maintain the illusion of Oslerian equanimity. With exceedingly high and unacceptable rates of burnout and suicide in the practice of medicine and oncology in particular, a tacit disavowal of the problem is no longer acceptable. The practice of oncology presents several unique work-related issues that challenge the mental health of its clinicians and contribute to burnout, depression, and suicide. Oncologists work with patients at or nearing the end of life and face administrative and insurance hurdles to obtain needed anticancer medications, heavy workloads, paperwork and electronic medical record demands, and keeping up with expanding pertinent oncologic knowledge for practice and public relations issues. Although oncologists exhibit higher rates of depression with longer work hours than many other internal medicine colleagues, they have higher job satisfaction ratings. This article will (1) review the mental health of professionals in oncology, (2) explore similarities and differences between depression and burnout, (3) describe the unique nature of the oncology work environment, (4) examine suicide and its implications for oncology, and (5) review the evidence for interventions to prevent burnout and suicide. Although individual and system-level strategic approaches to the problem of burnout and its consequences are effective, combinatorial approaches offer the most hope for affecting the most long-lasting change and lessening burnout, depression, and suicide in oncology.
Effects of sample size on neutral detergent fiber digestibility of triticale forages using the Ankom DaisyII Incubator system

Accurate and precise determinations of fiber digestibility are essential for proper diet formulation for dairy cows. Our objectives were 3-fold: (1) regress in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) values from 48 triticale forages determined at multiple endpoints ranging from 12 to 240 h with Ankom DaisyII Incubator system (Ankom Technology Corp., Macedon, NY) methods using 0.25- or 0.50-g sample sizes on concentrations of fiber-related analytes or growth stage; (2) directly compare NDFD values determined with 0.25- or 0.50-g sample sizes by Ankom methods after 12-, 24-, 30-, 48-, 144-, or 240-h incubations; and (3) compare NDFD values determined by Ankom methods after 30 and 48 h of incubation with those determined by traditional sealed-tube procedures obtained from a commercial laboratory. Generally, plant growth stage, which was quantified with a linear model suitable for serving as an independent regression variable, proved to be a better predictor variable for NDFD than neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent lignin. For direct comparisons of 0.25- and 0.50-g sample sizes using Ankom methods, the regression relationship for a 30-h incubation was explained by a linear model [Y = 1.206x - 1.1; coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.933], in which the slope differed from unity, but the intercept did not differ from 0. After a 48-h incubation, a linear model (Y = 1.014x + 7.1; R2 = 0.964) indicated that the slope did not differ from unity, but the intercept was >0. A linear regression (Y = 1.040x - 1.8; R2 = 0.861) of the 30-h incubation results obtained by Ankom methods using the 0.25-g sample size on those from the commercial laboratory indicated the slope and intercept did not differ from unity or 0, respectively. A similar relationship was obtained from the 48-h incubation (Y = 1.021x - 3.4; R2 = 0.866). Relationships were poorer when the 0.50-g sample size was used by Ankom methods, particularly for the 30-h incubation, where the slope (0.824) was less than unity. Generally, NDFD values were greater for the 0.25-g sample size by Ankom methods, especially with 24-, 30-, and 48-h incubation times, and agreement with traditional sealed-tube methods was improved with the smaller sample size. Synchronization of results between Ankom and traditional methods needs to be further verified across a wider range of forages and harvest/preservation methods before definitive recommendations can be made.
Theory of Professional Competence in Teaching of Mathematics: Development and Explication through Cross-cultural Examination of Teaching Practices in India and the United States

This paper describes the theory of professional competence in teaching of mathematics developed through a cross-cultural examination of teaching practices of mathematics teachers recommended as competent by their principals in two selected high-achieving high schools of India and the United States. A detailed study of teacher cases from both of the research settings yielded a rich conceptualization of the relationship between teachers’ professional knowledge base and professional competence in the teaching of mathematics. The substantive theory explains the processes of both the development and the display of professional competence and enables predictions of the ways teachers would most likely utilize to meet the performance expectations of their work environments. The study makes a unique contribution to the field of teacher education and views professional competence as a dynamic interplay of various components of teachers’ professional knowledge base activated in actual teaching situations in the context of the classroom, school, and wider social culture.
Safety and Efficacy of Liver Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Segmental Transarterial Radioembolization

Purpose With increasing use of radiation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through transarterial radioembolization (TARE) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), there is concern for increased radiation-related complications when using SBRT after TARE. This study compares safety of SBRT after segmental TARE versus transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Methods and Materials A retrospective review identified patients receiving SBRT after TACE or TARE for HCC from 2011 to 2017. TARE was delivered subselectively to individual segments using yttrium-90 with Theraspheres. Patients were assessed over time for Child-Turcott-Pugh (CTP)/albumin-bilirubin (ALBI) scores, and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 grade ≥3 events. Linear mixed models were used to examine the trend of CTP and ALBI over time and compare groups. Secondary endpoints were objective response rate via modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), local control, and overall survival. Results Ninety-nine patients met criteria with median follow-up of 9.8 months (range, 0.9-47): 31 had SBRT after segmental TARE and 68 patients post-TACE. The groups were well balanced with regard to etiology of HCC, baseline CTP and ALBI scores, and SBRT dose, but there were significant differences in baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging, and median follow-up. There was a significant increase in post-SBRT CTP and ALBI scores (P Conclusions SBRT after segmental TARE with Theraspheres appears to have acceptable tolerability and is effective compared with SBRT after TACE. Longer follow-up with larger numbers is needed to verify these data.