cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Binary of Meaning: Native/American Indian Media in the 21st Century

Native/American Indians have been historically marginalized in traditional news coverage since the earliest media practices in the United States. Influenced by the media, or forged by the media, research about Native/American Indian identity has continued to evolve and thrive in this new century by at once looking back and gazing forward. This critical essay analyzes the themes of Native/American Indians in the media through narrative frameworks, finding significant shifts in the portrayal of contemporary issues—such as in the contentious legal case of Cobell v. Salazar—when Indigenous voices are heard. Finally, by analyzing the powerful juncture of identity and media, this article suggests six thematic directions for future studies in this arena.
Reform Unleashed Korean Growth

. Before the reform in the 1960s, twin vicious circles perpetuated the shortages of foreign exchange and labor skill, and prevented the Korean economy from realizing its considerable growth potential. The breakthrough came when the Japanese labor shortage facilitated Korean exports, after economic normalization between the two countries. The reformed institutions reduced rent-seeking and refocused Korean managerial efforts to pioneering activities. The Korean takeoff scenario is a shared theme among all four Asian newly industrialized economies cited by Lucas (1988) as showcases.
Physical activity correlates in adolescent girls who differ by weight status.

Objective: This study compared correlates of physical activity (PA) among African-American and white girls of different weight groups to guide future interventions. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 1015 girls (mean age, 14.6 years; 45% African-American) from 12 high schools in South Carolina who served as control subjects for a school-based intervention. Post-intervention measures obtained at the end of ninth grade were used. PA was measured using the Three-Day PA Recall, and a questionnaire measured social-cognitive and environmental variables thought to mediate PA. Height and weight were measured, and BMI was calculated. Girls were stratified by race and categorized into three groups, based on BMI percentiles for girls from CDC growth charts: normal (BMI < 85th percentile), at risk (BMI, 85th to 94th percentile), and overweight (BMI greater than or equal to 95th percentile). Girls were further divided into active and low-active groups, based on a vigorous PA standard (average of one or more 30-minute blocks per day per 3-day period). Mixed-model ANOVA was used to compare factors among groups, treating school as a random effect Results: None of the social-cognitive or environmental variables differed by weight status for African-American or white girls. Perceived behavioral control and sports team participation were significantly higher in girls who were more active, regardless of weight or race group. In general, social-cognitive variables seem to be more related to activity in white girls, whereas environmental factors seem more related to activity in African-American girls. Discussion: PA interventions should be tailored to the unique needs of girls based on PA levels and race, rather than on weight status alone.
Study of III-V semiconductor band structure by synchrotron photoemission

Angle-resolved synchrotron photoemission studies of six III-V semiconductors have been carried out. For emission normal to the (110) plane of these materials, peaks in the experimental spectra were identified with the bands involved in the transitions, and the critical point energies X/sub 3/, X/sub 5/, and ..sigma../sub 1//sup min/, were determined. The data indicate that k perpendicular is conserved in the transitions. Comparison of the data with theoretical bands permits an evaluation of k perpendicular associated with the experimentally observed transition, and from this information the bands were plotted out.
Direct Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Nitriles Catalyzed by Nonionic Superbases

We report herein the use of 3−30 mol % of a new class of tricyclic strong nonionic Lewis bases P(MeNCH2CH2)3N and P(HNCH2CH2)(i-PrNCH2CH2)2N for the direct catalytic synthesis of a variety of functionalized α,β-unsaturated nitriles in high yields from aldehydes and acetonitrile or benzyl cyanide at 40−50 °C. Evidence for a novel mechanistic pathway proposed for this reaction in a polar protic solvent such as methanol, and a nonpolar aprotic solvent such as benzene is also presented. Under these conditions, primary and secondary aliphatic aldehydes do not condense satisfactorily with acetonitrile to give the α,β-unsaturated nitrile, and ketones do not condense with either benzyl cyanide or acetonitrile.
Five-branes in M(atrix) Theory

Abstract We propose a construction of five-branes which fill both light-cone dimensions in Banks, Fischler, Shenker and Susskind's matrix model of M theory. We argue that they have the correct long-range fields and spectrum of excitations. We prove Dirac charge quantization with the membrane by showing that the five-brane induces a Berry phase in the membrane world-volume theory, with a familiar magnetic monopole form.
A novel asymmetric synthesis of 2-azetidinones from achiral precursors

Asymmetric synthesis of (3S,4S)-3-phenylsulfonyl-4-phenylazetidin-2-ones in up to 46% ee from achiral amines and 2-phenylsulfonyl-3-phenylpropenoyl chloride was achieved with chiral Lewis-acid catalysis by salen-copper(II) complexes derived from (1R,2R)-(−)-1,2-diaminocyclohexane. The absolute configuration was assigned by single crystal, X-ray crystallographic analysis of enantiomerically pure (3S,4S)-(−)-3-phenylsulfonyl-4-phenylazetidin-2-one (7).
Integration of Counter-Current Relative Permeability in the Simulation of CO2 Injection into Saline Aquifers

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) injection into saline aquifers is one of the promising options to sequester large amounts of CO 2 in geological formations. During as well as after injection of CO 2 into an aquifer, CO 2 migrates towards the top of the formation due to density differences between the formation brine and the injected CO 2 . The time scales of CO 2 migration towards the top of an aquifer and the fraction of CO 2 that is trapped as residual gas depends strongly on the driving forces that are acting on the injected CO 2 . When CO 2 migrates to the top of an aquifer, brine may be displaced downwards in a counter-current flow setting particularly during the injection period. A majority of the published work on counter-current flow settings have reported significant reductions in the associated relative permeability functions as compared to co-current measurements. However, this phenomenon has not yet been considered in the simulation of CO 2 storage into saline aquifers. In this paper we study the impact of changes in mobility for the two-phase brine/CO 2 system as a result of transitions between co- and counter-current flow settings. We have included this effect in a simulator and studied the impact of the related mobility reduction on the saturation distribution and residual saturation of CO 2 in aquifers over relevant time scales. We demonstrate that the reduction in relative permeability in the vertical direction changes the plume migration pattern and has an impact on the amount of gas that is trapped as a function of time. This is to our best knowledge the first attempt to integrate counter-current relative permeability into the simulation of injection and subsequent migration of CO 2 in aquifers. The results and analysis presented in this paper are directly relevant to all ongoing activities related to the design of large-scale CO 2 storage in saline aquifers.
On the Use of Latent Variable Models to Detect Differences in the Interpretation of Vague Quantifiers

This study explores whether latent variable models may be used to detect individual variability in the interpretation of vague quantifiers of behavioral frequency. Using data from an experiment embedded in the 2006 National Survey of Student Engagement, the current study finds that differential interpretation may be best represented as variability between latent interpretation classes. These analyses illustrate how a researcher might use certain latent variable models to extract a methodological artifactâ€”differential interpretationâ€”from measurement models intended to be purely substantive.
Asymmetric Sandwich-Type Polyoxoanions. Synthesis, Characterization, and X-ray Crystal Structures of Diferric Complexes [TMIIFeIII2(P2W15O56)(P2TMII2W13O52)]16-, TM = Cu or Co

Reaction of the diferric sandwich-type polyoxometalate (NaOH2)2FeIII2(P2W15O56)216- (1) with excess aqueous Cu(II) or Co(II) yields a new type of d-electron-metal substituted polyoxometalate, [TMIIFeIII2(P2W15O56) (P2TMII2W13O52)]16-, TM = Cu (2), Co (3), respectively. The structure of the sodium salt of 2 (Na2), determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (a = 13.4413(9) A, b = 21.2590(15) A, c = 25.5207(18) A, α = 80.475(2)°, β = 85.555(2)°, γ = 89.563(2)°, triclinic, P1, R1 = 5.42%, based on 43097 independent reflections), consists of a defect Fe2Cu central unit sandwiched between two different trivacant Wells−Dawson-type units, P2W15 and P2Cu2W13, where the latter unit has two octahedral Cu(II) ions substituted for two adjacent belt W(VI) atoms. The CuO5OH2 octahedron in the central unit shows pronounced Jahn−Teller distortion. A low-resolution X-ray structure of Na3 is included in the Supporting Information. UV−visible, infrared, 31P NMR, cyclic voltammetric, and elemental analysis data ...
Noise, edge extraction, and visibility of features

Noise, whether due to the image-gathering device or some other reason, reduces the visibility of fine features in an image. Several techniques attempt to mitigate the impact of noise by performing a low-pass filtering operation on the acquired data. This is based on the assumption that the uncorrelated noise has high-frequency content and thus will be suppressed by low-pass filtering. A result of this operation is that edges in a noisy image also tend to get blurred, and, in some cases, may get completely lost due to the low-pass filtering. In this paper, we quantitatively assess the impact of noise on fine feature visibility by using computer-generated targets of known spatial detail. Additionally, we develop a new scheme for noise-reduction based on the connectivity of edge-features. The overall impact of this scheme is to reduce overall noise, yet retain the high frequency content that make edge-features sharp.
Electronic, Spectral, and Electrochemical Properties of (TPPBr(x)())Zn Where TPPBr(x)() Is the Dianion of beta-Brominated-Pyrrole Tetraphenylporphyrin and x Varies from 0 to 8.

The electronic, spectral, and electrochemical characterization of (meso-tetraphenylporphyrinato)zinc(II) complexes bearing between 0 and 8 bromo substituents at the beta-pyrrole positions is reported. The investigated compounds are represented as (TPPBr(x)())Zn where TPPBr(x)() is the dianion of brominated 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin and x varies between 0 and 8. Each porphyrin undergoes four well-defined one-electron transfer reactions to yield porphyrin pi-cation radicals and dications upon oxidation and porphyrin pi-anion radicals and dianions upon reduction. Half-wave potentials for the first reduction of (TPPBr(x)())Zn can be described by a single linear free energy relationship, and plots of E(1/2) versus the number of Br groups on the complex show a linear correlation with a positive slope of 63 mV per Br group. This is not the case for the other three electron transfer processes of the compounds where plots of E(1/2) versus the number of Br groups show distinctly different linear correlations for derivatives with 0-4 Br groups and those with 4-8 Br groups. The effect of increasing number of Br groups on the spectral and electrochemical properties of the neutral complexes was examined over the whole series of compounds, and these experimental results are compared to results of theoretical calculations by semiempirical molecular orbital AM1 methods using configurational interactions (CI) over the four Gouterman frontier pi-orbitals. The dihedral angle containing the four porphyrin macrocycle ring nitrogens is proposed as a measure of porphyrin ring nonplanarity, and this value increases with increasing number of Br substituents on (TPPBr(x)())Zn. Results of the AM1-CI = 4 calculations indicate that the spectrally determined HOMO-LUMO gap, i.e., the energy corresponding to the low-energy absorption band, varies in a nonlinear fashion with increasing number of Br substituents on the macrocycle and this is due to both the electronic effect of the substituents and the macrocycle nonplanarity. The HOMO-LUMO gaps theoretically calculated by AM1-CI = 4 methods thus parallel values which are experimentally obtained by electrochemistry or spectroscopy. The lack of well-defined linear free energy relationships for all processes except for the first reduction can be explained on the basis of electronic effects caused by the halogen substituents and nonplanar macrocyclic distortions induced by steric interactions among the peripheral substituents. In the case of porphyrin dication formation, the redox potentials are virtually independent of the bromo substituents.
SURGERY DESCRIPTIONS AND VOLUMES OF BERGE KNOTS II: DESCRIPTIONS ON THE MINIMALLY TWISTED FIVE CHAIN LINK

Using Kirby calculus, we explicitly pass from Berge's R-R descriptions of ten families of knots with lens space surgeries to surgery descriptions on the minimally twisted five chain link (MT5C). Si...
Limits on non-Gaussianities from WMAP data

We develop a method for constraining the level of non-Gaussianity of density perturbations when the three-point function is of the 'equilateral' type. Departures from Gaussianity of this form are produced by single field models such as ghost or Dirac–Born–Infeld inflation and in general by the presence of higher order derivative operators in the effective Lagrangian of the inflaton. We show that the induced shape of the three-point function can be very well approximated by a factorizable form, making the analysis practical. We also show that, unless one has a full sky map with uniform noise, in order to saturate the Cramer–Rao bound for the error on the amplitude of the three-point function, the estimator must contain a piece that is linear in the data. We apply our technique to the WMAP data obtaining a constraint on the amplitude fNLequil of 'equilateral' non-Gaussianity: −366 < fNLequil < 238 at 95% C.L. We also apply our technique to constrain the so-called 'local' shape, which is predicted for example by the curvaton and variable decay width models. We show that the inclusion of the linear piece in the estimator improves the constraint over those obtained by the WMAP team, to −27 < fNLlocal < 121 at 95% C.L.
Accounting for Option–based Compensation: The Economic Cost Approach

The intrinsic value approach amortizes over the life of the option, the difference between the stock price on the date of the grant and the exercise price of the option. The fair market value approach amortizes over the life of the option, the market value of stock options on the date of the grant. These approaches do not reflect the changes in the option–based compensation cost after the grant date. This paper proposes an economic cost approach that not only adjusts for the changes in the value of the options during its life but also records the issuance of the stock at fair market value on the exercise date.
Low-Thrust Control of a Lunar Mapping Orbit

A method is presented for establishing and maintaining a lunar mapping orbit using continuous-low-thrust propulsion. Optimal control theory is used to maintain a lunar orbit that is low-altitude, near-polar, and sun-synchronous, which are three typical requirements for a successful lunar mapping mission. The analysis of the optimal control problem leads to the commonly seen two-point boundary-value problem, which is solved using a simple indirect shooting algorithm. Simulations are presented for a one-year mapping duration, in which it is shown that an average control force of 0.5 N for a 1000-kg-class spacecraft is required to rotate the orbit plane at the sun-synchronous rate. Because this amounts to a total A V of roughly 15 km/s, a fairly large propellant mass of 416 kg would be required from a typical ion thruster for a one-year mission. However, if the science requirements can be fulfilled in a shorter 1―2-month mission, the required propellant mass could be drastically reduced. Also, it is shown that if the desired control accuracy of the sun-synchronous ascending node is relaxed, the required thrust levels can be decreased by roughly 0.2 N.
Pinned branes and new non Lorentz invariant theories

Abstract We describe a mechanism for localising branes in ambient space. When a 3-form flux is turned on in a Taub–NUT space, an M5-brane gets an effective potential that pins it to the center of the space. A similar effect occurs for M2-branes and D-branes with appropriate fluxes. In carefully chosen limits of the external parameters, this leads to new theories that are decoupled from gravity and appear to break Lorentz invariance. For example, we predict the existence of a new 5 + 1D theory that breaks Lorentz invariance at high-energy and has a low-energy description of N tensor multiplets with N =(1,0) supersymmetry. We also predict a new type of theory that, similarly to the little-string theory decouples from gravity by a dynamical (rather than kinematical) argument.
The Effect Of Stock Splits On Liquidity And Excess Returns: Evidence From Shareholder Ownership Composition

We examine the influence of firm ownership composition on both the abnormal returns at the announcement of a stock split and liquidity changes following a stock split. We find three results. First, the largest post-split increase in institutional ownership occurs for firms that had low institutional ownership before the split. Second, changes in liquidity are negatively related to the level of institutional ownership before the split. Last, the abnormal return following a split is negatively related to the level of institutional ownership before the split. These findings are important as they shed new light on the source of stock split announcement returns.
The Dark Side of Authority: Antecedents, Mechanisms, and Outcomes of Organizational Corruption

Corruption poisons corporations in America and around the world, and has devastating consequences for the entire social fabric. In this article, we focus on organizational corruption, described as the abuse of authority for personal benefit, and draw on Weber’s three ideal-types of legitimate authority to develop a theoretical model to better understand the antecedents of different types of organizational corruption. Specifically, we examine the types of business misconduct that organizational leaders are likely to engage in, contingent on their legitimate authority, motives, and justifications. We conclude by suggesting managerial implications of our theoretical model and propose directions for future research.
The Electromagnetic Interactions of Electrons in the Lowest Landau Level

Abstract Starting from a system of planar electrons in a strong magnetic field normal to the plane and interacting with perturbing electromagnetic fields, an effective Lagrangian for the fermions in the lowest Landau level (LLL) has been derived. By choosing a suitable background electrostatic potential, an incompressible droplet of these electrons is constructed. The gauge invariant effective Lagrangian for the electrons in the LLL is shown to split naturally into a (1 + 1)-dimensional Lagrangian for the electrons on the surface of the droplet and into a (2 + 1)-dimensional gauge-field Lagrangian representing the contribution of the interior of the droplet. Upon bosonization, the former represents the surface vibrations of the droplet. Individually neither of these two actions is gauge invariant, but it is shown that the gauge dependences from the two pieces cancel out. This demonstrates that the edge degrees of freedom are essential for maintaining gauge invariance.
Effect of band warping and wafer orientation on NMOS mobility under arbitrary applied stress

We have developed a novel simulation approach to model electron mobility in the inversion layer which encompasses all the important effects of arbitrary wafer and applied stress orientations, such as carrier re-population, band warping, and scattering, going beyond the separate treatments of band warping and inversion anisotropy that have been demonstrated. Our model predicts an important consequence of electron band warping in retaining the increase of stress gain at high stress levels in the presence of shear stress at strong inversion.
Prediction of Adaptive Array Performance

A direct relationship between the conventional properties of an array and the array performance in an adaptive mode is given. Expressions are provided to obtain the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of an adaptive array in terms of its conventinal pattern and the locations of the desired signal and jammers. These expressions permit one to evaluate the performance of an adaptive array without an exhaustive search for all possible scenarios and parametric values to ascertain that the required performance levels be met. In fact, one can predict the jammer locations for which the array will provide its best and worst performance by observing the conventional pattern. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the relationship between the conventional pattern and the adaptive array performance. The examples include both linear and planar arrays.
Free-Falling Autorotating Plate — A Coupled Fluid and Flight Mechanics Problem

A computational method coupling the three-degrees-of-freedom flight mechanics equations and the twodimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations was developed which could be used to predict the autorotating characteristics of a free-falling, two-dimensional flat plate. The two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations were cast in a body-fixed coordinate system. The corresponding velocities were cast in an inertial reference system. The Navier-Stokes equations were represented by implicit finite differences and solved using a successive-overrelaxation iteration technique. The resulting aerodynamic coefficients were entered into the three-degrees-of-freedom flight mechanics equations. The system of ordinary differential equations describing the flight mechanics was solved using an Adams-Bashforth explicit method to predict the movement of the plate. New values of the boundary conditions for the Navier-Stokes equations solver were obtained from this movement of the plate. The process was repeated to advance the solution in time. The flight path of a freefalling autorotating plate was predicted using the computational procedure and the validity of the overall approach demonstrated by comparison with experiment.
Management of paraproteinemic renal disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Paraproteinemic renal diseases comprise a group of renal disorders that are difficult to manage, in part because of subtleties in the clinical presentation and confusion regarding diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Often, nephrologists make the diagnosis of the underlying plasma cell dyscrasia following renal biopsy. This review seeks to provide a greater understanding of the mechanism of disease and recent approaches to the management of patients who have AL-amyloidosis, monoclonal light-chain and light and heavy-chain deposition disease [termed ML(H)CDD], and cast nephropathy. All three renal lesions are caused by deposition of immunoglobulin light chains. This review seeks to provide a greater understanding of the mechanism of disease and recent approaches to the management of these patients. RECENT FINDINGS The immunoglobulin light chain takes the center stage in the pathogenesis of AL-amyloidosis, ML(H)CDD and cast nephropathy. Modifications in the variable domain are responsible for the affinity of the light chain for a given segment of the nephron and the subsequent toxic manifestations. Therapy aimed at eradicating the offending clone of plasma cells that secrete the monoclonal light chain should be beneficial, but this hypothesis lacks confirmation. Four nonrandomized studies have now demonstrated clinical benefit, including return of renal function, of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT/SCT) in the treatment of patients who have AL-amyloidosis or ML(H)CDD. SUMMARY While randomized trials are lacking, the data support the clinical efficacy of more aggressive treatments designed to reduce the plasma cell clone responsible for these renal disorders.
Total synthesis necessitates revision of the structure of robustadials

A partir de trimethoxy-1,3,5 benzene, synthese du dihydroxy-5',7' dimethyl-2,2 isobutyl-4' spiro [bicyclo [3.2.0] heptane-3:2'-chromannedicarbaldehyde-6',8']; ce compose n'est pas identique au robustadial A auquel on assigne une structure norbornane a la place du bicyclo [3.2.0] heptane
Anomaly-free formulation of non-perturbative, four-dimensional Lorentzian quantum gravity

Abstract A Wheeler-DeWitt quantum constraint operator for four-dimensional, non-perturbative Lorentzian vacuum quantum gravity is defined in the continuum. The regulated Wheeler-DeWitt constraint operator is finite, does not require any renormalization and the final operator is anomaly-free and at least symmetric. The technique introduced here can also be used to produce a couple of completely well-defined regulated operators including but not exhausting (i) the Euclidean Wheeler-DeWitt operator, (ii) the generator of the Wick rotation transform that maps solutions to the Euclidean Hamiltonian constraint to solutions to the Lorentzian Hamiltonian constraint, (iii) length operators, (iv) Hamiltonian operators of the matter sector and (v) the generators of the asymptotic Poincare group including the quantum ADM energy.
Highly diastereoselective Markovnikov hydration of 3,4-dialkoxy-1-alkenes and 4,5-dialkoxy-2-alkenes via a hydroboration-oxidation process

Abstract Hydroboration-oxidation of 3,4-dialkoxy- and 3,4,5-trialkoxy-1-alkenes and 4,5-dialkoxy-2-alkenes occurs to give high proportions of the secondary alcohols (Markovnikov hydration) with excellent diastereoselectivity ( anti to the allylic alkoxide).
Octet baryon magnetic moments from QCD sum rules

A comprehensive study is made for the magnetic moments of octet baryons in the method of QCD sum rules. A complete set of QCD sum rules is derived using the external-field method and generalized interpolating fields. For each member, three sum rules are constructed from three independent tensor structures. They are analyzed in conjunction with the corresponding mass sum rules. The performance of each of the sum rules is examined using the criteria of operator product expansion convergence and ground-state dominance, along with the role of the transitions in intermediate states. Individual contributions from the u, d, and s quarks are isolated and their implications in the underlying dynamics are explored. Valid sum rules are identified and their predictions are obtained. The results are compared with experiment and previous calculations.
Establishing a baseline for assessing the frequency of auditors' comments concerning perceived client integrity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether comments made by Big‐Six auditors about their post‐audit perceptions of the client's integrity were influenced by their firm's rating of the client's integrity prior to the start of the current audit.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses an established fraud detection case study with a manipulation of client integrity. The participants include 152 managers and 342 seniors from five of the then Big‐Six firms.Findings – The findings indicates that auditors were insensitive to client integrity ratings in the audit planning/risk assessment stage of the audit.Practical implications – The very foundation of corporate governance and the value of the audit are weakened when client integrity is questionable and may not result in implementing more rigorous audit procedures suggested by Mautz and Sharaf.Originality/value – The existent literature cannot be used to determine whether or not Auditing Standards enacted since 1991 have had any effect on the...
Is There Evidence of Loss Aversion in Saving Behaviors in Spain

This study uses data from the 2005 Survey of Household Finances to investigate the existence of loss aversion in household saving behavior in Spain. Loss aversion refers to an asymmetry in saving behavior in response to increases and decreases in income, where income decreases have a greater effect than increases. Evidence of loss aversion in household saving behaviors in the U.S. has been presented in previous research, and evidence of loss aversion in saving has been found using aggregate data from Europe, but to date there are no household level studies on loss aversion and saving behaviors in Europe. The present results do not support the existence of loss aversion at the household level in Spain. The results indicate symmetry in the responses to positive and negative income changes, failing to provide support for loss aversion in household saving behaviors.
The Formation of Disk-Bulge-Halo Systems and the Origin of the Hubble Sequence

We investigate the formation of disk-bulge-halo systems by including bulges in the Fall & Efstathiou theory of disk formation. This allows an investigation of bulge-dominated disk galaxies, such as S0's and disky ellipticals. These latter systems, which consist of an elliptical spheroid with an embedded disk with a scale length of typically a few hundred parsecs, seem to form a smooth sequence with spirals and S0's toward a lower disk-to-bulge ratio. The aim of this paper is to examine whether spirals, S0's, and disky ellipticals all can be incorporated in one simple galaxy-formation scenario. We investigate an inside-out formation scenario in which subsequent layers of gas cool and form stars inside a virialized dark halo. The inner, low angular momentum material is assumed to form the bulge. Stability arguments are used to suggest that this bulge formation is a self-regulating process in which the bulge grows until it is massive enough to allow the remaining gas to form a stable disk component. We assume that the baryons that build the disk do not lose their specific angular momentum, and we search for the parameters and physical processes that determine the disk-to-bulge ratio and therewith explain to a large extent the origin of the Hubble sequence. The spread in halo angular momenta coupled with a spread in the formation redshifts can explain the observed spread in disk properties and disk-to-bulge ratios from spirals to S0's. If galaxy formation is efficient, and all available baryons are transformed into the disk-bulge system, cosmologies with Ω0 0.3 can be excluded since stable spiral disks would not be allowed to form. If we assume, however, that the efficiency with which galaxies form depends on the formation redshift, as suggested by the small amount of scatter in the observed Tully-Fisher relation, and we assume that the probability for a certain baryon ultimately to end up in the disk or bulge is independent of its specific angular momentum, spirals are allowed to form, but only at small formation redshifts (z 1). At higher formation redshifts, stability arguments suggest the formation of systems with smaller disk-to-bulge ratios, such as S0's. Since density perturbations in clusters will generally collapse earlier than those in the field, this scenario naturally predicts a density-morphology relation, the amplitude of which depends on the baryon fraction of the universe. Disky ellipticals are too compact to be incorporated in this scenario, and thus they do not form a continuous sequence with spirals and S0's, at least not in the sense of the galaxy-formation scenario envisioned in this paper. Alternative formation scenarios for the disky ellipticals, such as gas-rich mergers or an internal mass-loss origin for the embedded disks, are much more viable.
Photoconductivity of activated carbon fibers

The conductivity and photoconductivity are measured on a high-surface-area disordered carbon material, i.e., activated carbon fibers, to investigate their electronic properties. This material is a highly disordered carbon derived from a phenolic precursor, having a huge specific surface area of 1000–2000 m2/g. Our preliminary thermopower measurements show that the dominant carriers are holes at room temperature. The x-ray diffraction pattern reveals that the microstructure is amorphous-like with Lc ≃ 10 A. The intrinsic electrical conductivity, on the order of 20 S/cm at room temperature, increases by a factor of several with increasing temperature in the range 30–290 K. In contrast, the photoconductivity in vacuum decreases with increasing temperature. The magnitude of the photoconductive signal was reduced by a factor of ten when the sample was exposed to air. The recombination kinetics changes from a monomolecular process at room temperature to a bimolecular process at low temperatures, indicative of an increase in the photocarrier density at low temperatures. The high density of localized states, which limits the motion of carriers and results in a slow recombination process, is responsible for the observed photoconductivity.
Welfare generosity, pregnancies and abortions among unmarried AFDC recipients

Even before the 1996 overhaul of the U.S. welfare system, a number of states had ended the practice of paying extra benefits to families who have additional children while receiving welfare. Proponents believe that this reform can reduce births to recipients, however many worry that it may encourage women to obtain abortions. Using a sample of unmarried AFDC recipients from the NLSY, we estimate a bivariate probit model of pregnancy and, conditional on becoming pregnant, the probability of abortion. Our results lend some support for the proposition that reducing incremental AFDC benefits will decrease pregnancies without increasing abortions.
Mars and the Remarkable Viking Results

It is pointed out that the Viking missions to Mars are the most extraordinary and complex remote effort ever performed by man. Factors which made the Viking results so remarkable are related to the technological engineering accomplishment, the voluminous scientific data about the planet, and the public interest. Quite surprisingly it was found that the Viking 1 landing site was very similar to the California desert. Attention is given to details of spacecraft landing on the Martian surface, aspects of landing site selection, the design and the operation of Lander instruments, the nine different investigations performed by the Lander, the significance of the pictures obtained of Mars, the remarkable heterogeneity of the planet, the extent and variety of volcanism, the presence of water in the solid and gaseous form on the Martian surface, the presence of water in the liquid phase at some time in the past, the two natural Martian satellites, the composition of the Martian polar caps and their changes during the seasons, the composition of the atmosphere, and the biological results, which remain ambiguous.
All-Carbon Molecules: Evidence for the Generation of Cyclo[18]carbon from a Stable Organic Precursor

The unambiguous structural characterization of a single-sized all-carbon molecule requires its chemical synthesis. For cyclo[18]carbon, ab initio calculations predict a relatively stable, cyclic D9h ground state geometry with alternating C-C (1.36 angstroms) and C identical withC (1.20 angstroms) bonds. The synthesis and x-ray crystal structure of a direct precursor to C(18) are described. The analysis of laser flash heating experiments on this precursor by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy shows a sequence of retro-Diels-Alder reactions leading to C(18) as the predominant fragmentation pattern. Structural evidence is provided for the generation of an all-carbon molecule from a well-characterized organic precursor.
Positive vacuum energy and the N-bound

We argue that the total observable entropy is bounded by the inverse of the cosmological constant. This holds for all space-times with a positive cosmological constant, including cosmologies dominated by ordinary matter, and recollapsing universes. The argument involves intermediate steps which may be of interest in their own right. We note that entropy cannot be observed unless it lies both in the past and in the future of the observer's history. This truncates space-time to a diamond-shaped subset well-suited to the application of the covariant entropy bound. We further require, and derive, a novel Bekenstein-like bound on matter entropy in asymptotically de Sitter spaces. Our main result lends support to the proposal that universes with positive cosmological constant are described by a fundamental theory with only a finite number of degrees of freedom.
A methodology for verifying programs

The paper investigates methods for applying an online interactive verification system designed to prove properties of PASCAL programs. The methodology provides techniques for developing a debugged and verified version starting from an incomplete program.
Small forcings and Cohen reals

We show that all posets of uniform density ℵ 1 may have to add a Cohen real and develop some forcing machinery for obtaining this sort of result.
Modeling rationality in marketing decision-making with game theory

Game theory may be used to gain insight into interfirm competition and the marketing decision-making process. This paper is aimed at the reader unfamiliar or only vaguely familiar with game theory and begins with a review of game theory terminology useful to marketing applications. Attention then focuses on the meaning of rational behavior in less-than-perfect conditions, which is a critical issue in the application of game theory to practical business situations (what may appear to be irrational behavior under conditions of complete information may be reasonable given the complex competitive environment typical of marketing decision-making situations). The paper concludes with an appraisal of the use of game theory as a decision-making model for managers.
TORSIONAL MAGNETIC OSCILLATIONS IN TYPE I X-RAY BURSTS

Thermonuclear burning on the surface of a neutron star causes the expansion of a thin outer layer of the star, ΔR(t). The layer rotates slower than the star due to angular momentum conservation. The shear between the star and the layer acts to twist the star's dipole magnetic field, giving at first a trailing spiral field. The twist of the field acts in turn to "torque up" the layer, increasing its specific angular momentum. As the layer cools and contracts, its excess specific angular momentum causes it to rotate faster than the star, which gives a leading spiral magnetic field. The process repeats, giving rise to torsional oscillations. We derive equations for the angular velocity and magnetic field of the layer, taking into account the diffusivity and viscosity that are probably due to turbulence. The magnetic field causes a nonuniformity of the star's photosphere (at the top of the heated layer), and this gives rise to the observed X-ray oscillations. The fact that the layer periodically rotates faster than the star means that the X-ray oscillation frequency may "overshoot" the star's rotation frequency. Comparison of the theory is made with observations of Chakrabarty et al. of an X-ray burst of SAX J1808.4-3658.
Magnetoelectric laminate composites with prestress consideration

The converse magnetoelectric effect of an asymmetric Piezo-fiber/Metglas bilayer laminate composite subjected to mechanical prestress is presented. The mechanical prestress is applied by either dc electric voltage bias or direct mechanical load bias. It is found that a mechanical prestress strongly influences the converse magnetoelectric coupling response. The optimum dc magnetic field bias shifts with different prestress and compressive stress requires higher dc magnetic field bias. Additionally, an optimum prestress exists to maximize the converse magnetoelectric response under certain dc magnetic field bias ranges. Therefore, in order to integrate magnetoelectric composite into actual structures, a proper prestress needs to be employed to maximize the CME coefficient.
Capital Flows, Maturity Mismatches, and Profitability in Emerging Markets: Evidence From Bank Level Data

Despite the extensive work on currency mismatches, research investigating the significance of maturity mismatches in emerging market economies is scarce. In particular, how capital flows affect maturity mismatches, and the significance of these mismatches for financial health during crisis and non-crisis periods have not been investigated as thoroughly. In this paper, I show that emerging market banks' maturity mismatches are positively related to capital flows and that maturity mismatches play a key role in determining external vulnerability. Specifically, using bank level data, I find that maturity mismatches significantly increase during periods of high capital inflows, and banks with high maturity mismatches report larger losses if there is a capital reversal -despite being more profitable in more tranquil periods —. Finally, I also propose a simple partial equilibrium framework that is convenient for analyzing the effects of maturity mismatches.
Data independent recursion in deductive databases

Abstract Some recursive definitions in deductive database systems can be replaced by equivalent nonrecursive definitions. In this paper we give a linear-time algorithm that detects many such definitions, and specify a useful subset of recursive definitions for which the algorithm is complete. Recent results by Gaifman et al. in “Proceedings, 2nd. IEEE Sympos. on Logic in Comput. Sci., June 1987,” pp. 106–115. show that the general problem is undecidable. We consider two types of initialization of the recursively defined relation: arbitrary initialization, and initialization by a given nonrecursive rule. This extends earlier work and is related to bounded tableau results by Sagiv in “Proceedings, ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD Sympos. on Principles of Database Systems, 1985,” pp. 171–180. Even if there is no equivalent nonrecursive definition, a modification of our algorithm can be used to optimize a recursive definition, and improve the efficiency of the compiled evaluation algorithms.
Counting higher genus curves in a Calabi-Yau manifold

We explicitly evaluate the low energy coupling Fg in a d = 4, N = 2 compactification of the heterotic string. The holomorphic piece of this expression provides the information not encoded in the holomorphic anomaly equations, and we find that it is given by an elementary polylogarithm with index 3 - 2g, thus generalizing in a natural way the known results for g = 0, 1. The heterotic model has a dual Calabi-Yau compactification of the type 11 string. We compare the answer with the general form expected from curve-counting formulae and find good agreement. As a corollary of this comparison we predict some numbers of higher genus curves in a specific Calabi-Yau, and extract some intersection numbers on the moduli space of genus-g Riemann surfaces.
Comparison of psychosocial status in treatment-seeking women with class III vs. class I-II obesity.

Objective: This study compared the psychosocial status and weight loss expectations of women with extreme (class III) obesity who sought bariatric surgery with those of women with class I–II obesity who enrolled in a research study on behavioral weight control. Research Methods and Procedures: Before treatment, all participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory. This latter questionnaire assesses several domains including symptoms of depression and low self-esteem, history of psychiatric complications, current stressors, and weight loss expectations. Results: Women with class III obesity, as compared with class I–II, reported significantly more symptoms of depression. Fully 25% of women in the former group appeared to have a significant mood disorder that would benefit from treatment. As compared with women with class I–II obesity, significantly more women with class III obesity also reported a history of psychiatric complications, which included physical and sexual abuse and greater stress related to their physical health and financial/legal matters. Both groups of women had unrealistic weight loss expectations. Those who sought surgery expected to lose 47.6 ± 9.3% of initial weight, compared with 24.8 ± 8.7% for those who enrolled in behavioral weight control. Discussion: These findings suggest that women with extreme obesity who seek bariatric surgery should be screened for psychosocial complications. Those determined to have significant psychiatric distress should be referred for behavioral or pharmacological treatment to alleviate their suffering. Long-term studies are needed to provide definitive guidance concerning the relationship between preoperative psychopathology and the outcome of bariatric surgery.
Solid-state reaction of nickel silicide and germanide contacts to semiconductor nanochannels

The surge in advancing the materials science of solid-state reactions for nanoscale contacts to advanced semiconductor devices necessitates a comprehensive dissemination and discussion on recent progress. The objective of this work is to review the notable developments in compound and alloy contact formation to nanoscale nanowire channels made of germanium, silicon, and their heterostructures, and to develop a unifying framework for understanding the significantly distinct reaction behaviors from those commonly observed in bulk. The Ni-based compound and alloy contacts are used as a platform to highlight the size-relevant, thermodynamic, and kinetic differences, and their key material, reaction, and electronic parameters and properties are summarized. Special attention is given to the interplay between the compound/alloy contact structure and the resultant electronic properties.
Prediction of Methyl Radical Addition Rate Constants from Molecular Structure

Multiple linear regression and computational neural networks (CNNs) are used to develop quantitative structure−property relationships for methyl radical addition rate constants. Structure based descriptors are used to numerically encode substrate information for 191 compounds. Descriptors can be classified as topological, geometric, electronic, or combination. A six-descriptor CNN was developed that produced training set rms error = 0.381 log units and rms error = 0.496 log units for an external prediction set. A seven-descriptor CNN was used to build a model for a subset of 172 of the compounds. Training set rms error was 0.424 log units and prediction set rms error reduced to 0.409 log units. Model predictions were on the order of experimental error.
Leading coefficients of Kazhdan---Lusztig polynomials for Deodhar elements

We show that the leading coefficient of the Kazhdan---Lusztig polynomial P x,w (q) known as μ(x,w) is always either 0 or 1 when w is a Deodhar element of a finite Weyl group. The Deodhar elements have previously been characterized using pattern avoidance in Billey and Warrington (J. Algebraic Combin. 13(2):111---136, [2001]) and Billey and Jones (Ann. Comb. [2008], to appear). In type A, these elements are precisely the 321-hexagon avoiding permutations. Using Deodhar's algorithm (Deodhar in Geom. Dedicata 63(1):95---119, [1990]), we provide some combinatorial criteria to determine when μ(x,w)=1 for such permutations w.