cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic dissection of hyperthermia-induced neural tube defects in mice†

BACKGROUND Maternal hyperthermia has been shown to induce neural tube defects (NTD) in humans and in experimental animal systems. We report the first genetic dissection of maternal hyperthermia-induced NTD in mice. METHODS After maternal exposure on E8.5 to 43°C water bath for 10 min, we observed exencephaly frequencies among E15.5–17.5 fetuses from the following crosses and backcrosses, SWV/Fnn(SWV)xSWV, C57BL/6J(C57)xC57, SWVxC57 (F1), F1xSWV and SWVxF1. RESULTS The fetuses with maternal hyperthermia exposure developed exencephaly in a strain-dependent manner and the exencephaly frequencies among the above crosses were 46.2, 14.3, 13.6, 11.3, and 27.0%, respectively, expressed over total live fetuses. The fetal death rates were 47.3, 24.6, 37.1, 4.3, and 35.5%, respectively, expressed over total implants. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that a single fetal genetic locus, plus a maternal effect, have likely caused the strain differences in the susceptibility to hyperthermia-induced exencephaly. A maternal effect alone may have caused the higher prenatal mortality rates in the SWVxF1 cross versus the reciprocal cross. Analysis of gender ratios among those affected from these crosses excludes an X- or Y-linked effect in causing the higher numbers of affected females. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:409–413, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Outcome of pregnancy in women with congenital heart disease.

Improvements in diagnosis and surgical technique for correction have led to an increasing number of women with congenital heart disease reaching the child-bearing age. Pregnancy places considerable strain on the heart and circulation and necessitates marked cardiorespiratory adaptation. Today, with the exception of the Eisenmenger syndrome, there is no increased mortality associated with pregnancy in congenital heart disease. In contrast, there is still considerable morbidity, due to congestive heart failure, thromboembolic complications and disturbances of rhythm.Fetal outcome is complicated by a high rate of spontaneous abortions (20–25%), retardation of fetal growth, and premature delivery (almost 100% in cyanotic mothers). Based on an extensive review of the literature, we discuss the specific risks in pregnancy depending on the hemodynamic situations produced by different heart defects. We also discuss the risks and advantages of different regimens for anticoagulation.Counselling concerning contraception is frequently inadequate. The most important problems are thromboembolic complications with the use of hormonal contraception, and hyper- and dysmenorrhea in those using intrauterine devices. Finally, the genetic risks must be considered, differentiating between single gene defects and the sex of the parents suffering from congenital heart diseases.
Queueing analysis of a butterfly network

Network coding has gained significant attention in recent years as a means to improve throughput, especially in multicast scenarios. These capacity gains are achieved by combining packets algebraically at various points in the network, thereby alleviating local congestion at the nodes. The benefits of network coding are greatest when the network is heavily utilized or, equivalently, when the sources have infinite backlogs. However, if a network supports delay-sensitive applications, traffic is often sparse and congestion becomes undesirable. The lighter loads typical of real-time traffic with variable sources tend to reduce the returns of network coding. This work seeks to identify the potential benefits of network coding in the context of delay-sensitive applications. As a secondary objective, this paper also studies the cost of establishing network coding in wireless environments. For a network topology to be suitable for coding, links need to possess a proper structure. The cost of establishing this structure may require excessive wireless resources in terms of bandwidth and transmit power. Together, these effects decrease the potential benefits of network coding. For real-time applications over wireless networks, it may be best not to combine information at the nodes.
Leveraging spatial reuse in 802.11 mesh networks with enhanced physical carrier sensing

Spatial reuse in a wireless network can allow multiple communications to proceed simultaneously, hence proportionally improve the overall network throughput. To maximize spatial reuse, the MAC protocol must enable simultaneous transmitters to maintain the minimal separation distance to avoid interference. This paper demonstrates that physical carrier sensing enhanced with tunable sensing threshold is effective at avoiding interference in 802.11 mesh networks without requiring the use of virtual carrier sensing through RTS/CTS. We present analytical model that demonstrates how to derive the optimal sensing threshold given reception power, data rate and network topology. Simulation results are shown for large-scale 802.11b networks to demonstrate that physical carrier sensing with the optimally tuned threshold improves network throughput by maximizing the potential of spatial reuse. In the case of a regular chain topology of 90 nodes, with tuned physical carrier sensing, the end-to-end throughput approaches 90% of the theoretical upper bound that assumes a perfect MAC protocol. Hence, without modifying the 802.11 MAC protocol, our enhanced physical carrier sensing mechanism effectively maximizes the potential of improving network throughput with spatial reuse.
Inspection 13.2 nm table-top full-field microscope

We present results on a table-top microscope that uses an EUV stepper geometry to capture full-field images with a halfpitch spatial resolution of 55 nm. This microscope uses a 13.2 nm wavelength table-top laser for illumination and acquires images of reflective masks with exposures of 20 seconds. These experiments open the path to the realization of high resolution table-top imaging systems for actinic defect characterization.
What does recovery mean to you? Lessons from the recovery experience for research and practice

Recovery is a ubiquitous concept but remains poorly understood and ill defined, hindering the development of assessment tools necessary to evaluate treatment effectiveness. This study examines recovery definitions and experiences among persons who self-identify as “in recovery.” Two questions are addressed: (a) Does recovery require total abstinence from all drugs and alcohol? (b) Is recovery defined solely in terms of substance use or does it extend to other areas of functioning as well? Inner-city residents with resolved dependence to crack or heroin were interviewed yearly three times (N = 289). Most defined recovery as total abstinence. However, recovery goes well beyond abstinence; it is experienced as a bountiful “new life,” an ongoing process of growth, self-change, and reclaiming the self. Implications for clinical and assessment practice are discussed, including the need to effect paradigmatic shifts from pathology to wellness and from acute to
A Theory for Long-Lived Mesoscale Convective Systems

Abstract It is proposed that certain long-lived mesoscale convective systems maintain themselves through an interaction between quasi-balanced vertical motions and the diabatic effects of moist convection. Latent heat release, evaporation and melting of precipitation, and thermal radiation are all shown to contribute to the creation of a positive potential vorticity anomaly in the lower troposphere. This anomaly can interact with a sheared environment so as to induce further lifting of low-level air and subsequent release of conditional instability.
Video training and certification program improves reliability of postischemic neurologic deficit measurement in the rat.

Scoring systems are used to measure behavioral deficits in stroke research. Video-assisted training is used to standardize stroke-related neurologic deficit scoring in humans. We hypothesized that ...
Isolation of Mites from House Dust

House dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes) were isolated by the flotation method with the aid of an ultrasonic cleaner. Crystal violet stain facilitated the counting procedure. The mites were mounted in a polyvinyl alcohol medium. An incandescent lamp was used to separate the live mites from house dust. The mites were reared on human whiskers in a special microchamber.
Plastic faulting in saltwater ice

Compression experiments on laboratory-grown columnar S2 saltwater ice loaded triaxially through proportional loading at T = –20°C at applied strain rates of demonstrate that plastic (P) faulting is a mode of failure in saltwater ice when rapidly loaded under a high degree of confinement. In terms of microstructure, mechanical behavior and strength, saltwater ice that fails via P-faulting is almost indistinguishable from columnar S2 freshwater ice that fails via P-faulting loaded under the same conditions. The results also demonstrate that saltwater ice loaded rapidly may exhibit yet another mode of failure, in addition to P-faulting, through what appears to be a mechanism of pore collapse.
Using low-tech thermometers to measure body temperatures in older adults. A pilot study.

Many studies compare temperature sites and equipment, but none have examined the validity of groin temperatures in older adults, or compared Galinstan-in-glass with mercury-in-glass thermometer products. The purpose of this pilot study was to collect and analyze data related to human body temperature monitoring in adults 50 and older. Groin temperature (Tg) was compared with simultaneous oral (To) and rectal (Tr) temperature measures for each participant using two thermometer types (i.e., mercury-in-glass and Galinstan-in-glass). A high degree of correlation was found among sites and devices. Further study will be needed to include a larger, more diverse study population for the Galinstan non-mercury thermometer devices. Further study will also be needed to assess various temperature assessment sites for a larger, more diverse study population (e.g., age, gender, race, disease state).
Preschool is a sensitive period for the influence of maternal support on the trajectory of hippocampal development

Building on well-established animal data demonstrating the effects of early maternal support on hippocampal development and adaptive coping, a few longitudinal studies suggest that early caregiver support also impacts human hippocampal development. How caregiving contributes to human hippocampal developmental trajectories, whether there are sensitive periods for these effects, as well as whether related variation in hippocampal development predicts later childhood emotion functioning are of major public health importance. The current study investigated these questions in a longitudinal study of preschoolers assessed annually for behavioral and emotional development, including observed caregiver support. One hundred and twenty-seven children participated in three waves of magnetic resonance brain imaging through school age and early adolescence. Multilevel modeling of the effects of preschool and school-age maternal support on hippocampal volumes across the three waves was conducted. Hippocampal volume increased faster for those with higher levels of preschool maternal support. Subjects with support 1 SD above the mean had a 2.06 times greater increase in total hippocampus volume across the three scans than those with 1 SD below the mean (2.70% vs. 1.31%). No effect of school-age support was found. Individual slopes of hippocampus volume were significantly associated with emotion regulation at scan 3. The findings demonstrate a significant effect of early childhood maternal support on hippocampal volume growth across school age and early adolescence and suggest an early childhood sensitive period for these effects. They also show that this growth trajectory is associated with later emotion functioning.
Multimodal navigated skull base tumor resection using image-based vascular and cranial nerve segmentation: A prospective pilot study.

Skull base tumors frequently encase or invade adjacent normal neurovascular structures. For this reason, optimal tumor resection with incomplete knowledge of patient anatomy remains a challenge.To determine the accuracy and utility of image-based preoperative segmentation in skull base tumor resections, we performed a prospective study. Ten patients with skull base tumors underwent preoperative 3T magnetic resonance imaging, which included thin section three-dimensional (3D) space T2, 3D time of flight, and magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo sequences. Imaging sequences were loaded in the neuronavigation system for segmentation and preoperative planning. Five different neurovascular landmarks were identified in each case and measured for accuracy using the neuronavigation system. Each segmented neurovascular element was validated by manual placement of the navigation probe, and errors of localization were measured.Strong correspondence between image-based segmentation and microscopic view was found at the surface of the tumor and tumor-normal brain interfaces in all cases. The accuracy of the measurements was 0.45 ± 0.21 mm (mean ± standard deviation). This information reassured the surgeon and prevented vascular injury intraoperatively. Preoperative segmentation of the related cranial nerves was possible in 80% of cases and helped the surgeon localize involved cranial nerves in all cases.Image-based preoperative vascular and neural element segmentation with 3D reconstruction is highly informative preoperatively and could increase the vigilance of neurosurgeons for preventing neurovascular injury during skull base surgeries. Additionally, the accuracy found in this study is superior to previously reported measurements. This novel preliminary study is encouraging for future validation with larger numbers of patients.
Diagnostico no invasivo de la enfermedad vascular extra e intracraneal

INTRODUCTION Over the last 10 years the diagnosis of chronic and acute cerebrovascular disorders has been greatly improved. We have available now not only better anatomical imaging methods that allow a more precise localization and subtyping of the problem, but also physiological methods that look at the function and interaction between the brain's parenchyma and its perfusion. DEVELOPMENT In this article the utility and clinical indications of ultrasonography (duplex and Transcranial Doppler) including the modern techniques of embolus detection are described. Also discussed are Magnetic resonance angiography, perfusion-diffusion magnetic resonance, computed tomographic angiography (angio-CT), single photon emission tomography (SPECT). Clinical examples of real cases exemplify the use of these techniques.
Resistances to learning behavior therapy.

Resistance to learning about behavior therapy, due to role conflict, model conflict, and disparagement, remains high in the mental-health field despite growing interest in behavioral methods and mo...
An experimental study of the elastic theory for granular flows

This paper reports annular shear cell measurements granular flows with an eye towards experimentally confirming the flow regimes laid out in the elastic theory of granular flow. Tests were carried out on four different kinds of plastic spherical particles under both constant volume flows and constant applied stress flows. In particular, observations were made of the new regime in that model, the elastic-inertial regime, and the predicted transitions between the elastic-inertial and both the elastic-quasistatic and pure inertial regimes.
Logical Linked Data Compression

Linked data has experienced accelerated growth in recent years. With the continuing proliferation of structured data, demand for RDF compression is becoming increasingly important. In this study, we introduce a novel lossless compression technique for RDF datasets, called Rule Based Compression (RB Compression) that compresses datasets by generating a set of new logical rules from the dataset and removing triples that can be inferred from these rules. Unlike other compression techniques, our approach not only takes advantage of syntactic verbosity and data redundancy but also utilizes semantic associations present in the RDF graph. Depending on the nature of the dataset, our system is able to prune more than 50% of the original triples without affecting data integrity.
What changes when? The course of improvement during a stage-based treatment for suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder and PTSD.

AbstractObjective: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) with the DBT Prolonged Exposure (DBT PE) protocol is an integrated treatment for suicidal and self-injuring individuals with PTSD and borderline personality disorder (BPD) that occurs in three stages: Stage 1 targets behavioral dyscontrol, Stage 2 targets posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) via the DBT PE protocol, and Stage 3 addresses remaining problems. We evaluated the course of change in multiple outcomes across these three stages and compared them to changes found in DBT alone. Method: Participants were 38 women with BPD, PTSD and recent suicidal and/or non-suicidal self-injury. Data were collected weekly or bi-weekly to assess PTSD, BPD, global well-being, state dissociation, and urges to engage in problem behaviors. Results: In DBT + DBT PE, there was a significant improvement in PTSD in Stage 2 and in PTSD, BPD, and state dissociation in Stage 3. Compared to DBT, DBT + DBT PE led to significantly higher global well-being and moderately, but n...
Ollier disease with anaplastic astrocytoma: A review of the literature and a unique case.

Background: Ollier disease is a rare, nonfamilial disorder that primary affects the long bones and cartilage of joints with multiple enchondromas. It is associated with a higher risk of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies; although the incidence is unknown.
Probabilistic Approach to Determine the Efficiency of Ocean Wave Energy Conversion Systems

Recently, several research studies are being conducted on Ocean Wave Energy Conversion (OWEC) systems that convert wave motion into electricity. The efficiency of OWEC systems is a parameter of great significance. Thus, it is important to consider factors that affect the efficiency of the system, such as ocean wave properties, airflow characteristics of the OWEC systems, and manufacturing inaccuracies. However, these parameters have inherent uncertainties, which should not be disregarded. Without considering these uncertainties, the feasibility assessment of an OWEC system can be misleading. For this study, the following research question was developed: can probabilistic analysis be used to determine the reliability of the efficiency of the OWEC system? To answer this research question, the specific aims developed were: (1) to quantify the uncertainties of the input parameters, and (2) to determine the reliability of efficiency of the OWEC system. The reliability of the efficiency of the system was calculated probabilistically. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the random variable that had the most impact on the reliability of the efficiency of the OWEC system. Advanced Mean Value (AMV) method was used to determine the probability of failure. NESSUS software was used to perform the probabilistic analysis. In order to assess the reliability of the system, a target efficiency was set and the probability of achieving this efficiency under uncertain input conditions was investigated. The deterministic and probabilistic results were also compared. The results showed that, probabilistic analysis approach can reveal the reliability of the system efficiency by accounting for the wave parameter and manufacturing uncertainties. Moreover, sensitivity analysis showed the variables that had the most impact on reliability of efficiency.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Object shape extraction from cluttered bags

The passengers flow at the US airports increased in the recent years. The larger number of passengers demands for lower number of false alarms and higher accuracy of threat detection at the time of baggage screening. This paper presents an algorithm to detect and extract possible explosive containers in X-Ray- CT bags images. The algorithm is composed by three main stages. The 1st one makes the threat container excels among the other objects in the bag image. The 2nd approach: Extracts the SURF features from the query and the bag images; Matches the SURF feature vectors from the two images. The bag image points (pixels), at which the best match is found, define regions of interest (RoI). Different RoI in a bag are identified by separate clusters of points. At the 3rd stage of the algorithm an enlarging active contour (AC) extracts the boundary of every RoI. The starting point of every AC is the mass center of the corresponding cluster of SURF points. The theory is validated on a number of X-ray/CT images. A qualitative comparison with contemporary methods outlines the advantages and the contribution of the present algorithm.
Screening for Colorectal Cancer.

A 50-year-old woman presents for a routine visit. She is healthy with no significant medical history, takes no medications, and has no personal or family history of cancer.
Item Parameter Drift in a Time-Varying Predictor

ABSTRACTThe current simulation study examined the effects of Item Parameter Drift (IPD) occurring in a short scale on parameter estimates in multilevel models where scores from a scale were employed as a time-varying predictor to account for outcome scores. Five factors, including three decisions about IPD, were considered for simulation conditions. It was revealed that IPD occurring in a relatively shorter scale led to a substantial increase in the amount of relative bias in parameter estimates. The bias was more prominent in the estimates of level-2 time-varying predictors relative to those of level-1 time-varying predictors. Regarding the decisions about IPD, keeping items exhibiting IPD was more appropriate than removing them based on the results from relative bias of standard errors of estimates. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that removing items exhibiting IPD may lead to an increase of Type II errors due to the underestimation of parameter estimates and overestimation of standard errors...
Fiber Fragmentation in a Single Filament Composite and the Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramics

Recent advances in understanding the statistical fragmentation process of a fiber in a single filament composite have also been a key in understanding the failure process in fiber-reinforced ceramics, especially the strength distribution and size effects. Comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations suggest that accurate reliability estimates are possible for very long composites. This paper reviews the key theoretical developments.
Atmospheric Entry Heating of Interplanetary Dust

The Earth is continually bombarded by interplanetary dust accreting at a rate of about 30,000 tons per year. Although most dust particles larger than about 100 μm in size vaporize on atmospheric entry producing meteors, smaller particles, typically ranging from 5 to 35 μ m in size, radiate heat so efficiently that they decelerate in the upper atmosphere without melting. The peak temperature reached during atmospheric deceleration of an interplanetary dust particle depends on the shape, size, density, entry velocity, entry angle, and radiational properties of the particle. Equations to model the atmospheric entry deceleration and heating of spherical interplanetary dust particles are described, and time-temperature heating profiles from computer simulations are presented. Entry heating modeling shows that most of the interplanetary dust from 5 to ~25 μm in size is not heated to its melting temperature, and many particles ~10 μm in size are not heated to temperatures at which their chemical composition or mineralogy is altered. Modeling shows that most interplanetary dust particles near 10 μm in diameter accrete onto the Earth with their organic matter intact, and these small interplanetary dust particles could have made a significant contribution to pre-biotic organic matter on Earth. The properties of interplanetary dust particles recovered from the Earth’s stratosphere and from the polar ices are in general agreement with the results of the entry heating modeling, confirming the general validity of the model.
Step-Scan FT-IR Time-resolved Spectroscopy (S2FT-IR TRS) of the Electro-Reorientation of Liquid Crystalline Materials

Frequency domain and time domain step-scan FT-IR time-resolved spectra (S2FTIR TRS) of the homogeneous/homeo-tropic transition in several nematic liquid crystals are presented and discussed. These include the pure mesophases 5CB and 5PCH and the eutectic mesophase 7A. In agreement with previous studies, both frequency domain and time domain data indicate a difference in response of the rigid and “floppy” segments of the 5CB and 5PCH molecules. The time domain data show clearly that it is in the recovery (voltage off) phase that the pentyl “tails” of the molecules respond more quickly than the rigid cores. For 7A, frequency domain data collected at twice the AC field frequency and with zero DC offset, indicate a slight difference in phase of response of the two major components.
Distraction Osteogenesis of the Facial Skeleton

Distraction osteogenesis of the facial skeleton has provided both a powerful tool to those who are interested in studying the biology of bone and has added a powerful technique to the armamentarium of surgeons who treat facial disfi gurement. The application of bone distraction to the facial skeleton has been largely derived from prior work in the lower extremity, and the fundamental biologic concepts of distraction osteogenesis must be thoroughly understood before the extension of this work to the facial skeleton can be consistently applied successfully. Bone distraction initiates a complex biologic process that induces biosynthetic pathways to form additional soft tissue and bone. The application of this principle to the facial skeleton must also take into consideration specifi c characteristics of the face and its anatomy. Surgeons traditionally view the face in three separate domains: 1) the upper face – from the eyes to the top of the head, 2) the mid-face – from the upper teeth to the eyes, and 3) the lower face – from the lower teeth to the neck. Each of these three domains of the facial skeleton has its specifi c biological requirements and constraints, and each domain requires different considerations for fi xation of bone devices and for the design of linkage systems. In its most elementary form, the bone distraction device must meet two essential criteria: 1) provide rigid fixation in three dimensions of the bone on either side of the bone osteotomy site (or distraction gap) and 2) provide for a linkage system that will allow the two bone components to separate gradually at a set rate (usually approximately one millimeter per day). This chapter will briefl y review the fundamental biology of distraction osteogenesis, review its development in each of the three facial domains and review the inherent biological constraints and requirements of each of these areas.
Socioeconomic and cultural determinants of abortion among Jewish women in Israel.

This study uses data from the 1974-75 Israel Fertility Survey and the 1987-88 Study of Fertility and Family Formation to examine the changing determinants of abortion among Jewish women in Israel. Over the course of socioeconomic development, some economic and cultural variables (e.g., education, employment, and ethnicity) lose their explanatory power whereas others become increasingly important for understanding variation in the practice of abortion. This article argues that the relationship between these variables and abortion is mediated by a variety of external and macro-level factors including social norms, the availability of contraceptive technology, and laws governing access to abortion.
The Marketing of Credit Life Insurance

An effective marketing campaign can educate consumers about product attributes. However, the sales message can also entice consumers into purchases that they later regret. A focal point of public policy toward credit insurance has been the frequency with which the intensity of marketing efforts transform the message from “persuasive” to “coercive”. We noted in Chapter 2 that concerns about abusive sales tactics can be effectively addressed through a customer opinion survey. Excessive or coercive pressure on borrowers to purchase credit insurance should be evident in diminished consumer satisfaction with an insurance purchase.
Teaching Environmental Policy by Having Students Write Case Studies

Instructors, particularly those teaching public policy, often wish to incorporate the development of practical skills into their course assessments. These can range from writing briefs to novel research papers. Instructors also often desire to increase the rigor and utility of these assignments. More often than not, a skill may be developed, but the product is discarded at the end of the course. This article describes the incorporation of writing case studies for Case Studies in the Environment into an upper-level undergraduate course that also included graduate students. Students were required to meet the submission criteria for the journal and were encouraged, but not required, to submit their cases for publication after the course ended. While the course was small, and thus the projects manageable, the following discusses how a team approach could be employed in other classes and how students rose to the occasion in creating potentially publishable work.
Platelet-based Detection of Nitric Oxide in Blood by Measuring VASP Phosphorylation

Platelets are the blood components responsible for proper blood clotting. Their function is highly regulated by various pathways. One of the most potent vasoactive agents, nitric oxide (NO), can also act as a powerful inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Direct NO detection in blood is very challenging due to its high reactivity with cell-free hemoglobin that limits NO half-life to the millisecond range. Currently, NO changes after interventions are only estimated based on measured changes of nitrite and nitrate (members of the nitrate-nitrite-NO metabolic pathway). However precise, these measurements are rather difficult to interpret vis a vis actual NO changes, due to the naturally high baseline nitrite and nitrate levels that are several orders of magnitude higher than expected changes of NO itself. Therefore, the development of direct and simple methods that would allow one to detect NO directly is long overdue. This protocol addresses a potential use of platelets as a highly sensitive NO sensor in blood. It describes initial platelet rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelet preparations and the use of nitrite and deoxygenated red blood cells as NO generators. Phosphorylation of VASP at serine 239 (P-VASPSer239) is used to detect the presence of NO. The fact that VASP protein is highly expressed in platelets and that it is rapidly phosphorylated when NO is present leads to a unique opportunity to use this pathway to directly detect NO presence in blood.
GaSb grass as a novel antireflective surface for infrared detectors

GaSb has a high numerical index (approximately 3.90 at a wavelength of 2 μm), leading to reflection of about 35% of incoming photons, depending on wavelength. This results in a significant loss of quantum eﬃciency for GaSb-based infrared detectors when backside-illuminated, since GaSb is the first material encountered. Here we demonstrate a way of etching broadband antireflective GaSb grass using an inductively coupled Cl2 plasma etch with O2 micromasking, and we examine the possibility for using this material as an antireflective surface for infrared detectors (a patent is pending concerning integration with GaSb-based infrared detectors). We demonstrate sub-10% reflectivity for wavelengths ranging from 200 nm to 12.2 μm and at angles of incidence up to 58°.
Reductive Cyclization of Dimethyl Diallylmalonate Catalyzed by Palladium−Bisoxazoline Complexes in the Presence of Silane and Water

Reaction of dimethyl diallylmalonate (1) with a stoichiometric amount of water and HSiEt3 catalyzed by a 1:1 mixture of (N−N)Pd(Me)Cl [N−N = 4,4‘-dibenzyl-4,5,4‘,5‘-tetrahydro-2,2‘-bisoxazoline] (4a) and NaBAr4 [Ar = 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2] at 50 °C in 1,2-dichloroethane led to the isolation of a 4.4:1 mixture of trans-dimethyl-3,4-dimethylcyclopentane-1,1-dicarboxylate (5) (≥ 95% de, 38% ee) and dimethyl dipropylmalonate (6) in 88% combined yield. Reaction of 1 with a stoichiometric mixture of D2O/HSiEt3 or H2O/DSiEt3 catalyzed by 4a/NaBAr4 formed predominantly the 5-d1 isotopomer, which possessed a single deuterium atom at one of the exocyclic methyl groups. Reaction of 1 with a stoichiometric mixture of D2O/DSiEt3 catalyzed by 4a/NaBAr4 formed predominantly the 5-d2 isotopomer with a single deuterium atom at each of the exocyclic methyl groups.
P100 How Various Epoch Lengths and Activity Cut-Points Influence Physical Activity Estimates for Low-Income Hispanic Adults Under Free-Living Conditions

Background Accelerometers are popular, objective physical activity (PA) measures. However, when using accelerometry, data processing decisions must be made regarding sampling intervals (i.e., epoch lengths (EL)) and PA intensity cut-points. Objective To examine how different epoch lengths (EL) and intensity cut-points influence PA estimates among free-living, low-income Hispanic adults. Study Design, Settings, Participants This study was cross-sectional. Low-income Hispanic adults (n = 35) recruited from Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program in five states, were asked to wear an accelerometer (ActiGraph GT3X+) for seven consecutive days. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Only data from participants with > 4 valid days (i.e., > 10 hour of wear time) were analyzed. Downloaded data were reintegrated into 1-, 10-, 30-, and 60-second ELs. Within each EL, PA cut-points were classified as either: a) sedentary; b) light; c) moderate; or d) vigorous, using two widely-accepted algorithms (Freedson and Matthews). Total moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was also calculated. Since the data were not normally distributed, Kruskal-Wallis analysis was used to compare the time spent in different PA intensity levels, by aforementioned ELs, for each intensity cut-point. Results The participants were mostly female (88.6%), with a mean age of 36.5 ± 11.0. Using the Freedson cut-points, the mean rank of time spent in light PA was higher for longer ELs (H = 90.7, P P P P P Conclusion This study's findings suggest that PA estimates vary by EL regardless of the cut-points used, thus validity studies should be done to compare accelerometer results with indirect calorimetry to generate the optimal EL for estimating low-income Hispanic adults’ true PA levels. Funding NIFA.
Improving outcomes through care coordination: Measuring care coordination of nurse practitioners.

ABSTRACTBackground:Gaps in care coordination (CC) between inpatient and outpatient settings for children with medical complexity (CMC) can result in treatment delays, gaps in communication, missed appointments, medication discrepancies, and ultimately impacts the provision of quality care.Local prob
Elevated prevalence of moderate-to-severe hepatic steatosis in World Trade Center General Responder Cohort in a program of CT lung screening.

Abstract Background and aims To determine the prevalence of moderate-to-severe hepatic steatosis (HS) and associated risk factors in members of the World Trade Center (WTC) General Responder Cohort (GRC) who qualify for low-dose non-contrast computed tomography for lung cancer screening and compare them to non-WTC participants in the same screening program. Methods All participants gave written informed consent before participating in this IRB-approved study. Clinical variables and laboratory values were recorded. Hepatic attenuation measurement (Hounsfield unit; HU) was measured on low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) and a threshold attenuation value Results The prevalence of moderate-to-severe HS was 16.2% among 154 WTC participants compared to 5.3% among 170 non-WTC participants. In WTC members, moderate-to-severe HS was associated with higher BMI, higher laboratory liver function tests, and former smoking status. Using PS analysis and IPW to account for potential confounders, the odds ratio for moderate-to-severe HS was 3.4-fold higher (95% confidence interval: 1.7–6.7) in the WTC participants compared with non-WTC participants. Moderate-to-severe HS was also associated with higher BMI and former smoker status. Conclusion Prevalence of moderate-to-severe HS was >3-fold higher in the WTC-GRC group than in other participants.
Advancing provitamin A biofortification in sorghum: Genome-wide association studies of grain carotenoids in global germplasm.

Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiencies worldwide. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench)] is a major cereal crop consumed by millions of people in regions with high vitamin A deficiency. We quantified carotenoid concentrations in a diverse sorghum panel using high-performance liquid chromatography and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of grain carotenoids to identify genes underlying carotenoid variation. There was moderate variation for β-carotene (00.8 μg g-1 ), lutein (0.3-9.4 μg g-1 ), and zeaxanthin (0.2-9.1 μg g-1 ), but β-cryptoxanthin and α-carotene were nearly undetectable. Genotype had the largest effect size, at 81% for zeaxanthin, 62% for β-carotene, and 53% for lutein. Using multiple models, GWAS identified several significant associations between carotenoids and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), some of which colocalized with known carotenoid genes that have not been previously implicated in carotenoid variation. Several of the candidate genes identified have also been identified in maize (Zea mays L.) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) carotenoid GWAS studies. Notably, an SNP inside the putative ortholog of maize zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) had the most significant association with zeaxanthin and with the ratio between lutein and zeaxanthin, suggesting that ZEP is a major gene controlling sorghum carotenoid variation. Overall findings suggest there is oligogenic inheritance for sorghum carotenoids and suitable variation for marker-assisted selection. The high carotenoid germplasm and significant associations identified in this study can be used in biofortification efforts to improve the nutritional quality of sorghum.
Language Screening: How Far Have We Come?

A brief literature review of the past 5 years was conducted to provide updated information regarding language screening at all ages. Included will be information regarding classification accuracy of commercially available tools, as well as current methods reported in recent literature for early intervention, preschool, school age, adolescent, and adult populations. Based on a brief literature review of the past 5 years, there seem to be very little novel or important new findings in this area. To date, there is no gold standard for language screening at any age. While there are some standardized screening tools, these screeners must be used with caution as they may produce false negative results, thereby negating their efficacy. Currently, adolescents stand out as an at-risk group due to the lack of age-appropriate, standardized screening measures addressing this population.
Are You Recording This?: Enforcement of Police Videotaping

Increasing numbers of police departments equip officers with dashboard or body cameras. Advances in technology have made it easy for police to create and preserve videos of their citizen encounters. Videos can be important pieces of evidence; they may also serve to document police misconduct or protect officers from false allegations. Yet too often, videos are lost, destroyed, or never made, often depriving criminal defendants of the only objective evidence in a case. When this happens, there is not always a consequence to the prosecution. This Essay explores this problem of enforcement by examining how different states are compelling law enforcement to make and preserve videos through a combination of legislation and judicial intervention.
Is Wall Street Turning Blue

We demonstrate that since the early 1990’s, it is becoming increasingly common for firms to be run by CEOs who are aligned with the Democratic Party, which we refer to as the blue trend. We find evidence that at least one factor driving this trend appears to be the rise of the role of women, who tend to have values that align with the Democratic Party. Further, we find that the blue trend is stronger in industries that are more considerable to women as a source of employees or customers (e.g., hospitality, computers, etc.). Nevertheless, the trend appears to be quite pervasive, as nearly 75% of industries turned bluer. The blue trend also has several implications on corporate governing and on the overall stock market performance and volatility, as the presence of more CEOs who are aligned with the Democratic Party is associated with the lower overall stock market returns. Collectively, our evidence suggests that there is a change in the leadership on Wall Street and that has implications for corporate culture, and the stock market landscape.
Strategic Samaritanism: how armed conflict affects aid receipts

How does armed conflict affect the flow of foreign aid? Aid scholars have frequently argued that assistance is given either to serve donor interests or meet recipient needs and evaluated their theo...
Cesarean section in patient with metastatic Ewing sarcoma requiring VA-ECMO support

A 26-year-old pregnant woman, with multiple metastatic Ewing sarcoma, presented with a sternal mass that began enlarging during pregnancy. Due to high-risk pregnancy, the patient was discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting and intubation was considered too risky without cardiopulmonary support. Computed tomography showed extrinsic tumor compression of the right ventricle outflow tract. Veno-arterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was initiated before general anesthesia, followed by Cesarean section (C-section). VA ECMO was initiated with the patient in the awake position, ECMO support was discontinued when the patient had stable ventilation and hemodynamics. This case represents a unique indication of VA ECMO, during C-section, with maternal and fetal survival.
Tetrapod Climbing and Swinging

The diverse groups of climbing animals encounter many unique physical challenges as they move around. Many of the common solutions involve very specialized anatomy to overcome these problems. Keywords: climbing; arboreal; brachiation
Jump Discontinuous Two Point Boundary Value Problems In Optimal Control

Multiple shooting algorithms are developed for linear two-point boundary value problems (TPBVP's) in which the state vector is subjected to jump discontinuities at discrete points. These jump-discontinuous TPBVP's arise in optimal control and optimal estimation. Examples of such problems are given both to motivate the problem and to demonstrate the algorithms. The algorithms convert the TPBVP into a set of linear algebraic equations which may be solved using any linear equation solver. The existence and uniqueness of the solution is proven.
Un enfoque biográfico para la Etnogeología de la Prehistoria Final en Portugal

In this paper, I explore the relationship between an artifact's biography and the raw material from which it was made. Specifically, I discuss the biographies of groundstone tools from five Late Neolithic and Chalcolithic (3500-2000 BC) sites in lowland Portugal. An analysis of the formal and material characteristics of tools (totalling over 1300) from these sites indicates that the raw material from which a tool was made not only constrained the form and function of that tool, but also determined, to a large extent, whether that tool would be recycled and the context (settlement V5. burial) in which that tool would be ultimately deposited. I suggest that both the material properties and the socio-symbolic associations of different raw materials might explain the biographies of the artifacts from which they were made.
Backscattering of Acoustic Signals from Inhomogenuities in Solids

Examination of the backscattering of ultrasonic waves has been suggested as a possible technique for the non-destructive evaluation of materials because it involves a simple measurement requiring access to a single surface only and because the conversion of normally incident, longitudinal waves to shear waves is minimal at a scattering angle of 180°. While the measurement is simple to carry out, the return signal may be quite complicated, especially for polycrystalline or composite materials. These materials possess local inhomogeneities of differing sizes,orientation and elastic properties from which a plane wave may scatter, often more than once, and then the scattered waves from one or more sources may interfere among themselves. These difficulties are often compounded by coupling among the several modes of propagation associated with inhomogeneity and lead to a dispersion of the incident wave. Thus the backscattered signal represents the complex, three-dimensional, phase sensetive scattering from a material that mat not be well characterized. While there has been substantial effort and much progress in developing techniques for the reconstruction of characteristics of the medium from the scattering of an acoustic wave an accurate prediction of the scattering from inhomogeneous and anisotropic medium, such as a composite material, remains a difficult problem. Generally speaking, our lack of a detailed knowledge of the structure of the medium over distances large enough to support a significant dispersal of the wave makes the development of a reliable model of the medium a formidible task.
Query aspect based term weighting regularization in information retrieval

Traditional retrieval models assume that query terms are independent and rank documents primarily based on various term weighting strategies including TF-IDF and document length normalization. However, query terms are related, and groups of semantically related query terms may form query aspects. Intuitively, the relations among query terms could be utilized to identify hidden query aspects and promote the ranking of documents covering more query aspects. Despite its importance, the use of semantic relations among query terms for term weighting regularization has been under-explored in information retrieval. In this paper, we study the incorporation of query term relations into existing retrieval models and focus on addressing the challenge, i.e., how to regularize the weights of terms in different query aspects to improve retrieval performance. Specifically, we first develop a general strategy that can systematically integrate a term weighting regularization function into existing retrieval functions, and then propose two specific regularization functions based on the guidance provided by constraint analysis. Experiments on eight standard TREC data sets show that the proposed methods are effective to improve retrieval accuracy.