cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer

As the most prevalent form of cancer found in women, breast cancer is an active area of research and clinical study. Treatments for cancer patients have traditionally relied upon chemotherapy, but an increasing emphasis is placed on targeted therapies as a safer and more effective way to treat cancer. Therapies that target specific aspects of cancerous cells may be especially significant for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is often associated with poor patient prognosis and currently lacks reliable targeted treatment options. Many therapies for breast cancer have been extensively studied and examined in clinical settings, while others show future potential and require further investigation. This chapter will focus on six targeted therapies, describing mechanisms of action and current methods of inhibition. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) overexpression is correlated with increased cell proliferation and mammosphere production, while inhibition has been shown to minimize these effects in cancerous cells. The PI3K pathway is an essential component of intracellular signaling that is frequently dysregulated in tumors. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are implicated in DNA damage repair, and are the focus of numerous ongoing clinical trials. Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) has been associated with cell proliferation and tumor growth in breast cancer cells, while the serine/threonine cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) protein family is a crucial component of cell cycle regulation and an important area of research for targeted therapies. Finally, aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been implicated in multiple breast cancer subtypes, particularly with respect to the prevalence β-catenin mutations in TNBC. These pathways represent promising topics in the field of targeted therapies, and with increased research may contribute to the development of superior and precise treatments for breast cancer.
Single blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study on the effects of ciclosporin on cutaneous barrier function and immunological response in atopic beagles.

Abstract Ciclosporin (CsA) is a common treatment for canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). cAD is a very common skin disease with a multifactorial pathogenesis due to complex interactions between the host and the environment. The purpose of this study was to describe the physical and immunological effects of CsA in cAD using a canine model of AD. Fourteen beagles were enrolled; seven received CsA orally every 24 h for 28 days, and seven received placebo. All dogs were exposed to relevant allergens, house dust mite solution, one day prior to treatment and once weekly thereafter for 28 consecutive days. Canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index-03 (CADESI-03) and skin biopsies were performed on day 0, 14, and 28. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine levels of cutaneous cytokines and barrier function markers. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to determine protein expression and distribution of nuclear messengers, barrier function and inflammatory [thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)] markers. The data were tested for normality and then the upaired two samples Student’s t-test and the repeated measurements ANOVA, followed by the Dunnett’s Multiple Comparison Test as post-hoc analysis, were performed. A P value of
Formación de especialistas en Latinoamérica: Argentina

Resumen En la Republica Argentina existen 36 carreras de Medicina, 13 de ellas publicas, con autonomia y libertad de ensenanza pero que se ajustan a las exigencias de acreditacion de la Comision Nacional de Evaluacion y Acreditacion Universitaria, que garantiza la calidad de la educacion a traves de una carga minima de formacion y actividad practica, que suele estar dividida en 3 ciclos: biomedico, clinico e internado anual rotatorio. Egresan anualmente entre 4.600 y 5.500 medicos. El titulo que otorgan las escuelas de medicina publicas y privadas habilita para el ejercicio de la profesion en todo el territorio nacional. La especialidad se alcanza bajo diferentes regimenes (residencia, concurrencia formal o informal, carrera de especializacion, formacion en sociedades cientificas), siendo la residencia medica el mejor sistema de formacion de posgrado, que en la Republica Argentina tiene su origen en 1946. En la ultima decada hubo un incremento importante de plazas en el sistema, con cobertura parcial del mismo. Se recertifica la especialidad en forma voluntaria y con validez por 5 anos. Diferentes leyes y resoluciones ministeriales aseguran el marco legal para la formacion de pregrado, certificacion y recertificacion de la especialidad.
Britain and the Policy of Benevolent Neutrality

Any appraisal of British policy with respect to the Ruhr must recognize at the outset that the official Government policies went through several phases. Prior to the crisis provoked by the Franco-Belgian occupation of January, 1923, there were important developments which should be noted. The period from 1918 to 1924 was one during which four different Prime Ministers, David Lloyd George, Andrew Bonar Law, Stanley Baldwin, and Ramsay MacDonald, presided over the destinies of the English people. While Lord Curzon was in the Foreign Office for much of this time, it is debatable whether his influence was paramount at all times during the development of a Ruhr policy. It is also necessary to note that there was an important conflict of opinions both inside and outside of Parliament on the Ruhr question during these years.
Aestivating Chironomid Larvae Associated with Vernal Pools

ABSTRACT In northern California, vernal pools exist for 3-6 months during the winter and spring. Dry soil taken from 3 vernal pool sites in the summer or autumn was found to contain aestivating chironomid larvae in cocoons. Specimens, including some that were reared to the adult stage, were identified as Hydrobaenus pilipes (Malloch), Hydrobaenus sp., Paratanytarsus sp., Calopsectra sp., Tribelos atrum (Townes), Tribelos sp., Phaenopsectra pilicellata Grodhaus, and Wirthiella sp. Aestivating larvae were 2nd instars in some species and 2nd and 3rd instars in others. Observations of the larvae at various stages of life indicate that at least some of the species are in an obligatory diapause while they aestivate.
Regulation of Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

This chapter covers the two major processes involved in the development of blood vessels in embryos and adults: vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, respectively. Vasculogenesis refers to the de novo formation of blood vessels from endothelial progenitors or angioblasts and was believed to be restricted to embryogenesis. The dogma that postnatal neovascularization resulted exclusively from angiogenesis – the proliferation, migration, and remodeling from preexisting blood vessels – was challenged in 1997 with the identification of adult circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). These findings have important implications not only for a better understanding of the vascular system but also for regenerative medicine since these circulating endothelial progenitors could potentially be useful in the treatment of ischemic conditions.
Constitutive characters: the “Great I Am” is actually “We Are”

This paper argues for a new theoretical construct, the “constitutive character,” a powerful rhetorical persona that discursively stakes out a group’s ontology, epistemology, and axiology. Aligned w...
Residential Segregation by Race and the Black Merchants of Northern Cities During the Early Twentieth Century

During the early 20th century, many Blacks in northern cities entered the retail trade, supposedly because residential segregation was advantageous to Black merchants. Building upon historical studies of Blacks in the urban North and upon the sociological literature on Black business enterprise, I use census data to analyze the relationship between (1) the spatial isolation of Blacks and (2) the representation of Blacks in the retail trade. I find that between 1900 and 1930 the association between these two variables became significantly positive. This finding corroborates historical case studies, and I conclude that after segregated Black communities emerged in northern cities at the end of the study period, spatial isolation did increase the participation of Blacks in the retail trade.
The Pre-Fellowship Hospitalist Year.

Many factors contribute to the decision to apply for a cardiology fellowship. A prospective fellow must consider his or her research and clinical interests, practice goals such as private practice versus academic medicine, lifestyle considerations, and other issues. A more recent development is the
Horizontal Gene Transfer and Acquired Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg following In Vitro Incubation in Broiler Ceca.

ABSTRACT The chicken gastrointestinal tract harbors microorganisms that play a role in the health and disease status of the host. The cecum is the part of the gut that carries the highest microbial densities, has the longest residence time of digesta, and is a vital site for urea recycling and water regulation. Therefore, the cecum provides a rich environment for bacteria to horizontally transfer genes between one another via mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and bacteriophages. In this study, we used broiler chicken cecum as a model to investigate antibiotic resistance genes that can be transferred in vitro from cecal flora to Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg. We used whole-genome sequencing and resistome enrichment to decipher the interactions between S. Heidelberg, the gut microbiome, and acquired antibiotic resistance. After 48 h of incubation of ceca under microaerophilic conditions, we recovered one S. Heidelberg isolate with an acquired IncK2 plasmid (88 kb) carrying an extended-spectrum-β-lactamase gene (blaCMY-2). In vitro, this plasmid was transferable between Escherichia coli and S. Heidelberg strains but transfer was unsuccessful between S. Heidelberg strains. An in-depth genetic characterization of transferred plasmids suggests that they share significant homology with P1-like phages. This study contributes to our understanding of horizontal gene transfer between an important foodborne pathogen and the chicken gut microbiome. IMPORTANCES. Heidelberg is a clinically important serovar, linked to foodborne illness and among the top 5 serovars isolated from poultry in the United States and Canada. Acquisition of new genetic material from the microbial flora in the gastrointestinal tract of food animals, including broilers, may contribute to increased fitness of pathogens like S. Heidelberg and may increase their level of antibiotic tolerance. Therefore, it is critical to gain a better understanding of the interactions that occur between important pathogens and the commensals present in the animal gut and other agroecosystems. In this report, we show that the native flora in broiler ceca were capable of transferring mobile genetic elements carrying the AmpC β-lactamase (blaCMY-2) gene to an important foodborne pathogen, S. Heidelberg. The potential role for bacteriophage transduction is also discussed.
Automated Extraction of Human Settlement Patterns From Historical Topographic Map Series Using Weakly Supervised Convolutional Neural Networks

Information extraction from historical maps represents a persistent challenge due to inferior graphical quality and the large data volume of digital map archives, which can hold thousands of digitized map sheets. Traditional map processing techniques typically rely on manually collected templates of the symbol of interest, and thus are not suitable for large-scale information extraction. In order to digitally preserve such large amounts of valuable retrospective geographic information, high levels of automation are required. Herein, we propose an automated machine-learning based framework to extract human settlement symbols, such as buildings and urban areas from historical topographic maps in the absence of training data, employing contemporary geospatial data as ancillary data to guide the collection of training samples. These samples are then used to train a convolutional neural network for semantic image segmentation, allowing for the extraction of human settlement patterns in an analysis-ready geospatial vector data format. We test our method on United States Geological Survey historical topographic maps published between 1893 and 1954. The results are promising, indicating high degrees of completeness in the extracted settlement features (i.e., recall of up to 0.96, F-measure of up to 0.79) and will guide the next steps to provide a fully automated operational approach for large-scale geographic feature extraction from a variety of historical map series. Moreover, the proposed framework provides a robust approach for the recognition of objects which are small in size, generalizable to many kinds of visual documents.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: Epidemiology and Risk Factors

The epidemiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is continuously evolving with an increasing life span and the prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension. As a result, there is a substantial financial strain on health care. Recent studies and clinical trials have strengthened the relationship of known risk factors of BPH and LUTS. These include metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and elevated serum dihydrotestosterone. Excessive consumption of red meat, saturated fat, bread, poultry, and starch was positively associated with symptomatic LUTS. Efforts to enhance treatment adherence, a healthy diet, and moderate physical exercise were noted as factors that can improve the treatment and management of BPH and LUTS. BPH is a prevalent condition among aging men. As it becomes a clinical entity through the development of LUTS, it significantly reduces the quality of life of those affected through sub-optimal bladder storage, voiding difficulties, and sexual dysfunctions. Many of the risk factors for BPH and LUTS can be reduced through moderate to intense physical exercise and consumption of dietary s-carotene, polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, zinc, and vitamin A and C.
The Fetish Revisited: Marx, Freud, and the Gods Black People Make: J. Lorand Matory. 2018. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 392 pp., ISBN 978-1-4780-0105-8.

A fetish is an ordinary, material object attributed extraordinary power. Such power is associated with the spiritual realm: it is as if an object has been animated by a spirit. In fact, it is reall...
Mechanisms of energetic-particle transport in magnetically confined plasmas

Super-thermal ions and electrons occur in both space and fusion plasmas. Because these energetic particles (EP) have large velocities, EP orbits necessarily deviate substantially from magnetic surfaces. Orbits are described by conserved constants of motion that define topological boundaries for different orbit types. Electric and magnetic field perturbations produced by instabilities can disrupt particle orbits, causing the constants of motion to change. The statistics of the “kicks” associated with these perturbations determines the resulting cross field transport. A unifying theme of this tutorial is the importance of the perturbation’s phase at the particle’s position Θ = k · r − ω t, where k and ω are the wavevector and frequency of the perturbation, r is the EP position, and t is the time. A distinction is made between field perturbations that resonate with an aspect of the orbital motion and those that do not. Resonance occurs when the wave phase returns to its initial value in an integer multiple of an orbital period. Convective transport occurs when resonant particles experience an unvarying wave phase. Alternatively, multiple wave-particle resonances usually decorrelate the phase, resulting in diffusive transport. Large orbits increase the number of important resonances and can cause chaotic orbits even for relatively small amplitude waves. In contrast, in the case of non-resonant perturbations, orbital phase averaging reduces transport. Large field perturbations introduce additional effects, including nonlinear resonances at fractional values of the orbital motion. In summary, large orbits are a blessing and a curse: For non-resonant modes, orbit-averaging reduces transport but, for resonant transport, large orbits facilitate jumps across topological boundaries and enhance the number of important resonances.
A review of emotional and sexual abuse of elite child athletes by their coaches

Emotional abuse and sexual abuse are often co-occurring forms of child maltreatment that can have numerous negative effects on development. This narrative review synthesises research on emotional a...
Abstract 2212: An antibody drug conjugate targeting activated matriptase, exhibits synergistic cytotoxicity with a PARP inhibitor, olaparib in triple negative breast cancer

Matriptase, is a serine protease type II transmembrane protein. Matriptase forms a cognate pair with its Kunitz type endogenous inhibitor HAI-1 and is commonly deregulated and ubiquitously expressed in a variety of human carcinomas and in particular, breast cancer. This enzyme activity is regulated by binding to its endogenous inhibitors (HAI-1 or 2). Previously, we reported the synthesis and anti-tumor studies of a novel antibody drug conjugate (ADC) targeting activated matriptase of tumor cells (Oncotarget, 2018,9(40):25983). The activated matriptase-specific monoclonal antibody (M69) was conjugated with a potent anti-mitotic toxin, monomethyl auristatin-E (MMAE) via a lysosomal protease (cathepsin B) -cleavable dipeptide linker. The ADC was found to be potent and selective against multiple activated matriptase-positive epithelial carcinoma cell lines including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), as well as alone and in combination with bortezomib in Mantle cell lymphoma (Frontiers in Oncology, 2019,9:258). In-vivo studies showed that the ADC has potent anti-tumor effects alone or in combination with cisplatin or carboplatin against TNBC xenografts and a primary human TNBC (PDX), respectively. The chimeric ADC (mouse-human chimera) also evoked an immune response against TNBC xenografts in humanized mouse models. Here, we report the sensitivity of TNBC tumors with and without a BRCA mutation to ADC alone or in combination with a PARP inhibitor, Olaparib. We analyzed the mutational status of BRCA1, BRAC2, p53 and activated matriptase expression of four TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, HCC1806 and MDA-MB-436). All of the cell lines had p53 mutations. The MDA-MB-468 cell line with a mutation in BRCA 2, and expression of activated matriptase was the most sensitive cell line to both olaparib and the chimeric MMAE ADC, and the combination of them resulted in marked synergistic cell kill. The MDA-MB-436 cell line with a splice site mutation in BCRA1 was less sensitive to both treatments, but there was modest synergy when the two drugs were combined. In contrast the MDA-MB-231 cell line without a BRCA mutation was much less sensitive to the ADC or olaparib, and the combination did not show synergy. The HCC1806 cell line with wt BRCA was sensitive to the ADC and olaparib, but the combination resulted in antagonistic effects. Triple negative breast cancers with a BRAC2 mutation and overexpression of activated matriptase may be a subset of breast cancers that may benefit from the combination of our novel ADC and a PARP inhibitor. Citation Format: Gulam M. Rather, Zoltan Szekely, Joseph R. Bertino. An antibody drug conjugate targeting activated matriptase, exhibits synergistic cytotoxicity with a PARP inhibitor, olaparib in triple negative breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2212.
Highly Selective Hydroboration of Carbonyls by a Manganese Catalyst: Insight into the Reaction Mechanism

Hydroboration of carbonyl compounds is an important transformation in organic chemistry, and a growing interest in catalysis has focused on abundant and nontoxic base metals. Herein we describe an ...
Using Species Distribution Modeling to Delineate Richness Patterns of Chiropterophilic Plants and Allocate Conservation Efforts in Mexico and the Southwestern United States

Migratory nectarivorous bats provide important ecological services throughout their ranges, particularly for their food plants. These services include pollinating food plants, dispersing seeds, and reducing genetic isolation in plant populations. However, many important food plants occur in imperiled ecosystems, particularly in tropical dry forests. We assessed the conservation status of lands containing high richness of food plants for three migratory nectarivores—the Mexican long-tongued bat (Choeronycteris mexicana), the Mexican long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris nivalis), and the lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae)—throughout their ranges including migratory, transition, and resident habitat zones. We found low to moderate levels of land protection in regions with high chiropterophilic plant diversity, but this may be offset by sustainable agroforestry, cultivation, and in-situ management. The models we used are available as an ArcGIS map package to help allocate conservation and restoration efforts on the ground. Our results support the need for greater land protection throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental to increase contiguity of protected lands and potential stopover habitat for migratory nectarivorous bats. Additionally, our data show the need for greater land protection in southern resident zones to enhance year-round habitat for nectarivorous bats in the face of rapid deforestation.
The additive effect of interpregnancy interval and maternal body mass index on pregnancy induced hypertension in the U.S

Abstract Objectives The incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), one of the most frequent causes of maternal and neonatal morbidity, has increased significantly in the U.S. in last two decades. However, reasons for this rise are not well explored. The interrelationship between interpregnancy interval (IPI), prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and PIH might play a role in this rise. This study aims to investigate the additive effect of IPI and prepregnancy BMI on PIH. Study design The 2018 Vital Statistics Natality Data was analyzed (N = 1,046,350) for this cross-sectional study. A combined variable was created using IPI and prepregnancy BMI. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were generated for IPI, prepregnancy BMI, and PIH using multiple logistic regression models. Main Outcome Measure PIH was defined using the birth certificate variable ‘Gestational hypertension- (PIH, preeclampsia)’ in the dataset. Results IPI and prepregnancy BMI were statistically significantly associated with PIH, both independently and in combination, after adjusting for potential confounders. The largest effect size was observed among women with long IPI and obesity (Adjusted OR = 4.01, 95% CI = 3.84, 4.25). Further, short IPI in combination with underweight BMI was found to be inversely associated with PIH (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.53, 0.78). Conclusions When combined, IPI and BMI are crucial risk factors for PIH. The highest risk of PIH is in women with long IPI in combination with high BMI categories. Healthcare professionals should be cognizant of the additional increased risk of PIH for the overweight and obese women with long IPI.
The Beginning of Time

Sky maps of primordial radiation show tiny variations in brightness caused by small amplitude perturbations in the structure of spacetime. According to inflation theory, they were created in the very early universe on a subatomic level and were then stretched to enormous size by cosmic expansion. Similar fluctuations led to the gravitational formation of all the structure we see today. In his Perspective, Hogan discusses recent and upcoming efforts to characterize better the primordial fluctuations, and how they may help in the search for the connection between quantum mechanics and gravity
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OCCURRING DURING SPORULATION OF BACILLUS CEREUS T II. Effect of Esters of Organic Acids on Sporulation

Gollakota, K. G. (University of Illinois, Urbana) and H. Orin Halvorson. Biochemical changes occurring during sporulation of Bacillus cereus T. II. Effect of esters of organic acids on sporulation. J. Bacteriol. 85:1386–1393. 1963.—Sporulation of Bacillus cereus T in yeast extract-glucose-minerals medium was specifically inhibited by α-picolinic acid (APA), if the acid was added before the pH of the culture began to rise. The effects of APA could be reversed by aspartic acid or asparagine, among the amino acids, and by intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with the exception of α-ketoglutarate and fumarate. Formate, malonate, and certain other organic acids also possessed this ability. Succinate was the best reversing agent. Fluoroacetic acid (FAA) also inhibited sporulation, but had no effect on vegetative growth or germination of spores of B. cereus T. Unlike APA, FAA inhibited sporulation even when added after the pH of the culture had started to rise. Bisulfite was similar to FAA in its effects on sporulation. With the exception of pyruvate, acetate, aspartate, and malate, most of the compounds reversing the effects of APA also overcame the effects of FAA or bisulfite on sporulation. Esters of some of the acids reversing the effects of the above inhibitors were studied for their action on germination, growth, and sporulation. Ethyl pyruvate prevented germination of the spores, slowed down growth, and inhibited sporulation. Ethyl malonate and ethyl succinate inhibited only sporulation. All the above inhibitors prevented the synthesis of dipicolinic acid (DPA) also. When B. cereus T was grown in the absence of glucose (in extracted yeast extract-minerals medium), the above inhibitors had no effect on sporulation. Ethyl oxamate permitted sporulation, but the spores produced were heat-sensitive. Ethyl pimelate caused lysis when added before the pH of the culture began to rise. When added after the pH of the culture began to rise, it also permitted sporulation, and the spores were sensitive to heat. (These heat-sensitive spores were refractile and dormant, and did not stain with crystal violet. However, they germinated normally, losing refractibility and became stainable.) The effect of ethyl oxamate and ethyl pimelate could be overcome by DPA. APA, FAA, ethyl malonate, and ethyl succinate also inhibit the sporulation of a number of other bacilli.
Detection of Mycoplasma Infection of Mammalian Cells

Mycoplasma infection was detected in cultures of COS cells with a novel, simple assay that detects the conversion of arginine to citrulline by the enzyme, arginine deiminase, specific to all species of mycoplasma. Transfection of COS cells was inhibited in mycoplasma-infected cells, a phenomenon that was readily reversed by treatment with a mycoplasma removal agent. Cultures of cells used for transfection should be regularly monitored for evidence of mycoplasma by assay of arginine deiminase activity or by other methods.
Effects of agent representation on the behavior of a non-reciprocal cooperation game

Game theoretic models are often used to simulate phenomena observed in the natural world. It is generally assumed that the implementation (or representation) of the agents within a game has no significant effect on the outcome of simulations. To test this assumption the effect of changing the representation of agents in the non-reciprocal cooperation game studied by Riolo et al. (2001) was used. In addition to the implementation used by Riolo et al. (2001), agents were also represented as higher dimension real vectors, integer values, at bit-strings. It was found that the method of agent implementation used has a highly significant effect on the cooperation rate and general behavior of the simulation.
Attachment and Alternatives: Theory in Child Welfare Research

In an effort to improve the effectiveness of their services with children and adolescents, many social workers consult research guided by attachment theory. This article provides a brief overview of attachment theory with specific attention given to its application to contemporary child welfare research. Criticisms of attachment theory are discussed in detail, along with possibilities for alternative research frameworks including crisis intervention, anti-discrimination, social construction, and critical social work theories.
Large-Scale Implementation of the edTPA: Reflections upon Institutional Change in Action

This reflective case study highlights the challenges a teacher preparation unit faces as it develops in a conceptual model of institutional change – the key roles, activities, and barriers to overcome – in order to transform teacher preparation. For institutions preparing to engage with the edTPA implementation, guidance is offered, including: developing organizational structures to address technology, content, and communications needs; building a foundation for program and faculty readiness; and building assessment models around the edTPA to support program improvement, curriculum alignment, and faculty research. In the current educational climate, teacher preparation programs are challenged to evolve their practice and bring more valid and reliable assessments to teacher education. The national movement behind the edTPA is one example. Yet, the institutional change an edTPA implementation brings to each teacher preparation program is multifaceted and complex. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
Expanding the Scope of the Principles of the Law of Software Contracts to Include Digital Content

The Principles of the Law of Software Contracts, or the “Principles,” seek to “unify and clarify” the law of software transactions. The drafters, however, excluded “digital content” from the scope of their project. This Essay explains why the scope of the Principles should encompass digital content. The exclusion of digital content creates two different but related problems. The first problem is that it creates what I refer to as “classification confusion.” Given the complexity and speed of technological innovation, the task of distinguishing digital content from software may be difficult for courts. The second problem is that it fails to resolve the conundrum of how to balance the proprietary rights and interests of licensor-owners and the rights and interests of licensee-consumers. This conundrum in turn has created problems of contractual form and user assent that arose out of software transactions but which have much more troubling applications in other contexts. With (and sometimes, even without) a click of a mouse, one can relinquish intellectual property, privacy, and expression rights. This Essay proposes that the Principles should generally apply to digital content. The Principles are an impressive accomplishment and go a long way toward unifying and clarifying the law of software transactions. This Essay urges that they go even further.
Chemical evolution and dispersion of ship plumes in the remote marine boundary layer: investigation of sulfur chemistry

Abstract In this study a Lagrangain photochemical box model has been used to explore gaseous/heterogeneous sulfur plume chemistry initiated by ship traffic in the MBL. The results indicate that although SO2 ship emission rates have an impact on the concentration levels of SO2, there is no evidence of non-linear loss processes in this chemical system. This finding as well as others have demonstrated that the major loss pathway for SO2 is via heterogeneous loss to sea-salt aerosol. This loss rate, however, can be greatly influenced by the MET condition selected for the MBL. For example, the “stable” MET condition leads to the maximum loss rate, whereas the “unstable” condition gives the minimum value. In the case of H2SO4(g), the “stable” MET condition provides both the highest SO2 and OH concentrations, and hence, the formation rate is also maximized. It was found that increases in aerosol surface area (i.e., heterogeneous loss) as well as shifts to higher latitudes (e.g., lower T and higher O3 levels) tended to increase the rate of loss of SO2 due to enhancements in the rates of heterogeneous chemistry. However, the single largest factor that influenced the rate of SO2 loss was the presence of BL clouds where oxidation via scavenged H2O2 was the dominant process. Quite significant also was the finding that photochemical processes, because of their production of OH, O3, and H2O2, are strongly coupled to SO2 sea-salt heterogeneous reactions, cloud heterogeneous reactions, and gas-phase reactions to form H2SO4. Not surprisingly, therefore, model predictions of the rate of formation of new particles within ship plumes were found to be quite dependent on the intensity of photochemistry.
Targeted Worm Micelles

Giant and stable worm micelles formed from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based diblock copolymer amphiphiles have the potential advantage compared to smaller assemblies for delivery of a large quantity of hydrophobic drugs or dyes per carrier. Here we show that worm micelles can be targeted to cells with internalization and delivery of nontoxic dyes as well as cytotoxic drugs. Constituent copolymers are end-biotinylated to mediate high affinity binding of worm micelles to both avidin-bearing surfaces and biotin-specific receptors on smooth muscle cells. Pristine worm micelles, that lack biotin, show much less frequent and nonspecific point attachments to the same surfaces. Biotinylated worm micelles prove stable in aqueous solution for at least a month and also prove capable of loading, retaining, and delivering hydrophobic dyes and drugs. The results thus demonstrate the feasibility of targeted delivery by polymeric worm micelles.
On the representation of soluble plutonium by four oxidation states

Abstract This article summarizes some highligths of twenty years of research into the consequences of extending the principle of conservation of mass to the disproportion reactions of plutonium. No phenomena contrary to the known behavior of plutonium are implicate it in the extension. The calculations are easy to execute, yield results that ordinarily agree with experiment, and predict new phenomena in the chemistry of this element.
Reaching out with game design

In this poster we will detail our experience leading a ten-week apprenticeship in Game Design and Development for a group of Middle School students. This apprenticeship is lead in association with the national after-school program, Citizen Schools and is intended to both educate students about Computer Science concepts while imparting real-world job skills.
Positive youth development requires comprehensive health promotion programs.

OBJECTIVE To explore relationships among problem and positive youth behaviors, commonalities among their predictors, and implications for prevention. METHODS Review etiology and prevention literatures. RESULTS Risky/unhealthy/antisocial behaviors, poor mental health, and poor academic achievement are highly prevalent and pose critical dilemmas for parents and educators. All behaviors are highly correlated with, and predict, each other; have many of the same risk and protective factors; and strongly influence success and happiness in life. Some examples of comprehensive programs with positive results in multiple domains are provided. CONCLUSION We need to prevent problem behaviors and promote positive behaviors with comprehensive, coherent, and integrated approaches.
Static threshold variability in the peripheral visual field in normal subjects.

We assessed the variability of point-wise static threshold values and the components of fluctuation outside the central 30° field in 20 normal individuals tested on the Humphrey field analyzer. We found a mean short-term fluctuation of 2.37 dB, a long-term heterogeneous fluctuation of 5.28 dB, and a long-term homogeneous fluctuation of 1.10 dB. All components of fluctuation were greatest superiorly. Point-wise variation was highest superiorly and nasally and increased with greater eccentricity from fixation in all but the temporal quadrant. Also, point-wise variation was greater between individual than between tests in a single individual. This study suggests that outside the central 30° field, changes in individual threshold measurements in the superior and nasal quadrants should be greater than those in the temporal or inferior quadrants before they can be distinguished from normal variation.
High-Temperature Creep-Fatigue of Alloy 617 Base Metal and Weldments

Creep-fatigue testing of nickel alloy 617 base metal and fusion weldments was performed at temperatures of 800 and 1000°C in air in support of ASME BPV Sec III code qualification of alloy 617 for the Next-Generation Nuclear Plant. Cyclic loading was performed in strain control with a trapezoidal waveform and was fully reversed. Creep was introduced into the fatigue cycle by a hold period at maximum tensile strain which varied from 18 to 9000 seconds. Base metal specimens were machined from 20 mm thick rolled plate; weldment specimens were machined from GTAW butt-welded plate such that the loading direction was oriented transverse to the welding direction. Weld metal, heat-affected zone, and base metal were present in the reduced section of weldment specimens. Creep-fatigue lives decreased with increasing hold time for both base metal and weldments; lives of weldments were reduced relative to those of base metal. Creep-fatigue cracking in weldment specimens initiated in the weld metal.
Inhibition of Glutathione S-Transferase ζ and Tyrosine Metabolism by Dichloroacetate: A Potential Unifying Mechanism for Its Altered Biotransformation and Toxicity

Abstract Dichloroacetate (DCA) inhibits its own metabolism and is converted to glyoxylate by glutathione S-transferase ζ (GSTz). GSTz is identical to maleylacetoacetate isomerase, an enzyme of tyrosine catabolism that converts maleylacetoacetate (MAA) to fumarylacetoacetate and maleylacetone (MA) to fumarylacetone. MAA and MA are alkylating agents. Rats treated with DCA for up to five days had markedly decreased hepatic GSTz activity and increased urinary excretion of MA. When dialyzed cytosol obtained from human liver was incubated with DCA, GSTz activity was unaffected. In contrast, DCA incubation inhibited enzyme activity in dialyzed hepatic cytosol from rats. Incubation of either rat or human hepatic cytosol with MA led to a dose dependent inhibition of GSTz. These data indicate that humans or rodents exposed to DCA may accumulate MA and/or MAA which inhibit(s) GSTz and, consequently, DCA biotransformation. Moreover, DCA-induced inhibition of tyrosine catabolism may account for the toxicity of this xenobiotic in humans and other species.
Levels of Adaptation in Systems of Coordinating Information Agents

Complex information environments, e.g. the Internet, are open systems. An open system is one in which the system components are not known in advance, can change over time, and may be highly heterogeneous. For example, the Internet can be viewed as a large, distributed information resource with heterogeneous nodes and communication links that could appear and disappear unpredictably. To face the challenges that open environments present, agent-based information systems must be multiagent and adaptive. We are developing a multiagent, reusable system infrastructure, RETSINA, that enables development of adaptive information systems. In this paper, we describe the different types and levels of adaptation in RETSINA, such as adaptation within an individual agent as well as inter-agent organization and coordination. We have used RETSINA to develop a variety of Internet-based applications.
Does the distinction between causal and moral responsibility really salvage the defensive attribution hypothesis?: A critique of Nogami and Streufert's thesis

Nogami and Streufert's (1983) thesis, that the distinction between causal and moral responsibility accounts for contradictory data in the defensive attribution literature, is criticized on empirical and conceptual grounds. It is argued that the results reported may be idiosyncratic to their study given the procedures they used. Moreover, close examination reveals several problems in using their results to account for previous contradictory research findings.
The captopril test for identifying renovascular disease in hypertensive patients

To develop a screening test for identifying renovascular hypertension, the blood pressure and plasma renin activity responses to an oral test dose of captopril were studied in 246 quietly seated hypertensive patients. The following criteria were developed that exploit the hyperresponsiveness of renin secretion in renovascular hypertensive patients: a 60-minute post-captopril plasma renin activity of 12 ng/ml per hour or more and an absolute plasma renin activity increase of 10 ng/ml per hour or more, along with a 150 percent increase in plasma renin activity (or a 400 percent increase if the baseline plasma renin activity was below 3 ng/ml per hour). Retrospectively, the test identified, among 200 hypertensive patients without evidence of renal dysfunction, all 56 patients with proved renovascular disease. In this group, false-positive results occurred only in two of 112 patients with essential hypertension and in six with secondary hypertension. Nine untreated patients had blood pressure levels of less than 160/100 mm Hg. The test was neither as sensitive nor specific in the 46 patients with renal insufficiency. This study demonstrates that the renin response to oral captopril is a useful screening test for identifying patients with unilateral or bilateral renovascular disease. Since the test also characterizes the renin dependency of the hypertension, it may have other diagnostic and therapeutic uses.
40 Trends in Sinus of Valsalva Dilation After the Ross Procedure.

Purpose: Since its original description in 1967 by Dr. Ross, the use of a pulmonary valve autograft for aortic valve replacement is becoming more prevalent. We analyzed pre and post operative data of pts who underwent the Ross procedure at Riley Children's Hospital in Indianapolis Indiana in order to follow trends of survival, reoperation, outflow valve integrity and aortic root dilation. This is a sub-analysis of nine patients who had multiple serial echocardiograms available for review. Methods: Clinical and echocardiographic data were reviewed on 81 consecutive children (n=66) and adults (n=14) that had a Ross procedure between 1993 and 2005. Median age at the time of the procedure was 13 years (range 9d to 36 years). A sub-analysis of nine patients who had serial echocardiograms available on our digital data base was performed using 2D measurements of the aortic annulus, sinus of valsalva and sino-tubular junction. The median age of these patients was 14 years (range 18mo-18 years). Follow up from surgery to the last echocardiogram was a median time of 4 years (range 650 days to 2302 days). Results: Almost 47% of patients developed dilation of the sinus of valsalva beyond the 95% of normal by late follow up (p 0.05). Conclusions: The Ross procedure is a good alternative to artificial valve replacement for aortic diseases, however dilation of the sinus of valsalva is common, but trends don't appear to exceed the rate of normal growth.
Numerical Solutions of Transient MHD Phenomena

ANUMERICAL model generating simultaneous solutions to the coulpled gasdynamic-electromagnetic equations of motion is developed. The transient relationship existing between the hydrodynamic flow properties and electromagnetic field quantities is explored. The parabolic gasdynamic equations of motion are discretized by a set of firstorder accurate, explicit finite difference expressions and are solved in an Eulerian reference frame. Employing MHD approximations to Maxwell's relations, a linear second-order elliptic partial differential equation describing the current stream function \l/ or the electric potential is developed and is solved by the method of successive overrelaxation. The time-dependent hydrodynamic and electromagnetic properties of a conducting fluid are evaluated by including the Lorentz force (jxB) and the electrical energy (j-E) in the equations of momentum and energy, respectively. Simultaneously, or \j/ is computed as a function of the updated flow velocity, temperature, and pressure, demonstrating that stable simultaneous solutions with severe pressure gradients are obtainable with this technique. Contents An electrically conducting fluid flowing in the presence of a transverse magnetic field may either be accelerated or decelerated, depending on the orientation of the pondermotive or Lorentz force yx£. If the flow is accelerated, as in an "accelerator," energy (j-E) must be added to the fluid; whereas if the flow is decelerated, energy may be extracted from the fluid, as in an MHD generator. The governing equations describing the above phenomena consist of the fluid equations of motion: mass, momentum, energy, and equation of state, and the electromagnetic equations: Maxwell's relations and Ohm's law. The development of a viable numerical procedure operating in the flow regime of MHD generators is hampered not only by typical numerical obstacles inherent in both gasdynamics and electromagnetic methods, but also by the unique difficulties arising from the marriage of these procedures. Because of these difficulties, various schemes1"3 have been developed to solve the electromagnetic and gasdynamic equations for certain defined flowfields and configurations. In the present formulation, stable simultaneous solutions of the fluidic and electromagnetic equations are obtained. The governing fluidic equations are written as
Electrochemical oxidation of cyanide ion at platinum electrodes

Abstract Voltammetric, chronopotentiometric and galvanostatic studies have been used to investigate the electrochemical oxidation of cyanide ion at platinum electrodes. The reaction is a diffusion controlled process involving a one-electron oxidation of free cyanide ion to cyanogen. The anodic transfer coefficient, (I-α), for a pre-oxidized electrode in a pH 9.5 solution varies from 0.35 for 10 −3 F KCN to 0.18 for 0.25 F KCN. The average value for the forward, heterogeneous rate constant, k o f , h , is 2.1·10 −8 cm sec −1 (using potentials relative to the normal hydrogen electrode). The proposed mechanism for the oxidation reaction involves a platinum oxide film. Increasing cyanide ion concentrations are postulated to cause metathesis of the oxide to platinum cyanide, which brings about a decrease in (1-α) and inhibition of the oxidation reaction.
A nuclear magnetic resonance study of the helix–coil transition of poly(L‐glutamic acid)

There have been many reports that the nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectra of a large number of polypeptides exhibit peak doubling of the α-carbon and the α-carbon proton in the helix–coil transition region. One apparent exception to this generalization has been polypeptides with ionizable side chains, where the helix–coil transition is induced by changes in pH in aqueous solution. Because it is important to establish the proper theoretical reason for the peak doubling and its relation to the rate of conformational change of amino acid residues, we have reexamined the proton and carbon-13 nmr spectra, at high field, for two polydisperse samples of poly(L-glutamic acid). Doubling of the α-carbon proton resonance as well as those of the α- and β-carbon, and backbone carbonyl are observed for a low-molecular-weight sample (DP = 54), while a higher molecular weight sample (DP = 309), exhibits only single resonances. Thus, polydispersity by itself is not sufficient to observe peak doubling; low-molecular weight is also required.