cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meso-Scale Modeling of Spall in a Heterogeneous Two-Phase Material

The influence of the heterogeneous second-phase particle structure and applied loading conditions on the ductile spall response of a model two-phase material was investigated. Quantitative metallography, three-dimensional (3D) meso-scale simulations (MSS), and small-scale spall experiments provided the foundation for this study. Nodular ductile iron (NDI) was selected as the model two-phase material for this study because it contains a large and readily identifiable second- phase particle population. Second-phase particles serve as the primary void nucleation sites in NDI and are, therefore, central to its ductile spall response. A mathematical model was developed for the NDI second-phase volume fraction that accounted for the non-uniform particle size and spacing distributions within the framework of a length-scale dependent Gaussian probability distribution function (PDF). This model was based on novel multiscale sampling measurements. A methodology was also developed for the computer generation of representative particle structures based on their mathematical description, enabling 3D MSS. MSS were used to investigate the effects of second-phase particle volume fraction and particle size, loading conditions, and physical domain size of simulation on the ductile spall response of a model two-phase material. MSS results reinforce existing model predictions, where the spall strength metric (SSM) logarithmically decreases with increasing particlemore » volume fraction. While SSM predictions are nearly independent of applied load conditions at lower loading rates, which is consistent with previous studies, loading dependencies are observed at higher loading rates. There is also a logarithmic decrease in SSM for increasing (initial) void size, as well. A model was developed to account for the effects of loading rate, particle size, matrix sound-speed, and, in the NDI-specific case, the probabilistic particle volume fraction model. Small-scale spall experiments were designed and executed for the purpose of validating closely-coupled 3D MSS. While the spall strength is nearly independent of specimen thickness, the fragment morphology varies widely. Detailed MSS demonstrate that the interactions between the tensile release waves are altered by specimen thickness and that these interactions are primarily responsible for fragment formation. MSS also provided insights on the regional amplification of damage, which enables the development of predictive void evolution models.« less
Relation of hard and total cross sections to centrality

We compare the fractions of the hard and geometric cross sections as a function of impact parameter. For a given definition of central collisions, we calculate the corresponding impact parameter and the fraction of the hard cross section contained within this cut. We use charm quark production as a definite example.
On Information Modeling to Support Interoperable Spatial Databases

A major research topic in geographic databases is that of interoperability, i.e., the capability of integrating transparently remote data and processes in an open environment. This paper addresses the issue of information modeling for interoperating geographic databases. In particular, it deals with the topic of exchanging semantics at the information systems context. Our proposal is based on the peculiarities of spatial data, namely field- and object-based views of space and spatial relationships, that are critical for the representation of information in an interoperable, yet unified “system”. A generic Geographic Data Model that encapsulates these semantics and makes their interchange among remote systems possible and without ambiguities is discussed. We show, with an example, how this model supports interaction among heterogeneous spatial application domains. This research effort is based on (a) the requirements expressed by the OpenGIS community, (b) results from modeling “classical” interoperable applications, and (c) a well-established theory on database modeling of geographic applications.
Studies on the role of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in the hepatic actions of glucagon and catecholamines.

Abstract The effects of glucagon, epinephrine, and isoproterenol on adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) accumulation and glucose mobilization have been studied in isolated rat livers perfused with Krebs bicarbonate buffer containing bovine erythrocytes and serum albumin. Glucagon and epinephrine produced detectable increases in liver cyclic AMP within 30 sec. With glucagon, the level of cyclic AMP rose to a maximum at 3 min and declined slowly over 1 hour. With epinephrine, the cyclic AMP concentration rapidly rose to a peak value at 1 min then declined to a lower level at 5 min and remained constant for the next 30 min. With maximally effective doses of glucagon, the cyclic AMP level was increased 11-fold at 1 min and 60-fold at 5 min. The corresponding values for epinephrine were only 4-fold and 2-fold. The lowest concentration of glucagon producing a significant elevation of cyclic AMP within 4 min was 2 x 10-10 m. A half-maximal cyclic AMP level was observed with about 1 x 10-8 m hormone. The minimally effective concentration of epinephrine for promotion of cyclic AMP accumulation was not clearly defined. A half-maximal response was observed with 1 x 10-7m hormone. By measuring changes in the glucose concentration of the effluent medium from livers from fed rats perfused without recirculation, it was possible to measure amounts of glucagon as low as 5 pmoles. The minimal concentration of glucagon producing significant glucose mobilization in the liver was 2 x 10-10 m while that of epinephrine was 1.4 x 10-8 m. These levels are similar to the minimal concentrations promoting adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate accumulation. Half-maximal glucose mobilization was observed with about 1 x 10-9 m glucagon or 1 x 10-7 m epinephrine. Norepinephrine and isoproterenol increased cyclic AMP accumulation and glucose output in livers perfused without recirculation. They were slightly less potent than epinephrine. Isoproterenol was much less potent than epinephrine or norepinephrine in stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in livers perfused with recirculating medium. Theophylline potentiated the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on cyclic AMP accumulation and glycogenolysis in the liver, whereas caffeine was ineffective. Serotonin, pancreozymin, and secretin did not affect glucose mobilization in livers from fed rats. Prostaglandin E1 and nicotinic acid did not alter basal or hormone-stimulated glucose production or cyclic AMP accumulation. Livers perfused with fluoride had reduced levels of cyclic AMP. Cessation of glucagon infusion resulted in a rapid fall in cyclic AMP levels, indicating rapid turnover of the nucleotide. When infusions of small amounts of glucagon, epinephrine, or cyclic AMP were stopped, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis declined at similar rates. The data are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that glucagon and catecholamines act in the liver by increasing the concentration of free, metabolically active cyclic AMP, and that this represents only a small fraction of the total tissue cyclic AMP.
NGC 1097 - The structure of the central 3 kiloparsecs at 10 microns

It is found that the central, optically bright region of the spiral galaxy NGC 1097 is a strong 10 micron source. A striking correlation is seen between the optical and infrared surface brightnesses. The properties of these sources imply that young stars power the infrared emission. It is inferred that the central 30 arcsec of NGC 1097 has a large bolometric luminosity of about 10 to the 11th solar luminosities, most of which originates in a ring approximately 2 kpc in diameter. These observations strongly support the hypothesis that the infrared emission from galaxies is often associated with bursts of star formation.
Effect of pressure-induced ionization, partitioning, and complexation on solute retention in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Abstract In contrast to supercritical fluid chromatography, pressure is not commonly considered an important parameter affecting solute retention in liquid chromatography. While it is true that the bulk compressibility of polar mobile phases is minimal for the modest pressures encountered in reversed-phase LC (
Solution-state NMR structure and biophysical characterization of zinc-substituted rubredoxin B (Rv3250c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Owing to the evolution of multi-drug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, there is an urgent need to develop new antituberculosis strategies to prevent TB epidemics in the industrial world. Among the potential new drug targets are two small nonheme iron-binding proteins, rubredoxin A (Rv3251c) and rubredoxin B (Rv3250c), which are believed to play a role in electron-transfer processes. Here, the solution structure and biophysical properties of one of these two proteins, rubredoxin B (Mt-RubB), determined in the zinc-substituted form are reported. The zinc-substituted protein was prepared by expressing Mt-RubB in minimal medium containing excess zinc acetate. Size-exclusion chromatography and NMR spectroscopy indicated that Mt-RubB was a monomer in solution. The structure (PDB entry 2kn9) was generally similar to those of other rubredoxins, containing a three-stranded anti­parallel β-sheet (β2–β1–β3) and a metal tetrahedrally coordinated to the S atoms of four cysteine residues (Cys9, Cys12, Cys42 and Cys45). The first pair of cysteine residues is at the C-terminal end of the first β-­strand and the second pair of cysteine residues is towards the C-terminal end of the loop between β2 and β3. The structure shows the metal buried deeply within the protein, an observation that is supported by the inability to remove the metal with excess EDTA at room temperature. Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows that this stability extends to high temperature, with essentially no change being observed in the CD spectrum of Mt-RubB upon heating to 353 K.
Observation of daytime N2O5 in the marine boundary layer during New England Air Quality Study–Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2004

[1] The nitrate radical, NO3, and dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, are key reactive nocturnal nitrogen oxides in the troposphere. The daytime impact of NO3 and N2O5, however, is restricted by photochemical recycling of NO3 to NO2 and O3. In this paper, we report daytime measurements of N2O5 on board the NOAA research vessel Ronald H. Brown in the Gulf of Maine during the New England Air Quality Study–Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (NEAQS-ITCT) campaign in the summer of 2004. Daytime N2O5 mixing ratios of up to 4 pptv were observed, consistent with predictions from a steady state analysis. Predicted and observed NO3 mixing ratios were below the instrumental detection limit of ∼1 pptv; the average calculated concentration was 0.09 pptv. Important impacts of daytime NO3 and N2O5 in the marine boundary layer included increased rates of VOC oxidation (in particular dimethyl sulfide) and enhanced NOx to HNO3 conversion, both of which scaled with the available NOx. Smaller effects of daytime NO3 and N2O5 included chemical destruction of O3 and a shift of the NO2:NO ratio. Because the rates of heterogeneous conversion of N2O5 and NO3 to HNO3 scale with the surface area available for uptake, the importance of daytime fog is discussed.
Providing the answers does not improve performance on a college final exam

In the context of an upper-level psychology course, even when students were given an opportunity to refer to text containing the answers and change their exam responses in order to improve their exam scores, their performance on these questions improved slightly or not at all. Four experiments evaluated competing explanations for the students’ failure to correct their answers. Experiments 1–3 ruled out ceiling effects, cognitive bias from a previous response and item selection effects, respectively, as explanations of the result. Experiment 4 showed that no more than 41% of the students comprehended the paragraphs well enough to find the answer. Furthermore, even this 41% of the students did not put sufficient effort into finding the answer, regardless of the impact on their grade, when they were not coerced to do so.
Small mitochondrial-targeted RNAs modulate endogenous mitochondrial protein expression in vivo

Endogenous mitochondrial genes encode critical oxidative phosphorylation components and their mutation results in a set of disorders known collectively as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. There is intensive interest in modulating mitochondrial function as organelle dysfunction has been associated with numerous disease states. Proteins encoded by the mitochondrial genome cannot be genetically manipulated by current techniques. Here we report the development of a mitochondrial-targeted RNA expression system (mtTRES) utilizing distinct non-coding leader sequences (NCLs) and enabling in vivo expression of small mitochondrial-targeted RNAs. mtTRES expressing small chimeric antisense RNAs was used as translational inhibitors (TLIs) to target endogenous mitochondrial protein expression in vivo. By utilizing chimeric antisense RNA we successfully modulate expression of two mitochondrially-encoded proteins, ATP6 and COXII, and demonstrate the utility of this system in vivo and in human cells. This technique has important and obvious research and clinical implications.
Local susceptibilities in semi-infinite antiferromagnetic chains: Elementary perspectives

Using conformal field theory methods Eggert and Affleck [Phys. Rev. Lett. {bold 75}, 984 (1996)] have shown that the semi-infinite S=1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain exhibits a remarkable alternation in its local response to a uniform field at low temperatures. Such alternation is not an essentially quantum effect: A similar, and sometimes stronger, susceptibility alternation is a feature of classical Heisenberg-Ising chains at T=0. In S=1/2 chains, susceptibility alternation is not unique to the Heisenberg model, but can be seen in expansions about the Ising model and also in the XY model. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Untreated hypernephroma of thirty-three years.

Abstract The literature cites long-term (>10 years) survivals after surgical treatment for renal cell carcinoma compared with few untreated cases with similar survival. We report the longest survival between time of diagnosis and documented distant metastases from an untreated renal cell cancer.
Training of Transversus Abdominis Activation in the Supine Position With Ultrasound Biofeedback Translated to Increased Transversus Abdominis Activation During Upright Loaded Functional Tasks

variance (N ¼ 19) indicated a significant and large effect for test sessions (P < .001, h 2 ¼ 0.808) and moderate effect for tasks (P ¼ .011; h 2 ¼ 0.164). Likewise, a 3-test sessions (pretraining, 5-minutes posttraining, 5 months post-training) � 3 tasks RM analysis of variance (n ¼ 10) indicated a significant and large test sessions effect (P < .001, h 2 ¼ 0.57) and no task effect. Overall, the percent change in TrA thickness increased after the TrA activation training program and was maintained at 5 months; similar patterns of improvement were noted across test sessions and tasks. Conclusion: Asymptomatic adults successfully completing a short session of TrA activation training in the supine position with US feedback of TrA activation were able to increase their TrA activation during loaded lifting and reaching tasks for at least 5 months. PM R 2014;6:612-623
Vox clamantis in deserto: Rhetoric, Reproach, and the Forging of Ascetic Authority in Jerome's Letters from the Syrian Desert

In eight letters (Epp. 6-9, 11-13, 16) that Jerome sent from his monastic retreat in the Syrian desert between c.375 and c.377, he sharply criticized friends who were not as faithful in writing to him as he had been to them. John Kelly, in his influential biography of Jerome (1975), famously read these letters as the petty outbursts of a neurotic curmudgeon who was bitter and resentful about being snubbed; other scholars since have followed suit with this face-value interpretation. The present article challenges this widely accepted psychologizing reading as being uncritical and unappreciative of the letters as literary artefacts. It is demonstrated first that they are stylish specimens of the epistolary genre of reproach. It is then argued that these letters, inasmuch as they portray Jerome as being shunned by human society, were important components of a book of collected personal correspondence that Jerome released in Rome in the early 380s to promote himself as the consummate hermit and hero of desert asceticism.
Comparing attributes of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and non-engineering students

Relative to other countries, the number of students in the US studying engineering is low. The numbers of women studying electrical and mechanical engineering have been persistently low relative to other engineering majors. For several years we have been measuring the electrical and mechanical aptitudes of electrical and mechanical engineers as part of a project to better understand hands-on ability. We have also examined connections between these aptitudes and academic performance indicators, spatial visualization ability, prior experiences, and engineering attitude. In fall 2010 we administered the same questionnaires and instruments to a group of non-engineering majors. The results provide some insight into the role that three factors — aptitudes, experiences, and attitude — play in a students' selection of academic major. This paper summarizes our findings.
Reliability and Factor Structure of the Autism Spectrum Disorders—Diagnosis Scale for Intellectually Disabled Adults (ASD—DA)

Most of the scale development work in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to date has focused on instrumentation designed for one disorder, autism, and mainly focused on young children. Three hundred seventy-one staff were administered a newly developed assessment scale for adults with ID. The Autism Spectrum Disorders—Diagnosis Scale for Intellectually Disabled Adults (ASD—DA) was designed to quickly provide relevant information to establish a diagnosis for the most common ASD (autism, PDD-NOS, and Asperger’s syndrome). Staff completed the assessment for adults with ID (n = 192) some of which had a diagnosis of either autism or PDD-NOS (n = 107) or ID alone (n = 85). Inter-rater and test-retest reliability data were obtained. Item analysis reduced the scale to 31 items that were found to be both reliable and significantly differentiate between groups. A factor analysis with a three-factor solution was identified. The internal consistency of factor and total scale scores were found to be excellent.
Application of concentrated TiO2 sols for γ-ray radiation dosimetry

Abstract Upon exposure to γ-radiation, a concentrated TiO 2 sol changes from colorless to deep blue with an absorption maximum at 540 nm. The absorption has been assigned to trapped electrons or Ti 3+ states in the solid matrix based on its spectroscopic similarity to the samples irradiated with UV light. Unlike the conduction-band electrons generated from direct excitation by UV radiation, the origin of the trapped electrons during γ-ray irradiation may be traced to a series of reducing species produced by the high energy electrons, which in turn, are the direct result of γ-irradiation. As the absorption intensity is linearly related to the duration of exposure to γ-radiation, it may have an application in γ-ray dosimetry. The sensitivity of its dosage response has been found to be influenced by the semiconductor particle concentration and the dispersing solvent.
In situ scanning-tunneling-microscopy studies of early-stage electromigration in Ag.

The mass-transport mechanisms that are responsible for the early stages (resistance change 1%) of electromigration damage in metals are poorly understood. A deeper understanding of these processes is important both for the direct application to metal lines in electronic devices and for expanding our basic knowledge of these complex phenomena. A major reason for our lack of understanding is that the structural changes that must take place during early-stage electromigration occur at extremely small length scales that are beyond the resolution capabilities of conventional electromigration experiments. We report in situ studies of early-stage electromigration using scanning tunneling microscopy. A single 2-\ensuremath{\mu}m square region of a 2100-\AA{} Ag film was studied under UHV conditions for over 200 h with current densities up to 4.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ A/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Although the temperature and resistivity of the sample remained nearly constant throughout this period, significant small-scale morphology changes occurred that were a result of the applied current.
Mode competition in a homogeneously broadened ring laser

The equations previously derived for the intensity fluctuations of a two-mode ring laser are applied to a homogeneously broadened laser. It is shown that the mean light intensity of the more lossy mode passes through a maximum and then tends to zero as the excitation is increased. The probability distribution of the intensity of each mode may exhibit two peaks, and spontaneous switching between the intensities associated with the peaks may occur. This is manifest in relative intensity fluctuations of the more lossy mode that can be much greater than unity. Estimates are given for the characteristic switching time.
Opaque areas on cerebral roentgenography simulating intracranial calcifications caused by disease

Fig. 1. This shows the two lesions with the upper lesion showing the three maggots with the breathing pores of the posterior segments unusually distinct. ond was anterior to the first, and just superior to the upper margin of the mandible. The history showed that the child had been placed in the grass to sleep 3 days prior to admission. The next day the two areas in question were swollen and appeared to be ordinary insect bites. The ulcerations were noted just a few hours before he was brought to our care. The photograph clearly demonstrates the obvious diagnosis (Fig. 1). Dr. Leo Saraf of the Department of Surgery was able to remove the maggots after a short pursuit. The first sinus tract near the ear was 10 mm. in diameter and broadened into a cavity 2 or 3 cm. in diameter and about 4~2 mm. in depth. The second sinus tract was about 8 ram. in diameter, 1 cm. in depth and 1~ cm. at the widest point. The necrotic tissue was debrided, the sinuses were irrigated and packed with iodoform gauze. The child made an uneventful recovery. The larvae were identified as members of the family Sarcophagidae but the subtype could not be determined.
PROTEIN CONFORMATION IN CELL MEMBRANE PREPARATIONS AS STUDIED BY OPTICAL ROTATORY DISPERSION AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM

To elucidate the basic structure of biological membranes, experimenltal evidence concerniing the detailed molecular organization of the proteins of membranes is required. This evidence has been almost totally lacking or ambiguous up to the present time. The Cotton. effects due to the peptide bond ultraviolet absorption bands, as studied by ORD and CD, have recently proved extremely valuable in characterizing the molecular conformations of polypeptides and soluble proteins. In this paper, we report the results of ORD and CD studies in the ultraviolet on membrane preparations from human red blood cells and from B. subtilis in several solvent media.
Shape recovery and stress-induced martensite in TiNi following indentation and wear loading

We present initial findings that are suggestive of the potential for shape-memory and superelastic NiTi alloys to function as useful tribological materials. For example, surface-deformation made with a spherical indenter is found to be almost completely recoverable by the shape-memory effect. A similar form of strain recovery is shown to be possible in thin films and in wear-track profiles. When a martensitic material is subjected to pin-on-disk loading, a substantial fraction of the wear track cross-section can be recovered by heating. It is also shown that the martensite phase can be stress-induced in response to complex loading associated either indentation or pin-on-disk wear tests, indicating that transformational superelasticity may be able to ameliorate wear degradation in the same way that it can limit low-cycle fatigue damage accumulation. Since NiTi can readily be deployed as a sputtered thin film coating, it may be possible to confer these beneficial effects to base metal substrates such as aluminum.
Lithium protects against glucocorticoid induced neural progenitor cell apoptosis in the developing cerebellum.

Abstract Respiratory dysfunction is one of the most common causes of death associated with premature birth ( Barton et al., 1999 ). In the United States, 7–10% of pregnant women receive antenatal glucocorticoid (GC) therapy ( Matthews et al., 2004 ), while approximately 19% of very low birth weight infants receive postnatal GC therapy ( Jobe, 2009 ). Clinical research suggests that GC treatment causes permanent neuromotor and cognitive deficits ( Yeh et al., 2004 ) and stunts cerebellar growth ( Parikh et al., 2007 , Tam et al., 2011 ). We previously reported that GC-mediated neural progenitor cell (NPC) apoptosis may be responsible for cerebellar neuropathology ( Maloney et al., 2011 , Noguchi et al., 2008 , Noguchi et al., 2011 ). The goal of the current study was to determine whether lithium protects NPCs from GC neuroapoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Given that it protects against a range of brain insults, we hypothesized that lithium would significantly attenuate GC induced NPC toxicity. We report that acute lithium pretreatment provides potent, cell-intrinsic neuroprotection against GC induced NPC toxicity in vivo and in vitro.
Product evolution and the classification of business interest in scientific advances

Technological change is widely studied in economic discourse, dominated by an “industrial perspective” in which scientific and engineering advances are categorized by, and analyzed in the context of, industrial classifications. The present study compares this perspective with the alternative approach of studying the effects of scientific advances onproducts (goods and services) in the context of the functions those products serve. Using a function-based classification scheme, data on the economic effects of scientific advances are developed from articles appearing in business journals. These data present a different picture of evolutionary economic change, which may shed additional light on its causality.
Utah's Oil-Impregnated Sandstone Deposits--A Giant Undeveloped Resource: ABSTRACT

Fifty deposits or groups of deposits of oil-impregnated sandstone (tar sand) in Utah contain between 20 and 25 billion bbl of oil, about 95 % of the nation's resource. The Uinta basin, northeast Utah, is ringed by 25 deposits, estimated to contain 10.5 to 11.0 billion bbl of oil in place, with about 95 % in 4 giant End_Page 961------------------------------ deposits: Asphalt Ridge, Hill Creek, PR Springs, and Sunnyside. In central-southeast Utah, 21 deposits contain between 10 and 15 billion bbl, a less precise estimate because of the lack of definitive subsurface data. About 90 % of this is contained in 3 giant deposits. Elsewhere in Utah 4 less important deposits are found. A wide variety of crude oils in varying stages of preservation and alteration has been analyzed. Gravities (API) range from minus values to near 15°; range in deposits considered of commercial interest is 8 to 15°. Uinta basin deposits of Tertiary age contain oil with an average sulfur content around 0.4 %. Permian and Triassic deposits in central-southeast Utah yield oils with between 3.0 and 4.3 sulfur. Two types of deposits are recognized: in situ (oil fields in their original position breached by erosion) and migrated (oil displaced from a ruptured trap to another position). Most southern Uinta basin and central-southeast Utah deposits are in situ; northern Uinta basin deposits appear to be migrated; actually they are seeps disseminated on the outcrop. The deposits exist in a wide variety of physical situations, and reservoirs tend to be heterogeneous. Mining appears to be the most likely method of large-scale exploitation. Serious legal, political, environmental, and technologic problems exist. Growing scarcity of energy and petrochemical sources is creating an economic climate in which development is feasible. End_of_Article - Last_Page 962------------
THE EFFECT OF GAMING ON ATTENDANCE AND ATTITUDE

Gaining, as an approach to reducing absenteeism and tardiness, has been used successfully by a number of firms. Our research has shown that the impact of gaming on these two areas may be minimal. However, statistically significant improvement in employee attitude and cooperation has resulted when gaming was used as a vehicle for employee communication.
James Davenport's Post-Bonfire Ministry, 1743–1757

(1996). James Davenport's Post‐Bonfire Ministry, 1743–1757. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 59-73.
Does Economic Development Impact the Foreign Direct Investment-Trade Relationship? A Gravity-Model Approach

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and trade in a bilateral context, that is, home (source) country's exports and FDI to a host (recipient) country are analyzed using a gravity-model approach. The FDI-trade relationship has been a centerpiece of the international-economics literature over the past decade. The home country's primary concern here is on the possible loss of employment due to more FDI than trade (Lipsey). Of late, there have been concerns on knowledge spillovers and the erosion of technological leadership (market failure) due to capital outflows. For a host country, the focus is on the effects of FDI on economic growth and development and technology transfer. Prior theoretical studies have used mostly imperfect-competition models to identify the FDI-trade relationship (Helpman and Krugman; Markusen and Venables). A majority of the empirical studies has used regression techniques with one-period lagged trade and FDI as an argument in current trade or FDI equations (Barrell and Pain; Gopinath, Pick, and Vasavada; Egger). Aggregate (firmlevel) data and industry (product-specific) data have been used in many of these studies (Blonigen; Lipsey and Ramstetter). Some have used cointegration methods to infer on the long-run association between trade and FDI (Pfaffermayr). However, few FDI-trade
Solution of the three-dimensional electromagnetic inverse problem by the local shape function and the conjugate gradient fast Fourier transform methods

A numerical algorithm for reconstruction of the permittivity of a three-dimensional penetrable object from scattering data is presented. The reconstruction algorithm is based on the local shape function method combined with the conjugate gradient method with fast Fourier transform. The nonlinearity that is due to multiple scattering is accounted for in an iterative minimization scheme. Numerical examples of simulation data are given.
The basic tastants in aversion conditioning: Evidence for sensory preconditioning and not potentiation

In Experiment 1, a potentiation paradigm was used to test the relative influence of odor and taste with two 2 basic tastants (i.e., salt and sweet) in conditioned aversion learning. Experiment 1 showed that aversions to tastants (salt or sweet presented in a manner by which it could be tasted) were established only in subjects trained with the tastant, not the odor (i.e., salt or sweet presented in a manner by which it could not be tasted). Experiment 2 demonstrated, with a sensory preconditioning procedure, that the expression of an aversion to tastants was dependent on previous tastant experience prior to odor aversion training. These results suggest that while subjects can smell salt and sweet solutions, these odors are neither sufficient nor necessary for the expression of a conditioned tastant aversion.
Repeated mixing and isolation: Measuring chronic, intermittent stress in Holstein calves

Objectives of this study were to determine the physiological effects of psychological stress applied to dairy calves and to test if molasses consumption could be used to validate that a stressed condition was achieved. Twenty male calves (3 wk old) received jugular catheters and were randomly assigned to control (CTR; n = 4 pens of 1 calf per pen) or social stress treatments (STR; n = 4 pens of 4 calves per pen). The STR treatment included 5 cycles of 24-h isolation followed by regrouping with unfamiliar animals for 48 h (over 15 d). An ACTH challenge (0.1 IU/kg of body weight) was used to determine adrenal fatigue. Peak and total cortisol concentrations were greater for STR calves until the ACTH challenge. After the ACTH challenge, CTR calf cortisol increased and STR calf cortisol continued to decrease, suggesting adrenal fatigue. The number of calves that became positive for fecal shedding of Salmonella after the acute stress of being moved and the number of calves that were positive after the move decreased with each move. Fifty-six percent of STR calves changed from negative to positive for shedding after the first move compared with 18.75% of STR calves remaining negative after the third move. Difference in fecal shedding of Enterobacteriaceae from samples taken before and after moving calves on d 6 was less than that on d 2, 3, and 5. Leukocyte counts were not different, but trends for day effects were detected for neutrophil and monocyte percentages. Molasses consumption was greater for STR calves on d 2 and 11, as was total consumption. Latency to lie after eating also increased as the study progressed; STR calves required more time to lie after eating on d 12 than on d 3, and latency to lie was greater for STR than CTR on d 4, 8, 12, and 14. The STR calves also stood more than the CTR calves in the 4-h afternoon period on d 4, 5, 7, and 14. However, during the 4-h morning observations on d 14 (ACTH challenge), CTR calves stood more than STR calves. This model induced chronic stress, as characterized by adrenal fatigue, which was confirmed by molasses consumption and behavior changes. Therefore, molasses consumption could be used to confirm social stress in experimental models.
Early American Family and Legal History: New Ideas

Recent work about the method of family reconstitution and economic history raises serious doubts about the demographic and economic premises that underlie much of the existing scholarship about early American family history. As a result, early American family history—one of the new social history's crowning achievements during the 1960s—is now in disarray. Some scholars see the new microhistorical studies of the colonial family as an effort to sidestep these difficulties by ignoring demographic and materialist perspectives. However, such cultural approaches may well intensify the crisis by challenging the image of the early American family as a loving institution incapable of violent conflict.
Postimplant dosimetry for 125I prostate implants: definitions and factors affecting outcome

Abstract Objective: An analysis of CT-based dosimetry was performed to assess the efficacy of the real time method of prostate implantation, explore the relationship of various dose descriptions and determine implant factors affecting outcome. Methods and Materials: Between 7/95 and 8/99, 297 patients underwent 125 I implants for T1–T2 prostate cancer and had CT-based dosimetry performed (TG43 formalism). Dosimetry was performed 1 month postimplant. Using a dose–volume histogram, doses delivered to 100%, 95%, 90%, and 80% of the prostate (D100, D95, D90, D80, respectively) as well as percentages of the gland receiving 240 Gy, 160 Gy, 140 Gy (V240, V160, V140, respectively) were reported. Correlations between the various dose parameters and D90 were generated. The effect of the number of seeds implanted, seeds/volume, prostate volume, experience as assessed by time (8/01/99—date of implant), ultrasound probe (mechanical sector vs. dual phased electronic), and the ratio of the CT dosimetry prostate volume/ultrasound implant volume (CT/US vol) were analyzed. Results: The median D100, D95, D90, and D80 values were 10,200 cGy, 15,655 cGy, 17,578 cGy, and 19,873 cGy, respectively. The median V240, V160, and V140 were 56%, 94%, and 98%, respectively. Correlations of dose descriptions found a close relationship of D95, D80, V240, V160, and V140 with D90 with r values of 0.928, 0.973, 0.911, 0.816, and 0.733, respectively. D100 correlated poorly with D90 ( r = 0.099). Using a stepwise regression analysis, CT/US vol ratio, prostate volume, and seed number were the only significant factors affecting D90 with CT/US vol ratio having the greatest effect. The dual-phased electronic probe was associated with fewer D90 values of less than 140 Gy (2%) compared to the mechanical sector probe (14%) ( p = 0.02). Conclusion: CT-based dosimetry results reveal the real-time implant technique to be an effective method of prostate implantation. Factors associated with more precise implantation, such as decreased postimplant edema, new technology, and increased number of seeds will lead to higher D90 values.
PHOTOSENSITIZING EFFECTS OF HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE IMMOBILIZED ON SEPHAROSE

— The cytotoxicity that ensues following photosensitization by hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd) is attributed to production of singlet oxygen. Many of the cellular end points reported to be affected are localized to membranes, hydrophobic environments conducive to partitioning of hydrophobic porphyrins in Hpd. In order to test the hypothesis that efficacy of Hpd-induced photosensitization is enhanced by its ability to freely enter cells or subcellular organelles, we immobilized Hpd on a sepharose support. This immobilized reagent was found to produce 1O2 when photoradiated, in yields similar to those observed for Hpd in solution, as evidenced by the bleaching of p-nitrosodimethylaniline in the presence of imidazole. The immobilized Hpd was capable of photosensitizing, i.e. inhibit, cytochrome c oxidase activity in intact mitochondrial membranes and in aqueous solution. However, enzymes located on the interior of mitochondrial membranes (F0F1 ATP synthase and succinate dehydrogenase), in the mitochondrial matrix (malate dehydrogenase), or on the inside of the plasma membrane, (Na++ K+)- ATPase, were unaffected by immobilized Hpd plus photoradiation compared to free Hpd. The results suggest that photosensitization by Hpd most likely arises from entry of the photosensitizer into the biological membrane, although proteins on the exterior membrane surface may be susceptible to damage by 1O2 produced in proximity to their location.
William P. Didusch (1895-1981) : an illustrator of urology

William P. Didusch was the leading illustrator in American urology. His career was remarkable not only due to his art and the heritage he left us but also because of the work he accomplished in the service of the American Urological Association and his role in the history of medicine. He founded a Museum of urological artifacts that bears his name.
Quantitative trait loci: mapping the future of QTL's.

A recent paper published in Nature represents a first in the attempt to map and sequence a true quantitative trait loci (QTL) – a gene with a small effect and complex expression. This study highlights both the promise and hazards of the road ahead as we seek to diagnose all the genes contributing to complex phenotypes.
A biomechanical comparison of different wrist external fixators with and without K-wire augmentation.

Abstract To compare stability of wrist external fixation, simulated unstable extra-articular distal radius fractures were created in 7 fresh-frozen cadaveric upper extremities and stabilized using 4 different external fixators. Physiologic muscle tension across the wrist was simulated by application of 40-N load distributed among the wrist tendons. Alternating loads of up to 100 N in flexion and extension of the wrist were applied during stability testing and 3-dimensional kinematics of the proximal and distal fracture fragments were determined using attached infrared light-emitting diodes and a 3-dimensional motion tracking system. Fracture stability was reassessed for each of the constructs after augmentation of the fracture fragments with a single dorsal transfixion K-wire. K-wire augmentation demonstrated a significant reduction in motion of the distal radial fragment of at least 40% in all 3 rotational planes. For flexion/extension, the reduction in motion was from 4.5° to 2.6°. For radial/ulnar deviation, the range of motion decreased from 3.0° to 1.5°. Rotational motion declined from an average of 3.2° to 1.2°. The addition of the single dorsal transfixion K-wire significantly improved stability of each of the 4 fixators in at least 1 of the 3 planes in which motion was measured. While we compared the most rigid with some of the least rigid external fixators, the data do not support an important difference in fracture fragment stability among the 4 fixators. The data much more strongly support the concept of K-wire augmentation for increasing stability of an unstable extra-articular distal radius fracture regardless of the type of external fixator that is used. (J Hand Surg 1999;24A:516–524. Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Systems approaches to modeling chronic mucosal inflammation.

The respiratory mucosa is a major coordinator of the inflammatory response in chronic airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Signals produced by the chronic inflammatory process induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) that dramatically alters the epithelial cell phenotype. The effects of EMT on epigenetic reprogramming and the activation of transcriptional networks are known, its effects on the innate inflammatory response are underexplored. We used a multiplex gene expression profiling platform to investigate the perturbations of the innate pathways induced by TGFβ in a primary airway epithelial cell model of EMT. EMT had dramatic effects on the induction of the innate pathway and the coupling interval of the canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathways. Simulation experiments demonstrate that rapid, coordinated cap-independent translation of TRAF-1 and NF-κB2 is required to reduce the noncanonical pathway coupling interval. Experiments using amantadine confirmed the prediction that TRAF-1 and NF-κB2/p100 production is mediated by an IRES-dependent mechanism. These data indicate that the epigenetic changes produced by EMT induce dynamic state changes of the innate signaling pathway. Further applications of systems approaches will provide understanding of this complex phenotype through deterministic modeling and multidimensional (genomic and proteomic) profiling.
Time-gated Cherenkov emission spectroscopy from linear accelerator irradiation of tissue phantoms

A time-gated-acquisition method is introduced to measure the Cherenkov emission from linear accelerator (LINAC) in tissue mimic phantom and shown to be an effective way to enhance the intensity of the Cherenkov emission over the ambient light.
Recent Carbonates of Isla Mujeres? Quintana Roo: ABSTRACT

Isla Mujeres, off the northeast tip of Yucatan, consists of oolitic dunerock. The Caribbean coast is subjected to heavy waves, and the sediments are coarse, well sorted, highly polished and rounded; coralline algae, carbonate rock fragments, Halimeda and coral are abundant. The lee (western) beach is protected; sands are finer, well sorted, dull, and angular with Halimeda greatly predominant. Straits separating Isla Mujeres from Yucatan are swept by strong northerly currents: sediments are poorly sorted, negative-skewed, and consist of a bimodal mixture of (1) dominant small, polished oolites, and (2) subordinate coarse oolitic rock fragments with some skeletal grains. Sorting of beach sediments is a sinusoidal function of mean grain size; best sorting is at 2^phgr, -3^phgr, and -8^phgr. Sorting values (^sgr) of 0.3-0.6^phgr are characteristic of all beaches regardless of grain size, from fine sand to coral boulders, regardless of composition and regardless of wave energy of the coast. Protected bay sediments are muddy and poorly sorted (immature); sediments from current-swept straits are winnowed, but poorly sorted (submature); sediments of lee beaches are well sorted but dull and angular (mature); and sediments of beaches exposed to high waves are well sorted, rounded and highly polished (super-mature). End_of_Article - Last_Page 357------------
Operations strategies for the Mars Exploration Rovers during the 2007 Martian global dust storm

In June and July 2007 Mars experienced a dust storm that grew to envelop all but the polar latitudes of the planet.1, 2 This dust storm was the first global dust storm to occur while the twin Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) began surface operations. It is estimated that the dust in the atmosphere prevented over 99.6% of direct sunlight from reaching the surface at the peak of the storm. Data collected indicated that solar array energy output was reduced to approximately 15% of maximum. The reduction in insolation and energy output posed the greatest risk of ending the mission for both rovers at that time.
Subjective and Objective Measures of Attractiveness and Their Relation to Sexual Behavior and Sexual Attitudes in University Students

This study examined both self-rated and objectively measured attractiveness in relation to sexual behaviors and attitudes in an undergraduate sample (N=456). About a quarter of the variance in self-ratings of attractiveness was predicted from combining standard objective measures of attractiveness, including face photo ratings, body mass index, and chest-to-waist ratio for men, and face photo ratings, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio for women. Correlations were investigated among self-rated attractiveness, measured attractiveness, the residual component of self-rated attractiveness (controlling for measured attractiveness), and a number of sexual and related variables. Measured attractiveness correlated moderately with sexual behaviors but not with sociosexuality or sexual moral attitudes, indicating that higher levels of observable attractiveness may serve to increase opportunities for sex with multiple desirable partners without affecting interests in or moral acceptance of casual sex. Self-rated attractiveness correlated positively with sexual behaviors and with sociosexuality, but the correlation with sociosexuality was based entirely on residual factors beyond the objective measures of attractiveness. Other predictors of sexual behavior were discussed in terms of their variable roles in affecting interest in, opportunities for, and social costs of promiscuous sexual activity.
The Tenet experience and the design of protocols for integrated-services internetworks

The research done by the Tenet Group in multimedia networking has reached a point where it may be useful to reflect on the significance of its results for the current debate on how integrated-services internetworks should be designed. Such reflections constitute the main subject of this paper. The principles of the work and the conclusions reached so far by the Tenet researchers are discussed in the light of the conflict between the two major technologies being proposed to build future information infrastructures: namely, the Internet and the ATM technologies. The Tenet approach suggests one feasible way for resolving the conflict to the advantage of all the users of those infrastructures. This paper discusses various fundamental aspects of integrated-services network design: the choice of the service model, the type of charging policy to be adopted, and the selection of a suitable architecture.