cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty Analysis of the Core Body Temperature Under Thermal and Physical Stress Using a Three-Dimensional Whole Body Model

Heat stress experienced by firefighters is a common consequence of extreme firefighting activity. In order to avoid the adverse health conditions due to uncompensable heat stress, the prediction and monitoring of the thermal response of firefighters is critical. Tissue properties, among other parameters, are known to vary between individuals and influence the prediction of thermal response. Further, measurement of tissue properties of each firefighter is not practical. Therefore, in this study, we developed a whole body computational model to evaluate the effect of variability (uncertainty) in tissue parameters on the thermal response of a firefighter during firefighting. Modifications were made to an existing human whole body computational model, developed in our lab, for conducting transient thermal analysis for a firefighting scenario. In conjunction with nominal (baseline) tissue parameters obtained from literature, and physiologic conditions from a firefighting drill, the Pennes bioheat and energy balance equations were solved to obtain the core body temperature of a firefighter. Subsequently, the uncertainty in core body temperature due to variability in the tissue parameters (input parameters), metabolic rate, specific heat, density, and thermal conductivity was computed using the sensitivity coefficient method. On comparing the individual effect of tissue parameters on the uncertainty in core body temperature, the metabolic rate had the highest contribution (within ±0.20°C) followed by specific heat (within ±0.10°C), density (within ±0.07°C), and finally thermal conductivity (within ±0.01 °C). A maximum overall uncertainty of ±0.23 °C in the core body temperature was observed due to the combined uncertainty in the tissue parameters. Thus, the model results can be used to effectively predict a realistic range of thermal response of the firefighters during firefighting or similar activities.
Epidural Anesthesia: The Best Technique

Epidural anesthesia is an excellent technique for many surgical procedures. Clinicians use several methods for performing the block, but the best method utilizes continuous pressure on the syringe as the needle is advanced.
Tammany Hall, die Macht über die Wahlen und die Wende zur realistischen Demokratietheorie

Der Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit den Wahltechniken von Tammany Hall in New York City am Ende des 19. und zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die von dieser Parteiorganisation geubten Wahlmanipulationen werden in den zeitgenossischen Kontext der demokratietheoretischen Diskussion gestellt.
Using Curriculum-Based Measurements for Program Evaluation: Expanding Roles for School Psychologists.

ABSTRACTEducators increasingly need to evaluate schoolwide reform efforts; however, complex program evaluations often are not feasible in schools. Through a case example, we provide a heuristic for program evaluation that is easily replicated in schools. Criterion-referenced interpretations of schoolwide screening data were used to evaluate outcomes associated with participation in four-year-old kindergarten. Nonparametric analyses allowed for group comparisons across early literacy screening outcomes. Risk ratios demonstrated that four-year-old kindergarten participants were less likely to score “at-risk” on kindergarten and first grade screenings. The methods employed meaningfully addressed local program effectiveness questions. Further, they were easily determined and disseminated. Implications for extensions of the heuristic to other evaluation questions and data sources as well as limitations of the approach are discussed.
Abstract 555: The Effect Of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibition On Arterial Blood Pressure Is Context Dependent

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors decrease the metabolism of endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, such as GLP-1(7-36)NH 2 , and GLP-1R agonists are antihypertensive. However, DPP4 inhibitors also impair the metabolism of endogenous Y 1 receptor (Y 1 R) agonists, such as neuropeptide Y 1-36 (NPY 1-36 ), and Y 1 R agonists are pro-hypertensive. Consequently, the long-term effect of DPP4 inhibition on blood pressure may be context dependent. To test this, we conducted radiotelemetry studies under highly controlled conditions to quantify the effects of chronic sitagliptin (80 mg/kg/day; DPP4 inhibitor) on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and Zucker Diabetic-Sprague Dawley rats (ZDSD; model of the metabolic syndrome developed by PreClinOmics). In SHR, chronic (3 weeks) administration of sitagliptin significantly increased systolic, mean and diastolic blood pressures by 10.3, 9.2 and 7.9 mmHg, respectively (p 1 R antagonist) abolished the pro-hypertensive effects of sitagliptin in SHR. In WKY, chronic sitagliptin slightly decreased (p 1-36 and GLP-1(7-36)NH 2 exerted little effect on renovascular tone. In contrast, in isolated SHR kidneys, both NPY 1-36 and GLP-1(7-36)NH 2 elicited potent and efficacious vasoconstriction (increased perfusion pressure by 171 and 132 mmHg, respectively). Conclusions: 1) The effects of DPP4 inhibitors on blood pressure are context dependent; 2) The context-dependent effects of DPP4 inhibitors are due in part to differential renovascular responses to its most important substrates (NPY 1-36 and GLP-1(7-36)NH 2 ); 3) Y 1 R antagonists may augment the beneficial effects of DPP4 inhibitors.
The afterlife of Austria-Hungary: the image of the Habsburg monarchy in interwarw Europe

In retrospect, it is quite an achievement that something as slow moving, anachronistic and pompous as the Habsburg Monarchy generated such a bright and lasting reputation in popular imagination and...
Structure and Dynamics of Type III Secretion Effector Protein ExoU As determined by SDSL-EPR Spectroscopy in Conjunction with De Novo Protein Folding

ExoU is a 74 kDa cytotoxin that undergoes substantial conformational changes as part of its function, that is, it has multiple thermodynamically stable conformations that interchange depending on its environment. Such flexible proteins pose unique challenges to structural biology: (1) not only is it often difficult to determine structures by X-ray crystallography for all biologically relevant conformations because of the flat energy landscape (2) but also experimental conditions can easily perturb the biologically relevant conformation. The first challenge can be overcome by applying orthogonal structural biology techniques that are capable of observing alternative, biologically relevant conformations. The second challenge can be addressed by determining the structure in the same biological state with two independent techniques under different experimental conditions. If both techniques converge to the same structural model, the confidence that an unperturbed biologically relevant conformation is observed...
Mastocytosis in Children

In this review, we examine the current understanding of the pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnostic tools, and treatment options of pediatric mastocytosis as well as the natural history of the disease. We discuss the emerging concept of mast cell activation syndrome. Mastocytosis in children presents most commonly as isolated cutaneous lesions and is a relatively rare occurrence with excellent prognosis and spontaneous regression often occurring by adolescence. Systemic mastocytosis with organ system involvement is a more serious condition and is likely to persist into adulthood.
Chromophore-Catalyst Assembly for Water Oxidation Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition.

Visible-light-driven water splitting was investigated in a dye sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC) based on a photoanode with a phosphonic acid-derivatized donor−π–acceptor (D−π–A) organic chromophore, 1, and the water oxidation catalyst [Ru(bda)(4-O(CH2)3P(O3H2)2-pyr)2], 2, (pyr = pyridine; bda = 2,2′-bipyridine-6,6′-dicarboxylate). The photoanode was prepared by using a layering strategy beginning with the organic dye anchored to an FTO|core/shell electrode, atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a thin layer (<1 nm) of TiO2, and catalyst binding through phosphonate linkage to the TiO2 layer. Device performance was evaluated by photocurrent measurements for core/shell photoanodes, with either SnO2 or nanoITO core materials, in acetate-buffered, aqueous solutions at pH 4.6 or 5.7. The absolute magnitudes of photocurrent changes with the core material, TiO2 spacer layer thickness, or pH, observed photocurrents were 2.5-fold higher in the presence of catalyst. The results of transient absorption measur...
Mediación Ambiental en los Estados Unidos de América: doctrina y práctica

El objeto de este articulo es ofrecer una vision panoramica de la mediacion ambiental basados en la experiencia de los Estados Unidos de America. En dicho pais, pionero en la materia, la mediacion ambiental existe conceptualmente desde el ano 19743. Tanto academicos como profesionales han discutido profusamente el significado y experimentado las virtudes de la mediacion como metodo alternativo para la solucion de conflictos de caracter ambiental. El capitulo primero describe un concepto general de mediacion y la forma en que esta es conducida, a traves de sus etapas mas clasicas. El capitulo segundo se adentra en las especificidades de la mediacion ambiental, contemplando los requisitos para un proceso exitoso. El capitulo tercero se extiende sobre las virtudes de este metodo alternativo para la solucion de conflictos desde una perspectiva ambiental. El capitulo cuarto desarrolla los argumentos de los opositores a lo que llaman un desmesurado apoyo a la mediacion ambiental. Finalmente, el capitulo quinto resume las principales conclusiones de este trabajo.
Bayesian non‐parametric generation of fully synthetic multivariate categorical data in the presence of structural zeros

Statistical agencies are increasingly adopting synthetic data methods for disseminating microdata without compromising the privacy of respondents. Crucial to the implementation of these approaches are flexible models, able to capture the nuances of the multivariate structure in the original data. In the case of multivariate categorical data, preserving this multivariate structure also often involves satisfying constraints in the form of combinations of responses that cannot logically be present in any data set—like married toddlers or pregnant men—also known as structural zeros. Ignoring structural zeros can result in both logically inconsistent synthetic data and biased estimates. Here we propose the use of a Bayesian non‐parametric method for generating discrete multivariate synthetic data subject to structural zeros. This method can preserve complex multivariate relationships between variables, can be applied to high dimensional data sets with massive collections of structural zeros, requires minimal tuning from the user and is computationally efficient. We demonstrate our approach by synthesizing an extract of 17 variables from the 2000 US census. Our method produces synthetic samples with high analytic utility and low disclosure risk.
Theorizing Interracial Communication in the Former Yugoslavia

AbstractWhiteness and nationalism underlie configurations of race globally, yet “race” is often recognized and performed as hierarchies of ethnicity in nations where skin color is not optically dif...
Ex Ante Assessment of the FAIR Act

The U.S. Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (FAIR) was designed to reduce government interference in farmers’ crop choice and acreage decisions, and to reduce the burden of agricultural price support payments on the U.S. Treasury (USDA, 1996a; USDA, 1998b). Prior to FAIR, agricultural policy was governed by the Food, Agriculture, Conservation and Trade Act of 1990 (FACT) (USDA, 1989,USDA, 1995). Under FACT, the U.S. government intervened in agricultural commodity markets by limiting production through commodity-specific acreage restrictions and by supporting target prices through deficiency and loan deficiency payments. With the passage of FAIR in 1996, target prices and associated deficiency payments were eliminated, planting restrictions were lifted, and lump-sum subsidy payments (called Production Flexibility Contract Payments, or PFC payments) were introduced (USDA, 1996a;USDA, 1997). In contrast to the deficiency payments made under FACT, PFC payments made under FAIR were decoupled from planting decisions. In theory, decoupling subsidy payments from planting decisions would maintain farm income while improving flexibility and efficiency in production, thereby improving U.S. competitiveness in world markets, and reducing the future farm-subsidy obligations of the U.S. Treasury.
Adjoint-Based Methodology for Anisotropic Grid Adaptation

A new adjoint-based grid adaptation methodology for solving steady and unsteady problems is presented. In contrast to conventional grid adaptation techniques utilizing the error equidistribution principle, the new approach directly solves an error minimization problem for which grid node coordinates are used as control variables. A minimum of the error functional is found using a gradient method based on the adjoint formulation. The mesh sensitivity derivatives required for solving the error minimization problem are computed using the solution of the corresponding adjoint equations. The key advantage of this formulation is that the adjoint equations are solved only once at each grid adaptation iteration regardless of the number of grid nodes, which makes this approach well suited for mesh adaptation. The new adjoint-based grid adaptation strategy is tested on several benchmark problems governed by the Euler and Poisson equations.
Supply Chain Contingency Planning and Firm Adoption: An Initial Look at Differentiating the Innovators

This research strives to identify key differentiating characteristics of firms adopting a supply chain contingency planning process from those that do not adopt. The researchers base their model on Rogers' innovation diffusion variables and supplement the model with additional variables of interest. Results of the research allow the researchers to propose a model of adoption. The results help the authors identify key predictor variables and significantly enhance the level of understanding of the adoption of supply chain contingency planning processes.
Average and local strain fields in nanocrystals

This article presents a rigorous and self-consistent comparison of lattice distortion and deformation fields existing in energy-optimized pseudo-spherical gold nanoparticles obtained from real-space and powder diffraction strain analysis techniques. The changes in atomic positions resulting from energy optimization (relaxation) of ideally perfect gold nanoparticles were obtained using molecular dynamics modeling. The relaxed atomic coordinates were then used to compute the displacement, rotation and strain components in all unit cells within the energy-optimized (relaxed) particles. It was seen that all of these terms were distributed heterogeneously along the radial and tangential directions within the nanospheroids. The heterogeneity was largest in the first few atomic shells adjacent to the nanoparticle surface, where the continuity of crystal lattice vectors originating from the interior layers was broken because of local lattice rotations. These layers also exhibited maximum shear and normal strains. These (real-space) strain values were then compared with the average lattice strains obtained by refining the computed diffraction patterns of such particles. The results show that (i) relying solely on full-pattern refinement techniques for lattice strain analysis might lead to erroneous conclusions about the dimensionality and symmetry of deformation within relaxed nanoparticles; (ii) the lattice strains within such relaxed particles should be considered `eigenstrains' (`inherent strains') as defined by Mura [Micromechanics of Defects in Solids, (1991), 2nd ed., Springer]; and (iii) the stress/strain state within relaxed nanoparticles cannot be analyzed rigorously using the constitutive equations of linear elasticity.
Identifying Bitcoin users by transaction behavior

Digital currencies, such as Bitcoin, offer convenience and security to criminals operating in the black marketplace. Some Bitcoin marketplaces, such as Silk Road, even claim anonymity. This claim contradicts the findings in this work, where long term transactional behavior is used to identify and verify account holders. Transaction timestamps and network properties observed over time contribute to this finding. The timestamp of each transaction is the result of many factors: the desire purchase an item, daily schedule and activities, as well as hardware and network latency. Dynamic network properties of the transaction, such as coin flow and the number of edge outputs and inputs, contribute further to reveal account identity. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for identifying and verifying Bitcoin users based on the observation of Bitcoin transactions over time. The behavior we attempt to quantify roughly occurs in the social band of Newell's time scale. A subset of the Blockchain 230686 is taken, selecting users that initiated between 100 and 1000 unique transactions per month for at least 6 different months. This dataset shows evidence of being nonrandom and nonlinear, thus a dynamical systems approach is taken. Classification and authentication accuracies are obtained under various representations of the monthly Bitcoin samples: outgoing transactions, as well as both outgoing and incoming transactions are considered, along with the timing and dynamic network properties of transaction sequences. The most appropriate representations of monthly Bitcoin samples are proposed. Results show an inherent lack of anonymity by exploiting patterns in long-term transactional behavior.
GDI Multi Hole Injector Spray Investigations for EU6c and Beyond

The Authors’ corporate direction is to contribute to improve the environment and human health. Particulate matter emitted from internal combustion engines is recognised as harmful to human health.
Temporal increases in 25-hydroxyvitamin D in midlife women: Longitudinal results from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation.

OBJECTIVE 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is critical for bone mineralization and may prevent fractures. Understanding vitamin D deficiency trends in midlife women is particularly important given their concurrent menopausal changes that increase risk for fracture. We aimed to evaluate changes in mean 25(OH)D over time and their determinants in a racially, ethnically and socioeconomically diverse cohort of midlife women. DESIGN A multi-centre prospective cohort study. PATIENTS 1585 women ages 42-52 years at baseline. MEASUREMENTS We measured serum 25(OH)D at 2 time points (1998-2000 and 2009-2011). Between-visit change was assessed in the whole cohort and in socioeconomic and demographic subgroups. Among those with vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D <30 nmol/L) at baseline, we evaluated determinants of persistent deficiency at follow-up. RESULTS Mean 25(OH)D increased from 53.8 to 70.0 nmol/L (P < 0.001), and the prevalence of deficiency decreased from 20.4% to 9.7% (P < 0.001). While baseline 25(OH)D differed among subgroups, the changes in 25(OH)D were similar among groups. The proportion of women reporting dietary supplement use increased from 40.8% to 67.1% (P < 0.001), and the increase in 25(OH)D was significantly higher in supplement users. Among women with vitamin D deficiency at baseline, White women and supplement users were less likely to remain deficient at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Among midlife women, temporal increases in 25(OH)D concentrations are driven largely by increases in supplement use. The proportion of women with 25(OH)D <30 nmol/L and thus at high risk for skeletal consequences remains substantial. Targeted screening for vitamin D deficiency in populations at risk for fragility fracture may be advisable.
Chest Pain and Electrocardiographic Changes

A 58-year-old man with his first episode of chest pain had an acute anterior myocardial infarct. After balloon angioplasty and stenting of a completely occluded left anterior descending coronary artery, the anterolateral ST-T changes had largely resolved.
Graham's Tree Reconstruction Conjecture and a Waring-Type Problem on Partitions

Suppose G is a tree. Graham’s “Tree Reconstruction Conjecture” states that G is uniquely determined by the integer sequence |G|, |L(G)|, |L(L(G))|, |L(L(L(G)))|, ..., where L(H) denotes the line graph of the graph H. Little is known about this question apart from a few simple observations. We show that the number of trees on n vertices which can be distinguished by their associated integer sequences is at least e ((log n) 3/2 ) . The proof strategy involves constructing a large collection of caterpillar graphs using partitions arising from the Prouhet-Tarry-Escott problem. We identify, but only partially resolve, an interesting question about representations of integers as sums of k th powers of the parts of integer partitions.
Biomechanical comparison of bone-screw-fasteners versus traditional locked screws in plating female geriatric bone.

Abstract Objectives To biomechanically compare plated constructs using nonlocking bone–screw–fasteners with interlocking threads versus locking screws with traditional buttress threads in geriatric female bone. Methods Eleven matched pairs of proximal and distal segments of geriatric female cadaveric tibias were used to create a diaphyseal fracture model. Nonlocking bone–screw–fasteners or locking buttress threaded screws were applied to a locking compression plate on the anterolateral aspect of the tibia placed in bridge mode. Specimens were subjected to incrementally increasing cyclic axial load combined with constant cyclic torsion. Total cycles to failure served as a primary outcome measure, with failure defined as 2 mm of displacement or 10 degrees of rotation. Secondary outcome measures included initial stiffness in compression and torsion determined from preconditioning testing and overall rigidity as determined by maximum peak-to-peak axial and rotational motion at 500 cycle intervals during cyclic testing. Group comparisons were made using paired Student's t-tests. Significance was set at p Results Bone–screw–fastener constructs failed at an average of 40,636 ± 22,151 cycles and locking screw constructs failed at an average of 37,773 ± 8433 cycles, without difference between groups (p = =0.610). Total cycles to failure was higher in the bone–screw–fasteners group for 7 tibiae out of the eleven matched pairs tested. During static and cyclic testing, bone–screw–fastener constructs demonstrated increased initial torsional stiffness (7.6%) and less peak-to-peak displacement and rotation throughout the testing cycle(p Conclusions In female geriatric bone, constructs fixed with bone–screw–fasteners incorporate multiplanar interlocking thread geometry and performed similarly to traditional locked plating. These novel devices may combine the benefits of both nonlocking and locking screws when plating geriatric bone.
“Come on Down”: Using a Trivia Game to Teach the Concept of Organizational Justice:

The three elements of organizational justice (distributive, procedural, and interactional justice) can be difficult for undergraduate students to grasp given variances in their personal experiences...
Bilingual language dominance and contrastive focus marking: Gradient effects of K’ichee’ syntax on Spanish prosody:

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions:This study examines prosodic contrastive focus marking in the Spanish of 24 simultaneous K’ichee’-Spanish bilinguals via the following research questi...
Clinical manifestations of hereditary angioedema and a systematic review of treatment options.

Objective This study systematically reviews the existing literature on the management of hereditary angioedema (HAE) and provides an update on the clinical presentation and specific therapies. Methods A literature search of PubMed and Embase databases was conducted from start of the database to February 2021. Inclusion criteria included relevant systematic reviews, randomized control clinical trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and outcomes research published in English and available in full-text. Out of 310 candidate articles, a total of 55 articles were included in our study. Results The most common genetic form of HAE in up to 85% of cases is caused by low levels of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) protein, leading to a bradykinin-mediated increase in vascular permeability. During an attack of HAE, abortive treatment with C1-INH replacement is most commonly described, however, icatibant, ecallantide, or fresh frozen plasma are also used. Long-term prophylaxis in the form of C1-INH replacement (subcutaneous or intravenous), monoclonal antibodies targeting plasma kallikrein, attenuated androgens, and transexemic acid should be considered for those who suffer from frequent, severe attacks. Conclusion Progressively distal involvement of the upper airway, especially the larynx, has been shown to pose an increased risk of asphyxiation and death in the acute presentation of HAE. Evaluation by an otolaryngologist is often sought during the emergent clinical management of HAE; therefore, it is prudent that the consulting physician is well-versed in the prompt recognition, triage of patients, and appropriate treatment modalities. Level of evidence 1A.
Selective wet etching and hydrolysis of polycrystalline AlN films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Polycrystalline AlN grown on Si3N4 by metal organic chemical vapor deposition is found to be wet etched by EKC265™ polymer strip solution, in which the active component is hydroxylamine (H3NO). The etch rate shows to be strongly dependent on surface oxides that can be dissolved in deionized water by hydrolysis. An etch rate of 1.2 nm/min was achieved for an AlN surface in optimal condition. The etching process appears to be mainly anisotropic, etching along the grain boundaries of the AlN layer, and being highly selective over silicon nitride, silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide.
Foreign Investments in Emerging Economies: Do Competition Laws Help or Hinder?

The recent literature on the determinants of foreign direct investments (FDI) has missed to evaluate the role competition laws play in encouraging, or deterring, FDI inflows. The present study fills that gap by theoretically and systematically examining the effect of national competition laws on 155 emerging economies during the period 1970-2019. The findings provide strong evidence of a substantially positive relationship between competition laws and FDI inflows, even after controlling for other possible determinants of these capital flows. The results are particularly instructive for India’s enactment of its Competition Act, 2002 and its subsequent positive effect on the country’s foreign investment inflows. The findings and conclusions of this cross-country empirical study inform scholars and policymakers in developing and transition countries of the importance of competition laws in encouraging FDI in their economies.
The chronic traumatic stress treatment (CTS-T): A resilience-focused, culturally responsive intervention for refugees and survivors of torture - including a mobile mental health application

This manuscript introduces the Chronic Traumatic Stress-Treatment for refugees and survivors of torture (CTS-Treatment; Mazzulla & Fondacaro, 2018). CTS-Treatment aligns with the Chronic Traumatic Stress model (CTS; Fondacaro & Mazulla, 2018), a biopsychosocial-spiritual and culturally responsive theoretical framework designed to guide empirical investigation and intervention for refugees and survivors of torture. CTS-Treatment is designed for use by mental health clinicians working within an individual or group format. The ten modules of CTS-Treatment are in sequence; however, flexibility in implementation is strongly encouraged. The ten intervention modules include: 1) Mental Health Discussion, 2) Safety, 3) Values, 4) Behavioral Activation, 5) Coping Skills, 6) Sleep Hygiene, 7) Working with Thoughts, 8) Acceptance and Tolerance of Emotions, 9) Life-Path Exercise and Narrative Exposure, and 10) Celebration of Life. Empirical principles underlying the treatment, along with supporting research, are presented for each module. The final section of each module explains a component of a language-free mobile mental health application for refugees. Clients are encouraged to practice the mHealth app skills at the end of each session and between sessions.
Crystal Structure of the Large Ribosomal Subunit at 5-Angstrom Resolution

The ribonucleoproteins called ribosomes were discovered by cytologists in the mid-1950s, and by 1960 it was apparent that they catalyze protein synthesis. Ribosomes consume aminoacyl transfer RNAs, and the sequences of the proteins they produce are determined by those of the mRNAs with which they interact. The first ribosome crystals did not diffract to atomic resolution, but even if they had, it is uncertain what would have come of it in the short term; their analysis would have severely tested the crystallographic technology of the day. Heavy-atom cluster compounds are useful for phasing macromolecular diffraction patterns of large macromolecules at low resolution. The structure of an ordinary macromolecular crystal is solved when the experimental phases available are accurate to a resolution high enough so that an all-atom model of the molecule’s sequence can be fitted into the resulting electron density map. ESSENS can also be used to find less generic structures, such as the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL). The SRL is a critical part of the factor binding center, or GTPase center, of the large ribosomal subunit. A conformational change that moves L11 and its associated rRNA towards the putative factor binding site seems at least equally likely, and since there is no ribosomal material in the way to prevent it, that kind of motion is possible. In this connection, it is interesting to note that there is a substantial literature indicating that this part of the ribosome does indeed move during protein synthesis.
Does religion increase moral behavior

Religion affects both moral decision-making and moral behavior. Compared to the more utilitarian non-believers, religious believers tend to endorse a meta-ethics rooted in deontic rules and views of objective moral truths. Believers are also more likely to endorse authority, loyalty and purity as motives for moral concern. The moral importance of prosocial behavior, however, is endorsed across the religiosity spectrum. Religiosity is associated with higher self-reports, but not behavioral measures of prosocial behavior. This discrepancy can be explained on the one hand by a tendency for the religious to be higher in impression management and self-enhancement, and on the other hand by a failure of lab-based behavioral tasks to capture the real life circumstances under which religion inspires prosocial behavior.
Chapter 15. New Concepts in the Chemotherapy of Neoplasia

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses new concepts in the chemotherapy of neoplasia. The concept of combination chemotherapy, based upon successes in the treatment of acute leukemias, has developed into a major clinical activity in the solid tumor area. In most cases, these clinical studies are based upon empirical trial with the rationale related to combinations between cell cycle specific and non-specific antitumor agents applied in a simultaneous or sequential manner. In some cases, the approach is designed to develop tumor synchrony so that tumor cells will become more vulnerable to the effects of cycle specific agents for enhanced antitumor activity. In this regard, asparaginase in the treatment of leukemia has shown increased success when methotrexate is given at 5-10 days, following the administration of asparaginase. This is related to the effect of asparaginase in synchronizing the leukemic cell population so that S phase vulnerability coincides with methotrexate administration. If methotrexate is given simultaneously with asparaginase, the synergistic effect is lost and methotrexate action is impeded. More importantly, evidence that nitrosoureas cause delays at S and G2 of the cell cycle are supported by apparent improvement in therapeutic response when they are administered in combination with a drug that is active in S phase. Utilization of the L1210 tumor model has shown that dose timing is critical to the success of drug combinations and that sequential chemotherapy may be better than simultaneous use of several drugs.
Computer-assisted electrocoagulation: Bipolar vs. monopolar in the treatment of experimental canine gastric ulcer bleeding

A prospective, randomized, controlled experiment using a canine model of severely bleeding gastric ulcer was performed to compare the hemostatic efficacy and tissue damage produced by one bipolar and two monopolar electrodes. Both monopolar electrodes were insulated to their tips; they differed with respect to their surface area (3 mm2 vs. 4 mm2). The force of electrode application was controlled. An analog computer monitored the energy per electrode application and predetermined the duration of each application. Fifty-nine standard acute bleeding ulcers were made and treated one at a time in six heparinized foxhounds at sterile laparotomy. Treatment was randomized to the bipolar or to one of the monopolar electrodes within each of three bleeding strata. No significant difference was observed in hemostatic efficacy among the three electrodes. Treated ulcers were examined histologically after 5 to 7 days to determine the maximum tissue damage produced: Bipolar electrocoagulation caused significantly less damage than electrocoagulation with either monopolar electrode. We conclude that with these electrodes, bipolar electrocoagulation is equally effective for stopping bleeding but results in less tissue injury than monopolar electrocoagulation in this experimental model.
General Solution for Linearized Error Propagation in Vehicle Odometry

Although odometry is nonlinear, it yields sufficiently to linearized analysis to produce a closed-form transition matrix and a symbolic general solution for both deterministic and stochastic error propagation. Accordingly, error propagation in vehicle odometry can be understood at a level of theoretical rigor equivalent to the well-known Schuler dynamics of inertial navigation. While response to initial conditions is path-independent, response to input errors can be related to path functionals. These trajectory moments are integral transforms which functions like the moment of inertia or the Laplace transform — enabling many error propagation calculations to be performed by hand in closed-form.
Social Science and Human Rights

Over the last twenty years, the social scientific understanding of human behavior has taken a significant leap forward. Important advances in several fields have increased the complexity and accuracy of prevailing models of individual actors, group dynamics, and communication. Unfortunately, too few of the key insights of that scholarship have been incorporated into the theory or practice of human rights promotion. In this project, we collect research from a broad set of disciplines and analyze its implications for human rights scholarship and practice. By focusing on non-legal scholarship that touches on norm creation, diffusion, and institutionalization, we present a broad range of interdisciplinary insights relevant to human rights scholars and practitioners.
3 - Fast Beam Sources

This chapter focuses on the fast beam sources. The various techniques used to date for producing hyperthermal-energy beams have trade-offs. Factors such as quantum state, beam purity, kinetic energy range, kinetic energy spread, Coulomb broadening, space-charge, flux, angular divergence, beam diameter, and beam detection method have to be considered within each application. Several diagnostic tests must be incorporated within each source type to characterize the output. One must have definite knowledge, for example, that ions or metastable states are not admixed if a ground-state neutral beam is desired; or one must know ultraviolet photons from a source are not causing spurious (even synergistic) effects at the target. Driven by an important, practical need to simulate low-earth orbit (LEO) phenomena, several of the systems discussed in this chapter have been applied to, or developed for, the production of fast atomic oxygen beams. Depending on the source type, other fast atoms can be made by a suitable choice of feed gas.
Alkaloid studies-XXI: Partial structure of casimiroedine☆☆☆

Abstract Degradation experiments are reported which demonstrate that the alkaloid casimiroedine contains the N-cinnamoyl-N-methyl-histamine moiety.
The extracellular space and epileptic activity in the adult brain: Explaining the antiepileptic effects of furosemide and bumetanide

Treatments that modulate the size of the extracellular space (ECS) also block epileptiform activity in adult brain tissue. This includes the loop diuretics furosemide and bumetanide, and alterations of the osmolarity of the ECS. These treatments block epileptiform activity in a variety of laboratory adult seizure models regardless of the underlying synaptic and physiologic mechanisms generating the seizure activity. Optical imaging studies on adult hippocampal slices show that the blockade of epileptiform activity by these treatments is concomitant with their blockade of activity-driven changes of the ECS. Here we develop and analyze the hypothesis that activity-driven changes in the size of the ECS are necessary for the maintenance of hypersynchronous epileptiform activity. In support of this hypothesis is an accumulation of data from a number of studies suggesting that furosemide and bumetanide mediate antiepileptic effects through their blockade of cell swelling, dependent on their antagonism of the glial Na+-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1).
Fully Automated Particle Selection and Verification in Single-Particle Cryo-EM

Cryo-electron microscopy combined with single-particle reconstruction is a promising technique for solving the high-resolution structure of macromolecular complexes, even in the presence of conformational or compositional heterogeneity. However, the usual workflow leading to one or several structures is mired in subjective decisions that must be made by an expert. One problem, in particular, has been the difficulty finding algorithms capable of automatically selecting and verifying individual views of a macromolecular complex from the electron micrograph, due to the extremely low signal-to-noise ratio and the presence of contaminants. We present a novel machine-learning algorithm that overcomes these problems. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated with electron micrographs of ribosomes.
Chemical genetics and regeneration

Regeneration involves interactions between multiple signaling pathways acting in a spatially and temporally complex manner. As signaling pathways are highly conserved, understanding how regeneration is controlled in animal models exhibiting robust regenerative capacities should aid efforts to stimulate repair in humans. One way to discover molecular regulators of regeneration is to alter gene/protein function and quantify effect(s) on the regenerative process: dedifferentiation/reprograming, stem/progenitor proliferation, migration/remodeling, progenitor cell differentiation and resolution. A powerful approach for applying this strategy to regenerative biology is chemical genetics, the use of small-molecule modulators of specific targets or signaling pathways. Here, we review advances that have been made using chemical genetics for hypothesis-focused and discovery-driven studies aimed at furthering understanding of how regeneration is controlled.
Biochemical aspects of calculus formation

In an effort to identify factors responsible for individual variations in the amount and rate of salivary calculus formation, submaxillary and parotid secretions were examined from twenty heavy and twenty light calculus formers. The samples were assayed for total calcium, magnesium and phosphorus and for lysozyme and acid phosphatase activity. Individual and pooled submaxillary and parotid samples from five heavy and five light calculus formers were compared by polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion and adsorption on hydroxyapatite. Reciprocal adsorption was also carried out on antisera to the submaxillary saliva from the two clinical groups. The mean calcium concentration of submaxillary saliva was significantly higher in heavy calculus formers than light formers. In the group of heavy formers, 75% of the values were above 10 mg%; in light formers, 20%. There were no significant differences in submaxillary magnesium and phosphorus or parotid calcium and phosphorus. Lysozyme activity, but not acid phosphatase was significantly lower in heavy formers, suggesting that alteration of bacterial cell walls can affect calculus formation. The electrophoretic and immunochemical studies strongly suggest that there are no proteins present in saliva of heavy calculus formers that are absent in light formers. There were, however, differences in quantities of the various salivary proteins in different individuals. Although no quantitative differences characteristic of heavy or light calculus formers as a group could be discerned, variation was sufficient to warrant further quantitative study.
The Abnormally Situated Azygos Vein X-Ray Demonstration of its Distention in Congestive Failure and in Various Positions

The azygos vein may be abnormally situated due to anomalous embryologic development. Its abnormal location is infrequent, but radiologic recognition is much easier than that of the normal vein. This vein, normal or abnormal, becomes distended in conditions with an elevated venous pressure, systemic or portal. Changes in the size of the azygos vein on x-ray are noted to parallel fluctuations of venous pressure. We have demonstrated such changes in a patient with an abnormally situated vein during congestive failure, after recovery, and in various physical positions. X-ray demonstration of such changes can have significant diagnostic application.
Food safety in the US catering industry: empirical findings

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore food safety measures in catering and special event programs, especially with respect to the knowledge and implementation of knowledge of food handlers in the catering sector in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative approach was utilized in this study. A questionnaire was distributed to 557 respondents, representing over 40 chapters in the National Association of Catering Executives. The questionnaire was divided into three sections of food safety (food handling, equipment, and personal hygiene). This study utilized t‐tests and ANOVA to test for differences between gender, training, management status, and employment status with regard to food safety knowledge and practices.Findings – Results suggested that employees in the catering industry who work part‐time need more training and development. Management was seen as more knowledgeable than non‐management personnel and was seen to have more training. Overall the study found that there is a ne...
The performance of available copy protocols for the management of replicated data

Abstract Available copy protocols guarantee the consistency of replicated data objects against any combination of non-Byzantine failures that do not result in partial communication failures. While the original available copy protocol assumed instantaneous detection of failures and instantaneous propagation of this information, more realistic protocols that do not rely on these assumptions have been devised. Two such protocols are investigated in this paper: a naive available copy (NAC) protocol that does not maintain any state information, and an optimistic available copy (OAC) protocol that only maintains state information at write and recovery times. Markov models are used to compare the performance of these two protocols with that of the original available copy protocol. These protocols are shown to perform nearly as well as the original available copy protocol, which is shown to perform much better than quorum consensus protocols.
Patterns in tropical leaf litter and implications for angiosperm paleobotany

Abstract One hectare of undisturbed Amazonian forest, containing about 175 species of trees larger than 10 cm diameter at breast height, was studied to determine the relationship between high-richness forest and the autochthonous litter produced by the forest. Litter samples contained up to 52 species, of which one-third represented epiphytes, vines, and lianas. These modern leaf litter studies from southeast Amazonian Peru indicate that reconstructions of ancient high-diversity forests are possible using autochthonous leaf litter deposits. In comparison to temperate litter samples, however, more sampling must be done to recreate fairly simple descriptors of ancient communities such as species richness and heterogeneity. Samples must be large, relatively closely spaced, and maintained as distinct collecting localities to retrieve the maximum amount of data from rich, angiosperm-dominated localities. There are many advantages justifying more intensive collections. For example, biomass contribution of major life-form categories in the source forest is reflected in leaf litter accumulating under tropical forest canopies. Tropical forests, because of their extreme heterogeneity, also can provide the opportunity to reconstruct individual species characteristics from litter signatures. The relative rarity of most species creates distinct leaf shadows from which the canopy breadth and volume of many individuals can be estimated. The principles derived from modern tropical litter studies can be applied to existing fossil collections; however, their power lies with those collections originating from autochthonous assemblages, for which spatial control during collecting has been maintained, and time averaging has been kept to a minimum. These reflections of community structure available from the leaf litter provide a means for paleobiologists to contribute significantly to the study of community evolution and stability.
Plastic buckling of circular tubes under axial compression—part I: Experiments

Abstract Elastic buckling of cylindrical shells due to axial compression results in sudden and catastrophic failure. By contrast, for thicker shells that buckle in the plastic range, failure is preceded by a cascade of events, where the first instability and failure can be separated by strains of 1–5%. The first instability is uniform axisymmetric wrinkling that is typically treated as a plastic bifurcation. The wrinkle amplitude gradually grows and, in the process, reduces the axial rigidity of the shell. This eventually leads to a limit load instability, beyond which the cylinder fails by localized collapse. For some combinations of geometric and material characteristics, this limit load can be preceded by a second bifurcation that involves a non-axisymmetric mode of deformation. Again, this buckling mode localizes resulting in failure. The problem is revisited using a combination of experiments and analysis. In Part I, we present the results of an experimental study involving stainless steel specimens with diameter-to-thickness ratios between 23 and 52. Fifteen specimens were designed and machined to achieve uniform loading conditions in the test section. They were subsequently compressed to failure under displacement control. Along the way, the evolution of wrinkles was monitored using a special surface-scanning device. Bifurcation buckling based on the J 2 deformation theory of plasticity was used to establish the onset of wrinkling. Comparison of measured and calculated results revealed that the wrinkle wavelength was significantly overpredicted. The cause of the discrepancy is shown to be anisotropy present in the tubes used. Modeling of the postbuckling response and the prediction of the limit load instability follows in Part II.