cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor-induced osteomalacia

Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is an acquired disorder of isolated renal phosphate wasting associated with tumors, typically of mesenchymal origin. Patients with TIO share similar biochemical and skeletal phenotypes with patients who have autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) and X-linked hypophosphatemia. The study of TIO introduced the idea of the existence of circulating factors, referred to as ‘phosphatonins’, produced by the tumor, which act upon the kidney to reduce phosphate reabsorption. Although several factors have been identified, the phosphatonin FGF-23, also identified as the causative factor in ADHR, is currently the best characterized of these factors relative to phosphate handling. This review describes the importance of TIO in understanding phosphate homeostasis in the context of new endocrine interactions between the skeleton and the kidney.
Melatonin reduces prostate cancer cell growth leading to neuroendocrine differentiation via a receptor and PKA independent mechanism.

BACKGROUND Melatonin, the main secretory product of the pineal gland, inhibits the growth of several types of cancer cells. Melatonin limits human prostate cancer cell growth by a mechanism which involves the regulation of androgen receptor function but it is not clear whether other mechanisms may also be involved. METHODS Time-course and dose-dependent studies were performed using androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and independent (PC3) prostate cancer cells. Cell number, cell viability, and cell cycle progression were studied. Neuroendocrine differentiation of these cells was evaluated by studying morphological and biochemical markers. Finally, molecular mechanisms including the participation of melatonin membrane receptors, intracellular cAMP levels, and the PKA signal transduction pathway were also analyzed. RESULTS Melatonin treatment dramatically reduced the number of prostate cancer cells and stopped cell cycle progression in both LNCaP and PC3 cells. In addition, it induced cellular differentiation as indicated by obvious morphological changes and neuroendocrine biochemical parameters. The role of melatonin in cellular proliferation and differentiation of prostate cancer cells is not mediated by its membrane receptors nor related to PKA activation. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of prostate cancer cells with pharmacological concentrations of melatonin influences not only androgen-sensitive but also androgen-insensitive epithelial prostate cancer cells. Cell differentiation promoted by melatonin is not mediated by PKA activation although it increases, in a transitory manner, intracellular cAMP levels. Melatonin markedly influences the proliferative status of prostate cancer cells. These effects should be evaluated thoroughly since melatonin levels are diminished in aged individuals when prostate cancer typically occurs. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prospects for oral replicating adenovirus-vectored vaccines

Orally delivered replicating adenovirus (Ad) vaccines have been used for decades to prevent adenovirus serotype 4 and 7 respiratory illness in military recruits, demonstrating exemplary safety and high efficacy. That experience suggests that oral administration of live recombinant Ads (rAds) holds promise for immunization against other infectious diseases, including those that have been refractory to traditional vaccination methods. Live rAds can express intact antigens from free-standing transgenes during replication in infected cells. Alternatively, antigenic epitopes can be displayed on the rAd capsid itself, allowing presentation of the epitope to the immune system both prior to and during replication of the virus. Such capsid-display rAds offer a novel vaccine approach that could be used either independently of or in combination with transgene expression strategies to provide a new tool in the search for protection from infectious disease.
Where Registered Sex Offenders Live: Community Characteristics and Proximity to Possible Victims

Abstract Recent developments in sanctions for sex offenders emphasize use of sex offender registries and residential restrictions in efforts to raise public awareness and keep offenders away from possible victims. One consequence of such efforts is to relegate registered sex offenders to socially disorganized communities. The present study draws on census tract level data from one urban county and assesses whether offenders are likely to be found in socially disorganized communities and in communities with high concentrations of potential victims. Findings show that registered sex offenders are more likely to reside in socially disorganized and disadvantaged communities, but not in locations with large pools of most types of possible victims (e.g., women living alone, children). Residential location is explained in terms of economic factors, not desire to live near possible victims. Implications for current policies and practices are discussed.
Glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective The purpose of this study is to summarize the data on the incidence, clinical behavior and overall survival of patients with glassy cell cervical carcinoma (GCCC). Methods Twenty-four case series and fifteen case reports identified by searching PubMed database qualified for inclusion in this study. The published cases were combined with data from a retrospective chart review of patients with GCCC in two major teaching hospitals in Brooklyn, NY. Results A total of 292 cases were collected through our literature and chart review. Median age at diagnosis was 45 years old (range 12-87 years of age). GCCC incidence ranges from 0.2 to 9.3% of all cervical cancers and 2 to 30.2% of cervical adenocarcinomas. The stage distribution is similar to squamous cell carcinoma with 79% of the patients being diagnosed with Stage I or II disease. Most common sites of recurrence for Stage I patients are the vagina and pelvis. In Stage II patients locoregional and distant metastases are equally common. Recurrence rate was higher among patients treated only with surgery (32.7%), as compared to patients treated with surgery followed by radiation (11%) or patients treated with radiation only (10%). Median overall survival (OS) was 25 months (95% CI 8.4-41.6). Overall 5-year survival for all stages is lower when compared to all cervical cancers (54.8% vs 75%). There was no interaction between race and OS (p=0.66). Conclusion GCCC is a rare histologic type of cervical cancer that presents at a younger age, is associated with high risk for distant failure and carries worse prognosis as compared to the squamous cell type. Radiation therapy is associated with decreased risk of recurrence.
Updating the approach to influenza

Classic flu vaccines are being joined by investigational live-attenuated vaccines, and classic flu drugs have been joined by a novel class, the neuraminidase inhibitors, exhibiting a broader spectr...
Accumulation of microfilaments in a colonial mutant of Neurospora crassa

A morphological mutant of Neurospora crassa, snowflake, is shown to contain filaments which are about 70 A in diameter, and up to several microns long, and which usually bunch in groups of a few to several hundred. They may be found longitudinally or transversely arranged with respect to the long axis of the cell and, in many cases, they run up to the plasma membrane, but not through it. The filaments often are arranged in crystalline arrays but may also be found as separate filaments. Sometimes the filaments are closely appressed to nuclei and may be found inside them. It is likely that the filaments are not the result of the dissociation of microtubules and are most likely microfilaments like those found in other organisms. Their relationship to the origin of certain morphological mutants in Neurospora is discussed.
Cost analysis of spinal and general anesthesia for the surgical treatment of lumbar spondylosis.

Lumbar spine surgery is typically performed under general anesthesia, although spinal anesthesia can also be used. Given the prevalence of lumbar spine surgery, small differences in cost between the two anesthetic techniques have the potential to make a large impact on overall healthcare costs. We sought to perform a cost comparison analysis of spinal versus general anesthesia for lumbar spine operations. Following Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective cohort study was performed from 2009–2012 on consecutive patients undergoing non-instrumented, elective lumbar spine surgery for spondylosis by a single surgeon. Each patient was evaluated for both types of anesthesia, with the decision for anesthetic method being made based on a combination of physical status, anatomical considerations, and ultimately a consensus agreement between patient, surgeon, and anesthesiologist. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups. Operating room costs were calculated whilst blinded to clinical outcomes and reported in percentage difference. General anesthesia (n = 319) and spinal anesthesia (n = 81) patients had significantly different median operative times of 175 ± 39.08 and 158 ± 32.75 minutes, respectively (p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney U test). Operating room costs were 10.33% higher for general anesthesia compared to spinal anesthesia (p = 0.003, Mann–Whitney U test). Complications of spinal anesthesia included excessive movement (n = 1), failed spinal attempt (n = 3), intraoperative conversion to general anesthesia (n = 2), and a high spinal level (n = 1). In conclusion, spinal anesthesia can be performed safely in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery. It has the potential to reduce operative times, costs, and possibly, complications. Further prospective evaluation will help to validate these findings.
Radiative transfer in a two-dimensional rectangular medium exposed to diffuse radiation

Abstract The integral equation for radiative transfer in a two-dimensional rectangular scattering medium exposed to diffuse radiation is solved numerically by removing the singularity. This method yielded accurate results except at very large optical thicknesses. Graphical and tabular results for the source function, flux, and intensity are presented. The source function is also calculated using the first term of a Taylor series expansion. The Taylor series is fairly accurate for small optical thicknesses and columnar geometries. A method is presented for extending these results to the problem of a strongly anisotropic scattering phase function which is made up of a spike in the forward direction superimposed on an isotropic phase function.
A compact introduction to evolution at small x and the Color Glass Condensate

Abstract The Color Glass Condensate has become an important tool to understand saturation phenomena in high energy collisions involving large nuclei. The following provides a short introduction into the main ideas and theoretical tools used to describe saturation effects at high energies; in particular the nonlinear evolution equations and scaling phenomena in terms of the saturation scale Q s .
Radioiodinated rhodamine-123: Preparationand preliminary evaluation as an agent for tumor scintigraphy

Mitochondria specific dye, rhodamine-123 (Rh-123), has been labeled with radioactive iodine and tissue distribution of the radiolabeled product has been studied in mice. Transplantable KHT sarcoma and a spontaneous adenomammary carcinoma served as tumor models. The FAB mass spectra of iodinated Rh-123 indicated that mono and di-iodo products were formed which, as shown by other in vitro tests, were positively charged, and were heavily taken up by the mitochondria of living cells in culture. In animals, it was observed that, initially the radioactivity was taken up by all major organs from which it cleared rapidly including that from the KHT sarcoma; but not from the spontaneous adenomammary carcinoma. As a result, the spontaneous tumors retained much higher radioactivity than the equal weight of blood (×4.3) or muscle (×9.5), and were unequivocally detectable by extermal scintigraphy. The mitochondria selectivity and the specificity of the radioiodinated Rh-123 for the tumors of epithelial origin are exciting and warrant further studies of its use in diagnosis and therapy.
Effects of Growth Hormone and Estrogen Administration on Prevention of Osteopenia and Bone Growth in Hypophysectomized Young Rats |[dagger]| 503

Hypopituitarism results in a cessation of bone growth, a decrease in bone formation and cancellous bone volume in humans and animals, mechanism still remaining unclear. Growth hormone (GH) replacement to the hypophysectomized(HX) young rats restored the growth of long bone, but only partially prevented the loss of cancellous bone volume. This study is to examine the efficacy of GH with or without 17b-estradiol(E) on cortical and cancellous bones of the HX rats. 2 month old female Sprague-Dawley rats, were divided into basal(B), age matched intact control(AMC), HX, HX+GH(2.25mg/kg/day), HX+E(100ug/kg/wk) and HX+GH+E groups with 10 rats in each group. The basal group was sacrificed at two months of age and the remaining after 3 weeks of treatment. Prior to sacrifice, they were labeled with flurochrome chemicals at fixed time intervals for the estimation of mineral apposition rate(MAR) and bone formation rate(BFR). Our results showed that HX rats had atrophy of adrenal glands and uterus, cessation of systemic growth (tibial length, body and muscle weight) and a decrease in tibial and the 6th lumbar vertebral (L6) dry weight as compared to the B and AMC groups. The bone histomorphometry revealed that HX induced a decrease in periosteal MAR(0.2±0.4um/d vs AMC:3.1±0.5, P<0.05), periosteal BFR(1.4 ± 4.6um3/um2/d vs AMC:259±57, P<0.05) and a loss of cancellous bone (2.2±1.3% vs AMC: 14.5±3.4, P<0.05). GH administration to the HX rats restored systemic and bone growth, increased tibial (346±28mg vs HX:291±22, P<0.05) and L6(140±18mg vs HX: 120±13, P<0.05) dry weight, periosteal BFR(127±20um3/um2/d vs HX:1.4±4.6, P<0.05), and decreased cancellous bone loss (5.8±3.0% vs HX:2.2±1.3, P<0.05). The dosage of E used, prevented the cancellous bone loss in ovariectomized rats, but did not significantly prevent the cancellous bone loss in HX rats(4.0±3.0% vs HX:2.2±1.3,). E administration prevented uterine atrophy, but did not affect the systemic growth, bone growth or the periosteal BFR in the HX rats. The combined use of GH and E prevented the uterine atrophy, and increased the cancellous bone (7.0±2.6%) as compared to the GH treatment alone. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates the beneficial effect of E is diminished in HX rats and GH replacement is unable to restore the protection, however, the combined GH and E administration to HX rats has an additive effect to protect the bone mass, as compared to GH treatment alone.
The thermodynamic properties of some commonly used oxidation-reduction mediators, inhibitors and dyes, as determined by polarography.

Abstract The oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials ( E m ) of the following compounds have been measured in the range of pH from 3 to 12 by polarography: methyl viologen; benzyl viologen; 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; 2-hydroxy-1,4-anthraquinone; N , N , N ′, N ′,-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine;2,3,5,6-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine; phenazine; N -methylphenazonium methosulfate; N -methylphenazonium sulfonate methosulfate; N -ethylphenazonium ethosulfate; pyocyanine; neutral red; safranin; phenol red; chlorophenol red; cresol red; bromocresol purple; 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropylbenzoquinone and 5- n -undecyl-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole. Many of these previously assumed to have a simple behavior in this range have proven to be rather more complicated, and several anomalous observations have been reconciled.
Some properties of horizontally homogeneous, statistically steady turbulence in a stratified fluid

The paper contains a description of research closely connected to an experimental investigation of turbulent, stratified, shearing flow.
Transient and persistent hole-burning of photosystem II preparations

Small clusters of atoms and molecules formed by supersonic expansion are found in a given experiment at different levels of aggregation and in multiple isomeric forms. The spectra of such aggregates nucleated by aromatic molecules can be analyzed in detail through the use of hole-burning spectroscopy. The present approach employs two pulsed dye lasers at approximately 1 cm-1 resolution, separated in time by 120 ns. Through detailed analysis of vibrational mode structure, the evolution of the spectroscopic properties of probe molecules can be followed as a function of cluster size and structure. Particular points of interest include the development of low-frequency modes due to intermolecular motion and the perturbation of out-of-plane modes of the aromatic host species. The application of picosecond time-correlated single- photon counting to the transfer of vibrational energy in small clusters, and some structural changes initiated by such transfer, is also described.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Strategies to reduce the cost of mutagenicity screening with the Salmonella assay

An extensive Salmonella assay database was analyzed in order to develop strategies to reduce costs of screening chemicals for mutagenicity. This database was obtained from testing 941 samples (representing 799 chemicals), 36% of which were judged mutagenic. Strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 without activation, with rat liver S-9, and with hamster liver S-9, make up the 12 strain/activation combinations considered here. The testing strategies examined consist of two or three stages; a positive result at any stage is regarded as definitive and stops the testing. Sequential testing improves efficiency by eliminating the need for further experimentation once a chemical has been found to be mutagenic. Consequently, costs and effort are reduced. For screening chemicals in the Salmonella assay, it is our recommendation that a sequential testing scheme be adopted whose initial stage consists of TA100.
Splenic herniation after laparoscopic nephrectomy.

A 59-year-old woman with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had required multiple intubations and a history of renal cell carcinoma 2-year status postlaparoscopic left nephrectomy was transferred to this hospital for first and second degree burns. The patient, while on 4 l of home oxygen, was attempting to simultaneously drive and smoke, when her marijuana cigarette ignited her home oxygen, causing injuries on her face and right hand. The patient initially presented to another hospital where she was emergently intubated and transferred via medical flight to this hospital. On arrival, the patient was found to be sedated and intubated with bilateral second degree facial burns, swelling of the right eye, multiple singed nasal hairs, right wrist first degree burns with small blisters, bilateral wheezing on pulmonary examination, and a palpable mass within the left upper quadrant adjacent to a well-healed nephrectomy scar. Given the mechanism of injury, extensive burns, bilateral wheezing, and a palpable mass within the left upper quadrant, computed tomography of the head, cervical spine, chest, abdomen, and pelvis with intravenous contrast material was obtained and demonstrated herniation of the spleen and colon through the left lateral tenth and eleventh intercostal space, but without evidence of rib fractures, inflammation, or incarceration (Fig. 1). Seen as well was the right, but not left, kidney (Fig. 2). Throughout the hospitalization, the patient underwent numerous surgical debridements in the operating room, was extubated, and discharged home with visiting nursing services. With respect to the splenic herniation, no intervention was undertaken.
A surfactant dispersed SWCNT-polystyrene composite characterized for electrical and mechanical properties

Abstract Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were dispersed in polystyrene (PS) at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 1.0 wt.% (weight percent) concentrations using a surfactant assisted method. The resulting nanocomposites were characterized for their electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and fracture toughness properties. Results show a significant improvement in electrical conductivity with electrical percolation occurring by 0.2 wt.% SWCNT loading and the SWCNT-PS nanocomposite fully conductive at 1.0 wt.%. Three-point bend tests showed a decline in flexural strength and break strain with the addition of 0.1 wt.% SWCNTs. Improvements in the flexural modulus, strength and break strain with increasing SWCNT wt.% content followed The fracture toughness of the SWCNT-PS nanocomposites, in terms of the critical stress-intensity factor KIC, was reduced relative to the neat material. From optical and high resolution scanning electron microscopy the presence of the carbon nanotubes is shown to have an adverse effect on the crazing mechanism in this PS material, resulting in a deterioration of the mechanical properties that depend on this mechanism.
Interinstar susceptibility of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, to its nucleopolyhedrosis and granulosis viruses☆

Abstract Comparative interinstar susceptibility of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea , to granulosis and nucleopolyhedrosis viruses was quantitated. As the larvae matured, susceptibility to either baculovirus preparation decreased. Mortality data converted to a dose per milligram body weight basis demonstrated that this decrease in susceptibility was only in part due to the difference in weight of the larvae tested. Lethal time data showed that incubation time for either baculovirus was dependent on the age of the larvae and the dose of virus assayed. A difference in interinstar susceptibility was observed between the granulosis virus and nucleopolyhedrosis virus.
Laser welding of bone: Successful in vitro experiments

A method for ``welding`` bones is being developed. Tensile joint strengths of chicken bones welded in vitro have exceeded one kilogram. Welding was performed with either a Nd:YAG (1064 nm) or a diode laser (820 nm). Light was delivered with an optical fiber held a few millimeters from the bone surface. A solder was developed to assist in the welding process.
Reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber thickness measurements using the stratus OCT in normal and glaucomatous eyes.

PURPOSE. To determine the reproducibility of Stratus Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements around the optic nerve in normal and glaucomatous eyes. METHODS. One eye was chosen at random from 88 normal subjects and 59 glaucomatous subjects distributed among mild, moderate, and severe glaucoma, determined by visual field testing. Subjects underwent six RNFL thickness measurements performed by a single operator over a 30-minute period with a brief rest between sessions. Three scans were taken with the high-density Standard RNFL protocol, and three were taken with the Fast RNFL protocol, alternating between scan protocols. RESULTS. Reliability, as measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), was calculated for the overall mean RNFL thickness and for each quadrant. The ICC for the mean Standard RNFL thickness (and lower 95% confidence interval [CI]) in normal and glaucomatous eyes was 0.97 (0.96 CI) and 0.98 (0.97 CI), respectively. The ICC for the mean Fast RNFL thickness in normal and glaucomatous eyes was 0.95 (0.93 CI) and 0.97 (0.95 CI), respectively. Quadrant ICCs ranged between 0.79 and 0.97, with the nasal quadrant being the least reproducible of all four quadrants, using either the Standard or Fast RNFL program. The test‐retest variability ranged from 3.5 m for the average RNFL thickness measurements in normal eyes to 13.8 m for the nasal quadrant measurements in glaucomatous eyes, which appeared to be the most variable. CONCLUSIONS. Reproducibility of RNFL measurements using the Stratus OCT is excellent in normal and glaucomatous eyes. The nasal quadrant appears to be the most variable measurement. Standard RNFL and Fast RNFL scans are equally reproducible and yield comparable measurements. These findings have im
Resonant Raman scattering by Raman-active infrared-inactive phonons in II-IV semiconductors

Mg compounds family of antifluorite structured small-gap semiconductors, investigating surface light scattering properties by Raman scattering techniques
DESTABILIZING EFFECTS ON INCOME ADJUSTMENT PROCESS WITH FISCAL POLICY LAGS

Since a finite time delay in government purchases of goods and service cannot be ignored, this paper studies how such a time lag in a fiscal policy affects the stability of the income adjustment process. Formulating the income adjustment process with time delay, it adopts two different approaches: one is a fixed time lag and the other is a continuously distributed lag. It is demonstrated that the continuously distributed time lag has the stronger destabilizing effect if the adjustment of the government expenditure is slow while the fixed lag has the stronger destabilizing effect if this adjustment is rapid.
Mentoring during residency education : A unique challenge for the surgeon?

A mentor serves as role model, counselor, and advocate for an understudy or protege. The art and science of mentoring have been investigated most thoroughly in the educational literature, yet there are unique situational and individual considerations in the surgical arena that may warrant special consideration. The general attributes of successful mentors are not foreign to academic surgeons but may require deliberate cultivation to optimize mentorship in the context of academic medicine. Moreover, the stages of productive mentoring may be counter to the learned adaptive behaviors and instinctive personality traits of some accomplished surgeon educators. Indeed, examples of failed mentorship are common in our medical centers and, specifically, in surgical training programs. The behavioral adaptation that supports surgical decision-making under conditions of incomplete data and unusual stress often devalues succession planning and derivation of satisfaction from the success of other members of the team. Accordingly, fostering effective mentoring relationships in academic surgery will require a concerted effort to develop appropriate behaviors conducive to the mentoring process. The personal and professional growth of our students as well as the succession planning for our specialty are dependent upon the successful creation of an environment conducive to mentoring in academic orthopaedics.
Enhanced disease susceptibility 1 and salicylic acid act redundantly to regulate resistance gene-mediated signaling.

Resistance (R) protein–associated pathways are well known to participate in defense against a variety of microbial pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) and its associated proteinaceous signaling components, including enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1), non–race-specific disease resistance 1 (NDR1), phytoalexin deficient 4 (PAD4), senescence associated gene 101 (SAG101), and EDS5, have been identified as components of resistance derived from many R proteins. Here, we show that EDS1 and SA fulfill redundant functions in defense signaling mediated by R proteins, which were thought to function independent of EDS1 and/or SA. Simultaneous mutations in EDS1 and the SA–synthesizing enzyme SID2 compromised hypersensitive response and/or resistance mediated by R proteins that contain coiled coil domains at their N-terminal ends. Furthermore, the expression of R genes and the associated defense signaling induced in response to a reduction in the level of oleic acid were also suppressed by compromising SA biosynthesis in the eds1 mutant background. The functional redundancy with SA was specific to EDS1. Results presented here redefine our understanding of the roles of EDS1 and SA in plant defense.
CONCORDANCE OF IDENTIFIED DRUGS IN INJURED DRIVERS USING LINKED MOTOR VEHICLE CRASH, EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT, AND INPATIENT HOSPITALISATION DATASETS

Background Kentucky has the 6th highest drug overdose rate, 5th highest medical use rate of opioid pain relievers, and 11th highest opioid pain reliever sales rate in the USA (CDC, 2011). Aims/Objectives/Purpose The present study was undertaken to identify the presence of drugs (illicit and prescription) and crash characteristics among drivers who were injured in a motor vehicle crash using linked emergency department (ED), inpatient hospitalisation (IH), and crash data. Methods Kentucky CRASH data was probabilistically linked to emergency department datasets for years 2008–2009 and to inpatient hospitalisation datasets for years 2000–2009. Descriptive analyses were performed. Results/Outcome Of the 47 089 linked crash/ED-treated cases, there were: (1) 408 drivers diagnosed with non-dependent abuse of drugs (NDAD) in the ED; (2) 697 drivers cited for drugs in CRASH data (only 102 overlapped and were cited for drugs in both CRASH data and coded as NDAD in IH); (3) 42 drivers diagnosed with multiple drugs; and (4) 98 drivers in very severe crashes. Of the 19 466 total linked crash/IH cases, there were: (1) 1045 drivers diagnosed with NDAD in the IH; (2) 656 drivers cited for drugs in CRASH data (186 overlapped); (3) 250 drivers diagnosed with multiple drugs; and (4) 484 drivers in very severe crashes. Significance/Contribution to the Field Community and workplace strategies focusing on comprehensive drug policies (eg, increased drug recognition training of police officers and increased traffic fines) and interventions (eg, improved prescription drug monitoring programmes, designated drivers) are necessary to reduce driving while under the influence of drugs.
The Interaction of Gaseous Ammonia with Some Transition Metal Salts

Abstract Several transition metal salts, as solids, were exposed to gaseous ammonia at room temperature in a cell designed to allow measurement of infrared energy absorption at various pressures. For those salts which did form compounds with the ammonia, the new absorption bands are discussed in reference to spectra of amine complexes of known composition.
Transient induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 mRNA by culture medium component in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes

Because the metabolic environment can alter gene expression in cultured cells, we examined the effects of change of medium on the levels of several cytochrome P450 mRNAs in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes maintained on Matrigel. The amounts of P450 1A2, 2B1/2, or 3A1 mRNA were unaffected by changing the medium. In contrast, P450 1A1 mRNA levels were increased 1 to 2 h after media change, reached maximum levels by 6 h, and declined to baseline by 24 h. Supplementing day-old media with components of the medium revealed that only addition of amino acids resulted in 1A1 mRNA induction. From the results of direct additions and omissions, we showed that tryptophan, but not histidine, was largely responsible for the 1A1 mRNA induction. Moreover, mild photoactivation of the tryptophan resulted in a substantially increased magnitude of 1A1 mRNA induction. The time course for 1A1 mRNA induction by treatment with photoactivated tryptophan was identical to that observed after medium change. Treatment of hepatocyte cultures with β-naphthoflavone, which is metabolized by 1A1, also resulted in a transient 1A1 mRNA induction time-course profile over a 24-h period, whereas treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, which is relatively stable to metabolic transformation, produced sustained elevations of 1A1 mRNA, suggesting that the transient response to tryptophan also may involve metabolism of the inducer. Our results extend previous data showing that oxidized products of tryptophan induce 1A1, and suggest that the transient nature of the induction may be due to elimination of the activated tryptophan molecule.
Microfluidic based immunosensor for detection and purification of carbonylated proteins

A microchip has been developed on the basis of immno-precipitation approach for fast and sensitive enrichment of low abundant carbonylated proteins. This microfluidic method could enrich molecular biomarkers, which could be further analyzed in the proteomic study of age-related diseases and therapeutic development. In this study, an immunoaffinity-based PDMS micro-device was designed, fabricated, and chemically modified to specifically trap DNP-labeled PTM proteins of low abundance from a complex protein mixture. Carbonylated protein is selected as a representative PTM protein to illustrate the wide application of this immuno-based microchip for other PTMs which could be readily labeled by different antibody groups. Surface characterization methods such as atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy were used to evaluate the construction of glutaraldehyde- and antibody- terminated PDMS substrates in the device fabrication. Quantitative study was also applied to study the target protein capture and elution efficiency of the device. In a testing mixture consisting of smaller amount of test model—In Vitro oxidized cytochrome c and large blocking protein BSA, a high sensitivity and specificity for only carbonylated protein biomarkers was demonstrated using this on-chip immnuoaffinity based extraction/enrichment. For this highly dense 193-post arrays μ-chip, a low abundance of 159 ng of standard in vitro test model- cytochrome c was enriched at flow speed of 5 μL/min within 110 min. We demonstrated that this nascent micro-immunoprecipitation (μ-IP) method is capable for enrichment of biomarkers in protein post-translation modification related diseases and promise great advance in early disease detection.
Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence microassay for phagocytic function

Abstract A luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) microassay was developed to measure phagocytic function of peripheral blood leukocytes. Buffy coats, obtained by centrifugation of only 100 μl of whole blood, provided an enriched population of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The total reaction mixture, consisting of leukocytes-luminol-inducer (opsonized zymosan), was 450 μl. Peak CL activity was seen 5 min after addition of inducer at 37°C with cells tested within 60 min after collection. Tests to determine precision and reproducibility of the microassay gave a coefficient of variation of 8.5% and 11%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the mean peak CL values for 20 healthy adult donors compared to 14 premature neonates, however, the newborns' CL activity declined more rapidly; CL activity was severely depressed in cells obtained from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Results suggest that this microassay provides a simple, rapid, and reliable test of phagocytic function in cases where the amount of blood available for testing is limited.
An Immanent Machine: Reconsidering grades, historical and present

At some point the mechanics of schooling begin running of their own accord. Such has become the case with grades (A's, B's, C's, etc.). This article reconsiders the history of grades through the concepts of immanence and abstract machines from the oeuvre of Deleuze and Guattari. In the first section, the history of grades as presently written until now is laid out. In the second, the concepts of immanence and abstract machines are described, and in the third section, problems are raised by reconsidering grades as machines (grade‐machines).
Radiological interpretation 2020: toward quantitative image assessment.

The interpretation of medical images by radiologists is primarily and fundamentally a subjective activity, but there are a number of clinical applications such as tumorimaging where quantitative imaging (QI) metrics (such as tumor growth rate) would be valuable to the patient’s care. It is predicted that the subjective interpretive environment of the past will, over the next decade, evolve toward the increased use of quantitative metrics for evaluating patient health from images. The increasing sophistication and resolution of modern tomographic scanners promote the development of meaningful quantitative end points, determined from images which are in turn produced using well-controlled imaging protocols. For the QI environment to expand, medical physicists, physicians, other researchers and equipment vendors need to work collaboratively to develop the quantitative protocols for imaging,scannercalibrations, and robust analytical software that will lead to the routine inclusion of quantitative parameters in the diagnosis and therapeutic assessment of human health. Most importantly, quantitative metrics need to be developed which have genuine impact on patient diagnosis and welfare, and only then will QI techniques become integrated into the clinical environment.
THE IDENTIFIED PATIENT AND STAGE OF FAMILY DEVELOPMENT

The relationships between child vulnerability to stress, birth order, and stage of family development were assessed. Four stages were identified: Stage I involves 2 parents and their 2 or 3 natural children; Stage II, following divorce, involves mother and her 2 or 3 natural children; Stage III following remarriage, involves mother, stepfather, and mother's 2 or 3 natural children; and Stage IV involves mother, stepfather, mother's 2 or 3 natural children from her first marriage, and the single child from her current marriage. In general, vulnerability of first borns and last borns shifted across stages in a complementary fashion. First borns were most vulnerable in Stage III, least vulnerable in Stage IV, and at intermediate levels in Stages I and II. Last borns were most vulnerable in Stage IV and least vulnerable in Stage HI. The results were interpreted in terms of a linkage between emotional symptoms, gains and losses in privileged positions in the family, and changes in mother-child closeness.
Apparent orientation shifts of mass-loaded plate vibrators

The effects of mass-loading and harmonic on the resonance and antizesonance temperature behavior of a piezoelectric plate vibrator age described, in the one dimensional approximation, fog thickness- and lateral-field excitation. Applications to the AT-cut of quartz ate given.
Inner-city child mental health service use: the real question is why youth and families do not use services.

Objective: This study examines pathways to urban child mental health care as well as explores reasons why care was not received. Methods: A single group longitudinal design was used to study initial attendance rates at an outpatient child mental health clinic and identify factors associated with initial service use for urban children and their families. Results: Approximately one-third of families (n = 82) do not follow up with care despite their child being referred and an initial appointment scheduled. Yet, three-quarters of those who did not attend a first session still wanted services when interviewed. Factors most significantly related to service use were social support and parental skill efficacy. Miscommunication between adult caregiver and provider was the most often cited reason for non-attendance. Conclusions: There is a significant unmet need for care along with identification of significant barriers to access. Empirical findings can serve as the basis for modifying urban child mental health service delivery systems.
The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962: Needless or Necessary?

The Missile Crisis: The National Clandestine Phase The Missile Crisis: The International Confrontation Phase The Traditional Interpretation: The Participants' Perspective The Revisionist Interpretation: The Right Wing Perspective The Structuralist Interpretation: The Sovietologists' Plus One Perspective The Conclusion: Another Interpretation, Another Perspective Bibliography Index
Measuring the need for primary health care: an index of relative disadvantage

Abstract The prime objective of primary health care provision is the maintenance or improvement of the population's health. The equitable distribution of resources is paramount to this and measures of disadvantage are implemented to assess differential levels of need as a basis for calculating deprivation payments according to general practitioner workload. Despite research that highlights the benefits of measures of social disadvantage, indices have not been used to fundamentally shape resource allocation for health authorities. This paper uses the results from a patient survey into utilization behaviour to define and model the determinants of the need for health care based on components of relative need and accessibility. Proxy indicators are derived from routine sources of data to create an Index of Relative Disadvantage (IRD). A sensitivity analysis confirms the robustness of the index and shows that—although the index employs a wider range of variables than most previous deprivation indices—there is no gross data redundancy. Simplified versions of the index are also explored and evaluated. The IRD developed here is closely correlated with other indices of disadvantage, but its greater breadth and more logical construction mean that it may be more likely to be a more widely applicable instrument for health care planning of resource allocation.
“The Boys Won't Let Us Play”: Fifth-Grade Mestizas Challenge Physical Activity Discourse at School

Abstract Drawing on feminist, critical, and poststructural theories, the purpose of this research was: (a) to understand fifth-grade mestizas self-identified barriers to physical activity, and (b) to work with them to develop strategies for challenging these barriers. Data were collected over the 2005–06 school year. Our interpretations are divided into three sections: (a) the barriers the girls identified to their physical activity participation; (b) how we worked with them to study their primary self-identified barrier to physical activity—“the boy's won't let us play;” and (c) how we refocused our research to help the girls publicize their barrier to challenge the inequities in physical activity at their school.
Spurious logarithms and the KPSS statistic

Abstract This paper analyzes the asymptotic behavior of two types of so-called KPSS tests when a logarithm transformation has been applied spuriously to data that are themselves an integrated time series. Although a different limit distribution is obtained, the asymptotic convergence behavior of the KPSS statistic is reminiscent of that of integrated time series, and it is shown that the KPSS test cannot distinguish consistently between an integrated time series and the logarithm of an integrated time series.
Finite-time regional verification of stochastic non-linear systems

Recent trends pushing robots into unstructured environments with limited sensors have motivated considerable work on planning under uncertainty and stochastic optimal control, but these methods typically do not provide guaranteed performance. Here we consider the problem of bounding the probability of failure (defined as leaving a finite region of state space) over a finite time for stochastic non-linear systems with continuous state. Our approach searches for exponential barrier functions that provide bounds using a variant of the classical supermartingale result. We provide a relaxation of this search to a semidefinite program, yielding an efficient algorithm that provides rigorous upper bounds on the probability of failure for the original non-linear system. We give a number of numerical examples in both discrete and continuous time that demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Quantifying interactions between real oscillators with information theory and phase models: Application to cardiorespiratory coupling

Interactions between oscillators can be investigated with standard tools of time series analysis. However, these methods are insensitive to the directionality of the coupling, i.e., the asymmetry of the interactions. An elegant alternative was proposed by Rosenblum and collaborators [M. G. Rosenblum, L. Cimponeriu, A. Bezerianos, A. Patzak, and R. Mrowka, Phys. Rev. E 65, 041909 (2002); M. G. Rosenblum and A. S. Pikovsky, Phys. Rev. E 64, 045202 (2001)] which consists in fitting the empirical phases to a generic model of two weakly coupled phase oscillators. This allows one to obtain the interaction functions defining the coupling and its directionality. A limitation of this approach is that a solution always exists in the least-squares sense, even in the absence of coupling. To preclude spurious results, we propose a three-step protocol: (1) Determine if a statistical dependency exists in the data by evaluating the mutual information of the phases; (2) if so, compute the interaction functions of the oscillators; and (3) validate the empirical oscillator model by comparing the joint probability of the phases obtained from simulating the model with that of the empirical phases. We apply this protocol to a model of two coupled Stuart-Landau oscillators and show that it reliably detects genuine coupling. We also apply this protocol to investigate cardiorespiratory coupling in anesthetized rats. We observe reciprocal coupling between respiration and heartbeat and that the influence of respiration on the heartbeat is generally much stronger than vice versa. In addition, we find that the vagus nerve mediates coupling in both directions.
Recognition and catalysis in allylic alkylations.

A cavitand outfitted with a chelated palladium atom catalyzes allylic alkylation reactions. Molecular recognition by the cavitand distinguishes between closely related structures and results in subtle substrate specificities.
Overexpression of HSP72 after Induction of Experimental Stroke Protects Neurons from Ischemic Damage

The 72-kD inducible heat shock protein (HSP72) can attenuate cerebral ischemic injury when overexpressed before ischemia onset. Whether HSP72 overexpression is protective when applied after ischemia onset is not known, but would have important clinical implications. Fifty-seven rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion for 1 hour. Defective herpes simplex viral (HSV) vectors expressing hsp72 with lacZ as a reporter were delivered 0.5, 2, and 5 hours after ischemia onset into each striatum. Control animals received an identical vector containing only lacZ. Striatal neuron survival at 2 days was improved by 23% and 15% when HSP72 vectors were delayed 0.5 and 2 hours after ischemic onset, respectively ( P < 0.05). However, when delayed by 5 hours, HSP72 overexpression was no longer protective. This is the first demonstration that HSP72 gene transfer even after ischemia onset is neuroprotective. Because expression from these HSV vectors begins 4 to 6 hours after injection, this suggests that the temporal therapeutic window for HSP72 is at least 6 hours after ischemia onset. Future strategies aimed at enhancing HSP72 expression after clinical stroke may be worth pursuing. The authors suggest that in the future HSP72 may be an effective treatment for stroke.
An Evolutionary Life History Framework for Psychopathology

In this article, I outline a general framework for the evolutionary analysis of mental disorders based on the concepts of life history theory. I synthesize and extend a large body of work showing that individual differences in life history strategy set the stage for the development of psychopathology. My analysis centers on the novel distinction between fast spectrum and slow spectrum disorders. I describe four main causal pathways from life history strategies to psychopathology, argue that psychopathology can arise at both ends of the fast–slow continuum of life history variation, and provide heuristic criteria for classifying disorders as fast or slow spectrum pathologies. I then apply the fast–slow distinction to a diverse sample of common mental disorders: externalizing disorders, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, eating disorders, and depression. The framework integrates previously disconnected models of psychopathology within a common frame of reference and...