cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Two‐Factor Model for Predicting When a Couple Will Divorce: Exploratory Analyses Using 14‐Year Longitudinal Data*

This article examines 14-year longitudinal data and attempts to create a post hoc model that uses Time-1 data to "predict" the length of time the marriage will last. The sample consists of the 21 couples (of 79 studied) who divorced over a 14-year period. A two-factor model is proposed. One factor is the amount of unregulated volatile positive and negative affect in the marriage, and this factor predicts a short marriage length for the divorcing couples. A second factor is called "neutral affective style," and this factor predicts a long marriage length for the divorcing couples. This model is compared to a Time-1 model of ailing marriage in which Time-1 marital satisfaction is used to predict the timing of divorce.
Synthesis, Characterization and Texture Observations of Calamitic Liquid Crystalline Compounds

Several divinylic mesogenic monomers were synthesized based on coupling the monomer 4-(4-pentenyloxy)benzoic acid with chlorohydroquinone, 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone, methylhydroquinone or 2-methoxyhydroquinone. This resulted in novel mesogens of phenylene esters with different lateral substituent groups. The effect of the lateral substituent group on the thermotropic phase behavior for these liquid crystalline compounds was investigated using DSC and optical polarized microscopy. All the mesogens proved to have a wide nematic liquid crystalline range. Only the phenylene ester, which has a methoxy lateral substituent, exhibited both nematic and smectic phases. Structural confirmation of all new derivatives was accomplished by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopic analysis, along with CH elemental analysis.
Trust and Missed Opportunities in International Relations

With the end of the Cold War, we must wonder whether there were missed opportunities to regulate the arms race and global competition, which nearly bankrupted the United States and contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union. A missed opportunity for agreement is a situation where there was at least one alternative that the parties to a conflict preferred or would have preferred to nonagreement. Hard-core Realists argue that states compete for territory, arms, and influence because they have conflicting national interests. Soft-core Realists maintain that such conflicts are effects of international anarchy and uncertainty, and that states can cooperate contingent on reciprocity. I argue that states often fail to cooperate even when they have compatible preferences because policy-makers make incorrect inferences about the opponent's motives and intentions, a process that can be illuminated by social psychology. I present three alternative explanations of trust and distrust in international relations-rational choice, domestic structures, and social psychology. If policy-makers are prudent, they will assess the other's interests in observing an agreement as well as its reputation. Often, domestic political structures encourage leaders to promote distrust of an external enemy to legitimize their internal rule or foreign policy. Finally, distrust may lead policy-makers to dismiss the other side's cooperative signals or proposals. Distrust can be overcome by making a series of step-by-step agreements in which each side can test the other's good faith at limited cost, or through unilateral concessions as part of a consistent policy.
Foundations—The Base of Sustainable Residential Building Design

Abstract The foundation is perhaps a building's most challenging envelope component from energy transport and hygrothermal perspectives. As such, the foundation literally provides the energy and materials basis on which the sustainability of the entire structure depends from a number of perspectives. The foundation can account for as much as 40% of the building envelope conduction loss and, more importantly, in unoccupied conditions, almost all of the latent load (or energy required for dehumidification). From a materials perspective, the foundation has to provide a durable interface between the surrounding ground and the building interior in the presence of bulk water, soil gasses (such as radon, water vapor, and even, on occasion, hydrogen sulphide), frost, biotic activity, and pest infestation while simultaneously being the building's structural basis. From an energy perspective, the foundation must insulate the interior from the surrounding soil and ambient environment, and provide an interior surface...
Pseudomalignant osseous tumor of soft tissue: A case report and review of the literature

Pseudomalignant osseous tumor of soft tissues is a rare tumor of the hand. Histopathologic differentiation of this benign lesion from malignant lesions is difficult because mitotic figures are common in typical cases, but bizarre pleomorphic and hyperchromatic nuclei never occur. Wide excision is adequate in most cases, but ray resection is indicated when this benign lesion recurs after wide excision, invades the vital structures, or causes severe functional impairment. Review of the literature revealed 15 cases of this lesion in the digits of the hand, including our case. Of these 15 cases, misdiagnosis of malignancy in three cases and loss of function in an additional four cases led to ray resection.
Effects of increased subscriber-line charge on total surplus and GNP

This paper provides rough estimates of how increases in the telephone subscriber-line charge in 1984, 1985, and 1986 affect total surplus and the gross national product (GNP). Only direct effects are considered; that is, we do not try to account for the effects of changes in the price of telephone service on prices and output quantities in other sectors of the economy. We find that the effects are large, and the effect on GNP is comparable to what Wharton Econometrics estimated.1
Analysis of carbon fiber brush loading in anodes on startup and performance of microbial fuel cells

Abstract Flat carbon anodes placed near a cathode in a microbial fuel cell (MFC) are adversely affected by oxygen crossover, but graphite fiber brush anodes placed near the cathode produce high power densities. The impact of the brush size and electrode spacing was examined by varying the distance of the brush end from the cathode and solution conductivity in multiple MFCs. The startup time was increased from 8 ± 1 days with full brushes (all buffer concentrations) to 13 days (50 mM), 14 days (25 mM) and 21 days (8 mM) when 75% of the brush anode was removed. When MFCs were all first acclimated with a full brush, up to 65% of the brush material could be removed without appreciably altering maximum power. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the main source of internal resistance (IR) was diffusion resistance, which together with solution resistance reached 100 Ω. The IR using EIS compared well with that obtained using the polarization data slope method, indicating no major components of IR were missed. These results show that using full brush anodes avoids adverse effects of oxygen crossover during startup, although brushes are much larger than needed to sustain high power.
Oversensing during ventricular pacing in patients with a third-generation implantable cardioverter-defibrillator

AbstractObjectives. The purpose of this study was to identify the causes of oversensing during ventricular pacing in patients with a thirdgeneration implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.Backgroun...
DEVELOPMENT OF JANCZEWSKIA MORIMOTOI (CERAMIALES) ON ITS HOST LAURENCIA NIPPONICA (CERAMIALES, RHODOPHYCEAE)1

Janczewskia morimotoi Tokida was successfully cultured from spore to reproductive maturity on its host Laurencia nipponica Yamada. The spore penetrates the host without requirement for wound or abrasion sites, growing between host cortical cells and developing a superficial and an endophytic system simultaneously. During the juvenile period, when the parasite is nonpigmented, it differentiates a cortex and the proliferating endophytic filaments enlarge causing a displacement of layers of host cells into the parasitic tissue. Host cells contacted by cells of the parasite exhibit increased wall thickness, cytoplasmic density and vesicle formation. Pit connections between host and parasite cells were rarely observed whereas penetration of host cell walls was seen commonly. As the parasite increases in size, its cells become pigmented evenly throughout the cortex and host cells show less obvious reactions to the parasite. At this same time, the parasite develops branches and reproductive structures. Host plant segments less than 3 cm long failed to grow when infected with spores of the parasite whereas longer segments were not significantly affected by the parasite. In the absence of the host, the parasite cannot complete its development. Although J. morimotoi is well pigmented at maturity, the absence of pigmentation in the juvenile stage, penetration of host cells, and effect on host growth in culture strongly suggest that it is parasitic during at least its early development.
Les Ennemis de Mes Ennemis Sont Mes Ennemis: Regard Sur L'émergence de la Gauche Radicale Péruvienne Dans la Foulée des Réformes Velasquistes (1969–1980)

ResumeCet article retrace l'evolution au Perou d'une gauche maoiste sectaire et desunie. En 1969, le gouvernement revolutionnaire du general Juan Velasco Alvarado lance une Reforme agraire. Cette mesure cherche a fonder de nouvelles bases qui sauront integrer tous les Peruviens au sein de la nation. L'etude des critiques que formulerent a l'encontre du gouvernement Velasco les deux principaux partis maoistes des annees 1970, le PCP—Bandera Roja et le PC del P—Patria Roja, demontre qu'une farouche opposition a la Reforme agraire velasquiste existait au sein des camps maoistes. Les deux partis etudies se retrouvaient dans la violence des propos tenus et dans l'univocite des discours utilises pour contester la legitimite du pouvoir en place. Or, l'incapacite de ces groupes maoistes a se rallier a une cause commune leur fit un tort irreparable. Leur sectarisme ideologique restreignit la portee de leurs activites. Leurs theories ne se transformerent jamais en pratique.
Fast microwave-assisted thermochemical conversion of biomass for biofuel production

This chapter provides readers with an insight into the technical aspects of pyrolysis and gasification of biomass using microwave heating. The chapter will begin with a brief overview of biomass conversion involving pyrolysis and gasification followed by a description of the process and mechanisms involved in microwave heating of biomass. An in-depth discussion on factors affecting microwave heating and strategies to improve the efficiency and product yield and quality of biomass pyrolysis and gasification is provided. Research results from authors’ labs are included in case studies. Finally, further research and development is suggested in conclusions. The bibliography provides a collection of references helpful to researchers who are interested in starting programs in this area.
The Extent and Cause of the Pre-White Dwarf Instability Strip

One of the least understood aspects of white dwarf evolution is the process by which they are formed. The initial stages of white dwarf evolution are characterized by high luminosity, high effective temperature, and high surface gravity, making it difficult to constrain their properties through traditional spectroscopic observations. We are aided, however, by the fact that many H- and He-deficient pre-white dwarfs (PWDs) are multiperiodic g-mode pulsators. These stars fall into two classes: the variable planetary nebula nuclei (PNNV) and the "naked" GW Vir stars. Pulsations in PWDs provide a unique opportunity to probe their interiors, which are otherwise inaccesible to direct observation. Until now, however, the nature of the pulsation mechanism, the precise boundaries of the instability strip, and the mass distribution of the PWDs were complete mysteries. These problems must be addressed before we can apply knowledge of pulsating PWDs to improve understanding of white dwarf formation. This paper lays the groundwork for future theoretical investigations of these stars. In recent years, Whole Earth Telescope observations led to determination of mass and luminosity for the majority of the GW Vir pulsators. With these observations, we identify the common properties and trends PWDs exhibit as a class. We find that pulsators of low mass have higher luminosity, suggesting the range of instability is highly mass dependent. The observed trend of decreasing periods with decreasing luminosity matches a decrease in the maximum (standing-wave) g-mode period across the instability strip. We show that the red edge can be caused by the lengthening of the driving timescale beyond the maximum sustainable period. This result is general for ionization-based driving mechanisms, and it explains the mass dependence of the red edge. The observed form of the mass dependence provides a vital starting point for future theoretical investigations of the driving mechanism. We also show that the blue edge probably remains undetected because of selection effects arising from rapid evolution.
Strong-motion recordings of the California earthquake of April 18, 1906

Recordings from a low magnification ( V = 4), intermediate period ( T ≈ 5 sec) seismograph at Mt. Hamilton, within 35 km of the San Andreas fault, show about 8 sec of P -wave energy and the first half-cycle or so of the initial S wave before going off-scale. The times, polarities, and overall amplitudes are consistent with Bolt's conclusion (1968) that the main shock began closer to San Francisco than Olema, as originally proposed by Reid (1910). This and the distribution of surface slip imply a bilateral rupture, but the seismic moment for the segment to the northwest was on the order of 2.5 times greater than for the southeasterly segment. Although Mt. Hamilton is only 35 km from the rupture surface, the most massive faulting apparently took place at least 75 km away. The recording at Mt. Hamilton returned to scale after about 60 sec; the duration of energy with periods close to 5 sec was comparable to that from more recent strong-motion recordings. Theoretical modeling using both body and surface waves showed that the surface waves dominated the motion at Mt. Hamilton. The modeling also emphasized the sensitivity of the ground motion to directivity effects and rupture velocity. The general characteristics of the data (polarity, amplitude, period content, and duration) were matched reasonably well by a simple dislocation model using fault lengths, depths, and offsets determined from independent data.
Direct recording and molecular identification of the calcium channel of primary cilia

A primary cilium is a solitary, slender, non-motile protuberance of structured microtubules (9+0) enclosed by plasma membrane. Housing components of the cell division apparatus between cell divisions, primary cilia also serve as specialized compartments for calcium signalling and hedgehog signalling pathways. Specialized sensory cilia such as retinal photoreceptors and olfactory cilia use diverse ion channels. An ion current has been measured from primary cilia of kidney cells, but the responsible genes have not been identified. The polycystin proteins (PC and PKD), identified in linkage studies of polycystic kidney disease, are candidate channels divided into two structural classes: 11-transmembrane proteins (PKD1, PKD1L1 and PKD1L2) remarkable for a large extracellular amino terminus of putative cell adhesion domains and a G-protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site, and the 6-transmembrane channel proteins (PKD2, PKD2L1 and PKD2L2; TRPPs). Evidence indicates that the PKD1 proteins associate with the PKD2 proteins via coiled-coil domains. Here we use a transgenic mouse in which only cilia express a fluorophore and use it to record directly from primary cilia, and demonstrate that PKD1L1 and PKD2L1 form ion channels at high densities in several cell types. In conjunction with an accompanying manuscript, we show that the PKD1L1-PKD2L1 heteromeric channel establishes the cilia as a unique calcium compartment within cells that modulates established hedgehog pathways.
Quantum box fabrication tolerance and size limits in semiconductors and their effect on optical gain

Lower and upper limits on size are established for quantum boxes. The lower limit is shown to result from a critical size below which electronic states no longer exist. This critical size is different for electrons and holes. The optical gain of arrays of quantum boxes is computed, taking into account the inhomogeneous broadening of the gain spectrum resulting from fabricational variations in quantum box size and shape. >
Enabling enrichment analysis with the Human Disease Ontology

Advanced statistical methods used to analyze high-throughput data such as gene-expression assays result in long lists of ''significant genes.'' One way to gain insight into the significance of altered expression levels is to determine whether Gene Ontology (GO) terms associated with a particular biological process, molecular function, or cellular component are over- or under-represented in the set of genes deemed significant. This process, referred to as enrichment analysis, profiles a gene set, and is widely used to make sense of the results of high-throughput experiments. Our goal is to develop and apply general enrichment analysis methods to profile other sets of interest, such as patient cohorts from the electronic medical record, using a variety of ontologies including SNOMED CT, MedDRA, RxNorm, and others. Although it is possible to perform enrichment analysis using ontologies other than the GO, a key pre-requisite is the availability of a background set of annotations to enable the enrichment calculation. In the case of the GO, this background set is provided by the Gene Ontology Annotations. In the current work, we describe: (i) a general method that uses hand-curated GO annotations as a starting point for creating background datasets for enrichment analysis using other ontologies; and (ii) a gene-disease background annotation set - that enables disease-based enrichment - to demonstrate feasibility of our method.
Book Review: Go-Go Live: The Musical Life and Death of a Chocolate City

Chuck Brown, longtime leader of the Soul Searchers and the widely acknowledged �godfather of go-go�, liked to proclaim: �I created this sound so I could eat. And everyone who plays in this band can eat� (p. 51). Musical innovation is often born out of material necessity, and go-go, a fusion of funk and hip-hop music peculiar to the Washington, DC area, has occupied a significant position in the economic life of black communities within and surrounding the US capital city. Natalie Hopkinson�s Go-Go Live explores the segregated local economy that supports the go-go scene as well as the music�s deep cultural importance to a black urban population living (at least until recently) in the shadow of the White House. For Hopkinson, the largely black-owned infrastructure of go-go � the dance clubs, recordings shops and T-shirt businesses as well as the music�s distinctive aesthetic of live performance � constitutes a uniquely local public sphere that has sustained the city�s black community through bad times and slightly better ones. Scholars from a range of disciplinary backgrounds have examined with growing nuance and insight the relationship between cities, musical practices and community identities. African American and Latin musical traditions have been an especially rewarding site for urban exploration in the USA (see, among many other studies, Campbell, 2004; Forman, 2002; Glasser, 1995; Grazian, 2003; Lewis, 2008; Macias, 2008). Researchers have examined such issues as how racial, ethnic and class divisions within cities have shaped musical production and reception; how the social meanings attributed to music are influenced by urban marketplaces, cultural hierarchies and political projects; and how particular communal or local identities may be enacted through musical �
A Computational Study of Detonation of Propagation in PBX-9404 Using CTH and LASmerf Codes

For many years, the researchers at the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) have been using CTH hydrocode and its History Variable Reactive Burn (HVRB) model to study the reactive behavior of various granular and non-granular explosives. Recently, we acquired another code (LASmerf) to study the response of the munitions. A computational study was undertaken to compare the results from these two codes. A comparison of the computational results will be presented in this paper. Also, a brief description, advantages, and disadvantages of each code will be discussed.
The Angel in the Gourd: Ritual, Therapeutic, and Protective Uses of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico

Abstract In this article, I document contemporary highland Maya use of traditional tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) preparations among the highland Maya (Tzeltal-Tzotzil) of Chiapas, Mexico. Among the Ancient Maya, Nicotiana was considered a sacred plant, closely associated with deities of earth and sky, and used for both visionary and therapeutic ends. The contemporary Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Highland Chiapas are bearers of this ethnobotanical inheritance, preserving a rich and varied tradition of Nicotiana use and folklore. The entire tobacco plant is viewed as a primordial medicine and a powerful botanical “helper” or “protector.” Depending on the condition to be treated, whole Nicotiana leaves used are used alone or in combination with other herbs in the preparation of various medicinal plasters and teas. In its most common form, fresh or “green” leaves are ground with slaked lime to produce an intoxicating oral snuff that serves as both a protective and therapeutic agent. Despite its historical and cu...
Incorporation of rhodamine B into male tobacco budworm moths Heliothis virescens to use as a marker for mating studies

Rhodamine B, a dye commonly used in a variety of biological studies was incorporated into the bodies of male tobacco budworm moths, Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by allowing them to feed freely on 0.1% rhodamine dissolved in a 10% sucrose solution. After exposing males for one to three days to this pigment, rhodamine was clearly detectable in >82% of spermatophores extracted from untreated females. The intake of this dye did not affect the life span, the production of eggs or the capacity of moths to copulate when compared with moths fed only a sucrose solution or water. Rhodamine B was easily identifiable externally but was more apparent internally in males after only one day of exposure to the pigment. Even at this short feeding duration, rhodamine was detectable in >50% of males 5 days after feeding stopped. Longer exposure to the dye significantly increased the percentage stained. Detection of rhodamine was slightly enhanced by the use of ultraviolet light. The dye accumulation in internal abdominal organs was a better indicator of the presence of the pigment than external contamination of the moth. The use of the method described in this report can be a tool for the rapid incorporation of a low cost dye in the tobacco budworm for biological, behavioral and genetic studies.
Industry price effects of offshore outsourcing

Within the Stolper-Samuelson (SS) framework, a vast empirical literature has developed around the issue of determining the shift in the labour market fundamentals. These studies suffer a host of shortcomings. In an attempt to transcend those shortcomings, this paper analyses the short and long run effects of offshore outsourcing, technology and education on the US manufacturing industries. It employs the bounds testing approach to error-correction and co-integration. Results show that 52% of the industries in the sample converge to their long run equilibrium. Some plausible explanation for lack of convergence in some industries is the inability to meet their adjustment costs.
A UHF traveling-wave amplifier tube employing an electrostatically focused hollow beam

The increasing importance of beam-type microwave devices has stimulated interest in focusing methods other than the usual uniform magnetic field. One such method applicable to hollow cylindrical beams, proposed by L. A. Harris, utilizes a radial electric field acting on a spinning beam to counterbalance the space-charge divergence forces. A traveling-wave amplifier operating in the 300 to 600 mc region, employing this focusing method, was designed and constructed. Experimental results obtained with this tube are presented. Beam transmissions as high as 90 per cent and net gain over 15 db were obtained. Practical considerations and tube design factors are discussed. The primary advantage of this kind of focusing is in the elimination of the solenoid, and consequent reduction in power supply requirements and weight, accessibility of rf connections to the tube, and elimination of capsule and aligning adjustments. This focusing method appears to have great potential usefulness in hollow-beam applications, and particularly in devices where the spiral motion of the beam can be made to interact with a spirally traveling wave.
Evaluating Cost Segregation Opportunities before, during, and after the Usage of Qualifying Realty

The Hospital Corporation of America, 109 TC 21 (1997) case validated the use of cost segregation to maximize cost recovery deductions by reclassifying portions of realty as either depreciable personalty or realty with a class life shorter than that for buildings. Cost segregation efforts have been facilitated by IRS pronouncements that allow a taxpayer to treat a change in an asset's cost recovery period as a change in accounting method and thus accelerate into the year of change the cumulative increase in depreciation deductions resulting from such reclassification. One pronouncement even allows a taxpayer to change the recovery period within a limited period of time after the asset is sold or exchanged. This study develops and illustrates a comprehensive spreadsheet that projects the estimated tax savings and costs of electing cost segregation for realty at three different points in time: (1) when the realty is first placed into service, (2) during the useful life of the realty, and (3) after the asset ...
Self-Esteem and Direct Versus Indirect Forms of Self-Enhancement

Two studies explored the relation between self-esteem and self-enhancement biases. It was proposed that people with high self-esteem engage in forms of self-enhancement in which the self is directly linked to positive identities and outcomes, whereas people with low self-esteem engage in forms of self-enhancement in which the self is indirectly linked to positive identities and outcomes. To test the hypothesis, we examined group favoritism as a function of self-esteem and group involvement. As expected, high self-esteem subjects were most apt to display favoritism when they were directly involved in group processes, whereas low self-esteem subjects were most apt to display favoritism when they were not directly involved in group processes. Furthermore, consistent with the view that these tendencies reflect a motivated desire to enhance self-worth, these effects were less evident after subjects had received positive feedback than after they had received negative feedback. The discussion centers on the nature of high and low self-esteem and the influence of self-enhancement and self-consistency motives in social behavior. Conventional wisdom holds that self-serving biases are principally the refuge of those with low self-esteem. This position, typically referred to as self-enhancement theory (Shrauger, 1975), is based on the notion that all individuals are motivated to maintain a positive self-concept, and that the need for selfenhancement increases the more the desire to think favorably of the self goes unfulfilled. In their efforts to shore up a negative self-image, those with low self-esteem are presumed to distort and bias personal information in a self-enhancing direction (cf. Dittes, 1959; Jones, 1973; Kaplan, 1975). In contrast to the preceding view, which holds that self-enhancement biases are more prevalent among those with low self-esteem than among those with high self-esteem, other theories suggest that individuals with high self-esteem are more apt to display evidence of self-enhancement. Self-consistency theorists (Lecky, 1945; Swann, 1983, 1987) contend that individuals are motivated to maintain a consistent self-image because stable self-views enable them to predict and control their world (Epstein, 1973). From this perspective, people with high selfesteem more than those with low self-esteem should exhibit selfenhancing biases, because such biases strengthen the self-image of those with positive self-views but threaten the self-image of those with negative self-views. Despite the theoretical elegance of each of these arguments, recent research has failed to distinguish consistently between these opposing views (McFarlin & Blascovich, 198 l; Swann, Griffin, Predmore, & Gaines, 1987). Under some conditions and with some dependent variables, people with low self-esteem
Domain IV voltage-sensor movement is both sufficient and rate limiting for fast inactivation in sodium channels

Voltage-gated sodium channels are critical for the generation and propagation of electrical signals in most excitable cells. Activation of Na+ channels initiates an action potential, and fast inactivation facilitates repolarization of the membrane by the outward K+ current. Fast inactivation is also the main determinant of the refractory period between successive electrical impulses. Although the voltage sensor of domain IV (DIV) has been implicated in fast inactivation, it remains unclear whether the activation of DIV alone is sufficient for fast inactivation to occur. Here, we functionally neutralize each specific voltage sensor by mutating several critical arginines in the S4 segment to glutamines. We assess the individual role of each voltage-sensing domain in the voltage dependence and kinetics of fast inactivation upon its specific inhibition. We show that movement of the DIV voltage sensor is the rate-limiting step for both development and recovery from fast inactivation. Our data suggest that activation of the DIV voltage sensor alone is sufficient for fast inactivation to occur, and that activation of DIV before channel opening is the molecular mechanism for closed-state inactivation. We propose a kinetic model of sodium channel gating that can account for our major findings over a wide voltage range by postulating that DIV movement is both necessary and sufficient for fast inactivation.
Enhanced hydrogen production by carbon-doped TiO2 decorated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) under visible light irradiation

Enhancing visible light utilization by photocatalysts, avoiding electron–hole recombination, and facilitating charge transfer are three major challenges to the success of sustainable photocatalytic systems. In our study, carbon-doped TiO2 was synthesized with decoration of reduced graphene oxide (C-TiO2/rGO) to form a hybrid nanocomposite that exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity and longevity. Morphology, chemical and colloidal stability, crystallinity, surface compositions and band structures were systematically assessed. The results revealed that the hybrid C-TiO2/rGO had a band gap of 2.2 ± 0.2 eV and crystallite sizes of 0.9–2 nm in diameter. Transmission electron microcopy (TEM) images showed that C-TiO2 particles attached to the carbon sheet of rGO. Under irradiation of 135 mW cm−2 at 400–690 nm with methanol as electron donor, C-TiO2 and C-TiO2/rGO yielded incredibly high H2 production rates of 0.67 ± 0.12 to 1.50 ± 0.2 mmol g−1 h−1, respectively, which were greater than those of other titanium hybrid catalysts such as C-TiO2/Pt. rGO not only greatly improved the photocatalytic activity but also led to greater stability of H2 production compared to C-TiO2. This work lays groundwork toward the design of novel visible light-driven photocatalytic systems for harnessing solar energy and environmental applications.
Structures and Activities of Activated abl Oncogenes

Activated versions of the c-abl proto-oncogene have been recovered in transforming retroviruses of, mice and cats, and have been recovered from various forms of the 9:22 (Philadelphia) chromosomal translocation found in some human leukemias. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about the various structures of activated abl oncogenes, what is known about the proteins encoded by the abl proto-oncogene and its activated derivatives, and how domains and biochemical functions ascribed to abl proteins relate to those of other members of the tyrosine kinase family of enzymes. Finally, the far less defined activities of abl proteins in mediating cell transformation and tumor induction will be reviewed.
The Separation of Transport and Chemistry in a Photochemical Model

The application of comprehensive air quality models, such as the Urban Airshed Model, is a computationally demanding exercise that has to be preceded by the compilation of extensive input data sets for emissions, meteorology, and land use for the domain of interest. These computational requirements discourage the type of numerical experimentation required for a thorough analysis of emission reduction strategies.
Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models

Synapse loss in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) correlates with cognitive decline. Involvement of microglia and complement in AD has been attributed to neuroinflammation, prominent late in disease. Here we show in mouse models that complement and microglia mediate synaptic loss early in AD. C1q, the initiating protein of the classical complement cascade, is increased and associated with synapses before overt plaque deposition. Inhibition of C1q, C3, or the microglial complement receptor CR3 reduces the number of phagocytic microglia, as well as the extent of early synapse loss. C1q is necessary for the toxic effects of soluble β-amyloid (Aβ) oligomers on synapses and hippocampal long-term potentiation. Finally, microglia in adult brains engulf synaptic material in a CR3-dependent process when exposed to soluble Aβ oligomers. Together, these findings suggest that the complement-dependent pathway and microglia that prune excess synapses in development are inappropriately activated and mediate synapse loss in AD.
Dysphonia and Vocal Fold Telangiectasia in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia

OBJECTIVE This case report is the first documentation of dysphonia and vocal fold telangiectasia as a complication of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). METHODS Case report of a 40-year-old man with HHT presenting with 2 years of worsening hoarseness. RESULTS Hoarseness corresponded with a period of anticoagulation. Endoscopy revealed vocal fold scarring, vocal fold telangiectasias, and plica ventricular is suggestive of previous submucosal vocal fold hemorrhage and subsequent counterproductive compensation with ventricular phonation. CONCLUSION Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia may present as dysphonia with vocal fold telangiectasias and place patients at risk of vocal fold hemorrhage.
Utilization of diagnostic tests: Assessing appropriateness

Funding to support research efforts is under ever-increasing scrutiny, and the competition for these limited funds is intense. Conferences such as this one have traditionally been used to define the research agenda for a variety of clinical conditions. We need to define a research agenda to improve the underpinnings of clinical studies so that the results are more immediately applicable in the real world. Health services research in general and studies of appropriateness of testing and treatment in particular must be included in this new agenda across all clinical conditions and technologies. More important, these health services studies must be used to improve actual practice, to raise the quality of care, and to manage the cost of care in a clinically sensible manner. This presentation and the discussion of the respondent and panelists will be directed toward the issues of assessing appropriateness of diagnostic imaging tests and the practical issues arising in the use of such information. My presentation will provide background information and raise questions that might be used to guide research priorities in this important area. In addition, I will raise issues that are more a matter of implementation and policy. These latter issues, although not key elements of a research
An Exploratory Investigation into Varying Patterns of Affect

Recently, there has been a considerable amount discussion concerning the role of affect in shaping consumer behavior. This discussion has resulted in a second look at some multiattribute attitude models. This paper investigates the theoretical aspects of a model which suggested consumer affect for a product attribute may vary depending on the amount of the attribute being evaluated.
Early Medical Management of Hospitalization for Heart Failure (HHF)

Hospitalization for heart failure is common condition and refers to the various acute heart failure syndromes that require urgent treatment. The chapter provides an overview of the classification, pathophysiology, management principles and current treatment modalities for hospitalization for heart failure. It also emphasizes the various diagnostic as well as prognostic evaluations of heart failure patients. However, the understanding and treatment still remains deficient in the wake of development of newer drugs, devices and novel approaches to decrease this immense health care problem that can improve morbidity, mortality and quality of life of our patients.
Adult axolotls can regenerate original neuronal diversity in response to brain injury.

Humans and other mammals have a very limited ability to regenerate new neurons in the brain to replace those that have been injured or damaged. In striking contrast, some animals like fish and salamanders are capable of filling in injured brain regions with new neurons. This is a complex task, as the brain is composed of many different types of neurons that are connected to each other in a highly organized manner across both short and long distances. The extent to which even the most regenerative species can build new brain regions was not known. Understanding any limitations will help to set realistic expectations for the success of potential treatments that aim to replace neurons in mammals. Amamoto et al. found that the brain of the axolotl, a species of salamander, could selectively regenerate the specific types of neurons that were damaged. This finding suggests that the brain is able to somehow sense which types of neurons are injured. The new neurons were able to mature into functional neurons, but they were limited in their ability to reconnect to their original, distant target neurons. More research is now needed to investigate how the axolotl brain recognizes which types of neurons have been damaged. It will also be important to understand which cells respond to the injury to give rise to the new neurons that fill the injury site, and to uncover the molecules that are important for governing this regenerative process.
Analyses on monitoring result of volatile phenols of water-supplying system urban from 2006 to 2009 in Quanzhou

Objective:To acquire the situation of volatile phenols contamination of source water,the produced water as well as that of the distribution system water in Quanzhou,and to provide scientific basis for the protection of the source water.Methods: All the samples were detected with the 4-anino-antipyrine chloroform extraction spectrophotometric method.Results: Volatile phenols of 376 samples of Water-Supplying System were determined from 2006 to 2009.The results show that the average qualified rate was 98.7%.In 2008 and 2009,the qualified rates of the produced water and the distribution system water all were 100%,but which of source water decrease from 95% to 80%.Conclusion: Hygienic quality of drinking water in Quanzhou was safe as a whole,but it should not be neglected that the contamination of source water was increased inequality.And more attention should be paid to control the contamination of volatile phenols and protection of the water sources.
Internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans, US-born Caribbean Blacks, and foreign-born Caribbean Blacks

ABSTRACTObjectives. The tripartite model of racism includes personally mediated racism, institutionalized racism, and the less-oft studied internalized racism. Internalized racism – or negative beliefs about one’s racial group – results from cultural racism that is endemic in American society. In this project, we studied whether these negative stereotypes are associated with mental health among African-Americans and Caribbean Blacks.Design. Using secondary data from the National Survey of American Life, we investigated the association between internalized racism and mental health (measured by depressive symptoms and serious psychological distress (SPD)) among these two groups. We also explored whether ethnicity/nativity and mastery moderate the association between internalized racism and mental health among African-Americans and Caribbean Blacks.Results. Internalized racism was positively associated with depressive symptoms and SPD among all Black subgroups. However, internalized racism was a weaker predi...
Using Hybridization and Specialization to Enhance the First-Year Experience in Community Colleges: A National Picture of High-Impact Practices in First-Year Seminars

This chapter draws from national data to explore unique attributes of first-year seminars in community college contexts as well as high-impact practices that are often connected to them. Findings point to areas of opportunity for practice and directions for future research to better understand how community colleges can be poised to meet the increasing number of demands to support student success in effective ways.
TEM Study of Rhodium Catalysts with Manganese Promoter

The focus of this research is on studying the effects of a manganese promoter on rhodium particles for the purposes of ethanol catalysation from syngas. Through TEM imaging, the particle size has been studied both before and after reduction with and without a manganese promoter. For pure rhodium on silica, the average particle size before reduction was 3.1 ± 0.8 nm and 3.1 ± 0.8 nm after reduction. For rhodium with a manganese promoter on silica, the average particle size before reduction was 2.3 ± 0.5 nm and 2.4 ± 0.7 nm after reduction. These results point to a clear effect of manganese on the particle sizes of rhodium, but an insufficient effect on particle size to fully explain all effects of manganese promotion on rhodium catalysts. Further research will be focusing on using a JEOL-2010F to conduct electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Z-contrast imaging structural studies.
Analytical models for the impact of a solid sphere on a fluid-filled spherical shell incorporating the stress wave propagation effect and their applications to blunt head impacts

Abstract A new analytical (non-linear) model for the impact of a solid sphere on a fluid-filled spherical shell is developed by including the stress wave propagation effect in addition to the Hertzian contact deformations and the shell membrane and bending actions. The expressions for determining the maximum mutual approach and impact duration are analytically derived using the principle of energy conservation. A simplified (linearized) model incorporating the elastic energy loss due to the stress wave propagation is then formulated by using a linear force-deflection relation, which leads to a closed-form expression for the impact duration. It is shown that the new non-linear model reduces to that of Young (2003) and the linearized model recovers that of Mansoor–Baghaei and Sadegh (2011) when the stress wave propagation effect is not considered. By directly applying the newly obtained non-linear and linearized models, three representative problems simulating blunt head impacts are analyzed. The first problem characterizes the blunt impact of a human head on the ground or on an automobile, the second one simulates the blunt impact of a non-lethal projectile on a human head, and the third one represents two football players’ head collision. Numerical results for the maximum deflection, maximum impact force and impact duration are provided to quantitatively show their variations with the impact velocity and shell thickness. The values predicted by the current new models are also compared with those given by the two existing models and with available finite element simulation results, and a good agreement is observed.
Attitudes That Affect Mental Health Care Coverage; The Psychiatrist in Perspective

There is probably no form of health care that is as controversial as mental health care in terms of its theories, aims, methods, and potential impact on individual persons and society as a whole. Mental health care is an extremely emotionally laden area of health care. Our thoughts and feelings, our attitudes and our prejudices toward mental health care are bound to affect individual and societal acceptance of it—and thus influence our health policy toward it. This obviously includes the manner and extent to which we shall provide coverage for mental health care under our health programs—including, in the future, NHI. Therefore, let us briefly examine in this section common attitudes that color our perception of mental illness/emotional problems and mental health care. Let us also consider here the psychiatrist (and other mental health professionals) in perspective, detailing what he can and cannot achieve.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Management: A Review of Recent Evidence

Background The evaluation and management of infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), the constellation of opioid withdrawal specific to newborns, have received renewed attention over the past decade during a new epidemic of opioid use, misuse, abuse, and dependence. Infants with NAS often endure long and costly hospital stays. Objective We aim to review recent literature on the management and outcomes of infants with, and at risk for, opioid withdrawal. Methods We reviewed articles indexed in PubMed over the past 5 years that examined interventions and/or outcomes related to the management of infants with NAS. Thirty-seven studies were included in our review comprising 8 categories: 1) identification of infants at risk for NAS, 2) prenatal factors, 3) evaluation of signs and symptoms, 4) non-pharmacologic care, including rooming-in and breastfeeding, 5) standardization of traditional protocols, 6) pharmacologic management, 7) alternative treatment approaches, and 8) long-term outcomes. Results Non-pharmacologic interventions, standardization of traditional protocols, and alternative treatment approaches were all associated with improved outcomes. Lengths of stay were generally lowest in the studies of non-pharmacologic interventions. Patients exposed to buprenorphine in utero tended to have better short-term outcomes than those exposed to methadone. Longer-term outcomes for infants with NAS appear to be worse than those of control groups. Conclusion The current epidemic necessitates both continued research, and the application of new evidence-based practices in the assessment and treatment of newborns exposed to opioids in utero. Projects focused on non-pharmacologic interventions appear to hold the most promise.