cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic synthesis of extended burst-mode circuits. I. (Specification and hazard-free implementations)

We introduce a new design style called extended burst-mode. The extended burst-mode design style covers a wide spectrum of sequential circuits ranging from delay-insensitive to synchronous. We can synthesize multiple-input change asynchronous finite state machines and many circuits that fall in the gray area (hard to classify as synchronous or asynchronous) which are difficult or impossible to synthesize automatically using existing methods. Our implementation of extended burst-mode machines uses standard CMOS logic, generates low-latency outputs, and guarantees freedom from hazards at the gate level. In Part I, we formally define the extended burst-mode specification, provide an overview of the synthesis methods, and describe the hazard-free synthesis requirements for two different next-state logic synthesis methods: two-level sums-of-products implementation and generalized C-elements implementation. We also present an extension to existing theories for hazard-free combinational synthesis to handle nonmonotonic input changes.
Tunneling current density within Tersoff and Hamann’s theory of the scanning tunneling microscope

Lang has extended the transfer Hamiltonian theory to obtain an expression for the tunneling current density and used it to investigate the current distribution in the vacuum region between pairs of jellium-adatom electrodes. In this paper, his general expression is specialized by incorporating Tersoff and Hamann's model for the tip electrode. The resulting simple expression for the tunneling current density is applied to Tersoff's six-plane-wave model of a monolayer of graphite. The normal component of the current density for this system takes on both positive and negative values in a complex flow pattern and its lateral falloff away from the (projected) tip position is much slower than expected from the extraordinary lateral resolution (\ensuremath{\sim}1 A\r{}) evident in the scanning-tunneling-microscope images of graphite.
Effect of annealing and hydrogen plasma treatment on the voltammetric and impedance behavior of the diamond electrode

Undoped polycrystalline diamond thin films have been grown on molybdenum substrates by microwave-assisted chemical vapor deposition using a hydrogen and methane gas mixture. Cyclic voltammetric behavior of diamond films has been studied in 0.5 M NaCl solution as a function of annealing in nitrogen gas at 425°C and hydrogen microwave plasma treatments at 800°C. Preliminary voltammetry studies have shown that the annealed diamond film has a high resistivity, and hydrogen microwave plasma-treated diamond has a low resistivity. These treatments have an effect on the extent of the gas evolution reaction either in the anodic or in the cathodic polarization of the diamond electrode. AC impedance and DC linear polarization techniques have provided the data on the increase and decrease in diamond film resistance upon annealing and hydrogen microwave plasma treatment, respectively, which further corroborates the voltammetry studies. These electrochemical measurements may qualitatively suggest that there may be a change in electron affinity characteristics of the diamond surface as a function of various pretreatments.
Task effort and the regulation of mood: The absorption hypothesis

Abstract Three studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that effort exerted under conditions of high task orientation or in response to a difficult task can neutralize previously induced negative and positive moods. In the first study a negative or neutral mood was induced in subjects through exposure to film clips with either a sad or neutral content. Then, in an allegedly unrelated experiment subjects exerted effort in preparation for an upcoming task. Half were told that effort was instrumental for their performance on the subsequent task (high task orientation); the other half were told that effort was only weakly related to performance (low task orientation). Subjects in whom a negative mood had been induced reported feeling better after having engaged in the instrumental effort than subjects who had engaged in the noninstrumental effort. Study 2 explored the impact of task effort on positive mood. As hypothesized, high task orientation had a detrimental effect on previously induced positive moods. In Study 3, the processing demands of the task were manipulated directly (rather than through subjects' orientation toward the task). The results showed that subjects who completed a cognitively difficult task reported fewer mood-related thoughts and a more attenuated mood than subjects who performed a simple task or no task. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for mood maintenance and mood repair.
Mitigating Prefetcher-Caused Pollution Using Informed Caching Policies for Prefetched Blocks

Many modern high-performance processors prefetch blocks into the on-chip cache. Prefetched blocks can potentially pollute the cache by evicting more useful blocks. In this work, we observe that both accurate and inaccurate prefetches lead to cache pollution, and propose a comprehensive mechanism to mitigate prefetcher-caused cache pollution.First, we observe that over 95p of useful prefetches in a wide variety of applications are not reused after the first demand hit (in secondary caches). Based on this observation, our first mechanism simply demotes a prefetched block to the lowest priority on a demand hit. Second, to address pollution caused by inaccurate prefetches, we propose a self-tuning prefetch accuracy predictor to predict if a prefetch is accurate or inaccurate. Only predicted-accurate prefetches are inserted into the cache with a high priority.Evaluations show that our final mechanism, which combines these two ideas, significantly improves performance compared to both the baseline LRU policy and two state-of-the-art approaches to mitigating prefetcher-caused cache pollution (up to 49p, and 6p on average for 157 two-core multiprogrammed workloads). The performance improvement is consistent across a wide variety of system configurations.
Police Department Policies: A Study of Correlates by City

This study addressed the question of whether police departments with particular practices and characteristics are located in particular types of cities. The characteristics of the 57 cities of the continental USA with populations over 250,000 in 1975 were obtained from a previous study (Lester, 1984). Characteristics of the police departments were taken from Odoni (1978), Heaphy (1978), Frank1 (1973), and the Kansas City Police Department (1972). Cities paying higher salaries were larger in population, had more dense populations, were in states with stricter gun control laws, had smaller per-
Alterations in a cartilage matrix glycoprotein in canine osteoarthritis

A number of biochemical abnormalities have been described in osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage, but little study has been devoted to changes in the noncollagenous, nonproteoglycan proteins of cartilage in this condition. Using a canine model of OA produced by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee, we have demonstrated that distinct alterations occur in a 550,000-dalton cartilage matrix glycoprotein in OA canine cartilage. This protein is a major protein constituent of normal articular cartilage. Fragments which are immunologically cross-reactive with the 550,000-dalton protein were more abundant in OA cartilage than in normal articular cartilage. Immunofluorescence studies revealed that staining with specific antiserum to the protein was absent in OA cartilage. This was the only noncollagenous, nonproteoglycan protein noted to undergo significant changes in this model of OA.
The Collision of Military Cultures in Seventeenth-Century New England

Historians of the American frontier have come to appreciate the relativity of their subject. Gone are the days when scholars portrayed the expansion of the colonial pale as a simple diffusion of European civilization into the vacuum of savage anarchy. Contemporary scholars view the frontier as a permeable barrier between two sophisticated, dynamic societies. In their model, both Indians and Europeans encountered pressure for cultural change, and both peoples underwent the process of interaction, exchange, and adjustment that anthropologists term acculturation. Within the resulting cultural maelstrom, the role of warfare has not been clear. Many historians have treated Anglo-Indian warfare as a manifestation of cultural incompatibility between peoples, and as a principal means whereby one people was able to enforce its physical and cultural supremacy over the other. Fewer scholars have addressed warfare as apart, rather than aproduct, of the acculturation process.1 In fact, the ways of war constituted distinct elements of the cultures colliding in the New World. European colonists and native Indians alike devoted much attention to the practice of war, and each brought to the battlefield an elaborate code of martial conduct. Those codes expressed the "military culture" of each people, encompassing all attitudes, institutions, procedures, and implements of organized violence against external enemies. The interaction of military cultures (that is, military acculturation) shaped the history of conflict between colonists and Indians in early America. Only by examining warfare as one pattern in the mosaic of cultural contact can that history be understood. This study endeavors to analyze military conflict in seventeenth-century New England from that perspective.
A study of various influences on the iodide concentrating mechanism of the rat thyroid.

THE concentration (“trapping”) of iodide by the thyroid is one of the most specific functions of this gland and constitutes the first step in thyroid hormone biogenesis. If the subsequent organic binding of iodine is blocked with thiouracil, the thyroid: serum iodide concentration ratio (T/S) can be determined (Vanderlaan and Vanderlaan, 1947). These authors found the T/S of normal rats to be around 25:1. The following findings indicated that the thyroidal iodide trap is profoundly influenced by thyrotrophin (TSH): a) In rats made goitrous by the chronic administration of propylthiouracil (PTU) the T/S rose to an average value of 250:1 (Vanderlaan and Vanderlaan, 1947); b) After hypophysectomy PTU did not have such an effect and the T/S of hypophysectomized, PTU treated rats was found to be around 6:1 (Greer, 1949); c) A single dose of TSH, given to normal rats, caused a transient rise in the T/S (Vanderlaan and Greer, 1950).
SORANUS OF EPHESUS AND HIS INSIGHT INTO PERINATAL NEUROLOGY. 2261

In this Decade of the Brain, it is appropriate to trace the roots of our specialty. Of all the pillars of knowledge from antiquity,Soranus of Ephcsus stands out as one of the most eminent, learned, critical and lucid medical writers. This Greek physician practiced medicine in Rome at the times of emperors Trajan (98-117) and Hadrian(117-138). Of the more than 20 books ascribed to him, The Soul,(extant) was one of the most controversial, for here he describes the soul as“corporeal substance,” drawing the wrath of the later church elders. Perhaps this is one of the earliest instances of connecting human and animal `soul' (or consciousness) with the respective body (or brain?). In the centuries that followed, his other famous book Gynecology was also lost. However, over one-hundred-years of effort, scholars reconstructed it back into Greek. Soranus influenced obstetric and neonatal practice for 1500 years. In this poster, I will outline Soranus's keen insights into the CNS problems. I will describe the “methodist” sect to which he belonged and the story of the reconstruction of the Gynecology. Using excerpts from this book I will show Soranus's understanding of neurologic problems in women during pregnancy and in newborn infants. Examples include his descriptions of aphonia, distinctions between hysteria, epilepsy and preeclampsic seizures; a rational basis for resuscitation of a depressed newborn at birth; instructions for the delivery of fetuses with hydrocephalus, and distinctions between hydrocephalus and macrocephaly. He also discusses neonatal meningitis, and the effect of alcohol in the breast milk on infant behavior and seizures. These gems are from separate chapters on“Hydrocephalus;” “Resuscitation;”“Meningitis;“ Assessing Viability;” and “How to Recognize Infants Worth Raring.” The story of Soranus is an example of a man of immense capabilities and wisdom, who also believed in meticulous note-keeping with painstaking details.
Equilibrium segregation of carbon to a nickel (111) surface: A surface phase transition

Abstract Equilibrium segregation of carbon to the (111) surface of carbon-doped nickel single crystals has been studied by Auger spectroscopy. At least three distinct equilibrium states of the surface occur, viz: A, a high-temperature dilute carbon phase, B, a condensed graphitic monolayer, separated from A by a sharp transition with temperature and G, a multilayer epitaxial graphite precipitate. State B persists in equilibrium about 100K above the observed equilibrium temperature for dissolving graphite into the nickel crystal. Our interpretation attributes this to (∼ 0.05 eV) stronger binding of carbon to this monolayer phase than to bulk graphite. We believe the observed equilibrium A-B transition is the first equilibrium surface phase transition detected in segregation studies.
Family myths among female adolescents in a residential setting

The purpose of the study was to understand the role of family myths in the lives of adolescent girls with problems, living away from home in a residential institution. Based on the semi-structured interviews, the researcher worked at exploring the different family myths that developed in the families. The results showed that there are a large number of problems prevalent in the form of scapegoating and salvation and redemption myths. The implications for practice reveal that it is necessary to understand family myths in order to comprehend family relationships. In order to work with myths, a therapist has to be an impartial arbiter and investigator and create an atmosphere for exploring the various family members involvements with each other.
Antidromic and orthodromic responses of paraventricular and supraoptic neurosecretory cells

Abstract Extracellular recordings were made from 132 paraventricular and 385 supraoptic neurons. One hundred and eighteen (90%) of the paraventricular and 323 (84%) of the supraoptic units were identified as neurosecretory neurons by virtue of an antidromic response to neurohypophysial stimulation. Neurosecretory cells manifested many properties characteristic of neurons with class C axons; 5.5% were silent under pentobarbital anesthesia. Approximately 10% of neurosecretory cells exhibited all-or-none jumps to shorter antidromic latencies as neurohypophysial stimulus strength was increased, suggesting branching of neurosecretory axons. Stimulation of the neurohypophysis inhibited the spontaneous activity of a majority of neurosecretory cells. Histograms of supraoptic neurosecretory cell activity after response to electrical stimulation of either vagus revealed long-latency (129 msec) excitatory responses, suggesting activation by polysynaptic pathways. Bilateral input from both vagi on individual cells was demonstrated. Histograms of supraoptic neurosecretory cell activity after electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve also showed long-latency (83 msec) excitatory responses, suggesting activation by polysynaptic pathways. Convergence of carotid sinus and vagal activation was demonstrated on individual cells. These results provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that ADH release is related to an increase in the discharge rate of supraoptic neurosecretory cells.
URRs and Nobel Prizes.

Kenneth Rogers describes the role of university research reactors (URRs) and the current funding difficulties they are experiencing (Policy Forum, “The past and future of university research reactors,” 22 March, p. [2217][1]). In explaining contributions URRs have made to fields beyond nuclear science and engineering, he states, “The 1994 Nobel Prizes in physics were awarded to two individuals for work carried out at URRs.” The 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics was shared by Bertram Brockhouse and Clifford Shull for their pioneering role in the development of neutron spectroscopy and diffraction. This research was done at the National Research Experimental (NRX) and National Research Universal (NRU) reactors at the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories and the Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, respectively. Brockhouse and Shull subsequently took up faculty appointments at universities operating URRs (McMaster University and MIT, respectively); however, it was their earlier groundbreaking studies in Chalk River and Oak Ridge that were the basis for the Nobel Prize. Further details regarding the contributions made by Brockhouse and Shull and the facilities they used, as well as some autobiographical information, may be found on the excellent Nobel Prize Web site ([www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1994/index.html][2]). The Department of Energy user facility currently under construction, to which Rogers refers in the final paragraph, is the Spallation Neutron Source (“National” having been dropped when the project was approved in 1998). # Response {#article-title-2} The sentence that Mason quotes was intended to illustrate the high scientific caliber (Nobel laureates) and the general area (physics) of the work carried out over the major portions of their scientific careers by several users of URRs. Shull and Brockhouse were awarded the Nobel Prize approximately 10 years after their retirements. Although the research that they did earlier in their careers at government laboratory reactors undoubtedly influenced the work that they and many others carried out at URRs, their Nobel Prize was awarded after they had spent 31 and 22 years, respectively, at universities with URRs. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1070936 [2]: http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1994/index.html
Effect of assisted mechanical ventilation on arterial carbon dioxide tension of normal anesthetized dogs.

The effect of assisted mechanical ventilation (application of positive airway pressure during inspiration triggered by minimal inspiratory effort) on breathing pattern and PaCO2 of five normal anesthetized dogs was studied. Ventilation (and presumably respiratory drive) was reduced by barbiturate anesthesia sufficient to raise mean PaCO2 during spontaneous breathing approximately 8 torr. Respiratory muscle work was “unloaded” by assisted ventilation using pressure- and volume-limited ventilators. Thirty-minute periods of spontaneous breathing were alternated with 30-min periods of assisted ventilation.
N-Vinyl-2-ethoxypyrrolidiniminium tetrafluoborate: an unusually reactive imidate salt

Abstract N-Vinyl-2-ethoxypyrrolidiniminium tetrafluoborate, 3 , constitutes a new class of imidate salt which reacts with water, under neutral conditions, to give acetaldehyde and ethyl 4-aminobutylrate but with alcohols to give the N-(1-alkoxy-1-ethyl)-2-alkoxy imidate, 9 or 10 .
Touch by Intrusive and Withdrawn Mothers with Depressive Symptoms

Interaction behaviours of 88 adolescent mothers with depressive symptoms and their 3-month-old infants were videotaped and coded for different types of touch. The ‘depressed’ mothers were classified as intrusive, withdrawm or good by one observer and another observer coded rough tickling, poking, tugging and pulling as negative touch behaviours and gentle stroking and rubbing as positive touch behaviours. The mothers with depressive symptoms were more likely to touch their infants in a negative way and more likely to be classified as intrusive.
Avian Foraging Behavior in Two Different Types of Coffee Agroecosystem in Chiapas, Mexico

This study describes the foraging ecology of birds during summer and winter in two different types of coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico. Avian foraging behavior is documented in two agroecosystems of differing management intensity, structurally similar but with different levels of floristic diversity, during summer and winter seasons. The distribution of tree species used by birds was more even, and birds used a greater diversity of tree species, in the more diverse coffee shade system. Much of the variation in resource use derived from shifts in the use of flowers and fruit, highlighting the importance in resource phenology for birds. Insectivory was more frequent in winter than summer for the coffee layer, and in summer for the shade layer. Given the vegetative structural similarity of the two coffee agroecosystems included in this study, floristic differences probably accounted for much of the difference in the bird communities between the management systems, especially given the strong seasonal response to flowering and fruiting. This work suggests that plentiful and diverse food resources associated with the high diversity of plant species may facilitate coexistence of the high number of bird species found in shade-grown coffee agroecosystems.
Scatterfield microscopy for extending the limits of image-based optical metrology

We have developed a set of techniques, referred to as scatterfield microscopy, in which the illumination is engineered in combination with appropriately designed metrology targets to extend the limits of image-based optical metrology. Previously we reported results from samples with sub-50-nm-sized features having pitches larger than the conventional Rayleigh resolution criterion, which resulted in images having edge contrast and elements of conventional imaging. In this paper we extend these methods to targets composed of features much denser than the conventional Rayleigh resolution criterion. For these applications, a new approach is presented that uses a combination of zero-order optical response and edge-based imaging. The approach is, however, more general and a more comprehensive set of analyses using theoretical methods is presented. This analysis gives a direct measure of the ultimate size and density of features that can be measured with these optical techniques. We present both experimental results and optical simulations using different electromagnetic scattering packages to evaluate the ultimate sensitivity and extensibility of these techniques.
Adolescent Friendship as a Dynamic System: Entropy and Deviance in the Etiology and Course of Male Antisocial Behavior.

A dynamic systems framework was applied to understand the influence of friendship on antisocial behavior from childhood (age 9–10) through adulthood (age 24–25) for Oregon Youth Study males (N = 206). Boys were videotaped interacting with a friend at ages 14, 16, and 18, and deviant content and interpersonal processes were independently coded. Conditional dyadic interpersonal processes were studied as a communication system and summarized by an index of information entropy (F. Attneave, 1959). High entropy scores represent disorganized, unpredictable patterns of interaction, whereas low entropy scores reflect an organized dialogue. Conversations of early-onset antisocial boys and their best friends were less organized and included more deviant content than those of well-adjusted controls. Prediction analyses, however, revealed an interaction between entropy and deviant talk. Consistent with expectation, males with well-organized interactions (i.e., low entropy) but elevated levels of deviant content were most likely to continue antisocial behavior into adulthood. Findings suggest that individual risk for maladaptation may be amplified by early adolescent friendship dynamics organized around deviance.
Leader character, ethos, and virtue: Individual and collective considerations

Abstract We advance the discussion that each leader has a moral component that can be defined as character that is distinct from values, personality, and other similar constructs. We seek to clarify what underpins forms of character-based leadership and exemplary leader behaviors. We build out our previous discussion (Hannah & Avolio, this issue) that the locus of character is within the leader and is an integral part of the leader's self-system. Further, we extend the domain of character research toward its upper bounds and introduce the notion of ethos as a distinct class of character and relate ethos to extra-ethical virtuous behaviors. Finally, we place character in relationship to collectives and discuss bidirectional influences operating between leader character and the context.
Acute vomiting in cats: rational treatment selection.

Practical relevance The control of nausea and vomiting in cats is important in order to prevent the development of food aversion, anorexia (with its associated complications of weight loss and dehydration), and hepatic lipidosis. Clinical challenges There are several antiemetic drugs that are clinically effective in cats. Making a rational choice from the available options requires knowledge of the likely cause of the vomiting, and the mechanisms of action and side effects of each drug. For example, a drug such as prochlorperazine, which can cause sedation, may be a useful first-line choice in a hospitalized cat that requires mild sedation to be handled, but would be undesirable in a critically ill cat. Audience For companion animal and feline practitioners, the vomiting cat is a common presentation. Evidence base The guidance provided in this review draws on the findings of clinical trials in humans, experimental studies in cats, some clinical trials in cats, and clinical experience.
Response to comment on ‘Bevacizumab vs ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration: 1-year outcomes of a prospective, double-masked randomised clinical trial’

Response to comment on ‘Bevacizumab vs ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration: 1-year outcomes of a prospective, double-masked randomised clinical trial’
Horse Preference, Forage Yield, and Species Persistence of 12 Perennial Cool-Season Grass Mixtures Under Horse Grazing

Abstract Cool-season grass mixtures are rarely evaluated for preference, yield, and persistence under horse grazing. The objectives of this research were to evaluate horse preference, forage yield, and persistence of cool-season grass mixtures under horse grazing. Eight commercially marketed and four experimental perennial cool-season grass mixtures were planted in 2009 in a randomized complete block with five replicates and grazed by four adult horses during 2010, 2011, and 2012. All mixtures contained four to six cool-season perennial grass species. Specie density measurements were taken in each spring and fall, and yield was mechanically measured before each grazing period. After grazing, preference was determined by visually assessing percentage of forage removal on a scale of 0 (no grazing) to 100 (100% of vegetation removed). Data were analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance and liner regression. Horses preferred mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy ( P P P = .11) forage yields that ranged from 6,100 to 7,082 kg ha −1 . After 2 years of grazing, orchardgrass and tall fescue increased; Kentucky bluegrass remained stable; and festulolium, meadow fescue, and perennial ryegrass had the greatest rate of decline in mixtures. Orchardgrass became the dominate species, regardless of initial percentage in the mixture. Mixtures containing tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and timothy should be planted in midwestern US horse pastures; however, mixtures will likely transition to tall fescue and Kentucky bluegrass–dominated pastures.
Video Classification and Mining Based on Statistical Methods for Cross-Correlation Analysis

In this paper, we present a novel method for statistical cross-correlation for video analysis. We randomly sample the cross-correlation function in order to dramatically reduce the search time for the maximum cross-correlation coefficient. We subsequently develop a method to monitor the likelihood that a significantly higher cross-correlation coefficient value could be extracted based on sequential hypothesis testing. We terminate the search when a threshold on the likelihood has been reached and rely on the largest cross-correlation coefficient sampled for video classification and mining applications. Computer simulation experiments demonstrate the dramatic reduction in speed requirements using the proposed statistical cross-correlation analysis method, while the classification performance remains comparable to the performance achieved using exhaustive search.
EFFECTS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS IN THE FASTED RAT

AI NCREASED RETENTION of nitrogen in animals given extracts of the anterior pituitary containing the growth promoting fraction has been reported by several investigators. Teel and Cushing (1) observed that dogs on a constant diet showed a marked retention of nitrogen following the injection of an alkaline extract of anterior pituitary. Gaebler (2), as a result of carefully controlled balance studies, pointed out that the injection of an anterior pituitary extract into the normal dog kept on a high protein diet resulted in a decrease in urinary excretion of nitrogen which for periods of one or two days was as great as 50%. Lee and Schaffer (3), using the paired feeding technic, showed that rats treated with anterior pituitary extract gained more weight than their untreated controls. Analyses of the carcasses of the rats revealed a higher nitrogen content in the treated rats than in their litter-mate controls.
Mathematical model of heavy water extraction and distillation

A mathematical model of the heavy water production facility at the Savannah River Plant, an installation of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission at Aiken, South Carolina, operated by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, was developed because measured production rates, even when averaged over one-month periods, are inadequately precise for process control. With this model the instantaneous steady state production rate for any set of process conditions is calculated with precision. Therefore the model is used to establish process set points for achieving production goals, to study the effect of important process variables on these goals, and to evaluate proposed changes of equipment. In fact, with only minor changes in the computer program, several features of a newly designed heavy water plant are being evaluated.
Detection of circulating thyroid cancer cells in patients with thyroid microcarcinomas

Background. Circulating thyroid cancer cells detected by peripheral blood thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) mRNA have demonstrated usefulness for thyroid cancer diagnosis and long-term surveillance. The aim of this study was to determine detectability and clinical importance of TSHR mRNA in patients with microcarcinomas. Methods. We compared clinical characteristics of 37 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMC; tumor size #1 cm) having undetectable (--) versus detectable (+)TSHR mRNA. Results. 59 Of the PTMC patients, 59% had (+)TSHR mRNA levels, similar to those with tumors >1 cm (72%; P = NS) and distinctly higher than false (+) rates in benign goiters (15%; P < .001). All patients with (--)TSHR mRNA had classical PTMC, whereas variants (32%) occurred with (+)mRNA (P = .001). Mean tumor size (5 mm) and multifocality rates (45%) were similar in both mRNA groups. Of the PTMC patients, 35% had concurrent cervical nodal metastases, which occurred more frequently with tumors $ 5m m (P = .04) and with (+)TSHR mRNA in pre-operatively known PTMC (P < .05). No patients with incidentally detected PTMC and (--)TSHR mRNA had metastases. Conclusion. This study is the first to demonstrate that TSHR mRNA, reflecting circulating thyroid cancer cells, is detectable even with thyroid microcarcinomas. PTMC with (+)TSHR mRNA may characterize patients with potentially more aggressive histology at initial operation. (Surgery 2009;146:1081-9.)
Pollen Germinates Precociously in the Anthers of raring-to-go, an Arabidopsis Gametophytic Mutant

Pollen hydration is usually tightly regulated and occurs in vivo only when desiccated pollen grains acquire water from the female, thus enabling pollen tube growth. Pollen tubes are easily visualized by staining with decolorized aniline blue, a stain specific for callose. We identified a mutant, raring-to-go, in which pollen grains stained for callose before anther dehiscence. When raring-to-go plants are transferred to high humidity, pollen tubes dramatically elongate within the anther. As early as the bicellular stage, affected pollen grains in raring-to-go plants acquire or retain water within the anther, and precociously germinate. Thus, the requirement for contact with the female is circumvented. We used pollen tetrad analysis to show that raring-to-go is a gametophytic mutation, to our knowledge the first gametophytic mutation in Arabidopsis that affects early events in the pollination pathway. To aid in identifying raring-to-go alleles, we devised a new technique for screening pollen in bulk with decolorized aniline blue. We screened a new M1 mutagenized population and identified several additional mutants with a raring-to-go-like phenotype, demonstrating the usefulness of this technique. Further, we isolated other mutants (gift-wrapped pollen, polka dot pollen, and emotionally fragile pollen) with unexpected patterns of callose staining. We suggest that raring-to-go and these other mutants may help dissect components of the pathway that regulates pollen hydration and pollen tube growth.
Proteomic Identification of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor-dependent Membrane Proteins Elevated in Breast Carcinoma

The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is a lipid and glycan modification added to the C terminus of certain proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum by the activity of a multiple subunit enzyme complex known as the GPI transamidase (GPIT). Several subunits of GPIT have increased expression levels in breast carcinoma. In an effort to identify GPI-anchored proteins and understand the possible role of these proteins in breast cancer progression, we employed a combination of strategies. First, alpha toxin from Clostridium septicum was used to capture GPI-anchored proteins from human breast cancer tissues, cells, and serum for proteomic analysis. We also expressed short interfering RNAs targeting the expression of the GPAA1 and PIGT subunits of GPIT in breast cancer cell lines to identify proteins in which membrane localization is dependent on GPI anchor addition. Comparative membrane proteomics using nano-ESI-RPLC-MS/MS led to the discovery of several new potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for breast cancer. Furthermore, we provide evidence that increased levels of GPI anchor addition in malignant breast epithelial cells promotes the dedifferentiation of malignant breast epithelial cells in part by increasing the levels of cell surface markers associated with mesenchymal stem cells.
A clustering filter for scale-space filtering and image restoration

A nonlinear clustering filter is derived using the maximum entropy principle. This filter is governed by a single-scale parameter and uses local characteristics in the data to determine the scale parameter in the output space. It provides a mechanism for removing impulsive noise, preserving edges, and improving smoothing of nonimpulsive noise. It also presents a scheme for nonlinear scale-space filtering. Comparisons with Gaussian scale-space filtering are made using real images. It is demonstrated that the clustering filter gives much better results. >
Protein Dissection Experiments Reveal Key Differences in the Equilibrium Folding of α-Lactalbumin and the Calcium Binding Lysozymes†

The α-lactalbumins and c-type lysozymes have virtually identical structure but exhibit very different folding behavior. All α-lactalbumins form a well populated molten globule state, while most of the lysozymes do not. α-Lactalbumin consists of two subdomains, and the α-subdomain is considerably more structured in the molten globule state than the β-subdomain. Constructs derived from the α-subdomain of human α-lactalbumin containing the A, B, D, and 310 helices are known to form a molten globule state in the absence of the rest of the protein (Demarest, S. et al. (1999) J. Mol. Biol. 294, 213−221). Here we reported comparative studies of constructs derived from the same regions of canine and equine lysozymes. These proteins form two of the most stable molten globule states among all the lysozymes. A construct containing the A, B, D, and 310 helices of equine lysozyme is partially helical but is less structured than the corresponding human α-lactalbumin peptide. Addition of the C-helix leads to a construct...
Tourette syndrome, parenting aggravation, and the contribution of co-occurring conditions among a nationally representative sample

Abstract Background Previous research suggests that parents of a child with Tourette Syndrome (TS) have lower self-concepts, higher caregiver burden, and more difficulties with home activities. However, the contributions of TS and mental, emotional, or behavioral (MEB) conditions to family functioning are difficult to identify from previous research due to relatively small TS sample sizes and high rates of co-occurring conditions within samples of children with TS. Objective The current study hypothesized that families of children with TS would report significantly more family functioning difficulties (more parenting aggravation, more difficulty with coping with the child's care, less parent–child communication, and less consistent family routines). Specifically, co-occurring conditions would contribute substantially to reported parenting aggravation. Method Parent-reported data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health were analyzed, including whether the child had been diagnosed with TS or an MEB. Weighted analyses were restricted to US children 6–17 years of age (n = 64,034) and adjusted for child age, sex, race and ethnicity. Results Parents of children with TS were more likely to fall into the high parenting aggravation index category compared with parents of children without TS (aPR = 3.8, 95% CI: 2.2–6.6). Controlling for the co-occurring MEB conditions attenuated the relations between TS and parenting aggravation; however, a significant effect for TS remained in some cases. Conclusion Parents of children with TS may face significant challenges in raising their children, leading to increased parenting aggravation; these challenges appear to be primarily associated with the presence of co-occurring MEB conditions.
Can Illusory Motion Disrupt Tracking Real Motion

When rotating stripes or other periodic stimuli cross the retina at a critical rate, a reversal in the direction of motion of the stimuli is often seen. This illusion of motion perception was used to explore the roles of retinal and perceived motion in the generation of optokinetic nystagmus. Here we show that optokinetic nystagmus is disrupted during the perception of this illusion. Thus, when perceived and actual motion are in conflict, subjects fail to track the veridical movement. This observation suggests that the perception of motion can directly influence optokinetic nystagmus, even in the presence of a moving retinal image. A conflict in the neural representation of motion in different brain areas may explain these findings.
Synthesis and properties of Zn(Cu–Mn)O dilute magnetic semiconductor thin films by chemical spray pyrolysis technique

Abstract The Mn–Cu co-doped ZnO thin films with Zn 1–2 x Cu x Mn x O ( x = 0.05) composition were synthesized by precursor solution spray pyrolysis at ≤300 °C in the highly crystalline c -axis oriented wurtzite structural form. X-ray diffraction studies show absence of binary oxide phases and substitutional doping of Mn and Cu in ZnO. The chemical environment of the dopant ions probed by the XPS analysis of the binding energy shifts and structure of the Cu and Mn XPS peaks show that Mn 2+ and Cu 2+ occupy Zn 2+ sites in the ZnO lattice with Mn ions having bonding with lattice and interstitial O 2− ions. The lowering of the optical band gap energy from undoped ZnO films at ∼3.22 eV to 3.16 eV shows doping by Mn and Cu in ZnO gives rise to band gap bowing in Zn 0.90 Cu 0.05 Mn 0.05 O thin films. The magnetization studies of the Zn 0.90 Cu 0.05 Mn 0.05 O films analyzed at 2 K and 300 K using squid magnetometer show ferromagnetic behavior with magnetization value of 5 × 10 −5 emu and saturation magnetization at ∼15 kOe at 300 K. The observance of the ferromagnetism at room temperature is attributed to the mixed valence state of Mn in ZnO akin to the Mn 3 O 4 spinel phase and the interstitial oxygen defects.
Regulation of AU-Rich Element RNA Binding Proteins by Phosphorylation and the Prolyl Isomerase Pin1

The accumulation of 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR), AU-rich element (ARE) containing mRNAs, are predominantly controlled at the post-transcriptional level. Regulation appears to rely on a variable and dynamic interaction between mRNA target and ARE-specific binding proteins (AUBPs). The AUBP-ARE mRNA recognition is directed by multiple intracellular signals that are predominantly targeted at the AUBPs. These include (but are unlikely limited to) methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and isomerization. These regulatory events ultimately affect ARE mRNA location, abundance, translation and stability. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of phosphorylation and its impact on conformation of the AUBPs, interaction with ARE mRNAs and highlight the role of Pin1 mediated prolyl cis-trans isomerization in these biological process.
Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interaction in abstinent adolescent marijuana users.

Previous studies have suggested neural disruption and reorganization in adult marijuana users. However, it remains unclear whether these effects persist in adolescents after 28 days of abstinence and, if they do, what Performance X Brain Response interactions occur. Adolescent marijuana users (n = 17). and controls (n = 17) aged 16-18 years were recruited from local schools. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected after 28 days' monitored abstinence as participants performed a spatial working memory task. Marijuana users show Performance X Brain Response interactions in the bilateral temporal lobes, left anterior cingulate, left parahippocampal gyrus, and right thalamus (clusters : 1358 mu l- p <.05), although groups do not differ on behavioral measures of task performance. Marijuana users show differences in brain response to a spatial working memory task despite adequate performance, suggesting a different approach to the task via altered neural pathways.
Common-sense beliefs about the prevention of Alzheimer's disease

Objectives: Common-sense illness beliefs are important because they influence actions that people take to prevent and treat disease. This research (1) asked younger and older adults about their illness representations of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and (2) manipulated beliefs about AD preventability to determine causal relationships in the data. Method: In Study 1, the beliefs of younger (age 18–38; n = 82) and older (age 58–89; n = 57) adults about the causes of and ways to prevent AD were compared. In Study 2, younger adults were randomly assigned to read information stating either that AD can be prevented or not. Results: Compared to younger adults, older adults saw themselves as less at risk, t(137) = 3.03, p = 0.003, d = 0.52, were more likely to believe that AD is preventable, t(137) = 5.01, p < 0.001, d = 0.87 and were more likely to report engaging in behaviors to prevent AD, χ 2(1, 139) = 19.01, p < 0.001, r = 0.37. Manipulating beliefs in Study 2 caused those told that AD was preventable to see the...
Late survival following use of intraaortic balloon pump in revascularization operations

Abstract The early and late results of intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) support in 197 patients with pure myocardial revascularization were analyzed. Group I, 61 patients, had IABP support initiated preoperatively; Group II, 99 patients, had IABP support in the operating room because of inability to be weaned from bypass; and Group III, 37 patients, had support instituted for persistent low cardiac output state in the postoperative period. The early results showed that 73% were discharged from the hospital and that delayed use of the IABP was associated with a high mortality and a high rate of perioperative myocardial infarction. When the results between men and women were compared, no statistical difference was noted. After a mean follow-up of 18 months, there were 9 late deaths. Three were due to noncardiac causes. The two-year cardiac actuarial survival for the hospital survivors was 96% and all three groups had uniformly good symptomatic relief. After hospital discharge, the late results of patients who required use of the IABP in conjunction with pure myocardial revascularization were the same as for patients who did not require IABP support.
High rate etching of AlN using BCl3/Cl2/Ar inductively coupled plasma

Inductively-coupled-plasma reactive ion etching of AlN was investigated using BCl3/Cl2/Ar gas chemistry. AlN etch rates were studied as a function of substrate bias voltage ( /150 to /400 V), ICP coil power (200/900 W) and chamber pressure (2/10 mT). Using an electroplated Ni mask, up to 50 mm deep AlN structures were etched. This is the first demonstration of deep etching of AlN at high etch rates using inductively-coupled-plasma. The results reported in this study can be used for bulk micro-machining AlN substrates. # 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.
Pion loop contribution to {rho}-{omega} mixing and mass splitting

We study the self-energy amplitudes for the $\ensuremath{\rho}$-$\ensuremath{\omega}$ meson system produced by an effective field theory model at the quark level characterized by a finite range quark-quark interaction and an isospin breaking bare quark mass difference ${m}_{u}\ensuremath{-}{m}_{d}.$ Dynamical effects associated with confinement and dressing of quarks and the finite size of the produced $\mathrm{q\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}q$ meson modes are treated. Parameters of this approach, previously constrained by soft pion physics, are here supplemented in a minimal way to reproduce ${m}_{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ and ${g}_{\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}}.$ Calculations are carried out up to the one-pion-loop level and the predictions for ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{0}$-$\ensuremath{\omega}$ mixing, mass splitting, the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ width and the symmetry breaking $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ coupling constant and form factor are presented. The contribution of the direct $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ process relative to the $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ process is discussed within this model.
The Diffusion of Sanctuary Policies in American Cities

According to popular theories of public policy in federal systems like the United States subnational jurisdictions can either serve as either laboratories of democracy or trigger detrimental races to the bottom. This paper tests four mechanisms of policy diffusion - learning, economic competition, imitation, and coercion - at the municipal level that address these two conflicting viewpoints. Using currently relevant immigration sanctuary policies that have been enacted by cities nationwide, this paper attempts to isolate the individual mechanisms by which policies diffuse from city to city. In addition to testing specific mechanisms of diffusion at the municipal level and addressing a pressing policy issue, this manuscript is also methodologically innovative, taking advantage of binary times-series, cross-sectional (BTSCS) models instead of the standard event history analysis (EHA). These models can account for multiple failures in ways most previous studies have not. All together, this paper will hopefully expand our understanding of diffusion mechanisms and policymaking in a federal system, shed light on an important issue of public policy, and expand the use of innovative methodologies in the discipline.