cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incidence of medically attended acute respiratory illnesses due to respiratory viruses across the life course during the 2018/19 influenza season.

BACKGROUND Although multiple respiratory viruses circulate in humans, few studies have compared the incidence of different viruses across the life course. We estimated the incidence of outpatient illness due to 12 different viruses during November 2018 through April 2019 in a fully enumerated population. METHODS We conducted active surveillance for ambulatory care visits for acute respiratory illness (ARI) among members of Kaiser Permanente Washington (KPWA). Enrolled patients provided respiratory swab specimens which were tested for 12 respiratory viruses using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We estimated the cumulative incidence of infection due to each virus overall and by age group. RESULTS The KPWA population under surveillance included 202 562 individuals, of whom 2767 (1.4%) were enrolled in the study. Influenza A(H3N2) was the most commonly detected virus, with an overall incidence of 21 medically attended illnesses per 1000 population; the next most common viruses were influenza A(H1N1) (18 per 1000), coronaviruses (13 per 1000), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 13 per 1000), and rhinovirus (9 per 1000). RSV was the most common cause of medically attended ARI among children aged 1-4 years; coronaviruses were the most common among adults aged ≥65 years. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with other studies focused on single viruses, we found that influenza and RSV were major causes of acute respiratory illness in persons of all ages. In comparison, coronaviruses and rhinovirus were also important pathogens. Prior to the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), coronaviruses were the second-most common cause of medically attended ARI during the 2018/19 influenza season.
A Digital Human Modelling-Based Optimization Framework to Minimize Low Back Cumulative Loading During Design of Lifting Tasks

Disproportionate exposure to low back cumulative loading (LBCL) has been implicated as a risk component for development of pain or injury during performance of lifting tasks. However, addressing LBCL during conceptual work design is challenging because of a lack of an established and widely accepted LBCL threshold value. We therefore propose to address the design challenge using an optimization framework aided by digital human modeling (DHM). We showcase our approach by simulation of a lifting-carrying-lowering task with 4 different relative weight handling frequencies. We further explore the effects of 4 LBCL integration calculation methods on design outputs. Our results show that the percentage agreement for the 4 different relative handling frequencies and integration methods ranged between 89.5% and 100%. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance values ranged between 0.74 and 1.0 (all with p < 0.0001), showing good to perfect agreement amongst the solutions. Our proposed approach takes advantage of DHM task simulation capabilities to simulate proposed lifting scenarios and provide solution estimates at the conceptual design phase, a mainstay in optimal engineering practices.
Experiencing Embodied Cognition from the Outside

Embodied cognition has been put forth as an alternative to mainstream approaches to cognitive psychology, which supporters claim do not and cannot consider perception and action. Are depictions of cognitive psychology put forth by embodied cognition proponents accurate? To answer this question, we summarize foundational research in cognitive psychology and show that it addresses many of the issues that are considered significant in embodied approaches. We distinguish simple embodiment from radical embodiment and argue that the former is not fundamentally different from mainstream cognitive psychology because it falls within a worldview called mechanism. Radical embodiment is fundamentally different because it falls within the worldview of contextualism, of which the radical empiricism endorsed by Gibson and radical behaviorism advocated by Skinner are varieties. We argue that the incorporation of concepts from Gibson’s ecological psychology within a representational approach leads to misleading claims and confusion. We conclude that researchers who espouse radical embodiment should accept all of its implications and researchers who endorse simple embodiment should accept that they are part of the same research enterprise as other cognitive psychologists.
Prevalence and health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults with comorbid cancer and dementia: a longitudinal analysis.

Objectives To examine health outcomes in community-dwelling older adults with: dementia only, cancer only, and comorbid cancer and dementia. Methods Longitudinal analysis was conducted using data from 2010 to 2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Health outcomes included mortality, limitations in activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), nursing home utilization, hospital stay, homecare use, self-rated health, and out-of-pocket medical expenditure. Panel regression was used for statistical analysis. Results The prevalence of comorbid cancer and dementia ranged from 2.56% to 2.97%. Individuals with comorbid cancer and dementia demonstrated a higher likelihood of nursing home utilization and poorer self-rated health but a lower likelihood of hospital stay, homecare use, and out-of-pocket expenditures, compared to the cancer only or dementia only groups. The differences in mortality and ADL and IADL limitations were not statistically significant. Conclusion Comorbid cancer and dementia predicted longer nursing home utilization and poorer self-rated health. The results help guide care planning for individuals with comorbid cancer and dementia.
Vocal process granuloma in a trans-male patient: An unreported potential complication of hormone therapy

Abstract Vocal process granulomas are an uncommon pathology, typically arising from phonotrauma in males or after an iatrogenic injury such as intubation. In transgender patients, consideration of gender as a risk factor for certain pathologic conditions is typically based on gender assigned at birth. We report the case of a young trans-male presenting with a vocal process granuloma and vocal fold atrophy/glottic insufficiency without history of laryngeal trauma. This case highlights the need to consider the effects of gender transition on pathologies with known gender-stratified risk profiles.
Ferrimagnetism in Homometallic Linear Chains: CuX2·4/3TMSO, X = Cl, Br

The development of ordered bimetallic chains is an exciting advance in coordination chemistry. The possibility of alternating transition metal ions of different magnetic moments leads to uncompensated moments and ferrimagnetic behavior. A review of these chains is presented elsewhere in this volume [1]. We present here the first report of ferrimagnetism in homometallic compounds, where the ferrimagnetism arises from an odd number of metal ions within the unit cell.
Genetic Manipulation of Streptomyces Species

This unit includes general protocols for the genetic manipulation of Streptomyces species, including genomic DNA isolation, genomic library preparation, intergeneric conjugation of Streptomyces with E. coli, generation and transformation of Streptomyces protoplasts, electroporation of Streptomyces mycelia, and colony PCR.
Molecular graphics and animation

The use of molecular graphics and animation for the visualization of biological macromolecules is described. The topics covered include: the evolution of molecular graphics hardware and software; the representation and visualization of molecular data and models; and presentation graphics.
Stubborn Sets for Real-Time Petri Nets

The stubborn-set method attempts to reduce the number of states that must be explicitly enumerated during reachability analysis of a concurrent system, while preserving crucial concurrency properties in the reduced state space. Here we extend the method to the analysis of certain timed models. We also prove that timing properties of interest, such as minimum and maximum delays between events, are preserved in the reduced model. Finally, we report on some experimental results that we have obtained with our extension. These results show that real-time stubborn sets can often provide significant reductions in state space size.
Intragenerational Redistribution in Unfunded Pension Systems

This paper studies the intracohort redistributive aspects of the United States social security system in the context of a computable general equilibrium model. It determines how the well-being of individuals who differ by gender, race, and education is affected by government social security policy. Differences in life expectancy and labor productivity translate into differences in capital accumulation and labor supply distortions that are responsible for the observed welfare difference between individuals of the same age cohort. Copyright 2000, International Monetary Fund
An integrative approach to the accommodation of various learning styles

The main goal of this paper is to introduce a new teaching methodology. In our previous work [1], we showed that using new teaching approaches could enhance the students' interest in the learning process. Our evidence indicates [1] that our teaching style directly affects the students' learning experience. In this paper, we will discuss the merits of using a new approach in getting students involved in the learning process. We have examined this approach through a course in the area of Computers and Society. The examination of the outcome of this process, at the end of fall semester 2000 [1] where this methodology was used, indicates that these methods were indeed very effective. It is our hope that by sharing our new teaching methodologies, we would be able to improve our students' desire to learn more [2] and cooperate fully in the process.
Devaluations, Output and the Balance Sheet Effect: A Structural Econometric Analysis

This paper estimates a new open economy macroeconomic model for South Korea to determine the output effect of currency devaluations. Three transmission mechanisms are considered: the expenditure-switching, the balance sheet, and a monetary channel associated to a nominal exchange rate target. Devaluations are defined as an increase in this target. This allows to isolate the effects of an explicit exogenous devaluationary policy shock. Ceteris paribus, a devaluation is found to be expansionary. Output contractions in South Korea should then be associated with a different shock such as an adverse shock on the international interest rate or on export demand.
Theory of Random Heterogeneous Materials

The theoretical prediction of the transport, electromagnetic, and mechanical properties of heterogeneous materials has a long and venerable history, attracting the attention of some of the luminaries of science, including Maxwell [1], Rayleigh [2], and Einstein [3]. Since the early work on the physical properties of heterogeneous materials, there has been an explosion in the literature on this subject [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] because of the rich and challenging fundamental problems it offers and its manifest technological importance.
History and evolution of the monoamine hypothesis of depression

The symptoms of depression can be improved by agents that act by various mechanisms to increase synaptic concentrations of monoamines. This finding led to the adoption of the monoamine hypothesis of depression, first put forward over 30 years ago, which proposes that the underlying biological or neuroanatomical basis for depression is a deficiency of central noradrenergic and/or serotonergic systems and that targeting this neuronal lesion with an antidepressant would tend to restore normal function in depressed patients. The hypothesis has enjoyed considerable support, since it attempts to provide a pathophysiologic explanation of the actions of antidepressants. However, in its original form it is clearly inadequate, as it does not provide a complete explanation for the actions of antidepressants, and the pathophysiology of depression itself remains unknown. The hypothesis has evolved over the years to include, for example, adaptive changes in receptors to explain why there should be only a gradual clinical response to antidepressant treatment when the increase in availability of monoamines is rapid. Still, the monoamine hypothesis does not address key issues such as why antidepressants are also effective in other disorders such as panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and bulimia, or why all drugs that enhance serotonergic or noradrenergic transmission are not necessarily effective in depression. Despite these limitations, however, it is clear that the development of the monoamine hypothesis has been of great importance in understanding depression and in the development of safe and effective pharmacologic agents for its treatment.
Battery concepts for lunar base applications

Battery and fuel cell applications for lunar base operations are identified. Principal uses are for mobile (vehicle) power and energy storage to provide nighttime power where principal daytime power is by solar power systems. Vehicle applications are classified according to range, elapsed time, and duty cycles and appropriate batteries, semi or full fuel cells are described. Indirect fuel cell systems using storable chemical reactants to generate normally cryogenic eiectrochemical fuels (O/sub 2/, H/sub 2/) are presented as alternatives to direct batteries or fuel cells. Iran-oxygen batteries derivable from terrestrial iron-air systems are proposed for several applications including large scale nighttime energy storage since reactants are readily derivable from lunar sources.
An approach to the timely treatment of acute stress disorder

A convergent postburn psychopharmacologic treatment for children for acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms has not been established. Both the application of what has been learned through treatment of similar symptoms experienced by adults with posttraumatic stress disorder and the examination of safe treatment options for children led to the clinical decision to use imipramine for 25 pediatric patients with acute burns. The treatment histories of these patients were retrospectively reviewed to see if further exploration into the efficacy of imipramine was warranted. Eighty percent of the children experienced remission of hyperarousal symptoms (eg, trouble staying asleep, trouble falling asleep) and intrusive reexperiencing symptoms (eg, nightmares). Twelve percent of the children experienced a decrease in the frequency or intensity of ASD symptoms. Eight percent had no relief of ASD symptoms. Initial findings suggest that imipramine assists children who have postburn ASD symptoms by decreasing the hyperarousal and intrusive reexperiencing symptoms of ASD.
Africentrism: Psychometric Analyses of a Self-Report Measure.

This article describes the development of a self-report measure of Africentrism, defined here as the degree to which a person adheres to the Nguzo Saba (Seven Principles) in African and African American culture. Beginning with a pool of 25 Likert-type items, the authors tested two alternate forms of their Africentrism measure in a series offour studies. The reliability (internal consistency) of the measure wasfoundto be well above a minimum criterionforthe purpose of group comparisons. Indicators of construct validity and known-groups validity were also favorable. The authors recommend a 15-item version of the measure for future testing and conclude with hypotheses regarding the importance of Africentrism in assessing African-centered interventions.
Intramolecular ditryptophan crosslinks enforce two types of antiparallel β structures

Abstract Background: Two types of biaryl crosslinks can be formed with natural protein sidechains: ditryptophan and dityrosine. Biaryl crosslinks have the same topology as disulfide crosslinks, yet little is known about their effect on local peptide structure. Results: Three ditryptophan-linked peptide dimers based on the sequence Ac-Leu-Trp-Ala-COX were prepared. The tripeptide dimer with –CONH 2 termini was too insoluble to study, but the tripeptide dimer with –COOMe termini crystallized from methanol/chloroform as an antiparallel β-sheet. The tripeptide dimer with a –CONMe 2 termini adopted a slipped antiparallel β structure in methanol/chloroform. Conclusions: These results suggest that intermolecular ditryptophan crosslinks that join the middle of peptide chains can confer a preference for antiparallel β-sheet structure. The effect is most dramatic when both the inside and outside edges of the dimer can form hydrogen bonds as in the crystal structure of dimer 3b .
Recombinant-derived chicken growth hormone used for radioimmunoassay.

The use of recombinant-derived chicken growth hormone (rcGH) in an avian growth hormone (GH) radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure is described. Antiserum to turkey GH bound /sup 125/I-labeled rcGH, and unlabeled rcGH or turkey GH displaced binding in a dose-related manner. The dose-response curves of sera and pituitary extract from chickens and turkeys were parallel to the rcGH standard curve. Sera from hypophysectomized (hypox) chickens and turkeys produced no dose-response and did not inhibit binding of labeled rcGH. Recovery of rcGH added to hypox sera was quantitative. Modification of the homologous turkey GH RIA protocol of Proudman and Wentworth (1) to use rcGH made possible either an increase in assay sensitivity or a 3-day reduction in incubation time.
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: Prosthetic management and considerations

The dentist should be aware of the signs, symptoms, and significance of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. A patient who had unusual involvement of the masticatory mucosa and for whom construction and function of complete dentures did not result in discomfort or oral bleeding is described. Dentures may have a positive effect on the size and number of telangiectasias. A gradual decrease in the size of a nodular lesion of the mandibular edentulous ridge is documented over a 3-year period.
A step toward probabilistic analysis of simplex method convergence

Probability distributions are assumed for the coefficients in simplex tableaus. A probability of success in one simplex iteration is then derived; for example, the probability of a tableau which satisfies the criteria for optimality except in one row becoming fully optimal in one iteration. Such results are expressed in terms of tableau size parameters.
Multiple solutions of the Dirichlet problem for harmonic maps from discs into 2-spheres

In this paper we study the topology of the space of maps from the disc into the 2-sphere with given boundary data by comparing to the topology of the space of rational functions. And we prove theorems about multiple solutions of the Dirichlet problem for harmonic maps in one homotopy class.
Understanding Interpersonal Behavior Changes from Student to Professional

ABSTRACT Personality instruments have been used in college classrooms to help students understand how their interpersonal behaviors will affect their professional work. This investigation assessed how the interpersonal behaviors of students majoring in commercial recreation changed over a five-year time frame, from college students to practicing professionals. Although from a small sample size, data indicated that a majority of students changed personality categories; however, these changes were not statistically significant. Demographic variables showed no relationship with personality changes. These findings indicated personality assessments used in undergraduate courses may be helpful in preparing students to understand their professional style.
Absolute doubly differential single-ionization cross sections in p+He collisions.

We have measured and calculated doubly differential single-ionization cross sections for 50{endash}150-keV {ital p}+He collisions as a function of the projectile energy loss and scattering angle. The measured cross sections were put on an absolute scale by normalizing the integrated cross sections to known total cross sections. Clear effects of the postcollision interaction (PCI) were observed in the scattered projectile spectra. Our singly differential cross sections as a function of projectile energy loss do not agree with corresponding cross sections obtained from electron spectroscopy. These discrepancies are attributed to the PCI. Our calculations including the PCI reproduce the shape of our data quite well; however, there are discrepancies in the absolute magnitude. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Designing the green supply chain

The supply chain has been traditionally defined as a one‐way, integrated manufacturing process wherein raw materials are converted into final products, then delivered to customers. Under this definition, the supply chain includes only those activities associated with manufacturing, from raw material acquisition to final product delivery. However, due to recent changing environmental requirements affecting manufacturing operations, increasing attention is given to developing environmental management (EM) strategies for the supply chain. This research: (1) investigates the environmental factors leading to the development of an extended environmental supply chain; (2) describes the elemental differences between the extended supply chain and the traditional supply chain; (3) describes the additional challenges presented by the extension; (4) presents performance measures appropriate for the extended supply chain; and (5) develops a general procedure towards achieving and maintaining the green supply chain.
WHY DO ASSESSMENT CENTERS WORK? THE PUZZLE OF ASSESSMENT CENTER VALIDITY

The finding that assessment centers are successful in making valid predictions of managerial success is well established in the literature. Unfortunately, it is not clearly understood why assessment centers work. For example, construct validity of assessment center dimensions is rarely obtained. In this paper we affirm the evidence for predictive validity of assessment centers and conclude that assessment centers can work for a variety of purposes and in numerous contexts. But we also assert that we do not know why they work. The bulk of the paper goes on to raise possible explanations for the predictive validity observed in assessment centers and raises implications for practice and guidance of future research.
Inhibition of human DNA polymerase β activity by the anticancer prodrug Cloretazine

Abstract The antineoplastic prodrug Cloretazine exerts its cytotoxicity via a synergism between 2-chloroethylating and carbamoylating activities that are cogenerated upon activation in situ. Cloretazine is reported here to inhibit the nucleotidyl-transferase activity of purified human DNA polymerase β (Pol β), a principal enzyme of DNA base excision repair (BER). The 2-chloroethylating activity of Cloretazine alkylates DNA at the O 6 position of guanine bases resulting in 2-chloroethoxyguanine monoadducts, which further react to form cytotoxic interstrand DNA crosslinks. Alkylated DNA is often repaired via BER in vivo . Inhibition of the polymerase activity of Pol β may account for some of the synergism between Cloretazine’s two reactive subspecies in cytotoxicity assays. This inhibition was only observed using agents with carbamoylating activity. Furthermore, while therapeutically relevant concentrations of Cloretazine inhibited the polymerase activity of Pol β, the enzyme’s lyase activity, which may also participate in BER, was not significantly inhibited.
The physiological ecology of cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in vascular aquatic plants. II: cAMP as a modulator of carbon assimilation

Abstract Laboratory and in situ experiments on the submersed aquatic macrophyte species Scirpus subterminalis Torr., Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. and Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt were conducted to test the hypothesis that exogenous or endogenous cyclic adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphate (cAMP) may serve as a positive or negative modulator of carbon assimilation in macrophytes. Leaf sections or discs were incubated in artificial media amended with quantities of cAMP found in lake water (0.2–10 nmol 1 −1 ). In both short-term (30 s) and long term (3 h) experiments, 14 C-assimilation rates in Scirpus and Potamogeton were significantly stimulated by inclusion of as little as 0.2 nM cAMP in incubation media. Najas leaf sections were unaffected by cAMP addition. Our evidence indicated that the putative modulation process involved exogenous cAMP and not tissue cAMP alterations. Stimulation of C-assimilation by cAMP was blocked by the photosynthetic uncoupler DCMU, did not occur in dark-incubated plants or in senescent leaves, and commenced immediately upon addition of nucleotide to incubation media. A synergistic relationship between media Ca 2+ ion concentration and cAMP addition was found in Scirpus and cAMP stimulated C-assimilation over a wide range of photosynthetically-available carbon concentrations. Collectively, the data were consistent with the view that cAMP and similar cyclic nucleotides may interact directly with active bicarbonate assimilation complexes at the surface of macrophyte leaves, thereby modulating carbon assimilation rates.
Competitive Testing of Health Behavior Theories: How Do Benefits, Barriers, Subjective Norm, and Intention Influence Mammography Behavior?

Competitive hypothesis testing may explain differences in predictive power across multiple health behavior theories. We tested competing hypotheses of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to quantify pathways linking subjective norm, benefits, barriers, intention, and mammography behavior. We analyzed longitudinal surveys of women veterans randomized to the control group of a mammography intervention trial (n = 704). We compared direct, partial mediation, and full mediation models with Satorra–Bentler χ 2 difference testing. Barriers had a direct and indirect negative effect on mammography behavior; intention only partially mediated barriers. Benefits had little to no effect on behavior and intention; however, it was negatively correlated with barriers. Subjective norm directly affected behavior and indirectly affected intention through barriers. Our results provide empiric support for different assertions of HBM and TRA. Future interventions should test whether building subjective norm and reducing negative attitudes increases regular mammography.
Immunotherapy for metastatic prostate cancer

Chemotherapy with docetaxel is the standard treatment for men with metastatic prostate cancer, and results in statistically significant improvements in survival, as well as in quality of life. However, the response rate to single-agent docetaxel is approximately 40% to 45%, emphasizing a need for alternative approaches. More significantly, with the onset of early, PSA-based detection of prostate cancer and closer follow-up, many men present with metastatic disease that remains asymptomatic. For such patients, the side effects of chemotherapy would compromise their current performance status and, thus, a nontoxic, early treatment option that could improve overall survival would be highly desirable. Immunotherapy represents one such approach; a number of clinical trials have suggested a survival benefit for immunotherapy in metastatic prostate cancer and confirmed that these agents are generally well-tolerated. As is the case for chemotherapy, it is doubtful that maximal survival benefit will be achieved with single-agent immunotherapy; experimental treatments in which mechanistically distinct immunotherapy approaches are combined, as well as approaches in which immunotherapy is combined with chemotherapy or hormonal therapy are currently under investigation. This review will discuss the mechanisms of action of several immunotherapy approaches for metastatic prostate cancer, focusing on active immunotherapy as opposed to administration of anti-tumor antibodies. The relative advantages and disadvantages of current approaches will be noted, and ongoing clinical trials will be highlighted.
Replication and social validation of habit reversal treatment for tics

The effectiveness of the habit reversal treatment for tics ( Azrin and Nunn, 1973 , Azrin and Nunn, 1977 ) was evaluated using multiple baseline designs with repeated observations in a natural home setting. Habit reversal produced rapid decreases in tics for two adolescents; decreases were maintained across a 1-year follow-up. Subjective ratings by judges established social validity for the focus of treatment, the distractiveness of the tics, and the need for treatment. Habit reversal was an effective treatment for simple and multiple tics; however, suppression of multiple tics occurred only after specific procedures were applied to each tic. Multiple tics may constitute a functional response class of negatively co-occurring behaviors.
Sequence analysis of porcine immunoglobulin light chain cDNAs

A porcine cDNA library was constructed using poly(A)+ RNA isolated from the spleen of an adult Minnesota miniature swine. Screening the library with antisera specific for porcine immunoglobulin light chains resulted in the selection and isolation of two recombinant clones, PLC18 and PLC3, which encode for kappa and lambda light chains, respectively. These cDNAs contain sequence information for a portion of the variable region and all of the constant region. The lengths of the constant regions are 105 amino acids for lambda and 108 amino acids for kappa. The deduced amino acid sequences of porcine immunoglobulin light chains share a high degree of homology with similar sequences from other species in both the fourth framework region and the constant region.
The determination of the activity of immobilised amidases using an ammonia-sensitive glass electrode.

Abstract A convenient method is described for the determination of the activity of amidases immobilised in polyacrylamide beads using an ammonia-sensitive glass electrode. The release of ammonia can be followed on a chart recorder. Comparison can be made between different preparations and the effects of storage and trypsin on the immobilised amidases can be assessed conveniently within the technique.
POLAR 3.0: An Ultrafast Global Placement Engine

Placement is one of the most important problems in electronic design automation. Although it has been investigated for several decades, a more efficient core engine is critically needed for the following reasons: (1) design scale becomes huge; (2) placement is typically run again and again to explore the design space at early design stages (e.g., physical synthesis); (3) placement core engine is called many times to iteratively optimize other objectives (e.g., timing and routability). In this paper, we propose a new ultrafast global placement engine called POLAR 3.0, which explores parallelism in state-of-the-art quadratic placer. POLAR 3.0 can make full use of multi-core system and it delivers 7–30× speedup over state-of-the-art academic placers by using a 8-core CPU, while the solution quality is competitive.
Interpreting the interest–efficacy association from a RIASEC perspective.

Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) defines self-efficacy as the critical variable that influences the development of career-related beliefs and attitudes, including interest. In comparison, the authors propose that J. L. Holland’s (1997) theory of Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC) types can be interpreted as supporting an alternative model in which both interest and self-efficacy are components of an individual’s vocational identity. Meta-analytic research indicates that RIASEC-based measures of interest and self-efficacy are positively correlated, but these results are also interpreted as supporting the distinctness of the two constructs. The present study evaluates links between interest and self-efficacy with occupation- and activity-based measures of interest and self-efficacy. Multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and structural equation modeling results suggest that observed correlations between interest and self-efficacy measures can be attributed to shared Holland-type characteristics of the measures. These results support a Holland-based integrated model of individual differences, with both interest and self-efficacy indicators of RIASEC types, thereby raising questions about the ordering of self-efficacy and interest measures in the SCCT model but also highlighting the importance of assessing both constructs in applied settings.
Complete characterization of a spatiotemporally complex pulse by an improved single-frame pulse-measurement technique

We further develop a simple device, called Spatially and Temporally Resolved Intensity and Phase Evaluation Device: Full Information from a Single Hologram (STRIPED FISH), for measuring the complete spatiotemporal intensity and phase, I(x,y,t) and ϕ(x,y,t), respectively, of an arbitrary ultrashort pulse on a single camera frame (and hence, on a single shot). We have increased the measurable bandwidth, eliminated most aberrations, and improved the uniformity of the multiple holograms in the device. We demonstrate these improvements by making single-camera-frame measurements of spatiotemporally complex subpicosecond crossed and chirped pulses from a Ti:sapphire oscillator. In order to display the massive resulting data files—pairs of four-dimensional intensity-and-phase data—we also develop a method for generating intuitive movies of the measured pulses. With these improvements, this device and its resulting movies should be able to perform and intuitively display true single-shot spatiotemporal measurements of most current ultrashort pulses.
BRIDGE TYPES IN THE CENTRAL ANDES

ABSTRACT Four major bridge types have dominated the central Andean Highlands in the past 400 years: the indigenous hanging bridge of plant materials; the Mediterranean stone arch bridge; the iron-cabled suspension structure with flat roadway; and the steel beam bridge. All three introductions, although technologically superior to the native vine bridge, lagged in their acceptance. Today modern bridges predominate in accessible zones, but archaic bridge types survive in the more remote areas. Bridge morphology and some bridge functions have changed, but the crossing sites have largely remained the same.
The distribution of Fe and Mg between biotite and amphibole in granitic rocks: Effects of temperature, pressure and amphibole composition

The compositional systematics of biotites and hornblendes from the batholiths of California have been examined for the purpose of assessing the effects of temperature and pressure of crystallization on the distribution of Fe and Mg among coexisting mafic silicates in granitic rocks. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that at magmatic conditions, Fe-Mg exchange between biotite and amphibole is probably not a strong function of crystallization temperature. However, theoretical predictions and natural mafic phase compositions show that the Fe-Mg distribution is dependent upon amphibole composition. Specifically, decreases in amphibole total Al and A-site occupancy lead to increases in the Mg/(Mg+FeT) of amphibole relative to the Mg/(Mg+FeT) of coexisting biotite. In magmas containing the appropriate igneous buffering assemblage, amphibole Al content is positively correlated with crystallization pressure (cf. Hammarstrom and Zen, 1986). In these magmas, the distribution of Fe and Mg between coexisting amphibole and biotite is primarily a function of consolidation pressure, owing to the dependence of Mg/(Mg+FeT) on Al content in amphibole. Variations in natural amphibole chemistry as a function of crystallization pressure indicate that the dominant pressure-sensitive coupled substitution in amphibole in the batholiths of California is probably of the form: (A-site)+(Mg+Fe2+)+2Si⇔(Na+K)(A-site)+2AlIV+(Al+Fe3+)VI
Fabrication of optics by use of plasma chemical vaporization machining with a pipe electrode

We figure optical surfaces by plasma chemical vaporization machining (CVM) with a pipe electrode, in which an rf plasma generated at the electrode tip under approximately atmospheric pressure moves over the surfaces. We propose a shaping method in which the movement of plasma on the surfaces can be determined. Flat and aspheric surfaces are successfully figured with the desired peak-to-valley shape accuracy of 0.1 µm. The root-mean-square roughness of the resultant surfaces is at the subnanometer level. These results confirm that the plasma CVM and the shaping method have the capability to fabricate optics with high accuracy.
Efficacy of Recommended Therapeutic Regimens in Leigh's Disease

SUMMARY An infant, diagnosed as having subacute necrotizing encephalopathy (Leigh's disease), was treated with a combination of recommended therapies, but there was no significant improvement and the child died at the age of 11 months. Autopsy supported the diagnosis. Hepatic pyruvate carboxyiase activity had been normal during the course of the disease. RESUME Un nourrisson chez qui avait ete porte le diagnostic d'une encephalopathie necrosante subaigue (maladie de Leigh) a ete traite par une combinaison des differentes therapeutiques recommandees dans ce cas mais il n'y a eu aucune amelioration et l'enfant est mort a onze mois. L'autopsie a confirme le diagnostic. L'activite de la pyruvate carboxyiase hepatique a ete normale tout au long de l'affection. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Ein Kind, diagnostiziert als subakute nekrotisierende Enzephalopathie (Leigh'sche Erkrankung), wurde mit einer Kombination empfohlener Therapieformen behandelt ohne signifikante Besserung und das Kind starb im Alter von 11 Monaten. Die Autopsie bestatigte die Diagnose. Die Pyruvat Carboxyiase Aktivitat der Leber war wahrend des Verlaufes der Erkrankung normal.
The electrocardiogram of dogs surviving 1.5° centigrade

Abstract The hearts of eight dogs were cooled to asystole for as long as 35 minutes by refrigeration of blood circulated by a pump-oxygenator. The hearts started to beat again upon rewarming of the blood in the extracorporeal circulation and the animals survived the experiment without any clinically detectable sequelae during a one-month observation period. Electrocardiographic recordings throughout the entire procedure and in the postoperative period showed a remarkable absence of serious arrhythmias.
Comparison of the Microbial Community Structures of Untreated Wastewaters from Different Geographic Locales

Microbial sewage communities consist of a combination of human fecal microorganisms and nonfecal microorganisms, which may be residents of urban sewer infrastructure or flowthrough originating from gray water or rainwater inputs. Together, these different microorganism sources form an identifiable community structure that may serve as a signature for sewage discharges and as candidates for alternative indicators specific for human fecal pollution. However, the structure and variability of this community across geographic space remains uncharacterized. We used massively parallel 454 pyrosequencing of the V6 region in 16S rRNA genes to profile microbial communities from 13 untreated sewage influent samples collected from a wide range of geographic locations in the United States. We obtained a total of 380,175 high-quality sequences for sequence-based clustering, taxonomic analyses, and profile comparisons. The sewage profile included a discernible core human fecal signature made up of several abundant taxonomic groups within Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. DNA sequences were also classified into fecal, sewage infrastructure (i.e., nonfecal), and transient groups based on data comparisons with fecal samples. Across all sewage samples, an estimated 12.1% of sequences were fecal in origin, while 81.4% were consistently associated with the sewage infrastructure. The composition of feces-derived operational taxonomic units remained congruent across all sewage samples regardless of geographic locale; however, the sewage infrastructure community composition varied among cities, with city latitude best explaining this variation. Together, these results suggest that untreated sewage microbial communities harbor a core group of fecal bacteria across geographically dispersed wastewater sewage lines and that ambient water quality indicators targeting these select core microorganisms may perform well across the United States.
Path-Loss Characteristics of Urban Wireless Channels

Wireless channel data was collected in Cambridge, Massachusetts for diverse propagation environments over distances ranging from tens of meters to several kilometers using mobile 2.4-GHz transmitters and receivers. The 20-MHz bandwidth signals from eight individually movable van-top antennas were Nyquist sampled simultaneously with 12-bit accuracy. Although path-loss variance for any given link length within single residential/urban neighborhoods was large, single streets typically exhibited path-loss, L(dB)=-10 log10 (Pr/Pt) ? 10? log10 r + C, where P is the received or transmitted power, r the link-length, ? the street-dependent path-loss coefficient, and C the loss incurred at street intersections. Measurements yielded ? ? 1.5 + 3.2s ± 0.27 for 2 < ? < 5; s is the fraction of the street length having a building gap on either side. Experiments over links as short as 100 meters indicate a 10-dB advantage in estimating path loss for this model compared to optimal linear estimators based on link length alone. Measured air-to-ground links were well modeled by ? = 2 for the elevated LOS path, and by stochastic log-normal attenuation for the ground-level scattering environment. These models permit path-loss predictions based on readily accessible environmental parameters, and lead to efficient nodal placement strategies for full urban coverage.
A “research experience for undergraduates” in signal processing, coding and communications

A unique Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) was offered at Utah State University in the summer of 2009, with research topics drawn from signal processing, digital communications, and error correction coding. Thirteen students participated in this ten-week program, working on nine separate projects. The program began with two weeks of intense instruction with five accompanying programming and writing assignments. Students were presented with a number of projects to choose from according to their preparation and preference, developing in them the independence and “buy in” necessary for effective original research. Regular social activities were also planned to develop the research team and keep energy up. Results include several conference and journal papers and contributions to other ongoing research projects.
The governance of innovation centers in large established companies

This paper presents a model for the governance of radical innovation (RI) efforts within the firm. A longitudinal study of 12 large established companies committed to develop and institutionalize a radical innovation capability are used to inform our work. Thus the firm, rather than the RI project, is the unit of analysis for this work. We draw on Agency Theory, Firm Level Governance, Stewardship Theory and Stakeholder Theory as well to enrich the model. We find that none of these theoretical frames adequately describes the issues faced by companies as they build governance systems to oversee high risk, high uncertainty innovation portfolios. A series of propositions is offered based on the data analysis and extant literature that address board composition, decision style and decision processes that, we believe, enhance a company's ability to generate and commercialize radical innovations.
Kin recognition by paternal half-siblings in captive Papio cynocephalus

Our objective in this study was to evaluate whether a group of paternally related, subadult baboons (Papio cynocephalus) would preferentially interact with kin or nonkin when they had been raised apart from kin other than their mothers. Subjects and their mothers were removed from the breeding group and placed in alternate housing within 24 h after birth to ensure that the subjects would not have a social history with either their sire or their half-siblings. At 90 days of age, the 23 subjects were separated from their mothers and assigned to a peer-peer social group. Behavioral performance was measured using focal animal sampling techniques and 12 molecular behavioral criteria. Analyses of the data indicate that in dyadic interactions kin did not interact more frequently than nonkin in performance of affiliative, sociosexual, and agonistic behaviors. The hypothesis that baboons recognize kin in the absence of maternal associations was not supported by the data; moreover, we suggest that social learning and social history are the most likely mechanisms for kin recognition.
Vibro-Impact Interaction of Ships With Ice

Impact dynamic interaction of ships with solid ice or stationary rigid structures is a serious problem that affects the safe operation and navigation in arctic regions. The purpose of this study is to present two analytical models of impact interaction between ship roll dynamics and one-side rigid barrier. These models are the phenomenological modeling represented by a power law in stiffness and damping forces, and Zhuravlev non-smooth coordinate transformation. Extensive numerical simulations are carried out for all initial conditions covered by the ship grazing orbit for different values of excitation amplitude and frequencies of external wave roll moment. The basins of attraction of safe operation are obtained and reveal the coexistence of different response regimes such non-impact periodic oscillations, modulation impact motion, period added impact oscillations, chaotic impact motion and unbounded rotational motion. The results are summarized in the bifurcation diagram in terms of response amplitude-excitation amplitude plane.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Is Helicobacter Pylori an endogenous source of diethyl phthalate in humans

Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) is a metabolite used to assess exposure to diethyl phthalate (DEP). Helicobacter Pylori (HP) has been shown to produce DEP in laboratory studies. We used NHANES 1999–2000 data for 1623 adults to investigate whether HP seropositivity was associated with MEP levels. MEP levels were higher in individuals with HP seropositivity (p=0.0237), however the association differed by race. These results suggest that HP may be an endogenous source of DEP in some populations.