cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of Test Emotions Across Testing Platform, Gender, and Time:

Few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the test-related items from the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ). Using a sample of 955 university students, we examined the factor ...
Perspective—Surface reactions of electrolyte with LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathodes for lithium ion batteries

Layered metal oxides with high nickel content are commonly used cathode materials in commercial lithium ion batteries due to high capacity and lower cost resulting from higher nickel content and lower cobalt content. Cathodes with increased nickel content suffer from rapid capacity fade due to a combination of thickening of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and impedance growth on the cathode after extended cycling. While transition metal catalyzed degradation of the anode SEI has been widely proposed as a primary source of capacity loss, we propose that a related acid induced degradation of the anode SEI also occurs.
Controlling the dopant profile for SRH suppression at low current densities in λ ≈ 1330 nm GaInAsP light-emitting diodes

The quantum efficiency of double hetero-junction light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be significantly enhanced at low current density by tailoring the spatial profile of dopants to suppress Shockley–Read–Hall recombination. To demonstrate this effect, we model, design, grow, fabricate, and test a GaInAsP LED ( λ ≈ 1330 nm) with an unconventional dopant profile. Compared against that of our control design, which is a conventional n+-n-p+ double hetero-junction LED, the dopant profile near the n-p+ hetero-structure of the design displaces the built-in electric field in such a way that the J02 space charge recombination current is suppressed. The design principle generalizes to other material systems and could be applicable to efforts to observe and exploit electro-luminescent refrigeration at practical power densities.
Vancomycin Presoaking of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tendon Grafts Is Highly Cost-Effective for Preventing Infection.

Purpose This study aimed to (1) determine whether intraoperative graft soaking with vancomycin is a cost-effective measure for preventing infection after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and (2) provide an adaptable model for providers and institutions to determine the cost effectiveness of this strategy over a range of initial infection rates, infection-related care costs, and vancomycin costs. Methods Baseline postoperative infection rates and the costs of antibiotics and infection-related care were gathered from the literature. The cost of treating infection was determined for 2 alternative protocols—irrigation and debridement with revision ACL reconstruction or ACL graft retention. Using a break-even economic analysis, we developed an equation to determine the absolute risk reduction (ARR) in infection rate required for the use of vancomycin graft soaking to be deemed cost-effective. To provide a widely applicable robust model, multiple simulations were performed at varying unit costs, infection rates, and ACL reconstruction postoperative infection related care costs. The number needed to treat was calculated from the ARR. Results Intraoperative vancomycin was determined to be cost-effective if it prevents 1 infection in 550 cases (ARR = 0.182%), given costs of $24,178 and $44/1,000 mg for revision ACL reconstruction and vancomycin, respectively. If the ACL graft is retained following infection, intraoperative vancomycin was considered cost-effective if it prevents 1 infection in 146 cases (ARR = 0.685%), given costs of $6,424 and $44/1,000 mg for arthroscopic debridement and vancomycin prophylaxis, respectively. For any specific cost of treating infection and cost of vancomycin, variation in baseline infection rates did not influence the economic viability of vancomycin graft soaking. This intervention remained economically viable over a wide range of unit costs of vancomycin. Conclusions Through break-even economic analysis, this study demonstrates that the use of intraoperative graft preparation with vancomycin is a highly cost-effective prophylactic measure for infection prevention in arthroscopic ACL reconstruction. Level of Evidence IV, economic analysis.
Pathogenic effect of TP73 Gene Variants in People With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Objective To identify novel disease associated loci for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we used sequencing data and performed in vitro and in vivo experiments to demonstrate pathogenicity of mutations identified in TP73. Methods We analyzed exome sequences of 87 patients with sporadic ALS and 324 controls, with confirmatory sequencing in independent ALS cohorts of >2,800 patients. For the top hit, TP73, a regulator of apoptosis and differentiation and a binding partner and homolog of the tumor suppressor gene TP53, we assayed mutation effects using in vitro and in vivo experiments. C2C12 myoblast differentiation assays, characterization of myotube appearance, and immunoprecipitation of p53-p73 complexes were performed in vitro. In vivo, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 targeting of zebrafish tp73 to assay motor neuron number and axon morphology. Results Four heterozygous rare, nonsynonymous mutations in TP73 were identified in our sporadic ALS cohort. In independent ALS cohorts, we identified an additional 19 rare, deleterious variants in TP73. Patient TP73 mutations caused abnormal differentiation and increased apoptosis in the myoblast differentiation assay, with abnormal myotube appearance. Immunoprecipitation of mutant ΔN-p73 demonstrated that patient mutations hinder the ability of ΔN-p73 to bind p53. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of tp73 in zebrafish led to impaired motor neuron development and abnormal axonal morphology, concordant with ALS pathology. Conclusion Together, these results strongly suggest that variants in TP73 correlate with risk for ALS and indicate a role for apoptosis in ALS disease pathology.
Gender Disparity in Authorship of Peer Reviewed Medical Publications

Background: Women are underrepresented in academic medicine despite an increase in the percentage of female physicians and residents. Publications, grant funding, and leadership experience are considered when hiring and promoting physicians. Our primary objective was to determine whether gender disparity exists in authorship in selected peer-reviewed literature in medical and in surgical specialties in the United States from 2000-2017. Methods: Medical and surgical original research articles from the United States were identified using PubMed. Manuscripts were randomly selected within four different time periods: 2000-2005, 2006-2010, 2011-2015 and 2016-2017. The gender of the first and last authors determined and the journal's impact factor recorded. The ACGME and AAMC databases were used to determine the percent of female residents, attendings, and academic leadership positions. Findings: Within the 1120 articles reviewed, 31.6% of first authors and 19.4% of last authors were women. Female first and last authors increased over time and authorship was proportional to the number of women in academic medicine in the studied specialties (p-value=0.78). There was no difference in the journal's impact factors when comparing male and female authors (p-value= 0.64). On subgroup analysis of medical and surgical subspecialties, results remained unchanged. Interpretation: Gender disparities in medicine have improved but substantial disparities in leadership persist. Women publish research at a rate proportional to the number of academic female physicians. Disparities in leadership roles are unlikely explained by differences in publications. Funding Statement: None of the authors received any funding in order to conduct this study. Declaration of Interests: None of the listed authors have any conflict of interest to disclose. Ethics Approval Statement: Missing
Teaching Sustainability and Environmental Justice in Undergraduate Chemistry Courses

This article examines the intersection of environmental justice and undergraduate chemistry education through a review of existing publications that highlight successful strategies for chemistry ed...
Case 34-2021: A 38-Year-Old Man with Altered Mental Status and New Onset of Seizures.

A Man with Altered Mental Status and New Onset of Seizures A 38-year-old man was evaluated in the emergency department because of altered mental status and a first seizure. Examination revealed an ...
The Art of Editing What You Write

This chapter summarizes the art of editing scientific journals. The success of the article depends on the quality, quantity, and the sequence. Before publishing manuscript one must learn to edit the manuscript several times with colleagues, carefully. . Writing is a social activity, because even when one writes alone, it is for an audience of readers, seeking their understanding. Editors tell that repetition and redundancy are common flaws in rejected papers and that these are particularly common in the writing of scientists whose native language is not English. English in itself, due to its grammar, is a redundant language and writers who want to be respected as well as to show respect to their readers, make every effort to avoid all unnecessary language. The impact of messages becomes stronger when writers avoid the addition of intensifiers, such as 'really', 'actually', 'truly'. These words add a slippery flavor to a research report. Exclamation marks are seldom if ever seen in professional writing and certainly not in research reports. Cliches are over-used idioms and using them is not respected in English. Successful wit in a science article is accomplished through an avoidance of redundancy and a lively choice of words. Explainers are transitions used to show cause and effect. These transitions are sometimes optional and occur in the middle of sentences. The final and tedious edit is to examine each verb tense in the paper for agreement and consistency. This should be done after all other revisions and edits have been made.
Improved embedded flight control system design process using integrated system design/code generation tools

The increasing sophistication and criticality of embedded flight control systems is increasing the need for correct system implementation/error removal before flight control systems are fielded for flight. Competing with this need are pressures to make corrections and design changes quickly to minimize the cost and schedule impacts during development, especially ground and flight test activities. In this paper we present a system design process modified to allow the use of a currently available system design tool that provides automatic code generation from graphical system design input to provide a portion of the flight software. The results are improved system design, accelerated integration times and the ability to correctly implement changes in a shorter period of time. The value of integrated system design/code generating tools is addressed. Modifications made to the current design process to integrate and verify software produced by these tools in the flight program are addressed. Finally, results obtained through the use of this process on a number of current flight control system efforts are summarized. >
Effects of shock loading and cold rolling on the structure and high temperature creep properties of Fe-3. 75 Pct Si

The effects of shock loading and cold rolling on the dislocation substructure and high temperature creep properties of Fe-3.75 pct Si at 923 K and 7000 psi (4.82×107 Pa) have been investigated. We find the primary creep transients of this alloy to be “normal” (\((d\dot \varepsilon /dt< 0)\) for the annealed contidtion and to change with increasing prestrain by rolling, becoming “inverted” ({ie1615-2}) for prestrains greater than about 11 pct. It is shown that both shock loading to about 70 kilobars (7×109 Pa) and cold rolling 25 pct produce a fine subgrain size and an inverted creep transient with a minimum creep rate about one third of the steady state creep rate. During the inverted creep transient both the free dislocation density and the subgrain size increase and approach the steady state values. These structural changes are opposite to those observed for normal creep transients. Also it is found that the strengthening effect of shock loading is less stable than that produced by cold rolling. It is suggested that this difference is due to the greater instability of the shocked substructure as compared to the cold rolled substructure. Some effects of partial recrystallization are also discussed.
Analysis of recognition in the alternative pathway of complement. Effect of polysaccharide size.

Covalent attachment of the complement (C) protein C3b to polysaccharides on biologic particles which activate the alternative pathway leads to changes in the affinity of C3b for factor H, a regulatory protein of the C system. In this study the size of the site with which the polysaccharides interact and its special relationship to the thioester site were investigated using a fluorimetric assay and soluble C3b attached to low m.w. polysaccharides. Oligomers of alpha 1-6 and alpha 1-4 polyglucose and beta 1-2 polyfructose were prepared and attached to C3b at the thioester site. C3b bound to monomeric, dimeric, or trimeric sugars exhibited the same interaction with factor H as free C3b, i.e., there was no effect due to attachment alone. Beginning with tetrameric oligosaccharides a linear decrease in factor H binding was observed with increasing oligosaccharide size and the effect reached an apparent maximum with large polysaccharides. Maximum inhibition of factor H function was estimated to occur at a length of 16 saccharide units. The results suggest that this site, which regulates the inactivation rate of surface-bound C3b and thus the activation of the alternative pathway of C, spans a maximum of 13 sugar units (less than 65 A) starting four units (approximately 15 A) from the thioester site in C3b.
Object-Oriented Programming Versus Abstract Data Types

This tutorial collects and elaborates arguments for distinguishing between object-oriented programming and abstract data types. The basic distinction is that object-oriented programming achieves data abstraction by the use of procedural abstraction, while abstract data types depend upon type abstraction. Object-oriented programming and abstract data types can also be viewed as complimentary implementation techniques: objects are centered around the constructors of a data abstraction, while abstract data types are organized around the operations. These differences have consequences relating to extensibility, efficiency, typing, and verification; in many cases the strengths of one paradigm are the weaknesses of the other. Most object-oriented programming languages support aspects of both techniques, not a unification of them, so an understanding of their relative merits is useful in designing programs.
Hypersecretion of Gastrin Associated with the Short Bowel Syndrome

Abstract Marked hypergastrinemia characterized by high fasting levels and a prompt sharp response to a standard test meal was observed in a group of 4 patients with short bowel syndrome, but not in a patient with jejunoileal bypass. In keeping with the findings in other gastrin hypersecreters, the predominant form of circulating gastrin in the patients with short bowel syndrome was big gastrin. The possibility that hypergastrinemia might result from the absence of a factor in the distal small intestine that inhibits gastrin release is considered.
Analysis of Tool Feedback Forces and Material Flow during Friction Stir Welding

An innovative heuristic force model has been developed to characterize material flow induced by the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process. When the rotating weld tool travels inside the plasticized material, the leading interfacial surfaces of the tool experience the prevailing pressure field (PPF) due to the tool travel motion. Furthermore, a plasticized shear layer of material is periodically extruded from the leading side to the trailing side of the weld tool by the rotational and travel motions of the weld tool. This periodic material flow introduces revolving pressure field (RPF) around the weld tool. Due to PPF and RPF, the tool feedback forces grow and evolve during the FSW process. A relationship between the pressure fields and the tool feedback forces was identified by the heuristic force model. The model has been simulated and the actual weld data was analyzed with regards to the simulation results.
The integrated effects of climate and hydrologic uncertainty on future flood risk assessments

This work examines future flood risk within the context of integrated climate and hydrologic modelling uncertainty. The research questions investigated are (1) whether hydrologic uncertainties are a significant source of uncertainty relative to other sources such as climate variability and change and (2) whether a statistical characterization of uncertainty from a lumped, conceptual hydrologic model is sufficient to account for hydrologic uncertainties in the modelling process. To investigate these questions, an ensemble of climate simulations are propagated through hydrologic models and then through a reservoir simulation model to delimit the range of flood protection under a wide array of climate conditions. Uncertainty in mean climate changes and internal climate variability are framed using a risk-based methodology and are explored using a stochastic weather generator. To account for hydrologic uncertainty, two hydrologic models are considered, a conceptual, lumped parameter model and a distributed, physically based model. In the conceptual model, parameter and residual error uncertainties are quantified and propagated through the analysis using a Bayesian modelling framework. The approach is demonstrated in a case study for the Coralville Dam on the Iowa River, where recent, intense flooding has raised questions about potential impacts of climate change on flood protection adequacy. Results indicate that the uncertainty surrounding future flood risk from hydrologic modelling and internal climate variability can be of the same order of magnitude as climate change. Furthermore, statistical uncertainty in the conceptual hydrological model can capture the primary structural differences that emerge in flood damage estimates between the two hydrologic models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hablando histéricamente: la ciencia de la locura en Feliz Nuevo Siglo Doktor Freud de Sabina Berman y Nadie me verá llorar de Cristina Rivera Garza

La autora toma como punto de partida el estudio clasico de la locura de la mujer de las autoras Sandra M. Gilbert y Susan Gubar para comentar las obras de Berman y Rivera Garza. La ensayista cuestiona las distintos enfoques y propositos de las escritoras, pues si bien las dos se sirven de expedientes clinicos reales, los enfoques sobre la locura son diametralmente opuestos. Berman reflexiona sobre los mecanismo del psicoanalisis para convencer a una mujer "normal" de su comportamiento histerico, mientras que Rivera Garza, por su parte, hace una reconstruccion novelada de un caso clinico de una de las internas del tristemente celebre hospital psiquiatrico La Castaneda.
WHERE THE WILD THINGS AREN'T: Exhibiting Nature in American Zoos

In this article I explore the problems and tensions inherent in staging naturalistic zoo exhibits. Exhibit staging requires zoos to negotiate among a variety of competing aesthetic and organizational demands, including the cultural expectations of audiences, the educational mission of zoos, and the practicalities of managing live animal species. The negotiation of these demands gives rise to a particular set of strategies of impression management in zoos that I call nature making. I discuss a number of dilemmas encountered when creating naturalistic zoo exhibits, as well as three specific strategies of nature making: the spatial control of sight lines; the simulation of nature through plant simulators, synthetic materials, and live animal handling practices; and the censorship of certain animal behaviors and husbandry practices from public view. These strategic practices guide how zoos perform the craft of nature making as both expressive and utilitarian work.
High-efficiency high-reliability optical components for a large, high-average-power visible laser system

Laser system performance and reliability depends on the related performance and reliability of the optical components which define the cavity and transport subsystems. High-average-power and long transport lengths impose specific requirements on component performance. The complexity of the manufacturing process for optical components requires a high degree of process control and verification. Qualification has proven effective in ensuring confidence in the procurement process for these optical components. Issues related to component reliability have been studied and provide useful information to better understand the long term performance and reliability of the laser system.
Children's spontaneous control of facial expression.

COLE, PAMELA M. Children's Spontaneous Control of Facial Expression. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1986, 57, 1309-1321. Spontaneous expressive control of negative emotion was examined in 2 studies of children aged 3-9 using an experimental "disappointing" situation. In Study 1, facial expressions, verbalizations, and spontaneous references to emotional expression control were examined in terms of the child's age and sex and the experimental manipulation (neutral, positive, and "disappointing" mood segments). Results suggested that children attempted to control the display of negative emotion with positive displays and that females did so more than males. No effect of age on expressive behavior was found. Age differences were found for children's spontaneous reference to expressive control, with such references increasing with age. To further examine the possibility that preschoolers engaged in expressive control, Study 2 examined the expressive behavior of 20 preschool girls in the disappointing situation in 2 conditions, alone or with the examiner present. These data indicated that females, aged 3-4, inhibited negative displays when in the presence of the examiner.
Microbial Response to the MC-252 Oil and Corexit 9500 in the Gulf of Mexico

The Deepwater Horizon spill released over 4.1 million barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. In an effort to mitigate large oil slicks, the dispersant Corexit 9500 was sprayed onto surface slicks and injected directly at the wellhead at water depth of 1,500 meters. Several research groups were involved in investigating the fate of the MC-252 oil using newly advanced molecular tools to elucidate microbial interactions with oil, gases and dispersant. Presented here is a comprehensive overview of the ecogenomics of microbial degradation of MC-252 oil and gases in the water column and shorelines and some insight into the fate of the dispersant Corexit 9500 that was added to aid in oil dispersion process. We also present data that show the dispersant was not toxic to the indigenous microbes at concentrations added, and several bacterial species were able to degrade the various components of Corexit 9500.
Expanding and Testing a Computational Method for Predicting the Ground State Reduction Potentials of Organic Molecules on the Basis of Empirical Correlation to Experiment

A method for predicting the ground state reduction potentials of organic molecules on the basis of the correlation of computed energy differences between the starting S0 and one-electron-reduced D0 species with experimental reduction potentials in acetonitrile has been expanded to cover 3.5 V of potential range and 74 compounds across 6 broad families of molecules. Utilizing the conductor-like polarizable continuum model of implicit solvent allows a global correlation that is computationally efficient and has improved accuracy, with r2 > 0.98 in all cases and root mean square deviation errors of <90 mV (mean absolute deviations <70 mV) for either B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) or B3LYP//6-31G(d) with an appropriate choice of radii (UAKS or UA0). The correlations are proven to be robust across a wide range of structures and potentials, including four larger (27–28 heavy atoms) and more conformationally flexible photochromic molecules not used in calibrating the correlation. The method is also proven to be robust to a ...
Voluntary cost sharing for an excludable public project

Abstract The Clarke-Groves family of mechanisms provides a solution to the free-rider problem, that originates when providing a pure public good. These mechanisms, however, have two drawbacks: they are not voluntary, and they generate budget surpluses which cause welfare losses. In this paper we analyze the case of an indivisible excludable public project: the possibility of exclusion offers an additional instrument for avoiding these problems. We characterize cost sharing rules which satisfy the properties of strategyproofness and voluntariness. We show that these rules must charge the same price to all the individuals being provided with the good. A member of this class of voluntary cost sharing rules is the serial cost sharing rule (Moulin, H., 1994. Serial cost sharing of excludable public goods. Review of Economic Studies 61, 305–325), of which we provide alternative characterizations.
Cumulonimbus vertical velocity events in GATE. Part I: Diameter, intensity and mass flux

Abstract This is the first part of a two-part paper defining the nature of the vertical air motion in and around GATE cumulonimbus clouds. The statistics are from a total of 104 km of flight legs, flown on six days in GATE, at altitudes from near the surface to 8100 m. The basic data sets analyzed are time series of vertical velocity at a frequency of 1 Hz. For the purpose of study, convective events are divided into two categories: drafts, requiring only that vertical velocity be continuously positive (negative) for 500 m and exceed an absolute value of 0.5 m s−1 for 1 s; and cores, the stronger portions of the stronger drafts, requiring that upward (downward) vertical velocity be continuously greater than an absolute value of 1 m s−1 for 500 m. The distributions of average vertical velocity, maximum vertical velocity, diameter and mass flux are given for drafts and cores at five altitude intervals between 150 m and 8 km. In all cases, the distributions are approximately log-normal. Above cloud base, upd...
Relationship of Calcium to Wet Droppings in Laying Hens

Abstract The influence of dietary calcium (Ca) on the occurrence of wet droppings was determined in hens fed various levels of dietary Ca ranging from .05 to 3.76% for 3 to 12 days. Feed and water consumption, total excreta; and percent moisture of excreta were determined at various intervals. Hens fed control diets (3.0 and 3.76% Ca) excreted well-formed and fairly dry appearing excreta. Hens fed diets with lower Ca excreted wet and loosely formed excreta within 3 days. Although the excreta of hens fed the lowest Ca appeared as a pool of water in the collectors, excreta moisture was not always significantly greater than that of the control excreta. Hens fed diets containing the lower Ca consumed less feed and water than hens fed the control diets. Upon necropsy, large pockets of water were observed in the gastrointestinal tract of hens fed the .08% Ca diet but not in control hens. This previously unidentified sign (watery excreta) of Ca-deficient hens may explain some of the cause of wet droppings observed in commercial Leghorns. It should also help alert producers to a possible cause of thin-shell problems produced by accidental short-term interruption of Ca.
The Yield Criterion of Laminated Media

This study examines the yield criteria for anisotropic laminated media. It will be shown that for laminated media with isotropic layers, the criterion of Tsai and Wu is a direct extension of Von Mises'. Also presented here is a set of equations governing the relative positions of the yield ellipses. Furthermore, a general expression for the yield condition of a laminated medium composed of generally anisotropic layers is obtained.
Posed prosodic emotional expression in unilateral stroke patients: Recovery, lesion location, and emotional perception

Recovery of emotional functioning following stroke has received limited attention in the neuropsychological literature. By emotional functioning, we refer to a range of processing modes, including perception, expression, experience, and behavior. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the course of prosodic emotional expression over time in individuals with stroke. Posed prosodic expression tasks from the New York Emotion Battery were administered to right brain-damaged (RBD), left brain-damaged (LBD), and demographically matched normal control (NC) participants at two separate testing times (median interval of 25 months). Posers (i.e., individuals producing the emotional expressions) were required to produce neutral-content sentences using four different emotional tones (happiness, sadness, anger, and fear). Raters judged poser output for accuracy, intensity, and confidence. For accuracy ratings, RBDs and LBDs were impaired relative to NCs at baseline. In terms of recovery, there was a tendency for LBDs to improve over time, and there was a significant decline for RBDs. Inspection of the group mean data suggested that frontal lesions had a negative impact on prosodic emotional expression in RBDs and that lesion extent did not systematically influence performance at baseline or over time. Participants maintained their relative standing on the NYEB expression tasks over time. Finally, no significant relationships were found between participant performance on prosodic emotional perception and expression tasks at either testing time, suggesting that these two processing modes are relatively independent.
Definition and generation of partially-functional broadside tests

Functional and pseudo-functional broadside tests were defined to address the fact that testing a circuit under non-functional operation conditions, which are made possible by scanning in unreachable states, may result in overtesting or unnecessary yield loss. One of the reasons cited for overtesting is the high switching activity possible with unreachable states. Functional broadside tests allow only reachable states as scan-in states in order to address this issue. However, the exclusive use of functional (or pseudo-functional) broadside tests may result in a loss of fault coverage, which may be a concern for the long-term reliability of the chip. To address this issue, a new class of tests is defined, which is referred to as partially-functional broadside tests. The definition of a partially-functional broadside test allows the scan-in state to be an unreachable state. It measures the amount of deviation from functional operation by considering the minimum Hamming distance between the scan-in state and a reachable state. With a smaller minimum Hamming distance, the number of state variables that operate under functional operation conditions is likely to be higher. A procedure for computing what are called partially-reachable states, which are used for generating partially-functional broadside tests is described. We demonstrate that the switching activity under partially-functional broadside tests is close to that of functional broadside tests. Thus, partially-functional broadside tests operate the circuit under conditions that are close to functional operation conditions, helping to avoid overtesting because of high switching activity while improving fault coverage.
Phenotypes Recognizable in the Progeny of Axolotl Parents Both Heterozygous for the Same Two Mutant Genes

SYNOPSIS. A survey has been made of the types of progeny in fourteen groups of axolotl spawnings from parents both heterozygous for the same two mutant genes. For none of the parental types did the progeny homozygous for both mutant genes constitute a distinct phenotype as did the rrlxx larvae recently described by Humphrey and Chung (1977) from matings of parents both heterozygous for genes r and x. In four of the fourteen types of matings some few double homozygotes were recognizable by the fact that the gene pair dominating the development of their morphological type had failed to prevent theappearance of one particular feature resulting from the action of the second gene pair. In spawnings from parents with the other ten gene combinations no double homozygotes were recognized. In many of these, the excess number of mutants of one of the two expected types indicated that the double homozygotes had been identified as being of that type. It is concluded that in the majority of matings in which double homozygotes are expected, the mutant gene whose influence on development begins earliest determines the visible pattern of morphology and also the approximate life span of the double homozygote. The latter sometimes dies before the stage at which features determined by its second gene pair are due to appear. Only when the two pairs of mutant genes act more or less simultaneously and in a cumulative fashion is the double homozygote likely to appear as a phenotype distinctly different from the two usual mutant types included among its siblings.
Measurement of Smooth Muscle Function in the Isolated Tissue Bath- applications to Pharmacology Research

Isolated tissue bath assays are a classical pharmacological tool for evaluating concentration-response relationships in a myriad of contractile tissues. While this technique has been implemented for over 100 years, the versatility, simplicity and reproducibility of this assay helps it to remain an indispensable tool for pharmacologists and physiologists alike. Tissue bath systems are available in a wide array of shapes and sizes, allowing a scientist to evaluate samples as small as murine mesenteric arteries and as large as porcine ileum – if not larger. Central to the isolated tissue bath assay is the ability to measure concentration-dependent changes to isometric contraction, and how the efficacy and potency of contractile agonists can be manipulated by increasing concentrations of antagonists or inhibitors. Even though the general principles remain relatively similar, recent technological advances allow even more versatility to the tissue bath assay by incorporating computer-based data recording and analysis software. This video will demonstrate the function of the isolated tissue bath to measure the isometric contraction of an isolated smooth muscle (in this case rat thoracic aorta rings), and share the types of knowledge that can be created with this technique. Included are detailed descriptions of aortic tissue dissection and preparation, placement of aortic rings in the tissue bath and proper tissue equilibration prior to experimentation, tests of tissue viability, experimental design and implementation, and data quantitation. Aorta will be connected to isometric force transducers, the data from which will be captured using a commercially available analog-to-digital converter and bridge amplifier specifically designed for use in these experiments. The accompanying software to this system will be used to visualize the experiment and analyze captured data.
Strategies for identifying and treating adolescents at risk for maltreating their children

Abstract Using data published in English since 1970, the analyses presented in this article examine the identification and treatment of the antecedents of child maltreatment by adolescent parents. Reviewed studies indicate that (a) the sensitivity and specificity of predictors of child abuse is poor, (b) children of adolescents are at increased risk for maltreatment, (c) controlling for background sociodemographic factors decreases but does not eliminate this risk, (d) home visitation programs help at-risk adolescent parents improve their parenting skills. Maltreatment of children by their adolescent parents is a preventable problem. Short-term programs that address behavioral manifestations of the social ills and developmental conflicts that antedate child maltreatment without touching the underlying causes are unlikely to be successful.
Complete phase and amplitude synchronization of broadband chaotic optical fields generated by semiconductor lasers subject to optical injection

A direct experimental observation of phase synchronization, amplitude synchronization, and frequency locking for the high-frequency broadband chaotic optical fields of the transmitter and the receiver is demonstrated in a fully optical system, where its chaotic optical wave form is generated through the high-speed nonlinearity of semiconductor lasers subject to optical injection. This experimentally achieved chaotic synchronous scenario is verified as identical chaos synchronization by observing several key characteristics of chaos synchronization in this system. The observation at the frequency detuning, the phase sensitivity, and the effect of mismatch at the injection strength from the master laser and match at the laser output power is in good agreement with the theoretical analysis of this system.
Gas phase salt clusters from electrosprayed alkaline earth colloids

Abstract Several distributions of small polynuclear ions of general form [ n M + m A + p S] q + (where M represents an alkaline earth cation (Mg, Ca, Sr or Ba), n = 2–10, A represents a halide, acetate or nitrate counterion originating in the divalent salt, and S represents an acetic acid or methanol adduct) are detected by FTICR when water/methanol solutions of alkaline earth salts are electrosprayed. For example, the largest cluster ion derived from 6.3 mM solutions of calcium acetate acidified with 2%x acetic acid have n = 10, m = 18, p = 5 and q = 2. Characteristics of these solutions suggest the presence of colloidal dispersions. These characteristics include stability upon aging, light scattering response and the requisite pre-etching of the glass containers. Aqueous mixtures of two group II salts produce mixed-salt cluster ions. For instance, from a mixture of calcium and magnesium acetate we trap mixed-cation clusters characterized by a complete set of binary partitions of n , for n = 2–6. Specifically, the manifold of clusters with four cations contains 4:0, 3:1, 2:2, 1:3 and 0:4 ratios of magnesium to calcium. Isolated alkaline earth clusters react with a low-pressure background of 18-crown-6 (C6) by salt abstraction exclusively. In general, the more facile abstraction from a mixed cluster produces a pair of products in which the neutral conforms to the hard-soft acid-base principle. The reactions of C6 with [MgSr(OAc) 3 ] + provide evidence for the existence of isomeric clusters at m/z 289. This is supported by bimodal kinetics and preliminary results of ab initio calculations.
Excited-State Dynamics of Carotenoids in Light-Harvesting Complexes. 1. Exploring the Relationship between the S1 and S* States

Dispersed transient absorption spectra collected at variable excitation intensities in combination with time-resolved signals were used to explore the underlying connectivity of the electronic excited-state manifold of the carotenoid rhodopin glucoside in the light-harvesting 2 complex isolated from Rhodopseudomonas acidophila. We find that the S* state, which was recently identified as an excited state in carotenoids bound in bacterial light-harvesting complexes, exhibits a different response to the increase of excitation intensity than the S1 state, which suggests that the models used so far to describe the excited states of carotenoids are incomplete. We propose two new models that can describe both the time-resolved and the intensity-dependent data; the first postulates that S1 and S* are not populated in parallel after the decay of the initially excited S2 state but instead result from the excitation of distinct ground-state subpopulations. The second model introduces a resonantly enhanced light-indu...
Complex permittivity measurements of chicken blood

The basic dielectric properties of biological materials are required for the development of next-generation microwave-based medical instrumentation. The purpose of this paper is to further the study of the properties of blood using several different commonly used measurement methods. New data on the complex permittivity of chicken blood are presented in the frequency range between 45 MHz and 26.5 GHz at room temperature by using open-ended coaxial probe techniques, and in the Ku-band using waveguide techniques, with an Agilent 8510C network analyzer. A commonly used reference material, methanol, is used to verify the efficacy of these techniques. This data favorably compares to the general permittivity of blood that previous authors have published. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 39: 54–56, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11125
Adverse Prognosis of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Who Have Epicardial Coronary Artery Disease

Background— Adult patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) may develop concomitant atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). There is a paucity of data on the clinical outcomes of HCM patients who have CAD. Methods and Results— We examined the outcome of 433 adult patients with HCM according to the presence and severity of CAD. All patients were aged ≥21 years, had a left ventricular ejection fraction of ≥50%, and were without a history of prior surgical revascularization (mean age, 63 years; 212 men). Compared with HCM patients with mild-to-moderate or no CAD, those with severe CAD demonstrated markedly reduced survival. Ten-year overall survival was 46.1%, 70.5%, and 77.1% for patients with severe, mild-to-moderate, and no CAD, respectively (unadjusted P=0.0001; adjusted P=0.0006). For the end point of cardiac death, this survival was 62.3%, 81.0%, and 80.9% (unadjusted P=0.009; adjusted P=0.004). For the end point of sudden cardiac death, this survival was 77.4%, 93.2%, and 90.3% (unadjuste...
Neuropsychological studies of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Background Diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is difficult when the diagnostician cannot establish an onset prior to the DSM-IV criterion of age 7 or if the number of symptoms recalled does not achieve the DSM-IV threshold for diagnosis. Because neuropsychological deficits are associated with ADHD, we addressed the validity of the DSM-IV age at onset and symptom threshold criteria by using neuropsychological test scores as external validators. Methods We compared four groups of adults: 1) full ADHD subjects met all DSM-IV criteria for childhood-onset ADHD; 2) late-onset ADHD subjects met all criteria except the age at onset criterion; 3) subthreshold ADHD subjects did not meet full symptom criteria; and 4) non-ADHD subjects did not meet any of the above criteria. Results Late-onset and full ADHD subjects had similar patterns of neuropsychological dysfunction. By comparison, subthreshold ADHD subjects showed few neuropsychological differences with non-ADHD subjects. Conclusions Our results showing similar neuropsychological underpinning in subjects with late-onset ADHD suggest that the DSM-IV age at onset criterion may be too stringent. Our data also suggest that ADHD subjects who failed to ever meet the DSM-IV threshold for diagnosis have a milder form of the disorder.
Comments on ‘‘Motion of an electron bunch through a plasma’’ [Phys. Fluids 29, 262 (1986)]

Shoucri and Storey [Phys. Fluids 29, 262 (1986)] have used a Vlasov code to follow the motion of a bunch of fast electrons through an isotropic plasma. The bunch sheds a train of oscillations. It is shown that the observed wavelength of this train follows from a calculation of the frequency of the fastest growing bump‐on‐tail instability mode in the bunch region.
Numerical optimization method for semiconductor diffusion recipe programming

This paper describes the development of a standard diffusion recipe model and its use within a numerical optimization method to obtain time-optimal diffusion recipes, within nonlinear temperature-dependent constraints. The diffusion model and optimization program have been packaged as a diffusion process engineering tool, which can be applied to optimize existing diffusion recipes, thereby reducing processing time in production. Equivalence of diffusion recipes is demonstrated using commercial diffusion simulation software, on both unoptimized and optimized recipes.
Heparin and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Are Associated with Preservation of Latissimus Cardiomyoplasties in Goats: A Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND: Chronic electrical stimulation of cardiomyoplasties often leads to atrophy and fibrosis of the skeletal muscle. In this retrospective study, we re-examined the data in our previous work, which suggested that muscle was preserved by treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). METHODS: Histologic sections were reviewed for evidence of atrophy, and fibrosis from four groups of goats with latissimus dorsi cardiomyoplasty: (1) unstimulated; (2) 2-Hz stimulated x 6 weeks; (3) 2-Hz stimulated with heparin infusion (50 units/hour) x 6 weeks; and (4) 2-Hz stimulated with bFGF (80-micrograms bolus/week) x 6 weeks. RESULTS: Muscle degeneration, as indicated by fat replacement of muscle fibers, was 56.95% +/- 9.16% (mean +/- S.E.) in the 2-Hz stimulated compared with 16.43% +/- 6.22% in unstimulated muscles. In 2-Hz = bFGF and 2 Hz-Heparin (Hep) groups, degeneration was 11.60% +/- 3.04% and 20.36% +/- 5.03%, respectively. bFGF treatment was associated with a greater latissimus blood flow than in the 2-Hz-untreated and 2 Hz-Hep groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: bFGF's protection against degeneration may have involved angiogenesis and myogenesis, whereas that of heparin appears to have involved only myogenesis. While the mechanism(s) of the effects of heparin and bFGF remain to be defined, we conclude that they may be a useful adjunct for cardiomyoplasty.
Is MAC the knife that cuts cytochrome c from mitochondria during apoptosis

Apoptosis is a phenomenon fundamental to higher eukaryotes and essential to mechanisms controlling tissue homeostasis. Bcl-2 family proteins tightly control this cell death program by regulating the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane and, hence, the release of cytochrome c and other proapoptotic factors. Mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (MAC) is the mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel and is responsible for cytochrome c release early in apoptosis. MAC activity is detected by patch clamping mitochondria at the time of cytochrome c release. The Bcl-2 family proteins regulate apoptosis by controlling the formation of MAC. Depending on cell type and apoptotic inducer, Bax and/or Bak are structural component(s) of MAC. Overexpression of the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 eliminates MAC activity. The focus of this review is a biophysical characterization of MAC activity and its regulation by Bcl-2 family proteins, and ends with some discussion of therapeutic targets.
Conflicts in how interpreters manage their roles in provider-patient interactions

Interpreters face challenges because of the various role expectations that others have placed on them and then adopt specific strategies to manage these conflicts. This study examines the conflicts in medical interpreters' role performances, the sources of these conflicts, and interpreters' strategies for resolving conflicts. It is based on in-depth interviews with 26 medical interpreters from 17 languages in the Midwestern area of the USA. The results showed that interpreters experienced four sources of conflicts in their role performances: (a) others' communicative practices, (b) changes in participant dynamics, (c) institutional constraints, and (d) unrealistic role expectations. To resolve conflicts, interpreters justified their roles by identifying the source and location of an assignment, (re)defining the relationships and identities of the provider and the patient, and adopting specific communicative strategies. This study highlights the importance of speaker and contextual factors on interpreters' communicative strategies and management of role conflicts.