cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding clusters in SZ surveys

Abstract We use simulated maps to investigate the ability of high resolution, low noise (roughly 10 μK-arcmin beam) surveys of the CMB to create catalogues of clusters of galaxies by detecting the characteristic signature imprinted by the Sunyaev Zel’dovich effect. We compute the completeness and efficiency of the catalogues in our simulations for several survey strategies, and find that while the primary CMB anisotropy does not degrade this effort, point source confusion is a more significant problem, which may necessitate the use of either multi-frequency observations or a single frequency at which the effect is likely to be relatively small. We also evaluate the relative merit of some Fourier and wavelet based filtering techniques, and find that simple frequency-space filtering is at least as good as wavelet techniques for the purpose of creating complete and efficient catalogues of clusters.
Role of Crack Wake Toughening on Elevated Temperature Crack Growth in a Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Composite

Theoretical models were developed to predict the nature of the elevated temperature failure behavior in composites containing bridged cracks both for the case where crack front creep is absent (brittle regime) and for the case where a frontal creep process zone is present (ductile regime). The nature of the thermally activated time-dependent bridging of matrix cracks was first briefly reviewed from an earlier study and then applied to the case where crack front creep was present. Stable crack growth was predicted both in the presence and absence of crack front creep after an initial delay period, or initiation, which depends on crack size and wake parameters, such as, fiber diameter, volume fraction and interface properties. The dependence of the initiation time and crack growth rates on flaw size and wake parameters as well as on composite microstructure was derived both for the presence and absence of crack front creep. The implications of the results for elevated temperature composite component design are discussed.
Functions of p53 suppress critical consequences of damage and repair in the initiation of cancer

A pivotal study reveals a long-sought-after mechanism for gene amplification and provides important implications for oncogenesis.
Transmission Shift Controller Design Based on a Dynamic Model of Transmission Response

Abstract Model-based controller design gives an insight into dynamic system behavior, and eliminates excessive reliance on the trial and error adjustments of controller parameters. A closed-loop speed controller for the inertia phase of the gearshift in an automatic transmission is designed here, based on a reduced order linear model of the transmission response extracted from a complex nonlinear dynamic simulation. The controller performance is then verified using the nonlinear simulation. Modification of hardware design to improve system responsiveness is also discussed.
Social and Developmental Psychology: Trends Influencing the Future of Counseling

Recent discoveries in the social and behavioral sciences are employed in this article to project major changes in the coming two decades that will be of greatest consequence for counselors. Socioeconomic, sociocultural, and demographic factors are examined and their implications for counselors are explicated. Counseling is also considered in relation to life-span development, through the time of late adulthood. Havighurst relates developmental knowledge to counseling youth, specifically the early adolescent and the new college student.
SIX YEARS OF MAIZE SELECTION IN 'KITALE SYNTHETIC II', 'ECUADOR 573', AND 'KITALE COMPOSITE A' USING METHODS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE BREEDING SYSTEM'

Evaluation of the results of six years of selection in the Kitale maize breeding methods study proved reciprocal recurrent selection to be an effective interpopulation improvement method. Ear-to-row selection was effective in improving ‘Kitale Composite A’ (KCA). Data from a diallel of the cycle-6 ear-to-row substrains showed that where less than 10 lines were selected, inbreeding appeared to depress gain, but differences among the various ear-to-row experiments were not significant. Intererossing the substrains was predicted to reduce the effect of inbreeding. Yield gains in reciprocal recurrent selection and ear-to-row selection were associated with increases in ears per 100 plants. The reciprocal recurrent selection variety cross yield gain was estimated at 3.5% per year (7%/cycle) and that of the best ear-to-row procedure at 2.6% per year. The variety cross syn-2 from reciprocal recurrent selection was predicted to improve at the same rate as the best ear-to-row procedure (E7) with one long growing season per year. Under a cropping system with two similar seasons per year, however, ear-to-row selection should be more effective than reciprocal recurrent selection or its derived syn-2. Mass selection at 10% selection intensity produced significant improvement, but not at 2% selection intensity.
Theoretical prediction of over-wing-blowing aerodynamics

A theoretical method is developed for predicting the aerodynamic characteristics of wings with over-wing-blowing jet. The method allows the jet to stay above the wing surface as well as to wash the surface. It accounts for the wing-jet interaction due to differences between the jet and freestream dynamic pressures and Mach numbers, in addition to the jet entrainment. For the former effect, the quasi-vortex-lattice method is used to satisfy the jet and wing boundary conditions. For the latter, a new theory was developed to calculate the jet entrained flow for given jet properties. Comparison of predicted results with available data of various configurations shows reasonably good agreement. Further theoretical analysis indicates that it is aerodynamically advantageous to locate the jet exit near and ahead of the wing leading edge, and that the camber shape has significant effect on the induced drag.
A simplified shock-fitting solution to a supersonic internal corner flowfield

A simplified shock-fitting method is developed and applied to a supersonic internal corner flowfield. An analytical approach is discussed, and results for a case with a free-stream Mach number of 2.47 and wedge angles of 12.2 deg are shown.
Oxidized Flavor in Milk. VII. Studies of the Effect of Carotene and Ascorbic Acid in the Feed of the Cow on the Susceptibility of the Milk to Metal-Induced Oxidized Flavor*

Summary and Conclusions 1. Ascorbic acid fed at the rate of one gram per day reduced considerably the tendency for metal-induced oxidized flavor to develop, although it did not materially increase the ascorbic acid content of the milk. 2. Carotene fed at the rate of 350 mg. per day greatly reduced the tendency for metal-induced oxidized flavor to develop and resulted in an increased amount of carotene in the milk. 3. The mechanism whereby oxidized flavor is developed spontaneously is influenced by some factor or factors other than that the ration is low in carotene. 4. Ascorbic acid fed to cows on a ration low in carotene seemed to increase slightly the carotene content of the milk produced, and, conversely, feeding carotene to the same animals on the low-carotene ration apparently increased somewhat the ascorbic acid content of the milk.
Curriculum Online Review System: Proposing Curriculum with Collaboration.

The Curriculum Online Review System (CORS) at Johnson County Community College (JCCC) uses SharePoint as a Web platform for the JCCC Curriculum Proposals Process. The CORS application manages proposals throughout the approval process using collaboration tools and workflows to notify all stakeholders. This innovative new program has changed the way we do curriculum proposals at our college.
The luteotrophic effect of estrogen in the rat: prevention by estradiol of the luteolytic effect of an antiserum to luteinizing hormone in the pregnant rat.

Pregnant rats were injected sc with either an antiserum to LH (LHAS) or with normal horse serum (NHS) on day 10 (day 1: day of insemination), and with either oil or 100 μg of estradiol-17β (El00) on days 9 through 12, 10 through 12, or 11 and 12. Although E100 induced abortion in most rats, the luteolytic effect of the LHAS, as judged by the severity of the fall in the serum progesterone level and the duration of the post-treatment vaginal diestrus, was significantly reduced by E100 treatment on days 9–12, or days 10–12, but not by E100 treatment on days 11 and 12. To see whether another form of estrogen treatment would prevent both LHASinduced luteolysis and abortion, pregnant rats were given either a cholesterol pellet containing 5 μg of estradiol (E5), or a blank cholesterol pellet, within the bursa of each ovary at 1100 h on day 11, and an sc injection of either LHAS or NHS 8 or 12 h later. Abortion occurred before day 15 in 82% of 17 rats in the blank pellet plus LHAS group, in 11% of 18 rats in the ...
Mean-field dynamics of free surface flows through obstacle arrays in a narrow passage: amendments of the Washburn model

This paper is devoted to a moving-boundary problem of the creeping flow of a Newtonian liquid in a narrow passage, driven by capillary action at a free liquid–gas interface. We are specifically interested in the effects of an array of cylindric obstacles on that flow, which is of direct relevance to electronics manufacturing applications. We solve the related hydrodynamic equations by the efficient Monte Carlo technique of random walk simulation, capturing the time evolution of a global shape of the liquid–gas interface and the corresponding mean-field (averaged) dynamics of the flow. This dynamics represents the known Washburn dependence amended by a certain factor that reflects geometric parameters of the obstacle array. As a main contribution of this investigation, we calculate Washburn's factor for a wide range of rectangular and rectangular centered arrays. The results of our calculations demonstrate good agreement with available experimental data.
Tropospheric Influence on Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: The Role of Clouds.

Abstract Measurements obtained from several Robertson-Berger (RB) meters over the course of one year define the role of cloud cover in moderating biologically effective ultraviolet radiation at the Earth's surface. In an annual mean sense, clouds reduce the erythemal irradiance to levels from 62% to 78% of the values that would exist if skies over the measurement sites remained clear and free of pollutants. The RB meter results combined with a simple model of radiative transfer allow one to estimate the response of erythemal irradiance to variations in fractional cloud cover and cloud optical thickness. If local fractional cloud cover during June and July varied by ± 10% of its monthly mean value, erythemal irradiance at the different sites would undergo charm ranging from 1.2% to 6.4% with the opposite sign. Changes in cloud optical thickness of ±10% generally have a smaller impact on surface irradiance than do changes in fractional cloud cover. Variations in erythemal irradiance predicted in these scena...
Expression of high molecular weight astroglial extracellular proteins is altered by growth environment

Conditioned medium from primary rat cortical glia was analyzed with respect to the composition of the secreted high molecular weight protein species. Developmental characteristics of astroglia are affected by growth in the presence and absence of serum. These growth conditions had a pronounced effect on the extracellular protein profile, cellular morphology, and cell substratum adhesion. Cells cultured in defined serumless medium did not express certain proteins expressed in the presence of serum but rather synthesized proteins specifically stimulated by the defined serumless environment. A morphological change from flat amorphous to a contracted fibrous network having an increased affinity for self-self cellular adhesion rather than adhesion to the surface of the tissue culture dish was also stimulated by the defined serumless medium environment. A comparison of the extracellular proteins secreted by the rat C6 glioma and the rat PC12 cell demonstrated the cell-specific nature of the primary glial proteins.
Estimating the impact of the 2004 Alaskan forest fires on episodic particulate matter pollution over the eastern United States through assimilation of satellite‐derived aerosol optical depths in a regional air quality model

[1] During the summer of 2004, extensive wildfires burned in Alaska and western Canada; the fires were the largest on record for Alaska. Smoke from these fires was observed over the continental United States in satellite images, and a variety of chemical tracers associated with the fires were sampled by aircrafts deployed during the International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation field experiment. Several recent studies have quantified the impacts of the long-range transport of pollution associated with these fires on tropospheric CO and O3 levels over the eastern United States. This study quantifies the episodic impact of this pollution transport event on surface-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations over the eastern United States during mid-July 2004, through the complementary use of remotely sensed, aloft, and surface measurements, in conjunction with a comprehensive regional atmospheric chemistry-transport model. A methodology is developed to assimilate MODIS aerosol optical depths in the model to represent the impacts of the fires. The resultant model predictions of CO and PM2.5 distributions are compared extensively with corresponding surface and aloft measurements. On the basis of the model calculations, a 0.12Tg enhancement in tropospheric PM2.5 mass loading over the eastern United States is estimated on 19 July 2004 due to the fires. This amount is significantly larger (approximately a factor of 8) than the total daily anthropogenic fine particulate matter emissions for the continental United States. Analysis of measured and modeled PM2.5 surface-level concentrations suggests that the transport of particulate matter pollution associated with the fires resulted in a 24–42 % enhancement in median surface-level PM2.5 concentrations across the eastern United States during 19–23 July 2004.
Analysing survival in the presence of an auxiliary variable

A primary endpoint of AIDS trials is the length of survival. Often there is auxiliary information available on measures of disease progression, which significantly alter the risk of mortality. This paper explores the use of this information in obtaining a refined estimate of survival, and a test based on this estimate. The methods are applied to an AIDS clinical trial, and results of simulations are provided which compare the approach to standard methods for survival analysis.
Adam Smith's Philosophy of Science

Introduction, 212. — I. Characteristics of Smith's early work on scientific methodology, 214. — II. Motives for philosophical inquiries, 215. — III. The aesthetic element in Smith's standard of judgment, 219. — IV. Psychological presuppositions of Smith's scientific method, 222. — V. The selected analogy as the organizing principle of a science, 223. — VI. Smith's "Moral Newtonianism" and "Historical Aristotelianism," 225. — VII. Adam Smith's purpose in the Wealth of Nations, 229.
Children's emotional security and sleep: longitudinal relations and directions of effects.

Background: We examined longitudinal relations between children’s sleep and their emotional security in the mother–child, father–child, and parental marital relationships, with the goal of explicating the direction of association over time. Gender-related effects were also examined. Method: Sleep duration was examined through actigraphy, and sleep quality was assessed via both actigraphy and self-reports. Children were in 3rd (T1) and 5th (T2) grades. The sample was composed of 78 boys and 98 girls at T1, and 62 boys and 80 girls at T2. Results: Security in the child–mother, child–father, and marital relationships at T1 were predictive of sleep problems two years later even after controlling for children’s sleep at T1. Conclusions: Collectively, results were more supportive of security predicting sleep parameters than the other direction of effects. Results highlight the important associations between family functioning and children’s sleep, and extend the literature through the longitudinal design.
Assessment Administration and Performance during the Great Recession: The Case of Washington

This study explores the performance of assessment administration during the Great Recession using a panel of Washington state counties from 2006 to 2011. The housing bust is treated as a productivity shock to the assessment process. Due to rapidly changing environmental conditions and declining assessor resources, assessment performance, as measured by the residential coefficient of dispersion, is predicted to suffer. Only the former condition is found to impact residential assessment uniformity, however. The results suggest that the increased task complexity in an environment of falling home prices gives homeowners experiencing wide swings in market value de facto assessment relief. In order to maintain high levels of performance during poor economic conditions, a number of policy alternatives are proposed.
Evidence of abnormalities of insulin metabolism in rats with spontaneous hypertension

Various aspects of insulin metabolism were compared in rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR) and a suitable control group of similar sized Kyota Wistar (WKY) rats. The results indicated that the total integrated serum insulin response to an oral glucose challenge was significantly greater in the SHR rats, despite the fact that the total integrated serum glucose responses were similar in the two groups. This indirect evidence of resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose disposal was supported by the observation that the ability of similar serum concentrations of exogenous insulin to stimulate glucose disposal was reduced in SHR rats. In addition, the metabolic clearance rate of insulin was lower in the SHR rats. These data indicate that abnormalities in insulin secretion, action, and catabolism exist in rats with spontaneous hypertension. Whether this defect is unique to SHR rats, or common to all forms of experimental hypertension, is an important issue. Equally important is the relationship between the observed changes in insulin metabolism and the elevated blood pressure.
Relationships between muscle activity and anteroposterior ground reaction forces in hemiparetic walking.

Abstract Turns LJ, Neptune RR, Kautz SA. Relationships between muscle activity and anteroposterior ground reaction forces in hemiparetic walking. Objective To determine relationships between muscle activity and propulsive impulse in hemiparetic walking. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Gait analysis laboratory. Participants Forty-nine poststroke patients with chronic hemiparesis, stratified into hemiparetic severity subgroups based on Brunnstrom stages of motor recovery, walking at their self-selected speed. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Percent of muscle activity in the paretic and nonparetic legs and net anteroposterior (AP) ground reaction force impulse (ie, the time integral of the AP ground reaction force) within 4 regions of the stance phase (first double support, first and second halves of single support, and second double support). Results Medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle activity correlated positively with paretic propulsion in the second half of single support and double support across all subjects and subjects grouped by hemiparetic severity. Tibialis anterior correlated negatively with paretic propulsion during preswing across all subjects and for subjects with moderate and severe hemiparesis. Rectus femoris activity also correlated negatively with preswing propulsion for the severe group. Uniarticular knee extensor activity correlated only with increased paretic braking in the first double-support phase for the severe hemiparesis group. Nonparetic leg muscle activity correlated with propulsive impulses across all subjects, but not within the severe group exclusively. Conclusions Paretic propulsion is strongly associated with increased plantarflexor activity and also negatively associated with increased leg flexor activity, especially in the severe hemiparesis group. These results suggest that exaggerated flexor muscle activity may counteract the effects of the plantarflexors by offloading the leg and interfering with the limb's ability to generate appropriate AP ground reaction forces. There is also evidence for specific relationships between paretic braking and nonparetic propulsive forces and changes in timing of muscle activation.
Dietary Stearidonic Acid Is a Long Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid with Potential Health Benefits

The therapeutic and health-promoting effects of (n-3) long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) from fish are well known, although these same benefits may not be shared by their precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). World-wide agencies and scientific organizations (i.e. FDA, AHA, International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, Institute of Medicine, WHO, etc.) have made similar dietary recommendations for (n-3) LCPUFA; however, due to concerns regarding the safety of consuming fish, alternative sources of (n-3) LCPUFA are being investigated. One such lipid is stearidonic acid (SDA), a naturally occurring (n-3) PUFA that may have similar biological properties to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a major (n-3) PUFA in fish oil. Existing and novel plant sources rich in SDA are being cultivated and promoted as potential alternatives to marine-based (n-3) PUFA. This critical review provides a direct comparison of SDA with other dietary (n-3) PUFA under similar experimental conditions. The comparative results suggest that SDA shares many of the biological effects of (n-3) LCPUFA and functions most similarly to dietary EPA compared with ALA when consumed in a typical Western diet. Therefore, although SDA may not replace fish as a major dietary source of (n-3) LCPUFA, it could become a prominent surrogate for EPA in the commercial development of foods fortified with (n-3) PUFA.
Hair penalties: the negative influence of Afrocentric hair on ratings of Black women's dominance and professionalism

Purpose: Women are penalized if they do not behave in a stereotype-congruent manner (Eagly & Carli, 2007; Heilman, 1983; 2001). For example, because women are not expected to be agentic they incur an “agency penalty” for expressing anger, dominance or assertiveness (Brescoll & Uhlmann, 2008; Eagly & Karau, 2002; Livingston, Rosette, & Washington, 2012; Rudman, 1998; Rudman & Fairchild, 2004; Rudman & Glick, 1999, 2001). Yet, all women are not equally penalized (Livingston, Rosette, & Washington, 2012). We make a novel contribution by examining how both White and Black evaluators respond to Black women’s dominance, in this case, whether Black women choose to wear Afrocentric or Eurocentric hairstyles. Design/methodology/approach: We conducted three experimental studies to examine the influence of target hairstyle and participant race on ratings of the target’s professionalism (Studies 1, 2 and 3) and dominance (Study 2). Study 1 was an online experimental study with 200 participants (112 females, 87 males, 1 missing gender; 160 Whites, 19 Blacks, 11 Latinos, 7 Asian Americans and 3 who identify as “other”; Mage= 35.5, SD = 11.4). Study 2 was an online experimental study with 510 participants (276 women, 234 males; 256 Blacks, 254 Whites; Mage = 41.25 years, SD = 12.21). Study 3 was an online experimental study with 291 participants (141 Blacks, 150 Whites, Mage= 47.5 years, SD = 11.66). Findings: Black, as compared to White, evaluators gave higher agency penalties to Black employment candidates when they donned Afrocentric versus Eurocentric hair, rating them as more dominant and less professional. Implications: The present research illustrates the significance of considering both target and evaluator race when examining the influence of agency, and specifically dominance, on ratings of professionalism.
Coupled atmosphere/canopy model for remote sensing of plant reflectance features

Solar radiative transfer through a coupled system of atmosphere and plant canopy is modeled as a multiple-scattering problem through a layered medium of random scatterers. The radiative transfer equation is solved by the discrete-ordinates finite-element method. Analytic expressions are derived that allow the calculation of scattering and absorption cross sections for any plant canopy layer from measurable biophysical parameters such as the leaf area index, leaf angle distribution, and individual leaf reflectance and transmittance data. An expression for a canopy scattering phase function is also given. Computational results are in good agreement with spectral reflectance measurements directly above a soybean canopy, and the concept of greenness- and brightness-transforms of Landsat MSS data is reconfirmed with our computed results. A sensitivity analysis with the coupled atmosphere/canopy model quantifies how satellite-sensed spectral radiances are affected by increased atmospheric aerosols, by varying leaf area index, by anisotropic leaf scattering, and by non-Lambertian soil boundary conditions. Possible extensions to a 2-D model are also discussed.
The Explanatory Role of Irreducible Properties

I aim to reconcile two apparently conflicting theses: 1. Everything that can be explained, can be explained in purely physical terms, that is, using the machinery of fundamental physics, and 2. Some properties that play an explanatory role in the higher-level sciences are irreducible in the strong sense that they are physically undefinable: their nature cannot be described using the vocabulary of physics. I investigate the contribution that physically undefinable properties typically make to explanations in the high-level sciences, and I show that when they are explanatorily relevant, it is in virtue of their extension (or something close) alone. They are irreducible because physics cannot capture their nature; this is no obstacle, however, to physics’ more or less capturing their extension, which is all that it need do to duplicate their explanatory power. In the course of the argument, I sketch the outlines of an account of the explanation of physically contingent regularities, such as the regularities found in most branches of biological inquiry, at the center of which is an account of the nature of contingent, empirical “bridge principles”. Science and philosophy are fighting a battle over reduction, or so it seems. On the one hand, for any “high-level” phenomenon—chemical, biological, psychological, economic—science claims to be able to provide, in the long term if not quite yet, a lower-level explanation, and ultimately a physicallevel explanation. The enormous progress that has been made towards this goal can hardly be ignored. On the other hand, philosophers have recently claimed with increasing confidence that many explanatory properties cited by higher-level sciences—being water, being a gene, being a species, being a belief, being currency—are irreducible. The aim of this paper is to show that both sides may be correct. I will characterize very strong versions of both the scientific and the philosophical claims—strong versions of explanatory physicalism and explanatory irreducibility—and I will argue that there exists an explanatory relevance relation, a conception of the explanatory role played by irreducible properties, that allows the two to coexist. I will provide no arguments for either explanatory physicalism or explanatory irreducibility; I will rather simply suppose that both doctrines are correct and attempt a reconciliation. Further, in contrast with much of the recent literature on reductionism, this paper will not be especially concerned with functionally defined or multiply realizable higher-level properties; the explanatory role I find for irreducible properties can be played by functional and non-functional properties, by multiply and singly realizable properties, alike. 1. Explanatory Physicalism Everything that can be explained, can be explained physically; that is the doctrine of explanatory physicalism. More fancifully, if there were a race that only spoke and thought in the language of fundamental physics, and so could not conceive of non-physical properties, they could understand the world as
Functions of the amygdala and related forebrain areas in attention and cognition.

: This paper will concentrate on two features of the systems described by Alheid and Heimer 1 that have influenced research in our laboratory in recent years. In the first part, we describe our findings on a representational function of the amygdaloid basolateral complex that appears to depend on its interconnections with the prefrontal cortex. In the second part, we describe progress assessing the function of magnocellular corticopetal neurons within the basal forebrain and the strong input to this system from the central amygdaloid group. These lines of behavioral research have revealed that subsystems in the basal forebrain and amygdala serve adaptive functions beyond the domains of motivation and emotion to include attention and cognition.
Hydrogen Bonding in Catechoylamides

Abstract The siderophore enlerobactin has an extraordinary affinity for ferric ion. Hydrogen bonding has been proposed to play a significant role in the extra binding affinity enterobactin shows relative to synthetic analogues. These analogues contain 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl subunits or, as in the present study, 2,3-dihydroxyterephthalamide ligand groups. The bisethyl amide of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (1) crystallizes in space group P21/c with a = 7.387(2), b = 25.068(4), c = 7.198(2) A, β = 100.42(2)[ddot] with z = 4. The structure of 1 shows that the conformation of the acid form of these ligands has the amide carbonyl hydrogen bonded to the catechol proton. The cyclic trimer diamide of ethylenediamine with 2,3-dimethoxyterephthalic acid (2) crystallizes in Pbca with a = 25.891(2), b = 17.361(3), c = 33.665(2) A, z = 16. The two independent molecules of 2 have slightly different conformations largely due to the effects of hydrogen bonding from the amide proton to the catechol oxygen. This is the hydrogen ...
Finite element analysis of mechanical states in human lumbar facet joint capsule

A cause of low back pain is due to noxious loading of lumbar facet joint capsules, which are innervated by mechanoreceptors and nociceptors. As a first step toward examining the effect of loading the facet capsule, a 3D finite element model of the bony aspects of a lumbar facet joint was created, based on the geometry of a human L3-4 facet joint obtained through CT images. The superior and inferior facet processes were represented as 8-noded continuum brick elements. Future models will include the facet joint capsule, articular cartilage, and the ligamentum flavum. The intent of this FEM model is to accurately describe the geometry of the bony process. Further developments will address the nonlinear anisotropic, viscoelastic material properties.
Balanced Trade-Offs between Alternative Strategies Shape the Response of C. elegans Reproduction to Chronic Heat Stress

To ensure long-term reproductive success organisms have to cope with harsh environmental extremes. A reproductive strategy that simply maximizes offspring production is likely to be disadvantageous because it could lead to a catastrophic loss of fecundity under unfavorable conditions. To understand how an appropriate balance is achieved, we investigated reproductive performance of C. elegans under conditions of chronic heat stress. We found that following even prolonged exposure to temperatures at which none of the offspring survive, worms could recover and resume reproduction. The likelihood of producing viable offspring falls precipitously after exposure to temperatures greater than 28°C primarily due to sperm damage. Surprisingly, we found that worms that experienced higher temperatures can recover considerably better, provided they did not initiate ovulation. Therefore mechanisms controlling this process must play a crucial role in determining the probability of recovery. We show, however, that suppressing ovulation is only beneficial under relatively long stresses, whereas it is a disadvantageous strategy under shorter stresses of the same intensity. This is because the benefit of shutting down egg laying, and thus protecting the reproductive system, is negated by the cost associated with implementing this strategy – it takes considerable time to recover and produce offspring. We interpret these balanced trade-offs as a dynamic response of the C. elegans reproductive system to stress and an adaptation to life in variable and unpredictable conditions.
The American Journal of Surgery

In the third of our quarterly exchange of digests, Dr Hiram Polk, Editor of The American Journal of Surgery, has this month highlighted papers from the April, May and June issues of that journal. A digest of the same months' British Journal of Surgery prepared by our Editor, Professor John Farndon, appears in the September issue of the American journal. Dr Polk's address for correspondence is given at the end of his summary.
Association of Maternal mRNA and Phosphorylated EIF4EBP1 Variants with the Spindle in Mouse Oocytes: Localized Translational Control Supporting Female Meiosis in Mammals

In contrast to other species, localized maternal mRNAs are not believed to be prominent features of mammalian oocytes. We find by cDNA microarray analysis enrichment for maternal mRNAs encoding spindle and other proteins on the mouse oocyte metaphase II (MII) spindle. We also find that the key translational regulator, EIF4EBP1, undergoes a dynamic and complex spatially regulated pattern of phosphorylation at sites that regulate its association with EIF4E and its ability to repress translation. These phosphorylation variants appear at different positions along the spindle at different stages of meiosis. These results indicate that dynamic spatially restricted patterns of EIF4EBP1 phosphorylation may promote localized mRNA translation to support spindle formation, maintenance, function, and other nearby processes. Regulated EIF4EBP1 phosphorylation at the spindle may help coordinate spindle formation with progression through the cell cycle. The discovery that EIF4EBP1 may be part of an overall mechanism that integrates and couples cell cycle progression to mRNA translation and subsequent spindle formation and function may be relevant to understanding mechanisms leading to diminished oocyte quality, and potential means of avoiding such defects. The localization of maternal mRNAs at the spindle is evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other vertebrates and is also seen in mitotic cells, indicating that EIF4EBP1 control of localized mRNA translation is likely key to correct segregation of genetic material across cell types.
The Social Psychology of Physical Disability: 1948 and 1988

The editor of JSI's 1948 special issue on the social psychology of physical disability recalls some of the circumstances associated with its creation. He epitomizes the Zeitgeist in this field in 1948 and 1988, speculates on the influence of the JSI issue in the changes that occurred over those 40 years, and discusses several variables that may influence further developments by the year 2000.
Distributed quantization-estimation using wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks deployed to perform surveillance and monitoring tasks have to operate under stringent energy and bandwidth limitations. These motivate well distributed estimation scenarios where sensors quantize and transmit only one, or a few bits per observation, for use in forming parameter estimators of interest. In a companion paper, we developed algorithms and studied interesting tradeoffs that emerge even in the simplest distributed setup of estimating a scalar location parameter in the presence of zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise of known variance. Herein, we derive distributed estimators based on binary observations along with their fundamental error-variance limits for more pragmatic signal models: i) known univariate but generally non-Gaussian noise probability density functions (pdfs); ii) known noise pdfs with a finite number of unknown parameters; and iii) practical generalizations to multivariate and possibly correlated pdfs. Estimators utilizing either independent or colored binary observations are developed and analyzed. Corroborating simulations present comparisons with the clairvoyant sample-mean estimator based on unquantized sensor observations, and include a motivating application entailing distributed parameter estimation where a WSN is used for habitat monitoring.
On Man-Computer Interaction: A Model and Some Related Issues

A survey of the literature related to man-computer interaction reveals the many aspects of this problem, which appears to be in the crossroads among such diverse fields as computer languages, computer systems operational characteristics, control theory, decision theory, information theory, applied psychology, computer display and interface engineering, etc. In this paper we have chosen to present the on-line interaction from an information and decision point of view. After a brief discussion of classes of on-line situations and tasks, we propose an information-processing model of the case in which a human operator is engaged on-line in the solution of a problem like debugging a program, testing a model in a scientific application, or performing a library search. In this model the human operator is considered to seek to maximize overall cost. This cost is obtained by adding the operational cost of both man and computer to a remnant terminal cost originated by the remaining uncertainty. This analysis, performed for each of a set of possible alternatives for action, may lead the man to select and execute one of them, to terminate the process, or to reevaluate the possible alternatives and/or hypotheses in a search for new ones. Some practical applications in terms of response time and other characteristics of a computer utility are discussed, as well as some theoretical implications from an informational point of view.
Model-based nonrigid motion analysis using natural feature adaptive mesh

The success of nonrigid motion analysis using physical finite element model is dependent on the mesh that characterizes the object's geometric structure. We suggest a deformable mesh adapted to the natural features of images. The adaptive mesh requires much fewer number of nodes than the fixed mesh which was used in the work by Tsap et al. (1998). We demonstrate the higher efficiency of the adaptive mesh in the context of estimating burn scare elasticity relative to normal skin elasticity using the observed 2D image sequence. Our results show that the scar assessment method based on the physical model using natural feature adaptive mesh can be applied to images which do not have artificial markers.
Perception of rugged terrain for a walking robot: true confessions and new directions

The Ambler is an autonomous orthogonal walking robot that operates in rugged environments. The mechanism has two stacks and six circulating legs. On top of the Ambler is mounted a laser scanner to obtain 3D data of the local terrain. It is designed for planetary exploration. During the course of walking experiments unexpected shortcomings in the robot's perception system were noted. Unusual perception sensor behavior, random noise sources, and interaction of the perception system with other system components caused both minor errors and large failures in the system. This paper analyzes the sources of the perception system errors, presents solutions to these problems, and proposes a design for a more robust perception system. >
Can the Share Economy Conquer Stagflation

This paper analyzes Weitzman's contention that a share economy will significantly improve the unemployment-inflation tradeoff. It is shown that the argument rests on a critical proposition that share contracts lead to labor's being in perpetual excess demand. The basis of this proposition is challenged using a wide variety of models of the labor market. The paper concludes that the microeconomics of share economies differs little from that of wage economies, and that a widespread introduction of share contracts is unlikely to improve macroeconomic performance.
A linear wide-dynamic-range BiCMOS operational transconductance amplifier for high frequency applications

This paper presents a very linear and wide dynamic range BiCMOS operational transconductance amplifier for use in high performance, high frequency analog and mixed-signal applications. The design structure of the input stage together with the optimized use of BiCMOS technology provides the OTA with wide dynamic range and very low distortion properties. Comparisons between MOSFET, bipolar and BiCMOS configurations of the conversion stage are presented. The frequency response of the circuit is also analyzed in detail, including frequency compensation techniques. Simulation results using a generic BiCMOS technology illustrate a THD of less than -68 dB at Vin=/spl plusmn/4 V at 50 MHz.
The Structure of O*NET Occupational Values.

The structure of occupational values is investigated using several analytical techniques. Data from the U.S. Department of Labor’s Occupational Information Network (O*NET) describing need reinforcers for 900 occupations are examined using exploratory factor analysis, cluster analysis, and multidimensional scaling. Results indicated broadly defined values that primarily reflected elements of work-place identity and workplace structure.
Multiple Knowing Processes

The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals. We not only cover conscious explicit cognition but probe automatic, introspectively unknown implicit cognition. We also consider affect and ecologically based perception, contributions to knowing that lie not only outside consciousness, but also beyond cognition as traditionally construed. In the next chapter, we consider how multiple knowing processes produce and overcome stereotyping and prejudice. Along the way, we dust off another tradition, the psychoanalytic, and acknowledge its heritage as we return to the study of unconscious knowing processes, now with experimental methods. Throughout is shown the complementarity of the demands of social living and the design of the knowing system.
Using OrgAhead, a computational modeling program, to improve patient care unit safety and quality outcomes.

Nursing informatics; Safety; Quality; Errors; Nursing Summary As part of ongoing research to investigate the impact of patient characteristics, organization characteristics and patient unit characteristics on safety and quality outcomes, we used a computational modeling program, OrgAhead, to model patient care units’ achievement of patient safety (medication errors and falls) and quality outcomes. We tuned OrgAhead using data we collected from 32 units in 12 hospitals in Arizona. Validation studies demonstrated acceptable levels of correspondence between actual and virtual patient units. In this paper, we report how we used OrgAhead to develop testable hypotheses about the kinds of innovations that nurse managers might realistically implement on their patient care units to improve quality and safety outcomes. Our focus was on unit-level innovations that are likely to be easier for managers to implement. For all but the highest performing unit (for which we encountered a ceiling effect), we were able to generate practical strategies that improved performance of the virtual units that could be implemented by actual units to improve safety and quality outcomes. Nurse managers have responded enthusiastically to the additional decision support for quality improvement.
Production of Microbiologically Stable Apple Juice by Metallic Membrane Ultrafiltration

The potential for production of microbiologically stable apple juice by metallic membrane ultrafiltration was assessed. Thermal sterilization treatments caused no detectable changes in membrane performance. Sterile membranes were challenged with approximately 3 × 106 colony forming units per gram of each of three organisms, Pseudomonas diminuta, Bacillus coagulans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, suspended in apple puree or peptone. Reductions achieved by ultrafiltration of peptone at operating pressure were 5.1, 7.6, and >9.0 logs for the three organisms, respectively. Reductions of organisms in apple puree were at least 1.5 logs greater. Metallic membranes eliminated yeasts and molds from juice. Apple juice produced from uninoculated apple puree was stable at 20–25°C for 1 yr.
"Monopolies in Two-Sided Markets: Comparative Statics and Identification"

Many models of monopoly in two-sided markets have been proposed (Rochet and Tirole, 2006), but little is known about them. I provide a full set of comparative statics for three models, one that generalizes that of Rochet and Tirole (2003), a second that generalizes Armstrong (2006) and a third that fuses the two models. This answers a number of questions central to the theoretical literature, such as the effects of market power and price controls and the relationship between different models. I also show how, given exogenous cost variations, these models can be almost fully (locally) identified (e.g. market power and predatory pricing), tested and distinguished from one another. I highlight applications of the results to a wide variety of theoretical, empirical and policy questions, including merger analysis.
Stuck in the pleistocene: rationality and evolved social roles.

This article argues that an evolutionary psy- chological perspective could be useful for developing second-generation models of rationality. The standard model of complete rationality is inadequate primarily on the grounds that it generates predictions inconsis- tent with empirical data. The model is extremely useful and should not, nor cannot, realistically be dismissed. It accurately predicts outcomes in markets and open- ly competitive situations. However, behavioral phe- nomena that the standard theory has trouble explain- ing—such as mass contribution to public goods, types of cooperation, and altruism—are usually treated as "anomalies." These outcomes are too prevalent and im- portant to be treated as such. I attempt to build upon Elinor Ostromʼs proposal to generate new models of ra- tionality, which recognize the use of heuristics, norms, and rules, and are able to better account for empirical fi ndings. I argue that second-generation models would benefi t from the acknowledgment of social roles—but more specifi cally, evolved social roles. Evolved social roles are intuitive bundles of norms, expectations, and social strategies that shape an individualʼs player type. If we extend rationality to incorporate underlying bio- psychological mechanisms, such as evolved social strat- egies and evolved social roles, then we gain an under- standing of a wider array of decision-making processes and social phenomena.
Investigating the benefits of multi busbars for industrial Al-BSF silicon solar cells

This paper reports on the modeled and experimental results of industrial aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF) silicon solar cells with different number of busbars (three-, four- and five) for cost-effective metallization. It is found that by keeping the same metal grid coverage, solar cells with four- and five-busbar designs give higher fill factor (FF) and conversion efficiency than the-state-of-the-art three-busbar. This is attributed to decreased gridline resistance as the number of busbars increases from three to four, and four to five. The experimental I–V data shows an increase in cell efficiency by 0.18%absolute and 0.34%absolute with four- and five-busbar cells, respectively, compared to the three-busbar counterpart. This suggests that four- and five-busbar designs having finer gridlines will lead to >20% Al-BSF cell.