cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of phosphorus nutrition on sulfur uptake by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of onion

Abstract Mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal onions were grown in pots containing soil at two P concentrations. Following 35 S injection into the soil, both mycorrhiza) and non-mycorrhizal plants from high P treatments had significantly higher 35 S concentrations in roots compared to non-mycorrhizal, low P controls. Mycorrhizal, low P plants had higher concentrations of 35 S in shoots than did non-mycorrhizal, low P plants. In a second experiment detached non-mycorrhizal onion roots from plants given a nutrient solution containing P for 26 days before short-term uptake experiments absorbed at greater rates from solution than roots from plants given a complete minus-P nutrient solution. This occurred at all three concentrations of S tested. 1 mM. 10μM, and 0.1 μM. Increased S uptake by mycorrhizal plants can result from increased S absorbing power of roots with enhanced P status.
Reconstitution of eukaryotic translation elongation in vitro following initiation by internal ribosomal entry

The ability to reconstitute different stages of eukaryotic translation process in vitro is a prerequisite for detailed biochemical analysis of their mechanisms. Reconstitution of elongation and subsequent processes such as termination and recycling on natural mRNAs translated by the cap-dependent mechanism is very complicated, and has not so far been done because of the necessity to first reconstitute the process of translation initiation, which is the most complex stage of eukaryotic translation, which requires at least nine initiation factors. The recent discovery of internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) in the intergenic region (IGR) of the genomes of dicistroviruses such as cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) and Plautia stali intestine virus (PSIV) that mediate initiation of translation by a mechanism that does not involve aminoacylated initiator tRNA (Met-tRNA(i)Met) or any initiation factors has provided a simple means to assemble active ribosomes on an mRNA that can be used to investigate these downstream stages in the translation process. Here we describe the methods for the assembly of active mammalian ribosomes on the CrPV IGR IRES and for reconstitution and analysis of subsequent steps in the elongation process. The composition of the reconstituted in vitro translation system can be fully controlled, and we therefore suggest that the methods described here could in future be adapted to permit template-dependent synthesis of peptidomimetics by eukaryotic ribosomes, by reassigning individual codons in an mRNA to non-natural amino acids using tRNAs that have been appropriately mischarged either chemically or enzymatically.
Approximate dynamic response calculations for thermoelectric peltier-effect devices

Abstract In most applications of thermoelectric cooling devices that require close control of temperature, the dynamic or non-steady-state behavior of the entire system is important. Previously reported dynamic characterizations of such systems have yielded predictions of performance that are in good agreement with observed performance. However, these methods, which take into account the distributed nature of the thermoelectric device, give moderately complicated results that are not easy to apply. In this paper it is shown that for most cases of practical interest the dynamic response of the thermoelectric temperature-control system is dominated by the thermal mass of the load. Accordingly, the dynamic operation of the thermoelectric cooling device can be regarded as a succession of steady states, and the distributed system can be lumped, thus yielding accurate approximate results that are simple and easy to apply. The conditions under which such a representation is valid are delineated, and the corresponding approximate results are obtained in the form of transfer functions. The step response of a temperature-control system is determined by means of this approximate method and compared with the response determined from consideration of the complete distributed system. This comparison shows that the lumped approximation is a valid and useful characterization of thermoelectric temperature-control systems.
Increased expression and function of integrins in enterocytes by endotoxin impairs epithelial restitution

Background & Aims: Experimental necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is characterized by circulating endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and impaired enterocyte migration. We hypothesized that LPS increases integrin function and cell-matrix adhesion, leading to impaired enterocyte migration in the pathogenesis of NEC. Methods: NEC-like intestinal injury was induced in newborn rats by hypoxia/gavage feedings, and restitution was determined by assessing bromodeoxyuridine-labeled enterocytes along the crypt-villus axis. Newborn mice were injected with 5 mg/kg LPS. IEC-6 cells were treated with LPS ± LY294002 or wortmannin, and β1- and α3-integrins were assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunofluorescence. β1-integrin function was determined by adherence of fibronectin beads to IEC-6 monolayers. Migration of IEC-6 cells into a scraped wound was measured by time-lapse microscopy. Results: Newborn intestinal injury was associated with decreased intestinal restitution and increased α3- and β1-integrin expression in the ileal mucosa, which also was observed after LPS injection. In IEC-6 cells, LPS caused an increase in the expression of α3- and β1-integrins, a shift of β1-integrins from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane and an increase in fibronectin bead adhesion during which β1-integrins accumulated underneath attached beads. These effects could be reversed with LY294002 or wortmannin, suggesting phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase (PI3K) dependence. The increased integrin-matrix adhesion by LPS led to an inhibition of enterocyte migration, which could be reversed by anti-β1-antibodies. Conclusions: Enterocyte migration is inhibited by LPS through increased expression and function of α3- and β1-integrins. Modulation of enterocyte migration via integrins may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of NEC, in which intestinal restitution is impaired.
Describing the Person's External Environment: Conceptualizing and Measuring the Life Space

Abstract A measure is developed for the depiction of a person's external life space. This external life space is divided into a person's biological foundations, the groups which contain the person, and the person's interactions with the environment. The overall measure is characterized by five factors including Caring Environment, Drug Culture Environment, Social Interacting Environment, Athletic Environment, and Isolated Environment. These dimensions correlate with measures of internal personality processes; they also help contextualize the person in his or her environment.
Eradication of pathogens from the nasopharynx after therapy of acute maxillary sinusitis with low- or high-dose amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.

The growing resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin can be overcome by increasing the dose of the penicillin administered. This generated the recommendation that the adult dose of amoxicillin for the treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis (AMS) be increased from 1.5 g/day to 4.0 g/day. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the higher dose of amoxicillin is more effective than the previously recommended dose in eradicating S. pneumoniae from the nasopharynx of patients who present with AMS. Nasopharyngeal cultures obtained from 58 patients with AMS were studied: 30 received amoxicillin 1.5 g/day given in divided doses three times a day for 10 days (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 4:1 formulation) and 28 were treated with amoxicillin 4.0 g/day given in divided doses twice a day for 10 days (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 16:1 formulation). Seventy-one potentially pathogenic organisms were isolated: S. pneumoniae (27 isolates), Haemophilus influenzae non-type b (25), Moraxella catarrhalis (5), Streptococcus pyogenes (5) and Staphylococcus aureus (9). The number of S. pneumoniae isolates in the 1.5 g/day group was reduced from 14 to 9 (2 intermediately resistant and 3 highly resistant). In contrast, the number of S. pneumoniae isolates in the 4.0 g/day group was reduced from 13 to 2 (1 highly resistant) (P < 0.05). No differences were noted in the eradication rate of other groups of isolates, which were all susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. These data illustrate the superiority of 4.0 g/day amoxicillin/clavulanic acid compared with 1.5 g/day amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the eradication of S. pneumoniae from the nasopharynx.
The Last God-A Reading

The last withdraws itself from all reckoning.... how then will we be able to measure up to the unusual beckoning of the last god?1
Open syntax: improving access for all users

Trends in new multi-modal user interfaces and pervasive mobile computing are raising technical problems for building flexible interfaces that can adapt to different communication modes. I hope to show how some aspects of the technical solutions that will be needed for these problems will also help to solve problems of access for elderly users.
Nasal obstruction and sleep-disordered breathing

Nasal obstruction can be an undiagnosed contributor to sleep-disordered breathing in certain patients. The nasal valve is composed of many individual parts that may contribute to nasal obstruction. Three different theories have been postulated to link nasal obstruction and sleep-disordered breathing, which include increased airway resistance, unstable oral breathing, and impaired nasal reflexes. The improvement or elimination of these disorders may be medical or surgical and may facilitate the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing.
Case report 464: Bilateral congenital absence of the hook of the hamate.

Skeletal Radiology Skeletal Radiol (1988) 17:85-86 Case report 464 Leanne L. Seeger, M.D., Lawrence W. Bassett, M.D., and Richard H. Gold, M.D. Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA Radiological studies Fig. 1 A, B. Posteroanterior (A) and carpal tunnel (B) views of the right wrist and hand are demonstrated Fig. 2A, B. Comparison films of the asymptomatic left wrist show features similar to those present on the right. The radiological findings will be described subsequently Clinical information This 28-year-old man presented to the emergency room with pain dorsal to the proximal aspect of the right second and third metacarpals following a fight. No prior history of trauma to the hand or wrist was elicited. Physical examination demon- Address reprint requests to. Leanne L. Seeger, M.D., Depart- ment of Radiological Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA strated edema and ecchymosis with a human bite- induced laceration on the dorsum of the right third metacarpophalangeal joint. No neurological defi- cits were present and muscle strength was limited only by pain. Roentgenograms of the right wrist and hand were obtained (Fig. 1 A and B). The ra- diological findings were noted to be symmetrical when similar studies of the asymptomatic left wrist and hand (Fig. 2A and B) were obtained. 9 1988 International Skeletal Society
Diet and lifestyle modifications in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a chronic condition affecting 44% of the American population at least once a month, with daily occurrences affecting about 7% of the population. It is the most common gastrointestinal-related diagnosis given by physicians during clinic visits in the United States. Treatment of this disease is a step-wise approach that includes diet and lifestyle interventions as well as medications titrated based on symptom severity. This article reviews dietary and lifestyle factors that contribute to the physiology and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease and modification of these factors as an adjunctive therapy.
Product-driven supply chain selection using integrated multi-criteria decision-making methodology

Abstract Effective supply chain design calls for robust analytical models and design tools. Previous works in this area are mostly Operation Research oriented without considering manufacturing aspects. Recently, researchers have begun to realize that the decision and integration effort in supply chain design should be driven by the manufactured product, specifically, product characteristics and product life cycle. In addition, decision-making processes should be guided by a comprehensive set of performance metrics. In this paper, we relate product characteristics to supply chain strategy and adopt supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model level I performance metrics as the decision criteria. An integrated analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and preemptive goal programming (PGP) based multi-criteria decision-making methodology is then developed to take into account both qualitative and quantitative factors in supplier selection. While the AHP process matches product characteristics with supplier characteristics (using supplier ratings derived from pairwise comparisons) to qualitatively determine supply chain strategy, PGP mathematically determines the optimal order quantity from the chosen suppliers. Since PGP uses AHP ratings as input, the variations of pairwise comparisons in AHP will influence the final order quantity. Therefore, users of this methodology should put greater emphasis on the AHP progress to ensure the accuracy of supplier ratings.
Self-Assembly of Magnetic and Semiconductiong Nanoparticles on Modified Diblock Copolymer Templates

Combining inorganic and organic components to create functional materials has been an active area of research in recent years. Inorganic components possess useful electric, photonic, or magnetic properties while organic components can self-assemble into a variety of morphologies on the nanoscale. We describe a novel approach for arraying nanoparticles using a modified diblock copolymer scaffold. Thin (30 nm) films of poly(styrene-block-methylmethacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) copolymer were used as a substrate. Upon annealing, PS-b-PMMA forms lying-down cylinders of PMMA in a matrix of PS. These thin films were modified by exposure to ultraviolet light in vacuum which photochemically thinned the PMMA, creating a more highly corrugated surface. We find that colloidal superparamagnetic FePt nanodots and semiconducting CdSe nanodots deposited on this surface show a strong preference for the photochemically modified phase. This hierarchical self-assembly method may prove useful for many nanomaterials-based applications.
Cranium of the Late Palaeocene Primate Plesiadapis tricuspidens

ALTHOUGH Palaeocene primate crania other than that of Plesiadapis tricuspidens are known (R. W. Wilson and I are now describing a crushed skull of Palaechthon alticuspis R. W. W.), the slightly crushed and damaged skull of the French primate (CR 125), described by Russell1,2, is still the only near complete cranium of a Palaeocene primate. As well as Russell's descriptions there have been three reconstructions of this specimen, two by Simons3,4 and one by Russell2. My remarks here will be directed to Simons's 1964 synthesis.
Lipid-protein interactions and protein dynamics in vesicles containing the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: a study with ethanol

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to study the action of ethanol on the protein side chain motions of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAcChoR) in alkaline extracted membranes from Torpedo nobiliana. EPR spectra of the nAcChoR derivatized with maleimide spin label contain both strongly and weakly immobilized components. The rotational correlation time of the strongly immobilized component decreases by a factor of 2-3-fold with the addition of 1.6 M ethanol, while that of the weakly immobilized component is not significantly altered. EPR spectroscopy was also used to probe the lipid environment immediately surrounding the nAcChoR with stearic acid and phosphatidylcholine spin labeled at the fourteenth acyl carbons (14-SASL and 14-PCSL, respectively), and the steroid spin label androstanol (ASL). EPR spectra of these probes reveal a component corresponding to lipids that are motionally restricted by the receptor (annular lipids) in addition to a more fluid component arising from bulk lipid. Using spectral subtraction, the order of selectivity of these spin labels for the nAcChoR was determined to be ASL > or = 14-SASL > 14-PCSL. The estimated rotational correlation times of the high affinity 14-SASL and ASL probes ranged from approx. 20 to 35 ns. The correlation times of the lower affinity 14-PCSL were generally shorter than those for 14-SASL and ASL and ranged from about 10 to 25 ns. The addition of up to 0.9 M ethanol altered neither the affinity nor the mobility of the motionally restricted EPR component. This suggests that ethanol's actions on the nAcChoR are not mediated via changes at the lipid/protein interface near the center of the bilayer.
Accurate Quantification Methods for Single Molecule Localization

Super-resolution and single molecule imaging methods often rely on photon counts for quantification of precision and image processing to improve particle detection and localization. However, there is still no consensus on an accurate photoelectron calibration method for EMCCDs. In order to directly measure the light response of an EMCCD, we illuminate each sensor individually with highly attenuated laser light and compare pixel values to readout from a calibrated photomultiplier tube in photon counting mode. The data is then compared to manufacturer specification sheets as well as various published calibration methods and results from EMCCD theory. Meanwhile, smoothing and background subtraction are often used to improve the quality of single molecule data, but the effects of such routines on localization and spot-finding have not been rigorously studied. Furthermore, precision is usually calculated based on a simple model of nonlinear least-squares Gaussian fitting of the point spread function in which the effects of denoising are not at all considered. We apply several methods for image filtering and background subtraction to synthetic images representative of PALM/STORM data and measure their effects on localization precision, bias and spot-finding (quantified using Type I and Type II error rates).
Large-scale structure in Rayleigh-Bénard convection with impenetrable sidewalls

Abstract In numerical Rayleigh-Benard convection at Rayleigh number 10 5 and 5 × 10 5 , Prandtl numbers 0.07, 0.7, and 7, and aspect ratios 3, 4 or 6, large-scale patterns are sought. For aspect ratio 6 and Pr = 0.7, saturation of the mean velocity is only observed after 20 convective timescales. Three-dimensional visualization shows a strong influence of the confining sidewalls and corners for all Prandtl numbers. Sweeping motions are observed for Pr = 7.
A novel approach for differentiation of liquid samples with surface acoustic wave transducers and embedded microcavities

Abstract We discuss a novel method for sensing and differentiation of analytes trapped in a microcavity with an emphasis on liquids. The proposed sensing mechanism relies on capturing the analyte of interest in a microcavity etched on the delay line in contrast to the conventional mass loading method. The structure mainly consists of input and output interdigitated transducer (IDT) electrodes in an otherwise standard delay line configuration operated in Rayleigh mode along with a microcavity etched between the IDTs to trap minute amounts of liquids. Firstly, the responses of the system with the microcavity are explored using finite element method (FEM) analysis. Then, experimental results from delay lines on two different substrates, namely, Y-Z lithium niobate and ST-X quartz are analyzed. The system can distinguish between liquids with glycerin concentrations ranging from 60% to 90% in water and less than 5 pL in volume in the high frequency range of 197 MHz and 213 MHz based on frequency and phase shift readings. Lithium niobate samples with 1.2 μm deep microcavities provide an overall frequency sensitivity of −7.7 kHz/(% glycerin). Quartz samples with 8.5 μm deep microcavities have a sensitivity of −0.13°/(% glycerin). The minimum density–viscosity product experimentally differentiated using embedded microcavities is 1.9 kg/m 2 √s. It is concluded that this method can be used to trap and interrogate minute amounts of liquids with different properties. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach can possibly be extended to certain solids, and to more complex structures like single biological cells.
Stimulation of leptin release by actinomycin D in rat adipocytes

Abstract A greater understanding of the factors causing the enhanced release of leptin by adipocytes in obseity is needed. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of actinomycin D on leptin release by isolated rat adipocytes during primary culture for 24 hr. In adipocytes from fed hypothyroid rats, the initial rate of leptin release over the first 6 hr was not maintained over the next 18 hr. The decline in leptin release by adipocytes in primary culture between 6 and 24 hr was reduced markedly by either dexamethasone or actinomycin D. Both actinomycin D and dexamethasone also reduced the loss of leptin mRNA seen over the 24-hr incubation. Maximal effects on leptin release and leptin mRNA accumulation required only 0.1 μM of actinomycin D, a concentration that had no significant effect on the 18S RNA content of adipocytes at the end of a 24-hr incubation. In contrast to the reduced loss of leptin mRNA seen at 24 hr, the loss of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase messenger ribonucleic acid (GAPDH mRNA) was enhanced in the presence of 0.1 μM of actinomycin D. The effects of dexamethasone could be differentiated from those of actinomycin D by the finding that cycloheximide blocked the reduced loss of leptin mRNA due to dexamethasone while having no effect on that due to actinomycin D. These results point to a unique regulation of leptin release and leptin mRNA levels by actinomycin D.
Parasitic instabilities in magnetized, differentially rotating disks

Velikhov, Chandrasekhar, Balbus & Hawley have discovered a MHD instability of differentially rotating fluids that may explain the effective viscosity of accretion disks. If the unperturbed magnetic energy density is much less than the gas pressure, this `magnetorotational' instability (MRI) arises on small scales and is approximately incompressible. If the unperturbed field is suffiently, strong, the MRI is suppressed. We therefore ask whether the MRI mechanism can amplify even very weak initial fields until they reach equipartition with the gas pressure. We show that in the total incompressible limit, the MRI modes are exact solutions of the nonlinear fluid equations, even if the perturbed magnetic field is much larger than the unperturbed field. Also, we present a new exact solution in the opposite limit that the magnetic pressure is much larger than that of the gas. On the other hand, we show that the incompressible MRI modes are themselves subject to parasitic instabilities with instantaneous growth rates proportional to the MRI amplitude. Some of the parasitic instabilities are of the Kelvin-Helmholtz type, while others are less familiar. The eigenfunctions of the latter group suggest that they may promote rapid reconnection of the MRI field. Thus, parasitic modes may stop MRI growth at subequipartition amplitudes if it developes from a sufficiently weak initital field.
Effects of Magnetic Order on the Upper Critical Field of UPt3

I present a Ginzburg-Landau theory for hexagonal oscillations of the upper critical field of ${\mathrm{UPt}}_{3}$ near ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The model is based on a two-dimensional representation for the superconducting order parameter, \ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}=(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{1}$,${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{2}$), coupled to an in-plane antiferromagnetic (AFM) order parameter, m${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathit{s}}$. Hexagonal anisotropy of ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$ arises from the weak in-plane anisotropy energy of the AFM state and the coupling of the superconducting order parameter to the staggered field. The model explains the important features of the observed hexagonal anisotropy [N. Keller et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2364 (1994)] including (i) the small magnitude, (ii) persistence of the oscillations for T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, and (iii) the change in sign of the oscillations for T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ and T${\mathit{T}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ (the temperature at the tetracritical point). I also show that there is a low-field crossover (observable only very near ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$) below which the oscillations should vanish. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Insulin: a critical autoantigen and potential therapeutic agent in Type 1 diabetes.

Insulin is a polypeptide hormone secreted by pancreatic β-cells and is critical for glucose homeostasis. Abnormalities in insulin secretion result in various forms of diabetes. Type 1A diabetes is an autoimmune form in which insulin has been identified as a critical autoantigen. Recent studies have identified genetic determinants of insulin-specific autoimmune responses and insulin epitopes targeted by autoreactive T lymphocytes. The study of insulin as an autoantigen has also led to discoveries about basic mechanisms of immunological tolerance and autoimmunity. Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that insulin and insulin-derived peptides may delay and perhaps prevent the development of diabetes. Further clinical trials may identify effective treatment modalities for inhibiting diabetogenic autoimmunity and preventing disease development.
Experiments against wintering Larvae of the Oriental Peach Moth, Laspeyresia molesta Busck.

During the dormant seasons of 1927-28 and 1928-29 the writer conducted tests against wintering Oriental peach moth larvae. The larvae were permitted to make hibernacula on sticks cut from pear limbs. The sticks containing the larvae were hung in an outdoor cage. Toxicity was determined by the number of moths emerging from sprayed and unsprayed sticks. Late fall spraying and early spring spraying produced approximately the same results. Examination of the sticks prior to emergence did not prove a satisfactory way of determining mortality. Loss of the larvae through natural mortality and the appearance of fungus were very evident on the unsprayed sticks. These variations made comparisons exceedingly difficult. None of the solutions tested gave a mortality greater than that of 67 per cent.
The association of occlusal contacts with the presence of increased periodontal probing depth.

Aim: This study evaluates relationships in humans between various occlusal contacts and the presence of deeper probing depths, reduced width of keratinized tissue, and less than favourable initial prognosis. Materials and Methods: The tooth level relationship between various occlusal contacts and pocket probing depths, width of keratinized gingiva, and prognosis at the time of initial examination was evaluated (multivariate model) in a group of patients (85 patients, 2219 teeth) with active periodontal disease. Results: The following were noted to be associated with significantly deeper pocket probing depths: premature contacts in centric relation (0.89 mm, p<0.0001), posterior protrusive contacts (0.51 mm, p<0.0001), balancing contacts (1.01 mm, p<0.0001), combined working and balancing contacts (1.13 mm, p<0.0001), and the length of slide between centric relation and centric occlusion. Protrusive contacts on anterior teeth were significantly associated with shallower probing depths (−0.18 mm, p=0.0076) and a wider zone of keratinized tissue (0.16 mm, p=0.0065). Balancing contacts with and without working contacts and centric prematurities were all associated with an increased incidence of a less than “Good” prognosis Conclusions: Multiple types of occlusal contacts were shown to be associated with deeper probing depths and the increased assignment of a less than “Good” initial prognosis.
Spatially located visual CS effects in conditioned avoidance shuttle response acquisition in goldfish: Conditioned aversion or phototaxis?

Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were trained in a conditioned avoidance shuttle response (CASR) situation, where the CS was a color change which occurred on the same, opposite, or both ends of the shuttle tank. One hundred acquisition trials were administered either in a single day or in 20 trials a day for 5 consecutive days. Earlier work, using a change of illumination level CS, found different CASR acquisition rates with 1 day of training vs. training over several days. The present study finds basically the same order of acquisition rates within a single day as over days, with the exception of one group. Differences between CS location acquisition rates in earlier work (with illumination level change) and those of the present study (color change without illumination level change) are explained on the basis of negative phototaxis or confusion reactions occurring under the illumination level change situation.
In Pursuit of Learning-Oriented Classrooms.

Abstract Theme analysis of transcripts in four elementary classrooms selected as emphasizing thinking and the challenge of learning, revealed themes of acceptance of individual differences, positive expectations and encouragement, and preventive management. Three of these classrooms where a clear “learning orientation” was observed displayed a learning purpose, peer helping, self-evaluation, and supportiveness of errors as well as more endogenous lesson-introductions, fewer negative management statements, and teacher beliefs in students' ability to learn. In the fourth classroom where some evidence of work orientation was also apparent, counterproductive strategies may have undermined the learning orientation. Implications for future research and teacher education are noted.
X-Ray absorption studies of selective site substitution by 3d transition metals in Fe3Si

Abstract Our K-edge XANES spectra of V, Mn, Fe and Co in Fe 3−x T x Si (T = V, Mn, and Co) alloys demonstrate straightforwardly and unambiguously that V and Mn selectively substitute for the Fe atoms in the Fe(B) site and that Co atoms substitute for the Fe(A,C) atoms. This is in good agreement with results obtained by other techniques. The EXAFS results reveal quantitatively the selective site substitution and prove that a strong degree of structural order exists up to high concentrations for V and Co substitutions.
The effect of syntactic complexity upon the speech fluency of adolescents and adults who stutter

Abstract Past research has shown that syntactic complexity affects stuttering frequency in young children. This study examined whether syntactic complexity continues to do so during adolescence and adulthood. Twelve persons who stutter ( M age=23 years) produced self-generated sentences within a structured conversational task and prepared sentences within a reaction time task. Analysis of length-matched stuttered and fluent conversational utterances showed no difference in the number of clauses or syntactic constituents per utterance. Similarly, analysis of prepared sentences showed no difference in disfluency rates across the four levels of syntactic complexity associated with the task. Stuttering frequency was significantly less during prepared sentences than it was during length-matched conversational utterances. During the prepared sentence task, speakers articulated syntactically complex sentences more rapidly than syntactically simple sentences. Results suggest that adolescent and adults who stutter can produce various grammatical sentence types with comparable fluency, and do so without employing rate-based compensatory strategies. Educational Objectives : (1) Readers will be able to explain the effects of syntactic structure and speaking task upon the speech fluency and articulation rate of adolescents and adults who stutter. (2) Readers will describe some possible directions for future research into syntax–fluency relationships.
Giant Planar Hall Effect in Epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As Devices

Large Hall resistance jumps are observed in microdevices patterned from epitaxial (Ga,Mn)As layers when subjected to a swept, in-plane magnetic field. This giant planar Hall effect is 4 orders of magnitude greater than previously observed in metallic ferromagnets. This enables extremely sensitive measurements of the angle-dependent magnetic properties of (Ga,Mn)As. The magnetic anisotropy fields deduced from these measurements are compared with theoretical predictions.
Reconfigurable Products and Their Means of Reconfiguration

Reconfigurable systems are able to meet the increasingly diverse needs of consumers. A reconfigurable system is able to change its configuration repeatedly and reversibly to match the customer’s needs or the surrounding environment, allowing the system to meet multiple requirements. In this paper, a sample of reconfigurable products was studied to better understand the methods used to achieve different configurations. Four methods of reconfiguration were discovered. This expands work previously done in a parallel field with products that transform where only three methods were identified. In order to support the findings of this paper, the variations were identified and example products were presented that clearly show the need for at least one additional method of reconfiguring. A case study is also provided to illustrate the benefits of incorporating four principles, as apposed to three, into the concept generation phase of new reconfigurable product development.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Isolated Gastric Myeloid Sarcoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Myeloid sarcoma represents the proliferation of myeloblasts of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at extramedullary sites. While extramedullary involvement in AML is uncommon in itself, isolated myeloid sarcomas, that is, myeloid sarcomas without any bone marrow involvement, are extremely rare and pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Here, we present the case of a middle-aged woman with isolated myeloid sarcoma in the stomach—an organ seldom involved by this disease. Additionally, the literature on the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathology, prognosis, and therapeutic options in myeloid sarcomas has been reviewed.
Balloon-borne telescope for high-resolution solar imaging and polarimetry

In January 2000, an 80-cm F/1.5 Ritchey-Chretien solar telescope flew for 17 days suspended from a balloon in the stratosphere above Antarctica. The goal was to acquire long time series of high spatial resolution images and vector- magnetograms of the solar photosphere and chromosphere. Such observations will help to advance our basic scientific understanding of solar activity, in particular flares. Flying well above the turbulent layers of the Earth's atmosphere, the telescope should be able to operate close to its diffraction limited resolution of 0.2 arcsec, providing high resolution observations of small scale solar features. To achieve this goal we developed a platform for the optical telescope that is stable to nearly 10 arcsec. We also developed an image motion compensation system that stabilizes the solar image on the CCD focal plane to about 1 arcsec.
Investigation of Near-Field Wireless Power Transfer in the Presence of Lossy Dielectric Materials

We derive an analytic upper bound in power transfer efficiency (PTE) for wireless power transfer between a pair of antennas separated by a spherical material shell. The formulation is based on the free space PTE bound derived previously, and incorporates an additional pair of incoming and outgoing spherical waves within the shell. The derived PTE bounds are verified using numerical simulation via FEKO and show good agreement for both TM mode and TE mode radiators. Using the derived theory, lossy dielectric material effects on wireless power transfer are studied. Power transfer measurements through walls are also reported and compared with the theory.
Deposition of Adherent Diamond Coatings on WC-Co Substrates

High quality well-adhered microcrystalline diamond coatings have been produced by the microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) technique on cemented carbide substrates. A multi-interlayer system Cr/CrN/Cr was deposited on the WC-Co substrate before diamond deposition to work as a diffusion barrier. The coated substrate was peened with friable diamond powder to roughen the surface resulting in high nucleation density. Adherent diamond film has been successfully deposited on the substrate at temperature around 700°C with 1.0 % CH4 in Hydrogen plasma. The surface morphology and film structure has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction technique. The adhesion of the diamond film has been evaluated by Rockwell indentation tests.
The hydrogenolysis of propane on Mo/Al2O3 catalysts

Metallic molybdenum on dehydroxylated alumina (prepared by impregnating Mo(CO)6 onto alumina which had been dehydroxylated in flowing helium at 950 °C and then treating the Mo(CO)6Al2O3 by He,300–500 °;H2,650–950 °) is one of the more active catalysts for the hydrogenolysis of propane. Its turnover frequency per surface Mo atom at 250 °C is ~0.2 sec−1 at P = l atm and C3H8H2 = 0.038. Both single and double hydrogenolyses occur simultaneously, the latter having the larger apparent activation energy. MoAl2O3 catalysts with higher oxidation numbers of molybdenum are less active. Mo(0)Al2O3 is easily poisoned for hydrogenolysis by O2, CO, H2O, and even to some extent by N2. Initial activity is restored by H2 at ~950 °C. MoO3/hydroxylated alumina is reduced by H2 at 650 °C to an average ON (oxidation number) of Mo of +2 and by 800–950 °C to an ON of zero. The catalytic activities of these materials for the hydrogenolysis of propane at 200–300 °C, the hydrogenation of propylene at −46 °C, the metathesis of propylene at 65 °C, and the hydrogenolysis of cyclopropane at 0–100 °C are very nearly the same as those of Mo2+Al2O3 and Mo(O)Al2O3 made from Mo(CO)6Al2O3.
Studies on corneal endothelial growth and repair. II. Increased transcription as detected by incorporation of 3H-uridine and 3H-actinomycin D

Abstract Endothelial cells from injured frog corneas undergo increased 3 H-uridine and 3 H-actinomycin D ( 3 H-AMD) incorporation as judged by autoradiography. The increase in 3 H-AMD binding occurs when living endothelium is labeled in vitro or when fixed preparations are exposed to the drug. The changes in 3 H-AMD incorporation detected by the two methods are comparable (55 and 62 % for living and pre-fixed tissue respectively). However, when fixed endothelium is also de-histonized with 2 N HCl, differential binding of 3 H-AMD is eliminated. This result suggests that the enhanced incorporation of 3 H-AMD into nuclei is at least partly due to a modification in the association of chromosomal proteins with DNA and not entirely to cell permeability changes that may accompany wound repair. This contrasts with observations of cells that are killed outright by the injury. Such cells bind very large amounts of 3 H-AMD compared with their living neighbors. Here the difference in incorporation is eliminated by prefixation. Thus, in the dead cells increased binding may be due to a reduction of cell surface permeability barriers which accompanies cell morbidity.
Color constancy and the natural image

Color vision is useful only if it is possible to identify an object's color across many viewing contexts. Here, consideration is given to recent results on how to estimate the surface reflectance function of an object from image data, despite (1) uncertainty in the spectral power distribution of the ambient lighting, and (2) uncertainty about what other surfaces will be in the field of view.
5-Decyn-1-yl Acetate: Powerful Antagonist of Peach Twig Borer (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Sex Pheromone

Poor performance of some peach twig borer, Anarsia lineatella Zeller, pheromone lures resulted in identification of 5-decynyl acetate as an antagonist of the pheromone. Addition of 5-decynylacetate to an otherwise attractive pheromone blend resulted in virtually complete shutdown of trap catches. Identification of 5-decynylacetate as a pheromone antagonist highlights the importance of stringent quality control in pheromone manufacture and the need for field testing of batches of pheromone, particularly those used for manufacturing monitoring lures, before their release for sale.
Lexical correlates of cervical cancer.

Abstract On the assumption that word choices are determined by psychological as well as linguistic constraints, transcripts of 62 interviews with women at risk for cervical cancer were examined by computer for the frequencies of usage of hope- and hopeless-connotative words. Word usage rates differed for cases of differing cancer status (as established by subsequent cone biopsy results) and this “lexical leakage” was more pronounced in patients who were openly concerned about the risk of cancer than in those who were strongly defended against the possibility of cancer. Similar trends were found for the interviewer's speech. The results are discussed with respect to the role of mental state in the etiology of disease, the interaction of lexical leakage with defense, and the coordination of patient and doctor speech in clinical interviews.
Segmentation of brain MR images: a self-adaptive online vector quantization approach

We present a fully automatic algorithm for brain magnetic resonance (MR) image segmentation. The three-dimensional (3D) volumetric MR dataset is first interpolated for an adequate local intensity vector on each voxel. Then a morphology dilation filter and region growing technique are applied to extract the region of brain volume, strapping away the skull, scalp and other tissues. The principal component analysis (PCA) is utilized to generate a series of feature vectors from the local vectors via the Karhunen-Loeve (K-L) transformation for those voxels within the extracted region. We choose those first few principal components that sum up to, at least, 90% percent of the total variance for optimizing the dimensions of the feature vectors. Then a modified self-adaptive online vector quantization algorithm is applied to these feature vectors for classification. The presented algorithm requires no prior knowledge of the data distribution except a maximum number of distinct groups for classification, which can be set based on anatomical knowledge. Numerical analysis of the algorithm and experimental tests on brain MR images are presented. Results demonstrate efficient, robust, and self-adaptive properties of the presented algorithm.
Performance and Reliability Effects of Multi-tier Bidding on MapReduce in Auction-Based Clouds

Hadoop has become a central big data processing framework in today's cloud environments. Ensuring the good performance and cost effectiveness of Hadoop is crucial for the numerous applications that rely on it. In this paper we analyze Hadoop's performance in a multi-tier market-oriented cloud infrastructure known as Spot Instances. Amazon Spot Instances (SIs) are designed to deliver a cheap but transient alternative to fixed cost On-Demand (ODIs) instances. Recently, AWS introduced SIs in their managed Elastic Map Reduce offering. This managed framework lets the users design a multi-tier Hadoop architecture using fine grained controls to define the instance types both in terms of capacity, i.e. compute/storage/network, but also in terms of costs, i.e. ODI vs SI. The performance effects of such fine grained configurations are not yet well understood. First, we analyze a set of cluster configurations that can lead to important performance effects that can affect both the running time and the cost of such cloud Hadoop clusters. Second, we examine Hadoop's fault tolerance mechanisms and show the inadequacy of these mechanisms for multi-tier bidding architectures. Third, we discuss directions for making the Hadoop framework more market-aware without losing its focus on extreme scalability.
POLLINATOR LIMITATION IN THE FACULTATIVELY AUTOGAMOUS ANNUAL, LUPINUS NANUS (LEGUMINOSAE)

The importance of pollinator visitation for determining both maternal reproductive success and outcrossing rates was investigated in the facultatively autogamous annual, Lupinus nanus. Sixty plants in each of two adjacent sites were assigned to either a pollinator-exclusion, pollen-augmentation, or open-pollinated (control) treatment. Flower, fruit, and seed production were recorded for each plant, and outcrossing rates were determined for plants in all three treatments at each site. Pollinator-exclusion reduced the reproductive success of plants at Site 1, but had no effect on reproduction for plants at Site 2. Pollen-augmentation increased fruit production by 22% and seed production by 45% at Site 2, but had no effect on reproduction for plants at Site 1. Plants in the open-pollinated, control treatment outcrossed at intermediate rates at both sites, with plants at Site 2 (outcrossing rate, t = 0.66) outcrossing at a significantly higher rate than plants at Site 1 (t = 0.40). The pollen-augmentation treatment increased the outcrossing rate for plants at both sites (Site 1, t = 0.72; Site 2, t = 0.78). These results indicate that pollinator availability can limit maternal reproductive success for this facultatively autogamous plant species. Additionally, the intermediate outcrossing rates observed in nature for this species are not a consequence of plant characters alone, but instead result from plant characters combined with the local pollination ecology.
Toxicity and uptake of nitroguanidine in plants.

During the manufacture of the munition nitroguanidine (NQ), wastewater is contaminated by NQ and related by-products. Land application of the NQ-contaminated wastewater was initiated after discussions with the Kansas Department of Health and the Environment and the US Environmental Protection Agency. This treatment method has been a cost-effective and convenient means of disposal. The environmental fate of NQ is related to plant uptake and metabolism as well as metabolism by plant consumers and decomposers. Toxicity of NQ in vertebrates has been found to be very low. Land application of NQ-contaminated wastewater will result in NQ penetration into the root zone where the potential for absorption exists. However, virtually nothing is known of the uptake and metabolism of NQ in plants. The objective of this study was to test the toxicity of and to characterize the uptake of NQ in plants.
Coupling Proton Movement to ATP Synthesis in the Chloroplast ATP Synthase

The chloroplast F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase-ATPase is a tiny rotary motor responsible for coupling ATP synthesis and hydrolysis to the light-driven electrochemical proton gradient. Reversible oxidation/reduction of a dithiol, located within a special regulatory domain of the gamma subunit of the chloroplast F(1) enzyme, switches the enzyme between an inactive and an active state. This regulatory mechanism is unique to the ATP synthases of higher plants and its physiological significance lies in preventing nonproductive depletion of essential ATP pools in the dark. The three-dimensional structure of the chloroplast F(1) gamma subunit has not yet been solved. To examine the mechanism of dithiol regulation, a model of the chloroplast gamma subunit was obtained through segmental homology modeling based on the known structures of the mitochondrial and bacterial gamma subunits, together with de novo construction of the unknown regulatory domain. The model has provided considerable insight into how the dithiol might modulate catalytic function. This has, in turn, suggested a mechanism by which rotation of subunits in F(0), the transmembrane proton channel portion of the enzyme, can be coupled, via the epsilon subunit, to rotation of the gamma subunit of F(1) to achieve the 120 degrees (or 90 degrees +30 degrees) stepping action that is characteristic of F(1) gamma subunit rotation.