cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the use of multiple criteria for a posteriori model rejection: Soft data to characterize model performance

[1] Land surface hydrologic models are commonly evaluated based upon the degree of correspondence between measured and modeled discharge. In this paper we illustrate significant shortcomings associated with the simple discharge based evaluation strategy. A standard conceptual hydrologic model is applied within a Monte Carlo framework to two catchments representing significantly different hydrologic regimes. Time source hydrograph separations are derived, in addition to modeled discharge, and used to more completely characterize model functioning, across the entire a priori parameter distribution. The inclusion of hydrograph separation results in improved characterization of parameter uncertainty, and in one of the cases, complete model rejection.
The Commodification of Bluefin Tuna: The Historical Transformation of the Mediterranean Fishery

Employing a political–economic approach, we examine the Atlantic bluefin tuna fisheries in the Mediterranean. In doing so, we highlight historical transformations in fishing operations given the commodification of bluefin tuna and the growth imperative of capitalism. Fieldwork in Sicily and Sardinia, in-depth interviews, and primary and secondary data inform this analysis. Within the global agro-food system, traditional trap fisheries that operated for centuries have diminished. Industrialized fishing and tuna-ranching operations – that make use of high-tech, capital-intensive methods – have reorganized production, including the labour process, the capture of fish and the lifecycles of bluefin tuna. In an attempt to profit from the exploitation of the most prized fish in the world, capitalist fishing operations are harvesting bluefin tuna at a rate that exceeds the reproductive capabilities of the existing stock, which has had negative consequences for the traditional trap fishery and may lead to the collapse of this fishery. Modern capitalist social relations have destabilized an ecological system that has long been coupled with human systems within a few decades, with extensive socio-ecological consequences. Aquaculture, as a proposed solution, is a technological fix, which cannot resolve fundamental ecological contradictions.
Ideologies of Black churches in New York City and the public health crisis of HIV among Black men who have sex with men

Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV and AIDS in New York City (NYC). Black churches in NYC have a history of engaging in community mobilisation; however, research suggests that churches play a role in promoting stigma against Black MSM, which impedes prevention efforts. The goal of this study was to explore church ideologies surrounding sexuality and health, and the relationship of these ideologies to church mobilisation in response to HIV/AIDS among Black MSM. We conducted interviews and focus groups with pastors and parishioners at Black churches in NYC. Three prominent themes were identified: (1) 'Love the sinner, hate the sin'--distinguishing behaviour and identity; (2) 'Don't ask, don't tell'--keeping same-sex behaviour private; and (3) 'Your body is a temple'--connecting physical and spiritual health. We discuss the implications of these ideologies for church mobilisation and HIV prevention efforts. In doing so, we pay close attention to how ideologies may both impede and facilitate church dialogue around sexuality and heightened responses to the HIV crisis affecting Black MSM.
A coordinated study of 1 h mesoscale gravity waves propagating from Logan to Boulder with CRRL Na Doppler lidars and temperature mapper

We present the first coordinated study using two lidars at two separate locations to characterize a 1 h mesoscale gravity wave event in the mesopause region. The simultaneous observations were made with the Student Training and Atmospheric Research (STAR) Na Doppler lidar at Boulder, CO, and the Utah State University Na Doppler lidar and temperature mapper at Logan, UT, on 27 November 2013. The high precision possessed by the STAR lidar enabled these waves to be detected in vertical wind. The mean wave amplitudes are ~0.44 m/s in vertical wind and ~1% in relative temperature at altitudes of 82–107 km. Those in the zonal and meridional winds are 6.1 and 5.2 m/s averaged from 84 to 99 km. The horizontal and vertical wavelengths inferred from the mapper and lidars are ~219 ± 4 and 16.0 ± 0.3 km, respectively. The intrinsic period is ~1.3 h for the airglow layer, Doppler shifted by a mean wind of ~17 m/s. The wave packet propagates from Logan to Boulder with an azimuth angle of ~135° clockwise from north and an elevation angle of ~ 3° from the horizon. The observed phase difference between the two locations can be explained by the traveling time of the 1 h wave from Logan to Boulder, which is about ~2.4 h. The wave polarization relations are examined through the simultaneous quantifications of the three wind components and temperature. This study has developed a systematic methodology for fully characterizing mesoscale gravity waves, inspecting their intrinsic properties and validating the derivation of horizontal wave structures by applying multiple instruments from coordinated stations.
VICs: a modular vision-based HCI framework

Many Vision-Based Human-Computer Interaction (VBHCI) systems are based on the tracking of user actions. Examples include gaze-tracking, head-tracking, finger-tracking, and so forth. In this paper, we present a framework that employs no user-tracking; instead, all interface components continuously observe and react to changes within a local image neighborhood. More specifically, components expect a pre-defined sequence of visual events called Visual Interface Cues (VICs). VICs include color, texture, motion and geometric elements, arranged to maximize the veridicality of the resulting interface element. A component is executed when this stream of cues has been satisfied. We present a general architecture for an interface system operating under the VIC-Based HCI paradigm, and then focus specifically on an appearance-based system in which a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is employed to learn the gesture dynamics. Our implementation of the system successfully recognizes a button-push with a 96% success rate. The system operates at frame-rate on standard PCs.
Induction of Ectodermal Placodes

The sensory ganglia and components of sense organs of the vertebrate head are derived from a series of ectodermal placodes. Another cell population that contributes extensively to the developing head is the neural crest. In this review we discuss similarities and differences between the properties of ectodermal placodes and the neural crest, and describe the mechanisms of induction of the neural crest and individual cranial placodes. We speculate that the similarities between neural crest and cranial placodes may reflect a common evolutionary origin for these two tissues.
An adaptive equalizer for analysis-by-synthesis speech coders

An equalizer to enhance the quality of reconstructed speech from an analysis-by-synthesis speech coder, e.g., CELP coder, is described. The equalizer makes use of the set of short-term predictor parameters normally transmitted from the speech encoder to the decoder. In addition, the equalizer computes a matching set of parameters from the reconstructed speech. The function of the equalizer is to undo the computed set of characteristics from the reconstructed speech and impose the set of desired characteristics represented by the transmitted parameters. Design steps for the equalizer and its implementation both in time and frequency domain are described. Experimental results of applying the equalizer to the output of a standard coder, viz., EVRC (Enhanced Variable Rate Coder) operating at half-rate (4000 bps), are presented. Objective evaluation using an ITU recommended voice quality tool shows that the equalizer can help enhance the quality of the reconstructed speech significantly.
Pediatric cardiology update: Office-based practice of pediatric cardiology for the primary care provider.

In the following article, selected topics are presented to provide an update on the practice of pediatric cardiology from the perspective of the primary care provider and outpatient-based subspecialist. The approach to the evaluation of very common presenting signs and symptoms are reviewed, including heart murmurs, chest pain, and palpitations. The role of the primary care provider in screening and clearing children for participation in sports activities is discussed. Finally, issues of insurability, employment, and pregnancy in the adolescent and young adult with congenital heart disease are presented. Heart Murmurs in Children A murmur in the child is quite common and, consequently, the evaluation of a murmur is the most frequent reason for outpatient referral to most pediatric cardiology practices. It is estimated that up to 72% of children will have a murmur noted at some time during their childhood. 1 Given the potential cardiac disease that could cause a murmur, this “diagnosis” is a source of concern for the primary care physician. The primary care physician’s comfort level of diagnosing innocent (or functional) murmurs depends on his or her clinical experience regarding innocent murmurs and any pathologic murmurs that they have detected in their training and practice. It is common to have a new community physician refer more patients for evaluation of a murmur in their first year after residency than it is during their fifth year. Which patient to refer for subspecialty evaluation can be influenced by other factors besides the murmur, including the anxiety level of the family. The family of a child referred to a pediatric cardiologist for murmur evaluation will come with many preconceived ideas and fears regarding their child’s murmur. 2 Family history of cardiac disease and patient symptoms will influence how the family approaches this evaluation. In addition, a murmur detected during a routine presports physical can result in significant anxiety for the family as well as the child because of concerns about sudden cardiac death in athletes, a rare occurrence, but one that is prominently reported by the media. However, the current medical community pressures of proper use of resources have to be balanced with the potential medical and legal issues surrounding the evaluation of murmurs and a possible missed diagnosis of congenital or acquired heart disease. Thus, the primary care physician must balance clinical skills, various testing modalities at his or her disposal, and the availability of subspecialty referral options. What follows is a framework for the evaluation of the new murmur. Topics such as diagnostic skills, levels of competency, variety of testing modalities, and a cost analysis will be discussed.
cis-9, trans-11 CLA Derived Endogenously from trans-11 18:1 Reduces Cancer Risk in Rats

The present study was designed to examine the effects of increasing dietary levels of vaccenic acid (VA) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Both fatty acids were provided as a natural component in butter fat. The conversion of VA to CLA by delta9-desaturase was documented previously in several species, including rats and humans. Specifically, our objective was to determine the relative contribution of dietary VA and CLA to the tissue concentration of CLA and its ability to inhibit the development of mammary carcinomas. A total of 7 diets were formulated with varying levels of CLA and VA. The overall dietary treatment scheme was designed to evaluate the modulation of mammary cancer risk by 1). small increases of CLA in the presence of a low level of VA and 2). more substantial increases of VA against a background of low levels of CLA. As expected, small increases in dietary CLA at the low end of the CLA dose-response range did not reduce tumorigenesis. In contrast, there was a distinct and marked inhibitory response to VA that was dose dependent. The effect of VA was magnified in this experiment because the dose range of VA tested was much broader than that of CLA. Fatty acid analysis showed that the conversion of dietary VA to CLA resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the accumulation of CLA in the mammary fat pad, which was accompanied by a parallel decrease in tumor formation in the mammary gland. The finding confirms that the conversion of VA to CLA is as important for cancer prevention as the dietary supply of CLA. Thus, VA is also anticarcinogenic, and VA and CLA represent functional food components that are present in ruminant fat.
Effective Culvert Placement and Design to Facilitate Passage of Amphibians across Roads

Efficient deployment of culverts to mitigate mortality of amphibians on roadways requires identification of locations within road networks where animals cross (hotspots), points within identified hotspots for culvert placement, and attributes of culverts that make them behaviorally palatable to migrating individuals. In this study, we assessed road crossing frequency of Spotted Salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum, and American Toads, Anaxyrus americanus, along a 700-m transect within a known crossing hotspot, and related these distributions to habitat variables within the hotspot including the presence of existing culverts. We also placed experimental arrays of culverts of varying attributes in the path of migrating Spotted Salamanders to examine culvert preference by salamanders under typical movement environments and appropriate animal behavioral states. Our studies of patterns of road occurrence demonstrated that both species avoided crossing where there was a wetland within 15 m of the downslope of the road and that neither species showed a strong preference for crossing near existing culverts. When considering the choice for experimental culverts by Spotted Salamanders, we found no preference for culverts of varying aperture size, length, or substrate. Our results indicate that patterns of occurrences of the two species of amphibian within a crossing hotspot may be linked to the physical attributes at the site. For Spotted Salamanders in particular, predicting where they will cross within a hotspot may not be easy. Spotted Salamanders showed little preference for culverts of different design, indicating that a variety of culvert designs can suffice for mitigation if placed in appropriate locations.
Design of Local-Rule Protocols for Large-Scale File-Sharing Networks

File sharing networks on the Internet are prime candidates for local-rule, distributed network designs. The nodes are file caches and the scale of these networks demands the local-rule paradigms of self-organizing systems for their control. But the generally intractable inverse problem of cellular automata theory must be faced in these applications as well: Given desired emergent or stable behavior and an initial state delta, construct a local-rule protocol which yields that behavior when the system is started in delta. Within the context of a simplified mathematical model of file-sharing systems, we give local-rule solutions to variants of this problem when the desired behavior is seamless (minimum response-time) downloading at minimal total storage cost to the network.
Radius of Paranthropus robustus from member 1, Swartkrans Formation, South Africa

Recently recovered hominid postcrania from Member 1, Swartkrans Formation include the proximal and distal ends of a right radius attributed to a single individual of Paranthropus robustus. These fossils are essentially similar to Australopithecus afarensis, A. africanus, and P. boisei homologues. The head manifests an ape-like circumferentia articularis, and the distal end has prominent medial, dorsal, and lateral tubercles and a well developed brachioradialis crest, features also commonly exhibited by extant great apes. The volar set of the P. robustus radiocarpal joint, like that of Australopithecus homologues, more closely resembles the neutral condition exhibited by Homo than the greater flexion evinced by living apes. Compared with fossil and recent specimens of Homo, the configuration of the P. robustus radial head suggests enhanced stability against medial displacement during pronation and supination; the strong crest for the attachment of brachioradialis may attest to enhanced forearm flexor capability. In addition, this crest and the prominent dorsal tubercles may indicate enhanced hand extensor and, therefore, hand flexor capabilities. The differences in radial morphology between Paranthropus and Homo may relate to significant behavioral differences between these two synchronic taxa.
Technology, Growth and Development: An Induced Innovation Perspective . By Vernon W. Ruttan. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. Pp. xvi, 656.

In this monumental work, Vernon Ruttan has shared with us 30 years of study and research on the economics of technological change. The book covers an enormous literature, and each of its fourteen chapters has a bibliography as long as that of many full books. Oxford University Press has taken the unusual step of providing an author index, which I estimate contains at least 1,500 names, including a substantial subset of the membership of the Economic History Association. The book purports to cover the enormous literature on the economics of technology produced in the past fifty years. It succeeds admirably. While the author's own interests and predilections inevitably bias the coverage, and while some areas are not treated quite as thoroughly as others, the author's encyclopedic knowledge and his fair and informed treatment of the many confused and confusing contributions to an endlessly fascinating but somewhat incoherent and inconsistent literature make this book indispensable as a source and handbook. It seems a fair prediction that this book will be more often consulted than read cover-to-cover, with some chapters assigned to advanced undergraduates. But it is hard to think of many readers of this JOURNAL who will be able to afford not to have this book on their office bookshelf, next to their copies of the classics by A.P. Usher, Thomas P. Hughes, and David Landes.
Effect of very-low–dose niacin on high-density lipoprotein in patients undergoing long-term statin therapy *

Abstract Background A low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDLC) is a proven risk factor for coronary artery disease. Niacin raises HDLC levels, but it is infrequently used because of its side effect profile. Niacin's side effects are dose related. This study tests the hypothesis that very low–dose niacin, in conjunction with long-term statin therapy, will improve the lipid profile by significantly raising the level of HDLC, with fewer side effects than traditional doses of niacin. Methods Fifty patients undergoing stable statin therapy for 3 months were blindly randomized to receive either placebo or niacin 50 mg administered by mouth 2 times daily for 3 months. Patients with diabetes and active smokers were excluded. Each patient completed a questionnaire regarding current medical problems, medications, and lifestyle before and after the therapy. Patients were questioned about any possible side effects that occurred during the medication trial. The primary end points were change in HDLC level and patient-reported side effects. Results Thirty-nine patients completed the study. Very low–dose niacin added to statin therapy increased the mean HDLC, 2.1 mg/dL in niacin group (standard error of the mean, 0.767) versus −0.56 mg/dL for placebo group (standard error of the mean-.816, P =.0246 by analysis of variance). Five patients receiving niacin, versus 2 patients receiving placebo, had episodes of flushing. No major side effects were noted. No patients stopped the study medication as a result of side effects. Conclusions The addition of very low–dose niacin to statin therapy increased HDLC cholesterol significantly, while avoiding the side effects that are associated with traditional doses of niacin therapy. (Am Heart J 2002;143:514-8.)
Rilonacept for gout flare prevention during initiation of uric acid-lowering therapy: results from the PRESURGE-2 international, phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of IL-1 inhibitor rilonacept (IL-1 Trap) for gout flare (GF) prevention during initiation of uric acid-lowering therapy (ULT) with allopurinol in a multiregional phase 3 clinical trial. Methods. Hyperuricaemic adults (n = 248) from South Africa, Germany and Asia with gout and two or more GFs within the past year were initiated on allopurinol and randomized 1:1:1 to once-weekly s.c. treatment with placebo (PBO), rilonacept 80 mg (R80) or rilonacept 160 mg (R160) for 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was the number of GFs per patient through week 16. Results. The population was predominantly male and racially diverse (white, 53.2%; Asian, 33.1%; black, 13.7%). Across treatments, most patients completed the study (87.892.9%). At 16 weeks the mean number of GFs per patient was reduced by 71.3% with R80 (0.35) and by 72.6% with R160 (0.34) relative to PBO (1.23; both P 70% of patients having no flares, and demonstrated an acceptable safety and tolerability profile.
Judgments of auditory-visual affective congruence in adolescents with and without autism: a pilot study of a new task using fMRI.

One of the most widely reported developmental deficits associated with autism is difficulty perceiving and expressing emotion appropriately. Brain activation associated with performance on a new task, the Emotional Congruence Task, requires judging affective congruence of facial expression and voice, compared with their sex congruence. Participants in this pilot study were adolescents with normal IQ (n = 5) and autism or without (n = 4) autism. In the emotional congruence condition, as compared to the sex congruence of voice and face, controls had significantly more activation than the Autism group in the orbitofrontal cortex, the superior temporal, parahippocampal, and posterior cingulate gyri and occipital regions. Unlike controls, the Autism group did not have significantly greater prefrontal activation during the emotional congruence condition, but did during the sex congruence condition. Results indicate the Emotional Congruence Task can be used successfully to assess brain activation and behavior as...
Involvement of nitric oxide in kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in rat brain.

The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity was studied in rat brain. With the onset of KA (15 mg kg(-1), s.c.)-induced seizures (convulsions) 30 min after injection, increases in NO, as measured by the formation of citrulline, were seen in cortex (302%), amygdala (171%) and hippocampus (203%). The highest increases were determined 90 min after onset of seizures (120 min after KA injection) with 633%, 314% and 365%, respectively. These changes in NO preceded significant decreases in ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) ranging from 44 to 53% for ATP and from 40 to 52% for PCr in the respective brain areas. With the exception of the cortex, normal citrulline values were restored within 24 h. Pretreatment with the spin trapping agent N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN, 200 mg kg(-1), i.p.) or the antioxidant vitamin E (Vit-E, 100 mg kg(-1) per day for 3 days) prevented the increase in citrulline and significantly attenuated the loss in ATP and PCr without affecting seizure activity. It is concluded that seizures induced by KA produced a marked increase in the free radical NO, causing oxidative stress and leading to depletion of energy stores. The prevention of the increase in NO and preservation of ATP and PCr levels by PBN and Vit-E suggests the involvement of NO and other related free radicals, such as peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)). The lack of effect of PBN and Vit-E on seizure activity, suggests that NO is not involved in mechanisms regulating KA seizure generation and propagation. PBN and Vit-E or similar compounds may be important protective agents against status epilepticus-induced neuronal degeneration.
Dendritic Cells Expressing Plasmacytoid Marker PDCA-1 Are Trojan Horses during Toxoplasma gondii Infection

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection, due largely to their ability to produce large quantities of type I IFNs. These cells are also notable for their ability to differentiate into conventional dendritic cells after appropriate stimulation. Here, we show that a splenic population of murine CD11c+ cells expressing pDC markers Gr-1, B220, and PDCA-1 is preferentially parasitized after infection with the virulent RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Although these markers are closely associated with pDCs, the population we identified was unusual because the cells express CD11b and higher than expected levels of CD11c. By adoptive transfer of CD45.1-positive cells into CD45.2 congenic mice, we show that CD11c+Gr-1+ cells migrate from the peritoneal cavity to the spleen. During infection, these cells accumulate in the marginal zone region. Recruitment of infected CD11c+Gr-1+ cells to the spleen is partially dependent upon signaling through chemokine receptor CCR2. Intracellular cytokine staining demonstrates that infected, but not noninfected, splenic CD11c+Gr-1+ dendritic cells are suppressed in their ability to respond to ex vivo TLR stimulation. We hypothesize that Toxoplasma exploits pDCs as Trojan horses, targeting them for early infection, suppressing their cytokine effector function, and using them for dissemination within the host.
Developing Tomorrow’s Tobacco Scientists Today: The SRNT Trainee Network

The Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) Trainee Network was formed to facilitate the development of the emerging generation of tobacco scientists. The advisory board of the Trainee Network conducted an online survey to collect data on trainees’ areas of tobacco-related interest, demographics, and interest in potential events, as well as strategies with which SRNT could best address training-related needs. Survey respondents (N = 130) were, on average, 34.7 years of age and mostly female (74%). Half were early-stage investigators (i.e., faculty), and 41% were in psychology programs. Most respondents reported that they spent at least half of their time in research activities (87%) and hoped to work in an academic setting (85%). The most frequently endorsed type of help requested was for SRNT to provide networking opportunities, and grant-writing was the most frequently endorsed webinar topic of interest. The Trainee Network has launched a listserv that includes 85 trainees and 16 prominent senior investigators and will create webinars and host mixer events at SRNT meetings. These initiatives aim to enhance the professional development of SRNT trainees and contribute to the fulfillment of SRNT’s mission.
A longitudinal study of a novel dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of avian influenza virus.

Abstract A monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed that detected the epitopes specifically associated with avian influenza virus (AIV). The dot-ELISA detected the antigens of AIV directly from clinical and field specimens. Data obtained from experimentally AIV-infected specific-pathogen-free chickens and also the 2001/02 AIV outbreak of serotype H7N2 positive flocks in Pennsylvania indicated that the mean sensitivity (Se) of the dot-ELISA ranged between 45% and 68% and the mean specificity (Sp), between 85% and 90%. The values were derived from various clinical and field specimens when compared with virus isolation with embryonating chicken eggs. On routine AIV surveillance samples, the dot-ELISA achieved a 92%–100% Sp on the basis of testing over 1500 AIV surveillance samples that were confirmed negative by virus isolation. The dot-ELISA detected AIV antigens with a 5-µl allantoic fluid sample that contained a concentration of 0.4 hemagglutinating ...
Cyclosporine A induces an early and transient rigidification of lymphocyte membranes.

The effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) membranes was studied using fluorescence techniques. Light scattering and intercalation experiments indicate CsA has a critical micelle concentration of 3 x iOM. Doses above this critical concentration were avoided during these in vitro studies. Steady-state fluorescence polarization of the lipid probe DPH in peripheral blood lymphocyte membranes revealed that iOM CsA caused a significant increase in the fluorescence polarization 1-5 mm after exposure (15-16% above control DPH polarization values). This initial increase in polarization plateaued at 10-1 1% above control values within roughly 40 mm. Fluores- cence lifetime measurements of DPH during this response reveal a slight increase in DPH lifetime. The increased DPH lifetimes showed that polarization measurements alone underestimate the rigidity of DPH's microenvironment. Measurements of DPH polariza- tion and lifetime were analyzed using the Perrin equation to calculate the apparent microviscosity. Control PBL membranes at 37#{176}C exhibited a microviscosity (-q)equal to 1.89 poise (P). Five to 10 mm after CsA exposure � = 2.62-2.68 P and plateaus at 11 = 2.31-2.51 P 20-120 mm after exposure. Dose-response studies show that prolonged (>90 mm) exposure to CsA alters lymphocyte membrane fluidity. This early response in lymphocytes to CsA may correspond to other events associated with the initial binding of CsA to lymphocyte membranes such as membrane depolarization and alterations in phospholipid metabolism. Intravenous delivery of CsA in clinical studies has shown that a similar CsA dose of near iOM is available in the blood during the first hour after injection. The evidence presented here suggests that peripheral blood lymphocyte membranes are rigidified when exposed to CsA doses similar to those found in patient's blood immediately following intravenous administration.
Chromosomes of a malignant ovarian teratoma.

Abstract A malignant ovarian teratoma was studied with special reference to the sex chromatin and the chromosomes of the tumor. Many sex chromatin-positive cells were found. Karyotype studies revealed 47 chromosomes with the extra chomosome closely resembling a normal A3 chromosome.
Subthreshold inactivation of Na+ and K+ channels supports activity-dependent enhancement of back-propagating action potentials in hippocampal CA1.

Back-propagating action potentials in CA1 pyramidal neurons may provide the postsynaptic dendritic depolarization necessary for the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity. The amplitudes of bac...
MT-ABAC: A multi-tenant attribute-based access control model with tenant trust

A major barrier to the adoption of cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) is collaboration, where multiple tenants engage in collaborative tasks requiring resources to be shared across tenant boundaries. Currently, cloud IaaS providers focus on multi-tenant isolation, and offer limited or no cross-tenant access capabilities in their IaaS APIs. In this paper, we present a novel attribute-based access control (ABAC) model to enable collaboration between tenants in a cloud IaaS, as well as more generally. Our approach allows cross-tenant attribute assignment to provide access to shared resources across tenants. Particularly, our tenant-trust authorizes a trustee tenant to assign its attributes to users from a trustor tenant, enabling access to the trustee tenant’s resources. We designate our multi-tenant attribute-based access control model as MT-ABAC. Previously, a multi-tenant role-based access control (MT-RBAC) model has been defined in the literature wherein a trustee tenant can assign its roles to users from a trustor tenant. We demonstrate that MT-ABAC can be configured to enforce MT-RBAC thus subsuming it as a special case.
IMB Model in Practice: Social Workers’ Intentions to Change Their Practice Following HIV Mental Health Training

We identified predictors of social workers' intentions to integrate HIV and mental health care following Information, Motivation, Behavior Change (IMB) model trainings. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to understand applicability of the IMB model in promoting practice change. Significantly greater intentions to integrate care were found among participants who perceived an increase in knowledge (twofold) or who felt more comfortable (nearly fourfold) or capable (nearly fivefold) working with HIV-infected clients. Training that enhances knowledge and motivation enhanced social workers' intentions to change clinical practice. IMB-based training builds social worker capacity to deliver integrated care. The results support utility of the IMB model in enhancing HIV care.
Photocatalytic Reduction of Fumarate to Succinate on ZnS Mineral Surfaces

The reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle is an important central biosynthetic pathway that fixes CO2 into carboxylic acids. Among the five reductive steps in the rTCA cycle, the two-electron reduction of fumarate to succinate proceeds nonenzymatically on the surface of photoexcited sphalerite (ZnS) colloids suspended in water. This model reaction is chosen to systematically study the surface photoprocess occurring on ZnS in the presence of [Na2S] (1–10 mM) hole scavenger at 15 °C. Experiments at variable pH (5–10) indicate that monodissociated fumaric acid is the primary electron acceptor forming the monoprotic form of succinic acid. The following reaction scheme is proposed: (1) photoexcitation of ZnS generates conduction band electrons and valence band holes, (2) the hole scavenger donates electrons while producing sulfur-containing intermediates en route to sulfate formation, (3) a first electron transfer occurs at the conduction band converting chemisorbed monoprotic fumaric acid at surface zinc ...
The fate of xylose in the animal body.

The very similar chemical properties, correlated with closely corresponding structural configurations of the pentoses and hex-oses, make difficult the elaboration of chemical methods for the determination of one in the presence of the other. The resistance of pentoses to fermentation by ordinary baker's yeast has furnished a means that has been used at times to separate the two types of substances for analytical purposes. In the present study this procedure has been employed to determine the pentoses in the blood following their administration intravenously. The reducing power of normal blood can not be removed completely by fermentation with yeast, but since this residual reduction seems to remain small and fairly constant no real difficulty arises. It is scarcely unjustifiable to assume that in the presence of pentoses the difference from the usual unfermented reducing power of the blood furnishes a reliable index of the amount of pentoses present.The details of this series of experiments may be summari...
Laparoscopic repair of a traumatic intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia.

Introduction Intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia is a rare injury. We present a case of an intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia from blunt trauma. In this report we will review the current literature and also describe the first report of a primary laparoscopic repair of the defect. Case description A 38-year-old unrestrained male passenger had blunt chest and abdominal trauma from a motor vehicle collision. Two months later, on a computed tomography scan, he was found to have an intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia. The defect was repaired primarily through a laparoscopic approach. Discussion Symptoms of intrapericardial diaphragmatic hernia are chest pain, upper abdominal pain, dysphagia, and dyspnea. Chest computed tomography is the most useful diagnostic test to define the defect. Even when the injury is diagnosed late, laparoscopy can be used for primary and patch repair.
Dual cell cycle-specific mechanisms mediate the antimitogenic effects of nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle cells.

ObjectiveTo determine the cell cycle specificity and intracellular mechanisms involved in inhibition by nitric oxide (NO) of vascular smooth muscle cell mitogenesis.MethodsCultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells were synchronized by serum withdrawal, treated with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenic
Nordy inhibits proliferative glial reaction in diabetic rats retinas

Objective To observe the effects and significance of Nordy on the expression of glial cells reaction in the retinas of diabetic rats.Methods Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were divided into diabetes(10 rats) and Nordy groups(10 rats).Other 10 normal rats were recruited as control groups.The Nordy groups were injected 0.5% with Nordy(27 mg·kg~(-1)) while the control and diabetes groups were injected with saline into peritoneal cavity once per 2 days.One month or 3 months later,5 rats in every group were killed and the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the retinas were detected by immunohistochemistry.The average positive area were measured and analysed by computer aided video system.Results In 1 month ,the expression of GFAP in the retinas were all limited in the inner limited membrane.The average positive area had no obvious difference among all groups(P0.05).In 3 months,in diabetes group,the expression of GFAP in the retinas were transfixed the retinas.Compared with the control and Nordy groups,there had significant difference in average positive area (P0.01); In control and Nordy group,the expression of GFAP in the retinas were almost limited in the inner limited membrane.There had no obvious difference between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusion Nordy injected intraperitoneally may be inhibit the expression of GFAP in retinas of diabetic rats and indicate that Nordy could suppress the proliferation of glia cells in retinas.Our data shows that Nordy has potential in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
Aesthetic Subject: The Value Generation of Ganxing Theory

Among the discussions on ganxing theory in the classical Chinese aesthetic research,most scholars pay attention to the connotation of the eliciting function of the external objects that exert on the subject.As the main theory of the Chinese ancient artistic creation mechanism,the connation of ganxing is "by coincidence" and "perceiving the stimulation from the external objects." In other words,ganxing is the creative impulse that occurs to the subject after its encounter with the external objects.It is also the moment when the best literary works are produced.Nevertheless,the connation of ganxing is not limited to the factors stated above.In the comprehensive theoretical frame,the innate character and art talent of the authors are the most significant perspectives that are used to judge the subjects.The abundant discussion on the aesthetic subject is another important perspective of the ganxing theory.Ganxing not only occurs before the creation of the works,but also involves the entire process of the creation of the work that happens in the mind before the realization of actual writing.In the ancient Chinese aesthetics,ganxing involves the discussion of subjects in terms of mind,characters,morality,book learning,and sensitivity,all of which are the important sources of the complete ganxing theory that cannot be neglected.
Mucosal Vaccination for Prevention of HIV Infection and AIDS.

BACKGROUND Most of HIV infections occur via the genital tract or the rectum and HIV replicates at high levels in lymphoid organs and intestinal mucosa, likely requiring a more diversified immunity than pathogens restricted to a single mucosal site, such as the gastrointestinal tract for Vibrio cholera, or the respiratory airways for the influenza virus. RESULTS Numerous AIDS vaccine candidates are under development and a general observation obtained from preclinical trials in non-human primates that failed to provide sterilizing immunity is that some infection protection or delayed onset of disease is observed in the presence of anti-SIV immunity. Recent clinical trials support difficulties to reproduce in humans the results observed in simian models, but at least one of them indicated that some protection of infection can be achieved. However, given the limited efficacy observed in the RV144 trial and concerns voiced in its statistical interpretation, preclinical trials should explore more effective immunogens, whether new or as combinations of existing ones, and mucosal routes of vaccinations in addition to the systemic routes, with the goal to maximize vaccination-mediated protection. CONCLUSION The rationale for generating both strong mucosal and systemic immunity comes from animal experiments, recent clinical trials, and other successful vaccines currently in use. Mucosal responses against SIV have been induced with a variety of SIV antigens and via different mucosal routes with a spectrum of effects on protection. This review covers the rational and the experimental data that support the validity to explore mucosal immunization for HIV infection and AIDS prevention.
Simulation domain size requirements for elastic response of 3D polycrystalline materials

A fast Fourier transform (FFT) based spectral algorithm is used to compute the full field mechanical response of polycrystalline microstructures. The field distributions in a specific region are used to determine the sensitivity of the method to the number of surrounding grains through quantification of the divergence of the field values from the largest simulation domain, as successively smaller surrounding volumes are included in the simulation. The analysis considers a mapped 3D structure where the location of interest is taken to be a particular pair of surface grains that enclose a small fatigue crack, and synthetically created statistically representative microstructures to further investigate the effect of anisotropy, loading condition, loading direction, and texture. The synthetic structures are generated via DREAM3D and the measured material is a cyclically loaded, Ni-based, low solvus high refractory (LSHR) superalloy that was characterized via 3D high energy x-ray diffraction microscopy (HEDM). Point-wise comparison of distributions in the grain pairs shows that, in order to obtain a Pearson correlation coefficient larger than 99%, the domain must extend to at least the third nearest neighbor. For an elastic FFT calculation, the stress–strain distributions are not sensitive to the shape of the domain. The main result is that convergence can be specified in terms of the number of grains surrounding a region of interest.
An ‘Omics’ Perspective on Cardiomyopathies and Heart Failure

Pathological enlargement of the heart, represented by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), occurs in response to many genetic and non-genetic factors. The clinical course of cardiac hypertrophy is remarkably variable, ranging from lifelong absence of symptoms to rapidly declining heart function and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Unbiased omics studies have begun to provide a glimpse into the molecular framework underpinning altered mechanotransduction, mitochondrial energetics, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix in the heart undergoing physiological and pathological hypertrophy. Omics analyses indicate that post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression plays an overriding role in the normal and diseased heart. Studies to date highlight a need for more effective bioinformatics to better integrate patient omics data with their comprehensive clinical histories.
Biodegradable Meshes in Abdominal Wall Surgery

Tension-free hernia repair with reinforcement by synthetic, nonresorbable mesh has led to a drastic reduction in the rate of hernia recurrence. However, these permanent foreign materials have been implicated in post-operative complications and shunned from the use in contaminated operative fields. Acellular biological mesh was developed as an alternative, and popularized for the use in contaminated fields. Yet, these biological meshes were extremely expensive to develop and produce, thus burdening the health care system with an elevated cost. It has also been found that with time, biological meshes are associated with higher rates of hernia recurrence.
The association between parent-reported provider communication quality and child obesity status: Variation by parent obesity and child race/ethnicity

Abstract Objective To examine the association between healthcare provider communication quality and child obesity status, and the role of parent obesity and child race/ethnicity regarding this association. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional secondary data analysis with the 2011–2013 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey of parents with children ages 6–12 (n = 5390). We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association of parent-reported healthcare provider communication quality (explaining well, listening carefully, showing respect, and spending enough time) with child obesity status, and effect modification by parent obesity and child race/ethnicity. Results Parents of obese children were more likely to report that their child’s healthcare provider listened carefully (OR = 1.41, p = 0.002) and spent enough time (OR = 1.33, p = 0.022) than parents of non-obese children. Non-obese parents of obese children experienced better communication in the domains of listening carefully (p Conclusion Parents of obese children experienced better communication if parents were non-obese or children were non-Hispanic Black or Asian. Practice implications Healthcare providers should ensure effective communication with obese parents of obese children.
The Multilayered Regulation of the Oncogenic Protein YY1

The multifunctional protein Yin Yang 1 (YY1) plays critical roles in tumorigenesis. YY1 has been shown to be involved in the development, progression, resistance, and invasiveness of many types of cancers. Today, the value of YY1 as a prognostic marker and as a potential target in cancer therapy is being explored by multiple research groups around the world. Over the past 25 years, we have accumulated a wealth of information about the wide-ranging biological functions of YY1 at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. However, our knowledge of how YY1 is regulated and what regulates it has lagged behind. In the past few years, there has been a significant increase in the research addressing this issue. In this review, we summarize and analyze recent findings about the regulation of YY1 at multiple levels. We emphasize the necessity for deeper insights into these regulatory mechanisms if YY1 is to find its way to the clinical setting.
Disparate effects of training on brain activation in Parkinson disease.

Objective: To compare the effects of 2 forms of exercise, i.e., a 6-week trial of treadmill training with virtual reality (TT + VR) that targets motor and cognitive aspects of safe ambulation and a 6-week trial of treadmill training alone (TT), on brain activation in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). Methods: As part of a randomized controlled trial, patients were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of TT (n = 17, mean age 71.5 ± 1.5 years, disease duration 11.6 ± 1.6 years; 70% men) or TT + VR (n = 17, mean age 71.2 ± 1.7 years, disease duration 7.9 ± 1.4 years; 65% men). A previously validated fMRI imagery paradigm assessed changes in neural activation pretraining and post-training. Participants imagined themselves walking in 2 virtual scenes projected in the fMRI: (1) a clear path and (2) a path with virtual obstacles. Whole brain and region of interest analyses were performed. Results: Brain activation patterns were similar between training arms before the interventions. After training, participants in the TT + VR arm had lower activation than the TT arm in Brodmann area 10 and the inferior frontal gyrus (cluster level familywise error–corrected [FWEcorr] p p Conclusions: Exercise modifies brain activation patterns in patients with PD in a mode-specific manner. Motor-cognitive training decreased the reliance on frontal regions, which apparently resulted in improved function, perhaps reflecting increased brain efficiency.