cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rates of molecular evolution and the fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary.

Selective constraints on DNA sequence change were incorporated into a model of DNA divergence by restricting substitutions to a subset of nucleotide positions. A simple model showed that both mutation rate and the fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary are strong determinants of DNA divergence over time. When divergence between two species approaches the fraction of positions free to vary, standard methods that correct for multiple mutations yield severe underestimates of the number of substitutions per site. A modified method appropriate for use with DNA sequence, restriction site, or thermal renaturation data is derived taking this fraction into account. The model also showed that the ratio of divergence in two gene classes (e.g., nuclear and mitochondrial) may vary widely over time even if the ratio of mutation rates remains constant. DNA sequence divergence data are used increasingly to detect differences in rates of molecular evolution. Often, variation in divergence rate is assumed to represent variation in mutation rate. The present model suggests that differing divergence rates among comparisons (either among gene classes or taxa) should be interpreted cautiously. Differences in the fraction of nucleotide positions free to vary can serve as an important alternative hypothesis to explain differences in DNA divergence rates.
An improved 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) procedure for the measurement of autoxidation in fish oils

An improved 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method suitable for routine testing of autoxidative changes of fish oil and other polyunsaturated lipids has been developed. Air oxidation of the lipid during the TBA reaction was found to produce misleading results. The air oxidation may be controlled by addition of antioxidants to the reaction system. Other factors causing inconsistent TBA results and methods of prevention are also described. A comparison of peroxide and TBA values in autoxidized menhaden oil is presented.
Is There a Neuropathology of Schizophrenia? Recent Findings Converge on Altered Thalamic-Prefrontal Cortical Connectivity

Schizophrenia is a serious and chronic brain disorder whose underlying neuropathology has proven difficult to identify. This article reviews the current status of neuropathological studies in terms of how they inform the diagnosis, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and mechanisms of treatment of schizophrenia. Although additional studies are required, substantial data converge on the hypothesis that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is associated with alterations in thalamic-prefrontal cortical connectivity.
Planning livestock development: Themes from indigenous systems

Abstract The rangelands of the world are declining in productivity in spite of the introduction of programmes designed to modernise these traditional pastoral systems of livestock production. This paper suggests that, in designing the modern systems, planners have failed to appreciate the factors influencing success in the traditional systems and that disadvantages have resulted from the introduction of modern systems which reflect only ‘western’ conditions. The maintenance of animal mobility and the common use of range pastures, together with a proper appreciation of critical resources and feedback information in traditional systems, should be the constituents of plans to improve productivity.
Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Recent Verbal Behavior Research on Individuals with Disabilities: a Review and Implications for Research and Practice

The number of individuals from various culture and language backgrounds who are receiving behavior-analytic services is growing. Therefore, a behavioral understanding of the role of cultural and linguistic diversity (CLD) in language acquisition may be warranted. We searched recent editions of The Analysis of Verbal Behavior and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis to determine the degree to which researchers report the CLD of individuals with disabilities who participate in verbal behavior research. Our results indicate that researchers in these journals rarely report the culture and language background of their participants. Given these results, we provide a conceptual analysis and describe implications for research and clinical practice. A further understanding of the role of CLD may aid in the development of better behavioral interventions and culturally sensitive treatments. Finally, research that explores the role of CLD in language acquisition may add to the generality of behavior-analytic research and practice.
Zeolite synthesis in unstirred batch reactors I. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of non-uniform pre-mixing

Abstract The application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging to the study of the design and performance of chemical reactors is introduced. NMR imaging is a non-invasive technique which can be utilized for the investigation of physical processes such as the mixing of reagents within a sealed reactor. A series of experiments is described on the mixing of aluminate solutions with silicate solutions or silica slurries within zeolite crystal growth reactors. Mixing was followed by the imaging of protons present in triethanolamine (a nucleation suppressant) or tetraethylammonium bromide (a structure-directing agent) in sodium aluminosilicate mixtures which were otherwise fully deuterated. Compositions suitable for the crystallization of zeolites A, X and mordenite, in four reactor designs, were studied. The reactors were designed specifically for the growth of large zeolite crystals in microgravity aboard the space shuttle. NMR imaging was shown to be a reliable indicator of the mixing process, provided the organic was present in sufficient concentration and that its distribution was representative of the distribution of the other reagents. The possibility of utilizing NMR imaging to study a wide range of reactors, where other (invasive) techniques are unsuitable, is realized.
Measurements of midwave and longwave infrared polarization from water

In the largely unpolarized natural IR environment, water stands out as a notably polarized source. Water surfaces appear partially polarized in the IR through both reflection and emission. This polarization can be significant in environmental and military remote sensing applications where the water is either the intended source or possibly a false target. In this paper we show and interpret measurements in midwave and longwave IR bands. The midwave images show up to 7 percent s polarization in regions where warm objects reflect from the water. The longwave data also show s polarization in regions of sunglint, but elsewhere exhibit p polarization. Where the background is clear sky, the longwave signal is p polarized by up to 5 percent at large incidence angles.
Changes in Mean Body Surface Temperature (MBST) of the Neonate After Feeding† 1097

Body temperature in neonates is prone to changes in environment and internal metabolism. If undetected these fluctuations during the immediate neonatal period could be deleterious to the infant. Infrared thermography(IRT) has previously been used as a non-invasive method to determine heat loss in infants (APS 1997). In this preliminary study we used IRT to measure the MBST of 5 healthy full term neonates (3.27±0.44 kg, GA 39.4±0.89 wks, age 28.5±3.87 hrs) before and after formula feedings(9.94±0.63 Kcal/kg). Environmental conditions were stable (ambient temperature 26.32±0.49 °C and humidity of 16.7±3.04%). MBST was calculated from images of the supine and prone infant.
Deductive and inductive synthesis of equational programs

An equational approach to the synthesis of functional and logic program is taken. In this context, the synthesis task involves finding executable equations such that the given specification holds in their standard model. Hence, to synthesize such programs, induction is necessary. We formulate procedures for inductive proof, as well as for program synthesis, using the framework of ''ordered rewriting''. We also propose heuristics for generalizing from a sequence of equational consequences. These heuristics handle cases where the deductive process alone is inadequate for coming up with a program.
Eating disorder behaviors of ethnically diverse urban female adolescent athletes and non-athletes.

This study compared Caucasian, Hispanic, and African-American urban adolescent athlete and non-athlete females for relative frequency of behavioral and psychological indices of eating disorders, while controlling for physical size. High school female athletes (n=571) and non-athletes (n=463) completed the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) composed of eight subscales that measure behavioral and psychological indices common in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The MANCOVA for the main effect of ethnicity showed Caucasians and Hispanics scored significantly higher than African-Americans on six of the eight behavioral and psychological subscales of the EDI (p 0.05). This study suggests that Hispanic and Caucasian urban adolescent females are comparably more at-risk for eating disorders than African-American urban adolescent females. In addition, athletes were no more at-risk than non-athletes for eating disordered behaviors.
Metabolic strategies of free‐living and aggregate‐associated bacterial communities inferred from biologic and chemical profiles in the Black Sea suboxic zone

The Black Sea is a permanently anoxic basin with a well-defined redox gradient. We combine environmental 16S rRNA gene data from clone libraries, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and V6 hypervariable region pyrosequences to provide the most detailed bacterial survey to date. Furthermore, this data set is informed by comprehensive geochemical data; using this combination of information, we put forward testable hypotheses regarding possible metabolisms of uncultured bacteria from the Black Sea's suboxic zone (microaerophily, nitrate reduction, manganese cycling, and oxidation of methane, ammonium, and sulfide). Dominant bacteria in the upper suboxic zone included members of the SAR11, SAR324, and Microthrix groups and in the deep suboxic zone included members of BS-GSO-2, Marine Group A, and SUP05. A particulate fraction (30 μm filter) was used to distinguish between free-living and aggregate-attached communities in the suboxic zone. The particulate fraction contained greater diversity of V6 tag sequences than the bulk water samples. Lentisphaera, Epsilonproteobacteria, WS3, Planctomycetes, and Deltaproteobacteria were enriched in the particulate fraction, whereas SAR11 relatives dominated the free-living fraction. On the basis of the bacterial assemblages and simple modeling, we find that in suboxic waters, the interior of sinking aggregates potentially support manganese reduction, sulfate reduction, and sulfur oxidation.
Risk stratification of patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction. The critical role of ST segment depression. The Diltiazem Reinfarction Study Research Group.

One-year follow-up data on 515 patients who survived hospitalization with MB-creatine kinase-confirmed, acute non-Q wave myocardial infarction were analyzed for factors related to mortality (n = 57) and late reinfarction (n = 64). Twelve of 24 analyzed variables were significantly associated with mortality. Those factors, which were independently predictive of mortality by Cox regression analysis, were persistent ST depression (p = 0.0009), a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) (p = 0.0069), older age (p = 0.0128), and ST elevation at hospital discharge (p = 0.0173). In-hospital reinfarction achieved borderline significance (p = 0.0512). Mortality during the follow-up period was 5.5% in patients with no ST depression, 10.1% in those with ST depression at baseline or discharge, and 22.2% in patients with ST depression at baseline and discharge (i.e., "persistent" ST depression). The age-adjusted risk of mortality for patients with persistent ST depression, discharge-ST elevation, and CHF was 13.99 times as high as was the risk for patients with no ST depression, no discharge-ST elevation, and no CHF. Of the 483 patients with complete electrocardiographic data at both baseline and discharge, 203 (42%) could be stratified into a high risk population with a risk ratio for 1-year mortality more than sevenfold that of patients with no risk factors. Although persistent ST depression was significantly associated with several measures of structural left ventricular damage, the independent significance of ST depression persisted even after adjusting for these factors. The independent predictors of late reinfarction (persistent ST depression, p = 0.0058; Killip class II or III, p = 0.0106; and left ventricular hypertrophy, p = 0.0470) permitted a similar risk stratification. We conclude that 1) easily identified clinical and electrocardiographic factors permit stratification of patients with non-Q wave infarction into high-risk subsets who may benefit from aggressive therapy; 2) ST depression is a highly significant and independent predictor of poor prognosis; and 3) the powerful predictive value of persistent ST depression suggests that non-Q wave myocardial infarction patients with this depression should be viewed as potentially high-risk patients who may be candidates for additional noninvasive testing or early coronary angiography.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Processing of Monosized Ceramic Powders

Controlled alkoxide hydrolysis reactions for the synthesis of monodispersed oxide powders are described. The chemical and physical properties of representative monodispersed powders of TiO2, doped TiO2, ZrO2, doped ZrO2, SiO2, doped SiO2, and ZrO2-Al2O3 are described. The importance of surface chemistry for control of powder dispersion and packing is discussed and related to the control of sintered microstructures.
Does PCI reduce the occurrence of 'hard' clinical endpoints in patients with stable coronary artery disease?

Does PCI reduce the occurrence of 'hard' clinical endpoints in patients with stable coronary artery disease?
Unifying concepts in architecture-independent parallel image processing in Adapt

Adapt is a data parallel little language for both local and global image processing on parallel computers. It is architecture independent: it hides the distribution of data, the number of processors and their topology, and even the existence of multiple processes from the programmer. The programs Adapt generates are efficient, even as compared with hand code, are easy to compile for MIMD architectures, and are easy to write. Adapt presents the programmer with three underlying concepts: the idea of the split and merge programming model, raster order per-pixel processing, and the scanline/transpose method. These three concepts make it possible to implement a wide variety of image processing algorithms, including histogram, uniform convolution, run-length encoding, image warping, connected components analysis, and two-dimensional fast Fourier transform. Performance of Adapt on Sun/Unix workstations, the Carnegie Mellon Warp machine, and the Carnegie Mellon - Intel Corporation iWarp computer will be presented. Adapt is being used in an implementation of the emerging ISO/ANSI standard Programmer's Imaging Kernel System. The implementation strategy of the library will be discussed.
The expected ridge and shrinkage of the maximum entropy variance under normality

Abstract The maximum entropy moment matrix has a ridge along the diagonal and involves shrinking. The expected ridge and shrinkages are tabulated for samples from a normal distribution.
Investigating Interactions between the Lectin-Like Domain of Thrombomodulin and Complement Component 3

Protein-protein interactions are vital to the proper functioning of numerous biological systems. Thrombomodulin (TM) is a protein that is involved in the down-regulation of coagulation induced by the clotting protein thrombin. Complement component 3 (C3) is a vital component of the complement system, which is involved in innate immunity against bacteria and viruses. However, dysregulation of C3 can lead to the degradation of host cells. Evidence suggests that the lectin-like domain of TM (TMD1) may interact with active C3 (C3b) to inactivate it, thus preventing host cell degradation. The research conducted herein required the expression and purification of TMD1 in yeast cells and the isolation and purification of C3 from bovine blood plasma. A protein pull-down assay was used to verify that the two proteins interact. To aid in specific immobilization of the TMD1, two lysine residues were converted to methionine by site-directed mutagenesis via polymerase chain reaction leaving only one free amine available for future reactions. The wild type and mutant TMD1 proteins were characterized by mass spectrometry and urea-induced unfolding. The proteins were also both used in pull-down assays with C3. Once interactions are confirmed, hydrogen/deuterium exchange followed by matrix assisted laser desorption and ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) will be performed to determine which regions of each protein are involved in binding. Additionally, interactions between the two proteins will be characterized using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments.
Hepatic arterial chemotherapy for primary and metastatic liver cancers

Hepatic arterial chemotherapy represents a means of selectively exposing hepatic tumor to cytotoxic agents. Although 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine has been shown to generate a higher response rate in the treatment of colorectal liver metastases than that achieved by intravenous infusion, responses are largely incomplete and rarely of long duration. This review describes the rationale for the use of the thymidine analogs 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine and 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine in hepatic arterial infusions and indicates how combination therapy adding radiotherapy, specifically with hepatic arterially administered yttrium-90 microspheres, might generate a new, more efficient and effective therapeutic approach.
The mixed problem for the Lamé system in a class of Lipschitz domains

Abstract We consider the mixed problem for the Lame system { L u = 0 in Ω , u | D = f D on D , ∂ u ∂ ρ = f N on N , ( ∇ u ) ∗ ∈ L p ( ∂ Ω ) in the class of bounded Lipschitz creased domains. Here D and N partition ∂Ω and ∂ / ∂ ρ stands for the traction operator. We suppose the Dirichlet data f D has one derivative in L p ( D ) and the traction data f N is in L p ( N ) . For p in a small interval containing 2, we find a unique solution to the mixed problem subject to the condition that the non-tangential maximal function of the gradient of the solution is in L p ( ∂ Ω ) .
Individual differences and associational strategies within whole-list, mastery paired-associate learning

Learning efficiency was studied as a function of instructed learning strategies and individual differences in anxiety and achievement motivation. Within a self-paced whole-list design, college subjects learned to mastery a paired-associate list under one of three experimental conditions: rote repetition, mediation, and an uninstructed control. Although mediation proved superior to rote repetition, both techniques were inferior to the control. Anxiety was positively correlated with performance under rote repetition. No relationships emerged for achievement motivation. The evidence suggests that the learning styles of college students may be too sophisticated to be improved by any one learning technique and that the interrelationships of personality variables and individual learning styles may be difficult to extract.
Social facilitation of feeding behaviour in the domestic chick

Abstract 1. 1. The present investigation represents an attempt to obtain data relevant to the problems of development and stimulus control of social facilitation of feeding in the domestic chick. 2. 2. Chicks were reared in pairs or in isolation for four days following hatching. Under these conditions the paired birds ate significantly more than the isolates as indicated by greater weight gains. 3. 3. On the fifth day after hatching these same chicks were divided into four subgroups: isolation, visual social contact, partial social contact (paired but separated by wire screen), and complete social contact. With respect to amount eaten, the results indicated ( a ) that the method of rearing had no effect, ( b ) that there was no interaction between rearing and the immediate test condition, and ( c ) that complete social contact was necessary for the appearance of facilitation. 4. 4. Two additional experiments indicated that the results could not be accounted for by ( a ) differential weight loss in the isolated and social conditions, or ( b ) differential gain or loss due to compartment size or number of food cups available. 5. 5. Further observations of social interaction between chicks suggested that paired or grouped chicks may be led to eat more through pecking at one another's bills. It was demonstrated that a chick could be led to eat by simulating the movement of a companion's bill with a pencil. 6. 6. It was concluded that social facilitation of feeding does occur in young chicks, that unobstructed social interaction is necessary for its occurrence, and that it might be accounted for by bill pecking.
Distribution of the glass phase in hot-pressed, olivine-basalt aggregates: An electron microscopy study

Samples of olivine mixed with small amounts of tholeiitic basalt which were hot-pressed above the solidus temperature were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Two sets of samples were compared. One set was hot-pressed for approximately 1 h near 1,300° C at 0.2 GPa, and the other set was held for approximately 200 h near 1,250° C at 1.0 GPa. SEM observations reveal that, in samples which were hot-pressed for 1 h, the glass phase occurs in irregular pockets surrounded by four or five olivine grains as well as in triple junctions. The crystal-glass interfaces show both positive and negative curvature. These observations and the presence of voids suggest that the microstructure is far from textural equilibrium. In contrast, in samples which were hot-pressed for 200 h, glass is largely confined to triple junctions of uniform size and the crystal-glass interfaces have uniform curvature indicating a much greater degree of textural equilibrium. TEM images reveal layers of glass 10–50 nm thick along most of the grain boundaries in the samples annealed for short times. However, within the limit of resolution, ∼2 nm, virtually all of the grain boundaries in the samples hot-pressed for long times appear to contain no glass. These observations indicate that segregation of melt from grain boundaries to triple junctions is an integral part of the process of textural equilibration.
Partitioning of teniposide into membranes and the role of lipid composition

We have examined the partitioning behavior of the anticancer agent teniposide (VM-26) into multilamellar vesicles composed of various phospholipid species. Partitioning was found to be sensitive to the composition of the liposomal membrane since changes in the head group or acyl chain constituents could dramatically alter the affinity of the drug for the bilayer. [3H]VM-26 partitioned most readily into 1,2-monounsaturated species of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with a molar partition coefficient (Kp) of 4290 for dioleoyl-PC at 37°C. Inclusion of additional phospholipids having a different head group reduced partitioning in the order cardiolipin > phosphatidylglycerol > phosphatidylserine > phosphatidylethanolamine. The Kp for dioleoyl-PC with 33 mol% cardiolipin was reduced to 1370. Partitioning into completely saturated species of PC was much less than that for unsaturated species and was inversely proportional to the hydrocarbon chain length at temperatures either above or below the chain melting temperature. The Kp for fluid phase dimyristoyl-PC was 2300. Partitioning into dimyristoyl-PC or dioleoyl-PC at 37°C (fluid) or dipalmitoyl-PC at 25°C (gel) was reduced by the addition of 5–30 mol% cholesterol in proportion to its bilayer concentration. Etoposide (VP-16) concentrations up to 10 mol% did not compete with [3H]VM-26 for association with dioleoyl-PC. Addition of calf serum or serum albumin could significantly reduce the association of [3H]VM-26 with the liposomes.
Fostering Accessibility in Geoscience Training Programs

New insight has emerged over the past decade into mechanisms for improving diversity across the geosciences. Publications and programs associated with the American Geosciences Institute, the U.S. National Science Foundation, and the International Association for Geoscience Diversity (IAGD), as well as technical sessions and diversity receptions at geoscience society meetings, are promoting geoscience diversity. While these efforts to diversify the geoscience workforce have improved awareness and generated programs aimed at increasing graduation rates across genders [Holmes et al., 2008] and ethnicities [O'Connell and Holmes, 2011], people with physical disabilities continue to be underrepresented in the geoscience workforce [Locke, 2005; Atchison and Martinez-Frias, 2012].
Levels of uric acid in the intestinal tracts of germfree, gnotobiotic, and conventional mice.

Abstract The levels of uric acid in various segments of the intestinal tract of germfree, monoassociated, polyassociated, and conventional mice was determined by an enzymatic, spectrophotometric procedure. The amount of uric acid in the intestinal lumen of all mice was found to decrease as the content moved down the tract. Although uric acid was detected in the distal portions of the tracts of germfree mice, none was found in the cecum or large intestine of mice that were associated with bacteria.
A Complete Hydraulics Model for Horizontal Wells

A horizontal well usually yields a high rate through its long perforation interval, resulting in a large frictional pressure drop that is believed to reduce the well productivity. Unlike conventional horizontal well methods which consider the horizontal section only, the proposed model also includes the vertical section of the well head to the GOSP. The hydraulics model was validated stage-by-stage by various known solutions, and then applied to a high rate well. It was found that the effect of frictional pressure drop on oil rate was not as pronounced as suggested by analytical methods, or some numerical simulation studies. In summary, the pressure drop in the vertical section of the horizontal well plays an especially important role in deciding how much fluid can be produced. Therefore, it is recommended to be an integral part of horizontal well models.
Effect of Dye Additives on Photodimerization of Thymine Pendant Groups in Water-soluble Photoresist Polymers

The short wavelength UV-induced photocrosslinking of vinylbenzylthymine (VBT) based photoresist polymers was investigated in a polymer-dye water soluble system. The goal of the study was to determine whether the presence of UV-absorbing dye additives would prevent the photocrosslinking from occurring. It was found that the photoreactivity of the VBT polymer was not hindered significantly even when the amount of dye additive was comparable to the amount of thymine. Further, adding dyes to the photoresist allowed obtaining good quality images in one step. This study may provide a basis for testing VBT-containing polymers for use in controlled release applications.
Organotitanium(IV) compounds as catalysts for the polymerization of isocyanates: the polymerization of isocyanates with functionalized side chains

Catalysts of the form CpTiCl[sub 2]X, where X = [minus]OCH[sub 2]CF[sub 3], [minus]N(CH[sub 3])[sub 2], or [minus]CH[sub 3] (2a, 2b, 2c; Cp = [eta][sup 5]-cyclopentadienyl), CP*TiCl[sub 2]OCH[sub 2]CF[sub 3](3; Cp* = [eta][sup 5]-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl), and Cp[sub 2]TiClOCH[sub 2]-CF[sub 3](4) were used to polymerize a variety of isocyanates. Titanium-alkoxide, -amide, and -alkyl bonds were all found to be active in initiating the insertion of isocyanate monomer. An advantageous consequence of the lesser Lewis acidity of 2a-c relative to TiCl[sub 3]OCH[sub 2]CF[sub 3](1) is that the polymerization of highly functionalized monomers is possible using 2a-c and not 1. 2-Isocyanotoethyl methacrylate (2IEM) was polymerized, using 2b, through the isocyanato group to a linear polymer; the resulting properties of this material were found to be quite different from what was reported by Graham et al. 2IEM trimer was synthesized and subsequently cross-linked using a free-radical initiator, and it was found that the properties of this material matched those of the earlier report. The Diels-Alder adduct of 2IEM with cyclopentadiene, 2-((2-isocyanatoethoxy)carbonyl)-2-methylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene (2IECMBH) was prepared and also polymerized using 2b. The use of cyclopentadienyltitanium trichloride derivatives also provides a general route through which a wide variety of end groups may be incorporated onto the end of themore » polyisocyanate chain.« less
In vitro labeling of the sialic acid moiety of glycoconjugates with carbon-14

Labeling of sialoglycoproteins with carbon-14 in vitro was performed by reacting the aldehyde groups, generated by mild periodate oxidation of the terminal sialyl groups, with 14C-labeled sodium cyanide to produce the labeled cyanohydrin derivatives (Kiliani reaction). Labeling with tritium was carried out by reduction of the aldehyde groups generated on the sialyl residues with 3H-labeled sodium borohydride following standard procedures. The behavior of both types of labeled specimens of fetuin and ovine submaxillary mucin, individually and in mixtures, was investigated by gel-filtration chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and cesium bromide gradient ultracentrifugation. The labeled sialyl residues were subjected to partial characterization: color yield with the resorcinol and thiobarbituric acid reagents, behavior on ion-exchange chromatography, and susceptibility to mild acid and enzymatic hydrolyses. In addition to these model glycoproteins, this procedure was also utilized to label the sialoglycoproteins present in human tracheobronchial secretions collected from normal subjects and patients with chronic bronchitis. The potential uses of this approach for comparative studies of normal and pathological sialoglyco-conjugates available in minute amounts is described. The extension of this approach to the labeling of the galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosaminyl moieties of glycoconjugates following treatment with galactose oxidase is outlined.
Hex-DMR: A modular robotic test-bed for demonstrating team repair

This work presents a novel test-bed design for demonstrating techniques for team repair in modular robotic systems. The advantages of using modular and team repairable robots are discussed and theoretical constraints for creating a system capable of team repair are enumerated. These constraints are used to develop the Hex-DMR (Hexagonal Distributed Modular Robot) system which centers on a unique repair scheme based on modular components. The proposed system is demonstrated first with computer simulations, which outline the environment navigation scheme and team operation dynamics, and then with a physical prototype, with which a simple repair maneuver is shown.
Thermal infrared plasmonics

We examine a new class of infrared (IR) plasmonic devices that convert thermal radiation into bound surface plasmon polaritons (SPP's). The coupling of these SPP's into nanometer scale metal insulator metal (MIM) channels is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A new mechanism for detection of the IR radiation is examined that is based on direct rectification of a traveling MIM surface plasmon mode.
Economics 101: Where Do We Stand?.

Nearly everyone in the economics profession appears to have a profound interest in the introductory college course—what it should contain, how it should be taught, how effective it is, etc. In this paper, one of the nation's best-known teachers of that course gives his own ideas on some of these issues. In addition, McConnell describes the ADAPT (Accent on Developing Abstract Processes of Thought) program at the University of Nebraska. The results of a two-year evaluation of the ADAPT program, which he briefly summarizes, suggests the possibility that such a program can help students cope with the abstract concepts inherent in economic theory.
The use of management science techniques in a corporate strategic planning system

Abstract This paper will discuss the role that Management Science has played in the Strategic Planning process in Gulf Oil Corporation. Two levels of planning will be covered: planning at the functional Company level and at the Corporate level. Both the problems and rewards of using Management Science techniques in these areas will be discussed and illustrated through models developed at Gulf. Gulf Oil Corporation is organizationally subdivided into functional companies that are each responsible for long-range planning in their respective business areas. Corporate Headquarters is responsible for allocations of capital, debt control, dividend policy and strategy. Models developed for use at these two levels face different organizational, personnel, technical and data problems and these problems recur as the organization and personnel change. For models to be effective, the perceived benefits ensuing from their use must outweigh the problems encountered in their implementation. Three models will be discussed to illustrate these points; a Corporate model designed to examine capital allocations, debt control, dividend policies, and net cash flow; a model to aid in the formulation of a strategic policy in the Synthetic Fuels area; and, a model to help plan capital improvements or divestments in the petroleum business.
Tritium-arrested human diploid fibroblasts maintain balanced RNA and protein metabolism.

Abstract Incorporation of 3 H precursors into the protein or RNA of exponentially growing human diploid fibroblasts (WI38) inhibited DNA synthesis and cell division for a dose-related period. During this period of “tritium-arrest”, which can last for at least a month, the cells remain viable by morphologic criteria and maintain balanced RNA and protein metabolism. The cultures are eventually overgrown by a dose-related fraction of the population which retains DNA synthetic capacity. Tritium-arrested cell populations are suggested as a possible model for the study of metabolism in non-dividing cells.
Understanding the FICA MAC Protocol in High Data Rate WLANs

Recently wireless radios and hardware technologies have been developed that allow operation on very wide channels and that can support very high physical layer data rates (1Gbps and up). However, it is proven that the conventional 802.11 CSMA/CA MAC protocol causes a drastic under-utilization of such high-speed channels. In order to improve channel utilization, a new scheme, called, Fine-Grained Channel Access (FICA), has been recently put forward. While the FICA approach appears more promising than the other proposed schemes for high data rate WLANs, it has not been studied extensively before. Hence, in this paper, we focus on the FICA MAC protocol, and we study this protocol thoroughly in different traffic scenarios and network topologies. We identify, for the first time, some of the serious problems that can arise with the FICA MAC protocol. We call these problems deafness, muteness and a form of hidden terminal problem. We quantify the impact of these problems on the performance of FICA via extensive simulations. Our results show that under some typical scenarios, FICA can perform even worse than the conventional 802.11 DCF, in terms of channel utilization, per-user-throughput or fairness. The insights obtained in this paper motivates the need for addressing FICA's problems and paves the path for future development of better new MAC protocols for high data rate WLANs.
Introduction: Why beat a tired horse?

Geographic circumstances: At the time of Hurricane Katrina's landfall, I was 300 miles away in Birmingham, Alabama. About the authors: I teach and consult in the pediatric emergency medicine division at UAB School of Medicine. None of my professional or geographical moves have been related to Hurricane Katrina. For the American Academy of Pediatrics, I was head of a group of concerned pediatricians called the DPT (disaster preparedness team), helping disaster preparedness become more formalized. I edited the 2006 Pediatrics supplement on Katrina. Katrina. Five years after landfall, the name still reverberates with memories of confusion and inadequate preparation for a predictable … Address correspondence to Carden Johnston, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35233. E-mail: cjohnston{at}aap.org
Subspace averaging of steady-state visual evoked potentials

A new algorithm for doing signal averaging of steady-state visual evoked potentials (VEPs) is described. The subspace average is obtained by finding the orthogonal projection of the VEP measurement vector onto the signal subspace, which is based on a sinusoidal VEP signal model. The subspace average is seen to out-perform the conventional average using a new signal-to-noise-ratio-based performance measure on simulated and actual VEP data.
Autonomic Reactive Systems via Online Learning

Reactive systems are those that maintain an ongoing interaction with their environment at a speed dictated by the latter. Examples of such systems include web servers, network routers, sensor nodes, and autonomous robots. While we increasingly rely on the correct operation of these systems, it is becoming ever harder to deploy them bug-free. We propose a new formal framework for automatically recovering a class of reactive systems from run-time failures. This class of systems comprises those whose executions can be divided into rounds such that each round performs a new unit of work. We show how the system recovery and repair problem can be modeled as an instance of an online learning problem. On the theoretical side, we give a strategy that is near-optimal, and state and prove bounds on its performance. On the practical side, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through the case study of a buggy network monitor. Our results indicate that online learning provides a useful basis for constructing autonomic reactive systems.
Infinite Divisibility and Actual Parts in Hume's Treatise

I believe that the smallest portion of matter may be practically divided ad infinitum; that equal qualities taken from equal qualities, an unequal quality will remain; that two and two make seven; that the sun rules the night, the stars the day; and the moon is made of green cheese.
Endocrinology of breast cancer.

Abstract Oestrogen predominance over progesterone may cause hyperproliferation of mammary epithelium and thus promote breast carcinogenesis. In patients with a hormone-dependent tumour, oestrogens may also accelerate cancer growth. Conversely, they may inhibit tumour growth in patients with an oestrogen receptor-negative carcinoma which has grown in an oestrogen-poor environment. Progesterone opposes oestrogen-induced epithelial proliferation and causes cellular differentiation with decreased mitosis, thus reducing the risk of breast cancer. Prolactin brings about mammary epithelial differentiation for secretory function; in the lactation state, epithelial proliferation is minimal. The role of androgens, melatonin, thymosin, metabolic hormones (growth hormone, thyroid hormone(s), insulin, glucocorticosteroids) and prostaglandins in the pathobiology of breast cancer is poorly understood. A breast cancer population consists of individuals in whom more than 20 different tumour subsets may be present, i.e. patients with different individual tumour pathobiology and endocrinology patterns and therefore different prognoses. Progress in the endocrinology of breast cancer seems possible through prospective studies in which hormones are determined in normal breast tissue (ductal fluid, cyst fluid) and then related to the corresponding concentrations in the plasma and urine of patients who develop breast cancer and those who do not. In addition, genetic and nonhormonal risk factors for breast cancer must be taken into consideration to define the endocrinological aspects involved.
A 40 GHz Mode Locked Silicon Evanescent Laser

We demonstrate a mode locked silicon evanescent laser (ML-SEL) which generates a 39.2 GHz pulse stream without requiring any RF drive signal. This passively mode locked laser outputs 3.7 ps pulses which are nearly transform limited and have 18 dB extinction ratio.
The Irregularity Index: A quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment

A quantitative method of assessing mandibular anterior irregularity is proposed. The technique involves measurement directly from the mandibular cast with a caliper (calibrated to at least tenths of a millimeter) held parallel to the occlusal plane. The linear displacement of the adjacent anatomic contact points of the mandibular incisors is determined, the sum of the five measurements representing the Irregularity Index value of the case. Reliability and validity of the method were tested, with favorable results. At the University of Washington, several clinical studies have been and are continuing to be performed, using this technique as one of several methods of assessing pretreatment status and posttreatment change. It is hoped that this article will aid the reader in understanding the rationale and utility of a simple quantitative tool which could be used in malocclusion assessment.
Computation core binding in GTM mapping on reconfigurable computers

A combinatorial optimization problem, where the cost function is the FPGA computation time and the constraint is the FPGA board resource, is formulated as a step in mapping generalized template matching operations onto an FPGA board. The problem is then simplified from a multiple FPGA chip case into a single FPGA chip case. Algorithms are proposed to solve the optimization problem. Experimental results are also given to show the efficiency of proposed algorithms.
The First Women Psychologists: Documenting the Influence of G. Stanley Hall

The modern history of psychology begins in the late 1800s that includes Granville Stanley Hall and the first generation of women psychologists. G. Stanley Hall was the first president of Clark University, the first person to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, the first president of the American Psychological Association, and the father of American child and adolescent psychology. Mary Calkins, Helen Bradford Thompson Woolley, Amy Tanner, Kate Gordon, and Millicent Shinn were Hall’s contemporaries and the first generation of women psychologists. While the field of psychology was more open to and accepting of women than other sciences during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women still experienced prejudice, discrimination, and patronization by men in the profession. The purpose of this article is to describe how G. Stanley Hall’s beliefs and practices affected the first women psychologists.
Mothers' physical abusiveness in a context of violence: Effects on the mother-child relationship

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of mothers' physical abusiveness on the quality of the mother-child relationship, and note how it further varied by their exposure to interparental violence (IPV). The sample consisted of 232 clinic-referred children, aged 2 to 7 years, and their biological mothers. Slightly more than a quarter of the children (N = 63, 27.2%) had been physically abused by their mothers; approximately half of these children also had a history of exposure to IPV (N = 34, 54%). Investigating effects of physical abuse in the context of IPV history on mothers' and children's emotional availability, we found that physically abused children with no IPV exposure appeared less optimally emotionally available than physically abused children with an IPV exposure. However, subsequent analyses showed that although dyads with dual-violence exposure showed emotional availability levels similar those of nonabusive dyads, they were more overresponsive and overinvolving, a kind of caregiving controllingness charasteric of children with disorganized attachment styles. These findings lend some support to the notion that the effects of abuse on the parent-child relationship are influenced by the context of family violence, although the effects appear to be complex.
Soft-output decision-feedback equalization with a priori information

Soft-output equalizers that exploit a priori information on the channel inputs play a central role in turbo equalization. Such equalizers are traditionally implemented with the forward-backward or BCJR algorithm, whose complexity is prohibitive for channels with large memory. Many reduced-complexity alternatives to the BCJR algorithm have been proposed that use a linear equalizer and use the a priori information to perform soft intersymbol interference cancellation. In this work, we propose a soft-feedback equalizer (SFE) that combines the equalizer output and the a priori information to improve interference cancellation. Also, by assuming a statistical model for the a priori information and the SFE output, we obtain an equalizer with linear complexity, as opposed to the quadratic complexity of some similar structures. Simulation results show that the SFE may perform within 1 dB of a system based on an BCJR equalizer, within 0.3 dB of quadratic complexity schemes, and consistently outperforms other linear complexity schemes.
Classifying Communibiology's Texts: Implications for Genre Theory

One can categorize communibiological texts as interdisciplinary inspirational texts. However, one can classify these texts differently with equal plausibility by attending to aspects of the social psychology and economic conditions of current science that are rarely considered by most rhetoricians of science and attending to 2 significant rhetorical requirements of successful scientific texts—programmaticality and interestingness—that have gone unnoticed by rhetoricians of science to date. Given this equality of categorization plausibility, traditional genre theories are contradicted. More significantly, through the author's provision of a reflexive analysis, pragmatist genre theory is supported and extended. Thus, this article contributes to genre theory and the rhetoric of science.
Effect of Dietary Lipid on Lutein Metabolism During Aflatoxicosis in Young Broiler Chickens

The effect of concentration of dietary fat on pigmentation of broiler chickens was investigated in diets containing: 1) 0 or 1.4 micrograms of aflatoxin and 35 micrograms of lutein/kcal of diet; and 2) different levels of dietary fat (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10% cottonseed oil). Serum lutein and its metabolite, 3'-oxolutein, increased with increasing dietary fat until it reached a plateau at 6% fat. Aflatoxin significantly (P less than .05) lowered serum lutein and 3'-oxolutein at all levels of fat. Dietary fat and aflatoxin interacted significantly (P less than .05), with the effect of aflatoxin being greater at the low levels of fat than at the high fat levels. In the toe webs of the birds, the concentrations of lutein and its metabolites, lutein monoester, lutein diester, and 3'-oxolutein responded similarly to aflatoxin and to dietary fat, except that increasing the amount of dietary fat did not spare the effect of aflatoxin on 3'-oxolutein. The effect of chain length and the saturation of fatty acids on the absorption of lutein during aflatoxicosis was investigated in a factorial design for aflatoxin (0 and 4 micrograms/g of diet) and seven fatty acids at 5% of the diet. In control birds, lutein absorption was promoted by lauric = oleic greater than capric = linoleic greater than myristic greater than palmitic = stearic acids. Aflatoxin significantly (P less than .05) depressed the absorption of lutein regardless of the fatty acid present.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)