cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A thirty percent chronic decline in inverse serum creatinine is an excellent predictor of late renal allograft failure.

Abstract We previously reported that the percentage of change in inverse serum creatinine (Δ1/Cr) was the best of several time-dependent serum creatinine-derived predictors of renal allograft failure in patients not administered cyclosporine (CsA). To further validate the utility of Δ1/Cr, we collected creatinine levels (mean, 90.7 ± 45.2 creatinine measurements) in 100 patients treated for 6.7 ± 5.9 years with CsA. We also validated Δ1/Cr using a limited creatinine-sampling strategy, then performed multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis of 1,663 transplantations. A time-dependent covariate determined by the date of first chronic decline (excluding creatinine levels from periods of acute rejection) in Δ1/Cr to less than −30% of baseline similarly was predictive of graft failure in 101 patients treated without CsA (relative risk, 5.04; 95% confidence interval, 2.18 to 11.6; P = 0.0002) and 100 patients treated with CsA (relative risk, 5.02; 95% confidence interval, 2.50 to 10.1; P
Policy Development for Advocates Lessons From the Job Accommodation Network (JAN)

Calls for cross-disciplinary dialogue and greater coherence in disability policies have produced limited understanding of disability policy making. Most scholars focus on what should be done but give scant consideration to how the dynamics of the policy making process constrain substantive options. The authors argue that failing to consider the environment of the policy making processes on program design and advocacy hinders understanding about policy and development of practical initiatives. This article describes the dynamics of policy making through a case study of the Job Accommodation Network, which provides an example of path dependence and the infilling of policy spaces and exemplifies how later arriving, modest initiatives and influential advocates can target narrower niches, seek to improve collaboration, and create better linkages between stakeholders in their efforts to expand employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. The analysis has implications for advocates and practitioners b...
Cardiac Function of Neonates with Congenital Hypothyroidism Before Treatment

Because of previous reports of myocardial dysfunction in adults and children with hypothyroidism, 12 newborns with congenital hypothyroidism were studied using standard electrocardiographic and echocardiographic techniques. The infants were between the ages of 7 and 28 days at the time of study. Five infants were athyrotic, and of these two had delayed skeletal maturation. Electrocardiogram revealed normal heart rates and QRS voltages in all children, while five had abnormal dome-shaped T-waves and absent ST-segments (Mosque sign). Echocardiograms were normal in all patients indicating no myocardial dysfunction or pericardial effusion. This study suggests that myocardial dysfunction is not present in the immediate newborn period of infants with congenital hypothyroidism. It is reasonable to conclude that early detection of congenital hypothyroidism by mass screening may prevent the cardiac affects of hypothyroidism as well as the other known sequelae.
A method for the organ explant culture of fish kidney tubules

A method for long-term organ explant culture of isolated fish kidney tubules from two teleost species is provided. Tubules maintained normal structures for 8 weeks when cultured in supplemented CMRL-1066 medium in controlled atmosphere chambers.
Innervation of rat molar teeth: I. Distribution of neuronal cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion from a mandibular molar tooth

The cell bodies of neurons innervating a rat mandibular molar tooth were examined with respect to their location in the trigeminal ganglion. The study sought to determine if these cell bodies were restricted to a specific somatotopic location within the mandibular territory of the ganglion or if they were distributed throughout the entire mandibular territory. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) pellets were placed in the cavity preparation of right first mandibular molar teeth for a 24-hour period. The animals were then perfusion fixed, and the right trigeminal ganglion was removed, sectioned and processed by the tetramethyl benzidine neurohistochemical technic. The four trigeminal ganglia constituting this experimental series demonstrated 129, 185, 236, 318 HRP-positive cell bodies. These cell bodies were dispersed throughout the extent of the mandibular territory. It was concluded from these observations that the distribution of cell bodies innervating a rat mandibular molar tooth is not restricted to a specific region of the mandibular territory of the trigeminal ganglion, but rather the distribution of these cell bodies is throughout all parts of the mandibular territory.
3504 TIME TREND FOR THE APPEARANCE OF ESOPHAGITIS AFTER HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION.

Successful Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) treatment has been reported to predispose to the development of reflux esophagitis (RE). However, despite this evidence, to date no attention had been paid to the time trend for the appearance of RE after H.pylori treatment. This information could be of importance in dealing with patient management after eradication. The aim of this prospective study therefore was two fold. Firstly, to examine the RE rate after H.pylori eradication and secondly, to study the time trend for the appearance of RE. Methods: 50 consecutive, successfully eradicated patients, without RE at the time of H.pylori treatment [25 duodenal ulcer (DU) and 25 non-ulcer (NU), 30M, 20F, median age 41.5 yrs, range 21-57] were followed up for 24 months after H.pylori eradication or when reflux symptoms occurred. The chi-square test for trend and the life table analysis were performed for calculating the incidence and time trend for RE appearance after H.pylori eradication. Patients were censored if the end point was reached or if RE was noted at endoscopy. Results: Among the 50 H.pylori(+) successfully treated patients, 12/50(24%) developed RE during the 24 month follow up period. In 9/12 patients(75%), RE developed during the first year of the follow up, at months 5,6,7,9,10,11 and 12 (respective percentages of patients without RE 98,96,92,90,88,86 and 82%) as opposed to only 3/12(25%)patients (p
Leveling the playing field: factors influencing trade show success for small companies

Abstract Recent research indicates that trade shows are a place to find prospects and close sales. Yet, many requisites of success found in prior studies may not be available to companies with limited resources. A study that compares the activities of successful vs. unsuccessful exhibitors from small companies was conducted. Results indicate similar budgets, yet very different results. Factors influencing success include strategic factors such as centering responsibility in one position, as well as tactical decisions such as those regarding pre-show promotion.
Cognitive Structures of the Gifted: Theoretical Perspectives, Factor Analysis, Triarchic Theories of Intelligence, and Insight Issues

The thinking processes and the cognitive structures of the gifted have been tangentially examined by various theorists of varying perspectives. Piagetians have offered one posture, i.e., formal operations as defined by hypothesis testing; information processing theorists, another. The Triarchic theory of Sternberg examines selective encoding, selective combination and selective comparison. These factors lead to insight and/or the ability to deal with novelty, while past factor analytic theorists have examined verbal comprehension, perceptual organization and freedom from distractibility. Gardner's recent work has cited no less than six separate forms of intelligence.This paper examines these competing perspectives and attempts to provide a meta-analysis from which to view the cognitive structures of the gifted.
Density Functional Studies of a Heisenberg Spin Coupled Chromium−Semiquinone Complex and Its Chromium−Catechol Analog

The electronic structure of [Cr(tren)(3,6-DTBSQ)]2+, where tren is tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and 3,6-DTBSQ is 3,6-di-tert-butylorthosemiquinone, has been studied by self-consistent-field non-local gradient-corrected density functional theory. The results are consistent with a Heisenberg exchange formulation where a Cr(S = 3/2) ion is antiferromagnetically coupled to the semiquinone(S = 1/2) giving rise to a S = 1 ground state. Population analyses were carried out which show net α and β spin densities at the chromium ion and semiquinone, respectively. Some orbital interactions have been identified that allow partial delocalization from the semiquinone toward the chromium ion giving rise to an antiparallel alignment of their electron spins. The isotropic exchange constant J of the Heisenberg Hamiltonian ℋex = JS1·S2 has been determined from the self-consistent-field energies at the U-BLYP/6-311** and U-B3LYP/6-311** levels and is consistent with previously reported magnetic susceptibility data. The triplet st...
On-resistance characterization of VDMOS power transistors

A simple equivalent circuit and iteration procedure are introduced that enable the separation of the on-resistance of a VDMOS into three physically meaningful components. These components can be obtained by a novel forward-bias I-V measurement of the parasitic p-n junction without regard for the structural details of the device. The method has been applied to devices with various blocking voltages between 40 and 500 V. With increasing values of the drain-to-source blocking voltage, the epidrain component of resistance was found to increase dramatically, whereas the other two resistance components remained fairly constant. Thus, to appreciably reduce the on-resistance, one must optimize the epi-drain resistance for a given blocking voltage. Several new parameters of the nonuniformly doped channel are defined and evaluated, i.e., an effective channel resistance, an effective mobility, an effective threshold voltage, and the ratio of the average to maximum channel doping. The significance of these quantities are discussed.
Design oriented model for constant on-time V 2 control

V 2 type constant on-time control is a practical implementation for current mode control. Equivalent series resistor (ESR) of the output capacitors is used as the sensing resistor for inductor current. Along with inductor current information, capacitor voltage is also fed back to the modulator. Previously CPES proposed a model for V2 control based on describing function. Although the model is very accurate, the derivation process is complicated. This paper tries to propose a simplified but less accurate model for practical design purpose. The new modeling method separates current feedback information and capacitor voltage feedback information. The analytical results are verified using Simplis simulation.
Imaging multidimensional therapeutically relevant circadian relationships

Circadian clocks gate cellular proliferation and, thereby, therapeutically target availability within proliferative pathways. This temporal coordination occurs within both cancerous and noncancerous proliferating tissues. The timing within the circadian cycle of the administration of drugs targeting proliferative pathways necessarily impacts the amount of damage done to proliferating tissues and cancers. Concurrently measuring target levels and associated key pathway components in normal and malignant tissues around the circadian clock provides a path toward a fuller understanding of the temporal relationships among the physiologic processes governing the therapeutic index of antiproliferative anticancer therapies. The temporal ordering among these relationships, paramount to determining causation, is less well understood using two-or three-dimensional representations. We have created multidimensional multimedia depictions of the temporal unfolding of putatively causative and the resultant therapeutic effects of a drug that specifically targets these ordered processes at specific times of the day. The systems and methods used to create these depictions are provided, as well as three example supplementary movies.
Cardiac amyloidosis, constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy

Cardiac amyloidosis is not characterized by a single hemodynamic pattern. Some of the cases present the clinical findings of restrictive cardiomyopathy and in these differentiation from constrictive pericarditis remains difficult in spite of the introduction of techniques designed to assess myocardial contractility and ventricular diastolic compliance. The clinical features and the demonstration of left ventricular diastolic pressure greater than right remain the most useful means of distinguishing restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis. In other cases of cardiac amyloidosis the diastolic pressure is elevated throughout diastole and ventricular ejectile ability is lost. These cases do not simulate constrictive pericarditis and should not be classified as restrictive cardiomyopathy.
A family of variable metric updates

We develop a one parameter family of variable metric updates by considering a fundamental decomposition of the Hessian that underlies Variable Metric Algorithms. The relationship with other Variable Metric Updates is discussed. Considerations based on the condition of the Hessian inverse approximation indicate particular choices of the parameter and these are discussed in the second half of this paper.
Quantum stress-energy tensors and the weak energy condition.

Certain processes predicted by quantum field theory, such as the Hawking black-hole evaporation process and radiation by moving mirrors, involve stress-energy tensors which exhibit peculiar properties from the classical point of view. More specifically, these stress-energy tensors do not obey the weak energy condition because they involve negative-energy densities and we show that, as a result, they are nondiagonalizable by a local Lorentz transformation under certain circumstances. In addition, we show that ${T}_{\mathrm{ab}}$${U}^{a}$${U}^{b}$ is not bounded below for all unit timelike vectors ${U}^{a}$ and that this is also a property of the stress-energy tensor associated with the Casimir effect. These observations are important in view of the fact that Tipler has shown that if ${T}_{\mathrm{ab}}$ is diagonalizable (type I) and if ${T}_{\mathrm{ab}}$${U}^{a}$${U}^{b}$ is bounded below, then the weak energy condition is the weakest energy condition that can be defined locally. One might conjecture that the existence of similar (although as yet unknown) quantum processes, in which the weak energy condition is violated locally, could prevent the eventual formation of a singularity in the gravitational collapse of a star. Although we do not present a specific model, it is possible that in such a process the weak energy condition, while violated locally, would still hold on the average. Extending earlier results of Tipler, we show that Penrose's singularity theorem will still hold if the weak energy condition is replaced by a weaker (nonlocal) energy condition and if the null generic condition holds.
Effects of blood flow and left atrial pressure on pulmonary venous resistance.

Pulmonary venular pressure was measured in 11 thoracotomized dogs and in 8 isolated lung lobes by introducing a small catheter (O.D. 0.6 or 0.9 mm.) as far as possible retrograde into the pulmonary veins. In thoracotomized dogs, insufflated with a maximal air pressure of 6 mm. Hg, the mean pulmonary arterial, venular, and left atrial pressures averaged 18.4, 9.1, and 4.2 mm. Hg, respectively. An almost linear relationship was found between venular pressure and pulmonary blood flow, except in the low flow ranges; venular pressures exceeded left atrial pressure by one-fourth to one-half of the gradient from pulmonary artery to left atrium. The calculated pulmonary venous resistance decreased with increased blood flow. The fall in pulmonary vascular resistance resulting from elevation of the left atrial pressure was shown to reside primarily in the venous system, especially when left atrial pressure was low; arterial and capillary resistance also fell, but to a lesser extent. Pulmonary venular pressure is higher than left atrial pressure by a factor which varies with blood flow. The effect of such mechanical forces on the venous resistance is discussed.
Exact Confidence Intervals for Nonconstant Effects by Inverting the Signed Rank Test

Wilcoxon's signed rank test is often inverted, using Walsh averages, to yield exact, distribution free, randomization based confidence intervals for a constant treatment effect or center of symmetry; however, many treatment effects are not constant, so that this interval is not applicable. This article proposes a new way to invert the signed rank test, again using Walsh averages, to produce an exact, distribution free, randomization based confidence interval describing treatment effects that are not constant. The procedure is simple to apply, comparable to the signed rank test itself. Also, the procedure permits a sensitivity analysis in observational studies that estimate treatment effects in the absence of randomization. The method is illustrated using an observational study of the frequency of micronuclei in the cells of alcoholics and matched controls.
Organic superconductors--new benchmarks.

Recent advances in the design and synthesis of organic synthetic metals have yielded materials that have the highest superconducting transition temperatures ( T c ≈ 13 kelvin) reported for these systems. These materials have crystal structures consisting of alternating layers of organic donor molecules and inorganic anions. Organic superconductors have various electronic and magnetic properties and crystal structures that are similar to those of the inorganic copper oxide superconductors (which have high T c values); these similarities include highly anisotropic conductivities, critical fields, and short coherence lengths. The largest number of organic superconductors, including those with the highest T c values, are charge-transfer salts derived from the electron donor molecule BEDT-TTF or ET [bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene]. The synthesis and crystal structures of these salts are discussed; their electrical, magnetic, and band electronic structure properties and their many similarities to the copper oxide superconductors are treated as well.
Training dose as a factor in LSD-saline discrimination.

To assess the effects of training dose on the discriminative stimulus properties of LSD, groups of rats (eight/group) were trained to discriminate each of three doses of LSD (0.02, 0.08 or 0.32 mg/kg) from saline. This was accomplished by using a method of progressively altering dose (“fading”). Dose-response tests revealed that the three LSD cues were specific to the dose used during training and that, as the training dose declined, the slope of the LSD dose-response curve became less steep. Substitution tests with direct serotonin (5-HT) agonists (quipazine, MK-212, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) and antagonism tests with central 5-HT antagonists (methiothepin and cyproheptadine) indicated that 5-HT is involved in mediating the in vivo effects of LSD and that training dose co-determines (along with the dose of the test compound) the extent of substitution or antagonism. In addition, substitution tests with the peripherally-active 5-HT agonist 5-methoxytryptamine and 5-HT antagonist xylamidine suggested that the peripheral serotonergic actions of LSD may be involved (in part) in the low dose (0.02 mg/kg) LSD cue. In contrast to 5-HT, dopamine (DA) did not appear to be involved in the discriminative stimulus properties of LSD, because no significant dose or group effects were seen during tests with the DA agonists apomorphine and d-amphetamine or the DA antagonist haloperidol.
Structure−Activity Relationships of Piscidin 4, a Piscine Antimicrobial Peptide

Piscidin 4, an antimicrobial peptide recently isolated from mast cells of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops female × Morone saxatilis male), is unusual in that it is twice as long (44 amino acids) as the typical members of the piscidin family. We previously showed that native piscidin 4 had a modified amino acid at position 20, but synthetic piscidin 4 (having an unmodified Trp at position 20) had similar potent activity against a number of both human and fish bacterial pathogens. In this study, the structure and membrane topology of synthetic piscidin 4 were examined using liposomes as model bilayers. Circular dichroism analyses revealed that it had a disordered structure in aqueous solution and folded to form a relatively weak α-helical structure in both membrane-mimetic trifluoroethanol solutions and liposome suspensions. Fluorescence data (piscidin 4 embedded in liposomes) and leakage experiments indicated that piscidin 4 interacted strongly with the hydrophobic part of the liposome. Binding of piscidin 4 to liposomes induced significant blue shifts of the emission spectra of the single Trp residue (Trp20). Quenching of Trp20 by water-soluble quencher (either acrylamide or I-) indicated that the fluorescence of Trp20 decreased more in the presence of liposomes than in buffer solution, thus revealing that Trp20 is less accessible to the quenchers in the presence of liposomes. The relative leakage abilities of piscidin 4 (1 μM) with liposomes were in the following order: DPPC (100%)≥EYPC (94%)>DPPC/DPPG (65%)>EYPC/EYPG (0%). This high activity against DPPC and EYPC liposomes was contrary to our data suggesting that piscidin 4 has a much weaker tendency to form an α-helix than other piscidins, such as piscidin 1. However, the structural similarity of protozoan membranes to EYPC liposomes might explain our discovery of the potent activity of piscidin 4 against the important skin/gill parasite ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis), but its negligible hemolytic activity against vertebrate membranes (hybrid striped bass or human erythrocytes). It also suggests that other conformation(s) in addition to the α-helix of this peptide may be responsible for its selective activity. This differential toxicity also suggests that piscidin 4 plays a significant role in the innate defense system of hybrid striped bass and may be capable of functioning extracellularly.
Gender and Race in Leadership Preparation: A Constrained Discourse

The professoriate is a powerful and privileged position. As faculty design leadership programs and plan courses, discourse about gender and race is often limited or treated as a taboo subject. The power and privilege to avoid equity discourse in preparation programs leads to similar avoidance in school communities where practitioners report fear and limited knowledge and skills to confront gender and race issues. This article examines faculty perceptions of discourse about gender and race in educational leadership programs, departments, and classrooms. The author employs critical and feminist perspectives related to power, privilege, and fault lines to discuss faculty fear and a lack of openness to learning about gender and race issues. The author concludes that to understand the praxis of creating equal opportunity in diverse school communities, educational leadership faculty must move beyond program rhetoric and experience the complex and challenging practices of learning how to enact equity.
Incest memories recalled in hypnosis--a case study: a brief communication

Accuracy of repressed memories recovered in hypnosis cannot be reliably determined with any greater certainty than non-hypnotically recalled events. Therefore, the practice of therapists' accepting hypnotically enhanced memories as veridical, absent corroborating evidence, is not advocated. A 52-year-old woman with a 27-year history of panic attacks and sleep disorder inadvertently recovered incest memories in hypnosis. Photographs and remembered events by other family members were thought by the patient to provide general support although they did not constitute actual proof of abuse. Implications are discussed.
Accepting the gap: An introduction to the special issue on bridging research and practice

Although the gap between research and practice is certainly not a new challenge facing the field of education, it is a challenge that has yet to be successfully addressed from the perspective of both researchers and practitioners. Efforts to achieve greater harmony between the two settings can be described as slow and minimal. In this article, two of the barriers serving to widen the gap are reviewed. In addition, reasons to accept the gap between research and practice while also working to minimize a negative impact are outlined. Through the articles included within the issue, a message is reiterated regarding the importance of making better connections between the two, and suggestions are offered as to how such connections might be accomplished. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 455–458, 2005.
Growth patterns of human neuroblastoma xenografts and their relationship to treatment outcome

BACKGROUND Several investigators have reported the ability to establish xenografts in nude mice from children with neuroblastomas, but a correlation of prognosis with this establishment and the growth patterns of the neuroblastomas has not been reported. METHODS Tumor specimens from 58 children with neuroblastomas were heterotransplanted into BALB/c nude mice. In 34 patients, heterotransplantation was done before therapy; in 24 patients, tumors were obtained after at least one course of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The histology, cytogenetics, and growth characteristics of serial passages of the xenografts were studied. RESULTS The engraftment rate was 34%. Neuroblastomas with diploid chromosome numbers did not engraft. Chromosomal abnormalities involving 1p were seen in more than 50% of the xenografts. Cytogenetic features were retained between original tumors and resultant xenografts. Xenografts could be established only from tumors with unfavorable histology, as defined by Shimada classification criteria. The histology of each xenograft line was strikingly similar, and each was highly undifferentiated. Engraftment rates, doubling times, and lag times did not vary appreciably between xenografts established from treated tumors compared with xenografts established from untreated tumors. There was no correlation between doubling or lag times and prognosis. Patients whose tumors engrafted had only a 5% 3-year survival rate. CONCLUSIONS From these results, it appears that successful engraftment is the most important prognostic indicator for patients with neuroblastomas. Because of the commonality of the histologic features and the stability of the tumor clones from patients before and after heterotransplantation, these xenografts may be useful as an in vivo model for studying drug resistance and for designing treatment regimens.
Band asymptotics in two dimensions

Let X be a rank one symmetric space (e.g., S”, RP”, CP”,...) and let A be its Laplace-Beltrami operator. It is known that the spectrum of A is discrete and consists of a sequence of eigenvalues a, = k(k + a), k = 0, 1, 2 ,a.., (1.1) each occurring with multiplicity N, = (b/(n l)!) k”-’ + O(k”-*), (1.2) n being the dimension of X and a and b being positive integers which depend only on X. Let Q be a zeroth order self-adjoint pseudodifferential operator. If we perturb A by adding Q to it, the eigenvalues (1.1) break up into bands
Candidate Gender and Women's Psychological Engagement in Politics:

In previous research scholars consistently have documented that women in the United States are less psychologically engaged in the political process than men. Utilizing the unique electoral circums...
Effect of host-plant genotypes on the performance of three candidate biological control agents of Schinus terebinthifolius in Florida.

Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, native to South America, is an invasive weed in Florida, California, Texas, and Hawaii. Genetic studies have recognized two S. terebinthifolius haplotypes (A and B) in Florida, and extensive hybridization has occurred between these two populations. Three candidate biological control agents were identified from the native range (Brazil); a leaflet rolling moth Episimus utilis Zimmerman, a thrips Pseudophilothrips ichini Hood from Ouro Preto, and an unindentified thrips, referred to as Pseudophilothrips sp. near ichini, from Curitiba, Brazil. The objective of this study was to compare the performance of these three candidate agents on different S. terebinthifolius genotypes found in Florida and Brazil. Survival (54%), adult longevity (9 days), fecundity (84 eggs laid), and fertility (68% eggs hatched) of E. utilis were similar on all S. terebinthifolius genotypes tested from Florida. In contrast, the two thrips species differed in their ability to utilize different genotypes of their host plant. Pseudophilothrips sp. near ichini exhibited low survival (0–4%) and short adult longevity (<10 days) when reared on Florida genotypes, whereas higher survival (∼50%) and longevity (∼30 days) were observed for P. ichini on these genotypes. These findings highlight the importance of examining insect performance on plant genotypes present in the introduced and native ranges when selecting biological control agents. The ecological significance of the results is discussed in the context of plant genotypes and possible local adaptation of their natural enemies.
Covering theory for graphs of groups

Abstract A tree action ( G, X ), consisting of a group G acting on a tree X , is encoded by a ‘quotient graph of groups’ A = G ⧹⧹ X . We introduce here the appropriate notion of morphism A → A′ = G ′⧹⧹ X ′, that encodes a morphism ( G , X )→( G ′, X ′) of tree actions. In particular, we characterize ‘coverings’ G ⧹⧹ X → G ′⧹⧹ X corresponding to inclusions of subgroups G ⩽ G ′. This is a useful tool for producing subgroups of G with prescribed properties. It also yields a strong Conjugacy Theorem for groups acting freely on X . We also prove the following mild generalizations of theorems of Howie and Greenberg. Suppose that G acts discretely on X , i.e. that each vertex stabilizer is finite. Let H and K be finitely generated subgroups of G . Then H ∩ K is finitely generated. If H and K are commensurable, then H (and K ) have finite index in 〈 H , K 〉.
Omeprazole versus placebo in duodenal ulcer healing. The United States experience.

The study objective was to study the ulcer healing effects and safety of the proton pump inhibitor, omeprazole, given in a dose of 20 mg once daily before breakfast. The study design was a randomized, double-blind, multicenter comparison of omeprazole and placebo using endoscopy to assess ulcer healing after two or four weeks of therapy. One hundred fifty-three patients with endoscopically documented active duodenal ulcer were studied. One hundred two patients received omeprazole and 51 received placebo. Patients in both groups were similar with regard to age, sex, duration of disease, initial ulcer size, smoking history, and alcohol use. A “per protocol” analysis of healing rates showed a significant advantage for omeprazole (P 150 pg/ml) in only 12.3% of patients. Two weeks after therapy was stopped, serum gastrin levels showed a decrease toward baseline but had not yet completely returned to pretreatment levels (mean 49.7 pg/ml). Observations from Europe and Australia of >90% healing of duodenal ulcers after four weeks of omeprazole therapy were not confirmed in this study. No single factor explains this difference. Considerable variation in the degree of suppression of acid secretion has been demonstrated with the 20-mg daily dose of omeprazole; it is possible that, in US populations, a greater degree of antisecretory effect may be required to achieve the healing rates observed in Europe and Australia. In conclusion, omeprazole was more effective than placebo in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer, as determined by ulcer healing and relief of pain, and was well tolerated in the short-term treatment of patients with duodenal ulcer.
Perceiving the end: effects of tonal relationships on melodic completion

Two experiments examined listeners' sensitivity to the structural markers of melodic completion. In Experiment 1, both musicians and nonmusicians were asked to rate the ending of folk melodies for their degree of "completeness" and "tonal appropriateness." Results showed that melodies ending with the conventional leading tone-to-tonic progression were rated the most complete and tonally appropriate to the underlying key, more so than melodies ending with the submediant-to-tonic or the tonic-to-dominant progressions. Conversely, melodies ending on the leading tone seemed the most incomplete and tonally inappropriate. In Experiment 2, the perceptual salience of certain pitch functions was enhanced significantly by the pattern of rhythmic accentuation within a melody's context and the presence of the rare tritone interval. The results illustrate an interactive influence of pitch and temporal variables on musical perception and thereby highlight the need to incorporate dynamic pattern factors into internal representations of tonality.
Density-Dependent Parasitism of the Hackberry Nipplegall Maker (Homoptera: Psyllidae): A Multi-Scale Analysis

The spatial scale employed in field studies investigating density-dependent parasitism of insect hosts may influence the results of such investigations. As an empirical test of this observation, the relationship between the density of hackberry nipplegall makers, Pachypsylla celtidismamma (Fletcher), on hackberry, Celtis occidentalis L., and parasitism by the specialist parasitoid Psyllaephagus pachypsyllae Howard was examined at 3 spatially nested scales: leaves, branches, and trees. The distribution of galls among leaves on trees was highly clumped, and gall density varied considerably among leaves, branches, and trees, regardless of how it was measured (absolute number of galls, galls per leaf, or proportion of galled leaves). At the individual leaf level, parasitism was higher for galls on leaves with multiple galls than for single galls. However, the incidence of parasitism did not increase with increasing gall densities on the multiply galled leaves, indicating that parasitoids, although attracted to high-density patches, do not appear to remain in these patches. Parasitism was found to be density independent at the branch level, regardless of how density was measured, indicating that parasitoids do not respond to host density at this spatial scale. However, at the whole-tree level there was a significant positive relationship between density and parasitism for 2 measures of gall density: absolute gall number and galls per leaf. This pattern may result from the establishment of highly localized populations of parasitoids around trees with consistently high galling levels. Overall, the relationship between gall density and parasitism was found to be complex and scale dependent.
Roles of microRNA-140 in stem cell-associated early stage breast cancer

An increasing body of evidence supports a stepwise model for progression of breast cancer from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Due to the high level of DCIS heterogeneity, we cannot currently predict which patients are at highest risk for disease recurrence or progression. The mechanisms of progression are still largely unknown, however cancer stem cell populations in DCIS lesions may serve as malignant precursor cells intimately involved in progression. While genetic and epigenetic alterations found in DCIS are often shared by IDC, mRNA and miRNA expression profiles are significantly altered. Therapeutic targeting of cancer stem cell pathways and differentially expressed miRNA could have significant clinical benefit. As tumor grade increases, miRNA-140 is progressively downregulated. miR-140 plays an important tumor suppressive role in the Wnt, SOX2 and SOX9 stem cell regulator pathways. Downregulation of miR-140 removes inhibition of these pathways, leading to higher cancer stem cell populations and breast cancer progression. miR-140 downregulation is mediated through both an estrogen response element in the miR-140 promoter region and differential methylation of CpG islands. These mechanisms are novel targets for epigenetic therapy to activate tumor suppressor signaling via miR-140. Additionally, we briefly explored the emerging role of exosomes in mediating intercellular miR-140 signaling. The purpose of this review is to examine the cancer stem cell signaling pathways involved in breast cancer progression, and the role of dysregulation of miR-140 in regulating DCIS to IDC transition.
The ultrastructure of human fibrosing alveolitis

This report describes the ultrastructural findings in 37 patients who underwent open lung biopsy which yielded diagnoses of fibrosing alveolitis. A spectrum of lesions are categorized for the capillary endothelium and its basement membrane, the interstitial space and its fibrocellular components, and the alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane. The findings typify the different pulmonary cellular reactions to injury. Evidence for cellular regeneration and death in both epithelial and endothelial cell populations include atypical epithelial cell proliferation, capillary basement membrane multilamination, decrease in capillary lumen size and prominent pericytic ensheathment of pulmonary capillaries. Within the interstitium of the lung, proliferation of collagen and elastic fibers are documented, but in addition, abundant myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells are present. No ultrastructural evidence of immune complex deposition was found in this study. The morphologic findings of fibrosing alveolitis further support the widespread concept that the lung responds to various injuries in a similar manner and undergoes a common reparative response regardless of etiology.
Hemagglutination with Newcastle disease virus (NDV).

SummaryHemagglutination by Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is markedly affected by temperature. At room temperature the reaction is difficult to read, especially with low dilutions of virus. At 4°C the reaction is easily read and titration end-points are readily determined.At 4°C NDV appears to be adsorbed more completely by and to elute less rapidly from chicken red cells than at room temperature.Details of satisfactory methods for titration of virus and antibodies against it are presented. Both tests are carried out at 4°C.
The cholinergic neuronal phenotype in Alzheimer's disease.

The synthesis, storage and release of acetylcholine (ACh) requires the expression of several specialized proteins, including choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT). The VAChT gene is located within the first intron of the ChAT gene. This unique genomic organization permits coordinated activation of expression of the two genes by extracellular factors. Much less is known about factors that reduce the expression of the cholinergic phenotype. A cholinergic deficit is one of the primary features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and AD brains are characterized by amyloid deposits composed primarily of Aβ peptides. Although Aβ peptides are neurotoxic, part of the cholinergic deficit in AD could be attributed to the suppression of cholinergic markers in the absence of cell death. Indeed, we and others demonstrated that synthetic Aβ peptides, at submicromolar concentrations that cause no cytotoxicity, reduce the expression of cholinergic markers in neuronal cells. Another feature of AD is abnormal phospholipid turnover, which might be related to the progressive accumulation of apolipoprotein E (apoE) within amyloid plaques, leading perhaps to the reduction of apoE content in the CSF of AD patients. ApoE is a component of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). As a first step in investigating a potential neuroprotective function of apoE, we determined the effects of VLDL on ACh content in neuronal cells. We found that VLDL increases ACh levels, and that it can partially offset the anticholinergic actions of Aβ peptides.
Effect of rotation on heat transfer in rectangular channels with pin fins

The effect of rotation on smooth narrow rectangular channels and narrow rectangular channels with pin fins is investigated in this study. Pin fins are commonly used in the narrow sections within the trailing edge of the turbine blade; the pin fins act as turbulators to enhance internal cooling while providing structural support in this narrow section of the blade. The rectangular channel is oriented at 150 deg with respect to the plane of rotation, and flow through the channel is radially outward. The focus of the study involves narrow channels with aspect ratios of 4:1 and 8:1. The enhancement due to both conducting (copper) pin fins and nonconducting (Plexiglas®) pins is investigated. Because of the varying aspect ratio of the channel, the height-to-diameter ratio (h p /D p ) of the pins varies from two, for an aspect ratio of 4:1, to unity, for an aspect ratio of 8:1. A staggered array of pins with uniform streamwise and spanwise spacing (x p /D p =s p /D p = 2.0) is studied. With this array, 42 pin fins are used, giving a projected surface density of 3.5 pins/in. 2 (0.543 pins/cm 2 ), for the leading or trailing surfaces
Hydrophobic flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis induce colorectal cancer cell apoptosis through a mitochondrial-mediated pathway

Scutellaria baicalensis extract (SbE) has been shown to exert chemopreventive effects on several types of cancer. Baicalin, a hydrophilic flavonoid found in SbE, may have opposing effects that decrease the antitumor potential of SbE against colorectal cancer. In this study, after removing baicalin, we prepared an aglycone-rich fraction (ARF) of SbE and evaluated its anti-proliferative activity and mechanisms of action. The flavonoids found in ARF, baicalin fraction (BF) and SbE were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of ARF, BF, SbE and representative flavonoids on the proliferation of HCT-116 and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cells were determined by an MTS assay. The cell cycle, the expression of cyclins A and B1 and cell apoptosis were assayed using flow cytometry. Apoptosis-related gene expression was visualized by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and mitochondrial membrane potential was estimated following staining with JC-1. HPLC analysis showed that ARF contained two hydrophobic flavonoids, baicalein and wogonin, and that BF contained only baicalin. SbE had little anti-proliferative effect on the colorectal cancer cells; cancer cell growth was even observed at certain concentrations. ARF exerted potent anti-proliferative effects on the cancer cells. By contrast, BF increased cancer cell growth. ARF arrested cells in the S and G2/M phases, increased the expression of cyclins A and B1, and significantly induced cell apoptosis. Multiple genes in the mitochondrial pathway are involved in ARF-induced apoptosis, and subsequent cellular functional analysis validated the involvement of this pathway. These results suggest that removing baicalin from SbE produces an ARF that significantly inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells, and that the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway plays a role in hydrophobic flavonoid-induced apoptosis.
Psychologists for Society and Societies for Psychologists: SPSSI's Place Among Professional Organizations

The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) has been a prominent conduit for American psychologists' involvement in political and social affairs. For years SPSSI has stood as the center of political activism in American psychology. An examination of SPSSI and several other professional organizations founded during the period between the two world wars indicates that, despite its activism, SPSSI shared with the others a set of conventional assumptions about the irrationality of human nature, an unstable social order, and the preference for scientific judgment. Early SPSSI documents also contain more radical aspirations: critical self-reflection about the scientific enterprise, candid culture criticism, and political activism. However, these did not remain dominant in the organization. While being an occasion for celebration, the 50th anniversary of SPSSI also offers occasion to reevaluate these mixed commitments.
Sensitivity and Signal Complexity as a Function of the Number of Ion Channels in a Stochastic Sensor

Alternating current, phase-sensitive stochastic detection using between 1 and 26 α-hemolysin ion channels reconstituted in a lipid bilayer, suspended over a 160-nm-radius orifice glass nanopore, is reported. As predicted by the binomial distribution, simultaneous analyte detection at large numbers of channels is effectively zero, independent of the number of ion channels. The results indicate that αHL channels are noninteracting and that significant gains in sensitivity are possible without sacrificing the simplicity of single-molecule detection strategies.
Consolidation therapy in ovarian cancer: a clinical update.

Objectives: To evaluate current strategies under investigation for use as consolidation or maintenance treatment in patients with ovarian cancer. Patients with epithelial ovarian cancer often enter a complete remission after primary treatment. Many relapse, unfortunately, but some can return to remission after additional treatment. Outcomes can be improved by applying effective consolidation or maintenance approaches to patients in a complete primary or subsequent remission. Methods: A selective review of the literature is undertaken to consider strategies that are being or will likely be evaluated in randomized trials while we assess whether consolidation or maintenance will have a place in the treatment of patients with ovarian cancer. Results: The application of extended standard cytotoxic agents has been generally disappointing, and no strategy applied in the first remission setting has prolonged overall survival. Conclusions: As treatment options move beyond classic chemotherapy to novel hormones, immune interventions, and biologic agents, the consolidation strategy is regaining interest. This is particularly attractive in that many of these agents have stable disease as best outcome, and this is most appropriate to evaluate in patients with minimal volume disease. A consideration of toxicity is paramount, and any strategy to be considered in an otherwise asymptomatic patient in remission must be well tolerated. In addition, patients in second or third complete remission are also being considered as an appropriate group in which to evaluate new agents. Numerous other phase 2 trials with novel agents not considered here are underway, and it is to be hoped that some will emerge as contenders for randomized trials. Participation in these trials remains a priority for patients who otherwise must pursue a difficult watch-and-wait strategy.
Simulation and Validation of Cisco Habitat in Minnesota Lakes Using the Lethal-Niche- Boundary Curve

Fish survival in lakes is strongly influenced by water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. A one-dimensional (vertical) lake water quality model MINLAKE 2012 was calibrated in 23 Minnesota lakes and used to simulate daily water temperature and DO concentrations in 36 representative lake types under past (1992–2008) climate conditions and a future climate scenario (MIROC 3.2). The 36 representative Minnesota lake types were developed based on three maximum depths (H max = 4, 13, and 24 m), three surface areas (As = 0.2, 1.7, 10 km 2 ), and four Secchi depths (SD = 1.2, 2.5, 4.5, and 7 m, from eutrophic to oligotrophic lake). A fish habitat model using the lethal-niche