cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Children as Bargaining Chips

The parent-child relationship is one of the most valued and protected relationships in constitutional and family law. At the same time, the state has custodial power over children: a power that is necessary in some cases to protect vulnerable children from danger, neglect, and abandonment. But because the parent-child bond is so powerful, state actors can be tempted to exploit it for their own purposes. Custodial power over children provides state actors with the means to put pressure on the parent by threatening to remove the child. In these circumstances, the state uses the child as a bargaining chip to be traded for other rights, irrespective of the child’s wellbeing. Misuse of the state’s custodial power is harmful for two main reasons. First, children are harmed when separated from their parents. Second, parents are harmed by the separation because they are forced to choose between the exercise of two fundamental rights: custody of their children and individual liberty. This Article focuses on the question of how the law should distinguish between the state’s exercise of its custodial powers for permissible grounds, such as to protect the child, and its exercise of custodial powers for impermissible grounds, such as to induce the parent to give up another right. To answer this question, this Article first demonstrates that the state is, in fact, putting pressure on parents by deploying its custodial power. The Article identifies three areas of law—immigration, criminal confessions, and child welfare—in which this occurs. In each of these situations, I argue that consideration of the child’s wellbeing should be a formal legal requirement. The Article then proposes a constitutional test for scrutinizing a state’s separation, or threat of separation, of the parent and child. This test is designed to reveal what I term “impermissible leverage.” The principles articulated in the impermissible leverage test can be incorporated into state and federal statutes, as well as into the regulation of agencies tasked with child removal. The Article concludes with possible remedies when acts of impermissible leverage do occur.
Tobacco Use and Tobacco Treatment Referral Response of Patients With Cancer: Implementation Outcomes at a National Cancer Institute–Designated Cancer Center

PURPOSE:Smoking after a cancer diagnosis is linked to cancer-specific and all-cause mortality, among other adverse outcomes. Yet, 10%-20% of US cancer survivors are current smokers. Implementation ...
Gatekeepers to Gateway-makers: reimagining partnerships, collaborations, and celebrations of the many movers of university campuses

Many college campuses across the United States are home to numerous extracurricular dance clubs that embrace a broad range of dance styles and cultural contexts that welcome all students to engage ...
An active surveillance program in oral preneoplasia and translational oncology benefit.

Objective We desired to establish an active surveillance clinic for head and neck cancer. In this review we examined. Methods We examined the natural history of human oral carcinogenesis, the types of preneoplastic lesions, and efforts at oral chemoprevention over the past decades for presentation here. Results We established a clinic and program for patients with oral premalignant lesions approximately over 15 years ago based on an unmetneed for this service. We have completed over 4000 outpatient visits for this cohort and have a place for referrals of difficult oral lesions. We have leveraged this population for multiple federally funded trials on oral cancer prevention as well as specimen banking. Conclusion There is need for routine active surveillance for oral preneoplastic conditions in patients at high risk for conversion to cancer. There are no effective durable treatment or preventions for these individuals and we have attempted to fill this unmet need with our program.
Overconfidence and the Timing of Share Repurchases

We investigate the efficiency of open market repurchases across managerial confidence types. We find that moderately confident managers repurchase at relatively lower prices than overconfident managers and at prices that are closer to the quarterly low stock price. Additionally, we analyze bid-ask spreads and show that spreads are relatively lower in quarters when overconfident managers are repurchasing shares. Our results suggest that repurchases by moderately confident managers are informed attempts to time the market, while repurchases by overconfident managers are either ill-informed or made for other reasons.
Revision of the Infant Temperament Questionnaire

The Infant Temperament Questionnaire, originally published in 1970, has been revised to improve its psychometric characteristics. The number of items was increased from 70 to 95, rating options were increased from three to six, more items have high-low reversals, and they are randomized as to content area. The new form was standardized on 203 4- to 8-month-old infants. Good test-retest reliability was maintained and internal consistency of the nine categories was raised to a higher level, thereby assuring a greater reliability of the instrument. These improvements should enhance the questionnaire's use in clinical and research applications.
The deligne complex for the four-strand braid group

This paper concerns the homotopy type of hyperplane arrangements associated to infinite Coxeter groups acting as reflection groups on C n . A long-standing conjecture states that the complement of such an arrangement should be aspherical. Some partial results on this conjecture were previously obtained by the author and M. Davis. In this paper, we extend those results to another class of Coxeter groups. The key technical result is that the spherical Deligne complex for the 4-strand braid group is CAT(1).
Party Politics, Governors, and Healthcare Expenditures: A Regression Discontinuity Design Approach

This study examines the impact of the gubernatorial partisanship on the growth of health care expenditures for the panel data set of 50 U.S. states over the 1991 to 2009 period. Using the parametric regression discontinuity design, I find no partisan effect on the growth of state’s per capita real total personal health care expenditures. However, an analysis of the growth rates of the components of the health care expenditures suggests that there is a causal effect of party affiliation of the governors on “prescription drugs" component. These findings are robust to the inclusion of additional covariates in the parametric approach as well to the use of non-parametric regression discontinuity approach.
Abstract 1564: Evaluation and characterization of anti-RalA autoantibody as a potential biomarker in human prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA Autoantibodies against intracellular tumor associated antigens (TAAs) are commonly found in various types of human cancers. Their utility in providing insights into tumor biology and as potential cancer biomarkers is well documented. In this study, serum autoantibodies to the Ras family small GTP binding protein (RalA) were detected by immunofluorescence assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblotting in 353 sera from patients with prostate cancer (PCa), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and normal controls. Expression of RalA in prostate tumor tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The cumulative positive rate of autoantibodies against RalA in PCa reached 18.4%, higher than that in sera with BPH (14.7%) and normal human sera (NHS) (2.25%, P<0.01). Twenty seven of 32 (84.4%) sera with positive OD values were consistently positive in immunoblots. The sensitivity and specificity of anti-RalA antibody in PCa detection was 18.4% and 97.8%, respectively. Representative PCa sera showed a cytoplasmic immunofluorescence staining pattern, with more intense staining in the perinuclear regions or partial staining in intracellular membrane. This pattern was similar to that produced by monoclonal RalA antibody. Strong expression of RalA was observed in 76.5% of prostate tumor tissues. Anti-RalA and PSA simultaneously used as diagnostic markers improved the sensitivity of PCa detection to 57.4%. In addition, the appearance of autoantibodies to RalA was assessed over time in the serially collected samples after surgery in cases. In all cancer patients with anti-RalA positive, autoantibodies were detected in 6 of 54 serial samples taken after surgery with a median lead time of 121 days (Interquartile Range, IQR 0-360). In conclusion, autoantibody to RalA might be a potential serological biomarker for the immunodiagnosis of early stage PCa. We are currently identifying additional novel TAAs targeted by serum autoantibodies in PCa by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and liquid chromatography-tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The combination of RalA with PSA, and with other antigens in PCa-specific TAA arrays has the potential for significantly improving the sensitivity of early PCa detection and management in diverse populations. Key words: anti-RalA autoantibody; tumor-associated antigens (TAAs); cancer immunodiagnosis; prostate cancer Citation Format: jitian li, Liping Dai, Carlos A. Casiano, Jianying Zhang. Evaluation and characterization of anti-RalA autoantibody as a potential biomarker in human prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 1564. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-1564
Neuroimagen y neurotoxicidad inducida por MDMA (éxtasis)

El incremento del consumo de extasis (MDMA) por parte de los jovenes ha obligado al estudio de efectos a corto y medio plazo sobre el SNC. En la ultima decada, se demostro la existencia de neurotoxicidad serotoninergica en el SNC. Recientemente aparecieron estudios tendentes a demostrar tambien dano dopaminergico que se ha evidenciado en experimentacion animal. Las diferentes tecnicas de neuroimagen han contribuido a estos hallazgos, a traves del estudio de flujo como del nivel de captaciones en los distintos sistemas receptoriales implicados, tanto presinapticos como postsinapticos. Los resultados que se compilan proceden de los trabajos de neurotoxicidad mas relevantes realizados a traves de las diferentes tecnicas de neuroimagen (SPECT, PET, MRS, MRI de difusion y perfusion). Se concluye que existe suficiente demostracion, en diferentes especies animales, incluidos primates, de que la MDMA produce neurotoxicidad serotoninergica y dopaminergica y que existen resultados clinicos que confirman estos hallazgos en humanos.
Evaluación de una celda de combustible – DMFC, Utilizando Etanol, con miras a determinar la flexibilidad de las celdas y el uso eficiente de recursos energéticos -fase I-

El objetivo de este trabajo estuvo dirigido a evaluar la incidencia o afectacion que puede sufrir una Celda de Combustible, DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell), al usar etanol como sustancia combustible. Seguidamente, se determino el uso flexible de la DMFC y se promovieron investigaciones del uso eficiente de los recursos energeticos colombianos como el Bioetanol. Para lo anterior, se estudio una celda de combustible a metanol (DMFC), suministrada por un proveedor, en las condiciones de operacion sugeridas, posteriormente se realizaron ensayos con etanol en la secuencia siguiente: (1) Comparacion de las curvas caracteristicas de la DMFC utilizando metanol y etanol y (2) Operacion de la DMFC utilizando metanol, teniendo en cuenta el efecto cooperativo de promocion (Spillover) que favorece la oxidacion del CO adsorbido en el Pt a causa de la reaccion del etanol en la DMFC. Para la comparacion de las dos sustancias se recurrio a un diseno experimental factorial, previa definicion de un criterio de comparacion: criterio molecular. Los resultados, curvas caracteristicas, muestran una similitud en el comportamiento del etanol vs. metanol, tanto para la curva electroquimica, como para las curvas de potencia y voltaje vs. densidad de corriente, indicando que durante el tiempo de ensayo, el etanol, ademas de generar energia electrica en simil al metanol, no parece afectar el catalizador, la membrana y otros dispositivos de la DMFC, quiza a causa del efecto Spillover, no obstante, se hace necesario estudiar el fenomeno de agotamiento de la DMFC por el uso continuo de etanol, ya que la reaccion de electrooxidacion del etanol sera incompleta lo que provocara, en el tiempo, su agotamiento
Low power visible-near infrared (0.4 mm-5 mm) self-starting phase conjugation with liquid crystal

Self-starting optical phase conjugation (SSOPC) is an interesting process which has good application potential. Nematic liquid crystals with their broadband (visible-infrared) birefringence are prime candidates for realizing low power SSOPC in spectral regimes not accessible by other materials. In this paper we report the first observation, to our knowledge, of the self-starting optical phase conjugation effect in a nematic liquid crystal using the stimulated orientational scattering effect. The orientational fluctuations in nematics naturally provide an efficient energy coupling between the ordinary and the extraordinary waves. >
PERSPECTIVES IN LARYNGOPHARYNGEAL REFLUX: AN INTERNATIONAL SURVEY

Objectives: Although data exists to support the relationship between laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) and laryngitis, there is variability among otolaryngologists regarding the methods and criteria used to make the diagnosis. This study was undertaken to discern the current attitudes and practices of a select cohort of otolaryngologists in regards to LPR. Methods: Four hundred fifteen surveys were mailed to members of the American BronchoEsophagological Association. Survey recipients were asked to rate patient symptomatology and physical examination findings in terms of their relationship to LPR and their preferred laryngeal visualization procedure in terms of clinical use and diagnostic accuracy. The role and validity of adjunctive diagnostic tests were also surveyed. Results: Survey response rate was 38%. Symptoms felt to be most related to reflux were: throat clearing (98.3%), persistent cough (96.6%), heartburn/dyspepsia (95.7%), globus sensation (94.9%), and voice quality change (94.9%). The physical examination findings felt to be most related to reflux included: arytenoid erythema (97.5%), vocal cord erythema (95.7%) and edema (95.7%), posterior commissure hypertrophy (94.9%), and arytenoid edema (94.0%). Fiberoptic laryngoscopy was the most commonly performed diagnostic visualization procedure (75.7%) and was also considered to be most sensitive and specific (45.0%). The most commonly ordered adjunctive test was a double pH probe (37.2%), which was also felt to be the most sensitive and specific adjunctive test (75.9%). Conclusion: A polling of a select group of otolaryngologists demonstrated agreement in the criteria used to diagnose reflux laryngitis, although some variability exists. The development of objective guidelines for the diagnosis of LPR is a critical initial step toward evaluating the manifestations and therapeutic interventions for this disease process.
A Paradox of Cerebral Hyperperfusion in the Face of Cerebral Hypotension: The Effect of Perfusion Pressure on Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism during Normothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Abstract Background.The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of perfusion pressure on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and after weaning. Materials and methods.Two groups of mongrel dogs were studied (Group A, CPB perfusion at 50 mm Hg,n= 6; and Group B, CPB perfusion at 100 mm Hg,n= 6). All animals underwent 2 h of normothermic bypass at cardiac indexes >2.1 L/min/m2and were weaned from pump, maintained at pressures >75 mm Hg, and followed for an additional 2 h. Results.In both groups CBF increased over 85% from baseline, in proportion to the hemodilution during the initiation of CPB. Intracranial pressure increased moderately in both groups during CPB, compromising CBF at 1 h in Group A, but not in Group B. The Group A cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2), however, remained unchanged as the percentage of oxygen extraction increased to compensate for the decreased CBF. During recovery, temperature, mean arterial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure were not significantly different between the two groups. However, the CBF, percentage of oxygen extracted, and CMRO2were significantly lower in Group A. Conclusions.Normothermic CPB initiated with a crystalloid prime and performed at the lower end of a 50–70 mm Hg perfusion window resulted in a highly significant increase in CBF in order to compensate for hemodilution, while at the same time reduced the perfusion pressure available to supply the increased CBF. Together, these two events create a hemodynamic paradox of hyperperfusion in the face of hypotension. The reduction in CMRO2in Group A is yet to be explained but seems to remain coupled to CBF and could represent a previously undescribed protective mechanism of hibernating cerebral tissue, similar to the phenomena of ischemic preconditioning in the heart, where cerebral tissue is stimulated to lower metabolism in response to inadequate CBF.
Evidence for bracken fern as a food for aboriginal peoples of western washington

The aboriginal culture of the Northwest Coast is well known for its elaboration of cultural forms and reliance on the prolific fisheries of the region. Less well understood is the role indigenous plants played in the subsistence of the native peoples. A search of the historical and ethnographic literature indicates that bracken (Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn) was a major item in the dietary of the peoples of western Washington contributing both starch and fiber. This fern was collected and prepared by native women as a form of “flour” and baked or dried into cakes or bread. The record also indicates plant management by burning which has not previously been considered as a systematic method of production for the foraging societies of western Washington.
Psychic murder and the asylum of psychosis

In this essay I argue that psychotic states evolve from dramatically distorted interpersonal relationships involving major impingements on the provision of care, and that the psychosocial and intrafamilial are intimately linked in the production of multigenerational psychosis. The essay also discusses how enactments in the analytic scene can reveal otherwise inaccessible intrapsychic constellations and psychopathogenic family histories.
Coronary Blood Flow Autoregulation and Flow Heterogeneity in the Stunned Heart.

We used an anesthetized swine model of regionally "stunned" myocardium to determine the effect of stunning on coronary autoregulation and blood flow heterogeneity. In 18 domestic swine, stunning was accomplished by reducing blood flow to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) by approximately 75% of baseline for 15 min and restoring it to normal for 1 hour. We quantified coronary autoregulation using both the slope of coronary pressure-flow curves and an autoregulation index. We quantified blood flow heterogeneity using radioactive microspheres to determine the variability in flow (dispersion index) among forty 200 mg segments of myocardium from the center of the stunned, LAD-perfused left ventricle. Before and after stunning, we measured autoregulation, myocardial blood flow and flow heterogeneity, as well as hemodynamic indices of myocardial oxygen demand. Fifteen min of ischemia and 1 hour of reperfusion produced both a 46% reduction in mechanical function, and a 7% drop in systemic arterial pressure, but not change in heart rate or rate pressure product. Myocardial oxygen consumption was 15% reduced and myocardial blood flow 16% reduced in the stunned myocardium when measured at one hour of reperfusion. Fifteen min after reperfusion, the slope of the coronary pressure flow plots and the coronary venous oxygenation were increased whereas the autoregulation index decreased. These findings all indicate reduced autoregulation during early reperfusion. However, after one hour of reperfusion, the slope of the coronary pressure-flow relation (0.41 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.26 ml.100 g-1.min-1.mmHg-1) and the autoregulation index (0.43 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.32) were unchanged from control measurements (p > 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The p53-regulated Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor, p21 (cip1, waf1, sdi1), Is Not Required for Global Genomic and Transcription-coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair of UV-induced DNA Photoproducts

The p53 tumor suppressor gene is a transcriptional activator involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair. We have shown that p53 is required for efficient nucleotide excision repair of UV-induced DNA photoproducts from global genomic DNA but has no effect on transcription-coupled repair. In order to evaluate whether p53 influences repair indirectly through cell cycle arrest following DNA damage or plays a direct role, we examined repairin vivo in human cells genetically altered to disrupt or regulate the function of p53 and p21. Both primary human fibroblasts and HCT116 colon carcinoma cells wild type for p53 but in which the p21 gene was inactivated through targeted homologous recombination showed no decrease in global repair of UV photoproducts. Human bladder carcinoma cells mutant for p53 and containing a tetracycline-regulated p21 cDNA showed no significant enhancement of repair upon induction of p21 expression. All of the cell lines, including the mismatch repair-deficient, MLH1 mutant HCT116 cells, were proficient for transcription-coupled repair. Clonogenic survival of HCT116 cells following UV irradiation showed no dependence on p21. Therefore, our results indicate that p53-dependent nucleotide excision repair does not require the function of the p21 gene product and is independent of p53-regulated cell cycle checkpoints.
Conceptions of the Psychological Research Process: Script Variation as a Function of Training and Experience

Individuals' mental representations of the psychological research process were investigated. One-hundred eight subjects, representing four different levels of prior training in psychology (undergraduate students to full professors), individually generated a list of events involved in the psychological research process. Content analyses of the lists revealed high levels of consensus for specific events that are central to the research process (e.g., design experiment, collect data). Descriptive analyses of group differences identified developmental trends in both the number and types of events that were generated. The data support the notion that individuals in all four groups possessed scripts of the psychological research process. An expert script of the research process is also presented. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications toward a psychology of science.
Growth hormone: Its physiology and control

Growth hormone (GH) is a protein hormone produced by the somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary gland of birds and other vertebrates. The secretion of GH in birds is under hypothalamic control; it involves three peptidergic releasing factors: growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) (stimulatory); thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) (stimulatory); and somatostatin (SRIF) (inhibitory). In addition, there is evidence for effects of biogenic amines (including serotonin and norepinephrine) and prostaglandins at the level of the hypothalamus and possibly also the pituitary gland. In all avian species examined, plasma concentrations of GH are high in young posthatching chicks but low in the adult and embryo. The difference in plasma concentrations of GH between young and adult birds is due to both greater GH secretion and reduced clearance. The lower secretion of GH in adult birds reflects fewer somatotrophs in the pituitary, changes in somatotroph structure, and reduced GH responses to TRH or GRF administration. There is only limited data on the role of GH in birds. GH appears to be required for normal growth; acting at least in part by increasing somatomedin production. However, plasma concentrations of GH do not necessarily correlate with growth rate. For instance, in chicks with reduced growth rate owing to either goitrogen or protein deficiency in the diet, plasma concentrations of GH are elevated. GH also can influence lipid metabolism by increasing lipolysis, decreasing lipogenesis, and stimulating the uptake of glucose by adipose tissue. The physiological significance of these actions is, however, not established. In addition, GH affects the secretion of other hormones, the immune system, and perhaps also the reproductive system.
Cross-Section Sample Preparation of a Free-Standing Thin-Film Coupon for Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis

A method for preparing a cross-section sample from a free-standing thin-film coupon suitable for transmission electron microscopy analysis has been successfully developed. The free-standing coupon presented a significant challenge for the preparation of a cross-section sample. A stack consisting of a silicon wafer, thin-film coupon, and glass coverslip was epoxied together, providing both support for thin film and enough surface area to handle the specimen during the sample preparation procedure. The tripod polisher wedge technique was used to thin the cross-section sample to 2 to 5 μm in thickness. This produced a sample with the required structural integrity. Final thinning was accomplished using an ion mill. This technique showed no artifacts introduced from the sample preparation procedure.
Erosional History and Possible Passive Uplift of Paris-Willard Thrust Allochthon, Wyoming-Idaho-Utah Thrust Belt: ABSTRACT

Stratigraphic distribution of clast lithologies in Sevier foreland basin synorogenic conglomerates in the southwestern Wyoming-southeastern Idaho-northeastern Utah thrust belt provides evidence of the erosional history of the Paris-Willard thrust allochthon. Conglomerates of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Gannett Group were deposited in response to initial movement along the Paris-Willard thrust system and are comprised of cobbles and pebbles of Ordovician through Jurassic strata, with upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic clasts most common. Thus, by conclusion of initial Paris-Willard thrust movement, the allochthon had been affected by widespread erosion of lower Paleozoic through lower Mesozoic strata. Evidence for subsequent erosion to deeper stratigraphic levels is contained in the basal Hams Fork Conglomerate Member of the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene Evanston Formation. This unit contains abundant Precambrian quartzite cobbles, which must have been derived from the Paris-Willard allochthon, the only thrust sheet that contains Precambrian quartzite units. Genesis of the Hams Fork Conglomerate has been related to latest Cretaceous major movement along the Absaroka thrust. Thus, either the Paris-Willard thrust was fortuitously reactivated at the same time as major Absaroka thrust movement or uplift associated with movement along the Absaroka thrust resulted in coeval uplift of the Paris-Willard allochthon. One mechanism that could elevate the older Paris-Willard allochthon and allow for erosion to deep stratigraphic levels during major displacement along the Absaroka thrust would involve antiformal arching of the Paris-Willard allochthon as it was carried passively over a major footwall ramp of the Absaroka thrust. Folding and uplift of older "passive" thrusts carried piggyback by younger "active" thrusts might be an important mechanism in formation of source terranes for synorogenic foreland basin clastics. End_of_Article - Last_Page 865------------
Treatment with the Bcl-xL inhibitor ABT-737 in combination with interferon α specifically targets JAK2V617F-positive polycythemia vera hematopoietic progenitor cells

Polycythemia vera (PV) treatment with interferon α (IFNα) is frequently limited by dose-related toxicity. PV CD34+ cells are characterized by overexpression of Bcl-xL, which can be antagonized by ABT-737 leading to apoptosis. We explored the effects of ABT-737 and IFNα on PV hematopoiesis. Both IFNα and ABT-737 alone or in combination had a modest effect on normal hematopoiesis but each individually were able to markedly induce PV CD34+ cell apoptosis and suppress hematopoietic colony formation. The inhibitory activities of these agents in combination were greater against PV hematopoiesis than either agent alone. The exposure of PV CD34+ cells to low doses of IFNα and ABT-737 in combination resulted in the reduction of the proportion of JAK2V617F+ colonies similar to that observed with higher doses of IFNα. These data provide the rationale for combination therapy with low doses of IFNα and a BH3 mimetic for patients with PV.
Law, Medicine, and Justice Blackmun

Although three previous justices of the United States Supreme Court have had formal medical training, none has had more influence on medicine than Justice Harry A. Blackmun. Blackmun, a mathematics major at Harvard College, considered medical school but instead chose legal training. After becoming familiar with the legal work of the Mayo Clinic while practicing with a Minneapolis firm, he was internal legal counsel for the clinic from 1950 to 1959. Blackmun's work contributed to the development of the clinic, especially in the establishment of Rochester Methodist Hospital. As a Supreme Court Justice, Blackmun's concern for medicine was evident in many of his judicial opinions, including Roe v Wade and Regents of the University of California v Bakke. In Roe, he rested much of the constitutional foundation for legalized access to abortion on the integrity of the physician-patient relationship. In Bakke, Blackmun contributed an opinion that recognized the responsibility of medical schools to consider racial and ethnic factors in admissions decisions to increase the diversity of the profession. Blackmun's efforts to span the gap between law and medicine will earn him a place in the history of both disciplines.
A Process Tracing Approach to the Investigation of Situated Cognition

Technologists and human factors practitioners tend to approach the measurement of situation awareness from different perspectives. Technologists compare the difference between the data available in the environment with what has been detected by the sensors built into a system. Human factors practitioners focus on perception and cognition to the exclusion of the technological parts of the system. The authors propose a Dynamic Model of Situated Cognition and use it as a framework for analyzing both the technological and human aspects of a complex system. They employ a process tracing method in the analysis of a high fidelity military command and control (C2) simulation. Their results indicate that the model and the process tracing method are effective ways in which to investigate the development of situated cognition in complex systems. In addition, their results have important implications for designers of software, hardware, and training systems.
Cytoskeletal protein radixin activates integrin αMβ2 by binding to its cytoplasmic tail

Talin binding of integrins, via its band 4.1, ezrin, radixin, and moesin (FERM)-homologous domain, directly activates the integrin receptor. However, it is not known whether other FERM-containing proteins also possess such an integrin activating capability. We report here that radixin, one of the original FERM-domain proteins, binds to the membrane-proximal region of the integrin β2 but not αM cytoplasmic tail. Importantly, we show that radixin binding significantly enhances the adhesive activity of integrin αMβ2. Given the distinct biological activities of radixin and talin, radixin may represent a novel talin-independent pathway for integrin activation under specific settings.
Hypersensitivity reactions to products and devices in plastic surgery.

The plastic, reconstructive, and cosmetic surgeon currently has a large armamentarium of procedures and products designed to improve the aesthetic features of patients. Exposures to potential contact irritants and allergens are plentiful in these settings, and the clinician should be aware of adverse reactions to commonly administered products. The overwhelming majority of these reactions are treatable without sequelae when the cause is elucidated and avoidance and treatment is initiated. The objective of this article is to familiarize individuals who participate in aesthetic procedures with the most commonly encountered chemicals that result in hypersensitivity reactions. There are three basic forms of cutaneous hypersensitivity, irritant contact dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and contact urticaria, although many subgroups exist. Contact dermatitis as a group represents an important cause of inflammatory skin disease in the United States. Fifteen million Americans are estimated to have or have had contact dermatitis. Of these cases, the majority are caused by irritant contact dermatitis, which is a nonimmune-mediated dermatosis resulting from a direct toxic response of the skin to the offending agent. Consequently, sensitization and allergy are not integral to the genesis of irritant contact dermatitis; however, the elaboration of cytokines and cellular infiltrates are requisites to the development of a frank eruption.
Production and characterization of mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against canine IgE and IgG.

Immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions have been studied infrequently in dogs, in part because of limited availability of antisera specific for canine IgE. A series of murine hybridoma cell lines were prepared, that produced monoclonal antibodies (MAb) with specificity for canine immunoglobulin E (IgE) and IgG. The MAb were tested for their ability to induce a reverse cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in dog skin, to neutralize the Prausnitz-Kustner reactivity of atopic dog serum, to serve as a ligand in immunoaffinity chromatography, and to bind to IgE and other Ig subclasses in several ELISA systems. Some of the MAb produced were found to be specific for canine IgE. Other MAb recognized common or similar determinants on IgE and IgG, or on IgG and IgM, though with apparently differing affinities. Heat or acid treatment of canine IgE abolished most, but not all, of the reactivity with the anti-IgE MAb. These MAb will be useful for further study of IgE-mediated phenomena in the dog.
Oligomers in the early stage of biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation and growth.

The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) by reaction of ozone with monoterpenes (β-pinene, Δ3-carene, limonene, and sabinene) was studied on a short time scale of 3−22 s with a flow tube reactor. Online chemical analysis was performed with the Photoionization Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (PIAMS) to obtain molecular composition and the Nanoaerosol Mass Spectrometer (NAMS) to obtain elemental composition. Molecular composition data showed that dimers and higher order oligomers are formed within seconds after the onset of reaction, indicating that there is no intrinsic kinetic barrier to oligomer formation. Because oligomer formation is fast, it is unlikely that a large number of steps are involved in their formation. Therefore, ion distributions in the PIAMS spectra were interpreted through reactions of intermediates postulated in previous studies with monomer end products or other intermediates. Based on ion signal intensities in the mass spectra, organic peroxides appear to comprise a greater fractio...
Unitary orthogonalization process

All methods for solving least-squares problems involve orthogonalization in one way or another. Certain fundamental estimation and prediction problems of signal processing and time-series analysis can be formulated as least-squares problems. In these problems, the sequence that is to be orthogonalized is generated by an underlying unitary operator. A prime example of an efficient orthogonalization procedure for this class of problems is Gragg's isometric Arnoldi process, which is the abstract encapsulation of a number of concrete algorithms. In this paper, we discuss a two-sided orthogonalization process that is equivalent to Gragg's process but has certain conceptual strengths that warrant its introduction. The connections with classical algorithms of signal processing are discussed.
The use of popular music to teach introductory economics in a live and online environment

This paper analyses how the incorporation of a music project influences final examination scores, student evaluation results, and overall attendance rates in a pre-principles economics course. The course – personal money management and consumer economics – caters to non-economics majors, primarily majoring in elementary education. While the literature in economic education has discussed using music to teach undergraduate students, nothing has been done to see how the use of this non-traditional approach influences students learning economics at a lower level. This paper makes an important contribution to this gap in the literature by comparing examination, student evaluation, and attendance results across live and online sections of the course. Evidence suggests that the incorporation of a music project linking musical lyrics to economic concepts has a positive influence on course attendance and student evaluations for courses taught in a live and online format. Changing the music project to include a segment where students write their own song lyrics has a positive influence on final examination scores.
Epstein--Barr virus nuclear antigen in a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

AbstractThis paper describes the course of a patient with treated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, which originally presented as a large nasopharyngeal mass. The tumor, though irradiated, recurred on two separate occasions in the right and left inguinal regions. At the time of tumor recurrence, markers were present which have been associated with past or recurrent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, namely, antibodies to the EBV viral capsid antigen (VCA) and the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA). EBNA was detected in approximately 10% of the neoplastic cells. An unusual immunoglobulin heavy and light chain switch within the tumor cells of the two separate inguinal node tumor recurrences was also observed. Whether EBV plays a role in the pathogenesis of lyphomas remains unclear.
Almost-dominant strategy implementation: Exchange economies

Abstract We relax strategy-proofness (a form of dominant strategy implementation) by allowing “small” gains from manipulation. In 2-agent exchange economies, this relaxation is shown to have a discontinuous effect on the range of efficient rules, demonstrating a type of non-robustness in previous impossibility results. When gains are measured with respect to a single good and preferences are linear, we characterize a particular rule as being the most equitable among all efficient rules satisfying the relaxation.
Foa yamba , a new species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha: Apogonidae: Apogonichthyini) from the tidal region of the Clarence River, Australia and redescriptions of the West Pacific Foa longimana and Foa hyalina

Foa yamba , a new species is described from an eastern Australian tidal estuary. This species differs from other West Pacific Foa by having many small spots on the body. Foa longimana , known only from the holotype, is presently an unidentifiable larval stage from Indonesia and is redescribed, but not allocated to a different genus. Foa hyalina , a West Pacific species is reviewed and its known distribution expanded. It is distinguished by five reddish or brownish-red bars on the body from nape to the level of middle portion of the second dorsal fin and lacks markings on caudal fin.
Stress changes the representational landscape: evidence from word segmentation

Over the past couple of decades, research has established that infants are sensitive to the predominant stress pattern of their native language. However, the degree to which the stress pattern shapes infants' language development has yet to be fully determined. Whether stress is merely a cue to help organize the patterns of speech or whether it is an important part of the representation of speech sound sequences has still to be explored. Building on research in the areas of infant speech perception and segmentation, we asked how several months of exposure to the target language shapes infants' speech processing biases with respect to lexical stress. We hypothesize that infants represent stressed and unstressed syllables differently, and employed analyses of child-directed speech to show how this change to the representational landscape results in better distribution-based word segmentation as well as an advantage for stress-initial syllable sequences. A series of experiments then tested 9- and 7-month-old infants on their ability to use lexical stress without any other cues present to parse sequences from an artificial language. We found that infants adopted a stress-initial syllable strategy and that they appear to encode stress information as part of their proto-lexical representations. Together, the results of these studies suggest that stress information in the ambient language not only shapes how statistics are calculated over the speech input, but that it is also encoded in the representations of parsed speech sequences.
HPV vaccination for the prevention of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

A sexually active 18-year-old woman presents to her internist for an annual examination and asks whether she should receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. HPV causes cervical cancer. Currently available vaccines provide protection against some but not all oncogenic genotypes of the virus if the recipient has not previously been infected. Regular cervical-cancer screening is still required for vaccine recipients.
Layout-blocking in behavioral patterns on chips

The nature and role of VLSI CAD systems are examined. The fabrication and operation of MOS transistors and inverters, two basic components of VLSI circuits, are described. Layout level description of circuits is discussed, and automatic layout systems are considered. The placement and routing problems are also discussed. >
Considering data skew factor in multi-way join query optimization for parallel execution

A consensus on parallel architecture for very large database management has emerged. This architecture is based on a shared-nothing hardware organization. The computation model is very sensitive to skew in tuple distribution, however. Recently, several parallel join algorithms with dynamic load balancing capabilities have been proposed to address this issue, but none of them consider multi-way join problems. In this article we propose a dynamic load balancing technique for multi-way joins, and investigate the effect of load balancing on query optimization. In particular, we present a join-ordering strategy that takes load-balancing issues into consideration. Our performance study indicates that the proposed query optimization technique can provide very impressive performance improvement over conventional approaches.
Human Origin Recognition Complex Large Subunit Is Degraded by Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolysis after Initiation of DNA Replication

Eukaryotic cells possess overlapping mechanisms to ensure that DNA replication is restricted to the S phase of the cell cycle. The levels of hOrc1p, the largest subunit of the human origin recognition complex, vary during the cell division cycle. In rapidly proliferating cells, hOrc1p is expressed and targeted to chromatin as cells exit mitosis and prereplicative complexes are formed. Later, as cyclin A accumulates and cells enter S phase, hOrc1p is ubiquitinated on chromatin and then degraded. hOrc1p destruction occurs through the proteasome and is signaled in part by the SCFSkp2 ubiquitin-ligase complex. Other hORC subunits are stable throughout the cell cycle. The regulation of hOrc1p may be an important mechanism in maintaining the ploidy in human cells.
Nursing Students Today: Who Are They and What Are Their Learning Preferences?

This study compared the personal characteristics, life events, learning needs, and preferred teaching and evaluation methods of baccalaureate nursing students and accelerated nursing students. The sample included 194 baccalaureate and 93 accelerated students from four schools of nursing located in a Midwestern urban area. The participants completed an online quantitative questionnaire. The findings indicate that baccalaureate and accelerated students are more similar than they are different in preferences for teaching methods, evaluation methods, and expectations of faculty. Accelerated students work fewer hours, study more, and have higher career aspirations than do baccalaureate students. Most differences between the two groups were the result of age rather than the type of nursing program within which they were enrolled.
Attribution and building blocks: Comment on Ann Taves's Religious Experience Reconsidered

Taves nicely elaborates an attribution approach to the study of religious experience, clarifying the issues it raises and providing some guides for further research. This comment addresses two of those issues, (1) the relation of top-down and bottom-up accounts of religious experiences and (2) what Taves describes as the building block approach to their study.
Self-compression of femtosecond laser pulses in ionization-induced plasmas from a free flow gas jet at relativistic intensities

We measure self-compression of femtosecond laser pulses in an experiment using simple geometrical focusing onto a 100 μm gas plume at relativistic intensities. Stable and uniform self-compression from 36 fs to 16 fs is measured using second-harmonic-generation frequency-resolved optical gating.
Effects of male group size, parity, and cycle stage on female chimpanzee copulation rates at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda

Chimpanzees have complex and variable mating strategies, but most copulations occur when females with full sexual swellings are in parties with multiple males and mate with most or all of those males. Daily copulation rates for fully swollen females vary at different times of a female's cycle, among females, and across communities and populations. Variation in female age, parity, and cycle stage underlie some of this variation, but possible demographic effects on copulation rates have not been systematically investigated. Demographic variation can affect many aspects of behavior and ecology, including the frequency and success of different mating tactics. Analysis of data from the unusually large chimpanzee community at Ngogo produces two results that are consistent with the hypothesis that demographic variation affects female copulation rates. Copulation rates were high compared with those reported from other research sites, where females had fewer potential mates available. Daily copulation rates of fully swollen females were also positively related to the number of males with whom they associated. Ngogo data also re-confirm results from other studies, of both wild and captive populations, showing that female copulation rates increase during periovulatory periods. This is consistent with the hypothesis that sexual swellings and extended receptivity and proceptivity help to protect females against infanticide by helping to ensure they mate with all potential sires. As at some other sites, parous females at Ngogo copulated at higher rates than nulliparous females. Possible effects of demography on sexual behavior should be considered in assessments of differences between chimpanzees and bonobos and of variation across chimpanzee populations.
Measurement of single and double radiative low-Q2 Bhabha scattering at Ec.m.

The process e/sup +/e/sup -/..-->..e/sup +/e/sup -/..gamma..(..gamma..), where one electron scatters at a small angle, is studied with data from the Mark II detector at the SLAC storage ring PEP. The data are in excellent agreement with a Monte Carlo calculation and include a large contribution from order ..cap alpha../sup 4/. The ratio of measured to calculated cross sections is R = 0.993 +- 0.017 +- 0.015, where the first error is statistical and the second systematic. This is a sensitive test of the calculation of the dominant background for neutrino-counting experiments.