cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conversion dependent morphology predictions for composite emulsion polymers: 1. Synthetic latices

Abstract Phase structure develops within composite latex particles during the polymerization process and is potentially dependent upon both the latex recipe and the polymerization process characteristics. An equilibrium thermodynamic approach is presented to predict the particle morphology as a function of the extent of conversion of a seed latex polymerization reaction. The discussion highlights the role of the monomer as it influences the phase compositions and interfacial tensions throughout the polymerization. It is found that a number of different particle morphologies possess nearly the same total interfacial energy throughout a significant portion of the polymerization reaction and that it is quite likely that occluded structures will form in addition to the more fully phase-separated structures, such as core-shell and hemispheres. Detailed methods to predict the probabilities of forming a variety of different morphologies are presented.
Studies on the endoscopic correction of diastasis recti

Recently, we performed a study that showed it is possible to correct rectus diastasis when performed using the laparoscope. A cadaver was used to show the effect of plicating the posterior rectus sheath from within the peritoneal cavity on the external appearance of the abdomen. The abdominal contour improved and the abdominal wall became more tense than before. No excess skin was noted in the midline. Another technique we performed to correct the rectus diastasis by laparoscopy was developed in pigs. Eight animals were used. The width of the diastasis correction varied from 2.8 to 3.5 cm (average of 3.1 cm in the upper abdomen and 3.2 cm in the lower abdomen). The technique that was used will be described in detail. To correct the rectus diastasis by laparoscopy, we performed a running suture in the posterior rectus sheath. For this kind of plication, we feel that a running suture is preferable when compared with the use of staples or interrupted stitches. Some advantages of this technique are: 1) smaller scars; 2) a short operative time; 3) low blood loss; 4) it may be used in patients that did not reap the benefits of any other previously described technique; and 5) it may be performed in association with other laparoscopic procedures such as tubal ligation. Other abdominal wall defects like small hernias may also be corrected by using this technique.
Diazepam and midazolam increase light slow-wave sleep (SWS1) and decrease wakefulness in rats.

Abstract Rats implanted with electrodes for polygraphic recordings were injected with diazepam (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or midazolam, (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and recorded for 6 h during the 8 h of darkness of a 16 h light/8 h dark cycle. The results show that administration of diazepam reduced SWS1 latency by 92%, and increased SWS1 and total sleep by 255% and 59%, respectively, in comparison to control. Administration of midazolam increased SWS1 by 158% and total sleep by 57% when compared to control. These findings correlate well with the effects of benzodiazepines on sleep stage 2 in humans and indicate that benzodiazepine hypnotics increase only the behaviorally lighter stage of SWS in rats as well as in human subjects.
How fallacious is the consequence fallacy

Timothy Williamson argues against the tactic of criticizing confidence in a theory by identifying a logical consequence of the theory whose probability is not raised by the evidence. He dubs it “the consequence fallacy”. In this paper, we will show that Williamson’s formulation of the tactic in question is ambiguous. On one reading of Williamson’s formulation, the tactic is indeed a fallacy, but it is not a commonly used tactic; on another reading, it is a commonly used tactic (or at least more often used than the former tactic), but it is not a fallacy.
Theta Neuron Networks: Robustness to Noise in Embedded Applications

In this paper, we train a one-layer Theta Neuron Network (TNN) to perform a Braitenberg obstacle avoidance algorithm on a Khepera robot. The Theta neuron model is more biologically plausible than the leaky integrate and fire model typically used in Spiking Neural Networks. Our motivation is to determine if the dynamical properties of the theta neuron model can be leveraged to increase the noise robustness in an embedded application. We compare Khepera obstacle avoidance results with traditional Artificial Neural Network and TNN implementations under different levels of sensor noise. As the noise increases, the performance of the TNN is the least affected. At high noise levels, the ANN and Braitenberg implementations calculate the incorrect turn direction 42% more often than the TNN and deviate from a straight path trajectory over 10 times as far. The results demonstrate that TNNs warrants further development for engineering applications.
Effect of Macrolide Usage on Emergence of Erythromycin-Resistant Campylobacter Isolates in Chickens

In this work we conducted both in vitro and in vivo experiments to examine the development and mechanisms of erythromycin (Ery) resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. In vitro plating revealed that both Campylobacter species had similar but low spontaneous mutation frequencies (3 × 10−9 to 512 μg/ml) had the A2074G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. Inactivation of CmeABC, a multidrug efflux pump, dramatically reduced the Ery MIC in all of the examined mutants regardless of the presence of the A2074G mutation. Together, these results reveal distinct features associated with Ery resistance development in Campylobacter, demonstrate the significant role of CmeABC in Ery resistance, and suggest that long-term use of a macrolide as a growth promoter selects for the emergence of Eryr Campylobacter in animal reservoirs.
Modeling the elastic modulus of 2D woven CVI SiC composites

The use of fiber, interphase, CVI SiC minicomposites as structural elements for 2D-woven SiC fiber reinforced chemically vapor infiltrated (CVI) SiC matrix composites is demonstrated to be a viable approach to model the elastic modulus of these composite systems when tensile loaded in an orthogonal direction. The 0deg (loading direction) and 90deg (perpendicular to loading direction) oriented minicomposites as well as the open porosity and excess SiC associated with CVI SiC composites were all modeled as parallel elements using simple Rule of Mixtures techniques. Excellent agreement for a variety of 2D woven Hi-Nicalon(TradeMark) fiber-reinforced and Sylramic-iBN reinforced CVI SiC matrix composites that differed in numbers of plies, constituent content, thickness, density, and number of woven tows in either direction (i.e, balanced weaves versus unbalanced weaves) was achieved. It was found that elastic modulus was not only dependent on constituent content, but also the degree to which 90deg minicomposites carried load. This depended on the degree of interaction between 90deg and 0deg minicomposites which was quantified to some extent by composite density. The relationships developed here for elastic modulus only necessitated the knowledge of the fractional contents of fiber, interphase and CVI SiC as well as the tow size and shape. It was concluded that such relationships are fairly robust for orthogonally loaded 2D woven CVI SiC composite system and can be implemented by ceramic matrix composite component modelers and designers for modeling the local stiffness in simple or complex parts fabricated with variable constituent contents.
Characterization and Solution Structure of the Factor VIII C2 Domain in a Ternary Complex with Classical and Non-classical Inhibitor Antibodies

The most significant complication for patients with severe cases of congenital or acquired hemophilia A is the development of inhibitor antibodies against coagulation factor VIII (fVIII). The C2 domain of fVIII is a significant antigenic target of anti-fVIII antibodies. Here, we have utilized small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and biochemical techniques to characterize interactions between two different classes of anti-C2 domain inhibitor antibodies and the isolated C2 domain. Multiple assays indicated that antibodies 3E6 and G99 bind independently to the fVIII C2 domain and can form a stable ternary complex. SAXS-derived numerical estimates of dimensional parameters for all studied complexes agree with the proportions of the constituent proteins. Ab initio modeling of the SAXS data results in a long kinked structure of the ternary complex, showing an angle centered at the C2 domain of ∼130°. Guided by biochemical data, rigid body modeling of subunits into the molecular envelope of the ternary complex suggests that antibody 3E6 recognizes a C2 domain epitope consisting of the Arg2209–Ser2216 and Leu2178–Asp2187 loops. In contrast, antibody G99 recognizes the C2 domain primarily through the Pro2221–Trp2229 loop. These two epitopes are on opposing sides of the fVIII C2 domain, are consistent with the solvent accessibility in the context of the entire fVIII molecule, and provide further structural detail regarding the pathogenic immune response to fVIII.
A simple method of shower localization and identification in laterally segmented calorimeters

Abstract A method is proposed to calculate the first and second moments of the spatial distribution of the energy of electromagnetic and hadronic showers measured in laterally segmented calorimeters. The technique uses a logarithmic weightinh of the energy fraction observed in the individual detector cells. It is fast and simple requiring no fitting or complicated corrections for the position or angle of incidence. The method is demonstrated with GEANT simulations of a BGO detector array. The position resolution results and the c/gp separation results are found to be equal or superior to those obtained with more complicated techniques.
The trophic dynamics of riverine bacterioplankton: Relationships among substrate availability, ectoenzyme kinetics, and growth

The role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the trophic dynamics of aquatic systems is difficult to study. One approach is to focus on the activity of the extracellular enzyme systems that heterotrophic bacteria use to obtain nutrients from DOM. These data are easy to acquire, but difficult to interpret, because we lack general models that relate these activities to the two sides of the trophic reaction: the DOM pool and bacterial production. To address this gap, we collected water samples from the Maumee River on nine dates from May 1996 through November 1996. The water was filtered and placed in bottles to which a variety of substrates were added (final concentration 20 μM unless otherwise noted): ammonium, leucine, albumin (1 mg liter -1 ), glucose, cellobiose, starch (I mg liter -1 ), vanillin, and tannin (2 mg liter-'). After 20 h at ambient river temperature, respiration, productivity, growth efficiency, and the activities of α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphatase, and esterase were measured. The glucosidases were the most responsive enzymes, followed by phosphatase and peptidase. Saccharide and albumin additions produced the largest increases in production and growth efficiency. Phenolic amendments generally depressed growth efficiency. The results suggest that production was primarily carbon limited: Peptides appeared to be a major component of the diet, but high productivities were associated with the availability of saccharides. During the summer, production appeared to be fueled by lysates and exudates generated through the microbial loop. Lower ratios of productivity (e.g., enzyme activity and positive metabolic responses to phenols) suggested that allochthonous carbon may have been important during spring and autumn.
The Hall Effect in Magnetic Metals

The Hall effect in metals showing appreciable magnetization exhibits some unusual features. It might be expected from the form of the Lorentz force [equation (1.12)] that in the low-field condition the observed Hall field would vary linearly with B and that the slope of the curve would be characterized by equation (1.4). However, the observed behavior for a magnetic metal (a ferromagnet, for example) shows a quite different typical behavior, such as that illustrated schematically in Fig. 5.1. [The figure shows, specifically, the Hall resistivity ϱH as a function of B; ϱH is the transverse Hall field per unit longitudinal current density as defined in equation (1.6).]
Coherence properties of the LCLS X-RAY beam

Self-amplifying spontaneous radiation free-electron lasers, such as the LCLS or the European X-FEL, rely on the incoherent, spontaneous radiation as the seed for the amplifying process. Though this method overcomes the need for an external seed source one drawback is the incoherence of the effective seed signal. The FEL process allows for a natural growth of the coherence because the radiation phase information is spread out within the bunch due to slippage and diffraction of the radiation field. However, at short wavelengths this spreading is not sufficient to achieve complete coherence. In this presentation we report on the results of numerical simulations of the LCLS X-ray FEL. From the obtained radiation field distribution the coherence properties are extracted to help to characterize the FEL as a light source.
Neurofunctional Differences Associated with Arithmetic Processing in Turner Syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS) is a neurogenetic disorder characterized by the absence of one X chromosome in a phenotypic female. Individuals with TS are at risk for impairments in mathematics. We investigated the neural mechanisms underlying arithmetic processing in TS. Fifteen subjects with TS and 15 age-matched typically developing controls were scanned using functional MRI while they performed easy (two-operand) and difficult (three-operand) versions of an arithmetic processing task. Both groups activated fronto-parietal regions involved in arithmetic processing during the math tasks. Compared with controls, the TS group recruited additional neural resources in frontal and parietal regions during the easier, two-operand math task. During the more difficult three-operand task, individuals with TS demonstrated significantly less activation in frontal, parietal and subcortical regions than controls. However, the TS group's performance on both math tasks was comparable to controls. Individuals with TS demonstrate activation differences in fronto-parietal areas during arithmetic tasks compared with controls. They must recruit additional brain regions during a relatively easy task and demonstrate a potentially inefficient response to increased task difficulty compared with controls.
Hierarchical path planning with hexagonal decomposition

An algorithm based on an artificial potential field and hierarchical cell decomposition technique is developed to solve the find-path problem for a mobile robot. The basic cell structure used for decomposition is a hexagon. The artificial potential field is based on an attractive force from the goal position and repelling forces from the obstacles. Computer simulations of the algorithm for various obstacle scenarios are also presented. >
Regularization and feature selection in least-squares temporal difference learning

We consider the task of reinforcement learning with linear value function approximation. Temporal difference algorithms, and in particular the Least-Squares Temporal Difference (LSTD) algorithm, provide a method for learning the parameters of the value function, but when the number of features is large this algorithm can over-fit to the data and is computationally expensive. In this paper, we propose a regularization framework for the LSTD algorithm that overcomes these difficulties. In particular, we focus on the case of l1 regularization, which is robust to irrelevant features and also serves as a method for feature selection. Although the l1 regularized LSTD solution cannot be expressed as a convex optimization problem, we present an algorithm similar to the Least Angle Regression (LARS) algorithm that can efficiently compute the optimal solution. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the algorithm experimentally.
Perceptions of stressful life events as turning points are associated with self-rated health and psychological distress

We test the hypothesis that changes in physical and psychological health are associated with construals of stressful life events. At two points in time, approximately 10 years apart, participants (n=1038) rated their physical health and psychological distress. At the second assessment, participants also reported their most stressful life event since the first assessment and indicated whether they considered the event a turning point and/or lesson learned. Lower self-ratings of health and higher ratings of psychological distress, controlling for baseline health and distress, and relevant demographic factors, were associated with perceiving the stressful life event as a turning point, particularly a negative turning point. The two health measures were primarily unrelated to lessons learned. How individuals construe the most stressful events in their lives are associated with changes in self-rated health and distress.
Symbolic computer language for multibody systems

Methods are developed for describing and manipulating symbolic data objects that are useful for analyzing the kinematics and dynamics of multibody systems. These symbolic objects include 1) vector/dyadic algebraic expressions, 2) physical components in a multibody system, and 3) program structures needed in a numerical simulation code. A computer algebra language based on these methods encourages the automation of multibody analyses that are versatile and simple because much of the work involved in describing the system mathematically is handled by the algebra system, rather than the analysis formalism. It also handles mtich of the process of converting symbolic equations into efficient computer code for numerical analysis. The language permits a dynamicist to describe forces, moments, constraints, and output variables using expressions involving arbitrary combinations of unit vectors from different moving reference frames. Kinematics and dynamics analysis algorithms have been programmed that employ these capabilities to analyze complex multibody systems and formulate highly efficient computer source code used for subsequent numerical analysis. A companion paper describes the basic multibody formalism that has been programmed.
Silicosis as Viewed by an Internist

SUMMARY 1) The history, terminology and classification of silicosis are given. 2) The role of the size of the silica particle, the number per cubic foot of air, the concentration of silica in a free state, the time of exposure, the humidity of the working atmosphere, and the condition of the ciliated epithelium, as conditions influencing the production of silicosis are discussed. 3) Differentiation from other chest diseases is emphasized. 4) Serial periodic x-ray studies of men exposed to silica dust, showing their progression from one stage to another are presented. 5) Cases are included showing: (a) The role of pre and post silicotic infection in the development of silicosis; (b) The peculiar variability in the response of various workmen to silica dust during and after exposure; (c) That in some cases silicosis continues to develop even though the worker is removed from silica dust. 6) Engineering and medical controls in the treatment and prevention of silicosis are discussed.
Increasing the Breadth of the Human Factors Scientist-Practitioner

It has been 40 years since the Department of Defense first commissioned the development of the Human Engineering Guide to Equipment Design. In this, the 40th anniversary year, it is fitting to examine the training of human factors purveyors and provide suggestions for supplemental training where little formal training exists. Review of current human factors education programs reveals that many of the published guidelines are, to a greater degree, being fulfilled. These findings should be encouraging, yet human factors educators, students, and practitioners alike are hesitant to conclude that psychologists or human factors specialists are necessarily complete upon attaining these skills. Many newly graduated human factors practitioners, while competent in human processes, do not possess the skills and background necessary to perform in a variety of domains. The goal of this symposium is to address the issues of human factors training by providing curriculum material designed to build upon fundamental skills.
SENSE OR NONSENSE? TRADITIONAL METHODS OF ANIMAL PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in traditional health-care practices in the western as well as in the developing world. In animal health, this has led to further interest in ethnoveterinary research and development, a relatively new field of study that covers traditional practices, ethnobotany and application of animal care practices embedded in local tradition. This development has practical applications for animal parasite control, whether related to epidemiology, diagnostics and therapy, or to comprehensive disease control methods leading to integrated pest/disease management. Examples are provided of traditional practices in diagnostics, herd-, grazing- and pasture-management as well as of manipulation and treatment. Many of these applications indicate a basic understanding of disease, especially epidemiology, by farmers and herders, although not always explained, or explainable, in rational western ways. Although abuse and quackery exist, the application of traditional practices seems to make sense in areas without adequate veterinary services. Moreover, acknowledgement of the value of traditional knowledge empowers local herders/farmers to try to solve their herds' disease problems in a cost-effective way. Traditional practices often make sense, albeit with some regulation to ascertain safety and to prevent abuse.
Computer-Assisted Sperm Motion Analysis of Bovine Sperm Treated with Insulin-Like Growth Factor I and II: Implications as Motility Regulators and Chemokinetic Factors

The effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II on motility of bovine sperm were examined using a computer-assisted sperm motion analyzer (CASA). The following kinematic parameters were examined: percentage of rapidly moving cells, straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency. Sperm were treated with IGF-I (100 ng/mL) or IGF-II (250 ng/mL) and compared to sperm in modified Tyrodes' medium only (control) at 90, 180, and 360 min using CASA. Insulin-like growth factor I and II increased the percentage of rapidly moving cells, straight-line velocity, curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, and beat cross frequency compared to the control treatment. These results indicate that IGFs may be involved in initiation and maintenance of bovine sperm motility.
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein β (C/EBPβ) Expression Regulates Dietary-induced Inflammation in Macrophages and Adipose Tissue in Mice

Strong evidence exists for a link between chronic low level inflammation and dietary-induced insulin resistance; however, little is known about the transcriptional networks involved. Here we show that high fat diet (HFD) or saturated fatty acid exposure directly activates CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) protein expression in liver, adipocytes, and macrophages. Global C/EBPβ deletion prevented HFD-induced inflammation and surprisingly increased mitochondrial gene expression in white adipose tissue along with brown adipose tissue markers PRDM16, CIDEa, and UCP1, consistent with a resistance to HFD-induced obesity. In isolated peritoneal macrophages from C/EBPβ−/− mice, the anti-inflammatory gene LXRα and its targets SCD1 and DGAT2 were strikingly up-regulated along with IL-10, while NLRP3, a gene important for activating the inflammasome, was suppressed in response to palmitate. Using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells or 3T3-L1 adipocytes, C/EBPβ knockdown prevented palmitate-induced inflammation and p65-NFκB DNA binding activity, while C/EBPβ overexpression induced NFκB binding, JNK activation, and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression directly. Finally, chimeric bone marrow mice transplanted with bone marrow lacking C/EBPβ−/− demonstrated reduced systemic and adipose tissue inflammatory markers, macrophage content, and maintained insulin sensitivity on HFD. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HFD or palmitate exposure triggers C/EBPβ expression that controls expression of distinct aspects of alternative macrophage activation. Reducing C/EBPβ in macrophages confers protection from HFD-induced systemic inflammation and insulin resistance, suggesting it may be an attractive therapeutic target for ameliorating obesity-induced inflammatory responses.
Differential Regulation of Short- and Long-Tract Gene Conversion between Sister Chromatids by Rad51C

The Rad51 paralog Rad51C has been implicated in the control of homologous recombination. To study the role of Rad51C in vivo in mammalian cells, we analyzed short-tract and long-tract gene conversion between sister chromatids in hamster Rad51C(-/-) CL-V4B cells in response to a site-specific chromosomal double-strand break. Gene conversion was inefficient in these cells and was specifically restored by expression of wild-type Rad51C. Surprisingly, gene conversions in CL-V4B cells were biased in favor of long-tract gene conversion, in comparison to controls expressing wild-type Rad51C. These long-tract events were not associated with crossing over between sister chromatids. Analysis of gene conversion tract lengths in CL-V4B cells lacking Rad51C revealed a bimodal frequency distribution, with almost all gene conversions being either less than 1 kb or greater than 3.2 kb in length. These results indicate that Rad51C plays a pivotal role in determining the "choice" between short- and long-tract gene conversion and in suppressing gene amplifications associated with sister chromatid recombination.
The Manuscript Department in the Duke University Library

DEVELOPMENT of a manuscript department at Duke University is an outgrowth of the intellectual awakening of 1887 at Trinity College in rural Randolph County, North Carolina.1 In that year John Franklin Crowell, a Yale graduate, was inaugurated president of the struggling school. In his first report to the North Carolina Methodist Conference Crowell said that a "Seminary of History" would be created for advanced students, and this, he predicted, would lead to sound historical scholarship at Trinity. A few years later, after the college had been moved to Durham, he established a separate department of history and political science and appointed Stephen B. Weeks as its chairman. Weeks had recently received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Johns Hopkins University; and at that university, through the influence of Prof. Herbert Baxter Adams, he had caught the spirit of the German school of scientific historians. At Trinity he started from scratch. His first move was to appeal in the college paper for the donation to the library of books on history and especially of the raw materials of history. A writer and a diligent collector himself, particularly of North Caroliniana, he successfully aroused in others an interest in history. In his first year he organized the Trinity College Historical Society, to collect books and other printed matter, manuscripts, works of art, and relics illustrating the history of North Carolina and the South.
PRM-based identity matching using social context

Identity management is critical for many intelligence and security applications. Identity information is not reliable due to the problems of unintentional errors and intentional deception by the criminals. Most of existing identity matching techniques consider personal identity features only. In this article we propose a PRM-based identity matching technique that takes both personal identity features and social contexts into account. We identify two groups of social context features, namely social activity and social relation features. Experiments show that the social activity features significantly improve the matching performance while the social relation features effectively reduce false positive and false negative.
Structure Revealing H/D Exchange with Co-Adsorbed Hydrogen and Water on Gold.

A fundamental understanding of the interactions between coadsorbed water and hydrogen on metallic surfaces is critical to many chemical processes including catalysis and electrochemistry. Here, we report on the strong and intricate interactions between coadsorbed H/D and water on the close-packed (111) surface of gold. Deuterium isotopic labeling shows H/D exchange in H−D2O and D−H2O systems, indicating water dissociation and suggesting a nonrandom scrambling process by revealing the origin of hydrogen evolution (from surface H atoms or from water molecules) during annealing. In this reaction, the protonation of the H-bonding ice network (i.e., the formation of (H2O)nH + ) is energetically favorable and is responsible for water dissociation. Density functional theory (DFT) modeling suggests that the thermodynamics and structure of the protonated clusters are predominant factors for yielding the traceable H2 desorption features from the surface interaction with H atoms, providing insights into reaction mechanisms. SECTION: Surfaces, Interfaces, Porous Materials, and Catalysis
Combined functional partitioning and communication speed selection for networked voltage-scalable processors

This paper presents a new technique for global energy optimization through coordinated functional partitioning and speed selection for embedded processors interconnected by a high-speed serial bus. Many such serial interfaces are capable of operating at multiple speeds and can open up a new dimension of trade-offs to complement today's CPU-centric voltage scaling techniques for processors. We propose a multi-dimensional dynamic programming formulation for energy-optimal functional partitioning with CPU/communication speed selection for a class of data-regular applications under performance constraints. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our optimization techniques with an image processing application mapped onto a multi-processor architecture with a multi-speed Ethernet.
Immune activity elevates energy expenditure of house sparrows: a link between direct and indirect costs?

The activation of an immune response is beneficial for organisms but may also have costs that affect fitness. Documented immune costs include those associated with acquisition of special nutrients,...
Nonlinear response function for time-domain and frequency-domain four-wave mixing

A unified theory of time-domain and frequency-domain four-wave mixing processes, which is based on the nonlinear response function R(t3, t2, t1), is developed. The response function is expressed in terms of the four-point correlation function of the dipole operator F(τ1, τ2, τ3, τ4) and is evaluated explicitly for a stochastic model of line broadening that holds for any correlation time of the bath. Our results interpolate between the fast-modulation limit, in which the optical Bloch equations are valid, and the static limit of inhomogeneous line broadening. As an example of the relationship between time-domain and frequency-domain four-wave mixing, we compare the capabilities of steady-state and transient coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy experiments to probe the vibrational dynamics in ground and excited electronic states.
Inflaming the need for migraine biomarkers.

Biomarkers for neurologic disease take many forms (e.g., genetic, biochemical, structural, and functional) and have established and emerging applications in research and clinical practice.1,2 Their potential roles include detecting preclinical disease, supporting earlier or more accurate diagnosis, defining biologically homogenous subgroups of patients, predicting treatment response, assessing prognosis, and measuring change in disease severity (table). In addition, biomarkers may offer insight into the mechanisms underlying the initiation, progression, maintenance, or remission of illness.2
Applications of robust, radiation hard AlGaN optoelectronic devices in space exploration and high energy density physics

We report demonstration of radiation hardness and environmental robustness of AlGaN deep UV Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and deep UV Photodiodes, and their applications in space science instruments for AC charge management, and in High Energy Density Physics diagnostics.
Halophilanema prolata n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), a parasite of the intertidal bug, Saldula laticollis (Reuter)(Hemiptera: Saldidae) on the Oregon coast

It is rare to find terrestrial nematode lineages parasitizing arthropods inhabiting the intertidal or littoral zone of the oceans. During an ecological study along the Oregon dunes, an allantonematid nematode (Tylenchomorpha: Allantonematidae) was discovered parasitizing the intertidal shore bug, Saldula laticollis (Reuter)(Hemiptera: Saldidae). This shore bug is adapted to an intertidal environment and can survive short periods of submergence during high tides. The present study describes the nematode parasite and discusses aspects of its development, ecology and evolution. Adults and last instar nymphs of S. laticollis (Hemiptera: Saldidae) were collected from the high intertidal zone among clumps of Juncus L. (Juncaceae) plants at Waldport, Oregon on October 3, 2011. The bugs were dissected in 1% saline solution and the nematodes killed in 1% Ringers solution and immediately fixed in 5% formalin (at 20°C). Third stage juveniles removed from infected hosts were maintained in 1% saline solution until they matured to the adult stage, molted and mated. Halophilanema prolata n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae) is described from last instar nymphs and adults of the intertidal bug, Saldula laticollis on the Oregon coast. The new genus can be distinguished from other genera in the Allantonematidae by a stylet lacking basal knobs in both sexes, an excretory pore located behind the nerve ring, ribbed spicules, a gubernaculum, the absence of a bursa and the elongate-tubular shape of the ovoviviparous parasitic females. Studies of the organogenesis of Halophilanema showed development to third stage juveniles in the uterus of parasitic females. Maturation to the free-living adults and mating occurred in the environment. The incidence of infection of S. laticollis ranged from 0% to 85% depending on the microhabitat in the intertidal zone. Based on the habitat and morphological characters, it is proposed that Halophilanema adapted a parasitic existence fairly recently, evolutionarily speaking. It was probably a free-living intertidal or shore nematode that fed on microorganisms, especially fungi, in the intertidal habitat and became parasitic after saldids entered the environment. Halophilanema represents the first described nematode parasite of an intertidal insect.
Stability and change in adolescents' task-specific achievement goals and implications for learning mathematics with intelligent tutors

We examine stability of achievement goals and effects of stability on learning.Students reported achievement goals for intelligent tutoring system math units.The majority of students' achievement goals varied reliably from unit to unit.Students with stable mastery-approach achieved higher grades than peers with variable goals.Students with stable performance-approach goals used ITS help features less than those with variable goals. Individuals' achievement goals are known to influence learning behaviors and academic achievement. However, prior research also indicates that undergraduates' achievement goals for psychology coursework vary from assignment to assignment. The effect of stability of achievement goals on learning behaviors and outcomes has yet to be explored. This study examined how adolescents' achievement goals varied over mathematics units completed in an intelligent tutoring system, and whether strength or variability in achievement goals influenced behavior or achievement. At the group level, achievement goals correlated significantly from unit to unit; mean scores were not significantly different over time. However, individuals' goal scores changed reliably across units. No relationships were found between the strength of students' achievement goal scores and learning behaviors or performance. However, students with stable mastery approach goals achieved better grades than those with more variable mastery-approach goals. Students with stable performance-approach goals engaged in fewer help-seeking behaviors than those with variable performance approach goals.
Field Enhancement in Deterministic Aperiodic Arrays of Metal Nanoparticles

We investigate near-field electromagnetic coupling and local optical field enhancement in deterministically generated two-dimensional aperiodic arrays of metal nanoparticles. We show that deep sub wavelength-localized plasmonic states can be achieved using aperiodic structures.
On the trade-off between spectrum efficiency and transmission cost in traditional and SFN-based broadcast television

This paper evaluates two alternatives to today's noise-limited single-transmitter broadcast television systems, either of which would improve spectrum efficiency. One alternative is to increase the transmit power of each broadcaster's only transmitter. The other alternative is to replace that single transmitter with a multi-transmitter single frequency network (SFN). For both approaches, this paper calculates the relationship between the maximum achievable spectrum efficiency and the cost required to achieve that efficiency as a function of the most important design parameters. Results suggest that increasing power of traditional single-transmitter broadcasters could reduce the amount of spectrum needed for TV by roughly 30%, and would be cost-effective today through much of the U.S. A switch to SFNs could reduce the amount of spectrum needed for TV by roughly 60%, but at a higher cost. Results suggest that the SFN approach could be cost-effective in the most densely populated regions where spectrum is most valuable.
Lumbar microdiscectomy with medial facetectomy. Techniques and analysis of results.

Lumbar microdiscectomy with medial facetectomy is a safe and effective operative option in the treatment of symptomatic herniated lumbar discs in selected patients. The authors present their operative approach to patients with a posterolateral (intracanalicular) lumbar disc herniation and review a compilation of surgical series comparing standard and microsurgical approaches to the herniated lumbar disc.
Vascular hypertrophy in borderline hypertension: relationship to blood pressure and sympathetic drive.

While borderline hypertension increases the chance for cardiovascular disease, most with borderline hypertension will not experience problems. Thus, the risk of intervening probably outweighs benefit for the majority. However, those with target organ damage are probably at higher risk and might benefit from more aggressive management. Therefore, we assessed vascular hypertrophy and average home blood pressures in patients with borderline hypertension which might be of value in therapeutic planning.Minimum forearm vascular resistance (mFAVR) was used as an index of vascular hypertrophy. Comparing ten normotensive controls to twenty individuals with borderline hypertension revealed a significant difference in mFAVR (1.7 0.06 vs 2.1 0.1, p<.05). There were obvious differences in blood pressure between normotensives and borderlines which contributed to differences in mFAVR. However, within the group with borderline hypertension, no relationship was apparent between mean blood pressure and mFAVR, r=0.13, NS. A...
Diagnosis and management of abdominal vascular injuries

Intra-abdominal vascular trauma is an injury that continues to challenge the general surgeon and leads to high morbidity and mortality even at busy urban trauma centers. The majority of patients arrive in hemorrhagic shock; therefore, rapid evaluation, resuscitation, and transfer to the operating room are necessary to treat these patients. In the operating room, the surgeon must have a well-planned surgical approach to the variety of potential injuries encountered in the retroperitoneal space. This article reviews the incidence, diagnostic strategies, treatment principles, and expected outcomes when dealing with intra-abdominal vascular injury.
The Bacterial Integrity Of Celloidin And Parchment Membranes

The celloidin membrane occupies an important place in the bacteriological technique of today because of its perfect osmotic properties, and its accepted imperviousness to the passage of bacteria. The osmotic properties are well known. The bacterial integrity for all micro-organisms has been assumed from the results of isolated experiments with certain bacteria, which were found not to pass through the membrane. It is the purpose of this paper to give the results of experiments made with the object of testing the bacterial integrity of the celloidin, and also of the parchment membrane, to various types of bacteria, especially to the intestinal group.
141. Short-term selective upregulation of natural killer cell genes in response to a first- time tandem skydive

Acute stress induces the activation and mobilization of natural killer (NK) cells into peripheral blood, but the genomic response is unknown. The entire transcriptome of leukocytes was temporally profiled in participants experiencing acute psychological stress through a first-time tandem skydive. Gene expression was examined at baseline, pre-boarding, landing and 1 h post-jump. A peak in expression of a subset of NK cell related genes was observed that complements previously shown peaks in anxiety and sympathetic adrenal response just before and during jump. The expression of these genes returned to baseline levels 1 h post-jump. This selective upregulation of NK genes demonstrates a genomic response to acute stress not accounted solely by an influx of NK cells.
Inhibitory Effect of the Byproduct Glycerol Resulting from the Phase Behavior on the Transesterification Reaction Kinetics

The effect of the phase behavior of the multicomponent transesterification reaction between soybean oil triglycerides and methanol catalyzed by homogeneous potassium hydroxide over a wide range of methanol/triglyceride molar ratios was studied. It has been known that increasing the molar ratio results in increased methyl ester yields; this is normally attributed to the reaction kinetics. In the subsequent investigation, however, it is shown that the cause of the incomplete yields at low molar ratios results from inhibitory effects caused by the byproduct glycerol. As it has previously been shown that the methanol phase acts as the primary reaction volume, it is thought that, as the glycerol concentration in the methanol phase increases as the reaction progresses, triglycerides become excluded from the methanol phase and the reaction drastically slows, hence, byproduct inhibition. At increased methanol/triglyceride molar ratios, the excess methanol acts to dilute the concentration of glycerol and, subseque...
174 ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC ADMINISTRATION IN A NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT: ROUTINE CARE CANNOT BE PRESUMED TO BE “OPTIMAL!”

Background A prolonged period from the time of order to actual administration of antibiotics (ATB) is associated with worse outcome in cases of systemic infection. Several factors are involved in this lag time. Detection of a few isolated cases, with a period > 2 hours at GMH NICU, prompted implementation of a process for quality improvement (PQI). Objective To evaluate the time period between ATB orders and administration in the NICU and the possible effects of PQI on such a period. Methods Over a twelve-day period, we collected data prospectively to identify the total period between order and initiation of administration of ATB. These included time of written order and time of administration and time of the several “intermediate” steps involved in getting the ATB to the patient (order to computer scan time, order entry time, medication tube system time and others). To improve the ATB administration time, we established a collaborative PQI of communication and education by a multidisciplinary committee of pharmacy, nursing, and medical staff. After the PQI, we randomly collected the same data prospectively for ten new admissions over a 30-day period. We compared the total time and the time of each step between the two periods. Results Before the PQI, the turnaround time was on average 135 minutes, with a median time of 115 minutes. After the PQI was fully implemented, the total time to ATB administration decreased to 37 minutes on average, with a median time of 32 minutes. The lag time between orders written to orders scanned was reduced from an average 61 minutes and median 57 minutes to 12 minutes on average with a median of 9 minutes. In the pharmacy, the time also decreased significantly (median of 6 minutes to 1.5 minutes), as was the time the medications were sent by tube from the pharmacy to administration of ATB (49 minutes to 32 minutes). Conclusion The time from order of ATB to administration was too long at GMH NICU and a PQI was effective for achieving significantly shorter times. We speculate that frequent NICU therapies, such as this one, will reveal opportunity for improvement if carefully analyzed through collaborative efforts at any institution.
Carbonyl Scavenging as an Antioxidant Neuroprotective Strategy for Acute Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Reactive oxygen-induced lipid peroxidation (LP) has been documented to play a critical role in pathophysiology, neurodegeneration, and neurological disability that follows acute traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Consistent with that fact, a number of antioxidant compounds that either scavenges reactive oxygen species or directly inhibit LP have been shown to be protective in preclinical models of TBI and SCI. Although LP is able to damage neural cellular and intracellular membranes, much of the damage is caused by the generation of neurotoxic aldehydic end products derived from peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid. Most notably, these reactive compounds, 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and 2-propenal (acrolein), induce further reactive oxygen species formation and LP. This chapter reviews a relatively new antioxidant strategy involving the pharmacological scavenging of 4-HNE and acrolein referred to as “carbonyl scavenging” that is neuroprotective in SCI and TBI animal models. The prototypes of this class are hydralazine and phenelzine (PZ) that contain hydrazine moieties that can covalently react with the carbonyl function groups of 4-HNE or acrolein thus intercepting them and thus preventing their ability of exacerbate posttraumatic oxidative neurodegeneration.