cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The evolution of vertical climbing in primates: evidence from reaction forces

Vertical climbing is an essential behavior for arboreal animals, yet limb mechanics during climbing are poorly understood and rarely compared with those observed during horizontal walking. Primates commonly engage in both arboreal walking and vertical climbing, and this makes them an ideal taxa in which to compare these locomotor forms. Additionally, primates exhibit unusual limb mechanics compared with most other quadrupeds, with weight distribution biased towards the hindlimbs, a pattern that is argued to have evolved in response to the challenges of arboreal walking. Here we test an alternative hypothesis that functional differentiation between the limbs evolved initially as a response to climbing. Eight primate species were recorded locomoting on instrumented vertical and horizontal simulated arboreal runways. Forces along the axis of, and normal to, the support were recorded. During walking, all primates displayed forelimbs that were net braking, and hindlimbs that were net propulsive. In contrast, both limbs served a propulsive role during climbing. In all species, except the lorisids, the hindlimbs produced greater propulsive forces than the forelimbs during climbing. During climbing, the hindlimbs tends to support compressive loads, while the forelimb forces tend to be primarily tensile. This functional disparity appears to be body-size dependent. The tensile loading of the forelimbs versus the compressive loading of the hindlimbs observed during climbing may have important evolutionary implications for primates, and it may be the case that hindlimb-biased weight support exhibited during quadrupedal walking in primates may be derived from their basal condition of climbing thin branches.
Multiple-jet thermal mixing in a piping tee

Piping tees that are used to mix fluid streams at different temperatures are subjected to possibly severe thermal and mechanical stresses. There is reason to suspect that mixing in a piping tee cou...
Ten year experience with student pharmacist research within a health system and education center.

Abstract Introduction Skills gained from research experience allow student pharmacists to evolve as practitioners, innovators and perpetual learners in an increasingly complex healthcare environment. Data published regarding pharmacy resident research are focused on external dissemination rates and research programs. Little is published regarding student research. Methods This descriptive study was a five-year before and after comparison between the existing co-curricular model and a new longitudinal, 12-month research advanced pharmacy practice experience (L-APPE) model for student pharmacist research. The objective was to describe the development and transition to the L-APPE and compare the models in external dissemination rates and preceptor-classified impact on patient care. Preceptors were surveyed to characterize the impact on the health care institution. Results Over a ten-year period, 65 fourth year students engaged in research. From 2006–2011, 28 students (43.4% of student cohort) completed co-curricular research projects. From 2011–2016, 37 students (40.2% of student cohort) completed the L-APPE. The number of national poster presentations increased 6-fold with the L-APPE, from 6 (21.4%) to 36 (97.3%) (p Discussion and conclusions The L-APPE research model increased external dissemination rates and resulted in more meaningful practice model or prescribing pattern benefits. Additional study of pharmacy student research is warranted.
The intraosseous have it: A prospective observational study of vascular access success rates in patients in extremis using video review.

BACKGROUNDQuick and successful vascular access in injured patients arriving in extremis is crucial to enable early resuscitation and rapid OR transport for definitive repair. We hypothesized that intraosseous (IO) access would be faster and have higher success rates than peripheral intravenous (PIV)
‘Old habits die hard’:* discourses of urban filth in Swachh Bharat Mission and The Ugly Indian

Popular framings of the contemporary urban Indian waste crisis focus on the crucial need for public behavior change. This article provides an exploratory study of the ideology and work of two socia...
Effect of post-weld heating on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded thick 5083 Al alloy

It is well known that stir zone material in friction stir welded Al alloy has low thermal stability against abnormal grain growth during subsequent heating, which includes recovery annealing and subsequent fusion welding. Since abnormal grain growth may significantly deteriorate the mechanical properties of FS welds, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of post-weld heating on FS welds. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of post-weld heating on 18 mm thick FS welded 5083 aluminum alloy plates. Post-weld heating (post-weld heat treatment and post-weld GMA welding) was applied to FS welds. The microstructure and mechanical properties of FS welds were examined before and after post-weld heating. After the postweld heating, no coarse grains were observed in the stir zone. The GMA welded FS welds showed good mechanical properties as well as the GMA welds on base metal. It is demonstrated that the FS weld has very high thermal stability against abnormal grain growth. It is suggested that the high thermal stability of the FS weld is attributable to the high density of second phase particles.
Brain Tumors; Biology

Improvements in large-scale genomic analyses, including transcriptional profiling and next-generation sequencing, in combination with a growing number of genetically engineered mouse models for disease, have resulted in dramatic improvement in our understanding of alterations that drive tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). In this article we draw on examples from two of the most common and well studied tumors of the CNS, diffuse glioma, and medulloblastoma. Future collaborative efforts will continue to build on these studies and will hopefully lead to the development of therapies that can target these oncogenic alterations.
Optimizing Function-Based Fault Propagation Model Resilience Using Expected Cost Scoring

Complex engineered systems are often associated with risk due to high failure consequences, high complexity, and large investments. As a result, it is desirable for complex engineered systems to be resilient such that they can avoid or quickly recover from faults. Ideally, this should be done at the early design stage where designers are most able to explore a large space of concepts. Previous work has shown that functional models can be used to predict fault propagation behavior and motivate design work. However, little has been done to formally optimize a design based on these predictions, partially because the effects of these models have not been quantified into an objective function to optimize. This work introduces a scoring function which integrates with a fault scenario-based simulation to enable the risk-neutral optimization of functional model resilience. This scoring function accomplishes this by resolving the tradeoffs between the design costs, operating costs, and modeled fault response of a given design in a way that may be parameterized in terms of designer-specified resilient features. This scoring function is adapted and applied to the optimization of controlling functions which recover flows in a monopropellant orbiter. In this case study, an evolutionary algorithm is found to find the optimal logic for these functions, showing an improvement over a typical a-priori guess by exploring a large range of solutions, demonstrating the value of the approach.Copyright © 2018 by ASME
Treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by encapsulation of ZnO nanoparticles in an alginate biopolymer: Insights into treatment mechanisms

Abstract Treating multidrug-resistant bacteria has been a challenging task, although the bacteria have been reported as a trace contaminant present in tap water. Given emerging issues on antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the present study investigated a novel treatment method in which ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) are encapsulated in an alginate biopolymer solution to explore primary antibacterial mechanisms. The antibacterial effects of this technology on two model antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Escherichia coli DH5-α and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were found to be highly effective, with the removal rates of 98% and 88%, respectively, at the initial bacteria concentration of 108 CFU mL−1 over 6 h. The inactivation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria by ZnO NP–alginate beads was improved by increasing the nanocomposite amount (4, 10, and 20 mg) and contact time. The primary mechanism involved the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ZnO NP–alginate beads were demonstrated to be highly promising for different applications in water treatment, especially for point-of-use in the perspectives of reusability, antibacterial property of ZnO, immobilizing NPs, and utilizing high surface area of NPs, with a slight release of zinc ions.
Median Binary-Connect Method and a Binary Convolutional Neural Network for Word Recognition

We propose and study a new projection formula for training binary weight convolutional neural networks. The projection formula measures the error in approximating a full precision (32 bit) vector by a 1-bit vector in the l_1 norm instead of the standard l_2 norm. The l_1 projector is in closed analytical form and involves a median computation instead of an arithmatic average in the l_2 projector. Experiments on 10 keywords classification show that the l_1 (median) BinaryConnect (BC) method outperforms the regular BC, regardless of cold or warm start. The binary network trained by median BC and a recent blending technique reaches test accuracy 92.4%, which is 1.1% lower than the full-precision network accuracy 93.5%. On Android phone app, the trained binary network doubles the speed of full-precision network in spoken keywords recognition.
Self-Reported Quality of Life Outcomes in Aphasia Using Life Participation Approach Values: 1-Year Outcomes.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a newly initiated aphasia center program using Life Participation Approach to Aphasia (LPAA) values. Design Evidence-based practice quality improvement project. Setting Ambulatory care aphasia center part of a larger health care system. Participants Participants included 41 clients with aphasia and 40 primary caregivers of clients with aphasia. Participants included all clients and caregivers that were enrolled in the aphasia center within the first year of opening. All participants were enrolled in 1-4 eleven-week sessions of the aphasia center program. Participants with aphasia included 19 women and 22 men with a mean age of 65.2 years (range, 33-84 years). Interventions Group therapy was provided using the LPAA statement of values with each client receiving 3 hours of treatment once per week for 11 weeks. Clients were provided with the opportunity to complete multiple 11-week enrollment sessions if they chose to do so. Main Outcome Measures Client-reported outcomes included the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale, and caregiver-reported outcomes included the Modified Caregiver Strain Index. Both measures are self-reported and scale based. Client satisfaction data were also collected via a self-reported program evaluation upon completion of each 11-week session. Results Results indicated statistically significant improvements in quality of life scores for clients with aphasia following initial participation of an 11-week aphasia center program (P≤.0001) and following 1-year participation (P≤.0001). Additionally, caregiver’s level of burden decreased significantly following initial participation of the family member (P=.003) and following completion of three 11-week sessions (P≤.0001). Self-reported client satisfaction program evaluation results also demonstrated improved quality of life (100%) and improved language skills (average=89.75%). Conclusions The project provided further evidence supporting the use of LPAA values with clients experiencing chronic aphasia.
How do adolescents experience sexting in dating relationships? Motivations to sext and responses to sexting requests from dating partners

Abstract Although most sexting among adolescents occurs in the context of a dating relationship, less is known about adolescents’ motivations to sext and the emotional experience of sexting within dating relationships. The current study surveyed 947 high school students about their sexting behaviors, motivations to sext, and emotional reactions to sexting requests from dating partners. Although both girls and boys reported sexting behaviors, girls were more likely to report receiving pressure to sext and negative emotional responses to sexting requests from a dating partner. Among girls, greater self-sexualization, lower religiosity, perceiving peer sexting as more common, and being older predicted more positive emotional reactions to sexting requests from a partner. Greater attachment anxiety, lower self-sexualization, greater religiosity, and being younger predicted more negative emotional reactions for girls. Among boys, lower attachment avoidance, greater self-sexualization, and lower religiosity predicted more positive emotional reactions to sexting requests. Only lower levels of self-sexualization predicted negative emotional reactions to sexting requests for boys. These findings support that sexting is a gendered experience for adolescents in dating relationships and that although most sexting between partners is wanted, certain adolescents may be more at risk for experiencing negative consequences from sexting.
Delineating spatial distribution and thickness of unconsolidated sand along the southwest Lake Michigan shoreline using TEM and ERT geophysical methods

Abstract Erosion and accretion of various magnitudes occur along the southwest Lake Michigan shoreline. These processes are triggered by natural events and human activities, which affect the distribution and thickness of sand on the nearshore lake bottom. Significant erosion along the Illinois coastline has highlighted the need for a large-scale means of acquiring spatially rich data to build models of sand distribution along the entire shoreline. Thus, we implemented a high-resolution airborne transient electromagnetic (TEM) method, coupled with a ground-based electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to determine the sand distribution and thickness along the shore from the beach to ~1 km into the lake. From Kenosha, Wisconsin, to Chicago, Illinois, we acquired 1049 line-km of TEM data, and 13.43 line-km of ERT data. Our results indicated a distinct, uneven distribution and thickness of the unconsolidated sand unit covering the southwestern Lake Michigan shoreline. The unconsolidated sand unit was found to range in thickness from 0 to ~12 m. This unconsolidated sand unit was shown to be thickest (4.5 to ~10 m) in the northern part of the study site. In southern Wisconsin and Chicago, the sand layer beneath the water column was found to be very thin, ≤1 m. We propose, based on our analysis, that lake-bed conditions and wind direction are the main factors that limit southward littoral transport. Our data suggest that the current state of the shoreline is relatively analogous to how it has always behaved; however, anthropogenic disturbance has exacerbated the natural patterns of erosion and accretion.
The Quality of the Food Retail Environment When Consumers May Be Mobile

Using USDA's National Household Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey (FoodAPS), we estimated block group‐level spending‐weighted mean distance to the retailers where consumers actually shop (3.9 miles overall; 7.0 miles in rural areas and 3.0 miles in urban areas). Holding constant retailer type, every 10% increase in travel distance was associated with a 3.5% decrease in the food‐at‐home spending share. If consumers travel farther to get food, it may signal that they lack satisfactory options at closer distances. Spending‐weighted mean travel distance could support measures of food retail gaps that are consistent both with consumers' revealed preferences and retailers' incentives.
Study on rate gene mutation of β -thalassemia

Objective To detect the rare gene mutation of β-thalassemia in Foshan area. Methods Basic erythrocyte hematologic parameters were performed through auto cell counter Sysmex XT2000i in routine for all 8400 patients who came to Foshan Maternal and Children's Hospital for prenatal screen. And Hb electrophoresis were carried out through auto analyzer Helena Spire 3000. Then identified the commonest known 17 types beta thalassemia mutations by reverse dot blot hybridization for the 3600 patients whose erythrocyte parameters were associated with hypochromia or whose electrophoresis results had elevated HbA2 or HbF or abnormal band. 1260 cases were identified as beta thalassemia. For the 45 doubtful patients who were not found the commonest known 17 types beta thalassemia mutations, direct DNA sequencing of the entire β-globin gene was performed. Results There were 45 patients were associate with hypochromiaand had elevated HbA2 or HbF or abnormal band who were not found the commonest 17 types beta thalassemia mutations by reverse dot blot hybridization. After sequencing the entire beta globin gene, 15 rare beta thalassemia gene mutations were found, of which 2 cases were nt-90 (C→T), 2 cases were CD6 (GAG→AAG), I case was IVS-I-116 (T→G), I case was IVS-I-128 (T→G), I case was IVS-I-130 (G→C), and 8 cases were CD113 (GTG→GAG). Conclusion Direct gene sequencing can be effective in identifying a rare beta thalassemia mutation and applying to prenatal diagnosis for thalassemia. Key words: Beta thalassemia; Rare; Gene mutation; Gene sequencing
Real-time estimation of riser's deformed shape using inclinometers and Extended Kalman Filter

Abstract The real-time monitoring of underwater risers, cables, and mooring lines by multiple sensors is in great demand but still very challenging. In this study, a new real-time riser monitoring method based on an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is proposed. It estimates the overall shape of riser in real-time utilizing the measured signals from multiple bi-axial (inclination and heading) inclinometers along the riser. The novel EKF algorithm is shown to be robust against sensor noises and successfully reproduces the actual riser profiles at each time step, which has been verified by multiple tests through numerical simulations. For verification, a turret-moored FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) with a SCR (Steel Catenary Riser) is employed in four different random waves and currents. Subsequent algorithms are also developed so that the corresponding bending and axial stresses along the riser can also be estimated in real time from the obtained riser shape, which can further be used for the real-time estimation of fatigue-damage accumulation.
Antibiotics and the developing infant gut microbiota and resistome

The microbial communities colonizing the human gut are tremendously diverse and highly personal. The composition and function of the microbiota play important roles in human health and disease, and considerable research has focused on understanding the ecological forces shaping these communities. While it is clear that factors such as diet, genotype of the host, and environment influence the adult gut microbiota community composition, recent work has emphasized the importance of early-life assembly dynamics in both the immediate and long-term personalized nature of the gut microbiota. While the mature adult gut microbiota is believed to be relatively stable, the developing infant gut microbiota (IGM) is highly dynamic and prone to disruption by external factors, including antibiotic exposure. Studies have revealed both transient and persistent alterations to the adult gut microbiota community resulting from antibiotic treatment later in life. As antibiotics are routinely prescribed at a greater rate in the first years of life, the impact of these interventions on the developing IGM is emerging as a key research priority. In addition to understanding the impact of these disruptions on the infant gut microbial architecture and related host diseases, we need to understand the contribution of early life antibiotics to the selection of antibiotic resistance gene reservoirs in the microbiota, and their threat to successful treatment of infectious disease. Here we review the current understanding of the developmental progression of the IGM and the impact of antibiotic therapies on its composition and encoded reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes.
On the Persistence of Sexual Harassment in the Workplace

The persistence of sexual harassment in the workplace, despite the general abhorrence for the behavior and programs designed to eradicate it, is puzzling. This paper proposes that gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment and power differentials in the workplace which permit men to legitimize and institutionalize their perspective are implicated. These two phenomena combine to result in blaming the victim of sexual harassment for her own plight. Shifting attention to the target of sexual harassment facilitates the persistence of sexual harassment because the institutionalized responses to the problem remain unquestioned.
Stabilization of nonholonomic Chaplygin systems with linear base space dynamics

Hybrid feedback controllers are developed for stabilization of nonholonomic Chaplygin systems with linear base space dynamics to an equilibrium. The controllers operate by switching from one periodic input to another at discrete-time instants to achieve stabilization. As an application we consider stabilization of nonholonomic systems in kinematic power form. Hybrid controllers for stabilization of trajectories of nonholonomic control systems are also developed. A numerical example is reported.
Mesozoic Intrashelf Basins of the Middle East: Exploring and Development for Conventional Reservoirs and Unconventional Source Rocks

The 2015 SEG/AAPG Workshop, “Mesozoic Intrashelf Basins of the Middle East: Exploring and Development for Conventional Reservoirs and Unconventional Source Rocks,” was held 11–13 May 2015 and, like past workshops, was an outstanding success. This year, the focus addressed the common theme of how to image and model the 3D subsurface of intrashelf basins to economically target, find, and produce untapped hydrocarbon resources from its combined clastic and carbonate systems. The workshop was divided into a preworkshop field trip followed by technical sessions. The first day entailed a field trip to the modern sabkha carbonate depositional environment in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), aimed at studying the potential subsurface analogs for the Jurassic Arab and other similar reservoirs in the Middle East and North Africa. The technical sessions lasted approximately two days and discussed the technical understandings of intrashelf basins.
Specificity of Variables

This chapter examines the level of specificity of variables in psychological assessment. “Specificity” refers to the number of facets and dimensions subsumed by a variable. For example, the assessment of marital aggression can include specific variables such as “rate of verbal criticisms,” less specific variables such as “rate of negative verbal interactions” (verbal criticisms is one of several facets), or even less specific variables “degree of communication problems” (negative verbal interactions is one of several facets).
Effect of Pseudopod Extensions on Neutrophil Hemodynamic Transport Near a Wall

During inflammation, circulating neutrophils roll on, and eventually tether to, the endothelial lining of blood vessels, allowing them to exit the bloodstream and enter the surrounding tissue to target pathogens. This process is mediated by the selectin family of adhesion proteins expressed by endothelial cells. Interestingly, only 10% of activated, migrating neutrophils transmigrate into the extravascular space; the other 90% detach from the wall and rejoin the blood flow. Neutrophils extrude pseudopods during the adhesion cascade; however, the transport behavior of this unique cell geometry has not been previously addressed. In this study, a three-dimensional computational model was applied to neutrophils with pseudopodial extensions to study the effect of cell shape on the hydrodynamic transport of neutrophils. The collision time, contact area, contact force, and collision frequency were analyzed as a function of pseudopod length. It was found that neutrophils experience more frequent collisions compared to prolate spheroids of equal volume and length. Longer pseudopods and lower shear rates increase the collision time integral contact area, a predictor of binding potential. Our results indicate that contact between the neutrophil and the vessel wall was found to be focused predominantly on the pseudopod tip.
Vibronic spectra of Cu(2+) in ZnTe

Infrared-absorption spectra of substitutional Cu(2+) ions in ZnTe have been measured at 4.6 K. Several distinct absorption peaks are observed between 800 and 2000/cm. Absorption peaks at 1002 and 1069/cm are identified as zero-phonon lines arising from 2T2-2E transitions. Between 1069 and 2000/cm, several sets of sharp absorption lines are seen to recur regularly at an interval of 210/cm, corresponding to the LO phonon energy. Within each set distinct vibronic sidebands that cannot be identified with critical-point energies of TA, LA, TO or LO phonon modes are observed. A dynamic Jahn-Teller effect, involving coupling between a single-phonon mode and the electronic states of the 2E level, is proposed to account for the observed spectra.
Reaction of potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) with molten sulfur at 200° C. Evidence for the thiofulminate ligand

Abstract Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) reacts with molten sulfur at 200° C to give, after appropriate work-up of the reaction mixture, a dark green, paramagnetic material which contains sulfur. The experimental evidence — solubility and reaction characteristics and analytical, magnetic, and infrared data — indicate that the dark green substance is polymeric and contains thiofulminate (←CNS) ligand. Repeated extraction of the dark green material with water at 55° C, followed by filtration and treatment of the filtrate with 1,4-dioxane, gives a pale yellow compound. On the basis of elemental analysis, infrared, magnetic susceptibility and conductance data, and thermal stability experiments, the yellow compound is assigned the formula K 3 Fe (CN) 4 (CNS) 2 and is also believed to contain the thiofulminate ligand.
Primary T-cell lymphoma of the retina and cerebellum: immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement confirmation.

Purpose To document fully the first credible primary T-cell lymphoma of the retina and central nervous system in a 71-year-old man. Design Interventional, retrospective report. Methods Critical analysis of clinical history and findings, which included bilateral vitreitis with anterior chamber reaction, creamy intraretinal infiltrates, and retinal detachment; complete blood counts and other blood studies (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody [ANCA], angiotensin-converting enzyme levels, and Lyme and fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption titers); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning of the brain with total body computed tomographic and positron emission tomographic scanning; interleukin (IL) level determinations (IL-10 and IL-6); cytologic and electron microscopic evaluations; immunophenotyping of cells; and polymerase chain reaction studies for viral deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, and immunoglobulin heavy-chain, and T-cell receptor ( TCR ) gene rearrangements. Results The first vitreous specimen was diagnosed mistakenly as cytologically reactive and contained elevated levels of IL-10 and IL-6 in a ratio of 7 to 1. T cells predominated on immunophenotypic analysis. Computed tomographic and positron emission tomographic whole body scanning showed negative results for lymphoma. An MRI scan of the brain eventually revealed a cerebellar lesion. A retinal biopsy harbored cytologically atypical pleomorphic cells that were almost all immunophenotypically T cells; polymerase chain reaction studies demonstrated a clonal TCR gene rearrangement. T-cell lymphocytes in the biopsy specimen of the cerebellum had an identical clonal TCR gene rearrangement. Conclusions This case unequivocally establishes that primary retinal T-cell lymphoma accompanied by central nervous system involvement can occur. Elevation in the IL-10 to IL-6 ratio in the face of inconclusive or confusing vitreous cytologic and immunophenotypic findings (a predominance of "reactive T cells with some atypicality") should lead to gene rearrangement studies on biopsies of involved tissues for the detection of T-cell clonality.
Operation of anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells on methane and natural gas

Abstract Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with thin yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes on porous Ni-YSZ anodes were successfully operated with humidified methane and natural gas. For both fuels, single-cell tests were carried out with low fuel utilizations in order to approximate the conditions expected near the fuel inlet in a direct methane SOFC stack. Open circuit voltages (OCV) increased from ≈1.1 to 1.17 V, and power densities increased from ≈0.1 to 1.0 W/cm 2 , as the operating temperature was increased from 600 to 800 °C. Comparisons of open circuit voltages with Nernst potentials suggested partial oxidation of solid C as the main anode reaction. SOFCs were operated in methane for >90 h at 700 °C and 0.6 V, yielding a stable power density of ≈0.35 W/cm 2 . Very little carbon was detected on the anodes, suggesting that carbon deposition was limited during cell operation.
Making data useful for modelers to understand complex Earth systems

The Arctic is changing rapidly with dramatic local and global effect. To understand that change requires understanding the Arctic as a system. Models of different processes and at various scales are necessary tools for analyzing and understanding the Earth system. Models are extremely diverse, yet they all require quality data. Through a series of case studies, augmented with ethnographic observation around the International Polar Year, this work examines how modelers assess, acquire, and prepare data for their models. By comparing specific case studies, common themes emerge that can be compared against broader observation. These themes, in turn, suggest data management techniques or requirements for data systems to improve access and use by modelers and generally improve understanding of the Arctic system. The study has an Arctic focus because of the rapid changes occurring in the Arctic, but the approach and results should apply generally to Earth system science. This case study based approach has proven to be a useful method for teasing out both general and specific data needs for different models. An overarching lesson is that greater short-term benefit to modelers and significant gains in efficiency can be achieved by improving the formats, convention, and consistency of the data rather than improved interfaces and analysis tools. A “data-first” philosophy can improve the data systems that support the overall interdisciplinary, integrative science necessary to understand the complex Earth system.
Batteries for Venus Surface Operation

The surface of Venus is one of the most challenging environments for the operation of spacecraft. With a surface temperature of around 460°C and a surface atmospheric pressure of 92 bar of carbon dioxide, conventional power technologies are not usable. A number of battery technologies can be adapted to the high-temperature environment. A new primary-battery technology for Venus surface operation is proposed, which uses the in situ carbon dioxide atmosphere as a reactant. This technology would allow high-specific-energy density and, thus, extend the operating time of a battery-powered Venus surface mission.
On Lp-theory of stochastic partial differential equations of divergence form in C1 domains

Stochastic partial differential equations of divergence form are considered in C1 domains. Existence and uniqueness results are given in a Sobolev space with weights allowing the derivatives of the solutions to blow up near the boundary.
Efficacy of inhaled cyclosporine in lung transplant recipients with refractory rejection: Correlation of intragraft cytokine gene expression with pulmonary function and histologic characteristics

Background Refractory rejection is a major cause of morbidity and death among lung transplant recipients. Traditional rescue therapies have proved only modestly successful. We recently demonstrated the safety of inhaled cyclosporine for patients with end-stage chronic rejection; this trial was extended to patients with refractory acute rejection. The present study was to determine whether effective inhaled cyclosporine therapy was correlated with suppression of cytokine gene expression. Methods Twelve lung transplant recipients were studied. Maintenance therapy, cyclosporine or FK 506, azathioprine, and prednisone, was continued, and inhaled cyclosporine at a dose of 300 mg/day was added. Pulmonary function testing and histologic characteristics from transbronchial biopsy specimens were used to assess efficacy of therapy. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and peripheral blood cells were analyzed for the presence of messenger RNA by using 32 P-labeled primers of cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-6, IL-10, and interferon-λ (gamma) via reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results Nine of 12 patients (five with acute rejection, four with chronic rejection) exhibited histologic resolution of rejection within 3 months of inhaled cyclosporine therapy. Pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) improved from pretherapy levels in the patients with acute rejection (p Conclusions These results indicate that inhaled cyclosporine is effective therapy for refractory pulmonary rejection and that its mechanism of action is associated with suppression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and interferon-λ within the allograft.
Cross-National Patterns of Gender Differences in Mathematics: A Meta-Analysis.

A gender gap in mathematics achievement persists in some nations but not in others. In light of the underrepresentation of women in careers in science, technology, mathematics, and engineering, increasing research attention is being devoted to understanding gender differences in mathematics achievement, attitudes, and affect. The gender stratification hypothesis maintains that such gender differences are closely related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for girls and women. We meta-analyzed 2 major international data sets, the 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study and the Programme for International Student Assessment, representing 493,495 students 14-16 years of age, to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mathematics achievement, attitudes, and affect across 69 nations throughout the world. Consistent with the gender similarities hypothesis, all of the mean effect sizes in mathematics achievement were very small (d < 0.15); however, national effect sizes showed considerable variability (ds = -0.42 to 0.40). Despite gender similarities in achievement, boys reported more positive math attitudes and affect (ds = 0.10 to 0.33); national effect sizes ranged from d = -0.61 to 0.89. In contrast to those of previous tests of the gender stratification hypothesis, our results point to specific domains of gender equity responsible for gender gaps in math. Gender equity in school enrollment, women's share of research jobs, and women's parliamentary representation were the most powerful predictors of cross-national variability in gender gaps in math. Results are situated within the context of existing research demonstrating apparently paradoxical effects of societal gender equity and highlight the significance of increasing girls' and women's agency cross-nationally.
The Distribution of Unemployment Insurance Benefits by Income and Earnings Classes

Major interest in the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program has been concerned during the last decade with the distributional effects of its benefits. The question of the redistributional impact of the program has come from the wider concern with the redistributive nature of federal and state budgetary policies. In this paper UI benefits are examined by income and earnings classes in an attempt to discover whether such benefits are equally distributed among households. Two types of households may be distinguished for the purposes of this study. These include single-earner households (S/E), and the multiple earner household (M/E). The analysis in this paper centers around the family as the decision-making unit, which is consonant with recent research.
Trial results of novel bit error rate monitor scheme over skywave HF link

Details are given of an error monitoring technique applicable to any digital communications system. An example application of the technique to a live skywave HF link using parallel-tone modems is described. The performance of the scheme is presented and discussed for this channel.
Teaching about the Influence of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment on Early American History

(1996). Teaching about the Influence of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment on Early American History. The Social Studies: Vol. 87, No. 4, pp. 152-155.
Mutagenicity of aliphatic epoxides.

Abstract The mutagenicity of 17 aliphatic epoxides was determined using the specially constructed mutants of Salmonella typhimurium developed by Ames. The activity of these epoxides together with those reported in the literature as mutagens in strains TA100 and TA1535 depended on the degree of substitution around the oxirane ring. Monosubstituted oxiranes were the most potent mutagens in both strains. 1,1-Disubstitution resulted in the complete loss or reduction of mutagenicity. trans -1,2-Disubstituted, and tetrasubstituted oxiranes all lacked mutagenicity, while the cis -1,2-disubstituted oxiranes tested were weakly mutagenic in strain TA100 only. For the monosubstituted compounds the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents increased mutagenicity.
A rapid genotype assay for PlA haplotypes

Abstract The method described here results in simple visual analysis of 1, 2, or 3 ethidium bromide-stained bands corresponding to the PlA1, PlA2 or Pl A1 A2 phenotypes, respectively. The amplification primers, designed to yield a 711bp product which encompasses exon 2 and substantial intronic sequence both 5′ and 3′ of the exon enable exquisite resolution of the restriction enzyme digestion products which define the alleles. In addition to prediction of fetal risk of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia using this method, an ethnically heterogeneous pool of platelet donors was screened for the platelet antigen PlA (HPA-1)and gave unequivocal results which should be useful for platelet matching.
Preliminary lexical framework for English-Arabic semantic resource construction

This paper describes preliminary work concerning the creation of a Framework to aid in lexical semantic resource construction. The Framework consists of 9 stages during which various lexical resources are collected, studied, and combined into a single combinatory lexical resource. To evaluate the general Framework it was applied to a small set of English and Arabic resources, automatically combining them into a single lexical knowledge base that can be used for query translation and disambiguation in Cross-Language Information Retrieval.
Ectopia lentis and aortic root dilatation in congenital contractural arachnodactyly

Congenital contractural arachnodactyly (CCA) was described by Beals and Hecht as an autosomal dominant disorder distinct from Marfan syndrome and comprising joint contractures, arachnodactyly, scoliosis, and a distinct “crumpled ear” deformity. While the disorder is similar to Marfan syndrome, it was split from it due to the distinct physical appearance of the patients and, more importantly, the lack of heart and eye findings. Since the original report, several CCA patients have been found to have mitral valve prolapse, structural cardiac anomalies, and occasionally aortic root dilatations similar to those seen in Marfan syndrome. We report on a patient with CCA with bilateral ectopia lentis and aortic root dilatation. Our review of the literature of CCA showed that serial echo-cardiography and careful eye examinations have not become a standard of medical practice in this condition. Partly this may be due to a lack of documented cases of CCA having severe ectopia lentis and cardiac complications. This patient underscores the need for periodic eye and echocardiographic evaluations of all CCA patients.
Extrathoracic deposition of inhaled, coarse particles (4.5 μm) in children VS adults

Recent epidemiological studies suggest that children have increased morbidity from particulate air pollution (Dockery et al., 1989; Schwartz et al., 1994), primarily characterised by increased incidence of cough and bronchitis in the children. In general the morbidity associations with particulate pollution have been with inhalable particles (PM10). It is not clear, however, which fraction of PM10, the coarse (2.5-10 urn MMAD) or the fine (< 2.5 urn MMAD) mode, is most responsible for these associations. While children may be especially predisposed to acute toxic effects from airborne particulates, they may also receive an increased dose of particles to their lungs compared to adults. Theoretical calculations by Xu and Yu (1986) predict enhanced deposition of particles (greater than 2 urn) in the head region for children when compared to adults. This model and others (Hoffman et al., 1989) also predict enhanced airway (tracheobronchial) deposition for particles < 5 urn MMAD in children when compared to adults. As a result of this increased filtering in the conducting airways, a smaller fraction of particles in the size range of 2-10 urn are predicted to deposit in the pulmonary region of childrens' lungs. There are limited data on the regional deposition of particles within the respiratory tract of children. Such measurements in humans have generally relied on the use of radiolabelled particles and gamma camera analysis. While the potential radiation risk has been deemed justified for studying normal adult volunteers, most investigators are reluctant to perform such studies in normal children. It may be that this risk is higher in children than in adults (Everard, 1994). Studies of children with cystic fibrosis lung disease, however, have been justified to assess regional deposition of inhaled therapeutic aerosols (Alderson et al., 1974) or to assess mucociliary clearance following inhalation therapy (App et al., 1990). In a retrospective study we analysed regional deposition of radiolabelled (Tc-99m) Fe2O3 particles (4.5 um MMAD) by gamma camera analysis in a group of children and adults with mild cystic fibrosis (CF). Because the CF patients have only mild lung disease and their upper airway anatomy is likely not dissimilar from normal, intra vs extrathoracic deposition in these patients should be similar to normals.
Antegrade endourethroplasty with free skin graft for recurrent vesicourethral anastomotic strictures after radical prostatectomy

AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010; 194: W316-22.Objective: The objective of our study was to determine the relationship between the apparent diffusion coef-ficient (ADC) value on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and Gleason score of prostate cancer and percentage of tumor involvement on prostate core biopsy. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 57 patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer who underwent endorectal MRI with DWI between July 2007 and March 2008. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn on ADC maps at sites of visible tumor on DW images and ADC maps. A hierarchic mixed linear model was used to compare the ADC value of prostate cancer with the Gleason score and the percentage of tumor on core biopsy. Results: Eighty-one sites of biopsy-proven prostate cancer were visible on DW images and ADC maps. The least-squares mean ADC for disease with a Gleason score of 6 was 0.860 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s (standard error of the mean [SEM], 0.036); Gleason score of 7, 0.702 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s (SEM, 0.030); Gleason score of 8, 0.672 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s (SEM, 0.057); and Gleason score of 9, 0.686 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s (SEM, 0.067). Differ-ences between the mean ADC values for a prostate tumor with a Gleason score of 6 and one with a Gleason score of 7 (p = 0.0096) and for a prostate tumor with a Gleason score of 6 and one with a Gleason score of 8 (p = 0.0460) were significant. Comparison between the ADC and percentage of tumor on core biopsy showed a mean ADC decrease of 0.006 (range, 0.004-0.008 x 10(-3) mm(2)/s) for every 1% increase in tumor in the core biopsy specimen. Conclusion: DWI may help differentiate between low-risk (Gleason score, 6) and intermediate-risk (Gleason score, 7) prostate cancer and between low-risk (Gleason score, 6) and high-risk (Gleason score > 7) prostate cancer. There is an inverse relationship between the ADC and the percentage of tumor involvement on prostate core biopsies.
Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT-G): Non-response to individual questions

The purpose of this investigation is to examine methods of scoring the FACT-G when there is nonresponse to individual questions. Using completed questionnaires from 350 patients, random and nonrandom missing responses where simulated. Seven methods of scoring the FACT-G are compared on the basis of accuracy (bias and precision) of both population estimates and prediction of individual scores. Substituting the mean of the completed items in the subscale when more than 50% are completed is generally the most unbiased and precise approach. Case deletion is the worst approach and results in clinically significant bias when the missing responses were non-random and a lack of precision when the rate of non-response was high.
DNA content of cells with generalized chromosome shattering induced by ultraviolet light plus caffeine

Asynchronously growing Chinese hamster cells (M3-1) were UV-irradiated (lambda = 254 nm) and then incubated with/without caffeine (2 mM) for 20 h. Microscopic evaluation of metaphase spreads revealed that after UV-irradiation alone (5.0 J/m2) appearing fragmented and/or pulverized ('GCS-like' cells; GCS, Generalized Chromosome Shattering) was very low while it was high following the combined treatment. Cytogenic and flow cytometric analysis of cells obtained by mechanical shaking cultures treated with UV and caffeine indicated that 'GCS-like' cells have the same DNA content as untreated cells in G2 phase and mitosis.
Financial management practices and social reproduction

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to enhance understanding of social reproduction by investigating the financial management practices carried out by the consumers. Using depth interviews, a theoretical model is developed to describe how financial management practices are carried out to facilitate the attainment of class‐specific life goals and discuss how these practices are related to social reproduction.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 22 adults aged 22‐79 were interviewed face‐to‐face. They were asked to describe their financial management practices and their perception and feelings towards their financial situation. They were also asked about the life goals and their perception of progress towards achieving the stated goals.Findings – Different sets of financial management practices and their corresponding structural implications are identified in this study. The coping practices are the ones the working class carry out to meet mundane financial obligations, leaving little for long‐term st...