cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WE‐D‐ValB‐01: Effects of PET Reconstruction Parameters On the Delineation of Heterogeneous Target Volumes

Purpose As emerging radiotherapy techniques incorporate biological targeting of sub‐tumor volumes, steps must be taken to ensure the validity of the assumed substructures. This study measures the effects of PET image reconstruction on heterogeneous target definitions both in vivo and in a phantom. Method and Materials: A known heterogeneous phantom composed of Y‐86 and Ge‐68 spheres with an F‐18 background altering signal‐to‐background ratios tested the accuracy of reconstructions using ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) with varying numbers of iterations and filtered backprojection (FBP) with Hanning, Shepp‐Logan, and ramp filters. In vivo measurements used heterogeneously proliferating tumorimages obtained from a canine tumorimaged using [F‐18]FLT at three stages of treatment using the same reconstruction methods. Difference images and standard deviations were used to assess the reconstruction differences. A three‐dimensional form of the Moran I(d) spatial statistic was used to assess global heterogeneity at various correlation distances. Results: Absolute difference images from FBP and 2 iteration OSEM reconstructions showed internal tumor voxel clusters deviating by more than 10% of the maximum SUV of the reference image (OSEM20) and relative voxel values varying by as much as 40% in tumor periphery. Image differences in OSEM reconstructions significantly decreased after 10 iterations, accompanied by decreases in the standard deviation of differences and slight increases in heterogeneity as global I(d) values decreased. FBP reconstructions both underestimated (Hanning, Shepp‐Logan) and overestimated (ramp) global heterogeneity I(d) relative to reference values, but large standard deviations of absolute difference indicated images compared poorly to the reference. Conclusion:Tumor heterogeneity obtained through PET may vary by at least 10% internally with larger variability at the periphery, greatly affecting both tumor volume delineation and internal heterogeneity. Prescriptions for dose painting based on proliferation measures can vary widely with the reconstruction algorithm.
Global trends in organizational design

Organizations are subject to a variety of constantly changing internal and external influences, such as organizational strategy and environmental conditions. Of these, of particular importance are the development of the global marketplace and increasing global competition, and the emergence of a knowledge‐based economy that is characterized by a high level of development of communications and information technologies. In response to these factors, new forms of organization structure have emerged: the horizontal organization, the network organization and the virtual corporation. Asks whether such structures are adequate to meet the constant change of the world into which we are moving, and whether they can meet the needs of organizations in varying situations in different economies in disparate countries and with different cultures.
The 4-(dipyridylamino)benzoylpyridine ligand as a supramolecular synthon. solid state organization of a bis(bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) complex

Abstract The bis(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) derivative [Ru(bpy)2(p-py2N(C6H4)C(O)py)][PF6]2 was prepared by reaction between ‘[Ru(bpy)2(EtOH)2][PF6]2’ and an excess of p-py2N(C6H4)C(O)(py). X-ray analysis shows that the ruthenium is coordinated via the N,O ligand set rather than the via the N,N′-dipyridylamino fragment. The cations are arranged in dimeric units as a result of (C)H⋯N weak hydrogen bonding interactions. The dimeric units are further organized into a supramolecular chain structure of cations by π–π stacking interactions involving bipyridyl ligands and by weak CH⋯O interactions. The complicated 1H and 13C NMR spectra were completely assigned by using two-dimensional methods. The optical spectra in CH3CN show two high-energy ligand-based absorption maxima that show a small bathochromic shift when compared to the spectral data of the free arylpyridylmethanone ligand and two long-wavelength absorption maxima centered near 440 and 574 nm that are assigned to Ru(dπ)–π*(py) and Ru(dπ)–π*[ArC(O)(py)] MLCT transitions, respectively. The cyclic voltammogram shows an irreversible oxidation wave for the Ru(II)/(III) couple at +1.31 V versus SCE.
Effector-phase tolerance: another mechanism of how cancer escapes antitumor immune response

Growth of cancer in rodent models and in patients elicits immune responses directed toward various antigens expressed by the transformed cell. Clearly though, as most tumors grow, unmanipulated antitumor immune responses are incapable of eliminating cancer. Over the past approximately 15 years, antitumor immunoglobulin and T cells have been used to identify tumor antigens, which in turn, have served as the basis for therapeutic vaccine trials. However, experimental cancer vaccines, although in some patients result in elimination of large tumor burdens, have a low frequency of long-term cancer remission in most patients, ca. <5%. Therefore, as tumors express antigens that distinguish themselves from nontransformed cells in immunological terms (i.e., elicit immune responses to growth of primary tumor and can target tumor cells in vivo), and tumor vaccines prime unsuccessful antitumor immune responses in patients, it is likely that growth of cancer induces immune tolerance to tumor cells. Although there are several types of T cell tolerance, mature, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells isolated from tumors are lytic-defective, implying that the tumor microenvironment inactivates the antitumor effector phase. The nature of the functional local tolerance to antitumor immune response is the subject of this review.
ConMem: detecting severe concurrency bugs through an effect-oriented approach

Multicore technology is making concurrent programs increasingly pervasive. Unfortunately, it is difficult to deliver reliable concurrent programs, because of the huge and non-deterministic interleaving space. In reality, without the resources to thoroughly check the interleaving space, critical concurrency bugs can slip into production runs and cause failures in the field. Approaches to making the best use of the limited resources and exposing severe concurrency bugs before software release would be desirable. Unlike previous work that focuses on bugs caused by specific interleavings (e.g., races and atomicity-violations), this paper targets concurrency bugs that result in one type of severe effects: program crashes. Our study of the error-propagation process of realworld concurrency bugs reveals a common pattern (50% in our non-deadlock concurrency bug set) that is highly correlated with program crashes. We call this pattern concurrency-memory bugs: buggy interleavings directly cause memory bugs (NULL-pointer-dereference, dangling-pointer, buffer-overflow, uninitialized-read) on shared memory objects. Guided by this study, we built ConMem to monitor program execution, analyze memory accesses and synchronizations, and predicatively detect these common and severe concurrency-memory bugs. We also built a validator ConMem-v to automatically prune false positives by enforcing potential bug-triggering interleavings. We evaluated ConMem using 7 open-source programs with 9 real-world severe concurrency bugs. ConMem detects more tested bugs (8 out of 9 bugs) than a lock-set-based race detector and an unserializable-interleaving detector that detect 4 and 5 bugs respectively, with a false positive rate about one tenth of the compared tools. ConMem-v further prunes out all the false positives. ConMem has reasonable overhead suitable for development usage.
Executive summary: high visibility, high risk, high reward

The author explores the approach, processes, and skills needed to meet the challenges associated with creating an executive summary in the high stakes, stressful environment of a big ticket proposal. A proactive approach uses the executive summary as a directive at the start of the proposal effort to drive the team response; on delivery the document serves as a persuasive tool for marketing the program to decision makers. Key elements of the winning process include preproposal strategy; information gathering, integration of themes in technical, cost, and management sections; and postsubmission actions. It is noted that not everyone can write a winning executive summary. Broad technical, management, program, and proposal experience should provide the talents and skills needed to sell a program through the executive summary. The high visibility of an executive summary attracts strong discussion, particularly at storyboard and draft reviews. Keeping its focus on the customer's needs poses a challenge for the proposal team during internal reviews. >
A Carnivorous Rejoinder to Bruers and Erdös

In an earlier paper, I defended the moral permissibility of eating meat against sentience-based arguments for moral vegetarianism. The crux of my argument was that sentience is not an intrinsically morally salient property, and that animals lack moral status because they lack a root (basic) capacity for rational agency. Accordingly, it is morally permissible to consume meat even if doing so is not strictly necessary for our nutrition. This paper responds to critiques of my argument by Bruers (J Agric Environ Ethics 28(4):705–717, 2015) and Erdos (J Agric Environ Ethics, 2015). I then show that their criticisms are easily dispatched and therefore fail to undermine my defense of meat consumption.
Using cyclostationarity for timing synchronization and blind equalization

Timing synchronization and blind equalization of digital communication signals can be compared to the chicken and the egg problem. Timing synchronization algorithms work well on equalized signals. Blind equalization algorithms based on cyclostationary work well on perfectly time synchronized signals. The question remains what to do at the start of a signal, where we have neither perfect timing synchronization nor an estimate of the channel for equalization. We propose: 1) a new timing synchronization algorithm for phase shift keying signals, based on short time cyclostationary cumulants; 2) a new cyclostationary autocorrelation/cumulant slice based blind equalization algorithm. The timing algorithm is compared to traditional timing methods using nonlinearities. >
Regulation of Neuromodulatory Actions of Angiotensin II in the Brain Neurons by the Ras-Dependent Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway

Angiotensin II (Ang II) stimulates norepinephrine transporter (NET) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the neurons, but the signal transduction mechanism of this neuromodulation is not understood. Treatment of neuronal cultures of hypothalamus-brainstem with Ang II resulted in a time- and dose-dependent activation of Ras, Raf-1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. This activation was mediated by the interaction of Ang II with the AT 1 receptor subtype and was associated with the redistribution of AT 1 receptor with Ras and Raf-1 on the neuronal membrane. Treatment with antisense oligonucleotide (AON) to mitogen-activated protein kinase decreased mitogen-activated protein kinase immunoreactivity by 70% and attenuated Ang II stimulation of c- fos , NET, and TH mRNA levels. This demonstrates that induction of these genes requires mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by Ang II. In contrast, AON to mitogen-activated protein kinase failed to inhibit Ang II stimulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that AT 1 receptors are coupled to a Ras-Raf-1 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway that is responsible for stimulation of NET and TH, two neuromodulatory actions of Ang II in the brain.
Variable intensity of teleconnections during the late Holocene in subtropical North America from an isotopic study of speleothem from Florida

[1] The persistence and influence of both tropical and extra-tropical teleconnections on the hydrology of subtropical North America are little understood. Major atmospheric-oceanic controls on the isotopic composition of the precipitation reconstructed from a 1,000 year old stalagmite are the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). These teleconnections create decadal- to centennial-scale changes in the seasonal distribution of precipitation. An increase in the winter proportion of annual precipitation coincides with negative phase NAO conditions and a positive phase PDO. However, the PDO's influence appears to be weakened when it is out of phase with the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The NAO exerts the greater decadal influence on this regions climate than the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), suggesting a greater significance of high latitude controls on subtropical North America.
INTERPRETING EVENT CAUSES: THE COMPLEMENTARY ROLE OF CATEGORIZATION AND ATTRIBUTION PROCESSES

This study examined the complementary role categorization and attribution processes play in managers’interpretations of event causes. Categorization theory suggests that events with distinctive internal or external causes should be interpreted, respectively, as internal and external. Attribution theory and research on self-serving attributions, on the other hand, suggest that events with positive outcomes should be attributed to internal causes and events with negative outcomes to external causes. Study results showed a very significant interaction between distinctiveness of event causes (internal-external) and the valence of event outcomes (positive-negative). This interaction suggests that managers use categorization processes to interpret positive events, but more effortful attributional processes to interpret events with negative outcomes. There also was evidence of self-serving attributional biases in managers’interpretations of event causes, especially events with equivocal causes. Study findings appear to be unaffected by managerial position or background. We discuss the contribution this study makes to extant research and its implications for future research.
Quantifying host potentials: indexing postharvest fresh fruits for spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii.

Novel methodology is presented for indexing the relative potential of hosts to function as resources. A Host Potential Index (HPI) was developed as a practical framework to express relative host potential based on combining results from one or more independent studies, such as those examining host selection, utilization, and physiological development of the organism resourcing the host. Several aspects of the HPI are addressed including: 1) model derivation; 2) influence of experimental design on establishing host rankings for a study type (no choice, two-choice, and multiple-choice); and, 3) variable selection and weighting associated with combining multiple studies. To demonstrate application of the HPI, results from the interactions of spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with seven “reported” hosts (blackberries, blueberries, sweet cherries, table grapes, peaches, raspberries, and strawberries) in a postharvest scenario were analyzed. Four aspects of SWD-host interaction were examined: attraction to host volatiles; population-level oviposition performance; individual-level oviposition performance; and key developmental factors. Application of HPI methodology indicated that raspberries (meanHPIvaried = 301.9±8.39; rank 1 of 7) have the greatest potential to serve as a postharvest host for SWD relative to the other fruit hosts, with grapes (meanHPIvaried = 232.4±3.21; rank 7 of 7) having the least potential.
Alief and Explanation

This article critiques the much-discussed notion of alief recently introduced by Tamar Gendler. The narrow goal is to show that the notion is explanatorily unnecessary; the broader goal is to demonstrate the importance of making explicit one's explanatory framework when offering a philosophical account of the mind. After introducing the concept of alief and the examples Gendler characterizes in terms of it, the article examines the explanatory framework within which appeal to such a concept can seem necessary. This framework, it argues, is a generalization of the belief-desire account of action. Although Gendler introduces the notion of alief in an attempt to move beyond the belief-desire account, it argues that she nevertheless works within a generalized version of its explanatory structure. Once the framework is made explicit, we find no explanatory need that requires introducing the notion of alief into our account of the mind.
An Overview of the Results from the 30,000 Hr Life Test of Deep Space 1 Flight Spare Ion Engine

The extended life test of the Deep Space 1 (DS1) spare flight ion thruster (FT2) was voluntarily terminated on June 26th 2003. Although the engine had not yet reached its end of life at the conclusion of the test, the decision to terminate and begin the post-test destructive analyses was made to benefit near term ion engine development programs. During its 5-year run, the thruster operated for a total of 30,352 hours, processed 235.1 kg of Xenon propellant, and acquired several thousand hours of operation at each of the four independent throttled conditions investigated. The objectives of the test were to characterize previously observed failure modes, identify unknown failure modes, and quantify thruster performance as a function of engine wear and throttle level. Several performance variations and degradation processes were observed and monitored during the course of the test. Degradation processes included erosion of the discharge cathode keeper, ion optics grid sputter erosion, and deposition of material in the neutralizer cathode at low power that later cleared with the return to full power operation. Performance degradation was limited to reduction in measured thrust at the full power point for the final 1000 hours of operation, most likely due to electronbackstreaming. Post-test inspection of the engine was initiated immediately following the test termination, to ascertain causes of the wear, and to look for any previously unknown wear processes. The ion engine consists of various internal systems, and the post-test analysis effort has been divided into separate analysis efforts of the ion optics system, discharge and neutralizer cathode assemblies, and the discharge chamber. Post-test inspection of the ion optics system revealed significant sputter erosion of the accelerator grid and measurable erosion of the screen grid. Post-test inspection results include the presence of through pits in the accelerator grid webbing, but no formation of rogue holes. Inspection of the discharge cathode indicates significant cathode orifice plate sputter erosion, as a result of exposure to the discharge plasma following removal of the keeper, but no erosion of or deposition near the orifice itself. Inspection of the neutralizer revealed no erosion to the keeper, orifice plate, or heater, and an orifice free of the deposits that were previously observed during the minimum power test segment. Post-test inspection indicates the discharge chamber experienced no measurable sputter erosion, although a substantial number of loose molybdenum coated carbon flakes were present on the sputter containment mesh. It is believed that the bulk of the flakes are due to back-sputtered beam target material, subsequently coated by sputter eroded grid material, a facility induced effect. A summary of the BOL and EOL performance, results of the system level inspection, an implication of findings to the ultimate service life capability of the 30-cm technology are presented.
DUELING HYPOTHESES: CIRCATIDAL VERSUS CIRCALUNIDIAN BATTLE BASICS

The circalunidian-clock hypothesis is a formulation describing the means by which the tide-associated rhythms of intertidal organisms are generated. The postulate was described in a 1995 article in this journal (12:299-310). A recent paper published here (13:153-62) by Prof. Ernest Naylor challenges the validity of this hypothesis and presents an alternate he calls the "circatidal/circadian clock hypothesis." His paper first presents a model of his idea and then expresses the model's action in an unusual type of plot of his own invention. From the latter's display, he concludes it describes all the properties used as supporting evidence for the circalunidian-clock idea and thus discredits that hypothesis. Here, I present my analysis of his model and discuss its usefulness to the field. I find that his Naylor plot does not represent his model, and that his hypothesis mainly explains only data he has obtained for his favorite research subject, the crab Carcinus. I built a model similar to his and show that it produces a compact plot nothing like the one he reported. Finally, I believe that the circalunidian-clock hypothesis-which was not at all endangered by the Naylor paper-is clearly the best explanation at this time for the control of organismic tide-associated rhythms.
Bacterial chemotaxis and its potential role in marine dimethylsulfide production and biogeochemical sulfur cycling

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) gas constitutes 90% of biogenic sulfur emissions from oceans and is an important agent in climate regulation. DMS in seawater arises primarily via lyase degradation of dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), an osmolyte produced in high concentrations by some marine phytoplankton. After being induced to synthesize DMSP lyase, cells of a marine bacterium (Alcaligenes strain M3A) significantly reduce their rate of change in direction and tumbling frequency, and they are attracted to DMSP at levels similar to those occurring near senescing phytoplankton cells (10 -7 -10 -6 M). In contrast, genetically identical bacteria without lyase induction are not attracted to DMSP. Combined with lyase activity, bacterial chemotaxis to DMSP could increase the rate of DMS production and therefore play a critical role in biogeochemical sulfur cycling between dissolved organic matter in seawater and the atmosphere.
Climate variability and water dependent sectors: impacts and potential applications

The editors, Dannele Peck and Jeffrey Peterson, have done an excellent job in selecting articles for this unique volume. The book contains eight papers including an introduction by the editors prev...
Spatial spectral interferometer for frequency resolved angle of arrival estimation

Spatial-spectral materials are utilized to record the phase and power spectra of microwave signals. Spectral phase mapping via readout of a fiber interferometer enables precise frequency resolved time delay and angle of arrival estimation.
Forecasting field defect rates using a combined time-based and metrics-based approach: a case study of OpenBSD

Open source software systems are critical infrastructure for many applications; however, little has been precisely measured about their quality. Forecasting the field defect-occurrence rate over the entire lifespan of a release before deployment for open source software systems may enable informed decision-making. In this paper, we present an empirical case study often releases of OpenBSD. We use the novel approach of predicting model parameters of software reliability growth models (SRGMs) using metrics-based modeling methods. We consider three SRGMs, seven metrics-based prediction methods, and two different sets of predictors. Our results show that accurate field defect-occurrence rate forecasts are possible for OpenBSD, as measured by the Theil forecasting statistic. We identify the SRGM that produces the most accurate forecasts and subjectively determine the preferred metrics-based prediction method and set of predictors. Our findings are steps towards managing the risks associated with field defects
Indirect Adaptive Control of Processes Satisfying the Classical Assumptions of Direct Adaptive Control

It is demonstrated that strict adherence to the Certainty-Equivalence Principle of indirect control is unnecessarily limiting. It is shown that only by discarding one of the principle's main tenets is it possible to obtain with indirect control, algorithms comparable to the classical algorithms of direct control. Two new indirect adaptive control algorithms are developed; each is applicable to processes satisfying exactly the same assumptions required by the classical algorithms of direct adaptive control.
THE GREAT "RACE" TO "DISCOVER" RAINBOW NATURAL BRIDGE IN 1909

Orthodox history has it that Rainbow Bridge, the world’s largest natural stone span, was first seen by literate whites on August 14, 1909, on an expedition consisting of the rival but combined parties of University of Utah archaeologists Byron Cummings and U. S. government surveyor William Boone Douglass. After a difficult journey to discover the bridge, the Cummings group and Douglass each claimed the credit, and the controversy as to “who was first” has continued to the present. There are contradictions and inconsistencies in eyewitness reports, and this paper reconstructs, to the extent possible, how John and Louisa Wetherill heard of Rainbow Bridge from Indians; how Cummings and Douglass learned of it; the actual events of the 1909 journeys to and from the bridge; and the attitudes and behaviors of the disputants before, during, and after the expedition. The article also presents evidence that neither Cummings nor Douglass was “first,” that in fact the Wetherills had visited Rainbow Bridge months previous but had kept the trip a secret in order to let Cummings think he was the first white ever to see this natural wonder. There also is reason to believe that Rainbow Bridge had been seen (but not formally reported) decades earlier by prospectors, cowboys, and perhaps others.
Specifying gestures by example

Gesture-Based interfaces offer an alternative to traditional keyboard, menu, and direct manipulation interfaces. The ability to specify objects, an operation, and additional parameters with a single intuitive gesture appeals to both novice and experienced users. Unfortunately, gesture-based interfaces have not been extensively researched, partly because they are difficult to create. This paper describes GRANDMA, a toolkit for rapidly adding gestures to direct manipulation interfaces. The trainable single-stroke gesture recognizer used by GRANDMA is also described.
Communication routes within the taste bud by neurotransmitters and neuropeptides.

Taste receptor cells (TRCs) are located throughout the oral cavity, sequestered into morphological structures known as taste buds. These differentiated epithelial cells relay the presence of tastants to the central nervous system via sensory afferent nerves. Only a minority of TRCs within the bud synapse with these nerve fibers. This anatomical finding has lead to the dichotomization of TRCs into ‘true’ TRCs and supporting cells. However, this original conception—that a single TRC is excited by a tastant molecule and releases neurotransmitter onto its postsynaptic afferent nerve fiber—has been undermined by more recent physiological and molecular findings. For example, a single neurotransmitter, as might be expected from this scheme, has not been observed. Rather, there is evidence for at least five neurotransmitters within the mammalian taste bud: glutamate, serotonin, norepinephrine, acetyl choline and GABA. Additionally, TRCs expressing essential transduction molecules such as gustducin and members of the T2R family are not synaptically connected to the CNS. How then do TRCs equipped to respond to stimuli communicate with the central nervous system? The cloistering of TRCs into the precisely arranged structure of the bud may provide a clue. The bud, a highly conserved morphology of the vertebrate gustatory system, is an obvious substrate for cell to cell communication. Hence, alternative signaling pathways, such as paracrine communication, could explain this paradox. Rather than acting as arbitrarily collected detectors, TRCs within the bud may operate as a unit. Our investigations of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in rat circumvallate and foliate TRCs have elucidated new pathways of communication among TRCs. Two, serotonin and cholecystokinin, are described here.
A staining technique for autoradiographs of nondiffusible isotopes.

Nondeparaffinized radioactive tissue sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin by being floated on aqueous solutions for 1 hr each. The sections are then thoroughly washed, dried and exposed to autoradiographic plates or emulsions for predetermined periods of time. When desirable, both stained and unstained adjacent tissue sections can be mounted on a single slide of autoradiographic plate for exposure. Kodak DK-19 and 30% Na2S2O3.5H2O solutions are used for subsequent developing and fixing. The finished autoradiographs show excellent resolution and cytologic detail, since the gelatin remains unstained while the tissue retains its stain. Stains other than hematoxylin and eosin can be applied to this technique, provided they withstand the developmental and fixation processes.
Immunologic responses of experimental animals to green algae.

Abstract Three common strains of green algae have proven to be highly immunogenic in experimental animals. Antisera obtained from these animals were used to study cross-reactivity among 6 strains of green algae and several nonalgal antigens. Results of gel diffusion and direct PCA studies revealed a limited pattern of cross-reactivity. However with the use of PCA and hemagglutination-inhibition techniques, broader patterns of cross-reactions were obtained. In addition, the possibility of common antigenic determinants between green algae and certain fungi has been raised.
A Short and Concise Asymmetric Synthesis of Hamigeran B

The interesting biological properties of the hamigerans wherein hamigeran B is a potent antiviral agent with low cytotoxicity to host cells make these deceptively simple looking structures challenging synthetic targets. A strategy to hamigeran B evolved wherein the three contiguous stereocenters are established ultimately from a Pd catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA). The latter involves an asymmetric allylation of a non-stabilized ketone enolate in 77 % yield and 93 % ee. By using this process, (S)-5-allyl-2-isopropyl-5-methyl-1-trifluoromethanesulfonyloxycyclopentene becomes available in four steps from 2-methylcyclopentanone. Introduction of the aryl unit by cross-coupling proceeded intermolecularly but failed intramolecularly. On the other hand, reductive removal of the triflate permitted a Heck reaction to effect intramolecular introduction of the aryl ring. The unusual conformational properties of this molecular architecture are revealed by the regioselectivity of the beta-hydrogen elimination in the Heck reaction and the diastereoselectivity of the reduction establishing the stereochemistry of the carbon bearing the isopropyl group. The successful route consists of 15 steps from 2-methylcyclopentanone and dimethylorcinol illustrating the efficiency of the route based upon the Pd AAA.
The Etiology and Pharmacologic Approach to Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in the Newborn

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the mechanisms of free radical production during hypoxia-ischemia. 2. Describe the actions of inflammatory mediators during hypoxia-ischemia. 3. Characterize the actions of the isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in hypoxia-ischemia. 4. Delineate the mechanisms by which allopurinol may reduce cellular injury during hypoxia-ischemia. Perinatal hypoxia-ischemia affects approximately 2 to 4 per 1,000 term infants and a much greater proportion of preterm infants. Despite improved methods of intrapartum monitoring and advances in neonatal care and treatment, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury produces significant morbidity and mortality, often leading to long-term neurologic consequences. Neurologic sequelae of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy include delayed motor development, mental retardation, learning disabilities, seizure disorders, and cerebral palsy. The mechanisms underlying this injury are complex and are the focus of both current and future investigation. This article examines some of the major biochemical pathways fundamental to the development of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and describes approaches that are being investigated to reduce or prevent neuronal injury and death. Under normal physiologic conditions, the energy balance of the brain is maintained through oxidative phosphorylation and the production of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). Hypoxia-ischemia produces an imbalance in metabolic demand and cellular energy supply that results in the disruption of critical cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation initially fails during a state of insufficient tissue oxygen levels because oxygen is the ultimate electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of the citric acid cycle. During hypoxia, cells attempt to meet energy demands through increased cerebral blood flow and anaerobic metabolism. A reservoir of high-potential phosphoryl groups exists in the form of phosphocreatine (PCr). PCr levels can be depleted in efforts to maintain optimal ATP levels. When these efforts fail to meet energy requirements, the uncompensated cells become injured. (Fig. 1⇓.) Figure 1. Relationship between energy failure and mechanisms of hypoxic-ischemic …
Coping With Different Generations In The Workplace

There was a time when diversity in the workplace was thought of as different races, religions, ethnic backgrounds and, gender. An emerging form of workplace diversity is the different generational groups. The generations in almost any given company ranges from Veterans to Baby Boomers to Gen Xers to Gen Yers. With such a large age gap and associated attitudinal and behavioral differences, managers are facing a difficult leadership task. Employees are also facing the difficult task of how to get along with and work with coworkers of different generations. Employers, managers, and employees must learn how to bridge the gap between the age generations, and capitalize on those differences to enhance organizational effectiveness.
F+ Ejection from LiF Surfaces by Ion Bombardment

Desorption or decomposition of surfaces can be induced by electron, photon or ion stimulated electronic transitions; this contribution is concerned with ion neutralization stimulated decomposition of surfaces. The energy supplied by the neutralization of an ion near the surface of an insulating solid can cause decomposition of the solid [1–3]. For example, the yields of both positive and negative secondary ions ejected by 100 — 1500 eV Ar+n and Kr+n(n=1–5) bombardment of alkali halides are almost totally determined by the charge on the primary ion [4,5]. Auger-induced desorption of fluorine has been postulated [6] as a reason for the metallization of LiF surfaces following 10 — 400 eV He+ impact and Auger electron yields of ~ 0.5 electrons/ion from 10 — 200 eV He+ bombardment of LiF have been measured [7]. The formation of halogen cations by Auger core-hole decay and their subsequent movement within alkali halide crystals has been treated theoretically [8,9]. Recent investigations of ion bombardment of silicon [10] and of fluorine-doped silicon [11] show a correlation between Si+2 and F+ secondary ion yields and the ejection of Si-L2,3MM Auger electrons by ion impact. In this report we present data demonstrating the long-predicted production of F+ secondary ions during ion bombardment of LiF.
Friction and roughness induced closure effects on shear-mode crack growth and branching mechanisms

Abstract The understanding of shear-mode crack growth mechanisms and crack branching phenomena is of great interest for a variety of practical engineering situations. Despite this fact, relatively little research is available regarding these topics. Of the studies that have been performed, few provide a means of quantifying such effects and most consider crack growth starting from a precrack. The current study is aimed at trying to fill some of the research voids in these areas by investigating the effects of microcrack coalescence, loading level, and superimposed normal stresses on the shear-mode crack behavior of naturally initiated fatigue cracks. Based on the experimental results and subsequent analyses, it was determined that microcrack networks and coalescence have little to no effect on the experimentally observed crack paths, regardless of the applied loading level. Instead, the preferred crack growth mode was shown to have a dependence on the applied shear stress magnitude and stress normal to the crack plane, indicating a significant role of fiction and roughness induced crack closure in the crack growth process. A simple model was then proposed to quantify these effects based on the idea that crack face interaction reduces the effective shear-mode driving force by allowing a portion of the nominally applied loading to be transferred through a crack. Crack growth predictions based on the model were compared to experimental results with respect to both crack branching and crack growth rate. The model was found to agree well, both qualitatively and quantitatively, with experimentally observed trends for a variety of multiaxial loading conditions.
Ecological studies on the breeding of Aedes aegypti and other mosquitos in shells of the giant African snail Achatina fulica.

Abstract The breeding of larvae of Aedes aegypti, Aedes simpsoni, and Eretmapodites quinquevittatus in empty shells of Achatina fulica was studied in the coastal zone of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The average density of shells was estimated to be 228 per ha. From 11 to 35% were positive for mosquito larvae. A. aegypti were found in 82-84% of positive shells; A. simpsoni in 8-13%. On Msasani peninsula, during the 3-month rainy season April—June 1970, the larval density of A. aegypti in shells was estimated at 1 100 per ha, that of A. simpsoni and E. quinquevittatus being estimated at 60 and 280 larvae per ha, respectively. Empty shells of A. fulica may contain up to 250 ml of water (average: 56.5 ml). The number of larvae per shell varies from 1 to 35 (average: 8.4) and it was estimated that, depending on the availability of food, and other factors, approximately 10 ml of water are required per larva. Viable eggs of A. aegypti were still to be found in 4% of the shells at the end of the dry season.
Current state of laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair: A meta-analysis.

Aim To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the laparoscopic approaches for parastomal hernia repair reported in the literature. Methods A systematic review of PubMed and MEDLINE databases was conducted using various combination of the following keywords: stoma repair, laparoscopic, parastomal, and hernia. Case reports, studies with less than 5 patients, and articles not written in English were excluded. Eligible studies were further scrutinized with the 2011 levels of evidence from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Two authors reviewed and analyzed each study. If there was any discrepancy between scores, the study in question was referred to another author. A meta -analysis was performed using both random and fixed-effect models. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg's funnel plot and Egger's regression test. The primary outcome analyzed was recurrence of parastomal hernia. Secondary outcomes were mesh infection, surgical site infection, obstruction requiring reoperation, death, and other complications. Studies were grouped by operative technique where indicated. Except for recurrence, most postoperative morbidities were reported for the overall cohort and not by approach so they were analyzed across approach. Results Fifteen articles with a total of 469 patients were deemed eligible for review. Most postoperative morbidities were reported for the overall cohort, and not by approach. The overall postoperative morbidity rate was 1.8% (95%CI: 0.8-3.2), and there was no difference between techniques. The most common postoperative complication was surgical site infection, which was seen in 3.8% (95%CI: 2.3-5.7). Infected mesh was observed in 1.7% (95%CI: 0.7-3.1), and obstruction requiring reoperation also occurred in 1.7% (95%CI: 0.7-3.0). Other complications such as ileus, pneumonia, or urinary tract infection were noted in 16.6% (95%CI: 11.9-22.1). Eighty-one recurrences were reported overall for a recurrence rate of 17.4% (95%CI: 9.5-26.9). The recurrence rate was 10.2% (95%CI: 3.9-19.0) for the modified laparoscopic Sugarbaker approach, whereas the recurrence rate was 27.9% (95%CI: 12.3-46.9) for the keyhole approach. There were no intraoperative mortalities reported and six mortalities during the postoperative course. Conclusion Laparoscopic intraperitoneal mesh repair is safe and effective for treating parastomal hernia. A modified Sugarbaker approach appears to provide the best outcomes.
Radiosensitivity of Lymphocytes and Granulocytes In Vitro According to the Method of Unstained Cell Counts.

SummarySuspensions of lymphocytes were derived from the thymus and spleen of rabbits and from normal and lymphocytic leukemic blood of patients. Radiation with 1000r and incubation at 37°C, caused the death of the lymphocytes after a latent period of 3 hours. Radiation with as little as 50r had a minimal cytocidal effect on thymic lymphocytes. In contrast, granulocytes in suspensions from the spleen and bone marrow of rabbits and the leukocytes of myelogenous leukemic blood of patients were resistant to radiation with 1000r. It appeared that radiation and incubation had a delayed cytocidal action on lymphocytes but not on granulocytes in vitro.
Nonchromophoric organic matter suppresses polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon photolysis in ice and at ice surfaces.

We have investigated the effects of organic matter (OM) that does not absorb sunlight (“nonchromophoric”) on the reactive environment presented by bulk ice and ice surfaces. Fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the presence of as little as 2.5 × 10–4 M octanol or decanol reduces the extent to which naphthalene self-associates at ice surfaces, which indicates that naphthalene partitions between ice and organic phases present there. We also measured photolysis kinetics of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) anthracene, pyrene, and phenanthrene in bulk ice and at ice surfaces containing 2.5 × 10–5 M to 7.5 × 10–3 M OM. In bulk ice, even the lowest concentrations of OM reduced photolysis kinetics to below our detection limits. Organic matter also reduced measured photolysis kinetics of PAHs at ice surfaces, but generally to a lesser extent than in bulk ice. Our results support previous reports that bulk ice and ice surfaces present distinct reaction environments, and show for the first time that OM c...
Recollections of menarche, current menstrual attitudes, and perimenstrual symptoms

By menarche, girls are likely to have been influenced not only by cultural stereotypes about menstruation, but also by information acquired through significant others. Their own expectations about menstruation are likely to influence their reports of menarcheal experience. Moreover, some suggest that menarcheal experiences are likely to influence subsequent attitudes toward menstruation, and that these expectations may, in turn, influence perceptions of menstrual symptoms through psychophysiologic mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between characteristics of women's menarche, their adult attitudes toward menstruation, and current experiences of perimenstrual symptoms. We selected 179 nonpregnant menstruating women between the ages of 18 and 35 from 5 lower to upper middle income neighborhoods. We found that negative recollections of their first menstruation had little effect on current menstrual attitudes. Moreover, positive recollections of menarche were associated with premenstrual and menstrual negative affect and impaired performance, and not in the expected direction. Current menstrual attitudes were more strongly associated with women's current menstrual symptoms. These results do not support the theory that menarcheal experiences have profound effects on subsequent menstrual attitudes and symptoms.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Incidence, Characteristics, and Outcomes in Neonatal Down Syndrome Patients

Neonatal patients with Down syndrome (nDS) may have multiple medical issues that place them at increased risk for morbidity and mortality during the newborn period. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is one intervention that may be needed during the newborn period for these patients. Goal of this study was to determine the incidence of ECMO in nDS patients, describe any differences that may exist between nDS patients who required ECMO versus those that did not, and document the hospital outcome of the nDS patients who underwent ECMO. …
A Strain of B. Botulinus Not Classified as Type A, B, or C

The studies of Bengtson' and of Meyer and Gunnison2 indicate that human cases of botulism of proven etiology have been caused only by type A or B. Until the work of Leuchs3 in 1910, however, it was not recognized that botulinus toxins differed antigenically, nor were distinct immunological types designated until 1919 when Burke4 classified 12 American strains as A and B. Thus data are not available concerning the types to which some of the strains of B. botulinus studied before that time belonged, particularly the first strains isolated in Europe. The description of certain of these cultures,5 unfortunately no longer available, indicates that they differed from types A and B. It is thus of interest to record a strain which does not correspond to these classical types, nor to the type C described by Bengtson' or Seddon's B. parabotulinus6 which has considerable resemblance to type C. Neither the type D strain7 nor its antitoxin was available for this study. The microorganism here reported was isolated in December 1934 from German canned sprats which had been established as the etiological factor in 3 cases of botulism.
Validation and Prediction of the Effect of Rifling Grooves on Small-Caliber Ammunition Performance

*A computational investigation was performed to examine the effect of rifling grooves on the aerodynamics of projectiles and to determine whether the aerodynamics associated with the rifling grooves are a potential mechanism for in-flight trim angles. Validation of the technique was first performed by comparison with wind tunnel data for a generic projectile shape at Mach 2. The computational results compared well with the effects of the rifling grooves observed experimentally. However, experimental results were not available at the low supersonic velocities where the trim angles are most commonly observed. The technique was then applied to current generation small-caliber projectiles. Computations were performed at two Mach number representing flight velocities near the muzzle and at longer ranges where trim angles are observed. The results show that the Magnus force and moment and the roll-damping moment are most sensitive to the rifling grooves although these effects are relatively small for “match-spin” and “over-spun” conditions and are unlikely to produce trim angle effects. The effects are more pronounced for the under-spun condition although this condition is not typically encountered for stationary gun firings.