cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogenetics of an endangered species: the Tamaulipan woodrat (Neotoma angustapalata)

Neotoma angustapalata (Tamaulipan woodrat) is a large cricetid rodent found only in southwestern Tamaulipas and northeastern San Luis Potosi, Mexico. This species currently is listed as endangered due to habitat alteration, its restricted distribution, and relative rarity. Previous taxonomic assessments have allied N. angustapalata with N. albigula (now encompassing N. leucodon), N. mexicana or N. micropus. We sequenced portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from two skin samples of the Tamaulipan woodrat, including one of two topotypes. We estimated genealogical relationships between N. angustapalata and other species of Neotoma using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. In general, our results confirm the phylogeny of woodrats as proposed previously but we also recovered major genetic differentiation within what currently is recognized as N. mexicana and N. albigula. Our data document that the Tamaulipan woodrat is genetically indistinguishable from geographically adjacent haplotypes of N. leucodon. However, mitochondrial introgression from N. leucodon cannot be ruled out inasmuch as we were not able to obtain nuclear sequence data for N. angustapalata. Morphological analyses document that both male and female Tamaulipan woodrats differ morphologically from N. leucodon. Given that the Tamaulipan woodrat is diagnosable morphologically and occurs in habitat that differs from N. leucodon, we recognize N. angustapalata as a species-level entity.
Wideband tunable laser phase noise reduction using single sideband modulation in an electro-optical feed-forward scheme

A wideband laser phase noise reduction scheme is introduced where the optical field of a laser is single sideband modulated with an electrical signal containing the discriminated phase noise of the laser. The proof-of-concept experiments on a commercially available 1549 nm distributed feedback laser show linewidth reduction from 7.5 MHz to 1.8 kHz without using large optical cavity resonators. This feed-forward scheme performs wideband phase noise cancellation independent of the light source and, as such, it is compatible with the original laser source tunability without requiring tunable optical components. By placing the proposed phase noise reduction system after a commercial tunable laser, a tunable coherent light source with kilohertz linewidth over a tuning range of 1530-1570 nm is demonstrated.
Lipid Distribution in Rat Liver After Partial Hepatectomy

SummaryDuring the first 24 hours after partial hepatectomy, the liver remnant becomes fatty due particularly to the deposition of large amounts of neutral fat and to increases in the phospholipid and cholesterol fractions. On the second and third days there is an appreciably sharp decrease in the concentration of all the lipid constituents. After 7 days the lipid values are all slightly above the respective control values excepting the combined cholesterol which is decreased.The iodine numbers of the total fatty acids remain constant but those of the phospholipids increase progressively during the experimental period.Liver injury produced by partial hepatectomy results in a marked disturbance in lipid metabolism. Regeneration of this tissue is accompanied by a return to normal values.
Inflation-Indexed Price Supports and Land Values

A theoretical model is developed to examine and illustrate some relationships between cost-indexed support prices and land values. The model is developed in the context of a single-commodity, price-uncertain world in which policy makers are allowed to control the percentage of nonland operating costs and the percentage of land costs covered by the support price. The model demonstrates that the time path of land values can be quite sensitive to policy parameters. Attempts by policy makers to guarantee a "fair" rate of return on land may have substantial impact on future land values.
Single-crystalline vanadium dioxide nanowires with rectangular cross sections.

We report the synthesis of single-crystalline VO2 nanowires with rectangular cross sections using a vapor transport method. These nanowires have typical diameters of 60 (±30) nm and lengths up to >10 μm. Electron microscopy and diffraction measurements show that the VO2 nanowires are single crystalline and exhibit a monoclinic structure. Moreover, they preferentially grow along the [100] direction and are bounded by the (011) and (011) facets. These VO2 nanowires should provide promising materials for fundamental investigations of nanoscale metal−insulator transitions.
CONIFER OVULATE CONE MORPHOLOGY: IMPLICATIONS ON POLLEN IMPACTION PATTERNS

Analyses aerodynamiques et morphometriques des cones femelles et discussion des caracteristiques morphologiques qui augmentent les probabilites de pollinisation
Can medicalization be good? Situating medicalization within bioethics

Medicalization has been a process articulated primarily by social scientists, historians, and cultural critics. Comparatively little is written about the role of bioethics in appraising medicalization as a social process. The authors consider what medicalization means, its definition, functions, and criteria for assessment. A series of brief case sketches illustrate how bioethics can contribute to the analysis and public policy discussion of medicalization.
An mRNA Downstream Structure Promotes Frameshifting by Destabilizing the Hybrid State and Impeding the EF-G Driven Translocation Process

Translational frameshifting occurs when a ribosome slips one or two nucleotides on a messenger RNA and generates a new sequence of amino acids. Many viral RNAs have programed frameshift-promoting signals to produce their proteins in the precise ratio needed for their viability. We used single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to study the dynamics of −1 programmed frameshifting by the dnaX gene in E. coli. The frameshifting mRNA has the usual three prokaryotic frameshifting signals: an internal Shine-Dalgarno sequence, a slippery sequence, and a stem loop. One round of translational elongation of the slippery sequence was characterized by the FRET changes between a Cy3-labeled L1 stalk in the 50S subunit and a Cy5-tRNALys in the P-site. We observed that the downstream stem loop, a critical signal for efficient frameshifting, destabilizes the hybrid state and thus shifts the equilibrium toward to the classical state of pre-translocation complexes. Translocation catalyzed by EF-G was significantly slower in the frameshifting mRNA than in the non-frameshifting mRNA lacking the stem loop. Furthermore, pre-translocation complexes of the frameshifting mRNA underwent several transitions between the classical and hybrid states in the presence of EF-G prior to complete translocation, while the majority of the non-frameshifting mRNA translocated rapidly via a single hybrid state. Quantitative analysis showed that the stem loop impedes EF-G driven translocation in the 30S subunit by elevating the activation barriers to translocation, and leaves the EF-G bound-hybrid state in dynamic equilibrium with the hybrid and classical states. We propose that by keeping the ribosome and tRNAs in the dynamically transiting pre-translocation states, the frameshifting mRNA allows more time for the ribosome to explore other paths, such as −1 frameshifting.
Pediatric radiopharmaceutical doses: new guidelines.

New consensus guidelines for pediatric administered radiopharmaceutical doses have been recently established and, in late 2010, were approved by the Society of Nuclear Medicine, the Society for Pediatric Radiology, and the American College of Radiology.
Scattering of surface waves by a sub-surface crack

Abstract The scattering of Rayleigh waves by a two-dimensional sub-surface crack, which is perpendicular to the free surface of an elastic half-space, is investigated. The boundary-value problem for the scattered field is stated, and reduced to an uncoupled system of integral equations which are solved numerically. At large distances from the crack the scattered field is shown to consist of outgoing Rayleigh waves and cylindrical body waves. Graphs of the variation of the amplitude and phase of the forward and backward scattered Rayleigh waves with the frequency and the geometrical parameters of the crack are presented. The stress intensity factors at both crack tips have also been obtained.
A distributed local Kalman consensus filter for traffic estimation

This work proposes a distributed local Kalman consensus filter (DLKCF) for large-scale multi-agent traffic density estimation. The switching mode model (SMM) is used to describe the traffic dynamics on a stretch of roadway, and the model dynamics are linear within each mode. The error dynamics of the proposed DLKCF is shown to be globally asymptotically stable (GAS) when all freeway sections switch between observable modes. For an unobservable section, we prove that the estimates given by the DLKCF are ultimately bounded. Numerical experiments are provided to show the asymptotic stability of the DLKCF for observable modes, and illustrate the effect of the DLKCF on promoting consensus among various local agents. Supplementary source code is available at https://github.com/yesun/DLKCFcdc2014.
Collapse transitions in a flexible homopolymer chain: application of the Wang-Landau algorithm.

The thermodynamic behavior of a continuous homopolymer is described using the Wang-Landau algorithm for chain lengths up to $N=561$. The coil-globule and liquid-solid transitions are analyzed in detail with traditional thermodynamic and structural quantities. The behavior of the coil-globule transition is well within theoretical and computational predictions for all chain lengths, while the behavior of the liquid-solid transition is much more susceptible to finite-size effects. Certain ``magic number'' lengths $(N=13,55,147,309,561)$, whose minimal energy states offer unique icosahedral geometries, are discussed along with chains residing between these special cases. The low temperature behavior near the liquid-solid transition is rich in structural transformations for certain chain lengths, showing many similarities to the behavior of classical clusters with similar interaction potentials. General comments are made on this size dependent behavior and how it affects transition behavior in this model.
Continuous Flow Total Synthesis of Rufinamide

Small molecules bearing 1,2,3-triazole functionalities are important intermediates and pharmaceuticals. Common methods to access the triazole moiety generally require the generation and isolation of organic azide intermediates. Continuous flow synthesis provides the opportunity to synthesize and consume the energetic organoazides, without accumulation thereof. In this report, we described a continuous synthesis of the antiseizure medication rufinamide. This route is convergent and features copper tubing reactor-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction. Each of the three chemical steps enjoys significant benefits and has several advantages by being conducted in flow. The total average residence time of the synthesis is approximately 11 min, and rufinamide is obtained in 92% overall yield.
Federal tax effects on the financial attractiveness of renewable versus conventional power plants

Abstract In this paper, we examine the effects of federal tax laws on the financial attractiveness of seven renewable and four conventional electric power generating technologies adopted by investor owned utilities (IOUs) and non-utility electricity generators (NUGs). The results show that federal income tax laws applicable to renewable generating technologies generally provide very attractive financial incentives for the adoption of these technologies by IOUs and NUGs. If an IOU or NUG is subject to the alternative minimum tax, however, it may not be able to take full advantage of these financial incentives.
Experiential Education in Community Pharmacy

As our profession and the number of colleges of pharmacy continue to expand, the need for exceptional preceptors to guide the development of student pharmacists is great, particularly in the community pharmacy setting. In this challenging work environment, pharmacists are expanding their practice towards pharmaceutical care and medication therapy management opportunities. To prepare for tommorow's practice environment, pharmacy students must engage in advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) that are grounded in the realities of today's pharmacy environment, but also prepare them for their enhanced role in patient care. The goal of this supplement is to aid community pharmacy preceptors with developing and sustaining model experiential learning opportunities. This supplement to the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education is intended to provide guidance to community pharmacy preceptors. It begins with 2 articles describing the recent changes in pharmacy education and the rationale for advanced pharmacy practice experiences in the community setting. The next 2 articles walk preceptors through the development of an advanced pharmacy practice experience, from orientation day to the final evaluation, and what to do in between. Four articles, which will be published with Volume 70, Issue 2, of the Journal, are designed to help preceptors develop students' knowledge and skills in the areas of communication, wellness and disease prevention, health information resources, and practice management. Each article provides preceptors with tangible projects and suggestions to apply to their experiential education rotation. The community pharmacy setting is unique in that it involves the constant interaction of our profession with the general public and other health care providers. Therefore, the impression these interactions convey to others on a daily basis is critical. The final article in the series reviews the topic of professionalism. Preceptors and experiential learning environments serve a critical role in the professional development of student pharmacists. Therefore, continuous examination of these environments is needed to ensure they emulate the standards of professionalism we hope to see reflected in student pharmacists. Serving as a community pharmacy preceptor is both rewarding and challenging. The rewards can be found in many places – mainly among the patients and students with whom you work and the feeling obtained when you make an impact on either. The challenge faced by community pharmacy preceptors is in balancing a busy work environment with providing a quality learning experience for students. We hope these articles help preceptors manage that balance. We are grateful to all preceptors for taking on the challenge and hope your commitment brings you many rewards.
Localized Hydration in Lyophilized Myoglobin by Hydrogen–Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. 2. Exchange Kinetics

Solid-state hydrogen–deuterium exchange with mass spectrometric analysis (ssHDX) is a promising method for characterizing proteins in amorphous solids. Though analysis of HDX kinetics is informative and well-established in solution, application of these methods to solid samples is complicated by possible heterogeneities in the solid. The studies reported here provide a detailed analysis of the kinetics of hydration and ssHDX for equine myoglobin (Mb) in solid matrices containing sucrose or mannitol. Water sorption was rapid relative to ssHDX, indicating that ssHDX kinetics was not limited by bulk water transport. Deuterium uptake in solids was well-characterized by a biexponential model; values for regression parameters provided insight into differences between the two solid matrices. Analysis of the widths of peptide mass envelopes revealed that, in solution, an apparent EX2 mechanism prevails, consistent with native conformation of the protein. In contrast, in mannitol-containing samples, a smaller non-...
Newborn screening for cystic fibrosis in Wisconsin: nine-year experience with routine trypsinogen/DNA testing.

Objective To describe the development and follow-up confirmatory results of the routine cystic fibrosis (CF) newborn screening (NBS) program in Wisconsin. Methods CF NBS has been performed on a routine clinical basis in Wisconsin since July 1994. The 2-tiered immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT)/DNA technique was used on dried blood on filter paper spots. From July 1994 to February 2002, mutation analysis was for the ΔF508 allele. Beginning in March 2002, multimutation analysis of 25 CF mutations was performed. Infants with a positive result on NBS were seen in certified CF centers for sweat testing by means of quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis, and families received genetic counseling. Results From July 1994 to February 2002, there were 120 cases of CF detected by means of NBS (509,794 infants screened), with 53 ΔF508 homozygotes and 67 compound heterozygotes. There were 8 clinically diagnosed cases of CF (no ΔF508 allele). The CF incidence was 1:3983 (95%CI, 1:3373-1:4774). From March 2002 to June 2003, multimutation analysis identified 21 cases of classic CF (90,142 infants screened). Sweat tests were successfully performed in infants younger than 1 month. Conclusions Early diagnosis of CF through NBS was successfully performed, with an estimated sensitivity rate of 99% using the IRT/25 CFTR multimutation assay.
Underestimation of Children's Preferences for Signals of Correctness Using Selective Learning

Summdvy.-Hypotheses investigated were that signals of correctness possess incentive properties and that selective learning underestimates incentive preferences. Forty middle-class fifth graders were divided into two groups. A competition group was presented with a selective learning task, with signals of correctness and pennies as competing incentives. As predicted, they preferred the signal of correctness over the penny. A signal of correctness group was given the same task but only signals of correctness as reward. As predicted, subjects exhibited better acquisition, yielded less impulsive choice times, and chose more signals of correctness than did the competitive group. Girls increased their choices of signals of correctness and yielded faster initial choice times than did boys, suggesting sex differences in preferences. A signal of correctness is any stimulus which informs a person that his response was "correct," as the utterance, "You're right," or a light flash identified as a signal of correctness via experimental instructions. Such signals are frequently given chiIdren both in the classroom (Paris & Cairns, 1972) and in research investigations. It is well known that they exert powerful control over human performance (Farley & Hokanson, 1966; Lodce, Cartledge, & Koeppel, 1968), particularly that of girls (Rosenhan & Greenwald, 1965) and, perhaps, that of older, middle-class children (Schultz & Sherman, 1976). However, it is unclear how signals of correctness control performance. While they certainly influence learning as directive feedback, they may also influence motivation as highly valued incentives (Estes, 1969; Lauten & Birnbrauer, 1976). Recently, Layne (1978) found that fifth graders preferred signals of correctness as highly as or more highly than a penny. The present study measured the incentive properties of signals of correctness using a more traditional method than that used by Layne (1978). It was predicted that the middle-class fifth graders would prefer the signal of correctness over a penny. Most methods typically used to assess children's incentive preferences may underestimate both preferences and differences in preferences among demographic groups (Layne, 1978). The primary defect is that the methods confound learning with motivation, so that preferences are assessed while the child is in the process of learning. A single group of children may be unable to 'This research is based upon the author's Master's thesis submitted to the Universiry of Alabama. Special thanks to Paul Siegel, who supervised the thesis and made many help ful suggestions. Parts of this research were presented at the Southeastern Psychological Association in Hollywood, Florida in 1974. Thanks to the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Public School Syscem. ~eprints may be obtained from the author, Department of Psychology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39401.
Leadership Dynamics in Partially Distributed Teams: an Exploratory Study of the Effects of Configuration and Distance

Despite the importance of leadership and the wealth of empirical studies focused on leadership effectiveness in traditional and computer-supported groups, there is little research examining leadership dynamics in partially distributed virtual teams (PDTs). Virtual teams are partially distributed when they are configured with one or more subgroups of collocated members and isolated members. This paper lays the groundwork for an in-depth study of leadership in PDTs that can be extended to other types of virtual team configurations. Using three dimensions of virtual distance (geographic, cultural and temporal), we analyze how the configuration of virtual teams interacts with leadership dynamics. We also summarize the results of an exploratory study using 12 student teams to examine the effects of distance and configuration on leadership in PDTs. Findings show significant differences in leadership dynamics (i.e., leader emergence vs. leader retention) which impacted team performance. From these results, we develop propositions on leadership and PDTs.
Stability in an insect-pathogen model incorporating age-dependent immunity and seasonal host reproduction

A modified SIRS model is developed as a framework for the study of epizootiological dynamics in an insect-pathogen system. Linearized stability analysis reveals that the system with one immune and one susceptible host class can exhibit stable, periodic or unstable behavior depending on model parameters. In general, high pathogenicity, short pathogen propagule lifespan and high host reproductive rate are stabilizing influences. Pathogen transmissibility and propagule production/host do not influence local stability. The effect of seasonal host reproduction is studied because most insect hosts are seasonal in temperate climates. The basic stability dependence on model parameters holds except as modified by the length of the reproduction interval. The results of this study are compared with the recent work of Anderson and May.
Distribution of ammonia/aflatoxin reaction products in corn following exposure to ammonia decontamination procedure

The distribution of aflatoxin decontamination reaction products in corn following ammonia decontamination treatment was determined. The parameters of the ammoniation procedure used to decontaminate aflatoxin contaminated corn were 2% NH3, 16% moisture, 55 psi, 40-45 degrees C, and 60 min duration. Uniformly ring-labelled 14C-aflatoxin B1 was added to corn (1.0 microCi/kg) containing 7500 micrograms naturally-incurred aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg. Aflatoxin levels were reduced by ca 93% after ammonia treatment. Distribution of radiolabelled AFB1 was used to follow the modification of AFB1 and the ammonia/aflatoxin reaction products were separated and isolated through a series of chemical extraction/partition procedures. Samples of the ammoniated product were fractionated through sequential extraction with methylene chloride and methanol, then either treated with acetic acid and sodium hydroxide or exposed to proteolytic enzyme digestion followed by methylene chloride extraction. Approximately 88% of the added radioactivity was detected in the corn after treatment (i.e. 12% of aflatoxin reaction products were volatile), ca 20% was extracted with methylene chloride and ca 13% was extracted with methanol. Treatment with acid and base released 18.8% of the added radioactivity. Similar amounts (19.1%) of aflatoxin-related compounds were liberated after enzymatic digestion with Pronase E. The remaining corn matrix after acid-base treatment or Pronase digestion contained ca 37.0% of the original radioactivity. A fluorescent spot on the TLC plate represented 6.1% of the CH2Cl2-extractable compounds and contained a compound which reacts chromatographically similarly to AFB2a.
The effect of repeated extensions on the discographic dye patterns in cadaveric lumbar motion segments

Little is known about the effect of mechanical treatment on the intervertebral disc in the management of low back pain, even though good clinical results are often claimed for this treatment. In order to understand the possible effects of this treatment, cadaveric lumbar motion segments were studied with discography at 103 levels in 19 lumbar spine specimens. Fifty-four motion segments were tested with repeated extension/compression moments and evaluation of the changes in discogram dye pattern was made. In 43% increased dye leakage was observed, while 31% of those studied showed some degree of increased bulging, and in 2% there was evidence of decreased bulging. The major effect of repeated extensions moments on the cadaveric lumbar motion segment appears to lie in forcing dye from the nucleus pulposus into the spinal epidural space, or some peridiscal space in many abnormal discs.
Dynamics of satisfaction with dental appearance among dentate adults: 24-month incidence

– Introduction: Dental appearance comprises an important aspect of oral health and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). However, no study has investigated the dynamics of satisfaction with dental appearance and other aspects of oral health using a longitudinal study design. The current study aimed to: (i) quantify longitudinal patterns of change in satisfaction with dental appearance, and (ii) identify the dynamic relationships between the changes in satisfaction with dental appearance and other dimensions of oral health (oral disease/tissue damage and oral disadvantage), taking sociodemographic factors into account. Methods: Data were taken from the Florida Dental Care Study (FDCS), a population-based longitudinal cohort study of oral health and OHRQoL. The sample included at baseline 873 subjects. Patterns of change in satisfaction with dental appearance during 24 months of follow-up were quantified. The dynamic relationships between the changes in satisfaction with dental appearance and other dimensions of oral health were evaluated. Results: During follow-up, 19–22% of the subjects were dissatisfied with dental appearance, depending on the time point of the interview. Onset of a certain oral health problem/condition or constantly having the problem/condition was associated with a lower likelihood of satisfaction improvement and a higher likelihood of deterioration. In comparison, recovery from a certain oral health problem/condition or not having the problem/condition was associated with a higher likelihood of improvement and a lower likelihood of deterioration. Conclusion: Change in satisfaction with dental appearance was substantially influenced by the dynamic changes in other aspects of oral health.
Can the s quark be treated as heavy in spectroscopy

In the heavy quark limit, the two mass eigenstates of the heavy-flavored mesons with [ital J][sup [ital P]]=1[sup +] are labeled with the total angular momentum of the light system [ital j]=1/2 and 3/2. If the [ital s] quark were treated as heavy, both the [ital d]-to-[ital s]-wave ratio of the decay [ital K][sub 1][r arrow][ital K][sup *][pi] and a recent analysis of the [tau]-decay mode [tau][r arrow][nu][sub [tau]][ital K][sub 1] would suggest that the lighter meson [ital K][sub 1](1270) should be assigned to the [ital j]=3/2 state, while the heavier [ital K][sub 1](1400) be the [ital j]=1/2 state. This level pattern would require the spin-orbit coupling for the strange mesons to be opposite in sign to that for the nonstrange mesons and for the charmonia.
Fibrillar collagen‐biphasic calcium phosphate composite as a bone graft substitute for spinal fusion

The osteoconductive capacity of fibrillar collagen-biphasic calcium phosphate composition was compared to autogenous bone in a canine spinal fusion model. All animals underwent a standard intervertebral body fusion (L2-L4) with rigid internal fixation and received either autogenous bone alone or a mixture of the ceramic and autogenous bone (3:1) as the graft material. Animals were followed for 12 months and the quality of fusion in each animal assessed by biomechanical testing and histological analysis. The fused L2-L4 segment of each dog was embedded in bone cement and mounted in a specially designed mechanical tester for testing in flexion, extension, and side bending. Overall, the mean rigidity of the fusion mass was not significantly different between the two groups [10.5 +/- 4.1 (SD) for autogenous bone vs. 11.3 +/- 1.7 for the ceramic plus autogenous bone, p greater than 0.05]. Similar findings were obtained for mean bending moment, compressive load, angular deformation, and energy absorbed for the two groups. Histological analysis was performed on transverse nondecalcified specimens. Quantitation of bone ingrowth using back-scattered electron imaging disclosed no significant differences in the amount of new bone formed at the graft site between autogenous bone and the ceramic plus autogenous bone recipients (23.4 +/- 10% vs. 25.8 +/- 8.8%) when correction for the autogenous bone volumes was performed. Light microscopic analysis of toluidine blue-stained transverse sections demonstrated new bone growth around and through the ceramic bone graft material. These results suggest that use of a collagen-biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic and autogenous bone mixture (3:1) provides a suitable osteoconductive alternative to the use of autogenous bone and results in the formation of a mechanically competent fusion mass not significantly different from that obtained with autogenous bone alone.
Heteromultimeric Gap-Junction Channel Permeance: Directional Fluxes Simulated Using a Brownian Dynamics Model

Permeance for distinct connexin channels has been hard to predict. Heterotypic connexin combinations yield preferential directional fluxes of fluorescent molecules with small influence from particle charge, suggesting regulation through differences in pore's shape. We have simulated particles' movement across a 3D geometric pore's representation from X-ray crystallography following a Brownian Dynamics Model (BDM). A central prolate represents the pore's vestibule; a cone and a cylinder represents the pore's mouths for Cell 1 (C1) and Cell 2 (C2) respectively. Lucifer yellow molecules (e=0 or -2e-, Stokes radius of 4.9A) were represented as spheres. Particle-channel charge interactions were simulated placing a charged ring near the channel's mouth. BDM described closely particle behavior where the displacement vector (dx) was calculated using particles' diffusion matrix, net force and a random vector from Gaussian distributions after every time step (dt=10ps). Unidirectional particle fluxes were determined by counting particles that crossed the channel (particle gradient 4 to 0).Uncharged particle flux was not affected by the pore's mouth shape. When e=-2e-, particle flux depended on pore's shape (C1to2=1.6±0.04x106 particles/sec/channel [p/s/ch]; C2to1=0.75±0.03x106 p/s/ch). A negative charged ring reduced/blocked particle flux and pore-particle interactions. A positive charged ring doubled particle flux for C2to1 only, highlighting the mechanism's complexity.Particle number at steady-state (SS) during bidirectional fluxes was calculated after placing 8 particles on either side. The average number of particles per cell remained close to 4 at SS and did not vary significantly (<6%;n=15) over 6μs; the time to reach steady state for C1to2 was smaller (1.5μs and 2.1μs for C2to1). Our mathematical model explains preferential directional fluxes by differences in pore mouth's shape. Identical number of particles at SS indicates thermodynamics compliance.
Discharge Identity of Medullary Inspiratory Neurons is Altered during Repetitive Fictive Cough.

This study investigated the stability of the discharge identity of inspiratory decrementing (I Dec) and augmenting (I Aug) neurons in the caudal (cVRC) and rostral (rVRC) ventral respiratory column during repetitive fictive cough in the cat. Inspiratory neurons in the cVRC (n = 23) and rVRC (n = 17) were recorded with microelectrodes. Fictive cough was elicited by mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea. Approximately 43% (10 of 23) of I Dec neurons shifted to an augmenting discharge pattern during the first cough cycle (C1). By the second cough cycle (C2), half of these returned to a decrementing pattern. Approximately 94% (16 of 17) of I Aug neurons retained an augmenting pattern during C1 of a multi-cough response episode. Phrenic burst amplitude and inspiratory duration increased during C1, but decreased with each subsequent cough in a series of repetitive coughs. As a step in evaluating the model-driven hypothesis that VRC I-Dec neurons contribute to the augmentation of inspiratory drive during cough via inhibition of VRC tonic expiratory neurons that inhibit premotor inspiratory neurons, cross-correlation analysis was used to assess relationships of tonic expiratory cells with simultaneously recorded inspiratory neurons. Our results suggest that reconfiguration of inspiratory-related sub-networks of the respiratory pattern generator occurs on a cycle by cycle basis during repetitive coughing.
How Informed is "Informed Consent" for Robotic Cardiothoracic Surgery?

ObjectiveThe education of patients in the informed consent process remains a challenge for many surgeons. In cardiothoracic surgery, emerging minimally invasive techniques including robotics add an...
The effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan and reserpine administration on the level of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride in five discrete areas of the rabbit brain

Abstract Potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, chloride and water content in five discrete areas of the brain of rabbits were measured after the intravenous injection of either D L-5-hydroxytrytophan or reserpine. The total potassium content in the cerebral cortex and the paleothalamic nuclei increased significantly after administration of either drug. After reserpine administration, an increase in the total potassium content of the caudate nuclei was also observed. No changes were found in the concentration of any of the other ions studied except for a decrease in chloride content of the caudate nuclei after 5-hydroxytryptophan injection.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Recovered Office Printing Paper with Low Enzyme Dosages to Produce Fermentable Sugars

The use of recovered paper and paper manufacturing wastes are a potentially large, concentrated, and convenient raw material for ethanol production via enzyme hydrolysis and fermentation. However, many previous studies in the area have investigated impractically high enzyme charges. In this research, low dosages of enzymes on copy paper (CP) were investigated for the conditions of 5% consistency (w/v) and 50 °C for 48 h. The removal of inorganic filler (mainly calcium carbonate) by washing prior to hydrolysis led to higher sugar yields than the unwashed CP as well as CP acidified to remove the ash. Enzyme adsorption measurement showed that both acid-soluble ash and acid-insoluble ash adsorb enzymes with a greater affinity than fibers. Drying of the fibers (termed hornification) decreased the efficiency of enzyme hydrolysis, confirming previous results. The mechanical refining at 10% consistency in a laboratory refining mill of previously dried fibers improved the sugar recovery to similar or higher levels as never-dried fibers. By plotting water retention value (WRV) versus corresponding sugar recovery, it was shown that WRV is more useful at low enzyme charges reflecting the use of refining and the reversal of hornification. For de-ashed and refined copy paper, the sugar recovery was determined to be 82% and 97% with enzyme dosages of 4 and 8 Filter Paper Unit (FPU)/g oven-dried (OD) substrate.
An Improved Method of Harvesting Haemoglobin-Free Human Erythrocyte Ghosts

The ghosts (stromas) of human erythrocytes bearing Hb of different phenotypes were separately isolated by incubating the erythrocytes in hypotonic (20 imOsm) phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 1 h at pH 7.4. All of these washed ghosts were found to react with benzidine indicating the presence of Hb. In the preparation of Hb free ghosts, the pH 8.2 of the phosphate buffer, incubation time (4 h) and extra oxygen supply to the medium were noticed to be very effective. The results shows that certain ghosts bound to SS, SF, and S-Thal type of Hb were more resistant to the clearing procedure than the ghosts bound to AA, AF, ASF and AC types of Hb. The combined effect of above variables for the optimum isolation of clear ghosts with minimum or no loss of membrane components has been described.
A change at the top

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.10.003 In discussions on this journal, it has been said many times and in many contexts that we've come a long way. Given that JNI is now running like a well-oiled machine with myself, Professor Celia Brosnan and Professor Suhayl DhibJalbut performing the editorial work, a dedicated panel of reviewers maintaining a healthy flow of manuscripts, and JoAnn Leone managing the journal office, one might be inclined not to change anything and to keep a good thing going. But what about the future? In 2008, I retired from front-line research, disbanded a wonderful research group of many years and closed a large laboratory—difficult
Cavitating lesions in a cold agglutinin positive pneumonia

Cavitating lesions are considered a rare presentation for cold agglutinin positive pneumonia. This paper describes a case of cold agglutinin positive pneumonia which presented as a multilobar, cavitating bronchopneumonia.
Injury and adhesion formation following ovarian wedge resection with different thermal surgical modalities

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of bleeding, acute thermal damage, and charring in adhesion formation. Postoperative adhesions were compared following ovarian wedge resection in 48 rabbits using different lasers, electrosurgery, and scalpel. Twelve ovaries were sectioned per modality, in randomized pairs. Acute thermal injury as assessed by histology, bleeding, and charring differed amonge the modalities used. Adhesions were assessed 4 weeks later, by an investigator completely blinded of the treatment protocol. The adhesion scores were 11.6 ± 8.0 with pulsed Er:YAG laser; 11.9 ± 7.5 with scalpel; 8.3 ± 9.3 with electrocautery; 6.7 ± 8.8 with a continuous (c.w.) Nd:YAG laser; 5.3 ± 4.8 with c.w. CO2 laser; 3.1 ± 2.7 with pulsed CO2 laser; 1.7 ± 1.8 with pulsed Ho:YAG laser; and 0.8 ± 1.5 in the control (no resection) group. Ho:YAG, Nd:YAG, and electrocautery were completely hemostatic. Bleeding was minimal with the CO2 lasers. Er:YAG and scalpel caused maximum bleeding, requiring hemostatic measures to prevent exanguination. Charring occurred with electrocautery, CO2 laser, and Nd:YAG laser. Bleeding and charring correlated with adhesion formation, but the histological depth of thermal damage did not. The Ho:YAG laser is a hemostatic, fiber-optic compatible laser causing significantly fewer adhesions (P<0.04) than scalpel, electrocautery, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and c.w. CO2 lasers. Clinical use of the Ho:YAG laser, and the role of carbonization in promoting adhesions, deserve further study. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Radiocarbon and δ13C depth profiles of soil organic carbon in the U.S. Great Plains: A possible spatial record of paleoenvironment and paleovegetation

Abstract Soil profiles from undisturbed grassland sites around the Great Plains of the USA were sampled for analysis of soil organic carbon (SOC) content (%), radiocarbon age and stable-carbon isotope composition ( δ 13 C). With the exception of a few pronounced dating anomalies, SOC radiocarbon age generally increases steadily with depth back to 10–15,000 cal yr BP, the deepest soil intervals in 9 of the 12 sites. The radiocarbon ages were used to establish the chronology of changes in past plant distribution over time and space, based on SOC δ 13 C as an indicator of C 3 and C 4 plant abundance. Changes were referenced to an SOC δ 13 C value of −20‰, which is the approximate mid-point between C 3 and C 4 carbon isotope composition, i.e., an equal mixture of C 3 and C 4 carbon. Prior to 10,000 cal yr BP, the region was dominated by C 3 plants with the exception of the southernmost Texas sites. From 10,000 to 2000 cal yr BP, C 4 plants expanded their range, initially as a peninsula of C 4 -predominant grasses extending northeastward and ultimately dominating all but the northernmost border of the region. Finally, the C 3 -predominant region re-expanded after 1000 cal yr BP, perhaps as a response to the Little Ice Age cooling. Despite uncertainties associated with using radiocarbon-dated SOC-depth profiles as a proxy, the past C 3 and C 4 plant distribution inferred from SOC δ 13 C conforms well to results from other paleoclimate proxies, and differences may be helpful in targeting future research.
Protection and unemployment

Abstract Job loss concerns strongly influence the politics of trade, yet the formal political economy of trade literature has largely ignored unemployment. This paper seeks to extend the literature by merging an unemployment model with a trade policy model. The theory implies that labor turnover rates and unionization rates may significantly affect protection for individual industries. I use US data to test the model and find that protection for an industry declines with its turnover rate and increases with its unionization rate. The results also imply that protection does not increase with output and increases with the number of unemployed workers.
A reappraisal of the diatom genus Rhoiconeis and the description of Campylopyxis, gen. nov.

The diatom genus Rhoiconeis as originally described by Grunow (1863) contains unrelated and morphologically distinct taxa. Cleve (1894–1895) included the taxa placed in Rhoiconeis in various sections of the genus Navicula. However, a study of type material of two species, Rhoiconeis bolleana and Rhoiconeis garkeana, originally placed in Rhoiconeis has shown that these taxa are not related to Navicula either. It is proposed that the genus Rhoiconeis be re-erected to include Rhoiconeis bolleana and Rhoiconeis (= Navicula) sponsalia and that a new genus, Campylopyxis, be erected to contain Rhoiconeis garkeana. Other taxa originally placed in Rhoiconeis have previously been moved to their appropriate genera. Rhoiconeis and Campylopyxis can be separated primarily by the type of striae and the cingulum.
A common basis for similarity measures involving two strings

Many numerical indices which quantify the similarity and dissimilarity between a pair of stringsX and Y, have been defined in the literature. Some of these include the Length of their Longest Common Subsequence (LLCS(X, Y)), the Length of their Shortest Common Supersequence (LSCS(X, Y)), and their Generalized Levenshtein Distance (GLD(X, Y)). Some non-numerical indices relating the strings are the set of their common subsequences, the set of their common supersequences and the set of their shuffles. In this paper, we consider an abstract measure between X and Y, written as D(X, Y), defined in terms of two abstract operators ⊕ and ⊛, and a binary function d( [sdot], [sdot] ) whose arguments are symbols of an alphabet A Depending on the various concrete operators used for ⊕ and ⊛ and the specific function used for d( [sdot], [sdot] ), all the quantities discussed above can be seen to be particular cases of D(X, Y). We have presented an algorithm to recursively compute D(X, Y), which can serve to be a common...
The effect of diet and captivity on the fatty acid composition of redpoll (Acanthis flammea) depot fats.

Abstract 1. 1. Captive redpolls maintained under constant conditions of light and temperature and fed three diets with different fatty acid compositions deposited the same composition of fatty acids in their depots regardless of diet. 2. 2. The depot fat of wild caught redpolls which were feeding on a natural supply of Chenopodium seed during migration contained over 80 per cent linoleic acid, three times as much as the captive birds, and twice as much as wild redpolls in the breeding season. 3. 3. It is suggested that the environmental conditions of photoperiod, temperature and captivity and the physiological state of the bird (migration, breeding, etc.) exert a greater affect on the fatty acid composition of the birds' depot fat than does diet per se .
Quasi-elastic light scattering of antigen-antibody complexes☆

Many biological properties of immune complexes (IC) depend upon their size. Quasi-elastic light scattering (QLS) was used to measure a mean equivalent hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and variance of the distribution of model IC composed of bovine serum albumin (BSA) as antigen (Ag) and combinations of two or three well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (MAb) which bound non-competitively to unique epitopes on BSA. With the molar ratio (X) of each MAb to Ag fixed, Rh increased with concn. Rh was maximal at equivalence (X = 0.54) with two MAb and at slight MAb excess (X = 0.67) with three MAb. The largest Rh with two MAb was about 200 A, and Rh was uniformly different amongst the three combinations of two MAb IC. The largest hydrodynamic radius of individual complexes which formed with two MAb was estimated to be about 400 A; even larger individual complexes were formed with three MAb. Size changes following alteration of solution concns were also followed with QLS. Kinetics of two MAb IC association were too fast to observe; dissociation following large dilution (40-fold) requried 5–10 min to attain a new steady state, much less at small dilution. With three MAb, Rh dropped sharply in 5 min and became steady after 1–2 hr. These results suggest that conventional Chromatographic and ultracentrifugation techniques for studying IC size, involving large dilution and long measurement time, provide misleading results. Association of three MAb produced a rapid initial increase of Rh in several min, followed by diverse behavior which depended upon concn. From high to low concn, these included (1) exponential growth of Rh with time and appearance of visible macroscopic particles; (2) metastable states for several hr followed by slow growth to large size over several days, leading to formation of particles; and (3) rapid growth to steady state conditions with no visible particles. This heretofore unobserved equilibrium and kinetic behavior of model IC in solution may be reflected in the
Chick embryo spinal cord neurons synthesize a transferrin-like myotrophic protein.

Abstract Highly enriched cultures of chick embryo spinal cord neurons synthesize and secrete a protein which is immunoprecipitable by anti-ovotransferrin. Ovotransferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein of Mr 80 000, is also shown to stimulate in vitro myogenesis of cultured chick embryo myotubes as measured by saturable dose-dependent increase in acetylcholine receptors. This effect is probably dependent on ovotransferrin's ability to donate iron to the cells. In many respects ovotransferrin is similar to ‘sciatin’, a myotrophic protein isolated from chicken sciatic nerves [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1980) 77, 6922–6925].
Career Decisions of Doctoral Graduates in Special Education

The number of special education faculty vacancies in institutions of higher education (IHEs) has risen across the last decade (Dil, Geiger, Hoover, & Sindelar, 1993; Sindelar & Taylor, 1988; Smith ...
Realizing Multi-User Massive MIMO Receiver Using Single Radio Frequency Chain Per User

We propose a new receiver architecture for multi-user massive MIMO system that uses one radio frequency (RF) chain per user. We show that the proposed receiver architecture can provide virtually the same performance as the conventional receiver architecture which requires one RF chain per antenna. The basic idea is to perform the necessary signal processing in the RF domain and then down convert the processed information to the baseband to detect the intended user data. Since the number of antennas in multi-user massive MIMO receiver is much larger than the number of users, the proposed architecture can significantly reduce the hardware complexity, size, and power consumption over the conventional architecture.