cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pervasive Surveillance and the Future of the Fourth Amendment

We are in a period of intense technological change. The continued explosive growth in technology has two major effects on the scope and application of the Fourth Amendment. First, the diffusion of powerful new technologies like DNA synthesis and high-powered computing makes it far easier than ever before for ill-meaning groups or individuals to obtain powerful and destructive weapons. Regardless of who is perceived to desire such weapons, the very existence and potential use of such weapons poses a permanent and growing threat to national security. Second, with the development of new technologies, governments are finding it increasingly cheap and easy to conduct intrusive surveillance on their populations and to obtain data and information about individuals in quantities and in detail never before imagined. For both of these reasons, states are increasingly likely to adopt strategies of pervasive surveillance.Fourth Amendment doctrine has failed to respond adequately to these trends. First, Fourth Amendment law – mainly, the so-called “third party doctrine” – fails to adequately protect privacy in light of new technology. Second, the few limits that have been placed on government use of technology threaten the ability of the state to conduct the type of surveillance necessary to effectively combat the risks posed by terrorism. The solution suggested is to shift the focus of the Fourth Amendment from its longstanding concern with acquisition of information to its use. Current practices already suggest that people generally are less concerned about revealing private information to others under appropriate circumstances than they are in ensuring that these limited disclosures are not misused by their recipients. In a future world where dangerous technologies are cheap and easily obtained, the critical problem will be to safeguard the population through carefully targeted surveillance, while ensuring that such surveillance cannot be used for pretextual or politically oppressive purposes.
A Microgenetic Analysis of Strategic Variability in Gifted and Average-Ability Children

Many researchers have described cognitive differences between gifted and average-performing children. Regarding strategy use, the gifted advantage is often associated with differences such as greater knowledge of strategies, quicker problem solving, and the ability to use strategies more appropriately. The current study used microgenetic methods from developmental psychology to investigate strategic thinking in gifted children from the perspective of one of the newer models of strategic development, Siegler’s (1996) adaptive strategy-choice model. Fifty 2nd-grade children, approximately half of which were identified as intellectually gifted and half of which were average-performing students, were videotaped while playing a computer strategy game. Gifted and average-ability children differed greatly in their patterns of strategy development and use. The implications of these findings on theory and practice are considered.
Youth Sports Participation and Attitudes Toward Societal Competition, Concern for Material Items, and the Consequences of Manipulative Advertising:

Grounded in social cognitive theory, this study examines how a combination of personal, behavioral and environmental factors among youth populations correspond with attitudes toward competition, concern for material items, and the effects of advertising practices in the United States. Of particular interest was whether school-sponsored sports participation appeared to influence respondent attitudes. Drawing on data gathered from high school seniors in the 2005 Monitoring the Future study (N = 2,579), ordinary least squares (OLS) and ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed greater support for societal competition, material items, and persuasive advertising appeals among men, those who socialized the most with friends, and those who participated the most in school-sponsored sports. In addition to sex and socializing with friends, controls included race, exposure to print media, and participation in recreational sports.
Fine Structure of Mitochondria of Spirostomum ambiguum as Seen in Sectioned and Negatively‐Stained Preparations*

SYNOPSIS. Comparisons are made between sectioned and negatively-stained mitochondria of the ciliate Spirostomum ambiguum. Particulate elements 70–80 A in diameter are associated with the surface of tubular cristae of negatively-stained and disrupted mitochondria; such particles are not seen in sectioned mitochondria fixed in various ways. As measured in sectioned material, the inner mitochondrial membrane forming the tubular cristae is about 100 A thick, while the outer mitochondrial membrane is about 50 A thick and is the more labile of the 2.
Federalism Gone Amuck: The Case for Reallocating Governmental Authority Over the Capital Formation Activities of Businesses

This essay, published in connection with the 100th anniversary of the Kansas Blue Sky Law, offers arguments in favor of a significant reallocation of governmental authority over the capital formation activities of businesses. The essay argues that the present system of dual, federal-state control over capital formation is not in the best interests of the citizens that state and federal rulemakers and regulators are obligated to serve. The system is out of balance for a market economy such as ours, due principally to a misallocation of state resources in support of state rules requiring the registration of securities. The solution for this problem is the elimination all of state authority over the registration of securities and the reallocation of state resources to the enforcement of state antifraud provisions. This solution requires both state and federal regulators to alter their past conduct. State regulators must abandon the vigorous and pernicious fight they have waged in their effort to maintain their authority over the registration of securities and, instead, work to achieve a reallocation of scarce state resources to their most efficient use, which is the support of states’ enforcement of their antifraud provisions. The Securities and Exchange Commission must abandon its hands-off approach with regard to state authority over registration and use its best efforts to achieve a single, national system regarding the registration of securities.
Review: Tuning in to the Invisible: Roman Mars’s 99% Invisible Radio Show and Podcast

Tuning in to the Invisible: Roman Mars’s 99% Invisible Radio Show and Podcast Presaging today’s age of quantification and Big Data, Buckminster Fuller habitually wielded exponents and percentages as rhetorical devices. He famously aimed to “make the world better, for 100% of humanity, in the shortest possible time,” and claimed that the Union Internationale des Architectes was on board, committed to “the reuse of the world’s intellectual and physical resources” so that “100 percent instead of 44 percent of humanity” might enjoy a higher standard of living, better education, more travel, and other intellectual and physical comforts.1 Complicating such improvement efforts, however, was the fact that much of Spaceship Earth had become nonempirical: > Technology expanded reality 999-fold to include the whole range of the invisible events of Universe. These had been held previously by humans to be magical and superstitiously mystical. Now they had become the realities of everyday pure and applied science. With the inclusion of this 99-percent invisible world of reality, along with its as yet myriad of unsolved problems, into our everyday strictly sensual reality came the radio-introduced concepts of tuning-in and tuning-out.2 More and more contemporary designers, scholars, and artists are tuning in to this invisible terrain, mapping the “signal space” of cell phone and Internet infrastructure, exploring the subterranean structures and immaterial networks that inform how our visible and material spaces take shape.3 This same invisible landscape has captured the attention of one fantastically named radio producer, Roman Mars, who explores the stories behind design in his fantastically popular radio show, 99% Invisible . Launched at the end of 2010 and supported by the San Francisco chapter of the AIA, the show is produced as both a 4.5-minute series for KALW public radio and an expanded podcast. In 2012, 99% Invisible raised $170,477 on Kickstarter, far exceeding its $42,000 goal and making it the most …
Ethnic and Gender differences in Strategies Used by Adolescents when Attempting to Quit or Reduce Smoking

ABSTRACTFew adolescent smoking cessation programs have been able to match the success rate found in adult programs. The current study identified smoking cessation strategies used by adolescents and whether strategies differed as a function of ethnic, gender, or individual smoking level. Participants were 136 high school students who made an attempt to quit or reduce their smoking. Logistic regressions revealed that individuals making an actual quit attempt and African-American adolescents used cessation strategies presumed to be more effective. Adolescents are more likely to use informal cessation methods and may need to be provided with more information on effective quit strategies.
Prevention of postoperative seromas with dead space obliteration: A case-control study

Abstract Introduction Excision of soft tissue masses in the subcutaneous space is a common surgical procedure. Postoperative seromas may occur and often result in additional visits, procedures, and impaired wound healing. Methods A retrospective chart review (2001–2011) identified patients who underwent resection of a soft tissue mass in the subcutaneous tissues. Patients undergoing breast surgery, head and neck surgery, and lymph node dissections were excluded. Patients (n = 100) with seromas were identified. These patients were matched to patients not having postoperative seroma (n = 100). Results We identified 100 patients with seroma and 100 controls without seroma after soft tissue resection. Patients had no difference in wound characteristics. Patients with a dead space obliterating stitch were less likely to have a postoperative seroma (26% vs 74%, P Conclusions Dead space closure was associated with a decreased rate of postoperative seroma in subcutaneous resections. Postoperative seroma was associated with increased cost and provider visits.
Innocent Spouse Eight Years Later: Is it Déjà Vu All Over Again? - The Need for New Legislation

David Rice and Genie Jose-Nguyen provide an update on the availability of innocent spouse relief since the enactment of the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998 and discuss recent Tax Court Cases that seem to contract or, at minimum, ignore the Congressional intent of the Act. In light of highly publicized dissatisfaction with innocent spouse relief provided in Code Sec. 6013, Code Sec, 6015 was enacted in the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 19983 (RRA) to replace former Code Sec. 6013. The RRA expanded innocent spouse relief. Among other things, a separate liability election had been provided, the IRS was granted the power to provide equitable relief, the Tax Court was given jurisdiction over innocent spouse disputes, and the nonrequesting spouse was given the right to intervene. With this enactment, it was the hope of many practitioners that innocent spouse relief would be more widely available under the RRA, especially considering the more liberal availability under Code Sec. 5015(a)4 and the enactment of the separate liability election and equitable relief. Moreover, a quick reading of Ravetti Est.5 could lead a practitioner to believe that giving the nonrequesting spouse the right to intervene would result in a determination, once and for all, that a finding of innocent spouse should be collateral estoppel, if not res judicata, to perhaps a concurrent or future family law proceeding as to that issue; especially if the case had been litigated in Tax Court. However, in light of recent Tax Court decision, what practitioners had originally hoped for has not come to pass.
Production Engineering, Administration and Management: A Series of Articles Providing a Complete Survey of the Economics of Production for Aeronautical Engineers

6.01. The borderline between an art and a science can be a narrow one. In an over‐simplified description it might be defined in terms of the content which is susceptible to measurement by standard and objective means. Most arts have some theory and in them some things which can be measured. Nearly all sciences have a region wherein success is only attained by exercising skill in the art and where no predetermined answer can be got by theory and measurements alone. It can be stated that the conversion of the complex subjects of management or production engineering into sciences depends to a great extent on the use of measurements which will ultimately serve as the raw material for theories or laws. The term ‘scientific management’, when first used, was certainly premature. What should have been suggested is that scientific methods were being used to convert arts into sciences. Even now, after some forty years of development there is some doubt whether the term is not ambitious and a little boastful. But there are clear signs that, in the best cases, the content of art is diminishing to a point where it can reasonably be considered to be the junior partner.
Ascoma morphology of Pseudopeziza trifolii forma specialis Medicaginis-sativae (Dermateaceae) on alfalfa

Ascomatal initials of Pseudopeziza trifolii f. sp. medicaginis-sativae consist of ascogonial coils forming on intracellular hyphae in parenchyma cells of living alfalfa leaflets. In some young asco...
Use of Alkylsodium Reagents for the Synthesis of Trivalent Uranium Alkyl Complexes

A family of rare uranium(III) alkyl complexes, Tp*2UR (R = CH2SiMe3 (3-CH2SiMe3), CH3 (4-CH3), (CH2)3CH3 (5-(CH2)3CH3); Tp* = hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate), was synthesized by salt metath...
Effective Use of Personal Response “Clicker” Systems in Psychology Courses

Though personal response “clicker” systems can enhance student engagement and learning, little research has examined characteristics which affect learning. In the current study, 151 students report...
STUDY ON SYNTHETIC TECHNOLOGY OF OVERBASED PETROLEUM MAGNESIUM SULFONATE

Taking the petroleum ammonium sulfonate as stock,by the methods of infra-red spectrum and freeze-etching electron microscope etc, the composition structure and its performances of the overbased petroleum magnesium sulfonate synthesized are analyzed. The influences of watering fashion on base number and performances of product in the synthetic process of the overbased petroleum magnesium sulfonate are studied, and the watering quantity is investigated also. The results show that the watering is inadvisable while neutralization reaction, but it is propitious to the synthesis of the overbased petroleum magnesium sulfonate while carbon is acidified,so the excellent products can be obtained. The watering should be equal in mol number to adding the magnesia,in this way, the synthetic process can go on smoothly.
Queer Affect and Transnational Movement in Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro’s Caparazones

Yolanda Arroyo Pizarro’s novel Caparazones (2010) questions the formation and enactment of subjectivity with relation to categories of identity. By focusing on nationality, sexuality, and race, Arroyo Pizarro represents bodies that, while still rendered legible by certain markers of identity, challenge the reduction of the body to a simplified correlative pairing with categories of identity. I argue that positioning the protagonists of Caparazones as transnational subjects, Arroyo Pizarro creates queer possibilities of family and kinship that challenge heteronormative formulations of identity, belonging, time, and space. Transnational movement reformulates subjecthood as a stable and identifiable position and complicates the relationship between nationality, expression of gender and sexuality, and affective bonds.
The Busier the Better: Greater Busyness Is Associated with Better Cognition

Sustained engagement in mentally challenging activities has been shown to improve memory in older adults. We hypothesized that a busy schedule would be a proxy for an engaged lifestyle and would facilitate cognition. Here, we examined the relationship between busyness and cognition in adults aged 50-89. Participants (N = 330) from the Dallas Lifespan Brain Study (DLBS) completed a cognitive battery and the Martin and Park Environmental Demands Questionnaire (MPED), an assessment of busyness. Results revealed that greater busyness was associated with better processing speed, working memory, episodic memory, reasoning, and crystallized knowledge. Hierarchical regressions also showed that, after controlling for age and education, busyness accounted for significant additional variance in all cognitive constructs-especially episodic memory. Finally, an interaction between age and busyness was not present while predicting cognitive performance, suggesting that busyness was similarly beneficial in adults aged 50-89. Although correlational, these data demonstrate that living a busy lifestyle is associated with better cognition.
Procedural and clinical outcomes of percutaneous adrenal biopsy in a high-risk population for adrenal malignancy.

OBJECTIVE The role of percutaneous adrenal biopsy in a high-risk population for adrenal malignancy has not been fully investigated. Our aim was to describe the clinical presentation leading to the adrenal biopsy and evaluate the diagnostic performance, complications and non diagnostic rate of adrenal biopsy. DESIGN Single-centre, retrospective cohort study. PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Medical records of patients who underwent adrenal biopsy between 1994 and 2014 were reviewed. Adrenal biopsy outcome was compared to a predefined reference standard. RESULTS Biopsy was performed in 418 patients [62% men, median age 69 years (range, 15-91)] on 419 adrenal lesions, median size 3·1 cm (range, 0·6-24). The main indication for adrenal mass biopsy was (349/419, 83%) suspected adrenal metastasis from a known or suspected extra-adrenal primary source. Only 116 of 419, 28% of cases had prebiopsy biochemical testing for pheochromocytoma. Biopsy-related complications occurred in 4% of the patients. Histology revealed a metastasis in 231 of 419 (55%), benign adrenal tissue in 137 of 419 (33%), adrenocortical carcinoma in eight of 419 (2%), other lesions in 23 of 419 (5%) including seven cases of pheochromocytoma and six cases of infectious process. Biopsy was nondiagnostic in 20 of 419 (5%). All adrenal masses with unenhanced radiodensity ≤10 HU (42/137, 31%) proved to be benign adrenal adenomas. Adrenal biopsy diagnosed malignancy with a sensitivity of 88·5%, specificity of 91·5%, positive predictive value of 93·4% and negative predictive value of 85·5%. CONCLUSION When used in the appropriate clinical setting, adrenal biopsy is a powerful tool in the diagnostic algorithm of the evaluation of adrenal masses with features suspicious for malignancy. Efforts to increase awareness to perform biochemical testing for pheochromocytoma prior to adrenal biopsy are needed.
Treatment Implications in a Geriatric Schizophrenia Patient with Hoarding

Abstract. Severe hoarding is associated with a number of health and safety risks, such as fire hazards and health code violations. Older adults in particular are vulnerable to the consequences of hoarding, including malnutrition, medication mismanagement, and social isolation. We describe the case of a 69-year-old woman with established chronic schizophrenia and hoarding disorder. This patient was removed from her apartment by the Mobile Crisis Team and the Police Department for psychiatric evaluation and treatment after she was found exhibiting bizarre behavior in a pest-infested apartment filled with debris and old furniture, placing herself and her neighbors in danger. Treatment challenges posed by these complicated patients alongside safety and legal implications are discussed.
Fabrication of micro-reactors using tape-casting methods

We have developed a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method for the fabrication of micro-channel reactors using tape-casting methods. Rectangular channels, with self-contained heaters, were fabricated with cross-sectional dimensions of 500 μm×800 μm and 1000 μm×800 μm. The conduits were loaded with Pd and Pd/alumina catalysts using a syringe. To demonstrate the capabilities of this methodology, n-butane oxidation rates were measured between 300 and 700 K. Because free-radical reactions are suppressed by the small channel size, it was possible to measure catalytic rates within the flammability limits. Based on the results, it appears that micro-reactors formed using tape-casting methods may be useful for initial catalyst screening.
Picture Exchange Communication System and Facilitated Communication: Contrasting an Evidence-Based Practice with a Discredited Method

Abstract Learners with autism require specialized education and supports to ensure acquisition and mastery of various communication skills. This is particularly true for individuals whose disability significantly impacts their language development. Without functional communication, these individuals often engage in severe behavior, have reduced self-determination, and experience diminished quality of life. Accordingly, researchers in special education and related fields have sought ways to improve the communication skills of learners with autism who need specialized language and communication interventions. Although the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is well-established in the empirical literature and has helped countless individuals learn to communicate, the method known as facilitated communication (FC; which also is being called “supported typing” and “rapid prompting method”) has become increasingly popular in recent years. Few methods in special education have been as thoroughly discredited as FC and perhaps none are as dangerous. This chapter contrasts the thoroughly debunked FC and its pseudoscientific characteristics with those underpinning PECS. A brief historical account of each method is provided along with key scientific and pseudoscientific features that distinguish science from pseudoscience. Ultimately, our intent is to further clarify how FC is not an augmentative or alternative communication method and why PECS is.
InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II quantum-well focal plane array with cutoff-wavelength of 2.5 μm

In the short wavelength infrared (SWIR) region, InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II quantum well absorption structures are proposed as an attractive material for realizing low dark current. Recently QVGA format (array size 320×256) focal plane array (FPA) with cutoff-wavelength of 2.35 μm was demonstrated for commercial use by our group. We succeeded in extending cut-off wavelength of FPA consisting of InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II quantum well up to 2.5 μm. The 250-pairs InGaAs/GaAsSb quantum well structure lattice matched to InP substrate was grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). The p-n junction of each pixel was formed by selective zinc diffusion method. Dark current of pixel showed the diffusion current limited mode and slightly better than that of HgCdTe with a same cutoff-wavelength. We present the electrical and optical characteristics of InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II quantum well FPA with cutoff-wavelength of 2.5 μm.
Developing a Model of Human Pluripotent to Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development in Mistrg Mice

De novo generation of HSCs has been described as a "holy grail" of stem cell biology, however the factors required for converting human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to true hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) capable of robust long-term engraftment have yet to be fully characterized. Two groups have shown that injection of PSCs into immunodeficient mice leads to teratomas containing niches producing hematopoietic progenitors capable of long-term engraftment. Once these hematopoietic progenitors and their microenvironments are better characterized, this system could be used as a model to help direct in vitro differentiation of PSCs to HSCs. Toward this end, we have injected human PSCs into immunodeficient mice expressing human rather than mouse M-CSF, IL-3, GM-CSF, and thrombopoietin, as well as both human and mouse versions of the "don9t eat me signal" Sirpa (collectively termed MISTRG mice). These cytokines are known to support different aspects of hematopoiesis, and thrombopoietin in particular has been shown to support HSC maintenance, suggesting these mice may provide a better environment for human PSC-derived HSCs than the more traditional mice used for human HSC engraftment. The majority of teratomas developed so far in MISTRG contain human hematopoietic cells, and the CD34+ population isolated from over half of the teratomas contained hematopoietic colony forming cells by colony forming assay. These findings further corroborate this approach as a viable method for studying human PSC to HSC differentiation. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Quantum Chemistry with a Quantum Computer

In quantum chemistry, one is often interested in the static properties of a molecular quantum system, such its electronic structure, or its energy eigenvalues and eigenstates. In this chapter we describe the Abrams-Lloyd and Kitaev eigenvalue estimation algorithms. These provide efficient algorithms for determining the exact eigenvalue associated with a given eigenstate, a feat that is exponentially more difficult to do classically to the same precision.
A game theoretic approach for inspecting web-based malvertising

Web-based advertising system has become a convenient and efficient channel for advertisers to deliver ads to targeted Internet users. Unfortunately, this system has been exploited by cybercriminals to disseminate malware to an enormous number of end-users and their vulnerable machines. To protect their malicious ads and malware from detection by the ad network, malvertisers apply a variety of evasion techniques such as fingerprinting the execution environment, redirecting to compromised IP addresses, and malware polymorphism. On the other hand, the ad network can also apply inspection techniques to spoil the malvertiser's tricks and expose the malware. However, both the malvertiser and the ad network are under the constraints of resource and time. In this paper, we aim to apply game theory to formulate the problem of inspecting the malware inserted by the malvertisers into the Web-based advertising system. We design a normal form game between the malvertiser and the ad network, define their strategies and payoff functions, and compute their pure-strategy and mixed-strategy Nash equilibria. We use numeric simulation to evaluate our game theoretic models, and derive several insights from the results that can serve as guidelines for the ad network to decide its best inspection strategy.1
Enteral nutrition as stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients: A randomized controlled exploratory study.

Abstract Purpose We investigated whether early enteral nutrition alone may be sufficient prophylaxis against stress-related gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in mechanically ventilated patients. Materials and methods Prospective, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, exploratory study that included mechanically ventilated patients in medical ICUs of two academic hospitals. Intravenous pantoprazole and early enteral nutrition were compared to placebo and early enteral nutrition as stress-ulcer prophylaxis. The incidences of clinically significant and overt GI bleeding were compared in the two groups. Results 124 patients were enrolled in the study. After exclusion of 22 patients, 102 patients were included in analysis: 55 patients in the treatment group and 47 patients in the placebo group. Two patients (one from each group) showed signs of overt GI bleeding (overall incidence 1.96%), and both patients experienced a drop of > 3 points in hematocrit in a 24-hour period indicating a clinically significant GI bleed. There was no statistical significant difference in the incidence of overt or significant GI bleeding between groups (p = 0.99). Conclusion We found no benefit when pantoprazole is added to early enteral nutrition in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. The routine prescription of acid-suppressive therapy in critically ill patients who tolerate early enteral nutrition warrants further evaluation.
Laryngeal airway reconstruction indicates that rodent ultrasonic vocalizations are produced by an edge-tone mechanism

Some rodents produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) for social communication using an aerodynamic whistle, a unique vocal production mechanism not found in other animals. The functional anatomy and evolution of this sound production mechanism remains unclear. Using laryngeal airway reconstruction, we identified anatomical specializations critical for USV production. A robust laryngeal cartilaginous framework supports a narrow supraglottal airway. An intralaryngeal airsac-like cavity termed the ventral pouch was present in three muroid rodents (suborder Myomorpha), but was absent in a heteromyid rodent (suborder Castorimorpha) that produces a limited vocal repertoire and no documented USVs. Small lesions to the ventral pouch in laboratory rats caused dramatic changes in USV production, supporting the hypothesis that an interaction between a glottal exit jet and the alar edge generates ultrasonic signals in rodents. The resulting undulating airflow around the alar edge interacts with the resonance of the ventral pouch, which may function as a Helmholtz resonator. The proposed edge-tone mechanism requires control of intrinsic laryngeal muscles and sets the foundation for acoustic variation and diversification among rodents. Our work highlights the importance of anatomical innovations in the evolution of animal sound production mechanisms.
Diurnal changes of remote sensing reflectance over Chesapeake Bay: Observations from the Airborne Compact Atmospheric Mapper

Abstract Using hyperspectral data collected by the Airborne Compact Atmospheric Mapper (ACAM) and a shipborne radiometer in Chesapeake Bay in July–August 2011, this study investigates diurnal changes of surface remote sensing reflectance (Rrs). Atmospheric correction of ACAM data is performed using the traditional “black pixel” approach through radiative transfer based look-up-tables (LUTs) with non-zero Rrs in the near-infrared (NIR) accounted for by iterations. The ACAM-derived Rrs was firstly evaluated through comparison with Rrs derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite measurements, and then validated against in situ Rrs using a time window of ±1 h or ±3 h. Results suggest that the uncertainties in ACAM-derived Rrs are generally comparable to those from MODIS satellite measurements over coastal waters, and therefore may be used to assess whether Rrs diurnal changes observed by ACAM are realistic (i.e., with changes > 2 × uncertainties). Diurnal changes observed by repeated ACAM measurements reaches up to 66.8% depending on wavelength and location and are consistent with those from the repeated in situ Rrs measurements. These findings suggest that once airborne data are processed using proper algorithms and validated using in situ data, they are suitable for assessing diurnal changes in moderately turbid estuaries such as Chesapeake Bay. The findings also support future geostationary satellite missions that are particularly useful to assess short-term changes.
Medial Unloader Braces and Lateral Heel Wedges Do not Alter Gait Biomechanics in Healthy Young Adults.

Context:Orthotic devices such as medial unloader knee braces and lateral heel wedges may limit cartilage loading following trauma or surgical repair. However, little is known regarding their effects on gait biomechanics in young, healthy individuals who are at risk of cartilage injury during physical activity due to greater athletic exposure compared to older adults.Objective:Determine the effect of medial unloader braces and lateral heel wedges on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics in healthy, young adults.Design:Cross-sectional cross-over design.Setting:Laboratory setting.Patients:Healthy, young adults who were recreationally activity (30 min/day for 3 days/week) between 18-35 years old who were free from orthopedic injury for at least 6 months and no history of lower extremity orthopedic surgery.Interventions:All subjects completed normal over ground walking with a medial unloader brace at two different tension settings and a lateral heel wedge for a total of four separate walking conditions.Main ...
Malkin, Marjorie, J. & Howe, Christine Z. (Eds.) in cooperation with the American Therapeutic Recreation Association (ATRA). (1993). Research in Therapeutic Recreation: Concepts and Methods

(1993). Malkin, Marjorie, J. & Howe, Christine Z. (Eds.) in cooperation with the American Therapeutic Recreation Association (ATRA). (1993). Research in Therapeutic Recreation: Concepts and Methods. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 411-413.
Electromagnetic Phenomena in Crystal Growth

Integrated circuits and optical devices are produced on wafers sliced from single crystals that are grown from a body of liquid semiconductor or melt. The crystal must have few defects, such as dislocations, and must have uniform distributions of dopants, which are added to the melt to give the crystal the desired electrical or optical properties. Since molten semiconductors have large electrical conductivities, magnetic fields can be used to eliminate hydrodynamic instabilities in the melt and to tailor the convective dopant transport. For silicon, controlling the convective transport of oxygen is important, and a particular nonuniform axisymmetric magnetic field is optimal for this purpose. For compound semiconductors, such as gallium-arsenide, eliminating instabilities in the buoyant convection is necessary for the growth of large crystals with few defects.
Exploring and Connecting Lines of Flight in a Self-Study Community

A small group of doctoral students and a professor faced each other around a narrow oval conference table during the final few moments of an intensive summer class where we had started to explore our individual capacities and identities as change agents. Although the class itself was at an end, we knew our work together was not done.
Multitarget Joint Delay and Doppler-Shift Estimation in Bistatic Passive Radar

We study the problem of jointly estimating the delays and Doppler shifts of multiple targets in a bistatic passive radar system when the unknown signal from the illuminator of opportunity (IO) is modeled as a correlated stochastic process. We treat all the delays and Doppler shifts as continuous-valued parameters to avoid straddle loss due to discretization. A computationally efficient method based on the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is proposed, which breaks up the complex multidimensional maximum likelihood estimation problem into several separate optimization problems, one optimization per target. The algorithm provides estimates of all the targets’ delays and Doppler shifts along with the estimate of the IO signal and each target's component signal in the surveillance channel. The Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) is also derived. Simulation results are presented, where we compare the proposed algorithm with the conventional cross-correlation (CC) estimator, modified CC (MCC) estimator, EM with successive interference cancellation (EM-SIC) estimator, and CRLB. It is shown that when the targets are well separated on the delay-Doppler shift plane, the proposed method outperforms all the estimators. Moreover, when the targets are close in this plane, the CC and EM-SIC estimators fails to distinguish the targets, whereas the proposed method successfully estimates the delays and Doppler shifts and outperforms the MCC in this case as well. Finally as the signal-to-noise ratio increases, the performance of the proposed method approaches that of the CRLB.
Outcomes of patients with gene fusion driven cancers treated on early phase clinical trials.

2590Background: Gene fusions result in a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase that causes uncontrolled cell proliferation. Some fusions are actionable with multi-kinase inhibitors that are FDA ...
The role of morphological awareness in L2 Chinese lexical inference: from a perspective of word semantic transparency

Lexical inference refers to the ability to make informed guesses about the meaning of an unknown word. This inferencing ability is affected by learner-related (i.e., morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge) and language-related (i.e., word semantic transparency) factors. Previous studies have shown that these factors play independent roles in lexical inference for second language (L2) learners. However, little is known regarding how language-related factors shape the contributions of learner-related factors to lexical inference. To fill this gap, the present study addressed two research questions. (1) Does morphological awareness, mediated by vocabulary knowledge, contribute to lexical inference when the inferred words have different levels of semantic transparency? (2) If so, how are these contributions of morphological awareness and vocabulary knowledge affected by word semantic transparency? Ninety-one intermediate-level L2 Chinese learners participated in this study; they completed two morphological awareness tasks, one vocabulary knowledge task, and one lexical inference task in Chinese. The findings, based on correlational analyses, hierarchical multiple regressions, and mediation analyses, showed the following: (1) vocabulary knowledge and morphological awareness did not affect lexical inference for opaque words. (2) Vocabulary knowledge was a significant and direct predictor of lexical inference for transparent and semi-transparent words. And (3) morphological awareness, when mediated by vocabulary knowledge, indirectly contributed to lexical inference for transparent words, but it directly and indirectly made significant contributions to lexical inference for semi-transparent words.
Optimizing a jump-diffusion model of a starving forager

We analyze the movement of a starving forager on a one-dimensional periodic lattice, where each location contains one unit of food. As the forager lands on sites with food, it consumes the food, leaving the sites empty. If the forager lands consecutively on $s$ empty sites, then it will starve. The forager has two modes of movement: it can either diffuse, by moving with equal probability to adjacent sites on the lattice, or it can jump to a uniformly randomly chosen site on the lattice. We show that the lifetime $T$ of the forager in either paradigm can be approximated by the sum of the cover time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{cover}}$ and the starvation time $s$, when $s$ far exceeds the number $n$ of lattice sites. Our main findings focus on the hybrid model, where the forager has a probability of either jumping or diffusing. The lifetime of the forager varies nonmonotonically according to ${p}_{j}$, the probability of jumping. By examining a small system, analyzing a heuristic model, and using direct numerical simulation, we explore the tradeoff between jumps and diffusion, and show that the strategy that maximizes the forager lifetime is a mixture of both modes of movement. However, when extending the model to include time penalties for long-range movement, the forager's lifetime is no longer typically nonmonotonic in ${p}_{j}$. Pure jumping is typically optimal when there is an upper bound on the time penalty, but pure diffusion is optimal when jumping becomes too perilous. A mixed jump-diffusion strategy is recovered if a forager is allowed to avoid jumping if they will die midjump.
Interconverting Lanthanum Hydride and Borohydride Catalysts for C=O Reduction and C-O Bond Cleavage.

The high catalytic reactivity of homoleptic tris(alkyl) lanthanum La{C(SiHMe2 )3 }3 is highlighted by C-O bond cleavage in the hydroboration of esters and epoxides at room temperature. The catalytic hydroboration tolerates functionality typically susceptible to insertion, reduction, or cleavage reactions. Turnover numbers (TON) up to 10 000 are observed for aliphatic esters. Lanthanum hydrides, generated by reactions with pinacolborane, are competent for reduction of ketones but are inert toward esters. Instead, catalytic reduction of esters requires activation of the lanthanum hydride by pinacolborane.
Thermodynamic Modeling of the Equilibrium Partitioning of Hydrocarbons in Nanoporous Kerogen Particles

In unconventional shale, petroleum compounds are generated during kerogen maturation and chemical fractionation occurs between fluids that are expelled out of kerogen and retained within kerogen be...
Transcriptome signatures associated with meningioma progression

Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor of adults. The majority are benign (WHO grade I), with a mostly indolent course; 20% of them (WHO grade II and III) are, however, considered aggressive and require a more complex management. WHO grade II and III tumors are heterogeneous and, in some cases, can develop from a prior lower grade meningioma, although most arise de novo. Mechanisms leading to progression or implicated in de novo grade II and III tumorigenesis are poorly understood. RNA-seq was used to profile the transcriptome of grade I, II, and III meningiomas and to identify genes that may be involved in progression. Bioinformatic analyses showed that grade I meningiomas that progress to a higher grade are molecularly different from those that do not. As such, we identify GREM2, a regulator of the BMP pathway, and the snoRNAs SNORA46 and SNORA48, as being significantly reduced in meningioma progression. Additionally, our study has identified several novel fusion transcripts that are differentially present in meningiomas, with grade I tumors that did not progress presenting more fusion transcripts than all other tumors. Interestingly, our study also points to a difference in the tumor immune microenvironment that correlates with histopathological grade.
Books: Fourth Edition of ‘The Press and America’ Reviewed

(1978). Books: Fourth Edition of ‘The Press and America’ Reviewed. Journalism History: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 93-101.
Remotely Actuated Needle Driving Device for MRI-Guided Percutaneous Interventions: Force and Accuracy Evaluation *

This paper presents a 2 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) remotely actuated needle driving device for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) guided pain injections. The device is evaluated in phantom studies under real-time MRI guidance. The force and torque asserted by the device on the 4-DOF base robot are measured. The needle driving device consists of a needle driver, a 1.2-meter long beaded chain transmission, an actuation box, a robot controller and a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The needle driver can fit within a typical MRI scanner bore and is remotely actuated at the end of the MRI table through a novel beaded chain transmission. The remote actuation mechanism significantly reduces the weight and size of the needle driver at the patient end as well as the artifacts introduced by the motors. The clinician can manually steer the needle by rotating the knobs on the actuation box or remotely through a software interface in the MRI console room. The force and torque resulting from the needle driver in various configurations both in static and dynamic status were measured and reported. An accuracy experiment in the MRI environment under real-time image feedback demonstrates a small mean targeting error (<1.5 mm) in a phantom study.
How High-Risk Comorbidities Co-Occur in Readmitted Patients With Hip Fracture: Big Data Visual Analytical Approach.

Background: When older adult patients with hip fracture (HFx) have unplanned hospital readmissions within 30 days of discharge, it doubles their 1-year mortality, resulting in substantial personal and financial burdens. Although such unplanned readmissions are predominantly caused by reasons not related to HFx surgery, few studies have focused on how pre-existing high-risk comorbidities co-occur within and across subgroups of patients with HFx. Objective: This study aims to use a combination of supervised and unsupervised visual analytical methods to (1) obtain an integrated understanding of comorbidity risk, comorbidity co-occurrence, and patient subgroups, and (2) enable a team of clinical and methodological stakeholders to infer the processes that precipitate unplanned hospital readmission, with the goal of designing targeted interventions. Methods: We extracted a training data set consisting of 16,886 patients (8443 readmitted patients with HFx and 8443 matched controls) and a replication data set consisting of 16,222 patients (8111 readmitted patients with HFx and 8111 matched controls) from the 2010 and 2009 Medicare database, respectively. The analyses consisted of a supervised combinatorial analysis to identify and replicate combinations of comorbidities that conferred significant risk for readmission, an unsupervised bipartite network analysis to identify and replicate how high-risk comorbidity combinations co-occur across readmitted patients with HFx, and an integrated visualization and analysis of comorbidity risk, comorbidity co-occurrence, and patient subgroups to enable clinician stakeholders to infer the processes that precipitate readmission in patient subgroups and to propose targeted interventions. Results: The analyses helped to identify (1) 11 comorbidity combinations that conferred significantly higher risk (ranging from P<.001 to P=.01) for a 30-day readmission, (2) 7 biclusters of patients and comorbidities with a significant bicluster modularity (P<.001; Medicare=0.440; random mean 0.383 [0.002]), indicating strong heterogeneity in the comorbidity profiles of readmitted patients, and (3) inter- and intracluster risk associations, which enabled clinician stakeholders to infer the processes involved in the exacerbation of specific combinations of comorbidities leading to readmission in patient subgroups. Conclusions: The integrated analysis of risk, co-occurrence, and patient subgroups enabled the inference of processes that precipitate readmission, leading to a comorbidity exacerbation risk model for readmission after HFx. These results have direct implications for (1) the management of comorbidities targeted at high-risk subgroups of patients with the goal of pre-emptively reducing their risk of readmission and (2) the development of more accurate risk prediction models that incorporate information about patient subgroups.