cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Women, Work, and Clothes in the Eighteenth-Century Novel

This groundbreaking study examines the vexed and unstable relations between the eighteenth-century novel and the material world. Rather than exploring dress's transformative potential, it charts the novel's vibrant engagement with ordinary clothes in its bid to establish new ways of articulating identity and market itself as a durable genre. In a world in which print culture and textile manufacturing traded technologies, and paper was made of rags, the novel, by contrast, resisted the rhetorical and aesthetic links between dress and expression, style and sentiment. Chloe Wigston Smith shows how fiction exploited women's work with clothing - through stealing, sex work, service, stitching, and the stage - in order to revise and reshape material culture within its pages. Her book explores a diverse group of authors, including Jane Barker, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Eliza Haywood, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Charlotte Lennox, John Cleland, Frances Burney and Mary Robinson.
Evaluation of digital pulse processing-based gamma-ray spectroscopy under neutron activation analysis conditions

Digital signal processors are now available commercially for incorporation into high resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy systems. In this work, we have compared throughput, peak resolution and peak stability found in two Canberra 2060 Digital Spectrum Processors with a conventional analog processing setup in our laboratory. We have made the comparisons for five separate high purity germanium detectors which provide a range in detector size and construction. In addition, the range of input count rates chosen for study reflect those likely to be encountered in NAA. Our initial results indicate the performance to be detector specific and highly dependent on DSP setup parameters.
Bridging the knowing-doing gap: Researching a new approach to disability and employment programming

Despite significant program efforts since the ADA was passed in 1990, the employment rates of people with disabilities have changed little. While the causes behind these disappointing outcomes are multi-facetted and complex, it is clear that a knowing-doing gap has limited the effectiveness of efforts to change these disappointing statistics. That is, though employers have a basic knowledge of the ADA, this knowledge is largely not being translated into actions or practices. Approaches are needed that go beyond merely disseminating information to actively engage employers in bringing about organizational change. We designed, implemented and researched a program aiming to bridge the knowing-doing gap. This program was based on a blended learning approach designed to build organizational change strategies and partnerships. A comprehensive program research effort included both a measure of immediate program impact (using the BIAT - a researcher-developed and validated tool) and longer-term impact (using a grounded theory, open-ended interviewing protocol). Implications for further research and practice are discussed using findings from both the short-term and long-term studies.
Acquired Immunity against Viral Infections

The importance of acquired immunity against viruses is demonstrated by the fatal outcome of infections with many viruses (such as vaccinia virus, polyomavirus, and influenza virus) in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID mice), which lack functional T and B cells. This chapter describes the dynamics of the T- and B-cell responses elicited by virus infections and illustrates the functions and importance of these cells with examples from well-studied viral models. While much emphasis has been placed on ascertaining the relative contributions of either T-cell subset to the resolution of viral infections, the optimal control of infection in vivo usually occurs with cooperation between both sets. Recent technologic advances have furthered one's understanding of the dynamics of T-cell responses elicited by virus infection. A substantial enlargement of the CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) compartment is characteristic of the immune response to viral infections. CTL have two separate systems that mediate cytolytic function. The first is the granule exocytosis pathway, and the second is the interaction of Fas ligand (FasL, expressed on T cells) and Fas (expressed on targets). The specificity of Fas-mediated cell death is enhanced by the fact that FasL expression is upregulated following T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering, so that an infected cell expressing viral antigens would more probably receive the death signal than would an uninfected cell. The induction of antiviral antibody responses in immunocompetent normal mice involves complex interactions of antigen-specific activated CD4 T cells and B cells.
Analysis of protein structures reveals regions of rare backbone conformation at functional sites.

Regions of rare conformation were located in 300 protein crystal structures represent- ing seven major protein folds. A distance matrix algorithm was used to search rapidly for 9-residue fragments of rare backbone conformation using a comparison to a relational database of encoded fragments derived from the database of nonredun- dant structures. Rare fragments were found in 61% of the analyzed protein structures. Detailed analy- sis was performed for 78 proteins of different folds. The rare fragments were located near functional sites in 72% of the protein structures. The rare fragments often formed parts of ligand-binding sites (59%), protein-protein interfaces (8%), and domain- domain contacts (5%). Of the remaining structures, 5% had a high average B-factor or high local B- factors. Statistical analysis suggests that the associa- tion between ligands and rare regions does not occur by chance alone. The present study is likely to underestimate the number of functional sites, be- cause not all analyzed protein structures contained a ligand. The results suggest that rapid searches for regions with rare local backbone conformations can assist in prediction of functional sites in novel proteins. Proteins 2003;53:872- 879.
Effect of Race on the Frequency of Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Atrial fibrillation (AF) commonly complicates the postoperative course after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Among the general population, African Americans have been shown to have a lower prevalence of AF than European Americans. Although many factors have been identified to predict risk for postoperative AF, race has not been examined. All patients aged ≥18 years who underwent CABG at Henry Ford Hospital during a 5-year period from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2008, were included. Patients were excluded for any previous diagnosis of AF or if they had concomitant valve surgery at the time of CABG. The incidence of AF was determined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, coding from postoperative hospitalization records. Overall, 1,001 patients were eligible for analysis. Of these, 731 (73%) were European American and 270 (27%) were African American. The African American group had a higher prevalence of hypertension (75.6% vs 58.8%, p <0.001) and heart failure (22.6% vs 15.7%, p = 0.01) and a trend toward a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (38.1% vs 33.4%, p = 0.159). Postoperative AF was diagnosed in 214 European Americans (29.3%) and 50 African Americans (18.5%) (p = 0.001). In multivariate analysis adjusting for age strata, gender, hypertension, diabetes, and heart failure, African Americans had less postoperative AF than European Americans, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.539 (95% confidence interval 0.374 to 0.777, p = 0.001). In conclusion, African Americans have a significantly reduced incidence of AF compared to European Americans after CABG.
Learning to see the forest through the trees.

WHEN THE EDITORS approached me to write a commentary on what the Robert Wood Johnson (RWJ) Clinical Scholars Program has meant to my career, I accepted immediately, assuming that it would be a fairly easy task. After all, it is safe to say that I would not be the person I am today (at least not professionally) if it had not been for the training I received in the Clinical Scholars Program and the continued support of the Foundation since then. But, when I actually sat down and put electronic pen to paper, I found the task much more challenging. As I pondered the issues, it became apparent that impact of the Clinical Scholars Program on my career has been so profound that 1,000 words might not suffice. As such, I felt it was best to focus on the formative effect the Clinical Scholars Program had on me as a surgeon–scientist. As a Clinical Scholar, I was lucky enough to be mentored by a number of truly inspirational individuals who I never would have met had it not been for the RWJ Foundation. I learned the basic principles of clinical epidemiology from one of the true fathers of the field, Alvan Feinstein. Alvan had a well-earned reputation as a tough taskmaster that rubbed some people the wrong way. He once mentioned to me that he loved having surgeons as fellows because we ‘‘could take it.’’ I replied that it was not so much that surgeons were tough; rather, we were used to having mentors in surgery who by way of their specialty demanded excellence from us at all times. Like the faculty from my residency, Alvan would not tolerate anything less than
TITRATION CURVE OF A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME.

Abstract A procedure is presented for the determination of the hydrogen ion equilibria of the proteolytic enzyme, α-chymotrypsin. Estimation of the extent of autolysis has been made from the excess amino groups present in the formol titration, by the rapid reversal technique of Steinhardt and Zaiser (16), and by retitration.
Resonant mass biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of bacterial cells

This paper describes a surface micromachined cantilever beam based oscillator detector for biological applications. This study used a novel microfabrication technique of merged epitaxial lateral overgrowth (MELO) and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to fabricate thin, low stress, single-crystal silicon cantilever beams. Vibration spectra of the cantilever beams, excited by thermal and ambient noise, was measured in air using a Digital Instrument Dimension 3100 Series scanning probe microscope (SPM). The cantilever beams were calibrated by obtaining the spring constant using the added-mass method. The sensors were used to detect the presence of Listeria innocua bacteria by applying increasing concentration of bacteria suspension on the same cantilever beam and measuring the resonant frequency changes in air. Cantilever beams were also used to detect the mass of the adsorbed antibodies and used to show selective capture of bacterial cells. The results indicate that the developed biosensor is capable of rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of bacteria and promises significant potential for enhancement of microbiological research and diagnostics.
Polyamide 11-MWNT nanocomposites: Thermal and electrical conductivity measurements

Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with different loadings (0, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 wt%) were incorporated into polyamide 11 using a powder–powder mixing technique to form nanocomposites. The density and specific heat of each nanocomposite were measured. Thermal conductivities of these polymer nanocomposite powders were measured in a nitrogen atmosphere using a commercial transient plane-source device. Results indicate the thermal conductivity of preheated powder was larger than the fresh powder and similar to that at the melting temperature. The powder formulations were also pressed into films using a heat press and room temperature electrical conductivity measurements were performed. Substantial improvements in electrical conductivity were observed with increasing loading of MWNT. Microstructures of the nanocomposite specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy.
An explanation for the efficiency of scale invariant dynamics of information fusion in large teams

Large heterogeneous teams will often be in situations where sensor data that is uncertain and conflicting is shared across a peer-to-peer network. Not every team member will have direct access to sensors and team members will be influenced mostly by teammates with whom they communicate directly. Simple models of a large team sharing beliefs to reach conclusions about the world show that the dynamics of such belief sharing systems are characterized by information cascades. These are ripples of belief changes through the system caused by a single additional sensor reading. Glinton et al. [1] showed that such a system will exhibit qualitatively different dynamics sensitive to ranges over system parameters. In addition they showed that In one particular range, the system exhibits behavior known as scale-invariant dynamics which was found empirically to correspond to dramatically more accurate conclusions being reached by team members. In this paper we provide an analytical explanation for the performance of scale invariant dynamics by leveraging signal processing concepts. We show that scale invariant dynamics behave as an adaptive information filter with a response that automatically adjusts to the accuracy of sensor inputs. This adaptation causes the performance gain.
Effect of colloids on salt transport in crossflow nanofiltration

Abstract The role of colloid deposition on the performance of a salt-rejecting NF membrane was evaluated by modeling salt transport using a two-layer transport model, which quantified the relative contributions of advection and diffusion in the cake and the membrane layers, and the effects of flux on the membrane sieving coefficient. The model was able to accurately describe how the measured permeate concentration, rejection, osmotic pressure, and flux decline varied with time. The two-layer model confirmed that the Peclet number in the cake layer was about an order of magnitude higher than that in the membrane layer, leading to significant concentration polarization at the membrane surface, as shown by others. However, the cake layer also increased overall resistance, which resulted in flux decline during constant pressure operation. Flux decline caused an increase in the actual sieving coefficient, leading to higher solute flux, lower observed rejection, and thus lower the bulk concentration. These coupled phenomena tended to mitigate the increase in concentration polarization caused by the cake. Therefore, as predicted by the model and verified by experiment, the osmotic pressure does not increase monotonically as the cake grows, and in fact can decrease when the cake layer is thick and the flux decline is significant. In our experimental system, the pressure drop across the cake layer, which was proportional to the cake thickness, was significant under the conditions studied. The effects of cake-enhanced osmotic pressure analyzed here are lower than those observed in previous studies, possibly because the transport model employed explicitly accounts for the effect of flux decline due to cake growth on the membrane sieving coefficient, and possibly because we used a somewhat different methodology to estimate cake porosity.
Performance of novel insecticide seed treatments for managing onion maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in onion fields

Abstract Management of onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen), in onion requires the use of an insecticide applied at planting. Insecticide resistance and a dearth of available products have stimulated an effort to identify new insecticides for onion maggot control, especially chemistries that can be delivered as seed treatments. Onion seeds film-coated with fipronil, spinosad, clothianidin or thiamethoxam were evaluated for onion maggot control in muck soils located in two major onion-growing regions in New York, USA in 2001–2003. Fipronil, spinosad and clothianidin at rates of 25, 25 and 50 g (a.i.)/kg of seed, respectively, consistently provided excellent control of onion maggot (⩽5% seedling loss). Moreover, these seed treatments performed well during wet and dry seasons. In contrast, thiamethoxam at a rate of 50 g (a.i.)/kg of seed failed to control onion maggot in three of the five experiments. Cyromazine seed treatment, which is currently used by onion growers, provided an equivalent level of onion maggot control to fipronil, spinosad and clothianidin. The other commonly used treatment, chlorpyrifos in-furrow drench, performed poorly in three of the four experiments, resulting in an average seedling loss of 17%. Insecticide resistance was implicated as the reason for the failure in two of the trials where seedling loss averaged 24%. Seed treatments provide growers with a convenient, reliable and environmentally responsible method for managing economically damaging onion maggot infestations, including those that are resistant to chlorpyrifos. Fipronil, spinosad and clothianidin seed treatments should be considered for future registration on onion. Availability of these chemistries would allow rotation with the cyromazine seed treatment, which would likely prolong the longevity of all products.
The gelation of deoxyhemoglobin S in erythrocytes as detected by transverse water proton relaxation measurements

Abstract At 37 °C, when samples of blood, washed erythrocytes, or isolated hemoglobin from individuals with sickle cell disease are deoxygenated, the transverse water proton relaxation time is sharply decreased. In similar samples from normal adults homozygous for hemoglobin A, only a slight decrease in t 2 is observed upon deoxygenation at 37 °C. In samples containing deoxyhemoglobin S the value of t 2 increases as the temperature is decreased from 37 °C to 4 °C, in contrast to samples containing oxyhemoglobin S, oxyhemoglobin A, or deoxyhemoglobin A where t 2 decreases as the temperature decreases. It is suggested that this decrease in t 2 observed in samples of deoxyhemoglobin S at 37 °C is the result of an increase in the amount of preferentially oriented water at macromolecular interfaces which occurs under conditions known to produce deoxyhemoglobin S gelation. Conditions which reverse deoxyhemoglobin S gelation such as lowering the temperature to 4 °C decrease the amount of preferentially oriented water which results in an increase in the value of t 2 . Thus, measurement of the transverse water proton relaxation time can be used to monitor the gelation of deoxyhemoglobin S inside the erythrocyte.
Differential patterns of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA and protein levels in developing regions of rat brain.

Abstract The present studies were undertaken to characterize the regional and temporal patterns of neurotrophin messenger RNA and protein levels for β-nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 in the developing CNS. We have examined the levels of these neurotrophin messenger RNAs with ribonuclease protection assays and corresponding protein levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in the developing Long–Evans rat hippocampus, neocortex and cerebellum on postnatal days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 92. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to localize the neurotrophins in these developing brain regions. Results indicated that in neocortex and hippocampus, messenger RNA for both nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor increased in an age-dependent manner, reaching a plateau by postnatal day 14. In the neocortex, nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels both peaked at postnatal day 14. In hippocampus, nerve growth factor protein peaked at postnatal day 7 while brain-derived neurotrophic factor peaked at postnatal day 14. In cerebellum, nerve growth factor messenger RNA levels were flat, while nerve growth factor protein peaked at postnatal day 7. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA increased in an age-dependent manner while the pattern for its protein levels was mixed. Neurotrophin-3 messeger RNA levels increased in an age-dependent manner in hippocampus, peaked at postnatal day14 in cerebellum, and no changes occurred in neocortex. Neurotrophin-3 protein was at its peak at postnatal day 1 and thereafter decreased at other postnatal days in all three brain regions. Results of neurotrophin immunohistochemistry often paralleled and complemented enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data, demonstrating specific cell groups containing neurotrophin proteins in these regions. Within each region, patterns with regard to messenger RNA and respective protein levels for each neurotrophin were unique. No consistent relationship between patterns of neurotrophin messenger RNAs and their cognate proteins was observed between regions. The different regional patterns for neurotrophin messengerRNA and protein levels in each brain region indicate that messenger RNA studies of neurotrophin messenger RNA must be augmented by protein determination to fully characterize spatial and temporal neurotrophin distribution.
A Note on formulae for causal mediation analysis in an odds ratiocontext.

In a recent manuscript, VanderWeele and Vansteelandt (American Journal of Epidemiology, 2010,172:1339–1348) (hereafter VWV) build on results due to Judea Pearl on causal mediation analysis and derive simple closed-form expressions for so-called natural direct and indirect effects in an odds ratio context for a binary outcome and a continuous mediator. The expressions obtained by VWV make two key simplifying assumptions: The mediator is normally distributed with constant variance, The binary outcome is rare. Assumption A may not be appropriate in settings where, as can happen in routine epidemiologic applications, the distribution of the mediator variable is highly skew. However, in this note, the author establishes that under a key assumption of “no mediator-exposure interaction” in the logistic regression model for the outcome, the simple formulae of VWV continue to hold even when the normality assumption of the mediator is dropped. The author further shows that when the “no interaction” assumption is relaxed, the formula of VWV for the natural indirect effect in this setting continues to apply when assumption A is also dropped. However, an alternative formula to that of VWV for the natural direct effect is required in this context and is provided in an appendix. When the disease is not rare, the author replaces assumptions A and B with an assumption C that the mediator follows a so-called Bridge distribution in which case simple closed-form formulae are again obtained for the natural direct and indirect effects.
Therapeutic effects of ranibizumab in neovascular age-related macular degeneration

Vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major public health issue that significantly impacts the quality of life of affected individuals and their families. Recently approved anti-VEGF agents have shown promise as treatment options for the neovascular form of AMD. At present, ranibizumab is the most promising US FDA-approved treatment for neovascular AMD, with noteworthy effects on vision improvement and stabilization. The safety and efficacy of ranibizumab for the treatment of neovascular AMD were established in several pivotal clinical trials, including the Minimally Classic/Occult Trial of the Anti-VEGF Antibody Ranibizumab in the Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (MARINA), and Anti-VEGF Antibody for the Treatment of Predominantly Classic Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ANCHOR) trials. Ranibizumab is being further investigated as a potential therapy for other indications, including diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occl...
BRCA1 and BRCA2: different roles in a common pathway of genome protection

The proteins encoded by the two major breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, work in a common pathway of genome protection. However, the two proteins work at different stages in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in DNA repair. BRCA1 is a pleiotropic DDR protein that functions in both checkpoint activation and DNA repair, whereas BRCA2 is a mediator of the core mechanism of homologous recombination. The links between the two proteins are not well understood, but they must exist to explain the marked similarity of human cancer susceptibility that arises with germline mutations in these genes. As discussed here, the proteins work in concert to protect the genome from double-strand DNA damage during DNA replication.
Involutions of irreducible 3-manifolds containing two-sided projective planes

Abstract For a compact irreducible sufficiently large 3-manifold containing 2-sided projective planes, we consider the problem of when two involutions which induce the same outer automorphism on the fundamental group are strongly equivalent. We show that two such involutions are strongly equivalent in the complement of a regular neighborhood of an invariant set of projective planes, and analyze how they differ in this regular neighborhood. We show that under certain conditions, isotopic involutions are strongly equivalent.
Ampère, the Etherians, and the Oersted Connexion

IN 1826 Andre-Marie Ampere published the 'Mathematical theory of electrodynamic phenomena, uniquely derived from experiment', in which he showed how the mathematical law for the force between current elements could be derived from four ingenious equilibrium experiments. He made a great show of following a Newtonian inductivist methodology, and his law, like Newton's for gravitation, was presented as a purely descriptive mathematical expression for a certain class of phenomena, one for which its author did not provide any causal or ontological justification. Ampere's electrodynamics would accordingly seem to have been a solid contribution to the Laplacian-Newtonian approach to physics so actively pursued in France during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. It does not surprise us to read that his electrodynamic force law and his molecular-currents theory of magnetism were immediately and widely accepted by his French contemporaries. Ampere was, in this view, just another of the many great French mathematical physicists of the period.
Appropriate and Inappropriate Practices for Coaching Female Athletes

This article is intended to provide coaches, parents/guardians and school administrators with specific guidelines that identify coaching practices that are in the best interests of the adolescent female athlete (appropriate) and those that are counterproductive or even harmful (inappropriate). These guidelines can be used as a self-assessment for coaches, as well as by school administrators and parents as an assessment tool to determine what should and should not be happening in their school athletic programs.
Dinucleotide Repeats in the Drosophila and Human Genomes Have Complex, Length-Dependent Mutation Processes

We use methods of maximum likelihood estimation to fit several microsatellite mutation models to the observed length distribution of dinucletoide repeats in the Drosophila and human genomes. All simple models are rejected by this procedure. Two new models, one with quadratic and another with piecewise linear slippage rates, have the best fits and agree with recent experimental studies by predicting that long microsatellites have a bias toward contractions.
Adalimumab (Humira) induced acute lung injury

Patient Male, 78. Final diagnosis Acute lung injury due to Adalimumab. Symptoms - Medication Adalimumab. Clinical procedure Intubated and put on mechanical ventilation. Specialty Pulmonology. Objective Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment. Background Adalimumab is a recombinant human monoclonal antibody that blocks the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Adalimumab related acute lung injury is a rare form of acute respiratory distress syndrome of possible immune etiology that develops immediately after an infusion. Case report We describe a 78 year old, male with no previous cardiac comorbidities, who developed acute lung injury (ALI) within one hour of administration of adalimumab. He was successfully treated with mechanical ventilatory support and adjuvant therapy. Conclusions TNFα antagonists are a part of a new and revolutionary treatment for severe and difficult-to-treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This report emphasizes that this fatal complication may occur with use of this drug. Clinicians need to be aware of this condition as prompt recognition and supportive management can prevent unwanted morbidity and mortality.
Fatigue as a major predictor of quality of life in women with autoimmune liver disease: the case of primary biliary cirrhosis.

Objectives Fatigue is a nearly universal symptom of many chronic diseases, yet it is often poorly understood and underappreciated as a factor in quality of life (QOL). Generally, clinicians have relied on subjective measures of fatigue, if they consider it at all. This study uses well-validated instruments to examine fatigue as a predictor of QOL in women with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), an autoimmune, chronic liver disease. Methods Eighty-one women with PBC completed a survey that included measures of fatigue (Fatigue Impact Scale) and QOL (SF-36) as well as demographic variables (age, education) and medical information (symptoms, stage of illness, time since diagnosis). QOL results for the sample were compared with those of a nationally normed U.S. population. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify contributors to variation in QOL. Results Compared with national norms, QOL for this PBC population was significantly impaired. When all variables with bivariate significance in relation to QOL were included in multivariate analyses, results showed fatigue to be the primary predictor of QOL, including all 8 QOL scales and the 2 summary scales. Regression results, dominated by fatigue, explain 25–59% of the variance in QOL. Conclusions Fatigue has profound effects on every aspect of life for women with PBC—physical, social, emotional, and psychological. The results lead to recommendations for health care providers to assess fatigue in their patients with PBC and to take steps, where warranted, to mitigate its effects.
Rhythmicity of sex pheromone content in female Heliothis virescens: impact of mating

Pheromone production in virgin females of Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) peaked between the fourth and seventh hours of scotophase on the second, third, fourth and fifth days following eclosion. The highest peak (186 ng) occurred on day 3 after eclosion. Z-11-Hexadecenal comprised the highest proportion of seven components in the pheromone glands. Disproportionately higher amounts of hexadecanal and Z-11-hexadecenol occurred during photo-phase and other periods when low quantities of total pheromone were recorded. Mating suppressed pheromone production which remained low until 48 h after mating. Coupling females with males mated three times previously or with 6-day-old males was less effective in causing a drop in pheromone content which peaked again 24 h after mating. This suggests the transfer of a male factor, a pheromonostatic factor, that suppresses pheromone production in mated females and that the factor from older and previously mated males is less effective.
Glenoid Exposure: Tricks of the Trade

Hemiarthroplasty is performed for arthritic degeneration of the glenohumeral joint about four to five times more frequently than total shoulder arthroplaty. This is in distinct contrast to all other major joints where biarticular resurfacing is the standard. Failed hemiarthroplasty due to glenoid pain is one of the more common reasons for revising such cases and performing total shoulder arthroplasty. One suspected reason for the high use of hemiarthroplasty is difficulty in gaining access to the glenoid. Good glenoid exposure is not difficult but requires careful attention to detail. The surgical approach with careful release of key soft tissue structures, removal of peripheral osteophytes on both the humeral and glenoid side, appropriate humeral head cut, and key placement of specific retractors all lead to excellent glenoid visualization and access. Key steps in gaining this access will be presented.
Breeding bird assemblages of hurricane-created gaps and adjacent closed canopy forest in the Southern Appalachians

Abstract We studied breeding bird assemblages in forest gaps created in 1995 by Hurricane Opal at the Bent Creek Experimental Forest in Asheville, NC. We hypothesized that forest gaps and adjacent closed-canopy forest would differ in bird density, richness, diversity, and relative abundances of some species. To test this hypothesis we censused breeding bird assemblages for 2 years in 12 gaps (0.1–1.2 ha) and 12 adjacent closed canopy controls using strip transects. Gaps had more coarse woody debris, shrub cover, brushpiles, and pit and mound microtopography than controls. Canopy cover was lower in gaps than controls, but remained high ( 69.4 ± 2.1% versus 89.6 ± 1.7% ). Bird assemblage similarity was high. Total density and species richness of birds were higher in gaps than in controls, but species diversity did not differ between treatments. Shrub (primarily Carolina Wrens) and bark-foragers, and cavity shrub and canopy-nesters were more abundant in gaps than in controls. Densities of gap-associated (Indigo Bunting, Hooded Warbler, Carolina Wren) and edge (Eastern Towhee) species were more abundant in gaps. Abundance of interior species including Red-eyed Vireo and Scarlet Tanager were about equal in gaps and controls. Only Ovenbirds were more abundant in controls than gaps. Species that require larger patches of young second-growth forest, such as Prairie Warbler, and Yellow-breasted Chat, did not occur in gaps; but neither are they abundant in the Asheville basin. No Brown-headed Cowbirds were observed in gaps or controls. Unpublished data indicate that parasitism of artificial ground nests did not occur, and predation rates did not differ between gaps and controls. Juvenile birds and other evidence of breeding were observed more often in gaps than in controls, suggesting that gaps attract bird families for foraging and provide microsites that attract breeding pairs. Gap size was positively correlated with bird density, species richness, and diversity. This study suggests that small openings and interior edge habitat created by treefall gaps within a forested matrix do not adversely affect breeding birds as measured by the abundance of individual species or community indices. We suggest that canopy gaps increase avian diversity at a landscape scale by providing habitat patches for some species that require young, second-growth forest, and serve as magnets for recruitment and foraging.
Weak states and the emerging taxonomy of security in world politics

Abstract The dominant approaches to the study of developing countries posit that their basic problem is (under)development. Using independent variables such as culture, colonialism, imperialism, international system structure, ideology and class, many scholars have articulated plausible explanations which have reinforced (under)development as the dependent variable. 1 This approach was hardly challenged until the mid-1980s when some studies began to point to security as a critical, neglected dimension of the Southern problematique . 2 This article follows in the footsteps of such recent studies by focusing on the implications of the expansion of the notion of security in world politics—or security expansionism—on the weak states of the South. 3 The article is divided into three parts. The first examines the traditional notion of security. The second examines the major elements of security expansionism under the following categories: economic security; demographic security; ecological or environmental security; and democratic security. The concluding section summarizes the argument and assesses the significance for North-South relations.
Optimization of Wind Farm Layout and Wind Turbine Geometry Using a Multi-Level Extended Pattern Search Algorithm That Accounts for Variation in Wind Shear Profile Shape

This paper presents a multi-level Extended Pattern Search algorithm (EPS) to optimize both the local positioning and geometry of wind turbines on a wind farm. Additionally, this work begins to draw attention to the effects of atmospheric stability on wind farm power development. The wind farm layout optimization problem involves optimizing the local position and size of wind turbines such that the aerodynamic effects of upstream turbines are reduced, thereby increasing the effective wind speed at each turbine, allowing it to develop more power. The extended pattern search, employed within a multi-agent system architecture, uses a deterministic approach with stochastic extensions to avoid local minima and converge on superior solutions compared to other algorithms. The EPS presented herein is used in an iterative, hierarchical scheme — an overarching pattern search determines individual turbine positioning, then a sub-level EPS determines the optimal hub height and rotor for each turbine, and the entire search is iterated. This work also explores the wind shear profile shape to better estimate the effects of changes in the atmosphere, specifically the changes in wind speed with respect to height on the total power development of the farm. This consideration shows how even slight changes in time of day, hub height, and farm location can impact the resulting power. The objective function used in this work is the maximization of profit. The farm installation cost is estimated using a data surface derived from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) JEDI wind model. Two wind cases are considered: a test case utilizing constant wind speed and unidirectional wind, and a more realistic wind case that considers three discrete wind speeds and varying wind directions, each of which is represented by a fraction of occurrence. Resulting layouts indicate the effects of more accurate cost and power modeling, partial wake interaction, as well as the differences attributed to including and neglecting the effects of atmospheric stability on the wind shear profile shape.© 2012 ASME
Improvement in the magnetic properties of Tb/FeCo films for perpendicular magnetic recording media

Abstract By incorporating high Ms Fe65Co35 alloy in the Tb/FeCo multilayer structure on 20 nm thick W underlayer, we obtained Ku=4×106 erg/cm3, Ms=350 emu/cm3, and Hc=7.5 kOe. The W underlayer was deposited under 13.5mTorr Ar gas pressure to induce micro-roughness at the surface with lateral feature size of a few nm to 20 nm. Both X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy methods confirmed that the Tb/FeCo multilayer was amorphous. We observed density fluctuation in the amorphous Tb/FeCo layer, which is the most probable candidate of domain wall pinning sites created in the amorphous magnetic film.
Silencing of the Constitutive Activity of the Dopamine D1B Receptor RECIPROCAL MUTATIONS BETWEEN D1 RECEPTOR SUBTYPES DELINEATE RESIDUES UNDERLYING ACTIVATION PROPERTIES

Recently, we have shown that the dopamine D1B/D5 receptor displays binding and coupling properties that are reminiscent of those of the constitutively activated G protein-coupled receptors when compared with the related D1A/D1 receptor subtype (Tiberi, M., and Caron, M. G. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 27925-27931). The carboxyl-terminal region of the third cytoplasmic loop of several G protein-coupled receptors has been demonstrated to be important for the regulation of the equilibrium between inactive and active receptor conformations. In this cytoplasmic region, the primary structure of dopamine D1A and D1B receptors differs by only two residues: Phe264/Arg266 are present in D1A receptor compared with Ile288/Lys290 in the D1B receptor. To investigate whether these structural differences could account for the distinct binding and coupling properties of these dopamine receptor subtypes, we swapped the variant residues located in the carboxyl-terminal region by site-directed mutagenesis. The exchange of the D1A receptor residue Phe264 by the D1B receptor counterpart isoleucine led to a D1A receptor mutant exhibiting D1B-like constitutive properties. In contrast, substitution of D1B receptor Ile288 by the D1A receptor counterpart phenylalanine resulted in a loss of constitutive activation of the D1B receptor with binding and coupling properties similar to the D1A receptor. The Arg/Lys substitution had no effect on the function of either receptor. These results demonstrate that the carboxyl-terminal region, and in particular residue Ile288, is a major determinant of the constitutive activity of the dopamine D1B receptor. Moreover, these results establish that not only can agonist-independent activity of a receptor be induced, but when given the appropriate mutation, it can be reversed or silenced.
SU-E-J-79: Internal Tumor Volume Motion and Volume Size Assessment Using 4D CT Lung Data

Purpose: To assess internal tumor volume change through breathing cycle and associated tumor motion using the 4DCT data. Methods: Respiration induced volume change through breathing cycle and associated motion was analyzed for nine patients that were scanned during the different respiratory phases. The examined datasets were the maximum and average intensity projections (MIP and AIP) and the 10 phases of the respiratory cycle. The internal target volume (ITV) was delineated on each of the phases and the planning target volume (PTV) was then created by adding setup margins to the ITV. Tumor motion through the phases was assessed using the acquired 4DCT dataset, which was then used to determine if the margins used for the ITV creation successfully encompassed the tumor in three dimensions. Results: Results showed that GTV motion along the superior inferior axes was the largest in all the cases independent of the tumor location and/or size or the use of abdomen compression. The extent of the tumor motion was found to be connected with the size of the GTV. The smallest GTVs exhibited largest motion vector independent of the tumor location. The motion vector size varied through the phases depending on the tumor size and location and it was smallest for phases 20 and 30. The smaller the volume of the delineated GTV, the greater its volume difference through the different respiratory phases was. The average GTV volume change was largest for the phases 60 and 70. Conclusion: Even if GTV is delineated using both AIP and MIP datasets, its motion extent will exceed the used margins especially for the very small GTV volumes. When the GTV size is less than 10 cc it is recommended to use fusion of the GTVs through all the phases to create the planning ITV.
An innovative FPGA internal core clock jitter prediction methodology

Adances in nanotechnology have so far met the market demand of high-speed electronic system applications. However, the high-speed applications give rise to high noise spectrums and make the system designs complicated. As a result, the design complexity causes the power delivery network (PDN) to be susceptible to noise. An increase of noise in a PDN induces an increase of jitter and causes severe degradation of the timing margin in an electronic system implementation. Various studies have been carried out in modeling and reducing noise induced in the PDN. However, studies on device internal core clock jitter (iCCJ) effect due to the PDN noise are still in their infancy. This paper presents an innovative methodology of predicting device iCCJ based on the charge-per-clock-cycle concept and resonance condition. The innovative methodology shows a reasonably good correlation between the measured jitter of the various core logic patterns and the predicted result. This jitter prediction tool helps electronic system designers to estimate iCCJ resulted from core logic utilization during the Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) system prototyping phase. Consequently, jitter prediction can help to improve the system's timing margin and achieve error-free designs.
Catalytic Synergism in Physical Mixtures

A novel and successful approach to the design of hydrogen-shift catalysts is presented. Detailed studies of 1-butene hydroisomerization reveal that a catalytic synergism exists in physical mixtures. Mixtures of FeCe/Grafoil and Pt/Grafoil (or Pd/Grafoil) display high selectivity (≫Pt) and activity levels as much as ten times larger than the sum of the separately measured activities. Thus, it is demonstrated that highly selective and active isomerization catalysts can be created by physically mixing hydrogen atom generator surfaces (e.g. Pd) with highly selective but low-activity surfaces (e.g. FeCe).
Stress electrocardiography in the evaluation of aortocoronary bypass surgery.

Abstract Forty-five patients having saphenous vein aortocoronary bypass surgery were studied prospectively by pre- and post-operative hypoxemia and graded exercise electrocardiography. The stress electrocardiographic results were correlated with the degree of symptomatic relief and the angiographic evidence of graft patency and the distribution and evolution of coronary occlusive disease. Forty-one of the total group of 45 patients (91 per cent) and 32 of 34 (94 per cent) with one or more documented open grafts had excellent or good symptomatic improvement. Incongruously, five of seven patients with closed grafts also had significant clinical improvement. Functional improvement was documented in 53 per cent of patients after aortocoronary bypass surgery, in terms of postoperative reversal of the preoperatively positive stress ECG or persistance of a negative stress ECG, together with the achievement of significantly greater mean maximum exercise and heart rate. All of these patients had one or more patent saphenous vein bypass grafts. Forty-seven per cent of the patients failed to display objective evidence of improvement: post-operatively the stress ECG either remained positive, or became so, and, collectively, the group was unable to significantly increase the mean maximum exercise level or heart rate, in comparison to that achieved before surgery. Only 65 per cent of these subjects had one or more patent bypass grafts. Stress electrocardiography and quantitation of the maximum work and heart rate achieved by exercise provide accurate assessments of the relief of myocardial ischemia produced by myocardial revascularization. In this study, when the post-operative stress ECG was negative and the patient was able to achieve significantly greater exercise and heart rate, the probability of patency of one or more bypass grafts was virtually certain. On the other hand, when the postoperative stress ECG was positive and little or no increase in exercise and heart rate was possible, there was high probability of graft occlusion or significant residual coronary disease.
On-Going Palliative Care Enhances Perceived Control and Patient Activation in Patients with Symptomatic Heart Failure

On-Going Palliative Care Enhances Perceived Control and Patient Activation in Patients with Symptomatic Heart Failure Lorraine S. Evangelista 1 , Marjan Motie 1 , Dawn Lombardo 2 , Shasta Malik 2 , Solomon Liao 2 ; 1 University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA; 2 University of California Irvine Medical Center, Irvine, CA Introduction: Few studies have assessed the effectiveness of palliative care (PC) on perceived control (i.e. one’s perceived inﬂuence over outcomes or events in the en- vironment) and activation (i.e. ability to self-manage) in patients with symptomatic heart failure (HF). Hypothesis: We hypothesized that patients with advanced HF who received on-going PC services (i.e. $ 2 PC consults) vs. no access or limited access to PC services (i.e. single PC consultations) would have greater improvements in perceived control and activation and greater reductions in symptom burden 3 months post-discharge for HF exacerbation. Methods: Forty-two patients - average age 53.9 6 8.0 years; predominantly male (72%); White (61%); married (69%) -