cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minor and trace element partitioning between immiscible ocelli-matrix pairs from lamprophyre dikes and sills, Monteregian Hills petrographic province, Quebec

Many lamprophyre dike and sill rocks in the Monteregian Hills petrographic province of southwestern Quebec contain felsic segregations (ocelli) which have been interpreted as globules of immiscible liquid (Philpotts 1976). Ocelli and matrix material were separated from a number of these rocks and analyzed for major and trace elements. The major element data, when plotted on a Greig diagram, outline a field of possible silicate-liquid immiscibility at higher alumina+alkali content than that previously mapped in iron-rich experimental systems. The trace element data support a liquid immiscibility hypothesis for the formation of these ocelli since high-charge density cations are preferentially concentrated in the matrix (mafic) material, a result which is consistent with theoretical and experimental studies.
Vapor flammability above aqueous solutions of flammable liquids

Abstract The flammability of vapors above aqueous solutions of ethanol and acetonitrile was studied experimentally in a 20-L combustion apparatus. No liquid was present in the apparatus, but the vapor concentrations were adjusted to correspond to the vapor in equilibrium with a specified aqueous solution. The experimental results for these two systems show that • As water is added to the vapor, the lower boundary of the flammability zone decreases. For ethanol, the lower flammability limits (LFL) decreases from 3.7% for pure vapor to 3.2% with saturated water vapor. For acetonitrile, the decrease is from 4.2% to 3.8%. Thus, to a good approximation, the water vapor can be treated as an inert, enabling the data to be displayed on a single flammability triangle diagram. This provides a very simplified method for estimating the flammable behavior for aqueous solutions. • The upper boundary of the flammability zone is unchanged with the addition of water. • The limiting oxygen concentration (LOC) is essentially constant for all concentrations of aqueous solutions. The LOC for the pure solvent may be used as a universal LOC for all solvent concentrations. • The vapor mixture above the aqueous solution is not flammable below a certain liquid mol fraction of flammable. The flammable concentration at which this occurs can be called the maximum safe solvent concentration (MSSC). A method is presented to determine the MSSC from experimental flammability data. • The oxygen concentration defining the flammable boundary for the vapor decreases rapidly from the MSSC and then increases as the liquid solvent concentration increases. The calculated adiabatic flame temperature (CAFT) method qualitatively predicts the same behavior as the experimental data.
Diffraction tomography: finite media and simultaneous reconstruction of absorption and scattering coefficients

An angular spectrum algorithm is presented for fast, near-field diffraction tomographic imaging with diffuse photon density waves in highly scattering media. A general relation in K-space is derived that connects the spatial variations of the optical properties of heterogeneities to the spatial spectra of the measured scattered diffuse photon density waves. The theory is verified with experimental results. We further describe an approach to reconstruct the absorption and scattering simultaneously. We also present how to incorporate boundary conditions into this angular spectrum algorithm for a turbid medium of finite size, in particular, the slab medium.
Chronic ethanol exposure is associated with a local increase in TNF-α and decreased proliferation in the rat distraction gap

Chronic alcohol consumption is a risk factor for osteoporosis and inhibits osseous repair and regeneration. We investigated the hypothesis that chronic ethanol exposure induces the expression of TNF-α and/or IL-1β and inhibits proliferation during distraction osteogenesis (DO). Following six weeks of liquid diet infusion (±ethanol) and 14 days of DO, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in the distraction gap and contralateral femoral marrow of adult male rats was examined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, respectively. In the bone marrow, the expression of both TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA was significantly increased by ethanol (p<0.04 for both). In the DO gap, ethanol exposure increased the expression of TNF-α in both the fibrous interzone and primary matrix front (PMF), while IL-1β expression was not significantly affected in either region. A negative correlation was found between the percentage of PCNA+ and TNF+ cells in the PMF (p<0.015, R2=0.655). Incubation of MC3T3-E1 cells with ethanol for 24 or 48 h produced a time and dose dependent two- to fourfold increase in TNF-α transcripts as measured by RT-PCR, demonstrating that ethanol can directly induce TNF-α expression in osteoblast-like cells. These results support the hypothesis that attenuation of bone formation by ethanol may be mediated, in part, by local increases in TNF-α during osteogenesis.
Mental health problems of children of migrant and seasonal farm workers: a pilot study

ABSTRACT Objective Children of migrant and seasonal farm workers constitute important populations for study because they chronically experience extreme poverty and parental unemployment. Also, migrant children are exposed to chronic residential and school mobility. Method Mothers and children were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.1. Results The results indicated that 66% of the children had one or more psychiatric diagnoses based on mother or child reports, with anxiety disorders being the most prevalent diagnosis. Conclusions These findings suggest the need for a larger, epidemiological study of the psychiatric morbidity of rural children of farm workers.
Metallization of fluid hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar): implications for Jupiter

Abstract Implications of recent electrical conductivity and equation-of-state measurements on hydrogen at shock pressures up to 180 GPa and temperatures up to 4000 K are discussed. The laboratory results suggest that the transition between molecular and monatomic hydrogen is continuous, rather than first-order. Thus, it is unlikely that there is a distinct boundary in Jupiter between a molecular mantle and monatomic core. Rather, molecular hydrogen begins to dissociate at ∼40 GPa and goes to completion at ∼300 GPa. The electrical conductivity of fluid hydrogen reaches the minimum conductivity of a disordered metal at 140 GPa and ∼3000 K in the middle of this complex region. This pressure corresponds to about 0.9 the outer radius of Jupiter. The surface magnetic field of Jupiter, ∼10 G, is relatively large because metallic conductivity is reached relatively close to the planet’s surface. In comparison, the magnetic field of Saturn is only 0.2 G and is made primarily at 0.5 of the outer radius of Saturn, very similar to Earth. The shallow slope of temperature versus pressure along the isentrope of hydrogen suggests that the He content might have a significant effect on convection and, thus, on the Jovian magnetic field. Higher-order components of Jupiter’s magnetic field might be affected by inhibition of convection due to properties of the continuous dissociative phase transition of hydrogen.
Laser excited fluorescence spectrum of nitrogen dioxide

Abstract The fluorescence spectrum of NO2 excited by a single mode argon-ion laser was studied at a spectral resolution of 0.1 cm−1. In particular the Stokes and the anti-Stokes ν2 band excited by the 5145 A line of an argon-ion laser were examined in detail. Some of the vibrational and rotational parameters of the ground electronic state and the rotational constants of the B2 vibronic state were obtained.
Developmental alterations in binocular competitive interactions and visual acuity in visually deprived cats

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of developmental alterations in binocular competitive interactions between the eyes on visual acuity. Comparisons were made between animals which were monocularly deprived (MD) of patterned visual input, binocularly lid-sutured cats (BD), and animals which had the lids of one eye sutured closed and the other eye removed prior to natural eye opening (MDE). Thus, each group differed in the degree of competitive imbalance between the eyes during postnatal development. Threshold visual acuity for high contrast, squarewave gratings was measured in a jumping stand. Mean visual acuities for each group using a single deprived eye were: group MD, 0.64 cycles/deg; group BD, 3.2 cycles/deg; group MDE, 3.72 cycyles/deg. These results indicate that the greater the competitive disadvantage an eye is placed at during development, the greater the acuity (sensory) deficits. Further, comparisons made between MD and MDE animals indicated that the acuity deficits using the deprived eye in MD cats are much more a result of competition than of the effects of deprivation per se.
Problems of lexical semantics

Abstract Some of the central problems of (comparative) lexical semantics are dealt with: (i) How does one decide which word groups if any should be treated as lexical items and which ones should not? (ii) What are the limitations of componential analysis and semantic field theory as methods to describe the internal semantic structure of lexical items and their external semantic relationships, respectively, and how can they be transcended? (In this context the notions of prototype, basic level term, scene and frame are introduced.) (iii) How can one avoid the danger of circularity in semantic analyses? (iv) How can analyses be represented? These issues of general interest are addressed with special reference to the domain of linguistic action verbials (verbs and verb-like expressions used to describe linguistic action).
The influence of the dentin smear layer on adhesion: a self-etching primer vs. a total-etch system.

Abstract Objective . To determine the effect of dentin smear layers created by various abrasives on the adhesion of a self-etching primer (SE) and total-etch (SB) bonding systems. Methods . Polished human dentin disks were further abraded with 0.05 μm alumina slurry, 240-, 320- or 600-grit abrasive papers, # 245 carbide, # 250.9 F diamond or # 250.9 C diamond burs. Shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated by single-plane lap shear, after bonding with SE or SB and with a restorative composite. Smear layers were characterized by thickness, using SEM; surface roughness using AFM; and reaction to the conditioners, based on the percentage of open tubules, using SEM. Results . Overall, SBS was lower when SB was used than when SE was used. SBS decreased with increasing coarseness of the abrasive in the SE group. Among burs, the carbide group had the highest SBS, and 320- and 240-grit papers had SBS close to the carbide group. Surface roughness and smear layer thickness varied strongly with coarseness. After conditioning with SE primer, the tubule openness of specimens abraded by carbide bur did not differ from 240- or 320-grit paper, but did differ from the 600-grit. Significance . Even though affected by different surface preparation methods, SE yielded higher SBS than SB. The higher SBS and thin smear layer of the carbide bur group, suggests its use when self-etching materials are used in vivo. Overall, the 320-grit abrasive paper surface finish yielded results closer to that of the carbide bur and its use is recommended in vitro as a clinical simulator when using the SE material.
Little Needles, Big Haystack: Orphans of HIV/AIDS in the Deep South

ABSTRACT Portrayals of children being affected by a parent's illness or death from HIV/AIDS typically involve survivors from high-prevalence countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Little is known about such children in the United States, even though HIV/AIDS is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for adults of childbearing age. To address this issue, the present study investigated children who had been orphaned (or were at risk of being orphaned) in the American Deep South. The study also sought to describe the family contexts of at-risk children. Three research methods were used: a chart review of deceased and active adults at a public HIV clinic; an obituary review; and an examination of data from a statewide needs-assessment survey. The triangulated results indicated that at-risk children outnumbered orphans by 2 to 1. Most of these at-risk and orphaned children were African Americans living in abject poverty and facing an uncertain future. Privacy issues raised problems in identifying the childre...
Bi-directional inflorescence development in Arabidopsis thaliana : acropetal initiation of flowers and basipetal initiation of paraclades

In this study we investigated Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. inflorescence development by characterizing morphological changes at the shoot apex during the transition to flowering. Sixteen-hour photoperiods were used to synchronously induce flowering in vegetative plants grown for 30 d in non-inductive 8-h photoperiods. During the first inductive cycle, the shoot apical meristem ceased producing leaf primordia and began to produce flower primordia. The differentiation of paraclades (axillary flowering shoots), however, did not occur until after the initiation of multiple flower primordia from the shoot apical meristem. Paraclades were produced by the basipetal activation of buds from the axils of leaf primordia which had been initiated prior to photoperiodic induction. Concurrent with the activation of paraclades was the partial suppression of paraclade-associated leaf primordia, which became bract leaves. The suppression of bract-leaf primordia and the abrupt initiation of flower primordia during the first inductive photoperiod is indicative of a single phase change during the transition to flowering in photoperiodically induced Arabidopsis. Morphogenetic changes characteristic of the transition to flowering in plants grown continuously in 16-h photoperiods were qualitatively equivalent to the changes observed in plants which were photoperiodically induced after 30 d. These results suggest that Arabidopsis has only two phases of development, a vegetative phase and a reproductive phase; and that the production of flower primordia, the differentiation of paraclades from the axils of pre-existing leaf primordia and the elongation of internodes all occur during the reproductive phase.
A microfluorometric method for the determination of agmatine.

Summary Agmatine reacts with o -phthalaldehyde in an alkaline medium to form a highly fluorescent reaction product. The technique may be utilized for estimation of agmatine in systems in which the amine is formed or metabolized.
Suprasylvian auditory responses in the cat.

Abstract 1. 1. In the cat, auditory stimulation by click evokes potentials in an area of the anterior suprasylvian gyrus distinct from areas previously described. 2. 2. The suprasylvian response (SS) is not abolished by complete ablation of the ectosylvian gyri, bilaterally. 3. 3. Augmentation of the ectosylvian response (ES) by local strychninization does not augment the suprasylvian response. 4. 4. Destruction of one cochlea produces depression of the contralateral SS response and augmentation of the ipsilateral SS response. 5. 5. Locally applied strychnine does not influence the SS response when both cochleas are intact. After destruction of one cochlea, local strychninization augments the ipsilateral SS response. 6. 6. The SS response area is coextensive with the area in which electrical stimulation evokes movements of the contralateral pinna and conjugate deviation of the eyes to the opposite side. It is considered that this is an area of sensory-motor overlap subserving a cortical reflex for oriented alerting to sound localized in space.
Variations in parental monitoring and predictions of adolescent prescription opioid and stimulant misuse.

Abstract Objective This study examined relations between adolescents' family structures, social ties, and drug-related attitudes, and their misuse of prescription opioids and stimulants. Different relationships were anticipated for the substances based on prior research highlighting varying motivations for their use. Method Based on an earlier model of adolescent substance misuse, two path analytic models were tested using data from 12 to 17 year olds in the 2012 U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH: N = 17,399). Results Female respondents reported higher levels of parental warmth, as did youth from wealthier families. Greater parental monitoring was reported by adolescents from wealthier and intact families. Parental monitoring and warmth predicted adolescents' social ties and individual differences associated with drug use, and both variables predicted prescription opioid and stimulant misuse. Contrary to previous research, for adolescents aged 12 to 14, high levels of parental monitoring, while positively associated with attitudes and social ties, also predicted higher rates of prescription stimulant misuse when combined with low levels of parental warmth. Results were cross-validated with data from the 2011 NSDUH. Conclusions Analyses highlighted the importance of understanding and differentiating the underlying factors associated with adolescent prescription stimulant and opioid misuse, and the role of parental behaviors in prevention.
Power politics as usual in Cyprus and Northern Ireland: Divided islands and the roles of external ethno‐guarantors

The Cypriot 1960 Constitution and the Northern Ireland 1985 Anglo‐Irish Agreement are compared to explore the third‐party intervention roles of bilateral external ethno‐guarantors in protracted conflicts in Cyprus and Northern Ireland. Ethno‐guarantors have intervened in both of these long‐standing intractable ethno‐territorial conflicts between local ethnic groups with competing claims to the same territory. This article focuses on some of the reasons why the coercive consociational elite model failed in Cyprus, yet has provided the framework for the establishment of a power‐sharing, devolved government in Northern Ireland within the context of the Anglo‐Irish Agreement.
Duodenal nutrients inhibit canine jejunal fasting motor patterns through a hormonal mechanism

Ingestion of a meal converts the fasting motor pattern, the migrating motor complex (MMC), to a fed pattern of motility. The role of specific anatomic gut regions involved in these changing patterns of motility and the neurohormonal factors which mediate these changes, however, are unknown. Our aim was to determine the neurohormonal mechanisms by which nutrients within the duodenal lumen alter proximal jejunal motility. Fifteen dogs were prepared with a gastric cannula, duodenal infusion catheter, duodenal and proximal jejunal manometry catheters, and a totally diverting cannula in the most proximal portion of the jejunum. Ten of the dogs also underwent completein situ neural isolation of the entire jejunoileum. Experiments were performed in the fasting state with no infusion (0 ml/min) and during a 5-hr duodenal infusion (3 ml/min) of either a nonnutrient electrolyte solution or a mixed nutrient solution while diverting distal duodenal chyme from the jejunum. During sham infusion (0 ml/min), the MMC was present in neurally intact dogs (group 1) and dogs with neurally isolated jejunoileum (group 2). Nonnutrient infusion did not inhibit or consistently alter the MMC in either group. Nutrient infusion limited to the duodenum inhibited the MMC in both duodenum and jejunum in dogs with neurally intact and neurally isolated jejunoileum. Latency of onset of the fed pattern in the duodenum and jejunum did not differ between groups. We conclude that postprandial inhibition of the MMC in the jejunum is mediated, in part, by a hormonal mechanism induced by duodenal lumenal nutrients.
Profiling Membrane Lipids in Plant Stress Responses ROLE OF PHOSPHOLIPASE Dα IN FREEZING-INDUCED LIPID CHANGES IN ARABIDOPSIS

A sensitive approach based on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry has been employed to profile membrane lipid molecular species in Arabidopsis undergoing cold and freezing stresses. Freezing at a sublethal temperature induced a decline in many molecular species of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) but induced an increase in phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophospholipids. To probe the metabolic steps generating these changes, lipids ofArabidopsis deficient in the most abundant phospholipase D, PLDα, were analyzed. The PC content dropped only half as much, and PA levels rose only half as high in the PLDα-deficient plants as in wild-type plants. In contrast, neither PE nor PG levels decreased significantly more in wild-type plants than in PLDα-deficient plants. These data suggest that PC, rather than PE and PG, is the majorin vivo substrate of PLDα. The action of PLDα during freezing is of special interest because Arabidopsis plants that are deficient in PLDα have improved tolerance to freezing. The greater loss of PC and increase in PA in wild-type plants as compared with PLDα-deficient plants may be responsible for destabilizing membrane bilayer structure, resulting in a greater propensity toward membrane fusion and cell death in wild-type plants.
Oscillatory activity in forelimb muscles of behaving monkeys evoked by microstimulation in the cerebellar nuclei.

Abstract Coherent 20–35 Hz (β) oscillations are a prominent feature of activity in primary motor cortex and muscles of monkeys and humans performing voluntary movements. We found that coherent β oscillations are also present in the cerebellar nuclei (CN). Two monkeys were operantly conditioned to perform a wrist flexion/extension step-tracking task while we recorded neuronal activity or microstimulated in CN and recorded EMG activity from forelimb muscles. Coherent β oscillations were found between discharges of some CN neurons and tonically active shoulder, elbow and wrist/finger flexion and extension muscles. Similarly, localized microstimulation pulses in CN evoked transient β oscillations in widespread forelimb muscles. We conclude that coherent motor system β oscillations are present in CN and that CN may be an important nodal point for the generation and/or propagation of β oscillations throughout the motor system.
Expression and regulation of brain metallothionein

Many, but not all, zinc-containing neurons in the brain are a subclass of the glutamatergic neurons, and they are found predominantly in the telencephalon. These neurons store zinc in their presynaptic terminals and release it by a calcium-dependent mechanism. These "vesicular" pools of zinc are viewed as endogenous modulators of ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels. Metallothioneins (MTs) are low molecular weight zinc-binding proteins consisting of 25-30% cysteine, with no aromatic amino acids or disulfide bonds. The areas of the brain containing high contents of zinc such as the retina, the pineal gland, and the hippocampus synthesize unique isoforms of MT on a continuous basis. The four MT isoforms are thought to provide the neurons and glial elements with mechanisms to distribute, donate, and sequester zinc at presynaptic terminals; or buffer the excess zinc at synaptic junctions. In this cause, glutathione disulfide may participate in releasing zinc from MT. A similar nucleotide and amino acid sequence has made it difficult to obtain cDNA probes and antibodies capable of distinguishing indisputably among MT isoforms. MT-I and MT-II isoforms are found in the brain and in the peripheral tissues; MT-III isoform, possessing an additional seven amino acids, is expressed mostly in the brain and to a very minute extent in the intestine and pancreas; whereas MT-IV isoform is found in tissues containing stratified squamous epithelial cells. Since MTs are expressed in neurons that sequester zinc in their synaptic vesicles, the regulation of the expression of MT isoforms is extremely important in terms of maintaining the steady-state level of zinc and controlling redox potentials. The concentration of zinc has been shown to be altered in an extensive number of disorders of the central nervous system, including alcoholism. Alzheimer-type dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Down's syndrome, epilepsy, Friedreich's ataxia, Guillaine-Barre syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Pick's disease, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal dystrophy, schizophrenia, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. The status of MT isoforms and other low molecular weight zinc-binding proteins in these conditions, diseases, disorders, or syndromes is being delineated at this time. Since several of these disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, are associated with oxidative stress, and since MT is able to prevent the formation of free radicals, it is believed that cytokine-induced induction of MT provides a long-lasting protection to avert oxidative damage.
Two-color time-domain thermoreflectance of various metal transducers with an optical parametric oscillator

Conventional single-color laser pump?probe methods for measuring thermal properties are limited by sample requirements that arise from considerations of surface roughness and compatible thermoreflectance transducers. Here, we describe a new experimental arrangement for performing two-color time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR). The technique is a variation of traditional pump?probe spectroscopy that is based on a femtosecond Ti:sapphire oscillator of a fixed wavelength and an optical parametric oscillator, with the goal being to create an independently tunable probe wavelength. This method offers two advantages: (1) spectral filtering of diffusely scattered pump light (to prevent it from reaching the detector) and (2) improvement in the thermoreflectance signal from different metal thin films. The wavelength tunability of the system allows enhancement of TDTR signal generation for multiple thermoreflectance transducer materials. This wavelength-adjustable feature, in turn, facilitates the direct measurement of the thermal transport properties of various thin films and substrates, which would be difficult with single-color femtosecond pump?probe systems. Demonstrated results include optimization of the probe wavelength for different metals, measurement of metal?graphite interfacial conductances on relatively rough samples and a two-order-of-magnitude calibration of thermal conductivity measurements using copper as a thermoreflectance transducer.
The hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae) from Gülpinar (Canakkale, Turkey)

The mammalian fauna from Gulpinar (Canakkale, Turkey), dated Turolian, comprises threeHipparion taxa:H. cf.matthewi, H. sp. medium-sized, andH. sp. large. Two metatarsals may represent a fourth taxon or may derive from a different locality. The hipparion material is described here.
Applied physiology of amateur Wrestling

The general physiological profile of the successful wrestler is of one having high anaerobic power (mean range of 6.1 to 7.5 W/kg for arms; mean range of 11.5 to 19.9 W/kg for legs); high anaerobic capacity (range for arms 4.8 to 5.2 W/kg; range for legs 7.4 to 8.2 W/kg); high muscular endurance; average to above average aerobic power (range 52 to 63 ml/kg/min); average pulmonary function (range 1.90 to 2.02 L/kg/min for VEmax); normal flexibility; a high degree of leanness (range 3.7 to 13.0% fat) excluding heavyweights; and a somatotype that emphasises mesomorphy. Training methods include wrestling, and nonwrestling activities for increasing strength and power (i.e. resistance training), and to improve cardiovascular fitness (i.e. endurance training). Unfortunately, data on the isolated effects of wrestling on fitness and the type of training programme most effective for success in wrestling are scarce. The practice of weight loss is commonly used by wrestlers to enhance performance. Rapid weight loss has profound adverse effects on the wrestler's physiology but little effect on strength or anaerobic power performance as measured in the laboratory. In contrast, muscular endurance appears to be impaired by the rapid weight loss. Current research on weight loss and performance in wrestlers has taken 2 directions: (a) towards nutritional treatments to prevent suboptimal muscular endurance, and (b) towards the development of programmes to estimate minimal weight based on body composition techniques and thereby prevent weight reductions.
Nuclear orientation of57Co

57Co has been oriented in an iron foil at temperatures down to 12.7 moK. The57Co magnetic moment was measured by taking temperature-dependent57Co and60Co data, and the result was μ(57Co)=4.733±0.023 n.m. The mixing ratios, δ=E2/M1, of the intense 122 keV γ-ray as well as of the weak57Fe γ-rays, resulting from the decay of the 707 keV level, were measured. We obtained δ (122)=0.1195±0.0010, −0.186<δ (230) <0.072 or −6.99<δ (230)<−2.38, δ (352)=0.038±0.010 or 3.35±0.12, δ (367)= =−0.047±0.025 or −1.56±0.09, δ (340)=0.0827±0.0051, δ (570)=0.0974±0.0081 and δ (692)=−0.4654±0.0082.
Cytology of Canine and Feline Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Lesions and Lymph Nodes

Fine-needle aspirates and impression smears of cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions and lymph nodes are the most commonly submitted cytology samples from veterinary patients. Diagnostic cytology samples of these lesions are easily collected in patients without anesthesia or analgesia. Cytology can yield immediate results and may prevent the need for additional tests that use more invasive methods of sample collection. This article offers a brief review of how to collect and submit cytology samples and describes cytologic lesions that often are diagnosed in dogs and cats. When applicable, differences between disease progression in dogs and cats are described.
Seroquel: electrophysiological profile of a potential atypical antipsychotic.

Extracellular single unit recording techniques were employed to compare the effects of seroquel with the reference antipsychotic (AP) agents clozapine and haloperidol in electrophysiological tests that may predict AP activity. Seroquel and clozapine were differentially more active in reversing the inhibitory actions ofd-amphetamine on mesolimbic (A10) than nigrostriatal (A9) dopamine (DA)-containing neurons, whereas haloperidol exhibited the opposite selectivity. In cell population studies, acute treatment with seroquel and clozapine selectively increased the number of spontaneously active A10 DA cells, which was found to correlate with the ability of both these drugs to cause depolarization inactivation (DI) of A10 DA cells following repeated (28 day) administration. This profile of activity was unlike that of haloperidol, which acutely caused a nonselective increase in the number of active A9 and A10 DA cells, associated with the ability of this agent to cause DI of both A9 and A10 DA cells after repeated treatment. Since DI of A10 DA cells may be correlated with AP efficacy whereas DI of A9 DA cells may predict the ability of an AP to cause extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and tardive dyskinesia (TD), seroquel, like clozapine, may be an atypical AP with a reduced likelihood for producing EPS/TD.
Dual-Color Time-Integrated Fluorescence Cumulant Analysis

We introduce dual-color time-integrated fluorescence cumulant analysis (TIFCA) to analyze fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy data. Dual-color TIFCA utilizes the bivariate cumulants of the integrated fluorescent intensity from two detection channels to extract the brightness in each channel, the occupation number, and the diffusion time of fluorophores simultaneously. Detecting the fluorescence in two detector channels introduces the possibility of differentiating fluorophores based on their fluorescence spectrum. We derive an analytical expression for the bivariate factorial cumulants of photon counts for arbitrary sampling times. The statistical accuracy of each cumulant is described by its variance, which we calculate by the moments-of-moments technique. A method that takes nonideal detector effects such as dead-time and afterpulsing into account is developed and experimentally verified. We perform dual-color TIFCA analysis on simple dye solutions and a mixture of dyes to characterize the performance and accuracy of our theory. We demonstrate the robustness of dual-color TIFCA by measuring fluorescent proteins over a wide concentration range inside cells. Finally we demonstrate the sensitivity of dual-color TIFCA by resolving EGFP/EYFP binary mixtures in living cells with a single measurement.
Cytological and taxonomic studies of the Euglenales. I. Ultrastructure and envelope elemental composition in Trachelomonas

The ultrastructural cytology, envelope microarchitecture and elemental composition are described for species from three of Pringsheim's subgeneric categories of the euglenoid flagellate, Trachelomonas. Except for differences in chloroplast number and pyrenoid morphology, cellular organization in T. bulla, T. zorensis and T. lefevrei is similar; however, based on our finding that T. lefevrei has inner and outer paramylon caps over the pyrenoid, we propose that this species be moved from its present position in the subgroup with inner pyrenoids, to the subgroup with double-sheathed pyrenoids. Envelope microarchitecture, elemental composition and colour are correlated in each of the species. Elemental analyses indicate that envelopes or regions of envelopes with high iron content have a granular substructure, whereas those rich in manganese have a needle-like microcrystalline substructure. Envelopes of T. bulla never appear dark in the light microscope (L.M.) and have a granular microarchitecture with iron a...
Melorheostosis and FGF-23: is there a relationship?

Abstract Melorheostosis is a rare chronic bone disease of unknown etiology that often affects lower limbs. Onset usually occurs in childhood or early adolescence. The diagnosis relies on the radiographic finding of hyperostosis within or around the cortex responsible for a “flowing wax” appearance. To our knowledge, Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) levels have not yet been quantified in melorheostosis. We report an unusual case of this disease for whom the diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia had been wrongly made for a long period of time and the FGF-23 concentration has been found very high without any disturbance of serum phosphate.
Cleft lip and palate: current management

Cleft lip and palate are the most common presenting congenital conditions of the face and cranial bones. This article describes current understanding of the aetiology and presentation of the deformity and management of the child from prenatal diagnosis until maturity. Principle concerns include correction of the physical defect with the best possible functional and cosmetic outcome, optimal speech correction, satisfactory feeding and hearing, and dental and orthodontic health. The value of comprehensive management of all aspects of care within a multidisciplinary team including clinical psychology support for child and family is discussed.
Themed issue: fostering a mentoring mindset across teaching and learning contexts

This issue of Mentoring & Tutoring pays tribute to the role that healthy, viable and expansive mentoring mindsets play across teaching and learning contexts. This way of seeing is a kind of lifelin...
Approximate Methods for Analyzing Queueing Network Models of Computing Systems

The two primary issues in choosing a computing system model are credibility of the model and cost of developing and solving the model Credibility is determined by 1) the experience and biases of the persons using the model, 2) the extent to which the model represents system features, and 3) the accuracy of the solution technique. Queuemg network models are widely used because they have proven effective and are inexpensive to solve. However, most queuemg network models make strong assumptions to assure an exact numerical solution. When such assumptions severely affect credibility, slmulatmn or other approaches are used, in spite of their relatively high cost. It is the contention of this paper that queueing network models with credible assumptions can be solved approximately to provide credible performance estimates at low cost This contention is supported by examples of approximate solutions of queueing network models. Two major approaches to approximate solution, aggregation (decompositmn) and diffusion, are discussed
External ion beam analysis of the TFTR bumper limiters

Abstract Following the 1988 operational campaign of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR), 63 bumper-limiter tiles were removed for analysis. Each tile was analyzed ex vacuo for deuterium contamination. The total deuterium content was obtained using a new two-point approximation technique for exponential depth profiles. Several tiles were further analyzed to provide detailed two- and three-dimensional mapping and line scans down the sides of tiles for deuterium. Comparison of the deuterium data for the 1987 and 1988 campaigns indicates that deuterium deposition does not depend solely upon total integrated fueling. D fueling for the 1988 campaign was comparable to proposed fueling for future DT shot scenarios in TFTR. 1988 deuterium data lead to a tritium inventory estimate of ∼ 3 g T in the lirniter of TFTR for this fueling level. Scans along the side edges of limiter tiles indicate that the edges retain high levels of deuterium and are thus an important factor in T inventory estimates.
Optimal and Robust Estimation with an Introduction to Stochastic Control Theory, Second Edition (Lewis, F.L., et al; 2008) [Book Shelf]

This book is intended as a text for a second graduate course in modern control theory. The book primarily concerns Kalman filtering, its extensions, design, and implementation, with the latest developments on the effects of parameter variations (robustness) and its use in the separation theorem of stochastic control. The authors assume the reader has a good background in state variables and probability as well as some linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) theory. The book is fairly complete and has excellent examples and problems, and Matlab code is given both in the text and on the Web site. These features and material that is hard to find elsewhere on criteria, robustness, and Chang-Letov make the book invaluable to both grad students and practicing engineers using Kalman filters.
Computational complexity evaluation of JPEG 2000

Implementation complexity will have a dramatic influence in facilitating the deployment of the JPEG-2000 technology in consumer market products. This paper addresses the computational complexity evaluation of the new standard's compression engine. A non-optimized C code implementation of JPEG-2000 is profiled at run time using an automatic profiling tool built in house. The computational complexity measurements generated by the profiler are presented and discussed in the paper. The comparison between JPEG-2000 and JPEG baseline computational complexity is also presented.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
End-Quenching of TiCl4-Catalyzed Quasiliving Polyisobutylene with Alkoxybenzenes for Direct Chain End Functionalization

Alkoxybenzenes were used to end-quench TiCl4-catalyzed quasiliving isobutylene polymerizations initiated from 2-chloro-2,2,4-trimethylpentane or 5-tert-butyl-1,3-di(1-chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene at −70 °C in 40/60 (v/v) hexane/methyl chloride. The alkoxybenzene/chain end molar ratios were in the range 2.5−4. Effective alkoxybenzene quenchers included those with simple alkyl groups, such as anisole and isopropoxybenzene, haloalkyl tethers, such as (3-bromopropoxy)benzene and (2-chloroethoxy)benzene, and even those with hydroxyl and amine functionality, such as 4-phenoxy-1-butanol and 6-phenoxyhexylamine. Alkylation was generally quantitative and occurred exclusively in the para position; multiple alkylations on the same alkoxybenzene were not observed. The alkylation reactions were tolerant of temperatures ranging from −70 to −30 °C and were unimpeded by the presence of endo- or exo-olefin termini. In situ cleavage of the ether linkage of anisole and isopropoxybenzene termini allowed single pot syntheses ...
Comparison of ultrasonic and hand instruments for the removal of calculus

Although there was no practical difference in the effectiveness of the ultrasonic and hand method of calculus removal, the ultrasonic method was preferred by the patients as well as by the third-year and fourth-year dental students who served as operators.
Atmospheric Dispersion and Tracer Ventilation in a Deep Mountain Valley

Abstract During September and October 1984, a major meteorological and tracer study was conducted in Colorado's Brush Creek valley. The characteristics of atmospheric dispersion during the nighttime and morning transition periods are discussed in this paper. Tracer released near the valley floor did not reach the ridgetops (escape from the valley) during the nighttime but was confined to the valley, being carried in down-valley flows. After sunrise, with the onset of convective boundary-layer growth and initiation of upslope flows, the tracer within the valley was carried into the upper elevations of the valley atmosphere and ventilated from the valley. This was confirmed by the ridgetop tracer samplers and by a tracer mass budget applied to a valley atmosphere control volume. The ventilation rate of tracer from the valley atmosphere to the above-ridgetop flows was calculated from the tracer mass budget. A dimensionless form of the ventilation rate is proposed. The Gaussian plume equation adequately repre...
The jeans problem for a thin galaxy in steady state

Given the potential, the equation of continuity and Poisson’s equation are solved for the variation perpendicular to the Galactic plane for a thin galaxy in a steady state. Simple expressions are obtained for the joint density function for the mass density and velocity, and for the distribution function for the velocity and its moments.
Minimum bubble departure diameter in nucleate pool boiling

Abstract A method is described for determining the minimum bubble departure diameter in saturated nucleate pool boiling. It is shown that the minimum departure size varies with Jakob number only. Predicted results are compared with the smallest experimental departure diameters reported in literature. Satisfactory agreement is achieved when the minimum departure size has been obtained on the basis of bubble growth rate law recommended by Cole and Shulman.
Underreporting the Use of Dietary Supplements and Nonprescription Medications Among Patients Undergoing a Periodic Health Examination

Objective To compare the use of dietary supplements and nonprescription medications as reported on a written medical questionnaire with use reported during a structured interview. Design We conducted a prospective study of 200 subjects randomly selected among patients undergoing a periodic health examination in two divisions of the Department of Internal Medicine at Mayo Clinic Rochester—l 00 patients from a national cohort of executives and 100 community patients. Material and Methods Written information on selfreported use of supplements and nonprescription medications was obtained as part of a comprehensive medical questionnaire. SUbjects were then interviewed and asked about the use of supplements and nonprescription medications. In addition, the reason for using supplements was elicited and recorded. Results The prevalence of use of dietary supplements was 30.5% by written self-report in comparison with 61.0% reported during the structured interview. The resuits were consistent between executive and community patients. In response to questions about taking nonprescription medications, 24.5% of patients reported such use on the medical questionnaire in comparison with 42.5% when interviewed. The most common dietary supplements taken were multivitamins (41.5%), followed by vitamin E (24.0%) and vitamin C (23.0%). The most common nonprescription medications taken were aspirin (16.5%) and ibuprofen (13.0%). Most frequently, patients indicated that they were using supplements to promote health. Conclusion In this study, half the patients who took dietary supplements and almost half who took nonprescription medications did not report them to their healthcare provider on a written questionnaire, even though this information was requested. Patients should be specifically asked about use of dietary supplements and nonprescription medications, even if written information about such use is provided.
Assessment of patients for orthognathicsurgery

Rapid advances in orthognathic surgery now allow the clinician to treat severe dentofacial deformities that were once only manageable by orthodontic camouflage. These cases were often compromised with unacceptable facial esthetics and unstable occlusal results. Over the past 25 years, there have been numerous improvements in technology and the surgical management of dentofacial deformities. These progressions now allow more predictable surgical outcomes, which ensure patient satisfaction. Not all patients are candidates for surgical treatment; therefore, patient assessment and selection remains paramount in the process of diagnosing and treatment planning for this type of irreversible treatment. The inclusion of patients in the decision-making process increases their awareness and acceptance of the final result. The past three decades indicate an increased usage of orthodontic treatment by both children and adults. Patient demographic profiles for severe occlusal and facial characteristics are presented in an effort to understand the epidemiological factors of malocclusion and predict the population's need for this service.
Descriptors for point processes based on runs: the Markovian arrival process

This paper is part of a broader investigation of properties of a point process that can be identified by imagining that the process is involved in a competition for the generation of runs of events. The general purpose of that methodology is to quantify the prevalence of gaps and bursts in realizations of the process. The Markovian arrival process (MAP) is highly versatile in qualitative behavior and its analysis is numerically tractable by matrix-analytic methods. It can therefore serve well as a benchmark process in that investigation. In this paper, we consider the MAP and a regular grid competing for runs of lengths at least r1 and r2, respectively. A run of length r in one of the processes is defined as a string of r successive events occurring without an intervening event in the other process.
Numerical methods for controlled and uncontrolled multiplexing and queueing systems

We deal with a very useful numerical method for both controlled and uncontrolled queuing and multiplexing type systems. The basic idea starts with a heavy traffic approximation, but it is shown that the results are very good even when working far from the heavy traffic regime. The underlying numerical method is a version of what is known as the Markov chain approximation method. It is a powerful methodology for controlled and uncontrolled stochastic systems, which can be approximated by diffusion or reflected diffusion type systems, and has been used with success on many other problems in stochastic control. We give a complete development of the relevant details, with an emphasis on multiplexing and particular queueing systems. The approximating process is a controlled or uncontrolled Markov chain which retains certain essential features of the original problem. This problem is generally substantially simpler than the original physical problem, and there are associated convergence theorems. The non-classical associated ergodic cost problem is derived, and put into a form such that reliable and good numerical algorithms, based on multigrid type ideas, can be used. Data for both controlled and uncontrolled problems shows the value of the method.