cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Neurorehabilitation of HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Qualitative Review and Call to Action

Despite significant advances in the virologic management of HIV infection over the last two decades, effective treatments for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain elusive. While pharmacological interventions have yielded some success in improving neurocognitive outcomes in HIV, there is a dearth of rigorous studies examining the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation for remediating HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. This qualitative review summarizes and critiques the emerging literature on cognitive and behavioral treatments for HAND, which provides many reasons for optimism, but also has major limitations that underscore the scope of the work that lies ahead. Considering the notable real-world consequences of HAND, the development, validation, and clinical deployment of cognitive neurorehabilitation interventions tailored to the needs of persons living with HIV infection is a priority for clinical neuroAIDS investigators. In describing potential future directions for this endeavor, particular attention was paid to the application of cognitive neuropsychological principles in developing theory-driven approaches to managing HAND, improving everyday functioning, and enhancing HIV health outcomes.
Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay modified for application to luminescence-based biosensors

Application of immunoassay to biosensors for use in the point-of-care setting ideally requires immunoassay without separation steps and with small volumes of both sample and reagents. The suitability of cloned enzyme donor immunoassay (CEDIA), one of a few homogeneous immunoassays available, was investigated for application to biosensors. This method is based on the bacterial enzyme beta-galactosidase, which has been genetically engineered by others into two inactive fragments, enzyme donor (ED) and enzyme acceptor (EA). Association of the ED and EA fragments in the assay results in formation of active enzyme, which acts on substrate to generate a detectable signal. Sensitivity of commercially available CEDIA kits were compared, with respect to the sample and reagent volumes, using three different signal generation processes. The CEDIA kit for valproic acid and three substrates, a colorimetric (chlorophenol red-beta-D-galactopyranoside), a chemiluminescent (Lumi-Gal 530), and a bioluminescent (Beta-Glo Assay System), were employed in the study. Our results indicate that the high sensitivity of the bioluminogenic substrate, D-luciferin-O-beta-galactopyranoside, with short assay time and small volumes of sample and reagents required for the assay, simple handling, and relatively low expense, make this substrate, together with CEDIA, suitable for application to biosensors intended for drug and metabolite monitoring in the point-of-care setting.
Growth, protein utilization, and secretion of pancreatic enzymes by rats in response to elevated levels of dietary protein

Abstract Rats were fed diets containing 15, 30, 45, or 60% casein for 30 days. The weight gains of rats fed diet containing 30% casein were higher (P
Effect of stimulus variation upon reversal shift performance of kindergarten children

Two experiments examined the effects of differences between stimulus conditions present during an initial learning task and a reversal task. Each experiment consisted of four groups of kindergarten children trained in a two-choice discrimination problem. All Ss first learned a simple form discrimination in which the discriminanda were of the same color. Immediately upon reaching criterion, all Ss were required to learn a reversal, i.e., learn to respond to the formerly nonreinforced stimulus. For Group 1, the control group, the stimulus conditions remained constant during reversal. Group 2 had the color of the stimuli changed; Group 3 had the size of the stimuli altered, and Group 4 had both color and size changed during reversal. The results provide support for the idea that reversal speed is a function of the variability between the stimulus conditions of the learning and the reversal tasks.
New method for improved calculations of unsteady complex flows in large arteries

Abstract Using an improved computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method developed for highly unsteady three-dimensional flows, numerical simulations for oscillating flow cycles and detailed unsteady simulations of the flow and forces on the aortic vessels at the iliac bifurcation, for both healthy and diseased patients, are analyzed. Improvements in computational efficiency and acceleration in convergence are achieved by calculating both an unsteady pressure gradient which is due to fluid acceleration and a good global pressure field correction based on mass flow for the pressure Poisson equation. Applications of the enhanced method to oscillatory flow in curved pipes yield an order of magnitude increase in speed and efficiency, thus allowing the study of more complex flow problems such as flow through the mammalian abdominal aorta at the iliac arteries bifurcation. To analyze the large forces which can exist on stent graft of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease, a complete derivation of the force equations is presented. The accelerated numerical algorithm and the force equations derived are used to calculate flow and forces for two individuals whose geometry is obtained from CT data and whose respective blood pressure measurements are obtained experimentally. Although the use of endovascular stent grafts in diseased patients can alter vessel geometries, the physical characteristics of stents are still very different when compared to native blood vessels of healthy subjects. The geometry for the AAA stent graph patient studied in this investigation induced flows that resulted in large forces that are primarily caused by the blood pressure. These forces are also directly related to the flow cross-sectional area and the angle of the iliac arteries relative to the main descending aorta. Furthermore, the fluid flow is significantly disturbed in the diseased patient with large flow recirculation and stagnant regions which are not present for healthy subjects.
The Safety of LNG Systems

An evaluation of the hazards, controls, and safety issues involved in the arrival and docking of LNG carriers and the transfer, storage, and vaporization operations ashore, analysis of alternative methodologies for risk quantification, and results of several recent risk assessment studies suggest that the probability of a large-scale accident involving the public is very small but the consequences of such an accident could be great. Potential accidents are associated only with ships in harbor, land storage tanks, and possibly, the cryogenic pipeline carrying LNG from the ship to the tank. Dangerous fires or vapor clouds might occur in accidents where the spilled LNG is not confined in an intact containment, such as a tank dike. Burying the cryogenic LNG pipeline in the seabed and the storage tank in the ground, and the use of natural or artificial islands and floating terminals for unloading and regasifying LNG could eliminate all public risks from the LNG operations in the future.
ab-initio tight-binding theory for the electronic structure

Abstract A new electronic structure scheme based on a cross between the ab-initio cluster methods and the conventional tight-binding theory is proposed. The scheme is computer efficient and permits electronic structure calculations on system having several hundred atoms without any symmetry. It is used to calculate the magnetic moment in Fe, Co and Ni forming chains, slabs and bulk and the results compared with previous calculations and experiment. The new approach has potential for applications to quasicrystals and amorphous materials.
Science vs. fanaticism: a report of the hearing on the Wier bill to prohibit fluoridation

An imposing array of scientific talent assembled in Washington May 25 for a three day hearing on a bill (H.R. 2341) pending in Congress to prohibit fluoridation of public water supplies throughout the United States. The hearing was conducted by the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce of the House of Represent­ atives, headed by Congressman Wolverton (R., N.J.). Lined up against some of the nation’s leading research scientists were the current ringleaders against the health procedure, whose irresponsible charges have circulated freely in many communities. Reliable information indicated there was general disapproval of the bill by the congressmen, and the measure appeared destined to die in committee. Here are some high lights of the hearing.
A Numerical Study of the Effects of Ambient Flow and Shear On Density Currents

Abstract A numerical model investigation is conducted of the effects of ambient flow and shear upon the propagation and morphology of density currents. The model is initialized with a horizontally homogeneous wind profile superimposed on a cold-air source that initiates and maintains the density currents. The base state is neutrally stratified and free-slip lower and upper boundary conditions are used. A headwind (i.e., relative flow in the direction opposing the system movement) raises the density current head compared to calm surroundings, while a tailwind has the opposite effect. A weak or moderate shear elevates the head for the downshear-traveling system and a shallow multihead structure appears in strong shear. In contrast, the upshear-moving system is largely insensitive to the shear. In uniform flow, the propagation speed is linearly proportional to the ambient wind speed, reduced or enhanced by about three-quarters depending on the airflow direction. In uniform shear, a linear relationship approx...
High energy products in rapidly annealed nanoscale Fe/Pt multilayers

Magnetic properties of nanocomposite Fe–Pt films with Fe concentration higher than 50 at % have been investigated in this study. Fe/Pt multilayers were produced by sputtering and magnetic hardening was observed after heat treatment including rapid annealing. The final nanocomposite films consisted of the hard face-centered tetragonal FePt phase and a soft face-centered-cubic phase. The maximum energy products of the optimally processed samples exceeded 40 MGOe. Evidence for exchange coupling of the hard and soft phases was found.
NEW DERIVATION OF THE SECOND VIRIAL COEFFICIENT.

We present a new, completely rigorous way of proving the relation between the second virial coefficient and the $S$ matrix. The method involves the use of the ${U}_{2,\ensuremath{\infty}}$ function introduced by Lee and Yang and proceeds in the most straightforward manner. Although difficulties are encountered for virial coefficients of higher order, there is hope that this type of approach might shed some light on the question of the connection between the virial series and the scattering matrix.
Segmenting handwritten text lines into words using distance algorithms

This paper explores different distance algorithms that can group connected components of a handwritten text line into words. A binarized handwritten text image normally consists of many connected components, where each component is a character fragment, an isolated character, or a group of characters. When the writing style is unconstrained, recognition of individual components is unreliable so the components must be grouped into words before recognition algorithms (which may require dictionaries) can be used. Algorithms that compute the distance between connected components can indicate how the connected components should be clustered into words. We show that fast straightforward distance algorithms (such as using the horizontal distance between the component''s bounding boxes) have mediocre performance. Euclidean distance algorithms perform well but are computationally slow. This paper describes original methods of computing distances. These algorithms include combining a set of horizontal distances between components (applied to each pixel row) with the Euclidean and bounding box methods to achieve high performance and reasonable speed. We examine six distance algorithms and each is tested on unconstrained handwritten address images.
Use of the Matrix Form of the Fundamental Equations for Transformed Gibbs Energies of Biochemical Reaction Systems at Three Levels

The thermodynamics of a biochemical reaction system can be treated at three levels. At level 1 the fundamental equation for the Gibbs energy G is written in terms of species, at level 2 the equilib...
Activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) by mechanical activity alters contractile activity in a Ca2+-independent manner in cardiac myocytes: role of troponin I phosphorylation.

Cardiac myocytes express the calcium-responsive nitric oxide synthase (eNOS or NOS3). Activation of NOS3 by increased intracellular Ca2+concentration, [Ca2+]i, has been demonstrated to decrease myocyte contractile responsiveness, although this appears to occur in a Ca2+-independent manner. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the possibility that contractile activity could be modulated by an NO-mediated alteration in the phosphorylation status of troponin I, which is known to alter myofilament sensitivity to Ca2+. During pacing at 3 Hz,32P-labeled myocytes exhibited a 59 ± 9% increase in TnI phosphorylation compared to quiescent cells (p< 0.05), an effect that was significantly attenuated by either methylene blue orl-nitroarginine (l-NA). While exposure to methylene blue significantly increased the contractile amplitude of paced myocytes, this was not accompanied by an alteration in intracellular Ca2+. These data indicate that the NO-mediated effects on myocyte contraction may be elicited through an alteration in myofilament Ca2+sensitivity that results from an alteration in the phosphorylation status of troponin I.
Antioxidant Activity of Methanolic Extracts of Various Oilseed Protein Ingredients

Antioxidant activity (AA) of methanolic extracts of defatted flours, concentrates, and isolates produced from glandless cottonseed, peanut, and soybean was determined against linoleate oxidation catalyzed by metmyoglobin (MetMb), Fe++-EDTA (1:l molar ratio) and fresh beef homogenates and against autoxidation of safflower oil. Total phenolic content of the extracts was also determined. Methanolic extracts of glandless cottonseed protein ingredients showed uniquely and consistently higher AA than those of peanut and soy protein ingredients. Total phenolic content was also markedly higher for the cottonseed protein extracts. Methanol-soluble AA was significantly correlated with total phenolic content for the extracts of defatted flours and concentrates but not for the extracts of isolates. The comparative methanol-soluble AA values of these oilseed protein ingredients were indicative of their antioxidation potential in cooked meat products.
Assembly of Systems Having Maximum Reliability

Abstract : The first problem considered in the paper is concerned with the assembly of independent components into parallel systems so as to maximize the expected number of system that perform satisfactorily. Associated with each component is a probability of it performing successfully. It is shown that an optimal assembly is obtained if the reliability of each assembled system can be made equal. If such equality is not attainable, then bounds are given so that the maximum expected number of systems that perform satisfactorily will lie within these stated bounds; the bounds being a function of an arbitrarily chosen assembly. An improvement algorithm is also presented. A second problem treated is concerned with the optimal design of a system. Instead of assembling given units, there is an opportunity to control their quality, i.e., the manufacturer is able to fix the probability, p, of a unit performing successfully. However, his resources are limited so that a constraint is imposed on these probabilities.
Random walk based node sampling in self-organizing networks

Random walk is a means of network node sampling that requires little index maintenance and can function on almost all connected network topologies. With careful guidance, node samples following a desired probability distribution can be generated with the only requirement that the sampling probabilities of each visited node and its direct neighbors are known at each walk step. This paper describes a broad range of network applications that can benefit from such guided random walks in dynamic and decentralized settings. This paper also examines several key issues for implementing random walks in self-organizing networks, including the convergence time of random walks, impact of dynamic network changes and particularly resulted walker losses, and the difficulty of pacing walk steps without synchronized clocks between network nodes. Our result suggests that with proper management, these issues do not cause significant problems under many realistic network environments.
Multifocal mesenchymal hamartoma of the chest wall in infancy

The authors report on an infant who had multifocal mesenchymal hamartoma of the right posterior chest wall. The tumors were found incidentally, on a chest radiograph, during routine evaluation for upper respiratory tract infection. Resection of both lesions with chest wall reconstruction was performed, with a good result. Only 46 cases of this unusual tumor have been reported previously, and only two of them were multifocal.
Linking family economic pressure and supportive parenting to adolescent health behaviors: two developmental pathways leading to health promoting and health risk behaviors.

Adolescent health behaviors, especially health risk behaviors, have previously been linked to distal (i.e., family economic pressure) and proximal (i.e., parental support) contributors. However, few studies have examined both types of contributors along with considering health promoting and health risk behaviors separately. The present study investigated the influences of family economic hardship, supportive parenting as conceptualized by self-determination theory, and individual psychosocial and behavioral characteristics (i.e., mastery and delinquency, respectively) on adolescents’ health promoting and health risk behaviors. We used structural equation modeling to analyze longitudinal data from a sample of Caucasian adolescent children and their mothers and fathers (N = 407, 54 % female) to examine direct and indirect effects, as well as gender symmetry and asymmetry. Findings suggest that family economic pressure contributed to adolescent mastery and delinquency through supportive parenting. Further, supportive parenting indirectly affected adolescent health risk behaviors only through delinquency, whereas supportive parenting indirectly influenced health promoting behaviors only through mastery, suggesting different developmental pathways for adolescent health risk and health promoting behaviors. Testing for gender symmetry of the full model showed that maternal and paternal parenting contributed to females’ health risk behaviors directly, while maternal and paternal parenting contributed to males’ health risk behaviors through delinquency. Gender symmetry was largely unsupported. The study highlights key direct and indirect pathways to adolescent health risk and health promoting behaviors within a family stress model and self-determination theory framework, and also highlights important gender differences in these developmental pathways.
HyperMaps: telling your users where to go

While you were trying to figure out how to use on-line documentation effectively, along came HyperText, promising your users better ways to assimilate information but complicating your already chaotic world. If you have the time, look over your shoulder and you'll discover an even newer technology, HyperMaps. HyperMaps will allow you to deliver information in ways you probably have not even imagined — and to users who would not normally use computers.HyperMaps are databases that include maps, graphics, text, and a means to navigate among all of these. You'll find that HyperMaps provide information that would be difficult or impossible to deliver in even the most complex database, in a way that the most naive user will find simple to use.Users who currently use your on-line library catalog to find a book might use a HyperMap system to see a map indicating where in the stack of the floor of the building the book is actually located. A HyperMap would also show them how to go from their dorm room to the appropriate branch of the library. But this is only a tiny part of what HyperMaps can do.At Princeton University we have built a HyperMap system and have looked at many systems built by others. Today, PAL (Princeton Automatic Locator), our HyperMap system, is a working pilot project at a crossroad. There are many directions it can move and we are researching the options. The issues we are considering today are the ones you'll probably be considering in the near future.Before you abandon the HyperText project (or on-line documentation project) that you are hard at work on completing, here's an overview of HyperMaps. You'll see what HyperMaps are and how they can compliment existing on-line documentation, hypertext systems, and database systems. You'll see how they allow you to get the attention of non-traditional computer users and renew the interest of existing users. You'll also see how they can serve the needs of special groups of people such as handicapped students, prospective students, and facilities managers.Here's a concise guide to an information delivery system that's likely to be in your future. This guide will provide a road map showing you how to build HyperMap systems that will tell your users where to go.
Volumetric ultrasound and computer-assisted analysis at the point-of-care: A musculoskeletal exemplar

In this paper we motivate the hypothesis that the use of volumetric ultrasound imaging and automated image analysis tools would improve clinical workflows as well as outcomes at the point-of-care. To make our case, this paper presents results from a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) study [1] where several image analysis techniques have been applied to volumetric ultrasound, highlighting anatomy of interest to better understand disease progression. Pathologies related to RA in joints, manifest themselves commonly as changes in the bone (e.g. erosions) and the region enclosed by the joint-capsule (e.g. synovitis). Automated tools for detecting and segmenting such structures would help significantly towards objective and quantitative assessment of RA in joints. Extracted bone coupled with a simple anatomical model of the joint provides a coarse localization of the joint-capsule region. A probabilistic speckle model is then used to iteratively refine the capsule segmentation. We illustrate the performance of proposed algorithms through quantitative comparisons with expert annotations as well as qualitative results on over 30 scans obtained from 11 subjects.
Optimal performance in a countermanding saccade task

Countermanding an action is a fundamental form of cognitive control. In a saccade-countermanding task, subjects are instructed that, if a stop signal appears shortly after a target, they are to maintain fixation rather than to make a saccade to the target. In recent years, recordings in the frontal eye fields and superior colliculus of behaving non-human primates have found correlates of such countermanding behavior in movement and fixation neurons. In this work, we extend a previous neural network model of countermanding to account for the high pre-target activity of fixation neurons. We propose that this activity reflects the functioning of control mechanisms responsible for optimizing performance. We demonstrate, using computer simulations and mathematical analysis, that pre-target fixation neuronal activity supports countermanding behavior that maximizes reward rate as a function of the stop signal delay, fraction of stop signal trials, intertrial interval, duration of timeout, and relative reward value. We propose experiments to test these predictions regarding optimal behavior.
The People and Public Opinion in the Eleventh-Century Peace Movement

I N the few existing treatises in the English language on the Peace and Truce of God, the popular aspects of the movement and its connection with the development of public opinion have scarcely been mentioned.' Another phase of the subject deserving attention is the relationship between the unusual public sentiment for peace in France and similar aspects of the early crusading period in the same regions. In this brief survey, it is intended merely to show the remarkable development of popular interest and cooperative public action in the eleventh-century peace movement, without entering into technical distinctions and detailed histories of the various types of peace institutions. France, the region par excellence of Crusades, of the Peace and Truce, of revival preachers and councils, and of similar popular enthusiasms, must be the basic field of interest and research; the period under consideration is mainly the eleventh century. Although the Peace of God originated during the late tenth century, its major development came in successive waves of revival and reform that swept over France during the first half of the eleventh century. Meanwhile the peace movement had assumed a more effective form, the Truce of God, and eventually a combined Peace-
Convex quadratic relaxations of nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic programs

Nonconvex quadratic constraints can be linearized to obtain relaxations in a well-understood manner. We propose to tighten the relaxation by using second-order cone constraints, resulting in a convex quadratic relaxation. Our quadratic approximation to the bilinear term is compared to the linear McCormick bounds. The second-order cone constraints are based on linear combinations of pairs of variables. With good bounds on these linear combinations, the resulting constraints strengthen the McCormick bounds. Computational results are given, which indicate that the convex quadratic relaxation can dramatically improve the solution times for some problems.
Comparison of Human and Animal Surveillance Data for H5N1 Influenza A in Egypt 2006–2011

Background The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic (transmissible between animals and humans) in origin, and therefore integrated surveillance of disease events in humans and animals has been recommended to support effective global response to disease emergence. While in the past decade there has been extensive global surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in both animals and humans, there have been few attempts to compare these data streams and evaluate the utility of such integration. Methodology We compared reports of bird outbreaks of HPAI H5N1 in Egypt for 2006–2011 compiled by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) EMPRESi reporting system with confirmed human H5N1 cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) for Egypt during the same time period. Principal Findings Both human cases and bird outbreaks showed a cyclic pattern for the country as a whole, and there was a statistically significant temporal correlation between the data streams. At the governorate level, the first outbreak in birds in a season usually but not always preceded the first human case, and the time lag between events varied widely, suggesting regional differences in zoonotic risk and/or surveillance effectiveness. In a multivariate risk model, lower temperature, lower urbanization, higher poultry density, and the recent occurrence of a bird outbreak were associated with increased risk of a human case of HPAI in the same governorate, although the positive predictive value of a bird outbreak was low. Conclusions Integrating data streams of surveillance for human and animal cases of zoonotic disease holds promise for better prediction of disease risk and identification of environmental and regional factors that can affect risk. Such efforts can also point out gaps in human and animal surveillance systems and generate hypotheses regarding disease transmission.
Continuity bounds for entanglement

This Brief Report quantifies the continuity properties of entanglement: how much does entanglement vary if we change the entangled quantum state just a little? This question is studied for the pure state entanglement of a bipartite system and for the entanglement of formation of a bipartite system in a mixed state.
Oxyfluorides and Basic Fluorides of Aluminium

EARLIER1, we reported the fact that despite the numerous syntheses of aluminium oxyhalides of the type AlOCl, AlOBr and AlOI, by methods generally applicable to all these aluminium oxyhalides, no preparation of AlOF has been reported. After experimental investigations on a number of reactions that might by analogy lead to the formation of AlOF, we have concluded that the lack of information concerning AlOF is not accidental, but stems from the general inapplicability with respect to AlOF of most preparative methods for AlOX compounds. This results from the greater bond strength of aluminium–fluorine bonds as compared with other aluminium–halogen bonds, the high crystallization energy of aluminium fluoride as compared with the other AlX3 compounds, and the enhanced ability of fluorine to form higher complex anions with elements such as arsenic. It is the latter characteristic which prevents the use of the As2O3 + 3A1X3 → 3AlOX + 2AsX3 reaction with aluminium fluoride1.
Analysis of morbidity in liver transplant recipients following human albumin supplementation: a retrospective pilot study.

ObjectivesTo assess incidence of morbidity (ie, documented infection, acute renal failure, acute graft rejection, acute cardiovascular events, and hospital read-mission rates) 6 months following li...
Assessment of Nasal Spray Deposition Pattern in a Silicone Human Nose Model Using a Color-Based Method

To develop a simple and inexpensive method to visualize and quantify droplet deposition patterns. Deposition pattern was determined by uniformly coating the nose model with Sar-Gel® (a paste that changes from white to purple on contact with water) and subsequently discharging sprays into the nose model. The color change was captured using a digital camera and analyzed using Adobe® Photoshop. Several tests were conducted to validate the method. Deposition patterns of different nasal sprays (Ayr, Afrin, and Zicam) and different nasal drug delivery devices (Afrin nasal spray and PARI Sinustar nasal nebulizer) were compared. We also used the method to evaluate the effect of inhaled flow rate on nasal spray deposition. There was a significant difference in the deposition area for Ayr, Afrin, and Zicam. The deposition areas of Afrin nasal spray and PARI Sinustar nasal nebulizer (2 min and 5 min) were significantly different. Inhaled flow rate did not have a significant effect on the deposition pattern. Lower viscosity formulations (Ayr, Afrin) provided greater coverage than the higher viscosity formulation (Zicam). The nebulizer covered a greater surface area than the spray pump we evaluated. Aerosol deposition in the nose model was not affected by air flow conditions.
Novel Therapeutics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: How Can We Make Progress?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death globally, and its prevalence and impact are even more profound because sorafenib is the only systemic therapy proven to pro...
Effects of Various Phosphates on the Palatability, Appearance and Storage Traits of Flaked and Formed Restructured Beef Steaks

Seven blends (9.1 kg raw meat) were formulated with 0.75% NaCl and 0.25% or 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), sodium hexa-metaphosphate (SHMP) or sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP). Steaks from all blends were “slightly” to “moderately” desirable in flavor and overall satisfaction scores. Steaks made with STP had higher shear force values and work required to shear values than all other restructured steaks indicating an increase in binding occurred with added STP. Restructured steaks formulated with 0.5% STP or SHMP had more desirable raw color scores than the control or steaks made with SAPP. Storage life of all phosphate added restructured steaks was past 90 days frozen storage, and steaks containing STP had thiobarbituric acid values below 1.0 at 120 days storage.
Treatment of tinea versicolor with sulfur-salicylic shampoo

One week of nightly application of sulfur-salicylic acid shampoo as a lotion was evaluated for the treatment of tinea versicolor. One half of the randomly allocated patients used the active preparation and the other half used a bland oil-in-water lotion as a placebo. Three months after completing treatment, nineteen of twenty-two using sulfur-salicylic acid shampoo were still negative by KOH examination, whereas only one of sixteen controls was negative. Skin irritation occurred in a few patients but did not reduce the effectiveness of the treatment.
Apparatus for Measurement of Ingestive Behavior in Dairy Cattle

Abstract The apparatus monitors ingestive behavior of individual, free-feeding dairy cattle confined to a tie-stall. The system consists of an electronic weighing platform connected to a chart recorder which continuously records the disappearance of feed from the cow's feed tray. This permits quantitation of spontaneous meal numbers, meal durations, within-meal rates, and inter-meal intervals. Construction of the weighing platform is described.
Serum procainamide analysis based on acetonitrile stacking by capillary electrophoresis

Stacking methods are important in capillary electrophoresis (CE) to overcome the poor detection limits. Cationic drugs are difficult to stack because they tend to interact with the capillary wall. As an example of the stacking of the cationic compounds, procainamide, an anti-arrhythmic drug, is analyzed in serum by CE using an acetonitrile treatment. Serum was deproteinized with acetonitrile containing quinine as an internal standard. About 12% of the capillary volume was filled with sample and separated using an electrophoresis buffer composed of triethanolamine, 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid (CHES) and 20% isopropanol, pH 8.2. Both the triethanolamine and the CHES were critical for the stacking. The addition of isopropanol improved the plate number for the procainamide and decreased the interfering compounds. Procainamide, its metabolite N-acetyl procainamide, and quinine were separated in about 7 min. The CE compared well with an immunoassay method.
Using charged device model testing to eliminate real-world ESD failures

Abstract Of 30 bipolar, BiCMOS, and CMOS monolithic, integrated circuit products that were ESD classified to the socketed Charged Device Model (CDM), 27 had ≥500 V withstand voltages and experienced no real-world CDM failures. Two of the three focus products with Once the physics of CDM failure on the three focus products were fully understood, the ESD redesigns were relatively straightforward. On all three products, diffused series resistors and/or clamping devices with fast response times were added to the pins with inadequate CDM robustness. For each product, these redesigns boosted the socketed CDM withstand voltages for the previously susceptible pins to ≥1500 V and eliminated real-world CDM failures. Based on this work, a combined socketed and non-socketed CDM test approach is proposed for classifying/evaluating products and driving CDM robustness improvements. Guidelines for CDM testing and CDM improvement programs are also provided.
The Hermit and the Old Goat

Narrated by a man looking back at his childhood, The Hermit and the Old Goat is loosely connected to real events. Placing herself in this fictional character’s mind allowed the author to explore with distant compassion the results of a traumatic family split. In self-narrative, we can re-script a traumatic experience’s meaning without having to depict it exactly as it happened. The trauma of losing one’s family disrupts one’s sense of self, one’s connection to the past and present and even the future. The Hermit and the Old Goat explores such trauma and its aftereffects from the reflective view of an outsider and his community. Such narrative distance in time, character, and even gender allows for an expression of forgiveness, understanding, and healing.
Identification and Estimation of Histamine, Tryptamine, Phenethylamine and Tyramine in Soy Sauce by Thin‐Layer Chromatography of Dansyl Derivatives

Histamine, tryptamine, phenethylamine and tyramine in soy sauce were derivatized by reaction with dansyl chloride in acetone-water (3:l). The dansyl derivatives were extracted with benzene, separated by TLC, and quantitated by measuring the fluorescence of each derivative. The average recovery for the entire procedure was 80% for histamine and over 87% for the other three amines. Tyramine was the chief amine found. The constancy of tyramine formation was demonstrated by its presence in measurable quantities in 12 of 15 soy sauce samples examined. The highest tyramine concentration (0.47 mg/ml) was found in a tamari soy sauce. The tyramine content averaged 0.18 mg/ml. Histamine, found in 10 of 15 samples, and tryptamine, found in only 5, averaged 0.1 mg/ml and 0.08 mg/ml respectively in the positive samples. Phenethylamine was not found in any of the 15 samples.
Chloroplast elongation factor Tu: evidence that it is the product of a chloroplast gene in Euglena.

Abstract The chloroplast protein synthesizing factor responsible for the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes (EF-Tuchl) has been identified in extracts of Euglena gracilis. This factor is present in low levels when Euglena is grown in the dark and can be induced more than 10-fold when the organism is exposed to light. The induction of the chloroplast EF-Tu by light is inhibited by streptomycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis on chloroplast ribosomes, indicating that protein synthesis within the chloroplast itself is required for the induction of this factor. The induction of the chloroplast EF-Tu by light is also inhibited by cycloheximide, a specific inhibitor of protein synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes. The effect of cycloheximide probably results from the inhibition of chloroplast ribosome synthesis which requires the synthesis of many proteins by the cytoplasmic translational system. Chloroplast EF-Tu cannot be induced by light in an aplastidic mutant (strain W3BUL) of Euglena which has neither significant plastid structure nor detectable chloroplast DNA. These data strongly suggest that the genetic information for chloroplast EF-Tu resides in the chloroplast genome and that this protein is synthesized within the organelle itself.
Observations of flow repeatability and secondary circulation in an oscillating grid-stirred tank

An oscillating grid-stirred tank was studied for flow repeatability and the existence of secondary circulations. For the particular tank studied, results indicate that mean flow values may vary by up to 25% and turbulent fluctuations may vary by up to 15% from one run to another. This result was observed to exhibit a potential grid geometry dependence. More importantly, there is evidence of significant flow field sensitivity to initial conditions. Particle image velocimetry results were used to reveal secondary mean flows in the grid-stirred tank. Because these characteristics are believed to be intrinsic to grid-stirred tanks, studies using such tanks must recognize and consider these effects.
The Aurora of March 15, 1885

NATURE for March 26 (p. 479) contains an account of a fine aurora observed at Christiania, Sweden, on March 15, by Prof. Sophus Tromholt. I would call attention to the fact that an aurora (a very unusual phenomenon at this place) was visible here on the evening of March 15. It was first seen at about 7 p.m.
Thermal and Mechanical Analysis of Cross-Linked Optical Fiber Coatings

A convenient route to enhancing the thermal degradation on-set temperature of existing commercial optical fiber coatings is presented. UV curable acrylate coatings were modified through the addition of a multi-functional cross-linking agent and are shown to increase their degradation temperature by 65degC without any degradation in the mechanical or optical properties of the resultant fiber. Such enhanced thermal robustness in coatings is important for optical fiber applications in high energy laser (HEL) systems and selected higher temperature sensing environments.
Packaging and AC powering of LED array

High power LEDs for lighting application can be implemented with dies. Multiple LEDs are usually connected in series to sustain high power supply voltage like AC 110V due to low LED forward voltage. AC-DC converter is often required for LED arrays working under an AC power supply. But the AC-DC converter brings power consumption overhead and degrades the overall system efficiency as much as 15%. In this work, a high power ceramic COB (Chip On Board) LED array packaging technology capable of working under AC 110V is developed. A total of 40 LEDs are used in the ceramic COB LEDs array to allow it work directly under AC 110V power supply. A special powering method is designed and dedicated to the COB LED array. The special powering method ensures both high light output and high LEDs array reliability especially under supply voltage variations. The measured COB LEDs current vs. AC supply voltage variation is shown in Fig.1 An extremely high driving efficiency (>98%) at the max power and a high power factor are achieved due to the elimination of the AC-DC converter. The electrical efficiency over LEDs forward current is plotted in Fig.2. The structure and top view of COB LED packaging is shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4. The COB package dimension is 68mm by 28mm. With 150mA LEDs forward current, the measured total power is 20W. The max LEDs forward current for this design is 700mA and the max power is 95W. The cross section of the PCB design is shown in Fig.5. Since AC-DC converter reliability is becoming the bottleneck of the high power LED lighting system, the presented ceramic COB LEDs array package with the special powering circuit reliability is enhanced due to the elimination of AC-DC converter. The system reliability is performed and shown in Fig.6. There is no performance degradation of both the ceramic COB LED and control circuit for 1000 hours. Long term reliability test of the system is still under testing and will be presented.
Financing investments in renewable energy : the impacts of policy design

Abstract The costs of electric power projects utilizing renewable energy technologies (RETs) are highly sensitive to financing terms. Consequently, as the electricity industry is restructured and new renewables policies are created, it is important for policymakers to consider the impacts of renewables policy design on RET financing. This paper reviews the power plant financing process for renewable energy projects, estimates the impact of financing terms on levelized energy costs, and provides insights to policymakers on the important nexus between renewables policy design and financing. We review five case studies of renewable energy policies, and find that one of the key reasons that RET policies are not more effective is that project development and financing processes are frequently ignored or misunderstood when designing and implementing renewable energy policies. The case studies specifically show that policies that do not provide long-term stability or that have negative secondary impacts on investment decisions will increase financing costs, sometimes dramatically reducing the effectiveness of the program. Within U.S. electricity restructuring proceedings, new renewable energy policies are being created, and restructuring itself is changing the way RETs are financed. As these new policies are created and implemented, it is essential that policymakers acknowledge the financing difficulties faced by renewables developers and pay special attention to the impacts of renewables policy design on financing. As shown in this paper, a renewables policy that is carefully designed can reduce renewable energy costs dramatically by providing revenue certainty that will, in turn, reduce financing risk premiums.
Bilateral simultaneous intravitreal injections in the office setting.

Purpose To report the outcomes and complications of bilateral simultaneous intravitreal injections performed in the office. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Records of 35 patients receiving simultaneous bilateral intravitreal injections between November 2007 and November 2008 were reviewed. Data collected included indication for injection, preinjection and postinjection intraocular pressure (IOP), preinjection and postinjection visual acuity (VA), and complications/complaints after each injection. Results A total of 208 injections were administered to 35 patients, with a mean of 5.9 injections per patient (range, 2 to 14; standard deviation [SD], 3.68). One hundred and thirty-three eyes received bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA) alone, 14 received bevacizumab plus preservative-free intravitreal triamcinolone or Triescence (Kenalog; Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, New York, New York, USA), 56 received ranibizumab (Lucentis; Genentech Inc), and 5 received bevacizumab plus dexamethasone (Decadron; Merck, Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, USA). Mean time of postinjection follow-up was 39 days. Postinjection VA follow-up measurements were available for 194 injections. The indication for initiating therapy was choroidal neovascularization from age-related macular degeneration (49 eyes), diabetic macular edema (ME) (13 eyes), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (4 eyes), ME attributable to retinal vein occlusion (2 eyes), and ME attributable to autoimmune retinopathy (2 eyes). The mean VA before each injection was 20/96 and at the next follow-up was 20/91 ( P = .40). One patient had a painless, culture-negative endophthalmitis in 1 eye 3 days after bilateral bevacizumab; at 1 year VA improved from 20/400 to 20/80. Conclusions Simultaneous bilateral intravitreal injections in the office are well tolerated. A separate povidone-iodine preparation, speculum, needle, and syringe were used for each eye. None of the patients requested alternating unilateral injections, after receiving bilateral injections. Patients should be counseled as to the risk of complications.
Coronary Artery Disease as Clogged Pipes A Misconceptual Model

A recent advertisement on the back cover of a special health issue of the New York Times Magazine section read “Ironic that a plumber came to us to help him remove a clog.”1 The ad referred to doctors in the cardiac catheterization laboratory as “one kind of pipe specialist,” and noted that the patient in the ad returned to work “just 2 days after having his own pipes cleaned out.” Although the image of coronary arteries as kitchen pipes clogged with fat is simple, familiar, and evocative, it is also wrong. Conceptual models help us to make sense of a complex world. In both research and clinical practice, our conceptual models inform our decisions about which outcomes to measure, which confounders to adjust for, and which patients are likely to benefit from a particular treatment. For example, the model of cervical cancer as the consequence of infection with certain strains of human papilloma virus has led to the development of a vaccine to prevent cancer. However, when a conceptual model is flawed, as in the case of the clogged pipes analogy, we are supposed to discard it and replace it with a more accurate one. In Structure of Scientific Revolutions , Kuhn observed that such paradigm shifts do not occur easily.2 Instead, scientists cling tenaciously to the old, accepted model, despite its inability to explain observed phenomena. In medicine, too, misconceptions embedded in an outdated model may linger for years, influencing physicians’ practice and patients’ expectations. Simple models, especially those we have worked for years to get the public to understand, may be the hardest to abandon. The clogged pipe analogy of stable coronary heart disease has been particularly difficult to dislodge. This representation had its origins in the 1970s, when researchers observed that the degree of coronary …