cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Our Hearts Were Once Young and Gay: The Elderly and Equitable Rationing of Health Care

Although there exists no rigid guideline delineating society's obligation to provide health care, at a minimum Americans are entitled to an adequate level of care without excessive burdens being placed upon them. Fulfilling this ostensibly simple mandate, however, presents an enormous challenge. The need to allocate limited financial and human resources increasingly clashes with the moral desire to provide health care resources to elder Americans beyond their years of economic productivity. As a result, health care professionals face the difficult task of weighing against society's other priorities the efficiency of distributing limited health care resources to the elderly. This demand places upon health care professionals, particularly physicians, a unique burden. Today's physician must become the "gatekeeper," a designated guardian of society's resources. It is reasoned that the physician can be forced to conserve society's limited health care resources by controlling the administration of medical treatments. Inevitably, the demands placed on health care administrators results in a balancing test that challenges the breadth of elderly health care services by forcing difficult and sometimes controversial health care decisions to be reached in order to avoid an economic catastrophe. Health care considerations for older Americans so often involve disabled, ill, poor or lonely persons. Moreover, members of society tend to place different values on each of these groups and, as such, no collective societal obligation to such groups emerges. A continuous process that allows for the examination and re-examination of health care costs and benefits, coupled with an evolving assessment of value judgments and ethical concerns, would move towards establishing an equitable elder health care allocation program or, at least, a template for humane decision making. And, if combined with a firm grasp of the formal discipline of ethics, allowing for the critical and rational objective examination of competing values, an acceptable long-term societal solution towards elderly health care allocation will result.
Two new species of Enochrus Thomson, subgenus Hugoscottia Knisch, from Costa Rica and Mexico (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)

Two species of Enochrus Thomson, subgenus Hugoscottia Knisch, are described as new: Enochrus (Hugoscottia) plicatus, new species, from Jalisco State, Mexico and E. (H.). talamanca, new spe- cies, from Cartago Province, Costa Rica. This is the first report of Hugoscottia outside of South America. Photographs and remarks on the habitat of E. (H.) talamanca are provided. The male genitalia of both species are illustrated.El genero Enochrus subgenero Hugoscottia, se registra por primera vez fuera de Sudamerica. Se describen dos especie nueva: Encochrus (Hugoscottia) plicatus, nueva especie, del Estado de Jalisco, Mexico y E. (H.) talamanca, especie nueva, de la Provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica. Se proporcionan fotografias y notas del habitat de E. (H.) talamanca. Se ilustra la genitalia masculina de las dos especies.
Miniature stimulator for chronic animals.

A small lightweight pulse train generator is described. Train frequency and duration and pulse frequency and duration are continuously variable over a range that is suitable for many types of nerve stimulation experiments. Complete electrical specifications and schematics are shown. Also presented are the changes in contraction time of the cat hind leg muscles after 6-week chronic stimulation of the sciatic nerve. The stimulator, with battereries which are sufficient for more than six weeks operation, is small enough to be mouted on cats.
Turkey Growth Modelling: Metabolic Approach

Abstract Modelling of animal growth is a topic with resurgent interest in the past few years little work has been performed in terms of modeling growth response and nutrient requirements of turkeys. A variety of factors may affect performance modeling of turkeys. These include genetic potential, sex, lean tissue accretion, feed intake, feedstuff digestibility, environmental conditions, variation and parts yield. The current state of turkey modeling is discussed as well as possible directions for the future.
Differential and overlapping expression patterns of X-dll3 and Pax-6 genes suggest distinct roles in olfactory system development of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis.

SUMMARY In Xenopus laevis , the formation of the adult olfactory epithelium involves embryonic, larval and metamorphic phases. The olfactory epithelium in the principal cavity (PC) develops during embryogenesis from the olfactory placode and is thought to respond to water-borne odorants throughout larval life. During metamorphosis, the PC undergoes major transformations and is exposed to air-borne odorants. Also during metamorphosis, the middle cavity (MC) develops de novo . The olfactory epithelium in the MC has the same characteristics as that in the larval PC and is thought to respond to water-borne odorants. Using in situ hybridization, we analyzed the expression pattern of the homeobox genes X-dll3 and Pax-6 within the developing olfactory system. Early in development, X-dll3 is expressed in both the neuronal and non-neuronal ectoderm of the sense plate and in all cell layers of the olfactory placode and larval PC. Expression becomes restricted to the neurons and basal cells of the PC by mid-metamorphosis. During metamorphosis, X-dll3 is also expressed throughout the developing MC epithelium and becomes restricted to neurons and basal cells at metamorphic climax. This expression pattern suggests that X-dll3 is first involved in the patterning and genesis of all cells forming the olfactory tissue and is then involved in neurogenesis or neuronal maturation in putative water- and air-sensing epithelia. In contrast, Pax-6 expression is restricted to the olfactory placode, larval PC and metamorphic MC, suggesting that Pax-6 is specifically involved in the formation of water-sensing epithelium. The expression patterns suggest that X-dll3 and Pax-6 are both involved in establishing the olfactory placode during embryonic development, but subtle differences in cellular and temporal expression patterns suggest that these genes have distinct functions.
Analysis of food-borne pathogenic bacteria monitoring results in Yiwu during 2011-2012

Objective To understand and grasp the pollution condition of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in food in Yiwu,and provide scientific basis for food safety risk assessment and prevention and control of food-borne diseases. Methods Isolation and identification of eight kinds of pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella,Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were conducted according to the National food-borne pathogenic bacteria monitoring workbook. Results A total of 274 samples from 7 kinds of food( including cooked meat products,frozen cooked rice products,raw aquatic products and others) were detected in Yiwu in 2011 and 2012,and 54 pathogenic bacteria strains were positive( 19. 71%). The raw aquatic animal products( 71. 43%),fresh chicken( 43. 33%) and salad( 20. 83%) were the top three in positive rate of food-borne pathogens. The top three popular pathogenic bacteria were pathogenic Campylobacter( 43. 33%),Vibrio parahaemolyticus( 36. 54%) and Staphylococcus aureus( 8. 52%). Conclusion Different levels of food-borne pathogenic bacteria pollution was found in food in Yiwu,so specific measures should be taken to improve food safety,effectively prevent and control the food-borne diseases.
Automatic Control System of Flotation Processes

According to the conditions of the low level of automation and low labour productivity,an automatic control system for flotation process was designed and developed innovatively based on the ControlLogix series software and hardware platform of Rockwell Company. The structure and function of the control system are introduced carefully. The control strategies of the pulp level,the air flowrate and the flotation reagent feeding are described in detail. The control software and human-machine interface are designed and developed. The actual industrial application results show that the control system operates steadily,safely and reliably,the worker labor intensities are decreased obviously,and the work condition is improved,the competitiveness of the enterprise is enhanced.
Kinetics of enzyme reactions with competing alternative substrates.

When two alternative substrates are present simultaneously in an enzyme reaction, and one is a better substrate (higher Vmax) than the other, the combined rate of the two reactions may be greater than, equal to, or less than the rate observed with the better substrate alone. At some concentration of the better substrate, the poorer substrate will appear to have no effect. On a plot of the combined velocity against the concentration of the more effective substrate, the family of curves obtained, each representing a different level of the poorer substrate, will have a common point of intersection. This phenomenon can be exploited effectively to determine whether or not a single enzyme catalyzes two similar reactions, or to determine whether or not two drugs act on the same receptor. In examining the applicability of these conclusions to more complex enzyme mechanisms, six variations of two major bi-bi (two-substrate, two-product) mechanisms have been studied. It was found that in every case, the formal theory based on the simple Michaelis-Menten mechanism holds, provided that apparent Michaelis constants are used.
Is Real Depreciation Expansionary? The Case of Ireland

Applying aggregate demand and aggregate supply model and based on a quarterly sample during 2003.Q1 – 2015.Q1, this paper finds that Ireland’s aggregate output is positively associated with real appreciation, German real GDP, the real stock price and labor productivity and negatively influenced by government debt as a percent of GDP, the real lending rate and the expected inflation rate. The insignificant coefficient of the real oil price indicates that Ireland is energy efficient and that a higher real oil price would not impact its aggregate output negatively. Recent euro depreciation would not help Ireland’s aggregate output, and recent decrease in government debt as a percent of GDP would help increase aggregate output.
Chutes and Ladders: Young African American Males Navigating Potholes to Achieve Academic Success

Abstract There has been a substantial increase in the number of successful African Americans. However, many students, especially African American males, continue to encounter numerous academic obstacles. This chapter focuses on the factors (e.g., social, academic, personal, and familial) that African American males often have to navigate throughout their PreK-12 schooling. Hindrances, such as poverty, lack of academic readiness, poor school experiences, teacher quality, and peer influences, often negatively impact the academic progress of these students and their access to higher level or gifted instruction. In this chapter, the authors discuss strategies that best counter these factors and support and supplement gifted black boys’ educational experiences. Additionally, educational practice and policy recommendations are provided.
Economic Impact of Sports Events

Introduction Major sports events undeniably bring with them large crowds of fans and media. The Super Bowl, Major League Baseball's (MLB's) All-Star Game, the Masters Golf Tournament, and big home football games in College Station, Auburn, Tallahassee, and Clemson all attract hordes of people and an apparent burst of economic activity. Thousands of people flock to these events, and they spend plenty of money in the local area. In addition to their spending at the event (tickets, concessions, and souvenirs), these fans spend substantial sums at local hotels and motels, car rental agencies, bars and restaurants, gas stations, T-shirt shops, and so on. This first round of spending provides income to residents in the local community, which results in subsequent rounds of spending. There is a multiplied effect of the initial spending, which is the economic impact of the sports event. Sports leagues and organizations often grossly exaggerate this economic impact for their own purposes. The National Football League (NFL), for example, claims that the impact of the Super Bowl is hundreds of millions of dollars. As we will see, however, such claims are dubious. In this chapter, we examine the fundamentals of economic impact analysis. We begin with a simple multiplier model and explain why the impact of an event is not as large as some leagues and organizations would have us believe. We also review and evaluate some empirical studies that have been conducted to test the reliability of some claimed impacts.
On the dynamics of three phase electrical energy systems

In this paper we present a unified framework for modeling the dynamics of electrical energy systems that accounts for the dynamics of all elements of the systems, including generators, electrical network and loads. The approach is based on port-Hamiltonian system formulation and allows for a bidirectional f1ow of energy. A change of coordinates is introduced where the system admits constant operating points and all system components are modeled as time-invariant systems. Consequently, traditional methods for analysis and control of the system are applicable. The formulation is general enough to allow for a large class of uncontrolled and controlled dynamic loads.
Isolation and molecular characterization of the fungal endophytic microbiome from conventionally and organically grown avocado trees in South Florida

Fungal endophytes are the most ubiquitous and highly diverse microorganisms that inhabit the interior of healthy plants. They are important in plant ecology and offer untapped potential to improve plant health and productivity in agroecosystems. The endophytic assemblage of avocado is poorly understood; therefore, surveys of fungal endophytes of Persea americana Mill. (Avocado) in South Florida organic and conventional orchards were conducted. A total of 17 endophytic fungal species were recovered from healthy avocado terminal branches. Endophytic fungal species were identified by rDNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, using UNITE Species Hypotheses to reliably assign a taxon name, and determined as belonging to the genera Alternaria, Cladosporium, Colletotrichum, Corynespora, Diaporthe, Lasiodiplodia, Neofusicoccum, Neopestalotiopsis, Phyllosticta, and Strelitziana. Endophyte community assemblage differed between organic and conventional agroecosystems. This is the first report of Alternaria eichhorniae, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Corynespora cassiicola, Colletotrichum alatae, Diaporthe fraxini-angustifoliae, Lasiodiplodia gonubiensis, Neofusicoccum algeriense, Neofusicoccum andinum, Neopestalotiopsis foedans, Phyllosticta capitalensis, and Strelitziana africana as endophytes of avocado. Evaluation using pathogenicity tests on avocado leaves and terminal branches showed that endophytic fungal isolates did not cause disease symptoms.
Anatomy of the SEAGrid Science Gateway

The SEAGrid science gateway provides scientists and educators with user interfaces and tools for conducting computational chemistry, material science, and engineering experiments online using XSEDE and campus computing resources. This paper describes the architecture of the recently completed technology refresh for the gateway, replacing its desktop user interface, adding a web browser user interface, using Apache Airavata middleware for job management, and providing enhanced data search and feature extraction capabilities. These introduce several challenges, particularly in providing unified authentication and authorization mechanisms to middleware services for the desktop and web clients, and in extending Apache Airavata middleware with new components. Access, authentication, and authorization problems were solved by using standard-based approaches (OAuth2, XACML) that were implemented by incorporating WSO2's Identity Server into both SEAGrid and Apache Airavata. SEAGrid-specific data extraction capabilities were added to Airavata middleware using a message-based component approach. This approach is generalizable to other advanced and gateway-specific capabilities and enables Airavata to add additional data analysis components without modifying its core functionality.
Personal Agency Inspired by Hardship: Bilingual Latinas as Liberatory Educators

This qualitative multiple case study focused on eleven non-traditional, bilingual, Latinas within a teacher education program. The study explored various factors that influenced participants’ desire to pursue and ability to persist as pre-service teachers. The overarching theme identified among participant discourse was personal agency inspired by hardship. Findings indicated that, as a result of their cultural and experiential understandings, participants enacted culturally responsive teaching with their Latino/a students. Furthermore, participants demonstrated a strong sense of personal agency to improve the educational outcomes of culturally and linguistically diverse students and a desire to advocate specifically on behalf of English learner Latino/a students.
GroupBased BCUCUEP Methods

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Exact Method for Computing the Controlling UEP Group-Based BCU-CUEP Method Numerical Studies Concluding Remarks
Extended abstract: Lean UX and innovation in teaching

This extended abstract describes lean UX methodology and explains its benefits for innovation in technical and professional communication teaching.
Stumbling Around: Towards an Approach to Institutional Ethnography as a Frame of Inquiry into Library Work

This paper focuses on the researcher’s experience developing an approach to institutional ethnography to examine library work in a Midwestern USA middle school. Throughout the year-and-a-half process of developing an approach to the methodology, gaining access, collecting data, analyzing data, and writing the dissertation, I kept various journals and writings showing how I learned to see the library ethnographically. Cette communication porte sur l’experience de la chercheure lors du developpement d’une approche d’ethnographie institutionnelle afin d’evaluer le travail bibliotheconomique dans une ecole intermediaire du Midwest des Etats-Unis. Durant le processus d’un an et demi qu’a necessite le developpement de la methodologie, l’acces a l’institution, la collecte et l’analyse de donnees et la redaction de la these, j’ai consigne par ecrit comment j’ai appris a concevoir la bibliotheque d’un point de vue ethnographique.
Giovan Pietro Bellori and the Loss and Restoration of (Ancient) Painting in Rome

Giovan Pietro Bellori and Pietro Sante Bartoli made tremendous efforts to record and interpret ancient paintings discovered in Rome in the latter half of the seventeenth century, paintings which would otherwise have been lost through exposure or careless destruction. The preservation of the memory of these paintings though drawings and engravings is closely related to Bellori’s championing of the achievement of Annibale Carracci, whom he considered to have revived the art of painting from the moribund state to which it had fallen after Raphael. Similarly, Bellori and Bartoli revived ancient painting from the subterranean chambers in which it lay entombed. That a comprehensive record of ancient painting could be found nowhere else but in Rome strengthened Rome’s identification as the preserver of a body of works of art, ancient and modern, for imitation, central to Bellori’s promotion of an eternal Roman ideal. Collectors of Barto’s drawings and prints appear, however, to have been less interested in the survival of ancient painting than in its loss, for the ephemeral nature of the medium assured its rarity.
It's a Matter of Tenure

This is a story about the dilemma that a graduate student and her mentor face when the graduate student is subject to sexual harassment by a lecherous department head.
A Medial Malleolar "Fleck Sign" May Predict Ankle Instability in Ligamentous Supination External Rotation Ankle Fractures.

Background. Ankle joint stability dictates treatment in ligamentous supination external rotation ankle injuries (LSERAI). Investigation of the medial structures that support the ankle mortise is critical, and a small avulsion fracture, or “fleck”, of the medial malleolus is occasionally encountered. This study aimed to assess the utility of this medial malleolus fleck sign (MMFS) in diagnosing instability requiring surgery in LSERAI. Methods. This retrospective observational study examined 166 LSERAI at a single level I trauma center. A standardized diagnostic and treatment protocol for ankle fractures was followed. LSERAI at presentation were reported as having a normal, dynamically wide, or statically wide medial clear space. Patient demographics, MMFS characteristics, and the use of operative management were recorded. Results. MMFS incidence in the cohort was 16 (10%) of 166 and was present in 25% of patients with unstable LSERAI. Fifteen (94%) of 16 patients with a MMFS were deemed to have an unstable...
The Song of the Text: A Kantian Aesthetic of Poetry and Poetic Reading

Using Immanuel Kant’s work in aesthetics, I argue that language is a site of aesthetic receptivity in the work of the poet in a manner distinctive from our instrumental use of language in theoretical enterprise. While the art of the poet presents genius of remarkable ability, poetic reading seeks to emulate the reflective dexterity of the poet. Poets cultivate receptivity responding to the song of nature through language, exploiting the musicality of language. As onlookers, non-poets might establish a relationship to nature, a moment of reflection, by means of the poet’s text. The less talented onlooker listens to the song of the text through which he or she can hear nature’s song. In this interplay, language, freed from its proper or conventional designations, brings to mind a plenitude, which initiates aesthetic judgment. Poetry resembles beauty — the language of nature — insofar as it speaks without delimiting, transforming a typically instrumental tool of discourse into a site of imaginative associations, a site for aesthetic judgment.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy and ADHD: A Case Study With a Hearing Child of a Deaf Father and a Hearing Mother

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) has demonstrated promising evidence in its implementation with deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) families. This case study presents the implementation of PCIT w...
Storytelling and Truth-Telling: Testimonial Narratives in The Road to Guantánamo and Guantánamo: ‘Honor Bound to Defend Freedom’

This chapter analyzes two of the earliest cultural productions responding to the prison camps built at Guantanamo under the War on Terror: the docudrama film The Road to Guantanamo (2006) and the verbatim play Guantanamo: ‘Honor Bound to Defend Freedom’ (2004). It discusses testimony as a response to the narratives about the camps offered by the U.S. state, more specifically as a means of countering the characterization of prisoners as anonymous, vicious killers who deserve indefinite detention. Finally, it argues that both of these works expose the camp’s radical depersonalization, while creating new conditions of possibility by elucidating truths that had been systematically withheld from the public.
Mass chemoprophylaxis for control of outbreaks of meningococcal disease.

Summary Although vaccination is the main strategy used to control meningococcal disease outbreaks, mass chemoprophylaxis has also been used as an immediate response to outbreaks, either to supplement vaccination or when vaccination is not possible. However, public health guidelines regarding the use of mass chemoprophylaxis for outbreak control vary by country, partly because the impact of mass chemoprophylaxis on the course of an individual outbreak is difficult to assess. We have reviewed data for the use of mass chemoprophylaxis during 33 outbreaks that occurred both in military populations and in communities and non-military organisations. In most outbreaks, no additional cases of meningococcal disease occurred after mass chemoprophylaxis, or cases occurred only in individuals who had not received prophylaxis. A delay of several weeks was common before cases occurred among prophylaxis recipients. Overall, the outbreak reports that we reviewed suggest that mass chemoprophylaxis might provide temporary protection to chemoprophylaxis recipients during outbreaks.
“Constitutive Relations” According to the Kinetic Theory of Gases

The title of Lecture 8 is a misnomer. The relations it discusses, insofar as they emerge from the kinetic theory, mean something different from what the term “constitutive relations” denotes in continuum physics.
The Spherical Torus Approach to Magnetic Fusion Development

The low aspect ratio tokamak or spherical torus (ST) approach offers the two key elements needed to enable magnetic confinement fusion to make the transition from a government-funded research program to the commercial marketplace: a low cost, low power, small size market entry vehicle and a strong economy of scale in larger devices. Within the ST concept, a very small device (A = 1.4, major radius about 1 m, similar size to the DIII-D tokamak) could be built that would produce approx.800 MW thermal, 250 MW net electric, and would have a gain, defined as Q{sub PLANT} = (gross electric power/recirculating power), of about 2. Such a device would have all the operating systems and features of a power plant and would therefore be acceptable as a pilot plant, even though the cost of electricity would not be competitive. The ratio of fusion power to copper TF coil dissipation rises quickly with device size (like R{sup 4}) and can lead to 3 GW thermal power plants with Q{sub PLANT} = 4-5 but which remain a factor 3 smaller than superconducting tokamak power plants. Power plants of the scale of ITER might be able to burn the advanced fuel D-He{sup 3}.more » 23 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.« less
Supported bicyclic amidine ionic liquids as a potential CO2/N2 separation medium

Abstract Five new room temperature ionic liquids were tested as supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs) for CO2/N2 separation capability. This series of ionic liquids (ILs) contains bicyclic amidine cations of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) or 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) with small alkyl chain substituents. These ILs have been synthesized to examine the effects of cation structure on free volume. Relevant physical and chemical properties have been examined, including CO2 solubility and viscosity. The relationship between fractional free volume and permeability of gases is explored, with an interesting note on solubility. Each cation was paired with two different anions: bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and tetracyanoborate, for further investigation of the cation-anion interaction on SILM permeability and selectivity. Three of these new ILs have exceeded Robeson's upper bound for CO2/N2 gas separations.
A Fractal Dimension for Measures via Persistent Homology

We use persistent homology in order to define a family of fractal dimensions, denoted \(\dim _{\mathrm {PH}}^i(\mu )\) for each homological dimension i ≥ 0, assigned to a probability measure μ on a metric space. The case of zero-dimensional homology (i = 0) relates to work by Steele (Ann Probab 16(4): 1767–1787, 1988) studying the total length of a minimal spanning tree on a random sampling of points. Indeed, if μ is supported on a compact subset of Euclidean space \(\mathbb {R}^m\) for m ≥ 2, then Steele’s work implies that \(\dim _{\mathrm {PH}}^0(\mu )=m\) if the absolutely continuous part of μ has positive mass, and otherwise \(\dim _{\mathrm {PH}}^0(\mu )<m\). Experiments suggest that similar results may be true for higher-dimensional homology 0 < i < m, though this is an open question. Our fractal dimension is defined by considering a limit, as the number of points n goes to infinity, of the total sum of the i-dimensional persistent homology interval lengths for n random points selected from μ in an i.i.d. fashion. To some measures μ, we are able to assign a finer invariant, a curve measuring the limiting distribution of persistent homology interval lengths as the number of points goes to infinity. We prove this limiting curve exists in the case of zero-dimensional homology when μ is the uniform distribution over the unit interval, and conjecture that it exists when μ is the rescaled probability measure for a compact set in Euclidean space with positive Lebesgue measure.
Compensated right ventricular function of the onset of pulmonary hypertension in a rat model depends on chamber remodeling and contractile augmentation

Right-ventricular function is a good indicator of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) prognosis; however, how the right ventricle (RV) adapts to the pressure overload is not well understood. Here, we aimed at characterizing the time course of RV early remodeling and discriminate the contribution of ventricular geometric remodeling and intrinsic changes in myocardial mechanical properties in a monocrotaline (MCT) animal model. In a longitudinal study of PAH, ventricular morphology and function were assessed weekly during the first four weeks after MCT exposure. Using invasive measurements of RV pressure and volume, heart performance was evaluated at end of systole and diastole to quantify contractility (end-systolic elastance) and chamber stiffness (end-diastolic elastance). To distinguish between morphological and intrinsic mechanisms, a computational model of the RV was developed and used to determine the level of prediction when accounting for wall masses and unloaded volume measurements changes. By four weeks, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and elastance rose significantly. RV pressures rose significantly after the second week accompanied by significant RV hypertrophy, but RV stroke volume and cardiac output were maintained. The model analysis suggested that, after two weeks, this compensation was only possible due to a significant increase in the intrinsic inotropy of RV myocardium. We conclude that this MCT-PAH rat is a model of RV compensation during the first month after treatment, where geometric remodeling on EDPVR and increased myocardial contractility on ESPVR are the major mechanisms by which stroke volume is preserved in the setting of elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. The mediators of this compensation might themselves promote longer-term adverse remodeling and decompensation in this animal model.
Race, social class, and child abuse: Content and strength of medical professionals' stereotypes.

Abstract Black and poor children are overrepresented at every stage of the child welfare system, from suspicion of abuse to substantiation. Focusing on stereotypes as a source of bias that leads to these disparities, the current study examines the content and strength of stereotypes relating race and social class to child abuse as viewed by medical professionals. Doctors, nurses, and other medical professionals (Study 1: N = 53; Study 2: N = 40) were recruited in local hospitals and online through snowball sampling. Study 1 identified stereotype content by asking participants to list words associated with the stereotype that either (a) Black or (b) poor children are more likely to be abused by their parents, and responses were organized into construct groups. Study 2 determined stereotype strength by asking participants to rate how strongly the constructs generated in Study 1 related to either the race-abuse or social class-abuse stereotype. The content of stereotypes linking child abuse to Black or poor children are confounded, with approximately half the constructs shared by both stereotypes. Of the 10 shared constructs, only “Stressed” and “Neglect” differed in strength, with both significantly more strongly related to the social class-abuse than race-abuse stereotype, all ts(36–37) ≤ −2.23, ps ≤ .03, Cohen’s ds ≥ .71. This research documents the existence, content, and strength of stereotypes that link race and social class to child abuse. These stereotypes have the potential to lead to medical misdiagnosis of abuse for Black and poor children.
Space-based Collision Avoidance Framework for Autonomous Vehicles

Abstract High confidence in the safe operation of autonomous systems remains a critical hurdle on their path to becoming ubiquitous. Recent accidents of Uber and Google driverless cars illustrate the difficulty ahead. Leading collision avoidance framework for autonomous systems fail to properly capture and account for the high variability of geometries, shapes, and sizes of the agents (e.g., 18 wheels truck vs. 4 doors sedan), capabilities that are critical in situations with high risk of accident (e.g., intersection crossing). We introduce a simple and efficient multi-agent collision avoidance framework for Autonomous Vehicles (AV) in various collision configurations (i.e., glancing, away, clipping). Machine learning techniques are proposed to properly train the autonomous systems involved. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication technologies and shape-based spatial-temporal collision avoidance algorithms are leveraged to ensure the accurate prediction of the collision and correct decision on the appropriate steps to avoid its occurrence. A prototype implementation and simulation is currently under development for a clipping collision problem at a lightless intersection crossing using the AirSim platform.
Interplay between hypoxia and androgen controls a metabolic switch conferring resistance to androgen/AR-targeted therapy.

Despite recent advances, the efficacy of androgen/androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapy remains limited for many patients with metastatic prostate cancer. This is in part because prostate cancers adaptively switch to the androgen/AR-independent pathway for survival and growth, thereby conferring therapy resistance. Tumor hypoxia is considered as a major cause of treatment resistance. However, the exact mechanism is largely unclear. Here we report that chronic-androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the condition of hypoxia induces adaptive androgen/AR-independence, and therefore confers resistance to androgen/AR-targeted therapy, e.g., enzalutamide. Mechanistically, this is mediated by glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI), which is transcriptionally repressed by AR in hypoxia, but restored and increased by AR inhibition. In turn, GPI maintains glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis in hypoxia by redirecting the glucose flux from androgen/AR-dependent pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to hypoxia-induced glycolysis pathway, thereby reducing the growth inhibitory effect of enzalutamide. Inhibiting GPI overcomes the therapy resistance in hypoxia in vitro and increases enzalutamide efficacy in vivo.
Geographies of Confinement for Immigrant Youth: Checkpoints and Immobilities along the US/Mexico Border

The containment of immigrants along the US/Mexico border illuminates the complex spatial implications associated with the securitization of migration enforcement. The production of marginalized, carceral national spaces has particular consequences for the people who inhabit them, as processes of spatial illegality shape their daily lives. Our analyses draw on five years of ethnographic study in the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Here, we focus on the experiences of sixty‐one undocumented youth, including recipients of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, to explore how the spatial violence created by checkpoints and everyday policing practices lead to experiences of confinement and accelerate processes of social exclusion. Spillover effects occur as all inhabitants must pass through inspection points and demonstrate proof of identity and legal residency; this contributes to the reformulation of citizenship. To this, our article adds insight into how social membership is experienced at the checkpoints so that “citizenship” and “authorization” become conflated. Early childhood and youth experiences of freely crossing spaces with school programs yet living with uncertain and precarious status contribute to persistent fear, instability, and confusion under a multilayered immigration policy regime.
Family Change and Changing Family Demography

Increases in life expectancy, high rates of movement into and out of couple relationships, and increasing exposure to stepfamilies raise new questions about who is in a family, the distinction between who lives together and who is a family member, and the extent to which family members are expected to meet the long-term obligations that define kinship. These questions are important because families have traditionally served as a vital private safety net for family members. Demographic changes increase family members' uncertainty about their relationships. Family ties are less stable and more uncertain among the economically disadvantaged, and uncertainty may exacerbate these disadvantages by weakening individuals' ability to rely on family members' support to alleviate hardship. I argue that demographers should focus on individuals' family relationships to gain insight into living arrangements and family dynamics. I also outline the development of family concepts and improvements in study design to identify principles that demographers should incorporate in new research to shed light on families' support for their members.
Evaluating RPS Policy Design: Metrics, Gaps, Best Practices, and Paths to Innovation

As renewable energy support policies continue to evolve, assessing their effectiveness is increasingly important. Today, renewable portfolio standards (“RPS”) — mandates that jurisdictions produce a percentage of their electricity from renewable energy — are one of the two leading policy tools used to promote renewable energy development. While RPSs have received significant scholarly attention, few analyses have focused on RPS policy design. This Article fills this gap in the literature. Specifically, the Article makes three primary contributions: First, it builds a new conceptual model that can be used to evaluate RPS performance. Second, it employs that model to identify which RPS policy design traits are most likely to influence whether these laws succeed or fail. Finally, based on this analysis, the Article extracts lessons about current voids in RPS policy, RPS best practices, and, importantly, ways that RPS policy design can be innovated going forward. In this way, the Article is both conceptual and analytical. It draws on scholarship in regulatory performance, renewable energy law and policy, and innovation and technology diffusion, and it utilizes examples of RPS performance from across the globe — particularly in India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Article concludes that RPSs should focus more on reducing investor risk, expanding the types of resources they promote, addressing equity concerns, and removing external barriers to renewable energy development. While RPSs seek to advance a clean energy transition differently from how feed-in tariffs (“FITs”) promote renewables, policymakers may be able to enhance RPS performance by building into RPSs of the future tools used in FITs today.
Deep-UV standoff Raman spectroscopy

The availability of high peak-power laser systems capable of delivering intense deep-UV pulses has brought renewed interest in using Raman spectroscopy as both a selective and sensitive analytical technique for stand-off detection. Our approach uses a high power pulsed-laser as the excitation source, specifically the fourth and fifth harmonics of a Nd:YAG laser. One of the hurdles to be overcome to allow deep-UV Raman spectroscopy to become accessible is a direct method of calibrating both the observation frequency and detector response of the spectrograph being used. This report outlines our efforts to understand the photochemical and photophysical consequences of high-peak power excitation of cyclohexane for potential use as a secondary Raman standard in the deep-UV. Evaluation of the photochemical stability, both from multi-photon absorption and in the presence or absence of dissolved oxygen as well as the possibility of (near) resonance enhancement of the C-H stretching region will be described.
Data-Based Decision Making for Social Behavior: Setting a Research Agenda:

With the advent of Precision Teaching more than 50 years ago, researchers and practitioners began to examine how to use K-12 students’ academic data to guide instructional decisions. Although the f...
Justice Climate and Workgroup Outcomes: The Role of Coworker Fair Behavior and Workgroup Structure

Research on justice climate demonstrates a consistent effect on workgroup outcomes such as job satisfaction, commitment, and performance. However, little research considers how justice climate affects these outcomes and when the relationship is stronger or weaker. In an effort to extend the literature on justice climate, we draw on research on other types of organizational climate to suggest justice climate influences the fair behavior of coworkers. Specifically, we propose fair coworker behavior mediates the relationship between justice climate and outcomes. Further, we examine the influence of workgroup structure on this mediated relationship. We examine these relationships in two studies and find support for the mediating effect of fair coworker behavior and the proposed moderated mediation model. Implications of these results for justice and climate research are considered.
Variation in accessory mental foramen frequency and number in extant hominoids

Nerves providing sensation to the lower face and jaw exit the mandibular canal via the mental foramen. In humans, there are many documented occurrences of additional foramina (accessory mental foramina, AMFs) on the lateral mandibular surface that may also contain nervous structures. There are large discrepancies in the literature regarding how often AMFs occur in humans, and investigations of non-human hominoid AMFs are rare. Consequently, the causes of interspecific diversity in this variable have not been explored. This project seeks to compare the frequency and number of AMFs between males and females, and among human regional groups and hominoid subspecies and species, and to investigate possible causal factors for any differences identified. No significant differences were found between males and females in any group. Gorillas and orangutans had the highest percentages of individuals with AMFs and the highest mean number of foramina, while modern humans and siamangs had the lowest figures for these variables. Significant differences (p < .05) were found for the mean number of foramina between most pairs of species. The results also showed that species with mandibles that are larger overall, have a larger area anterior to mental foramen, and a longer mandibular canal typically present more AMFs. The strongest correlation was found between the mean number of mental foramina and mandibular canal length. We suggest that these results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that increasing mandibular canal length increases the likelihood that that nerves will ramify, leading to greater frequencies of accessory mental foramina.
Expediting clinician assessment in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

Aim To investigate a novel observational rating protocol designed to expedite clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method Two hundred and forty patients referred to a tertiary autism center (median age 8y 9mo, range 2y 6mo-34y 8mo; 188 males, 52 females) were rated using an adaptation of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition (CARS-2) based exclusively on patient observation (CARS-2obs ). Scores were compared to expert diagnosis of ASD, parent-reported Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) and, in a selected subset of patients, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2). Results CARS-2obs distinguished patients with a clinical diagnosis of ASD from those with non-ASD neuropsychiatric disorders (mean score=18 vs 11.7, p Interpretation The CARS-2obs allows the rapid acquisition of quantitative ratings of autistic severity by direct observation. Coupled with parent/teacher-reported symptoms and developmental history, the measure may contribute to a low-cost diagnostic paradigm in clinical and public health settings, where positive results might help reduce delays in diagnosis, and negative results could prompt further specialty assessment. What this paper adds The Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition based on patient observation distinguished individuals with versus without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A score equal to or greater than 16 on this assessment showed high specificity for a diagnosis of ASD.
X-ray topography characterization of gallium nitride substrates for power device development

Abstract Gallium nitride substrates grown by the hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) method using a patterned growth process have been characterized by synchrotron monochromatic beam X-ray topography in the grazing incidence geometry. Images reveal a starkly heterogeneous distribution of dislocations with areas as large as 0.3 mm2 containing threading dislocation densities below 103 cm−2 in between a grid of strain centers with higher threading dislocation densities (>104 cm−2). Basal plane dislocation densities in these areas are as low as 104 cm−2. By comparing the recorded images of dislocations with ray tracing simulations of expected dislocations in GaN, the Burgers vectors of the dislocations have been determined. The distribution of threading screw/mixed dislocations (TSDs/TMDs), threading edge dislocations (TEDs) and basal plane dislocations (BPDs) is discussed with implications for fabrication of power devices.