cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stage specificity of selenium-mediated inhibition of mouse mammary tumorigenesis.

The experiments reported herein examined the inhibitory role of selenium in chemical carcinogen-induced mouse mammary tumorigenesis. The results from four different experiments are presented herein and are summarized briefly. First, the results demonstrated that relatively low doses of dietary selenium (0.5–2.0 ppm) inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DBMA)-induced mouse mammary tumorigenesis. At 2 ppm Se, the mammary tumor incidence was reduced from 56 to 15%. Second, the results suggested that the later stages of mammary tumorigenesis (preneoplastic to neoplastic transformation and tumor growth) are not as sensitive to selenium-mediated inhibition as the early stages, i.e., the induction and/or expression of mammary preneoplastic lesions. Finally, the results demonstrated that selenium markedly inhibited mammary tumorigenesis (from 42 to 8%) even when the mice were exposed to selenium only after the carcinogen treatments had been concluded. The results from these experiments are discussed from the viewpoint that selenium-mediated inhibition is a result of a direct block of DNA synthesis.
Spermatid micronucleus analyses of trichloroethylene and chloral hydrate effects in mice.

Mice were exposed by inhalation to trichloroethylene (TCE) or by i.p. injection to the TCE metabolite, chloral hydrate (CH). Early spermatids were analyzed for micronucleus (MN) frequency and the presence or absence of kinetochore(s) using fluorochrome-labeled anti-kinetochore antibodies. It was determined that 5 consecutive days of exposure to 5, 50 or 500 ppm TCE during preleptotene through early pachytene stages of meiotic cell development do not result in increased frequencies of spermatid MN. CH at 41, 83 or 165 mg/kg was positive for spermatid MN induction when treatments corresponded to spermatogonial stem cell or preleptotene spermatocyte stages of development; negative results were obtained after treatments of leptotene-zygotene or diakinesis-metaphase stages. The significantly increased levels of MN observed were invariably of the kinetochore-negative type.
Flood hazards studies in the Mississippi River basin using remote sensing

The Spring 1973 Mississippi River flood was investigated using remotely sensed data from ERTS-1. Both manual and automatic analyses of the data indicated that ERTS-1 is extremely useful as a regional tool for flood mamagement. Quantitative estimates of area flooded were made in St. Charles County, Missouri and Arkansas. Flood hazard mapping was conducted in three study areas along the Mississippi River using pre-flood ERTS-1 imagery enlarged to 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 scale. Initial results indicate that ERTS-1 digital mapping of flood prone areas can be performed at 1:62,500 which is comparable to some conventional flood hazard map scales.
Feasibility Study of an On-Board Natural Gas to DME Reactor for DME Pre-Injection and Enhanced Ignition

Dual fuel (CI) engines provide an excellent means of maintaining high thermal efficiency and power while reducing emissions. This is particularly true in situations where the main CI fuel does not exhibit good auto-ignition characteristics, such as diesel engines operating on natural gas usually in stationary applications such as a pipeline installation. This paper explores the feasibility of chemically synthesizing DME from natural gas ‘on-board’ and using it as an ignition source for a dual fuel engine. Assuming a 5% pilot amount, a ‘once through’ process has been modeled and a first law analysis (using practical isentropic efficiencies) demonstrates that this combined system can be operated with a reduction of between 5–10% of the equivalent diesel efficiency. Significant quantities (∼30 vol.%) of hydrogen are introduced to the natural gas as a byproduct of the DME synthesis process. The corresponding increase in combustion efficiency must be validated by experiments to determine DME and H2 requirements for successful pilot ignition of the natural gas/H2 mixture.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Quantifying the impacts of stratification and nutrient loading on hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

Stratification and nutrient loading are two primary factors leading to hypoxia in coastal systems. However, where these factors are temporally correlated, it can be difficult to isolate and quantify their individual impacts. This study provides a novel solution to this problem by determining the effect of stratification based on its spatial relationship with bottom-water dissolved oxygen (BWDO) concentration using a geostatistical regression. Ten years (1998–2007) of midsummer Gulf of Mexico BWDO measurements are modeled using stratification metrics along with trends based on spatial coordinates and bathymetry, which together explain 27–61% of the spatial variability in BWDO for individual years. Because stratification effects explain only a portion of the year-to-year variability in mean BWDO; the remaining variability is explained by other factors, with May nitrate plus nitrite river concentration the most important. Overall, 82% of the year-to-year variability in mean BWDO is explained. The results sug...
Sacred Bonds of Solidarity: the rise of Jewish internationalism in nineteenth‐century France

Lisa Moses Leff Stanford University Press, 2006 xiii + 327 pp., US$65.00, ISBN‐10 0804752516, ISBN‐13 9780804752510 In this sophisticated and well‐researched study, Lisa Moses Leff traces the origi...
MAPbox: using parameterized behavior classes to confine untrusted applications

Designing a suitable confinement mechanism to confine untrusted applications is challenging as such a mechanism needs to satisfy conflicting requirements. The main trade-off is between ease of use and flexibility. In this paper, we present the design, implementation and evaluation of MAPbox, a confinement mechanism that retains the ease of use of application-class-specific sandboxes such as the Java applet sandbox and the Janus document viewer sandbox while providing significantly more flexibility. The key idea is to group application behaviors into classes based on their expected functionality and the resources required to achieve that functionality. Classification of application behavior provides a set of labels (e.g., compiler, reader, netclient) that can be used to concisely communicate the expected functionality of programs between the provider and the users. This is similar to MIME-types which are widely used to concisely describe the expected format of data files. An end-user lists the set of application behaviors she is willing to allow in a file. With each label, she associates a sandbox that limits access to the set of resources needed to achieve the corresponding behavior. When an untrusted application is to be run, this file is consulted. If the label (or the MAP-type) associated with the application is not found in this file, it is not allowed to run. Else, the MAP-type is used to automatically locate and instantiate the appropriate sandbox. We believe that this may be an acceptable level of user interaction since a similar technique (i.e., MIME-types) has been fairly successful for handling documents with different formats. In this paper, we present a set of application behavior classes that we have identified based on a study of a diverse suite of applications that includes CGI scripts, programs downloaded from well-known web repositories and applications from the Solaris 5.6 distribution. We describe the implementation and usage of MAPbox. We evaluate MAPbox from two different perspectives: its effectiveness (how well it is able to confine a suite of untrusted applications) and effciency (what is the overhead introduced). Finally, we describe our experience with MAPbox and discuss potential limitations of this approach.
Book Review: Jeffrey Hanson and Michael R. Kelly, eds. Michel Henry: The Affects of Thought

A review of Jeffrey Hanson and Michael R. Kelly, eds., Michel Henry: The Affects of Thought (London: Continuum, 2012), 177 pp.
The equivalence of transfer and generalized benders decomposition methods for traffic assignment

In prior work we have given an intuitive development of Transfer Decomposition, a decomposition of the traffic assignment problem into two traffic assignment problems. The intent of this paper is to provide a rigorous basis for this technique by establishing that it is a generalized Benders decomposition. As an illustration of the result, we give a decomposition algorithm that is based on the familiar Frank-Wolfe method.
POTENTIAL TREATMENT OF THEOPHYLLINE TOXICITY BY HIGH SURFACE AREA ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

Orally administered standard activated charcoal (surface area = 950 m2/g) has been shown to enhance clearance of theophylline in adults. The effect of SuperChar (Gulf Bio-Systems Inc., Dallas, TX), a high surface area (3376 m2/g) activated charcoal, on theophylline clearance was examined during a 48 hr study period in ten low birth weight “growing” status infants, treated with theophylline for apneic episodes, who were candidates for having the drug discontinued. Theophylline was given intravenously as aminophylline on a 12 hr schedule at normal maintenance dose. Each patient received 1g/kg/dose of SuperChar twice via orogastric tube, three hours apart between feedings. Serial theophylline levels were drawn (peak, mid-dose, trough) before and after the administration of SuperChar. Each patient tolerated the charcoal and no complications were encountered during the study. From a graph of serum levels vs. time, clearance of theophylline was calculated using the trapezoidal rule in estimating the area under the curve. There was a significant (p<0.001) increase in the clearance of theophylline after administration of SuperChar (Wilcoxon Signed Rank test). Conclusion: SuperChar enhances the clearance of theophylline in low birth weight infants and may be useful in the treatment of neonatal theophylline toxicity.
Protein-Conjugated Nanoparticles from Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Fluid Solution into Aqueous Solution

The method of rapid expansion of a supercritical solution into a liquid solvent (RESOLV) was applied to the preparation of bovine serum albumin protein-conjugated silver sulfide nanoparticles. The conjugate samples were characterized by using a series of instrumental techniques. The results show that the monodispersed nanoparticles in the conjugates are well-coated directly with the protein. Because the protein undergoes solution pH-dependent association and dissociation, the protein-nanoparticle conjugates also assemble and disassemble with changes in solution pH in a reversible fashion.
A spreadsheet for linear least-squares fitting with errors in both coordinates

A freely available, easy-to-use Excel spreadsheet for performing linear least-squares fits for (x, y) data with errors in both coordinates is described.
Secreted Site-1 protease cleaves peptides corresponding to luminal loop of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins

We describe a permanent line of Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with a cDNA encoding a truncated form of Site-1 protease (S1P) that is secreted into the culture medium in an enzymatically active form. S1P, a subtilisin-like protease, normally cleaves the luminal loop of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). This cleavage initiates the two-step proteolytic process by which the NH(2)-terminal domains of SREBPs are released from cell membranes for translocation to the nucleus, where they activate transcription of genes involved in the biosynthesis and uptake of cholesterol and fatty acids. Truncated S1P (amino acids 1-983), produced by the transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells, lacks the COOH-terminal membrane anchor. Like native S1P, this truncated protein undergoes normal autocatalytic processing after residue 137 to release an NH(2)-terminal propeptide, thereby generating an active form, designated S1P-B. Prior to secretion, truncated S1P-B, like native S1P-B, is cleaved further after residue 186 to generate S1P-C, which is the only form that appears in the culture medium. The secreted enzyme, designated S1P(983)-C, cleaves a synthetic peptide that terminates in a 7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin fluorochrome. This peptide, RSLK-MCA, corresponds to the internal propeptide cleavage site that generates S1P-B as described in the accompanying paper (Espenshade, P. J., Cheng, D., Goldstein, J. L., and Brown, M. S. (1999), J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22795-22804). The secreted enzyme does not cleave RSVL-MCA, a peptide corresponding to the physiologic cleavage site in SREBP-2. However, S1P(983)-C does cleave after this leucine when the RSVL sequence is contained within a 16-residue peptide corresponding to the central portion of the SREBP-2 luminal loop. The catalytic activity of S1P(983)-C differs from that of furin/prohormone convertases, two related proteases, in its more alkaline pH optimum (pH 7-8), its relative resistance to calcium chelating agents, and its ability to cleave after lysine or leucine rather than arginine. These data provide direct biochemical evidence that S1P is the protease that cleaves SREBPs and thereby functions to control lipid biosynthesis and uptake in animal cells.
Analysis of Postoperative Bleeding and Risk Factors in Transoral Surgery of the Oropharynx

Importance With an increasing incidence of oropharyngeal carcinoma and prevalence of transoral surgical techniques, postoperative bleeding, with its associated risk factors, deserves evaluation. Objective To classify and review postoropharyngectomy hemorrhage rates and associated risk factors. Design, Setting, and Participants Single-institution, multicenter retrospective medical chart review analyzing surgical procedures in 906 patients treated with transoral surgery for oropharyngeal carcinoma at a tertiary care, academic referral center from 1994 to 2012. Tumor stage, previous treatment, resection method, and transcervical external carotid branch ligation were analyzed in relationship to postoperative hemorrhage rate, and severity. A novel classification system was created, grading bleeding episodes as minor, intermediate, major, or severe based on management method and related sequelae. Results Postoperative bleeding occurred in 5.4% of patients (49 of 906) with 67.3% of these (33 of 49) requiring operative intervention. Severe bleeding episodes were very rare (1.1% of patients). Transcervical external carotid system vessel ligation was performed with the primary resection in 15.6% of patients with no overall difference in bleeding rate or severity of bleeding in patients who underwent ligation vs those who did not ( P = .21 and P = .66, respectively). Vessel ligation was performed more frequently in patients with a higher T stage ( P = .002). In previously treated patients, severity of bleeding was decreased if vessels were ligated ( P > .05). Higher T-stage tumors had a higher bleeding rate ( P = .02). Bleeding rates were similar between those treated with laser (5.6%) and robotic (5.9%) oropharyngectomy ( P = .80); however, patients with significantly higher T-stage tumors were treated with laser vs robot techniques ( P Conclusions and Relevance Transoral resection of oropharyngeal carcinoma is safe, and severe life-threatening hemorrhage is rare. Although transcervical vessel ligation did not result in an overall decrease in bleeding rate, there is a trend toward reduced postoropharyngectomy bleeding severity with ligation. We recommend ligation for higher T-stage tumors, primary tonsil tumors, and patients undergoing revision surgery.
Almost sure invariance principles when EX 1 2

Let {Yi} be iid with EY1=0, EY 1 2 =1. Let {Xi} be iid normal mean zero, variance one random variables. According to Strassen's first almost sure invariance principle {Xi} and {Yi} can be reconstructed on a new probability space without changing the distribution of each sequence such that \(\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {Y_i - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {X_i } = o(n{\text{ }}\log _2 n)^{1/2} } \) a.s., thus improving on the trivial bound obtainable from the law of the iterated logarithm: \(\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {Y_i - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {X_i } = O(n{\text{ }}\log _2 n)^{1/2} } \) a.s. In this work we establish analogous improvements for symmetric {Yi} in the domain of normal attraction to a symmetric stable law with index 0 γ≧α that \(\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {Y_i - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {X_i } = o(n^{1/\gamma } )} \) a.s., thus improving on the trivial bound: \(\sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {Y_i - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {X_i } = o(n^{1/\alpha + \varepsilon } )} \) a.s., ɛ>0.
Field Data and Ground Water Modeling in a Layered Fractured Aquifer

Surface refraction seismic surveys were conducted within a 7.3 km(2) east-central Pennsylvania watershed to characterize the geometry of its shallow layered and fractured bedrock. These data were augmented with observations from 29 rock cores. Hydraulic conductivity (Kappa) of the bedrock was determined by interval packer testing within the boreholes. Finally, the MODFLOW ground water model was applied to the layered aquifer geometry in a three-dimensional format to determine watershed-scale aquifer parameters by model calibration to observed watershed data. Seismic testing showed that the aquifer could be characterized by four distinct layers, each with its own characteristic seismic velocity. Hydraulic conductivity determined by field testing decreased with depth, ranging from greater than 1.0 m day(-1) in the shallow, highly fractured layer to approximately 0.01 m day(-1) in the regional aquifer. Its distribution with depth reflected the increase in seismic velocities and decrease in extent of fracturing observed in the cores. Aquifer geometry determined from seismic testing and rock cores was used to define model layer geometry, and Kappa values from model calibration compared favorably to those determined by field testing. The ground water model was also used in calibration mode to determine specific yields (S(y)) of the characteristic fracture layers. These were all low, ranging from 0.005 in the highly fractured layer to 0.0001 in the regional aquifer. When aquifer geometry determined from detailed seismic surveys is used as the basis for watershed-scale ground water modeling in these shallow layered and fractured systems, hydraulic parameters derived by field testing compare well to those determined by model calibration
Maxillary plasmacytoma/plasma cell myeloma

Plasma cell myeloma or multipIe myeloma was first described in 1846 by Dalrymple, Bence Jones, and MacIntyre.’ Their patient had died of “atrophy from albuminuria” after suffering from severe bone pain for several months. Autopsy revealed “multiple bony lesions that were gelatinous blood red in nature.” Rustizky coined the term multiple myeloma in 1873.’ A third author wrote a detailed treatise on multiple myeloma; his name is still used synonymously with multiple myeloma (Kahler’s disease). Use of the term plasma cell myeloma (PCM) is currently advocated.’ Earlier studies have indicated a male sex predilection of 2: 1, but more recent studies with larger patient populations indicate that there is little difference in gender predilection.1-4 The disease usually occurs in the sixth to seventh decades of life. Once diagnosed, the prognosis is guarded, with an average expected survival of 2 years. Fewer than 2% of those with PCM are under the age of 40.’ Blacks have a higher incidence of PCM than whites by nearly 2:1.5 The occurrence of plasma cell tumors of the head and neck has been well documented. Clinicians must distinguish between tumors of systemic PCM and
A Face Detection Method Based on Log-Gabor Filters

This paper introduces an effective face detection method based on log-Gabor filters. First, Information contained in the log-Gabor transformations is analyzed. Next, 5-scale and 8-orientation log-Gabor filters are constructed to extract feature vectors. Then, a three-layer feedforward network is created for feature classification. After training the network, we test 80 samples. From the experimental result, log-Gabor filters based method has comparable detection performance with Gabor filters based method. Therefore, log-Gabor filters can encode the images more efficiently.
Trace formulas for almost commuting operators, cyclic cohomology and subnormal operators

Some formulas related to cyclic cohomology for the trace of the product of commutators are established. A simple complete unitary invariant for some subnormal operator with simply connected spectrum is found.
Dietary suppression of colonic cancer. Fiber or phytate

The incidence of colonic cancer differs widely between various human populations. It has been suggested that dietary fiber content is of utmost importance and is inversely related to the occurrence of colonic cancer. However, high-fiber diets are not always correlated with low frequency of colonic cancer, suggesting the involvement of additional dietary constituents. Inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid) is an abundant plant seed component present in many, but not all, fiber-rich diets. The authors have found that phytic acid is a potent inhibitor of iron-mediated generation of the hazardous oxidant, hydroxyl radical. Herein, the authors propose that inhibition of intracolonic hydroxyl radical generation, via the chelation of reactive iron by phytic acid, may help explain the suppression of colonic carcinogenesis and other inflammatory bowel diseases by diets rich in phytic acid.
A case control study of proximal calciphylaxis

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to describe the clinical presentation of nine patients with calciphylaxis involving the proximal lower extremities or trunk and to compare the clinical characteristics of these patients with those of 347 hemodialysis patients from the same geographic area. Patients were identified primarily through a computer search of pathology records, identifying patients with the term “calciphylaxis” in the biopsy report. All patients had pathologic specimens consistent with calciphylaxis. All the calciphylaxis patients were white and were markedly obese. While two patients had markedly elevated parathyroid hormone levels, most patients did not show severe derangements of calcium phosphate metabolism compared with other dialysis patients. A logistic regression model identified body mass index and low serum albumin 3 months before diagnosis as being highly associated with a diagnosis of calciphylaxis. Diabetes mellitus and parameters of calcium-phosphate metabolism were not significantly associated with proximal calciphylaxis. These findings suggest that white race, morbid obesity, and poor nutritional status are associated with proximal calciphylaxis in dialysis patients. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Sep;32(3):376-83)
Real-time simulation of arbitrary visual fields

This report describes an algorithm and software for creating and displaying, in real time, arbitrary variable resolution displays, contingent on the direction of gaze. The software produces precise, artifact-free video at high frame rates in either 8-bit gray scale or 24-bit color. The software is demonstrated by simulating the visual fields of normal individuals and low-vision patients.
Evidence for two modes of water release in Comet 103P/Hartley 2: Distributions of column density, rotational temperature, and ortho–para ratio

Abstract This paper presents long-slit spectra of H2O emission from the inner coma of Comet 103P/Hartley 2, acquired with NIRSPEC/Keck 2 during the comet’s close approach to Earth in 2010. On UT 19.6 October 2010 the slit was oriented nearly orthogonal to the projected (in the plane of the sky) Sun–comet line, and the H2O rotational temperature and column density showed similar spatial distributions as a function of projected distance from the nucleus. On UT 22.5 October, the slit was oriented along the Sun–comet line, and the rotational temperatures revealed pronounced asymmetry while the column densities were nearly symmetric about the nucleus. We suggest this dichotomy reflects two qualitatively different mechanisms of volatile release, which introduce distinct rotational distributions in the sublimated material. Future modeling can test this hypothesis. We also report new retrievals of water nuclear spin species (ortho, para) in this comet, and we present the ortho-to-para ratio (OPR) for various projected nucleocentric distances. Our most precise individual measurement is OPR = 2.59 ± 0.13, corresponding to a nuclear spin temperature (Tspin) of 31 ± 3 K. A weighted mean of five independent measurements provides OPR = 2.79 ± 0.13 ( T spin = 37 - 4 + 8 K ). Hartley 2 is the first comet for which the OPR has been measured in multiple apparitions. Our values (in 2010) are in good agreement with those obtained two apparitions earlier by the Infrared Space Observatory. Since the comet lost a substantial amount of material between 1998 and 2010, we see no evidence for variation of the OPR with depth in the nucleus. Further discussion of the advantages, assumptions, and biases introduced by various approaches when quantifying nuclear spin species (observing techniques, models and model parameters, sources of uncertainty) would likely aid in interpreting the OPRs measured in cometary volatiles.
Variation in Some Factors Affecting the Length of Calving Intervals

Summary The causes of prolongation of the calving interval were studied for the intervals following 395 calvings of an outbred experimental Holstein-Friesian herd. Losses of time were attributed to one or more of the following conditions: (a) postpartum anestrus, (b) interruption of the estrual cycle, (c) out-of-breeding condition, (d) infertile service, and (e) loss of pregnancy. When averaged over the entire herd, these amounted to 0.3, 8.0, 5.2, 21.2, and 11.9 days, respectively. Cows for which it was necessary to delay breeding until the uterus attained breeding condition showed greater loss due to infertile service than did cows that did not require delay in breeding. More time also was lost due to out-of-breeding condition following abnormal, than following normal, calvings and by pluriparous, than by primiparous, cows.
Memory and meaning: genealogy of a fertile protest

This essay parses ethnographic and historical research on the political economy of generational and reproductive change. It aims to grasp experiences and transformations related to Italy’s ‘lowest-low’ fertility, a situation that demographers and policymakers view as dangerous. This paper offers a counter-narrative as it asks: ‘What do subjugated memories and everyday practices reveal about Italy’s demographic ‘‘decline’’?’ Studies of Europe’s demographic transition – one of the most famous yet quiet revolutions of modern times – have largely ignored an examination of transformation through the lens of memory. Using a social – genealogical methodology to merge subjugated and erudite knowledges, I draw on local memories that may upset the ‘tyranny’ of globalizing discourses. Memories from central Italy reveal a history of hidden traumas and dislocations involving a complex and hidden economy of weavers and wetnurses that are all but forgotten in expert diagnoses of the nation-state’s demographic status.
An electronic chart prompt to decrease proprietary antibiotic prescription to self-pay patients.

Objectives: Emergency physicians unaware of patients' insurance status may prescribe expensive proprietary antibiotics for patients who cannot afford them. The objective of this study was to develop a clinical decision support system to display patient insurance status before prescription writing for outpatient conditions. Methods: This was a 26-week "before-and-after" trial at an urban emergency department (ED) with 78,000 visits/year treating a medically underserved population. Sixty-one prescribers, including attending physicians, residents, and physician assistants, participated. All patients older than 18 years of age discharged from the ED receiving antibiotic prescriptions were eligible. The electronic ED chart is linked to prescription-writing software, which includes a menu of 74 antibiotics. The system was programmed so that when an emergency physician accessed the prescription menu, a prompt appeared displaying insurance status. Prescribers also received educational interventions. The main outcome measure was the percentage of prescribers who reduced their prescription writing of proprietary antibiotics to self-pay patients. Data were analyzed with cluster techniques using SPSS 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results: Of 594 prescriptions written for self-pay patients before prompt insertion, 158 (26.6%) were for proprietary antibiotics. After the intervention, self-pay patients received 564 antibiotic prescriptions, of which 117 (20.7%) were for proprietary drugs. Analyzed by prescriber, the reduction in the prescription rate for proprietary antibiotics was statistically significant (p = 0.03, Χ 2 test). Patients with respiratory or urinary infections also had a statistically significant reduction in proprietary antibiotic prescription (p = 0.03). Conclusions: A clinical decision support system, integrated into a prescription-writing program, can decrease the prescription of proprietary antibiotics for self-pay patients in the ED.
Stress and the Devaluation of Highly Salient Roles in Late Life

Objective. To see whether older adults cope with stress in highly salient roles by devaluing the importance of the role in which the event emerged. Methods. Interviews were conducted with a nationally representative sample of elderly people at two points in time: 1992-1993 and 1996-1997. Complete data are available for 589 older adults. Respondents were asked to identify which of eight roles they value most highly at both points in time. Information on the number of stressful events arising in each role was also obtained. Results. The findings indicate that elderly people are less likely to devalue highly salient roles when stressful events are encountered in them. Discussion. The results suggest that instead of turning away from highly cherished roles when stressful life events arise, older adults may become more committed to them.
Common support for local agriculture in two contrasting Oregon communities

One increasingly successful approach to enhancing small farm viability is for farmers to market their products directly to consumers and food-oriented businesses and institutions within their local area. This localized approach to food production and distribution is based on theoretical concepts often articulated as community, local or regional food systems. But is there sufficient consumer support to make local food systems viable? Do communities differ in their potential for developing a local food system based on their dominant socio-economic and/or political characteristics? This study reports on the results of a random mail survey of households in two Oregon communities. Although the two communities contrast socio-economically and politically, they show common but somewhat different support for local agriculture. The results demonstrate the potential for the development of more localized food systems in both communities. However, the type of products, their method of delivery and pricing will likely need to be tailored to fit each community.
Modulation of iron homeostasis in macrophages by bacterial intracellular pathogens

Intracellular bacterial pathogens depend on acquisition of iron for their success as pathogens. The host cell requires iron as an essential component for cellular functions that include innate immune defense mechanisms. The transferrin receptor TfR1 plays an important part for delivering iron to the host cell during infection. Its expression can be modulated by infection, but its essentiality for bacterial intracellular survival has not been directly investigated. We identified two distinct iron-handling scenarios for two different bacterial pathogens. Francisella tularensis drives an active iron acquisition program via the TfR1 pathway program with induction of ferrireductase (Steap3), iron membrane transporter Dmt1, and iron regulatory proteins IRP1 and IRP2, which is associated with a sustained increase of the labile iron pool inside the macrophage. Expression of TfR1 is critical for Francisella's intracellular proliferation. This contrasts with infection of macrophages by wild-type Salmonella typhimurium, which does not require expression of TfR1 for successful intracellular survival. Macrophages infected with Salmonella lack significant induction of Dmt1, Steap3, and IRP1, and maintain their labile iron pool at normal levels. The distinction between two different phenotypes of iron utilization by intracellular pathogens will allow further characterization and understanding of host-cell iron metabolism and its modulation by intracellular bacteria.
Leucine 2,3-Aminomutase: A Cobalamin-Dependent Enzyme Present in Bean Seedlings

Leucine 2,3-aminomutase has been demonstrated in extracts of bean seedlings. The activity of this enzyme is stimulated by coenzyme B 12 and is inhibited by intrinsic factor. The inhibition is removed by the addition of coenzyme B 12. This evidence is consistent with the presence of a cobalamin-dependent enzyme in higher Plants.
Benzene, NQO1, and genetic susceptibility to cancer

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1; EC 1.6.99.2), originally called DT-diaphorase (1), is an enzyme that has attracted considerable attention because of its ability to detoxify a number of natural and synthetic compounds and, conversely, to activate certain anticancer agents (2, 3). It is also a highly inducible enzyme. Synthetic antioxidants, such as butylated hydroxyanisole, and extracts of cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, have been shown to be potent inducers of NQO1 (4, 5). This inducibility has led to the suggestion that NQO1 plays an important role in cancer chemoprevention (6).
New Perspectives on Socialism II Socialism and Capitalism Reconsidered

The July 2003 special issue of the Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era revisited the history of the Socialist Party of America during the Progressive Era. This second issue on “New Perspectives on Socialism” examines socialism largely outside the party context, thereby challenging the tendency of scholars and non-scholars alike to identify socialism with a party-based political movement. To the degree that the essays collected here examine party-based socialism, they focus on the gradualist or revisionist wing of the party, whose socializing and democratic reforms, programs, and ideas helped establish a context for the Progressive Era and thereafter, when a “social democratic” type of politics became intrinsic to the mainstream American politics.
An update of mortality from all causes among white uranium miners from the Colorado plateau study group

To place previously recognized mortality risks into the context of the total mortality from all causes, an updated retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted on 3,238 white males from the US Public Health Service cohort of Colorado Plateau uranium miners. Vital status was followed from 1960 through 1990. Life-table analyses used combined New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Colorado mortality rates for external comparison and mortality risks within the lowest radon-exposure or duration-employed category for internal comparison. Significantly elevated SMRs were found for pneumoconioses (SMR = 24.1, 95% CI 16.0-33.7), lung cancer (SMR = 5.8, 95% CI 5.2-6.4), tuberculosis (SMR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.9-6.2), chronic obstructive respiratory diseases (SMR = 2.8, 95% CI 2.2-3.5), emphysema (SMR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.9-3.2), benign and unspecified tumors (SMR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.0-4.6), and diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs (SMR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.0-5.0). No significantly lowered SMRs were found for any disease. For lung cancer and pneumoconioses standardized rate ratios increased with increasing exposure to radon progeny or duration of employment. Most findings from this update are consistent with previous studies. Not observed were previously elevated SMRs for chronic nephritis and for acute alcoholism. New findings observed were elevated SMRs for benign and unspecified tumors and for diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs. The most important long-term mortality risks for the white uranium-miners continue to be lung cancer and pneumoconioses, for which SMRs remain significantly elevated after a mean period of 22.4 years since last uranium mining.
Index based processing of semi-restrictive temporal joins

Temporal joins are important but very costly operations. While a temporal join can involve the whole time (and/or key) domain, we consider the more general case where the join is defined by some time-key rectangle from the whole space (i.e., when the user is interested in joining portions of the-usually large-temporal data). In the most restrictive join, objects (within this rectangle) are joined together based on key equality and interval intersection. This paper concentrates on semi-restrictive joins, i.e., when either the key equality (equi-join) or the interval intersection (time-join) predicates are used. Given the large relations created by the ever increasing time dimension, we assume that each temporal relation is indexed and examine efficient ways to process semi-restrictive temporal joins. Utilizing an index is helpful since it directs the join towards the objects that are within the time-key rectangle. A straightforward approach is to perform an unsynchronized join. An index selection query on each relation identifies all objects within the time-key rectangle which are then joined. Although simple, this approach ignores the data distribution in the other relation. Instead, in a synchronized join, both indices are concurrently traversed as the join is computed. Synchronized semi-restrictive join algorithms can be performed utilizing traditional indices like B+-trees or R-trees. The drawback of this approach is that traditional indices do not achieve good temporal data clustering. Better clustering is achieved by temporal indices through record copying. Nevertheless, record copies can greatly affect the correctness and effectiveness of join performance.
The role of practice in dual-task performance: toward workload modeling in a connectionist/control architecture

The literature on practice effects and transfer from single- to dual-task performance is briefly reviewed. The review suggests that single-task training produces limited transfer to dual-task performance. Past theoretical frameworks to explain multitask performance are reviewed. A connectionist/control architecture for skill acquisition is presented. The architecture involves neural-like units at the micro level of processing, with information transmitted between modules at the macro level. Simulations within the architecture exhibit five phases of skill acquisition. Dual-task interference and performance are predicted as a function of the phase of practice a skill has reached. Seven compensatory activities occur in the architecture during dual-task training that do not appear in single-task training, including (1) shedding and delaying tasks and preloading buffers, (2) letting go of high-workload strategies, (3) utilizing noncompeting resources, (4) multiplexing over time, (5) shortening transmissions. (...
Identification of longevity-associated genes in long-lived Snell and Ames dwarf mice.

Recent landmark molecular genetic studies have identified an evolutionarily conserved insulin/IGF-1 signal transduction pathway that regulates lifespan. In C. elegans, Drosophila, and rodents, attenuated insulin/IGF-1 signaling appears to regulate lifespan and enhance resistance to environmental stress. The Ames (Prop1df/df) and Snell (Pit1dw/dw) hypopituitary dwarf mice with growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and prolactin deficiencies live 40–60% longer than control mice. Both mutants are resistant to multiple forms of environmental stress in vitro. Taken collectively, these genetic models indicate that diminished insulin/IGF-l signaling may play a central role in the determination of mammalian lifespan by conferring resistance to exogenous and endogenous stressors. These pleiotropic endocrine pathways control diverse programs of gene expression that appear to orchestrate the development of a biological phenotype that promotes longevity. With the ability to investigate thousands of genes simultaneously, several microarray surveys have identified potential longevity assurance genes and provided information on the mechanism(s) by which the dwarf genotypes (dw/dw) and (df/df), and caloric restriction may lead to longevity. We propose that a comparison of specific changes in gene expression shared between Snell and Ames dwarf mice may provide a deeper understanding of the transcriptional mechanisms of longevity determination. Furthermore, we propose that a comparison of the physiological consequences of the Pit1dw and Prop1df mutations may reveal transcriptional profiles similar to those reported for the C. elegans and Drosophila mutants. In this study we have identified classes of genes whose expression is similarly affected in both Snell and Ames dwarf mice. Our comparative microarray data suggest that specific detoxification enzymes of the P450 (CYP) family as well as oxidative and steroid metabolism may play a key role in longevity assurance of the Snell and Ames dwarf mouse mutants. We propose that the altered expression of these genes defines a biochemical phenotype which may promote longevity in Snell and Ames dwarf mice.
Ensuring the effectiveness of community-wide emergency cardiac care

To improve emergency cardiac care (ECC) on the national or international level, we must translate to the rest of our communities the successes found in cities with high survival rates. In recent years, important developments have evolved in our understanding of the treatment and evaluation of cardiac arrest. Some of the most important of these developments include 1) recognition of the chain of survival, which is necessary to achieve high survival rates; 2) widespread acceptance that survival rates must be assessed routinely to ensure continuous quality improvements in the emergency medical services (EMS) system; and 3) development of improved methods for performing survival rate studies that will maximize the effectiveness of information gathering and analysis. While each community should determine how to optimize their own ECC services, some general guidelines are useful. Successful treatment of cardiac arrest starts in the community with prevention and education, including early recognition of the signs and symptoms of cardiovascular ischemia. Obtaining 911 service (and preferably enhanced 911) should be a top priority for all communities. EMS dispatchers should dispatch the unit to the scene in less than one minute, provide critical information to the responders regarding the type of emergency, and offer the caller telephone-assisted CPR instructions. The EMS first-responders should strive to arrive at the patient's side in less than four minutes, be able to immediately defibrillate if necessary, and begin basic CPR. An excellent strategy to accomplish this is to equip and train all fire-fighting units in the operation of automatic external defibrillators and dispatch them as a first-responder team. To manage the cardiac arrest patient, a minimum of two rescuers trained in advanced cardiac life support plus two or more rescuers trained in basic life support are needed. Furthermore, an EMS system is not complete without on-going evaluation. Therefore, the 1992 National Conference on CPR and ECC strongly endorses the position that all ECC systems assess their survival rates through an ongoing quality improvement process and that all members of the chain of providers should be represented in the outcome assessment team. We still have much to discover regarding optimal techniques of CPR, methods for data collection, and optimal structure of an EMS system. Research in these areas will provide the foundation for future changes in EMS systems development.
Utility of a High-Resolution 3D MRI Sequence (3D-SPACE) for Evaluation of Congenital Heart Disease

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of a high-resolution 3D dark-blood turbo spin echo sequence with variable flip angles (3D-SPACE) in evaluation of congenital heart disease. SPACE sequence was performed in 20 patients (mean age, 17.6 ± 12.6 years, range 9 months–57 years, M: 13) with either unrepaired (N = 3) or post-repair (n = 17) congenital heart disease. All scans were performed on 1.5 T Aera scanners (Siemens). Two separate observers with expertise in cardiovascular imaging scored the quality of the images for blood suppression and definition of key anatomical structures in a blinded fashion using a 5 grade scoring system. Mean of average overall quality scores for two observers was 4 ± 0.62. All overall quality scores were greater than 3. None of the studies were deemed nondiagnostic. Mean length of the SPACE acquisition time was 12.7 min (4–21 min). There was no significant correlation between image quality and duration of scans. Lack of blood suppression was the limiting factor in image quality with the most common place being ascending aorta in nine patients. However, overall blood suppression score was very good with score of 3.9 ± 0.43. There was very good overall agreement between observers in rating the image quality (85.6 % agreement, kappa 0.5, standard error 0.04, p < 0.0001). The 3D-SPACE dark-blood sequence with near-isotropic spatial resolution coupled with respiratory and cardiac gating can be feasibly performed in all age groups with diagnostic image quality in all cases in this study.
Role of the Y-located putative gonadoblastoma gene in human spermatogenesis.

The gonadoblastoma locus on the human Y chromosome (GBY) is postulated to serve normal functions in spermatogenesis, but could exert oncogenic properties in predisposing susceptible germ cells to tumorigenesis in incompatible niches such as streaked gonads in XY sex reversed patients or dysfunctional testis in males. The testis-specific protein Y-linked (TSPY) repeat gene has recently been demonstrated to be the putative gene for GBY, based on its location on the GBY critical region, expression patterns in early and late stages of gonadoblastoma and ability to induce gonadoblastoma-like structures in the ovaries of transgenic female mice. Over-expression of TSPY accelerates G2/M progression in the cell cycle by enhancing the mitotic cyclin B-CDK1 kinase activities. Currently the normal functions of TSPY in spermatogenesis are uncertain. Expression studies of TSPY, and its X-homologue, TSPX, in normal human testis suggest that TSPY is co-expressed with cyclin B1 in spermatogonia and various stages of sperm...
Ring Magnet Power System for the Zero Gradient Synchrotron

The power system for the ZGS ring magnet consists of a flywheel motor generator set and four groups of mercury arc rectifiers operating alternately as power rectifiers and power inverters. The system is shown schematically in Fig. 1.
Using Technology to Support Prospective Science Teachers in Learning and Teaching About Scientific Models

This article presents efforts to support prospective secondary science teachers in learning and teaching about scientific models and the impact of those efforts on their understandings. The role played by scientific models is an often under-emphasized aspect of the conduct of science associated with an understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry. The National Science Education Standards present a vision of what students need to know, understand, and be able to do to be scientifically literate at different grade levels (National Research Council [NRC], 1995). Among the recommendations regarding scientific inquiry, references are made to the use of models in learning science. For example, it is recommended that throughout grades 9-12, students should formulate and revise scientific explanations and models using logic and evidence: