cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MICA antigens stimulate T cell proliferation and cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Abstract In previous experiments we have found that transplant recipients had specific antibodies against MICA. In the present study, we measured T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity to investigate whether immunization with MICA can produce a specific cellular immune response. BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant MICA (rMICA). Lymphoid cell suspensions obtained after immunization were used to measure T cell proliferation. We detected a robust proliferative response in MICA-stimulated cultures as determined by [ 3 H]thymidine uptake. Using carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to measure proliferation, we found that in MICA-stimulated cultures, 21% of the CD3 + T cells were CD4 + and CFSE-low and 3% of the T cells were proliferating CD8 + T cells. Among CFSE-low CD4 + spleen cells, 25% secreted IL-4 and only 2% produced IFN-γ, suggesting a predominant Th2-type response. Blocking of MHC class I or class II molecules with monoclonal antibodies resulted in prominent inhibition of CD8 + or CD4 + T cell proliferation, respectively. In addition, we found that blocking the NKG2D receptor did not cause inhibition of the T cell response. MICA-stimulated CD8 + T lymphocytes exerted cytotoxicity against a BALB/c monocyte cell line (RAW 267.4) primed with soluble rMICA. Our results suggested that MICA-activated T cells may have a role in a cellular component of transplant rejection.
Estrogenic activity of some flavonoids.

Abstract Six flavonoids were tested both orally and subcutaneously for estrogenic activity by the uterine weight increase method in the immature rat.One of the compounds, 4 f ,6-dihydroxyflavone , was active orally but not subcutaneously.Postulates are advanced to explain the results.
THE INABILITY OF STEADY-FLOW MODELS TO EXPLAIN THE EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET CORONAL LOOPS

Recent observations from the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) and the EUV Imaging Telescope (EIT) show that warm (T ≈ 1-1.5 MK) EUV coronal loops in active regions generally have enhanced densities, enhanced pressure scale heights, and flat filter ratio (temperature) profiles in comparison with the predictions of static-equilibrium theory. It has been suggested that mass flows may explain these discrepancies. We investigate this conjecture using one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of steady flows in coronal loops. The flows are driven by asymmetric heating that decreases exponentially along the loop from one footpoint to the other. We find that a sufficiently large heating asymmetry can produce density enhancements consistent with a sizable fraction of the observed loops, but that the pressure scale heights are smaller than the corresponding gravitational scale heights, and that the filter ratio profiles are highly structured, in stark contrast to the observations. We conclude that most warm EUV loops cannot be explained by steady flows. It is thus likely that the heating in these loops is time dependent.
Renal toxicity studies of protein-bound platinum(cis).

Abstract Incubation of dialyzed rat serum with cisplatin at a concentration of 908 ppm results in binding of platinum to the proteins and electrophoretic evidence of protein alterations. Intravenous administration of protein-bound platinum(cis), containing the same platinum content as an 8.5-mg/kg dose of cisplatin, fails to produce elevated serum BUN and creatinine levels as do equivalent doses of ‘free’ cisplatin in 0.9% saline. Light microscopy of the right side kidneys of rats receiving protein-bound platinum(cis) revealed no obvious pathology while the kidneys of rats receiving ‘free’ cisplatin showed consistent pathological alterations including hydropic degeneration and pyknotic nuclei. These observations suggest that a protein-bound form of platinum will be unlikely to contribute to the renal toxicity observed during cisplatin chemotherapy.
The use of dehydroepiandrosterone therapy in clinical practice.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) therapy is controversial due to sensationalized reports of epidemiologic studies and the over-the-counter availability of DHEA. Human clinical trials have investigated the potential efficacy of DHEA therapy in multiple conditions with resultant inconsistencies in findings. DHEA is unique compared with other adrenal steroids because of the fluctuation in serum levels found from birth into advancing age. The lower endogenous levels of DHEA and DHEA sulfate found in advancing age have been correlated with a myriad of health conditions. Also, some studies suggest gender-specific actions of endogenous and exogenous DHEA. We reviewed only pharmacokinetic studies and human clinical trials investigating the efficacy of DHEA therapy that were placebo-controlled as these provided the most reliable scientific basis for the evaluation of DHEA therapy. Pharmacodynamic studies suggest that doses of 30–50mg of oral DHEA may produce physiologic androgen levels, especially in women. These studies report a dose-dependent effect and lack of accumulation of serum androgen levels. Pharmacologic studies also reveal a gender-specific response to DHEA therapy such that testosterone levels are increased in women but not in men. Clinical trials suggest that 50mg of oral DHEA, but not <30mg, can increase serum androgen levels to within the physiologic range for young adults with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency, possibly improve sexual function, improve mood and self-esteem, and decrease fatigue/exhaustion. Whereas DHEA replacement therapy may be effective in treating patients with adrenal insufficiency, human clinical trials investigating its efficacy in conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus, HIV, Alzheimer disease, advancing age, male sexual dysfunction, perimenopausal symptoms, depression, and cardiovascular disease have not provided consistent findings.
Disease advocacy organizations catalyze translational research.

Disease advocacy organizations have long played an important role in the continuum from basic science to therapy development in rare disease research. PXE International has sometimes led the field in innovative ways, venturing into specific activities that have traditionally been conducted by scientists. As lay founders, we have engaged in gene discovery, gene patenting, diagnostic development, epidemiological studies, clinical trials and therapy research and development. This article will describe the steps that we took, and the ways in which we have scaled these efforts for the larger community.
Contemporary outcomes of endovascular interventions for acute limb ischemia

Objective Thrombolysis as a treatment for acute limb ischemia (ALI) has become a first-line therapy based on studies published over 2 decades ago. The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes of patients treated for ALI using contemporary thrombolytic agents and endovascular techniques. Methods Consecutive patients with ALI of the lower extremities treated between 2005 and 2011 were identified, and their records were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were treated with tissue plasminogen activator delivered via catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) and/or pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (PMT), with other adjunctive endovascular or surgical interventions. Procedural success, thrombolysis duration, and 30-day and long-term outcomes were obtained for the whole series and were also compared between the CDT and PMT groups. Limb salvage and survival were assessed using time-to-event methods, including Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards models. Results A total of 154 limbs were treated in 147 patients presenting with ALI (Rutherford class I, 9.7%; class IIa, 70.1%; class IIb, 20.1%). The mean follow-up was 15.20 months (range, 0.56-56.84 months). Indications for intervention included embolization (14.3%), thrombosed bypass (36.4%), thrombosed stent (26.6%), native artery thrombosis (24.0%), and thrombosed popliteal aneurysm (3.2%). Technical success was achieved in 83.8% of cases, with a 30-day mortality rate of 5.2%. Procedural complications included systemic bleeding (5.2%), access site hematoma (4.5%), acute renal failure (1.9%), and distal embolization (9.7%). The mean runoff score decreased from 13.42 preintervention to 7.43 postintervention. Adjuvant revascularization procedures were required in 89.0% of patients and were endovascular (68.8%), hybrid (9.1%), or open (11.0%). Only 3.2% of patients required a fasciotomy. The overall rate of major amputation was 15.0% (18.1% for CDT only, 11.3% for PMT; P = NS). Predictors of limb loss by Cox proportional hazards models included end-stage renal disease (hazard ratio [HR], 8.563; P P P P = .046). Conclusions Endovascular therapy with thrombolysis using tissue plasminogen activator remains an effective treatment option for patients presenting with mild or moderate lower extremity ALI, with equal benefit derived with CDT or PMT. Patients with end-stage renal disease or poor pedal outflow have an increased risk of limb loss and may benefit from alternative revascularization strategies.
Functional significance of an overlapping consensus binding motif for Sp1 and Zif268 in the murine adenosine deaminase gene promoter

The murine adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene has a (G + C)-rich promoter that can support diverse tissue-specific gene expression. By using deletion and mutation analyses, we have identified a cis-acting "repressor" element located immediately upstream of the proximal Sp1 binding site in the ADA gene promoter. This repressor element was localized to a binding site for the immediate-early, serum-responsive, DNA binding factor Zif268. This Zif268 binding site partially overlaps a binding site for the general transcription activator Sp1. Disruption of the Zif268 binding site without disturbing the Sp1 binding motif abolished Zif268 binding and resulted in significantly elevated promoter function. Conversely, disruption of the proximal consensus Sp1 binding motif without disturbing the Zif268 binding site resulted in a loss of Sp1 binding at that region and greatly reduced promoter activity. Our results suggest that one function of Zif268 may be to down-regulate this type of mammalian gene promoter by competing with Sp1 for binding to the overlapping binding motif.
Effective treatment of experimental U-87MG human glioblastoma in nude mice with a targeted cytotoxic bombesin analogue, AN-215

Some brain tumours, such as glioblastomas express high levels of receptors for bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide. We investigated whether bombesin/gastrin releasing peptide receptors found in glioblastoma cell lines can be utilised for targeting of a cytotoxic bombesin analogue, AN-215 consisting of a potent derivative of doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin (AN-201) linked to a bombesin-like peptide carrier. This study reports the effect of AN-215 on the growth of U-87MG human glioblastomas xenografted into nude mice. High affinity binding of AN-215 to U-87MG tumours was characterised by an IC(50) value of 4.0+/-0.1 nM, as determined by radioreceptor assays. mRNA analyses revealed the presence of mRNA for BN receptor subtypes 1 and 2. Treatment with AN-215 significantly (P<0.05) extended tumour doubling time from 4.54+/-0.2 days to 8.18+/-1.8 days and inhibited tumour growth as demonstrated by a 69.6% reduction in final tumour volume (P<0.001) and a 64.6% decrease in tumour weight as compared to controls. Cytotoxic radical AN-201 at the same dose was ineffective. The antitumour effect of AN-215 could be blocked by pretreatment with an excess of a bombesin antagonist, indicating that the action of this cytotoxic analogue is receptor-mediated. Our results suggest that patients with inoperable brain tumours such as malignant gliomas may benefit from targeted chemotherapy based on cytotoxic bombesin analogue AN-215.
The Global Economic Crisis: Effects on U.S. Higher Education

© 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd .Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Beijing Forum.This paper discusses four issues. The first considers the effects of the recent economic downturn onpost-secondary education in the United States. I then review and evaluate the ways in which the U.S.government has responded to the crisis. Third, I argue that the diversity and independence of the higher education institutions within the nation has reduced the potential of serious long-term effects of theeconomic downturn and that the central effect has been to amplify existing problems and challenges. In afinal section I propose that greater reliance on community colleges and technology might offer partialsolutions to mitigate the effects of the global economic crisis on students and schools.
Local effects of partial adenine-N1-oxidation on poly A-poly U and poly A-2 poly U helix conformations.

We prepared helices with noncomplementary bases by N1-oxidation of poly A, followed by reaction with poly U. Mixing curves indicate that doubly and triply helical structures form, with only the unmodified adenines involved in base pair formation. Circular dichroism spectra were examined particularly at the absorbance maximum of the adenine N1-oxide (A*). In the single strand poly (A,A*), there is a relatively strong pair of positive and negative CD bands from the A*. These are greatly reduced in the double helix, and abolished in the triple helix. We conclude that A* stacks in a conventional manner with A in the single strand, but is rotated out of the double and triple helix. In the double helix the A* probably maintains a preferred orientation with respect to the helix, but rotates randomly in the triple helix.
Impairment of Spatial Learning Performance in Adult Rats Treated with Glucocorticoids in Neonatal Life

Impairment of Spatial Learning Performance in Adult Rats Treated with Glucocorticoids in Neonatal Life
Effects of predator exclusion on recruit survivorship in an octocoral (Briareum asbestinum) and a scleractinian coral (Porites astreoides)

Recruits of the Caribbean scleractinian coral Porites astreoides and the octocoral Briareum asbestinum were established on artificial substrata and reared on a reef in cages designed to exclude various classes of organisms known to feed on corals. Post-settlement survivorship of recruits was measured for periods of 2 weeks (B. asbestinum) and 1 month (P. astreoides) on East Turtle Reef in the Florida Keys during May and June 2010. Predator exclusion did not affect survivorship among P. astreoides recruits during the study. Recruits of B. asbestinum experienced lower survivorship in treatments that allowed access by fish compared with fish exclusion treatments. The results indicate that predation may be an important determinant of post-settlement mortality among B. asbestinum recruits, and fishes are the primary contributors to predation-induced mortality. B. asbestinum recruit survivorship differed by an order of magnitude between recruits in the control condition and those in the predator exclusion (0.087 and 0.372, respectively). The findings illustrate the need to consider the effects of interactions early in life on the survival, propagation, and recovery of coral populations.
Sustained flight in Phormia (by a new method) and its effect on blood pH

Abstract Sustained flight of 120 min or more has been obtained with Phormia regina Meig. Blood pH's measured before and after flight appear to fall within the same range (6·9-7·1).
Alternating knots satisfy strong property P

Suppose a manifold is produced by finite Dehn surgery on a non-torus alternating knot for which Seifert's algorithm produces a checkerboard surface. By demonstrating that it contains an essential lamination, we prove that such a manifold has \( {\Bbb R}^{3} \) as universal cover and, consequently, is irreducible and has infinite fundamental group. Together with previous work of Roberts, who proved this result in the case of alternating knots for which Seifert's algorithm does not produce a checkerboard surface, and Moser, who classified the manifolds produced by surgery on torus knots, this paper completes the proof that alternating knots satisfy Strong Property P.
Electrochemical recognition of synthetic heparin mimetic at liquid/liquid microinterfaces.

Electrochemically controlled molecular recognition of a synthetic heparin mimetic, Arixtra, at nitrobenzene/water microinterfaces was investigated to obtain a greater understanding of interfacial recognition and sensing of heparin and its analogues with biomedical importance. In contrast to unfractionated heparin, this synthetic pentasaccharide that mimics the unique Antithrombin III binding domain of heparin possesses well-defined structure and ionic charge to enable quantitative interpretation of cyclic voltammetric/chronoamperometric responses based on the interfacial recognition at micropipet electrodes. Arixtra is electrochemically extracted from the water phase into the bulk nitrobenzene phase containing highly lipophilic ionophores, methyltridodecylammonium or dimethyldioctadecylammonium. Numerical analysis of the kinetically controlled cyclic voltammograms demonstrates for the first time that formal potentials and standard rate constants of polyion transfer at liquid/liquid interfaces are ionophor...
The Third Person Effect: A Critical Review and Synthesis

This paper reviews research on the third-person effect--the perception that communications exert a stronger effect on others than on oneself It is concluded that the third-person effect is a reliable and persistent phenomenon that emerges across variations in question order, format, and wording. The effect is also more situationally specific than originally believed, as illustrated by evidence of first-person effects in response to socially desirable messages. Self-enhancement biases, although not the only processes that underlie the effect, provide a parsimonious explanation of message-desirability recruits. Other delimiting conditions such as social distance are critically reviewed, evidence for behavioral effects is discussed, and methodological shortcomings are noted. Six directions for research are articulated.
Pretreatment with physostigmine, mecamylamine and atropine reduces the impact of soman on the cortical visual evoked potential of the cat.

Abstract A pretreatment regimen of physostigmine, mecamylamine and atropine was evaluated for its ability to alleviate the impact of soman on visual system function as measured by changes in the cortical visual evoked potential (VEP) of the cat. Data from unprotected animals showed a threshold (30% depression in the VEP) of 6.4 μg/kg, while in pretreated animals, the threshold dose was 32.7 μg/kg, yielding a protection ratio of 5:1. Extending the time between pretreatment and exposure reduced the degree of protection. Pretreatment also reduced the degree of VEP depression at suprathreshold doses, indicating a therapeutic effect even in case of severe exposure.
The Par-PrkC polarity complex is required for cilia growth in zebrafish photoreceptors.

Specification and development of the apical membrane in epithelial cells requires the function of polarity proteins, including Pard3 and an atypical protein kinase C (PrkC). Many epithelial cells possess microtubule-based organelles, known as cilia, that project from their apical surface and the membrane surrounding the cilium is contiguous with the apical cell membrane. Although cilia formation in cultured cells required Pard3, the in vivo requirement for Pard3 in cilia development remains unknown. The vertebrate photoreceptor outer segment represents a highly specialized cilia structure in which to identify factors necessary for apical and ciliary membrane formation. Pard3 and PrkC localized to distinct domains within vertebrate photoreceptors. Using partial morpholino knockdown, photo-morpholinos, and pharmacological approaches, the function of Pard3 and PrkC were found to be required for the formation of both the apical and ciliary membrane of vertebrate photoreceptors. Inhibition of Pard3 or PrkC activity significantly reduced the size of photoreceptor outer segments and resulted in mislocalization of rhodopsin. Suppression of Pard3 or PrkC also led to a reduction in cilia size and cilia number in Kupffer’s Vesicle, which resulted in left-right asymmetry defects. Thus, the Par-PrkC complex functions in cilia formation in vivo and this likely reflects a general role in specifying non-ciliary and ciliary compartments of the apical domain.
Antiovulatory actions of RU 486: the pituitary is not the primary site of action in vivo.

Continuous administration of RU 486 impairs follicular development and inhibits ovulation in women. Yet, the mechanism of ovulation inhibition remains unknown. To characterize the mechanism(s) of ovulation inhibition, we studied six regularly menstruating cynomolgus monkeys for three consecutive (control-rest-treatment) cycles. Monkeys received 1 mg/kg.day RU 486 in between cycle days 2-22. Basal and GnRH-stimulated (1 and 50 micrograms GnRH, iv, 2 h apart) secretion of LH and FSH was assessed using serial blood samples (every 15 min for 12 h) collected on cycle day 10. Serum levels of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), RU 486, cortisol, LH, FSH, and PRL were analyzed by RIAs, the bioactivity of LH was assessed using a mouse Leydig cell assay. The mean cycle length was prolonged by RU 486 treatment from 31.8 to 69.8 days (P = 0.008). During RU 486 treatment, patterns of E2 secretion varied considerably; the mean +/- SD E2 level was 204 +/- 139 pmol/L. LH peaks and P4 profiles compatible with luteal functi...
Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking

This article describes a method to detect and analyze dynamic interactions between a protein of interest and other factors in vivo. Our method is based on the amber suppression technology that was originally developed by Peter Schultz and colleagues1. An amber mutation is first introduced at a specific codon of the gene encoding the protein of interest. The amber mutant is then expressed in E. coli together with genes encoding an amber suppressor tRNA and an amino acyl-tRNA synthetase derived from Methanococcus jannaschii. Using this system, the photo activatable amino acid analog p-benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) is incorporated at the amber codon. Cells are then irradiated with ultraviolet light to covalently link the Bpa residue to proteins that are located within 3-8 A. Photocrosslinking is performed in combination with pulse-chase labeling and immunoprecipitation of the protein of interest in order to monitor changes in protein-protein interactions that occur over a time scale of seconds to minutes. We optimized the procedure to study the assembly of a bacterial virulence factor that consists of two independent domains, a domain that is integrated into the outer membrane and a domain that is translocated into the extracellular space, but the method can be used to study many different assembly processes and biological pathways in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In principle interacting factors and even specific residues of interacting factors that bind to a protein of interest can be identified by mass spectrometry.
A 52‐Week Comparison of Lisinopril, Hydrochlorothiazide, and Their Combination in Hypertension

Lisinopril is a long-acting converting-enzyme inhibitor. A 52-week study was undertaken to compare the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), and a combination of the two drugs in 24 patients with a sitting diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of 90 to 120 mm Hg. After a four-week single-blind placebo-washout phase, ten patients received lisinopril, ten received HCTZ, and four received the combination in increasing doses in a double-blind fashion for the next 12 weeks. The target blood pressure was less than 90 mm Hg DBP and a decrease of at least 10 mm Hg. For the next 12 weeks, the responders continued to receive the same medications; however, the nonresponders from the two groups received the combination, increasing the number of patients receiving both to 13. The DBP was controlled in eight of the ten patients with lisinopril, three of the ten patients with HCTZ, and 11 of 13 (four original and nine nonresponders) with the combination. For the next 28 weeks, 17 patients agreed to continue into a single-blind phase, during which blood pressure was controlled in six of the seven patients who were treated with lisinopril alone and nine of ten who received the combination. The heart rate rose significantly in the HCTZ-treated patients during the short-term treatment and decreased significantly in those treated with lisinopril during the long-term phase. Side effects were more frequent in patients receiving the combination but were always mild and subsided spontaneously. Lisinopril appeared to be more effective than HCTZ as a step-1 drug, and the combination was superior to either agent alone.
Deflection of a circular scanning mirror under angular acceleration

During turn-around a scanning mirror may be subjected to severe angular acceleration which can cause surface deflection of sufficient magnitude to distort the image significantly. In this paper a solution is developed for a circular mirror for a particular method of application of the direction-reversing forces. Parametric curves are presented which allow computation of the deflection as a function of mirror size and point of load application. An example is computed in which the deflection is a significant fraction of the optical wave length.
Worldview: An Integrated Geometric-Modeling/ Drafting System

Worldview is a computer-aided architectural and engineering design system that combines the power of geometric modeling utilities with the intuitive design and communication capabilities of drafting utilities. This article describes the basic design concepts and implementation of the system, achieved by representing the designed artifact nonredundantly in a three-dimensional "world" and manipulating it through multiple two-dimensional "viwes." The world consists of a collection of shapes that store all the formative information pertinent to the designed artifact, while the views consist of images of selected shapes, generated through particular two-way mapping transforms. Several views that dapict the same set of shapes through different transforms can be displayed simultaneously, using multiple, dynamic, user-defined windows, thereby enabling addressability of points in the 3D world. Views also include such design and communication aids as dimension lines, construction lines, annotations, and graphic symbols to enhance the visual content of the images without encumbering the representation of the shapes themselves. Modifications applied to the shapes through any view are immediately apparent in all other views in which the shapes are imaged. The shapes are represented by a data structure based on the hybrid-edge data model, which facilites the integration of points, lines, surfaces, and volumetric bodies into one formative hierarchy. The integration of drafting and modeling simplifies the use of powerful modeling utilities by designers, facilitates the communication of the designed artifact, and enhances the integrity of the design as a whole.
Do oil tariffs lower wages

An oil tariff has potential to alter the pattern of production and income distribution across productive factors. This paper use a general equilibrium model of production and trade with inputs of capital, labor, and international energy to examine the effects of an oil tariff. Under a range of conditions, higher energy prices created by oil tariffs would lower the ratio of wages to capital rents, and production of labor intensive goods would fall. This paper concentrates on the potential of oil tariffs to alter patterns of production and income distribution.
On the extension of substrate dislocations into heteroepitaxial deposits

Abstract It has been argued that threading dislocations cannot be introduced into heteroepitaxial deposits by the ‘copying’ of emergent substrate dislocations because the Burgers vector of the dislocation must change at the interface. In this Letter it is shown that the extension of an emergent substrate dislocation into the deposit requires the creation of an interfacial dislocation. These three dislocations will meet at an interfacial node where the sum of the Burgers vectors is zero as required.
Early Growth Rate of Possible Value as an Indication of Future Egg Production

Abstract MANY attempts have been made to find a reliable measure of the future egg production on non-pedigreed chickens. Jull, Quinn, and Godfrey (1933) reviewed earlier work and concluded from that and from their own experiments that skeletal type and egg production are not related. Schnetzler (1936) found that fast growing chicks grow larger, lay larger eggs, and beget faster growing offspring than slow growing chicks. Hammond and Burrows (1937) found that the female genital eminence is not a measure of future egg production. Hammond and Bird (1942) found that fast growing chicks use their feed most efficiently yet need not grow to be the largest chicks. They also found that under average conditions chicks reached the maximum variability in live weight at 6 weeks of age. Hammond (1934) reported the results of an experiment in which biweekly weights were recorded on several hundred Rhode Island Red pullets from hatching through . . .
Family therapy training in child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship programs.

Objective This study describes the current state of family therapy training in a sample of child and adolescent psychiatry fellowship programs.
Evaluating the beef promotion checkoff: The robustness of the conclusions

Evaluation of the beef checkoff is an ongoing effort. Using household data and aggregate beef disappearance data, recent results confirm earlier work by Ward and Lambert showing the effectiveness of the beef checkoff even though the impact on cattle prices is small relative to other factors. Problems with other models attempting to reproduce Ward and Lambert's earlier models are detailed and the specific problems associated with attempts to use other models compared with Ward and Lambert are shown. [Econ-Lit citations: Q130, M300, M370] © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tolerance to blood loss in the growing beagle.

SummaryBeagles ranging in age from 7 days to adult were bled to a mean arterial blood pressure of 30-35 mm Hg. After 30 min at this pressure level no more blood was taken and the blood lost was never replaced. In the following 3 hr, blood pressure further declined in puppies 1 and 2 weeks old while there was a partial restoration of pressure in older dogs. Average bleeding volumes ranged from 49 to 50.1 ml/kg in 2-month-old and older dogs and from 41.3 in younger animals. Forty-eight-hour survival rate was zero for 2-week-old or younger animals and was 20% in the adult group. A peak survival rate of 60% was observed in 2- and 3-month-old puppies. There was no statistically significant difference in the magnitude of compensatory fluid shift into the circulation between 3-month-old and adult beagles. Tolerance of 2- and 3-month-old beagles to an acute, large unreplaced blood loss seems to be greater than that of adult beagles and other dogs.
High dynamic range imaging in space: overview and wavefront control

NASA is endeavoring to launch missions capable of detecting Earth-like planets around neighboring stars. In visible wavelengths, this requires better than one 10 to the minus ten suppression of scattered light as close as 50 milli-arcsec to the stellar image. This extraordinary requirement is within reach but it requires broad-band wave front control to sub-Angstrom levels. We describe several high dynamic range imaging solutions, describe the various factors that contribute to the scattered light level and introduce a novel closed-loop broad-band correction system, suitable for the Shaped Pupil Coronagraph and the Lyot Coronagraph.
Mappings of group shifts

A group shift is a proper closed shift-invariant subgroup ofG ℤ 2 whereG is a finite group. We consider a class of group shifts in whichG is a finite field and show that mixing is a necessary and sufficient condition on such a group shift for all codes from it into another group shift to be affine and all codes from another group shift into it to be affine. As a corollary, it will follow forG=ℤ p that two mixing group shifts are topologically conjugate if and only if they are equal.
Vaccination-induced myositis with intramuscular sterile abscess formation

A case is presented of a 17-month-old female who acutely refused to bear weight on her left leg. A mass was felt and initially thought to represent a neoplasm. There were no constitutional symptoms. MRI demonstrated an area of edema involving the vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis with central fluid collection. Culture of the fluid component yielded no growth. Investigation determined the patient had received a DPT vaccination 10 days earlier into the thigh area of the left leg. This is the first MRI demonstration of vaccination-induced myositis with intramuscular sterile abscess formation.
The Skills Needed by Early Intervention Administrators/Supervisors: A Study Across Six States

The purpose of this study wets to survey supervisors and service providers to determine their perceptions of the skills needed to be an effective supervisor of an early intervention program. Of the 1,168 surveys distributed, 442 service providers and 422 supervisors in six states responded to the survey, resulting in a response rate of 74%. Findings revealed that few differences existed between the two professional groups regarding their perceptions of necessary supervisor competencies. Survey items ranked as the most important had three themes: knowledge of rules and regulations, competence in interpersonal skills, and awareness of best practice in early intervention.
Recent developments on models and inclusion criteria for chronic ankle instability

In the most recent report of injury data on 15 sports from the U.S. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance System over a span of 16 years (1988e2004), ankle ligament sprains were the most common injury. Residual symptoms such as recurrent sprains, pain, instability, and giving way are common after an initial, acute ligament sprain. Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is one of these common problems, and has enjoyed increased interest in the recent literature. However, CAI remains a poorly-defined and understood condition. CAI has been commonly associated with two types of instability, namely mechanical and functional instability. Hertel in 2002 proposed a CAI model that has been very popular (Fig. 1). In this model, CAI is attributed to both mechanical instability and functional instability. Functional instability may be caused by deficits in proprioception, neuromuscular control, postural control, and/or muscular strength. Mechanical instability may be caused by altered mechanics in one or more joints within the ankle complex. Rather than treating these two types of instability independently, this model considers that they are both part of an instability continuum. When both types of instability are present, recurrent ankle sprain occurs. In a recent paper, Hiller et al. proposed a new and updated CAI model that was evolved from Hertel’s original model. In this new model, CAI has a total of seven sub-groups (Fig. 2). In the new model, the triad consists of mechanical instability, perceived instability (instead of functional instability in
A MISSENSE MUTATION IN RPOD RESULTS IN AN A-SIGNALLING DEFECT IN MYXOCOCCUS XANTHUS

The Myxococcus xanthus asg genes (asgA, asgB, and asgC) are necessary for production of extracellular A-signal, which is thought to function as a cell-density signal. Previous analyses of the asgA and asgB genes suggest that they perform regulatory functions. In this work, we localized asgC to a region that contains genes homologous to rpsU, dnaG, and rpoD of the Escherichia coli macromolecular synthesis (MMS) operon. Surprisingly, asgC767 was found to be a mutant allele of rpoD, the gene encoding the major sigma factor of M. xanthus. The mutation in asgC767 results in a glutamate to lysine substitution at amino acid 598, which lies within conserved region 3.1 of the major sigma factors. Previous studies have shown that the asg mutants share a number of growth and developmental phenotypes. We found that A-signal restores developmental expression of an A-signal-dependent gene (Ω4521) in the asgC767 (rpoDEK598) mutant background in a manner similar to that seen in the asgA and asgB mutants. Because the asg mutants have very similar phenotypes and the asg genes encode proteins that appear to have regulatory functions, we hypothesize that the asg gene products function together in a regulatory pathway that is required for extracellular A-signal production.
Differentiation of pathogenic species of Candida by their recovery characteristics following ultraviolet irradiation.

Each of seven pathogenic species of Candida exhibits a unique pattern of light and dark recovery responses to ultraviolet irradiation. C. guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis and C. pseudotropicalis photoreactivate whereas C. albicans, C. krusei, C. stellatoidea and C. tropicalis do not. Within eachof these groups, individual species are distinguishable by whether or not they express differential dark recovery during postirradiation growth at 25 C or 37 C on oxidative vs fermentative carbon sources, on inorganic vs amino acid nitrogen sources or in the presence rather than absence of ergosterol. Equivalent recovery patterns are obtained for species of Candida and the ascosporogenous species which are their corresponding perfect forms. These observations indicate strongly that the postirradation recovery is a reliable, species-specific characteristic of yeasts.
Neurotrophic-hormonal interaction in the regulation of taste buds in the rat's vallate papilla.

Prolonged treatment of castrated-male rats with testosterone causes the development of taste buds in abnormal locations in the vallate papilla (i.e., upper surface of the papilla). Since taste buds are morphologically dependent on a trophic factor delivered to them via intact gustatory nerves, investigations of the possible role of testosterone as a trophic agent were undertaken. The effects of testosterone propionate on taste buds were studied in normal male and female, castrated-male, and male rats in which the taste buds were totally denervated. There was no apparent change in the number, distribution, or appearance of the taste buds normally found in the trench walls of testosterone treated normal or castrated rats. However, in the normal-male and castrated-male rats, 1–3 taste buds were found on the top surface of the papilla 6 weeks after treatment. No new buds were seen at 1 or 2 weeks, nor were any seen in hormonally treated females, or in control animals injected with sesame oil alone. Furthermore, testosterone did not maintain old or initiate new taste bud formation in the denervated papilla. Thus, testosterone in the form, doses, and times employed, could not subserve the trophic function of intact gustatory nerves. The results however indicate that new taste bud formation is the result of a nerve–hormone interaction, and not a change induced by castration and subsequent testosterone treatment. Further studies of the nerve–hormone interaction involved in taste bud formation seem indicated.
SOME PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE COMING OF THE ANTICHRIST

Les philosophes du XIVe siecle voulaient montrer que le libre arbitre de l'etre humain etait en accord avec la tradition prophetique. Dans cet article, l'A. desire expliquer trois de leurs plutot ingenieuses solutions au probleme que l'Antechrist pose : 1- these que Dieu peut defaire le passe ; 2- these que Dieu peut mentir ; et 3- contingence du sens. Il montre ainsi que cette facon de penser a defie des presupposes rigides sur la logique du futur.
Use of Antibiotics in Children Hospitalized with Community-Acquired, Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza

Many children with influenza are treated with antibiotics. In this report, we describe the rate and indications for antibacterial use in children hospitalized with influenza. A total of 333 of 729 (46%) patients received >2 days of treatment with antibacterial medications, of whom 36% did not have an apparent indication for therapy.
Facile synthesis of spherical cellulose nanoparticles

A practical procedure for synthesizing cellulose nanospheres with sizes ranging from 60 to over 570 nm was developed. This methodology provides a near linear relationship between cellulose nanoparticle size and treatment time. The hydrolyzed nanocelluloses are predominantly cellulose II polymorphic crystalline structure and relatively uniform in particle size.
A simple model for calcium induced exocytosis

Abstract We have developed a simple model showing how the presence or absence of Ca2+ can determine whether an uncurved or curved membrane surface is favored energetically. The model shows why fusion of vesicles with the presynaptic membrane is favored in the presence of calcium and why the budding off of vesicles is favored in the absence of calcium inside of the presynaptic membrane. The model accurately predicts the radius of a synaptic vesicle using known properties of lipids and suggests consequences of temperature change, varied stimulation rate and addition of calcium by artificial means on rates of transmitter release.
COMPONENTS OF REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT AND YIELD IN GOLDENRODS

Four components of reproductive yield (the weight of reproductive tissue) were examined in relation to their effect on reproductive effort and their relative contributions to reproductive yield in five species of goldenrods (Solidago, Compositae). The yield components were number of flowing stems per plant, number of flowering branches per stem, number of flowering heads per branch, and number of seeds per seed head. Individuals within populations increase their reproductive effort by increasing their reproductive weight, not by decreasing their vegetative weight. Each species shows a different pattern of positive correlations of yield components with reproductive yield and reproductive effort, indicating that each species has its own mechanisms for regulating reproduction. The yield components were not significantly intercorrelated.
Precocious development of sympatho-adrenal function in rats whose mothers received methadone.

Abstract The development of the ability of insulin-induced hypoglycemia to cause reflex neuronally-mediated release of adrenal catecholamines was studied in rats exposed perinatally to methadone. In control rats, the response was absent at birth and developed by the first week of postnatal age. Rats whose mothers received daily injections of methadone showed precocious development of neonatal sympatho-adrenal responses, an effect which reflected earlier maturation of functional sympathetic innervation of the tissue. The developmental alteration caused by methadone was apparent even in rats withdrawn from drug at birth by cross-fostering to normal mothers; the effect also did not display a “critical period,” in that prenatal exposure alone produced the shift as well as did continuous exposure. Accelerated maturation of sympatho-adrenal function caused by methadone appeared to be independent of nutritional or body weight factors, and may represent a direct drug effect on the fetus or pup.
Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and opioid effects of liquid versus tablet buprenorphine

Abstract Aims Two tablet formulations of buprenorphine (a buprenorphine mono-product, Subutex ® , and a buprenorphine/naloxone combination product, Suboxone ® ) are available for use in the treatment of opioid addiction; however, the bulk of the clinical studies supporting its approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were conducted with a sublingual liquid preparation. To assist the clinician in interpreting the relevant literature in establishing dosing parameters for prescription of tablet buprenorphine, this study was designed to compare the steady state: (1) pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, and (2) physiological, subjective and objective opiate effects of two 8 mg buprenorphine tablets (16 mg) to those of 1 ml (8 mg/ml) buprenorphine solution based upon early reports suggesting that the bioavailability of the tablet was approximately 50% of that of the liquid. Design Randomized, open-label, two-way crossover study. Setting Inpatient hospitalization for 21 days. Participants Twenty-four male and females in general good health and meeting DSM-IV criteria for opiate dependence. Intervention Subjects received one of the two buprenorphine formulations in the first 10-day period, and the other for the second 10-day period with no washout. Measurements Pharmacokinetic analyses, opiate effects and adverse events. Findings Drug steady state was reached by Day 7 of each 10-day period, area under the curve for 16 mg (two 8 mg) tablets was higher than the solution. The only non-kinetic statistically significant difference observed between the formulations was in changes in total opioid agonist score. Conclusions The serum concentration achieved by 16 mg of tablet buprenorphine is higher than that of the 8 mg solution, although differences between physiologic, subjective and objective opioid effects were not noted. The relative bioavailability of tablet versus solution is estimated to be 0.71; thus, with respect to dosing parameters for the tablet, clinicians should consider using less than 16 mg to achieve bioequivalence to the 8 mg solution.
Differences in the phagocytosis of four bacteria by channel catfish neutrophils.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the phagocytosis of Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictuluri, Edwardsiella tarda and Micrococcus luteus by channel catfish neutrophils. Various aspects of opsonization effect and bactericidal ability of channel catfish neutrophils were investigated. Percent phagocytosis range from a low of 1% to a high of 91%. The highest percent phagocytosis and phagocytic indices routinely occurred with normal serum and were highest for M. luteus (91.78%, 55.25) and A. hydrophila (87.52%, 43.60). In all cases, the percent phagocytosis and phagocytic index was lowest in assays without serum. Channel catfish neutrophils displayed a bactericidal/static ability for each bacterium tested except E. tarda . Neutrophils exhibited a greater inhibitory capacity for A. hydrophila and M. luteus than for the other bacteria when in the presence of normal or inactivated catfish serum.
Erratum for "Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthase by Cobalamins and Cobinamides," [Free Radic. Biol. Med. 46:1626–1632, 2009]

Erratum Erratum for “Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by cobalamins and cobinamides,” [Free Radic. Biol. Med. 46:1626–1632, 2009] J. Brice Weinberg ⁎, Youwei Chen , Ning Jiang , Bethany E. Beasley , John C. Salerno , Dipak K. Ghosh a a Division of Hematology–Oncology, Department of Medicine, Duke University and V.A. Medical Centers, Durham, NC 27705, USA b Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
A Blinded Survey of the Seroprevalence of HIV-1 Infection in an Inner-City Adolescent and Young Adult Population Attending a Community Hospital in the United States

The seroprevalence of HIV-1 infection in youth aged 12-24 years attending a Bronx community hospital was studied by blinded testing of unused sera. A crude prevalence of 0.98% (95% CI 0.08-1.88%) was observed, higher than rates in United States national HIV surveys, underscoring the need for enhanced screening and preventive services.