cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Reassessment of the Effect of CO2 Variations on a Simple Global Climatic Model

Abstract A simple global climatic model described earlier is modified slightly and reapplied to the CO2 problem. The modifications include using a more efficient numerical method to solve the system of equations and changing the expression used to estimate the infrared emissivity of an atmospheric column. After runs of 300 model years, considered the period necessary to reach a true steady state because of the large heat capacity of the oceans, the average global surface temperature drops 1.64C if the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is halved and rises 1.32C if the amount is doubled. Some comments on the future of this type of modeling experiment are appended.
Metastatic Phenotype Is Regulated by Estrogen in Thyroid Cells

Background: Over 200 million people worldwide are affected by thyroid proliferative diseases, including cancer, adenoma, and goiter, annually. The incidences of thyroid malignancies are three to four times higher in women, suggesting the possible involvement of estrogen. Based on this observed sex bias, we hypothesize that estrogen modulates the growth and metastatic propensity of thyroid cancer cells. Methods: In this study, two thyroid cell lines (Nthy-ori 3-1 and BCPAP) were evaluated for the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) by Western blot analysis and estrogen responsiveness by using a cell proliferation assay. In addition, the effect of estradiol (E2) on modulation of metastatic phenotype was determined by using in vitro adhesion, migration, and invasion assays. Results: Thyroid cells expressed a functionally active ER-α and ER-β as evidenced by 50–150% enhancement of proliferation in the presence of E2. E2 also enhanced adhesion, migration, and invasion of thyroid cells in an in vitro experimenta...
The role of children's routines of daily living, supervision, and maternal fatigue in preschool children's injury risk

The purpose of this study was to (a) explore the relationship between the lack of everyday routines and children's unintentional injuries, (b) examine two mechanisms of effect through which lack of routines might operate, children's sleep and maternal supervision, and (c) explore the influence of maternal fatigue in routines and maternal supervision. The sample comprised 264 mothers and their 3-year-old children. Routines were not directly related to children's injuries, but they moderated the relationship between maternal supervision and injuries. Lack of supervision was positively related to injuries only for children with infrequent everyday routines. Infrequent everyday routines were also related to inadequate children's sleep and maternal fatigue was inversely related to routines and maternal supervision.
Secondary hormonal manipulations in prostate cancer.

Virtually all patients treated with androgen deprivation eventually develop progressive clinical or biochemical disease despite this therapy. Despite low levels of androgen, the androgen receptor remains active, making secondary hormonal therapies a reasonable clinical approach. Considerations for such patients include antiandrogen withdrawal, sequential use of antiandrogens, adrenal cortex inhibitors, and estrogenic compounds. Collectively, the modest activity of these therapies challenges the notion that advancing prostate cancer will uniformly become “hormone refractory.”
Effects of SOS and MucAB functions on reactivation and mutagenesis of M13 replicative form DNA bearing bulky lesions

Abstract We have previously determined the specificity of −1 frameshifts induced by aflatoxin-B1-2,3-dichloride (AFB1C12) in phage M13 double-strand replicative form (RF) DNA [1]. The system consists of: (i) in vitro adduction of RF DNA of BK8, a lacZ + 1 frameshift derivative of phage M13mp8; (ii) transfection into unirradiated or UV-irradiated bacterial host cells; (iii) scoring and sequencing of revertants (i.e., −1 frameshifts). The previous data had shown that induction of SOS functions enhanced mutagenesis. However, this increase in mutagenesis is not accompanied by enhanced survival in majority of the strains tested. Here, we present evidence to show that the lack of SOS reactivation is a specific property of the RF DNA system rather than a specific property of the lesion. A model mechanism based on the replicative strategy of transfected RF DNA can account for these observations. In addition, we have calculated individual Weigle mutagenesis factors at 8 major mutagen induced sites reported previously [1]. Analysis of these data indicates that, within a restricted subset of possible mutational events (i.e., −1 frameshifts), Weigle mutagenesis is affected by both the DNA sequence environment of the mutation site as well as the repair phenotype of the cell.
A note on the chemistry of seawater in the range 350°-500°C

Abstract The chemistry of seawater at conditions of 350° to 500°C, 220 to 1000 bars (22 to 100 MPa) is controlled by reactions involving magnesium hydroxide sulfate (MHSH) and anhydrite. During progressive heating from 350° to 500°C at 1000 bars (100 MPa), MHSH with a Mg SO 4 ratio of 1.25 is formed via precipitation from solution and via reaction of solution with pre-existing anhydrite. During adiabatic expansion the MHSH extracts additional SO4 from seawater and converts to a stoichiometry in which Mg SO 4 = 1.16 . These reactions control and greatly change the concentrations of Ca, Mg, SO4 in solution and produce significant ionizable hydrogen, attaining 11.7 mmoles kg−1 at maximum conditions.
Fat Mass Is Inversely Associated with Serum Carboxymethyl-Lysine, An Advanced Glycation End Product, in Adults

High levels of circulating advanced glycation end products (AGE) are associated with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and increased mortality, but factors that influence levels of circulating AGE are not well known. Our objective was to characterize the relationship between serum carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), a major circulating AGE, and body composition in adults. In a cross-sectional study, total body DXA was performed and serum CML was measured in 592 adults, aged 26-93 y, from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Median (25th, 75th percentile) CML concentrations were 2.26 (1.86, 2.67) μmol/L. Total fat mass [β = -0.17 (95% CI -0.10, -0.24); P < 0.0001], truncal fat mass [β = -0.17 (95% CI -0.10, -0.25); P < 0.0001], and appendicular fat mass [β = -0.13 (95% CI -0.05, -0.20); P = 0.001] per 1 SD increase were inversely associated with serum CML in separate multivariate linear regression models, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, systolic blood pressure, TG, HDL cholesterol, and renal function. Lean body mass was not independently associated with serum CML. These findings suggest that serum CML concentration is strongly affected by body fat, possibly because CML is preferentially deposited in fat tissue or because adipocytes affect the metabolism of AGE.
Optical Damage Resistance Of Lithium Niobate Waveguides

The optical damage resistance of diffused lithium niobate wave-guides is discussed. Long-term laser power handling performance is assessed by recording the spatial intensity changes occurring as a function of time in a waveguide's far field. Out-diffused waveguides are found to offer significantly greater long-term resistance to optical power losses caused by optical damage than do waveguides formed by either ion exchange or titanium in-diffusion. Any waveguide's resistance to optical damage is lowered by inadvertent exposure to chemical reducing conditions that can prevail during device fabrication processes. Waveguides exposed to the severe chemical reducing conditions are found to exhibit dramatically nonlinear behavior when exposed to high laser powers and short laser wavelengths.
Exchange of deeply trapped and interstitial hydrogen in silicon

Using ab initio density-functional calculations, we examine possible exchange mechanisms between an interstitial hydrogen atom and a deeply bound H at a silicon-hydrogen bond. We determine a low-energy pathway for exchange, which involves an intermediate, metastable [SiH2 complex with both hydrogen atoms strongly bound to the silicon atom. The energy barrier for the exchange process is Eex,0.2 eV, consistent with observations of hydrogen-deuterium exchange in a-Si:H(D) films.@S0163-1829~99!04507-5#
Liquid sorption equilibria of selected binary hydrocarbon systems in type Y zeolites

On NaY and HY, aromatic compounds are selectively adsorbed in preference to paraffins and naphthenes. Smaller aromatic compounds are adsorbed in preference to larger aromatic compounds. All the compounds studied can be sorbed into the pore structure of the zeolites and the selectivies are primarily a reflection of relative affinity for the zeolite and steric effects rather than a sieving effect.
Molecular basis for the biodegradative recalcitrance of lignin in anaerobic environments

Lignin, the second most abundant naturally occurring organic polymer, represents a significant component of carbon in the biosphere. Nonetheless, relatively little is known about the specific chemicobiochemical transformation reactions that account for the biodegradation of this unique polyaromatic molecule in nature. The synthesis of lignin differs from that of other major biopolymers because it is polymerized via a free-radical condensation mechanism which is not under strict enzymatic control [ 1 ]. Present knowledge on lignin biodegradation has been summarized in a recent symposium [2] and general reviews [3-6], Lignin appears relatively inert and recalcitrant to microbial decomposition in a variety of neutral to acidic, anoxic environments [7,8]; but, in highly alkaline gastrointestinal tracts of higher termites biodegradation of the molecule occurs [9]. Study of the decomposition of simple aromatic compounds by anaerobic, microbial processes was pioneered by Buswell [10], who first demonstrated that a wide variety of substrates, including benzoate, cinnamic acid, phenol and syringic acid were fermented to methane by mixed sewage sludge digestor cultures. Healy, Young and collaborators [11-13] reported that 11 different monomeric aromatic compounds derived from alkaline, heattreated lignin were fermented to methane by mixed bacterial cultures. Until the recent isolation and description of acidogenic bacteria (B. Schink, Univ. Konstanz, personal communication), only phototrophic [ 14,15] and denitrifying species [ 16,17] were demonstrated to grow in pure culture via complete anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds. The biochemistry of anaerobic, aromatic catabolism has been reviewed by Evans [18]. Previously, we reported that high molecular weight 14C-labeled synthetic lignins were not decomposed in anoxic sediments of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin [7]. However, the sediments of this eutrophic lake are actively methanogenic [19] and sulfidogenic [20]. The purpose of the present study was to examine the basis for the biodegradative recalcitrance of lignins in anoxic sediments. In this study it was of special importance to compare the decomposition of a variety of test ~4C-labeled lignins and a ~4C-labeled lignin-related 'dimer' that contains the major intermonomer linkage (i.e., the fl-aryl ether bond) present in natural lignin, with that of control [14C]aromatic monomers.
A Method for Combining Thin and Thick Malleable Titanium Mesh in the Repair of Cranial Defects.

Introduction: Cranial defects following the removal of tumor involved bone require repair and reconstruction for brain protection and cosmesis. A variety of autologous bone substrates and synthetic materials can be employed, alone or in combination. In this article, we describe the use of dual thin and thick titanium mesh, connected together using plate hardware, to repair a right frontotemporal sphenoidal bone defect following resection of a hyperostosing sphenoid wing meningioma. Methods: Reconstruction of the pterion was done with a dual mesh cranioplasty. After replacement of the native orbitozygomatic and frontotemporal bone pieces, a piece of thinner mesh was molded to the pterional defect connecting the two bone pieces and re-creating the concave shape of the pterion below the superior temporal line. The circular area of the bony defect overlying the frontal and temporal lobes was supplemented by cutting and molding an additional piece of thicker mesh which was secured to the thinner mesh with burr hole cover sectors using rescue screws. Results: A 30-year-old woman presented with painless proptosis and was found to have a hyperostosing right sphenoid wing meningioma. The patient underwent a frontotemporal orbitozygomatic craniotomy for tumor resection and extensive bony osteotomy. Repair and reconstruction of the cranial defect in the region were accomplished at the time of open operation using two thicknesses of mesh connected one to another with titanium plate pieces and rescue screws. The patient underwent gross total resection of the meningioma and near total resection of the soft tissue and bony components (Simpson Grade II). The external cosmetic results following the orbital-cranial reconstruction with the dual mesh technique was deemed “very good” by the surgeon and patient. Postoperative CT imaging demonstrated symmetric re-approximation of the shape of the pterion as compared to the opposite side. Conclusions: We present a method for connecting two titanium mesh sheets with available hardware to improve the strength in compression while maintaining the ability to mold thinner sheets as necessary for the best cosmetic results. This method is an option for coverage of bony defects in the region of the pterion for young, physically active patients providing them with additional mesh cranioplasty strength.
Modification of Impulsivity Implications for Improved Efficiency in Learning for Exceptional Children

Recent research on cognitive tempo, specifically the reflection-impulsivity dimension, has indicated that an impulsive problem-solving approach is not conducive to the development of adaptive academic and social skills. Since many exceptional children are described as cognitively impulsive, knowledge of the techniques to attenuate impulsivity is important to the teachers of such children. Experimental modification procedures, such as required delay, direct instruction, self-verbalization, differentiation training, modeling, and reinforcement, are reviewed and their respective teaching implications identified. While specific teaching strategies are noted, the authors caution that applied classroom research is necessary in order to ascertain which techniques are valid for classroom use.
Gauging Disaster Vulnerabilities at the Local Level: Divergence and Convergence in an “All-Hazards” System

Using mail survey data, we analyze the types of vulnerabilities Florida’s county officials rate as critical when planning for (a) a natural disaster and (b) a deliberate (terrorist) human-made atta...
Denaturation, proteins, solvent mediated

Introduction General Definitions Protein Denaturation Protein Stability Enzymes in Monophasic Water–Cosolvent Mixtures Reversible Denaturation Stabilization of Enzymes against Denaturation by Organic Cosolvents Irreversible Inactivation: Precipitation Suspensions of Enzymes in Anhydrous Media Protein Denaturation During Lyophilization Effect of Organic Solvents on Structure and Activity of Enzymes High Thermal Stability of Enzymes in Anhydrous Media Conclusion Bibliography Keywords: catalytic activity; conformation; denaturation; enzymes; inactivation; organic solvents; proteins; stability; stabilization
Cystic fibrosis: Studies with the oyster ciliary assay

Bioassays using ciliary systems have detected a factor or factors in cystic fibrosis (CF) sera and tissue culture medium derived from CF cells. The typical shortcomings of an assay measuring biological activity have been studied, and the means to overcome the weaknesses of the oyster gill cilia assay have been established. The presence of the cystic fibrosis mucociliary inhibitor (CFMI) in experimental fractions may be determined by accepting data from only those assays in which authentic CF and normal (non-CF) fractions give defined reactions, by measuring the reaction of each sample at least three times, and by examining each experimental sample at a protein concentration greater than the minimum established in this study. The relative concentrations of the CFMI present in the first steps of purification of serum and medium have been calculated in terms of units of inhibition. Generally, the units of inhibition present in serum and medium fractions from heterozygotes are close to one-half of that in fractions from homozygous sources. Analogous fractions concentrated from a normal (non-CF) source never inhibited mucociliary activity, even when tested at nearly 100 times the CF concentration. Ciliary assays utilizing oyster gills are essential for monitoring fractionation procedures aimed at purifying the CFMI, and have been shown to be capable and reliable enough to do so.
Fibre coupled difference frequency generation utilising ytterbium-doped fibre amplifier and periodically poled LiNbO/sub 3/

A new mid-infrared tunable spectroscopic source based on fibre coupled difference frequency generation in bulk periodically-poled LiNbO3 for trace gas detection is reported. The source mixes the outputs of a fibre coupled external cavity diode laser and a 1083 nm seeded Yb-doped fibre amplifier. Powers up to 0.8 µW are obtained in the 3.8 – 4.3 µm range.
The Quilt Company: An Experiential Case In The Behavioral Effects Of Accounting And Measurement Upon Manufacturing Quality

Accounting and business students routinely develop “profits myopia” when asked to analyze business situations. Although they have been taught and purportedly believe that they understand the vital importance of quality, students do not easily internalize quality concepts. The purpose of this case is to help students become aware of their own naivety and tendencies to ignore quality when attempting to maximize profits. The author has tested this case for over a decade in a variety of educational venues (including executive, graduate, and advanced undergraduate classes with substantial numbers of both domestic and international students). With rare exception, student teams repeatedly chose short-term profits over intermediate and long-term quality when placed under competitive pressure. This experiential case allows the professor to explore the behavioral effects of measurement upon quality and to raise the students’ awareness of the complexities and interplay of measurement and quality.
Effect of Neem Seed Extract on the Brown Citrus Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its Parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae)

Abstract The biological effects of a commercially available neem seed extract (Neemix. 4.5, 4.5% azadirachtin, AZ) were assessed on the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida (Kirklady), a recently introduced insect pest of citrus in the United States and its parasitoid, Lysiphlebus testaceipes. When small citrus seedlings were dipped with the neem extract at 11–180 ppm AZ, 0–8% of nymphs and 0–17.5% of adults survived 7 d after the treatment while 95% of nymphs and 42.5% of adults in the control survived for the same period. The extract drastically reduced longevity of both adults and nymphs, adult fecundity, and molting of nymphs at all tested concentrations. Spraying neem extract (11–180 ppm AZ) onto potted citrus plants in the greenhouse also significantly reduced aphids by 20–100%, while control aphid populations increased by 950% 7 d after treatment. Application of the extract had little impact on the survival of adult parasitoids and developing parasitoids within aphids because parasite emergences...
Exenatide Effects on Cardiometabolic Risk and Weight in Adolescents with Morbid Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Two Case Reports

Objective Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but pediatric data is sparse.
Membrane Insertion and Intracellular Transport of Influenza Virus Glycoproteins

While the major features of the intracellular route traveled by the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins of influenza virus were established more than a decade ago by a synthesis of studies of virus morphogenesis with investigations of the secretory pathway in mammalian cells, our understanding of the biosynthesis of these viral envelope glycoproteins has expanded dramatically during the past 5 years. This progress has depended in part on the availability of detailed information on the structure of the HA and NA glycoproteins, and on the ability to express cloned genes encoding these polypeptides. These advances rest on a foundation of more than half a century of investigation of the nature of the surface antigens of a virus that remains one of the uncontrolled pathogens of man.
Nonlinear demand response programs for residential customers with nonlinear behavioral models

Abstract To mitigate environmental issues of the thermal power plants, their greenhouse gas emissions are factored into the unit commitment (UC) problem. Moreover, demand side management as an effective strategy can relieve the energy security and environmental issues. Thus, the residential customers as one of the major groups of the customers, should be incorporated in the UC and generation scheduling problems. In this study, implementation of demand response (DR) programs in the UC problem are modeled. Herein, the implemented DR programs are entitled nonlinear DR (NDR) programs because nonlinear behavioral models for the residential customers are considered. In addition, the value of cost correlated with the implementation of the NDR programs in the UC problem (UC-NDR) are modeled. It is demonstrated that cooperation of the residential customers in the UC-NDR problem can be beneficial in decreasing cost and greenhouse gas emissions of the thermal power plants. In addition, it is concluded that comprehensive studies are needed to realistically model the residential customers behavior, since the different behavioral models result in different solutions and outcomes for the UC-NDR problem.
Contribution of particulate brown carbon to light absorption in the rural and urban Southeast US

Abstract Measurements of wavelength dependent aerosol light absorption coefficients were carried out as part of the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) during the summer of 2013 to determine the contribution of light absorbing organic carbon (BrC) to total aerosol light absorption in a rural location (Centreville, AL) and an urban area (Atlanta, GA). The light absorption coefficients in the near UV and visible wavelengths were measured for both ambient air, as well as ambient air heated in a thermal denuder to 200 °C to remove the semi-volatile organic compounds. Atlanta measurements show dominance of semi-volatile brown carbon with an average absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of 1.4 before heating and about 1.0 after heating. In urban Atlanta, a decrease of about ∼35% in the light absorption coefficient at 370 nm after heating indicates that light absorbing organic compounds are a substantial fraction of the light absorption budget. Furthermore, a considerable increase in the fraction of light absorption by the semi-volatile aerosol occurs during the daytime, likely linked with photochemistry. Measurements at rural Centerville, on the other hand, do not show any major change in AAE with values before and after heating of 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. Overall the results suggest that photochemical aged urban emissions result in the presence of light absorbing BrC, while at rural locations which are dominated by aged aerosol and local biogenic emissions (based on measurements of Angstrom exponents) BrC does not significantly contribute to light absorption.
EVOLUTION OF HOST-PARASITE DIVERSITY.

Hosts and parasites often have extensive genetic diversity for resistance and virulence (host range). Qualitative diversity occurs when the success of attack is an all-or-nothing response that varies according to the genotypes of the host and parasite. Quantitative diversity occurs when the success of attack is a graded response that depends on additive genetic variation in the host and parasite. Community diversity occurs when parasites vary in the success with which they can attack different host species, leading to a mixture of specialists and generalists. I developed a series of models that classify components of host-parasite interactions according to whether they cause stabilizing or disruptive selection for resistance and virulence. Stabilizing selection reduces diversity by favoring a single optimal phenotype. Disruptive selection creates diversity by favoring a mixture of widely separated phenotypes. The evolution of maximal resistance and virulence are opposed by one of three forces: metabolic costs, frequency dependence, or negative genetic correlations among beneficial traits. The models predict that qualitatively inherited resistance and virulence traits typically cause greater diversity than quantitatively inherited traits. However, each natural system is composed of many stabilizing factors that reduce diversity and disruptive factors that promote diversity. I advocate a style of modeling in which families of related assumptions are compared by their equilibrium properties, and general conclusions from equilibrium properties are tested by complete dynamical analysis. The comparison among models highlights the need for empirical studies that compare levels of diversity among related host-parasite systems.
In Vitro Study of Flow Regulation for Pulmonary Insufficiency Using Diode Valves

The operating pressures in the right heart are significantly lower than those of the left heart and with marked differences in the circulation impedances. The pulmonary circulation shows a tolerance for mild regurgitation and pressure gradient [1]. Pulmonary regurgitation fractions on the order of 20% and transvalvular pressure gradients of less than 25mm Hg are considered mild [4]. Given this tolerance, we examine the concept of using a motionless valve to regulate flow in the pulmonary position. In a previous study, the use of fluid diodes was shown to be a promising concept for use as a pulmonary valve [2]. In this study, we test two different diode designs. For each diode valve, flow performance was documented as a function of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and compliance. Tests were done using a pulmonary mock circulatory system [3] over the normal adult range of PVR and compliance settings.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Pulsus Alternans in Diastolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Case Report

Pulsus alternans is usually found in patients with reduced systolic ventricular function. We describe a patient with recurrent pulmonary edema, hypertension, bilateral renal artery stenosis, but with normal systolic function. Pulsus alternans was demonstrated in both pulmonary artery, right ventricle, and left ventricle pressures. After successful renal artery revascularization, the pulsus alternans disappeared. This case illustrates that pulsus alternans can be present with diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in the absence of systolic dysfunction.
The ionic track in the F1-ATPase from the thermophilic Bacillus PS3.

Only β−β cross-links form when the α3(βE395C)3γK36C (MF1 residue numbers) double mutant subcomplex of TF1, the F1-ATPase from the thermophilic Bacillus PS3, is slowly inactivated with CuCl2 in the presence or absence of MgATP. The same slow rate of inactivation and extent of β−β cross-linking occur upon treatment of the α3(βE395C)3γ single mutant subcomplex with CuCl2 under the same conditions. In contrast, the α3(βE395C)3γR33C and α3(βE395C)3γR75C double mutant subcomplexes of TF1 are rapidly inactivated by CuCl2 under the same conditions that is accompanied by complete β−γ cross-linking. The ATPase activity of each mutant enzyme containing the βE395C substitution is stimulated to a much greater extent by the nonionic detergent lauryldimethylamine oxide (LDAO) than wild-type enzyme, whereas the ATPase activities of the γR33C, γK36C, and γR75C single mutants are stimulated to about the same extent as wild-type enzyme by LDAO. This indicates that the E395C substitution in the 394DELSEED400 segment of β sub...
Study on Anti-interference Technique Used in PD Detection for GIS Based on Pulse Current Waveshap

A novel approach of anti-interference used in PD detection based on pulse current waveshape is introduced in this paper.This novel anti-interference technique is composed of the equivalent time-frequency parameters extraction for pulse current sequence and the Fuzzy C-means(FCM)unsurprised clustering analysis.Simulation test result and PD signals extraction of corona discharge from on-filed GIS test show that this anti-interference technique proposed is feasible and practical,which provides a good approach to extract PD signals form GIS.
Improved Jarratt Method

A class of new variants of Jarratt method for solving non-linear equation was presented.It was also proved that the order of convergence of these new methods is at least six.Per iteration the new methods require two evaluations of the function and two of its first derivative.Numerical tests show that the new methods are efficient.
A geomorphic approach to the analysis of bedload and bed morphology of the Lower Mississippi River near the Old River Control Structure

Abstract The Mississippi River is the ultimate single-thread meandering river. Five hundred kilometers upstream from its mouth, about 25% of the river's discharge and sediment load is diverted into the Atchafalaya River. This diversion is controlled by the Old River Control Structure (ORCS), built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in stages since 1961, to stop the avulsion of the Mississippi River into the Atchafalaya. The effects of ORCS on sediment and water discharge and geomorphic change to the Lower Mississippi River (LMR) channel are not yet completely understood and require placing the river into a geomorphic context, first classifying the channel into similar categories before evaluating change. The objectives of this study are to estimate the LMR bedload, develop and apply a geomorphic classification of the LMR near the ORCS, and explore geomorphic change within the classified areas. We studied a 115-km-long stretch between ORCS and Baton Rouge that is highly impacted by engineering. We used six sets of bathymetric multibeam echosounder surveys conducted by the USACE, multitemporal cartographies, and a field survey supported by multibeam echosounder bathymetry, acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements, sediment samples collection, and geomorphic observations. A three-dimensional method for estimating bedload from time-elapsed bathymetric surveys was developed and applied on seven sets of time-elapsed surveys downstream from ORCS from 2010, 2011, and 2012. We estimate that the fraction of bedload as a percentage of total sand load between 2003 and 2011 was 13.2%. A bedform classification scheme, based on bedform height, was developed. The bed was almost completely mantled by sandy bedforms above the − 24-m isoline. The studied reach was divided into ten zones according to four geomorphic types based on channel planform, geologic controls, presence of islands, and other morphometric parameters. These zones were shown to be physically distinct in terms of bedform location, depth to bedform size, channel sinuosity, channel width-to-depth ratios, and adjustments in the thalweg and channel width from 1948 to 2012. The 1948 to 1975 period displayed a relatively large amount of thalweg aggradation, with a spatial average of 1.8 m and an average channel narrowing of 80 m. The 1975 to 2012 period had much lower spatial aggradation of 0.5 m and a lower average channel narrowing of 35 m. Thalweg sinuosity did not adjust very much, with an average reduction of 0.02 from 1948 to 2012 and an average of zero adjustment between 1975 and 2012. The shape and spatial extent of a very large, anomalous bar near ORCS varied at seasonal and decadal timescales and may be influenced by the ORCS. Bed morphology was specific to geomorphic zones, which were shown to be physically significant, and should be employed in future studies of large rivers.
Abstract LB-092: Induction of IL-17-mediated cellular immunity targeting MUC1 through vaccination

Prophylactic vaccination targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAA) holds the potential to prevent the development of cancer. Clinical evidence has demonstrated a protective effect of cellular immunity against the mucin 1 (MUC1) TAA, expressed by ∼90% of mammary tumors. Nevertheless, conventional vaccination strategies have failed to prevent breast cancer due to the induction of terminally differentiated, short-lived Th1 cells of limited functionality. By contrast, IL-17-producing T cells, including CD4+ Th17 and CD8+ Tc17 subtypes, account for pathogenic agents that escape Th1-mediated control and are thus endowed with specialized, non-redundant mechanisms to promote inflammation at the cell and tissue levels. Recent studies have confirmed that signaling through the inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) pathway is sufficient to polarize T cells towards IL-17-expression in vitro, providing a novel mechanism to induce Th17/Tc17-mediated immunity against tumors in vivo. To generate IL-17-mediated antitumor immunity through vaccination, we examined the immunogenicity of combinations of adenoviral vectors encoding MUC1, ICOS ligand (ICOS-L) and the cytokines IL-6 and IL-23, implicated in Th17 development and expansion, respectively. Vaccination against MUC1, in the presence or absence of IL-17-polarizing conditions, overcame immune tolerance in transgenic mice recognizing MUC1 as a “self” antigen, inducing robust MUC1-specific intracellular IFNγ production from CD8+ T cells detected by FACS. Co-administration of vectors encoding MUC1 and ICOS-L, with or without vector-derived IL-6 and/or IL-23, induced significant IL-17 production in response to mitogen from both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells compared to MUC1 vaccination alone. Interestingly, ICOS-L augmentation resulted in the upregulation of the master Th17 transcription factor RORγt in CD4+, but not CD8+ T cells. Additionally, administration of ICOS-L, with or without IL-6 and/or IL-23, increased levels of granzyme B and CD107a in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations following MUC1 vaccination, suggesting IL-17-polarization enhances T cell cytotoxicity. Studies are currently ongoing to evaluate the efficacy of IL-17-polarizing or conventional MUC1-targeting vaccination to protect MUC1-tolerant, transgenic mice against an orthotopic challenge of MUC1-expressing EO771 cells and findings will be presented at the AACR Annual Meeting. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first demonstration that IL-17-polarized immunity may be induced through vaccination, providing a novel platform for the generation of MUC1-specific immunity for the prevention of breast cancer. Citation Format: Amanda C. LaRue, Rebecca Carrell, Lindsay T. McDonald, Dayvia A. Russell, Stephen P. Ethier, Adam C. Soloff. Induction of IL-17-mediated cellular immunity targeting MUC1 through vaccination. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-092.
Toward Housing Policies for Social and Economic Development

‘No aspect of public policy causes more frustration than housing’, writes a development economist; ‘almost everywhere the gap between intention and achievement is wide’.1 Another statement ranks housing high among the problems classed as ‘wicked’, or slippery of definition and nearly impossible of resolution.2 In the face of such discouraging views, we attempt in this final chapter to formulate housing policies geared to economic and social development. The chapter concludes with guidelines for the evaluation of housing as a component of development strategies.
Reasons for current E-cigarette use among U.S. adults

E-cigarette use has increased rapidly among U.S. adults. However, reasons for use among adults are unclear. We assessed reasons for e-cigarette use among a national sample of U.S. adults. Data were collected via online surveys among U.S. adults aged 18 or older from April through June 2014. Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to assess reasons for e-cigarette use among 2448 current e-cigarette users, by sociodemographic characteristics and product type. Assessed reasons included cessation/health, consideration of others, convenience, cost, curiosity, flavoring, and simulation of conventional cigarettes. Among current e-cigarette users, 93% were also current cigarette smokers. The most common reasons for e-cigarette use were cessation/health (84.5%), consideration of others (71.5%), and convenience (56.7%). The prevalence of citing convenience (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]=1.49) and curiosity (aPR=1.54) as reasons for e-cigarette use were greater among current cigarette smokers than nonsmokers (P<0.05). The prevalence of citing flavoring as a reason for use was greater among adults aged 18 to 24 (aPR=2.02) than 55 or older (P<0.05). Tank use was associated with greater prevalence of citing every assessed reason except convenience and curiosity. Cessation- and health-related factors are primary reasons cited for e-cigarette use among adults, and flavorings are more commonly cited by younger adults. Efforts are warranted to provide consumers with accurate information on the health effects of e-cigarettes and to ensure that flavoring and other unregulated features do not promote nicotine addiction, particularly among young adults.
Total Therapy 3 (TT 3) for Newly Diagnosed Myeloma, Incorporating Velcade into Remission Induction with DT PACE: Early Results Regarding Efficacy, PBSC Mobilization and Toxicities.

Abstract TT 3 represents a further development of the Total Therapy concept after completion of accrual to TT 2 with 668 patients. Based on the high salvage potential of the Velcade + Thal + Dex (VTD) regimen for endstage MM, VTD had been added to PACE (4 day continuous infusions of cisplatin 10 mg/m2, adriamycin 10 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 400 mg/m2 and etoposide 40 mg/m2) x 2 cycles for induction with PBSC collection with first or second cycle; followed by MEL 200 mg/m2-based autotransplant 2–3 months apart and subsequent consolidation therapy with further VTD PACE and VTD maintenance. As of July 1, 2004, allowing for a 1-month time to evaluate initial response and toxicity, 57 patients have been accrued to TT 3. M protein responses by level demonstrated ≥ near-CR in 16% prior to cycle 2; 26% after cycle 2 prior to first transplant and nearly 40% after first transplant (patients not yet evaluable for response for a particular step were considered non-responders; intent-to-treat analysis). The PBSC collection target of 20 million CD 34 cells/kg was accomplished within 2 days of collection in all 10 patients mobilized on the first cycle; among 29 patients collected on the second cycle, 17 collected at least 20 million CD 34 cells/kg during 2–3 days, especially when only 2 or 3 doses of Vel 1.0 mg/m2 were applied, whereas in case of 4 doses (day −2, +1, +5, +8) 5 of 23 patients failed to collect on this cycle and 13 reached ≥ 20 x 106/kg procurement goal. There was only 1 treatment-related death in a setting of renal failure at diagnosis. Other toxicities were mainly myelosuppression whereas non-hematologic toxicities appeared to be similar to those seen with DT PACE previously. Laboratory correlates such as gene expression profiling, after a test dose of Velcade and after VTD PACE along with early suppression of FDG uptake on PET will also be presented. These preliminary data indicate remarkable activity and safety of a regimen that incorporates all available drugs with single agent activity in a multi-combination strategy, aimed at maximizing and accelerating tumor mass reduction in an effort to overcome the negative consequences especially of metaphase cytogenetic abnormalities.
Memory and Memory Monitoring: Levels of Processing, Idea Unit Level, and Text Organization in the Retention of Prose

Memory and memory monitoring processes were compared by introducing an idea unit ranking task to prose text adapted to depth of processing and text organization variables. Depth of processing was operationalized through fluency, concreteness, and category-relatedness instructions. Text organization was manipulated through matched-to-task, scrambled, and narrative sentence orderings. Proportion recalled (memory) and proportion estimated recall (memory monitoring) for each idea unit level comprised the primary dependent measures. Depth of processing and idea unit level were successfully extended to prose memory and were reflected in memory monitoring. Narrative organizations produced greater recall than either the matched or scrambled organizations. Organization, however, was not a salient factor in memory monitoring. Recalling passages provided additional information which increased the accuracy of monitoring estimations. Memory monitoring (estimation) patterns in general echoed those of memory (recall).
The Effect of the XM45 Gas Mask and Hood on Directional Hearing

We measured listeners' directional sensitivity for narrow bands of noise and for speech recognition while they were wearing the XM45 gas mask and hood and compared it to normal free-field listening...
IR-MALDESI method optimization based on time-resolved measurement of ion yields.

In the field of mass spectrometry imaging, typical experiments involve ionization directly from complex samples with no pre-ionization separation, relying on high resolving power mass analyzers to separate ions of interest. When an ion trapping step is involved in the analysis, the dynamic range of the analysis may be limited by the capacity of the ion trap, which is easily exceeded. To minimize collection of undesired ambient species while maximizing collection of analyte signal, accurate timing between ion generation and collection is a requirement. Here, a method for achieving synchronicity between infrared laser ablation and ion collection on a Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer is described and demonstrated through measurement of ion accumulation at fixed time points following a laser ablation event with electrospray post-ionization of ablated material. In a model imaging experiment using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization, fixing the injection time at the minimum duration required to capture all ions generated by the last laser pulse in a sequence is shown to maximize target ion abundances. Using optimized timing is shown to yield a doubling or better of useful signal compared to previously used parameters.
Learning Chinese Formulaic Expressions in a Scenario-Based Interactive Environment

This study examined the effectiveness and usability of a scenario-based interactive practice in teaching Chinese formulaic expressions. Thirty students enrolled in Chinese classes in a U.S. university interacted with characters in videos featuring scenes recorded in Shanghai. Students were prompted to use formulaic expressions during their text-based interactions with built-in characters. Several game-like features were incorporated into the practice (e.g., a plot and settings, character selections, and point systems). Pre-, post-, and delayed posttest results showed that students made significant gains in their knowledge of formulaic expressions after the practice, and their knowledge was maintained 2 weeks later. Interviews with individual students revealed some features that motivated them with the practice (e.g., videorecordings of authentic situations, interactions with the characters). However, some students did not perceive the practice as a game-like experience because of the linear, structured nature of the practice and limited decision-making power, leaving room for design improvement in the future.
Brain volume change and cognitive trajectories in aging.

Objective Examine how longitudinal cognitive trajectories relate to brain baseline measures and change in lobar volumes in a racially/ethnically and cognitively diverse sample of older adults. Method Participants were 460 older adults enrolled in a longitudinal aging study. Cognitive outcomes were measures of episodic memory, semantic memory, executive function, and spatial ability derived from the Spanish and English Neuropsychological Assessment Scales (SENAS). Latent variable multilevel modeling of the four cognitive outcomes as parallel longitudinal processes identified intercepts for each outcome and a second order global change factor explaining covariance among the highly correlated slopes. We examined how baseline brain volumes (lobar gray matter, hippocampus, and white matter hyperintensity) and change in brain volumes (lobar gray matter) were associated with cognitive intercepts and global cognitive change. Lobar volumes were dissociated into global and specific components using latent variable methods. Results Cognitive change was most strongly associated with brain gray matter volume change, with strong independent effects of global gray matter change and specific temporal lobe gray matter change. Baseline white matter hyperintensity and hippocampal volumes had significant incremental effects on cognitive decline beyond gray matter change. Baseline lobar gray matter was related to cognitive decline, but did not contribute beyond gray matter change. Conclusion Cognitive decline was strongly influenced by gray matter volume change and, especially, temporal lobe change. The strong influence of temporal lobe gray matter change on cognitive decline may reflect involvement of temporal lobe structures that are critical for late life cognitive health but also are vulnerable to diseases of aging. (PsycINFO Database Record
Does the Defense of Marriage Act Prevent the Internal Revenue Service from Treating All 'Married' Couples Equally?

The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that "no state shall...deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Nevertheless, when Congress enacted the Defense of Marriage Act in 1996, it resulted in the Internal Revenue Service treating same-sex married couples differently than heterosexual married couples. The different treatment with a regard to a range of tax issues from filing status to wealth transfers to exclusion from gain on sales of personal residences has raised many Equal Protection challenges. The United States Supreme Court will actually examine the issue in its current session. In the meantime, this article attempts to outline the legal and tax issues that have given rise to these challenges.
Innocence … and Irony?: The Poetry of Jane Taylor

(1997). Innocence … and Irony?: The Poetry of Jane Taylor. European Romantic Review: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 262-273.