cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Socially Just Healthcare Systems: Social Work’s Contribution to Patient Navigation

Patient navigation is an emerging area of healthcare practice that uses an interdisciplinary and integrated care model designed to reduce health disparities and improve health outcomes. The authors define patient navigation, delineate the alignment of social work competencies with patient navigator requirements, and argue for a clear social work role and presence as patient navigators in interdisciplinary healthcare delivery. Social workers are well-equipped to carry out a variety of patient navigator responsibilities due to their unique skill of social justice advocacy as a macro-level intervention. Through involvement in patient navigation, social work leaders can promote the development of socially just healthcare systems that respect the dignity and worth of all patients.
Mechanisms of Anoxic Injury to Transport and Metabolism of Proximal Renal Tubules

The pathological effects of ischemia have been extensively studied in the kidney (e.g., Venkatachalamet al., 1978; Trumpet al., 1982; Johnstonet al., 1984). By subjecting the kidney to ischemia of varying duration, investigators have been able to describe the many morphological, physiological, and biochemical alterations that occur in the kidney as a function of time. Upon deprivation of oxygen, proximal tubules rapidly lose K, gain Na, and decrease their ATP content. Within 15 min of clamp-induced ischemia, structural alterations are clearly observed in the form of cellular and mitochondrial swelling and irregular brush borders. At the same time, mitochondrial dysfunctions are clearly discernible (Kahnget al., 1978).
Psychosocial Correlates of Intimacy Achievement Among Adolescent Fathers-to-Be

We investigated the relation between urban psychosocial stressors and intimacy achievement in a sample of 59 African American, Hispanic American, and White adolescent fathers-to-be. Participants received an intimacy score based on Orlofsky's Intimacy Status Rating Scale. Those with higher cumulative psychosocial stressors had lower levels of intimacy. One psychosocial risk factor, low interpersonal empathy, was significantly associated with intimacy levels. African Americans had lower levels of intimacy than Hispanic or White participants.
Coexistent granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) and Crohn disease: A clinicopathologic description of cases

Background. Crohn disease (CD) may lead to various extraintestinal manifestations, including, rarely, respiratory tract involvement. When necrobiotic pulmonary nodules are present, the differential diagnosis includes granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener9s) (GPA). The respiratory tract manifestations of CD and GPA may mimic each other, complicating the diagnosis and suggesting the possible coexistence of these two conditions. Aims. To describe the clinical, radiographic and histopathologic features of patients in whom CD and GPA coexist. Methods. We reviewed the teaching files of the authors and searched the Mayo Clinic medical records for coexistent inflammatory bowel diseases and ANCA-associated vasculitides of the lungs. We reviewed in detail 97 patient charts, and excluded cases of ulcerative colitis and those in whom only one of the diagnoses was present or pathology slides were unavailable. Pulmonary and gastrointestinal biopsies were reviewed for the cases included in the study. Results. Four cases were identified (2 women and 2 men, age range: 25-62). The diagnosis of CD preceded that of GPA in all cases. PR3/c-ANCA was positive in two cases, while in the other two PR3- and MPO-ANCA were both negative. Chest imaging showed pulmonary nodules in all cases. Pathology revealed features diagnostic of GPA in all cases with necrotizing granulomatous inflammation and segmental vasculitis. In addition, one case showed capillaritis. Conclusion. Pulmonary findings in patients with CD, or the presence of granulomatous colitis in patients with GPA should prompt the inclusion in the differential diagnosis of a possible coexistence of CD and GPA.
Elektrolysen von Cyaniden. I. Elektrolysen Von Cyaniden in wäßrigen Lösungen

Die. Elektrolysen wasriger Cyanidlosungen wurden bie verschiedenen pH-Werten an unangreifbaren Platinanoden durchgefuhrt. 1 Bei der Elektrolyse einer KCN-Losung werden durch die Entladung der Cyanidionen an der Anode primar Cyanradikale gebildet, die sich zu Dicyan vereinigen. Dieses unterliegt der Disproportionierung zu Cyanid und Cyanat, wobei die Cyanidionen, bedingt durch die Basizitat der Losung, weitgehend als undissoziierte Blausaure vorliegen. Unter Gelb- bis Braunfarbung der Losung und Abscheidung dunkelbrauner Flocken an der Anode polymerisiert die HCN zur Azulmsaure. 2 Wird die Elektrolyse in starker alltalischer Losung durchgefuhrt, so kann sich nach der Disproportionierung des Dicyans keine Azulmsaure bilden, da der Zusatz von Alkali das Aufteten VOn undissoziierter Blausaure verhindert. Eine gleichzeitig an der Anode auftretende Gasentwicklung – die Menge des kathodisch gebildeten Wasserstoffs verhalt, sich zu der des Anodengases wie 19 zu 1 - ist auf eine untergeordnete Entladung der OH− bzw. CNO−Ionen zuruckzufuhren. 3 Die Elektrolyse von KCN oder K[Ag(CN)2] in schwach saurer Losung fuhrt in einem pH,-Bereich von 4–6 ebenfalls zur Bildung von Dicyan. Eine Disproportionierung findet jedoch nicht nicht statt. Das Dicyan entweicht zum Teil gasformig, wahrend der Rest gelost bleibt. Dieser Anteil kann mittels eines Stickstoffstromes aus der Losung entfernt werden .
Glycosaminoglycans in Morphogenesis

Formation of a precisely organized, functional tissue or organ is the culmination of a complex series of specific cellular events, usually termed morphogenesis. These events involve several common types of cell behavior, notably movement, proliferation, shape change, recognition, and adhesion. At each stage of morphogenesis of an organ or tissue, the macromolecules present in the extracellular matrix or associated with the external cell surface are important in providing structural support for and environmental signals to the cells involved. These contributions in turn exert a considerable influence on the course of morphogenesis.
IL-4 regulation of a protein kinase C independent pathway for the generation of αCD3-induced activated killer cells

Abstract αCD3 induced the generation of activated killer cells from resting T cells. Pretreatment of the splenic responders with PMA, a phorbol ester, depleted protein kinase C and induced unrespon-siveness to the generation of αCD3-induced activated killer (CD3-AK) cells. Addition of exogenous IL-4 (1 U/ml) restored the cytotoxic response, with the maximal effect achieved with 30 to 100 U/ml. The phenotypes of CD3-AK cells maintained in IL-2 or in IL-4, with or without PMA, were the same: Thy1 + and CD8 + . These results were reproduced with purified T cells and purified CD8 + cells, indicating that both the effectors and precursors were CD8 + cells and IL-4 had a selective effect to upregulate the CD8 + cells. Similar results were obtained by using SSP (stauro-sporine), another PKC inhibitor. At 2 days prior to testing, switching the lymphokine added to 2-week PMA- and IL-2-maintained CD3-AK cells reversed their cytolytic activity: switching from IL-2 to IL-4 restored cytolytic activity, and switching from IL-4 to IL-2 reduced cytolytic activity. The cytolytic activity of these CD3-AK cells correlated with their ability to produce BLT-esterase. In the absence of PMA, CD3-AK cells cultured in either IL-2 or IL-4 were cytolytic and contained high levels of BLT-esterase. In contrast, in the presence of PMA, only the IL-4-maintained CD3-AK cells were cytolytic and produced significant amounts of BLT-esterase. The effect of IL-4 was abrogated by the αIL-4 antibody 11B11, which reduced the cytolytic activity of CD3-AK and the ability to produce BLT-esterase. The requirement of IL-2 was less stringent and its major role appeared to be maintaining the cell growth. These findings indicate that IL-4 may participate in the regulation of a PKC-independent pathway for the generation of CD3-AK cells by regulating the production of cytolytic granules.
Weber's Influence in Weimar Germany

The thesis that Weber was without influence in Weimar Germany is examined. It is shown that in contemporary published assessments and in private statements in interviews contemporary sociologists regarded him as important. The many dissertations on Weber and the enormous secondary literature are noted. This literature, which was contributed by some of the best minds of the day, included both the philosophical and sociological aspects of Weber's work. It is concluded that the thesis that Weber was without influence is false.
Mechanism of percutaneous mitral valvotomy

Patient 1: A 71-year-old man had fatigability, weakness and dyspnea {New York Heart Association class III). Left ventriculography showed ventricular dilation and diffuse global hypokinesia. There was ¢. trace of mitral regurgitation. Small amounts of calcium were seen in the aortic and mitral valves. Percutaneous balloon valvotomy Of the mitral valve was undertaken using the transseptal technique. ~-5 Hemodynamic measurements before and after PMV are listed in Table I. The patient tolerated the procedure well and symptoms lessened. Two weeks later he underwent incision and drainage of a tooth abscess. The next day he was hospitalized because of progressive dyspnea. Despite intensive treatment of sepsis, he had refractory metabolic acidosis. Repeat cardiac catheterization performed the day he died showed no change from his post-PMV hemodynamics. Acidosis
Implementing belief propagation in neural circuits

There is growing evidence that neural circuits may employ statistical algorithms for inference and learning. Many such algorithms can be derived from independence diagrams (graphical models) showing causal relationships between random variables. A general algorithm for inference in graphical models is belief propagation, where nodes in a graphical model determine values for random variables by combining observed values with messages passed between neighboring nodes. We propose that small groups of synaptic connections between neurons in cortex correspond to causal dependencies in an underlying graphical model. Our results suggest a new probabilistic framework for computation in the neocortex.
Resting Energy Expenditure, Caloric Intake, and Short-Term Change in HIV Infection and AIDS C. GRUNFELD, M. PANGE, L. SHIMIZU, ET AL American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55:455-460, 1992

Patients with AIDS often develop malignancies and secondary infections that cause weight loss. To examine the etiology of this weight loss, the investigators examined patients with HIV, AIDS, and AIDS plus secondary infection (AIDS-SI) for resting energy expenditure (REE), caloric intake, and short-term weight change over a 28-day period. Although caloric intake during that period for HIV positive and AIDS patients was similar to that of control subjects, it was 36% lower for AIDS-SI patients. The HIV positive and AIDS subjects showed no short-term change in weight, whereas the AIDS-SI subjects demonstrated a 5% weight loss. The HIV positive, AIDS, and AIDS-SI groups exhibited an increase over controls in REE of 11%, 25%, and 29%, respectively. Thus, the AIDS-SI patients consumed 17% fewer calories than would be needed to support the elevated REE, which accounted for the weight loss over the 28 days. Consequently, a hypermetabolic effect caused by the existence of a secondary infection coupled with the HI...
Annual cycle of global distributions of aerosol optical depth from integration of MODIS retrievals and GOCART model simulations

[1] The Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) satellites provides an unprecedented opportunity to study aerosols from space with high accuracy and on a nearly global scale. However, difficulty with highly reflective arid and snow-covered lands introduces significant gaps in global or regional coverage that must be filled by some other means. This study provides a complete global coverage of an annual cycle of aerosol optical depth by combining the MODIS retrievals and Georgia Tech/Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) simulations weighted with the uncertainties in each product. The assimilated aerosol optical depths over land are better correlated with the ground-based Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements than are either the MODIS retrievals or the GOCART simulations alone. The gaps in the MODIS retrievals are filled with values that are generally consistent with the AERONET aerosol climatology. The assimilated aerosol optical depths are in good agreement with the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aerosol climatology over the Atlantic and North Indian Oceans. In spring, large discrepancies between the MODIS retrievals in 2001 and the AVHRR climatology over the North Pacific are likely a result of extremely active transcontinental transport of Asian dust/pollutants to North America in the year 2001. Large model–satellite differences in the South Pacific and South Indian Oceans may be attributable to missing or underestimated sources in the model and/or cloud, whitecap, and glint contamination in satellite retrievals.
Clinically significant endometrial cancer risk following a diagnosis of complex atypical hyperplasia

Abstract Objectives Because of the frequent detection of carcinoma in surgical specimens after hysterectomy for endometrial complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH), it has been suggested that patients with a preoperative diagnosis of CAH be referred to gynecologic oncology for potential lymphadenectomy. However, the risk of lymph node metastasis in such patients is unknown. We sought to determine the risk of endometrial cancer and to estimate the risk of lymphatic spread in women with a preoperative diagnosis of CAH. Study design We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 150 consecutive patients with a preoperative diagnosis of CAH who subsequently underwent hysterectomy. Clinical characteristics and pathologic information were abstracted. Risk of lymphatic spread was modeled using previously published criteria and nomograms. Results Fifty-five of the 150 patients (36.7%) had an incidental endometrial carcinoma at the time of hysterectomy. Among patients with a preoperative office biopsy compared to dilation and curettage, the rate of an incidental finding of cancer was 43.5% and 28.1%, respectively ( p =0.054). Of patients with cancer, 1 (1.8%) had a grade 3 endometrial carcinoma, 4 (7.3%) had lymphovascular space involvement, and 6 (10.9%) had deep (>50%) myometrial invasion. For the 10 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy, one (10%) had lymph node metastases. Based on multiple models, the estimated risk of lymph node spread was 1.6%–2.1% for all women with a preoperative diagnosis of CAH and 4.4%–6.8% for the 55 women with endometrial cancer. Conclusions Given the high rates of underlying endometrial cancer and the potential need for lymphadenectomy, care for patients with a preoperative diagnosis of CAH desiring definitive management with hysterectomy should be referred to a gynecologic oncologist.
College and School of Pharmacy Characteristics Associated With US News and World Report Rankings

Objective. To determine the association between characteristics of colleges and schools of pharmacy and their rankings according to US News and World Report. Methods. The 2008 US News and World Report, mean ranking scores (ranging from 2.0 to 5.0) for 78 US colleges and schools of pharmacy were compared with college and school characteristics, including academic program, students, faculty, and scholarship. The adjusted difference in mean ranking score associated with each characteristic was determined using a multivariate mixed linear regression model. Results. The most powerful identified predictors of mean ranking score included the amount of grant funding (National Institutes of Health [NIH] and non-NIH funding) a college or school of pharmacy received and the yearly publication rates of its department of pharmacy (p≤0.001 for both). The adjusted mean ranking scores for colleges and schools receiving >$5 million and $1 million to $5 million in scholarly grant funding were respectively 0.77 and 0.26 points higher than those receiving none. Adjusted mean ranking scores for colleges and schools whose departments of pharmacy practice had publishing rates of >20 papers and 11 to 20 papers were respectively 0.40 and 0.17 points higher than those publishing ≤10 (p<0.05 for both). Conclusion. The characteristic of colleges and schools of pharmacy most associated with US News and World Report rankings appears to be their scholarly productivity.
Use of a Fabry–Perot/monochromator system for enhancement of the spectral line-to-noise power ratio from line and continuum sources

A Fabry–Perot (FP) interferometer, used in conjunction with a conventional double-slit monochromator (DSM), is shown to yield a spectral line-to-(photon) noise power ratio (L/N) that is greater than the ratio for the DSM alone. The effects of the double-slit, etalon, and fringe-limiting-aperture functions upon the transmitted powers of the spectral line and continuum are derived. Measurements of the power transmitted through the DSM + FP and the DSM systems are made with a source that consists of a high-pressure D2 continuum superimposed upon a narrow Ne i 3520 A line from a hollow-cathode discharge. When the spacer thickness l, slit widths s, and radiation source are varied, the measured and calculated values of several power ratios compare favorably. An L/N ratio is defined that is proportional to PL/(PL + 2PC)1/2, where PL and PC are the peaks of the transmitted line and continuum powers, respectively. Curves are presented that show the dependences of PL, PC, and the L/N ratio upon l and the plate reflectance R in the DSM + FP system. Typically, for slit widths equal to 0.028 cm, a plate-defect finesse (ND) equal to 21, absorptance (Â) equal to 0.02, and for continuum–radiation noise alone, the L/N-ratio curves achieve maxima at l = 0.02 cm and at R = 0.84. Under these conditions, the L/N ratio of the DSM + FP system is larger than that of the DSM alone by a factor of approximately 2.1. With improved plate properties, e.g., ND = 100 and Â = 0.004, the foregoing factor becomes 4.4.
Bloodstream infections in a community hospital: a 25-year follow-up.

Objective:To examine the current status of bloodstream infections (BSIs) in a community hospital as part of a 25-year longitudinal study.Design:Retrospective descriptive epidemiologic study.Setting:Community teaching hospital.Patients:All inpatients in 1998 with a positive blood culture who met the CDC NNIS System case definition of BSI.Methods:Cases were stratified by underlying illness category using case mix adjustment categories (after McCabe) and reviewed for associations among mortality, underlying illness severity, and multiple clinical and laboratory parameters.Results:Of 19,289 patients discharged in 1998,185 had an episode of infection documented by blood culture (96 cases per 10,000 inpatients). BSI was twice as frequent in patients 65 years and older compared with younger patients. BSIs caused or contributed to the deaths of 22 patients for an overall case-fatality rate of 11.9% compared with 20.7% in 1982 (P = .02). Striking decreases were noted for in-hospital patient mortality in 1998 for BSIs with ultimately and rapidly fatal underlying illnesses (P = .02 and P < .10, respectively). Primary bacteremia decreased compared with 1982. Antibiotic use was vigorous, but resistance was modest in both nosocomial and community-acquired organisms and had changed little from 1982 and 1987.Conclusions:Compared with previous studies, case-fatality rates in patients with BSI were substantially lower in rapidly fatal and ultimately fatal underlying illness categories. Antibiotic use was extensive but prompt and appropriate. Microorganism resistance to antibiotics changed little from the 1980s.
Diversity issues in South‐East Asia: the case of Thailand

Provides an overview of labour‐market diversity issues in Thailand. Examines factors such as religion, ethnicity and gender in the context of Thailand’s rapidly expanding economy. Concludes that religious and ethnic divisions are not especially pronounced in Thailand. However, with its relatively high female labour force participation and few restrictions on discriminatory behaviour, Thailand’s chief diversity issue concerns the role of women in the labour market. Presents an empirical analysis of data concerning job openings for white‐collar positions. Focuses on the role that multinational corporations, a major force in the Thai economy, play in promoting or inhibiting gender‐based employment discrimination. Suggests that multinationals are indeed very important in this process, with significant differences among the effects exerted by the subsidiaries of US, Japanese and European MNCs in comparison to Thai‐owned firms.
195 OXIDATIVE METABOLISM AND UPTAKE OF KETONE BUDIES BY THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OF THE BABOON NEONATE

Net cerebral uptake of energy substrates was measured by repetitive arteriovenous sampling in 9 baboon neonates in the first 3 days of life. Catheters were placed in the aorta, left ventricular outflow tract, and in the superior sagittal sinus. Cardiac output and cerebral cortex blood flow were determined by the radioactive microsphere method. Glucose (G) uptake was 9.4±2.1 μM/min/kg body weight or 11.2±2.6 μM/min/100 g cerebral cortex. Cerebral uptake of alanine was detected in 4/4 animals, and of lactate in 3/9 animals. There was no net lactate release and no net uptake or release of glycerol. Infusion of Na DL-βhydroxybutyrate (βOHB) to steady state levels of 2-6 mM total KB (acetoacetate + D-βOHB) did not alter G, lactate, or O2 uptake. However, KB uptake was correlated in a linear fashion with arterial KB to levels of 8 mM.
Circadian rhythm of spontaneous locomotor activity in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L.

Abstract Bed bugs must avoid detection when finding hosts and returning to hidden harborages. Their stealthy habits include foraging when hosts are asleep. Characteristics of spontaneous locomotor activity rhythm of bed bugs with different feeding histories were studied. In the absence of host stimuli, adults and nymphs were much more active in the dark than in the light. The onset of activity in the scotophase commenced soon after lights-off. The free-running period ( τ ) for all stages was longer in continuous darkness (DD) than in continuous light (LL). The lengthening of τ in DD is an exception for the circadian rule that predicts the opposite in nocturnal animals. Activity in all stages was entrained to reverse L:D regimes within four cycles. Short-term starved adults moved more frequently than recently fed adults. While bed bugs can survive for a year or more without a blood meal, we observed a reduction in activity in insects held for five weeks without food. We suggest that bed bugs make a transition to host-stimulus dependent searching when host presence is not predictable. Such a strategy would enable bed bugs to maximize reproduction when resources are abundant and save energy when resources are scarce.
Reliability of clinical balance outcome measures in the elderly

Background and Purpose Simple, practical and reliable clinical balance outcome measures are needed to assess baseline status and response to treatment in older people. The reliability of the clinical measures used in this testing protocol had not been determined for this population. This study assessed the inter-rater reliability of three commonly used clinical measuress of balance: one leg standing, tandem gait and functional reach. Method Two samples of older people were used: (1) non-disabled and (2) disabled community dwellers. All testing was performed in a single session by two trained examiners according to a standardized protocol. Intra-class correlations were calculated comparing the means of each clinical balance test for Examiner 1 with Examiner 2. Results Reliability coefficients were 0.75 for one leg standing, 0.73 for functional reach, and 0.31 for tandem gait for the non-disabled sample. Reliability coefficients were 0.85 for one leg standing, 0.79 for functional reach, and 0.62 for tandem gait for the disabled sample. Conclusions These findings for the one leg standing and functional reach testing protocols in disabled and non-disabled older people can be used as outcome measures. Further study should be directed towards improving the reliability of the tandem gait test for use with older people. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publications Ltd.
Magnesium ion activated ATPase and proton transport in vesicles from the gill of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii)

Abstract 1. (1) Vesicular membrane preparations were isolated from rainbow trout gill homogenates. Magnesium ion dependent ATPase was enriched in the vesicles, either by selective aggregation with magnesium ions, or by density gradient centrifugation. 2. (2) The ATPase had optimal activity at pH 6 or below. It had a K m for ATP of about 0.25 mM. 3. (3) Dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide at concentrations of 0.2–0.5 mM inactivated the enzyme at pH 7 and room temperature. 4. (4) Density gradient centrifugation enriched vesicles showed ATP dependent uptake of acridine orange, which is indicative of proton uptake into everted vesicles. Potassium ions and valinomycin were required for optimal uptake, and because of the high ATPase activity, an ATP regenerating system was required. Acridine orange uptake took place in the presence of 20 μg oligomycin/ml. 5. (5) Freeze fracture electron microscopy of density enriched vesicles showed small globular structures affixed to the membrane fragments, apparently on both the convex and the concave side. 6. (6) The organization of the membrane preparations in vesicles with a separate internal volume, was demonstrated with the spin labelled probe 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone-1-oxyl and electron paramagnetic resonance measurements in the presence of the line broadening agent, chromium oxalate. 7. (7) Fluorescein-isothiocyanate labelled dextran was taken up into the cells of isolated gill filaments, by what is suggested to be a process of endocytosis.
MicroRNAs and chromosomal abnormalities in cancer cells

Over the past five decades, a plethora of nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities have been consistently reported in malignant cells facilitating the identification of cancer-associated protein coding oncogenes and tumor suppressors. The genetic dissection of hot spots for chromosomal abnormalities in the age of the sequenced human genome resulted in the discovery that microRNA (miRNA) genes, encoding for a class of small noncoding RNAs, frequently resides in such genomic regions. The combination of nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities and other types of genetic alterations or epigenetic events contribute to downregulation or overexpression of miRNAs. The consequent abnormal expression of miRNAs affect cell cycle, survival and differentiation programs and selective targeting of these noncoding genes could provide novel therapeutic options for killing the malignant cells.
Pharmacy informatics: aligning for success.

The pervasive development and deployment of medication-management supporting technologies and how health care systems and pharmacy departments have traditionally been aligned to manage them have led to automated chaos. This phenomenon is not surprising because a great deal is known from a
A high-throughput search for direct methanol fuel cell anode electrocatalysts of type PtxBiyPbz

Abstract We used a high-throughput method to screen for direct methanol fuel cell anode electrocatalysts in the Pt–Bi–Pb system. Previous studies showed that PtBi and PtPb (both NiAs structure type) were active electrocatalysts for the oxidation of formic acid, but only PtPb was active in oxidizing methanol. We synthesized thin films with continuous composition spreads of the three elements by magnetron sputtering at deposition temperatures from ambient to 510 °C. A fluorescence method was then used to identify compositions that were active toward methanol oxidation. Only films deposited between temperatures of 160 and 400 °C showed electrocatalytic activity. The areas that were active for methanol oxidation showed predominantly the NiAs structure type according to XRD, with optimal activity for compositions near PtBi0.01Pb0.53.
You think you're lonely?

Lonesome George: The Life and Loves of a Conservation Icon by Henry Nicholls Macmillan Science, London, UK 256 pp, $25/£17 ISBN 1403945764 ![][1] Unlike most fields of scientific enquiry, biologists study an ephemeral system. Life has only existed—as far as we know—for about 3.5 billion years, on a single planet. It is unique and complex, and could become extinct in the not too distant future. Physicists, geologists, chemists, astronomers and mathematicians do not study such locally confined and delicately precarious phenomena. Have I caught your attention? Henry Nicholls' book, Lonesome George: The Life and Loves of a Conservation Icon highlights an important issue that confronts all life scientists: our subject matter might soon disappear. Lonesome George is a unique and fascinating individual from the Galapagos Island of Pinta, itself a unique and wondrous place. There are as many as 15 recognized species of giant Galapagos tortoises; today, only 11 survive. Of these, one is virtually extinct, as George is its only surviving member. Lonesome George is a highly readable and succinct summary of how this single guy has captured the imagination … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Purpose and effects of a royalty on public land minerals

Abstract The USA is establishing a new royalty on certain minerals on public land. Some persons view the royalty as payment by industry for publicly owned minerals. Others view it as compensation for environmental impacts of mining. Using a model of rent determination with the government as a landowner maximizing social utility, this paper argues for a federal royalty comparable with private sector mineral rent. Data from the private sector suggest that the average rent for gold equates to a 5% (net smelter) royalty. The model also shows that, in a competitive economy, the expected value of marginal exploration must be zero. On the basis of that condition, a comparative static illustration of the effects of a royalty on exploration and consequent discoveries is given. A 5% royalty would reduce the number of gold discoveries on public land to about four-fifths of the number with none, whereas at 12.5%, discoveries would be less than one-third of the number with no royalty.
The intraflagellar transport protein IFT80 is required for cilia formation and osteogenesis.

Abstract Intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins are essential for the assembly and maintenance of cilia, which play important roles in development and homeostasis. IFT80 is a newly defined IFT protein. Partial mutation of IFT80 in humans causes diseases such as Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (JATD) and short rib polydactyly (SRP) type III with abnormal skeletal development. However, the role and mechanism of IFT80 in osteogenesis is unknown. Here, we first detected IFT80 expression pattern and found that IFT80 was highly expressed in mouse long bone, skull, and during osteoblast differentiation. By using lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) technology to silence IFT80 in murine mesenchymal progenitor cell line-C3H10T1/2 and bone marrow derived stromal cells, we found that silencing IFT80 led to either shortening or loss of cilia and the decrease of Arl13b expression — a small GTPase that is localized in cilia. Additionally, silencing IFT80 blocked the expression of osteoblast markers and significantly inhibited ALP activity and cell mineralization. We further found that IFT80 silencing inhibited the expression of Gli2, a critical transcriptional factor in the hedgehog signaling pathway. Overexpression of Gli2 rescued the deficiency of osteoblast differentiation from IFT80-silenced cells, and dramatically promoted osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, introduction of Smo agonist (SAG) promotes osteoblast differentiation, which was partially inhibited by IFT80 silencing. Thus, these results suggested that IFT80 plays an important role in osteogenesis through regulating Hedgehog/Gli signal pathways.
DETERMINATION OF ELASTO-PLASTIC PROPERTIES BY INSTRUMENTED SHARP INDENTATION: GUIDELINES FOR PROPERTY EXTRACTION

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,Cambridge, MA 02139(Received December 1, 1999)(Accepted in revised form December 27, 1999)Keywords: Mechanical properties; Indentation; Hardness testing; Thin films; Non-destructive testingIntroductionInstrumented indentation, with its potential versatility, could enable easy determination of the elasto-plastic properties of a broad class of materials over a wide range of size scales (nano, micro and macro),and thus has been the subject of considerable research. A theoretical framework for instrumented sharpindentation [1–4] and a general methodology that enables determination of the elasto-plastic propertiesof (and residual stresses in) materials through an analysis of the force-depth (P-h) relationship [3–4] hasbeen presented. Depending on the experimental set-up used to perform the indentation experiments(where several issues such as machine compliance, friction between the indenter and the indentedmaterial, surface roughness, specimen clamping, sharpness of the indenter tip, accuracy of load anddisplacement measurement systems and residual stresses induced by specimen preparation, could besignificant), the loading and unloading characteristics of the P-h curve, and thus the material propertiesestimated from the analysis of the P-h curves, could be obtained to varying levels of accuracy. Thus,the sensitivity of the estimated elasto-plastic properties to variations in the input parameters obtainedfrom the P-h curves is an important issue.The objectives of this paper are to: (i) assess the validity of the existing theoretical framework forthe estimation of elasto-plastic properties through sharp indentation; (ii) apply the current theoreticalframework to a broad range of homogeneous material classes and examine, in a systematic andquantitative way, the sensitivity of the models in formulating the “forward problem” (where thecharacteristics of the P-h curve are predicted from known material elasto-plastic properties), as well asin interpreting the “reverse problem” (where the material elasto-plastic properties are estimated from themeasured loading and unloading P-h responses); (iii) specify guidelines for the extraction of materialelasto-plastic properties through sharp indentation; and (iv) address the issue of uniqueness in relatingthe P-h response to the material elasto-plastic properties.Forward AnalysisFigures 1(a), (b), and (c) represent typical ranges of Young’s moduli, E [5], yield strength, s
Hysteresis in thermosyphon-based heat exchangers and introduction of a novel triggering system for low-temperature difference heat-recovery applications

Abstract Gas-to-gas thermosyphon-based heat exchangers, working under various operating conditions covering the HVAC range of applications, were tested. This paper discusses the thermal performance of these units at very low air stream temperature differences (comfort-to-comfort applications). Effectiveness hysteresis has been observed and a novel heat pipe trigger designed such that when applied to the heat exchanger a wider operating range can be utilized. This paper presents a detailed description of effectiveness hysteresis phenomena, the effect of the implementation of the triggering system on the heat exchanger performance and prediction of the benefits of installation of such a trigger in a commercial application.
Implementing language-based virtual machines

Craftsmanship, innovation, competition, and stubbornness are all ingredients for pushing the envelope of virtual machines. I've spent the last 25 years striving to perfect the art of creating such systems. A few of them even had real impact: Hotspot for Java and V8 for JavaScript. This talk will highlight both technical and non-technical aspects of taking an idea, building a team around it, and then developing a product. Rest assured, the majority of this presentation will focus on interpreters, compilers, garbage collectors, and performance.
AVERAGE RUN LENGTHS FOR MOVING AVERAGE CONTROL CHARTS

We are interested in E [N], the mean time until the most recent k values of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables exceeds a specified constant. Using recent results, we present a simulation procedure for determining E [N]. These results are also used to obtain upper and lower bounds for E [N]. These bounds, however, are in terms of a quantity o that is not easily calculated. A recursive procedure for evaluating o when the data distribution is Bernoulli is given. Efficient simulation procedures for estimating o in the cases of normal and exponential population distributions are also presented, as is a Markov chain monte carlo procedure when the distribution is general.
Molecular dynamics simulation of a piston-driven shock wave in a hard sphere gas

Molecular dynamics simulation is used to study the piston driven shock wave at Mach 1.5, 3, and 10. A shock tube, whose shape is a circular cylinder, is filled with hard sphere molecules having a Maxwellian thermal velocity distribution and zero mean velocity. The piston moves and a shock wave is generated. All collisions are specular, including those between the molecules and the computational boundaries, so that the shock development is entirely causal, with no imposed statistics. The structure of the generated shock is examined in detail, and the wave speed; profiles of density, velocity, and temperature; and shock thickness are determined. The results are compared with published results of other methods, especially the direct simulation Monte-Carlo method. Property profiles are similar to those generated by direct simulation Monte-Carlo method. The shock wave thicknesses are smaller than the direct simulation Monte-Carlo results, but larger than those of the other methods. Simulation of a shock wave, which is one-dimensional, is a severe test of the molecular dynamics method, which is always three-dimensional. A major challenge of the thesis is to examine the capability of the molecular dynamics methods by choosing a difficult task.
Polyploidy in the Potato

RECOGNITION of the polyploid nature of various economic plants has become increasingly important, and the type of polyploidy is also of prime importance in the study of phylogeny within any genus or family of plants. Various cytological and genetical criteria of polyploidy have been used, such as chromosome number, the number of nucleoli, polyvalent chromosomes in diakinesis, and tetraploid segregation ratios of genetic characters. In many plant genera, chromosome number together with the number of satellites, secondary constrictions and nucleoli (and where available with additional points in chromosome size and morphology) are sufficient to show the type of polyploidy and in some cases to provide adequate evidence as to how it has arisen1. In the genus Brassica, even the ancestral species have thus been clearly recognized in several cases2.
Extended x-ray-absorption fine-structure determination of bond-length conservation at the clean InP(110) surface

Surface-sensitive extended x-ray-absorption fine structure has determined the near-neighbor bond lengths at the clean InP(110) surface. We find no change in the first-neighbor P-In bond length and a small but measurable, {similar to}0.1 A, expansion of the average P-P second-neighbor distance. Together with recent surface-sensitive x-ray standing-wave results (Woicik {ital et} {ital al}., Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 341 (1992)), these data establish the bond-length-conserving rotation model for the nonpolar III-V semiconductor cleavage surfaces.
Prevention of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by dimethyl sulfoxide

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has previously been shown to protect against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity, but the mechanism of this effect was not clear. Treatment of mice with 1 mg/kg DMSO 4 h before 250 mg/kg APAP resulted in significantly less hepatotoxicity than with APAP alone, as measured by serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) content 24 h after APAP. Protection was also evident when 1 ml/kg DMSO was given 4, but not 8 h after 250 mg/kg APAP. The APAP-induced depletion of liver glutathione was prevented in mice pretreated with DMSO, although DMSO alone had no effect on liver glutathione levels. The hepatic concentration of cytochrome P-450 (P450) 4 h after treatment of mice with 1 ml/kg DMSO, was significantly decreased compared to saline-treated animals. However, while this DMSO pretreatment significantly decreased the activity of cytochrome P-450-linked aminopyrine-N-demethylase, it increased the activity of aniline hydroxylase. Covalent binding of [14C]APAP to hepatic protein in vivo was significantly decreased in mice pretreated with DMSO. Covalent binding of [14C]APAP to hepatic microsomal protein in vitro was not significantly altered after in vivo treatment with DMSO. However, the presence of DMSO in the in vitro incubation mixture significantly decreased covalent binding of [14C]APAP in a dose-dependent manner compared to microsomal fractions from untreated, saline-treated or DMSO pretreated animals. These data suggest that the DMSO-induced alterations in cytochrome P-450 content and activity may not be the cause of the observed protective action of this chemical. The ability to competitively inhibit APAP bioactivation or to directly scavenge free radicals produced during APAP metabolism, including the activated species which covalently binds to protein, may account for the hepatoprotection afforded by DMSO.
A Review of School Reintegration Programs for Children with Cancer

Abstract This article reviews the literature on school reintegration programs for children with cancer. Areas covered include recent legislative mandates regarding schooling for chronically ill children, the importance of school attendance, the effects of cancer on children's social and academic adjustment, and difficulties in returning to school. Descriptive articles are reviewed to synthesize the literature on best practices for reintegration programs. Existing programs are categorized into three groups and reviewed: school personnel education programs, peer education programs, and comprehensive programs. A discussion of research issues highlights design difficulties in the field. Suggestions are given for school psychologists working with chronically ill children.
MRP/sfx: A kanban-oriented shop floor extension to MRP

Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) and JustIn-Time (JIT)/kanban are two widely used production scheduling and control (PS& C) methodologies in the manufacturing industry. MRP has better planning capabilities, while JIT has superior shop floor control capabilities. MRP is applicable to a wide range of manufacturing companies, while successful JIT/ kanban implementation is generally restricted to repetitive and serial manufacturing. Several hybrid MRP/JIT systems have been proposed by researchers and practitioners to combine the benefits from both methods, while eliminating some of their drawbacks. A few companies have successfully implemented customized hybrid systems. However, there are no 'generic' methods by which JIT/kanban can be combined with MRP. This paper introduces a generic and widely applicable JIT/ kanban-type shop floor extension to MRP. Further, it incorporates specific techniques that eliminate the drawbacks of JIT/kanban and enable it to be used with MRP in a broad range of manufacturing...
General Structure of the Gravitational Equations of Motion in Conformal Weyl Gravity

A general method for determining the structure of the gravitational equations of motion is presented in the fourth-order theory of gravity based on local conformal Weyl invariance of the gravitational action. The explicit structure for these equations is given for a time-dependent, spherically symmetric geometry.
Markings on Mars as seen with Small and Large Telescopes

THAT large telescopes are liable to less accurate definition of planetary markings than small ones can easily be verified in the following manner, and tested for any given occasion. The spurious disc and rings made of a star by a telescope is a real image, due to the interference of the light-waves—as real an image, although produced by a different cause, as that of a planet's disc with its markings. If atmosphere and glass be perfect, the image consists of a round disc, encircled by concentric and continuous rings of light. The only difference in the image with different apertures is that the larger the aperture the smaller the disc, and the closer and thinner the rings. If this image assume any other form, it is either because the objective is poor, which is commoner with objectives than is supposed, as Hartmann's tests have shown1, or because the seeing is defective. In proportion as the seeing is bad the rings of the image begin to waver, then break up into fragments, a sort of mosaic, and finally end in an indiscriminate assemblance of points. In certain kinds of bad seeing the parts may seem quite steady, but that the mosaic exists is proof positive of poor seeing.
SU-E-J-73: Generation of Volumetric Images with a Respiratory Motion Model Based On An External Surrogate Signal

Purpose: Respiratory motion during radiotherapy treatment can differ significantly from motion observed during imaging for treatment planning. Our goal is to use an initial 4DCT scan and the trace of an external surrogate marker to generate 3D images of patient anatomy during treatment. Methods: Deformable image registration is performed on images from an initial 4DCT scan. The deformation vectors are used to develop a patient-specific linear relationship between the motion of each voxel and the trajectory of an external surrogate signal. Correlations in motion are taken into account with principal component analysis, reducing the number of free parameters. This model is tested with digital phantoms reproducing the breathing patterns of ten measured patient tumor trajectories, using five seconds of data to develop the model and the subsequent thirty seconds to test its predictions. The model is also tested with a breathing physical anthropomorphic phantom programmed to reproduce a patient breathing pattern. Results: The error (mean absolute, 95th percentile) over 30 seconds in the predicted tumor centroid position ranged from (0.8, 1.3) mm to (2.2, 4.3) mm for the ten patient breathing patterns. The model reproduced changes in both phase and amplitude of the breathing pattern. Agreement between prediction and truth over the entire image was confirmed by assessing the global voxel intensity RMS error. In the physical phantom, the error in the tumor centroid position was less than 1 mm for all images. Conclusion: We are able to reconstruct 3D images of patient anatomy with a model correlating internal respiratory motion with motion of an external surrogate marker, reproducing the expected tumor centroid position with an average accuracy of 1.4 mm. The images generated by this model could be used to improve dose calculations for treatment planning and delivered dose estimates. This work was partially funded by a research grant from Varian Medical Systems.
A Cautionary Note on the Use of LISREL's Automatic Start Values in Confirmatory Factor Analysis Studies:

The accuracy of parameter estimates provided by the major computer programs for confirmatory factor analysis studies is questioned. This note demonstrates an inconsistency in parameter estimates across two of the major programs (LISREL and EQS), with the incon sistency attributed to the use of LISREL VI'S automatic start values for the estimation of generalized least squares models.