cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences between Pyrimidine Nucleoside Monophosphate Kinase from Rat Novikoff Ascites Hepatoma and Rat Liver

Summary Pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphate kinase [deoxycytidine monophosphate:adenosine triphosphate (dCMP:ATP) phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.4.14] has been purified from rat Novikoff ascites hepatoma and rat liver, each to a single major band appearing on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Differences exist in regard to efficiency and regulation of enzymatic activities. The Km values of the tumor kinase for cytidine monophosphate (CMP) (0.0053 ± 0.0008 mm) and dCMP (0.715 ± 0.068 mm) are approximately one-fourth the Km values of the rat liver kinase, for CMP (0.030 ± 0.007 mm) and dCMP (2.77 ± 0.39 mm). The tumor dCMP kinase exhibits a lower Km for ATP (0.134 ± 0.008 mm) than the rat liver kinase (0.68 ± 0.09 mm). Moreover, the dCMP:CMP kinase activity ratio for the tumor enzyme is 1.12, while that for the rat liver enzyme is 0.45. The uridine monophosphate:CMP kinase activity ratio for the tumor enzyme is 1.93, while that for the rat liver enzyme is 2.68. Lower concentrations of dithiothreitol are required for 50% reactivation of the tumor dCMP kinase (1.00 mm) and CMP kinase (0.10 mm) than rat liver dCMP kinase (2.20 mm) and CMP kinase (0.57 mm). Thus, the kinase from Novikoff hepatoma exhibits properties of increased efficiency and relaxed regulation of activity which render it more suitable for a tumor, in which active DNA synthesis is ongoing.
Evaluation of the ID 32E for the identification of Gram‐negative glucose‐fermenting and glucose‐non‐fermenting bacilli

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ID 32E bacterial identification system for accuracy in the identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Acinetobacter baumannii/Iwoffii. METHODS: Stock cultures of 497 Enterobacteriaceae and 27 commonly encountered non-enteric Gram-negative rods were tested in the ID 32E system. For each isolate, the resulting 11-digit profile number was converted to an identification using the APILAB Plus software (version 3.2.2). This identification was then compared to the reference identification obtained using conventional biochemicals. RESULTS: Of the 524 isolates tested, 405 (77.3%) were identified correctly; 52 (9.9%) were identified incorrectly. Sixty-seven (12.8%) identifications were either doubtful or unacceptable, and were not limited to any particular genus or species, with the exception of Ewingella americana and Serratia plymuthica, which did not grow well enough in the strip at 35 degrees C to be correctly identified. All five isolates of Acinetobacter Iwoffii were misidentified as Alcaligenes spp. CONCLUSIONS: With this challenge set of organisms, the ID 32E correctly identified 77.3% of the isolates tested. For commonly encountered isolates, the accuracy approached 90%. We conclude that the ID 32E offers an alternative for the identification of common clinical isolates.
Originalism and the (Merely) Human Constitution

This brief essay, written by invitation as a comment on an essay by Andrew Koppelman called “Why Jack Balkin is Disgusting,” argues that Koppelman reverses roles in suggesting that originalists are repelled by the idea of a merely human Constitution. In fact, it is non-originalists who have typically expressed disdain for a merely human Constitution. Conversely, in the interest of preserving the ability of humans to make constitutional law, originalism is dedicated to resisting efforts to transform the Constitution into something more transcendent. Despite getting the roles backwards, however, Koppelman is right to note that Jack Balkin’s attempt to dissolve the division between originalism and “living Constitutionalism” poses a threat to originalism. More specifically, Balkin and Koppelman underscore potential of the originalists’ too ready resort to “principles” to undermine the originalist enterprise. If originalism is to be a viable alternative, originalists must resist the temptation to interpret constitutional provisions as repositories of principles, and must instead develop the idea of constitutional provisions as expressing human or conventional categories.
Private Constraints on Ground-Water Contamination

Institutional mechanisms for protection of ground-water quality include state and federal laws and the private rights of individual citizens. The extent to which private rights to uncontaminated ground water have been given legal recognition has varied over time and among jurisdictions. The range extends from the view that an absolute right to uncontaminated ground water exists to recognition of a limited right enforceable only in situations involving negligence. Resolution of ground-water contamination conflicts generally involves balancing the equities in the individual situation, a process that leads to a substantial degree of uncertainty with respect to the status of the right to uncontaminated ground water. Thus, the effectiveness of private rights as a quality protection mechanism is limited, and further development of supplemental controls appears desirable.
Style in Music

Because music is not objectively descriptive or representational, the subjective qualities of music seem to be most important. Style is one of the most salient qualities of music, and in fact most descriptions of music refer to some aspect of musical style. Style in music can refer to historical periods, composers, performers, sonic texture, emotion, and genre. In recent years, many aspects of music style have been studied from the standpoint of automation: How can musical style be recognized and synthesized? An introduction to musical style describes ways in which style is characterized by composers and music theorists. Examples are then given where musical style is the focal point for computer models of music analysis and music generation.
Chronic self-perceived stress and set-shifting performance in undergraduate students

Given recent findings on the potential for detrimental effects of chronic stress on the prefrontal cortex, additional research on the relationship between chronic stress and performance on executiv...
Biomarker Use in Colorectal Cancer Therapy

Despite the development of multiple new therapeutics over the past decade, colorectal cancer continues to be the second leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States and worldwide, with median survival less than 2 years for patients with advanced disease.1,2 The evolving understanding of the genetic heterogeneity of colorectal tumors suggests that a purely anatomic classification may be obsolete.3 Recent identification of molecular tumor subtypes with distinctive treatment responsiveness and prognosis in some cancers has led to an emerging paradigm of genetically tailored clinical management, and promises to guide future drug development in oncology. A prominent example in colorectal cancer is the finding that an activating mutation in the KRAS oncogene is a biomarker for tumor resistance to monoclonal antibodies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); this has led to the widespread adoption of tumor KRAS mutational analysis before treatment with this class of drugs.4–7 Biomarkers are measures, such as the presence of a mutation in the KRAS gene found through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, associated with a clinically distinct prognosis, diagnosis, or response to a specific treatment. Conventional analyses such as tumor immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin profile or serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) measurement are also types of biomarkers according to this broad definition. So-called predictive markers are associated with response (or lack thereof) to a particular therapy, whereas prognostic markers are baseline measurements associated with future disease trajectory.8,9 This article focuses on newer, genetically based tests of tumor, host, or both used to evaluate prognosis and/or to predict the likelihood of treatment response. Using case-based examples, this article reviews biomarkers with an established role in clinical colorectal cancer management, presents a selection of biomarkers undergoing validation for future clinical application, and concludes with a discussion of the dynamic interface between biomarkers in research and clinical practice.
Dimethylamino)methyl Methyl Ether

(1; R = Me) [62393-45-7] C4H11NO (MW 89.14) InChI = 1S/C4H11NO/c1-5(2)4-6-3/h4H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = YFTNTMQKPLVKFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2; R = Bu) [56275-84-4] C7H17NO (MW 131.22) InChI = 1S/C7H17NO/c1-4-5-6-9-7-8(2)3/h4-7H2,1-3H3 InChIKey = HPUIQFXZXVKZBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (precursor for N,N-dimethyl(methylene)ammonium salts;2, 3 useful for the in situ dimethylaminomethylation of silyl enol ethers to produce β-(N,N-dimethylamino) ketones (Mannich bases)4, 5) Physical Data: (1) bp 67 °C/760 mmHg; (2) bp 128 °C/756 mmHg. Solubility: sol H2O, acetonitrile. Preparative Method: amino ethers (1)3 and (2)6 are prepared from a mixture of dimethylamine (0.5 mol), alcohol (1 mol), and Potassium Carbonate (0.6 mol) at 0 °C. Paraformaldehyde is added after a few min, and the mixture is stirred overnight at room temperature. The product is purified by filtration followed by distillation to give a colorless liquid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: handle with gloves in a well-ventilated fume hood. Incompatible with acids and acid chlorides. Readily decomposes in water in the presence of acid.
Circular dichroism studies of acetylcholine sterase conformation. Comparison of the 11 S and 5.6 S species and the differences induced by inhibitory ligands

Abstract Circular dichroism studies were carried out in the vacuum ultraviolet region for 11 S and 5.6 S species of acetylcholinesterase from Torpedo . As the 5.6 S acetylcholinesterase forms larger oligomers in the absence of detergent, the CD spectrum was measured both with and without detergent. Secondary structure analysis of the CD spectrum for 11 S acetylcholinesterase shows 33% α-helix, 23% β-sheet (14% antiparallel and 9% parallel), 17% turns and 26% other structure. Binding of edrophonium to the active site of 11 S acetylcholinesterase increases α-helix, while binding of propidium to the peripheral site increases β-sheet. The β-sheet content is slightly higher for 5.6 S than 11 S acetylcholinesterase in water. When the detergent is added to 5.6 S acetylcholinesterase, the 190 nm and 220 nm bands become less intense, although the analyses of the two spectra are similar. No significant change is observed for the 5.6 S form in either solvent on binding ligands. The prediction of both parallel and antiparallel β-sheet suggests that at least one domain in these multidomain proteins belongs to the α / β tertiary structural type.
EFFECT OF GERMINATION ON NUTRITIVE VALUE AND BAKING PROPERTIES OF DRY PEAS, LENTILS, AND FABA BEANS

Dry yellow peas, lentils, and faba beans were germinated under laboratory conditions. Periodic rinsing with water at 2-hr intervals was effective in controlling microbial growth. Marked increase in ascorbic acid of the legumes was observed during germination. Amino acid contents did not change appreciably after 4day germination. Wheat flour blends containing ungerminated and germinated legume flours at 5, 10, and 15% levels were used in baking studies. Addition of 15% legume flours to bread resulted in only small deleterious effects on loaf volume, crumb grain, and flavor. Germination adversely affected the baking properties of peas and lentils, but not faba beans. Blanching of the germinated peas further impaired its baking properties.
Electronically transparent graphene replicas of diatoms: a new technique for the investigation of frustule morphology

The morphogenesis of the silica cell walls (called frustules) of unicellular algae known as diatoms is one of the most intriguing mysteries of the diatoms. To study frustule morphogenesis, optical, electron and atomic force microscopy has been extensively used to reveal the frustule morphology. However, since silica frustules are opaque, past observations were limited to outer and fracture surfaces, restricting observations of interior structures. Here we show that opaque silica frustules can be converted into electronically transparent graphene replicas, fabricated using chemical vapor deposition of methane. Chemical vapor deposition creates a continuous graphene coating preserving the frustule's shape and fine, complicated internal features. Subsequent dissolution of the silica with hydrofluoric acid yields a free-standing replica of the internal and external native frustule morphologies. Electron microscopy renders these graphene replicas highly transparent, revealing previously unobserved, complex, three-dimensional, interior frustule structures, which lend new insights into the investigation of frustule morphogenesis.
Experimental stress analysis of dental restorations. Part VIII. Surface strains on gold and chromium fixed partial dentures

Abstract Surface strains of a maxillary posterior four-unit fixed partial denture were measured as a function of occlusal loading site and magnitude. A gold alloy and a chromium alloy fixed partial denture with first bicuspids and second molar abutments were used; the former was designed for pin facings and the latter for Steele's facings. The results showed that even a relatively simple fixed partial denture does not function as a simple beam. A gage near the soldered joints showed that, when the loading was near the opposite end of the fixed partial denture, it functioned to a considerable extent as a cantilever with respect to the opposite gage: however, when loading was near the gage, that portion of the fixed partial denture was in simple compression. The gage in the center of the fixed partial denture showed that loading on the ends resulted in cantilever action, while loading in the center resulted in mostly transverse bending. The measurements on the chromium alloy fixed partial denture illustrated that the type of attachment for the facing caused variation in the surface strain and that the high modulus resulted in low strain values compared to the gold alloy fixed partial denture.
Angle-resolved neutralization−reionization mass spectrometry

Neutralization -reionization mass spectra of 2-propenal, isomeric butenes, and isomeric n-hexenes have been found to depend significantly on the z-axis scattering angle of the neutralization event. As shown by Cooks for ion dissociations, increasing scattering angles generally favor products of higher activation-energy reactions. For isomeric butenes and n-hexenes, these reactions provide more definitive information for isomeric characterization.
Formation times of meteorites and lunar samples

This article summarizes research since the last detailed reviews of meteorite ages by Anders [1963] and Reynolds [1967]. Only crystallization ages based on parent-daughter isotopic relationships resulting from the decay of naturally occurring radioactive nuclei will be discussed. The basic principles and techniques for age determinations are discussed in many of the papers cited and, along with summaries of scientific results, in several recent books [Dalrymple and Lanphere, 1969; Doe 1970; Hamilton, 1965; Schaeffer and Zahringer, 1966; Faul, 1966]. However, developments in the field have made some of the material in the books obsolete.
One Model of Professional Development for Higher Education Faculty.

Abstract Northern Kentucky University's College of Education's faculty realizes that the infusion of technology into the teacher education program is important. Support for the infusion of technology was evident when the faculty adopted the ISTE Recommended Foundations for Teachers and a five-year technology plan in 1998. Interviews with the faculty during the 1999–2000 academic year identified three primary barriers for infusion of technology into the curriculum: (a) access to technology, (b) training on how to use the technology, and (c) time to redesign curriculum. If increased access to technology is provided to higher education faculty, how should the training and time issues be addressed?
ENANTIOSELECTIVE DETERMINATION OF R(+) AND S(−) ROGLETIMIDE IN SERUM USING ALPHA-CYCLODEXTRIN MODIFIED CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS AND SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the quantitative determination of R(+) and S(−) rogletimide in serum was developed. Stereoselective resolution of the rogletimide enantiomers was achieved using 60 mM alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) in 10 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate/5 mM sodium tetraborate buffer of pH 2.5. A 72 cm uncoated fused-silica capillary at a constant voltage 15kV was used for the analysis and 0.03 mM hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) was added to the buffer to decrease the adsorption of endogenous substances onto the silica wall. The analytes of interest were extracted from serum using a solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure. An octadecyl cartridge gave good recoveries in excess of 85% for both R(+) and S(−) rogletimide without any interference. The detection limits were 50 ng/mL using 1 mL serum and the limit of quantitation were 100 ng/mL for each enantiomers. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 100–1200 ng/mL with S(−) aminoglutethimide as the internal standa...
Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is cultured in nearly 1 of 5 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and a history of sinus surgery. Fluoroquinolones are the only
Concordance between self-reports and archival records of physician visits: a case-control study comparing individuals with and without alcohol use disorders in the community.

OBJECTIVE: The accuracy of self-reported healthcare use among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUD) has been questioned. The present study attempts to compare the accuracy of self-reported physician visits for individuals who differ with respect to their history of AUDs. METHODS: Our data source was a 14-year follow-up of individuals interviewed at the St. Louis site of the 1981-1983 Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA). We used a case-control design (n=237) to compare the accuracy of self-reports among ECA participants with stably diagnosed AUDs (cases; n=75) to two comparison groups: those with problem/very heavy drinking (n=81) and those unaffected by alcohol (n=81). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) described the concordance between self-reports and archival records of physician visits in the prior six months. We used multinomial logistic regression to identify characteristics associated with under-reporting and over-reporting, and zero-truncated Poisson regression to identify characteristics associated with discordance severity. RESULTS: Self-reports of cases had substantial concordance with physician records (ICC=0.74, CI=0.61-0.83). As compared to cases, those with problem/very heavy drinking had a significantly higher ICC, and those who were unaffected by alcohol had a significantly lower ICC. However, differences in concordance disappeared when using regression models that adjusted for factors known to affect the accuracy of self-reported healthcare use. Utilization frequency was a strong predictor of inaccurate reporting. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest AUD status may not independently affect the accuracy of self-reports. Counts of physician visits for those with AUD may be considered accurate when utilization frequency is low. Language: en
Perspectives on computer-based performance assessment of problem solving

Abstract The purpose of this introduction is to provide a brief overview of the articles in this special issue and also a conceptual framework for the assessment of problem solving using computer-based techniques. The issue is focused on computer-based performance assessment of problem solving. Thus, assessments that use a multiple-choice format or that do not use a computer for either the administration, scoring or reporting of assessments are generally excluded. These assessments ask students to demonstrate and document their deep understanding of subject matter and their ability to solve complex problems and to work in groups or teams. In this introduction, we will review several theoretical frameworks of problem solving, recommend a definition of the construct, and suggest ways of measuring the construct. The special issue is subdivided in two parts—Issue 1: Theoretical Issues and Methodological Approaches, and Issue 2: Specific Research Applications. In general, Issue 1 is meant to be a broad overview of theory and methodology in the area of computer-based performance assessment of problem solving. Issue 2 is meant to be a more narrow, in-depth description of specific studies in the area of computer-based performance assessment of problem solving.
An infrared solution method for the analysis of trapped atmospheric contaminants desorbed from charcoal tubes

An infrared analysis of toxic gases and vapors trapped in charcoal tubes is described. A minimum volume infrared liquid cell, optimized for sensitivity, is described and design compromises are discussed. The CS2 extraction methodology was examined and recommendations are made to increase the extraction efficiency. Ten compounds on the OSHA list of toxic gases and vapors were studied; in all cases, good spectra useful for qualitative identification were obtained at less than the threshold limit value. Quantitative limits below threshold limit value levels are also reported for the compounds selected.
The hematologic consequences of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) are a recent innovation in the management of portal hypertension. In 1992, we had previously described an instance of severe hemolysis associated with this procedure. This study was undertaken to define and quantify the true incidence of TIPS-associated hemolysis and its clinical spectrum, as well as to test the hypothesis that portal decompression by TIPS would ameliorate hypersplenism in patients with portal hypertension. A total of 60 patients undergoing TIPS for prevention of recurrent variceal hemorrhage (n = 40) or refractory ascites (n = 20) were studied. Forty patients with cirrhosis who were followed concurrently served as controls. At entry, both groups were comparable with the exception of increased ascites in the TIPS group. A total of 7 instances of intravascular hemolysis were identified in 60 TIPS patients, whereas none occurred in controls. Of these, 4 patients were asymptomatic and detected on routine laboratory testing. Hemolysis led to a greater than 4-g/dL decrease in hemoglobin in 2 patients, 2- to 3-g/dL decrease in 2 others and a 3- to 4-gm/dL decrease in 1 patient. Two patients were able to compensate for hemolysis and did not develop anemia. In all but 1 case, the findings of hemolysis subsided by 12 to 15 weeks; in 1 patient, orthotopic liver transplantation was associated with resolution of the hemolysis. Overall, no significant changes in white blood cell or platelet counts were observed in patients undergoing TIPS despite adequate portal decompression. We conclude that TIPS-induced hemolysis occurs in approximately 10% of subjects. However, it is self-limited and rarely requires intervention. Potential mechanisms of such hemolysis are discussed. TIPS is also not recommended as a means of improving platelet counts in patients with severe hypersplenism.
Fuel Cell Vehicle Simulation – Part 3: Modeling of Individual Components and Integration into the Overall Vehicle Model

This is the third paper of a three part series on fuel cell vehicle (FCV) simulation. In Part 1 of this series, the existing publicly available models for FCV analysis and simulation were evaluated and the strengths and weaknesses of these models were identified. In Part 2, a new FCV simulation framework (and the methodology behind it) was introduced which focused on overcoming the weaknesses of the benchmarked models. In this third paper, the model framework developed in Part 2 is filled with component models. Specifically, models for the electric drive train, the transmission, a battery system, a dc-dc-converter and a fuel cell system with the associated control units are developed and described. An indirect-methanol fuel cell system, with all of its subsystems, is illustrated in this paper, as an example of the process and implementation of a fuel cell system model. This example fuel cell system is characterised in both steady-state and dynamic terms by numerical simulation, and is also used to illustrate the system integration required for a complete FCV simulation model.
Generation and characterization of a human osteosarcoma cell line stably transfected with the human estrogen receptor gene.

Although 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) replacement therapy has been shown to be effective in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The presence of low levels of functional endogenous estrogen receptor (ER) in some osteoblastic cells has been demonstrated, and the suggestion that the abundance of ER may be rate-limiting in the action of E 2 on these cells has been made. To study the mechanism of ER in regard to E 2 -mediated effects, we stably transfected a human osteosarcoma cell line, SaOS-2, with an expression vector, pMV-7-ER containing the human ER gene. We characterized six of the stably transfected clones. One of the stable clones, SaOS-2-E 2 expressed extra copies of ER genes integrated into the genome as detected by Southern blot analysis, showed a significantly increased level of ER mRNA by RT-PCR and contained an increased level of ER cytosolic protein as detected by an ER-specific EIA. The overexpressed ER was functional and sensitive to E 2 in a dose-dependent fashion after transient transfection with a vector containing an estrogen response element (ERE) linked to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Scatchard analysis revealed a single high-affinity binding site with a K d similar to values obtained for the ER in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These SaOS-2-ER cells had altered osteoblast phenotypic features including growth inhibition, decreased basal alkaline phosphatase activity, and decreased IL-6 expression and secretion. In response to E 2 , a greater than 2-fold increase in TGF-β1 mRNA was quantitatively measured in these ER-overexpressing osteoblasts. These cells may provide a sensitive and unique model for understanding the mechanism of E 2 and ER in overall bone metabolism
Outcomes of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease: in the first year of life, in childhood, and in adults...oh, and should we really leave Helicobacter pylori alone?

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in childhood varies by age. As in adults, GER can result in a spectrum of disease manifestations. Children with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may become adults with GERD, as suggested by the frequency of childhood reflux symptoms reported by adults with reflux disease. Some studies suggest a causative association between Helicobacter pylori infection and GERD, whereas others postulate a protective role for H. pylori. To better understand pediatric GERD, age-appropriate case definitions and multicenter randomized controlled treatment trials are critically needed.
A uniform way of reasoning about array-based computation in radar: Algebraically connecting the hardware/software boundary

Embedded software processing requirements will exceed 1 trillion operations per second in the 2005-2010 time frame. Consequently, efficient use of processors and memory, at all levels, is essential. In many defense environments, e.g., radar, as well as medical and other real-time embedded systems, operations are primarily array-based. Although languages support high level, monolithic, array based computation through classes, functions, templates (C++), and grammars (Fortran 95, ZPL), limited optimizations occur to eliminate array valued temporaries, which for embedded real time systems, is enormous. Without an underlying theory of arrays, e.g., an algebra and index calculus, it is difficult, if not impossible to provide such optimizations. This paper presents a Mathematics of Arrays and Psi Calculus. Together they are used to reason about array based computation in radar; the algorithm, decomposition, mapping to processors and memory, performance.
Characterization of Engineered Cartilage Constructs Using Multiexponential T2 Relaxation Analysis and Support Vector Regression

Increased sensitivity in the characterization of cartilage matrix status by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, through the identification of surrogate markers for tissue quality, would be of great use in the noninvasive evaluation of engineered cartilage. Recent advances in MR evaluation of cartilage include multiexponential and multiparametric analysis, which we now extend to engineered cartilage. We studied constructs which developed from chondrocytes seeded in collagen hydrogels. MR measurements of transverse relaxation times were performed on samples after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of development. Corresponding biochemical measurements of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) were also performed. sGAG per wet weight increased from 7.74±1.34 μg/mg in week 1 to 21.06±4.14 μg/mg in week 4. Using multiexponential T2 analysis, we detected at least three distinct water compartments, with T2 values and weight fractions of (45 ms, 3%), (200 ms, 4%), and (500 ms, 97%), respectively. These values are consistent with known...
Some Effects of Decenylsuccinic Acid on Isolated Corn Mitochondria

The effects of decenylsuccinic acid on the swelling and respiratory capacities of mitochondria isolated from etiolated corn (Zea mays L., Wf9 x M14) shoots were studied. Decenylsuccinic acid (0.1 mM to 1.0 mM) inhibited the oxidation of succinate and malate-pyruvate, stimulated the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and uncoupled phosphorylation. The swelling of isolated corn mitochondria, as determined by percentage of transmittance changes, was stimulated by decenylsuccinic acid in potassium chloride reaction media and in sucrose reaction media without bovine serum albumin. In a diaphorase (2, 6-dichlorophenolindophenol as acceptor) reaction with intact mitochondria, only the dehydrogenation rate of malate was reduced by the addition of decenylsuccinic acid. The dehydrogenation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or of succinate was either not affected or was stimulated depending on the diaphorase reaction medium. The oxygen uptake of mitochondria oxidizing N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine diHCl and ascorbate was inhibited at decenylsuccinic acid concentrations greater than 0.5 mM.The results presented lead to the hypothesis that the primary effect of decenylsuccinic acid on isolated corn mitochondria is on the physical properties of the membranes and that decenylsuccinic acid-affected stimulation or inhibition of respiration results from the physical disruption of the membrane. These results appear to be consistent with those previously reported in whole plant studies.
Police (mis)behavior: a cross‐cultural study of corruption seriousness

Purpose – To examine the degree of homogeneity of police officers' evaluations of seriousness of police misconduct across various countries.Design/methodology/approach – The authors surveyed police officers from Croatia (N=1,649), Finland (N=378), and the USA (3,235). Respondents evaluated ten scenarios describing police corruption and one scenario describing the use of excessive force by indicating how seriously they evaluated each described behavior.Findings – Line officers' and supervisors' evaluations of seriousness of the 11 scenarios differ substantially across the three countries. The extent of disagreement varies across cases: opinions are the most heterogeneous for the least serious cases and most homogeneous for the most serious ones. By contrast, relative evaluations of seriousness – rankings of cases in each country – are quite similar across the three countries.Research limitations/implications – Future research could analyze how perceptions of seriousness vary across police agencies' charact...
Mass-Flux Budgets of Shallow Cumulus Clouds

Abstract The vertical transport by shallow nonprecipitating cumulus clouds of conserved variables, such as the total specific humidity or the liquid water potential temperature, can be well modeled by the mass-flux approach, in which the cloud field is represented by a top-hat distribution of clouds and its environment. The mass-flux budget is computed by conditionally sampling the prognostic vertical velocity equation by means of a large eddy simulation of shallow cumulus clouds. The model initialization is based on observations made during the Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment (BOMEX). Several different sampling criteria are applied. The presence of liquid water is used to select clouds, whereas additional criteria are applied to sample cloud updraft, downdraft, and core properties. A comparison between the budgets of the mass flux and the vertical velocity variance show that they appear to be qualitatively similar. The mass flux is driven by buoyancy in the lower part of the cloud la...
Functional Evaluation of Nonsensate Free Flaps to the Sole of the Foot

Free flap transfer for soft tissue defects involving the sole of the foot have been important in limb salvage. The functional capacity of 16 patients is documented. From our data, free flaps to weightbearing surfaces of the foot give satisfactory results in patients less than 40 years old and salvage is rewarding. Older patients had less than satisfactory results. When the only alternative is an amputation, free flap salvage may still be indicated.
Planar motion permits perception of metric structure in stereopsis.

A fundamental problem in the study of spatial perception concerns whether and how vision might acquire information about the metric structure of surfaces in three-dimensional space from motion and from stereopsis. Theoretical analyses have indicated that stereoscopic perceptions of metric relations in depth require additional information about egocentric viewing distance; and recent experiments by James Todd and his colleagues have indicated that vision acquires only affine but not metric structure from motion—that is, spatial relations ambiguous with regard to scale in depth. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the metric shape of planar stereoscopic forms might be perceived from congruence under planar rotation. In Experiment 1, observers discriminated between similar planar shapes (ellipses) rotating in a plane with varying slant from the frontal-parallel plane. Experimental conditions varied the presence versus absence of binocular disparities, magnification of the disparity scale, and moving versus stationary patterns. Shape discriminations were accurate in all conditions with moving patterns and were near chance in conditions with stationary patterns; neither the presence nor the magnification of binocular disparities had any reliable effect. In Experiment 2, accuracy decreased as the range of rotation decreased from 80° to 10°. In Experiment 3, small deviations from planarity of the motion produced large decrements in accuracy. In contrast with the critical role of motion in shape discrimination, motion hindered discriminations of the binocular disparity scale in Experiment 4. In general, planar motion provides an intrinsic metric scale that is independent of slant in depth and of the scale of binocular disparities. Vision is sensitive to this intrinsic optical metric.
An investigation of the ESD O/O+ ratio from V2O5 and oxidized V

Abstract The ratio of oxygen atoms to ions (O/O+) generated during electron stimulated desorption (ESD) from V2O5 and oxidized V foil has been investigated. Desorbates were probed directly with high resolution quadrupole mass spectrometry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used as an indirect probe to measure the ESD induced surface oxygen loss. Despite the number of ESD target preparation methods and experimental variations used, ESD O atoms were never detected. Accordingly, the results are presented as an upper limit to the ESD O/O+ ratio, as determined by the neutral detection limit of the given instrumental method. The results of the mass spectral probe were an O/O+ ratio of ⋍54 (oxidized V foil), 58 ( 18 O 2 V 2 O 5 ) and 160 (V2O5). From the XPS results (oxidized V foil) the ratio was determined to be ⋍4.
Four-dimensional non-rigid cardiac motion estimation

Electrocardiogram-gated cardiac CT reconstruction methods have been developed to reduce motion artifacts; however, projection data used in reconstruction are limited to those within gating time windows, resulting in large image noise. Motion compensated image reconstruction is capable of fully utilizing all projection data if a motion vector field is known. In this work, we propose a non-rigid four-dimensional image-based motion estimation method which uses a nested conjugated gradient method to minimize a cost function. The proposed method is implemented on GPU using CUDA, and its performance was verified with patient data.
Congenital Muscular Dystrophies Involving the O-Mannose Pathway

A number of forms of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) have been identified that involve defects in the glycosylation of dystroglycan with O-mannosyl-linked glycans. There are at least six genes that can affect this type of glycosylation, and defects in these genes give rise to disorders that have many aspects of muscle and brain pathology in common. Overexpression of one gene implicated in CMD, LARGE, was recently shown to increase dystroglycan glycosylation and restore its function in cells taken from CMD patients. Overexpression of Galgt2, a glycosyltransferase not implicated in CMD, also alters dystroglycan glycosylation and inhibits muscular dystrophy in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. These findings suggest that a common approach to therapy in muscular dystrophies may be to increase the glycosylation of dystroglycan with particular glycan structures.
Gestalt, behavior, and speech

(1928). Gestalt, behavior, and speech. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 334-359.
Measurement of the water cycle in a levitated ammonium sulfate particle

Abstract Single micron-size ammonium sulfate particles are suspended electrodynamically in a vacuum. Water vapor is slowly admitted until deliquescence occurs, then slowly removed until the solution droplet crystallizes. Deliquescence is shown to occur through three-phase equilibrium states. During dehydration the vapor pressure of the supersaturated solution is measured. The results are compared with a recent theory of aqueous electrolytes extrapolated to the very high concentrations encountered and used with simple nucleation theory to estimate the magnitude of the free-energy barrier to crystallization.
Screening for gestational diabetes: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

Abstract Objective To systematically review the evidence for screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Data sources We established eligibility criteria for relevant studies. We systematically searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration Library for studies meeting eligibility criteria. We supplemented this search with further studies identified from reference lists of reviews. Methods of study selection Two reviewers examined each article for eligibility. A single reviewer abstracted relevant data from the included articles; a second reviewer checked the abstractions. We graded the quality of the articles according to criteria developed by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Tabulation, integration, and results No well-conducted, randomized, controlled trial provides direct evidence for the health benefits of screening for GDM. The evidence is unclear regarding the optimal screening and reference diagnostic test for GDM. The impact of hyperglycemia on adverse maternal and neonatal health outcomes is probably continuous. Although insulin therapy decreases the incidence of fetal macrosomia for those women with more severe degrees of hyperglycemia, the magnitude of any effect on maternal and neonatal health outcomes is not clear. The evidence is insufficient to determine the magnitude of health benefit for any treatment among the large number of women with GDM at milder degrees of hyperglycemia. We found limited evidence regarding the potential adverse effects of screening for GDM. Conclusion Because of the lack of high-quality evidence concerning critical issues, we are unable to determine the extent to which screening has an important impact on maternal and neonatal health outcomes. A randomized, controlled trial of screening is necessary to answer the many remaining questions.
Morphological differentiation and identification of Peromyscus leucopus and P. maniculatus in northeastern North America

External features of the tail and pelage, and quantitative cranial characteristics were used to discriminate Peromyscus leucopus from P. maniculatus ( n = 204) from northeastern North America. Species assignments were based on the phenotype of salivary amylase. Characteristics of the pelage and tail yielded correct identification of 55% of adult specimens. A previously published discriminant-function equation based on 11 cranial measurements correctly classified 66% of adults and 56% of specimens of all age classes. Two new discriminant equations were generated based on 12 and 11 skull measurements, respectively. The first equation correctly classified 100% of skulls in two separate datasets ( n = 164; n = 50), and the second correctly classified 94% in a single dataset ( n = 195).
Comparison of 1-acylglycerophosphate and glycerophosphate acyltransferases from Euglena microsomes.

Abstract 1. 1. Both glycerophosphate and monoacylglycerophosphate acyltransferases from Euglena microsomes were inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, but their responses to heat inactivation and sn-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate differed. 2. 2. Glycerophosphate acyltransferase had a higher V with palmitoyl-CoA compared to oleoyl-CoA; the reverse was true for monoacylglycerophosphate acyltransferase. 3. 3. Km's (μM) for the glycerophosphate acyltransferase were: palmitoyl-CoA, 21; oleoyl-CoA, 14; and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, 2900. Km's (μM) for monoacylglycerophosphate acyltransferase were: palmitoyl-CoA, 7; oleoyl-CoA, 4; and 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate, 48.
The Gram determinant for plane curves

We investigate the Gram determinant of the pairing arising from curves in a planar surface, with a focus on the disk with two holes. We prove that the determinant based on n 1 curves divides the determinant based on n curves. Motivated by the work on Gram determinants based on curves in a disk and curves in an annulus (Temperley‐Lieb algebra of type A and B, respectively), we calculate several examples of the Gram determinant based on curves in a disk with two holes, and advance conjectures on the complete factorization of Gram determinants.
Fluorescent diazapyrenium films and their response to dopamine.

Experimental protocols for the preparation of 2,7-diazapyrenium films on glass, quartz, and silica in one or two steps have been developed. The one-step procedures involve the adsorption of preformed 2,7-diazapyrenium dications with trimethoxysilane appendages to the hydroxylated substrates. The two-step procedures consist in the formation of interfacial polysiloxanes with pendent chloromethyl groups and their subsequent coupling to monoalkylated 2,7-diazapyrene derivatives. For the modification of the glass slides, the silane building blocks have been copolymerized with Si(OEt)4. The transmission absorption spectra of the coated glass and quartz slides all reveal the characteristic bands of the 2,7-diazapyrenium chromophores. Combustion analyses confirm the adsorption of the 2,7-diazapyrenium dications on the silica particles. A comparison of the surface coverages of all films indicates that the one-step procedures are significantly more efficient than their two-step counterparts. Furthermore, the copoly...
Cramér-type conditions and quadratic mean differentiability

Let (Ω,A) be a measurable space, let Θ be an open set inR k , and let {P θ; θ∈Θ} be a family of probability measures defined onA. Let μ be a σ-finite measure onA, and assume thatP θ≪μ for each θ∈Θ. Let us denote a specified version ofdP θ /d μ byf(ω; θ).
Multi-Domain TLM Model for Intravascular Ultrasound

Developed in this paper is the set up of a spatiotemporal (multi-domain) numerical model for intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). The transmission line matrix method (TLM) is used to mimic the propagation of the sound wave through the circular cross-section of an artery. Different propagation scenarios (healthy and abnormal arteries) are illustrated in this work showing how this model captures the behavior of these waves. The model is evaluated by means of regular TLM models established in the literature.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Hard-X-Ray Measurements of 10.6-μm Laser-Irradiated Targets

The first measurements of high-energy x-ray emission ($h\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\sim}30\ensuremath{-}300$ keV) by high-$Z$ microballoon targets irradiated at $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}l\ensuremath{\phi}l2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{16}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ by 10.6-\ensuremath{\mu}m laser light are reported. An exponential spectrum with a slope $k{T}_{H}\ensuremath{\sim}250$ keV provides the best fit to spectrometer data at ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{l}={10}^{16}$ W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. The hard-x-ray yield indicates that a substantial fraction, probably between 10% and 100%, of the absorbed laser energy is converted to hot electrons. The slope $k{T}_{H}$ is proportional to the fastest ion energy.
Science, philosophy, and metaphor in Ernst Mayr's writings.

Ernst Mayr est considere comme le precurseur du Neo-Darwinisme dans l'evolution de la biologie. L'A. etudie son analyse de la theologie puis sa conception de la biologie neo-darwinienne qui reflete une nouvelle image de l'homme, une nouvelle idee de la science et un nouveau guide d'ethique
Establishment of a tetraploid cytotype in a diploid population: Effect of relative fitness of the cytotypes

The conditions for the establishment of a tetraploid in a diploid population were investigated by means of a deterministic model, on the assumption that the diploid cytotype produces some 2n gametes. If the fertility and viability of both cytotypes were the same and the initial population was diploid, then a mixed population would occur if the production of 2n gametes was below 17.16%. The tetraploid excluded the diploid above this limit. By modifying the fertility and the viability of the polyploid this threshold varied, dropping to 10% when one of the two parameters was twice that of the diploid, and falling to as low as 6% if both fertility and viability were double that of the diploid. The conditions for the establishment of a polyploid are therefore quite restrictive under the assumptions of this model. In nature, such processes would probably allow the spread of the polyploid only if the immigration of polyploids considerably enhanced the frequency of tetraploids, or if genetical or environmental changes, or chance processes in small populations caused a substantial increase in the frequency of 2n gametes produced by the diploid.
Effects of aster yellows virus infection on transport through plant stem sections

Abstract Basipetal transport of various substances through half-inch stem sections of healthy and aster yellows virus-infected Nicotiana rustica L. var. humilis was determined. The effects of infection by three strains of the virus, dwarf, severe, and Tulelake were observed on the transport of 14 C-labeled β-indoleacetic acid, malic acid, succinic acid, sucrose, glucose, mannose, and the ions sulfate, phosphate, and rubidium. Transport of all these substances except phosphate ion was more rapid through diseased than through healthy stem sections. In the dark, and with supplementary auxin, transport of phosphate ion was also more rapid through diseased than through healthy stem sections. Transport of β-indoleacetic acid and of sugars through healthy stem sections was more rapid in the dark than in the light, but transport of these compounds through diseased stem sections was unaffected by light. No appreciable chemical conversion of the substances tested was observed during the transport time used.