cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Premetallization Surface Preparation on Nickel-based Ohmic Contacts to Germanium Telluride: An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study.

Surfaces of polycrystalline α-GeTe films were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) after different treatments in an effort to understand the effect of premetallization surface treatments on the resistance of Ni-based contacts to GeTe. UV–O3 is often used to remove organic contaminants after lithography and prior to metallization; therefore, UV–O3 treatment was used first for 10 min prior to ex situ treatments, which led to oxidation of both Ge and Te to GeOx (x < 2) and TeO2, respectively. Then the oxides were removed by deionized (DI) H2O, (NH4)2S, and HCl treatments. Additionally, in situ Ar+ ion etching was used to clean the GeTe surface without prior UV–O3 treatment. Ar+ ion etching, H2O, and (NH4)2S treatments create a surface richer in Ge compared to the HCl treatment, after which the surface is Te-rich. However, (NH4)2S also oxidizes Ge and gradually etches the GeTe film. All treated surfaces showed poor stability upon prolonged exposure to air, revealing that even (NH4)2S does not pas...
The rise of individual agency in conceptions of society: Textbooks worldwide, 1950–2011:

A broadly recognized sociological insight is that rising levels of individualism increasingly characterize a growing number of countries. This article examines the extent to which schooling is alte...
Rationing health care. Impact on critical care.

The evolution of health care in this country forms the basis for exploring the issues being faced today. All proposed solutions to the health care crisis of today create ethical dilemmas for the critical care practitioner. This article identifies those dilemmas that will be faced in the future of critical care.
The political distinctiveness of gays and lesbians: explaining protest actions across sexual identities

ABSTRACTThis study explores the relationship between people’s sexual identities and their tendencies to join political protests. When analyzing American National Election surveys from 2012 (n = 3813), gays and lesbians were more than twice as likely to protest as heterosexuals. To explain the increased activism of gays and lesbians, this study applied Patrick Egan’s theories of political distinctiveness to the ANES data. After running a set of hierarchal logistic regressions, the link between sexualities and protesting became insignificant when issues of age, education levels, friendships circles, group memberships, and political ideologies were introduced into regressions. This suggests that gays and lesbians protested more often because they are younger, more educated, integrated into political networks, and are more likely to notice the negative consequences of social inequalities than heterosexuals.
Abstract 347: Early Drug-Induced Inhibition of Proatherogenic Genes in Coronary Regions of Low Endothelial Shear Stress in Diabetic Hyperlipidemic Juvenile Swine

Introduction: Low endothelial shear stress (ESS) activates pro-inflammatory pathways and is a powerful instigator of atherogenesis. Angiotensin receptor blockers and statins have been associated with anti-inflammatory actions in advanced plaques. However, their effect on the earliest pathobiologic manifestations of atherosclerosis has not been studied. We tested the hypothesis that valsartan (V) or V plus simvastatin (V/S) exerts an early vasculoprotective effect in coronary regions exposed to low ESS in a porcine model of human-like atherosclerosis. Methods: Twelve diabetic-hyperlipidemic swine (age: 3 mo) were grouped into controls (n=4), and those treated with V (320 mg; n=4) or V/S (320/40 mg; n=4). 3D reconstruction of coronary arteries by angiography and intravascular ultrasound was performed in vivo at 4 (baseline) and 8 (follow-up) wks post-induction. Baseline local ESS was calculated by computational fluid dynamics and 3 mm segments with low (≤1.2 Pa; n=46) or higher (>1.2 Pa; n=66) ESS were identified. Coronary arteries were harvested at follow-up. qRT-PCR was used for assessing the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), LDL receptor and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A 2 (LpPLA 2 ). Results: The upregulation of ICAM-1, MCP-1, LDL receptor (p 2 (p Conclusion: V and V/S attenuate the proatherogenic effects of low ESS within only 8 wks. These results suggest a drug-induced mechanism of regional atheroprotection early in the natural history of coronary artery disease.
Estimation of turbulence parameters fromtime-lapse imagery

A time-lapse imaging method to estimate turbulence parameters such as path-weighted Cn2 and Fried’s coherence length r0 from the differential motion of features on a distant target is demonstrated here. The time-lapse measurements can even mimic the results of a scintillometer.
Miniature camera lens design with a freeform surface

We present a miniature camera lens design using a freeform surface based on the pedal curve to the ellipse and compare its optical performance to the conventional design with a standard even aspheric surface.
Life-cycle modeling framework for generating energy and greenhouse gas emissions inventory of emerging technologies in the chemical industry

Abstract Assessing the life-cycle energy and environmental impacts of emerging technologies is critical to promote sustainable chemical production because such assessment can provide policy makers with useful insights for future investment and technology deployment; it also provides manufacturers and researchers with quantitative understandings of technology potential, possible bottlenecks, and future Research, Development, and Deployment directions. However, this is a challenging task for emerging technologies due to the lack of inventory data. In this paper, a general and flexible modeling framework was developed to generate the inventory data for new technologies in the chemical industry from a life cycle perspective. The modeling framework is applied to an emerging technology in the U.S. ethylene industry, ethane oxidative dehydrogenation, for demonstration. Broadly, the work described in this paper provides a decision-support method that can be further used by researchers, environment/energy analysts, and policy makers to evaluate the net benefits of innovative technologies, guide early-stage technology development and investment decisions, and conduct strategic planning for meeting energy and emissions reduction goals of the U.S. chemical industry.
Relating Tempo to Metric, Melodic and Harmonic Analyses in Chopin’s Prélude op. 28, No. 4

We investigate the relationship between analytical information extracted from the score of Chopin’s Prelude op. 28, No. 4 and tempo curves obtained from 30 recordings by well known pianists. The score related information consists of metric, melodic and harmonic weight functions. A hierarchic regression approach is used. The statistical analysis yields strong evidence for the approximate validity of an operator defined in terms of hierarchically decomposed weight functions, as originally introduced in Beran and Mazzola (1997) in the context of Schumann’s Traumerei, see also Chapter 44. Further analysis based on these findings reveals some typical features of the performances. This chapter only summarizes the methods and results and refers to the paper [110]. The reader is asked to consult that paper for a thorough discussion.
A Forecast for Use of Computers by Geologists in the Coming Decade of the 80s

The first two decades of computer applications in geology have resulted in many advances. The decade of the 80’s promises continued rapid development of hardware and software, both areas generally outside the influence of earth scientists. We can expect continued trends in smaller, faster, cheaper, and more accessable computers, especially in the form of micros and minis. Software will be more user oriented and telecommunications will become commonplace. New and improved algorithms for solving geological problems will be developed. Simulation of geological processes and realistic three-dimensional models also will be important in the coming decade. It is possible that a language to express geological concepts and terminology in mathematical terms will be formulated.
Explaining the Quest and Its Prospects: Reply to Boghossian and Byrne

A brief description of the goal and main lines of argument of The Quest for Reality, in reply to the responses of Paul Boghossian and Alex Byrne.
Automatic Mixed Pixel Classification (AMPC): Projection Pursuit

In Chapter 15, LSRMA made use of skewness and kurtosis to detect and classify potential targets automatically without prior target knowledge. These two criteria were a simplification of the contrast function in (15.5) derived by Comon. In this chapter, we present a similar approach developed by Chiang, Chang and Ginsberg (2001), called projection pursuit (PP), also used skewness and kurtosis as a base to design various project indices for automatic target detection and classification. Both LSRMA and PP model small targets as anomalies with an understanding that their sizes are relatively small in the spatial image scene compared to the image background. With this assumption, such small anomalies can be detected by finding outliers of the background distribution. The criteria, skewness and kurtosis are well suited for this purpose. Unlike LSRMA that requires a linear mixture model, the proposed PP projects a high dimensional data set into a low dimensional data space while retaining desired target information. It utilizes skewness and kurtosis as projection indices to explore projections of interestingness which are those caused by small man-made targets in a large unknown background. To find optimal solutions for projection indices, an evolutionary algorithm is developed to prevent the solutions from being trapped in local optima. Finally, target detection and classification is achieved by projecting the image data into separate projection images. In order to segment potential targets from the image background in these projection images, a zero-detection process is developed to threshold the projection images into a sequence of binary images, each of which detects a particular type of targets. This approach is different from LSRMA where the number of independent components is determined by an estimate using VD in Chapter 17 or is selected a priori.
High-Throughput Conductivity Measurements of Thin Films

In studying the electrical properties of thin film materials, conductivity is a commonly used parameter which is relatively easy to measure. Almost everyone who knows how to use an ohmmeter can perform the measurement. This property often offers a quick screen or glimpse of the quality of the films, although other parameters, which are harder to measure, such as mobility and carrier lifetime are also important in characterizing the electrical properties of films. In a given electric field, higher-conductivity materials such as metals yield higher current densities and lower-conductivity materials such as insulators yield lower current densities. Conductivity is product of carrier mobility, carrier density, and electronic charge.
Initial weldability study on Al0.5CrCoCu0.1FeNi high-entropy alloy

The weld solidification behavior, segregation tendency, phase formation, and cracking susceptibility of Al0.5CoCrCu0.1FeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) were investigated. The AlCoCrCuFeNi alloy system has received wide attention due to its high temperature stability and strength retention. Characterization of the as-melted, heat-treated, and hot-rolled and heat-treated alloy conditions was performed and compared to thermodynamic CALPHAD-based calculations. Autogenous gas tungsten arc (GTA) and laser beam welding was done on the different alloy conditions. Microstructural changes in the fusion zone and heat-affected zone (HAZ) were investigated by optical microscopy and micro-hardness. Hot cracking susceptibility was evaluated using the cast pin tear test (CPTT). The fusion zone solidification microstructure of Al0.5CoCrCu0.1FeNi alloy consists of primary face centered cubic dendrites and interdendritic body centered cubic phase that forms at the end of solidification. GTA welding results in the partial dissolution of the interdendritic phase in the high-temperature HAZ, adjacent to the fusion boundary. Welding on the heat-treated alloy leads to HAZ softening due to the dissolution of strengthening nano-sized precipitates. No solidification cracking or HAZ liquation cracking was observed. Laser welding did not result in a drop in hardness or significant microstructural changes in the HAZ. The CPTT results correspond well with the predicted solidification temperature range (141 K) for Al0.5CoCrCu0.1FeNi alloy and its overall good weldability that was observed in the present work.
The therapeutic benefit and toxicity from multiple myeloma phase I trials, 2004 through 2014.

8585 Background: Despite the therapeutic benefit of novel agents, majority of multiple myeloma (MM) patients inevitably relapse leading to poor clinical outcomes. During the past decade, there has ...
Kinematic Characterization of Root Growth by Means of Stripflow

Kinematic methods for studying root growth are powerful but underutilized. To carry out kinematic analysis, the Baskin laboratory, in collaboration with computer scientists, developed software called Stripflow that quantifies the velocity of motion of points in the root, a quantification that is required for subsequent kinematic analysis. The first half of this chapter overviews concepts that underlie kinematic analysis of root growth; the second half provides a step-by-step guide for using Stripflow.
Continuous glucose monitoring to assess glycemic control in the first 6 weeks after pancreas transplantation

Background Current therapy for Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by significant glucose variability (GV). Pancreas transplantation (PT) is performed in certain T1D patients with and without end-stage renal disease. To date, GV has been examined to a limited extent after PT. Methods We investigated GV using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) 3-6 weeks after PT. Results Eleven patients had simultaneous kidney pancreas transplantation (SPK), nine pancreas after kidney (PAK), and six pancreas transplantation alone (PTA). Mean CGM showed no difference between SPK, 126.5 ± 13.9, PAK 119.9 ± 12.8, and PTA 131.1 ± 29 mg/dL (P value .6). Percentage of time in range (TIR, 70-180 mg/dL) was 92% for SPK, 93.4% in PAK, and 88.5% in PTA with only 0.3%, 1.5%, and 0.3% of time 180 mg/dL was 7.9% for SPK, 4.9% PAK, and 11% in PTA. Other measures of GV were similar in the three cohorts. In six patients, CGM was performed before and after PT and improved significantly. GV was also better compared with a matched cohort of T1D patients. Conclusions All 3 types of PT resulted in excellent glucose control 3-6 weeks post-procedure. CGM outcomes represent an important objective outcome after PT.
Health outcomes of special olympics athletes as compared to nonathletes

Date Presented 04/04/19 Special Olympics athletes are individuals with intellectual disabilities who participate in sports training and competition to encourage their development of physical fitness and life skills. In addition, Special Olympics regularly conducts health promotion programming. Health outcomes between Special Olympic athletes and nonathletes with intellectual disabilities were compared using a state-wide Medicaid data set to determine potential benefits of participation in Special Olympics. Primary Author and Speaker: Karla Ausderau Additional Authors and Speakers: Brittany St. John, Elisabeth Hladik, Holly Romaniak, Muhammad Al-Heizan
I'm being Sued – Now what?

Abstract Statistically, surgeons or procedure-based physicians have an extremely high likelihood of being named in a lawsuit at some point during their career. This can be a particularly stressful time. This manuscript outlines an approach to the situation, including common do's and don'ts during each phase of what often is a very long and drawn out process. It provides some insight into common problems or mistakes, timelines, as well as things to focus on during this taxing period. It is not a substitute for professional legal advice, but merely a guide and education source for something we do not often spend time on or devote resources to learn during residency training.
Men Are Funnier than Women under a Condition of Low Self-Efficacy but Women Are Funnier than Men under a Condition of High Self-Efficacy

The debate about whether women can be as funny as men pervades the popular press, and research has sometimes supported the stereotype that men are funnier (Mickes et al. 2011). The goal of the present research was to determine whether this gender difference can be explained by differences in beliefs about one’s capability for humor (“humor self-efficacy”). Male and female U.S. undergraduates (n = 64) generated captions for 20 cartoons and rated their own humor self-efficacy. Subsequently, an independent sample of 370 Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) users evaluated these captions in a knockout-style tournament in which pairs of captions were presented with each of the cartoons. Each participant was randomly assigned to evaluate captions which were authored by men and women selected to be either low or high in humor self-efficacy. In the initial round of the tournament, each caption was authored by a man and a woman matched for comparable levels of self-identified humor self-efficacy. In subsequent rounds, the remaining captions were paired randomly. MTurk users, unaware of the captioners’ gender, selected the captions of men as funnier only under the low self-efficacy condition and those of women as funnier under the high self-efficacy condition. These data suggest that self-efficacy may be a critical determinant of the successful performance of humor. When people say that women are not funny, they may be relying on an unfounded stereotype. We discuss how this stereotype may negatively affect perceptions of women in the workplace and other settings.
Analyses of cancer incidence and other morbidities in gamma irradiated B6CF1 mice

With increasing medical radiation exposures, it is important to understand how different modes of delivery of ionizing radiation as well as total doses of exposure impact health outcomes. Our lab studied the risks associated with ionizing radiation by analyzing the Northwestern University Radiation Archive for animals (NURA). NURA contains detailed data from a series of 10 individual neutron and gamma irradiation experiments conducted on over 50,000 mice. Rigorous statistical testing on control mice from all Janus experiments enabled us to select studies that could be compared to one another and uncover unexpected differences among the controls as well as experimental animals. For controls, mice sham irradiated with 300 fractions died significantly earlier than those with fewer sham fractions. Using the integrated dataset of gamma irradiated and control mice, we found that fractionation significantly decreased the death hazard for animals dying of lymphomas, tumors, non-tumors, and unknown causes. Gender differences in frequencies of causes of death were identified irrespective of irradiation and dose fractionation, with female mice being at a greater risk for all causes of death, except for lung tumors. Irradiated and control male mice were at a significantly greater risk for lung tumors, the opposite from observations noted in humans. Additionally, we discovered that lymphoma deaths can occur quickly after exposures to high doses of gamma rays. This study systematically cross-compared outcomes of different modes of fractionation across a wide span of total doses to demonstrate that protraction modulated survival and disease status differently based on the total dose, cause of death, and sex of an animal. This novel method for analyzing the Janus datasets will lead to insightful new mechanistic hypotheses and research in the fields of radiation biology and protection.
Prevalence of Pain on Admission by Level of Cognitive Impairment in Nursing Homes

Purpose To provide contemporary estimates of pain by level of cognitive impairment among US nursing home residents without cancer. Methods Newly admitted US nursing home residents without cancer assessed with the Minimum Data Set 3.0 at admission (2010-2016) were eligible (n=8,613,080). The Cognitive Function Scale was used to categorize level of cognitive impairment. Self-report or staff-assessed pain was used based on a 5-day look-back period. Estimates of adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were derived from modified Poisson models. Results Documented prevalence of pain decreased with increased levels of cognitive impairment in those who self-reported pain (68.9% no/mild, 32.9% severe) and those with staff-assessed pain (50.6% no/mild, 37.2% severe staff-assessed pain). Relative to residents with no/mild cognitive impairment, pharmacologic pain management was less prevalent in those with severe cognitive impairment (self-reported: 51.3% severe vs 76.9% in those with no/mild; staff assessed: 52.0% severe vs 67.7% no/mild). Conclusion Pain was less frequently documented in those with severe cognitive impairment relative to those with no/mild impairments. Failure to identify pain may result in untreated or undertreated pain. Interventions to improve evaluation of pain in nursing home residents with cognitive impairment are needed.
Nominations for Officers of the American Dairy Science Association

The 62nd Annual ~[eeting of the American Dairy Science Association will be held June 25-28, 1967 at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. All members of the Association, including graduate student affiliates, are entitled and encouraged to submit papers. Participation by industry members and senior members of the Association is especially encouraged. Submitted titles and abstracts must be in the hands of the appropriate section officers by March 1. Instructions for preparing abstracts and abstract forms will be mailed to each member just after January 1. They will also be available from the program chairman, section chairmen and the Association secretary.
One more time about motor (and non-motor) synergies.

We revisit the concept of synergy based on the recently translated classical book by Nikolai Bernstein (On the construction of movements, Medgiz, Moscow 1947; Latash, Bernstein’s Construction of Movements, Routledge, Abingdon 2020b) and progress in understanding the physics and neurophysiology of biological action. Two aspects of synergies are described: organizing elements into stable groups (modes) and ensuring dynamical stability of salient performance variables. The ability of the central nervous system to attenuate synergies in preparation for a quick action—anticipatory synergy adjustments—is emphasized. Recent studies have demonstrated synergies at the level of hypothetical control variables associated with spatial referent coordinates for effectors. Overall, the concept of synergies fits naturally the hierarchical scheme of control with referent coordinates with an important role played by back-coupling loops within the central nervous system and from peripheral sensory endings. Further, we review studies showing non-trivial changes in synergies with development, aging, fatigue, practice, and a variety of neurological disorders. Two aspects of impaired synergic control—impaired stability and impaired agility—are introduced. The recent generalization of the concept of synergies for non-motor domains, including perception, is discussed. We end the review with a list of unresolved and troubling issues.
Robust Estimation of Lung Retention in Animals Exposed to α-Emitting Radionuclides

Assessing human health risk using data from inhalation toxicology studies in laboratory animals exposed to α-emitting radionuclides requires estimating the temporal pattern of accumulation of lung dose in individual animals. Three quantities are required to estimate lung dose: a function describing lung retention, a function describing lung growth, and an estimate of initial lung burden.
Allergic stomatitis from medicated throat lozenge: Report of a case

Abstract A rare instance of acute allergic stomatitis of the contact type (stomatitis venenata) provoked by a medicated throat lozenge (Thantis) is reported. It proved, by patch tests with all of the ingredients of the lozenge, to be due to a contact allergy to saligenin (salicaine), a local anesthetic agent.
Erythropoietin treatment of erythropoietin-deficient anemia without renal disease during pregnancy

Background : The use of recombinant human erythropoietin in pregnancy has been described in patients with renal impairment. We present a patient with a hypoproliferative anemia with low serum erythropoietin levels and no renal disease or other known cause for this type of anemia, who was treated with recombinant human erythropoietin. Case : A 29-year-old white woman who became pregnant after leuprolide acetate and menopausal gonadotropin therapy developed a moderate anemia (hemoglobin 8.5 g/dL) in early pregnancy. The only important laboratory findings were a hypoproliferative marrow and a low serum erythropoietin level. She was treated successfully with injections of recombinant human erythropoietin. Her pregnancy was otherwise uncomplicated and her pre-delivery hemoglobin level was 12 g/dL. Conclusion : Hypoproliferative anemia in pregnancy with low erythropoietin levels and no renal disease can be treated successfully with recombinant human erythropoietin.
On the Mechanism of Action of the Antibiotic O-Carbamyl-d-Serine in Streptococcus faecalis

Lynch, Judith L. (Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.), and Francis C. Neuhaus. On the mechanism of action of the antibiotic O -carbamyl-d-serine in Streptococcus faecalis . J. Bacteriol. 91: 449–460. 1966.—The antibiotic O -carbamyl-d-serine, an analogue of d-alanine, is an inhibitor of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis. Growth of Streptococcus faecalis R in the presence of O -carbamyl-d-serine resulted in the accumulation of the cell-wall precursor uridine diphosphate-NAc-muramyl-l-alanyl-d-glutamyl-l- lysine (UDP-NAc-muramyl-l-ala-d-glu-l-lys). The incorporation of d-alanine from l-alanine into peptidoglycan is catalyzed by the sequential action of the following enzymes: (i) alanine racemase; (ii) d-alanine: d-alanine ligase [adenosine diphosphate (ADP)]; (iii) UDP-NAc-muramyl-l-ala-d-glu-l-lys: d-ala-d-ala ligase (ADP); (iv) phospho-NAc-muramyl-pentapeptide translocase [uridine monophosphate (UMP)]. O -carbamyl-d-serine is an effective inhibitor of the alanine recemase ( K i = 4.8 × 10 −4 m, K m of l-alanine = 6.8 × 10 −3 m). In addition, d-ala- O -carbamyl-d-ser was formed when d-alanine and O -carbamyl-d-serine were incubated with d-alanine: d-alanine ligase (ADP). This dipeptide was utilized by the UDP-NAc-muramyl-l-ala-d-glu-l-lys: d-ala-d-ala ligase (ADP) with the formation of UDP-NAc-muramyl-l-ala-d-glu-l-lys-d-ala- O -carbamyl-d-ser. From a consideration of the following results, i.e., (i) accumulation of UDP-NAc-muramyl-l-ala-d-glu-l-lys; (ii) absence of d-ala- O -carbamyl-d-ser accumulation in bacterial cultures grown in the presence of O -carbamyl-d-serine; and (iii) effective inhibition of the racemase, it was concluded that the first enzyme, the racemase, is the primary site of antibiotic action. Images
Auditory Perception, Psychology of

The production of all sounds creates regularities in the air-pressure sound wave that reaches the listener. The physiological mechanisms and cognitive processes involved in locating and identifying the source of those sounds take advantage of these regularities. Keywords: source-filter; harmonics; cochlea; frequency and place coding; localization clues
Token relay with optimistic joining

Token passing has emerged as an attractive channel access control mechanism for wireless networks with long link turnaround times, such as the HF wide area network (HFWAN) network used in naval battle groups. However, the use of token passing over unreliable links requires sometimes complex recovery protocols, which can reduce network performance both during network formation and in steady-state operation. In this paper we examine the ability of token relaying to add robustness to ring formation as well as during link outages of varying durations
Repopulating the RNA world.

We will probably never be certain how life on our planet began. But, thanks to a new laboratory study, the possibility of an ancient 'RNA world' appears more plausible.
Factors Affecting the Passive Hemagglutination Titration: Dilution Loops, Titration Trays, Vibration, Diluents

Serial dilution with Takatsy loops resulted in exaggerated passive hemagglutination titers with most of the anti-bovine serum albumin sera tested. It appears that certain types of agglutinins adhere to the loop surface and are released only gradually. This adherence, or carry-over effect, was prevented by presoaking loops in gelatin or gelatin-rabbit serum-albumin solutions. Hemolysins did not adhere to loops. In general, hemagglutination reactions performed on plastic trays gave higher titers than those performed in glass test tubes. The quality of the hemagglutination pattern was dependent to a great extent on the type of plastic tray used. As much as a 100-fold difference in titers was obtained depending on the composition of the antiserum diluent. The increase in vibration, in terms of linear displacement (approximately twofold), resulted in an eightfold decrease in titers.
A Meta-Analysis of Outcome Studies of Visual-Based Instruction.

This article describes a statistical integration of findings from 74 studies of visualbased college teaching. In the typical study, students learned slightly more from visual-based instruction than from conventional teaching. In the typical study, visual-based instruction had no special effect on course completion, student attitudes, or the correlation between aptitude and achievement. Students were equally likely to complete visual-based and conventional classes; their attitudes toward the two kinds of classes were very similar; and aptitude played a strong role in determining student achievement in each kind of class.
Eukaryotic circadian systems: cycles in common

Common regulatory patterns can now be discerned among eukaryotic circadian systems, extending from fungi through to mammals. Complexes of two distinct PAS domain-containing transcription factors play positive roles in clock-associated feedback loops by turning on classic clock proteins such as FRQ, PER and TIM. These in turn appear to act as negative elements, interfering with their own activation and thus giving rise to an oscillatory negative feedback loop. Post-transcriptional control governs the amount and type of FRQ and makes the clock responsive to temperature.
Quasi-Elastic Reactions with 600 MeV Protons

A measurement of the (p,2p) differential cross section dσ/dEdΩldΩ2 at 600 MeV on Deuterium and Helium-4 at the NASA Space Radiation Effects Laboratory is reported [1], [2]. Two coincident protons were detected with identical range telescopes. The energy sum of the outgoing protons was constrained to be equal to the incident energy minus the S-state proton separation energy, 2.2 and 20.4 MeV for D and He-4, respectively. By varying the detection angles symmetrically to the beam, events were selected with nuclear recoil momentum \(\vec q_r = \vec p_o - (\vec p_1 + \vec p_2 )\) along the beam line. Values of qr up to 370 MeV/c in D and 300 MeV/c in He-4 were observed.
An Intranasal Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Broadly Protects Mice from Multiple Subtypes of Influenza A Virus

ABSTRACT Influenza virus infections are a global public health problem, with a significant impact of morbidity and mortality from both annual epidemics and pandemics. The current strategy for preventing annual influenza is to develop a new vaccine each year against specific circulating virus strains. Because these vaccines are unlikely to protect against an antigenically divergent strain or a new pandemic virus with a novel hemagglutinin (HA) subtype, there is a critical need for vaccines that protect against all influenza A viruses, a so-called “universal” vaccine. Here we show that mice were broadly protected against challenge with a wide variety of lethal influenza A virus infections (94% aggregate survival following vaccination) with a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine cocktail. The vaccine consisted of a mixture of VLPs individually displaying H1, H3, H5, or H7 HAs, and vaccinated mice showed significant protection following challenge with influenza viruses expressing 1918 H1, 1957 H2, and avian H5, H6, H7, H10, and H11 hemagglutinin subtypes. These experiments suggest a promising and practical strategy for developing a broadly protective “universal” influenza vaccine. IMPORTANCE The rapid and unpredictable nature of influenza A virus evolution requires new vaccines to be produced annually to match circulating strains. Human infections with influenza viruses derived from animals can cause outbreaks that may be associated with high mortality, and such strains may also adapt to humans to cause a future pandemic. Thus, there is a large public health need to create broadly protective, or “universal,” influenza vaccines that could prevent disease from a wide variety of human and animal influenza A viruses. In this study, a noninfectious virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine was shown to offer significant protection against a variety of influenza A viruses in mice, suggesting a practical strategy to develop a universal influenza vaccine.
Electronic Government: Linking Citizens to Public Organizations Through Technology

This study explores a series of cases where technology is substituted for structure to link citizens to government organizations. The case of using electronic means to deliver public services is viewed in terms of two different types dimensions. first, the technology may be simple or complex; second, one organization can provide the service or the service can be jointly produced by multiple organizations. In either case, citizens are linked to government in ways that raise questions about how government performance differs when services are delivered using technology instead of government organizations. The study is an example of service provision in the hollow state.
Comparison of Mechanical Vibration Between a Double-Stator Switched Reluctance Machine and a Conventional Switched Reluctance Machine

Vibration and acoustic noises are viewed as a drawback in switched reluctance machines (SRMs), which prohibit their widespread use in noise sensitive applications. Double-stator SRMs (DSSRMs) can be considered as a solution to this problem by incorporating an improved magnetic configuration, which reduces the radial forces in the machine. This paper compares structural behavior of a DSSRM and a conventional SRM using a multi-physic analysis. An electromagnetic finite-element (FE) method is used to calculate force density at various parts of the stator surface in both machines. These force densities are then used in a structural FE analysis to compute acceleration, deformation, and velocity of the vibrating surface at selected point on the outer surface of the machine.
A proposed format for mandibular displacement analysis in fixed prosthodontics.

Id rote ures and materials involved in the articulation of the maxillomandibular relationship are subject to numerous sources of error. The importance of analyzing this relationship is reflected by the literature devoted to mandibular positional analysis. Various formats of three-dimensional mandibular descriptions have been used in static and dynamic studies. Several investigations have studied single-point displacements and their envelopes of motion.le5 Other studies have relied on mechanical recording and playback mechanisms for describing mandibular displacement and have used three-dimensional traces engraved in plastic blocks to record mandibular position.‘,‘j*’ However, there is no consistent format in the literature for a comprehensive description of mandibular displacement. Lack of data compatibility prevents the comparison of results among different studies analyzing interocclusal regis.ration materials and hinge axis location. The major purpose of this investigation was to establish a method of evaluating materials, techniques, and procedures that relate the mandibular to the maxillary arch. Prior to mounting casts, the two halves of an articulator are mechanically related to one another by means of the two simulated condylar areas and the incisal pin and table assembly. The clinical recording of maxillomandibular relationships is desired without the influence of the dentition. In these instances the maxillary and mandibular members of the articulator are related by means of the two condylar mechanisms
Plate damage identification using up-converted chaotic excitations

Lamb waves have been widely used as an efficient means of detecting damage in plate-like structures. Numerous signal-processing techniques are available for evaluating and processing measured Lamb waves for damage identification. In this study, we investigated the use of a novel excitation that is created by frequency up-conversion of a standard Lorenz chaotic signal into the acoustic regime. Recent research has shown that high frequency chaotic excitation and state space reconstruction may be used to identify incipient damage (loss of preload) in a bolted joint. In this study, an experiment is undertaken using an aluminum plate with an array of piezoceramic patches bonded to one side. Damage is initiated through the process of electrolytic corrosion. A novel spatio-temporal prediction error algorithm is used to determine the existence, location, and extent of damage. This paper summarizes considerations needed to design such a damage identification system, experimental procedures and results, and additional issues that can be used as a guideline for future investigation.
READING ASSESSMENT METHODS FOR MIDDLE-SCHOOL STUDENTS: AN INVESTIGATION OF READING COMPREHENSION RATE AND MAZE ACCURATE RESPONSE RATE

This study was designed to investigate the validity of four different aloud reading comprehension assessment measures: Maze, comprehension questions, Maze accurate response rate (MARR), and reading comprehension rate (RCR). The criterion measures used in this study were the Woodcock–Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III ACH) Broad Reading Cluster Score and words correct per minute (WCPM). Pearson Product Correlations and linear regression were used to investigate possible relationships between Maze comprehension level (accuracy), comprehension question level (accuracy), MARR, RCR, WCPM, and the Broad Reading Cluster Score of the WJ-III ACH. Participants were sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade students from a middle school located in the Southeastern United States. Significant correlations were found between each of the reading comprehension assessment variables (WCPM, MARR, RCR, Maze comprehension level, and comprehension question level) and the WJ-III ACH Broad Reading Cluster Score. MARR and RCR represented the strongest correlations when compared to the other variables. Results from a linear regression analysis indicated that RCR was the best predictor of the criterion variable (WJ-III). Implications for future research and applied practice are discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Sociology of Work: Where Have the Workers Gone?

Over the past 50 years, the field of industrial sociology (work and occupations) has shifted its focus from work and workers to economic concerns, and has transformed our conception of the worker from a social actor to a passive object acted on by macrolevel forces. The transformation took place in roughly three identifiable stages: an early period from the 1930s through the 1950s, a transitional period in the 1960s, and a recent period from 1970 on. Research in the early period emphasized the impact of social relations in the workplace and community on work and uwrkers; the focus in middle period was on subjective states of workers; and in the last period economic conceptions of work and workers have defined research questions. The shifts have been brought about in part by changing interdisciplinary influences, from anthropology and psychology in the early years to economics in the recent period, which have introduced new topics and reconceptualized old ones. The thesis of my paper is that the field of industrial sociology (work and occupations) has shifted its focus away from workers and work, and has transformed our view of the worker from a social to an economic one. In the early years of industrial sociology, workers were seen as social actors who created their own cultures and were a force for management to contend with. Now they are seen as passive objects, pushed and shoved by impersonal macrolevel forces or supinely being manipulated by management. We now study their earnings, comparable worth, skills, human
Obesity and survival after radical prostatectomy: A 10-year prospective cohort study.

Background Obesity and prostate cancer are among the most common health problems affecting American men today. The authors' goal was to assess the impact of obesity on clinical and pathologic features of prostate cancer and long-term outcomes. Methods The authors performed a prospective cohort study on 5313 men who underwent radical prostatectomy between 1990 and 1999. Patient height and weight were measured at the time of surgery to calculate the body mass index (BMI). The patients were separated into 3 BMI groups: BMI or =30 kg/m2. The associations between BMI and age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and Gleason score were assessed with the Spearman rank correlation test. The associations between BMI and pathologic features were assessed with the Mantel-Haenszel chi 2 test. Fifteen-year biochemical progression-free survival, systemic progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and evaluated using Cox models. RESULTS.: The median length of follow-up for the entire cohort was 10.1 years. Clinical and pathologic features appear worse in patients with a higher BMI. On univariate and multivariate analyses, it was found that BMI had no impact on biochemical progression, systemic progression, prostate cancer survival, or overall survival. Conclusions Obese patients appear to have worse pathologic features at the time of prostatectomy. Despite these features, long-term oncologic outcomes, including cancer-specific survival, remain the same regardless of BMI. BMI appears to influence prostate cancer outcomes at the time of prostatectomy, as evidenced by more aggressive pathologic features. However, after prostatectomy, BMI does not appear to be an independent predictor of recurrence or survival.
Aspects of energy level structure and mobilities of electrons in organic glasses

Abstract Experimental and theoretical aspects of the energy level structure and mobilities of electrons in organic glasses are reviewed. Attention is focused upon trends with matrix polarity. The experimental picture of the energy levels associated with trapped electrons is deduced from the wavelength and temperature dependence of photoconductivity and photobleaching experiments. A reasonably successful theoretical model for the energy level structure, based on a semicontinuum potential incorporating both short-range charge dipole interactions and long-range polarization interactions, is described and compared with experiments. The semicontinuum model is extended to describe successfully the photoionization process in terms of a bound-free transition. Finally, the conduction electron state is considered. The temperature dependence of the electron mobility suggests that a hopping mechanism is dominant in the glass. Comparison of the mobility in glass and liquid phases indicates that the conduction mechanism may change to one dominated by trapping near room temperature.
Enhanced mucosal reactions in aids patients receiving oropharyngeal irradiation

Abstract The oropharynx and hypopharynx are common sites of involvement in AIDS patients with mucocutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma. The radiotherapist is often asked to intervene with these patients due to problems with pain, difficulty in swallowing, or impending airway obstruction. We have noted an unexpected decrease in normal tissue tolerance of the oropharyngeal mucosa to irradiation in AIDS patients treated in our department. Data on 12 patients with AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma receiving oropharyngeal irradiation are presented here. Doses ranged from 1000 cGy to 1800 cGy delivered in 150–300 cGy fractions. Seven of eight patients receiving doses of 1200 cGy or more developed some degree of mucositis, four of these developed mucositis severe enough to require termination of treatment. All patients in this study received some form of systemic therapy during the course of their disease, but no influence on mucosal response to irradiation was noted. Four patients received total body skin electron treatments, but no effect on degree of mucositis was seen. Presence or absence of oral candidiasis was not an obvious factor in the radiation response of the oral mucosa in these patients. T 4 counts were done on 9 of the 12 patients. Although the timing of the T 4 counts was quite variable, no correlation with immune status and degree of mucositis was found. The degree of mucositis seen in these patients occurred at doses much lower than expected based on normal tissue tolerances seen in other patient populations receiving head and neck irradiations. We believe that the ability of the oral mucosa to repair radiation damage is somehow altered in patients with AIDS.
Task encoding : toward a scientific paradigm for robot planning and control

Abstract An autonomous machine requires a description of its designated task in a language that it ‘understands’. The machine language of robots — physical mechanisms endowed with actuators and sensory devices for the purpose of performing work — is the language of dynamical systems. Since the diversity of robotic tasks is immense and our practical experience with computationally well endowed sensed and actuated mechanisms is still very slight, there seems little possibility of imposing at present a meaningful uniformity of description and command methodology on the practice of building these machines. However, a number of thematic desiderata can be articulated whose pursuit will arguably increase the ease of designing robotic algorithms that are predictably successful. This paper presents a summary of our approach to a number of robotic tasks that brings out by example the nature and utility of these desiderata.
Femtosecond Multidimensional Imaging--Watching Chemistry from the Molecule's Point of View

Using Femtosecond Multidimensional Imaging we disentangle the complex neutral dissociation mechanism of the NO dimer. We characterize all electronic configurations from start to finish and directly observe the evolution of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR).
CLINICAL VIRAL INFECTIONS AND MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

Over an 8 year period, 170 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 134 healthy controls were assessed at monthly intervals in order to ascertain environmental factors which might be important in producing exacerbation or progression of the illness, and to compare the frequency of common viral infections in the two groups. During cumulative periods designated "at risk" (2 weeks before the onset of infection until 5 weeks afterwards) annual exacerbation rates were almost 3-fold greater than those during periods not at risk. Approximately 9% of infections were temporally related to exacerbations, whereas 27% of exacerbations were related to infections. Frequency of common infections was approximately 20-50% less in MS patients than controls; it was progressively less in those with greater disability. Even in minimally disabled patients with similar potential for infectious contacts, the infection rate was significantly less than in controls, suggesting that MS patients could have superior immune defences against common viruses.