cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Composition on the Flame Stabilization of Alternative Aviation Fuels in a Toroidal Well Stirred Reactor

The use of alternative/synthetic fuels in jet engines requires improved understanding and prediction of flame stabilization envelopes relative to the behavior of conventional fuels. Previous studies using the Toroidal Well Stirred Reactor (TWSR) found that synthetic alternatives to JP8 behave similarly in terms of lean flameout, but there is significant difference in the flameout behavior of a highly aliphatic fuel versus that of a highly aromatic fuel. Detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and chemical reactor modeling (CRM) is necessary to understand differences in flame stabilization.The first portion of this study employs CFD models of the TWSR with reduced methane combustion chemistry. The models provide insight into the mechanism of flame stabilization inside the reactor as equivalence ratio is decreased to flameout. The CFD domain is expanded over earlier published TWSR CFD studies to capture previously unknown asymmetrical flame behavior. The Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) is used for turbulence closure, and the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) model is used to include turbulence-chemistry interaction. The CFD results show that radical species (specifically OH) are transported around the reactor to interact with the incoming premixed fuel-air jet and initiate chain branching reactions. As the equivalence ratio decreases, and flameout is approached, the species concentration in the reactor becomes less homogenous. Radical production is delayed and eventually insufficient radical concentrations are available to ignite the incoming jet. The production and transport of radical species throughout the reactor are, thus, responsible for stabilizing the flame. CFD and PSR studies with methane agree that the radical behavior dictates blowout.The second portion of this study focuses on the importance of radical species in flame stabilization, but now employs a single perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) model, which allows the study of detailed chemistry for individual components of jet fuel. An aliphatic compound (iso-octane) and an aromatic compound (toluene) are used as investigative fuels to compare the differences in the chemical kinetic behavior of blowout for aliphatic versus aromatic fuel classes. The models show that the rates at which radical species (O, H, and OH) destroy the original fuel molecule are significantly different for iso-octane and toluene. During combustion, the radical destruction of toluene is much slower than for iso-octane at a constant temperature. In PSR systems, the toluene flame blows out at a higher temperature because a higher temperature is needed to provide sufficient radical concentrations and reaction rates to maintain a stable flame.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Analysis, Interpretation, and Visual Presentation of Experimental Data

This chapter has two main purposes: the first is to discuss serious problems with two generally accepted and widely used foundations of current statistical analysis in psychology, the linear model and null hypothesis significance testing; the second purpose is to describe some alternative valuable techniques. The alternatives are grouped into six categories: (1) use of sophisticated pictorial and graphical techniques for data display, (2) use of confidence intervals in numerous situations, (3) use of planned comparisons, emphasizing contrasts, (4) use of percent total variance accounted for, (5) representation of theoretical fits to data, and (6) use of equivalence techniques to investigate interactions. Detailed hypothetical numerical examples along with associated calculations and graphs are constructed to illustrate each of the techniques. Keywords: confidence intervals; contrasts; equivalence techniques; hypothesis testing; interactions; linear model; statistics
Diffusion simulations of gettering of ion implanted copper in polyimide

Gettering of ion-implanted copper in polyimide films was observed. The gettering process can be modeled by dual activation energies. The lower activation energy (small diffusant/substrate interaction) is associated with diffusants having no other diffusant atoms within their interaction distance, while a larger activation energy (large diffusant/diffusant interaction) represents diffusants with their movements restricted by clustering within the interaction distance of similar species. The gettering process is investigated through computer simulations of diffusion where the copper-copper interaction is included in the diffusion model, thus allowing copper atoms to be trapped by other atoms/clusters within the interaction distance. Simulation results validate the gettering process under these above assumptions and reveal several interesting dependencies of the process itself upon the initial implant profiles and doses. >
Comment on the Truhlar–Horowitz functional representation of the H+H2 potential surface

The Truhlar‐Horowitz H3 potentials subroutine is commented upon. It is contended that the TH functional representation has discontinuous derivatives for certain isosceles triangle configurations. (AIP).
Effective connectivity predicts future placebo analgesic response: A dynamic causal modeling study of pain processing in healthy controls

A better understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying pain processing and analgesia may aid in the development and personalization of effective treatments for chronic pain. Clarification of the neural predictors of individual variability in placebo analgesia (PA) could aid in this process. The present study examined whether the strength of effective connectivity (EC) among pain-related brain regions could predict future placebo analgesic response in healthy individuals. In Visit 1, fMRI data were collected from 24 healthy subjects (13 females, mean age=22.56, SD=2.94) while experiencing painful thermal stimuli. During Visit 2, subjects were conditioned to expect less pain via a surreptitiously lowered temperature applied at two of the four sites on their feet. They were subsequently scanned again using the Visit 1 (painful) temperature. Subjects used an electronic VAS to rate their pain following each stimulus. Differences in ratings at conditioned and unconditioned sites were used to measure placebo response (PA scores). Dynamic causal modeling was used to estimate the EC among a set of brain regions related to pain processing at Visit 1 (periaqueductal gray, thalamus, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Individual PA scores from Visit 2 were regressed on salient EC parameter estimates from Visit 1. Results indicate that both greater left hemisphere modulatory DLPFC➔PAG connectivity and right hemisphere, endogenous thalamus➔DLPFC connectivity were significantly predictive of future placebo response (R(2)=0.82). To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify the value of EC in understanding individual differences in PA, and may suggest the potential modifiability of endogenous pain modulation.
Combustion chemistry of HAN, TEAN, and XM46

Combustion characteristics and related chemical processes were investigated for a HAN-based liquid propellant, XM46, and its ingredients, HAN and TEAN. Experiments were conducted over the pressure range of 0.1 to 1 atmosphere and at the heat fluxes from 50 to 400 W/cm2 in air and inert gas environments. Flame behavior was observed using a high magnification video system. A triple quadruple mass spectrometer (TQMS) and micro-thermocouples were applied for the temporal measurements of gas-phase species and temperature profiles. Species in the XM46 residue left after burning were analyzed using a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). No visible flame was observed from XM46 or its ingredients at 1 ATM and 100 W/cm2. However, at 1 ATM and 400 W/cm2, HAN and TEAN showed distinctive flame behaviors, and XM46 exhibited three flames in sequence with the white HAN flame appearing first, followed by the blue and yellow TEAN flames. Gaseous products evolved from HAN and TEAN exhibited a distinctive set of spec...
Nonparametric Sequential Bayes Estimation of the Distribution Function

Abstract The paper considers nonparametric estimation of the distribution function under weighted squared error loss plus cost. Sequential Bayes rules are proposed under Dirichlet process priors. Since the implementation of Bayes procedures via backward induction (cf. Arrow et al., 1949) is computationally prohibitive, we consider in this paper approximations to sequential Bayes rules. Like other problems of this type, it turns out, in this case, that asymptotically pointwise optimal (APO) stopping rules (cf. Bickel and Yahav, 1967 1968 1969a b) are equivalent to the myopic or one-step look-ahead rules. Also, we provide a proof of the first-order optimality and second-order expansion of the APO rules. Recommended by Michael Baron
Thermal radiation effects in phase-change energy-storage systems

A numerical model was developed to determine the transient temperature distribution, solid/liquid interface location, and energy-storage capacity of a semi-transparent phase-change medium. The medium is bounded between two concentric cylinders and internal energy transfer occurs simultaneously by conduction and thermal radiation. The radiation transport equation was coupled with the energy equation; both enthalpy and temperature were employed as dependent variables. The spherical harmonic approximation (P-N approximation) was used to obtain solutions for the radiative heat flux. The coupled conservation of energy and moment differential equations were solved by using iterative numerical finite-difference schemes with appropriate thermal and radiant boundary and interface conditions. The numerical model was used to study the effects of radiation on solidification (melting), transient temperature distribution and energy-storage capacity of an absorbing, emitting, and isotropically scattering, semi-transparent, gray medium contained in a cylindrical annulus. The results increase our understanding of internal energy transfer and show the effects of optical properties, conduction/radiation parameter, and geometric dimensions and should lead to better designs and optimization of phase-change energy-storage systems.
Nature of the passive film on nickel

Abstract The passive film formed anodically on nickel in borate buffer solution in both the passive and transpassive regions is found to be p-type in electronic character, corresponding to a preponderance of metal vacancies (over oxygen vacancies and nickel interstitials) in the barrier layer. However, at high anodic potentials, some n-type character was detected by Mott–Schottky analysis, which is probably due to the presence of free charge carriers (electrons) from the evolution of oxygen and/or the oxidative ejection of Ni 3+ at the barrier layer/outer layer interface. The p-type character of the film is consistent with the diagnostic criteria obtained from the Point Defect Model for a passive film, in which the majority defect in the NiO barrier layer is the metal vacancy. The transpassive state is postulated to comprise a thick, porous oxide film on the surface, with the current probably being due to the oxidative ejection of Ni 3+ species from the barrier layer and oxygen evolution within the pores, or both.
Ecological research and the management of young successional forests: a case study on the reintroduction of native tree species on a Terra firme site in Northeastern Peru.

Despite the increased expansion into areas away from floodplains and the resulting increase in experimental timber tree management by small landholders, basic ecological knowledge about managing native tree species in secondary forests on terra firme sites in the Amazon basin is sparse. I examine the use of stand thinning as a technique for aiding the active reintroduction of a diverse assemblage of native tree species in a young successional forest on a terra firme plateau in northeastern Peru. I monitored the growth and survivorship of 17 native tree species across an experimental canopy gradient that I created by implementing seven 144 m2 replicates of each of four levels of stand thinning treatments (no trees removed, 60% of the stand basal area removed, 80% of the stand basal area removed, and 100% of the stand basal area removed). Seedlings were established from seeds in four seedling beds within each treatment replicate. The plants were monitered monthly for 13 months and then at 6 and 10 years fol...
Approximations for ill-posed problems

In this paper we consider a formalism for describing the solution of ill-posed problems and from it derive a theory for the approximate solution of such problems. This theory is a generalization of the well-known convergence theory for linear operator equations.
The impact of selected environmental cues on audit disclosure judgments

Abstract This paper presents the results of an experiment on the impact of environmental cues on audit decisions. Environmental cues are characteristics of the client (the setting of the audit) that may affect the objectivity and judgments of auditors. Practicing auditors were asked to determine the appropriate disclosure for a proposed audit adjustment in two actual, disguised cases. The environmental cues manipulated were: client size, prior association and client growth pattern. The results indicated that environmental cues did not significantly alter audit disclosure judgments but may affect reliance on other potentially vital cues. Enhanced auditor training or decision aids may be needed to increase auditor sensitivity to potentially important cues.
Reformed Fuel and Its Properties, Burning Speeds and Flame Characteristics

Premixed, lean burn combustion research has been focused for years on extending the lean flammability limit while maintaining both stable ignition and turbulent flame propagation. Burning speed is a fundamental physicochemical property of homogenous fuel/oxygen/diluent mixtures. It determines the rate of energy released during combustion and is of basic importance for developing and testing chemical kinetic models of hydrocarbons. The burning speed and flame structure of blends of reformed fuel and Methane-air mixtures have been studied using two similar constant volumes; a cylindrical vessel with end windows and a spherical chamber. The Experiments were conducted for a range of reformed fuel blends (20–80%) as well as mixture equivalence ratios (0.4–0.6). The burning speed results clearly define the regime of stable flame propagation for equivalence ratio/reformed fuel blend combinations.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Going It Alone : Public Health Improvement Without Comprehensive Health Care Reform

In 1993, Washington State passed its landmark Health Services Act designed to reorganize the state’s health care system. The crafters of the act acknowledged that having a strong public health system was essential to the achievement of health systems reform and therefore embedded public health reform into the act’s strategies for comprehensive change. Midterm elections resulted in legislative changes that spawned a repeal of most of the Health Services Act, except for mandates for public health reform. This study discusses the unintended consequences of enacting policies written as embedded components of larger reform processes. Findings suggest that under these unexpected conditions, attempting reform reveals how local public health jurisdictions strategically respond to the reinstitutionalization of that which defines public health as a unique institutional form. Without the original policy in place, there is no system wide mechanism to effectively influence the coupling dynamic that characterizes this loosely coupled system.
Incorporation of positively charged deoxynucleic S-Methylthiourea linkages into oligodeoxyribonucleotides

Oligodeoxyribonucleic acids (15- and 18-mers) containing both negatively charged phosphate and positively charged S-methyl thiourea internucleoside linkages (DNmt/DNA chimera) have been synthesized. DNA binding characteristics and nuclease resistance of DNmt/DNA chimera have been evaluated.
Behavioral and cardiovascular effects of intravenous methylphenidate in normal subjects and cocaine abusers

This study compares the behavioral and cardiovascular response to methylphenidate (0.5 mg i.v.) in 10 cocaine abusers and 20 controls. Methylphenidate induced a long-lasting increase in blood pressure and pulse rate in both groups of subjects. It also induced a short-lasting ‘high’ (27 min) and longer-lasting ‘restlessness’ (67 min). In the normal subjects, but not in the cocaine abusers, methylphenidate significantly increased sexual desire and induced a subjective experience of ‘loss of control’. In the cocaine abusers, methylphenidate consistently induced cocaine craving. While 90% of the cocaine abusers reported methylphenidate as pleasurable, only 50% of the normal subjects did. Cocaine abusers reported that the ‘high’ induced by methylphenidate was similar to that of cocaine but lasted longer and was associated with more physical effects.
Twelve-year experience in the management of endometrial cancer: A change in surgical and postoperative radiation approaches

Abstract Objective Over the past 12 years, the primary management of endometrial cancer at a comprehensive cancer center has undergone changes characterized by the increased use of laparoscopic surgery with comprehensive staging resulting in a decreased reliance on postoperative adjuvant whole pelvic radiation therapy (WPRT). The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of these changes. Materials and methods Between 1/93 and 12/04, 1312 patients underwent surgery for endometrial cancer consisting of either abdominal or laparoscopic hysterectomy/bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (TAH/BSO or LAVH/BSO). Pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection was performed at the discretion of the attending physician. Postoperative adjuvant treatment employed in patients with high-risk features consisted mainly of WPRT±intravaginal radiation therapy (IVRT). Total direct medical charges incurred from 10 days prior to surgery through 75 days after surgery were determined with charges converted to direct medical costs, taking into account inflationary changes. Results The median age at diagnosis for all patients was 62 years (range, 21–93 years), with a median follow-up of 31.6 months (range, 0–140 months). There was a significant increase in LAVH/BSO versus TAH/BSO ( P P P P Conclusion Over a 12-year period, the primary management of endometrial cancer changed to include an increased use of laparoscopy and comprehensive surgical staging and a decrease in the use of postoperative adjuvant WPRT, with no appreciable negative effect on overall survival.
Effective support of simulation in computer architecture instruction

The use of simulation is well established in academic and industry research as a means of evaluating architecture trade-offs. The large code base, complex architectural models, and numerous configurations of these simulators can consternate those just learning computer architecture. Even those experienced with computer architecture, may have trouble adapting a simulator to their needs, due to the code complexity and simulation method. In this paper we present tools we have developed to make simulation more accessible in the classroom by aiding the process of launching simulations, interpreting results and developing new architectural models.
Protoplanetary Core Formation by Rain-Out of Iron Drops

Using the stochastic collection equation we find that the time scale for rain out of liquid iron in a Saturn mass protoplanet is rapid compared with other evolutionary time scales and hence iron protoplanetary core formation is inevitable. The survival of this core during subsequent protoplanetary evolution and the consequences of the rain-out on the evolution are also discussed.
Antimicrobial coatings for polyester and polyester/cotton blends

A new hydantoin-containing N-halamine homopolymer was synthesized and characterized. The polymer was coated onto polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and PET/cotton fabric by a pad-dry procedure, and the coated fabrics were rendered biocidal by exposure to dilute household bleach. The chlorinated fabrics inactivated about six logs of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coil O157:H7 within 30-60 min of contact time. The coatings on both surfaces were rechargeable and exhibited adequate stabilities toward washing and UVA light exposure. It was found that the coatings provided superior UVA light stabilities on PET surfaces; whereas, more rapid biocidal activity was observed for the PET/cotton fabrics. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Half-graben structures: Balanced models of extensional fault-bend folds

One common structural style in extensional regimes is a half graben bounded on one side by a master normal fault and on the other side by a domain of beds dipping toward the master fault. This geometry is modeled as being caused by a bend in the master fault. The hanging-wall beds dipping toward the master fault are bounded by axial surfaces formed as the hanging wall moves past the bend, resulting in an extensional fault-bend fold. The footwall beds remain undeformed and unrotated. The major assumptions used in the derivation are that the geometry is area balanced and that the axial surfaces in the hanging wall have dips equal and opposite to the dip of the master fault above the bend. Important consequences of the model include a relationship between master-fault dip above and below a bend and the amount of hanging-wall dip. The horizontal width of the dipping beds in the hanging wall is twice the heave on the master fault above the bend. The asymmetry of the axial surfaces in the hanging wall requires that the rotated beds be strained. Hanging-wall beds dipping toward the master fault are predicted for a fault bend wherein the dip decreases downward. Hanging-wall beds dipping away from the master fault are predicted for a bend wherein the dip increases downward. The model fits measurements taken from a published ramp-and-flat clay model by E. Cloos and is used to develop a balanced and restorable cross section of the Schell Creek fault, a Basin and Range structure in Nevada.
University Faculty and Information Literacy: Who Teaches the Students?.

Abstract This descriptive study reports on a 1995 survey at the University of Wyoming, in which faculty and academic professionals were asked how they acquire information, and how they require or encourage students to access and use information. The findings describe the characteristics and roles of faculty who use technology for information access, which resources they use, which sources they promote to students, and who has the responsibility for developing students' information access skills. Recommendations for further investigation are made, as are suggestions for ways that librarians and faculty can collaborate to improve students' skills in finding information.
Judicial control of legislation: a comparative study

W E KNOW THAT LIBERTY IS POSSIBLE today only under the rule of law. Indeed, to protect liberty the need for governmental intervention seems constantly to increase. But it is equally true that government and liberty may become competitors. We speak of the will of the majority, which must prevail; yet we believe also that minorities have rights that must be respected. Many countries, such as Austria, Australia, Canada, Germany, Mexico, Switzerland, and the United States have sought a partial solution in federalism, which seeks national uniformity only for matters that do not lend themselves to local diversity. Jalisco need not follow the same path as Morelos or Yucatan; California can give effect to its own ideas, even though they differ widely from those of Illinois or New York. But there also are minorities in Jalisco and Morelos, in California and New York, whose rights must be respected. It would be possible, of course, to divide the powers of government on an economic or social basis rather than on the basis of geographic units, but it would be necessary then to protect the rights of the minorities within the various trades, professions, syndicates, etc. Hence the practice, now standard, of including those rights considered basic and fundamental in written documents such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, the Bills of Rights of our own country, or the first 29 articles of the Constitution of Mexico. And alike from their nature and their position in a fundamental written law flows the doctrine that they occupy a high position in the hierarchy of laws. The very concept of the rule of law implies a hierarchy of normative rules. The decrees and resolutions of administrative agencies must be in harmony with the statutes that provide for them. The by-laws of local governments must conform to the laws of the state or province, and those of the latter to the laws of the nation. Is it wise to add still another level of authority? Should laws conflicting with the constitution, including the individual guarantees set out in the latter, be regarded as void? And if so, who is to decide if conflict exists? At whose request? In what type
Electrochemistry of tetrathiafulvalene polymers, anion effects on charge transport through donor substituted thin polymer films

Thin polymer films prepared from a series of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) substituted polystyrenes in contact with acetonitrile solutions of tetraethylammonium electrolytes (TEAX, X=ClO4−, PF6−, CH3C6H4SO3−) have been studied using cyclic voltammetric, chronocoulometric and absorption photometry techniques. Reduction of the oxidized films, which proceeds via an intermediate mixed-valence state, was markedly affected by the nature of the supporting electrolyte anion. After allowance for uncompensated resistance, the reduction process could be treated by Fickian diffusion with anion dependent diffusion coefficients for charge transport through the polymer film. Chronocoulometric Cottrell slopes, nD1/2C, increased in the order: p-CH3C6H4SO3−<ClO4−<PF6−.
Comparison of vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) modification methods in cats.

Abstract The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) has been measured and optically modified in several animal species. The VOR gain can be increased optokinetically by rotating the animal's visual surround opposite to the animal's direction of rotation or a VOR increase can result from the use of magnifying lenses. We describe here a comparison of three methods for producing VOR increases in cats: (i) optokinetic drum; (ii) a pair of 2.2 × telescopic lenses; (iii) Fresnel lens goggles. The animals were put through several preliminary calibrations followed by a sequence of VOR modification periods alternating with 10 testing periods. The results of the comparison in 4 cats show that the Fresnel lens system produces a greater and more stable VOR gain increase than the other two methods.
Direct potentiometric determination of urea after urease hydrolysis

A rapid potentiometric method for the determination of urea based on the electrode response of ammonium ion liberated in the ureasecatalyzed hydrolysis is described.
X-ray diffraction studies of ordered chloride and bromide monolayers at the Au(111)-solution interface.

We present in situ surface x-ray scattering observations of ordered chloride and bromide monolayers on Au(111) electrodes in aqueous solutions as an example of in situ x-ray diffraction from adsorbates of the lighter elements (Z50). At a critical surface density both halides form incommensurate, hexagonal-close-packed monolayers that compress uniformly with increasing potential. Our structural results provide quantitative data on the residual adsorbate charge, the two-dimensional melting, and the two-dimensional compressibilities of halide monolayers.
Model Spectral Energy Distributions of Circumstellar Debris Disks. I. Analytic Disk Density Distributions

We present results of a study aimed at deriving fundamental properties of circumstellar debris disks from observed infrared-to-submillimeter spectral energy distributions (SEDs). This investigation is motivated by increasing telescope/detector sensitivity, in particular the expected availability of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) followed by the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA), which will enable detailed studies with large source samples of late-stage circumstellar disk and planetary system evolution. We base our study on an analytic model of the disk density distribution and geometry, taking into account existing constraints from observations and results of theoretical investigations of debris disks. We also outline the effects of the most profound characteristics of circumstellar dust, including the grain size distribution and dust chemical composition. In particular, we find that an increasing iron content in silicates mainly causes an increase of the dust absorption efficiency and thus increases the dust reemission continuum. Furthermore, the influence of the sp2/sp3 hybridization ratio in carbon grains on the SED is examined. We investigate the influence of various parameters on the resulting dust scattering and absorption/reemission SED and discuss the possibility for distinguishing between different disks from their infrared to submillimeter spectra. The strength and shape of amorphous silicate may be particularly diagnostic of debris disk evolutionary stages. Since the appearance of these features at 10 and 20 μm depends on the relative abundance of small grains and therefore the minimum grain size and slope of the grain size distribution, they can be used to trace recent collisional processes in debris disks. Thus, debris disk surveys containing statistically large numbers of objects should reveal the likelihood of collisions and therefore the evolution of dust/planetesimals in debris disks. The results of our study underline the importance of knowledge of the stellar photospheric flux, especially in the near- to mid-infrared wavelength range, for a proper analysis of debris disk SEDs: while the quality of subtraction of the direct stellar light at far-infrared wavelengths determines the accuracy of the mass estimate in the disk, our simulations show that the remaining stellar contribution due to scattering at near- to mid-infrared wavelengths constrains the dust grain size and chemical composition, for example, the iron abundance in silicate grains.
Suppression of adenocarcinoma by the immunological consequences of calorie restriction.

EARLIER extensive studies have indicated that calorie restriction as well as protein and amino acid restriction inhibit the spontaneous development of mammary or lung adenocarcinomas, hepatomas and certain chemical carcinogen-induced tumours in rodents1–4. Jose and Good5–7 and Cooper et al.8 have shown that chronic moderate protein deprivation in mice and rats dramatically depresses antibody production while increasing, or permitting maintenance of, vigorous cell-mediated immune responses. The latter include abilities to resist virus infection, reject skin allografts and develop killer-cell activity against syngeneic and allogeneic tumour cells. More profound chronic protein deprivation, however, depresses both cell-mediated and humoral immunity7,9. Walford et al.10,11 have shown that calorie restriction delays development of immune functions at an early age but prolongs maintenance of immunological capacity and survival in long lived, tumour-free mice. Further, Fernandes et al.12 have shown that dramatic prolongation of life of autoimmunity-prone, short lived mice was produced by life-long calorie restriction, and that tumours did not appear in these mice. Although some of the findings clearly link moderate protein and calorie restriction to heightened cellular immunity, no definitive efforts have yet been made to compare directly the influence of dietary restriction on spontaneous tumour development and immunological functions. This report presents observations on the influence of calorie restriction on development of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma in mice and relates the suppression of tumour development observed to alterations in immune functions produced by calorie restriction at weaning.
On a generalization of the proper orthogonal decomposition and optimal construction of reduced order models

In this paper, the popular proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) without the usual integral or inner product constraints is extended to general Hilbert spaces, such as Sobolev spaces, using functional analytic methods. It is shown that a particular tensor product space is dense in the Hilbert space where the partial differential equation (PDE) solution lives. This allows approximating the PDE solution by tensors to any desired accuracy. Optimal approximation by these tensors is shown to result in the POD using operator theoretic arguments. This is achieved by solving a nonlinear optimization problem where the PDE solution is approximated by operators of a prescribed finite rank in the corresponding trace class 2 norm. POD modes can then be computed by solving an infinite dimensional eigenvalue problem using Hilbert-Schmidt theory. Moreover, an optimal method in constructing reduced order models for the two-dimensional Burgers' equation subject to boundary control is presented and compared to the POD reduced models. A closed-loop feedback controller then designed using the reduced order model and then applied to the full order model.
Caspase inhibition switches the mode of cell death induced by cyanide by enhancing reactive oxygen species generation and PARP-1 activation.

Abstract Execution of apoptosis can involve activation of the caspase family of proteases. Recent studies show that caspase inhibition can switch the morphology of cell death from apoptotic to necrotic without altering the level of death among cell populations. In the present study, the effect of caspase inhibition on cortical (CX) cell death induced by cyanide was investigated. In primary cultured CX cells exposed to cyanide (400 μM), death was primarily apoptotic as indicated by positive TUNEL staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent caspase activation mediated the apoptosis. Inhibition of the caspase cascade with zVAD-fmk switched the apoptotic response to necrotic cell death, as assessed by increased cellular efflux of LDH and propidium iodide uptake by the cells. The change in death mode was accompanied by a marked increase in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, a reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ m ), and reduced cellular ATP. Prior treatment of cells with 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), a PARP-1 inhibitor, prevented the cells from undergoing necrosis and preserved intracellular ATP levels. These findings indicate that apoptosis and necrosis share common initiation pathways and caspase inhibition can switch the apoptotic response to necrosis. Inhibition of PARP-1 preserves cellular ATP levels and in turn blocks execution of the necrotic death pathway.
US Health and Health Care: Does Political Inequality Make Us Sick?

The health profile of the United States is not what it should be. The United States spends more on health care than any nation in the world and yet, among the 30 nations that make up the Organisati...
Active play and screen time in US children aged 4 to 11 years in relation to sociodemographic and weight status characteristics: a nationally representative cross-sectional analysis

The high prevalence of childhood obesity underscores the importance of monitoring population trends in children's activity and screen time, and describing associations with child age, gender, race/ethnicity, and weight status. Our objective was to estimate the proportion of young children in the US who have low levels of active play or high levels of screen time, or who have both these behaviors, and to describe associations with age, gender, race/ethnicity, and weight status. We analyzed data collected during the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2001–2004, a US nationally representative cross-sectional study. We studied 2964 children aged 4.00 to 11.99 years. Our main outcomes were reported weekly times that the child played or exercised hard enough to sweat or breathe hard (active play), daily hours the child watched television/videos, used computers, or played computer games (screen time), and the combination of low active play and high screen time. Low active play was defined as active play 6 times or less per week. High screen time was defined as more than 2 hours per day. We accounted for the complex survey design in analyses and report proportions and 95% confidence intervals. We used Wald Chi-square to test for differences between proportions. To identify factors associated with low active play and high screen time, we used multivariate logistic regression. Of US children aged 4 to 11 years, 37.3% (95% confidence interval, 34.1% to 40.4%) had low levels of active play, 65.0% (95% CI, 61.4% to 68.5%) had high screen time, and 26.3% (95% CI, 23.8% to 28.9%) had both these behaviors. Characteristics associated with a higher probability of simultaneously having low active play and high screen time were older age, female gender, non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity, and having a BMI-for-age ≥95th percentile of the CDC growth reference. Many young children in the US are reported to have physical activity and screen time behaviors that are inconsistent with recommendations for healthy pediatric development. Children who are overweight, approaching adolescence, girls, and non-Hispanic blacks may benefit most from public health policies and programs aimed at these behaviors.
The Effects of Ethical Ideology on Moral Behavior

Summary The relationship between ethical ideology and moral behavior was investigated in two studies by tempting American college students (19 males and 61 females) to cheat on a test administered in a laboratory setting. Overall, students who adopted different ethical ideologies, as assessed by the 2 (relativistic vs nonrelativistic moral outlook) by 2 (idealistic vs pragmatic values) classification scheme of the Ethics Position Questionnaire (EPQ) behaved similarly. However, questionnaire ratings indicated (a) self-devaluation was most pronounced among absolutists (nonrelativistic and idealistic); (b) exceptionists (nonrelativistic and pragmatic) reported increased happiness the more they cheated; (c) situationists’ (relativistic and idealistic) self-ratings were not clearly related to the morality of their actions; and (d) subjectivists (relativistic and pragmatic) showed signs of fear of detection. Combined with previous data, these findings suggest variations in ethical ideology may predict individua...
First Interchain Peptide Interaction Detected by ESR in Fully Synthetic, Template-Assisted, Two-Helix Bundles

We have designed and synthesized by solution methods two simple two-helix bundles based on a conformationally constrained cyclo-dipeptide template to the side chains of which two short, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid spin-monolabeled, 310-helical peptides are covalently tethered. The preferred conformation of the appended chains has been assessed by FTIR absorption. The conclusions are corroborated by an X-ray diffraction analysis of one of the terminally blocked pentapeptide tails. For the first time, a solvent-dependent, inter-helix interaction has been monitored by conventional ESR spectroscopy on fully synthetic peptide systems. Half-field ESR measurements of these side-chain-substituted templates provided an experimental average distance between the two labels that is in good accord with that determined in a molecular modeling study.
Protein kinase C mediated regulation of calcium channels in PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells.

Abstract Depolarization of PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells with K + produces an immediate increase in catecholamine release. The stimulation of release is blocked by Co 2+ , removal of extracellular Ca 2+ or by dihydropyridine drugs such as nitrendipine. Release is enhanced by other dihydropyridines such as BAY K8644. Release is accompanied by a voltage dependent uptake of 45 Ca 2+ which is also blocked by Co 2+ or nitrendipine and enhanced by BAY K8644. The phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) in the range 10 −9 – 10 −6 M produced little effect by itself but augmented the K + evoked release of catecholamine. An analog of TPA which does not activate protein kinase C was ineffective. In contrast, TPA in the same concentration range blocked influx of 45 Ca 2+ induced by 70 mM K + or 70 mM K + / BAY K8644. 45 Ca 2+ influx produced by A23187 was not blocked by TPA. The results suggest a system by which protein kinase C may regulate the output of transmitters from secretory cells.
Career Lines and Employment Stability

This research examined the influence of organizational career line variables, such as career line length, career line ceiling, position ratio, position mobility opportunity, on such variables as tu...
Energetics of the reaction pathways for NH2+NO→ products and NH+NO→products

The reaction pathways for NH2+NO→products and NH+NO→products have been studied theoretically, using the recently developed quantum chemical method, BAC-MP4 (Bond Additivity Corrections with fourth-order Moller-Plesset perturbation theory), which can provide accurate thermochemical molecular heats of formation and thermodynamic partition functions. In particular, we have calculated the heats of formation ΔHfo and the free energies of formation ΔGfo of the various reactants, products, and intermediates, along with the various activated complexes occurring along the reaction paths. The results indicate that NH2+NO forms a stable intermediate which can rearrange to form the products N2+H2O with no activation barrier. Also, the reaction to form NNH+OH is found to be essentially thermoneutral, making this a potential pathway, particularly at higher temperatures. For NH+NO, we find that the favored products should be H+NNO rather than N2+OH, although both can be formed with no activation barrier. Our results are also consistent with the measured activation energy for the reaction of H+NNO →N2+OH, which occurs through the same HNNO intermediate.
A critique of Western philosophical ethics: Multidisciplinary alternatives for framing ethical dilemmas

American discourse in business ethics is steeped in the traditional ethical theories of Western philosophies, specifically the Greek classics, Kant, and the British Utilitarians. These theories may be largely uninterpretable or unacceptable to non-Western populations owing to different traditions, religious beliefs, or cultural histories. As economic boundaries collapse and markets become more global in scope, traditional Western ethical thought may lead to clashes among Western organizations and companies from differing cultural settings. Such clashes could lead to alienation of foreign customers, firms and governments and resultant competitive disadvantage, or to an abandonment of ethical considerations altogether in the struggle to compete internationally. This paper puts forward two general alternatives to Western ethical philosophies as useful frameworks for the analysis of international ethical dilemmas. The first alternative uses new organizational economics, while the second emphasizes role relationships and organizational citizenship.
SELF‐CONTROL, CRIMINAL MOTIVATION AND DETERRENCE: AN INVESTIGATION USING RUSSIAN RESPONDENTS

With data from respondents in Nizhni Novgorod, Russia, we address the generality of self-control theory. We also assess two hypotheses. The first focuses on the attractiveness of criminal acts, that is, motivation toward crime. The second concerns the contention that the mediating link between self-control and criminal conduct is the failure of those with less self-control to anticipate the long-term costs of misbehavior. Although the magnitude of associations between self-control and indicators of criminal behavior is about the same in this study as it is in others, which suggests that the theory is not culturally bound, those associations are largely overshadowed by criminal attraction. Consistent with that, failure to anticipate costly long-term consequences does not appear to be the mediating link between self-control and criminal behavior: the evidence shows no tendency for sanction fear to be greater among those with greater self-control. In fact, sanction fear is modestly and significantly related to the crime measures independent of self-control, though sanction fear also appears to be influenced by criminal attraction. The results suggest that in the production of criminal behavior, motivation may be more important than controls inhibiting criminal impulses.
An uncertainty principle for fermions with generalized kinetic energy

We derive semiclassical upper bounds for the number of bound states and the sum of negative eigenvalues of the one-particle Hamiltoniansh=f(−i∇)+V(x) acting onL2(ℝn). These bounds are then used to derive a lower bound on the kinetic energy\(\sum\limits_{j = 1}^N {\left\langle {\psi ,f( - i\nabla _j )\psi } \right\rangle }\) for anN-fermion wavefunction ψ. We discuss two examples in more detail:f(p)=|p| andf(p)=(p2+m2)1/2−m, both in three dimensions.
Unified drift velocity closure relationship for large bubbles rising in stagnant viscous fluids in pipes

Abstract This study investigates the effects of oil viscosity, pipe diameter, and pipe inclination angle on drift velocity. Experiments were conducted for medium viscosity oils using a 0.0508-m ID pipe for inclination angles between 0° and 90°. In these experiments, it was observed that as the liquid viscosity increased, the drift velocity decreased. Drift velocity displayed a convex parabolic behavior with respect to the inclination angle. For all liquid viscosities, a maximum velocity value was observed between 30° and 50° inclinations from horizontal. A unified dimensionless closure relationship for drift velocity is proposed. It was developed using data acquired in this study and available data from literature with a pipe diameter range of 0.0373–0.178 m.
Detecting determinism and nonlinearity in river-flow time series

Abstract The temporal evolution of river-flow dynamics is investigated using methods from nonlinear time series analysis. After a discussion on the possible sources of nonlinear deterministic components, different methods for the detection of nonlinear and deterministic components in river flow time series are illustrated and the application to three river-flow time series from basins of different dimensions and characteristics is presented. All the results of different nonlinear techniques show noticeable evidence of determinism and nonlinearity at high discharge values, while at low discharge values, and especially during recessions, the series seem to be the result of a mostly linear dynamics. The complexity of the dynamics and the degree of nonlinearity are also discussed in relation to the basin dimensions and the kind of hydroclimatic regime.