cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new subtype of progenitor cell in the mouse embryonic neocortex

A hallmark of mammalian brain evolution is cortical expansion, which reflects an increase in the number of cortical neurons established by the progenitor cell subtypes present and the number of their neurogenic divisions. Recent studies have revealed a new class of radial glia-like (oRG) progenitor cells in the human brain, which reside in the outer subventricular zone. Expansion of the subventricular zone and appearance of oRG cells may have been essential evolutionary steps leading from lissencephalic to gyrencephalic neocortex. Here we show that oRG-like progenitor cells are present in the mouse embryonic neocortex. They arise from asymmetric divisions of radial glia and undergo self-renewing asymmetric divisions to generate neurons. Moreover, mouse oRG cells undergo mitotic somal translocation whereby centrosome movement into the basal process during interphase precedes nuclear translocation. Our finding of oRG cells in the developing rodent brain fills a gap in our understanding of neocortical expansion.
Neutron densities from K + meson scattering

A theoretical study documenting the probing sensitivity of the K/sup +/ meson to the neutron distribution is reported for /sup 40/Ca and /sup 48/Ca isotopes. Combining Hartree-Fock and phenomenological neutron densities with two independent empirical sets of kaon-nucleon amplitudes, different first-order microscopic kaon-nucleus optical potentials are constructed and compared. The sensitivity of predicted elastic cross sections to choice in potential is found to be significant and is dominated by the uncertainty in the K/sup +/-neutron interaction. For relative cross section differences between Ca isotopes, however, the sensitivity to the neutron distribution is roughly comparable to the uncertainty introduced by the KN interaction, suggesting that preliminary K/sup +/-nucleus measurements may provide improved neutron information about isotopic density differences. Conditions and prescriptions for extracting such information are discussed.
Data-Driven Activity Prediction: Algorithms, Evaluation Methodology, and Applications

We consider a novel problem called Activity Prediction, where the goal is to predict the future activity occurrence times from sensor data. In this paper, we make three main contributions. First, we formulate and solve the activity prediction problem in the framework of imitation learning and reduce it to simple regression learning problem. This approach allows us to leverage powerful regression learners; is easy to implement; and can reason about the relational and temporal structure of the problem with negligible computational overhead. Second, we present several evaluation metrics to evaluate a given activity predictor, and discuss their pros and cons in the context of real-world applications. Third, we evaluate our approach using real sensor data collected from 24 smart home testbeds. We also embed the learned predictor into a mobile device based activity prompter and evaluate the app on multiple participants living in smart homes. Our experimental results indicate that the activity predictor learned with our approach performs better than the baseline methods, and offers a simple and reliable approach to prediction of activities from sensor data.
Effect of coadsorption of CO on the adsorption of H2 on RhTiO2

Abstract The effect of CO preadsorption upon the adsorption of H 2 has been studied by magnetic resonance and volumetric methods. CO preadsorption is found to inhibit adsorption of “spillover” hydrogen. Increased hydrogen uptake is interpreted in terms of formation of surface structures associated with the CO.
Separate transfer of mouse protection and delayed-type hypersensitivity with Salmonella typhimurium transfer factor

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) induced with Salmonella typhimurium transfer factor (TF) contributed to an increase in mean survival days of mice challenged with homologous organisms and afforded only a low level of host protection as determined by survival rate, compared with that obtained by active immunization. TF of other enteric bacteria could transfer DTH which is cross-reactive to salmonella antigen but did not afford host protection. Although TF of Listeria monocytogenes did not transfer the cross-reactive DTH, it could confer the significant increase in mean survival days against the lethal challenge with S. typhimurium. Listerial ribosomal vaccine conferred the high level of mouse protection without inducing DTH to salmonella antigen. The resistance generated upon active immunization with listerial ribosomal vaccine could be enhanced by the injection of S. typhimurium TF to the same level as that obtained after immunization with homologous ribosomal vaccine. Among salmonella TF, there could be no cross-reactive immunity between S. typhimurium and S. choleraesuis, although the cross-reactive DTH was observed. The DTH transfer ability of TF was sensitive to Pronase which could not affect the ability to transfer host immunity, but RNase could abolish the ability to transfer host immunity without impairing DTH transfer activity. These results suggest that in mouse typhoid infection, DTH is not associated with host protection as determined by survival rate.
Nonsurgical management of upper eyelid margin asymmetry using hyaluronic acid gel filler.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of hyaluronic acid gel fillers as a nonsurgical alternative for the management of upper eyelid margin asymmetry in cases of relative retraction. Methods This is a retrospective study of 8 patients with upper eyelid margin asymmetry relating to relative upper eyelid retraction treated with hyaluronic acid gel injection to affect upper eyelid lowering. Digital photographs were used to quantitatively assess outcomes by comparing pretreatment and posttreatment differences between marginal reflex distance (MRD1) in the right and left eyelids. Image J was used for photographic analysis, and Student paired t test was performed. Results Eight patients (2 male; mean age, 50.9 years; range, 30-69 years) were injected with hylauronic acid gel in the upper eyelid. The etiology of upper eyelid margin asymmetry included Graves eyelid retraction (n = 3), asymmetry following reconstructive surgery (n = 1) and aesthetic surgery (n = 1), contralateral Horner syndrome (n = 1), Bell palsy (n = 1), and contralateral involutional ptosis (n = 1). The average volume injected in the upper eyelid was 0.2 ml (range, 0.1-0.4 ml). One of 8 patients was injected bilaterally. Average follow-up was 5.7 months (range, 2-12 months). Two of 8 patients requested repeat injection within a 6-month period for undercorrection. No overcorrections were noted, and no patient requested reversal with hyaluronidase. There was a statistically significant improvement in symmetry with mean pretreatment MRD1 difference of 1.53 mm (range, 0.78-3.36 mm) and mean posttreatment MRD1 difference of 0.70 mm (range, 0.02-2.03 mm), p = 0.007. At 4 to 8 months' follow-up, 8 of 8 demonstrated persistent improvement in asymmetry with statistically significant reduction in MRD1 difference when compared with pretreatment with average follow-up MRD1 difference of 0.74 mm (range, 0.11-1.65 mm), p = 0.018. Conclusion This pilot study suggests that upper eyelid injection with hylauronic acid gel filler may be an effective nonsurgical alternative to improve upper eyelid margin asymmetry in cases of relative upper eyelid retraction.
Antimycobacterial Triterpenes from Melia volkensii

In a bioassay-guided search for antimycobacterial compounds from higher plants, we have chemically investigated methanolic extracts of seeds of Melia volkensii. Chromatographic fractions provided two new euphane (20R)-type triterpenoids. The structures of the new compounds, 12β-hydroxykulactone (1) and 6β-hydroxykulactone (2), were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR (13C, 1H, 1H−1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY spectra) and FABMS studies and shown to be hydroxyl derivatives of kulactone (3). Also isolated was the known kulonate (4). In a radiorespirometric bioassay against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, compounds 1, 2, and 4 exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 16, 4, and 16 μg/mL, respectively.
On generation of zonal flows by interacting Rossby waves

Generation of zonal flows by finite amplitude resonantly interacting discrete Rossby waves is investigated within the context of the quasi-geostrophic barotropic model on the beta plane. Under the “channel” assumption, in which the north-south extent of the domain is taken as finite, analysis shows that a triad of Rossby waves is capable of generating a zonal flow on the time scale of the resonant interaction. Zonal currents thus produced exhibit a spatial structure similar to that obtained from the baroclinic instability mechanism: a jet in the central portion and weaker reversed flow in the northern and southern portions of the channel. If the north-south extent of the domain is taken as infinite, zonal flows of sinusoidal latitudinal structure can be generated by discrete Rossby waves via the quartet resonance mechanism. The time scale required for their generation is an order of magnitude longer than that associated with the “channel” case. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1977.tb00741.x
Flavor Evolution of the Neutronization Neutrino Burst From an O-Ne-Mg Core-Collapse Supernova

We present results of 3-neutrino flavor evolution simulations for the neutronization burst from an O-Ne-Mg core-collapse supernova. We find that nonlinear neutrino self-coupling engineers a single spectral feature of stepwise conversion in the inverted neutrino mass hierarchy case and in the normal mass hierarchy case, a superposition of two such features corresponding to the vacuum neutrino mass-squared differences associated with solar and atmospheric neutrino oscillations. These neutrino spectral features offer a unique potential probe of the conditions in the supernova environment and may allow us to distinguish between O-Ne-Mg and Fe core-collapse supernovae.
Nanotwinned metals: It's all about imperfections

Experiments and simulations show that coherent twin boundaries, commonly believed to be perfect, are riddled with kinks and other defects.
Correlates of Dental Anxiety in a University Population

The purpose of this study was to identify correlates of dental anxiety in university students. Dental anxiety was measured by means of the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale. Information about the students' dental attitudes, perceptions, and past dental experiences was collected by a written questionnaire administered to an approximately 13 percent random sample of all full-time students. The response rate was 27.3 percent (n = 846). The mean dental anxiety score for the entire study group was 8.77; mean scores for men (8.44) and women (9.10) were significantly different. Of the 18 independent variables studied, seven were found to be significantly associated with dental anxiety scores: sex, frequency of childhood visits to the dentist, childhood experience with dentists, frequency of mothers' visits to a dentist, perceived number of types of services required, symptoms as reason for last dental visit, and number of preventive actions taken prior day. As a group, the independent variables explained 22.8 percent of the observed variation in dental anxiety scores. When the amount of variation which was explained by each of the independent variables was considered separately four variables were found to be significant: childhood experience with dentists, gender, attitudes toward dentists, and number of preventive actions taken the prior day. Further studies are required to identify additional antecedents of dental anxiety in university students. These studies should focus on the ability of the antecedents to explain observed variation in anxiety levels.
Excess Screen Time in US Children Association With Family Rules and Alternative Activities

We describe the association of screen time in excess of American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations (≤2 h/d) with family television-use policies and regular nonscreen activities among US school-aged children. Data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health were used. The sum of minutes spent on television, videos, video games, and recreational computer use was calculated for children 6 to 17 years old. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate relative odds of exceeding American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines and of heavy screen use (>4 h/d) for varying family media-use policies and frequency of alternative activities (physical activity and family meals). In all, 49% of school-aged children had screen time >2 h/d and 16% had screen time >4 h/d. Lower frequency of family meals, presence of TV in the bedroom, absence of rules about TV viewing, and less physical activity were associated with both >2 and >4 hours per day of screen time.
Focussed and unfocussed laser heating of a TLD layer for medical imaging: a comparison case

Thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) heated by infrared laser stimulation are discussed. Discrete spots on a relatively large TLD are heated to release dosimetric information with a spatial resolution that depends on laser beam diameter and radial heat conduction. The laser beam is focused to improve spatial resolution and decrease heating time for each spot. Decreasing the laser beam diameter 81.2% increases heating rates as much as 30 times initially and improves spatial resolution in proportion to beam diameter. >
Emotion Regulation as the Foundation of Political Attitudes: Does Reappraisal Decrease Support for Conservative Policies?

Cognitive scientists, behavior geneticists, and political scientists have identified several ways in which emotions influence political attitudes, and psychologists have shown that emotion regulation can have an important causal effect on physiology, cognition, and subjective experience. However, no work to date explores the possibility that emotion regulation may shape political ideology and attitudes toward policies. Here, we conduct four studies that investigate the role of a particular emotion regulation strategy – reappraisal in particular. Two observational studies show that individual differences in emotion regulation styles predict variation in political orientations and support for conservative policies. In the third study, we experimentally induce disgust as the target emotion to be regulated and show that use of reappraisal reduces the experience of disgust, thereby decreasing moral concerns associated with conservatism. In the final experimental study, we show that use of reappraisal successfully attenuates the relationship between trait-level disgust sensitivity and support for conservative policies. Our findings provide the first evidence of a critical link between emotion regulation and political attitudes.
Graded bidirectional synaptic plasticity is composed of switch-like unitary events.

Biological information storage events are often rapid transitions between discrete states. In neural systems, the initiation of bidirectional plasticity by all-or-none events may help confer robustness on memory storage. Here, we report that at CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapses, individual potentiation and depression plasticity events are discrete and heterogeneous in nature. Individual synapses began from extreme high and low strength states. Unitary plasticity events were all-or-none and drove synaptic strength between extremes in <1 min. Under naive conditions, approximately three-fourths of synapses began in a low-strength state. The timing of these unitary events can account for the time course of macroscopic synaptic plasticity.
Extending finite automata to efficiently match Perl-compatible regular expressions

Regular expression matching is a crucial task in several networking applications. Current implementations are based on one of two types of finite state machines. Non-deterministic finite automata (NFAs) have minimal storage demand but have high memory bandwidth requirements. Deterministic finite automata (DFAs) exhibit low and deterministic memory bandwidth requirements at the cost of increased memory space. It has already been shown how the presence of wildcards and repetitions of large character classes can render DFAs and NFAs impractical. Additionally, recent security-oriented rule-sets include patterns with advanced features, namely back-references, which add to the expressive power of traditional regular expressions and cannot therefore be supported through classical finite automata.In this work, we propose and evaluate an extended finite automaton designed to address these shortcomings. First, the automaton provides an alternative approach to handle character repetitions that limits memory space and bandwidth requirements. Second, it supports back-references without the need for back-tracking in the input string. In our discussion of this proposal, we address practical implementation issues and evaluate the automaton on real-world rule-sets. To our knowledge, this is the first high-speed automaton that can accommodate all the Perl-compatible regular expressions present in the Snort network intrusion and detection system.
Non-uniform thermal properties of an alumina granule/epoxy potting compound

In harsh environments, including high shock and vibration, magnetic devices such as transformer coils are potted to enhance thermal performance and provide mechanical protection. One potting compound frequently used is epoxy containing alumina particles. A nominally isotropic and uniform potting compound consisting of about 70 to 80% by volume 14–28 mesh (0.6 to 1.2 mm across) alumina granules in low viscosity epoxy was tested to determine its thermal properties. Examination by optical microscopy revealed that there was significant variation in volume fraction of alumina particles by location. The specific heat and thermal conductivity of the compound were measured using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter and guarded heater method based on the ASTM D5470-06. The thermal properties were found to vary with time, location, and temperature; with the specific heat ranging from 1.00 J/g°C ± 14% at 25°C to 1.22 J/g°C ± 12% at 125°C and an apparent thermal conductivity of 2.56 W/m·K ± 23%. Users of such compounds should be aware that the thermal properties are not necessarily constant in time or uniform, and assuming that they are could lead to significant errors when modeling their performance.
Integrator backstepping techniques for the tracking control of permanent magnet brush DC motors

A series of motor control experiments is described. The results are based on a nonlinear design technique called integrator backstepping. This model-based approach is applied to the design and implementation of high-performance trajectory tracking controllers for a BDC (brush DC) motor driving a single-link robot. Two controllers are proposed: an embedded computed torque controller which requires full-state feedback and an output feedback controller which only requires position measurement (i.e., observed backstepping). Both controllers require exact knowledge of the electromechanical dynamics in order to guarantee GES tracking performance. Extensions of the proposed backstepping techniques are discussed for more complex electromechanical systems, and for systems with uncertainty. The proposed controllers are simulated and implemented on a state-of-the-art DSP (digital signal processing) based workstation using a user-developed real-time DAC (data acquisition and control) system. >
An Analysis of Third Party Consumer Complaint Handling Mechanisms: The Hawaii Office of Consumer Protection

This paper presents a preliminary analysis of third party complaint handling mechanisms, based on data obtained from the Hawaii Office of Consumer Protection. Specifically, the study focuses on the types of complaints processed by the Agency, the factors which affect the redress received by consumers and the length of investigation time.
Subcellular Ca2+ alternans represents a novel mechanism for the generation of arrhythmogenic Ca2+ waves in cat atrial myocytes

Ca2+ alternans is a potentially arrhythmogenic beat-to-beat alternation of the amplitude of the action potential-induced [Ca2+]i transient in cardiac myocytes. Despite its pathophysiological significance the cellular mechanisms underlying Ca2+ alternans are poorly understood. Recent evidence, however, points to the modulation of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by localized alterations in energy metabolism as an important determinant of Ca2+ alternans. We therefore studied the subcellular properties of Ca2+ alternans in field-stimulated cat atrial myocytes employing fast two-dimensional fluorescence confocal microscopy. Ca2+ alternans was elicited by an increase in stimulation frequency or by metabolic interventions targeting glycolysis. Marked subcellular variations in the time of onset, the magnitude, and the phase of alternans were observed. Longitudinal and transverse gradients of Ca2+ alternans were found as well as neighbouring subcellular regions alternating out-of-phase. Moreover, focal inhibition of glycolysis resulted in spatially restricted Ca2+ alternans. When two adjacent regions within a myocyte alternated out-of-phase, steep [Ca2+]i gradients developed at their border giving rise to delayed propagating Ca2+ waves. The results demonstrate that Ca2+ alternans is a subcellular phenomenon caused by modulation of SR Ca2+ release, which is mediated, at least in part, by local inhibition of energy metabolism. The generation of arrhythmogenic Ca2+ waves by subcellular variations in the phase of Ca2+ alternans represents a novel mechanism for the development of atrial disrhythmias.
Identification of soluble TREM-2 in the cerebrospinal fluid and its association with multiple sclerosis and CNS inflammation

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) is a membrane-bound receptor expressed by microglia and macrophages. Engagement of TREM-2 on these cells has been reported to reduce inflammatory responses and, in microglial cells, to promote phagocytosis. TREM-2 function is critical within the CNS, as its genetic deficiency in humans causes neurodegeneration with myelin and axonal loss. Blockade of TREM-2 worsened the mouse model for multiple sclerosis. In the present study, a soluble form of TREM-2 protein has been identified by immunoprecipitation and by ELISA. Soluble TREM-2 protein (sTREM-2) was detected in human CSF, and was compared among subjects with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS; n = 52), primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PP-MS; n = 21), other inflammatory neurologic diseases (OIND; n = 19), and non-inflammatory neurologic diseases (NIND; n = 41). Compared to NIND subjects, CSF sTREM-2 levels were significantly higher in RR-MS (P = 0.004 by ANOVA) and PP-MS (P < 0.001) subjects, as well as in OIND (P < 0.001) subjects. In contrast, levels of sTREM-2 in blood did not differ among the groups. Furthermore, TREM-2 was detected on a subset of CSF monocytes by flow cytometry, and was also highly expressed on myelin-laden macrophages in eight active demyelinating lesions from four autopsied multiple sclerosis subjects. The elevated levels of sTREM-2 in CSF of multiple sclerosis patients may inhibit the anti-inflammatory function of the membrane-bound receptor suggesting sTREM-2 to be a possible target for future therapies.
Respiratory Inductance Plethysmography in Healthy 3- to 5-Year-Old Children*

Study objectives Because of the challenges of using standard measurements such as spirometry to measure respiratory function in 3- to 5-year-old children, there may be a role for respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP), which is noninvasive and requires minimal subject cooperation. In this study, we described normative values of thoracoabdominal motion and timing mechanics in 3- to 5-year-old children, and hypothesized positional dependence of these measurements in this age group. Design We measured relative thoracoabdominal motion during tidal breathing using the phase angle (Φ), the labored breathing index, and the phase relation during the total breath and timing mechanics with the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory flow to expiratory time (T ptef /T e) . Setting Preschools within the greater Philadelphia area and the Pulmonary Office of The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Patients or participants Fifty healthy children between 3 years and 5 years of age. Interventions RIP. Measurements and results All measures varied with position. Thoracoabdominal motion was nearly synchronous in the sitting position and most asynchronous in the supine position (Φ, 15.7 ± 4.0° vs 56.1 ± 4.3°, respectively; p ptef /T e from the sitting to the supine positions (30.3 ± 1.4% vs 37.0 ± 1.6%, respectively; p Conclusions We conclude that the positional dependence of these measurements is due to the alteration in respiratory mechanics between the sitting, standing, and supine positions. We further conclude that if RIP is to be a useful longitudinal measure of respiratory function in this age range, comparison measurements should be made in the same position.
Automating land management: an interpretive analysis of information technology management within the Bureau of Land Management

Given societies' massive investment in information technology and the potentially catastrophic consequences of IT failures, it is becoming increasingly critical to understand how IT management policies influence IT management practice and, ultimately, organizational success in implementing and employing information technology. This paper describes a study that took place in a large government agency and sheds some light on the interaction of IT policy, practice and success (or, in this case, failure). Following an exploratory case-study research design, the study employed both interpretivist- and positivist-oriented perspectives to develop a descriptive model that identifies significant factors influencing levels of policy compliance. The model describes the central roles that organizational culture and knowledge play in mediating the effects of information technology, organizational resources and IT management policies on IT policy compliance, implementation and use. The model reflects study participants' common-sense understanding of how IT policies work and why they sometimes fail to work. While the factors identified in the model may not be surprising, the manner in which they interact provides provocative insights into why organizations often fail to achieve desired levels of policy compliance and how focusing on policy compliance might lead to unanticipated consequences.
Labor Assignment as a Dynamic Control Problem

A problem of labor assignment in a labor and machine limited production system is formulated as a dynamic control problem. The criterion function employed is total in-process inventory cost over a time period [O, T]. The Pontryagin maximum principle is applied to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the optimal control. Specifications defining the admissible set of control vectors leads directly to the constrained optimal solution that is found to be a time-dependent control determined by both the queue lengths and transitions among production centers. Some examples are given to illustrate the nature of the resulting priority policies in tandem and network type systems. A number of limiting assumptions and omissions that facilitated analytical resolution of the problem are discussed to suggest challenging possibilities for extensions of the model.
Liposuction for axillary hyperhidrosis: Reconciling trial results and expert opinion

Primary focal axillary hyperhidrosis is a bothersome and potentially debilitating condition that affects up to 3 % of the US population. In recent years, treatment modalities have flourished. They include topical formulations, systemic medications, injectable neurotoxins, laser- and energy-based procedures, and surgical interventions. Liposuction, or suction-curettage, of the axillae has emerged in the forefront of the surgical techniques to control axillary hyperhidrosis. The procedure entails infiltration of the axillary vault with tumescent anesthesia, followed by the passage of rasping cannulas at the dermal-subcutaneous fat junction, in an attempt to remove deep dermal eccrine glands. Satisfaction rates can reach up to 95–98 %, and treatment-related adverse effects are rare, ranging from hyperpigmentation to full-thickness necrosis. Despite the reported success rates, there is a lack of a standardized operative method. Surgical technique varies from surgeon to surgeon and over time, and rates of adverse effects are proportional to the aggressiveness of the surgical procedure. In the age of increasingly safe alternatives to surgery such as botulinum toxin injections and microwave thermolysis, the surgeon should and can achieve meticulous mastery of suction-curettage in order to safely perform the procedure with few complications, low recurrence rates, and high patient satisfaction.
Routing table partitioning for speedy packet lookups in scalable routers

Most of the high-performance routers available commercially these days equip each of their line cards (LCs) with a forwarding engine (FE) to perform table lookups locally. This work introduces and evaluates a technique for speedy packet lookups, called SPAL, in such routers. The BGP routing table under SPAL is fragmented into subsets which constitute forwarding tables for different FEs so that the number of table entries in each FE drops as the router grows. This reduction in the forwarding table size drastically lowers the amount of SRAM (e.g., L3 data cache) required in each LC to hold the trie constructed according to the prefix matching algorithm. SPAL calls for caching the lookup result of a given IP address at its home LC (denoted by LC/sub ho/, using the LR-cache), such that the result can satisfy the lookup requests for the same address from not only LC/sub ho/, but also other LCs quickly. Our trace-driven simulation reveals that SPAL leads to improved mean lookup performance by a factor of at least 2.5 (or 4.3) for a router with three (or 16) LCs, if the LR-cache contains 4K blocks. SPAL achieves this significant improvement, while greatly lowering the SRAM (i.e., the L3 data cache plus the LR-cache combined) requirement in each LC and possibly shortening the worst-case lookup time (thanks to fewer memory accesses during longest-prefix matching search) when compared with a current router without partitioning the routing table. It promises good scalability (with respect to routing table growth) and exhibits a small mean lookup time per packet. With its ability to speed up packet lookup performance while lowering overall SRAM substantially, SPAL is ideally applicable to the new generation of scalable high-performance routers.
A HIGH-ORDER FINITE-VOLUME METHOD FOR CONSERVATION LAWS ON LOCALLY REFINED GRIDS

We present a fourth-order accurate finite-volume method for solving time-dependent hyperbolic systems of conservation laws on Cartesian grids with multiple levels of refinement. The underlying method is a generalization of that developed by Colella, Dorr, Hittinger and Martin (2009) to nonlinear systems, and is based on using fourth-order accurate quadratures for computing fluxes on faces, combined with fourth-order accurate Runge–Kutta discretization in time. To interpolate boundary conditions at refinement boundaries, we interpolate in time in a manner consistent with the individual stages of the Runge–Kutta method, and interpolate in space by solving a least-squares problem over a neighborhood of each target cell for the coefficients of a cubic polynomial. The method also uses a variation on the extremum-preserving limiter of Colella and Sekora (2008), as well as slope flattening and a fourth-order accurate artificial viscosity for strong shocks. We show that the resulting method is fourth-order accurate for smooth solutions, and is robust in the presence of complex combinations of shocks and smooth flows.
Semiquantitative study of current coffee, caffeine, and ethanol intake in essential tremor cases and controls

There are several reasons to study caffeine, coffee, and ethanol intake in essential tremor (ET) patients. ET patients also might modify their use of these beverages because of their effects on tremor. Intake of caffeine, coffee, and ethanol has not been quantified in a group of ET patients. Our objective is to use a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire to compare current daily intake of coffee, caffeine, and ethanol in ET patients and controls. A total of 130 ET cases were patients at the Neurological Institute of New York, and 175 controls were ascertained by random digit dialing. Caffeine (in milligrams) and ethanol (in grams) intake were calculated from a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Mean daily caffeine intake in patients was 138.4 versus 246.6 mg in controls; medians were 101.1 versus 175.5 mg (P < 0.001). Mean daily ethanol intake in patients was 8.2 versus 6.2 gm in controls; medians were 2.4 versus 1.9 gm (P = 0.89). Cases drank less coffee than controls, but drank similar amounts of tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, and milk. Daily caffeine intake was not correlated with tremor severity or duration. ET patients consumed less caffeine than did controls, which is likely to be a dietary modification in response to tremor. The observation that caffeine consumption was not correlated with tremor severity raises the additional possibility that lower caffeine consumption in ET patients may not exclusively be a response to tremor. A prospective study is needed to explore whether decreased caffeine consumption is a risk factor for ET.
YIELD VOLATILITY OF DISCOUNT COUPON BONDS

In this research, the yield volatility of coupon-taxable discount bonds is analyzed. The relationship of before-tax yield changes on discounts as compared with changes in new, par issue (market) yields is developed in the form of a net yield factor (NYF). Also, the behavior of the NYF as dependent upon parameters such as maturity, coupon, market yield, and tax rates is examined. Then, the incorporation and impact of the NYF on price volatility are shown. Finally, results of empirical tests are reported, which validate the usefulness of NYFs in the measurement of yield volatility for discount bonds.
Judging Change With Informal Data

When informal data serve as the basis for comparing the present with the past, what sorts of conclusions about change are likely to emerge? What characteristics of everyday information account for the features that are common to change judgments in different areas? These questions will be the focus of the present chapter as we examine how the character of change impressions can be understood as an outgrowth of the kinds of informal facts readily available to the intuitive perceiver.
Intercomparison of hydrologic processes in AMIP GCMs

Abstract Results of an intercomparison study under the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) to assess the abilities of 29 global climate models (GCMS) in simulating various aspects of regional and hydrologic processes in response to observed sea surface temperature and sea ice boundary forcings are presented. The authors find that the models generally portray an earthlike climate to approximately 10%–20% of the global land surface temperature (=14.8°C) and global precipitation (=2.3 mm day−1). While a majority of the models have a reasonable global water budget, about a quarter of the models show significant errors in the total global water balance. While the model frequency distributions of heavy precipitation associated with deep convection are in reasonable agreement with observations, a systematic underestimate of the frequency of occurrence of light precipitation events (< 1 mm day−1) is present in almost all the AMIP models, especially over continental desert regions and over tropical an...
Significant association of brachytherapy boost with reduced prostate cancer–specific mortality in contemporary patients with localized, unfavorable-risk prostate cancer

Abstract Purpose A randomized trial recently found that adding brachytherapy (BT) boost to external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) improves biochemical recurrence-free survival but not prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM). We investigated the relationship between BT boost and PCSM in a modern cohort from a large population-based database. Methods and Materials We conducted an analysis of patients in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results diagnosed with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer in 2004–2011, treated with EBRT only or EBRT + BT. The cumulative incidence of PCSM was evaluated in the presence of other-cause mortality as a competing risk. Propensity score matching and multivariable Fine and Gray proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the association of combined modality RT on PCSM. Results A total of 52,535 patients were identified, of which 19.6% were treated with EBRT + BT. One-third of cases were high-risk. On multivariable analysis, the adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) of PCSM for EBRT + BT vs. EBRT alone was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55–0.87, p = 0.002), and the adjusted incidence of PCSM was 1.8% vs. 2.7% at 8 years, respectively. In subgroup analyses, the AHR for PCSM was also significantly reduced with EBRT + BT for high-risk disease (AHR 0.70; 95% CI, 0.52–0.94, p = 0.02; adjusted incidence of PCSM at 8 years, 5.4% vs. 7.6%), but not for intermediate-risk disease. Conclusions BT boost was associated with a moderate reduction to PCSM in men with localized unfavorable-risk prostate cancer. Those most likely to benefit are younger patients with high-risk disease.
Using Wavelets to Detect Trends

Abstract Wavelets are a new class of basis functions that are finding wide use for analyzing and interpreting time series data. This paper describes a new use for wavelets—identifying trends in time series. The general signal considered has a quadratic trend. The inverted Haar wavelet and the elephant wavelet, respectively, provide estimates of the first-order and second-order coefficients in the trend polynomial. Unlike usual wavelet applications, however, this analysis requires only one wavelet dilation scale L, where L is the total length of the time series. Error analysis shows that wavelet trend detection is roughly half as accurate as least squares trend detection when accuracy is evaluated in terms of the mean-square error in estimates of the first-order and second-order trend coefficients. But wavelet detection is more than twice as efficient as least squares detection in the sense that it requires fewer than half the number of floating-point operations of least squares regression to yield the thr...
Inhibitors of alternative pathways of arachidonate metabolism differentially affect fever in mice

Inhibitors of cyclooxygenases prevent fever. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that selective and dual inhibitors of the other enzyme systems of arachidonic acid oxygenation (i.e...
Post-fire logging produces minimal persistent impacts on understory vegetation in northeastern Oregon, USA

Abstract Post-fire forest management commonly requires accepting some negative ecological impacts from management activities in order to achieve management objectives. Managers need to know, however, whether ecological impacts from post-fire management activities are transient or cause long-term ecosystem degradation. We studied the long-term response of understory vegetation to two post-fire logging treatments – commercial salvage logging with and without additional fuel reduction logging – on a long-term post-fire logging experiment in northeastern Oregon, USA. We sampled understory plant cover and species diversity on 10–11 sampling plots within each of nine experimental treatment units to see if post-fire logging treatments produced any lasting effects on understory plant cover, species diversity, community composition, or exotic species cover. Post-fire logging treatments produced no significant effects on understory vegetation cover, diversity, or community composition 15 years after treatment. We found no significant treatment effects on graminoid, forb, woody plant, or exotic plant cover and species richness, and differences among treatment means were generally small. Differences in treatment means were larger at the individual species level, but were only statistically significant for one native grass, California brome ( Bromus carinatus ), which responded differently to the two logging treatments. Multivariate analysis of understory plant communities across 91 sample plots found two major gradients in understory plant community composition, one correlated with regenerating forest (sapling) density and one correlated with residual overstory tree density, suggesting that initial fire severity (tree mortality) and post-fire regeneration may have greater long-term impacts on post-fire understory vegetation than post-fire logging. This study demonstrates that understory vegetation can be resilient to post-fire logging, particularly when best management practices, like logging over snow, are used to limit damage to soils and understory vegetation. Further research is needed to establish the generality of our results and to identify sources of variability in understory plant community responses to wildfire and post-fire logging. If further research confirms our findings, post-fire logging debates will be able to focus more on how to mitigate short-term disturbance impacts and manage fire-killed trees to meet wildlife habitat, fuel reduction, and economic objectives, and less on concerns over long-term ecosystem degradation.
L-glutamine with D-glucose stimulates oxidative metabolism and NaCl absorption in piglet jejunum

To explore the relationship between intestinal fluid absorption and oxidative metabolism, we measured the effects of amino acids and glucose on piglet jejunal ion transport and oxygen consumption (QO2) in vitro. Jejunal QO2 was stimulated by L-glutamine and D-glucose but not by the nonmetabolizable organic solutes methyl beta-D-glucoside or L-phenylalanine. QO2 was maximally enhanced by the combination of D-glucose and L-glutamine (5 mM). Even though 5 mM L-glutamine was previously found to be insufficient to stimulate NaCl absorption, 5 mM L-glutamine enhanced jejunal NaCl flux when combined with equimolar mucosal D-glucose. Either D-glucose or methyl beta-D-glucoside caused an increase in short-circuit current (Isc), an increase in Na+ absorption in excess of Isc, and a decrease in Cl- secretion, when L-glutamine was substituted for D-glucose (10 mM) on the serosal side. This relationship suggests that mucosal sugars, if combined with L-glutamine, enhance neutral NaCl absorption as well as electrogenic Na+ flow. (Aminooxy)acetate, an inhibitor of alanine aminotransferase, abolished the stimulation of QO2 and the NaCl-absorptive response to L-glutamine. We conclude that the oxidative metabolism fueled by L-glutamine is linked to a NaCl-absorptive mechanism in the intestine. We propose that the CO2 produced by glutamine metabolism yields carbonic acid, which dissociates to H+ and HCO3-, which may stimulate parallel antiports in the apical membrane.
EVALUATION ANALYSIS ON TRAINING ABOUT HIV /AIDS KNOWLEDGE AMONG 371 PATIENTS RECEIVING METHADONE MAINTENANCE TREATMENT

Objective: To understand awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge of the patients in methadone maintenance treatment clinic,to offer scientific foundation for AIDS intervention. Methods: Using uniform questionnaire,the patients in methadone maintenance treatment clinic were investigated the awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge before and after training by medical staff. All data were entered into Excel database,and were analysed by SPSS19. 0. Results: Totally,371 cases of patients are included,with an average age of 34 a ± s 6. 0 a,including 335 men( 90. 3%). The awareness of HIV / AIDS related knowledge before training among drug addicts is not high,the accuracy rates were averaged 59. 8% in the 10 questions,the lowest is 32. 0%,the awareness rates of transmissions of HIV / AIDS range( 56. 1%- 59. 8%). Awareness was improved significantly after training,the highest is 100%, and the lowest is 72. 0%,to the three transmissions of HIV / AIDS awareness rises up to 89. 5%- 100%. Conclusion: The awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge was low in drug addicts, methadone maintenance treatment clinic is an important platform to improve the drug addicts' HIV / AIDS related knowledge awareness and further to reduce the spread of AIDS in high- risk groups.
The Sodium–Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide Electrochemical Cell

Electrochemical cells that utilize metals in the anode and an ambient gas as the active material in the cathode blur the lines between fuel cells and batteries. Such cells are under active consideration worldwide because they are considered among the most promising energy storage platforms for electrified transportation. Li-air batteries are among the most actively investigated cells in this class, but long-term challenges, such as CO2 contamination of the cathode gas and electrolyte decomposition, are associated with loss of rechargeability owing to metal carbonate formation in the cathode. Remediation of the first of these problems adds significant infrastructure burdens to the Li-air cell that bring into question its commercial viability. Several recent studies offer contradictory evidence, namely, that the presence of substantial fractions of CO2 in the cathode gas stream can have significant benefits, including increasing the already high specific energy of a Li-O2 cell by as much as 200 %. In this report, we consider electrochemical processes in model Na-O2 /CO2 cells and find that, provided the electrode/electrolyte interfaces are electrochemically stable, such cells are able to deliver both exceptional energy storage capacity and stable long-term charge-discharge cycling behaviors at room temperature.
Information integration without awareness: (Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18, 488-496; September, 2014).

The citations in this Review article were renumbered incorrectly at the copyediting stage. The incorrect numbering affected references numbered 80 through 100. The reference numbering has now been fixed in the article online.
Planning Adaptive Mobile Experiences When Wireframing

Machine learning improves mobile user experience. Interestingly, envisioning apps with adaptive interfaces that reduce navigation and selection effort is not standard UX practice. When implementing an adaptive UI for our mobile transit app, we encountered a number of problems. Our original design did not log necessary information nor did it induce users to provide good labels. On reflection, we realized UX designers should identify and refine UI adaptions when sketching wireframes. To advance on this insight, we reviewed the interfaces of popular apps and extracted six design patterns where UI adaptation can improve in-app navigation. Next, we designed an exemplar set of wireframes, illustrating how UX designers might annotate their interaction flows to communicate planned adaptation and note the information (logs and labels) needed to make the desired inferences.
Detrusor Function In Suprasacral Spinal Cord Injuries

AbstractA total of 21 patients with chronic, stable suprasacral spinal cord injuries underwent a comprehensive neurological evaluation. A second lumbosacral lesion was excluded. The urodynamic findings were relatively constant as 95% of the patients showed detrusor hyperreflexia with elevated pressures, sphincteric dyssynergia and a competent bladder neck during the filling phase. The urodynamic findings of unexpected detrusor function in high spinal cord injury, for example areflexia and hypocontractility, should raise the clinician’s suspicion that there is a lesion or dysfunction involving the sacral cord. Accepted for publication January 24, 1992. Supported by the Vivian L. Smith Foundation for Restorative Neurology.