cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Awareness,treatment,and control rates of hypertension among residents aged 15 and above in Henan province

Aim:To master awareness,treatment,and control rates of hypertension among residents aged 15 and above in Henan province,and provide evidence for the prevention and control work in hypertension. Methods:A total of18 772 urban and rural residents aged 15 to 74 years were selected by using multi-stage sampling method,covering 30counties,60 street offices / villages and towns in the whole province. Results:The rates of awareness,treatment,and control of hypertension in residents aged 15 and above in Henan province were 45. 97%,35. 72% and 10. 40%,respectively.The 3 rates of hypertension were higher in residents of urban area than those of rural area( χ2= 35. 228,38. 673,38. 369,P 0. 001). The rates of awareness and treatment of hypertension for female were higher than those of male( χ2= 17. 637,16. 002,P 0. 001). The rates of awareness and treatment of hypertension gradually increased along with the age( χ2trend=308. 764,343. 434,P 0. 001) and BMI( χ2trend= 66. 639,54. 072,P 0. 001). The 3 rates of hypertension were different in residents with different degrees of education,income levels and occupations( P 0. 05). Conclusion:Prevention and control of hypertension not only need people raising awareness but also need support of government and the whole society,because three rates of hypertension are different in people with different physiological and social characteristics.
Rapid Determination of Amantadine and Fluoroquinolones Residues in Poultry Muscle by UPLC-MS/MS Method

An UPLC-MS/MS method was developed and established for rapid determination of amantadine and fluoroquinolones residues in poultry muscle.The sample was extracted by QuEChERS extraction kit,and cleaned up by QuEChERS clean-up tube.An aliquot sample of 5 mL was concentrated by nitrogen gas.The analytes were determined by UPLC-MS/MS and quantified by stable isotope internal standard.The results showed good linearity in the ranges of 0.2~10.0 μg/kg for amantadine and 2.0~100 μg/kg for all fluoroquinolones.The method recoveries were between 80% and 120%,and also the precisions were lower than 20%.The QuEChERS method is simple,rapid,and sensitive.It is suitable for the screening of amantadine and fluoroquinolones residues in poultry muscle and quantitative determination.
Watering beds with porous tubing

Abstract Lomax, K. M. 1986. Watering beds with porous tubing. (Proc. Int. Symp. Sci. and Tech. Aspects of Cultivating Edible Fungi.) An irrigation system that uniformly distributed water to the casing layer without manual spraying was developed using porous tubing. A mechanical system for installing and retrieving the tubing allowed rapid placement of five tubes per bed. The Delaware Trickle Irrigation for Mushroom (DELTIM) system provided 1) reduced labor for watering, 2) controlled, uniform delivery of water, and 3) the ability to water during flushes without wetting the fruit bodies.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Leadership Attitudes and Beliefs Scale - III

Wielkiewicz (2000) developed the Leadership Attitudes and Belief Scale - III (LABS-III), a scale to measure college students’ attitudes and beliefs about hierarchal and systemic leadership. The benefit of this scale is that it assesses attitudes and beliefs of college students without the necessity of prior leadership experience. The scale was developed based on Allen, Stelzner, and Wielkiewicz's (1998) theory of ecological leadership. Wielkiewicz validated the LABS-III using two groups, students at a Catholic college and students at a traditional public university. This study investigates the attitudes and beliefs of students from a conservative, private college, dissimilar in overall orientation and background from the two groups used by Wielkiewicz. A confirmatory factor analysis showed the Leadership Attitudes and Beliefs scale loaded on two dimensions, hierarchal and systemic thinking. This study finds that Wielkiewicz’s scale has content validity but lacks discriminate validity with some questions but it does load on two dimensions, as designed. It is recommended that additional studies be done with larger samples.
P128 Transplant patients with HLA allele antibodies need donors typed at that level

We are disadvantaging pre and post transplant patients who have potential HLA allele donor specific antibodies (DSAs), when deceased donors are not typed an intermediate or high resolution. How can we estimate the antibody mediated rejection risk (AMR), when we can’t tell if an allele antibody is a DSA? With RT-PCR, SSP and rSSO, we have the ability to type donors in 3–6 h at intermediate to near allele level, why isn’t this level required, it is often needed? Forty-eight percent of my kidney waitlist active patients have HLA antibodies, seventy-eight percent of these patients have some allele antibodies. About twenty-five percent of our virtual and prospective crossmatches involve interpreting potential allele DSAs. Fortunately, Our OPO provides most organ offers with intermediate HLA typing and the typing data, which frequently has enabled an accurate identification of DSAs, and a better estimation of the risk of AMR. An example of how intermediate donor typing, with a patient’s single antigen profile can help identify DSAs:identify DSAs: Download : Download high-res image (91KB) Download : Download full-size image We need to require donor typing at near allele level, to provide pre and post transplant patients better AMR risk assessment and access to transplantation. S.S. Geier: Consultant; Company/Organization; Consulting Director LABSNE, Gift of Life OPO HLA Lab. Scientific/Medical Advisor; Company/Organization; Donor Alliance OPO Advisor Board member. Employee; Company/Organization; Temple University Hospital and Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Director Immunogenetics Lab. Other (Identify); Company/Organization; 2016 UNOS Region 2 representative to the Histo Committee.
Spatial Competition in Local Audit Markets and the Fallout on Deloitte from the 2007 PCAOB Censure

SUMMARY: We examine whether Deloitte's spatial location in local audit markets affected the firm's adverse fallout—in terms of decreased ability to retain new clients and maintain audit fees—from the 2007 PCAOB censure. We motivate our inquiry by the notion that auditor-client alignment and auditor-closest-competitor distance can help differentiate the incumbent Big 4 auditor from other Big 4 auditors and thus provide market power, i.e., inhibit clients from shopping for another supplier because of the lack of a similar Big 4 provider in the local audit market. Consequently, it seems reasonable that the increase in switching risk and loss of fee growth suffered by Deloitte following the 2007 PCAOB censure will be lower in local markets where Deloitte was the market leader and its market share distance from its closest competitor was greater. Our findings suggest that the decline in Deloitte's audit fee growth rate following the 2007 PCAOB censure was concentrated in the pharmaceutical industry, although t...
A response-adaptive design of initial therapy for emergency department patients with heart failure

Finding safe and effective treatments for acute heart failure syndrome (AHFS) is a high priority. More than 80% of patients with AHFS who present to emergency departments are treated identically with intravenous diuretics, despite recognition of the syndrome's heterogeneity. We hypothesize that matching patient profiles with "personalized" AHFS treatments will improve outcomes. Matching multiple heterogeneous clinical profiles with a number of potentially effective treatments requires an adaptive trial design that can adjust for these complexities. We propose a Bayesian response-adaptive randomization trial design for AHFS patients. Baseline information collected for each patient with AHFS prior to randomization includes blood pressure, renal function, and dyspnea severity. The primary outcome is discharge readiness within 23h of presentation and no unplanned emergency visits or admissions for acute heart failure within 7days of discharge. We use a Bayesian logistic regression model to characterize the association between primary outcome and patient profile. We adaptively randomize patients to one of five treatments, basing the randomization probability on the cumulative data from the ongoing trial and fitting results from the regression model. Simulations show high probability of selecting the best treatment corresponding to the patient's profile while allocating more patients to the efficacious treatments within the trial.
Constructing, Modeling, and Engaging in a Successful Educational Partnership

Art offers students alternative ways of communicating thoughts and ideas, understanding their experiences, and developing resilience and defining a stronger sense of self (Heise, 2013; Linesch, 198...
Ischemic Stroke After Treatment of Intraprocedural Thrombosis During Stent-Assisted Coiling and Flow Diversion.

Background and Purpose— Intraprocedural thrombosis poses a formidable challenge during neuroendovascular procedures because the risks of aggressive thromboembolic treatment must be balanced against the risk of postprocedural hemorrhage. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of ischemic stroke after intraprocedural thrombosis after stent-assisted coiling and pipeline embolization device placement. Methods— A retrospective analysis of intracranial aneurysms treated with stent-assisted coiling or pipeline embolization device placement between 2007 and 2016 at 4 major academic institutions was performed to identify procedures that were complicated by intraprocedural thrombosis. Results— Intraprocedural thrombosis occurred in 34 (4.6%) procedures. Postprocedural ischemic stroke and hemorrhage occurred in 20.6% (7/34) and 11.8% (4/34) of procedures complicated by intraprocedural thrombosis, respectively. Current smoking was an independent predictor of ischemic stroke. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of ischemic stroke or postprocedural hemorrhage with the use of abciximab compared with the use of eptifibatide in treatment of intraprocedural thrombosis. Conclusions— Current protocols for treatment of intraprocedural thrombosis associated with placement of intra-arterial devices were effective in preventing ischemic stroke in ≈80% of cases. Current smoking was the only independent predictor of ischemic stroke.
“I Know I’m an Adult When…I Can Care for Myself and Others”: The Role of Social Responsibilities in Emerging Adulthood for Community College Students

Growing populations of emerging adults are demographically diverse in terms of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and immigration history in the United States and many attend community colleges....
On the Relevance of Research Findings in Cognitive Neuroscience to Educational Practice

In their target article, Byrnes and Fox (1998) argue that many of the recent findings from the field of cognitive neuroscience have particular importance for education. In our commentary, we lend support to their contention by reporting on some of our work that has potential relevance to the proposed interface between cognitive neuroscience and education. Specifically, we discuss the findings from several studies investigating the neuropsychology of intellectual giftedness, and sex differences in the brain, each of which suggest a unique functional organization that differentiates gifted from average ability adolescents, as well as males from females. We further propose that the translation of cognitive neuroscience findings into specialized classroom instructional methods which capitalize on the plasticity of the brain, as well as the apparent individual differences in its functional organization, may be the most significant challenge facing those in the front-lines of educational practice.
Checkpoint inhibitors in hematological malignancies

Inhibitory molecules such as PD-1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, or TIM-3 play a role to keep a balance in immune function. However, many cancers exploit such molecules to escape immune surveillance. Accumulating data support that their functions are dysregulated in lymphoid neoplasms, including plasma cell myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia. In lymphoid neoplasms, aberrations in 9p24.1 (PD-L1, PD-L2, and JAK2 locus), latent Epstein-Barr virus infection, PD-L1 3′-untranslated region disruption, and constitutive JAK-STAT pathway are known mechanisms to induce PD-L1 expression in lymphoma cells. Clinical trials demonstrated that PD-1 blockade is an attractive way to restore host’s immune function in hematological malignancies, particularly classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Numerous clinical trials exploring PD-1 blockade as a single therapy or in combination with other immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hematologic cancers are under way. Although impressive clinical response is observed with immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with certain cancers, not all patients respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, to identify best candidates who would have excellent response to checkpoint inhibitors is of utmost importance. Several possible biomarkers are available, but consensus has not been made and pursuit to discover the best biomarker is ongoing.
A Distributed Control Model for Dextrous Hands

Abstract This paper addresses the problems encountered in controlling a dextrous hand. It shows the inadequacies of existing control models. Control is seen here as being distributed in the modelling itself. The rest of the paper elaborates the use of potential fields in distributing control. Finally the joint and motor control issues of the Salisbury Hand in this context is given.
The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory

Once thought to be a waste product of anaerobic metabolism, lactate is now known to form continuously under aerobic conditions. Shuttling between producer and consumer cells fulfills at least three purposes for lactate: (1) a major energy source, (2) the major gluconeogenic precursor, and (3) a signaling molecule. "Lactate shuttle" (LS) concepts describe the roles of lactate in delivery of oxidative and gluconeogenic substrates as well as in cell signaling. In medicine, it has long been recognized that the elevation of blood lactate correlates with illness or injury severity. However, with lactate shuttle theory in mind, some clinicians are now appreciating lactatemia as a "strain" and not a "stress" biomarker. In fact, clinical studies are utilizing lactate to treat pro-inflammatory conditions and to deliver optimal fuel for working muscles in sports medicine. The above, as well as historic and recent studies of lactate metabolism and shuttling, are discussed in the following review.
The distribution of the Capital Purchase Program funds: Evidence from bank internal capital markets

We investigate the role played by the internal capital markets of bank holding companies in the distribution of the Capital Purchase Program funds to subsidiaries. We find that while all banks used a similar internal capital allocation to support their subsidiaries, program participants transferred more capital to their subsidiaries than nonparticipants. Smaller bank subsidiaries with lower capital and earnings received more capital than other subsidiaries. Our results support the argument that the distribution of capital was done in accordance with regulatory requirements that mandate bank holding companies to act as a source of strength for their subsidiaries.
Prospects for an Americas Free Trade Area

The hard-fought U.S. congressional passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) late in 1993 signaled the beginning of a new phase in the trade policies of the United States, Mexico, and Canada. Following the victory, the Clinton administration announced that 1994 was going to be the “year of Latin America” in U.S. trade policy. Vice President Al Gore announced the “Summit of the Americas,” inviting Western Hemisphere leaders to the United States to forge an Americas Free Trade Area (AFTA) that would ultimately unite the entire hemisphere in the world’s largest trade bloc—a $13 trillion market with some 850 million consumers.1 The target date for completion of the vast trade area was set for the year 2005.
Frequency Dependence of a Cryogenic Capacitor Measured Using Single Electron Tunneling Devices

A new type of capacitance standard based on counting electronshas been built. The operation of the standard has alreadygiven very promising results for the determination of thevalue of a cryogenic vacuum-gap capacitor. The new capacitancestandard operates at an effective frequency close to dc,whereas capacitance metrology usually implies the use ofbridges operating at a fixed frequency around 1 kHz.Therefore, the frequency dependence of the cryogenic capacitoris critical to the practical application of this standard. Wepresent measurements of this frequency dependence using atechnique that involves the same single electron tunnelingdevices used in the capacitance standard.
Multiple angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia of the hand : Report of a case and review of the literature

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare angioproliferative disorder with a predilection for the head and neck region. ALHE is very rare in the extremities and even more rare in the hand, with only single cases reported in this location. We describe the occurrence of multiple lesions of ALHE on the right hand of a 26-year-old woman. We report this unusual occurrence and convey a clinical differential diagnosis with other benign and malignant conditions of the hand. All the lesions of the palm were excised out as a unit, the subungual lesion removed completely, and the involved segment of the right common digital artery excised. The tissues were processed for routine histologic examination as well as for histochemical and immunohistochemical tests. Electron microscopic study was also performed. Recurrent lesions on the same hand were also excised. Histologic examination of all the lesions revealed classic morphologic features of ALHE. The results of special studies confirmed the endothelial nature of the proliferating cells. ALHE can present as multiple lesions in the hand, and can arise in a subungual location. The possibility of larger arteries being involved should be considered. Recurrent lesions may appear months after the original presentation.
A Pilot Vertical Seismic Profiling Experiment in the Cajon Pass Deep Scientific Drillhole

The Cajon Pass Deep Scientific Drillhole (see Henyey et al., this volume) is expected to provide one of the first opportunities for a comprehensive study of the crystalline crust using the vertical seismic profiling (VSP) technique. The hole is being drilled to a depth of 5 km through a diverse suite of basement rocks adjacent to the San Andreas fault in southern California. Major low-angle structures of regional importance related to the fault and nearby Transverse Ranges uplift (Fig. 1) are inferred to exist in the Cajon Pass area (e.g. Weldon 1986). Numerous fracture zones (faults?) and petrologic discontinuities have already been intersected in the first 2 km of hole.
The docetaxel debate: impact of chemotherapy in high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer

Taxanes have an established role in the management of metastatic prostate cancer (1-5) but much controversy still exists in their application for men with high risk non-metastatic disease. Much of this controversy is due to the varied settings in which they have been studied as for instance primary treatment with radiation and androgen deprivation therapy vs. post-prostatectomy and by wide ranging risk factors such as node positive disease, Gleason score, elevated PSA, or T3/T4 disease.
Hypoalbuminemia is a risk factor for predicting early postoperative complications after proximal humerus fracture fixation.

Abstract Background Hypoalbuminemia is a marker for malnourishment and is associated with poor outcomes in the setting of hip fractures, periprosthetic joint fractures, and spine surgery. We hypothesized that hypoalbuminemia is associated with higher rates of early complication in patients undergoing surgical treatment for proximal humerus fractures. Methods Utilizing the ACS NSQIP database, all proximal humerus fractures treated with plate fixation were extracted from 2006 to 2015. Two cohorts were compared based on hypoalbuminemia (albumin 3.5 g/dL). Patient demographics and postoperative complications were analyzed with multivariable regression. Results Out of 916 patients undergoing PHF surgery, 290(31.7%) satisfied criteria for hypoalbuminemia (mean age: 65.9, female: 71%). Among 339 obese patients with BMI>30, 87 (25.7%) were hypoalbuminemic. Patients with hypoalbuminemia were overall at higher risk of any (29.7% vs 12.1%, p Conclusion Hypoalbuminemia is associated with higher risk for complications and readmission after PHFs. It occurs more frequently in patients with chronic disease and is predictive of malnourishment. Paradoxically, hypoalbuminemia is not uncommon in obese patients. Level of evidence III; Retrospective Cohort Study.
Structure-Mapping Processes Enable Infants’ Learning Across Domains Including Language

Humans have an astounding ability to acquire new information. Like many other animals, we can learn by association and by perceptual generalization. However, unlike most other species, we also acquire new information by means of relational generalization and transfer. In this chapter, we explore the origins of a uniquely developed human capacity—our ability to learn relational abstractions through analogical comparison. We focus on whether and how infants can use analogical comparison to derive relational abstractions from examples. We frame our work in terms of structure-mapping theory, which has been fruitfully applied to analogical processing in children and adults. We find that young infants show two key signatures of structure mapping: first, relational abstraction is fostered by comparing alignable examples, and second, relational abstraction is hampered by the presence of highly salient objects. The studies we review make it clear that structure-mapping processes are evident in the first months of life, prior to much influence of language and culture. This finding suggests that infants are born with analogical processing mechanisms that allow them to learn relations through comparing examples.
Abstract 03: LDL-C Genetic Risk Score Predicts Hyperlipidemia and Modifies Lipid Trajectory Over the Life Course: The Bogalusa Heart Study

Introduction: Variability in lipid levels is decreased in childhood compared to adulthood. However, few studies have assessed whether genetic information may help to predict hyperlipidemia beyond m...
The effectiveness of a non-physician provider-led palliative care intervention to improve outcomes in patients with cancer.

e24110Background: Palliative care (PC) improves symptom burden, patient and family distress and quality of life of patients with advanced illnesses. Previous evidence has shown that non-physician p...
The Importance of History In Decentralization

Chapter 9 emphasizes the role of history in the creation of decentralized organizations. Access to historical records creates transparency and accountability and enables punishment and rewards in decentralized organizations which changes the motivations of members from a focus on immediate rewards to the future, en-couraging delayed gratification, and sacrifice for the good of the group. Historical review changes the game-theoretical perspective from a single-stage game, to a repeated game. This leads to more efficient cooperation instead of internal competition. Review helps create a decentralized history for decentralized organizations, which gives them momentum. History is the basis for making governance more effective. History brings clarity and stability.
Design of a Wideband 140 GHz, 1 kW Gyro-Amplifier

The design and simulation results for a 1 kW, 140 GHz gyro-amplifier are presented. A bandwidth of over 4.5 GHz has been achieved in simulation with peak saturated gain of over 52 dB. The HE 06 mode of a confocal cylindrical waveguide is chosen as the operating mode and distributed loss is employed via diffraction to stabilize the circuit. The amplifier will be capable of amplifying short pulses on the nanosecond scale.
PROPERTY INTERRELATIONSHIPS IN SENSITIVE CLAYS

THE AUTHORS' ORIGINAL PAPER EXAMINED THE PREMISE THAT A CONSISTENT PICTURE OF THE PROPERTIES OF CLAYS OF DIFFERENT SENSITIVITY MAY BE DEVELOPED FROM THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF SENSITIVITY, LIQUIDITY INDEX, AND EFFECTIVE STRESS. IN HIS DISCUSSION, MAJUMDAR SUGGESTED OTHER RELATIONSHIPS. THE DEFINITION OF ACTIVITY USED BY THE WRITERS WAS PLASTICITY INDEX/PERCENT CLAY SIZES LESS THAN 2 MICRONS, AS NOTED BY MAJUMDAR. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENSITIVITY AND ACTIVITY REFERRED TO BY THE WRITERS WAS NOT PARTICULARLY STRONG. THUS, A CORRESPONDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENSITIVITY AND CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY AND SPECIFIC SURFACE SUGGESTED BY MAJUMDAR IS EXPECTED TO BE WEAKER AND THEREFORE NOT VERY USEFUL. SANGREY PRESENTS DATA WHICH INDICATE THAT LEDA CLAY AND SOME OTHER CANADIAN CLAYS APPEAR TO BE INFLUENCED STRONGLY BY CEMENTATION. THE WRITERS AGREE THAT THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOPED FOR NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED, NONCEMENTED CLAYS CANNOT BE APPLIED DIRECTLY TO CEMENTED AND OVER-CONSOLIDATED CLAYS. NOTE, HOWEVER, THAT IF THE APPARENT PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE, PC, FOR LEDA CLAY IS USED IN PLACE OF THE EXISTING PRESSURE AS SUGGESTED BY THE WRITERS, A C/PC RATIO OF ABOUT 0.26 IS OBTAINED, IS ONLY SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN EXPECTED FOR UNCEMENTED SENSITIVE CLAYS. THE CANADIAN CEMENTED CLAYS CITED BY SANGREY ALSO EXHIBITED VALUES OF STRAIN AT FAILURE SIMILAR TO THOSE FOR OTHER SENSITIVE CLAYS. SANGREY STATES THAT "REASONABLE AGREEMENT IS NOTED BETWEEN THE DATA IN TABLE 2 AND FIGURE 17." THE DEVIATIONS APPEAR SIGNIFICANT TO THE WRITERS AND RAISE SOME QUESTION ABOUT THE VALUES REPORTED FOR THE REMOLDED STRENGTH OF THE ATTERBERG LIMITS FOR THE CANADIAN CEMENTED CLAYS, ESPECIALLY THE LEDA CLAY. THE WRITERS CONCLUDE, THEREFORE, THAT ALTHOUGH QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATES FOR SOME PARAMETERS--ESPECIALLY THE SENSITIVITY ITSELF--OBTAINED FROM THE ORIGINAL PAPER MAY BE ITSELF--OBTAINED FROM THE ORIGINAL PAPER MAY BE THESE CLAYS EXHIBIT THE SAME FEATURES QUALITATIVELY AS OTHER SENSITIVE CLAYS.
Effect of antioxidants on histamine receptor activation and sustained postexercise vasodilatation in humans

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Is exercise-induced oxidative stress the upstream exercise-related signalling mechanism that leads to sustained postexercise vasodilatation via activation of H1 and H2 histamine receptors? What is the main finding and its importance? Systemic administration of the antioxidant ascorbate inhibits sustained postexercise vasodilatation to the same extent as seen previously with H1 and H2 histamine receptor blockade following small muscle-mass exercise. However, ascorbate has a unique ability to catalyse the degradation of histamine. We also found that systemic infusion of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine had no effect on sustained postexercise vasodilatation, suggesting that exercise-induced oxidative stress does not contribute to sustained postexercise vasodilatation. An acute bout of aerobic exercise elicits a sustained postexercise vasodilatation that is mediated by histamine H1 and H2 receptor activation. However, the upstream signalling pathway that leads to postexercise histamine receptor activation is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the potent antioxidant ascorbate would inhibit this histaminergic vasodilatation following exercise. Subjects performed 1 h of unilateral dynamic knee extension at 60% of peak power in three conditions: (i) control; (ii) i.v. ascorbate infusion; and (iii) ascorbate infusion plus oral H1/H2 histamine receptor blockade. Femoral artery blood flow was measured (using Doppler ultrasound) before exercise and for 2 h postexercise. Femoral vascular conductance was calculated as flow/pressure. Postexercise vascular conductance was greater for control conditions (3.4 ± 0.1 ml min−1 mmHg−1) compared with ascorbate (2.7 ± 0.1 ml min−1 mmHg−1; P < 0.05) and ascorbate plus H1/H2 blockade (2.8 ± 0.1 ml min−1 mmHg−1; P < 0.05), which did not differ from one another (P = 0.9). Given that ascorbate may catalyse the degradation of histamine in vivo, we conducted a follow-up study, in which subjects performed exercise in two conditions: (i) control; and (ii) i.v. N-acetylcysteine infusion. Postexercise vascular conductance was similar for control (4.0 ± 0.1 ml min−1 mmHg−1) and N-acetylcysteine conditions (4.0 ± 0.1 ml min−1 mmHg−1; P = 0.8). Thus, the results in the initial study were due to the degradation of histamine in skeletal muscle by ascorbate, because the histaminergic vasodilatation was unaffected by N-acetylcysteine. Overall, exercise-induced oxidative stress does not appear to contribute to sustained postexercise vasodilatation.
Electrohydrodynamically Enhanced Heat Transfer in Liquids—A Review

Publisher Summary This chapter serves as a useful synopsis of the field of electrohydrodynamically (EHD) coupled heat transfer in liquids, so the equations of motion are those of a viscous incompressible fluid. An exhaustive published bibliography of work on EHD coupled heat transfer is provided and reviews the principal contributions made by Kronig and Ahsmann. The conventional formulation of the equations of EHD is provided to facilitate discussion of various theoretical contributions. The classification of important parameters used in EHD heat-transfer research is summarized. Some important aspects of EHD coupled heat-transfer enhancement including a succinct set of conditions that define the various regimes are reviewed. Specific application of the complex electrohydrodynamic mechanisms involved in EHD coupled heat transfer in liquids is considered. Potential applications of EHD heat transfer include general enhancement of pool boiling for heat exchanger equipment. Certain advantages and disadvantages of EHD coupled heat transfer in low temperature and cryogenic high-voltage cables should be assessed. The boiling and condensation heat transfer and basic configuration of an EHD heat pipe using electromechanical flow structure to promote condensate return flow are diagrammatically represented. The list of experimental observations and theoretical conclusions are summarized and the principal results of the papers are reviewed.
An LED for silicon-based integrated optoelectronics

Summary form only given. Efficient and fast Si-based light-emitting devices (LEDs) integrated into VLSI architecture are desirable for digital optical displays and optical interconnects. The basic requirements include device stability and voltage levels sufficient for IC operation with the primary contingency of total compatibility with standard microelectronic processing. Crystalline silicon is an inefficient light-emitting material due to its indirect band structure. Of all the approaches proposed so far to correct this deficiency, only porous silicon (PSi) prepared by anodic etching exhibits high-efficiency room temperature photoluminescence. However, it cannot be integrated in conventional Si process technology because PSi cannot survive standard processing steps. In this work we show that Si-rich silicon-oxide (SRSO) prepared by oxidation of PSi has appropriate light-emitting and carrier transport properties and is compatible with conventional processing techniques. The preparation procedure, device design and characterization are discussed in detail.
Changes in expression and distribution of Aplysia cell adhesion molecules can influence synapse formation and elimination in vitro

5-HT or FMRFamide evoke long-lasting changes in the efficacy of sensorimotor (SN-L7) synapses of Aplysia, structural alterations of the presynaptic sensory cell, and cell-specific downregulation in the distribution of the adhesion molecule apCAM. We examined how the cell- specific changes in apCAM might contribute to the formation of new presynaptic varicosities by 5-HT or the elimination of existing presynaptic varicosities by FMRFamide. We report that the formation of new sensory varicosities is directed by the presence of preexisting zones on the motor axon that are enriched for apCAM. Moreover, there was a further enrichment of apCAM levels at existing sensory varicosities contacting the motor axon beginning at 1 hr and lasting 24 hr after treatment with 5-HT. As was found for synapse formation during the early stages of cell-cell interaction, incubation with anti-apCAM mAb blocked the 5-HT-induced long-term changes in synaptic efficacy and the accompanying changes in sensory neuron structure. Long-term synaptic depression with FMRFamide was accompanied by an overall decline of apCAM levels. Treatment with FMRFamide evoked an even greater decline in apCAM levels at sites of sensory varicosities that preceded the structural changes and persisted especially at sites where sensory varicosities are eliminated. These results suggest that neurotransmitters evoke both cell- and site-specific changes in the levels of adhesion molecules that can influence either the formation or the elimination of presynaptic varicosities that accompany long-term heterosynaptic modulation of a behaviorally relevant synaptic connection.
Risk prediction for adverse events during initiation of sotalol and dofetilide for the treatment of atrial fibrillation.

Background Inpatient antiarrhythmic drug initiation for atrial fibrillation is mandated for dofetilide (DF) and is often performed for sotalol (SL), particularly if proarrhythmia risk factors are present. Whether low-risk patients can be identified to safely allow outpatient initiation is unknown. Methods A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed on patients initiated with DF or SL. Risk factors for adverse events (AEs), defined as any arrhythmia or electrocardiogram change requiring dose reduction or cessation, were identified. Results Of 329 patients, 227 (69%) received SL and 102 (31%) DF. The cohort had a mean age of 63 ± 13 years; 70% of patients were male and had a baseline QTc of 440 ± 37 ms. A total of 105 AEs occurred in 92 patients: QTc prolongation or ventricular tachyarrhythmia in 70 patients (67% of AEs), bradyarrhythmias in 35 patients (33% of AEs), with some experiencing both AE types. Ventricular arrhythmias were seen in 23 patients (7%) and torsades de pointes in one (0.3%). Total AE rates were similar between drugs (P = 0.09); however, DF patients had more QTc prolongation or ventricular arrhythmias (P = 0.001). In SL patients, there were no predictors for QTc prolongation or ventricular proarrhythmia. In DF patients, higher baseline QTc interval (odds ratio = 1.64/25 ms, P = 0.01) was an independent predictor of QTc prolongation or ventricular proarrhythmias. For patients without proarrhythmia risk factors, overall AE rate was 26%. Conclusions In conclusion, AEs are common during DF and SL initiation but rarely severe in hospitalized inpatients. Baseline QTc predicts AEs for DF patients only and AE are common even in “low-risk” patients. These results support in-hospital drug initiation for all DF and SL patients.
Functional genomics in the study of mind-body therapies.

Background Mind-body therapies (MBTs) are used throughout the world in treatment, disease prevention, and health promotion. However, the mechanisms by which MBTs exert their positive effects are not well understood. Investigations into MBTs using functional genomics have revolutionized the understanding of MBT mechanisms and their effects on human physiology. Methods We searched the literature for the effects of MBTs on functional genomics determinants using MEDLINE, supplemented by a manual search of additional journals and a reference list review. Results We reviewed 15 trials that measured global or targeted transcriptomic, epigenomic, or proteomic changes in peripheral blood. Sample sizes ranged from small pilot studies (n=2) to large trials (n=500). While the reliability of individual genes from trial to trial was often inconsistent, genes related to inflammatory response, particularly those involved in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway, were consistently downregulated across most studies. Conclusion In general, existing trials focusing on gene expression changes brought about by MBTs have revealed intriguing connections to the immune system through the NF-κB cascade, to telomere maintenance, and to apoptotic regulation. However, these findings are limited to a small number of trials and relatively small sample sizes. More rigorous randomized controlled trials of healthy subjects and specific disease states are warranted. Future research should investigate functional genomics areas both upstream and downstream of MBT-related gene expression changes—from epigenomics to proteomics and metabolomics.
"UC-Russia" globalization educational initiative

Teaching and learning online through the Internet are bound to change the structure of US traditional educational institutions. This motivated faculty of the College of Applied Science (OCAS), University of Cincinnati (UC) to propose and complete an international project on establishment of mutually beneficial international collaboration on Web-based education (WBE) between OCAS and the Ministry of Education of Russia. This project was a part of UC's globalization strategy.
PARAMUTATION OF THE R1 LOCUS OF MAIZE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CYTOSINE METHYLATION

In paramutation two alleles of a gene interact so that one of the alleles is epigenetically silenced. The silenced state is then genetically transmissible for many generations. The large (220 kbp) multigenic complex R-r is paramutable: its level of expression is changed during paramutation. R-r was found to exhibit increases in its level of cytosine methylation (C-methylation) following paramutation. These C-methylation changes are localized to the 5' portions of the two genes in the complex that are most sensitive to paramutation. These methylation changes flank a small region called sigma that is thought to have been derived from a transposon named doppia. A mutant derivative of R-r that has a deletion of the sigma region fails to become methylated under conditions in which R-r is heavily methylated. This suggests that the presence of sigma sequences at the locus is required for the methylation changes that are observed following paramutation.
Bacterial Iron Oxidation in Circumneutral Freshwater Habitats: Findings from the Field and the Laboratory

Lithotrophic Fe-oxidation at neutral pH is becoming recognized as an important microbial process. An overview of the microbial iron cycle is presented with an emphasis on the role of microbes that grow under microaerobic conditions at oxic-anoxic transition zones where Fe(II) is abundant. Examples of these environments from freshwater are considered. Contrary Creek is a spring-fed wetland in Virginia. Measurements over the course of a year showed that it had a consistent pH around 6, and Fe(II) concentrations ranged from 25 to 300 μ M, with the highest concentrations in the summer months. At all times abundant flocs of Fe-oxides composed principally of Lepthothrix ochracea sheaths were present. Based on observations at this site, and other sites, a model for microbial Fe mat formation is presented. A thermal site in Yellowstone National Park that had consistent circumneutral pH and high Fe(II) concentrations was also studied. This site did not have evidence for Fe-oxidizing bacteria, but was, instead, dom...
Mathematical modeling of ethanol production by immobilized Zymomonas mobilis in a packed bed fermenter

A mathematical model which describes ethanol production in a packed bed fermenter containing. Zymomonas mobilis entrapped in small spheres of calcium alginate within a packed bed fermenter has been developed. The equations combine simultaneous diffusion and reaction as well as a complex flow pattern to calculate glucose and ethanol profiles in the column type reactor. As part of the study, diffusivity values for glucose and ethanol in cell-loaded calcium alginate were determined. Also a freecell kinetic expression for Z. mobilis at 33 degrees C and ph 6.0 was developed. Comparison of the model with actual experimental results were made showing average deviations of ca. 30-40%.
Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence: a critical review.

PURPOSE: The aims of this review are 1) to critically evaluate the literature on the efficacy of biofeedback treatment for fecal incontinence, 2) to compare different types of biofeedback, and 3) to identify patient characteristics which predict a successful outcome. METHODS: The MEDLINE database was searched for articles published between 1973 and 1999 which included the terms “biofeedback” and “fecal incontinence.” Pediatric and adult articles in any language were screened. Inclusion for review required that the study be prospective, have five or more subjects, and have a description of the treatment protocol. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies were reviewed. Only six studies used a parallel treatment design and just three of those randomized subjects to treatment groups. A meta-analysis (weighted by subjects) was performed to compare the results of two treatment protocols that dominate the literature. The mean success rate of studies usingCoordination training (i.e., coordinating pelvic floor muscle contraction with the sensation of rectal filling) was 67 percent, while the mean success rate for studies usingStrength training (i.e., pelvic floor muscle contraction) was 70 percent. Furthermore, the mean success rate for thoseStrength training studies using electromyographic biofeedback was 74 percent, while the mean success rate for studies using anal canal pressure biofeedbackStrength training was 64 percent. However, these conclusions are limited by the absence of clearly identified criteria for determining success. There are also inconsistencies in the literature regarding the patient selection criteria, severity and cause of symptoms, amount of treatment, as well as the type of biofeedback protocols and instrumentation used. Finally, no patient characteristics were identified that would assist in predicting successful outcome. CONCLUSION: Although most studies report positive results using biofeedback to treat fecal incontinence, quality research is lacking. Recommendations are made for future investigations to 1) improve experimental design, 2) include long term follow-up data, and 3) to use an adequate sample size that allows for meaningful analysis.
Assessment and effective treatments of childhood psychopathology: Responsibilities and implications for practice

Children are presenting with a variety of mental health concerns to practitioners resulting in the need for thorough assessment, accurate diagnosing, and the most effective treatment available. Clinicians have a responsibility to keep abreast of and to provide the most effective treatment interventions available for their young clients. A review of the literature indicates that indeed there is a growing body of knowledge regarding treatment effectiveness for children's mental health needs which practitioners have an ethical responsibility to utilize. Professional development, legal ramifications and implications for practice in the managed care arena are discussed.
Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of myocardial proteins from lead-exposed rabbits

Despite reported adverse effects, the cardiovascular toxicity of lead remains controversial. The purpose of the present study was to determine if low-level subchronic exposure of rabbits to lead would produce detectable, concentration-dependent changes in myocardial proteins. Lead was administered to male Dutch Belted rabbits as a lead acetate solution, adjusted weekly to achieve and maintain the target blood lead levels of 0, 20, 40, and 80 microg/dL for 15 weeks. Lead exposures did not affect heart or body weights. Myocardial concentrations of lead at sacrifice were 58+/-25, 69+/-23, 102+/-62, and 105+/-37 ng/g. Of 808 individual proteins resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) in ventricular homogenates, 162 had coefficients of variation < 20%. A number of proteins were tentatively identified based on coordinate positions homologous to other established 2-DE patterns. Despite variable expression of some protein spots, none of the protein abundances analyzed were found to be significantly altered (P < 0.001) by the lead exposures studied. Therefore results show no detectable effect of a low-body burden of lead on major myocardial proteins of the rabbit.
Assessment of sustained attention in ad libitum fed Wistar rats: Effects of MK-801

Abstract Rationale Rodent models designed to assess cognitive function, such as sustained attention tasks, use food and/or fluid restriction in order to motivate responding. However, evidence indicates that dietary restriction can have profound effects on brain function and on the neurobehavioral effects of drugs. Objective The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using ad libitum fed rats to assess sustained attention in an operant 2-choice reaction time (2-CRT) task. Because N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor function is critical for sustaining attention in animal models, the effects of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 on 2-CRT performance were also assessed. Methods Male Wistar rats ( n = 20) rats were trained to perform an operant 2-CRT task. A 10% sucrose solution was used as the reinforcer. After performance levels stabilized, the effects of MK-801 (0.01–0.12 mg/kg, IP) were assessed. Results Stable levels of performance on the final version of the 2-CRT task was established after 2–3 months of training. Consistent with prior reports, correct trials varied as a function of stimulus light duration (1000 ms: 67 ± 3%, 500 ms: 59 ± 3%, 100 ms: 51 ± 3%, 50 ms: 43 ± 2%). Administration of 0.06 mg/kg MK-801 significantly increased choice accuracy. Administration of 0.12 mg/kg MK-801 significantly slowed reaction times and resulted in pronounced motor incoordination. Conclusions This study demonstrates that ad libitum fed rats can be trained to perform a 2-CRT task. However, the levels of choice accuracy are lower than typically observed under conditions of dietary restriction. The increase in choice accuracy following MK-801 is consistent with the effects of psychomotor stimulants and may suggest sustained attention was slightly enhanced by MK-801.
Effect of Lipid-Soluble Esters of Methotrexate on dna Synthesis in Human Skin *

The present study was designed to compare inhibition of DNA synthesis in human epidermis by lipid-soluble analogues of methotrexate and by other inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase to find a potentially useful topical agent for the therapy of psoriasis. Skin samples were preincubated for 30min with 10 -6 M concentrations of a series of 11 compounds. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by these compounds was assayed by measuring the incorporation of deoxyuridine- 3 H into extracted DNA following a 2-hr incubation. A ratio of inhibitory activity expressed as the % inhibition by 10 -6 M drug to the % inhibition by 10 -6 M methotrexate was calculated for each compound. Maximum inhibitory activity was obtained with the dimethyl and diethyl esters of methotrexate and the same esters of dichloromethotrexate, with mean ratios of 1.34, 1.34, and 1.35, 1.42, respectively. Further increases in alkyl chain length resulted in a decrease in inhibitory activity. Dichloromethotrexate yielded a 1.23 ratio, aminopterin a 1.32 ratio, while the pyrimethamine ratio was 0.11 and that of trimethoprim was 0. It is not known yet whether these results reflect differences in cell penetration due to lipid solubility characteristic's and/or differences in binding of drug by dihydrofolate reductase.