cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of patients with non‐ischaemic cardiomyopathy

The term “cardiomyopathy” refers to specific diseases affecting the myocardium which generally lead to clinical manifestations of heart failure, including exercise intolerance, dyspnoea, and fluid retention. The causes of cardiomyopathy can be broadly divided into two categories, ischaemic and non-ischaemic. In ischaemic cardiomyopathy, ventricular dysfunction is a consequence of myocardial ischaemia and infarction related to coronary arteriosclerosis, while there are many potential causes of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (NICM), including haemodynamic pathology, infection, immunologic abnormalities, toxic injury, or genetic factors. Determining the prevalence of NICM is made difficult by the heterogeneity in definitions and diagnostic criteria, selection bias in populations studied, and geographic variation. Many epidemiological and clinical studies simply classify patients as having NICM if heart failure is present but there is no clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of coronary disease. In addition, there are clear differences in population characteristics between community-based studies versus analyses of populations from referral centres. Finally, there appears to be geographic variation in the prevalence of specific aetiologies of NICM. Estimates of the prevalence of NICM range from 2–15% in community or hospital settings, and up to 50% in large clinical trials.1 Although the causes of NICM are many and varied, they generally culminate in a final common pathway of myocardial injury leading to ventricular dysfunction and clinical heart failure. In many cases of NICM a specific aetiology is never identified, or if one is, then frequently no aetiology-specific treatment is available; thus, treatment of NICM frequently includes standard management for systolic heart failure. While a minority of cardiomyopathies manifest with preserved systolic function, this article specifically reviews management of NICM manifesting with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. Many types of NICM are not treatable with specific therapies beyond those used for heart failure in general. A significant proportion of patients with NICM have idiopathic dilated …
Emission features of a conventional radio frequency glow discharge source and a magnetically enhanced source

Abstract A side-on-viewed source was developed in order to determine spatial emission features of a radio frequency (rf)-powered glow discharge. The discharge was formed inside a stainless steel T-shaped cell, which acted as the grounded anode. The cathode assembly was inserted into the leg of the T with the cathode situated near the T intersection. The resulting plasma was formed in the long arm of the T and was viewed through a window at one end of the T. Spatial profiles of Ar emission at 420 nm, Cu emission at 324 nm, and OH band emission at 309 nm were collected with an imaging spectrometer. The source was operated over a pressure range of 0.1–1.0 torr at rf power levels between 20 and 50 W. A power supply was employed at frequencies of 3.5, 6.78, and 13.56 MHz in order to determine the effect of driving frequency. The source was then modified by the placement of two magnets (either cobalt-samarium or ceramic) on its exterior. The magnets were placed on opposite sides of the T next to the cathode in order to create a transverse magnetic field in the region of the discharge above the cathode surface. The effect of the applied magnetic field on the voltage characteristics, sputtering rate, and spatial emission features of the source were then explored. Detection limits of the magnetically modified source for Monel 400 samples (Ni/Cu alloy) were also determined (10–50 ppm) using a high-resolution photodiode-array spectrometer.
Reversing the Downward Spiral of Science Instruction in K-2 Classrooms.

This study investigated the extent to which teacher professional development led to changes in science instruction in K-2 classrooms in rural school districts. The research specifically examined changes in (a) teachers’ content knowledge in science; (b) teachers’ self-efficacy related to teaching science; (c) classroom instructional time allotted to science; and (d) instructional strategies used in science. The study also investigated contextual factors contributing to or hindering changes in science instruction. Data sources included a teacher survey, a self-efficacy assessment, content knowledge tests, interviews, and classroom observations. After one year in the program, teachers showed increased content knowledge and self-efficacy in teaching science; they spent more instructional time on science and began using different instructional strategies. Key contextual factors included curricular demands, resources, administrative support, and support from other teachers.
Factors associated with loss to follow up after entry into care of HIV infected children ineligible for antiretroviral therapy: data from an HIV cohort study in India

Results The cumulative incidence of attrition (mortality and LTFU) was 15.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.320.5) after six years of follow-up, and the attrition rate was higher during the first year after enrolment. Children with a 12-month risk of AIDS 4%. Those children whose father had died had a lower risk of LTFU (SHR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.75) than those whose parents were alive and were living in a rented house. Children aged 10-14 had a lower risk of LTFU (SHR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.55) than those aged 5-9 years. Conclusions A substantial proportion of children ineligible for ART were LTFU before ART eligibility. These findings can be used by HIV programmes to design interventions aimed at reducing the attrition in pre-ART care of HIV infected children in India.
A New Excimer-Laser-Annealing Method for Manufacturing Large OLED Displays

In this paper, we present an example of a new generation of laser-crystallization approaches that can crystallize Si films for large active-matrix displays at drastically increased effective crystallization rates. The particular scheme presented in this paper is referred to as the advanced excimer-laser-annealing (AELA) method, and it can be readily configured for manufacturing large OLED TVs using various available and field-proven technical components. As in ELA, it is mostly a partial-/near-complete-melting-regime-based crystallization approach; AELA can, however, eventually achieve greater than one order of magnitude increase in the effective rate of crystallization over that of the conventional ELA technique utilizing the same laser source. We discuss in this paper how and why such a dramatic increase can be attained, and some strategical and technological benefits and options that can be entertained regarding, and as a result of the availability of, the AELA technique.
Extending Darwin's Analogy: Bridging Differences in Concepts of Selection between Farmers, Biologists, and Plant Breeders

Abstract Darwin developed his theory of evolution based on an analogy between artificial selection by breeders of his day and “natural selection.” For Darwin, selection included what biologists came to see as being composed of (1) phenotypic selection of individuals based on phenotypic differences, and, when these are based on heritable genotypic differences, (2) genetic response between generations, which can result in (3) evolution (cumulative directional genetic response over generations). The use of the term “selection” in biology and plant breeding today reflects Darwin's assumption—phenotypic selection is only biologically significant when it results in evolution. In contrast, research shows that small-scale, traditionally-based farmers select seed as part of an integrated production and consumption system in which selection is often not part of an evolutionary process, but is still useful to farmers. Extending Darwin's analogy to farmers can facilitate communication between farmers, biologists, and...
The use of pharmacotherapy in pregnancies with suspected diabetic fetopathy.

Objective: To review the evidence supporting incorporation of sonographic fetal measurements in deciding whether or not to add insulin to diet therapy independent of maternal glucose measures for women who have gestational diabetes. Methods: A literature search was conducted for studies incorporating sonographic estimates of fetal measures in the selection of treatment. Only randomized controlled trials were selected for review. Results: Four studies meeting selection criteria were identified. Methods of randomization, sonographic measurements used to indicate the addition of insulin for treatment, and clinical endpoints differed somewhat from study to study. Most studies reported a decrease in large neonates among women whose insulin treatment was indicated by ultrasound. In each study the targeted glucose values for patients treated with insulin based on sonographic measurements were lower than for those treated exclusively with diet. Conclusions: Available evidence suggests a benefit in reducing the in...
Review of The Chicago Guide to Writing about Numbers by Jane E. Miller

Miller, J. E. 2004. The Chicago Guide to Writing about Numbers. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 304 pp. Cloth $45 ISBN: 9780226526300, Softcover $17. ISBN: 9780226526317. The Chicago Guide to Writing about Numbers is a reference work suitable for anyone interested in understanding, using, or promoting quantitative thinking. Its primary aim is to identify and illustrate ways in which information associated with numbers can be conveyed most effectively given a particular communication purpose and context. The book is directed at writers who incorporate numbers in verbal or visual displays in documents, in oral presentations, or on the Web. The Chicago Guide to Writing about Numbers identifies overarching principles, offers concrete advice, and presents illuminating examples and models. The book can be used for instructional purposes for undergraduates, and a means of doing so is described. The review concludes by considering the book’s contributions to a wider call to help citizens write or argue more effectively by using numbers.
Role of 3-Nitropropanoic Acid in Nitrate Formation by Aspergillus flavus

Doxtader, K. G. (Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.), and M. Alexander. Role of 3-nitropropanoic acid in nitrate formation by Aspergillus flavus. J. Bacteriol. 91:1186–1191. 1966.—Aspergillus flavus formed nitrate, 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA), kojic acid, and a substance tentatively identified as N-formyl-N-hydroxy-glycine during growth in a medium with ammonium as sole nitrogen source. The concentration of the nitro compound reached a maximum prior to the appearance of nitrate; the 3-NPA level subsequently decreased with a concomitant increase in nitrate concentration. Replacement cultures of A. flavus produced nitrate from culture filtrates containing 3-NPA or from synthetic 3-NPA but not when supplied with fresh ammonium-sucrose medium, the nitrate-nitrogen formed being equivalent to 50% of the quantity of the 3-NPA-nitrogen initially present. Neither nitrate nor 3-NPA was synthesized by the fungus during growth in media with low pH or low ammonium concentrations. It is proposed that 3-NPA is either an intermediate or is in equilibrium with an intermediate in nitrification by the fungus.
Ethnic and sex variations in overweight self-perception: relationship to sedentariness.

Objective: With increasing frequency, health promotion messages advocating physical activity are claiming weight loss as a benefit. However, messages promoting physical activity as a weight loss strategy may have limited effectiveness and cross-cultural relevance. We recently found self-perceived overweight to be a more robust correlate of sedentary behavior than BMI in Los Angeles County adults. In this study, we examined ethnic and sex differences in overweight self-perception and their association with sedentariness in this sample. Research Methods and Procedures: We conducted bivariate and multivariate analyses of cross-sectional survey data from a representative sample of Los Angeles County adults. Results: Women were more likely to perceive themselves to be overweight than men overall (73.2% of overweight/non-obese and 24.1% of average weight women vs. 44.5% of overweight/non-obese and 5.6% of average weight men) and within each ethnic group. African-Americans were least likely (41.3% of overweight/non-obese African-Americans self-identified as overweight) and whites were most likely to consider themselves overweight (60.6% of overweight/non-obese whites self-identified as overweight). Overweight (vs. average weight) self-perception was correlated with sedentariness among average weight adults (45.3% vs. 33.0%, p < 0.001), overweight adults (43.4% vs. 33.6%, p < 0.001), men (average and overweight: 38.4% vs. 27.8%, p < 0.001), overweight whites (41.9% vs. 29.7%, p = 0.0012), and African-Americans and Latinos (41.6% vs. 33.9%, p = 0.005). Discussion: These data suggest that our society's emphasis on weight loss rather than lifestyle change may inadvertently discourage physical activity adoption/maintenance among non-obese individuals. However, further research is needed, particularly from prospective cohort and intervention studies, to elucidate the relationship between overweight self-perception and healthy lifestyle change.
Electron microscopy of vapor phase deposited diamond

Thin carbon films grown from a low pressure methane-hydrogen gas mixture by microwave plasma enhanced CVD have been examined by electron microscopy. Previously reported transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the diamond films has shown that the majority of diamond crystals have a very high defect density comprised of {111} twins, {111} stacking faults, and dislocations. In this study, high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) has been utilized to lattice image individual defects in these polycrystalline diamond films. Interpretation of the images from these defects is not trivial and reported image simulations have been utilized to understand further these defects. Fivefold multiply twinned particles have also been examined and it was found that the 7.5° misfit present in such particles has been accommodated at the twin boundaries rather than by elastic deformation. This creates a twin boundary coincident with a low angle grain boundary which has been termed a “tilted twin boundary”. The density of defects in these particles is generally high; however, a dramatic reduction in the defect density near the twin boundaries was observed. This defect reduction is significant because if its origin can be determined, this information may be useful in producing higher quality diamond films.
The Financialization of Home and the Mortgage Market Crisis

Financialization can be characterized as capital switching from the primary, secondary or tertiary circuit to the quaternary circuit of capital. Housing is a central aspect of financialization. The financialization of mortgage markets demands that not just homes but also homeowners become viewed as financially exploitable. It is exemplified by the securitization of mortgage loans, but also by the use of credit scoring and risk-based pricing. In the past century, mortgage markets were transformed from being a ‘facilitating market’ for homeowners in need of credit to one increasingly facilitating global investment. Since mortgage markets are both local consumer markets and global investment markets, the dynamics of financialization and globalization directly relate homeowners to global investors thereby increasing the volatility in mortgage markets, as the current crisis shows all too well.
MARKET ANALYSIS WITH RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS: THEORY AND ESTIMATION

Abstract In a dynamic market structure the rational expectations hypothesis implies the existence of a ‘fixed point’ or‘equilibrium’ price sequence. For a prototype market structure we develop the This approach displays the relationships between exogenous structure, expectations, and behavior. The resulting framework suggests effective estimation procedures and clarifies analysis. Results for an application are presented and discussed.
Symmetric Time-Reversible Flows with a Strange Attractor

A symmetric chaotic flow is time-reversible if the equations governing the flow are unchanged under the transformation t → -t except for a change in sign of one or more of the state space variables. The most obvious solution is symmetric and the same in both forward and reversed time and thus cannot be dissipative. However, it is possible for the symmetry of the solution to be broken, resulting in an attractor in forward time and a symmetric repellor in reversed time. This paper describes the simplest three-dimensional examples of such systems with polynomial nonlinearities and a strange (chaotic) attractor. Some of these systems have the unusual property of allowing the strange attractor to coexist with a set of nested symmetric invariant tori.
The Role of Collective Mental Models in IOS Adoption: Opening the Black Box of Rationality in RFID Deployment

Risks associated with change in technology standards and uncertainty over the sharing of costs and benefits among trading partners impede inter-organizational information system (IOS) adoption even when potential adopters prefer arriving at a common solution over realizing their heterogeneous preferences. In this coordination game, how the actors perceive their options with respect to other adopters perceptions may influence how they collectively proceed. Examining adoption from the adopters mental models as developed in the cognitive science, management, and political science literature, we develop propositions related to joint IOS adoption. First, convergent mental models across adopters accelerate the adoption process. Second, convergent mental models lead to the identification of the adoption option which results in the greatest collective welfare. Finally, convergent mental models impede innovative applications of new technologies. We discuss these propositions within the RFID adoption context and conclude by identifying practical implications and suggesting empirical approaches to testing these propositions.
Introduction to the parametric approach to robust stability

Recent results relating to the parametric approach to robust stability are discussed. The general problem of robust stability is defined, and a brief review of Kharotinov-type, edge, and zero-exclusion results is given. Several open research directions are indicated, followed by some remarks on the potential of the approach. >
A single-shot light probe

We demonstrate a novel light probe which can estimate the full dynamic range of a scene with multiple bright light sources. It places diffuse strips between mirrored spherical quadrants, effectively co-locating diffuse and mirrored probes to record the full dynamic range of illumination in a single exposure. From this image, we estimate the intensity of multiple saturated light sources by solving a linear system.
Ethanol Tolerance in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Is Dependent on Cellular Oleic Acid Content

In this investigation, we examined the effects of different unsaturated fatty acid compositions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth-inhibiting effects of ethanol. The unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) composition of S. cerevisiae is relatively simple, consisting almost exclusively of the mono-UFAs palmitoleic acid (Δ9Z-C16:1) and oleic acid (Δ9Z-C18:1), with the former predominating. Both UFAs are formed in S. cerevisiae by the oxygen- and NADH-dependent desaturation of palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0), respectively, catalyzed by a single integral membrane desaturase encoded by the OLE1 gene. We systematically altered the UFA composition of yeast cells in a uniform genetic background (i) by genetic complementation of a desaturase-deficient ole1 knockout strain with cDNA expression constructs encoding insect desaturases with distinct regioselectivities (i.e., Δ9 and Δ11) and substrate chain-length preferences (i.e., C16:0 and C18:0); and, (ii) by supplementation of the same strain with synthetic mono-UFAs. Both experimental approaches demonstrated that oleic acid is the most efficacious UFA in overcoming the toxic effects of ethanol in growing yeast cells. Furthermore, the only other UFA tested that conferred a nominal degree of ethanol tolerance is cis-vaccenic acid (Δ11Z-C18:1), whereas neither Δ11Z-C16:1 nor palmitoleic acid (Δ9Z-C16:1) conferred any ethanol tolerance. We also showed that the most ethanol-tolerant transformant, which expresses the insect desaturase TniNPVE, produces twice as much oleic acid as palmitoleic acid in the absence of ethanol and undergoes a fourfold increase in the ratio of oleic acid to palmitoleic acid in response to exposure to 5% ethanol. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol tolerance in yeast results from incorporation of oleic acid into lipid membranes, effecting a compensatory decrease in membrane fluidity that counteracts the fluidizing effects of ethanol.
Higher Education Marketplaces: A Comparison of Variety, Access, Dependence, and Quality in 15 Metropolitan Areas

An analysis of 15 metropolitan areas in the United States demonstrates that the characteristics of higher education in urban marketplaces are diverse. Nevertheless, metropolitan areas in the West and Southwest rank the highest when dimensions of variety, access, dependence, and quality are used to assess these marketplaces. Size, region, and strategic economic location provide some limited explanation for the variations in marketplaces, although historical case studies of individual areas will need to be completed for a fuller understanding of these marketplaces.
Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation reduces thromboembolic events and does not increase risk of bleeding in selected patients and settings

Commentary on: Heneghan C, Ward A, Perera R, et al. Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet 2012; 379: 322– 34.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Although oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists reduces major thromboembolism in high-risk patients, it requires frequent laboratory monitoring to prevent over-anticoagulation which can result in serious bleeding or under anticoagulation which increases the risk for thromboembolism. This monitoring typically occurs in clinical settings, but with marketing of accurate and reliable portable devices, it can now be done more conveniently by the patient at home. Several clinical trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of patient self-monitoring: either patient self-management (patient tests and adjusts the dose as needed) or patient self-testing with clinical dosing (dosing changes determined by clinicians). Heneghan … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DLancet%26rft.stitle%253DLancet%26rft.aulast%253DHeneghan%26rft.auinit1%253DC.%26rft.volume%253D379%26rft.issue%253D9813%26rft.spage%253D322%26rft.epage%253D334%26rft.atitle%253DSelf-monitoring%2Bof%2Boral%2Banticoagulation%253A%2Bsystematic%2Breview%2Band%2Bmeta-analysis%2Bof%2Bindividual%2Bpatient%2Bdata.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252811%252961294-4%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F22137798%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61294-4&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=22137798&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F17%2F6%2Fe14.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000300047300039&link_type=ISI
The Relationship Between Implant Preload and Screw Loosening on Implant-supported Prostheses

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether varying the preload on the implant-abutment complex would affect screw loosening under simulated loading conditions. Abutment screws in sample models were tightened to 25, 30, 35, and 40 N-cm. One group of samples was allowed to stand for 3 hours after being torqued and then loosened. Another group of samples was retorqued after 10 minutes with the same initial torque value and then allowed to stand for 3 hours before loosening. For the load group of samples, the abutments were torqued into place, retorqued after 10 minutes, and a load applied for 3 hours before loosening. Cyclic loading was carried out using a servo-hydraulic testing machine with the values cycled between 1 and 26 pounds and the load applied directly to the abutments. Analysis of variance, analysis of covariance, and linear regression analysis was performed. Within the parameters of this in vitro investigation, the following recommendations can be made: (1) retightening abutment...
Borrowed Theories, Shared Theories, and the Advancement of Nursing Knowledge

Despite the continued use of borrowed theories in nursing, little attention has been given to determining whether theories developed in another discipline are empirically adequate descriptions, explanations, or predictions of nursing phenomena. In this article, we demonstrate how a borrowed theory can be placed within a nursing context by linking it with two different conceptual models of nursing. We present our plans for research focused on condom use behavior and discuss how results from these studies will be used to determine whether the borrowed theory can be considered a shared theory.
Regulatory Mechanisms at the Mouse Igf2/H19 Locus

The closely linked H19 and Igf2 genes show highly similar patterns of gene expression but are reciprocally imprinted. H19 is expressed almost exclusively from the maternally inherited chromosome, while Igf2 expression is mostly from the paternal chromosome. In humans, loss of imprinting at this locus is associated with tumors and with developmental disorders. Monoallelic expression at the imprinted Igf2/H19 locus occurs by at least two distinct mechanisms: a developmentally regulated silencing of the paternal H19 promoter, and transcriptional insulation of the maternal Igf2 promoters. Both mechanisms of allele-specific silencing are ultimately dependent on a common cis-acting element located just upstream of the H19 promoter. The coordinated expression patterns and some experimental data support the idea that positive regulatory elements are also shared by the two genes. To clarify the organization and function of positive and negative regulatory elements at the H19/Igf2 locus, we analyzed two mouse mutations. First, we generated a deletion allele to localize enhancers used in vivo for expression of both H19 and Igf2 in mesodermal tissues to sequences downstream of the H19 gene. Coincidentally, we demonstrated that some expression of Igf2 is independent of the shared enhancer element. Second, we used this new information to further characterize an ectopic H19 differentially regulated region and the associated insulator. We demonstrated that its activity is parent-of-origin dependent. In contrast to recent results from Drosophila model systems; we showed that this duplication of a mammalian insulator does not interfere with its normal function. Implications of these findings for current models for monoallelic gene expression at this locus are discussed.
Low-power realization of FIR filters using current-mode analog design techniques

This work demonstrates the feasibility of low-power analog FIR filters using current-mode techniques. Preliminary results from the proposed filter indicate a power consumption that is much lower than alternate digital implementations at 20MSPS making it attractive for portable applications. The FIR filter comprises of a current-mode sample-and-hold configured as a delay element followed by an analog multiplier. Results from an 8-tap linear phase filter and a 16-tap non-linear phase filter are shown to match well with the ideal filter responses.
HPF on Fine-Grain Distributed Shared Memory: Early Experience

This paper examines the performance of a suite of HPF applications on a network of workstations using two different compilation approaches: generating explicit message-passing code, and generating code for a shared address space provided by a finegrain distributed shared memory system (DSM). Preliminary experiments indicate that the DSM approach performs with usually a small slowdown compared to the message passing approach on regular programs, yet enables efficient execution of non-regular programs.
Effect of Irradiation on Total Glycoalkaloids in Kennebec and Russet Burbank Potatoes

Effect of irradiation and storage conditions following irradiation on total glycoalkaloids (TGA) of Russet Burbank and Kennebec potatoes stored 4 and 12 wk was investigated. TGA increased significantly (p < 0.005) immediately following irradiation in both cultivars, but decreased upon storage. TGA was higher in Kennebec than Russet Burbank often exceeding levels considered safe for human consumption. At 5°C TGA was higher in tubers stored in paper as compared to polyethylene, while at 20°C this was reversed.
The Determination of Diffusion Coefficients as a Function of Concentration for Dyes in Fibres

A method of determining the dependence on dye concentration of the diffusion coefficient of dyes in fibrous substrates has been developed, based on an approximation method of Crank, in which the amount of dye adsorbed by the fibre is measured colorimetrically as a function of time. The method has been applied to two dyeing systems, the direct dye Chlorazol Sky Blue FF (C. I. Direct Blue 1) on rayon and the acid dye Naphthalene Scarlet 4R (C. I. Acid Red 18) on nylon 6. 6. The results are in good agreement with those of R. H. Peters et al. for the same dyes and substrates, although Peters used films and not fibres and determined diffusion coefficients by an experimentally more complex method that appears impractical for fibres, the film being sectioned and the dye concentration measured as a function of distance with a microdensitometer.
Effect of Immunological Inhibition of Lysosome Function on Radiation Survival of Rat Sarcoma Cells in Culture

An antibody capable of inhibiting lysosomal hydrolytic activity was prepared and its effects on the gamma -radiation survival curves of cultured CCL 47 rat-sarcomal cells were studied over a dose range 0 to 800 rads. In 22 experiments, an average D/sub o/ of 160 rads was determined. The average extrapolation number was 1.7. In 17 experiments in the presence of antilysosomal globulins, an average of D/sub o/ of 200 rads and an extrapolation number of 1.4 were found. It is postulated that these enhanced survival rates were due to the immunologcal suppression of the lysosomal hydrolytic activity. Participation of endogenous acid hydrolases in cell autolysis would be impaired by their insolubilization in situ by the antilysosomal antibodies. A delay in the autolytic events would provide a certain advantage to partially injured cells that retained repair capabilities. (UK)
Thresholded Multivariate Principal Component Analysis for Phase I Multichannel Profile Monitoring

ABSTRACTMonitoring multichannel profiles has important applications in manufacturing systems improvement, but it is nontrivial to develop efficient statistical methods because profiles are high-dim...
Functional complementation of fumonisin biosynthesis in FUM1-disrupted fusarium verticillioides by the AAL-toxin polyketide synthase gene ALT1 from Alternaria alternata f. sp. Lycopersici.

Fumonisins and AAL-toxins are mycotoxins produced by several widespread fungal pathogens of crops. The carbon backbone of the mycotoxins originates from a highly reduced, acyclic polyketide, a C18 ...
Esterase Activity in Erythroieukemia

Specific esterase activity, a property generally ascribed to cells of granulocytic origin, was found in abnormal erythroid precursors obtained from the bone marrows of six patients with untreated erythroieukemia. These erythroblasts also showed nonspecific esterase activity. Neither specific nor nonspecific esterase activity was detected in erythroid precursors obtained from the bone marrows of ten presumed normal individuals. The implications of finding specific esterase activity in the erythroblasts of erythroieukemia are discussed.
Molecular Driving Forces behind the Tetrahydrofuran-Water Miscibility Gap.

The tetrahydrofuran–water binary system exhibits an unusual closed-loop miscibility gap (transitions from a miscible regime to an immiscible regime back to another miscible regime as the temperature increases). Here, using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we probe the structural and dynamical behavior of the binary system in the temperature regime of this gap at four different mass ratios, and we compare the behavior of bulk water and tetrahydrofuran. The changes in structure and dynamics observed in the simulations indicate that the temperature region associated with the miscibility gap is distinctive. Within the miscibility-gap temperature region, the self-diffusion of water is significantly altered and the second virial coefficients (pair-interaction strengths) show parabolic-like behavior. Overall, the results suggest that the gap is the result of differing trends with temperature of minor structural changes, which produces interaction virials with parabolic temperature dependence near the mis...
A comparison of the site of action of gastrin I on lower esophageal sphincter and antral circular smooth muscle.

The purpose of this study is to compare the mechanism of action of gastrin I on lower esophageal sphincter and antral circular muscle of the opossum in vitro. This study indicates that the maximum response of circular muscle of both anatomic regions to gastrin I is antagonized by atropine, hyoscine, tetrodotoxin, and hemicholinium. Other antagonists, in concentrations that produce near maximal antagonism of the response to their natural agonists, do not alter the response to gastrin I. Physostigmine augments the response to gastrin I on circular muscle of both regions. From these data, we conclude that gastrin I acts on the circular muscle of both the lower esophageal sphincter and the antrum through a similar mechanism. Gastrin I stimulates postganglionic cholinergic nerves to release acetylcholine.
The Myth Reconsidered

For almost 1000 years, the old Roman Empire was divided: between the East, centred on Constantinople, and the West. Both sides were heirs to classical (Roman and Greek) civilization, but East and West gradually went down different paths theologically, intellectually and culturally. The West went through a ‘Dark Age’, with Rome overrun by barbarians and its knowledge almost completely lost: the light of classical civilization only kept burning through the scattered monasteries of Western Europe. But in the East, the Roman Empire flourished, and came to be known as the Byzantine Empire. It expanded its power and influence across the Eastern Mediterranean, and even to Italy. For the Byzantines, there was no rupture between the Rome of Augustus and the Medieval world. The philosophy and culture of Rome, originally filtered from classical Greece, and now filtered once again through Byzantine Greece, was a living tradition, with significant intellectual centres flourishing in different periods, for instance in Athens and Alexandria.
Robust Stability Analysis of Linear State Space Systems

In this chapter, which is also one of the main chapters of the book, we address the issue of robust stability analysis for uncertain linear dynamic systems. We first present a rigorous mathematical formulation of the problem, mainly focusing on continuous-time systems. Then, we consider various characterizations of uncertainty discussed in the previous chapter and present corresponding bounds on the perturbations for robust stability.
Immunometabolism in systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies directed against nucleoprotein complexes. Beyond the activation of autoreactive B cells, this process involves dysregulation in many other types of immune cells, including CD4+ T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Metabolic substrate utilization and integration of cues from energy sensors are critical checkpoints of effector functions in the immune system, with common as well as cell-specific programmes. Patients with SLE and lupus-prone mice present with activated metabolism of CD4+ T cells, and the use of metabolic inhibitors to normalize these features is associated with therapeutic effects. Far less is known about the metabolic requirements of B cells and myeloid cells in SLE. This article reviews current knowledge of the alterations in metabolism of immune cells in patients with SLE and mouse models of lupus in the context of what is known about the metabolic regulation of these cells during normal immune responses. How these alterations might contribute to lupus pathogenesis and how they can be targeted therapeutically are also discussed.
Quantum potentiality revisited

Heisenberg offered an interpretation of the quantum state which made use of a quantitative version of an earlier notion, , of Aristotle by both referring to it using its Latin name, potentia , and identifying its qualitative aspect with . The relationship between this use and Aristotle9s notion was not made by Heisenberg in full detail, beyond noting their common character: that of signifying the system9s objective capacity to be found later to possess a property in actuality. For such actualization, Heisenberg required measurement to have taken place, an interaction with external systems that disrupts the otherwise independent, natural evolution of the quantum system. The notion of state actualization was later taken up by others, including Shimony, in the search for a law-like measurement process. Yet, the relation of quantum potentiality to Aristotle9s original notion has been viewed as mainly terminological, even by those who used it thus. Here, I reconsider the relation of Heisenberg9s notion to Aristotle9s and show that it can be explicated in greater specificity than Heisenberg did. This is accomplished through the careful consideration of the role of potentia in physical causation and explanation, and done in order to provide a fuller understanding of this aspect of Heisenberg9s approach to quantum mechanics. Most importantly, it is pointed out that Heisenberg9s requirement of an external intervention during measurement that disrupts the otherwise independent, natural evolution of the quantum system is in accord with Aristotle9s characterization of spontaneous causation. Thus, the need for a teleological understanding of the actualization of potentia, an often assumed requirement that has left this fundamental notion neglected, is seen to be spurious. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Second quantum revolution: foundational questions’.
Unlocking the Mysteries of the World's Oldest Trees

Sparsely populated and far from any interstate, eastern California is peppered with icons of natural beauty, intrigue, and mystery. Death Valley's salt flats and sand dunes, Mono Lake's hot-springs...
From Initial Description by Wermer to Present-Day MEN1: What have We Learned?

Pancreas, parathyroid, and pituitary, are referred to as the “3 Ps” of MEN1. The time has come to move beyond those Ps and begin to discuss (1) prediction, (2) pausing progression, and (3) prevention of MEN1. In preparation for the International Association of Endocrine Surgeons State of the Art address, updates and uncertainties of MEN were reviewed. This included a detailed examination of the MEN1 gene and the library of implicated mutations, exon sequencing databases and cell cycle pathways. Therapeutic options including radiofrequency ablation, systemic therapy, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitor mechanisms and preimplantation genetic testing were described. Several key points included mutations in exon 2 are suspected of being associated with a higher rate of distant metastases, a higher rate of PNET development, and more aggressive disease. The suggestion that missense mutations involving loss of interaction with CHES1 (associated with DNA repair) correlates with more aggressive disease and is more closely associated with death related to PNET than to death from other causes was mentioned. For advanced NETs, optimism for agents under study include lanreotide, a long-acting somatostatin analog, and everolimus (Afinitor), a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor. The NETest shows the potential value of being a multidimensional tumor marker for response to therapy. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is applicable. Adjunct modalities and determination of the effect of therapy for MEN1 is needed. Prediction through early detection of aggressive disease is an idea worth spreading. We are called us to engage with our patients about prevention, the only true cure.
On the terminology of economic design: a critical assessment and some proposals

The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical examination of some of the terminology that is common in economic design and to suggest ways in which it can be improved.
Fundamentals of Patient Positioning and Skin Prep

Proper patient positioning is of paramount importance for the completion of a safe and successful operation. The technological advances in the operating room have significantly increased the safety for both patients and healthcare providers. However, the ever-growing volume of cases and their complexity require increase focus on patient care in the operating room (OR).
Microcrack-dependent fracture of damaged rock

This paper is concerned with theoretical and experimental estimations of fracture-load degradation due to an increase of damage within a rock. The physical interpretation of this increase will involve a change in length of the process zone and a reduction in modulus. A linear cohesive-zone model of the type introduced by Dugdale and Barenblatt is formulated for large-scale yielding in a geometric sense to demonstrate the effect of microcracking on the critical load of a stationary crack. Experiments with a limestone in the chevron-notched, round beam geometry are conducted at elevated temperatures up to 150°C to evaluate the fracture load as a function of damage. When a material such as rock is heated slowly and uniformly, intergranular thermal stresses develop independent from a temperature gradient because of the local nonhomogeneity or anisotropy of the matrix. With the assumption of brittle behavior, thermal microcracking is shown to contribute to the degradation of the fracture load, as measured by the toughness, mainly through a reduction in modulus. Preliminary results indicate, however, that the energy dissipated in fracturing the damaged rock actually increases.
Xenotransplantation: The Current Status of Understanding

Xenoreactive natural antibodies (XNA) present in the blood of all individuals and reactive with antigens on cells of phylogenetically widely-separated species, as well as complement (C) play major roles in initiating hyperacute rejection (HAR) of a discordant xenograft. Depletion of either of these entities appears to result in prolongation of graft survival [1–4].
Phage recombinases and their applications

The homologous recombination systems of linear double-stranded (ds)DNA bacteriophages are required for the generation of genetic diversity, the repair of dsDNA breaks, and the formation of concatemeric chromosomes, the immediate precursor to packaging. These systems have been studied for decades as a means to understand the basic principles of homologous recombination. From the beginning, it was recognized that these recombinases are linked intimately to the mechanisms of phage DNA replication. In the last decade, however, investigators have exploited these recombination systems as tools for genetic engineering of bacterial chromosomes, bacterial artificial chromosomes, and plasmids. This recombinational engineering technology has been termed “recombineering” and offers a new paradigm for the genetic manipulation of bacterial chromosomes, which is far more efficient than the classical use of nonreplicating integration vectors for gene replacement. The phage λ Red recombination system, in particular, has been used to construct gene replacements, deletions, insertions, inversions, duplications, and single base pair changes in the Escherichia coli chromosome. This chapter discusses the components of the recombination systems of λ, rac prophage, and phage P22 and properties of single-stranded DNA annealing proteins from these and other phage that have been instrumental for the development of this technology. The types of genetic manipulations that can be made are described, along with proposed mechanisms for both double-stranded DNA- and oligonucleotide-mediated recombineering events. Finally, the impact of this technology to such diverse fields as bacterial pathogenesis, metabolic engineering, and mouse genomics is discussed.
Electrochemomechanical Fatigue: Decoupling Mechanisms of Fracture-Induced Performance Degradation in LiXMn2O4

US DOE Office of Basic Energy Science for the Chemomechanics of Far-From-Equilibrium Interfaces (COFFEI) small group (award no. DE-SC0002633)
Effect of Proxy Nodes on the Performance of TCP-Based Transport Layer Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks have recently attracted many researchers attentions due to their wide range of applications. Even though a plethora of studies have been carried out on characteristics, special conditions, and various aspects of WSNs, transport protocol which is compatible with conditions of Wireless Sensor Networks has not been considerably addressed. Wireless Sensor Networks have limitations such as storage space, energy resources, and wireless communication issues. Accordingly, widely-used transport protocols like Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) may not enjoy sufficient efficiency in such networks. In this paper, we study the characteristics of WSNs leading to design transport layer protocol for WSNs and aim at evaluating the efficiency of TCP and its dependent protocols (TCP variables), which are introduced to wireless networks. We propose to employ proxy nodes near sinks to improve the performance of transport layer. Our NS-2 simulation results indicate that throughput and packet delivery ratio are improved from 20 to 50 percent after employing proxy nodes, while the average message delay is almost increased twice.
Neurophysiological Monitoring During Arteriovenous Malformation Embolization.

Background Neurophysiological monitoring (NPM) is frequently performed during arteriovenous malformation (AVM) embolization. However, the ability of NPM to predict neurological deficits or improve surgical decision making in this setting has not been studied. Objective To review our use of NPM during AVM embolization to better define its utility. Methods We retrospectively examined AVM embolization cases from 2004 to 2017. We recorded patient and AVM characteristics as well as outcomes. We then reviewed NPM results from each case, including somatosensory evoked potentials and electroencephalogram. Our primary outcome was postoperative neurological deficit, and secondary outcomes were discharge and 30-d modified Rankin Score (mRS). Results There were 173 embolizations in 74 patients. Mean patient age was 40 yr. There were 8 (5%) transient and 2 (1.3%) permanent neurological complications. Among those with neurological complications, 3 had NPM changes during the operation (positive predictive value [PPV] = 50%). This improved to 67% for permanent NPM change. Three patients had NPM changes but did not suffer clinical deficits postoperatively (negative predictive value = 90%). The predictive value of the test was improved for discharge but not 30-d mRS, and the test performance improved dramatically with increased pretest probabilities (likelihood ratio [LR](+) = 14.5, LR(-) = 0.715). Conclusion We present a large series of AVM embolization operations performed with NPM. The PPV of NPM changes was moderate but improved dramatically with increased pretest probabilities. The rate of permanent neurological complications was among the lowest reported in the literature, suggesting NPM may lead to improved intraoperative decision making.