cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glossopharyngeal and Neck Accessory Muscle Breathing in a Young Adult With C2 Complete Tetraplegia Resulting in Ventilator Dependency

Background and Purpose. This case report describes the use of glossopharyngeal breathing (GPB) and neck accessory muscle breathing (NAMB) in the treatment of an individual who was dependent on a ventilator secondary to a spinal cord injury. Case Description. The patient was a 19-year-old man with C2 complete tetraplegia. He received a 5-week inpatient program of GPB training 3 to 4 times per week. A 4-week NAMB training program followed. Outcome. Following GPB training, forced vital capacity increased 35-fold, time off the ventilator improved from 0 to 30 minutes, and a nonfunctional cough became a weak functional cough. After NAMB training, the patient was able to be off the ventilator for 2 minutes. Discussion. Increased ventilatory capability has the potential to affect patients' quality of life by improving cough function and decreasing dependence on a ventilator in the event of accidental disconnection.
Loss of keratinocytic RXRα combined with activated CDK4 or oncogenic NRAS generates UVB-induced melanomas via loss of p53 and PTEN in the tumor microenvironment.

Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind formation of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is crucial for improved diagnosis and treatment. One key is to better understand the cross-talk between epidermal keratinocytes and pigment-producing melanocytes. Here, using a bigenic mouse model system combining mutant oncogenic NRASQ61K (constitutively active RAS) or mutant activated CDK4R24C/R24C (prevents binding of CDK4 by kinase inhibitor p16INK4A) with an epidermis-specific knockout of the nuclear retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRαep−/−) results in increased melanoma formation after chronic ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation compared with control mice with functional RXRα. Melanomas from both groups of bigenic RXRαep−/− mice are larger in size with higher proliferative capacity, and exhibit enhanced angiogenic properties and increased expression of malignant melanoma markers. Analysis of tumor adjacent normal skin from these mice revealed altered expression of several biomarkers indicative of enhanced melanoma susceptibility, including reduced expression of tumor suppressor p53 and loss of PTEN, with concomitant increase in activated AKT. Loss of epidermal RXRα in combination with UVB significantly enhances invasion of melanocytic cells to draining lymph nodes in bigenic mice expressing oncogenic NRASQ61K compared with controls with functional RXRα. These results suggest a crucial role of keratinocytic RXRα to suppress formation of UVB-induced melanomas and their progression to malignant cancers in the context of driver mutations such as activated CDK4R24C/R24C or oncogenic NRASQ61K. Implications: These findings suggest that RXRα may serve as a clinical diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in melanoma progression and metastasis. Mol Cancer Res; 13(1); 186–96. ©2014 AACR.
Genetic algorithms for preliminary 2-D structural design

Preliminary structural design, in which the basic configuration or shape of a structure is determined, plays a crucial role in the early stage of the design process. Various computer-aided design (CAD) techniques to support the search for preliminary designs have been studied and applied. These include calculus-based gradient search, knowledge-based (expert) systems, and connectionist (neural) networks. Unfortunately, however, all these techniques have serious limitations. This paper presents a promising new technique, genetic algorithms (GAS), for generating good preliminary designs by using the mechanics of natural selection. Genetic algorithms coupled with a binary 2-D array representation scheme are used to solve a preliminary 2-D structural design problem and the results are presented. Optimal and nearly optimal preliminary design solutions obtained empirically demonstrate the efficacy of applying GAS to problems involving 2-D geometric features.
A multinational perspective on "lifestyle" and other perceptions of contemporary medical students about general surgery.

Objective:The aim of this multinational study was to measure and describe the perceptions of medical students toward general surgery as a career choice with a particular emphasis on “lifestyle.”Background:Past studies from individual countries have considered the perceptions of medical students towa
Cans without Ifs

In order to refute this thesis and any variation of it resulting from altering the 'if' clause on the right hand side of (E), it is essential to understand the philosophical use to which this thesis has been put. I shall first outline the logical status of this alleged equivalence in arguments purporting to establish the logical consistency of free action and causal determinism, and, secondly, I shall argue that, when (E) is interpreted in such a way that, if true, it would prove that consistency, then (E) is false.
Stereoselective anionic ring opening polymerization of 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutene : characterization of poly(1,1-dimethyl-1-sila-cis-but-2-ene)

Stereoselective anionic ring opening polymerization of 1,1-dimethyl-1-silacyclobutene co-catalyzed byn-butyllithium and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) in THF at -78°C yields predominantly poly(1,1-dimethyl- 1-sila-cis-but-2-ene). The polymer has been characterized by1H,13C,29Si NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and elemental analysis.
Analysis on Influence Factor of Depression Trend Among Aged lnpatients in Chenzhou

Objective To investigate the influence factor of depression trend among aged inpatients in Chenzhou City. Methods According to Zung-depression self-evaluation scalogram as a diagnostic criterion,81 instances marked≥41 were assigned in the interest of depression trend group,and 81 instances marked＜41 were assigned as the control group. The self-control effect element questionnaire was used in survey,and a case-controlled analysis was performed.Results The factors affected the aged inpatient depression trend element in addition to their somatic disease such as cardiovascular diseases,respiratory diseases,and cancers,there were stresses of the daily living conditions such as bad sleep,economic difficulties,death of relatives,deterioration of health conditions,and also socio-psychological factors.Conclusion For the aged inpatients,in addition to care about their somatic sickness,the negative life stress events and the socio- psychological factors all warrant effective care in order to adapt the contemporarily living beings-community-psychology medical service pattern,and to improve the life quality of the aged.
Politics That Fan the Flames of Fear

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt of often slightly misquoted as saying “There is nothing to fear but fear itself.” But a dash of fear sure makes leadership easier. There is an advantage to fear, from a political perspective. It makes for a more compliant citizenry.
Vinogradskii’s Transformation from Plant Physiologist to Ecologist, 1890–1920

Between the 1880s and the 1930s Vinogradskii underwent a striking intellectual transformation. In 1888, he considered himself a plant physiologist concerned with investigating the nutritional requirements of microorganisms. He conducted his research within a theoretical framework he called the cycle of life. By the 1930s, he identified himself as a soil microbiologist; and although he continued to study microbial nutrition, he now investigated it as an ecological phenomenon.
UNA VISIÓN SOBRE LA PSICOLOGÍA COMO CIENCIA

This paper begins with two questions: Is Psychology a profession? Is Psychology a science? The answer to the first one is that it should not be a profession; to the second, that we are still far from becoming a science. On the basis of 19 statements, a series of queries and doubts on the scientific status of contemporary Psychology are suggested. It is proposed that Psychology must necessarily consider neurosciences and ethology as sources of knowledge; that philosophical reflection allowing conceptual definitions must be a priority; that the abusive glorification of experimental method has to come to an end because the tool cannot solve the conceptual difficulties; that the traditional emphasis on the factual dimension of research and the minute attention to the theoretical and conceptual dimensions are detrimental to Psychology; and that it is urgent to create new research methods allowing access to the most refined forms of human behavior, such as art.
Job Opportunities/Issues for Health Care Psychologists: The Coming of the Millennium

Job opportunities for psychology for the next decade are being influenced by ongoing shifts in our economic system and resultant general employment practices. As with many burgeoning fields, psychology is experiencing increasing diversification into subspecialities. Professionals in other fields are acquiring supplementary degrees in psychology to heighten their psychological knowledge and professional/organization skills. Thus, psychology is beginning to be viewed, like the MBA, as an important professional degree for many fields, not just mental health or teaching. Training programs are reflecting these diversification trends. Further, as professional applications at the doctoral level expand, there is increasing need for the master's-level technical competence to support the increasing specialities at the doctoral level. These changes represent the creative response of a young and vigorous profession to the challenges of changing market dynamics.
Effectiveness of All-Oral Antiviral Regimens in 996 Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1-Coinfected Patients Treated in Routine Practice.

Author(s): Bhattacharya, Debika; Belperio, Pamela S; Shahoumian, Troy A; Loomis, Timothy P; Goetz, Matthew B; Mole, Larry A; Backus, Lisa I | Abstract: Background.Large cohorts are needed to assess human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) real-world treatment outcomes. We examined the effectiveness of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir with or without ribavirin (LDV/SOF ± RBV) and ombitasvir/ paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir (OPrD) ± RBV in HIV/HCV genotype 1 (GT1)-coinfected patients initiating HCV therapy in clinical practice.Methods.Observational intent-to-treat cohort analysis using the Veterans Affairs Clinical Case Registry to identify HIV/HCV GT1-coinfected veterans initiating 12 weeks of LDV/SOF ± RBV or OPrD ± RBV. Multivariate models of sustained virologic response (SVR) included age, race, cirrhosis, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) prescription, prior HCV treatment, body mass index, genotype subtype, and HCV treatment regimen.Results.Nine hundred ninety-six HIV/HCV GT1-coinfected veterans initiated therapy: 757 LDV/SOF, 138 LDV/SOF + RBV, 28 OPrD, and 73 OPrD + RBV. Overall SVR was 90.9% (823/905); LDV/SOF 92.1% (631/685), LDV/SOF + RBV 86.3% (113/131), OPrD 88.9% (24/27), and OPrD + RBV 88.7% (55/62). SVR was 85.9% (176/205) and 92.4% (647/700) in those with and without cirrhosis (P = .006). SVR was similar between African Americans (90.5% [546/603]) and all others (91.7% [277/302]). PPI use with LDV/SOF ± RBV did not affect SVR (89.7% [131/146] with PPI and 91.5% [613/670] without PPI). Cirrhosis was predictive of reduced SVR (0.51 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .31-.87]; P = .01). Median creatinine change did not differ among patients receiving LDV/SOF and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) without a protease inhibitor (PI) (0.18 [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.08-0.30]; n = 372), LDV/SOF and TDF/PI (0.17 [IQR, 0.04-0.30]; n = 100), and LDV/SOF without TDF (0.15 [IQR, 0.00-0.30]; n = 423).Conclusions.SVR rates in HIV/HCV GT1-coinfected patients were high. African American race or PPI use with LDV/SOF ± RBV was not associated with lower SVR rates, but cirrhosis was. Renal function did not worsen on LDV/SOF regimens with TDF.
Determination of Spatially Resolved Tablet Density and Hardness Using Near-Infrared Chemical Imaging (NIR-CI)

Near-infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) combines spectroscopy with digital imaging, enabling spatially resolved analysis and characterization of pharmaceutical samples. Hardness and relative density are critical quality attributes (CQA) that affect tablet performance. Intra-sample density or hardness variability can reveal deficiencies in formulation design or the tableting process. This study was designed to develop NIR-CI methods to predict spatially resolved tablet density and hardness. The method was implemented using a two-step procedure. First, NIR-CI was used to develop a relative density/solid fraction (SF) prediction method for pure microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) compacts only. A partial least squares (PLS) model for predicting SF was generated by regressing the spectra of certain representative pixels selected from each image against the compact SF. Pixel selection was accomplished with a threshold based on the Euclidean distance from the median tablet spectrum. Second, micro-indentation was performed on the calibration compacts to obtain hardness values. A univariate model was developed by relating the empirical hardness values to the NIR-CI predicted SF at the micro-indented pixel locations: this model generated spatially resolved hardness predictions for the entire tablet surface.
Structural Motifs of [Fe(CO2)n]− Clusters (n = 3–7)

We present IR spectra and quantum chemical calculations for anionic iron–CO2 clusters of the form [Fe(CO2)n]− (n = 3–7). All observed clusters have at least two CO2 units strongly bound to the metal atom. These strongly bound iron–CO2 complexes form the core ions of the clusters and are solvated by additional, weakly bound CO2 molecules. Larger clusters show clear infrared signatures of core ion isomers with three CO2 moieties as well. Dominant structural motifs are based on bidentate CO2 ligands with Fe–O/Fe–C bonds, oxalate ligands, and metal insertion into a CO bond.
Using the PAD (Pleasure, Arousal, and Dominance) Model to Explain Facebook Attitudes and Use Intentions

This study examines the power of the PAD (pleasure, arousal, and dominance) model in explaining user attitudes toward the Facebook experience and intentions with regard to its continued use. The findings suggest that the PAD model does in fact explain a significant amount of the variation in attitudes toward Facebook use. Dominance has a direct and positive impact on both arousal and pleasure. Arousal also has a direct and positive impact on pleasure. Pleasure positively impacts attitudes toward Facebook use which in turn positively affects future use intentions with regard to Facebook. The implications of these relationships are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
Measures and Linear Functionals

Theorem 6.48 states that a function in \(L^{p^\prime }\) can be regarded as a bounded linear functional on \(L^{p}\). Here we show that a large class of measures can be represented as bounded linear functionals on the space of continuous functions. This is a very important result that has many useful applications and provides a fundamental connection between measure theory and functional analysis.
Technical Note—Signaling Product Quality Through a Trial Period

It has become a ubiquitous practice for firms that sell new products, such as software, to offer consumers time-locked product trial periods free of charge. We identify trial length as a nuanced signaling instrument, which, together with the price signal, a firm can use to communicate proprietary information about its product quality. We show that a high-quality firm offers a longer trial period and sets a higher price, and is rewarded with a higher profit, relative to its low-quality counterpart. Our finding extends to cases where the firm faces ex ante heterogeneous consumers or when the firm competes with an incumbent product. The electronic companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1675.
Same-Sex Family Equality and Religious Freedom

In the spring of 2009, the legislatures of Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont became the first in the U.S. to enact laws recognizing the legality of same-sex civil marriage. The legislation in all four states included provisions designed to protect the freedom of clergy and religious communities that do not want to recognize same-sex marriage. The legislation in several of the states also included provisions designed to insulate religious organizations from obligations that might arise from the legalization of same-sex marriage – for example, with respect to adoption or the provision of housing to married couples. Despite academic and political prodding, however, none of the states included provisions designed to exempt public employees, or private vendors in the wedding industry, from pre-existing legal obligations to serve without regard to the same-sex character of a marriage or family.This paper develops a typology of conflict between same-sex marriage and religious freedom, and builds on that typology to analyze the issues raised by this new legislation. In particular, the paper defends constitutionally distinctive freedoms for clergy and houses of worship with respect to the celebration of marriages; analyzes and critiques proposals that would allow public employees and private vendors to assert conscientious objections to serving same-sex couples; and assesses the circumstances in which religious entities, including religious charities and educational institutions, should be obligated to serve same-sex families on equal terms.
Does Finland Evaluate School Education

Evaluation and assessment of education outcomes and processes is one of hottest issues in education policy today. Finland has a unique system of evaluation as the education policy rests very much on the quality of teachers. It is often heard that the system is based on trust and cooperation; teachers have a lot of pedagogical freedom, and schools have a strong inside and outside network of support. Therefore, this chapter analyzes the assessments and evaluations undertaken at the national, municipal, and collaborative levels. As clearly said by Linnakyla et al. (Finnish basic education: When equity and excellence meet, 2010), the main idea is to develop and support schools, not control them. In this topic, Finland departs very strongly from policies undertaken by other developed economies, most noticeably the USA and England. A quick review is done of the inspectorate system that the Finnish vanished in the 1990s and the matriculation or leaving exams for high school students, as the only national assessment undertaken by the Finnish authorities.
Macroeconomy and Health

The conventional wisdom is that health declines and mortality increases when macroeconomic conditions weaken. However, a growing body of research suggests that physical (but not mental) health actually improves during such periods. An important characteristic of these investigations is that the estimates use data pooled across time from multiple geographic areas. A key advantage is that, if local economic conditions evolve somewhat independently, these geographic variations can be utilized to control for many time-varying confounding factors that have a common influence on health at a point in time.
AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices. 4th ed.

John D. Hsu, John W. Michael, John R. Fisk, editors. Philadelphia: Mosby-Elsevier; 2008. 652 pages. $199.00. ISBN: 978-0-323-03931-4. The recently published fourth edition of the AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices is a comprehensive treatise on the indications for and current use of devices other than internal prostheses. The book is targeted at orthopaedic surgeons, physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians, physical and occupational therapists, and orthotists as well as case managers and any other providers who are involved in the care of patients with musculoskeletal disorders. It is an important source of information …
Chapter 21 – Alcohol

Publisher Summary Studies suggest a dose-dependent relationship between alcohol consumption and fracture risk in both women and men. This increased risk may be attributable to a reduction in bone density in those with excessive alcohol intake. Alcoholic bone disease is characterized by impaired bone formation in the face of relatively normal bone resorption. The uncoupling of these two physiologic processes results in defective remodeling of skeletal tissue and, in turn, reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk. The growing skeleton may be especially sensitive to the adverse effects of alcohol. Experiments using well-defined osteoblastic model systems indicate that the observed reductions in bone formation result from a direct, antiproliferative effect of ethanol on the osteoblast itself. At present, sustained reduction in alcohol intake is the only effective therapy for alcohol-induced bone disease. Unfortunately, the long-term success of such therapy is poor. An improved understanding of the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced bone disease may lead to alternative therapeutic avenues.
Risk of hematological, gastrointestinal, and hepatic toxicities in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated with everolimus: A meta-analysis of phase 3 randomized controlled trials.

e16553Background: The mTOR signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of many malignancies by regulating cellular metabolism, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Everolimus (E) was shown to hav...
Spatial and interspecific differences in recruitment decouple synchrony and stability in trophic metacommunities

Although synchronized oscillations in abundance across spatially segregated populations are a quasi-universal phenomenon, understanding their consequences for the stability of natural systems remains a major challenge. Theory has shown that even low levels of dispersal can synchronize and destabilize populations at both local and global scales. However, little is known about how persistent spatial and interspecific differences in recruitment influence the relationship between dispersal, synchrony, and stability across scales. Using a trophic metacommunity model to represent a set of local keystone food web modules connected via a global propagule pool, we show that spatial and interspecific differences in recruitment give rise to a complex relationship between dispersal, synchrony, and stability. Increasing dispersal from low to intermediate levels dampens both the synchrony and the magnitude of population oscillations and thus stabilizes their dynamics, regardless of interspecific differences in recruitment. However, increasing dispersal from intermediate to high levels generates increasingly large and synchronized population oscillations that destabilize the dynamics of all species. Importantly, when dispersal is high, interspecific differences in spatial recruitment patterns reduce the dispersal-induced destabilization via a trophic decoupling effect that buffers local population growth. Overall, our results suggest that spatial and interspecific differences in recruitment rates can interact in complex ways to alter the relationships between dispersal, synchrony, and stability in trophically structured metacommunities.
HETEROGENEOUS EFFECTS OF THE ACA MEDICAID EXPANSION ON HOSPITAL FINANCIAL OUTCOMES

This study examines the effect of the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion on hospital financial outcomes. A key innovation relative to prior studies is that we explicitly account for heterogeneity across states in the timing and extent of the expansion as well as across hospital types. We find that Medicaid expansion led to a decrease in uncompensated care expenditures and an increase in average operating margins. The effects were larger in states where the Medicaid expansion led to a greater increase in program eligibility. Operating margins improved most for public hospitals and facilities located in rural areas.
Design of Tunable Multi-Pole Multi-Zero Bandpass Filters and Diplexer With High Selectivity and Isolation

This paper presents two tunable three-pole filters and their application to a tunable three-pole diplexer. The first tunable three-pole filter utilizes both quarter- and half-wavelength resonators. By introducing electric and magnetic coupling and source–load coupling, three transmission zeroes are realized with two zeroes at the lower side, resulting in high rejection at lower side. The second three-pole filter is based on the classical cascade tri-section filter. With source–load coupling, three transmission zeroes are generated with two zeroes located on the upper side, resulting in a high rejection. Finally, a tunable diplexer is demonstrated using two tunable three-pole filters and exhibits high selectivity, high suppression, and high isolation over a wide tuning range due to the asymmetric high rejection level of the three-pole filters. The filters and diplexer are theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated. Comparisons between the measured and simulated results are presented to verify the proposed designs.
Molecular alterations induced by Yersinia pestis, dengue virus and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B under severe stress

Abstract Background Severe stress can have drastic and systemic effects with dire implications on the health and wellbeing of exposed individuals. Particularly, the effect of stress on the immune response to infection is of interest to public health because of its implications for vaccine efficacy and treatment strategies during stressful scenarios. Severe stress has previously been shown to cause an anergic state in the immune system that persists following exposure to a potent mitogen. Methods Transcriptome and microRNA changes were characterized using blood samples collected from U.S. Army Ranger candidates immediately before and after training, followed by exposure to representative pathogenic agents: Yersinia pestis, dengue virus 2, and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). We employed experimental and computational approaches to characterize altered gene expression, processes, pathways, and regulatory networks mediating the host’s response towards severe stress; to assess the protective immunity status of the stressed host towards infection; and to identify pathogen-induced biomarkers under severe stress conditions. Results We observed predicted inhibition of pathways significantly associated with lymphopoiesis, wound healing, inflammatory response, lymphocyte activation, apoptosis, and predicted activation of oxidative stress. Using weighted correlation network analyses, we demonstrated preservation of these pathways across infection and stress combinations. Regulatory networks comprising a common set of upstream regulators: transcription factors, microRNAs and post-translational regulators (kinases and phosphatases) may be drivers of molecular alterations leading to compromised protective immunity. Other sets of transcripts were persistently altered in both the pre- and post-stress conditions due to the host’s response to each pathogenic agent, forming specific molecular signatures with the potential to distinguish infection from that of severe stress. Conclusions Our results suggest that severe stress alters molecules implicated in the development of leukopoietic stem cells, thereby leading to depletion of cellular and molecular repertoires of protective immunity. Suppressed molecules mediating membrane trafficking of recycling endosomes, membrane translocation and localization of the antigen processing mechanisms and cell adhesions indicate suboptimal antigen presentation, impaired formation of productive immunological synapses, and inhibited T-cell activations. These factors may collectively be responsible for compromised protective immunity (infection susceptibility, delayed wound healing, and poor vaccine response) observed in people under severe stress.
Secure Hardware Kernels Execution in CPU+FPGA Heterogeneous Cloud

In this paper, we present a new security framework which allows controlled sharing and isolated execution of mutually distrusted FPGA-accelerators in heterogeneous cloud systems. The proposed framework enables the accelerators running in FPGAs in cloud computers to transparently inherit at run-time, software security policies of the virtual machines processes calling them. This capability allows system security policies enforcement mechanism to propagate access control privilege boundaries expressed at the hypervisor level, down to individual FPGA-accelerators. Furthermore, we present a software/hardware prototype implementation of the proposed security framework, showing that it can easily be transparently integrated within the virtual machine software stacks that run in today's cloud-based systems. Experimentation results show our proposed framework provides secure hardware execution with negligible execution overhead on guest VMs applications.
For Crying Out Loud: Ohio's Legal Battle With Public Breastfeeding and Hope for the Future

Introduction 672 I. Background 674 A. Ohio’s Battle with Legal Protection for Public Breastfeeding ........675 1. Derungs v. Wal-Mart Stores 675 2. Ohio’s Public Accommodation Statute 676 3. Ohio’s New Breastfeeding Law 677 4. Exclusion of Breastfeeding from State Criminal Statutes 679 B. Federal Framework for Examining Breastfeeding Discrimination Claims 680 1. General Electric Company v. Gilbert and Comparability Analysis 680 2. Title VII and the Pregnancy Discrimination Act 681 C. Federal Promotion of Breastfeeding 682 D. State Laws and Statistics on Breastfeeding 683 II. Analysis 684 A. Ohio’s New Law Combats the Lack of Legal Protection for Breastfeeding under Civil Rights Sex Discrimination Law 684 B. The Sixth Circuit’s Analysis of Ohio’s Public Accommodation Statute: Overruled, Outdated and Out of Place Logic 686 1. The Derungs Court Relied on Unsettled and Distinguishable Authority 686 2. The Derungs Court’s Application of Employment Analysis to Ohio’s Public Accommodation Statute Failed to Address Alternative Sources of Comparison 689 3. The Derungs Court Followed an Overruled and Flawed
Ancestry-based intracategorical injustices in carcinogenic air pollution exposures in the United States.

Previous studies of US environmental inequalities have focused on racial/ethnic differences in air pollutant exposure. Few have applied an intracategorical framework, which enables the identificati...
Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Resected Brain Metastases: Does the Surgical Corridor Need to be Targeted?

Abstract Purpose Although consensus guidelines for postresection stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases recommend the surgical corridor leading to the resection cavity be included in the SRS plan, no study has reported patterns of tumor recurrence based on inclusion or exclusion of the corridor as a target. We reviewed tumor control and toxicity outcomes of postresection SRS for deep brain metastases based on whether or not the surgical corridor was targeted. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who had resected brain metastases treated with SRS between 2007 and 2018 and included only “deep” tumors (defined as located ≥1.0 cm from the pial surface before resection). Results In 66 deep brain metastases in 64 patients, the surgical corridor was targeted in 43 (65%). There were no statistical differences in the cumulative incidences of progression at 12 months for targeting versus not targeting the corridor, respectively, for overall local failure 2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0%-11%) versus 9% (95% CI, 1%-25%; P = .25), corridor failure 0% (95% CI, 0%-0%) versus 9% (95% CI, 1%-25%; P = .06), cavity failure 2% (95% CI, 0%-11%) versus 0% (95% CI, 0%-0%; P = .91), and adverse radiation effect 5% (95% CI, 1%-15%) versus 13% (95% CI, 3%-30%; P = .22). Leptomeningeal disease (7%; 95% CI, 2%-18%) versus 26% (95% CI, 10%-45%; P = .03) was higher in those without the corridor targeted. Conclusions Omitting the surgical corridor in postoperative SRS for resected brain metastases was not associated with statistically significant differences in corridor or cavity recurrence or adverse radiation effect. As seen in recent prospective trials of postresection SRS, the dominant pattern of progression is within the resection cavity; omission of the corridor would yield a smaller SRS volume that could allow for dose escalation to potentially improve local cavity control.
COVID-19 prevalence and fatality rates in association with air pollution emission concentrations and emission sources.

Abstract The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is primarily respiratory in nature, and as such, there is interest in examining whether air pollution might contribute to disease susceptibility or outcome. We merged data on COVID-19 cumulative prevalence and fatality rates as of May 31, 2020 with 2014–2019 pollution data from the US Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Justice Screen (EJSCREEN), with control for state testing rates, population density, and population covariate data from the County Health Rankings. Pollution data included three types of air emission concentrations (particulate matter
Effect of parenting styles, neuroticism, and siblings on resilience of young adults

Parenting Styles play an important role in the overall development of an individual, this study focuses on the effect of the three parenting styles i.e. Authoritative, Authoritarian and Permissive on the Resilience of young adults, and also the presence of Siblings as an external factor on Resilience. Another concept under this study is the Neuroticism as an internal factor on the Resilience among young adults. It is a quantitative research design and has taken 109 as a sample through convenience and snowball sampling method. The scales used to measure the variable are 32 item Parenting Style Questionnaire (PSDQ; Robinson, Mandleco, Olsen, & Hart, 2001), Resilience scale developed by Wagnild and Young 1993, it is a 25 item self-report questionnaire, Neuroticism Scale from the Big Five Personality. The findings suggest that there was a positive relationship between Authoritative, Permissive parenting style and Resilience. While a weak negative relationship between Authoritarian Parenting style and Resilience. There was also a positive correlation between presence of sibling in the family and Resilience. Neuroticism has a negative relationship with Resilience of Young adults.
N-Arylimide Molecular Balances: A Comprehensive Platform for Studying Aromatic Interactions in Solution.

ConspectusNoncovalent interactions of aromatic surfaces play a key role in many biological processes and in determining the properties and utility of synthetic materials, sensors, and catalysts. However, the study of aromatic interactions has been challenging because these interactions are usually very weak and their trends are modulated by many factors such as structural, electronic, steric, and solvent effects. Recently, N-arylimide molecular balances have emerged as highly versatile and effective platforms for studying aromatic interactions in solution. These molecular balances can accurately measure weak noncovalent interactions in solution via their influence on the folded-unfolded conformational equilibrium. The structure (i.e., size, shape, π-conjugation, and substitution) and nature (i.e., element, charge, and polarity) of the π-surfaces and interacting groups can be readily varied, enabling the study of a wide range of aromatic interactions. These include aromatic stacking, heterocyclic aromatic stacking, and alkyl-π, chalcogen-π, silver-π, halogen-π, substituent-π, and solvent-π interactions. The ability to measure a diverse array of aromatic interactions within a single model system provides a unique perspective and insights as the interaction energies, stability trends, and solvent effects for different types of interactions can be directly compared. Some broad conclusions that have emerged from this comprehensive analysis include: (1) The strongest aromatic interactions involve groups with positive charges such as pyridinium and metal ions which interact with the electrostatically negative π-face of the aromatic surface via cation-π or metal-π interactions. Attractive electrostatic interactions can also form between aromatic surfaces and groups with partial positive charges. (2) Electrostatic interactions involving aromatic surfaces can be switched from repulsive to attractive using electron-withdrawing substituents or heterocycles. These electrostatic trends appear to span many types of aromatic interactions involving a polar group interacting with a π-surface such as halogen-π, chalcogen-π, and carbonyl-π. (3) Nonpolar groups form weak but measurable stabilizing interactions with aromatic surfaces in organic solvents due to favorable dispersion and/or solvophobic effects. A good predictor of the interaction strength is provided by the change in solvent-accessible surface area. (4) Solvent effects modulate the aromatic interactions in the forms of solvophobic effects and competitive solvation, which can be modeled using solvent cohesion density and specific solvent-solute interactions.
Inverted Resistance Measurements as a Method for Characterizing the Bulk and Surface Conductivities of Three-Dimensional Topological Insulators

Fundamental research aside, studying three-dimensional topological insulators (3D TIs) is important for realizing advanced electronics, such as dissipationless transistors and spintronic devices. In characterizing 3D TIs, one difficulty comes from the fact that both surface and bulk conduction exist, and are markedly different. When surface conduction dominates, as in SmB${}_{6}$, characterizing the bulk value is impeded. This study offers a technique to access the bulk conductivity in the surface-dominated regime. This method is expected to see wide use for in-depth transport studies of 3D TIs.
Enabling complete multichannel nonadiabatic dynamics: A global representation of the two-channel coupled, 1,21A and 13A states of NH3 using neural networks.

Global coupled three-state two-channel potential energy and property/interaction (dipole and spin–orbit coupling) surfaces for the dissociation of NH3(A) into NH + H2 and NH2 + H are reported. The permutational invariant polynomial-neural network approach is used to simultaneously fit and diabatize the electronic Hamiltonian by fitting the energies, energy gradients, and derivative couplings of the two coupled lowest-lying singlet states as well as fitting the energy and energy gradients of the lowest-lying triplet state. The key issue in fitting property matrix elements in the diabatic basis is that the diabatic surfaces must be smooth, that is, the diabatization must remove spikes in the original adiabatic property surfaces attributable to the switch of electronic wavefunctions at the conical intersection seam. Here, we employ the fit potential energy matrix to transform properties in the adiabatic representation to a quasi-diabatic representation and remove the discontinuity near the conical intersection seam. The property matrix elements can then be fit with smooth neural network functions. The coupled potential energy surfaces along with the dipole and spin–orbit coupling surfaces will enable more accurate and complete treatment of optical transitions, as well as nonadiabatic internal conversion and intersystem crossing.
The Differential Efficacy of a Professional Development Model on Reading Outcomes for Students With and Without Disabilities

This study examined the differential effects of Strategies for Reading Informational Text and Vocabulary Effectively (STRIVE) on the vocabulary, reading comprehension, and content learning among 4,...
Relaxation on the nanoscale: Probing transient dynamics by trSMA-STM

In a recent work, Nguyen et al. used trSMA-STM to probe electron-phonon dynamics within single carbon dots with nanometer resolution on a picosecond timescale. This promising technique opens up novel avenues to understand fluorescence quantum yield variations in carbon-dot ensembles.
L4-Norm Weight Adjustments for Converted Spiking Neural Networks

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are being explored for their potential energy efficiency benefits due to sparse, event-driven computation. Non-spiking artificial neural networks are typically trained with stochastic gradient descent using backpropagation. The calculation of true gradients for backpropagation in spiking neural networks is impeded by the non-differentiable firing events of spiking neurons. On the other hand, using approximate gradients is effective, but computationally expensive over many time steps. One common technique, then, for training a spiking neural network is to train a topologically-equivalent non-spiking network, and then convert it to an spiking network, replacing real-valued inputs with proportionally rate-encoded Poisson spike trains. Converted SNNs function sufficiently well because the mean pre-firing membrane potential of a spiking neuron is proportional to the dot product of the input rate vector and the neuron weight vector, similar to the functionality of a non-spiking network. However, this conversion only considers the mean and not the temporal variance of the membrane potential. As the standard deviation of the pre-firing membrane potential is proportional to the L4-norm of the neuron weight vector, we propose a weight adjustment based on the L4-norm during the conversion process in order to improve classification accuracy of the converted network.
On the scalability and capacity of planar wireless networks with omnidirectional antennas: Research Articles

An Erratum has been published for this article inWe extend the previously well-known results on the capacity of wireless networks and present the implications of our results on network scalability. In particular, we find bounds on the maximum achievable per-node end-to-end throughput, λe, and the maximum number of simultaneously successful wireless transmissions, Ntmax, under a more general network scenario than previously considered. Furthermore, in the derivation of our results, we make no restrictions on the mobility pattern of the nodes or on the number simultaneous transmissions and/or receptions that nodes are capable of maintaining. In our derivation, we analyze the effect of parameters such as the area of the network domain, A, the path loss exponent, γ, the processing gain, G, and the SINR threshold, β. Specifically, we prove the following results for a wireless network of N nodes that are equipped with omnidirectional antennas: λe is Θ(1/N) under very general conditions. This result continues to hold even when the communication bandwidth is divided into sub-channels of smaller bandwidth. Ntmax has an upper bound that does not depend on N, which is the simultaneous transmission capacity of the network domain, NtQ. For a circular network domain, NtQ is O(Aminlγ/2,1r) if γ≠2 and O(A/log(A)) if γ = 2. In addition, NtQ is O(γ2) and O(G/β). Moreover, lack of attenuation and lack of space are equivalent, where NtQ cannot exceed 1 + G/β. As N → ∞ a desired per-node end-to-end throughput is not achievable, unless the average number of hops between a source and a destination does not grow indefinitely with N, A grows with N and N is O(Aminlγ/2,1r) if γ≠2 and O(A/log(A)) if γ = 2. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
O-Linked Flagellar Glycosylation in Campylobacter

Protein glycosylation has long been recognized as an important posttranslational modification in eukaryotic systems and one that imparts unique and diverse biological functions to the respective proteins. Although there is a considerable gap in our knowledge on the process of O-linked glycosylation in prokaryotes as a result of the significant glycan diversity among prokaryotes, the O-linked flagellar glycosylation system of Campylobacter has received considerable attention and is one of the more detailed prokaryotic systems studied to date. The first evidence for posttranslational modification of Campylobacter flagellin came from Campylobacter coli VC167 flagellin by direct chemical analysis of purified flagellar peptides. Mapping of glycosylation sites of C. coli VC167 flagellin also confirmed a conservation in localization to the central region of the monomer. Comparative genomic analyses of Campylobacter isolates has revealed that the flagellar locus displays considerable genetic variability. The glycans on flagellin appear to play complex roles in the biology of Campylobacter. The role of glycan composition on flagellar filaments was examined in vivo. Flagellins from the Epsilonproteobacteria, including both Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp., are not recognized by TLR5 receptors. Significant progress has been made in defining at the molecular level the structural nature of the novel sialic acid-like nonulosonate sugars found to be decorating the flagellar filaments of Campylobacter, and it is clear that these types of studies will be integral to future work exploring the role of novel glycan moieties in biological interactions.
VCs and the Expropriation of Entrepreneurs

We explore the potential for abuse of startup founders and other common stock shareholders by venture capitalists. We first analyze a set of 26 lawsuits involving venture capitalists and entrepreneurs. Our analysis of lawsuits reveals that VC-related litigation is almost always initiated by founders, and most common allegations are dilution and freezeout of founders, followed by expropriation of company assets via related-party transactions. We document that most of the lawsuits that were not promptly settled end up dismissed by judges on procedural grounds, and yet, after winning, the involved VCs have raised significantly less capital than their peers and have syndicated deals with less reputable partners. We next analyze the founder ownership at the going-public stage in a sample of 390 VC-backed IPOs. We find that founders are less likely to be involved in firm governance and have lower ownership in startups backed by less reputable VCs and where VC investment rounds have been insider dominated. The results suggest that the potential for expropriation of equity holders in venture-backed startups has important implications for entrepreneurial activity.
Effects of posture on upper and lower limb peripheral resistance following submaximal cycling

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine postural effects on upper and lower limb peripheral resistance (PR) after submaximal exercise. Twelve subjects (six men and six women) completed submaximal cycle ergometer tests (60% age-predicted maximum heart rate) in the supine and upright seated positions. Each test included 20 minutes of rest, 20 minutes of cycling, and 15 minutes of recovery. Stroke volume and heart rate were determined by impedance cardiography, and blood pressure was measured by auscultation during rest, immediately after exercise, and at minutes 1–5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 of recovery. Peripheral resistance was calculated from values of mean arterial pressure and cardiac output. No significant ( p
Characterization of Association in Pyridine Vapor by Measurement of Thermal Conductivity

The thermal conductivity of pyridine vapor has been measured as a function of pressure in the range 100–500 torr at four temperatures (366.2, 371.1, 376.7, and 386.6 K) in a thick hot wire cell using a relative technique. The thermal conductivity increases linearly with pressure (4.3% over one atmosphere pressure at 376.7 K). Analysis of the data in terms of dimer formation in the vapor using the Butler-Brokaw expression leads to an enthalpy and entropy of association of −4.93 kcal mol−1 and −22.2 cal deg−1mol−1, respectively. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations using a minimal basis set on five possible structures for the pyridine dimer tentatively indicate that the most stable structure has a linear N....H-C hydrogen bond with the planes of the two pyridine molecules perpendicular to each other.Work performed under the auspices of the Material Sciences Program of the Division of Basic Energy Sciences of the Department of Energy Undergraduate Student Participant from Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, California.