cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Citigroup Asset Management

This story offers students the opportunity to practice systems thinking, including the analysis of behavior over time graphs, the application of systems archetypes, and the design of system interventions. Excerpt UVA-OM-1218 The Story Prior to attending Darden, I worked in the Equity Research department of Citigroup Asset Management for a year-and-a-half. This department had been in existence for just over a year when I joined, and because it was a cost center, senior managers had very high expectations regarding the impact of the department on Citigroup's various portfolio management teams. The department's managing director had promised the head of the entire asset management division that the group would initiate coverage on 1,500 global companies within three years. Consequently, the performance goal of each analyst was to initiate coverage on 10 companies per year, but a limiting factor made this goal very difficult to achieve. After analysts initiated coverage on companies, they continuously analyzed and reported all new developments relating to these companies. This maintenance function became so time consuming that most analysts found it difficult to initiate on new companies once they were already formally covering 8 to 12 other companies. The Strategic Decision In the mid-1990s, Citigroup Asset Management (then known as Citibank Global Asset Management) was a division of Citigroup (at that point in time, Citibank). Despite having access to the resources of a Fortune 25, financial services firm, the division was a midtier performer (or worse) in the competitive asset-management business. Managers within the company knew that profitability lay in attracting institutional and private banking business (institutional clients were pension funds and other corporate clients and the private bank catered to high net-worth individuals). Still, managers wondered how could they both build the Citigroup brand name in the asset-management business and attract new clients. Historic performance of the mutual funds and private portfolios was not spectacular and would therefore not generate the business required. . . .
Surface-Emitting Terahertz Quantum-Cascade Laser with 170 mW Output Power in a Single Lobed Beam

A fourth-order Bragg grating scheme is developed to achieve single-lobed emission and increased radiative efficiencies from surface-emitting semiconductor lasers. Record-high peak output power of 170 mW is demonstrated for a single-mode 3.4 THz quantum-cascade laser at 62 K.
Aldose reductase inhibitors: Recent developments

Perfect control of blood glucose levels in diabetic patients might ultimately be achieved with islet or pancreas transplants or with an artificial pancreas. However, to achieve such a goal on a large scale, it will be necessary to overcome the formidable safety or efficacy issues attendant with these approaches (see, e.g., [1, 2]). Meanwhile, in a substantial fraction of the estimated sixty million diabetic patients worldwide, current hypoglycemic therapy provides control of blood sugar levels that, in the long term, is inadequate. That is, current hypoglycemic therapy is still associated with substantial morbidity and mortality from the late microvascular complications of diabetes, principally diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy. Attempts to achieve better long-term control of blood glucose through aggressive use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents, while yielding encouraging results, unfortunately have led to increased incidences of dangerous episodes of severe hypoglycemia.
Prognostic Value of Epinephrine Response

The use of topically applied epinephrine in the therapy of primary one-angle glaucoma is well-established. Recent studies suggest that the intraocular pressure response to topical epinephrine in patients with ocular hypertension may also have predictive value in deter mining which of such patients will develop glaucoma. The present paper reviews some of these studies, emphasizes certain of their limitations, and outlines plans to verify the conclusions suggested by the data.
Consensus and Philosophical Issues

Various atomistic and individualistic theories of knowledge, language, ethics and politics have dominated philosophical thought from time to time. Such theories have not, however, proven to be adequate. One discovers and re-discovers that some social factor, some factor of agreement or consensus, whether explicitly contractual or implicitly presupposed, is necessary for an explication or explanation of some central or fundamental conception. Our intention is to offer a formal model of social consensus. We believe that our formal articulation of a conception of consensus is an advance over earlier efforts. It enables us to give a precise theory of rational consensus and an exact specificaiton of logical consequences. The formal model will be presented in two parts. First, we shall present a mechanical method or procedure, mathematically speaking, an algorithm, for finding a rational consensus from an initial starting point or input. We shall explore the application of this method to find consensual probabilities, utilities and weights. Our method will then be applied to some traditional philosophical problems concerning democracy, justice, science and language. Following this presentation, we will represent our methodology from an axiomatic point of view. In this second part, we shall formulate axioms as conditions of rational consensus and explain how our method satisfies those conditions. It will be useful, at the outset, to illustrate in some detail the fundamental role of the concept of consensus in a variety of philosophical problems. We shall begin with the most obvious applications, in politics and ethics, and then turn to less obvious applications, in science and language.
Application of Mesh Modifications and Adjoint Error Estimates

Two methods for mesh modification are considered to improve hybrid meshes for CFD calculations. The first method is an adaptation with new sensors. The new sensors are based on an adjoint approach to calculate the sensitivity with respect to a goal function. Here the sensitivity of lift, drag and pitching moment was calculated with respect to the numerical dissipation terms. The second method is a local mesh modification of the unstructured part of the hybrid mesh based on an algebraic quality measure. For an a posteriori improvement the flow properties can be included to build a new anisotropic metric. Both new methods were applied to industrial relevant test cases.
Europe Deciphered: Ideas, Institutions and Laws

The European Union (EU) is founded on conceptual variants within liberalism such as corporatism and ordo-liberalism which are collectivist, not individualist, social, not contractarian, and confederal, not federal. The institutions and laws which grow from these concepts often, but not always, parallel or converge on similar U.S. ideas, institutions and laws. This article traces out the conceptual foundations and objectives of the E.U. to understand the sources and extent of convergences and divergences in E.U. confederalism with respect to U.S. federalism. Understanding Europe will strengthen transatlantic relations and enable North and South Americans to draw lessons about economic and political integration from the world's largest trading bloc in order to improve economic well being and political stability throughout the Americas.
Update on terrestrial ages of Antarctic meteorites

Abstract Cosmic-ray-produced 36 Cl (half-life = 3.01 × 10 5 years) has been measured in 90 Antarctic meteorites by accelerator mass spectrometry. The terrestrial ages of the meteorites were calculated from the results. After excluding possible paired objects, 138 terrestrial ages from 18 different locations are available from 14 C, 81 Kr, and 36 Cl measurements for application to Antarctic meteorite and glaciological studies. The terrestrial ages of Allan Hills meteorites vary from 2000 years to 1 million years and are clearly longer than those of Yamato meteorites and other Antarctic meteorites. The oldest Allan Hills meteorites were found close to the eastern edge and in the southeast of the main icefield. Among all Antarctic meteorites measured to date, only L and LL chondrites have terrestrial ages older than 370,000 years.
Attempted Nose and Lip Replantation after Partial Animal Digestion

We report a case of a 71-year-old female patient who sustained a severe midface soft tissue avulsion injury from a family canine. The removed tissue was recovered from the canine's digestive tract and transferred to the hospital where emergent microvascular replantation was performed. The tissue survived for 72 hours, but then developed vascular compromise. Despite aggressive revision of multiple anastomoses with extensive use of vein grafting, the replanted segment was lost. Reconstruction then proceeded along traditional lines with an acceptable cosmetic outcome and good functional outcomes.
An Introduction to Wise and Crazy World by Anton Francesco Doni

Doni’s Wise and Crazy World (WCW) presents a seemingly irreconcilable tension. On one hand, it offers a vivid description of a utopian city where people live a happy and carefree existence. However, WCW is also a very ambiguous text which seems to call into question the very purpose of any utopian exercise. Its title and ambiguous characters that describe the utopian city leave the reader wondering how to judge it. The strange novella, which precedes the utopia, questions whether we would be able to distinguish a perfect society from a mad one. Doni integrates the tension that characterizes his text by suggesting that his utopia is an ideal world since it completely reinvents our intellectual and moral categories.
Postacute Care - The Piggy Bank for Savings in Alternative Payment Models?

Postacute Care The shift away from fee-for-service payment puts pressure on hospitals to reduce low-value care and to manage care delivered outside their walls. Thus far, hospitals have found savin...
Assessment of a Best Practice Alert and Referral Process for Preprocedure Antithrombotic Medication Management for Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedures.

Importance Management of antithrombotic medications presents a challenge for many clinicians and patients before procedures. Anticoagulation clinic involvement may improve preprocedure coordination, satisfaction on the part of patients and clinicians, last-minute procedure cancellations, and patient safety. Objective To assess the implementation of an electronic medical record (EMR) best practice alert (BPA) and anticoagulation clinic referral process to assist with management of antithrombotic medication before gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures. Design, Setting, and Participants This multimodal evaluation of a quality improvement intervention using EMRs and survey data included patients using oral antithrombotic medications who were scheduled for elective gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures at an academic medical center along with the clinicians who ordered these procedures. Data were collected from November 1, 2017, through December 19, 2018. Data were analyzed in September 2019. Exposures Following a multidisciplinary intervention, a BPA and referral process for periprocedural antithrombotic medication management was implemented in November 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures The following implementation outcomes were assessed through EMR review and surveys through December 2018: use of BPAs, patient and clinician satisfaction with preprocedure anticoagulation management, procedure cancelation rates, reach, and spread by patient and clinician characteristics. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate variance in BPA use at the clinician level. Results A total of 2082 patients (mean [SD] age, 64.1 [11.9] years) and 144 clinicians were included in the analysis. The BPA was used broadly across the health system, resulting in anticoagulation clinic referral for 1389 patients (66.7%). Referral was more common for patients using anticoagulant vs antiplatelet medications (1041 of 1524 [68.3%] vs 346 of 556 [62.2%]; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.51; 95% CI, 1.15-1.98) and for procedures ordered by gastroenterologists vs primary care clinicians (933 of 1241 [75.2%] vs 365 of 618 [59.1%]; aOR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.46-3.17). Individual clinician behavior patterns explained 26.5% (95% CI, 18.7%-36.1%) of variation in anticoagulation clinic referrals. Implementation of the intervention was associated with high patient satisfaction and improvements in multidimensional measures of clinician satisfaction (clinician response rate, 44.2% [144 of 326]). In multivariable analysis, the odds of altered or canceled procedures because of medication mismanagement declined after implementation (8 of 50 [16.0%] vs 1 of 52 [1.9%]; aOR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01-0.96;P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance A newly implemented BPA and anticoagulation clinic referral process was broadly adopted and used, had high satisfaction by patients and clinicians, and was associated with fewer disruptions to planned procedures caused by medication mismanagement.
Shaping Organic Microcrystals Using Focused Ion Beam Milling

The technique of focused ion beam (FIB) milling is used to cut two-dimensional shapes into single crystals composed of the organic semiconductor molecule perylene. The use of an ultrathin Au coatin...
The World's Fastest Fractal Drawing Program!

Many of us use fractals (e.g., C-Curve) and the Fibonacci sequence to teach recursion to our students. We show that the naive recursive implementations of them have exponential running time. However, while we all explain that the Fibonacci sequence can be computed in linear time, how many of us show that completely self-similar fractals can also be created in linear time? Snap! is a blocks-based programming environment with a hidden and magical feature - the ability to save pen trails (i.e., the lines that the turtle-geometry sprite has drawn on the screen) into a single "costume", which can later be "stamped" onto the stage at an arbitrary position, orientation and size. Stamping takes constant time, regardless of the complexity of the pen trails that have been saved. This allows a sprite to draw a complicated picture once, save it as a pen trail, and simply stamp it over and over again, rather than redraw it. We have created "the world's fastest fractal drawing program", which makes use of this feature, & can draw the C-Curve fractal at level 40 (with over 1 trillion "lines") in a fraction of a second; the speed is quite startling! We encourage you to see it for yourself: https://tinyurl.com/SIGCSE2020WorldsFastestFractal In this lightning talk, we'll show our program, explain how it works, encourage educators to teach this new approach with Fractals, and challenge everyone to "think out of the box" when approaching problems that may have previously seemed intractable.
Campylobacter jejuni BumSR directs a response to butyrate via sensor phosphatase activity to impact transcription and colonization

Campylobacter jejuni monitors intestinal metabolites produced by the host and microbiota to initiate intestinal colonization of avian and animal hosts for commensalism and infection of humans for diarrheal disease. We previously discovered that C. jejuni has the capacity to spatially discern different intestinal regions by sensing lactate and the short-chain fatty acids acetate and butyrate and then alter transcription of colonization factors appropriately for in vivo growth. In this study, we identified the C. jejuni butyrate-modulated regulon and discovered that the BumSR two-component signal transduction system (TCS) directs a response to butyrate by identifying mutants in a genetic screen defective for butyrate-modulated transcription. The BumSR TCS, which is important for infection of humans and optimal colonization of avian hosts, senses butyrate likely by indirect means to alter transcription of genes encoding important colonization determinants. Unlike many canonical TCSs, the predicted cytoplasmic sensor kinase BumS lacked in vitro autokinase activity, which would normally lead to phosphorylation of the cognate BumR response regulator. Instead, BumS has likely evolved mutations to naturally function as a phosphatase whose activity is influenced by exogenous butyrate to control the level of endogenous phosphorylation of BumR and its ability to alter transcription of target genes. To our knowledge, the BumSR TCS is the only bacterial signal transduction system identified so far that mediates responses to the microbiota-generated intestinal metabolite butyrate, an important factor for host intestinal health and homeostasis. Our findings suggest that butyrate sensing by this system is vital for C. jejuni colonization of multiple hosts.
Who Gets to Wield Academic Mjolnir?: On Worthiness, Knowledge Curation, and Using the Power of the People to Diversify OER

1In many academic fields Western/white/male/cishetero2/abled perspectives are often centered, while other perspectives are presented as “other.” Implicitly, this sends messages to students that success looks like one type of person, knowledge is generated in one kind of way, and their background is not worth being centered. While open educational resources (OER) are often marketed as a tool for social justice, due to their ability to neutralize class-based differences (e.g., Okamoto 2013), there is no evidence that OER are any better than commercial texts at addressing issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion (see Mishra 2017 for a discussion of context). However, OER do present a good opportunity for diversification, due to the relatively simple nature of updating the content. This project takes a crowdsourcing approach to diversify OpenStax Psychology (OpenStax College 2014), an OER for Introductory Psychology courses. Contributors were asked to read areas of the textbook they were comfortable with and make suggestions to diversify the content. The author then used some of the suggestions to create modified chapters and conducted a study investigating the impact of the revisions. Participants read either the original chapter or the diversified chapter and completed a questionnaire assessing their sense of belongingness in the classroom/on campus. Overall, first-generation students had a reduced sense of belonging related to their financial circumstances. However, this effect was ameliorated for first-generation students who read the diversified chapter, compared to those who read the original chapter.
High‐level β‐carotene production from xylose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae without overexpression of a truncated HMG1 (tHMG1)

β-Carotene is a natural pigment and health-promoting metabolite, and has been widely used in the nutraceutical, feed, and cosmetic industries. Here, we engineered a GRAS yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce β-carotene from xylose, the second most abundant and inedible sugar component of lignocellulose biomass. Specifically, a β-carotene biosynthetic pathway containing crtYB, crtI, and crtE from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous was introduced into a xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae. The resulting strain produced β-carotene from xylose at a titer threefold higher than from glucose. Interestingly, overexpression of tHMG1, which has been reported as a critical genetic perturbation to enhance metabolic fluxes in the mevalonate pathway and β-carotene production in yeast when glucose is used, did not further improve the production of β-carotene from xylose. Through fermentation profiling, metabolites analysis, and transcriptional studies, we found the advantages of using xylose as a carbon source, instead of glucose, for β-carotene production to be a more respiratory feature of xylose consumption, a larger cytosolic acetyl-CoA pool, and an upregulated expression level of rate-limiting genes in the β-carotene-producing pathway, including ACS1 and HMG1. As a result, 772.8 mg/L of β-carotene was obtained in a fed-batch bioreactor culture with xylose feeding. Considering the inevitable large scale production of xylose when cellulosic biomass-based bioeconomy is implemented, our results suggest xylose utilization is a promising strategy for overproduction of carotenoids and other isoprenoids in engineered S. cerevisiae.
The quest for revolution in Australian schooling policy: by Glenn C. Savage, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA, Routledge, 2021, 176 pp., $160 (hardback), ISBN-10: 0367691310

Why do Australia and the United States, separated by thousands of miles of ocean, have nearly identical education systems? Why have countries all around the word embraced ‘alignment thinking,’ the ...
Target Tracking Applied to Extraction of Multiple Evolving Threats From a Stream of Surveillance Data

Many threats (terrorist attacks, military actions, etc.) can be modeled by someone with relevant expert knowledge. A “threat” here implies a sequence of actions that evolve over time and are intended to culminate in a goal that from the article’s perspective is unfavorable. This work presents a method to model probabilistically these types of processes using hidden Markov models (HMMs). We thence present a detection scheme based on random finite set (RFS) filters—specifically a multi-Bernoulli approach—that allows for detection of multiple threat processes using a single observed data stream. Key here is that associated with threats are a list of entities that are a priori unknown and must be inferred, but once (probabilistically) identified, aid greatly in the data association step, and inference on the perceived threat.
Evolving Plant Diagnostics During a Pandemic

The National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN), comprising diagnostic professionals from more than 70 pathology, entomology, and nematology laboratories, safeguards U.S. plant systems through accurat...
Nerve Pain after Burn Injury: A Proposed Etiology-Based Classification.

BACKGROUND Understanding the mechanism of nerve injury may facilitate managing burn-related nerve pain. This proposed classification, based on cause of nerve injury, was developed to enhance the understanding and management of burn-related nerve pain. METHODS This retrospective investigation included patients aged 15 years or older admitted to the burn center from 2014 to 2019. Burn-related nerve pain was patient-reported and clinically assessed as pain 6 months or more after burn injury, unrelated to preexisting illnesses/medications. The pain classification consisted of direct nerve injury, nerve compression, electrical injury, and nerve dysfunction secondary to systemic injury. The four categories were statistically analyzed between groups, using 52 variables. RESULTS Of the 1880 consecutive burn patients, 113 developed burn-related nerve pain and were eligible for validation of the classification: direct nerve injury, n = 47; nerve compression, n = 12; electrical injury, n = 7; and nerve dysfunction secondary to systemic injury, n = 47. Factors, significantly increased, that distinguished one category from another were as follows: for direct nerve injury, continuous symptoms (p < 0.001), refractory nerve release response (p < 0.001), nerve repair (p < 0.001), and pruritus (p < 0.001); for nerve compression, Tinel signs (p < 0.001), shooting pain (p < 0.001), numbness (p = 0.003), intermittent symptoms (p < 0.001), increased percentage total body surface area burned (p = 0.019), surgical procedures (p < 0.001), and nerve release (p < 0.001); and for electrical injury, Tinel sign (p < 0.001), intermittent symptoms (p = 0.002), amputations (p = 0.002), fasciotomies (p < 0.001), and nerve release (p < 0.001). Nerve dysfunction secondary to systemic injury was distinguished by significantly less Tinel signs (p < 0.001), shooting pain (p < 0.001), numbness and tingling (p < 0.001), pruritus (p < 0.001), fascial excision (p = 0.004), skin grafts (p < 0.001), amputation (p = 0.004), nerve releases (p < 0.001), and third-degree burns (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION A classification consisting of direct nerve injury, nerve compression, electrical injury, and nerve dysfunction secondary to systemic injury is presented that may guide patient management and research methods, with the goal of improving pain outcomes in burn-related nerve pain.
Integrated Network Design and Demand Forecast for On-Demand Urban Air Mobility

Abstract Urban air mobility (UAM) is an emerging concept proposed in recent years that uses electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles (eVTOLs). UAM is expected to offer an alternative way of transporting passengers and goods in urban areas with significantly improved mobility by making use of low-altitude airspace. In addition to other essential elements, ground infrastructure of vertiports is needed to transition UAM from concept to operation. This study examines the network design of UAM on-demand service, with a particular focus on the use of integer programming and a solution algorithm to determine the optimal locations of vertiports, user allocation to vertiports, and vertiport access- and egress-mode choices while considering the interactions between vertiport locations and potential UAM travel demand. A case study based on simulated disaggregate travel demand data of the Tampa Bay area in Florida, USA was conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model. Candidate vertiport locations were obtained by analyzing a three-dimensional (3D) geographic information system (GIS) map developed from lidar data of Florida and physical and regulation constraints of eVTOL operations at vertiports. Optimal locations of vertiports were determined to achieve the minimal total generalized cost; however, the modeling structure allows each user to select a better mode between ground transportation and UAM in terms of generalized cost. The outcomes of the case study reveal that although the percentage of trips that switched from ground mode to multimodal UAM was small, users choosing the UAM service benefited from significant time saving. In addition, the impact of different parameter settings on the demand for UAM service was explored from the supply side, and different pricing strategies were tested that might influence potential demand and revenue generation for UAM operators. The combined effects of the number of vertiports and pricing strategies were also analyzed. The findings from this study offer in-depth planning and managerial insights for municipal decision-makers and UAM operators. The conclusion of this paper discusses caveats to the study, ongoing efforts by the authors, and future directions in UAM research.
Distal mediator-enriched, placental transcriptome-wide analyses illustrate the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

ABSTRACT As the master regulator of the intrauterine environment, the placenta is core to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) but is understudied in relation to tissue-specific gene and trait regulation. We performed distal mediator-enriched transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) for 40 health traits across 5 physiological categories, using gene expression models trained with multi-omic data from the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn Study (N = 272). At P
A Comprehensive Revision of the U.S. Monetary Services (Divisia) Indexes

The authors introduce a comprehensive revision of the Divisia monetary aggregates for the United States published by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, referred to as the Monetary Services Indexes (MSI). These revised MSI are available at five levels of aggregation, including a new broad level of aggregation that includes all of the assets currently reported on the Federal Reserve?s H.6 statistical release. Several aspects of the new MSI differ from those previously published. One such change is that the checkable and savings deposit components of the MSI are now adjusted for the effects of retail sweep programs, beginning in 1994. Another change is that alternative MSI are provided using two alternative benchmark rates. In addition, the authors have simplified the procedure used to construct the own rate of return for small-denomination time deposits and have discontinued the previous practice of applying an implicit return to some or all demand deposits. The revised indexes begin in 1967 rather than 1960 because of data limitations.
An Unbalanced Eulogy of Classical Macroeconomics

A review essay on James C. W., Ahiakpor Classical Macroeconomics: Some Modern Variations and Distortions, London, Routledge, 2003, pp. 254.
Understanding the Construct of Maximizing Tendency: A Theoretical and Empirical Evaluation

More attention is being given to the stable, dispositional tendency to maximize when making decisions. Within the growing body of research has been an exchange regarding the appropriate means of measuring maximizing tendency. Guided primarily by psychometric and statistical analyses, these studies have critiqued and revised existing maximizing tendency scales and/or introduced new measures. Importantly, many of these discussions seem to ignore theoretical considerations of the construct of maximizing. In this article, we revisit the original work of Herbert Simon, from where the theory of maximizing tendency was developed, and provide a theoretical account for how maximizers can be distinguished from satisficers and the implications therein for the measurement of maximizing tendency. Across two studies, we provide an updated psychometric, correlational, and behavioral comparison of the two most popular maximizing tendency scales: the Maximization Scale and the Maximizing Tendency Scale. Results demonstrate that the Maximizing Tendency Scale is more theoretically and psychometrically valid than the Maximization Scale
On finding maximal subcubes in residual hypercubes

It is useful in situations where some of the nodes of the hypercube multiprocessor are faulty or otherwise busy and unavailable for the application at hand, and one is required to utilize the available (residual) portion of the multiprocessor to the best possible extent. The authors resent an efficient algorithm for determining a subcube of maximum dimension in the residual hypercube when all the available nodes are listed explicitly. The algorithm takes O(nm/sup 2/) time on a n-dimensional residual hypercube with m available nodes, as compared with the O(m2/sup m/) time bound of the algorithm of Ozguner and Aykanat. The authors show an O(n)-time parallel version of this algorithm. Finally, they show that when the available nodes are described by subcube descriptors rather than by an explicit list of all available nodes, the problem of finding a maximum-dimension subcube becomes co-NP-hard. >
Solving Rocking Block Problems with Multiple Impacts

In this paper, we present a solution to the multiple impact problem that may arise in the rocking blocks. We use an approach based on the impulse-momentum methods, the energetic coefficient of restitution, and the impulse transmission ratio.
An overview of biochemical genetics.

Biochemical genetics focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of inherited metabolic disorders. While individually rare, the combined incidence of these diseases makes them a significant source of morbidity and mortality, particularly among infants and young children, and new conditions continue to be identified. Inherited metabolic disorders may present as an acute, life-threatening illness or with more chronic, progressive symptoms. Population-scale newborn screening allows for early detection and treatment for >40 different metabolic disorders. This introductory unit is intended to provide an overview of the different clinical categories of metabolic disorders, including a description of modern diagnostic methods and treatment options.
Aspirin Use and Colorectal Cancer: Post-Trial Follow-up Data from the Physicians' Health Study

Background: In contrast to most observational studies, the randomized Physicians' Health Study found no association between aspirin use and colorectal cancer after 5 years. Objective: To determine ...
Nifedipine blockade of ergonovine-lnduced coronary arterial spasm: Angiographic documentations

To determine whether calcium-flux blockade with nifedipine blunts coronary vasospasm, four patients with angiographically demonstrable coronary arterial spasm in the absence of significant fixed coronary arterial stenosis were evaluated with coronary arteriography before and after treatment with nifedipine. After initial coronary arteriography, ergonovine was administered in successive doses of 0.05, 0.1 and (when necessary) 0.2 mg intravenously at 3 minute intervals. Three patients had symptomatic high grade focal coronary arterial spasm with electrocardiographic changes, and the fourth exhibited asymptomatic 60 percent constriction of the left anterior descending coronary artery. A maximal ergonovine challenge was repeated 30 minutes later after each patient had been pretreated with a 20 mg sublingual dose of nifedipine. Under these conditions, no patient had chest pain or electrocardiographic changes. Furthermore, neither focal nor diffuse coronary arterial spasm was demonstrable angiographically after the second challenge. Thus, in each case, a single dose of nifedipine precluded the angiographic expression of ergonovine-provoked coronary arterial spasm.
Biosynthesis of Chondroitin Sulfate PURIFICATION OF GLUCURONOSYL TRANSFERASE II AND USE OF PHOTOAFFINITY LABELING FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZYME AS AN 80-kDa PROTEIN

A photoaffinity analogue, [beta-32P]5-azido-UDP-GlcA, was used to photolabel the enzymes that utilize UDP-GlcA in cartilage microsomes and rat liver microsomes. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of photolabeled cartilage microsomes, which are specialized in chondroitin sulfate synthesis, showed a major radiolabeled band at 80 kDa and other minor radiolabeled bands near 40 and 60 kDa. Rat liver microsomes, which are enriched for enzymes of detoxification by glucuronidation, had a different pattern with multiple major labeled bands near 50-60 and 35 kDa. To determine that the photolabeled 80-kDa protein is the GlcA transferase II, we have purified the enzyme from cartilage microsomes. This membrane-bound enzyme, involved in the transfer of GlcA residues to non-reducing terminal GalNAc residues of the chondroitin polymer, has now been solubilized, stabilized, and then purified greater than 1350-fold by sequential chromatography on Q-Sepharose, heparin-Sepharose, and WGA-agarose. The purified enzyme exhibited a conspicuous silver-stained protein band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that coincided with the major radiolabeled band of 80 kDa. SDS-polyacrylamide gel analysis of photoaffinity-labeled active fractions from the Q-Sepharose, heparin-Sepharose, and WGA-agarose also indicated only the single radiolabeled band at 80 kDa. Intensity of photolabeling in each of the fractions examined coincided with enzyme activity. The photolabeling of this 80-kDa protein was saturable with the photoprobe and could be inhibited by the addition of UDP-GlcA prior to the addition of the photoprobe. Thus, the photolabeling with [beta-32P]5-azido-UDP-GlcA has identified the GlcA transferase II as an 80-kDa protein. The purified enzyme was capable of transferring good amounts of GlcA residues to chondroitin-derived pentasaccharide with negligible transfer to pentasaccharides derived from hyaluronan or heparan.
Microbial Biofilm Growth on Irradiated, Spent Nuclear Fuel Cladding

A fundamental criticism regarding the potential for microbial influenced corrosion in spent nuclear fuel cladding or storage containers concerns whether the required microorganisms can, in fact, survive radiation fields inherent in these materials. This study was performed to unequivocally answer this critique by addressing the potential for biofilm formation, the precursor to microbial-influenced corrosion, in radiation fields representative of spent nuclear fuel storage environments. This study involved the formation of a microbial biofilm on irradiated spent nuclear fuel cladding within a hot cell environment. This was accomplished by introducing 22 species of bacteria, in nutrient-rich media, to test vessels containing irradiated cladding sections and that was then surrounded by radioactive source material. The overall dose rate exceeded 2 Gy/h gamma/beta radiation with the total dose received by some of the bacteria reaching 5 × 103 Gy. This study provides evidence for the formation of biofilms on spent-fuel materials, and the implication of microbial influenced corrosion in the storage and permanent deposition of spent nuclear fuel in repository environments.
A Generalized Sufficient Condition for Time-Optimal Control

This paper presents a sufficient optimality condition for time-optimal feedback control, which generalizes the existing sufficient conditions, i.e., the HJB equation and a Lyapunov-based condition derived in [12]. The new condition is satisfied by a class of piecewise C 1 continuous functions, termed generalized value functions. It admits a larger class of functions, such as bounded functions, than the existing conditions as demonstrated in an example. The generalized condition might, therefore, be useful in solving for the time-optimal feedback control of nonlinear systems such as robotic manipulators.
The anticonvulsant action of AHR-11748 on kindled amygdaloid seizures in rats

Abstract The anticonvulsant effectiveness of AHR-11748 (3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-1-azetidinecarboxamide) was evaluated in the kindled amygdaloid seizure model in rats. Doses of AHR-11748 that did not cause prestimulation toxicity significantly attenuated elicited afterdischarge durations and the severity of the accompanying behavioral convulsive response in previously kindled rats. AHR-11748 (25–100 mg/kg i.p.) was evaluated at 30 min in previously kindled rats using both threshold (20 μA increments) and suprathreshold (400 μA) paradigms. AHR-11748 (50–100 mg/kg) reduced suprathreshold elicited afterdischarges and seizure severity. Utilizing a suprathreshold kindling paradigm, the maximum anticonvulsant effectiveness for the 100 mg/kg i.p. dose of AHR-11748 was seen at 180 min. AHR-11748 significantly elevated seizure thresholds only at the 100 mg/kg dose. AHR-11748 (25–100 mg/kg) significantly reduced the severity of threshold elicited seizures. When AHR-11748 (50 and 100 mg/kg i.p.) was administered daily during kindling acquisition, the number of daily trials necessary to complete kindling significantly increased. A reduction in both the duration and the severity of the responses induced by the daily stimulations during the acquisition period was seen with AHR-11748 treatment. This study has demonstrated that AHR-11748 significantly modifies both the acquisition of kindling and the fully kindled amygdaloid seizures at doses that do not cause behavioral toxicity.
The Risk of Nuclear Inadvertence: A Review Essay

The author would like to thank Benjamin Frankel, Charles Glaser, and John Mearsheimer for their comments and suggestions on earlier drafts. Any mistakes are solely the author's own.
A KIT juxtamembrane PY567 -directed pathway provides nonredundant signals for erythroid progenitor cell development and stress erythropoiesis.

Objective KITL/KIT can elicit diverse sets of signals within lymphoid, myeloid, mast, and erythroid lineages, and exert distinct effects on growth, survival, migration, adhesion, and secretory responses. Presently, we have applied a PY-mutant allele knockin approach to specifically assess possible roles for KIT-PY567 and KIT-PY719 sites, and coupled pathways, during erythropoiesis. Materials and Methods Mouse models used to investigate this problem include those harboring knocked-in KIT Y567F/Y567F , KIT Y569F/Y569F , KIT Y719F,Y719F , and KIT Y567F/Y567F:Y569F/Y569F alleles. The erythron was stressed by myelosuppression using 5-fluorouracil, and by phenylhydrazine-induced hemolysis. In addition, optimized systems for ex vivo analyses of bone marrow and splenic erythropoiesis were employed to more directly analyze possible stage-specific effects on erythroid cell growth, survival, development and KIT signaling events. Results In Kit Y567F/Y567F mice, steady-state erythropoiesis was unperturbed while recovery from anemia due to 5-fluorouracil or phenylhydrazine was markedly impaired. Deficiencies in erythroid progenitor expansion occurred both in the bone marrow and the spleen. Responses to chronic erythropoietin dosing were also compromised. Ex vivo, Kit Y567F/Y567F (pro)erythroblast development was skewed from a Kit pos CD71 high stage toward a subsequent Kit neg CD71 high compartment. Proliferation and, to an extent, survival capacities were also compromised. Similar stage-specific defects existed for erythroid progenitors from Kit Y567F/Y567F:Y569F/Y569F but not KIT Y719F/Y719F mice. Kit Y567F/Y567F erythroblasts were used further to analyze KIT-PY567–dependent signals. MEK-1,2/ERK-1,2 signaling was unaffected while AKT, p70S6K, and especially JNK2/p54 pathways were selectively attenuated. Conclusions Nonredundant KIT-PY567–directed erythroblast-intrinsic signals are selectively critical for stress erythropoiesis. Investigations also add to an understanding of how KIT directs distinct outcomes among diverse progenitors and lineages.
Spherical retrodirective array

This paper derives the characteristics of a spherically-shaped retrodirective space array. The array can receive an incoming signal over 4\pi steradians, amplify, frequency translate, and modulate this signal, and then return it in the direction of the incident wave. The directivity of the array for every angle of incidence corresponds to the area illuminated by the incoming wave. In the array the retrodirective characteristic is obtained by a phase inversion technique that is realized in tunnel-diode image frequency converters. A circular cross section of the spherically-shaped retrodirective array is analyzed. The analysis is extended to the spherically-shaped array. It is shown that the effective aperture of a spherical array is smaller than the illuminated area. This reduction occurs because of a tapered amplitude distribution and a symmetrical phase error proportional to the frequency difference between incident wave and reradiated wave at the image frequency. The output spectrum of the converters in the array contains not only the image frequency signal but additional frequency components as well. Because of the phase characteristics of the spectral components, only the image frequency signal when reradiated by the array elements will add coherently in direction of the incident wave. The reradiation of the other frequency components is not collimated.
Manufacturing strategy analysis: Models and practice

Abstract In this paper we examine the relationship between manufacturing strategy and cost modeling. Combining activity-based accounting and mathematical programming concepts, we define a structure and specific production cost functions for use in quantitative facility strategy models. The cost functions explicitly consider economies of scale and diseconomies of scope. We incorporate these cost functions into optimal facility network design formulations, and we use the resulting models as a basis for assigning individual facility charters and supply chain network structures. This modeling process has been used extensively at Hewlett-Packard Company. A case study is included.
The syntheses, structures and reactivity of some mononuclear and dinuclear pentamethylcyclopentadienyl molybdenum complexes

Abstract The complexes [Cp*MoI3] (Cp* = η5-C5Me5) and Cp*Mo(PMe3)Cl4 are useful precursors for a variety of mononuclear and dinuclear mono(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)molybdenum complexes. The dinuclear complex [Cp*Mo(μ-I)2]2 was readily obtained upon treatment of [Cp*MoI3] with PMe3, and the mononuclear pentahydride complex Cp*Mo(PMe3)H5 was conveniently prepared by the direct reaction of Cp*Mo(PMe3)Cl4 with LiAlH4. The pentahydride complex Cp*Mo(PMe3)H5 eliminates H2 under relatively mild conditions, and is converted to the monohydride derivative Cp*Mo(PMe3)3H in the presence of PMe3 at 80°C. Both Cp*Mo(PMe3)H5 and Cp*Mo (PMe3)3H react with H2S and MeSH giving [Cp*Mo(μ-S)(μ-SH)]2 and [Cp*Mo(μ-SMe)2]2, respectively. The molecular structures of (η5-C5Me4Et)Mo(PMe3)H5, cis-Cp*Mo (CO)2(PMe3)I, [Cp*Mo(μ-I)2]2, [Cp*Mo(μ-S)(μ-SH)]2 and [(η5-C5Me4Et)Mo(μ-SMe)2]2 have been determined by X-ray diffraction. The MoMo bond length in neutral [Cp*Mo(μ-I)2]2 is slightly shorter than that previously reported for the cation [Cp*Mo(μ-I)2]2+, consistent with the notion that the HOMO in these complexes is a δ rather than δ* orbital.
Signal‐frequency uncertainty in spectral‐shape discrimination: Psychometric functions

Psychometric functions were measured for spectral‐shape discrimination (profile analysis) with the signal frequency either fixed, what we call the signal‐known condition, or randomly varied, what we call the signal‐unknown condition. The functions were obtained using an adaptive, up–down procedure. In the signal‐unknown condition, independent tracks for each signal frequency were interleaved within the same block of trials. The mean slope of the psychometric function [k in log d’=k log ΔL+C, where ΔL=20 log(1+Δp/p)] was 1.13 for the signal‐known conditions and 1.19 for the signal‐unknown condition. The mean signal‐to‐standard ratio at threshold (Pc=79.4%) obtained in the signal‐unknown condition was 3 to 4 dB higher than that obtained in the signal‐known conditions. The psychometric functions of the ideal observer were derived for both the signal‐known and signal‐unknown conditions. A comparison of the measured and derived psychometric functions suggests that the internal noise component that is statistically independent across frequency channels contributes minimally to the total (internal and external) noise sources that are involved in the decision process.
Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Flow Interactions with Strong Shocks Using Shock-Fitting Method

Canonical problem of interaction of a normal shock and isotropic turbulence is fundamental to many important scientific and engineering applications. Most widely used shock capturing methods for the numerical simulation of compressible flows are inherently dissipative, only first order accurate and may incur numerical oscillations near the shock waves. Since high order methods are critical for direct numerical simulation of turbulent flows, we use a shock-fitting method that has been shown to be fifth-order accurate near as well as away from the shock. Moreover, unlike shock-capturing schemes, there are no spurious oscillations even with very strong shock waves. We carry out Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of canonical shock-turbulence interaction problem for flows with mean Mach numbers ranging from 2 to 20 and turbulent Mach number varying from 0.12 to 0.38. A Reynolds number based on Taylor microscale, Re O , of up to 40 is used, requiring more than 30 million grid points per simulation. Such high mean Mach number values have never been considered in past for study of shock turbulence interactions. Some new trends are observed in turbulent statistics as mean Mach number is increased. Maximum value of streamwise velocity fluctuations downstream of the shock is found to be initially decreasing as Mach number is increased but for stronger than Mach 8 shocks this trend reverses. Similarly maximum streamwise vorticity fluctuations in post-shock flow first increase and then decrease as mean Mach number is increased. We observe that vorticity fluctuations return to isotropy behind the shock for some cases. Increasing mean Mach number and Reynolds number leads to delay in the return to isotropy in the vorticity fluctuations. Overall, the results generally confirm the findings by earlier numerical simulations and provide new trends for stronger shocks than those considered by numerical studies in the past.