cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies in Cochlear Mechanics

These notes represent some of the efforts by the author to understand mechanisms which have relevance to the mechanics of the cochlea. The use of asymptotic methods is stressed. In particular, the “WKB” method or its generalization, the two-variable expansion procedure (Cole, 1968, Chapter 3) is used throughout. The notes are arranged in the format of three specific problems, in the order of increasing relevance and difficulty. Section II deals with the sinusoidal forced vibrations of an isotropic membrane with a tapered planform in the absence of a fluid. Section III considers the response of a partition having mass, internal damping and variable stiffness and which is immersed in an inviscid fluid undergoing two dimensional motions. Section IV illustrates some aspects of the response to sinusoidal forcing of a highly anisotropic tapered plate immersed in a viscous fluid undergoing three dimensional motions. Special consideration is given to the low and high frequency limits of this problem.
The Vulnerability to Fraud: Factors, Motivations, and Fraud Detection and Deterrence

In the last two decades there have been many cases of accounting frauds or scandals, most notably the Enron and Bernie Madoff scandals, WorldCom, Tyco International Ltd., and Adelphia Communications Corporation. Fraud is an emerging global problem in private and public organizations that causes tremendous loss to the business world and creates morale problems in the workplace. Researchers and practitioners have conducted many studies to identify the fraud indicators and to build fraud prevention procedures. This paper facilitates understanding fraud as well the factors that motivate fraudsters to commit crime. The paper also highlights some detection techniques and prevention tools with emphasis on deterrence practices.
1675a Toolkits: the key to scalable interventions and effective dissemination

Introduction While workplace intervention research is prevalent and fairly well funded, there remains a gap in the uptake of such interventions within practice realms after the completion of the research project. A review of the intervention research in Total Worker Health (TWH) was used to estimate the degree to which interventions were disseminated or available for dissemination in the area of employee safety, health and well-being. Among other considerations, a key strategy for effective dissemination of interventions depends on tailoring the intervention protocol and methods to a form that is widely useable. Methods The Oregon Healthy Workforce Centre (OHWC), a US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Centre of Excellence in Total Worker Health (TWH), developed and evaluated TWH intervention programs that integrated safety, health, and well-being. The interventions produced positive and statistically significant changes in safety, health, and well-being. To facilitate the effective transfer of these interventions into practice, we set out to systematically translate each research-focused intervention for real-world practice. Result Each intervention was converted into a ready-to-use, self-guided ‘toolkit’ designed so that practitioners could independently and feasibly implement within their workplace, thus making them scalable. The final product included videos and documents explaining the goals and strategies of the toolkit, its various components, and necessary instructions for use. In addition to ease of use, the toolkit components range from low- to no-cost to enhance their reach and distribution. Marketing materials were developed to stimulate the dissemination of the toolkits. Discussion Toolkits from the OHWC have been made available on a university website with the marketing materials being distributed widely. Given that research interventions are often confined within academic constraints, the concept of the self-contained toolkit makes the intervention scalable, thus overcoming a key barrier of translation of sound TWH research efforts into practice.
Sometimes I Get So Mad I Could …: The Neuroscience of Cruelty

Abstract The following chapter gives an overview of the cruel acts that humans commit. Though extreme forms of cruelty such as murder and pedophilia are touched on, the bulk of this chapter is devoted to everyday cruelty. In the chapter, cruelty is viewed on a spectrum, illustrating how everyone is capable of being cruel. This spectrum begins with empathy and extends to cruel acts enabled by a lack of empathy. To begin, the chapter covers beliefs and attitudes that can lead to cruelty, such as dehumanization, otherization, intergroup bias, and morality. From there, everyday acts of cruelty are discussed in detail, regarding both the circumstances under which such acts arise and particularly the underlying patterns of brain activity and structure involved. For example, emotions such as anger and jealousy are described as driving forces that lead to aggression and violence, and their neural correlates are described. Lastly, pathological disorders that can result in cruelty are discussed, including antisocial personality disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathy. The amygdala (AMG), prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex are highlighted as the most commonly noted neural structures related to cruelty.
Assessing Kindergarten Children's Communicative Competence

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the importance attached to the development of oral language skills that is evident in the numerous programs and special personnel in schools that focus on this one aspect of education. Communicative competence is generally considered to have two integrated aspects: grammatical and interactional. Black's study based upon the analysis of video and audio tapes of 12 kindergarten children in the sociodramatic area of the classroom indicates that young children's interactional competence can be observed and documented. The first category in the Interactional Competency Checklist is the ability to adapt to changes in the setting that refers to the child's ability to adjust to the various themes of play, extend the organization of the plot, and character development within the sociodramatic area. Nonverbal appropriateness is the second category of the Interactional Competency Checklist and refers to the child's use of gestures, facial expressions, body movements, intonation, and stress.
The Role of Mitochondria in the Control of Cellular Calcium Homeostasis

Demonstration of an active Ca2+ transport system in the mitochondrial inner membrane has led to investigation of the physiological function of this activity. Control of intracellular Ca2+ ion homeostasis and/or modulation of mitochondrial metabolism may be important consequences of Ca2+ flux across the mitochondrial membrane. Distribution of Ca2+ between the cytosol and the two major intracellular Ca2+ transport organelles (the mitochondria and the reticular network) will be determined by the environmental levels of Ca2+ and the kinetic constants of each system. The high affinity (but low capacity) of the reticulum for Ca2+ is within the range of cytosolic Ca2+ buffering, i.e., from 150–200 nM, and is dealt with elsewhere in this symposium. The ability of the mitochondria to respond to changing Ca2+ concentrations in order to activate metabolism or to buffer cytosolic Ca2+ is dependent upon intracellular conditions which may affect the transporters. Mitochondrial Ca2+ flux Is controlled by both an import pathway and an export pathway which are thought to operate in parallel. Any alteration in the balance between the two pathways can affect cytosolic Ca2+ buffering and/or modulate energy production via Ca2+ sensitive dehydrogenase activities in the mitochondrial matrix. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is a low affinity, high capacity process, linked to the fundamental energy producing mechanism across the inner membrane.
Relationship between pitcher fatigue and medial elbow torque in baseball pitchers: A simulated game analysis

Objectives:The incidence of overuse injury to the elbow in baseball pitchers continues to rise, despite exhaustive efforts at pitch count regulations and emphasis on proper throwing mechanics. The ...
NIST HAXPES at NSLS and NSLS-II

Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) provides numerous exciting opportunities to deepen our understanding of materials chemistry and electronic structure, as is evident from recent review...
Gait changes after weight loss on adolescent with severe obesity after sleeve gastrectomy.

Abstract Background It has been highlighted that obesity influences the gait reducing walking velocity, stride length, ankle dorsal flexion at initial contact and ankle power generation. Meanwhile, step width, double support, hip flexion, knee extension during stance, hip moment and ankle power absorption was described increased. A tendency to the normalization of these parameters occur when subjects reduced their weight during growth. Objective We studied the effect of fast weight loss due to Sleeve Gastrectomy on gait pattern of adolescent with severe obesity. The aim is to assess the functional benefit of the surgery. Setting Pediatric hospital, public health, Italy. Methods 11 patients before and after 1 year from surgery and 10 controls participated to the study. We studied the gait with an optoelectronic system and two force plates. We evaluated both kinetics and kinematics of walking. Then we looked at the differences between the pre- vs post-surgery and with the control group. Results Step length and velocity were lower and step width was bigger in adolescent with obesity. Kinematic and kinetic parameters were altered. After surgery we observed the reduction of several gait alteration. Meanwhile, after 1 year alterations at the level of the foot, the knee and the pelvis persist. Conclusion The sudden loss of weight highlighted the presence of long-term effects on the locomotor system. The results discourage intense walking activities before the weight loss and we suggest further studies for evaluating the necessity of a rehabilitative intervention.
Abstract TP578: Comparison of Demographic, Clinical, and Angiographic Characteristics Between Pediatric and Adult HHT Patients With Brain AVMs

Introduction: Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal-dominant disorder that affects 1 in 5,000 people, and is caused by heterozygous mutations in ENG, ACVRL1, and SMAD4. Diagno...
Understanding the Predictability of Smartwatch Usage

We explore the predictability of smartwatch usage using a 9-month dataset collected from 27 users through a crowd-sourced user trial. Specifically, we investigate the predictability of (1) the device energy consumption, (2) the application launch time, and (3) the screen display. Overall, we find that all three aspects exhibit reasonably good predictability. Our findings provide key knowledge and insights for developing efficient and intelligent energy management services for future smartwatch systems.
PCB Bowing Effects on 60 GHz Switched-Beam Antenna Modules

This paper introduces a method to incorporate the bowing curvature on the 3-D models of 60 GHz switched-beam multilayer antenna modules. This allows such manufacturing effects on the fabricated prototypes to be taken into account in the post-fabrication simulation. The curvature is introduced on the flat 3-D model by intersecting the raised metal patterns with curve solid layers. The method is general and can be applied on any layered structure even if vias are present. The full-wave simulations of the model, with and without the bow, are performed. The reflection coefficients (both measured and simulated) and radiation patterns are compared and analyzed to determine the effects of bowing.
Racial Differences in the Relationship between Neighborhood Disorder, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Child Behavioral Health.

The neighborhood and family context in which children grow profoundly influences their development. Informed by ecological systems theory and social disorganization theory, we hypothesized that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) mediate the relationship between neighborhood disorder and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and that these pathways vary by race/ethnicity. We conducted secondary data analysis using Fragile Families and Child Well-being study data. To test hypothesized pathways, we performed a mediation path analysis on a sample of 3001 mothers of children (ages 3 and 5) living in 20 U.S. cities. A moderated mediation path analysis was used to test racial/ethnic differences in hypothesized pathways. We found that living in disordered neighborhoods increased children’s likelihood of exhibiting externalizing and internalizing behaviors through childhood ACEs. Compared to Black and Hispanic children, White children’s ACEs were more susceptible to negative neighborhood environment effects, suggesting that White children’s behavioral health may be more indirectly affected by neighborhood disorder. The finding that ACEs mediated the pathway from neighborhood disorder to child behavior problems provides opportunity for child psychiatrists and pediatricians to interrupt negative pathways by providing interventions for children and families. Our findings on racial/ethnic differences highlight the need for culturally sensitive programming to address children’s behavior problems.
Quality-of-life and olfaction changes observed with short-term medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Background Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) commonly experience both reduced quality of life (QOL) and olfactory dysfunction (OD). Literature on the impacts of appropriate medical therapy (AMT) for CRS on QOL and OD is limited, and the focused design of these studies may limit their applicability to usual clinical practice.Methods Adults with symptomatic CRS were prospectively enrolled (November 2016 to October 2018) into an observational, multi-institutional study. Individualized AMT was initiated using standard practice according to evidence-based guidelines. Endoscopy examination (Lund-Kennedy), olfactory function (Sniffin' Sticks) testing, and QOL survey responses (22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT-22], Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders?Negative Statements [QOD-NS]) were obtained at enrollment and follow-up.Results Baseline measures demonstrated heterogeneity of QOL and OD. After an average of 7.8 weeks, within-subject median SNOT-22 total improved by 39.5% (n = 39, p < 0.001) relative to baseline, including 50% (p = 0.014) improvement for item #21, "Sense of smell/taste." QOD-NS improvement was also statistically significant (p = 0.044). Sniffin' Sticks score relative improvement of 10.9% (n = 33, p = 0.109) was not statistically significant and lacked correlation with SNOT-22 total scores (R = -0.247, p = 0.165) or QOD-NS total scores (R = -0.016, p = 0.930), but correlated moderately with endoscopy score (R = -0.436, p = 0.018).Conclusions Participants with varied impacts of CRS, treated with individualized short-term AMT, demonstrated significant improvements in CRS- and olfactory-specific QOL measures, without corresponding improvement in clinically measured olfactory function. Olfactory function changes moderately correlated with endoscopy score changes, but lacked an association with QOL measurements.
Impact of Combined Hormonal Contraceptive Use on Weight Loss: A Secondary Analysis of a Behavioral Weight-Loss Trial.

Objective This study aimed to perform a preliminary investigation of the impact of combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) use on weight loss during an 18-month behavioral weight-loss trial. Methods Adults (n = 170; 18-55 years; BMI 27-42 kg/m2 ) received a weight-loss intervention that included a reduced-calorie diet, a progressive exercise prescription, and group-based behavioral support. Premenopausal women (n = 110) were classified as CHC users (CHC, n = 17) or non-CHC users (non-CHC, n = 93). Changes in weight were examined within groups using a linear mixed model, adjusted for age and randomized group assignment. Results At 6 M, weight was reduced from baseline in both CHC (mean, -6.7 kg; 95% CI: -9.8 to -3.7 kg) and non-CHC (-9.1 kg; -9.1 to -6.4 kg). Between 6 and 18 M, CHC regained weight (4.9 kg; 0.9 to 8.9 kg), while weight remained relatively unchanged in non-CHC (-0.1 kg; -1.8 to 1.6 kg). At 18 M, weight was relatively unchanged from baseline in CHC (-1.8 kg; -7.3 to 3.6 kg) and was reduced from baseline in non-CHC (-7.9 kg; -10.2 to -5.5 kg). Conclusions In this secondary data analysis, CHC use was associated with weight regain after initial weight loss. Prospective studies are needed to further understand the extent to which CHC use influences weight loss and maintenance.
When Physicians Engage in Practices That Threaten the Nation's Health.

This Viewpoint proposes response options for specialty societies, medical licensing boards, academic leadership, and faculty and colleagues when physician public health leaders spread misinformation detrimental to patients' or the public's health, as happened in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic
Psychological Impact, Strengths, and Handling the Uncertainty Among Latinx DACA Recipients:

Anti-immigration rhetoric has consistently impacted the lives of immigrant young adults who are Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) recipients. This qualitative study sheds light on the l...
LA POESÍA DE MARTÍN GUBBINS: DE HUIDOBRO A PARRA & BEYOND

En este articulo se estudia la poesia visual de vanguardia y sus cambios en el proceso literario del siglo XX, desde los aportes revolucionarios de Apollinaire y Huidobro. A partir de alli se explora el trabajo del joven poeta chileno Martin Gubbins en dos de sus libros: Album (2005) y Fuentes del Derecho (2010), mostrando sus artefactos visuales y su parodia ironica. Tambien se trazan relaciones con autores anteriores a Gubbins como Jorge Eduardo Eielson y Nicanor Parra.
Effect of cable surface geometry and ice accretion shapes on the aerodynamic behaviour of inclined stay cables

Abstract A wind-tunnel study has been conducted to evaluate changes in the aerodynamic behaviour of stay cables of a bridge due to ice accretion from freezing rain and, due to different cable surface geometries. Numerical simulations were performed to predict the three-dimensional ice shapes resulting from freezing rain for a variation of environmental conditions: wind speed, wind direction, air temperature, velocity of precipitation and duration of precipitation. Stay-cable models were fabricated using laser selective sintering for three different surface geometries (double helical fillet, concentric rings, and double helical strakes) with ice formed under the same environmental conditions. Additional models with the helical fillet geometry were fabricated to evaluate the effect of the air temperature at which ice was formed, the effect of wind direction during the precipitation event and the effect of the duration of the precipitation. The aerodynamic drag and lift forces acting on the models were measured for different wind speeds and cable-wind angles. The overall study evaluated the mean aerodynamic force coefficients of ten models in smooth flow, and two of the models were also tested in turbulent flow. The critical Reynolds number regime for the models of stay cable with ice accretion shapes occurred at a lower Reynolds number (below 100,000) than for the un-iced cables and the drag coefficient was less sensitive to increases in Reynolds numbers than the equivalent un-iced cables. These effects were attributed to the combined role of the ice-shape in determining the separation point combined with the higher surface roughness of the ice. An important observation was that for the three surface geometries and the range of test conditions that were considered, the maximum drag coefficients for ice-accreted models ranged from approximately 1.1 to 1.3, and were up to 50% greater than those observed without ice. The model with helical strakes and ice accretion exhibited the highest drag coefficient and exhibited more variation in lift coefficient with changes in Reynolds number than the other two cable surface geometries. The aerodynamic forces of an ice-accreted model followed similar trends in smooth and turbulent flow, but the drag coefficients were greater in turbulent flow. The presence and shape of the ice appeared to have a more dominant effect on the separation behaviour of the models than the presence of turbulence (for an ice-accreted model). The aerodynamic coefficients did not change greatly between the cases where ice was accreted at − 0 . 5 ° C and − 1 . 5 ° C due to the similar ice shape and thickness near the separation locations. The ice shape formed at − 5 ° C was thicker but more localized and resulted in drag and lift coefficients that had greater variation with changes in the cable-wind plane. The effect of ice duration from 10 h to 20 h resulted in a increased variation in mean lift coefficient behaviour due to the asymmetric shape that resulted from the ice accretion parameters.
Job Interview and Vocational Outcomes Among Transition-Age Youth Receiving Special Education Pre-Employment Transition Services

Vocational outcomes among transition-age youth receiving special education services are critically poor and have only incrementally improved since the implementation of the Workforce Innovation Opportunity Act. Few studies highlight whether interviewing may be critical to obtaining vocational outcomes such as competitive employment or internships. This study evaluated vocational interviewing and outcomes among 656 transition-age youth receiving special education pre-employment transition services from 47 schools. Results suggest 20.8% of these youth were currently employed, and 88.8% of these employed youth interviewed prior to obtaining their job, which is higher than anecdotal evidence suggests and speaks to the importance of job interview skills as an intervention target for special education pre-employment transition services. We discuss the implications and directions for further study.
Comparative Genomics of Campylobacter Species Other than Campylobacter jejuni

The best characterized of the campylobacters is Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni, a common commensal of warm-blooded animals, especially birds. The availability of eight new nonjejuni Campylobacter (NJC) genomes permits genomic comparisons between the NJC group and between the NJC genomes and the C. jejuni subsp. jejuni genomes. This chapter compares and contrasts the genomes of Campylobacter species other than C. jejuni subsp. jejuni. The primary phenotypic marker associated with Campylobacter plasmids is antibiotic resistance. Genes encoding resistance to tetracycline, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol have been identified on Campylobacter plasmids. Campylobacter plasmids fall into two basic groups: cryptic plasmids and megaplasmids. Homopolymeric G: C tracts have been identified in all of the NJC genomes. Several genes within the NJC genomes are frameshifted or have other defects and are considered putative pseudogenes. In Escherichia coli, the conjugative F episome cointegrates into the chromosome via homologous recombination between insertion sequences (IS) elements common to both the chromosome and the F plasmid, resulting in an Hfr strain. Helicobacter strains that possess the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway contain a phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) distinct from those found in the other Epsilonproteobacteria. A complete oxidative tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is present in C. jejuni subsp. jejuni, as evidenced by the presence of all three subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (encoded by sdhABC). The chapter talks about restriction/modification systems, and virulence/pathogenicity loci. Genomic data for the NJC genomes will lead to new typing methods and perhaps culture methods.
Averaging and normal deviation theory for nonlinear nets

Novel techniques for solving the problem of using a mathematical model to predict neural network performance are proposed. An averaging theorem and the theory of normal deviations are applied to the stochastic equations arising from backpropagation for an arbitrary feedforward network. The averaging theorem is a method for deriving a deterministic system of equations from a stochastic system of equations, the deterministic system describing the mean behavior of a solution to the stochastic system. Applied to the specific case at hand, this allows the deviation of systems of equations which describe the mean behavior of network weights evolving through backpropagation in a noisy environment. The resulting deterministic equations can frequently be greatly simplified allowing the development of practical algorithms for prediction of the mean behavior of network weight evolution. An example of these techniques for two-layer nonlinear networks is included. The theory of normal deviations is also applied to the problem of network prediction. >
KAPOSI'S ARCOMA

: A case of Kaposi's sarcoma is presented in Which extensive diagnostic studies failed lo detect the cardiac, pulmonary, intestinal and nodal involvement that was found to be present at autopsy.
Streptomycin-Induced Phenotypic Suppression of Hydroxylamine-Induced Nonsense Mutants in the rII A Cistron of Bacteriophage T4

Twenty-one hydroxylamine-induced rII A cistron nonsense mutants were tested for streptomycin (SM)-induced phenotypic suppression by exposing Escherichia coli SBO (nonpermissive host) to phage in the presence and absence of SM. All nine amber, four of six ochre, and five of six opal mutants were phenotypically suppressible by SM. For suppressible mutants, the ratio of the average burst size in the presence of SM to size in the absence of SM ranged from 12 to 242 for the ambers, 3 to 33 for the ochres, and 4 to 14 for the opals. Increased susceptibility of the amber mutants to SM-induced phenotypic suppression relative to the susceptibility of the opal and ochre mutants may reflect a neighboring base effect, such that a 3′-terminal adenine inhibits misreading of a 5′-terminal uracil.
Assessing Criticisms of Faunal Analyses and Environmental Reconstructions in the Tehuacan Valley Project

The Tehuacain Valley project received pointed criticism from Hardy (1999, 1996), who focused her doctoral dissertation on reevaluating the extensive data and the related chronological analyses formulated by MacNeish, Flannery, and others. Hardy (1996, p. 700) emphasized the prominence of the Tehuacain Valley project's chronological sequences within the field of Mesoamerican archaeology, and this provided a primary impetus for her critical review of the data and related interpretations. This comment evaluates Hardy's criticisms, and concludes that she applied an inappropriate statistical test in her evaluation of Flannery's analysis of rodent remains and related inferences of environmental changes over time. In contrast, Flannery (1967) applied statistical tests appropriate to the types of data used in his analysis, if those data in fact comprised a random sample. The most intriguing issues in
Virtual function placement and traffic steering in flexible and dynamic software defined networks

The integration of network function virtualization (NFV) and software defined networks (SDN) seeks to create a more flexible and dynamic software-based network environment. The line between entities involved in forwarding and those involved in more complex middle box functionality in the network is blurred by the use of high-performance virtualized platforms capable of performing these functions. A key problem is how and where network functions should be placed in the network and how traffic is routed through them. An efficient placement and appropriate routing increases system capacity while also minimizing the delay seen by flows. In this paper, we formulate the problem of network function placement and routing as a mixed integer linear programming problem. This formulation not only determines the placement of services and routing of the flows, but also seeks to minimize the resource utilization. We develop heuristicsto solve the problem incrementally, allowing us to support a large number of flows and to solve the problem for incoming flows without impacting existing flows.
Incorporating an Electric Machine into the Transmission Control of Ford's Modular Hybrid Transmission

Ford recently introduced an industry first Modular Hybrid Transmission (MHT) in the Model U concept vehicle at the 2003 North American International Auto Show. The MHT is a full function hybrid system (i.e. capable of electric drive) that utilizes a modular approach to leverage high volume conventional driveline components to create a lower-cost hybrid system [1]. In the MHT, the torque converter of a conventional automatic transmission is removed and in its place is packaged a single high voltage electric machine and an engine disconnect clutch. Advanced controls are used to enable hybrid functions. A critical element in the development of the MHT is the ability to replicate the functions of the torque converter without compromise to the vehicle drivability. In this paper, the control of four transmission functions in the MHT will be discussed: 1) transmission engagement, 2) vehicle launch, 3) power-on up-shift and 4) coast downshift. Data from test vehicles will be presented that demonstrates the ability of the MHT to meet the drivability requirements of today's production automatic transmissions.
User Charges and the Financing of K-12 Public Education in the United States

In this paper, we first offer economic arguments in support of greater consideration of user charges to fund public primary and secondary education. Second, to better understand why these economic arguments have not had further influence, a regression analysis shows the factors responsible for the observed variance in public school use of charges across the United States in 1991-92. Measures of matching grant activity, average district size, percentage population of school age, educational attainment, political ideology, institutional restrictions on property tax and fee usage, local tax deductibility, and unaccounted for regional variations all help to explain interstate variation in school district user fees. Based upon the regression findings, we offer suggestions on how to increase reliance on public school user charges. Our review of U.S. school district data from 1991-92 suggests that as much as thirty billion dollars in expenditures on auxiliary services, or about 13 percent of all public school expenditure, could be funded through fees.
H/sub /spl infin// control in systems with a single input delay

A state space solution is provided for the standard H/sub /spl infin// problem in a linear systems with a single, pure input lag. The solution is based on a reduction of associated operator Riccati equations to a algebraic and differential matrix Riccati equations.
Cyclin D1 regulation of mitochondrial function in breast cancer

4472 Cyclin D1 is overexpressed in human breast cancers and is sufficient for the development of murine mammary tumors. The cyclin D1 gene encodes a regulatory subunit of the holoenzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the pRb tumor suppressor protein to promote nuclear DNA synthesis. In addition to the ability of cyclin D1 to form a holoenzyme with cdk4/6, we and others have previously shown that cyclin D1 regulates distinct cellular functions through physical association with nuclear receptors and transcriptional coregulators. In knockdown experiments using siRNA against cyclin D1 we observed that both mitochondial size and activity were increased, this observation was validated using cyclin D1 anti-sense transgenic mice. Mammary epithelial cells obtained from cyclin D1 anti-sense transgenic mice demonstrated induction of genes governing mitochondrial function and glycolysis. Reciprocal expression of these genes was observed in mammary tumors induced by mammary gland targeted cyclin D1 overexpression. Global gene expression profiling and functional analysis of mammary epithelial cell-targeted cyclin D1 anti-sense transgenics demonstrated cyclin D1 inhibits mitochondrial activity, and aerobic glycolysis in vivo . We further examined the mitochondrial components including mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (mtTFA) and mitochondrial nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) that are key regulators of mitochondrial DNA synthesis and function. Cyclin D1 repressed expression of mtTFA and inhibited D-loop transcriptional activity. NRF-1, which induces nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, was transcriptionally repressed and its activity was inhibited by cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 levels and NRF-1 expression were inversely correlated during cell cycle progression. In addition, NRF-1- and cyclin D1-regulated genes were inversely correlated by microarray expression profiling. Cyclin D1 associated with NRF-1 in vivo by immunoprecipitation and in mammalian two-hybrid assays. Screening for the potential phosphorylation site of NRF-1 demonstrated that cyclin D1-dependent kinase phosphorylated NRF-1 at Serine 47. In summary, in addition to regulating nuclear DNA synthesis, cyclin D1 regulates mitochondrial function in vivo , coordinating metabolic substrate utilization within the cell.
Movement and specificity in a modular DNA binding protein.

The single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein RPA binds to and protects ssDNA while simultaneously recruiting numerous replication and repair proteins essential for genome integrity. In this issue of Structure, Brosey et al. (2015) show that the flexibility and interactions of the modular domains of RPA are altered by ssDNA binding and suggest that these changes in configurational freedom are important for the many functions of RPA.
American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia, edited by Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer, & Jeffrey O. Nelson

This sizeable publishing project has 626 entries, with contributions from more than 200 leading scholars, a total of 979 pages (in the hardcover edition), half a million words, and 15 years in the ...
Pharmacologic amelioration of severe hypoglycemia-induced neuronal damage

Abstract Hypoglycemia is a common complication for insulin treated people with diabetes. Severe hypoglycemia, which occurs in the setting of excess or ill-timed insulin administration, has been shown to cause brain damage. Previous pre-clinical studies have shown that memantine (an N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist) and erythropoietin can be neuroprotective in other models of brain injury. We hypothesized that these agents might also be neuroprotective in reponse to severe hypoglycemia-induced brain damage. To test this hypothesis, 9-week old, awake, male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent hyperinsulinemic (0.2 U kg−1 min−1) hypoglycemic clamps to induce severe hypoglycemia (blood glucose 10–15 mg/dl for 90 min). Animals were randomized into control (vehicle) or pharmacological treatments (memantine or erythropoietin). One week after severe hypoglycemia, neuronal damage was assessed by Fluoro-Jade B and hematoxylin and eosin staining of brain sections. Treatment with both memantine and erythropoietin significantly decreased severe hypoglycemia-induced neuronal damage in the cortex by 35% and 39%, respectively (both p
DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF FROZEN SAMPLES AS AN ADJUNCT TO LOW-TEMPERATURE ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY.

Abstract A technique is described for applying diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry to samples frozen in round quartz tubes of small diameter as used in measurements of electron paramagnetic resonance. Limitations of the quantitative evaluation of the reflectance spectra are discussed.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastasis to the frontal skull

Papillary thyroid carcinoma with metastasis to the frontal skull is extremely rare. We report a case of unsuspected papillary thyroid carcinoma with frontal skull metastasis. The patient was a 62-year-old African American woman with presentation of a 4-cm firm, painless, immobile, ill-defined mass at the right forehead. Ultrasound and computer tonography detected a hypervascular and osteolytic tumor involving the skull and overlying skin. Fine-needle aspiration was performed followed by surgical biopsy. Cytologic examination revealed the presence of hypercellular and bloody material. The neoplasm showed glandular features and was composed of clusters of round to oval cells with pinkish squamoid cytoplasm, oval nuclei and inconspicuous nucleoli on smears and sections of cell block. With immunocytochemical stain, the neoplastic cells were positive for pancytokeratin and vimentin and focally positive for EMA, while they were negative for S100, HMB45, Melan-A, CD34, GFAP, CD10, LCA, RCC and CD138. The diagnosis was a metastatic carcinoma. Clinical follow up with surgical biopsy was recommended. Surgical biopsy demonstrated histological and cytological features of papillary thyroid carcinoma including prominent papillae, nuclear overlapping, grooves, and intranuclear pseudoinclusions. Thus, a diagnosis of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma was rendered. Though skull metastasis of thyroid carcinoma is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a skull mass lesion is encountered. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the representation theory for full decomposable forms

Abstract Let k Q be any finite normal extension and fix an order D of k invariant under the galois group G( k Q ) . The ring class field K corresponding to D is normal over Q. We solve the problem of determining which full decomposable forms associated to the invertible ideals of D integrally represent a given positive integer m. First we establish a one-to-one correspondence between the improperly equivalent classes of such forms and the conjugacy classes of G( K Q ) which are contained in G( K k ) . The solution is then seen to rest upon determining the Artin class in G( K Q ) of the unramified primes dividing m. This is accomplished by evaluating certain induced characters of G( K Q ) congruentially in terms of an associated integer linear recurrence sequence.
Pseudocollector effect in a CMOS inverter

The pseudocollector effect in a CMOS inverter is demonstrated by analyzing the current distribution in the latchup state. The decoupling of the current flow from the latchup feedback loop is controlled by the input voltage applied to the gates of n- and p-channel MOSFET's, which results in a reduction of latchup susceptibility. Latchup in a CMOS inverter is influenced by the input voltage through pseudocollector and potential modulation effects. A simple SCR structure cannot reflect adequately these phenomena.
Optical Absorption, Luminescence, And Redox Switching Properties Of Polyphenylene Derivatives

A series of polyphenylene derivative polymers with a variety of heterocyclic units along the main chain, and various pendant groups, have been synthesized and their optoelectrochemical properties examined. Polyphenylenes containing electronically isolated emitter centers have optical absorption and luminescence characteristics which are a function of the length of the conjugated unit. A water soluble electroactive rigid-rod poly (p-phenylene), specifically Poly[2,5-bis (propoxy-3-sulfonate)-1,4-phenylene- alt ,4-phenylene], has been prepared. Solution cast films of this polymer exhibit optical evidence for bipolarons via both p-type and n-type electrochemical doping. Further poly ( p -phenylene) (PPP) derivatives are being pursued, including PPP's bearing pendant donor molecules for charge transfer complex formation. A series of polymers containing alternating p-phenylene units with bithienylene and bifuranylene units, specifically poly[1,4-bis (2-heterocycle)-2,5-disubstituted-1,4-phenylenes], have been synthesized with both alkyl and alkoxy pendant groups. Steric interactions disrupt the ability of the redox doped polymers to attain planarity, strongly affecting the polymer's oxidation potentials and DC conductivities. The substituent length has little effect on the electronic properties of the polymer, but greatly affects the polymer's solubility and transport properties during redox switching.
Craniofacial birth defects: The role of neural crest cells in the etiology and pathogenesis of Treacher Collins syndrome and the potential for prevention

Of all the babies born with birth defects, approximately one-third display anomalies of the head and face [Gorlin et al., 1990] including cleft lip, cleft palate, small or absent facial and skull bones and improperly formed nose, eyes, ears, and teeth. Craniofacial disorders are a primary cause of infant mortality and have serious lifetime functional, esthetic, and social consequences that are devastating to both children and parents alike. Comprehensive surgery, dental care, psychological counseling, and rehabilitation can help ameliorate-specific problems but at great cost over many years which dramatically affects national health care budgets. For example, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the lifetime cost of treating the children born each year with cleft lip and/or cleft palate alone to be US$697 million. Treating craniofacial malformations, of which in excess of 700 distinct syndromes have been described, through comprehensive, well-coordinated and integrated strategies can provide satisfactory management of individual conditions, however, the results are often variable and rarely fully corrective. Therefore, better techniques for tissue repair and regeneration need to be developed and therapeutic avenues of prevention need to be explored in order to eliminate the devastating consequences of head and facial birth defects. To do this requires a thorough understanding of the normal events that control craniofacial development during embryogenesis. This review therefore focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the basic etiology and pathogenesis of a rare craniofacial disorder known as Treacher Collins syndrome and emerging prospects for prevention that may have broad application to congenital craniofacial birth defects.
Aftershock slip behavior of the 1989 Loma Prieta, California earthquake

An analysis of 745 aftershocks of the M7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake of 17 October, 1989 reveals a wide variety of focal mechanisms. At the northwestern end of the aftershock zone earthquakes that apparently occurred off the main rupture plane exhibit mechanisms with predominantly reverse slip on planes nearly parallel to the San Andreas fault. At the southeastern end the mechanisms exhibit right-lateral motion on near-vertical planes, suggesting that these aftershocks involve slip on the San Andreas fault. Few of the aftershock mechanisms in the central zone resemble the main shock mechanism (strike N130{degree}E, dip 70{degree}SW, rake 104{degree}), but instead exhibit reverse, right-lateral, left-lateral, and normal motion on planes subparallel to the main shock rupture plane. The dip of the aftershock zone is parallel to the main shock slip plane and includes the main shock hypocenter. However, the lack of agreement between the main shock and the aftershock mechanisms suggests that few of the aftershocks occurred on the main shock slip plane. This behavior is consistent with observations of aftershock sequences for other dip-slip events and also with studies indicating that main shock rupture zones are at all other times mostly aseismic. If the stress drop for the main shock relievedmore » most of the tectonic stress, the mechanisms could reflect the heterogeneity of the near-field stress redistribution. Alternatively the variety of the aftershock mechanisms may reflect deformation by block motion within a narrow zone adjacent to the main shock rupture plane.« less
Flow microcalorimetry on dilute polymer solutions

Abstract A flow microcalorimeter designed to measure the heat of mixing of dilute polymer solutions is described. The instrument is sensitive to steady state heating rates of ∼10 μJ/sec. Measurements of heats of mixing of solutions of differing concentrations of n-hexane and cyclohexane are reported and are compared with recommended data of McGlashan and Stoeckli. Values of: K 1 = lim V 2 → 0 ( H 1 − H 0 1 RTv 2 2 are obtained for four polymer—solvent systems: polyisobutylene—benzene, 0.22; polystyrene (PS)—cyclohexane, 0.33; PS—n-butyl acetate, −0.06 all at 25°C; and PS—toluene, −0.05 at 40°C. Various theoretical calculations of second virial coefficients A2 made with use of the calorimetric data are compared with previously measured A2 for the first two mixtures.
Defense Workers' Struggles for Patriotic Control: The Labor-Management-State Contests over Defense Production at Brewster, 1940–1944

Labor historians have heretofore presented bifurcated portrayals of the relationship between defense workers and the wartime, corporatist state during the Second World War. While liberal CIO leaders energetically tried to establish labor's greater representation in wartime mobilization and politics through patriotic social unionism, militant rank and filers turned out to be antistate wildcatters. In contrast, this local study of Brewster workers producing naval aircraft suggests that the wartime fetish with patriotic productivity had converging impacts on the relationship of both international union leaders and rank and filers with the state. Industrial mobilization by the military simultaneously demanded and impeded orderly expansion of production, which in the process manufactured faltering companies like Brewster. Brewster workers, criticizing corporate and military mismanagement and calling for state intervention as a political remedy in their political letters and confidential reports, intensified their contests for joint control of production, employment, and planning. However, their struggles for patriotic control were contingent upon the Navy's continuous demands for Brewster planes, skills, and facilities and thus could not survive reconversion downsizing in defense production. Union leaders retreated into organizing new shops in metropolitan New York, which primarily involved routine interplays between few union leaders and NLRB officials. The reconversion at Brewster marked the postwar bureaucratization of defense workers' relationship with the state.
An interactive parallel coordinates technique applied to a tropical cyclone climate analysis

A highly interactive visual analysis system is presented that is based on an enhanced variant of parallel coordinates - a multivariate information visualization technique. The system combines many variations of previously described visual interaction techniques such as dynamic axis scaling, conjunctive visual queries, statistical indicators, and aerial perspective shading. The system capabilities are demonstrated on a hurricane climate data set. This climate study corroborates the notion that enhanced visual analysis with parallel coordinates provides a deeper understanding when used in conjunction with traditional multiple regression analysis.
Earthquake risk reduction: An examination of local regulatory efforts

We develop an understanding of local governmental efforts to address earthquake risks. Our data for a sample of California and Washington cities' risk-reduction efforts sort into two different clusters of leading jurisdictions as contrasted with a cluster of lagging jurisdictions. We explain differences among the three categories of cities in terms of different political-economic factors. Local governmental willingness and ability to undertake risk-reduction programs have more to do with local political demands and community resources than with objective risk or previous earthquake experience. State mandates have a selective impact on local risk-reduction efforts. The principal policy lessons concern the need to address gaps in local risk-reduction efforts through more careful targeting of federal and state earthquake programs and by including stronger teeth within state mandates.