cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroscience, lie-detection, and the law: Contrary to the prevailing view, the suitability of brain-based lie-detection for courtroom or forensic use should be determined according to legal and not scientific standards

The possibility of using neuroimaging to detect deception in legal settings has generated widespread resistance. Many neuroscientists insist the research is flawed science, containing weaknesses of reliability (the degree of accuracy), external validity (do laboratory results predict real-world outcomes), and construct validity (do studies test what they purport to test). These flaws are real, but although using neural lie-detection in non-experimental legal settings is premature, the critics are mistaken in believing that scientific standards should determine when these methods are ready for legal use. Law's goals differ from science's, and the legal suitability of neural lie-detection depends on legal standards and not those determining what good science is.
Management of Rhinitis: Guidelines, Evidence Basis, and Systematic Clinical Approach for What We Do

Whereas very mild rhinitis may be simply and successfully self-managed by patients using medications available over the counter, most patients with rhinitis who present to medical offices have more severe rhinitis that may need a more comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Optimal care may require special diagnostic studies and combination therapies that are arrived at only after trying multiple different medication and therapeutic options. This article presents a systematic approach to office care of rhinitis from the perspective of an allergist-immunologist. More emphasis is given to discussion of dilemmas that face the specialist or more involved considerations that have been highlighted in recently published guidelines.
Outcomes of an existential‐humanistic psychotherapy: A tribute to Rollo May

(2000). Outcomes of an existential‐humanistic psychotherapy: A tribute to Rollo May. The Humanistic Psychologist: Vol. 28, No. 1-3, pp. 251-259.
Thinking About Stakeholders: Compensation Arrangements of Media Companies and Their Performance

Nowadays media companies are closely tying executive and director compensation to firm performance. Through regression analyses of the relation between compensation structure of media firms and their performance, however, this study finds that adopting fixed compensation for Chief Executive Officers as well as directors is associated with superior financial and organizational performance. This study thus offers support for stakeholder theory, which suggests that fixed compensation for executives and directors, essentially stakeholder oriented, can better enhance firm value. ACCESS TO FULL TEXT
Systems and governance in food import safety: A U.S. perspective

Abstract Safety of globally-sourced imported food commodities and supplements, and the development of public and private regulatory mechanisms to ensure their safety, were the subject of a broad-based collaborative project at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The problems are complex and require a multi-disciplinary, systems-based perspective. The project began with numerous seminars and benefitted from a two-day conference in the first year. Many of the insights in this paper were originally inspired by presentations and discussions from that conference with attendees representing the food industry, government regulatory departments, scientific service companies, the legal community, and academics from a variety of areas. Attendees included representation from the European Union, Mexico, Canada, and China. The scope of the problem is global and covers both accidental contamination (where education, standards development and certification, and infrastructure investment would help with prevention efforts), and intentional contamination (fraud and economic adulteration), for which monitoring, traceability, and information sharing might discourage opportunism. A number of examples are cited, and advice for the way forward includes approaches at the global, national, and local levels. Recommendations include: improved local enforcement; private certification of suppliers; monitoring; traceability; education; information sharing at all levels; expanding both public-sector and private use of risk analysis; expanding the reach of the European Union rapid alert system; improved communication and oversight (including border inspection); and maintaining strong private accountability for contamination.
Xylem pathways in liana stems with variant secondary growth

FISHER, J. B. & EWERS, F. W., 1992. Xylem pathways in liana stems with variant secondary growth. The three-dimensional construction of stem xylem in tropical lianas (woody vines) was studied using several approaches: 1. observations of the xylem surface in stems with bark removed after NaOH treatment or natural retting; 2. reconstructions from serial transverse sections; 3. movement of dye solutions up isolated xylem sectors in intact plants, and 4. flow of dye solutions down branches and xylem sectors in isolated stem segments. Long distance (up to several metres) xylem pathways in unbranched stems and connections between lateral branches and main stems are described for !5 species in eight families which represented seven differnt patterns of secondary growth. The xylem in even the most complex stems is integrated by three-dimensional interconnections of xylem regions which may appear isolated in transverse section. Interconnections are most common at leaf and branch nodes. Some old stems have peripheral xylem that remains isolated over long distances in unbranched stems, but even these had structural and physiological interconnections between xylem regions at branch nodes.
Seat belt misuse among children transported in belt-positioning booster seats

Abstract Objective Observe and report seat belt use among children transported in belt-positioning booster seats. Design We conducted a cross-sectional, observational survey of children transported in motor vehicles between 2006 and 2007. While drivers completed a survey reporting the child's age, weight and gender, and the driver's age, gender, race, income, education, and relationship to the child; a child passenger safety technician recorded vehicle seating location, restraint type, and use of the car safety seat harness or seat belt as appropriate for the child. Setting Twenty-five fast food restaurants and discount department stores throughout Indiana. Participants A convenience sample of drivers transporting children younger than 16 years. Main exposure Seat belt use among children transported in belt-positioning booster seats. Outcome measure Seat belt misuse. Results Overall, 1446 drivers participated, 2287 children were observed with 564 children in belt-positioning booster seats. At least one seat belt misuse was observed for 64.8% of the children transported. Common misuses were the shoulder belt being placed over the booster seat armrest (35.8%); shoulder belt not at mid-shoulder position (28.5%), seat belt was too loose (24.5%), and the shoulder belt was either behind the child's back (9.1%) or under their arm (10.0%). Conclusion There is a high frequency of seat belt misuses among children transported in booster seats. Advice to parents on appropriate car seat selection, and encouragement to parents to supervise seat belt use may decrease misuse.
Consolidation Studies of Deltaic Sediments: ABSTRACT

The Texas Colorado River delta, which built across Matagorda Bay between 1929 and 1941, was selected for consolidation research. The objectives were to observe structural changes which occur when deltaic sediments undergo primary consolidation, and to correlate these consolidated sedimentary structures with those reported from ancient deltaic environments. Double cores were collected along a traverse parallel with the main river channel in the southeast lobe of the delta. One core was split lengthwise, described, and radiographed. An analogous undisturbed section of the second core was then selected for consolidation. Consolidation, through vertically compressing the sediments, partly creates new structures or makes poorly visible structures more discernible. It was noted in some cases that convolute laminations and recumbent folding formed after sections containing parallel laminations were consolidated. It was also observed that apparent homogeneous sections, after compaction, changed structurally to reveal parallel laminations. Consequently, it should be realized that consolidation will affect unconsolidated sediments and that these changes should be considered when comparing recent and ancient environments. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1898------------
In Situ Chemical Reduction of Aquifer Sediments: Enhancement of Reactive Iron Phases and TCE Dechlorination

In situ chemical reduction of aquifer sediments is currently being used for chromate and TCE remediation by forming a permeable reactive barrier. The chemical and physical processes that occur duri...
Structure characterization of native cellulose during dehydration and rehydration

The goal of this study is to investigate the hydration and dehydration induced structural changes of native cellulose. Never dried cotton, and never dried bacterial cellulose with and without added matrix polymer xyloglucan, are examined under the influence of dehydration and rehydration. Significant crystal structure changes were observed in the later stage of drying for both cotton and bacterial cellulose (BC). The 1 % lateral expansion in glucan chain spacing and 17 % decrease of calculated Scherrer dimension were detected for cotton due to the distortion of the structure possibly caused by mechanical stresses associated with drying. No detectable changes on average glucan chain spacings were observed for large BC crystals. However, an average width decrease by 4.4 nm was discovered in the (010) direction, which was more significant than that observed in the (100) and (110) directions. It is hypothesized that co-crystallized elementary fibrils preferentially disassociate along the (010) plane resulting in a significant reduction of crystal width. In the BC-xyloglucan model composite, the presence of xyloglucan does not interfere with the dehydration behavior. Rehydration leads to some structural changes but to a lesser extent than the initial drying. High temperature dehydration induced deformation and crystal size changes are found to be non-reversible due to the removal of the last hydration layer on the cellulose surface.
Comparisons of the RPA, SCRPA, Tamm–Dancoff, and full CI methods by analysis of their transition density matrices, oscillator strengths, and energy moments of oscillator strengths for the electric dipole transitions from the ground state of the B+ ion (frozen K-shell model)

The RPA, SCRPA, Tamm-Dancoff and full CI methods are compared by analyzing their transition density matrices, oscillator strengths, and energy moments of oscillator strengths for the /sup 1/S/sub ground/--/sup 1/P/sub odd/ transitions of the 4-electron B/sup +/ ion in the frozen K-shell approximation. It is found that the RPA gives transition density matrices that are aligned nearly as well as possible along those of the full CI, but have vector lengths that are significantly too long. The corresponding transition energies are significantly too small. These errors compensate to give oscillator strengths for the dominant transition that, for all forms of the oscillator strength, are within 1.6 percent of the corresponding full CI values. The SCRPA gives better transition density matrices than the RPA, but poorer oscillator strengths. The Tamm-Dancoff approximation gives very good values for the mixed length--velocity form of the oscillator strength. The RPA gives a static electric dipole polarizability that is nearly 20 percent larger than that of the full CI. The SCRPA gives a value 15 percent smaller than (and the Tamm-Dancoff approximation gives a mixed length--velocity value that is 11 percent larger than) that of the full CI. Other energy moments of oscillator strengths are alsomore » reported. Certain other approximations related to the RPA and the SCRPA are reported as well.« less
The nonlinear growth of a gravitationally unstable interface in a Hele- Shaw cell

We report observations of the nonlinear growth of an unstable interface in, a large Hele-Shaw cell in which it is possible, in the most extreme case, to follow the emergence of a single ‘finger’ from approximately thirty initial wavelets. The larger ‘fingers’ that emerge undergo further instability to form a highly contorted interface. We have measured a number of the averaged characteristics of this interface and can relate the various cases studied through length and time scales constructed from the independent parameters of the problem. We show that the most distorted interfaces may have a fractal dimension at scales larger than the instability wavelength and discuss the significance of this possibility.
Quaternary Faulting in the Eastern Alaska Range

Quaternary faulting is well displayed along the Denali fault system and the recently recognized and related Totschunda fault system in the eastern Alaska Range. The principal movement on both fault systems is right-lateral strike-slip. Offset glacial features of Wisconsin age indicate minimum Holocene slip rates of 1.1 to 3.5 cm per year along parts of the Denali fault system, and 0.9 to 3.3 cm per year along the Totschunda fault system. Strike-slip movement along the Denali fault system may be no older than early Pliocene and, southeast of the Totschunda fault system junction, may have terminated by the middle Pleistocene. The strike-slip Totschunda fault system, a much younger feature probably no older than middle Pleistocene, exhibits 9 to 10 km of right-lateral offset and 1,500 m of relative vertical movement. The Totschunda fault system is aligned with, and has the same sense of slip as, the Fairweather fault in the Gulf of Alaska. The Denali fault system and the Queen Charlotte Islands fault are part of a major transform fault system separating the North American and Pacific plates. Continental southern Alaska between the Aleutian arc and the Denali fault system is now largely coupled to the Pacific plate. The Totschunda-Fairweather alignment probably represents the beginning of a new transform fault by-passing the southeast part of the Denali fault system.
Language Spread Rates and Prehistoric American Migration Rates

Spread rates for language families can be calculated from the family’s range (which is generally known rather precisely) and age (which is only rarely known precisely but can often be estimated with useful accuracy). Spread rates are calculated here for a number of different language families and subfamilies in different cultural and economic contexts. Deliberate long‐distance migrations, imperial conquest, and transport using wheels or sails make for very rapid spread rates. The rate of prestate, pretransport spreads depends primarily on ecology (latitude, coast vs. interior, mountains, vegetation, climate); presence versus absence of food production and movement into inhabited versus abandoned land have little impact on spread rates. This fact makes rates of recent language spreads applicable to early prehistory, where they can be used to model prehistoric colonization rates. Average rates for various ecologies are calculated for a spread from a North American entry point to the archaeological site at M...
Reconciling Messages: The Process of Sexual Talk for Latinas:

Young Latinas' experiences and meanings of sexuality were explored through 31 interviews, with grounded theory used to provide theoretical understanding of sexual talk. The women's level of comfort with sexual talk and their explicitness influenced the kind of sexual talk they engaged in with partners. The analysis of being in a romantic relationship revealed similar descriptions of processes within the accounts that led to the discovery of the core variable reconciling messages. This describes the Latinas' process of accepting messages that fit their value system, rejecting messages that theyfeel misrepresent their beliefs, and altering messages to accept their own sexuality. The findings expand Communication Boundary Management theory and have implications for interventions aimed at assisting women with safer sex topics.
All Oxidase Roads Lead to Angiotensin, Too

Free radicals and other oxygen- or nitrogen-derived reactive species formed during cellular metabolism and respiration, like superoxide (O2·−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nitric oxide (NO), are important second messengers and fundamental mediators in biological processes, redox signaling, and cellular growth. However, over the past 2 decades it has become clear that reactive oxygen species (ROS) in particular are also important participants in a number of pathological processes, including cardiovascular and kidney diseases. In fact, increased production of ROS has been proposed as a common pathomechanism by which cardiovascular risk factors affect the vessel wall to induce and amplify vessel and organ injury. See page 943 Several possible enzymatic sources of ROS have been identified in blood vessels and other tissues, such as nicotineamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase (NAD(P)H oxidase), xanthine oxidase (XO), and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase. NAD(P)H oxidase has long been considered one of the most important sources of ROS in the vessel wall. One of its most potent stimulants is angiotensin II. In turn, NAD(P)H oxidase mediates several downstream effects of angiotensin II like inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, collagen deposition, and vascular hypertrophy. Nevertheless, an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has also been ascribed to XO. This …
A non-parametric approach to translating gene region heterogeneity associated with phenotype into location heterogeneity.

MOTIVATION The analysis of genetic data poses statistical problems in the form of high dimensionality with small sample sizes. The construction of a composite gene region (sequence pair) heterogeneity measure is one technique for reducing the dimensionality of the problem. This approach however is not without cost, since the contribution of locations to observed gene region differences between groups becomes entangled in this summary measure. This is problematic since it is of scientific interest to identify locations that together depict phenotype. RESULTS A method is proposed for relating observed gene region heterogeneity back to the location level. In the spirit of a factor analysis-type setting, the approach focuses on identifying a latent variable structure among locations to explain within and between group genetic differences associated with phenotype. The method is flexible for identifying either the additive contribution from individual locations or the additive contribution from a group of locations, to observed gene region heterogeneity, depending upon the weighting scheme used in constructing a gene region heterogeneity measure. The approach is illustrated with clinical trial data, where the problem of altered HIV drug susceptibility is examined through characterizing location contributions to HIV protease gene region differences associated with a phenotypic treatment response. AVAILABILITY The Splus (MathSoft, Inc. S-Plus 2000, Seattle, WA, 1999) developed menu-driven functions for obtaining results, GENE_ S (J.Kowalski, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 2001), is available from the author upon request.
Brush Mounting as a Factor of Satisfactory Operation

That the brush is an ever present source of trouble on rotating electrical machinery is evidenced by the back numbers of our technical periodicals which are replete with innumerable articles on the subject. These articles cover practically all problems of material and application excepting that of the geometrical design. It is this phase of the subject that the following paper attempts to give. Undoubtedly these factors of geometrical design are known as they are readily discovered, their relations are relatively simple, but so far as I have been able to find they have not been published. The facts brought out by the following paper are: First, that the upper angle of the brush is a function of the lower angle and the coefficient of friction between the brush and the commutator, second, that the lower angle is a function of the pressure desired against the holder, and third, that the trailing brush has little to justify its use. These three conclusions are based on a design which eliminates a resultant moment acting on the brush which would tend to make it bind in the holder.
Diffusion of electromagnetic waves in multipath media

In this paper, we studied the diffusion behavior of 2-D multipath media. The effects of the area densities and obstacle shapes are explored. The results show that the obstacle area density of embedded objects is very crucial for determining the onset of diffusion. A system of reasonable size starts to behave diffusively at an area density around 5%, while the power-distance relationship of the EM waves follows a power law at low densities. When the area density is around or larger than 10%, analytical formulas derived from diffusion theory give very good estimations of the reality. The maximum error in excess loss is no larger than 3 dB in our results. Aside from increasing the number of objects, cylinders of non-circular shapes could also increase the amount of multiple scattering present in the system. These two factors together control the onset of diffusion of EM waves in disordered media.
Finding perceptually closed paths in sketches and drawings

Closed or nearly closed regions are an important form of perceptual structure arising both in natural imagery and in many forms of human-created imagery including sketches, line art, graphics, and formal drawings. We present an effective algorithm especially suited for finding perceptually salient, compact closed region structure in hand-drawn sketches and line art. We start with a graph of curvilinear fragments whose proximal endpoints form junctions. The key problem is to manage the search of possible path continuations through junctions in an effort to find paths satisfying global criteria for closure and figural salience. We identify constraints particular to this domain for ranking path continuations through junctions, based on observations of the ways that junctions arise in line drawings. In particular, we delineate the roles of the principle of good continuation versus maximally turning paths. Best-first bidirectional search checks for the cleanest, most obvious paths first, then reverts to more exhaustive search to find paths cluttered by blind alleys. Results are demonstrated on line drawings from several sources including line art, engineering drawings, sketches on whiteboards, as well as contours from photographic imagery.
A simple all-optical label detection and swapping technique incorporating a fiber Bragg grating filter

This letter proposes and demonstrates a simple all-optical label detection and swapping technique incorporating a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) filter and a double sideband subcarrier multiplexed (DSB-SCM) signal. The optical datagram consisting of a baseband 2.488-Gb/s data payload and a subcarrier multiplexed 622-Mb/s label are optically processed to separate the two components, and then a new label content is encoded by subsequent optical modulation. The optically separated original label is detected by a square law detector without involving any high-frequency subcarrier circuitry. Bit-error-rate measurements confirm a successful and low-penalty label swapping technique, which maintains optical transparency for the data payload.
Can the Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Debate Shed Light on Postoperative Right Heart Dysfunction?

The debate over the relative merits of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB) and conventional on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) continues unabated and remains an area of great controversy. Given the known effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on the inflammatory and coagulation cascades, as well as a suggestion of adverse neurological sequelae, there has been a logical argument to perform surgical revascularizations without its use. Proponents of OPCAB have cited advantages in terms of neurological outcomes, renal function, blood use, cost, length of stay, arrhythmias, infections, and ventricular function.1–3 Critics assert that OPCAB is more technically demanding than conventional CABG, and, moreover, that consistent data showing sustained benefits have been lacking and that some existing data suggest inferior revascularization.4,5 At present, analyses of randomized controlled trials have generally shown that OPCAB results in outcomes equivalent to those of conventional CABG in terms of mortality, long-term neurological function, and revascularization while reducing rates of blood use, renal impairment, and cost.3,6–8 Given the steep learning curve of OPCAB and lack of clear long-term cardiovascular or neurological benefit, however, many surgeons have reverted to or continued to favor conventional CABG as their strategy of choice. One criticism leveled at OPCAB is that the results reported usually come from surgeons and centers that are exceptionally experienced in the technique. Given the significantly higher technical demands of OPCAB, results equivalent to conventional CABG may not be applicable to most practicing surgeons. The implication, though unproven, is that the average cardiac surgeon might experience worse outcomes when using OPCAB than with conventional CABG. Indeed, this may explain the relatively low penetration of this technique, despite some demonstrable advantages. Thus, despite high expectations and initial enthusiasm for OPCAB, only about 20% to 25% of surgical coronary revascularizations in the United States are currently …
Optimum Training Sequences for Data-Aided Synchronization

We compute the training sequences that minimize the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) corresponding to the joint estimator for carrier phase, carrier frequency, and symbol timing offset. It is shown that if the symbols in a training sequence are drawn from the set of complex numbers, the resulting CRB is lower than if the symbols are drawn from a discrete set of constellation points.
Measurements of the stress supported by the crush zone in open hole composite laminates loaded in compression

Measurements of the stress supported by the crush zone in open hole specimens loaded in compression were carried out on two composite laminates, AS4/PEEK and IM6/HST-7, containing circular holes of three different diameters. Compression tests were conducted in a specially designed high-axial-alignment material test system machine. Results indicated that the local stress supported in the crush zone is much less than the stress required to initiate the crush, providing the reason for the finding of Guynn et al. (1987) that the Dugdale model does not accurately predict the load-damage size relationship of open hole composite specimens loaded in compression.
On scheduling in multi-channel wireless downlink networks with limited feedback

We consider a wireless downlink network with a single base-station, N mobile users and L shared on-off channels. Each mobile user receives a downlink traffic flow from the basestation where a separate queue is maintained for each flow. In this multi-channel downlink network, throughput-optimal scheduling algorithms such as the MaxWeight scheduling require the complete channel state information (i.e., NL channel states) for scheduling. This could be a significant overhead when the number of mobile users is large. This paper considers wireless downlink networks with limited feedback bandwidth so that at most F of the NL channel states can be reported at each time slot. We propose dynamic feedback allocation schemes, named as Longest-Queue-First Feedback-Allocation (LQF-FA) and Modified-Longest-Queue-First Feedback-Allocation (MLQF-FA), which dynamically and adaptively allocate the feedback resource according to queue-lengths and channel statistics. We prove that given a fixed feedback resource F, the LQF-FA+MaxWeight is throughput-optimal under a mean approximation; and the throughput difference between the MLQF-FA+MaxWeight and the MaxWeight with the complete channel state information decreases exponentially as a function of F/L when F = O(L2).
Resection of pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcomatous metastases is associated with long-term survival.

Background The presence of extrapulmonary sarcomatous metastases has traditionally been a contraindication for the resection of pulmonary metastases. We, therefore, reviewed our experience with resection of pulmonary metastases in patients who had documented extrapulmonary metastases to determine long-term outcome. Methods From 1998 to 2006, 234 patients underwent pulmonary metastasectomy. They were grouped as follows: group A (lung metastasectomy only); group B1 (with either synchronous or prior extrapulmonary metastasectomy); group B2 (with nonsurgical treatment of synchronous or prior extrapulmonary metastases); group C1 (with later extrapulmonary metastasectomy); group C2 (with later extrapulmonary metastasis which was not resected). Results Groups A, B1, and B2 consisted of 147 (62.8%), 26 (11.1%), and 13 (5.6%) patients, respectively. The median survival from lung metastasectomy date was 35.5, 37.8, and 13.5 months in groups A, B1, and B2, respectively. Comparison among the three groups showed no significant survival difference in groups A versus B1 (p = 0.96), but a survival difference was found comparing groups A versus B2 (p Conclusions These results suggest extrapulmonary metastases should no longer be viewed as a contraindication to resection of sarcomatous pulmonary metastases. Long-term survival can be achieved when a complete resection is possible for both the pulmonary and extrapulmonary metastases.
The expression of calbindin in chicks that are divergently selected for low or high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia

Three experiments were conducted with broiler chicks that were divergently selected for low or high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (LTD and HTD, respectively) to determine if the expression of intestinal calbindin-28 kD mRNA and protein differed between the 2 strains. In addition, levels of intestinal vitamin D receptor mRNA and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations were also examined. In experiment 1, LTD and HTD chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet that was adequate in all nutrients except cholecalciferol (D3), which was titrated to 5 or 40 microg/kg diet in a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. At 4 and 8 d of age, HTD chicks fed 5 microg of D3/kg of diet had a lower (P < 0.05) expression level of calbindin-28 kD mRNA than the LTD chicks fed the same diet. At 4 and 8 d of age, HTD chicks fed 5 microg of D3 had the lowest intestinal expression of calbindin-28 kD protein. Expression of vitamin D receptor mRNA did not differ for broiler strains at either level of D3 supplementation. In experiment 2, there was no significant difference in the expression of calbindin-28 kD mRNA or vitamin D receptor mRNA between day-of-hatch LTD, HTD, and commercial broiler chicks. Experiment 3 was similar in design to the first experiment except that the birds were fed for 18 d. Calbindin-28 kD and vitamin D receptor mRNA expression levels at 18 d were similar to those observed in experiment 1. Plasma triiodothyronine and free-triiodothyronine concentrations were greater for LTD chicks, regardless of dietary D3 supplementation levels. These results suggest that divergent selection of broilers for LTD or HTD alters the physiological response to nutritionally inadequate levels of dietary D3.
Getting More Out of Two Asset Portfolios

Two asset portfolio mathematics is a fixture in many introductory finance and investment courses. However, the actual development of the efficient frontier and capital market line are generally left to a heuristic discussion with diagrams. In this paper, the mathematics for calculating these attributes of two asset portfolios are introduced in a framework intended for the undergraduate classroom.
Unearthing the microbial ecology of soil carbon cycling with DNA-SIP

We explored the dynamics of microbial contributions to decomposition in soil by coupling DNA Stable Isotope Probing (SIP) and high throughput DNA sequencing. Our experiment evaluated the degradative succession hypothesis, described dynamics of carbon (C) metabolism during organic matter degradation, and characterized bacteria that metabolize labile and structural C in soils. We added a complex amendment representing plant derived organic matter to soil substituting 13C-xylose or 13C-cellulose for unlabeled equivalents in two experimental treatments which were monitored for 30 days. Xylose and cellulose are abundant components in plant biomass and represent labile and structural C pools, respectively. We characterized 5,940 SSU rRNA gene operational taxonomic units (OTUs) finding evidence for 13C-incorporation into DNA from 13C-xylose and 13C-cellulose in 49 and 63 OTUs, respectively. In the 13C-xylose treatment the types of microorganisms that incorporated 13C into DNA changed over time dominated by Firmicutes at day 1 followed by Bacteroidetes at day 3 and then Actinobacteria at day 7. These dynamics of 13C-labeling suggest labile C traveled through different trophic levels within the soil bacterial community. The microorganisms that metabolized cellulose-C increased in relative abundance over the course of the experiment with the highest number of OTUs exhibiting evidence for 13C-assimilation after 14 days. Microbes that metabolized cellulose-C belonged to cosmopolitan soil lineages that remain uncharacterized including Spartobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Planctomycetes. Using an approach that reveals the C assimilation dynamics of specific microbial lineages we describe the ecological properties of functionally defined microbial groups that contribute to decomposition in soil.
Exploring the Role of Faith-Based Organizations in Addressing Adolescent Relationship Abuse

Adolescent relationship abuse (ARA) is prevalent with significant health and social consequences. Faith-based organizations could play an important role in ARA prevention and intervention. Studies on the role of faith-based organizations in interpersonal violence have focused on adult survivor perspectives rather than adolescents. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with faith-based organization leaders, parents, and youth. Findings highlight that church leaders, parents, and youth all expect that faith-based organizations can play a role in educating teens about healthy relationships. Divergent perspectives about how faith-based organizations should address adolescent sexuality and privacy need to be addressed.
Tetra­yttrium(III) tris­ulfide disilicate

Tetra­yttrium(III) tris­ulfide disilicate, Y4S3(Si2O7), crystallizes in the Sm4S3(Si2O7) structure type. The structure consists of isolated (Si2O7)6− units (2mm. symmetry) and two crystallo­graphically independent Y3+ cations bridged by one S and one O atom. The first Y atom (site symmetry .m.) is coordinated by three O atoms and three S atoms in a trigonal–prismatic arrangement whereas the second Y atom (site symmetry ..2) is coordinated by six O atoms and three S atoms in a tricapped trigonal–prismatic arrangement.
Economic Implications of the Partnership Policy in Water Resources Development

HE resource development policy labelled the "partnership" approach by the Eisenhower administration has been the subject of much discussion. Unfortunately, most of this discussion has been highly emotional in character and closely related to partisan politics. Little attention has been given to the implications of the partnership approach with respect to efficiency in the use of resources, division of benefits and costs among the "partners," the problems of measuring the benefits and costs that are to be allocated, the existing legislative specifications with respect to cost sharing, and the manner in which the various levels of government will participate. The purpose of this paper is to consider these important factors in a policy which emphasizes the joint participation of public and private groups in the development of the nation's resources.
The New Surveillance Discretion: Automated Suspicion, Big Data, and Policing

"Big data" tools produce dramatically different ways of identifying suspects. By applying computer analytics to very large collections of digitized data, law enforcement agencies can identify suspicious persons and activities on a massive scale. Whether the police identify a person and choose to investigate him for suspected criminal activity is a decision largely left up to the police. The decision to focus police attention on a particular person or persons rather than others — what I’ll call "surveillance discretion" — is a widely accepted means of investigation. Law enforcement would be unimaginable without it. This task of filtering — identifying suspects from the general population — exemplifies traditional police work. The exercise of surveillance discretion in traditional policing attracts little attention from judges or legal scholars. Why? The answer is likely because 1) we assume that the police should possess such powers, and 2) even if theoretically worrisome, surveillance discretion is a power greatly limited in practice. After all, police typically only focus on a limited number of persons to investigate because of practical limitations imposed by resources and technology. But those assumptions will become outdated when the police possess the tools to exercise automated surveillance discretion on a massive scale. There is no question that these powers are on the cusp of wider adoption, and they raise key questions about fundamental issues of police discretion and accountability.
Aging in Place

Older adults overwhelmingly prefer to age in place in their own homes rather than relocate to institutional care settings such as a nursing home. Aging in place is viewed as ideal when compared to institutional care and refers to the ability of an individual to remain in his or her home in spite of age- or health-related changes that may make it difficult to do so. Aging in place is also tied to a sense of attachment to one's home as well as social connections with the community, feelings of security, and feelings of autonomy. Housing, transportation, health, community-based services, social networks, and family caregiving all are integral aspects of successful aging in place. Keywords: aging in place; home- and community-based services; housing
Inhibition of human platelet aggregation by dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, and sodium glycerophosphate.

SummaryDMSO, DMAC, and sodium glycerophosphate reduced aggregation of human platelets by ADP, epinephrine, and thrombin. Initial aggregation by ADP and the secondary wave of aggregation associated with the release of platelet ADP were inhibited. DMSO and DMAC with 5% dextrose blocked aggregation as effectively as DMSO or DMAC alone. Platelets exposed to DMSO, DMAC or sodium glycerophosphate and resuspended in PPP free of cryoprotective agents did not aggregate as did platelets exposed to TBS, suggesting that platelets had been irreversibly altered in vitro.
Graphology: A New Marketing Research Technique

Marketers are making great efforts to seek relationships between personality and consumer behavior. The extent of their success greatly depends en having adequate psychodiagnostic tools. This article discusses the possibilities for graphoanalysis in marketing research related to consumers’ personality.
The Use of Organometallic Precursors to Silicon Nitride as Binders

Current techniques of advanced ceramic component fabrication are based on pressureless green body consolidation technology in which voids often remain in the final microstructure. Much of this residual porosity is created when the organic binder used to consolidate the ceramic powder burns off on sintering. A new concept in the field of ceramic processing is the use of an organometallic binder material which will pyrolyze on sintering and convert into a predetermined ceramic. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a ceramic material in great demand for elevated temperature applications because of its excellent high temperature properties. At the present time, silicon nitride cannot be successfully processed without the use of costly pressure sintering (e.g., hot pressing), or the addition of a glassy phase, which degrades the high temperature properties. Various preceramic polymers to be used as binders for cold pressing operations have been synthesized and studied. It has been demonstrated that these polymers may be dissolved in an appropriate organic solvent and mixed with a powder. Removal of the solvent yields homogeneous mixtures which may be consolidated into highly dense (> 66% of theoretical) green bodies. The ceramic yields of these polymers have also been determined.
Effects of high temperature on tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reproduction, diapause, and spermatocyst development

Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), pupal diapause was induced by exposing fourth instars through pupae to fluctuating temperatures with means of 30, 32, and 35°C and maximum temperatures of 37.8, 40.6, and 42.8°C Percentages of pupal diapause increased with increasing temperatures, as did larval mortality, pupal deformity, and mortality. Higher percentages of male pupae diapaused than did females. Percentages of egg hatch from control (26.7°C) female moths mated to male moths from diapause pupae were not significantly different from those of control pairs. However, percentages of egg hatch of control female moths mated to male moths from nondiapause pupae exposed in the larval/pupal stages to high fluctuating temperatures were significantly reduced compared with those of control pairs or female moths (controls) mated to male moths from diapause pupae. Female moths from nondiapause pupae exposed in the larval/pupal stages to high fluctuating temperatures were less sensitive to the sterilizing effect of the treatment than male moths. Sperm development ceased in testes of high temperature-induced diapause pupae and resumed when diapause pupae were moved to constant 26.7°C temperatures.
MAMMOGRAPHY: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS.

Mammography, a soft tissue roentgenographic technic, is a practical method for studying the breast. Its reported accuracy of diagnosis in diseases of the breast ranges from 79 to 97 per cent in various series.Mammography is simple to perform but requires especially modified roentgenographs equipment and interpretation of x-rays by a roentgenologist who is experienced in the procedure.Although it is not an infallible diagnostic examination, mammography has proved valuable for studying a patient whose condition is difficult to evaluate clinically and as a supplement to traditional methods of diagnosing breast diseases.
Three reflections on the Transition Design Symposium provocations

Transition Design provides an approach to designing committed to ‘long horizons of time and visions of sustainable futures.’ This is crucial. There is no argument with the need for such an approach...
Database Review: VisualDx

VisualDx is an evidence-based, point-of-care differential diagnoses product for visually identifiable diseases. The diagnoses display as a collection of images varying by age, disease stage, and skin type. Clinical summaries and patient handouts accompany the diagnoses.
Analysis of the epidemic situations of syphilis and gonorrhea in a district in 2011

Objective To strengthen the management of sexual transmitted diseases(STD),master their development trend,improve the quality of report of the epidemic situation analysis and accuracy of its report to superior departments in time in order to take some effective measures to control and prevent STD.Methods Both the data of STD from 2010 and 2011 were summarized and analyzed,as well as compared to each other.Results In 2011,the percentage of reported syphilis cases in our district was 9.76% lower than that of 2010.From the epidemic situation analysis point of view,the incidence of syphilis decreased a bit,but we couldn't slack,and still needed to pay great attention to the development tendency of syphilis.Conclusion With the respect of the analysis of epidemic situation and infectious age group,young people aged from 20 to 45 are easy to get infections of syphilis and gonorrhea for them are in their sexual active periods,which are viewed as a key population in the prevention and control of syphilis and gonorrhea.
Multiscale, Multidomain Modeling and Parallel Computation: Application to Crystal Shape Evolution in Crystallization

We focus on the development of a parallelized multiscale, multidomain modeling scheme that directly reduces computation time requirements without compromising the accuracy of established chemical m...
Forming repeating patterns of mobile robots: A provably correct decentralized algorithm

We describe a new decentralized algorithm for multi-robot systems to form arbitrary repeated lattice patterns. Prior work showed how to represent a desired pattern using a directed graph in which each edge is labeled with a rigid body transformation, and proposed an algorithm that accepts this graph as input and computes destinations for each robot using only local information. In this paper, we improve upon that result by describing a new algorithm, substantially different both in message passing procedure and in movement strategy, to resolve several limitations of the existing algorithm. We prove that, by executing this algorithm, the robots will form the desired lattice pattern in a bounded amount of time. We further show that, if the robots' communication graph is connected at the start of the algorithm, it will remain connected throughout the algorithm's execution. Using a simulation, we demonstrate that this algorithm works correctly for systems with dozens of autonomous robots to form various lattice patterns. Moreover, the experiments show a significant improvement in solution quality for our new algorithm compared to the previous approach.
Chloropicrin Soil Fumigation Reduces Spongospora subterranea Soil Inoculum Levels but Does Not Control Powdery Scab Disease on Roots and Tubers of Potato

The effect of chloropicrin fumigation on the soil populations of Spongospora subterranea and the development of powdery scab, formation of root galls and tuber yield was investigated in seven field trials conducted in Minnesota and North Dakota. Sixteen potato cultivars, with different levels of susceptibility to disease on roots and tubers, were planted in plots treated with chloropicrin at rates ranging from zero to 201.8 kg a.i. ha−1. The amount of S. subterranea DNA in soil was determined using qPCR. Bioassays were conducted to further assess the effect of chloropicrin fumigation on root colonization by S. subterranea in two potato cultivars with contrasting disease susceptibility. In the field, chloropicrin applied at rates between 70.1 to 201.8 kg a.i. ha−1 significantly decreased S. subterranea initial inoculum in soil but increased the amount of disease observed on roots and tubers of susceptible cultivars. The effect of increasing disease was confirmed in controlled conditions experiments. Although the amount of S. subterranea DNA in roots of bioassay plants increased with increasing chloropicrin rates, it remained similar among potato cultivars. Chloropicrin fumigation significantly increased tuber yield which in cultivars such as Shepody and Umatilla Russet were associated with the amount root galls (r = 0.30; P < 0.03). Results of these studies contradict earlier reports on the use of chloropicrin fumigation for the control of powdery scab. Factors other than inoculum level, such as environmental conditions that affect inoculum efficiency and host susceptibility, may be significant contributors to the development of powdery scab and root gall formation.