cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of paced mating on c-fos gene expression in the female rat brain

When estrous female rats control or pace (P) their sexual contacts with males, several neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to mating occur that are not observed or are greatly attenuated after nonpaced mating. The present study examined whether the distribution and amount of FOS immunoreactivity (FOS-IR) induced in brain by mating would be altered in females receiving paced rather than nonpaced mating stimulation. In the first experiment, females received 5 or 15 intromissions during paced mating tests (5P and 15P), 5 or 15 intromissions during nonpaced mating tests (5NP and 15NP), 15 mounts-without-intromission (MO) or remained in their homecages (HC). Selective increases 1 h after paced mating stimulation were observed in the posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD), where significantly more FOS-IR cells were present in the 5P and 15P groups than in the respective NP groups. The 5P, 5NP and 15NP had significantly more FOS-IR than the HC, MO, and 5NP groups, and the 5P group had levels of FOS-IR which were equivalent to that seen in the 15NP group. In the posteromedial portion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNSTpm) and the ventrolateral portion of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMHvl), paced mating induced significantly greater numbers of FOS-IR cells than did either MO or HC treatments; increases induced by nonpaced mating were not statistically greater than HC controls. No differences between groups were seen in the medial preoptic area (mPOA). In the second experiment, experimentally lengthening the interintromission interval (III) as well as increasing the intromission duration to mimic the characteristics of paced mating, resulted in significant increases in FOS-IR in the MePD but not in the other three brain regions. These results demonstrate that paced mating is more effective in inducing c-fos expression than nonpaced mating, and that the MePD is particularly sensitive to differing characteristics of the mating stimuli received.
Mechanism for Proton Conduction of the M2 Ion Channel of Influenza A Virus

Abstract The M2 integral membrane protein of influenza A virus forms a proton-selective ion channel. We investigated the mechanism for proton transport of the M2protein in Xenopus oocytes using a two-electrode voltage clamp and in CV-1 cells using the whole cell patch clamp technique. Membrane currents were recorded while manipulating the external solution to alter either the total or free proton concentration or the solvent itself. Membrane conductance decreased by ∼50% when D2O replaced H2O as the solvent. From this, we conclude that hydrogen ions do not pass through M2 as hydronium ions, but instead must interact with titratable groups that line the pore of the channel. M2 currents measured in solutions of low buffer concentration (<15 mm in oocytes and <0.15 mm in CV-1 cells) were smaller than those studied in solutions of high buffer concentration. Furthermore, the reversal voltage measured in low buffer was shifted to a more negative voltage than in high buffer. Also, at a given pH, M2current amplitude in 15 mm buffer decreased when pH-pK a was increased by changing the buffer pK a. Collectively, these results demonstrate that M2 currents can be limited by external buffer capacity. The data presented in this study were also used to estimate the maximum single channel current of the M2 ion channel, which was calculated to be on the order of 1–10 fA.
Otherworld Personal Future Revelations in Near-Death Experiences

Kenneth Ring (1982) described two kinds of precognitive visions in the near-death experience (NDE): the personal flashforward and the prophetic vision. I describe a third category, the otherworld personal future revelation (OPFR). The OPFR resembles the personal flashforward in that it previews the experiencer's personal future, but differs from the personal flash-forward in that it is delivered to the experiencer by another personage in the otherworld rather than appearing in the visual imagery of a life review. The OPFR differs from the prophetic vision in having a personal rather than planetary focus. I cite four historic accounts to illustrate major features of the OPFR: entrance into the otherworld, encounter with others who foretell the experiencer's future, and later occurrence of the foretold events.
Noncompliance with Vision Care Guidelines in Latinos with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study

Objective To determine the prevalence of and personal factors associated with noncompliance with American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines for vision care in a population-based sample of adult Latinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Design Population-based cross-sectional study. Participants Eight hundred twenty-one Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES) participants with a history of T2DM and a history of treatment for T2DM. Methods Detailed interviews, physical examinations, and dilated eye examinations were performed on all participants. Interviews assessed sociodemographic factors, history of diabetes and eye disease, and utilization of health and eye care services. All participants with a self-reported history and treatment of diabetes were asked about health and vision care utilization and diabetes self-care. Main Outcome Measure Compliance with ADA guidelines for vision care. Noncompliance was defined as having had no dilated eye examination in the previous 12 months. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify personal factors associated with noncompliance. Results Of 821 individuals who self-reported having T2DM and being on treatment for T2DM, 535 (65%) had not complied with ADA vision guidelines for persons with T2DM. When compared with those with T2DM who complied with ADA guidelines, noncompliers were more likely to be less educated (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–2.2), to lack health insurance (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.7–3.7), to have had no routine physical examination in the 12 months before the LALES examination (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3–2.5), and to have a glycosylated hemoglobin level ≥ 9.0% (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.6). Conclusions Because timely and appropriate vision care can delay the onset of ocular morbidity, visual impairment, and blindness associated with diabetic retinopathy, our data suggest the need to evaluate intervention programs aimed at a targeted group of Latinos with T2DM—those who have less than a high school education, lack health insurance, have had no routine physical examination in the previous year, and have poorly controlled T2DM.
Sequential algorithm for identification of parameters of an autoregressive process

An algorithm for the sequential identification of the parameters of a stationary process described by an autoregressive (AR) model is presented. A set of parameters obtained by a transformation of the AR model is introduced which leads to certain computational advantages. An example is presented to illustrate the use of the algorithms.
Semen characteristics and production of germ cells in male sheep-goat chimeras

Semen from 11 male sheep-goat chimeras and one male sheep-goat hybrid-sheep chimera was evaluated on criteria commonly used as in vitro measures of semen quality. In addition, the species origin of germ cells was determined. Five males that were sex chimeras produced spermatozoa only from their XY cells. Three XY/XY sheep-goat males were shown by electrophoretic separation of sperm isozymes to produce both sheep and goat spermatozoa; one male produced live young from both ewes and does inseminated with his semen. The sheep-hybrid male produced only sheep spermatozoa. Significant variation in semen quality was observed among individual males, but semen characteristics were not strictly associated with the male's sex chromosome complement, the species origin of his gametes or the degree of somatic chimerism. These results demonstrate that male interspecies sheep-goat chimeras are fertile and that XY/XY chimeras can produce fertile gametes of both species.
An evaluation of topical 3% salicylic acid and 1% hydrocortisone in the maintenance of scalp pruritus.

Summary Background Scalp pruritus is a common condition causing dermatologic distress. The presence of skin scale on clothing is cosmetically undesirable and scalp scratching in public is socially embarrassing. Scratching can also result in removal of the cuticle and premature hair shaft fracture. Objective To demonstrate the efficacy of 3% salicylic acid in combination with 1% hydrocortisone in the treatment of scalp pruritus. Methods Sixty subjects with moderate scalp scaling and scalp pruritus were enrolled in a three-arm double blind 2-week study. The 20 subjects in arm 1 applied a topical 1% hydrocortisone product twice daily. The 20 subjects in arm 2 applied a topical 3% salicylic acid product twice daily. Lastly, the 20 subjects in arm 3 applied a topical 3% salicylic acid product in the morning and a topical 1% hydrocortisone product in the evening. Evaluations were performed at baseline, after 1 week of treatment, and after 2 weeks of treatment. The study investigator evaluated the subjects for scalp scale, erythema, excoriation, and overall assessment. In addition, scalp scale scrapings were collected and analyzed to gain further insight into scalp scale morphology. Subject assessments and scalp photography was also performed. Results The investigator assessments revealed less excoriation in the hydrocortisone twice daily arm over the salicylic acid twice daily arm (P = 0.03), which might be expected because of its anti-inflammatory effect. The morning salicylic acid application and evening hydrocortisone application arm performed better than the salicylic acid twice daily group at week 2 in terms of erythema (P = 0.02), excoriation (P = 0.03), and overall assessment (P = 0.01). Scalp scale scrapings revealed the least amount of retained skin scale in the combination salicylic acid/hydrocortisone group. Conclusion The combination of a 3% salicylic acid keratolytic combined with a 1% hydrocortisone anti-inflammatory provides the best relief of scalp pruritus.
Three-dimensional CMOS integration

The advantages of CMOS technology are examined, and problems of and approaches to 3-D integration are discussed. Particular attention is given to silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology and the use of selective epitaxial growth (SEG) and epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) of monocrystalline silicon. The fabrication of 3-D CMOS devices using these techniques is described. >
Microscale heterogeneous boiling on smooth surfaces—from bubble nucleation to bubble dynamics

Abstract In this investigation, boiling incipience and bubble dynamics on a microheater with a geometry of 100 μm × 100 μm fabricated with MEMS technology are evaluated using a high-speed digital camera. For the purpose of comparison with conventional boiling heat transfer, boiling incipience and bubble dynamics are also studied on a carefully selected microheater with a fabricated defect (i.e., a microcavity on the heater surface). Of industrial interest are the effects of dissolved gases on boiling incipience and bubble dynamics, which are also discussed in detail. The possible nucleation temperature (or incipience temperature) is analyzed and discussed from the perspective of the measured bulk temperature of the microheater and a 3D heat conduction numerical model. The time-resolved bubble dynamics (i.e., the bubble size evolution, interface velocity and interface acceleration) are all presented along with high-speed digital images. Based upon this investigation, it is clear that explosive boiling can take place on a smooth surface no matter how slow the heating rate, and dissolved gases have a significant influence on the incipience temperature and bubble behavior. Furthermore, this study illustrates that the classical kinetics of boiling can explain the explosive boiling occurring on a smooth surface in principle and can provide a useful guide for the design of microscale heat transfer and/or MEMS devices. Although unexpected, due to the gravitational effects, Marangoni flow on the vapor–liquid interface induced by the temperature gradient was also observed.
Is calcium or ephedrine superior to placebo for emergence from cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract To determine whether ephedrine or CaCL2 improves hemodynamics in cardiac surgery patients emerging from cardiopulmonary bypass, three sequential doses of either CaCl2 (200 mg/dose; n = 12), ephedrine (5 mg/dose; n = 12), or placebo (n = 12) were administered in a prospective, randomized, double-blind fashion. Thermodilution volumetric catheters were used to calculate right ventricular (RV) volumes and ejection fraction. The first dose of ephedrine improved RV stroke volume from 57 ± 3 to 63 ± 4 mL/beat (P
Preoperative Electrocardiogram Abnormalities Do Not Predict Postoperative Cardiac Complications in Geriatric Surgical Patients

OBJECTIVES: Preoperative electrocardiograms (ECGs) are routinely performed on older patients before surgery. Whether patients with abnormalities on preoperative ECGs have an increased likelihood of developing postoperative cardiac complications is unknown. This study was designed to determine whether abnormalities on preoperative ECGs were predictive of postoperative cardiac complications. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: One of the teaching hospitals of the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred thirteen patients aged 70 and older undergoing noncardiac surgery. MEASUREMENTS: Preoperative ECGs were analyzed using the Minnesota Codes. Predefined preoperative risk factors and in-hospital postoperative cardiac complications were measured. The association between ECG abnormalities and postoperative cardiac complications was determined by multivariate logistic regression after controlling for clinical covariates. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. RESULTS: Three hundred eighty-six of 513 patients (75.2%) had at least one abnormality on their preoperative ECGs. On multivariate analysis, the predictors of postoperative cardiac complications included American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification of 3 or greater (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.28-4.89, P = .007) and a history of congestive heart failure (OR = 2.1, 95% Cl = 1.1-5.1, P = .034). The presence of abnormalities on preoperative ECGs was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative cardiac complications (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.28-1.40, P = .26). CONCLUSION: Abnormalities on preoperative ECGs are common but are of limited value in predicting postoperative cardiac complications in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. These results suggest that obtaining preoperative ECGs based on an age cutoff alone may not be indicated, because ECG abnormalities in older people are prevalent but nonspecific and less useful than the presence and severity of comorbidities in predicting postoperative cardiac complications. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:1186-1191, 2002.
Centrifugal casting process for resin-base dentures.

Abstract A technique has been described for casting acrylic resin dentures into a gypsum mold with a centrifugal casting machine. Enough centrifugal force is generated to easily force the 3:1 mix of resin into the mold by volume. This proportion is usually recommended for compression molding of heat-curing acrylic resins. The procedure of investing and reclaiming the processed denture from the mold is simpler and faster than the usual flasking and deflasking, packing, and testing procedures. The dentures may be characterized . A denture made in this manner appears to fit the cast very well, and it appears to retain this fit when removed from the cast, stored for a period of time in water, and replaced on the cast. These dentures may have less dimensional change and better physical qualities than those made by compression molding. An investigation is under way to determine if this is so.
Disease and colony establishment in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis: survival and fitness consequences of infection in primary reproductives

Pathogens have likely infl uenced life-history evolution in social insects because their nesting ecology and sociality can exacerbate the risk of disease transmission and place demands on the immune system that ultimately can impact colony survival and growth. The costs of the maintenance and induction of immune function may be particularly significant in termites, which have a nitrogen-poor diet. We examined the effect of fungal exposure on survival and reproduction during colony foundation in the dampwood termite Zootermopsis angusticollis by experimentally pairing male and female primary reproductives and exposing them to single (‘acute’) and multiple (‘serial’) dosages of conidia of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae and recording their survival and fitness over a 560 day period. The number of eggs laid 70 days post-pairing was significantly reduced relative to controls in the serial-exposure but not the acute-exposure treatment. Reproduction thus appeared to be more resilient to a single pathogen exposure than to serial challenge to the immune system. The impact of fungal exposure was transient: all surviving colonies had similar reproductive output after 300 days post-pairing. Our results suggest that disease can have significant survival and fitness costs during the critical phase of colony foundation but that infection at this time may not necessarily impact long-term colony growth.
The Indians have no word for it: II. Stuttering in adults

(1944). The Indians have no word for it: II. Stuttering in adults. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 456-465.
Determination of the melting point using derivative thermogravimetry

Abstract Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) was used to determine the melting points of several crystalline organic acids, as they were heated at a controlled rate. The melting points obtained in this manner were compared with the melting points obtained by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and with literature values. The DTG plot of derivative weight versus temperature of each acid contained two peaks. A large, sharp peak represented the mass loss as the sample evaporated or decomposed. Just prior to this peak, a small peak was observed at the same, or a slightly lower temperature, as the melting endotherm on the DTA plot. The mass loss is transient on the DTG trace and is due to a buoyancy correction brought about by the collapse of the particulate system, where the air or vapor between the particles escapes, once the liquid is formed. Since organic compounds typically melt over a range of a few degrees, it was concluded that DTG may be an effective method for melting point determination.
Open problems in data collection networks

Research in sensor networks, continuous queries (CQ), and other domains has been motivated by powerful applications that aim to aggregate, assimilate, and interact with scores of sensor networks in parallel. Numerous system ingredients are necessary to make these applications possible. Sensor network research is building some of these components from the bottom up, dealing with issues such as wireless connectivity and battery life. CQ, peer-to-peer (P2P), and other research areas are building top down, examining in-network services, naming, decentralized queries, and scale. While many research groups use the same types of applications to motivate their work, many of these applications cannot be built today because of missing bridge research. These challenges include: uniting vastly differing devices and services, managing intermittent connectivity, placing in-network services with QoS and other constraints, developing unified security models, and correlating between sensor networks. This paper distills these new problems and outlines one proposed system that explores solutions to these concerns.
Integrated intelligent control of flexible structures: analysis and experiments

This study investigates the feasibility of using distributed force actuators (in addition to hub- torque) to control the tip deflection of a flexible beam-like structure during a rapid reorientation maneuver. The major objectives of the study are to assess system performance and actuator force requirements. Three feedback control schemes are compared to an open- loop control law corresponding to the rigid-body minimum-time solution. These control schemes use (1) a rate feedback hybrid controller, (2) an LQR-type hybrid controller, and (3) an LQR-type integrated controller. Comparisons between these controllers are made on the basis of actuator force required, increase in closed-loop system damping, and time required to execute a 90 degree reorientation maneuver. It was found that the rate-feedback hybrid control scheme results in high damping, but requires large peak-value forces from the actuators. The LQR-type hybrid control scheme requires lower peak-value forces from the actuators, but yields lower damping. The LQR-type integrated control scheme requires even lower actuator forces and a tip deflection that is significant only at the beginning of the maneuver, but results in an increase in the maneuver time.
Oxidation chemistry and electrical activity of Pt on titania: development of a novel zeolite-filter hydrocarbon sensor

The change in resistance of semiconducting metal oxides upon exposure to gases is the basis for many gas sensors. Additives to the metal oxide provide a route to control selectivity and sensitivity for gas detection. Additives are often added to modify the chemical reactivity on the metal oxide surface. However, as the temperatures at which the sensing reactions are carried out increases, there is the possibility that the additive can also interact with the metal oxide and alter its electrical properties. In this paper, using Pt on titania as the model system, we examine how direct incorporation of Pt into TiO2 alters the chemical and electrical properties upon CO and propane exposure as compared to Pt in a microporous zeolite dispersed in TiO2. These results have allowed us to develop a novel Pt-zeolite filter-TiO2 sensor that responds selectively to hydrocarbons in the presence of CO. We propose that the response to propane is from the water that is liberated as a result of the oxidation reaction, and this hypothesis is based on the observation that the resistance of TiO2 at temperatures of 500–600 °C decreases upon exposure to water vapor.
Extending Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks by Management of Spare Nodes

Abstract Extending lifetime of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the most critical issues in WSNs. Lifetime limitations are caused by limited energy resources. Significant extensions of WSN lifetime can be achieved by adding spare nodes. The spares are ready to be switched on when any primary (original) WSN node uses up its energy. We propose the LEACH-SM protocol, which modifies the prominent Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol by providing an optimal spare selection and energy-saving management of spares. We also provide a method for estimating WSN lifetime, which has a critical importance for planning WSN applications. The salient features of LEACH-SM include parallelism in running its component protocols, scalability, and reduced transmission of redundant data to cluster heads (collecting information from sensor nodes).
Traumatic diaphragmatic injuries.

The best tool to guide the clinician toward the appropriate diagnosis of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia is a high index of suspicion in patients with blunt or appropriate penetrating trauma. Although laparoscopic or thoracoscopic management of such patients may become prevalent with increasing experience, at present the open approach and simple repair remain the mainstays of management. The patient's survival still depends more on the severity of concomitant nondiaphragmatic injuries and in many cases the diaphragmatic laceration is the least worrisome and least morbid of the patient's injuries. Operative repair results in a good outcome in most patients in the absence of other serious injuries.
Transposed letter effects in prefixed words: Implications for morphological decomposition

A crucial issue in word encoding is whether morphemes are involved in early stages. One paradigm that tests for this employs the transposed letter (TL) effect—the difference in the times to process a word (misfile) when it is preceded by a transposed letter (TL) prime (mifsile) and when it is preceded by a substitute letter (SL) prime (mintile)—and examines whether the TL effect is smaller when the two adjacent letters cross a morpheme boundary. The evidence from prior studies is not consistent. Experiments 1 and 2 employed a parafoveal preview paradigm in which the transposed letters either crossed the prefix-stem boundary or did not, and found a clear TL effect regardless of whether the two letters crossed the morpheme boundary. Experiment 3 replicated this finding employing a masked priming lexical-decision paradigm. It thus appears that morphemes are not involved in early processes in English that are sensitive to letter order. There is some evidence for morphemic modulation of the TL effect in other ...
Sixth-order Fitted Closures for Short-fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Orientation tensors are widely used in short-fiber reinforced injection molding simulations of polymer composite products. In these computations, the evolution of an orientation tensor is given as a function of higher-order tensors, necessitating the use of a closure approximation. Current fourth-order fitted closures enable accurate and efficient computation of second-order tensor evolutions, but have been shown to be limited in their ability to accurately represent the fiber orientation distribution function. This article presents two sixth-order fitted closures that may be used to improve the accuracy of fiber orientation distribution function reconstructions. These new closures are written in terms of the second-order orientation tensor where it is assumed that the orthogonal planes of material symmetry of the sixth-order tensor are defined by the principal directions of the second-order tensor. Sixth-order tensor components are fit to either eigenvalues or invariants of the second-order tensor over n...
The per-unit-length capacitance matrix of flaring VLSI packaging interconnections

A three-dimensional capacitance calculator is used for the accurate calculation of the per-unit-length capacitance matrix of flaring, multiple, coupled microstrip and stripline interconnections. Properly constructed Green's functions that satisfy the boundary conditions at dielectric interfaces are implemented in order to minimize the number of unknowns involved in the numerical solution. Under the assumption that the longitudinal components of the electric and magnetic fields are negligible compared to the transverse ones, the per-unit-length inductance matrix is also found from the inverse of the capacitance matrix calculated for the same conductor geometry in a uniform dielectric medium. >
A Mouse Model of Timothy Syndrome: a Complex Autistic Disorder Resulting from a Point Mutation in Cav1.2

Timothy Syndrome (TS) arises from a point mutation in the human voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channel (Cav1.2). TS is associated with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, as well as congenital heart disease, impaired cognitive function, and autism spectrum disorders. TS results from a de novo gain-of-function mutation which affects the voltage dependent component of Cav1.2 inactivation. We created a knock-in TS mouse. No homozygous TS mice survived, but heterozygous TS2-NEO mice (with the mutation and the neocassette in situ) had a normal outward appearance and survived to reproductive age. Previously, we have demonstrated that these mice exhibit the triad of Autistic traits. In this paper we document other aspects of these mice including Cav1.2 isoform expression levels, normal physical strength, brain anatomy and a marked propensity towards self-injurious scratching. Gross brain anatomy was not markedly different in TS2-NEO mice compared to control littermates, and no missing structures were noted. The lack of obvious changes in brain structure is consistent with theTS2-NEO mice may provide a significant tool in understanding the role of calcium channel inactivation in both cardiac function and brain development.
What game developers look for in a new graduate: interviews and surveys at one game company

Video game development is an attractive career objective for many computer science students. Colleges are starting degree programs and specializations to serve this interest, but faculty may not have an informed idea of what game programming is like or how to advise students interested in the field. This paper describes the results of interviews with developers, managers, and artists at one company to determine what qualifications were most significant when evaluating college hires for jobs in game development. The qualifications we elicited formed the basis of a company-wide survey.
Phytochrome B and Ethylene Rhythms in Sorghum: Biosynthetic Mechanism and Developmental Effects

The sorghum cultivar 58M exhibits reduced photoperiodic sensitivity resulting in early flowering and shows shade avoidance behavior even under non-shaded conditions. This cultivar possesses a mutation in a PHYB gene, presumed to result in a non-functional phytochrome B protein. Both mutant and wild-type plants produce ethylene in a rhythmic cycle, with peaks near mid-day; however, peak ethylene production by the mutant (phyB) is about 10 times greater than the wild-type’s. Under bright light, the ethylene rhythm is circadian, and correlates with rhythmic abundance of ACC oxidase (ACCO) mRNA and ACCO enzyme activity. Under simulated shade, in which the wild-type plant is a near phenocopy of the phyB mutant, the wild-type plant produces ethylene rhythms similar to those observed in the mutant. ACCO mRNA abundance shows a high amplitude rhythm in both cultivars, but does not translate into enzyme activity under these conditions. The high amplitude ethylene rhythms produced in both cultivars by simulated shading are diurnal but not circadian, and are caused by rhythmic accumulation of ACC. Fumigation of seedlings with 1 ppm ethylene in a rhythm like that produced by the plants themselves results in a reduction of shoot elongation in both cultivars; however, the fresh and dry weights of the roots and shoots are reduced only in the wild-type. While most of the differential ethylene is produced by the shoot, roots of the phyB mutant produce two to three times as much ethylene as the wild-type. Hypoxic treatment of roots induces ethylene production and aerenchyma only in the wild-type. These results suggest that some aspects of seedling development may show reduced sensitivity to ethylene as a result of the phyB mutation.
Yorkshire Liberalism during the First World War

For some time now, the narrative of the Liberal party's demise during the First World War has been fairly firmly defined. The war imposed strains on liberal ideology by forcing Liberals to compromise long-cherished policies such as free trade, a free market and a volunteer army. Concurrently, a growing division among Liberals emerged over how to conduct the war. H. H. Asquith and his supporters were increasingly reluctant to accept further compromises of voluntarism and the market mechanism for allocating resources; David Lloyd George and his supporters demanded massive government intervention in every aspect of the economy to mobilize the nation for total war. The replacement of Asquith by Lloyd George as prime minister in December 1916 marked the triumph of the latter approach. Traditional liberalism as a practical ideology of government was now discredited. The Liberal party was left with no unity or purpose. The leaders disliked and distrusted each other; there was no agreement on policy or the future direction of the party. Thus, it was in no position by the end of the war to compete with the resurgent Conservative and Labour parties for the allegiance of the British voter.
Interleukin-15 increases hepatic regenerative activity

Background/Aims Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is expressed in many organs. It generally inhibits apoptosis and increases cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, IL-15's roles in liver are unknown. We aimed to determine if IL-15 influences hepatic integrity and regenerative activity. Methods Expression of IL-15 and its receptors was evaluated in several liver injury models, primary hepatocytes, and two liver cell lines. Effects of IL-15 on viability, proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed in cultured liver cells, and also in the livers of healthy mice. Results IL-15 and its receptors are expressed constitutively in healthy livers, and ligand expression is induced in injured livers. Cultured primary hepatocytes and liver cell lines express IL-15 and its receptors. Administration of IL-15 has minimal effects on cultured liver cells, but significantly up-regulates oval cell accumulation, cyclin mRNA expression, and mature hepatocyte replication in healthy mice. These effects are associated with focal hepatic inflammation and increased expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ, but not with increased cell death or aminotransferase release. Conclusions IL-15 expression increases during liver injury and IL-15 treatment induces a wound healing-type response in healthy adult mice. These findings suggest that IL-15 may contribute to regenerative activity in damaged liver.
ONE PHYTOPATHOLOGIST'S GROWTH THROUGH IPM TO HOLISTIC PLANT HEALTH: The Key to Approaching Genetic Yield Potential

▪ Abstract I relate my becoming a phytopathologist and my very satisfying growth into and beyond IPM to holistic plant health, and puzzle over paradigms that have prevented our accepting the overwhelming logic of (a) seeking defensible disease-loss data to justify funding and guide research and management priorities, (b) managing genetic diversity to retard pathogen development, (c) conserving genetic diversity in situ, and (d) educating and training general practitioner plant doctors. These multidisciplinary health care professionals are key to overcoming sources of stress that cause major world crops to yield only 15–20% of their genetic potential, on average. Thus, plant doctors give hope for approaching attainable yield and feeding a hungry world—if, simultaneously, human population growth is reduced. The plant health movement has the potential to effect the greatest change in world agriculture since the Green Revolution, and the DPH/M to become plant agriculture's most important single degree program.
Real-Time Commercial Recognition Using Color Moments and Hashing

In this paper, our focus is on real-time commercial recognition. In particular, our goal is to correctly identify all commercials that are stored in our commercial database within the first second of their broadcast. To meet this objective, we make use of 27 color moments to characterize the content of every video frame. This representation is much more compact than most color histogram representations, and it less sensitive to noise and other distortion. We use frame-level hashing with subsequent matching of moment vectors and video frames to perform commercial recognition. Hashing provides constant time access to millions of video frames, so this approach can perform in real-time for databases containing thousands of commercials. In our experiments with a database of 63 commercials, we achieved 96% recall, 100% precision, and 98% utility while recognizing commercials within the first 1/2 second of their broadcast.
SVSS: an intelligent video surveillance system for aircraft

Safety and security are the most discussed topics in the aviation field. Latest security initiatives in the field of aviation propose the aircraft carriers to implement video surveillance within the aircraft at strategic locations. The current proposals allow the video surveillance data to be stored within the aircraft and monitored by one of the flight crew. The monitoring crew will be responsible for identifying the anomaly within the aircraft and take necessary preventive actions. With the introduction of additional technology within the aircraft, mere human perception may not be sufficient to make a decision. In this research work, the authors explore the possibility of implementing a smart video surveillance system (SVSS) within the aircraft that is tuned towards detecting the behavioral anomaly within the aircraft. The SVSS will generate security triggers when it detects an anomaly within the aircraft. These triggers could be combined with other triggers generated by different aircraft components (possible alarms from the flight crew, data traffic anomaly, or alarm generated by one of the avionics component) to provide a better understanding of the situation to the monitoring crew.
CONVECTIVE AND ABSOLUTE INSTABILITIES IN REACTING BLUFF BODY WAKES

This paper describes the variation of bluff body wake structure with flame density ratio. It is known that the bluff body flow structure at “high” and “low” flame density ratios is fundamentally different, being dominated by the convectively unstable shear layers or absolutely unstable Von Karman vortex street, respectively. This paper characterizes the aforementioned transition and shows that the bifurcation in flow behavior does not occur abruptly at some ρu/ρb value. Rather, there exists a range of transitional density ratios at which the flow exists intermittently in both flow states, abruptly shifting back and forth between the two. The fraction of time that the flow spends in either state is a monotonic function of ρu/ρb. This behavior is to be contrasted with lower Reynolds number, laminar flow problems where the convective/absolute instability transition occurs at a well defined value of bifurcation parameter. With this distinction in mind, however, this paper also shows that local parallel stability analyses developed for laminar base wake flows can capture many of the observed flow dependencies. These results have important implications on the dynamics of high Reynolds number, vitiated flows, where typical parameter values fall into the highly intermittent flow regime characterized in this study. This suggests that such flows exhibit two co-existing dynamical states, intermittently jumping between the two.
Why Humeans Are Out of Their Minds

According to Humeanism, the causal facts pertaining to any subregion of the world are extrinsic to that region,' supervening on the global distribution of freely recombinable fundamental properties.2 For example, according to the Humean, a spatio-temporal region in which a certain intrusion of a bullet into a body is followed by death is only extrinsically a region in which the intrusion causes the death. The latter causal fact will, if it obtains, be underwritten by certain global regularities (most obviously, those connecting death to certain bodily disturbances) that are extrinsic to the region in question. Embed an intrinsic duplicate of that region in a global setting where very different regularities are in play and it may be false of that duplicate region that its intrusion and its death are causally connected. Similarly a spatio-temporal region that contains a substance that has a certain causal power-say of poisoning human beings-is only extrinsically a region where that causal power is present. Embed an intrinsic duplicate of a region in very different global settings and the relevant power may be absent. Humeanism thus delivers the thesis that the causal facts pertaining to a region are extrinsic to it. But that thesis, no matter how it is embellished, is incompatible with a pair of very obvious facts about my own nature. Accordingly, Humeanism is untenable. That many philosophers subscribe to it ought not to convince us to the contrary. History provides reminders aplenty of philosophers' willingness to believe absurd doctrines.
ACTINOMYCIN-D ENHANCEMENT OF GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE ACTIVITY IN CHICK EMBRYO RETINAS CULTURED IN THE PRESENCE OF CORTISOL

Cortisol can prematurely induce glutamine synthetase activity in the chick embryo retina. Under appropriate conditions, this effect can be enhanced by addition of low levels of actinomycin D; this enhancement is reversibly inhibited by cycloheximide. The magnitude of the effect is a function of time of exposure to hormone as well as antibiotic and is also a function of the age of the embryo; within the limits of the present study it did not appear to be a function of actinomycin-D concentration. The data are discussed in terms of current ideas of possible control mechanisms in animal cells.
The role of dynamic instability and wavelength in arrhythmia maintenance as revealed by panoramic imaging with blebbistatin vs. 2,3-butanedione monoxime

Unlike other excitation-contraction uncouplers, blebbistatin has few electrophysiological side effects and has gained increasing acceptance as an excitation-contraction uncoupler in optical mapping experiments. However, the possible role of blebbistatin in ventricular arrhythmia has hitherto been unknown. Furthermore, experiments with blebbistatin and 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) offer an opportunity to assess the contribution of dynamic instability and wavelength of impulse propagation to the induction and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmia. Recordings of monophasic action potentials were used to assess effects of blebbistatin in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts (n = 5). Additionally, panoramic optical mapping experiments were conducted in rabbit hearts (n = 7) that were sequentially perfused with BDM, then washed out, and subsequently perfused with blebbistatin. The susceptibility to arrhythmia was investigated using a shock-on-T protocol. We found that 1) application of blebbistatin did not change action potential duration (APD) restitution; 2) in contrast to blebbistatin, BDM flattened APD restitution curve and reduced the wavelength; and 3) incidence of sustained arrhythmia was much lower under blebbistatin than under BDM (2/123 vs. 23/99). While arrhythmias under BDM were able to stabilize, the arrhythmias under blebbistatin were unstable and terminated spontaneously. In conclusion, the lower susceptibility to arrhythmia under blebbistatin than under BDM indicates that blebbistatin has less effects on arrhythmia dynamics. A steep restitution slope under blebbistatin is associated with higher dynamic instability, manifested by the higher incidence of not only wave breaks but also wave extinctions. This relatively high dynamic instability leads to the self-termination of arrhythmia because of the sufficiently long wavelength under blebbistatin.
Searching for Modern Culture's Beautiful Harmony: Schlegel and Hegel on Irony

Goethe and Friedrich Schiller stand together immortalised in Ernst Rietschel's statue at the centre of Weimar. In their lifetime, Goethe and Schiller shaped the culture of German-speaking lands, not only through their poetry, plays, and novels, but also in their role as editors of journals that helped to set the intellectual tone of the period. Schiller's journal Die Horen (1795-1797) and Goethe's Propylaen (1798-1800), although short-lived, were important literary vehicles of the period and provided a forum that brought scientists, historians, philosophers, and poets into conversation with one another. The late 1700s and early 1800s were years of intense intellectual development in Germanspeaking lands; the arts flourished and aesthetics developed as a serious branch of philosophy.During the ‘Age of Goethe and Schiller’, philosophy was dominated by Kant's philosophy and its post-Kantian variations. A problem with traditional philosophical histories of this period is the overwhelmingly Hegelian reading of it, a reading that subsumes all of the so-called minor figures under the shadows of the great system builder, Hegel. Richard Kroner's influential Von Kant bis Hegel of 1921 set the tone for this reading. Silenced by such narratives are the voices of the early German Romantics, a group of thinkers whose impudence created problems for them, and whose work posed hermeneutical challenges that continue to plague a proper understanding of the movement and the worth of its contributions. As we shall see, Hegel himself began to prepare the ground for a history of philosophy that would dismiss the contributions of the early German Romantics, a dismissal that is unfair and unfortunate: unfair because it is based on false characterisations of the movement, and unfortunate because such misreadings lead us to overlook the wealth of insights offered by the early German Romantics.
The application of ground force explains the energetic cost of running backward and forward

We compared backward with forward running to test the idea that the application of ground force to support the weight of the body determines the energetic cost of running. We hypothesized that higher metabolic rates during backward versus forward running would be directly related to greater rates of ground force application and the volume of muscle activated to apply support forces to the ground. Four trained males ran backward and forward under steady-state conditions at eight treadmill speeds from 1.75 to 3.50 m x s(-1). Rates of oxygen uptake were measured to determine metabolic rates, and inverse periods of foot-ground contact (1/tc) were measured to estimate rates of ground force application. As expected, at all eight speeds, both metabolic rates and estimated rates of ground force application were greater for backward than for forward running. At the five slowest speeds, the differences in rates of ground force application were directly proportional to the differences in metabolic rates between modes (paired t-test, P<0.05), but at the three highest speeds, small but significant differences in proportionality were present in this relationship. At one of these three higher speeds (3.0 m x s(-1)), additional measurements to estimate muscle volumes were made using a non-invasive force plate/video technique. These measurements indicated that the volume of muscle active per unit of force applied to the ground was 10+/-3% greater when running backward than forward at this speed. The product of rates of ground force application and estimated muscle volumes predicted a difference in metabolic rate that was indistinguishable from the difference we measured (34+/-6% versus 35+/-6%; means +/- s.e.m., N=4). We conclude that metabolic rates during running are determined by rates of ground force application and the volume of muscle activated to apply support forces to the ground.
Energy Analysis of Confidentiality-Enhanced Multipath Streaming in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

High security and low energy consumption are two of the most important features in implementing today’s wireless network systems and applications. They are not totally unrelated in terms of system design. In fact, there is a tradeoff relationship between security and energy. Generally the more secure a system is, the more energy it consumes. In this paper, we integrate a confidentiality (security) enhancement technique with an energy-saving scheme together, and analyze its power consumption. The multipath data allocation improves confidentiality, and the interference-aware minimum energy routing preserves transmission power. Based on our investigation, low density wireless networks can provide both enhanced security and reduced energy consumption at a reasonable level.