cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of good moods on systematic processing: "Willing but not able, or able but not willing?"

Previous research has indicated that good moods may disrupt systematic processing of persuasive messages (e.g., Worth & Mackie, 1987). Three experiments were conducted to attempt a replication of this disruptive effect and determine whether this effect is attributable either to cognitive capacity deficits (i.e., ability) or to motivational concerns (e.g., mood maintenance, desire to think about something other than the experimental topic). Several similarities were noted across the experiments. First, no interactions between mood and argument strength emerged on measures of message-based persuasion. Similarly, the quantity of message-related thoughts generated by our subjects was not consistently influenced by the manipulation of mood. Most importantly, consistent findings regarding the relationship between polarity of message elaborations and message-based persuasion implied that good moods may have disrupted message processing when (a) the message was low in personal relevance, (b) source information preceded the message itself, or (c) subjects were led to believe that their moods were stabilized by a drug. These results call into question the robustness of the alleged disruptive effect of positive mood on systematic processing, and are incompatible with the view that such effects are attributable to cognitive capacity deficits.
Eya4 regulation of Na+/K+-ATPase is required for sensory system development in zebrafish.

To investigate the mechanisms by which mutations in the human transcriptional co-activator EYA4 gene cause sensorineural hearing loss that can occur in association with dilated cardiomyopathy, we studied eya4 expression during zebrafish development and characterized eya4 deficiency. eya4 morphant fish embryos had reduced numbers of hair cells in the otic vesicle and lateral line neuromasts with impaired sensory responses. Analyses of candidate genes that are known to be expressed in a temporal and spatial pattern comparable to eya4 focused our analyses on atp1b2b , which encodes the β2b subunit of the zebrafish Na + /K + -ATPase. We demonstrate atp1b2b levels are reduced in eya4 morphant fish and that morpholino oligonucleotides targeting the atp1b2b gene recapitulated the eya4 deficiency phenotypes, including heart failure, decreased sensory hair cell numbers in the otic vesicle and neuromasts, and abnormal sensory responses. Furthermore, atp1b2b overexpression rescued these phenotypes in eya4 morphant fish. We conclude that eya4 regulation of Na + /K + -ATPase is crucial for the development of mechanosensory cells and the maintenance of cardiac function in zebrafish.
Limiting behavior of turbulent scalar transport close to a wall

Abstract A direct numerical simulation of fully developed turbulent flow in a channel is used to study passive scalar transport in the immediate vicinity of a wall. The Reynolds number, based on the channel half-height and friction velocity, is 150 and the Prandtl number is varied from 1 to 10. DNS results and experimental measurements of mass transfer rates at high Schmidt numbers are used to investigate the effect of Schmidt or Prandtl number. The wavenumber spectra for temperature fluctuations show a damping of the contributions of large wavenumbers with increasing Schmidt or Prandtl number. This result suggests that the analogy between momentum and scalar transport cannot be used to define the limiting behavior of turbulent diffusivity for y →0. Furthermore, this limiting relation cannot be used to calculate the concentration or temperature profile since it is applicable only in the conductive sublayer, where turbulent transport is not important.
Reading race beyond black and white

This article examines the practice of reading race, or the explicit labeling of people or practices with race terms. Through the close analysis of interactional moments, I examine how speakers of different ethnicities and genders across a Texas high school community strategically drew on this sociocultural practice for ideological commentary. First, I argue that readings of race often depended on an ideology of racial authenticity according to which students were expected to engage in racial performances that corresponded with their perceived racial identity. Second, I suggest that reading race was a strategy of gender and class commentary that measured speakers in relation to stereotypes of privileged white hyperfemininity and working-class black hypermasculinity. The analysis underscores the importance of attending to how racialized language is a negotiated process, how this process intersects with local ideologies of race, gender, class, and authenticity, and how reading race often achieves more than r...
The Foreign Language Requirement in the Liberal Arts College

T HIS fall I was asked to draw up a justification for the foreign language requirement in the liberal arts college. Well might I ask: "Why should the languages be singled out? Why not ask the social sciences, the natural sciences, to justify their requirements; in fact, why should not the college as a whole be asked to justify its existence?" It seems that more and more in the United States educators and administrators forget that "chronologically, the first institutions of higher learning in America are the liberal colleges."' It is also apparent that the faculties of the liberal arts colleges, instead of holding their own ground, have for the last three generations seen "a rapid growth of undergraduate vocational colleges,"2 and that they have accepted without much fight or resistance this invasion of what should have been "services agencies." But the vocational subdivisions have grown to such an extent that they are about to choke the liberal arts colleges and impose their desires on them. If we, the liberal arts colleges and staff continue to be passive and to give in, it is easy to see that before long liberal education in the United States will be a thing of the past. President James Bryant Conant of Harvard University contends that
Effect of Egg Storage Position on Consumer Quality Attributes of Shell Eggs

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of storing cartoned shell eggs in the vertical as opposed to the horizontal position on the albumen quality as well as the candled and broken out appearance of shell eggs. To increase credibility of data two separate investigations were conducted. In addition to investigating the above variable, the difference between eggs small-end-up vs. small-end-down was examined. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in Haugh units or candled appearance between eggs stored small-end-up and eggs stored small-end-down; however, the yolk was better centered in eggs stored small-end-up. Storing eggs in the horizontal position for 3 weeks as opposed to storing eggs for 3 weeks in the vertical position resulted in better yolk centering, regardless of whether the small end was up or down.
Azasteroids II. Approaches to the 13-azaequilenin system†

The synthesis of N-[2-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]succinimide, N-[2-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]pyrrolidone and the corresponding 3,4-dihydro compounds is described. The pyrrolidones have been converted into 11,12,16,17-tetrahydro-13-azacyclopenta[a]phenanthrene and 6,7,11-12,16,17-hexahydro-13-azacyclopenta[a]phenanthrene. These two compounds were then converted to XIX and XXII. The former compound is a salt of (+) 3-desoxy-17-desoxo-13-azaequilenin.
Response to Rodriguez: A "Long Walk to Freedom" and Democracy?

Havidan Rodriguez's article, "A 'Long Walk to Freedom' and Democracy: Human Rights, Globalization, and Social Injustice," (2004) offers a powerful critique of globalization, capitalism, and democracy. His piece provides evidence of how individuals remain in inhumane conditions, despite doctrine designed to protect all. He also poses challenging questions and begins answering them with theoretical claims and empirical evidence. Yet, in his examination of human rights, Rodriguez does not consider collective rights, such as rights to culture, language, and the environment. Instead, he emphasizes individual rights, primarily first- and second-generation human rights. He also uses a convenient definition of globalization and assumes that democracy is a desirable choice of government always compatible with human rights doctrine. It is important to establish more clearly what globalization is — both theoretically and empirically — before we can fully consider its impact on human rights doctrine, protections, and enforcement. Globalization Globalization, in theory, is a two-way process: the universalization of particularism and the particularization of universalism (Robertson 1997). Local communities interact with the global community, and the global community interacts with the local communities. This can occur in economic, cultural, and political spheres. One result of a global economy is an expanded area of economic competition, the global market (Chase-Dunn 1999). With the resulting standardization — universalizing the particular — goods can be sold around the world with little, if any, customization, such as the Sony corporation's Walkman (du Gay et al. 2000 (1997)). At the same time, localities can customize standard goods — particularizing the universal — exemplified
A Comprehensive Stochastic Model for TCP Latency and Throughput

AbstractIn this paper, we first develop a new model for the slow-start phase based on the discrete evolutions of the congestion window. By examining the evolution of the congestion window size under the effects of the delayed ACK mechanism, we show that the early rounds of the congestion window evolution in the slow-start phase can be well approximated with a Fibonacci sequence. This greatly simplifies the derivation of the relationship between the number of transmitted packets and the congestion window size. Using this new slow-start phase model, we then construct a complete and more accurate TCP steady-state model. Major improvement in modeling the steady-state is further achieved by relaxing key assumptions and enhancing critical approximations that have been made in existing popular models. Finally, based on our slow-start phase and improved steady-state models, we develop a stochastic model which can more accurately predict the throughput and latency of short-lived TCP connections as a function of lo...
H-2 antigen expression: Loss in vitro, restoration in vivo, and correlation with cell-mediated cytotoxicity in a mouse lymphoma cell line

The susceptibility to cell-mediated cytolysis of cells of the recently developed C57BL/Ka(H-2 b ) lymphoma cell line, BL/VL3, was investigated in allogeneic assays with thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells). Compared to EL4, the widely used C57BL/6(H-2 b ) lymphoma cell line, BL/VL3 cells were found to be insensitive to T-cell-mediated lysis as detected by the use of51Crrelease methods. When used as immunogens in alloreactive combinations with BALB/c(H-2 d ) splenocytes as responder cells, BL/VL3 cells failed to elicit sensitization. Serological tests showed that this cell line had profoundly reduced levels of H-2b antigens on its surface. When BL/VL3 cells were reinjected into C57BL/Ka and BALB/c mice, full recovery of H-2b antigen expression at the cell surface was observed in both syngeneic and allogeneic hosts after only 11 days of in vivo growth. Concomitantly, they acquired the ability to induce cytotoxic responses in allogeneic T cells and became susceptible to their lytic activity. The expression of H-2 antigens on the surface of BL/VL3 cells is a reversibly modulated function that depends on in vivo growth conditions and is lost in vitro in the absence of immunoselective pressure.
Educational Aspects of Engineering and Management

During the development of industry, engineering and industrial management have evolved together. Certain phases of management, as the writer views it, have actually been a part of engineering; others have not. The direct administration of technical engineering activities is engineering, in the same sense that the administration of personnel and procedure in a legal matter is law. However, we should not become confused; the further movement of engineers from such technical management to general management has not made the latter become engineering, any more than the movement of numerous lawyers also into general management has made it become law. It is still general management. Engineering and managements are thus closely related, but all management is not engineering. Looking to the past, the facts are that something over a quarter of engineering graduates have gone into general management; a quarter have remained in technical management, which is engineering; a quarter, in purely technical activity; and the rest in sales, consulting, teaching, etc. Those who have gone into general management have received the greatest financial reward; those who have remained in purely technical activity, the least. Looking to the future, it appears that, on account of the rapidly increasing complexity on all sides, even more capable leadership, both technical and managerial, must be provided for the future. It seems clear also that the forces which have moved engineers in such large numbers into positions of executive responsibility?both technical and general?will continue in the future.
Fluorescence of Eu2+-activated alkaline earth halosilicates

Abstract Three luminescent materials, each with a distinct and novel crystalline structure have been found in the alkaline earth halosilicate series. Their emission is in the blue/green part of the spectrum, the peaks falling at 500 nm for the Sr/Cl compound, 442 nm for the Ca/Cl compound and 514 nm for the Ca/Br compound. The strontium chlorsilicate, Sr2Si3O8 2SrCl2, is of particular interest showing good temperature dependence characteristics (365 nm excitation) and also exhibiting an acicular crystal habit. Other alkaline earth/halide combinations and the binary alkaline earth systems were examined.
Position loop compensation for flex-pivot-mounted gimbal stabilization systems

A positive feedback solution for flex pivot-mounted gimbal stabilization systems is discussed. The solution implements band-limited derivative control to compensate for the flex-pivot resonance while minimizing the bandwidth to 2.0 Hz for an additional 11 dB of attenuation above 3 Hz. Tradeoff study results are discussed, and a closed-form solution is presented which solves for the compensator parameters as a function of flex pivot stiffness, plant characteristics, and desired bandwidth.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Structure-Function Study of the C2 Domain of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2: IDENTIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL CALCIUM LIGANDS AND HYDROPHOBIC MEMBRANE BINDING RESIDUES

The C2 domain of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) is involved in the Ca2+-dependent membrane binding of this protein. To identify protein residues in the C2 domain of cPLA2 essential for its Ca2+ and membrane binding, we selectively mutated Ca2+ ligands and putative membrane-binding residues of cPLA2 and measured the effects of mutations on its enzyme activity, membrane binding affinity, and monolayer penetration. The mutations of five Ca2+ ligands (D40N, D43N, N65A, D93N, N95A) show differential effects on the membrane binding and activation of cPLA2, indicating that two calcium ions bound to the C2 domain have differential roles. The mutations of hydrophobic residues (F35A, M38A, L39A, Y96A, Y97A, M98A) in the calcium binding loops show that the membrane binding of cPLA2 is largely driven by hydrophobic interactions resulting from the penetration of these residues into the hydrophobic core of the membrane. Leu39 and Val97 are fully inserted into the membrane, whereas Phe35 and Tyr96 are partially inserted. Finally, the mutations of four cationic residues in a β-strand (R57E/K58E/R59E/R61E) have modest and negligible effects on the binding of cPLA2 to zwitterionic and anionic membranes, respectively, indicating that they are not directly involved in membrane binding. In conjunction with our previous study on the C2 domain of protein kinase C-α (Medkova, M., and Cho, W. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 17544–17552), these results demonstrate that C2 domains are not only a membrane docking unit but also a module that triggers membrane penetration of protein and that individual Ca2+ ions bound to the calcium binding loops play differential roles in the membrane binding and activation of their parent proteins.
Mobile Communications and Governing the Mobile: CBs and Truckers

Struggles over CB radio use in the 1970s provide a unique historical precedent for conceptualizing current mobile communication technologies. Battles between truckers and the police were popularized in several movies, television shows, and the most memorably hit songs of the period. This essay approaches these texts as a popular how-to manual for the use of CB and compares them with the more utopian visions of CB use being spread by CB guidebooks and government officials from local police forces to the FCC. These two types of DB use came into direct conflict during the Wildcat Truckers Blockades of 1973 and 1974 that was organized via CB which spawned the popular culture representations of the truckers as American hero. This political protest made unique use of the mobile quality of CB and allowed for the unification of otherwise disparate loners which could provide a model for quick acting group resistance
Risks and Benefits of Nicotine to Aid Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is the single largest modifiable risk for pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality in the US. Addiction to nicotine prevents many pregnant women who wish to quit smoking from doing so. The safety and efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for smoking cessation during pregnancy have not been well studied. Nicotine is classified by the US Food and Drug Administration as a Pregnancy Category D drug. Animal studies indicate that nicotine adversely affects the developing fetal CNS, and nicotine effects on the brain may be involved in the pathophysiology of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). It has been assumed that the cardiovascular effects of nicotine resulting in reduced blood flow to the placenta (uteroplacental insufficiency) is the predominant mechanism of the reproductive toxicity of cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Short term high doses of nicotine in pregnant animals do adversely affect the maternal and fetal cardiovascular systems. However, studies of the acute effects of NRT in pregnant humans indicate that nicotine alone has minimal effects upon the maternal and fetal cardiovascular systems. Cigarette smoking delivers thousands of chemicals, some of which are well documented reproductive toxins (e.g. carbon monoxide and lead). A myriad of cellular and molecular biological abnormalities have been documented in placentas, fetuses, and newborns of pregnant women who smoke. The cumulative abnormalities produced by the various toxins in cigarette smoke are probably responsible for the numerous adverse reproductive outcomes associated with smoking. It is doubtful that the reproductive toxicity of cigarette smoking is primarily related to nicotine. We recommend the following. Efficacy trials of NRT as adjunctive therapy for smoking cessation during pregnancy should be conducted. The initial dose of nicotine in NRT should be similar to the dose of nicotine that the pregnant woman received from smoking. Intermittent-use formulations of NRT (gum, spray, inhaler) are preferred because the total dose of nicotine delivered to the fetus will be less than with continuous-use formulations (transdermal patch). A national registry for NRT use during pregnancy should be created to prospectively collect obstetrical outcome data from NRT efficacy trials and from individual use. The goal of this registry would be to determine the safety of NRT use during pregnancy, especially with respect to uncommon outcomes such as placental abruption. Finally, our review of the data indicate that minimal amounts of nicotine are excreted into breast milk and that NRT can be safely used by breast-feeding mothers.
Biogeography of Culicidae (Diptera) in the Grand Canyon region, Southwestern U.S.A

We describe mosquito diversity, biogeography, and disease vector issues in the Grand Canyon (GC) region on the southern Colorado Plateau in northern Arizona. We detected the presence of 18 species from field collections and museum specimens from 1974–2005, including 10 new county records and two new regional records. Arizona State county records include a potential total of 24 species, while 32 species have been mapped as occurring in this region. The combined potential fauna is depauperate, a pattern consistent with that of low-vagility taxa in this large, deep canyon ecoregion. Culiseta incidens was by far the most common and widely distributed species (relative distributional frequency, RDF = 0.44), followed by Ochlerotatus epactius (0.12), Culex tarsalis (0.09), Culiseta inornata (0.08), and Anopheles franciscanus (0.06); all other species were rare (RDF ≤ 0.05). The diversity of detected species was non-linearly related to elevation, with six species distributed widely across elevation, five species ...
Implementation of the ASME Code and NQA-1 in U.S. Department of Energy Packaging Certification Program Training Courses

Under the authorization of the Department of Transportation, per 49 CFR Part 173.7(d), Type B and fissile radioactive materials packagings made by or under the direction of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) may be used for the transportation of Class 7 materials when evaluated, approved, and certified by DOE against packaging standards equivalent to those specified in 10 CFR Part 71. The DOE certificate is issued on the basis of a safety analysis report of the package design and application. The applicant must demonstrate to DOE the package meets the standards in the 10 CFR Part 71. Since the Type B and fissile radioactive materials packaging standards specified in 10 CFR Part 71 are performance based standards, guides and other tools are necessary to demonstrate how a package design meets the standards. Two essential tools used by packaging applicants and reviewers to quantify and demonstrate compliance with the safety standards/requirements of the CFR are the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) Code and ASME NQA-1. The DOE Packaging Certification Program develops and sponsors training courses for packaging applicants and reviewers. Many of these courses are required training by DOE for persons that manage or prepare safety analysis reports for package designs (i.e., applications) submitted to the DOE for certification. The ASME B&PV Code and NQA-1 are ubiquitous in the DOE core training courses. This paper provides an overview how the ASME B&PV Code and NQA-1 are implemented in DOE Packaging Certification Program training courses.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Effect of Cyclanilide on Auxin Activity

Cyclanilide is a plant growth regulator that is registered for use in cotton at different stages of growth, to either suppress vegetative growth (in combination with mepiquat chloride) or accelerate senescence (enhance defoliation and boll opening, used in combination with ethephon). This research was conducted to study the mechanism of action of cyclanilide: its potential interaction with auxin (IAA) transport and signaling in plants. The activity of cyclanilide was compared with the activity of the auxin transport inhibitors NPA and TIBA. Movement of [3H]IAA was inhibited in etiolated corn coleoptiles by 10 μM cyclanilide, NPA, and TIBA, which demonstrated that cyclanilide affected polar auxin transport. Although NPA inhibited [3H]IAA efflux from cells in etiolated zucchini hypocotyls, cyclanilide had no effect. NPA did not inhibit the influx of IAA into cells in etiolated zucchini hypocotyls, whereas cyclanilide inhibited uptake 25 and 31% at 10 and 100 μM, respectively. Also, NPA inhibited the gravitropic response in tomato roots (85% at 1 μM) more than cyclanilide (30% at 1 μM). Although NPA inhibited tomato root growth (30% at 1 μM), cyclanilide stimulated root growth (165% of control at 5 μM). To further characterize cyclanilide action, plasma membrane fractions from etiolated zucchini hypocotyls were obtained and the binding of NPA, IAA, and cyclanilide studied. Cyclanilide inhibited the binding of [3H]NPA and [3H]IAA with an IC50 of 50 μM for both. NPA did not affect the binding of IAA, nor did IAA affect the binding of NPA. Kinetic analysis indicated that cyclanilide is a noncompetitive inhibitor of both NPA and IAA binding, with inhibition constants (K i) of 40 and 2.3 μM, respectively. These data demonstrated that cyclanilide interacts with auxin-regulated processes via a mechanism that is distinct from other auxin transport inhibitors. This research identifies a possible mechanism of action for cyclanilide when used as a plant growth regulator.
Efficacy of a Botanical Supplement with Concentrated Echinacea purpurea for Increasing Aerobic Capacity.

The present investigation evaluated the efficacy of a botanical supplement that delivered a concentrated dose of Echinacea purpurea (8 grams day−1). The participants were 13 apparently healthy, recreationally active college students (VO2 max: 51 mL O2/kg*min). The participants were provided with a 30-day supplementation regime. Data regarding maximum aerobic capacity was collected through pre- and posttesting surrounding the 30-day supplementation regime. The participants were instructed to maintain normal levels of physical activity and exercise during the experimental period. The levels of physical activity and exercise were monitored via the Leisure and Physical Activity Survey. The participants did not report any significant increases in aerobic physical activity or exercise during the supplementation period. Paired samples t-test analysis did not reveal a significant difference in maximum aerobic capacity, , . Presupplementation maximum aerobic capacity (, ) was similar to postsupplementation values (, ). This study suggests that botanical supplements containing a concentrated dose of Echinacea purpurea is not an effective intervention to increase aerobic capacity of recreationally active individuals.
A comparison of flexor tenosynovectomy, open carpal tunnel release, and open carpal tunnel release with flexor tenosynovectomy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome

The purpose of this study was to identify the advantages and disadvantages of performing a flexor tenosynovectomy without dividing the transverse carpal ligament, an open carpal tunnel release, and an open carpal tunnel release with flexor tenosynovectomy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. From 1990 to 1998, a retrospective study was done in which a flexor tenosynovectomy was performed in 133 patients without division of the transverse carpal ligament and compared with 68 patients who had an open carpal tunnel release and 75 patients who had an open carpal tunnel release and flexor tenosynovectomy. Patients were followed up for an average period of 30 weeks with history and physical findings and nerve conduction velocities and for an average period of 2.6 years with telephone interviews. There was a 2.3 percent incidence of pillar pain in the flexor tenosynovectomy group, which may explain the earlier return to their regular jobs at an average time of 9.9 weeks, compared with 10.7 weeks for the carpal tunnel release group and 12.0 weeks for the carpal tunnel release/flexor tenosynovectomy group. The latter two groups had an incidence of pillar pain of 12.1 percent and 25.3 percent, respectively. Postoperative grip strength was statistically significantly improved in the flexor tenosynovectomy group compared with the other two groups, where adjustments were made for sex and preoperative grip strengths with standard error of adjusted means. In the flexor tenosynovectomy group, 20.6 percent of patients had a previous open or endoscopic carpal tunnel release with recurrent carpal tunnel syndrome, compared with 5.2 percent in the open carpal tunnel release group and 21.6 percent in the open carpal tunnel release with flexor tenosynovectomy group. Excisional biopsies of flexor tenosynovium in the flexor tenosynovectomy, open carpal tunnel release, and open carpal tunnel release with flexor tenosynovectomy groups revealed an incidence of fibrosis in 89.2 percent, 88.9 percent, and 87.7 percent of specimens, respectively. Edema was a frequent finding, but an active inflammatory response was seldom seen. The findings in this study indicate that because of a significant decrease in pillar pain, a flexor tenosynovectomy in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome would likely benefit workers who use the palm of the hand in heavy manual or highly repetitive work by allowing them to return to regular duty sooner.
Evaluation of a training program for detection of carotid artery calcifications on panoramic radiographs.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology-sponsored training packet for identification of carotid artery calcifications on panoramic radiographs. Study Design: Two examiners, who completed the training (trainees), examined 778 panoramic radiographs. The sample included 298 men, with a mean age of 66, and 480 women, with a mean age of 68. Findings were compared with those obtained by an oral and maxillofacial radiologist. A kappa statistic was used to determine agreement between the 2 trainees. The positive predictive value (PPV) of the program was estimated by comparing the trainees rating of disease status with an expert in case identification. Results: Examiners 1 and 2 identified 99 and 78 positive cases, respectively. A kappa statistic of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.81-0.92) was obtained, indicating good interexaminer agreement. The expert identified 27 positive cases, resulting in a PPV of 34.6% (95% CI, 24.4-46.3). Conclusion: Although the training packet offers valuable training, it does not provide a high PPV, suggesting the need to modify it or to seek an expert opinion before classification of a patient as having calcification on a panoramic radiograph.(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;90:111-7)
CT evaluation after esophagogastrectomy

The computed tomographic (CT) scans and barium esophagrams of 25 patients who had undergone esophagogastrectomy were reviewed to assess the utility of CT in the postoperative evaluation of these patients. CT provided information not provided by esophagography in 13 cases; in nine of these 13 cases, the CT scan was instrumental in directing patient management. One anastomotic leak not detected by esophagography was demonstrated by CT. In two patients, esophagography demonstrated mucosal recurrence at the esophagogastric anastomosis which was not shown by CT. Data indicate that CT is a useful method for detecting postoperative complications and extramucosal recurrent disease in this group of patients. Knowledge of the expected postesophagogastrectomy CT appearance is essential for the proper interpretation of postoperative scans.
Sodium-23 and potassium-39 nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation in eye lens. Examples of quadrupole ion magnetic relaxation in a crowded protein environment

Single and multiple quantum nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques were used to investigate the motional dynamics of sodium and potassium ions in concentrated protein solution, represented in this study by cortical and nuclear bovine lens tissue homogenates. Both ions displayed homogeneous biexponential magnetic relaxation behavior. Furthermore, the NMR relaxation behavior of these ions in lens homogenates was consistent either with a model that assumed the occurrence of two predominant ionic populations, "free" and "bound," in fast exchange with each other or with a model that assumed an asymmetric Gaussian distribution of correlation times. Regardless of the model employed, both ions were found to occur in a predominantly "free" or "unbound" rapidly reorienting state. The fraction of "bound" 23Na+, assuming a discrete two-site model, was approximately 0.006 and 0.017 for cortical and nuclear homogenates, respectively. Corresponding values for 39K+ were 0.003 and 0.007, respectively. Estimated values for the fraction of "bound" 23Na+ or 39K+ obtained from the distribution model (tau C greater than omega L-1) were less than or equal to 0.05 for all cases examined. The correlation times of the "bound" ions, derived using either a two-site or distribution model, yielded values that were at least one order of magnitude smaller than the reorientational motion of the constituent lens proteins. This observation implies that the apparent correlation time for ion binding is dominated by processes other than protein reorientational motion, most likely fast exchange between "free" and "bound" environments. The results of NMR visibility studies were consistent with the above findings, in agreement with other studies performed by non-NMR methods. These studies, in combination with those presented in the literature, suggest that the most likely role for sodium and potassium ions in the lens appears to be the regulation of cell volume by affecting the intralenticular water chemical potential.
The dexamethasone suppression test in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents.

Abstract The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is a highly specific correlate of endogenous depression in adults. In this study, a group of adolescent psychiatric inpatients was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS), the Research Diagnostic Criteria, and the DST. The DST appears to be as sensitive and specific to endogenous depression in adolescents as it is in adults, and it may be a useful adjunct in diagnosis and in the prescription and monitoring of treatment.
Variation in virulence of poliovirus. III. On type III virus by plaque method.

SummaryBoth mouse-avirulent LH-a and mouse-virulent LH-v variants of Leon (Type III) poliovirus represented mixed populations, but LH-a yielded more avirulent plaques while LH-v yielded more virulent plaques. On replating, virulent and avirulent plaques usually yielded corresponding virulent and avirulent progeny, although intermediate forms sometimes appeared. After purification, virus from 3 avirulent plaques derived from LH-v was serially passed in Eagle's medium and in 2 of them reversion to virulence occurred; however, in another set of experiments, virus from 2 avirulent plaques derived from LH-a was passed in the same way and reversion did not occur. Titration in TC of suspension of the spinal cords of some inoculated mice indicated that LH-v multiplied more readily in the host than LH-a.
Evolutionary Psychology, Cognitive Science, and Dynamical Systems: Building an Integrative Paradigm

Cognitive science, evolutionary psychology, and dynamical systems theory have all been proposed as frameworks for linking the diverse subdisciplines of psychology with one another, and with other scientific disciplines. Traditional cognitive science focused on content-free general processing and deemphasized motivation. An evolutionary perspective emphasizes the centrality of motivational systems and the specificity of mechanisms designed to solve particular recurrent problems. The evolutionary perspective provides a set of broad general principles linking diverse behaviors in humans as well as other species. The dynamic approach seeks even broader principles, searching for emergent patterns in all complex systems, whether animate or inanimate. Natural selection is itself one such broad principle, as is the broader principle of self-organization, which helps explain dynamic equilibria found in groups of humans and in diverse species linked together within ecosystems. Proponents of the major contending int...
Morphology and Development of Immature Stages of Fidiobia dominica (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae: Sceliotrachelinae)

The external morphology and development of immature stages of Fidiobia dominica Evans & Pena (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), a Neotropical solitary endoparasitoid of the eggs of Diaprepes spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), are reported. This species behaves as a solitary idiobiont endoparasitoid. It has a stalked egg and two instars. The first instar is cyclopoid and seven-segmented, whereas the second instar is hymenopteriform and 11-segmented. Mandibulae are conspicuous in both instars. On completion of the larval development, the host egg turns amber transparent, making parasitized eggs easily recognizable. The pupa is exarate. F. dominica is a protandrous species and once emerged, males help females to emerge.
Renal ablation acutely transforms 'benign' hypertension to 'malignant' nephrosclerosis in hypertensive rats.

The present studies examine the consequences of the hemodynamic changes associated with approximately 5/6 renal ablation in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a strain that normally does not exhibit evidence of vascular and/or glomerular injury until late in life despite significant hypertension. Control SHR with intact renal mass demonstrated normal renal autoregulation and an absence of vascular or glomerular injury. Renal mass reduction resulted in an initial expected decrease in renal blood flow to the remnant kidney at 5 days (2.8 +/- 0.3 mL/min) compared with control SHR (8.1 +/- 0.7 mL/min) at a mean arterial pressure of approximately 160 mm Hg (P < .01). By 10 to 14 days after renal ablation, marked renal vasodilation was observed (renal blood flow 8.3 +/- 0.8 mL/min at mean arterial pressure of approximately 160 mm Hg) along with severe impairment of autoregulatory ability. Striking and florid vascular injury to interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles had also developed by 10 to 14 days after approximately 5/6 renal ablation in a pattern similar to that observed in "malignant" hypertension, despite systolic blood pressures that were not significantly different from those in control SHR (168.2 +/- 6.4 versus 165.6 +/- 4.7 mm Hg). An additional group of SHR that were made normotensive with a triple-therapy antihypertensive regimen before and after approximately 5/6 renal ablation also exhibited hemodynamic changes similar to those in the untreated rats at 10 to 14 days but did not develop significant vascular or glomerular injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Efficient measurement error correction with spatially misaligned data

Association studies in environmental statistics often involve exposure and outcome data that are misaligned in space. A common strategy is to employ a spatial model such as universal kriging to predict exposures at locations with outcome data and then estimate a regression parameter of interest using the predicted exposures. This results in measurement error because the predicted exposures do not correspond exactly to the true values. We characterize the measurement error by decomposing it into Berkson-like and classical-like components. One correction approach is the parametric bootstrap, which is effective but computationally intensive since it requires solving a nonlinear optimization problem for the exposure model parameters in each bootstrap sample. We propose a less computationally intensive alternative termed the “parameter bootstrap” that only requires solving one nonlinear optimization problem, and we also compare bootstrap methods to other recently proposed methods. We illustrate our methodology in simulations and with publicly available data from the Environmental Protection Agency.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and C-Reactive Protein Among a Tri-Ethnic Sample of Women

Background— Elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Cardiorespiratory fitness (“fitness”) is related with lower CHD risk; however, its relationship with CRP is relatively unknown. Methods and Results— Cross-sectional associations between fitness and plasma CRP were examined among 135 African American (AA), Native American (NA), and Caucasian (CA) women (55±11 year; 28±6 kg/m2). Fitness was assessed with a maximal treadmill exercise test. Plasma CRP concentrations were determined with the Dade Behring high-sensitivity immunoassay. Geometric mean CRP levels were 0.43, 0.25, and 0.23 mg/dL, and average maximal MET levels of fitness were 7.2, 9.1, and 10 METs for AA, NA, and CA, respectively. CRP decreased across tertiles of fitness (P=0.002), increased across tertiles of BMI (P=0.0007), and varied by race (P=0.002). After adjustment for covariates, lower CRP (P<0.05) was observed across tertiles of fitness among NA and CA, but not AA. Among all women,...
A Hybrid Electrochemical\chemical Synthesis Of Supported Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Spectroscopic Characterization

A fundamentally new approach for synthesizing semiconductor nanocrystals—sizes-electively— is described in this talk. β-CuI and CdS nanocrystallites (NCs) have been synthesized on the atomically smooth graphite basal plane surface with use of a hybrid electrochemical/chemical (henceforth E/C) method. This method involves the following steps: 1) Electrochemical deposition of metal (e.g., Cu, Cd) NCs onto an electrode surface; 2) Electrochemical oxidation of these metal NCs to yield either an oxide or a hydroxide intermediate [e.g., Cu2O, Cd(OH)2]; and 3) Displacement of oxygen (or hydroxide) by iodide (or sulfide) in an aqueous KI (Na2S) solution. The dispersions of nanocrystals generated by the E/C method possess the following characteristics: Single aystallinity, good-to-excellent size monodispersity, and epitaxial alignment (with the hexagonal periodicity of the graphite(0001) surface). In addition, E/C deposited particles on graphite exhibit strong room-temperature luminescence.
A Neomorphic Syntaxin Mutation Blocks Volatile-Anesthetic Action in Caenorhabditis elegans

The molecular mechanisms underlying general anesthesia are unknown. For volatile general anesthetics (VAs), indirect evidence for both lipid and protein targets has been found. However, no in vivo data have implicated clearly any particular lipid or protein in the control of sensitivity to clinical concentrations of VAs. Genetics provides one approach toward identifying these mechanisms, but genes strongly regulating sensitivity to clinical concentrations of VAs have not been identified. By screening existing mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we found that a mutation in the neuronal syntaxin gene dominantly conferred resistance to the VAs isoflurane and halothane. By contrast, other mutations in syntaxin and in the syntaxin-binding proteins synaptobrevin and SNAP-25 produced VA hypersensitivity. The syntaxin allelic variation was striking, particularly for isoflurane, where a 33-fold range of sensitivities was seen. Both the resistant and hypersensitive mutations decrease synaptic transmission; thus, the indirect effect of reducing neurotransmission does not explain the VA resistance. As assessed by pharmacological criteria, halothane and isoflurane themselves reduced cholinergic transmission, and the presynaptic anesthetic effect was blocked by the resistant syntaxin mutation. A single gene mutation conferring high-level resistance to VAs is inconsistent with nonspecific membrane-perturbation theories of anesthesia. The genetic and pharmacological data suggest that the resistant syntaxin mutant directly blocks VA binding to or efficacy against presynaptic targets that mediate anesthetic behavioral effects. Syntaxin and syntaxin-binding proteins are candidate anesthetic targets.
Blocking and Frontogenesis by Two-Dimensional Terrain in Baroclinic Flow. Part I: Numerical Experiments

The shallow atmospheric fronts that develop in the early winter along the east coast of North America have been attributed, in various modeling and observational studies, to the land‐sea contrasts in both surface heating and friction. However, typical synoptic conditions are such that these ‘‘coastal’’ fronts could also be a type of upstream influence by the Appalachian Mountain chain. Generalized models have suggested that relatively cold air can become trapped on the windward side of a mountain range during episodes of warm advection without a local contribution from differential surface fluxes. Such a process was proposed decades ago in a study of observations along the coast of Norway. Could coastal frontogenesis be primarily a consequence of a mountain circulation acting on the large-scale temperature gradient? A two-dimensional, terrain-following numerical model is used to find conditions under which orography may be sufficient to cause blocking and upstream frontogenesis in a baroclinic environment. The idealized basic flow is taken to have constant vertical shear parallel to a topographic ridge and a constant perpendicular wind that advects warm or cold temperatures toward the ridge. Land‐sea contrasts are omitted. In the observed cases, the mountain is ‘‘narrow’’ in the sense that the Rossby number is large. This by itself increases the barrier effect, but the experiments show that large-scale warm advection is still crucial for blocking. For realistic choices of ambient static stability and baroclinicity, the flow can be blocked by a range like the northern Appalachians if the undisturbed incident wind speed is around 10 m s21. Cold advection weakens the barrier effect. The long-term behavior of the front in strongly blocked cases is described and compared to observations. Because of the background rotation and large-scale temperature advection, blocked solutions cannot become steady in the assumed environment. However, the interface between blocked and unblocked fluid can settle into a balanced configuration in some cases. A simple argument suggests that, in the absence of dissipation, the frontal slope should be similar to that of the ambient ‘‘absolute momentum’’ surfaces.
The runtime creation of code for printing simulation output

The Automated Code Handler for Output Operations (ACHOO) supports a methodology whereby output requirements for a computer program, and the source code for the statements to support them, are determined at execution time based on user-supplied input. Thus, the user can tailor output requirements to a specific need or scenario. The function of the programmer is reduced to instrumenting predesignated areas where potential monitoring of program behavior is desired. This activity, consisting of inserting calls to subroutines that ACHOO creates, eliminates the need for manual creation of output statements and accompanying format specifications during computer program development and subsequent maintenance. Although ACHOO currently supports Fortran programs only, this does not preclude its adaptation to other languages. During design, attempts were made to identify, isolate, and document language-dependent functions so that module substitution could occur to accommodate other languages. >