cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxidative stress in inherited mitochondrial diseases

Mitochondria are a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial diseases are the result of inherited defects in mitochondrially expressed genes. One potential pathomechanism for mitochondrial disease is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can occur as the result of increased ROS production or decreased ROS protection. The role of oxidative stress in the five most common inherited mitochondrial diseases, Friedreich ataxia, LHON, MELAS, MERRF, and Leigh syndrome (LS), is discussed. Published reports of oxidative stress involvement in the pathomechanisms of these five mitochondrial diseases are reviewed. The strongest evidence for an oxidative stress pathomechanism among the five diseases was for Friedreich ataxia. In addition, a meta-analysis was carried out to provide an unbiased evaluation of the role of oxidative stress in the five diseases, by searching for "oxidative stress" citation count frequency for each disease. Of the five most common mitochondrial diseases, the strongest support for oxidative stress is for Friedreich ataxia (6.42%), followed by LHON (2.45%), MELAS (2.18%), MERRF (1.71%), and LS (1.03%). The increased frequency of oxidative stress citations was significant relative to the mean of the total pool of five diseases (p<0.01) and the mean of the four non-Friedreich diseases (p<0.0001). Thus there is support for oxidative stress in all five most common mitochondrial diseases, but the strongest, significant support is for Friedreich ataxia.
UV PHOTOPOLARIMETRIC IMAGING OF C/1995 O1 (HALE-BOPP) WITH THE WIDE FIELD IMAGING SURVEY POLARIMETER (WISP)

We report on the reduction and analysis of UVpolarimetric images of CI (λ1657 A) and dust continuum (2696 A emissions from C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) taken using the Wide Field Imaging Survey Polarimeter (WISP) sounding rocket on 8 April, 1997. These observations represent the first imaging polarimetry of comets in the UV, and were performed in consort with ground based measurements of gas and dust polarization and distribution. The continuum results show 9% polarization across the image field with a polarization phase angle close to the 129° prediction. Comparison with ground based data implies minimal color dependence for Hale-Bopp in either the degree of polarization and in the position angle. The carbon polarimetry implies that most production occurs in the dense inner coma, and that it leaves that area in thermodynamic equilibrium. Its radial profile further constrains the carbon outflow speed to be sufficient to travel ≥5 × 106 km without photoionization.
Mass Spectrometric Radionuclide Analyses

Measurement of ionized atoms by mass spectrometry is an alternative to radiation detection for measuring radioactive isotopes. These systems are large and complex; they require trained operators and extensive maintenance. They began as research systems but have been developed commercially for measuring amounts of radioactive isotopes and their atom ratios to other isotopes. Several types of mass spectrometer systems are in use. This chapter covers the basics of mass spectrometry and surveys the application of these instruments for radionuclide detection and discusses the circumstances under which use of mass spectrometers is advantageous, the type of mass spectrometer used for each purpose, and the conditions of sample preparation, introduction and analysis.
One-Carbon Metabolism in Methanogens: Evidence for Synthesis of a Two-Carbon Cellular Intermediate and Unification of Catabolism and Anabolism in Methanosarcina barkeri

One-carbon metabolic transformations associated with cell carbon synthesis and methanogenesis were analyzed by long- and short-term 14CH3OH or 14CO2 incorporation studies during growth and by cell suspensions. 14CH3OH and 14CO2 were equivalently incorporated into the major cellular components (i.e., lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) during growth on H2-CO2-methanol. 14CH3OH was selectively incorporated into the C-3 of alanine with decreased amounts fixed in the C-1 and C-2 positions, whereas 14CO2 was selectively incorporated into the C1 moiety with decreasing amounts assimilated into the C-2 and C-3 atoms. Notably, 14CH4 and [3-14C]alanine synthesized from 14CH3OH during growth shared a common specific activity distinct from that of CO2 or methanol. Cell suspensions synthesized acetate and alanine from 14CO2. The addition of iodopropane inhibited acetate synthesis but did not decrease the amount of 14CH3OH or 14CO2 fixed into one-carbon carriers (i.e., methyl coenzyme M or carboxydihydromethanopterin). Carboxydihydromethanopterin was only labeled from 14CH3OH in the absence of hydrogen. Cell extracts catalyzed the synthesis of acetate from 14CO (∼1 nmol/min per mg of protein) and an isotopic exchange between CO2 or CO and the C-1 of pyruvate. Acetate synthesis from 14CO was stimulated by methyl B12 but not by methyl tetrahydrofolate or methyl coenzyme M. Methyl coenzyme M and coenzyme M were inhibitory to acetate synthesis. Cell extracts contained high levels of phosphotransacetylase (>6 μmol/min per mg of protein) and acetate kinase (>0.14 μmol/min per mg of protein). It was not possible to distinguish between acetate and acetyl coenzyme A as the immediate product of two-carbon synthesis with the methods employed.
The role of the p53 protein in the selective vulnerability of the inner retina to transient ischemia.

PURPOSE. To determine whether the p53 protein plays a role in the selective vulnerability of the inner retina to transient ischemia. METHODS. Transient retinal ischemia was induced using a high intraocular pressure (HIOP) model in the Sprague-Dawley rat for 60 minutes. Histopathologic outcome was determined 7 days after ischemia. In addition, analysis for evidence for apoptosis (TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end label [TUNEL] staining) and p53 protein expression (immunohistochemistry) was performed at several points during the reperfusion period. In a separate set of experiments, wild-type mice and two groups of transgenic mice. one homozygous and the other heterozygous for the p53 null gene, were also subjected to HIOP for 60 minutes, and histopathology was performed 7 days later. RESULTS. At 7 days subsequent to 60 minutes of ischemia in the rat, there was marked thinning of the inner retinal layers. There were scattered TUNEL-positive cells within the inner retina, peaking at 24 to 48 hours and persisting for at least 7 days, p53 immunochemistry demonstrated elevated protein levels within the inner retina; this finding peaked at 24 to 48 hours but was no longer present at 4 days after ischemia. TUNEL staining of the inner retina of the mouse was most prominent 24 hours subsequent to ischemia but persisted at 48 hours. Seven days subsequent to 60 minutes of ischemia in the wild-type and transgenic mice, histopathologic evaluation demonstrated preservation of the retinal histoarchitecture in the heterozygous group compared with the wild-type or homozygous animals. CONCLUSIONS. These data further support the hypothesis that the delayed cell death that occurs after transient retinal ischemia is, in part, apoptotic. In addition, they suggest a role for the p53 protein in the selective vulnerability of the inner retina to transient ischemia. p53 protein may be a target for future therapeutic agents in the treatment of disorders of the retina where ischemia plays a pathogenetic role.
An explanatory policy analysis of legislative change permitting pharmacists in Alberta, Canada, to prescribe

Objectives This paper provides an explanatory policy analysis of the new legislation which permits pharmacist prescribing in Alberta, Canada: the Pharmacists Profession Regulations (2006) to the Health Professions Act (1999). Its purpose is to provide useful insights for pharmacy regulatory bodies in other jurisdictions internationally that are in a position to pursue similar opportunities. Methods A search for government and regulatory body documents related to Alberta healthcare system and pharmacist prescribing was performed. Correspondence was initiated with authors and regulators to clarify or obtain current data. Key findings Research to support policy change recommendations and communication among healthcare professionals, regulators and other stakeholders is essential for developing and implementing legislative change regarding health professionals' scopes of practice at a time when legislative change is possible. Stakeholder barriers to implementation need to be identified early to provide opportunity to address and resolve. Conclusions Collaboration between healthcare professionals, regulators and other stakeholders is essential to developing a prescribing model that can be successfully implemented when there is the opportunity for legislative change related to health professionals' scope of practice.
Cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy: an evidence-based review—past, present and future

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) has historically been considered a terminal condition with merely palliative treatment achieving a survival rate measured in months. Cytoreductive surgery (CyRS) and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) have emerged as potentially effective regional treatments with the potential for long-term survival in well-selected patients. The fundamentals of CyRS and IPC are patient selection and complete cytoreduction. Since there is now sufficient evidence for the superiority of CyRS and IPC to systemic chemotherapy alone in a highly select group of patients, surgeons and oncologists should be aware of this modality as a potential benefit for patients with PC. The aim of this report is to highlight cancer-specific evidence in the context of ongoing studies regarding the outcome of this treatment.
Ginger induces apoptosis and autophagocytosis in ovarian cancer cells

4510 Objective: The ginger components [6]-gingerol, and [6]-paradol have been shown to interfere with carcinogenic processes in several cell types. Previously described mechanisms of action include inhibition of EGF-induced cell transformation and AP-1 activation and induction of apoptosis. Ginger exerts inhibitory effects on prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis, indicating that the antineoplastic effects of gingerol are also associated with anti-oxidant and/or anti-inflammatory function. A pro-inflammatory state may contribute towards ovarian carcinogenesis. In the present study, we explored the response of ovarian cancer cells to ginger in vitro . Methods: A panel of ovarian cancer cell lines was treated with ginger solubilized in DMSO. Pharmaceutical grade whole ginger extract standardized to 5% [6]-gingerol, was used. Cell viability was determined with sulforhodamine assays. Ginger effect on VEGF, IL-8 and PGE-2 expression was determined via ELISA assay. Apoptosis was determined by sub G0 analysis by flow cytometry, and by immunoblotting for expression of caspase-9. Morphologic analysis was performed using light and electron microscopy. Autophagy was determined by transiently transfecting cells with GFP labeled LC3 and quantifying activated LC3 using immunofluroescence microscopy. Results: Ginger induced cell death as determined with sulforhodamine assay in all ovarian cancer cell lines tested. The extent of apoptotic cell death as indicated by cleavage of caspase-9 by immunoblotting and Sub Go analysis by flow cytometry was less than expected, suggesting that non-apoptotic cell death was also occurring. Morphologic analysis indicated the presence of autophagy; this was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopic examination of activated LC3-GFP in ginger treated cells. Ginger treatement also resulted in decreased production of VEGF, IL-8 and PGE-2 in ovarian cancer cells. Conclusion: Ginger induces cell death in ovarian cancer cells through apoptosis as well as the induction of autophagy. The majority of conventional chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptotic cell death. Because ginger can circumvent chemoresistance due to alterations in apoptotic signaling, it has the potential to be effective against chemoresistant disease. Our preliminary results indicate that ginger is a nutraceutical that may have significant therapeutic benefit for ovarian cancer patients.
Ia- and IgG-Fc receptor-positive accessory cell sustains peripheral T lymphocyte but not thymocyte mitogenesis induced by OKT3 monoclonal antibody☆

Abstract The proliferative responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBL) and thymocytes to OKT3 monoclonal antibody have been investigated. The PBL response to OKT3 was maximal after 72 hr while that of thymocytes was inappreciable at all times measured. Unlike phytohemagglutinin, OKT3 was unable to elicit the mitogenesis of adherent cell-depleted T cells in spite of the presence of exogenously added Interleukin 1 and/or Interleukin 2. The addition of autologous or heterologous adherent cells restored the OKT3 mitogenic response of peripheral purified T cells but not of thymocyte cultures. The adherent cell population that was able to sustain the OKT3-elicited T-cell mitogenesis was constituted by Ia-, Fc receptor-positive cells. These data suggest that the adherent cell-T cell interaction is mediated via the Fc portion of the OKT3 molecule. Furthermore, unlike peripheral T cells, T3-positive thymocytes, which represent the more mature, PHA-responsive subset within the thymus, are unable to cooperate with accessory cells when pulsed with OKT3 monoclonal antibody.
Immunobiology of neural transplants and functional incorporation of grafted dopamine neurons

In contrast to the views put forth by Stein & Glasier, we support the use of inbred strains of rodents in studies of the immunobiology of neural transplants. Inbred strains demonstrate homology of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Virtually all experimental work in transplantation immunology is performed using inbred strains, yet very few published studies of immune rejection in intracerebral grafts have used inbred animals.
Sibling correlation of left ventricular mass and geometry in hypertensive African Americans and whites: the HyperGEN study

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that left ventricular (LV) mass is under genetic control, independently of risk factors known to influence LV size and geometry. Methods As part of the HyperGEN study, four field centers recruited African American and white hypertensive siblings ( n = 1664), aged 23 to 87 years. Two-dimensionally guided M-mode echocardiography was performed, and LV mass and relative wall thickness (RWT) were measured at a central reading center. Familial correlations were calculated separately for each ethnic group using maximum likelihood methods, adjusted for the potential confounding influences of age, gender, systolic blood pressure, and obesity. Results In African Americans, brother-sister, brother-brother, and sister-sister correlation coefficients and standard errors for LV mass were 0.29 (0.08), 0.44 (0.10), and 0.33 (0.05). In whites, the corresponding correlations were lower than in African Americans at 0.05 (0.08), 0.12 (0.11), and 0.22 (0.09), respectively. Sibling correlation of LV geometry, assessed by RWT, was less in African Americans than in whites: brother-sister, 0.04 (0.10) v 0.21 (0.10), brother-brother, 0.12 (0.22) v 0.28 (0.09), and sister-sister, 0.11 (0.07) v 0.19 (0.11). Conclusions: LV mass is strongly correlated in hypertensive African American siblings, and modestly correlated in their white counterparts, whereas RWT has stronger sibling correlation in whites. The patterns of familial correlation of echocardiographic LV mass and RWT suggest that the genetic underpinnings of LV hypertrophy and geometric remodeling may differ among ethnic groups.
Secretin, Cholecystokinin, and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in Pancreatic Cholera

Excerpt To the editor: A substance that could be used to stimulate the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) from tumors in the same way we use secretin or calcium to stimulate release...
A development environment for scientific parallel programs

This paper describes a development environment for parallel scientific code. The environment uses Percolation Scheduling, a transformational system for parallelism extraction, and an interactive profiling system to give the user control over the parallelization process while reducing the burdensome details of architecture, correctness-preservation and synchronization. Through a graphical interface the user suggests what should be done in parallel, while the system performs the actual changes using semantics-preserving transformations. If a request cannot be satisfied, the system reports the problem causing the failure. The user may then help eliminate the problem by supplying guidance or information not explicit in the code.
An analysis of 5-day midtropospheric flow patterns for the South Pole: 1985-1989

An analysis of 5-day midtropospheric flow patterns for the South Pole during 1985-1989 is presented. Cluster analysis was used to summarize trajectories by year and by month. The results indicate that flow from the east was most often anticyclonic and light, occurring 8-18% of the time. Westerly flow patterns were the strongest and most frequent (37-51% occurrence). They were consistently cyclonic, usually reflecting storms in the Ross Sea area, the average center of the circumpolar vortex. Strong northerly flow occurred more often in 1987 than in other years. Year-to-year variability was also evident in southwesterly flow, which was enhanced in 1988, and weaker in 1987, compared with other years. The lightest winds over the South Pole occur during January, while the most vigorous long-range transport to South Pole occurs from July through October. Selected isentropic trajectories were examined to determine errors inherent in the isobaric estimates. Isentropic trajectories from the east showed little vertical motion and good agreement with isobaric ones. Over west Antarctica, however, isentropic trajectories consistently showed positive vertical motion. As a result, their isobaric counterparts were too long and overestimated the cyclonic curvature in the flow. Preferred transport from the west with warm-air advection results from the circumpolar vortex being asymmetrical, and the average isotherms, though roughly circular, being offset to the east of the South Pole. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1992.00016.x
Comorbidities and perioperative complications in HIV-positive patients undergoing primary total hip and knee arthroplasty.

Background:Highly active antiretroviral therapy has prolonged the lifespan of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We hypothesized that the number of primary total joint arthroplasties performed in this population has been increasing and that HIV infection is not an independ
Mechanism of Bacterial Pyrite Oxidation

The oxidation by Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans of untreated pyrite (FeS2) as well as HCl-pretreated pyrite (from which most of the acid-soluble iron species were removed) was studied manometrically. Oxygen uptake was linear during bacterial oxidation of untreated pyrite, whereas with HCl-pretreated pyrite both a decrease in oxygen uptake at 2 hr and nonlinear oxygen consumption were observed. Ferric sulfate added to HCl-pretreated pyrite restored approximately two-thirds of the decrease in total bacterial oxygen uptake and caused oxygen uptake to revert to nearly linear kinetics. Ferric sulfate also oxidized pyrite in the absence of bacteria and O2; recovery of ferric and ferrous ions was in excellent agreement with the reaction Fe2(SO4)3 + FeS2 = 3FeSO4 + 2S, but the elemental sulfur produced was negligible. Neither H2S nor S2O32− was a product of the reaction. It is probable that two mechanisms of bacterial pyrite oxidation operate concurrently: the direct contact mechanism which requires physical contact between bacteria and pyrite particles for biological pyrite oxidation, and the indirect contact mechanism according to which the bacteria oxidize ferrous ions to the ferric state, thereby regenerating the ferric ions required for chemical oxidation of pyrite.
Effects of age, animacy and activation order on sentence production

The current study examines whether young and older adults have similar preferences for animate-subject and active sentences, and for using the order of activation of a verb's arguments to determine sentence structure. Ninetysix participants produced sentences in response to three-word stimuli that included a verb and two nouns differing in animacy. Dependent variables included accuracy, sentence structure produced, and production times for active vs. passive sentences. Neither group shows a strict preference for active sentences, but the two groups are differentially sensitive to animacy and the order of noun activation. Results suggest that sentence structure choice is a probabilistic, constraint-satisfaction process during which these factors interact.
Molecular cloning and physical mapping of bovine herpesvirus 4 strain DN 599 and comparison with two American field-isolates.

Ninety four percent of the genome of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4) strain DN 599 was cloned and a physical map was constructed by Southern blot analysis using a library of cloned fragments cleaved with the 3 restriction enzymes (Eco RI, Bam HI, and Hin dIII). The genome length was estimated to be 156.5 kbp±0.7. The genome comprises a region of unique segment (114 kbp) and two flanking segments containing tandem repeats. The size of each repeat was approximately 2.35 kbp and each repeat contained one Eco RI site and two Bam HI sites. We also examined two recent American field-isolates of BHV-4 and compared the Eco RI maps of the two isolates with that of DN 599. We observed the following: (1) insertions or deletions of restriction sites at the periphery of the unique segment; (2) variation in the lengths of junction fragments; (3) variations in the lengths of hypermolar Eco RI fragments containing the repeats; and (4) the Eco RI map of one of the American field-isolates resembles the BHV-4 “Movar type” of Europe.
Identification of Collagen Fibrils in Scleroderma Skin

Abstract Skin from early and late stages of scleroderma has been shown to contain large amounts of thin (30–40 nm diameter) collagen fibrils that may be present in bundles or intermingled with large diameter fibrils (90–120 nm). The nature of these fibrils is unknown. Skin biopsies were obtained from involved areas of nine patients with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), one case of generalized morphea, one case of morphea, and six normal controls. Intact skin was analyzed by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM), while extracts were subjected to sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Western immunoblotting, radioimmunoassay (RIA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fine fibrils 20–40 nm in diameter in the mid to lower dermis of scleroderma skin were labeled with antibodies directed against the aminopropeptide (AP) of type III procollagen. Antibodies directed against the AP of type I procollagen labelled fine fibrils in the lower dermis. Larger fibrils (80–120 nm) did not label. pN α 1 (III) was found to be present in both normal and scleroderma skin. Extracts of scleroderma skin contained 2.5 times the amount of pN (III) collagen and 3.0 times the amount of fibronectin as did extracts of normal skin. The data indicate that the increase in thin fibrils in scleroderma skin is most likely due to an increase in type III collagen, which retains the AP at its surface.
Nitrogen-associated paramagnetic defect centers in sputtered SiO2 films

Abstract Electron spin resonance studies of SiO 2 films prepared by rf sputtering have revealed the presence of defects intrinsic to the silica network, such as the E′ center and peroxy radical. Films sputtered in a mixed ArN 2 atmosphere were found to contain bridging nitrogen centers; the spectroscopic parameters are consistent with SiNSi structures. A low concentration of NO 2 molecules has been identified in a second series of films deposited in Ar with resputtering. Although the molecules are immobilized in the silica network, they undergo thermally-activated librational motion.
Rotational Diffusion of Microconfined Liquids

The orientational behavior of liquids confined in nanoporous glasses has been studied using ultrafast Optical Kerr Effect spectroscopy. We discuss the detailed microscopic behavior of a weakly wetting liquid (methyl iodide) and a strongly wetting liquid (acetonitrile) confined in these glasses. We demonstrate that the behavior of methyl iodide is dominated by geometrical effects while the behavior of acetonitrile is dominated by surface interactions. We provide evidence that molecular exchange into the bulk is an important channel for the reorientation of strongly wetting liquids at interfaces.
Identification and expression of novel isoforms of human stromal cell-derived factor 1

Stromal Cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is a CXC chemokine that binds to the CXCR4 receptor. Recent publication indicates that the SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role during development and in many patho-physiological conditions including hematopoiesis, blood vessel formation, cancer metastasis, angiogenesis and HIV infection. Two human SDF-1 isoforms, SDF-1alpha and SDF-1beta, have been reported to date. Here we report the identification of four additional human SDF-1 isoforms derived from alternative splicing events, SDF-1gamma, SDF-1delta, SDF-1epsilon and SDF-1phi. These SDF-1 splice variants all share the same first three exons but contain different fourth exons. The human SDF-1 gene spans over 88 kilobase-pairs on chromosome 10. Using the semi-quantitative RT-PCR method, we determined the tissue distribution of these SDF-1 isoforms. SDF-1alpha and SDF-1beta share similar expression patterns and the highest expression were detected in liver, pancreas and spleen. SDF-1gamma seems to be the human orthologue of recently isolated rat SDF-1gamma, and its expression was only detected in the heart. SDF-1delta expression can be detected in several adult tissues but the highest expression was detected in fetal liver. When transfected into HEK293 cells, all the SDF-1 isoforms can be detected as secreted proteins in the cell culture media. The conditioned media from transfected cells can stimulate cell migration in a CXCR4-dependent manner. These data suggest that the novel SDF-1 splice variants encode functional proteins.
Saturation of a charge-current algebra

Abstract The origin of poor predictions for the weak N - N ∗ coupling constants obtained by saturating a chiral U(6) ⊗ U(6) charge-current algebra is studied and arguments are presented concerning the use of unsubtracted dispersion relations, the absence of Schwinger terms, and the validity of the saturation procedure itself.
3D thermoplastic elastomer microfluidic devices for biological probe immobilization

Microfluidics has emerged as a valuable tool for the high-resolution patterning of biological probes on solid supports. Yet, its widespread adoption as a universal biological immobilization tool is still limited by several technical challenges, particularly for the patterning of isolated spots using three-dimensional (3D) channel networks. A key limitation arises from the difficulties to adapt the techniques and materials typically used in prototyping to low-cost mass-production. In this paper, we present the fabrication of thin thermoplastic elastomer membranes with microscopic through-holes using a hot-embossing process that is compatible with high-throughput manufacturing. The membranes provide the basis for the fabrication of highly integrated 3D microfluidic devices with a footprint of only 1 × 1 cm2. When placed on a solid support, the device allows for the immobilization of up to 96 different probes in the form of a 10 × 10 array comprising isolated spots of 50 × 50 μm2. The design of the channel network is optimized using 3D simulations based on the Lattice-Boltzmann method to promote capillary action as the sole force distributing the liquid in the device. Finally, we demonstrate the patterning of DNA and protein arrays on hard thermoplastic substrates yielding spots of excellent definition that prove to be highly specific in subsequent hybridization experiments.
Albumin homeostasis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Abstract Albumin homeostasis in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Albumin and protein removal rates were studied in 18 patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In nine patients simultaneous studies of albumin distribution and turnover were performed. Total albumin loss was 4.23 ± 1.42 g/1.73m 2 /24hr; total protein removed was 8.79 ± 4.21 g/1.73m 2 /24hr. Although these values were well within the range for severe nephrosis, serum albumin concentration remained nearly normal, 3.7 ± 0.5 g/dl. Plasma albumin mass, 120.0 ± 25.2 g/1.73m 2 , and total albumin mass, 249 ± 29.1 g/1.73 m 2 , did not differ from those of the control group. Compared with the control group, patients had reduced albumin catabolism, 9.76 ± 1.74 g/1.73m 2 /24hr versus 13.8 ± 0.77 g/1.73m 2 /24hr (P Homeostasie de l'albumine chez des malades en dialyse peritoneale continue ambulatoire. Les vitesses de disparition de l'albumine et des proteines ont ete etudiees chez 18 malades en dialyse peritoneale continue ambulatoire (CAPD). Chez neuf malades, des etudes simultanees de la distribution et du renouvellement de l'albumine ont ete effectuees. La perte totale en albumine etait de 4,23 ± 1,42 g/1.73m 2 /24hr; la quantite totale de proteines enlevee etait de 8,79 ± 4,21 g/1.73m 2 /24hr. Bien que ces valeurs soient tout a fait dans l'ordre de grandeur de celles des nephroses severes, la concentration d'albumine serique restait pratiquement normale, 3,7 ± 0,5 g/dl. La masse d'albumine plasmatique, 120,0 ± 25,2 g/1,73m 2 , et la masse d'albumine totale, 249 ± 29,1 g/1,73m 2 n'etaient pas differentes de celles du groupe controle. Par rapport au groupe controle, les malades avaient un catabolisme de l'albumine reduit, 9,76 ± 1,74 g/1,73m 2 /24hr contre 13,8 ± 0,77 g/1,73m 2 /24hr (P
A new approach to characterize crystallinity by observing the mobility of plasma treated polymer surfaces

We describe in this paper a novel method to characterize crystallinity by observing the difference in chain mobility of oxygen plasma treated polymer surfaces, and further compare the crystallinity with the values obtained by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We modified polymer surfaces with an inductively coupled plasma system to introduce polar functional groups. The immobility parameters of plasma modified surfaces were obtained by measuring contact angles as a function of storage time in air. Due to highly restricted chain mobility in the crystalline region, the crystallinity can be estimated by the fraction of immobile polar groups remaining after chain reorientation.
Effects of Self-Monitoring on Technical, Contextual, and Assignment-Specific Performance A STUDY OF CROSS-NATIONAL WORK PERFORMANCE RATINGS

This study investigates the relationship between self-monitoring and multidimensional performance ratings of global assignees. It was hypothesized that supervisors’ performance ratings of expatriat...
Considerations and strategies behind the design and construction requirements of the Istanbul Strait immersed tunnel

Abstract This being a design-build project, the challenge faced during preparations of the Employer’s requirements for design and construction of the Istanbul Strait immersed tunnel was to give the contractor as much freedom as possible and yet specify enough so that the Employer obtained the required facility. When completed, this will be a world-class facility. This paper discusses on a strategic level many of the aspects to be presented by the author in two papers in later sessions of the day. Unusual features of this crossing include the deepest ever immersed tunnel crossing, extra waterproofing requirements, strong currents with bi-directional flow, close proximity of the North Anatolian Fault which is predicted to have a major seismic event during the life of the tunnel, and the method of connecting the adjacent bored tunnels to the immersed tunnel. Safety during tunnel construction and operation has been paramount, and resulted in changes to contract packaging and extra requirements. Other challenges discussed include fish migration, control of an international waterway, environmental issues and ensuring the stability of the soft soils during a seismic event.
Exchange assay for androgen receptors in the presence of molybdate.

Several reports have shown that sodium molybdate stabilizes steroid hormone receptors. We have utilized these observations to develop an exchange assay for the androgen receptor at elevated temperatures. Exchange was found to be complete after 30 min at 30°C. Receptor degradation was negligible during this treatment. Scatchard analysis indicated that the dissociation constant of the androgen receptor was similar both in the absence (Kd = 3.9 nM) and presence (Kd = 2.9 nM) of molybdate. Steroid specificity of the androgen receptor was unaltered by this treatment. The exchange procedure was reproducible, with an interassay variation of 2.45% and intraassay variation less than 10.0%. Using this assay, highest concentrations of androgen binding were measured in androgen target tissues of the rat (Dunning R3327 tumor, prostate and seminal vesicle; 23.37, 20.20 and 19.84 fmol/mg protein respectively). Lower concentrations were observed in other tissues (lung, brain, heart, spleen, liver and kidney; 9.06, 5.63, 3.50, 2.42, 2.33 and 1.36 fmol/mg protein respectively). These results demonstrate that molybdate stabilization of the androgen receptor allows efficient steroid exchange without significant alteration of the receptor's steroid binding properties. Furthermore, this exchange assay can be used to obtain a reasonable measurement of receptor concentrations in different androgen target tissues.
Finite element idealization of nonlinear structural response to tornado wind loads

Abstract A nonlinear analysis of a large engineered structural system damaged by a tornado is presented. The coal-handling conveyor system at the coal-powered generating plant owned by Iowa Public Service Company sustained severe structural damage, and a study of the conveyor's behavior during the tornado event was subsequently performed; results of the study are presented in this paper. Both material and geometric nonlinearities are included in the structural analysis. In addition, a procedure developed and evaluated for localizing failures and minimizing damage in systems of this type subjected to extreme wind loads is presented.
Radiation Dose to Otologic Structures During Head and Neck Cancer Radiation Therapy

Background: Otologic structures are often contained within head and neck cancer radiation treatment ports. The dosimetry to otologic structures has not been routinely analyzed and radiation treatment planning does not currently attempt to specifically avoid the inner ear structures when dosimetry is calculated. Recent studies demonstrate that up to 30% of patients experience sensorineural hearing loss on multimodality therapy with cisplatin and radiation. Methods: In the current case series, radiation dosimetry to otologic structures was calculated from computed tomogram treatment plans on patients. Fifteen nasopharyngeal, oral cavity, oropharyngeal, and hypopharyngeal cancer patients were analyzed. Results: Between 8% and 102% of the total dose is delivered to the petrous bone/cochlea, with 4 of 15 patients getting more than 50% of the dose to at least one cochlea The mastoid air cells received between 3% and 75% of the total dose, with higher doses being delivered to patients with bulky high neck metastases or nasopharyngeal tumors. The eustachian tubes received between 2% and 102% of the total dose, with 10 of 15 patients receiving more than 50% of the dose to this anatomic site. Conclusion: We conclude that the cochlea and eustachian tubes receive significant radiation during treatment, particularly in nasopharyngeal cancer patients. Careful design of radiation treatment ports may allow for the reduction of radiation to hearing structures.
Inhibition of Chicken Adipocyte Differentiation by in Vitro Exposure to Monoclonal Antibodies Against Embryonic Chicken Adipocyte Plasma Membranes

Abstract Specific monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against adipocyte precursor antigens were developed. These MAb identified adipocyte precursors and reduced their prominence in primary stromal-vascular (SV) cultures by complement-mediated cytotoxicity or by inhibition of differentiation. Binding of antibodies to chicken adipocyte precursors was confirmed by immunofluorescence visual examination following secondary exposure to fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat antimouse IgG. Cross-reaction of MAb with muscle, kidney, liver, fibroblasts, and other cell types not containing lipid droplets was not observed in primary cultures. Adipocyte precursors were obtained from 18-d chick embryo adipose tissue by collagenase digestion to investigate complement-mediated cytotoxicity of preadipocytes. Cultures were maintained in Medium 199 with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 4 d. Subsequently, Medium 199 supplemented with 10% chicken serum initiated adipocyte differentiation. At Day 5 postinoculation, individual or combinations of MAb were administered to preadipocyte cultures; rabbit complement was added 30 min later. After 1 d of incubation, four of the six individual MAb with complement significantly (P
Alterations in the morphology of rat liver cells influenced by insulin.

The electron microscopic observations of liver cells from normal, fasted, diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats were compared. The most striking electron microscopic features were the sparsity of glycogen particles in fasted and diabetic rat liver cells and the diminution in lamellar formations of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the diabetic animals. Forty-one hours of insulin treatment of diabetic rats restored the appearance of liver cell structure to normal. These variations in liver cell fine structure were correlated with circulating insulin levels and previously reported enzyme activities.
Highly uniform and reproducible visible to near-infrared vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers grown by MOVPE

We present the growth and characterization of vertical- cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) from visible to near-infrared wavelength grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Discussions on the growth issue of VCSEL materials include the control on growth rate and composition using an in situ normal-incidence reflectometer, optimization of ultra-high material uniformity, and comprehensive p- and n- type doping study in AlGaAs by CCl4 and Si2H6 over the entire Al composition range. We also demonstrate our recent achievements of selectively oxidized VCSELs which include the first room-temperature continues-wave demonstration of all-AlGaAs 700-nm red VCSELs, high- performance n-side up 850-nm VCSELs, and low threshold current and low-threshold voltage 1.06 micrometer VCSELs using InGaAs/GaAsP strain-compensated quantum wells.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Low velocity detonations: Some experimental studies and their interpretation

We have been studying the occurrence of low velocity detonations (LVI) in several liquid explosives. A hypothesis based on shock wave interactions and Mach reflections was proposed to explain the initiation and propagation of LVD. Using the card gap test we found general experimental agreement with this hypothesis. However, certain anomalous effects were noted. In addition, we developed a method to study the internal wave structure of a shocked liquid. This technique was applied to a liquid that sustains LVD and to one that does not. A comparison of these liquids shows that the reaction zone in a liquid explosive undergoing LVD is consistent with the Mach zone hypothesis. The anomalous effects noted during gap testing were subjected to a photographic study using a high speed framing camera. The results of this study showed that mechanisms other than that explainable by the Mach zone hypothesis were also responsible for LVD initiation. These were wave reflections from witness plates for high sound speed-high strength confinement and donor air shock initiation for lead (low sound speed-low strength) confinement. We conclude that there appears to be no unique mechanism for LVD and that each mechanism proposed so far explains some of the observations.
Thermally activated dissipation in Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x/Y1Ba2(Cu1−xNix)3O7−x superconducting multilayer thin films

Abstract Heterostructures of Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x/Y1Ba2(Cu1−xNix)3O7−x superconducting thin films have been grown on (100) yttriumstabilized ZrO2 substrates using a pulsed laser deposition technique. The thickness of the Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x layer was changed from 120 A to 420 A, and the thickness of the Y1Ba2(Cu1−xNix)3O7−x layer was varied from 85 A to 480 A, in order to investigate thermally activated dissipation behavior due to flux motion. The resistivity transitions of multilayers have been measured below Tc in magnetic fields up to 5 T. The electrical resistivity in magnetic field is thermally activated and shows a broad transition about 4 ∼ 5 K for magnetic field perpendicular to the c-axis and 8 ∼ 10 K for field parallel to the c-axis. The broadening of the resistive transition observed in multilayer thin films is shown to depend on both Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x and Y1Ba2(Cu1−xNix)3O7−x layer thickness for both magnetic fields parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis. The activation energies derived from thermally activated flux flow are proportional to the Y1Ba2Cu3O7−x layer thickness up to 360 A, but are inversely proportional to the increase of the Y1Ba2(Cu1−xNix)3O7−x layer thickness when the other layers retain the same thickness.
Famotidine Pharmacokinetics in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

In order to study the pharmacokinetics of famotidine in cardiac surgery patients, we administered famotidine 20mg by intravenous injection at the beginning of surgery and 12 hours after surgery in 8 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Total body clearance, volume of distribution, and elimination half-life were calculated using noncompartmental analysis and compared with published normal parameters (control) using a 2-tailed, 1-sample t-test. Intra- and postoperative clearances were 2.93 ± 1.06 and 3.18 ± 1.06 ml/min/kg, respectively, which were more than 50% less than the control value (6.07 ml/min/kg; p 0.08). Intra- and postoperative half-lives were 4.52 ± 2.21 hours and 4.27 ± 1.58 hours, respectively, which were more than 50% longer than control (2.92 hours; p<0.03). Famotidine pharmacokinetics are significantly altered during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, and these changes persist for up to 24 hours after surgery.
Modification of ethanol intoxication by dopamine agonists and antagonists

The effects of ethanol on locomotor activity and rotarod performance were measured in the rat. Apomorphine (4 mg/kg s.c.) antagonized and pimozide (0.75–1.50 mg/kg s.c.) enhanced the effects of a 2 g/kg dose of ethanol on rotarod performance. No such interaction was seen with pentobarbital, 25 mg/kg, a dose sufficient to produce an equivalent motor performance deficit. Animals with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra were more sensitive to the ethanol-induced impairment of rotarod performance and suppression of locomotor activity than shamoperated controls. The pattern of dopamine depletion in lesioned animals indicated a degree of selectivity of the lesion for the nigrostriatal pathway. The results are compatible with the hypothesis that ethanol interferes with dopaminergic transmission, and that such an interference may be involved in the behavioral effects of ethanol.
Length-Tension Relationships Are Similar Between Cardiac Myocytes And Skeletal Muscle Fibers

According to the Frank-Starling relationship increased ventricular volume increases ventricular output, which helps match peripheral energy supply with demand. The cellular basis for this relationship is, in large part, the myofilament length-tension relationship. The length-tension relationship in maximally activated skinned preparations is relatively shallow and similar between cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers. During twitch activations the length tension relationship becomes steeper in both cardiac and skeletal muscle; however, it remains unclear whether length dependence of tension differs between striated muscle cell types during submaximal activations. The purpose of this study was to compare myofilament length-tension relationships between cardiac myocytes, fast-twitch and slow twitch skeletal muscle fibers during half-maximal calcium activations. For these experiments, passive and active sarcomere length-tension relationships were characterized in skinned rat left ventricular cardiac myocytes, fast-twitch and slow-twitch skeletal muscle fibers. For active length-tension relationships, cells were mounted between a force transducer and motor and activated to yield 50-65% maximal force after which isometric force was measured over a range of ascending limb sarcomere lengths monitored by IonOptix SarLen system. Passive tension was considerably greater in cardiac myocytes (3.5 ± 2.5 kN/m2 at 2.30 ± 0.04μm) compared to both fast-twitch (1.1 ± 0.8 kN/m2 at 2.70 ± 0.07μm) and slow-twitch (1.4 ± 0.5 kN/m2 at 2.70 ± 0.07μm) muscle fibers. Active myofilament length-tension relationships were considerably shallower in slow-twitch fibers compared to fast-twitch fibers. Interestingly, cardiac myocytes exhibited two distinct populations of length-tension relationships, one nearly identical to fast-twitch fibers and the other similar to slow-twitch fibers. These results indicate that cardiac myocytes exhibit length-tension relationships very similar to skeletal muscle fibers. The finding of two populations of cardiac myocyte length-tension relationships suggests a mode for adjusting Frank-Starling relationships following acute and/or chronic ventricular adaptations.
TGFβ1 and Treg cells: alliance for tolerance

Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), an important pleiotropic, immunoregulatory cytokine, uses distinct signaling mechanisms in lymphocytes to affect T-cell homeostasis, regulatory T (Treg)-cell and effector-cell function and tumorigenesis. Defects in TGFβ1 expression or its signaling in T cells correlate with the onset of several autoimmune diseases. TGFβ1 prevents abnormal T-cell activation through the modulation of Ca2+–calcineurin signaling in a Caenorhabditis elegans Sma and Drosophila Mad proteins (SMAD)3 and SMAD4-independent manner; however, in Treg cells, its effects are mediated, at least in part, through SMAD signaling. TGFβ1 also acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine and induces interleukin (IL)-17-producing pathogenic T-helper cells (Th IL-17 cells) synergistically during an inflammatory response in which IL-6 is produced. Here, we will review TGFβ1 and its signaling in T cells with an emphasis on the regulatory arm of immune tolerance.
Simple method of experimentally investigating scanning microstrip antenna arrays without phase-shifting devices

A simple microstrip antenna array which performs beam scanning without the use of electronic phase-shifters or delay lines is described. The array incorporates mechanically rotatable microstrip patch antennas which are designed for circularly polarised (CP) operation. Experimental results obtained from preliminary implementations of the array are provided and discussed.