cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bipropellant high energy stimulation for oil and gas applications

Abstract Large-scale extraction of oil and natural gas requires an effective method of generating a high surface area network of fractures, or the stimulation of existing fractures, in a formation in order to increase permeability. Conventional hydraulic fracturing has limited utility in this application. In this work, Sandia National Laboratories is exploring high rate pressurization techniques employing tailored energetic materials systems to control both pressure rise rate and peak pressure in order to optimally stimulate potential rock formations. Rapid pressurization, at rates far exceeding quasi-static conventional hydraulic rates, can generate multiple radial well bore fractures and potentially provide a mechanism to induce shear destabilization within the formation that enables the fractures to be self-propping. Multiple fractures from the well bore allow efficient coupling to the existing formation fracture network and increase near field well bore permeability. Furthermore, these techniques can allow for repeated stimulations and produce energetic events within the fractures thereby allowing fractures to be extended further. Controlled rate pressurization is a useful tool for the efficient generation of fracture networks and has potential application to increase oil and gas production. This paper provides an overview of the concept of controlled rate pressurization, laboratory experiments and field trials that are being conducted. The present work investigates detonations of a stoichiometric mixture of ethylene and nitrous oxide (C2H4 + 6N2O) at high initial pressures ranging from 0.862 to 2.068 MPa as a method of fracturing rock below the ground surface. The experiments investigate the fracture generation as a function of the initial pressure of the mixture. In the current configuration, the combustion reaction is initiated by an electrically fired igniter at the ground surface and quickly transitions to a detonation. The experimental setup accommodates one high pressure (690 MPa) transducer, placed downstream of the igniter, to measure peak pressure. The pressure transducer recorded peak pressures, which are 2.3–2.6 times in excess of the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) values as a result of pre-compression of the unburned gas mixture during the flame acceleration prior to deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). Analysis of the data indicated an increase in rock permeability due to detonations and this was confirmed by the core drilled sections at the test site.
Examining “best practices” for literacy coaching and monitoring: Evidence from Northern Nigeria and Ghana

Abstract Evidence-based ‘best practices’ from high-resource contexts have motivated some early grade literacy programs in developing countries to hire private literacy specialists as coaches for teachers, rather than build coaching into the job description of existing system actors, such as school inspectors. This study poses the question, can education system actors with supervisory responsibilities for schools, who are not necessarily literacy specialists, become effective literacy coaches? Using secondary data from a reading program in Nigeria, we use a fixed-effects regression framework to evaluate the relative effectiveness of external subject matter experts and system actors on teaching and learning outcomes. We find that in Nigeria, system actors are as effective at improving both program implementation and teacher performance as externally hired reading experts. Qualitative data from contrasting coaching models in Nigeria and Ghana provide insight into the reasons why school inspectors may be well-suited for coaching.
The Primacy of Gender: Gendered Cognition Underlies the Big Two Dimensions of Social Cognition:

It is notable that across distinct, siloed, and disconnected areas of psychology (e.g., developmental, personality, social), there exist two dimensions (the "Big Two") that capture the ways in which people process, perceive, and navigate their social worlds. Despite their subtle distinctions and nomenclature, each shares the same underlying content; one revolves around independence, goal pursuit, and achievement, and the other revolves around other-focus, social orientation, and desire for connection. Why have these two dimensions emerged across disciplines, domains, and decades? Our answer: gender. We argue that the characteristics of the Big Two (e.g., agency/competence, communion/warmth) are reflections of psychological notions of masculinity and femininity that render gender the basis of the fundamental lens through which one sees the social world. Thus, although past work has identified the Big Two as a model to understand social categories, we argue that gender itself is the social category that explains the nature of the Big Two. We outline support for this theory and suggest implications of a gendered cognition in which gender not only provides functional utility for cognitive processing but simultaneously enforces gender roles and limits men and women's opportunities. Recognizing that the Big Two reflect masculinity and femininity does not confine people to act in accordance with their gender but rather allows for novel interventions to reduce gender-based inequities.
Science & Journalism: Bridging the Gaps Through Specialty Training

As the media landscape continues to change, reporters are now being charged with the task of covering more with less. One result is that reporters without any specialty training are covering comple...
Outcomes in Patients with Alagille Syndrome and Complex Pulmonary Artery Disease

Objective To assess outcomes in a large cohort of patients with Alagille syndrome (ALGS) who underwent pulmonary artery reconstruction surgery for complex pulmonary artery disease. Study design Patients with ALGS who underwent pulmonary artery reconstruction surgery at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford were reviewed. Patients were examined as an overall cohort and based on the primary cardiovascular diagnosis: severe isolated branch pulmonary artery stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) without major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCAs), or TOF with MAPCAs. Results Fifty-one patients with ALGS underwent pulmonary artery surgery at our center, including 22 with severe branch pulmonary artery stenosis, 9 with TOF without MAPCAs, and 20 with TOF and MAPCAs. Forty-one patients (80%) achieved a complete repair. Five of the patients with TOF with MAPCAs (25%) underwent complete repair at the first surgery, compared with 8 (89%) with TOF without MAPCAs and 19 (86%) with isolated branch pulmonary artery stenosis. At a median follow-up of 1.7 years after the first surgery, 39 patients (76%) were alive, 36 with a complete repair and a median pulmonary artery:aortic systolic pressure of 0.38. Nine patients (18%), including 8 with isolated branch pulmonary artery stenosis, underwent liver transplantation. Conclusions Most patients with ALGS and complex pulmonary artery disease can undergo complete repair with low postoperative right ventricular pressure. Patients with TOF/MAPCAs had the worst outcomes, with higher mortality and more frequent pulmonary artery interventions compared with patients with TOF without MAPCAs or isolated branch pulmonary artery stenosis. Complex pulmonary artery disease is not a contraindication to liver transplantation in patients with ALGS.
Increasing Comorbidity and Frailty is Not Associated with Early Postoperative Complications among Men Undergoing Artificial Urinary Sphincter or Sling Implantation: A Real-World Application of NSQIP® Data to Reconstructive Urology

AbstractIntroduction:Urologists may be hesitant to surgically treat urinary incontinence in comorbid genitourinary cancer survivors. We assessed the relationship between comorbidities and 30-day pe...
Congruences for Stochastic Automata.

Congruences for stochastic automata are defined, the correspondin factor automata are constructed and investigated for automata ove analytic spaces. We study the behavior under finite and infinite streams. Congruences consist of multiple parts, it is shown that factoring can be done in multiple steps, guided by these parts.
Genetic ancestry, skin pigmentation, and the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in Hispanic/Latino and non-Hispanic white populations.

Although cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in individuals of European ancestry, the incidence of cSCC in Hispanic/Latinos is also increasing. cSCC has both a genetic and environmental etiology. Here, we examine the role of genetic ancestry, skin pigmentation, and sun exposure in Hispanic/Latinos and non-Hispanic whites on cSCC risk. We observe an increased cSCC risk with greater European ancestry (P = 1.27 × 10−42) within Hispanic/Latinos and with greater northern (P = 2.38 × 10−65) and western (P = 2.28 × 10−49) European ancestry within non-Hispanic whites. These associations are significantly, but not completely, attenuated after considering skin pigmentation-associated loci, history of actinic keratosis, and sun-protected versus sun-exposed anatomical sites. We also report an association of the well-known pigment variant Ala111Thr (rs1426654) at SLC24A5 with cSCC in Hispanic/Latinos. These findings demonstrate a strong correlation of northwestern European genetic ancestry with cSCC risk in both Hispanic/Latinos and non-Hispanic whites, largely but not entirely mediated through its impact on skin pigmentation. Eric Jorgenson and Helene Choquet et al. find that northwestern European genetic ancestry is associated with increased risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) in non-Hispanic whites, and more so in Hispanic/Latinos of the US. The ancestry effect is largely, but not entirely explained by genetic determinants of skin pigmentation in both populations.
The machine without the ghost: Early interactive television in Japan:

This article is part of an ongoing ethnography of the Japanese television industry focusing on its attempts to experiment with live, interactive content that was manipulable via smart devices, lapt...
Probing the Interaction of Huntingtin Exon-1 Polypeptides with the Chaperonin Nanomachine GroEL.

Huntington's disease arises from polyQ expansion within the exon-1 region of huntingtin (htt ex1 ), resulting in an aggregation prone protein that accumulates in neuronal inclusion bodies. We investigate the interaction of various htt ex1 constructs with the bacterial analog (GroEL) of the human chaperonin Hsp60. Using fluorescence spectroscopy and electron and atomic force microscopy we show that GroEL inhibits fibril formation. The binding kinetics of htt ex1 constructs with intact GroEL and a mini-chaperone comprising the apical domain is characterized by relaxation-based NMR measurements. The lifetimes of the complexes range from 100-400 m s with equilibrium dissociation constants ( K D ) of ~1-2 mM. The binding interface is formed by the N-terminal amphiphilic region of htt ex1 (which adopts a partially helical conformation) and the H and I helices of the GroEL apical domain. Sequestration of monomeric htt ex1 by GroEL likely increases the critical concentration required for fibrillization.
Multidimensional Right Caputo Fractional Taylor Formula and Landau Inequalities

Here we present a multivariate right side Caputo fractional Taylor’s formula with fractional integral remainder. Based on this we give three multivariate right side Caputo fractional Landau’s type inequalities. Their constants are precisely calculated and we give best upper bounds. It follows [2].
Theoretical study of intrinsic defects in cubic silicon carbide 3 C -SiC

Using the local moment counter charge (LMCC) method to accurately represent the asymptotic electrostatic boundary conditions within density functional theory supercell calculations, we present a comprehensive analysis of the atomic structure and energy levels of point defects in cubic silicon carbide ($3C$-SiC). Finding that the classical long-range dielectric screening outside the supercell induced by a charged defect is a significant contributor to the total energy. we describe and validate a modified Jost screening model to evaluate this polarization energy. This leads to bulk-converged defect levels in finite size supercells. With the LMCC boundary conditions and a standard Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange correlation functional, the computed defect level spectrum exhibits no band gap problem: the range of defect levels spans $\ensuremath{\sim}2.4\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$, an effective defect band gap that agrees with the experimental band gap. Comparing with previous literature, our LMCC-PBE defect results are in consistent agreement with the hybrid-exchange functional results of Oda et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 139, 124707 (2013)] rather than their PBE results. The difference with their PBE results is attributed to their use of a conventional jellium approximation rather than the more rigorous LMCC approach for handling charged supercell boundary conditions. The difference between standard dft and hybrid functional results for defect levels lies not in a band gap problem but rather in solving a boundary condition problem. The LMCC-PBE entirely mitigates the effect of the band gap problem on defect levels. The more computationally economical PBE enables a systematic exploration of $3C$-SiC defects, where, most notably, we find that the silicon vacancy undergoes Jahn-Teller-induced distortions from the previously assumed ${T}_{d}$ symmetry, and that the divacancy, like the silicon vacancy, exhibits a site-shift bistability in $p$-type conditions.
Multiple Imputation with Principal Components for Non-Normal Categorical Data

Multiple Imputation (MI) is the most efficient way of estimating missing values for non-normal categorical variables (Enders, 2017). A challenge related to MI is the choice of appropriate auxiliary...
Testing domain-general theories of perceptual awareness with auditory brain responses

Past research has identified several candidate neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) during visual perception. Recent research on auditory perception shows promise for establishing the generality of various NCCs across sensory modalities, as well as for revealing differences in how conscious processing unfolds in different sensory systems.
Validation of the SPECT features of a simulation system for emission tomography

SimSET (a Simulation System for Emission Tomography) is a widely used simulation package in the nuclear medicine research community. In this paper we present validation measurements for the SPECT-related modules of the package. Decay generation and tracking through the object were checked for correct distribution of starting angle and weight, and correct proportion and spatial distribution of unscattered, Compton and Rayleigh scattered photons. We tested that the collimator module, which models the collimator using geometric transfer functions, implements the underlying equations and positions the collimator correctly. The binning of detected photons into histograms was checked for accuracy. Finally, a comparison of simulated data and experimental data is given.
Evidence that hydrolysis of ethanolamine plasmalogens triggers synthesis of platelet-activating factor via a transacylation reaction.

Abstract Addition of 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-lyso-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (alkenyl-lyso-GPE) to human neutrophil membrane preparations containing 1-O-[3H]hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC) resulted in rapid deacylation of the 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC to 1-O-[3H]alkyl-2-lyso-GPC (lyso-platelet-activating factor, lyso-PAF). When acetyl-CoA was included in the incubation mixture, the [3H]lyso-PAF was converted to [3H]PAF. Studies of [3H]arachidonate-labeled neutrophils permeabilized with Staphlococcus aureus alpha-toxin revealed a major shift of labeled [3H]arachidonate from the choline to the ethanolamine-containing phosphoglycerides upon addition of alkenyl-lyso-GPE. The studies indicated that lyso-PAF is formed in the system by the transfer of arachidonate from 1-O-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC to the alkenyl-lyso-GPE by a CoA-independent transacylase reaction. Mass measurements revealed a rapid loss of arachidonate from 1-radyl-2-acyl-GPE and a concomitant increase in alkenyl-lyso-GPE upon stimulation of the neutrophils by ionophore A23187. Based on these and other findings, a pathway is proposed that may play a significant, if not obligatory, role in the synthesis of PAF in intact stimulated neutrophils. It has been widely accepted that phospholipase A2 acts directly on 1-O-alkyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC as the first step in the synthesis of PAF via formation of lyso-PAF. In the proposed scheme, phospholipase A2, upon stimulation, acts rapidly on ethanolamine plasmalogen selectively releasing arachidonic acid and generating alkenyl-lyso-GPE. The CoA-independent transacylase then selectively transfers arachidonate from 1-radyl-2-arachidonoyl-GPC to the alkenyl-lyso-GPE generating lyso-PAF, which is then acetylated to form PAF. The interactions outlined can account for the synthesis of 1-acyl-2-acetyl-GPC, 1-O-alk-1'-enyl-2-acetyl-GPE, and eicosanoids, in parallel with PAF.
Effect of Corn Steep Liquor on Mycelial Growth and Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus parasiticus

Total aflatoxin concentrations produced by Aspergillus parasiticus, isolate 64-R8, in Czapek9s broth fortified with corn steep liquor increased proportionately as the concentration of corn steep was increased from 0.5 to 8.0% (v/v) until maximal growth, as measured by dry mycelial weight, was reached. Thereafter, aflatoxin concentrations declined more rapidly than the rate of autolysis of mycelial material. Data are presented which indicate that the concentration of corn steep liquor also affects the ratio of production of aflatoxin B1 and B2 to that of aflatoxin G1 and G2. Further, this ratio also varies with time of incubation. Although both growth of the fungus and aflatoxin production are stimulated by the addition of corn steep to the basic medium, the stimulation of toxin production is much greater than fungus growth.
Calculated Spectral Fluences and Dosimeter Activities for the Metallurgical Blind Test Irradiations at the ORR-PSF

Fluence rate, fluence, and activity calculations were performed for each of the three exposures (two surveillance capsules and a pressure vessel capsule) performed during the two-year metallurgical blind test experiment at the ORR-Poolside Facility in Oak Ridge. Motivation for these calculations was prompted by differences of up to 25% between dosimetry measurements performed in the earlier startup scoping experiment and the two-year experiment.
Bisulfite or sulfite inhibits growth of Helicobacter pylori

Bisulfite or sulfite was found to be inhibitory to Helicobacter pylori growth. A modified version of Brucella broth (BB), bisulfite-less BB (BLBB), supported rapid, robust, and consistent growth of H. pylori. We suggest that BLBB simply be called "Pylori broth" for distinction from Brucella broth.
The effect of DMOS cell geometry on the integrated current sensors of high-voltage power MOSFETs

The integrated current-sensing power MOSFET is used in power electronics to implement system control, protective and diagnostic function. This paper compares integrated current-sensing power MOSFETs with the square (SQ) and atomic-lattice-layout (ALL) design. It is shown that the ALL design offers better performance than that with the SQ cell design.
Anarchy and Property Rights in the Virtual World: How Disruptive Technologies Undermine the State and Ensure that the Virtual World Remains a 'Wild West'

For all intents and purposes, most actors in the virtual world operate under conditions of anarchy. While formal, de jure law attempting to regulate the virtual world proliferates, such law is so easily circumvented and so rarely enforced as to be safely ignored — for both practical and analytical purposes. When we fail to recognize the anarchic nature of the virtual world, we come to fundamentally incorrect conclusions about how best to think about that world. Once such incorrect conclusion, proposed by legal scholars like Lawrence Lessig and Jonathan Zittrain, is that the Internet is on the whole moving towards an era of greater control and regulation. In contrast, I argue that in many fundamental ways, the virtual world — which includes, but is not limited to, the Internet — is moving towards an era of less control as state capacity to regulate the virtual world rapidly diminishes. In this paper, I demonstrate how three disruptive technologies — file sharing, 3D printing, and distributed digital currency — have severely undermined the legal and regulatory capacity of the state, resulting in an anarchic environment where actors’ behavior is determined primarily by factors other than legislation or governmental authority. Additionally, I examine how a particular group of actors — property owners — copes with the challenge of protecting property under conditions of anarchy. I show that property owners frequently engage in various forms of self-help and limited cooperation to protect their assets. Both resort to self-help and limited cooperation are theoretical implications of anarchy, and provide further evidence that the virtual world is characterized by anarchy.
The Effect of Temperature on Photo-induced Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa

The temperature dependence of carotenoid synthesis in Neurospora crassa was investigated. The primary light reaction is independent of temperature, but the amount of carotenoid pigment which subsequently accumulates in the dark is strongly dependent on the temperature during the dark incubation. Carotenoid synthesis shows a sensitivity to both high and low temperatures, and of the temperatures tested, 6 C is optimal. Exposure to temperatures above 6 C for various times immediately following irradiation brings about a temperature-dependent reduction in the amount of carotenoid pigment that is synthesized in a total dark incubation time of 24 hours. This sensitivity to incubations at temperatures above 6 C is reduced by either continuous irradiation during the entire time at the higher temperature or by a short irradiation at the end of this period, and the relative effectiveness of these two types of light treatments is presented. Carotenoid production is also sensitive to amino acid analogues and inhibitors of protein synthesis during a critical period after irradiation. It is proposed that the light reaction leads to the production of a compound which can be degraded in a temperature-dependent competitive reaction. This compound (or a product derived from it) can also induce the de novo synthesis of an enzyme (or enzymes) required for carotenoid production. An alternative hypothesis, that a repressor is directly inactivated in the light reaction, can be ruled out by the results presented.
Propagation of ir light in flexible hollow waveguides: further discussion.

A refinement of theoretical optical loss estimates is given for 10.6-μm radiation propagating in hollow metal waveguides.
Analysis of interleaved arrays of waveguide elements

An analysis is presented of multiple interleaved arrays of waveguide radiators operating at different frequencies. The approach is a generalization of the analysis of an infinite array at a single frequency. The presence of the low-frequency elements affects the radiation characteristics of the high-frequency elements and generates grating lobes which do not appear in a single-frequency array. Furthermore, power is coupled 'into the low-frequency waveguides when the high-frequency elements are excited. Numerical examples are presented which show that these effects are not severe.
Hermit crab shell colonization by Crepidula convexa Say

Abstract The significant association of Crepidula convexa Say, Hydractinia echinata Fleming, Alcyonidiumpolyoum (Hassall), and Pagurus longicarpus Say with Ilyanassa obsoleta (Say) shells at Cape Henlopen, Delaware was described. Crepidula convexa was positively associated with algae and Alcyonidium and negatively associated with Hydractinia on hermit crab shells. A field, shell colonization experiment, using tethered Ilyanassa shells, resulted in relatively rapid recruitment by Pagurus longicarpus and 1–12 mm long Crepidula convexa. Laboratory experiments indicate the propensity of C. convexa to move off shells vacated by Pagurus longicarpus following the introduction of empty Ilyanassa shells. Substratum considerations (e.g., availability and quality) are proposed as primary factors affecting mobility and habitat selection in Crepidula convexa. We predict that C. convexa is an inferior spatial competitor to less mobile, colonial shell associates, like Hydractinia, and that shell epifauna are likely to influence the rate at which hermit crabs exchange shells.
Can facial cosmetics affect the matching accuracy of face recognition systems

The matching performance of automated face recognition has significantly improved over the past decade. At the same time several challenges remain that significantly affect the deployment of such systems in security applications. In this work, we study the impact of a commonly used face altering technique that has received limited attention in the biometric literature, viz., non-permanent facial makeup. Towards understanding its impact, we first assemble two databases containing face images of subjects, before and after applying makeup. We present experimental results on both databases that reveal the effect of makeup on automated face recognition and suggest that this simple alteration can indeed compromise the accuracy of a bio-metric system. While these are early results, our findings clearly indicate the need for a better understanding of this face altering scheme and the importance of designing algorithms that can successfully overcome the obstacle imposed by the application of facial makeup.
A model for developing a parent resource center on campus

This study describes the development of a parent resource center at a university child care center. The parent resource center is funded by a federal grant and is designed to provide support to low-income student-parents on campus. Early childhood education interns work in the center to learn how to build family relationships. The program has been beneficial to families and the early childhood education interns. Recommendations for creating parent resource centers on university campuses to support the learning of early childhood professionals are provided.
True triaxial strength of the KTB amphibolite under borehole wall conditions and its use to estimate the maximum horizontal in situ stress

[1] Estimation of the maximum horizontal in situ stress from logged borehole-breakout dimensions in brittle elastic rocks requires knowledge of the true triaxial compressive strength of the medium. We employed our true triaxial loading apparatus to determine the strength criterion of the nearly impermeable amphibolite penetrated by the German Continental Deep Drilling Program (KTB) superdeep scientific hole at depths of 3200–7800 m. To better simulate borehole wall conditions, we left one pair of the prismatic specimens' faces unjacketed and in direct contact with the confining fluid. This testing variation brings about a fundamentally different failure mechanism from that in fully jacketed (dry) specimens. Brittle fracture occurs at or soon after dilatancy onset and results from the development of densely spaced extensile fractures subparallel and adjacent to one of the unjacketed faces. We infer that the confining fluid intrudes newly opened microcracks, which are predominantly subparallel to the unjacketed faces, and promotes their elongation into throughgoing fractures. For any given least principal stress, the compressive strength typically increases with the rise in the intermediate principal stress. The true triaxial strength criterion of the unjacketed amphibolite can be expressed as a linear relationship between the octahedral shear stress and the octahedral normal stress at failure. Employing this criterion together with all the other known data from the KTB hole, we recomputed the magnitude of the maximum horizontal in situ stress there. Our results show that it increases steadily with depth, with a relatively narrow band of uncertainty, confirming previous assessments of a strike-slip stress regime.
Functional Analysis of the Three TATA Binding Protein Homologs in Methanosarcina acetivorans

The roles of three TATA binding protein (TBP) homologs (TBP1, TBP2, and TBP3) in the archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans were investigated by using genetic and molecular approaches. Although tbp2 and tbp3 deletion mutants were readily obtained, a tbp1 mutant was not obtained, and the growth of a conditional tbp1 expression strain was tetracycline dependent, indicating that TBP1 is essential. Transcripts of tbp1 were 20-fold more abundant than transcripts of tbp2 and 100- to 200-fold more abundant than transcripts of tbp3, suggesting that TBP1 is the primary TBP utilized during growth. Accordingly, tbp1 is strictly conserved in the genomes of Methanosarcina species. Δtbp3 and Δtbp2 strains exhibited an extended lag phase compared with the wild type, although the lag phase for the Δtbp2 strain was less pronounced when this strain was transitioning from growth on methylotrophic substrates to growth on acetate. Acetate-adapted Δtbp3 cells exhibited growth rates, final growth yields, and lag times that were significantly reduced compared with those of the wild type when the organisms were cultured with growth-limiting concentrations of acetate, and the acetate-adapted Δtbp2 strain exhibited a final growth yield that was reduced compared with that of the wild type when the organisms were cultured with growth-limiting acetate concentrations. DNA microarray analyses identified 92 and 77 genes with altered transcription in the Δtbp2 and Δtbp3 strains, respectively, which is consistent with a role for TBP2 and TBP3 in optimizing gene expression. Together, the results suggest that TBP2 and TBP3 are required for efficient growth under conditions similar to the conditions in the native environment of M. acetivorans.
Analysis of doxorubicin in cell culture media and human plasma using solid phase extraction and HPLC

Doxorubicin is an antineoplastic antibiotic isolated fromStreptomyces peucetius var.cesius clinically used in the treatment of tumors such as lung or breast, Hodgkin's disease and various types of leukemias. The main goal of this study was to develop a simple and sensitive HPLC method with fluorescence detection for the quantitation of doxorubicin in cell culture media collected during an in vitro studies and in human plasma. Solid phase extraction (C2 silica) was applied. The experiment established five-point standard curve (1 ng mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1). The standard curves prepared in blank cell tissue media were linear over the range of doxorubicin assayed and had a mean correlation coefficient of 0.9973±9.43×10−4 and slope 0.02545±1.85×10−3. The standard curves prepared in human plasma were linear and had mean correlation coefficient of 0.997 and slope 0.01885±5.19×10−4. The limit of quantitation for doxorubicin in both specimens was arbitrarily established to be 1 ng mL−1. Intra-day variabilities were determined using 3–4 replicates of control solutions of doxorubicin (3 ng mL−1 and 30 ng mL−1) in blank plasma and cell culture media. Inter-day variabilities were determined over a four day period analyzing replicates of controls. All precision and accuracy values fell within the acceptable range.
Pareto quantity flexibility contracts for a supply chain under multiple objectives

We analyse a decentralized supply chain consisting of a supplier and a retailer. The terms of trade between the two agents are specified by a quantity flexibility (QF) contract. We first identify the Pareto QF contracts for the supply chain where each agent adopts a satisficing objective, that is, to maximize the probability of achieving his/her predetermined target profit. It is shown that to coordinate such a supply chain, QF contracts have to degenerate into wholesale price (WP) contracts. This provides an additional justification for the popularity of WP contracts besides their simplicities and lower administration costs. Next, we consider the supply chain where each agent adopts multiple objectives, namely the satisficing objective and the objective of expected profit maximization (EPM). It is shown that there always exist QF contracts that coordinate the supply chain under the objective of EPM and are simultaneously Pareto optimal for the satisficing objective.
On identifying a second molecular antagonistic mechanism operative at the glycine receptor.

We used molecular modeling techniques to examine six reported antagonists of glycine with varying K; values against strychnine. We found the data suggest two groups operating with different mechanisms. In group 1 (strychnine, brucine, Pitrazepin, and bicuculline methobromide) the antagonist contains two or three sites that can electrostatically bind to the three comparable groups of opposite charge in the recognition site where the natural neurotransmitter binds, thus opening the chloride channel. In addition, when in this position, the antagonist is able to also block the now opened chloride channel with a different portion of its structure. In many cases, this involves an interaction between a carbonyl group, on the antagonist and the guanidinium group of arginine which is part of the polypeptide segment of the outer mouth of the chloride channel (Grenningloh et al., Nature 330:2526, 1987). In group 2 (R5135 and 1,5-diphenyl-3,7-diazaadamantan-9-ol) the antagonist contains charged sites but when one of these molecules attaches to the recognition site, the chloride channel is not opened. In addition, R5135 contains a carbonyl group which attaches to arginine as pointed out in the text, whereas 1,5-diphenyl-3,7-diazaadamantan-9-ol contains a phenyl group that can block the channel. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc
Evidence for Ca++-calmodulin control of transplasmalemma electron transport in carrot cells.

Abstract Cultured carrot cells exhibit transmembrane ferricyanide reduction through a plasma membrane redox system, which may be associated with an iron reduction and uptake system in plant roots. Here we provide evidence for the inhibition of transplasma membrane ferricyanide reduction by four different Ca 2+ -calmodulin type antagonists, calmidazolium, trifluoperazine, pimozide and fluphenazine. These compounds inhibit in low concentrations (∼ 5–10 μM) in a time-dependent manner. Higher concentrations (50–100 μM) are required to inhibit transmembrane ferricyanide reduction in 10 min rather than in 30 min. The permeable calcium chelator, TMB-8, also inhibits transmembrane ferricyanide reduction in carrot cells. Since the redox system is controlled by hormones, the effects of anticalmodulin agents on hormone response may be mediated through the redox system.
Augmented Riemann solvers for the shallow water equations over variable topography with steady states and inundation

We present a class of augmented approximate Riemann solvers for the shallow water equations in the presence of a variable bottom surface. These belong to the class of simple approximate solvers that use a set of propagating jump discontinuities, or waves, to approximate the true Riemann solution. Typically, a simple solver for a system of m conservation laws uses m such discontinuities. We present a four wave solver for use with the the shallow water equations-a system of two equations in one dimension. The solver is based on a decomposition of an augmented solution vector-the depth, momentum as well as momentum flux and bottom surface. By decomposing these four variables into four waves the solver is endowed with several desirable properties simultaneously. This solver is well-balanced: it maintains a large class of steady states by the use of a properly defined steady state wave-a stationary jump discontinuity in the Riemann solution that acts as a source term. The form of this wave is introduced and described in detail. The solver also maintains depth non-negativity and extends naturally to Riemann problems with an initial dry state. These are important properties for applications with steady states and inundation, such as tsunami and flood modeling. Implementing the solver with LeVeque's wave propagation algorithm [R.J. LeVeque, Wave propagation algorithms for multi-dimensional hyperbolic systems, J. Comput. Phys. 131 (1997) 327-335] is also described. Several numerical simulations are shown, including a test problem for tsunami modeling.
Chaotic Coexistence in a Top-predator Mediated Competitive Exclusive web

A basic food web of 4 species is considered, of which there is a bottom prey X, two predators Y, Z on X, and a top predatorW only on Y. The study concerns with how one type of chaotic coexistence arises. It is shown that under the situation that without the top-predator W, competitor Z goes to extinction, without Z the XYW locks in a periodic cycle, yet with all species, the noncompetitiveZ can derive the dynamics from periodic orbits to chaos. The dynamics can be captured analytically by 1-dimensional unimodal and multimodal maps and symbolic shift maps.
Anti-Km in a transfused man with McLeod syndrome.

Abstract An 18 year old man has red cells of the McLeod phenotype in the Kell system but does not have chronic granulomatous disease. His red cells show acanthocytic morphology and there is evidence of a compensated hemolytic state. Following an accident he was transfused with blood of common Kell type and made anti-K and anti-Km. Leukocytes from the patient are deficient in Kx antigen but the cells appear to have normal function. The mother is a carrier of the variant Xk allele and has a double red-cell population of McLeod cells and cells of common Kell type. The family may be informative with respect to linkage between the Xk and Xg loci. One of the mother's 5 brothers and one of her maternal uncles are possible Xk:Xg recombinants.
Applications of Rotational Time-Frequency Transforms To Radar Imaging of Moving Targets

In many applications, signals usually consist of multiple linear frequency modulated signal components. To analyze these signals in the joint time-frequency domain, rotational time-frequency transforms are very useful. In this paper, we introduce the basic concept of rotational time-frequency transforms, discuss some properties of the fractional Fourier transform, describe a bilinear generalized-marginal time-frequency transform, and present the Radon transform for line feature detection and estimation. Finally, we apply the rotational time-frequency transform to multiple moving target detection in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging.
Adequacy Cost Studies: Perspectives on the State of the Art

Abstract In recent years, state legislatures, state education departments, and advocacy groups in more than thirty states have sponsored education adequacy studies, which aim to determine objectively the amount of funding needed to provide all students with a meaningful opportunity for an adequate education. Based on a detailed analysis of judicial and other critiques of the state of the art of “costing-out” studies, this policy brief recommends specific mechanisms for defining the outcome standards for these studies, more precise means for identifying the extent to which students with special needs require extra resources, ways to minimize political bias and manipulations, and the use of “quality education models” to integrate efficiency and accountability considerations into the basic cost analysis. More extensive public engagement and continuing judicial oversight will be necessary to ensure the credibility and legitimacy of the ultimate judgments that result from these studies.
INCOME AT PRODUCT AND FACTOR PRICES1

FOR A NUMBER of years the Department of Commerce has been reporting two measures of our nation's net income, Net National Product and National Income.2 As is well known, these concepts of income differ because they measure income at product and factor prices respectively.3 Underlying a considerable part4 of the difference is the role of indirect business taxes in income generation. While these taxes are excluded from National Income which aims to measure exclusively the flow of incomes to productive services, they are included in Net National Product because they constitute part of the price of the goods that have been produced. The conceptual foundations of these two measures of net income are still questioned by many students of national income economics.5 At least four different points of view are involved in the continuing debate. Two of them tend to support the Department of Commerce's concepts, but the other two cast doubt upon the meaningfulness of these dual measures of net income. The measurement of income at both product and factor prices is supported by the statistical convenience of having an estimate of income at product prices. Such an estimate can be more readily converted into a measure of real income.6 Since the price indexes that
Biopharmaceutics Classification System-Based Biowaivers for Generic Oncology Drug Products: Case Studies

Establishing bioequivalence (BE) of drugs indicated to treat cancer poses special challenges. For ethical reasons, often, the studies need to be conducted in cancer patients rather than in healthy volunteers, especially when the drug is cytotoxic. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) introduced by Amidon (1) and adopted by the FDA, presents opportunities to avoid conducting the bioequivalence studies in humans. This paper analyzes the application of the BCS approach by the generic pharmaceutical industry and the FDA to oncology drug products. To date, the FDA has granted BCS-based biowaivers for several drug products involving at least four different drug substances, used to treat cancer. Compared to in vivo BE studies, development of data to justify BCS waivers is considered somewhat easier, faster, and more cost effective. However, the FDA experience shows that the approval times for applications containing in vitro studies to support the BCS-based biowaivers are often as long as the applications containing in vivo BE studies, primarily because of inadequate information in the submissions. This paper deliberates some common causes for the delays in the approval of applications requesting BCS-based biowaivers for oncology drug products. Scientific considerations of conducting a non-BCS-based in vivo BE study for generic oncology drug products are also discussed. It is hoped that the information provided in our study would help the applicants to improve the quality of ANDA submissions in the future.
How to be naturalistic: Garrett, Graham, and Fodor on psychology

Jerry Fodor is not one of our more cautious and hesitant thinkers. He has derived some quite astonishing conclusions from what he takes to be the present state of cognitive science. One shocker was his suggestion that a great many lexical concepts (e.g. “xylophone, ” “grandmother”) might be innate (1983, p. 279). Another, the topic of Garrett and Graham’s paper, is his argument that a naturalistic psychology (NP) is impossible in practice. One may take a variety of stances with respect to these claims. Some regard them as stunning discoveries, others simply as puzzles for cognitive philosophers and psychologists to solve, still others as reductiones ad absurdum of the entire enterprise of cognitive science. Garrett and Graham defend NP. They claim to argue not against Fodor’s cognitive “computationalism” but only against his rejection of NP. While I share many of their intuitions regarding criteria for scientific status, Garrett and Graham do not succeed in the task they set for themselves. Their rejection of Fodor’s anti-naturalism succeeds only if certain central tenets of Fodor’s cognitivism (rationalism, computationalism) are also rejected. In other words, Garrett and Graham belong in the “reductio ad absurdum” camp of Fodor’s commentators. It is important to recognize that Fodor rejects NP only in practice. His vision of psychology includes two components. The rational component (RP) describes computational manipulations of formally-defined internal states. The naturalistic component (NP) describes those “head-world” relations in virtue of which John’s formally-defined “Eiffel Tower” concept, for example, is semantically connected to its real world referent the Eiffel Tower. Together the components specify real causal relations between internal, computational states and the external world such that these relations endow the internal states with such semantic properties as truth value (of structured belief states) and objective reference (of concepts). Fodor’s reluctant abandonment of NP is based on his fear that the causal head-world relations needed to explicate the semantic content of computational states simply will not be susceptible to detailed scientific analysis. Fodor says that before we can develop a naturalistic psychology, we must wait for the completion of the physical sciences. These sciences will specify the deep “nomologically necessary” properties which explain the causal relations in the natural world. As the authors illustrate, this is an extraordinarily harsh
A site of action of light on 14C-acetate incorporation into human skin sterols.

Die Synthese von Sterolen in menschlicher Haut, welche im langwelligen Spektralbereich bestrahlt worden war, wurde mit radioaktiv markiertem Acetyl-Co A, Acetat and Pyruvat gepruft. Von Acetyl-Co A konnte nur geringe Hemmung nachgewiesen werden, wahrend Licht eine merkbare Hemmung von Acetat und Pyruvatinkorporation verursachte. Die Resultate lassen vermuten dass die Acetataktivierung die von Licht beeinflussbare Stufe in der Biosynthese von Sterolen ist.
The effect of ultraviolet light and x rays on an enzyme-forming system.

Ultraviolet irradiation of E. coli cells was found to inhibit the induced synthesis of beta -galactosidase and the inhibition was reversed by photoreactivation. Examination of crude extracts of such cells led to the discovery of a particle-bound fraction of beta -galactosidase. The particlebound enzyme occurs only in the presence of inducer. When inducer is removed, the enzyme leaves the particle and becomes associated with the soluble pool. These observations led to the discovery of a cell-free system that can synthesize the enzyme. The system consists of particles and supernatant, both of which must be prepared from pre-induced cells. The system requires the presence of inducer, a source of energy, amino acids, and the nucleoside di- and triphosphates. Enzyme synthesis is inhibited by chloramphenicol, glucose, ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease. Ultraviolet treatment of the supernatant yielded an inactive preparation that could be made active by addition of DNA from untreated supernatant. Similarly x irradiation of cells destroyed induced enzyme synthesis and cell-free preparations made from x-irradiated cells were inactive. Such inactive preparations could synthesize enzyme when supplemented with DNA. Only DNA's prepared from cells containing the gene for beta -galactosidase are effective. (auth)
The Effect of Item Format on Reliability and Validity: a Study of Multiple Choice and True-False Achievement Tests

A sample of 529 nonurban high school students each responded to one of four test forms which differed in subject matter (natural science or social studies) and item form order (true-false items bef...