cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mindful Practice: Organizational Change and Health Professional Flourishing Through Cultivating Presence and Courageous Conversations

The complex problem of clinician distress, a prevalent condition found across the spectrum of health professionals, has deleterious effects on quality of healthcare. Multiple factors contribute to this growing problem, including the increasingly complex nature of the management and organization of medical care delivery. This chapter describes Mindful Practice, an empirically studied educational program designed to enhance well-being, quality of care, and flourishing of physicians. A skills-based training program, Mindful Practice uses the technologies of one’s innate capacity for awareness, faculty to reflect on clinical experiences as narratives, and ability to learn one’s own capacities and strengths in the midst of the challenging dynamics experienced in the practice of medicine. Thus, the contemplative practices, narrative medicine, and appreciative inquiry that are woven into this educational experience energizes physicians and other health professionals through real-life relevance, an increased sense of meaning, and a growing capacity for health professionals to connect meaningfully across the divides that exist between individual clinicians and the organizations of health system delivery. Ultimately, clinician distress calls for an ethical mandate that requires courage and commitment, and eventual transformation, personally and collectively.
Rationale and study design for decision making & implementation of aging-in-place/long term care plans among older adults.

Abstract Background Remaining in one's own home and community is a priority for many older adults as they age. Decision-making and planning is critical to ensure successful aging-in-place (AIP), especially when individuals experience age-related changes such as cognitive decline. Objectives: We are testing how decision-making and planning for AIP is impacted by changes in older adults' cognition and function, chronic conditions, social influences, environmental factors and identifying the mediating/moderating interactions between factors. We will also assess whether decision-making and planning for AIP translates into timely adoption of plans and goal concordance between older adults and their surrogate/caregiver decision makers. Methods We will conduct a longitudinal single-group interventional clinical trial of community-dwelling older adults who are enrolled in LitCog, (R01AG03611) and expose them to an online intervention, PlanYourLifespan.org, which facilitates decision-making and planning for AIP. Enrolled participants (n = 398) will complete interviews at baseline, one month, and every six months up to 42 months in conjunction with the LitCog study, where cognitive, social, functional, and health literacy data is collected. Additionally, we will collect data on decision-making, resource use, communication of plans, timing of plan implementation, and goal concordance. Projected outcomes Findings from this study may generate evidence on how age-related changes in older adults may affect decision-making and implementation in relation to AIP as well as the impact of social relationships and support. Ultimately these findings may help shape the design of programs and practices that may improve the lives of older adults and the capacity of institutions to adapt to societal aging and AIP.
Choice-Aware User Engagement Modeling andOptimization on Social Media.

We address the problem of maximizing user engagement with content (in the form of like, reply, retweet, and retweet with comments)on the Twitter platform. We formulate the engagement forecasting task as a multi-label classification problem that captures choice behavior on an unsupervised clustering of tweet-topics. We propose a neural network architecture that incorporates user engagement history and predicts choice conditional on this context. We study the impact of recommend-ing tweets on engagement outcomes by solving an appropriately defined sweet optimization problem based on the proposed model using a large dataset obtained from Twitter.
Solutions of Problems: Factorization of Polynomials

In this chapter, the problems of the ninth chapter are fully solved, in detail, step-by-step, and with different methods.
Feeding and swallowing disorders in esophageal atresia patients: a review of a critical issue.

Feeding and swallowing disorders are commonly seen in clinical practice in infants and children treated for esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula. Nevertheless, only few authors have addressed these issues. This review aims to describe the feeding and swallowing disorders encountered, focusing on pathophysiology, normal development of swallowing and feeding abilities, and possible rehabilitation therapies to prevent or correct these disorders.
Understanding Contemporary University-Community Connections

Abstract This article contextualizes the contemporary phenomenon of university-community partnership initiatives. Because changes in the university must always be understood in context, recent efforts to build and strengthen relationships between institutions of higher education and communities must be situated in the broader social sites that produce them. To that end the article surveys the university-community intersect through an historical lens which emphasizes the relationship between the larger political-economy and civic engagement efforts. Subsequently, types of contemporary initiatives are broadly and selectively discussed. Lastly, challenges to both universities and communi-ties embodied in the current initiatives are posed.
Business Rules Management: Implementation and Evaluation

The increasing complexity of information processing places severe constraints on the ability of organizations to respond to the demand for more customized products and services. This situation is exacerbated by regulatory burdens and the accelerating speed at which business is conducted. While new technologies such as web-based services offer faster and more agile development, they do not address the complications arising from thousands of ever-changing business requirements. The business rules management (BRM) approach, separating the business logic from executable code, seeks to address this problem. Despite a large and growing literature, there have been few, if any, in-depth research studies aimed at understanding fundamental questions concerning BRM implementation, cost and benefits, and whether or not the business rules are understandable by end users. To address this situation, we conducted an in-depth case study of the implementation and use of an innovative database-oriented Business Process Rules Engine (BPRE) for claim handling in a large insurance organization. Our design and development encompassed all aspects of the BPRE including a rule repository implemented in a relational database, interactive interfaces for business users, an interface to the underlying workflow management system, and an auxiliary workflow system for managing and maintaining the integrity of the business rules. To ensure efficient performance in a database environment we designed and tested a new database rule-matching algorithm as an alternative to the popular Rete algorithm that is used in most research and commercial rules engines. The research followed a design science approach encompassing artifact design, construction, and evaluation. Performance tests during the implementation of the system and subsequent implementation experience, allayed initial fears that a database solution would prove too slow for a demanding production environment. The evaluation phase employed two complementary approaches. First, an objective analysis revealed that the BPRE implementation produced real economic benefits. Second, pre-and post-implementation user surveys helped uncover the business values underlying user acceptance of the BPRE and, most importantly, showed that business users with minimal training could understand, develop and maintain rules in the rules base.
Free Copper Ions in the Cell

How enzymes such as copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1), an important antioxidant enzyme in the cell, obtain the transition metal ions that they need to function is still far from understood. In Science this week, Rae et al . demonstrate that the yCCS metallochaperone in yeast inserts copper ions directly into the enzyme and is only active at very low concentrations of intracellular copper. Moreover, these investigators made the unexpected discovery that there is less than one atom of free copper per cell. A Perspective by Lippard comments on these findings and their implications for human diseases that involve dysregulation of transition metal ion intracellular concentrations or mutations in SOD1.
A Three‐Dimensional Simulation of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz Instability

The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability has been invoked to describe the formation of auroral curls and spirals. In this paper we present results about the generation of field-aligned currents (FACs) by the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability using a three-dimensional compressible simulation at the dayside low-latitude boundary layer. We explore the relationship of the height-integrated Pedersen conductivity with the formation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and the generation of FACs. A higher conductivity stabilizes the system but generates a larger integrated FAC. When the two ionospheres have different conductivities, an interhemispherical current can be generated.
Localization of vasa, a component of Drosophila polar granules, in maternal-effect mutants that alter embryonic anteroposterior polarity

Cytoplasm at the posterior pole of the early Drosophila embryo, known as polar plasm, serves as a source of information necessary for germ cell determination and for specification of the abdominal region. Likely candidates for cytoplasmic elements important in one or both of these processes are polar granules, organelles concentrated in the cortical cytoplasm of the posterior pole. Females homozygous for any one of the maternal-effect mutations, tudor, oskar, staufen, vasa, or valois give rise to embryos that lack localized polar granules, fail to form the germ cell lineage and have abdominal segment deletions. Using antibodies against a polar granule component, the vasa protein, we find that vasa synthesis or localization is affected by these mutations. In vasa mutants, synthesis of vasa protein is absent or severely restricted. In oskar and staufen mutant females, vasa synthesis appears normal, but the vasa protein is not localized. In tudor and valois mutant females, vasa is localized to the posterior pole of oocytes, but this localization is lost following egg activation. In addition to the posterior localized vasa, there is a low level of vasa distributed throughout the embryo. A function for this distributed vasa is postulated based on the observation that embryos from Bicaudal-D mothers, in which abdominal determinants are incorrectly localized to the anterior pole, do not show any ectopic vasa localization, though abdomen development at the anterior end depends on the amount of vasa protein in the embryo.
SARDINE‐LIKE PRODUCTS FROM LAKE MICHIGAN ALEWIVES

Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus), the predominant fish species in Lake Michigan, were evaluated as a possible raw material for a sardine-like product. Smoking, air-drying, and frying processes prior to canning were used in the preparation of canned products. Sensory evaluation data indicated that alewives which were smoked and air-dried prior to canning in oil, mustard sauce or tomato sauce yielded products which were equal to or superior to commercially available sardine products. However, alwife samples contained chlorinated hydrocarbon microcontaminants (PCB) above the proposed 2 ppm tolerance level for these substances in edible portions of fishery products.
Novel signal-processing techniques for low-cost fiber optic gyroscopes (FOGs)

The paper describes three examples of low-cost, low-power signal processing techniques used in building prototypes of low/medium performance Fiber Optic Gyroscopes. The prototypes were developed at the Mercer Engineering Research Center, in an ongoing U.S. Air Force funded effort to develop a Fiber Optic Gyroscope replacement for existing mechanical rate gyroscopes used in a wide variety of applications. The novelty of applied methods consists of a very small number of elements used, and a very low power consumed by the signal processing electronics. The noise suppression was achieved due to small number of elements, synchronous homodyne detection scheme, and resonance amplifier/filter techniques. The Sagnac interferometric optics with 50/50 splitter/combiner, and 2 X 2 directional coupler, and optical phase shifter at 820 nm and 1500 nm wavelengths have been developed as a part of this ongoing effort and were used in the experiments.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Latina/o Communication Studies: Theorizing Performance

Calafell, Bernadette Marie. Latina/o Communication Studies: Theorizing Performance. Critical Intercultural Communication Studies series. New York, NY: Peter Lang, 2007. 155 pp. In Latina/o Communic...
A Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Basis for the Selection and Use of Slow Release Theophylline Products

In order to achieve the greatest chance for maximum benefit from theophylline in the management of chronic asthma, the serum concentration should be maintained in the therapeutic range of 10 to 20 micrograms/ml. Conventional rapid release formulations produce excessive fluctuations in serum concentrations that can result in variability in clinical response between doses. In contrast, slow release formulations have the potential to achieve relatively constant serum concentrations with 12-hour dosing intervals, thus providing around-the-clock stabilisation of the hyper-reactive airways that characterise chronic asthma. Furthermore, the decreased frequency of dosing with these formulations can improve patient compliance. However, significant differences in rate and extent of absorption exist between the available formulations. Single-dose bioavailability studies comparing a slow release product with an oral solution or plain uncoated tablet in a crossover design permit examination of the rate and extent of absorption. Comparison of a slow release product with an oral reference following multiple doses at steady-state permits examination of the extent but generally not rate of absorption. The mean fraction absorbed-time profile, calculated from a modification of the Wagner-Nelson equation, is a process-independent method of comparing rates of absorption of different products after single doses. A prospective study in 14 children with chronic asthma has demonstrated that this modified equation, when rearranged to iteratively solve for serum concentrations, can accurately predict steady-state serum concentrations for different dosing intervals in patient populations with different rates of elimination. When slow release products are compared in this manner at 8- or 12-hour dosing intervals for patients with slow elimination, clinically relevant differences between brands are not apparent. However, in patients with rapid elimination, i.e. children, cigarette smokers, and 25% of non-smoking adults, application of this method shows that only some formulations (i.e. 'Slo-Bid Gyrocaps' and 'Theo-Dur', which is also marketed under different brand names names such as 'Sustaire', 'Pulmi-Dur' and 'Theolin Retard') can maintain serum concentrations within the therapeutic range for an entire 12-hour dosing interval. More rapidly absorbed slow release products must be administered at 8-hour dosing intervals in patients with rapid elimination, despite promotional claims to the contrary. Current products promoted for once-a-day administration are clinically inadequate because of incomplete and erratic absorption, and/or excessive serum concentration fluctuations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Numerical model for dendritic solidification of binary alloys

A finite element model capable of simulating solidification of binary alloys and the formation of freckles is presented. It uses a single system of equations to deal with the all-liquid region, the dendritic region, and the all-solid region. The dendritic region is treated as an anisotropic porous medium. The algorithm uses the bilinear isoparametric element, with a penalty function approximation and a Petrov-Galerkin formulation. Numerical simulations are shown in which an NH4Cl-H2O mixture and a Pb-Sn alloy melt are cooled. The solidification process is followed in time. Instabilities in the process can be clearly observed and the final compositions obtained.
A hybrid retrieval approach for library reference question/answer databank

Library Reference service can benefit from the retrieval from a question/answer (Q/A) databank where previously answered reference questions can be reused, either directly or with some modifications. However, the majority of search engines rely heavily on keyword matching, and we believe there are situations in the library reference environment where the relevancy or usefulness of a retrieved item may not be limited to whether there are some linguistic similarities between the queries and entries in the databank. For example, a user who wants to find the answer to a question regarding criticisms or reviews of a particular contemporary author (such as “John Smith”) may not find a good answer readily available from doing a keyword search using the author's name. However, if the search returns recommendations for reliable information resources regarding reviews or criticisms of contemporary authors (e.g. the NY Times Review Archive of Contemporary Authors), the user can go to these resources to search for this particular author “John Smith”. In this paper, an alternative retrieval system that offers a new way of finding useful information for library reference service is presented and discussed. An experiment is conducted where the retrieval engine searches for similar and/or useful question/answer pairs in a knowledge bank in response to a new query.
Nonthermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Decontamination of Protein-Loaded Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Nervous Tissue Repair

When injected directly into spinal tissue, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles have the potential to provide sustained delivery of proteins necessary to promote nerve regeneration. To ensure the injection of sterile particles, a novel decontamination meth- od was developed that can inactivate bacteria while maintaining particle and protein integ- rity. This method involves the resuspension of protein-loaded particles after preparation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or deionized water that has been subjected to a nonther- mal atmospheric pressure discharge. Although different treatment times were required, it was demonstrated that both plasma-treated PBS and water can completely inactivate Escherichia coli when added at a concentration of 10 3 colony-forming units/mL to PLGA particles with and without protein. Plasma-treated water showed no impact on particle morphology. Plasma treatment of water for 1 minute resulted in the complete sterilization of protein-loaded par- ticles but was able to maintain only 26.6 ± 5.0% of protein activity. On the other hand, plas- ma-treated PBS required 2 minutes of treatment for complete sterilization of protein-loaded particles but was able to maintain 68.4 ± 10.6% of protein activity. Particles were considered sterile if no bacterial growth was observed after being plated onto bacterial growth agar. The effect of plasma-treated water on release of active protein from particles caused a substantial loss in the initial burst release of protein but did not limit the ability of the particles to provide a sustained release of active protein.
Intravenous Delivery of Adeno-Associated Viral Vector Serotype 9 Mediates Effective Gene Expression in Ischemic Stroke Lesion and Brain Angiogenic Foci

Background and Purpose—Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) is a powerful tool for delivering genes to treat brain diseases. Intravenous delivery of a self-complementary but not single-stranded AAV9 (ssAAV9) mediates robust gene expression in the adult brain. We tested if ssAAV9 effectively mediates gene expression in the ischemic stroke lesion and angiogenic foci. Methods—Focal ischemic stroke was induced by permanent occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery (MCAO) and focal angiogenesis was induced by injecting an AAV expressing vascular endothelial growth factor (AAV-VEGF) into the basal ganglia. ssAAV vectors that have cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter driving (AAV-CMVLacZ) or hypoxia response elements controlling (AAV-H9LacZ) LacZ expression were packaged in AAV9 or AAV1 capsid and injected into mice through the jugular vein 1 hour after MCAO or 4 weeks after the induction of angiogenesis. LacZ gene expression was analyzed in the brain and other organs 5 days after LacZ vector injection. Results—LacZ...
Detection of concurrent infection of dairy cattle with Blastocystis , Cryptosporidium , Giardia , and Enterocytozoon by molecular and microscopic methods

Of fecal specimens examined from 47 dairy cattle ranging in age from neonates to multiparous cows, 9, 10, 24, and 17 were positive for Blastocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, respectively, as determined by PCR. Eight 3- to 5-month-old cattle were concurrently infected with three or four of these parasites. This is the first report to identify multiple concurrent infections with these four potentially zoonotic protist pathogens in cattle. None of the cattle exhibited signs of illness or effects of infection on growth and are regarded as healthy carriers. A commercially available immunofluorescence (IFA) microscopic test confirmed six of seven available PCR-positive Blastocystis specimens and identified one IFA-positive cow that was PCR negative.
Glycosaminoglycans inhibit Candida albicans adherence to extracellular matrix proteins.

The ability of Candida albicans to adhere to subendothelial extracellular matrix (ECM) may be important in the pathogenesis of disseminated candidiasis. ECM proteins, such as fibronectin, laminin, and types I and IV collagen bind C. albicans avidly. These proteins all posses heparin-binding domains. The influence of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) including heparin, heparan sulfate and dextran sulfate on C. albicans adherence to subendothelial ECM and ECM proteins was studies. It was demonstrated that the GAGS inhibited C. albicans adherence to ECM and ECM proteins. This possibly occurred by the GAGS binding to the ECM proteins and, in so doing, masking a preferred ligand for C. albicans adherence.
An evaluation of Terra-MODIS sampling for monthly and annual particulate matter air quality assessment over the Southeastern United States

Abstract Although satellites provide reliable and repeated measurements on a global basis, particulate matter air quality information can be derived from satellites only when clouds are absent and when surface conditions are favorable. However, ground measurements provide particulate matter information irrespective of cloud cover and surface conditions. Therefore there could be a sampling bias when using satellite data for air quality research. To examine this issue, we calculate particulate matter (PM2.5) mass concentration from daily ground-based measurements (ALLPM) on monthly to yearly time scales and compare these against the same ground measurements for only those days when satellite data is available (SATPM). To accomplish this, we use six years of PM2.5 mass concentration data from 38 stations along with Terra-MODIS satellite data over the Southeastern United States. Our results indicate that satellite data are generally available less than 50% of the time over these locations, although the interregional variability of data availability is between 32% and 57%. However, the mean differences between the ALLPM and SATPM, over monthly to yearly time scales over the Southeastern United States, is less than 2 μgm−3 indicating that low sampling from satellites due to cloud cover and other reasons is not a major problem for studies that require long term PM2.5 data sets. These results have important implications for satellite studies especially over areas where ground-based measurements are not available.
Finite element simulation of flow around a 3π 2 corner using the FENE dumbbell model

Abstract In this paper we numerically simulate flow of the FENE dumbbell model around a 3π 2 corner. By refining the radial mesh at the corner in both the radial and tangential directions, we show that a bounded converged solution can be obtained for large values of the Deborah number, and for arbitrarily large values of the finite-extensibility parameter. For non-zero polymer concentrations, our numerical results show that for r ≠ 0 in the vicinity of the corner both velocity and configuration fields can be approximated by generalized power laws with exponents depending on the angular position θ. Away from the two walls there is an angular region within which the exponents of the governing power laws are approximately constant. We also find that the polymeric stress singularity is stronger than the Newtonian stress singularity. These results are in agreement with the analytical results obtained by Hinch (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 34 (1993) 319–349).
Torsional oscillations of a rod in a layered medium of simple fluids

Abstract Free surface flow of a layered medium of simple fluids driven by a torsionally oscillating, cylindrical rod is investigated. The stress, expressed as a series of multiple integrals of polynomials in the strain histories, is expanded into a Frechet series in terms of the amplitude of the oscillation of the rod. A domain perturbation method is used to perturb the rest state. The mean shapes and deviations from flatness at the rod of the interfaces between layers are determined together with the flow field up to and including second order in the amplitude of the oscillation.
Changes in dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites in discrete brain areas of rat offspring after in utero exposure to cocaine or related drugs

The concentrations of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5HT) and their metabolites were quantified in 5 brain areas of rats exposed to saline, cocaine (15 mg/kg b.i.d.), amitriptyline (10 mg/kg), or amfonelic acid (AFA, 1,5 mg/kg) throughout gestation. Male pups from 3 similarly treated dams were fostered to 2 surrogate dams. The process of breeding and rearing was repeated 4 times with new dams to build the groups to 4-12, since only one pup per litter was used for any one measurement. AFA was used to mimic the dopamine (DA) uptake blockade and stimulant properties ofcocaine and amitriptyline was used to mimic the other pharmacological effects of cocaine. At postnatal days (PND) 30, 60, and 180, one pup per litter was removed for HPLC analysis of monoamines
Dose-response analyses of the carcinogenic effects of trichloroethylene in experimental animals.

In lifetime bioassays, trichloroethylene (TCE, CAS No. 79-01-6) causes liver tumors in mice following gavage, liver and lung tumors in mice following inhalation, and kidney tumors in rats following gavage or inhalation. Recently developed pharmacokinetic models provide estimates of internal, target-organ doses of the TCE metabolites thought responsible for these tumor responses. Dose-response analyses following recently proposed methods for carcinogen risk assessment from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) are conducted on the animal tumor data using the pharmacokinetic dosimeters to derive a series of alternative projections of the potential carcinogenic potency of TCE in humans exposed to low environmental concentrations. Although mechanistic considerations suggest action of possibly nonlinear processes, dose-response shapes in the observable range of tumor incidence evince little sign of such patterns. Results depend on which of several alternative pharmacokinetic analyses are used to define target-organ doses. Human potency projections under the U.S. EPA linear method based on mouse liver tumors and internal dosimetry equal or somewhat exceed calculations based on administered dose, and projections based on mouse liver tumors exceed those from mouse lung or rat kidney tumors. Estimates of the carcinogenic potency of the two primary oxidative metabolites of TCE--trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetic acid, which are mouse liver carcinogens in their own right--are also made, but it is not clear whether the carcinogenic potency of TCE can be quantitatively ascribed to metabolic generation of these metabolites.
Cell free synthesis of adenovirus 2 proteins programmed by fractionated messenger RNA: a comparison of polypeptide products and messenger RNA lengths

Abstract Cytoplasmic RNA extracted from human tissue culture cells infected with adenovirus type 2 was used to program protein synthesis in a cell-free system derived from mammalian cells. Analysis of the protein product by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed ten adenovirus-specific polypeptides. Five of these were further identified by analysis of tryptic peptides. Translation of RNA fractionated by sedimentation through sucrose gradients containing formamide demonstrated seven size classes of RNA, each of which programmed the synthesis of only one or two virus-specific polypeptides. Six of the virus-specific polypeptides were translated from RNAs much larger than expected for the size of the polypeptide.
Light-induced blue shift of the carotenoid spectrum in chromatophores of Chromatium vinosum strain D

Abstract In Chromatium chromatophores, the response of part of the carotenoid complement to a light-induced membrane potential is a shift to the blue of its absorption spectrum, as indicated by the characteristics of the light-minus-dark difference spectrum. The spectrum in the dark of the population of carotenoid which responds to a light-induced membrane potential is located at least 1–2 nm to the red in comparison to the total carotenoid absorption. The results indicate that the proposed permanent electric field affecting the responding population has a polarity with respect to the chromatophore membrane opposite to that in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides chromatophores. The carotenoid absorption change interferes seriously with measurements of cytochrome c -555 redox changes at its α band.
Precise etch stop for emitter etching of self-aligned heterojunction bipolar transistors

Abstract Dry etching of the AlInAs/GaInAs heterostructure for self-aligned heterojunction bipolar transistors was performed in a Cl 2 /Ar plasma generated with an electron cyclotron resonance source. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to monitor the Ga emission intensity at 417.2 nm for endpoint detection in order to overcome nonselective etching between AlInAs and GaInAs as well as run-to-run variations in etch rate. The etching of the AlInAs emitter layer was stopped at different overetch times after the increase in the Ga intensity was detected. Ex situ surface analysis was used to characterize the surface after etching. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that both Al and Ga were present on the surface when overetching 3 s. No Al was detected for the 6 s overetch time, indicating that the AlInAs layer was completely removed. The specific contact resistivity (ρ c ) at the etched surface was evaluated using transmission line measurements. As the overetch time increased from 3 to 6 s, ρ c decreased from 7.3 × 10 −4 to 4.1 × 10 −4 ω cm 2 . This also indicates complete removal of the AlInAs emitter layer. Overetching of the GaInAs base layer should be limited for low base resistance to achieve better device performance. Therefore, reflectometry was used to measure the remaining thickness of GaInAs. For a 6 s overetch, less than 5 nm of the GaInAs base layer was removed and the AlInAs layer was completely etched. The surface morphology was also studied using atomic force microscopy. The root mean square surface roughness of 2.5 nm was obtained for the optimum overetch time. This was significantly lower than the value of 4.4 nm obtained after wet etching.
The vacuolating virus of monkeys. I. Isolation, growth characteristics, and inclusion body formation.

A vacuolating virus isolated from uninoculated patas monkey kidney cultures was found to be serologically identical with SV40, a virus previously found in association with rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Detection of the patas virus was facilitated when patas cells were exposed to x-ray treatment. Rhesus monkey and human cells were relatively insusceptible to the virus, although it persisted in these cells for a long period of time. Distinct intranuclear inclusions were detected in infected patas cultures 2 to 3 days before cytoplasmic vacuoles were noticeable. Cultures previously infected with PA-57 virus did not affect yields of poliovirus, and doubly infected cells were easily distinguished in stained preparations.
Questioning the depolarizing effects of GABA during early brain development

During early brain development, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult brain, has been thought to be an important source of excitatory neurotransmission. This view, however, was recently challenged by a series of studies that claim that the excitatory effect of GABA is due to non-physiological in vitro experimental conditions. In this article, we aim to summarize results that support and challenge the traditional point of view, and indicate some strong and weak points of both positions.
XPLN is an endogenous inhibitor of mTORC2

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) controls a wide range of cellular and developmental processes, but its regulation remains incompletely understood. Through a yeast two-hybrid screen, we have identified XPLN (exchange factor found in platelets, leukemic, and neuronal tissues), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases, as an interacting partner of mTOR. In mammalian cells, XPLN interacts with mTORC2 but not with mTORC1, and this interaction is dependent on rictor. Knockdown of XPLN enhances phosphorylation of the Ser/Thr kinase Akt, a target of mTORC2, whereas overexpression of XPLN suppresses it, suggesting that XPLN inhibits mTORC2 signaling to Akt. Consistent with Akt promoting cell survival and XPLN playing a negative role in this process, XPLN knockdown protects cells from starvation-induced apoptosis. Importantly, this effect of XPLN depletion is abolished by inhibition of Akt or mTOR kinase activity, as well as by rictor knockdown. In vitro, purified XPLN inhibits mTORC2 kinase activity toward Akt without affecting mTORC1 activity. Interestingly, the GEF activity of XPLN is dispensable for its regulation of mTORC2 and Akt in cells and in vitro, whereas an N-terminal 125-amino-acid fragment of XPLN is both necessary and sufficient for the inhibition of mTORC2. Finally, as a muscle-enriched protein, XPLN negatively regulates myoblast differentiation by suppressing mTORC2 and Akt, and this function is through the XPLN N terminus and independent of GEF activity. Our study identifies XPLN as an endogenous inhibitor of mTORC2 and delineates a noncanonical mechanism of XPLN action.
31P NMR studies on the interaction of deoxyuridylate with thymidylate synthase.

Abstract The 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance signal of deoxyuridylate was studied in the presence and absence of thymidylate synthase. In the absence of enzyme the chemical shift of deoxyuridylate is pH dependent with a p K a of 6.25. In the presence of enzyme, a peak corresponding to the dianionic form of deoxyuridylate is observed which is independent of pH between pH 5.7 and pH 7.4. The p K a of the phosphate in the deoxyuridylate-thymidylate synthase complex is therefore less than 5. The release of inorganic phosphate from deoxyuridylate catalyzed by contaminating phosphatase was also observed.
The effects of carbon monoxide and hypoxic hypoxia on amine-containing cells in the tracheal epithelium of young rabbits.

Endogenously fluorescent, singly occurring, amine-containing cells in tracheal epithelium were examined in 3-, 10-, and 28-day-old rabbits. These cells are pyramidal in shape with the apex projected toward the tracheal lumen. The cytoplasm exhibits a yellow fluorescence which is predominantly supranuclear. Occasional, infranuclear, fluorescent cytoplasmic processes project from the cells. The numbers of fluorescent cells per unit length of trachea increase with age. Acute exposure of 10-day-old rabbits to 13% O2 decreases the number of detectable fluorescent cells in the trachea compared to controls exposed to room air. Similarly, exposure to 750 ppm carbon monoxide decreases the number of fluorescent epithelial cells appearing in tracheas of 10- and 28-day-old rabbits. These results suggest that the amine-containing epithelial cells of the trachea respond to tissue hypoxia and that decreased airway pO2 is not necessary to elicit a response.
Coordination polymers of Cu(II) and Cd(II) with bifunctional chelates of the type dipicolylamino-alkylcarboxylate, (NC5H4CH2)2N(CH2)nCO2H (n = 1, 2, 3 and 4)

Abstract A series of bifunctional chelates of the type dipicolylamino-alkylcarboxylate (NC5H4CH2)2N(CH2)nCO2H (n = 1–4; HL1–HL4, respectively) has been prepared. Reactions of the ligands in aqueous methanol/N,N-dimethylformamide with the appropriate Cu(II) salts yielded the compounds [CuL1](NO3)·H2O (1·H2O), [CuL2(H2O)]BF4·H2O (2·H2O), [Cu(HL3)(SO4)]2 (3) and [CuL4(NO3)]·MeOH (4·MeOH). While compounds 1, 2 and 4 are one-dimensional, the detailed connectivities within the chains are quite distinct, depending on factors such as alkyl chain length and ligation of aqua ligands or anionic components. In contrast to 1, 2 and 4, the structure of 3 is molecular, a binuclear assembly of edge-sharing Cu(II) ‘4+2’ distorted octahedra. The Cd(II) species, [{CdL2}2(SO4)]·4H2O (5·4H2O), prepared from HL2 and CdSO4·nH2O in aqueous methanol/N,N-dimethylformamide, is two-dimensional, with a network constructed from binuclear units of seven coordinate Cd(II), { CdL 2 } 2 2 + , linked through bridging SO42− groups to produce an assembly of linked hexagonal rings [{CdL2}2(SO4)]6.
Michelle Murphy. Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience

Michelle Murphy's Seizing the Means of Reproduction is a complex, insightful book that explores and elaborates a feminist perspective of technoscience. She explores the complicated “entanglements” ...
Nodoventricular Accessory Connections: A Misnomer or a Structural Functional Spectrum

“The study of preexcitation and associated arrhythmias mirrors the ages-old fascination with the relation between structure and function. Discoveries pertaining to the mechanisms. may either have their genesis in a study of structure or the observation of function. However, there has always been the compulsion to construct a structural model for any observed function; conversely, given the structure, there is a compulsion to determine the nature, if any, of its function”
Indication of a ferromagnetic submonolayer of ruthenium on palladium

Thin Pd films with submonolayers of Ru are investigated by means of the anomalous Hall effect and weak localization. The anomalous Hall resistance yields the magnetization of the film as a function of the applied magnetic field B. The susceptibility is only weakly temperature dependent. This suggests that the Pd/Ru is weakly ferromagnetic showing large spin wave excitations. The maximum magnetization is found for a coverage of about 0.1 atomic layers of Ru. For larger coverages the Ru moment decreases strongly. This is confirmed by the behavior of the electron dephasing rate determined from magnetoresistance measurements.
Dry-rolled or steam-flaked grain-based diets and fecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle.

Hindgut is a major colonization site for Escherichia coli O157 in cattle. In this study, diets were formulated to effect changes in hindgut fermentation to test our hypothesis that changes in the hindgut ecosystem could have an impact on fecal shedding of E. coli O157. Feedlot heifers (n = 347) were prescreened for the prevalence of E. coli O157 by fecal and rectoanal mucosal swab cultures. A subset of 40 heifers identified as being positive for fecal shedding of E. coli O157 was selected, housed in individual pens, and randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments. Treatments were arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial, with factor 1 consisting of grain type (sorghum or wheat) and factor 2 being method of grain processing (steam-flaking or dry-rolling). Four transition diets, each fed for 4 d, were used to adapt the animals to final diets that contained 93% concentrate and 7% roughage. The grain fraction consisted of dry-rolled sorghum, steam-flaked sorghum, a mixture of dry-rolled wheat and steam-flaked corn, or a mixture of steam-flaked wheat and steam-flaked corn. Wheat diets contained 52% wheat and 31% steam-flaked corn (DM basis). Fecal and rectoanal mucosal swab samples were obtained 3 times a week to isolate (enrichment, immunomagenetic separation, and plating on selective medium) and identify (sorbitol negative, indole production, and agglutination test) E. coli O157. The data were analyzed as repeated measures of binomial response (positive or negative) on each sampling day. Method of processing (dry-rolled vs. steam-flaked), sampling day, and the grain type x day interaction were significant (P 0.10) on most sampling days. Results from this study indicate that feeding dry-rolled grains compared with steam-flaked grains reduced fecal shedding of E. coli O157. Possibly, dry-rolling allowed more substrate to reach the hindgut where it was fermented, thus making the hindgut inhospitable to the survival of E. coli O157. Dietary intervention to influence hindgut fermentation offers a simple and practical mitigation strategy to reduce the prevalence of E. coli O157 in feedlot cattle.
SOME COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE DERIVATIVES IN THE MONKEY1

IN A RECENT PUBLICATION we compared the effects (1) in the immature castrate macaque following subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (perandren) with those following implantations of crystalline testosterone. It was found under the experimental conditions used that testosterone in the form of crystalline pellets produced a greater relative increase in weight in the accessory genitalia tissue. In those experiments the increase in weight of the accessory genitalia was used as a criterion to compare the effectiveness of administering testosterone by the two methods. It was also noted that the histologic changes following pellet implantation were identical with those following injections. Our experiments indicated that in the primate implantations of testosterone in the form of crystals was a more efficient and physiological method than that of injecting testosterone propionate in oil at intervals of 2 or 3 times per week.
Introducing the Journal of Chemical Education’s “Special Issue: Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry”

The College Board has released a new framework for the advanced placement (AP) chemistry course and exam emphasizing big ideas, enduring understandings, and science practices; concomitant instructional changes are underway. In response to a call for papers on the AP chemistry curriculum and assessment redesign, chemistry educators at the high school and college levels have contributed papers collected in the special issue on AP chemistry and briefly summarized here. Ideas for continuing this dialogue in the future are also provided. Papers in the “Journal of Chemical Education Special Issue: Advanced Placement (AP) Chemistry” have a designation that they are part of this collection.
Dose response analysis using robust covariance estimation

A dose response analysis is robustified by estimating the asymptotic covariance of the fitted model parameters by the approximate information sandwich (a sandwich statistic) under a heterogeneous variance. The robust method is described by using a nonlinear four-parameter regression model. The usual, robust, bootstrap, and jackknife estimates of the asymptotic variance are examined for the bioassay data. Under the response of a normal distribution with changing variances over the dose levels, the performance of the usual and robust variances is investigated by Monte Carlo study. It confirms the robustness of the sandwich estimate and shows the non-accuracy of the usual asymptotic variance estimates of fitted model parameters under the different forms of nonconstant variance structures.
Aggregate disintegration in turbulent jets

A state-of-the-art, high-speed video system has been used to observe floc disintegration occurring in the thin shear layer of a turbulent jet. The macrovideographic images have provided details of the breakage process that were heretofore unavailable. This information has been used to validate and quantify a force balance model that establishes a more rational framework for the description of floc breakage. It also has provided a much more detailed picture of the threshold levels of stress required for the breakage of specific floc structural types. The ultimate objective of this line of research is to use this framework to successfully describe the response of floc structures to hydrodynamic stress in coagulation processes and to provide a means by which substantial improvements can be made in solid-liquid separation processes.
Performance Analysis of Cooperative Cellular Relaying Networks

This paper investigates user cooperation diversity systems with decode-and-forward (DF) selection relaying over nonidentical shadowed Nakagami/shadowed Nakagami channels in cellular networks. The outage probability and the system spectral efficiency are evaluated as a function of a cochannel reuse factor and compared with multireceive (Rx) antenna systems for omnidirectional and sectorized cells in both the uplink and the downlink. The results of this paper show that the system spectral efficiency of the proposed system shows comparable performance with that of the single-Rx antenna system, and the outage probability of the system outperforms that of the dual-Rx antenna system in a particular region of the cell with respect to the relay location. The particular region shows that the DF cooperative diversity provides better performance in the uplink than in the downlink, but unlike in the downlink, the impact of cochannel interference (CCI) on the relay in the uplink degrades system performance, in spite of the cell sectorization.