cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A characterization of partially dual graphs

In this article, we extend the recently introduced concept of partially dual ribbon graphs to graphs. We then go on to characterize partial duality of graphs in terms of bijections between edge sets of corresponding graphs. This result generalizes a well-known result of J. Edmonds in which natural duality of graphs is characterized in terms of edge correspondence, and gives a combinatorial characterization of partial duality. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 67: 198-217, 2011 © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Performance Changes following Top Management Turnover: Evidence from Open-End Mutual Funds

I examine the impact of mutual fund manager replacement on subsequent fund perfor? mance. Using a sample of 393 domestic equity and bond fund managers that were replaced over the 1979-1991 period, for the underperformers, I document significant improvements in post-replacement performance relative to the past performance of the fund. On the other hand, the replacement of overperforming managers results in deterioration in postreplacement performance. I find evidence supporting the presence of strategic risk shifting in the fund portfolios prior to replacement. Furthermore, consistent with the notion of win? dow dressing, I document that the level of portfolio turnover activity decreases significantly in the post-replacement period. Lastly, the replacement of poor performers is preceded by significant decreases in net new inflows in the fund.
Hanson-Wright inequality and sub-gaussian concentration

In this expository note, we give a modern proof of Hanson-Wright inequality for quadratic forms in sub-gaussian random variables.We deduce a useful concentration inequality for sub-gaussian random vectors.Two examples are given to illustrate these results: a concentration of distances between random vectors and subspaces, and a bound on the norms of products of random and deterministic matrices.
Entropy and Multivariable Interpolation

Introduction Operators on fock spaces and their entropy Noncommutative commutant lifting theorem: Geometric structure and maximal entropy solution Maximal entropy interpolation problems in several variables Bibliography.
Vanadium(III) tetrahydroborates. Preparation, reaction chemistry, and crystal structures of V(BH4)3(PMe3)2 and the oxo dimer [V(BH4)2(PMe3)2]2O

Solutions of the anion of (IV) may also be obtained in Et2O or THF from VOCl3, VCl4(THF)2, VCl3(THF)3 and LiBH4, but in these cases the product could not be crystallized.
Astron type equilibrium in the absence of an applied magnetic field

It is shown that the Vlasov–Maxwell equations predict the existence of rotating layer equilibria (rigid‐rotor) in the absence of an external magnetic field, provided that the density of the layer exceeds a critical density.
Thermal evolution of a differentiated Ganymede and implications for surface features

Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceeds that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like (“diapiric”) instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic “heat pulse” at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters, but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a time scale ⪅10^4 years). Such a time scale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows, which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon.
The discrete correlation function: a new method for analyzing unevenly sampled variability data

A method for measuring correlation functions without interpolating in the temporal domain is proposed which provides an assumption-free representation of the correlation measured in the data and allows meaningful error estimates. Physical interpretation of the cross-correlation function of two series believed to be related by a convolution is shown to require knowledge of the input function's fluctuation power spectrum. Application of the method to two systems reveals no correlation for the optical data of Akn 120, but a strong correlation for the UV data of NGC 4151, placing bounds of between 1.2 and 20 light days on the size of the line-emitting region.
Damping phenomena in a wire rope vibration isolation system

A study of the dynamic characteristics of a wire rope vibration isolation system constructed with helical isolators is presented. Emphasis is placed on the analytical modeling of damping mechanisms in the system. An experimental investigation is described in which the static stiffness curve, hysteresis curves, phase trajectories and frequency response curves were obtained. A semi-empirical model having non-linear stiffness, nth-power velocity damping and variable Coulomb friction damping is developed, and results are compared to experimental data. Conclusions about dynamic phenomena in the wire rope system are made on the basis of the experimental and semi-empirical results.
Synthesis of tetrasubstituted olefins by Pd-catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids to internal alkynes.

Tetrasubstituted olefins are readily prepared by the Pd-catalyzed cis addition of two aryl groups from an arylboronic acid to opposite ends of the triple bond of internal alkynes. The synthesis proceeds under very mild reaction conditions and tolerates a wide variety of functional groups, including alcohol, aldehyde, ester, TMS, and acetal groups.
Status of the energy saver

The one-TeV proton synchrotron which has been under construction at Fermilab is nearly complete and is now entering the commissioning phase. The assembly and testing of the ring of more than 1000 superconducting magnets with its associated cryogenic, vacuum, power, R.F., controls and safety systems has gone extremely well.
Acoustic mechanical feedthroughs

Electromagnetic motors can have problems when operating in extreme environments. In addition, if one needs to do mechanical work outside a structure, electrical feedthroughs are required to transport the electric power to drive the motor. In this paper, we present designs for driving rotary and linear motors by pumping stress waves across a structure or barrier. We accomplish this by designing a piezoelectric actuator on one side of the structure and a resonance structure that is matched to the piezoelectric resonance of the actuator on the other side. Typically, piezoelectric motors can be designed with high torques and lower speeds without the need for gears. One can also use other actuation materials such as electrostrictive, or magnetostrictive materials in a benign environment and transmit the power in acoustic form as a stress wave and actuate mechanisms that are external to the benign environment. This technology removes the need to perforate a structure and allows work to be done directly on the other side of a structure without the use of electrical feedthroughs, which can weaken the structure, pipe, or vessel. Acoustic energy is pumped as a stress wave at a set frequency or range of frequencies to produce rotary or linear motion in a structure. This method of transferring useful mechanical work across solid barriers by pumping acoustic energy through a resonant structure features the ability to transfer work (rotary or linear motion) across pressure or thermal barriers, or in a sterile environment, without generating contaminants. Reflectors in the wall of barriers can be designed to enhance the efficiency of the energy/power transmission. The method features the ability to produce a bi-directional driving mechanism using higher-mode resonances. There are a variety of applications where the presence of a motor is complicated by thermal or chemical environments that would be hostile to the motor components and reduce life and, in some instances, not be feasible. A variety of designs that have been designed, fabricated and tested will be presented.
Zeilberger’s KOH theorem and the strict unimodality of q-binomial coefficients

A recent nice result due to I. Pak and G. Panova is the strict unimodality of the $q$-binomial coefficients $\binom{a+b}{b}_q$ (see \cite{PP} and also \cite{PP2} for a slightly revised version of their theorem). Since their proof used representation theory and Kronecker coefficients, the authors also asked for an argument that would employ Zeilberger's KOH theorem. In this note, we give such a proof. Then, as a further application of our method, we also provide a short proof of their conjecture that the difference between consecutive coefficients of $\binom{a+b}{b}_q$ can get arbitrarily large, when we assume that $b$ is fixed and $a$ is large enough.
Myth and Reality in the World of Factors

Once upon a time the word "factor" was restricted to a few esoteric quantitative fields that investors had never heard of. The word was defined in each field. Consequently, the people who worked in these fields knew what it meant. Thus, the word was useful. One result of competitively marketing quantitative techniques to investors is that technical literacy has declined. In particular, the word "factor" is now so ambiguous that it is almost meaningless. This paper suggests a definition that will re-establish a useful meaning for the word "factor" in the investment field. The definition is illustrated with an example.
A Fast Direct Algorithm for the Solution of the Laplace Equation on Regions with Fractal Boundaries

An algorithm is presented for the rapid direct solution of the Laplace equation on regions with fractal boundaries. In a typical application, the numerical simulation has to be on a very large scale involving at least tens of thousands of equations with as many unknowns, in order to obtain any meaningful results. Attempts to use conventional techniques have encountered insurmountable difficulties, due to excessive CPU time requirements of the computations involved. Indeed, conventional direct algorithms for the solution of linear systems require order O(N3) operations for the solution of an N � N-problem, while classical iterative methods require order O(N2) operations, with the constant strongly dependent on the problem in question. In either case, the computational expense is prohibitive for large-scale problems. The direct algorithm of the present paper requires O(N) operations with a constant dependent only on the geometry of the boundary, making it considerably more practical for large-scale problems encountered in the computation of harmonic measure of fractals, complex iteration theory, potential theory, and growth phenomena such as crystallization, electrodeposition, viscous fingering, and diffusion-limited aggregation.
Some fine-tuning for dominant diagonal matrices

play an important role in economic theory because of their two special properties. First, all their eigenvalues have positive real part, a fact which plays a key role in the stability analysis of general equilibria and in the study of gross substitutability. Second, the inverse of such a matrix is a non-negative matrix, so that whenever the vector b has only positive entries, the solution x of the system
A Consistency Condition for the Vector Potential in Multiply-Connected Domains

A classical problem in electromagnetics concerns the representation of the electric and magnetic fields in the low-frequency or static regime, where topology plays a fundamental role. For multiply-connected conductors, at zero frequency, the standard boundary conditions on the tangential components of the magnetic field do not uniquely determine the vector potential. We describe a (gauge-invariant) consistency condition that overcomes this nonuniqueness and resolves a long-standing difficulty in inverting the magnetic field integral equation.
Analysis of the global distribution of water isotopes using the NCAR atmospheric general circulation model

[1] We have incorporated the cycling of water isotopes into the NCAR atmospheric general circulation model, CAM2. Isotope dynamics mostly follow those of previous isotope GCMs, with fractionation being produced by evaporation at the surface and by cloud processes. A new feature that we have added is the direct estimation of the degree of isotopic equilibration between vapor and raindrops as a function of temperature and rain rate. The model yields a reasonable global pattern of water isotopes in precipitation, but detailed comparison with observations is limited by known inaccuracies in precipitation and temperatures yielded by CAM2. We use the results to evaluate the fundamental controls on water isotopic composition in precipitation. We emphasize that, over much of the surface of the Earth, the concept of Rayleigh distillation is inadequate to understand the large-scale geographic distribution of water isotopes in precipitation, because the effects of surface fluxes are more important than those of distillation, in particular at low and midlatitudes and over the oceans. In oceanic regions the balance between precipitation and evaporation (P − E), which reflects the large-scale atmospheric circulation, is the primary determinant of the isotopic composition of precipitation and vapor. Variations of P − E at low latitudes over the oceans produce about 7‰ variation of precipitation δ18O that is independent of temperature variation. Where P > E, the convergence of atmospheric vapor derived from various sources leads to low values and a particularly wide range in δppt. In the tropical and subtropical troposphere the vertical decrease of δ18O in vapor is different from the values expected from Rayleigh distillation because of entrainment, convective mixing, detrainment, evaporation of detrained water, and subsidence of low-δ18O high-altitude air. The low δ18O of atmospheric vapor over the oceans at high (ca. 55°) latitudes produces, as a result of kinetic effects associated with evaporation, a zone of heavy (high-δ18O) evaporation from the oceans. This effect may account for the low δ18O of some high-latitude ocean surface waters and also helps attenuate the effects of global temperature changes on the isotopic composition of polar precipitation.
Dioxygen-coupled oxidative amination of styrene.

Dioxygen-coupled oxidative amination of olefins is an attractive, but challenging, catalytic transformation. The present work describes the first general method for intermolecular oxidative amination of aryl olefins with molecular oxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant. This palladium-catalyzed reactivity is compatible with several different nitrogen nucleophiles, including oxazolidinone, phthalimide, pyrrolidinone, and p-toluenesulfonamide. The presence of a catalytic quantity of a Bronsted base in the reaction increases the catalytic activity and switches the reaction regioselectivity.
Inferred retinal mechanisms mediating illusory distortions

The Zoellner illusion is a geometric distortion occurring when nonorthogonal inducing lines appear to tilt veridically parallel bars. The retinal pathways contributing to such illusions are unknown. The goal of this experiment was to investigate the retinal origin of the illusion. This was accomplished by determining the contrast gain for illusion thresholds. The magnocellular (MC-) and parvocellular (PC-) pathways exhibit different contrast gains, and this difference can be used psychophysically to identify the pathway. The stimulus pattern was four vertical bars with a series of inducing lines. The bars were always 5% higher in contrast than the inducing bars. The pattern was presented on a larger pedestal. Two paradigms were used. In the pulsed-pedestal paradigm, the observer adapted to the background and the pedestal and pattern were presented together as a brief pulse. In the steady-pedestal paradigm, the observer adapted to the continuously presented pedestal and the pattern appeared as a brief pulse. The contrast between the pedestal and the pattern was varied to obtain thresholds for two criteria: perceiving the directions of the inner inducing lines, and perceiving the distortion of the bars. The results for both criteria were similar in shape, but displaced in sensitivity. Detection of the directions of the inner inducing lines was 0.16-0.29 log unit more sensitive than perception of the illusion. The data for the pulsed-pedestal paradigm depended on the contrast between the pedestal and the pattern and produced a shallow V-shape. These results were associated with mediation in the PC-pathway. The data for the steady-pedestal paradigm depended on the pedestal luminance in a linear relation and showed similar sensitivity to the data for the pulsed-pedestal paradigm. Perception of the illusion required 10-15% Weber contrast.
The Importance of Forward Rate Volatility Structures in Pricing Interest Rate-Sensitive Claims

Studies of the sensitivity of the prices of interest rate claims to alternative specifications of the volatility of spot and forward interest rates have drawn different conclusions. One possible explanation for this is that it is difficult to adjust the volatility structure without disturbing the initial set of bond prices. In this chapter we use a term structure-constrained model that lets us change the volatility structure for spot and forward rates without altering either their initial values or the set of initial bond prices. Consequently, any differences in prices of interest rate-sensitive claims can be attributed solely to alternative assumptions on the structure of spot and forward-rate volatilities rather than to variations in the initial conditions. We show that even when the initial conditions are common, option prices on interest rates and on bonds are sensitive to the specification of the volatility structure of spot rates. Further, we find that using a simple generalised Vasicek model to price claims can lead to significant mispricings if interest rate volatilities do indeed depend on their levels.
Improvements to Technology Mapping for LUT-Based FPGAs

This paper presents several orthogonal improvements to the state-of-the-art lookup table (LUT)-based field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technology mapping. The improvements target the delay and area of technology mapping as well as the runtime and memory requirements. 1) Improved cut enumeration computes all K-feasible cuts, without pruning, for up to seven inputs for the largest Microelectronics Center of North Carolina benchmarks. A new technique for on-the-fly cut dropping reduces, by orders of magnitude, the memory needed to represent cuts for large designs. 2) The notion of cut factorization is introduced, in which one computes a subset of cuts for a node and generates other cuts from that subset as needed. Two cut factorization schemes are presented, and a new algorithm that uses cut factorization for delay-oriented mapping for FPGAs with large LUTs is proposed. 3) Improved area recovery leads to mappings with the area, on average, 6% smaller than the previous best work while preserving the delay optimality when starting from the same optimized netlists. 4) Lossless synthesis accumulates alternative circuit structures seen during logic optimization. Extending the mapper to use structural choices reduces the delay, on average, by 6% and the area by 12%, compared with the previous work, while increasing the runtime 1.6 times. Performing five iterations of mapping with choices reduces the delay by 10% and the area by 19% while increasing the runtime eight times. These improvements, on top of the state-of-the-art methods for LUT mapping, are available in the package ABC
Using Selective Voltage Binning to Maximize Yield

Yield loss associated with leakage screens is increasing as products migrate to technologies with thinner gate oxide and more aggressive lithography. Product competitiveness requires meeting low power and when products have exhausted design options, tighter than 3 sigma fast leakage screens are implemented to reduce power which can result in significant yield loss.
Antimatter, the SME, and gravity

A general field-theoretic framework for the analysis of CPT and Lorentz violation is provided by the Standard-Model Extension (SME). This work discusses a number SME-based proposals for tests of CPT and Lorentz symmetry, including antihydrogen spectroscopy and antimatter gravity tests.
Longest-path selection for delay test under process variation

Under manufacturing process variation, a path through a net is called longest if there exists a process condition under which the path has the maximum delay among all paths through the net. There are often multiple longest paths for each net, due to different process conditions. In addition, a local defect, such as resistive open or a resistive bridge, increases the delay of the affected net. To detect delay faults due to local defects and process variation, it is necessary to test all longest paths through each net. Previous approaches to this problem were inefficient because of the large number of paths that are not longest. This paper presents an efficient method to generate the set of longest paths for delay test under process variation. To capture both structural and process correlation between path delays, we use linear delay functions to express path delays under process variation. A novel technique is proposed to prune paths that are not longest, resulting in a significant reduction in the number of paths. In experiments on International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) circuits, our number of longest paths is 1-6% of the previous best approach, with 300/spl times/ less running time.
Interacting Binaries with Eccentric Orbits II. Secular Orbital Evolution Due To Non-Conservative Mass Transfer

We investigate the secular evolution of the orbital semimajor axis and eccentricity due to mass transfer in eccentric binaries, allowing for both mass and angular momentum loss from the system. Adopting a delta function mass transfer rate at the periastron of the binary orbit, we find that, depending on the initial binary properties at the onset of mass transfer, the orbital semimajor axis and eccentricity can either increase or decrease at a rate linearly proportional to the magnitude of the mass transfer rate at periastron. The range of initial binary mass ratios and eccentricities that lead to increasing orbital semimajor axes and eccentricities broadens with increasing degrees of mass loss from the system and narrows with increasing orbital angular momentum loss from the binary. Comparison with tidal evolution timescales shows that the usual assumption of rapid circularization at the onset of mass transfer in eccentric binaries is not justified, irrespective of the degree of systemic mass and angular momentum loss. This work extends our previous results for conservative mass transfer in eccentric binaries and can be incorporated into binary evolution and population synthesis codes to model non-conservative mass transfer in eccentric binaries.
Development and evaluation of copper-67 and samarium-153 labeled conjugates for tumor radioimmunotherapy

AbstractCopper-67 and samarium-153 are two of the most attractive radionuclides for radioimmunotherapy. Two to three-day halflives, intermediate-energy beta emissions, image-able photons, and suitable chemical characteristics make these radionuclides ideal for this application. Work on the production of high specific activity 67Cu and l53Sm, as well as the development of stable chelates for conjugating these radiometals to tumor-associated monoclonal antibodies is presented. Based on preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies (in nude mice xenografted with human colon carcinoma), both 67Cu and l53Sm appear very promising for tumor radioimmunotherapy and warrant continued investigation.
Long-Term Field Study of Lightning Surges Through Traffic Monitoring In-Pavement Sensors

Proper protection of environmental sensors from lightning surges requires knowledge of the quantity and magnitude of lightning surges that may be experienced through the sensor. This effort involved the characterization of lightning surges propagating through the in-pavement sensors used for vehicle count and classification by the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT). Field tests were conducted during the peak summer lightning months in central Florida from 2005 to 2014. Lightning surges were counted and the peak surge current determine for piezoelectric axle sensors and inductive loop presence detectors typically used in the FDOT's over 300 permanent telemetered traffic monitoring sites distributed over the highways in the State of Florida. These tests revealed that the lightning surges were numerous, complex and sometimes very large. From the results of these tests, the FDOT has replaced many of the SPDs used to protect their equipment from in-pavement sensor surges.
Depletion forces near a soft surface

We investigate excluded-volume effects in a bidisperse colloidal suspension near a flexible interface. Inspired by a recent experiment by Dinsmore et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 409 (1998)], we study the adsorption of a mesoscopic bead on the surface and show that depletion forces could in principle lead to particle encapsulation. We then consider the effect of surface fluctuations on the depletion potential itself and construct the density profile of a polymer solution near a soft interface. Surprisingly we find that the chains accumulate at the wall, whereas the density displays a deficit of particles at distances larger than the surface roughness. This nonmonotonic behavior demonstrates that surface fluctuations can have major repercussions on the properties of a colloidal solution. On average, the additional contribution to the Gibbs adsorbance is negative. The amplitude of the depletion potential between a mesoscopic bead and the surface increases accordingly.
Strategyproof Mechanisms for Purchasing a Shared Resource

Consider a situation where a group of buyers would like to jointly purchase a particular resource with the intention of sharing it. For example, suppose two individuals who are sharing a living space would like to purchase an object, say an air conditioner or a television, which is available in the market for a certain price. How do they agree upon a division of this price amongst themselves when their utilties for using that object are private? Any scheme that recommends some notion of fair division of this price has to rely on the ability of the scheme to elicit the true utilities of the individuals, which is difficult since each individual wants to minimize his share of the payment. More generally, the resource in question may be congestible, and the utilities may depend on the proportion in which it is shared between the two users. In that case they not only have to decide how to divide the price of the resource but also how it will be shared, and the two decisions would naturally have to go hand in hand. Moreover, it may not be a simple question of paying a given price, but the resource itself may be offered in an auction, in which case the two buyers need to decide how they will jointly bid in the auction, along with the terms of sharing the resource and the division of payment in the event that they win. Embracing the classical perspective of mechanism design, we can transfer the onus of coming up with a solution to this problem from the buyers to the seller herself. This leads us to consider the converse problem from the perspective of the seller in the market. She intends to sell a resource and several competing groups of buyers are interested in purchasing that resource for their respective groups. Her problem is thus to design a mechanism to allocate the resource to one of the competing groups, along with a proposed division of the resource within the group. The key aspect of this design problem is the kind of incentive properties such a mechanism needs to satisfy. The buyers in a single group are expected to collude in their utility reports and hence such a mechanism needs to be robust to any collusive behavior within a particular group, but perhaps not necessarily across groups. A practical example, which is our primary motivation for studying this kind of a market, is the market for radio spectrum. Recently there has been a debate concerning the merits and demerits of allocating newly opened blocks of spectrum for free unlicensed use (like WiFi) as opposed to selling them for exclusive licensed use (e.g., to cellular ser-
Beauty97 conference summary

Abstract CP-violation is one of the least understood phenomena in our field. There are major experimental programs in all high-energy laboratories around the world which will hopefully remedy this within the next decade. The study of CP-violating effects in B meson decays will allow stringent tests of the Standard Model to be made and may point the way to New Physics. The Beauty97 conference provided a forum for these experiments to discuss their physics potential and experimental challenges relating to these studies. This paper reviews the ongoing and future experimental B-physics projects. I will summarize the status and future plans of these projects, as well as the highlights of the physics and key R&D results presented at the conference. At the end, a critical comparison of the CP-violation B experiments will be given.
Numerical investigation of two-dimensional H2-air flameholding over ramps and rearward-facing steps

The time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations, including the effects of finite rate chemistry, are numerically integrated to predict the steady-state behavior of several model supersonic flandholders. The conservation equations governing chemically reacting flows are solved using a technique based on the idea of rescaling the equations in time such that all convective and chemical processes evolve on similar "pseudo" time scales. To accomplish this, the conservation equations are preconditioned to remove the stiffness associated with these equations. The method can be used to compute the steady-state solution very efficiently, regardless of whether the flow is frozen, finite rate, or in equilibrium. Two candidate supersonic flameholders are analyzed to assess their operating characteristics. The geometries include a ramp and a rearward-facing step. All flows consider a premixed H2-airstream and use the global chemistry model of Rogers and Chinitz. Several different kinds of flowfields are generated, depending on the level of heat release.
Preliminary Design of Composite Wings for Buckling, Strength, and Displacement Constraints

An unstiffened panel buckling constraint for balanced, symmetric laminated composites is included on the global design level in a mathematical programming structural optimization procedure for designing wing structures. Constraints are introduced by penalty functions, and Newton's method based on approximate second derivatives of the penalty terms is used as the search algorithm to obtain minimum-mass designs. Constraint approximations used during the optimization process contribute to the computational efficiency of the procedure. A criterion is developed that identifies the appropriate conservative form of the constraint approximations that are used with the optimization procedure. Minimum-mass design results are obtained for a multispar high-aspect-ratio wing subjected to material strength, minimum-gage, displacement, panel buckling and twist constraints. The material systems considered for the examples are all graphite-epoxy, graphite-epoxy with boron-epoxy spar caps, and all aluminum. The composite material designs are shown to have an advantage over the aluminum designs since they can often satisfy additional constraints with only small mass increases.
Invasive Hemodynamic Assessment in Heart Failure

Routine cardiac catheterization provides data on left heart, right heart, systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures, vascular resistances, cardiac output, and ejection fraction. These data are often then applied as markers of cardiac preload, afterload, and global function, although each of these parameters reflects more complex interactions between the heart and its internal and external loads. This article reviews more specific gold standard assessments of ventricular and arterial properties, and how these relate to the parameters reported and utilized in practice, and then discusses the re-emerging importance of invasive hemodynamics in the assessment and management of heart failure.
Are novel drugs more risky for patients than less novel drugs

The Food and Drug Administration has accelerated the approval of therapeutically novel drugs so that patients have faster access to innovative drug therapies. Little research, however, has examined the variation in risks among therapeutically novel and less novel drugs. Do drugs that represent greater novelty also entail greater risks for patients? This paper uses post-marketing drug safety surveillance data from the FDA to examine the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with novel and less novel drugs. Negative binomial regressions are used to examine the impact of a drug's FDA novelty rating on its ADR count controlling for differences in drug utilization, the conditions being treated, disease characteristics, patient characteristics, drug review times, and year-specific effects. Results show that drugs deemed novel by the FDA are associated with a greater number of serious drug reactions, including those that result in hospitalization and death, than less novel drugs. These results suggest that novel drugs pose greater risk of serious ADRs for patients relative to less novel drugs.
The Billings Report and the Occupational Attainment of American Jewry, 1890

This chapter is based on a survey conducted in 1890 by the Census Office of the vital statistics of over 10,000 Jewish families who as of December 31, 1889 had been in the United States for five or more years (Billings Report). It begins by discussing the origin and nature of the survey and two individuals involved in the project, Billings and Solomons. It then discusses the demographic characteristics of the survey respondents and compares their occupational distribution by gender with that of the white population in general from the 1890 Census.
PRESOLAR GRAINS FROM NOVAE: EVIDENCE FROM NEON AND HELIUM ISOTOPES IN COMET DUST COLLECTIONS

Presolar grains in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles carry non-solar isotopic signatures pointing to origins in supernovae, giant stars, and possibly other stellar sources. There have been suggestions that some of these grains condensed in the ejecta of classical nova outbursts, but the evidence is ambiguous. We report neon and helium compositions in particles captured on stratospheric collectors flown to sample materials from comets 26P/Grigg-Skjellerup and 55P/Tempel-Tuttle that point to condensation of their gas carriers in the ejecta of a neon (ONe) nova. The absence of detectable 3He in these particles indicates space exposure to solar wind irradiation of a few decades at most, consistent with origins in cometary dust streams. Measured 4He/20Ne, 20Ne/22Ne, 21Ne/22Ne, and 20Ne/21Ne isotope ratios, and a low upper limit on 3He/4He, are in accord with calculations of nucleosynthesis in neon nova outbursts. Of these, the uniquely low 4He/20Ne and high 20Ne/22Ne ratios are the most diagnostic, reflecting the large predicted 20Ne abundances in the ejecta of such novae. The correspondence of measured Ne and He compositions in cometary matter with theoretical predictions is evidence for the presence of presolar grains from novae in the early solar system.
Input-output modeling and control of the departure process of congested airports

A simple queueing model of busy airport departure operations is proposed. This model is calibrated and validated using available runway configuration and traffic data. The model is then used to evaluate preliminary control schemes aimed at alleviating departure traffic congestion on the airport surface. The potential impact of these control strategies on direct operating costs, environmental costs and overall delay is quantified and discussed.
Maximum likelihood based classification for the microstructure of human sleep

In this paper a classifier for the microstructure paradigm of human sleep, the Cyclic Alternating Pattern Sequence (CAPS), is presented. Sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) is the signal used for the scoring. An EEG model makes the feature extraction (pre-processing). The CAPS phases are then detected using maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. A final processing block checks CAPS context rules. This system was tested with good results on the record of 8 hours sleep of a normal adult subject.
Recent advances in the chemical synthesis of mucin-like glycoproteins.

This purpose of this mini review is to familiarize readers with the tools currently available for the synthesis of mucin-type glycoproteins. The article will highlight recent approaches to the synthesis of glycopeptide fragments bearing complex O-linked glycans, as well as new strategies for the generation of full-length glycoproteins.
Minimally entangled typical thermal state algorithms

We discuss a method based on sampling minimally entangled typical thermal states (METTS) that can simulate finite temperature quantum systems with a computational cost comparable to the ground state density matrix renormalization group (DMRG). Detailed implementation of each step of the method is presented, along with efficient algorithms for working with matrix product states and matrix product operators. Furthermore, we explore how the properties of METTS can reveal characteristic order and excitations of systems and discuss why METTS form an efficient basis for sampling. Finally, we explore the extent to which the average entanglement of a METTS ensemble is minimal.
A Bayesian Reflection on Surfaces

The topic of this paper is a novel continuous-basis field representation and inference framework applied to the inference of continuous surfaces from measurements (for example camera image data). Traditional approaches to surface representation and inference are briefly reviewed. The new field representation and inference paradigm is then introduced within a maximally informative (MI) (see [1]) inference framework. The knowledge representation is introduced and discussed in the context of MI inference. Then, using the MI inference approach, the here-named Generalized Kaiman Filter (GKF) equations are derived. The GKF equations allow the update of field knowledge from previous knowledge at any scale, and new data, to new knowledge at any other scale. The GKF equations motivate a location-dependent scale or multigrid approach to the MI inference of continuous-basis fields.
Why quasar pairs are binary quasars and not gravitational lenses

We use simple comparisons of the optical and radio properties of the wide separation (3''<Δθ<10'') quasar pairs to demonstrate that they are binary quasars rather than gravitational lenses. The most likely model is that all of the pairs are binary quasars, with a one-sided 2 σ (1 σ) upper limit of 22% (8%) on the lens fraction. Simple models for the expected enhancement of quasar activity during galaxy mergers that are consistent with the enhancement observed at low redshift can explain the incidence, separations, redshifts, velocity differences, and radio properties of the binary quasar population. Only a modest fraction (5%) of all quasar activity need be associated with galaxy mergers to explain the binary quasars.
Long-time asymptotics for fully nonlinear homogeneous parabolic equations

We study the long-time asymptotics of solutions of the uniformly parabolic equation $$ u_t + F(D^2u) = 0 \quad{\rm in}\, {\mathbb{R}^{n}}\times \mathbb{R}_{+},$$ for a positively homogeneous operator F, subject to the initial condition u(x, 0) = g(x), under the assumption that g does not change sign and possesses sufficient decay at infinity. We prove the existence of a unique positive solution Φ+ and negative solution Φ−, which satisfy the self-similarity relations $$\Phi^\pm (x,t) = \lambda^{\alpha^\pm}\Phi^\pm ( \lambda^{1/2} x,\lambda t ).$$ We prove that the rescaled limit of the solution of the Cauchy problem with nonnegative (nonpositive) initial data converges to $${\Phi^+}$$ ( $${\Phi^-}$$ ) locally uniformly in $${\mathbb{R}^{n} \times \mathbb{R}_{+}}$$ . The anomalous exponents α+ and α− are identified as the principal half-eigenvalues of a certain elliptic operator associated to F in $${\mathbb{R}^{n}}$$ .
A hydrodynamic approach to the Bose-glass transition

Nonlinear hydrodynamics is used to evaluate disorder-induced corrections to the vortex liquid tilt modulus for finite screening length and arbitrary disorder geometry. Explicit results for aligned columnar defects yield a criterion for locating the Bose-glass transition line at all fields.
A generalized Hirzebruch Riemann–Roch theorem

This short Note proves a generalization of the Hirzebruch Riemann–Roch theorem equivalent to the Cardy condition. This is done using an earlier result that explicitly describes what the Mukai pairing on Hochschild homology descends to in Hodge cohomology via the Hochschild–Kostant–Rosenberg map twisted by the root Todd genus. To cite this article: A.C. Ramadoss, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 347 (2009).
A film technique for determining the absorbed dose at exit from the patient during radiation exposure

A film technique for measuring the spatial distribution of absorbed exit dose from an actual patient therapeutic radiation exposure was investigated using the 60Co and Van de Graaff therapy machines. Film response was investigated at several field sizes, phantom thicknesses and depths. Results indicate that a standard film calibration curve can be obtained for calculating absorbed dose. The treatment verification film is obtained by inserting the film cassette beneath the patient throughout the complete radiation exposure.
A Combinatoric Division Algorithm for Fixed-Integer Divisors

A procedure is presented for performing a combinatoric fixed-integer division that satisfies the division algorithm in regard to both quotient and remainder. In this procedure, division is performed by multiplying the dividend by the reciprocal of the divisor. The reciprocal is, in all nontrivial cases, of necessity a repeating binary fraction, and two treatments for finding the product of an integer and repeating binary fraction are developed. Two examples of the application of the procedure are given.
Catalyzed alanates for hydrogen storage

The discovery that hydrogen can be reversibly absorbed and desorbed from complex hydrides (the alanates) by the addition of catalysts has created an entirely new prospect for lightweight hydrogen storage. Unlike the interstitial intermetallic hydrides, these compounds release hydrogen through a series of decomposition/recombination reactions e.g.: NaAlH4⇔1/3Na3AlH6+2/3Al+H2⇔NaH+Al+3/2H2. Initial work resulted in improved catalysts, advanced methods of preparation, and a better understanding of the hydrogen absorption and desorption processes. Recent studies have clarified some of the fundamental material properties, as well as the engineering characteristics of catalyst enhanced sodium alanate. Phase transitions were observed real-time through in situ X-ray powder diffraction. These measurements demonstrate that the decomposition reactions occur through long-range transport of metal species. SEM imaging and EDS analysis verified the segregation of aluminum to the surface of the material during decomposition. The equilibrium thermodynamics of decomposition have now been measured down to room temperature. They show a plateau pressure for the first reaction of 1 bar at 33°C, which suggest that, thermodynamically, this material is ideally suited to on-board hydrogen storage for fuel cell vehicles. Room temperature desorption with slow but measurable kinetics has been recorded for the first time. Studies at temperatures approaching that found in the operation of PEM fuel cells (125–165°C) were performed on a scaled-up test bed. The bed demonstrated surprisingly good kinetics and other positive material properties. However, these studies also pointed to the need to develop new non-alkoxide based catalysts and doping methods to increase the capacity and reduce the level of hydrocarbon impurities found in the desorbed hydrogen. For this reason, new Ti–Cl catalysts and doping processes are being developed which show higher capacities and improved kinetics. An overview of the current state-of-the-art will be presented along with our own studies and the implications for the viability of these materials in on-board hydrogen storage applications.
Cascading and local-field effects in non-linear optics revisited: a quantum-field picture based on exchange of photons.

The semi-classical theory of radiation-matter coupling misses local-field effects that may alter the pulse time-ordering and cascading that leads to the generation of new signals. These are then introduced macroscopically by solving Maxwell's equations. This procedure is convenient and intuitive but ad hoc. We show that both effects emerge naturally by including coupling to quantum modes of the radiation field that are initially in the vacuum state to second order. This approach is systematic and suggests a more general class of corrections that only arise in a QED framework. In the semi-classical theory, which only includes classical field modes, the susceptibility of a collection of N non-interacting molecules is additive and scales as N. Second-order coupling to a vacuum mode generates an effective retarded interaction that leads to cascading and local field effects both of which scale as N2.