cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Production of Transgenic Rats

The procedures for production of transgenic rats, in comparison to transgenic mice, while widely used are less available. The rat is a very important species for the production of animal models of human disease and physiology. In many ways, the rat is model of choice for studies of human disease. There is more than a century of papers published with extensive phenotypic data from the rat. With more than 250 strains of rat which include inbred strains, congenics, mutants, transgenics, and now targeted loss of function mutations, there are important animals available for the study of cardiopulmonary disease and physiology, renal disease, and physiology.
The Pineal Organ and Circadian Rhythms of Fishes

Most fishes living under natural conditions express daily rhythms in their behaviour, physiology and biochemistry. Much of what fishes do is temporally organized with respect to the environmental day-night cycle. Investigations of the timing of diel rhythms on either a daily or seasonal basis should consider four major classes of criteria: (i) endogenous (circadian) rhythms; (ii) natural photoperiod; (iii) photoreceptive physiology and; (iv) specific ecological and behavioural characteristics of the species being investigated. The latter category includes responses to the various chemical and physical factors that are discussed in this volume. An appreciation of circadian rhythms and their controls is crucial to fully understanding diel rhythms and their evolutionary history, ontogeny, physiology, and biochemistry.
Accounting for Social Processes in the Development of Diagnostic Classification Systems: Commentary on the “Standards and Guidelines for the Development of Diagnostic Nomenclatures and Alternatives in Mental Health Research and Practice”:

Diagnostic classifications of mental disorders are complex systems that integrate both scientific and social priorities. The Task Force on Developing Humanistic Approaches to Psychological Diagnosis of the Society for Humanistic Psychology has released a set of guidelines intended to guide the development of mental health classifications. This commentary argues that the attention paid in the guidelines to social processes is a desirable and inherent component of the development of any classification. Social influences regarding the definition of the concepts and the processes by which people develop them are integrally intertwined, contrary to the common view that nonscientific factors should be excluded from classification systems as much as possible. These guidelines offer a much needed resource for developing future mental health classifications.
An Efficient Galerkin Scheme to Solve the Time Domain Integral Equation for Wire-Grid Models Involving Multiple Incident Pulses

In this work, a straight forward method of moments (MOM) procedure to solve the time domain integral equation (TDIE) is presented and applied to a wire-grid model of an arbitrarily-shaped conducting body. The conducting body is illuminated by a Gaussian plane wave. Contrary to all the available time domain algorithms, the present procedure does not involve marching in time thus eliminating error accumulation, a major source for late-time instability problem. The procedure presented in this work is conceptually simple, numerically efficient, and handles multiple excitations in a trivial manner, all the while remaining stable. The numerical procedure utilizes pulse functions for space variable and time-shifted Gaussian functions for time variable, respectively. Further, the numerical procedure adopts the Galerkin method of solution implying the usage of the same time and space functions for both expansion and testing. The numerical results obtained in the time domain are validated by comparing with the data obtained from the frequency domain solution at several frequencies and performing an inverse discrete Fourier transform.
The Power of an Image: Images, Not Glosses, Enhance Learning of Concrete L2 Words in Beginning Learners

Prior research suggests that viewing still images and iconic gestures depicting concepts facilitates the learning of concrete words in the initial stages of second language (L2) acquisition. To date, however, the effect of viewing iconic gestures and images hasn't been systematically compared to the effect of glosses in the learning and retrieval of concrete words in early stage L2 acquisition. Therefore, it is unclear whether dual coding theory of embodied theories of cognition provide the most accurate account of these effects. This study demonstrates that concrete L2 words learned via viewing still images are recalled better than L2 words learned via viewing iconic gesture and that L1 glosses fail to facilitate L2 word learning in beginning learners. Together, these findings indicate that images facilitate the learning of concrete L2 words above and beyond glosses in learners unfamiliar with the target language, and that glosses are not always necessary for effective L2 word learning.
Memory-efficient Error Correction Scheme for Flash Memories using GPU

In this paper, we present an alternate method to organize the parity bits of Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghen (BCH) encoder on a Flash memory array. Previous methods for BCH error correction scheme requires parity bytes to be stored within a given block thus reducing the ability to scale up for higher bit error correction capabilities. A new memory organization of the parity bits in the user area is proposed, so the limitation of the number of bit errors to be corrected is removed. Without sacrificing the throughput, this method provides a LUT approach where the parity bits, for a given user data block, are stored in local GPU memory. The experimental results show that, in the case of BCH (8191, 7983, 16), there are no limitations imposed by the spare area for the number of bit errors to be corrected. Also, there is no speed degradation in bit error correction by utilizing the user data area for parity bits with the proposed GPU implementation.
Elevated temperature directional recrystallization of high-purity nickel

Electron backscattered diffraction has been used to characterise the three different kinds of boundaries that occur in grains that are generated by secondary recrystallization during directional an...
The Inertia of Old Ideas: A Historical Overview of Theoretical and Methodological Challenges in the Study of Classic Maya Political Organization

While it is tempting to assume that empirical advancements inexorably lead to incremental improvement in our understanding of the past, the impact of ideas—even empirically untenable positions—often impede disciplinary progress. This paper examines the intellectual history of changing views of Classic Maya political organization, from the formulation of the “traditional synthesis” to contemporary debates. Although the traditional synthesis did not stand up to empirical evaluation, elements of the model continued to have substantive impact into the 21st century. This historical overview is part of a broader critique of ways we create and evaluate theories about the ancestral Maya past. With a century of archaeological research and the maturation of epigraphic research providing a rich empirical foundation, the successes or failures of the next generation of research will be governed by advancements in theory building and long overdue methodological reforms.
Parental attachment anxiety: Associations with allostatic load in mothers of 1-year-olds:

Growing evidence indicates that individual differences in attachment style are related to health outcomes. The present study extends this literature by examining whether attachment anxiety in both ...
Computing PROPr Utility Scores for PROMIS® Profile Instruments.

Abstract Objectives The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS) Profile instruments measure health status on 8 PROMIS domains. The PROMIS-Preference (PROPr) score provides a preference-based summary score for health states defined by 7 PROMIS domains. The Profile and PROPr share 6 domains; PROPr has 1 unique domain (Cognitive Function–Abilities), and the Profile has 2 unique domains (Anxiety and Pain Intensity). We produce an equation for calculating PROPr utility scores with Profile data. Methods We used data from 3982 members of US online survey panels who have scores on all 9 PROMIS domains. We used a 70%/30% split for model fit/validation. Using root-mean-square error and mean error on the utility scale, we compared models for predicting the missing Cognitive Function score via (A) the population average; (B) a score representing excellent cognitive function; (C) a score representing poor cognitive function; (D) a score predicted from linear regression of the 8 profile domains; and (E) a score predicted from a Bayesian neural network of the 8 profile domains. Results The mean errors in the validation sample on the PROPr scale (which ranges from -0.022 to 1.00) for the models were: (A) 0.025, (B) 0.067, (C) -0.23, (D) 0.018, and (E) 0.018. The root-mean-square errors were: (A) 0.097, (B) 0.12, (C) 0.29, (D) 0.095, and (E) 0.094. Conclusion Although the Bayesian neural network had the best root-mean-square error for producing PROPr utility scores from Profile instruments, linear regression performs almost as well and is easier to use. We recommend the linear model for producing PROPr utility scores for PROMIS Profiles.
Efficacy of Affibody-Based Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Vascular B7-H3 for Breast Cancer Detection

Purpose: Human B7-H3 (hB7-H3) is a promising molecular imaging target differentially expressed on the neovasculature of breast cancer and has been validated for preclinical ultrasound (US) imaging with anti–B7-H3-antibody-functionalized microbubbles (MB). However, smaller ligands such as affibodies (ABY) are more suitable for the design of clinical-grade targeted MB. Experimental Design: Binding of ABYB7-H3 was confirmed with soluble and cell-surface B7-H3 by flow cytometry. MB were functionalized with ABYB7-H3 or anti–B7-H3-antibody (AbB7-H3). Control and targeted MB were tested for binding to hB7-H3–expressing cells (MS1hB7-H3) under shear stress conditions. US imaging was performed with MBABY-B7-H3 in an orthotopic mouse model of human MDA-MB-231 coimplanted with MS1hB7-H3 or control MS1WT cells and a transgenic mouse model of breast cancer development. Results: ABYB7-H3 specifically binds to MS1hB7-H3 and murine-B7-H3–expressing monocytes. MBABY-B7-H3 (8.5 ± 1.4 MB/cell) and MBAb-B7-H3 (9.8 ± 1.3 MB/cell) showed significantly higher (P Conclusions: MBABY-B7-H3 enhances B7-H3 molecular signal in breast tumors, improving cancer detection, while offering the advantages of a small size ligand and easier production for clinical imaging.
Interfacial tuning of chiral magnetic interactions for large topological Hall effects in LaMnO3/SrIrO3 heterostructures

Chiral interactions in magnetic systems can give rise to rich physics manifested, for example, as nontrivial spin textures. The foremost interaction responsible for chiral magnetism is the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI), resulting from inversion symmetry breaking in the presence of strong spin-orbit coupling. However, the atomistic origin of DMIs and their relationship to emergent electrodynamic phenomena, such as topological Hall effect (THE), remain unclear. Here, we investigate the role of interfacial DMIs in 3d-5d transition metal-oxide-based LaMnO3/SrIrO3 superlattices on THE from a chiral spin texture. By additively engineering the interfacial inversion symmetry with atomic-scale precision, we directly link the competition between interfacial collinear ferromagnetic interactions and DMIs to an enhanced THE. The ability to control the DMI and resulting THE points to a pathway for harnessing interfacial structures to maximize the density of chiral spin textures useful for developing high-density information storage and quantum magnets for quantum information science.
Early Customs Laws and Delegation

This past Term the Supreme Court reexamined the nondelegation doctrine, with several justices concluding that in the proper case, the Court should consider significantly strengthening the doctrine in its contemporary form. Adherents to the doctrine question whether Congress has developed a practice of improperly delegating to administrative agencies the legislative power that Congress alone must exercise under the Vesting Clause of Article I of the Constitution. Many scholars have debated the extent of the historical or textual basis for the doctrine. Instead, this Article examines interactions between executive and legislative actors during the first congressional debates on the Impost, Tonnage, Registration, and Collection of Duties Acts. In addition to revealing Congress’s central role early on, this story shows the relevance of state and congressional district interests to the legislative agreements concerning customs laws. The rich depth of these varied interests suggests that nondelegation limitations might not be inherent in the Vesting Clause alone, but may be innate to the federal government’s tripartite and federalist structural design itself. The Constitution carefully provided significant protection for state interests through diverse representation schemes in the House and the Senate. Beyond the textual limitation of exclusive vesting of the legislative power in Congress, separation of powers principles help ensure all people’s interests are represented in a way that would not be possible via a singular, centralized administrative entity. The acts of such administrative entities are accountable, if at all, to just one centralized elected official, not to multiple elected decisionmakers representing states and regional interests. Consequently, enforcement of relatively strict nondelegation principles may be critical to preserving the structural constitutional principle that the federal government must reflect the interests of both individual members of the electorate as well as the states and regional electoral districts.
Using statistical learning to predict interactions between single metal atoms and modified MgO(100) supports

Metal/oxide interactions mediated by charge transfer influence reactivity and stability in numerous heterogeneous catalysts. In this work, we use density functional theory (DFT) and statistical learning (SL) to derive models for predicting how the adsorption strength of metal atoms on MgO(100) surfaces can be enhanced by modifications of the support. MgO(100) in its pristine form is relatively unreactive, and thus is ideal for examining ways in which its electronic interactions with metals can be enhanced, tuned, and controlled. We find that the charge transfer characteristics of MgO are readily modified either by adsorbates on the surface (e.g., H, OH, F, and NO2) or dopants in the oxide lattice (e.g., Li, Na, B, and Al). We use SL methods (i.e., LASSO, Horseshoe prior, and Dirichlet–Laplace prior) that are trained against DFT data to identify physical descriptors for predicting how the adsorption energy of metal atoms will change in response to support modification. These SL-derived feature selection tools are used to screen through more than one million candidate descriptors that are generated from simple chemical properties of the adsorbed metals, MgO, dopants, and adsorbates. Among the tested SL tools, we demonstrate that Dirichlet–Laplace prior predicts metal adsorption energies on MgO most accurately, while also identifying descriptors that are most transferable to chemically similar oxides, such as CaO, BaO, and ZnO.
Flap Neurotization in Breast Reconstruction with Nerve Allografts: 1-year Clinical Outcomes.

Autologous breast reconstruction is widely regarded as the gold standard approach following mastectomy. However, the lack of sensation continues to present a reconstructive challenge. In this study, clinical outcomes following abdominal flap neurotization with processed human nerve allograft were investigated. Methods In this prospective analysis, patients who underwent microsurgical breast reconstruction with (Group 1) or without (Group 2) abdominal flap neurotization at a single institution were investigated. Processed human nerve allograft (Avance, AxoGen, Alachua, Fla.) was used in all cases of flap neurotization. Only patients with a follow-up of ≥12 months were included. Cutaneous pressure threshold was tested using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWMF) at 9 pre-defined locations. Results A total of 59 patients (96 breasts) were enrolled into the registry. Of these, 22 patients (Group 1: N = 15, 22 breasts; Group 2: N = 7, 14 breasts) had a complete data set with ≥12 months follow-up. Measuring cutaneous pressure thresholds, we observed a greater likelihood for return of protective sensation (SWMF ≤ 4.31) in neurotized breasts in 8 of the 9 examined zones. Additionally, flap neurotization was associated with a greater likelihood for return of protective sensation in the majority of the reconstructed breast-that is, ≥5 zones (55% versus 7%; P < 0.01). Conclusion Flap neurotization using processed nerve allograft resulted in a greater degree of return of protective sensation to the reconstructed breast than reconstructions without neurotization at ≥12 months.
Multimodal Metabolic Imaging Reveals Pigment Reduction and Lipid Accumulation in Metastatic Melanoma

Objective and Impact Statement. Molecular signatures are needed for early diagnosis and improved treatment of metastatic melanoma. By high-resolution multimodal chemical imaging of human melanoma samples, we identify a metabolic reprogramming from pigmentation to lipid droplet (LD) accumulation in metastatic melanoma. Introduction. Metabolic plasticity promotes cancer survival and metastasis, which promises to serve as a prognostic marker and/or therapeutic target. However, identifying metabolic alterations has been challenged by difficulties in mapping localized metabolites with high spatial resolution. Methods. We developed a multimodal stimulated Raman scattering and pump-probe imaging platform. By time-domain measurement and phasor analysis, our platform allows simultaneous mapping of lipids and pigments at a subcellular level. Furthermore, we identify the sources of these metabolic signatures by tracking deuterium metabolites at a subcellular level. By validation with mass spectrometry, a specific fatty acid desaturase pathway was identified. Results. We identified metabolic reprogramming from a pigment-containing phenotype in low-grade melanoma to an LD-rich phenotype in metastatic melanoma. The LDs contain high levels of cholesteryl ester and unsaturated fatty acids. Elevated fatty acid uptake, but not de novo lipogenesis, contributes to the LD-rich phenotype. Monounsaturated sapienate, mediated by FADS2, is identified as an essential fatty acid that promotes cancer migration. Blocking such metabolic signatures effectively suppresses the migration capacity both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion. By multimodal spectroscopic imaging and lipidomic analysis, the current study reveals lipid accumulation, mediated by fatty acid uptake, as a metabolic signature that can be harnessed for early diagnosis and improved treatment of metastatic melanoma.
The PHENIX Experiment

The PHENIX experiment at RHIC is currently under construction with data collection planned to start in 1999. The heavy ion and spin physics goals of PHENIX are described. We discuss the experiment's capabilities to address these physics goals. Highlights of the present status of construction and installation are presented.
Chapter 13 – Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in the Ocean

Publisher Summary Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), also called bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate or 1,2- benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, is a synthetic diester of o-phthalic acid (1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid). Although phthalic acid and a few dialkyl esters may be natural products, DEHP is not known to be a synthetic or diagenic product of any organism. DEHP was introduced commercially in 1949 and production has increased steadily since then. Consumption in Western Europe alone was 400,000 to 500,000 metric tons in the late 1990s. Large amounts of DEHP also are released to the environment during incomplete incineration of plastics or by leaching directly into water. Because of the large amounts manufactured and its facile release to the environment, DEHP has become a ubiquitous trace contaminant in the environment. The estimated annual flux of DEHP to the Gulf of Mexico in 1977 was approximately 230 metric tons; 49 tons from riverine inputs, 25 tons from ocean dumping, and 76 to 161 tons from aerial deposition. Ocean dumping in the western Gulf of Mexico was banned in the 1980s, eliminating this source of DEHP. Because phthalates are so widely distributed in the environment and because they have a high affinity for adsorption to surfaces, they are very difficult to be analyzed at trace levels in environmental samples. Therefore, in reviewing the data on the distribution of DEHP in the ocean and its bioaccumulation by and toxicity to marine organisms, it is important to recognize that much of the data may provide anomalously high measures of DEHP concentrations in the natural environment.
Lack of functional significance of Cys227 and Cys234 in terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase.

Abstract Identification of the three functional regions (catalytic, nucleotide substrate-binding, DNA substrate-binding) of the monofunctional template independent DNA polymerase terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase has not been completely established. The potential participation of 2 amino acid residues, Cys227 and Cys234, has been controversial, and conflicting data have been published. To investigate the role of Cys227, the human terminal transferase cDNA was modified by site-directed mutagenesis to introduce a glycine codon at this position. Mutant and control wild-type human terminal transferase cDNAs had to be inserted into baculovirus genomes by homologous recombination and overexpressed in Trichoplusia ni insect larvae because terminal transferase cDNAs have not been successfully expressed in bacterial systems. The Cys227----Gly mutant and wild-type enzymes displayed similar km values for both the nucleotide (dGTP) and DNA initiator (dA50) substrates. The kcat for the mutant enzyme (0.56 s-1) was comparable to that of the native enzyme (0.58 s-1). Additionally, catalysis by both mutant and wild-type enzymes was stimulated by Zn2+. These results together with the observation that the amino acid residue at position 234 is not conserved across species indicated that neither Cys234 nor Cys227 is an essential residue in the active site of terminal transferase.
Race, citizenship, and law in American literature

In this broad ranging and powerful study, Gregg Crane examines the interaction between civic identity, race and justice in American law and literature. Crane recounts the efforts of literary and legal figures to bring the nation's law into line with the moral consensus that slavery and racial oppression were evil. By documenting an actual historical interaction central both to American literature and American constitutional law, Crane reveals the influence of literature on the constitutional discourse of citizenship. Covering such writers as Harriet Beecher Stowe, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Frederick Douglass, and a whole range of novelists, poets, philosophers, politicians, lawyers and judges, this is a remarkable book, that will revise the relationship between race and nationalism in American literature.
Non-Deterministic Social Laws

The paper generalizes the notion of a social law, the foundation of the theory of artificial social systems developed for coordinating Multi-Agent Systems. In an artificial social system, its constituent agents are given a common social law to obey and are free to act within the confines it legislates, which are carefully designed to avoid inter-agent conflict and deadlock. In this paper, we argue that this framework can be overly restrictive in that social laws indiscriminately apply to all distributions of agent behavior, even when the probability of conflicting conditions arising is acceptably small. We define the notion of a non-deterministic social law applicable to a family of probability distributions that describe the expected behaviors of a system’ s agents. We demonstrate that taking these distributions into account can lead to the formulation of more efficient social laws and the algorithms that adhere to them. We illustrate our approach with a traffic domain problem and demonstrate its utility through an extensive series of simulations.
The apnea monitor business.

Perhaps the most fruitful dividend from research into the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the past decade has been its establishment as a distinct disease entity. Though this knowledge is still not universally distributed throughout the medical profession, at least some of the veil of mystery and superstition has been lifted, and authoritative guidelines for the recognition and management of SIDS have been issued. Among the characteristics of SIDS, four deserve special emphasis, and serve as the basis for most of the research currently being conducted: (1) Most cases of SIDS occur between 4 and 16 weeks, suggesting some physiologic vulnerability during this age period.
Heat transfer between stratified liquids with bubbling across the interface

A situation that arises in the chemical metallurgical, and nuclear power industries is one in which two overlying immiscible liquids are stirred by gas bubbles rising across their interface. Due to the gas bubbling, there are three mixture configurations that may occur which depend primarily upon the physical and transport properties of the two liquids, and the droplet and bubble dynamics. These are the stratified, partially-mixed, and fully-mixed configurations. A model is presented for heat transfer between the liquids in the stratified state. A criterion for the onset of entrainment and a model for the rate of mass entrainment per bubble are also a predictive. These models are combined to develop a predictive capability for the heat transfer across the liquid-liquid interface in the partially-mixed and stratified regimes. 12 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
Modeling polarized solar radiation of the ocean–atmosphere system for satellite remote sensing applications

Reflected solar radiation from Earth’s ocean–atmosphere system can be significantly polarized by Earth’s surface and by atmospheric components such as air molecules and aerosols. Measurements of many satellite radiometric instruments have some dependence on the polarization state of the reflected light.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of resveratrol for Alzheimer disease

Objective: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter 52-week phase 2 trial of resveratrol in individuals with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease (AD) examined its safety and tolerability and effects on biomarker (plasma Ab40 and Ab42, CSF Ab40, Ab42, tau, and phospho-tau 181) and volumetric MRI outcomes (primary outcomes) and clinical outcomes (secondary outcomes). Methods: Participants (n 5 119) were randomized to placebo or resveratrol 500 mg orally once daily (with dose escalation by 500-mg increments every 13 weeks, ending with 1,000 mg twice daily). Brain MRI and CSF collection were performed at baseline and after completion of treatment. Detailed pharmacokinetics were performed on a subset (n 5 15) at baseline and weeks 13, 26, 39, and 52. Results: Resveratrol and its major metabolites were measurable in plasma and CSF. The most common adverse events were nausea, diarrhea, and weight loss. CSF Ab40 and plasma Ab40 levels declined more in the placebo group than the resveratrol-treated group, resulting in a significant difference at week 52. Brain volume loss was increased by resveratrol treatment compared to placebo. Conclusions: Resveratrol was safe and well-tolerated. Resveratrol and its major metabolites penetrated the blood–brain barrier to have CNS effects. Further studies are required to interpret the biomarker changes associated with resveratrol treatment. Classification of evidence: This study provides Class II evidence that for patients with AD resveratrol is safe, well-tolerated, and alters some AD biomarker trajectories. The study is rated Class II because more than 2 primary outcomes were designated. Neurology® 2015;85:1–9 GLOSSARY 3G-RES 5 3-O-glucuronidated-resveratrol; 4G-RES 5 4-O-glucuronidated-resveratrol; AD 5 Alzheimer disease; ADAScog 5 Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–cognitive; ADCS 5 Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study; ADCS-ADL 5 Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living Scale; AE 5 adverse event; BMI 5 body mass index; CDRSOB 5 Clinical Dementia Rating-sum of boxes; Cmax 5 maximal plasma concentration; DMSO 5 dimethyl sulfoxide; ITT 5 intention-to-treat; MMRM 5 mixed-model repeated-measures; MMSE 5 Mini-Mental State Examination; NPI 5 Neuropsychiatric Inventory; S-RES 5 3-sulfated-resveratrol; SAE 5 serious adverse event.
STUDIES IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS Report of 130 Patients Diagnosed Under 3 Months of Age Over a 20-Year Period

Early diagnosis and treatment can alter the morbidity and mortality of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). This conclusion is based on a study of 130 patients in whom the diagnosis was made under the age of 3 months during the 20year period from 1949 to 1969. These patients were observed for a total of 912 patient-years. The patients were segregated into three groups as follows: Group A (63) were diagnosed prior to the development of symptoms; Group B (13) had mild symptoms; Group C (54) were diagnosed during hospitalization. Immediately following the diagnosis all patients were started on a therapeutic program and followed at regular intervals. There were 29 deaths, 11 in Groups A and B, and 18 in Group C, 8 of which occurred under 1 year of age. The present clinical status of the 101 surviving children is an follows: 14 are in excellent condition, 71 have mild disease or are in good health, and 12 are moderately or severely ill and have a poor prognosis. For all the 130 patients the calculated survival rate at age 20 is 77%.
Association rule mining of gene ontology annotation terms for SGD

Gene Ontology is one of the largest bioinformatics project that seeks to consolidate knowledge about genes through annotation of terms to three ontologies. In this work, we present a technique to find association relationships in the annotation terms for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SGD) genome. We first present a normalization algorithm to ensure that the annotation terms have a similar level of specificity. Association rule mining algorithms are used to find significant and non-trivial association rules in these normalized datasets. Metrics such as support, confidence, and lift can be used to evaluate the strength of found rules. We conducted experiments on the entire SGD annotation dataset and here we present the top 10 strongest rules for each of the three ontologies. We verify the found rules using evidence from the biomedical literature. The presented method has a number of advantages — it relies only on the structure of the gene ontology, has minimal memory and storage requirements, and can be easily scaled for large genomes, such as the human genome. There are many applications of this technique, such as predicting the GO annotations for new genes or those that have not been studied extensively.
Hydrologic, abiotic and biotic interactions: plant density, windspeed, leaf size and groundwater all affect oak water use efficiency

Plant water use in drylands can be complex due to variation in hydrologic, abiotic and biotic factors, particularly near ephemeral or intermittent streams. Plant use of groundwater may be important but is usually uncertain. Disturbances like fire contribute to complex spatiotemporal heterogeneity. Improved understanding of how such hydrologic, abiotic, and biotic factors affect plant water use is needed not only to address management issues related to land use but also due to climate change, particularly for drylands projected to become warmer and drier such as much of the southwestern USA. Here we focus on the interactive roles of hydrologic, abiotic, and biotic factors in determining plant water use of Gambel oak in ephemeral and/or intermittent riparian areas of ponderosa pine forest in central New Mexico, USA along a fire disturbance gradient with varying oak densities. More specifically, the purpose of this research is to determine: (1) depth to and frequency of groundwater associated with intermittent and ephemeral streams, (2) isotopic indications of whether or not groundwater is used by plants, and (3) plant water use (conductance, transpiration, and water use efficiency) interactions with groundwater. Depth to groundwater, which could be as shallow as 1 m or less, increased with plant density but plant water use efficiency decreased. Photosynthesis:transpiration ratios maximizing water use efficiency for a given successional stage appeared to be also affected by windspeed and leaf size, highlighting interactive effects of hydrologic, abiotic and biotic affects—a finding that may be ecohydrologically relevant for other dryland riparian systems. Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Revising the Doctrine of Double Effect

The Doctrine of the Double Effect has recently been revised in novel ways that combine the idea of intending to use or involve a person as a means to our ends with other 'moral operators,' such as rights violations, consent and moral duties. According to Warren Quinn's account of the DDE, involving a person as a means to our ends is presumptively permissible, unless the DDE is activated by a moral operator such as a rights violation. Reversing Quinn, Jeff McMahan has argued that involving a person as a means to our ends is presumptively impermissible unless nullified by moral operators such as consent or a moral duty. By combining moral operators with other important revisions, Quinn and McMahan have come closer to a satisfactory analysis of the DDE than anyone else. Nevertheless, I argue that both accounts are still faced with problems of interpreting the idea of involving' a person as a means to our ends. I also show that the arguments of Quinn and McMahan are important in suggesting how we can justify on other grounds many of the judgments previously attributed to the DDE.
New sesquiterpene lactones from Illicium floridanum

In continuation of our phytochemical investigation of Illicium floridanum Ellis (American star anise, star bush), three new sesquiterpene lactones possessing the anisatin-type carbon skeleton (8,9-seco-prezizaane skeleton), 14-acetoxy-3-oxofloridanolide (1), 13-acetoxy-14-(n-butyryloxy)floridanolide (2), and 3beta-acetoxy-14-n-butyryloxy-10-deoxyfloridanolide (3), were isolated from fruits of this plant. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR measurements. The molecular structure of 1 was obtained by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The 11,3-delta-lactone structure of the compound previously described as debenzoyldunnianin in our previous communication, on grounds of NMR spectral evidence and X-ray crystallographic analysis is revised to a delta-lactone closed between C-11 and C-7 (compound 4). The neurotoxic sesquiterpene lactone anisatin (5) and its isomer 2alpha-hydroxyneoanisatin (3-deoxy-2alpha-hydroxyanisatin, 6) were also isolated and identified by spectroscopic means. The presence of the neurotoxin 5 in relatively high amounts in the fruits and leaves confirms and explains early reports on the toxicity of this plant.
DARPP-32, a dopamine and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, is present in corticothalamic neurons of the rat cingulate cortex

DARPP-32 immunocytochemistry and retrograde axonal labeling were combined to determine whether DARPP-32-containing neurons of the rat anterior cingulate cortex project to thalamus. Following injections of fluorescent latex microspheres into the mediodorsal thalamic nuclei, a large proportion of the DARPP-32 immunostained neurons in layer VI were also retrogradely labeled. In area 24a, these neurons were mostly found in layer VIb, whereas in area 24b, they were visible throughout layer VI. The presence of DARPP-32 in certain corticothalamic neurons suggests that these cells may be modulated by dopamine, which increases DARPP-32 phosphorylation, and possibly by glutamate, which antagonizes DARPP-32 phosphorylation via the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.
The timing of electroconvulsive therapy and bispectral index after anesthesia induction using different drugs does not affect seizure duration.

Abstract Study objective To determine the association between bispectral index (BIS) and seizure duration obtained by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) administered sooner or later after anesthetic induction. Design Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Setting University-affiliated medical center. Patients Nine ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing a total of 31 ECTs. Interventions ECT was administered soon ( Measurements BIS immediately before the start of the ECT and the duration of the EEG seizure were recorded, as well as the time period between loss of consciousness and ECT administration. Main results There was no relationship between BIS level and seizure duration. Moreover, seizure duration was not dependent on the time of ECT administration in the time window between one and 6 minutes after loss of consciousness. Conclusion The hypnotic drug effect measured by the BIS is not correlated to the seizure duration obtained by ECT.
Wave-number-based assessment of the doubly asymptotic approximation. I. Frequency domain wet surface impedance

The doubly asymptotic approximation (DAA) is a canonical relationship for the interaction between surface normal velocity and pressure. Its validity for a slender hemicapped cylinder is examined by formulating a frequency domain version of DAA using the global basis functions employed in the wave-number-based formulation of the surface variational principle [K. Wu and J. H. Ginsberg, ASME J. Vib. Acoust. 120, 392–400 (1998)]. The wet surface impedance matrix, which relates the spectral representation of normal velocity to a corresponding representation of pressure, is obtained according to a second-order version of DAA and according to the surface variational principle. Comparison and interpretation of the results reveals that DAA fails to account for highlights associated with transition from supersonic to subsonic surface waves as the surface wavelength decreases with frequency held constant.
Selenium implantation in GaAs

Abstract The dependence of carrier concentration and mobility profiles on the dose of 400 keV Se ions implanted into Cr-doped semi-insulating GaAs, and on the annealing temperature has been studied for doses ranging from 3 × 10 12 /cm 2 to 2 × 10 15 /cm 2 and for annealing temperatures between 800 and 1000°C. Sputtered aluminum oxy-nitride and silicon nitride films were used as encapsulants for protection of the implanted surface during annealing treatments. The carrier profiles exhibited deep tails for implantations along both random and {110} planar directions. It was found that annealing temperatures of 900°C or above were necessary to obtain high carrier density and mobility values for implantation doses above 1 × 10 14 /cm 2 . Samples encapsulated with aluminum oxy-nitride films exhibited 3 to 4 times higher carrier concentration values and also slightly higher mobility values than those encapsulated with silicon nitride films. The maximum carrier concentration obtained was about 4 × 10 18 /cm 3 with aluminum oxy-nitride films as the encapsulant.
Dependence of the electrical resistance of intercalated graphite fibers on electric power

Abstract The electrical resistivity of graphite fibers intercalated with iodine monochloride was found to vary with the applied electric power, such that the electrical resistivity increased reversibly by up to 90% upon the application of electric power up to 7 × 10−2 W/cm of a single fiber. The increase was most abrupt at a power of ~4 × 10−2 W/cm.
Collaborative location certification for sensor networks

Location information is of essential importance in sensor networks deployed for generating location-specific event reports. When such networks operate in hostile environments, it becomes imperative to guarantee the correctness of event location claims. In this article we address the problem of assessing location claims of untrusted (potentially compromised) nodes. The mechanisms introduced here prevent a compromised node from generating illicit event reports for locations other than its own. This is important because by compromising “easy target” sensors (say, sensors on the perimeter of the field that's easier to access), the adversary should not be able to impact data flows associated with other (“premium target”) regions of the network.To achieve this goal, in a process we call location certification, data routed through the network is “tagged” by participating nodes with “belief” ratings, collaboratively assessing the probability that the claimed source location is indeed correct. The effectiveness of our solution relies on the joint knowledge of participating nodes to assess the truthfulness of claimed locations. By collaboratively generating and propagating a set of “belief” ratings with transmitted data and event reports, the network allows authorized parties (e.g., final data sinks) to evaluate a metric of trust for the claimed location of such reports. Belief ratings are derived from a data model of observed past routing activity. The solution is shown to feature a strong ability to detect false location claims and compromised nodes. For example, incorrect claims as small as 2 hops (from the actual location) are detected with over 90p accuracy.Finally, these new location certification mechanisms can be deployed in tandem with traditional secure localization, yet do not require it, and, in a sense, can serve to minimize the need thereof.
An Essentially Nonoscillatory High-Order Padé-Type (ENO-Padé) Scheme

A new, essentially nonoscillatory high-order Pade-type (ENO-Pade) scheme has been developed by incorporating the ENO interpolation algorithm into the cell-centered Pade scheme. The scheme is designed to eliminate the nonphysical oscillatory behavior of the Pade scheme across discontinuities and to improve the performance of the ENO scheme in smooth regions. The main features of the ENO-Pade scheme are illustrated by the solution of the scalar transport equation, while the extension of the method to the solution of compressible flow equations is also demonstrated. A number of numerical test cases, including two scalar-transport problems and three compressible flows, are used to compare the performances of the ENO-Pade scheme against other available schemes, such as upwind-biased, Pade, and ENO schemes. The numerical results show that the ENO-Pade scheme is an excellent compromise of the available schemes for resolving profiles over flow discontinuities while maintaining accurate flow structures in smooth regions.
You can lead a horse to water …: A case study of a police department's response to stricter drunk-driving laws

We present a case study illustrating the complexity of the process that determines how vigorously local police agencies enforce recent drunk-driving laws. Police enforcement practices are influenced most strongly by the play of local factors in a system of “games.” The local forces exerting greatest influence are 1) the local demand for drunk-driving enforcement, 2) the police leadership's priority for DUI enforcement, 3) the police leadership's capacity for command and control of the organization, and 4) the disposition of the local police culture regarding drunk driving and related work issues. In “Melville,” the study site, there is little external demand for drunk-driving enforcement, and police management tries to suppress it while making only symbolic gestures of support. Management's capacity to control street-level enforcement practices is limited, however, and a small cadre of officers generates a disproportionate number of arrests for personal financial gain (bounty), giving the department a muc...
Estimation of soil moisture from multi-polarized SAR data over wheat coverage areas

Radar data has important implications in agricultural fields monitoring, particularly in the retrieval of the crop height, leaf area index (LAI) and soil moisture information. The objective of this study was to estimate soil moisture contents based on multi-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired over wheat fields. The soil moisture inversion algorithm was based on semi-empirical backscattering models and the prior estimation of wheat heights (h) and wheat water contents (WC) from SAR data(RADARSAT-2). The co-polarized correlation coefficient (ρ vvhh ) and the ratio of the absolute value of the cross polarization to the crop height (Λ vh ) were analyzed with respect to variations in wheat height and wheat water content. The results showed average relative errors of 14%, 32% and 24% for the retrieval of wheat height, wheat water content and soil moisture, respectively.
Transcriptomic Signatures of Ash (Fraxinus spp.) Phloem

Background Ash (Fraxinus spp.) is a dominant tree species throughout urban and forested landscapes of North America (NA). The rapid invasion of NA by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), a wood-boring beetle endemic to Eastern Asia, has resulted in the death of millions of ash trees and threatens billions more. Larvae feed primarily on phloem tissue, which girdles and kills the tree. While NA ash species including black (F. nigra), green (F. pennsylvannica) and white (F. americana) are highly susceptible, the Asian species Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica) is resistant to A. planipennis perhaps due to their co-evolutionary history. Little is known about the molecular genetics of ash. Hence, we undertook a functional genomics approach to identify the repertoire of genes expressed in ash phloem.
Positron Lifetime Studies of Irradiated Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene and Composites Made of Martian Regolith

Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) is used to study the nanoporosity and fractional free volume in Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) and composites with the addition of Martian Regolith (UHMWPE-MR) as-made and irradiated with 56Fe heavy ions at an energy of 600 MeV/u to three different doses (10, 32, 64 Gy). The positron lifetime spectra were obtained using 22Na positron source and the spectra were analyzed to two lifetime components using POSFIT program. First short lifetime component around 0.28 ns is related to positron annihilation in material including vacancy defects and the second long lived component around 1.7 ns is due to Positronium formation in free volume pores. UHMWPE-MR composites were shown to be less porous with much lower nanopores concentration compared to the UHMWPE polymer. The average size of the nanopores is around 0.5 nm (obtained from a simple model). Larger variations in positron lifetime parameters are observed with increasing irradiation dose for UHMWPE polymer compared to UHMWPE+MR composites. The 3-point bend test results also showed larger variations with increasing irradiation dose for the UHMWPE polymer. The variations in PALS parameters may indicate an increasing competition between two processes at higher irradiation doses: 1) vacancy defects aggregation and 2) escape of vacancy defects as the local temperature increases at higher doses resulting in increased vacancy defects mobility. Present results clearly indicate a qualitative inverse relationship between nanoscale porosity measured by positron life time and mechanical properties of UHMWPE and its composite with MR.
Nonclassical symmetries of a class of Burgers' systems

The nonclassical symmetries of a class of Burgers' systems are considered. This study was initialized by Cherniha and Serov with a restriction on the form of the nonclassical symmetry operator. In this paper we remove this restriction and solve the determining equations to show that (1) a new form of a Burgers' system exists that admits a nonclassical symmetry and (2) a Burgers' system exists that is linearizable.