cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing neutral and adaptive genomic differentiation in a changing climate: The most northerly freshwater fish as a model.

Arctic freshwater ecosystems have been profoundly affected by climate change. Given that the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) is often the only fish species inhabiting these ecosystems, it represents a valuable model for studying the impacts of climate change on species life-history diversity and adaptability. Using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach, we identified 5,976 neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms and found evidence for reduced gene flow between allopatric morphs from two high Arctic lakes, Linne'vatn (Anadromous, Normal, and Dwarf) and Ellasjoen (Littoral and Pelagic). Within each lake, the degree of genetic differentiation ranged from low (Pelagic vs. Littoral) to moderate (Anadromous and Normal vs. Dwarf). We identified 17 highly diagnostic, putatively adaptive SNPs that differentiated the allopatric morphs. Although we found no evidence for adaptive differences between morphs within Ellasjoen, we found evidence for moderate (Anadromous vs. Normal) to high genetic differentiation (Anadromous and Normal vs. Dwarf) among morphs within Linne'vatn based on two adaptive loci. As these freshwater ecosystems become more productive, the frequency of sympatric morphs in Ellasjoen will likely shift based on foraging opportunities, whereas the propensity to migrate may decrease in Linne'vatn, increasing the frequency of the Normal morph. The Dwarf charr was the most genetically distinct group. Identifying the biological basis for small body size should elucidate the potential for increased growth and subsequent interbreeding with sympatric morphs. Overall, neutral and adaptive genomic differentiation between allopatric and some sympatric morphs suggests that the response of Arctic charr to climate change will be variable across freshwater ecosystems.
Mathematics of an epidemiology-genetics model for assessing the role of insecticides resistance on malaria transmission dynamics

Abstract Although the widespread use of indoors residual spraying (IRS) and insecticides treated bednets (ITNs; later replaced by long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)) has led to a dramatic reduction of malaria burden in endemic areas, such usage has also resulted in the major challenge of the evolution of insecticide resistance in the mosquito population in those areas. Thus, efforts to combat malaria also include the urgent problem of effectively managing insecticide resistance. This study is based on the design and analysis of a new mathematical model for assessing the impact of insecticides resistance in the mosquito population (due to widespread use of IRS and ITNs) on the transmission dynamics and control of malaria in a community. The model, which couples disease epidemiology with vector population genetics, incorporates several fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance. Detailed rigorous analysis of the model is presented. Using data and parameter values relevant to malaria dynamics in moderate and high malaria transmission settings in some parts of Ethiopia, simulations of the model show that, while the ITNs-IRS strategy can lead to the effective control of the disease in both the moderate and high malaria transmission setting if the ITNs coverage level in the community is high enough (regardless of the level of IRS coverage), it fails to manage insecticide resistance (as measured in terms of the frequency of resistant allele at equilibrium in the community). It is further shown that the effective size of the coverage level of the ITNs and IRS required to effectively control the disease, while effectively managing insecticide resistance in the mosquito population, depends on the magnitude of the level of resistant allele dominance (in mosquitoes with heterozygous genotype) and several fitness costs associated with the insecticide resistance in the vector population. For instance, in a moderate transmission setting, malaria burden can be reduced to low levels of endemicity (even with low coverage of ITNs and IRS), and insecticide resistance effectively managed, if the fitness costs of resistance are at their assumed baseline values. Such reduction is not achievable if the fitness costs of resistance are lower than the baseline values.
Adaptive security monitoring for next-generation routers

In today’s Internet, modern routers rely on high-performance reliable general-purpose multi-core packet processing systems in order to support the flexibility and the plethora of protocol operations and applications. These processing systems are programmable and have replaced the traditional-fixed logic ASICs in the data path of such routers. Hence, lots of vulnerabilities and faults are introduced as the result of such programmability making the systems susceptible to attacks and failures. Particularly, it is a difficult task to detect whether a processing core behaves correctly, or it has a failure resulting from errors or attacks. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a novel approach to verify the correct operation of the network processor. We propose a secure, fault-tolerant, and reliable monitoring subsystem which functions in parallel with the processing core of the router and aids in the detection of attacks changing the processing behavior of the processor. We prove experimentally that our system has the ability to detect the malicious activity and securely restore the router’s operation to a different, but functionally equivalent, state. We also show experimentally that our approach has a better efficiency when compared with other existing work.
Evaluation of heparin induced thrombocytopenia using probability scores in a mechanical circulatory support population

Patients on mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices carry a high risk for thrombocytopenia and due to the routine use of heparin, heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is frequently suspected. HIT Expert Panel (HEP) and 4T scoring tools have been validated in the general medicine population to assess the probability of HIT diagnosis, however, these tests have not been validated for use in patients requiring MCS support. The objective of this study was to assess the association of 4T and HEP scores to available assess HIT diagnostic tests in patients requiring MCS. We conducted a retrospective review of patients requiring MCS who had heparin PF4 antibody optical density and/or serotonin release assay results reported. A 4T and HEP score at the time of heparin antibody ordering was calculated. Utilizing previously described ranges for HIT diagnostic tests, patients were categorized into two HIT probability categories: probable and not probable. Descriptive statistics were used for the 4T and HEP scores in both HIT probability categories and t-test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were used to determine the association and agreement between each scoring tool and HIT probability. Eighty-five patients were identified who had HIT diagnostic tests ordered while on MCS; 7 patients were classified as HIT probable and 78 patients were classified as HIT not probable. Based on ROC analysis, 4T score and HEP score had an AUC of 0.88 (± 0.06) and 0.96 (± 0.02), respectively demonstrating high predictability of HIT. Utilizing sensitivity and specificity analysis through ROC curves, a cut off score of 3 for 4T score and 1 for HEP score was established. Based on our analysis, both 4T and HEP scores have high predictability of HIT in the mechanical circulatory support population.
Article 9 pacifism clause and Japan's place in the world

Many argue that the Article 9 pacificim clause in the Japanese constitution is an impediment to Japan assuming its rightful place in the world's current power structure as it unduly restricts the deployment capabilities of Japanese armed forces. But until Japan adequately atones for the wartime atrocities it committed half a century ago, the geopolitical provocation of Article 9 renunciation is too high a price to pay for any perceived benefits.
A characterization of $$L_{2}$$ L 2 mixing and hypercontractivity via hitting times and maximal inequalities

There are several works characterizing the total-variation mixing time of a reversible Markov chain in term of natural probabilistic concepts such as stopping times and hitting times. In contrast, there is no known analog for the \(L_{2}\) mixing time, \(\tau _{2}\) (while there are sophisticated analytic tools to bound \( \tau _2\), in general they do not determine \(\tau _2\) up to a constant factor and they lack a probabilistic interpretation). In this work we show that \(\tau _2\) can be characterized up to a constant factor using hitting times distributions. We also derive a new extremal characterization of the Log-Sobolev constant, \(c_{{\mathrm {LS}}}\), as a weighted version of the spectral gap. This characterization yields a probabilistic interpretation of \(c_{{\mathrm {LS}}}\) in terms of a hitting time version of hypercontractivity. As applications of our results, we show that (1) for every reversible Markov chain, \(\tau _2\) is robust under addition of self-loops with bounded weights, and (2) for weighted nearest neighbor random walks on trees, \(\tau _2 \) is robust under bounded perturbations of the edge weights.
E-022 Sex differences in aneurysm morphology and location

Background and Purpose Risk factors for formation and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) have been extensively investigated, and it is apparent that IAs and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are more common in females than males. Much is unknown about why IAs occur more frequently in females, but previous investigators have implicated hormonal and flow geometry variations in the development of compromised vessel wall integrity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate morphological characteristics of aneurysms within our population and differences in morphology and/or anatomic locations between males and females. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing 3D angiograms for intracranial aneurysms at a comprehensive stroke center between January 1, 2012 and January 1, 2018. Data collected included patient demographic information, comorbidities and aneurysm characteristics evaluated by 3D angiogram. All statistical analyses were completed in SAS 9.4. Results 276 patients (203 female, 73 male) with 404 aneurysms were included. Of the 276 patients, 113 (81 female, 32 male) presented with ruptured IAs. On univariate analysis, female patients had significantly greater odds of having a posterior circulation aneurysm than males (p = 0.0073; OR, 4.30; 95% CI 1.48 to 12.48). For males and females, the most frequent locations were the anterior communicating artery and internal carotid artery, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed in neck diameter, dome to neck ratio, or presence of secondary aneurysmal sacs. Conclusion The sex differences in aneurysm morphology and location require further investigation. Aneurysms found in male and female patients had different anatomic distributions; the most frequent location was the anterior communicating artery for men and the internal carotid artery for women. No statistically significant differences were discovered in the studied morphological parameters. Sex differences in IA characteristics may reveal unknown information about the pathophysiology of formation of IAs and possible disparities in treatment outcomes. In the future, these sex differences could impact management strategies. Disclosures E. Roney: None. D. Lukins: None. M. Nisiewicz: None. A. Alhajeri: None. S. Grupke: None. J. Fraser: None.
Finding a New Midwestern History

Review of: Finding a New Midwestern History, edited by Jon K. Lauck, Gleaves Whitney, and Joseph Hogan.
CD14: Not Just Chaperone, But a Key-Player in Inflammation

The cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) is a receptor that helps the detection of microbial products, acting as an accessory molecule for several Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Recently, this view was challenged by the discovery that CD14 not only regulates TLR-ligand interactions but also autonomously controls inflammatory responses. Moreover, CD14 is also implicated in the recognition of host-derived tissue stress signals, such as non-enzymatically modified lipids and protein aggregates, playing homeostatic roles as well as initiating detrimental responses associated to chronic inflammation. Here we will discuss the ability of CD14 to bind different exogenous and endogenous ligands and how CD14 coordinates inflammatory responses.
Investigation of the gradient drift instability as a cause of density irregularities in subauroral polarization streams

Density irregularities have been observed in subauroral polarization streams (SAPS). One hypothesis of the cause of this ionospheric turbulence, based on the background morphology, is the gradient ...
Three Wrong Turns in Agency Adjudication

Agency adjudication is a longstanding but imperfect feature of U.S. law. In fact, the United States is still suffering the consequences of three wrongs turns in agency adjudication made between 1945 and 1947: the Supreme Court’s inclusion of careless language in Bowles v. Seminole Rock & Sand Co.; Congress’s failure to flesh out key aspects of the Administrative Procedure Act’s adjudication provisions; and the Supreme Court’s overly broad endorsement of retroactivity in the second SEC v. Chenery. Especially when combined, these three wrong turns have made agency adjudication more controversial than it needs to be. This short Article examines these wrong turns and two efforts at course correction from 2019, namely, the Supreme Court’s decision in Kisor v. Wilkie and a pair of executive orders that touch on agency enforcement. These reforms have the potential to mitigate some of the harmful effects of the wrong turns from the 1940s, but they would not have been necessary had the Supreme Court and Congress made better decisions initially. This Article thus concludes by offering lessons from what went wrong so that history will not repeat itself.
Disclosure of Sexual Identities Across Social-Relational Contexts: Findings from a National Sample of Black Sexual Minority Men.

Black sexual minority men (BSMM) in the USA navigate a range of factors that may influence the extent to which they disclose or conceal their sexual identity in various social contexts. To date, few studies have investigated the correlates of sexual identity disclosure or concealment among BSMM across multiple life domains. Guided by a minority stress perspective and intersectionality, we analyzed data from N = 809 BSMM who participated in the Social Justice Sexuality Survey. We conducted ordinary least squares regression to examine the relative weight of perceptions of homophobia, religiosity, LGBT community connectedness, racial identity salience, and sexual identity salience on disclosure of sexual identity in six social-relational contexts: (1) family, (2) friends, (3) neighbors, (4) religious community, (5) work, and (6) online. Findings indicate that BSMM disclosed their sexual identity unevenly across social-relational contexts. Notably, LGBTQ community connectedness and sexual identity importance were consistent predictors of sexual identity disclosure across contexts. In contrast, perceptions of homophobia were not related to sexual identity disclosure, suggesting that other factors may be more salient for BSMM when deciding to disclose their sexual identity. Finally, bisexual men consistently reported lower levels of sexual identity disclosure relative to gay men in all six contexts. Study findings have important implications for future research on sexual identity disclosure with diverse samples of BSMM.
Planting urban trees to improve quality of life? The life satisfaction impacts of urban afforestation

Abstract As cities around the world undertake large-scale urban afforestation projects, knowledge gaps continue to exist regarding their impacts on quality of life. Using individual-level life satisfaction (LS) data from the CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System over 2005–2010, this paper investigates the subjective well-being impacts of the MillionTreesNYC afforestation program in New York City. Using a difference-in-differences approach, I find that LS is higher by 0.018 points on a 4-point scale during the first 3-years of the program. Consistent with a causal story, impacts are growing in magnitude as more trees are planted and I show no impacts during the months when deciduous trees have no foliage. Between 2007 and 2010, MillionTreesNYC generated an externality equivalent to a $505 (6.5%) increase in average per capita monthly household income. Several robustness checks and falsification tests are performed. This work has important implications for global urban afforestation policy.
Promoting Monopoly: AT&T and the Politics of Public Relations, 1876–1941: by Karen Miller Russell, New York, Peter Lang, 2020, 254 pp.

Scholarship on the history of public relations has largely focused on the evolution of its professional practice. This historical narrative often limits its analysis to those individuals and instit...
A method for three-dimensional single-cell chronic electrophysiology from developing brain organoids

Abstract Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids have shown great potential for studies of human brain development and neurological disorders. However, quantifying the evolution and development of electrical functions in brain organoids is currently limited by measurement techniques that cannot provide long-term stable three-dimensional (3D) bioelectrical interfaces with brain organoids during development. Here, we report a cyborg brain organoid platform, in which 2D progenitor or stem cell sheets can fold “tissue-like” stretchable mesh nanoelectronics through organogenesis, distributing stretchable electrode arrays across 3D organoids. The tissue-wide integrated stretchable electrode arrays show no interruption to neuronal differentiation, adapt to the volume and morphological changes during organogenesis, and provide long-term stable electrical contacts with neurons within brain organoids during development. The seamless and non-invasive coupling of electrodes to neurons enables a 6-month continuous recording of the same brain organoids and captures the emergence of single-cell action potentials from early-stage brain organoid development.
Give Them What They Want: A Conceptual Examination of the Job and Member in Leader-Member Exchange

Following the theme Bringing the Manager Back in Management, leader-member exchange (LMX) theory is conceptually examined with a focus on two important boundary conditions: the members’ personality...
Design and Simulation of Insert to Measure Dynamic Sliding Friction in a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar

Interfacial friction is a key aspect to understanding and modelling dynamic processes in which materials interact. However, friction is a complex phenomenon that depends on a multitude of factors, including sliding velocity. Understanding how friction behavior changes as a function of sliding rate is thus crucial for accurately simulating dynamic processes. Recent literature has shown that the split-Hopkinson pressure bar can be adapted for friction measurements associated with high sliding rates. The present work introduces an insert designed to be transferrable between a quasi-static load frame and a compression split-Hopkinson bar, enabling friction measurements across a wide range of sliding velocities (10-4 – 20 m/s). Here, the split-Hopkinson pressure bar setup is modelled using a multiphysics research code (FLAG), developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), to identify and reduce potential issues in the configuration prior to experimental implementation.
Leucine-Sensitive Hypoglycemia Treated with Long-Acting Epinephrine

A case of leucine-induced hypoglycemia in an infant is reported. The only successful method of treatment in this case was administration of long-acting epinephrine. This may be a simple, practical, and inexpensive method of treating certain cases of infantile hypoglycemia.
Evaluating hydrogen bond interactions in enzymes containing Mn(III)-histidine complexation using manganese-imidazole complexes.

It is often difficult to control hydrogen bond interactions in small molecule compounds that model metalloenzyme active sites. The imidazole-containing ligands 4,5-dicarboxyimidazole (H3DCBI) and 4,5-di- carboxy-N-methylimidazole (H2MeDCBI) allow exam- ination of the effects of internal hydrogen bonding between carboxylate and imidazole nitrogen atoms. A new series of mononuclear manganese imidazole complexes have been prepared using these ligands: Mn(III)(salpn)(H2DCBI)(DMF) (1), Mn(III)(salpn) (HMeDCBI) (2), Mn(III)(dtsalpn)(HMeDCBI) (3), (Mn(IV)(dtsalpn)(HMeDCBI))PF6 (4), Mn(III)(salpn) (H2DCBI) (5), Mn(III)(dtsalpn)(H2DCBI) (6), and Mn(IV)(dtsalpn)(H2DCBI)PF6 (8). Complexes 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 have been prepared by direct reaction of salpn (salpn=(salicylideneaminato)-1,3-diaminopropane)) or dtsalpn (dtsalpn=(3,5-di-t-butylsalicylideneaminato)- 1,3-diaminopropane)) and H3DCBI and H2MeDCBI with Mn(III) acetate, while complexes 4 and 8 were made by bulk electrolysis of complex 3 or 6 in dichlo- romethane. Complexes 1, 2, and 6 were characterized by X-ray diffraction. The impact of hydrogen bonding interactions of the complexes has been demonstrated by X-ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and EPR spectroscopy. In all complexes the central metal ion is present in a six-coordinate geometry. Magnetic susceptibility measurements confirm the spin and oxidation states of the complexes. The cyclic voltam- mograms of 3 and 6 in dichloromethane reveal single, reversible redox waves with E1/2=600 mV and 690 mV, respectively. The X-band EPR spectrum of 4 shows a broad signal around g=4.4, and the corresponding complex 8 possesses a broad signal at slightly lower field (g=5.5) than 4. These studies demonstrate that even small changes in the effective charge of the imidazole ligand can have a profound impact on the structure, spectroscopy, and magnetism of manganese(IV) com- plexes. We use these observations to present a model that may explain the origin of the g=4.1 signal in the S2 state of photosystem II.
Enhancing adult motivation to learn : a comprehensive guide for teaching all adults

Preface. The Author. 1. Understanding Motivation for Adult Learners. 2. Understanding How Aging and Culture Affect Motivation to Learn. 3. Characteristics and Skills of a Motivating Instructor. 4. What Motivates Adults to Learn. 5. Establishing Inclusion among Adult Learners. 6. Helping Adults Develop Positive Attitudes toward Learning. 7. Enhancing Meaning in Learning Activities. 8. Engendering Competence among Adult Learners. 9. Building Motivational Strategies into Instructional Designs. Epilogue: Ethical Considerations for an Instructor of Adult. Appendix: Observation Guide for Culturally Responsive Teaching and Learning (Adult Version). References. Name Index. Subject Index.
Effect of caldesmon on the ATPase activity and the binding of smooth and skeletal myosin subfragments to actin.

We have previously shown that inhibition of the ATPase activity of skeletal muscle myosin subfragment 1 (S1) by caldesmon is correlated with the inhibition of S1 binding in the presence of ATP or pyrophosphate (Chalovich, J., Cornelius, P., and Benson, C. (1987) J. Biol Chem. 262, 5711-5716). In contrast, Lash et al. (Lash, J., Sellers, J., and Hathaway, D. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 16155-16160) have shown that the inhibition of ATPase activity of smooth muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) by caldesmon is correlated with an increase in the binding of HMM to actin in the presence of ATP. We now show, in agreement, that caldesmon does increase the binding of smooth muscle HMM to actin-tropomyosin while decreasing the ATPase activity. The effect of caldesmon on the binding of smooth HMM is reversed by Ca2+-calmodulin. Caldesmon strengthens the binding of smooth S1.ATP and skeletal HMM.ATP to actin-tropomyosin but to a lesser extent than smooth HMM.ATP. Furthermore, this increase in binding of smooth S1.ATP and skeletal HMM.ATP does not parallel the inhibition of ATPase activity. In contrast, in the absence of ATP, all smooth and skeletal myosin subfragments compete with caldesmon for binding to actin. Thus, the effect that caldesmon has on the binding of myosin subfragments to actin-tropomyosin depends on the source of myosin, the type of subfragment, and the nucleotide present. The inhibition of actin-activated ATP hydrolysis by caldesmon, however, is not greatly different for different smooth and skeletal myosin subfragments. Evidence is presented that caldesmon inhibits actin-activated ATP hydrolysis by attenuating the productive interaction between myosin and actin that normally accelerates ATP hydrolysis. The increased binding seen by some myosin subfragments, in the presence of ATP, may be due to binding of these subfragments to a nonproductive site on actin-caldesmon. The subfragments which show an increase in binding in the presence of ATP and caldesmon appear to bind directly to caldesmon as demonstrated by affinity chromatography.
Training Within Industry as Short-Sighted Community Literacyappropriate Training Program: A Case Study of Worker- Centered Training and Its Implications

This essay presents a case study of the modes used in training employees at a munitions plant in Ohio between 1940 and 1945. Theories of multimodal discourse and learning advanced by The New London Group (1996), Gunther Kress and Theo Van Leeuwen (2001) and Richard Mayer (2001) inform this analysis. With an unskilled labor force and many workers coming from oral literate traditions, the War Manpower Commission developed the Training Within Industry program, emphasizing visual and experiential literacies. This analysis can inform programs that use multimodal forms of instruction by acknowledging positive and negative implications of such literacy sponsorship.
Next-generation Sequencing in Clinical Molecular Diagnostics

Next-generation sequencing is based upon the concept of massively parallel chemical reactions in which millions of independent DNA sequencing events occur simultaneously, and this is achieved using a relatively similar concept across all of the currently available platforms. Current clinical molecular genetics labs offer testing mainly for single-gene defects and a few multigene panels. However, for whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing, as the cost per sample continues to fall, there is little question that the clinical application of this technology will soon become abundant in diagnostic labs. Before that happens, we will need to prepare ourselves to handle certain types of unexpected and potentially unwanted information, since this technology should prove to be of tremendous value for the practice of medicine in the future. Key Concepts: Next-generation sequencing is based upon the concept of massively parallel chemical reactions in which millions of independent DNA sequencing events occur simultaneously. There are several commercial vendors of next-generation sequencing instruments, though the market is currently dominated by Roche, Illumina and Life Technologies. Most clinical labs prefer to sequence multiple samples or many regions of the genome in one run, and there are several methods that can be used to accomplish this. Next-generation sequencing can also be used to effectively detect both large and small chromosome aberrations. Next-generation sequencing has the potential to increase the scope of tests for sequence variants in the areas of infectious disease testing and oncology. Clinical laboratories are currently observing caution in the adoption of this new technology. Keywords: sequencing; parallel; Sanger; bioinformatics; library; capture
Ultrastructure of the surface of Rickettsia prowazeki and Rickettsia akari.

Negative-contrast electron microscopy revealed that the outer layer of the envelope of rickettsiae is composed of a matrix of tetragonally arranged subunits. The layer projects approximately 7 nm from the cell wall. It is suggested that this outer layer is analogous to the structure considered capsule-like in morphology.
XII. Water sector reforms and principles of international environmental law

During the past two decades, powerful international actors have expressed deep concern about the growing global scarcity of water. To mitigate this environmental problem, they have not turned to environmental politics, policy, and law. Instead, Water Sector Reform (WSR) has focused on political restructuring based on economic principles. Under pressure, Southern governments increasingly abandon their roles as water providers, and turn over water services to private actors, who commodify and commercialize water. The resulting changed regulatory environment may seriously impact the physical environment that supports human and nonhuman life. In this chapter, I focus on WSR’s cornerstone principles and resulting policy edicts. I focus in particular on the World Bank, which has driven economic and political solutions to problems of environmental scarcity, and explain how these principles and policy solutions have played out in India. To assess how these solutions do or don’t adhere to principles of environmental law, I examine sources of that law including constitutions, international water law, and customary international environmental law. Throughout I offer ideas on how WSR might change to align solutions to water scarcity and inequitable distribution with principles of environmental law.
Student Voice in Elementary School Reform Examining Youth Development in Fifth Graders

The present research examines the developmental outcomes of elementary-aged students engaged in student voice efforts. Using a case study of fifth-grade girls, the authors compare their experiences to research examining secondary school. The authors find marked similarities in the growth of agency, belonging, competence—the ABCs of youth development. The authors also notice two additional dimensions—the need to engage in discourse that allows an exchange of diverse ideas while working toward a common goal. The authors also observed the emergence of civic efficacy, or a belief that one can make a difference in their social worlds. The authors also examine the contexts and conditions that support positive youth development in this case—scaffolding youth learning, establishing inquiry as the framework for teaching and learning, and establishing a clear vision of the school as a place that fosters student voice.
An enhanced thermostability in thermophilic 5-S ribonucleic acids under physiological salt conditions.

Abstract The secondary structure of 5-S rRNAs of of Thermus aquaticus (an extreme thermophile), Bacillus stearothermophilus (a moderate thermophile) and Escherichia coli (a mesophile) was compared using thermal denaturation techniques under varying ionic conditions. At a low ionic strength (10 mM K+), the T m of T. aquaticus 5-S RNA differed by only 1°C from that of E. coli RNA and the molecule was fully denatured well below the optimum growth temperature of the thermophile. The internal Na+, K+ and Mg2+ concentrations of T. aquaticus cells were determined to be 91 mM, 130 mM and 59 mM, respectively. Under these salt conditions, T. aquaticus 5-S RNA was significantly more stable than E. coli RNA and the 5-S RNA from B. stearothermophilus was intermediate as is its optimum growth temperature. The results suggest that the thermostability of macromolecules from thermophilic organisms may be specially dependent on the internal salt concentration. Furthermore, under these salt conditions, most of the secondary structure of the RNA remained stable at the optimum growth temperatures suggesting that ribosomal RNAs of thermophilic organisms contribute more to the thermostability of the ribosome than previously thought.
A note on an open question on ω- and τ- Matrices☆

Abstract In a recent paper by Engel and Schneider, it was asked if, for every n ⩾ 1, A ∈ τ n > implies ( A + D ) ∈ τ n > for every D = diag[ d 1 , d 2 ,… d n ] with d i ⩾ 0, 1 ⩽ i ⩽ n . We answer this question in the negative . More precisely, we show that for, any n ⩾ 3, the set (τ n > ): = { D ∈ C n , n :( A + D )∈τ n > for all A ∈τ n > } is exactly given by (Gt n > ) = {γ I n :γ ⩾ 0}.
Young adults' perceptions of social sex roles across the life span

Fifty male and 50 female undergraduates rated 10 age-sex targets (Boy, Girl, Adolescent Boy, Adolescent Girl, Young Man, Young Woman, Middle-aged Man, Middle-Aged Woman, Old Man and Old Woman) on 12 semantic differential scales. Compared with female targets, male targets were rated higher on potency and activity scales and lower on evaluative scales. Semantic distance between male and female targets showed a curvilinear relationship with target age. Results suggested that young adult subjects perceive that sex-role differences first increase and then decrease across the life span.
Temperature stability of fixed-bed catalytic converters

Abstract The temperature stability of a fixed bed catalytic reactor is examined for several different kinds of operating conditions. The appropriate differential equation containing the generation function does not have a simple analytical solution for any but the most trivial cases. A generalized method of attack is shown permitting an analysis of the problem for any form of the generation function. The method is illustrated in detail for one form of a wall boundary condition. Solutions for another case are indicated.
Computer simulation modeling for recreation management: a study on carriage road use in Acadia National Park, Maine, USA.

/ The number of visits to outdoor recreation areas has increased dramatically in the last three decades, leading managers and researchers to wonder if there is a limit to the amount of use a resource such as a park can accommodate. One of the difficulties in addressing this carrying capacity-related question has been the complex nature of visitor travel patterns on often extensive networks of roads and trails. Systematic direct observation is often impractical and anecdotal information is usually inadequate. This study explores the utility of computer simulation as a tool for describing visitor travel by building a dynamic model of visitor travel on the carriage roads of Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. The simulation model uses empirical inputs such as travel routes and travel speeds to generate simulated recreation days on the carriage roads. Data on persons-per-viewscape (PPV) conditions were then gathered from multiple model runs and incorporated into the National Park Service's visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) planning process. Results show that PPV conditions under present-day use levels do not violate proposed standards of quality. Results also show likely PPV conditions under scenarios of increasing use and in different areas within the carriage road system. Goodness-of-fit validity tests indicate the model is an accurate representation of the actual system. The findings of this study suggest that computer simulation is useful for estimating current carrying capacity conditions, predicting future conditions, and guiding related research. KEY WORDS: Computer simulation modeling; Carrying capacity; Recreation management; Acadia National Park
Growth Decline in Red Spruce and Balsam Fir Relative to Natural Processes

Average annual growth of 3,001 red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) trees on plots randomly located across northern New England and upstate New York shows a regionally consistent decline starting soon after I960. Depending on location, basal-area increment in 1980 was 13 to 40% less than in the peak growth year around 1960. The growth decline occurs in all size and age classes and is independent of elevation. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) also shows a growth decline, but the start varies by tree age. The growth decline in both species is explainable at least in part by natural growth processes, complicating the task of evaluating the effects of atmospheric deposition.
Behavioralism and class analysis: A review essay on methodology and ideology

A Behavioral Approach to Historical Analysis. By Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr. New York: The Free Press. 1969. 321 pp. $7.95. The Cross of Culture: A Social Analysis of Midwestern Politics, 1850–1900. B...
Would school closure for the 2009 H1N1 influenza epidemic have been worth the cost?: a computational simulation of Pennsylvania

Background: During the 2009 H1N1 influenza epidemic, policy makers debated over whether, when, and how long to close schools. While closing schools could have reduced influenza transmission thereby preventing cases, deaths, and health care costs, it may also have incurred substantial costs from increased childcare needs and lost productivity by teachers and other school employees. Methods: A combination of agent-based and Monte Carlo economic simulation modeling was used to determine the cost-benefit of closing schools (vs. not closing schools) for different durations (range: 1 to 8 weeks) and symptomatic case incidence triggers (range: 1 to 30) for the state of Pennsylvania during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic. Different scenarios varied the basic reproductive rate (R0) from 1.2, 1.6, to 2.0 and used case-hospitalization and case-fatality rates from the 2009 epidemic. Additional analyses determined the cost per influenza case averted of implementing school closure. Results: For all scenarios explored, closing schools resulted in substantially higher net costs than not closing schools. For R0 = 1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 epidemics, closing schools for 8 weeks would have resulted in median net costs of $21.0 billion (95% Range: $8.0 - $45.3 billion). The median cost per influenza case averted would have been $14,185 ($5,423 $30,565) for R0 = 1.2, $25,253 ($9,501 - $53,461) for R0 = 1.6, and $23,483 ($8,870 - $50,926) for R0 =2 .0. Conclusions: Our study suggests that closing schools during the 2009 H1N1 epidemic could have resulted in substantial costs to society as the potential costs of lost productivity and childcare could have far outweighed the cost savings in preventing influenza cases.
Community-based distributive medical education: Advantaging society

This paper presents a narrative summary of an increasingly important trend in medical education by addressing the merits of community-based distributive medical education (CBDME). This is a relatively new and compelling model for teaching and training physicians in a manner that may better meet societal needs and expectations. Issues and trends regarding the growing shortage and imbalanced distribution of physicians in the USA are addressed, including the role of international medical graduates. A historical overview of costs and funding sources for medical education is presented, as well as initiatives to increase the training and placement of physicians cost-effectively through new and expanded medical schools, two- and four-year regional or branch campuses and CBDME. Our research confirms that although medical schools have responded to Association of American Medical Colleges calls for higher student enrollment and societal concerns about the distribution and placement of physicians, significant opportunities for improvement remain. Finally, the authors recommend further research be conducted to guide policy on incentives for physicians to locate in underserved communities, and determine the cost-effectiveness of the CBDME model in both the near and long terms. Keywords: issues and trends; cost-effective medical education; distributive medical education model; community-based; organizational model (Published: 16 February 2012) Citation: Med Educ Online 2012, 17 : 8432 - DOI: 10.3402/meo.v17i0.8432
E-Learning Tools for STEM

You'd think that instructors who teach math and hard sciences (or STEM fields) would be quick to pick up new technologies and be early adopters of e-learning. But in many of my interactions with administrators, what I actually hear is this: "Faculty from almost every discipline are interested in using new technologies and teaching online, except the people in math, science, and engineering." It's not that these faculty members don't want to teach online; it's that they can't see how to do it in their discipline. Here are six tools that are absolute necessities to get a math or hard sciences instructor teaching online successfully.
E‐profile: Open archives initiative service providers. Part III: general

The third and last in a series that describes Open Archives Initiative service providers. It profiles services that offer access to a variety of resources and recently initiated projects as well.
Study of the instability of the single-impurity multichannel ground state to inter-impurity interactions

Abstract We study a two-impurity, two-channel Kondo model, focusing on the behavior near the limit of two independent impurities. We find that significant departures from the independent regime develop below a crossover temperature which scales approximately as the tenth power of a parity asymmetry.
Parliamentary reporting in the nineteenth century

(1970). Parliamentary reporting in the nineteenth century. Speech Monographs: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 25-35.
Real-time biomass-concentration monitoring in animal-cell cultures

The accurate, on-line measurement of cell concentration in animal-cell cultures is an on-going problem in bioprocess engineering, and the development of new monitoring techniques is an area of intensive and fruitful research. This article summarizes the recent advances, trends and problems in this field and focuses, in particular, on optical sensors, including the latest laser and infrared probes. Alternative methods, such as multiple-extinction fluorimetry, real-time imaging and particle-size analysis, are also discussed. Although many of these techniques are still at an experimental stage, we believe that some of them have been developed sufficiently that we advocate their routine use in bioprocess monitoring and control.
Infrared spectroscopic study of the dressed rotations of CN- isotopes in alkali halide crystals.

High-resolution infrared absorption spectroscopy has been used to study the roto-vibrational spectra of cyanide ions doped into KCl for the two isotopes $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ $^{14}\mathrm{N}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ $^{15}\mathrm{N}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ in the temperature range 1.7\char21{}300 K. At the lowest temperature studied, new structure has been resolved in the spectra for low dopant concentrations (0.01 mol %). This structure is observed to merge into a single peak when strains are introduced into the crystal, confirming the association of these lines with tunneling by isolated cyanide ions. The structure is only partially explained by the Devonshire potential. Above 100 K, the isotopic variation in the experimental data is quantified in terms of a single global parameter, an integrated ratio of the widths of the entire roto-vibrational manifolds for the two isotopes, at each temperature. The values of this parameter turn out to be much smaller than what is predicted by a straightforward model of a cyanide dipole freely rotating in a crystalline host, but are consistent with a dressed-rotor model.
Fractionation, Separation, and Identification of Antioxidative Peptides in Potato Protein Hydrolysate that Enhance Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil Emulsions

: The objective of the study was to identify the active peptides responsible for the antioxidant activity of potato protein hydrolysate (PPH). PPH was fractionated using ammonium sulfate precipitation; the efficacy of different fractions for scavenging 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+ •) radicals and inhibiting lipid oxidation (hexanal, TBARS) in soybean oil-in-water emulsions was investigated. Of all fractions, the fraction precipitated by 50% saturated ammonium sulfate (P50) exhibited the strongest ABTS+ • scavenging activity and antioxidant activity. Active peptides based on the ABTS+ • scavenging assay were isolated and purified by RP-HPLC and ultra performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry identified Ser-Ser-Glu-Phe-Thr-Tyr and Ile-Tyr-Leu-Gly-Gln in P50 to be the dominant peptides that matched the sequences in metallocarboxypeptidase inhibitor and lipoxygenase 1, respectively.
Does Rap1 deserve a bad Rap

The Ras superfamily of small G proteins is remarkable for both its diversity and physiological functions. One member, Rap1, has been implicated in a particularly wide range of biological processes, from cell proliferation and differentiation to cell adhesion. But the diversity of Rap1 has lead to contradictory reports of its effects. Originally identified as an antagonist of Ras-induced transformation, Rap1 can oppose other actions of Ras including regulation of cell growth and differentiation, integrin-dependent responses and synaptic plasticity. Furthermore, recent evidence confirms that Rap1, like Ras, can activate the MAP kinase cascade (ERK) in several cell types. These diverse functions of Rap1 underscore that the activation and action of Rap1 are regulated by complex factors that are cell-type specific.
Scramjet testing from Mach 4 to 20 - Present capability and needs for the nineties

Consideration is given to the development of testing methods for the National Aerospace Plane (NASP) program, focusing on techniques for simulating and testing scramjet engines and scramjet engine components during flight from Mach 4 to Mach 20. The flight conditions associated with the NASP are outlined and the stagnation temperatures and pressures required to simulate flight up to orbital speeds are presented. The types of test facilities needed for scramjet propulsion testing are discussed, including combustion-heated facilities, electric arc-heated facilities, convection-heated facilities, shock tunnels, and expansion tubes. Issues related to assessing the flow quality in the scramjet ground testing facilities are examined, including uniformity, contamination, dissociation, ionization, nonequilibrium, and turbulence. Direct-connect combustor versus free-jet scramjet engine tests are compared and the capabilities of current and near-future scramjet engine test facilities are evaluated.
Treating paternal drug abuse using Learning Sobriety Together: Effects on adolescents versus children

The focus of this study was whether couples-based treatment for substance abuse had comparable secondary benefits on the internalizing and externalizing behaviors of adolescent versus child siblings living in their homes. Couples took part in a couples-based treatment for substance abuse that combines Behavioral Couples Therapy and individual counseling (i.e., Learning Sobriety Together). During a 17-month assessment period, the relationship between parents' functioning (i.e., fathers' drug use as determined by percent days abstinent and parents' dyadic adjustment) as rated by mothers, fathers, and children's teachers and internalizing behavior (as rated by mothers' only) was stronger for children than their adolescent siblings, particularly in terms of children's externalizing behaviors. Interventions that reduce paternal drug use and improve couple functioning may reduce internalizing and externalizing symptoms for children in their homes; however, adolescents may need more intensive interventions to address internalizing and externalizing symptoms.