cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The receptor for activated C-kinase-I (RACK-I) anchors activated PKC-β on melanosomes

Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of at least eleven isoforms, mediates numerous cell functions. In human melanocytes, alpha, beta, delta, epsilon and zeta isoforms of PKC are expressed, but uniquely PKC-beta activates tyrosinase, the key and the rate-limiting enzyme in melanogenesis, by phosphorylating specific serine residues on its cytoplasmic domain. To investigate the mechanism by which only PKC-beta phosphorylates tyrosinase, we examined the expression of receptor for activated C-kinase-I (RACK-I), a receptor specific for activated PKC-beta, on the surface of melanosomes, the specialized organelle in which melanogenesis occurs. Immunoblot analysis of purified melanosomes revealed that RACK-I is readily detectable. Immunoprecipitation of RACK-I from purified melanosomes, followed by immunoblot analysis using antibody against PKC-beta, revealed abundant PKC-beta, whereas PKC-alpha was not detected when immunoblot analysis was performed using antibody against PKC-alpha. Activation of PKC in melanocytes increased the level of PKC-beta co-immunoprecipitated with RACK-I, while the level of melanosome-associated RACK-I decreased when melanocytes were treated chronically with the 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol 13-Acetate (TPA), a condition known to deplete PKC and reduce tyrosinase activity. Immunoprecipitation with RACK-I antibody co-precipitated fewer PKC-beta in the presence of UV-activated 1, 1'-decamethylenebis-4-aminoquinaldinium di-iodide (DECA), known to disrupt the interaction between activated PKC-beta and RACK-I. Treatment of intact melanocytes with DECA also decreased tyrosinase activity. Moreover, suppression of RACK-I expression by transfecting melanocytes with siRNA against RACK-I reduced the basal tyrosinase activity and blocked TPA-induced increases in tyrosinase activity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that RACK-I anchors activated PKC-beta on the melanosome membrane, allowing PKC-beta to phosphorylate tyrosinase.
FATHERS, CHILDREN, AND JOINT CUSTODY

This survey of 40 middle-class divorced fathers, focusing on father's perceptions of their relationship with their children, suggests that those with joint custody are more likely than those with visitation rights to continue to have a high degree of involvement in and influence on their children's growth and development. It is argued that children of divorce, as do children of intact families, need loving relationships with two parents, and that joint custody arrangements should be encouraged.
Low-energy antikaon-nucleon interaction.

The K-barN S-wave interaction is investigated with a coupled-channels potential model. The importance of using relativistic kinematics and of requiring a subthreshold resonance while fitting to low-energy scattering data is explored. A model reproducing the above-threshold data, and agreeing with the kaonic-hydrogen energy shift, is found.
Telomeres: Influencing the Rate of Aging

Evidence is reviewed that suggests a central role for telomeres in one major model of biological aging, namely, proliferative senescence. Telomeric shortening with each cell division does not only act as a biological clock, but appears to trigger the ultimate loss of proliferative ability via activation of the p53-dependent check point system. Oxidative stress induces single-stranded damage in telomeric DNA. It is not clear yet whether this damage occurs in the form of single-stranded gaps or overhangs or as arbitrarily distributed single-stranded breaks. However, in contradiction to the rest of the genome, this damage is not repaired in telomeres. It is, therefore, the major cause of telomere shortening even under standard in vitro cell culture conditions. Therefore, controlling the oxidative load onto DNA, in general, and, especially, onto telomeres might become a major factor to influence the rate of aging. Further experiments demonstrate that G-rich single-stranded telomeric DNA fragments do activate the p53 check point control, leading to an inhibition of proliferation in wild-type p53 cells. Not only the shortening of telomeres down to a "signal value," but accumulation of telomeric single-stranded DNA fragments, as well, could be relevant triggers for proliferative senescence.
An adaptive pattern analysis system for isolating EMI

Abstract Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is any unwanted signal which interferes with the normal function of electronic devices. The EMI characteristics of these devices govern their ability to co-exist with other machines in an electromagnetically complex environment. Identification and removal of an EMI source is often necessary and represents a formidable pattern analysis problem. This paper presents generalizations of manual tests, which are usually done with single devices, to computerized testing of complex assemblies of devices. The procedures developed are adaptive in nature and suitable for use in extremely noisy environments.
Risk and Resilience During Transgender Identity Development: The Effects of Awareness and Engagement with Other Transgender People on Affect

Research examining risk and resilience among transgender individuals suggests that connection to a transgender community may be protective. Utilizing archival survey data of 3,087 adult transgender participants collected in 2005–06, this study further evaluated how awareness and engagement with other transgender people influences risk and resilience during early gender identity development. As hypothesized, among male-to-female and female-to-male respondents, both prior awareness and prior engagement with other transgender people were independently related to less fearfulness, less suicidality, and more comfort. These relationships were not significant among male-to-different-gender or female-to-different-gender participants. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Unified regression model of binding equilibria in crowded environments

Molecular crowding is a critical feature distinguishing intracellular environments from idealized solution-based environments and is essential to understanding numerous biochemical reactions, from protein folding to signal transduction. Many biochemical reactions are dramatically altered by crowding, yet it is extremely difficult to predict how crowding will quantitatively affect any particular reaction systems. We previously developed a novel stochastic off-lattice model to efficiently simulate binding reactions across wide parameter ranges in various crowded conditions. We now show that a polynomial regression model can incorporate several interrelated parameters influencing chemistry under crowded conditions. The unified model of binding equilibria accurately reproduces the results of particle simulations over a broad range of variation of six physical parameters that collectively yield a complicated, non-linear crowding effect. The work represents an important step toward the long-term goal of computationally tractable predictive models of reaction chemistry in the cellular environment.
Nonlinear optical response of (AB)x chains

Abstract A novel analytical expression for the static second hyperpolarizabilty, γ(0; Π), min Huckel chains with site energy alternation is derived. As the band gap approaches zero, γ(0; Π) becomes identical to that for a bond-order wave.
Fluorescent Lipid from Brain

A SUBSTANCE has been obtained from the brain of rabbits killed with diisopropyl fluorophosphate that appears to have interesting properties and chemical structure. The substance can be obtained in amounts of 1.0–1.3 mg/g of brain by extraction with cold aqueous 5 per cent perchloric acid, followed by precipitation with phosphotungstic acid, and chromatography of the portion of the precipitate soluble in chloroform on silica with chloroform–methanol mixtures as eluant. The substance, obtained as a wax, gave a single fluorescent spot of RF 0.95 by thin layer chromatography on alumina with a pyridine–amyl alcohol–water (3 : 3 : 2) solvent system. The same areas also gave positive reactions with acidified permanganate, diazotized p-nitroaniline, Folin's phenol reagent, Schiff's fuchsin reagent, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, and with alkaline hydroxylamine followed by acidified ferric chloride solution. Elementary analysis showed some variation from lot to lot, with an average of 75.5 per cent carbon and 12.0 per cent hydrogen, and a range of ± 1 per cent for carbon and ±0.5 per cent for hydrogen.
Reading through Context: How Real and Perceived Strategy Use Affects L2 Comprehension

SINCE THE LATE 1970'S, MANY L2 LEARNING theorists have advocated teaching students to use a variety of reading strategies or skills in order to read better.' As implicitly defined by these specialists, reading strategies are the mental operations involved when readers approach a text effectively and make sense of what they read. These problem-solving techniques include guessing word meanings from context and evaluating those guesses, recognizing cognates and word families, skimming, scanning, reading for meaning, predicting, activating general knowledge, making inferences, following references, and separating main ideas from supporting details. Suggested pedagogical approaches for helping readers develop successful strategies entail such pre-reading activities as brainstorming for appropriate background knowledge or imagining text content from a title or illustrations, activities while reading such as discussing word formation and word meanings in context, and post-reading global comprehension activities requiring student readers to summarize or get the gist of a text. Certainly, common sense and our own reading experiences tell us that L2 students who use efficient reading strategies will understand more than those who do not. And most teachers would support the assumption that students who think about reading strategies and believe they use them effectively actually do so and comprehend well. Nevertheless, we need more objective research on the efficacy of real and perceived strategy use to verify suggested pedagogical models of reading. To discern the usefulness of individual strate-
Examining interactions across language modalities: Deaf children and hearing peers at school

Deaf youth easily become communicatively isolated in public schools, where they are in a small minority among a majority of hearing peers and teachers. This article examines communicative strategies of deaf children in an American "mainstream " school setting to discover how they creatively manage their casual communicative interactions with hearing peers across multimodal communicative channels, visual and auditory. We argue that unshared sociolinguistic practices and hearing-oriented participation frameworks are crucial aspects of communicative failure in these settings. We also show that what look like "successful" conversational interactions between deaf and hearing children actually contain little real language and few of the complex communication skills vital to cognitive and social development. This study contributes to understanding the social production of communicative isolation of deaf students and implications of mainstream education for this minority group.
A simple model for assessing emissions reduction options

This paper introduces a simple system-level emissions model suitable for assisting regulators to design efficient integrated resource planning rules. Given choices that include life-extending existing capacity, investing in new generation, and demand-side management, it identifies cost-effective pollution reduction strategies. A set of examples using aggregated regional data shows that superior solutions differ across pollutants and regions. This implies that policy prescriptions should account for differences in existing capacity characteristics in order to be efficient. Specifically, regulations should not focus only on marginal capacity choices, but should compare complete resource portfolios. >
Utility of urine eosinophils in the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis

Background and objectives Urine eosinophils (UEs) have been shown to correlate with acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) but the four largest series that investigated the test characteristics did not use kidney biopsy as the gold standard. Design, setting, participants, & measurements This is a retrospective study of adult patients with biopsy-proven diagnoses and UE tests performed from 1994 to 2011. UEs were tested using Hansel's stain. Both 1% and 5% UE cutoffs were compared. Results This study identified 566 patients with both a UE test and a native kidney biopsy performed within a week of each other. Of these patients, 322 were men and the mean age was 59 years. There were 467 patients with pyuria, defined as at least one white cell per high-power field. There were 91 patients with AIN (80% was drug induced). A variety of kidney diseases had UEs. Using a 1% UE cutoff, the comparison of all patients with AIN to those with all other diagnoses showed 30.8% sensitivity and 68.2% specificity, giving positive and negative likelihood ratios of 0.97 and 1.01, respectively. Given this study's 16% prevalence of AIN, the positive and negative predictive values were 15.6% and 83.7%, respectively. At the 5% UE cutoff, sensitivity declined, but specificity improved. The presence of pyuria improved the sensitivity somewhat, with a decrease in specificity. UEs were no better at distinguishing AIN from acute tubular necrosis compared with other kidney diseases. Conclusions UEs were found in a variety of kidney diseases besides AIN. At the commonly used 1% UE cutoff, the test does not shift pretest probability of AIN in any direction. Even at a 5% cutoff, UEs performed poorly in distinguishing AIN from acute tubular necrosis or other kidney diseases.
Computational Aeroacoustics: A Wave Number Approach

1. Finite difference equations 2. Spatial discretization in wave number space 3. Time discretization 4. Finite difference scheme as dispersive waves 5. Finite difference solution of the Euler equations 6. Radiation, outflow, and wall boundary conditions 7. The short wave component of finite difference schemes 8. Nonlinear acoustic waves and shocks 9. Advanced numerical boundary treatments 10. Time domain impedance boundary condition 11. Extrapolation and interpolation 12. Multi-scales problems 13. Complex geometry 14. Continuation of a near field acoustic solution to the far field 15. CAA code design and applications.
Weight stigmatization and bias reduction: perspectives of overweight and obese adults

This study employed qualitative methods with a sample of overweight and obese adults to identify and describe their subjective experiences of weight bias. Participants (274 females and 44 males) completed an online battery of self-report questionnaires, including several open-ended questions about weight stigmatization. These questions asked them to describe their worst experiences of weight stigmatization, their perceptions of common weight-based stereotypes, their feelings about being overweight and their suggestions for strategies to reduce weight stigma in our culture. Participants reported experiencing weight stigma across a range of contexts and involving a variety of interpersonal sources. Close relationship partners (such as friends, parents and spouses) were the most common source of their worst stigmatizing encounters. Participants challenged common weight-based stereotypes (notably, that obese individuals are 'lazy') and reported that they would like the public to gain a better understanding of the difficulties of weight loss, the causes of obesity and the emotional consequences of being stigmatized. Education was reported as the most promising avenue for future stigma-reduction efforts. The experiences and opinions expressed were not significantly different for men versus women or overweight versus obese individuals. A minority of participants expressed beliefs suggestive of self-blame and internalization of weight-based stereotypes. These results indicate that while obese individuals experience weight bias across many domains, more stigma-reduction efforts should target stigmatizing encounters in close relationships, including parents, spouses and friends of obese persons.
Body Size and Social Self-Image among Adolescent African American Girls: The Moderating Influence of Family Racial Socialization

Social psychologists have amassed a large body of work demonstrating that overweight African American adolescent girls have generally positive self-images, particularly when compared with overweight females from other racial and ethnic groups. Some scholars have proposed that elements of African American social experience may contribute to the maintenance of these positive self-views. In this paper, we evaluate these arguments using data drawn from a panel study of socio-economically diverse African American adolescent girls living in Iowa and Georgia. We analyze the relationship between body size and social self-image over three waves of data, starting when the girls were 10 years of age and concluding when they were approximately 14. We find that heavier respondents hold less positive social self-images but also find that being raised in a family that practices racial socialization moderates this relationship.
Type Ia supernovae as stellar endpoints and cosmological tools

Empirically, Type Ia supernovae are the most useful, precise, and mature tools for determining astronomical distances. Acting as calibrated candles they revealed the presence of dark energy and are being used to measure its properties. However, the nature of the Type Ia explosion, and the progenitors involved, have remained elusive, even after seven decades of research. But now, new large surveys are bringing about a paradigm shift--we can finally compare samples of hundreds of supernovae to isolate critical variables. As a result of this, and advances in modelling, breakthroughs in understanding all aspects of these supernovae are finally starting to happen.
Reconstructing random topography from preserved stratification

One of the fundamental problems of interpreting the sedimentary record is reconstructing the original heights of palaeotopographical features such as bedforms or river channels. This requires an understanding of the relationship between topography and set thickness, but at present an exact theory exists only for periodic topography of uniform height. The applicability of this simple theory is severely limited by the random variability characteristic of many sedimentary systems. In this paper, we develop an exact theory for the probability-density function (PDF) of sets generated from topography of random height. We focus on the limiting case of zero net deposition in order to provide a lower bound for the set thickness, and derive an analytical set-thickness PDF that is determined by one parameter of the PDF for topographical height. This parameter, β, measures the breadth of the tail of the topographical PDF. The mean set thickness is 0.8225 β for bedforms and 1.645 β for river channels. If the topographical height is gamma distributed, the preservation ratio, defined as (mean thickness of preserved sets)/(mean topographical height), is 0.8225 r2 for bedforms and 1.645 r2 for river channels, where r is the coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean) of the generating topography. In a comparison with data from laboratory current ripples, our analytical predictions compare well with observations of both mean set thickness and thickness distribution. The preservation ratio for the ripples is about 0.5, whilst measured dune heights give a preservation ratio of about 0.12. Depth data from two modern braided streams yield preservation ratios ranging from 0.4 to 0.75. As more data on the distributions of topographical height in modern environments become available, calculations such as these should help provide reliable error bounds for quantitative topographical reconstruction.
A Sociological Calendar of Transitional Stages During Psychiatry Residency Training

Objective: In 1975, Donald Light, Jr., presented a “sociological calendar” as a paradigm for describing the important dimensions and stages of social and professional development in psychiatric residency training. The authors sought to develop an updated calendar and to determine if the calendar is consistent with attitudes of residents in various stages of their training. Methods: A new sociological calendar was developed after conducting a focus group with chief residents. The Osgood Semantic Differential Survey (OSD) was used to measure residents’ attitudes, and the results were compared with the modified calendar. Results: The updated calendar differs considerably from Light’s original calendar. Findings from the OSD were generally consistent with the updated calendar. Conclusions: A modern sociological calendar illustrates the relatively predictable transitions that residents go through over the course of their training. By better understanding these stages of development, supervisors and residency directors may become more effective in their teaching and support efforts.
Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease in a liver transplant recipient: an unusual presentation and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Transfusion-associated graft-versushost disease (TA-GVHD) is a rare, nearly universally fatal complication from transfusion of nonirradiated cellular blood components, occurring when a recipient’s immune system is unable to recognize and destroy transfused T lymphocytes. Irradiation of cellular components eliminates this risk. We present an unusual case of a liver transplant recipient developing TA-GVHD 13 weeks after transfusion of a random unit of nonirradiated red blood cells (RBCs) that happened to be from a donor homozygous for an HLA haplotype shared by the patient. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This study was a single case review of a liver transplant recipient who developed skin GVHD and marrow aplasia. Clinical course and the chimerism studies involving the patient, the liver donor, and the blood donor are detailed. RESULTS: The patient presented 3 months posttransplant with GVHD of his skin and marrow aplasia. In addition to standard antigraft immunosuppression, this patient had started the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra on Posttransplant Day 13 for an acute gout flare. Chimerism studies on the patient’s peripheral blood identified a population of CD3 cells that did not originate with either the patient or his liver donor. HLA studies and microsatellite profiling of the unknown CD3 population identified the source of the patient’s TA-GVHD, a unit of nonirradiated, nonleukoreduced apheresis RBCs. CONCLUSION: Use of an immunomodulating agent may have contributed to the development of TA-GVHD in a liver transplant patient who received a random unit of nonirradiated RBCs by chance from an unrelated haploidentical donor. W e present the case of transfusionassociated graft-versus-host disease (TAGVHD) in a 59-year-old group A D- male approximately 90 days status postorthotopic liver transplant for hepatitis C virus. The patient had a past medical history significant for chronic renal disease, Type2diabetes,hypertension,andgout,forwhichhetook allopurinol and colchicine. He received a deceased donor liver from a 52-year-old group A D+ woman. Before, during, and after the transplantation, the patient received numerous acellular and cellular blood components (40 units of RBCs, 27 units of plasma, three doses of platelets [PLTs], and five pools of cryoprecipitate). RBCs and PLTs were not ordered as irradiated as it is not considered standard practice to irradiate cellular blood components for solid organ transplant recipients; however due to inventory concerns, some of the cellular products issued happened to be irradiated. Once the patient was deemed a liver transplant candidate, all cellular products were ordered to be leukoreduced to prevent HLA alloimmunization. During an episode of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding on the day after admission (and before the patient was deemed a liver transplant candidate), the
Grass Plants Bind, Retain, Uptake, and Transport Infectious Prions

Prions are the protein-based infectious agents responsible for prion diseases. Environmental prion contamination has been implicated in disease transmission. Here, we analyzed the binding and retention of infectious prion protein (PrP(Sc)) to plants. Small quantities of PrP(Sc) contained in diluted brain homogenate or in excretory materials (urine and feces) can bind to wheat grass roots and leaves. Wild-type hamsters were efficiently infected by ingestion of prion-contaminated plants. The prion-plant interaction occurs with prions from diverse origins, including chronic wasting disease. Furthermore, leaves contaminated by spraying with a prion-containing preparation retained PrP(Sc) for several weeks in the living plant. Finally, plants can uptake prions from contaminated soil and transport them to aerial parts of the plant (stem and leaves). These findings demonstrate that plants can efficiently bind infectious prions and act as carriers of infectivity, suggesting a possible role of environmental prion contamination in the horizontal transmission of the disease.
General rules for distributed generation - feeder interaction

The impact of distributed generation (DG) on distribution system operation depends on numerous factors including DG size, type of equipment controls, feeder and load characteristics. This paper summarizes some simple and general rules for electrical distribution engineers, operations, and maintenance crew, when evaluating the interaction of a DG with distribution feeders. These rules include the DG impact on feeder power flow, power loss, voltage regulation, and fault currents.
THERMOANALYTICAL AND FT-IR CHARACTERISTICS OF FABRICS FINISHED WITH BTCA /CHLOROACETATES. PART I : DSC AND TGA RESULTS

Cotton durable press (DP) finishes of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) catalyzed with sodium dichloroacetate, sodium monochloroacetate, or sodium acetate (SDCA, SMCA, or SA) were prepared at four acid / catalyst ratios, and catalyst controls were also treated. Thermal analyses were performed using differential scanning calo rimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric (TG) techniques. Overlaid DSC or TG ther mograms indicated few visible instances of progressive changes produced with varying ratios of BTCA/catalyst. Differences in finishes were assessed when means and standard errors were tabulated. Characterization of this series involved either seventeen or five individual parameters, depending on whether the finish produced two or one weight loss region(s). Some thermal parameters, when plotted versus catalyst ratios of 1/ 0.5, 1/1, 1/1.5, and 1/2, produced a peak (or a minimum) instead of steadily in creasing, decreasing, or remaining level, as found in earlier studies. Finish identification of BTCA/...
ARE MEN WITH ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION MORE LIKELY TO HAVE HYPERTENSION THAN MEN WITHOUT ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION? A NATURALISTIC NATIONAL COHORT STUDY

ABSTRACTPurpose: We examined whether men with erectile dysfunction (ED) are more likely to have hypertension than men without ED in a managed care setting.Materials and Methods: We used a naturalis...
Cryogenically cooled bent double-Laue monochromator for high-energy undulator X-rays (50-200 keV).

A liquid-nitrogen-cooled monochromator for high-energy X-rays consisting of two bent Si(111) Laue crystals adjusted to sequential Rowland conditions has been in operation for over two years at the SRI-CAT sector 1 undulator beamline of the Advanced Photon Source (APS). It delivers over ten times more flux than a flat-crystal monochromator does at high energies, without any increase in energy width (\Delta E/E\simeq 10^{-3}). Cryogenic cooling permits optimal flux, avoiding a sacrifice from the often employed alternative technique of filtration – a technique less effective at sources like the 7 GeV APS, where considerable heat loads can be deposited by high-energy photons, especially at closed undulator gaps. The fixed-offset geometry provides a fully tunable in-line monochromatic beam. In addition to presenting the optics performance, unique crystal design and stable bending mechanism for a cryogenically cooled crystal under high heat load, the bending radii adjustment procedures are described.
Development of an Empathy Scale.

The concept of empathy—the intellectual or imaginative apprehension of another's condition or state of mind— is central for understanding a broad range of social phenomena including, in particular, moral development. Within this latter context, an empathic disposition can be regarded as the capacity to adopt a broad moral perspective, that is, to take "the moral point of view." This paper discusses the development of a 64-item self-report measure of empathy, constructed by comparing the responses of groups with high- and low-rated empathy, using the combined MMPI-CPI item pool. After providing evidence concerning the scale's reliability and validity, an attempt is made to show its relevance for specifically moral conduct by relating empathy scale scores to real life indexes of socially appropriate behavior and to certain previously wellvalidated measures of personality. Some form of empathic disposition, roletaking ability, or social sensitivity is assumed by all approaches to personality which take the interpersonal situation as a major focus of concern. Accordingly, most writers in the role-theoretical tradition (Cottrell, 1942; Gough, 1948; Mead, 1934; Sarbin, 1968) have given careful attention to this aspect of social functioning. Mead, for example, has argued that role-taking ability is the key variable in social and moral development; extending this line of reasoning he equates the "g" factor in intelligence with social sensitivity, the origins of which can be found in the central nervous system. In a similar vein, Cottrell and Dymond (1949) also maintained that empathy is the basic process in all social interaction. Empathy, seen as an everyday manifestation of the disposition to adopt a broad moral
SEMIDIRECT PRODUCTS OF CATEGORIES AND APPLICATIONS

This paper oers denitions for the semidirect product of categories, Cayley graphs for categories, and the kernel of a relational morphism of categories which will allow us to construct free (pronite) objects for the semidirect product of two (pseudo)varieties of categories analogous to the monoid case. The main point of this paper is to prove g(V W) = gV gW. Previous attempts at this have contained errors which, the author feels, are due to an incorrect usage of the wreath product. In this paper we make no use of wreath products, but use instead representations of the free objects. Analogous results hold for semigroups and semigroupoids. We then give some applications by computing pseudoidentities for various semidirect products of pseudovarieties. A further application will appear in a forthcoming joint work with Almeida where we compute nite iterated semidirect products such as A G J G J ::: G J. We obtain analogous results for the two-sided semidirect product. This paper also recovers the incorrectly proven result of Jones and Pustejovsky needed to prove that DS is local. We conclude by showing that our semidirect product can be used to classify split exten- sions of groupoids, generalizing the classical theory for groups.
Synthesis of hexanuclear molybdenum clusters containing phosphine oxide ligands

We report the direct preparation of two new octahedral hexanuclear molybdenum cluster complexes containing phosphine oxide ligands, namely, [Mo6(μ3-Cl)8{OP(n-Pr)3}2Cl4] and [Mo6(μ3-Cl)8(OPEt3)2Cl4], from Mo6Cl12 and the corresponding phosphine oxide ligands. Both of these complexes were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry and elemental analysis. Further, a single-crystal X-ray structure determination of [Mo6(μ3-Cl)8{OP(n-Pr)3}2Cl4] was obtained: [Mo6(μ3-Cl)8{OP(n-Pr)3}2Cl4] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/n with a = 10.0685(16) A, b = 15.617(2) A, c = 15.693(3) A, β = 91.799(5)°, and R1 = 0.0288. A trans arrangement of the phosphine oxide ligands was observed, where both ligands are bonded to the molybdenum cluster through the oxygen atoms. We also investigated the reaction of [Mo6(μ3-Cl)8{P(n-Pr)3}2Cl4] with a variety of oxidizing agents and found that the coordinated tri(n-propyl)phosphine ligands are cleanly oxidized by H2O2 to the corresponding phosphine oxides, yielding [Mo6(μ3-Cl)8{OP(n-Pr)3}2Cl4].
Temperature dependence on the energy gap selection in two cell, four terminal tandem solar cell design

Temperature effects on the choice of the optimum energy gap combination (OEGC) for a two-cell, four-terminal tandem system are considered. The OEGC variation with temperature and the variation of the constant system efficiency contour curves with temperature are presented by using the typical GaAs/sub 1-x/P/sub x/ and Si experimental values. Calculation shows that OEGC shifts to higher energy values with increasing temperature under the optimum AM1.5 tabulated spectra photon flux approximation formula. Temperature dependence of a single-cell energy gap for fixed bottom cell and the material property effects are also considered. As an example, the design for GaAs/sub 1-x/P/sub x/ and Si tandem system is presented. >
Bone Remodeling Dynamics After Intraperitoneal Administration of Radioactive Sodium Phosphate(32P)

A tetracycline bone labeling method was used for quantitative evaluation of bone remodeling changes in tibias and mandibles after intraperitoneal administration of radioactive sodium phosphate (32P). Periosteal bone formation decreased during the 60-day experimental period, whereas endosteal formation rates were not altered significantly.
Infectious etiology modifies the treatment effect of zinc in severe pneumonia.

Background: Zinc is undergoing evaluation as an inexpensive therapeutic adjuvant for severe pediatric pneumonia. Objective: We explored the effect of etiology on the treatment effect of zinc in young children hospitalized for severe pneumonia. Design: We analyzed data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted at the Christian Medical College Hospital, a teaching hospital in Tamilnadu, India. Children aged 2-23 mo (n = 299) were randomly assigned to receive a 10-mg tablet of zinc sulfate or placebo twice a day during hospitalization. The primary outcomes were length of hospitalization and time to resolution of severe pneumonia stratified by etiologic classification on the basis of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations at admission. Results: CRP concentrations were available for 295 (98.7%) of the enrolled cases. Of these 295 cases, 223 (75.6%) were classified as suspected nonbacterial pneumonias (CRP concentrations ≤40 mg/L). Etiology modified the treatment effect of zinc on the length of the hospital stay [hazard ratio (HR) for interaction term: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.31, 0.91; P = 0.022]. In the 72 suspected bacterial cases (CRP concentrations >40 mg/L), the median length of hospitalization was ≈20 h longer in the zinc-supplemented group than in the placebo group (87.3 and 68.3 h, respectively; HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.93; P = 0.025). The treatment effect was not modified in the suspected nonbacterial cases of pneumonia. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the treatment effect of zinc for severe pediatric pneumonia may be modified by bacterial infection. Further studies are required to develop appropriate recommendations for the use of zinc in the treatment of severe pneumonia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00198666.
Pinoline may be used as a probe for CYP2D6 activity.

Pinoline, 6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, is a serotonin analog that selectively inhibits the activity of monoamine oxidase-A and shows antidepressant activity. Our previous study using a panel of recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes suggests that pinoline O -demethylation may be selectively catalyzed by polymorphic CYP2D6. The current study, therefore, aimed to delineate the impact of CYP2D6 status on pinoline metabolism. Enzyme kinetic studies using recombinant CYP2D6 allelic isozymes revealed that CYP2D6.2 exhibited 5-fold lower enzyme efficiency ( V max/ K m) toward pinoline compared with CYP2D6.1, and CYP2D6.10 did not show any catalytic activity. Inhibition study showed that quinidine (1 μM) completely blocked pinoline O -demethylase activity in human liver microsomes, whereas other P450 isoform-selective inhibitors had no or minimal effects. Pinoline O -demethylase activities in 10 human liver microsomes showed significantly strong correlation with bufuralol 1′-hydroxylase activities ( R 2 = 0.93; p < 0.0001) and CYP2D6 contents ( R 2 = 0.82; p = 0.005), whereas no appreciable correlations with enzymatic activities of other P450 enzymes were found. Furthermore, we compared pinoline urinary metabolic ratio (pinoline/6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline) between CYP2D6 -humanized and wild-type control mice after intraperitoneal injection of pinoline (30 mg/kg). Results indicated that the two genotyped mice were clearly distinguished by pinoline metabolic ratio (mean ± S.D.), which was much higher in wild-type mice (0.29 ± 0.19, n = 4) than in CYP2D6 -humanized transgenic mice (0.0070 ± 0.0048, n = 4). Our findings suggest that pinoline O -demethylation is governed by CYP2D6 status, and pinoline, at a proper concentration or dose, may be a good probe to evaluate CYP2D6 activity.
Analysis of Short-Term Energy Storage for Mid-Size Hydrostatic Wind Turbine

This paper presents a novel method of capturing more energy from the wind using short term energy storage in a hydrostatic wind turbine. A hydrostatic transmission not only provides reliable operation but also enables robust energy management features like energy regeneration using hydraulic accumulators. In this study, turbulence-induced wind power transients occurring near rated power are exploited to extract more energy from the wind. Wind characteristics are analyzed to develop models to quantify the potential energy loss due to wind turbulence and energy gains from short term storage. A control strategy to achieve the above objective is proposed. A mathematical model for a proposed energy storage configuration is developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Results show that in a 50 kW mid-size wind turbine, the Annual Energy Production (AEP) can be increased by nearly 4% with a 60 liter accumulator.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effect of fluid composition on growth rate of monazite in quartzite at 1.0 GPa and 1000 °C

The dependence of monazite coarsening rate on fluid composition was evaluated by performing growth experiments in a piston-cylinder apparatus at 1.0 GPa and 1000 °C. Results show that the rate of monazite coarsening in quartzite + fluid is strongly sensitive to fluid composition. Although other studies have shown that monazite solubility is higher in acidic fluid, addition of 2 m HCl to H2O decreased the growth rate. Textural observations and modeling indicate that monazite growth in 2 m HCl occurs through a combination of Ostwald ripening and coalescence. Addition of 2 m NaCl to H2O should have increased monazite aqueous solubility and made the fluid interconnected, but the expected increase in monazite growth rate did not occur, with monazite size distributions showing no change between 0 and 165 h and no measurable growth. Ion adsorption on the surface of monazite may have slowed the rate of monazite growth on addition of HCl and stopped growth on addition of NaCl. The strong dependence of monazite coarsening rate on fluid composition suggests that the size of crystals produced by metamorphic coarsening may not be a reliable indicator of duration of metamorphism, and that adsorption of ions on mineral surfaces may be significant even at 1000 °C.
Studying anomalous open-circuit voltage drop-out in concentrated photovoltaics using computational numerical analysis

Under ultra-high solar concentration, an anomalous open-circuit voltage drop-out has been observed experimentally, but not understood theoretically. This anomaly is often attributed to various thermal effects but is also observed in flash testing, where thermal effects do not have time to accumulate. As the optically generated carrier density increases past the equilibrium carrier density, open-circuit voltage and other important electrical properties could deteriorate. Using Newton linearizations and the finite-element library deal.II, we developed a computational model to solve the carrier continuity equations for optically generated charge carriers as a function of material depth in bulk III–V semiconductors.
Assessment Truths that We Hold as Self-Evident and Their Implications

This paper discusses six truths related to assessment, highlighting at first the fact that there seem to be few real truths in assessment; most “truths” are at best half-truths (Truth #1). Nevertheless, it is important to read the literature (Truth #2), because strong relationships between today’s ‘new’ assessment methods and the methods of our predecessors make it important to note lessons of the past. The method used for assessment provides no guarantee of what is measured, nor how well it is measured (Truth #3). Therefore, it makes no sense to hawk one method over another as if the method alone provides a guarantee of anything. One reason that the quality of assessment is important is that evaluation drives student learning (Truth #4). Teachers should use the power of assessment to drive student learning in the direction they want it to go. The truth (#5) that it takes many cases/items/raters to generate a reproducible score has stimulated an ongoing debate between educators and measurement experts: this truth is of relatively little importance to educators who might not want to extrapolate beyond the particular performance that is observed, but of paramount importance to measurement experts who want to generalize across tasks, across patients, and across raters. In order to view a score as a measure of general clinical competence, you need to sample from the larger domain to which you want to extrapolate. The final truth (#6) is that no single method can assess competence fully. Each method has something unique to offer; it is ridiculous to become such a zealot of one method that all other forms of assessment are avoided.
Reliability of high-power multimode pump modules

Multi-mode pumps based on single emitter diodes deployed in distributed pump architectures offer significant advantages in thermal management and reliability for pumping high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers. In a distributed architecture, while individual diode failures do not directly generate failures of other diodes in the distributed ensemble, failures do cause the rest of the sources to drive to higher power levels to compensate for the loss of power. A model of the ensemble lifetime based on module failure rates and power-scaling factors demonstrates that the distributed pump architecture requires random failure rates corresponding to better than 200,000 h mean time between failure (MTBF) to meet typical application requirements. A high power multi-mode pump module suitable for commercial aplications is shown. Critical elements are based on telecom architectures, including the optical train and the fiber alignment. The module has a low thermal resistance of 4 C/W from the laser diode junction to the external heat sink, couplng efficiency of over 80% into 0.2 NA, and demonstrated reliable output power of over 5W CW with peak wavelengths near 915 nm. Telecom qualified modules have random failure rates corresponding to better than 1,000,000 h MTBF. Stability of the critical fiber alignment joint for single mode packages has been demonstrated at elevated temperatures (e.g. 85 C) for thousands of hours. The reliability of the commercial multi-mode package can be estimated by similarity to the telecom package, and is verified by testing of conditions considered to be at risk based on the differences between the known telecom, and the new commercial package, designs. Test results are shown for temperature cycling, CW operation, and damp heat. The relationships between anticipated MTBF requirements, test duration and test population are shown.
Anticipation of minutes-ahead household active power consumption using Gaussian processes

In price directed electricity markets, participants continuously monitor the cleared electricity prices and respond to them with the amount of energy they would like to purchase. Thus, electricity purchase decisions are significantly facilitated by anticipating future consumption. In this paper, a data-driven method for anticipating the active power consumption in households is presented. In particular, Gaussian processes (GP) from the machine-learning realm are used for anticipation of electrical consumption at the level of individual households. Additionally, the performance of Gaussian processes equipped with various kernel functions is benchmarked against the approach of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) for anticipation of ten minute-ahead household consumption. The results indicate that GP outperforms ARMA in minute-ahead consumption anticipation, while there is not a dominant kernel that outperforms the rest within the GPR models.
A Dictionary of Wisdom and Wit: Learning to Extract Quotable Phrases

Readers suffering from information overload have often turned to collections of pithy and famous quotations. While research on largescale analysis of text reuse has found effective methods for detecting widely disseminated and famous quotations, this paper explores the complementary problem of detecting, from internal evidence alone, which phrases are quotable. These quotable phrases are memorable and succinct statements that people are likely to find useful outside of their original context. We evaluate quotable phrase extraction using a large digital library and demonstrate that an integration of lexical and shallow syntactic features results in a reliable extraction process. A study using a reddit community of quote enthusiasts as well as a simple corpus analysis further demonstrate the practical applications of our work.
RDoC, DSM, and the reflex physiology of fear: a biodimensional analysis of the anxiety disorders spectrum

Evidence is presented supporting a dimension of defensive reactivity that varies across the anxiety disorder spectrum and is defined by physiological responses during threat-imagery challenges that covary with objective measures of psychopathology. Previous imagery studies of anxiety disorders are reviewed, highlighting that, regardless of contemporary diagnostic convention, reliable psychophysiological patterns emerge for patients diagnosed with circumscribed fear compared to those diagnosed with pervasive anxious-misery disorders. Based on the heuristic outlined by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, an exploratory transdiagnostic analysis is presented, based on a sample of 425 treatment-seeking patients from across the spectrum of DSM-IV anxiety diagnoses. Using a composite index of startle reflex and heart rate reactivity during idiographic fear imagery for each patient, a defensive dimension was defined by ranking patients from most defensively reactive to least reactive and then creating five groups of equivalent size (quintile; N = 85). Subsequent analyses showed significant parallel trends of diminishing reactivity in both electrodermal and facial electromyographic reactions across this defensive dimension. Negative affectivity, defined by questionnaire and extent of functional interference, however, showed consistent, inverse trends with defensive reactivity-as reports of distress increased, defensive reactivity was increasingly attenuated. Notably, representatives of each principal diagnosis appeared in each quintile, underscoring the reality of pronounced within-diagnosis heterogeneity in defensive reactivity. In concluding, we describe our new RDoC research project, focusing on the assessment of brain circuit function as it determines hypo/hyperreactivity to challenge-somatic and autonomic-and may relate to patients' stress history and genetic inheritance.