cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What the nature of natural language tells us about how to make natural-language-like programming languages more natural

When a student is learning an algorithm from a textbook, his first approach is frequently through an English description. This is normally easier to understand than raw code, and sometimes easier than a flow chart, in spite of the fact that programming languages are designed for algorithm specification while English is only pressed into its service. If the English is easier to understand, it is likely that it has many features that would ease programming itself. This paper investigates some of these features.
Managing Complications of Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer

With the increase in the number of prostate cancer cases seen in the United States, the use of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as a form of treatment has continued to rise. With the increasing use of ADT, it is important for the urologist to recognize the potential side effects from the use of ADT and ways in which to minimize or eliminate the risks from these side effects. This article describes the potential complications of ADT and the recommendations for treatment or prevention of these complications. In addition,we examine the role of nontraditional forms of ADT and the potential benefits they offer.
A breadth-first companion for the CS I course

A breadth-first course, designed to supplement the CSI course, is described. The rationale for the course is given and early experience with the course is described.
Hierarchical Joint Learning: Improving Joint Parsing and Named Entity Recognition with Non-Jointly Labeled Data

One of the main obstacles to producing high quality joint models is the lack of jointly annotated data. Joint modeling of multiple natural language processing tasks outperforms single-task models learned from the same data, but still under-performs compared to single-task models learned on the more abundant quantities of available single-task annotated data. In this paper we present a novel model which makes use of additional single-task annotated data to improve the performance of a joint model. Our model utilizes a hierarchical prior to link the feature weights for shared features in several single-task models and the joint model. Experiments on joint parsing and named entity recognition, using the OntoNotes corpus, show that our hierarchical joint model can produce substantial gains over a joint model trained on only the jointly annotated data.
A course of Computer Controlled System Designs for electrical engineering technology students

The author presents a course, Computer Controlled System Designs, for electrical engineering technology students. This course is designed to provide students with fundamental knowledge required for implementing computer-controlled systems and comprehensive realistic design experience in a very inexpensive way. Students learn how to expand a computer controlled system memory spaces and input/output ports. The conversion of differential equations through difference equations to the computer programs is studies. A comparison is also made between an analog and a digital differentiator. >
A re-examination of international inflation convergence over the modern float

Abstract Crowder [Crowder, W.J., 1996. The international convergence of inflation rates during fixed and floating exchange rate regimes. Journal of International Money and Finance 15, 551–576] provided evidence that inflation rates among the seven largest industrialized economies shared one common stochastic trend in the post-war era, over both the fixed and floating exchange rate regimes. The convergence of inflation rates over the floating exchange rate period implies less insulation for the domestic economy from idiosyncratic shocks in the rest of the world, thereby reducing the attractiveness of flexible exchange rates. Several subsequent studies have found much less convergence than suggested in Crowder's original results, suggesting a higher degree of insulation of flexible exchange rates. In this study, we revisit the question of the degree of inflation convergence among the G-7 nations over the modern float. Employing a host of diagnostic methods, we conclude that there is in fact one common trend underlying the inflation rates of the G-7 nations. Consistent with Crowder [Crowder, W.J., 1996. The international convergence of inflation rates during fixed and floating exchange rate regimes. Journal of International Money and Finance 15, 551–576], we cannot attribute the source of the underlying common trend to any one particular country.
Philanthropy can begin at home

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to inspire thinking about the nature of philanthropy.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses views of giving motivation and behavior.Findings – This paper proposes that perceptions of fundraising can be examined to better understand what may motivate prospective donors.Originality/value – The value of this paper is in its presenting concepts about philanthropy and libraries.
Inbreeding, outbreeding, and heterosis in the yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava (Sarraceniaceae), in Virginia

The yellow pitcher plant, Sarracenia flava, is an insectivorous plant restricted to fire-maintained wetland ecosystems in southeastern Virginia. Only four natural sites remain in the state totaling fewer than 100 clumps. Plants from sites located in Dinwiddie, Greensville, Prince George, Sussex counties, and the city of Suffolk were tested for the effects of self-pollination, intrasite outcrossing, and intersite outcrossing on offspring quantity (total seed number and total seed mass) and offspring quality (avarage seed mass, germination, and growth). Self-pollination resulted in significantly lower offspring quantity and quality. Total seed number and total seed mass for self-pollinated capsules were approximately one-fourth that of outcrossed capsules. Germination, survivorship, and growth over 5 yr were also significantly lower for offspring from self-pollinated capsules. Together, these results suggest strong inbreeding depression in this species. Relative to offspring from intrasite crosses, offspring from intersite crosses were significantly larger after 5 yr of growth. This suggests that restoration efforts for Virginia S. flava will be most successful when plants from multiple sites are used.
Bulimia Nervosa – medical complications

As with anorexia nervosa, there are many medical complications associated with bulimia nervosa. In bulimia nervosa, these complications are a direct result of both the mode and the frequency of purging behaviours. For the purposes of this article, we will review in detail the many complications of the two major modes of purging, namely, self-induced vomiting and laxative abuse; these two account for more than 90% of purging behaviours in bulimia nervosa. Some of these complications are potentially extremely dangerous and need to be well understood to effectively treat patients with bulimia nervosa. Other methods of purging, such as diuretic abuse, are much less frequently utilized and will only be mentioned briefly. In a subsequent article, the treatments of these medical complications will be presented.
Phonon Scattering by Twin Planes

In our ongoing research on the thermal conductivity of rocks, we noticed that the effect of grain boundaries commonly appeared to be insignificant relative to that of lamellar structures, such as twin planes, exsolution lamellae, and inclusions, within the grains. It has been found that these lamellae scatter phonons with a wavelength-independent rate [1]. In marble (recrystallized calcite), these scatterers appeared to be twin planes, since the twin spacing was approximately equal to the average phonon mean free path. To confirm this, we have measured the thermal conductivity of natural and plastically deformed single-crystal calcite (CaCO3) and marble. Calcite samples with their long direction parallel to the [001] direction were cut from a large single crystal. These samples were deformed by applying a differential stress along this direction in a gas medium deformation apparatus operating at a confining pressure of 300 MPs at room temperature. This deformation geometry results in pronounced twinning [2]; and very little or no intracrystalline slip. The spacing of the twin planes in each specimen was determined from thin sections using an optical microscope. The Carrara marble specimens were deformed in a gas-medium deformation apparatus at 300 MPa confining pressure and temperatures of 500° C (heavily twinned) and 700° C (moderately twinned) in a similar manner to that described in [3]. As can be seen in Fig. 1, the low-temperature conductivity, A, of the twinned calcite is very much smaller than that of the undeformed material. A similar effect is observed in the twinned marbles, although to a lesser extent.
Law, Perception, and Cultural Cognition

History indicates that within the next five years, the nation will endure another spectacular public debate over end-of-life medical decision-making. The interdisciplinary debate will relate to a patient in a vegetative state (VS) and will spark bitter disagreement over the ability to refuse treatment for that patient. Never an easy condition to understand, VS presents an especially murky picture in light of recent advances in medical science. Those advances create perceptions of the state of a VS patient near the end of life and can drive harmful and inaccurate legal positions. This Article anticipates the debate over those positions and provides an interdisciplinary analysis of the issues that will arise.This Article argues that despite apparent advances, the law regarding refusal of life-sustaining treatment on behalf of those in VS should not change. The blurred line between fact and opinion undermines any basis for altering the legal landscape. On a micro level, it suggests a typology of skeptics who protest well-established, unquestioned scientific or medical matters such as this. This typology considers the personal factors that underlie the skeptics’ conclusions, and finds they are ultimately based on opinions (or value judgments) not fact. Thereafter, on a macro level, this Article advocates adding cultural cognition to the end-of-life decision-making equation by illustrating how research based on cultural cognition theory – that is, research based on cultural worldviews rather than on personal connection to subject matter – will advance the debate.
Language Rights and Loss of Judicial Remedy: The Impact of Alexander v. Sandoval on Language Minorities

Federal statutory protection of language rights developed through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 - particularly § 601 of Title VI, ensuring LEP people access to federally funded services and programs - and Lau v. Nichols, which established a private right of action to enforce the disparate impact regulations of Title VI. Importantly, both the Civil Rights Act and Lau recognized the connection between language barriers and inequality. The Supreme Court's decision in Alexander v. Sandoval, however, weakened the language rights established in Lau by depriving plaintiffs of a private right of action in cases brought under a theory of discriminatory impact. This Chapter examines the rollback of civil rights in Sandoval from the perspective of language minorities, particularly the negative impact on healthcare for LEP people. The Chapter illustrates how the Sandoval opinion inflicted harm on the rights of language minorities by limiting the ways that LEP patients can enforce their right to equal access to health care. It contends that post-Sandoval, the two options that remain available to LEP people who experience unequal access to health care services are inadequate and not necessarily effective. Consequently, Sandoval has limited the ability of language minorities to gain access to basic services or to privately enforce their rights, and has left them vulnerable to continued bias in health care.
Licensing the Word on the Street: The SEC's Role in Regulating Information

Information is said to be the lifeblood of financial markets. Securities markets rely on corporate disclosures, quotes, prices, and indices, as well as the market structures, products and standards that give them meaning, for the efficient allocation of capital. The availability of and access to such information on reasonable terms is one of the essential characteristics of strong financial markets. And yet because information is a commodity, policymakers must balance the desire to provide access to such public goods against the need to maintain appropriate incentives for information producers. The Securities and Exchange Commission faces the primary challenge of regulating the balance between the commercial and social value of information in securities markets. In some areas, the Commission has all but extinguished private rights. In other areas, it has deferred to federal or state intellectual property doctrines. In yet other areas, the SEC has created intricate entitlements tailored to historical market structures. Against this backdrop, self-regulatory bodies, securities intermediaries, and other entities have staked out proprietary claims in their information products as permitted by state and federal law. Today, with the demutualization of the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq Stock Market, as well as the completed and impending mergers of various national and international exchanges, we are rapidly moving away from the paradigm of the dominant national exchange to the reality of competing national and global trading venues. These changes in securities market structure are likely to generate numerous disputes over the allocation of rights and interests in securities information. It is thus increasingly urgent that the Commission articulate some statement of policy to govern the regulation of information rights.
Defending and Developing Critical Feminist Theory as Law Leans Rightward

As part of an anthology marking twenty-five years of the Feminism and Legal Theory Project, this essay explores how the rise feminism in law has been accompanied by the simultaneous rise in rightward leaning legal theory and practice. I argue that a critical approach to feminist legal theory is particularly important to engaging and countering the influence of this rightward, often anti-feminist approach to law. I explain how critical analysis upended the double bind of the equal treatment – special treatment debate in earlier years of feminist jurisprudence, leading to a deeper feminist analysis of the extent to which formal equality always rests on implicit substantive ideas of equality. But as that critique helped open the door to fresh discussions of how gender equality could be given meaningful substance, right wing legal theory advanced a two-prong ideological challenge to feminist equality ideals. One prong used seemingly objective economics to challenge substantive equality; the other prong focused on moral arguments against substantive equality. As with the early equal treatment – special treatment dilemma, each of these ideological attacks constructs a double bind for feminist visions of equality, making the choice for equality appear to be a choice ultimately leading to inequality. I show how critical feminist theory can respond to those challenges by uncovering the double standards of economics and morality that underlie these arguments. Further, I show how the rise of right wing law has posed not just ideological but material challenges to feminist legal theory, by changing the institutions of legal academia to make feminist scholarship more difficult. I suggest that these material challenges also underscore the value of a critical approach that challenges the division between theory and practice as well as the structural and political nature of legal theory.
Temas de la macroeconomía contemporánea: la oferta vista desde diversos ángulos

Entre los numerosos factores que estimulan o restringen el dinamismo y la estructura de una economia, y el bienestar de sus actores, destaca la calidad de la teoria y la politica economicas. Desde la perspectiva de la acumulacion del conocimiento economico las colisiones continuas de las percepciones opuestas de los procesos economicos tienden a impulsar, re finar y difundir el conocimiento economico, por inutiles o retrogrados que parezcan algunos debates particulares, o por poco que hayamos apren dido de la historia de nuestra disciplina o de la experiencia de la politica economica. Como quiera que ello sea, El Trimestre Economico desempena un papel prominente y distinguido en la propagacion de enfoques opcio nales de la economia en la America Latina y el mundo de habla hispana. Considero un placer y un honor la invitacion que se me ha hecho para participar en este numero de aniversario que celebra sus grandes realiza ciones. Me uno con alegria al grupo numeroso de quienes le desean la continuacion de sus exitos. La ocasion parece propicia para meditar y analizar en estas paginas algunos de los grandes avances logrados en el campo de la macroeconomia durante los anos setenta y las perspectivas futuras.
High Resolution Leed Study of The Fe Growth Mode on Cu(100), Cu(110) and Cu (111) Surfaces

We have investigated the growth mode of iron on clean Cu(100), Cu (110) and Cu(111) surfaces using high resolution LEED. We studied the effect of substrate temperature on the growth of epitaxial fee iron. Iron metal was evaporated from an electron beam source under UHV conditions and deposited on the copper single crystal surfaces at three different temperatures (173 K, 300 K and 473 K). A high resolution LEED system was used to measure the diffraction spot profiles. The samples were studied as a function of temperature after deposition on the copper substrates. The clean Cu surfaces were also measured and used as references for the Fe:Cu system. The diffraction spot profiles show Gaussian line shape before and after the Fe deposition. The effect of iron grown on the Cu surface is to reduce the coherent length. This effect is observed for all the copper surfaces. The intensity of the diffraction spots exhibit a sudden increase above 470 K, simultaneously a larger coherent length is observed. This effect occurs for all copper surfaces. The epitaxial growth of Fe is better on Cu (100) than on the other surfaces. The best epitaxial growth is obtained for the highest substrate temperature. A careful Auger study reveals that the anomalous increase observed on the intensity of the diffraction spots is related to the evaporation of iron from the copper surface. The spot profiles at low temperature are very broad and are suggestive of very poor epitaxy, random islands growth with a high probability of bcc iron inclusions.
Elastase-like, esteroprotease activity in human and rabbit alveolar macrophage granules.

SummaryHuman alveolar macrophages were collected postmortem and their granules were analyzed for acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase and elastase-like esteroprotease. Alveolar macrophages from BCG-vaccinated rabbits were also studied. The alveolar macrophage granule preparations showed satisfactory levels of acid hydrolases but were nevertheless low in elastase-like esteroprotease activity when compared to human polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules. Part of the reduction in enzyme may be accounted for by differences in lysosomal content of the granule preparations from these two cell types. Human alveolar macrophage granules showed elastinolytic activity commensurate with their esterolytic activity against t-BOC-l-alanine p-nitrophenol. The macrophage alanine-p-nitrophenyl esterase was not affected by an endogenous inhibitor of the leukocyte esterase. The possible role of these enzymes in the pathogenesis of emphysema remains to be explored.
Laser post-processing of Inconel 625 made by selective laser melting

The effect of laser remelting of surfaces of as-built Selective Laser Melted (SLM) Inconel 625 was evaluated for its potential to improve the surface roughness of SLM parts. Many alloys made by SLM have properties similar to their wrought counterparts, but surface roughness of SLM-made parts is much higher than found in standard machine shop operations. This has implications for mechanical properties of SLM materials, such as a large debit in fatigue properties, and in applications of SLM, where surface roughness can alter fluid flow characteristics. Because complexity and netshape fabrication are fundamental advantages of Additive Manufacturing (AM), post-processing by mechanical means to reduce surface roughness detracts from the potential utility of AM. Use of a laser to improve surface roughness by targeted remelting or annealing offers the possibility of in-situ surface polishing of AM surfaces- the same laser used to melt the powder could be amplitude modulated to smooth the part during the build. The effects of remelting the surfaces of SLM Inconel 625 were demonstrated using a CW fiber laser (IPG: 1064 nm, 2-50 W) that is amplitude modulated with a pulse profile to induce remelting without spallation or ablation. The process achieved uniform depth of melting and improved surface roughness. The results show that with an appropriate pulse profile that meters the heat-load, surface features such as partially sintered powder particles and surface connected porosity can be mitigated via a secondary remelting/annealing event.
Characterization of the tobacco glycoprotein surface binding property of heart and skeletal muscle cells. I: Modulation of the heart cell membrane TGP interaction by anti-TGP IgG

Monolayers of L6 rat skeletal myoblast cells formed surface binding isotherms with the purified tobacco leaf glycoprotein TGP1 and the enriched cigarette tar glycoprotein TGP2. Scatchard analysis showed that the binding in the range of the limited concentrations tested was to a single class molecule and the calculated affinity constant (Kd) for TGP1 and TGP2 showed similar values (9.78 × 10−13 M and 3.09 × 10−13 M, respectively). The bound TGPs were almost totally displaced by excess nonradiolabeled molecules. The calculated Bmax of the L6 myoblast monolayer was 2.93 fmol for TGP1 and 0.217 fmol for TGP2 per 32.2 mm2. Guinea pig heart sarcolemma binding isotherms were also formed with radiolabeled TGP1 and TGP2. The interaction of tobacco leaf TGP1 with the heart cell membranes was irreversible because only 15–20% of the bound TGP1 was displaced by 100-fold, non-labeled molecules but the interaction of tar TGP2 with heart sarcolemma was reversible and probably saturable. The heart sarcolemma TGP2 affinity constant (Kd) was 5.88 × 10−7 M and the Bmax, 2.45 × 10−8 M per 12.5 μg sarcolemma. Pretreatment of heart sarcolemma with increasing concentrations of leaf TGP1 did not displace tar TGP2 binding but its absorption on the membrane resulted in increased TGP2 sarcolemma attachment by a complex and unexplained mechanisms. Increasing concentrations of the sera of 10 of 15 guinea pigs (67%) that received mainstream emissions of tobacco smoke from a University of Kentucky cigarette smoking machine for 152 days, displaced cigarette tar TGP2 heart cell sarcolemma attachment and this inhibition was significantly different from that produced by the sera of sham smoked and of nonexposed animals (Mann-Whitney test, p=0.0082). Staphylococcus protein A inhibited the displacement of TGP2 produced by the sera of cigarette smoke exposed guinea pigs and this observation indicated that this action was mediated by IgG molecules. The specific immunoprecipitation of a radiolabeled surface epitope of the L6 myoblast monolayers pretreated with TGP1 or TGP2 by immune IgG against TGP2 and by the IgG of an antiserum against standard TGP showed that the tobacco glycoproteins attached to a unit polypeptide of the plasma membrane of the muscle cells of approximately 76 kDa. These data support the notion that TGP molecules in cigarette smoke are absorbed systemically on smoking and may have a direct toxic effect when they attach to the surface TGP binding proteins of heart and skeletal muscle cells.
The MD 5.0 earthquake of 29 January 1995 in the Puget Lowland of western Washington: An event on the Seattle fault?

Abstract The magnitude M D = 5.0 Robinson Point earthquake occurred on 29 January 1995 at 03:11 UTC approximately 25 km south of Seattle, Washington. We investigate the single foreshock, the mainshock, and the weak aftershock sequence using sport-period and broadband data recorded by the Pacific Northwest Seismograph Network. P -wave first motions from the mainshock indicate reverse faulting with east-west trending nodal planes. Aftershock epicenters cluster about the main-shock with aftershock hypocenters exhibiting a nearly vertical distribution, possibly an effect of depth error. The mainshock, at a depth of 19.6 km, is the deepest event in the sequence. An empirical Green9s function analysis indicates that the mainshock source time function (STF) is impulsive with a 0.3- to 0.4-sec duration. A minimum stress drop of 430 bars is inferred, identifying this as a high-stress-drop event. Comparison with five other moderate-sized Pacific Northwest mainshock-aftershock sequences suggests that mainshocks with depths greater than about 18 km have few, relatively small aftershocks that are confined to small source regions.
Production and Trade of World Muskmelon and Its Enlightenment to China

In recent years,the world muskmelon industry entered a stage of rapid development. Muskmelon supply capacity increased continuously for expanding planting area and increasing production. World trade patterns and production pattern of muskmelon had large differences,especially China was the world's largest producer of muskmelon,but the quantity and value of import and export were relatively low. Influenced by logistics system was not yet perfect,the development of muskmelon foreign trade in China is relatively backward,including trade objects are very single and the degree of trade has a trend of decline. In the future,China needs to vigorously construct the muskmelon modern logistics system,strengthen varieties update and introduction,and accelerate the development of foreign trade market.
Jiang Zemin and the Establishment of the Guideline Status of Deng's Theories

Jiang Zemin's great theoretical contribution is that he has established the guideline status of Deng's Theories.His adherence to developing Marxism as a guide to real practice,accurate understanding o f the times' characteristics and consistent theoretical innovations lead to the forming of the important theory "Three Represents".
Effects of Glycerol-Induced Acute Renal Failure on Renal Phosphorus Handling

Previous studies have shown that fractional excretion of phosphorus (FE pi) is increased in rats that developed non-oliguric acute renal failure (ARF) close to 100% indicating that the bulk of filtered phosphorus was excreted in the urine. This finding differs significantly from the finding in rats with mercury chloride-induced oliguric ARF. In the latter, only about 1/4 of the filtered phosphorus reaches the urine, for an FEpi of about 25% (1). A similar finding has been seen also in humans with variable types of ARF (Carvounis, unpublished data).
Combustion characteristics of butanol isomers in multiphase droplet configurations

Abstract This study reports results of experiments on the isolated droplet burning characteristics of butanol isomers ( n -, iso -, sec -, and tert -) under standard atmosphere conditions in an environment that promotes spherical combustion. The data are compared with predictions from a detailed numerical model (DNM) that incorporates complex combustion chemistry, radiative heat transfer, temperature dependent variable fluid properties, and unsteady gas and liquid transport. Computational predictions are generated using the high temperature kinetic models of Sarathy et al. (2012) and Merchant et al. (2013). The experiments were performed in a free-fall facility to reduce the effects of buoyancy and produce spherical droplet flames. Motion of single droplets with diameters ranged from 0.52 mm to 0.56 mm was eliminated by tethering them to two small-diameter SiC filaments (∼14 µm diameter). In all the experiments, minimal sooting was observed, offering the opportunity for direct comparison of the experimental measurements with DNM predictions that neglect soot kinetics. The experimental data showed that the burning rates of iso - and sec -butanol are very close to that of n -butanol, differing only in flame structure. The flame stand-off ratios (FSR) for n -butanol flames are smaller than those for the isomers, while tert -butanol flames exhibited the largest FSR. DNM predictions based upon the kinetic model of Sarathy et al. over-predict the droplet burning rates and FSRs of all the isomers except n -butanol. Predictions using a kinetic model based upon the work of Merchant et al. agree much better with the experimental data, though relatively higher discrepancies are evident for tert -butanol simulation results. Further analyses of the predictions using the two kinetic models and their differences are discussed. It is found that the disparity in transport coefficients for isomer specific species for Sarathy et al. model fosters deviation in computational predictions against these newly acquired droplet combustion data presented in this study.
Secret’s Out: Third Circuit Finds Delaware’s State Sponsored Arbitration Program Violates First Amendment Right of Public Access in Delaware Coalition for Open Government v. Strine

This Casebrief identifies the Third Circuit's application of the logic and experience test in determining the right of public access in Delaware Coalition for Open Government, Inc. v. Strine.
Called on “The Conference Room Carpet”: indeterminacy, madness, and academic dissent

ABSTRACTThis essay is a response to Travis Brisini’s Performance of “The Conference Room Carpet.” The author embraces the logic of indeterminacy in Brisini’s performance to argue that our relationship with academic anxiety often results from potentially maddening attempts to solve for indeterminacy through logical processes. Instead, academics may be better served by embracing indeterminacy as an alternative approach to the tightly constrained problems of a postmodern academic life.
Ending Dirty Energy Policy: Consensus Energy Policy

Without energy, there is no economy. Without climate, there is no environment. Without the economy and environment, there is no material well-being, no civilized society, no personal or national security. The overriding problem associated with these realities, of course, is that the world has long been getting most of the energy its economies need from fossil fuels whose emissions are imperiling the climate that environment needs. John P. Holdren The previous chapters covered the history of energy policy and regulation, the economic and political assumptions behind the traditional energy model, and the emerging critique of that model. Together, these analyses generated a new set of economic and policy assumptions on which to build a new energy policy and a new model of energy regulation. This chapter examines in more specific detail several policy proposals mostly published since 2006. In brief, since the turn of the millennium, a consensus energy policy has been developing from numerous studies, several of which emanate from either bipartisan or non-partisan organizations thus indicating the emergence of a new energy politics. To be sure, the emerging consensus has its direct predecessors, and the path to a new energy policy can be traced back a generation. Still, considering that the traditional policy is over a century old and has entrenched both private- and public-sector interests in multibillion-dollar industries, change comes hard and resistance is neither unexpected nor unpredictable.
Northern California Seismic Attenuation: 3D QP and QS Models

The geological complexity of northern California and its accreted terranes produces pronounced regional variations in the attenuation (1/ Q ) of earthquake waves. Using local earthquakes, 3D Q P and Q S models have been obtained for this region that includes the San Andreas fault system, the Great Valley, the Sierra Nevada batholith, and the Gorda subduction volcanic system. Path attenuation t * values were determined from P and S spectra of 959 spatially distributed earthquakes, magnitude 2.5–6.0, using 1254 stations from Northern California Earthquake Data Center networks and Mendocino and Sierra Nevada temporary arrays. The t * data were used in Q inversions, using existing 3D velocity models and basic 10 km node spacing. Uneven data coverage was accommodated with linking nodes into larger areas for useful Q images across the 3D volume. Results at shallow depth show very low Q in the Sacramento Delta, the Eureka area, and parts of the San Francisco Bay area. In the brittle crust, low Q tends to be associated with regions of fault zones and microearthquakes. In the ductile lower crust, low Q is observed below fault zones with large cumulative displacement and inferred grain size reduction, with apparent broad ductile shear zones across the fault system in the Coast Ranges. Underlying active arc volcanoes, low Q features are apparent below 20 km depth. Under the Long Valley caldera, two distinct partial melt features at ∼3 and ∼15 km depth are inferred. Moderately high Q is associated with Sierra Nevada and Salinian igneous rocks, whereas the Franciscan subduction complex shows moderately low Q . Prominent high Q relates to the Great Valley ophiolite. The pattern of path‐specific attenuation rate, from 3D Q , is generally similar to the pattern of psuedospectral acceleration residuals for the South Napa earthquake, indicating that it may be beneficial to incorporate 3D Q models into future ground‐motion prediction equations for northern California. Online Material: Figures of Q P and Q S resolution and station delays for t *, and table of Q P , V P , Q S , and V S .
Skin Color and Colorism: Global Research, Concepts, and Measurement

We examine a vast, interdisciplinary, and increasingly global literature concerning skin color and colorism, which are related to status throughout the world. The vast majority of research has investigated Western societies, where color and colorism have been closely related to race and racism. In Latin America, the two sets of concepts have particularly overlapped. In the rest of the world, particularly in Asia, color and colorism have also been important but have evolved separately from the relatively new concepts of race and racism. In recent years, however, color consciousness and white supremacy appear to have been increasingly united, globalized, and commodified, as exemplified by the global multibillion-dollar skin-lightening industry. Finally, we document the growing methodological attention to measurements of skin color and social science data that incorporate skin color measures.
Treatment of Burkitt's Like Lymphoma: A Single Institution Case Series

Abstract Abstract 4962 Background: Burkits's like (BL) lymphoma is a new pathologic entity with features partially resembling to Burkitt's lymphoma and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The incidence of BL lymphoma is infrequent and may present with lymph node enlargement, involvement of bone marrow and peripheral blood. The natural history of BL lymphoma and its treatment remains unclear. Here we present a single institution case series of five patients diagnosed with BL lymphoma and their treatment. Methods: We searched the pathology reports of all patients diagnosed with lymphoma over the last one year. No inclusion or exclusion criteria were used. Results: We identified a total of five patients with diagnosis of BL lymphoma. All patients presented with lymphadenopathy and with no involvement of bone marrow, central nervous system or peripheral blood. Table 1 summarizes characteristics of all patients, their chemotherapy regimen and subsequent response to treatment. Conclusion: BL lymphoma is a new pathologic entity with low incidence. Treatment with DA-EPOCH and R-HyperCVAD has very good response rate. The data is limited by single institution case series and limited follow up time. Further studies are recommended to evaluate optimal chemotherapy regimen. Table 1: Characteristics, presentation, treatment and response in patients with BL lymphoma No Age Sex LDH, Presentation Treatment Response Duration of response 1 68 F 386 Parotid and abdominal lymphadenopathy DA-R-EPOCH CR 16months 2 ^ 44 M 536 Neck, Axillary, media, abdomen pelvis and sacral mets R-HyperCVAD PR 3months 3 * 66 F 310 Inguinal and pelvic lymphadenopathy R-HyperCVAD f/b Autologus BMT, CR 14months 4 ** 71 M 237 Parotid mass 3 cycles of DA-EPOCH f/b 3 cycles of R-CHOP CR 9months 5 ^ 52 M 186 Neck Lymphadenopathy R-HyperCVAD CR 3months DOX, DOXOL, and anthracenediones in soluble fractions of human myocardial strips after sequential DOX loading/clearance and anthracenedione treatment Notes: DA-REPOCH: Dose Adjusted Rituximab-Etoposide, Vincristine, Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicine, Prednisone, R-HyperCVAD: Rituximab, hyperfractionated Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Doxorubicin, Dexamethasone, CR: complete remission, BMT: bone marrow transplantation, R-CHOP: rituximab, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone. CNS: central nervous system * patient underwent bone marrow transplant because of relapse at current presentation. ** patient was changed from DA EPOCH to R-CHOP as patient was not able to tolerate EPOCH ^ Epatients are halfway through their treatment cycles and are actively getting treatment Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Emphasis Framing and the Role of Perceived Knowledge: A Survey Experiment

The relationship between emphasis framing and public opinion has received considerable attention in political science, psychology, and mass communication studies. However, what moderating role perceived knowledge plays in influencing emphasis framing remains unsettled. We explore this relationship using a survey-experiment embedded within a large-N, nationally representative survey that allows us to test two specific hypotheses. First, we empirically test whether an emphasis frame influences policy support. Second, we test the moderating effect of perceived knowledge. We test the emphasis framing effects of the name given to a “hot-button” political issue, while controlling for other survey treatments. Furthermore, we evaluate the degree to which perceived knowledge of the issue moderates the relationship between the emphasis frame and support for hydraulic fracturing. We find support both for the role emphasis framing plays and for perceived knowledge as a moderator.
Designing 3D selective adiabatic radiofrequency pulses with single and parallel transmission.

Purpose To introduce a method of designing single and parallel transmit (pTx) 3D adiabatic π pulses for inverting and refocusing spins that are insensitive to transmit B1 ( B1+) inhomogeneity. Theory and Methods A 3D adiabatic pulse is created by replacing each piece-wise constant element (or sub-pulse) of an adiabatic full passage (AFP) by a 2D selective pulse. In this study, the parent AFP is an HS1 and each sub-pulse is a 2D pulse derived from a jinc function designed using a spiral k-trajectory. Spatial selectivity in the third direction is achieved by blipping the slab-selective gradient between sub-pulses, yielding a rectangular slab profile identical to that of the parent AFP. The slew-rate limited sub-pulse can be undersampled utilizing pTx, thus shortening the overall pulse width. Simulations and experiments demonstrate the quality of spatial selectivity and adiabaticity achievable. Results The 3D adiabatic pulse inverts and refocus spins in a sharply demarcated cylindrical volume. When stepping RF amplitude, an adiabatic threshold is observed above which the flip angle remains π. Experimental results demonstrate that pTx is an effective means to significantly improve pulse performance. Conclusion A method of designing 3D adiabatic pulses insensitive to B1 inhomogeneity has been developed. pTx can shorten these pulses while retaining their adiabatic character. Magn Reson Med, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Chemical Modifications of Bovine Trypsinogen and Trypsin

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses chemical modifications of bovine trypsinogen and trypsin. The present knowledge of trypsin has closely paralleled analogous studies of bovine chymotrypsin, an enzyme with similar catalytic characteristics but with different enzymatic specificity. In fact, the functional similarities between trypsin and chymotrypsin and their homology of primary structure have led to proposals of their common origin by gene duplication and divergence from an ancestral protein. The events leading to the functional aspartyl-histidyl-seryl interaction comprise the phenomenon of trypsinogen activation. The activation process is initiated by specific cleavage of the Lys6-Ile7 bond to remove the highly charged hexapeptide (Val-Asp4-Lys) from the N-terminus leaving the hydrophobic sequence (Ile-Val-Gly-) with a charged, α-amine function. However, a conformational change accompanies the appearance of activity, and it has never been demonstrated whether the explicit molecular event creating activity is the appearance of the new α-amino group, the loss of the hexapeptide, or the consequential refolding.
Cardiovascular Toxicity of Illicit Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use.

Background:Millions of individuals have used illicit anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), but the long-term cardiovascular associations of these drugs remain incompletely understood. Methods:Using a...
The Vigilance Increment: An Ideal Observer Hypothesis

In many man-machine systems the human operator performs a visual monitoring function. For instance, he may need to detect approaching aircraft during visual flight conditions to avoid a mid-air collision, or he may need to inspect a product for defects to maintain quality assurance. Often these monitoring tasks involve a single, aperiodic target that is both difficult to detect and transient. A great deal of research has been directed toward determining man’s capabilities and limitations in performing such simple monitoring tasks.
Regulating Islam: religion and the state in contemporary Morocco and Tunisia

Clifford Geertz concluded his landmark 1968 book, Islam Observed, with the juxtaposition of two human ‘metaphors’. The first was an anxious Moroccan graduate student on a flight to the US clutching...
Massive transfusion associated with a hemolytic transfusion reaction: necessary precautions for prevention.

Case report A 45-year-old male presented in severe hypovolemic shock after a thoracoabdominal gunshot wound. The massive transfusion protocol (MTP) was activated and the patient was taken to the operating room. His major injuries included liver, small bowel, and right common iliac vein. Hemorrhage was stopped and a damage control laparotomy was completed. He received a total of 113 blood products. During his postoperative course he received a group B blood transfusion on Hospital Days 2 and 7 based on incorrect blood typing late in his massive transfusion and repeat testing on Day 4. Results He succumbed to multiple organ failure on Day 8. MTPs are standard in most trauma centers during which universal donor red blood cells are initially used. As hemorrhage is controlled, the patient undergoes a complete type and cross according to blood banking protocols. These typing results are used to continue transfusions once the MTP is no longer needed. In contacting other blood banks servicing Level I trauma centers, the policy of when to switch from universal donor blood to crossmatched blood is variable. Conclusion Our case illustrates a potential blood typing problem that had a disastrous outcome. We identified changes in policy that will make MTPs safer.
Nonisothermal welding in fused filament fabrication

Abstract Fused filament fabrication (FFF), sometimes called material extrusion (ME) offers an alternative option to traditional polymer manufacturing techniques to allow the fabrication of objects without the need of a mold or template. However, these parts are limited in the degree to which the welding interface is eliminated post deposition, resulting in a decrease in the interlaminar fracture toughness relative to the bulk material. Here reptation theory under nonisothermal conditions is utilized to predict the development of healing over time, from the rheological and thermal properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS). ABS is rheologically complex and acts as a gel and as such considerations had to be made for the relaxation time of the matrix which is important in predicting the degree of interfacial healing. The nonsiothermal healing model developed is then successfully compared to experimental interlaminar fracture experiments at variable printing temperatures, allowing future optimization of the process to make stronger parts.
High-sensitivity high-speed dynamic comparator with parallel input clocked switches

Abstract This paper presents a high-sensitivity high-speed dynamic voltage comparator, which is a key component for low power CMOS mixed signal applications. The proposed dynamic comparator employs ten transistors with only one cross-coupled latch to reduce the circuit complexity. The parallel clocked input switches reduce parasitic resistance in the latch ground path that results in a significant decrease in latch delay time. In addition, a symmetric, three stacked transistor, single stage architecture reduces the process variation effects, increases input sensitivity and provides more head room for low power-supply applications. The proposed design is implemented in 90 nm CMOS with 1.2 V power supply and 0.6 V reference voltage, and it provides 30 μV resolution, 105.6 μW power consumption at 2 GHz clock frequency.
Predicting primary postoperative pulmonary complications in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery for colorectal cancer

To determine the risk factors for developing primary postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) in patients undergoing minimally invasive colorectal surgery (MIS) for the treatment of cancer and to identify the potential indicators for more extensive preoperative evaluation. The ACS-NSQIP® database was interrogated to capture patients who had elective colon or rectal cancer and underwent MIS between 2012 and 2017. Patients who had primary PPC including pneumonia, unplanned intubation and/or failure to wean from mechanical ventilation for > 48 h were compared to patients without PPC. Significant risk factors for PPC were retained to build a predictive risk model through logistic regression analysis. The model was then internally validated using 2018 data. Of 50,150 patients identified, 637 (1.3%) had PPC. The final risk prediction model included six variables: history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, age, smoking status, functional health status, pre-operative congestive heart failure, and American Society of Anesthesiology class ≥ 3. The model achieved good calibration (Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, p = 0.614) and discrimination (c statistics = 0.757). Internal validation achieved similar discrimination (c statistics = 0.798). Primary postoperative pulmonary complications affected 1.3% of patients undergoing MIS for colon or rectal cancer. The novel predictive risk score showed good discrimination and may help to identify patients who may benefit from perioperative optimization.