cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIGHLY POROUS METAL SHELLS AND AUGMENTS: METALLICA

Highly porous metal surfaces have transformed acetabular revision surgery by providing (1) enhanced friction which potentially provides greater primary fixation, (2) enhanced bone ingrowth potential, (3) enhanced screw fixation options. These characteristics have led many surgeons to use these devices routinely in acetabular revision and have led to an expansion of the indications for porous uncemented hemispherical cups in acetabular revision. Mid-term results suggest that the historical indications for hemispherical cups in revision surgery can be moderately expanded with some implants with these characteristics. In a recent study of 3448 revision total hip arthroplasties, we found porous tantalum cups had a statistically lower revision rate than other materials/designs. Highly porous metals also have provided the options of metal augments to fill selected bone defects—which can both enhance cup fixation and manage bone loss simultaneously. A number of different highly porous metals are now available, and how each will perform is not yet known.
Bedside Interprofessional Rounding: The View From the Patient's Side of the Bed.

Background:Bedside interprofessional rounding is gaining ground as a means to improve collaboration and patient outcomes, yet little is known regarding patients’ perceptions of the practice.Methods...
THE TRICOMPARTMENT SOLUTION: STICKIN' WITH THE ONE THAT BRUNG YA!

It is important to remember that osteoarthritis is a noninflammatory condition that can affect 1, 2 or all 3 compartments of the knee. Moreover, this disease is a continuum from very mild to very severe involvement of the soft tissue, articular cartilage and bone. For this reason, a variety of nonsurgical and surgical options are indicated. The rheumatologist and/or orthopedist must understand the stage of the disease and fit that both to the pathology, age, activity level, and functional needs of the patient. For that reason, each of the options discussed today have an indication. The important issue about tricompartmental replacement is that we have improved technology and technique and the indications of today are broader than those of 20 years ago. Hopefully, they will continue to evolve both in terms of materials and instruments. The American Rheumatologic Association (ARA) has stated that joint replacement has been the major improvement in the care of the arthritic patient. The tricompartmental solution is the treatment of choice in patients with inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis as well as the solution in osteoarthritic patients with tricompartmental disease. There is an indication for osteotomy, unicompartmental replacement and perhaps patellofemoral replacement. I think the next frontier will be to find disease modifying osteoarthritic drugs (DMOADS) that will provide disease intervention as the DMARDs have done in rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, cartilage repair combined with osteotomy will hopefully allow us to prevent progression of this disease.
MOLIERE: Automatic Biomedical Hypothesis Generation System

Hypothesis generation is becoming a crucial time-saving technique which allows biomedical researchers to quickly discover implicit connections between important concepts. Typically, these systems operate on domain-specific fractions of public medical data. MOLIERE, in contrast, utilizes information from over 24.5 million documents and does not limit the document vocabulary. At the heart of our approach lies a multi-modal and multi-relational network of biomedical objects extracted from several heterogeneous datasets from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These objects include but are not limited to scientific papers, keywords, genes, proteins, diseases, and diagnoses. We model hypotheses using Latent Dirichlet Allocation applied on abstracts found near shortest paths discovered within this network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of MOLIERE by performing hypothesis generation on historical data. Our network, implementation, and resulting data are all publicly available for the broad scientific community.
Dynamics of hot gauge theories

Abstract A brief overview is given of recent progress in understanding the dynamics of hot gauge theories.
Harnack inequality for the negative power Gaussian curvature flow

In this paper, we study the power of Gaussian curvature flow of a compact convex hypersurface and establish its Harnack inequality when the power is negative. In the Harnack inequality, we require that the absolute value of the power is strictly positive and strictly less than the inverse of the dimension of the hypersurface.
On crown-free families of subsets

Abstract The crown O 2 t is a height-2 poset whose Hasse diagram is a cycle of length 2t. A family F of subsets of [ n ] : = { 1 , 2 … , n } is O 2 t -free if O 2 t is not a weak subposet of ( F , ⊆ ) . Let La ( n , O 2 t ) be the largest size of O 2 t -free families of subsets of [ n ] . De Bonis–Katona–Swanepoel proved La ( n , O 4 ) = ( n ⌊ n 2 ⌋ ) + ( n ⌈ n 2 ⌉ ) . Griggs and Lu proved that La ( n , O 2 t ) = ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) ( n ⌊ n 2 ⌋ ) for all even t ≥ 4 . In this paper, we prove La ( n , O 2 t ) = ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) ( n ⌊ n 2 ⌋ ) for all odd t ≥ 7 .
A remark on cuspidal local systems

Abstract In this note we show that all reductive groups are clean in characteristic ⩾3. In characteristic 2 there are two cuspidal local systems (one for F4 and one for E8) which can not be handled by our method.
Globalization for Nation-Building: Taiwan’s Industrial and Technology Policies for the High-Technology Sectors:

In the spectrum of East Asian technology policies from the explicitly technonationalist strategies of Korea and Japan to the MNC-embracing policies of Singapore, Taiwanese policy occupies an interm...
The preparation and identification of N-fluoro-N′-trifluoromethyldiazine-N′-oxide

Abstract The compound N-fluoro-N′-trifluoromethyldiazine-N′-oxide (CF3NONF) has been prepared from the reaction of CF3I, NO, and N2F4 by ultra-violet and thermal activation. Its structure has been shown by NMR and ultra-violet absorption data to be CF3NNF.
METAL-METAL HIP REPLACEMENT: MONITORING AND MANAGING THE RETURNS

Metal-on-metal bearing surfaces were reintroduced to take advantage of the reduction in volumetric wear afforded by these bearings and reduce the complications of osteolysis and aseptic loosening. In addition, metal-on-metal hip resurfacing and many metal-on-metal total hip replacement systems employed large diameter femoral heads, thereby reducing the risk of dislocations. Unfortunately, many metal-on-metal systems demonstrated poor survivorship and were associated with adverse local tissue reactions (ALTRs) related to metal debris generated from the bearings and/or modular connections. Careful clinical surveillance of patients with metal-on-metal bearings is warranted to identify patients with ALTR at an early stage in order to intervene prior to the development of extensive peri-articular soft tissue damage. Monitoring may include serum or whole blood metal levels and metal artifact reduction sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MARS-MRI) depending on the patient's signs and symptoms and the track record of the implanted device. While there currently is a lack of high quality evidence-based guidelines on the management of patients with either symptomatic or asymptomatic metal-on-metal total hip replacements, professional organizations have issued consensus-based algorithms to guide the practitioner in management. Ultimately, the decision for revision surgery should not be based on a single diagnostic test but on the entire clinical scenario.
Frequency Analysis of Extreme Sub-Daily Precipitation under Stationary and Non-Stationary Conditions across Two Contrasting Hydroclimatic Environments

Abstract. Observed sub-daily precipitation intensities from contrasting hydroclimatic environments in the USA are used to evaluate temporal trends and to develop Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves under stationary and non-stationary climatic conditions. Analyses are based on observations from two United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS) experimental watersheds located in a semi-arid and a temperate environment. We use an Annual Maximum Series (AMS) and a Partial Duration Series (PDS) approach to identify temporal trends in maximum intensities for durations ranging from 5- to 1440-minutes. A Bayesian approach with Monte Carlo techniques is used to incorporate the effect of non-stationary climatic assumptions in the IDF curves. The results show increasing trends in observed AMS sub-daily intensities in both watersheds whereas trends in the PDS observations are mostly positive in the semi-arid site and a mix of positive and negative in the temperate site. Stationary climate assumptions lead to much lower estimated sub-daily intensities than those under non-stationary assumptions with larger absolute differences found for shorter durations and smaller return periods. The risk of failure (R) of a hydraulic structure is increased for non-stationary effects over those of stationary effects, with absolute differences of 25 % for a 100-year return period (T) and a project life (n) of 100 years. The study highlights the importance of considering non-stationarity, due to natural variability or to climate change, in storm design.
Model Predictive Control of Nonlinear Processes in the Presence of Constraints

Abstract Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC), a strategy for constrained, feedback control of nonlinear processes, has been developed previously by Patwardhan and co-workers (1989). The algorithm uses a simultaneous solution and optimization approach to determine the open-loop optimal manipulated variable trajectory at each sampling instant. Feedback is incorporated via an estimator, which uses process measurements to infer unmeasured state and disturbance values. These are used by the controller to determine the future optimal control policy. The advantages of NMPC were found to be its robustness to modeling error, and its ability to deal with constraints in an explicit manner without appreciable degradation in the quality of control, or speed of response. In the present paper, we study (i) the effect of manipulated variable bounds on robustness, (ii) robustness to error in model structure, and (iii) ability of NMPC to reject unmeasured disturbances. In each instance, comparison is made with a discrete linear controller tuned using the IMC approach.
Real-time analysis of insoluble particles in glacial ice using single-particle mass spectrometry

Insoluble aerosol particles trapped in glacial ice provide insight into past climates, but analysis requires information on climatically-relevant particle properties, such as size, abundance, and internal mixing. We present a new analytical method using a time-of-flight single particle mass spectrometer (SPMS) to determine the composition and size of insoluble particles in glacial ice over an aerodynamic size range of ~ 0.2–3.0 µm diameter. Using samples from two Greenland ice cores, we developed a procedure to nebulize insoluble particles suspended in melted ice, evaporate condensed liquid from those particles, and transport them to the SPMS for analysis. We further determined size-dependent extraction and instrument transmission efficiencies to investigate particle-class specific mass concentrations. We find SPMS can be used to provide constraints on the aerodynamic size, composition, and relative abundance of most insoluble particulate classes in ice core samples. We describe the importance of post-aqueous processing to particles, a process which occurs due to nebulization of aerosols from an aqueous suspension of originally soluble and insoluble aerosol components. This study represents an initial attempt to use SPMS as an emerging technique for the study of insoluble particulates in ice cores.
Diagnostic Imaging in Pediatric Renal Inflammatory Disease

THE TERM "renal inflammatory disease" encompasses a broad spectrum of conditions in pediatrics. These include diffuse pyelonephritis, focal pyelonephritis, renal abscess, pyonephrosis, and pararenal retroperitoneal abscesses due to infection of the urinary tract. Uncomplicated pyelonephritis does not require imaging for diagnosis if the clinical presentation and laboratory data are characteristic. However, the signs and symptoms of infection of the upper urinary tract in children may present a diagnostic challenge. During the neonatal period, infections of the urinary tract are more common among boys and nonspecific symptoms predominate. These include poor feeding, slow gain in weight, vomiting, diarrhea, irritability, and jaundice. Fever or hypothermia also is often present. Bacteremia occurs in approximately 35% of newborns with infection of the urinary tract.1In infants aged 1 month to 2 years, nonspecific manifestations still predominate, but sepsis and severe illness are less frequent than in the neonate. Among ambulatory children younger than
Efficacy of the Excretory Urogram in the Staging of Gynecologic Malignancies

It is common for patients suspected of having a gynecologic malignancy to be referred for excretory urography as part of their preoperative staging evaluation. This study investigates the efficacy of this practice using prospective and experimental retrospective interpretations of 88 urograms obtained for this clinical indication. The results indicate that excretory urography reliably depicts the ureters in most cases. However, the urogram is quite insensitive (sensitivity, 7%-33% among the interpretation settings) in demonstrating the extension of malignancy; specificity for this purpose was 79%-97%. The excretory urogram is useful for locating the position of the ureters and demonstrating the presence of obstruction or unsuspected urinary tract abnormalities. Nonetheless, this information also may be obtained by computed tomography, which can more accurately assess the primary mass and indicate the presence of malignant extension.
Dirichlet process mixture models for insurance loss data

AbstractIn the recent insurance literature, a variety of finite-dimensional parametric models have been proposed for analyzing the hump-shaped, heavy-tailed, and highly skewed loss data often encountered in applications. These parametric models are relatively simple, but they lack flexibility in the sense that an actuary analyzing a new data-set cannot be sure that any one of these parametric models will be appropriate. As a consequence, the actuary must make a non-trivial choice among a collection of candidate models, putting him/herself at risk for various model misspecification biases. In this paper, we argue that, at least in cases where prediction of future insurance losses is the ultimate goal, there is reason to consider a single but more flexible nonparametric model. We focus here on Dirichlet process mixture models, and we reanalyze several of the standard insurance data-sets to support our claim that model misspecification biases can be avoided by taking a nonparametric approach, with little to ...
On Resource Pooling and Separation for LRU Caching

Caching systems using the Least Recently Used (LRU) principle have now become ubiquitous. A fundamental question for these systems is whether the cache space should be pooled together or divided to serve multiple flows of data item requests in order to minimize the miss probabilities. In this paper, we show that there is no straight yes or no answer to this question, and depends on complex combinations of critical factors, including, e.g., request rates, overlapped data items across different request flows, data item popularities and their sizes. To this end, we characterize the performance of multiple flows of data item requests under resource pooling and separation when the cache size is large. Analytically we show that it is asymptotically optimal to jointly serve multiple flows if their data item sizes and popularity distributions are similar, and their arrival rates do not differ significantly; the self-organizing property of LRU caching automatically optimizes the resource allocation among them asymptotically. Otherwise, separating these flows could be better, e.g., when data sizes vary significantly. We also quantify critical points beyond which resource pooling is better than separation for each of the flows when the overlapped data items exceed certain levels. These results provide new insights on the performance of caching systems.
Halo White Dwarfs and the Hot Intergalactic Medium

We present a schematic model for the formation of baryonic galactic halos and hot gas in the Local Group and the intergalactic medium. We follow the dynamics, chemical evolution, heat flow, and gas flows of a hierarchy of scales, including protogalactic clouds, galactic halos, and the Local Group itself. Within this hierarchy the Galaxy is built up via mergers of protogalactic fragments. Hot and cold gas components are distinguished, with star formation occurring in cold molecular cloud cores, while stellar winds, supernovae, and mergers convert cold gas into a hot intercloud medium. We find that early bursts of star formation lead to a large population of remnants (mostly white dwarfs) that would presently reside in the halo and contribute to the dark component observed in the microlensing experiments. The starbursts and mergers heat the gas and lead to powerful evaporation-driven winds. This outflow is crucial, as it drives gas out of the clouds and eventually into the intergalactic medium. The model thus suggests that most microlensing objects could be white dwarfs (m ~ 0.5 M☉), which comprise a significant fraction of the halo mass. Furthermore, the Local Group could have a component of metal-rich hot gas similar to, although less than, that observed in larger clusters. We discuss the known constraints on such a scenario and show that all local observations can be satisfied with present data in this model. The most stringent constraint comes from the metallicity distribution in the halo. The best-fit model has a halo that is 40% baryonic, with an upper limit of 77%. Our model predicts that the hot intragroup gas has a total luminosity 1.5 × 1040 ergs-1 and a temperature of 0.26 keV, just at the margin of detectability. Improved X-ray data could provide a key constraint on any remnant component in the halo.
LSTMVis: A Tool for Visual Analysis of Hidden State Dynamics in Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent neural networks, and in particular long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, are a remarkably effective tool for sequence modeling that learn a dense black-box hidden representation of their sequential input. Researchers interested in better understanding these models have studied the changes in hidden state representations over time and noticed some interpretable patterns but also significant noise. In this work, we present LSTMVis, a visual analysis tool for recurrent neural networks with a focus on understanding these hidden state dynamics. The tool allows users to select a hypothesis input range to focus on local state changes, to match these states changes to similar patterns in a large data set, and to align these results with structural annotations from their domain. We show several use cases of the tool for analyzing specific hidden state properties on dataset containing nesting, phrase structure, and chord progressions, and demonstrate how the tool can be used to isolate patterns for further statistical analysis. We characterize the domain, the different stakeholders, and their goals and tasks. Long-term usage data after putting the tool online revealed great interest in the machine learning community.
OBESITY IN THE TOTAL JOINT ARTHROPLASTY PATIENT: DOES IT MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

The US obesity epidemic has transcended into the arthroplasty patient population and surgeons must assess whether obesity is a risk factor for poor outcomes in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) and determine how it should be managed in order to insure good clinical outcomes. In the United States, 34.9% of adults are currently obese (BMI > 30). In a recent study, 54.5% of patients reporting to arthroplasty clinics in the US were obese. We performed a recent literature review to determine how obesity impacts outcomes in total hip and knee arthroplasty and what must be done to improve outcomes in the obese arthroplasty patient. We know that obesity and its associated comorbid conditions do have worse outcomes and increased complications in TJA patients. We also know that complications proportionately increase with increasing severity of obesity. The super-obese population is at the greatest risk of complication following TJA and pre-operative screening and management is essential in reducing complications. Although weight loss is important, our bariatric data has shown that it does not solve the problem of obesity in itself and the patient9s metabolic state is likely a more important issue. Implant selection is important and strong consideration should be given to avoiding direct anterior approach in the THA obese patient. Understanding of obesity specific complications and treatment options is crucial for patient counseling and optimisation to ensure successful treatment in obese TJA patients.
The generation and maintenance of hollow PV towers in a forced primitive equation model

Diabatic heating from deep moist convection in the hurricane eyewall produces a towering annular structure of elevated potential vorticity (PV), known as a hollow PV tower. For sufficiently thin annular structures, eddies can extract energy from the mean flow, leading to hollow tower breakdown with significant changes in vortex structure and intensity. A forced primitive equation model in normalized isentropic coordinates is used to understand the role of diabatic heating in the generation, maintenance, and breakdown of the hurricane PV tower. It is shown that the generation of hollow PV towers is due to the combined effects of diabatic heating and the radial and vertical PV advection associated with the induced secondary circulation of the vortex. If the diabatic forcing makes the eyewall thin enough, then the PV tower can become dynamically unstable and cause air parcels with high PV to be mixed preferentially into the eye at lower levels, where unstable PV wave growth rates are largest. The breakdown of the hollow PV tower leads to a transient break in vortex intensification, a decrease in minimum central pressure, and an inward shift and tilt of absolute angular momentum surface. It is shown that the maintenance of the PV tower structure depends on the strength of the heating-induced secondary circulation and the interaction between diabatic heating and barotropic instability.
Integrated space logistics mission planning and spacecraft design with mixed-integer nonlinear programming

This paper develops a campaign-level space logistics optimization framework that simultaneously considers mission planning and spacecraft design using mixed-integer nonlinear programming. In the mi...
Practical SOA: Service Modeling, Enterprise Service Bus and Governance

This tutorial will take the audience through an ldquoaggregatedrdquo SOA engagement and discuss key processes, activities, and deliverables through the entire life cycle, especially in service modeling, realization, integration through an enterprise service bus and governance. Best practices and some anti-patterns will also be presented and discussed. It is mostly based on some of the speakers' pioneering project practices and lessons learned since SOA and web servicepsilas inception.
Blockchain tokens and the potential democratization of entrepreneurship and innovation

Abstract Over the past few years, Bitcoin has emerged as the first decentralized, global currency. The rise of Bitcoin has brought attention not only to digital currencies but also to the underlying technology empowering digital currencies: blockchain technology. A blockchain is a distributed ledger that records and secures transactions in a peer-to-peer network. Besides empowering digital currencies, blockchain technology has given innovators the capability of creating digital tokens to represent scarce assets, potentially reshaping the landscape of entrepreneurship and innovation. Blockchain tokens may democratize (1) entrepreneurship by giving entrepreneurs new ways to raise funds and engage stakeholders, and (2) innovation by giving innovators a new way to develop, deploy, and diffuse decentralized applications. Blockchain technology and tokens have sparked a new wave of innovation, which may start to revolutionize entrepreneurship and innovation.
TRPV1 Channels are Intrinsically Heat Sensitive and Negatively Regulated by Phosphoinositide Lipids

The capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, is regulated by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), although the precise nature of this effect (i.e., positive or negative) remains controversial. Here, we reconstitute purified TRPV1 into artificial liposomes, where it retains sensitivity to capsaicin, protons, spider toxins, and heat. Moreover, TRPV1 is fully functional in the absence of any phosphoinositides, arguing against an obligatory role in channel activation. Introduction of various phosphoinositides, including PIP2, PI4P and PI, inhibits chemical and thermal sensitivity of the channel, consistent with a model in which phosphoinositide metabolism by pro-algesic agents enhances TRPV1 sensitivity and contributes to thermal hyperalgesia. using an orthogonal chemical modification strategy, we further show that association of the TRPV1 C-terminus with the bilayer modulates channel gating, consistent with phylogenetic data implicating this region of the channel as a regulatory site for thermal and chemical sensitivity. Beyond TRPV1, these findings are relevant to understanding how membrane lipids modulate a diverse family of “receptor-operated” TRP channels.
Attribute-assisted footprint suppression using a 2D continuous wavelet transform

AbstractAcquisition footprint manifests itself on 3D seismic data as a repetitive pattern of noise, anomalously high amplitudes, or structural shifts on time or horizon slices that is correlated to the location of the sources and receivers on the earth’s surface. Ideally, footprint suppression should be handled by denser seismic acquisition and more careful prestack processing prior to seismic imaging. In the case in which only legacy data exist, or when economic and time constraints preclude more expensive acquisition and more careful processing, interpreters must deal with data contaminated by footprint. Although accurate time-structure maps can be constructed from footprint-contaminated data, the effect of footprint on subsequent attributes, such as coherence, curvature, spectral components, and P-wave impedance will be exacerbated. We have developed a workflow that uses a 2D continuous wavelet transform to suppress coherent and incoherent noise on poststack seismic data. The method involves decomposin...
Catalytic, Enantioselective Synthesis of Allenyl Boronates.

A method to achieve enantioselective 1,4-hydroboration of terminal and internal enynes to access allenyl boronates under CuH catalysis is described. The reaction typically proceeds in a highly stereoselective manner and tolerates an array of synthetically useful functional groups. The utility of the enantioenriched allenyl boronate products is demonstrated through several representative downstream derivatizations.
Grounding Verbs of Motion in Natural Language Commands to Robots.

To be useful teammates to human partners, robots must be able to follow spoken instructions given in natural language. An important class of instructions involve interacting with people, such as “Follow the person to the kitchen” or “Meet the person at the elevators.” These instructions require that the robot fluidly react to changes in the environment, not simply follow a pre-computed plan. We present an algorithm for understanding natural language commands with three components. First, we create a cost function that scores the language according to how well it matches a candidate plan in the environment, defined as the log-likelihood of the plan given the command. Components of the cost function include novel models for the meanings of motion verbs such as “follow,” “meet,” and “avoid,” as well as spatial relations such as “to” and landmark phrases such as “the kitchen.” Second, an inference method uses this cost function to perform forward search, finding a plan that matches the natural language command. Third, a high-level controller repeatedly calls the inference method at each timestep to compute a new plan in response to changes in the environment such as the movement of the human partner or other people in the scene. When a command consists of more than a single task, the controller switches to the next task when an earlier one is satisfied. We evaluate our approach on a set of example tasks that require the ability to follow both simple and complex natural language commands.
Alcohol intoxication progressively impairs drivers' capacity to detect important environmental stimuli.

Abstract Rationale Alcohol intoxication impairs driving skills, leading to an increased frequency of accidents and crash fatalities. Inebriation may specifically impair environmental vigilance, reducing the driver's capacity for attention to stimuli that are relevant to successful navigation. Objectives We examined the separate and interactive effects of breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) and simulated driving scenario on the capacity to correctly identify visual stimuli embedded in the environment. Methods Ten healthy young adult drivers (6 males; 4 females) each performed 4 driving scenarios at each of 3 steady breath alcohol concentration levels (0, 60 and 100 mg/dl). Scenarios were based on speed or distance keeping while navigating a rural 2-lane road in daytime or nighttime conditions. Drivers pressed a button on the steering wheel corresponding to the direction of an arrow (up or down) which appeared briefly on road signs embedded in the environment, either overhead or on the roadside. Results Increasing level of BrAC and subjective scenario difficulty manifested significant, separate, but not interactive influences in association with the number of arrows correctly identified. Significant impairments could be detected at a level of BrAC below the current American limit for legal operation of a motor vehicle. Conclusions Environmental vigilance is subject to impairment by either/both alcohol intoxication and driving conditions.
Understanding the role of dysfunctional and healthy mitochondria in stroke pathology and its treatment

Stroke remains a major cause of death and disability in the United States and around the world. Solid safety and efficacy profiles of novel stroke therapeutics have been generated in the laboratory, but most failed in clinical trials. Investigations into the pathology and treatment of the disease remain a key research endeavor in advancing scientific understanding and clinical applications. In particular, cell-based regenerative medicine, specifically stem cell transplantation, may hold promise as a stroke therapy, because grafted cells and their components may recapitulate the growth and function of the neurovascular unit, which arguably represents the alpha and omega of stroke brain pathology and recovery. Recent evidence has implicated mitochondria, organelles with a central role in energy metabolism and stress response, in stroke progression. Recognizing that stem cells offer a source of healthy mitochondria-one that is potentially transferrable into ischemic cells-may provide a new therapeutic tool. To this end, deciphering cellular and molecular processes underlying dysfunctional mitochondria may reveal innovative strategies for stroke therapy. Here, we review recent studies capturing the intimate participation of mitochondrial impairment in stroke pathology, and showcase promising methods of healthy mitochondria transfer into ischemic cells to critically evaluate the potential of mitochondria-based stem cell therapy for stroke patients.
A graph-based approach for proteoform identification and quantification using top-down homogeneous multiplexed tandem mass spectra.

Top-down homogeneous multiplexed tandem mass (HomMTM) spectra are generated from modified proteoforms of the same protein with different post-translational modification patterns. They are frequently observed in the analysis of ultramodified proteins, some proteoforms of which have similar molecular weights and cannot be well separated by liquid chromatography in mass spectrometry analysis. We formulate the top-down HomMTM spectral identification problem as the minimum error k-splittable flow problem on graphs and propose a graph-based algorithm for the identification and quantification of proteoforms using top-down HomMTM spectra. Experiments on a top-down mass spectrometry data set of the histone H4 protein showed that the proposed method identified many proteoform pairs that better explain the query spectra than single proteoforms.
Risks and Returns of Cryptocurrency

We establish that cryptocurrency returns are driven and can be predicted by factors that are specific to cryptocurrency markets. Cryptocurrency returns are exposed to cryptocurrency network factors but not cryptocurrency production factors. We construct the network factors to capture the user adoption of cryptocurrencies and the production factors to proxy for the costs of cryptocurrency production. Moreover, there is a strong time-series momentum effect, and proxies for investor attention strongly forecast future cryptocurrency returns.
A new proof concerning quasi-tilted algebras

Let $\Lambda$ be a quasi-tilted algebra. If $\Lambda$ is representation-finite, it was shown by Happel, Reiten, and Smalo that $\Lambda$ is tilted. We provide a new, short proof of this result.
On Locomotion of a Laminated Fish-Inspired Robot in a Small-to-Size Environment

Many different robots have been designed and built to work under water. In many cases, researchers have chosen to use bio-inspired platforms. In most cases, the main goal of the fish inspired robots has been set to autonomously swim and maneuver in an environment spacious compared to the fish's size. In this paper, the identification control of a low-cost fish-inspired robot is studied with the goal of building a mechanism to not only swim in water but able to interact with its narrow environment. The robotic fish under study uses tail propulsion as main locomotion. Moreover, proper propulsion regimes are identified and used to model and control thrust generated by propulsion.
Looking into the future: An inward bias in aesthetic experience driven only by gaze cues

The inward bias is an especially powerful principle of aesthetic experience: In framed images (e.g. photographs), we prefer peripheral figures that face inward (vs. outward). Why does this bias exist? Since agents tend to act in the direction in which they are facing, one intriguing possibility is that the inward bias reflects a preference to view scenes from a perspective that will allow us to witness those predicted future actions. This account has been difficult to test with previous displays, in which facing direction is often confounded with either global shape profiles or the relative locations of salient features (since e.g. someone's face is generally more visually interesting than the back of their head). But here we demonstrate a robust inward bias in aesthetic judgment driven by a cue that is socially powerful but visually subtle: averted gaze. Subjects adjusted the positions of people in images to maximize the images' aesthetic appeal. People with direct gaze were not placed preferentially in particular regions, but people with averted gaze were reliably placed so that they appeared to be looking inward. This demonstrates that the inward bias can arise from visually subtle features, when those features signal how future events may unfold.
Trilemma-Dilemma: Constraint or Choice? Some Empirical Evidence from a Structurally Identified Heterogeneous Panel VAR

We use a heterogeneous panel structural VAR approach to study the role of international financial integration in determining the effectiveness of monetary policy under different exchange rate regimes. In particular, we use the extent to which a country’s monetary policy is able to create temporary deviations from uncovered interest parity as a policy-relevant measure of the degree to which the country is effectively integrated with international financial markets, and then correlate this measure to our estimates of the ability of monetary policy to induce temporary movements in commercial bank lending rates. We find that regardless of whether a country pursues fixed or floating exchange rates, the impact of monetary policy shocks on bank lending rates is diminished as the country becomes financially more integrated with the world economy. This is a direct implication of Mundell’s trilemma for countries with fixed exchange rates, but not for floaters. For floaters, we find that the weaker effects on domestic interest rates under high integration are accompanied with stronger effects on the exchange rate. This also holds true for monetary shocks originating in “core” countries. These results provide a possible reconciliation between Rey’s “dilemma” and Mundell’s famous trilemma: because higher financial integration increases exchange rate volatility in response to foreign monetary shocks, countries in the periphery that seek to avoid such volatility are more likely to pursue monetary policies that shadow those of the core as they become more financially integrated with the core.
Auditor Task-Specific Expertise: The Case of Fair Value Accounting

We examine whether auditor task-specific expertise in fair value (FV), a complex accounting topic, contributes to audit quality. Our investigation is motivated by the recurrently identified deficie...
The economics of markets and platforms

Advances in the study of both markets and platforms contribute to economics. Platforms are typically digital markets, although platforms can designate markets generally. So, the economics of markets and the economics of platforms are one and the same. Platforms show the critical role of intermediaries in endogenous price adjustment and market clearing. The platform model remedies problems with general equilibrium analysis by combining and extending the basic Walrasian and Marshalian market models. The analysis of platforms provides explanations for the bid–ask spread, including market power, search costs, matching costs, adverse selection, and moral hazard. The study of platforms demonstrates the importance of participation and coordination in the formation of markets. The discussion emphasizes that platforms have significant implications for the theory of the firm. The analysis further considers how platforms affect innovation and entrepreneurship.
Noninvasive Detection of Motor-Evoked Potentials in Response to Brain Stimulation Below the Noise Floor—How Weak Can a Stimulus Be and Still Stimulate

Motor-evoked potentials (MEP) are one of the most important responses to brain stimulation, such as supra-threshold transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electrical stimulation. The understanding of the neurophysiology and the determination of the lowest stimulation strength that evokes responses requires the detection of even smallest responses, e.g., from single motor units, but available detection and quantization methods are rather simple and suffer from a large noise floor. The paper introduces a more sophisticated matched-filter detection method that increases the detection sensitivity and shows that activation occurs well below the conventional detection level. In consequence, also conventional threshold definitions, e.g., as 50 μV median response amplitude, turn out to be substantially higher than the point at which first detectable responses occur. The presented method uses a matched-filter approach for improved sensitivity and generates the filter through iterative learning from the presented data. In contrast to conventional peak-to-peak measures, the presented method has a higher signal-to-noise ratio (≥14 dB). For responses that are reliably detected by conventional detection, the new approach is fully compatible and provides the same results but extends the dynamic range below the conventional noise floor. The underlying method is applicable to a wide range of well-timed biosignals and evoked potentials, such as in electroencephalography.
C4 photosynthesis and climate through the lens of optimality

CO2, temperature, water availability, and light intensity were all potential selective pressures that determined the competitive advantage and expansion of the C4 photosynthetic carbon-concentrating mechanism over the last ∼30 My. To tease apart how selective pressures varied along the ecological trajectory of C4 expansion and dominance, we coupled hydraulics to photosynthesis models while optimizing photosynthesis over stomatal resistance and leaf/fine-root allocation. We further examined the importance of nitrogen reallocation from the dark to the light reactions. We show here that the primary selective pressures favoring C4 dominance changed through the course of C4 evolution. The higher stomatal resistance and leaf-to-root ratios enabled by C4 led to an advantage without any initial difference in hydraulic properties. We further predict a reorganization of the hydraulic system leading to higher turgor-loss points and possibly lower hydraulic conductance. Selection on nitrogen reallocation varied with CO2 concentration. Through paleoclimate model simulations, we find that water limitation was the primary driver for a C4 advantage, with atmospheric CO2 as high as 600 ppm, thus confirming molecular-based estimates for C4 evolution in the Oligocene. Under these high-CO2 conditions, nitrogen reallocation was necessary. Low CO2 and high light, but not nitrogen reallocation, were the primary drivers for the mid- to late-Miocene global expansion of C4. We also predicted the timing and spatial distribution for origins of C4 ecological dominance. The predicted origins are broadly consistent with prior estimates, but expand upon them to include a center of origin in northwest Africa and a Miocene-long origin in Australia.
Jones-Optimal Partial Evaluation by Specialization-Safe Normalization

We present partial evaluation by specialization-safe normalization, a novel partial evaluation technique that is Jones-optimal, that can be self-applied to achieve the Futamura projections and that can be type-checked to ensure it always generates code with the correct type. Jones-optimality is the gold-standard for nontrivial partial evaluation and guarantees that a specializer can remove an entire layer of interpretation. We achieve Jones-optimality by using a novel affine-variable static analysis that directs specialization-safe normalization to always decrease a program’s runtime.
Navigation, Cognitive Spatial Models, and the Mind.

Because navigation produces readily observable actions, it provides an important window into how perception and reasoning support intelligent behavior. This paper summarizes recent results in navigation from the perspectives of cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and cognitive robotics. Together they argue for the significance of a learned spatial cognitive model. The feasibility of such a model for navigation is demonstrated, and important issues raised for a standard model of the mind.
Impact of document consolidation on healthcare providers' perceived workload and information reconciliation tasks: a mixed methods study

Background Information reconciliation is a common yet complex and often time-consuming task performed by healthcare providers. While electronic health record systems can receive "outside information" about a patient in electronic documents, rarely does the computer automate reconciling information about a patient across all documents. Materials and Methods Using a mixed methods design, we evaluated an information system designed to reconcile information across multiple electronic documents containing health records for a patient received from a health information exchange (HIE) network. Nine healthcare providers participated in scenario-based sessions in which they manually consolidated information across multiple documents. Accuracy of consolidation was measured along with the time spent completing 3 different reconciliation scenarios with and without support from the information system. Participants also attended an interview about their experience. Perceived workload was evaluated quantitatively using the NASA-TLX tool. Qualitative analysis focused on providers' impression of the system and the challenges faced when reconciling information in practice. Results While 5 providers made mistakes when trying to manually reconcile information across multiple documents, no participants made a mistake when the system supported their work. Overall perceived workload decreased significantly for scenarios supported by the system (37.2% in referrals, 18.4% in medications, and 31.5% in problems scenarios, P < 0.001). Information reconciliation time was reduced significantly when the system supported provider tasks (58.8% in referrals, 38.1% in medications, and 65.1% in problem scenarios). Conclusion Automating retrieval and reconciliation of information across multiple electronic documents shows promise for reducing healthcare providers' task complexity and workload.
Ambivalence in the (Private) Public Sphere: How Global Digital Activists Navigate Risk.

This study examines the accounts of a global network of digital activists to understand how they view their relationships with social media platforms and negotiate risk in digital environments. Through semi-structured interviews with a geographically diverse group of activists, all of whom write for the citizen media platform Global Voices, the paper considers how the activists negotiate an ambiguous and shifting landscape of online threats in the conduct of their work. It uncovers a deep vein of ambivalence around digital practices, particularly with regard to the role of social media companies. It also aims to contribute a better comparative understanding of risk across a number of digital environments: surveillance and censorship take different forms and are experienced in different ways depending on the activists’ geography. I find while activists are innovatively using these platforms to create new spaces for speech and dissent, they are also spaces of ambiguity and ambivalence, and may be as dangerous as they are generative. I explore the forms of user agency taken up by activists as they negotiate networked privacy in the (private) public sphere.
Governing Without Government: Nonprofit Governance in Detroit and Flint:

Scholars across the social sciences have shown how economic, social, and political changes are weakening local governments and contributing to rising nonprofit activity in urban politics. But these...