cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical study of the influence of forcing terms and fluctuations near onset on the roll pattern in Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a simple fluid

The stochastic Swift-Hohenberg equation is studied as a model of Rayleigh-B\'enard convection in a simple fluid. The equation has been solved numerically in two spatial dimensions to obtain the convective heat current and the roll pattern when either a bulk stochastic forcing field or different models of thermal-diffusivity mismatch at the sidewalls of the convective cell are considered. The parameters that enter the equation have been chosen to match the ramping experiments on Rayleigh-B\'enard convection by Meyer, Ahlers, and Cannell [Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1577 (1987)]. For any combination of forcing mechanisms, we are able to find values of their various amplitudes that lead to excellent fits to the experimentally measured convective current. In the case of a bulk random forcing field, we find an amplitude of ${\mathit{F}}_{1}$=5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$, compared to ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathrm{th}}$=1.92\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}9}$, the value obtained from fluctuation theory. A random, cellular pattern of rolls is observed, in agreement with experiments involving a gel sidewall designed to eliminate the influence of the sidewalls on the onset of convection. A thermal-conductivity mismatch at the sidewall has also been modeled by a variety of forcing fields. In all cases a roll-like pattern that reflects the geometry of the sidewalls is observed. Different combinations of both types of forcing fields have also been studied and found to yield patterns intermediate between cellular and roll-like, while yielding a very reasonable fit to the convective heat current measured experimentally.
Chairside repair of worn or lost denture teeth using nanofilled composite resin bonded to the denture base.

1. Tsuo Y, Yoshida K, Atsuta M. Effects of alumina-blasting and adhesive primers on bonding between resin luting agent and zirconia ceramics. Dent Mater J 2006;25:66974. 2. Wolfart M, Lehmann F, Wolfart S, Kern M. Durability of the resin bond strength to zirconia ceramic after using different surface conditioning methods. Dent Mater 2007;23:45-50. 3. Kern M, Wegner SM. Bonding to zirconia ceramic: adhesion methods and their durability. Dent Mater 1998;14:64-71. 4. Kern M, Barloi A, Yang B. Surface conditioning influences zirconia ceramic bonding. J Dent Res 2009;88:817-22. 5. Derand T, Molin M, Kvam K. Bond strength of composite luting cement to zirconia ceramic surfaces. Dent Mater 2005;21:115862. 6. Aboushelib MN, Kleverlaan CJ, Feilzer AJ. Selective infiltration-etching technique for a strong and durable bond of resin cements to zirconia-based materials. J Prosthet Dent 2007;98:379-88. 7. Phark JH, Duarte S Jr, Blatz M, Sadan A. An in vitro evaluation of the long-term resin bond to a new densely sintered high-purity zirconium-oxide ceramic surface. J Prosthet Dent 2009;101:29-38. 8. Yang B, Wolfart S, Scharnberg M, Ludwig K, Adelung R, Kern M. Influence of contamination on zirconia ceramic bonding. J Dent Res 2007;86:749-53. Corresponding author: Dr Matthias Kern Department of Prosthodontics, Propaedeutics and Dental Materials School of Dentistry, Christian-Albrechts University at Kiel Arnold-Heller Strasse 16 24105 Kiel GERMANY Fax: +49 431 597 2860 E-mail: mkern@proth.uni-kiel.de
A Social Entrepreneurship Bibliography

This bibliography is an attempt to list the most relevant material on the topic of ‘social entrepreneurship’ published within the past two decades. The Academic Search Complete and Web of Science databases were used to conduct a literature search using the keywords ‘social enterprise’, ‘social entrepreneurship’ and ‘social entrepreneur’. The literature search was limited to peer-reviewed journal articles and books published between 1989 and 2009. Since academic interest in social entrepreneurship is a relatively new phenomenon, very little research in this area was conducted before 1989. Two seminal pre-1989 articles were included in this list: Banks (1972), who first coined the term ‘social entrepreneur’ in the context of the sociology of social movements; and Drucker (1979), who first introduced the concept of ‘social enterprise’ while advocating ethical responsibilities of corporations. Only articles and books in which ‘social entrepreneurship’, ’social enterprises’ or ‘social entrepreneurs’ were the m...
Laryngeal reinnervation for unilateral vocal fold paralysis using ansa cervicalis nerve to recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis

In laryngeal paralysis, the stiffness of the denervated vocal fold is decreased. This leads to deviant vibratory patterns involving 2 asymmetric vocal folds and results in abnormal vocal quality. Follow-up studies of medialization thyroplasty patients have noted that decrement in vocal quality after medialization is often because of continuing vocal fold atrophy. Vocal cord atrophy from denervation injury can be countered by reinnervation. This article reviews the most commonly performed laryngeal reinnervation procedure for unilateral vocal fold paralysis: ansa cervicalis nerve to recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis.
Neutral protease activity in lymphocytes of lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Lymphocytes from popliteal and inguinal lymph nodes of Lewis rats with acute EAE as a result of injection of lyophilized guinea pig myelin in Freund's complete adjuvant exerted strong proteolytic activity at neutral pH toward myelin basic protein. After injection of myelin the level of proteolytic activity remained about the same as that in lymphocytes from Freund's adjuvant-injected controls until about day 10 after injection, just before the onset of paralytic symptoms; then the proteolytic activity increased to approximately double its former level. Myelin basic protein was hydrolyzed by whole lymphocytes, but more activity was unmasked by homogenization. Similar results were also obtained using lymphocytes from thymus of EAE and control animals. Lymphocytes with high levels of proteolytic activity were not absorbed by glass wool, did not stain with neutral red, nor did they phagocytose antibody-coated sheep red blood cells. Thymus and lymph node lymphocytes cleaved myelin basic protein to three major peptides and a fourth minor peptide, while spleen lymphocytes hydrolyzed basic protein at only one point resulting in two peptides whose molecular weights added up to that of myelin basic protein. The protease activity was inhibited by 5×10−3 Mp-chloromercuribenzoate and by phenylmethyl sulfonyl fluoride, TPCK, and soybean trypsin inhibitor, therefore the enzymatic activity probably depends on a serine residue and a sulfhydryl group. The bulk of the enzymatic activity is mostly membrane bound with the highest specific activity and total activity contained in a lysosomal-mitochondrial fraction. In view of the infiltration of lymphocytes into the brain substance in acute EAE, it is suggested that these cells may contribute to the destruction of myelin which is usually attributed to the monocyte or macrophage.
Electrochemical investigations of several transition metal tris(acetylacetonate) complexes

Abstract The voltammetry of a number of M(acac)3 complexes (M = Fe, Ru, Co, Rh or Ir: acac− = acetylacetonate) have been studied. A variety of electrochemical behavior has been found. When M = Fe or Ru, a reversible reduction was found, E 1 2 = −0.61 and −0.70 V respectively. M = Co showed a highly irreversible reduction at E9 1 2 = 1.10 V. All complexes undergo oxidation, the potential and character depending on the metal centre. With M = Fe, Co or Rh, the oxidation is irreversible (Epa = +1.70, +1.70, +1.74 V respectively). When M = Ru or Ir, both show a reversible oxidation (E9 1 2 = +1.05 and +1.29 V respectively) which, although showing no tendency to undergo any following reactions on the voltammetric time-scale, proved not to be sufficiently stable over the longer time period required for electrosynthesis. Both oxidized species show a reaction with DMF. Preliminary kinetic studies showed the reaction not to be a simple second order process. The general trend in redox potentials and the varying chemical stability of the electrochemically produced cations were in keeping with the higher oxidation state becoming more favorable down the triad.
Linking diffusion kinetics to defect electronic structure in metal oxides: Charge-dependent vacancy diffusion in alumina

We study the diffusion of charged vacancies in α-Al2O3 crystal using the first-principles calculation method. We predict that the migration energy for vacancy diffusion strongly depends on the charge state of the vacancy involved. Importantly, we reveal that this charge-dependent vacancy diffusion is directly related to the electron occupancy and energy level change of the defect states of the charged vacancy in alumina. Hence, our study establishes a direct link between the diffusion kinetics and electronic structure of metal oxides.
Open access of publications by veterinary faculty in the United States and Canada.

The free availability of full-text veterinary publications in MEDLINE-indexed journals by US and Canadian veterinary faculty from 2006–7 was determined. Additionally, publishing databases were searched to obtain general statistics on veterinary publishing. A survey of institutional initiatives to promote open-access journals and institutional repositories was also performed. Veterinary faculty published a total of 4,872 articles indexed by MEDLINE in 679 different journals. Of these articles, 1,334 (27%) were available as free full text and were published in 245 different journals. Although 51 veterinary-specific journals offering immediate and free full-text access were identified, few articles in this study appeared in these titles. Rather, most free scholarly articles by veterinary faculty appeared in journals with an embargo period. Academic veterinary institutions may want to recommend acceptance of alternate forms of information dissemination (such as open-access journals and journals published only digitally) to encourage greater global dissemination of their research findings. The promotion and use of digital institutional repositories is also an area for future investment and warrants additional research.
In vivo modulation ofN-methyl-d- aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation by the glycine modulatory site

Abstract The role of the glycine modulatory site in N -methyl- d -aspartic receptor function was examined by determining the effect of the glycine site antagonist, 7-chlorokynurenic acid, on the induction of long-term potentiation at the commissural-CA1 synapse in anesthetized rats. Robust long-term potentiation of population excitatory postsynaptic potentials and population spike responses recorded extracellularly in the stratum pyramidale and in stratum radiatum of CA1 developed after high frequency stimulation (100 Hz for 1 s) of commissural fibers during continuous intrahippocampal administration of vehicle solution (0.15 M NaCl). In contrast, infusion of either 7-chlorokynurenic acid (400 μM) or of the N -methyl- d -aspartic receptor antagonist, d -2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (100 μM), significantly attenuated or completely blocked the development of long-term potentiation. When 7-chlorokynurenic acid was infused together with the glycine analog, d -serine (1 mM), long-term potentiation developed that was comparable to that observed in control animals. Intrahippocampal administration of d -serine alone was associated with slightly greater magnitude of long-term potentiation than observed in control animals. Collectively, these findings establish that in intact hippocampus, activity at the glycine modulatory site is necessary for activation of the N -methyl- d -aspartic receptor complex. Furthermore, these results suggest that the glycine modulatory site may not be fully saturated in vivo , and thus can serve to regulate N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor function.
A subset of dynamic actin rearrangements in Drosophila requires the Arp2/3 complex

The Arp2/3 complex has been shown to dramatically increase the slow spontaneous rate of actin filament nucleation in vitro, and it is known to be important for remodeling the actin cytoskeleton in vivo. We isolated and characterized loss of function mutations in genes encoding two subunits of the Drosophila Arp2/3 complex: Arpc1, which encodes the homologue of the p40 subunit, and Arp3, encoding one of the two actin-related proteins. We used these mutations to study how the Arp2/3 complex contributes to well-characterized actin structures in the ovary and the pupal epithelium. We found that the Arp2/3 complex is required for ring canal expansion during oogenesis but not for the formation of parallel actin bundles in nurse cell cytoplasm and bristle shaft cells. The requirement for Arp2/3 in ring canals indicates that the polymerization of actin filaments at the ring canal plasma membrane is important for driving ring canal growth.
Computer assisted analytical procedures using Benford's Law

Abstract This case introduces students to Benford's Law and Digital Analysis, which can be used as an analytical procedure and fraud detection tool. Digital Analysis (DA) is the analysis of digit and number patterns of a data set. Actual digit frequencies in a data set are compared to the expected frequencies according to Benford's Law [ Benford, F. (1938). The law of the anomolous numbers, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 78, 551–572. ]. Minor differences suggest that the data have passed a reasonableness test, while major differences signal possible financial statement mis-statements. After describing Benford's Law and the basic DA tests, the case requires auditing students to download DA software and the actual accounts payable file of a software company from a designated Internet site. Students then, (1) analyse the data using three DA tests as an analytical procedure in an external audit context, and (2) graph and a report the results and audit-related conclusions. The teaching note includes the actual findings from the audit of that data set and guidance on using the case in an auditing course.
A Thermodynamic Study of the Starch-Water Surface Interaction

The heats of immersion, in water, of corn starch U. S. P. and a directly compressible corn starch were determined as a function of moisture content. This study, in conjunction with an equilibrium vapor phase adsorption study, allowed the thermodynamic parameters characterizing the two systems to be calculated. In both cases, hysteresis was observed in the heat of immersion data. Plots of the differential enthalpies provided evidence that both starches swell in water at room temperature. Average adsorbate-solid hydrogen bond energies were calculated for the two starch-water systems ( - 8.57 Kcal/mole, corn starch U. S. P. -water; - 7.80 Kcal/mole, Starch 1500-water). Thermodynamische Studie der Wechselwirkung zwischen Starkeoberflache und Wasser. Die Benetzungswarmen von Maisstarke nach der U. S. -Pharmakopoe und einer direkt komprimierbaren Maisstarke in Wasser wurden als Funktion des Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes bestimmt. In Verbindung mit einer Untersuchung der Gleichgewichts-Dampfphasen-Adsorption machte die Berechnung der die beiden Systeme charakterisierenden thermodynamischen Parameter moglich. In beiden Fallen wurde aufgrund der Werte der Benetzungswarme Hysterese beobachtet. Die graphische Darstellung der Differential-Enthalpien lieferte den Beweis, das beide Starken in Wasser bei Raumtemperatur quellen. Die durchschnittlichen Adsorbat/Feststoff-Wasserstoffbindungsenergien wurden fur die beiden Starke/Wasser-Systeme berechnet (- 8,57 Kcal/Mol fur Maisstarke U. S. P./Wasser; - 7,80 Kcal/Mol fur Starke 1500/Wasser).
Colonization of the Swallow Bug in the Laboratory

The swallow bug, Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, a vector of Fort Morgan virus, was colonized by the use of infant mice, which were continuously available as hosts. This is the first report of laboratory colonization of a member of this genus. Estimates were made of median survival time, as adults, of 85 males and 75 females of colony and wild stocks, respectively, and of rates of egg deposition by the females. Wild adult males survived 26% longer (97.0 days) than colony males (77.1 days), and wild females survived 47% longer (80.9 days) than colony females (54.9 days). Colony females produced 87% more eggs per week per insect (average, 8.6) than wild females (average, 4.6). Age (as adults) for cumulative 50% egg deposition was earlier for colony than for wild insects (31.0 vs. 57.4 days). The two stocks deposited different patterns of excrement in their housing flasks. The major differences were detectable only through experimental evaluation, which shows the need for caution in the use of colonies.
Part I: An X-Ray Scattering Study of Cholera Toxin Penetration and Induced Phase Transformations in Lipid Membranes

Abstract Cholera toxin is a highly efficient biotoxin, which is frequently used as a tool to investigate protein-membrane interactions and as a reporter for membrane rafts. Cholera toxin binds selectively to gangliosides with highest affinity to GM 1 . However, the mechanism by which cholera toxin crosses the membrane remains unresolved. Using x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence diffraction, we have been able to monitor the binding and penetration of cholera toxin into a model lipid monolayer containing the receptor GM 1 at the air-water interface. Very high toxin coverage was obtained allowing precise measurements of how toxin binding alters lipid packing. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction revealed the coexistence of two monolayer phases after toxin binding. The first was identical to the monolayer before toxin binding. In regions where toxin was bound, a second membrane phase exhibited a decrease in order as evidenced by a larger area per molecule and tilt angle with concomitant thinning of the monolayer. These results demonstrate that cholera toxin binding induces the formation of structurally distinct, less ordered domains in gel phases. Furthermore, the largest decrease in lateral order to the monolayer occurred at low pH, supporting a low endosomal pH in the infection pathway. Surprisingly, at pH=8 toxin penetration by the binding portion of the toxin, the B 5 pentamer, was also observed.
A simple model for simulation of oxygen transport in the microcirculation

A mathematical model of deoxygenation of blood in the microcirculation is used to estimate the mass transfer resistance in the blood and to examine certain assumptions used in prior work on simulation of the microcirculation: the treatment of blood as a continuum and the use of a single-step reaction kinetics model. The erythrocytes are treated as cylindrical slugs which alternate with plasma gaps such that oxygen transport is by radial diffusion in the cell. The system of equations including reaction kinetics and oxyhemoglobin diffusion is solved numerically. The results are of direct applicability in estimation of oxygen concentration profiles in tissue. The results also indicate that the resistance to oxygen transport in the capillary (relative to that in the surrounding tissue) is much higher than predicted by the continuum approach used by most prior workers. The resistance in the capillary is a significant fraction of the overall resistance. Other results give quantitative estimates of the error incurred from use of a single-step kinetic model.
Maximal expiratory flow in the guinea pig.

Using the whole body plethysmograph, the maximal expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curve was performed in anesthetized-paralyzed guinea pigs with intact chest (n = 7) and in anesthetized, chest-open animals following exsanguination (n = 13). The pressure-volume (PV) curve was also measured. Before and after the MEFV and PV maneuvers, lung volume was determined with a neon dilution method. Peak maximal expiratory flow $$\left( {\dot V\max } \right)$$ of 178 ± 7 ml/sec occurring at 83% TLC. After the peak flow, $$\left( {\dot V\max } \right)$$ decreased gradually with reducing lung volume. The $$\left( {\dot V\max } \right)$$ -static recoil pressure curve was relatively linear up to PL = 5 cmH2O. Density-dependence of $$\left( {\dot V\max } \right)$$ (helium- $$\left( {\dot V\max } \right)$$ was significantly higher than air- $$\left( {\dot V\max } \right)$$ ) was found at or above 60% TLC but not at lung volume below 60% TLC. For the chest-open postmortem guinea pig, $$\left( {\dot V\max } \right)$$ and TLC decreased while trapped gas volume increased gradually with time after exsanguination, indicating that bronchoconstriction gradually became more severe. The magnitude of this postmortem airway spasm was related to age and anesthetic used.
Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Basic Concepts, Current Status, and Future Directions

Few topics have received as much attention in the cardiovascular literature over the last 5 years as risk prediction. The assessment of risk has been a key element in efforts to define risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), to identify novel markers of risk for CVD, to identify and assess potential targets of therapy, and to enhance the cost-effective implementation of therapies for both primary and secondary prevention of CVD. With the publication of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel (ATP-III)1 in 2001 and similar guidelines from other national and international bodies,2–5 risk prediction assumed a central role in the field of CVD prevention. Since then, numerous attempts have been made to refine and improve risk assessment methods. A basic review of the history and principles of risk prediction, their statistical underpinnings, and their clinical implications is thus required to help clinicians and researchers understand the increasingly complex approaches being undertaken to refine CVD risk prediction. Other articles in this series address the current adoption, utility, and effect of risk estimation algorithms in clinical prevention practice. Risk estimates can theoretically be used to raise population awareness of diseases (such as CVD) that cause a significant burden of morbidity and mortality, to communicate knowledge about that risk to individuals and subgroups, and to motivate adherence to recommended lifestyle changes or therapies. In clinical practice, risk prediction algorithms have been used most directly to identify individuals at high risk for developing CVD in the short term to select those individuals for more intensive preventive interventions. The prime example of this latter “high-risk” prevention strategy, which relies heavily on the quantitative prediction of CVD risk, is the approach promulgated by the ATP-III panel.1 In this algorithm, the stated underlying assumption is that the intensity …
Reduced hypothalamic POMC and anterior pituitary CRF1 receptor mRNA levels after acute, but not chronic, daily binge intragastric Alcohol administration

Background: Endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), its pituitary CRF1 receptor, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) may be involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to alcohol. Methods: Alcohol (1.5 g/kg) or water was administered intragastrically to male Fischer rats after the “binge'’pattern regimen, that is, three times daily at 1 hr intervals at the beginning of the light cycle. The levels of CRF, CRF1 receptor, and POMC mRNAs in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis were measured after acute (1 day) or chronic (14 days) binge pattern alcohol administration. Plasma levels of ACTH and corticosterone were measured to examine time-dependent alterations of HPA responses. Results: Plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels were elevated dramatically after 1 day of acute binge pattern alcohol administration. After 14 days of chronic alcohol, however, no elevation in plasma ACTH levels and an attenuated elevation in plasma corticosterone levels were found. CRF mRNA levels in the hypothalamus were not altered after either acute or chronic alcohol administration. CRF1 receptor mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary were decreased significantly after acute administration, with no change after chronic alcohol administration. POMC mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary were not altered by either acute or chronic alcohol administration. In the hypothalamus, POMC mRNA levels were decreased significantly after acute but not chronic binge alcohol administration. Conclusions: These results suggest that (1) rats exposed to chronic binge alcohol develop tolerance in HPA activity, as shown by no elevation of ACTH and an attenuated corticosterone response to chronic alcohol after initial dramatic elevations by acute alcohol administration; (2) a concurrent acute decrease in CRF1 receptor mRNA levels in the anterior pituitary is associated with increased HPA activity, and (3) alterations of POMC gene expression in the hypothalamic region may have implications for a molecular understanding of the neuroendocrine response to alcohol.
Pneumonia in Normal and Immunocompromised Children: An Overview and Update

Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma caused by a wide variety of organisms in pediatric patients. The role of imaging is to detect the presence of pneumonia, and determine its location and extent, exclude other thoracic causes of respiratory symptoms, and show complications such as effusion/empyema and suppurative lung changes. The overarching goal of this article is to review cause, role of imaging, imaging techniques, and the spectrum of acute and chronic pneumonias in children. Pneumonia in the neonate and immunocompromised host is also discussed.
The Genera Hoffmannina and Crotiscus (Acari: Trombiculidae), with Descriptions of Two New Peruvian Species from Lestoros inca (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae)

Hoffmannina peruensis Goff, n. sp., and Crotiscus brennani Goff, n. sp., are described from specimens collected from an Incan “rat” opossum, Lestoros inca (Thomas), taken in Peru. The genera Hoffmannina Brennan & Jones and Crotiscus Ewing are redefined, and keys to the included species are given.
Adrenocortical influences upon the reconstitution of lymphatic tissue following acute involution.

A single subcutaneous injection of an intoxicating dose of ethyl alcohol, given tointact 17 week old male CBA mice, induced an acute involution of the thymus which was maximal 36 to 48 hours after the injection. Based on a comparison made with the thymo-regressive response to hydrocortisone, the involution observed was estimated to have been due to a fifty-fold increase in adrcnocortical steroid activity. A comparison of the growth curves and the cytologicalmechanisms responsible for the reconstitution of the thymus was then made, between the stressed-intact animals and stressed animals bilaterally adrcnalcctomized at the time of maximal thymicinvolution. In the intact animals, the thymus regained 50% of its total weight loss by the 96th hour after the alcohol injections. Beyond this the rate of reconstitution decreased andthe normal thymic weight was not attained until between the 240th and 288th hours. Adrenalectomy completely reversed the shape of the growth curve. There was an initial inhibition of gr...
Experimental Investigations and Correlations for the Performance of Reciprocating Heat Pipes

Reciprocating heat pipes are novel heat pipes that are being developed for engine piston applications. These heat pipes have a high effective thermal conductance due to the impinging effects of liquid particles in the heat pipe. In this investigation, semiempirical correlations for the dimensionless temperature distribution and effective thermal conductivity of heat pipes are derived. Extensive experiments are conducted to investigate the effects of thermal and geometrical conditions on the performance of reciprocating heat pipes, and a large number of experimental data are generated. Experimental results indicate that the effective thermal conductance of the reciprocating heat pipe can be more than 300 times that of a solid copper bar of equal size. Comparison of the experimental data and correlation shows that the experimental data can be correlated to within ±30% by the correlation derived, which provides a quantitative relation for heat pipe design purposes.
Fast-scanning reflection-mode integrated photoacoustic and optical-coherence microscopy

We previously demonstrated that multimodal microscopy combining photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography can provide comprehensive insight into biological tissue at μm-level resolution by exploiting both optical absorption and scattering contrasts. Recently, we have developed a second-generation integrated photoacoustic and optical-coherence microscope, which can potentially be adapted for clinical applications. In this new system, we can perform photoacoustic and optical-coherence imaging simultaneously at a speed of 5,000 A-lines per second with real-time on-screen display. Also, both modalities now work in reflection mode instead of transmission mode, allowing easy access to various anatomical locations of interest. Imaging of skin and eye has been demonstrated in living small animals.
Effects of Fuel Spray Modeling on Combustion Instability Predictions in a Single-Element Lean Direct Injection (LDI) Gas Turbine Combustor

Abstract : Simulations of a model configuration of a lean direct injection (LDI) gas turbine combustor were performed to assess the effects of fuel spray modeling in predicting combustion instability. Concurrently, experimental data were obtained at the same conditions in a test combustor with the same configuration for comparison. To improve the simulation predictions, fuel spray modeling was tuned and assessed in two major steps. First, focus is put on the Weber number-adaptive hybrid model that describes the secondary atomization. Tuning the model constants over a finite range does not have a significant effect on the predictions. Second, specified fuel spray distributions are tested to replace the linear stability primary breakup model (LISA). Both uniform and log-normal distributions are used with different mean drop diameters. A better match between pressure amplitude could be achieved by specifying a spray drop distribution, but the predicted dominant modes (3L/4L and 1T) seemed to be very sensitive to the distributions applied.
Gout-related health care utilization in US emergency departments, 2006 through 2008.

Objective To characterize gout-related emergency department (ED) utilization using a nationally representative sample and to examine factors associated with the frequency and charges of gout-related ED visits. Methods Using the National Emergency Department Sample data from 2006–2008, the weighted national frequency of gout visits was calculated along with the median ED charge and total national ED-related charges. Associations of several patient- and facility-level factors were examined with the occurrence of gout visits using multivariable logistic regression and with ED-related charges using multivariable linear regression. Results Gout was the primary indication for 168,410 ED visits in 2006, 171,743 visits in 2007, and 174,823 visits in 2008, accounting for ∼0.2% of all visits annually and generating ED charges of more than $128 million in 2006, $144 million in 2007, and $166 million in 2008. Age, male sex, household income <$39,000, private insurance, and hospital locations in nonmetropolitan areas and the southern US were associated with an increased propensity for ED utilization in gout. Higher ED-related charges for gout were associated with female sex, age, a higher number of coded diagnoses, and a metropolitan residence. Conclusion Gout accounts for a substantial proportion of ED visits, leading to significant health care charges. Effective strategies to reduce gout burden in EDs could potentially benefit by targeting groups characterized by factors demonstrated to be related to a higher ED utilization in gout as identified by our study.
ChameleonSoft: A moving target defense system

Ubiquitous cyber systems and their supporting infrastructure impact productivity and quality of life immensely. Their penetration in our daily life increases the need for their enhanced resilience and for means to secure and protect them. One major threat is the software monoculture. Latest research work illustrated the danger of software monoculture and introduced diversity to reduce the attack surface. In this paper, we propose a biologically-inspired defense system, ChameleonSoft, that employs multidimensional software diversity to, in effect, induce spatiotemporal software behavior encryption and a moving target defense. The key principles are decoupling functional roles and runtime role players; devising intrinsically-resilient composable online programmable building blocks; separating logic, state and physical resources; and employing functionally-equivalent, behaviorally-different code variants. Given, our construction, ChameleonSoft is also equipped with an autonomic failure recovery mechanism for enhanced resilience. Nodes employing ChameleonSoft autonomously and cooperatively change their recovery and encryption policy both proactively and reactively according to the continual change in context and environment. In order to test the applicability of the proposed approach, we present a prototype of the ChameleonSoft Behavior Encryption (CBE) and recovery mechanisms. Further, using analysis and simulation, we study the performance and security aspects of the proposed system. This study aims to evaluate the provisioned level of security by measuring the level of induced confusion and diffusion to quantify the strength of the CBE mechanism. Further, we compute the computational cost of security provisioning and enhancing system resilience. A brief attack scenario is also included to illustrate the complexity of attacking ChameleonSoft.
The evaluation of text editors: a critical review of the Roberts and Morgan methodology based on new experiments

Three text editors were studied using the editor evaluation methodology developed by Roberts and Moran [3, 4]. The results are presented as an extension of the studies by Roberts and Moran, with comparisons to the editors they studied earlier. In addition, supplementary measurements were taken that suggest minor flaws in the Roberts and Moran methodology. Further problems with the methodology are discussed, with an eye toward improving the methodology for future use. Although three significant problems with the methodology are reported, the problems are interesting primarily as lessons for the design of future evaluation methodologies. The Roberts and Moran methodology remains largely useful for the purposes for which it was designed.
X-ray double crystal analysis of facets in Czochralski grown gadolinium gallium garnet

Abstract Representative wafers from Czochralski grown boules of gadolinium gallium garnet containing faceted regions were examined using X-ray double crystal topographs and rocking curves. It was found that the faceted regions always had a slightly larger lattice parameter than the unfaceted regions. The difference, about 1 or 2 × 10 −3 A , is attributed to compositional variations associated with excess gallium substituting for gadolinium on dodecahedral sites.
Suppressor T cells induced by soluble immune complexes can adoptively transfer inhibition of cytophilic antibody receptors on macrophages

Abstract Immune complexes (soluble antigens of L1210 and antibody to L1210) when given to allogeneic C3H mice generated suppressor cells that inhibited receptors for cytophilic antibody on macrophages. Thymocytes or nylon-nonadherent splenic T cells (4 × 10 7 ) from immune-complex-treated mice transferred this suppressive activity when injected into normal syngeneic mice. Maximal suppression of macrophages occurred 4 to 6 days after transfer. In contrast, even 5 × 10 7 nylon-adherent, non-T spleen cells from immune-complex-treated (“suppressed”) mice failed to induce macrophage suppression in the syngeneic recipients. When T-cell-depleted “B” mice were used as recipients, neither thymocytes nor splenic T cells from suppressed mice were able to transfer suppressive activity. However, the admixture of 2 × 10 7 normal syngeneic thymocytes with 4 × 10 7 thymocytes from suppressed mice restored the latter's ability to elicit suppression of macrophages in T-cell-deprived recipients. Peritoneal monocytes from recipients of suppressor thymocytes (to L1210) could not attach cytophilic antibody to L1210 but could attach cytophilic antibody to EL-4 and sheep erythrocytes. Thus, suppressor T cells induced by immune complexes can transfer immunologically specific macrophage suppression (inhibition of cytophilic antibody receptors) to syngeneic recipients. The suppressor cells required the cooperation of normal T cells, suggesting either recruitment of suppressor cells from, or a helper effect by, the normal T cells, in order to produce their effect.
Displacement synthesis of globin complementary DNA: evidence for sequence amplification.

Abstract We have examined a cDNA displacement synthesis procedure in which the extent of precursor incorporation and the unusual kinetics of displacement synthesis suggest a unique replicative form of DNA and the occurrence of multiple rounds of displacement synthesis, leading to amplification of mRNA sequences. Globin double-stranded DNA containing a hairpin loop was extended by the addition of a homopolymer to the 3′ end. This was followed by displacement synthesis with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I that was primed by an oligonucleotide hybridized to the homopolymer. Thus, the hairpin cDNA was copied to form an open duplex with an inverted repetition of globin sequences. These molecules can then serve as templates for additional synthesis which would be primed from oligomers bound the homopolymer. Globin cDNA sequences appear to be amplified 10-fold or more by this procedure. Globin cDNA obtained by displacement synthesis was similar in size to the original template. However, displaced molecules associate to the extent that they are not readily resolved by electrophoresis or sedimentation under nondenaturing conditions. Restriction endonuclease digests of 32 P-labeled displaced strands gave fragment patterns similar to rabbit globin cDNA hairpin molecules. S 1 nuclease studies demonstrated that displaced complexes and replication intermediates are partially single stranded, which might account for their aggregation properties.
Use of in vivo biotinylation to study protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions in mouse embryonic stem cells

In gene regulation, proteins function as members of protein complexes to recognize chromosomal target DNA loci. In dissecting the pluripotent state in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells, we have used in vivo biotinylation of critical transcription factors for affinity purification of protein complexes and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip for target identification, respectively. Here, we describe detailed procedures for such studies to dissect protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions in mES cells. Specifically, the following three procedures will be described: (i) in vivo biotinylation system setup in mES cells; (ii) affinity purification of multiprotein complexes by one-step streptavidin capture and tandem anti-FLAG/streptavidin affinity purification; (iii) biotin-mediated ChIP (bioChIP). The system setup takes approximately 50 d to complete, and it takes another approximately 15 d and approximately 3 d to perform affinity purification of protein complexes and bioChIP, respectively.
Epithelioid pleural mesotheliomas and pulmonary adenocarcinomas: a comparative DNA flow cytometric study.

The DNA flow cytometric characteristics of 23 immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally proven pleural epithelioid mesotheliomas were compared with those of 41 primary pulmonary adenocarcinomas. Multiple, separate tissue blocks were analyzed from each neoplasm to assess DNA heterogeneity. All of the pleural mesotheliomas and 80% of the pulmonary adenocarcinomas manifested a homogeneous DNA ploidy (DNA stability). A significant statistical difference in the ploidy pattern between pleural mesotheliomas and pulmonary adenocarcinomas was noted (P < .001). Mesotheliomas were mostly diploid (78%) and adenocarcinomas were preponderantly aneuploid (88%). The proliferative rate and DNA indexes of the aneuploid adenocarcinomas were significantly higher than those of pleural mesotheliomas (P < .001). There was no statistical significance between the proliferative rates of diploid mesotheliomas and those of adenocarcinomas. We conclude that the DNA flow cytometric characteristics of mesotheliomas are significantly different from those of pulmonary adenocarcinomas. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Prevalence and patterns of intraoperative nerve monitoring for thyroidectomy

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the patterns of use of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)-monitoring devices during thy­ roid surgery by otolaryngologists in the United States. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to 1685 randomly se­ lected otolaryngologists, representing approximately half of all otolaryngologists currently practicing in the United States. Topics covered included training history and current practice setting, use and characteristics of use of RLN monitoring during thyroid sur­ gery, as well as history of RLN injury and/or subsequent lawsuits. X 2 test was used to examine associations between monitor usage and dependent variables, and odds ratios calculated by logistic regression were used to refine the magnitude of these associations. RESULTS: A total of 685 (40.7%) of questionnaires were re­ turned, and 81 percent (555) of respondents reported performing thyroidectomy. Of those, only 28.6 percent (159) reported using intraoperative monitoring for all cases. Respondents were 3.14 times more likely to currently use intraoperative monitoring if they used it during their training. Surgeons currently using intraopera­ tive RLN monitoring during thyroidectomy were 41 percent less likely to report a history of permanent RLN injury. Further infor­ mation about surgeon background and rationale for decisions re­ garding RLN monitor usage are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Presently, the majority of otolaryngologists in the United States do not report regular usage of RLN monitoring in their practices. Surgeon background and training, more so than surgical volume, significantly influenced the use of intraoperative RLN monitoring. © 2007 American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Foundation. All rights reserved.
Determination of the half-life of 37 Ar by mass spectrometry

The half-life of ${}^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ has been determined via mass spectrometry by measuring the ratio of ${}^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ to stable ${}^{36}\mathrm{Ar}$ as a function of time in neutron-irradiated samples of ${\mathrm{CaF}}_{2}.$ The half-life we obtain is $34.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08\mathrm{d}$ (95% confidence level). This result is compared to previous experiments based on radioactivity measurements.
Seeking Redemption for Our Psychometric Sins

Many American children are currently receiving a reduced quality education because of the increasingly widespread misuse of educational tests. Employing a religious metaphor, the author argues that members of the educational measurement community are culpable, at least in part, for this calamity. During recent decades, our nation's assessment personnel have failed to speak out vigorously against the increasingly prevalent improper use of traditionally constructed achievement tests to appraise school quality. This absence of action, it is claimed, constitutes a nontrivial sin of omission. To secure absolution for that sin, it is contended that measurement specialists must promote widespread assessment literacy.
Hydrogen diffusion in fused silica at high temperatures

Abstract Hydrogen diffusion in a silica glass at high temperature (750–1500 °C) was investigated. The starting material was a silica glass that was melted in hydrogen atmosphere and contained a high concentration of hydroxyl and hydride. After heat treatment at various temperatures in air, the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficients were evaluated from the removal rates of hydroxyl and hydride. The obtained diffusion coefficients exhibited an unusual temperature dependence, with the lower diffusion coefficient being observed at higher temperature in the temperature range of 1000–1500 °C. This was attributed to the higher reactivity of hydrogen with the glass network at higher temperatures, effectively slowing down the hydrogen mobility. Below 1000 °C, the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient exhibited a normal temperature dependence. This reversal of the temperature dependence of the effective hydrogen diffusion coefficient appears to be related to the reversal of the temperature dependence of the hydroxyl (or hydride) solubility in silica glass.
Frank-Condon factors and absolute oscillator strengths for NH, SiH, S2 and SO

Franck-Condon factors, r-centroids and absolute band transition probabilities of NH, SiH, molecular sulfur and SO
Dirac's Prediction of the Positron: A Case Study for the Current Realism Debate

Much debate has ensued regarding the challenge to scientific realism provided by consideration of certain problematic episodes of theory change in the history of science. This paper contends that there is an interesting case which has been overlooked in this debate, namely the prediction of the positron by Dirac from his ‘hole’ theory, and its subsequent replacement by a theory which failed to contain a central, and essential, theoretical posit: the ‘Dirac sea’ of negative energy electrons. Accounting for this case with the ‘divide and conquer’ strategy of contemporary scientific realism proves particularly troublesome, even for the structural realist.
Strong TE-polarized intersubband absorption in InGaAs single-quantum-well waveguides

Summary form only given. The authors report the first unambiguous demonstration that ternary quantum-well (QW) intersubband transitions are TE (transverse electric), as well as TM (transverse magnetic), active, a result that has significant implications for the applications of these transitions in a variety of infrared detector structures. Using a unique waveguide measurement geometry, Fourier transform infrared absorption measurements have been made on a number of lattice-matched In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As/In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As and strained In/sub 0.7/G a/sub 0.3/As/AlAs/In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As single-QW waveguide heterostructures. These measurements show that both TE and TM polarized light can excite intersubband transitions. >
Based on key measures, care quality for Medicare enrollees at safety-net and non-safety-net hospitals was almost equal.

Safety-net hospitals, which include urban hospitals serving large numbers of low-income, uninsured, and otherwise vulnerable populations, have historically faced greater financial strains than hospitals that serve more affluent populations. These strains can affect hospitals’ quality of care, perhaps resulting in worse outcomes that are commonly used as indicators of care quality—mortality and readmission rates. We compared risk-standardized rates of both of these clinical outcomes among fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries admitted for acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pneumonia. These beneficiaries were admitted to urban hospitals within Metropolitan Statistical Areas that contained at least one safety-net and at least one non-safety-net hospital. We found that outcomes varied across the urban areas for both safety-net and non-safety-net hospitals for all three conditions. However, mortality and readmission rates were broadly similar, with non-safety-net hospitals outperforming safety-net...