cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Imagery‐Based Mnemonics on the Long‐Term Retention of Chinese Characters

Two studies compared the effects of imagery-based instruction and rote learning on the long-term recall of English translations of Chinese ideographs. Both studies used a 2×2 factorial design with Learning Condition (mnemonic vs. rote learning) and Time (immediate vs. delayed recall) as the between-subjects factors. In Study 1 total exposure time to Chinese ideographs and their English equivalents was held constant for both learning conditions. Cued recall was tested immediately and after a two-day delay. In Study 2 total exposure time for the rote learning group was increased so that the immediate recall performance for both learning conditions would be comparable. Also, the delayed retention period was lengthened to one week. Despite variations in procedure, the pattern of results obtained in both studies was the same: in no instance was there any indication that imagery-based mnemonics conferred an advantage beyond the immediate test of recall. In fact, greater forgetting was found under conditions of mnemonic learning compared to rote learning. This finding is discussed within a theoretical framework emphasizing the differential long-term effect of experimenter-imposed versus subject-generated encodings.
Towards ontological similarity for spatial hierarchies

Ontological structures provide a rich hierarchy of concepts and relationships that are helpful in exploratory analysis. Ontologies, however, are often categorical, which introduces ambiguity, and makes numerical analysis difficult. Adding to the problem is the fact that as the number of ontological concepts increases so does computational complexity for a variety of analytical tasks. In this paper, we propose both spatial and ontological co-occurrence as a means to derive similarity among categorical values. More specifically, we devise a method that combines entity location as well as categorical frequency into a numerical measure of similarity for any pair of categorical values. In addition, we show how different ontological levels can hide or uncover information content while influencing the number of processed categorical values. We provide experiments that demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
The advantage of knowing where to listen

This study examined the role of focused attention along the spatial (azimuthal) dimension in a highly uncertain multitalker listening situation. The task of the listener was to identify key words from a target talker in the presence of two other talkers simultaneously uttering similar sentences. When the listener had no a priori knowledge about target location, or which of the three sentences was the target sentence, performance was relatively poor—near the value expected simply from choosing to focus attention on only one of the three locations. When the target sentence was cued before the trial, but location was uncertain, performance improved significantly relative to the uncued case. When spatial location information was provided before the trial, performance improved significantly for both cued and uncued conditions. If the location of the target was certain, proportion correct identification performance was higher than 0.9 independent of whether the target was cued beforehand. In contrast to studies in which known versus unknown spatial locations were compared for relatively simple stimuli and tasks, the results of the current experiments suggest that the focus of attention along the spatial dimension can play a very significant role in solving the “cocktail party” problem.
Privacy-preserving mining by rotational data transformation

Many data mining applications deal with large data sets that contain private information that must be protected. This has led to the development of many privacy-preserving data mining techniques. Many of these techniques use randomized data distortion by adding noise to the sensitive data. However, non-careful noise addition may introduce biases to the statistical parameters of these data, including means and variances. To meet privacy requirements and preserve the statistical properties of the sensitive data we use a data transformation technique called Rotation-Based Transformation (RBT). This method distorts only confidential numerical attributes and preserves the statistical properties of the data.
Epoxide-metabolizing enzyme activities and cytochrome P-450 content of rat ovaries during pregnancy.

Abstract Glutathione S -transferase activity was determined in 176,000 g supernatant fraction of ovaries, adrenals, and liver and in the serum of virgin, pregnant, lactating, and post-lactating female rats. A 90% increase in glutathione S -transferase specific activity was observed in the ovaries of pregnant rats whereas activity in the other tissues was not affected by pregnancy. The increase in ovarian glutathione S -transferase activity was not a function of the estrous cycle of the rat. The activity reached a maximum in midpregnancy and then remained constant until late pregnancy. The specific content of cytochromes P-450 and b5 in microsomes prepared from rat ovaries was induced 3.7- to 4.7-fold during mid- and late pregnancy. No concomitant changes occurred in mitochondrial cytochrome P-450 concentrations. Microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase and epoxide hydrase activities of ovaries from pregnant rats were not affected.
Chronic open-angle glaucoma and lifestyle

Abstract Patients may inquire lifestyle or emotions may influence their intraocular pressure or risk of developing chronic open-angle glaucoma. Currently, little modification of lifestyle (including diet, drugs, emotion, activity, or risk factors for cardiovascular disease or diabetes) can be advised to reduce the risk of developing chronic open-angle glaucoma. In appropriate patients, however, suggesting limiting total-body inversion or isotonic exercise may help prevent a transient intraocular pressure increase. In patients who are in good general health and motivated, a routine aeorbic exercise program might provide a chronic small decrease in the intraocular pressuer. Also, limiting cigarette or alcohol consupmtion several hours before an ocular examination may help prevent a falsely altered intraocular pressure measurement. In contrast, a patient's lifestyle may be affected by chronic open-angle glaucoma. A patient should be counselled over the potential visual loss associated with this disease. Additionally, patients should be informed concering important side effects associated with therapy. For non-compliant patients, a change in lifestyle may better enable them to maintain medical therapy is selected cases. In the future, modifiable risk factors for chronic open-angle glaucoma may become known. This may give the patient more control over the disease by altering their lifestyle. Additionally, newer therapies may help to reduce side effects and better limit visual loss associated with chronic open angle glaucoma.
Mach reflection and KP solitons in shallow water

Reflection of an obliquely incident solitary wave onto a vertical wall is studied analytically and experimentally. We use the Kadomtsev-Petviashivili (KP) equation to analyze the evolution and its asymptotic state. Laboratory experiments are performed using the laser induced fluorescent (LIF) technique, and detailed features and amplifications at the wall are measured. Due to the lack of physical interpretation of the theory, the numerical results were previously thought not in good agreement with the theory. With proper treatment, we demonstrate that the KP theory provides an excellent model to predict the present laboratory results as well as the previous numerical results. The KP theory also indicates that the present laboratory apparatus is too short to achieve the asymptotic state. The laboratory and numerical results suggest that the maximum of the predicted four-fold amplification would be difficult to be realized in the real-fluid environment. The reality of this amplification remains obscure.
Unlock Characteristics of the Optimum Type II Phase-Locked Loop

This paper describes a study of the statistical unlock characteristics of the commonly used optimum type II phase-locked loop taking into account the nonlinearity of the phase detector. The unlock behavior is investigated by simulating the loop with random noise inputs on a digital computer. A criterion of loop unlock is evolved using the phase portrait of the loop and consists of crossing of separatrices by loop error and a measure of loop error rate. Approximately 100 statistically independent trials were made for each of a number of combinations of initial phase error, initial frequency error, and input noise amplitude. From these computer runs, cumulative frequency distributions of unlock time and curves of mean time to unlock were obtained and are presented. The phase portrait of the loop containing time information also is included in the paper, along with a plot of capture characteristics for large initial frequency offsets.
Effect of a silicon interlayer in low-temperature poly-SiGe thin film transistors

Polycrystalline silicon-germanium TFT technology has potential for flat panel display applications because of its reduced thermal budget. Previously, single-crystal SiGe MOSFETs have used a silicon cap or interlayer between the gate oxide and the channel to improve the gate oxide interface and device performance. Here the use of a Si interlayer, ranging from 0 to 100 angstrom in thickness, in poly-SiGe TFTs fabricated by a low-temperature process is investigated. It is found that performance is significantly affected by the presence of the interlayer. The changes are due to the improvement of the SiO2-SiGe interface and the division of the drain current among the Si interlayer and SiGe film, which have different electrical properties. NMOS mobility peaks at 36 cm2/Vs with a 50 angstrom interlayer, as compared to 22 cm$_2)/Vs without an interlayer and 28 cm2/Vs in a pure Si device. Other NMOS performance parameters improve as the interlayer thickness increase.In contrast, PMOS performance initially improves when the interlayer is introduced, but then declines as the interlayer thickness increases.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mammalian fuel utilization during sustained exercise.

The ‘crossover’ and ‘lactate shuttle’ concepts of substrate utilization in humans during exercise are extended to describe metabolic responses on other mammalian species. The ‘crossover concept’ is that lipid plays a predominant role in sustaining efforts requiring half or less aerobic capacity (V: O2max); however, greater relative efforts depend increasingly on blood glucose and muscle glycogen as substrates. Thus, as exercise intensity increases from mild to moderate and hard, fuel selection switches (crosses over) from lipid to carbohydrate dependence. Glycogen and glucose catabolic rates are best described as exponential functions of exercise intensity, but with a greater gain in slope of the glycogen than glucose response. In contrast, plasma free fatty acid flux is described as an inverted hyperbola with vertex at approximately 50% V: O2max. Both endocrine and intra-cellular factors play critical roles in determining substrate balance during sustained exercise. Moreover, genotypic adaptation for aerobic capacity as well as phenotypic adaptations to short- and long-term chronic activity affect the balance of substrate utilization during exercise. The concept of a ‘lactate shuttle’ is that during hard exercise, as well as other conditions of accelerated glycolysis, glycolytic flux in muscle involves lactate formation regardless of the state of oxygenation. Further, according to the lactate shuttle concept, lactate represents a major means of distributing carbohydrate potential energy for oxidation and gluconeogenesis. In humans and other mammals, the formation, distribution and disposal of lactate (not pyruvate) represent key steps in the regulation of intermediary metabolism during sustained exercise. © 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Pediatric liver transplant with Campath 1H induction--Preliminary report.

Abstract Since Campath 1H (C1H) has been successfully used in adult liver transplant recipients since 2001 in our program, we started to use it in children. Patients and Methods C1H induction was employed in 10 children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) ( n = 6), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) ( n = 1), biliary atresia ( n = 1), glycogen storage disease ( n = 1), and Wilson’s disease. Eight were primary transplants, and two retransplants. Patients ages ranged from 5 to 17 years. C1H was administered at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg on days 0, 4, and 7. Tacrolimus level was maintained at 5 to 10 ng/mL. No patient received maintenance steroids posttransplantation except two who were on steroid therapy at the time transplant. They were prescribed small doses of maintenance steroids. Median follow-up of C1H recipients was 679 days (range 115–1143). Results Postoperative courses were mostly uneventful except for one retransplant recipient who required prolonged hospitalization (40 days) for rehabilitation. Median hospital stay was 12 days (range 7–40 days). All 10 patients in the C1H group are currently alive and well with stable graft function. No opportunistic infection was observed in these patients to date. We compared six patients with AIH who received C1H to the historic control of 10 recipients with AIH who received conventional immunosuppression (tacrolimus + steroid). The patients treated with C1H showed significantly prolonged rejection-free survival. Conclusion In our preliminary experience, C1H induction was well tolerated in pediatric liver recipients. Rejections-free survival was prolonged among recipients with AIH despite a low level of maintenance immunosuppression.
OBJECT-BASED AUTOMATED FAULT DIAGNOSIS

The implementation of a model-based fault diagnosis methodology is presented. An object-based representation is used and shown to allow for easy access to and maintenance of the process model. The ...
Recorded Readings: A Taped Parent-Tutoring Intervention

Parent tutoring has been successfully used to increase children’s oral reading fluency. However, commonly used procedures pose a challenge for parents who are not proficient in reading or who speak English as a second language. A taped reading program that included listening passage preview, repeated reading, and performance feedback was developed for parental implementation during home tutoring sessions. A multiple baseline design across participants was used to evaluate the effects of parent tutoring on the oral reading fluency of two elementary-aged English language learners. Data were collected on oral reading fluency using high- and low-word overlap passages. Results revealed an immediate increase in generalized oral reading fluency for one child upon intervention implementation and continued growth for both children 2 months following termination. Findings suggest recorded readings was an effective and acceptable parent tutoring intervention for increasing reading performance for language minority families.
Vocal Hygiene Habits and Vocal Handicap Among Conservatory Students of Classical Singing

Summary Objectives This study sought to assess classical singing students' compliance with vocal hygiene practices identified in the literature and to explore the relationship between self-reported vocal hygiene practice and self-reported singing voice handicap in this population. The primary hypothesis was that increased attention to commonly recommended vocal hygiene practices would correlate with reduced singing voice handicap. Study Design This is a cross-sectional, survey-based study. Methods An anonymous survey assessing demographics, attention to 11 common vocal hygiene recommendations in both performance and nonperformance periods, and the Singing Voice Handicap Index 10 (SVHI-10) was distributed to classical singing teachers to be administered to their students at two major schools of music. Results Of the 215 surveys distributed, 108 were returned (50.2%), of which 4 were incomplete and discarded from analysis. Conservatory students of classical singing reported a moderate degree of vocal handicap (mean SVHI-10, 12; range, 0–29). Singers reported considering all 11 vocal hygiene factors more frequently when preparing for performances than when not preparing for performances. Of these, significant correlations with increased handicap were identified for consideration of stress reduction in nonperformance ( P = 0.01) and performance periods ( P = 0.02) and with decreased handicap for consideration of singing voice use in performance periods alone ( P = 0.02). Conclusions Conservatory students of classical singing report more assiduous attention to vocal hygiene practices when preparing for performances and report moderate degrees of vocal handicap overall. These students may have elevated risk for dysphonia and voice disorders which is not effectively addressed through common vocal hygiene recommendations alone.
Geographic locality of IP prefixes

Information about the geographic locality of IP prefixes can be useful for understanding the issues related to IP address allocation, aggregation, and BGP routing table growth. In this paper, we use traceroute data and geographic mappings of IP addresses to study the geographic properties of IP prefixes and their implications on Internet routing. We find that (1) IP prefixes may be too coarse-grained for expressing routing policies, (2) address allocation policies and the granularity of routing contribute significantly to routing table size, and (3) not considering the geographic diversity of contiguous prefixes may result in overestimating the opportunities for aggregation in the BGP routing table.
On the force control problem for flexible joint manipulators

It is shown, using a singular perturbation model of the elastic joint manipulator dynamics and the concept of corrective control. how force control techniques developed for rigid manipulators can be extended to the flexible joint case. It is shown that the overall control law can be implemented in an inner loop/outer loop structure, where the inner loop is a nonlinear control that linearizes the system restricted to a suitable integral manifold in state space and the outer loop is a linear control that can be designed independently of the nonlinear inner loop, using any number of force control schemes designed for rigid manipulators to extend all of the standard techniques for force control of rigid manipulators to the flexible joint case, including hybrid position/force control, impedance control, or any other suitable design. >
Occurrence of a barbiturate-inducible catalytically self-sufficient 119,000 dalton cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase in bacilli.

Abstract In a recent publication (Narhi, L.O. and Fulco, A.J.[1986] J. Biol. Chem. 261, 7160–7169) we described the characterization of a catalytically self-sufficient 119,000 Dalton cytochrome P-450 fatty acid monooxygenase (P-450BM-3) induced by barbiturates in Bacillus megaterium ATCC 14581. We have now examined cell-free preparations from 12 distinct strains of B. megaterium and from one or two strains each of B. alvei , B. brevis , B. cereus , B. licheniformis , B. macerans , B. pumilis and B. subtilis for the presence of this inducible enzyme. Using Western blot analyses in combination with assays for fatty acid hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450, we were able to show that 11 of the 12 B. megaterium strains contained not only a strongly pentobarbital-inducible fatty acid monooxygenase identical to or polymorphic with P-450BM-3 but also significant levels of two smaller P-450 cytochromes that were the same as or similar to cytochromes P-450BM-1 and P-450BM-2 originally found in ATCC 14581. Unlike the 119,000 Dalton P-450, however, the two smaller P-450s were generally easily detectable in cultures grown to stationary phase in the absence of barbiturates and, with some exceptions, were not strongly induced by pentobarbital. None of the non- megaterium species of Bacillus tested exhibited significant levels of either fatty acid monooxygenase activity or cytochrome P-450. The one strain of B. megaterium that lacked inducible P-450BM-3 was also negative for BM-1 and BM-2. However, this strain (ATCC 13368) did contain a small but significant level of another P-450 cytochrome that others have identified as the oxygenase component of a steroid 15-β-hydroxylase system. Our evidence suggests that the BM series of P-450 cytochromes is encoded by chromosomal (rather than by plasmid) DNA.
Hiv, Aids, and Close Relationships:

We comment on articles included in this special issue of theJournal of Social and Personal Relationshipsthat considers HIV, AIDS, and personal relationships and link them to general themes in the literature on close relationships. Relationship maintenance and enhancement are defined and applied to the articles that examined the romantic relationships ofindividuals with HIV and/or AIDS. The impact of coping strategies and social support is discussed, especially as they relate to the health status of individuals with HIV or AIDS. The effect of HIV status on children is considered. Finally, methodological issues and clinical implications of this series of articles are discussed. We conclude that close relationships may serve as both sources of support and stress for individuals living with HIV and/or AIDS. We also view these relationships as forming an important basis of some of the meaning that individuals with HIV and/or AIDS find in their lives as they struggle with these illnesses.
Research on psychotherapy and the psychotherapeutic profession(s): A brief introduction

This paper offers a brief overview of research on the impact of therapists' professional backgrounds on psychotherapeutic process and outcome as an introduction to the presentations in this special issue on the psychotherapeutic professions.
Radiation Effects Renal Enlargement in the Mouse.

Abstract : Weanling female CF-1 mice were subjected to unilateral nephrectomy followed in 3 hours by doses of total body radiation of 500 and 600 r. Other groups received doses of 500, 600, and 1350 r to half the abdomen over the remaining kidney 3 hours following unilateral nephrectomy. The effects of these procedures on the renal weight and body weight were measured 3 weeks after surgery. Control kidneys increased 80% in weight while 1350 r applied locally to the abdomen limited the weight gain to 55%, and total body exposure to 600 r to 53%. When nephrectomy was not performed, the kidney increased 34% in weight due to animal growth. Local exposure of one kidney to 1350 r limited the weight gain of both equally to 20%. When the results are considered on the basis of renal weight to body weight ratio (R/B%), no significant changes were produced by irradiation. Nephrectomy alone brought the ratio of the remaining kidney from .64% to 95% and the irradiated groups attained from .93% to 1.0%. When the animals are grouped according to weight gain, those gaining over 6% show no significant radiation effect on renal weight gain. It is concluded that radiation in these dose ranges has on measurable direct effect on renal weight gain at 3 weeks after nephrectomy, but acts by systemic means related to decreased food intake and poor general condition. (Author)
Implications of the Super-K atmospheric data for the mixing angles $\theta_{13}$ and $\theta_{23}$

A three-neutrino analysis of oscillation data is performed using the recent, more finely binned Super-K oscillation data, together with the CHOOZ, K2K, and MINOS data. The solar parameters ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{21}$ and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{12}$ are fixed from a recent analysis and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{32}$, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$, and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}$ are varied. We utilize the full three-neutrino oscillation probability and an exact treatment of Earth's Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect with a castle-wall density. By including terms linear in ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ and $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}:={\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\pi}/4$, we find asymmetric errors for these parameters ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}=\ensuremath{-}{0.07}_{\ensuremath{-}0.11}^{+0.18}$ and $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}={0.03}_{\ensuremath{-}0.15}^{+0.09}$. For ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$, we see that the lower bound is primarily set by the CHOOZ experiment while the upper bound is determined by the low energy $e$-like events in the Super-K atmospheric data. We find that the parameters ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ and $\ensuremath{\varepsilon}$ are correlated---the preferred negative value of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ permits the preferred value of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}$ to be in the second octant, and the true value of ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{13}$ affects the allowed region for ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{23}$.
Command Line Image Processing System (CLIPS)

An interactive image processing language (CLIPS) has been developed for use in an image processing environment. CLIPS uses a simple syntax with extensive on-line help to allow even the most naive user perform complex image processing tasks. In addition, CLIPS functions as an interpretive language complete with data structures and program control statements. CLIPS statements fall into one of three categories: command, control,and utility statements. Command statements are expressions comprised of intrinsic functions and/or arithmetic operators which act directly on image or user defined data. Some examples of CLIPS intrinsic functions are ROTATE, FILTER AND EXPONENT. Control statements allow a structured programming style through the use of statements such as DO WHILE and IF-THEN - ELSE. Utility statements such as DEFINE, READ, and WRITE, support I/O and user defined data structures. Since CLIPS uses a table driven parser, it is easily adapted to any environment. New commands may be added to CLIPS by writing the procedure in a high level language such as Pascal or FORTRAN and inserting the syntax for that command into the table. However, CLIPS was designed by incorporating most imaging operations into the language as intrinsic functions. CLIPS allows the user to generate new procedures easily with these powerful functions in an interactive or off line fashion using a text editor. The fact that CLIPS can be used to generate complex procedures quickly or perform basic image processing functions interactively makes it a valuable tool in any image processing environment.
Micropropagation of Theobroma cacao L. using somatic embryo-derived plants

A micropropagation protocol was developed using cacao somatic embryo-derived plant as a source for nodal and apical stem explants, and apical microcuttings. Microcuttings were efficiently rooted and developed into plantlets. Axillary meristems within the remaining decapitated plantlets subsequently developed and were used for production of additional microcuttings, with an average 2.4 growing shoots per decapitated stem. The remaining plantelts were maintained as microcutting stock plants. When nodal stem explants were cultured on thidiazuron medium, axillary buds proliferated and developed into shoots, which were excised and rooted. However, the efficiency of this method is lower than rooting of apical microcuttings harvested directly from stock plants. During root induction, short treatment with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) increased the total percentage of rooted microcuttings up to 89%. Longer exposures to IBA increased the average number of roots per microcutting (from 1.7 to 5.2). Plant acclimatization after rooting was achieved with an average success of 87%. During several months of growth in the greenhouse, the micropropagated plants developed functional taproots. Currently, cocoa plants produced by this micropropagation method have been successfully acclimated to field conditions in Ivory Coast, Ghana, and Saint Lucia.
Gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking and moduli stabilization

A generic lesson of string theory is that the coupling constants of an effective low energy theory are determined by the vacuum values of a set of fields\char22{}the so-called moduli\char22{}some of which are stabilized at relatively low masses by nonperturbative effects. We argue that the physics of these moduli cannot be separated from the issues of dynamical and gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking. To illustrate this point we present a modified version of the type IIB Kachru-Kallosh-Linde-Trivedi model where the criteria for gauge mediated supersymmetry breaking may be realized.
Computational Modeling of Distal Protection Filters

Surgical or endovascular treatment of carotid artery occlusive disease is pursued for symptomatic patients with 50% to 99% stenosis (based on diameter) in the internal carotid artery (ICA) having perioperative stroke or death risk <6% or for asymptomatic patients with 60% to 99% stenosis having a perioperative stroke or death risk <3%.1 The surgical treatment, carotid endarterectomy (CEA), has been shown to be effective for both symptomatic2,3 and asymptomatic4 patients. The endovascular treatment, deploying a stent over the plaque lesion, evolved in the face of concerns over intraprocedural plaque embolization causing neurological events. This prompted the development of cerebral protection devices, such as distal protection filters (DPFs), to trap and remove plaque particulates from the bloodstream distal to the site of stent deployment. Although there is debate over the utility of DPFs during carotid artery stenting (CAS),5–,7 the American College of Cardiology Foundation concedes to the use of DPFs during CAS.1 Recently, results from CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy vs. Stenting Trial), a comparison of CAS with cerebral protection to CEA in the treatment of carotid artery disease, were published. The data showed similar outcomes between CEA and CAS, with a stroke, myocardial infarction, and death rate of 6.8% for CEA and 7.2% for CAS.8 This difference was not significant (p = 0.51). The outcome of CREST can be considered further evidence in favor of the use of DPFs for CAS. The use of DPFs can reduce antegrade blood flow due to pores obstructed by plaque emboli, which can have an adverse effect on CAS patient outcome. This “slow-flow” phenomenon has been visualized qualitatively in vivo using angiography9 and quantified in vitro in a single vascular phantom setup.10 Previous studies have reported patients with flow reduction due to occluded DPFs ranging from 7.9%11 to 31%.12 Patients experiencing “slow-flow” had significantly more strokes or deaths within 30 days of CAS than patients who maintained normal flow (9.5% versus 2.9%; p = 0.03).9 Another study found an 8.0% stroke rate for flow-impaired cases compared to a 1.1% stroke rate for normal flow cases (p = 0.11).13 Quantifying flow noninvasively in the treated vessel and knowing the effect of a deployed DPF on the local flow conditions (e.g., pressure drop and the ICA velocity field) would provide valuable information for the design of future generations of cerebral protection devices. The purpose of this investigation is 2-fold: (1) quantify the relationship between the ICA pressure gradient and velocity in the presence of a DPF and (2) determine the feasibility of modeling computationally a DPF as a porous medium. To accomplish these goals, in vitro experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling are utilized to analyze the effect DPFs have on the ICA flow dynamics.
Residents’ Attitudes toward Existing and Future Tourism Development in Rural Communities

Building on the model by Perdue, Long, and Allen, this study examined residents’ attitudes toward existing and future tourism development in several rural areas at different stages of tourism and economic development. Social exchange theory and destination life cycle model were used to examine the impacts of tourism development on residents’ attitudes when considered in conjunction with a community’s total economic activity. New social predictors and endogenous factors were tested in the model. Overall, residents of three distinct rural county-level areas were supportive of tourism development, and little evidence was found that suggests that attitudes toward tourism become negative with higher levels of tourism. After considering the level of tourism development in conjunction with the total economic activity, residents of the three county-level areas showed some signs of destination life cycle influencing their own relationship with tourism.
Web-based feature reduction system: a case study

Before the feature reduction system (FRS) was developed, software engineers were required to use multiple independent Web-based information-reporting systems when conducting multiple Web transactions. Software engineers, interacting with many Web-based systems during normal software project activities, are often required to manually enter similar, or even the same, information many times using a graphical user interfaces. This paper presents FRS, a Web-based feature reduction system, which enables software engineers to greatly reduce their manual intervention during the course of Web transactions. Unlike other automatic Web transaction systems, FRS adopts a new component-based approach, called "WebComponent", to generalize initial capabilities of script-based FRS. The on-going component-based approach to FRS results in increased ease and efficiency of Web transactions, enabling higher-level Web transaction programming (called "mega-programming"), and increasing code reusability through WebComponents.
The Hypothalamic Leptin Receptor in Humans: Identification of Incidental Sequence Polymorphisms and Absence of the Db/Db Mouse and Fa/Fa Rat Mutations

Leptin-receptor gene expression in hypothalamic tissue from lean and obese humans was examined. The fulllength leptin receptor, that is believed to transmit the leptin signal, is expressed in human hypothalamus. There was no difference in the amount of leptin-receptor mRNA in seven lean (BMI 23.3 ± 0.9 kg/m 2 ) and eight obese (BMI 36.9 ± 1.5) subjects as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A sequence polymorphism (A→G) was detected at position 668 of the leptin receptor cDNA. This second base substitution changed a glutamine to an arginine at position 223 of the leptin receptor protein. Of 15 subjects analyzed, 11 were heterozygous for this base change and 3 were homozygous. The occurance of the polymorphic allele(s) did not correlate with BMI in the population studied. The mutation responsible for the defect in the leptin receptor in db/db mice was not detected in any obese human, nor was the fa/fa rat mutation. These results provide evidence that the leptin resistance observed in obese humans is not due to a defect in the leptin receptor.
Updated practice guideline for somatostatin receptor scintigraphy.

In the current medical environment, policy makers, accreditation agencies, and third-party payers are increasingly looking for standardization of medical practice. One way of making medical practice more uniform is the acceptance of standards and guidelines. The SNM has been developing practice
CARBORANES AND METALLOCARBORANES.

Abstract : One of the most significant developments in modern boron chemistry was the discovery of the carboranes. The substitution of CH(3+) vertices for BH(2+) units in boron hydride polyhedra opened up an entire new field of chemical endeavor. Chemical investigations of the carboranes uncovered yet another area of boron chemistry, that of metallocarboranes. The chemistry of these species, which contain transitional metal vertices incorporated into the polyhedral framework, is just beginning to be elucidated. Several reactions common in carborane chemistry have recently been found to be generally applicable to metallocarboranes. These reactions (including rearrangement, contraction (elimination), and expansion) and the significance of the chemical similarity of these two types of heteroboranes are discussed. (Modified author abstract)
Coastal resident knowledge of new marine reserves in Oregon: The impact of proximity and attachment

This article examines resident proximity and attachment to a new system of marine reserves in Oregon (USA), and the extent that these factors are related to both self-assessed and factual knowledge about these reserves. Data were from a survey of residents along the Oregon coast (n ¼ 596). Residents reported higher self-assessed than factual knowledge about these reserves, which was low with 65% answering half or fewer of 16 factual questions correctly. Self-assessed and factual knowledge did not differ between communities proximate to (i.e., communities of place within 10 miles of these reserves) and more distant from these reserves (i.e., rest of coast). Factual knowledge also did not differ based on attachment to these areas, but place attachment was slightly related to aspects of self-assessed knowledge where those with higher attachment believed they were somewhat more knowledgeable about these reserves. Implications of these results for management and research are discussed.
Marine science: Storms bring ocean nutrients to light.

Ships and ocean-observing robots have been used to quantify the amount of nutrients that a storm brings up from the Stygian ocean depths to the sunlit surface — a first step in assessing how storms affect oceanic biomass production.
The History of Linguistic Fieldwork

A full-fledged history of linguistic fieldwork would be an interesting subtopic within the history of linguistics, and would also be relevant to the history of ethnography, the history of European colonization, and the history of Christian missions. Such a study, which could be conceived as a history of human curiosity about other languages, still needs to be written. In this chapter, we will focus on the history of fieldwork insofar as it is relevant to the modern fieldworker.
Nitrogen restrictions buffer modeled interactions of water with the carbon cycle

Terrestrial carbon and water cycles are coupled at multiple spatiotemporal scales and are crucial to carbon sequestration. Water related climate extremes, such as drought and intense precipitation, can substantially affect the carbon cycle. Meanwhile, nitrogen is a limiting resource to plant and has therefore the potential to alter the coupling of water and carbon cycles on land. Here we assess the effect of nitrogen limitation on the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to moisture anomalies using Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's land surface model LM3V-N. We analyzed the response of three central carbon fluxes: net primary productivity (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and net ecosystem productivity (NEP, the difference between NPP and Rh) and how these fluxes were altered under anomalies of the standardized precipitation and evapotranspiration index (SPEI). We found that globally, the correlations between each of the carbon flux and SPEI depended on the timescale and a strong legacy effect of SPEI anomalies on Rh. Consideration of nitrogen constraints reduced anomalies in carbon fluxes in response to extreme dry/wet events. This nitrogen-induced buffer constrained the growth of plants under wet extremes and allowed for enhanced growth during droughts. Extra gain of soil moisture from the downregulation of canopy transpiration by nitrogen limitation and shifts in the relative importance of water and nitrogen limitation during dry/wet extreme events are possible mechanisms contributing to the buffering of modeled NPP and NEP. Responses of Rh to moisture anomalies were much weaker compared to NPP, and N buffering effects were less evident.
A Testicular Response During and Following a Severe Allergic Reaction

A complete and reversible depression of spermatogenesis is described which took place during the course of and following a severe allergic reaction. Semen specimens from inmates of a penitentiary who underwent severe allergic reactions were sent from the penitentiary to New York for examination. A technician at the penitentiary made all motility determinations. The changes that took place in the testes and in the ejaculate were attributed to the reactions induced by the antigen-antibody complex. It was shown that the cytologic response of the testes to the toxic phenomena involved is nonspecific in that the germinal epithelium responds in similar fashion to other forms of trauma. The severe depression of spermatogenesis which occurred during the allergic reaction was accompained by complete inhibition of sperm motility and the exfoliation of large numbers of immature germinal cells into the ejaculate.
A multiuser EEG based imaginary motion classification using neural networks

Using Electroencephalography (EEG) to detect imaginary motions from brain waves to interface human and computer is a very nascent and challenging field that started developing rapidly in the past few decades. This technique is termed as Brain Computer Interface (BCI). BCI is extremely important in case of people who are incapable of communicating due to spinal cord injury. This technique uses the brain signals to make decisions, control and communicate with the world using brain integration with peripheral devices and systems. In this paper, in order to classify imaginary motions, raw data are used to train a system of neural networks with a majority vote output. EEG data for 3 subjects are used from the BCI Competition III dataset V. Each subject has data collected in three sessions representing three different types of imaginary motions. Using an optimized set of electrodes, classification accuracy was optimized for the three users as a group. A cross validation method is applied to improve the reliability of the generated results. The optimization resulted in an electrode structure consisting of 15 electrodes with a relatively high classification accuracy of almost 80%.
An Evaluation of Voluntary Varicella Vaccination Coverage in Zhejiang Province, East China.

Background: In 2014 a 2-doses varicella vaccine (VarV) schedule was recommended by the Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. We aimed to assess the coverage of the 1st dose of VarV (VarV1) and the 2nd dose of VarV (VarV2) among children aged 2–6 years through the Zhejiang Provincial Immunization Information System (ZJIIS) and to explore the determinants associated with the VarV coverage. Methods: Children aged 2–6 years (born from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2013) registered in ZJIIS were enrolled. Anonymized individual records of target children were extracted from the ZJIIS database on 1 January 2016, including their VarV and (measles-containing vaccine) MCV vaccination information. The VarV1 and VarV2 coverage rates were evaluated for each birth cohorts. The coverage of VarV also was estimated among strata defined by cities, gender and immigration status. We also evaluated the difference in coverage between VarV and MCV. Results: A total of 3,028,222 children aged 2–6 years were enrolled. The coverage of VarV1 ranged from 84.8% to 87.9% in the 2009–2013 birth cohorts, while the coverage of VarV2 increased from 31.8% for the 2009 birth cohort to 48.7% for the 2011 birth cohort. Higher coverage rates for both VarV1 and VarV2 were observed among resident children in relevant birth cohorts. The coverage rates of VarV1 and VarV2 were lower than those for the 1st and 2nd dose of MCV, which were above 95%. The proportion of children who were vaccinated with VarV1 at the recommended age increased from 34.6% for the 2009 birth cohort to 75.2% for the 2013 birth cohort, while the proportion of children who were vaccinated with VarV2 at the recommended age increased from 19.7% for the 2009 birth cohort to 48.7% for the 2011 birth cohort. Conclusions: Our study showed a rapid increasing VarV2 coverage of children, indicating a growing acceptance of the 2-doses VarV schedule among children’s caregivers and physicians after the new recommendation released. We highlighted the necessity for a 2-doses VarV vaccination school-entry requirement to achieve the high coverage of >90% and to eliminate disparities in coverage among sub-populations. We also recommended continuous monitoring of the VarV coverage via ZJIIS over time.
School transitions, peer influence, and educational expectation formation: Girls and boys

School transitions are a regular feature of the educational career. While they are of general interest as instances of academic change, they also represent instances of peer environment and influence change. Previous theoretical and empirical work suggests peer influence is important for students' academic and educational outcomes, especially for the complex decision-making processes leading up to those outcomes. In this manuscript, we study the impact of peers on educational expectation formation at the 8th-to-9th-grade school transition. In doing so, we test a theoretical model that links institutional settings, social influence, and individual decision-making. We find the 9th grade transition likely represents a negative shock for students' college attendance expectations. Independent of this transition, however, stable peer environments further depress expectations. A more equal mixture of new and old peers in the 9th grade likely increases students' educational expectations in contrast. These effects of peer perturbations and the re-organization of social ties they imply mainly apply to female students. But, both male and female students revise their educational expectations in light of changing peer intelligence comparisons, albeit in countervailing ways.
Simplifying the Prophecy of Justiciability in Cases Concerning Foreign Affairs: A Political Act of State Question

Justiciability doctrines in the foreign affairs arena have been described as involving large elements of prophecy. First, this article will examine the justifications and application of the political question doctrine in cases involving foreign affairs. Second, this article will discuss the justifications and application of the act of state and political question doctrines. Third, this article will analyze whether the act of state doctrine can be encompassed within the political question doctrine. Fourth, this article will propose a framework that can be applied in cases involving political questions in foreign affairs.
A Brief Overview of Atmospheric and Space Sciences

This chapter is aimed to provide a brief overview of atmospheric, space and planetary sciences. The significance of Earth as a habitable planet is mentioned, discussing basic concepts of habitability. A unification in these sciences is discussed based on the common scientific approaches and methodologies. A brief summary of various international organizations of atmosphere-ionosphere science and the associated activities are presented. Finally, some recent planetary missions, such as MAVEN and New Horizon, related to Mars and Pluto are highlighted.
Ionic conduction and field grading in dielectrics

In many practical insulation systems, failure initiates at asperities or inclusions at which very high localized fields exist. It is the purpose of this work to examine a method for modifying the insulation so that field grading will occur and the buildup of excessive fields be prevented. In order to accomplish this field grading, we propose to take advantage of the field-dependence of the conductivity of weak electrolytes, the so-called second Wien effect.1 The phenomenon is well understood and documented2 and involves the increased dissociation of weak electrolytes into ions with increased electrical fields, producing a higher conductivity in the high field region and therefore a reduction in this field.