cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retention of peptide hormones during partial secretion in pituitary somatotrophs and corticotrophs.

The secretion of peptide hormones during exocytosis of an individual vesicle can result in either complete discharge of vesicle content or can occur in a partial manner in which some hormone is retained during transient fusion. In anterior pituitary lactotrophs, the retained hormone prolactin was internalized and recycled into a pool of vesicles that underwent preferential use during subsequent exocytic stimulations [Bauer et al., (2004) J Cell Sci. 117:2193–2202]. The aim of the present study was to determine whether retention and preferential recycling of retained hormones occurred in other anterior pituitary cells. Stimulation of somatotrophs with high K+ resulted in 50 discrete puncta per cell that were positive for growth hormone immunoreactivity. Identical stimulation of corticotrophs resulted in 150 puncta per cell that were anti-adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) positive. However, unlike what was observed for lactotrophs, the number of structures containing retained growth hormone and ACTH decreased to less than 10% of the initial value in 80 min in somatotrophs and in less than 10 min in corticotrophs. Our results indicate that functional recycling of retained hormones is not shared by all anterior pituitary cell types.
Effectiveness of ranitidine 150 mg at bedtime as maintenance therapy for healed gastric ulcers

Abstract As many as 89% of gastric ulcer patients experience ulcer recurrences within 1 year of successful healing with conventional antiulcer therapies. Because ranitidine is effective in the healing of gastric and duodenal ulcers and the maintenance of healed duodenal ulcers, we hypothesized that ranitidine would also be effective in the maintenance of healed gastric ulcers. A 48-week, placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial was conducted to compare ranitidine 150 mg administered at bedtime with placebo for the maintenance of healed gastric ulcers. Endoscopies were performed at baseline and repeated after 12, 24, 36, and 48 weeks of treatment. Gastric ulcer recurrence rates at each scheduled endoscopy were significantly lower in patients receiving ranitidine (5%, 13%, 16%, and 19%, respectively) compared with those receiving placebo (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, respectively). Compared with placebo, ranitidine was more effective in maintaining healed gastric ulcers regardless of previous gastric ulcer history, smoking status, age (
Enhanced efficiency of organic solar cells with silver nanowire electrodes

Surface plamon resonance (SPR) in metallic nanostructures offers a promising way to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cell as it exhibits strongly enhanced electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the metal, which can lead to increased optical absorption in the organic film. Here we demonstrate the SPR enhanced photo-current and PCE of organic solar cells using periodic Ag nanowires as transparent electrodes as compared to the device with conventional ITO electrode. Photo-currents and external quantum efficiencies (EQE) are enhanced as much as 40 % and 2.5 fold at a wavelength of 570 nm, respectively, resulting in 35% overall increase in power conversion efficiency than the ITO control device. The use of plasmonic transparent Ag nanowire electrode may help to realize low cost and high performance organic solar cells.
Dynamics of prisoner's dilemma and the evolution of cooperation on networks

We study the evolution of cooperation in populations where individuals play prisoner's dilemma on a network. Every node of the network corresponds to an individual choosing whether to cooperate or defect in a repeated game. The players revise their actions by imitating those neighbors who have higher payoffs.We show that when the interactions take place on graphs with large girth, cooperation is more likely to emerge. On the flip side, in graphs with many cycles of length 3 and 4, defection spreads more rapidly.One of the key ideas of our analysis is that our dynamics can be seen as a perturbation of the voter model. We write the transition kernel of the corresponding Markov chain in terms of the pairwise correlations in the voter model. We analyze the pairwise correlation and show that in graphs with relatively large girth, cooperators cluster and help each other.
Use of Alar Batten Grafts for Correction of Nasal Valve Collapse

Objective: To determine the efficacy of alar batten grafts for the correction of internal and external nasal valve collapse. Design: In this retrospective study, a questionnaire was used to ask patients to rate their nasal breathing before and after application of alar batten grafts. Setting: Private practice and academic tertiary referral medical center. Patients: The questionnaire was given to 63 patients who underwent application of alar batten grafts between 1980 and 1995. Forty-six patients (73%) responded and were included in the study. Intervention: Alar batten grafts were applied into a precise pocket via a limited endonasal incision or via the external rhinoplasty approach. The grafts consisted of curved septal cartilage or auricular cartilage and were applied to the site of maximal lateral nasal wall collapse. The convex surface of the cartilage was oriented laterally to allow maximal lateralization of the collapsed portion of the lateral nasal wall. In most cases, alar batten grafts were applied caudal to the existing lateral crura and extended from the lateral one third of the lateral crura to the piriform aperture. Outcome Measures: The degree of nasal airway obstruction was determined by subjective scoring on a scale from 1 (no obstruction) to 5 (complete obstruction) before and after surgery. The patency of the internal airway was also assessed on physical examination. Results: The results of the study revealed that all but 1 of the 46 patients experienced an improvement in their nasal airway obstruction. The mean improvement in nasal airway obstruction was 2.5 on a scale of 5. Patients that had the least improvement had intranasal scarring in the region of the internal nasal valve, loss of vestibular skin, or excessive narrowing at the piriform aperture. Physical examination revealed a significant increase in the size of the aperture at the internal or external nasal valve after the application of the alar batten grafts. There was minimal postoperative fullness in the supraalar region, where the alar batten grafts were applied. With time, this fullness decreased, leaving little evidence of the graft and an overall improvement in the aesthetic result. Conclusions: Alar batten grafts are effective for longterm correction of internal and external nasal valve collapse that is not complicated by intranasal scarring in the region of the nasal valve, loss of vestibular skin, or excessive narrowing at the piriform aperture. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;123:802-808
On the holomorphic sectional and bisectional curvatures in complex Finsler geometry

The concepts of holomorphic sectional and bisectional curvatures for holomorphic vector bundles in complex Finsler geometry are used to characterize the concept of big vector bundles in algebraic geometry.
Experiential Learning and Customer Needs in the Undergraduate Marketing Research Course

Research was conducted among undergraduates in the target market for a marketing research course to find ways of improving the course image, content, and teaching methodology. This study is unique because it applies the principles of marketing research to a course on marketing research, using the class to identify what students want from their marketing research course. Because the research was personally relevant to the students, they were highly motivated in a course that is historically unpopular. Students saw how they could work to improve their own experience and that of their peers, and they began to appreciate the value of carefully conceived and executed research in effective and successful service design.
Environmental and genetic control of phenotypic adaptation to drought in Potentilla glandulosa Lindl.

Two populations of Potentilla glandulosa (Rosaceae) have strongly contrasting abilities to seasonally modify their phenotypic sensitivity to drought by low temperature-induced changes in leaf morphology. One population is native to an inland continental climate with unpredictable droughts occurring at any time during the year. The second population is native to a coastal mediterranean climate with a highly predictable annual cycle of winter rain and summer drought. In response to low temperatures in the autumn, the inland plants produce a compact rosette of small leaves and shed their large summer leaves, thereby reducing the total plant leaf area. The inland plants begin growth in the spring in the compact rosette phenotype and are much less sensitive to drought, maintaining higher values of stomatal conductance and leaf water potential, than when in the largeleaved summer phenotype. The coastal plants do not exhibit the low temperature-induced change in leaf morphology and are relatively sensitive to drought when grown at high or low temperatures. The F1 hybrids of a coastal x inland cross exhibit an intermediate response to low temperature and drought. In the F2 generation the inland parental class of individuals fully responding to low temperature segregates in a 1:63 ratio.
Feeder Reconfiguration in Distribution Networks Based on Convex Relaxation of OPF

The feeder reconfiguration problem chooses the on/off status of the switches in a distribution network in order to minimize a certain cost such as power loss. It is a mixed-integer nonlinear program and, hence, hard to solve. In this paper, we propose a heuristic algorithm that is based on the recently developed convex relaxation of the ac optimal power flow problem. The algorithm is computationally efficient and scales linearly with the number of redundant lines. It requires neither parameter tuning nor initialization for different networks. It successfully computes an optimal configuration on all four networks we have tested. Moreover, we have proved that the algorithm solves the feeder reconfiguration problem optimally under certain conditions for the case where only a single redundant line needs to be opened. We also propose a more computationally efficient algorithm and show that it incurs a loss in optimality of less than 3% on the four test networks.
Automated precision assembly through neurovision

In this study an intelligent control architecture is proposed for recognition and diagnosis of digital images captured by the vision system to control the robot manipulator in automated precision assembly. The architecture proposed provides enough flexibility to the assembly cell in processing a wide variety of products that require precision assembly. The system uses ART paradigm for part recognition and backpropagation for calibration. System architecture is tested using an IBM 7547 robot with a CCD camera for precision assembly of a printed circuit board (PCB) and satisfactory results are obtained.
Putative E3 Ubiquitin Ligase of Human Rotavirus Inhibits NF-κB Activation by Using Molecular Mimicry To Target β-TrCP

ABSTRACT NF-κB plays a critical role in the induction and maintenance of innate and adaptive immune transcriptional programs. An associated inhibitor of κB protein (IκB) regulates NF-κB activation and contains a degron motif (DSGΦxS) that undergoes phosphorylation following pathogen recognition or other proinflammatory signals. The E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF β-TrCP recognizes this phosphodegron through its β-transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) subunit and induces IκB degradation, allowing NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus and modulate gene expression. Rotavirus (RV), a major cause of pediatric gastroenteritis, can block NF-κB activation through the action of its nonstructural protein NSP1, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the degradation of β-TrCP or other immunomodulatory proteins in a virus strain-specific manner. Here, we show that NSP1 targets β-TrCP by mimicking the IκB phosphodegron. The NSP1 proteins of most human and porcine RV strains conserve a C-terminal phosphodegron-like (PDL) motif, DSGΦS. Deletion of this motif or mutation of its serine residues disrupts NSP1-mediated degradation of β-TrCP and inhibition of NF-κB activation. Additionally, a point mutation within the phosphodegron-binding pocket protects β-TrCP from NSP1-mediated turnover. Fusion of the PDL motif to an NSP1 protein known to target other immunomodulatory proteins generates a chimeric NSP1 protein that can induce β-TrCP degradation and block NF-κB activation. Other viral proteins (Epstein-Barr virus LMP1, HIV-1 Vpu, and vaccinia virus A49) also contain a PDL motif and interact with β-TrCP to inhibit NF-κB activation. Taken together, these data suggest that targeting β-TrCP by molecular mimicry may be a common strategy used by human viruses to evade the host immune response. IMPORTANCE The transcription factor NF-κB, a central regulator of the host response to infection, is a frequent target of viral antagonism. Pathogen detection activates NF-κB by inducing the phosphorylation of an associated inhibitor protein (IκB), which targets IκB for degradation by the E3 ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP. Rotavirus, a significant cause of childhood gastroenteritis, antagonizes NF-κB through the activity of its NSP1 protein, a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates β-TrCP turnover. Here, we show that NSP1 functions by mimicking the IκB phosphodegron recognized by β-TrCP. Nearly all human rotavirus strains conserve this motif at the NSP1 C terminus, and its removal disrupts NSP1 antagonist activity. This sequence conserves the biochemical properties of the IκB phosphodegron and can rescue antagonist activity when fused to an NSP1 protein otherwise inactive against β-TrCP. Other viral proteins also mimic IκB to disrupt NF-κB activation, indicating that this is an important immune evasion strategy.
A Possible Role for Cholinergic Neurons of the Basal Forebrain and Pontomesencephalon in Consciousness

Excitation at widely dispersed loci in the cerebral cortex may represent a neural correlate of consciousness. Accordingly, each unique combination of excited neurons would determine the content of a conscious moment. This conceptualization would be strengthened if we could identify what orchestrates the various combinations of excited neurons. In the present paper, cholinergic afferents to the cerebral cortex are hypothesized to enhance activity at specific cortical circuits and determine the content of a conscious moment by activating certain combinations of postsynaptic sites in select cortical modules. It is proposed that these selections are enabled by learning-related restructuring that simultaneously adjusts the cytoskeletal matrix at specific constellations of postsynaptic sites giving all a similar geometry. The underlying mechanism of conscious awareness hypothetically involves cholinergic mediation of linkages between microtubules and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2). The first reason for proposing this mechanism is that previous studies indicate cognitive-related changes in MAP-2 occur in cholinoceptive cells within discrete cortical modules. These cortical modules are found throughout the cerebral cortex, measure 1‐2 mm 2 , and contain approximately 10
Measurements of partial cross sections and photoelectron angular distributions for the photodetachment of Fe − and Cu − at visible photon wavelengths

Photodetachment cross sections and the angular distributions of photoelectrons produced by the single-photon detachment of the transition metal negative ions ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ have been measured at four discrete photon wavelengths ranging from 457.9 to $647.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ $(2.71--1.92\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV})$ using a crossed-beams laser photodetachment electron spectrometry (LPES) apparatus. Photodetachment cross sections were determined by comparing the photoelectron yields from the photodetachment of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ to those of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, which have known absolute photodetachment cross sections. Using the measured photodetachment cross sections, radiative electron attachment cross sections were calculated using the principle of detailed balance. Angular distributions were determined by measurements of laboratory frame, angle-, and energy-resolved photoelectrons as a function of the angle between the linear laser polarization vector and the momentum vector of the collected photoelectrons. Values of the asymmetry parameter have been determined by nonlinear least-squares fits to these angular distributions. The measured asymmetry parameters are compared to predictions of photodetachment models including Cooper and Zare's dipole approximation theory [J. Cooper and R. N. Zare, J. Chem. Phys. 48, 942 (1968)], and the angular momentum transfer theory developed by Fano and Dill [Phys. Rev. A 6, 185 (1972)].
Linking chemical physics and surface science: thermochemistry of adsorbates from purely gas phase data

Abstract A scheme is presented for calculating the heats of formation of adsorbed species on metal surfaces using only two pieces of gas phase data, both of which are available from either theory or experiment. Using this quasiempirical valence bond (QVD) approach, heats of adsorption and adsorbate-surface bond strengths can be estimated, yielding predictions of surface thermochemistry and reaction mechanisms. The power of this method lies in its ability to predict heats of adsorption and formation of molecular fragments that do not readily desorb on their own (e.g. reactive radicals), and thus do not lend themselves to direct measurements of their heats of adsorption.
Photographic nucleonics: a record of many lost opportunities in the history of science

Underexposed photographic negatives were toned with uranium around the turn of the century. Such radioactive photographs permit image transfer by autoradiography, and this confers several new options in photography. It is surprising that about half a century elapsed before the implications of such image transfer were described. The full possibilities of such transfer in processes of intensification, relief imaging, and photographic research are only now being realized.
The synchronization of superparamagnetic beads driven by a micro-magnetic ratchet

We present theoretical, numerical, and experimental analyses on the non-linear dynamic behavior of superparamagnetic beads exposed to a periodic array of micro-magnets and an external rotating field. The agreement between theoretical and experimental results revealed that non-linear magnetic forcing dynamics are responsible for transitions between phase-locked orbits, sub-harmonic orbits, and closed orbits, representing different mobility regimes of colloidal beads. These results suggest that the non-linear behavior can be exploited to construct a novel colloidal separation device that can achieve effectively infinite separation resolution for different types of beads, by exploiting minor differences in their bead's properties. We also identify a unique set of initial conditions, which we denote the “devil's gate” which can be used to expeditiously identify the full range of mobility for a given bead type.
Identifying Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities: A Spatial Analysis

Older adults generally prefer to stay in their homes in later life (American Association of Retired Persons [AARP], 2011). Individual efforts as well as public assistance to promote such aging in place not only meet older adults’ preferences but also partially address the issue of costly long-term care in an aging society. However, achieving aging in place is often challenging due to common barriers such as increasing care needs and changing living environments (e.g., deteriorating housing). Naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs; i.e., geographically proximate areas with high proportions of older residents) have the potential to efficiently serve older adults and support collaborative efforts between communities and public sectors (Masotti, Fick, Johnson-Masotti, & MacLeod, 2006). To maximally serve older adults who live in NORCs, resources need to be consistently allocated to stable NORCs and reallocated to emerging NORCs. As such, information regarding locations of NORCs and their changes over time is crucial. However, because populations are dynamic across space and time, little is known about the concentration of NORCs across large geographic areas and the extent to which they are stable over time. Using the State of Ohio as a case study, this article presents a systematic spatial analytic strategy using geographic information systems (GIS) to (a) identify and document the geographic locations and temporal changes of NORCs in Ohio over the 10-year period from 2000 to 2010, (b) identify the implications of these findings for the development and maintenance of NORCs, and (c) discuss the strengths and limitations of this strategy for other geographic areas in the United States. Suggested spatial analysis to identify NORCs and results from this study will inform policy directions and research strategies not only in Ohio but also in other states.
Theoretical Normal-Mode Spectra of a Rotating Elliptical Earth

Summary Theoretical normal-mode spectra for four spheroidal and four toroidal multiplets at six different locations of WWSSN stations are computed for a rotating elliptical Earth with a given dissipation and double-couple source models for Chilean and Alaskan earthquakes. The most important difference between these spectra and those computed for a spherical nonrotating Earth is in the former being susceptible to the effect of mutual constructive or destructive interferences among excitations of individual singlets within a multiplet. Although this effect is expected because of fine-structure splittings within a multiplet, a calculation is necessary to determine the extent of interferences. In some cases, spectral shapes of split multiplets are sizeably narrower, broader, higher or smaller than those of respective degenerate multiplets; it is also not uncommon to find at least two peaks within a multiplet, causing an ambiguity as to where within that multiplet is the appropriate position for assigning an observed period associated with that multiplet. Such ambiguity arises only because description of a whole multiplet is constrained to one single spectral peak – a prevalent practice thus far in interpreting observed spectra-while actually (2l+ 1) spectral peaks should be simultaneously considered. However, mutual interferences among singlets render such consideration impossible at present due to limited amount of data of imperfect quality and due to our lack of knowledge on dissipation and lateral inhomogeneities within the Earth's interior. Thus, as shown by the results of this study, care must be administered when one interprets real data by using those methods that are appropriate for studying spherically symmetric, nonrotating Earths. On the average, the relative deviation between the location of the maximum amplitude of a split peak and the respective degenerate one and, similarly, between the two values of Q is found to be 0.1 and 20 per cent respectively, while maximum amplitudes differ by 30 per cent.
High-precision characterization of single-mode optical fiber arrays

A precise method of measuring core center dispersion in single-mode fiber arrays is presented. This approach dispenses with the use of high-precision linear translation stages and is based on a direct comparison of the fiber core center position to a simple lithographically patterned template. Combining image recognition and efficient processing algorithm, the fiber-core center positions of fiber arrays can be determined with precision of order of 0.1 /spl mu/m, in both longitudinal and transversal directions. Complementary information about the position of fibers within v-grooves as well as bending of multifiber arrays can be also obtained.
Teaching skills for facilitating team-based learning

This chapter describes the teaching competencies, facilitation strategies, and personal characteristics that minimize student frustration, increase the fidelity of TBL implementation, and ultimately moderate student success.
A low-cost non-mechanical maximum power point tracking scheme for grid-tied single-phase induction generators

A new configuration of a single-phase induction generator based power generation system with maximum power point tracking capability is proposed in this paper, and this configuration is suitable for small-scale variable speed wind energy conversion system. Using this technique, the synchronous speed of the single-phase machine can be adjusted by regulating the frequency of the voltage applied at the auxiliary winding of the motor. Therefore, with variable electrical frequencies the maximum power can be extracted at different wind velocity. The steady-state model as well as the dynamic model of a single-phase induction generator is presented in order to analyze the system characteristics. In addition, a prototype of the system is implemented and tested. The experimental results have been presented and compared with simulation results to validate the peak power extracting capability. Using the proposed configuration, the generated power from the induction generator seems to be consistent with the available wind power.
Akan stool succession under colonial rule—continuity or change?

This paper argues that interpretations which would view pre-colonial Akan political life as ‘normative’ and structured may be incorrect, at least in so far as stool succession is concerned. Contemporaneous evidence for this early period is at best sparse and at worst simply non-existent and seldom allows even tentative hypotheses. Rather, it is necessary to infer past practices from more recent data, whether this be observation of present behaviour or recent testimony about the past. In this case I have used the testimony presented at various stool and jurisdictional disputes during the colonial period for which records survive. These are generally, of course, ex parte statements and can be used only with caution. However, there is a surprising consensus throughout these records that both the principles and the patterns of stool succession and paramountcy in the pre-colonial period were variegated and even extemporaneous although, not surprisingly, there is much dispute about the reasons for this. On balance, this testimony suggests that a re-interpretation of early Akan political culture using a wider range of evidence is desirable.Although this implies that the impact of colonial ‘indirect’ rule was not as profound as has often been supposed, I have not discussed this problem directly except as it bears on the quality of the data. Nor have I attempted to analyse the day-to-day dynamics of political life, either for the earlier period (which would be impossible on the evidence) or for the colonial period (which would be irrelevant for comparison). Nevertheless, within the restricted compass of stool succession and paramountcy the argument here is that colonial rule involved little fundamental change from earlier practices. If anything, it probably served to delimit a greater range of previous options by seeking to codify them.
Human Freedom and Two Friedmen: Musings on the Implications of Globalization for the Effective Regulation of Corporate Behavior

In this essay, which was delivered as the Torys Lecture at the University of Toronto, Vice Chancellor Strine considers the implications of globalization for the effective regulation of corporate behavior affecting interests other than those of stockholders against the backdrop of the West's political and economic experience. He concludes that consistent with prior experience, the globalization of corporate markets will require a corresponding expansion of the polity to protect those aspects of human freedom that are affected in important ways by corporate behavior. As a practical matter, this means that if the U.S. and other Western nations wish to limit the ability of corporations to generate externalities and impair rights the West has embraced as important to individuals' ability to lead the good life, they will have to give up some of their sovereignty to international institutions in exchange for regulation that is co-extensive with the sphere in which corporations conduct their activities.
The Evolutionary Dynamics of Mixed Mating Systems: On the Adaptive Value of Selfing and Biparental Inbreeding

We present a theoretical approach to the evolution of selling in natural plant populations that can be applied to general questions addressing the evolution of transmission systems and mate choice. We consider the dependence of the adaptive value of selfing in populations practicing mixed mating systems on the number of offspring produced and the resemblance between parent and offspring. Both factors are themselves influenced by the reproductive mechanism by which the offspring were derived, and by the history of uniparental and biparental inbreeding in the population. We summarize some of the experimental approaches that have been applied to the question, and suggest possible avenues of further empirical and theoretical exploration.
Enhancement of the inertial navigation system for the Morpheus autonomous underwater vehicles

This paper presents the design and development of an enhanced inertial navigation system that is to be integrated into the Morpheus autonomous underwater vehicle at Florida Atlantic University. The inertial measurement unit is based on the off-the-shelf Honeywell HG1700-AG25 3-axis ring-laser gyros and three-axis accelerometers and is aided with ground speed measurements obtained using an RDI Doppler-velocity-log sonar. An extended Kalman filter has been developed, which fuses together asynchronously the inertial and Doppler data, as well as the differential Global Positioning System positional fixes whenever they are available. A complementary filter was implemented to provide a much smoother and stable attitude estimate. Thus far, preliminary study has been made on characterizing the inertial navigation system-based navigation system performance, and the corresponding results and analyzes are provided.
Synergistic effects of multiple mechanisms drive priority effects within a tadpole assemblage

Mounting evidence suggests that the history of species arrival to a locality can have important eff ects on species performance but the mechanism(s) through which priority eff ects are produced is not always clear. Diff erences in the developmental time of frog tadpoles provide an opportunity to examine mechanisms through which priority eff ects may infl uence fi tness components of a late arriving taxon. Specifi cally, tadpoles of the southern leopard frog ( Rana ) can often require more than a year to complete metamorphosis so they overwinter in a pond and compete with newly deposited tadpoles in the spring. We conducted an experiment in artifi cial ponds to evaluate mechanisms through which overwintering Rana tadpoles infl uence fi tness components of southern toad ( Bufo ) tadpoles deposited into ponds during the spring. We found that overwintered Rana reduced Bufo performance while newly hatched Rana that enter a pond simultaneously with Bufo did not. Th e production of this priority eff ect was primarily the result of Rana depleting algal resources in a pond during the winter prior to Bufo arrival. Th e performance of Bufo did not correspond with variation in the abundance of algae present in a pond during the spring and we found evidence to indicate that, in the absence of resource exploitation during the winter, overwintered Rana do not compete strongly with Bufo during the spring when both species co-occur. When Rana deplete algal resources during the winter, however, interactions between Rana and Bufo during the spring became much more important as both the development rate and survival of Bufo was reduced to a greater extent than what would have been predicted by resource exploitation alone. Our results demonstrate that priority eff ects can result from early colonists depleting resource availability prior to the arrival of other species which can intensify behavioral/physical interactions between species when they co-occur.
Powder Preparation and Sintering Characteristics of Rare-Earth Sesquisulfide Ceramics

Dense ceramics were prepared from rare-earth sesquisulfides. Extremely fine-grained precursor oxides were synthesized by evaporative decomposition of solutions. The sesquisulfides were synthesized by direct reaction of the oxides with flowing H 2 S in the presence of graphite. These reactive, fine-grained, EDS-derived sulfides could be sintered into ceramic compacts that achieved 92-98% of theoretical density. In comparison, the same processing conditions with 25-50 μm stock powder produced ceramics with only 70-80% of theoretical density.
On the analysis of long-term experiments

Summary. Long-term experiments are commonly used tools in agronomy, soil science and other disciplines for comparing the effects of different treatment regimes over an extended length of time. Periodic measurements, typically annual, are taken on experimental units and are often analysed by using customary tools and models for repeated measures. These models contain nothing that accounts for the random environmental variations that typically affect all experimental units simultaneously and can alter treatment effects. This added variability can dominate that from all other sources and can adversely influence the results of a statistical analysis and interfere with its interpretation. The effect that this has on the standard repeated measures analysis is quantified by using an alternative model that allows for random variations over time. This model, however, is not useful for analysis because the random effects are confounded with fixed effects that are already in the repeated measures model. Possible solutions are reviewed and recommendations are made for improving statistical analysis and interpretation in the presence of these extra random variations.
Membranes of animal cells. VI. The glycolipids of the L cell and its surface membrane.

Four glycolipid classes were isolated from mouse fibroblasts (L cells) and accounted for 0.7% of the total cell lipid. Ceramide lactoside was the only neutral glycolipid found and made up 20% of the total glycolipid. Mono- and disialoganglioside accounted for 38% of the cell glycolipid and hematosides containing N-acetylneuraminic and N-glycolylneuraminic acids made up an additional 42%. The L cell glycolipid pattern is similar to that of other fibroblasts but different than that of other extraneural tissues and of brain. Three of the four glycolipids contain predominantly short chain saturated fatty acids while the disialoganglioside contains 45% long chain fatty acids. Mild extraction of cells with 40% aqueous ethanol extracted approximately half of the cell lipid and selectively extracted two of the four glycolipids. Surface membranes of L cells were isolated by the fluorescein mercuric acetate method. Glycolipids accounted for 0.7% of the total membrane lipid. Only the hematosides and disialoganglioside could be found in the surface membranes. Ceramide lactoside and monosialoganglioside must be located in intracellular membranes. It is suggested that glycolipid content and the specific localization of glycolipids may be useful as criteria for the classification of membranes. Extraction of surface membranes with aqueous ethanol solubilized approximately 80% of the total membrane lipid including all of the hematosides. The disialoganglioside could be solubilized only after tryptic digestion of the membrane. Hydrophobic interactions between membrane proteins and specific lipids may be the primary stabilizing forces within the membrane matrix. Surface membrane glycolipids are resistant to neuraminidase activity and may be buried within the membrane matrix or are sterically inaccessible to neuraminidase.
Pension Funding Reform: It's Time to Get the Rules Right (Part 2)

The author addresses the issue of pension funding reforms in two separate articles. Part one previously explained ERISA's historical funding and plan termination rules in order to show why plan sponsors, such as United Airlines' parent UAL Corporation, were permitted to create and maintain unfunded pension plans and why the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation assumed some of those unfunded liabilities. Part two discusses the need for reform in ERISA's funding and plan termination rules. This article will examine various legislative and industry proposals and the policy considerations relevant to such proposals, in light of historical mistakes that should be avoided with subsequent legislation. The article's conclusion makes recommendations in support of preserving the defined benefit system.
A SYSTEMATIC DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURES

The deployable structures investigated in this paper are prefabricated space frames made of basic units consisting of two straight bars connected to each other by a pivot, the so called scissor-lik...
Under History's Changing Climate: Anarchism's Romantic Moods

Is anarchism itself a form of what Jerome J. McGann called “romantic ideology,” privileging passion over reason, the affective over the cognitive? An answer is more difficult to give than might be readily apparent. On the one hand, anarchists have defined their political identity against romanticism as the literature of “tender, delicate, distinguished souls, aspiring to heaven, and living on earth as if in spite of themselves (Bakunin).” However, the anarchist tradition does betray a certain romantic genealogy, and anarchists such as Louise Michel, Gustav Landauer, and Rudolf Rocker have often evinced fascination with what Proudhon lambasted as a “literature of decadence.” Ultimately, rather than rendering a definitive political judgment on romanticism, anarchists come to enlist elements of its poetry and philosophy to organize affects in response to changing historical conditions.
Design Variant Management in Model-Based Design

ion for ease of understanding. However, this approach required ad hoc management of variants and the associated. For casual users, this increases the risk of introducing errors into the development workflows. In this paper, we introduce new concepts that addresses those challenges, namely, an intuitive graphical user interface, variant configuration data objects, data dictionary and project based environment for collaboration. Simulink examples are provided are proposed to illustrate these concepts.
Developments in Accounting Regulation: A Synthesis and Annotated Bibliography of Evidence and Commentary in the 2009 Academic Literature

Abstract In this article, we synthesize in annotated bibliography form, recent regulation-related findings and commentaries in the academic literature. This annotated bibliography is one in a series of bibliographies that summarizes regulation-related academic research. We reviewed academic outlets such as The Accounting Review, The Journal of Accounting Research, The Journal of Accounting and Economics, Accounting Horizons, The Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, The Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, The Journal of Business, Finance & Accounting, Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory, and Research in Accounting Regulation. We annotate results of regulation-related research studies and key points from regulation-related commentaries.
Experimental studies of plant pigments

This communication was confined to a report on studies of (a) flavones, a group of yellow pigments, characterized by the production, in their solutions, of intense yellowish-brown color on the addition of ammonia, and of (b) anthocyanins, a group of red, violet, or blue pigments, which, in solution, change to bluishgreen on the addition of alkali, and pink on the addition of acid.These pigments were obtained from tulips: flavone, from “La Reine”; anthocyanin, from “Crimson King.” Both varieties of flowers were collected at the N. Y. Botanical Garden through the courtesy of Dr. A. B. Stout.The chemical relationship of flavones and anthocyanins.—Wheldale and others believe that flavone is convertible into anthocyanin by oxidation. The Armstrongs regard this conversion as due to processes of oxidation and reduction. Combes and Willstatter consider that reduction alone effects the change. The results of our own experiments accord with the view of the latter investigators. We find that active (“nascent”) hydro...
9 – Cognitive Therapy

Publisher Summary Cognitive therapy is a form of psychotherapy that posits that how an individual perceives and interprets events strongly influences how that person responds emotionally and behaviorally. It combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to teach patients to challenge biased perceptions and the underlying assumptions that may cause them to distort current situations. It also maintains that significant life experiences shape core beliefs about the self and the world, which in turn, affect how new information is incorporated. It is best known as an effective treatment for unipolar depression. Outcome studies have demonstrated its usefulness in the treatment of depression and have suggested that cognitive therapy has some preventive effects against future depressive episodes. Current research is investigating whether cognitive therapy can prevent a first episode of depression among those at risk. In addition, cognitive therapy techniques are also being used in schools to promote cooperation and self-esteem. Thus, this form of therapy can be used to promote mental health at the individual and community levels.
Molecular Mechanism of Rice Responses to Cadmium Stress

Cadmium is one of the most toxic heavy metals in the environment,posing a serious threat to food security and rice production.It has important practical significance to discuss accumulation of cadmium in rice and its response mechanism.Under cadmium stress,rice root growth is blocked,photosynthesis is decreased,but the resistance to cadmium greatly varies with rice varieties.Multiple QTLs associated with cadmium accumulation have been located to 7chromosomes.Besides,various cadmium ion transporters,including P1B-ATPases,natural resistance-associated macrophage proteins,cation diffusion facilitators,and ATP-binding Cassettes,are cloned and proved to involve in cadmium resistance.It's very important for breeding cadmium tolerant varieties to utilize the resistance genes.
On the Language Barriers and Cultural Presupposition in Cross-cultural Communication

This paper argues,from the perspective of discourse strategy theory,that there is close relationship between cultural presupposition and the language barriers in cross-cultural communication.The characteristics and influences of cultural presupposition are to be deeply discussed in attempt of identifying the importance of cultural presupposition in foreign language learning.
Integrating Dialectical and Paradox Perspectives on Managing Contradictions in Organizations

We present a typology and process model that integrate dialectical and paradox perspectives on managing contradictions in organizations. Whereas paradox research depicts tensions between contradictory elements as irreconcilable and best managed through acceptance and synergy, the dialectical perspective portrays the relationship of such elements as adversarial and transformed through conflict. Our integrated typology and process model account for both dialectical and paradox approaches to managing contradictions and also identify two approaches, assimilation and adjustment, which combine the two. The model also identifies a key contingency, the expected distribution of power between contradictory elements, as a key influence on actors’ approaches to managing contradictions. For paradox researchers our integrated model emphasizes the need for more attention to the political, institutional, and social contexts of contradictions, practices for managing conflict, and transformation of organizational contradic...
Clinical efficacy ofTanreqing in the treatment of acute pneumonia

Objective To analyze and research the clinical efficacy of Tanreqing in the adjuvant treatment of acute pneumonia.Methods 132 cases with acute pneumonia from October 2010 to 2012 October were retrospectively analyzed and divided into two groups according to the treatment method,the observation group had 66 cases,the control group had 66 cases,the control group was treated with cefotaxime,the observation group was treated by Tanreqing basis on the control group.after the treatment,compared the therapeutic effect of the two groups.Results The total efficiency of the two groups had significantly different(P0.05),the difference had statistically significant.After the treatment,the leukocyte of the two groups had significantly different(P0.05),the difference had statistically significant.Conclusion Tanreqing can effectively play its anti-inflammatory,antibacterial,antitussive,expectorant,antipyretic in the treatment of acute pneumonia,adverse reactions of patients were mild during the treatment,it's safe and reliable,and it can reduce bacterial resistance by overuse of antibiotics,it's worthy for clinical application and promotion.
Source dimensions of two deep earthquakes estimated from aftershocks and spectra

The relation the spectral corner frequency and the source dimensions, r ( P, S ) = c ( P, S ) β / ƒ is tested for two deep earthquakes under the assumption that aftershocks approximately outline the rupture area. It was found that c = 0.37 as proposed by Brune (1970) leads to radii estimates within ±20 per cent of the radii outlined by the aftershocks.
Management of the hypertensive pregnant patient

Hypertension is a sign, not a disease. As with other signs, its appearance may be attributable to a variety of causes. Whenever possible, a cause should be sought. Guidelines for the rational management of hypertension in pregnancy include appropriate use of hospitalization, avoidance of medications not contributing directly to the amelioration of the problem without physiologic handicap, appropriate fetal assessment for continued well-being and appropriately timed and designed intervention when maternal or fetal compromise due to continuation of the pregnancy occurs. Since maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality can be linearly related to maternal blood pressure, particularly maternal diastolic values, a certain threshold for intervention must be established that bears a rational relationship to the risk:benefit ratio of intervention versus nonintervention. Arbitrarily, a persistent maternal diastolic blood pressure of 110 torr or more would seem to demand some control. This is particularly true if the woman also has thrombocytopenia, since in the modern era the leading cause of maternal death from hypertensive diseases is intracranial hemorrhage. If maternal blood pressures cannot be adequately controlled below this value with the appropriate medications or if uncorrectable fetal distress is observed, delivery becomes mandatory. In modern perinatal centers, delivery after 26 to 28 weeks' gestation should generally be expected to be associated with a good overall outcome for mother and baby.