cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of technology on academic distraction: A review

The detrimental effects of academic distraction have become increasingly problematic in recent years due to student media multitasking. In recent years, educators have gradually transitioned many classes to the online learning environment, effectively reducing teacher supervision. This has been greatly exacerbated with the advent of coronavirus disease 2019 and subsequent social distancing guidelines. In an effort to help students and educators better understand the implications of technology on academic distraction and academic performance, this literature review discusses the effects of three forms on technology on student distraction: laptops, smartphones, and social media use, particularly the social media platform Facebook. While the effects of student laptops on academic distraction are somewhat ambivalent, the debate is largely moot in the current educational environment. The detrimental effects of student smartphone and social media use on academic distraction are more conspicuous, especially with the pervasiveness of personal digital devices. Potential self‐regulatory and environmental interventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Human Behavior & Emerging Technologies is the property of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
Comparison of Oncologic Outcomes Following Open and Robotic-assisted Radical Cystectomy with both Extracorporeal and Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion.

Abstract Objectives To compare oncologic endpoints between open radical cystectomy (ORC) and robotic-assisted radical cystectomy with extracorporeal urinary diversion (eRARC) or intracorporeal urinary diversion (iRARC). Materials and Methods Retrospective review of all patients undergoing curative-intent radical cystectomy with urinary diversion for urothelial bladder cancer at a single-institution from 2010-2018. Primary outcomes included recurrence location and rates, recurrence-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS). Survival estimates were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank analysis. Cox proportional-hazards model was used to identify predictors of survival. Results 265, 366 and 285 patients underwent ORC, eRARC, and iRARC, respectively (n = 916). Median follow-up was 52, 40 and 37 months for ORC, eRARC and iRARC, respectively (P Conclusion These findings from a large, single-institution in conjunction with randomized-controlled trial data suggest that RARC does not compromise perioperative or long-term oncologic outcomes when compared to ORC.
A General Numerical Method to Model Anisotropy in Discretized Bond-Based Peridynamics

This work proposes a novel, general and robust method of determining bond micromoduli for anisotropic linear elastic bond-based peridynamics. The problem of finding a discrete distribution of bond micromoduli that reproduces an anisotropic peridynamic stiffness tensor is cast as a least-squares problem. The proposed numerical method is able to find a distribution of bond micromoduli that is able to exactly reproduce a desired anisotropic stiffness tensor provided conditions of Cauchy's relations are met. Examples of all eight possible elastic material symmetries, from triclinic to isotropic are given and discussed in depth. Parametric studies are conducted to demonstrate that the numerical method is robust enough to handle a variety of horizon sizes, neighborhood shapes, influence functions and lattice rotation effects. Finally, an example problem is presented to demonstrate that the proposed method is physically sound and that the solution agrees with the analytical solution from classical elasticity. The proposed method has great potential for modeling of deformation and fracture in anisotropic materials with bond-based peridynamics.
Comparative Anatomy of Primates

Abstract Primate comparative anatomy is a field of research that has profoundly interested scientists since several centuries, particularly due to its implications to the knowledge of the origin, biology, and/or evolution of our own species, Homo sapiens. In this chapter we provide a short summary of the comparative anatomy of humans and other primates that is based on a collaborative work of three experts in the field. A different author has written each of the sections. The first section focuses on osteology (bones and cartilages), the second on myology (muscles and tendons), and the third on external and internal organs. Within each section the information will be presented within an evolutionary context and often includes brief historical and/or functional considerations.
Constant-pH Hybrid Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics-Monte Carlo Simulation Method

A computational method is developed to carry out explicit solvent simulations of complex molecular systems under conditions of constant pH. In constant-pH simulations, preidentified ionizable sites are allowed to spontaneously protonate and deprotonate as a function of time in response to the environment and the imposed pH. The method, based on a hybrid scheme originally proposed by H. A. Stern (J. Chem. Phys. 2007, 126, 164112), consists of carrying out short nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (neMD) switching trajectories to generate physically plausible configurations with changed protonation states that are subsequently accepted or rejected according to a Metropolis Monte Carlo (MC) criterion. To ensure microscopic detailed balance arising from such nonequilibrium switches, the atomic momenta are altered according to the symmetric two-ends momentum reversal prescription. To achieve higher efficiency, the original neMD-MC scheme is separated into two steps, reducing the need for generating a large number of unproductive and costly nonequilibrium trajectories. In the first step, the protonation state of a site is randomly attributed via a Metropolis MC process on the basis of an intrinsic pKa; an attempted nonequilibrium switch is generated only if this change in protonation state is accepted. This hybrid two-step inherent pKa neMD-MC simulation method is tested with single amino acids in solution (Asp, Glu, and His) and then applied to turkey ovomucoid third domain and hen egg-white lysozyme. Because of the simple linear increase in the computational cost relative to the number of titratable sites, the present method is naturally able to treat extremely large systems.
Block optimal structures for 2-D separable-in-denominator digital filters

In this paper, the problem of block optimal realizations of separable-in-denominator 2-D filters are considered. A general partial fraction expansion of a denominator separable 2-D transfer function is presented. Based on such expansion a new block optimal realization is derived with emphasis on real time processing in a multiprocessor environment. A criterion for the absence of limit cycles for a second order 2-D block is proposed. >
PLACE OF ORAL FEEDING IN INFANTILE DIARRHEA

Early oral feeding is recommended in infantile diarrhea not as a substitute but as a supplement to needed parenteral therapy. An analysis of pertinent data indicates the safety and value of this procedure.
Large Displacement, Nonlinear Transient Analysis by Finite Elements

A method is presented for the transient analysis of structures including nonlinearities in material behavior and geometry. A system of convected coordinates that rotate and translate with each element is used to simplify the governing equations so that an efficient computer code could be developed. For purposes of applying the method to problems with moderately large relative rotations within an element, this paper introduces additional terms to account for these variations of the rotation. Results are presented for a variety of elastic and elastic-plastic problems.
Mating and Parasexual Genetics in Candida albicans

This chapter outlines the discovery that Candida albicans can be coaxed to mate in the laboratory and the recognition that a phenotypic switching system—white-opaque switching—is intimately involved in this process. Many features of mating in C. albicans relate to prior knowledge of the mating machinery of the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Of particular interest are the departures from the S. cerevisiae “paradigm” which serve to underscore the unique features of the C. albicans mating apparatus. For these reasons, the chapter begins by briefly comparing the two organisms and reviewing the mating cycle in S. cerevisiae. Mating in C. albicans is dependent on signaling between cells of opposite mating types. This chapter addresses how the C. albicans mating-type loci regulate gene expression to give rise to three distinctive cell types, a, α, and a/α. It talks about the identities of the genes that make up the different classes of cell-type-specific genes in C. albicans: a1-α2-repressed, a-specific, and α-specific genes. It discusses the apparent paradox that, although C. albicans has a robust parasexual cycle that can be readily observed in the laboratory, population studies indicate that the C. albicans population is largely clonal. The critical role of white-opaque switching in mating seems unique to C. albicans and may reflect a long evolutionary relationship between mating and life inside a mammalian host. Chromosome loss, a general propensity of C. albicans, provides a means of completing a parasexual cycle that in principle can be used to generate diversity.
A Review of “Symposium about the Transfer, Preservation of and Access to Digital Records Based on the Danish Experience”

First, I want to acknowledge the publication of the experiences of the Danish National Archives as a significant contribution to the public record. Many institutions, including archives, libraries,...
Doing Cultural Studies: Youth and the Challenge of Pedagogy

In this article, Henry Giroux explores two sides of one question: 1) why scholars working within the area of cultural studies do not take seriously pedagogy and the role of schools in shaping culture and politics; and 2) why educators have not engaged the possibilities inherent in a cultural studies framework to analyze central questions of teaching and learning. In particular, Giroux analyzes how youth are increasingly being addressed and positioned through the popular media, changing economic conditions, and an escalating wave of violence. He illustrates, both through theory and examples of his own teaching, how the pedagogy and the mobilization of desire implicit in several recent Hollywood films about youth culture reinforce dominant racist and cultural stereotypes, but also how the use of various critical pedagogical strategies in the classroom can create the conditions for rewriting such films.
Are all multiples the same?: The problematic nature of the limited edition

The aim of this inquiry is to determine whether printmaking is best understood ontologically as analogous to a work-performance relation. Are prints the visual analogue of symphonies? My motivation for pursuing the comparison of printmaking to music is twofold. First, because relatively little has been written on the ontology of fine art prints, our use of an already developed body of scholarship will help us to gain some traction on the question. Second, within the existing literature on the ontology of prints, there seems to be a persistent confusion about the difference between what makes a print an artwork, and what makes it a genuine or authentic artwork, signed or in some other way ratified by a given artist. I conclude by suggesting that prints are indeed ontologically unusual insofar as they occupy an intermediate position between pure multiples, of which there can be an unlimited number of tokens, and singular artworks that consist of one physical object.
p16INK4A expression is frequently increased in periorbital and ocular squamous lesions

p16 expression is a well established biomarker of cervical dysplasia and carcinoma arising from high risk human papilloma virus infection. Increased p16 expression is also seen in squamous neoplasms arising at other sites, including head, neck, and oropharyngeal tract. Squamous lesions are also frequently encountered at ocular surface and peri-orbital skin sites, but the prevalence of increased p16 expression in these lesions has been poorly studied. We retrospectively surveyed 13 ocular surface and 16 orbital squamous lesions biopsied at UC San Diego Healthcare System and VA San Diego Healthcare System for p16 expression by immunohistochemistry. These cases included ocular surface lesions with diagnoses of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) and squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Peri-orbital eyelid biopsies included lesions with diagnoses of SCCis and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. We performed multivariate logistic regression, followed by student’s T-test or Fisher's exact test to determine if there were statistically significant associations between p16 immunoreactivity and patient age, gender, diagnosis, and ethnicity. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05. We found an unexpectedly large prevalence of strong nuclear and cytoplasmic p16 immunoreactivity in our cases. Almost all of the ocular surface squamous lesions were diffusely positive for p16 expression (12/13). All of the periorbital lesions showed diffuse p16 immunoreactivity (16/16). Altogether, 28/29 lesions tested showed strong and diffuse p16 expression. We found no statistically significant correlation between p16 expression and patient age, gender, ethnicity, or diagnosis. In 6 of the peri-orbital biopsies, we had sufficient tissue to assess high-risk HPV expression by in situ hybridization. Interestingly, all of these cases were negative for HPV, despite strong p16 expression. Strong p16 expression was observed in virtually all of the ocular surface and peri-orbital squamous neoplasms in our study. The relationship between p16 expression and HPV infection in ocular surface and peri-orbital sites requires further investigation.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF YEAST CAROTENOIDS

Simpson, Kenneth L. (University of California, Davis), T. O. M. Nakayama, and C. O. Chichester. Biosynthesis of yeast carotenoids. J. Bacteriol. 88:1688-1694. 1964.-The biosynthesis of carotenoids was followed in Rhodotorula glutinis and in a new strain, 62-506. The treatment of the growing cultures by methylheptenone, or ionone, vapors permitted observations of the intermediates in the biosynthetic pathway. On the basis of concentration changes and accumulation in blocked pathways, the sequence of carotenoid formation is postulated as phytoene, phytofluene, zeta-carotene, neurosporene, beta-zeacarotene, gamma-carotene, torulin, a C(40) aldehyde, and torularhodin. Torulin and torularhodin were established as the main carotenoids of 62-506.
T cell responses to myelin basic protein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-resistant BALB/c mice.

Abstract In strains of mice that are susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), cloned CD4 + T cells reactive with autologous myelin basic protein (MBP) have been shown to cause disease when transferred to naive syngeneic recipients. Recent reports indicate that under particular experimental conditions, ‘resistant’ strains of mice can also develop EAE, although cloned cells have not been isolated and characterized. An analyis of the characteristics of a panel of MBP-specific T cells and the antigen presenting capability of CNS-derived cells obtained from the resistant strain BALB/c is presented here. The data demonnstrate that immunization of EAE-resistant BALB/c mice results in the activation of a heterogeneous group of T cells reactive with autologous MBP. Both peripheral antigen presenting cells, as well as microglia isolated from brains of BALB/c mice, are capable of stimulating these cloned MBP-specific T cells to proliferate. When optimally activated in vitro and then injected in vivo into syngeneic BALB/c recipients, three clones studied induced severe cachexia, resulting in loss of up to 35% of body weight before death. Two of the clones also induced clinical and histological EAE, while the third induced only occasional histological evidence of disease. Differences in epitope recognition, T cell receptor usage, cytokine profiles or regulatory mechanisms of self tolerance, may play important roles in preventing potentially destructive autoimmune reactions by these T cells capable of recognizing autologous myelin in the central nervous system.
Stable and time‐dissipative finite element methods for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in advection dominated flows

We examine a new Galerkin method with scaled bubble functions which replicates the exact artificial diffusion methods in the case of 1-D scalar advection-diffusion and that leads to non-oscillatory solutions as the streamline upwinding algorithms for 2-D scalar advection-diffusion and incompressible Navier-Stokes. This method retains the satisfaction of the Babuska-Brezzi condition and, thus, leads to optimal performance in the incompressible limit. This method, when, combined with the recently proposed linear unconditionally stable algorithms of Simo and Armero, yields a method for solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations ideal for either diffusive or advection-dominated flows. Examples from scalar advection-diffusion and the solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are presented
Influence of glutathione on the inhibition of Escherichia coli by kanamycin.

The tolerance of Escherichia coli ATCC 6522 for kanamycin sulfate was increased from 5 μg./ml. to 15,000 μg./ml. in 63 serial passages through a chemically-defined medium containing increasing concentrations of the antibiotic. Glutathione was shown to interfere with the growth-inhibiting effects of kanamycin on Escherichia coli when the kanamycin concentration was 5 μg. or less per ml. and the molecular ratio of kanamycin to GSH was approximately 16 or less.
Designs for Experiments — Parallel Comparisons of Treatment

Abstract Clinical trials of medical treatments often compare two treated groups or a treated group with a separate but concurrent control group. We have examined a consecutive series of 47 such par...
Individual Characteristics, Microsystem Factors, and Proximal Relationship Processes Associated with Ethnic Identity in Rural Youth

AbstractAlthough strong ethnic identity is associated with positive psychological functioning and high academic achievement, few studies have examined factors associated with ethnic identity of rural youths. Social identity theory was used as a guide for the current study, integrating ecological systems theory to frame the study’s focus on how transactions and social relationships across microsystems relate to ethnic identity. This study uses hierarchical regression analysis to investigate which individual characteristics, microsystem factors, and proximal relational processes are associated with ethnic identity in a large sample (N = 3,418) of rural students in Grades 6 through 8 (mean age 12.8 years, 46.77% male) who participated in the Rural Adaptation Project in 2011. Results show that adolescents from racial/ethnic minority groups report higher levels of ethnic identity than Caucasian adolescents. We find high levels of ethnic identity are related to individual characteristics, including speaking a l...
The Complex Relationship between Mycobacteria and Macrophages: It's Not All Bliss

Summary Mycobacteria are uniquely adapted to grow inside host macrophages. As Clay et al. show in this issue of Cell Host & Microbe and as van der Wel et al. show in a recent issue of Cell , there are both benefits and drawbacks for the pathogen in adopting this strategy, and some of our fundamental assumptions about how the host cell and bacterium interact might need to be reexamined.
SMI 2012: Full Progressive encoding and compression of surfaces generated from point cloud data

We present a new algorithm for compressing surfaces created from oriented points, sampled using a laser range scanner or created from polygonal surfaces. We first use the input data to build an octree whose nodes contain planes that are constructed as the least square fit of the data within that node. Then, given an error threshold, we prune this octree to remove redundant data while avoiding topological changes created by merging disjoint linear pieces. From this octree representation, we provide a progressive encoding technique that encodes the octree structure as well as the plane equations. We encode the planes using distances to three points and a single bit. To decode these planes, we solve a constrained optimization problem that has closed-form solution. We then reconstruct the surface from this representation by implicitizing the discontinuous linear pieces at the leaves of the octree and take a level set of this implicit representation. Our tests show that the proposed method compresses surfaces with higher accuracy and smaller file sizes than other methods.
The Utility of Conductive Plastic Electrodes in Prolonged ICU EEG Monitoring

We investigated the feasibility and utilization of conductive plastic electrodes (CPEs) in patients undergoing continuous video-electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring in the intensive care unit (ICU), and assessed the quality of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) images obtained during this period. A total of 54 patients were monitored. Seizures were recorded in 16 patients. Twenty-five patients had neuroimaging performed with electrodes in place; 15 MRI and 23 CT scans were performed. All patients had excellent quality anatomical images without clinically significant artifacts, and without any signs or symptoms that raised safety concerns. Recording quality of the EEG was indistinguishable to that achieved with standard gold electrodes. The use of CPEs allowed for uninterrupted EEG recording of patients who required urgent neuroimaging, and decreased the amount of time spent by the technologists required to remove and reattach leads.
On the influence of polarization effects in predicting the interfacial structure and capacitance of graphene-like electrodes in ionic liquids

The electric double layer (CD) and electrode quantum (CQ) capacitances of graphene-based supercapacitors are investigated using a combined molecular dynamics and density functional theory approach. In particular, we compare an approach that includes electronic polarization to one that is polarization-free by evaluating both CD and CQ using [EMIM][BF4] ionic liquid as a model electrolyte. Our results indicate that the inclusion of polarization effects can yield higher CD values—in this study by up to 40% around ±2 V—which we attribute primarily to the presence of charge smearing at the electrode-electrolyte interface. On the other hand, we find that the polarization-induced distortion of the electronic structure of graphene does not noticeably alter the predicted CQ. Our analysis suggests that an accurate description of the spatial charge distribution at the graphene interface due to polarization is necessary to improve our predictive capabilities, though more notably for CD. However, the conventional pola...
Maternal plasma leptin is increased in preeclampsia and positively correlates with fetal cord concentration.

Abstract Objective: We tested the hypothesis that the maternal leptin concentration would be increased in preeclampsia, independent of maternal obesity. Study Design: Maternal and cord plasma leptin concentrations were compared in 2 groups of women with either preeclampsia (n = 24) or normal pregnancy (n = 24), matched 1:1 for prepregnancy body mass index and fetal gestational age at sampling. Results: Median leptin concentrations were significantly higher ( P P Conclusion: Preeclampsia is associated with an increase in maternal plasma leptin concentrations that strongly correlates with the fetal cord concentration at delivery. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:731-6.)
Elevated testosterone during meiotic segregation stimulates laying hens to produce more sons than daughters

Biases in avian sex ratios have been documented in relation to a variety of social and environmental conditions. Previous studies suggest that treatment with hormones can stimulate females to manipulate offspring sex, and that this effect occurs before ovulation. For example, acute and chronic treatments with testosterone stimulated significant skews towards male offspring. Hormones may act by influencing which sex chromosome is donated by the heterogametic female bird into the oocyte. However, it is difficult to pinpoint when effects of testosterone on offspring sex occurred in previous experiments because testosterone treatments were given either chronically over the entire period of follicular development or many hours before the critical period of chromosome segregation. We injected laying hens with testosterone injections 5 h prior to ovulation to target this critical period and quantified the sexes of the subsequently ovulated eggs. We hypothesized that an injection of testosterone coincident with segregation of sex chromosomes would stimulate hens to produce more male than female offspring. As hypothesized, hens injected with testosterone produced a significant bias towards male offspring compared to controls, nearly 70%. These results suggest that acute testosterone elevation during meiotic segregation may mediate skews in avian primary sex ratios.
Elemental binding energies for X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract A report is presented here of an analysis of core-electron binding-energy (BE) data for solid elements from four sources. For each set of data, a single instrument had been used to measure BEs for many elements. In order to compare BEs from these four sources, it was necessary to recalibrate the BE scales of three instruments; this recalibration was performed using reference data from the UK National Physical Laboratory and a draft calibration standard. Mean BEs were then computed for those elements and core levels for which there were two or more measurements. Finally, individual differences from the mean values were calculated; this analysis disclosed several discrepancies in data due either to differences in specimens or to possible mistakes. Plots of differences in BE values from mean values versus BE indicated that the BE scales of the four instruments were close to linear. The mean BE values for each element appear to be a useful reference set for the determination of chemical shifts in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Stratigraphic evidence for the Siberia-Laurentia connection and Early Cambrian rifting

Vendian to Cambrian age sedimentary rocks of the northern Siberian craton record Early Cambrian rifting from ∼ 543 to 530 Ma and the onset of regional thermal subsidence in early Tommotian time. A similar tectonic history in the Franklinian basin of northern Canada and Greenland supports the possibility that both basins formed conjugate margins. This correlation constrains both the configuration of the Siberia-Laurentia connection, also supported by paleomagnetic and paleoclimatic data from Siberia, and timing of continental breakup, which is further supported by regional trilobite biostratigraphy. Prior to breakup, Siberia and Laurentia formed a coherent continent that rifted from a western landmass (Australia–Antarctica–India–South China) at ∼ 720 Ma, forming a continuous passive margin along western Siberia-Laurentia. Nearly orthogonal to this margin, the 723 Ma Natkusiak volcanic rocks and Franklin dike swarm in northern Canada are suggested to represent a failed rift that extended into Siberia-Laurentia. Subsequent Early Cambrian separation of Siberia-Laurentia was possibly influenced by crustal heterogeneity created by the failed rift.
Medium density polyethylene composites with functionalized carbon nanotubes.

A strong interface between the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and polymer matrix is necessary to achieve enhanced mechanical properties of composites. In this work a series of sidewall-functionalized SWNTs have been investigated in order to evaluate the effect of functionalization on SWNT aspect ratio and composite interfacial chemistry and their role on mechanical properties of a medium density polyethylene (MDPE) matrix. Fluorinated nanotubes (F-SWNTs) were used as precursors for subsequent sidewall functionalization with long chain alkyl groups to produce an F-SWNT- C11H23 derivative. The latter was refluorinated to yield a new perfluorinated derivative, F-SWNT- C11FxHy. The functionalized SWNTs as well as the pristine SWNTs were integrated into an MDPE matrix at a 1?wt% loading. The nanotubes and composite materials were characterized with FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, NMR, XPS, AFM, SEM, TGA, DSC and tensile tests. When incorporated into polyethylene, the new perfluorinated derivative, F-SWNT- C11FxHy, yielded the highest tensile strength value among all nanotube/MDPE composite samples, showing a 52% enhancement in comparison with the neat MDPE. The 1?wt% SWNT/MDPE composite contained nanotubes with a larger aspect ratio but, due to a lack of interfacial chemistry, it resulted in less improvement in mechanical properties compared to the composites made with the fluorinated SWNT derivatives.
National Observational Study of Prescription Dispensing Accuracy and Safety in 50 Pharmacies

Objectives To measure dispensing accuracy rates in 50 pharmacies located in 6 cities across the United States and describe the nature and frequency of the errors detected. Design Cross-sectional descriptive study. Settings Chain, independent, and health-system pharmacies (located in hospitals or managed care organizations). Participants Pharmacy staff at randomly selected pharmacies in each city who accepted an invitation to participate. Intervention Observation by a pharmacist in each pharmacy for 1 day, with a goal of inspecting 100 prescriptions for dispensing errors (defined as any deviation from the prescriber's order). Main Outcome Measure Dispensing errors on new and refill prescriptions. Results Data were collected between July 2000 and April 2001. The overall dispensing accuracy rate was 98.3% (77 errors among 4,481 prescriptions; range, 87.2%-100.0%; 95.0% confidence interval, + 0.4%). Accuracy rates did not differ significantly by pharmacy type or city. Of the 77 identified errors, 5 (6.5%) were judged to be clinically important. Conclusion Dispensing errors are a problem on a national level, at a rate of about 4 errors per day in a pharmacy filling 250 prescriptions daily. An estimated 51.5 million errors occur during the filling of 3 billion prescriptions each year.
1824 THE EMPTY THORAX: AN AVOIDABLE LETHAL FACTOR IN CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA

In spite of sophistication in neonatal care, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) which presents within the first 24 hours of life has a high mortality (generally around 50%). The observation that neonates with CDH deteriorate several hours after surgery, frequently with a mediastinal shift, suggest that they may be dying of the empty thorax syndrome. When a patient is on positive pressure ventilation, insertion of a chest tube connected to a suction or a waterseal into the thoracic cavity, when there is no expandable lung, creates a vacuum and the mediastinum is shifted to that side. In addition to using currently accepted management, we used a modification of an infant chest bottle. A chest tube was connected to a bottle with a vent, but without a waterseal. This permitted evacuation of fluid but prevented mediastinal shifts. We treated a consecutive series of 11 infants with this approach, ten of which were symptomatic soon after birth. Three of these were moribund at the time of surgery and died. Seven of the remaining eight salvageable infants required surgery within 24 hours of life. Seven out of eight (87.5%) of the infants survived if they were considered potentially salvageable prior to surgery. The use of thoracic drainage with avoidance of the empty thorax syndrome appeared to play a significant role in obtaining these improved results.
Reversible lipidization prolongs the pharmacological effect, plasma duration, and liver retention of octreotide.

Purpose. Octreotide (OCT) was reversibly lipidized to improve the pharmacological effect and to increase the plasma half-life and the liver retention of OCT for greater therapeutic potential in the treatment of liver cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma.
The “Peculiar Eclipsing” of Women in Sociological Theory: Moving from Nearly Total to Partial

This paper revisits the observation made by Ward and Grant (Current Perspective in Social Theory 11:117–140, 1991) that there had been a “peculiar eclipsing” of women in sociological theory. It provides longitudinal studies of women’s participation and recognition in three conventional outlets for sociological theorizing: the theory section of the American Sociological Association (ASA); sociological theory textbooks; and sociological theory journals. It finds that the percentage of ASA Theory Section members who were women increased from 12% in 1982 to 31% in 2008, but is not nearly as high as the 53% in all ASA sections taken together; that women’s recognition in sociological theory textbooks grew, more between the 1980s and the 2000s than between the 1960s and the 1980s, undoubtedly reflecting the increasing respectability of feminist theory within the profession; and that women’s relative participation as authors in sociology theory journals increased from the 1980s to the 2000s by about 33%, but nowhere near as much as their participation as authors in the American Sociological Review, where their relative participation in the 2000s was more than three times what it had been in the 1980s. We speculate that, given women’s increasing leadership roles in both the Theory section and the theory journals, women may be using less conventional outlets for their theorizing than is offered by either the section or the journals.
Biomass as a source of chemical feedstocks: an economic evaluation.

It is suggested that the raw materials and technology exist for basing a major fraction of the U.S. chemical industry on four fermentation products, used in the proper portions: ethanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, and 2,3-butanediol. The primary route for introduction of these materials is dehydration of the alcohols and diols to olefins, which would cause little disruption of the existing industry downstream from the olefins. The proposed substitution has the advantages that it would provide a smooth transition toward renewable feedstocks, while decreasing dependence on fossil sources of organic material and use of toxic materials. However, to make these materials attractive as feedstocks or intermediates in chemical production, their current prices must be substantially reduced. Even with the optimum mix, their largeseale utilization will only occur at about 20 to 40 percent of their estimated chemical prices.
The changing scene in graduate medical education: implications for pathology.

Abstract During the past several years a number of unrelated events have occurred that will have a marked impact upon residency training in pathology in the United States. These factors include: (1) a twofold increase in the annual number of graduates from American medical schools, (2) Public Law 94–484, which will reduce the number of foreign medical graduates eligible for post-graduate training in this country by 70 to 80 per cent, and (3) increased emphasis on permitting Americans studying abroad to transfer to United States medical schools. Barring unforeseen changes, the culmination of these events is expected circa 1984 when the number of applicants for first year house officer positions will equal or exceed the pool of available slots. Therefore, a significant proportion of graduates either will not be matched at all or will not be matched with the specialty(ies) of their choice. The implications of these trends with respect to residency training in pathology, with particular reference to the motives and motivation of persons seeking a first year slot, are discussed and alternative strategies for maximizing benefits discussed.
Mechanistic investigation of substrate oxidation by Ce(IV) reagents in acetonitrile.

Rates and activation parameters for the Ce4+-mediated oxidation of a β-keto ester, a β-diketone, and a β-keto silyl enol ether were determined in acetonitrile. In the case of the dicarbonyls, the enol content of the substrate impacts the rate of oxidation by Ce4+, predominantly through contributions from ΔH⧧. For the silyl enol ether, the transition state for oxidation by Ce4+ is substantially more ordered than it is for the β-keto ester or the β-diketone.
Absolute intensity measurement of the 4-0 vibration-rotation band of carbon monoxide

The absolute intensity of the 4-0 vibration band of CO is measured in spectra obtained using a 25-m base-path multiple-traversal absorption cell and a 5-m scanning spectrometer. The intensities of individual vibration-rotation lines in this band are determined from measurements of their equivalent widths, and absolute values for the rotationless transition moment and the vibration-rotation interaction factor are derived from the measured line strengths. The experimentally obtained vibration-rotation function is compared with a theoretical curve; agreement between theory and experiment is found to be good for the P-branch but poor for the R-branch. It is noted that numerical solutions to the radial Schroedinger equation lead to vibration-rotation function values that are in good agreement with the experiment.
An enhancer at the 3′ end of the mouse immunoglobulin heavy chain locus

A tissue-specific enhancer (E mu) lies between the joining (JH) and mu constant region (C mu) gene segments of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. Since mouse endogenous IgH genes are efficiently transcribed in its absence, the normal function of this enhancer remains ill-defined. Recently, another lymphoid-specific enhancer of equal strength has been identified 3' of the rat IgH locus. We have isolated an analogous sequence from mouse and have mapped it 12.5 kb 3' of the 3'-most constant region gene (C alpha-membrane) of the BALB/c mouse locus. The mouse and rat sequences are 82% homologous and share with other enhancers several DNA sequence motifs capable of binding protein. However, in transient transfection assays, the mouse sequence behaves as a weaker enhancer. The role of this distant element in the expression of endogenous IgH genes, both in E mu-deficient, Ig-producing cell lines and during normal B cell development, is discussed.
Layer-by-layer ionic self-assembly of Au colloids into multilayer thin-films with bulk metal conductivity

Abstract Colloidal Au nanoparticles, each encapsulated by polyelectrolytes, have been self-assembled into multilayer films in a layer-by-layer fashion. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrates that close-packed, three-dimensional arrays with uniform roughness have been achieved. Organic interconnects (alternating cationic and anionic monolayers) covalently and electrostatically linked adjacent metal nanoparticles and formed uniform tunnel junctions. Electrical conductance measurements reveal that a resistivity of 5×10−6 Ω cm for 15 layers of 5 nm Au colloid films, the same order of magnitude of that of bulk gold metals, has been achieved for the first time.
Temporal sequential logic hardening by design with a low power delay element

A reduced power delay element for the temporal hardening of sequential digital circuits is presented. The delay element single event transient (SET) tolerance is demonstrated by simulations using it in a radiation hardened by design (RHBD) master slave flip-flop (FF). Using the proposed delay element saves up to 25% total FF power at 50% activity factor. The delay element incorporates redundancy to mask long transients, which would otherwise limit the circuit hardness. Two FF layouts using the proposed delay element are used in synthesis and auto-place and route experiments to confirm overall power, performance, and density. The first (interleaved) version uses a multi-bit cell interleaving the constituent circuits of four FFs. The second (inline) version interleaves the master and slave circuits to achieve high density while maintaining adequate critical node separation. The latter is shown to be more power efficient and the former is more robust to multiple node collection.
Zooplankton Responses to Aluminum Sulfate Treatment of Newman Lake, Washington

ABSTRACT Pelagic zooplankton were sampled prior to and following the whole-lake aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment of Newman Lake, Washington, to determine zooplankter responses. Signs of perturbation such as pronounced declines in zooplankton numbers, biomass, and species diversity were exhibited within two weeks after the treatment. These observations may be attributed to a combination of physical action of the settling alum floc, removal of and change in primary food sources, predation by planktivorous fish, and toxicity of aluminum ion. Declines were only temporary, and substantial zooplankter proliferation was evident in the following months due to the abundance of small algae and other food particles. Subsequent monitoring of the zooplankton for 21/2 years showed that the community composition changed after the treatment. Rotifers became more abundant, while biomass dominance shifted from cladocerans and copepods to copepods. Long-term compositional changes may also be attributed to a shift in zoopla...
Elderly men and women are less responsive to startling noises: N1, P3 and blink evidence

Abstract Previously we observed that the P3 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP) elicited by startling noises, and to a lesser extent P3 to target tones, is reduced in the elderly ( Ford & Pfefferbaum, 1991 ). In the current experiment, we tried to eliminate possible effects of age-related hearing deficits on the responses to noises by filtering them to include only frequencies heard best by the elderly (0–1000 Hz) and by setting noise intensity relative to each subject's threshold (sensation level, SL). Twelve younger (mean 22 years) and 12 older (mean 69 years) men and women listened to three sequences of tones (80%, 500 Hz, 70 dB SPL) and noises (20%). One type of noise occurred in each sequence (wide band noise set to 107 dB SPL, narrow band noise set to 107 dB SPL, or narrow band noise set to65 dB SL). The order of the three sequences was counterbalanced across age and sex. Younger subjects blinked to the noise 4–5 times more often than older subjects and had N1 and P3 amplitudes that were 2–3 times larger, regardless of the noise type. N1 amplitude to the background frequent tones and non-startle blinks did not differ between groups. Thus, even when noises were narrow band and set relative to each subject's threshold, older subjects were less responsive to startling auditory stimuli than were younger.
The Effects of the Herbicide Metolachlor on Agonistic Behavior in the Crayfish, Orconectes rusticus

Previous research suggests that agricultural herbicides interfere with olfactory-mediated behavior, such as responses to alarm signals and the ability to locate food, in aquatic organisms. In crayfish, aggressive interactions are also mediated by chemical signals. These social signals are important in establishing dominance, which in turn has an impact on an individual’s ability to find and use mates, food, and habitat space. In this study, we investigated the impact of exposure to sublethal levels of the herbicide metolachlor on the ability of crayfish to respond to olfactory signals used in agonistic behaviors. Crayfish were exposed to three different environmentally relevant concentrations (60 ppb, 70 ppb, and 80 ppb) of metolachlor for 96 hours. Each exposed crayfish was then placed in a fight arena and was allowed to interact with a naive, untreated crayfish for 15 minutes. We analyzed several characteristics of fighting behavior, including initial aggressiveness, time to fight, intensity levels, duration, number of encounters, and the winner and loser of each fight. Crayfish exposed to 80 ppb metolachlor were less likely to initiate and win encounters against naive conspecifics than any other treatment group. Analysis of fight dynamics shows that metolachlor does not alter the temporal fighting dynamics within crayfish aggression. We conclude that high sublethal concentrations of metolachlor may be interfering with the ability of crayfish to receive or respond to social signals and thus affect certain agonistic behaviors.
The Infrared Absorption Spectrum of Carbon Dioxide

The complete infrared spectrum of C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ may consistently be explained in terms of a linear symmetrical model, making use of the selection rules developed by Dennison and the resonance interaction introduced by Fermi. The inactive fundamental ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}$ appears only in combination bands, but ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ at 15\ensuremath{\mu} and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$ at 4.3\ensuremath{\mu} absorb intensely.Resolution of the fundamentals ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ and ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$.---The 15\ensuremath{\mu} band has been resolved into several constituent bands corresponding to absorption by the normal molecule, and by molecules in the first and second excited states. Each band consists of a narrow and intense zero branch, with equally spaced rotation lines on either side. The 4.3\ensuremath{\mu} band has also been resolved, best results following a material reduction in the C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ content of the atmospheric path. The line spacing is the same as in the 15\ensuremath{\mu} band, and there is no zero branch. In each case alternate rotation lines are absent, the $J$ values for the normal state all being even. The computed moment of inertia is 70.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}40}$ gr ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.Harmonic and combination bands.---No first harmonic bands appear, either for ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ or ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}$, but the second harmonic has been observed in each case. The strong pair of doublet bands at 2.7\ensuremath{\mu} are interpreted as combination bands corresponding to ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}+{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}, 2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}$ and the bands at 2.0\ensuremath{\mu} and 1.6\ensuremath{\mu} are higher members of the same sequence. The differences ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{3}\ensuremath{-}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}, 2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}$ explain the weak absorption maxima observed by Schaefer and Philipps at 9.4\ensuremath{\mu} and 10.4\ensuremath{\mu}. The difference bands ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ form a part of the 15\ensuremath{\mu} pattern.Correlation with Raman spectra.---The Raman lines corresponding to the transitions $0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{1}, 2{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}}$ and the weaker pair originating in the first excited state ${1}_{1}$ of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}$ fit precisely into the energy level diagram obtained from infrared measurements.
Sliding Clamps of DNA Polymerases

Abstract The determination of the structure of the processivity factor (β subunit) of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme showed that this protein acts to clamp the polymerase onto DNA by forming a closed circular structure that can encircle duplex DNA (X.-P. Kong, R. Onrust, M. O'Donnell & J. Kuriyan. (1992). Cell, 69, 425-437). In this review we describe the features of the β subunit that allow it to be linked tightly but non-specifically to DNA, and discuss the surprisingly symmetrical architecture of the molecule. The simple repeating pattern of the chain fold allows a connection to be made to the as yet unknown structures of eukaryotic proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the gene 45 protein of bacteriophage T4, which are the processivity factors of the corresponding DNA polymerases.