cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ab initio study on the four electronically lowest-lying states of CH2 using the state-averaged complete active space second-order configuration interaction method

Abstract Four electronically lowest-lying ( X 3 B 1 , a 1 A 1 , b 1 B 1 , and c 1 A 1 ) states of CH 2 have been investigated systematically using ab initio electronic structure theory. Complete active space (CAS) self-consistent-field (SCF) second-order configuration interaction (SOCI) and state-averaged (SA) CASSCF-SOCI levels of theory have been employed. The CASSCF reference wave function was constructed by minimizing the total energy of a specified state, while the SACASSCF reference wave function was obtained by minimizing the equally weighted total energy of the four ( X 3 B 1 , a 1 A 1 , b 1 B 1 , and c 1 A 1 ) states. The third excited state ( c 1 A 1 or 2 1 A 1 ) is of particular theoretical interest because it is represented by the second root of CASSCF and SOCI Hamiltonian matrices. Theoretical treatments of states not the lowest of their symmetry require special attention due to their tendency of variational collapse to the lower-lying state(s). For these four lowest-lying states total energies and physical properties including dipole moments, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and associated infrared (IR) intensities were determined and compared with the results from the configuration interaction with single and double excitations (CISD) method and available experimental values. The CASSCF-SOCI method should provide the most reliable energetics and physical properties in the present study owing to its fully variational nature in the molecular orbital (MO) and CI spaces for a given state. It is demonstrated that the SACASSCF-SOCI wave functions produce results which are quite consistent with those from the CASSCF-SOCI method. Thus significantly increased application of the SACASSCF-SOCI method to the excited states of a wide variety of molecular systems is expected.
Qualitatively Assessing Family Influence in Career Decision Making.

Assessing influential factors in the family relative to career decision making is consistent with evolving postmodern approaches to career counseling. However, the challenge of measuring family inf...
The Active Site Sulfenic Acid Ligand in Nitrile Hydratases Can Function as a Nucleophile

Nitrile hydratase (NHase) catalyzes the hydration of nitriles to their corresponding commercially valuable amides at ambient temperatures and physiological pH. Several reaction mechanisms have been proposed for NHase enzymes; however, the source of the nucleophile remains a mystery. Boronic acids have been shown to be potent inhibitors of numerous hydrolytic enzymes due to the open shell of boron, which allows it to expand from a trigonal planar (sp2) form to a tetrahedral form (sp3). Therefore, we examined the inhibition of the Co-type NHase from Pseudonocardia thermophila JCM 3095 (PtNHase) by boronic acids via kinetics and X-ray crystallography. Both 1-butaneboronic acid (BuBA) and phenylboronic acid (PBA) function as potent competitive inhibitors of PtNHase. X-ray crystal structures for BuBA and PBA complexed to PtNHase were solved and refined at 1.5, 1.6, and 1.2 A resolution. The resulting PtNHase–boronic acid complexes represent a “snapshot” of reaction intermediates and implicate the cysteine-sulf...
Zeeman effect of electronic Raman lines of acceptors in elemental semiconductors: Boron in blue diamond

The Zeeman effect of the electronic Raman transition from ${1s(p}_{3/2}):{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$ to the ${1s(p}_{1/2}):{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ spin-orbit partner $({\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ of boron acceptors in diamond is studied with magnetic field $\mathit{B}$ along [001], [111], or [110]. As many as eight Zeeman components of ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and, in addition, four Raman lines ascribed to transitions between the Zeeman sublevels of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}$ [Raman--electron-paramagnetic-resonance (Raman-EPR) transitions] are observed with the polarizations expected from the polarizability tensors that characterize them. These tensors are formulated in terms of ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{1},{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2},$ and ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{3},$ the Luttinger parameters characterizing the ${p}_{3/2}$ and ${p}_{1/2}$ valence band maxima. The selection rules and relative intensities of the Zeeman components and of the Raman-EPR lines, observed in diverse polarization configurations and scattering geometries, have led to determination of (1) the assignments of magnetic quantum numbers; (2) the level ordering of the Zeeman sublevels, or, equivalently, the magnitudes and signs of ${g}_{1}$ and ${g}_{2},$ the orbital and spin g factors of the acceptor-bound hole; (3) the extreme mass anisotropy as reflected in the ratio $({\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{2}/{\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{3})=0.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01.$ Magnetic-field-induced mixing of zero field states, time reversal symmetry, and the diamagnetic contributions that characterize the different sublevels are fully taken into account in the interpretation of the experimental results. These include the striking mutual exclusion of the Stokes spectrum from its anti-Stokes counterpart in specific polarization configurations.
Efficiency and productivity of a sheathed fiberoptic sigmoidoscope compared with a conventional sigmoidoscope.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to measure and compare time and productivity between a new sheathed flexible sigmoidoscope and a traditional fiberoptic flexible sigmoidoscope relative to labor and cost analysis. METHODS: Two flexible sigmoidoscopes, the Vision Sciences sigmoidoscope using a protective sheath covering requiring removal and replacement between procedures and a conventional flexible sigmoidoscope requiring meticulous cleaning using a washer and high-level disinfection, were compared. Sigmoidoscope preparation was defined as the average time between the procedures (reprocessing, start to finish) and was measured by an independent nonmedical timekeeper (JG). The parameter recorded was scope reprocessing time. RESULTS: Ten procedures were performed using the sheathed flexible sigmoidoscope system compared with nine using a conventional sigmoidoscope. Scope performance and endoscopic visualization for both systems were comparable. The average reprocessing time was 46.8 minutes for the conventional sigmoidoscope vs.4.9 minutes for the sheathed sigmoidoscope ( P <0.0001). The average time saved was 9.5 times greater with the sheathed flexible sigmoidoscope system than with the conventional sigmoidoscope. CONCLUSION: The almost tenfold difference in the time saved using the sheathed flexible sigmoidoscope system represents increased productivity and potentially decreased overall labor cost. By reducing endoscope turnover time, this new sheathed system can reduce or even eliminate the need for backup endoscopes and endoscope washers and potentially allow better use of nursing staff.
Pharmacogenetic Association of the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism on Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular Risk in Relation to Antihypertensive Treatment The Genetics of Hypertension-Associated Treatment (GenHAT) Study

Background— Previous studies have reported that blood pressure response to antihypertensive medications is influenced by genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, but no clinical trails have tested whether the ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism modifies the association between the type of medication and multiple cardiovascular and renal phenotypes. Methods and Results— We used a double-blind, active-controlled randomized trial of antihypertensive treatment that included hypertensives ≥55 years of age with ≥1 risk factor for cardiovascular disease. ACE I/D genotypes were determined in 37 939 participants randomized to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, lisinopril, or doxazosin treatments and followed up for 4 to 8 years. Primary outcomes included fatal coronary heart disease (CHD) and/or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes included stroke, all-cause mortality, combined CHD, and combined cardiovascular disease. Fatal and nonfatal CHD occurred in 3096 individuals during fo...
EMPLOYEE HEALTH BY DESIGN: USING EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT TEAMS IN ERGONOMIC JOB REDESIGN

An innovative, team-based, ergonomic job redesign effort in a large Midwest organization is described. Joint management-labor teams composed of representatives from each department of the plant were formed and trained in team-building and ergonomic principles. These teams prioritized jobs for ergonomic redesign and developed and implemented solutions. Sources of data for this redesign process included: a physical symptom survey, OSHA logs for cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), observations, videotapes, and employee interviews about their jobs, tools, and pain experienced at work. Ergonomic changes at the plant resulted in significant reductions in the number and severity of CTDs, lost production time, and restricted duty days. Recommendations based on experiences with this ergonomic intervention are made for HRM practitioners.
Can biomarkers direct the optimal use of aromatase inhibitors versus selective estrogen receptor modulators

Can biomarkers direct the optimal use of aromatase inhibitors versus selective estrogen receptor modulators?
Women, Justice, and Custom: the Discourse of "Good Custom" and "Bad Custom" in Papua New Guinea and Canada

Court decisions involving custom, the rights of women, and positivist law in Papua New Guinea and Canada are explored and contrasted. In Papua New Guinea the courts have struck down aspects of custom or customary law as being repugnant to the general principles of humanity and in violation of positivist law. In Canada men have argued for the application of custom as a mitigating factor in sentencing, asserting that it offers justification for conduct against women judged criminal under positivist law. Examining judicial discourse on custom or customary law in the two countries illuminates the tensions between custom and positivist law, revealing how custom comes to be judged "good" or "bad" and is reframed as non-normative in one country but as an appropriate cultural component in sentencing in the other.
A More Efficient Frontier

By combining more asset classes, the slope of the classic efficient frontier steepens considerably—which is good news for investors desiring better risk-adjusted performance. Rather than evaluating a portfolio that simply contains various combinations of cash and large U.S. stocks, a multiple asset portfolio is evaluated in lieu of large U.S. stocks. When substituting a multi-asset portfolio in place of U.S. large stocks, the efficient frontier is significantly steeper, indicating superior risk/return characteristics.
Board meetings, committee structure, and firm value

Abstract In this study, we examine the determinants of board monitoring activity and its impact on firm value for a broad panel of firms over a six-year period from 1999 to 2005. During this period, Congress and the exchanges promulgated regulations that increased pressure upon firms for more independent and active boards. Economists have debated whether board activity and externally imposed regulations benefit or harm firms. We develop and examine several proxies for board monitoring and examine the relationship between board monitoring activity, firm characteristics, and firm value in a structural equation framework. One set of our proxies is based on the number of annual board and Audit Committee meetings. We show that prior performance, firm characteristics and governance characteristics are important determinants of board activity. We also show that the board monitoring is driven by corporate events, such as an acquisition or a restatement of financial statements. We find that board activity has a positive impact on firm value. Our results also indicate that the external pressure has had a salutary effect and recent regulations have led to some increase in firm value. A second set of proxies is based on the shift to a fully independent Audit, Compensation and Nominating Committees. We find that firms increased the independence of these Board committees following the enactment of the 2002 Sarbanes-Oxley Act.
Knowledge organisation in a Web‐based environment

Reviews the approaches to the organisation of knowledge in Web‐based environments. The control and structure helps searchers to locate information and services, but only provided that searchers understand and relate to the terms and information structure designed into the system. The other alternative is for the searcher to specify the topic of their search through the use of keywords. These keywords are in the natural language of the searcher, which may or not be coincident with the natural language of the Web sites being searched by the search engine. In order to negotiate the variability of natural language the searcher needs to learn to use more advanced search features such as Boolean searching, nesting and truncation. The knowledge organisation issues associated with access to and retrieval from large databases, such as those that are searched across the Web, are significant and need careful and specialist attention.
How the Binding of Substrates to a Chiral Polyborate Counterion Governs Diastereoselection in an Aziridination Reaction: H-Bonds in Equipoise

The stereochemistry-determining step of the self-assembled chiral Bronsted acid-catalyzed aziridination reactions of MEDAM imines and three representative diazo nucleophiles has been studied using ONIOM(B3LYP/6-31G*:AM1) calculations. The origin of cis selectivity in the reactions of ethyldiazoacetate and trans selectivity in reactions of N-phenyldiazoacetamide can be understood on the basis of the difference in specific noncovalent interactions in the stereochemistry-determining transition state. A H-bonding interaction between the amidic hydrogen and an oxygen atom of the chiral counterion has been identified as the key interaction responsible for this reversal in diastereoselectivity. This hypothesis was validated when a 3° diazoamide lacking this interaction showed pronounced cis selectivity both experimentally and calculationally. Similar trends in diastereoselection were observed in analogous reactions catalyzed by triflic acid. The broad implications of these findings and their relevance to chiral Bronsted acid catalysis are discussed.
Determining nonchaotic parameter regions in some simple chaotic jerk functions

Abstract In this paper we apply Theorem 2.1 in [Heidel J, Zhang F. Nonchaotic and chaotic behaviour in the three-dimensional quadratic systems: five-one conservative cases, in press] to some simple chaotic jerk functions listed in [Sprott JC. Simple chaotic systems and circuits. Am J Phys 2000;68(8):758–63; Sprott JC. Algebraically simple chaotic flows. Int J Chaos Theory Appl 2000;5(2):1–20] to locate the parameter regions at which they are nonchaotic. We show that for each of the twenty chaotic systems studied here there are some nonchaotic parameter regions. This indicates that our theorem will help reduce the amount of work searching for parameters causing chaos. We also generalize Theorem 2.1 to include systems with exponential functions.
Studies of Blood Group Substances

After absorption with O Le(a—b—) erythrocytes, caprine antisera to purified human Lea and H-Leb substances produced strong and specific agglutination of Le(a+b—) and Le(a—b+) cells. The reactivity of the anti-Leb serum was relatively independent of ABO phenotype.
Applying problem-solving approaches to school psychological reports

Abstract School psychological reports continue to be an important part of the school psychologist's work. The value of reports as a communication tool has been questioned, a criticism that may be the result of the varying objectives by which it is judged. Recently, the literature in school psychology has seen a resurgence of articles on psychological report writing. Some writers are questioning current report-writing practices but at the same time proposing alternative report formats. Empirical support is lacking for these alternative report formats compared to traditional report organization in terms of consumer preferences and the report's ability to meet its intended objectives. Simultaneously, a considerable amount of attention is being given to scientific problem solving as it pertains to school psychology practice. This study examined the preferences of school psychologists and school staff for reports varied in respect to organization as reflected in expert vs. novice problem-solving strategies. The results indicate a preference across all professional groups for the traditionally organized school psychological report. Similarly, the same result was found as to perceived expertise of the writer, readability, problem identification, and understandability of recommendations. The implications of these findings for report writing are discussed in the context of the methodological challenges involved in this research area.
Water, vapor, and salt dynamics in a hot repository

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a new model study examining the high temperature nuclear waste disposal concept at Yucca Mountain using MULTIFLUX, an integrated in-drift- and mountain-scale thermal-hydrologic model. The results show that a large amount of vapor flow into the drift is expected during the period of above-boiling temperatures. This phenomenon makes the emplacement drift a water/moisture attractor during the above-boiling temperature operation. The evaporation of the percolation water into the drift gives rise to salt accumulation in the rock wall, especially in the crown of the drift for about 1500 years in the example. The deposited salts over the drift footprint, almost entirely present in the fractures, may enter the drift either by rock fall or by water drippage. During the high temperature operation mode, the barometric pressure variation creates fluctuating relative humidity in the emplacement drift with a time period of approximately 10 days. Potentially wet and dry conditions and condensation on salt-laden drift wall sections may adversely affect the storage environment. Salt accumulations during the above-boiling temperature operation must be sufficiently addressed to fully understand the waste package environment during the thermal period. Until the questions are resolved, a below-boilingmore » repository design is favored where the Alloy-22 will be less susceptible to localized corrosion. (authors)« less
Machine-oriented biometrics and cocooning for dynamic network defense

Current cyber defenses result in binary access for attackers who have compromised a host: either the attacker has full access to the machine or the intrusion is detected and the machine is removed from the network. This is the result of an apparent duality when determining if a system is compromised; i.e., either it is or it is not. However, analysts usually make decisions based upon many pieces of data and their own experience, which may lend itself to higher resolution in the decision-making process. We propose using machine-oriented indicators of compromise to trigger progressive, incremental cocooning of a machine by replacing real network services with their emulated counterparts, which are indistinguishable from real services to attackers. The emulated services will be instrumented to gather additional details about an attacker's tools and techniques. Incremental cocooning reduces the effect on normal users' experiences.
Safety Glasses as Protection Against Shotgun Pellets

I designed this experiment to determine if spectacle lenses would protect against a No. 6 shot fired from a 12-gauge shotgun over progressively longer testing distances, and compared plastics, heat-tempered glass, and chemical-tempered glass lenses of standard and industrial thicknesses. The likelihood of a spectacle lens being hit by a well-centered shot pattern at 40, 50, and 60 yards was approximately 66%, 25%, and 20%, respectively. Virtually all lenses were destroyed at a testing distance of 30 yards. At 40 yards, standard-thickness plastic and heat-tempered lenses were destroyed but the chemical-tempered lenses offered some protection. At 40 yards, all types of industrial-thickness lenses provided protection but the most protection was provided by the chemical-tempered lenses. At 50 yards, chemical-tempered lenses offered more protection than either plastic or heat-tempered lenses. Throughout the experiment, plastic lenses performed no better than heat-tempered lenses.
Hearing loss in rats caused by inhalation of mixed xylenes and styrene

We have reported that inhalation exposure of rats to toluene causes permanent hearing loss, e.g. Pryor et al. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 5, 53-62 (1983). Therefore, it was of considerable interest to examine the ototoxic potential of two structurally related solvents--mixed xylenes and styrene--compared with that of toluene. Male, weanling Fischer-344 rats were exposed to clean air or solvents in four identical 62.5 l Plexiglas chambers. Exposures to 800, 1000, and 1200 ppm were daily for 14 hours/day and lasted 6 weeks for mixed xylenes, 3 weeks for styrene. An additional experiment with xylenes examined the effect of exposure for only 4 (1700 ppm) or 8 (1450 ppm) hours or for 8 (1450 ppm) hours on three consecutive days to compare the results with those obtained with toluene under comparable exposure schedules. Both xylenes and styrene caused marked hearing loss as assessed by behavioral (conditioned avoidance) and electrophysiologic (brainstem auditory-evoked response) methods. Moreover, both solvents appeared to be more potent ototoxicants than toluene, as indicated by effective concentration, effective durations of exposure, and the range of frequencies affected.
Standards for databases on the grid

Relational databases supported applications in a centralized environment in the 1960's and 1970's. They progressed to a client/server environment in the 1980's. The 1990's saw application servers with a multi-tiered architecture, in most cases supported by an RDBMS. Most recently we have seen the emergence of XML, XML storage in DBMS's, navigation within an XML document via XPath, and the XQuery query language for XML. In this article, Susan provides an introduction to the Grid and describes how databases will be used in this new environment. The Global Grid Forum (GGF) is producing technical specification to enable both Relational and XML databases to be located, accessed, and replicated in this environment. They make use of a variety of existing an emerging database, file, networking, and web services standards. Susan is a Senior Technical Staff Member at IBM. She is a member of the GGF DAIS (Data Access and Integration Services) working group. Jim Melton and Andrew Eisenberg
Collaboration: finding the place for Cooperative Extension in the intersection of community development and health promotion

Interest in and support for local community development (CD) and healthy communities are on the rise. Federal departments – USA Departments of Agriculture, Health and Human Services, Economic Development, and Conservation; higher education institutions – university extension programs, family and community medicine, and health policy centers; community action agencies; and faith-based organizations, have all converged and invested large amounts of resources in improving local communities. Many of the programs or services provided, and funding sources used, are closely related. Yet, collaboration among different professions remains sluggish and spotty. Organizations involved in CD and health promotion in local communities have largely adopted competitive strategies in seeking funding and implementing programs. This article uses case studies from Cooperative Extension programs to discuss the need for Cooperative Extension to be the hub around which active collaboration revolves. The argument is made that Coo...
Comments on Wafer Transfers and Related Problems in Urban Areas

Heavy development in certain areas of the United States and the growing shortage of additional, readily available water supplies therein have forced planners and hydrologists to resort progressively to more elaborate water-supply systems. Among the most elaborate and most expensive systems proposed to date are the various plans for. transferring water toward the south from northward flowing Arctic rivers. A considerable portion of this water would be utilized for the expansion of already heavily urbanized areas. Meanwhile, many of the densely populated areas experiencing water shortages are subjected to other, perhaps more complex problems which appear to be, at least in part, a product of their increasing size. Therefore, the expenditure of large sums to supply them with water for indefinite growth appears to merit scrutinous study. An alternative approach designed to minimize both water diversion costs and problems associated with over-populated areas is the stimulation of development in carefully selected regions well endowed with water and other natural resources. One such area and several of its attributes are discussed herein.
Conversion from an American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) biomass crop to a no-till corn (Zea mays L.) system: crop yields and management implications.

Abstract It is not known if a short-rotation woody crop (SRWC) grown on a historically agricultural site will affect subsequent row crops if the site is returned to annual row crop production after harvest of the SRWC. The objectives of this study were to determine the feasibility of converting an American sycamore biomass plantation to a no-till corn system and to document the effects of the sycamore plantation on corn grain yields and N fertilizer efficacy. The study was in southwestern TN, USA, on a Memphis–Loring silt loam intergrade (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludalfs—fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs). Four-year (SY4C) and 5-year (SY5C) rotations of American sycamore were followed by no-till corn. Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] followed by corn (SBC) was a control treatment. Four rates of broadcast NH 4 NO 3 (0, 73, 146, and 219 kg N ha −1 ) were applied to corn crops. The quantity of N removed in the harvest of the sycamore crop was similar to that of a single harvest of corn grain; thus, the SRWC did not constitute a significant loss of N from the system. No mechanical problems were encountered when planting no-till corn over sycamore stumps. Stump total N concentration increased from 2.2 to 8.5 g kg −1 in the first 104 weeks after sycamore harvest, likely due to microbial immobilization. While first- and second-year corn after sycamore required 219 kg ha −1 fertilizer N to maximize grain yield, third-year corn after sycamore and corn grown after soybean both reached maximum yields at 146 kg N ha −1 . These responses suggest that the N fertilizer requirement during at least the first 2 years of corn following sycamore is increased by the sycamore crop. After converting from a SRWC to a row crop, plant-available N should be carefully monitored due to potential losses from N immobilization in woody residues.
On differential evasion games

The notions of evadability and strict evadability are defined for a nonlinear differential game with general closed convex terminal set. Sufficient conditions for strict evadability and evadability and a necessary condition for evadability are proved. The results are strengthened for the linear cases, including the heretofore untreated case in which the terminal set is an $(n - 1)$dimensional subspace.
Grammars for FFP

In Backus's original paper on FP and FFP [1], the syntax of these language is described informally. Though a formal syntax for Berkeley FP has appeared in print [2], no formal representation of FFP syntax has yet appeared. It is desirable to have such a formal representation for implementation purposes, and such a representation may also be useful for specifying where the syntax of FFP ends and its semantics begins. In this paper, we will write down formal grammars for FFP based on the syntax as given by Backus [1] and Williams [3] and will discuss their semantic implications. A third grammar similar to that for FP is presented and it may be used for implementing the language.
Competition between Direct and Indirect Exchange Couplings in MnFeAs: A First-Principles Investigation

The electronic and magnetic structures of the tetragonal and hexagonal MnFeAs were examined using density functional theory to understand the reported magnetic orderings and structural change induced by high-pressure synthesis. The reported magnetic ground states were confirmed using VASP total energy calculations. Effective exchange parameters for metal–metal contacts obtained from SPRKKR calculations indicate indirect exchange couplings are dominant in tetragonal MnFeAs. Weak direct exchange couplings for adjacent Fe–Fe and Fe–Mn contacts cause the coexistence of several low-energy magnetic structures in tetragonal MnFeAs and result in a near zero magnetic moment on the Fe atoms. On the other hand, the nearest-neighbor Fe–Fe and Fe–Mn interactions in hexagonal MnFeAs are a combination of direct and indirect exchange couplings. In addition, indirect exchange couplings in tetragonal MnFeAs are rationalized by both RKKY and superexchange mechanisms. Finally, to probe the high-pressure-induced phase transit...
The effects of peer and parental smoking and age on the smoking careers of college women: a sex-related phenomenon.

Abstract In the United States, smoking for women has followed a different pattern for women than for men, and the literature suggests that it, as a ‘masculine’ behavior, may serve as a role-delineating function for women. This research examines the relationship between sex of smoking parents and peers and the smoking behavior of college women. Having a mother who smokes was significantly related to whether or not the daughter smokes, the age of onset, and the frequency of the daughter's smoking; the proportion of female friends who smoke, to the frequency and amount of the woman's smoking and to the degree of difficulty of quitting. Smoking by the father and male friends was not important. Also, the age of the woman was significantly related to whether or not she ever smoked and to the age of onset of smoking. This likely reflects her experience of social norms regarding smoking by women and the publication of the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health. These findings support the notion of smoking as a role-related behavior for women. Further research is needed to extend these findings to men and to other health behaviors.
In-situ performance of a passive treatment system for metal source control

Urban stormwater often contains high levels of traffic-generated metal elements and particulates. These constituents are transported by stormwater runoff to surficial soils, drainage systems and receiving waters. This paper summarizes the in-situ field-scale performance of a passive treatment system called a partial exfiltration trench (PET) for source control of these constituents. For stormwater runoff infiltrated into the PET media, treatment occurs primarily by sorption and filtration. Previous bench-scale testing indicating a design life exceeding 10 years, demonstrated the potential viability of the PET, and justified construction and monitoring of a field-scale PET. In-situ performance of an instrumented field scale PET indicates mass removal efficiency generally exceeds 80% after 1 year of runoff loadings. Exfiltration from the PET to clayey glacial till soils has exceeded 30% for selected runoff events.
Historicising Common Sense

This essay is an expanded set of comments on the social psychology papers written for the special issue on History and Social Psychology. It considers what social psychology, and particularly the theory of social representations, might offer historians working on similar problems, and what historical methods might offer social psychology. The social history of thinking has been a major theme in twentieth and twenty-first century historical writing, represented most recently by the genre of 'cultural history'. Cultural history and the theory of social representations have common ancestors in early twentieth-century social science. Nevertheless, the two lines of research have developed in different ways and are better seen as complementary than similar. The theory of social representations usefully foregrounds issues, like social division and change over time, that cultural history relegates to the background. But for historians, the theory of social representations seems oddly fixated on comparing the thought styles associated with positivist science and 'common sense'. Using historical analysis, this essay tries to dissect the core opposition 'science : common sense' and argues for a more flexible approach to comparing modes of thought.
Wear pattern observations from TDR retrievals using autoregistration of voxel data.

Due to their unique geometry, characterization of wear damage in total disc replacement (TDR) is difficult. In the paper, we developed and validated an automated damage calculation technique for explanted TDR components. Eight polyethylene cores implanted from 4.6 to 16.0 years were using cone-beam microCT imaging (SCANCO Medical, Switzerland). The nominal uniform voxel size for the implant under investigation was 18 microns, however with a smaller sample size increased resolutions (10 micron nominal voxel size) could be achieved using the same microCT imaging hardware. Nominal surface data for both sizes of TDR components we examined were obtained from manufacturer’s drawings (Link, Germany) and converted to highly discretized triangular meshes. The damage calculation technique utilized an initial alignment phase, followed by a pointwise calculation of the linear damage at each 3D surface point. During the alignment phase, a three-dimensional surface of the undamaged component was automatically aligned with volumetric image data from the damaged component. The alignment algorithm maximized the contact area between undamaged portions of the implant and its nominal surface using an iterative optimization technique. Linear damage at each triangle on the nominal surface was computed by moving along the local normal of the surface both inward and outward direction for a distance much less than the size of the implant. For the retrieved components, the maximum damage occurred away from the central axis of the dome close to the rim. Penetrations of up to 0.8 mm were observed in this region. Lower magnitude penetrations were observed near the pole of the dome. In conclusion, we have developed an analytical method to automatically align and measure three-dimensional surface damage with both high resolution and accuracy on implants with complicated, non-parametric, surface geometry and used this technique to analyze eight implants.
Gregersen's Vision of a Theonomous Universe

In his article, “The Idea of Creation and the Theory of Autopoietic Processes,” Niels H. Gregersen has proposed an important thesis: God supports and sustains autopoietic processes in nature. This contribution underscores what Paul Tillich called theonomy, a conception of the divine presence or action as one which under-girds, makes possible, and brings to perfection the creature's autonomy and creativity. The concept of theonomy is represented not only in contemporary Christian theology, but also in the work of Alfred North Whitehead and the Japanese Buddhist thinker, Tanabe Hajime. Gregersen shows that this concept extends not only to existential realities, but also to science and the processes of nature. There are connections, as well as differences, to be noted between Gregersen and Whitehead. This train of thought would be further enhanced if it included a discussion of the concept of God as the power to be—a connection that certainly is implied in Gregersen's argument.
Reagentless detection of Mycobacteria tuberculosis H37Ra in respiratory effluents in minutes.

Two similar mycobacteria, Mycobacteria tuberculosis H37Ra and Mycobacteria smegmatis are rapidly detected and identified within samples containing a complex background of respiratory effluents using single-particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS). M. tuberculosis H37Ra (TBa), an avirulent strain, is used as a surrogate for virulent tuberculosis; M. smegmatis (MSm) is utilized as a near-neighbor confounder for TBa. Bovine lung surfactant and human exhaled breath condensate are used as first-order surrogates for infected human lung expirations from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. This simulated background sputum is mixed with TBa or MSm and nebulized to produce conglomerate aerosol particles, single particles that contain a bacterium embedded within a background respiratory matrix. Mass spectra of single conglomerate particles exhibit ions associated with both respiratory effluents and mycobacteria. Spectral features distinguishing TBa from MSm in pure and conglomerate particles are shown. SPAMS pat...
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor facilitation of substance P release in the rat spinal cord, measured as neurokinin 1 receptor internalization

The contribution of CB1 receptors in the spinal cord to cannabinoid analgesia is still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CB1 receptors on substance P release from primary afferent terminals in the spinal cord. Substance P release was measured as neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor internalization in lamina I neurons. It was induced in spinal cord slices by dorsal root stimulation and in live rats by a noxious stimulus. In spinal cord slices, the CB1 receptor antagonists AM251, AM281 and rimonabant partially but potently inhibited NK1 receptor internalization induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsal root. This was due to an inhibition of substance P release and not of NK1 receptor internalization itself, because AM251 and AM281 did not inhibit NK1 receptor internalization induced by exogenous substance P. The CB1 receptor agonist ACEA increased NK1 receptor internalization evoked by dorsal root stimulation. The effects of AM251 and ACEA cancelled each other. In vivo, AM251 injected intrathecally decreased NK1 receptor internalization in spinal segments L5 and L6 induced by noxious hind paw clamp. Intrathecal AM251 also produced analgesia to radiant heat stimulation of the paw. The inhibition by AM251 of NK1 receptor internalization was reversed by antagonists of μ-opioid and GABAB receptors. This indicates that CB1 receptors facilitate substance P release by inhibiting the release of GABA and opioids next to primary afferent terminals, producing disinhibition. This results in a pronociceptive effect of CB1 receptors in the spinal cord.
Equity ownership structure, leverage, and productivity: Empirical evidence from Japan☆

Abstract We focus here on the influence of equity ownership structure on leverage and also attempt to discriminate between competing hypotheses regarding the net influence of leverage on firm efficiency. In the case of Japan, institutional shareholders have been noted in particular for their active voice in firm affairs, and these major equity-holders are often also major debtholders. Such arrangements may serve to minimize both conflicts between managers and shareholders and between debtholders and shareholders. On the other hand, high levels of intercorporate ownership may insulate management and debtholders from shareholder influence and increase leverage. We observe a strong negative relationship between both institutional ownership and leverage and between leverage and productivity in Japan, and this seems to support the reputation of financial institutions in Japan for having a positive influence on the firms in which they own shares. We also find a strong positive influence of intercorporate shareholding on leverage, which may reflect the alignment of management and debtholders in the absence of an active equity influence. In all, it seems that ownership structure and agency costs are both important determinants of capital structure in Japan, and that an active equity influence is associated with both reduced leverage and positive productivity residuals. While we find no evidence that high leverage tends to increase efficiency, we do observe an important influence of equity ownership structure on leverage. These findings appear to support an agency theory of capital structure based on both conflicts between management and shareholders and between shareholders and debtholders.
Aversive Imagery in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Trauma Recurrence, Comorbidity, and Physiological Reactivity

Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized as a disorder of exaggerated defensive physiological arousal. The novel aim of the present research was to investigate within PTSD a potential dose-response relationship between past trauma recurrence and current comorbidity and intensity of physiological reactions to imagery of trauma and other aversive scenarios. Methods A community sample of principal PTSD ( n = 49; 22 single-trauma exposed, 27 multiple-trauma exposed) and control ( n = 76; 46 never-trauma exposed, 30 trauma exposed) participants imagined threatening and neutral events while acoustic startle probes were presented and the eye-blink response (orbicularis occuli) was recorded. Changes in heart rate, skin conductance level, and facial expressivity were also indexed. Results Overall, PTSD patients exceeded control participants in startle reflex, autonomic responding, and facial expressivity during idiographic trauma imagery and, though less pronounced, showed heightened reactivity to standard anger, panic, and physical danger imagery. Concerning subgroups, control participants with and without trauma exposure showed isomorphic patterns. Within PTSD, only the single-trauma patients evinced robust startle and autonomic responses, exceeding both control participants and multiple-trauma PTSD. Despite greater reported arousal, the multiple-trauma relative to single-trauma PTSD group showed blunted defensive reactivity associated with more chronic and severe PTSD, greater mood and anxiety disorder comorbidity, and more pervasive dimensional dysphoria (e.g., depression, trait anxiety). Conclusions Whereas PTSD patients generally show marked physiological arousal during aversive imagery, concordant with self-reported distress, the most symptomatic patients with histories of severe, cumulative traumatization show discordant physiological hyporeactivity, perhaps attributable to sustained high stress and an egregious, persistent negative affectivity that ultimately compromises defensive responding.
Atmospheric transmission from an instrument measuring scatter at 1550 nm

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has extensively investigated atmospheric effects on maritime lasercomm in both long term research studies and short term system demonstrations. A current effort is underway in the ONR Tactical Line-of-Sight Optical Communications (TALON) program to better characterize atmospheric transmission at 1550 nm in multiple climates to enable prediction of communication link performance. In order to allow long term unmanned measurements in these multiple climates, NRL developed a scattering-based 1550 nm transmission sensor similar in function to commercial visible wavelength visibility monitors. After the system was built and calibrated, it was deployed to a number of sites with various climate types to collect data over a 1-month period for each site. This paper describes the development of the instrument and the software. It also presents some of the collected data.
Using computers to explore ecological issues: A simple limits-to-growth educational program

Educational-level software allows students to interactively conduct their own research on Earth's ecology by using a much-simplified version of the Forrester computer model on which the landmark 1972 limits-to-growth studies were based. Default values of all variables (including the Earth's population, food supply, natural resources, industrialization, and pollution), and simple difference equations relating them, are provided so that the program can be immediately run by novice users. Both variable values and equations can be easily altered to observe the consequences of users' assumptions or proposed policies.
Interaction between the ghrelin and CCK1 receptors and its effect on meal patterns.

Food intake is regulated by signals coming from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and by the brain. The GI peptides ghrelin and cholecystokinin (CCK) exert opposite effects on ingestive behavior and CCK may modulate the orexigenic effects of ghrelin. We have previously observed that CCK type 1 receptor null mice (CCK1R-/-) eat larger meals and eat sooner after a 6 h fast compared to their wildtype (WT) counterparts. In the present study, we determined the role of the ghrelin receptor in the orexigenic response in CCK-/- mice. CCK1R-/- and CCK1R+/+ mice (n=8) were fed isocaloric high-fat (HF) or low-fat (LF) diets for 2 weeks and meal pattern analysis was performed. Administration of the ghrelin receptor antagonist d -[Lys]-GHRP-6 (200 nmol ip, 15 min) decreased the size of the first meal by 54% in CCK1R-/- fed HF diet (p
The characterization of a phase contrast x-ray imaging prototype

Conventional x-ray imaging presents challenges for early detection and diagnosis, especially in areas such as mammography, where similar attenuation characteristics between malignant and normal breast tissue result in low contrast between them. An emerging technology called phase-contrast x-ray imaging has the potential to overcome this challenge by also incorporating phase shift effects, which contain more information than attenuation alone. The goal of this study was to verify through the accepted technique of contrast-detail analysis that the image quality provided by a phase-contrast prototype system is superior to that provided by a conventional imaging system. The use of a CDMAM phantom further reinforces the validity of the results, as this method has been proven to increase the accuracy, because it employs a four-alternative fixed choice method for the test objects instead of known locations. In the study, phasecontrast and conventional images of a CDMAM phantom were acquired and presented to observers for analysis. The corresponding contrast-detail curves comparing the systems demonstrate higher image quality produced by the phase-contrast system, an encouraging indication of the future of phase-contrast technology and a step forward in proving the feasibility of its introduction into a clinical environment.
Liquefication and crystallization of cooled relativistic ion beams

Properties of existing and planned cooled beams of intermediate energy ions are shown to be in the physical regime where a liquid or possibly a crystal may be formed. Thus these beams could provide a laboratory system for fundamental tests of many-body theory. An experimental test of the beam structure, involving scattering of laser light, is discussed. The experimental configuration used would provide continuously tunable coherent light over a wide frequency range when crystallization occurs.
Algorithms for compressing GPS trajectory data: an empirical evaluation

The massive volumes of trajectory data generated by inexpensive GPS devices have led to difficulties in processing, querying, transmitting and storing such data. To overcome these difficulties, a number of algorithms for compressing trajectory data have been proposed. These algorithms try to reduce the size of trajectory data, while preserving the quality of the information. We present results from a comprehensive empirical evaluation of many compression algorithms including Douglas-Peucker Algorithm, Bellman's Algorithm, STTrace Algorithm and Opening Window Algorithms. Our empirical study uses different types of real-world data such as pedestrian, vehicle and multimodal trajectories. The algorithms are compared using several criteria including execution times and the errors caused by compressing spatio-temporal information, across numerous real-world datasets and various error metrics.