cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Burning velocity and reaction rates in constant temperature non-adiabatic flames

Abstract Flames with different fuel/oxygen ratios can be burnt at constant final temperatures on cooled porous burners, the constant temperature being maintained by changing burning velocity so that more heat is abstracted from the flames of greater calorific value. It is not obvious whether the required change of burning velocity is also associated with a change in the rate of fuel consumption, and this question has been investigated. In some lean hydrogen or hydrocarbon flames, the rate of fuel consumption has been found to be almost constant in constant temperature flames despite large changes in burning velocity with mixture ratio; and for such flames, the change in burning velocity is accounted for merely by the necessary change in heat abstraction. In fuel-rich hydrogen flames, however, the increased burning velocity of progressively richer mixtures is also associated with a faster reaction rate. In the course of the work, it was noted that the maximum rate of fuel consumption did not occur at a constant fraction of the final temperature or of the temperature rise, and this casts doubt on an assumption sometimes made to deduce ‘activation energies’ of flame reactions.
Simple cylindrical magic-angle spinner for NMR studies in electromagnets

A novel cylindrical magic-angle spinner for use in electromagnet systems is described. It features radial and thrust air bearings and easily constructed rotors of relatively large sample volume (∼0.7 cm3) assembled into a removable spinner/coil Teflon housing. The design allows stable spinning speeds in the range 0.3 to 2.4 kHz with excellent rotor-to-rotor magic-angle resettabilities. High resolution, solid-state NMR studies are illustrated with 13C NMR spectra for crystalline adamantane and a macromolecule, lysozyme.
Overcoming Food Neophobia in Domestic Ruminants through Addition of a Familiar Flavor and Repeated Exposure to Novel Foods

Food neophobia, observed as a decreased intake of novel foods, can cause significant livestock production losses. For example, in the transition from rangeland to feedlot, livestock are usually offered novel diets that they sample cautiously, gradually increasing intake. This familiarization period can slow weight gains and increase time to slaughter. This research examines two ways to overcome food neophobia. First, we determined if the addition of a familiar flavor would increase the acceptance of a novel food. Lambs (n = 30) were fed barley, onion-flavored barley, or onion-flavored rice twice a day for 4 days. All lambs were then offered onion-flavored rice. The lambs that had previously eaten onion-flavored barley ate more (P < 0.05) onion-flavored rice than those that had previously eaten unflavored barley. Second, we examined if repeated exposure to novel foods increased the acceptance of subsequent novel foods. Controlling for order of food offered, lambs (n = 72 total) were offered four novel foods (calf manna, corn, rice, and wheat bran) for 3 consecutive days each (12 days total). Lambs ate more (P < 0.05) of the fourth novel food than of the first novel food offered. These results indicate that flavor generalization and repeated exposure to novel foods may increase the acceptance of novel foods.
Nanodispersed D O 3 -phase nanostructures observed in magnetostrictive Fe–19% Ga Galfenol alloys

Few nanometer large $(l2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ inclusions of $\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-phase structure have been identified in the $A2$ matrix of highly magnetostrictive Fe--19% Ga alloys by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). In addition, we have found that these nanostructures include a high density of {100} line defects with a Burgers vector of $\frac{{a}_{bcc}}{2}⟨100⟩$. This dispersion of $\mathrm{D}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$-phase nanostructures formed within the main $A2$ matrix and the lifting of their coherency by defects are consistent with a recent theory for the structure and properties of magnetostrictive Fe-Ga and Fe-Al alloys [A. G. Khachaturyan and D. Viehland, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 38A, 2308 (2007); 38A, 2317 (2007)].
Discussion of: Experimental test of autosuspension (southard and mackintosh, 1981)

The use of a pipe-flow experiment for testing autosuspension criteria is criticized. It is argued that the proposed criterion for autosuspension is a necessary but not a sufficient condition, and that an analysis of turbidity currents can fill this gap.
Use of the acellular dermal matrix in revisionary aesthetic breast surgery.

Background Revisionary augmentation and revision of augmentation mastopexy are of considerable interest to plastic surgeons who perform breast surgery because of the procedures' complexity. In these cases, surgeons are faced with either thinned breast tissues resulting from large breast implants with tissue stretch or encapsulation caused by excessive scarring. To our knowledge, there are currently no large-series studies describing the use of acellular dermal matrices (ADM) in cosmetic breast surgery. Objective The authors describe the use of the ADM in revisionary breast surgery to establish the aesthetic breast form. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of 78 consecutive patients who underwent revisionary breast augmentation and augmentation mastopexies with ADM during a period of just over two years (October 2005 to January 2008). Data collected included patient characteristics, complications, outcomes, and reoperation rates. Results Seventy-eight procedures were performed with ADM during the two-year period, with a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. There were two complications requiring reoperations for a hematoma and implant malposition, respectively. There were no Baker III or IV capsular contractures at one year postprocedure. Conclusions Revisionary augmentation and revision of augmentation mastopexy are commonly performed procedures and they have a significantly higher complication rate than primary procedures. This series shows that the ADM can be used both safely and effectively in revisionary cases, resulting in decreased rates of capsular contracture and implant cushioning/stabilization.
Wound healing in dogs and cats

Abstract Dogs and cats suffer accidental wounds and surgical incisions in much the same manner as do humans. Ideally, the surgical incision and most accidental wounds are closed by sutures so that primary healing results. There are probably few differences in the healing processes in these sutured wounds in dogs and cats as compared with similar wounds in experimental animals such as rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs or in humans. Some surgical incisions and many accidental wounds must be left open, for various reasons, to heal as open wounds by contraction and epithelialization. It is in this mode of wound healing that similarities are seen between dogs and cats and the experimental animals such as rats, rabbits, and guinea pigs; however, major differences are seen between dogs and cats and humans.
A Monte Carlo study of the resolution limits in a lead-streamer tube photon shower counter

Abstract Limits to the energy resolution of a lead-streamer tube sandwich-type photon shower counter were studied by Monte Carlo simulation. It was found that readout ambiguities in the determination of the shower volume are the most significant limiting factor for this type of detector. Reduction of these ambiguities leads to an energy resolution approaching that of most lead-scintillator shower detectors. However, this reduction simultaneously implies increasing the cost of the readout electronics, thus reducing the major advantage of streamer tubes.
Persistence of rainfall anomalies in the central Pacific

THE behaviour of the atmosphere and ocean in the equatorial Pacific region, involving the ‘Southern Oscillation’ and ‘El Nino’ phenomena, has been the subject of many studies1–5. Attention has been drawn to the notable persistence of anomalies for a year or more, the spatial correlation of sea surface temperature (SST), rainfall and pressure over large areas, and the strong correlation between atmospheric and oceanic features. Two types of mechanism may explain these phenomena and why they are so marked in that region: (1) thermal inertia, for example, some region of the ocean has a large capacity for heat storage, and the heat takes many months to build up or become depleted; (2) positive feedback, for example, if stronger winds in some region favour colder water, and colder water favours stronger winds, then even if the thermal inertias of both features are such that their time constants are a month or less, anomalies can persist for many months6. New evidence is given here to support a feedback explanation.
Thin Hard Crest on the Edge of Ceramic Acetabular Liners Accelerates Wear in Edge Loading

Ceramic acetabular liners may exhibit a small, sharp crest-an artifact of discontinuous machining steps--at the junction between the concave spherical surface and the interior edge. On 3 ceramic liners, this crest was found to form a 9° to 11° deviation from tangency. Edge loading wear tests were conducted directly on this crest and on a smoother region of the edge. The crest elicited 2 to 15 times greater volumetric wear on the femoral head. The propensity of the crest to rapidly (<2000 wear cycles) cause elevated wear under low contact force (200 N) suggests that the crest artifact of prevailing machining protocols might be a root cause of stripe wear and squeaking in ceramic acetabular bearings.
Constraints on the Higgs-boson masses in left-right electroweak gauge theories.

We consider the minimal left-right-symmetric electroweak model and characterize the range of allowable masses for the physical Higgs boson. We use two approaches: (1) We compute the lowest-order boson-boson scattering amplitude and impose a unitarity constraint on the J = 0 partial-wave amplitude; (2) we compute the radiative corrections to the Higgs-boson propagator and determine the range of Higgs-boson masses for which the perturbation series converges. Both methods give upper bounds on the Higgs-boson masses in terms of the gauge-boson masses, and we discuss the theoretical connection. The generalizations of these constraints and their applicability in light of previous bounds is examined.
The solubility of oxygen in aqueous fluorocarbon emulsions

Abstract The solubility of oxygen in aqueous fluorocarbon emulsions has been measured directly for several perfluorocarbons and monobromo or monoiodo-perfluorocarbons. The measured oxygen solubilities are consistent with results for the solubility of oxygen in neat liquid perfluorinated organic compounds.
Acute tolerance to alcohol impairment of behavioral and cognitive mechanisms related to driving: drinking and driving on the descending limb

Rationale Alcohol effects on behavioral and cognitive mechanisms influence impaired driving performance and decisions to drive after drinking (Barry 1973; Moskowitz and Robinson 1987). To date, research has focused on the ascending limb of the blood alcohol curve, and there is little understanding of how acute tolerance to impairment of these mechanisms might influence driving behavior on the descending limb.
Compressed-sensing dynamic MR imaging with partially known support

Compressed Sensing (CS) has recently been applied to dynamic MRI to improve the acquisition speed. Existing methods exploit the information that the dynamic images are sparse in the spatial and temporal-frequency (y-f) domain. In this paper, we propose to use the additional prior information in CS reconstruction that the support of y-f space is partially known from the motion pattern of dynamic MR images. The reconstruction is then formulated as a truncated l 1 minimization problem. Experimental results show that the dynamic image reconstruction quality of the proposed method is superior to that of existing methods when the same number of measurements is used.
Mediating the Risorgimento

The papers collected in this issue of the Journal of Modern Italian Studies were presented at an international symposium held at Brown University on 14–15 April 2011 to mark the occasion of the 150...
Effects of LHRF on toroidal rotation in Alcator C-Mod plasmas

Application of lower hybrid range of frequencies (LHRF) waves can induce both co- and counter-current directed changes in toroidal rotation in Alcator C-Mod plasmas, depending on the target plasma current, electron density, confinement regime and magnetic shear. For ohmic L-mode discharges with good core LH wave absorption, and significant current drive at a fixed LH power near 0.8 MW, the interior (r/a q95/11.5, and in the co-current direction if ne(1020 m−3) 1, indicating a good correlation with driven current fraction, unifying the results observed on various tokamaks. For high density (ne ≥ 1.2 × 1020 m−3) L-mode target discharges, where core LH wave absorption is low, the rotation change is in the co-current direction, but evolves on a shorter momentum transport time scale, and is seen across the entire spatial profile. For H-mode target plasmas, both co- and counter-current direction increments have been observed with LHRF. The H-mode co-rotation is correlated with the pedestal temperature gradient, which itself is enhanced by the LH waves absorbed in the plasma periphery. The H-mode counter-rotation increment, a flattening of the peaked velocity profile in the core, is consistent with a reduction in the momentum pinch correlated with a steepening of the core density profile. Most of these rotation changes must be due to indirect transport effects of LH waves on various parameters, which modify the momentum flux.
Effects of Low Penicillin Concentrations on Cell Morphology and on Peptidoglycan and Protein Synthesis in a Tolerant Streptococcus Strain

Rates of protein and peptidoglycan synthesis were determined by pulse-labeling techniques before and after treatment of exponentially growing cultures of Streptococcus mutans FA-1 with a number of concentrations of penicillin G (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.4 μg/ml). These penicillin concentrations were all less than that required to saturate the specific penicillin-binding sites present on the surface of this organism (0.5 μg/ml), but were all greater than and, in fact, were multiples of the minimum inhibitory concentration (0.02 μg/ml). Low concentrations of penicillin G (2.5× the minimum inhibitory concentration) immediately halted the exponential increase in the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis normally expected as the result of cell multiplication, but allowed the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis occurring at the time of penicillin addition to be maintained for almost 1 h. An increased penicillin concentration (5× the minimum inhibitory concentration) allowed the rate of peptidoglycan synthesis occurring at the time of penicillin addition to be maintained for a shorter length of time (~0.67 h). Still greater penicillin concentrations caused an immediate inhibition of the peptidoglycan synthetic rate. The effect of penicillin on the rate of protein synthesis was similar, although less pronounced. Samples were taken for scanning electron microscopy immediately before and after 3 h of treatment with a low (2.5× the minimum inhibitory concentration) concentration of penicillin. The surface areas and volumes of the cells in these samples were calculated from the electron micrographs by using computer reconstruction techniques. From the frequency distributions of surface area, the plots of surface area to volume ratio as a function of surface area, and the pulse-labeling data mentioned previously, low, growth-inhibitory concentrations (2.5× the minimum inhibitory concentration) of penicillin are proposed (i) to inhibit the constriction of the division septum, (ii) to prevent the establishment or maturation of new envelope growth sites, and (iii) to have no immediate effects on the synthesis of cell wall peptidoglycan already in progress at the time of penicillin addition. Images
Equipment and techniques for low-altitude aerial sensing of water-vapor concentration and movement

Abstract Progress in the development of equipment and techniques for making rapid measurements of moisture movement through the atmosphere over a large area is described. Airborne sensing elements measure relative humidity, temperature, and air currents. These data are telemetered to a ground-based station and recorded. A radar unit tracks the aircraft and electronically plots its position on a base map of the area being studied. Thus the distribution of atmospheric conditions can be directly related to the underlying terrain and vegetation features.
The Nth Country Problem

Abstract In our July issue, the weapons and delivery systems of nuclear war were considered as they exist and are developing today. But in thinking about arms policy—whether from the point of view of defense, control or disarmament—not only development in weapons technology, but the development of nations and their capabilities must be understood. What are the possibilities for the rise of additional nuclear powers? Can the spread of nuclear weapons be halted? These questions are considered in the following article, which presents in briefer form, material developed in the author's “The Nth Country Problem Today” in Disarmament: Its Politics and Economics, to be published shortly by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and made available to subscribers to its journal, Daedalus. The Academy article contains detailed references and more complete technical discussion.
Update : lifting the malar fat pad for correction of prominent nasolabial folds

The anatomic presence of a discrete malar fat pad has not been widely recognized. In his paper on the "deep plane rhytidectomy," Hamra describes the increased thickness of the subcutaneous fat over the anterior midface. Cadaver and clinical studies confirm the consistent presence of a localized subcutaneous malar fat pad overlying the body of the zygoma and maxilla. Downward displacement of the infraorbital skin and underlying malar fat pad causes an increased prominence of the nasolabial fold. The surgical dissection of the malar fat pad starts from the malar eminence at the plane of the orbicularis oculi muscle and superficial to the origin of the zygomaticus and levator muscles, which are invested by the SMAS. There is an easily dissected plane deep to the fat pad that extends to the nasolabial crease. Surgical correction of the prominent nasolabial fold is enhanced by undermining the malar fat pad and advancing it laterally by traction on the skin flap with additional upward fixation by sutures between the lateral edge of the fat pad and the subcutaneous fascia at the lateral malar eminence.
Double-stranded ribonucleic acid decreases C6 rat glioma cell numbers: effects on insulin-like growth factor I gene expression and action.

Poly(IC), a synthetic double-stranded RNA copolymer of inosinic and cytidilic acids, decreases the growth of normal and tumorigenic cells. We tested the hypothesis that Poly(IC) decreases C6 glioma cell growth by disrupting an autocrine insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) growth loop. Addition of Poly(IC) decreased C6 cell number in confluent and sparse cultures in a dose-dependent manner. Addition of exogenous IGF-I partially compensated for the decrease in cell number caused by Poly(IC) in confluent and subconfluent cultures of C6 cells, suggesting that one mechanism of Poly(IC) action is through down-regulation of IGF-I gene expression and/or action. Treatment of confluent C6 cells with 10 and 200 μg/ml Poly(IC) for 24 h decreased IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) levels to 50% and 25% of the control value, respectively. Treatment of C6 cells with 200 μg/ml Poly(IC) for 24 h reduced IGF-I receptor mRNA levels to 50% of the control level. IGF-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), -2, and -6 mRNAs were not expressed in...
ZnSe-ZnMnSe and CdTe-CdMnTe superlattices

We report the growth and characterization of superiattices of a new wide-gap, zincblende material system, Zn1 − xMnxSe. ZnSe exhibiting dominant free excitonic emission in photoluminescence (PL) is the well material, while wider-band-gap Zn1 − xMnxSe (0.23 < x < 0.66) forms the barrier material. PL measurements show greatly enhanced quantum efficiency compared to films of the ZnSe well material, while transmission electron microscopy shows extremely abrupt interfaces by the presence of seventh-order satellite spots. Previously reported superiattices in the CdTe-CdMnTe material system were grown with the (111) orientation, and exhibit unique excitonic properties believed related to the (111) interfaces. Using various techniques to select (111) or (100) heteroepitaxy of CdTe on (100) GaAs, we report the first (100) superlattices of this material, and compare the optical properties to the previous (111) structures.
Anti‐CD18 Attenuates Myocardial Stunning in the Isolated Neonatal Lamb Heart

Cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease often results in postoperative depression of myocardial function due to myocardial ischemia and stunning. The Boston Circulatory Arrest study indicated that myocardial stunning is also observed postoperatively in the immature heart. Neonates less than 3 months of age (N = 162) experienced cardiac outputs that averaged 20% of baseline values in spite of myocardium protection with Plegisol cardioplegia. In order to minimize the effects of myocardial stunning on the immature heart, we examined the effects of preischemic administration of monoclonal antibodies to leukocyte adhesion molecule CD18 (monoclonal R15.7 [Boehringer-Ingelheim]) on the function of blood perfused neonatal lamb hearts. Heart were arrested for 2 hours with a 15 degrees C K+ cardioplegia solution. Antibody treated hearts (N = 9) had significantly better (p < 0.05) recovery of left ventricular (LV) developed pressure (83.9% +/- 2.2% vs 73.6% +/- 3.0% for controls), LV dP/dt (78.4% +/- 3.3% vs 67.4% +/- 3.4% for controls), coronary blood flow (159.5% +/- 12.2% vs 84.4% +/- 3.5% for controls), and myocardial oxygen consumption (129.8% +/- 16.5% vs 71.2% +/- 6.2% for controls) than controls. In addition, recovery of coronary vascular resistance in response to 10(-6) M acetylcholine was significantly better (p = 0.08) in antibody treated hearts (38.4% +/- 4.3%) than in control hearts (13.4 +/- 12.8%). These results support the notions that leukocyte adherence to the endothelium contributes to reperfusion injury after ischemia and that monoclonal antibodies to CD18 may reduce the effects of myocardial stunning after cardiac surgery.
Academic radiology the first six years in the new millenium1

s appeared in print, a letter was sent to the principal investigators inviting them to submit manuscripts describing their work as either Work in Progress or Original Investigations. As a result, between 50% and 60% of the work described in the Original Investigations section of the journal is supported by research grants from the NIH (probably the greatest percentage of any radiology journal). Many of these original research reports cover areas of investigation that are interdisciplinary and reflect the enormous opportunities and enthusiasm for biomedical imaging research. It therefore is not unusual to see reports in our journal on functional and molecular imaging (1–15), computer-aided diagnosis (16–30), biomedical image processing and image registration (31–45), image perception and receiver operating characteristic curves (46–54), and computational methods in imaging (55–59). In August 2003, Elsevier, Inc, became the official publisher of Academic Radiology. Elsevier Science is the publisher of more than 1600 journals worldwide and more than 500 in biomedicine. The publishing program in clinical medicine is structured internationally, with branch offices in Amsterdam, Oxford, and Singapore. Elsevier’s presence at worldwide meetings and conferences ensures
Optical illusions and augmented graphics in guidance and control

Piloting and many related control activities, especially remote manipulation via teleoperations and robotics, stand to benefit substantially from better means of communication between controller and controlled. We have investigated one such approach: the use of augmented displays on a cathode ray terminal (CRT) for controlling simulation motion is microgravity. Such displays, which have been shown to be highly effective in a variety of applications, provide information to the operator which goes beyond that which is found in nature, and thereby emphasize important aspects of a task and minimize irrelevant ones. Using this approach, we attempted to develop stylized graphical displays, incorporating augmented feedback by distorting the background of the scene under display, for purposes of flight control and/or control of a robotic arm. Besides attempting to utilize transformations of the scene itself for informational purposes, the displays we developed represent significant departures from previous methods in two notable respects. First, we have attempted to design our instrumentation to make use of peripheral rather than exclusively foveal vision, thus broadening the bandwidth of perception by vision. Second, we attempted to incorporate optical illusions intended to enhance the perception of depth and apparent motion to provide better and more compelling feedback for the operator performing the task.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spintronic materials and devices: Advances and applications

Advances in present-day microelectronics and magnetic data storage devices depend critically on the technological ability to produce device structures of ever-decreasing dimensions. With the typical device dimensions approaching nanometer scale, the materials design parameters are being pushed to their optimum values. Continued device miniaturization is becoming increasingly challenging. There is now a general consensus that the current rate of miniaturization cannot be sustained and new approaches of device fabrication need to be developed. Spintronics is one such approach that is based on the synergetic use of charge and spin dynamics of electrons in certain multifunctional materials. There are various novel device concepts which have been proposed based on this technology, and a few (e.g., read heads for magnetic recorders and nonvolatile memory components) have already found practical applications. The critical step in the functioning of a spintronics device is the injection and detection of spin-polarized carriers at the ferromagnet-semiconductor interface. Despite considerable efforts, effi cient injection of spins into nonmagnetic semiconductors still continues to be a major obstacle in this fi eld. Ferromagnetic metals such as iron and nickel were used in earlier studies for injecting spin-polarized carriers into a semiconducting transport medium. However, in most of the studies the degree of spin polarization of injected carriers was less than a disappointing 1%. In order to overcome this, three different Spintronic Materials and Devices: Advances and Applications
Electron-Stimulated Oxidation of Thin Water Films Adsorbed on TiO2(110)

Electron-stimulated reactions in thin (<3 monolayer, ML) water films adsorbed on TiO2(110) are investigated. For electron fluences less than ∼1 × 1016 e-/cm2, irradiation with 100 eV electrons results in electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) of atomic hydrogen and small amounts of molecular hydrogen but no measurable O2. The ESD results in oxygen enrichment (“oxidation”) of the remaining film and oxidation of the oxygen vacancies originally present on the TiO2(110) surface. The postirradiation temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectra of the remaining water change in characteristic ways. The species remaining on the TiO2(110) after irradiation of adsorbed water films are similar to those produced by codosing water and O2 without irradiation. Annealing above ∼600 K reduces the oxidized surface, and water TPD spectra characteristic of a reduced (i.e., ion-sputtered and vacuum annealed) TiO2(110) surface are recovered. The rate of electron-stimulated “oxidation” of the water films is proportional to the...
Experimentally-based multiscale model of the elastic moduli of bovine trabecular bone and its constituents

Abstract The elastic moduli of trabecular bone were modeled using an analytical multiscale approach. Trabecular bone was represented as a porous nanocomposite material with a hierarchical structure spanning from the collagen–mineral level to the trabecular architecture level. In parallel, compression testing was done on bovine femoral trabecular bone samples in two anatomical directions, parallel to the femoral neck axis and perpendicular to it, and the measured elastic moduli were compared with the corresponding theoretical results. To gain insights on the interaction of collagen and minerals at the nanoscale, bone samples were deproteinized or demineralized. After such processing, the treated samples remained as self-standing structures and were tested in compression. Micro-computed tomography was used to characterize the hierarchical structure of these three bone types and to quantify the amount of bone porosity. The obtained experimental data served as inputs to the multiscale model and guided us to represent bone as an interpenetrating composite material. Good agreement was found between the theory and experiments for the elastic moduli of the untreated, deproteinized, and demineralized trabecular bone.
Using client exit interviews to illuminate outcomes in program logic models: a case example

Abstract This paper describes how client exit interviews can assist human service administrators and workers to better understand the outcomes their programs are designed to accomplish. Specifically, the qualitative component of a demonstration family literacy program evaluation is used to illustrate how client input can be used to fine-tune the outcomes component of a program's logic model. An analysis of semi-structured exit interviews with 35 clients, who were randomly selected from all 89 served in the first year of the program, resulted in revision to the program's original logic model, creating explicit ‘testable’ pathways to achieving intended outcomes.
Transformations of progesterone by subcellular fractions of human skin.

Homogenates of human skin metabolize progesterone-4- 14 C to the same products as whole skin. Studies with subcellular fractions obtained by differential centrifugation indicate the presence in skin of a membrane-bound 5α-reductase and a soluble 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD), both of which utilize TPNH as cofactor. The 20α-HSD has a pH optimum of 6.2 and a K m of approximately 7 μM. Unlike placental preparations, the 105,000 × g supernatant fraction prepared from human skin has more 20α-HSD than 17β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase activity. This soluble skin enzyme acting on steroid hormones is distinct from previously reported particulate enzymes.
A communications system for irregular local interaction problems on a concurrent computer

Abstract The solution of a large class of problems requires the repeated evaluation of matrix vector products: y = Ax. An appropriate data decomposition and communications system to exchange x components among processors is necessary for efficient evaluation of these vector products on an MIMD concurrent computer. A communications system is presented for the case of a sparse matrix A that arises from a finite element or finite difference discretization of a partial differential equation on an irregular region, or from some kind of finite range interaction between particles. The method presented here uses a domain decomposition of the physical space to distribute A and x among processors. A packed form of the matrix is used which turns out to be very convenient to set up the data structures necessary to send and receive the extra x components. The resulting communications scheme has been used in a multigrid solver for finite element static elasticity problems and in a program which solves an eigenvalue problem. Speed up factors were determined on a 32 processor Caltech/JPL Mark II hypercube with good results. The communications system is not hypercube specific and can easily be implemented on other types of MIMD parallel computers.
Extracardiac Conduit Total Cavopulmonary Anastomosis

Since the introduction of a physiologically corrective procedure for patients with tricuspid atresia,' the concept of total right-heart bypass has been applied to a wide range of complex congenital heart defects. Over the years, a number of modifications of the original Fontan operation have been proposed in an effort to improve outcomes .2-6 Although an extracardiac variation of the Fontan concept was originally described by Humes et a1 and Nawa et a1 in 1988,7.8 its routine application for all forms of single ventricle hearts was first adopted by Marcelletti et al.9 For the past 5 years, we have used extracardiac conduit total cavopulmonary anastomosis as definitive palliation for almost all patients with functional single ventricle physiology.
Mechanisms involved in the chemical inhibition of the eosin-sensitized photooxidation of trypsin.

A large series of compounds was screened for ability to protect trypsin from eosin-sensitized photodynamic inactivation. Eosin-sensitized photooxidation reactions of this type typically proceedvia the triplet state of the dye and often involve singlet state oxygen as the oxidizing entity. In order to determine the mechanisms by which trypsin is protected from photoinactivation, a number of good protective agents (inhibitors) and some non-protective agents were selected for more detailed flash photolysis studies. Good inhibitors suchas p-phenylenediamine,n-propyl gallate, serotonin creatinine sulfate andp-toluenediamine competed efficiently with oxygen and with trypsin for reaction with the triplet state of eosin. The inhibitors were shown to quench triplet eosin to the ground state and/or reduce triplet eosin to form the semireduced eosin radical and an oxidized form of the inhibitor. In the latter case, oxidized inhibitor could react by a reverse electron transfer reaction with the semi-reduced eosin radical to regenerate ground state eosin and the inhibitor. The good inhibitors also competed effectively with trypsin for oxidation by semioxidized eosin, thus giving another possible protective mechanism. Non-inhibitors such as halogen ions and the paramagnetic ions Co++, Cu++ and Mn++ reacted only slowly with triplet and with semioxidized eosin. The primary pathway for the eosin-sensitized photooxidation of trypsin atpH. 8.0 involved singlet oxygen, although semioxidized eosin may also participate.
Interviewer Preferences for Respondent Groups

Interviewer effects upon respondents are documented, but little is known about interviewer preferences and experiences. Questionnaire data obtained from 188 interviewers regarding their experience with and preferences for 18 targets and six locales indicates that patients form a preference factor distinct from other groups (common folk, dangerous people, children, and elites) and ranked fourth in preference out of the five groups. Six locales formed a Guttman Scale with the interviewing office the favored environment. Interviewers' experiences are not specialized; suggesting that interviewer recruitment can be broad based. Experience with patients increases preference for patients and preference for less controlled locales.
Cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine sedation in the foal

Six healthy foals underwent instrumentation for measurement of the cardiopulmonary effects of sedation with 1.1 mg/kg bodyweight xylazine hydrochloride given intravenously. Responses to xylazine in foals at 10 and 28 days of age were not significantly different. Foals became sedate and markedly ataxic, and four of the six foals became recumbent. Heart rate decreased significantly but no arrhythmias were detected. Arterial blood pressure increased initially and then fell significantly below pre-injection values. Changes in respiratory airflow, upper airway obstruction and respiratory noise were noted in the initial 20 mins of sedation, after which respiratory rate fell, tidal volume increased, and minute volume decreased gradually. Arterial blood gas tensions and pH did not change significantly during the 120 mins following xylazine administration. Control studies showed no significant changes. All foals recovered uneventfully.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Measurement of Mn2+ Binding Affinities to the Hammerhead Ribozyme and Correlation with Cleavage Activity†

Efficient phosphodiester bond cleavage activity by the hammerhead ribozyme requires divalent cations. Toward understanding this metal ion requirement, the Mn2+-binding properties of hammerhead model ribozymes have been investigated under dilute solution conditions, using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) to detect free Mn2+ in the presence of added ribozyme. Numbers and affinities of bound Mn2+ were obtained at pH 7.8 (5 mM triethanolamine) in the presence of 0, 0.1, and 1.0 M NaCl for an RNA−DNA model consisting of a 13-nucleotide DNA “substrate” hybridized to a 34-nucleotide RNA “enzyme” [Pley, H. W., Flaherty, K. M., and McKay, D. B. (1994) Nature 372, 68−74]. In 0.1 M NaCl, two classes of Mn2+ sites are found with n1 = 3.7 ± 0.4, Kd(1)= 4 ± 1 μM (type 1) and n2 = 5.2 ± 0.4, Kd(2) = 460 ± 130 μM (type 2). The high-affinity type 1 sites are confirmed for an active RNA−RNA hybrid (34-nucleotide RNA enzyme:13-nucleotide RNA substrate) by EPR measurements at low Mn2+ concentrations. Decrea...
Poling and optical studies of DNA NLO waveguides

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), extracted from salmon sperm through an enzyme isolation process, is precipitated with a surfactant complex, cetyltrimethl-ammonium chloride (CTMA), for application as a nonlinear optical (NLO) material. Preliminary characterization studies suggest DNA-CTMA may be suitable for use as the host material in the poled core layer of electro-optically-active waveguide devices. Further studies have also indicated that it may be possible to create an all-DNA-CTMA NLO waveguide device using DNA-CTMA as both the core and cladding materials. Challenges and accomplishments in creating an all-DNA-CTMA waveguide device are discussed as well as poling results and techniques for poled-chromophore-DNA-CTMA films. Optical characterization studies, including optical propagation losses, of the DNA-CTMA films are presented.
Safety and epistemic luck

There is some consensus that for S to know that p, it cannot be merely a matter of luck that S’s belief that p is true. This consideration has led Duncan Pritchard and others to propose a safety condition on knowledge. In this paper, we argue that the safety condition is not a proper formulation of the intuition that knowledge excludes luck. We suggest an alternative proposal in the same spirit as safety, and find it lacking as well.
Calcinogenic factor in Solanum malacoxylon: Evidence that it is 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside

After glycosidic cleavage of the water-soluble vitamin D-like principle of the calcinogenic plant Solanum malacoxylon, the active lipophilic portion was purified by column chromatography and analyzed by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. It was identified as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the active form of vitamin D. Thus this active metabolite of vitamin D exists in the plant world, and its presence probably accounts for pathologic calcification in grazing animals ingesting Solanum malacoxylon.
Review of the efficacy and safety of remifentanil for the prevention and treatment of pain during and after procedures and surgery

Remifentanil is an ultrashort-acting synthetic opioid. It is metabolized by nonspecific tissue and plasma esterases. Remifentanil’s metabolism is responsible for its unique pharmacokinetic profile and flat, context-sensitive half-time. Since its introduction into clinical practice, remifentanil has been used for a variety of anesthetic and analgesic applications; however, concerns regarding a potential for rapid induction of tolerance and/or induced hyperalgesia, coupled with an ultrarapid offset of effect, make the drug less than optimal for use in the pharmacologic management of pain.
Detection of gastrointestinal bleeding with 99mTc-sulfur colloid

We have developed a single scintigraphic technique to detect and localize the site of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. This examination requires only intravenous administration of 99m-Technetium sulfur colloid and imaging of the abdomen. Very shortly after the introduction of the radiopharmaceutical, a fraction of the injected activity extravasates at the bleeding site and is eliminated from the circulation. This phenomenon is repeated each time the blood recirculates adding another, but smaller fraction to the extravasated activity at the site of hemorrhage. Because of continued clearance of the radiopharmaceutical from the vascular pool by the reticuloendothelial system, a contrast is eventually reached between the site of bleeding and surrounding background. Based on animal experiments bleeding rates as low as .05-0.1 cc/min can be detected with this technique. The sensitivity of the approach in the detection of the site of hemorrhage is significantly higher than arteriography or other techniques which utilize radioactive blood pool indicators. We have mainly used this technique in the evaluation of patients with GI bleeding. In more than 25 patients with negative scintigrams for hemorrhage, arteriography showed no evidence of bleeding. In 38 patients with scintigraphic evidence of bleeding. In 38 patients with scintigraphic evidence of hemorrhage, arteriograms were positive for bleeding in les than 50% of the cases. No false positive results have been noted in the latter group. This technique appears to offer a simple, practical and reliable approach to the evaluation of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.
Narratives of family caregiving: four story types

Researchers across disciplines have recognized considerable individual variation among caregivers in their response to the experiences of caregiving. One explanation for individual variation is that caregivers make different meanings from caregiving even under externally similar circumstances. This paper describes findings from a study that combined two qualitative strategies, across-case, thematic analysis and within-case, narrative analysis, to investigate meaning in accounts of family caregiving. Themes identified in the across-case analysis were interpreted in the context of patterns identified in the narrative analysis, as well as in the overall framework of caregivers' process of making meaning. Caregivers in this study told four types of stories: stories of ideal lives, stories of ordinary lives, stories of compromised lives, and ambiguous stories. Characteristics of each story type are described, and an example of an ambiguous story is also included as an illustration of the method. Findings suggest a new approach to understanding family caregiving that incorporates the diverse meanings caregivers make of their often similar experiences.
Sensor Based Failure Analysis of Rolling Element Bearings

Failure-free operation of rolling element bearings is essential for the safe and reliable operation of rotating industrial equipment, especially of the type high-energy aircraft engines. However, improper installation and maintenance, large variations in applied loads, and cycle time initiate functional defects to reduce the service life of bearing elements severely. In-service condition monitoring of bearings by permanently mounted sensors offers excellent potential to reduce the risk of failures and avoid premature failure of bearings and the rotor system. This paper presents the results from a study on experimental investigation of bearing defect identification by sensor-based condition monitoring methods. Vibration spectra from a direct mount accelerometer are analyzed to interpret and classify bearing defects. Sensor locations on the bearing are selected for enhanced sensitivity and minimum loss in the signal transmission path. Signal processing methods such as Fast Fourier Transform and statistical Kurtosis and skewness parameters are applied to characterize the dynamic spectra due to bearing defects in outer race, inner race, and cage elements of a test bearing. Unlike the previous research, this study analyzes the dynamic spectra of a test bearing to identify the spectral differences due to varying loads. The results are presented in simple and easy to understand format for the maintenance and engineering staff to affect repairs to bearing assemblies.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Bill sets NSF on path to double its budget

The US. National Science Foundation (NSF) is one step closer to having its budget more than doubled over the next five years, thanks to legislation approved 14 November by both houses of Congress. President George W. Bush is expected to sign the bill into law.
The Nasathermionic-Conversion (TEC-Art) Program a Proposed Paper for Presentation at the May 1977 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

The NASA program for applied research and technology (ART) in thermionic energy conversion (TEC) comprises in-house, university-grant, and industrial-contract studies. In a few years this TEC-ART program has produced important results. Although many of these accomplishments are incremental, their integration has yielded performance gains and the knowledge necessary to direct future work. The current emphasis on out-of-core thermionics allows materials and designs previously prohibited by in-core nucleonics and geometrics. The additional degrees of freedom offer new potentialities. But as always high-temperature material effects will determine the level and lifetime of TEC performance: New electrodes must not only raise power outputs but also maintain them regardless of emitter-vapor deposition on collectors. In addition effective electrodes must serve compatibly with hot-shell alloys. Then, of course, space TEC must withstand external and internal high-temperature vaporization problems. And terrestrial TEC must tolerate hot corrosive atmospheres outside and near-vacuum inside. Finally reduction of losses between converter electrodes is essential even though rather demanding geometrics appear to be required for some modes of enhanced operation. In these and other areas from basic material characterizations to possible system definitions, significant progress is being made in the NASA TEC-ART Program.
Fourth root prescription for dynamical staggered fermions

With the aim of resolving theoretical issues associated with the fourth root prescription for dynamical staggered fermions in lattice QCD simulations, we consider the problem of finding a viable lattice Dirac operator D such that (detD{sub staggered}){sup 1/4}=detD. Working in the flavor field representation we show that in the free field case there is a simple and natural candidate D satisfying this relation, and we show that it has acceptable locality behavior: exponentially local with a localization range vanishing {approx}{radical}(a/m) for lattice spacing a{yields}0. Prospects for the interacting case are also discussed, although we do not solve this case here.