cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantitative CT characterization of pediatric lung development using routine clinical imaging

The use of quantitative CT analysis in children is limited by lack of normal values of lung parenchymal attenuation. These characteristics are important because normal lung development yields significant parenchymal attenuation changes as children age. To perform quantitative characterization of normal pediatric lung parenchymal X-ray CT attenuation under routine clinical conditions in order to establish a baseline comparison to that seen in pathological lung conditions. We conducted a retrospective query of normal CT chest examinations in children ages 0–7 years from 2004 to 2014 using standard clinical protocol. During these examinations semi-automated lung parenchymal segmentation was performed to measure lung volume and mean lung attenuation. We analyzed 42 CT examinations in 39 children, ages 3 days to 83 months (mean ± standard deviation [SD] = 42 ± 27 months). Lung volume ranged 0.10–1.72 liters (L). Mean lung attenuation was much higher in children younger than 12 months, with values as high as –380 Hounsfield units (HU) in neonates (lung volume 0.10 L). Lung volume decreased to approximately –650 HU by age 2 years (lung volume 0.47 L), with subsequently slower exponential decrease toward a relatively constant value of –860 HU as age and lung volume increased. Normal lung parenchymal X-ray CT attenuation decreases with increasing lung volume and age; lung attenuation decreases rapidly in the first 2 years of age and more slowly thereafter. This change in normal lung attenuation should be taken into account as quantitative CT methods are translated to pediatric pulmonary imaging.
Renal Tubular Effects of Vitamin D and Its Metabolites

Perhaps no other area of investigation has been less extensively studied or the subject of more controversy than that involving the effects of vitamin D on the renal tubular reabsorption or phosphate and calcium. When my colleagues and I began a reexamination of this matter several years ago, we asked ourselves principally two questions: 1) Does the vitamin exert a direct effect upon renal tubular electrolyte transport, and 2) If so, is this effect one of enhancement or inhibition of reabsorption? In planning our studies and after reviewing the data available at the time, we noticed certain deficiencies in experimental design which appeared to be responsible to a great extent for the conflicting results then extant. These impediments to data interpretation and the steps taken in our studies to remedy them can be summarized as follows: 1. First, because uncontrolled variations in the circulating levels of parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin can greatly influence ionic excretion, we performed our studies on stable, chronically thyroparathyroidectomized animals replaced with thyroid hormone.
Next-Generation High-Throughput Functional Annotation of Microbial Genomes

Host infection by microbial pathogens cues global changes in microbial and host cell biology that facilitate microbial replication and disease. The complete maps of thousands of bacterial and viral genomes have recently been defined; however, the rate at which physiological or biochemical functions have been assigned to genes has greatly lagged. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) addressed this gap by creating functional genomics centers dedicated to developing high-throughput approaches to assign gene function. These centers require broad-based and collaborative research programs to generate and integrate diverse data to achieve a comprehensive understanding of microbial pathogenesis. High-throughput functional genomics can lead to new therapeutics and better understanding of the next generation of emerging pathogens by rapidly defining new general mechanisms by which organisms cause disease and replicate in host tissues and by facilitating the rate at which functional data reach the scientific community.
Values in public administration: the role of organizational culture

This article argues that the field of public administration, academics and practitioners alike, would benefit by more explicitly addressing the role that values play in administrative behavior and decision making. It reflects on the extent to which values are embedded in the work of public administrators, and their role in serving as normative criteria for action. Because the values associated with democracy and bureaucracy are often in competition, though, the challenge for administrators is to arrive at a workable balance consistent with our constitutional tradition. To that end, the insights offered by an organizational culture perspective are helpful in understanding how particular values can be promoted in organizations. This article concludes with a brief discussion of some implications that such an approach has for how we study, teach, and practice public administration.
Differences in Lip Support with and without Labial Flanges in a Maxillary Edentulous Population. Part 2: Blinded Subjective Analysis

Purpose To study the objective differences in lip support using common facial soft tissue markers, when evaluating patients wearing a maxillary denture with a labial flange in comparison to an experimental flangeless denture. Materials and Methods A total of 31 maxillary edentulous patients who were esthetically satisfied with their existing maxillary denture were recruited in this clinical study. The maxillary denture was then duplicated in clear acrylic resin. Two standardized full-face digital photographs (frontal and profile) were made with the duplicate denture in the mouth. The labial flange of the duplicate denture was then removed from first premolar to first premolar region, to create the experimental flangeless denture. It was returned to the oral cavity, and 2 additional full-face digital photographs were made. The differences between these images were studied using 5 facial anatomic markers (subnasale, labrale superior, stomion, nasolabial angle, lip thickness). A paired sample t-test was used to compare differences in measurements for various anatomic markers using an alpha value of 0.05. Results For profile images, there were no statistically significant differences between photographs with and without a labial flange for anatomic markers- labrale superior and stomion (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference for subnasale as well as the nasolabial angle but the magnitude of the difference was too small to be clinically significant (p < 0.05). For frontal images, there was no statistically significant difference in lip thickness between photographs with and without a labial flange. Additionally, there was no association between differences in measurements and patient-related factors such as gender and prior years of edentulism. Conclusions Removal of a labial flange in a maxillary denture resulted in minimal and clinically insignificant anatomic differences in lip support between flange and flangeless dentures, when analyzed in frontal and profile images.
Flap design, suturing, and healing

Tissue management is an integral and essential component of implant care. With the evolution of implant dentistry, the functional osteointegration of the implant to the recipient site is no longer considered an adequate measure of a successful outcome of therapy. The restoration of health, function, comfort, and aesthetics are parameters to be considered in the outcome of care. This becomes particularly significant in the anterior maxillary area where the expectation is that reconstructions must be indistinguishable from natural teeth. Different materials and surgical and restorative techniques are continuously being developed and tested to achieve this objective. Surgical tissue management, including soft tissue management, incision design, and suturing, and knowledge of anticipated healing outcomes are essential for a successful aesthetic outcome. This chapter describes flap design, papilla reconstruction techniques, management of soft tissue toward enhancement of attached gingiva, suturing materials, types of needles, types of knots, suturing techniques, and the various phases of soft tissue healing. A well thought-out surgical plan of flap design at every stage of implant surgery is critical to preserve and/or enhance the aesthetics and health of anterior implant restorations. Knowledge of the factors that affect flap design, suturing techniques, and the principles of healing are paramount in obtaining an ideal aesthetic result of an implant restoration that is indistinguishable from adjacent natural dentition.
Effectiveness of routine psychotherapy: Method matters.

Objective: Though many studies have shown that psychotherapy can be effective, psychotherapy available in routine practice may not be adequate. Several methods have been proposed to evaluate routin...
Reviews in Brief: Recent White Papers

CREATING SUSTAINABLE ASSESSMENT THROUGH COLLABORATION: A NATIONAL PROGRAM REVEALS EFFECTIVE PRACTICES. Kara J. Malenfant and Karen Brown. (Occasional Paper No. 31) Urbana, IL: University of Illinoi...
A novel method for parameter optimization in two-dimensional dynamical models

A new method is given to optimize parameters of a dynamical model by supplementing the conventional methods with a contractive mapping procedure. Numerical results indicate that the present method is more efficient than conventional methods.
Adult Neurogenesis: Implications on Human And Computational Decision Making

Adult neurogenesis is the incorporation of new neurons into established, functioning neural circuits. Current theoretical work in the neurogenesis field has suggested that new neurons are of greatest importance in the encoding of new memories, particularly in the ability to fully capture features which are entirely novel or being experienced in a unique way. We present two models of neurogenesis (a spiking, biologically realistic model as well as a basic growing feedforward model) to investigate possible functional implications. We use an information theoretic computational complexity measure to quantitatively analyze the information content encoded with and without neurogenesis in our spiking model. And neural encoding capacity (as a function of neuron maturation) is examined in our simple feedforward network. Finally, we discuss potential functional implications for neurogenesis in high risk environments.
Isolated Perfused Liver

The isolated perfused liver is a useful intact organ model for examining the hepatobiliary disposition of drugs without the complication of many factors that are difficult to control in vivo such as neuronal and hormonal influences on hepatic metabolism, as well as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion by nonhepatic routes. The intact perfused organ preserves hepatic architecture, cell polarity, and bile flow, in contrast to in vitro models like liver slices, hepatocytes, microsomes, and liver plasma membrane vesicles.
Emotion, Proof and Prejudice: The Cognitive Science of Gruesome Photos and Victim Impact Statements

The current framework for sorting the probative from the prejudicial considers “emotion” to be the hallmark of unfair prejudice. Emotions elicited by evidence are thought to “inflame” the jury and “cause them to abandon their mental processes.” This inaccurate view of emotion as the enemy of rationality is problematic for evidence law. We argue for a more sophisticated and nuanced view of emotion’s role in evaluating proof and prejudice. We use two types of evidence to illustrate our argument: gruesome photos and victim impact statements.As some scholars have noted, emotional responses to evidence are not necessarily prejudicial responses. But this observation captures only a small part of the problem with the current evidentiary framework. Emotions do not always lead to prejudice, but they can lead to prejudice in more complex and subtle ways than previously recognized. The emotions elicited by evidence affect not only the decision maker’s appraisal of the evidence, but also the process of deliberation. For example, anger toward the defendant elicited by victim impact statements may result in an inability to remain open to evidence favoring the defense, to greater certainty about the verdict, and to a desire to punish. Other emotions, such as sadness or sympathy, have other effects on the deliberative process. Conversely, emotional responses to evidence play a role in assessing probative value, and this function of emotion receives little or no recognition in evidentiary discourse. For example, to determine whether a gruesome photo is unduly prejudicial, it is also necessary to consider whether the photo contributes any additional value to the deliberative process beyond the medical examiner’s testimony. Without accounting for the role of emotion in the reasoning process, it is difficult to examine how the medium affects the message. The value added lies in the photo’s additional persuasive power, which is closely tied to its emotional impact. Whether the emotions evoked by evidence interfere with deliberation depends on what emotions the evidence evokes, how they affect the deliberative process, and what the deliberative process is meant to accomplish. We argue that the cognitive sciences, including psychology and neuroscience, can shed substantial light on the first and second of these questions. The third is a legal question, but one that should be informed by a more informed and realistic understanding of decisional dynamics.
Self-induced velocity correction for improved drag estimation in Euler-Lagrange point-particle simulations

Abstract In Euler–Lagrange (EL) simulations the force on each particle is obtained from a point-particle model, which is then coupled back to the fluid momentum. The feedback force modifies the flow at the particle location and it is important to evaluate the resulting self-induced velocity disturbance, since the point-particle models are based on the undisturbed flow. An exact solution of the Oseen's equation for flow generated by a steady Gaussian feedback force was obtained, which along with the corresponding finite Reynolds number numerical simulations, provided a steady model for the self-induced velocity disturbance. The unsteady problem of a time dependent Gaussian feedback force was then theoretically investigated in the zero Reynolds number limit. The corresponding finite Reynolds number unsteady results were obtained using companion numerical simulations. Based on these results an unsteady model for predicting the self-induced velocity disturbance was developed. The two main non-dimensional quantities affecting the self-induced velocity disturbance are the Reynolds number based on Gaussian width Re σ and the non-dimensional feedback force F ˜ . The resulting self-induced velocity correction model is general and can be applied in a variety of EL point-particle simulations, with the time history of Re σ and F ˜ as input. The quasi-steady and unsteady versions of the model were tested in the context of a freely settling particle. The unsteady model was shown to predict the self-induced velocity disturbance to reasonable accuracy for a wide range of Reynolds and Stokes numbers. Issues pertaining to practical implementation and limitations are discussed.
Bringing Contracted Services Back in by Local Governments: An Exploratory Study

AbstractIn recent decades, local governments have contracted out a variety of public services to private for-profit organizations in pursuit of greater efficiency and effectiveness. Yet, involving ...
Critical evaluation of analytical methods for thermally activated building systems

Abstract This study critically reviews and evaluates state-of-the-art analytical models describing the heat transfer process in a thermally activated building system (TABS) that aims to reduce use of energy for space conditioning by using low-exergy renewable energy. An effective deployment of this system depends on the development of control strategies to address the slow response time resulting from the high thermal inertia inherent to the system that, in turn, requires an in-depth knowledge of the heat conduction in a thermally massive slab. In this study, numerical simulations validated by experiments are conducted to provide data for model verification. The resultant temperature in the analytical model is the superposition of the steady-state temperature, the transient temperature as derived from inhomogeneous initial values, and the transient temperature as derived from 1D heat conduction from the pipes to the slab surface. Results show that the maximum relative deviation between the steady-state analytical and numerical solutions is only 0.65%. This study amends the reviewed transient solution by adding critical coefficients to address the dependency of the solution on the initial values. Numerical simulations show that the assumption of 1D heat conduction is invalid and that heat conducts radically from the pipes into the slab. The existing transient solution yields unrealistic fast heat conduction from the pipes to the slab surface. The assumption of 2D heat transfer in the slab is valid and leads to a small error of 0.4 °C as compared to the 3D full-scale simulation. This study provides a foundation for the rigorous assessment of future TABS control strategies.
Thermal Conductivity of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene: From Fibers to Fabrics

Unique combinations of properties such as mechanical compliance and chemical stability make polymers attractive for many applications. However, the intrinsic low thermal conductivity of bulk polyme...
A kinematic and kinetic dataset of 18 above-knee amputees walking at various speeds.

Motion capture is necessary to quantify gait deviations in individuals with lower-limb amputations. However, access to the patient population and the necessary equipment is limited. Here we present the first open biomechanics dataset for 18 individuals with unilateral above-knee amputations walking at different speeds. Based on their ability to comfortably walk at 0.8 m/s, subjects were divided into two groups, namely K2 and K3. The K2 group walked at [0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8] m/s; the K3 group walked at [0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4] m/s. Full-body biomechanics was collected using a 10-camera motion capture system and a fully instrumented treadmill. The presented open dataset will enable (i) clinicians to understand the biomechanical demand required to walk with a knee and ankle prosthesis at various speeds, (ii) researchers in biomechanics to gain new insights into the gait deviations of individuals with above-knee amputations, and (iii) engineers to improve prosthesis design and function. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.12221543
A mass-weighted isentropic coordinate for mapping chemical tracers and computing atmospheric inventories

Abstract. We introduce a transformed isentropic coordinate M θ e , defined as the dry air mass under a given equivalent potential temperature surface ( θe ) within a hemisphere. Like θe , the coordinate M θ e follows the synoptic distortions of the atmosphere but, unlike θe , has a nearly fixed relationship with latitude and altitude over the seasonal cycle. Calculation of M θ e is straightforward from meteorological fields. Using observations from the recent HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) and Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom) airborne campaigns, we map the CO 2 seasonal cycle as a function of pressure and M θ e , where M θ e is thereby effectively used as an alternative to latitude. We show that the CO 2 seasonal cycles are more constant as a function of pressure using M θ e as the horizontal coordinate compared to latitude. Furthermore, short-term variability in CO 2 relative to the mean seasonal cycle is also smaller when the data are organized by M θ e and pressure than when organized by latitude and pressure. We also present a method using M θ e to compute mass-weighted averages of CO 2 on a hemispheric scale. Using this method with the same airborne data and applying corrections for limited coverage, we resolve the average CO 2 seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere (mass-weighted tropospheric climatological average for 2009–2018), yielding an amplitude of 7.8 ± 0.14 ppm and a downward zero-crossing on Julian day 173 ± 6.1 (i.e., late June). M θ e may be similarly useful for mapping the distribution and computing inventories of any long-lived chemical tracer.
Prison labor in the United States : an economic analysis

Introduction: Prisons and American Society 1. Slavery 2. Conditions of Existence of Slavery in U.S. Prisons 3. State Welfare and the Production of the Prison Household 4. The Production of Commodities in Prison 5. The History of Prison Slavery in the U.S. 6. Consequences of Prison Slavery
Does Money Buy Voters? Campaign Spending and Citizen Participation in State Supreme Court Elections

In this paper, we investigate one highly significant aspect of the role of money in judicial elections: whether campaign spending increases citizen participation in the recruitment and retention of judges. Specifically, by using a two-stage modeling strategy that allows us to separate the mobilizing effects of challengers from the effects of money, we assess systematically whether relatively expensive campaigns improve the chances that citizens will vote in the 260 supreme court elections held from 1990 through 2004 in eighteen states using partisan or nonpartisan elections to staff the high court bench. We find that increased spending significantly improves citizen participation in these races. Whether measured as the overall spending in each election or in per capita terms, greater spending facilitates voting. We conclude, contrary to conventional wisdom about the deleterious effects of money in judicial elections, that campaign spending should serve as a means to enhance perceptions of courts by involving greater proportions of voters in the electoral process - perhaps the most powerful legitimacy conferring institution in democracy. Rather than alienating voters, expensive campaigns should strengthen the critical linkage between citizens and the bench by giving voters greater ownership in the outcomes of these races.
Characterization of simulated production welds in alloy 908

This study characterized room temperature mechanical properties of Incoloy® alloy 908* welds made from two base metal conditions: mill-annealed or homogenized (1050°C/1hr). An automatic pulsed-gas tungsten arc welder simulated actual conduit welding conditions.
A genetic approach to training support vector data descriptors for background modeling in video data

Detecting regions of interest in video sequences is one of the most important tasks in many high level video processing applications. In this paper a novel approach based on Support Vector Data Description (SVDD) is presented. The method detects foreground regions in videos with quasi-stationary backgrounds. The SVDD is a technique used in analytically describing the data from a set of population samples. The training of Support Vector Machines (SVM's) in general, and SVDD in particular requires a Lagrange optimization which is computationally intensive. We propose to use a genetic approach to solve the Lagrange optimization problem. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) starts with the initial guess and solves the optimization problem iteratively. Moreover, we expect to get accurate results with less cost than the Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) technique.
The Straight State: Sexuality and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century America by Margot Canady

In 1958, a young female solider accused of lesbianism said to the military board, “I don't feel that I am being treated like an American citizen. I would like to know why.” Margot Canady, assistant...
Stay–Leave Decision Making in Battered Women: Trauma, Coping and Self-Efficacy

Most often, for battered women, the decision to stay or leave is not made at a single point in time with finality, but instead unfolds over time, and represents the most fundamental and difficult decision women may face (Barnett & LaViolette, 1993). In order to increase our knowledge of the complex factors involved in stay–leave experiences for women in violent relationships, this study focused on explicating multiple variables relevant to battered women who were either in a violent relationship or who had left a violent relationship. Five relationship status groups were examined in order to better understand the potential differences in women's experiences at different points in time: women in violent relationships (1); women out of a violent relationship for up to 6 months (2); women out of a violent relationship from 6 months to 1 year (3); women out of a violent relationship 1 to 3 years (4); women out of a violent relationship 3 years or more. Two hundred women were recruited via advertisements and posters. Using cross-sectional analyses, the variables examined included trauma symptoms (Briere, 1989); coping (Folkman & Lazarus, 1985); self-efficacy for leaving a violent relationship (a measure developed for this study; Kennedy, 1996); and physical violence (Straus, 1979). Results indicated that dynamic psychological variables such as self-efficacy, trauma symptoms, and coping varied depending on whether women were in or out of the relationship and how long it had been since they had left the relationship. These findings support the importance of understanding and responding to process variables, relevant to battered women's experiences and the potential value in tailoring interventions that are relevant to each woman's needs at a given point in the decision-making process.
On the Direction of Translation of the T4 Deoxyribonucleic Acid Polymerase Gene in Vivo

Abstract A map of the structural gene for T4 DNA polymerase (gene 43) was constructed based on the immunological cross-reactivity and the molecular weights of the peptides generated by a series of amber mutants that map in this gene. The physical map deduced in this way was in good agreement with the genetic map determined on the basis of recombination frequencies. Analysis of the size and cross-reactivity of the amber peptides also demonstrated that the T4 DNA polymerase gene is translated in a counter-clockwise direction along the circular genetic map of phage T4. This is the same direction that the lysozyme and rII genes of T4 are translated and is in the direction opposite to that of genes known to specify the structural components of the T4 capsid.
Applications of Ecosystem Geography

Ecosystems come in many scales or relative sizes. As I have said, because of the links between systems, a modification of one system may affect the operation of surrounding systems. Furthermore, how a system will respond to management is partially determined by relationships with surrounding systems. Multiscale analysis of ecosystems pertains to all kinds of land. Many planning issues transcend ownership and administrative boundaries. To address these issues, the planner must consider how related ecosystems are linked to form larger systems. For this analysis to be effective, it must be conducted regardless of ownership or administrative boundaries. This is because we can only understand ecosystems, as spatial systems, by looking at the whole—not just certain parts. Note that this refers to analysis only, not to government’s making management decisions about private land or vice versa.
Changes in thyrotropin (TSH) carbohydrate structure and response to TSH-releasing hormone during postnatal ontogeny: analysis by concanavalin-A chromatography.

We have studied the carbohydrate structure of TSH as well as its response to TRH during postnatal ontogenesis in the rat using Concanavalin-A (Con A)-Sepharose chromatography of labeled glycopeptides. Pituitaries from neonatal (5-dayold) rats with low levels of endogenous TRH and mature (56-day-old) rats were incubated for 24 h in medium containing [3H] glucosamine in the presence or absence of 10-7 M TRH. Both intracellular and secreted TSH were immunoprecipitated, treated with Pronase to generate glycopeptides, and analyzed by chromatography on Con A-Sepharose. The total amount of [3H]glucosamine-labeled TSH was greater per pituitary in mature rats compared to that in neonatal rats (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the groups in the concentration of total labeled TSH per fig pituitary DNA. RIA determination of total TSH was greater in the older animals than in the younger animals when normalized both per pituitary and per ng pituitary DNA (P < 0.01 and (P < 0.02, respectively...
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Cholecystitis: Does Timing Matter?

Acute cholecystitis is a common cause of acute abdominal pain and the definitive treatment is laparoscopic cholecystectomy. When to perform surgery remains controversial. To find out whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be performed for acute cholecystitis irrespective of the time since onset of acute symptoms. A total of 200 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed for acute cholecystitis were evaluated for duration of surgery, conversion rates, biliary and other organ injury, and postoperative stay. Kruskal–Wallis tests, Mann–Whitney tests, and paired t-tests using SPSS software. Thirty patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy within 48 h of onset of symptoms (group 1), 60 patients underwent surgery between 48 h and 6 weeks of onset of symptoms (group 2), and 110 patients underwent surgery after 6 weeks of onset of symptoms (group 3). While the duration of surgery was significantly shorter in group 3 compared to groups 1 and 2 (57.5 min vs. 53.5 min vs. 34.2 min), there were no conversions or major biliary or other organ injury in any of the three groups. Postoperative stay was also comparable between the three groups (3 days vs. 3.1 days vs. 3.08 days). Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can safely be performed at any time after the onset of acute cholecystitis.
Piazopteris branneri from the lower Jurassic, Egypt

Abstract The fern Piazopteris branneri (White) Lorch and several other plant fossils are reported for the first time from rocks formerly thought to be of Triassic age near Ain Sukhana in the Gulf of Suez area of Egypt. Probably the florule is of Early Jurassic age.
Timed Artificial Insemination of Two Consecutive Services in Dairy Cows Using Prostaglandin F2α and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone

Abstract Timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols use PGF 2α and GnRH injections to synchronize ovulation. The objective was to evaluate the PGPG protocol (d 0, PGF 2α ; d 3, GnRH; d 11, PGF 2α ; d 13, GnRH and TAI) for first TAI and also examine methods for second TAI in nonpregnant cows. A factorial test of the first PGF 2α and first GnRH injections within the PGPG protocol was performed (the last PGF 2α and GnRH injections were deemed essential to the TAI). Lactating dairy cows (n = 804) in a commercial herd were assigned to 1 of 5 first-TAI treatments, which were PGPG, GPG (d 0, no treatment; d 3, GnRH; d 11, PGF 2α ; d 13, GnRH and TAI), PPG (d 0, PGF 2α ; d 3, no treatment; d 11, PGF 2α ; d 13, GnRH and TAI), and PG (d 0, no treatment; d 3, no treatment; d 11, PGF 2α ; d 13, GnRH and TAI); the Ovsynch protocol (GnRH, 7 d, PGF 2α , 2 d, GnRH and TAI) was the positive control. For resynchronization, cows received either GnRH or the control (no injection) on d 22 after TAI. Nonpregnant cows on d 28 were then treated with PGF 2α on d 29, GnRH on d 31, and TAI [i.e., resynchronization treatments of ReGPG (received GnRH on d 22) and RePG (did not receive GnRH on d 22)]. Pregnancy rates for PGPG, GPG, PPG, PG, and Ovsynch were similar at d 28 after first TAI. Analyses of multiple explanatory factors by logistic regression detected an effect of uterine or ovarian abnormality on the d-28 pregnancy rate (normal more likely to be pregnant). Day-42 pregnancy rates were affected by uterine or ovarian abnormality (normal more likely to be pregnant), postpartum disease occurrence (healthy cows more likely to be pregnant), milk production, and days in milk. Treatment was not significant for the d-42 pregnancy rate. Effects of postpartum disease, milk production, and days in milk on the d-42 pregnancy rate were apparently manifested through their effects on embryonic loss between d 28 and 42 of pregnancy. High-producing cows that received TAI early postpartum were most likely to experience embryonic loss. Day-42 pregnancy rates after the resynchronization treatment were affected by an interaction of the first synchronization treatment with the resynchronization treatment. We concluded that although PGPG can be used for TAI, a simpler TAI protocol that includes the last 2 injections (PGF 2α , 2 d; GnRH and TAI) would be equally effective.
The production of undegraded cytosine-containing DNA by bacteriophage T4 in the absence of dCTPase and endonucleases II and IV, and its effects on T4-directed protein synthesis

We have studied the in vivo effects of T4 endonucleases II and IV on the cytosine-containing T4 DNA made after infection of Escherichia coli B with dCTPase amber mutants of bacteriophage T4. Both nucleases are specific for cytosine-containing DNA; endonuclease II is a nickase, and endonuclease IV is specific for single-stranded stretches of DNA. The small amount of DNA made by dCTPase amber mutants is rapidly degraded; in contrast, the (dCTPase, endonuclease II, endonuclease IV) mutant makes normal amounts of DNA. Although this cytosine-containing T4 DNA is actually larger than that made by T4D + , as determined by both neutral and alkaline density-gradient sedimentation, no viable phage particles are produced. The relative importance of the two nucleases in the degradation process differs from that observed previously for host DNA degradation. Degradation of cytosine-containing T4 DNA is largely prevented by abolishing endonuclease IV alone but occurs normally in the absence of endonuclease II, whereas the reverse is true for host DNA degradation. Possible reasons for this disparity are discussed. To determine the reason for the non-viability of the (dcTPase, endonuclease II, endonuclease IV) triple mutant, we have studied the in vivo patterns of protein synthesis. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we find that the synthesis of all late proteins we can analyze is almost totally abolished when cytosine replaces hydroxymethylcytosine in the progeny DNA, even though DNA degradation has been prevented by the nuclease mutations. In fact, substantially more late-protein synthesis is seen with T4 mutants totally defective in DNA synthesis than when the progeny DNA contains cytosine rather than hydroxymethyl-cytosine. Only with gene 45 or 55 mutants, both of which affect RNA polymerase alterations, is the block of late-protein synthesis more stringent. In contrast, the timing of shutoff of early-enzyme synthesis is almost normal, although there is some overproduction of most early enzymes. Those proteins synthesized by T4D + throughout the infection cycle are produced in similar manner and amounts by our triple mutant, except that the gene 32 protein is grossly overproduced, as it is after infection with certain other mutants that make aberrant unencapsulated DNA.
Necrotizing sialometaplasia in a patient with Buerger's disease and Raynaud's phenomenon

This report describes a case of necrotizing sialometaplasia (NS) in a patient diagnosed as having Buerger's disease with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. The danger of misdiagnosing NS as a malignant lesion is emphasized. Possible causal relationships between the patient's medical condition and the lesion are discussed.
Graduate Students' Semantic Judgments of Practice Methods Both before and after Their First Academic Year in Social Work:

32 social work students were tested before and after their first year of graduate training, using a Semantic Differential to rate Caseworker, Group Worker, Research Social Worker, Social Worker, and Me-As-A-Student. Ratings from 23 faculty and field instructors were obtained (excluding Me-As-A-Student). Students rated less like their mentors at the end of one academic year. They rated Me-As-A-Student similarly to all concepts (P < .01), except Caseworkers, at the end of one year. The Semantic Differential is considered a useful instrument for assessing students' judgments.
Effect of Milk Quality and Low Temperature Storage on Cheese Yield—A Summation

Abstract The effect of low temperature storage and milk quality on cheese yield was investigated. Raw milk was stored at 5, 7.5, and 10°C; grade A milk was stored for 6 to 12 d and manufacturing grade milk for up to 6 d. At 1-d (manufacturing grade) and 2-d (grade A) intervals, aliquots from each treatment were pasteurized and manufactured into cheese, and the resulting yield was compared with that obtained on d 0 for manufacturing and grade A milks, respectively. Each treatment was terminated when stored milk coagulated when pasteurized. Increase in total bacterial count ranged from one log cycle for high count manufacturing grade milk to more than three log cycles for low count grade A milk. Similar changes were observed for proteolytic and psychrotrophic populations. As stationary populations were approached, essentially all organisms were psychrotrophic, and most were proteolytic and lipolytic. Cheese yield was affected by initial psychrotrophic populations and length of time raw milk was stored. Recovery of cheese solids decreased by approximately .5% for manufacturing grade milk per day of storage up to 4 d. Further storage increased the loss of cheese solids, and loss of cheese yield correlated with increase in bacterial population. Yield loss appeared to be due to exocellular enzymes causing breakdown of proteins and fats. Protein degradation was accompanied by increased moisture in the curd. Cheese quality decreased as psychrotrophic populations increased. After pasteurization high count stored raw milk contained enough psychrotrophs to dominate the aging process, producing gassy unclean cheese. Stored milk cheese had a weak body with bitter flavors typical of that produced by heat-stable proteolytic enzymes.
Development and Application of Fault-Withstand Standards for Power Transformers

After five years of effort, a working group of the IEEE Transformers Committee completed work on one of the most important new electrical standards to be developed in recent years, the Transformer Through Fault Current Duration Guide. This document defines the exposure limits of liquid-immersed transformers to short circuit currents, and establishes fault withstand guidelines for all conditions of service. This paper provides a description of these new standards and a brief history of how and why they were developed.
The enzymic oxidation of gentisic acid.

Abstract A cell-free bacterial preparation is described which can oxidatively cleave gentisic acid to yield maleylpyruvic acid. In the presence of GSH this preparation can be made to catalyze the isomerization and hydrolysis of maleylpyruvate to yield fumaric and pyruvic acids. Other sulfhydryl-containing compounds cannot replace reduced glutathione.
Crack identification in a freely vibrating plate using Bayesian parameter estimation

Abstract In this paper a new approach is proposed for identifying the presence and location of a crack in a simply supported plate undergoing free vibration. Specifically, the approach uses a Markov-chain Monte-Carlo implementation of Bayes’ Rule to estimate the crack parameters (i.e., its location, orientation, and size) and their probability distributions. Special attention is paid to developing a fast and accurate forward model for the response of the cracked plate. To generate the required time series, a semi-analytical free response is calculated using an FEM based eigen-solution. To speed up the simulations, modified elements are used at the crack tips; this permits a more course mesh without sacrificing accuracy. The approach is demonstrated to be effective at identifying all of the crack parameters. Furthermore, a natural by-product of this method is that it also provides a confidence (credible) interval for each of these parameters. The results show the utility and accuracy of this method in identifying cracks of various sizes, orientations, and locations.
A pseudo-plaque method for infectious particle assay and clonal isolation of adeno-associated virus

A colorimetric method has been developed for the detection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) infectious centers in cell culture monolayers. Due to its non-cytopathic nature, AAV has not been amenable to the traditional plaque assay, involving an agar overlay and cellular stains. As a result, an alternate method was required. The pseudo-plaque assay is based on enzyme-catalyzed color development after a fixed cell monolayer is probed with anti-AAV monoclonal antibodies. In spite of chemical fixation, expected to damage the viral genomes and particles, infectious particles can be recovered and amplified for the propagation of viral clones.
From harena to Cena : Trimalchio'S capis ( Sat . 52.1–3)

Trimalchio is such an established figure of fun in the Satyricon that commentators have been content to note the myths that he jumbles together in his description of his tableware here, without going much further. Clearly his scyphoi portray Medea and her dead children, not Cassandra, and we assume that he can recognize gladiatorial fights when he sees them. Heretofore lacking is any discussion of what scene was actually represented on the capis he acquired from his patron and whether the reader of the Satyricon is meant to be able to decode the scene which Trimalchio so flagrantly misinterprets.
Three-Dimensional Shape Description Using the Symmetric Axis Transform I: Theory

Blum's two-dimensional shape description method based on the symmetric axis transform (SAT) is generalized to three dimensions. The method uniquely decomposes an object into a collection of sub-objects each drawn from three separate, but not completely independent, primitive sets defined in the paper: width primitives, based on radius function properties; axis primitives, based on symmetric axis curvatures; and boundary primitives, based on boundary surface curvatures. Width primitives are themselves comprised of two components: slope districts and curvature districts. Visualizing the radius function as if it were the height function of some mountainous terrain, each slope district corresponds to a mountain face together with the valley below it. Curvature districts further partition each slope district into regions that are locally convex, concave, or saddle-like. Similarly, axis (boundary) primitives are regions of the symmetric surface where the symmetric surface (boundary surfaces) are locally convex, concave, or saddle-like. Relations among the primitive sets are discussed.
Detecting localized homogeneous anomalies over spatio-temporal data

The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented growth in availability of data having spatio-temporal characteristics. Given the scale and richness of such data, finding spatio-temporal patterns that demonstrate significantly different behavior from their neighbors could be of interest for various application scenarios such as--weather modeling, analyzing spread of disease outbreaks, monitoring traffic congestions, and so on. In this paper, we propose an automated approach of exploring and discovering such anomalous patterns irrespective of the underlying domain from which the data is recovered. Our approach differs significantly from traditional methods of spatial outlier detection, and employs two phases--(i) discovering homogeneous regions, and (ii) evaluating these regions as anomalies based on their statistical difference from a generalized neighborhood. We evaluate the quality of our approach and distinguish it from existing techniques via an extensive experimental evaluation.
1733 THEOPHYLLINE REDUCES HYPOXIC VENTILATORY DEPRESSION WITHOUT NCREASING CATECHOLAMINES

Theophylline (T) reduces hypoxic ventilatory depression in newborn pig lets and can enhance the release of catecholamines (CATs) which in turn may stimulate ventilation. To determine if the effect of T on ventilation was due to the release of CATs, we measured plasma CATs and ventilation in two groups of spontaneously breathing newborn piglets <4 days old treated with either T (n=7) or normal saline (NS) (n=6) both during normoxia and hypoxia. The piglets were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine, intubated and the femoral artery catheterized o Epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) were measured before and 30 minutes after treatment with T (15 mg/kg) or NS. The animals were exposed to 10% oxygen and the CATs remeasured after 5 minutes of hypoxia. Respiratory rate (RR), expiratory flow integrated to minute ventilation (Ve), heart rate and blood pressure were continuously recorded. CATs were assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Treatment with T during normoxla was associated with an increase in tidal volume. During hypoxia treatment with T prevented the falI in Ve and RR seen in the NS group. EPI and NE increased during hypoxia but there was no difference between the groups at 5 minutes. In our model the increase in CATs observed during hypoxia was not enhanced by T. This is consistent with the hypothesis that some mechanism other than catecholamine release is responsible for the effect of T in reducing neonatal hypoxic respiratory depression.
Particle Aspect-Ratio and Agglomeration-State Effects on the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Aqueous Suspensions of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

The effective thermal conductivities of aqueous nanofluids containing surfactant-stabilized multiwalled carbon nanotubes were measured and compared with the predictions of effective medium theory (Nan, C.-W, et al., 1997, "Effective Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Composites With Interfacial Thermal Resistance, " J. Appl. Phys., 81(10), pp. 6692―6699). Detailed characterization of nanotube morphology was carried out through electron microscopy, while the nanotube agglomeration state was monitored through optical microscopy and absorption measurements. An optimum surfactant-to-nanotube mass ratio was found for the particular surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, which resulted in the greatest increase in thermal conductivity. Taking into consideration the volume-weighted aspect ratio of the nanotubes, the measured thermal conductivities of the suspensions were shown to be in good agreement with calculations for a reasonable choice of interfacial resistance on the particle/liquid interface. The effect of particle aspect ratio on the suspension's thermal conductivity was further demonstrated and compared with theory by reducing the nanotube length through intense ultrasonication. The effect of particle aggregation on the thermal conductivity was also investigated by destabilizing previously stable suspensions with ethanol addition, which causes surfactant desorption and bundling of nanotubes. The measured thermal conductivities were correlated with absorption measurements and microscopic visualizations to show that particle aggregation decreases the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid by reducing the effective particle aspect ratio.
Highly Photoactive Titanyl Phthalocyanine Polymorphs as Textured Donor Layers in Organic Solar Cells

We present a comparison of the photovoltaic activity of organic solar cells (OPVs) based on vacuum-deposited and solvent-annealed titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) donor layers with C60 as the electron acceptor, where the TiOPc donor layer exists in three different polymorphic forms: TiOPc included the “as-deposited” form, with a Q-band absorbance spectrum reminiscent of the phase I polymorph, and films subjected to solvent annealing which systematically increased the fraction of either the phase II (α-phase) or the phase III (γ-TiOPc) polymorphs. As-deposited TiOPc/C60 heterojunctions showed open-circuit photopotentials (VOC) of ca. 0.65 V, with estimated AM 1.5G efficiencies of ca. 1.4%. Partial conversion of these thin films to their phase II or phase III polymorphs significantly enhanced the short-circuit photocurrent (JSC), as a result of (i) texturing of the TiOPc layers (ca. 100 nm length scales) and (ii) enhancements in near-IR absorptivity/photoelectrical activity. All TiOPc/C60 heterojunctions, cha...