cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition: The Significance of the Carter Years in American Fiscal and Budgetary Policy

By re-examining the fiscal and budgetary priorities of the Carter administration at its 30th anniversary, this article offers a different view from previous studies about Carter policies. The author proposes three things: first, that the late-1970s were a transition from the Liberalist Movement in the prior half century to conservatism in economics and public attitude toward government; second, that the Carter administration filled in those years; and finally that in hindsight it could have been the administration's mission to launch the transition and push it through the initial difficulties. Placing the Carter presidency into its historical, political and economic context, the paper checks the intellectual development in this country till the 1970s, offering a new rationale for the mission of the Carter administration and explanations for its frustration. The paper concludes that by electing Jimmy Carter, Americans chose the right person to lead the transition and that the Carter administration finished its mission, though it could have been accomplished more beautifully.
MAXIMUM TENSOR ANALYZING POWER Ayy = 1 IN THE 3He(d,p) 4He REACTION

Abstract An evaluation of recent polarization measurements on the 3 He( d → ,p) 4 He reaction shows that the experimental values of the efficiency A yy reach unity near E d =9 MeV and ϑ CM = 27°. The use of extreme values in the calibration of polarizations and in the analysis of reactions is discussed.
Improved Logistics Planning Through Mathematical Models

An integrated set of mathematical models has been developed for use in the identification and quantitative measurement of logistics problems, and the prediction of probable results of proposed changes or corrective actions. The models can be used individually or in various combinations. Used together, they provide the logistics planner with a means for making a complete analysis of requirements for logistics and operations during any phase of a weapon system program.
Globalization, Lawyers, and India: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis of Globalization Studies and the Sociology of the Legal Profession

Despite the importance of globalization for Indian lawyers, there have been surprisingly few attempts to integrate the rich scholarship on the processes of globalization with the sociology of the Indian legal profession, and to conceptualize and explain major recent legal developments in India in this context. This article uses three globalization processes – economic globalization, globalization of knowledge and globalization of governance – as lenses for analyzing the Indian legal profession. It argues that understanding these processes and their intersections can help frame a much needed empirical investigation into the globalization of the legal profession in India, and possibly in other major emerging economies.
CFD Validation of Gas Injection in Flowing Mercury Over Vertical Smooth and Grooved Wall

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) is an accelerator-based neutron source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).The nuclear spallation reaction occurs when a proton beam hits liquid mercury. This interaction causes thermal expansion of the liquid mercury which produces high pressure waves. When these pressure waves hit the target vessel wall, cavitation can occur and erode the wall. Research and development efforts at SNS include creation of a vertical protective gas layer between the flowing liquid mercury and target vessel wall to mitigate the cavitation damage erosion and extend the life time of the target. Since mercury is opaque, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) may be used as a diagnostic tool to visualize the behavior of the liquid mercury and guide the experimental efforts. In this study, CFD simulations of three dimensional, unsteady, turbulent, two-phase flow of helium gas injection in flowing liquid mercury over smooth, vertically grooved and horizontally grooved walls are carried out with the commercially available CFD code Fluent-12 from ANSYS. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) model is used to track the helium-mercury interface. V-shaped vertical and horizontal grooves with 0.5 mm pitch and about 0.7 mm depth were machined in the transparent wall of acrylic test sections. Flow visualization data of helium gas coverage through transparent test sections is obtained with a high-speed camera at the ORNL Target Test Facility (TTF). The helium gas mass flow rate is 8 mg/min and introduced through a 0.5 mm diameter port. The inlet mercury mass flow rate is 51 kg/s and the predicted local mercury velocity is 0.9 m/s. In this paper, the helium gas flow rate and the local mercury velocity are kept constant for the three cases. Time integration of predicted helium gas volume fraction over time is done to evaluate the gas coverage and calculate the average thickness of the helium gas layer. The predicted time-integrated gas coverage over vertically grooved and horizontally grooved test sections is better than over a smooth wall. The simulations show that the helium gas is trapped inside the grooves.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Weight and shape overconcern and emotional eating in binge eating disorder

Objective This study investigated two issues: the level of weight and shape concerns, and the self-reported tendency to eat in response to negative emotions among obese individuals with binge eating disorder (BED), eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), and no eating disorder (CONTROL). Method: On the basis of demographic and diagnostic surveys, 156 participants in a weight loss program were categorized on two dimensions, eating disorder category and weight (BED vs. EDNOS vs. CONTROL/low vs. high body mass index), yielding a 2 × 3 experimental design. Results: Individuals with BED reported a greater tendency to eat in response to negative mood states than CONTROL subjects and low weight EDNOS subjects, but not high weight EDNOS subjects. Weight did not influence self-reported weight and shape concerns. Individuals with BED expressed greater concern for weight and shape than non-eating disordered CONTROLs. Discussion: The findings suggest that overconcern with weight and shape be further investigated as a diagnostic feature of BED and that emotional eating is associated with BED but not obesity per se. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An improved transfection assay for evaluating the effects of heavy metals.

The transfection assay is an important tool for evaluating the health effects of industrial chemicals, with the reporter gene expression as an indicator. However, heavy metals often influence the expression of the reference plasmids used to correct variations in transfection efficiency between assay plates, reducing the reliability of this assay. We found that the target of heavy metals is the reporter, rather than the promoter used in the reference plasmid. Of the reporters we tested, luciferase (Luc) enzyme activity was affected by heavy metals, whereas gene product levels of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) or β-galactosidase (βGal) gene were not. Neither heavy metals nor extracts from cells exposed to heavy metals showed an effect when directly added to the Luc enzyme, suggesting that heavy metals act through an indirect mechanism. These data indicate that the use of CAT or βGal as a reporter is appropriate for a reliable assay of heavy metal effects.
PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS OF FAULTING IN A GOPRESSURED SEDIMENTARY BASIN

On the basis of the triaxial stress concept, the tectonic stress required for faulting and sliding in a sedimentary basin can be estimated. The horizontal tectonicstress necessary for thrust faulting, for example, increases with depth from the surface to about 9,000 ft (2.7 km), and decreases below 9,000 ft (2.7 km), primarily because of a changing Poisson's ratio. Changing the vertical effective stress caused by generation of abnormal fluid pressure would also change the tectonic stress requirements for faulting. The internal friction of sedimentary rocks in the subsurface must be exceeded by the tectonic stress applied to the basin for faulting or sliding to take place. Estimates of the internal friction suggest that there is a high probability of faulting at depth if there are thick undercompacted and geopressured sections. Diapirs may also occur in such a physical environment. If the sedimentary rocks are normally compacted and the fluid pressure is hydrostatic from the surface to depth, on the other hand, the rocks are generally too rigid to cause any significant sliding. There would be very little chance of faulting and diapirism in such a case. The concepts developed in this paper may have a practical application in the under-standing of the physical conditions and constraints of faulting and diapirism in a relatively-young sedimentary basin with significant geopressuring at depth.
Influence of orotic acid on caprine lipid metabolism

Abstract 1. 1. The oral administration of small quantities of orotic acid, in aqueous suspension, to lactating goats causes depression of serum lipoproteins and milk production. 2. 2. The lipid and protein moieties of the low-density lipoproteins decrease to 25 and 47 per cent of normal levels respectively. 3. 3. The relative percentages of the different lipid classes of the low-density lipoproteins showed little variation during the experimental period. 4. 4. Large quantities of short- and medium-chain-length fatty acids were associated with the triglycerides of the low-density lipoproteins following administration of orotic acid. 5. 5. Dietary orotic acid also depressed milk production.
Explicit inverse radiative transfer algorithm for estimating embedded sources from external radiance measurements

An explicit inverse radiative transfer algorithm has been developed to estimate the spatial distribution of a radiant energy source, embedded within a homogeneous plane-parallel medium that can both absorb and scatter light, from measurements of the radiance at its boundaries. The algorithm can be used with fluorescent sources for applications in a variety of fields such as medical imaging and ocean optics. Since the source estimation is done explicitly this algorithm could be used as a starting condition for iterative schemes. The algorithm is intended for use with a beam-expanded laser normally-incident on a target possessing a flat surface, exciting fluorescence at a different wavelength. The algorithm requires that the angle- dependent radiance distribution be measured over incident and outward directions at both boundaries of a slab and that the optical properties of the medium are known a priori. General boundary conditions as well as anisotropic sources can be treated. The algorithm is presented along with some numerical results for a variety of source distributions with a medium modeled as tissue. The results suggest that this algorithm provides a promising way to explicitly estimate the spatial distribution of an embedded source in a participating medium.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relation of Economic Depression to Delinquency, Crime, and Drunkenness in Massachusetts

Resume Dans cette etude statistique on a essaye de decouvrir toutes les relations signifiantes possibles entre les grands changements des conditions economiques et le delit dans un Etat representatif. Les conclusions les plus importantes tirees sont les suivantes: (1) Tous les crimes de vol parmi les adultes ont beaucoup augmente pendant la crise qui a commence en 1930. En faisant des comparaisons an par an de 1920 a 1931, on a trouve en 9 cas sur 11 que lorsque le chomage a augmente, le vol a augmente; et lorsque le chomage a diminue, le vol a diminue. (2) Il se montre un retard entre le commencement du homage et l'augumentation des crimes de vol et de larcin par les adultes. (3) Les violations des lois des automobiles ont en general diminue avec le chomage. (4) Les arrěts pour les violations des lois des boissons alcooliques ont beaucoup diminue depuis 1929. Cependant, puisque l'attitude changee du publique a l'egard des lois boissons a tant influe sur le nombre des arrěts, on n'a pu arriver a une concl...
Scale issues in soil moisture modelling: problems and prospects:

Soil moisture storage is an important component of the hydrological cycle and plays a key role in land-surface-atmosphere interaction. The soil-moisture storage equation in this study considers precipitation as an input and soil moisture as a residual term for runoff and evapotranspiration. A number of models have been developed to estimate soil moisture storage and the components of the soil-moisture storage equation. A detailed discussion of the impli cation of the scale of application of these models reports that it is not possible to extrapolate processes and their estimates from the small to the large scale. It is also noted that physically based models for small-scale applications are sufficiently detailed to reproduce land-surface- atmosphere interactions. On the other hand, models for large-scale applications oversimplify the processes. Recently developed physically based models for large-scale applications can only be applied to limited uses because of data restrictions and the problems associate...
Improved Method for Rotor Wake Capturing

An accurate simulation of rotor aerodynamics has been a challenging problem for the computational e uid dynamicscommunity,largelybecausenumericaldiffusion inthetypicallycoarsegridsaway from thebladesseriously degrades the prediction of the returning wakes. A numerical scheme is proposed to improve the reconstruction stage of a MUSCL approach in the framework of a e nite volume formulation. A fourth-order upwind scheme, based on the interpolation of the local characteristic variables in the reconstruction stage, is applied instead of the conventional third-order upwind-biased scheme. Different slope limitersare applied to different characteristic e elds to reduce the numerical dissipation of entropy and shear waves. We have implemented the proposed scheme into the TURNS code. Numerical results for a hover case show a signie cant improvement in the wake capturing capability over the baseline TURNS code.
Threonine 429 of Escherichia coli σ70 is a Key Participant in Promoter DNA Melting by RNA Polymerase

Abstract Initiation of transcription is an important target for regulation of gene expression. In bacteria, the formation of a transcription-competent complex between RNA polymerase and a promoter involves DNA strand separation over a stretch of about 14 base pairs. Aromatic and basic residues in conserved region 2.3 of Escherichia coli σ70 had been found to participate in this process, but it is still unclear which amino acid residues initiate it. Here we report an essential role for threonine (T) at position 429 of σ70: its substitution by alanine (T429A) results in the largest decrease in open complex formation yet observed for any single substitution in region 2.3. Promoter recognition itself is not affected by T429A substitution, thus providing evidence for a role of T429 in the strand-separation step. Our data are consistent with a model where the T429 would act as a competitor for the hydrogen bonding that stabilizes the highly conserved − 11A-T base pairs of the promoter DNA, thus facilitating initiation of strand separation at this particular position in the − 10 region. This model suggests an active role for RNA polymerase in disrupting the − 11 base pair, rather than just capturing the − 11A subsequent to spontaneous unpairing.
Neuropsychological and behavioral sequelae of amitriptyline overdose in infancy

Abstract This study reports on the neuropsychological and behavioral problems of a 3 1 2 year-old boy who was poisoned by his Nanny with a massive dose of amitriptyline hydrochloride subsequent to a period of supranormal development. At the age of 8 months, the child was discovered at home in respiratory distress (he was “blue and not breathing”). Blood gases and toxin screens revealed a serum level of 1065 ng/ml for amitriptyline. The parents have reported a series of serious behavioral and emotional problems since this incident. Neuropsychological data gathered recently at the age of 3 1 2 years indicated a variety of nonfocal signs. Language development, serial processing skills, and attentional mechanisms showed the greatest degree of impairment.
The Fontan circulation and right parietal craniotomy for seizures: the challenges of adult congenital heart disease

The management of a patient who had previously undergone surgical palliation of tricuspid atresia at the age of two, and who required right parietal craniotomy for resection of seizure focus, is presented. The anesthetic considerations in patients with Fontan physiology are also presented, as well as the impact on patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures, specifically, craniotomy for seizure focus resection. The physiologic demands of modern surgical practice requires that there is a thorough understanding of the complex circulations that exist in patients with congenital heart disease.
Aerodynamic characteristics of scissor-wing geometries

A scissor-wing configuration, consisting of two independently sweeping-wing surfaces, is compared with an equivalent fixed-wing geometry baseline over a wide Mach number range. The scissor-wing configuration is shown to have a higher total lift-to-drag ratio than the baseline in the subsonic region primarily due to the slightly higher aspect ratio of the unswept scissor wing. In the transonic region, the scissor wing is shown to have a higher lift-to-drag ratio than the baseline for values of lift coefficient greater than 0.35. It is also shown that, through the use of wing decalage, the lift of the two independent scissor wings can be equalized. In the supersonic regime, the zero lift wave drag of the scissor-wing at maximum sweep is shown to be 50 and 28 percent less than the zero lift wave drag of the baseline at Mach numbers 1.5 and 3.0, respectively. In addition, a pivot-wing configuration is introduced and compared with the scissor wing. The pivot-wing configuration is shown to have a slightly higher total lift-to-drag ratio than the scissor wing in the supersonic region due to the decreased zero lift wave drag of the pivot-wing configuration.
On the affordances of the MaxEP principle

Optimality principles have long been popular in the natural sciences and enjoyed much successes in various applications. However these principles seem to be disparate, each applied in limited contexts and there are far too many of them causing some consternation among scientists and philosophers of science regarding the ad-hoc nature of the optimality arguments. In this paper, we discuss the Maximum entropy production (MaxEP) as a plausible over-arching principle to understand stable configurations in fluid mechanics and related problems. The MaxEP being based upon sound physical arguments and in the immutable laws of thermodynamics along with the fact that it has been successfully co-opted across disciplines makes it worthy of attention. We discuss various physical and metaphysical aspects of this principle and use it to analyze some model problems regarding patterns in particle sedimentation such as sedimentation of a particle in Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and stable deformation of a falling droplet.
Behavior of Pythium torulosum Zoospores During Their Interaction with Tobacco Roots and Bacillus cereus

Bacillus cereus UW85 suppresses seedling damping-off diseases caused by Oomycetes and produces antibiotics that inhibit development of Oomycetes in culture. The goal of this study was to determine how UW85 and its antibiotics affected the behavior of an Oomycete, Pythium torulosum, in its interaction with plant roots. We studied tobacco seedlings inoculated with zoospores of P. torulosum and UW85 culture, culture filtrate, washed cells, antibiotics (zwittermicin A or kanosamine), purified from cultures of UW85, and UW030, a mutant of UW85 that does not suppress disease and does not produce the antibiotics. Microscopic observation revealed that all of the treatments inhibited zoospore activity around roots and encystment on roots. Treatment with UW85 culture, culture filtrate, zwittermicin A, or kanosamine delayed cyst germination and the elongation rate of germ tubes, whereas treatment with UW030 or washed UW85 cells did not. In an in vitro seedling bioassay of disease suppression, the antibiotics, zwittermicin A and kanosamine, suppressed disease singly or together, although UW85 culture suppressed disease more effectively than did the antibiotics. The results show that B. cereus cultures affect zoospore behavior in the presence of roots, and B. cereus-produced antibiotics, zwittermicin A and kanosamine, contribute to disease suppression and inhibition of germ tube elongation in the presence of the plant root.
A selected ion flow tube study of the reactions of a sequence of ions with amines

Abstract In seeking a viable pathway from interstellar species to more complex organics such as the amino acids glycine and alanine, it is possible that through a joining of amine and carboxyl functional groups, a product of interest may be obtained. As a prelude to such a study, the ion–molecule reactions of the simple ions N + , N 2 + , Ar + , CO 2 + , CO + , and O 2 + as well as the protonated species, HCOOH 2 + , CH 3 COOH 2 + , and HC(OH)OCH 3 + , with reactant gases CH 3 NH 2 and CH 3 CH 2 NH 2 have been investigated in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) at 298 K. The neutral amines fragmented to some degree in all cases when reacted with ion species containing no acidic protons, fragmenting more with increasing recombination energy of the primary ion; whereas, the amines readily accept a proton from the protonated acids and methyl formate ions. The rate coefficients of these reactions have also been determined showing that they are nearly all gas kinetic with the ethylamine reaction rate coefficients tending to be slightly less than their methylamine counterparts.
Incentive Alignment, CEO Pay Level, and Firm Performance: A Case of “Heads I Win, Tails You Lose”?

In recent years, rewarding CEOs with long-term forms of compensation (e.g., stock options, performance plans, restricted stock) has become more popular than using year-end pay adjustments. Surprisingly, there is little empirical evidence to support the benefits of this trend. This study found that the benefits of long-term compensation flowed primarily to CEOs as they received significantly greater levels of total compensation than CEOs in firms that emphasized year-end pay adjustments. Paradoxically, however, firms that emphasized year-end pay adjustments performed significantly better than firms that were heavy users of long-term forms of contingent compensation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessing fault displacement and off-fault deformation in an extensional tectonic setting using 3-D ground-penetrating radar imaging

Abstract High-resolution geophysical imaging can aid in the study of active faults by providing subsurface information about the geologic structure and deformational patterns present. We collected ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data across the active Emigrant Peak Fault in order to image and quantify fault displacement and assess off-fault deformation in an alluvial fan setting. The Emigrant Peak Fault in Fish Lake Valley, Nevada, is part of the northwest-striking, right-lateral Walker Lane-Eastern California Shear Zone that accommodates a portion of the North America-Pacific plate boundary strain. The normal fault displacement along this northeast-striking fault plays an instrumental role in transferring right-lateral deformation through a regional releasing bend. The GPR surveys span the Emigrant Peak Fault and adjacent alluvial fan and consist of a high-resolution 50 MHz 3-D grid and a longer 25 MHz 2-D line. The 3-D grid covers an area of 115 m by 500 m straddling the fault, while the 2-D GPR data form a 1500 m long line perpendicular to the active trace of the Emigrant Peak Fault. Depth of imaging ranges between ~ 25 m for the 50 MHz data and ~ 40 m for the 25 MHz data. GPR data exhibit structural geometries dominated by NW-dipping normal faulting and corresponding antithetic faults. Near the main fault strand, alluvial fan strata dip consistently to the NW while the stratigraphic architecture becomes more complex in the down-dip direction, including colluvial wedges and small graben structures. At the main fault, GPR imaged reflectors showing offset of 1–2 m, which is in agreement with the minimum displacement observed at the youngest terraces along the fault scarp. Radar data reveal considerable off-the-main-fault deformation and complex structures not evident in surface observations, aerial photography, and differential GPS digital elevation models. Rapid rejuvenation of the active alluvial fan likely erases any surface expression of deformation away from the main fault. This study provides further evidence that 3-D subsurface imaging is necessary for accurate determination of fault displacement and off-fault deformation of active fault zones.
Nucleation and crystal growth of calcium oxalate trihydrate

Abstract The crystallization of calcium oxalate has been studied in stirred and unstirred aqueous solutions containing near stoichiometric concentrations of calcium and oxalate ions in the concentration range 9.6 × 10-5 M to 9.8 × 10-4 M. For stirred conditions in the temperature range 10–37° C calcium oxalate trihydrate was the initial precipitating phase and its growth kinetics were described using an equation relating the rate of crystallization to the square of the supersaturation in solution. The calculated rate constants for crystal growth were independentof stirring rate and temperature. Both calcium oxalate monohydrate and trihydrate crystallized from unstirred solutions. Morphologies of the two crystalline hydrates are compared and related to their growth kinetics.
Challenges and successes in managing oak wilt in the United States

Oak wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) J. Hunt, is an important disease of oaks (Quercus spp.) in the eastern United States. It has been particularly destructive in the North Central states and Texas. Oak wilt is one of several significant oak diseases that threaten oak health worldwide. The significant gains made in our knowledge of the biology and epidemiology of this vascular wilt disease during the past six decades has led to development of various management strategies.
Matrices with zero trace

LetM n(F) denote the algebra ofn-square matrices with elements in a fieldF. In this paper we show that ifM ∈M n(F) has zero trace thenM=AB−BA for certainA, B ∈ M n(F), withA nilpotent and traceB=0, apart from some exceptional cases whenn=2 or 3. We also determine whenM=MB−BM for someB ∈ M n(F).
Possible methods of searching for a weak neutral current in e+ + e− → μ+ + μ−

Abstract The possibility of observing interference between a weak interaction amplitude and an electromagnetic amplitude in the reaction e + e − → μ + μ − is enhanced by the expectation that the circulating e + and e − beams in a storage ring are polarized. We discuss the salient features of a possible experiment, utilizing that polarization, which allows a search for a primitive weak neutral current to be made at high center of mass energy in that purely leptonic system.
Organic light-emitting device operational stability at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract The operational stability dependence on temperature of an organic light-emitting device (OLED) with a bathocuproine (BCP) blocking layer (BL) is examined. The OLED operated at 20 K has a factor of 5 increase in the operational stability compared to an identical device operated at 300 K. The small increase in stability or decrease in the rate of degradation suggests that the activation energy associated with the degradation process is ≪100 meV. Additionally, the operational stability, at 20 K, of a BL = BCP device is shown to be equivalent to the operational stability of an OLED with an aluminum(III)bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)4-phenylphenolate (BAlq) BL. Given that the glass transition temperature of BCP is lower than BAlq, and that bond cleavage, and intermolecular chemical reactions have >100 meV activation energies, we suggest that the operational instability of BCP BL OLEDs is due to BCPs low glass transition temperature.
Farm size and non traditional exports: Determinants of participation in world markets

Abstract This paper examines irrigated grape production by small and large farms in the Sao Francisco Valley (Bahia/Pernambuco) of Northeastern Brazil. It argues that while small farms have lower costs in producing these nontraditional export crops, they are vulnerable because they do not have secure access to postharvest transport and marketing services. The paper also argues that large grape firms have been able to maintain a dominant presence in export grape production because of the presence of a large supply of labor (largely female) and because of weak labor legislation which allows them to reduce the cost of labor in various ways.
Perceiving textures : beyond filtering

Abstract Classical texture segregation theory and current visual filtering models suggest that rapid texture segregation is determined by the properties of early cortical filtering. To examine this assumption, we manipulated the binocular disparity of texture elements (an L vs a bar) relative to adjoining squares. Such a manipulation has little effect on the early cortical filtered representations of the stimuli but can have a strong influence on surface representation. In particular, it can determine whether an image patch is seen as a distinct surface, in front, or part of a larger occluded surface, in back. When seen as part of an occluded surface, the distinctive shape of each texture element is reduced. Accordingly, we found that texture discrimination performance was impaired when the texture elements had uncrossed disparities (“back” case). Additional experiments indicated that this result was not due to the disparity manipulation alone, but occurred only when each texture element was perceived as part of an occluded surface. We conclude that in rapid texture discrimination, the visual system cannot ignore information regarding surface layout. This suggests that for purposes of texture perception, either: (a) the visual system has no access to the filtered image or (b) one cannot entertain the concept of a filtered image uninfluenced by higher order surface processing.
Determination of limb bud chondrocytes during a transient block of the cell cycle.

Abstract The process of determination is studied by using a cell culture system derived from dissociated chick embryo limb buds. When limb bud cells obtained from embryos younger than stage 25 (undertermined) are temporarily prevented from passing through the cell cycle (either by maintaining the cells on a petri dish or in the presence of high concentrations of cyclic AMP, both of which depress thymidine-H 3 incorporation), some cells subsequently form cartilage colonies. These results support the hypothesis that a temporary block at some stage in the cell cycle causes mesoblasts to acquire the capacity to differentiate into cartilage cells.
Sleeping distance in wolf pairs in relation to the breeding season

Changes in sleeping distances in 11 pairs of wild wolves ( Canis lupus ) were studied to determine if they correlated with stages of the breeding cycle. Aerial radio-tracking and observation were the techniques used. Members of most pairs slept less than 1 m apart at least sometime during proestrus and the first half of the breeding season, but slept farther apart during the second half and after breeding. These changes might be related to differences in serum estrogen levels.
Unranked tree languages

Abstract Conventionally, tree languages have been studied under the restriction that a symbol may appear in a tree only with a fixed number of descendants (the rank of the symbol). This limitation runs contrary to the proposed uses of tree languages in syntactic pattern recognition and in mathematical linguistics. This paper presents tree languages over an unranked alphabet, unranked tree languages, where a symbol may appear in trees with an arbitrary number of descendants. In general, most properties of regular sets, including the closure properties under boolean operations, can be extended to tree languages over a ranked alphabet; but several important properties cannot be extended to unranked tree languages. The properties of unranked tree languages, grammars, and automata and the similarities and differences with conventional tree languages, grammars, and automata are analyzed. It is proved that unranked tree languages are not closed under complement, but are closed under relative complement. An algorithm is presented to construct an automation to recognize the relative complement of the languages recognized by two automata.
EVIDENCE FOR REVERSIBLE INHIBITION OF BRAIN DOPAMINE‐β‐HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN VIVO BY AMPHETAMINE ANALOGUES1

— Rats treated with d-amphctamine have a decreased ability to convert intracisternally injected radioactive dopamine to noradrenaline. This effect is dose-related and reversible by increasing the dose of injected dopamine. L-Amphetamine is equipotent to the d-isomer, but para-hydroxyamphetamine reduces noradrenaline formation only slightly. Like the amphetamines, imipramine produces significant inhibition of noradrenaline from labelled dopamine; however, dopamine content after imipramine, but not after the amphetamines, was consistently decreased, suggesting that imipramine's effect on conversion of labelled dopamine to noradrenaline is mediated by interference with membranal transport systems. Conversion of labelled tyrosine to noradrenaline increases after imipramine. In contrast, noradrenaline accumulating from labelled tyrosine is decreased by d- or l-amphetamine. The divergent effects of the amphetamines and imipramine on noradrenaline accumulation from labelled tyrosine suggest that the amphetamines' effect on in vivo dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity are not solely attributable to interference with transport and, therefore, suggest a direct effect on the enzyme.
Development and Testing of an Evaluation Procedure for User InterfaceManagement (UIMS)

A user interface management system or UIMS is an interactive system for supporting the design, production, and execution of human-computer interfaces. This paper reports on the development and empirical testing of an evaluation procedure to produce quantifiable criteria for evaluating and comparing UIMS. The form-based evaluation procedure results in quantitative ratings along two dimensions: functionality and usability. Specification/implementation techniques used by a UIMS are also quantitatively rated. An empirical study has indicated that the procedure produces reliable, useful results.
Multiple scale perturbation for second-order non-linear differential equations

Abstract Asymptotic solutions of a class of second-order non-linear differential equations with variable coefficients are studied. For large values of the parameter, the differential equations are of the singular-perturbation type and approximations are constructed by the generalized method of multiple scales.
Depoliticizing urban discourse: How “we” write

Abstract The language in which policy discussions take place can have a real impact on the policies that result, a subliminal impact that resides in what the words imply. What is a “crisis” and what “normality” is to be restored, who is the “we” that is often called on to act, who or what is “a city,” what are the goals of “resiliency, are questions obscured by the very fact that their meaning is so often taken for granted. This paper argues that many words become one-dimensional in their frequent usage, suppressing alternate meanings and implicitly endorsing the status quo. Interrogating the language used in policy analysis should be a high priority in effective and socially aware public policy research.
Abstract LB-142: Regulation of MYCN stability by reactive oxygen species in neuroblastoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Amplification of the MYCN proto-oncogene is associated with older age, rapid tumor progression, and the worst outcome of this disease. As MYCN amplification leads to its over-expression, high-level expression of MYCN is thought to cause an aggressive behavior of MYCN amplified tumors. In fact, the forced reduction of MYCN protein expression by siRNA results in growth suppression and apoptosis of NB cells with MYCN amplification. We have identified several compounds that can rapidly destabilize the MYCN protein (within a few hours), in NB cells and cause growth suppression. The compounds include FCCP, OSU-03012, and Salinomycin. Our recent data suggest that a common effect of the above compounds appears to be the inhibition of mitochondrial functions. Moreover, ascorbic acid, an anti-oxidant, abolishes the effect of these compounds on MYCN protein stability. It is known that inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Anti-oxidants are also known to quench ROS. Preliminary data showed that ROS was detected when the IMR5 NB cells were treated with OSU-03012 for three hours. In addition, we have found that forced over-expression of pVHL, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, in NB cell lines results in reduction of MYCN protein levels. We are currently testing whether ROS regulates MYCN stability by hydroxylation of proline residues on MYCN, and whether pVHL recognizes the ROS-modified MYCN, which is then subjected to rapid proteasome-dependent degradation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-142. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-142
Comparative effects of convulsant drugs on the sensory responses of neurons in the amygdala and brainstem reticular formation.

Abstract The sensory responses of neurons in the amygdala and mesencephalic reticular formation in the cat were enhanced following the intravenous administration of subconvulsant doses of bicuculline, strychnine, bemegride, pentylenetetrazol and physostigmine. The degree and intensity of the enhancement of the response was considerably greater in the reticular formation than in the amygdala. The latency of the response in simultaneously-recorded pairs of neurons in the amygdala and reticular formation was significantly shorter in the mesencephalic reticular formation. The enhancement induced by convulsants does not appear to be transmitter-specific, since enhancement was produced with sequential administration of convulsant drugs which affect γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine or acetylcholine. These findings suggest that the reticular formation is involved, to a larger degree than the amygdala, in the ability of sensory stimuli to initiate generalized convulsive seizures in animals treated with these convulsant drugs. The enhancement of the response in the hippocampus and cortex, which has previously been shown to exhibit a longer latency and a lower degree of enhancement than the reticular formation, coupled with the findings in the amygdala, suggest that the reticular formation may mediate the enhancement of the response of these other regions of the brain. The spread of the enhancement of the response to other structures in the brain via the widely distributed output pathways from the reticular formation may lead to initiation of generalized seizures by a recruitment-like process, which may involve enlargement of the sensory hyperresponsive neural network of the brain until a critical neural mass is reached and initiation of seizures results.
The Structure of Hadrons in {QCD}

We show that in QCD the instanton gas is unstable under collapse into a dense strong coupling phase. However, in the presence of color fields due to quarks, a dilute gas can coexist with the dense phase. This leads to a derivation, directly from QCD of a confining bag model of hadrons.
Perlecan: A gem of a proteoglycan

Perlecan, the main proteoglycan of basement membranes and pericellular spaces, is one of the largest single-chain polypeptides of vertebrate animals. The five modules of perlecan are collated from protein building blocks evolutionarily related to molecules involved in nutrient metabolism, mitogenesis and adhesion. These structural motifs, when translated into multimeric functional units, could be effectively utilized by diverse tissues during development, remodelling or neoplastic growth. The protein is highly conserved across species and the available data indicate that this modular proteoglycan has evolved from ancient ancestors by gene duplication and exon shuffling. The discovery of a related molecule in the nematode C. elegans, and the development of skeletal muscle abnormalities in this animal when the perlecan-like molecule is truncated, opens new avenues of research.
When does a battered woman seek help from the police? The role of battered Women's functionality

This study explores how women’s functional limitations resulting from domestic violence lead to police involvement. Examining functionality is a broader approach to exploring domestic violence outcomes than looking at injuries or impairments, and in this study we look at the social participation aspects of social functioning. One hundred eleven battered women in four metropolitan cities in the U.S. participated in anonymous telephone surveys. Approximately 80% of the battered women in the sample were involved with the police due to their experiences of domestic violence. Women’s functionality was significantly associated with battered women’s police involvement after controlling for socio-demographic and violence-related covariates. The current study identifies one aspect of women’s functioning–social participation–as a critical predictor of their seeking of help from the police, and suggests implications for practice, including the need for police and domestic violence agencies to have awareness of the concept of functional limitations within a broader context of understanding disability.
The mask of psychotic diagnoses

Chronic mental illness results in the patient becoming adhered to a DSM-IV diagnostic label. Over time, this diagnosis can expand and become a "mask" that invisibly covers over the true person of the patient. Most commonly, two things then occur. First, the outside world forgets that the patient is a person and family, friends, staff, and doctors begin to treat the patient according to the superficial aspects of what the mask of the diagnosis connotes, rather than connecting with the person struggling with the illness. Second and, perhaps, more insidious, is that the patient, who has been vulnerable and shattered by his or her experience and battle with the illness, adopts the mask as a kind of invisible protective shield. The task of making contact with the patient behind the mask of the diagnosis is therefore a formidable one for psychoanalysts and therapists and staff who work with seriously ill patients. Treatment must focus on the dual process of interfering with the patient's use of the diagnostic mask while, at the same time, making safe contact with the person of the patient behind the mask. A focus on affect can help achieve these dual goals. By utilizing Semrad's (Semrad and van Buskirk, 1969) method of noticing and asking about "feelings" as conveyed by hallucinations, delusions, or bodily sensations, a reliable relationship can evolve and the clinician can come to have an important "selfobject" (Kohut, 1971) meaning for the patient. By attuning to the patient's "vitality" affects (Stern, 1985), great stability and a new sense of "aliveness" is made possible to help the patient emerge from the deadening effects of the illness and the mask of the diagnosis.
Reactions of dirhenium heptoxide with manganese(I) and rhenium(I) hydrido, alkoxo, methylcarbonato, carbonato-bridged, and methoxymethyl complexes. The X-ray structures of fac-(CO)3(dppp)MnOReO3 and fac-(CO)3(dppp)ReOReO3

Abstract Treatment of Re2O7 with manganese(I) and rhenium(I) hydrido {fac-(CO)3(PP)MH}, alkoxo {fac-(CO)3(PP)MOR}, methylcarbonato {fac-(CO)3(PP)MOC(O)OCH3}, carbonato-bridged [(CO)3(PP)M]2{μ-OC(O)O} and methoxymethyl {fac-(CO)3(PP)MCH2OCH3} complexes, where, R is CH3 or CH2CH3, PP is dppe {1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane} or dppp {1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane}, yielded the corresponding perrhenato complexes, fac-(CO)3(PP)MOReO3 (1, M=Mn, PP=dppe; 2, M=Mn, PP=dppp; 3, M=Re, PP=dppe; 4, M=Re, PP=dppp), in moderate to excellent yield. The perrhenato complexes have been characterized spectroscopically and the molecular structures of fac-(CO)3(dppp)MnOReO3, 2 and fac-(CO)3(dppp)ReOReO3, 4 have been established through X-ray crystallography.
The Fifth Column---The Warehouse Model that Couldn't Be and the Inventory that Couldn't Be Zero

Two essays on systems analysis: 1 The warehouse model and warehouses that couldn't be, 2 The inventory that couldn't be zero.
Promoting and developing direct scribing to capture the narratives of homeless youth in special education

This article highlights the use of direct scribing to gather special education narratives of homeless youth. Direct scribing is a method of qualitative research developed in child welfare practice and adapted for research with foster youth. Its strengths include offering voice, power, and ownership of narratives to participants using minimal technology and the framework of narrativity. The article improves on the rigor of this method, highlighting considerations about “working up” or attention to interactional processes leading up to direct scribing, and the need to offer narrative power to participants. It offers a different take on interview practices including eye contact, listening, and the use of a computer screen as an interface. Through an extensive illumination of the narrativity of one participant, the preparation, process, and outcome of direct scribing are highlighted. The fit between social work values and this method is in keeping with advancing an anti-oppressive focus in research and practice.
Genome-wide Reinforcement of Cohesin Binding at Pre-existing Cohesin Sites in Response to Ionizing Radiation in Human Cells *

The cohesin complex plays a central role in genome maintenance by regulation of chromosome segregation in mitosis and DNA damage response (DDR) in other phases of the cell cycle. The ATM/ATR phosphorylates SMC1 and SMC3, two core components of the cohesin complex to regulate checkpoint signaling and DNA repair. In this report, we show that the genome-wide binding of SMC1 and SMC3 after ionizing radiation (IR) is enhanced by reinforcing pre-existing cohesin binding sites in human cancer cells. We demonstrate that ATM and SMC3 phosphorylation at Ser1083 regulate this process. We also demonstrate that acetylation of SMC3 at Lys105 and Lys106 is induced by IR and this induction depends on the acetyltransferase ESCO1 as well as the ATM/ATR kinases. Consistently, both ESCO1 and SMC3 acetylation are required for intra-S phase checkpoint and cellular survival after IR. Although both IR-induced acetylation and phosphorylation of SMC3 are under the control of ATM/ATR, the two forms of modification are independent of each other and both are required to promote reinforcement of SMC3 binding to cohesin sites. Thus, SMC3 modifications is a mechanism for genome-wide reinforcement of cohesin binding in response to DNA damage response in human cells and enhanced cohesion is a downstream event of DDR.