cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of the GCN4-DNA complex.

Abstract We report studies of the DNA complex formed by GCN4, a transcriptional activator of eukaryotic amino acid biosynthetic operons. The DNA thermodynamic binding domain, defined by primer extension analysis, spans at least 18 base pairs, a site much larger than the 9-base-pair consensus defined by homology with naturally occurring binding sites. Chemical modification experiments reveal multiple sites of protein-DNA contact: methylation of any guanine N-7 or adenine N-3, ethylation of any phosphate oxygen, or elimination of any nucleoside within a region spanning nearly one and a half turns of the double helix reduces the binding affinity of the complex measurably. Nevertheless, the protein yields no detectable hydroxyl radical footprint, implying that the minor groove is reagent-accessible in the protein-DNA complex. These chemical modification patterns indicate that GCN4 does not utilize any of the DNA-recognition motifs of paradigm DNA-binding proteins. Assays to detect DNA bending induced by truncated or intact GCN4 indicate that protein conformation and not a protein-induced bend is responsible for the anomalous electrophoretic behavior of GCN4-DNA complexes.
Predicting myelinated axon activation using spatial characteristics of the extracellular field

The computation time required for modeling the nonlinear response of an axon to an applied electric field is a significant limitation to optimizing a large number of neural interface design parameters through use of advanced computer algorithms. This paper introduces two methods of predicting axon activation that incorporate a threshold that includes the magnitude of the extracellular potential to achieve increased accuracy over previous computationally efficient methods. Each method uses a modified driving function that includes the second spatial difference of the applied extracellular voltage to predict the electrical excitation of a nerve. The first method uses the second spatial difference taken at a single node of Ranvier, while the second uses a weighted sum of the second spatial differences taken at all nodes of Ranvier. This study quantifies prediction accuracy for cases with single and multiple point source stimulating electrodes. While both new methods address the major criticism of linearized prediction models, the weighted sum method provides the most robust response across single and multiple point sources. These methods improve prediction of axon activation based on properties of the applied field in a computationally efficient manner.
Efficacy of commercial earplugs in preventing water intrusion during swimming.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the efficacy of commercially available earplugs in preventing water intrusion in healthy individuals.Study DesignExperimental study.SettingTertiary care medical cen...
Distributions of Constant Directional Derivatives and a Model of Spiral Patterns

Galaxy image analysis indicates that for any spiral galaxy image of small inclination, there is evidence of two orthogonal sets of iso-ratio curves in different scales which, like curvilinear coordinate lines, expand over different galaxy components. This result sets a constraint on galaxy patterns and its description by partial differential equation system is presented in He (2003, 2004). In the current paper, the authors present the same model directly using curvilinear coordinates and reformulate the equation system in completely different and simpler forms. A family of general solutions of the analytic spiral model is found. The solutions do present spiral patterns. This analytic method on spiral pattern study may provide a quantitative scheme for galaxy pattern analysis and shed insights on the understanding of large-scale gravitational systems.
Local Land-Development Policies and Urban Housing Values

This paper evaluates the urban housing price impacts of local state land-development policy, and suggests that local governments have multiple objectives and constraints which shape their policy stance toward growth. Based on analyses of San Francisco Bay Area suburban cities, we find that land-use policies of the local state have important housing price effects, with restrictive policies increasing average home values by approximately 15%. Findings on local motivations for use of land-use controls suggest that such policies are adopted to protect private and public consumption levels of residents and thus insure reproduction of social relations. However, constraints on development policy, deriving from historical conditions of urbanization and configuration of the local economic base; development policies of neighboring jurisdictions; and past development policies in a locality, are important factors shaping land-development policy of the local state.
Modification of DOBOB mesogen

Abstract As part of our attempt to prepare a molecular spinning machine, we synthesized a new discotic liquid crystal polymethacrylate based on taper-shaped monoesters of triethylene glycol with 3,4,5-tris(p-dodecyloxybenzyloxy-m-methoxybenzyloxy)benzoic acid (DOVOB acid). In advance of this effort, we embarked on the modification of the DOBOB mesogen to provide segmental units with the requisite mobility to produce a nanorotor. The induction of a glass transition for the taper-shaped columnar discotic mesogen 3,4,5-tris(p-dodecyloxybenzyloxy)benzoic (DOBOB) acid was achieved by attaching a methoxy group to the benzyl unit resulting in 3,4,5-tris(p-dodecyloxy-m-methoxybenzyloxy) benzoic (DOVOB) acid, using the Adam–Gibbs configurational entropy theory as the guideline. Solid state deuterium NMR techniques have been used to study the rotation dynamics of both mesogens.
Clover: Connecting technology and character education using personally-constructed animated vignettes

Schools are increasingly integrating character education to facilitate improved moral thinking and pro social behavior among students. An effective method for delivering character education is problem solving moral and social situations represented visually as animated vignettes. However, schools are rarely able to use animated vignettes since existing tools do not allow them to be easily created and having them created externally is overly expensive. In this paper, we describe the design, use, and evaluation of a computational tool that enables students to construct their own animated vignettes. By building, sharing, and responding to vignettes, students become engaged in problem solving moral and social situations. Evaluations showed that users are able to build meaningful vignettes, our tool is easy to learn and fun to use, and our tool's multimedia features are often used and well-liked. Educators can download and use our tool while researchers can draw upon our design rationale and lessons learned when building similar tools.
Activity theory as a basis for the study of work

Activity theory has been successfully applied in diverse schools of psychology with particularly extensive work in the fields of education, ergonomics, human factors and industrial-organizational psychology. However, existing efforts of translation and formulation in English suffer from certain limitations. These limitations include the blurring between Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory of the development of mind and activity theory, the restriction of activity theory in its entirety to the version offered by Leont'ev, errors in the interpretation of some basic concept and terminology, reliance on studies that use obsolete methods, and failure to consider the Russian work in activity theory in its entirety. This last problem results in the omission of the recent advances in engineering psychology and educational psychology in the former Soviet Union that facilitates the application of activity theory to practical problems. This paper is a description of the evolution of basic theory, concepts and terminolo...
The odorous Attractant of the American Cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). I. Quantitative Aspects of the Response to the Attractant.

1. Procedures have been developed for studying quantitatively the response of the male American cockroach to the odorous attractant of the female. 2. The percentage of male roaches responding to extracts of the attractant of the female has been found to vary with the log of the concentration of the attractant throughout a wide range. 3. Adaptation to the olfactory stimulus has been demonstrated. 4. A theory of adaptation is offered.
Chiral separation using a novel combination of cooling crystallization and a membrane barrier: Resolution of DL-glutamic acid

Chiral separation of racemic mixtures is essential in the production of many pharmaceutical compounds. The present work describes a novel chiral separation technique that combines cooling crystallization and a membrane separation that is used in DL-glutamic acid resolution. The process utilizes two crystallization chambers that are separated by a membrane that prevents transport of crystals from one chamber to another. Importantly, conditions must be controlled so that only a pure species crystallizes in each of the chambers. This is done by appropriate addition of seed crystals to each chamber and by restricting the formation of new crystals to secondary nucleation mechanisms. The seed crystals may grow or participate in secondary nucleation, but conditions must be controlled so as to prevent primary nucleation, which would result in the formation of both crystal species in each chamber. Experiments were conducted with different amounts of seed crystals to determine operating conditions that produce the high product yield and purity. The results show that this novel chiral separation process is promising: the product purity was over 94% (with a separation factor of 16) and the product yield was increased by as much as 56% more than could be obtained with simple cooling crystallization.
Phenoloxidase activity in the haemolymph of parasitized and unparasitized Heliothis virescens

Hymenopterous parasitoids of Heliothis virescens are able to evade the immune mechanisms of their host, especially the ability of the host to encapsulate foreign objects within a haemocyte capsule. This encapsulation is often accompanied by melanization. Our present findings show that hosts parasitized by Microplitis croceipes, Cardiochiles nigriceps and Campoletis sonorensis show changes both in the amount of melanin formed when their haemolymph is exposed to air and in the total protein as determined by the Folin phenol reagent. Furthermore, these changes are promoted by each of the three parasitoids in a different way. However, none of these parasitoids was able to alter the levels of host phenoloxidase as measured by the ability of the haemolymph to convert 4-methylcatechol to its quinone. The hymenopteran egg must therefore escape encapsulation in Heliothis in a way other than through inhibition of phenoloxidase, since the melanization reactions in the host's haemolymph are apparently unimpaired, particularly during the egg stage, by either the egg or venom of any one of the three parasitoids.
Minimax Network Flow Model for Assessing Impacts of Airport Capacity Perturbations

DOI: 10.2514/1.53975 Policy decisions that target effective utilization of the national airspace often relate to the capacities of individual airports in the system, and decisions to increase or reduce capacity (e.g., via slot restrictions) must be supported quantitatively. It is of particular interest to assess global impacts of capacity adjustments, because addressing congestion issues at one airport may have a“ripple effect” on the utilization of capacity elsewhere in the network. In this paper, an analytical model was developed that addresses system-wide implications of capacity decisions at the levelofinteractionsbetweenOperationalEvolutionPartnership35airports.Twomainelementscomprisethemodel: 1) a network flow model that describes both the capacities of Operational Evolution Partnership 35 airports and the demand for aircraft serving origin–destination traffic across the network and 2) a novel mathematical program referred to as the minimax node utilization problem that, when solved, minimizes the worst-case capacity utilization across all of the airports in the network. Both elements combine to allow quick assessment of both local and global effects of airport capacity adjustments. The analytical model is evaluated via case studies, including two capacity reduction scenarios and one capacity expansion scenario, focusing on the model’s ability to describe how capacity influences airport utilization throughout a network representing actual origin–destination demands in the airspace. The results from these scenarios indicate that the model provides a simple and effective technique for describing impacts of airport capacity perturbations, providing valuable high-level insight into airport utilization patterns.
U-Pb age of the Diana Complex and Adirondack granulite petrogenesis

U-Pb isotopic analyses of eight single and multi-grain zircon fractions separated from a syenite of the Diana Complex of the Adirondack Mountains do not define a single linear array, but a scatter along a chord that intersects the Concordia curve at 1145 ± 29 and 285 ± 204 Ma. For the most concordant analyses, the207Pb/206Pb ages range between 1115 and 1150 Ma. Detailed petrographic studies revealed that most grains contained at least two phases of zircon growth, either primary magmatic cores enclosed by variable thickness of metamorphic overgrowths or magmatic portions enclosing presumably older xenocrystic zircon cores. The magmatic portions are characterized by typical dipyramidal prismatic zoning and numerous black inclusions that make them quite distinct from adjacent overgrowths or cores when observed in polarizing light microscopy and in backscattered electron micrographs. Careful handpicking and analysis of the “best” magmatic grains, devoid of visible overgrowth of core material, produced two nearly concordant points that along with two of the multi-grain analyses yielded an upper-intercept age of 1118 ± 2.8 Ma and a lowerintercept age of 251 ± 13 Ma. The older age is interpreted as the crystallization age of the syenite and the younger one is consistent with late stage uplift of the Appalachian region. The 1118 Ma age for the Diana Complex, some 35 Ma younger than previously believed, is now approximately synchronous with the main Adirondack anorthosite intrusion, implying a cogenetic relationship among the various meta-igneous rocks of the Adirondacks. The retention of a high-temperature contact metamorphic aureole around Diana convincingly places the timing of Adirondack regional metamorphism as early as 1118 Ma. This result also implies that the sources of anomalous hightemperature during granulite metamorphism are the syn-metamorphic intrusions, such as the Diana Complex.
Mass of a Lorentz electron.

ACCORDING to Heaviside (1885), as is well known, the rest mass m of a Lorentz electron, with radius a and charge e, is, in Gaussian units,
The Stream of Consciousness: XIV. Two Contrasting Accounts of Pervasive Bodily Self-Awareness

The present installment in this series of articles continues in consideration of the role that bodily self-awareness plays in the very structure of the basic durational components constituting William James's stream of consciousness. The focus here is dual, on both the prominent phenomenologist Aron Gurwitsch's account of this role and on James's account. Critically addressed is Gurwitsch's claim concerning the awareness of the behaviors involved in the process of perceiving. Such awareness is proposed to be typically marginal, in the sense of having a distinct and separate content within each component of the stream. Addressed too is James's account of pervasive bodily self-awareness as integrated within each state, or pulse, of consciousness although varying in attentiveness. Such awareness is always part of, at least, the fringe of every pulse of consciousness, which is not to be confused with Gurwitsch's margin. The present article explains how the awareness of bodily feelings is crucial to James's ac...
A Study of the Motion of Particles in Superfluid Helium-4 and Interactions with Vortices

We describe experiments in which a sound pulse is used to inject small particles into liquid helium at temperatures between 1 and 3 K. The motion of these particles is then observed. We are able to observe the effect of applying an impulse to a particle that is attached to a vortex. We also report on a number of surprising motions of particles and discuss possible explanations.
Metabolic syndrome and daily ambulation in children, adolescents, and young adults.

ABSTRACTPurposesTo compare daily ambulatory measures in children, adolescents, and young adults with and without metabolic syndrome and to assess which metabolic syndrome components, demographic measures, and body composition measures are associated with daily ambulatory measures.MethodsTwo-hundred
Wolff Rearrangement of 2-diazo-1(2H)-naphthalenone induced by nonresonant two-photon absorption of NIR radiation.

The irradiation of 2-diazo-1(2H)-naphthalenone (1), the common component of positive photoresists, with 800 nm pulses of ultrafast laser results in Wolff rearrangement via nonresonant two-photon absorbance of light. The 10% conversion of starting material resulting in the formation of methyl 1H-indene-3-carboxylate (2) was achieved after 11 min of irradiation of the methanol solution of 1 with an unfocused beam of a Ti:Sapphire laser operating at 1 kHz. The two-photon cross-section of the diazonaphthoquinone 1 at 800 nm was calculated to be σ = 2.2 × 10-51 cm4 s photon-1 (0.2 GM).
Everyday life and legal values: a concept paper.

This “concept paper” emerged from a Law and Human Behavior (LHB) Workshop, that was called by the journal's Editor, Richard Wiener, and held at St. Louis University on March 19–21, 1999. This workshop, which brought together 22 scholars and researchers in legal psychology, was part of James Ogloff's Presidential Initiative Project for the American Psychology/Law Society, and was supported by St. Louis University and an NSF grant. Prior to our arrival, each participant answered queries from the Editor about LHB and the field of psychology and law, and each was asked to offer five topics that were underrepresented in the journal or that we would like to see addressed in future issues. At the workshop, we were assigned to small groups, and the authors of this paper constituted one such group. The “charge” for all groups was to “develop plans for encouraging submissions in areas of psycholegal scholarship that continue to be infrequent topics of investigation,” and then to develop a concept paper. The direction our group took is captured by our title, “Everyday Life and Legal Values,” and within this paper we explicate the topic, identify a number of underrepresented research areas, suggest some research paradigms for investigating them, and present this within a “perspectival directions” frame that ties established lines of research to the newer ones we propose.
Alterations in mitochondrial function in a mouse model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by varying degrees of ventricular hypertrophy and myofibrillar disarray. Mutations in cardiac contractile p...
Man in space - The use of animal models

Animals have traditionally preceded man into space. During animal and human travels in space over the past almost 30 years, numerous anatomical, physiological, and biochemical changes have been observed. In order to safely qualify humans for extended duration space missions, scientific research needs to be performed. It may be possible to achieve many of these research goals with flight crews serving as experimental subjects; however, to do this with human subjects alone is impractical. Therefore, the use of animal surrogates as experimental subjects is essential to provide the missing information on the effects of spaceflights, to validate countermeasures, and to test medical treatment techniques which will be necessary for long duration missions. This research to assure human health, safety, and productivity in future extended duration space flights will include flights on NASA's Space Shuttle, unmanned biosatellites, and the Space Station Freedom.
MILGRAM'S OBEDIENCE FILM AND ATTRIBUTIONS OF RESPONSIBILITY '

Summary.-114 psychology students at SUNY-Fredonia read scenarios based upon Milgram's heart disturbance studies with the altered outcome that the learner suffered a heart attack and died. Scenarios involved an experimenter and obedient teacher or an experimenter alone. Students read scenarios with and without exposure to the Obedience fh. While students who had not seen the film held the experimenter sigdicantly more responsible for the events than the obedient teacher, those who had seen the film believed the two shared the responsibility more equally. Despite the effects of the film upon attributions of responsibiliry, subjects persisted in responding more harshly to the experimenter than the obedient teacher when recommending punishment, even dter viewing the film. Results are discussed in relation to Kelman and Hamilton's 1989 distinction between 'role-based motives' and 'deed-based consequences.' Studies by Stanley Milgram (1963, 1974) and others (Hofling, Brotzman, Dalrymple, Graves, & Pierce, 1966; Kilham & Mann, 1974; Mantell, 1971) are designed to demonstrate the power of authority figures to command the obedience of others. The work of Stanley Milgram (1963, 1974), famous by some accounts and infamous by others, has evoked a storm of controversy, as evidenced by a book by Arthur Miller (1986) entitled The obedience experiments: a case study of controversy in social science. While there is much lively debate over the extent to which Milgram's studies demonstrate the susceptibility of people to the commands of authority figures, there is no doubt that his work has tremendous heuristic value and is among the most widely discussed in social psychology. Milgram's work and his film, Obedience (Milgram, 1965), are used regularly in college classrooms to teach students about the phenomenon of obedience. Questions remain, however, regarding the effects of his work and film on students in the college classroom. This study was designed to examine the effects of the classic Obedience film (Milgram, 1965), constructed to convey the significance of Milgram's work, on attributions of responsibility for the outcomes of destructive behavior carried out in compliance with the demands of an authority figure. The black and white film, about 60 minutes long, includes live episodes of Milgram's heart disturbance studies in which the supposed victim states that he has a slight heart condition and asks if the shocks he will be receiving are dangerous. As the experiment progresses, the film shows that, despite repeat
Synthesis of novel 3'-C-methylene thymidine and 5-methyluridine/cytidine H-phosphonates and phosphonamidites for new backbone modification of oligonucleotides.

Novel 5‘-O-DMT- and MMT-protected 3‘-C-methylene-modified thymidine, 5-methyluridine, and 5-methylcytidine H-phosphonates 1−7 with O-methyl, fluoro, hydrogen, and O-(2-methoxyethyl) substituents at the 2‘-position have been synthesized by a new effective strategy from the corresponding key intermediates 3‘-C-iodomethyl nucleosides and intermediate BTSP, prepared in situ through the Arbuzov reaction. The modified reaction conditions for the Arbuzov reaction prevented the loss of DMT- and MMT-protecting groups, and directly provided the desired 5‘-O-DMT- and/or MMT-protected 3‘-C-methylene-modified H-phosphonates 1−6 although some of them were also prepared through the manipulation of protecting groups after the P−C bond formation. The modified Arbuzov reaction of 3‘-C-iodomethyl-5-methylcytidine 53, prepared from its 5-methyluridine derivative 42, with BTSP provided the 5-methylcytidine H-phosphonate 54, which was further transferred to the corresponding 4-N-(N-methylpyrrolidin-2-ylidene)-protected H-phosp...
Polyunsaturated fatty acids of skin; Identification and14C‐Acetate incorporation

Following exposure of the tissue to14C-acetate, polyunsaturated fatty acids were separated from the total fatty acids of newborn human preputial and mouse skin using argentative thin layer and gas liquid chromatographic procedures. They were characterized by conventional methods including oxidative cleavage and gas liquid chromatography of fission fragments. Members of the linoleic and linolenic acid classes were present in labeled form including the parent acids. Linoleic and arachidonic acids predominated, all others occurring in relatively small amounts. Patterns for the two types of skin were similar in distribution of both mass and radioactivity of individual acids.
Positron emission tomographic scanning in the diagnosis and staging of non-small cell lung cancer 2 cm in size or less.

Objective Several studies have suggested that positron emission tomography is more accurate than computed tomography for the staging of non–small cell lung cancer and can reduce the rate of unnecessary thoracotomy in patients with potentially resectable disease. However, there are few data on the utility of positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of patients with tumors of 2 cm or less in size. Methods Patients with cT1/cT2 tumors of 2 cm or less in size were retrospectively reviewed. All had a computed tomographic scan, as well as a positron emission tomographic scan on a dedicated scanner, with a standard uptake value reported. A standard uptake value of 2.5 g/mL or greater was considered positive. The results of computed tomography and positron emission tomography were correlated with pathologic results after either resection (n = 60) or mediastinoscopy (n = 4). Results Sixty-four patients (38 women; mean age, 66 years) had a mean tumor size of 1.4 cm (range, 0.7-2.0 cm). Forty-three patients had adenocarcinoma, 13 had adenocarcinoma–bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 5 had squamous cell carcinoma, and 3 had other tumor types. Twenty-nine (45%) tumors had negative positron emission tomographic results. Both tumor size (>1 cm vs ≤1 cm) and cell type (adenocarcinoma−bronchioloalveolar carcinoma vs all other cell types) were significant predictors of positron emission tomography uptake in the primary tumor ( P = .05 and .01, respectively). Nodal metastases were detected pathologically in 11 (17%) patients (5 N1 and 6 N2). Positron emission tomographic sensitivity and specificity for nodal metastases were only 45% and 89%, respectively. There was no statistically demonstrable survival difference between positron emission tomography–positive and positron emission tomography–negative tumors (3-year survival of 87% vs 100%, respectively). Conclusion Positron emission tomographic scanning has no demonstrable benefit in the diagnosis, staging, or prognosis of patients with tumors of 2 cm or less in size.
From learning styles to learning skills: the executive skills profile

Contends that a typology of skills based on a framework of learning styles and experiential learning theory, rather than a framework of job performance or some other personality construct, provides a language and guidance for assessment methods to describe knowledge at the performance level of adaptation. It requires development of the concept of learning skills which are: domainspecific and knowledge‐rich; descriptive of an integrated transaction between the person and the environment; and developed by practice. Reviews and reports data from numerous studies to establish the ESP′s reliability, relational validity, criterion validity and construct validity. The ESP can be used as a vehicle for providing personal and organizational feedback on skills, and expectations and intent regarding skills in jobs and development programmes.
Velopharyngeal Impairment in the Orthodontic Population

This article provides information concerning cleft palate teams and questionsone might consider in identifying the best referral for patients manifesting velopharyngeal impairment. A discussion of the impact of velopharyngeal impairment on speech performance is followed by presentation of a variety of simple evaluative tasks that can assist the clinician in identifying patients who would benefit from referral to a cleft palate team. Finally, information is presented concerning the potential speech sequelae of maxillary advancement surgery.
Use of multiparameter relative-age methods for age estimation and correlation of alluvial fan surfaces on a desert piedmont, eastern Mojave Desert, California

Numerical and calibrated age determinations of the late Quaternary alluvial fan deposits of the Soda Mountains piedmont in the Mojave Desert provide an opportunity to study the utility of the multiparameter relative-age (RA) method for distinguishing and mapping geomorphic surfaces on a desert piedmont. Most RA parameters could not discriminate between deposits of Holocene age, although pavements have formed over locally significant parts of surfaces as young as middle Holocene. Several parameters, including lithologic composition, particle size, soil development, and varnish cover, permit distinguishing between Holocene surfaces and late Pleistocene surfaces. Statistically significant differences in initial particle size and lithology of the deposits, inferred to be the result of complex interaction among hillslope, alluvial fan, and eolian processes and climatic change, create conditions unfavorable for use of most RA techniques. In contrast, soil-profile development and varnish cover data are successful in discrimination among deposits of Holocene and Pleistocene age. This is attributed to the development of pedogenic features and varnish that are strongly dependent on dust influx and to the relatively minor dependence of these features on differences in the depositional character of the fan.
Novel proteins mediate an interaction between clathrin‐coated vesicles and polymerizing actin filaments

A monoclonal antibody, A-7C11, was generated which reacts with two polypeptides of 40 kDa and 80 kDa associated with the coat proteins of purified brain clathirn-coated vesicles. The 40-kDa antigen was purified and found to display actin-binding properties. Negative-staining electron microscopy showed that one of the antigens reactive with A-7C11 appears to mediate the association of isolated clathrin-coated vesicles with assembling actin filaments in vitro. Immunofluorescence microscopy of cultured fibroblasts with A-7C11 revealed the antigens aligned with both actin filaments and as punctate structures near the plasma membrane. The data suggest that the interaction between clathrin-coated vesicles and the actin cytoskeleton is mediated by antigens identified by monoclonal antibody A-7C11.
Total starch and amylose levels during synchronous growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Abstract Total cellular starch and amylose, of a high-temperature strain of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, were measured during two consecutive synchronous growth cycles in continuous light. Total cellular starch per milliliter of culture increased continuously except for one-hour periods of net starch utilization during cell division in both synchronous growth cycles and at the beginning of the second cycle. Amylose remained at approximately 30% of the total starch throughout both cycles. The level of total starch, when expressed on a total cellular phosphorus or dry weight basis, increased during the early stages of the cell cycle, and then decreased thereafter. This apparent periodism in starch level was a manifestation of the nearly linear rate of accumulation (per milliliter of culture) of starch and the exponential rate of accumulation (per milliliter of culture) of total cellular phosphorus and dry weight during the cell cycle. Because cellular starch accumulation (per milliliter of culture), during any time interval of the cell cycle, is the net result of starch synthesis and utilization, the observed periods of only slight net starch utilization probably do not reflect the total contribution of starch-glucose to the cellular energy-generating and biosynthetic systems during these periods of the cellular development.
Tritiated thymidine uptake in chondrocytes of chickens afflicted with tibial dyschondroplasia

/sup 3/H-Thymidine was localized in sections of growth-plate cartilage and associated tibial dyschondroplastic lesion by autoradiography. One hour after /sup 3/H-thymidine was injected, radioactivity was found in the proliferating zone; after 48 hr it was also in the hypertrophic zone, and by 96 hr it was present in cells that were 4 to 5 mm into the lesion. This indicates that the lesion develops from the growth plate itself. The life span of the cells in the growth plate appears to be about 48 hr.
The changing incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma is driven primarily by the changing incidence in young and middle‐aged men and differs from time trends in systemic diffuse large B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma

There has been an overall decline in the United States incidence of Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL) from 1998 to 2008. This study's intent was to characterize the cohorts contributing to it. First, calculated the PCNSL incidence rates from nine Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries for time period 1973 to 2008. Second, examined the time trends overall and by age and gender. Third, used 1992-2008 SEER data from the same registries to obtain overall trends for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Last, rates were age-adjusted to the 2000 US standard population and reported per 100,000 person-years. Rates continued to increase in women at all ages and men aged 65 and older. In men aged 20-39 and 40-64 years incidence rates peaked in 1995 and then declined dramatically, stabilizing after 1998. The trends in the incidence of PCNSL over this time frame were significantly different from DLBCL for ages 20-39 (P < 0.001) and 40-64 (P < 0.001) years but were not different for the 65 years and older age group (P = 0.99). The overall PCNSL incidence rate declined since 1995 and was driven primarily by the changing incidence in young and middle-aged men. The rate has continued to increase in men aged 65 years and older and in women. The trends in incidence in the younger age groups over this time period did not parallel those observed for DLBCL.
Design of Polymeric Porous Adsorbent Media and the Dynamic Behavior of Transport and Adsorption of Bioactive Molecules in Such Media

A systematic methodology based on molecular dynamics (MD) modeling and simulation was developed to study ion exchange chromatography (IEC) that utilizes polymeric porous adsorbent media in which charged affinity ligands are linked to the base matrix of the porous media via a grafted polysaccharide extender. During its transport in a porous polymeric medium, a charged adsorbate biomolecule is found to exhibit decreased mass transport coefficients, changes in shape, orientation and lateral position, and to displace the counterions in the proximity of the adsorption site in order to become adsorbed. The ligand density distributions from the MD studies as well as other ligand density distributions of interest are considered in macroscopic continuum models and this leads to a multiscale modeling study of adsorption systems.
Survey of advanced dielectric wakefield accelerators

This survey highlights some of the most significant experimental work carried out in the development of dielectric wakefield accelerating structures. Both the collinear and the two-beam-accelerator configurations are presented, and the operating frequencies are in the few GHz range or in the THz regime. Planned future experiments are also briefly discussed.
Titin Develops Restoring Force in Rat Cardiac Myocytes

When relaxed after contraction, isolated cardiac myocytes quickly relengthen back to their slack length. The molecular basis of the force that underlies passive relengthening, known as restoring force, is not well understood. In a previous study of titin's elasticity in cardiac myocytes, we proposed that titin/connectin develops restoring force, in addition to passive force. This study tested whether titin indeed contributes to the restoring force in cardiac myocytes. Skinned rat cardiac myocytes in suspension were shortened by ≈20%, using Ca2+-independent shortening, followed by relaxation. Cells were observed to relengthen until they reached their original slack sarcomere length. However, the ability to relengthen was abolished after cells had been treated for 12 minutes with trypsin (0.25 μg/mL, 20°C). Gel electrophoresis showed that this treatment had degraded titin without clearly affecting other proteins, and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the elastic segment of titin in the I band was miss...
Can Limited Scientific Value of Potential Pandemic Pathogen Experiments Justify the Risks

Casadevall et al. (1) argue for the value of the scientific findings of gain-of-function experiments to render avian influenza viruses transmissible in ferrets and further argue that the value of this knowledge should be weighed against the quantifiable risk (2) that such experiments might lead to an accidental pandemic. Herein I contend that the scientific or epistemic gain from such experiments is limited by several factors, and I question whether such knowledge can carry substantial weight in a risk-benefit assessment where the risks to life and health are large, as they are in the case of potential pandemic pathogen creation. Modification of an avian influenza A/H5N1 virus (referred to here as H5N1) to achieve respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets is a proof by example that such transmission is possible. This is indeed a piece of new scientific knowledge with relevance to the more pressing question of whether efficient respiratory droplet transmission in humans is possible for strains closely related to existing avian H5N1. However, the scope of the new knowledge is restricted for two reasons. The first is limitations of the ferret model, compounded by small sample sizes. The adequacy of animal models for human disease phenotypes has come under growing criticism in recent years (3–5). Specifically, the quantitative correspondence between respiratory droplet transmission in ferrets under precise laboratory conditions on one hand and human-to-human transmission in the field on the other is uncertain (6). Relatively few of the possible influenza virus strains of interest have been tested in the ferret …
Trauma Among Street-Involved Youth

Previous research documents that street-involved youth experience rates of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that are significantly higher than their housed counterparts. Trauma and PTSD are of particular concern for homeless youth as they can negatively affect youths’ ability to function adaptively and to transition off the streets. This mixed-methods study investigates the intricacies of trauma experienced by homeless youth across three U.S. cities. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of 145 homeless youth in Los Angeles (n = 50), Denver (n = 50), and Austin (n = 45) to explore youths’ perspectives on the definition of trauma and the contexts associated with victimization. Quantitative standardized assessments investigated youths’ trauma experiences before and after becoming homeless. Trauma screening identified high rates of trauma incidents (78%), with 28% of participants meeting criteria for PTSD. Participants reported various traumatic experiences that occurred before l...
A More Rigorous QUASI-Experimental Alternative to the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design:

A simple quasi-experimental design is described which may have utility in a variety of applied and laboratory research settings where ordinarily the one-group pretest-posttest pre-experimental desi...
Quota Nonadoption in Japan: The Role of the Women's Movement and the Opposition

In 2003, Japan's dominant Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) committed to the goal of 30% female representation in management and political positions by 2020 to conform with the international norm to promote women's leadership. This nonbinding commitment received widespread media attention. In 2012, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe reemphasized this goal before the lower house election. Yet, in his first cabinet, Abe appointed only two women. Moreover, in the 2013 upper house election, the LDP fielded only 9 women out of 79 candidates, nowhere near the 30% candidate goal (Torres 2013). In September 2014, Abe appointed five new women in his cabinet reshuffle, two of whom were forced to resign a month later due to scandals. Four women currently sit on the cabinet due to one female replacement (Flackler 2014). Despite Abe's attempts to increase women in his cabinet, most agree that Japan is not on target to meet the 30% benchmark (Gender Equality Bureau 2012).
PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS ON THE LOUISIANA COAST

For the past several decades, expanding technology and the resulting standardization have caused a blurring of the distinctive man-environment relationships throughout the world. The physical-cultural associations of a deltaic coast such as that of Louisiana, however, are more pronounced and resistant to change, although changes have occurred and are occurring. These close associations are especially apparent in economy, settlement pattern, port location, and transportation.
Survey paper: Quantum holography: Is it relevant to brain function?

1Center fir Brcrir~ Re.reorc.11 ~~ttl I~!Ji)r~iiotioii ~~I S~~C'II(.('.F. R(~dfi)rd UII~UCJI.S~~J~, Ro.\- 6977, Rci(firc(. I'A 24142, USA In 1951, reviewing the state of our knowledge of auditory processes for Steven's Handbook of Experimental Psychology, Licklider ended with: "If we could find a convenient way of showing not merely the amplitudes of the envelopes but the actual oscillations of the array of resonators, we would have a notation [I] of even greater generality and flexibility, one that would reduce under certain idealizing assumptions to the spectru~ii and under others to the wave form ... the analogy ... [to] the position-momentum and energy-time problems that led Heisenberg in 1927 to state his uncertainty principle ... has led Gabor to suggest that we may find the solution [to the problem of sensory processing] in quantum mechanics." During the 1970's it became apparent that Gabor's notation also applied to the cerebral cortical aspect of visual and somatic sensory processing. The most elegant work was done with regard to the visual system. A recent review by Tai Singe Lee [2] in the IEEE casts these advances in terms of 2D Gabor wavelets and indicates the importance of frames and specifies them for different Sampling schemes. For the monkey, the physiological evidence indicates that the sampling density of the visual cortical receptive fields for orientation and frequency provides a tight frame representation through oversampling. The 2D Gabor function achieves the resolution limit only in its complex form. Pollen and Ronner did find quadriture phase (even-symmetric cosine and odd-symmetric sine) pairs of visual receptive fields. Currently, recordings made with multiple microelectrodes and data analysis with sufficiently powerful
Synthesis of 2-amino-9-(3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-6-methoxy-9H-purine (AzddMAP) and AzddGuo

Abstract A novel synthesis of AzddMAP and AzddGuo is described starting from 1, 2-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-xylofuranose. The key step in this synthesis involves the replacement of a diphenyl carbamoyl protecting group in the purine 6-position by methanol.
Cerebrovascular disease in The Count of Monte Cristo.

Dr Williams has written a most interesting analysis of cerebrovascular disease as depicted in Dumas' The Count of Monte Cristo (August 2003, JRSM1). In the case of Abbe Faria, Dumas portrays an old man who had three successive episodes of cerebral apoplexy with effusion that resulted in hemiplegia, probably referring to intracerebral haemorrhages, the last of which was fatal. Faria's father had died in exactly the same way after three episodes of cerebral apoplexy. Dr Williams mentions Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome and Sturge-Weber syndrome as inheritable causes of recurrent cerebral haemorrhage. I would like to suggest adding cerebral amyloid angiopathy to that differential diagnosis since it is an autosomal dominant hereditary cause of recurrent lobar cerebral haemorrhage.
The multidimensional moment-constrained maximum entropy problem: A BFGS algorithm with constraint scaling

In a recent paper we developed a new algorithm for the moment-constrained maximum entropy problem in a multidimensional setting, using a multidimensional orthogonal polynomial basis in the dual space of Lagrange multipliers to achieve numerical stability and rapid convergence of the Newton iterations. Here we introduce two new improvements for the existing algorithm, adding significant computational speedup in situations with many moment constraints, where the original algorithm is known to converge slowly. The first improvement is the use of the BFGS iterations to progress between successive polynomial reorthogonalizations rather than single Newton steps, typically reducing the total number of computationally expensive polynomial reorthogonalizations for the same maximum entropy problem. The second improvement is a constraint rescaling, aimed to reduce relative difference in the order of magnitude between different moment constraints, improving numerical stability of iterations due to reduced sensitivity of different constraints to changes in Lagrange multipliers. We observe that these two improvements can yield an average wall clock time speedup of 5-6 times compared to the original algorithm.
The Effects of Embedded Optical Fiber Density on the Impact Response and Lifetime of Laminated Composites

Graphite fiber/epoxy, two-dimensional woven composite laminates were fabricated with various densities of embedded optical fibers at the midplane. The specimens were subjected to multiple low-velocity impacts until failure, as the energy dissipated by the laminate and the maximum contact force were measured for each impact event. Cumulative probability distributions were calculated for each embedded optical fiber density, from which probability distribution functions in terms of embedded optical fiber density were extrapolated. At low fiber densities, the total energy dissipated by the specimen and the total maximum contact force over the lifetime of the specimen decreased rapidly with increasing optical fiber density. After a threshold embedded optical fiber density, the optical fibers dominated the failure mode of the laminate and the laminate lifetime, and the overall stiffness was not affected by the embedded optical fiber density. The obtained probability distribution functions could be applied for f...
Optimizing parallel bitonic sort

Sorting is an important component of many applications, and parallel sorting algorithms have been studied extensively in the last three decades. One of the earliest parallel sorting algorithms is bitonic sort, which is represented by a sorting network consisting of multiple butterfly stages. The paper studies bitonic sort on modern parallel machines which are relatively coarse grained and consist of only a modest number of nodes, thus requiring the mapping of many data elements to each processor. Under such a setting optimizing the bitonic sort algorithm becomes a question of mapping the data elements to processing nodes (data layout) such that communication is minimized. The authors developed a bitonic sort algorithm which minimizes the number of communication steps and optimizes the local computation. The resulting algorithm is faster than previous implementations, as experimental results collected on a 64 node Meiko CS-2 show.