cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Should blood pressure be lowered in acute ischemic stroke? The CATIS trial.

In acute ischemic stroke (AIS), beyond few exceptions, the management of blood pressure (BP) remains uncertain. Past guidance has recommended that one may withhold antihypertensive agents in AIS unless diastolic BP is >120 mm Hg or systolic BP is >220 mm Hg or there is some other compelling reason to treat BP acutely (eg, intravenous tPA administration, acute myocardial infarction, aortic dissection, malignant hypertension). More recent American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) guidance recommends that it is reasonable to lower BP by 15% during the first 24 hours after stroke onset, noting also that patients may have a spontaneous decline of BP during the first 24 hours after stroke. On the one hand, it is argued that too aggressive BP–lowering in AIS may lead to extension of brain infarction in already threatened tissue of the ischemic penumbra, which may have poor autoregulatory capability. Also, too high a BP may potentiate leaky ischemic blood vessels to be more susceptible to mediating brain edema, hemorrhagic transformation, and neurologic worsening. Therefore, the clinician is caught in a position of clinical equipoise in relation to BP management in AIS. We now review the China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke (CATIS) and select related studies to answer the question: should BP be lowered in AIS?
Combined effects of energy development and disease on greater sage-grouse.

Species of conservation concern are increasingly threatened by multiple, anthropogenic stressors which are outside their evolutionary experience. Greater sage-grouse are highly susceptible to the impacts of two such stressors: oil and gas (energy) development and West Nile virus (WNv). However, the combined effects of these stressors and their potential interactions have not been quantified. We used lek (breeding ground) counts across a landscape encompassing extensive local and regional variation in the intensity of energy development to quantify the effects of energy development on lek counts, in years with widespread WNv outbreaks and in years without widespread outbreaks. We then predicted the effects of well density and WNv outbreak years on sage-grouse in northeast Wyoming. Absent an outbreak year, drilling an undeveloped landscape to a high permitting level (3.1 wells/km2) resulted in a 61% reduction in the total number of males counted in northeast Wyoming (total count). This was similar in magnitude to the 55% total count reduction that resulted from an outbreak year alone. However, energy-associated reductions in the total count resulted from a decrease in the mean count at active leks, whereas outbreak-associated reductions resulted from a near doubling of the lek inactivity rate (proportion of leks with a last count = 0). Lek inactivity quadrupled when 3.1 wells/km2 was combined with an outbreak year, compared to no energy development and no outbreak. Conservation measures should maintain sagebrush landscapes large and intact enough so that leks are not chronically reduced in size due to energy development, and therefore vulnerable to becoming inactive due to additional stressors.
Semiclassical electron-radiation-ion dynamics (SERID) and cis-trans photoisomerization of butadiene

Abstract Detailed simulations are reported for the dynamics of electrons and nuclei during the cis—trans isomerization of butadiene following a femtosecond-scale laser pulse. Our technique, semiclassical electron-radiationion dynamics (SERID), is fully described in the text. The one-electron Hamiltonian and ion—ion interactions employed in the present work are density-functional based. Following excitation of electrons by the laser pulse, all three C—C bonds in the butadiene molecule become longer, as electrons are promoted from the HOMO to both the LUMO and LUMO+1 levels. In the excited electronic state, the molecule rotates about all of its three C—C bonds. There are then non-adiabatic events near avoided crossings, with electronic transitions to the ground state via creation of vibrational excitations. The molecule continues to twist around the central bond and one of the terminal C—C bonds, until the trans-conformation is achieved. Various features in the behaviour of the vibrational modes can also be...
Using big data for digital government research

"Big data" has captured the imagination of e-government researchers as the source of potential advances in government innovation, strategy, and policy, and as the basis for entirely new approaches to research investigations across the disciplines. Digital data is everywhere, and, it is thought, considerable value may be obtained in analyzing the digital traces generated by internet users as they traverse social, political, economic and material spaces. However, once past the seminal anecdotes (e.g, estimates of flu outbreaks based on Google searches), generating knowledge from big data presents complexities along with its potentials. In this panel, we bring together researchers to share their experiences with big data projects in e-government, considering the research questions they are asking, the opportunities and complications they are encountering, and the new strategies or responses they are creating in response.
Special series: Body dissatisfaction, binge eating, and dieting as interlocking issues in eating disorders research

This series will expose the reader to current issues in eating disorders research. It begins with an examination of the roots of body dissatisfaction in childhood. The series then considers direct treatment of body dissatisfaction and explores patterns underlying binge eating, a correlate of body dissatisfaction. Two clinical weight control programs are described, one focusing specifically on reducing binge eating and the other examining the effects of a very low calorie (400–500 kcal/day) diet on dietary lapses. Six empirical articles thus extend the literature in this rapidly growing area. The seventh and final article responds to the current debate about dieting by reviewing relevant empirical findings and arguing for the utility of behaviorally based programs. This series shows the range of issues within this area, as well as considering the interlocking nature of body dissatisfaction, binging, rigid dieting attitudes, and clinical obesity treatment programs.
13C labeled benzo[a]pyrenes and derivatives 3. Benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide-4-13C and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide-5-13C

The synthesis of benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide-4-13C and benzo[a]-pyrene-4,5-oxide-5-13C from the corresponding 13C labeled 4,5-dihydrobenzo[a]-pyrene-4,5-diones is described. Reduction of the quinone with potassium borohydride in freshly distilled peroxide-free 2-propanol gave the trans-diol which was directly cyclized to the oxide by refluxing with DMF-DMA in chloroform/OMF. The overall yield of the oxide was 48–53% for the two steps. The requisite quinones were available in five steps from 1,2-dihydrochrysen-4(3H)-one as described in an earlier paper. Overall yield of the oxide from the chrysenone was 27%. 13C NMR of the labeled oxides in CDCl3 gave chemical shifts of 56.80 for C5 and 56.20 for C4 (δC from TMS) of benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide.
Enterobacter cloacae DG-6: a strain that transforms methoxylated aromatics under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The previously described facultatively anaerobic microorganismEnterobacter sp. DG-6, which transforms methoxylated and hydroxylated monoaromatic compounds both aerobically and anaerobically, has been further investigated. The moles percent guanine plus cytosine in DNA has been determined. Two plasmids have been isolated and studied as related to the capability of the bacterium to degrade 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-cinnamic acid (ferulic acid). The anaerobic O-demethylation mechanism and the pathway of C1-compound oxidation are discussed.
Meaning and symbol in constructive developmental perspective

The play, "Duet for One," by Tom Kempinski illustrates how a neoPiagetian psychology and specifically, the study of faith development may illuminate the relationship between the psycho-social dynamics of human development and the primary symbols which order a person's life. We are hereby enabled to see how a neo-Piagetian psychology may serve a new conversation between religion and psychotherapeutic practice. In the play, Stephanie Abrahams, a woman who has been a very successful violinist, develops multiple sclerosis and is encouraged by her equally successful, musician husband to enter into a counseling relationship with Dr. Feldman. This short play of six scenes (each a separate counseling session), takes place in Dr. Feldman's office, and Stephanie and Dr. Feldman are the only two persons to appear on the stage. We do not see a whole course of therapy; rather, first we see Stephanie move from a shaken but self-possessed woman who is coping with her new situation by planning to become her husband's secretary rather than co-artist, and a teacher of violin rather than a performer. Then we see her move through a defensive acting out of her despair--into a clinical depression which feels the attraction of suicide. As the curtain falls, Stephanie has indicated her intention to terminate the therapy because she has no hope, and Dr. Feldman has responded simply by asking her, "Is the same time next week still convenient?" It is left to the audience to compose her response. I want to suggest that the response that we compose is a matter of faith--hers, Dr. Feldman's, and ours. To understand this requires first an examination of the capacity of Piagetian psychology to describe the dynamics of faith, human development, and the religious imagination. We will then return to the play to illustrate those dynamics. The Piagetian tradition of developmental psychology has been appropriated primarily as an educational, rather than a clinical, psychology. This has been, in part, because of its conception as a genetic epistemology and its emphasis on cognition. Thus, the work of
VI. The search for the solar neutrino

Because of the unique and direct information which the solar neutrino carries regarding the conditions existing in the central region of the sun, astrophysicists are much interested in the detection of these slippery particles. I should say at the outset that solar neutrinos have not yet been observed. However, several experi­mental approaches are now being made, and we may hope for some information within the next year or so. In this lecture, I propose to indicate the nature of the detection problem and outline the various approaches which are under way. It has long been believed following Bethe & Critchfield and Weizsacker & Bethe (since 1939) that the sun is a copious source of neutrinos, but it was not until the suggestion of W. A. Fowler in 1958 that the solar cycle could reasonably be expected to produce 8B with its high energy decay neutrino (~ 14 MeV end-point), that it appeared to become accessible to experimentalists. Table 1 summarizes the fluxes expected at earth for each nuclear reaction in the sun.
Long quaternary record in eastern Washington, U.S.A., interpreted from multiple buried paleosols in loess

Abstract Loess that is from a few meters to 75 m thick covers an area of more than 20,000 km2 on the Columbia Plateau in Washington, Idaho and Oregon. The region of deepest loess is in eastern Washington and is called “The Palouse”. The Palouse is downwind of the Channeled Scabland, through which massive outburst floods from Glacial Lake Missoula flowed repeatedly during glacial stages of the Pleistocene. The deepest stratigraphic section yet studied is in a remnant of the once continuous loess cover that is surrounded by Scabland channels. A normal over reverse magnetic polarity zonation in this section supports an age of more than 790,000 yr, but 15–35 m of loess may be present beneath this section, so a total of 1.5-2 million yr is possible. Upward fining of texture in some layers in the loess at this site and stratigraphic evidence at nearby sites suggest that at least some pulses of loess deposition were triggered by episodes of cataclysmic floods. Nineteen or more individual paleosols can be recognized in 26 m of section based on field morphology, physical and chemical properties, and micromorphology. The paleosols consist of calcic, petrocalcic and duripan horizons, many of which are associated with cambic horizons. Less strongly developed soils in this and other sections have been obscured by partial overlap of soil development in an episodically rising loess landscape. Paleosols in the loess at other sites reflect a dry-to-moist climatic gradient from west to east across the region during the Pleistocene that was grossly similar to today's. Accumulation of pedogenic carbonates and silica dominates in a western zone where the present-day mean annual precipitation is less than about 450 mm. Translocation of silicate clays and leaching of carbonates dominate in a central steppe zone where precipitation is between 450 and about 700 mm. Fragipans are common in an eastern zone along the steppe-forest transition at present-day precipitation of over 700 mm. Reconnaissance study suggests that these climatic-pedogenic zones have been somewhat stable during many of the episodes of soil development preserved in the loess, although some paleosols have different features from the majority of the paleosols in that zone, e.g., paleosols with fragipans in a sequence of paleosols with argillic horizons, which suggests that some episodes of soil development took place under different climatic conditions.
Incorporation of magnetic resonance imaging into intensity modulated whole-pelvic radiation therapy treatment planning to reduce the volume of pelvic bone marrow irradiated

Abstract Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has been used to reduce the volume of small bowel irradiated in gynecology patients. We are currently exploring IMRT as a means of reducing the volume of pelvic bone marrow (BM) irradiated and thus the risk of hematologic toxicity in this patient group. While CT is commonly used for treatment planning, it is not sensitive enough to distinguish between active and nonactive BM. The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of incorporating T1-weighted MR imaging into the planning process to aid in the delineation of active BM. A planning CT scan was obtained with a patient in the treatment position. The same patient also had a T1-weighted pelvic MR scan. Using image fusion software, the CT and MR scans were aligned. BM regions having a pixel value on the MR scan similar to muscle were used to define the active BM. Three treatment plans were then generated for this patient. In the conventional plan (non-IMRT), the majority of the active BM sites were included within the high isodose (70–100%) lines. In contrast, the IMRT plan (without BM sparing) reduced the volume of pelvic BM irradiated by the 90–100% isodoses. When the BM was entered as a constraint in the treatment plan (BM-sparing plan), a reduction in the volume of BM irradiated was observed from 50% to 100% of the prescription dose. Our results suggest that MR imaging is a useful adjunct to IMRT planning in gynecology patients and offers the possibility of customizing treatment based upon an individual patient's BM distribution.
Measurement of interhelical electrostatic interactions in the GCN4 leucine zipper.

The dimerization specificity of the bZIP transcription factors resides in the leucine zipper region. It is commonly assumed that electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged amino acid residues on different helices of the leucine zipper contribute favorably to dimerization specificity. Crystal structures of the GCN4 leucine zipper contain interhelical salt bridges between Glu20 and Lys159 and between Glu22 and Lys279. 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the glutamic acid pKa values at physiological ionic strength indicate that the salt bridge involving Glu22 does not contribute to stability and that the salt bridge involving Glu20 is unfavorable, relative to the corresponding situation with a neutral (protonated) Glu residue. Moreover, the substitution of Glu20 by glutamine is stabilizing. Thus, salt bridges will not necessarily contribute favorably to bZIP dimerization specificity and may indeed be unfavorable, relative to alternative neutral-charge interactions.
The Teacher's Corner: Note on the “Birthday Problem”

(1968). The Teacher's Corner: Note on the “Birthday Problem”. The American Statistician: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 28-28.
Effects of Inbreeding on Size and Type in Holstein-friesian Cattle

Summary After 25 yr of mild inbreeding in the Holstein-Friesian herd of Iowa State University, the average coefficient of inbreeding of the milking cows had risen to about 12%. The effects of this inbreeding on measurements of weight, wither height, chest depth, body length, chest girth, paunch girth, and type were studied. The volume of data for the females ranged from 554 daughter-dam pairs at six months of age to 52 pairs at age 7 yr. Records on 244 males at six months and 78 at 1 yr were used also. All of the analyses were on an intrasire basis. Birth weight decreased with increased inbreeding of both calf and dam by approximately 0.2 lb for each per cent of inbreeding. One-year-old animals which were 12½% inbred would be expected, according to the results of this study, to average some 22 lb lighter, 1.2 cm lower in wither height, 0.8 cm shallower in chest, 1.5 cm shorter in body length, 3.3 cm less in heart girth, 1.3 cm less in paunch girth, and about 1/9th of a class lower in type rating. The decline with inbreeding seemed linear from visual inspection, but the inbreeding in this study ranged only from 0–35%. Effects of inbreeding were generally similar on all the measurements studied. This is to be expected if the animals maintain symmetry. Effects of inbreeding were maximum at approximately 3 yr of age and tended to diminish at later ages. Heritability at 2 yr of age ranged from a negative estimate for weight to one of 96% for wither height. In general, the estimates of heritability were high. Compared to the Nebraska Experiment Station herd, the Iowa animals were small, but grew at the same rate.
Folic acid analogs. Modifications in the benzene‐ring region. 5. 2′,6′‐diazafolic acid

The synthesis of 2′,6′-diazafolic acid was accomplished by the condensation of 2-acetylamino-4(3H)pteridinone-6-earboxaldehyde (XIV) with diethyl N-[(5-amino-2-pyrimidinyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamate (XIII) followed by reduction of the anil double bond and alkaline hydrolylic cleavage of the N2-acetyl and ethyl ester protecting groups. Intermediate XIII was prepared by starling with 5-nitro-2-styrylpyrimidine (VI) and proceeding via 5-arnino-2-styrylpyrimidine (IX). The henzyloxycarbonyl derivative of IX was prepared and oxidized to the corresponding 5-benzyloxycarbonylaminopyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (XI). The coupling of XI with diethyl L-glutamate followed by hydrogenolysis of the henzyloxycarbonyl function afforded the desired intermediate XIII. 2′,6′-Diazafolic acid was a potent inhibitor of Streptococcus faecium and displayed marginal activity against leukemia 1,1210 in mice.
Producing Neoliberal Citizens: Critical Reflections on Human Rights Education in Pakistan.

This paper challenges the celebratory uptake of human rights education (HRE) in postcolonial contexts by making visible the ideological and political entanglements of the discourse with neoliberal assumptions of citizenship. I draw evidence from, and critically reflect on, a specific HRE programme – a series of summer camps for girls entitled, Women Leaders of Tomorrow (WLT) – that a colleague and I implemented in Pakistan. Using narrative inquiry methodology, I examine the kinds of citizens imagined in and through its curriculum, and the norms of leadership and community promoted by it, to argue that the programme can be interpreted as a technology of neoliberalism in that it was productive of neoliberal rationalities. Individuals, however, are not simply objects of knowledges; they co-opt, resist, negotiate, and compromise. I, thus, disturb my own linear reading of the unfolding of WLT by reflecting on moments of resistances where participants not only interrogated its assumptions but also engaged in se...
EXPLORING THE EMOTIONAL GEOGRAPHIES OF PARENT–TEACHER CANDIDATE INTERACTIONS: AN EMERGING SIGNATURE PEDAGOGY

This article explores preservice teachers' emotional responses to simulated parent–teacher conferences. The authors examine the transfer of a medical education pedagogy as it is diffused to teacher education, scrutinizing the types of emotional responses teachers exhibited as they engaged with standardized parents in six clinical parent conferencing situations. Resulting data indicate the importance of this pedagogy in exposing preservice teachers to parent/caregiver contexts, professional communications, and the emotional terrain of school-family partnerships.
Supercritical Water Oxidation of Solid Particulates

In the application of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) to the treatment of aqueous solid wastes, particle size will be an important processing parameter. The particle size will impact feed preparation requirements such as slurry concentration, pumping requirements, and, in terms of the destruction of the solid particles, rate of reaction and reactor size. To address these issues, an experimental research program was undertaken to evaluate the effect of particle size on the reaction kinetics in SCWO of solid particulates (wheat straw and cellulose particles in this case). The experiments also included evaluation of the effects of temperature, pressure, and agitation rate. A two-step reaction mechanism was revealed, with a very rapid initial dissolution period followed by a longer particle reaction period. Empirically based mathematical relationships were developed that can be used for SCWO system design.
Eminence in Social Psychology: A Comparison of Textbook Citation, Social Sciences Citation Index, and Research Productivity Rankings

Individual eminence in social psychology was examined through a textbook citation analysis conducted on eight current (1987-1990) social psychology textbooks. These data were subsequently compared with data collected from an assessment of individual research productivity in psychology for the decade of the 1980s based on publications listed in the PsycINFO database and citation counts from the 1987-1989 volumes of the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI). Comparisons were made between the textbook citation results and findings from three previous related studies. The results revealed significant relationships between the different citation measures and between the research productivity and SSCI citation measure but not between the textbook citation and research productivity measures. The relative validity of each of the measures used in the study as an index of scientific eminence is discussed.
The inhibition of β-amylase by ascorbic acid. II

Abstract Further evidence is presented to demonstrate that the inhibitory effect of ascorbic acid on β-amylase is due to the formation of an inactive cuprous enzyme. Cuprous ion has been shown to give approximately the same amount of inactivation as cupric ion plus ascorbic acid. Chelating agents which specifically bind copper or cuprous ion have been shown to prevent the inactivation of the enzyme. Determination of sulfhydryl content of the enzyme has indicated that these groups are bound in the inactive enzyme and that the degree of sulfhydryl binding is related to enzyme activity.
An improved radioenzymatic assay for plasma norepinephrine using purified phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase.

Abstract Radioenzymatic assays have been developed for norepinephrine (NE) using either catechol 0-methyltransferase (COMT) or phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT). Assays using PNMT are specific for NE but have been considered less sensitive than the more complex assay procedures employing COMT. An improved purification procedure for bovine PNMT has permitted development of a NE assay with substantially improved sensitivity ( in vivo .
Reliability and Convergent Validity of the Cutaneous Sarcoidosis Activity and Morphology Instrument for Assessing Cutaneous Sarcoidosis

Importance A validated scoring system is essential to assess the effect of therapeutic interventions on a disease. The instrument introduced here captures sarcoidosis disease activity in a reliable, reproducible manner, which will help standardize clinical trial outcomes and allow comparative efficacy studies in the future and may help lead to more robust data regarding the effect of different treatments on cutaneous sarcoidosis. Objective To assess the reliability and convergent validity of the Cutaneous Sarcoidosis Activity and Morphology Instrument (CSAMI) and Sarcoidosis Activity and Severity Index (SASI) for evaluating cutaneous sarcoidosis outcomes. Design and Setting Cross-sectional study evaluating cutaneous sarcoidosis disease severity using CSAMI, SASI, and Physician's Global Assessment (PGA) as reference in the dedicated cutaneous sarcoidosis clinic of a teaching hospital. Participants Eight dermatologists evaluating cutaneous sarcoidosis in 11 patients. Intervention Evaluation using the study instruments. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes included interrater and intrarater reliability and convergent validity; secondary outcomes, correlation with quality-of-life measures and time required for completion. Results All instruments demonstrated good to excellent intrarater reliability. Interrater reliability was excellent for CSAMI Activity scores (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.66-0.94]) and fair to poor for CSAMI Damage scores (0.42 [0.21-0.72]), modified Facial SASI (0.40 [0.17-0.72]), and PGA scores (0.40 [0.18-0.70]). CSAMI Activity and Damage scores and modified Facial SASI all demonstrated convergent validity with statistically significant correlations with PGA scores. Trends for correlations were seen between CSAMI scores and specific Skindex-29 quality-of-life domains. Although CSAMI required longer time to complete than SASI, both were scored within adequate time for use in clinical trials. Conclusions and Relevance CSAMI appears to be a reliable and valid outcome instrument to measure cutaneous sarcoidosis and may capture a wide range of body surface and cutaneous morphologic types. This instrument can be adopted into clinical practice and clinical trials to allow physicians to assess the intensity of their patients' cutaneous sarcoidosis disease activity. Widespread use of one metric for disease severity assessment can help standardize the evaluation of the effect of various treatments on the disease. Future research is necessary to demonstrate its sensitivity to change and to confirm its correlation with quality-of-life measures.
Predictive Suppression of Cortical Excitability and Its Deficit in Schizophrenia

Recent neuroscience advances suggest that when interacting with our environment, along with previous experience, we use contextual cues and regularities to form predictions that guide our perceptions and actions. The goal of such active “predictive sensing” is to selectively enhance the processing and representation of behaviorally relevant information in an efficient manner. Since a hallmark of schizophrenia is impaired information selection, we tested whether this deficiency stems from dysfunctional predictive sensing by measuring the degree to which neuronal activity predicts relevant events. In healthy subjects, we established that these mechanisms are engaged in an effort-dependent manner and that, based on a correspondence between human scalp and intracranial nonhuman primate recordings, their main role is a predictive suppression of excitability in task-irrelevant regions. In contrast, schizophrenia patients displayed a reduced alignment of neuronal activity to attended stimuli, which correlated with their behavioral performance deficits and clinical symptoms. These results support the relevance of predictive sensing for normal and aberrant brain function, and highlight the importance of neuronal mechanisms that mold internal ongoing neuronal activity to model key features of the external environment.
How do auditors address control deficiencies that bias accounting estimates

Auditors commonly rely on reviewing management's estimation process to audit accounting estimates. When control deficiencies bias the estimation process by creating omissions of critical inputs, standards require that auditors replace or supplement review of management's estimation process with tests that can identify the omissions. Importantly, overreliance on reviewing management's estimation process when it has been biased by a control deficiency can result in auditor acceptance of an inappropriate accounting estimate. We use an experiment to examine whether auditors recognize the insufficiency of increased sampling of a biased estimation process and their selection of alternative tests to replace or supplement review of the biased estimation process. We find that a significant minority (33 percent) of Big 4 senior auditors erroneously increase tests of management's biased estimation process. We also find that auditors have difficulty selecting alternative tests to replace or supplement review of management's biased estimation process, frequently choosing tests that are either ineffective or inefficient. Our findings suggest that auditors often reach inappropriate judgments about the capability of audit evidence to address control deficiencies and that nonsampling risk (judgment risk) may be a larger risk than auditors realize.
Rapid clearance of transplanted hepatocytes from pulmonary capillaries in rats indicates a wide safety margin of liver repopulation and the potential of using surrogate albumin particles for safety analysis.

Abstract Background/Aims: Applications of liver repopulation by hepatocyte transplantation require analysis of cell biodistributions, particularly when portasystemic shunting coexists. The aims of this study were to determine the fate of hepatocytes transplanted into the pulmonary vascular bed and to examine whether cell biodistributions could be approximated by convenient surrogates. Methods: Rat hepatocytes and macroaggregated serum albumin particles of similar sizes were injected into the portal and pulmonary vascular beds of rats, followed by biodistribution, survival and function analyses. Results: Although functionally intact, virtually all hepatocyteswere cleared from the pulmonary capillaries within 24 h. Serum albumin levels increased minimally in Nagase analbuminemic rats with or without portacaval shunting to enhance delivery of portal factors to transplanted cells in lungs. Despite intravenous injection of hepatocytes approaching >1×10 9 cells in humans, the hemodynamic changes were limited to transient increases in right atrial pressures. The hepatocyte distributions in specific vascular beds were largely reproduced by macroaggregated human serum albumin particles. Conclusions: Incidental intrapulmonary cell translocations during liver repopulation will have a wide safety margin. Use of macroaggregated serum albumin particles as surrogates for initial short-term biodistribution and safety analysis will advance hepatocyte transplantation, as the cost of GLP-certified laboratories and consumption of scarce donor livers will be avoided.
Effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on: I. Animal performance and carcass characteristics.

Angus-crossbred steers (n = 216) were used in a 3-yr study to assess the effects of winter stocker growth rate and finishing system on finishing performance and carcass characteristics. During winter months (December to April) steers were randomly allotted to 3 stocker growth rates: low (0.23 kg x d(-1)), medium (0.45 kg x d(-1)), or high (0.68 kg x d(-1)). Upon completion of the winter phase, steers were randomly allotted within each stocker treatment to a corn silage-concentrate or pasture finishing system. All steers regardless of finishing treatment were finished to an equal-time endpoint to eliminate confounding of treatments with animal age or seasonal factors. Upon completion of the finishing period, steers were slaughtered in 2 groups (one-half of pasture and one-half of feedlot cattle each time) and carcass data were collected. Winter data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, with winter treatment, pen replicate, year, and the winter x year interaction in the model. Finishing performance and carcass data were analyzed in a split-plot design with finishing system in the whole plot, and winter growth rate and winter x finish in the split-plot. Winter treatment mean within finishing replication was the experimental unit, and year was considered a random effect. Winter stocker phase treatments resulted in differences (P 0.05) by winter rate of gain. Cattle on low during winter exhibited compensatory gain during finishing but were unable to catch the high group regarding BW or HCW. The USDA quality grade was greater for high than low or medium. Animal performance during the winter stocker period clearly impacts finishing performance, carcass quality and beef production in both pasture- and feedlot-finishing systems, when cattle were finished to an equal-time endpoint.
Can information be transferred faster than light? II. The relativistic Doppler effect on electromagnetic wave packets with suboptic and superoptic group velocities

It is shown that (a) both the dispersion relations between the mean frequency omega/sub 0/ and the mean wave number k/sub 0/ are invariant under the Lorentz transformation; and (b) the relativistic Doppler effects on omega/sub 0/ and k/sub 0/ differ. In the suboptic packet there is anomalous red shift in the mean wave number k/sub 0/' received from a source receding with speed v:k/sub 0/' changes sign through zero as v goes through the value v/sub g/, the mean group velocity in the packet. In the superoptic packet the anomalous red shift is in the mean frequency omega/sub 0/' which reverses sign through zero as v goes through the value v/sub p/, the mean phase velocity in the packet. This last finding indicates a blackout of the superoptic signal when propagated toward a receiver moving away from the source at a speed greater than v/sub p/. There is no violation of causality involved, and the final conclusion of the paper is that it is not a fundamental axiom of special relativity, as usually believed, to deny that information can be transmitted at speeds greater than c.
The origin of library instruction in the United States, 1820–1900

Abstract The origins of present-day instructional practices can be found in a dedication to “personal assistance” that emerged relatively early in the minds of American librarians. Bibliographic and information skills initiatives that have evolved into information literacy programs of today have roots in traditions dating back more than two centuries. Scholarship evolved from an amateur's avocation to a full-time profession in the nineteenth century. The result was an increased regard for the importance of libraries to the progress of scholarship. It was not until after the new spirit and method emerging at midcentury transformed the library into a tool for scholarship that the concept of library instruction could evolve.
Exploitation of the diffraction nulls and phase singularities as a potential encryption add-on function for dynamic coded apertures

Coded aperture imaging technology have been utilized [1] for imaging in various space missions primary associated with X-Ray and Gamma ray sources. The need to extend the coded aperture technique into Visible/IR is pushing the technology and so geometrical features become smaller [2,3]. As the geometrical feature become smaller, second order effect such as diffraction become noticeable. The effects are typically isolated in order to improve Signal-to- Noise Ratio (SNR). In this paper we are exploiting diffraction and interference to use as a coding approach. We propose a coded aperture transmitter/receiver system capable of hiding information (bits) inside the diffraction nulls.
The William Lowell Putnam mathematical competition

(1950). The William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 57, No. 7P1, pp. 467-470.
Infectivity of Histomonas meleagridis of cecal and liver origins compared.

SYNOPSIS. Turkey poults were inoculated rectally with 100, 1000, 10,000, or 100,000 Histomonas meleagridis from the ceca of a group of experimentally infected turkeys. Other poults were given the same numbers of histomonads from an infected liver from the same group of source birds, Comparisons of the incidence of infection, liver involvement, mortality, and average survival time following these inoculations showed that organisms of cecal origin were about 100 times more effective in producing histomoniasis than were organisms of liver origin. It is suggested that this difference in infectivity resulted from heavy losses of histomonads of liver origin that were due to various selective processes.
Transdermal delivery of naltrexone and its active metabolite 6‐β‐naltrexol in human skin in vitro and guinea pigs in vivo

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the transdermal delivery of 6-beta-naltrexol (NTXOL), the active metabolite of naltrexone (NTX), across human skin and guinea pig skin in vitro and in hairless guinea pigs in vivo. NTXOL may be responsible for much of NTX's pharmacologic activity. In vitro diffusion studies on NTXOL were compared with similar studies on NTX using a formulation of propylene glycol and buffer in a flow-through diffusion cell system. In vivo guinea pig studies were carried out involving topical application of both drugs in patches containing identical formulations. The in vitro flux of NTX was about 2.3- and 5.6-fold higher than for NTXOL across guinea pig skin and human skin, respectively. NTXOL lag times were longer than NTX in both skin types. In vivo studies in guinea pigs showed that the steady-state plasma level of NTX was twofold greater than NTXOL, which correlated well with in vitro data. The results of the present study indicated that substantial levels of NTX and NTXOL could be delivered via the transdermal route, although the plasma levels of NTXOL were significantly less than NTX. Further transdermal formulation development will be investigated for permeation enhancement.
The role of the superior colliculus in visually guided locomotion and visual orienting in the hamster

Visually guided locomotion toward goal doors designated by various cues was assessed in normal hamsters, hamsters with undercuts of the superior colliculus, and hamsters with neonatal lesions of the superior colliculus. Scanning of visual arrays, orientation to novel stimuli, and orientation to sunflower seeds were assessed in the same animals. Collicular lesions produced no deficit in accuracy of choice of goal door, type of route taken, or speed of locomotion. By contrast, the same hamsters showed major deficits in spontaneous scanning and orientation to stimuli in the visual periphery. Hamsters with neonatal and adult collicular lesions performed identically on every task except orientation to sunflower seeds presented at various locations in the visual field; adult operates were somewhat more variable in their performance. The implications of these results for the concept of encephalization of function and the phylogeny of the optic tectum are discussed.
Using learning techniques to accommodate unanticipated faults

Procedures exist to rapidly accommodate certain types of faults, based on a priori specification of the postfault dynamics. A methodology is presented for accommodating the remaining unanticipated faults. For these two approaches, a tradeoff exists between the time to attain a solution to the reconfiguration problem and the generality of the approach. Unanticipated faults are represented as unmodeled forces and torques. Models of these forces and torques are developed online using a hybrid estimation/learning approach. The hybrid system is designed for fast estimation during the initial transient when a fault occurs, with continually improving performance as postfault information is accumulated by the learning system. Fault accommodation is achieved by a feedforward/feedback control architecture that employs an actuator distribution system to convert desired forces into individual actuator commands. This approach is demonstrated on a simulated autonomous vehicle, where the addition of a hybrid estimation/learning capability is shown to increase performance greatly over time. >
Military maps of the eighteenth‐century and the tower of London Drawing Room

(1980). Military maps of the eighteenth‐century and the tower of London Drawing Room. Imago Mundi: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 21-44.
A component-oriented model for the design of safe multi-threaded applications

We previously developed a component-oriented model that combines ideas from self-organizing architectures and from design by contract to address the complexity of design in multi-threaded systems. Components in our model are cohesive collections of objects that publish contracts declaring the conditions under which they access other components. These contracts localize a component's contextual synchronization dependencies in its interface. Moreover, the resulting systems permit strong guarantees of safety.This paper reports a case study to validate the efficacy of our model on a realistic design problem: the component-based design of a multi-threaded web server. We first developed a bare-bones web server based on the Apache architecture and then subjected this design to three extension tasks. The study corroborates that our model enables a fine-grain component-based design of multi-threaded applications of realistic complexity, while guaranteeing freedom from certain synchronization errors.
CONTRADICTIONS OF FEMINIST METHODOLOGY

Many feminists have aruged that researchers must “give voice” to hitherto silenced women by adopting “the view from below.” Critically reviewing the literature on feminist methodology, the author argues that this perspective, while absolutely essential, is not sufficient. Confining research to induction-based methods ignores the limits to such research: Ideologies of oppression are often internalized, while the underlying structures of oppression are hidden. Marxist approaches may help reveal hidden determinants of oppression, but they risk exacerbating inequalities between researcher and researched. Women's experience of a world shaped (and often segregated) by structures of inequality produces contradictory relationships among researcher and researched and requires a methodology that deals with difference and the blindness of privilege among women. Women's oppression is “a complex of many contradictions” and necessitates a new standpoint-based methodology, created by researchers and participants of dive...
Angiopoietin-1 Reduces H2O2-Induced Increases in Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Damage to Skin Cells

UV light–based damage to skin cells can cause photoaging and skin cancer. A major cause of UV light–induced damage to skin is increased free radicals, such as superoxides. Increased superoxides can cause oxidative and nitrative damage to cell components. Thus, agents that counteract these damages may have therapeutic value. Herein, we show that angiopoietin-1 (ang1) prevented and blocked H2O2-induced increases in superoxides in human spontaneously immortalized keratinocyte line, HaCaT, and primary melanocytes (HeMn). Ang1 prevented H2O2-induced increases in damage to DNA (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine) and proteins (nitrotyrosinylation). Ang1 promoted skin cell metabolism/viability, adhesion, and akt and MAPKp42/44 activations. Using multi-gene transcriptional profiling, we found that skin cells express integrin subunits {(β1, β4–6, β8, αv, α2, α3, α6 (HaCaT)), (β1, β3, β5, β8, αv, α3 (HeMn))} and lack tie2 receptor mRNA. Integrin antibodies (αv, β1) disrupted skin cell adhesion to ang1 and ang1-induced decreases in superoxides. Our findings show that ang1 blocks free radical damage to skin cells and may be clinically useful to prevent and/or reduce photoaging and skin cancer.
The Use of Polling in Congressional Campaigns

This study examines successful 1974 congressional campaigns that used public opinion polling. The primary focus of the research was on where and how polling was used in the campaign and the factors that influenced its use. Polling was most common in highly competitive, well-financed races involving younger, less politically experienced candidates. Surveys were typically begun quite early in the campaign and emphasized candidate standing and determined which issues were most salient to the electorate. The way polling was used was influenced primarily by party affiliation, the hiring of a professional pollster, and campaign expenditures. Eugene Declercq is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Bryant College. The author wishes to thank Renee Montgelas for her help in the processing of this data, and the School of Public and International Affairs and the Computer Center at George Washington University for their support. Public Opinion Quarterly ? 1978 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/78/0042-0247/$1.75 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.208 on Fri, 14 Oct 2016 04:05:29 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Accuracy of the CNAP™ monitor, a noninvasive continuous blood pressure device, in providing beat‐to‐beat blood pressure readings in pediatric patients weighing 20–40 kilograms

SummaryBackground During perioperative care, the continuous measurement of blood pressure (BP) provides superior physiologic monitoring to intermittent techniques. However, such monitoring requires placement of an intraarterial catheter, which may be time-consuming or associated with adverse events and technical difficulty. A noninvasive, continuous BP monitoring device has been studied in the adult population. This study prospectively assesses its accuracy in pediatric patients, weighing 20–40 kg. Methods The technology evaluated is the CNAP™ Monitor 500, developed by CNSystems AG (Graz, Austria). The study cohort included pediatric patients weighing between 20 and 40 kg, scheduled for surgery for which arterial line (AL) placement was planned. Systolic (sBP), diastolic (dBP), and mean arterial (MAP) blood pressure readings were captured from the AL and the CNAP™ device every minute during anesthetic care. Results The study cohort consisted of 20 patients (11 weighing between 30 and 40 kg and 9 weighing between 20 and 29.9 kg) with a mean age of 9.8 ± 3.4 years (range, 6–16 years) and weight of 29.8 ± 6.1 kg (range, 20.9–38.7 kg). There were a total of 1076 pairs each of sBP, dBP, and MAP values in the 20–29.9 kg group. The absolute difference between the sBP, dBP, and MAP was 9.8 ± 8.5, 6.8 ± 5.3, and 6.7 ± 6.2 mmHg, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the AL and the CNAP™ device was 0.48, 0.60, and 0.64 for the sBP, dBP, and MAP, respectively. The CNAP™ values (sBP, dBP, MAP) were ≤5 mmHg from the AL values in 38.6%, 48.5%, and 55.0% of the values, respectively. In the 30–40 kg group, there were a total of 2737 pairs of sBP, dBP, and MAP values. The absolute difference between the sBP, dBP, and MAP was 11.5 ± 9.3, 7.5 ± 5.3, and 7.9 ± 6.6 mmHg, respectively. The correlation coefficient between the arterial cannula and the CNAP™ device was 0.48, 0.45, and 0.51 for the sBP, dBP, and MAP, respectively. CNAP™ readings were ≤5 mmHg from the AL values (sBP, dBP, MAP) in 29.0%, 41.9%, and 40.5% of the values, respectively. Conclusion Although some variation in its accuracy was noted, the CNAP™ device provides a noninvasive and continuous blood pressure reading which appears to be within clinically useful limits. It may be that modification of the finger cuffs is needed to improve its absolute accuracy as our clinical experience demonstrated that achieving an effective fit with the cuffs was at times difficult.