cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neural network-based detection of esophageal intubation in anesthetized patients

Objective. To test whether a neural network-based method could differentiate between tracheal and esophageal intubation in anesthetized patients by recognizing breathing circuit pressure and flow waveform patterns.Methods. Tracheal tubes were placed in the trachea and in the esophagus of adult patients undergoing elective operations. After ensuring for proper oxygenation, ventilator settings were changed to 5 ml/kg tidal volume (VT) and 15 cpm and circuit pressure and flow were recorded for 15 seconds. Then, the breathing circuit was switched to the tube placed in the esophagus, and signals were recorded for an additional 15-second period. During off-line analysis, individual waveforms were separated. Tracheal breaths were labeled with a score of 1 while esophageal “breaths” were labeled with −1. A neural network was defined to learn to associate waveforms to their corresponding scores. Data from 54% of the patients were used to train the neural network. Data from the remaining subjects were used for testing.Results. Forty-six patients were studied. Neural network training was achieved with 100 tracheal and 94 esophageal waveforms from 25 patients. Neural network performance was tested on 84 tracheal and 76 esophageal waveforms from 21 subjects. The neural network assigned scores of 0.99 ±0.05 (mean ± SD) to tracheal waveforms and −0.99 ± 0.03 to esophageal waveforms. The difference between mean esophageal and tracheal scores was −1.99 with a 99.999% confidence range of −2.01 to −1.96. Any arbitrary cutoff threshold, ranging between −0.76 and 0.7, separated tracheal and esophageal score regions, yielding no false positive or negative results.Conclusion. A neural network differentiated consistently tracheal from esophageal intubation when the ventilation testmode was used. The ventilation mode employed is feasible in most adult patients undergoing elective procedures under general anesthesia. Further research is required to train neural networks to recognize esophageal intubation in different age groups and when different ventilation modes are applied.
Perception of Neighborhood Safety and Reported Childhood Lifetime Asthma in the United States (U.S.): A Study Based on a National Survey

Background Recent studies have emphasized the role of psychosocial stressors as a determinant of asthma, and neighborhoods can be a potential source of such stressors. We investigated the association between parental perception of neighborhood safety and reported lifetime asthma among children. Methodology/Principal Findings Data for the study came from the 2003–04 National Survey of Children Health (NSCH); a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of children aged 0–17 years. Demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral covariates were included in the study. Models were estimated after taking account of weighting and complex survey design. Parental report of whether the child has ever been diagnosed with asthma by a physician was used to define the outcome. Parental report of perception of neighborhood safety was the main exposure. In unadjusted models, the odds ratio (OR) for reporting asthma associated with living in neighborhoods that were perceived to be sometimes or never safe was 1.36 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.21, 1.53) compared to living in neighborhoods that were perceived to be always safe. Adjusting for covariates including exposure to second hand tobacco smoke, mother's self-rated health, child's physical activity and television viewing attenuated this association (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.08, 1.43). In adjusted models, the increased odds ratio for reporting asthma was also higher among those who perceived neighborhoods as being usually safe (OR 1.15 95% CI 1.06, 1.26), as compared to always safe, suggestive of a dose-response relationship, with the differentials for usually safe and never safe being statistically significant (p = 0.009). Conclusion Psychosocial stressors may be important risk factors that may impact the pathogenesis of asthma and/or contribute to asthma morbidity by triggering exacerbations through neuroimmunologic mechanisms, as well as social mechanisms.
1,1-Disubstituted-2,5-cyclohexadines: selective inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase

Abstract 1,1-Disubstituted-2,5-Cyclohexadienes, modeled after arachidonic acid and 15-HETE, selectively inhibit 5-Lipoxygenase.
Sensitivity of Pine Flatwoods Hydrology to Climate Change and Forest Management in Florida, USA

Pine flatwoods (a mixture of cypress wetlands and managed pine uplands) is an important ecosystem in the southeastern U.S. However, long-term hydrologic impacts of forest management and climate change on this heterogeneous landscape are not well understood. Therefore, this study examined the sensitivity of cypress-pine flatwoods hydrology to climate change and forest management by using the physically based, distributed hydrologic modeling system, MIKE SHE. The model was first calibrated and validated with a long-term data set, and then applied using several hypothetical scenarios developed in north central Florida. Our study showed that MIKE SHE could simulate the temporal and spatial dynamics of the shallow ground-water table. The model also identified and confirmed three horizontal ground-water flow patterns at this study site. The modeling results suggested that forest removal and climate change (i.e., warming and drying) would have pronounced impacts on the ground-water table during the dry periods, but these impacts may be minor under wet conditions at this typical flatwoods landscape. At the landscape scale, depressional wetlands may have higher responses to tree removal and climate change than surrounding uplands.
Comparison of Torula Yeast and Various Grape Juice Products as Attractants for Mexican Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Early research investigating attractants for the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens Loew, during the 1930s indicated that fermentation products were effective attractants for Mexican fruit flies and other tropical Tephritidae, but that attraction to fruit components was only of academic interest. Tests reported here were carried out on populations of Mexican fruit flies from 2004 to 2011. Trapping experiments carried out at sites in the states Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosi compared grape juice, reconstituted grape concentrate and powdered grape mixes, and torula yeast extract in orchards at each site. The Nuevo Leon orchard was mixed with alternate rows of pears and surrounded by alternate hosts. The San Luis Potosi site was surrounded by other orange orchards or nonhosts. Each test was run for at least 10 mo and included highest and lowest trapping periods. Results showed that grape juice captured the most total flies and had the fewest samples with zero flies. However, in the series of experiments, each product had the most captures in at least one experiment. Hydrolyzed torula was superior in one of the six experiments. In five of the tests, polyethylene glycol was tested as an additive to the grape products but never improved capture rate compared with the product without the additive. These results indicate that grape juice is superior to grape concentrate or powder and grape juice is at least equal to torula yeast hydrolysate for trapping pest populations of Mexican fruit flies in commercial citrus orchards.
Framework for Analyzing Critical Incident Management Systems (CIMS)

Critical incident management systems (CIMS) are information systems used to deal with day to day occurring emergencies as well as to mitigate major catastrophic events which can be man-made (9/11 attacks, Oklahoma bombings, etc) or simply an act of nature (Category 5 hurricanes Andrews, category 4 hurricane Katrina, Earthquake in San Francisco, etc). There are several CIMS in use today. Unfortunately, these current systems do not regard risk as a crucial part of the decision-making scenario. Existing literature has also not addressed this issue adequately. To effectively assess and analyze CIMS risk factors, it is necessary to identify the factors relating to assessing particular kinds of risks to such systems. This paper develops a framework for analyzing the risks that are important for CIMS to take into account. We use the economic theory of shortage to develop the framework. Furthermore, feedback from expert practitioners has been used to refine the framework.
Influence of optic flow on a sit-to-stand task in healthy children and adults

Children and adults stood from a seated position in the dark, with the onset of visual scene motion or after a period of immersion in the virtual reality environment. Multiplanar head and trunk angular velocity were calculated. Both children and adults were found to reduce head and trunk angular velocities when immersed in a moving visual field but not when standing coincident with the onset of visual motion.
On vocabulary-independent speech modeling

The use of vocabulary-independent (VI) models to improve the usability of speech recognizers is described. Initial results using generalized triphones as VI models show that with more training data and more detailed modeling, the error rate of VI models can be reduced substantially. For example, the error rates for VI models with 5000, 10000, and 15000 training sentences, are 23.9%, 15.2%, and 13.3%, respectively. Moreover, if task-specific training data are available, one can interpolate them with VI models. This task adaptation can reduce the error rate by 18% over task-specifying models. >
A Kirchhoff approximation for surface plasmon polaritons

By the use of an impedance boundary condition, the Wiener-Hopf method, and Green's second integral identity in the plane we obtain a Kirchhoff approximation for the reflection amplitude of a surface plasmon polariton incident from one metal surface onto its rough boundary with a co-planar surface of a second metal. An example of the use of this result is presented.
LcrV Delivered via Type III Secretion System of Live Attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Enhances Immunogenicity against Pneumonic Plague

Here, we constructed a Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mutant strain with arabinose-dependent regulated and delayed shutoff of crp expression (araC P(BAD) crp) and replacement of the msbB gene with the Escherichia coli msbB gene to attenuate it. Then, we inserted the asd mutation into this construction to form χ10057 [Δasd-206 ΔmsbB868::P(msbB) msbB(EC) ΔP(crp21)::TT araC P(BAD) crp] for use with a balanced-lethal Asd-positive (Asd(+)) plasmid to facilitate antigen synthesis. A hybrid protein composed of YopE (amino acids [aa]1 to 138) fused with full-length LcrV (YopE(Nt138)-LcrV) was synthesized in χ10057 harboring an Asd(+) plasmid (pYA5199, yopE(Nt138)-lcrV) and could be secreted through a type III secretion system (T3SS) in vitro and in vivo. Animal studies indicated that mice orally immunized with χ10057(pYA5199) developed titers of IgG response to whole-cell lysates of Y. pestis (YpL) and subunit LcrV similar to those seen with χ10057(pYA3332) (χ10057 plus an empty plasmid). However, only immunization of mice with χ10057(pYA5199) resulted in a significant secretory IgA response to LcrV. χ10057(pYA5199) induced a higher level of protection (80% survival) against intranasal (i.n.) challenge with ~240 median lethal doses (LD50) (2.4 × 10(4) CFU) of Y. pestis KIM6+(pCD1Ap) than χ10057(pYA3332) (40% survival). Splenocytes from mice vaccinated with χ10057(pYA5199) produced significant levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) after restimulation with LcrV and YpL antigens. Our results suggest that it is possible to use an attenuated Y. pseudotuberculosis strain delivering the LcrV antigen via the T3SS as a potential vaccine candidate against pneumonic plague.
Evolution of resistance to satyrization through reproductive character displacement in populations of invasive dengue vectors

Recently, the highly invasive Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, rapidly displaced resident populations of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti in the southeastern United States and in Bermuda. Although multiple mechanisms of competitive displacement have been hypothesized, recent evidence of cross-insemination between these species in nature and the sterilizing effects of male accessory gland products asymmetrically favoring A. albopictus in interspecific matings support a role for satyrization (a form of reproductive interference) to explain the rapid displacements. Because of the drastic reproductive loss of A. aegypti females satyrized by A. albopictus males, we predicted selection for prezygotic isolation in populations of A. aegypti sympatric with A. albopictus. Exposures in cages demonstrated that female A. aegypti from populations in Florida sympatric with A. albopictus for the past 20 y were significantly less likely than nearby allopatric populations to mate with heterospecific males. Cross-inseminations of A. albopictus females by A. aegypti males were significantly less common, supporting the one-way direction of displacements observed in nature. Our results indicate rapid sexual selection leading to reproductive character displacement and the potential for satyr-resistant A. aegypti to recover from competitive displacements. These results have implications for increased risks of dengue transmission where these vector species meet worldwide.
Callithrix argentata (Silver marmoset)

Several acrocentrics actually bear distinct second arms, so that they may be classified as subtelocentrics. Secondary constrictions are not obvious on any of the acrocentrics. Identification of the X is subjective even in the male cells, but identification of the Y offers no problem.
The Houses That Matsutake Built1

The Houses That Matsutake Built. In the mountains of northwest Yunnan, China, a valuable mushroom, matsutake or song rong (Tricholoma matsutake) was commodified in the 1980s. Since that time, it has been exported in large quantities to Japan. The sale of matsutake now contributes more to the income of Shangri-la County (Diqing Autonomous Tibetan Prefecture) than any other crop, including timber and livestock. During the 1980s and 1990s, villagers in this remote region used their mushroom earnings to build spacious, beautiful new houses in the traditional local (Kham) style, and in some cases to buy motor vehicles or open businesses. In villages with access to productive matsutake habitat, virtually every household was able to build a new house; entire villages were transformed. During the 1990s, several villages developed locally based management regimes to enhance production and to address the problems and conflicts that arose from the harvest of such a valuable product. More recently, government agencies and NGOs have played a highly visible role in promoting “sustainable” harvest policies. The implications of their involvement are briefly examined and the future of matsutake harvest in Yunnan is discussed.
Analytical gradient of restricted second-order Møller-Plesset correlation energy with the resolution of the identity approximation, applied to the TCNE dimer anion complex

The evaluation of the analytical gradient of restricted open shell second-order Moller–Plesset (RMP2) correlation energy for restricted open-shell systems is discussed within the framework of the resolution of the identity (RI) approximation. The theory can be feasibly implemented on the basis of an existing unrestricted MP2 (UMP2) algorithm. The method is applied to characterize the structure of a dimer formed by tetracyanoethylene and its anion. It is shown that the optimized dimer structure in RMP2 theory (twisted) is markedly different compared to the UMP2 structure (parallel). This difference is explained as a consequence of spin-contamination in the UMP2 model.
Comparison of Gene Prediction Programs for Metagenomic Data

This manuscript presents the most rigorous benchmarking of gene annotation algorithms for metagenomic datasets to date. We compare three different programs: GeneMark, MetaGeneAnnotator (MGA) and Orphelia. The comparisons are based on their performances over simulated fragments from hundred species of diverse lineages. We defined three different types of fragments: one type from the intra-coding region and the other types are from the gene edges. The general observation was that performances of all these programs improve as we increase the length of the fragment. On the other hand, intra-coding fragments of our data show a low annotation error in all of the programs if compared to the genes edges.
Growing the Pipeline: Restructuring an Introductory Computer Programming Course

New data show that students' interest in computer science is declining. It has been noted that lower enrollment may be due to the bust of the "dot com " industry, to the perception that computer science jobs have been outsourced, and to the way that the discipline is being introduced and taught to a group of students who have grown up using the computer. The current research is an exploratory study that investigates computer self-efficacy and its influence in the decision to participate in collaborative learning in an introductory computer programming course. Preliminary results of the study find that students have a healthy sense of their computing abilities and that computer self-efficacy does not impact their decision to participate in a collaborative learning experience.
Using the WebCT NAFTA Program to Promote Analytical Thinking and Global Awareness Competencies Through a Team Approach

Recent focus on educational accountability has led to emphasis on innovative and effective pedagogy to achieve competencies. Effective pedagogy supports various learning styles and higher order thinking. The WebCT-based lesson implemented in this study served to: 1) assess achievement of two competencies (analytical thinking, global awareness) essential for the global industry, 2) support field independent/dependent learning styles, and 3) promote development of higher order cognitive skills. Students responded to WebCT case questions addressing outsourcing decisions. The lesson supported achievement of the two competencies as indicated by self-assessment and instructor-scored essays. The Group Embedded Figures Test categorized students' learning styles as field independent/dependent. There was instructional support for students regardless of different learning styles. Essays provided evidence that students engaged in higher order thinking. WebCT-based instruction can be effective for achieving analytical...
Amnesia due to lesions confined to the hippocampus: A clinical-pathologic study

Reported here is the case of a 65-year-old man who suffered a burst of severe, repetitive generalized seizures (status epilepticus). On recovery of consciousness he was left with a profound impairment of memory, which remained unchanged for the subsequent 30 months of his life. During this period the cognitive defect was fully documented. Careful neuropathologic examination disclosed the presence of remarkably discrete lesions, confined to the hippocampus on each side. Because of the rarity of well-documented instances of this type and their importance in the study of memory function, we are reporting our case in some detail.
The influence of sources of self-efficacy upon efficacy strength.

This study examined the influence of different sources of efficacy information on self-efficacy strength. Forty-eight women ranging from 18 to 40 years of age were recruited from a university population and randomly assigned to one of six groups. Each group received three sources of bench-press efficacy information (performance accomplishment, model, verbal message) presented in a different sequence. Bench-press efficacy strength was measured after each source of efficacy information. Results indicated that a performance accomplishment led to significantly stronger bench-press efficacy than did observation of a model, which in turn was more effective in strengthening efficacy than was hearing a verbal message. Second, performance accomplishment strengthened bench-press efficacy even when it followed one or both of the other sources of efficacy information. Finally, a verbal persuasion message was most effective in strengthening efficacy when it followed a performance accomplishment.
The nature and distribution of vegetative desiccation-tolerance in hornworts, liverworts and mosses

Abstract Desiccation-tolerance is the unique ability to revive from the air-dried state. In this review, I summarize the distribution of vegetative desiccation-tolerance within the land plants emphasizing bryophytes, and provide a current checklist of those moss, liverwort and hornwort species with documented and experimentally determined tolerance. Desiccation-tolerant species can survive equilibration with either modestly dry air (i.e., 70–80% RH or −30 to −48 MPa) or extremely dry air (i.e., 0–30% RH or less than −162 MPa), and have been identified within seven classes of bryophytes, the Andreaeopsida, Bryopsida, Polytrichopsida and Tetraphidopsida (mosses), Jungermanniopsida and Marchantiopsida (liverworts) and the Anthocerotopsida (hornworts); 210 out of 21,000 bryophyte species (ca. 1.0%) have been experimentally determined to possess vegetative desiccation tolerance—158 species of mosses, 51 species of liverworts and one species of hornwort. Finally, I propose a comprehensive survey of mosses, live...
THE COLONIAL GREEN ALGA ASTREPHOMENE GUBERNACULIFERA DISPLAYS A CHEMORESPONSE TO ACETATE

Astrephomene gubernaculifera is a colonial green alga capable of growth on sodium acetate in the dark. Because heterotrophic organisms often have mechanisms to detect and respond to food sources, we tested the response of A. gubernaculifera to a number of potential chemoeffectors. Acetate elicits strong chemoaccumulation in three different behavioral assays. However, there was no chemoaccumulation in response to the carbohydrates xylose, ribose, glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, fructose, maltose, lactose, and sucrose; the amino acids asparagine, arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, and hydroxyproline; or glycerol. Interestingly, A. gubernaculifera did respond to propionate. This compound is structurally related to acetate, but is incapable of supporting growth in the dark. This implies that the chemosensory response in A. gubernaculifera is not the direct result of metabolic changes but rather involves a specific chemical receptor and subsequent internal signaling pathway. We are presently analyzing swimming patterns in colonies exposed to changes in acetate concentration to test several alternate models that could lead to chemoaccumulation.
Pediatric Resident Comfort Level in Palliative Care Situations and the Need for Formal Training During Residency (770)

Objectives 1. Gain knowledge about the perceptions of palliative care physicians and trauma surgeons regarding the role of family members in facilitating and/or constraining optimum care of SICU patients. 2. Gain understanding of the underlying socioemotional dynamic shaping family impact on processes of care in the SICU. 3. Gain awareness of the importance of integrating patientfamilies into the changing landscape of the SICU, capitalizing on family’s strengths, and moderating family distress. Background. The role of palliative care in intensive care unit (ICU) is growing. Previous research investigated the interface of palliative and surgical providers caring for surgical ICU (SICU) patients. Little is known, however, about providers’ perspectives on family members of ICU patients. Research objectives. In this presentation we examine palliative and surgical physicians’ perceptions of the role of family in facilitating and/or constraining optimum care of SICU patients presenting with sudden advanced illness (SAI). Methods. We conducted face-to-face interviews with a total of 16 palliative and surgical attending physicians at theUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamHospital, an academicLevel-1TraumaCenter. We queried respondents about experiences with patients presenting with SAI, asking providers to describe a typical case. Using qualitative methods, we analyzed interview texts for emerging themes characterizing physicians’ experiences with family members of SAI patients. We used physicians’ exemplary quotes to operationalize themes. Results. We identified three interrelated, crosscutting themes enabling or interfering with optimal care for SICU patients: (1) the primacy of emotions in the family’s processing the patient’s situation, (2) the relevance of knowledge in the family’s comprehension of the patient’s condition, and (3) the salience of expectations in the family’s management of the patient’s care Conclusion. Providing holistic care to patients and families with SAI can be challenging. Family members function as both patient advocates and physician antagonists. Navigating the complex needs of SICU patients and family involves collaboration of palliative and surgical physicians and requires tools for assisting family members with processing, understanding, and managing the severity of the patient’s condition. Implications for research, policy, or practice. As collaborations between palliative care and surgical providers become the norm, understanding the role of family members in the SICU will take on increased importance. Research in this area can lead to the development of educational modules for providers and psychosocial interventions for family members.
A Reconsideration of Religious Authority in Christian Theology

As Stanley Cavell has critiqued Christianity for displacing authority from the individual to somewhere beyond critical assessment, so several Christian theologians have also turned to Wittgenstein to justify just such displacement. This article suggests that both offer theologically impoverished and historically inattentive accounts of authority. It aims instead to sketch five moments in the Christian tradition to suggest five ways of naming the intimacy of religious authority with individual critical assessment. Such intimacy is then theologically described through the doctrinal loci of creation and incarnation, which generate a picture of authority surprisingly near to one Cavell might want to celebrate.
El liderazgo en la gestión de la calidad de la educación a distancia como innovación

The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the achievement of a better and increased knowledge on the exercise of leadership, with the aim of improving the management of the quality of distance education, and its diffusion in society as an innovation. In the first part, some basic and relevant concepts to achieve the above mentioned objective are defined. In the second part, we discuss how those concepts relate between them and integrate in a framework to promote the development of an effective leadership in managing the quality of distance education as an innovation.
Use of Ultrasonic Sensors for Characterization of Membrane Fouling and Cleaning

The modern challenges for membrane separations in a wide range of processes require more sophisticated approaches for the detection and remediation of fouling, i.e., the association of solutes, particulate matter, and colloids on and/or within a membrane. Most commonly, fouling is assessed from inferred measurements of permeation rate and/or permeate quality. The use of acoustic techniques for direct observations of membrane fouling was introduced over 10 years ago. We summarize here, recent developments in ultrasonic reflectometry that use both time-domain and frequency-domain spectra for noninvasive, real-time assessments of fouling in a variety of module configurations and geometries. In addition, we describe recent developments and applications of scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) for post-mortem characterization of membranes with particular emphasis on biofouling.
Toxicological assessment of nattokinase derived from Bacillus subtilis var. natto.

Subtilisin NAT, commonly known as "nattokinase," is a fibrinolytic enzyme produced by the bacterial strain B. subtilis var. natto, which plays a central role in the fermentation of soybeans into the popular Japanese food natto. Recent studies have reported on the potential anticoagulatory and antihypertensive effects of nattokinase administration in humans, with no indication of adverse effects. To evaluate the safety of nattokinase in a more comprehensive manner, several GLP-compliant studies in rodents and human volunteers have been conducted with the enzyme product, NSK-SD (Japan Bio Science Laboratory Co., Ltd., Japan). Nattokinase was non-mutagenic and non-clastogenic in vitro, and no adverse effects were observed in 28-day and 90-day subchronic toxicity studies conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats at doses up to 167 mg/kg-day and 1000 mg/kg-day, respectively. Mice inoculated with 7.55 × 10(8) CFU of the enzyme-producing bacterial strain showed no signs of toxicity or residual tissue concentrations of viable bacteria. Additionally consumption of 10 mg/kg-day nattokinase for 4 weeks was well tolerated in healthy human volunteers. These findings suggest that the oral consumption of nattokinase is of low toxicological concern. The 90-day oral subchronic NOAEL for nattokinase in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats is 1000 mg/kg-day, the highest dose tested.
HER2-neu status as a predictor of survival in patients with brain metastases from primary breast adenocarcinoma

1016 Background: Recent data suggests that Her2-neu positivity predicts for development of brain metastases in patients with breast cancer. However, there now exists a targeted agent, trastuzumab, that provides excellent systemic control of Her2-positive (Her2 +) disease. We therefore explore the course of this disease as a function of Her2 status in patients with primary breast cancer who have developed brain metastases. Method: We retrospectively analyzed data from 50 consecutive patients with primary breast cancer who subsequently developed brain metastases. Factors evaluated included Her2-neu, ER/PR, T stage, nodal stage, use of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) as initial management of CNS disease, initial number of metastases, hormonal therapy, use of trastuzumab, and Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS). Overall survival (OS) was modeled using Cox proportional hazard. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used for significant predictors. Results: Median age was 49 years (28–78 y). Fifty-four percent of patients we...
The Global Rivers Environmental Educational Education Network and the Case of the Rouge River in Detroit, Michigan.

The roots of the Interactive Rouge River Water Quality Monitoring Project began on the Huron River and Huron High School in Ann Arbor, Michigan. In the Spring…
Typhoid Carriers: A Study of Environmental and other Factors Bearing upon Periodicity

Rosenau' states that from 2% to 4% of all typhoid cases continue to discharge typhoid bacilli indefinitely and constitute our chronic or permanent carriers. Garbat2 mentions the fact that of every 10,000 approximately perfectly healthy individuals, 2.3 are typhoid carriers. Gaehtgens3 found that out of 386 cases 77, or 20% could be traced to chronic carriers. Park4 has estimated that one in every 500 adults, who never knowingly had typhoid, is a typhoid carrier and that out of every 100 typhoid cases from 3 to 6 become typhoid carriers. Leach, Dehler and Havens5 found 10.3% of 156 individuals in Alabama who had recovered from typhoid fever within 6 months to 2 years to be typhoid carriers. Welch, Dehler and Havens,6 in a study of 1,076 healthy dairy employees in the same state, found 5.1% positive for typhoid and paratyphoid bacilli. Arnold,7 by changing the environment of the animal, was able to inhibit or interfere in varying degrees with the power of the intestinal tract to regulate the bacterial life residing within its lumen. Grover,8 who studied the relation of temperature and humidity on seasonal diarrheas in children, concluded that the seasonal occurrence depended more on absolute humidity than anything else. Hull, Nedzel and Arnold9 injected mixtures of B. prodigiosus and B. enteritidis into the gall bladder of 8 dogs, recovering these organisms through non-leaking appendiceal fistulae after 13 and 18 days only when the temperature controlled environment was 95 F. and the relative humidity 90%. In a somewhat similar experiment, introducing agar plugs in which growth of the organisms had been established into the gall bladder, using 6 dogs, he was able to prolong the carrier state and recover these organisms in the same manner 38 days after, but only when the temperature controlled environment was 95 F., relative humidity 90%. In both experiments, except in the second series on the 7th and 19th day following implantation of the bacilli, daily examinations gave negative resultswhen the animals were kept in a temperature controlled environment of 68-70 F., relative humidity 40-50%.
A slow light beam splitter

A slow-light beamsplitter using the rapid transport of coherence in a wall-coated atomic vapor cell under electromagnetically-induced-transparency is presented. Such a beamsplitter may improve quantum repeater performance and be useful in quantum and classical optics.
Knowledge from Practice:the Methodological Principle of Field Work in Ethnic Groups' Education

Field work is an important research method in ethnic groups' education while knowledge from practice is the methodological principles of field work.Persisting in the principle of field work,we need to gather data on the reality of ethnic groups' education and comply with the theoretical guidance.This principle requires that the field work must be based on the fundamental purpose of pursuing the knowledge and the law.It also demands us to walk out the mire of epistemological relativism,exceed the bipolar confrontation of universalism and specialism.We need to promote theories with great efforts on the base of roundly gaining the real data.
Field Overvoltage Measurement of 1000kV AC Power Transmission Test and Pilot Project

In the commissioning of 1 000 kV AC power transmission test and pilot project from Changzhi via Nanyang to Jingmen,through the field measurement of transient voltages and transient currents of the transmission line and the measurement of those transient parameters of main equipments configured in three substations,whether the engineering design of this test and pilot project are secure and reliable or not can be confirmed.Such a measurement is available for reference to the design and operation of ultra high voltage AC power transmission projects from now on.The field overvoltage measurement for this test and pilot project includes the overvoltage measurement during switching on/off no load transformers,switching on/off low voltage reactors,switching on/off no load transmission lines,switching on/off low voltage capacitor banks and artificial single-phase temporary ground of the transmission line.Measurement results show that the maximum values of the measured transient voltages and currents have not excessed the designed values and allowable values specified in the standards.
Exhaustive Community Enumeration in Parallel

An algorithm to evaluate/count all the possible communities of a graph is presented. An associated unrank function is described. An implementation of an existing algorithm to evaluate all the possible partitions of a graph, based on an unrank function, is presented as well. Performance results of the parallelizations of these algorithms obtained on a shared memory machine, a cluster of workstations and a Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) are included.
Hormone Replacement Therapy in the Gynecologic and Breast Cancer Patient.

Hormone replacement therapy has increased in use as a result of its well-established benefits as an effective tool against such consequences as osteoporosis and ischemic heart disease and in the ma...
“Drought is a Relative Term:” Drought Risk Perceptions and Water Management Preferences among Diverse Community Members in Oklahoma, USA

Recent hydrological studies of the Arbuckle-Simpson Aquifer in south central Oklahoma indicate the need for sustainable management of the amount of water extracted, especially in a drying climate. This study draws on the Cultural Theory of Risk to diagnose how cultural worldviews inform drought risk perceptions, which in turn guide water management preferences and ignite conflict or inspire cooperation among members of communities that rely on the aquifer. Results show that while drought risk perceptions are complex and often conflicting, community members largely agree water management is important but disagree about how and by whom. People oppose management options that threaten their worldviews or stated ideal ways of life. While surveys are useful indicators of people’s stated preferences for management approaches, a deeper analysis is required to understand what management strategies people will accept and eventually comply with.
Can we assess risk of psychiatric sequelae from perinatal injuries

Abstract Medical malpractice litigation involving seven to nine figure settlements has been on the rise over the past decade. Given the life-altering scope of these incidents, forensic child psychiatrists may be asked to opine on the effects of a permanent perinatal injury on normal human development. Whether forensic child psychiatrists can assess risk of future psychiatric effects from such incidents is an important question. This paper is spurred by two separate cases, each involving a male infant having a portion of their genitals accidentally amputated by an obstetrician–gynecologist (OB/GYN) during a routine circumcision. In each case, the genitals were repaired, but permanent defects remained. The question arises how such injuries would affect these children as they matured. An analysis of the literature supported that there are risks of psychiatric effects of such birth-related injuries. Such predictions are made with reference to what is already known about human development, and by an exploration of the literature on the psychiatric effects of comparable injuries to children.
Test Utilization: The Essential Role of the Clinical Consultant

The Laboratory “Clinical Consultant” is an essential partner in the provision of high value care. Examples of the effective clinical consultant range from intelligent requisition design, active oversight of a transfusion service, engagement in blood component contract negotiations, coagulation consultation, and adapting an organization to new technology, new clinical uses for existing laboratory tests, or eliminating tests which are no longer clinically useful. Significant cost savings to the healthcare organization are possible through an effective partnership.
The Schoolbook Protest Movement: 40 Questions and Answers. By Edward B. Jenkinson

(1986). The Schoolbook Protest Movement: 40 Questions and Answers. By Edward B. Jenkinson. Religion & Public Education: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 29-41.
Interface between the Brazilian Antitrust, Anti-Corruption, and Criminal Organization Laws: The Leniency Agreements (Short Version)

Since the enactment of the new Anti-corruption Law, the interaction between the antitrust and anti-corruption leniency regimes has attracted the attention of policy makers. More recently, the emergence of Operation Car Wash ("operacao lava jato"), one of the biggest corruption scandals of all time, has established a need to more closely analyze the criminal leniency regime under the Criminal Organization Law. Following an introduction, the paper addresses the most significant challenges brought by the interface between administrative antitrust, administrative anti-corruption, and criminal legislation: the issues related to the enforcement of the leniency agreements. The conclusion reinforces the importance of the antitrust, anti-corruption, and criminal authorities working together to reach the best practices that could lead to an optimum enforcement of the three leniency regimes.
SCC of Austenitic Stainless Steels Under Off-Normal Water Chemistry and Surface Conditions

The field experience of austenitic stainless steels in PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor) primary circuits has been generally outstanding. However, the effect of so called “off normal” conditions still plays an important role regarding the SCC (Stress Corrosion Cracking) susceptibility of austenitic stainless steels (SS). Such off normal conditions can either be surface conditions or off normal water chemistry conditions, which is the topic of this paper. This paper summarizes evaluations of the SCC susceptibility of cold worked stainless steels in off normal oxygenated environment including transients. In order to study off normal chemistry conditions, SCC tests were performed in simulated PWR primary water conditions under either hydrogen water chemistry conditions or oxygenated conditions. Since the effect of transients are suspected to play a role under plant conditions, additional tests were performed with continuously changing from oxygenated to hydrogenated conditions and compared to results from tests under purely hydrogenated or oxygenated water chemistry conditions.
Constrained near-optimal control of a wave energy converter in three oscillation modes

Abstract This paper investigates the performance of a small axisymmetric buoy under wave-by-wave near optimal control in surge, heave, and pitch modes in long-crested irregular waves. Wave prediction is obtained using a deterministic propagation model. The paper describes the overall formulation leading up to the derivation of the feedforward control forces in surge and heave, and the control moment in pitch. The radiation coupling between surge and pitch modes is accounted for in the model. Actuation is relative to deeply submerged reaction masses. Heave oscillations are constrained by the swept-volume limit. Oscillation constraints are also applied on the surge and pitch oscillations. The paper discusses time-domain simulations for an irregular wave input with and without the present control. Also discussed are results obtained over a range of irregular wave conditions derived for energy periods from 7 s to 17 s, and a significant wave height of 1 m. It is found that, while the gains in power capture enabled by the present control are significant, the actuation forces are also very large, given the small size of the buoy. Further, due to the small size, heave is found to be the dominant contributor to power capture, with relatively modest contributions from surge and pitch.
“Black Children Are an Endangered Species”: Examining Racial Framing in Social Movements

The “Endangered Species” anti-abortion billboard controversy in Atlanta in 2010 gained international attention and sparked lengthy discussion about the causes and consequences of black women’s abor...
The impact of minor stressful life events and social support on cravings: a study of inpatients receiving treatment for substance dependence.

This study examined the incidence of cravings and minor stress events, whether stress predicted cravings, and whether social support predicted cravings or moderated the relation between stress and cravings. Participants included 39 inpatients being treated for substance dependence. Minor stress was assessed with the Daily Stress Inventory, social support was measured using the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List, and cravings were measured using the Daily Urge Record Sheet. Compared to normative data, participants reported a similar number of minor stressors and rated the impact of these events as somewhat, but not significantly, more stressful. A total of 64.10% of the sample did not experience cravings. A logistic regression revealed that number of minor stressors (b = 0.59, p < .05) and perceived impact of stress (b = 0.49, p < .05) predicted cravings. Social support moderated the association between incidence of stressors and cravings (b = -0.10, p < .05). These findings suggest that minor stress may contribute to cravings, and supports the social support buffering hypothesis. Implications for theory and future research about the role of minor stress and cravings in substance abuse are discussed.
Uncooled resistive metal foil bolometers for imaging with radiofrequency magnetic fields

A set of experiments were conducted looking at how characteristics of loop elements in an array affect their detected induced current and subsequent Joule heating when located in a radio frequency magnetic field. These experiments included evaluations of the observed steady state temperature rise versus the radius of the loop, the location of the loop with respect to the RF source, and the effect on steady state temperature rise when other loops were brought into close proximity. Loop elements were then combined into a radially-symmetric, five-element array which was used to create a coarse magnetic image of a simple piece of aluminum sheet. After normalization, the temperature rise versus loop size results showed a direct linear relationship which enabled prediction of the lower element size threshold based on the properties of existing thermosensing layer materials used in other bolometer applications and the typical performance of analog measurement equipment. Offset sample test results show how the RF field varied linearly across a given plane perpendicular to the RF source transmission axis, increasing as the distance between the sample and one side of the Helmholtz coil is reduced. Separation distance test results also reveal the RF magnetic field cancellation effects due to mutual coupling as the separation between closed-loop elements are brought into close proximity. Lastly, the excellent agreement achieved between the captured image and the actual object show promise in creating an imaging system with significant resolution and contrast differentiation.
Gravitons Writ Large; I.E. Stability, Contributions to Early Arrow of Time, and Also Their Possible Role in Re Acceleration of the Universe 1 Billion Years Ago?

This document is due to a question by Debasish of the Saha institute of India asked in the Dark Side of the Universe conference, 2010, in Leon, Mexico, and also is connected with issues as to the initial configuration of the arrow of time brought up in both Rudn 10, in Rencontres de Blois, and Fundamental Frontiers of Physics 11, in Paris, in July 2010. Further reference is made as to how to reconcile early inflation with re acceleration, partly by dimensional analysis and partly due to recounting a suggestion as by Yurov, which the author thinks has merit and which ties into, to a point with using massive gravitons as a re acceleration of the universe a billion years ago enabler, as perhaps a variant of DE.
Classical Aspects of Spontaneous Emission

Spontaneous emission is frequently ascribed to the action of zero point vibrations on an excited electron. If this were so, there would be no classical parallel since classical media do not have zero point vibrations. In contrast to the model using zero point vibrations, it is shown that spontaneous emission by a moving electron in a solid can be accounted for in terms of a classical interaction between electron and solid. While the mechanism of the interaction is classical, the evaluation of its magnitude is subject to certain quantum constraints.
Memory and Learning in Metaheuristics

The rapid increase of dimensions and complexity of real life problems makes it more difficult to find optimal solutions by traditional optimization methods. This challenge requires intelligent and sophisticated algorithms to make the right decisions given a set of inputs and a variety of possible actions. In the problem solving arena, this definition is transformed into the term of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence emerges in metaheuristics via memory and learning in algorithms. Metaheuristics are promising approaches that can find near-optimal solutions in an acceptable amount of time. Many successful metaheuristics employ “intelligent” procedures to obtain high quality solutions for discrete optimization problems. To demonstrate the contribution of memory and learning into metaheuristics, Estimation of Distribution Algorithms will be incorporated as a memory and learning mechanism into Meta-RaPS (Meta-heuristic for Randomized Priority Search) which is classified as a memoryless metaheuristic. The 0-1 multidimensional knapsack problem will be used to evaluate the “intelligence” of the new algorithm.