cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The market of human organs: a window into a poorly understood global business

The global demand for human organs has set the stage for an exploding and poorly understood global business in human organs. Whenever there is demand for a product, the opportunity for business arises. The form that a business takes is dependent on a complex network of inputs and outputs, each affecting the others. Historically, the details of any specific market are drastically underestimated. Nowhere is this truer than in the market of human organs. The drivers, which propel the "goods" of human organs, form a flourishing business. Critical analysis is essential to understanding of the supply and demand sides and to determine the role of government in regulating the industry. Governmental groups have dismissed formation of a regulated market for organ sales. The concept is nonetheless a topic of active discussion, motivated by the suffering of patients in need of organs and exploitation of the victims of human trafficking. Ethical principles have been invoked on each side of the ensuing debate. Theory in the absence of sufficient data is shaky ground for enactment of new policy. The Aristotelian concept of "practical wisdom" and the pragmatism of William James illuminate the importance of scientific investigation as guide to policy formation. How will stakeholders benefit or lose? What impact might be anticipated in regard to organized medicine's social contract? What can we learn about cross-cultural differences and their effect on the global landscape?
Segmentation and automatic descreening of scanned documents

One of the major challenges in scanning and printing documents in a digital library is the preservation of the quality of the documents and in particular of the images they contain. When photographs are offset-printed, the process of screening usually takes place. During screening, a continuous tone image is converted into a bi-level image by applying a screen to replace each color in the original image. When high-resolution scanning of screened images is performed, it is very common in the digital version of the document to observe the screen patterns used during the original printing. In addition, when printing the digital document, more effects tend to appear because printing requires halftoning. In order to automatically suppress these moire patterns, it is necessary to detect the image areas of the document and remove the screen pattern present in those areas. In this paper, we present efficient and robust techniques to segment a grayscale document into halftone image areas, detect the presence and frequency of screen patterns in halftone areas and suppress their detected screens. We present novel techniques to perform fast segmentation based on (alpha) -crossings, detection of screen frequencies using a fast accumulator function and suppression of detected screens by low-pass filtering.
The prey localisation model: A stability analysis

Abstract This paper analyses the “Prey Localisation Model” (House, 1984), for animals that are unable to verge their eyes. The Prey Localisation Model selects a single point or a portion of the scene in its visual space. In particular it imitates the behaviour of frogs and toads of selecting the closer target when two equally attractive prey are presented to it. The model achieves its goal by tightly coupling two prey selection processes, one for each eye, with lens accommodation. In this paper we offer a stability analysis of the model, and show how lens accommodation, i.e. adjustment in the focal length of the lens, biases the selection of the proximal target. We examine the properties of the model that are responsible for its behaviour and derive a set of conditions which guarantees the localisation of the correct target.
Profits and position control: a week of FX dealing

Abstract This paper examines foreign exchange trading at the dealer level. The dealer we track averages $100 000 in profits per day on volume of $1 billion per day (or one basis point). The half-life of the dealer's position is only 10 min, providing strong support for inventory models. A methodological innovation allows us to identify his speculative position over time. This speculative position determines the share of profits deriving from speculation versus intermediation: intermediation is much more important.
Progressive Fracture in Composites Subjected to Hygrothermal Environment

The influence of hygrothermal environmental conditions on the load carry ing ability and response of composite structures are investigated via computational simula tion. An integrated computer code is utilized for the simulation of composite structural degradation under loading. Damage initiation, damage growth, fracture progression, and global structural fracture are included in the simulation. Results demonstrate the signifi cance of hygrothermal effects on composite structural response, toughness, and durability.
Becoming a mathematician: Building a situated definition of mathematics

Abstract Research at the nexus of linguistics and education has shown that the patterns of language used by teachers and students within and about a particular content area lead to the construction of situated definitions and understandings of a discipline. From this perspective, situated language or a discipline is constructed in classrooms that defines what it means to be a scientist, mathematician, historian, artist, among others, regardless of whether a language of a discipline exists ouhide of the classroom. This article illustrates how, through the words selected, the patterns of interaction experienced, and the range of events constructed in a bilingual sixth-grade classroom, students and teachers defined what counted as mathematics, mathematical actions, and being mathematicians. To illustrate the situated nature of mathematics, the patterns of language use and the range and distribution of mathematical events within the first week of class and across the year are presented. As argued, the students' repertoires for engaging in mathematics is related to the opportunities for taking mathematical actions and being mathematicians constructed in classrooms.
A small continuous time macro-econometric model of the Czech Republic

In this paper we estimate a continuous time macro-econometric model of the Czech economy. The model is built as a system of twelve non-linear differential equations. We illustrate how the model can be used to determine the nominal equilibrium exchange rate of the Czech koruna in a macro-economic framework. The paper also investigates the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in the presence of a fixed exchange rate regime and massive capital inflows. The search for an equilibrium path is outlined and stability and sensitivity analyses are provided, along with in-sample static and dynamic predictions with the approximate discrete analogue.
Telaprevir user's guide

Telaprevir is a potent HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor. A completed development program has demonstrated the superior efficacy of a regimen of telaprevir combined with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin (PR) over PR alone in patients with HCV genotype 1. In the ADVANCE trial in treatment-naive patients, 12 weeks of telaprevir, peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin followed by either 12 or 36 weeks of PR alone (depending upon extended rapid virologic response, or eRVR, i.e. HCV RNA undetectability at weeks 4 and 12), was associated with sustained virological response (SVR) in 75% of patients compared with 46% receiving PR for 48 weeks. The ILLUMINATE trial established the foundation for response-guided therapy in patients with eRVR. The REALIZE trial in treatment-experienced patients showed a gradient of SVR from prior relapsers (86%) to partial responders (57%) to null responders (31%), with rates of virologic failure and emergent resistance highest in the latter group. Incremental adverse effects of telaprevir include rash, anemia, pruritus, diarrhea, and nausea. Treatment naive patients and relapsers are eligible for response-guided therapy. Stopping rules of telaprevir-based treatment include HCV RNA > 1000 IU/ml at weeks 4 and 12.
Knowledge inventories and managerial myopia

Managing knowledge inventories is the central issue posed by the knowledge-based view of the firm. Knowledge inventory management involves acquiring, retaining, deploying, idling, and abandoning technologies. Because of future opportunities to switch technologies over time, managing knowledge inventories requires valuing flexibility. Real option theory presents normative conceptual frameworks and pricing formulas for valuing flexibility. These formulas assume managers consider the full time horizon of technologies as well as all available substituting and complementary technologies. This study considers the implications of violations of these assumptions (i.e., temporal and spatial myopia) for managers' technology investment decisions. Specifying decision criteria under alternative forms of myopia reveals possible sources and patterns of technology management decision errors. This study highlights the cognitive sources of path dependencies and organizational rigidities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpolation properties of generalized plane waves

This paper is aimed at developing new shape functions adapted to the scalar wave equation with smooth (possibly vanishing) coefficients and investigates the numerical analysis of their interpolation properties. The interpolation is local, but high order convergence is shown with respect to the size of the domain considered. The new basis functions are then implemented in a numerical method to solve a scalar wave equation problem with a mixed boundary condition. The main theoretical result states that any given order of approximation can be achieved by an appropriate choice of parameters for the design of the shape functions. The convergence is studied with respect to the size of the domain, which is referred to in the literature as $$h$$h-convergence.
Effect of O2 concentration on selective and complete oxidation of 1,3-butadiene, furan, and maleic anhydride over MnMoO4/MoO3 catalysts

Oxidation experiments of 1,3-butadiene, furan, and maleic anhydride have been performed over MnMoO{sub 4}/MoO{sub 3} catalysts and their pure-phase constituents. The effect of oxygen concentration on catalytic activity and selectivity of these catalyst has been investigated. MoO{sub 3} catalysts containing MnMoO{sub 4} as a coexisting phase have been found to be active and selective for maleic anhydride formation for all feed materials and over a wide range of oxygen concentrations. The activity of the molybdenum trioxide catalyst has been found to be least affected by the concentration of gas-phase oxygen. Partial conversion of maleic anhydride to CO{sub 2} has been observed over all three catalysts with MnMoO{sub 4} showing the highest activity for complete oxidation. 20 refs.
NEW NUMERICAL SCHEME FOR PRICING AMERICAN OPTION WITH REGIME-SWITCHING

This paper is concerned with regime-switching American option pricing. We develop new numerical schemes by extending the penalty method approach and by employing the θ-method. With regime-switching, American option prices satisfy a system of m free boundary value problems, where m is the number of regimes considered for the market. An (optimal) early exercise boundary is associated with each regime. Straightforward implementation of the θ-method would result in a system of nonlinear equations requiring a time-consuming iterative procedure at each time step. To avoid such complications, we implement an implicit approach by explicitly treating the nonlinear terms and/or the linear terms from other regimes, resulting in computationally efficient algorithms. We establish an upper bound condition for the time step size and prove that under the condition the implicit schemes satisfy a discrete version of the positivity constraint for American option values. We compare the implicit schemes with a tree model that generalizes the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein (CRR) binomial tree model, and with an analytical approximation solution for two-regime case due to Buffington and Elliott. Numerical examples demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the new implicit schemes.
Foreign workers in Israel: history and theory.

Beginning in 1993 Israel began importing large numbers of foreign workers replacing its traditional Palestinian labor force. This article presents a descriptive history and theoretical analysis of the migration placing it in the context of Israels reliance on noncitizen labor from the occupied territories. Dual labor market theory is particularly helpful in analyzing labor migration to Israel but only by also analyzing the determinants of state policy can we understand how these recent flows began. The Israeli case thus suggests a cumulative model of the initiation of labor migration flows: structural factors create a predisposition toward use of foreign labor and political factors determine whether and how that predisposition will be actualized. (EXCERPT)
Excitonic Effects and Optical Spectra of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Many-electron effects often dramatically modify the properties of reduced dimensional systems. We report calculations, based on an ab initio many-electron Green's function approach, of electron-hole interaction effects on the optical spectra of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes. Excitonic effects qualitatively alter the optical spectra of both semiconducting and metallic tubes. Excitons are bound by $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ in the semiconducting (8,0) tube and by $\ensuremath{\sim}100\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}$ in the metallic (3,3) tube. These large many-electron effects explain the discrepancies between previous theories and experiments.
Magnetic-field-induced enhancement of relativistic-electron-beam energy deposition

The enhancement by a magnetic field of the deposition of energy by a relativistic electron beam is formulated via the diffusion approximation to the relativistic Fokker-Planck equation, valid when mean free path and/or gyration radius are much less than other characteristic lengths. Analytic solutions are given for a beam normally incident on a slab with $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{B}}$ parallel to the face. These indicate that the effect can be important.
A New Hybrid N-Body-Coagulation Code for the Formation of Gas Giant Planets

We describe an updated version of our hybrid N-body-coagulation code for planet formation. In addition to the features of our 2006-2008 code, our treatment now includes algorithms for the one-dimensional evolution of the viscous disk, the accretion of small particles in planetary atmospheres, gas accretion onto massive cores, and the response of N-bodies to the gravitational potential of the gaseous disk and the swarm of planetesimals. To validate the N-body portion of the algorithm, we use a battery of tests in planetary dynamics. As a first application of the complete code, we consider the evolution of Pluto-mass planetesimals in a swarm of 0.1-1 cm pebbles. In a typical evolution time of 1-3 Myr, our calculations transform 0.01-0.1 M{sub sun} disks of gas and dust into planetary systems containing super-Earths, Saturns, and Jupiters. Low-mass planets form more often than massive planets; disks with smaller {alpha} form more massive planets than disks with larger {alpha}. For Jupiter-mass planets, masses of solid cores are 10-100 M{sub +}.
Can Fighting Grade Inflation Help the Bottom Line

This article uses a rich set of student transcript data to estimate the economic cost incurred by a university when it does not adopt a ‘mean-shift grading policy’ to fight grade inflation. We show that even in the face of moral hazard constraints a university can enhance its profitability by fighting grade inflation with a distribution-shifting policy.
Affine Birman&#8211;Wenzl&#8211;Murakami algebras and tangles in the solid torus

The ordinary (or classical) Birman-Wenzl-Murakami algebras were initially conceived as an algebraic framework for the Kauffman link invariant. They also appear as centralizer algebras for representations of quantum universal enveloping algebras of orthogonal or symplectic types. It was shown by Morton and Wassermann that the BMW algebras are isomorphic to algebras of tangles in (disc $\times$ interval), modulo Kauffman skein relations. This isomorphism allows one to see very clearly certain properties of the BMW algebras -- for example existence of Markov traces and conditional expectations and a good basis. In the present work, we establish the correponding results for affine BMW algebras, showing they are isomorphic to algebras of tangles in (annulus $\times$ interval), modulo Kaufffman skein relations. Again, this provides an important foundation for studying these algebras, as the existence of Markov traces and conditional expectations are consequences of the isomorphism. Moreover, we obtain a basis of the affine BMW algebras analogous to a well known basis of the affine Hecke algebras.
Reactivity of Lithium Tetrahydridoberyllate Towards Common Functional Groups: Scope and Limitations

Abstract The reactivity of lithium tetrahyarido-beryllate towards common functional groups is described. The reagent displays a limited reducing ability, less than that of lithium borohydride.
On modeling of bioreactors for control

Abstract Bioreactors are noted for their dynamic behavior deviant from that of chemical reactors because of metabolic regulation. Consequently model-based control of bioreactors must rely on models that can accommodate regulatory behavior. Although the framework of kinetics, the hallmark of analysis of all chemical reaction systems (of which metabolism is but an illustrious member), would be a natural implement for describing biological processes, its facileness has suffered at the hands of regulatory phenomena. In this paper, we review the cybernetic modeling effort of Ramkrishna and coworkers that has had a notable run of success in dealing with the diverse effects of metabolic regulation in numerous microbial processes. These effects include multiplicity of steady states of widely varying physiological activity, transient behavior traversing through multiple domains of metabolic shifts, and so on. This review will expound the basic tenets of the cybernetic framework in its current state of evolution, highlight the various developments of this methodology, and in effect, foster its future for model-based control of bioreactors towards maintaining a meticulously monitored metabolic activity.
Expression ratio statistics and its applications to microarray data analysis

Microarray technology makes it possible to monitor expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously during single or multiple experiments. Routinely, in order to analyze gene expressions level quantitatively, two fluorescent-labeled RNAs are hybridized to an array of cDNA probes on a glass slide. Ratios of gene expression levels arising from two co-hybridized samples are obtained through image segmentation and signal detection methods. During the past three years, we have developed a gene expression analysis system in which ratio statistics have been applied to expression analysis, and a ratio confidence interval has been established to identify ratio outliers. By using local background subtraction and weak target elimination, we have been able to assume that the fluorescent background level does not interfere with ratio measurement; however, experience suggests that ratios derived from either weak targets or in regions of high local background possess greater variation than those from strong targets. This paper proposes a new interaction model between fluorescent background and hybridization signals in which ratio statistics are numerically evaluated and a self-adjusting confidence interval is employed. The self-adjusting confidence interval, which automatically adapts under different signal-to-background ratios, provides a better criterion to further interrogate weak expression levels.
QCD-Factorization of inclusive B decays and |Vub|☆

Recent progress in the theoretical description of inclusive B → X u l − ν ¯ decays in the shape-function region is reported. Finite moments of the shape function are related to HQET parameters. Event fractions for several experimental cuts are presented, with a particular emphasis on the hadronic variable P + = E H − | P → H | . The aim of this talk is to introduce the P + spectrum, to compare it to the hadronic invariant mass spectrum and the charged-lepton energy spectrum, and to study the prospect of evaluating | V u b | in the presence of a large background from B → X c decays.
Carbomethoxypropionyl cyanide: A regioselective C-acylation reagent for the preparation of β-dicarbonyl compounds

Abstract Carbomethoxypropionyl cyanide reacts regioselectively with a variety of enolates to provide C-acylation products in high yield.
The Spectra and Variability of X-Ray Sources in a Deep Chandra Observation of the Galactic Center

We examine the X-ray spectra and variability of the sample of X-ray sources with LX ≈ 1031-1033 ergs s-1 identified within the inner 9' of the Galaxy by Muno et al. Very few of the sources exhibit intraday or intermonth variations. We find that the spectra of the point sources near the Galactic center are very hard between 2-8 keV, even after accounting for absorption. When modeled as power laws, the median photon index is Γ = 0.7, while when modeled as thermal plasma we can only obtain lower limits to the temperature of kT > 8 keV. The combined spectra of the point sources is similarly hard, with a photon index of Γ = 0.8. Strong line emission is observed from low-ionization, He-like, and H-like Fe, both in the average spectra and in the brightest individual sources. The line ratios of the highly ionized Fe in the average spectra are consistent with emission from a plasma in thermal equilibrium. This line emission is observed whether average spectra are examined as a function of the count rate from the source or as a function of the hardness ratios of individual sources. This suggests that the hardness of the spectra may in fact be to due local absorption that partially covers the X-ray-emitting regions in the Galactic center systems. We suggest that most of these sources are intermediate polars, which (1) often exhibit hard spectra with prominent Fe lines, (2) rarely exhibit either flares on short timescales or changes in their mean X-ray flux on long timescales, and (3) are the most numerous hard X-ray sources with comparable luminosities in the Galaxy.
Algebroids, heterotic moduli spaces and the Strominger system

In this paper we study compactifications of heterotic string theory on manifolds satisfying the $$ \partial \overline{\partial} $$ -lemma. We consider the Strominger system description of the low energy supergravity to first order in α′ and show that the moduli of such compactifications are subspaces of familiar cohomology groups such as H 1(TX), H 1(TX ∨), H 1(End0(V)) and H 1(End0(TX)). These groups encode the complex structure, Kahler moduli, bundle moduli and perturbations of the spin connection respectively in the case of a Calabi-Yau compactification. We investigate the fluctuations of only a subset of the conditions of the Strominger system (expected to correspond physically to F-term constraints in the effective theory). The full physical moduli space is, therefore, given by a further restriction on these degrees of freedom which we discuss but do not explicitly provide. This paper is complementary to a previous tree-level worldsheet analysis of such moduli and agrees with that discussion in the limit of vanishing α′. The structure we present can be interpreted in terms of recent work in Atiyah and Courant algebroids, and we conjecture links with aspects of Hitchin’s generalized geometry to heterotic moduli.
Simulation of pendant droplets and falling films in horizontal tube absorbers

Recent literature suggests that the droplets that form in horizontal-tube, falling-film absorbers play a major role in the absorption process. The performance of such absorbers is critical to the performance of many absorption heat pump systems. The simulation of droplets of aqueous Lithium Bromide pendant from horizontal tubes was performed by numerically solving the equations of motion on a fixed three-dimensional (3D) grid. The so-called volume of fluid method was used to handle the interface between the liquid and vapor phase. Results are compared with simplified axisymmetric models and with high speed video taken during flow visualization experiments
A brief note on the macroeconomic consequences of random production failures

Abstract This paper modifies the Shapiro-Stiglitz model of labor market behavior to allow for the effects of “failure” or production breakdown. If capitalists cannot differentiate between failure and the absence of effort, both the natural rate and equilibrium labor income are affected.
Reservoir performance in viscoelastic porous media

The mass balance equations for a two-phase two-component fluid system are written for viscoelastic porous media. The resulting equations are approximated by finite differences and the resulting numerical simulator is used to conduct a sensitivity study on the effects of uniaxial viscoelastic deformation in geopressured aquifers. Results of this study indicate that viscoelastic deformation may have considerable influence on the pressure maintenance of these aquifers. A numerical model of the geopressured aquifer in Brazoria County, Texas, is constructed and the numerical simulator is used to predict the ultimate recovery of solution gas from this viscoelastic geopressured aquifer.
Influence of distributed solid-phase reactions on deflagrations in confined porous propellants

Abstract Combustion processes in energetic materials are often modeled by a surface gasification reaction followed by a distributed gaseous flame. However, under confinement, deflagrations in porous or granular propellants are generally accompanied by an increasing pressure difference, or overpressure, between the burned-gas region and the unburned reactants deep within the pores of the material. As the overpressure and/or the solid-phase reaction rate become sufficiently large, the gaseous and solid reaction zones tend to merge into a single multiphase reaction region. Furthermore, in certain parameter regimes, the gas flame penetrates into the porous solid, resulting in subsurface gaseous combustion. When the activation energies of the gaseous and solid-phase reactions are of the same order of magnitude and/or the overpressure becomes significant, gasification reactions may also become active within the solid, thus eliminating a distinct propellant surface and forming a distributed multiphase reaction layer. A large activation-energy analysis of this scenario is presented to study the effects of distributed solid reactions on the deflagration structure and the burning-rate response. The burning-rate eigenvalue is obtained from a numerical solution of the reaction-zone problem, and the results are calculated for various overpressures as well as different gas-to-solid activation-energy and thermal conductivity ratios. It is observed that increasing overpressure results in a more spatially distributed solid-phase reaction and a rapidly increasing flame-propagation speed.
SHIFTED AND SHIFTLESS PARTITION IDENTITIES II

Let S and T be sets of positive integers and let a be a fixed positive integer. An a-shifted partition identity has the form Here p(S,n) is the number partitions of n whose parts are elements of S. For all known nontrivial shifted partition identities, the sets S and T are unions of arithmetic progressions modulo M for some M. In 1987, Andrews found two 1-shifted examples (M = 32, 40) and asked whether there were any more. In 1989, Kalvade responded with a further six. In 2000, the first author found 59 new 1-shifted identities using a computer search and showed how these could be proved using the theory of modular functions. Modular transformation of certain shifted identities leads to shiftless partition identities. Again let a be a fixed positive integer, and S, T be distinct sets of positive integers. A shiftless partition identity has the form In this paper, we show, except in one case, how all known 1-shifted and shiftless identities follow from a four-parameter theta-function identity due to Jacobi. New shifted and shiftless partition identities are proved.
Upper and lower bounds for first order expressibility

Abstract We study first order expressibility as a measure of complexity. We introduce the new class Var&Sz[ v(n),z(n) ] of languages expressible by a uniform sequence of sentences with v(n) variables and size O[z(n) ]. When v(n) is constant our uniformity condition is syntactical and thus the following characterizations of P and PSPACE come entirely from logic. NSPACE| log n|⊆ ⋃ k=1,2,… Var & Sz |k, log (n)|⊆DSPACE| log 2 (n)|, P= ⋃ k=1,2,… Var & Sz |k, n k |, PSPACE= ⋃ k=1,2,… Var & Sz |k, 2 nk |. The above means, for example, that the properties expressible with constantly many variables in polynomial size sentences are just the polynomial time recognizable properties. These results hold for languages with an ordering relation, e.g., for graphs the vertices are numbered. We introduce an “alternating pebbling game” to prove lower bounds on the number of variables and size needed to express properties without the ordering. We show, for example, that k variables are needed to express Clique( k ), suggesting that this problem requires DTIME[n k ] .
Rethinking the Connections between Campus Courses and Field Experiences in College- and University-Based Teacher Education

This article examines a variety of work currently going on across the country in newly created hybrid spaces to more closely connect campus courses and field experiences in university-based preservice teacher education. It is argued that the old paradigm of university-based teacher education where academic knowledge is viewed as the authoritative source of knowledge about teaching needs to change to one where there is a nonhierarchical interplay between academic, practitioner, and community expertise. It is argued that this new epistemology for teacher education will create expanded learning opportunities for prospective teachers that will better prepare them to be successful in enacting complex teaching practices.
Tributyltin hydride-induced O-stannyl ketyls in the cyclization of aldehydes and ketones with alkenes

Abstract An aldehyde or a ketone connected by a tether to an olefin efficiently cyclizes in a free radical reaction mediated by tributyltin hydride. The effects of activated olefins on this reaction, which provides functionalized cyclopentane rings and γ-lactones from O-stannyl ketyls in a mild and regiocontrolled manner, were also studied.
Characterization of an acetal-based chemically amplified resist for 257-nm laser mask fabrication

Chemically amplified resists are sought that have optimum performance at 257 nm while providing the post-coat and post-exposure stability required for mask fabrication. An acetal based resist, AZ DX1100 (Clariant), was explored due to its post-coat and post exposure delay stability. A photodestructable base is present in the resist to capture acid that transported into unexposed regions and to minimize the effects of environmental base contamination. Lithography simulation was used to simulate the acetal resist process at 257 nm. These simulations demonstrated some of the effects of standing waves and resist absorption. Reflectivity simulations were conducted to evaluate the influence of the photomask substrate on standing waves. Bake optimization experiments (PAB/ PEB) were performed to establish conditions that minimize standing wave effects while maximizing the resist sidewall angle. Acetal resists are low activation energy systems that deprotect at room temperature. The time scale and extent of the deprotection reaction at room temperature was quantified over the time frame (hours) required for typical mask writing strategies. The deprotection reaction was measured indirectly by monitoring the resist thickness change using a development rate monitor (DRM). This analysis provides insight into the amount of deprotection that occurs at room temperature and during the post-exposure bake.
Asymmetric synthesis of pre-protected α,α-disubstituted amino acids from tert-butanesulfinyl ketimines

Abstract A method for the asymmetric synthesis of pre-protected α,α-disubstituted amino acids is described. 5-Methylfuryllithium is added into sulfinyl ketimines 1 in the presence of AlMe3 to afford the sulfinamides 2 in 75–97% yields and with diastereoselectivities ranging from 75:25 to 99:1. Subsequent oxidation with RuCl3/NaIO4 affords tert-butanesulfonyl (Bus)-protected α,α-disubstituted amino acids 3 in 62–69% yields. Bus-protected amino acids readily undergo amide bond formation, after which the Bus group can be removed with TfOH/CH2Cl2 to afford the free amine.
The future evolution of white dwarf stars through baryon decay and time varying gravitational constant

Motivated by the possibility that the fundamental “constants” of nature could vary with time, this paper considers the long term evolution of white dwarf stars under the combined action of proton decay and variations in the gravitational constant. White dwarfs are thus used as a theoretical laboratory to study the effects of possible time variations, especially their implications for the future history of the universe. More specifically, we consider the gravitational constant G to vary according to the parametric relation G=G0(1+t/t⋆)−p, where the time scale t⋆ is the same order as the proton lifetime tP. We then study the long term fate and evolution of white dwarf stars. This treatment begins when proton decay dominates the stellar luminosity, and ends when the star becomes optically thin to its internal radiation.
Thionation of esters and lactones with the reagent combination of phosphorus pentasulfide and hexamethyldisiloxane

Abstract The combination of P 4 S 10 and hexamethyldisiloxane converts esters and lactones to thionoesters and thionolactones in yields comparable to or superior to those obtained with Lawesson's reagent. The method has the advantage that reagent-derived byproducts may be removed by a simple hydrolytic workup or by filtration through silica gel, rather than by chromatography, as required for Lawesson's reagent.
Is Democracy a Normal Good? Evidence from Democratic Movements

1. Introduction Is democracy a normal good? In other words, do people desire higher levels of democracy (more participation in government) as their incomes increase? This paper uses the existence of a democratic movement to solve a missing variable problem in the current literature. Works such as Barro (1996), Huntington (1991), and Lipset (1959) provide evidence of a strong, positive correlation between levels of democracy and income; this is frequently interpreted as evidence that higher incomes lead people to "demand" more democracy. I address this issue in a more literal sense. Specifically, if our goal is to infer what causes people to "demand" democracy, we cannot ignore the persuasive evidence that citizens of countries like South Africa under apartheid, Burma, or China--countries with low levels of democracy that have experienced widespread movements for democracy-demand democracy. Instead of democracy levels, I use the existence of a democratic movement as evidence of countries' "demand" for democracy. In this paper, I define democratic movements as widespread, public demonstrations that are explicitly pro-democracy (i.e., participants' demands must include either "democracy" or "direct elections"), and in which participants express these views physically) Some of the wellknown democratic movements that are included are: the Chinese student demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in 1989; the work of the African National Congress and others in South Africa to end the nondemocratic system of apartheid; and the 1986 "People Power" demonstrations in the Philippines that forced Ferdinand Marcos to concede victory to Corazon Aquino. The main goal of the paper is to use a new data set on democratic movements to estimate the relationship between income and democracy, testing more directly than has previously been done whether democracy is a normal good. A secondary goal is to investigate the conditions under which democratic movements are most likely to occur in an authoritarian country. [Footnote]1 This excludes boycotts of elections and voting against a proposed authoritarian constitution, unless those events are accompanied by physical demonstrations, protests, or strikes. …
Rapid Method for the Determination of Multiple Mycotoxins in Wines and Beers by LC-MS/MS Using a Stable Isotope Dilution Assay

A “dilute and shoot” method for the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) determination of multiple mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (F) B1...
MEMBER INVOLVEMENT IN ENTREPRENEUR NETWORK ORGANIZATIONS: THE ROLE OF COMMITMENT AND TRUST

Facilitating entrepreneurial networks is a key to promoting entrepreneurial vitality in a region. The focus of this research was to investigate methods to enhance member involvement in entrepreneur network organizations (ENOs), building from concepts in relationship marketing. Six organizations participated in the study, producing 205 usable surveys. The overall concept of organizational marketing strategies being mediated by the attitudinal variables of commitment and trust, which in turn may be related to behavior, was supported. Enhancement of member interdependence and core service performance emerged as important independent latent constructs, or marketing strategies, that might be employed. Service performance was directly related to participation as well as mediated by instrumental commitment and trust. Measures of affective commitment were not important. Normative commitment was positively related to instrumental commitment, retention and participation. A surprising negative relationship is noted ...
Automated surface micro-machining mask creation from a 3D model

We have developed and implemented a method, which given a three-dimensional object can infer from topology the two-dimensional masks needed to produce that object with surface micromachining. The masks produced by this design tool can be generic, process independent masks, or if given process constraints, specific for a target process. This design tool calculates the two-dimensional mask set required to produce a given three-dimensional model by investigating the vertical topology to the model. The 3D model is first separated into bodies that are non-intersecting, made from different materials or only linked through a ground plane. Next, for each body unique vertical cross sections are located and arranged into a tree based on their topological relationship. A branch-wise search of the tree uncovers locations where deposition boundaries must lie and identifies candidate masks creating a generic mask set for the 3D model. Finally, in the last step specific process requirements are considered that may constrain the generic mask set. Constraints can include the thickness or number of deposition layers, specific ordering of masks as required by a process and type of material used in a given layer. Candidate masks are reconciled with the process constraints through a constrained optimization.
Scattering of string monopoles

Abstract In the low-velocity limit, multi-soliton solutions trace out geodesics in the static solution manifold with distance defined by a metric on moduli space. For the recently constructed multimonopole solutions of heterotic string theory, we obtain a flat metric to leading order in the impact parameter. This result agrees with the trivial scattering predicted by a test monopole calculation.
High field dynamic nuclear polarization NMR with surfactant sheltered biradicals.

We illustrate the ability to place a water-insoluble biradical, bTbk, into a glycerol/water matrix with the assistance of a surfactant, sodium octyl sulfate (SOS). This surfactant approach enables a previously water insoluble biradical, bTbk, with favorable electron–electron dipolar coupling to be used for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments in frozen, glassy, aqueous media. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) experiments are conducted to determine the distribution of urea and several biradicals within the SOS macromolecular assembly. We also demonstrate that SOS assemblies are an effective approach by which mixed biradicals are created through an assembly process.
Capability of the FCC mobile monitoring van

The Spectrum Management Task Force of the Federal Communications Commission was formed, in part, for the purpose of devising new methods of spectrum management. Initial efforts have been directed toward improved spectrum utilization in the Land Mobile Service (which includes a large number of different types of users on approximately 2000 channels, assigned on a noncontinuous basis, on three bands (25 to 50 MHz or "low band," 150 to 174 MHz or "high band," and 450 to 470 MHz or "UHF band," with additional channels specifically provided by FCC action in the lower UHF television channels in certain metropolitan areas, and with additional frequency space to become available in the 900-MHz region, but with frequency congestion generally to be found in all large population centers, and apparent maldistribution of users Upon available channels). One technique which is being applied to the overall problem is the mobile spectrum monitoring van designed to measure occupancy, transmission, and other parameters of the land mobile channels.
On Fusion Rules in Logarithmic Conformal Field Theories

We find the fusion rules for the cp,1 series of logarithmic conformal field theories. This completes our attempts to generalize the concept of rationality for conformal field theories to the logarithmic case. A novelty is the appearance of negative fusion coefficients which can be understood in terms of exceptional quantum group representations. The effective fusion rules (i.e. without signs and multiplicities) resemble the BPZ fusion rules for the virtual minimal models with conformal grid given via c = c3p,3. This leads to the conjecture that (almost) all minimal models with c = cp,q, gcd(p,q) > 1, belong to the class of rational logarithmic conformal field theories.
Synthesis of two new group 13 benzoato–chloro complexes: A structural study of gallium and indium chelating carboxylates

Abstract Two new heteroleptic chelated-benzoato gallium (III) and indium (III) complexes have been prepared and structurally characterized. The molecular structures of [GaCl2(4-Mepy)2(O2CPh)]·4-Mepy (1) and [InCl(4-Mepy)2(O2CPh)2]·4-Mepy (2) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The gallium compound (1) is a distorted octahedron with cis-chloride ligands co-planar with the chelating benzoate and the 4-methylpyridines trans to each other. This is the first example of a Ga(III) structure with a chelating benzoate. The indium compound (2) is a distorted pentagonal bipyramid with two chelating benzoates, one 4-methylpyridine in the plane and a chloride trans to the other 4-methylpyridine. The indium bis-benzoate is an unusual example of a seven-coordinate structure with classical ligands. Both complexes, which due to the chelates, could also be described as pseudo-trigonal bipyramidal, include a three-bladed motif with three roughly parallel aromatic rings that along with a solvent of crystallization and electron-withdrawing chloride ligand(s) stabilize the solid-state structures.
Transient Three-Dimensional Side Load Analysis of Out-of-Round Film Cooled Nozzles

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of nozzle out-of-roundness on the transient startup side loads at a high altitude, with an anchored computational methodology. The out-of-roundness could be the result of asymmetric loads induced by hardware attached to the nozzle, asymmetric internal stresses induced by previous tests, and deformation, such as creep, from previous tests. The rocket engine studied encompasses a regeneratively cooled thrust chamber and a film cooled nozzle extension with film coolant distributed from a turbine exhaust manifold. The computational methodology is based on an unstructured-grid, pressure-based computational fluid dynamics formulation, and a transient inlet history based on an engine system simulation. Transient startup computations were performed with the out-of-roundness achieved by four different degrees of ovalization: one perfectly round, one slightly out-of-round, one more out-of-round, and one significantly out-of-round. The results show that the separation-line-jump is the peak side load physics for the round, slightly our-of-round, and more out-of-round cases, and the peak side load increases as the degree of out-of-roundness increases. For the significantly out-of-round nozzle, however, the peak side load reduces to comparable to that of the round nozzle and the separation line jump is not the peak side load physics. The counter-intuitive result of the significantly out-of-round case is found to be related to a side force reduction mechanism that splits the effect of the separation-line-jump into two parts, not only in the circumferential direction and most importantly in time.
A volume radiation heat transfer model for Czochralski crystal growth processes

Thermal modeling of Czochralski (CZ) crystal growth processes is a challenging task owing to the complex interaction of heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation, fluid flow, and other transport phenomena. A highly innovative, general-purpose computer model for phase-change and free-surface problems, utilizing a multi-zone adaptive grid generation and curvilinear finite volume scheme, is linked to a spectral thermal radiation algorithm to predict the temperature distribution within a CZ growth furnace. The radiative transfer model, based on the discrete exchange factor method, is capable of addressing the complexities due to irregularly shaped axisymmetric geometries and shadowing effects. A unified exchange factor model is used to account for multiple reflection/scattering of radiation within the crystal medium. Several numerical trials are performed to simulate the CZ growth of yttrium aluminum garnet. The effect of the top surface boundary condition on temperature profile, crystal/melt interface shape, and process stability is studied to examine the applicability of this model to control the growth conditions and interface shape. The results show that there exists a temperature range for the top surface to avoid the superheating/subcooling of crystal near the interface. This limiting temperature range is, however, dynamic and changes as the growth progresses.
Sovereign default and debt renegotiation

In this paper, we develop a small open economy model to study sovereign default and debt renegotiation within a dynamic borrowing framework. The model features both endogenous default risk and endogenous debt recovery rates. A country’s future borrowing and default decisions affect the determination of debt recovery rates in a Nash bargaining game; whereas the endogenous debt recovery rates, in turn, influence the country’s ex ante incentive to default. Sovereign bonds are priced to compensate creditors for the risks of default and debt restructuring in equilibrium. We find that both equilibrium debt recovery rates and sovereign bond prices decrease with the level of debt. In a quantitative analysis, the model successfully accounts for the volatile and countercyclical bond spreads, countercyclical current account and other empirical regularities of the Argentine economy. The model also replicates the dynamics of bond spreads during the recent debt crisis in Argentina. Furthermore, we show that introducing an endogenous debt recovery schedule leads to a higher default probability and greater interest rate volatility.