cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPLAT: a unified SIP services platform for VoIP applications: Research Articles

The steady improvements in the networking infrastructure and ever increasing broadband penetration has fueled the resurgence of voice-over-IP (VoIP). One of the important contributors to this growth has also been the development and wide acceptance of the session initiation protocol (SIP). However, the current usage of SIP requires a per-application deployment (each application using its own SIP stack). In addition to shared port number problems, this leads to a narrow development of SIP based services, even though SIP, as a protocol, offers incredible opportunities for enabling various applications simultaneously.In this paper, we propose SPLAT—a unified SIP platform, consisting of a client-side SIP service and supporting network infrastructure blocks, that provide unified mechanisms to execute generic SIP functions through an exported higher level API. Applications can leverage the API and ready-made building blocks for creating richer interfaces without significant and often repeated development effort, e.g. a conferencing server coupled with a gaming server can provide context-aware audio conferencing between occupants of a particular game room. Importantly, the SPLAT framework is available to all applications including the ones not inherently based on SIP and thus presents a great opportunity for enhancing such applications. The SIP service API is designed to be extensible and provides novel higher level functional primitives like ad hoc conferencing and seamless transition of sessions. In addition, it also exports a low level interface for specialized applications that need direct access to SIP call flows. Another feature of the service is that it allows a user to plug-in an end device (softphone, IP phone, PSTN phone) of his/her choice on a per-session basis. We demonstrate the richness of the API by describing prototypes for enhancing various applications as well as new converged applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.An early version of the paper appeared in ICCCN 2004.
LABORATORY SIMULATION OF LIQUID NATURAL GAS VAPOR DISPERSION OVER LAND OR WATER

The primary purpose of this paper is to show through basic similarity analysis and comparisons of model and full-scale data that atmospheric transport of dense, cold natural gas clouds can be physically modeled in “meteorological” wind tunnels for a range of real boundary conditions which have great practical importance with respect to liquid natural gas (LNG) spill hazard analysis.
TonB protein and energy transduction between membranes.

TonB protein couples cytoplasmic membrane electrochemical potential to active transport of iron-siderophore complexes and vitamin B12 through high-affinity outer membrane receptors of Gram-negative bacteria. The mechanism of energy transduction remains to be determined, but important concepts have already begun to emerge. Consistent with its function, TonB is anchored in the cytoplasmic membrane by its uncleaved amino terminus while largely occupying the periplasm. Both the connection to the cytoplasmic membrane and the amino acid sequences of the anchor are essential for activity. TonB directly associates with a number of envelope proteins, among them the outer membrane receptors and cytoplasmic membrane protein ExbB. ExbB and TonB interact through their respective transmembrane domains. ExbB is proposed to recycle TonB to an active conformation following energy transduction to the outer membrane. TonB most likely associates with the outer membrane receptors through its carboxy terminus, which is required for function. In contrast, the novel prolinerich region of TonB can be deleted without affecting function. A model that incorporates this information, as well as tempered speculation, is presented.
Renewable Energy Integration: Bayesian Networks for Probabilistic State Estimation

Increased availability of renewable energy sources, along with novel techniques for power flow control, open up a broad range of interesting challenges and opportunities in power flow optimization. This promises reduced power generation costs through better integration of renewable energy generators into the Smart Grid. Unfortunately, renewable generators are fundamentally variable and uncertain. This uncertainty motivates our study of probabilistic state estimation techniques in this paper. Specifically, we use probabilistic graphical models in the form of Bayesian networks to compute probabilities of power system states, thus enabling improved power flow control. Key differences between our probabilistic state estimation results as reported in this paper and similar previous efforts include: our use of Bayesian probabilistic but exact (rather than Monte Carlo) state estimation techniques; auto-generation of Bayesian networks for probabilistic state estimation; integration with corrective Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow; and application to Distributed Flexible AC Transmission Systems. We present novel models and algorithms for probabilistic state estimation using auto-generated Bayesian networks compiled to junction trees, and report on experimental results that illustrate the scalability of our methods.
Large-Strain Strength of Polymer-Modified Kaolinite and Fly Ash–Kaolinite Mixtures

AbstractPolymers have gained gradual attention in soil stabilization as a sustainable alternative to inorganic counterparts such as cement. However, the effects of polymers on the strength of soils...
Chapter 24 – Hypothesis Testing

Several key statistical concepts are fundamental not only for hypothesis tests but also for most statistical analyses that arise in clinical studies. Commonly used terms, such as critical values, p-values, and type I and type II errors are defined. We summarize examples of hypothesis testing for the one-sample and two-sample settings and consider methods for dichotomous (binomial) data and continuous data (modeled by the normal distribution, also known as the bell curve). Throughout the chapter as we introduce new ideas we illustrate them with examples from clinical research studies. We sum up the chapter with a list of common mistakes, misconceptions, and a few special considerations.
Neuromodulation of central pattern generators and its role in the functional recovery of central pattern generator activity.

Neuromodulators play an important role in how the nervous system organizes activity that results in behavior. Disruption of the normal patterns of neuromodulatory release or production is known to ...
An Advising Initiative for Online Students on Academic Probation.

Online courses are increasingly popular with students, and postsecondary institutions are increasing the availability of online courses and degrees. Continued improvements in the academic experienc...
Digital Subtraction Angiography

Despite the continued refinement of vascular ultrasound and noninvasive cross-sectional imaging studies (computed tomography angiography [CTA] and magnetic resonance angiography [MRA]) in the diagnosis of vascular pathologies, digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the “workhorse” imaging modality for the diagnosis and management of peripheral arterial disease. Despite its inherent invasiveness, catheter-based DSA provides excellent spatial resolution of vascular pathology in a time-resolved fashion, allowing for detailed anatomic assessments and direct visualization of “flow” within a given vessel. The ability of DSA studies to capture high-resolution anatomic and physiologic information within relatively large two-dimensional anatomic fields of view (FOV) provides the basis for DSA being considered the “gold standard” diagnostic imaging modality for many vascular pathologies.
Increasing Rate of Hospital Admissions in Patients With Amyloidosis (from the National Inpatient Sample)

Cardiac amyloidosis is an increasingly recognized cause of heart failure with preserved or mildly reduced ejection fraction with emerging treatment options. We sought to analyze the temporal trends and impact of hospital admissions in patients with amyloidosis. The National Inpatient Sample was queried to identify patients from 2005 to 2014 who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of amyloidosis using ICD9 codes. Trends over time of prevalence, demographics, co-morbidities, and outcomes were described. Propensity-matching was used to assess the impact of amyloidosis on in-hospital outcomes, including mortality. A total of 156,914 admissions in patients with amyloidosis (age 69.86 +/− 12.33 years, 45.7% female, 68.5% Caucasian) were identified. Hospitalizations more than doubled with a peak of 21,740 per year and 62 per 100,000 admissions in 2014. Over time, patients admitted with amyloidosis were older and more likely to have co-morbid medical conditions. A diagnosis of heart failure was present in 34.7% of patients, increased over time (p = 0.001), and was associated with further morbidity and mortality. In a propensity-matched analysis, patients admitted with amyloidosis had a longer length of stay (7.5 vs 6.2 days), were less likely to be discharged home (43.6% vs 48.7%), and were more likely to die during the hospitalization (7.4% vs 4.9%, p
Does the physical and mental health of veterans differ by military branch

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between health behaviors and their levels of positive and negative affect and determine the overall level of physical health and mental health among members of the armed forces. Overall, the results showed that veterans in the Army, Navy and Marines are more often than members who are in the Air Force to be deployed. Members in the Army, Navy and Marines also experience higher levels of reported cases of PTSD, higher levels of negative affect (i.e. anxiety), a lower health composite score and report poorer perception of their own health. This study also showed that veterans of the Air Force had a stronger emphasis on their physical health which resulted in higher levels of positive affect (excited about life). Limitations and future directions of this research are discussed.
Biomedical X-Ray Phase-Contrast Imaging and Tomography

This chapter reviews the main categories of methods that have been developed for preclinical and clinical imaging applications. The methods covered here are all based on geometric magnification by the projection of a cone beam emitted from a pseudopoint source, without the use of a lens or other types of focusing optics. These methods share the common goal of detecting x-ray refraction and diffraction, in order to complement the conventional attenuation contrast information in radiography and computed tomography.
Dynamic Simulations of the Allam Cycle Power Plant Integrated with an Air Separation Unit

The unprecedented rise in carbon dioxide levels due to anthropogenic activities, if left unchecked, can lead to increased global warming. Electricity and heat generation account for around 25% of this greenhouse gas emission. The Allam cycle, a new oxy-fuel power cycle that emits virtually no CO2 and NOx, is inherently integrated with an air separation plant. In this study, Aspen Plus Dynamics was used to model the integrated Allam power plant/air separation unit (ASU) with a high degree of heat and work integration. The steady-state model developed agrees with the model developed by Net Power. Regulatory and advanced PID controllers were implemented for major equipment to meet operation objectives. Controller set point change, power ramp down, and natural gas composition change were studied, and key plant performance indicators were monitored and analyzed. This study shows that the Allam cycle power plant integrated with an ASU is controllable with the proposed control strategy under a tightly integrated configuration.
Recombinant Expression Screening of P. aeruginosa Bacterial Inner Membrane Proteins

Background Transmembrane proteins (TM proteins) make up 25% of all proteins and play key roles in many diseases and normal physiological processes. However, much less is known about their structures and molecular mechanisms than for soluble proteins. Problems in expression, solubilization, purification, and crystallization cause bottlenecks in the characterization of TM proteins. This project addressed the need for improved methods for obtaining sufficient amounts of TM proteins for determining their structures and molecular mechanisms.
Degradation under dynamic operating conditions: Modeling, competing processes and applications

This paper investigates degradation modeling under dynamic conditions and its applications. Both univariate and multiple competing degradation processes are considered with individual degradation p...
Optical coherence tomography imaging of excised canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma tumours.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging modality that has been investigated for real-time surgical margin evaluation in human breast cancer patients. Previous veterinary OCT studies have been limited to surgical margin imaging for soft tissue sarcoma (STS) tumors. To the authors knowledge, OCT has never been used to characterize or evaluate other types of neoplasia in dogs. The goal of this study was to characterize the OCT imaging appearance of apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) in excised ex vivo specimens from five client-owned dogs. All excised tissue surgical margins were imaged using a clinical spectral domain OCT system and two to four areas suspicious for incomplete surgical margins were selected. These areas were inked and sections were trimmed for histopathology. This enabled OCT imaging from each area of interest to be compared to corresponding H&E stained histology imaging from the same location. OCT was able to identify the presence of AGASACA at or within 1 mm of the surgical margin in all areas of interest. AGASACA, similar to the previously described canine STS, generated a dense, highly scattering image without any specific textural architecture. This study was able to validate the ability of OCT to accurately identify another type of tumor presence at or close to the surgical margin in the dog. Further study is needed to assess OCT accuracy at identifying other tumor types in dogs to understand its potential clinical applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Photonic Neural Activation Function using an ITO Electro-Absorption Modulator

We demonstrate an ITO-based electro-absorption modulator monolithically integrated into silicon photonics as nonlinear activation function of a photonic neuron. The synapse and neuron circuit executes a 200-node MNIST neural network benchmarking the nonlinear activation function.
Dose-escalated intensity modulated radiation therapy in patients with locally-advanced vulvar cancer - does it increase response rate?

Abstract Purpose GOG 205 safely increased clinical (cCR) and pathologic complete response (pCR) in locally-advanced vulvar cancer through dose escalation using three-dimensional radiotherapy (RT). The aim of this study is to assess the response of dose-escalated intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in locally-advanced vulvar cancer. Methods A retrospective review of patients treated with dose-escalated (≥ 55Gy) IMRT from 2012 to 2018 for locally-advanced vulvar cancer was performed. Patients treated with preoperative or definitive intent were included. Rates of cCR and pCR were assessed, and predictors of disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed using the Kaplan Meier method with log rank test between groups and a parsimonious multivariate Cox model. Results Median dose to the vulva was 66.0 Gy (Interquartile Range [IQR]: 66.0–68.0) for definitive and 59.4 Gy (IQR: 58.0–59.4) for preoperative IMRT. The overall rates of cCR and pCR were 76% and 70%, respectively. DFS at two years was 65% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 50–80%) for all patients, 81% (95% CI 63% - 98%) for definitive IMRT, and 55% (95% CI 35% - 76%) for preoperative IMRT. On multivariate analysis, cCR predicted for disease-free survival (HR 0.21; 95% CI 0.06–0.76; p = 0.02), and pCR predicted for OS (HR 0.12; 95% CI 0.02–0.60; p = 0.01). Grade 3 acute and late RT toxicity was seen in 14 (29%) and 3 (6%) of patients, respectively. Conclusion Dose-escalated IMRT for locally-advanced vulvar cancer is well tolerated, with rates of cCR and pCR that compare favorably with published data.
Beyond Traditional Medical Humanities: How Reading World Literature Focused on Health Relates to the Development of Empathy

Implementing a medical humanities curriculum in pre-professional health studies cultivates students’ practical expressions of virtue. Such a curriculum may vary across institutions, but it often encompasses core components such as humanities, history, and bioethics. Reading world literature, especially first-person narratives that embed health and emotions, allows readers to experience the narrator’s emotional states. Literary fictionality releases readers from social obligations, allowing them to empathize unreservedly for a fictional character in a direct exchange with the author. By referencing Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go, Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, and Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions, I demonstrate that through the narrators, Kathy H., Saleem Sinai, and Tambu, respectively, readers encounter intimate details of emotions in recurring themes of love, health, and identity. From the narrators’ perspectives, readers establish a foundation for the fictional characters before being exposed to their emotions and health and mental alteration, which invite empathy. These attributes of health-related world literature, which may be beneficial in the context of medical humanities, have not been broadly discussed. Given the expansion of medical humanities, I propose that reading world literature focused on health also represents a new, nontraditional genre. Further, I contend that medical humanities curricula should include health-focused world literature. By predisposing pre-health students to empathy and cultural awareness, they better understand and feel for patients while caring for them.
Evaluating, Improving, and Appreciating Peer Review at IJTMB.

Peer review is a mainstay of scientific publishing and, while peer reviewers and scientists report satisfaction with the process, peer review has not been without criticism. Within this editorial, the peer review process at the IJTMB is defined and explained. Further, seven steps are identified by the editors as a way to improve efficiency of the peer review and publication process. Those seven steps are: 1) Ask authors to submit possible reviewers; 2) Ask reviewers to update profiles; 3) Ask reviewers to “refer a friend”; 4) Thank reviewers regularly; 5) Ask published authors to review for the Journal; 6) Reduce the length of time to accept peer review invitation; and 7) Reduce requested time to complete peer review. We believe these small requests and changes can have a big effect on the quality of reviews and speed in which manuscripts are published. This manuscript will present instructions for completing peer review profiles. Finally, we more formally recognize and thank peer reviewers from 2018–2020.
Global Effects of a PD Risk-SNP at the Alpha-Synuclein Locus

One of the most significant Parkinson9s disease (PD) risk variants, rs356182, is located at the PD-associated locus near the alpha-synuclein encoding gene, SNCA. SNCA-proximal variants, including rs356182, are thought to function in PD via allele-specific regulatory effects on SNCA expression. However, this interpretation discounts the complex activity of genetic enhancers and possible nonconical effects of alpha-synuclein. Here we investigate a novel risk mechanism for rs356182. We use CRISPR-Cas9 in LUHMES cells, a model for dopaminergic neurons, to generate precise hemizygous lesions at rs356182. The PD-protective (A/-), PD-risk (G/-), and WT (A/G) strains are differentiated into dopaminergic neurons then compared transcriptionally and morphologically. We observe effects not typically ascribed to SNCA; hundreds of differentially expressed genes associated with neuronal differentiation and axonogenesis. Together, the data implicate a risk mechanism for rs356182 in which the risk-allele (G) is associated with abnormal neuronal differentiation. We speculate the disease-relevant effect originates as a diminished population of DA neurons leading to the predisposition for PD later in life.
A STEM e-class in action: A case study for asynchronous one-shot library instruction

Abstract The synchronous “one-shot” information literacy workshop is arguably the most common teaching delivery method used by academic librarians. Challenges associated with this type of instruction largely revolve around repeating the same workshop. Other issues include accommodating and managing large numbers of students, scheduling conflicts, and workshop time constraints. One strategy to overcome some of these issues without hindering quality is to replace the traditional face-to-face approach with online videos. In this study, synchronous in-person instruction was compared to asynchronous instruction using video modules during a laboratory session and as a pre-lab assignment in a first-semester introductory biology majors' course. Students' responses to a survey revealed that online instructional videos have unique benefits and are effectively comparable to in-person instruction.
A Method for Orthotopic Transplantation of Lung Cancer in Mice

Preclinical mouse models of lung cancer have been vital experimental tools to elucidate cancer biology and test novel therapeutic regimens. Two main models are most commonly used-genetically engineered mouse models and xenograft transplantation models. The most common xenograft model employs subcutaneous transplantation of tumor cells. However, the subcutaneous space is a foreign environment to lung cancer cells and does not appropriately model the tumor-stromal interactions of endogenous lung cancers. Here, we present an orthotopic mouse model of lung cancer that utilizes direct injection of cancer cells into the lung parenchyma that allows many potential studies including interactions of lung fibroblast Hedgehog pathway activity and tumor epithelia. The protocol describes this procedure and its potential applications for lung cancer research.
Extracellular vesicles improve diastolic function and substructure in normal and high-fat diet models of chronic myocardial ischemia.

Abstract Objective The burden of mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease is in part due to substantial fibrosis accelerated by coexisting risk factors. This study aims to evaluate the effect of extracellular vesicle therapy on diastolic function and myocardial fibrosis in the setting of chronic myocardial ischemia with and without a high-fat diet. Methods Forty male Yorkshire swine were administered a normal or high-fat diet. At 11 weeks of age, they underwent placement of an ameroid constrictor on their left circumflex coronary artery. Both dietary groups then received either intramyocardial injection of vehicle saline as controls or extracellular vesicles as treatment into the ischemic territory (normal diet control, n = 8; high-fat diet controls, n = 11) or extracellular vesicles (normal diet extracellular vesicles, n = 9; high-fat diet extracellular vesicles, n = 12). Five weeks later, hemodynamic parameters, histology, and selected protein expression were evaluated. Results Extracellular vesicles reduced end-diastolic pressure volume relationship (P = .002), perivascular collagen density (P = .031), calcium mineralization (P = .026), and cardiomyocyte diameter (P Conclusions Extracellular vesicle therapy improved the myocardium's ability to relax and is likely due to structural improvements at the extracellular matrix and cellular levels.
Efficient Clinical Implementation of an MRI-Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy Program

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Magnetic Resonance Image-guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy (MRgART) is ideal for intra-abdominal tumors as it accounts for daily anatomical changes in target volumes and nearby organs at risk (OAR) caused by soft-tissue deformation, respiration, organ filling/emptying and patient weight changes. The dosimetric gains associated with MRgART may be undermined by longer treatment times, resulting in unaccounted for intra-fractional OAR changes and patient motion. In this study, we aim to evaluate each step in our MRgART workflow for optimal resource utilization and potential treatment time savings. MATERIALS/METHODS This IRB approved retrospective review included pancreas cancer patients treated at our institution between 2018 and 2020 with MR guidance. We examined MRgART prescription details, and steps in the adaptive workflow, including MR simulation, image fusion, contouring, re-plan/QA and tumor tracking for resource allocation and clinical workflow efficiency. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model with an exchangeable working correlation structure and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used for statistical time analysis. RESULTS The study included 17 eligible pancreas cancer patients treated consecutively on our 0.35 T MR-Linac with MRgART. We examined 115 treated fractions (77 adapted). Two of the patients received conventional fractionation, and 15 were treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). SBRT prescription dose was 40 Gy to PTV in 5 fractions with 6MV FFF X-rays. Non-adaptive fractions averaged 38.3 ± 3.2 min (mean ± s.d.) compared to significantly longer adaptive treatments lasting 57.8 ± 4.3 min (an increase of 19.6 min or 51.3%, P < 0.01). Within each adapted treatment, the greatest time was spent on OAR contouring (13.6 min), followed by patient setup (10.6 min), imaging (9.1 min), re-plan (7.3 min), and QA (2.2 min). Beam-on time was 26% of overall treatment duration. Major contributors to increased treatment time with MRgART were contouring, physics review, replan and QA. Other sub-categories, such as, patient setup, imaging and beam-on times remained unchanged when compared to non-adaptive treatments. On average, treatment times decreased by 13.6% (61.4 min to 53 min, P = 0.06) as patients progressed through their treatment course reflecting improved patient confidence, compliance and comfort with their treatments and breathing instructions. Gains in treatment time also resulted from limited OAR contouring around the PTV and audio/visual coaching of patients leading to longer duty cycle. CONCLUSION Efficient resource utilization is important for safe and effective implementation of MRgART. Online OAR contouring, imaging and patient setup are potential targets for further time improvements and could be achieved via offline staff training, emphasis on robust AI based imaging, contouring and planning strategies, and in-room monitor device for improved active patient participation, comfort and compliance.
Rational Generating Functions

The theory of binomial posets developed in the previous chapter sheds considerable light on the “meaning” of generating functions and reduces certain types of enumerative problems to a routine computation. However, it does not seem worthwhile to attack more complicated problems from this point of view. The remainder of this book will for the most part be concerned with other techniques for obtaining and analyzing generating functions. We first consider the simplest general class of generating functions, namely, the rational generating functions. In this section we will concern ourselves with rational generating functions in one variable; that is, generating functions of the form \( F(x) = \sum\nolimits_{n \geqslant 0} {f(n)x^n } \) that are rational functions in the ring \( C[[x]] \). This means that there exist polynomials\( P(x),Q(x) \in {\text{C}}[x] \) such that \( F(x) = P(x)Q(x)^{ - 1} \) in \( C[[x]] \). Here it is assumed that \( Q(0) \ne 0 \), so that \( Q(x)^{ - 1} \) exists in \( C[[x]] \).
The role of business in fostering peaceful societies

Introduction Part I. The Plausibility of Connecting Business and Peace: 1. The role of business in fostering sustainable peace 2. Balances of power and mediators of justice Part II. Current Standards and their Amenability to Peace: 3. Corporate governance and sustainable peace 4. Ethical business behavior and sustainable peace Part III. Two Illustrative Issues: Gender and Ecology: 5. Gender, voice and correlations with peace 6. The ecological challenges of war: the natural environment and disease Conclusion.
Cytoplasmic RNA in immunologlobulin-secreting myeloma tumor cells. I. Identification and characteristics of a class of heterogeneous RNA.

Abstract A set of heterodisperse RNA molecules was identified in cytoplasmic extracts of a cultured strain of mouse myeloma cells (Strain MOPC 21). The molecules range in size from 105 to 106 daltons, as estimated from their electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gels. Most of the species are 4 · 105–8 · 105 daltons. Synthesis of two of these species is selectively inhibited by 1 μg/ml of ethidium bromide; these correspond in size to mitochondrial ribosomal RNA in HeLa cells. Synthesis of the other RNA molecules is not preferentially inhibited by ethidium bromide, suggesting a nuclear origin. Also, they are not affected by a concentration of actinomycin D which inhibits (nuclear) ribosomal RNA synthesis. The accumulation of radioactive precursor into this RNA is very rapid; after an initial lag incorporation proceeds on a mole basis at about 25 % of the rate of that into ribosomal RNA. There is probably significant turnover in this class of RNA. Molecules of similar size are found in polyribosomal fractions and in smaller cytoplasmic material. The heterogeneous RNA in these cells is distinct from that in a mouse lymphoma strain, but is not greatly different from that of a myeloma strain in which immunoglobulin is not detected. These results are discussed with reference to expected properties of a population of messenger RNA molecules.
An introduction to trust negotiation

The last decade of improvement in service offerings over the Internet offers the hope that many kinds of sensitive interactions between strangers can be carried out electronically, without requiring physical transmission of paper credentials to establish trust. In this short paper, we describe one way of converting the current paper-based approach to establishing trust into an electronic approach that minimizes human intervention. We also describe the theoretical and systems issues that are raised by this approach.
Synergistic interactions between Ca2+ entries through L-type Ca2+ channels and Na+-Ca2+ exchanger in normal and failing rat heart.

We used confocal Ca2+ imaging and the patch-clamp technique to investigate the interplay between Ca2+ entries through L-type Ca2+ channels (LCCs) and reverse-mode Na+–Ca2+ exchange (NCX) in activating Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in cardiac myocytes from normal and failing rat hearts. In normal myocytes exposed to N(6),2′-O-dibutyryl adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (db-cAMP, membrane-permeable form of cAMP), the bell-shaped voltage dependence of cytosolic Ca2+ transients was dramatically broadened due to activation of SR Ca2+ release at high membrane potentials (30–120 mV). This broadening of Ca2+-transient voltage dependence could be prevented by KB-R7943, an inhibitor of the reverse-mode NCX. Trans-sarcolemmal Ca2+ entries were measured fluorometrically in myocytes during depolarizing steps to high membrane potentials. The total Ca2+ entry (ΔFTot) was separated into two Ca2+ entry components, LCC-mediated (ΔFLCC) and NCX-mediated (ΔFNCX), by exposing the cells to the specific inhibitors of LCCs and reverse-mode NCX, nifedipine and KB-R7943, respectively. In the absence of protein kinase A (PKA) stimulation the amplitude of the Ca2+-inflow signal (ΔFTot) corresponded to the arithmetic sum of the amplitudes of the KB-R7943- and nifedipine-resistant components (ΔFTot=ΔFLCC+ΔFNCX). PKA activation resulted in significant increases in ΔFTot and ΔFLCC. Paradoxically, ΔFTot became ∼threefold larger than the sum of the ΔFNCX and ΔFLCC components. In myocytes from failing hearts, stimulation of PKA failed to induce a shift in Ca2+ release voltage dependence toward more positive membrane potentials. Although the total and NCX-mediated Ca2+ entries were increased again, ΔFTot did not significantly exceed the sum of ΔFLCC and ΔFNCX. We conclude that the LCC and NCX Ca2+-entry pathways interact synergistically to trigger SR Ca2+ release on depolarization to positive membrane potentials in PKA-stimulated cardiac muscle. In heart failure, this new form of Ca2+ release is diminished and may potentially account for the compromised contractile performance and reduced functional reserve in failing hearts.
Using FLOSS Project Metadata in the Undergraduate Classroom

This paper describes our efforts to use the large amounts of data available from public repositories of free, libre, and open source software (FLOSS) in our undergraduate classrooms to teach concepts that would have previously been taught using other types of data from other sources.
Systemic Topical Drug Delivery: US Regulatory Perspectives on Product Development, Biopharmaceuticals and Clinical Pharmacology

Topical Drug Delivery which encompass both dermal (local) and transdermal (systemic) products is one of the most exciting and challenging areas of pharmaceutical research. Traditionally, topical drug delivery systems denote formulations that are intended to deliver drugs locally rather than systemically. These products differ from transdermal delivery systems, which are designed for drugs to penetrate through the skin and provide systemic action. Whether it is topical or transdermal, effectiveness of the formulation depends on the release of the active drug from its dosage form to the skin surface. Once the drug is presented to the skin surface, either it stays mostly on the skin surface or penetrates through the stratum corneum to other cutaneous layers all the way up to systemic circulation to manifest its pharmacological action depending upon the location of the disease to be treated.
Efficient simulation of switching power circuits

The implementation of an envelope-following method that is particularly efficient for switching power converters with fixed clock frequencies is described. A simple method for computing envelopes which involves solving a sequence of two-point boundary value problems is derived. The two point boundary value problems are solved with a shooting or Newton method. The computations involved are explained, and their implementation in the program Nitswit is described, along with results using Nitswit to simulate several switching power circuits. The results demonstrate the method's effectiveness. >
Activation of BTAK expression in primary ovarian surface epithelial cells of prophylactic ovaries

The ovarian epithelial cells carrying heterozygous BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation (we called BRCA1/2 mutation) are known to predispose to the development of ovarian cancer; however, the molecular basis of such predisposition is largely unknown. We hypothesize that BTAK may be a potential target for heterozygous BRCA1/2 mutation. We sought to determine the relationship between the status of BRCA1/2 heterozygous mutation and BTAK expression in prophylactically removed ovaries as compared with normal ovaries and ovarian cancer controls. Western blot analysis of BTAK was performed in a primary cell culture carrying heterozygous BRCA1 mutation and three normal ovarian surface epithelial cell cultures. Immunohistochemical analysis of BTAK expression was also performed by image analysis in ovaries of 21 patients with known BRCA1/2 mutation or very strong family history of breast/ovarian cancer that underwent prophylactic oophorectomy, 38 normal ovaries from patients without any known mutation, and 194 ovarian carcinomas. The BTAK expression was significantly increased in primary culture carrying a heterozygous BRCA1 mutation as compared to those with no known BRCA1/2 mutation. Immunohistochemical staining of BTAK showed increased expression in ovarian epithelial cells carrying BRCA1/2 mutation or strong breast/ovarian family history compared with normal ovaries (P<0.001). Higher BTAK expression was found in ovarian cancer cells compared to ovaries without cancer but with known BRCA1/2 mutation or strong family history (P<0.001), and expression levels of BTAK and p53 were directly correlated (r=0.306; P<0.001). Increased expression of BTAK is directly correlated with mutation status of BRCA1/2 genes, suggesting that mutation in a single allele of either BRCA1 or 2 may be responsible for the activation of BTAK. This activation may be a key early genetic event in the development of hereditary ovarian cancer.
Using hidden Markov models to evaluate performance of cooperative spectrum sensing

Cooperative sensing has been shown to improve the performance of spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR) networks where multiple secondary users are sending local sensing information to a CR fusion centre (FC) which makes the final determination on the occupancy of a given frequency band by licensed primary users. In this study, the authors observe the use of a hidden Markov model for evaluating the performance of cooperative sensing at the FC and propose a method that uses the history of FC sensing decisions to estimate the cooperative probabilities of detection and false alarm. The proposed method enables the FC to become aware when the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing degrades without requiring knowledge of the local sensing statistics. Numerical results obtained from simulations confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method for both soft and hard combining schemes in practical scenarios with noise and/or multipath fading.
Heat kernel on a lipschitz manifold composed of two halfspaces with different metrics

When we consider a Lipschitz Riemannian manifold M there are many difficulties due to the non-smoothness of the geometric structure. In this paper, we will just consider the simplest case where the...
Alterations of pentose shunt activity in tissues of teleosts

Abstract 1. 1. Marked and consistent increases in hepatic activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found in Xiphophorus maculatus exposed to 1 3 sea water. Prolonged treatment tended to increase the response. 2. 2. In the three diverse species of fish examined here, the second enzyme of the pentose shunt, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, was invariably present but always lower in activity than the first enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. 3. 3. An intact pentose shunt would appear to be a general feature of teleost liver.
The Development and Adoption of Nonproprietary, Established, and Proprietary Names for Pharmaceuticals:

Marty types of names are used to describe a pharmaceutical substance and product. Each of these names has a specific meaning and is developed by detailed methods. The general health practitioner is unaware of the effort involved with generating nonproprietary, established, and proprietary names for pharmaceuticals. The methods of the International Nonproprietary Name program of the World Health Organisation, the United States Adopted Names Council, the United States Pharmacopeia, various industry naming programs, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and the Food and Drug Administration are outlined in the following sections.
Pigouvian policies in closed behavioral systems

This essay-analyzes the Pigouvian tax-subsidy policy, reviews the traditional justification and several practical and theoretical criticisms of it, and offers three arguments about the Pigouvian policy and the implied structure of effluent charges (as well as subsidies). First, many proponents of a Pigouvian policy misinterpret its purpose. The tax is not designed to reduce pollution to an ‘acceptable’ level, but to maximize joint production value. Second, Pigouvian effluent charges may violate some constructions of the equal protection clause. Third, these charges may violate, also, some constructions of the due process clause, as well as the ethical criteria that the right of due process implies.
Absorbable mesh in placement of temporary implants

Abstract Purpose : To evaluate absorbable mesh for the suturing of afterloading chatters in patients with tumors involving the chest wall. Methods and Materials : Patients underwent thoracotomy and resection of tumor; a layer of absorbable mesh was then sutured to the tumor bed. Nylon flexiguide afterloading catheters were sutured into the mesh at about 1.5 cm distance from each other. A second layer of mesh was then sutured on top of the catheters. The chest wall was closed. Orthogonal radiographs and CT scans of the area of implants were done to verify catheter position in each patient on day 1 and on the last day of implant. Computer dosimetry by digitization of dummy sources was performed on each set of radiographs. The same seed for both sets of films was chosen as the origin of digitization. All seed coordinates were compared directly to offset for any rotation of the patient during the two sets of films. The distances were calculated from all seed positions to the origin, then tabulated and compared. Results : The distances agreed within a few millimeters (7–8 mm). The differences may be attributed to the patient's breathing and to the localization uncertainty. The resulting dose alteration was negligible. Conclusion : This technique appears to provide adequate anchorage of catheters with resulting constant seed position and dose distribution in areas of scant tissues or in surgical beds of considerable size.
Iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction.

Iodine is required for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Recommended daily iodine intake in adults is 150 μg daily, except in pregnant and lactating women who require higher amounts of iodine. The primary source of iodine is the diet, where iodine intake is predominantly obtained from dairy products, grains, and iodized salt. However, seaweed and other sources of iodine, including iodinated contrast media, nutritional supplements, and some medications, such as amiodarone and povidone-iodine, can be responsible for iodine excess. A healthy thyroid is able to adapt to iodine excess due to escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect. However, iodine excess can induce hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid autoimmunity. Iodine-induced hypothyroidism is due to failure to escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect; it is typically transient and may not require treatment. Levothyroxine replacement therapy is necessary in some patients. Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism develops in patients with underlying autonomy of the thyroid, in which the iodine load acts as a substrate for the thyroid to produce excess amounts of thyroid hormones (Jod-Basedow phenomenon). It is usually transient and requires only treatment with β-blockers. Patients with severe or persistent hyperthyroidism require treatment with antithyroid drugs. Prophylactic treatment to avoid the onset of thyroid dysfunction after exposure to iodine excess is generally not recommended.
Malignant histiocytosis (histiocytic medullary reticulosis). I. Clinicopathologic study of 29 cases

The clinical records and histologic materials from 29 cases of malignant histiocytosis (MH) have been reviewed, as well as autopsy findings in 14 cases. The mean age was 31 years, with a 2.2:1 male to female preponderance. Major physical findings included temperature elevation, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and preterminal jaundice. Common laboratory findings were anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. The median survival was 6 months, the mean 14 months, and the range from 1 month to 8 years. The histologic features observed in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow have been emphasized, as well as features useful in differential diagnosis. In contrast to our experience with the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, bone marrow aspiration was superior to biopsy in assessing marrow involvement. Unusual manifestations included soft tissue infiltration in 5 cases; 2 of these patients presented with a soft tissue mass. The distinctive clinical as well as histologic findings warrant recognition and separation of MH from other hematopoietic disorders.
Interrelations between selected soil characteristics and arylsulfatase and urease activities

Abstract Six field sites in western Oregon were examined periodically over one year for arylsulfatase and urease activities as well as a variety of chemical and physical soil characteristics. Two of the sites were under forest vegetation, one was under native grasses and three were under clover/grass pasture. The interactions between the enzymatic activities and the variations in the soil characteristics were analyzed using a variety of statistical programs. Both enzymes were most highly correlated with soil organic matter content (r = 0.58 for arylsulfatase and r = 0.59 for urease). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the variability was partially accounted for by the soil parameters monitored (arylsulfatase r2 = 0.657, urease r2 = 0.509). Principal component analysis generated four factors which, when combined, accounted for 65% of the observed variation in both arylsulfatase and urease activity. Seasonal fluctuations were recorded for both of the enzymes and the levels of activity apparently fl...
Specific solvent interactions in the stereo-regular polymerization of methacrylic acid

A study has been made of the marked effect of solvent on the stereoregularity of poly (methacrylic acid) prepared by the radical polymerization of methacrylic acid initiated by Co60 gamma radiation. The specific interaction of the solvent with the monomer and the growing polymer chains, leading to particular structures at the growing chain end, leads to the observed effect on the stereoregularity of the polymer. It is apparent that solvents of intermediate hydrogen bonding strength and bulkiness lead to highly syndiotactic polymer. Thus poly (methacrylic acid) prepared at −78°CC in a 20% by volume solution of methacrylic acid in 2-propanol contains 95% syndiotactic triads. The effect of the steric hindrance of the solvent is amply demonstrated by the fact that polymerization in 2-methylcyclohexanol results in the highest degree of syndiotacticity at 0°CC (82% syndiotactic triads) but yields polymer having only 69% syndiotactic triads at −78°CC. This is in contrast to the usual effect on stereoregularity upon lowering the temperature of radical polymerization. The detailed mechanism of this polymerization and its relation to the polymerization of other monomers capable of hydrogen bonding to solvents will be discussed with specific reference to the particular structures that may give rise to the observed effects.