cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cancer metabolic reprogramming: importance, main features, and potentials for precise targeted anti-cancer therapies.

Cancer cells are well documented to rewire their metabolism and energy production networks to support and enable rapid proliferation, continuous growth, survival in harsh conditions, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to cancer treatments. Since Dr. Otto Warburg’s discovery about altered cancer cell metabolism in 1930, thousands of studies have shed light on various aspects of cancer metabolism with a common goal to find new ways for effectively eliminating tumor cells by targeting their energy metabolism. This review highlights the importance of the main features of cancer metabolism, summarizes recent remarkable advances in this field, and points out the potentials to translate these scientific findings into life-saving diagnosis and therapies to help cancer patients.
Microdrop screening: a rapid method to optimize solvent conditions for NMR spectroscopy of proteins.

Determining appropriate solvent conditions is a crucial first step for carrying out NMR spectroscopy of proteins, but rapid and efficient methods for doing so are currently lacking. Microdrop screening examines a large number of different solvent conditions using very small amounts of protein and minimal labor. Starting from one initial buffer condition, small aliquots of protein solution are combined with an array of solutions in which concentration, pH, buffer type, and added stabilizers are systematically varied. The protein concentration of each microliter-sized test drop (‘microdrop’) is gradually changed using vapor diffusion, and the solubility of the protein is determined by visual examination. A variety of analytical techniques may be applied to the contents of the microdrops to monitor enzymatic activity, aggregation, ligand binding, and protein folding.
Finding graph matchings in data streams

We present algorithms for finding large graph matchings in the streaming model. In this model, applicable when dealing with massive graphs, edges are streamed-in in some arbitrary order rather than residing in randomly accessible memory. For e>0, we achieve a $\frac1{1+\epsilon}$ approximation for maximum cardinality matching and a $\frac1{2+\epsilon}$ approximation to maximum weighted matching. Both algorithms use a constant number of passes and $\tilde O(|V|)$ space.
Getting to the Table and Getting to Yes: An Analysis of International Negotiations

This paper analyzes the conditions that encourage (or hinder) conflicting states in coming to the negotiating table. It also explores the factors that influence the successfulness of such negotiation attempts. A main argument of the paper is that it is important to look at what brings states to the table, because this may have a direct or indirect impact on the outcome of such negotiations. While confirming some of the findings within the conflict management literature, this paper demonstrates that contextual factors seem to have different effects or a different impact on each stage, implying that while certain factors may bring states to the table, they may not be the same factors that make agreements possible.
Exact Solution of the Sommerfeld Half-Plane Problem: a Path Integral Approach Without Discretization

The exact solution of the two-dimensional Sommerfeld half-plane problem is obtained with a path integral approach. The approach relies on the Riemann space associated with this problem but does not require discretization nor a transformation to the corresponding heat conduction problem. A new intrinsic symmetry property of the half-plane problem solutions is revealed and is connected to the characteristics of the underlying Riemann space. An endpoint rather than a stationary point argument reproduces Keller's GTD results from the path integral expression.
Detection of man-in-the-middle attacks using physical layer wireless security techniques

Compared with a wired network, a wireless network is not protected by the cable transmission medium. Information is broadcasted over the air and it can be intercepted by anyone within the transmission range. Even though the transmissions could potentially be protected by security authentication mechanisms, malicious users can still intercept the information by mimicking the characteristics of normal user or a legitimate access point. This scenario is referred as a man-in-the-middle MITM attack. In the MITM attack, the attackers can bypass the security mechanisms, intercept the unprotected transmission packets, and sniff the information. Because of several vulnerabilities in the IEEE 802.11 protocol, it is difficult to defend against a wireless MITM attack. In this paper, a received signal strength indicator RSSI-based detection mechanism for MITM attacks is proposed. RSSI information is an arbitrary integer that indicates the power level being received by the antenna. The random RSSI values are processed via a sliding window, yielding statistic information about the signal characteristics such as mean and standard deviation profiles. By analyzing those profiles, the detection mechanism can detect if a rogue access point, the key component of an MITM attack, is launched. Our proposed approach has been validated via hardware experimentation using Backtrack 5 tools and MATLAB software suite. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Idiotype-specific neonatal suppression of phosphorylcholine-responsive B cells.

The effect of neonatal anti-idiotypic suppression on the expression of B cells of the T15 clonotype has been investigated at the level of individual clonal precursor cells. The results indicate that B cells of the T15 clonotype are almost completely eliminated from the repertoire for four months after neonatal injection of allogeneic anti-idiotypic serum. The degree of this suppression is dependent on the amount of anti-idiotypic antibody administered and is less profound if anti-idiotypic antibody is given after the first week of life. No suppression was observed when anti-idiotypic antisera were administered to mice 30 days of age or older, which may indicate that immature B cells are the population most susceptible to suppression. However, since suppression could be reversed by administration of T15 myeloma protein several days after injection of anti-idiotype, the inability to suppress adult BALB/c mice may have been due to the high level of T15 idiotype normally present in their serum. Finally, phosphorylcholine-responsive B cells of identifiable clonotypes other than T15, even a clonotype sharing antigen-combining site determinants with T15, appear unaffected by anti-T15 suppression.
Picosecond polarized pump-probe spectroscopy of amylose-iodine

Abstract Single-wavelength picosecond polarized pump-probe spectroscopy has been used to study the excited state dynamics of aqueous suspensions of the amylose-iodine complex at wavelengths within the broad absorption band centered at about 635 nm. A single-exponential fit of the magic angle signal at 600 nm gave an average ground state recovery time of 870±50 ps. For excitation at 570 nm a bi-exponential decay with a short component of about 160 ps and a long component of 870 ps gave the best fit of the magic angle signal. The non-exponential decay is attributed to overlapping absorption and relaxation processes due to different polyiodide chains. Since no fluorescence is observed from the complex, the pump-probe signals must be due to relaxation from a long-lived excited state which is not part of the singlet manifold of states. No excitation intensity dependence was observed in the decay kinetics. The anisotropy was constant over the time range of our experiment. The value of the anisotropy was about 0.35±0.04, which is less than the maximum theoretical value of the initial anisotropy, r 1) ,= 0.4. These results are shown to be consistent with a five-level model.
Osteopontin expression in particle-induced lung disease.

□ Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted cytokine with cell adhesive and chemoattractive functions whose expression is induced by a variety of environmental toxicants. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several pulmonary granulomatous and fibrotic conditions. For these reasons the authors investigated OPN expression in experimental particle-induced lung disease using a titanium dioxide exposure model in the rat. Under exposure conditions that resulted in fibroproliferative lung disease, rats had significant increases in total lung OPN mRNA expression and increased levels of OPN protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) prior to the development of lesions. OPN immunoreactivity studies of lesion development provide evidence that this multifunctional cytokine may be important in the pathogenesis of particle-induced lung disease. Findings suggest that OPN may serve as an important biomarker for particle-induced lung disease.
Comorbid Alcohol/Other Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Disorders in Adult American Indian and Alaska Natives: A Critique

ABSTRACT The American Indian and Alaska Native population is a heterogeneous population with significant social, psychological, and alcohol/other drug use risk factors. This article reviews the adult research to date that has examined the overlap between alcohol/other drug abuse and mental disorders. In the adult community and treatment seeking clinical populations, the co-occurrence of alcohol/other drug abuse and mental disorders is particularly high. Some studies among Native American populations have shown higher rates of affective disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, organic brain disorders, and lower rates of drug abuse/dependence.
Changing trends in infectious disease in heart transplantation

Background During the past 25 years, advances in immunosuppression and the use of selective anti-microbial prophylaxis have progressively reduced the risk of infection after heart transplantation. This study presents a historical perspective of the changing trends of infectious disease after heart transplantation. Methods Infectious complications in 4 representative eras of immunosuppression and anti-microbial prophylaxis were analyzed: (1) 38 in the pre-cyclosporine era (1978–1980), (2) 72 in the early cyclosporine era (1982–1984), where maintenance immunosuppression included high-dose cyclosporine and corticosteroid therapy; (3) 395 in the cyclosporine era (1988–1997), where maintenance immunosuppression included cyclosporine, azathioprine, and lower corticosteroid doses; and (4) 167 in the more recent era (2002–2005), where maintenance immunosuppression included cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil. Results The overall incidence of infections decreased in the 4 cohorts from 3.35 episodes/patient to 2.03, 1.35, and 0.60 in the more recent cohorts ( p p = 0.001). Cytomegalovirus infections have significantly decreased in incidence and occur later after transplantation (88 ± 77 days, pre-cyclosporine era; 304 ± 238 days, recent cohort; p Pneumocystis jiroveci and Nocardia infections has also occurred. Conclusions The overall incidence and mortality associated with infections continues to decrease in heart transplantation and coincides with advances in immunosuppression, the use of selective anti-microbial prophylaxis, and more effective treatment regimens.
Research on the Effects of the Generator with Differential Supporting Characteristics on Vibrations of the Three-Bearing Structure

The finite element model of a 1000MW unit was set up and vibrations of the three-bearing structure were studied. The results show that the generator supporting characteristics have great effects on vibrations of the three-bearing structure. Many factors are needed to be considered when field balancing. The generator supporting characteristics should be considered when judging the type and axial position of imbalances. Repeated balancing are invalid and even the vibrations diverge if just following simply the harmonic component method to determine directly the imbalance types. The conclusion reliabilities were further verified with the tests.
Development and functions of the shell sculpture of the marine snail Ceratostoma foliatum

The shell of the adult Ceratostoma foliatum (Gmelin) is characterized by three varices with foliations, and a tooth on the anterior portion of the outer lip. These features are derived gradually from the markedly different sculpture of shells of small juveniles (a network of fine axial and spiral cords). The sculpture changes as the thin, cord-like basic varix is elaborated, reinforced, and modified by the development of a secondary structure (the tooth) and as the number of varices per whorl decreases. Most muricid shell patterns can be derived from juvenile patterns similar to that of C. foliatum by quantitative variations in these four processes. Likely functions of the complex and varied muricid shell structures include stabilization in shifting substrates, defense against predators, and strengthening of the shell. Different functions and shell-growth patterns are likely for the different types of varices. Shell structures are most elaborate on shells of adults. A structure's functions are likely to change as the structure becomes more complex on each successive whorl. The functional period in an individual's lifespan is consequently restricted by the pattern of growth, the rate of structural development, and the rate of shell erosion.
Position Location from Sensors with Position Uncertainty

A statistical analysis of a mixed-mode position-location system with sensors position uncertainty is described. Expressions for the maximum likelihood estimator and its error statistics, under ?small errors? assumption, are derived.
Using fundamental measure theory to treat the correlation function of the inhomogeneous hard-sphere fluid

We investigate the value of the correlation function of an inhomogeneous hard-sphere fluid at contact. This quantity plays a critical role in statistical associating fluid theory, which is the basis of a number of recently developed classical density functionals. We define two averaged values for the correlation function at contact and derive formulas for each of them from the White Bear version of the fundamental measure theory functional, using an assumption of thermodynamic consistency. We test these formulas, as well as two existing formulas, against Monte Carlo simulations and find excellent agreement between the Monte Carlo data and one of our averaged correlation functions.
Mixed-Priority Pedestrian Delay Models at Single-Lane Roundabouts

This paper presents an approach to the development of mixed-priority pedestrian delay models at single-lane roundabouts by using behavioral crossing data. "Mixed priority" refers to crosswalk operations in which drivers at times yield to create crossing opportunities but pedestrians may need to rely on their judgment of gaps in traffic to cross the street. The models use probabilistic behavioral parameters measured in controlled pedestrian crossings by blind pedestrians as part of NCHRP Project 3-78a. Although blind pedestrians clearly represent a special population of pedestrians, the developed delay model is structured to apply to any pedestrian population. Delay is predicted as (a) a function of the probability of encountering a crossing opportunity in the form of a yield or crossable gap and (b) the probability of taking that opportunity, and these factors are combined to produce an overall probability of crossing. The paper presents the theoretical approach to estimating the probability parameters an...
Steroid Hormones: Membrane transporters of steroid hormones

The discovery of a plasma membrane ABC protein that exports steroids in yeast highlights the possibility that similar membrane sorting systems in mammalian cells may modulate the access of steroids to their receptors.
Effects of metabolic inhibitors on ingestive behavior and physiology in preweanling rat pups.

We have previously demonstrated that administration of 2-Mercaptoacetate (MA) stimulates independent intake after 1 h in 12 and 15-day-old rat pups, but not younger pups. MA also produces decreases in beta-HBA levels, consistent with the development of a role of altered fatty acid oxidation in modulating independent ingestion in rat pups by 12 days of age. The present experiments extended investigations of the role of changes in energy utilization in young rats by investigating the duration of the effects of altered fatty acid oxidation and the effects of combined blockade of fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization. Pups were tested at 9, 12 or 15 days of age 3 or 6 h following administration of a dose of 0, 11.4, 22.8, 45.6 or 91.2 mg/kg MA. In pups aged 12 and 15 days, moderate doses of MA stimulated intake 3 h, but not 6 h, following administration. Administration of the highest dose of MA produced significant decreases in beta-HBA levels in pups at all ages when tested after 3 h, but not after 6 h. In the second set of experiments, behavioral and physiological responses to administration of MA (0, 11.4 or 22.8 mg/kg) combined with 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG: 0, 100 or 200 mg/kg) were investigated in pups aged 6, 9, 12 or 15 days of age. The results demonstrated that while administration of 2-DG produced physiological responses, intake was not stimulated at any age by 2-DG alone or in combination with MA. In fact, in 12 and 15-day-old pups, administration of 2-DG blocked the stimulatory effects of administration of MA. Therefore, while altered utilization of glucose does not appear to be an effective stimulus for increased independent ingestion in pups at this age, altered fatty acid oxidation may be an early metabolic modulator of intake.
A Longitudinal Study of Undergraduates’ Academic Library Experiences

This study examined the library use patterns of 1,046 undergraduates during their first three years of college. The significant changes in library use patterns have implications for the redesign of academic library services including reference and bibliographic instruction.
Adsorbed nitrate ions in relation to plant growth

Abstract 1. 1. Anion exchanger or acid amberlite (IR-4) contains OH − ions of low activity. The adsorption of free acids may be considered a neutralization reaction. 2. 2. Amberlite-NO 3 incorporated in soil acts as a reservoir of readily available nitrates. At high concentrations, it is superior to NaNO 3 . 3. 3. The degree of saturation of amberlite-NO 3 has a marked effect on plant growth. At very low degrees of saturation plant growth is nil. The exchangeability of adsorbed nitrate bears a complicated and unexplainable relationship to the degree of saturation. Carbon dioxide does not enhance the outgo of adsorbed nitrate. 4. 4. Mixing of Ca-amberlite and amberlite-Cl produces CaCl 2 . Likewise, the addition of soil to amberlite-NO 3 releases substantial amounts of NO 3 −
Myocardial stress equations: fiberstresses of the prolate spheroid.

There are occasions in physiological research and medical practice where it is desirable to estimate the average fiberstress in a chamber wall, knowing only the pressure and dimensions. Because the contribution of a strained wall element to pressure depends on its location whereas its contribution to average stress is independent of location, an equation of this kind must involve an assumption about the stress distribution. When applied to a particular chamber, it will give an exact result only if the chamber's stress distribution is in some sense like that of the model for which the equation was derived. Since the fibers of biological chambers are continually being deposited and resorbed, they tend to exhibit similar stretches under the average conditions of the chamber. To the extent that this is so, P = (2/3) σ v ln V 0 / V c , is the best simple fiberstress equation for biological chambers. ( P = transmural pressure, σ v = volume-averaged fiberstress, V 0 = volume enclosed by outside surface, V c = cavity volume). It expresses the pressure-dimension-average-fiberstress relation of a chamber of any shape whose stresses exhibit the simplest possible distribution. One can add a term to the right side to account for the influence of stress profile complexities. That term takes the form of a moment whose value is zero at one state of distension. This “stress moment” expresses the unequal weighting of complexities on the two sides of the midwall isobar. Judging from the sarcomere length profile of the left ventricular wall, the stress moment is zero and the average fiberstress equation above is exact for average developed stress (without a second term) when cavity volume is somewhere near end-diastolic. Moreover, the departures from the relation (the effects of stress moment) are small so long as the inner and outer stresses do not differ by a factor greater than two.
Ultra-low power wireless sensing for long-term structural health monitoring

Researchers have made significant progress in recent years towards realizing long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) utilizing wireless smart sensor networks (WSSNs). These efforts have focused on improving the performance and robustness of such networks to achieve high quality data acquisition and in-network processing. One of the primary challenges still facing the use of smart sensors for long-term monitoring deployments is their limited power resources. Periodically accessing the sensor nodes to change batteries is not feasible or economical in many deployment cases. While energy harvesting techniques show promise for prolonging unattended network life, low-power design and operation are still critically important. This research presents a new, fully integrated ultra-low power wireless smart sensor node and a flexible base station, both designed for long-term SHM applications. The power consumption of the sensor nodes and base station has been minimized through careful hardware selection and the implementation of power-aware network software, without sacrificing flexibility and functionality.
Inhalation Abuse of Fentanyl Patch

A 36-year-old male became intoxicated from fentanyl by heating and inhaling the contents from a fentanyl patch. He collapsed immediately after one inhalation with a respiratory rate of 6/m, heart rate of 120 bpm, and unobtainable blood pressure. He responded to a naloxone injection. Inhalation abuse of fentanyl base is a novel phenomenon. In two studies of nebulized fentanyl at doses of 64-318 micrograms of fentanyl base, analgesia was achieved with these doses, and small decreases in respiratory rate occurred with the larger dose. The greater absorption expected from inhaling the volatilized product, the large quantity of fentanyl available in a patch, and the high potency of fentanyl produces a high potential for abuse and overdose.
The mean Modulus of a Blaschke Product with Zeroes in a Nontangential Region

In this paper we investigate the behavior of a certain class of inner functions, i.e., functions which are bounded and analytic in the unit disc U and whose radial limits have modulus 1 almost everywhere. Recall that every inner function I can be written as where and σ is a finite positive Borel measure on [0,2π] singular with respect to Lebesgue measure. The first factor is called a Blaschke product, and the second is called a singular inner function; see [4] for details. We will deal with Blaschke products whose zeroes {zk } lie in a fixed nontangential region R(α) = {z ∊ U: (1 − |z|)/|1 − z|) > α} for some α > 0. Let C(α) be the class of all infinite Blaschke products with {zk } ⊂ R(α). We shall be concerned with the quantity Now ▵(r,φ ) → 0 as r → 1 for any inner function, and we shall determine bounds from above and below on ▵(r, B) for B ∊ C(alpha;), bounds which can be expressed explicitly in terms of the behavior of {zn }; this is done in part I. In part II we use the results of part I to get info...
Ultrastructural studies of paleozoic seed fern pollen: Sporoderm development

Abstract Sporoderm ultrastructure and wall organization in several Paleozoic seed fern pollen types is discussed. These include Monoletes, Parasporites, Nanoxanthiopollenites, Potoniea illinoiensis and P. carpentieri . In Monoletes the earliest stage in wall development begins as a homogeneous layer constructed of lamellae. Separation of lamellae in the outer portion of this layer results in the alveolate sexine of this grain type; the remaining part of the wall forms the nexine. In Potoniea sporoderm initiation begins as a series of lamellae with the increase in the exine and differentiation between sexine and nexine the result of tapetal sporopollenin and lamellar exfoliation. Stages in exine development in the fossil grains are compared to those present in pollen of extant cycads.
Multiaxial fatigue and life prediction of elastomeric components

Abstract Elastomeric components have wide usage in many industries. The typical service loading for most of these components is variable amplitude and multiaxial. In this study a general methodology for life prediction of elastomeric components under these typical loading conditions was developed and illustrated for a passenger vehicle cradle mount. Crack initiation life prediction was performed using different damage criteria. The methodology was validated with component testing under different loading conditions including constant and variable amplitude in-phase and out-of-phase axial–torsion experiments. The optimum method for crack initiation life prediction for complex multiaxial variable amplitude loading was found to be a critical plane approach based on maximum normal strain plane and damage quantification by cracking energy density on that plane. Rainflow cycle counting method and Miner’s linear damage rule were used for predicting fatigue life under variable amplitude loadings. The fracture mechanics approach was used for total fatigue life prediction of the component based on specimen crack growth data and FE simulation results. Total fatigue life prediction results showed good agreement with experiments for all of the loading conditions considered.
Picosecond laser studies of the charge-transfer reaction of excited triplet diphenylcarbene with electron donors

Abstract Evidence of a one-electron transfer process in a carbene reaction has been observed for the first time. The example is the quenching of the photoexcited triplet state of diphenylcarbene ( 3 *DPC) by electron donors. Measurement of the fluorescence lifetime as a function of donor concentration yielded the bimolecular rate constant, 3 * k . An explanation is offered as to why 3 * and 1 DPC react efficiently with amines as well as alcohols, whereas the ground triplet, 3 DPC, does not.
The economic impact of tourism on the Arizona economy

The Bureau of Business and Economic Research recently completed a study of tourism in Arizona for the state’s Office of Tourism. The results of the project have been published in the bureau’s monograph, Tourism and Trauel in Arizona (Hogan and McPheters 198 11. Undertaken as a comprehensive update and extension of an earlier bureau analysis of the tourism industry in the state (Bond and Hora 19761, the investigation involved the collection of detailed information from mail surveys of out-of-state visitors and from a phone survey of instate travelers. Throughout the 1979-1980 fiscal year, 8,400 entering travel parties were interviewed at state highway entry points and provided mail-back questionnaires to obtain more detailed information. About 19% of the interviewed parties returned the completed questionnaires. At Phoenix and Tucson airports, 2.200 travel parties were interviewed and provided with questionnaires: 38% of the parties returned completed questionnaires to produce detailed data for the study. A total of 900 telephone interviews were conducted within Arizona to determine the instate travel patterns of the state’s residents. Information from these surveys was used to: (a) provide a profile of Arizona tourism in 1979-1980 and develop comparisons with the 1975. 1976 information; (b) estimate the volume of tourism traffic (that is, numbers of travel parties) in the state and local areas throughout Arizona; (cl develop a profile of convention travelers in Arizona and to estimate the economic impact of this growing segment of the travel industry: and (d) construct estimates of the economic importance of tourism to the state and local areas, including estimates of expenditures by category, employment, and public revenues resulting from tourism.
Acceptance of Other Religions in the United States: An HLM Analysis of Variability across Congregations

Interactions with people who are different become more common and significant as the world becomes more closely connected, both physically and culturally. One of the ways in which such cultural col...
Exploring the link between glucocerebrosidase mutations and parkinsonism

Clinical, genetic and pathological studies demonstrate that mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA), which encodes the lysosomal enzyme deficient in Gaucher disease (GD), are risk factors for Parkinson disease (PD) and related disorders. Some patients with GD and Gaucher carriers develop parkinsonism. Furthermore, subjects with PD have an increased frequency of GBA mutations. GBA-mutation carriers exhibit diverse parkinsonian phenotypes and have glucocerebrosidase-positive Lewy bodies. Although the mechanism for this association is unknown, we present several theories, including protein aggregation, prion transmission, lipid accumulation and impaired autophagy, mitophagy or trafficking. Each model has inherent limitations, and a second-hit mutation might be essential. Elucidation of the basis for this link will have important consequences for studying these diseases and should provide insights into lysosomal pathways and potential treatment strategies.
Atrial and C-type natriuretic peptides amplify growth factor activity in primary aortic smooth muscle cells.

Objectives: The objective of the current study was to determine whether atrial natriuretic peptides enhance the mitogenic effect of FGF-2, based on a previous study showing that NO enhances the mitogenic effect of FGF-2. Methods: Primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells were used for all experiments. Mitogenic activity was determined by (3H)thymidine incorporation and cell counting. Cyclic GMP was measured by radioimmunoassay. Messenger RNA was measured by Northern blotting. FGFR-1 receptor protein was measured by Western blotting. Results: ANP and CNP had no consistent mitogenic effect of their own but they both enhanced FGF-2-induced DNA synthesis and/or cell proliferation by 2–3 fold. ANP enhanced the increase of c- fos mRNA induced by FGF-2. ANP, alone or in combination with FGF-2, had no effect on FGF receptor protein levels. HS-142-1, a specific antagonist of guanylyl cyclase-linked A- or B-type ANP receptors, inhibited the co-mitogenic effect of ANP. Exogenous cGMP was also co-mitogenic, whereas two peptides that bind selectively to the ANF C-receptor, cANF and des[Cys105,Cys121]rANF104–126, had no mitogenic or co-mitogenic effect. The co-mitogenic effect of ANP gradually disappeared as the subculture number of the cells was increased, indicating that it was selective for primary cells. ANP enhanced the mitogenic response of primary aortic smooth muscle cells to EGF whereas that to IGF-1 and PDGF was either not increased, or increased modestly. Conclusions: ANP enhances the mitogenic effect of FGF-2, via a mechanism that may involve elevation of immediate early gene expression but not enhancement of FGF receptor protein levels. We speculate that ANP and CNP released from macrophages and endothelial cells could enhance the mitogenic effect of FGF-2 or EGF in vivo.
EFFECTS OF DIPOTASSIUM ENDOTHALL ON ROOTED AQUATICS AND ADULT AND FIRST GENERATION BLUEGILLS

: A 0.31-ha pond was treated with 5.0 mg/l dipotassium endothall on May 31, 1973, and the effects of this treatment on the rooted aquatics, on bluegill reproduction, survival, and growth, and on the buildup of endothall residues in bluegill flesh was investigated. The treatment eliminated Myriophyllum exalbescens, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton crispus, and Anacharis canadenis during the first season, however, all but C. demersum became reestablished the following year. Little endothall was incorporated into edible bluegill flesh. The dipotassium endothall did not affect the number of young-of-the-year (YOY) bluegills produced by the original adult stocking during the year of treatment and the year following treatment and did not affect the reproduction of first generation bluegills. The survival of adult and first generation bluegills was not affected by the herbicide. Bluegills were slower growing in the treatment than the control pond, when similar densities were present in each pond. It is not known whether this was due to some unknown effect of the dipotassium endothall or to other factors.
Flavor and Texture Development in Latin American White Cheese

Abstract Eighteen 195-kg lots of whole milk were heated to 82°C, and the protein was precipitated by acidifying to 4.7 with citric acid. To modify flavor and texture, lactic culture, yogurt culture, and lipase preparations were applied to the curd before pressing. Vacuum packed blocks were ripened at 10°C. Physicochemical changes were measured over 12 wk. In all cases, cheese composition was similar. Increase in firmness (Kramer-Shear) was not significant in treated and nontreated cheeses as a function of time. Protein breakdown was maximum with yogurt culture after 8 wk of ripening. The pH decreased from 5.21 to 4.86. Free fatty acids and volatile acids steadily increased, especially in lipase treated samples. Sensory evaluations showed statistically significant differences between treated cheese and control. Four-week ripened cheese containing yogurt culture was preferred.
Somatosympathetic reflex unilateral sweating and pupillary dilatation in a paraplegic man

Sympathetic spinal reflex responses to painful stimuli have been studied in experimental animals, but have rarely been demonstrated in human beings. We report the case of a paraplegic man with a high thoracic sensory level to pain, who developed unilateral pupillodilatation and sweating from the head to the midthoracic region as a response to rib fractures below the sensory level. This regional sympathetic reflex response was similar in many ways to that seen in spinally transected animals. Regional sympathetic reflex responses may provide a clinically useful sign of a painful and perhaps dangerous condition which is located below the analgesic level in spinal cord-injured patients.
Impairment of transposon-induced mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum

Abstract Tn 5 mutagenesis was investigated as a technique to genetically mark Rhizobium for soil microcosm studies. Sixteen mutants created by Tn 5 insertion or suicide vector integration were analyzed to determine how the mutations affected several phenotypic traits. These included growth rate in culture, symbiotic effectiveness, and competitiveness for nodule occupancy. Seven of 10 Tn 5 -containing strains and 5 of 6 vector-integrate strains were impaired in one or more phenotypic traits in comparison to their parent. These results illustrate the need to carefully characterize genetically marked organisms instead of assuming the marked organism is simply an antibiotic-resistant strain equal to the parent.
Pendant drop thread dynamics of particle-laden liquids

Temporal evolution of pendant drops toward pinch-off is studied for a particle-laden liquid. Stretching and thinning of the necking region, or thread, are quantified for suspensions of monodisperse noncolloidal particles over a range of particle volume fractions, /. The stretching is characterized by the length of connected material attached to the orifice as this evolves from the quasistatic drop to bifurcation. Drop formation from suspensions of 0 6 / 6 0.4 was studied and compared with the same process for liquids of varying viscosity but the same surface tension as the suspension. Two orifice sizes and two noncolloidal particle sizes, at ratios of orifice to particle diameter of 12.8 and 25.6, were studied at tube-scale Reynolds numbers of Re =1 0 � 2 , capillary numbers of Ca < 0.1 and Bond numbers of 0.5 < Bo < 2.5. At large times prior to thread rupture, the added viscosity imparted to the mixture by the particles causes a slower thinning than is observed for the pure liquid. As rupture is approached, thinning at the narrowest part of the thread is more rapid for suspensions than for pure liquid. More viscous pure liquids result in longer thread length at rupture, while the presence of particles, even at small /, results in shorter connected length at rupture. These observations support a two-stage description of the drop formation process from suspensions. The first stage (far in time from rupture) is described well by a continuum representation of the particle phase resulting in an empirical increased effective shear viscosity, while the second stage (near in time to rupture) requires consideration of the finite-sized and discrete particles. The second stage evolution involves a localized thinning of the thread through a short axial span of dilute or particle-free material, and this localization results in the more rapid thinning and shorter thread lengths at rupture in the suspensions. A clear delineation in time between the first and second stages has not been identified.
Curative effects of combination therapy with lentinan and interleukin-2 against established murine tumors, and the role of CD8-positive T cells.

The antitumor activity of a combination of an antitumor polysaccharide, lentinan (a β1–3 glucan with β1–6 branches), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) was evaluated against established MBL-2 lymphoma and S908.D2 sarcoma at i.d. sites. Treatment of the MBL-2-tumor-bearing BDF1 mice with lentinan and IL-2 induced complete regression of tumor in 87.5% of mice treated. In contrast, treatments using either lentinan or IL-2 alone failed to induce complete regression of tumor, although temporal growth inhibition of tumor was observed about in half of the mice treated. Improvements of antitumor effects by the combination of lentinan and IL-2 were also observed in the MBL-2/B6 and S908.D2/B10.D2 systems. Expression of the antitumor effects of lentinan/IL-2 treatments required the intact T cell compartment, because the effects were not observed when nude mice were used. In the MBL-2/B6 system, the antitumor action of lentinan/IL-2 treatment was abolished in mice treated with antibody to CD8 antigen, whereas antibodies to CD4 or NK1.1 were ineffective. Furthermore, augmented tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity was observed in regional lymph node cells of the mice after lentinan and IL-2 administration. These data indicate that the antitumor effects of lentinan/IL-2 are mediated by CD8+ CTL but not by CD4+ T cells or NK1.1+ NK/LAK cells, and suggest that this combined therapy may be effective against even established tumors that are resistant to IL-2 therapy.
Estimation of slowly varying parameters in nonlinear systems via symbolic dynamic filtering

This paper introduces a novel method for real-time estimation of slowly varying parameters in nonlinear dynamical systems. The core concept is built upon the principles of symbolic dynamic filtering (SDF) that has been reported in literature for anomaly detection in complex systems. In this method, relevant system outputs are measured, at different values of a critical system parameter, to generate an ensemble of time series data. The space of wavelet-transform coefficients of time series data is partitioned to generate symbol sequences that, in turn, are used to construct a special class of probabilistic finite state automata (PFSA), called the D-Markov machine. The parameter is estimated based on the statistical information derived from the PFSA. The bounds and statistical confidence levels, associated with parameter estimation, are also computed. The proposed method has been validated in real time for two nonlinear electronic systems, governed by Duffing equation and van der Pol equation, on a laboratory apparatus.
Economic Specification of Cost Estimates in Dental Programs

This paper compares two approaches to the estimation of costs in dental care programs: a conventional approach and an approach based on theoretical expectations. The conventional approach typically uses a linear extrapolation of an average figure - e.g., cost per visit - over various program sizes and thus predicts constant costs. Constant costs are, however, theoretically implausible, and it should be anticipated that their use in program planning or analysis would generate biased estimates. This hypothesis is examined using annual costs and visits from a group of uniform clinics over a five-year period. Results show that costs calculated by the conventional method are underestimated at low volumes and increasingly overestimated at higher volumes. The findings, which illustrate how inefficiency can inadvertently be incorporated into program design, have implications for cost-effectiveness of dental care delivery in the public sector.
Acute and chronic effects of transient myocardial ischemia on sympathetic nerve activity, density, and norepinephrine content

Objectives: The sympathetic nervous system has profound influences on myocardial function, particularly during ischemia. There is controversy, however, as to whether myocardial ischemia results in damage to myocardial sympathetic nerves coursing through the ischemic territory. To further evaluate these issues, we assessed the acute and chronic effects of transient myocardial ischemia on sympathetic nerve function and morphology. Methods: A total of 20 dogs were studied. For acute studies ( n = 9), we performed serial dynamic imaging of I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) washout during coronary occlusion and reperfusion, and assessed residual myocardial perfusion with thallium-201. For chronic studies ( n = 11), we assessed sympathetic innervation and perfusion 11 days following a transient intracoronary balloon occlusion. Imaging results were correlated with electrocardiographic responses, histology, and tissue norepinephrine (NE). Results: In the acute studies, regional MIBG washout increased more than 2-fold in the ischemic territory compared to the control region during coronary occlusion (14.2 ± 2.3 vs. 5.9 ± 1.2%, P < 0.01). Tissue NE was reduced in the ischemic territory compared to the non-ischemic territory (335 ± 162 vs. 751 ± 190 ng/g, P < 0.01). Myocardial perfusion was normal. In the chronic studies, 9/11 dogs showed ischemic ECG changes during balloon occlusion, and developed ventricular arrhythmias. On follow-up imaging, 5/11 dogs showed reduced MIBG uptake relative to thallium, in viable myocardium overlying necrotic subendocardium, reduced NE (226 ± 77 vs. 733 ± 82 ng/g in control regions, P < 0.01), decreased nerve density, and a larger extent of denervation than scar (25.5 ± 3.7 vs. 8.2 ± 2.7%, P < 0.02). Six of 11 dogs showed normal innervation patterns. Conclusions: These studies suggest that the sympathetic nerves are acutely affected in regions of myocardial ischemia as detected by enhanced regional washout of MIBG. In addition, chronic sympathetic nerve denervation can occur in the absence of transmural myocardial necrosis; however, the occurrence of transient ischemia does not predict the development of chronic denervation. The severity of ischemia, as evidenced by the extent of the related necrosis, does appear to predict chronic denervation. The mechanisms leading to chronic denervation of sympathetic nerves in the absence of transmural infarction remain to be defined.
Donor-origin cell engraftment after intraosseous or intravenous bone marrow transplantation in a rat model.

Donor–origin cell engraftment after intraosseous or intravenous bone marrow transplantation in a rat model
Human suppressor T cells induced in vitro with an autologous renal allograft-derived T cell line. I. Suppressor cell induction, function, and specificity.

Abstract The functional characteristics of T suppressor (Ts) cells generated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of a kidney transplant recipient who had excellent graft function for 1 year were examined. Ts cells were induced by co-culture of PBL with an autologous alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) line (EE-1) previously grown from a routine renal allograft biopsy of this patient performed 10 days posttransplant. The EE-1 line included CD3 + T cells of CD8 + and CD4 + phenotypes with cytotoxic specificity for disparate class I (HLA-B8) and class II (HLA-DR1 and 3) antigens of the kidney donor (JC). The EE-1 induced Ts cell lines (designated TsEE) were found to significantly suppress (50%–95%) autologous fresh responder EE-PBL stimulation by donor EBV-transformed cells (JC-EBV) in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. TsEE cells were CD3 + (98%) and predominantly CD8 + (68–80%), showed no cytotoxic activity, and were suppressive only at the early phase of MLR stimulation. In three-party cell test MLR assays, TsEE-mediated suppression appeared restricted to responder cells sharing HLA-B7 with the suppressor line, and was not abrogated by the addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2). TsEE cells also showed restricted suppression of CTL generation but not mature CTL activity. The restricted suppressor activity of TsEE lines was dependent upon their induction and restimulation with the autologous EE-1 line.
Thermoelastic effects in X-ray lithography masks during synchrotron storage ring irradiation

Abstract The actual temperature rise and time-rise constant of the mask membranes during x-ray irradiation was measured using metal resistors fabricated directly on the mask. The experimental results are compared with the calculated. A model of thermoelastic distortions of the printed image during x-ray beam scanning was developed. In addition to the shift of the features the model predicts blur of the edges. Experimental results for the thermal wave effects are presented, and indicate that the effects are noticeable only during operation in a vacuum environment. The effects are negligible during normal operation in a helium atmosphere.
Depth profiling of laser-heated chromophores in biological tissues by pulsed photothermal radiometry

A solution method is proposed to the inverse problem of determining the unknown initial temperature distribution in a laser-exposed test material from measurements provided by infrared radiometry. A Fredholm integral equation of the first kind is derived that relates the temporal evolution of the infrared signal amplitude to the unknown initial temperature distribution in the exposed test material. The singular-value decomposition is used to demonstrate the severely ill-posed nature of the derived inverse problem. Three inversion methods are used to estimate solutions for the initial temperature distribution. A nonnegatively constrained conjugate-gradient algorithm using early termination is found superior to unconstrained inversion methods and is applied to image the depth of laser-heated chromophores in human skin.
Water vapour sorption behaviour of copolymers of N, N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate.

Copolymers of N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized in ethanolic solution and characterized in terms of reactivity ratios, densities and water vapour sorption. For the reaction conditions studied the copolymerization is essentially random. Polymer densities, determined by centrifugation in a density gradient, range from 1.10 for pDEA to 1.13 for p(DEA/MMA) 52/48 mol%. Flory-Huggins χ parameters were determined by isopiestic water vapour sorption, and were found to depend on both the comonomer ratio and the water content. An exceptionally strong dependence of χ on water content (or equivalently, polymer volume fraction) suggests that Flory-Huggins theory is not the proper theory to apply, especially for the polymers with the highest MMA content. Analysis of the data in terms of the Zimm-Lundberg cluster theory reveals that as the polymer becomes more hydrophobic and glassy with increased MMA, the sorption becomes more nonuniform in the polymer.