cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous query processing in spatio-temporal databases

In this paper, we aim to develop a framework for continuous query processing in spatio-temporal databases The proposed framework distinguishes itself from other query processors by employing two main paradigms: (1) Scalability in terms of the number of concurrent continuous spatio-temporal queries (2) Incremental evaluation of continuous spatio-temporal queries Scalability is achieved thorough employing a shared execution paradigm Incremental evaluation is achieved through computing only the updates to the previously reported answer We distinguish between two types of updates; positive updates and negative updates Positive or negative updates indicate that a certain object should be added to or removed from the previously reported answer, respectively The proposed framework is applicable to a wide variety of continuous spatio-temporal queries where we do not have any constraints about the mutability of objects and queries (i.e., both objects and queries can be either stationary or moving) or the movement representation (i.e., movement can be represented either by sampling or trajectory).
Formal modeling and verification of systems with self-x properties

In this paper we present a case study in formal modeling and verification of systems with self-x properties. The example is a flexible robot production cell reacting to system failures and changing goals. The self-x mechanisms make the system more flexible and robust but endanger its functional correctness or other quality guarantees. We show how to verify such adaptive systems with a “restore-invariant” approach.
Long-term drivers of food prices

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the post-2004, across-the-board, commodity price increases, which initially appeared to be a spike similar to the ones experienced during the early 1950s (Korean War) and the 1970s (oil crises), have a more permanent character. From 1997-2004 to 2005-12 nominal prices of energy, fertilizers, and precious metals tripled, metal prices went up by more than 150 percent, and most food prices doubled. Such price increases, especially in food commodities, not only fueled a debate on their key causes, but also alarmed government officials, leading to calls for coordinated policy actions. This paper examines the relative contribution of various sector and macroeconomic drivers to price changes of five food commodities (maize, wheat, rice, soybeans, and palm oil) by applying a reduced-form econometric model on 1960-2012 annual data. The drivers include stock-to-use ratios, crude oil and manufacturing prices, the United States dollar exchange rate, interest rate, and income. Based on long-run elasticity estimates (approximately -0.25 for the stock-to-use ratios, 0.25 for the oil price, -1.25 for the exchange rate, and much less for others), the paper estimates the contribution of these drivers to food price increases from 1997-2004 to 2005-12. It concludes that most of the price increases are accounted for by crude oil prices (more than 50 percent), followed by stock-to-use ratios and exchange rate movements, which are estimated at about 15 percent each. Crude oil prices mattered most during the recent boom period because they experienced the largest increase.
A Generalization of Euler's Theorem on Congruencies

In the paragraphs which follow we will prove a result which replaces the theorem of Euler: "If (a,m) = 1, then aφ(m) = 1 (mod m)", for the case when a and m are not relatively primes.
Gravitational mass of positron from LEP synchrotron losses.

General relativity(GR) is the current description of gravity in modern physics. One of the cornerstones of GR, as well as Newton’s theory of gravity, is the weak equivalence principle (WEP), stating that the trajectory of a freely falling test body is independent of its internal structure and composition. WEP is known to be valid for the normal matter with a high precision. However, due to the rarity of antimatter and weakness of the gravitational forces, the WEP has never been confirmed for antimatter. The current direct bounds on the ratio between the gravitational and inertial masses of the antihydrogen do not rule out a repulsive nature for the antimatter gravity. Here we establish an indirect bound of 0.13% on the difference between the gravitational and inertial masses of the positron (antielectron) from the analysis of synchrotron losses at the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP). This serves as a confirmation of the conventional gravitational properties of antimatter without common assumptions such as, e.g., coupling of gravity to virtual particles, dynamics of distant astrophysical sources and the nature of absolute gravitational potentials.
Singular Behavior of Electric Field of High-Contrast Concentrated Composites

A heterogeneous conduction medium of constituents with vastly different electrical properties, whose inhomogeneities are in close proximity to each other, is considered. The mathematical formulation consists of the Dirichlet problem for the conductivity equation with a nonuniformly elliptic operator and discontinuous coefficients. The gradient of the solution to the corresponding problem exhibits singular behavior (blowup) with respect to the distance between inhomogeneities. This paper introduces a concise procedure for capturing the leading term of that blowup precisely. The developed approach is based on thorough study of the system's energy. The introduced methodology allows for a number of generalizations.
Economic base multipliers: a comparison of ACDS and IMPLAN

Many local and regional practitioners still use the single multiplier version of economic (export) base analysis in project assessments. However, dependable estimates of this multiplier require that the division of total activity into its export (basic) and local (non-basic) components be reasonably accurate across all industries. This paper compares the economic base multiplier that is generated by a shortcut approach, one calibrated by the Arizona Com- munity Data Set (ACDS), with that generated by the popular IMPLAN input-output model. The comparison is made across 577 micropolitan (all non-metropolitan) US counties in the year 2000. Although the two approaches are not at all similar they generate comparable economic base multipliers. Moreover, various regional attributes, like human capital and specialization, affect the two multiplier estimates in much the same way. JEL classification: R11, R12, R15
Detecting Anomalous Network Traffic With Self-Organizing Maps

Integrated Network-Based Ohio University Network Detective Service (INBOUNDS) is a network based intrusion detection system being developed at Ohio University. The Anomalous Network-Traffic Detection with Self Organizing Maps (ANDSOM) module for INBOUNDS detects anomalous network traffic based on the Self-Organizing Map algorithm. Each network connection is characterized by six parameters and specified as a six-dimensional vector. The ANDSOM module creates a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) having a two-dimensional lattice of neurons for each network service. During the training phase, normal network traffic is fed to the ANDSOM module, and the neurons in the SOM are trained to capture its characteristic patterns. During real-time operation, a network connection is fed to its respective SOM, and a “winner” is selected by finding the neuron that is closest in distance to it. The network connection is then classified as an intrusion if this distance is more than a pre-set threshold.
Closed form summation of C-finite sequences

We consider sums of the form Σ n-1 j=0 F 1 (a 1 n + b1j + c1)F 2 (a2n + b2j+c 2 )... F k (akn + bkj+ ck), in which each {F i (n)} is a sequence that satisfies a linear recurrence of degree D(i) < ∞, with constant coefficients. We assume further that the ai , s and the a i + b i 's are all nonnegative integers. We prove that such a sum always has a closed form, in the sense that it evaluates to a linear combination of a finite set of monomials in the values of the sequences (F i (n)) with coefficients that are polynomials in n. We explicitly describe two different sets of monomials that will form such a linear combination, and give an algorithm for finding these closed forms, thereby completely automating the solution of this class of summation problems. We exhibit tools for determining when these explicit evaluations are unique of their type, and prove that in a number of interesting cases they are indeed unique. We also discuss some special features of the case of "indefinite summation", in which a 1 = a 2 =...= a k = 0.
Monitoring export vulnerability to changes in growth rates of major global markets

Interest in assessing the impacts on developing countries of changes in major markets' economic performance has risen in tandem with global economic uncertainty over short- and medium-term growth prospects. This paper proposes a methodology to measure the vulnerability of a country's exports to fluctuations in the economic activity of foreign markets. Export vulnerability depends first on the overall level of export exposure, measured as the share of exports in gross domestic product, and second on the sensitivity of exports to fluctuations in foreign gross domestic product. The authors capture this sensitivity by estimating origin-destination specific elasticities of exports with respect to changes in foreign gross domestic product using a gravity model of trade. Furthermore, export vulnerability is computed separately for commodities and differentiated products. This methodology is applied to six developing countries, one from each World Bank region, selected to be otherwise similar yet differ in terms of the level of exposure to major global markets as well as the product composition of their export basket. Although the results suggest differences in elasticity estimates across regions as well as product categories, the principal source of international heterogeneity in export vulnerability results from differences in export exposure to global markets. This result calls for developing countries to diversify their export markets rather than shielding themselves from international markets, which would actually raise economic risk and vulnerability.
JOB SECURITY AND THE AGE-COMPOSITION OF EMPLOYMENT: EVIDENCE FROM CHILE

This paper develops and tests a mechanism by which job security affects the age-composition of employment. This mechanism is based on the relative costs of dismissing young versus older workers resulting from job security provisions that are related to tenure. Using 39 consecutive annual household-surveys from Chile, we find that job security is associated with a substantial decline in the wage employment-to-population rate of young workers. In contrast, we do not find such a decline in young self-employment rates or in the wage employment rates of older workers. Comparing results for men and women and using measures of relative dismissal costs, we find that the adverse effect of job security on youth employment is driven by the link between severance payments and tenure. We also find that job security does not have a significant impact on overall aggregate employment, participation or unemployment rates.
What is the theory ZFC without power set

We show that the theory ZFC-, consisting of the usual axioms of ZFC but with the power set axiom removed—specifically axiomatized by extensionality, foundation, pairing, union, infinity, separation, replacement and the assertion that every set can be well-ordered—is weaker than commonly supposed and is inadequate to establish several basic facts often desired in its context. For example, there are models of ZFC- in which ω1 is singular, in which every set of reals is countable, yet ω1 exists, in which there are sets of reals of every size ℵn, but none of size ℵω, and therefore, in which the collection axiom fails; there are models of ZFC- for which the Łoś theorem fails, even when the ultrapower is well-founded and the measure exists inside the model; there are models of ZFC- for which the Gaifman theorem fails, in that there is an embedding j:M→N of ZFC- models that is Σ1-elementary and cofinal, but not elementary; there are elementary embeddings j:M→N of ZFC- models whose cofinal restriction j:M→⋃j""M is not elementary. Moreover, the collection of formulas that are provably equivalent in ZFC- to a Σ1-formula or a Π1-formula is not closed under bounded quantification. Nevertheless, these deficits of ZFC- are completely repaired by strengthening it to the theory ZFC−, obtained by using collection rather than replacement in the axiomatization above. These results extend prior work of Zarach [18].
The Bergman kernel function: Explicit formulas and zeroes

We show how to compute the Bergman kernel functions of some special domains in a simple way. As an application of the explicit formulas, we show that the Bergman kernel functions of some convex domains, for instance the domain in C^3 defined by the inequality |z_1|+|z_2|+|z_3|<1, have zeroes.
(E)‐2‐(Trimethylsilyl)vinyllithium

[55339-31-6] C5H11LiSi (MW 106.19) InChI = 1S/C5H11Si.Li/c1-5-6(2,3)4;/h1,5H,2-4H3; InChIKey = CIJZBCRRKSOQOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N (for introduction of the β-(trimethylsilyl)vinyl moiety; the resulting alkenylsilanes undergo useful electrophilic substitutions of the TMS group1) Form Supplied in: not available commercially; prepared in situ in either THF or diethyl ether. Preparative Method: attempts to produce synthetically useful quantities of (E)-2-(trimethylsilyl)vinyllithium 1 by reaction of Lithium metal with (2-Bromovinyl)trimethylsilane 2 failed because of concomitant metalation–elimination processes involving 1 and 2.2 However, the transmetalation process between 2 and excess tert-Butyllithium has been effectively used to provide 1 (eq 1).3 An alternative route to 1 employs the transmetalation of a 1-(trimethylsilyl)-2-stannylethylene with organolithium reagents (eqs 2 and 3).4, 5 (1) (2) (3) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: must be prepared and transferred under inert gas (Ar, N2) to exclude oxygen and moisture.
Group testing under sum observations for heavy hitter detection

We introduce a variation of the classic group testing problem referred to as group testing under sum observations. In this new formulation, when a test is carried out on a group of items, the result reveals not only whether the group is contaminated, but also the number of defective items in the tested group. We establish the optimal nested test plan within a minimax framework that minimizes the total number of tests for identifying all defective items in a given population. This optimal test plan and its performance are given in closed forms. It guarantees to identify all d defective items in a population of n items in O(d log 2 (n/d)) tests. This new formulation is motivated by the heavy hitter detection problem in traffic monitoring in Internet and general communication networks. For such applications, it is often the case that a few abnormal traffic flows with exceptionally high volume (referred to as heavy hitters) make up most of the traffic seen by the entire network. To detect the heavy hitters, it is more efficient to group subsets of flows together and measure the aggregated traffic rather than testing each flow one by one. Since the volume of heavy hitters is much higher than that of normal flows, the number of heavy hitters in a group can be accurately estimated from the aggregated traffic load. The problem also finds applications in detecting idle channels in the spectrum in the high SNR regime.
Fishing for biodiversity: novel methanopterin-linked C1 transfer genes deduced from the Sargasso Sea metagenome

The recently generated database of microbial genes from anoligotrophic environment populated by a calculated 1,800 of major phylotypes (the Sargasso Sea metagenome) presents a great source for expanding local databases of genes indicative of a specific function. In this paper we analyze the Sargasso Sea metagenome in terms of the presence of methanopterin-linked C1 transfer genes that are signature for methylotrophy. We conclude that more than 10 phylotypes possessing genes of interest are present in this environment, and a few of these are relatively abundant species. The sequences representative of the major phylotypes do not appear to belong to any known microbial group capable of methanopterin-linked C1 transfer. Instead, they separate from all known sequences on phylogenetic trees, pointing towards their affiliation with a novel microbial phylum. These data imply a broader distribution of methanopterin-linked functions in the microbial world than previously known.
Implications of the GALLEX source experiment for the solar neutrino problem

Abstract We argue that, prior to the recent GALLEX 51 Cr source experiment, the excited state contributions to the 71 Ga capture cross section for 51 Cr and 7 Be neutrinos were poorly constrained, despite forward-angle (p,n) measurements. We describe the origin of the uncertainties and estimate their extent. We explore the implications of the source experiment for solar neutrino capture in light of these uncertainties. A reanalysis of the 7 Be and 8 B flux constraints and MSW solutions of the solar neutrino puzzle is presented.
Formulation of an improved smeared stiffener theory for buckling analysis of grid-stiffened composite panels

An improved smeared stiffener theory for stiffened panels is presented that includes skin-stiffener interaction effects. The neutral surface profile of the skin-stiffener combination is developed analytically using the minimum potential energy principle and statics conditions. The skin-stiffener interaction is accounted for by computing the bending and coupling stiffness due to the stiffener and the skin in the skin-stiffener region about a shift in the neutral axis at the stiffener. Buckling load results for axially stiffened, orthogrid, and general grid-stiffened panels are obtained using the smeared stiffness combined with a Rayleigh-Ritz method and are compared with results from detailed finite element analyses.
Spatiotemporal correlation of colored noise.

We calculated the noise correlation in a Gaussian stochastic process that is non-\ensuremath{\delta}-function-correlated in both space and time. The colored noise obeys a linear reaction-diffusion Langevin equation with Gaussian white noise. Our result is a generalization of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process to take into account finite correlation in space as well as in time for colored noise.
Quantized hyperalgebras of rank 1

We study the algebraU ζ obtained via Lusztig’s ‘integral’ form [Lu 1, 2] of the generic quantum algebra for the Lie algebrag = sl2 modulo the two-sided ideal generated byK l − 1. We show thatU ζ is a smash product of the quantum deformation of the restricted universal enveloping algebraU ofg and the ordinary universal enveloping algebraU ofg, and we compute the primitive (= prime) ideals ofU ζ . Next we describe a decomposition ofu ζ into the simpleU-submodules, which leads to an explicit formula for the center and the indecomposable direct summands ofU ζ . We conclude with a description of the lattice of cofinite ideals ofU ζ in terms of a unique set of lattice generators.
Braids, transversal links and the Khovanov-Rozansky Theory

We establish some inequalities for the Khovanov-Rozansky cohomologies of braids. These give new upper bounds of the self-linking numbers of transversal links in standard contact S 3 which are sharper than the well-known bound given by the HOMFLY polynomial. We also introduce a sequence of transversal link invariants and discuss some of their properties.
Subsidizing Addiction: Do State Health Insurance Mandates Increase Alcohol Consumption?

Abstract A model of addiction in which individuals are forward looking implies that as the availability of addiction treatment options grows, individuals will consume more of an addictive good. We test this implication using cross‐state variation in the adoption of mental health parity mandates that include substance abuse treatments. We examine the effects of these mandates on the consumption of alcohol and find that parity legislation leads to an increase in alcohol consumption. To account for the possible endogeneity of the adoption of mental health parity mandates, we perform an instrumental variables analysis and find that the ordinary least squares estimation significantly underestimates the insurance effect on alcohol consumption.
Maintenance of the Corpus Luteum by Gonadotrophins in the Hypophysectomized Rabbit

The effect of hypophysectomy on pseudopregnancy in the rabbit has been studied. When the hypophysis is removed during pseudopregnancy, the corpora lutea atrophy and the endometrium ceases to be progestational. When ovine prolactin is given following hypophysectomy milk secretion is produced, but the corpora lutea and endometrium atrophy to the same degree as with hypophysectomy alone. Ovine luteinizing hormone given after hypophysectomy allows a considerable degree of maintenance of the corpora lutea, and the endometrium remains progestational. (Endocrinology 74: 453, 1964)
Relativistic effects in the electromagnetic current at GeV energies

We employ a recent approach to the nonrelativistic reduction of the electromagnetic current operator in calculations of electronuclear reactions. In contrast to the traditional scheme, where approximations are made for the transferred momentum, transferred energy, and initial momentum of the struck nucleon in obtaining an on-shell inspired form for the current, we treat the problem exactly for the transferred energy and transferred momentum. We calculate response functions for the reaction ${}^{2}\mathrm{H}{(e,e}^{\ensuremath{'}}p)n$ at CEBAF (TJNAF) energies and find large relativistic corrections. We also show that in plane wave impulse approximation, it is always possible to use the full operator, and we present a comparison of such a limiting case with the results incorporating relativistic effects to the first order in the initial momentum of the struck nucleon.
Chemistry of organometallic compounds on silicon : The first step in film growth

The continuous decrease in size of electronic devices has reached a critical point at which the molecular-level understanding of chemical processes is imperative. Metal-containing films, an important part of every circuit, are currently deposited from a myriad of organometallic compounds, in order to control the first stages of film growth and ultimately produce an atomically defined interface. This article outlines recent molecular-level investigations on reactions of organometallic compounds with silicon surfaces. The role of surface structure and chemical state is placed in a framework of future challenges and opportunities for applications in electronics.
On the Extensivity of the Entropy Sq, the q-Generalized Central Limit Theorem and the q-Triplet

First, we briefly review the conditions under which the entropy Sq can be extensive [C. Tsallis, M. Gell-Mann and Y. Sato, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005), 15377], as well as the possible q-generalization of the central limit theorem [L. G. Moyano, C. Tsallis and M. Gell-Mann, Europhys. Lett. 73 (2006), 813]. Then, we address the q-triplet recently determined in the solar wind [L. F. Burlaga and A. F.-Vinas, Physica A 356 (2005), 375] and its possible relation with the space-dimension d and with the range of the interactions (characterized by a, the attractive potential energy being assumed to decay as r -α at long distances r).
Directed Assembly of Discrete Gold Nanoparticle Groupings Using Branched DNA Scaffolds

The concept of self-assembled dendrimers is explored for the creation of discrete nanoparticle assemblies. Hybridization of branched DNA trimers and nanoparticle−DNA conjugates results in the synthesis of nanoparticle trimer and tetramer complexes. Multiple tetramer architectures are investigated, utilizing Au−DNA conjugates with varying secondary structural motifs. Hybridization products are analyzed by gel electrophoresis, and discrete bands are observed corresponding to structures with increasing numbers of hybridization events. Samples extracted from each band are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, and statistics compiled from micrographs are used to compare assembly characteristics for each architecture. Asymmetric structures are also produced in which both 5- and 10-nm Au particles are assembled on branched scaffolds.
Capacity of diffusion-based molecular communication with ligand receptors

A diffusion-based molecular communication system has two major components: the diffusion in the medium, and the ligand-reception. Information bits, encoded in the time variations of the concentration of molecules, are conveyed to the receiver front through the molecular diffusion in the medium. The receiver, in turn, measures the concentration of the molecules in its vicinity in order to retrieve the information. This is done via ligand-reception process. In this paper, we develop models to study the constraints imposed by the concentration sensing at the receiver side and derive the maximum rate by which a ligand-receiver can receive information. Therefore, the overall capacity of the diffusion channel with the ligand receptors can be obtained by combining the results presented in this paper with our previous work on the achievable information rate of molecular communication over the diffusion channel.
Second-Order Stable Finite Difference Schemes for the Time-Fractional Diffusion-Wave Equation

We propose two stable and one conditionally stable finite difference schemes of second-order in both time and space for the time-fractional diffusion-wave equation. In the first scheme, we apply the fractional trapezoidal rule in time and the central difference in space. We use the generalized Newton---Gregory formula in time for the second scheme and its modification for the third scheme. While the second scheme is conditionally stable, the first and the third schemes are stable. We apply the methodology to the considered equation with also linear advection---reaction terms and also obtain second-order schemes both in time and space. Numerical examples with comparisons among the proposed schemes and the existing ones verify the theoretical analysis and show that the present schemes exhibit better performances than the known ones.
Self-assembly of Discrete Self-similar Fractals

In this paper, we search for absolute limitations of the Tile Assembly Model (TAM), along with techniques to work around such limitations. Specifically, we investigate the self-assembly of fractal shapes in the TAM. We prove that no self-similar fractal fully weakly self-assembles at temperature 1, and that certain kinds of self-similar fractals do not strictly self-assemble at any temperature. Additionally, we extend the fiber construction from Lathrop et. al. (2007) to show that any self-similar fractal belonging to a particular class of "nice" self-similar fractals has a fibered version that strictly self-assembles in the TAM.
A new I-V model for light-emitting devices with a quantum well

This letter reports a new current versus voltage model for light-emitting devices with a quantum well where electrons and holes are injected and recombine. The current is entirely caused by the recombination of electrons and holes. Historically, the equation used for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) has been the renowned Sah-Noyce-Shockley (SNS) diode equation. In this equation at typical forward bias condition, most of the current is caused by the diffusion of carriers over the depletion region. It is clear that this condition is different from what actually happen in LEDs and LDs. We thus looked into the fundamental of carrier transport and developed a new model for devices with a quantum well. Based on the new model, calculated I-V curves agree well with measurement results of GaN/sapphire LEDs with GaInN quantum wells. In calculation, junction temperature T"j rather than case temperature T"c is used to achieve better agreement.
Improving the performance of interactive TCP applications using service differentiation

Interactive TCP applications, such as Telnet and the Web, are particularly sensitive to network congestion. Indeed, congestion-induced queueing and packet loss can be a significant cause of large delays and variability, thereby decreasing user-perceived quality. We consider addressing these effects using service differentiation, by giving priority to interactive applications' traffic in the network. We study different packet marking schemes and handling mechanisms (packet dropping and scheduling) in the network. For marking packets, two approaches are considered. First, we look into application-based marking, and show how the protection of Telnet traffic against loss can eliminate large echo delays caused by retransmit timeouts, and how, by limiting packet loss for Web page downloads, their delays can be significantly reduced, resulting in enhanced interactivity. Second, we consider differentiation based on TCP state, where we present a marking algorithm that prioritizes packets at the source, based on each connection's window size. In addition, we describe the shaping mechanisms required for conformance to agreements with the network. We show how this marking results in good response times for short transfers, which are characteristic of interactive applications, without significantly affecting longer ones.
Changes in university patent quality after the Bayh–Dole act: a re-examination

Abstract The Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 facilitated the retention by universities of patent rights resulting from government funded academic research, thus encouraging university entry into patenting and licensing. Though the Act is widely recognized to be a major change in federal policy towards academic research, surprisingly little empirical analysis has been directed at assessing its impacts on the academy and on university–industry research relationships. An important exception is the work of Henderson et al. [Rev. Econ. Stat. 80 (1998) 119–127] which examined the impact of Bayh–Dole on the quality of university patents, as measured by the number of times they are cited in subsequent patents. The authors found that the quality of academic patents declined dramatically after Bayh–Dole, a finding that has potentially important policy implications. In this paper, we revisit this influential finding. By using a longer stream of patent citations data, we show that the results of the Henderson et al. study reflect changes in the intertemporal distribution of citations to university patents, rather than a significant change in the total number of citations these patents eventually receive. This has important implications not only for the evaluation of Bayh–Dole, but also for future research using patent citations as economic indicators.
Einstein Observatory solid state spectrometer observations of M87 and the Virgo cluster

X-ray observations of the galaxy M87 and of a region in the Virgo cluster displaced 7 minutes from the center of M87 are presented. X-ray spectra are obtained at these two locations with the slid state spectrometer onboard the Einstein Observatory. Emission lines were observed in both locations, indicating the presence of heavy elements at abundances approximately solar (to within a factor of 2). A temperature gradient, T increases from approximately 1.4 keV at the position of M87 to T approximately 3.35 keV 7' away, was detected. There is lower temperature thermal emission at the center of M87 with T approximately 0.6 keV, consistent with models for cooling flows in this cluster. In addition to the thermal emission, a power law component in the spectrum of M87, was detected consistent with that observed by HEAO-1, indicating that this component probably originates in the galaxy itself. The presence of intracluster gas having density approximately .001 cu cm and temperature approximately 30 million K is indicated.
Catalytic enantioselective C-H functionalization of alcohols by redox-triggered carbonyl addition: Borrowing hydrogen, returning carbon

As organic molecules are defined as compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen, stereoselective, atom-efficient methods for skeletal assembly involving the addition, removal or redistribution of hydrogen in the absence of discrete oxidation level adjustment, or non-constructive functional group interconversions represent a natural endpoint in the evolution of synthetic methods.[1] This view of synthetic efficiency tacitly recognizes the value of merged redox-construction events (“redox-economy”),[2] chemo- (site-), regio- and stereoselectivity,[3] protecting group-free chemical synthesis,[4] as well as the minimization of preactivation, defined as the degree of separation between reagent and feedstock.[5] Transformations and strategies that adhere to these ideals are inherently process-relevant.[6] Application of these concepts to the chemistry of carbonyl addition reveals a significant opportunity for invention. In classical carbonyl additions, premetallated C-nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds are typically generated through separate streams of redox reactions: discrete alcohol-to-aldehyde oxidation is frequently used to generate carbonyl electrophiles, and discrete reduction is often used to generate organometallic nucleophiles. By exploiting the native reducing capability of alcohols, redox-triggered carbonyl additions may be developed wherein hydrogen exchange between alcohols and unsaturated reactants generates transient electrophile- nucleophile pairs en route to products of formal alcohol C-H functionalization via carbonyl addition.[7] To date, three major mechanistic pathways for C-C coupling have been identified wherein alcohol oxidation is balanced by (A) C=C π-bond hydrometallation, (B) C-X reductive cleavage, and (C) transfer hydrogenolysis of oxametallacycles (Figure 1). Figure 1 Redox-economy in carbonyl addition: three general mechanistic pathways identified for redox-triggered alcohol C-H functionalization. In this review, catalytic enantioselective methods for C-C bond formation via alcohol CH functionalization are surveyed on the basis of the aforementioned mechanistic pathways. Related redox-triggered alcohol C-H functionalizations that have not been rendered asymmetric are covered elsewhere,[7] For most alcohol C-C couplings described in this account, corresponding aldehyde reductive couplings are reported,[7] but for the sake of brevity are not covered. Dehydrogenative C-C bond formations that result in formal alcohol substitution, that is, so-called “borrowing hydrogen” or “hydrogen auto-transfer” processes, radical mediated alcohol C-C couplings and processes involving stoichiometric oxidants are not discussed.[8,9]
Reactive sieving with foldamers: inspiration from nature and directions for the future.

Over the past several decades, chemists have designed a myriad of supramolecular scaffolds for the purpose of mimicking enzyme behavior and creating more advanced catalysts. Foldamers, one class of supramolecular structures that feature rapid, modular synthesis and dynamic structural properties and have been widely investigated for their molecular recognition properties. Specifically, our group has designed a reactive m -phenyleneethynylene foldamer, which mimics the selective properties ("reactive sieving") of the isoleucine tRNA synthetase enzyme. In this concept we discuss examples that have inspired our research as well as potential directions for future advancement of this field.
A power efficient sensing/communication scheme: Joint source-channel-network coding by using compressive sensing

We propose a joint source-channel-network coding scheme, based on compressive sensing principles, for wireless networks with AWGN channels (that may include multiple access and broadcast), with sources exhibiting temporal and spatial dependencies. Our goal is to provide a reconstruction of sources within an allowed distortion level at each receiver. We perform joint source-channel coding at each source by randomly projecting source values to a lower dimensional space. We consider sources that satisfy the restricted eigenvalue (RE) condition as well as more general sources for which the randomness of the network allows a mapping to lower dimensional spaces. Our approach relies on using analog random linear network coding. The receiver uses compressive sensing decoders to reconstruct sources. Our key insight is the fact that, compressive sensing and analog network coding both preserve the source characteristics required for compressive sensing decoding.
Model of phase distribution of hydrophobic organic chemicals in cyclodextrin–water–air–solid sorbent systems as a function of salinity, temperature, and the presence of multiple CDs

Environmental and other applications of cyclodextrins (CD) often require usage of high concentration aqueous solutions of derivatized CDs. In an effort to reduce the costs, these studies also typically use technical grades where the purity of the CD solution and the degree of substitution has not been reported. Further, this grade of CD often included high levels of salt and it is commonly applied in high salinity systems. The mathematical models for water and air partitioning coefficients of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOC) with CDs that have been used in these studies under-estimate the level of HOC within CDs. This is because those models (1) do not take into account that high concentrations of CDs result in significantly lower levels of water in solution and (2) they do not account for the reduction in HOC aqueous solubility due to the presence of salt. Further, because they have poor knowledge of the CD molar concentration in their solutions, it is difficult to draw comparisons between studies. Herein is developed a mathematical model where cyclodextrin is treated as a separate phase whose relative volume is calculated from its apparent molar volume in solution and the CD concentration of the solution. The model also accounts for the affects of temperature and the presence of salt in solution through inclusion of modified versions of the Van’t Hoff and Setschenow equations. With these capabilities, additional equations have been developed for calculating HOC phase distribution in air–water–CD–solid sorbent systems for a single HOC and between water and CD for a system containing multiple HOCs as well as multiple types of cyclodextrin.
KinÊtre: animating the world with the human body

KinEtre allows novice users to scan arbitrary physical objects and bring them to life in seconds. The fully interactive system allows diverse static meshes to be animated using the entire human body. Traditionally, the process of mesh animation is laborious and requires domain expertise, with rigging specified manually by an artist when designing the character. KinEtre makes creating animations a more playful activity, conducted by novice users interactively "at runtime". This paper describes the KinEtre system in full, highlighting key technical contributions and demonstrating many examples of users animating meshes of varying shapes and sizes. These include non-humanoid meshes and incomplete surfaces produced by 3D scanning - two challenging scenarios for existing mesh animation systems. Rather than targeting professional CG animators, KinEtre is intended to bring mesh animation to a new audience of novice users. We demonstrate potential uses of our system for interactive storytelling and new forms of physical gaming.
The numerical study of 3-D flow past control surfaces

The computation of a steady 3D viscous flow past a slender delta wing-body configuration with trailing edge control surfaces is presented. For the numerical simulation, a cell centered finite volume Navier-Stokes zonal method was used and, besides the standard nonplanar zonal interfacing techniques, a new zonal capability, called a 'virtual zone', was implemented. This capability enables the end caps of the wings or flaps to be gridded and interfaced with the rest of the flowfield in a natural and straightforward manner. The computational results for 0-, 10-, and 24-deg angles-of-attack were found to agree with experimental results qualitively and quantitatively.
A spectral order for infinite-dimensional quantum spaces

In this paper we extend the spectral order of Coecke and Martin to infinite-dimensional quantum states. Many properties present in the finite-dimensional case are preserved, but some of the most important are lost. The order is constructed and its properties analysed. Most of the useful measurements of information content are lost. Shannon entropy is defined on only a part of the model, and that part is not a closed subset of the model. The finite parts of the lattices used by Birkhoff and von Neumann as models for classical and quantum logic appear as subsets of the models for infinite classical and quantum states.
On Microlensing Event Rates and Optical Depth toward the Galactic Center

The dependence of microlensing timescale frequency distributions and optical depth toward the Galactic center on Galactic model parameters is explored in detail for a distribution of stars consisting of the Zhao bar and nucleus and the Bahcall & Soneira double exponential disk. The high sensitivity of these two microlensing measures to the circular velocity model, velocity dispersions, bulge mass, direction of the line of sight, bar axis orientation, star spatial distribution, and the stellar mass function means no single Galaxy property can be constrained very well without constraining most of the others. However, this same sensitivity will make microlensing a powerful member of the suite of observational techniques that will eventually define the Galaxy properties. The model timescale frequency distributions are compared throughout with that determined empirically by the MACHO group. Although the MACHO empirical data are matched quite well with a nominal velocity model and with a mass function only of hydrogen-burning stars that varies as m-2.2-m-2.5 in the M-star region, uncertainties in galactic structure, kinematics, and content, together with the paucity of published microlensing data, preclude any claim of the model representing the real world. A variation of the mass function ~m-1 in the M-star region obtained from recent star counts, both local and in the Galactic bulge, fails to yield a sufficient number of short timescale events compared to the MACHO data. The high sensitivity of the microlensing measures to the direction of the line of sight may mean that sufficient microlensing data to constrain the bar distribution of stars is already in hand. The procedure developed here for determining the timescale frequency distribution is particularly convenient for rapidly incorporating model changes as data from all sources continues to accumulate.
Rapid and reversible generation of a microscale pH gradient using surface electric fields

We report a method for the rapid and reversible generation of microscale pH gradients using a spatially varied electric field. A linear gradient in electrochemical potential is produced on an electrode surface consisting of a platinum catalyst layer on indium-tin oxide-coated glass by the application of two different potential values at spatially distinct surface locations. The resulting potential gradient drives the oxidation and reduction of water at different rates along the surface, as dictated by the local applied potential. A nonuniform distribution of pH in the neighboring solution results due to the variation in surface reaction rates. The extent and magnitude of the pH gradient can be controlled by the appropriate selection of applied potential values. In addition, the gradient can be rapidly turned on or off and reversibly switched between various profiles. The size of the pH gradient can be readily modified by changing the dimensions of the electrode and contact pads to allow integration into chip-scale devices. Characteristics of the pH gradient are described, including experimental and theoretical evidence of significant improvement in time response over competing methods for the generation of microscale pH gradients.
Stability of ZND detonations for Majda’s model

We evaluate by direct calculation the Lopatinski determinant for ZND detonations in Majda's model for reacting flow and show that on the nonstable (nonnegative real part) complex half-plane it has a single zero at the origin of multiplicity one, implying stability. Together with results of Zumbrun on the inviscid limit, this recovers the result of Roquejoffre―Vila that viscous detonations of Majda's model also are stable for sufficiently small viscosity, for any fixed detonation strength, heat release, and rate of reaction.
Why helicity injection causes coronal flux tubes to develop an axially invariant cross-section

It is shown that electric current flowing along an axially non-uniform magnetic flux tube produces an associated non-linear, non-conservative axial MHD force which pumps plasma from regions where the flux tube diameter is small to regions where it is large. In particular, this force will ingest plasma into the ends of a fat, initially potential flux tube and then pump the ingested plasma towards the middle bulge, thereby causing mass accumulation at the bulge.The ingested plasma convects frozen-in toroidal magnetic flux which accumulates at the middle as well. Flux accumulation at the bulge has the remarkable consequence of causing the bulge to diminish so that the flux tube becomes axially uniform as observed in coronal loops. Stagnation of the convergent plasma flow at the middle heats the plasma. A small number of tail particles bouncing synchronously between approaching fluid elements can be Fermi-accelerated to very high energies. Since driving a current along a flux tube is tantamount to helicity injection into the flux tube, this mass ingestion, heating, and straightening should be ubiquitous to helicity injection processes.
Constraining the Surface Inhomogeneity and Settling Times of Metals on Accreting White Dwarfs

Due to the short settling times of metals in DA white dwarf atmospheres, any white dwarfs with photospheric metals must be actively accreting. It is therefore natural to expect that the metals may not be deposited uniformly on the surface of the star. We present calculations showing how the temperature variations associated with white dwarf pulsations lead to an observable diagnostic of the surface metal distribution, and we show what constraints current data sets are able to provide. We also investigate the effect that time-variable accretion has on the metal abundances of different species, and we show how this can lead to constraints on the gravitational settling times.
Macro prudential supervision in the open economy, and the role of central banks in Emerging Markets

In this paper we explore lessons from the global liquidity crisis pertaining to the prudential supervision role of central bank in an open economy. The crisis validates the need for external debt management policy in emerging markets. Hoarding international reserves (IR) is a potent self-insurance mechanism. However, it is associated with relatively high costs and is also less efficient in absence of assertive external debt management policies. In the presence of congestion externalities associated with deleveraging, optimal external borrowing-tax-cum-IR-hoarding-subsidy reduces the cost as well as the scale of hoarding IR.