cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Compilation of Recent Records of the Giant Squid, Architeuthis dux (Steenstrup, 1857) (Cephalopoda) from the Western North Atlantic Ocean, Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico

This report provides information on 28 specimens of the giant squid, Architeuthis dux (Steenstrup 1857), discovered in the western North Atlantic Ocean between Newfoundland and the Gulf of Mexico. Some specimens have been reported in the press or popular literature, but others are recorded herein for the first time. Nominal architeuthid species are provided as well as tables listing repositories of types of nominal species, and repositories of non-type specimens from the study area. An extensive list of references of pertinent regional literature is provided, and recommendations for fixation and preservation are described.
Anemia in chronic heart failure: Can EPO reduce deaths?

Many patients with chronic heart failure also have anemia, an association that has been increasingly recognized in recent years. Whether treating anemia will improve outcomes in patients with heart failure has yet to be determined, however. The decision to use an agent to treat anemia in heart failure should be made on a case-by-case basis.
Analysis of Interaction Sequences in Computer-Assisted Language Learning

* A frequently cited research advantage of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) is the built-in data-collecting methods that can document learners' interactions as they work on learning activities (e.g., Bland, Noblitt, Armington, & Gay, 1990; Doughty, 1992; Jamieson & Chapelle, 1987). The suggestion is that such data can provide researchers with detailed information about learners' interactions and performance. However, these technical capacities for collecting interaction data need to be accompanied by well-motivated procedures for describing and interpreting them in terms of their value for language development (Chapelle, 1994). When the goals of CALL activities include learners' engagement in some form of negotiation of meaning (Long, 1985), procedures for data interpretation can borrow from interactionist research on task-based language learning that theorizes observable features of interaction expected to be positive for language development. The methods of interactionist task-based research rely on focused discourse analysis that attempts to identify instances of learners' interactions expected to be beneficial for language acquisition on the basis of specified theoretical tenets developed over the past 15 years (Gass, 1997; Gass & Madden, 1985; Long, 1996; Pica, 1994). Central to the theory is the claim that learners need to attend to, or notice, linguistic characteristics of the target language in order to acquire them (Robinson, 1995;
Inter- and Intra-Specific Variation in Photosynthetic Formation of Starch and Sucrose

Summary Isolated mesophyll preparations of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.), soybeans ( Glycine max L. MERR.), and peanuts ( Arachis hypogaea L.) partitioned photosynthetically assimilated carbon into starch and sugars at characteristic rates. The ratio of sugar to starch formation was highest with barley (5.4) and lowest with peanuts (0.8). Smaller differences in the potential for starch and sugar formation were also observed among wheat varieties. The results suggested that partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon between endproducts is biochemically and genetically controlled within the mesophyll cell.
Topological cross sections and correlation functions in high energy pp and $pi$p collisions

We study a two-component model in which the dominant nondiffractive component possesses Koba, Nielsen, and Olesen scaling and the other component is diffractive. This model is fitted to the available pp and pi /sup plus or minus /p topological cross sections above 10 GeV/c, and is used to make predictions at higher energies. For purposes of comparison, a one-component scaling model is also considered. (auth)
A re-examination of Sharpey's fibres in alveolar bone of the marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis)

Abstract Van Gieson or colloidal iron staining techniques showed in serial sections through the teeth and periodontium of the marmoset that numerous, uninterrupted (transalveolar) fibres passed from the periodontal ligament through the entire thickness of the surrounding alveolus and were not anchored as Sharpey's fibres at the bony margin. The crestal third of the alveolus of all teeth, and the interdental septum of incisors, consisted mainly of compact bone, and it was in these regions that transalveolar fibres were most readily observed. The orientation, distribution and attachment of these unique fibres to the various surfaces of the alveolus were examined in detail. Implications of these new findings are discussed as they relate to the functional role of the periodontal ligament.
Effect of composition and forming parameter on evaporated CdSeTe films deposited at room temperature

Abstract Amorphous films of the ternary compound CdSeTe, of composition in the range 0–10 at.% Cd and with a thickness of about 200 nm, have been prepared by thermal evaporation. The optical band gap was determined and found to be in the range 0.5–1.0 eV and arose from indirect transitions. A sharp decrease in the value of optical band gap ( E opt ) is observed. The electrical properties of Cd thin films have been studied extensively. In general dc measurements have indicated Ohmic conductivity at low electric fields resulting from the thermal excitation of carriers from centers in the band gap. When the temperature is low enough so that carriers cannot be excited into one of the allowed bands, the dominant conduction may take place via hopping, whereby carriers hop from occupied to unoccupied sites located within a band of localized states situated within the band gap. The electrical and optical data were consistent and realized from the binding energy represented by the cohesive energy values. The generalized (8− n ) rule was used to estimate the average co-ordination number. The obtained results were treated in the frame of the chemical bond approach proposed by Bicerano and Ovshinsky. The phase separation phenomena and the morphology were also studied for the prepared films.
The hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) activates NF-κB-mediated gene expression in response to 40-400-kDa, but not smaller or larger, hyaluronans.

The hyaluronan (HA) receptor for endocytosis (HARE; Stabilin-2) binds and clears 14 different ligands, including HA and heparin, via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. HA binding to HARE stimulates ERK1/2 activation (Kyosseva, S. V., Harris, E. N., and Weigel, P. H. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 15047–15055). To assess a possible HA size dependence for signaling, we tested purified HA fractions of different weight-average molar mass and with narrow size distributions and Select-HATM for stimulation of HARE-mediated gene expression using an NF-κB promoter-driven luciferase reporter system. Human HARE-mediated gene expression was stimulated in a dose-dependent manner with small HA (sHA) >40 kDa and intermediate HA (iHA) 400 kDa, or large HA (lHA). Similar responses occurred with rat HARE. Activation by sHA-iHA was blocked by excess nonsignaling sHA, iHA, or lHA, deletion of the HA-binding LINK domain, or HA-blocking antibody. Endogenous NF-κB activation also occurred in the absence of luciferase plasmids, as assessed by degradation of IκB-α. ERK1/2 activation was also HA size-dependent. The results show that HA-HARE interactions stimulate NF-κB-activated gene expression and that HARE senses a narrow size range of HA degradation products. We propose a model in which optimal length HA binds multiple HARE proteins to allow cytoplasmic domain interactions that stimulate intracellular signaling. This HARE signaling system during continuous HA clearance could monitor the homeostasis of tissue biomatrix turnover throughout the body.
Global adjustment of the thermocline in response to deepwater formation

The global adjustment of the thermocline in response to deepwater formation is studied in a single mode model on a beta-plane. The signal is carried from ocean to ocean by Kelvin waves, which travel equatorward along western boundaries, eastward across the equator, poleward at the eastern boundaries, and then eastward around the southern tip of continents into the next ocean basin. The interior is filled by Rossby waves emanating from eastern boundaries. Stronger (weaker) deepwater formation induces an upward (downward) motion of the main thermocline in the world oceans. The adjustment is completed on centennial time scales.
High-Power, cw, Efficient, Tunable (uv through ir) Free-Electron Laser Using Low-Energy Electron Beams

Using beams of low-energy electrons ($El5$ MeV), a free-electron laser can be operated as a continuously tunable ($1000 \AA{}l\ensuremath{\lambda}l50 \ensuremath{\mu}$m), high-power ($Pg10$ kW, cw) source of laser radiation. With electrostatic accelerators the electron beam can be recycled to increase the overall efficiency of the laser. Wall power to laser power efficiencies greater than 10% are possible.
Linear-depth quantum circuits for n -qubit Toffoli gates with no ancilla

We design a circuit structure with linear depth to implement an $n$-qubit Toffoli gate. The proposed construction uses a quadratic-size circuit that consists of elementary two-qubit controlled-rotation gates around the $x$ axis and uses no ancilla qubit. Circuit depth remains linear in quantum technologies with finite-distance interactions between qubits. The suggested construction is related to the long-standing construction by A. Barenco et al. [Phys. Rev. A 52, 3457 (1995)], which uses a quadratic-size, quadratic-depth quantum circuit for an $n$-qubit Toffoli gate.
Evaluation of isotretinoin treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa

Eight patients with a long-standing hidradenitis suppurativa were treated with isotretinoin, 0.71 to 1.2 mg/kg/day, as a single agent for 4 months and have had follow-up of at least 2 months. The clinical status was judged as cleared in one patient, almost cleared in three patients, improved in one patient, not changed in two patients, and worse in one patient.
Progesterone receptor assays in low-protein cytosols: A modified charcoal-gelatin procedure☆

Abstract Quantitative measurement of steroid receptors including progesterone receptor (PgR) is usually accomplished by the dextran-coated charcoal (DCC) assay. At protein concentrations below about 1 mg/ml, however, serious underestimation of receptor content by DCC occurs, presumably because of adsorption of receptor to the charcoal and possibly to assay tubes, etc. We have therefore developed a modified charcoal-gelatin (MCG) procedure which largely avoids receptor losses even in samples with extremely low protein concentrations. In this MCG procedure, 0.1 % gelatin is added to both sample and charcoal suspension, the charcoal content is increased to 1%, and dextran is no longer necessary. Comparison of the MCG procedure with the standard DCC and several other methods at decreasing protein concentrations shows that MCG retains acceptable efficiency for PgR at much lower protein than the others, even as low as 10 μg/ml. This MCG procedure will be useful in determining receptors for prognosis in very small human breast cancer biopsies, as shown here, but also for receptor determination in very small tissues such as specific brain regions, and for receptor assay during purification.
46 INFANT TASTE RESPONSES ARE CORRELATED WITH BIRTH WEIGHT AND UNRELATED TO INDICES OF OBESITY

Intakes of 4 sweet carbohydrates (sucrose, dextrose, lactose and fructose)at 4 concentrations (1/16, 1/8, ¼, ½M) were obtained in 64 healthy term infants (32 males, 32 females) within 72 hours of birth. Intakes of a test sugar and a standard sugar (1/8M sucrose) were measured in 3 minute tests scheduled midway between feedings. Order of presentation of test sugar and concentrations was randomized. Infants discriminated between sugars and concentrations, demonstrating a distinct preference or greater intake for sweeter solutions. Intakes were unrelated to sex, maternal parity, order of presentation, breast or bottle feeding or age in hours. Anthropometric measures of infant and mother were obtained (mid-arm circumference, triceps skinfold, birth weight and maternal weight at term, maternal weight gain, birth length and maternal height). Intake for the standard sugar was significantly correlated with birth weight, length, infant triceps and circumference. No maternal measure correlated with infant intake. The contribution of low-birth weight infants (≤ 3000 gms) to these correlations was primary. Only the intakes of low-birth weight infants were different from other infants. These data suggest 1) Intake is directly influenced by taste, 2) Infant or maternal indices of fatness are unrelated to taste responses, 3) Infants weighing ≤ 3000 gms show lower taste responsiveness. NSF-BNS76-09957 Studies conducted at the Perinatology Center at NY Hospital ,NYC.
A dynamic coulometric technique for gas analysis

Abstract The theoretical basis for a dynamic coulometric technique for gas analysis is developed. This technique uses two amperometric gas analyzers with sample chambers connected in series and means for reversing the flow through these chambers. By measuring the steady-state current signals from both sensor electrodes with the gas flow first in a forward and then in a reverse direction, the absolute concentration of the reactant species can be calculated. The technique is based on assumed 100% faradaic efficiency and proportionality of the current signals to the reactant concentration. An error analysis of the applicable equations reveals that, for greatest accuracy, the rate of flow through the sample chambers should be adjusted to yield a ratio of the forward and reverse current signals through the same sensor of
Dosimetric consequences of uncorrected setup errors in helical Tomotherapy treatments of breast-cancer patients

Abstract Background and purpose The Tomotherapy Hi-Art II system allows acquisition of pre-treatment MVCT images to correct patient position. This work evaluates the dosimetric impact of uncorrected setup errors in breast-cancer radiation therapy. Materials and methods Breast-cancer patient-positioning errors were simulated by shifting the patient computed-tomography (CT) dataset relative to the planned photon fluence and re-computing the dose distributions. To properly evaluate the superficial region, film measurements were compared against the Tomotherapy treatment planning system (TPS) calculations. A simulation of the integrated dose distribution was performed to evaluate the setup error impact over the course of treatment. Results Significant dose differences were observed for 11-mm shifts in the anterolateral and 3-mm shifts in the posteromedial directions. The results of film measurements in the superficial region showed that the TPS overestimated the dose by 14% at a 1-mm depth, improving to 3% at depths ⩾5 mm. Significant dose reductions in PTV were observed in the dose distributions simulated over the course of treatment. Conclusions Tomotherapy’s rotational delivery provides sufficient photon fluence extending beyond the skin surface to allow an up to 7-mm uncorrected setup error in the anterolateral direction. However, the steep dose falloff that conforms to the lung surface leads to compromised dose distributions with uncorrected posteromedial shifts. Therefore, daily image guidance and consequent patient repositioning is warranted for breast-cancer patients.
Osteonecrosis of the knee: current clinical concepts

Osteonecrosis of the knee should be differentiated into two main categories: (1) primary, spontaneous, or idiopathic osteonecrosis and (2) secondary osteonecrosis (e.g., secondary to factors such as steroid therapy, systemic lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, Caisson decompression sickness, Gaucher's disease, hemoglobinopathies, etc.). Spontaneous or primary osteonecrosis of the knee presents with an acute knee pain in elderly patients. It is three times more common in women than in men. Traumatic and vascular theories have been proposed as a causative factor of osteonecrosis of the knee, but the precise etiology still remains speculative. High index of clinical awareness and a good history and physical examination are essential to make an early, accurate diagnosis. Plain radiographs are often normal during the early course of the disease and, in such instances, radioisotope bone scan and magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful. In the early stage of the disease, nonoperative treatment is indicated and many patients, if diagnosed early, have a benign course with a satisfactory pain relief and a good knee function. In patients with advanced stage of the disease, treatment options include arthroscopic debridement, curettage or drilling of the lesion, bone grafting, high tibial osteotomy, use of osteochondral allograft, and unicompartmental or total knee arthroplasty. The choice of treatment should be based on factors such as age of the patient, severity of symptoms, activity level and functional demands on the knee, site and stage of the lesion, and extent of deformity and secondary osteoarthritis. The clinical features and treatment of steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the knee are briefly discussed. In recent years, "postmeniscectomy" osteonecrosis has been reported, but at present its prevalence and pathophysiology remain unknown. It is possible that this may be a preexisting condition that was not recognized at the time of initial consultation or osteonecrosis may develop after meniscectomy in occasional cases.
Predictive power of clinical indicators for self-care deficit.

PURPOSE. To describe the predictive power of a set of the best clinical indicators for the nursing diagnostic labels self-care deficit (SCD) and impaired physical mobility. METHODS. Patient assessment data (physical examination and interview) were obtained from 414 hospitalized patients. FINDINGS. Patients with the diagnostic label of self-care deficit were significantly older in age, had a greater number of nursing diagnoses, required greater assistance in activities of daily living, and were less mobile than those without the diagnostic label. While 18 of 32 clinical indicators were positively related to self-care deficit, five clinical indicators were sufficient to diagnose SCD. CONCLUSIONS. Further development of the method may be useful in improving diagnostic accuracy and efficiency of nursing diagnoses.
Fiber optics for continuous in vivo monitoring of oxygen saturation.

Abstract The use of reflection oximetry when combined with fiber optics allows for accurate determination and long-term in vivo monitoring of oxygen saturation in peripheral vessels and in the heart. The oxygen saturations determined by fiber optics oximetry show excellent agreement with those obtained by routine spectrophotometry. Studies on the effects of variation in flow and hematocrit on the oxygen saturation determined by these methods are discussed.
Studies of a primitive mammalian spleen, the opossum (Didelphis virginiana).

Light microscopic sections of the adult opossum (Didelphis virginiana) spleen were observed to lack venous sinuses; this primitive mammalian spleen may be classified as non-sinusal in nature. In the spleen of the opossum, the capillary segments of the penicillar arteries lacked ellipsoid sheaths characteristic of certain mammalian spleens. Separating the lymphoid nodules from the surrounding red pulp was a distinct band of vascular tissue, the marginal zone. Arising from the central artery within the lymphoid nodule, vessels of capillary dimension were observed to terminate within the marginal zone and the area between lymphoid nodule and marginal zone. In addition to the vascular channels established by the terminal arterial vessels within the red pulp, the system of vessels within the marginal zone has been implicated as an important intermediate vascular channel within the spleen.
Computation and measurements of mass transfer and dispersion coefficients in fluidized beds

Abstract Conventional design of circulating fluidized beds requires the knowledge of dispersion and mass transfer coefficients, expressed in dimensionless forms as Sherwood numbers. However, these are known to vary by five or more orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the Sherwood numbers for fine particles reported in the literature are several orders of magnitude lower than the Sherwood number of two for diffusion to a single particle. We have shown that by replacing the particle diameter in the conventional Sherwood number with cluster or bubble diameter, the modified Sherwood number is again of the order of two. We have also shown that the kinetic theory based computational fluid dynamics codes correctly compute the dispersion and mass transfer coefficients. Hence, the kinetic theory based computational fluid dynamics codes can be used for fluidized bed reactor design without any such inputs.
The nutritional chemistry of large and small shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris stimpson) reared in an aquaculture/waste water system

Abstract 1. 1. Penaeus stylirostris Stimpson were grown using high and low stocking densities, and receiving either prepared feeds, or a mixture of 90% sea-water and 10% treated waste water. 2. 2. Shrimp grown in cultures of lower densities were larger than those grown in high density cultures. 3. 3. Those grown with treated waste water had less fatty acid, 18:2, but more fatty acids 16:1 and 22:6, than the controls. 4. 4. Larger shrimp had a greater percentage of protein, total lipid and kcal/g values than small shrimp. The smaller organisms had more fatty acid, 20:5, and glycogen.
Soluble nucleohistone of compact configuration.

Abstract Nucleohistone solubilized by an autolysis of rabbit thymus nuclei, a method avoiding shear, has an exceptionally high sedimentation velocity and low intrinsic viscosity, and is freely soluble in 0.15 M buffers. The heterogenous product was fractionated by gel exclusion chromatography. Depending on the fraction examined s 0 20, w was from under 70 S to over 250 S, [η] from 0.3 to 6 dl/g, molecular weight from 1 · 107 to 2 · 108. Molecular weight of the DNA was from 6 · 106 to 2 · 107 and by viscosity was 8–28 times more extended than the nucleohistone particles from which it was derived. All five histones are present, with two new bands taken to be specific cleavage products. Histone:non-histone protein:RNA:DNA is approximately 1.1:0.2:0:1 by mass. Circular dichroism indicates extensive unstacking of the DNA bases. Neither repetitive nor unique DNA sequences are preferentially solubilized. The nucleohistone may be precipitated either by shearing or by dissociation—reassociation by adding salt and diluting with water, thus its solubility arises not from deproteinization but from fragile details of structure. Its shear sensitivity suggests that chromatin solubilized conventionally by shearing may thereby be altered in some structural details.
Deuterium and deuterium sulfide adsorption on MoS2(0001)

Abstract The adsorption of deuterium and deuterium sulfide was studied on the MoS2(0001) basal surface using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and four-point surface conductivity measurements. Deuterium did not dissociatively adsorb to the basal MoS2(0001) surface upon exposure, and thus was dissociated with a platinum wire during dosing. D2 and D2S were both observed as products following adsorption of dissociated D on the MoS2(0001) surface. The presence of D2S as a desorption product demonstrates that lattice sulfur was removed to form anion vacancies on the MoS2(0001) surface. D2S TPD experiments on an MoS2 surface with anion vacancies showed both D2S and D2 as desorption products. The presence of D2 in the D2S TPD shows that some deuterium sulfide dissociatively adsorbs. Further, the amount of D2 desorbing was found to decrease as a function of exposure, suggesting that D2S was leaving sulfur behind to “heal” anion vacancies. The desorption traces resulting from both deuterium and deuterium sulfide exposures were very broad, and are thought to occur via the recombination of two different desorption states. The possible implications of these experiments to HDS catalytic systems are also discussed.
Comparison of edge detectors: a methodology and initial study

The purpose of this paper is to describe a new (to computer vision) experimental framework which allows us to make quantitative comparisons using subjective ratings made by people. This approach avoids the issue of pixel-level ground truth. As a result, it does not allow us to make statements about the frequency of false positive and false negative errors at the pixel level. Instead, using experimental design and statistical techniques borrowed from Psychology, we make statements about whether the outputs of one edge detector are rated statistically significantly higher than the outputs of another. This approach offers itself as a nice complement to signal-based quantitative measures. Also, the evaluation paradigm in this paper is goal oriented; in particular, we consider edge detection in the context of object recognition. The human judges rate the edge, detectors based on how well the capture the salient features of real objects. So far, edge detection modules have been designed and evaluated in isolation, except for the recent work by Ramesh and Haralick (1992). The only prior work (that we are aware of) which also uses humans to rate image algorithms is that of Reeves and Higdon (1995). They use human ratings to decide on regularization parameters of image restoration. Fram and Deutch (1975) also used human subjects, however, the focus was on human versus machine performance rather than using human ratings to compare different edge detectors. The use of human judges to rate image outputs mist be approached systematically. Experiments must be designed and conducted carefully, and results interpreted with appropriate statistical tools. The use of statistical analysis in vision system performance characterization has been rare. The only prior work in the area that we are aware of is that of Nair et al. (1995), who used statistical ranking procedures to compare neural network based object recognition systems.
From Feldspar Glass to Zirconia: State of the Art of Ceramics for Dental Applications

The evolution of dental ceramics over the past four decades has been remarkable in light of the increase in the diversity of materials and fabrication techniques that have become available. As a consequence, the applications and indications for all-ceramic materials continue to expand. The purpose of the present article is to review the evolution of dental ceramics from the various aspects of crystalline phases, glassy matrix, flaws and in vivo performance.
Emotional Closeness as a Mediator of the Effect of Genetic Relatedness on Altruism

Inclusive fitness theory has been used to explain the overall pattern of altruistic behavior. However, this theory does not address the proximal causes of altruism. The purpose of the present study was to increase the understanding of altruism by testing a model that includes both ultimate and proximate causes. In particular, emotional closeness was tested as a mediator of the effect of genetic relatedness on altruistic behavior. This was accomplished by having college students choose which of their family members they would most likely provide with life-saving assistance. As expected, results showed that emotional closeness is an important proximal cause of altruism that partially mediates the effect of genetic relatedness on willingness to act altruistically.
Site ‐specific deuteration or tritiation of benzo [b] thiophene and 1‐ methylindole analogs of biologically active indole derivatives (1)

The site-specific deuteration and tritiation of 1-methylindole and benzo [b] -thiopheme analogs of biologically active indole derivatives has been achieved by use of the facile metalation of these heterocycles with n-butyllithium and subsequent reaction with 2H2 or 3H2O. Metalation occurs at the 2-position and site and extent of deuterium incorporation was determined by N. M. K. The use of similar procedures with 3H2 O led to ready incorporation of tritium into these heterocycles.
The Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway in Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a well conserved process by which polarized, immotile epithelial cells transition into motile mesenchymal cells. EMT plays an important role during normal biological processes such as embryogenesis and wound healing. More recently, EMT has been studied for its role in cancer progression and metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate EMT are key to developing novel therapeutic interventions for cancer. Dysregulated or uncontrolled activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway promotes tumor progression and metastasis. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is one of the signaling pathways that has been implicated in EMT. In this review, major Wnt target genes that promote EMT as well as the various antagonists and microRNAs that regulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to influence EMT during cancer progression will be discussed.
Combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, and trabeculectomy with a modified scleral tunnel and single-stitch closure.

Abstract In most combined phacoemulsification and filtration surgery, the standard tunnel incision is altered to create a scleral flap, usually a limbal-based scleral flap with radial suture closure. We describe a new technique that has the advantages of both scleral tunnel architecture and horizontal suture closure. It creates a scleral groove tangential to the limbus and a standard scleral tunnel. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation are performed under the scleral tunnel. A 10-0 nylon horizontal suture is positioned for scleral tunnel closure and looped aside. A central “T” relaxing incision is made at the midpoint of the scleral tunnel up to the posterior insertion of conjunctiva. A punch sclerectomy is performed. The 10-0 nylon horizontal suture is tied. The conjunctiva is closed and bleb elevation is confirmed via deepening through a corneal paracentesis incision. The results in an initial series of 24 consecutive eyes followed for a mean of seven months are presented: Mean visual acuity improved from 20/70 to 20/30 and mean intraocular pressure reduction was 5.0 ± 2.4 mm Hg (standard deviation). By preserving standard scleral tunnel architecture and single horizontal suture closure, this technique permits rapid visual recovery and accelerated return to full activity. It also permits postoperative titration of aqueous outflow by laser suture lysis, if indicated. Against-the-rule astigmatic drift associated with limbal-based scleral flaps and antimetabolite therapy may be minimized.
A Simplified Method to Produce a Functional Test Stamp for Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL)

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a novel technique that allows fabrication of submicron features into substrates using a modified embossing method into a polymer resist. In most cases, a stamp is produced by direct e-beam writing into a resist and then the pattern is etched into the substrate. Other stamp fabrication methods exist but, in general, they are expensive to produce. When performing NIL, damage may occur to the stamp unless the process steps are optimized. In this letter, we illustrate a simple and inexpensive method to produce a test stamp to use for NIL process optimization. This may have wide applications in both industrial and academic settings.
Indacaterol maleate for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Importance of the field: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a partially reversible, progressive obstructive disorder. Bronchodilators are the mainstay of treatment since they improve lung function and patient-reported outcomes and reduce acute exacerbations. Long-acting inhaled bronchodilators (at present including the once-daily antimuscarinic tiotropium, and the twice-daily b2-agonists formoterol and salmeterol) are recommended as firstline treatment for patients with persistent symptoms. Indacaterol maleate has been developed as a new once-daily inhaled b2-selective agonist. Areas covered in this review: This article reviews the published literature on the pharmacologic properties and the Phase II and III trials that have evaluated the safety and efficacy of this new agent. What the reader will gain: The reader will obtain an appreciation of the safety and efficacy of indacaterol and the role that it might play in the future management of COPD of varying severity. Take home message: Indacaterol is a new, once-daily b2-agonist with an onset of action within 5 min and a duration of bronchodilation of at least 24 h. In doses of 150 and 300 µg, it has sustained benefits over 6 -- 12 months with respect to both bronchodilation and patient-reported outcomes and is well-tolerated with an acceptable safety profile.
Are Poor People Worth Less Than Rich People? Disaggregating the Value of Statistical Lives

Each government agency uses a uniform figure to measure the value of a statistical life. This is a serious mistake. The very theory that underlies current practice calls for far more individuation of the relevant values. According to that theory, the value of statistical lives should vary across risks. More controversially, the value of a statistical life should vary across individuals - even or especially if the result would be to produce a lower number for some people than for others. One practical implication is that a higher value should be given to programs that reduce cancer risks. Should government use a higher VSL for programs that disproportionately benefit the wealthy - and lower VSL for programs that disproportionately benefit the poor? A serious complication here is that sometimes the beneficiaries of regulation pay only a fraction or even none of its cost; when this is so, the appropriate VSL for poor people might be higher, on distributional grounds, than market evidence suggests. An understanding of this point has implications for foundational issues about government regulation, including valuation of persons in poor and wealthy nations.
How Does Democratic Accountability Shape International Cooperation

In democratic societies, citizens can hold their government politically accountable for the consequences of international cooperation. Can democratic accountability shape international cooperation under strategic interdependence, and if so, to what effect? I show formally that citizens can endow a government with incentives to promote the public good by conditioning political support on the consequences of international cooperation. Contravening the conventional wisdom, democratic accountability effectively shapes international cooperation. Since international cooperation is reciprocal, domestic democratic accountability also influences the behavior of foreign governments, even if they are autocratic. Empirically, democratic accountability in one country increases the expected dyadic level of international cooperation if and only if the expected social benefits to that country are substantial enough. However, the analysis also reveals that democracies might sometimes obtain a higher payoff from cooperatio...
Multilevel Influences on Police Stress

The prior literature has highlighted a variety of workplace problems, such as racial and gender bias and lack of influence over work activities, as influences on police stress. Additional explanations for police stress include community conditions, for example, high crime rates and size of the community, token status within the police organization, and lack of family and coworker support for work-related activities. In a large-sample, exploratory study, this research examined the workplace problems that were hypothesized to predict stress. It also determined whether community conditions, token status, and lack of social support explained additional variance in officers’ stress levels. Lack of influence over work activities and bias against one’s racial, gender, or ethnic group stood out as important predictors of stress after controls were introduced for demographic variables. Interventions to redesign jobs to afford greater influence and to reduce within-department bias are approaches that could reduce p...
Congestion and network externalities in the short run pricing of information system services

Transfer pricing provides management with an efficient tool for coordinating the use of information system services. In practice these services, if they are charged out to end users, are priced via an allocation of historical costs based on individual usage, or are assigned a price based on the fair market value of outside alternatives. Both approaches encourage suboptimal usage of information systems resources: they ignore three constituents of optimal transfer prices: 1 the reaction of other users to any change in a given user's consumption of service; 2 the technical response to additional use of an information system service, in the form of congestion and network externalities; and 3 end-user preferences for the information system service. Together, these influences on demand contribute to an externality. Two types of externalities are significant in information systems-congestion externalities decrease, and network externalities increase the utility of services. This research provides a complete model for computing optimal transfer price which corrects several existing problems in information system service valuation. When full absorption cost allocations contain significant fixed, precommitted or sunk cost components, it is not possible to balance the budget. Direct costing improves on full absorption costing, but misspecifies costs when demand is nonlinear. To balance the budget with a minimum of disutility to end users management must resort to second-best pricing. Inefficiency arises from two sources when externalities are ignored in transfer pricing. End users cannot plan service usage, and thus encounter unanticipated congestion which lowers morale and efficiency, and increases costly expediting. Where congestion effects are highly nonlinear, congestion may effectively shut down the system. On the other hand, incorrect transfer prices can motivate usage too low to take advantage of network benefits. End users may confuse externality effects and intrinsic value of an information system service. In these cases, the price and performance of outside alternatives exert a complex and subtle influence on use and pricing of services. Where there exist identical outside and inside processing alternatives, and transfer pricing does not reflect this, there is a significant tendency to overprice and underutilize internal services. In this case there may be a tendency to outsource when processing should be kept in-house. Future markets for information systems will favor technologies which exhibit strong network externalities, and pricing of these technologies will become increasingly complex because of the interrelationship of hardware, software and data originated externalities. The models provided in this research will allow management to take advantage of these opportunities.
Relationship Between Transferrin-Iron Saturation, Alcohol Consumption, and the Incidence of Cirrhosis and Liver Cancer

Background & Aims: Excessive alcohol consumption and iron overload might act in synergy to promote hepatic fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. We examined the relation between baseline serum transferrin-iron saturation (TS) and the incidence of hospitalizations or deaths related to cirrhosis and liver cancer as well as the influence of alcohol consumption on this relationship. Methods: Participants included 8767 persons aged 25–74 years without evidence of cirrhosis at entry into the study or during the first 5 years of follow-up who were subsequently followed for a mean of 13.3 years as part of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results: During 116,656 person-years of follow-up, 115 participants were hospitalized for or died of cirrhosis and 4 more of liver cancer. Compared with persons with low TS ( 1 drink/day) alcohol consumption (198/100,000; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.7–5.0). The incidence of cirrhosis/liver cancer was particularly high among persons with both elevated TS and elevated alcohol consumption (480/100,000; adjusted hazard ratio, 6.8; 95% confidence interval, 3.6–12.9), exceeding the rate predicted by the addition of the separate attributable risks associated with drinking and elevated serum TS. Conclusions: Elevated serum TS is associated with an increased incidence of cirrhosis or liver cancer particularly in the presence of elevated alcohol consumption.
Synergistic tumor suppression by coexpression of FHIT and p53 coincides with FHIT-mediated MDM2 inactivation and p53 stabilization in human non-small cell lung cancer cells

Aberrations of the tumor suppressor genes FHIT and p53 are frequently associated with a wide range of human cancers, including lung cancer. We studied the combined effects of FHIT and p53 proteins on tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells in vitro and on tumor growth in animal models by adenoviral vector-mediated cotransfer of wild-type FHIT and p53 genes. We found that the coexpression of FHIT and p53 synergistically inhibited tumor cell proliferation in NSCLC cells in vitro and suppressed the growth of human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Furthermore, we found that this synergistic inhibition of tumor cell growth corresponded with the FHIT-mediated inactivation of MDM2, which thereby blocked the association of MDM2 with p53, thus stabilizing the p53 protein. Our results therefore reveal a novel molecular mechanism consisting of FHIT-mediated tumor suppression and the interaction of FHIT with other cellular components in the pathways regulating p53 activity. These findings show that combination treatment with synergistic tumor-suppressing gene therapy such as Ad-FHIT and Ad-p53 may be an effective therapeutic strategy for NSCLC and other cancers.
Integrating Mathematical Thinking, Abstract Thinking, and Computational Thinking

In recent years, several groups of Computer Science educators have made a sustained effort to capture the essence of CS apart from programming. Three of these approaches are Mathematical Thinking, Abstract Thinking, and Computational Thinking. Each approach tries to clarify areas of CS that are not directly tied to writing computer programs. In a separate line of research, the current authors have been examining different ways to teach mathematics to CS students. We developed a Computational Math scale that measures the level of problem-solving gestalt exhibited by textbook authors. In this study, we relate our Computational Math framework to current research on Mathematical, Abstract, and Computational (MAC) Thinking. We counted words used frequently in research articles and compared them to words that form the Computational Math scale. Our results suggest an overall MAC Thinking framework that integrates a wide range of topics relevant to computing and programming.
Topographic form of the Coast Ranges of the Cascadia Margin in relation to coastal uplift rates and plate subduction

The Coast Ranges of the Cascadia margin are overriding the subducted Juan de Fuca/Gorda plate. We investigate the extent to which the latitudinal change in attributes related to the subduction process. These attributes include the varibale age of the subducted slab that underlies the Coast Ranges and average vertical crustal velocities of the western margin of the Coast Rnages for two markedly different time periods, the last 45 years and the last 100 kyr. These vertical crustal velocities are computed from the resurveying of highway bech marks and from the present elevation of shore platforms that have been uplifted in the late Quaternary, respectively. Topogarphy of the Coast Ranges is in part a function of the age and bouyancy of the underlying subducted plate. This is evident in the fact that the two highest topographic elements of the Coast Rnages, the Klamath Mountains and the Olympic Mountains, are underlain by youngest subducted oceanic crust. The subducted Blanco Fracture Zone in southernmost Oregon is responsible for an age discontinuity of subducted crust under the Klamath Mountains. The norhtern terminus of hte topographically higher Klamaths is offset to the north relative to the position of the underlying Blanco Fracture Zone, teh offset being in the direction of migration of the farcture zone, as dictated by relative plate motions. Vertical crustal velocities at the coast, derived from becnh mark surveys, are as much as an order of magnitude greater than vertical crustal velocities derived from uplifted shore platforms. This uplift rate discrepancy indicates that strain is accumulating on the plate margin, to be released during the next interplate earthquake. In a latitudinal sense, average Coast Rnage topography is relatively high where bench mark-derived, short-term vertical crustal velocities are highest. Becuase the shore platform vertical crustal velocities reflect longer-term, premanent uplift, we infer that a small percentage of the interseismic strain that accumulates as rapid short-term uplift is not recovered by subduction earthquakes but rather contributes to rock uplift of the Coast Ranges. The conjecture that permanent rock uplift is related to interseismic uplift is consistent with the observation that those segments of the subduction zone subject to greater interseismic uplift rates are at approximately the same latitudes as those segments of the Coast Ranges that have higher magnitudes of rock uplift over the long term.
Plane-wave scattering from a nonchiral object in a chiral environment: comment

We show that the problem of scattering of light from an achiral object in a chiral environment, which was recently studied by Lindell Silverman [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A14, 79 (1997)], is merely a straightforward special case of the problem of either a chiral or a bianisotropic object in a chiral environment, solutions of which problem have existed for a while.
On generalized diameters of interconnection networks

The authors study the generalized diameters for many existing networks for parallel computations, such as trees, hypercubes, meshes and butterflies. The generalized diameter, called the i-ameter and denoted by d/sub i/(G), of a graph G=(V,E) is the length of the shortest Steiner tree that can be established between any i nodes in G. This generalized notion of diameter allows the computation of the communication cost for any number of nodes, in a given network. Exact values of the i-ameter are computed for complete binary trees and the k-ary trees. For other networks, exact values of i-ameter are given for smaller values of i, and bounds are given for higher values. >
Learning for Semantic Classification of Conceptual Terms

Extraction of concepts and identification of their semantic classes are useful in applications such as automatic instantiation of ontologies and construction of information extraction systems. Even though various techniques exist for the extraction of domain specific concepts from unstructured texts, very little concentration is in the semantic class labeling for concepts. In this paper we propose the semantic class labeling (SCL) problem and differentiate it from the named entity classification (NEC) problem. We also present a Naive Bayes solution to SCL. Experiments suggest that Naive Bayes learning method with specified features achieves high classification accuracy. Empirical and statistical evaluation on the significance of attributes for SCL is also presented.