cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoblanks for advanced lithography based on Corning high-purity fused silica (HPFS)

Photomask specifications for advanced KrF and ArF lithography tools require improvements in both glass substrate quality and coating development. CD control and uniformity will be driven by transmission, index and birefringence uniformity of the substrate. Coating development will facilitate the use of advanced resolution enhancement techniques. Progress in the development of Corning’s HPFS blanks for advanced lithography applications is reviewed. A variety of new masking materials are being developed to complement HPFS including specialized absorber coatings with low reflectivity and phase shift coatings to enable attenuated phase-shift photomasks. The optical properties of these materials will be described.
Quantitative detection of alternatively spliced transcripts of the aromatase cytochrome P450 (CYP19) gene in aromatase-expressing human cells by competitive RT-PCR

Abstract C19 steroids are converted to oestrogens in a number of tissues by a specific form of cytochrome P450, namely aromatase P450 (P450arom; the product of theCYP19gene). The humanCYP19gene comprises nine coding exons, II–X. The tissue-specific expression is determined by the use of tissue-specific promoters, which give rise to P450arom transcripts with unique 5-untranslated sequences. The majority of the transcripts present in the ovary contain promoter-II-specific sequences, while transcripts in the placenta contain exon I.1. Transcripts in adipose tissue possess exon I.3 and exon I.4. Also, the distribution of alternative transcripts in adipose stromal cells depends on the culture conditions. Therefore, a competitive RT-PCR method was designed to quantitatively detect alternatively spliced transcripts present in various tissues and cells maintained in different culture conditions. Specific synthetic transcripts with different 5 termini (exon I.3, exon I.4 and promoter-II-specific sequences) and the coding region were used as internal standards. This competitive RT-PCR method was used to quantitatively detect three 5 termini, i.e. promoter-II-specific sequence, exon I.3 and exon I.4, in transcripts in human adipose stromal cells and ovarian granulosa cells in primary culture. The quantity of total P450arom transcripts was judged by amplifying the coding region. We were also able to quantify rare transcripts which could not be detected previously by Northern analysis.
Bromine Nitrate Photochemistry: Quantum Yields for O, Br, and BrO Over the Wavelength Range 248−355 nm†

A laser flash photolysis−resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to investigate the production of Br, O, and BrO from photodissociation of bromine nitrate (BrONO2) at wavelengths in the range 248−355 nm. The values obtained for the Br atom quantum yields are 0.35 ± 0.08, 0.65 ± 0.14, >0.62 ± 0.11, and 0.77 ± 0.19 at 248, 266, 308 and 355 nm, respectively. The values obtained for the O atom quantum yields are 0.66 ± 0.15, 0.18 ± 0.04, <0.13 ± 0.03, and <0.02 at 248, 266, 308, and 355 nm, respectively. Quantum yields for BrO production were investigated at some of the above wavelengths by converting photolytically generated BrO to Br via the reaction BrO + NO → Br + NO2. Measured BrO quantum yields are 0.37 ± 0.12 at 266 nm and 0.23 ± 0.08 at 355 nm. Uncertainties in the above quantum yields are estimates of absolute accuracy at the 95% confidence limit. No evidence for pressure-dependent quantum yields was observed over the range 20−200 Torr in N2 bath gas. No evidence for temperature-dependent ...
Impact of hormone therapy on acute radiotherapy toxicity in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Purpose: To analyze the impact of neoadjuvant hormone therapy (HT) on acute gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity from radiotherapy (RT). Scope: The toxicity rates of 480 consecutive prostate cancer patients were reviewed and compared using the χ2 test. Ordered logit regression analyses were performed including the major demographic, disease, and treatment factors. Although no reduction in acute GI toxicity from HT use was observed (P=0.067), a lower rate of acute GU toxicity was observed (P=0.002). No factor reached statistical significance on regression analysis. Conclusions: Observed toxicity rates were similar or lower in patients receiving HT. Thus, increased RT toxicity should not be a concern when deciding to add neoadjuvant HT to RT for prostate cancer.
A New 4D Workflow For Legacy Seismic Data

4D seismic images are often replete with artifacts of the time-lapse methodology, unrelated to actual changes in properties within the reservoir. These artifacts introduce uncertainty into the interpretation of flow fronts and pressurization and can greatly diminish the value of the 4D data. In many cases the artifacts originate from seismic signal and noise which cannot be, but, ideally should be exactly repeated from one survey to the next. Practical limitations of seismic acquisition and processing technology inherently limit data repeatability.
Simulating home cooling load reductions for a novel opaque roof solar chimney configuration

Abstract The roof solar chimney (RSC) is a low cost passive ventilation technique for reducing the energy consumption for cooling buildings. This study examines the performance and level of energy savings by simulating a detached home in four climates with RSC, cross-ventilation, and standard ventilation strategies. Each case was simulated in ESP-r for baseline and high efficiency construction, detached homes with a single story, three bedrooms, a 189 m 2 floor plan and high thermal mass constructions. Photovoltaic panels were integrated into the surface of the solar chimney on the South-facing roof to improve the RSC performance with their absorptive properties, and provide cooling to the reverse of the panels with the ventilation airflow. To form the RSC, a gap under the external layer of the roof allowed airflow from the interior of the house to a plenum in the peak of the attic with vents to the outside. Cross ventilation was aided with openings in the interior walls allowing flow between rooms. The ventilation gap was modeled by discretizing the RSC into 12 sections and calibrating the air-flow and convection coefficients with corresponding computational fluid dynamics models. The results indicate that the ventilated roof provides free cooling and natural ventilation in all climates and seasons tested. Flow was caused more by the stack effect rather than through natural convection and the solar chimney effect. Cross ventilation reduced cooling load by approximately 50% percent over the baseline, and the ventilated roof by up to another 80%. Either advanced natural ventilation approach reduced cooling load by more than the green envelope and efficiency practices in three of the four climates. The natural ventilation techniques were proportionally as effective in reducing load in a high efficiency home as in the base case home.
IC-P3-166: Correcting for partial volume effects in perfusion MRI of Alzheimer's disease

Background: Partial volume effects (PVE) due to limited spatial resolution in brain imaging can be quite substantial, particularly in studies of Alzherimer’s Disease (AD). In arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI, PVE are exacerbated by the nonlinear dependency of the signal on voxel tissue-heterogeneity. We have developed an algorithm that corrects for PVE in ASL and applied it to ASL data from AD and healthy controls (HC) in order to separate the true, disease-related, hypoperfusion from that due to brain atrophy. Methods: 1) The algorithm is based on linear regression and estimates the pure tissue signals by modeling the voxel magnetization as a weighted sum of MGM, MWM, and MCSF contributions and the ASL difference signal as a weighted sum of MGM and MWM contributions. The weighting coefficients in both cases are the tissue’s fractional volume, which are obtained from high-resolution structural MRIs. The algorithm is based on the assumption that local magnetization and CBF are constant over a small region surrounding the voxel. 2) Subjects & Imaging ASL perfusion images were acquired on 10 patients with moderate-to-severe probable AD and 19 age-matched HC as described in a previous study (Asllani et al, JCBFM Oct24(2007)). For each subject, linear regression was performed on control and difference ASL images in subject’s native space using a 11x11x1 regression-kernel. Images were then transformed into Talairach standard space. Results: PVE correction algorithm enables the extraction of pure GM CBF that is, theoretically, uncontaminated by contribution from WM. Global GM CBF was 57 18 and 96 21 (ml/100g*min) for AD and controls, respectively. This corresponded to 63% and 55% increases in estimation of GM CBF for AD and HC, respectively, as compared to the uncorrected method (Fig.1) Voxelwise t-statistic for between-group comparisons showed 30% more voxels surviving the statistical threshold (cluster-level corrected, P 0.001) when pure GM CBF images were used as compared to the PVEuncorrected data. These additional areas were mainly in the cingulate, inferior frontal, and superior occipital gyri (Fig.2). Conclusions: Extraction of pure tissue CBF by correcting for PVE shows great promise for providing a sensitive biomarker of early detection of AD. IC-P3-167 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMART CONTRAST AGENTS FOR MRI IMAGING OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Development of design assessment instruments and discussion of freshmen and senior design assessment results

At TX A&M University (TAMU), one of several educational goals, which the NSF CRCD Aerospace Engineering "Smart Materials" Project identified in 2001 was to impact students' learning of team-based design knowledge as a result of new curriculum it would introduce at various levels of the undergraduate program. This paper describes the systematic processes by which the Transferable Integrated Design Engineering Education (TIDEE) Project's Mid Program Design Assessment instrument for measuring Design Knowledge, has been used, analyzed, and adapted at TAMU to establish baselines and benchmarks to serve in the assessment of the CRCD project impact on design knowledge. The first adaptation and use of the test occurred early in fall 2001 with freshmen and with senior, capstone design students. Follow-up testing was administered to the same seniors, and to different freshmen in late spring of 2002. In addition to discussing the test adaptation development process, this paper examines the results of baseline and benchmark testing.
ERK activation by G-protein-coupled receptors in mouse brain is receptor identity-specific

In transfected cells and non-neuronal tissues many G-protein-coupled receptors activate p44/42 MAP kinase (ERK), a kinase involved in both hippocampal synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. However, it is not clear to what degree these receptors couple to ERK in brain. G(s)-coupled beta-adrenergic receptor activation of ERK in neurons is critical in the regulation of synaptic plasticity in area CA1 of the hippocampus. In addition, alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors, present in CA1, could potentially activate ERK. We find that, like the beta-adrenergic receptor, the G(q)-coupled alpha(1)AR activates ERK in adult mouse CA1. However, activation of the G(i/o)-coupled alpha(2)AR does not activate ERK, nor does activation of a homologous G(i/o)-coupled receptor enriched in adult mouse CA1, the 5HT(1A) receptor. In contrast, the nonhomologous G(i/o)-coupled gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor does activate ERK in adult mouse CA1. Surprisingly, activation of alpha(2)ARs in CA1 from immature animals where basal phospho-ERK is low induces ERK phosphorylation. These data suggest that although most G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes activate ERK in non-neuronal cells, the coupling of G(i/o) to ERK is tightly regulated in brain.
Human-Robot Interaction: A Survey

Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) has recently received considerable attention in the academic community, in labs, in technology companies, and through the media. Because of this attention, it is desirable to present a survey of HRI to serve as a tutorial to people outside the field and to promote discussion of a unified vision of HRI within the field. The goal of this review is to present a unified treatment of HRI-related problems, to identify key themes, and discuss challenge problems that are likely to shape the field in the near future. Although the review follows a survey structure, the goal of presenting a coherent "story" of HRI means that there are necessarily some well-written, intriguing, and influential papers that are not referenced. Instead of trying to survey every paper, we describe the HRI story from multiple perspectives with an eye toward identifying themes that cross applications. The survey attempts to include papers that represent a fair cross section of the universities, government efforts, industry labs, and countries that contribute to HRI, and a cross section of the disciplines that contribute to the field, such as human, factors, robotics, cognitive psychology, and design.
Channel-state based scheduling in wireless sensor networks for reliable transmission

Reliability of data in energy-constrained sensor networks is limited due to low powered transmissions. Improvement in transmission reliability through channel-state based scheduling is proposed. In a cluster, a time-shared channel between sensor nodes to the cluster head is considered in a Rayleigh fading environment. A 2-state Markov model is presented to partition the received envelope into fade and non-fade states. The state-partitioning threshold is derived as a function of bit error probability and average duration of transmission, in addition to other channel and transmission parameters. It is shown that the channel-state based scheduling can guarantee bit error probability, arbitrarily close to zero at the cost of increasing idle channel time. Increasing the number of sensor nodes in the cluster can offset the increase in idle channel time.
EVALUATIVE CONCEPTS AND OBJECTIVE VALUES: RAND ON MORAL OBJECTIVITY

Those familiar with Ayn Rand's ethical writings may know that she discusses issues in metaethics, and that she defended the objectivity of morality during the heyday of early non-cognitivism. But neither her metaethics, in general, nor her views on moral objectivity, in particular, have received wide study. This article elucidates some aspects of her thought in these areas, focusing on Rand's conception of the way in which moral values serve a biologically based human need, and on her account of moral values as both essentially practical and epistemically objective in a sense fundamentally continuous with the objectivity of science. The bearing of her epistemological writings on her ethical thought is emphasized throughout, and her epistemology is defended against a line of criticism inspired by John McDowell's criticism of the so-called “myth of the given.”
Analysis of radiation forces in laser trapping and laser-guided direct writing applications

Radiation forces allow the remote manipulation of physical objects. Two radiation force-based systems have been used, in particular: 1) laser trapping, which uses a strongly convergent beam to form a micrometer-sized focal point in which particles can be trapped and manipulated in three dimensions, and 2) laser guidance, which uses a weakly convergent beam to achieve radial confinement of particles about the beam axis coupled with pushing along the beam axis, which allows the high precision delivery of particles over hundreds of micrometers. Biological applications of laser trapping include high-precision molecular motor force measurement, and those of laser guidance include the direct writing of living cells in two and three dimensions for tissue engineering applications. The results presented here show that a general electromagnetic theory, the Generalized Lorenz-Mie Theory, is able to accurately predict experimental results for both schemes without any assumptions regarding the size of the particle relative to the wavelength of the radiation. In addition, radial forces are found to be directly correlated to the dimensionless particle size (a/w) where the particle radius (a) is normalized over the beam radius (w). The dimensionless particle size can be used to theoretically estimate radiation forces in any arbitrary setup, and facilitate the design of radiation force-based systems for a variety of applications in biology and medicine.
RNA synthesis and cell division in cold‐synchronized cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis

Cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis have been cold-synchronized using a repetitive cycle of six, two-hour cold shocks (9.5°C) alternating with decreasing periods (60–30 minutes) at 28°C. This system gives a maximum division index of 70–80% occurring at 90 minutes from the end of the last synchronizing cold-treatment (EC). Examination of the division sensitivity of these cells to actinomycin D applied continuously at ten-minute intervals from EC reveals that division is essentially blocked until approximately 40 minutes past EC, after which a rapid decrease is sensitivity to the inhibitor occurs. Coinciding with this period of high sensitivity is the occurrence of a peak of C14 uridine incorporation at 40 minutes past EC. Inhibition of this peak is correlated with an inhibition of division, whereas strong inhibition of RNA synthesis beyond 60 minutes past EC has little effect on division activity. The similarity of these findings with those of the heat-synchronized system is discussed with the suggestion that both heat- and cold-synchronizing treatments result in the synchronous resynthesis of a division-associated fraction of RNA.
Early Holocene Juniper Woodland and Chaparral Taxa in the Central Baja California Peninsula, Mexico

A packrat midden located in the Sierra San Francisco, Baja California Sur, Mexico, dating to ca. 10,200 14C yr B.P., contains remains of California juniper (Juniperus californica) and other taxa now associated with southern California chaparral. California juniper does not occur in the Sierra San Francisco today, although “relict” populations of a few chaparral taxa still occur at higher elevations. This midden record documents the early Holocene occurrence of Baja California coniferous woodland and chaparral vegetation far south of its present distribution or its previously known extent from other fossil records. Based on modern climatic tolerances of California juniper and other taxa, central Baja California experienced a mild Mediterranean-type climate at least 5°–6°C cooler than the climate of today, with at least twice the winter precipitation the region now receives.
Fatal Pulmonary Complications after Arterial Embolization with 40–120-μm Tris-acryl Gelatin Microspheres

Hepatic arterial embolization is a recognized method of treating primary malignancies and some secondary hepatic malignancies. Particle embolization alone has been shown to be safe and effective and is routinely performed for hypervascular tumors. Tris-acryl gelatin microspheres have been widely acclaimed for their ease of delivery and uniform size, allowing for accurate targeting of particular end arteries. There have been three deaths at the author's institution related to respiratory compromise since the 40–120-μm particles became available 31 months ago. These complications were never observed with larger tris-acryl gelatin microspheres or polyvinyl alcohol particles. This is an unusual and serious complication of which interventionalists performing embolotherapy need to be aware.
Employer-sponsored health insurance and prescription drug coverage for new retirees: dramatic declines in five years

ABSTRACT: Employer-sponsored health insurance is often described as the most reliable private source of Medicare supplementation, particularly for prescription drug benefits. This study's findings ...
Primitive Roots and a Test for Primality

In a typical factorization process we take a big number and crack it into lots of little pieces plus a few big pieces that pass the strong pseudoprime tests. We know in our hearts that those big pieces really are primes, but we would like to have absolute certainty. In this chapter we will be examining the notion of primitive roots which will lead us to several primality tests developed by Edouard Lucas in 1876. Perhaps surprisingly, they are still the most efficient way of proving primality for moderately sized primes. Until a few years ago, they were essentially the only tests to prove primality for the really big primes.
Anxiety and cognition.

In this review we discuss the interplay between anxiety and cognition, illustrating how anxiety can compromise performance on cognitively-demanding tasks and lead people to perform below their ability. Using math anxiety and test anxiety as examples, we highlight key findings from psychology, cognitive science, and neuroscience, to show that how one approaches an anxiety-inducing situation can have a large impact on how that person ultimately performs. We end by discussing who is most susceptible to anxiety-induced poor performance and suggest promising techniques which may help to reduce the negative impact of anxiety on performance. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GAGA factor binding to DNA via a single trinucleotide sequence element

GAGA transcription factor (GAF) is an essential protein in Drosophila , important for the transcriptional regulation of numerous genes. GAF binds to GA repeats in the promoters of these genes via a DNA-binding domain containing a single zinc finger. While GAF binding sites are typically composed of 3.5 GA repeats, the Drosophila hsp70 gene contains much smaller elements, some of which are as little as three bases (GAG) in length. Interestingly, the binding of GAF to more distant trinucleotide elements is relatively strong and not appreciably affected by the removal of larger GA arrays in the promoter. Moreover, a simple synthetic GAG sequence is sufficient to bind GAF in vitro . Here we directly compare the affinity of GAF for different sequence elements by immunoprecipitation and gel mobility shift analysis. Furthermore, our measures of the concentration of GAF in vivo indicate that it is a highly abundant nuclear protein, prevalent enough to occupy a sizable fraction of correspondingly abundant trinucleotide sites.
Diagnosing and Monitoring Seizures in the ICU: The Role of Continuous EEG for Detection and Management of Seizures in Critically Ill Patients

Recent advances in computer technology have made it possible to perform prolonged digital continuous video EEG monitoring of many critically ill patients simultaneously. Recent studies using continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG) have found that these patients, especially those with coma, acute brain injury, or prior clinical seizures, often have nonconvulsive seizures (NCSz), and that these may contribute to secondary brain injury. The majority of seizures in the critically ill are nonconvulsive and can only be identified with EEG recording. Rapidly improving quantitative EEG (qEEG) software speeds data review to allow screening of multiple prolonged recordings to detect NCSz and has the potential to provide continuous information about changes in brain function in real time at the bedside. Optimal sensitivity and specificity of qEEG tools are obtained with full electrode montages and careful maintenance of scalp electrodes. New electrode technologies, such as MRI-compatible electrodes, help reduce the burden on EEG technologists while limiting interruptions in recordings. In addition to detecting NCSz, cEEG can also be used for dynamic detection of other changes in brain function such as ischemia, and can be coupled with other modalities of monitoring brain physiology such as microdialysis, tissue oximetry, and intracranial electrophysiology. Together, these tools can allow early detection of brain at risk for injury and alert the physician to intervene before the damage becomes irreversible.
Vertical eddy diffusion calculated by the flux gradient method: Significance of sediment-water heat exchange

Periodically measured temperature profiles were used to calculate vertical eddy diffusivities by the heat flux gradient method in the stratified portion of a dimictic New England lake. Loss of heat from the water column to sediments, a term commonly neglected, was explicitly calculated with a simple numerical model. This term dominated the heat budget of the stratified lake and would have caused large errors in calculated eddy difisivities had it been ignored. Heat exchange with sediments should be considered when thermal flux gradient analysis is used to calculate eddy diffusion coefficients for lakes with combined metalimnetic plus hypolimnetic thicknesses up to - 15 m. In the stratified portion of lakes, the distribution of chemicals is controlled by source and sink functions and by transport via turbulent mixing. For simplicity and mathematical tractability, the combined effect of these poorly understood processes is commonly combined into an eddy diffusivity, which can then be used in a diffusion equation. Lake hypolimnia are poorly mixed, and vertical concentration gradients of dissolved materials are commonly observed in such regions. To understand the geochemical cycling of chemical components as reflected by their fluxes and patterns of distribution within the hypolimnion, it is first necessary to know the magnitude of eddy diffusion as a function of depth and time. Calculation of eddy diffusion can be carried out by monitoring the change in distribution of a stable, conservative tracer (heat: Orlob and Selna 1970; Jassby and Powell 1975; dye: Kullenberg et al. 1974) or of a radioactive, conservative tracer with a known source function
Asymptotic analysis in MIMO MRT/MRC systems

Through the analysis of the probability density function of the largest squared singular value of a complex Gaussian matrix at the origin and tail, we obtain two asymptotic results related to the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) maximum-ratio-transmission/maximum-ratio-combining (MRT/MRC) systems. One is the asymptotic error performance (in terms of SNR) in a single-user system, and the other is the asymptotic system capacity (in terms of the number of users) in the multiuser scenario when multiuser diversity is exploited. Similar results are also obtained for two other MIMO diversity schemes, space-time block coding and selection combining. Our results reveal a simple connection with system parameters, providing good insights for the design of MIMO diversity systems.
Cluster-specific Named Entity Transliteration

Existing named entity (NE) transliteration approaches often exploit a general model to transliterate NEs, regardless of their origins. As a result, both a Chinese name and a French name (assuming it is already translated into Chinese) will be translated into English using the same model, which often leads to unsatisfactory performance. In this paper we propose a cluster-specific NE transliteration framework. We group name origins into a smaller number of clusters, then train transliteration and language models for each cluster under a statistical machine translation framework. Given a source NE, we first select appropriate models by classifying it into the most likely cluster, then we transliterate this NE with the corresponding models. We also propose a phrase-based name transliteration model, which effectively combines context information for transliteration. Our experiments showed substantial improvement on the transliteration accuracy over a state-of-the-art baseline system, significantly reducing the transliteration character error rate from 50.29% to 12.84%.
The Patient Engagement Prescription

Written by a volunteer patient advisor, this issue brief provides at 50-foot view of patient engagement as seen through the eyes of various stakeholders including payers, providers, and patients. The benefits and barriers are noted, and the undeniable need for engaged patients is discussed. Many techniques and programs are reviewed including those offered from insurers, clinicians, caretakers, and community members. The overall message builds a case for why authentic patient engagement is the missing ingredient in health care if we truly want better outcomes, better health, and lower costs.
THE LINKAGE BETWEEN THE HOUSEHOLD AND WORKPLACE OF DOMINICAN WOMEN IN THE U.S.

Considerable interdependence exists between the household and work place in the lives of Dominican migrant women in the US according to this study based on data gathered largely from fieldwork conducted in the US and Dominican Republic from 1980-83. It is observed that while womens participation in wage work contributes to an improvement in domestic and social relations these household level changes do not in turn translate into greater awareness of the migrant women or demands for improved working conditions. On the contrary in many cases work has helped reinforce their lower status in the labor force because it has allowed women to redefine their roles as wives and mothers in a more satisfying manner than was the case prior to their employment and residence in the US. Although the jobs held by Dominican garment workers would place them in the ranks of the working class the majority of them tend to identify themselves as middle class. Paradoxically the beliefs about immigration and work which are rooted in the family and the immigration goals which are realized through more egalitarian relationships at home militate against a working class identification and the resulting organized resistance in the work place.
Telemedicine in Oncology

For patients who have difficulty traveling to a clinic or doctor's office because of living in a remote location or lack of transportation, increasing opportunities exist to access health care remotely. Telemedicine is a growing field that has potential benefits for patients, providers, and the healthcare system. .
Restricted continuity and a theorem of Luzin

Let P (X,F) denotes the property: For every function f : X × R → R, if f(x, h(x)) is continuous for every function h : X → R from F , then f is continuous. In this paper we investigate the assumptions of a theorem of Luzin [13], which states that P (R,F) holds for X = R and F being the class C(X) of all continuous functions from X to R. The question for which topological spaces P (X,C(X)) holds was investigated by Dalbec in [5]. Here, we examine P (R,F) for different families F . In particular, we notice that: (1) P (R, “C”) holds, where “C” is the family of all functions in C(R) having continuous directional derivatives, allowing infinite values; (2) this result is the best possible, since P (R, D) is false, where D is the family of all differentiable functions (no infinite derivatives allowed). We notice, that if D is the family of the graphs of functions from F ⊆ C(X), then P (X,F) is equivalent to the property P ∗(X,D): For every function f : X × R → R, if f D is continuous for every D ∈ D, then f is continuous. Note that if D is the family of all lines in in R, then, for n ≥ 2, P ∗(Rn,D) is false, since there are discontinuous linearly continuous functions on R. In this direction, we prove that: (1) there exists a Baire class 1 function h : R → R such that P ∗(Rn, T (h)) holds, where T (H) stands for all possible translations of H ⊂ R × R; (2) this result is the best possible, since P ∗(Rn, T (h)) is false for any h ∈ C(R). We also notice that P ∗(Rn, T (Z)) holds for any Borel Z ⊆ R × R either of positive measure or of second category. Finally, we give an example of a perfect nowhere dense Z ⊆ R × R of measure zero for which P ∗(Rn, T (Z)) holds.
Effect of Nonendocytic Uptake of Nanoparticles on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

The toxicity of artificial nanoparticles is a major concern in industrial applications. Cellular uptake of hard nanoparticles could follow either endocytic or nonendocytic pathways, leading to different stimuli to the cells. Yet the cellular responses to nanoparticles following different pathways have not been compared due to the lack of an independent nonendocytic delivery method. We applied a unique delivery method, nanochannel electroporation (NEP), to produce predominantly nonendocytic uptakes of quantum dots (Q-dots) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with different chemical modifications. NEP delivery bypassed endocytosis by electrophoretic injection of nanoparticles into human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells at different dosages. Conventional exposure by direct nanoparticle suspending in cell culture medium was also performed as control. The dosage-dependent responses to nanoparticles under different uptake pathways were compared. Fluorescence colocalization demonstrated that nanopartic...
Identifying Metal Alloys with High Hydrogen Permeability Using High Throughput Theory and Experimental Testing

Dense metal membranes are one useful approach for purifying H2 from mixed gas streams. A longstanding challenge in the development of metal membranes has been to find film compositions that give high permeability for H2 relative to well-known materials such as elemental Pd. We used first-principles calculations to predict the H2 permeability of all disordered alloys of composition Pd96M4. These calculations not only identify the Pd-based alloys that are already known to have favorable membrane properties but also identify as promising a number of materials that have not been previously examined. We tested our predictions by fabricating and testing PdTm films, which, in agreement with our calculations, were found to have good permeability properties for pure H2.
Do Online Video Platforms Cannibalize Television?: How Viewers Are Moving from Old Screens to New Ones

ABSTRACT This study investigated whether (and how) online video platforms displace television with respect to time investment and viewership. To that end, this study employed mail surveys of a random sample of Internet users throughout the United States. This study revealed that the existence of the time displacement effect depends on (1) what type of online video venues consumers use; (2) how much video content overlaps between online video platforms and television in general; and (3) what type of video content consumers watch online. Specifically, the current study found that the time spent using the Internet to watch user-generated videos and on video-sharing sites reduced the time spent watching television as a consequence.
Rank-Ordering Statistics and Heavy Tails

Many physical and natural systems exhibit probability density functions (pdfs) that are different from the most commonly used Gaussian or log-normal distributions. Many phenomena are in fact characterized by “heavy tails”, i.e. larger probabilities for large event sizes compared to the prediction given by a Gaussian or log-normal fit using the variance estimated from the data. Even if less frequent, the large events often play an important if not leading role. The largest earthquakes account for the majority of the tectonic deformation in seismic regions as well as cause the largest damages, the largest floods and largest storms provide major erosion boosts and so on. It is thus of utmost interest and importance to characterize these large events and their distributions. However, by definition, the statistics of rare events is limited and the distributions are thus difficult to constrain.
The Survivor as Author

In the Preface to his Genealogy of Morals, Friedrich Nietzsche resolved “to traverse with quite novel questions, and as though with new eyes, the enormous, distant, and so well hidden land of morality—of morality that has actually existed, actually been lived; and does this not mean,” he asked, “virtually to discover this land for the first time?” Some such limited project must have been in the back of Primo Levi’s mind as he began to set down his account of the fate of morality in a place called Auschwitz. As we know, so alien and disturbing was its terrain that editors failed to discern the value of his account, and when it did appear under the imprint of a small publishing house only two years after the war, most general readers proved no more enthusiastic. Why? Alluding to his friend the philosopher and psychologist Paul Ree, Nietzsche announced his desire “to point out to so sharp and disinterested an eye as his a better direction in which to look, in the direction of an actual history of morality, and to warn him in time against gazing haphazardly in the blue after the English fashion. For it must be obvious which color is a hundred times more vital for a genealogist of morals than blue,” Nietzsche continued, “namely gray, that is, what is documented, what can be confirmed and has actually existed.”1
Abstract B27: Characterization of tumor-host interactions that promote liver metastasis of colorectal cancer

The leading cause of death from colorectal cancer is metastasis. The five year survival rate drops from 95% when the disease is at the localized stage to approximately 12% when metastasis has occurred. Because of its asymptomatic progression, metastasis is often detected at the final stage when little can be done, and little is now regarding the mechanisms that direct the early steps when intervention can potentially have an impact on its progression. In order to elucidate the mechanisms, we developed a mouse model of CRC metastasis to the liver, the frequent target organ of metastasis by cecum implantation of CT26 mouse colon adenocarcinoma cells into immunocompetent host Balb/cByJ mice. This model can recapitulate disease progression from the growth of the primary tumor to establishment of metastatic lesions within a defined time frame. Using this model, we isolated isogenic cell lines that gave rise to a high frequency of spontaneous metastasis to the liver. Implantation of the most highly metastatic CT26-FL3 cell line gave rise to liver metastasis in 90% of host mice, ten-fold higher than the parental CT26 cell line, in as early as 10 days. Initial characterization revealed that these cells expressed elevated levels of genes whose products promoted invasion, migration, and mobilization of bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) to the pre-metastatic liver. We determined the genetic signatures of the CT26 and CT26-FL3 cells and that of the pre-metastatic and metastatic liver environment by microarray analyses to identify genes that might mediate the crosstalk between the primary tumor and target organ to promote progression of liver metastasis. The results identified genes encoding proteins that might act as potent effectors of the immune response that are induced in the early stage of metastasis. We characterize these proteins and assess their potential as viable biomarkers for early diagnosis of metastatic disease or as targets to deter metastatic progression. Our mouse model, therefore, can be an important platform to characterize metastatic cells and to elucidate tumor-host interactions and mechanisms that drive liver metastasis of CRC. In addition, it can be a valuable tool for pre-clinical evaluation of therapies targeted against metastatic CRC. Citation Format: Maria Marjorette O. Pena, Yu Zhang, Celestia Davis. Characterization of tumor-host interactions that promote liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: The Translational Impact of Model Organisms in Cancer; Nov 5-8, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2014;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B27.
Computational Problems in Random and Deterministic Dynamical Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the terminal control problem for a random linear dynamical system. The computational technique presented is suboptimal for the random case but approaches (and attains) optimality as the random variables degenerate to deterministic quantities. The solution technique depends on a geometrical characterization of the random process to develop a combination of open-loop and closed-loop control, that is, the control policy is determined as a function of the initial state of the system but is recalculated at each stage of the process so that the control action depends on the state of the system at the time it is implemented. To solve the terminal control problem, it will be necessary to examine the question of the system's stochastic controllability. The results for the terminal control problem will fall out as a by-product of this investigation.
A Study of Ricarda Huch’s Novellen with Special Reference to Keller

(1950). A Study of Ricarda Huch’s Novellen with Special Reference to Keller. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 26-36.
Understanding the Market-Level and Network-Level Behaviors of the Android Malware Ecosystem

The prevalence of malware in Android marketplaces is a growing and significant problem. Most existing studies focus on detecting Android malware or designing new security exten-sions to defend against specific types of attacks. In this paper, we perform an empirical study on analyzing the market-level and network-level behaviors of the Android malware ecosystem. We focus on studying whether there are interesting characteristics of those market accounts that distribute malware and specific networks that are mainly utilized by Android malware authors. We further investigate community patterns among Android mal-ware from the perspective of their market account infrastructure and remote server infrastructure. Spurred by these analysis, we design a novel community inference algorithm to find more malicious apps by exploiting their community relationships. By using a small seed set (50) of known malicious apps, we can effectively find another extra 20 times of malicious apps, while maintaining considerable accuracy higher than 94%
Two subtypes of psychopathic criminals differ in negative affect and history of childhood abuse.

Objective Specification of the etiological mechanisms underlying psychopathy is a key step in developing more effective methods for preventing and remediating the callous and impulsive behavior that characterizes the disorder. Theoretical conceptualizations of psychopathic subtypes propose that a primary variant largely stems from impoverished affect, whereas a secondary variant is hypothesized to develop subsequent to adverse environmental experiences (e.g., childhood maltreatment). However, there has been a dearth of research demonstrating that psychopathic subtypes actually differ in terms of experienced childhood maltreatment in an adult offender population. Method The current study employed model-based cluster analysis (MBCA) in a sample of incarcerated, psychopathic males (n = 110) to identify subtypes of psychopathic offenders based on a broad personality assessment. Results Two subgroups emerged: 1 with high levels of negative affect (high-NA) and 1 with low levels of negative affect (low-NA). The high-NA subgroup scored significantly higher on measures of childhood maltreatment. Conclusion These results provide support for theoretical conceptualizations of psychopathic subtypes, suggesting that psychopathic offenders with high levels of negative affect experience a greater degree of childhood maltreatment. (PsycINFO Database Record
Evaluation of the effect of new formulation, food, or a proton pump inhibitor on the relative bioavailability of the smoothened inhibitor glasdegib (PF-04449913) in healthy volunteers.

This phase I open-label study investigated the oral bioavailability of two novel maleate salt-based glasdegib (PF-04449913) tablet formulations (small- and large-particle size) relative to the current clinical formulation (diHCl salt-based). In addition, the effect of a gastric pH-altering agent (rabeprazole) and food on the pharmacokinetics of the large-particle size formulation of glasdegib were evaluated. The pharmacokinetics of glasdegib oral solution was also assessed. Thirty-four healthy subjects received glasdegib 100 mg as three different formulations in the fasted state (diHCl salt or small- or large-particle size maleate formulation); 13 received the large-particle maleate formulation (fed), and 14 concurrently with rabeprazole (fasted); six subjects received glasdegib 50 mg oral solution (fasted). For both new tablet formulations of glasdegib, ratios (Test:Reference) of adjusted geometric means (90% confidence interval) of area under the concentration–time curve from 0 to infinity and maximum plasma concentration were within 80–125% compared with the diHCl formulation (fasted). For the large-particle size formulation (fed), these ratios were 86.3% (81.0–92.0%) and 75.7% (65.3–87.7%), respectively, compared with fasted. When the large-particle maleate formulation was administered concurrently with rabeprazole versus alone (fasted), these ratios were 111.9% (102.8–121.9%) and 87.2% (75.9–100.3%), respectively. The pharmacokinetics of oral solution was similar to the tablet. The maleate salt-based tablet formulations were bioequivalent to the diHCl tablet formulation. The extent of the observed effect of a high-fat, high-calorie meal or concurrent rabeprazole treatment on glasdegib exposure is not considered clinically meaningful.
Comparison of Postoperative Complications Following Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty With Other Hip Bearings in Medicare Population.

BACKGROUND The use of metal-on-metal (MoM) hip bearings has declined in the recent years due to strong evidence of their high complication rates and early failure. Hip implants with highly cross-linked polyethylene liners and ceramic bearings have become the modern implants of choice. We sought to determine if MoM implants are associated with higher complication and revision rates when compared to other hip bearings in the Medicare population. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed a Medicare database (2005-2011) for patients who underwent a primary total hip arthroplasty with a MoM, metal-on-polyethylene (MoP), ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP), or ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) implant (minimum 2 years of follow-up). Patient comorbidities and medical/surgical complication rates were analyzed at various time points postoperatively. RESULTS We identified 288,118 patients, including 81,520 patients with a MoM implant, 162,881 with MoP, 33,819 with CoP, and 9898 with CoC implant. Surgical complication rates were higher for MoM implants including infection, osteolysis/polywear, mechanical complications, and need for hip irrigation and debridement. Overall revision rates were significantly higher for MoM implants (5.28%) compared to MoP (4.28%, odds ratio [OR] 1.26, P < .001) and CoP (3.52%, OR 1.55, P < .001) but only by one to two percent. MoM revision rates were similar to CoC implants (4.94%, OR 1.00, P = .096). CONCLUSIONS MoM implants were associated with higher revision rates (5.28%) compared to MoP (4.28%) and CoP (3.52%) implants in the Medicare population. Both complication and revision rates were comparable to CoC implants.
High Order Approximation by Max-Product Operators

Here we study the approximation of functions by a great variety of Max-Product operators under differentiability. These are positive sublinear operators. Our study is based on our general results about positive sublinear operators. We produce Jackson type inequalities under initial conditions. So our approach is quantitative by producing inequalities with their right hand sides involving the modulus of continuity of a high order derivative of the function under approximation. We improve known related results which do not use smoothness of functions. It follows (Anastassiou, Approximation by Max-Product Operators (2017)) [2].
Floodwater detection on roadways from crowdsourced images

This work proposes an image processing pipeline for detecting floodwater extent on inundated roadways from image data captured and generated by mobile consumer devices, such as smartphones. A sampl...