cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A proposed new type of arsenian pyrite: Composition, nanostructure and geological significance

This report describes a new form of arsenian pyrite, called As3+-pyrite, in which As substitutes for Fe [(Fe,As)S2], in contrast to the more common form of arsenian pyrite, As1--pyrite, in which As1- substitutes for S [Fe(As,S)2]. As3+-pyrite has been observed as colloformic overgrowths on As-free pyrite in a hydrothermal gold deposit at Yanacocha, Peru. XPS analyses of the As3+-pyrite confirm that As is present largely as As3+. EMPA analyses show that As3+-pyrite incorporates up to 3.05 at % of As and 0.53 at. %, 0.1 at. %, 0.27 at. %, 0.22 at. %, 0.08 at. % and 0.04 at. % of Pb, Au, Cu, Zn, Ni, and Co, respectively. Incorporation of As3+ in the pyrite could be written like: As3 + + y Au+ + 1 - y (□) ⇔ 2 Fe2 +; where Au+ and vacancy (□) help to maintain the excess charge. HRTEM observations reveal a sharp boundary between As-free pyrite and the first overgrowth of As3+-pyrite (20-40 nm thick) and co-linear lattice fringes indicating epitaxial growth of As3+-pyrite on As-free pyrite. Overgrowths of As3+-pyrite onto As-free pyrite can be divided into three groups on the basis of crystal size, 8-20 nm, 100-300 nm and 400-900 nm, and the smaller the crystal size the higher the concentration of toxic arsenic and trace metals. The Yanacocha deposit, in which As3+-pyrite was found, formed under relatively oxidizing conditions in which the dominant form of dissolved As in the stability field of pyrite is As3+; in contrast, reducing conditions are typical of most environments that host As1--pyrite. As3+-pyrite will likely be found in other oxidizing hydrothermal and diagenetic environments, including high-sulfidation epithermal deposits and shallow groundwater systems, where probably kinetically controlled formation of nanoscale crystals such as observed here would be a major control on incorporation and release of As3+ and toxic heavy metals in oxidizing natural systems.
An Asymptotic-Numerical Method for a Time-Dependent Singularly Perturbed System with Turning Points

We use asymptotic analysis to construct a domain decomposition method for a time-dependent singularly perturbed system with turning points. Together with the other numerical techniques, we develop an algorithm, which can provide accurate and efficient numerical solutions for the system. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Response of protein synthesis to hypercapnia in rats: independent effects of acidosis and hypothermia.

Acute metabolic acidosis has been shown to inhibit muscle protein synthesis, although little is known on the effect of acidosis of respiratory origin. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute respiratory acidosis on tissue protein synthesis. Rats (n = 8) were made acidotic by increasing the CO2 content of inspired air to 12% for 1 hour. Similar rats breathing normal air served as controls (n = 8). Muscle and liver protein synthesis rates were then measured with l-[2H5]phenylalanine (150 μmol per 100 g body weight, 40 mol%). The results show that protein synthesis is severely depressed in skeletal muscle (−44% in gastrocnemius, −39% in plantaris, and −24% in soleus muscles, P < .01) and liver (−20%, P < .001) in acidotic animals. However, because breathing CO2-enriched air was found to lower body temperature by approximately 2°C, in a second experiment (n = 10), the difference in body temperature between treated and control animals was minimized by gently wrapping rats breathing CO2-enriched air in porous cloths. This second experiment confirmed that respiratory acidosis depresses protein synthesis in muscle (−22% in gastrocnemius, P < .001; −19% in plantaris, P < .01; and −4% in soleus, P = NS). However, no effect on liver protein synthesis could be detected, suggesting that liver protein synthesis may be sensitive to changes in body temperature but is not affected by acute respiratory acidosis for 1 hour. The results show that respiratory acidosis inhibits protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and indicates that acidosis, whether of metabolic or respiratory origin, may contribute to loss of muscle protein in patients with compromised renal or respiratory function.
Alteration of soil hydraulic properties during the construction of mitigation wetlands in the Virginia Piedmont

Abstract Wetland hydrology is a critical component to the success of mitigation projects. The alteration of soil hydraulic properties during the construction may influence the hydrology of the wetland, thus affecting the mitigation success. We studied disturbed (i.e. by construction) and nondisturbed areas of two wetland mitigation banks (Blackjack, BJ and Peters Farm, PF), both located in the piedmont region of Virginia, for a variety of soil hydraulic and physicochemical properties. The surface soil horizon at BJ showed an increase in clay content from 18.6 to 40%, decrease in bulk density (Db) from 1.56 to 1.45 g/cm3, decrease the drained volume (Dv) of water in the soil profile from 0.67 to 0.36 cm, decrease in available water content (AWC) from 22.7 to 15.8%, and a reduction in the ratio of AWC to TPS from 66 to 40%. Soil at PF showed an increase in clay content in the surface horizon from 20 to 30%, increase TPS from 37.2 to 40.0%, increase Db from 1.52 to 1.67 g/cm3, increase the Dv in the soil profile from 3.5 to 6.6 cm, increase in AWC from 37.2 to 40.2%, and a decrease in the ratio of AWC to TPS from 58 to 44% in the surface horizon. The outcome showed that the impacts of common construction practices for mitigation wetlands affected drainable and plant available subsurface water storage, more so in fine grained soils. Key soil hydraulic properties should be considered in the disturbed or ameliorated state before water budgets are constructed to model wetland hydrology. Further studies are needed to investigate how the plant available and drainable water contents can be affected by construction practices in various soil textures, and how these properties might change in the long term.
Severe regressive reactions in sex therapy

Abstract In this paper we describefive cases of severe regressive reaction during the initial evaluation of treatment for sex therapy, We focus on three dimensions useful for assessment in guarding against such regressions: 1) the nature of the patient's defensive posture; 2) the nature of the couple's interaction and dynamics regarding the sexual symptom; 3) the context of the referral for brief sex therapy treatment. The particular constellation of these factors appear to make regressive reactions quite likely. Guidelines for evaluation and handling decompensation are briejly noted.
Electroanatomic properties of pulmonary vein antral regions enclosed by encircling ablation lesions

Aims Encircling ablation of the right and left pulmonary venous antra is commonly practiced. The importance to procedure outcome of electrical isolation of unablated myocardium enclosed by the encircling lesions is increasingly clear. The safe and effective achievement of isolation is dependent on a thorough comprehension of the ‘electroanatomic’ ablation substrate. We sought to improve comprehension of this substrate by examining relationships between anatomy and electrogram amplitude and timing after encircling ablation. Methods and results After deployment of encircling antral ablation lesions, detailed, echocardiographically guided mapping of endocardial regions enclosed by the lesions was performed. Among patients in whom the encircling lesion did not produce electrical isolation of the enclosed region (143 of 199 left antra and 37 of 198 right antra), separate electrograms generated by enclosed atrial myocardium (EM) and contiguous non-enclosed myocardium (NEM) were apparent at most mapped sites. Non-enclosed myocardium electrogram amplitudes demonstrated a spatial pattern which could be understood by considering contiguous atrial anatomy. Enclosed myocardium electrogram amplitudes demonstrated distinct spatial patterns that were more variable and not related to contiguous anatomy; they guided one or more additional ablation lesions within the enclosed region, which produced isolation. Among patients in whom the encircling lesion did produce isolation of the enclosed region, only NEM electrograms were consistently observed. Conclusion The relationships between anatomy and electrogram amplitude and timing detailed herein may be helpful during the conduct of encircling ablation with a goal of isolation of EM.
Methylation levels at imprinting control regions are not altered with ovulation induction or in vitro fertilization in a birth cohort

STUDY QUESTION Do fertility treatments, including ovulation induction (OI), alter epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation at imprinted loci?
Structural determinants of Ras-Raf interaction analyzed in live cells

The minimum structure of the Raf-1 serine/threonine kinase that recognizes active Ras was used to create a green fluorescent fusion protein (GFP) for monitoring Ras activation in live cells. In spite of its ability to bind activated Ras in vitro, the Ras binding domain (RBD) of Raf-1 (Raf-1[51-131]GFP) failed to detect Ras in Ras-transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and required the addition of the cysteine-rich domain (CRD) (Raf-1[51-220]GFP) to show clear localization to plasma membrane ruffles. In normal NIH 3T3 cells, (Raf-1[51-220]GFP) showed minimal membrane localization that was enhanced after stimulation with platelet-derived growth factor or phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Mutations within either the RBD (R89L) or CRD (C168S) disrupted the membrane localization of (Raf-1[51-220]GFP), suggesting that both domains contribute to the recruitment of the fusion protein to Ras at the plasma membrane. The abilities of the various constructs to localize to the plasma membrane closely correlated with their inhibitory effects on mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Membrane localization of full-length Raf-1-GFP was less prominent than that of (Raf-1[51-220]GFP) in spite of its strong binding to RasV12 and potent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. These finding indicate that both RBD and CRD are necessary to recruit Raf-1 to active Ras at the plasma membrane, and that these domains are not fully exposed in the Raf-1 molecule. Visualization of activated Ras in live cells will help to better understand the dynamics of Ras activation under various physiological and pathological conditions.
Investigating Self-Regulation and Motivation: Historical Background, Methodological Developments, and Future Prospects

The topic of how students become self-regulated as learners has attracted researchers for decades. Initial attempts to measure self-regulated learning (SRL) using questionnaires and interviews were successful in demonstrating significant predictions of students’ academic outcomes. The present article describes the second wave of research, which has involved the development of online measures of self-regulatory processes and motivational feelings or beliefs regarding learning in authentic contexts. These innovative methods include computer traces, think-aloud protocols, diaries of studying, direct observation, and microanalyses. Although still in the formative stage of development, these online measures are providing valuable new information regarding the causal impact of SRL processes as well as raising new questions for future study.
Development and application of an analytical method using gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for characterizing alkylated chrysenes in crude oil samples.

RATIONALE Recent advances in analytical techniques have led to the development of gas chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry methods that allow the identification of target analytes in complex environmental samples. We have employed this technology to develop a method for characterizing alkylated chrysenes, which are environmental toxins that are resistant to weathering. METHODS An Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph coupled to an Agilent 7000B triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used. The mass spectral fragmentation of seven commercially available alkylated chrysene standards was studied under full-scan and product-ion scan conditions. The calibration curves used were in the linear range with r(2) values greater than 0.99. The recovery and limit of detection of target analytes in the samples were in the range of 80-120% and 0.11-1.09 ng/mL, respectively. RESULTS The information inferred from full-scan and product-ion scan data was combined with literature data to develop a GC/MS/MS method for the identification and quantification of C1 -, C2 -, C3 -, and C4 -chrysene homologues. The method was employed to characterize MC252 crude oil which was released during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon accident. The results showed that the chrysene concentrations estimated by the proposed method were well within the range of previously reported values. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method is useful for analyzing chrysene and its alkylated homologues in crude oil samples.
Assessing medical students for non-traditional competencies

Assessing medical student competence in non-traditional domains can be challenging. Conventional methods of assessment are generally unsatisfactory. The authors discuss the approach taken at the Brown Medical School, USA to assess students at the beginner, intermediate, and advanced levels in the social and community contexts of health care – one of the nine abilities that comprise Brown's competency-based curriculum. At the beginner level, faculty use weekly field notes written by students about their experiences in community practice placements as the means for assessment. At the intermediate level, faculty assess students based on their completion of a project focused on a community health problem. At the advanced level, a screening process is used in which students first meet individually with a member of the assessment committee who determines if the student's efforts appear to meet the expected standards. If success seemed likely, then the student was encouraged to appear before the whole committee....
Structural Features of Metabolite-Sensing Riboswitches

Riboswitches, metabolite-sensing RNA elements that are present in untranslated regions of the transcripts that they regulate, possess extensive tertiary structure to couple metabolite binding to genetic control. Here we discuss recently published structures from four riboswitch classes and compare these natural RNA structures to those of in-vitro-selected RNA aptamers, which bind ligands similar to those of the riboswitches. In addition, we examine the glmS riboswitch – the first example of a ribozyme-based riboswitch. This RNA provides the latest twist in the riboswitch field and portends exciting advances in the coming years. Our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying genetic regulation by riboswitches has increased mightily in recent years and will continue to grow as new riboswitch classes and ligands are discovered and structurally characterized.
Factors Contributing to Heat Resistance of Clostridium perfringens Endospores

The endospores formed by strains of type A Clostridium perfringens that produce the C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) are known to be more resistant to heat and cold than strains that do not produce this toxin. The high heat resistance of these spores allows them to survive the cooking process, leading to a large number of food-poisoning cases each year. The relative importance of factors contributing to the establishment of heat resistance in this species is currently unknown. The present study examines the spores formed by both CPE+ and CPE− strains for factors known to affect heat resistance in other species. We have found that the concentrations of DPA and metal ions, the size of the spore core, and the protoplast-to-sporoplast ratio are determining factors affecting heat resistance in these strains. While the overall thickness of the spore peptidoglycan was found to be consistent in all strains, the relative amounts of cortex and germ cell wall peptidoglycan also appear to play a role in the heat resistance of these strains.
Multicenter study of neurodevelopment in 3-year-old children with and without single-suture craniosynostosis

Objective To evaluate the hypothesis that 3-year-old children with single-suture craniosynostosis would receive lower neurodevelopmental scores than a comparable group of children born with patent sutures. Design Longitudinal comparison study. Setting Five tertiary care craniofacial centers. Participants Patients with craniosynostosis (cases) and a comparison group of children without craniosynostosis (controls). Patients diagnosed with single-suture craniosynostosis from 2002 to 2006 were eligible as cases. Controls were frequency-matched to cases on age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and study site. Main Exposure Craniosynostosis. Main Outcome Measures We administered the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition, mental and motor development indices and the Preschool Language Scales, Third Edition, receptive and expressive communication scales. Children were evaluated at baseline (before surgery in cases and at a similar age in controls) and at 18 and 36 months of age. We compared the groups' performances at 36 months by fitting adjusted linear and logistic regression models. We also estimated adjusted associations between age at surgery and neurodevelopmental scores. Results Adjusted mean case deficits ranged from 3 to 6 points (P ≤ .008 for all comparisons). Compared with controls, the odds of cases being delayed ranged from 1.5 to 2.0, depending on the neurodevelopmental scale (P values ranged from .03 to .09). Cases' ages at craniosynostosis repair were not strongly related to neurodevelopmental performance. Conclusions In this large, carefully controlled, multicenter study, we observed consistently lower mean neurodevelopmental scores in children with single-suture craniosynostosis compared with controls. These results provide further support for neurodevelopmental screening in young children with single-suture craniosynostosis.
Developmental Ability of Human Eggs with or Without Birefringent Spindles Imaged by Polscope Before Insemination

BACKGROUND: Birefringent spindles imaged with the Polscope can predict fertilization rates after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The present study examined the development of human oocytes with or without birefringent spindles, imaged with the Polscope before ICSI. METHODS: Oocytes were obtained from stimulated ovaries of consenting patients undergoing oocyte retrieval for ICSI. Spindles were imaged with the Polscope combined with a computerized image analysis system. After imaging and ICSI, oocytes with or without spindles were cultured separately for examination of fertilization and embryo development. A total of 1544 oocytes from 136 cycles were examined with the Polscope and inseminated by ICSI. RESULTS: Spindles were imaged in 82% of oocytes. After ICSI, more oocytes (P < 0.05) with spindles (69.4%) fertilized normally, forming 2 pronuclei, than oocytes without spindles (62.9%). At day 3, more oocytes (P < 0.01) with spindles (66.3%) developed to 4–11 cell stages than oocytes without spindles (55.4%). Significantly more (P < 0.001) oocytes with spindles developed to morula and blastocyst by day 5 (51.1 versus 30.3%) and day 6 (53.2 versus 29.3%) compared with oocytes without spindles. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the presence of a birefringent spindle in human oocytes can predict not only higher fertilization rate, but also higher embryo developmental competence.
The effect of surface water and wetting on gecko adhesion

Despite profound interest in the mechanics and performance of the gecko adhesive system, relatively few studies have focused on performance under conditions that are ecologically relevant to the natural habitats of geckos. Because geckos are likely to encounter surfaces that are wet, we used shear force adhesion measurements to examine the effect of surface water and toe pad wetting on the whole-animal performance of a tropical-dwelling gecko (Gekko gecko). To test the effect of surface wetting, we measured the shear adhesive force of geckos on three substrate conditions: dry glass, glass misted with water droplets and glass fully submerged in water. We also investigated the effect of wetting on the adhesive toe pad by soaking the toe pads prior to testing. Finally, we tested for repeatability of the adhesive system in each wetting condition by measuring shear adhesion after each step a gecko made under treatment conditions. Wetted toe pads had significantly lower shear adhesive force in all treatments (0.86 ± 0.09 N) than the control (17.96 ± 3.42 N), as did full immersion in water (0.44 ± 0.03 N). Treatments with droplets of water distributed across the surface were more variable and did not differ from treatments where the surface was dry (4.72 ± 1.59 N misted glass; 9.76 ± 2.81 N dry glass), except after the gecko took multiple steps. These findings suggest that surface water and the wetting of a gecko's adhesive toe pads may have significant consequences for the ecology and behavior of geckos living in tropical environments.
Mode of First Delivery and Women's Intentions for Subsequent Childbearing: Findings from the First Baby Study

Background More than a dozen studies have reported a reduced rate of childbearing after caesarean delivery (CD). It has been hypothesised that this is because women who deliver by CD are less likely to intend to have subsequent children than women who deliver vaginally – either before childbirth or as a consequence of CD. Little research has addressed either of these hypotheses. Methods As part of an ongoing prospective study, we interviewed 3006 women in their third trimester and 1 month after first childbirth to assess subsequent childbearing intentions. Results Women who delivered by CD were similar to those who delivered vaginally in intent to have at least one additional child, both before childbirth (90.1% vaginal, 89.9% CD; P = 0.97) and after (87.8% vaginal, 87.1% CD; P = 0.87); however, women who had CD were less likely to intend two or more additional children, both before childbirth (34.7% vaginal, 29.2% CD; P = 0.03) and after (32.2% vaginal, 26.1% CD; P = 0.01). Among women who intended to have at least one additional child before childbirth, 5.0% reported intending to have no additional children 1 month after delivery (5.1% vaginal, 4.6% CD; P = 0.52). Conclusions Women whose first delivery is by CD are less likely to intend a relatively large family of three or more children than those who deliver vaginally, but delivery by CD does not decrease women's intentions to have at least one more child any more than does vaginal delivery, at least in the short term.
Benefits of Membership: The Activation and Amplification of Group Identities in Response to Social Rejection

Groups vary in the range of benefits they provide to members, but one potential benefit of membership is a confirmation of individuals' sense of belonging to a larger social whole. The current studies present an exploration of this potential benefit by examining the activation and amplification of group identities and memberships following rejection. Results demonstrate that rejected participants exhibited heightened activation of group constructs, social identities, and idiosyncratic group memberships (Studies 1 and 2) and judged their own groups to be more entitative (meaningful and cohesive) than other groups (Study 3) as compared to controls. Moreover, heightened activation of group constructs and entitative group memberships after rejection was associated with higher self-esteem (Studies 1 and 2) and more positive mood (Study 4). The potential use of group identity activation and amplification as an indirect belonging regulation strategy is discussed within the context of a broader belonging regulati...
Territorial Fidelity to Nectar Sources by Purple-throated Caribs, Eulampis Jugularis

Abstract We present the first record of territorial site-fidelity across multiple years by Purple-throated Caribs (Eulampis jugularis) on three different islands in the eastern Caribbean: St. Kitts, Dominica, and St. Vincent. Marked male Purple-throated Caribs were monitored throughout the flowering season of their main nectar resources, Heliconia caribaea (St. Kitts and Dominica) and H. bihai (St. Vincent), both native perennial herbs. Individual males were observed defending the same Heliconia patches for 3 years (St. Vincent), 4 years (St. Kitts), and 5 years (Dominica), and remained near these patches even when they were not in flower. The territorial behavior and resource dependence of Purple-throated Caribs on native heliconias likely have a key role in the coevolution of this specialized plant-pollinator interaction.
Assessment of Corrosion-Based Failure in Stainless Steel Containers Used for the Long-Term Storage of Plutonium-Based Salts

Abstract This paper summarizes our efforts to assess corrosion-related failure in stainless steel long-term storage containers bearing plutonium oxides and electrorefining salts. Pitting corrosion of the internal can wall is believed to occur when these salt particles deliquesce forming the electrolyte necessary for corrosion-electrochemistry. Extrapolation of pit depths from coupon studies using generalized extreme value (GEV) statistics found that the probability of a through-wall corrosion pit is finite; the maximum pit depth after 50 years would be on the order of 1.7 mm where the container wall is only 1.6 mm thick. To assess susceptibility to environmental cracking fracture toughness (J1C), experiments were used in conjunction with a J-integral diagram constructed using the GE/EPRI method for linear elastic-plastic materials. As apart of this analysis, the residual stress associated with the weld was measured using the laser contour method. The hoop stress in the weld region was found to be on the o...
Representation of the body surface in somatosensory area I of tree shrews, Tupaia glis.

Microelectrode mapping methods were used to determine the organization of the first somatosensory area, S-I, of tree shrews. Tree shrews were chosen for study because of their generalized body form, phylogenetic relationship to primates, and smooth, easily mapped cortex. A systematic representation of the contralateral body surface was found in an architectonically distinct zone identified as somatic koniocortex. Overall features of somatotopic organization were similar to S-I of other mammals, S-I of prosimian primates, and the Area 3b “S-I proper” representation of monkeys. Like Area 3b in monkeys and the somatic koniocortex in galagos, S-I in tree shrews is bordered caudally by cortex also responsive to somatosensory stimuli. Several aspects of S-I organization in tree shrews appear to be primitive and generalized. These include the representation of the trunk with the ventrum at the caudal margin of S-I, the restriction of the glabrous digits of the hand and foot to the rostral half of the representation and pointed rostralward, the representation of an anterior strip of the forelimb lateral to the hand, and a posterior strip of hindlimb medial to the foot representation. As in a number of other mammals, a large portion of S-I in tree shrews is devoted to the head. However, the proportion of S-I activated from the glabrous nose is greater in tree shrews than in any previously studied mammal. We conclude that S-I of tree shrews has both specialized and generalized features, and that the generalized features importantly relate to an understanding of the evolution of the primate somatosensory system.
TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS IN LEMURS ON ST. CATHERINES ISLAND, GEORGIA

Lemurs on St. Catherines Island, Georgia were tested for Trypanosoma cruzi infection to develop a better understanding of the epizootiology of the parasite in nonhuman primates in the southeastern United States. Fifty-six ring-tailed (Lemur catta), blue-eyed black (Eulemur macaco flavifrons), and black-and-white ruffed (Varecia variegata variegata) lemurs were tested by hemoculture and serology to determine the prevalence of T. cruzi in the population. Of those tested 3 (5%) were identified as culture positive and 25 (44.6%) as seropositive. When hemoculture results were compared with those from a similar study performed in 1997, prevalence remained unchanged. Genetic characterization of the 3 culture isolates indicated they belong to the T. cruzi IIa group, which is identical to strains previously isolated from raccoons on the island. Despite the occurrence of T. cruzi in the population, there was no evidence that the health of the lemurs was compromised as a result of infection. Based upon prevalence and available breeding records we speculate that both vertical and vector-mediated transmission play significant roles in the epidemiology of T. cruzi on the island. This also represents the first report of autochthonous infection in blue-eyed black and black-and-white ruffed lemurs.
Integrating classification-based compiled level reasoning with function-based deep level reasoning

Problem solving based on compiled associations between elements of the decision space and data is an efficient mode of reasoning for a large percentage of situations faced by an expert. But in some (usually small) percentage of cases, compiled associations are not enough by themselves to lead to correct results. Reasoning from “deeper” levels of understanding offers the advantage of producing correct results even in atypical cases, but at the cost of expanding more computational resources. Thus the trade-off between compiled level systems and deep level systems is between computational efficiency (at the compiled level) and problem-solving generality (at the deep level). We describe a hybrid system containing elements of both deep level reasoning and compiled level reasoning. More particularly, we propose a problem-solving architecture for category-based diagnostic problem solving which at the compiled level centers on classification problem solving and at the deep level uses a type of function-based reas...
Exploring the Philosophical Foundations of the Human Rights Approach to International Public Health Ethics

This chapter has four main points. First, I argue that the human rights approach to public health ethics, championed by Jonathan Mann and others, needs to engage with philosophical accounts of moral human rights. Second, I argue that, while both interest-based and agency accounts of moral human rights are defensible as philosophical accounts of human rights, and both have advantages as the foundation for a human rights approach to public health ethics, the interest-based approach is a natural fit for this approach. Third, I illustrate how engagement with the philosophical accounts of the structure of moral rights can help respond to the criticism that certain rights underpinning the human rights approach to public health ethics, such as the right to health, cannot be justified. Finally, I argue that the human rights approach to public health ethics promises to contribute to our understanding of both health and human rights.
Finding Common Ground Within the Partnership

Upon completion of Chapter 4: Finding Common Ground Within the Partnership, the student will be able to:
Topological transitions in unconfined vibrated concentrated suspensions

Abstract Vertical vibration of a concentrated suspension of spherical particles in a liquid yields an array of intriguing behaviors. Here we report new results for unconfined suspensions on a vibrating plate, and show that under certain conditions the suspension forms depressions or craters, while in other conditions it gathers to form a mound, a conical “volcano”, or even a sphere that sits just above the vibrating plate. This behavior results from a jamming transition as the plate accelerates upward, followed by unjamming as it accelerates downward. The ability of periodic jamming and unjamming to induce topological transitions is confirmed by scaling analysis, and sphere formation is further examined by numerical simulation of a suspension with an acceleration-dependent viscosity.
The nature of low-lying K π = 0 + bands in nuclei

Low-lying Kπ = 0+ bands are one of the most fundamental excitation modes in the spectra of deformed nuclei; however, very little is known about the nature of these excitations. We report on some new lifetime measurements using the GRID technique at ILL, and high-precision (p, t) reactions to elucidate the character of low-lying Kπ = 0+ bands in deformed nuclei. We also present results from a recent calculation on the nature of 0+ states using the projected shell model.
The electrical properties of cell membranes in granular or agranular anterior pituitary clonal cells.

SummaryThe electrical properties of the membrane of granular and agranular growth hormone-secreting clonal cells derived from the same parent clone of rat anterior pituitary cells were studied by the intracellular micro-electrode technique. An evoked spike potential was generated by a depolarizing current in the granular (SR7E8) but not in the agranular (SR7F2) clonal cells. The potential was not suppressed by tetrodotoxin (TTX), but could be abolished by somatostatin, verapamil and D-600. It, therefore, seems likely that it is a Ca-potential, rather than a Na-potential.
Becoming What You Are: The Reproduction of Organizational Status Orders in Uncertain Environments

This article proposes that organizations stabilize status orders by differentiating key activities in ways that tend to reinforce important audiences’ quality assessments. It outlines and tests a relational dynamic in which organizations signal “who they are” through “what they do”: higher status is reproduced by distancing from lower status organizations that compete with one another by hedging their profiles within less legitimated areas, thereby preserving or increasing the relative symbolic distances between higher and lower status positions. This is used to explain the puzzle of undergraduate program differentiation in the U.S. during a period of increasing uncertainty. Results from longitudinal models support the framework: adopting a less legitimate profile diminishes reputation for higher-status institutions, but decreases the likelihood of downgrades for those lower in standing; consequently, illegitimate change is more strongly linked to declining economic resources for higher status institution...
Oscillations in Ultrasonic Attenuation: Real or Spurious?

Experiences d'attenuation ultrasonore effectuees sur un substrat piezoelectrique de LiNbO 3 ainsi que sur un monocristal de UPt 3 et permettant d'observer des oscillations par variation du champ electrique. Dans un cas, ces oscillations sont reelles, dans l'autre, elles n'ont rien a voir avec un quelconque mecanisme d'attenuation a l'interieur de l'echantillon etudie
Healthy-Left, Unhealthy-Right: Can Displaying Healthy Items to the Left (versus Right) of Unhealthy Items Nudge Healthier Choices?

Would laterally displaying a healthy item to the left versus right of an unhealthy item influence choice and consumption? The results of seven studies demonstrate that displaying healthy items to the left (vs. right) of unhealthy items enhances preference for the healthy options. In addition, consumption volume of a healthy item (vis-a-vis an unhealthy item) is higher when it is placed to the left (vs. right) of the unhealthy item. We propose that a "healthy-left, unhealthy-right" (vs. healthy-right, unhealthy-left) lateral display pattern is congruent with consumers' mental organization of food items varying in healthfulness, which enhances ease of processing, which in turn enhances self-control, thereby leading to relatively higher likelihood of choosing healthy options. While prior studies have examined the role of several factors in influencing choices between healthy and unhealthy options, the present research is the first to demonstrate the effects of lateral display positions of healthy/unhealthy options on choice and healthful consumption. The findings of our research have important implications for designing retail food displays and restaurant menus as well as for conducting research studies involving healthy and unhealthy food displays.
Technical Note: Dosimetric effects of couch position variability on treatment plan quality with an MRI-guided Co-60 radiation therapy machine.

Purpose: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance in radiation therapy brings real-time imaging and adaptive planning into the treatment vault where it can account for interfraction and intrafraction movement of soft tissue. The only commercially available MRI-guided radiation therapy device is a three-head 60Co and MRI system with an integrated treatment planning system (TPS). Couch attenuation of the beam of up to 20% is well modeled in the TPS. Variations in the patient’s day-to-day position introduce discrepancies in the actual couch attenuation as modeled in the treatment plan. For this reason, the authors’ institution avoids plans with beams that pass through or near the couch edges. This study investigates the effects of differential beam attenuation by the couch due to couch shifts in order to determine whether couch edge avoidance restrictions can be lifted. Couch shifts were simulated using a Monte Carlo treatment planning system and ion chamber measurements performed for validation. Methods: A total of 27 plans from 23 patients were investigated. Couch shifts of 1 and 2 cm were introduced in combinations of lateral and vertical directions to simulate patient position variations giving 16 shifted plans per reference plan. The 1 and 2 cm shifts were based on shifts recorded in 320 treatment fractions. Results: Following TG176 recommendations for measurement methods, couch attenuation measurements agreed with TPS modeled attenuation to within 2.1%. Planning target volume D95 changed less than 1% for 1 and 2 cm couch shifts in only the x-direction and less than 3% for all directions. Conclusions: Dosimetry of all plans tested was robust to couch shifts up to ±2 cm. In general, couch shifts resulted in clinically insignificant dosimetric deviations. It is conceivable that in certain cases with large systematic couch shifts and plans that are particularly sensitive to shifts, dosimetric changes might rise to a clinically significant level.
Issues in conducting exposure therapy to treat combat veterans' PTSD

Publisher Summary Each war era brings with it unique nuances and social contexts that shape traumatic events, the way individuals perceive those events, and the availability of supportive social networks after such events. Individual dispositional factors add further variability. Most of the points stated throughout this chapter are based on clinical observations with veterans in the United States. It is reasonable to expect that the aforementioned factors may not influence posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom presentations similarly across different cultural and demographic groups. Further, as combat technologies continue to develop and new war theaters continue to emerge, it is expected that there will be new discoveries about the development, maintenance, and treatment of combat-related PTSD. Research into the etiology and treatment of PTSD represents a body of knowledge that can reasonably be expected to evolve as the role and structure of the military continues to be redefined.
Flexibility provisions in the design of international law

Introduction to Part II One of the underlying tenets of international relations is that the effects of uncertainty are particularly dramatic in the international context given there is no authority to ensure state survival. Suppose that states cannot anticipate whether a cooperative endeavor will benefit them or whether the benefits, in particular the distribution of benefits, will be stable over time. Cooperation might be precluded if the uncertainty is great and the states involved do not particularly trust each other's long-term intentions. Domestic shocks that affect international cooperative endeavors are also quite common, whether they be economic shocks that affect particularly important interest groups or security-related shocks like internal strife. Can states use institutional design to internalize or contract around the effects of such uncertainty? Contracting around uncertainty may not only make more cooperation possible. Uncertainty is also a major source of reneging in the international realm. It follows that agreements designed to accommodate uncertainty are less likely to be reneged upon than are those not designed that way. Thus institutional design might also affect the robustness of cooperation. Part II of this book addresses this theme by focusing on the institutional design tool of flexibility as a way of accommodating various forms of Uncertainty about the State of the World as well as Distribution problems. Duration provisions, escape clauses, withdrawal clauses, imprecision, and reservations are examined. In each chapter, the descriptive statistics and empirical analyses challenge some of the conventional wisdom. Chapter 4 on finite duration provisions shows the prevalence of this type of hands tying and explains how it can actually increase the credibility of commitment. Chapter 5 on escape and withdrawal clauses first presents surprising descriptive statistics about the types of agreements that allow escape as well as the vast variation even within issue areas on this dimension; with respect to withdrawal provisions (dismissed by some as examples of those final treaty clauses that are written without much thought), I find them to be strikingly meaningful and systematic in terms of both the length of their notice period and the time stipulated before they can be invoked. Chapter 6 argues that vague language and reservations are deliberate, rational choices, which implies that agreements incorporating such design tools are intended and expected to influence state behavior.
Effect of the Obesity Epidemic on Kidney Transplantation: Obesity Is Independent of Diabetes as a Risk Factor for Adverse Renal Transplant Outcomes

Background Obesity is a growing epidemic in most developed countries including the United States resulting in an increased number of obese patients with end-stage renal disease. A previous study has shown that obese patients with end-stage renal disease have a survival benefit with transplantation compared with dialysis. However, due to serious comorbidities, many centers place restrictions on the selection of obese patients for transplantation. Further, due to obese patients having an increased risk of diabetes, it is unclear whether obesity can be an independent risk, independent of diabetes for increasing adverse renal transplant outcomes. Methods To investigate the role of obesity in kidney transplantation, we used the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients database. After filtering for subjects that had the full set of covariates including age, gender, graft type, ethnicity, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, dialysis time and time period of transplantation for our analysis, 191,091 subjects were included in the analyses. Using multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for covariates we determined whether obesity is an independent risk factor for adverse outcomes such as delayed graft function, acute rejection, urine protein and graft failure. Cox regression modeling was used to determine hazard ratios of graft failure. Results Using multivariate model analyses, we found that obese patients have significantly increased risk of adverse transplant outcomes, including delayed graft function, graft failure, urine protein and acute rejection. Cox regression modeling hazard ratios showed that obesity also increased risk of graft failure. Life-table survival curves showed that obesity may be a risk factor independent of diabetes mellitus for a shorter time to graft failure. Conclusions A key observation in our study is that the risks for adverse outcome of obesity are progressive with increasing body mass index. Furthermore, pre-obese overweight recipients compared with normal weight recipients also had increased risks of adverse outcomes related to kidney transplantation.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characterization and Clinical Outcomes After NeoCart Surgical Therapy as a Primary Reparative Treatment for Knee Cartilage Injuries.

Background:Autologous cartilage tissue implants, including the NeoCart implant, are intended to repair focal articular cartilage lesions. Short-term results from United States Food and Drug Adminis...
Heterogeneous Integrated Microsystems With Nontraditional Through-Silicon Via Technologies

In this paper, the design, fabrication, and high-frequency characterization of three types of nontraditional through-silicon via (TSV) technologies are discussed. First, the integration of TSVs within a silicon microfluidic heat sink is presented; TSVs are fabricated within a pin-fin heat sink, and the frequency response of TSVs within a deionized-water-filled silicon pin-fin heat sink is experimentally analyzed. Second, to electrically shield the signal transmission of such TSVs, coaxially shielded TSVs consisting of multiple ground TSVs surrounding a single signal TSV are demonstrated. It is experimentally shown that as the number of ground TSVs increases, shielding is improved. Finally, a partial air-isolation technique is proposed to reduce TSV loss and capacitance at high frequencies.
Fear and Loathing in the Russian Empire

The Russian empire was remarkably fertile ground for hostility towards Jews and Muslims. The Russian tsars had ruled Muslims since the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and Jews from the late eighteenth century. However, tsarist elites only came to see both groups as major challenges to the imperial order in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when Muslims and Jews became stock figures in an ominous pantheon of ethnic and religious groups that seemed to pose a threat to the imperial political order. The shared story of how they came to inhabit analogous, yet unique, positions in the anxious imaginations of Russian elites is the focus of this chapter.
The Problem of Error: The Moral Psychology Argument for Atheism

The problem of error is an old argument for atheism that can be found in Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy. Although it is not widely discussed in the contemporary literature in the Philosophy of Religion, I resurrect it and give it a modern spin. By relying on empirical studies in moral psychology that demonstrate that moral judgments from human beings are generally susceptible to certain psychological biases, such as framing and order effects, I claim that if God is responsible for making human beings such that we have these biases, this means that God is not a perfect being. The findings in empirical moral psychology create a problem for the existence of God, traditionally conceived.
Characteristics Associated with Treatment Response and Satisfaction in Women Undergoing OnabotulinumtoxinA and Sacral Neuromodulation for Refractory Urgency Urinary Incontinence.

Purpose: We sought to identify clinical and demographic characteristics associated with treatment response and satisfaction in women undergoing onabotulinumtoxinA and sacral neuromodulation therapies.Materials and Methods: We analyzed data from the ROSETTA (Refractory Overactive Bladder: Sacral NEuromodulation versus BoTulinum Toxin Assessment) trial. Baseline participant characteristics and clinical variables were associated with 2 definitions of treatment response, including 1) a reduction in mean daily urgency incontinence episodes during 6 months and 2) a 50% or greater decrease in urgency incontinence episodes across 6 months. The OAB-S (Overactive Bladder-Satisfaction) questionnaire was used to assess satisfaction.Results: A greater reduction in mean daily urgency incontinence episodes was associated with higher HUI-3 (Health Utility Index-3) scores in the onabotulinumtoxinA group and higher baseline incontinence episodes (each p <0.001) in the 2 groups. Increased age was associated with a lesser de...
Mixed Lagrangian Formalism for Temperature-Dependent Dynamic Thermoplasticity

AbstractA variational temperature-dependent formulation is proposed and developed for dynamical problems of thermoplasticity. The variational method is based on a Hamiltonian approach using a weak ...