cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental concepts of power and energy measurement with the computer-aided-design tools

Computer-aided design (CAD) tools are frequently employed to verify the design objectives before the fabrication of an integrated circuit. Circuit simulators typically provide built-in functions to measure the power consumption. However, the accuracy of the measured power is mostly overlooked since the approximations and the methodology used by the existing built-in power estimation tools are not well documented. A blind-trust in the CAD tools may lead to gross errors in the power estimation. A generic methodology to accurately measure the power and energy consumption with circuit simulators is described in this paper. An equation to calculate the device power consumption based on the different current conduction paths in a MOSFET is presented. An expression for the total power consumption of a complex circuit is also derived by explicitly considering the different circuit terminals including the inputs, the outputs, and the body-contacts. Results indicate that the built-in functions of commercial circuit simulators can produce significant power measurement errors in a 65 nm CMOS technology. For deeply scaled nano-CMOS circuits producing significant leakage, a conscious power measurement with the proposed explicit methodology is recommended for an accurate pre-fabrication circuit characterization.
Improved heat sinking for laser-diode arrays using microchannels in CVD diamond

This work proposes a novel cooling system for high-power laser-diode arrays, for which the maximum optical output power density per unit surface area is limited by the temperature rise due to self-heating. The proposed system uses a microchannel heat sink made of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond, whose high thermal conductivity increases the efficiency of the channel-wall fins and reduces the array-to-coolant thermal resistance using a simple model for the combined conduction and convection problem. The resistance is calculated to be 75% less than that for a conventional configuration using a silicon microchannel heat sink. The present analysis strongly motivates a future experimental study.
Is pulpitis painful

AIM: To determine whether inflamed dental pulps progress to necrosis without pain. METHODOLOGY: Records of 2,202 maxillary anterior teeth endodontically treated at the University of Michigan were collected. Records of teeth presenting with periapical radiolucencies but no response to vitality tests were examined further to determine, from the history, whether the patient had experienced pain or no pain from the involved tooth. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the teeth included gave no history of spontaneous or prolonged pain to a thermal stimulus. No statistically significant differences in the incidence of 'painless pulpitis' were related to either gender or tooth type. Patients aged >53 years experienced 'painless pulpitis' more often than patients <33 years. CONCLUSIONS: Many teeth appear to progress to pulpal necrosis without the patient experiencing pain attributable to the pulp.
Caveats to a “Righted Order” of the Gospel of the Savior

Newly discovered ancient manuscripts of previously unknown texts found in a fragmentary, disordered, and incomplete state present challenges to modem scholars seeking to restore, conserve, and study them. The first order of business is the ordering of the disordered pages, if possible. Restoring page sequence is, in effect, reconstructing their original order in the ancient codex, from which sheets and leaves were detached, by accident or by design. Restoring page sequence cannot be accomplished apart from making a provisional transcription and translation of the fragments. A final critical transcription of the ancient text and its translation into a modem language, however, await the codicological reconstruction of the manuscript, for page sequence affects how a text is understood and hence translated. The process might popularly be described as trying to reconstruct a multilayered multisided jigsaw puzzle, lacking most of its pieces. The recently published Gospel of the Savior (P. Berol. inv. 22220, hereafter GSav) is one such previously unknown text, and its reconstruction proceeded in precisely the manner described above. In 1999, Charles W. Hedrick and Paul A. Mirecki (hereafter H&M) published the editio princeps of GSav. The publication was intended as a provisional edition to facilitate critical study and discussion of the text, rather than a terminal definitive edition that answered all questions and solved all problems.' Stephen Emmel (hereafter E) has published the first thorough critique of the editio princeps, providing new insights, as well as valuable new restorations of the Coptic text, based on his collation of the fragments now preserved in the Berlin Egyptian museum.2 He proposes a new arrangement of the fragmentary sheets and leaves of the manuscript, which he describes as the "righted order" of GSav. In addition, he proposes new placements of several fragments. This paper is intended as a caveat to users of his "righted order."
Evolving metadata needs for an institutional repository: MIT's DSpace

As the DSpace digital repository system develops, various metadata needs have emerged to accommodate the differing uses being made of the system. In the initial stages of the project a qualified form of the Dublin Core metadata set was developed for use within the system. Subsequently it became evident that metadata would also have to be imported from existing MARC sources for batch loads of scanned digital items. As the scope of DSpace content at MIT expanded to include the archiving of course web sites, the need for accommodating SCORM metadata became apparent. Interoperability requirements between like and unlike digital repositories has necessitated the creation of an OAI export format for metadata harvesters and a METS profile for exchange of metadata and disseminating information packages (DIPs) between DSpace federating institutions.
Cerebrovascular Autoregulation in Pediatric Moyamoya Disease

Summary Background Moyamoya syndrome carries a high risk of cerebral ischemia, and impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation may play a critical role. Autoregulation indices derived from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) may clarify hemodynamic goals that conform to the limits of autoregulation. Objectives The aims of this pilot study were to determine whether the NIRS-derived indices could identify blood pressure ranges that optimize autoregulation and whether autoregulatory function differs between anatomic sides in patients with unilateral vasculopathy. Methods Pediatric patients undergoing indirect surgical revascularization for moyamoya were enrolled sequentially. NIRS-derived autoregulation indices, the cerebral oximetry index (COx) and the hemoglobin volume index (HVx), were calculated intraoperatively and postoperatively to measure autoregulatory function. The 5-mmHg ranges of optimal mean arterial blood pressure (MAPOPT) with best autoregulation and the lower limit of autoregulation (LLA) were identified. Results Of seven enrolled patients (aged 2–16 years), six had intraoperative and postoperative autoregulation monitoring and one had only intraoperative monitoring. Intraoperative MAPOPT was identified in six (86%) of seven patients with median values of 60–80 mmHg. Intraoperative LLA was identified in three (43%) patients with median values of 55–65 mmHg. Postoperative MAPOPT was identified in six (100%) of six patients with median values of 70–90 mmHg. Patients with unilateral disease had higher intraoperative HVx (P = 0.012) on side vasculopathy. Conclusions NIRS-derived indices may identify hemodynamic goals that optimize autoregulation in pediatric moyamoya.
Cold exposure increases runningV˙o 2 max and cost of transport in goats

We inadvertently subjected a group of goats to 5 mo of cold exposure (mean minimum temperature less than −13°C) during an experiment designed to examine the effects of training by daily running on ...
Mad or Muddled: Mad or Muddled: Introduction to a Handbook of Private Schools

(1948). Mad or Muddled: Mad or Muddled: Introduction to a Handbook of Private Schools. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 106-106.
FORAGING DYNAMICS OF BIRD PREDATORS ON OVERWINTERING MONARCH BUTTERFLIES IN MEXICO.

By suspending nets within and adjacent to a 2.25 hectare overwintering colony of monarch butterflies in Mexico, we estimated that black-backed orioles and black-headed grosbeaks killed 4,550 to 34,300 and an average of 15,067 butterflies per day. A conservative calculation of mortality through the 135 day overwintering season was 2.034 million butterflies, or about 9% of the colony. The birds preyed selectively upon male butterflies, possibly because of a difference in fat content, or possibly because females contain higher concentrations and larger amounts of cardenolide or other defensive chemicals. The risk to individual monarchs of being killed was much greater on the colony periphery and in thinned areas of the forest. Bird predation thus is sufficient to have played a major role in shaping the evolution of the monarch's overwintering and aggregation behavior. Substantial daily variation in predation intensity occurred, 26% of which was attributable to the birds eating more butterflies on colder days, and 30% of which was attributable to a 7.85 day predation cycle. The hypothesis is put forward that the birds feed cyclically because they build up toxic levels of cardenolides or other defensive chemicals contained in the butterflies. The cyclic predation may reduce total predation on the colony by as much as 50%. Such chemical-based group protection is interpreted as a fortuitous by-product of the evolution of unpalatability through selective processes acting on other phases of the monarch's life history.
Blood pressure changes during electronarcosis.

ConclusionsA comparison of the blood pressure rises in the electronarcotised and test animals during electronarcosis and after the injection of 10-5 g adrenaline (Fig. 3 I and II) shows that the rise during electronarcosis (after elimination of the vagus effect) can be explained only for a small part by hormonal mechanisms. It must be mainly a nervous phenomenon.The considerable drop in pressure, which occurs when the high initial current is reduced, may be due to a period of decreased responsiveness of the sympathetic system after the strong stimulation. Normal stimuli and those set up by the lower maintenance current would then be unable to maintain the high or even the normal blood pressure. This is supported by the observation that, when electronarcosis is repeated at intervals of 10 minutes, this drop tends to become more marked.The second maximum in blood pressure (Fig. 1) may be caused by impulses produced in the sympathetic by the smaller maintenance current, after this system has recovered from t...
Malathion in house flies: its rate of uptake, translocation-distribution, and loss after administration by injection and after contact with treated surfaces.

When malathion was injected into the haemocoel of insecticide-susceptible and resistant Musca domestica L., recovery ranged from 99.2% (susceptible flies) at 0 hours to 7.8% (resistant flies) after an 8-hour holding period. The greatest amount was recovered from the ovaries, thoracic muscles, and exoskeleton. Only a small amount was recovered from the nervous system and alimentary tract. When both strains were placed in contact with residues of malathion on glass, about the same amount was picked up: the average per female was 0.699 µg for the susceptible and 0.764 µg for the resistant strain, but the flies then lost about 90% of the integumental contamination within 1 hour. A maximum amount of malathion was recovered internally at 0 hours (range 0.124 to 0.138 µg). The amount of malathion required to produce knockdown varied from one insect to another hut ranged from 0.14 µg to 0.55–0.60 µg. In general, longer exposures resulted in a greater amount picked lip from the integument and homogenate. In all tests with malathion, any amount of malaoxon that may have been present was so small that it could not be detected by gas chromatography.
Effect of hydrocortisone and nicotinamide on gamma glutamyltransferase in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

Isolated rat hepatocytes cultured on collagen coated plates exhibit a gradual fetal phenotypic change during time in culture. The fetal liver marker gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) was used to follow this change. Inasmuch as a significant overgrowth of nonparenchymal liver derived cells is seen frequently in primary cultures of hepatocytes, a technique was utilized that corrects for the presence of nonparenchymal cells. In media supplemented with either hydrocortisone (10(-5) M) or nicotinamide (25 mM) the original epithelial morphology of hepatocytes was preserved for a longer period of time than in unsupplemented media. Hepatocytes in unsupplemented media exhibited an increase in GGT specific activity over time. Hydrocortisone (10(-5) M) induced an increase in GGT activity compared to controls. Nicotinamide (25 mM) inhibited the increase in GGT activity compared to the unsupplemented hepatocytes. Our results indicate that GGT is regulated by hydrocortisone and nicotinamide.
Poly(A) site choice in retroelements: Deja vu all over again?

The primary transcripts encoded by retroelements contain two polyadenylation [poly(A)] sites, positioned 5' and 3' of the protein-coding sequences. To ensure efficient gene expression in these systems, a mechanism must operate that suppresses use of the 5' site, enhances use of the 3' site, or both. These possibilities have been examined in a recent series of experiments that have revealed two main regulatory themes. First, maximum 3' end processing can require sequences other than core poly(A) signals, which are transcribed only before the 3' site. Second, processing is partly inhibited when the site is positioned close to the promoter. These results should serve as the basis for a more detailed understanding of how the choice of the poly(A) site is regulated in these elements.
Mapping Esophageal Disease with Endoscopic Ultrasound

The gold standard for staging of esophageal cancer involves the use of a linear endoscope, linear and radial endoscopic ultrasound. To assess for occult adenocarcinoma in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s esophagus, a linear echoendoscope is used to identify the location of a suspicious nodule, and linear or radial ultrasound is typically used to assess the depth of the lesion and invasion of neighboring structures. Surgeons performing esophageal surgery and gastroenterologists managing these patients should be familiar with the technique of endoscopic ultrasound examination of the esophagus.
Epidemiology and outcome of new-onset atrial fibrillation in the medical intensive care unit

Abstract Objective To assess the incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) in the medical intensive care unit setting and describe associated characteristics and implications for long-term outcomes. Materials and Methods A single-center, retrospective study of patients admitted to a medical intensive care unit from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2013, was conducted. Atrial fibrillation (AF) diagnosis was categorized as NOAF or preexisting (PEAF). Intensive care unit characteristics along with in-hospital and long-term outcomes were compared. Results A total of 10, 836 patients were included, 582 (5%) with NOAF, 2368 (22%) with PEAF, and 7886 (73%) with non-AF. Adjusted ICU management differed (P Conclusions Risk factors for AF were less common in NOAF than in PEAF, yet NOAF incidence was associated with greater ICU disease severity and poorer short-term ICU outcomes. New-onset AF was not independently predictive of in-hospital mortality.
EEG Evaluation of traumatic brain injury and EEG biofeedback treatment

Quantitative EEG (QEEG) is a reliable, objective, clinically-sensitive, and inexpensive method to evaluate the effects of rapid acceleration/deceleration injuries to the brain. Reduced EEG power in the higher frequencies, and frontal and temporal changes in coherence and phase are the most consistently reported changes in the QEEG following traumatic brain injury. Clinical correlations between the QEEG and neuropsychological test performance, length of coma, Glascow coma score, post-traumatic amnesia, and MRI biophysical measures are all convergent and systematic, and can be relied upon to help determine the degree of brain injury and likely affects on cognitive functioning. Repeat QEEG testing does not result in a “learning effect” as occurs with repeated neuropsychological testing, and repeat QEEG testing can be nearly in real-time. Follow-up QEEG measures can help evaluate the rate and extent of recovery from trauma in paralyzed and immobile patients. Finally, QEEG biofeedback is a procedure that is increasingly used to ameliorate the effects of brain injury, especially mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological and other clinical measures are important, and integration with other imaging modalities is encouraged and made easy using high speed desktop computers.
The step-wise adsorption of nitrogen on carbon black

Adsorption measurements have been carried out for nitrogen on the commercial carbon blacks Spheron 6 and Vulcan. The adsorption on Spheron 6 is step-wise in the pressure range 0 to 45 mm. (fraction of surface covered approximately 10−5), and on Vulcan to at least 0.16 mm. Calorimetric measurements of differential heats of adsorption on Spheron 6 have shown that they vary with the amount of surface covered being greatest at low coverages and decreasing toward the heats of liquefaction as a limit. 1,2 This indicates that the surface of such materials contains various types of adsorption sites, having different heats of adsorption, and suggests that sufficiently refined measurements would show a step-wise adsorption isotherm. This paper reports the results of experimental studies of the adsorption of nitrogen on the carbon blacks Spheron 6 and Vulcan in the pressure range 0.00 to 75 mm., and at 0° and 100° C.
G 12/13 Pathways Potentiate Akt Phosphorylation in Platelets Mediated by G i /G z Pathways in a Src Kinase-Dependent Manner.

Akt is a serine/threonine kinase that is activated by various agonists including thrombin and ADP in platelets, and activation of Akt in platelets is known to require G i signaling pathways. Even though thrombin-induced Akt phosphorylation depends on secretion/G i pathways, thrombin caused much stronger Akt phosphorylation than ADP and epinephrine. In this study, we investigated the contribution of G 12/13 pathways to Akt phosphorylation mediated by G i or G z pathways. We used selective agonists to activate different G protein pathways. PAR4-activating peptide (AYPGKF) and thrombin failed to induce Akt phosphorylation in Gα q -deficient platelets, but Akt phosphorylation was restored to the levels achieved by AYPGKF and thrombin in wild-type platelets by selective supplement of either G i or G z signaling with 2-MeSADP and epinephrine, respectively. This phosphorylation of Akt was dramatically inhibited in the presence of PP2 (4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazole[3,4-d]pyrimidine), an inhibitor of Src family tyrosine kinase, but not by PP3, an inactive structural analog. Importantly, AYPGKF and thrombin induced the activation of Src kinase in Gα q -deficient platelets, suggesting the involvement of Src-dependent pathways in the G 12/13 signaling in potentiation of Akt phosphorylation. When human platelets were stimulated with low concentrations of YFLLRNP, a PAR1-specific partial agonist, to selectively activate the G 12/13 signaling cascade, Akt phosphorylation did not occur. However, combined stimulation of YFLLRNP-mediated G 12/13 signaling and selective activation of G i pathways caused the Akt phosphorylation. This Akt phosphorylation was blocked by the P2Y 12 receptor antagonist AR-C69931MX, or the PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002. Platelet aggregation induced by co-activation of both G 12/13 and G i signaling was dramatically inhibited by ML-9 (1-(5-chloronaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)-1H-hexahydro-1,4-diazepine hydrochloride), an Akt selective inhibitor, suggesting an important role of Akt in platelet aggregation stimulated by combined G 12/13 and G i pathways. These data demonstrate that G 12/13 signaling alone does not cause Akt phosphorylation in platelets, but G 12/13 signaling has a significant role in potentiating Akt phosphorylation mediated by selective G i or G z signaling in human as well as mouse platelets. Finally, we conclude that Src family kinases play an important role in this Akt phosphorylation in platelets.
Gradual Painless Visual Loss: Retinal Causes

This article addresses retinal causes of gradual painless visual loss in older adults. The most common condition causing gradual vision loss is nonexudative age-related macular degeneration, for which no effective treatment exists. Diabetic retinopathy is another common cause of gradual visual loss in older adults, in which photocoagulation, as well as vitreous surgery, may be helpful in preserving or restoring vision. Macular hole and macular pucker, which may cause central visual loss, are treatable with intraocular surgery, and visual improvement may be achieved in the majority of patients. Inflammatory causes of gradual visual loss in older adults are less common, and may benefit from immunosuppressive therapy.
Comparable Rates of Glucocorticoid‐Associated Adverse Events in Patients With Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Comorbidities in the General Population

Objective: To investigate the use of glucocorticoids (GC) and related adverse events (AE) in a long-term, geographically-defined cohort of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR). Methods: Using a population-based inception cohort, details of GC therapy were abstracted from medical records of all patients diagnosed with PMR in 2000-2014. Age- and sex-matched comparators without PMR were identified from the same underlying population. Cumulative and daily dosage of GC, rate of disease relapse, occurrence of GC-related AE, and rate of GC discontinuation were analyzed. Results: The study included 359 patients with PMR and 359 comparators. The median time to taper below 5mg/day for 6 months was 1.44 years (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.36-1.62), while the median time to permanent discontinuation was 5.95 years (95%CI:3.37-8.88). The mean cumulative dose of GC at 2 and 5 years was 4.0 grams (g) (standard deviation [SD] 3.5g) and 6.3g (SD 9.8g), respectively. The mean daily dose of GC at 2 and 5 years was 6.1 mg/day (SD 7.6) and 7.2 mg/day (SD 9.5), respectively. There were no differences in rates of AE between patients with PMR and comparators for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, or hip, vertebral or Colles fractures (p>0.2 for all). Cataracts were more common in patients with PMR than comparators (hazard ratio:1.72; 95%CI:1.23-2.41). Conclusions: Relapse rates in PMR are highest in the early stages of therapy. Despite often protracted therapy, with the exception of cataracts, the rates of studied morbidities linked to GC are not more common in PMR than comparators. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Ecology: Contests between species aid biodiversity

A modelling approach used to investigate competition between different species provides insight into how contests that have multiple players can help to maintain biodiversity. See Letter p.210 How the tremendous biodiversity observed in nature is maintained is a central question in ecology. Simple models of interacting competitors fail to reproduce the stable persistence of very large ecological communities, while neutral models in which species do not interact and diversity is maintained by immigration and speciation yield unrealistically small fluctuations in population abundance. Using competitive network models, Stefano Allesina and colleagues show that higher order interactions, whereby the presence of one species influences the interaction between other species, allow highly diverse communities to persist in closed systems with a fixed number and identity of species and in more realistic open systems, which gain new species through immigration and speciation.
Wider Implications of Institutional Neurosis

This chapter presents the wider implications of institutional neurosis. Institutional neurosis occurs when the original purposes of an institution are ignored, displaced by, or subordinated to increasing preoccupation with the rituals or symbols of administration or wealth of that institution. The mechanical chanting of prayers while appraising a fellow worshipper, a rigid adherence to the letter at the expense of the spirit of the law, investment of time and personnel in otiose administrative exercises, and paperwork in health services and hospitals with disregard for and neglect of the patients' treatment, comfort, or feelings are examples of neurotic distortions of institutions. The antics of the legislative, administrative, or professional staff obscuring and perverting the primary purpose of the institution to self-serve is analogous to a psychosis: its transactions failing to identify or heed the realities of its purpose and consuming its resources in activities irrelevant —and sometimes harmful—to the very objectives for which it was founded.
Miniaturized wireless power transfer systems using 3-D strongly coupled magnetic resonance

In this paper, a novel method using 3-D Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) is proposed in order to miniaturize Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) systems. This method successfully tuned the operating frequency to lower frequencies with excellent efficiencies, thereby reducing the size of SCMR systems. Also, 3-D SCMR systems based on two and three layered spiral resonators in opposite directions shift the working frequency to lower frequency efficiently, from 210 MHz to 162 MHz and 127 MHz, respectively.
Theory and analytical solution to Cryer's problem of N-porosity and N-permeability poroelasticity

Abstract Self-consistent extension of linear poroelasticity (Biot 1941) to overlapping systems or scales of porosity and permeability within fluid-saturated, elastic materials is presented. An arbitrary number of N porosity systems with linear relations for fluid flow within and in between the porosities is considered. The theory is applied to Cryer's problem of poroelasticity. The problem considers sudden confinement of a spherical sample of porous material while the pore fluid is allowed to drain from the surface boundary. The closed-form solution to Cryer's problem is developed in Laplace transform domain for the general case where N porosity systems with full inter-porosity fluid exchange properties are present in the spherical sample. Numerical results are retrieved in the time domain for a hierarchical class of multiple-porosity models describing the commonly observed porosity systems of organic-rich shale. The stress and pore fluid pressure solutions pertaining to the cases of up to five coexisting porosity systems are demonstrated.
Intracytoplasmic junctions in cardiac muscle cells.

Junctional structures formed by two parts of the plasma membrane of the same cardiac muscle cell were observed in ventricular myocardium of: a) patients with neoplasms, aortic valvular disease or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and b) dogs subjected to prolonged normothermic anoxic cardiac arrest. Most of these structures had features of desmosomes; other, more complex structures had components with features of desmosomes, fasciae adherentes and nexuses, and, therefore, resembled intercalated discs. These intracytoplasmic junctions were localized to: a) the peripheral cytoplasm at the sides or ends of cells, b) narrow invaginations of plasma membranes, c) narrow zones of deep, broad plasmalemmal invaginations and d) narrow branches of T tubules. In patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis or aortic valvular disease and in the dogs subjected to anoxic cardiac arrest, intracytoplasmic junctions were observed in hypertrophied or degenerated muscle cells which were located in areas of fibrosis and which showed loss of contact with adjacent cells. In patients with neoplasms, intracyto-plasmic junctions were found in degenerated cells which were located in areas of interstitial edema and which also showed loss of contact with adjacent cells. Our observations suggest that remodeling of cell surfaces following loss of intercellular contact is the most likely mechanism of formation of intracytoplasmic junctions.
ALLOANTIGENS SPECIFIC FOR NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses alloantigens specific for natural killer (NK) cells. The best evidence for a subset of lymphohemapoietic cells is the expression of a specific cell surface marker that distinguishes cells of that subset from other cells with similar morphology and/or properties. The discovery of the Lyt antigens of T cell subsets has been crucial to the understanding of the functions and lineal relations of these cells and the discovery of the NK-1 specific cell surface alloantigen of murine NK cells, which kill lymphoma cells in vitro (NK-1 cells) and constitutes the best evidence for the existence of these cells as a separate subclass of lymphohemapoietic cells. This chapter discusses strategies for defining NK-cell-specific alloantigens. It describes alloantigens of NKA cells and the sera made between different strains of mice of the same H-2 type that were tested for complement dependent anti-NK activity using normal murine spleen cells and the Moloney-virus-induced A strain lymphoma YAC.
Is It the Technologies or US? ICT Impacts on American Workers

This research draws on nationally representative data to examine the extent to which digital communication technologies, communication overflow, and social capital are related to ICT impacts on work. Results reveal the paradoxical and contingent nature of ICT impacts. Email and text message use are related to positive and negative ICT impacts. The frequency of IM contributes to productivity and flexibility, while SNSs use is not associated with any ICT impacts. Communication overflow enhances the positive and the negative ICT impacts. Social capital increases some of the positive ICT impacts but is neutral to negative ICT impacts on work. ICTs level the playground in some occasions, amplify existing inequalities in some occasions, but make no differences in other occasions.
A closer view of two technologies used in e-learning

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of learning by knowledge construction and sharing of experience. Students are taught how to build an e-Learning system by using either an ontology or a topic map. The paper contrasts these two e-Learning technologies to analyze their impact on the development of a pedagogical content under a granular form represented by ontology of the basic concepts of communication networks. During the building of the e-Learning systems, it becomes clear that the role of the ontology is to reduce the overall complexity of the creation process by assuring the necessary comprehension of customized learning requests as well as reusability and sharing for all actors involved.
In-vitro blood-brain barrier modeling: A review of modern and fast-advancing technologies.

The development of realistic in vitro blood–brain barrier (BBB) models that recapitulate the physiological parameters and molecular aspect of the neurovascular unit (NVU) is of fundamental importan...
Hearing Outcomes Following Type 3 Tympanoplasty With Stapes Columella Grafting in Canal Wall Down Mastoidectomy.

Objectives:To analyze hearing outcomes following Type 3 tympanoplasty with stapes columella grafting after canal wall down mastoidectomy and determine disease recurrence rates in patients undergoin...
A Genetic Algorithm for Joint Power and Bandwidth Allocation in Multibeam Satellite Systems

Communications satellites are becoming more flexible and capable in order to make better use of on-board resources and the available spectrum, and to satisfy the varying demands within the satellite broadband market. New generations of communications satellites will provide hundreds of Gbps of throughput by using advanced digital payloads, which will allow for beam-steering and beam-shaping, in addition to individual allocation of power and bandwidth for each beam. Therefore, dynamic resource management (DRM) techniques for communications satellites will be crucial for operators to fully exploit the capabilities of their satellites. This paper presents a new method for joint power and bandwidth allocation in multibeam satellite systems. To that end, we first develop a multibeam satellite model that accounts for propagation effects, interference among beams, and atmospheric attenuation. Next, we formulate the joint power and bandwidth allocation optimization problem and propose a novel algorithm to solve it. The basis of this algorithm is a genetic algorithm that is combined with repair functions to guarantee the validity of the solutions and speed up convergence. Finally, the usefulness of the algorithm is analyzed through two case studies: a notional case featuring a 37-beam satellite and a realistic case based on Viasat-l. The results obtained show that our joint power and bandwidth allocation algorithm can reduce the unmet system capacity (USC) by up to 40% (compared to just power allocation approaches). Furthermore, our experiments identify the variation of the demand among beams as a parameter that has a large impact on potential improvement: the higher the variation in demand among beams, the more beneficial it is to allow a greater flexibility in the range of bandwidth allocations allowed.
An Irish Race Convention? Body Politics and the 1924 Tailteann Games:

Covering the 1924 Tailteann Games, a 2-week sporting and cultural celebration held in the Irish Free State, the following article explores the broader sociocultural significance of the Tailteann’s ...
Caries as an archaeological problem-solving tool: reconstructing subsistence patterns in late prehistoric west-central Tennessee

The dentition from two Middle Mississippian period (~AD 1100-1350) site samples (Gray Farm [~AD 1150-1400], Link/Slayden [~AD 1200-1400]) from the Kentucky Lake Reservoir of west-central Tennessee area are examined for the presence of caries to assess whether a maize-intensive subsistence economy is evident or the retention of the cultivation of domesticated native seeds (i.e., the Eastern Agricultural Complex). Given the absence of archaeological context, the caries prevalence operates as an archaeological problem-solving tool. The caries prevalence by tooth type are compared to a Late Woodland period (~AD 400-900) site sample (Hobbs) from the Kentucky Lake Reservoir as well as three unequivocal maize-intensive site samples from the Late Mississippian period (~AD 1300-1550) of East Tennessee. The Gray Farm site aligns statistically with the maize-intensive samples; Link/Slayden does not and resembles the caries prevalence of the Hobbs sample. The Mississippianization process in the Kentucky Lake Reservoir clearly varies in the adoption of maize as a primary cultigen. This may reflect the difference in geo-political location of Gray Farm and Link/Slayden relative to neighboring Mississippian economies, particularly to the east (Middle Cumberland Culture), or it may reflect potential temporal differences among the Middle Mississippian period settlements within the Kentucky Lake Reservoir.
Cost-Effectiveness of Screening Ultrasound after a First, Febrile Urinary Tract Infection in Children Age 2-24 Months.

Objective To estimate the cost-effectiveness of routine, screening renal bladder ultrasound (RBUS) for children age 2-24 months after a first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), as recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. Study design We developed a decision analytic model that simulates a population of children after a first febrile UTI. The model incorporates the diagnostic utility of RBUS to detect vesicoureteral reflux and genitourinary anomalies. We adopted a health-system perspective, 5-year horizon, and included 1-way and 2-way sensitivity analyses. Costs were inflated to 2018 US dollars, and our model incorporated a 3% discounting rate. We compared routine RBUS after first, febrile UTI compared with routine RBUS after second UTI (ie, control arm). Our main outcomes were recurrent UTI rate and incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). Results Among children 2-24 months after a first febrile UTI, RBUS had an overall accuracy (true positives + true negatives) of 64.4%. The recurrent UTI rate in the intervention arm was 19.9% compared with 21.0% in the control arm. Thus, 91 patients would need to be screened with RBUS to prevent 1 recurrent UTI. RBUS increases QALYs by +0.0002 per patient screened, corresponding to an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $803 000/QALY gained. In the RBUS arm, 20.6% of children would receive unnecessary voiding cystourethrograms compared with 12.2% of children in the control group. Conclusions Screening RBUS after a first, febrile UTI in children age 2-24 months does not meet cost-effectiveness guidelines. Our findings support deferred screening until a second UTI.
Applying Child-Rights-Respecting Research to the Study of Psychological Well-Being: Global and Local Examples

The purpose of this chapter is to present a conceptual and methodological framework for conducting research on children’s psychological well-being that (a) promotes and protects their rights to participation by honoring their voices, (b) addresses culture and context as factors influencing the conceptual understanding of psychological well-being, and (c) facilitates culturally and contextually sensitive cross-cultural research. Examples from research conducted with colleagues in multiple countries are presented. The chapter concludes with thoughts about the professional development of researchers interested in rights-respecting research for and with children.
Considerations for Optimal Device Selection in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Review.

Importance Aortic valve stenosis (AS) is the most common manifestation of acquired valvular heart disease in developed countries. Several large-scale randomized clinical trials investigating the entire spectrum of patients with severe symptomatic AS from low to prohibitive risk have established transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) as a safe and effective alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement. Observations There are currently only 3 types of TAVR devices commercially available in the US, but several other valve types are undergoing clinical trials in the US. Because of fundamental differences in engineering features, each TAVR device type has specific strengths and limitations. This review aims to provide an overview of design features and clinical outcomes of various TAVR devices that are either commercially available or undergoing clinical investigation. Conclusions and Relevance Given the lack of large-scale head-to-head comparisons of various TAVR devices and the rapid development of new device iterations, there is insufficient evidence to claim superiority of one device type over another. Nonetheless, as each TAVR device has unique design characteristics, certain patient-related and anatomy-related factors may slightly favor one or several particular designs.
Uniqueness of laryngeal nerve injury following heart transplantation.

Background The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury (RLNI) after heart transplantation has not been well studied. This can manifest as vocal cord dysfunction causing dysphonia. Previous research is limited to aortic, coronary bypass, and valvular surgery. Identifying RLNI after heart transplantation is important in order to more accurately detail complications associated with this major surgery. Methods This is a retrospective study assessing 972 adult patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation between 2010-2019. Primary outcome was incidence of RLNI. Secondary outcomes were 1-year mortality and length of stay. Cardiology and otolaryngology notes were examined. Key word searches were used to identify possible RLNI in patients' health care record. Results 2.9% (29/972) of patients developed new RLNI confirmed by laryngoscopy during hospitalization. Patients with RLNI had a significantly increased risk of 1-year mortality (P = .015) and length of stay (P = .006) compared to those without RLNI. 68.9% (20/29) of RLNI was left-sided (68.9%). Conclusions Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury is a recognizable adverse outcome following heart transplantation. This study supports that RLNI is associated with increased 1-year mortality and length of stay. Early otolaryngology evaluation may be warranted to evaluate vocal cord mobility and address potential management.
François N. Diederich: Pioneer of carbon allotropes and molecular recognition.

Francois Nico Diederich, an iconic organic chemist who innovated and created in the fields of molecular recognition and host–guest chemistry, new allotropes of carbon and novel carbon-rich molecules, and drug activity and design, passed away on September 23, 2020 in Zurich, Switzerland at the age of 68, after battling an aggressive cancer. Francois N. Diederich. Reproduced with permission from ref. 1. Francois Diederich in the Chemistry Library at UCLA, 1980. Image credit: Marion C. Peters (Librarian Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles, CA). Francois and Georgine Diederich at UCLA in 2019. Image credit: Penny Jennings (University of California, Los Angeles, CA). A proud native of Luxembourg, Diederich became known the world over both for his chemical discoveries and for his warm, lively, and interactive personality. Educated first in Luxembourg and then earning his diploma and doctorate at the University of Heidelberg, Germany with Heinz Staab, Diederich gained early fame for the first synthesis in 1978 of a hydrocarbon that Staab had named “Kekulene” to honor the discoverer of the structure of benzene. Kekulene, containing 12 fused benzene rings in a planar circular structure, was resynthesized and studied by single-molecule imaging in 2019, and found to have the structural details predicted by Diederich and Staab. By conquering the synthesis of this molecule, Diederich became enamored of carbon-rich molecules that he studied throughout his career. Diederich was a postdoctoral fellow with Orville L. Chapman at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) from 1979 to 1981, and had fruitful interactions with Donald Cram, UCLA professor, who was on his way to the Nobel Prize in 1987 for host–guest chemistry. This field was another one in which Diederich became a world leader. Both of us (K.N.H. and J.F.S.) had similarly memorable educational interactions with Cram (and with Diederich!) at various times in … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: houk{at}chem.ucla.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Framing Effects and Group Differences in Public Opinion about Prison Pell Grants

After years of gridlock on the issue, a bipartisan group of members of Congress struck a deal in 2020 to restore eligibility for inmates to access Pell Grants. Evidence indicates that college education programs in prison reduce recidivism and, consequently, state corrections expenditures, but legislators in prior decades feared that voters would resent government subsidy of college classes for criminals. To assess the contemporary politics of the issue, we analyze data from a framing experiment embedded in the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. We find that Americans, on average, neither support nor oppose the proposal to restore inmates’ Pell Grant eligibility; however, exposure to arguments about the proposal’s benefits to inmates in particular and American society more broadly both increased subjects’ support. We further explore how this framing effect varies across political partisanship and racial resentment. We find that both frames elicited a positive response from subjects, especially among Democrats and subjects with low or moderate racial resentment.
Data-Driven Reachability Analysis with Christoffel Functions.

We present an algorithm for data-driven reachability analysis that estimates finite-horizon forward reachable sets for general nonlinear systems using level sets of a certain class of polynomials known as Christoffel functions. The level sets of Christoffel functions are known empirically to provide good approximations to the support of probability distributions: the algorithm uses this property for reachability analysis by solving a probabilistic relaxation of the reachable set computation problem. We also provide a guarantee that the output of the algorithm is an accurate reachable set approximation in a probabilistic sense, provided that a certain sample size is attained. We also investigate three numerical examples to demonstrate the algorithm's capabilities, such as providing non-convex reachable set approximations and detecting holes in the reachable set.
Fool Me Twice? Data Breach Reductions Through Stricter Sanctions

Data breach notification laws in the United States mandate firms to take remedial actions when consumer data is compromised. Interestingly, the policies contained within these laws vary by state and by year of law enactment. We investigate the effects of the various policies to determine how firms respond to the implementation of data breach notification laws. Drawing upon institutional and deterrence theory, we hypothesize that firms facing stricter sanctions resulting from a data breach will experience fewer subsequent breaches in comparison to other firms. We create a unique panel data set using breach information collected between 2005 and 2016 to estimate several panel regressions with fixed effects. Our results show that policies that increase the costs associated with a data breach reduce a firm’s subsequent breaches by up to 50%, depending on the policy. Our findings are consistent across several robustness models and offer unique theoretical contributions to the information security literature as well as practical contributions to policymakers and security experts.
Molecular testing results as a quality metric for evaluating cytopathologists' utilization of the atypia of undetermined significance category for thyroid nodule fine-needle aspirations.

Introduction The use of the indeterminate category of atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) for thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) should be kept to a minimum. Here, we investigate the utility of combining AUS utilization rates with Afirma (Veracyte, Inc., South San Francisco, CA) genomic sequencing classifier (GSC) molecular testing results as a quality improvement metric for describing cytopathologist practice patterns. Materials and methods Thyroid FNAs evaluated in our laboratory by 9 cytopathologists from December 2017 to July 2021 were stratified by Bethesda diagnostic category, and Afirma GSC testing results for AUS cases were compiled and correlated with AUS call rates. Results Over this period, the laboratory AUS rate was 22.3% (672 of 3008), with an individual cytopathologist range of 11.6% to 39.3%. Afirma GSC testing had suspicious (GSC-S) results in 29% (48 of 167) of cases, with a cytopathologist range of 5% to 67%. Linear regression analysis of individual AUS rates versus Afirma GSC-S rates demonstrated no significant relationship between these 2 variables. However, based on the pattern of AUS use and GSC-S rates, a novel conceptual framework for understanding cytopathologist practice patterns is proposed. Conclusions Combining molecular testing results with AUS call rates of thyroid nodules can provide a more nuanced explanation of cytopathologist practice patterns, and can be utilized to provide directed feedback to bring individual cytopathologist diagnostic category use in line with laboratory averages or published benchmarks.