cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Victim and Perpetrator Characteristics on Ratings of Guilt in a Sexual Assault Case

Scholars have long investigated how perceptions of the victim affect judgments in a sexual assault case, but little research has investigated perceptions of the perpetrator. Participants (N = 322) ...
Survival among Black and White patients with renal cell carcinoma in an equal-access health care system.

Unequal access to health care may be a reason for shorter survival among Black patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) than among their White counterparts. No studies have investigated survival disparity among RCC patients in an equal-access health care delivery system. This study aimed to examine racial differences in survival among clear cell RCC patients in the Department of Defense’s (DoD) Military Health System (MHS), which provides equal access to care to all persons. The study used the DoD’s Automated Central Tumor Registry to identify 2056 White patients and 370 Black patients diagnosed with clear cell RCC between 1988 and 2004. The subjects were followed through 2007 with a median follow-up time of 4.8 years. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were compared and a Cox model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) associated with survival by race. During follow-up, 1,027 White and 158 Black patients died. The Kaplan–Meier curves showed that Black patients had more favorable overall survival than did White patients (log rank p = 0.031). After adjustment for demographic, tumor, and treatment variables, the Cox model showed no statistically significant racial difference overall (adjusted HR 1.07, 95 % CI 0.90–1.28) or stratified by age, sex or tumor stage. However, among patients who did not undergo surgery, Black patients had poorer survival than White patients. The lack of racial difference in survival among RCC patients in the MHS may be related to equal access to health care. Improved access could reduce the survival disparity among RCC patients in the general population.
Being a Korean Studying Koreans in an American School: Reflections on Culture, Power, and Ideology

Recent debates on situated knowledge highlight the issue of the researcher’s position in the research process, challenging the traditional assumption of the insider/outsider dichotomy. Drawing on my fieldwork among Korean immigrant parents in an American school, I describe my shifting positions in negotiation and scrutinize the ways my reflexivity intersects with culture, power relations, and political ideologies in the research process. This self-analysis highlights partial and situated knowledge claims, questioning the author’s value-neutral, authoritative voice in texts. I argue that the researcher should critically reflect on her location in the field and articulate how this position influences the research. Key Words: Insider/Outsider, Reflexivity, Autoethnography, Researcher Positionality, Fieldwork, Koreans, Parent Involvement.
Oxytocin increases eye gaze in schizophrenia.

Abstract Abnormal eye gaze is common in schizophrenia and linked to functional impairment. The hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin modulates visual attention to social stimuli, but its effects on eye gaze in schizophrenia are unknown. We examined visual scanning of faces in men with schizophrenia and neurotypical controls to quantify oxytocin effects on eye gaze. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 33 men with schizophrenia and 39 matched controls received one dose of intranasal oxytocin (40 IU) and placebo on separate testing days. Participants viewed 20 color photographs of faces while their gaze patterns were recorded. We tested for differences in fixation time on the eyes between patients and controls as well as oxytocin effects using linear mixed-effects models. We also tested whether attachment style, symptom severity, and anti-dopaminergic medication dosage moderated oxytocin effects. In the placebo condition, patients showed reduced fixation time on the eyes compared to controls. Oxytocin was associated with an increase in fixation time among patients, but a decrease among controls. Higher attachment anxiety and greater symptom severity predicted increased fixation time on the eyes on oxytocin versus placebo. Anti-dopaminergic medication dosage and attachment avoidance did not impact response to oxytocin. Consistent with findings that oxytocin optimizes processing of social stimuli, intranasal oxytocin enhanced eye gaze in men with schizophrenia. Further work is needed to determine whether changes in eye gaze impact social cognition and functional outcomes. Both attachment anxiety and symptom severity predicted oxytocin response, highlighting the importance of examining potential moderators of oxytocin effects in future studies.
Self Synchronizing Controller for a Multifunctional Single Phase AC-DC-AC Converter

In order to enable flexible grid topologies for single-phase systems, the design, operation, and control of microgrids both globally and locally become important. Bi-directional power flow, seamless operational transitions in the midst of disturbances and the integration of new technologies are all relevant in modern power systems. To enable such important functionality, we explore new additions to the rectifier and inverter controllers in an AC-AC converter with a topology containing few switches. A self-synchronization technique is used to allow for a more simple synchronization implementation while exhibiting stabilizing behavior. Also, additions will be made to the controller to control the voltage and ripple at the DC stage of the AC-AC converter. An AC-AC converter, with enhancements to its controller, can perform various operations and is hence useful in various scenarios that may be encountered during power system/microgrid operation.
Primary Palliative Care of Adults with New Onset Heart Failure

Introduction: Persons with heart failure (HF) suffer from distressing symptoms and quality of life (QOL) challenges that can be addressed by an individualized palliative care (PC) approach early and throughout the disease trajectory. However, of the 6.5 million Americans with HF,
Toronto School of Theology: Global Connections—Past and Present with Reflections for the Next Fifty Years

Video AbstractToronto School of Theology: Global Connections This article focuses on celebrating the global connectedness of the Toronto School of Theology (TST) and its member colleges with some r...
The Priority Review Voucher Program at the FDA: From Neglected Tropical Diseases to the 21st Century Cures Act

The priority review voucher program at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was established in 2007 to incentivize research and development (R&D) in traditionally underfunded diseases. While shrouded in controversy and criticism, the program has recently been bolstered by the passage of the 21st Century Cures Act, which prevented the vouchers from sunsetting and furthered the overall scope of the program. As the voucher program reaches the end of its first decade, this Article discusses its impact, with a focus on recent developments. The Article builds on literature suggesting that the voucher program has been ineffective in incentivizing research on neglected diseases. It is the first to consider the expansion of the vouchers to cover R&D on Ebola and Zika, arguing that the expansion was attributable to misguided bipartisan political support and is likely to result in further cross-subsidization benefiting R&D on mainstream diseases. Finally, this is also the first scholarly piece to discuss the likely impact of the 21st Century Cares Act on the program.
A nonboundary nef divisor on M0,12

The moduli space of stable curves of genus 0 with n marked points, M0;n , has a stratification where the codimension k strata are the irreducible components of the locus of curves with at least k nodes. Fulton, motivated by analogy with toric varieties, asked whether any effective cycle is numerically equivalent to an effective sum of these strata (see Keel and McKernan [7, Question 1.1]). In the case of divisors, this is known to be false; Keel and Vermeire [9] constructed effective divisors on M0;6 that are not effective sums of boundary divisors (the codimension 1 strata).
The Dark Heart of Critical Citizenship

Many liberal advocates of personal autonomy support a related ideal of critical independence, a condition in which people would be capable of “stand[ing] apart” from their values, principles, and attachments, so as to “survey and assess their various final ends.” However, I propose that liberals are mistaken to think that critical independence is an ideal worthy of pursuit, allegiance, or inclusion in one’s conception of the good. In this essay, I outline generally applicable conceptions of personal autonomy and critical independence, respectively, and describe the attractiveness of these ideals. I argue that it is wrong to aspire to achieve the ideal of critical independence, and elaborate why the ideal is seriously flawed. I subsequently give reason to think that popular conceptions of personal autonomy are compromised insofar as they rely upon critical independence, as many of them do. I then forestall objections to the case, and briefly sketch an alternative model, a better and more workable standard of rational reflection and critical thinking that liberals might endorse. This standard employs an archetype of reflection that repairs the failings of critical independence, and has potential to more properly acknowledge the respectability of ways of life that do not promote or aspire to achieve high levels of personal autonomy.
Placement on COVID-19 Units Does Not Increase Seroconversion Rate of Pediatric Graduate Medical Residents

Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated disease COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has presented graduate medical education (GME) training programs with a unique set of challenges. One of the most pressing is how should hospital systems that rely on graduate medical residents provide appropriate care for patients while protecting trainees. This question is of particular concern as healthcare workers are at high risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Objective: This cross-sectional study sought to assess the impact of hospital COVID-19 patient placement on pediatric graduate medical residents by comparing rates of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion rates of residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams and those who did not. Methods: Forty-four pediatric and medicine-pediatric residents at Riley Children's Hospital (Indianapolis, IN) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG seroconversion in May 2020 using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (Abnova catalog no. KA5826), 2 months after the first known COVID-19 case in Indiana. These residents were divided into two groups: those residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams, and those who did not. Groups were compared using χ2 or Fisher exact test for categorical variables, and continuous variables were compared using Student t testing. Results: Forty-four of 104 eligible residents participated in this study. Despite high rates of seroconversion, there was no difference in the risk of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion between residents who worked on designated COVID-19 teams (26% or 8/31) and those who did not (31% or 4/13). Eleven of 44 residents (25%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG, whereas only 5/44 (11.4%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgM, without a detectable difference between exposure groups. Conclusion: We did not observe a difference in SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion between different exposure groups. These data are consistent with growing evidence supporting the efficacy of personal protective equipment. Further population-based research on the role of children in transmitting the SARS-CoV-2 virus is needed to allow for a more evidence-based approach toward managing the COVID-19 pandemic.
Behavioral Economics and the Service Organization

This note summarizes some important learnings from the study of behavioral economics of which service organizations should be aware in order to enhance customers' emotional experiences and help direct their decision making—in an ethical manner. Excerpt UVA-OM-1548 Dec. 20, 2017 Behavioral Economics and the Service Organization Imagine you are searching online for an island beach vacation for your family this winter. You notice an ad for an all-inclusive resort with a 65% off special. You click the link and the pictures of smiling people running barefoot on the beach and the site's background reggae music transport your senses. You call and the incredibly friendly sales agent asks for your name and teases you with the current weather and the ocean temperatures, but then informs you that the special deal is not available during the dates you are interested in. Not to worry, she says, because there are several other choices that week, including another great package running at 25% off, though that one doesn't include complimentary breakfast. She mentions that this is the most popular package for guests in your situation. It still is 25% off, you figure. Near the end of the call, you are considering your choices. The agent searches a bit more and realizes she can offer you the free breakfast after all. You are overjoyed and decide to book the 25% off deal! Count another win for behavioral economics (BE), which uses psychological testing to determine typical biases people have that can drive their decision making. In the perfect world of classical economic theory, we would not alter our decisions based on the framing of options, the choices of others, or the order of the service experience. We would weigh the costs and benefits rationally and choose the optimal value. But we don't—at least, not all the time. Our emotions often guide us in ways we can't even articulate, or we make snap decisions based on rules of thumb—cognitive shortcuts called heuristics. This note summarizes some of the important learnings from the study of BE of which service organizations should be aware in order to enhance customers' emotional experiences and help direct their decision making—in an ethical manner. The Beginnings of Behavioral Economics . . .
Therapeutic plasma exchange in liver failure

The multi-organ failure syndrome associated with acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is thought to be mediated by overwhelming systemic inflammation triggered by both microbial and non-microbial factors. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been proven to be an efficacious therapy in autoimmune conditions and altered immunity, with more recent data supporting its use in the management of liver failure. Few therapies have been shown to improve survival in critically ill patients with liver failure who are not expected to survive until liver transplantation (LT), who are ineligible for LT or who have no access to LT. TPE has been shown to reduce the levels of inflammatory cytokines, modulate adaptive immunity with the potential to lessen the susceptibility to infections, and reduce the levels of albumin-bound and water-bound toxins in liver failure. In patients with acute liver failure, high volume TPE has been shown to reduce the vasopressor requirement and improve survival, particularly in patients not eligible for LT. Standard volume TPE has also been shown to reduce mortality in certain sub-populations of patients with ACLF. TPE may be most favorably employed as a bridge to LT in patients with ACLF. In this review, we discuss the efficacy and technical considerations of TPE in both acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure.
Taxing Internet Sales: Trying to Make a Two-Thousand-Year-Old Jurisdiction Test Work in the Dot-Com Economy

An examination of the United States Supreme Court's Due Process clause and Commerce clause state taxation jurisprudence as applied to electronic commerce.
EPROACH: A Population Vaccination Game for Strategic Information Design to Enable Responsible COVID Reopening

The COVID-19 lockdowns have created a significant socioeconomic impact on our society. In this paper, we propose a population vaccination game framework, called EPROACH, to design policies for reopenings that guarantee post-opening public health safety. In our framework, a population of players decides whether to vaccinate or not based on the public and private information they receive. The reopening is captured by the switching of the game state. The insights obtained from our framework include the appropriate vaccination coverage threshold for safe-reopening and information-based methods to incentivize individual vaccination decisions. In particular, our framework bridges the modeling of the strategic behaviors of the populations and the spreading of infectious diseases. This integration enables finding the threshold which guarantees a disease-free epidemic steady state under the population's Nash equilibrium vaccination decisions. The equilibrium vaccination decisions depend on the information received by the agents. It makes the steady-state epidemic severity controllable through information. We find out that the externalities created by reopening lead to the coordination of the rational players in the population and result in a unique Nash equilibrium. We use numerical experiments to corroborate the results and illustrate the design of public information for responsible reopening.
Objective Evidence for the Beneficial Effect of a High Fluid Intake in the Management of Nephrolithiasis

The importance of oral fluid intake on the formation and prevention of renal stones has long been emphasized1–5. The nephrolithiasis occurring in hot climates has been attributed partly to the low urine output resulting from an excessive sweat loss and dehydration2. A recent study by Robertson identified a low urine volume as an important risk factor for nephrolithiasis6. Thus, it has been customary to recommend a high fluid intake in patients with renal stones to assure an adequate urine volume3-5,7. However, the physicochemical effects and the ability of this regimen to prevent stone-formation have not been shown.
The Role of Cyclophosphamide and Total-body Irradiation in Marrow Transplantation for Severe Aplastic Anemia

Graft failure is a major obstacle to successful bone marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia with an incidence of 30 to 40 percent in several large series (1,3,14,17,21). Graft failure, i.e., either initial failure of engraftment or engraftment with the subsequent breakdown of the graft, is thought to be immunologically mediated and related to graft rejection in most instances.
Not a book of one's own: the Contes indiens and Mallarmé's silken self

Abstract: While Marco Polo‟s trips to China are remembered as « la route de la soie », this article shows that Stephane Mallarme‟s Contes Indiens represent an imaginary road towards a literary self. To better inscribe his own ethos, the poet rewrites Mary Summer‟s 1878 tales as if they were a rough stuff, to be sewed and embroidered with a few precious stones. In the end, Mallarme emerges as author behind a borrowed mask of oriental otherness. Resume: Tandis que l‟on se souvient des voyages de Marco Polo en Chine comme de « la route de la soie », cet article revele que les Contes Indiens de Stephane Mallarme s‟averent une route imaginaire vers un soi litteraire. Afin de mieux inscrire son ethos, le poete reecrit les contes de 1878 de Mary Summer, comme si ces derniers n‟etaient qu‟une simple etoffe a recoudre et embellir de quelques pierres precieuses. Au bout du compte, Mallarme apparait en tant qu‟auteur derriere le masque d‟emprunt d‟un autrui oriental.
Promoting healthy living in Latin America and the Caribbean : governance of multisectoral activities to prevent risk factors for non-communicable diseases

This report contributes to the design and implementation of policies that promote healthy living in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), thus effectively preventing premature mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the region. It examines the health and economic impact of NCDs in the region and the governance challenges in the design and implementation of multisectoral policies to prevent these conditions, including polices to improve diet, increase physical activity, and reduce tobacco use and alcohol abuse. The study focuses on how policy decisions involving multisectoral interventions to prevent health risk factors are taken, which stakeholders directly or indirectly participate in those decisions, which incentives they experience, and what strategies they use in these processes. This document is divided into six chapters: 1) non-communicable diseases in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2) risk factors for NCDs in Latin America and the Caribbean, 3) economic impact of NCDs in Latin America and the Caribbean, 4) governance of multisectoral interventions to promote healthy living: international examples, 5) multisectoral interventions to promote healthy living in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 6) lessons learned and agenda for the future.
Some observations on Fallopian tube fluid in the monkey

Abstract A system for continuous collection of oviductal fluid has been applied to the monkey. The uterotubal juncture is ligated and the cannula is fixed at the fimbriated extremity and brought through a stab wound in the lateral abdominal wall. Externally, it is connected to an insulated chamber to which refrigerant is delivered. Accumulated fluid is maintained at 3 to 5° C. Monkeys are placed in restraining chairs, and superovulation is induced with human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin. Fluid contents are evaluated at intervals and preliminary data on the glucose, lactate, electrolyte, hexosamine, and protein levels reviewed. The approach used will permit a daily assessment of the quality of tubal fluid throughout the menstrual cycle.
Enhancing Critical Thinking across the Undergraduate Experience: An Exemplar from Engineering.

Faculty in a large, urban school of engineering designed a longitudinal study to assess the critical thinking skills of undergraduate students as they progressed through the engineering program. The Paul-Elder critical thinking framework was used to design course assignments and develop a holistic assessment rubric. The curriculum was re-designed to include deliberate teaching of critical thinking and assessment in at least one key course for every student each year of their undergraduate curriculum. The critical thinking scores for seniors using the holistic rubric were significantly higher than their baseline critical thinking scores as freshmen (p = .004). This case-study can serve as an exemplar for other units, departments, or programs to model or replicate.
Pivotal clinical trials of novel ophthalmic drugs and medical devices: retrospective observational study, 2002-2012

Objectives: Novel therapeutics are an important part of ophthalmologists’ armamentarium, and the risks and benefits of these therapies must be carefully evaluated. We sought to quantify the characteristics of the pivotal clinical trials supporting the regulatory approval of new ophthalmic drugs and medical devices. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting and data source: Medical review dossiers for new ophthalmic drug and high-risk device approvals released publicly by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Main outcome measures: Proportion of pivotal trials with randomisation, masking, active or placebo controls and subgroup analyses; total and median number of trial enrollees; and the number of drugs and devices approved with required postapproval studies. Results: From 2002 to 2012, the FDA approved 11 ophthalmic drugs and 25 devices. The pivotal trials underlying the approvals of ophthalmic drugs in our study cohort enrolled a median of 809 patients. Virtually all drug trials were randomised and masked (91%), of which 7 (70%) used a placebo control. Pivotal trials for ophthalmic devices enrolled 324 patients on average, and significantly fewer trials for ophthalmic devices versus drugs were randomised (16% vs 91%; p<0.001) or masked (12% vs 91%; p<0.001). 8 (32%) ophthalmic devices and 6 (55%) ophthalmic drugs were approved with required postapproval studies. Conclusions: Ophthalmic therapeutics were approved based on varying levels of evidence. Postapproval studies could be used to confirm or refute early indications of safety and effectiveness of these therapeutics, with the study results accessible to patients and clinicians who need to make informed treatment decisions.
Copper Deposition in the Presence of Polyethylene Glycol II. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results are shown and interpreted with regard to other recent experimental studies for copper deposition in the presence of polyethylene glycol and Cl - . The model assumes the adsorption of a nearly complete monolayer of PEG in the presence of chloride ions and no adsorption without Cl - . The primary effect of PEG adsorption which does not appear to vary with time during an EIS measurement, is a blocking of available surface sites for charge transfer. The model effectively predicts changes in steady-state and EIS results with changes in Cl - concentration and rotation rate on a rotating disk electrode.
Geographical Change: A Theme for Economic History

A Geographer speaking to the theme of the relationships of his field with that of economic history has many choices. Mine is to suggest ways, and one in particular, in which we may be of service to you. There is much that we need from you, too, but it seems less presumptuous to offer than to ask and it may be more useful to you in the long run to do so.
Chemosensory Response of Desert Iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) to Skin Lipids from A Lizard-Eating Snake (Lampropeltis getula californiae)

Several species of lizards respond to chemicals from sympatric lizard-eating snakes with increased tongue-extrusion rates. These substances also elicit antipredator behavior indicating that they have important ecological functions and the resulting behavior can have serious implications for individual fitness of lizards. However, the source and type of snake chemical cues that elicit these behavioral changes in lizards have yet to be determined. We tested the ability of adult desert iguanas (Dipsosaurus dorsalis) to detect and identify a potential predator by exposing them to lipids extracted from shed snakeskins. Lipids were extracted from cast skins of a known lizard-eating snake, the California kingsnake (Lampropeltis getula californiae), using chloroform and methanol. Test subjects were presented with skin lipids as well as clean, pungent, and chloroform controls on cotton-tipped applicators in random order. Desert iguanas directed significantly more tongue extrusions toward applicators bearing snakeskin lipids when compared with controls. In addition, overall tongue-extrusion frequency increased following exposure to lipids during the 5-min trials. Desert iguanas clearly detected snakeskin lipids, but this stimulus failed to elicit changes in body posture and movement patterns previously observed in experiments using chemical cues from live snakes. Increased tongue flicking by lizards in response to snakeskin lipids may represent a generalized response to this class of chemicals. Additional potential sources of chemicals used in the detection of lizard-eating snakes are discussed.
The electron microscopy of tobacco necrosis virus crystals

Earlier electron microscopic studies of crystals of the tobacco necrosis viruses have been extended with the help of carbon replication. Two types of crystal have been observed in different preparations. One (the octahedral) is apparently cubic in symmetry but with a platy habit due to the development of a pair of large (111) faces. The molecules appear to be cubic close-packed with a tetramolecular unit having a0 = 370 A. The rhombic type has less than cubic symmetry. Unlike the crystals previously studied, none of its faces has all molecules in exactly the same plane. Attention is drawn to the granular nature of the molecules and to the kinds of molecular disorder apparent in these crystals.
Multi-attribute combined mutual information (MACMI): An image registration framework for leveraging multiple data channels

We present a novel methodological framework for leveraging multiple image sources, including different modalities, acquisition protocols or image features, in the registration of more than two images via information theoretic data fusion. The technique, referred to as multi-attribute combined mutual information (MACMI), adopts a multivariate application of mutual information (MI) to allow several coregistered images to be represented as a single high dimensional multi-attribute image. Our approach improves scenarios involving registration of multiple images as it, (1) utilizes all aligned images obtained in earlier registration steps, (2) improves alignment accuracy compared with pairwise approaches that only consider two images (and hence a fraction of the available data) at a time, and (3) avoids complex optimization problems often associated with fully-groupwise methods. For example, if two coregistered volumes such as T2-weighted and PD-weighted MRI are to be aligned with PET, it is intuitively better to use information from both MR protocols instead of choosing one for registration with PET. In the automated elastic registration of 20 corresponding multiprotocol (T1, T2, PD) synthetic MRI images of the brain with known misalignment of PD MRI, MACMI showed significant improvement in terms of deformation field error over conventional MI-based pairwise registration (p ≪ 0.05). For a total of 108 corresponding whole-mount histology (WMH), T2 MRI, and DCE (T1) MRI images obtained from 17 prostate specimens with cancer, elastic registration of WMH to bothMRI protocols simultaneously was performed viaMACMI. Improved alignment in terms of prostate overlap and cancer localization was observed using MACMI, compared to pairwise registration of WMH to the individual T2 and DCE MR protocols.
Leading the University: The Roles of Trustees, Presidents, and Faculty

Recent leadership failures at a couple of major public universities suggest that we should revisit the question of how colleges and universities should be governed. Here, Richard Legon, John Lombar...
Translational diffusion of bovine prothrombin fragment 1 weakly bound to supported planar membranes: measurement by total internal reflection with fluorescence pattern photobleaching recovery

Previous work has shown that bovine prothrombin fragment 1 binds to substrate-supported planar membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) in a Ca(2+)-specific manner. The apparent equilibrium dissociation constant is 1–15 microM, and the average membrane residency time is approximately 0.25 s-1. In the present work, fluorescence pattern photobleaching recovery with evanescent interference patterns (TIR-FPPR) has been used to measure the translational diffusion coefficients of the weakly bound fragment 1. The results show that the translational diffusion coefficients on fluid-like PS/PC planar membranes are on the order of 10(-9) cm2/s and are reduced when the fragment 1 surface density is increased. Control measurements were carried out for fragment 1 on solid-like PS/PC planar membranes. The dissociation kinetics were similar to those on fluid-like membranes, but protein translational mobility was not detected. TIR-FPPR was also used to measure the diffusion coefficient of the fluorescent lipid NBD-PC in fluid-like PS/PC planar membranes. In these measurements, the diffusion coefficient was approximately 10(-8) cm2/s, which is consistent with that measured by conventional fluorescence pattern photobleaching recovery. This work represents the first measurement of a translational diffusion coefficient for a protein weakly bound to a membrane surface.
Chemical Properties of a para-Benzyne

5,8-Didehydroisoquinolinium ion, a para benzyne analogue, was generated in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, and its reactivity toward various neutral reagents was examined. A direct comparison of the reaction kinetics of the para benzyne, a meta isomer, and analogous monoradicals, indicates that the para benzyne is a poorer electrophile but a more reactive radical than its meta isomer.
Leadership Context for the Twenty-First Century

In this chapter, the author discusses the coming transition in the leadership of America's community colleges, the opportunities and challenges of leadership turnover, the rewards of leadership, and the problems faced by community college leaders. He identifies the skills expected to be necessary for leadership in the twenty-first century and addresses policy implications for leadership preparation.
Studies on the function of yeast protein disulfide isomerase in renaturation of proteins.

Renaturation of two enzymes lacking disulfide bonds, citrate synthase (CS), and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and another protein containing disulfide bonds, lysozyme (LZM), were studied in order to dissect the possible chaperone function from the isomerase function of yeast protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Our findings suggest no independent chaperone activity of yeast PDI with respect to the two enzymes lacking disulfide bonds, GAPDH and CS, since neither of these enzymes required PDI for renaturation. In contrast, a high level of renaturation of LZM was observed in the presence of PDI. Renaturation of LZM involved formation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds. Additional studies using LZM as a substrate were done to examine the role of cysteine residues in the two active sites of PDI. Studies with a series of cysteine to serine mutants and truncation mutants of yeast PDI revealed that the two active sites of PDI were not equal in activity. An intramolecular disulfide bond in at least one active site of PDI was required for the oxidation of reduced LZM. The first cysteine in each active site was necessary for disulfide bond rearrangement, i.e., isomerization, in LZM, while the second cysteine was not.
Balanced Incomplete Block Designs for Inter-Rater Reliability Studies:

Occasionally, an inter-rater reliability study must be designed so that each subject is rated by fewer than all the participating raters. If there is interest in comparing the raters' mean levels of rating, and if it is desired that each mean be estimated with the same precision, then a balanced incomplete block design for the reliability study is indicated. Methods for executing the design and for analyzing the resulting data are presented, using data from an actual study for illustration.
Uterine tubal cells remain uninfected after culture with in vitro-produced embryos exposed to bovine viral diarrhea virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has been isolated from washed and sonicated, in vitro-produced embryos, but the infectivity of BVDV associated with intact, developing, embryos has not been demonstrated. The objective of this study was to determine if a dose of BVDV infective for co-culture cells was associated with individual, developing embryos, following artificial exposure to the virus and washing. In 5 replicates, zona pellucida-intact, in vitro-produced embryos were assigned to a negative control embryo group, or were incubated in 10(5)-10(6) cell culture infective doses (50%, CCID50) per milliliter of a type I, noncytopathic (strain SD-1) BVDV for 2 h. Unexposed negative control embryos and exposed positive control embryos were washed, sonicated and assayed for BVDV using virus isolation with immunoperoxidase monolayer assay. Immediately or following cryopreservation, remaining virally-exposed, washed embryos were co-cultured individually with BVDV-negative cultures of bovine uterine tubal cells in a medium free of BVDV-neutralizing activity. After two days in culture, uterine tubal cells and embryos (including the zona pellucida) were separated and washed. The culture medium, uterine tubal cells and embryos were then assayed for BVDV. Bovine viral diarrhea virus was not isolated from any negative control embryo group, but was isolated from all positive control embryo groups. Although all uterine tubal cell populations were confirmed to be susceptible to BVDV, virus was never isolated from uterine tubal cells or embryos from post-exposure culture. In conclusion, although BVDV remains associated with washed in vitro-produced embryos, the virus associated with unsonicated embryos was not infective for uterine tubal cells in vitro.
New Skin Friction and Entrainment Correlations for Turbulent Boundary Layers

A new correlation for the skin friction and two new correlations for the entrainment rate in turbulent boundary layers are presented. Relative to previous correlations, the new ones are at least as accurate, simpler to use, and applicable to separated flows.
Molecular and tissue interactions governing induction of cranial ectodermal placodes

Whereas neural crest cells are the source of the peripheral nervous system in the trunk of vertebrates, the “ectodermal placodes,” together with neural crest, form the peripheral nervous system of the head. Cranial ectodermal placodes are thickenings in the ectoderm that subsequently ingress or invaginate to make important contributions to cranial ganglia, including epibranchial and trigeminal ganglia, and sensory structures, the ear, nose, lens, and adenohypophysis. Recent studies have uncovered a number of molecular signals mediating induction and differentiation of placodal cells. Here, we described recent advances in understanding the tissue interactions and signals underlying induction and neurogenesis of placodes, with emphasis on the trigeminal and epibranchial. Important roles of Fibroblast Growth Factors, Platelet Derived Growth Factors, Sonic Hedgehog, TGFβ superfamily members, and Wnts are discussed.
Solving large-scale linear programs by aggregation

Abstract This paper deals with the solution of linear programs via the use of aggregation. A sequence of smaller, aggregated problems are solved. At each iteration we develop lower and upper bounds on the objective value. If the solution is not acceptable, a scheme for modifying the aggregated problem is given. The procedure is computationally tested on problems with up to 200 variables/constraints.
Few-cycle fiber lasers based on self-similar pulse propagation

Lasers with self-similar evolution of the pulse in the gain medium can tolerate strong spectral breathing. This property can be exploited in a fiber laser to generate pulses much shorter than the gain-bandwidth limit.
Fuzzy attributes for knowledge representation and acquisition

Repertory grids and other matrix-like structures can be used to represent knowledge and elicit knowledge from experts. A grid or matrix is a representation of a knowledge domain where the elements in the domain appear along the horizontal axis and constructs or attributes of the elements appear along the vertical axis. Each construct is rated for its presence in a given element or how much a construct applies to an element. Analysis of these ratings can determine similarities and differences between the elements. Traditionally, constructs are bipolar entities where a rating falls on a range from one pole to the other. For example, temperature may be represented by the bipolar construct hot-cold and a range of 1 to 5 in which 1 represents hot and 5 represents cold. Ratings of 2, 3, and 4 lie in-between hot and cold. Additionally, all constructs in a grid have the same range of values and the range is arbitrarily chosen. This paper presents a method for translating grid ratings into fuzzy membership values. The fuzzy membership values become the values for describing and analyzing the associations between elements. Thus, constructs no longer need to use the same scaling range and no longer need to be bipolar. A construct of an element now becomes a true attribute of an element. An attribute can be rated in its own range and with its own unit of measurement. In the previous example, the bipolar construct hot-cold becomes simply, temperature measured in degrees. Experts or users need no longer translate to an artificial rating range.
A bryozoan-like chaetetid (possible sclerosponge)from Jurassic-Cretaceous limestone near Orhaneli, Northwestern Turkey

Abstract Bryozoan-like fossils have been found rarely in Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous limestone near Orhaneliin northwestern Turkey; they represent the chaetetid species Atrochaetetes alakirensis CUIF & FISCHER, 1974 , possibly a sclerosponge, and previously known only from the lower part of the Upper Triassic.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XII. THE EFFECT OF THE INJECTION OF THYROID EXTRACT ON THE POLYNUCLEAR COUNT IN A PERENNIBRANCHIATE AMPHIBIAN (NECTURUS MACULOSUS)

1. A method is described for obtaining blood directly from the branchial circulation of perennibranchiate Amphibia. 2. Determinations of the average normal polynuclear count are made in Necturus maculosus. This count is similar to that found in man and in the rabbit. 3. Injections of extract of thyroid substance into the peritoneal cavity cause a deflection of the polynuclear count to the left. An increase in the number of cells of Class I. occurs and reaches a maximum which varies directly with the dosage. 4. Thyroid will stimulate granulocytopoietic centres located in places other than the bone marrow.
Potassium-Argon Ages from the Galápagos Islands

Potassium-argon ages of eight volcanic rocks from some of the geologically oldest flows exposed in the Galapagos Archipelago indicate that the Galapagos Islands have a probable maximum age of 3 million years. Rocks from six islands were dated; the oldest are from Espanola (3.2 ± 0.2), Sante Fe (2.7 ± 0.1), and Plazas (4.2 ± 1.8 million years). The new data suggest that the Galapagos Islands are younger than previously supposed on the basis of marine magnetic anomaly dating, but they are older than most previously dated rocks from the Galapagos.
Vascular trauma at a military level II trauma center

Abstract Purpose As members of an American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma–designated level II trauma center, we decided to review our experience with vascular trauma. In addition, we sought to characterize the vascular injuries presented and to compare our outcomes to the general trauma population. Methods A review of all vascular trauma admissions from January 1997 through January 2000 was performed. The William Beaumont Army Medical Center (WBAMC) trauma registry data base was searched for vascular injuries utilizing 3 different search criteria: organ system, operation/procedure, and ICD-9 codes. Injuries were then characterized by age, gender, site of injury, injury severity score (ISS), mechanism, and need for surgery. Mortality rates were computed for both vascular and nonvascular trauma populations. Statistical analysis of the data was determined by Student t test and z score. Results Between January 1997 and January 2000, there were 1398 patients admitted to the trauma service at WBAMC. Of these, 48 patients (3.4%) had vascular injuries. The mean ISS for all nonvascular traumas was 8.4 ± 8.9. The mean ISS for those with vascular injuries was 17.9 ± 12.6 (p Conclusions Vascular trauma represents a small percentage of all trauma admissions. These patients have a higher ISS on admission and more of them require surgical intervention. The operative and overall mortality rates are higher in patients with vascular injuries than in the general trauma population.
Optimal utilization of interior building spaces for material procurement and storage in congested construction sites

Abstract Congested construction sites, such as urban building projects, often have insufficient exterior space to accommodate all needed temporary facilities and material storage areas. Accordingly, interior building spaces need to be used for material storage while exterior space is left for temporary site facilities. Existing models of site layout and material logistics, however, do not support the utilization of interior spaces due to the complexity of interior space modeling. This paper presents the development of a new congested construction logistics planning (C2LP) model that is capable of modeling and utilizing interior spaces of buildings under construction to generate optimal logistics plans. The proposed C2LP model includes novel computational algorithms to model interior space allocation, complex space constraints, and impact of interior space utilization on activity scheduling. C2LP considers four types of decision variables, material procurement, material storage, facility layout, and scheduling of noncritical activities. The model is implemented by using multi-objective genetic algorithms to generate optimal logistics plans that provide optimal tradeoffs between minimizing total logistics costs and minimizing schedule criticality. The model is evaluated by using an application example to illustrate its capabilities in utilizing interior building space in the logistics plan of congested construction projects.
Effects of strong Coulomb correlations on the phonon-mediated superconductivity: A model inspired by Copper oxides

We study how strong Coulomb correlations affect the phonon-mediated superconductivity. Using the Hubbard model representation of a strongly correlated system, we evaluate the Eliashberg electron-pair correlation function for different values of hole doping concentration, x. The pair interaction is repulsive near half filling (x=0), but it becomes attractive above some critical value of x, making the phonon-mediated superconductivity possible. We also compute the isotope effect coefficient.
Microvascular Endothelial Cell Culture

Microvascular endothelial cells play a central role in inflammation, tumor metastasis, and wound healing. Methods to study these processes in vitro using cells isolated from adult skin, from the inner and the outer segments of the neontal foreskin, and from experimental animals are reviewed. A new modified Iscove's medium supplemented with 2% prepartum maternal serum, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, isobutyl methylxanthine, thymidine, and hypoxanthine is described. This modified medium supports growth of both adult and neonatal endothelial cells up to seven passages with retention of Cytologic markers closely identified with endothelial cells (Weibel-Palade bodies, Factor VIII-associated antigen). Several functions associated with the microvasculature in situ are expressed by microvascular endothelial cells in cell culture. Such functions include the formation of a basement membrane, angiogenesis, intercelluar gap formation in response to vasoactive agents, and the attachment and migration of lymphocytes through endothelial monolayers. J Invest Dermatol 93:33S–38S, 1989