cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A laboratory evaluation of a low cost motor vehicle crash recorder

Abstract The need for a low cost vehicle crash recorder that would provide a measure of crash severity for a large number of vehicle crashes has long been recognized. A simple viscous damped mechanical crash recorder has been developed which measures vehicle velocity change, ΔV, as the recorded parameter. Prototypes have been evaluated in a laboratory test program which subjected the recorders to a series of tests under various crash speeds and durations that might be expected in the real world. The results of this evaluation indicate that the prototype, low cost crash recorders have great potential for large scale application in motor vehicles.
Postmenopausal hormone replacement: effects on autonomic, neuroendocrine, and immune reactivity to brief psychological stressors.

Objective: Postmenopausal status increases some aspects of women's physiological responses to psychological stress; however, the influences of chronic hormone replacement with estrogen and progestogen on these responses are not known. We investigated possible effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). both with and without progestogen, on physiological reactivity to brief laboratory stressors. Method: We studied three groups of postmenopausal women: 16 on estrogen alone, 14 on estrogen and progestogen, and 25 control participants receiving no replacement therapy. Cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and immune data were collected at baseline and after speech and math tasks. Results: In all groups, the stressors reduced vagal cardiac control (indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia); increased heart rate and plasma epinephrine, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol levels; and altered T lymphocyte response (measured by mitogen-induced cell proliferation), natural killer cell lysis, and circulating leukocyte subsets. Women on either type of ERT had higher total cortisol levels (reflecting an estrogen effect on cortisol binding globulin) and greater mitogen-induced blastogenesis across measurement periods than controls. They also showed greater vagal withdrawal and less decline in mitogen-stimulated blastogenesis in response to the stressors. Combined estrogen and progestogen was associated with higher epinephrine and lower circulating total lymphocytes, T cells, and CD4+ T cells across measurement periods, and with intermediate levels of vagal withdrawal in response to the stressors. Conclusions: Long-term ERT was associated with enhanced parasympathetic responsiveness to stress, suggesting possible reduced demand for potentially detrimental sympathetic activation; and with higher overall levels and smaller stress-induced reductions of mitogen-stimulated blastogenesis, suggesting
A Test Of The Formal And Modern Theories Of Matching

The present study tested a formal, or purely mathematical, theory of matching, and a modern account derived by McDowell (1986) that incorporates deviations from strict matching—bias and sensitivity. Six humans pressed a lever for monetary reinforcers on five concurrent variable interval (VI) schedules of reinforcement. All schedules were presented during each session. The magnitude on one alternative remained constant, and five magnitudes were presented across sessions on the other alternative. To test the formal account, two absolute response rate equations were fitted to the response and reinforcement rates at each alternative at each magnitude. Although the equations accounted for a high percentage of variance, there was a significant negative correlation between the standardized residuals and the predicted response rates. To test the modern account, an ensemble of four equations was fitted to the data. The equations predicted relative and absolute responding, and the independent variables in each equation were adjusted for bias and sensitivity. The equations accounted for a high percentage of variance, and the standardized residuals were not correlated with the predicted response rates. The values of the parameters were consistent with empirical findings and theoretical predictions, including the prediction that k should remain constant across changes in reinforcer magnitude. The results suggest that the formal theory of matching does not describe the data, and that the modern theory may provide an accurate and coherent description of concurrent and single-alternative responding.
Supply supplier integration, procurement, and outsourcing: case study of SCM social capital benefits

Supplier selection and integration are important decisions faced by management, as supply chain management (SCM) and inventory management are both integral to efficient operations and the ability to compete in the global marketplace. The nature of supplier selection forces managers to choose between conflicting criteria, such as quality and cost, in order to evaluate the decision. As such, this problem can become increasingly complex as multiple criteria and multiple suppliers become involved. Using a case-study method, as on stakeholder theory, the present study explored the importance of SCM and review how Heinz has worked with Ariba to further enhance its capability to approach this important operations management topic. It was found that through collaborative relationships between the two Pittsburgh-based firms, they were able to share risks, access complementary resources, reduce transaction costs, and enhance productivity.
The rhd6 Mutation of Arabidopsis thaliana Alters Root-Hair Initiation through an Auxin- and Ethylene-Associated Process

Root-hair initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana provides a model for studying cell polarity and its role in plant morphogenesis. Root hairs normally emerge at the apical end of root epidermal cells, implying that these cells are polarized. We have identified a mutant, rhd6, that displays three defects: (a) a reduction in the number of root hairs, (b) an overall basal shift in the site of root-hair emergence, and (c) a relatively high frequency of epidermal cells with multiple root hairs. These defects implicate the RHD6 gene in root-hair initiation and indicate that RHD6 is normally associated with the establishment of, or response to, root epidermal cell polarity. Similar alterations in the site of root-hair emergence, although less extreme, were also discovered in roots of the auxin-, ethylene-, abscisic acid-resistant mutant axr2 and the ethylene-resistant mutant etr1. All three rhd6 mutant phenotypes were rescued when either auxin (indoleacetic acid) or an ethylene precursor (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) was included in the growth medium. The rhd6 root phenotypes could be phenocopied by treating wild-type seedlings with an inhibitor of the ethylene pathway (aminoethoxyvinylglycine). These results indicate that RHD6 is normally involved in directing the selection or assembly of the root-hair initiation site through a process involving auxin and ethylene.
THE E47 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR BINDS TO THE ENHANCER SEQUENCES OF RECOMBINANT MURINE LEUKEMIA VIRUSES AND INFLUENCES ENHANCER FUNCTION

The genomes of most recombinant murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) inherit pathogenic U3 region sequences from the endogenous xenotropic provirus Bxv-1. However, the U3 regions of about one-third of recombinant MuLVs from CWD mice, such as CWM-T15, have nonecotropic substitutions that are probably derived from an endogenous polytropic provirus. The CWM-T15 U3 region sequences contain five nucleotide substitutions compared with the less pathogenic sequences of the endogenous ecotropic virus parent, Emv-1. Three of these substitutions are located immediately 3' of the enhancer core, and two form part of an E-box motif that is also found in the Bxv-1 sequence. A series of electromobility shift assays revealed that nuclear extracts from S194 cells and the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor E47 could distinguish between oligonucleotides that contained the core region sequences of CWM-T15 or Emv-1. The E47 homodimers appeared to bind to the CWM-T15 E-box motif and when expressed at high levels in cells transactivated the CWM-T15 but not the Emv-1 enhancer. Taken together, these results suggest that E47 or related basic helix-loop-helix proteins that are expressed in lymphoid cells bind to and transactivate the CWM-T15 enhancer in vivo. This transactivation may explain why the CWM-T15 and Bxv-1 U3 regions accelerate the onset of lymphoid neoplasms and why related enhancer core region sequences are preferentially incorporated into the genomes of recombinant MuLVs and are found in other leukemogenic mammalian retroviruses.
High Efficiency Wheat Transformation Mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Wheat is one of the most important cereals for humans but quite recalcitrant in transformation. We have thoroughly examined every aspect of the wheat transformation protocols mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and we were able to identify and optimize the key factors. Immature embryos isolated from healthy plants grown in a greenhouse were pre-treated with centrifuging and co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens. The frequency of transformation (independent transgenics/explant) was between 50 % and 60 % were routinely observed and higher than 90 % were recorded in the best cases. Not surprisingly, the key factors did not differ much from those in other cereal plants such as rice and maize. Both bar and hpt genes were good as selection markers. Fielder, a spring wheat cultivar, constantly showed high efficiency of transformation by our protocol. We have been able to obtain transgenic plants from the embryos harvested from the greenhouses throughout the year. Most of the transformed plants were normal in morphology and fully fertile. More than 40 % of the transformants had a single copy of the transgenes, which were inherited in a Mendelian fashion in most of the lines analyzed. Transgenic wheat has been generated at high frequency by several research groups by our protocol by now. Therefore, wheat has finally joined the list of cereals that can be efficiently transformed.
Markedness and the Zero-Derived Denominal Verb in English: Synchronic, Diachronic, and Acquisition Correlates

Otto Jespersen (1938) called zero-derivation a ‘characteristic peculiarity’ of English. The basis for his remark seems to he that English makes more extensive use of zero-derivation patterns than do other European languages.
Stigma and Discontinuity in Multilevel Senior Housing’s Continuum of Care

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This article presents data from 2 qualitative studies, confirming what gerontologists observed 30 years ago. Multilevel senior housing residents experience stigma and distress in an environment where people are grouped by levels of functioning. DESIGN AND METHODS Qualitative, interview-based (N = 367) studies were conducted in senior housing settings offering multiple levels of care (N = 7). Analyses involved revisiting coded narrative data, ethnographers' field-based knowledge, and identification of pattern saturation. RESULTS Residents and places reflecting the highest levels of care are stigmatized in a context where people are monitored for health changes and required to relocate. Consequently, residents self-isolate, develop a diminished sense of self, and hide health and cognitive conditions out of fear of relocation. IMPLICATIONS Developers, operators, staff, and potential residents need to recognize the personal and social challenges typically experienced even in within-site relocation. It is important to rethink the predominant model of senior housing that requires residents with changing needs to move and adapt to the setting.
Towards acoustic structure from motion for imaging sonar

We present a novel approach, entitled acoustic structure from motion (ASFM), for recovering 3D scene structure from multiple 2D sonar images, while at the same time localizing the sonar. Imaging sonar or forward looking sonar (FLS) is commonly used for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) navigation. An FLS provides bearing and range information to a target, but the elevation of the target is unknown within the sensor's field of view. Hence, current state-of-the-art techniques commonly make a flat surface (ground) assumption so that the FLS data can be used for navigation. Unlike other methods, our solution does not require a flat surface assumption and is capable of utilizing information from many frames, as opposed to pairwise methods that can only gather information from two frames at once. ASFM is inspired by structure from motion (SFM), the problem of recovering 3D structure from multiple camera images, while also recovering the position and orientation from which the images were taken. In this paper, we formulate and evaluate the optimization of several AUV sensor readings of the same scene from different poses, the sonar equivalent of bundle adjustment. We evaluate our approach on both simulated data and FLS sonar data with the assumption that feature extraction and data association have been completed. The acoustic equivalents of those two important features of SFM are left for future work.
Sample Small-Scale Organization of a Single Issue in a Predictive Analysis

This flow-chart demonstrates the step-by-step process of predictive analysis of a single issue for law students. It starts with identification of the conclusion or outcome predicted, or a statement of the issue to be analyzed. Rule Development starts with the foundational language of the primary legal authority and adds additional authority to provide greater understanding of the foundation and how the rule applies to the specific issue. The application of the rule requires careful evaluation of both the strengths and weaknesses of the position being analyzed while tightly weaving law and fact together. The analytical sequence closes with the conclusion on the single issue.This flow-chart will be presented at the 15th Biennial Conference of the Legal Writing Institute (Palm Desert, CA) on June 1, 2012.
Malpractice Liability and Medical Costs

A great deal of concern has been raised about the contribution of medical malpractice liability to growth in overall medical costs. We use county-level variation in the generosity of juries to identify the causal impact of malpractice liability on medical costs and its components. In stark contrast to the earlier literature, which has focused on costs and outcomes for high-risk patients, we find extremely modest effects on total costsgrowth in malpractice payments over the last decade and a half contributed no more than 5.7% to the total real growth in hospital expenditures, which topped 33% over this period. While the overall impact on costs is modest, we do find that malpractice lowers the number of patients treated, and raises expenditures per day for those who remain. Nonetheless, this suggests thatcontrary to arguments advanced by many policymakers and intimated by previous researchtort reform is unlikely to have much impact on US health care spending.
The Impact of Obesity on Surgical Outcome in Endometrial Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review.

Background: Obesity is a significant public health problem in the United States, and many studies have established obesity as a significant risk factor for endometrial cancer. Surgery is the standard of care in staging and treatment of endometrial cancer, and obesity may influence surgical outcomes because of its attendant comorbid conditions. Therefore, assessment of the impact of obesity on surgical outcome is important for decreasing morbidity and improving survival in patients with endometrial cancer. Objective: The aims of this research were to evaluate and review epidemiologic data systematically on the impact of obesity on surgical outcomes and to assess safety and feasibility of newer surgical techniques in obese patients. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of PubMed was conducted to identify articles between 2004 and 2013 that focused on the impact of obesity on surgical outcome. Reference lists of retrieved articles were also used to identify other relevant articles. Thirteen relevant articles were reviewed. Results: Evidence from epidemiologic studies showed that obesity impacts surgical outcome adversely. On average, obese patients have worse surgical outcomes than their nonobese counterparts. In addition, surgical outcome worsens as level of obesity increases. However, surgical procedure also influences this association. Minimally invasive surgeries are more useful and are accompanied with fewer complications than conventional laparotomy and can be performed safely in obese patients. Conclusions: Obesity is a significant risk in the etiology, treatment, and surgical outcomes of patients with endometrial cancer. Future research will need more randomized controlled trials and prospective studies to identify the best procedures for maximal outcomes. (J GYNECOL SURG 32:149).
Role of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) in Control of Proximal Renal Tubular Phosphate Transport

The molecular mechanism whereby the rate of phosphate (Pi) is transported across the wall of the proximal tubule in response to hormones and metabolic or nutritional stimuli is not yet fully clarified. In recent years it became increasingly evident that the Na+ gradient-dependent entry of Pi from the tubular lumen across luminal brush border membranes (BBM) of proximal tubules is important and perhaps a quantitatively limiting step in Pi reabsorption in proximal tubules1.
A Combinational-Logic Method for Electric Vehicle Drivetrain Fault Diagnosis

This paper presents a combinational-logic-based approach for identifying faults that could occur in the drivetrain of an electric vehicle (EV). A real-time simulation model of an EV is used to study the behavior of available sensor signals and control commands, with specific measured quantities, during vehicle operation. Those quantities could be, but are not limited to, mean values of the phase currents, DC bus current, traction motor speed (if available), in addition to control command quantities. Focus is given to these quantities which are abundant in vehicle inverters and controllers for no added sensing costs. Those quantities carry information of offsets and disturbances that could occur under faulty operating conditions compared to nominal operation, and are thus observed and studied under these conditions. Using such information, a method is developed using simple combinational logic and thresholds to diagnose a fault occurring at any time during a vehicle drive cycle. By combining features of measured quantities that behave similarly irrespective of when the fault occurs during a driving cycle, the proposed method is fault-time-insensitive. The proposed method is presented and validated by real-time simulations to capture over 20 different faults injected at different drive cycle times and in different drivetrain components—electric machine, inverter, transmission, and sensors. Results show that the proposed method is able to robustly and successfully diagnose different faults irrespective of when would they occur.
Review: Energy: Oil and Post-Oil Architecture and Grids

Energy: Oil and Post-Oil Architecture and Grids MAXXI Museum, Rome 22 March–10 November 2013 Architecture exhibitions are of two kinds: those that celebrate an epoch—or a practitioner—that has already left its mark, and those that give credibility to emerging movements. Curator Pippo Ciorra attempted to do both, situating the narrative in Energy: Oil and Post-Oil Architecture and Grids between a poetic reflection on the “Petroleum Interval” that is coming to an end, and a foreshadowing of a new era of energy production and distribution.1He achieved this through a cogent organizational strategy, dividing the exhibition into two parallel sections: “Stories” recounted the past, while “Visions” presented projects for the future. The content of the exhibition was not really about “energy” but rather about our cultural fixation with all that energy implies. Energy is the magic input that will bring Italy out of its postwar slump to realize its own American dream. And rethinking energy today, in the aftermath of decades of this American dream, will magically bring us back from the brink of ecological disaster. In the exhibition, energy was equated with mobility. No reference could be found to the 50 percent of the country’s energy that is consumed by its buildings; it was all about cars and speed. The unstated presence of the Futurists hung heavy in the air, especially in the “Stories” section, as if Marinetti and the Marshall Plan were joining forces to fuel an engine for rapid growth, snaking across …
Challenges in Water Resources and Wastewater Treatment

Copyright: © 2016 Chen G, This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. *Corresponding author: Gang Chen, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Florida State University,2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA, Tel: 850.410.6303; Fax: 850.410.6142; E-mail: gchen@eng.fsu.edu
Activation of cardiac sympathetic afferents: effects of exogenous adenosine and adenosine analogues

Adenosine is released during myocardial ischemia and can cause angina-like chest pain when given by intracoronary administration. We tested the hypothesis that intracoronary adenosine activates car...
Fundamentals of Solids Extraction by Supercritical Fluids

The theory and advantages of supercritical extraction are discussed and the applications of supercritical extraction from solid matrices are reviewed in detail. The thermodynamic equilibrium of supercritical extraction is examined and the adsorption/desorption phenomena in presence of supercritical fluids are explained. Various models, proposed in the literature, to interpret the extraction phenomena from solid matrices are reviewed. The importance of the fundamental parameters like adsorption equilibrium constants, mass transfer coefficients, axial dispersion coefficients and effective diffusivities of the solutes in the solid pore space are emphasised. The last section reviews the novel extraction processes proposed for the remediation of environmental matrices.
The Development of Capacity for Data Use: The Role of Teacher Networks in an Elementary School:

BackgroundAmid calls for increased data use, there is little research or policy guidance for how to build schools’ capacity to leverage data to improve teaching and learning. Building on previous r...
Regulation of inflammation by lipid mediators in oral diseases.

Lipid mediators (LM) of inflammation are a class of compounds derived from ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids that play a wide role in modulating inflammatory responses. Some LM possess pro-inflammatory properties, while others possess proresolving characteristics, and the class switch from pro-inflammatory to proresolving is crucial for tissue homeostasis. In this article, we review the major classes of LM, focusing on their biosynthesis and signaling pathways, and their role in systemic and, especially, oral health and disease. We discuss the detection of these LM in various body fluids, focusing on diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We also present data showing gender-related differences in salivary LM levels in healthy controls, leading to a hypothesis on the etiology of inflammatory diseases, particularly Sjogren's syndrome. We conclude by enumerating open areas of research where further investigation of LM is likely to result in therapeutic and diagnostic advances.
OSMOTIC, IONIC AND NITROGENOUS-WASTE BALANCE | Mechanisms of Gill Salt Secretion in Marine Teleosts

Because marine teleosts have a lower salt concentration than seawater (being hyposmotic to seawater), they must balance the net influx of NaCl by active extrusion mechanisms in the gill epithelium. Specific transport proteins are expressed in specialized cells termed ‘mitochondrion-rich cells’. On the basolateral membrane of the mitochondrion-rich cells, Na + , K + , and Cl − enter the cytoplasm via a co-transporter that carries all three ions, driven by the electrochemical gradient for Na + , which is generated by Na + –K + -activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) on the basolateral membrane. Chloride ions are excreted down their electrochemical gradient via a Cl − channel on the apical membrane, Na + exits the basolateral membrane via Na + –K + -activated ATPase, and K + appears to exit the basolateral membrane via a K + channel. Net Na + secretion across the gill epithelium is via the paracellular pathway between adjacent mitochondrion-rich cells, down its electrochemical gradient.
Payer view of personalized medicine

Purpose The process and methods used by payers when evaluating coverage of personalized medicine testing are described. Summary Personalized medicine encompasses a number of diagnostic tools that measure drug metabolism, genetic risk for disease development, and tumor type or markers that can guide oncology treatments. However, whole genome testing, tumor marker testing, and testing for drug metabolism are additional costs to the healthcare system. In order to justify these costs, payers and health technology assessment bodies must evaluate the individual tests or groups of tests on their own merits. In order for a test to be covered by payers, test developers must demonstrate clinical utility as measured by improved outcomes or well-informed decision-making. In the United States, payers generally focus on clinical benefit to individual patients and benefits to the healthcare system. Clinical benefits include improved outcomes. Benefits to the healthcare system are generally considered to be cost offsets, which may be due to reductions in the use of unnecessary interventions or to more efficient use of resources. Provider organizations have been assuming more responsibility and liability for healthcare costs through various risk arrangements, including accountable care organizations and patient-centered medical homes. Diagnostic tests that increase efficiency, reduce unnecessary interventions, and improve outcomes will be chosen by specialists in provider organizations. Conclusion For personalized medicine approaches to be adopted and covered by health plans, the methods must be shown to be analytically and clinically valid and provide clinical utility at a reasonable level of cost-effectiveness to payers.
Diffusion in a Concentration Gradient

In the preceding chapter our discussion of diffusion in substitutional alloys was limited to self-diffusion experiments. In such experiments the specimen is, or is assumed to be, chemically homogeneous. Such studies showed that the self-diffusion coefficients are, in general, different for the two elements in a substitutional alloy. Yet, if two semiinfinite bars of differing proportions of components 1 and 2 are joined and diffused, the Boltzmann-Matano solution gives only one diffusion coefficient D(c) which completely describes the resulting homogenization. Thus the problem is to relate this single diffusion coefficient to the self-diffusion coefficients at the same composition. To do this two new effects must be understood. The first of these concerns the kind of matter flow which is to be classified as diffusion. In a binary diffusion couple with a large concentration gradient we shall see that diffusion gives rise to the movement of one part of the diffusion couple relative to another. The coordinate system used in the Boltzmann-Matano solution is fixed relative to the end of the specimen, and the chemical diffusion coefficient is given by the equation1 $$\tilde D = - J/(\partial c/\partial x)$$ (4-1) Thus any movement of lattice planes relative to the ends of the diffusion couple is recorded as a flux and affects Ď even though such translation does not correspond to any jumping of atoms from one site to another.
Timing of Cytoreductive Surgery in the Treatment of Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma

Abstract Ovarian cancer has been treated for the last several decades with aggressive surgical debulking followed by cytotoxic chemotherapy. While optimal cytoreduction continues to be defined as residual disease ≤1 cm in largest diameter, numerous studies have demonstrated a survival advantage with complete gross resection of tumor. To increase the likelihood of leaving no residual disease, a radical surgical approach incorporating bowel surgery as well as upper abdominal and thoracic procedures has evolved. Despite this, some patients have extensive disease precluding optimal debulking, while others are not medically fit for complex surgery. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) has been advocated for these cases. Randomized data out of Europe have suggested that survival outcomes with NACT are comparable to those of primary debulking surgery (PDS) in bulky, stage III/IV disease. However, overall survival in these and other comparison studies has been dismal. In this chapter, we review the ongoing debate of NACT versus PDS and discuss current methods for predicting “debulkability” and for triaging appropriate patients to NACT.
298. Peripheral inflammation, Physical Activity and Cognition in Bipolar Disorder

Author(s): Dev, Sheena Isha | Advisor(s): Eyler, Lisa T | Abstract: Rationale: Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with deficits in executive functions and processing speed, yet little is known about risk factors that contribute to the development and sustainment of these deficits. Studies have demonstrated chronic inflammation, characterized by high levels of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and reduced physical activity in BD. Both chronic inflammation and low physical activity are linked to cognitive deficits in other clinical populations, though less is known about these associations in BD. The current dissertation project proposed to a) explore associations between cognition, inflammation and physical activity in BD; and b) examine potential lagged influences between variable mood symptoms, a primary clinical feature of BD, and the amount of daily physical activity exhibited.Design: Thirty-eight BD and 68 healthy comparison participants underwent psychiatric interview, neuropsychological assessment of executive functioning and processing speed, and a 15ml blood draw analyzed for blood serum concentration of IL-6 and CRP. For the following two weeks, participants submitted thrice-daily mood ratings on a smartphone device and wore an actigraphy watch designed to measure physical activity. Linear regression analyses determined associations between inflammation, cognition, and physical activity. Mixed effects linear regression determined the impact of mood on subsequent levels of physical activity. Results: BD patients exhibited worse executive functioning and processing speed, less physical activity, and greater levels of IL-6 and CRP; higher BMI in the BD group appeared to explain group differences in inflammation and physical activity. There were no significant associations between inflammation, physical activity, and cognition in BD. Further, mood ratings did not predict subsequent levels of physical activity exhibited by BD individuals. Conclusion: This study is among the first to examine relationships between inflammation, physical activity, and cognition in BD. Results suggest that inflammation and physical activity are not significant correlates of cognition in middle-aged BD individuals, and daily mood ratings do not predict next-day physical activity. Future studies are needed to better understand individual differences in cognitive performance in BD, as well as associations between inflammation and physical activity, in order to develop targeted treatment strategies aimed to reduce functional disability in this population.
Marihuana and epilepsy: paradoxical anticonvulsant and convulsant effects.

Summary The effects of marihuana and cannabinoids on natural and experimental models of epilepsy are reviewed. The psychoactive constituent of cannabis, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, paradoxically exerts both a convulsant and anti-convulsant action. For example, it provokes myoclonus, psychomotor and grand mal seizures in epileptic beagles; however, at comparable doses it blocks maximal electroshock seizures in rats. In contrast, cannabidiol only exerts the anticonvulsant effects and lacks convulsant and psychotropic action. The anticonvulsant action of cannabinoids may result from decreased neural excitability and suppression of post-tetanic potentiation. The convulsant action of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol may result from a production of hypersynchronous neural discharge. Given these findings, epileptics should be discouraged from using marihuana since there is some risk of provoking seizures. However, because of anticonvulsant potency and lack of convulsant or psychotropic action, cannabidiol should receive clinical trials with epileptic humans as a test of its anticonvulsant effectiveness.
Cognitive constraints influence an understanding of life-cycle change

Abstract We investigated children’s (n = 120; 3- to 11-year-olds) and adults’ (n = 18) reasoning about life-cycle changes in biological organisms by examining their endorsements of four different patterns of life-span changes. Participants were presented with two separate tasks: (a) judging possible adult versions of a juvenile animal and (b) judging possible juvenile versions of an adult animal. The stimuli enabled us to examine the endorsement of four different patterns of change: identical growth, natural growth, dramatic change, and speciation. The results suggest that endorsement of the different patterns is influenced by age and familiarity. Young children and individuals confronted with unfamiliar organisms often endorsed an identical growth that emphasizes the stability of features over the life span and between parents and offspring. The results are interpreted as supporting the idea that cognitive constraints influence individuals’ reasoning about biological change and that the influence of these constraints is most notable when individuals are young or are presented with unfamiliar biological organisms.
Sex Change in Reef Fishes: Behavior and Physiology

Socially controlled sex change in reef fishes represents an extreme example of sexual plasticity in vertebrates, but one that is both informative and experimentally useful. This plasticity is relatively well understood from an evolutionary perspective, but understanding of the physiological and neurobiological mechanisms mediating these dramatic changes in behavior and physiology is less advanced. Studies to date indicate important roles for steroid hormones and hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons for gonadal change. Other studies focused on behavioral changes indicate important roles for monoamine neurotransmitters and arginine vasotocin, part of a family of neuropeptide modulators that affect social behavior in a range of vertebrates.
Popper, Positivism, and Practice Research: A Response to Munro

(2002). Popper, Positivism, and Practice Research. Journal of Social Work Education: Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 471-474.
Statewide Treatment Center Referral Patterns for Adolescent and Young Adult Patients with Cancer in Utah.

Cancer therapy is selected by individual oncology providers. For adolescent and young adults (AYAs), the type of provider, adult or pediatric, and medical facility type, non- or academic, influence...
Koos Classification of Vestibular Schwannomas: A Reliability Study.

Background The Koos classification of vestibular schwannomas is designed to stratify tumors based on extrameatal extension and compression of the brainstem. While this classification system is widely reported in the literature, to date no study has assessed its reliability. Objective To assess the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Koos classification system. Methods After institutional review board approval was obtained, a cross-sectional group of the Magnetic Resonance imagings of 40 patients with vestibular schwannomas varying in size comprised the study sample. Four raters were selected to assign a Koos grade to 50 total scans. Inter- and intrarater reliability were calculated and reported using Fleiss' kappa, Kendall's W, and Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Inter-rater reliability was found to be substantial when measured using Fleiss' kappa (.71), extremely strong using Kendall's W (.92), and excellent as calculated by ICC (.88).Intrarater reliability was perfect for 3 out of 4 raters as assessed using weighted kappa, Kendall's W and ICC, with the intrarater agreement for the fourth rater measured as extremely high. Conclusion We have demonstrated that the Koos classification system for vestibular schwannoma is a reliable method for tumor classification. This study lends further support to the results of current literature using Koos grading system. Further studies are required to evaluate its validity and utility in counseling patients with regard to outcomes.
Molecular aberrations and signaling cascades implicated in the pathogenesis of anaplastic thyroid cancer

Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer (ATC) accounts for >40% thyroid cancer-related deaths and has a dismal prognosis. In the past decade, significant efforts have been made towards understanding the pathogenesis of this disease and developing novel therapeutics. Unfortunately, effective treatment is still lacking and a more thorough understanding of ATC pathogenesis may provide new opportunities to improve ATC therapeutics. This review provides insights into ATC clinical presentation and pathology, and the putative role of genetic aberrations and alterations in molecular signaling pathways in ATC pathogenesis. We reviewed prevalent mutations, chromosomal abnormalities and fusions, epigenetic alterations and dysregulations in ATC, and highlighted several signaling cascades which appeared to be integral to ATC pathogenesis. Moreover, these features offer insights into de-differentiated, aggressive and drug-resistant phenotype of ATC, and thus may help in exploring potential new molecular targets for developing novel therapeutics.
A Top-Down Approach to Determining Global RNA Structures in Solution Using NMR and Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Measurements

RNA plays important roles in many biological processes. RNA functions are embedded in its structures and dynamics. Structure elucidation of RNA, using experimental, computational, or combined approaches, remains a major research challenge and focus of interest in contemporary biology. In this chapter, we present a method that uses global orientation and shape restraints, which are derived from experimental NMR measurements and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) data, to determine global structures of sizable RNAs in solution. The global structures may be used as initial structures for high-resolution structure determination by computational or experimental approaches. This chapter outlines the theory and procedures and presents experimental examples to demonstrate the method. A Web page is also included for readers to download the program toolkit, calculation scripts, and examples.
Free Market Capitalism Undergirds City-State and Nation-State Democracy

Free market capitalism separates economic power from state control, and institutionalizes contract Law and patent law. This limits the power of government and enhances the cultural orientation to legal-rational authority. Of course, the problem of oligarchy – domination by the rich capitalists – is real, and must be counterbalanced by the majority middle class, who can outvote the rich, if they are not subverted by the wealth of the rich skewing political campaigns and policymaking. With this caveat, it is still important that law and power limitations are implicit in capitalism.
War Crimes and Just War Theory

Revisionist just war theory has gained considerable traction in recent years, debunking long-standing principles in the morality of war. This development cannot be ignored by war crimes lawyers. Philosophers on both sides of these debates as well as many lawyers understand the attacked principles to provide the moral underpinning of the contemporary war crimes regime. This perceived tension is erroneous. A panoramic view of the applicable law reveals it to be more revisionist in its moral posture than is ordinarily recognized. First, increasing recognition of the applicability of international human rights law in armed conflict reflects growing skepticism of the normative exceptionalism of war. Second, the criminalization of aggression reflects the moral inequality of combatants. Third, the legal distinction between civilians and combatants is understood best through a combination of individual liability and necessity—principles that can be accommodated in more nuanced ways as human rights law gains traction. Gaps remain, but there is more common ground between international law and revisionist theory than either lawyers or theorists tend to recognize.
Data Proxy Generation for Fast and Efficient Neural Architecture Search.

Due to the recent advances on Neural Architecture Search (NAS), it gains popularity in designing best networks for specific tasks. Although it shows promising results on many benchmarks and competitions, NAS still suffers from its demanding computation cost for searching high dimensional architectural design space, and this problem becomes even worse when we want to use a large-scale dataset. If we can make a reliable data proxy for NAS, the efficiency of NAS approaches increase accordingly. Our basic observation for making a data proxy is that each example in a specific dataset has a different impact on NAS process and most of examples are redundant from a relative accuracy ranking perspective, which we should preserve when making a data proxy. We propose a systematic approach to measure the importance of each example from this relative accuracy ranking point of view, and make a reliable data proxy based on the statistics of training and testing examples. Our experiment shows that we can preserve the almost same relative accuracy ranking between all possible network configurations even with 10-20$\times$ smaller data proxy.
Prevalence and types of vaccination errors from 2009 to 2018: A systematic review of the medical literature.

Abstract Introduction Vaccination practices and the programmatic factors that influence them are essential for public health. Several barriers impact vaccination efforts, including vaccination errors, which pose the risk of reduced population-wide vaccination efficacy and individual adverse drug events. This study aimed to define the prevalence of vaccination errors documented in English language medical literature between 2009 and 2018 and to identify the common types of errors that occurred during this period. Methods This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The study protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews prior to research activities. The Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Google Scholar, ProQuest Central, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using predetermined search terms. Included data were from primary studies or retrospective analyses that assessed the prevalence and/or type of vaccination errors and that were peer-reviewed, conducted between 2009 and 2018, and published in English. Data were extracted using the Cochrane Data Extraction and Assessment Template and assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies. Pooled vaccination error prevalence was then calculated. Results Of the 1310 independent records that were identified and screened, 17 studies from five countries met all inclusion criteria. Pooled vaccination error prevalence was calculated to be 1.15 per 10,000 vaccine doses (range, 0.005–141.69 per 10,000 doses). The most commonly reported vaccination errors were “wrong vaccine administered” and “off-schedule administration.” Conclusions International rates of vaccination error reporting remain low, with few reports of significant adverse reactions. Vaccination programs should consider the impact of vaccination errors on individual and population health, particularly focusing on the impact of “wrong vaccine” administration. Continued monitoring and promotion of error reporting will enable further understanding of this topic.
An In Vivo- Mimicking In Vitro Testbed for Brain-Computer Interfaces

To reduce the amount of animal testing associated with brain-computer interfaces (BCI) therefore reducing the associated monetary cost and cost of animal lives, we report a novel in vitro test setup to validate BCIs. Past validation techniques used stand-alone 50-Ω function generators or function generators connected to high-valued resistors to replicate recording from clinical electrodes; however, neither of these two methods accounts for an electrode's complex, frequency-dependent impedance, and both underestimate the normally high electrode impedance. As such, optimizing and testing via function generators and resistors overestimates BCI sensitivity by at least 250 times and 2 times, respectively. To more closely replicate a clinical recording environment and accurately assess BCI performance, we utilize a function generator to mimic neural signals sent to a human-body-mimicking electrolyte fluid via a Pt electrode. These signals are then recorded via a neural electrode connected to the BCI under test. To validate the proposed method, we compare sensitivity of a previously reported fully passive BCI via the three methods. The presented results demonstrate that recording via the proposed clinically accurate setup when the BCI has been optimized with one of the two other test methods gives the lowest sensitivity in the frequency domain and worst signal stability in the time domain. Overestimating BCI sensitivity during in vitro testing results in the potential inability to record desired neural signals in vivo . The proposed method provides a means by which to accurately assess BCI performance, therefore reducing errors during animal trials and saving time, money, and lives.
Raman lasing from a surface single molecular layer

We report a strategy to achieve Raman lasing from an oriented single molecular layer grafted on the surface of a microresonator. The Raman performance of the devices are radically improved from ~5% to ~40%.
HOME-TIME AFTER DISCHARGE AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Home-time has emerged as a patient-centered health outcome in patients suffering from heart failure. Discharge locations and distribution of home-time following hospitalization for type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI) are unknown and may serve as an important endpoint in future clinical trials. We
ELECTROANATOMICAL MAPPING OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SCAR IS INSENSITIVE TO SUBENDOCARDIAL SCAR ON THICK WALL

Over the past decade, there have been tremendous advances in electroanatomical mapping (EAM) technologies, including introduction of multielectrode catheters for high-resolution mapping of scar. While EAM may not be suitable for detecting mid-wall scar, it has been assumed that these are capable. We