cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aluminum-catalyzed silicon nanowires: Growth methods, properties, and applications

Metal-mediated vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth is a promising approach for the fabrication of silicon nanowires, although residual metal incorporation into the nanowires during growth can adversely impact electronic properties particularly when metals such as gold and copper are utilized. Aluminum, which acts as a shallow acceptor in silicon, is therefore of significant interest for the growth of p-type silicon nanowires but has presented challenges due to its propensity for oxidation. This paper summarizes the key aspects of aluminum-catalyzed nanowire growth along with wire properties and device results. In the first section, aluminum-catalyzed nanowire growth is discussed with a specific emphasis on methods to mitigate aluminum oxide formation. Next, the influence of growth parameters such as growth temperature, precursor partial pressure, and hydrogen partial pressure on nanowire morphology is discussed, followed by a brief review of the growth of templated and patterned arrays of nanowires. Aluminum incorporation into the nanowires is then discussed in detail, including measurements of the aluminum concentration within wires using atom probe tomography and assessment of electrical properties by four point resistance measurements. Finally, the use of aluminum-catalyzed VLS growth for device fabrication is reviewed including results on single-wire radial p-n junction solar cells and planar solar cells fabricated with nanowire/nanopyramid texturing.
Dynamic Hippocampal and Prefrontal Contributions to Memory Processes and Representations Blur the Boundaries of Traditional Cognitive Domains.

The hippocampus has long been known to be a critical component of the memory system involved in the formation and use of long-term declarative memory. However, recent findings have revealed that the reach of hippocampal contributions extends to a variety of domains and tasks that require the flexible use of cognitive and social behavior, including domains traditionally linked to prefrontal cortex (PFC), such as decision-making. In addition, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has gained traction as a necessary part of the memory system. These findings challenge the conventional characterizations of hippocampus and PFC as being circumscribed to traditional cognitive domains. Here, we emphasize that the ability to parsimoniously account for the breadth of hippocampal and PFC contributions to behavior, in terms of memory function and beyond, requires theoretical advances in our understanding of their characteristic processing features and mental representations. Notably, several literatures exist that touch upon this issue, but have remained disjointed because of methodological differences that necessarily limit the scope of inquiry, as well as the somewhat artificial boundaries that have been historically imposed between domains of cognition. In particular, this article focuses on the contribution of relational memory theory as an example of a framework that describes both the representations and processes supported by the hippocampus, and further elucidates the role of the hippocampal–PFC network to a variety of behaviors.
A review of the preference-avoidance response of fishes to aquatic contaminants.

The use of behavioral endpoints in environmental hazard and impact assessment has become a major field of study in recent years. Although behavior has always been accepted as an important aspect of animal survival and ecology, toxicological research over the past two decades has concentrated primarily on lethality, growth, and reproductive success. Behavioral toxicology has lagged in areas of impact assessment for several reasons: (1) difficulties in objectively quantifying behavioral endpoints, (2) variability associated with the endpoint, (3) lack of standardized testing procedures which would provide more comparable data, and (4) difficulties in extrapolating to field situations the ecological significance of effects observed in the laboratory. These problems certainly are not unique to ethological testing but have proven to be obstacles to its success as an impact assessment tool.
Paths to Positive Aging: Dog Days with a Bone and Other Essays, by Mary Gergen and Kenneth J. Gergen

This is an unusual book in many ways. To quote the authors, it consists of “bite-sized essays” in which they share ideas, inspiration, information, and personal experiences about aging. Bite-sized ...
Stereotactic Radiotherapy Increases Functionally Suppressive Regulatory T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment

Radiotherapy (RT) enhances innate and adaptive antitumor immunity; however, the effects of radiation on suppressive immune cells, such as regulatory T cells (Treg), in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are not fully elucidated. Although previous reports suggest an increased Treg infiltration after radiation, whether these Tregs are functionally suppressive remains undetermined. To test the hypothesis that RT enhances the suppressive function of Treg in the TME, we selectively irradiated implanted tumors using the small animal radiation research platform (SARRP), which models stereotactic radiotherapy in human patients. We then analyzed tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with flow-cytometry and functional assays. Our data showed that RT significantly increased tumor-infiltrating Tregs (TIL-Treg), which had higher expression of CTLA-4, 4-1BB, and Helios compared with Tregs in nonirradiated tumors. This observation held true across several tumor models (B16/F10, RENCA, and MC38). We found that TIL-Tregs from irradiated tumors had equal or improved suppressive capacity compared with nonirradiated tumors. Our data also indicated that after RT, Tregs proliferated more robustly than other T-cell subsets in the TME. In addition, after RT, expansion of Tregs occurred when T-cell migration was inhibited using Fingolimod, suggesting that the increased Treg frequency was likely due to preferential proliferation of intratumoral Treg after radiation. Our data also suggested that Treg expansion after irradiation was independent of TGFβ and IL33 signaling. These data demonstrate that RT increased phenotypically and functionally suppressive Tregs in the TME. Our results suggest that RT might be combined effectively with Treg-targeting agents to maximize antitumor efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(11); 992-1004. ©2017 AACR.
False Accusations, Moral Panics, and the Manufacture of Victimhood

Campbell and Manning examine false claims of victimhood, as when people pretend to be victims of serious crimes. They consider the logic of such claims and the social conditions that give rise to them. False accusations are a way of manipulating third parties and arise under conditions that increase reliance on third parties while reducing due process. Victimhood culture encourages false accusations in the form of hate crime hoaxes, in which people claim to have been victimized by members of a more privileged social group. College campuses are especially prone to hate crime hoaxes, as well as moral panics that make it difficult and dangerous for anyone to express skepticism of victimhood claims. Campbell and Manning describe the dynamics of moral panic and consider the extent to which moral panic shapes contemporary concerns about campus rape culture.
Inzidenz infektiöser Komplikationen verringern

Infektionen bei Patienten mit chronisch lymphatischer Leukamie (CLL) haben einen betrachtlichen Einfluss auf Morbiditat und Mortalitat im Verlauf der Erkrankung. Pathognomonisch fur die CLL sind inharente Immundefekte, wie Zell-mediierte Immundefizienzen, Defekte der Komplementaktivierung, Defekte der Neutrophilen & Monozyten, lokale Immundefekte der Mukosa und allem voran die Hypogammaglobulinamie. Letztere entsteht durch die Verminderung der T- und CD5 neg. B-Zellen, mit vorrangigen Auswirkungen auf die Immunglobulinsubgruppen IgG3 und 4, sowie auf IgA, was die Haufung respiratorischer Infekte bei CLL erklart. Im Verlauf der Erkrankung kommt es zu zunehmenden Defiziten, die selbst bei einem Therapieansprechen bestehen bleiben (1).
The School Leader's Tool for Assessing and Improving School Culture.

O nce thought of as a soft approach to school improvement efforts, school culture has finally amassed the depth of research necessary to qualify as a mainstay in a school leader’s annual improvement plans. Every school has a culture, and every school can improve its culture. And school culture may be the missing link—a link that has much more to do with the culture of the school than it does with elaborate curriculum alignment projects, scrimmage tests, and the latest buzzword reform efforts—in the school improvement conundrum (Wagner & Hall-O’Phalen, 1998). Several authors and researchers (Levine & LeZotte, 1995; Sizer, 1988; Phillips, 1996; Peterson & Deal, 1998; Frieberg, 1998) agree and refer to school climate, and more specifically to school culture, as an important but often-overlooked component of school improvement.
Modal evaluation and generalized analysis of the steady-state dynamics of harmonically excited multistable structures

Abstract Predictions of multistable structural dynamics are paramount to the development and deployment of air vehicles operating under extreme loading conditions. Although time-stepping numerical techniques may capture the multi-physics interactions that occur in these environments, the generalized insight on parameters that predominantly govern the system behaviors may remain clouded while a large computational expense may be incurred to obtain response predictions. Alternatively, analytical methods may be employed to streamline the prediction process, yet current theoretical approaches do not facilitate such opportunity for multistable structures. Although a recently developed analytical formulation has enabled the prediction of near- and far-from-equilibrium responses for a simplified multistable structure, the preliminary formulation does not illuminate the underlying aspects of modal response and intricate nonlinear coupling manifest in myriad multistable systems. This research rectifies these limitations by a broad expansion of the analytical framework that empowers a new modal perspective of multistable structural dynamics and enables the study of such dynamic systems governed by reduced order models. This new modal analysis indicates that the characteristic frequency response of a single degree-of-freedom Duffing oscillator is preserved in the fundamental equivalent nonlinear mode of a multistable structure. The new analytical formulation is also shown to accurately predict the near- and far-from-equilibrium dynamics of equation systems containing global nonlinear coupling consistent with reduced order models. The advancements achieved in this work contribute to the suite of techniques available to researchers to characterize the near-to- and far-from equilibrium behaviors of nonlinear dynamic systems consisting of many degrees-of-freedom.
The Anglophone Reception of French Theory: Literary Criticism, Cultural Studies, American Pragmatism, Identity Politics

This chapter focuses on four specific areas of study in the Anglophone academy that are most often associated with postmodern theory: “high theory” as practiced in the more rarefied precincts of literary criticism; “cultural studies” as they proliferated, more popularly and politically, into university settings all over the world; the postphilosophical project of Richard Rorty, the pragmatist philosopher who sympathized most insightfully with continental influences in the Anglophone academy; and the rise of “identity politics” and intersectionality, informed as it was at every turn by French theory and embodied most effectively in the thought and personal example of Judith Butler. While this chapter alludes to the broader influence of theory across the humanities as a whole, it concentrates on those areas in order to highlight specific processes of appropriation that were typical of the Anglophone reception.
Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are nonepithelial tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that express genes for protein tyrosine kinase receptors, such as KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). They are typically found in patients with early satiety, vague abdominal pain, gastrointestinal bleeding, or at times found incidentally in asymptomatic patients. GISTs are best studied with upper endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) to determine their resectability. Resectable tumors are best treated surgically, followed by adjuvant treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, if there is a high risk for recurrence. Nonresectable tumors are best treated with imatinib first. All patients must undergo strict surveillance after treatment.
Anticipating Impacts of Chemicals and Materials: Science for Context-Based Decisions

The landscape of consumer products is rapidly changing as novel chemicals and materials are designed and incorporated to enhance performance. Science and tools are needed to evaluate exposure and s...
Genome-wide identification of MST, SUT and SWEET family sugar transporters in root parasitic angiosperms and analysis of their expression during host parasitism

Root parasitic weeds are a major constraint to crop production worldwide causing significant yearly losses in yield and economic value. These parasites cause their destruction by attaching to their hosts with a unique organ, the haustorium, that allows them to obtain the nutrients (sugars, amino acids, etc.) needed to complete their lifecycle. Parasitic weeds differ in their nutritional requirements and degree of host dependency and the differential expression of sugar transporters is likely to be a critical component in the parasite’s post-attachment survival. We identified gene families encoding monosaccharide transporters (MSTs), sucrose transporters (SUTs), and SWEETs (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) in three root-parasitic weeds differing in host dependency: Triphysaria versicolor (facultative hemiparasite), Phelipanche aegyptiaca (holoparasite), and Striga hermonthica (obligate hemiparasite). The phylogenetic relationship and differential expression profiles of these genes throughout parasite development were examined to uncover differences existing among parasites with different levels of host dependence. Differences in estimated gene numbers are found among the three parasites, and orthologs within the different sugar transporter gene families are found to be either conserved among the parasites in their expression profiles throughout development, or to display parasite-specific differences in developmentally-timed expression. For example, MST genes in the pGLT clade express most highly before host connection in Striga and Triphysaria but not Phelipanche, whereas genes in the MST ERD6-like clade are highly expressed in the post-connection growth stages of Phelipanche but highest in the germination and reproduction stages in Striga. Whether such differences reflect changes resulting from differential host dependence levels is not known. While it is tempting to speculate that differences in estimated gene numbers and expression profiles among members of MST, SUT and SWEET gene families in Phelipanche, Striga and Triphysaria reflect the parasites’ levels of host dependence, additional evidence that altered transporter gene expression is causative versus consequential is needed. Our findings identify potential targets for directed manipulation that will allow for a better understanding of the nutrient transport process and perhaps a means for controlling the devastating effects of these parasites on crop productivity.
Disclosure of Sexual Violence Victimization and Anticipated Social Reactions among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community College Students

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) college students report significantly higher rates of sexual violence victimization than their heterosexual counterparts. The additional stressors (e.g., discrimina...
Introducing a Face Sort Paradigm to Evaluate Age Differences in Emotion Perception

OBJECTIVES Previous research has uncovered age-related differences in emotion perception. To date, studies have relied heavily on forced-choice methods that stipulate possible responses. These constrained methods limit discovery of variation in emotion perception, which may be due to subtle differences in underlying concepts for emotion. METHOD We employed a face sort paradigm in which young (N = 42) and older adult (N = 43) participants were given 120 photographs portraying six target emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and neutral) and were instructed to create and label piles, such that individuals in each pile were feeling the same way. RESULTS There were no age differences in number of piles created, nor in how well labels mapped onto the target emotion categories. However, older adults demonstrated lower consistency in sorting, such that fewer photographs in a given pile belonged to the same target emotion category. At the same time, older adults labeled piles using emotion words that were acquired later in development, and thus are considered more semantically complex. DISCUSSION These findings partially support the hypothesis that older adults' concepts for emotions and emotional expressions are more complex than those of young adults, demonstrate the utility of incorporating less constrained experimental methods into the investigation of age-related differences in emotion perception, and are consistent with existing evidence of increased cognitive and emotional complexity in adulthood.
Alterations of the Immune System in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease

Publisher Summary Ulcerative colitis involves only the colon; Crohn's disease can involve either the colon, or the small bowel, or both. In ulcerative colitis, there are mucosal ulcers and infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa with neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. In Crohn's disease, the inflammatory infiltrate frequently contains granulomas and extends through all layers of the bowel wall rather than being confined to the mucosa and submucosa as in ulcerative colitis. Both diseases have been viewed as “chronic” inflammatory diseases because of their prolonged clinical courses and because their inflammatory infiltrates contain lymphocytes and macrophages, a histologic picture that is characteristic of chronic inflammation. Although the etiologic agents are unknown, recent studies have given some insights into the mechanism for the amplification of the inflammatory response that result in the histologic and clinical changes characteristic of these diseases. It is common thought that a response to a lumenal antigen would result in more uniform inflammation, as is seen in gluten-sensitive enteropa The limitation to the intestine may reflect a defect in the regulation of the mucosal immune system but not the general immune system. The immune response seen in IBD is determined by the characteristics of the intestinal immune system, which is a unique functional immmunologic compartment in comparison with peripheral blood MNC.
Intersectional social control: The roles of incarceration and police discrimination in psychological and HIV-related outcomes for Black sexual minority men

Abstract Rationale Although Black gay, bisexual, and other sexual minority men face disproportionately high levels of incarceration and police discrimination, little research examines how these stressors may drive HIV and psychological health inequities among these men. Objective In this study we examined associations between incarceration history, police and law enforcement discrimination, and recent arrest with sexual HIV risk, Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) willingness, and psychological distress among Black sexual minority men. Method Participants were a U.S. national sample of 1172 Black sexual minority men who responded in 2017–2018 to self-report measures of incarceration history, past year police and law enforcement discrimination, recent arrests, sexual HIV risk, PrEP willingness, and psychological distress. We used structural equation modeling to examine direct and indirect pathways from incarceration, police and law enforcement discrimination, and arrests to sexual HIV risk, PrEP willingness, and psychological distress. Results Past-year police and law enforcement discrimination prevalence was 43%. Incarceration history was positively associated with later police and law enforcement discrimination, which, in turn, was positively associated with recent arrest. Incarceration and recent arrest and were associated with greater sexual HIV risk; incarceration and police and law enforcement discrimination were associated with lower PrEP willingness; and police and law enforcement discrimination was associated with higher psychological distress. Mediation analyses showed that the effects of incarceration were partially mediated by police and law enforcement discrimination. Conclusion Findings suggest police discrimination may be a mechanism of mass incarceration and fundamental driver of health inequities among Black sexual minority men.
The role of spatial abilities in young children’s spatially-focused touchscreen game play

Abstract With the growth of touchscreen devices, children’s play has become digital. This digital medium promotes spatial play because touchscreen games are visuospatial in nature, allowing children to manipulate shapes in ways that highlight spatial relations. Spatial play is important for spatial skill development, but few studies have examined children’s digital spatial play. We explored the role of children’s spatial abilities and gender in their play with two publicly available, spatially-focused touchscreen games: Busy Shapes, a shape sorting game, and RelationShapes, a puzzle game. Prior to playing the games, 3- and 4-year-olds (N = 55) completed a spatial skills assessment. We found that (a) girls performed better than boys on BusyShapes, and (b) that children’s spatial skills were associated with their performance on both spatially-focused touchscreen games. This study is a first step in understanding the potential benefits of digital spatial play for children’s spatial thinking.
Dampak Kinerja Guru PAI terhadap Hasil Pembelajaran al-Quran di Sekolah Menengah Pertama

This researcher aims to describe the following: the form of pai teacher performance in junior high school, the picture of the results of Qur'an learning students in junior high school and the impact of Islamic Education Teacher performance on the learning results of students in junior high school. The type of research used in this study is a type of field research that uses qualitative descriptive methods, which describes a research result that matches the data found in the field, research data obtained through interviews, observations and documentation, data processed and analyzed and inferred. This research managed to find: 1) The form of pai teacher performance in junior high school is its important role in helping students face or solve their difficulties in Qur'an learning, 2) the picture of qur'an learning results of students in Junior High School still encounters many difficulties in understanding makhraj, mad and tajwid. 3) The impact of PAI Teacher's performance on the learning outcomes of students in junior high school is the increasing results of Qur'an learning students or by improving the quality of reading of students and it turns out that the better the performance of PAI teachers will have a better impact on the learning results of Qur'an Learners.
Auditory testing outcomes with hearing aids in patients with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to evaluate the audiologic outcomes with hearing aids in pediatric patients with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) using the Infant Toddler-Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS), and the Ling 6 Sound Test (Ling 6). Study design Case series. Setting Single tertiary care academic medical center. Subjects and Methods. All pediatric patients with a confirmed diagnosis of ANSD on Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) testing who presented to a single tertiary medical center between September 2008 and September 2018 were included. Only patients that underwent Infant Toddler-Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) and/or Ling 6 Sound Test (Ling 6) were included in the study. Audiologic testing performed after cochlear implantation was excluded. Results 60 pediatric patients with ANSD were analyzed. There were 10 patients included in the study with documented hearing aid use who underwent IT-MAIS and/or Ling 6 testing. Average IT-MAIS score improved by 20.4% after initial or extended trial of amplification. Similarly, average Ling 6 score improved from 3.6 to 4.8 after initial or extended trial of amplification. The four patients who did not receive amplification had higher average IT-MAIS and Ling 6 scores. Conclusion In most children with ANSD, IT-MAIS and Ling 6 Sound Test scores improved with initial hearing aid use and over time with extended hearing aid use. Long-term prospective, multi-institutional studies are needed to determine the impact of the natural history of ANSD, comorbidities, and socioeconomic variables on auditory function testing results in children with ANSD using hearing aids.
Decomposing decomposition: isolating direct effects of temperature from other drivers of detrital processing

Understanding the observed temperature dependence of decomposition (i.e., its "apparent" activation energy) requires separation of direct effects of temperature on consumer metabolism (i.e., the "inherent" activation energy) from those driven by indirect seasonal patterns in phenology and biomass, and by longer-term, climate-driven shifts in acclimation, adaptation, and community assembly. Such parsing is important because studies that relate temperature to decomposition usually involve multi-season data and/or spatial proxies for long-term shifts, and so incorporate these indirect factors. The various effects of such factors can obscure the inherent temperature dependence of detrital processing. Separating the inherent temperature dependence of decomposition from other drivers is important for accurate prediction of the contribution of detritus-sourced greenhouse gases to climate warming and requires novel approaches to data collection and analysis. Here, we present breakdown rates of red maple litter incubated in coarse- and fine-mesh litterbags (the latter excluding macroinvertebrates) for serial approximately one-month increments over one year in nine streams along a natural temperature gradient (mean annual: 12.8°-16.4°C) from north Georgia to central Alabama, USA. We analyzed these data using distance-based redundancy analysis and generalized additive mixed models to parse the dependence of decomposition rates on temperature, seasonality, and shredding macroinvertebrate biomass. Microbial decomposition in fine-mesh bags was significantly influenced by both temperature and seasonality. Accounting for seasonality corrected the temperature dependence of decomposition rate from 0.25 to 0.08 eV. Shredder assemblage structure in coarse-mesh bags was related to temperature across both sites and seasons, shifting from "cold" stonefly-dominated communities to "warm" communities dominated by snails or crayfish. Shredder biomass was not a significant predictor of either coarse-mesh or macroinvertebrate-mediated (i.e., coarse- minus fine-mesh) breakdown rates, which were also jointly influenced by temperature and seasonality. Unlike fine-mesh bags, however, temperature dependence of litter breakdown did not differ between models with and without seasonality for either coarse-mesh (0.36 eV) or macroinvertebrate-mediated (0.13 eV) rates. We conclude that indirect (non-thermal) seasonal and site-level effects play a variable and potentially strong role in shaping the apparent temperature dependence of detrital breakdown. Such effects should be incorporated into studies designed to estimate inherent temperature dependence of slow ecological processes.
Populism and the military: symbiosis and tension in Bolsonaro’s Brazil

Populist politicians surrounded by military allies are a frequent sight in countries that have experienced democratic backsliding. Populists sometimes seek protection in the military, who in turn l...
Numerical investigation of mass flow rate effects on multiplicity of detonation waves within a H2/Air rotating detonation combustor

Abstract This paper presents results from numerical simulations of a non-premixed hydrogen-air rotating detonation combustor with radial injection. The fuel and air mass flow rate are varied in order to hold a unity global equivalence ratio. The calculations show that multiple detonation waves co-exist when the mass flow rate is increased. Conditional statistics of the detonation structure and combustion processes suggest similarities across co-existing waves. Quantification of the injection response to the rotation of a detonation indicates that at higher flow rate the refill time is short enough to allow for a quick and well mixed composition prior to the new front passage. Details of the combustion characteristics are analyzed. The results elucidate the correlation between initial injection conditions and detonation multiplicity on the overall physics within the combustor.
The histidine-binding protein undergoes conformational changes in the absence of ligand as analyzed with conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies

The periplasmic histidine-binding protein, HisJ, and the lysine-, arginine-, ornithine-binding protein (LAO) are receptors for histidine transport via the histidine permease of Salmonella typhimurium. The receptors have similar structures, being composed of two lobes held together by two peptide segments, with the ligand-binding site located in a cleft between the lobes. The two lobes are far apart in the unliganded structure (open conformation) and are drawn close together in the liganded structure (closed conformation). The tight binding of the ligand via protein side chains as well as the peptide backbone from both lobes stabilizes the closed conformation (Oh, B.-H., Pandit, J., Kang, C.-H., Nikaido, K., Gokcen, S., Ames, G. F.-L., and Kim, S.-H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 11348-11353; Oh, B.-H., Kang, C.-H., De Bondt, H., Kim, S.-H., Nikaido, K., Joshi, A., and Ames, G. F.-L. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 4135-4143). In this study two conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that trap the protein in the closed empty form have been characterized and used to provide evidence that HisJ can assume the closed empty form in the absence of ligand. Several pieces of evidence were provided to demonstrate that these mAbs are specific for HisJ in the closed form. Histidine improves the interaction of these mAbs with immobilized HisJ. The mAbs inhibit both the exchange and the dissociation of histidine from HisJ, indicating that they are able to trap the protein in the closed liganded form. The characterization of the epitopes of the conformation-specific mAbs shows that they include residues that are located in both lobes and that are far apart in the open form but close to each other in the closed form, so that the mAbs must be sensitive to their spatial orientation. Two mAbs that are not conformation-specific according to these criteria were also identified.
Commodity Futures Forecast Returns and Not Prices

This paper investigates the forecastability of prices and returns in commodity futures markets. To examine the implications for models of commodity prices we derive a new canonical affine form that lends itself to model evaluation and comparison. Both regressions and model estimates imply that effectively all variation in the term structure of futures prices is due to time varying risk premiums and none to price forecasts. The model estimates further suggest that the economic quantity that links futures prices to storage -- the cost of carry -- is pinned down unambiguously by the data.
Density of States and Transmission in Molecular Transport Junctions

Abstract Electron transport through molecular junctions (a molecule coordinated to two electrodes) is a non-equilibrium phenomenon, and corresponds to a current/voltage spectroscopy. We discuss such transport in two different limits. In the scanning tunneling microscope limit, where the coupling to one electrode is very much stronger than that to the other, the density of states (DOS) along the molecule effectively dominates the transport. However, when the couplings to the two electrodes are comparable, then the DOS itself is inadequate to determine either mechanism or magnitude of transport. The DOS still describes the quantum interference effects and the statistical aspects of transport, but the actual mechanism is described by another factor, that we call the transmittance. This transmittance function modulates the DOS, due to the effects of electronic structure changes (and, though not explored here, other couplings through interelectronic correlations or vibronic coupling). In the limit of transport outside of the band, the superexchange-type exponential decay with length enters not through the DOS, but through the transmittance function.
Numerical investigation of the deformation characteristics and heat generation in pneumatic aircraft tires. Part II: thermal modeling

A numerical procedure to determine the temperature rise in aircraft tires under free rolling conditions is presented in this article. Energy dissipation from cyclic inelastic deformation is considered the main heat generation source. This modeling considers the deformation process of the tire to be a steady-state problem, where all concurrent cycles are assumed to be the same as the first. The inelastic energy is determined by imposing a phase lag between the strain and the stress fields. The phase lag is assumed to be frequency independent in the range of interest, in keeping with the experimental observations in aircraft tire materials. It is further assumed that the inelastic energy is completely converted into volumetric heat input for a transient thermal conduction analysis. A conduction model is described and results are compared against thermocouple data recorded by Clark and Dodge [1].
Fault-tolerant sorting networks

This thesis studies sorting circuits, networks, and PRAM algorithms that are tolerant to faults. We consider both worst-case and random faults, although we mainly focus on the more challenging random fault model, where the circuit, network, or algorithm is required to sort all n-input permutations with probability at least 1 $-{1\over{n}}$ even if the result of each comparison is independently faulty with probability upper bounded by a fixed constant. In particular, (1) we construct a passive-fault-tolerant sorting circuit with $O(n \log n \log \log n)$ size, thereby answering an open question posed by Yao and Yao in 1985, (2) we construct a reversal-fault-tolerant sorting network with $O(n \log\sp{\log\sb23}n)$ size, thereby answering an open question posed by Assaf and Upfal in 1990, (3) we design an optimal $O(\log n)$-step $O(n)$-processor deterministic EREW PRAM fault-tolerant sorting algorithm, thereby answering an open question posed by Feige, Peleg, Raghavan, and Upfal in 1990, and (4) we prove a tight lower bound of $\Omega(n \log\sp2 n)$ on the size of destructive-fault-tolerant sorting or merging networks, thereby answering an open question posed by Assaf and Upfal in 1990. All previous fault-tolerant sorting circuits, networks, and parallel algorithms used $\Theta(\log\sp2 n)$ depth and/or $\Theta(n \log\sp2 n)$ comparisons, and no nontrivial lower bounds were known. All of our upper bound results are based on a new analysis of the AKS circuit, which is of independent interest. Previously, the AKS circuit was not believed to be fault-tolerant because the expansion properties that were believed to be crucial for the performance of the circuit are destroyed by random faults. Finally, we use simulation methods to construct practical circuits of small depth that sort most permutations. Simulation results show that such circuits have depth smaller than Batcher's circuits and that they are tolerant to a large number of faults. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Pulsed electrically detected magnetic resonance in organic semiconductors

Carbon-based materials have an intrinsically weak spin-orbit coupling which imposes spin selection rules on many electronic transitions. The spin degree of freedom of electrons and nuclei can therefore play a crucial role in the electronic and optical properties of these materials. Spin-selection rules can be studied via magnetic resonance techniques such as electron-spin resonance and optically detected magnetic resonance as well as electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR). The latter has progressed in recent years to a degree where the observation of coherent spin motion via current detection has become possible, providing experimental access to many new insights into the role that paramagnetic centers play for conductivity and photoconductivity. While mostly applied to inorganic semiconductor materials such as silicon, this new, often called pulsed-(p) EDMR spectroscopy, has much potential for organic (carbon-based) semiconductors. In this study, progress on the development of pEDMR spectroscopy on carbon-based materials is reviewed. Insights into materials properties that can be gained from pEDMR experiments are explained and limitations are discussed. Experimental data on radiative polaron-pair recombination in poly[2-methoxy-5-(20-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are shown, revealing that under operating conditions the driving current of the device can be modulated by spin-Rabi nutation of the polaron spin within the charge carrier pairs. From this experimental data it becomes clear that for polaron pairs, the precursor states during exciton formation, exchange interaction is not the predominant influence on the observed pEDMR spectra.
Aminolevulinic acid 585 nm pulsed dye laser photodynamic treatment of laryngeal keratosis with atypia

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser. Methods A 5-year prospective study was performed with 12 male patients with keratosis. Twenty percent ALA was sprayed into the larynx and activated with the 585 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL). Of the 12 patients, four were not included (one lost to follow-up, two developed cancer, one papillomatosis), which reduced the number to eight. Twenty-eight procedures were performed in these eight patients; 18 (64%) procedures were performed in the clinic setting. Results There was a 78% reduction (range, 10% to 100%) in the keratosis. No major side effects were noted. Mean follow-up was 34.5 months (range, 12 to 50 months). There were no statistical differences between the outpatient and operating room treatments. Conclusions ALA-PDL PDT is effective and safe in treating laryngeal keratosis in the awake clinic setting and reduces morbidity without sacrificing treatment efficacy.
Genetic determinants of fetal opiate exposure and risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome: Knowledge deficits and prospects for future research

Opiate-dependent pregnant women receive opiate maintenance medications to prevent illicit use and withdrawal. Fetal opiate exposure causes central nervous system (CNS) alterations which manifest as postnatal physical withdrawal. The extensive variability in the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome phenotype remains unexplained and may be related to variability in fetal exposure and response. Improved understanding of functionally significant genetic variants in pathways influencing placental opiate transfer and fetal response can lead to personalized maternal therapy and optimized neonatal outcomes.
Characterization of cerebral microvasculature in transgenic mice with endothelium targeted over-expression of GTP-cyclohydrolase I

Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a critical determinant of nitric oxide (NO) production by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the vascular endothelium and its biosynthesis is regulated by the enzymatic activity of GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I). The present study was designed to determine the effects of endothelium-targeted overexpression of GTPCH I (eGCH-Tg) on murine cerebral vascular function. Endothelium targeted over-expression of GTPCH I was associated with a significant increase in levels of BH4, as well as its oxidized product, 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (7,8-BH2) in cerebral microvessels. Importantly, ratio of BH4 to 7,8-BH2, indicative of BH4 available for eNOS activation, was significantly increased in eGCH-Tg mice. However, expression of endothelial NOS, levels of nitrate/nitrite--indicative of NO production--remained unchanged between cerebral microvessels of wild-type and eGCH-Tg mice. Furthermore, increased BH4 biosynthesis neither affected production of superoxide anion nor expression of antioxidant proteins. Moreover, endothelium-specific GTPCH I overexpression did not alter intracellular levels of cGMP, reflective of NO signaling in cerebral microvessels. The obtained results suggest that, despite a significant increase in BH4 bioavailability, generation of endothelial NO in cerebral microvessels remained unchanged in eGCH-Tg mice. We conclude that under physiological conditions the levels of BH4 in the cerebral microvessels are optimal for activation of endothelial NOS and NO/cGMP signaling.
On tensor rates in continuum mechanics

Es wird gezeigt, dass Tensorgeschwindigkeiten “materiell objektiv” sind, wenn sie von den Geschwindigkeiten ihrer Abbildung in einer festen Konfiguration abgeleitet sind. Hohere Geschwindigkeiten werden formuliert, und eine hohere “Jaumanngeschwindigkeit” wird definiert, die gegenuber der vonPrager kurzlich eingefuhrten Definition gewisse Vorteile aufweist.
A cautionary tale for probiotic use in hematopoietic SCT patients-Lactobacillus acidophilus sepsis in a patient with mantle cell lymphoma undergoing hematopoietic SCT.

A cautionary tale for probiotic use in hematopoietic SCT patients– Lactobacillus acidophilus sepsis in a patient with mantle cell lymphoma undergoing hematopoietic SCT
CRP after 2004

C-reactive protein (CRP) that has been conserved throughout evolution is a host-defense molecule. Its attraction towards phosphocholine-ligands, such as modified low-density lipoprotein, and apoptotic cells leads to the "masking" of these substances that have the capabilities to otherwise engage in deleterious activities. Complement activation by CRP complexes and the modulation by CRP of complement activation by its ligands add up to its beneficial effects. In the presence of CRP, production of membrane-damaging last product of the complement pathway is arrested. CRP is currently serving as an indicator of cardiovascular diseases, but to pinpoint the role of CRP in atherosclerosis, a drug that can lower cholesterol levels, but not the CRP levels, is needed for experimentation.
Tibolone reduced risk for fractures and breast cancer but increased risk for stroke in older women with osteoporosis.

Source Citation Cummings SR, Ettinger B, Delmas PD, et al. The effects of tibolone in older postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:697-708. 18703472
System Management Services for High-Performance In-situ Aerospace Computing

With the ever-increasing demand for higher bandwidth and processing capacity of today’s space exploration, space science, and defense missions, the ability to efficiently apply commercial-off-the-shelf technology for on-board computing is now a critical need. In response to this need, NASA’s New Millennium Program office has commissioned the development of the Dependable Multiprocessor for use in payload and robotic missions. The Dependable Multiprocessor system provides power-efficient, high-performance, faulttolerant cluster computing resources in a cost-effective and scalable manner. As a major step toward the flight system to be launched in 2009, Honeywell and the University of Florida have successfully investigated and developed a management system and associated middleware components to make the processing of science-mission data as easy in space as it is in ground-based clusters. This paper provides a detailed description of the Dependable Multiprocessor’s middleware technology and experimental results validating the concept and demonstrating the system’s scalability even in the presence of faults.
SU-GG-T-192: Automatic Ionization Chamber Measurement Points Selection for IMRT Point Dose QA

Purpose: This work is about a method to automatically select IC (ion‐chamber) QA measurement points. As a IMRT patient specific QA method, IC measurement is used to determine the absolute dose for delivery verification and monitor units (MU) correction purposes. Because of steep dose gradients, the locations of IC measurement points are critical. Manually selecting IC measurement points is a laborious and difficult work especially for highly modulated fields. Poor IC point selections often result in unnecessary failed measurements, or even inaccurate MU corrections. We therefore have developed a new and automatic method to determine the best IC measurement points. Methods: The key idea of the method is to rank the possible IC measurement points according to their local dose variations, and then to pick the best points. The local dose variation for a point is defined as the dose value range inside a 1 cm diameter sphere centered by the point. A composite ranking method is developed to include the local dose variation ratio, the absolute dose value, point location in the water phantom box, spatial distances and dose value differences from other good measurement points. In this way, the best multiple IC points can be determined not only based on the goodness of single point, but also to meet other dosimetry and physical requirements between the points. Results and conclusion: The method was firstly implemented and verified in MATLAB. we have ported it to Pinnacle scripts combined with C program, so to make it fully automated in Pinnacle TPS. It has been routinely used in our clinic for months. The results show that this method can speed up the IC QA planning process and reduce the rate of IC QA failures.
Comparison between Continuous Bipolar and Unipolar Ratings of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:

This study compared measurement properties of two response formats (bipolar and unipolar ratings) in personality assessment. Data used for empirical evaluation were responses of 135 volunteer college students on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The major results included: (a) high empirical factorial validity for both ratings on individual items with bipolar being superior; (b) higher validity in bipolar ratings than in unipolar ratings for the eight theoretical preference poles; (c) high alpha reliability coefficients for all eight preference poles in both ratings; and (d) evidence of high convergent, divergent, and discriminant validities for the eight preference poles across both ratings. It was concluded that while both ratings are reliable and valid, the bipolar method is more preferable for theoretical and practical purposes.