cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulations of Arctic mixed-phase clouds in forecasts with CAM3 and AM2 for M-PACE

[1] Simulations of mixed-phase clouds in forecasts with the NCAR Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) and the GFDL Atmospheric Model version 2 (AM2) for the MixedPhase Arctic Cloud Experiment (M-PACE) are performed using analysis data from numerical weather prediction centers. CAM3 significantly underestimates the observed boundary layer mixed-phase cloud fraction and cannot realistically simulate the variations of liquid water fraction with temperature and cloud height due to its oversimplified cloud microphysical scheme. In contrast, AM2 reasonably reproduces the observed boundary layer cloud fraction while its clouds contain much less cloud condensate than CAM3 and the observations. The simulation of the boundary layer mixed-phase clouds and their microphysical properties is considerably improved in CAM3 when a new physically based cloud microphysical scheme is used (CAM3LIU). The new scheme also leads to an improved simulation of the surface and top of the atmosphere longwave radiative fluxes. Sensitivity tests show that these results are not sensitive to the analysis data used for model initialization. Increasing model horizontal resolution helps capture the subgrid-scale features in Arctic frontal clouds but does not help improve the simulation of the singlelayer boundary layer clouds. AM2 simulated cloud fraction and LWP are sensitive to the change in cloud ice number concentrations used in the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process while CAM3LIU only shows moderate sensitivity in its cloud fields to this change. This paper shows that the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process is important for these models to correctly simulate the observed features of mixed-phase clouds.
Diffraction theory of nanotwin superlattices with low symmetry phase: Adaptive diffraction of imperfect nanotwin superlattices

The diffraction behaviors of imperfect nanotwin superlattices were considered and the effects of random variations in nanotwin layer thicknesses and variant volume fractions on the diffraction peak intensity profiles investigated. Imperfect nanotwin superlattices exhibit a pronounced adaptive diffraction phenomenon when the Brillouin zone-dependent condition, , is met, where T is twin-related bilayer thickness, γ is twinning shear strain magnitude, s is twinning shear direction unit vector, and K is the reciprocal lattice vector of the constituent crystal denoting the fundamental reflection spots and Brillouin zones in reciprocal space. Nanotwin layer thickness variations produce little effect on the diffraction intensity distributions of adaptive Bragg reflection peaks, whereas variant volume fraction variations significantly reduce the height and broaden the width of adaptive peaks, but only affect their integrated intensities slightly and do not change their positions. In spite of imperfections, an ext...
A Cultural Niche Construction Theory of Initial Domestication

I present a general theory for the initial domestication of plants and animals that is based on niche construction theory and incorporates several behavioral ecological concepts, including central-place provisioning, resource catchment, resource ownership and defensibility, and traditional ecological knowledge. This theory provides an alternative to, and replacement for, current explanations, including diet breadth models of optimal foraging theory, that are based on an outmoded concept of asymmetrical adaptation and that attempt to explain domestication as an adaptive response to resource imbalance resulting from either environmental decline or human population growth. The small-scale human societies that first domesticated plants and animals share a number of basic interrelated attributes that when considered as an integrated and coherent set of behaviors provide the context for explaining initial domestication not as an adaptive response to an adverse environmental shift or to human population growth or packing but rather as the result of deliberate human enhancement of resource-rich environments in situations where evidence of resource imbalance is absent.
Photoperiodic and osmotic influences on the ultrastructure of the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the White-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii

An attempt was made to correlate functional changes in the neurohypophysis of the White-crowned Sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii, with morphologic features on the light- and electron-microscope levels. The aldehyde-fuchsin-staining anterior median eminence possesses essentially the same ultrastructural features as the non-staining posterior median eminence. The axon terminals are characterized by the presence of a large number of small vesicles (approximately 400 A in diameter) and occasional electron-dense granules. The more-or-less “depleted” anterior median eminence occasionally evident in the photosensitive bird showing testicular development is indistinguishable ultrastructurally from the more intensely staining median eminence generally characteristic of the photorefractory bird. In the median eminence, stainability and functional state do not seem to be correlated with changes in the type, size or number of vesicles. A slight increase in the number of granules was noted in the photorefractory bird but this was considered insufficient basis to account for differences in stainability. The pars nervosa, on the other hand, responded to osmotic stimuli (saline drinking water) by loss of stainability and decrease in numbers of elementary neurosecretory granules. Small vesicles are also present in the pars nervosa axon terminals, but are intermingled with neurosecretory granules in normal birds. “Acute-osmotic” birds, however, had axon terminals almost entirely occupied by small vesicles. It is to be emphasized that the pars nervosa and the median eminence are two structurally very different regions of the neurohypophysis. The basis for aldehyde-fuchsin staining in the median eminence appears to differ from that in the pars nervosa. The implications of these findings are considered in regard to hypothalamic control over gonadotropic activity in the White-crowned Sparrow.
A high-throughput platform for stem cell niche co-cultures and downstream gene expression analysis

Magness and colleagues present a microwell-based culture system to analyse interactions between intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and Paneth cells, and show that their direct contact enhances formation of ISC-derived organoids.
Computerized catalytic kinetics: A useful extension of the method of Wei and Prater

An extension of the method of Wei and Prater has been devised for determining the relative rate constants for an isothermal, first-order, reversible, three-component system, namely, the catalyzed isothermal isomerization of n-butenes. The new method reduces the required work to one experiment.
Self-Concept and Depression Among Children Who Experienced the Death of a Family Member

The present study investigates the moderating effects of physical and academic self-concept on depression among children who experienced the death of a family member. Data from Phase III of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care was used in the present study. Having a higher physical self-concept moderated the relationship between death of a family member and depression. However, an unexpected relationship indicated that having higher math self-concept increased the probability of developing symptoms of depression. Interventions that target children's self-concept, especially physical self-concept, after a death in the family may result in fewer depression symptoms later in life.
Tracking chromosome dynamics in live yeast cells: coordinated movement of rDNA homologs and anaphase disassembly of the nucleolus during meiosis

A prerequisite for determination of chromosome dynamics in live cells is development of a method for staining or marking the chromosome of interest. We describe here a unique chromosome-tracking system that differentially marks two large chromosome segments from homologs in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using yeast genetics and the special features at the repetitive ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene cluster, we incorporated arrays of the tet operator and the lac operator into each repeat of the two rDNA homologs by homologous recombination. Expression of tet repressor-fused green fluorescent protein and lac repressor-fused red fluorescent protein in engineered cells led to the differential labeling of rDNA homologs. Using live-cell three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy, we showed that homologs undergo contraction and expansion cycles in an actin-dependent manner during meiosis and that chromosome mobility appears to be correlated with nuclear positioning. Our observations further revealed that, in contrast to mitosis, in meiosis the yeast nucleolus, the site of rRNA processing, was disassembled upon anaphase onset, suggesting a differential regulation of the rDNA array during meiotic chromosome segregation. Because rRNA genes are highly conserved, a similar chromosome-engineering approach may be adaptable in other eukaryotes for functional assays of chromosome organization in live cells.
LAMINAR DISTRIBUTION AND SOURCES OF CATECHOLAMINERGIC INPUT TO THE OPTIC TECTUM OF THE PIGEON (COLUMBA LIVIA)

A combined immunohistochemical and retrograde tracing approach was used to characterize the catecholaminergic innervation of the optic tectum (TeO), the major target of retinal projections in many avian species. Giemsa counterstaining was employed to determine precisely the laminar localization of immunoreactive fibers and presumptive terminals. The TeO of the pigeon is densely innervated by fibers immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which are most heavily distributed to the superficial layers of its dorsal and anterior portions. Within the dorsal-anterior tectum, TH-immunoreactive processes are particularly dense in retinorecipient layers 4 and 7 and in layer 5a. As in the mammalian superior colliculus, the bulk of the catecholaminergic innervation of the pigeon TeO reflects inputs, presumably noradrenergic, originating in the locus coeruleus and nucleus subcoeruleus. However, the catecholaminergic innervation of the pigeon TeO shows several features distinct from those reported for the mammalian superior colliculus. These include an input from a pretectal TH-positive cell group unknown in mammals and the presence of residual TH immunoreactivity after administration of the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4. Moreover, the pattern of TH-immunoreactive fibers in pigeon TeO indicates more laminar and regional specialization within this structure than has been reported for the catecholaminergic innervation of the superior colliculus in mammals.
Exceptional Carotenoid Metabolism in the Andean Flamingo

THE rare three-toed, yellow-legged flamingo, Phoeni-coparrus andinus, the native habitat of which, save probably for coastal winter residence, is in and around saline lakes in the Andean heights of northern South America1, is maintained successfully in the San Diego Zoo, whence freshly expired specimens, and blood from living ones, were made available for our studies. Not long captive from the wild, the birds had been maintained for the quarantine period in the Cologne Zoo before transference to San Diego in late September 1964.
Water column and grab sample palynofacies assemblages from the Rajang River delta, Sarawak, East Malaysia

Abstract An actualistic investigation has been conducted on palynofacies recovered from a limited sample set of water column and grab samples in freshwater fluvial, brackish water fluvial, and estuary mouth (kuala) environments of the Rajang River and delta, Sarawak, East Malaysia. Palynofacies are overwhelmingly dominated by Unstructured Organic Matter (OM), with varying amounts of Structured OM, Palynological OM, and an insignificant amount of Indeterminate OM (black opaques). Non‐parametric statistical analyses (Chi‐Square and Mann‐Whitney rank sum) were conducted to determine if different physical processes operating in the delta (tidal range, time of sample collection, water chemistry, and depositional setting) affected assemblage composition. Palynofacies assemblages were evaluated using UPGA clustering techniques to determine if distributional patterns existed in the study area. No statistical relationship was found between the OM particle category and sediment‐grain size within the delta. In gener...
Adaptation of a cubic smoothing spline algortihm for multi-channel data stitching at the National Ignition Facility

Some diagnostics at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), including the Gamma Reaction History (GRH) diagnostic, require multiple channels of data to achieve the required dynamic range. These channels need to be stitched together into a single time series, and they may have non-uniform and redundant time samples. We chose to apply the popular cubic smoothing spline technique to our stitching problem because we needed a general non-parametric method. We adapted one of the algorithms in the literature, by Hutchinson and deHoog, to our needs. The modified algorithm and the resulting code perform a cubic smoothing spline fit to multiple data channels with redundant time samples and missing data points. The data channels can have different, time-varying, zero-mean white noise characteristics. The method we employ automatically determines an optimal smoothing level by minimizing the Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) score. In order to automatically validate the smoothing level selection, the Weighted Sum-Squared Residual (WSSR) and zero-mean tests are performed on the residuals. Further, confidence intervals, both analytical and Monte Carlo, are also calculated. In this paper, we describe the derivation of our cubic smoothing spline algorithm. We outline the algorithm and test it with simulated and experimental data.
Tuning doping site and type by strain: Enhanced p-type doping in Li doped ZnO

Abstract Using the first-principles method, we show that the preference of substitutional and interstitial doping can be tuned through external strain, either hydrostatic or epitaxial, because doping induces a volume change around the dopants. When the external strain is applied in the same direction as the volume change, the solubility is enhanced. As an example, we show that Li substitution on Zn sites in ZnO, which is desired for p -type doping, can be enhanced against the Li interstitial doping, which passivates the p -type doping. We suggest that this general strategy should be very useful to control doping of many semiconductor materials.
A mechanistic study of methanol decomposition over Cu/SiO2, ZrO2/SiO2, and Cu/ZrO2/SiO2

Abstract The interaction of methanol with Cu/SiO 2 , ZrO 2 /SiO 2 , and Cu/ZrO 2 /SiO 2 has been investigated by in situ infrared spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption and reaction with the aim of understanding the nature of the species and the mechanism involved in methanol decomposition. In the case of Cu/SiO 2 , methanol exposure results in the formation of methoxide species on Cu and SiO 2 at 323 K. In the absence of methanol in the gas phase, methoxide species on Cu are dehydrogenated to give formaldehyde starting at ∼340 K and are oxidized to formate species at ∼373 K, which then decomposes to CO 2 and H 2 at ∼390 K. When methanol is present in the gas phase, methyl formate, CO, and H 2 , resulting from the decomposition of methyl formate, are formed in addition to the above reactions. When ZrO 2 ∼SiO 2 or Cu∼ZrO 2 ∼SiO 2 is exposed to methanol, the majority of the surface species observed are associated with zirconia. Methanol adsorption on either ZrO 2 /SiO 2 or Cu/ZrO 2 /SiO 2 leads to methoxide formation on zirconia and SiO 2 at 323 K. In the presence of Cu, methoxide species on zirconia are dehydrogenated to give formaldehyde starting at ∼325 K, which is oxidized to formate species on zirconia at ∼373 K, which decompose to CO, CO 2 , and H 2 at ∼400 K. Methyl formate and dimethyl ether are also observed to form above 460 K. In the absence of Cu, methoxide species on zirconia decompose only very slowly at 523 K. Metallic Cu is proposed to provide sites on which hydrogen atoms formed during the dehydrogenation of species located on zirconia can recombine efficiently and desorb as H 2 . Thus, methanol decomposition over Cu/ZrO 2 /SiO 2 is envisioned to occur primarily on ZrO 2 , with the primary function of Cu being the removal of hydrogen.
Clinical phenotypes and molecular genetic mechanisms of Carney complex

Summary Carney complex is a familial multiple neoplasia disorder with characteristic features such as cardiac and cutaneous myxomas and spotty pigmentation of the skin. Clinical genetic analyses have shown that Carney complex is transmitted in an autosomal dominant way and can present with a wide array of other tumours, such as psammomatous melanotic schwannoma, testicular Sertoli-cell tumours, and pituitary adenomas. Molecular genetic studies show that mutations in the PRKAR1A gene, encoding the R1α regulatory subunit of cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase A, are the cause of Carney complex in most patients. Investigation of genetically engineered animal models confirms the role of PRKAR1A as a tumour suppressor and has begun to elaborate mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis in this disorder. Further genetic studies in human beings have highlighted novel variant phenotypes, such as congenital contractures, which are potentially associated with Carney complex, and have identified alternative genetic pathways to cardiac tumorigenesis, including mutation of the MYH8 gene that encodes perinatal myosin.
New detection strategies through supercritical fluid chromatography

This article reviews the current status and developmental trends in detection for supercritical fluid chromatography. The “GC-like” and “LC-like” detection techniques are treated separately, while the needs of structural identification techniques for SFC separations are emphasized.
A study of the infrared emission from the O I (3d 3D0) and (4s 5S0) states produced by electron impact excitation of O2

The absolute emission cross section values for the O I(3p 3P-3d 3D0, lambda = 11,287 A) and the (3p 5P-4s 5S0, lambda = 11,299 A) multiplets excited by electron impact on O2 have been measured. These infrared oxygen emission features appear prominently in auroral spectra and were observed in electron bombardment of O2. The former cross section has a value of 3.05 x 10 to the -19th + or - 15 percent at 100 eV, while the latter's value is 4.14 x 10 to the -19th sq cm + or - 15 percent. The quintet emission at lambda = 11,299 A is the only deexcitation channel for the 4s 5S0 state and thus represents the total excitation cross section for that state. However, the lambda = 11,287 A branch from the O I (3d 3D0) state only constitutes about 25 percent of the total 3d 3D0 cross section, with the major branch from this state being the transition to the ground state observed at lambda = 1027 A. The branching ratio is in good agreement with the theoretical calculation of Padhan and Saraph (1977).
The National Flood-Control Program in the United States Department of Agriculture

Floods have been with us since the dawn of history. Early records describe not only the destruction caused by floods, but also Man's ineffectual efforts to prevent great losses of life and property once the raging waters were upon him. While no one can deny the value of well-conceived construction programs designed to protect property and lives from floods, it is important to realize that modern scientific research has clarified the contributing causes and encouraged us to take them into consideration.
Clinical manifestations of classical, endemic African, and epidemic AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma

Kaposi's sarcoma, first described in 1872, is a rare, chronic neoplasm that occurs most often in elderly men of Eastern European origin. In the mid-twentieth century, more aggressive forms of Kaposi's sarcoma were found to be an endemic disease especially common among young black men in central Africa. Kaposi's sarcoma also occurs in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients, such as kidney transplant recipients. In 1981, the sudden occurrence of an unusual, disseminated form of Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men in New York and California heralded the epidemic now known as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ninety-five percent of all AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) has been in homosexual men; however, the incidence of AIDS-KS has diminished from greater than 40% of men with AIDS since 1981 to less than 20% in 1989. The remaining 5% of AIDS-KS has been seen in all other populations at risk for AIDS. The reasons for the remarkable persistent increased prevalence of AIDS-KS among homosexual men remains obscure. Clinically, AIDS-KS is a highly varied neoplastic disease characterized by multifocal mucocutaneous lesions often with lymphatic and visceral involvement. The etiology of Kaposps sarcoma remains unknown although various hypotheses have been suggested, including endothelial-tumor growth factors, oncogenic expression, genetic predisposition, and environmental cofactors. An as-yet unidentified viruslike agent has been proposed as a possible direct cause of this neoplasm. Different treatment modalities for Kaposi's sarcoma. have been employed with varying success, these include localized radiation therapy, cryotherapy, electrocauterization, surgical excision, and a variety of systemic chemotherapeutic regimens, as well as a-interferon. Although all available treatments help control the lesions, none lengthens survival.
Cherubism: an analysis of treatment.

The surgical treatment and 5-year follow-up for two siblings suffering with cherubism is presented along with a brief resume of possible treatment courses. The girl first demonstrated bilateral mandibular swellings at age 14 months, which makes her the youngest reported child with cherubism's clinical manifestation. Curettement was the treatment of choice for both children. Untreated jaw lesions did not show regression, but rather progressed in a fashion similar to tumor that was left behind in some of the recontoured areas. Progression continued from age 14 months to 8 years. Multilocular tumor rarefactions were found to remain in both jaws of each child after 5 years. Two maxillary facial and one mandibular curettements were required for the sister. Her brother's maxillary lesions were curetted once, and his mandibular lesions were curetted twice. The cosmetic results for both children were satisfactory, and as many permanent teeth as possible were spared for future masticatory function. One can only conclude that each child suffering from cherubism must be evaluated individually, considering his family history, his age, the rate of tumor progression, and extent of tumor involvement before judging what degree of surgical management is required for that particular patient to obtain the best cosmetic and future masticatory results.
Potentiation of calcium levels by extracellular arachidonic acid in nuclei isolated from macrophages stimulated with receptor-recognized forms of α2-macroglobulin

Abstract Ligation of macrophage α 2 -macroglobulin signalling receptors (α 2 MSR) with activated α 2 -macroglobulin (α 2 M*) increases intracellular Ca 2+ , and cytosolic phospholipase A 2 (cPLA 2 ) and phospholipase D activities. In view of the relationship between cellular Ca 2+ and mitogenesis, we examined the effect of the product of cPLA 2 activity, arachidonic acid (AA), on nuclear Ca 2+ levels in macrophages stimulated with α 2 M*, platelet derived growth factor, and bradykinin. AA addition increased Ca 2+ levels in Fura-2/AM loaded nuclei from both buffer-treated and agonist-stimulated cells, but the increase in stimulated macrophages was 2–4-fold higher. Preincubation of Fura-2/AM loaded nuclei with EGTA or BAPTA/AM abolished AA-induced increase in nuclear Ca 2+ levels. Preincubation of nuclei with indomethacin did not affect AA-induced increase in nuclear Ca 2+ in agonist-stimulated nuclei. It is concluded that in macrophages stimulated with various agonists, AA, derived from cPLA 2 -dependent hydrolysis of phospholipids, plays a significant role in regulating nuclear Ca 2+ levels and thus nuclear functions.
Morphological Alterations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Ticarcillin: a Scanning Electron Microscope Study

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was exposed to 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100, and 1,000 times the minimal inhibitory concentration of ticarcillin in vitro and subsequently examined with the scanning electron microscope. The morphological alterations observed were filamentation, mid-cell defects, and spheroplast formation, and these alterations were dependent upon the drug concentration.
Serum gonadotropin concentrations during the first four years of life.

ABSTRACT The concentration of gonadotropins was measured in the sera of 23 girls and 25 boys aged 0.5 to 4.0 yr. The mean serum concentration of FSH was significantly higher in girls than in boys between 0.5 and 2.0 and between 2.1 and 4.0 yr of age. While mean serum LH concentration in girls was significantly higher than in boys between 0.5 and 2.0 yr of age, there was no significant sex difference in the second 2 yr of life. The serum concentrations of both FSH and LH rose significantly in the second 2 yr of life in boys. There was no change in serum gonadotropin concentrations in girls after age 2.0 yr. These data confirm previous reports of a sex difference in serum gonadotropin concentrations in the first 4 yr of life.
Linearity and quadrupolarity of tetragonal and cylindrical penning traps of arbitrary length-to-width ratio

The two most popular Penning traps in use for Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry are tetragonal (i. e., orthorhombic with square cross section) and cylindrical. Here we compare tetragonal and cylindrical traps as a function of aspect (length-to-width) ratio and position within the trap, by comparing the numerically computed (from Simion 6.0) electric potential field of a given trap relative to each of three idealized potentials required for FT-ICR experiments: dipolar one-dimensional potential for alternating current (ac) excitation/detection of cyclotron motion, azimuthal two-dimensional quadrupolar potential for ac excitation for ion axialization, and axial three-dimensional quadrupolar potential for direct current axial confinement of ions. Our numerically computed results agree well with those previously derived analytically. The numerical approach provides a simpler and more accessible means for analyzing the aforementioned potentials. Moreover, the numerical approach (unlike the analytical approach) readily extends to traps of lower symmetry. Finally, even when analytical solutions are available, the numerical method presented here is complementary, since it provides a useful check on the validity of the derived equations.
Quark and lepton masses in superstring-type models with mirror families

We investigate ordinary-mirror fermion mass splitting, quark isospin breaking, and both Majorana and Dirac neutrino mass seesaw mechanisms in the framework of ${\mathrm{E}}_{6}$-based superstring-type models with mirror families. Our results suggest that actual realizations containing vectorlike generations should not be overlooked in the search for a realistic low-energy phenomenology.
The Impact of Frailty in the Elderly on the Outcome of Surgery in the Aged

As the population continues to age, we will continue to encounter issues involving aging and the elderly. Despite these issues, knowledge is expanding and evolving with new solutions to ongoing problems. Mechanistically, frailty at its root is a symptom of growing old, with cascades and circuitous feedback between organ systems at all levels. Clinically, frailty is as equally dynamic and its multifactorial nature represents a unique challenge to the surgical community and warrants the integration of geriatric assessment into clinical practice. Integration within clinical practice includes using an interdisciplinary approach, where surgeons work with anesthesiologists, geriatricians, nursing, rehabilitation, nutritionists, and other support staff to provide holistic assessment, efficient delivery, and higher quality of care. This in hand, recognition of frailty can occur in a timely fashion to initiate treatment, decreasing the risk of morbidity and mortality for improved surgical outcomes.
An exploratory study of the effects of emotionally toned incidental stimuli1

Summary The present study examined the effects of emotionally toned (angry or pleasant) incidental stimuli upon fantasy production Subjects told more aggressive TAT stories when highly aggressive passages from a play were audible from the next room (at a volume and fidelity which made it difficult to follow the verbal message) than they did when no such stimulus was playing No increase in aggression was noted in the presence of a pleasantly toned stimulus Individual differences in responsiveness to the incidental stimulus were related to other measures of influence by incidental stimuli, and little individual consistency was evident It was suggested that the concept of a general trait of responsiveness to incidental stimulation may be too global, and that consistencies may be limited to particular response modes, types of stimuli, and orientations to the situation.
Effects of spinal cord transection and MK-801 on CGRP immunostaining in the rat urinary bladder

Abstract Numerous studies have demonstrated that lesions in the CNS can alter the density of sensory nerve processes in peripheral organs. In the present study, rat spinal cords were transected at the second lumbar segmental level and the density of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the urinary bladder was examined. Additional rats had spinal cord transections followed by 12 days of treatment with the N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801. In the bladders of control rats, CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were present as thick nerve trunks, perivascular plexi, and a fine meshwork of varicose nerve fibers. Twelve days following a spinal cord transection, the density of CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers was markedly reduced; occasional fibers appeared primarily as nonvaricose fine fibers. In bladders from rats receiving a spinal cord transection and MK-801 treatment, CGRP-immunoreactive fibers were abundantly distributed throughout the detrusor muscle; these fibers exhibited numerous varicosities as well as some enlarged terminal varicosities. These data demonstrate that (i) an upper motor neuron-type lesion markedly decreases the density of CGRP-immunoreactive peripheral afferent nerve processes and (ii) following a spinal cord transection, MK-801 appears to enhance the density of CGRP immunostaining in the bladder.
Antagonism by NOS inhibition of the behavioral effects of benzodiazepine and GABAA receptor agonists in the mouse elevated plus-maze.

Earlier we implicated nitric oxide (NO) in mediation of the behavioral effects of benzodiazepines. Since benzodiazepines work through facilitation of GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmission, this study was designed to determine whether the direct-acting γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor agonist THIP (4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol) evokes behavioral effects similar to those of benzodiazepines and whether behavioral effects of THIP are also NO dependent. When challenged with either chlordiazepoxide or THIP in an elevated plus-maze paradigm, male NIH Swiss mice exhibited a dose-related increase in open-arm activity. The chlordiazepoxide-induced effects were sensitive to antagonism by a benzodiazepine antagonist, and the effects of THIP were blocked by a GABAA receptor antagonist. Pretreatment with the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NG-nitro arginine antagonized the effects of both chlordiazepoxide and THIP; similar pretreatment with the D-isomer, D-NG-nitro arginine, which is inactive as an NOS inhibitor, was without effect on chlordiazepoxide and THIP. These findings indicate that chlordiazepoxide and THIP evoke similar behavioral effects in mice in the elevated plus-maze through actions on different parts of the GABAA receptor, and that NO appears to play a key role in mediation of the behavioral effects of both chlordiazepoxide and THIP.
SCIIENCE: The creation and pilot implementation of an NGSS-based instrument to evaluate early childhood science teaching

Abstract This paper describes the development, testing and implementation of the S ystematic C haracterization of I nquiry I nstruction in E arly Lear N ing C lassroom E nvironments (SCIIENCE). The SCIIENCE instrument was designed to capture best practices outlined in the National Research Council's Framework for K-12 Science Education as they occur within a science lesson. The goals of the SCIIENCE instrument are to (a) assess the quality of science instruction in PK-3 classrooms, (b) capture teacher behaviors and instructional practices that engage students in the lesson, promote scientific studies, encourage higher-level thinking, and (c) provide a feedback mechanism for guiding professional development of PK-3 teachers. Science educators can apply this instrument to teacher behaviors and use the data to improve classroom inquiry instructional methodology.
Heat Transfer in Multiple Parallel High Aspect Ratio Ducts With Triangular Trench Enhancement Features

Detailed heat transfer coefficient distributions and pressure drop have been obtained for high aspect ratio (AR = Width/Height = 12.5) ducts with triangular trench enhancement features oriented normal to the coolant flow direction. Numerical and experimental approaches analyze the performance of triangular trenches for six geometrically identical ducts branching from a common plenum. The numerical approach is based on a Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) turbulence model with an unstructured mesh. A transient liquid crystal (TLC) technique is used to experimentally calculate Nu on the ducts surfaces. Reynolds number (Re = 7080, 14800, and 22400, with respect to the duct hydraulic diameter are explored. As Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and TLC results are both detailed, qualitative and quantitative comparisons are made. Experimental results show the closest and furthest ducts from the entrance of the plenum are considerably affected, as recirculation zones develop which partially choke the inlet the respective ducts. Results from the experiments are compared to CFD predictions from Duct 4. In addition, the experimental data are recalculated with the maximum bias in TLC temperature to indicate an improved matching between CFD and experimental methods to demonstrate that CFD captures the wall heat transfer coefficient trends similar to experimental results. The triangular trenches enhance heat transfer in the ducts two-fold compared to smooth wall Dittus-Boelter Nusselt number correlation for flow in tubes.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Brain, neural networks, and computation

The method by which brain produces mind has for centuries been discussed in terms of the most complex engineering and science metaphors of the day. Descartes described mind in terms of interacting vortices. Psychologists have metaphorized memory in terms of paths or traces worn in a landscape, a geological record of our experiences. To McCulloch and Pitts (1943) and von Neumann (1958), the appropriate metaphor was the digital computer, then in its infancy. The field of “neural networks” is the study of the computational properties and behavior of networks of “neuronlike” elements. It lies somewhere between a model of neurobiology and a metaphor for how the brain computes. It is inspired by two goals: to understand how neurobiology works, and to understand how to solve problems which neurobiology solves rapidly and effortlessly and which are very hard on present digital machines.
Examining GPS monitoring alerts triggered by sex offenders: The divergence of legislative goals and practical application in community corrections

Abstract Purpose Legislative mandates that require GPS monitoring of offenders add to the existing logistical complexities of community supervision. Challenges in implementing GPS policies and practices are heightened by the lack of sound empirical research. Studies examining the relationships between GPS monitoring of sex offenders in the community and the legislative goals of public safety, deterrence, and cost effectiveness are virtually nonexistent. To begin to address this gap in the literature, this study examines the impact of a statutorily-based GPS monitoring program for adult sex offenders convicted of dangerous crimes against children and placed under community supervision. Method Official offender generated alert data for DCAC Sex Offenders in Maricopa County, AZ are examined from the time of legislative mandate for a subsequent two year period. Results Analyses highlight the significant number of equipment related alerts triggered by a loss of satellite signal for offenders under GPS monitoring as a key concern as well as a significant increase in officer workload as a result. Conclusions A divergence between legislative goals and practical application of mandated GPS monitoring programs exists. GPS technology is far more limited than anticipated and should be viewed as a tool rather than depended upon as a control mechanism.
Crystallization of diamond crystals and films by microwave assisted CVD (Part II)

Abstract Results of experiments on crystallization of diamond micro single crystals (∼10μm) and polycrystalline diamond films by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition are presented. Discussed are problems related to growth mechanisms from CH 4 H 2 plasma: nucleation on different substrates (diamond, graphite, Si, βSiC, SiO2 and Ni), catalytic growth, Raman scattering from deposits and planar defects of diamond structure. Optimal conditions for diamond growth were found in relation to maximum growth rate and exceptional surface phenomena appearing at temperatures close to 1000°C.
Correspondences and Comparisons in International and Domestic Conflict Resolution

The eclectic “field” of conflict resolution is characterized by a constant interplay between practice and theory (to say nothing about varying interpretations of what practice and theory actually are or should be). The author raises a number of questions about how to develop and test theory; the significant role of context in theory generation; and a variety of themes or issues that can be explored to provide scholarly synthesis as well as guidance for the practitioner, in both domestic and international conflict situations.
Failure of high temperature extrapolation of oxidative reactions in solution

The kinetics of oxidation of the disodium salt of a sulfide-dicarboxylic acid, C26H32O4S·Na2, in solution have been investigated. This compound (A) may be represented schematically as RCH(CH2COO−Na+)S (CH2)2 COO−Na+. Final decomposition products are a result of an oxidation of the sulfur group and a cleavage of the molecule in two. The data suggest that a dimerization of A occurs, and that at 60°C the predominant reaction in the decomposition is an auto-oxidation of the dimer, while at 90°C it is a (non-auto-oxidative) decay of the monomer. At a range of temperatures in between the decomposition is a combination of the two. This dual behavior precludes any type of Arrhenius extrapolation. The change from the oxidation being the predominant reaction to being a secondary reaction is due to the decrease in oxygen concentration in solution at higher temperatures being more significant than the increase in the oxidation rate constant.
Recent studies on radiation induced F-center and colloid particle formation in synthetic NaCI and natural rock salt

Abstract Radiation induced F-center and Na metal colloid formation have been studied, at temperatures between 100 and 350°C, in melt growth synthetic NaCl crystals and natural rock salt samples, using equipment for making optical measurements during 1–3 MeV electron irradiation. In both types of NaCl the damage formation kinetics are qualitatively similar. However, there are large quantitative differences which depend on irradiation temperature, dose rate, total dose, inherent strain, strain applied prior to irradiation and other factors. Natural rock salt samples from different localities exhibit markedly different radiation induced colloid formation rates. An extrapolation of the current data to the doses expected in radioactive waste depositories indicate that natural salt immediately adjacent to the planned waste canisters could develop between 0.1 and 50 percent colloidal sodium in 50 to 400 years.
Chronic-intermittent hypoxia induces immediate early gene expression in the midline thalamus and epithalamus

Chronic-intermittent hypoxia (CIH) was postulated to activate thalamic regions that are synaptically related to autonomic-related areas of the cerebral cortex. Animals exposed to CIH for 30 days exhibited c-fos labeling in paraventricular thalamic and lateral habenular nuclei. Our findings strongly suggest activation of a diencephalic network that participates in behavioral responses to chronic stress.
Studies of thin film ferroelectrics with charge-compensated substitutions in BST

Abstract : Thin films were prepared from bulk targets by pulsed-laser deposition techniques. The targets were composed of Ba(0.6)Sr(0.4)TiO3 with charge-compensated substitutions for Ti(4+). Results of the dielectric characterization measurements will be discussed and compared to the results of similar measurements in bulk materials with the same composition.
The Development of Uncertainty Monitoring in Early Childhood

This study examined the development of uncertainty monitoring in early childhood. Specifically, this study tested the prediction that preschoolers can reflect on their sense of certainty about the likely accuracy of their decisions, and it examined whether this ability differs across domains. Three-, 4-, and 5-year-olds (N = 74) completed a perceptual identification and a lexical identification task in which they reported whether they were certain or uncertain about their answers. Results showed that even 3-year-olds provided confidence judgments that discriminated accurate from inaccurate responses, but this discrimination increased with age. Furthermore, results suggest that 3-year-olds primarily rely on response latency to assess certainty, whereas older preschoolers do not. Overall, these findings suggest that uncertainty monitoring emerges and develops during the preschool years.
Genomics, epidemiology, and common complex diseases: let's not throw out the baby with the bathwater!

Therefore, we were astonished and disappointed to encoun­ ter Buchanan’s summary dismissal of genetic epidemiology as a misguided and hopeless quest for the philosopher’s stone. Delivered scarcely 3 years after completion of the Human Genome Project, this judgement is clearly premature. Population-based epidemiological research that makes the most of newly available information and techniques is just beginning. We should expect this research to take time—years, if not decades—to appropriately conduct, analyse, report, and synthesize. Although we agree that public health programmes should continue to promote a healthy diet, adequate physical activity, and smoking cessation, it makes no sense to assert that ‘the preponderance of cases of complex chronic disease are owing to exogenous experience rather than endogenous genetic suscep­ tibility’. 10 Obviously, ‘people are not born with complex, late-onset disease’; on the other hand, people who continue to eat too much, spend too much time on the couch and smoke (despite vigorous public health education campaigns) do not always develop heart disease. Clearly, there is much more to learn about gene–environment interactions underlying these diseases and to use this knowledge in intervention efforts. As we have argued elsewhere, 14 the public health sig­ nificance of genomic research on common complex diseases with strong environmental determinants lies not in finding new genetic ‘causes’ of these diseases but in helping us to better recognize and modify interacting environmental risk factors. Each investigation that increases our understanding of gene–environment interaction, etiological heterogeneity, pathogenesis, and natural history of common diseases adds to a knowledge base for estimating risks and guiding
Bimodal volcanism of the High Lava Plains and Northwestern Basin and Range of Oregon: Distribution and tectonic implications of age-progressive rhyolites

[1] Multiple episodes of Oligocene and younger silicic volcanism are represented in the high lava plateau of central and southeastern Oregon. From 12 Ma to Recent, volcanism is strongly bimodal with nearly equal volumes of basalt and rhyolite. It is characterized by moderate to high silica (SiO2 >72 wt. %) rhyolitic tuffs and domes that are younger to the west, and widespread, tholeiitic basalts that show no temporal pattern. We report 18 new 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating ages on rhyolites, and establish that the timing of the age-progressive rhyolites is decoupled from basaltic pulses. This work expands on that of previous workers by clearly linking the High Lava Plains (HLP) and northwestern-most Basin and Range (NWBR) rhyolite volcanism into a single age-progressive trend. The spatial-temporal relationship of the rhyolite outcrops and regional tectonics indicate that subsidence due to increasingly dense crust creates large, primarily sediment-filled basins within the more volcanically active HLP. The west-northwest age progression in rhyolitic volcanism is counter to the trend expected for a quasi-stationary mantle upwelling relative to North American plate motion. We attribute the rhyolitic age progression to mantle upwelling in response to slab rollback and steepening, and this is consistent with mantle anisotropy under the region and analog slab rollback models. This removes the necessity of deep mantle plume involvement. Laboratory experimental studies indicate that the geometry of the downgoing slab can focus upwelling or asthenospheric counterflow into a constricted band, resulting in greater volcanic volumes in the HLP as compared to the NWBR.
Implementation and design analysis of a network messaging module using virtual interface architecture

The buffered message interface (BMI) of PVFSv2 is a low level network abstraction that allows PVFSv2 to operate on any protocol that has BMI support. This work presents a BMI module that supports the VIA over an early release version of InfiniBand and also over Myrinet. The baseline bandwidth and latency of the implementation were compared to the BMI modules and were shown to achieve significantly higher performance than the TCP module, but slightly less than the CM module. Experimental results comparing a completion queue version with a notify version and using immediate versus rendezvous messages are useful to system implementors of network messaging modules.