cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sound, Touch and Virtual Reality

This chapter considers the use of two of the non-visual senses-hearing and touch-for representing complex information in the context of optimization. Although much research has been conducted on these topics applied often to entertainment and sometimes to scientific activities, very few applications of sound and touch have been made that are relevant to optimization. We briefly discuss some of the relevant work. The final part of the chapter discusses how optimization is making contributions to the field of virtual reality.
Intra-operative monitoring in acoustic neuroma surgery

AbstractIntra-operative neurophysiologic monitoring (JOM) is rapidly evolving as an important adjunct during acoustic neuroma surgery to reduce the incidence of neurologic deficits. Monitoring alerts the surgeon tc? ongoing changes in neural function. The benefit of facial nerve monitoring in reducing the incidence of facial palsy during acoustic tumor resection appears clear and is now recommended by the National Institutes of Health (Consensus Development Conference on Acoustic Neuroma, 1991). Auditory monitoring is not as effective as facial monitoring but hearing preservation can be enhanced particularly if used with facial monitoring because the latter alerts the surgeon to traumatic manipulations that may affect both facial and cochlear nerves. Monitoring is not a replacement for surgical experience. ‘Poor monitoring is worse than no monitoring’. [Neural Res 1998; 20: 593–596]
Atrial Fibrillation Detection in ICU Patients: A Pilot Study on MIMIC III Data *

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia, resulting in varying and irregular heartbeats. AF increases risk for numerous cardiovascular diseases including stroke, heart failure and as a result, computer aided efficient monitoring of AF is crucial, especially for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. In this paper, we present an automated and robust algorithm to detect AF from ICU patients using electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. Several statistical parameters including root mean square of successive differences, Shannon entropy, Sample entropy and turning point ratio are calculated from the heart rate. A subset of the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) Ш database containing 36 subjects is used in this study. We compare the AF detection performance of several classifiers for both the training and blinded test data. Using the support vector machine classifier with radial basis kernel, the proposed method achieves 99.95% cross-validation accuracy on the training data and 99.88% sensitivity, 99.65% specificity and 99.75% accuracy on the blinded test data.
Journey, Geography, and Time in Felix Fabri’s Sionpilger

In his essay, »Of Other Spaces,« Michel Foucault contrasts a medieval sense of time and place with that of the modern, and he characterizes the modern concept of space and time as a network. However, this essay suggests that careful attention to medieval artefacts of cultural history reveals that Foucault’s supposed transition from a sense of medieval »emplacement« to a sense of modern »network« is not quite accurate. Analysis of the Sionpilger, a fifteenth-century guide for »imagined« pilgrimage written by the Dominican Felix Fabri, reveals that far from being a modern concept, an idea of space and time connected as a network was very much a medieval phenomenon. In the Sionpilger, the concept of geography is imbricated with the concepts of journey and time; all three of these concepts then serve to create a local, southern-German landscape of religious reform that is connected across space and time to Jerusalem and the events of sacred history.
Role of family caregivers regarding sexual and reproductive health for women and girls with intellectual disability: A scoping review.

Background While people with intellectual disability (ID) face disparities relating to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services, little is known about the role of family caregivers who assist women and girls with ID access SRH services. This scoping review examined the findings of studies to elucidate the role of family caregivers with regard to SRH for women and girls with ID. Method We used Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage scoping framework, with Levac, Colquhoun and O'Brien's revisions, to evaluate identified sources. We searched three electronic databases, six ID journals and reference lists in full-text articles. Inclusion criteria included (1) primary and secondary source research studies in peer-reviewed journals; (2) published in English; (3) all research methodologies (i.e. qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods and systematic reviews or commentaries); (4) published between 2000 and 2016; and (5) studies from any country. Results The search yielded 2062 studies; 57 articles met inclusion criteria. Most studies employed purposive, convenience or criterion sampling. Participants included people with ID, family caregivers, paid caregivers and health-care professionals. Findings were summarised thematically: (1) menstruation and menopause; (2) vaccinations and preventive screenings; (3) supporting sexuality and healthy relationships; (4) coordinating with health-care providers and (5) contraception and sterilisation. Conclusions Findings from this scoping review underscore the need for more and better-quality research, including how family caregivers assist women and girls with ID access perinatal and preventive SRH services and sexual abuse education. Family caregivers, women and girls with ID and health-care providers need increased access to information about SRH.
Concussions and contracts: the National Football League's limitations to protecting its players from chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative brain injury that has become prevalent among high-contact professional sports, especially American football. More and more retired players are exhibiting symptoms of CTE and being diagnosed with CTE post-mortem. While the neuroscience community constantly releases studies showing a causal connection between brain trauma and CTE, the National Football League (NFL) continues to deny that any brain injury can arise from playing football. The NFL must implement provisions in their contracts to fully inform and protect players from this lethal brain injury. This article examines the repercussions of CTE, how players' contracts do and do not provide protections, and the possible provisions the NFL can implement in its contracts to adequately protect players of repeated brain trauma.
A Security Model of Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things Based on SDN and DFI

Security is the basic topic for the normal operation of the power Internet of Things, and its growing scale determines the trend of dynamic deployment and flexible expansion in the future to meet the ever-changing needs. While large-scale networks have a high cost of hardware resources, so the security protection of the ubiquitous power Internet of Things must be lightweight. In this paper, we propose to build a platform of power Internet of things based on SDN (Software Defined Network) technology and extend the openflow protocol by adding some types of actions and meters to achieve the purpose of on-demand monitoring, dynamic defense and flexible response. To achieve the purpose of lightweight protection, we take advantage of DFI(Deep Flow Inspection) technology to collect and analyze traffic in the Internet of Things, and form a security prevention and control strategy model suitable for the power Internet of Things, without in-depth detection of payload and without the influence of ciphertext.
Let It Rip! Using Velcro for Acoustic Labeling

We present an early stage prototype of an acoustic labeling system using Velcro, a two-sided household adhesive product. We create labels by varying the shape of Velcro pieces to produce distinct sounds when the two sides are separated, and we use an automatic audio classification pipeline to detect and classify small sets of labels. We evaluate our classifier on four sets of three simple Velcro labels, present a demo highlighting potential use cases of these labels, and discuss future applications.
U.S. frontline workers and COVID-19 inequities

We overcome a lack of frontline worker status information in most COVID-19 data repositories to document the extent to which occupation has contributed to COVID-19 disparities in the United States. Using national data from over a million U.S. respondents to a Facebook-Carnegie Mellon University survey administered from September 2020 to March 2021, we estimated the likelihoods of frontline workers, compared to non-frontline workers, 1) to ever test positive for SARs-Cov-2 and 2) to test positive for SARs-Cov-2 within the past two weeks. Net of other covariates including education level, county-level political environment, and rural residence, both healthcare and non-healthcare frontline workers had higher odds of having ever tested positive for SARs-Cov-2 across the study time period. Similarly, non-healthcare frontline workers were more likely to test positive in the previous 14 days. Conversely, healthcare frontline workers were less likely to have recently tested positive. Our findings suggest that occupational exposure has played an independent role in the uneven spread of the virus. In particular, non-healthcare frontline workers have experienced sustained higher risk of testing positive for SARs-Cov-2 compared to non-frontline workers. Alongside more worker protections, future COVID-19 and other highly infectious disease response strategies must be augmented by a more robust recognition of the role that structural factors, such as the highly stratified U.S. occupational landscape, have played in the uneven toll of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Effect of Corporate Media Ownership on the Depth of Local Coverage and Issue Agendas: A Computational Case Study of Six Sinclair TV Station Websites:

Sinclair Broadcast Group owns over 170 US television stations. Using agenda setting and agenda cutting as a theoretical lens, this study quantifies the effect of Sinclair ownership by analyzing ove...
Biosynthesis of Ergothioneine from Endogenous Hercynine in Mycobacterium smegmatis

Ergothioneine was synthesized and accumulated in growing cultures of Mycobacterium smegmatis when the medium was adequately supplied with sulfur. In a low sulfur medium, the accumulation was sharply limited although growth of the organism was apparently normal. Synthesis of hercynine, the precursor of ergothioneine, was unaffected by low sulfur levels and was markedly increased by addition of l-histidine, the precursor of hercynine. Resting-cell pellicle experiments, performed with cells grown on the low sulfur high histidine medium, showed that ergothioniene was synthesized from endogenous hercynine, when cysteine or compounds readily converted to cysteine (such as cystine, lanthionine, cystathionine, and thiazolidine carboxylic acid) were added. Homocysteine and djenkolic acid allowed for minimal synthesis of betaine, whereas methionine, S-methylcysteine, sodium sulfate, and sodium thiosulfate were unable to donate sulfur for ergothioniene synthesis under the experimental conditions employed. Addition of cysteine to a resting pellicle preparation caused the formation of 100 to 200 mug of ergothioneine per g of dry cells in 2.5 to 3 hr. A modified procedure for isolating ergothioneine and hercynine, employing a 75% ethyl alcohol extraction of wet organisms, followed by a single alumina column separation of the compounds, is described.
The "Princess Mirror": Exemplars of the Use of the Mirror in Nursing Practice.

PROBLEM Incorporating mirrors into nursing is a relatively new field of research and practice. The focus of two studies was to explore (a) the meaning of women's mirror experiences following a mastectomy and (b) the experience of viewing self in the mirror for women who were terminally ill. The goal of the research was to establish a conceptual foundation for the development of nursing mirror interventions. METHODS Open-ended questions and dialogical engagement in one-to-one audio-taped interviews were used in both studies. Ricoeur's hermeneutic phenomenology was used to analyze the findings. FINDINGS Four concepts were uncovered in the experience of viewing self in the mirror: decision, seeing, understanding, and consent. CONCLUSION Exemplar composite case studies across the care continuum are provided as examples of the way in which mirrors may be utilized in nursing practice.
Intrinsic kinase activity of the insulin receptor. The intact (alpha 2 beta 2) insulin receptor from rat liver contains a kinase domain with greater intrinsic activity than the intact insulin receptor from human placenta.

We are interested in developing methods to rigorously characterize the intrinsic enzymatic activity of the insulin receptor. We have previously shown that the intact, kinase active form of the receptor can be separated from inactive forms isolated from human placenta. Therefore, the determination of kinase activity, when normalized to the number of receptors based on binding, is not complicated by the presence of insulin receptor forms which bind insulin normally, but are kinase inactive. We now have extended this separation technique to insulin receptor preparations from rat liver. Thus, the determination and comparison of the intrinsic kinase activity of insulin receptor from human placenta and rat liver was performed. When normalized to the same number of insulin receptors which are autophosphorylated to the same degree, the rat liver insulin receptor catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from ATP to three different substrates, on average, 2.8-fold quicker than receptor from human placenta. This probably represents an inherent difference in the intrinsic kinase activity (Vmax), since the values for Km of the substrates are essentially identical, for insulin receptors from both sources. Intrinsic kinase differences may reflect different biological roles and/or differential regulation by exogenous factors. We are now examining this hypothesis in light of reports that demonstrate regulation of intrinsic kinase activity of the insulin receptor in certain physiological and pathological states.
Control of coherent backscattering by breaking optical reciprocity

Reciprocity is a universal principle that has a profound impact on many areas of physics. A fundamental phenomenon in condensed-matter physics, optical physics and acoustics, arising from reciprocity, is the constructive interference of quantum or classical waves which propagate along time-reversed paths in disordered media, leading to, for example, weak localization and metal-insulator transition. Previous studies have shown that such coherent effects are suppressed when reciprocity is broken. Here we show that by breaking reciprocity in a controlled manner, we can tune, rather than simply suppress, these phenomena. In particular, we manipulate coherent backscattering of light, also known as weak localization. By utilizing a non-reciprocal magneto-optical effect, we control the interference between time-reversed paths inside a multimode fiber with strong mode mixing, and realize a continuous transition from the well-known peak to a dip in the backscattered intensity. Our results may open new possibilities for coherent control of classical and quantum waves in complex systems
Alteration of the Magnetic Properties of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum by a Pulse Magnetization Technique

The presence of a narrow shape and size distribution for magnetite crystals within magnetotactic organisms suggests strongly that there are species-specific mechanisms that control the process of biomineralization. In order to explore the extent of this control, cultures of Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum in the exponential growth phase were exposed to increasing magnetic pulses with the aim of separating cell populations on the basis of their magnetic coercivities. Isothermal remanent magnetization and anhysteretic remanent magnetization studies were performed with freeze-dried magnetic cells after the remagnetization treatment. Subpopulations of A. magnetotacticum that showed an increase in coercivity correlated with the intensity of the magnetic pulses were isolated. After successive subcultures of the remaining north-seeking cells, a maximum bulk coercivity (H_b^(max)) of 40 mT was obtained after treatment with a 55-mT pulse. Although we obtained A. magnetotacticum variants displaying higher coercivities than the wild-type strain, changes in crystal size or shape of the magnetite crystals were below reliable detection limits with transmission electron microscopy. Attempts to shift the coercivity towards higher values caused it to decrease, a change which was accompanied by an increase in magnetostatic interactions of the magnetosome chains as well as an increase in the cell population displaying an abnormal distribution of the magnetosome chains. Ultrastructural analyses of cells and magnetosomes revealed the appearance of cystlike bodies which occasionally contained magnetosomes. The increase in cystlike cells and abnormal magnetosome chains when higher magnetic pulses were used suggested that magnetosomes were collapsing because of stronger interparticle magnetostatic forces.
Parental Dietary Fat Intake Alters Offspring Microbiome and Immunity

Mechanisms underlying modern increases in prevalence of human inflammatory diseases remain unclear. The hygiene hypothesis postulates that decreased microbial exposure has, in part, driven this immune dysregulation. However, dietary fatty acids also influence immunity, partially through modulation of responses to microbes. Prior reports have described the direct effects of high-fat diets on the gut microbiome and inflammation, and some have additionally shown metabolic consequences for offspring. Our study sought to expand on these previous observations to identify the effects of parental diet on offspring immunity using mouse models to provide insights into challenging aspects of human health. To test the hypothesis that parental dietary fat consumption during gestation and lactation influences offspring immunity, we compared pups of mice fed either a Western diet (WD) fatty acid profile or a standard low-fat diet. All pups were weaned onto the control diet to specifically test the effects of early developmental fat exposure on immune development. Pups from WD breeders were not obese or diabetic, but still had worse outcomes in models of infection, autoimmunity, and allergic sensitization. They had heightened colonic inflammatory responses, with increased circulating bacterial LPS and muted systemic LPS responsiveness. These deleterious impacts of the WD were associated with alterations of the offspring gut microbiome. These results indicate that parental fat consumption can leave a "lard legacy" impacting offspring immunity and suggest inheritable microbiota may contribute to the modern patterns of human health and disease.
Corporate and Household Debt Distress in Latvia: Strengthening the Incentives for a Market-Based Approach to Debt Resolution

This paper reviews Latvia’s efforts to manage the increase in debt distress resulting from the unwinding of the 2000-07 credit boom and spillovers from the global financial crisis. The authorities have designed a strategy that strengthens incentives for marked-based debt resolution by improving the legal framework for credit enforcement, introducing tax incentives for debt write-downs, and strengthening financial sector supervision. These measures have started to yield results, but further steps are needed to speed up bankruptcy procedures and reduce credit enforcement costs. Latvia’s experience with market-based debt resolution may provide insights on managing debt distress in other countries with limited fiscal resources.
Control of tubulin gene expression in the parasitic protozoan Leishmania enriettii

The life cycle of parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania consists of two morphologically distinct forms: (1) amastigotes, the form of the parasite that resides inside macrophages of the mammalian host, which are non-motile and possess only a residual flagellum; and (2) promastigotes, the extracellular forms that live in the gut of the sandfly vector, which are highly motile and possess a single prominent flagellum. During the developmental transformation of amastigotes to promastigotes, the biosynthesis of alpha- and beta-tubulin proteins is dramatically increased, presumably to provide sufficient tubulin for synthesis and maintenance of the flagellum. We show here that the level of alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNA in Leishmania enriettii promastigotes is significantly greater than that in amastigotes, as determined by both Northern blot analysis and by in vitro translation of cellular RNA. These results show that the regulated expression of the tubulin genes is controlled at the level of mRNA accumulation in L. enriettii , by contrast with Leishmania mexicana, in which the control of gene expression has been reported to be at the level of translation.
Fossil fuel carbon emissions from silviculture: Impacts on net carbon sequestration in forests

Abstract Increasing concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere have increased the value of sequestration and storage of C in forests. To maximize the value of this forest function, land managers require accounting systems to track the C stored in forests and in wood and fiber products. Accounting frameworks and data for quantifying C in forests and in wood and fiber products are generally available. In contrast, C emitted from fossil fuels utilized for silvicultural activities such as site preparation or fertilization, which are designed to increase C sequestration, have not been accounted for. The fossil fuel C emissions associated with silvicultural activities must be systematically evaluated to ensure that a net positive C balance results from activities ranging from planting to harvesting. The necessary data for evaluation are compiled from existing information. Utilizing the data, total C emissions from silvicultural activities for an intensive fiber farming operation of southern pine on a 25-year rotation is estimated to be
Foreign Language Literature and The Beginning Learner-Reader

Given the traditional “skills” focus of beginning and intermediate foreign language classes, college FL students typically receive little exposure to literary works until their “advanced” levels of language study. This article, by examining the nature of literature and by surveying how current textbooks guide beginning learners to access literary works, explores the potential learner benefits of early exposure to literature and suggests instructional guidelines for effective literature study at the beginning level.
Form and Function of Tridacna Shell Plaques from the Western Solomon Islands

Openwork plaques made from tridacna clam shell constitute a significant art form from the Western Solomon Islands. Known facts are relatively few: the plaques were associated with burials and were sometimes used or referred to as a special form of “Custom Money.” Visual analysis of forty-two plaques or plaque fragments indicates that there are three groups separable on the basis of figure style, motifs, composition, and technical considerations such as the relative thickness of the plaques, surface finish, and the like. This article integrates known facts regarding function or use of the plaques with information about other clam shell artifacts from the same islands and with a detailed analysis of the plaques themselves so as to reconstruct something of the traditional cultural context and significance of these artifacts.
Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in HIV illness

This paper summarizes the available data on prevalence of psychiatric disorders in HIV+ samples. Primary emphasis is placed on studies using structured interviews for diagnosis and including matched HIV seronegative comparison groups. Such comparison groups permit determination of whether membership in a given risk group, or HIV infection as such, largely account for differences in rates of disorder compared to total population rates. The cumulative evidence indicates that HIV status or stage of illness are not by themselves strong predictors of mood or anxiety disorders. Risk group membership and a prior history of depression appear to be more strongly related. Whether one-month prevalence rates of major depression for non-intravenous drug users in the 5–8% range are considered ‘high’ (more than double the total population rates in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area studies) or unexpectedly low (compared to those with other terminal illnesses or the initial reports of HIV-related psychopathology from the m...
Conductivity of the classical two-dimensional electron gas

We discuss the applicability of the Boltzmann equation to the classical two-dimensional electron gas. We show that in the presence of both electron-impurity and electron-electron scattering an approach which treats the electron-impurity scattering through the scattering integral in the Boltzmann equation can be inapplicable. The correct result for conductivity can be different from the one obtained from the kinetic equation by a logarithmically large factor.
BSIM: Berkeley short-channel IGFET model for MOS transistors

The Berkeley short-channel IGFET model (BSIM), an accurate and computationally efficient MOS transistor model, and its associated characterization facility for advanced integrated-circuit design are described. Both the strong-inversion and weak-inversion components of the drain current expression are included. In order to speed up the circuit-simulation execution time, the dependence of the drain current on the substrate bias has been modeled with a numerical approximation. This approximation also simplifies the transistor terminal-charge expressions. The charge model was derived from its drain-current counterpart to preserve consistency of device physics. Charge conservation is guaranteed in this model.
SU‐GG‐I‐84: What Fraction of the Energy Incident on Patients Is Absorbed in X‐Ray Imaging?

Purpose: To quantify the absorbed fraction of the total energy that is incident on patients in x‐ray imaging.Method and Materials: A software package CALDose_X was used to simulate radiographic examinations and compute the fraction of the energy incident on the patient that is absorbed by the patient. We simulated four types of body x‐ray radiographic examinations (chest, abdomen, pelvis, and spine) with different projection angles of normal sized adult males and females. The x‐ray beam quality (kV and filtration) used to perform these simulations were obtained from the British National Patient Dose Database (BNPDD). Values of the absorbed fraction are dimensionless, and are also independent of the absolute amount of the radiation used to perform each radiographic examination (mAs). Results: For males, the average values of absorbed fractions were 0.64 for The radiographs, and 0.70 for spinal radiographs. 0.71 for pelvic radiographs, and 0.70 for spinal radiographs. For females, the average values of absorbed fractions were 0.61 for chest radiographs, 0.66 for abdominal radiographs, 0.66 for pelvic radiographs, and 0.68 for spinal radiographs. Overall, 67% of the energy incident on adult patients is absorbed by the patient. In body imaging, normal sized male patients absorb 7% more of the incident energy than do females. Conclusion: Approximately two thirds of the total x‐ray energy that is incident on adult patients undergoing x‐ray imaging is absorbed by the patient. Computing the incident energy is straightforward, and it offers a direct method of determining the energy imparted on patients in any type of radiographic examination.
McClelland's trichotomy of needs theory and the job satisfaction and work performance of CPA firm professionals

Abstract This paper examines the ability of McClelland's trichotomy of needs theory (need for affiliation, need for power, need for achievement) to provide a conceptual explanation of the job satisfaction and work performance of CPA firm professionals. Seventy-seven of the 89 professionals at an office of a large international CPA firm participated in the study. For partners and managers, need for affiliation correlated negatively with job satisfaction. For partners and managers, junior-level audit/tax specialists and junior-level management consultants, need for power correlated positively with job satisfaction. Job satisfaction correlated positively with the intent to remain with their current firm for all three categories. Need for achievement correlated positively with hours devoted to work for junior-level audit/tax specialists, and with the firm's work performance ratings for partners and managers and junior-level audit/tax specialists. The results suggest that McClelland's theory, which has not been previously applied to examine job satisfaction, might provide a conceptual explanation of why some individuals experience relatively high job satisfaction in an environment where their contemporaries experience relatively low job satisfaction.
A Comparison of the Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of 3 Intervention Strategies for AIDS Wasting

OBJECTIVE To compare oxandrolone (OX) or strength training with nutrition alone (NA) for AIDS wasting. SUBJECTS Fifty patients with AIDS; 47 completing the study. INTERVENTIONS Randomization to (1) NA with placebo pills, (2) nutrition with 10 mg of OX administered orally twice a day, or (3) nutrition with progressive resistance training (PRT) for 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Midthigh cross-sectional muscle area (CSMA), physical functioning (PF), costs, and cost-effectiveness in dollars/quality-adjusted life-years (dollars/QALYs). RESULTS The OX and PRT subjects had increases in CSMA (7.0% +/- 2.5%, P = 0.01; 5.0% +/- 2.0%, P = 0.04, respectively), although these increases did not differ significantly from the NA arm (NA: 1.0% +/- 1.0%; OX vs. NA: P = 0.09; PRT vs. NA: P = 0.26). Only PRT caused significant improvements in PF (mean +/- SE: 10.4 +/- 3.8 points on a 100-point scale) and 7 measures of strength (P values: 0.04 to <0.001). There were no overall differences between groups in PF change. Among patients with impaired baseline PF, however, OX was significantly less effective than NA and PRT was significantly better than NA. All treatments led to increases in protein intake and performance; NA and PRT also increased caloric intake. The institutional costs per subject in this trial were 983 dollars for NA, 3772 dollars for OX, and 3189 dollars for PRT. At a community-based level of intensity, the institutional costs per QALY were 45,000 dollars (range: 42,000 dollars-64,000 dollars) for NA, 147,000 dollars (range: 147,000 dollars-163,000 dollars) for OX, and 31,000 dollars (range: 21,000 dollars-44,000 dollars) for PRT. CONCLUSIONS OX and PRT induce similar improvements in body composition, but PRT improves quality of life more than nutrition or OX, particularly among patients with impaired PF. PRT was the most cost-effective intervention, and OX was the least cost-effective intervention.
Chemistry publication – making the revolution

The advent of the Internet has been the impetus for the Open Access movement, a movement focused on expanding access to information principally by reducing the costs of journals. I argue here that the Open Access movement has had little impact on the chemistry community and has taken our attention away from the real opportunity to revolutionize scientific communication. I propose a plan that both reduces the total cost of publishing chemistry and enriches the literature through incorporation of Open Data. By publishing lots of data, available for ready re-use by all scientists, we can radically change the way science is communicated and ultimately performed.
Enzymatic properties of rat lactase-phlorizin hydrolase

Abstract 1. 1. A lactase-phlorizin hydrolase complex has been purified from the intestinal mucosa of neonatal rats. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of “pure” lactase-phlorizin hydrolase reveals four isoenzymes, all having similar enzymatic properties. 2. 2. Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase is a glycoprotein containing 17% carbohydrate, consisting of galactose, mannose, fucose, and N -acetylglucosamine. 3. 3. At neutral pH and 37 °C, purified lactase-phlorizin hydrolase rapidly loses its ability to hydrolyze lactose. Loss of lactase activity is prevented by p -chloromercuribenzoate. Lactase-phlorizin hydrolase still attached to its brush border membrane is relatively stable at 37 °C. 4. 4. The lactase-phlorizin hydrolase complex contains two distinct enzymatic active sites, one of which (lactase) hydrolyzes β-glucosides excepting phlorizin, whereas the other (phlorizin hydrolase) is specific for phlorizin alone. 5. 5. The developmental patterns of lactase and phlorizin hydrolase specific activities differ. Lactase declines after birth, whereas phlorizin hydrolase activity is maximum at 15 days after birth. 6. 6. These data suggest that lactase is truly a β-glycosidase, and that phlorizin hydrolase may represent an active site which is more specific for the phloretin portion of the substrate than for the glucose.
Hybrid sensibilities: highly skilled Asian Indians negotiating identity in private and public spaces of Washington, DC

This paper analyzes the expression of identities of first-generation (FG) immigrants from India in private and public spaces. Focusing on high-skill upwardly mobile professionals living in the Washington metropolitan area, the study found that despite “Indian” being a primary descriptor, these FG immigrants had developed hybrid identities that included Indian and American elements, considered themselves Westernized cosmopolitans prior to their arrival in the USA, and acculturated selectively in private and public spaces. Relatively privileged due to their socioeconomic class and anticipating little prejudice, these immigrants expected to navigate life in the receiving country with dexterity and ease by selectively expressing various aspects of their hybrid identities in different locales. Although not subjected to overt racism, they were surprised and distraught when confronted with slights that spoke of their separation from mainstream America in public and semi-public spaces, particularly when the margi...
Isopycnic Separation of Subcellular Components from Poliovirus-Infected and Normal HeLa Cells

A rapid method for determining the density of ribonucleoprotein particles and complexes has been developed. The method involves glutaraldehyde fixation of sucrose gradient fractions and immediate centrifugation for 5 hours through preformed cesium chloride gradients. There is little or no aggregation of particles, so that components which co-sediment in sucrose gradients are resolved by the cesium chloride gradient. By this method the densities of HeLa cell ribosomes, polyribosomes, and subribosomal particles have been determined. Furthermore, the poliovirus replication complex has been separated from polyribosomes and its density has been found to be unaffected by treatment with ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid.
New species of birds described from 1976 to 1980

A total of 18 species of birds was described as new in the five year period from 1976 to 1980. Of these, 12 can be considered good species (but three doubtful species [2, 6, 17] might well turn out to be valid): An additional 6 names cannot now be assigned the status of valid full species:
Differential labelling of retinal neurones by 3H-2-deoxyglucose.

THE delineation of structural and functional interconnections in the vertebrate retina has long been a central problem in vision research. The Golgi technique1,2, combined with ultrastructural studies3,4 and post-recording injection of intracellular stains5,6, has revealed the morphological and physiological properties of many of the individual cell types of the retina. Recently, light and electron microscope autoradiography with putative neurotransmitters has tentatively identified certain retinal neurones with specific transmitters7,8. However, very few techniques exist which can reveal the interconnections of a ‘pathway’ of retinal neurones in a functionally dependent manner. Radioactive 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) is commonly used as a tracer in the central nervous system, where biochemical and autoradiographic studies have shown it to be a good indicator of local functional activity9–11. Transport and phosphorylation of 2-DG are identical to those of glucose, but no further metabolism beyond 2-DG-6-PO4 occurs12. Most published studies using 2-DG as a tracer have used the 14C-labelled form and frozen thick-sectioned tissue, a combination in which the resolution of morphological structure is unacceptable for studying neuronal connections in the retina. In the studies reported here, we have used tritium-labelled 2-DG in combination with plastic embedding to produce stimulus-dependent labelling at the cellular level in the isolated goldfish retina; our results suggest that these modifications of the ‘2-deoxyglucose technique’ are useful for studying the physiology and functional connections of retinal neurones.
Temperature stability of surface-generated bulk waves

Theoretical and experimental analyses have been performed on the temperature stability of a new type of bulk-wave device in which the signal is launched and received by a pair of interdigital transducers located on one surface of a Y-cut quartz crystal. Excellent temperature stability is obtained.
Cytokinins From a Variant Strain of Cultured Soybean Cells

A strain of soybean cells capable of growing on a tissue culture medium lacking a cytokinin produced at least 3 compounds active in the soybean cytokinin assay. The characteristics of these compounds were consistent with their being zeatin in the free form, zeatin ribonucleoside and zeatin ribonucleotide. Although the conversion from a cytokinin dependent to independent condition in this strain parallels the change of normal cells to crown gall tumor state in terms of the capacity to synthesize cell division substances, the soybean factors are distinct from the nicotinamide derivatives reported for tumor cells of Vinca.
Abstract 971: Identification of BCL6 targeted therapies for breast cancer through gene expression networks

Breast cancer remains a deadly disease for countless women, thus new treatment strategies must be developed. Since inappropriate activation of transcription factors is a common pathogenic event in breast cancer, targeting these proteins may be a tractable new strategy. In particular, we have found that the BCL6 transcriptional modulator is expressed in 11 out of 12 breast cancer cell lines. In addition, BCL6 has been reported to be expressed in the majority of high-grade ductal carcinomas. Importantly, inhibiting BCL6 expression by RNA interference reduced cell survival. We hypothesized that BCL6 target gene expression profiles could be used to identify compounds with BCL6 inhibitory activity. To generate a breast cancer specific BCL6 gene signature, we employed the combination of gene expression microarrays and BCL6 binding sites identified by ChIP-seq in breast cancer cells. These BCL6 target gene profiles were then used to interrogate the Connectivity Map, a compilation of gene expression signatures reflecting the effects of more than 1300 compounds. This allowed us to identify compounds whose gene expression signature was the inverse of that mediated by BCL6, and might thereby function as BCL6 inhibitors. We screened six of these compounds for BCL6 inhibitory activity using a BCL6-specific reporter which identified disulfiram, celastrol, and harmol as inhibitors of the transcriptional repressor effects of BCL6. Importantly, treating breast cancer cells with these compounds reduced the viability of these cells. Moreover, combining these compounds with cytotoxic agents used in breast cancer therapy enhanced cell killing. In addition, combining these agents with a peptidomimetic of BCL6 also enhanced cell killing. Taken together, these studies show that BCL6 is a key therapeutic target in breast cancer, and that gene signature analysis can be used to identify novel inhibitors of this protein that have activity in breast cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 971. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-971
Viral diseases of the rabbit

Viral disease in the rabbit is encountered infrequently by the clinical practitioner; however, several viral diseases were reported to occur in this species. Viral diseases that are described in the rabbit primarily may affect the integument, gastrointestinal tract or, central nervous system or maybe multi-systemic in nature. Rabbit viral diseases range from oral papillomatosis, with benign clinical signs, to rabbit hemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis, which may result in significant clinical disease and mortality. The wild rabbit may serve as a reservoir for disease transmission for many of these viral agents. In general, treatment of viral disease in the rabbit is supportive in nature.
Hole mobility enhancement and Si cap optimization in nanoscale strained Si1-xGex PMOSFETs

Abstract P-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (PMOSFETs) with a Si 1− x Ge x /Si heterostructure channel were fabricated. Peak mobility enhancement of about 41% in Si 1− x Ge x channel PMOSFETs was observed compared to Si channel PMOSFETs. Drive current enhancement of about 17% was achieved for 70 nm channel length ( L G ) Si 0.9 Ge 0.1 PMOSFETs with SiO 2 gate dielectric. This shows the impact of increased hole mobility even for ultra-small geometry of MOSFETs and modest Ge mole fractions. Comparable short channel effects were achieved for the buried channel Si 1− x Ge x devices with L G =70 nm, by Si cap optimization, compared to the Si channel devices. Drive current enhancement without significant short channel effects (SCE) and leakage current degradation was observed in this work.
Breast dose during electron-beam CT: measurement with film dosimetry.

PURPOSE: To measure the breast dose and dose distribution from examinations performed with electron-beam computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Radiographic film was placed bilaterally at three depths in the breasts of an anthropomorphic phantom and exposed with clinically relevant protocols. The average breast dose and the dose distribution were obtained from the digitized and calibrated film and compared with those obtained with conventional CT. RESULTS: Breast doses from electron-beam CT chest, coronary artery calcium, and cardiac function examinations were 21.9, 2.87, and 1.55 mGy, respectively. Within the breast, the dose decreased linearly by a factor of three from the axilla to the sternum. The breast dose from a conventional CT chest examination ranged from 18 to 33 mGy and did not vary substantially across the breast. CONCLUSION: For chest examinations, the average breast dose from an electron-beam CT scanner was comparable to that from conventional CT scanners, despite the differences ...
Surface diffusion and flow activation energies of perfluoropolyalkylether

Surface diffusion of perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPE) Fomblin Z15 and Fomblin Zdol (hydroxyl terminated PFPE) on silicon wafers was investigated over the temperature range of 25 to 50°C using scanning microellipsometry. Zdol exhibits a much lower mobility and a distinctly different thickness profile as compared to Z15. The activation energy for surface diffusion of Zdol is higher than that of Z15, reflecting the stronger affinity of its hydroxyl end groups for the substrate. The viscosity flow activation energy E η * is compared with that of surface diffusion E d * yielding E d * ≈ E η * for Z15, and E d * ≈ 1.5E η * for Z
Transient Behavior of Near Frictionless Carbon Films in Reciprocating Microtribometery in Low Humidity Inert Environments

Microtribological measurements of near frictionless carbon (NFC) films in controlled gaseous environments show that water vapor plays a role in the friction coefficient. These experiments also show that the NFC films initially have high friction in argon, which then decreases. This high friction does not reform over extended periods of exposure to Ar and low partial pressures of H2 O and O2 . Tests varying water vapor pressure show that under certain humidity conditions the friction coefficient can increases to values seen after extended periods of environmental exposure.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Benefits of a Marketing Orientation for Religious Organizations

ABSTRACT There have been several articles recently advocating that religious organizations attempt to utilize proven marketing techniques that have obviously been so successful in both profit and non-profit firms. In spite of various obstacles preventing religious organizations from adopting marketing techniques and strategies, many have successfully become more marketing-oriented. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the likely benefits of a religious organization that attempts to become more marketing-oriented.
Risk Indicators in Low Back Pain

Injuries leading to low back pain can occur by direct trauma, overexertion or repetitive trauma. Overexertion is claimed by 60% of low back pain patients as the cause of injury. Of these patients with overexertion injuries, 66% implicated lifting and 20% pushing or pulling. It is, however, difficult to relate the workplace to the complaint of low back pain in a specific worker, and low back pain is found quite often in those with sedentary occupations. The incidence, severity and potential disability are all related to the demands on the individual in the workplace. Among the factors implicated are the requirements for lifting (particularly when compared to the worker's lifting capacity), pushing and pulling, posture, and cyclic loading. Drivers of heavy vehicles have two to four times the average incidence of serious low back pain. This is probably due to the cyclic loading environment. The general psychosocial environment (including that at work) is an important risk factor. The first attack of low back pain occurs in the teens or twenties. Low back pain is as frequent in females as males, although women in manual materials handling jobs are at greater risk. Posture, anthropometry and mobility measures have limited prognostic value. Muscle strength and physical fitness probably have some value. Radiographic findings have little pragmatic value.
The price momentum and discounting effects on stock prices after earnings announcements: an empirical analysis

The purpose of this study is to test price momentum and the discounting effects on the stock prices of a firm immediately after its quarterly earnings announcement. The approach is holistic and cross-sectional. The model consists of a series of regressions in which the dependent variables were of several differing durations of price reaction periods and the explanatory variables account for timing effects, price momentum, market co-movement, earnings forecast, analyst effects, forecast revisions, earnings surprises and sectoral differences. There is evidence that points to mid- and long-term momentum that extend a day or two after the earnings release. After that point, there seems to be a net discounting effect. That is, there is evidence of an inverse relationship between the price change prior to the earnings announcement and the price change after the earnings announcement.