cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CH 3 GHz Observations of Molecular Clouds along the Galactic Plane

Spectra in the CH 2Π1/2, J = 1/2, F = 1–1 transition at 3335 MHz were obtained in three five-point crosses centered on the Galactic plane at l = 50°, 100°, and 110°. The lines of sight traversed both giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and local, smaller entities. This transition is a good tracer of low-density molecular gas, and the line profiles are very similar to CO(1–0) data at nearly the same resolution. In addition, the CH 3335 MHz line can be used to calibrate the CO-H2 conversion factor (XCO) in low-density molecular gas. Although this technique underestimates XCO in GMCs, our results are within a factor of 2 of XCO values calibrated for GMCs by other techniques. The similarity of CH and CO line profiles, and that of XCO values derived from CH and more traditional techniques, implies that most of the molecular gas along the observed lines of sight is at relatively low densities (n ≤ 103 cm-3).
Pulse compression by stimulated Brillouin scattering.

A 20-nsec Nd:YAG laser pulse is compressed to a 2-nsec phase-conjugated pulse in a tapered glass tube filled with methane at 130 atm. A comparison with stimulated-Raman-scattering pulse compression is made. A semiclassical theory is proposed that agrees well with experimental results.
Organic Reactions Catalyzed by Methylrhenium Trioxide: Dehydration, Amination, and Disproportionation of Alcohols

Methylrhenium trioxide (MTO) is the first transition metal complex in trace quantity to catalyze the direct formation of ethers from alcohols. The reactions are independent of the solvents used: benzene, toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetone, and in the alcohols themselves. Aromatic alcohols gave better yields than aliphatic. Reactions between two different alcohols could also be used to prepare unsymmetric ethers, the best yields being obtained when one of the alcohols is aromatic. MTO also catalyzes the dehydration of alcohols to form olefins at room temperature, aromatic alcohols proceeding in better yield. When primary (secondary) amines were used as the limiting reagent, direct amination of alcohols catalyzed by MTO gave good yields of the expected secondary (tertiary) amines at room temperature. Disproportionation of alcohols to alkanes and carbonyl compounds was also observed for aromatic alcohols in the presence of MTO. On the basis of the results of this investigation and a comparison wi...
Giant resonances and intermediate energy heavy ions: Electromagnetic decay experiments

We briefly explore how large cross sections for excitation of both isoscalar and isovector giant multipole resonances which can be obtained using intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions can be utilized in photon-decay coincidence experiments to provide new information on subjects ranging from basic nuclear structure properties to resonance damping and pre-compound decay. We also discuss experiments in which photon-decay techniques are used as a tag to isolate and identify very weakly excited modes, enabling us to explore such diverse subjects as hadronic excitation of the giant dipole resonance, the distribution of isovector quadrupole strength in {sup 208}Pb, and the excitation of two-phonon giant resonance strength. 25 refs., 12 figs.
Validating the Diagnosis of Delirium and Evaluating its Association With Deterioration Over a One-Year Period

The authors probed the associations between clinical diagnoses and independent research measures of cognitive, behavioral, and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in hospitalized older patients and investigated the contribution of medical illness to deterioration. Patients (N = 96; 47 of whom were hospitalized during the course of 1 year; 12 diagnosed with delirium) received tests of cognitive and physical functioning and the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, specific neuropsychological tests, and a two-channel EEG. Delirium was associated with independent measures of cognitive decline and EEG slowing. Hospitalization was associated with deterioration in functional status during the year, whether or not patients showed delirium. Results suggest that medical illness leading to hospitalization can contribute significantly to deterioration in self-care, and, when it is associated with delirium, to deterioration in cognitive performance and cerebral activity over a period of 1 year.
Bose-Fermi degeneracy and duality in non-supersymmetric strings

Following Kachru, Kumar and Silverstein, we construct a set of non-supersymmetric Type II string models which have equal numbers of bosons and fermions at each mass level. The models are asymmetric Z2⊗Z2′ orbifolds. We demonstrate that this Bose-Fermi degeneracy feature implies that both the one-loop and the two-loop contributions to the cosmological constant vanish. We conjecture that the cosmological constant actually vanishes to all loops. We construct a strongweak dual pair of models, both of which have Bose-Fermi degeneracy. This implies that at least some of the non-perturbative corrections to the cosmological constant are absent.
Evaluation of the New Generation RCA 8854 Photomultiplier

Characteristics have been measured for the new generation RCA 8854 114 mm-diameter photomultiplier. The first dynode of this photomultiplier has a cesium-activated, gallium-phosphide secondary emitting surface. Some typical photomultiplier characteristics--such as gain, dark current and risetime--are compared with data provided by the manufacturer. Photomultiplier characteristics generally not available from manufacturer were also measured. These include pulse height spectrum and time spectrum of afterpulses. In addition, measurements have been made of the collection and quantum efficiency uniformity and of the single photoelectron time spread for the full photocathode illumination. Measurement techniques and description of measuring systems are given in detail.
Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems

Throughout the 1960s I worked on combinatorial optimization problems including logic circuit design with Paul Roth and assembly line balancing and the traveling salesman problem with Mike Held. These experiences made me aware that seemingly simple discrete optimization problems could hold the seeds of combinatorial explosions. The work of Dantzig, Fulkerson, Hoffman, Edmonds, Lawler and other pioneers on network flows, matching and matroids acquainted me with the elegant and efficient algorithms that were sometimes possible. Jack Edmonds’ papers and a few key discussions with him drew my attention to the crucial distinction between polynomial-time and superpolynomial-time solvability. I was also influenced by Jack’s emphasis on min-max theorems as a tool for fast verification of optimal solutions, which foreshadowed Steve Cook’s definition of the complexity class NP. Another influence was George Dantzig’s suggestion that integer programming could serve as a universal format for combinatorial optimization problems.
University computing as a political process

The various activities engaged in by those involved in computing can be looked upon from a number of perspectives. A choice of psychological, economic, geographic, political, or other perspectives may be made either on largely heuristic grounds or on grounds more closely tied to serious argument concerning the proper conduct of the activity under discussion. The choice of perspective embodied in this paper was made largely on the latter grounds. The basic argument is that, for many purposes, computing should be looked upon as a political process. If it were looked upon in this way, many things might be done otherwise, and the changes would be decidedly for the better.
Racial disparities in esophageal cancer outcomes.

Racial disparities in outcomes have been documented among patients with esophageal cancer. The purpose of this study is to identify mechanisms for ethnicity/race-related differences in the use of cancer-directed surgery and mortality. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program were used to evaluate non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white and Hispanic patients diagnosed with non-metastatic esophageal cancer (squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma) from 2003–2008. Age, marital status, stage, histology and location were examined as predictors of receipt of surgery and mortality in multivariate analyses. A total of 6,737 patient files (84 % white, 10 % black, 6 % Hispanic) were analyzed. Black and Hispanic patients were more likely than whites to have squamous cell carcinoma (86 vs. 41 vs. 26 %, respectively; p < 0.001) and lesions in the midesophagus (58 vs. 38 vs. 26 %, respectively; p < 0.001). Blacks and Hispanics were less likely to undergo esophagectomy (adjusted odds ratio 0.48, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.39–0.60 and 0.71, 95 % CI 0.56–0.90]. We noted significant variations in esophagectomy rates among patients with midesophageal cancers; 15 % of blacks underwent esophagectomy compared to 22 % of Hispanics and 29 % of whites (p < 0.001). Black and Hispanic patients had a higher unadjusted risk of mortality (hazard ratio 1.38, 95 % CI 1.25–1.52 and 1.20, 95 % CI 1.05–1.37). However, differences in mortality were no longer significant after adjusting for receipt of surgery. Disparities in esophageal cancer outcomes are associated with the lower use of cancer-directed surgery. To decrease disparities in mortality it will be necessary to understand and target underlying causes of lower surgery rates in nonwhite patients and develop interventions, especially for midesophageal cancers.
On The Pomeron at Large 't Hooft Coupling

We begin the process of unitarizing the Pomeron at large ’t Hooft coupling. We do so first in the conformal regime, which applies to good accuracy to a number of real and toy problems in QCD. We rewrite the conformal Pomeron in the J-plane and transverse position space, and then work out the eikonal approximation to multiple Pomeron exchange. This is done in the context of a more general treatment of the complex J-plane and the geometric consequences of conformal invariance. The methods required are direct generalizations of our previous work on single Pomeron exchange and on multiple graviton exchange in AdS space, and should form a starting point for other investigations. We consider unitarity and saturation in the conformal regime, noting elastic and absorptive effects, and exploring where different processes dominate. Our methods extend to confining theories and we briefly consider the Pomeron kernel in this context. Though there is important model dependence that requires detailed consideration, the eikonal approximation indicates that the Froissart bound is generically both satisfied and saturated.
A quantized data attitude-control system.

This analysis investigates a space-vehicle attitude-control system utilizing a quantized attitude-err or signal, wherein the quantized attitude information is passed through a lead compensation network comprised of passive electronic elements. The lead-network response to an input consisting of a series of quantization steps is a series of exponentially decaying pulses that are fed into a biased Schmitt-trigger pulse-shaping circuit, which activates an on/ off torque-producing device that applies corrective torques to the vehicle. Analysis of the operation of the quantized data attitude-control system (QDACS) includes the general solution for the lead-network response to a uniform staircase input. This staircase-response solution is used to derive expressions for the single-pulse on and off switching lines in the phase plane. Boundaries separating regions of constant torque and pulsing torque application are identified, and large-amplitude response and limit cycle modes of operation are analyzed to determine the nature of the response trajectories. Despite its comparatively simple system philosophy and mechanization and also the absence of a mode-switching requirement, the QDACS is shown to have desirable response characteristics over its entire dynamic operational range.
THE VISUAL ORBITS OF THE SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES HD 6118 AND HD 27483 FROM THE PALOMAR TESTBED INTERFEROMETER

We present optical interferometric observations of two double-lined spectroscopic binaries, HD 6118 and HD 27483, taken with the Palomar Testbed Interferometer (PTI) in the K band. HD 6118 is one of the most eccentric spectroscopic binaries, and HD 27483 is a spectroscopic binary in the Hyades open cluster. The data collected with PTI in 2001-2002 allow us to determine astrometric orbits, which, when combined with the radial velocity measurements, determine all orbital parameters of the systems. The masses of the components are 2.65 ± 0.27 and 2.36 ± 0.24 M☉ for HD 6118 and 1.38 ± 0.13 and 1.39 ± 0.13 M☉ for HD 27483. The apparent semimajor axis of HD 27483 is only 1.2 mas, making it the closest binary successfully observed with an optical interferometer.
Branes and Electric-Magnetic Duality in Supersymmetric QCD

Abstract We study the type IIA limit of the M-theory fivebrane configuration corresponding to N = 1 supersymmetric QCD with massless quarks. We identify the effective gauge coupling constant that fits with the Novikov-Shifman-Veinshtein-Zakharov exact beta function. We find two different type IIA limits that correspond to the electric and magnetic descriptions of SQCD, as observed in the massive case by Schmaltz and Sundrum. The analysis is extended to the case of symplectic and orthogonal gauge groups. In any of the cases considered in this paper, the electric and magnetic configurations are smoothly interpolated via M-theory. This is in sharp contrast with the proposed derivation of N = 1 duality within the weakly coupled type IIA string theory where a singularity is inevitable unless one turns on a parameter that takes the theory away from an interesting point.
Cerium(III) chloride remarkably increases the rates of formation and yields of ketones in the reaction of lithium carboxylates with organolithiums

Abstract The presence of CeCl 3 greatly increases the yield of ketones in the reaction of organolithiums with lithium carboxylates. The Ce III suppresses the enolization of the lithium carboxylate, previously unrecognized as a competing reaction except in special cases, and the formation of tertiary alcohols. One of the reasons for the latter effect is a surprising increase in the rate of addition of the organometallic to the lithium carboxylate in the presence of Ce III .
Seeing What You're Told: Sentence-Guided Activity Recognition in Video

We present a system that demonstrates how the compositional structure of events, in concert with the compositional structure of language, can interplay with the underlying focusing mechanisms in video action recognition, providing a medium for top-down and bottom-up integration as well as multi-modal integration between vision and language. We show how the roles played by participants (nouns), their characteristics (adjectives), the actions performed (verbs), the manner of such actions (adverbs), and changing spatial relations between participants (prepositions), in the form of whole-sentence descriptions mediated by a grammar, guides the activity-recognition process. Further, the utility and expressiveness of our framework is demonstrated by performing three separate tasks in the domain of multi-activity video: sentence-guided focus of attention, generation of sentential description, and query-based search, simply by leveraging the framework in different manners.
Higher derivative corrections in holographic Zamolodchikov–Polchinski theorem

We study higher derivative corrections in holographic dual of Zamolodchikov–Polchinski theorem that states the equivalence between scale invariance and conformal invariance in unitary d-dimensional Poincare invariant field theories. From the dual holographic perspective, we find that a sufficient condition to show the holographic theorem is the generalized strict null-energy condition of the matter sector in effective (d + 1)-dimensional gravitational theory. The same condition has appeared in the holographic dual of the “c-theorem” and our theorem suggests a deep connection between the two, which was manifested in twodimensional field theoretic proof of the both.
Aligning Regulations and Ethics in Human Research

Government officials are in the midst of revising the 1991 Common Rule, a collection of regulations that governs most human research in the United States. In July 2011, the Department of Health and Human Services issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) inviting public comments on the potential revisions it described (1). The comment period has closed, but the public will have another chance to comment when officials publish specific proposals for change. The initiative's overall objective is to remove unwarranted regulatory impediments to research while also strengthening essential human subject protections. Besides asking for feedback in several specific areas, the ANPRM sought proposals for big-picture reforms responding to inadequacies in the existing Common Rule. In the spirit of this invitation, I offer three ideas for meaningful additions to the research oversight system.
HERSCHEL OBSERVATIONS OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES

We have used the PACS instrument on the Herschel Space Observatory to observe eight cataclysmic variables at 70 and 160 μm. Of these eight objects, only AM Her was detected. We have combined the Herschel results with ground-based, Spitzer, and WISE observations to construct spectral energy distributions for all of the targets. For the two dwarf novae in the sample, SS Cyg and U Gem, we find that their infrared luminosities are completely dominated by their secondary stars. For the two highly magnetic "polars" in our survey, AM Her and EF Eri, we find that their mid-infrared excesses, previously attributed to circumbinary dust emission, can be fully explained by cyclotron emission. The WISE light curves for both sources show large, orbitally modulated variations that are identically phased to their near-IR light curves. We propose that significant emission from the lowest cyclotron harmonics (n ≤ 3) is present in EF Eri and AM Her. Previously, such emission would have been presumed to be optically thick, and not provide significant orbitally modulated flux. This suggests that the accretion onto polars is more complicated than assumed in the simple models developed for these two sources. We develop a model for the near-/mid-IR light curves for WZ Sge with an L2 donor star that shows that the ellipsoidal variations from its secondary star are detected. We conclude that none of the targets surveyed have dusty circumbinary disks.
Deterrence: The problem ‐ not the solution

(1986). Deterrence: The problem ‐ not the solution. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 9, Dilemmas of Nuclear Strategy, pp. 25-42.
A bird's beak free local oxidation technology feasible for VLSI circuits fabrication

This paper presents a bird's beak free and fully recessed local oxidation-isolation structure employing only conventional LSI processing techniques; no additional masking step is required. A SideWAll Masked Isolation (SWAMI) process employing anisotropic plasma silicon etching and anisotropic plasma silicon nitride etching was implemented to form this new isolation structure. The SWAMI isolation scheme almost completely eliminates the reduction in effective channel width from drawn mask dimensions. The effective channel width obtained with the SWAMI isolation structure is independent of field-oxide thickness unlike the-conventional LOCOS process. Fabrication technology and device characteristics of MOSFET's fabricated with the SWAMI isolation structure will be compared with the conventional LOCOS isolated MOSFET's.
Solving the aircraft engine maintenance scheduling problem using a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm

Scheduling problems are a very common research topic. This is because, for efficiency reasons, our world relies heavily on schedules and deadlines. Aircraft engine maintenance is no exception. The United States Air Force has many planes that it must keep up and running. But with the downsizing that has occurred in recent years, the number of planes that are operational has become more critical. This means that every effort needs to be made to ensure that not only are the engines repaired in an efficient manner, but that their component's scheduled maintenance cycles are in sync so that the engine has fewer trips to the logistics maintenance center.
New stannylene-bridged tetracarbonyliron dimers

Abstract The reaction of three stannocene derivatives, bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)tin(II) cyclopentadienyltin(II) chloride and cyclopentadienyltin(II) bromide with diiron nonacarbonyl yielded three new stannocene tetracarbonyliron compounds. Infrared, NMR and Mossbauer spectra of the products indicate that they are new members of a class of dimeric stannylene-tetracarbonyliron compounds containing Fe 2 Sn 2 ring frameworks. Treatment of the dimers with strong donors results in ring fission leading to base-stabilized stannocene-tetracarbonyliron monomers.
Ketonitrophenols from Mestranol and Related Compounds

Mestranol (17alpha-ethynylestradiol 3-methyl ether), when placed on a carrier such as powdered silica gel and exposed to the atmosphere, is converted to a yellow product. The compound formed was shown to be 1alpha-ethynyltetrahydro-1beta-hydroxy4 - (2 - hydroxy - 5 - methoxy - 3 - nitrophenethyl) - 7a - methyl-5(4H)-indanone. The 3-methyl ethers of three other steroids having aromatic A rings yielded products of a similar type. Identical compounds were prepared from the respective steroids by treatment with nitrating agents in acetic acid. This reaction in acetic acid is light catalyzed. An independent synthesis of a model compound, 6-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-nitrophenyl)-3-hexanone, established the position of the constituents on the aromatic ring as well as the location of the carbonyl. The mechanism proposed for the formation of these products is an initial oxidation of the 1-substituted tetralin to form a hydroperoxide, which is ionically decomposed to form a ketophenol. The phenol is then nitrated in the ortho-position.
Collective Attention and the Dynamics of Group Deals

We present a study of the group purchasing behavior of daily deals in Groupon and LivingSocial and introduce a predictive dynamic model of collective attention for group buying behavior. In our model, the aggregate number of purchases at a given time comprises two types of processes: random discovery and social propagation. We find that these processes are very clearly separated by an inflection point. Using large data sets from both Groupon and LivingSocial we show how the model is able to predict the success of group deals as a function of time. We find that Groupon deals are easier to predict accurately earlier in the deal lifecycle than LivingSocial deals due to the final number of deal purchases saturating quicker. One possible explanation for this is that the incentive to socially propagate a deal is based on an individual threshold in LivingSocial whereas it is based on a collective threshold, which for the most part is reached very early on in Groupon. Furthermore, the personal benefit of propagating a deal is also greater in LivingSocial.
Durable innovative solar optical materials - the international challenge

A variety of optical coatings are discussed in the context of solar energy utilization. Well known coatings such as heat mirrors, selective absorbers, and reflective films are covered briefly. Emphasis is placed on the materials limitations and design choices for various lesser known optical coatings and materials. Physical and optical properties are detailed for protective antireflection films, fluorescent concentrator materials, holographic films, cold mirrors, radiative cooling surfaces, and optical switching films including electrochromic, thermochromic, photochromic, and liquid crystal types. For many of these materials research is only now being considered, and various design and durability issues must be addressed.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
White Dwarf/M Dwarf Binaries as Single Degenerate Progenitors of Type Ia Supernovae

Limits on the companions of white dwarfs in the single-degenerate scenario for the origin of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have gotten increasingly tight, yet igniting a nearly Chandrasekhar mass C/O white dwarf from a condition of near hydrostatic equilibrium provides compelling agreement with observed spectral evolution. The only type of non-degenerate stars that survive the tight limits, MV 8.4 on the SN Ia in SNR 0509-67.5 and MV 9.5 in the remnant of SN 1572, are M dwarfs. While M dwarfs are observed in cataclysmic variables, they have special properties that have not been considered in most work on the progenitors of SNe Ia: they have small but finite magnetic fields and they flare frequently. These properties are explored in the context of SN Ia progenitors. White dwarf/M dwarf pairs may be sufficiently plentiful to provide, in principle, an adequate rate of explosions even with slow orbital evolution due to magnetic braking or gravitational radiation. Even modest magnetic fields on the white dwarf and M dwarf will yield adequate torques to lock the two stars together, resulting in a slowly rotating white dwarf, with the magnetic poles pointing at one another in the orbital plane. The mass loss will be channeled by a magnetic bottle connecting the two stars, landing on a concentrated polar area on the white dwarf. This enhances the effective rate of accretion compared to spherical accretion. Luminosity from accretion and hydrogen burning on the surface of the white dwarf may induce self-excited mass transfer. The combined effects of self-excited mass loss, polar accretion, and magnetic inhibition of mixing of accretion layers give possible means to beat the nova limit and grow the white dwarf to the Chandrasekhar mass even at rather moderate mass accretion rates.
Determination of ppb concentrations of transition metals by radioisotope-excited energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry

Using ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate as precipitant and iron as a carrier, ppb concentrations of the following elements were coprecipitated from fresh water: vanadium, chromium, manganese, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium, mercury, and lead. Precipitates were collected on membrane filters then element concentrations were determined using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Calibration curves indicate sensitivities ranging from 0.4 ppb for V, Zn, As and Hg to 1.2 ppb for Pb. It is likely that this method of preconcentration can be directly incorporated into field sampling procedures, thus eliminating the problems of sample contamination or trace element losses by absorption on container walls.
Synthesis of symmetric anhydrides using visible light-mediated photoredox catalysis.

A new approach to anhydride formation is reported via activation of C–O bonds by the Vilsmeier–Haack reagent formed by Ru(bpy)3Cl2 and CBr4 in DMF. Various aryl and alkyl carboxylic acids are converted to the corresponding anhydrides in excellent yields.
Effects of Age on Meiosis in Budding Yeast

In humans, the frequency with which meiotic chromosome mis-segregation occurs increases with age. Whether age-dependent meiotic defects occur in other organisms is unknown. Here, we examine the effects of replicative aging on meiosis in budding yeast. We find that aged mother cells show a decreased ability to initiate the meiotic program and fail to express the meiotic inducer IME1. The few aged mother cells that do enter meiosis complete this developmental program but exhibit defects in meiotic chromosome segregation and spore formation. Furthermore, we find that mutations that extend replicative life span also extend the sexual reproductive life span. Our results indicate that in budding yeast, the ability to initiate and complete the meiotic program as well as the fidelity of meiotic chromosome segregation decrease with cellular age and are controlled by the same pathways that govern aging of asexually reproducing yeast cells.
Efficient synthesis of β-amino bromides

Abstract β-Aminoalcohols were smoothly converted to β-amino bromides using thionyl bromide and DMF, which were easily isolated without any further purification. Participation by the β-amino group in brominations not only enhanced reaction rates but also promoted stereo- and regioselectivities.
New orbits for the n-body problem.

: In this paper, we consider minimizing the action functional as a method for numerically discovering periodic solutions to the n-body problem. With this method, we can find a large number of choreographies and other more general solutions. We show that most of the solutions found, including all but one of the choreographies, are unstable. It appears to be much easier to find unstable solutions to the n-body problem than stable ones. Simpler solutions are more likely to be stable than exotic ones.
Observational Constraints on the Dependence of Radio-Quiet Quasar X-Ray Emission on Black Hole Mass and Accretion Rate

In this work we use a sample of 318 radio-quiet quasars (RQQs) to investigate the dependence of the ratio of optical/UV flux to X-ray flux, αox, and the X-ray photon index, ΓX, on black hole mass, UV relative to Eddington luminosity, and X-ray relative to Eddington luminosity. Our sample is drawn from the literature, with X-ray data from ROSAT and Chandra, and optical data mostly from the SDSS; 153 of these sources have estimates of ΓX from Chandra. We estimate MBH using standard estimates derived from the Hβ, Mg II, and C IV broad emission lines. Our sample spans a broad range in black hole mass ( -->106 MBH/M☉ 1010), redshift ( -->0 (1043 λ Lλ(2500 A) [ ergs s−1] 1048) . We find that αox increases with increasing MBH and LUV/LEdd and decreases with increasing LX/LEdd. In addition, we confirm the correlation seen in previous studies between ΓX and MBH and both LUV/LEdd and LX/LEdd; however, we also find evidence that the dependence of ΓX of these quantities is not monotonic, changing sign at -->MBH ~ 3 × 108 M☉. We argue that the αox correlations imply that the fraction of bolometric luminosity emitted by the accretion disk, as compared to the corona, increases with increasing accretion rate relative to the Eddington rate, $d{m}$ -->. In addition, we argue that the ΓX trends are caused by a dependence of X-ray spectral index on -->. We discuss our results within the context of accretion models with Comptonizing corona and discuss the implications of the αox correlations for quasar feedback. To date, this is the largest study of the dependence of RQQ X-ray parameters on black hole mass and related quantities, and the first to attempt to correct for the large statistical uncertainty in the broad-line mass estimates.
Surface-hopping model for near-resonant electronic energy transfer

Abstract A surface-hopping model is applied to near-resonant electronic energy transfer in the NFBi and O2I systems. Multiple surface crossings occur in NFBi at ca. 8 A, corresponding well with measured transfer cross section of 200 A2. A Landau-Zener model yields the temperature dependence of the thermally averaged cross section for the laser pumping reaction, O*2(a1Δ) + I(2P 3 2 ) → O2(X3Σ−g) + 1*(2P 1 2 ).
Dual conformal properties of six-dimensional maximal super Yang-Mills amplitudes

We demonstrate that the tree-level amplitudes of maximal super-Yang-Mills theory in six dimensions, when stripped of their overall momentum and supermomentum delta functions, are covariant with respect to the six-dimensional dual conformal group. Using the generalized unitarity method, we demonstrate that this property is also present for loop amplitudes. Since the six-dimensional amplitudes can be interpreted as massive four-dimensional ones, this implies that the six-dimensional symmetry is also present in the massively regulated four-dimensional \( \mathcal{N} = 4 \) super-Yang-Mills amplitudes.
National satellite-based land-use regression: NO2 in the United States.

Land-use regression models (LUR) estimate outdoor air pollution at high spatial resolution. Previous LURs have generally focused on individual cities. Here, we present an LUR for year-2006 ground-level NO2 concentrations throughout the contiguous United States. Our approach employs ground- and satellite-based NO2 measurements, and geographic characteristics such as population density, land-use (based on satellite data), and distance to major and minor roads. The results provide reliable estimates of ambient NO2 air pollution as measured by the U.S. EPA (R2 = 0.78; bias = 22%) at a spatial resolution (∼30 m) that is capable of capturing within-urban and near-roadway gradients in NO2. We explore several aspects of temporal (time-of-day; day-of-week; season) and spatial (urban versus rural; U.S. region) variability in the model. Results are robust to spatial autocorrelation, to selection of an alternative input data set, and to minor perturbations in input data (using 90% of the data to predict the remaining...
Learning sequence of views of three-dimensional objects: The effect of temporal coherence on object memory

How humans recognize objects remains a contentious issue in current research on high-level vision. Here, I test the proposal by Wallis and Bulthoff (1999 Trends in Cognitive Sciences3 22–31) suggesting that object representations can be learned through temporal association of multiple views of the same object. Participants first studied image sequences of novel, three-dimensional objects in a study block. On each trial, the images were from either an orderly sequence of depth-rotated views of the same object (SS), a scrambled sequence of those views (SR), or a sequence of different objects (RR). Recognition memory was assessed in a following test block. A within-object advantage was consistently observed—greater accuracy in the SR than the RR condition in all four experiments, greater accuracy in the SS than the RR condition in two experiments. Furthermore, spatiotemporal coherence did not produce better recognition than temporal coherence alone (similar or less accuracy in the SS compared to the SR condi...
Phase-locked arrays of surface-emitting terahertz quantum-cascade lasers

We report single-mode operation of phase-locked arrays of surface-emitting distributed-feedback terahertz quantum-cascade lasers. Carefully-designed phase-sector locks lasers in-phase, creating tighter beam-patterns along the phased-array direction (FWHM ≈ 10°). This method allows beam-steering applications at terahertz frequencies.
Investigation of the Electron-Ion Hybrid instability in a collisional environment

The linear Electron-Ion Hybrid (EIH) instability, a transverse velocity shear-driven instability with frequency near the lower hybrid frequency, was previously predicted theoretically to explain the observation of lower hybrid waves in applications from the plasma sheet boundary layer to laser produced plasmas. The linear EIH instability has also been observed in the laboratory in scaled magnetospheric plasma conditions and in laser produced plasma expansion experiments across magnetic fields. PIC simulations have shown that a key feature of the nonlinear evolution of the EIH mode is that it leads to the formation of coherent, closed potential contours in the fluctuating electrostatic potential.
Patient recall 6 weeks after surgical consent for midurethral sling using mesh

Introduction and hypothesis We aimed to determine patient recall of specific surgical risks and benefits discussed during consent for midurethral sling (MUS) surgery immediately after consent and at 6 weeks follow-up. Specifically we sought to determine whether or not women recalled specific risks related to the placement of mesh.
Uniform hyperbolicity of the graphs of curves

Let C.Sg;p/ denote the curve complex of the closed orientable surface of genus g with p punctures. Masur and Minksy and subsequently Bowditch showed that C.Sg;p/ is i–hyperbolic for some i D i.g;p/ . In this paper, we show that there exists some i > 0 independent of g;p such that the curve graph C1.Sg;p/ is i– hyperbolic. Furthermore, we use the main tool in the proof of this theorem to show uniform boundedness of two other quantities which a priori grow with g and p : the curve complex distance between two vertex cycles of the same train track, and the Lipschitz constants of the map from Teichmuller space to C.S/ sending a Riemann surface to the curve(s) of shortest extremal length.
Atomic entanglement in carbon nanotubes

Recently, successful experiments were performed on the encapsulation of single atoms into single-walled carbon nanotubes, and the progress in the growth of centimeter-long small-diameter single-walled nanotubes was reported. We study a scheme for the entanglement of two atoms doped into the nanotube and show that the (resonator-like) cylindrical nanotube environment can result in a significant degree of the quantum-bit entanglement of the bipartite atomic system.
A maximum principle for combinatorial Yamabe flow

This article studies a discrete geometric structure on triangulated manifolds and an associated curvature flow (combinatorial Yamabe flow). The associated evolution of curvature appears to be like a heat equation on graphs, but it can be shown to not satisfy the maximum principle. The notion of a parabolic-like operator is introduced as an operator which satisfies the maximum principle, but may not be parabolic in the usual sense of operators on graphs. A maximum principle is derived for the curvature of combinatorial Yamabe flow under certain assumptions on the triangulation, and hence the heat operator is shown to be parabolic-like. The maximum principle then allows a characterization of the curvature as well was a proof of long term existence of the flow.
Identity Delegation in Policy Based Systems

Policy based systems have received considerable attention in the recent past from academia as well as the industry. Research on policy based systems encompasses a gamut of areas such as: models and languages for policy based systems, policy standards, domain specific implementations, policy tools etc. However an important issue, which did not receive much attention from researchers, is that of access control for policy execution. In this paper we present the concept of "identity delegation" which involves finding the 'correct' users/ identities, to whom task of policy execution can be delegated. Policies are generally defined by high level business executives (policy authors) and are implemented by policy enforcers who have sufficient access rights on the underlying systems. Given the increasing complexity of enterprise systems, we show in this paper that finding the right policy enforcers for a policy can be a fairly non-trivial task. We address this important problem by proposing a unique concept of 'implicit identity delegation', whereby an autonomic system automatically figures out the correct policy enforcers and implicitly delegates the task of policy execution. We present the Implicit Identity Delegation architecture which boasts of an efficient technique for performing implicit identity delegation and uses a plugin based architecture ensuring its applicability and use in diverse domains.
Compact Biocompatible Quantum Dots via RAFT-Mediated Synthesis of Imidazole-Based Random Copolymer Ligand

We present a new class of polymeric ligands for quantum dot (QD) water solubilization to yield biocompatible and derivatizable QDs with compact size (∼10−12 nm diameter), high quantum yields (>50%), excellent stability across a large pH range (pH 5−10.5), and low nonspecific binding. To address the fundamental problem of thiol instability in traditional ligand exchange systems, the polymers here employ a stable multidentate imidazole binding motif to the QD surface. The polymers are synthesized via reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer-mediated polymerization to produce molecular weight controlled monodisperse random copolymers from three types of monomers that feature imidazole groups for QD binding, polyethylene glycol (PEG) groups for water solubilization, and either primary amines or biotin groups for derivatization. The polymer architecture can be tuned by the monomer ratios to yield aqueous QDs with targeted surface functionalities. By incorporating amino-PEG monomers, we demonstrate cova...
Three-dimensional vibration analysis of rotating laminated composite blades

This work offers the first known three-dimensional continuum vibration analysis for rotating, laminated composite blades. A cornerstone of this work is that the dynamic energies of the rotating blade are derived from a three-dimensional elasticity based, truncated quadrangular pyramid model incorporating laminated orthotropicity, full geometric nonlinearity using an updated Lagrangian formulation and Coriolis acceleration terms. These analysis sophistications are included to accommodate the nonclassical directions of modern blade designs comprising thin, wide chord-lifting surfaces of laminated composite construction. The Ritz method is used to minimize the dynamic energies with displacements approximated by mathematically complete polynomials satisfying the vanishing displacement conditions at the blade root section exactly. Several tables and graphs are presented that describe numerical convergence studies showing the validity of the assumed displacement polynomials used herein. Nondimensional frequency data are presented for various rotating, truncated quadrangular pyramids, serving as first approximations of practical blades employed in aircraft engines and fans. A wide scope of results explain the influence of a number of parameters coined to rotating, laminated composite blade dynamics, namely aspect ratio (a/b), chord ratio (c/b), thickness ratio (b/h), variable thickness distribution (h[sub l]/h[sub t]), blade pretwist angle ([phi][sub 0]), composite fiber orientation angle ([theta]), and angular velocitymore » ([Omega]). Additional examples are given that elucidate the significance of the linear and nonlinear kinematics used in the present three-dimensional formulation along with the importance of the Coriolis acceleration terms included in the analysis.« less
Fundamental Differences Between Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Micro-EHL Results

Numerical analyses of micro-EHL problems have shown remarkably different results with Newtonian and non-Newtonian rheological models. However, no consensus has been reached whether a Newtonian model can be used in micro-EHL analysis. It is difficult to prove the point numerically as researchers use different numerical methods, grid sizes, time steps, and convergence criteria. This paper analytically studies the fundamental differences between Newtonian and non-Newtonian micro-EHL results. Algebraic governing equations are derived in terms of dimensionless parameters of the problem. Results are obtained for a range of key dimensionless parameters of practical interest. These results suggest that Newtonian and non-Newtonian micro-EHL results would be qualitatively different and the differences would be most pronounced with surface roughness of short wavelengths. Since surface roughness of machine elements contains substantial short-wavelength contents, a Newtonian rheological model is likely to generate misleading micro-EHL results under all operating conditions under which the shear-thinning effect of the lubricant is significant
Growth kinetics in systems with local symmetry

The phase-transition kinetics of Ising gauge models are investigated. Despite the absence of a local order parameter, relevant topological excitations that control the ordering kinetics can be identified. Dynamical scaling holds in the approach to equilibrium, and the growth of a typical length scale is characteristic of a universality class with L(t)\ensuremath{\sim}(t/lnt${)}^{1/2}$. We suggest that the asymptotic kinetics of the two-dimensional (2D) Ising gauge model is dual to that of the 2D annihilating random walks, a process also known as the diffusion reaction A+A\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(inert).
The ‘state’ of universal service

Abstract The introduction of competition forces regulators to address the historical practice of using of implicit cross subsidies to maintain uniformly low local telephone service rates. The Federal Communications Commission recently adopted rules to remove a portion of these implicit subsidies by adopting an explicit universal service program. This program, however, only addresses a small portion of the problem and leaves to the states problems associated with intrastate cross subsidies. In this paper we examine several alternative universal service programs that states may adopt. Overall, we find that universal service programs that base subsidy dollars on the cost of providing service have little effect on telephone penetration rates and result in large taxes, which distort market outcomes and drive those paying into the system from the network. Large universal service programs also cause competitive distortions. Furthermore, we find that cost-based mechanisms do an equally poor job when we use normative criteria, such as the effect the programs have on the distribution of income.
SYNTHESIS OF ENANTIOPURE 3-CHLOROSTYRENE OXIDE VIA AN ASYMMETRIC EPOXIDATION-HYDROLYTIC KINETIC RESOLUTION SEQUENCE

Abstract 3-Chlorostyrene oxide was prepared in >99% ee employing the (salen)Co-catalyzed hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) reaction. The HKR was performed successfully on both racemic and enantiomerically enriched epoxides, the latter was obtained via (salen)Mn-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation reactions.
The Perils of 'soft' SUSY breaking

Abstract We consider a two dimensional SU(N) gauge theory coupled to an adjoint Majorana fermion, which is known to be supersymmetric for a particular value of fermion mass. We investigate the `soft' supersymmetry breaking of the discrete light cone quantization (DLCQ) of this theory. There are several DLCQ formulations of this theory currently in the literature and they naively appear to behave differently under `soft' supersymmetry breaking at finite resolution. We show that all these formulations nevertheless yield identical bound state masses in the decompactification limit of the light-like circle. Moreover, we are able to show that the supersymmetry-inspired version of DLCQ (so called `SDLCQ') provides the best rate of convergence of DLCQ bound state masses towards the actual continuum values, except possibly near or at the critical fermion mass. In this last case, we discuss improved extrapolation schemes that must supplement the DLCQ algorithm in order to obtain correct continuum bound state masses. Interestingly, when we truncate the Fock space to two particles, the SDLCQ prescription presented here provides a scheme for improving the rate of convergence of the massive 't Hooft model. Thus the supersymmetry-inspired SDLCQ prescription is applicable to theories without supersymmetry.
The significance test controversy

The pre-designationist, anti-inductivist and operationalist tenor of Neyman-Pearson theory give that theory an obvious affinity to several currently influential philosophies of science, most particularly, the Popperian. In fact, one might fairly regard Neyman-Pearson theory as the statistical embodiment of Popperian methodology. The difficulties raised in this paper have, then, wider purport, and should serve as something of a touchstone for those who would construct a theory of evidence adequate to statistics without recourse to the notion of inductive probability.
An Economic Model of the Apartheid State

Rather than a rigid racial ideology, it is argued that South African apartheid was a pragmatic response of a white oligarchy to changing economic and political constraints. Consequently, the degree to which apartheid principles were applied and enforced by the South African state varied over time. A public choice model is developed to explain apartheid as endogenous policy, the parameters of which are determined by political support-maximizing politicians. The model suggests that the enforcement of apartheid was responsive to changes in such exogenous variables as defence costs, the gold price and the reservation wage of black unskilled labour. Predictions of the model hold implications for the causes of the democratic transition of the 1990s, including the role played by international sanctions.