cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A PZT-P[VDF-TrFE] dual-layer transducer for 3-D rectilinear imaging

The difficulties associated with fabricating and connecting 2-D arrays with large numbers of elements have limited the development of arrays with more than 5000 elements. However, 2-D arrays for rectilinear imaging of targets such as the breast, carotid artery, and musculoskeletal system require 128times128=16,384 to 256times256=65,536 elements. To simplify transducer design and system requirements, we propose a PZT-P[VDF-TrFE] dual-layer transducer array design which uses perpendicular 1-D arrays for 3-D imaging of targets near the transducer. This transducer design reduces the fabrication complexity and the channel count.
Propagator Methods in Electromagnetics

A propagator is a subclass of domain Green functions that operate directly on a wave function known throughout a region of space, thereby evolving that wave function to its value at a given future time or in some cases to a given spatial distance. In a homogeneous region, the field at any future time and position in space requires only a single analytical propagator calculation, but in an inhomogeneous space, a numerical method with a small time increment is required in order to accommodate changes in waves propagating through position-dependent medium parameters and the application of boundary conditions. This spatiotemporally incremental application of the propagator is described as a path integral. Several propagator methods have been developed for the electromagnetic field over the last 28 years. These include the Fourier transform path integral, the stationary-phase Monte Carlo, the path integral time-domain methods, and the propagator method. Each method has its limitations, whether spatial, temporal, or dimensional, but taken as a whole, they lead to a general full-wave propagator method we believe is the most significant of all because it is based on a closed-form analytical solution to Maxwell’s equations.
Mind the gap: bridging multi-domain query workloads with EmptyHeaded

Executing domain specific workloads from a relational data warehouse is an increasingly popular task. Unfortunately, classic relational database management systems (RDBMS) are suboptimal in many domains (e.g., graph and linear algebra queries), and it is challenging to transfer data from an RDBMS to a domain specific toolkit in an efficient manner. This demonstration showcases the EmptyHeaded engine: an interactive query processing engine that leverages a novel query architecture to support efficient execution in multiple domains. To enable a unified design, the EmptyHeaded architecture is built around recent theoretical advancements in join processing and automated in-query data transformations. This demonstration highlights the strengths and weaknesses of this novel type of query processing architecture while showcasing its flexibility in multiple domains. In particular, attendees will use EmptyHeaded's Jupyter notebook front-end to interactively learn the theoretical advantages of this new (and largely unknown) approach and directly observe its performance impact in multiple domains.
Synthesis of Inorganic Nanoparticles Using Protein Templates

The synthesis of nanoparticles with controlled composition, size and shape has long been of scientific and technological interest. Despite efforts invested to this problem, selective preparation of tailor made particles by conventional methods constitutes a considerable challenge. In contrast, highly selective fabrication of monodisperse functional nanosized particles occurs continuously in every living cell. The process of building of inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic architectures on templates of biopolymers through biomineralization is also very common in biological systems and provides the level of control that has not been closely achieved in conventional technology. Any biomineralization is achieved through controlled nucleation of metal cations by functional groups in amino acid constituting proteins. Study of the biomineralization in the last two decades and attempts to mimic the process have been highly successful although details are far from being completely understood
Vector Magnetic Field Sensing Using Single Phase Magneto-Electric Thin Films

We present the design and experimental implementation of a sensing device for determining the magnitude and direction of low-frequency ac magnetic fields using two identical magneto-electric (ME) thin films. The ME films were fabricated from a single-phase SrCo $_{2}$ Ti $_{2}$ Fe $_{8}$ O $_{19}$ M-type source and deposited on a 500-nm-thick indium tin oxide layer on a silicon substrate using pulsed laser deposition. The device size (in volume) is 0.02cm3 for each ME film, and the proposed experimental setup can be used to detect ac magnetic fields that were generated from a solenoid coil located at a distance of 10mm. In this article, we also made improvements to our previous H-field sensing circuit that detects the change in capacitance of the ME film when an external field H $_{\text{ext}}$ is applied. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed vector sensing approach using two ME films can establish the magnitude and angle of external magnetic fields with maximum detection errors of 13 and 16, respectively.
burnr: Fire history analysis and graphics in R

Abstract We developed a new software package, burnr , for fire history analysis and plotting in the R statistical programming environment. It was developed for tree-ring fire-scar analysis, but is broadly applicable to other event analyses (e.g., avalanches, frost rings, or culturally modified trees). Our new package can read, write, and manipulate standard tree-ring fire history FHX files, produce fire—demography charts, calculate fire frequency and seasonality statistics, and run superposed epoch analysis (SEA). A key benefit of burnr is that it enables automation of analyses and plotting, especially for large data sets. The package also facilitates creative plotting, mapping, and analyses when combined with the thousands of packages available in R . In this paper, we describe the basic functionality of burnr and introduce users to fire history analyses in R .
Functional Nanoscale Devices

The recent emergence of fabrication tools and techniques capable of constructing structures with dimensions ranging from 0.1 to 50 nm (see Fig. 5.1) has opened up numerous possibilities for investigating new devices in a size domain heretofore inaccessible to experimental researchers. The WTEC nanotechnology panel reviewed research in the United States, Japan, Taiwan, and Europe to find that there is considerable nanoscience and technology activity in university, industrial, and government laboratories around the world. The insight gained from this survey suggests areas of strength and areas of possible improvement in the field.
Endoscopic Ultrasonography: Instruments and Techniques

Medical technology and industry have provided new instruments that allow high-resolution endosonographic images of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and high-resolution images of contiguous organs and structures. Instruments have evolved through several prototypes, and the latest innovations are presented. Most clinical work to date has been performed with mechanical rotating transducer endoscope systems developed by the Olympus Corporation that provide a 360-deg image, helpful for orientation during imaging from the gut lumen. The techniques of using these instruments in clinical practice are discussed.
Longitudinal Relationship Between Mental Health Symptoms and Sleep Disturbances and Duration in Maltreated and Comparison Adolescents.

Abstract Purpose To examine the longitudinal relationships between mental health symptoms and sleep for male and female maltreated and comparison adolescents. Methods Participants were from a longitudinal study of child maltreatment (maltreated n = 247; comparison n = 138). The current analyses used data from Time 3 (T3; average age 13.7 years) and Time 4 (T4; average age 18.2 years). Path models tested cross-lagged effects between mental health symptoms (depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD]) and sleep (disturbances and duration) and main effects of maltreatment on Time 4 variables, stratified by sex. Results Reciprocal relationships between depressive and PTSD symptoms and sleep disturbances were found only for females. Specifically, depressive and PTSD symptoms at T3 predicted sleep disturbances at T4 and sleep disturbances at T3 also predicted depressive and PTSD symptoms at T4. Regarding sleep duration, PTSD symptoms at T3 predicted shorter sleep duration at T4 among females but not for males. There was no effect of maltreatment status on mental health symptoms or sleep disturbance, but maltreated adolescents reported longer sleep duration at T4 than comparison adolescents. Conclusions The reciprocal nature of the relationship between mental health symptoms and sleep disturbances in females highlights the need to treat both mental health symptoms as well as sleep problems in female adolescents to improve mental and physical health. The absence of a negative effect of maltreatment on sleep may be due to the fact that the maltreated youth and comparison youth lived in the same low-income urban communities and were exposed to the same nocturnal environmental irritants.
Fictions of Liberation: A Paradoxical “Palimpsest of Colonial Identity” of Chŏng (Jeong)

Within Asian/American feminist theology, this article addresses specifically Korean/American feminist theological discourse of chŏng. I argue that by employing racialized signifiers such as han and...
Methodology for creating a chronic osseointegrated neural interface for prosthetic control in rabbits.

Abstract Background Chronic stability and high degrees of selectivity are both essential but somewhat juxtaposed components for creating an implantable bi-directional PNI capable of controlling of a prosthetic limb. While the more invasive implantable electrode arrays provide greater specificity, they are less stable over time due to compliance mismatch with the dynamic soft tissue environment in which the interface is created. New Method This paper takes the surgical approach of transposing nerves into bone to create neural interface within the medullary canal of long bones, an osseointegrated neural interface, to provide greater stability for implantable electrodes. In this context, we describe the surgical model for transfemoral amputation with transposition of the sciatic nerve into the medullary canal in rabbits. We investigate the capacity to create a neural interface within the medullary canal histolomorphologically. In a separate proof of concept experiment, we quantify the chronic physiological capacity of transposed nerves to conduct compound nerve action potentials evoked via an Osseointegrated Neural Interface. Comparison with Existing Method(s) The rabbit serves as an important animal model for both amputation neuroma and osseointegration research, but is underutilized for the exploration neural interfacing in an amputation setting. Results Our findings demonstrate that transposed nerves remain stable over 12 weeks. Creating a neural interface within the medullary canal is possible and does not impede nerve regeneration or physiological capacity. Conclusions This article represents the first evidence that an Osseointegrated Neural Interface can be surgically created, capable of chronic stimulation/recording from amputated nerves required for future prosthetic control.
Integrating walls and mirrors: object-based recursion

Two approaches to defining an abstract data type with recursive methods are introduced. The conventional, parameter-based approach separately addresses the two issues: processing recursive data structures and achieving data abstraction. Such an approach generally defines a private (or protected) recursive method to perform a certain operation and makes the operation available to clients through a non-recursive public method that simply calls the private method. Alternatively, the object-based approach integrates recursive processing and data abstraction into a recursively defined object. The object-based approach is likely to yield a better object-oriented design.
Bacterial load slopes as biomarkers of tuberculosis therapy success, failure, and relapse

ABSTRACT Background Tuberculosis is expensive to treat, especially since therapy duration is at least six-months, and patients must be followed for up to two years in order to document relapse. There is an urgent need to discover biomarkers that are predictive of long-term treatment outcomes. Currently, tuberculosis programs use two-months sputum conversion for clinical decision making, while phase I clinical trials use extended [14 day] early bactericidal activity [EBA] to triage regimens. Our objective was to develop early treatment stage biomarkers that are predictive of long-term outcomes. Methods and Findings Data from 1,924 patients in the REMoxTB study was divided into [1] a derivation data-set of 318 patients on six-months standard therapy, [2] two sets of validation datasets comprised of 319 patients on six-months standard therapy, and 1,287 patients randomized to four-months experimental therapy. Sputum time-to-positivity [TTP] data was modeled using a system of ordinary differential equations that identified bacillary kill rates [termed γ-slopes], for fast-replicating bacteria [γf] and for semi-dormant/non-replicating persistent bacteria [γs], and to estimate time-to-extinction for all bacteria sub-populations in each patient. Time-to-extinction is used to predict the minimum therapy duration required to achieve cure. Using the derivation dataset, machine learning identified the γs slope, calculated using first 8 weeks of therapy TTP data, as the highest ranked predictor for treatment outcomes. We then computed γs slope thresholds that would reliably predict relapse-free cure for 2, 3, 4, and 6 months therapy duration regimens, and used these to create a diagnostic rule. In the first-validation dataset for six-months therapy duration, the γs-derived decision rule demonstrated a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 89%; among patients with positive biomarker the relative risk [RR] of failure was 20.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.17-58.08]. In comparison, two-month sputum culture conversion had a sensitivity of 33% and specificity of 71% [RR=1.20 (95% CI: 0.60-2.34)], while for extended-EBA sensitivity was 14% and specificity was 92% [RR=1.71 [95% CI: 0.73-3.48]. In the second validation dataset for four-months therapy duration, the γs-derived diagnostic rule sensitivity was 81% while specificity was 87% for picking failure versus cure [RR=14.51 (95% CI: 8.33-25.41)] Conclusions The ability to predict treatment outcomes during the first eight-weeks of therapy could accelerate evaluation of novel regimens, development of new clinical trial designs, as well as allow personalization of therapy duration in routine treatment programs. Future research applying these diagnostic rules to different clinical trials data are required.
Understanding V2V Driving Scenarios Through Traffic Primitives

Understanding driver interaction behavioral semantics has potential benefits to autonomous car's decision-making design. This article presents a framework of analyzing various encountering behaviors through decomposing driving encounter sequential data into small building blocks, called traffic primitives, using a Bayesian nonparametric learning (BNPL) approach. This framework offers a flexible way to gain semantic insights into complex driving encounters without any prerequisite knowledge of interaction behavior categories. Its effectiveness is then validated using 976 naturalistic driving encounters from which more than 4000 traffic primitives were learned with the BNPL approach. After that, a dynamic time warping method integrated with k-means clustering is then developed to cluster all these extracted traffic primitives into groups. Experimental results identify 20 kinds of traffic primitives capable of representing the essential components of driving encounters in our database. Based on the results, we conclude that the proposed primitive-based analysis could prove useful for autonomous vehicle applications.
Robust Myelination of Regenerated Axons Induced by Combined Manipulations of GPR17 and Microglia

Myelination facilitates rapid axonal conduction, enabling efficient communication across different parts of the nervous system. Here we examined mechanisms controlling myelination after injury and during axon regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS). Previously, we discovered multiple molecular pathways and strategies that could promote robust axon regrowth after optic nerve injury. However, regenerated axons remain unmyelinated, and the underlying mechanisms are elusive. In this study, we found that, in injured optic nerves, oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) undergo transient proliferation but fail to differentiate into mature myelination-competent oligodendrocytes, reminiscent of what is observed in human progressive multiple sclerosis. Mechanistically, we showed that OPC-intrinsic GPR17 signaling and sustained activation of microglia inhibit different stages of OPC differentiation. Importantly, co-manipulation of GPR17 and microglia led to extensive myelination of regenerated axons. The regulatory mechanisms of stage-dependent OPC differentiation uncovered here suggest a translatable strategy for efficient de novo myelination after CNS injury.
V2S: A Tool for Translating Video Recordings of Mobile App Usages into Replayable Scenarios

Screen recordings are becoming increasingly important as rich software artifacts that inform mobile application development processes. However, the amount of manual effort required to extract information from these graphical artifacts can hinder resource-constrained mobile developers. This paper presents Video2Scenario (V2S), an automated tool that processes video recordings of Android app usages, utilizes neural object detection and image classification techniques to classify the depicted user actions, and translates these actions into a replayable scenario. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation to demonstrate V2S's ability to reproduce recorded scenarios across a range of devices and a diverse set of usage cases and applications. The results indicate that, based on its performance with 175 videos depicting 3,534 GUI-based actions, V2S is accurate in reproducing $\approx$89\% of actions from collected videos.
Thermoelastic interactions on thick granular plate with three-phase-lag model under axisymmetric temperature distribution

The theory of thermoelasticity with three-phase-lag is used to study the phase lag effects on wave propagation in granular medium. A two-dimensional thick granular plate with axisymmetric temperatu...
User-friendly chemical patterning with digital light projection polymer brush photolithography

Abstract Patterned polymeric coatings are broadly relevant for all areas of bioengineering: anti-biofouling, controlled protein adsorption, guided cell growth, and many more. This contribution describes a robust topographical and chemical patterning platform that combines an LED digital light projector with oxygen-tolerant light-mediated polymerization to design advanced surfaces on the micron scale and in mild ambient conditions. The user-friendly nature of this approach is targeted towards bringing complex chemical patterning abilities based on surface-tethered polymers into the hands of non-experts and enabling both fundamental and applied studies related to patterned surfaces in bioengineering.
New Low Temperature Sol-gel Synthesis of Germanium Nanoparticles and Their Optical Characteristics

AbstractNew low temperature synthesis of germanium nanoparticles obtained from the reaction of germanium tetrachloride and sodium/benzophenonewere developed. These germanium nanoparticles terminated with chloride group were oxidized in air to give hydroxy-terminated germanium nanoparticles. Germanium nanoparticle containing 20(S)-camptothecin (CPT) for a noble drug delivery system were developed. FT-IR spectroscopy was used for the characterization of vibrational absorption for the germanium nanoparticle and oxidized germanium nanoparticles containing camptothecin. Electronic absorption and fluorescence properties were measured with UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrometer. The morphology of oxidized germanium nanoparticles containing camptothecin was investigated by using TEM. Key words : Germanium, Nanoparticles, Fluorescenec, Oxidation 1. 서 론 반도체 나노입자들은 그들의 독특한 물리적 화학적 특성으로 인해 과학자들에게 대단한 흥미를 유발시켜 활발한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 나노입자의 개발은 전자 기학, 광학, 촉매, 센서분야 등의 응용 분야가 가능하며 차세대 핵심 성장 동력 주력산업을 이끌어 나아갈 것 으로 사료된다.
Impact of tornadoes on hospital admissions for acute cardiovascular events

Background There is a paucity of data describing cardiovascular events after tornado outbreaks. We proposed to study the effects of tornadoes on the incidence of cardiovascular events at a tertiary care institution.
Chapter 13 Seduced by a siren's call: expanding applications for aromatic compounds and the synthesis of (+)-rishirilide B

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the applications for aromatic compounds and the synthesis of (+)–rishirilide B. It is shown in the synthesis of (+)–rishirilide B that the lactic acid tether can be cleaved directly from lactone upon treatment with the corresponding aluminum amide to give the vinylogous acid. It is suggested that compound α-bromoketone is an important branching point for many other transformations as well. In addition, a general enantioselective dearomatization technique is presented that proved useful for a variety of synthetic applications. A protected chiral cyclohexa-2,5-dienone adduct is developed that is capable of serving in a myriad of subsequent chemoselective and stereoselective transformations. It is speculated that oxidative dearomatization processes is fairly limited in scope and applicable to a small assortment of phenolic nuclei. The method developed in the chapter permits oxidative dearomatization of an assortment of resorcinols and affords a chiral p-quinol nucleus that is both protected and fortified as well as discriminant in its subsequent reactivity.
Where have all the old radio sources gone

The standard picture of radio sources, in which a steady jet supplies the extended lobes with energy and mass, predicts distributions of source properties which contradict observations. The most dramatic contradiction is the non-detection of the large numbers of steep spectrum sources predicted by the theory. It seems to be time for a new approach to the basic source model.
Managers, Deterministic Models, and Computers

Publisher Summary Managers are decision makers, responsible for the achievement of certain established enterprise's objectives. They have to allocate the available limited resources for conducting their business in the best possible way. In order to reach the firm's objectives in a financially profitable manner, managers have to perform certain actions, which lead to the attainment of the desired goals. Modern times continuously impose the updating of methods used to reach the firm's goals. These methods have been defined, systematized, and disseminated for the purpose of helping executives in their daily decision-making responsibility. Scholars and managers recognize that there are some basic patterns of environmental reaction, and the knowledge of these patterns conditions managerial actions. By examining and discussing these points, scholars and managers defined a series of “principles” and “techniques”, which, when properly applied, can substantially help executives in the duty of optimizing their actions. This chapter starts with the discussion of system approach, which is one of the fundamental methods for the interpretation of facts detected in business. This approach requires that any responsible manager, when solving an enterprise's problems, be concerned not only with the restricted area where the problem may have been detected, but with the entire firm as a unique entity. Next, this chapter describes the management systems and management science. The next section of this chapter shows when and how managers have to implement management science models. This chapter ends with the answer to the question: Will computers eliminate managerial decision-making?
Early modern Europe, 1450-1789

The second edition of this best-selling textbook is thoroughly updated to include expanded coverage of the late eighteenth century and the Enlightenment, and incorporates recent advances in gender history, global connections and cultural analysis. It features summaries, timelines, maps, illustrations and discussion questions to support the student. Enhanced online content and sections on sources and methodology give students the tools they need to study early modern European history. Leading historian Merry Wiesner-Hanks skilfully balances breadth and depth of coverage to create a strong narrative, paying particular attention to the global context of European developments. She integrates discussion of gender, class, regional and ethnic differences across the entirety of Europe and its overseas colonies as well as the economic, political, religious and cultural history of the period.
Fast algorithms for signal subspace estimation with applications to DOA estimation

Subspace methods such as MUSIC and minimum norm estimators are popular for their high resolution property in sinusoidal and direction of arrival (BOA) estimation, but they are also known to be of high computational demand. In this paper, new fast algorithms for DOA and sinusoidal frequency estimation which do not require the exact eigendecomposition of the covariance matrix are presented. These algorithms approximate the required subspace using rational and power-like methods applied to the sample covariance matrix. A substantial computational saving would be gained compared with those associated with the eigendecomposition-based methods. Simulations results have shown that these approximated estimators have comparable performance at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to their standard counterparts and are robust against overestimating the number of impinging signals.
Bridged ferrocenes: II. The crystal and molecular structure of 1,1′,2,2′,4,4′-tris(trimethylene)ferrocene

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of 1,1′,2,2′,4,4′-tris(trimethylene)ferrocene has been determined by X-ray diffraction. This compound forms monoclinic needles of space group C2/c with sixteen molecules in the unit cell, a 30.899(6), b 9.416(1), c 25.145(1)Aand β 127.31(1)°. The structure was solved from three-dimensional Patterson and Fourier syntheses and was refined by least squares. The structure consists of two crystallographically independent molecules showing similar geometries. The two cyclopentadienyl rings are eclipsed and the dihedral angle between the two rings, is 2.4°. The average iron to ring-carbon distance is 1.992A. The distance between the rings (3.15A) is significantly shorter than in ferrocene, and the rings appear to be slightly non-planar.
Do Facework Behaviors Matter During Conflicts Among Online Discussion Team Members

of the Dissertation Do Facework Behaviors Matter During Conflicts Among Online Discussion Team Members? by Jesus H. Canelon H. Claremont Graduate University: 2011 According to researchers, face is an important possession carried by individuals into interactions with others. Face has been studied in diverse areas such as: politeness, compliance gaining, emotional discourse, negotiations, face-negotiation theory, and conflict. Perhaps because of its value, face can be vulnerable during conflict situations. Facework behaviors are the communicative strategies that people use during conflicts to protect face (theirs or others), threaten others' face, and to avoid or resolve conflicts. So far, studies about facework behaviors have focused on face-to-face interactions. Preliminary studies have shown: a. facework behaviors may affect the outcomes of online discussion teams, b. sex may play a role in the relationship between facework behaviors and online discussion outcomes, and c. conflicts among online discussion team members may influence discussion outcomes. This research explores more completely the role that facework behaviors play during conflicts, their influence on online discussion outcomes, and the role that sex plays in these matters. Data gathered from surveys and transcripts of participants' online discussion postings show that facework behaviors: a. influence conflict levels, b. influence the outcomes of the online discussion teams, and c. play a moderating role on the relationship between conflicts and online discussion outcomes. They also indicate that sex plays a moderating role in these relationships. Moreover, this study shows that the typology of facework behaviors, originally developed to describe face-related aspects of face-to-face interactions, has value in understanding online discussions.
Bacterial genome organization: comparative expression profiling, operons, regulons, and beyond

The sequencing of complete microbial genomes has provided a molecular basis for the diversity of bacterial species. Bacterial gene expression in response to environmental stimuli may be equally diverse and raises the question as to how well what we learn about gene expression in one species translates to another. A problem common to all scientists performing global gene expression lies in determining the significance of gene expression changes as they relate to the functional requirements of the encoded proteins in the biological process under investigation. Four recent studies are presented that highlight some of the issues that confound direct interpretation of gene expression data, including operon structure, functional redundancy of proteins, and the occurrence of nonorthologous genes in bacteria. The concept of comparative expression profiling (CEP) is introduced and discussed in the context of the experimental results observed. Keywords: microbial; genomics; comparative expression profiling; operons; DNA microarrays; gene expression; regulons; genome organization; non-orthologous genes
Surface antigens associated with human B cell activation.

The physiologic and metabolic events associated with T and B lymphocyte activation, proliferation and differentiation are of major interest to immunologists, biochemists and cell biologists. The identification of cell surface structures that are involved in the activation process have enabled detailed analyses of these events. In the case ofB lymphocytes, recent studies have identified several factors which are involved in the activation process. In these studies, anti-immunoglobulin antibodies are used to mimick the effect of antigens as first signal for B cell activation. After the interaction of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies with the cell surface immunoglobulin, a series of biochemical events are triggered, leading to the progression of B cells from the GO to the G 1 phase of the cell cycle. Along with these changes, the B cells become susceptible to the influence of external signals, probably through the expression of receptors for signaling molecules. These signaling molecules, known as growth and differentiation factors, are elaborated by T cells and monocytes/macrophages and are essential for B cell proliferation and differentiation [1, 2]. Additional steps of activation will then be possible to enable the B
On formalization of unit-hydrograph and link-node hydrograph-routing systems

Abstract Computer programs of rainfall–runoff models, such as HEC-1 and other related computer programs, utilize a set of algorithms that represent the effects of catchment subarea runoff, network link hydrograph flow routing, and detention/retention basin hydrograph routing. By subdividing a watershed into numerous subareas, and connecting the subareas by a network of links, a link-node model representation of the watershed is constructed. Each of the algorithms computationally solves a prescribed relation by subdividing storm duration into unit periods-of-time of constant duration (e.g. 5 min). Such link-node models are so flexible and comprehensive that one might conjecture that the algorithms and rules of linkage are sufficient to simulate any storm runoff problem that can be formally expressed in the model. In contrast, the single-area unit hydrograph (UH) modeling approach represents a watershed as a single subarea, and utilizes a single UH to represent all of the effects being modeled by a link-node model. The mathematical underpinnings of the single-area model UH are typically described in the literature as being a “black box”. In this paper, a mathematical formalization of link-node models can be developed with the computer program HEC-1 and the related systems will be introduced. The formalization is then used to establish, and also dispel, some perceptions regarding application of such link-node models.
Human Biodistribution and Dosimetry of 11C-CUMI-101, an Agonist Radioligand for Serotonin-1A Receptors in Brain

As a reported agonist,11C-CUMI-101 is believed to selectively bind the G-protein-coupled state of the serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor, thereby providing a measure of the active subset of all 5-HT1A receptors in brain. Although 11C-CUMI-101 has been successfully used to quantify 5-HT1A receptors in human and monkey brain, its radiation exposure has not previously been reported. The purpose of this study was to calculate the radiation exposure to organs of the body based on serial whole-body imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) in human subjects. Methods Nine healthy volunteers were injected with 428±84 MBq (mean ± SD) 11C-CUMI-101 and then imaged with a PET-only device for two hours from head to mid-thigh. Eleven source organs (brain, heart, liver, pancreas, stomach, spleen, lungs, kidneys, lumbar spine L1-5, thyroid, and urinary bladder) were identified on whole body images and used to calculate radiation doses using the software program OLINDA/EXM 1.1. To confirm that we had correctly identified the pancreas, a tenth subject was imaged on a PET/CT device. Results Brain had high uptake (∼11% of injected activity (IA)) at 10 min. Although liver had the highest uptake (∼35% IA at 120 min), excretion of this activity was not visible in gall bladder or intestine during the scanning session. Organs which received the highest doses (microSv/MBq) were pancreas (32.0), liver (18.4), and spleen (14.5). The effective dose of 11C-CUMI-101 was 5.3±0.5 microSv/MBq. Conclusion The peak brain uptake (∼11% IA) of 11C-CUMI-101 is the highest among more than twenty 11C-labeled ligands reported in the literature and provides good counting statistics from relatively low injected activities. Similar to that of other 11C-labeled ligands for brain imaging, the effective dose of 11C-CUMI-101 is 5.3±0.5 microSv/MBq, a value that can now be used to estimate the radiation risks in future research studies.
The system Fe-Si-O: Oxygen buffer calibrations to 1,500K

The five solid-phase oxygen buffers of the system Fe-Si-O, iron-wuestite (IW), wuestite-magnetite (WM), magnetite-hematite (MH), quartz-iron-fayalite (QIF) and fayalite-magnetite-quartz (FMQ) have been recalibrated at 1 atm pressure and temperatures from 800°–1,300° C, using a thermogravimetric gas mixing furnace. The oxygen fugacity, $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ was measured with a CaO-doped ZrO2 electrode. Measurements were made also for wuestite solid solutions in order to determine the redox behavior of wuestites with O/Fe ratios varying from 1.05 to 1.17. For FMQ, additional determinations were carried out at 1 kb over a temperature range of 600° to 800° C, using a modified Shaw membrane. Results agree reasonably well with published data and extrapolations. The reaction parameters K, ΔG r o , ΔH r o , and ΔS r o were calculated from the following log $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ /T relations (T in K): $$\begin{gathered} {\text{IW }}\log f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } = - 26,834.7/T + 6.471\left( { \pm 0.058} \right) \hfill \\ {\text{ }}\left( {{\text{800}} - 1,260{\text{ C}}} \right), \hfill \\ {\text{WM }}\log f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } = - 36,951.3/T + 16.092\left( { \pm 0.045} \right) \hfill \\ {\text{ }}\left( {{\text{1,000}} - 1,300{\text{ C}}} \right), \hfill \\ {\text{MH }}\log f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } = - 23,847.6/T + 13.480\left( { \pm 0.055} \right) \hfill \\ {\text{ }}\left( {{\text{1,040}} - 1,270{\text{ C}}} \right), \hfill \\ {\text{QIF }}\log f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } = - 27,517.5/T + 6.396\left( { \pm 0.049} \right) \hfill \\ {\text{ }}\left( {{\text{960}} - 1,140{\text{ C}}} \right), \hfill \\ {\text{FMQ }}\log f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} } = - 24,441.9/T + 8.290\left( { \pm 0.167} \right) \hfill \\ {\text{ }}\left( {{\text{600}} - 1,140{\text{ C}}} \right). \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ These experimentally determined reaction parameters were combined with published 298 K data to determine the parameters Gf, Hf, and Sf for the phases wuestite, magnetite, hematite, and fayalite from 298 K to the temperatures of the experiments. The T− $$f_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }$$ data for wuestite solid solutions were used to obtain activities, excess free energies and Margules mixing parameters. The new data provide a more reliable, consistent and complete reference set for the interpretation of redox reactions at elevated temperatures in experiments and field settings encompassing the crust, mantle and core as well as extraterrestrial environments.
The use of normalized binomial coefficients as weights to accelerate convergence of oscillatory first‐order iterations

Normalized binomial coefficients can be used as weights in averaging the members of a sequence of iterates resulting from an oscillatory process of first order, to obtain an improved estimate of the fixed point of the process. This procedure results in convergence whether the original oscillatory first-order process is convergent or divergent, but not too rapidly divergent. By way of example, this method causes the omega technique to converge much more rapidly and results in convergence even when the sequence obtained by the unmodified omega technique diverges. Normalized-binomial-coefficient-weighted averaging of three successive iterates, though appreciably simpler, is a close approximation to Aitken's δ2 process in cases of oscillatory iterations, and is profitably used in place of the latter process, especially in algebraic developments.
Quantification of Pulpal Blood Flow in Developing Teeth of Dogs

Pulpal blood flow in developing teeth was determined by the isotope fractionation method incorporating diffusible and nondiffusible tracers. While the calculated blood flow to some cephalic tissues did vary according to tracer, blood flow to the total pulp remained essentially the same throughout tooth development.
Effects of olfactory stimuli on Y-maze exploration of rats

The effects of olfactory stimuli from other rats on the orderliness of exploration by rats was investigated. It was found that the presence of olfactory stimuli from other rats made exploration less orderly.
Conditions for quasi-equilibrium in a semiconductor surface space-charge layer

Abstract The transport equations in a surface space-charge layer are solved approximately. The results show that the quasi-equilibrium approximation is generally invalid for the bulk minority carriers in an accumulation layer or in an inversion layer under extraction, and for the bulk majority carriers in an inversion layer under injection. The possibility of complete depletion of carriers of one or the other type at the surface imposes a finite upper limit on the effective surface recombination velocity.
Cryogenic mechanical properties of boron-, graphite-, and glass-reinforced composites☆

Abstract This paper presents key static tensile, compressive, and shear properties for uniaxial laminates of boron-epoxy, boron-aluminum, graphite-epoxy, and glass-epoxy composites at temperatures of 295, 76 and 4 K. The data also include tensile properties of ±45° crossply layups and uniaxial thermal expansivity.
Retinol-binding protein and prealbumin in cord blood of term and preterm infants

Retinol-binding protein (RBP) and prealbumin (PA) are potentially useful indicators of inadequate protein and/or energy intake. Concentrations of RBP and PA were determined in cord blood of 117 infants and were found to be lower before 37 weeks gestation than at term. Adult subjects had substantially higher concentrations of RBP and PA than found in cord blood.
Uterine carcinosarcomas : Incidence and trends in management and survival

Our study's aim was to determine the incidence of uterine sarcomas in New York City (NYC) and evaluate trends in frequency, treatment, and survival of carcinosarcomas in two Brooklyn hospitals. Population-based cancer registry data for 1976-1985 were used to calculate the incidence of uterine sarcomas in NYC women. Medical records and histology slides of carcinosarcomas at two central Brooklyn hospitals from 1960 to 1995 were reviewed. The incidence of uterine sarcomas in black and white women in NYC was 33.4 and 17.0 per million (P < 0.01). Among 97 women with carcinosarcomas diagnosed in 1960-1995, 75% were diagnosed preoperatively, 82% had a hysterectomy, and 45% of those in clinical stage I were upstaged. Predictors of mortality included the presence of extrauterine extension, deep myometrial invasion, vascular space invasion, and gross residual disease, with only the first two being independent predictors of survival in a multivariate analysis. Adjunctive therapy shifted from radiation in 1960-1969 to cisplatin-based chemotherapy after 1980. In surgical stage III, survival increased significantly between 1960-1979 and 1980-1995, but improvement could not be ascribed to particular therapies. The incidence of uterine sarcomas in black women was twice that in white women. Surgical staging including omentectomy is recommended in the management of carcinosarcomas. Modern medical care may have improved the short-term prognosis of carcinosarcomas.
Glucose Biosensor Based on Oxygen Electrode Part IV: In Vivo Evaluation of the Rechargeable Glucose Sensor

Abstract A glucose monitoring system consisting of a pair of amperometric sensors: a glucose biosensor based on oxygen electrode and an oxygen sensor, two miniature potentiostats, an instrumentation amplifier and a data logger has been developed. The glucose sensor has linear response to the glucose concentration in vitro at 37°C up to 26 mM (480 mg/dL) in the phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4), and linear range up to 21 mM (380 mg/dL) in undiluted bovine plasma. The system was evaluated in vivo with the sensors subcutaneously implanted in healthy mongrel dogs. During the implantation the system output was continuously recorded. The results of short-term subcutaneous implantation of the integrated system demonstrated good agreement between the glucose concentration measured by the biosensor and that obtained using standard glucose determination methods. The delay-time between the tissue glucose level (measured by the biosensor) and the blood glucose level (obtained by standard methodology) was 3 to 10 min...
Evaluating temperature and fuel stratification for heat-release rate control in a reactivity-controlled compression-ignition engine using optical diagnostics and chemical kinetics modeling

We investigated the combustion process in a dual-fuel, reactivity-controlled compression-ignition (RCCI) engine using a combination of optical diagnostics and chemical kinetics modeling to explain the role of equivalence ratio, temperature, and fuel reactivity stratification for heat-release rate control. An optically accessible engine is operated in the RCCI combustion mode using gasoline primary reference fuels (PRF). A well-mixed charge of iso-octane (PRF = 100) is created by injecting fuel into the engine cylinder during the intake stroke using a gasoline-type direct injector. Later in the cycle, n-heptane (PRF = 0) is delivered through a centrally mounted diesel-type common-rail injector. This injection strategy generates stratification in equivalence ratio, fuel blend, and temperature. The first part of this study uses a high-speed camera to image the injection events and record high-temperature combustion chemiluminescence. Moreover, the chemiluminescence imaging showed that, at the operating condition studied in the present work, mixtures in the squish region ignite first, and the reaction zone proceeds inward toward the center of the combustion chamber. The second part of this study investigates the charge preparation of the RCCI strategy using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) of a fuel tracer under non-reacting conditions to quantify fuel concentration distributions prior to ignition. Themore » fuel-tracer PLIF data show that the combustion event proceeds down gradients in the n-heptane distribution. The third part of the study uses chemical kinetics modeling over a range of mixtures spanning the distributions observed from the fuel-tracer fluorescence imaging to isolate the roles of temperature, equivalence ratio, and PRF number stratification. The simulations predict that PRF number stratification is the dominant factor controlling the ignition location and growth rate of the reaction zone. Equivalence ratio has a smaller, but still significant, influence. Lastly, temperature stratification had a negligible influence due to the NTC behavior of the PRF mixtures.« less