cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CCPR 2008 Keynote Speech 2

With an increasing amount of audio and video materials made available on the web, information extraction from multimedia documents is becoming a key area of growing business and technology interest. Research opportunities range from traditional topics, such as multimedia signal representation, processing, coding, modeling, authentication, and recognition, to emerging subjects, such as language modeling, semantic concept decoding, media data mining, and knowledge discovery. Conventional multimedia processing often focuses on techniques developed for an individual medium. However for multimedia pattern recognition purposes, a number of algorithms are well-positioned and applicable to many cross-media applications. We present three families of such algorithms. The first, derived from speech and image coding, is unsupervised tokenization of multimedia patterns into a finite set of alphabets through segment or block quantization. Acoustic and visual lexicons can then be constructed. The second, derived from information retrieval, is a vector space representation of multimedia documents via extraction of high-dimensional salient feature vectors using co-occurrences statistics of acoustic and visual words. This can be accomplished through a feature extraction and feature reduction framework, known as latent semantic analysis (LSA), serving as a unified representation of multimedia patterns. This allows us to convert heterogeneous multimedia patterns into uniform text-like documents. Finally we discuss decision-feedback discriminative learning, derived from automatic speech and speaker recognition, for document classification, such as text categorization (TC) or topic identification. Machine learning techniques have been extensively used in the TC community to design discriminative classifiers. We present a recently developed maximal figure-of-merit (MFoM) learning framework for TC. It attempts to optimize parameters for any classifier with any feature representation on any desired performance metric, and was shown to outperform other well-known machining learning algorithms, such as support vector machine (SVM), especially for topics with only very few training documents. The mathematical formulation of the above three sets of techniques will be described in detail first, followed by their applications to text categorization, automatic image annotation, video story segmentation, audio fingerprinting, and automatic language identification. The three frameworks, all derived from the speech and language processing community, provide a natural linkage to language characterization and concept modeling of multimedia documents and seem to serve as an ideal combination of tools for bridging the gap from conventional, low-level, content-based signal processing to high-level, concept-based processing of multimedia patterns.
Four Heads Are Better than One: Combining Suggestions for Case Adaptation

How to automate case adaptation is a classic problem for case-based reasoning. Given the difficulty of developing reliable case adaptation methods, it is appealing to consider methods which can exploit the strengths of a set of alternative adaptation methods. This paper presents a framework for combining suggestions from multiple adaptation methods, and illustrates and evaluates the approach in the context of interactive support for user modification of scientific workflows. The paper presents four adaptation methods for this domain, describes a method for assessing their confidence, proposes four strategies for suggestion combination, and evaluates the performance of the approach. The evaluation suggests that, for this domain, results depend more strongly on the adaptation methods chosen than on the specific combination method used, and that they depend especially strongly on a confidence threshold used for limiting irrelevant and incorrect suggestions.
Variability of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows due to Interstellar Turbulence

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows are commonly interpreted as synchrotron emission from a relativistic blast wave produced by a point explosion in an ambient medium, plausibly the interstellar medium of galaxies. We calculate the amplitude of flux fluctuations in the light curves of afterglows due to inhomogeneities in the surrounding medium. Such inhomogeneities are an inevitable consequence of interstellar turbulence but could also be generated by variability and anisotropy in a precursor wind from the GRB progenitor. Detection of their properties could provide important clues about the environments of GRB sources. We apply our calculations to GRB 990510, where an rms scatter of ~2% was observed for the optical flux fluctuations on the 0.1-2 hr timescale during the first day of the afterglow, consistent with it being due entirely to photometric noise. The resulting upper limits on the density fluctuations on scales of ~20-200 AU around the source of GRB 990510 are lower than the inferred fluctuation amplitude on similar scales in the Galactic interstellar medium. Hourly monitoring of future optical afterglows might therefore reveal fractional flux fluctuations at the level of a few percent.
Exploring the power dimension [in digital CMOS]

Keeping the power dissipation within bounds is rapidly becoming one of the main challenges in contemporary digital design. Design experience and research in the early 1990s has amply demonstrated that doing so requires a "power conscious" design methodology that addresses dissipation at every level of the design hierarchy. Evidently, this cannot be achieved if no accompanying design automation environment is available. Spurred by this observation, we have seen an intensive effort in the domain of design automation for low power in recent years that has resulted in both academic and industrial tool environments. In this tutorial, we only focus on the analysis facet of the low power design process. Not only is the availability of analysis, simulation, and prediction tools the "conditio sine qua non" for low power design, it also represents the most understood and established component of the low-power design methodology. The paper starts with a discussion of power analysis at the circuit and logic design abstraction levels. This domain is becoming relatively mature with multiple entries commercially available. In our opinion, it is the high-level power prediction however that will have the most impact on the reduction of power dissipation. We have therefore included an in-depth discussion on the efforts and results in the so-called "power exploration" domain, that includes power prediction and analysis at the RTL level and above.
Design of Antireflection Grading Using Magneto-Dielectric Materials

A number of practical application areas would benefit from the development of thin wideband antireflective (AR) surfaces. Here, we incorporate magnetic materials into AR gradings using two approaches. 1) We use the analytic approach demonstrated in a recent paper that details an optimal wideband AR design using a continuous one-dimensional (1-D) grading of dispersive dielectrics [1] . We extend the dispersive nonmagnetic equations in [1] to design perfect AR magneto-dielectric gradings. 2) We derive a spatial-coordinate transformation (SCT) approach that transforms the nonmagnetics solution to achieve a perfect AR magneto-dielectric grading. We find, in general, that the SCT method enables more realizable and flexible solutions. We detail a practical approach for realizing the magneto-dielectric gradings using subwavelength texturing (i.e., motheye method). Several numerical examples demonstrate the utility of this approach in realizing very thin, yet broadband, and AR designs.
“You must create a female”: Republican order and its natural base in Frankenstein

(2000). “You must create a female”: Republican order and its natural base in Frankenstein. Women's Studies: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 309-331.
Towards Numerical Simulation of Flapping Foils on Fixed Cartesian Grids

Flapping foils found in nature such as bird and insect wings and fish fins are being studied for potential use in micro aerial vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles. The fluid dynamics associated with these foils is extremely complicated and much remains to be learnt in this arena. Experimental investigations of flapping foils in nature are limited by their inability to provide full-field, spatially and temporally resolved, velocity and pressure measurements. Many of the limitations can be alleviated with computational fluid dynamics techniques. Computational analysis of these flows is however, by no means an easy proposition due to the many inherent complexities in these flows. These include a wide variety of flow conditions and the presence of flexible moving boundaries. In the current paper, we describe a Cartesian grid based immersed boundary flow solver which is being developed to handle such flows. The paper describes the salient features of the numerical approach along with examples that illustrate its capabilities.
Luminescence of Pure Radium and Barium Compounds

Luminescence, excited in some carefully purified crystalline barium and radium compounds by alpha-, beta-, and gamma-rays has been examined. It is found that these compounds show a faint luminescence at ordinary room temperatures. When the compounds are heated to various temperatures and then cooled, they show a continuous increase in luminescence with increase of temperature of heat treatment until a maximum is reached. Heat treating at higher temperatures diminishes the brightness. The temperature of maximum brightness is not directly related to the melting point of the individual compounds. The maximum brightness in some cases was several hundred times the initial brightness of unheated crystals. No abrupt changes in intensity of luminescence, such as might be due to changes in crystalline form, were detected. The bearing of these experiments on the modern theories of luminescence in crystalline solids is discussed.
The effects of neuromuscular alterations in elders with cancer.

Objectives To review the effects of normal aging on declines in function of peripheral nerves and muscles and the additive effects of chemotherapy and comorbidity in elders undergoing cancer treatment. Data Sources Research studies and published articles. Conclusion Chemotherapy negatively affects physical functioning and recovery in elders with cancer through neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. Intact sensory nerves and muscles are crucial in maintaining physical function and independence for elders. Implications for Nursing Practice While older patients with cancer may benefit from chemotherapy, clinical practices to minimize toxicities, provide monitoring for functional decline, and intervene to maintain function are needed.
Correlation parameters of random binary sequences

The asymptotic properties of aperiodic and related correlation parameters are investigated for random binary sequences. Performance parameters for synchronous and asynchronous multiple-access systems are comapared.
Conjugate of Palladium(II) Complex and β-Cyclodextrin Acts as a Biomimetic Peptidase

We combined the newly discovered ability of [Pd(H2O)4]2+ to residue-selectively hydrolyze X-Pro bonds in peptides at 6 ≤ pH ≤ 9 with the known ability of β-cyclodextrin to recognize aromatic side chains and synthesized a conjugate reagent that acts as a sequence-specific peptidase. This new reagent cleaved the Ser6-Pro7 amide bond in bradykinin at pH 7. ROESY 1H NMR spectra gave evidence for inclusion of the side chain of Phe8 in the β-cyclodextrin cavity, the interaction that makes the cleavage sequence specific.
The effect of ambients on the charge density and carrier mobility in a silicon-silicon dioxide interface

Abstract This paper describes the effects of various ambients on the charge density and carrier mobility in a silicon-silicon dioxide interface. A method for measurement of these parameters is given. Results obtained with a number of devices prepared under various dry ambients are presented. From the results it is concluded that the freezing of the gaseous atoms into the lattice at the interface plays an important role in determining the electrical properties of the space-charge region.
Regulation of human erythropoietin gene induction by upstream flanking sequences in transgenic mice

Human erythropoietin (Epo) gene expression is inducible by hypoxia or anaemia in the kidney and liver. Previous transgenic mouse experiments have demonstrated that sequences required for Epo gene induction in the kidney reside in a 7 8 kb Barn HI fragment located 6 kb upstream of the gene. To sublocalize these sequences, we performed Desoxyribonuclease I (DNAse I) mapping studies using transgenic mice which carried this DNA fragment. These studies revealed a DNAse I hypersensitive site (DNAse I HS) located 4 6 kb from the upstream end of the 7.8 kb fragment in anaemic kidney and liver samples. Sequence analysis of the region encompassing the DNAse I HS revealed an element with remarkable homology to the 3' Epo gene hypoxia-inducible enhancer. This suggested the presence of an additional regulatory element that contributes to the control of hypoxia-inducible Epo gene expression in kidney and liver. We constructed transgenic mice containing the human Epo gene linked to either the 5 kb upstream or 2.5 kb downstream portion of the 7.8kb fragment. Inducible expression was limited to the liver. Thus, neither fragment was alone sufficient to confer kidney inducible expression. These findings indicate that sequences more than 8.5 kb upstream of the Epo gene are required for kidney-specific induction. They suggest that either those sequences reside in an 0.3 kb Hind III fragment located between the 5 kb and the 2.5 kb fragments or that sequences in the 5 kb or 0.3 kb fragments must interact with sequences in the 2.5 kb fragment to allow Epo gene induction in the kidney.
Surface science, MEMS and NEMS: Progress and opportunities for surface science research performed on, or by, microdevices

Abstract Micro- and Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS and NEMS) represent existing (MEMS) and emerging (NEMS) technologies based on microfabrication of micron to nanometer scale miniature mechanical components (gears, latches, mirrors, etc.) that are integrated with electrical elements to allow for electro-mechanical actuation and/or capacitive displacement detection. One common aspect of MEMS and NEMS devices is that they have mechanical functionality that may include moveable parts whose motion is controlled by external electrical connections. Current fabrication methods, along with high surface to volume ratios, make MEMS and NEMS devices highly susceptible to surface forces and adsorbed surface species, to the point where the devices are now being increasingly utilized as sensitive probes in fundamental surface science studies. This sensitivity can potentially be used to great advantage if the devices can be made to operate reproducibly in well controlled environments. This review highlights a number of such recent studies, beginning with an overview of the fabrication processes employed for silicon, metal, diamond, graphene and carbon nanotube – based device technologies. A discussion of how traditional surface science studies on passive two-dimensional substrates compare to and contrast with studies performed on, or by, MEMS and/or NEMS devices, is also included. The overall goal is to highlight areas of current opportunity for surface scientists in the flourishing arena of micro- and nano-device fabrication and technology.
High-order ENO schemes applied to two- and three-dimensional compressible flow

High order essentially non-oscillatory (ENO) finite difference schemes are applied to the 2-D and 3-D compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. Practical issues, such as vectorization, efficiency of coding, cost comparison with other numerical methods, and accuracy degeneracy effects, are discussed. Numerical examples are provided which are representative of computational problems of current interest in transition and turbulence physics. These require both nonoscillatory shock capturing and high resolution for detailed structures in the smooth regions and demonstrate the advantage of ENO schemes.
Altruism and organism: disentangling the themes of multilevel selection theory.

The evolution of groups into adaptive units, similar to single organisms in the coordi- nation of their parts, is one major theme of multilevel selection theory. Another major theme is the evolution of altruistic behaviors that benefit others at the expense of self. These themes are often assumed to be strongly linked, such that altruism is required for group-level adaptation. Multilevel selection theory reveals a more complex relationship between the themes of altruism and organism. Adaptation at every level of the biological hierarchy requires a corresponding pro- cess of natural selection, which includes the fundamental ingredients of phenotypic variation, heritability, and fitness consequences. These ingredients can exist for many kinds of groups and do not require the extreme genetic variation among groups that is usually associated with the evolution of altruism. Thus, it is reasonable to expect higher-level units to evolve into adaptive units with respect to specific traits, even when their members are not genealogically related and do not behave in ways that are obviously altruistic. As one example, the concept of a group mind, which has been well documented in the social insects, may be applicable to other species.
Embolism from the Aorta: Atheroemboli and Thromboemboli.

| To date, there are no evidence-based data to support specific drug therapy for a patient with atheroembolism. It makes sense to use HMG CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A) reductase inhibitors (statins) in any patient with atherosclerosis, as these drugs have been shown to reduce the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, and have a theoretical benefit on plaque stabilization. Surgical treatment should be considered for patients with abdominal aortic or popliteal artery aneurysms and downstream atheroembolism. There are case reports of atheroemboli in patients worsening after given warfarin or heparin. For this reason, some institutions are reluctant to prescribe these drugs for patients with atheroemboli or thromboemboli from aortic plaque. However, the incidence of this complication is quite low. Anticoagulation probably should be stopped if a patient develops atheroembolism. Similarly, the current state of knowledge does not allow for selecting specific pharmacologic intervention in patients with thromboemboli from aortic plaque. Statin therapy does make sense, as these drugs theoretically stabilize plaques and prevent plaque hemorrhage, thrombosis, and subsequent embolization. Unstable aortic plaques may develop superimposed thrombi (red thrombi on pathologic examination), easily seen as mobile elements on transesophageal echocardio-graphy. Therefore, it is possible that anticoagulation with warfarin might prevent embolic events in these patients. For this reason, we are often in the position of recommending warfarin therapy for patients with emboli and severe atheromas seen on transesophageal echocardiography, especially when superimposed mobile thrombi are seen. There are small series in the literature that indicate the potential benefit of warfarin. However, until a large multicenter randomized clinical trial is done, the use of warfarin can not be definitively recommended. Antiplatelet agents, although safer than warfarin (less risk of hemorrhage), have not been proven beneficial in patients with thromboembolism from the aorta. Surgery (endarterectomy) of the aortic arch is a very risky procedure that should not be performed routinely, but may be used in highly selected patients.
The Contented Older Client of Bureaucracy

Interviews of 240 welfare clients as they departed from welfare offices in four U.S. cities indicate a marked tendency for older clients to be more satisfied than younger clients with treatment and services received in just-completed bureaucratic encounters. Other studies have shown similar tendencies. It is speculated that the phenomenon is a combination of pro-elderly discrimination on the part of bureaucrats and a tendency for older Americans subjectively to perceive their experiences with officialdom in a more favorable light.
On-chip crosstalk mitigation for densely packed differential striplines using via fence enclosures

The measured crosstalk characteristics for close-packed via fence enclosed differential stripline structures in a standard digital CMOS process are reported. The transmission lines achieve a packing pitch of 16 /spl mu/m of interconnect width per differential pair. The nearest neighbour far-end differential crosstalk is measured to be better than -43 dB and the near-end differential crosstalk is better than -37 dB below the drive signal at frequencies up to 20 GHz for 600 /spl mu/m lines. This is sufficient for use in high-density, high-speed analogue and digital integrated circuits.
Complexity, Communication and Design

This paper draws on complexity theory, especially the communication and social psychological version of it, to offer eight principles of how complexity theory can influence organizational design.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies suggestive of a lipid population tightly bound to myelin structural proteins

Abstract Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have been done on a succinylated protein-lipid complex (SC) derived from myelin and compared with spectra obtained from lyophilized myelin, cerebrosides and sphingomyelin. With the exception of a sharp well defined peak at 7.7 τ, the SC in deuterated buffer gave broadened resonances for the methyl, lipid chain methylene and aromatic amino acid and peptide NH regions while the sphingomyelin choline and glycomethylene absorptions and no longer obscured by a water peak are resonances for CH 2 OP and sugar ring protons between 5 and 6 τ. It is also possible that CH groups α to the peptide bond may be contributing to this region. Comparing the spectra of the SC with those of myelin, with particular emphasis for the findings in TFA, there is seen in the SC a broadening of those signals from the absorptions associated with protons from the choline methyl, CH 2 OP and sugar ring groups. Since these resonances are associated with specific sphingolipids in myelin and the SC, the NMR spectra of sphingomyelin (Fig. 7) and cerebrosides (Fig. 8) were obtained in TFA. These spectra demonstrate well defined, sharp peaks for the specific absorbances in question, quite parallel to those seen in myelin in TFA.
Noetherian lattices in which every element is a product of primary elements

We characterize those Noetherian lattices in which every element is a product of primary elements.
Clinical electrodiagnostic evaluation in exotic animal medicine

Electrodiagnostic procedures are an important part of the diagnostic regimen for characterizing neural and neuromuscular disorders in exotic animal species. These techniques provide physiological information that is otherwise unavailable to the clinician. Electromyography together with electroneurography obviate conjectures about an animal's apparent inability to use certain muscles. Somatosensory-evoked potentials provide useful data about proprioceptive pathways, and electroencephalography is an excellent method for assessing general cortical function. Electroretinography- and auditory-evoked potentials are used very effectively for evaluating visual and auditory dysfunction, respectively, and treatment without this information may be untenable.
Public Values and Public Failure: Implications of the 2004-2005 Flu Vaccine Case

The public interest should be the center of policy analytical frameworks. This study applies a public values framework to the 2004-2005 influenza vaccine shortage. It illustrates the potential for infusing public values in analysis of policy controversies, something that has been marginalized in recent years. The public values approach leads to a quite different, and preferable, focus on policy analysis and forecasting compared to predominant economic thinking, especially market failure criteria. The vaccine shortage case is especially apt inasmuch as relatively few of the determinants pertained to economic forces or market factors. Public health is a classic instance of public goods, perhaps even more so than defense and national security because the level of threat to one is in large measure a function of the threat to others.
Separation and identification of two components of an estrogen-responsive, calcium-dependent arginine esteropeptidase

Abstract Arginine esteropeptidase is an estrogen-responsive, calcium-dependent enzyme in rat uterine cytosol. It appears in increased amounts 3 h after administration of physiologic amounts of 17β-estradiol to an immature female rat. Its reaction was resolved into two parts: a calcium-dependent activation of the enzyme and a calcium-independent hydrolysis of the substrate. The esteropeptidase was separated by DEAE cellulose chromatography into two components. The properties of component A, the activator, are distinct from those of component B, the enzyme, which has the same response to inhibitors as serine proteinases. Both components are subject to estrogen control. Component A is present in significant amounts only after estrogen stimulation. Component B is increased 3-fold after estrogen stimulation. The responses of the two components to inhibitors, their different molecular weights and Chromatographic behavior and the pH optima of their reactions distinguish them from each other and from other uterine proteinases previously described.
The Economics of Private Equity Funds

This article analyzes the economics of the private equity industry using a novel model and dataset. We obtain data from a large investor in private equity funds, with detailed records on 238 funds raised between 1993 and 2006. We build a model to estimate the expected revenue to managers as a function of their investor contracts, and we test how this estimated revenue varies across the characteristics of our sample funds. Among our sample funds, about two-thirds of expected revenue comes from fixed-revenue components that are not sensitive to performance. We find sharp differences between venture capital (VC) and buyout (BO) funds. BO managers build on their prior experience by increasing the size of their funds faster than VC managers do. This leads to significantly higher revenue per partner and per professional in later BO funds. The results suggest that the BO business is more scalable than the VC business and that past success has a differential impact on the terms of their future funds. (JEL G10, G20, G24)
Image segmentation using a multilayer level-set approach

We propose an efficient multilayer segmentation method based on implicit curve evolution and on variational approach. The proposed formulation uses the minimal partition problem as formulated by D. Mumford and J. Shah, and can be seen as a more efficient extension of the segmentation models previously proposed in Chan and Vese (Scale-Space Theories in Computer Vision, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 1682, pp. 141–151, 1999, IEEE Trans Image Process 10(2):266–277, 2001), and Vese and Chan (Int J Comput Vis 50(3):271–293, 2002). The set of unknown discontinuities is represented implicitly by several nested level lines of the same function, as inspired from prior work on island dynamics for epitaxial growth (Caflisch et al. in Appl Math Lett 12(4):13, 1999; Chen et al. in J Comput Phys 167:475, 2001). We present the Euler–Lagrange equations of the proposed minimizations together with theoretical results of energy decrease, existence of minimizers and approximations. We also discuss the choice of the curve regularization and conclude with several experimental results and comparisons for piecewise-constant segmentation of gray-level and color images.
A review of research towards computer integrated demanufacturing for materials recovery

The recovery of both toxic and non-toxic materials from billions of end-of-life electronics calls for efficient processes and exploration of opportunities for computer integrated demanufacturing for materials recovery. To date, recycling automation for selective disassembly has been limited by the proliferation of product designs, the difficulty of acquiring product feature and material content information, and the lack of integration of collection and demanufacturing processing. Product designs with standard modules and standard fasteners would improve the options for more automated disassembly. Making product structure and material composition information from a product design profile available will support planning models, Petri net algorithms and control models for demanufacturing, as well as integrated manufacturing and demanufacturing. Advances in imaging and materials identification techniques as well as more flexible technologies to separate materials may provide new opportunities for expert Petri net approaches for selective robotic disassembly. Linking end-of-life product service demand information will enhance scheduling for demand-driven demanufacturing. Nonetheless, the random arrival of so many different product sizes and design structures will require new approaches to designing reverse logistics networks and linking their activities. The present paper reviews the research to automate materials recovery planning and control, identifies challenges, and discusses directions for future research.
Nanostructured fluorescent particles for glucose sensing

Self-assembled thin films containing embedded enzymes and fluorescent indicators are being developed for use as highly specific glucose biosensors. The sensors are fabricated using electrostatic Layer-by-Layer (LBL) adsorption to create oxygen-sensitive (Ruthenium-based) layers, the fluorescent intensity of which responds to changes in local oxygen levels. Oxygen is consumed locally by the reaction between glucose oxidase (GOx) molecules and glucose. Latex particles serve as the templates for our sensors and fabrication is carried out through the alternate adsorption of multiple levels of {GOx/polycation} and {Ruthenium-polycation/polyanion} bilayers. Additional fluorescence layers as well as fluorescent latex are being considered as internal intensity references to allow ratiometric monitoring. Films adsorbed to the nanoparticle templates are being studied to understand the fundamental chemical and optical properties, including enzymatic activity, spectral shape and emission intensity. Enzymatic activity is retained and stability is improved after adsorption, and increased surface area afforded by the particles allows use of increased numbers of molecules. Fluorescence is also maintained, though blue shifts are observed in emission spectra, and indicator activity remains. In vitro characterization studies demonstrate the feasibility of the particles as glucose biosensors, and future work will aim to optimize the response for neural monitoring.
Fixator-Assisted Plating of Limb Deformities

Fixator-assisted plating of the distal femur and proximal tibia can be used for accurate and effective correction of acute deformity. The advantage of this hybrid technique is that one can use the best of both internal and external fixation. The external fixator is applied in a fashion that does not impede insertion of the plate. The neutral wedge osteotomy is then performed in a minimally invasive fashion. The fixator is used to incrementally correct the deformity over several minutes in a controlled and gradual fashion in the operating room. Complex deformity correction, including angulation and translation in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes, can be gradually adjusted. The surgeon maintains control of the osteotomy, and the position can be checked with x-ray and/or computer navigation. The fixator may be further adjusted to tweak the position as needed. Once alignment is optimal, a locked plate is inserted through a minimal incision technique to maintain the position, allowing removal of the fixator.
Photoresist film thickness for extreme ultraviolet lithography

The thickness of the photoresist directly impacts the etch stand off and may impact the number of defects in the spin- coated film. However, the maximum imaging layer thickness for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is limited by absorption of the radiation. Attenuation in photoresist materials at relevant EUV wavelengths was calculated with atomic extinction coefficients provided from Henke et al. The calculations indicated that photoresist materials have an optical density (O.D.) of 4.0 micrometer-1 (base e) so that 100 nm thick imaging layers have approximately 67% transmission at 13.4 nm wavelength. Using Prolith/3DTM (Finle Technologies, Austin, TX) simulations of the effect of highly attenuating materials on sidewall slope were done and shown to be small. Imaging experiments were performed in a commercially-available DUV resist material on the 10 X II microstepper and with an improved EUV resist formulation. The imaging results agreed well with the calculations. Top down and cross-section images showed good sidewall profiles in 95 nm thick films at the nominal dose because over 68% of the energy was transmitted through the film. When the thickness of the film was increased, the dose was increased slightly to compensate for the absorption while good sidewall profiles and linearity were maintained. Photoresist thicknesses as high as 145 nm were imaged with a 35% increase in dose. Results are also shown for a single layer resist exposed at 175 nm thickness with only slight sidewall degradation. It is shown that the imaging layer thickness for 13.4 nm lithography is likely to be 120 +/- 15 nm. If 11.4 nm wavelength radiation is chosen for EUV lithography, it is shown that thicknesses of 170 nm is possible.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quantitative analysis of writing styles

It was attempted to analyse objectively the written style of different authors. Nineteen style variables were defined and the frequency of occurrence of these variables in samples of 1000 words each was counted. The Chi-square method was employed to evaluate the significance of differences found between authors and between samples of the same author. Results showed that all authors could be significantly differentiated from each other. There were much smaller and mainly insignificant differences between samples of the same author. Probable relationships between personality and style were discussed, and problems for future research were pointed out concerning linguistic and statistical aspects of the approach.
Reduction mod p of cuspidal representations of GL2(Fpn) and symmetric powers

We show the existence of integral models for cuspidal representations of GL2(Fq), whose reduction modulo p can be identified with the cokernel of a differential operator on Fq[X,Y] defined by J.-P. Serre. These integral models come from the crystalline cohomology of the projective curve XYq−XqY−Zq+1=0. As an application, we can extend a construction of C. Khare and B. Edixhoven (2003) [5] giving a cohomological analogue of the Hasse invariant operator acting on spaces of mod p modular forms for GL2.
DETECTION OF DNA POLYMORPHISMS IN PREDATORY COCCINELLIDS USING POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AND ARBITRARY PRIMERS (RAPD-PCR)

DNA polymorphisms were identified in some Coccinellid predators that are being tested as biological control agents against aphids and other insects in North America. The technique employs a variation of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), called RAPD-PCR, that uses single arbitrarily selected primers to amplify a random group of genomic sequences. Using this technique it was possible to distinguish among laboratory reared colonies of diverse geographic origin. Several colonies each, of three species were examined (Coccinella septempunctata, Hippodamia variegata, andPropylea quatuordecimpunctata). It was also possible to distinguishC. septempunctata from a closely related speciesC. transversoguttata biinterrupta. The technique promises to be a very useful source of markers for maintaining colonies and tracking genes in biological control projects and in identifying species and immature stages of insects.
Genitourinary Applications of MR-Guided High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound

Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound therapy is a novel and non-invasive treatment option for both benign and malignant tumors. In this article, we provide an overview of its basic technical features and biological effects, and describe the main genitourinary applications.
More Frequent Hemodialysis: Back to the Future?

An increase in the length of the standard in-center hemodialysis treatment by 30 to 45 minutes per session was not associated with an improvement in mortality in long-term hemodialysis patients enrolled in the HEMO study. Testing the possibility that delivering still higher doses of hemodialysis may have a beneficial effect on patient outcomes will require the use of more frequent hemodialysis or a much longer duration for each dialysis session. "Short-daily hemodialysis," actually 6 times per week hemodialysis for 1.5 to 3 hours per session, can provide some increase in small molecule clearance as measured by urea kinetics. "Long nocturnal daily hemodialysis," actually 6 times per week hemodialysis for 6 to 8 hours per session, provides a significant increase in both small-molecular-weight and large-molecular-weight clearance and often alleviates the need to take phosphate binders. The National Institutes of Health is sponsoring 2 clinical trials via the Frequent Hemodialysis Network to determine the impact of these 2 modalities on intermediate outcomes, compared with standard 3-times-per-week hemodialysis.
Effect of Levels and Sources of Dietary Protein in Pullet Grower Diet on Subsequent Performance

Abstract An experiment was conducted using 1,100 White Leghorn pullets to study the effect of two dietary protein levels (12 and 15%) from 12–20 weeks of age on subsequent laying performance. The effect of replacing protein concentrates such as soybean meal and meat and bone meal with triticale or alfalfa (dehydrated or sun-cured) was studied. The effect of adding lysine or methionine or both to grower diets in which cereal grains were the only sources of protein on growth and subsequent performance was also studied. The performance criteria were body weight, feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, age at 50% production rate and mortality. Compared with pullets fed 12% protein grower diets, those fed 15% protein grower diets were heavier by 15 and 14 g. per bird at 20 and 32 weeks of age, respectively. The latter consumed 0.8 and 2.5 g. more feed per bird per day during the 12–20 and 21–32 week period, respectively. Pullets fed the higher protein grower diet laid 1.8% more eggs on a hen-day basis and their eggs were 0.1 g. heavier during the 23–32 week period than those of pullets fed the lower protein diet. There was a difference of 1.7 days when the two groups reached 50% production. The differences for body weight at 20 weeks of age, feed consumption during the laying period and age at 50% production rate were statistically significant (P Replacing the protein contributed by soybean meal and meat and bone meal with grain or alfalfa in the grower diet did not cause any adverse effects on growth and subsequent performance as layers. The results also suggest that added lysine or methionine or both were not required when corn and triticale provided all of the 12 or 15% protein in the grower diets.
Replication and Pedagogy in the History of Psychology II: Fowler & Wells’s Phrenology

Phrenologists believed that specific brain regions corresponded to certain character traits. In addition, the size of each brain region was believed to determine the strength of the respective trait. Phrenology originated in Austria with Franz Josef Gall and was popularized and commercialized in America at the end of the 19th century by Orson Squire Fowler. In this project, we conducted a replication of Fowler’s phrenology in order to better understand the specificity of the manualized methodology, the extent to which the methodology allowed for positive versus negative analyses, and the implications for the scientific rejection and public acceptance of phrenology. The results of our replication revealed that the subjective judgments and biases of the examiner strongly influence the results of phrenological analyses.
Strategic risk behaviour and its temporalities: between risk propensity and decision context

What are the determinants of strategic risk behaviour? Are they the dispositional characteristics of decision makers or the situational constraints? Or both? The empirical evidence is on all sides. We believe the issue has not been satisfactorily resolved so far because of the continued neglect of the fundamental role of time in risk behaviour. Given that risk is embedded in time, we need to recognize two critical aspects of the temporal dimension. The first is concerned with risk horizons, as in short-range and long-range risk horizons. The second temporal aspect relates to individual future orientations of the top managers, as in near-future and distant-future orientations. We propose in this article a temporal framework of strategic risk behaviour in which the two temporalities are integrated with risk propensity and perceived decision context. We then develop, based on this temporal framework, the contingent answers for the relative roles of dispositional characteristics and situational constraints in determining strategic risk behaviour.
Toxoplasma gondii: the biochemical basis of resistance to emimycin.

Abstract Emimycin was a potent and selective inhibitor of the growth and nucleic acid synthesis of Toxoplasma gondii in human fibroblasts. An emimycin-resistant mutant of T. gondii lost the pyrimidine salvage enzyme uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, the same enzyme absent in parasites resistant to fluorodeoxyuridine. The mutant resistant to emimycin was completely cross-resistant to fluorodeoxyuridine. Emimycin was as good a substrate as uracil for the uracil phosphoribosyltransferase of T. gondii . [ 3 H]Emimycin supplied in the medium of cultures with actively growing intracellular parasites was converted to emimycin riboside-5′-phosphate in the soluble pool of T. gondii . All other emimycin analogs of uracil-containing nucleotides were also formed but little emimycin riboside diphosphate- N -acetylhexosamine was found. [ 3 H]Emimycin was not converted to analogs of the cytidine nucleotides. When intracellular T. gondii were treated with a concentration of [ 3 H]emimycin that partially inhibited parasite RNA synthesis, much less [ 3 H]emimycin was incorporated into RNA than would be predicted by the amount of intracellular [ 3 H]emimycin riboside triphosphate.
Influence of Monocropping Brown Stem Rot–Resistant and –Susceptible Soybean Accessions on Soil and Stem Populations of Phialophora gregata f. sp. sojae

Brown stem rot (BSR)-resistant and -susceptible soybean accessions were continuously cropped in an area never previously seeded to soybean to study the influence of monocultures on soil and stem populations of Phialophora gregata f. sp. sojae. P. gregata f. sp. sojae population size and genotype composition were determined by dilution plating, isolation of P. gregata f. sp. sojae and standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and by quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR. In general, the sizes of P. gregata f. sp. sojae populations in soil were similar regardless of monoculture. The percentage of P. gregata f. sp. sojae genotype B was greater than A in soil following the monoculture of both BSR-susceptible and -resistant soybean accessions. Following the monoculture of a BSR-resistant accession, the percentage of P. gregata f. sp. sojae genotype B was greater than A. Overall, P. gregata f. sp. sojae populations in stems of a BSR-susceptible accession were greater than those in stems of a BSR-resistant accession. P. gregata f. sp. sojae genotype B was detected more often than A in stems of both resistant and susceptible accessions planted following a BSR-resistant monoculture. P. gregata f. sp. sojae genotype B was also detected more often than A in stems of a BSR-resistant accession planted following a BSR-susceptible monoculture. P. gregata f. sp. sojae genotypes A and B were isolated at similar frequencies from stems of a BSR-susceptible accession planted following a BSR-susceptible monoculture. However, q-PCR results indicate that the percentage of P. gregata f. sp. sojae genotype A was greater than B in stems of a BSR-susceptible accession planted following a BSR-susceptible monoculture. Among BSR-susceptible accessions, those with the soybean cyst nematode (SCN)-resistant cv. Peking in their parentage had the largest populations of P. gregata f. sp. sojae and a greater percentage of P. gregata f. sp. sojae genotype B. Similar results were observed for BSR-resistant accessions derived from SCN-resistant PI 88788.
Controlling coalitions: Social lending at the multilateral development banks

Multilateral development banks (MDBs) dramatically increased social lending for health, education, and safety nets after 1985. Yet the great powers’ social policy preferences remained relatively static from 1980 to 2000. This contradicts the conventional view that powerful states control IOs. We argue that highly institutionalized IOs like MDBs require a complete model of possible member-state coalitions encompassing the preferences of all member states—not just major powers. We develop multiple measures of state preferences and include all member states in our coalitional model. We evaluate our model and alternatives with an analysis of more than 10,000 MDB loans from 1980 to 2000. We find that when we include all member states weighted by their voting shares, principal preferences are significantly related to lending outcomes.
Protein-DNA interaction investigated by binding Escherichia coli lac repressor protein to poly[d(A · U-HgX)]

Abstract From studies of repressor binding to poly[d(A · U-HgX)], a structural analog of poly[d(A · T)], we demonstrate that the lac repressor does not make extensive contacts in the major groove of DNA or denature the DNA double helix in order to have a high affinity for non-operator DNA. Poly[d(A · U-HgX)] differs from poly-[d(A · T)] at the five position of the pyrimidine bases where a covalently bound mercury atom and associated mercaptan, X, replace the methyl group of thymidine. By selection of the appropriate mercaptan, the major groove of the DNA has been modified sterically and ionically at each base-pair. Space-filling models of these DNA derivatives show that the major groove is almost fully packed by mercaptans and that the two strands can be crosslinked by dithiothreitol. That dithiothreitol prevents this mercuriDNA from undergoing a normal thermal melting transition, provides evidence that this dithiol is cross-linking the two DNA chains. These modified DNAs bind well to the repressor ( K dis = 10 −7 to 10 −9 m ). Thus, the high affinity of repressor for these non-operator DNA molecules cannot involve denaturation of the DNA duplex or binding contacts in the major groove. These studies make those models for repressor-DNA interaction which involve binding of an α-helix in the major groove of the DNA or binding of the repressor to cruciform or Gierer-like structures (1966) not possible for non-operator DNA. We conclude that repressor-operator interaction in the minor groove and/or sequence-dependent alteration of the double-stranded DNA conformation are probably important in repressor specificity.