cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligent control of action: a brief case for cases

It is suggested that developing systems that exhibit intelligent, adaptive control of action can be usefully approached from the perspective of symbolic case-based problem solving supported by a distributed memory representation for the cases. It is also suggested that (1) attempting to prewire solutions to a wide range of potential planning failures is not feasible, either practically or theoretically, and (2) general planning approaches to failure recovery may not be an attractive solution. A possible strategy for manipulating stored cases to make them useful in contexts from which they did not originally result is briefly described. >
Water and ion permeability of a claudin model: A computational study.

At present, the three-dimensional structure of the multimeric paracellular claudin pore is unknown. Using extant biophysical data concerning the size of the pore and permeation of water and cations through it, two three-dimensional models of the pore are constructed in silico. Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculations are then performed to compute water and sodium ion permeation fluxes under the influence of applied hydrostatic pressure. Comparison to experiment is made, under the assumption that the hydrostatic pressure applied in the simulations is equivalent to osmotic pressure induced in experimental measurements of water/ion permeability. One model, in which pore-lining charged is distributed evenly over a selectivity filter section 10-16 A in length, is found to be generally consistent with experimental data concerning the dependence of water and ion permeation on channel pore diameter, pore length, and the sign and magnitude of pore lining charge. The molecular coupling mechanism between water and ion flow under conditions where hydrostatic pressure is applied is computationally elucidated.
Thrombin in Ischemic Stroke Targeting

Accumulating research data have suggested pleiotropic roles of thrombin in brain tissue, including vascular disruption, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and direct cellular toxicity. As a result, thrombin might contribute to stroke pathology through multiple mechanisms. A better understanding of thrombin toxicity would lead to new therapeutic targets in clinical application. In this brief review, we will discuss the basic biology of thrombin, the mechanism of thrombin toxicity, and the translational aspects of antithrombotic therapy in stroke.
Vulcanization Studies of Elastomers Using Solid-State Carbon-13 NMR

Abstract With the use of solid state carbon-13 NMR, changes in the structure of natural rubber and cis-polybutadiene were observed spectroscopically. Cis-trans conversion has been shown to occur in the naturaal rubber by the rearrangement of the allylic free radical. At least four structurally different methyl groups have been detected in the crosslinking of natural rubber by dicumyl peroxide, which indicates that the simple combination of allyic free radical is an oversimplification of the curing process. Quaternary aliphatic carbons have been detected which results from double bond migration. Polybutadiene showed only methine and methylene carbons present in the crosslinked network with a small amount of methyl end-groups. The increase in the line width of the highly crosslinked elastomers was shown to be dominated by the carbon-hydrogen static dipolar interaction. Fourier-transform infrared analysis observed the formation of a molecular complex between dicumyl peroxide and polybutadiene. The formation ...
Social Dominance Theory: A New Synthesis

As we saw in the preceding chapter, a number of classical and contemporary theories of social attitudes and intergroup relations have given us some important insights into the nature and dynamics of intergroup conflict, stereotyping, and group oppression. However, there has yet to be a serious effort to integrate these insights into one coherent and comprehensive theoretical model. In an effort to accomplish this and gain a firmer purchase on the almost boringly repetitive nature of human oppression, we have developed social dominance theory (SDT). While this approach is new in many ways, its primary virtue is that it ties together the most critical and useful components and models reviewed in Chapter 1. The most important sources for our new synthesis can be found in the ideas of (a) authoritarian personality theory, (b) Rokeach's two-value theory of political behavior, (c) Blumer's group positions theory, (d) Marxism and neoclassical elite theories, (e) results from political attitude and public opinion research, (f) social identity theory (SIT), and (g) modern thinking within evolutionary psychology While SDT has been influenced by models within personality psychology, social psychology, and political sociology, it is neither strictly a psychological nor a sociological theory, but rather an attempt to connect the worlds of individual personality and attitudes with the domains of institutional behavior and social structure. Thus, SDT is an attempt to integrate several levels of analysis into one coherent theoretical framework.
An IVC filter and anticoagulation for 3 months is unlikely to show a benefit over anticoagulation alone for high-risk patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

Commentary on : Mismetti P, Laporte S, Pellerin O, et al; PREPIC2 Study Group. Effect of a retrievable inferior vena cava filter plus anticoagulation vs anticoagulation alone on risk of recurrent pulmonary embolism: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:1627–35.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter to prevent pulmonary embolism (PE) is recommended by multidisciplinary consensus guidelines only when anticoagulation is contraindicated, has resulted in a complication or has failed.1 ,2 Oddly, the only prospective randomised long-term filter efficacy study that demonstrated a reduction in the recurrent PE rate at 8-year follow-up (6.3% vs 15.1%) did so in a setting where both … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.volume%253D313%26rft.spage%253D1627%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.2015.3780%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25919526%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.2015.3780&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25919526&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2Fearly%2F2015%2F07%2F29%2Febmed-2015-110230.atom
Effective Growth Units in Population Dynamics of the Green Peach Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

When low (day mean, 27.0°C; range, 6.8–42.0°C), medium (day mean, 28.0°C; range, 7.2–42.4°C), and high (day mean, 32.3°C, range, 7.3–46.4°C) temperatures were produced in field cages by covering the cages 0, 80, or 98%, respectively, with clear plastic sheets placed over the Saran cloth, the population growth rates of green peach aphids (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), decreased with increasing temperatures whereas accumulated degree-hours above 0°C increased with temperature. Thus, heat units accumulated at high temperatures are not strictly equivalent to those accumulated at lower temperatures when one is calculating population growth rates. Accordingly, a model was constructed to calculate the effective growth units that contribute to population growth of the GPA. The calculations are based on a second-order curve whereby rates of increase of the green peach aphid were compared with temperature by using data taken at intervals of 5°C. The distribution provided a weighting function that specifies the relative contributions of growth units to population growth at different temperatures.
Light-Induced Enantiospecific 4π Ring Closure of Axially Chiral 2-Pyridones: Enthalpic and Entropic Effects Promoted by H-Bonding

Nonbiaryl axially chiral 2-pyridones were synthesized and employed for light-induced electrocyclic 4π ring closure leading to bicyclo-β-lactam photoproducts in solution. The enantioselectivity in the photoproducts varied from 22 to 95% depending on the reaction temperature and the ability of the axially chiral chromophore to form intramolecular and/or intermolecular H-bonds with the solvent. On the basis of the differential activation parameters, entropic control of the enantiospecificity was observed for 2-pyridones lacking the ability to form H-bonds. Conversely, enthalpy played a significant role for 2-pyridones having the ability to form H-bonds.
Imidazolium‐Based Poly(ionic liquid)/Ionic Liquid Ion‐Gels with High Ionic Conductivity Prepared from a Curable Poly(ionic liquid)

Ionic liquid (IL)-based ion-gel membranes were prepared from a curable poly(IL)-based materials platform with the free ILs 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][TFSI]), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ([EMIM][FSI]), 1-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C4 IMH][TFSI]), and ethylmethylammonium nitrate [EAN][NO3 ] and evaluated for their ionic conductivity performance at ambient and elevated temperatures. The resulting cross-linked, free-standing ion-gel membranes were found to have less than 1 wt% water (with the exception of [EAN][NO3 ] which contained ≈20 wt% water). Increasing free IL content from 50 to 80 wt% produces materials with ionic conductivity values ≥10(-2) S cm(-1) at 25 °C and ≈10(-1) S cm(-1) at 110 °C. Additionally, ion-gels containing 70 wt% of the protic ILs [C4 IMH][TFSI] and [EMIM][FSI] display ionic conductivity values of ≈10(-3) to 10(-2) S cm(-1) over the temperature range of 25-110 °C.
HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF A VAGINAL MUCOSA DISINFECTANT

Objective To observe the germicidal efficacy and toxicity of a vaginal mucosa disinfectant.Methods Physicochemical analytic method,suspension quantitative germicidal test and animal toxicity test were used to observe the germicidal efficacy and toxicity of the vaginal mucosa disinfectant.Results The average killing rates of Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli and Candida albicans exposed to vaginal mucosa disinfectant containing available chlorhexidine acetate 2 000 mg/L for 2 min were 99.27%,99.38% and 99.08% respectively.The available chlorhexidine acetate of this vaginal mucosa disinfectant exposed at 37℃ for 90 days was not decreased.The acute oral LD50 of the vaginal mucosa disinfectant in mice was 5 000 mg/kg·bw,which belonged to nontoxic class.No irritant effect on vaginal mucosa of experimental animals was observed.It could not cause micronucleus formation in mouse bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes.Conclusion This mucosa disinfectant has good germicidal efficacy and low toxicity.It can not cause irritating action and micronucleus formation.
Preliminary study of adsorption dynamics and mechanism of the soil to F~- in mine water

Aiming at the adsorption problem of soil to fluoride ion,the adsorption law,adsorption kinetics and mechanism are discussed,and the adsorption isotherm is determined through tests.The experimental results show that,with the increase of fluoride ion in equilibrium solution,the adsorption capacity increases faster first then slow,and the adsorption capacity tends to saturation when the equilibrium concentration about 0.16 mg/L.The adsorption of soil to fluoride ion accors with the Freundlich-type adsorption isotherm.The adsorption kinetics curve of soil to fluoride ion is imitated by Nonlinear Least Squares Fitter,and the sorption of the soil to fluoride ion is better and able to reach adsorption equilibrium quickly.
Adaptive sliding-mode observer for actuator fault reconstruction in nonlinear system with mismatched uncertainties

An estimator of actuator fault is proposed, based on adaptive sliding-mode observer for the unmatched Lipschitz nonlinear system with unknown disturbances. Firstly, an auxiliary matrix of output is introduced, which makes the matching condition satisfied; and a high gain observer is designed, which is used for the accurate estimation of the unknown auxiliary output. Secondly, a sliding-mode observer for fault reconstruction is designed for the auxiliary output system and an adaptive law is designed to modify the gain of the controller on-line by considering the condition of unknown upper bound fault; a theorem for the stabilization of the estimated state error is put forward; and under the application of complementary lemma of Schur, the designed method of observer feedback matrix is transformed to an optimization issue and is solved by the linear matrix inequality; meanwhile, a linear transformed matrix is introduced; the sliding-mode gain is designed under the unknown upper fault bound, which makes the estimate error of output stable and the sliding-mode motion take place in finite time; then, under the application of equivalent output injection concept, the actuator fault can be reconstructed. Finally, an example validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Pharmacology of Pain Transmission and Modulation

Pain transmission is extraordinarily complex and still not fully understood. Different varieties of pain exist (i.e., somatic, visceral, neuropathic); however, this chapter will follow the pain pathway from peripheral activation to the brain and focus on the different sites along the route that can be used as molecular targets for pain relief.
Synthesis and Properties of Triarylhalostibonium Cations

As part of our fundamental interest in the chemistry of main-group Lewis acids, we have decided to target stibonium cations whose Lewis acidity is enhanced by the presence of a halogen substituent directly bound to antimony. Starting from Ph3Sb(OTf)2 (1) and Mes3Sb(OTf)2 (2), we successfully prepared the triflate derivatives Ph3SbF(OTf) (3) and Mes3SbF(OTf) (4). We also synthesized the hexachloroantimonate salt of [Mes3SbCl]+ (6), an analogue of the known [Ph3SbCl][SbCl6] (5). The structures of these complexes have been investigated experimentally as well as computationally using density functional theory methods. While direct interaction is observed between the anion and the stibonium center in compounds 3–5, compound 6 exists as an ionic solid with the four-coordinate [Mes3SbCl]+ cation separated from the [SbCl6]− anion. The structural difference observed between the two hexachloroantimonate derivatives 5 and 6 is ascribed to the increased steric protection provided by the larger mesityl substituents. T...
Encryption Policy and Law Enforcement in the Cloud

This article argues that U.S. law concerning government access to data at rest and data in motion is inadequate in the era of encryption and cloud computing. The article suggests that, contrary to the claims of some encryption advocates, provisions that would allow government access to encrypted data at rest held by cloud service providers are necessary and appropriate. However, the article further proposes changes to the Stored Communications Act that would strike a better balance between privacy and security in the cloud.
Scaling up point-in-space heat tracing of seepage flux using bed temperatures as a quantitative proxy

E desafiador quantificar as interacoes agua superficial-agua subterrânea a escala da linha de agua, mantendo a resolucao espacial de pequena escala necessaria nos estudos hiporreicos. A modelacao unidimensional de transporte de calor foi usada para simular fluxos em sedimentos do leito em pontos discretizados, usando series temporais de registo da temperatura. Seguidamente, foi desenvolvida uma relacao de predicao entre a temperatura do sedimento do leito no ponto e no tempo e as taxas de fluxo modeladas. O fluxo foi mapeado com uma resolucao espacial elevada, atraves da aplicacao da relacao de predicao as temperaturas mapeadas do sedimento do leito, o que permitiu quantificar o fluxo atraves desse indicador, com elevada resolucao. Os padroes de fluxo inferidos sao compativeis com a morfologia e conduzem a um fluxo bruto para um comprimento de linha de agua de 30 m de 1.0 L s–1. A descarga de agua subterrânea salina (5.7 g L–1 Cl–) permitiu a comparacao entre o metodo indicador da temperatura e a variabilidade geoquimica. Os locais de maximo fluxo ascendente (>35 cm dia–1) coincidem com as areas de elevada condutância na interface do leito (5–25 mS cm–1). As diferencas entre as estimativas do fluxo bruto a partir de metodos de calor e a partir de metodos geoquimicos sao atribuidas as diferencas na extensao espacial a partir da qual se efetuaram as estimativas e tambem devido a limitada sensibilidade do metodo indicador de temperatura. Quando as temperaturas do leito estao proximas dos seus limites inerentes (as temperaturas da agua subterrânea e da linha de agua), a magnitude do fluxo pode ser subestimada. Devem ser tomadas precaucoes quando se determinam os fluxos brutos a escala da linha de agua a partir de metodos indicadores de temperatura quando as taxas de fluxo estao fora dos limites de sensibilidade.
Myocardial Angiogenesis: Biology and Therapy

Despite significant advances in its prevention and treatment, coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death in the Western world today. The economic burden of CAD on society is significant. It has been estimated that the annual cost of treating the approximately 6.3 million Americans afflicted with this disease is $56 billion, with CAD accounting for a significant proportion of the total number of work days lost to illness in the United States [1,2]. Conventional treatment for CAD includes medical therapies designed to reduce hypercholesterolemia, prevent disease progression and reduce myocardial oxygen demand; and interventional therapies that restore blood flow to the epicardial coronary vessels, either by angioplasty or bypass surgery.
Conjoined twins: Pre-birth management, changes to NRP, and transport

The management of conjoined twins is complex and requires careful preparation. Pre-birth management includes prenatal counseling, which is important due to the overall poor prognosis. In instances of trial of life, the delivery must be tailored to address the anticipated anatomy based on prenatal imaging and anticipated physiology. A multidisciplinary team is essential to anticipate and address the ergonomic challenges and medical issues related to organ fusion, cross-circulation and associated anomalies. There are several suggested modifications to the current Neonatal Resuscitation Program algorithm including modifications to initial assessment, airway management, administration of chest compressions, obtaining emergency access, and medication dosing. Simulation is essential to address challenges, practice Neonatal Resuscitation Program modifications, delineate clear roles during delivery and practice communication. This paper offers a discussion of unique issues associated with delivery of conjoined twins and recommendations on how to approach these challenges based on our experience and available literature.
Pro-Angiogenic Regenerative Therapies for the Damaged Brain: A Tissue Engineering Approach

Angiogenesis in the stroke brain has been increasingly recognized as a key player in tissue repair, endogenous neurogenesis, and functional recovery. Important findings in the last decade have shown that promoting the formation of a mature and functional vascular network in a wound that is dynamic in space and time represents one of the biggest challenges in pro-repair therapies after stroke. Recent preclinical studies of therapeutic angiogenesis have been introducing tissue engineering-based systems that allow precisely controlled delivery of provascular drugs directly to the site of damage, without inducing the commonly associated side effects.
Dynamic-flip-angle ECG-gating with nuisance signal regression improves resting-state BOLD functional connectivity mapping by reducing cardiogenic noise

Purpose To investigate an ECG-gated dynamic-flip-angle BOLD sequence with improved robustness against cardiogenic noise in resting-state fMRI. Methods ECG-gating minimizes the cardiogenic noise but introduces T1 -dependent signal variation, which is minimized by combination of a dynamic-flip-angle technique and retrospective nuisance signal regression (NSR) using signals of white matter, CSF, and global average. The technique was studied with simulations in a wide range of T1 and B1 fields and phantom imaging with pre-programmed TR variations. Resting-state fMRI of 20 healthy subjects was acquired with non-gated BOLD (NG), ECG-gated constant-flip-angle BOLD (GCFA), ECG-gated BOLD with retrospective T1 -correction (GRC), and ECG-gated dynamic-flip-angle BOLD (GDFA), all processed by the same NSR method. GDFA was compared to alternative methods over temporal SNR (tSNR), seed-based connectivity, and whole-brain voxelwise connectivity based on intrinsic connectivity distribution (ICD). A previous large-cohort data set (N = 100) was used as a connectivity gold standard. Results Simulations and phantom imaging show substantial reduction of the T1 -dependent signal variation with GDFA alone, and further reduction with NSR. The resting-state study shows improved tSNR in the basal brain, comparing GDFA to NG, after both processed with NSR. Furthermore, GDFA significantly improved subcortical-subcortical and cortical-subcortical connectivity for several representative seeds and significantly improved ICD in the brainstem, thalamus, striatum, and prefrontal cortex, compared to the other 3 approaches. Conclusion GDFA with NSR improves mapping of the resting-state functional connectivity of the basal-brain regions by reducing cardiogenic noise.
Dynamic bimanual force control in chronic stroke: contribution of non-paretic and paretic hands.

Dynamic force modulation is critical for performing skilled bimanual tasks. Unilateral motor impairments after stroke contribute to asymmetric hand function. Here, we investigate the impact of stroke on dynamic bimanual force control and compare the contribution of each hand to a bimanual task. Thirteen chronic stroke and thirteen healthy control participants performed bimanual, isometric finger flexion during visually guided, force tracking of a trapezoidal trajectory with force increment and decrement phases. We quantified the accuracy and variability of total force from both hands. Individual hand contribution was quantified with the proportion of force contributed to total force and force variability of each hand. The total force output was 53.10% less accurate and 56% more variable in the stroke compared with the control group. The variability of total force was 91.10% greater in force decrement than increment phase. In stroke group, the proportion of force and force variability contributed by each hand differed across the two phases. During force decrement, the proportion of force contributed by the non-paretic hand reduced and force variability of the non-paretic hand increased, compared with the increment phase. The control group showed no differences in each hand’s contribution across the two force phases. In conclusion, dynamic bimanual force modulation is impaired after stroke, with greater deficits in force decrement than force increment. The non-paretic and paretic hands adapt differentially to dynamic bimanual task constraints. During force decrement, the non-paretic hand preferentially assumes force modulation, while the paretic hand produces steady force to meet the force requirements.
Exploring the relationship between income and property taxation at the municipal level

Municipalities in Iowa are heavily reliant upon property tax revenue as a means of finance; a phenomenon which many feel has negative implications for local governance. A frequently cited remedy for this is the diversification of municipal revenue sources by enabling municipalities to collect income tax. Proponents claim that doing so would allow municipal governments to become less dependent upon property tax revenue, as well as provide relief to property taxpayers in the form of lower rates and collections. The purpose of this thesis is to explore those claims by examining whether municipalities with income tax exhibit lower property taxes and are less dependent upon property tax revenue than municipalities with income tax. The study takes the form of a cross-sectional analysis of municipalities in Ohio, a state in which there are a large number of municipalities utilizing income tax, as well as a large number of municipalities that are not. The analyses show that municipalities with income tax have lower property tax rates and are less dependent upon property taxes than municipalities without income tax. Overall, the findings lend credence to claims that allowing Iowa’s municipal governments to collect income tax would enable them to reduce their dependence on property tax revenue and lower property tax rates.
Mutual control of coherent spin waves and magnetic domain walls in a magnonic device

The successful implementation of spin-wave devices requires efficient modulation of spin-wave propagation. Using cobalt/nickel multilayer films, we experimentally demonstrate that nanometer-wide magnetic domain walls can be applied to manipulate the phase and magnitude of coherent spin waves in a nonvolatile manner. We further show that a spin wave can, in turn, be used to change the position of magnetic domain walls by means of the spin-transfer torque effect generated from magnon spin current. This mutual interaction between spin waves and magnetic domain walls opens up the possibility of realizing all-magnon spintronic devices, in which one spin-wave signal can be used to control others by reconfiguring magnetic domain structures.
Traceability of the output concentration of mercury vapor generators

Abstract In response to the environmental impact of mercury and the neuro-toxic risk associated with trophic transfer of methyl mercury to humans, the reduction of mercury emissions from coal-fired electric utilities, a significant anthropogenic source, is now receiving global attention. To address impending regulations for mercury reduction, there is a need to establish a mercury emissions measurement framework, which has demonstrated accuracy and traceability to national and international standards. To support this effort, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been working jointly with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop a traceability system which links the output of elemental mercury calibration instrumentation sited at the power utilities, to the SI (International System of Units). This system is based on a reference (NIST Prime) elemental mercury generator standard, which is used by NIST to certify elemental mercury generators from the instrument vendors. These in turn are used by the instrument vendors to provide NIST traceable calibration for the instrumentation supplied to each electric utility. The NIST Prime generator is certified using a primary analytical method for the determination of mercury using sorbent trap analysis with isotope dilution cold-vapor inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-CV-ICP-MS).
Nonlinear vibration analysis of a servo controlled precision motion stage with friction isolator

Abstract Precision motion stages are used in advanced manufacturing, metrological applications, and semiconductor industries for high precision positioning with high speed. However, friction-induced vibration undermines the performance of a servo-controlled motion stage. Recently, it was found that passive isolation in the form of friction isolator is very effective to mitigate the undesirable effects of friction in precision motion stages. This work presents, for the first time, a detailed nonlinear analysis of the dynamics of motion stage with a friction isolator. We consider a lumped parameter model of the precision motion stage with PID and a friction isolator modeled as two degrees of freedom system. Linear analysis of the system in the space of integral gain and reference velocity reveals that the inclusion of friction isolator increases the local stability region of steady states. We further observe the sensitivity of the stability of steady states towards the internal resonance between the motion stage and friction isolator. The influence of friction isolator on the nonlinear response of the system is examined analytically using the method of multiple scales and harmonic balance. We observe that the inclusion of friction isolator does not change the nature of Hopf bifurcation for higher values of reference velocity, and it remains subcritical bifurcation with or without friction isolator. However, for lower values of reference velocity, the inclusion of friction isolator leads to change in bifurcation from supercritical to subcritical for the given values of parameters. This observation further implies that the inclusion of friction isolator increases the local stability of steady states, whereas the global stability of steady states depends on the interaction between friction isolator and operating parameters. Furthermore, a detailed numerical bifurcation analysis of the system reveals the existence of period-2, period-4, quasi-periodic, and chaotic solutions. Also, the stability of period-1 solutions near Hopf point is determined by Floquet theory, which further reveals the existence of period-doubling bifurcation.
The preparation of felodipine/zein amorphous solid dispersions and in vitro evaluation using a dynamic gastrointestinal system.

Felodipine has been widely used as a poorly water-soluble model drug for various studies to improve its oral bioavailability and in vivo efficacy. In this study, we developed amorphous solid disper...
The Gender of Gideon

This Article makes a simple claim that has been overlooked for decades and yet has enormous theoretical and practical significance: the constitutional guarantee of counsel adopted by the Supreme Court in Gideon v. Wainwright accrues largely to the benefit of men. In this Article, we present original data analysis demonstrating that millions of women face compulsory and highly punitive encounters with the justice system but do so largely in the civil courts, where no right to counsel attaches. The demographic picture that emerges is one in which the right to counsel skews heavily against women’s interests. As this Article shows, the gendered allocation of the right to counsel has individual and systemic consequences that play an underappreciated role in perpetuating racial and gender inequality. We revisit well-known doctrine, and, in contrast to all prior literature, we place gender at the center of the Court’s jurisprudence on the right to counsel. Liberty principles have been paramount in the Court’s opinions, but the liberty interests of women have been devalued. In Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, the Court refused to recognize the termination of a Black mother’s relationship with her child as deserving the right to counsel. Prior scholars have shown that the Gideon Court aimed to protect Black men from abuses of state power but protecting Black women from such abuse is nowhere in the Court’s jurisprudence. Since Lassiter, the Court has refused to recognize a constitutional guarantee of representation for civil defendants with fundamental interests at stake, and, we argue, available data suggest that the largest categories of these cases—family law, eviction, and debt collection—disproportionately affect Black women. As we show, the gendered deprivation of a right to counsel relegates women to a secondary legal status and impinges on the functioning of American democracy. Drawing on the example of housing deprivation, a highly visible collateral effect of the pandemic, we illustrate how lawyerless defendants are now the norm in the civil justice system, with women most severely impacted by this crisis. First, in the absence of government-appointed counsel, women’s individual rights are routinely trampled. Powerful governmental and private adversaries of these women have captured the civil courts, with the result that judges regularly fail to enforce even well-established law. Second, without lawyers, appeals are scarce, and the law fails to evolve in areas of particular importance to women’s lives. Third, women’s ability to act in the world, protected by the rule of law, has been disproportionately compromised by lack of access to representation, resulting in women’s entrenched subordination. Finally, without lawyers to serve as watchdogs in the civil courts, constitutional doctrine has rendered women’s most important legal problems invisible. This has undermined opportunities to identify the system’s shortcomings and agitate for reform.
Evaluation of a survey for acute care programme directors on the utilisation of point-of-care ultrasound

Purpose Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is ultrasound brought to the patient’s bedside and performed in ‘real time’ by the healthcare provider. The utility of POCUS to facilitate management of the acutely ill patient has been demonstrated for multiple pathologies. However, the integration of ultrasonography and echocardiography training into residency curriculum varies across the acute care specialties. Study design After an institutional review board approval, anaesthesiology, emergency medicine, family medicine, internal medicine, paediatrics and general surgery programme directors (PDs) were surveyed. The survey consisted of 11 questions evaluating the primary bedside assessment tool for common acute care situations, POCUS topics that the PDs were comfortable practising and topics that the PDs felt were useful for their specialty. Barriers to POCUS use, certification and documentation were also surveyed. Results Overall, 270 PD surveys were completed. The preferred primary assessment tool for common acute care situations varied with specialty; emergency medicine PDs consistently responded that POCUS was the diagnostic modality of choice (p Conclusions This study is the first to evaluate differences in the preferred initial bedside assessment tool between the acute care specialties. Although POCUS is a superior tool for evaluating acute pathologies, disconnect between education and utilisation remains. This study highlights the need to incorporate POCUS into the acute care specialty curriculum.
Hepatitis B virus infection seromarkers among college freshmen and their immune responses to different vaccination policies of hepatitis B vaccine.

College students are one of the susceptible population of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We aim to delineate HBV infection seromarkers among college freshmen and to evaluate immunological respo...
“Democratizing” Genealogy and Family Heritage Practices: The View from Urbana, Illinois

To be a genealogist, to do genealogy, requires sources of information. These sources emerge as part of ever-evolving information infrastructures. Between the years of 1958 and 1978 local genealogists in Urbana, Illinois, created library services and collections that both shaped and reflected the “democratization,” through popularization, of genealogical research practices. By analyzing these local information practices in their historical context this chapter offers new perspective on how and why genealogical research became accessible and appealing to many Americans of diverse class and ethnic backgrounds in the second half of the twentieth century. Genealogy in pop culture came to mean many different things to many different genealogists. By foregrounding the infrastructural substrate of this diversity, this chapter illustrates how information systems inform popular heritage. The amateur genealogists who “democratized” genealogy and family heritage practices in Urbana, Illinois, did so by connecting to the international systems of information provision under development in the second half of the twentieth century.
The soluble nuclear fraction, a highly efficient transcription extract from Drosophila embryos.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the preparation and use of the soluble nuclear fraction (SNF) from Drosophila embryos. The SNF has been employed to study the mechanisms of transcription initiation and reinitiation, and the activation of transcription by sequence-specific factors with either naked DNA or reconstituted chromatin templates. The SNF is prepared by rapid isolation and washing of nuclei followed by ultracentrifugation of the resulting nuclei at 100,000 g in a low-salt medium to yield the soluble fraction of the nuclei. The critical features of this method are the rapid isolation of nuclei to avoid the loss of soluble transcription factors, the low-salt extraction of the nuclei to minimize the extraction of nonspecific DNA binding factors that inhibit transcription, and the centrifugation of the nuclei in a minimal volume to maximize the concentration of basal transcription factors. The SNF is a nuclear extract that can be used as a rich source of basal RNA polymerase II transcription factors. It can be used for in vitro transcription studies of both Drosophila and mammalian genes.
Local characterization of a class of ruled hypersurfaces in C2

Abstract Let M 3 ⊂ C 2 be a three times differentiable real hypersurface. The Levi form of M transforms under biholomorphism, and when restricted to the complex tangent space, the skew-hermitian part of the second fundamental form transforms under fractional linear transformation. The surfaces for which these forms are constant multiples of each other were identified in previous work, but when the constant had unit modulus there was a global requirement. Here we give a local characterization of hypersurfaces for which the constant has unit modulus.
Deficiency of 5-Lipoxygenase Abolishes Sex-Related Survival Differences in MRL-lpr/lpr Mice

Leukotrienes, the 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) products of arachidonic acid metabolism, have many proinflammatory actions that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory diseases. To investigate the role of LTs in autoimmune disease, we generated an MRL-lpr/lpr mouse line with a targeted disruption of the 5lo gene. MRL-lpr/lpr mice spontaneously develop autoimmune disease that has many features resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus, including sex-related survival differences; female MRL-lpr/lpr mice experience significant early mortality compared with males. Unexpectedly, we found that mortality was accelerated in male 5LO-deficient MRL-lpr/lpr mice compared with male wild-type MRL-lpr/lpr animals. In contrast, the 5lo mutation had no effect on survival in females. Mortality was also accelerated in male MRL-lpr/lpr mice that were treated chronically with a pharmacological inhibitor of LT synthesis. Furthermore, LT-dependent inflammatory responses are enhanced in male MRL-lpr/lpr mice compared with females, and the 5lo mutation has greater impact on these responses in males. Because immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis is the major cause of death in MRL-lpr/lpr mice and has been related to arachidonic acid metabolites, we also assessed kidney function and histopathology. In male MRL-lpr/lpr mice, renal plasma flow was significantly reduced in the 5lo-/- compared with the 5lo+/+ group, although there were no differences in the severity of renal histopathology, lymphoid hyperplasia, or arthritis between the groups. These findings suggest that the presence of a functional 5lo gene confers a survival advantage on male MRL-lpr/lpr mice and that, when 5LO function is inhibited, either genetically or pharmacologically, this advantage is abolished.
Vector Computer Architecture and Processing Techniques

Publisher Summary Vector- or array-processing computers are essentially designed to maximize the concurrent activities inside a computer and to match the bandwidth of data flow to the execution speed of various subsystems within a computer. This chapter reviews architectural advances in vector-processing computers. It describes the two major classes of vector machines—namely, the pipeline computers and array processors. Problems associated with designing pipeline computers are also presented with examples from the Texas Instruments Advanced Scientific Computer (TI-ASC), Control Data STring ARay (STAR-100) and CYBER-205 Computers, Cray Research CRAY-1, and Floating-Point Systems AP-120B. The chapter describes the architectures of recently developed SIMD array processors. Further, it examines the development experiences of the Burroughs Scientific Processor (BSP) and the Goodyear Aerospace Massively Parallel Processor (MPP). Recent research works on array and pipeline processors are also summarized. The chapter concludes with the evaluation of the performance of pipeline and array processors and explores various optimization techniques for vector operations. Hardware, software, and algorithmic issues of vector-processing systems and future trends of vector computers are also discussed.
Differential Regulation of Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors mRNA and Fast Feedback: Relevance to Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder

Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR and MR) play an important role in glucocorticoid negative feedback. Abnormalities in negative feedback are found in depression and in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suggesting that GR and MR might be involved in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Enhanced negative feedback, the PTSD-specific neuroendocrine abnormality, can be induced in animals using a single prolonged stress (SPS) paradigm (a number of different stressors in one prolonged session, 'no stress' interval and a testing session one week later). In the current study, we examined hippocampal GR and MR mRNA distribution in the same animals that exhibited altered negative feedback following the SPS. Seven groups of adult Sprague-Dawley male rats (seven animals each) were used in two studies, comparing unstressed controls to acutely stressed animals (SPS: 24 h group), SPS animals (seven and 14 days), and SPS + chronic stress animals. GR and MR mRNA distribution across hippocampal subfields was studied using in-situ hybridization with 35S-labelled cRNA probes. Acute stress produced down-regulation of GR and MR mRNA across all hippocampal subfields. Seven days later (SPS-7 group), there was a differential recovery, with GR mRNA reaching higher than the prestress levels, and MR mRNA remaining down-regulated. The same differential regulation was present in the 14-day group. Chronically stressed animals that exhibited normal fast feedback also had normalization in their GR and MR mRNA levels. The MR/GR ratio was decreased only in animals that had enhanced fast feedback. These findings suggest that the increase in GR, in hippocampus is involved in the fast feedback hypersensitivity observed in the SPS animals, and might also underlie enhanced dexamethasone sensitivity found in PTSD. Since differential activation of GR and MR can modulate memory, behavioural responsivity, anxiety and fear, change in MR/GR ratio might also explain other PTSD-related phenomena.
Abstract 13354: Event-Free Survival in African American Patients with Heart Failure

Introduction: Health outcomes such as event-free survival (cumulative end-point in time to first health event) in heart failure (HF) patients is worse in African American than Caucasians. While the direct impact of traditional risk factors on outcomes are recognized, it is unknown how sociodemographic and psychosocial variables, disease, and treatment factors may alter the relationship between race and event-free survival. Hypothesis: Sociodemographics (age, gender, economic status), psychosocial factors (anxiety, depression), disease factors (smoking, functional status, diabetes) and treatments (beta blockers, ACE inhibitors) moderate the relationship between race and shorter event-free survival among patients with HF. Methods: Data were analyzed from 993 outpatients in a multicenter HF registry who were followed for a median of 1.9 years (37% female, 11.3% African American, 64±13 years, 44% NYHA Class III/IV). Data were collected via chart review and interview. Potential proposed moderators were analyzed with race as the predictor and the outcome event-free survival. Regressions were conducted on event-free survival using race and each proposed moderator, and the product of race and each moderator. Results: A primary analysis showed that African American patients are 1.54 times more likely to experience a cardiac event within this data set (p=.003). Further regression analyses indicate event-free survival in African American patients with HF is not moderated by the proposed moderators (all p>.05). Although an incomplete moderation, interactions with medication and race demonstrated better outcomes in African Americans than Caucasians not on ACE inhibitors, but Caucasians on prescribed ACE inhibitors have better comparative outcomes. Conclusions: Although many modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors may be associated with event free survival in African American HF patients, sociodemographic, psychosocial, disease, and treatment factors do not moderate the relationship between race and event-free survival. Future research is needed to better understand what factors contribute to and moderate evident disparities in the event-free survival of African American patients with HF.
Changes in Diversity and Structure Along a Successional Gradient in a Costa Rican Montane Oak Forest

Tropical montane forests are among the most fragile of all ecosystems on Earth (Stadtmuller 1987; Hamilton et al. 1995; Kappelle and Brown 2001; Schneider et al. 2003). Following clearing, they recover extremely slowly, and it may take one to several centuries before their structure, composition, and function return to the original, pre-disturbance state (Ewel 1980; Hooftman 1998; Kappelle 2004). Southern temperate Nothofagus forest (Gonzalez et al. 2002) and neotropical montane Quercus forests (Kappelle et al. 1994, 1995b, 1996; Ramirez-Marcial et al. 2001; Chaps. 14 and 16) appear to be no exception to this rule. To gain a deeper insight into the patterns and processes of forest recovery and resilience in Central American montane oak forests, we studied changes in structure and diversity in a series of successional vegetation patches along a time sequence, ranging from grazed and recently abandoned pastures to late-successional (35 years old) and old-growth (>200 years old) oak forest stands in the highlands of southern Costa Rica.
Studies on the induction and repression of enzymes in rat liver. IV. Effects of cortisone and phenobarbital.

Abstract The effects of cortisone on the dietary induction and repression of serine dehydrase, ornithine transaminase, and tyrosine transaminase were studied. In rats pretreated with cortisone dietary induction was affected relatively little, but carbohydrate repression was largely eliminated. The effects of cortisone and phenobarbital on the dietary induction of serine dehydrase and ornithine transaminase were studied. Pretreatment with phenobarbital had little effect on the induction of serine dehydrase and ornithine transaminase, but pretreatment with cortisone and phenobarbital together caused an enhanced response of these enzymes to casein hydrolysate feeding, with respect to both total amount of enzyme produced and activity per g of liver protein. Neither cortisone nor phenobarbital acted as an inducing agent when administered alone or in combination; their effects were manifested only in the presence of dietary inducer.
Direct, convergent hypersensitivity of calcium-activated force generation produced by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutant α-tropomyosins in adult cardiac myocytes

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a clinically and genetically diverse autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ventricular hypertrophy and myocyte disarray in the absence of known hypertrophic stimuli1,2. It has been linked to many cardiac contractile proteins, including four point mutations in α-tropomyosin3,4,5 (Tm). Here we use adenoviral-mediated gene transfer into adult cardiac myocytes in vitro to show that all four hypertrophic cardiomyopathy α-Tm proteins can be expressed and incorporated into normal sarcomeric structures in cardiac myocytes at similar levels as normal α-Tm proteins after 5–6 days in culture. Isometric force recordings of single cardiac myocytes demonstrated inappropriate increased force output at submaximal calcium concentration with a specific mutant allele hierarchy. These data indicate that the severity of direct calcium-sensitizing effect of mutations in α-Tm may predict the clinical severity of mutant α-Tm-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.