cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shell model calculations for A = 20–28 nuclei

Abstract Level for nuclei with 20 ⩽ A ⩽ 28 have been calculated in a 1 d 5 2 −2 s 1 2 shell-model scheme. The two-body matrix elements and single-particle energies employed were determined empirically from a least-squares fit to 80 level energies. Some examples of the results are presented.
Accelerated three‐dimensional multispectral MRI with robust principal component analysis for separation of on‐ and off‐resonance signals

PURPOSE To enable highly accelerated distortion-free MRI near metal by separating on- and off-resonance to exploit the redundancy of slice-phase encoding for the dominant on-resonance component. METHODS Multispectral MRI techniques resolve off-resonance distortions by a combination of limited excitation bins and additional encoding. Inspired by robust principal component analysis, a novel compact representation of multispectral images as a sum of rank-one and sparse matrices corresponding to on- and off-resonance respectively is described. This representation is used in a calibration-free and model-free reconstruction for data with an undersampling pattern that varies between bins. Retrospective undersampling was used to compare the proposed reconstruction and bin-by-bin compressed sensing. Hip images were acquired in eight patients with standard and prospectively undersampled three-dimensional multispectral imaging, and image quality was evaluated by two radiologists on a 5-point scale. RESULTS Experiments with retrospective undersampling showed that the enhanced sparsity afforded by the separation greatly reduces reconstruction errors and artifacts. Images from prospectively undersampled multispectral imaging offered 2.6-3.4-fold (18-24-fold overall) acceleration compared to standard multispectral imaging with parallel imaging and partial-Fourier acceleration with equivalence in all qualitative assessments within a tolerance of one point (P < 0.004). CONCLUSION Three-dimensional multispectral imaging can be highly accelerated by varying undersampling between bins and separating on- and off-resonance. Magn Reson Med 79:1495-1505, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Multiple eccrine spiradenomas in a zosteriform pattern

Eccrine spiradenoma (ES) typically presents as a solitary tender lesion. Multiple ES is a rare variant of ES and can present in a segmental, linear, blaschkoid, or zosteriform pattern. The etiology of multiple ES is unknown, but several theories have been suggested including a multipotent stem cell origin. We report the case of a 30-year-old woman with multiple painful ES in a zosteriform pattern on the mid-back and abdomen. Skin biopsy of a representative lesion demonstrated a circumscribed tumor nodule encapsulated by a fibrous capsule with diffuse dense basophilic proliferation located in the dermis. The lesions were then excised on two separate sessions without recurrence.
Thermodynamic characterization of synthetic autunite

Autunite, Ca[(UO 2 )(PO 4 )] 2 (H 2 O) 11 , is a common uranyl mineral found in oxidized portions of uranium deposits, as well as subsurface environments contaminated by uranium. Enthalpies of formation of autunite were obtained via high-temperature oxide melt calorimetry using a 3Na 2 O·4MoO 3 solvent at 976 K. The synthetic analog of autunite was prepared using slow mixing by diffusion into an aqueous barrier solution at room temperature. Prior to calorimetric measurements, the material was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy, to ensure purity. The calculated enthalpy of formation from binary oxides of autunite is −579.92 ± 21.68 kJ/mol; the enthalpy of formation from the elements is −8311.32 ± 21.79 kJ/mol. The measured drop solution enthalpy allowed calculation of the enthalpy of the reaction of dehydration of autunite to meta-autunite. The results demonstrate that autunite is a metastable phase and explain the observed rapid dehydration to meta-autunite, a lower hydrate, as well as the common occurrence of the latter mineral in nature.
Sleep duration and quality are associated with immune markers, self-rated health, and mortality in a large cohort (NHANES 2005–2014)

Like many biological processes, sleep shows relationships with immunity and inflammation. Using public NHANES data (2005–2014; n = 28,351, ages 18+), we tested the hypothesis that sleep quality and duration would be associated with immunological markers, health, and mortality. Linear regression and logistic regression models were used to analyze all relationships. Since the NHANES is a complex survey design, all estimates are corrected to be representative of the US adult population and standard errors are calculated using the Taylor Series approximation. After controlling for physical health, sex, ethnicity, and depression, sleep disorders were positively associated with increased white blood cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils, as well as self-reported illnesses during the past month and mortality from multiple biological causes (all p 0.05). Self-reported weekday hours slept was negatively associated with self-reported illnesses, white blood cell counts, and neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers (all p 0.05), and showed a U-shaped relationship with mortality. White blood cell, monocyte, and neutrophil counts predicted mortality, even after controlling for sleep measures, indicating that immune activation contributes to, but is not solely responsible for, the relationship between sleep and mortality. This large, cross-sectional analysis suggests that short or disturbed sleep predicts an immunologically active state. This homeostatic disturbance could increase vulnerability to some illnesses, including infectious diseases, and persistent disruptions may be partly responsible for increased mortality.
Kinetic modeling of ascorbic acid degradation of pineapple juice subjected to combined pressure-thermal treatment

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate and model kinetic degradation of ascorbic acid in freshly prepared pineapple juice subjected to various pressure (0.1, 300,450 and 600 MPa)-thermal (30, 75, 85 and 95 °C) treatment combinations. Experiments were conducted using a semi-custom made high pressure kinetic tester as well as an aluminum thermal kinetic tester. Thermal degradation of ascorbic acid was described with simple first order kinetics. The thermal rate constants (k 75 -95 ◦C, 0.1 MPa) and activation energy ( E a ) for ascorbic acid degradation reaction varied in the range of 0.004–0.006 per min and 14.22–29.78 kJ/mol, respectively. Within the experimental conditions of the study (300–600 MPa at 30 °C for holding times up to 15 min) high pressure processing did not alter ascorbic acid content (535.5–564.5 mg/kg). Combined pressure-thermal treatment (300–600 MPa at 75–95 °C) degraded ascorbic acid with increasing thermal intensity and was modeled using first order fractional conversion kinetics model. The lower asymptote value ( [ A ] ∞ [ A ] 0 ), rate constants (k 75 -95 ◦C, 600 MPa) and E a were in the range of 77–85%, 0.108 to 0.138 per min and 17.4–43.8 kJ/mol, respectively. Similarly, pressure sensitivity ( Δ V ≠ ) was ∼0 and −2.99 cm3/mol at 30 and 95 °C, respectively. Knowledge gained from the study can be useful for food processors to optimize high pressure treatment conditions for pineapple juice products.
Using an interprofessional flipped classroom educational strategy for developing evidence-based practice knowledge and skills

Abstract Evidence-based practice (EBP) is the standard approach used by healthcare practitioners to provide high quality, patient-centered healthcare. Given that all health professions students require education in both EBP and interprofessional collaboration, we used the advantages of a flipped classroom instructional strategy to provide an interprofessional EBP instruction program. Health professions students who had a clear understanding of their professional roles and had engaged in some clinical experience participated in this pilot program. The program consisted of three online learning modules (3.5 h) and one in-person faculty facilitated interprofessional case-based EBP learning activity (2 h). This program was designed with the following objectives (and assessments): develop students' foundational EBP knowledge and skills (module quizzes); increase students' understanding of health professionals' roles and responsibilities (module quiz); and improve students' attitudes toward interprofessional teamwork and communication (Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale). Program feasibility was also assessed. Student evaluations of the program indicated they learned skills they felt contributed to their successful participation in the in-person activity. Additionally, students reported a better understanding of the benefits and challenges of working in interprofessional teams. Students preferred the flipped classroom approach to a more traditional approach and favored learning in an interprofessional group. The major impact of this program is the potential for health professions students to gain foundational EBP knowledge and skills and experience in interprofessional teams by transitioning uni-professional, traditional EBP instruction to a flipped classroom educational strategy with students from multiple health professions programs.
Alinsky Style Organizing

This chapter provides an overview of how Saul Alinsky’s practices of building democratic power have shaped modern day community organizing. It explains why the Alinsky tradition is useful to the study of community organizations through a description of his enduring core principles of collective power, “native” leadership, and confrontational politics. The chapter makes the case for the continued relevance of Alinsky’s main tenets as well as the need to critique and adapt those methods to new contexts in the 21st century. While it focuses primarily on Alinsky-style organizations, this chapter takes into account a larger ecosystem of organizations and the varying schools of thought that influence the practice of community organizing. It also offers a critique of where Alinsky’s approach falls short in confronting racial and gender barriers to engagement in building power for social change. In addition to exploring the development of Alinsky’s organization, the Industrial Areas Foundation, the chapter features themes of organizational structure and process as they relate to Alinsky’s core principles that are reflected in similar types of organizations. The chapter brings together the theoretical underpinnings of Alinsky’s approach with the practical implications for how community organizing has progressed. It describes where community organizing today diverges from traditional Alinsky-style organizing, especially in trends towards the professionalization of practice, new organizing practices, and the nationalization of grassroots organizing through intermediaries.
Thai Guestworker Export in Decline: The Rise and Fall of the Thailand-Taiwan Migration System:

For decades, rural Thais have been employed as “guestworkers” in the Middle East and Asia. Once the predominate source of guest labor in Taiwan, Thais are being replaced by migrants from other coun...
Here’s an Opportunity: Knowledge Sharing Among Competitors as a Response to Buy-in Uncertainty

Although knowledge sharing among competitors is seemingly counterintuitive, scholars have found that competitors share knowledge under certain conditions: among actors who have a preexisting relati...
"Medical Democracy in a Health Systems Agency: The Role of Staff"

The performance of consumers or laypersons in government programs has been studied extensively, usually from the standpoint of the control exercised by providers or other professionals, or correlatively, what consumers need in order to be on an equal footing with the experts. At stake is lay control -i.e., democracy. This case study of one Health Systems Agency (HSA) in contrast, focuses attention on the crucial role of the HSA staff in the democratization of health care. Outcomes, such as cost-containment and allocation of resources, can be examined in terms of the staff's interests and the constraints of its multi-leveled environment. From this perspective, the recruitment, selection, socialization, promotion, training and control of consumers are seen as important factors in the decisions made by the HSA, and these factors are seen as being greatly influenced by staff members as they seek to achieve a balance of outcomes. The balance of outcomes may include certain material and professional interests of the staff itself. In this process, lay control becomes subordinated. After a short life, Health Systems Agencies (HSAs) are apparently doomed. The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 (P.L. 93641) mandated consumer majorities on the governing bodies and the substantive committees of Health Systems Agencies to carry out the purposes of the Act: viz., to improve the health of residents of the health service area, to increase the accessibility and quality of services and to restrain increases in health care costs, partly by preventing unnecessary duplication of health resources. Consumers are to be broadly representative of the health services area in terms of its geographical, social, economic, and ethnic characteristics. The 1979 amendments to the Act broadened the definition of consumer to include, for example, those who served on hospital boards of trustees, formerly classified as "indirect providers" of health care. Even with this change, however, consumers have been expected to bring a lay perspective to deliberations involving local health planning and, armed with their certificate-of-need power and aided by a staff of professional health planners, to bring the escalation of costs under control. The Reagan administration has announced plans to rapidly phase out the HSAs as part of its overall reduction of federal programs. Scholarly analysis
Cultivation strategy to stimulate high carbohydrate content in Spirulina biomass.

Abstract This study focused on verifying if production of Spirulina biomass with high carbohydrate content is stimulated by reduced supply of nitrogen associated to addition of NaHCO3 or CO2 at different flow rates and times of injection. For this purpose, addition of 0.25 g L−1 of NaNO3 allowed Spirulina to accumulate up to 49.3% (w w−1) of carbohydrates with the highest amount of CO2 (0.3 vvm injected for 5 min). This value reached 59.1% (w w−1) when NaHCO3 was the carbon source. Meanwhile, biomass concentration achieved 0.81 and 0.97 g L−1, respectively. In contrast, protein content was inversely proportional to carbohydrate accumulation in the experiments. Thus, this study represents an important step to define cultivation conditions to enhance carbohydrate content in Spirulina. The carbohydrate-rich biomass could be further fermented to produce bioethanol.
Support Recovery for Orthogonal Matching Pursuit: Upper and Lower bounds

This paper studies the problem of sparse regression where the goal is to learn a sparse vector that best optimizes a given objective function. Under the assumption that the objective function satisfies restricted strong convexity (RSC), we analyze orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP), a greedy algorithm that is used heavily in applications, and obtain support recovery result as well as a tight generalization error bound for OMP. Furthermore, we obtain lower bounds for OMP, showing that both our results on support recovery and generalization error are tight up to logarithmic factors. To the best of our knowledge, these support recovery and generalization bounds are the first such matching upper and lower bounds (up to logarithmic factors) for {\em any} sparse regression algorithm under the RSC assumption.
Experimental Background and Overview

In this chapter I present an introduction to the field of ultracold polar molecules, which is less than a decade old. By extending the techniques that have been developed for ultracold atoms, I describe how a molecular quantum gas can be produced. I then describe the first generation JILA KRb apparatus, it’s move into the new X-wing of JILA in 2012, and the laser systems that have been in use on both the first and second generation KRb machines since the move.
Chesapeake Bay Dissolved Oxygen Criterion Attainment Deficit: Three Decades of Temporal and Spatial Patterns.

Low dissolved oxygen (DO) conditions are a recurring issue in waters of Chesapeake Bay, with detrimental effects on aquatic living resources. The Chesapeake Bay Program partnership has developed criteria guidance supporting the definition of state water quality standards and associated assessment procedures for DO and other parameters, which provides a binary classification of attainment or impairment. Evaluating time series of these two outcomes alone, however, provides limited information on water quality change over time or space. Here we introduce an extension of the existing Chesapeake Bay water quality criterion assessment framework to quantify the amount of impairment shown by space-time exceedance of DO criterion (“attainment deficit”) for a specific tidal management unit (i.e., segment). We demonstrate the usefulness of this extended framework by applying it to Bay segments for each three-year assessment period between 1985 and 2016. In general, the attainment deficit for the most recent period assessed (i.e., 2014-2016) is considerably worse for deep channel (DC; n = 10) segments than open water (OW; n = 92) and deep water (DW; n = 18) segments. Most subgroups -- classified by designated uses, salinity zones, or tributary systems -- show better (or similar) attainment status in 2014-2016 than their initial status (1985-1987). Some significant temporal trends (p < 0.1) were detected, presenting evidence on the recovery for portions of Chesapeake Bay with respect to DO criterion attainment. Significant, improving trends were observed in seven OW segments, four DW segments, and one DC segment over the 30 three-year assessment periods (1985-2016). Likewise, significant, improving trends were observed in 15 OW, five DW, and four DC segments over the recent 15 assessment periods (2000-2016). Subgroups showed mixed trends, with the Patuxent, Nanticoke, and Choptank Rivers experiencing significant, improving short-term (2000-2016) trends while Elizabeth experiencing a significant, degrading short-term trend. The general lack of significantly improving trends across the Bay suggests that further actions will be necessary to achieve full attainment of water quality standards. Insights revealed in this work are critical for understanding the dynamics of the Bay ecosystem and for further assessing the effectiveness of management initiatives aimed toward Bay restoration.
Case 3: Severe Anemia in a Term Newborn

A term 2,935-g appropriate for gestational age boy is born to a 22-year-old gravida 2, para 1001 woman at 38 and 1/7 weeks' gestation via an induced vaginal delivery. She received regular prenatal care and is followed closely during her pregnancy for maternal isoimmunization. The mother’s laboratory tests reveal a blood type of AB, Rh negative, human immunodeficiency virus types I and II nonreactive, hepatitis B antigen nonreactive, rapid plasma reagin negative, and rubella immune. Her antibody screen is positive for warm autoantibodies to G and C with a combined titer of 1:64. Prenatal ultrasonography at 20 weeks notes a left atrophic multicystic kidney, a normal right kidney, and no other congenital anomalies. The mother is monitored with serial ultrasonography, revealing a stable, normal-range middle cerebral artery Doppler until 32 weeks' gestation. Her 32-week ultrasonography demonstrates a middle cerebral artery of 1.9 multiples of median. Amniocentesis yields a bilirubin level of 0.022 OD 450 nm, corresponding to zone 1 on the Liley curve, indicating mild or no disease. At 38 and 1/7 weeks the mother is noted to have a nonreactive nonstress test. Delivery is induced, and she proceeds to have an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. After delivery, delayed cord clamping is performed for 45 seconds. The infant has a weak cry, but with adequate respiratory effort. A saturation probe is placed, revealing oxygen saturation of 52%. …
Groundwater Recharge and Aquifer Water Budgets

Adding additional freshwater to aquifers that are depleted is usually inherently beneficial. However, it is important to have a quantitative understanding of the magnitude, duration, and location of actual hydrological benefits of proposed and operational managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems. MAR and unmanaged and unintentional recharge need to be considered in the context of aquifer water budgets, which are essentially accounts of all water flows into and out of an aquifer during a specified period of time. Increased recharge may not increase the volume of stored water if the additional recharged water is lost to increased discharge, reduced natural recharge, or groundwater pumping. Some water budget elements are poorly constrained such as actual evapotranspiration and discharge rates and groundwater pumpage in unmetered areas.
Member spotlight: Briana Morrison

In this feature of the Bulletin, we highlight members of the SIGCSE community. In this issue, Bulletin co-editor Jeffrey Miller interviewed Briana Morrison.
[13pp]Worker Protection Standard: Additional Requirements for Agricultural Employers of Workers

In 1992, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a comprehensive regulation called the Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides (WPS). This regulation is primarily intended to reduce the risks of illness or injury to workers and handlers resulting from occupational exposures to pesticides used in the production of agricultural plants on agricultural establishments (i.e., farms, forests, nurseries and enclosed space production facilities, such as greenhouses). The WPS requires agricultural employers to take steps to reduce pesticide-related risks when agricultural workers and pesticide handlers are exposed to these pesticides. The EPA has made several changes to the WPS since it was fully implemented in 1995. On November 2, 2015, the EPA revised the WPS, making significant changes to the rule’s requirements. Most of the revised provisions will become effective January 2, 2017; there are four provisions that are delayed until January 2, 2018. In late 2016, the EPA released the revised “How to Comply Manual” to provide an updated resource. The entire document is posted on their website at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/htcmanual_final.pdf. This document will address the additional requirements for agricultural employers of workers under the revised WPS.
A Randomized Phase 2 Study of Pembrolizumab With or Without Radiation in Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma.

Purpose We evaluated the safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab (pembro) ± radiation therapy (RT) in a phase 2 study among patients with progressive, metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Methods and Materials Eligible patients had metastatic ACC with progression within the last year and ≥1 measurable lesion. Patients were randomized to pembro alone or with RT to 30 Gy in 5 fractions (pembroRT). The primary endpoint was objective response rate outside the RT field. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and local RT responses. Results We randomized 20 patients (10 per arm) from 2017 to 2018. We did not observe objective response outside of the radiation treatment field; stable disease (SD) was the best response in 12 (60%) patients and was not different per arm (7 pembro, 5 pembroRT, P = .65). A tumor growth rate decrease (TGR) of >25% was noted among 7 of 12 patients and >75% in 4 patients. There were local responses in the irradiated field among all evaluable pembroRT patients. Median PFS and OS were 4.5/not reached for pembroRT and 6.6 / 27.2 months for pembro patients. One patient developed grade 3 liver enzyme elevation after 27 cycles of therapy. Correlative analyses confirm low levels of programmed death-ligand 1 expression (PD-L1), and CD8 infiltrating T-cells. We identified associations between local response and both MYB/NFIB translocation and PD-L1 expression and between changes in systemic immune populations and RT. Conclusions Pembrolizumab and pembroRT were well tolerated. We observed no objective responses, but 60% of patients with PD before the study achieved SD, the majority with decreased TGR and half (n = 10) with clinical benefit (SD >6 months). We observed favorable local responses within the RT field. Additional strategies are needed to further delay progression and effect response.
Molecular dynamics study on interface formation and bond strength of impact-welded Mg-steel joints

Abstract It was recently demonstrated that the vaporizing foil actuator welding (VFAW) method can directly join immiscible magnesium and steel alloys without coating or a third chemical element based intermetallic compound layer. The VFAW Mg/steel joint exhibits a mixed interface layer of up to 200 μ m thickness consisting of Mg matrix and Fe particles. Multi-scale process simulations have suggested the formation of the interlayer is from the high-velocity frictional shearing between the Mg/steel substrates during the oblique impact in the VFAW process. This paper investigates the formation of Mg-Fe interlayer under VFAW condition with different shearing velocities using molecular dynamics (MD) models, and studies the bonding strength under different scenarios. The results elucidate the critical role of shearing velocity and surface roughness in achieving desirable Mg/Fe joint.
Leveraging Zebrafish To Study Bona Fide Astrocytes

In a recent study, Chen and colleagues demonstrated that zebrafish spinal cord radial glia differentiate into cells that are similar to mammalian astrocytes. This study highlights the validity of the zebrafish model for discovering molecular mechanisms governing astrocyte function.
Vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell galvanotactic response and differential migratory behavior.

Abstract Chronic disease or injury of the vasculature impairs the functionality of vascular wall cells particularly in their ability to migrate and repair vascular surfaces. Under pathologic conditions, vascular endothelial cells (ECs) lose their non-thrombogenic properties and decrease their motility. Alternatively, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) may increase motility and proliferation, leading to blood vessel luminal invasion. Current therapies to prevent subsequent blood vessel occlusion commonly mechanically injure vascular cells leading to endothelial denudation and smooth muscle cell luminal migration. Due to this dichotomous migratory behavior, a need exists for modulating vascular cell growth and migration in a more targeted manner. Here, we examine the efficacy of utilizing small direct current electric fields to influence vascular cell-specific migration (“galvanotaxis”). We designed, fabricated, and implemented an in vitro chamber for tracking vascular cell migration direction, distance, and displacement under galvanotactic influence of varying magnitude. Our results indicate that vascular ECs and SMCs have differing responses to galvanotaxis; ECs exhibit a positive correlation of anodal migration while SMCs exhibit minimal change in directional migration in relation to the electric field direction. SMCs exhibit less motility response (i.e. distance traveled in 4 h) compared to ECs, but SMCs show a significantly higher motility at low electric potentials (80 mV/cm). With further investigation and translation, galvanotaxis may be an effective solution for modulation of vascular cell-specific migration, leading to enhanced endothelialization, with coordinate reduced smooth muscle in-migration.
Development of nitride microLEDs and displays

Abstract As the original inventors, it is fascinating to witness that scaling the size of standard light emitting diodes (LEDs) down to micron length scales has created such immense new research and commercialization opportunities. Today, microLED is recognized as the ultimate display technology and is one of the fastest-growing technologies in the world as technology giants utilize it on a wide range of products from large flat panel displays and televisions, wearable displays, 3D/augmented reality/virtual reality (3D/AR/VR) displays, to light source for neural interface and optogenetics. This chapter provides a brief review of early and recent developments and current challenges in research, applications, and prospective uses of microLEDs. The basic III-nitride microLED material structures, fabrication processes and characteristics are discussed. The realization of the first active driving InGaN full-sale high-resolution monochrome microdisplay in video graphics array format (640 × 480 pixels) capable of delivering video graphics images is described. The invention of single-chip high-voltage AC- and DC LEDs based on microLED or mini-LED array technology for general illumination and solid-state lighting applications is reviewed. Recent efforts toward the realization of full color microdisplays are examined. It is anticipated that the collective R&D efforts worldwide will bring microLED products not only to the mass consumer electronics markets, but also to serve the society on the broadest scale by encompassing sectors in medical/health, energy, transportation, communications, and entertainment.
CFD-Based Evaluation of Elevated Coastal Residential Buildings under Hurricane Wind Loads

Abstract Many elevated houses in coastal areas have suffered serious wind-induced damage during hurricanes; this indicates the need for better understanding of the performance of elevated homes sub...
Xunzi and the “Great Pattern”

Xunzi was chronologically third of the three great Confucian philosophers of the classical period, following Confucius and Mencius. I have elsewhere argued for a constructivist, as opposed to a realist, interpretation of Xunzi’s philosophy. On the constructivist account, sages and exemplary persons are responsible for the contingent social artifice that characterize the way. Unlike realism, according to which there is just one right way, constructivism is compatible with pluralism. This article responds to the work of Aaron Stalnaker, specifically his critique of the constructivist account as it pertains to the concept li 理 (pattern). Stalnaker appeals to Xunzi’s use of the phrase “dali” 大理, which he translates “the Great Pattern.” Stalnaker also emphasizes certain passages that he believes suggest a realist interpretation of Xunzi. I explain why this issue is fundamentally about whether or not Xunzi’s view presupposes transcendence, and then I explain why neither the passages Stalnaker emphasizes nor Xunzi’s use of the phrase dali strongly suggest a transcendent realism. Finally, I highlight other passages that tend to suggest a constructivist interpretation. While a decisive conclusion cannot be drawn, I argue that, on the whole, the constructivist account appears to provide the more consistent interpretation of Xunzi’s worldview.
Valorization of wastes and by-products from the meat industry

Abstract Meat animal waste and by-products are produced and lost or wasted along the entire meat supply chain from initial agricultural production to final human consumption at the household level. Food losses refer to the decrease in edible food mass throughout the part of the supply chain that specifically leads to edible food for human consumption. Food losses take place at the production, postharvest, and processing stages in the food supply chain. Adding value to meat by-products or animal waste for high-priced ingredients, biologics, and food delicacies offers new opportunities for the meat industry on a global scale. It is no longer acceptable to dispose of or discard meat animal by-products and wastes without thoughtful consideration of converting these raw materials for economic benefits for new products development and functional ingredients with significant added value. It is desirable to process all by-products into valuable products, for human foods, pet foods, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals, or fertilizer, and lately for biodiesel generation. New technologies and uses for meat by-products have been developed around the world but most often they are difficult to be implemented. Adding value to meat by-products implies a degree of innovation that makes a by-product that could be considered as waste useable as a raw material subjected to further processing into edible food items desirable to consumers or inedible products with economic profitability. While increasing animal meat for food production is paramount to meeting the future global demand for high-quality protein, challenges remains to reduce meat animal waste and by-products by tapping into the potential to use research and innovation for adding value to animal by-products far beyond their usual profitability. Efficient solutions must exist along the whole meat supply chain, for reducing total amounts of food lost and wasted.
Fisheries Management Laws and Regulations

One would hope, after many years of data gathering and planning, that a fisheries management program could be put into effect without a fight or receiving undeserved abusive remarks and threats. The following comments taken from a 1981 paper by S. Wright of the Washington Department of Fisheries are a good example of what fishery managers must cope with.
Transcriptional Control in the l-Arabinose Operon of Escherichia coli B/r

The structural genes involved in l-arabinose metabolism are regulated by the protein product of the araC gene. This protein functions as both an activator and repressor of enzyme synthesis in this gene complex. Using lambdah80dara deoxyribonucleic acid in hybridization studies, we have shown that the ara operon, including structural genes araB, araA, and araD, is transcribed in the direction araB to araD and that initiation of transcription of these genes requires an active araC gene. The half-life of this message, approximately 3 min at 30 C, is the same in the presence or absence of the araC protein in the activator state. However, an unexplained 2-min lag in decay of ara messenger ribonucleic acid that does not occur in decay of lac messenger ribonucleic acid is observed. This lag period requires activated araC protein.
Modeling of NASA's 30/20 GHz satellite communications system

NASA is in the process of developing technology for a 30/20 GHz satellite communications link. Currently hardware is being assembled for a test transponder. A simulation package is being developed to study the link performance in the presence of interference and noise. This requires developing models for the components of the system. This paper describes techniques used to model the components for which data is available. Results of experiments performed using these models are described. A brief overview of NASA's 30/20 GHz communications satellite program is also included.
Satisfaction and Coordination in Virtual Communities

The concept of virtual communities and organizations has received much attention in recent times as a new organizational form which increases the independence and flexibility of individuals. However, these communities present challenges with regards to management, social interaction and structure which could affect the overall satisfaction levels of participants within these communities. The goal of this study is to identify some factors related to member satisfaction in open source projects. We investigate the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors, project coordination, project characteristics and group trust, on the intrinsic and extrinsic levels of satisfaction of members in the community. A pilot study was conducted in which members of open source software communities were surveyed via a questionnaire. The results offer some insights into the attitudes and behaviors of members of the communities. Practical implications, limitations and future research are provided.
Human workload in aviation

The application of human-factors analysis techniques to the evaluation of aircraft-crew workloads is discussed in an introductory overview. Consideration is given to the importance of workload for safety, crew size, automation, and certification; the definition and measurement of workload, physical vs mental workloads, subjective ratings, secondary tasks, biocybernetic measures, and attention and workload. Recent studies of pilot and ATC workloads are reviewed, and typical data are presented in graphs. Future trends are discussed, and it is predicted that increased cockpit automation will eventually require new methods to maintain operator attention rather than reduce workload.
The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Then and Now

Structural and functional studies indicate the important role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in excitation-contraction coupling in smooth and striated muscles, as well as a similar Ca2+ signalling function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in non-muscle cells. Electron probe analysis directly established the SR/ER of smooth muscle as a sink and source of Ca2+, while immunoelectron and immunofluorescence microscopy showed both inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and ryanodine receptors localized to its membranes. Structural relationships, some yet to have fully determined functions, occur between the mitochondria and the SR, and the junctional SR and plasma membrane. Ca2+ is released by stimuli that generate InsP3 indicating the primary role of InsP3 receptors in Ca2+-release in smooth, although not in striated, muscle. Pathological mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake occurs at high [Ca2+]i similarly in both muscle and non-muscle cells. Based on newer evidence, earlier experimental results obtained with fluorescent Ca2+ indicators and related to phasic and tonic components of contraction can now be reinterpreted. Electron energy loss spectroscopy for high-resolution Ca2+ imaging and flash photolysis of caged agonists for exploration of the rapid kinetics of Ca2+ release from the SR are currently being explored.
Keratinization of the avian epidermis: an ultrastructural study of the newborn chick skin

The newborn chick skin was studied in the light and electron microscopes in an effort to obtain information about the differentiation products of epidermal cells and sequential events which lead to the formation of the horny layer. Filaments are relatively few in both basal and differentiating cells. The cytoplasm undergoes compartmentalization during cell differentiation, and specific products are formed sequentially within segregated areas. In the cortical part of the cytoplasm a fine filamentous network appears upon which keratohyalin is later deposited. In the central part of the cytoplasm numerous large lipid droplets are formed by participation of an agranular reticulum and the Golgi system. Many multigranular bodies are also formed which contain several lamellated granules. When the cells enter the horny stage, the nucleus and the synthetic organelles are decomposed, the plasma membrane thickens, and the cell content consists of lipid surrounded by a fibrous-amorphous mass. These observations indicate that the pathway of differentiation the chick epidermal cells follow is different from that seen in mammals, and the protective horny cells are both structurally and chemically different from those of other vertebrates.
Integrating logic programs and schemata

(orn clause/Schema Representation Language) is the result of an athor to combine the- tools of logic program-niinp. and schema based knowledge represention into a single hybrid system. knowledge, compressed in schemala can be accessed during; the execution of logic programs, and the retrieval of the values of a SLOT in a schema can involve- the execution of logic programs that attempt. to declare the- values prior to presenting- to inheritence, should the slot be empty. ISRI. supports the implementation of programs that take advantage of the best controles. of the logical and objec oriented approaches to knowledge represenlation.
High-Fidelity Simulation: A Tool for Occupational Therapy Education

High-fidelity simulation (HFS) is an educational tool commonly used by professional education programs of medicine and nursing for student training and assessment. Although its use in occupational therapy (OT) education is emerging, implementation of simulation in OT education varies broadly across programs, and, in general, the tool remains underused. This paper describes how the OT education program at Samuel Merritt University (SMU) has systematically expanded the use of HFS in various formats throughout the curriculum. The specific processes and procedures of using HFS in facilitating student critical thinking and clinical skills are explained to emphasize the potential educational value of HFS. Although student responses to simulation have been positive, methodical studies are needed to validate the use of this teaching and learning tool in OT education. The paper also suggests additional ideas for implementing aspects of HFS based on various levels of resources available to an OT education program.
Total synthesis of vinblastine, vincristine, related natural products, and key structural analogues.

Full details of the development of a direct coupling of catharanthine with vindoline to provide vinblastine are described along with key mechanistic and labeling studies. Following an Fe(III)-promoted coupling reaction initiated by generation of a presumed catharanthine radical cation that undergoes a subsequent oxidative fragmentation and diastereoselective coupling with vindoline, addition of the resulting reaction mixture to an Fe(III)−NaBH4/air solution leads to oxidation of the C15′−C20′ double bond and reduction of the intermediate iminium ion directly providing vinblastine (40−43%) and leurosidine (20−23%), its naturally occurring C20′ alcohol isomer. The yield of coupled products, which exclusively possess the natural C16′ stereochemistry, approaches or exceeds 80% and the combined yield of the isomeric C20′ alcohols is >60%. Preliminary studies of Fe(III)−NaBH4/air oxidation reaction illustrate a generalizable trisubstituted olefin scope, identify alternatives to O2 trap at the oxidized carbon, p...
Job sequencing with fuzzy processing times

Abstract In practice, processing times can be more accurately represented as intervals with the most probable completion time somewhere near the middle of the interval. A fuzzy number which is essentially a generalized interval can represent this processing time interval exactly and naturally. In this work, triangular and trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used to represent those vague job processing times in job shop production systems. The job sequencing algorithms of Johnson and Ignall and Schrage are modified to accept fuzzy job processing times. Fuzzy makespans and fuzzy mean flow times are then calculated for greater decision-making information. Numerous examples are used to illustrate the approach.
Density functional methods and the spatial distribution of electronic charge

Abstract The effect of density functional (DFT) methods upon the form of the electronic charge ditribution is analyzed at the molecular and atomic levels by comparison of the perturbation these functionals make to the HF/DZP density distribution with the changes MP2 electron correlation produce. The density functional methods mimic MP2 densities near and within the valence shell regions, contracting charge towards the nucleus of heavy atoms. The outer distribution outside the valence regions, are not well mimicked, with MP2 polarizing charge away from the nucleus while the DFT techniques contract charge towards the nucleus. The DFT methods mimic the ‘MP2-like’ polarizations in the inner regions of atoms by pushing charge into areas with higher gradients of the charge density in order to lower the total energy of the systems as directed by the form of the functionals. In the outer regions, where there is no corresponding energetic motive, charge is not polarized away from the atoms. This would suggest that the DFT procedures would not be as successful as MP2 in predicting properties based upon the outer charge distribution of molecules, e.g., inter-molecular complexes and hyperpolarizabilities.
Expression of HLA by the human trabecular meshwork and corneal endothelium

By using immunohistochemical techniques, we demonstrated that HLA class I (A, B and C) and HLA class II (DR), the major histocompatibility antigens in man, are expressed constitutively by cells of the trabecular meshwork/Schlemm's canal system and corneal endothelium, as well as by the conjunctival epithelium, Langerhans cells, vascular endothelium and uvea. Because clinical studies indicate that these antigens are involved in mediating corneal graft rejection and possibly in glaucomatous disease of the eye, the presence of both class I and II HLA in the corneal endothelium and in the trabecular cells has important implications for an understanding of immune disorders in the anterior segment of the eye. The presence of HLA on trabecular cells raises the possibility that these antigens potentiate the recognized role of Langerhans cells at the limbus and that they participate in, and/or regulate, the maintenance and defense of the aqueous outflow pathway. Our findings also open up the possibility of using HLA as a genetic marker in the determination of susceptibility to these disorders in man.
Cellular uptake of taurine by lactating porcine mammary tissue.

Abstract Milk taurine plays a critical role in neonatal development. Taurine uptake in lactating sow mammary tissue has not been characterized previously. The kinetic properties, ion dependence and substrate specificity of taurine uptake were characterized in mammary tissue collected from lactating sows at slaughter. Tissue explants were incubated in an isosmotic physiologic buffer with [ 3 H]taurine tracer to measure taurine uptake. Taurine uptake was dependent upon the presence of extracellular sodium and chloride ions, which is consistent with the co-transport of sodium and chloride with taurine. Uptake was not dependent upon ion exchange mechanisms or upon furosemide-sensitive ion co-transport. Taurine uptake was saturable and exhibited an apparent K m of 20 μM and a V max of 386 μmol/kg cell water/30 min. Substrate specificity studies indicated a strong interaction of β-amino acids with the taurine transport system. Taurine transport in lactating sow mammary tissue is therefore a high affinity, sodium-dependent mechanism specific for β-amino acids, and is analogous to sodium-dependent taurine uptake in other tissues. The high affinity and high specificity of the taurine uptake system allows for concentration of taurine within the mammary cell and is ultimately responsible for provision of taurine required for neonatal development.
Security Tagging for a Zero-Kernel Operating System

Hardware-based security tagging schemes are promising mechanisms for enhancing the security of computer systems. The idea behind security tagging schemes is to attach labels to memory locations and/or registers to carry security information about the tagged data throughout the system. These tags are then used to protect system and user software from attacks and invalid information access. Researchers have also proposed using a ``zero-kernel operating system'' (ZKOS), a run-time kernel that avoids expensive context switches, by utilizing tags for access control. This paper evaluates key features of RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems), which is a single user multiple thread executive, and proposes a new hardware-based tagging scheme focused on securing RTEMS as a ZKOS and instantiates the tagging scheme for programs written in 'C'.