cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Minimizing the discrepancy between implant platform and alveolar bone for tilted implants with a sloped implant platform: A clinical report

In a patient with edentulism, distally tilted implants with a novel sloped implant platform were used to minimize the discrepancy between the implant platform and alveolar bone crest and to restore complete-arch monolithic zirconia implant-supported fixed prostheses.
Optimism, Pessimism, Audit Uncertainty, and Tax Compliance

As the tax authority releases or withholds relevant information, it decrease or increases the extent of uncertainty about the audit probability taxpayers perceive, affecting their reporting behavior and expected tax revenues. The effects of an increase in enforcement uncertainty on the expected tax revenues depend on taxpayer pessimism or optimism and on additional information about the audit probability taxpayers receive. The expected tax revenues tend to increase in response to an increase in audit uncertainty, and the tax authority would have little incentive to release more information to the extent that it cares about tax revenues.
Physiological and Biomechanical Mechanisms of Distance Specific Human Running Performance

Running events range from 60-m sprints to ultra-marathons covering 100 miles or more, which presents an interesting diversity in terms of the parameters for successful performance. Here, we review the physiological and biomechanical variations underlying elite human running performance in sprint to ultramarathon distances. Maximal running speeds observed in sprint disciplines are achieved by high vertical ground reaction forces applied over short contact times. To create this high force output, sprint events rely heavily on anaerobic metabolism, as well as a high number and large cross-sectional area of type II fibers in the leg muscles. Middle distance running performance is characterized by intermediates of biomechanical and physiological parameters, with the possibility of unique combinations of each leading to high-level performance. The relatively fast velocities in mid-distance events require a high mechanical power output, though ground reaction forces are less than in sprinting. Elite mid-distance runners exhibit local muscle adaptations that, along with a large anaerobic capacity, provide the ability to generate a high power output. Aerobic capacity starts to become an important aspect of performance in middle distance events, especially as distance increases. In distance running events, V˙O2max is an important determinant of performance, but is relatively homogeneous in elite runners. V˙O2 and velocity at lactate threshold have been shown to be superior predictors of elite distance running performance. Ultramarathons are relatively new running events, as such, less is known about physiological and biomechanical parameters that underlie ultra-marathon performance. However, it is clear that performance in these events is related to aerobic capacity, fuel utilization, and fatigue resistance.
University Advertising and Universality in Messaging

University and college institutional advertisements, which typically are broadcast as public service announcements during the halftime of football games, were the subject of a quantitative analysis focused on commonality in messaging and employment of the semiotic theory of brand advertising. Findings indicate advertisements focus on students’ social lives at the expense of depictions related to an academic focus and that, at statistically significant levels, smaller universities are more likely than large ones to depict their research as having an impact beyond their own campus. Findings suggest that institutions recruit out-of-state students in pursuit of revenue rather than using the advertisements in service of efforts to raise funds.
Studies of mechanisms and characteristics of the fluorescence enhancement on anodic aluminum oxide thin film

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) thin film recently has been found as a new type of fluorescence enhancement nanomaterial. However, the mechanisms of the AAO thin film for the fluorescence enhancement have not been completely understood. Herein, the studies of its mechanisms are reported. Based on the experimental and modeling results, it has been found that the main contributing factor to the fluorescence enhancement is probably the plasmonic Al nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in the film, while the nanopore size and porosity of AAO thin film have a limited contribution. The characteristics of the enhancement have also been studied. It has been found that the enhancement is highly related to the gap between the fluorophore and the surface of the AAO thin film. Different excitation wavelength also results in different fluorescence enhancement. Using a simple model with a layer of Al NPs uniformly distributed in the thin film, the calculated enhancement factor of electric field and characteristics of the fluorescence enhancement match the experimental results.
Investment planning applied to power systems using real options analysis

viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Thesis Organization 2 1.3 Summary of
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The MMPI, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, was developed in the 1940s as a means of evaluating mental health problems in psychiatric and medical settings. The test authors considered it crucial in evaluating patients' problems to ask them about what they felt and thought. The MMPI is a self-report inventory that includes a very broad range of problems and was developed according to rigorous empirical research methods. The MMPI rapidly became the standard personality instrument in clinical settings. The MMPI was revised and modernized in 1989 and titled the MMPI-2. It is the most widely used and researched clinical personality instrument in use in the USA, and has been translated and adapted in many other languages and cultures. The MMPI-2 provides the test user with scores on a number of scales that address important clinical problem areas, such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, in addition to providing information that allows the practitioner to appraise the client's willingness and frankness to self-disclose information in the appraisal. When the client's cooperation in the assessment is assured then the MMPI-2 clinical measures can be effective in delineating the mental health symptoms and personality traits, and special problems that the client is likely to be experiencing.
Abstract LB-049: Cancer stem cell-produced lysophosphatidic acid reprograms surrounding tumor cells to a stem-like state

Within a tumor, cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small yet highly aggressive, metastatic population that enhances the progression of the surrounding non-CSCs. Here we define lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as a primary factor produced by pancreatic CSCs that converts non-CSCs to a stem-like fate. LPA promotes increased anchorage independence, drug resistance, self-renewal and stem gene expression including Oct4 and Nanog. Cancer stem cells were found to express high levels of the LPA producing enzyme cPLA2 explaining their production of LPA. Pancreatic cancer cells exposed to the drug Gemcitabine showed a dramatic upregulation of the LPA receptor 4 enabling the cells to become drug resistant and tolerant to a range of microenvironmental stresses. These finding indicate that LPA is a bioactive lipid produced by CSCs that converts surround pancreatic tumor cells to a highly aggressive state. Therapeutic intervention and/or microenvironmental stress will induce non-CSCs to express LPA Receptor 4, thereby making them stress tolerant and drug resistant. Evidence is provided that targeting the LPA receptor pathway may reverse this paracrine effect and thereby reverse cancer progression and drug resistance. Citation Format: Taha Rakhshandehroo, Jiali Tan, Brandon Grosshart, David Cheresh. Cancer stem cell-produced lysophosphatidic acid reprograms surrounding tumor cells to a stem-like state [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-049.
“Bulwark of Democracy”: Optimism and Identity at Sterling College in the War Years

Julich offers a detailed analysis of Sterling College during World War II, arguing that support for the war effort served as a means of expressing Sterling’s commitment to a liberal arts education that was thoroughly Christian, thus standing as a “bulwark of democracy” amid the rising specter of fascism. Julich explores how the experiences of the Depression and the Dust Bowl era in Kansas informed the school’s response to the challenges of wartime under the stalwart, fiscally responsible, and revered pastoral figure of President Hugh Kelsey. Drawing primarily on college newspapers and alumni magazines, Julich asserts that the war helped to sharpen the identity of the college and forged a sense of hope for a promising future at war’s end.
OMI surface UV irradiance in the continental United States: quality assessment, trend analysis, and sampling issues

Abstract. Surface full-sky erythemal dose rate (EDR) from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) at both satellite overpass time and local noon time are evaluated against ground measurements at 31 sites from USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program over the period of 2005–2017. We find that both OMI overpass time and local solar noon EDR are highly correlated with the measured counterparts (R = 0.88). Although the comparison statistics are improved with longer time window used for pairing surface and OMI measurements, OMI data overall has ~ 4 % underestimate for overpass EDR while ~ 8 % overestimate for the solar noon time EDR. The biases are analyzed regarding the spatial and temporal data collocation, the effects of solar zenith angle (SZA), clouds and the assumption of constant atmospheric conditions. The difference between OMI overpass EDR and ground observation shows some moderate dependence on SZA and the bias could be up to −30 % with SZA greater than ~ 65°. In addition, the ratio of EDR between solar noon to overpass time is often (95 % in frequency) larger than 1 from OMI products; in contrast, this ratio from ground observation is shown to be normally distributed around 1. This contrast suggests that the current OMI surface UV algorithm would not fully represent the real atmosphere with the assumption of a constant atmospheric profile between noon and satellite overpass times. The viability of surface UV in terms of peak UV frequency is also studied. Both OMI Noon_FS and ground peak EDR show a high frequency of occurrence of ~ 20 mW m −2 over the period of 2005–2017. However, another high frequency of ~ 200 mW m −2 occurs in OMI solar noon EDR while the ground peak values show the high frequency around 220 mW m −2 , implying that the OMI solar noon time may not always represent the peak daily UV values. Lastly, OMI full-sky solar noon EDR shows statistically significant positive trends in parts of the northeastern U.S., the Ohio River Valley region and California. However, the UV trends estimated from ground-based network using two sampling methods (one corresponds to the OMI noon time and one averages all the data in a day) show significant negative trends in the Northeast and the Ohio River Valley region, which is consistent with the increase of absorption aerosol optical depth as revealed by OMI aerosol product in these regions. No statistically-significant trend can be found for OMI columnar O3 or cloud optical depth. The future surface UV data estimated with better spatial and temporal resolution obtained from geostationary satellites would help resolve these discrepancies found in the biases and estimated surface UV trends.
Dissolution behavior of cobalt in iodine/iodide solutions

The dissolution kinetics of cobalt in iodine/iodide solutions were investigated using a rotating-disc technique. Variables studied included temperature, rotating speed, concentration of lixiviants and the pH of the solution. The overall dissolution reaction appeared to be limited by the mass transfer of tri-iodide through the diffusion boundary layer with an Arrhenius activation energy of 8, the dissolution rate decreased dramatically, due to passivation. The rate of dissolution was in good agreement with the dissolution model developed by the authors earlier.
Bretton Woods and the Financial Crisis of 1971 (a) and (B) (Abridged)

In August 1971, US President Richard Nixon must decide how to respond to a growing “run” on the US dollar. Declining confidence in the dollar has led some national trading partners to redeem dollars for gold at the US Treasury's gold window. Nixon has convened an urgent conference with his economic advisers at Camp David to consider a response. The two dominant policy alternatives are (a) gradual intervention proposed by central banker, Arthur Burns; and (b) “shock treatment” (devaluation of the dollar by abandoning the commitment under the Bretton Woods Agreement to convert dollars into gold at the rate of $35/ounce) proposed by Treasury Secretary John Connally. The task for the student is to assess the situation and recommend a course of action.The A case describes the Bretton Woods system, the run on the dollar, and Nixon's policy dilemma. The B case gives the text of Nixon's 1971 address outlining his New Economic Policy. This A and B abridged case, which has been taught successfully in Darden in-person and online classes, shortens the total presentation by eliminating some of the quoted material; the student task in this case is to analyze Nixon's decision and decide on next steps. The C case presents a brief epilogue. Excerpt UVA-F-1837 Rev. Jul. 21, 2020 Bretton Woods and the Financial Crisis of 1971 (A) and (B) (Abridged) This could be the most important weekend in the history of economics since March 4, 1933. —Herbert Stein, Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, August 13, 1971 On August 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon addressed the nation to introduce a New Economic Policy that would dramatically change the stance of the United States in international monetary affairs. This policy—reached after a dramatic debate among advisers—would impose a special import tax surcharge and suspend the convertibility of dollars for gold. These actions would abandon the Bretton Woods agreement that had underpinned global finance since 1945. Before his speech, Nixon reflected upon why a new policy was necessary and what had changed in the world to warrant a new policy. How would US voters and foreign trading partners respond to this new policy? . . .
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A PATIENT WITH GENE POSITIVE HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a commonly used drug that has been linked to drug-induced cardiomyopathy. A 57 year old female with a history of systemic lupus erythematosus (stable on HCQ for 30 years) and known MYBPC3 gene positive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) presented with decompensated heart
Comparative studies on the fine structure of motor units

The problem in the consideration of the comparative aspects of motor units is that of determining whether muscle response is due to one given mechanism involving components of like structure, or to several mechanisms and unlike components in both nerve and muscle. Not long ago this problem was considered essentially physiologic, i. e., that variation in muscle response depended upon differences in mode of innervation of fixed muscle types and also upon the inherent properties of contractile substances.It is now evident that modifications occur in the fundamental intracellular components in relation to specific functional differences, and that differences exist among axons and neuromuscular junctions, as well as among muscle fibers.
Record-Breaking Performance in a 70-Year-Old Marathoner

Oxygen Intake in 70-Year-Old Marathoner This letter presents data suggesting that a master athlete’s ability to maintain a remarkably high percentage of maximum oxygen uptake played a role in enabl...
Human Nature and the Nature of Teaching

I believe that the worse social and cultural circumstances become, the more desperately and dangerously reactive formal education tends to become. Specifically, the more dreadful the conditions of youngsters become because of parental neglect and abandonment, by exposure to domestic and street violence and political terror, by uprootedness and dispossession, by discrimination and hopelessness and lack of opportunity, by the threat of disease the worse circumstances become for those we are charged and dedicated to teach the greater the likelihood that formal education will become overwhelmingly reactive. The more reactive formal education becomes, the more susceptible it becomes to progressively more desperate measures, however badly conceived they may be. I believe that little in the way of a sound individual life, or a sound institution, or a sound profession, or a sound way of life can be framed out of mere reaction. For soundness, something more is needed. And I will argue that, in the case of true professionalism in education, the liberal arts are one such need, not only as a bulwark against panicky bad judgment but also as a spring of constancy with judicious flexibility, and of selfdirected vision and purpose. My claim that dreadful circumstances tend to reduce formal education to reaction, to desperate efforts to retard or reverse grievous social phenomena, and that the liberal arts are both a bulwark against panic and
Neutral analogs of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) inhibitor, JG-98

Abstract The heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) family of molecular chaperones are highly expressed in tumors. Inhibitors containing a pyridinium-modified benzothiazole, such as JG-98, bind to a conserved, allosteric site in Hsp70, showing promising anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells. When bound to Hsp70, the charged pyridinium makes favorable contacts; however, this moiety also increases the inhibitor’s fluorescence, giving rise to undesirable interference in biochemical and cell-based assays. Here, we explore whether the pyridinium can be replaced with a neutral pyridine. We report that pyridine-modified benzothiazoles, such as compound 17h (JG2-38), have reduced fluorescence, yet retain promising anti-proliferative activity (EC50 values ~0.1 to 0.07 µM) in breast and prostate cancer cell lines. These chemical probes are expected to be useful in exploring the roles of Hsp70s in tumorigenesis and cell survival.
Mixture of Classifiers for Face Recognition across Pose

A two dimensional Mixture of Classifiers (MoC) method is presented in this chapter for face recognition across pose. The 2D MoC method performs first pose classification with predefined pose categories and then face recognition within each individual pose class. The main contributions of the paper come from (i) proposing an effective pose classification method by addressing the scales problem of images in different pose classes, and (ii) applying pose-specific classifiers for face recognition. Comparing with the 3D methods for face recognition across pose, the 2D MoC method does not require a large number of manual annotations or a complex and expensive procedure of 3D modeling and fitting. Experimental results using a data set from the CMU PIE database show the feasibility of the 2D MoC method.
Gender Harassment Persists in Medical Training.

Medical students start their career with enthusiasm for a profession that emphasizes caring for others so as to promote health, treat injury, and prevent disease. The profession of medicine selects...
Local Buoyant Instability of Magnetized Shear Flows

The effect of magnetic shear and shear flow on local buoyant instabilities is investigated. A simple model is constructed allowing for an arbitrary entropy gradient and a shear plasma flow in the Boussinesq approximation. A transformation to shearing magnetic coordinates achieves a model with plasma flow along the magnetic field lines where the coordinate lines are coincident with the field lines. The solution for the normal modes of the system depends on two parameters: the Alfven Mach number of the plasma flow and the entropy gradient. The behavior of the unstable normal modes of this system is summarized by a stability diagram. Important characteristics of this stability diagram are the following: magnetic shear is stabilizing, and the entropy gradient must exceed a threshold value for unstable mode growth to occur; flow acts to suppress mode growth in a substantially unstable regime as expected, yet near marginal stability it can lessen the stabilizing effect of magnetic shear and enhance the growth rates of the instability; and, as the Alfven Mach number approaches 1, the instability is completely stabilized. Analytical work is presented supporting the characteristics of the stability diagram and illuminating the physical mechanisms controlling the behavior of the model. A derivation of the stability criterion for the case without shear flow, asymptotic solutions in the limit that the Alfven Mach number approaches 1 and in the limit of zero growth rate, a complete WKB solution for large growth rates, an exactly soluble bounded straight field case, and energy conservation relations are all presented. The implications of this work for astrophysical and fusion applications and the potential for future research extending the results to include compressibility are discussed.
Increased nitrogen fixation and remobilization may contribute to higher seed protein without a yield penalty in a soybean introgression line

ABSTRACT The development of soybean varieties with higher seed protein content has been hindered by a negative correlation between protein content and yield. Benning hi-pro, a genotype that breaks this tradeoff, was recently developed by introgression of a high protein allele on chromosome 20 into a high yielding parent. Because seed protein is thought to be limited by N, field and growth chamber experiments were performed to identify the N flux(es) that enable Benning hi-pro’s increased seed protein without a yield penalty. When the N source was completely controlled in growth chambers, Benning hi-pro was occasionally able to fix more N than its recurrent parent, but this response depended on the strain of the rhizobia symbiont and was not observed at all developmental stages. In the field, Benning hi-pro remobilized N from its leaves at a higher rate relative to C during seed fill, but this response was only observed in one of the two years studied. The high protein allele and surrounding region of chromosome 20 present in Benning hi-pro increases its potential for N fixation and N remobilization from vegetative tissue, but those phenotypes are not consistently expressed and may depend on environmental and sink control.
Why pretense poses a problem for 4E cognition (and how to move forward)

Whether a person is pretending, or not, is a function of their beliefs and intentions. This poses a challenge to 4E accounts of pretense, which typically seek to exclude such cognitive states from their explanations of psychological phenomena. Resulting tensions are explored within three recent accounts of imagination and pretense offered by theorists working in the 4E tradition. A path forward is then charted, through considering ways in which explanations can invoke beliefs and intentions while remaining true to 4E precepts. To make real progress in explaining pretense, 4E theorists will need to grow comfortable with the idea that two agents whose outward behaviors and environments are, in the short term, the same, may be guided by quite different beliefs and intentions, in virtue of which only one is pretending. In this way, the scientific project of explaining pretense remains inseparable from the more general project of determining which beliefs and intentions are appropriate to ascribe to which kinds of entities, given which kinds of behaviors.
Preparation of single cell suspensions enriched in mouse brain vascular cells for single-cell RNA sequencing

Summary Cerebral blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients, remove metabolic waste, and play a critical role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Cerebrovasculature is composed of heterogeneous populations of brain vascular cells (BVCs). A major challenge in effective cerebrovascular transcriptional profiling is high-quality BVC procurement, permitting high sequencing depth. Here, we establish cell isolation procedures for glio-vascular cell-enriched single-cell RNA sequencing enabling unbiased characterization of BVC transcriptional heterogeneity. Our approach can be used to address vascular-specific contribution to brain diseases. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Yamazaki et al. (2021) .
Evidence-based surgery for laparoscopic appendectomy: A stepwise systematic review.

Abstract Introduction Appendectomy is a common emergency surgery performed globally. Despite the frequency of laparoscopic appendectomy, consensus does not exist on the best way to perform each procedural step. We identified literature on key intraoperative steps to inform best technical practice during laparoscopic appendectomy. Methods Research questions were framed using the population, indication, comparison, outcome (PICO) format for 6 key operative steps of laparoscopic appendectomy: abdominal entry, placement of laparoscopic ports, division of mesoappendix, division of appendix, removal of appendix, and fascial closure. These questions were used to build literature queries in PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases. Evidence quality and certainty was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) definitions. Results Recommendations were rendered for 6 PICO questions based on 28 full length articles. Low quality evidence favors direct trocar insertion for abdominal entry and establishment of pneumoperitoneum. Single port appendectomy results in improved cosmesis with unclear clinical implications. There was insufficient data to determine the optimal method of appendiceal stump closure, but use of a specimen extraction bag reduces rates of superficial surgical site infection and intra-abdominal abscess. Port sites made with radially dilating trocars are less likely to necessitate closure and are less likely to result in port site hernia. When port sites are closed, a closure device should be used. Conclusion Key operative steps of laparoscopic appendectomy have sufficient data to encourage standardized practice.
Global Occurrences of Extreme Precipitation and the Madden–Julian Oscillation: Observations and Predictability

This study investigates 1) the eastward propagation of the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) and global occurrences of extreme precipitation, 2) the degree to which a general circulation model with a relatively realistic representation of the MJO simulates its influence on extremes, and 3) a possible modulation of the MJO on potential predictability of extreme precipitation events. The observational analysis shows increased frequency of extremes during active MJO phases in many locations. On a global scale, extreme events during active MJO periods are about 40% higher than in quiescent phases of the oscillation in locations of statistically significant signals. A 10-yr National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Laboratory for the Atmospheres (GLA) GCM simulation with fixed climatological SSTs is used to generate a control run and predictability experiments. Overall, the GLA model has a realistic representation of extremes in tropical convective regions associated with the MJO, although some shortcomings also seem to be present. The GLA model shows a robust signal in the frequency of extremes in the North Pacific and on the west coast of North America, which somewhat agrees with observational studies. The analysis of predictability experiments indicates higher success in the prediction of extremes during an active MJO than in quiescent situations. Overall, the predictability experiments indicate the mean number of correct forecasts of extremes during active MJO periods to be nearly twice the correct number of extremes during quiescent phases of the oscillation in locations of statistically significant signals.
Choices and challenges: Cross‐cutting themes in archives and museums

Purpose – To report on the October 2004 Choices and Challenges Conference and cross‐cutting themes in libraries, archives and museums.Design/methodology/approach – This is a conference report and viewpoint article.Findings – The Choices and Challenges Conference sponsored biennially at the Henry Ford brings together professionals from archives and museums including archivists, curators, and conservators. As such, it is one of the few conferences that enable an interdisciplinary dialog between the different professionals involved with the administration of cultural resources. The October 2004 conference featured talks on legal issues, education, and preservation. However, it is the cross‐cutting theses of visibility, advocacy, convergence and collaboration, and a focus on the researcher or visitor that made the conference compelling and thought‐provoking.Practical implications – Libraries, archives and museums can benefit from learning about one another's approaches to the common challenges facing cultural...
Chasing Ghosts: Pursuing Retroactive Justice for Franco-Era Crimes Against Humanity

In October 2008, Judge Baltasar Garzon declared himself competent to open Spain’s first criminal investigation of Franco-era atrocities. His decision formally classified the 114,000 executions and thousands of forced disappearances that occurred during the Spanish Civil War and ensuing dictatorship as crimes against humanity. It also accused Francisco Franco and thirty-four of his generals and ministers of having committed these crimes. Throughout Spain’s transition to democracy and beyond, Spain has adhered to a “pact of forgetting,” formalized by a 1977 amnesty law, in which political leaders agreed that regime members would not be prosecuted for their acts. Given this traditional silence and the fact that the majority of the acts concerned were committed seventy years ago, critics disputed Judge Garzon’s jurisdiction over the action. This Note considers four jurisdictional obstacles to prosecution and whether international law provides a method through which they might be overcome. Si muero, El segador siega el trigo. dejad el balcon abierto. (Desde mi balcon lo siento.) El nino come naranjas. iSi muero, (Desde mi balcon lo veo.) dejad el balcon abierto! —Federico Garcia Lorca, El balcon1
Note on a computable general equilibrium model for Ghana

This note concerns identification of target sectors for development in a SubSaharan African (SSA) country, Ghana. Such target identification requires economy-wide analysis for which computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, the most recent of economy-wide modeling techniques, are well suited. Although the technique is becoming commonplace, there are relatively few CGE models of SSA countries in particular, even though these are the countries in greatest need (see Addy, 1998). The development literature recognizes several engines for economic growth including infrastructure and equipment investment, tradeor export-led growth, technological change, institutional development, and human capital development (see, e.g., Blomstrom 1996; Ito & Krueger 1995; Todaro 1994). The focus here is on investment in infrastructure and equipment (i.e., investment in physical capital) as an engine for growth. To identify key sectors, investment in each sector is simulated separately, and the change in real GDP is used to rank the sectors. The simulations involve exogenous increases in investment expenditure of one billion cedis for new factor capital formation, by sector of destination. In many SSA countries, foreign direct investment (FDI) forms the major portion of investment. Thus, to investigate the effects of source of investment capital, the simulations are conducted under two scenarios: FDI and domestic capital investment (DCI). The scenarios depict the extremes of several possible combinations of capital from both sources. The results are shown in Fig. 1.
Multi‐perspective analysis of the Chinese pharmaceutical sector: Policy, enterprise and technology

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Chinese pharmaceutical sector through three levels: policy level, enterprise level, and technology level.Design/methodology/approach – The authors explore the environmental impacts, which include political, social, and economic factors, study enterprise‐level strategies on international technology transfer and carry out a trend analysis on the technology development in the Chinese pharmaceutical industry.Findings – The results indicate that China is emerging in the biopharmaceutical industry. While there are several steps to be taken at different levels, including policy, enterprise, and technology, the country is presenting a potential for the future. The paper outlines the gaps in each area.Originality/value – The paper provides a very good outline against which any emerging economy could review its potential in the pharmaceutical industry.
Do banks have a future

Abstract Are banks special intermediaries? Do they play any unique role in the economy? And if so, will they retain their specialness in the ever-faster changing world of finance? The rapid evolution of finance over the last two decades and the breathtaking “e-age” revolution have persuaded many that, eventually, banks will be indistinguishable from other financial intermediaries since all their functions can, at least as efficiently, be carried out by nonbanks. This study re-explores the issue of the specialness of banks in light of the large existing literature on the subject, and presents an approach which identifies the banks' specialness with their unique capacity to lend out claims on their own debt which the public accepts and uses as money. The study discusses various structural and policy implications deriving from the approach, and draws on it to point to the continuing relevance of banking in a world where nonbanks are taking business away from banks, lending to production has become relatively less important, and the use of e-money may soon be dominating financial transactions.
The future of GaAs in the CRAY-3 and CRAY-4 supercomputers

The CRAY-3 system is operational. The first system to use GaAs for all logic and unique miniaturized packaging was first benchmarked in early 1993 with a subsequent delivery to the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) May 24, 1993. The system clock operates at 480 MHz and is competitive with any other system currently on the market. The investment in GaAs and packaging will be taken advantage of, allowing, rapid movement to the CRAY-4 system. The CRAY-4 will use higher density GaAs ICs and have a 1000 MHz clock. This system is expected to be the fastest system on the market when it is introduced in late 1994. >
Arrythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C) and cathecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT): A phenotypic spectrum seen in same patient

ARVD/C and CPVT are rare inheritable sudden cardiac death syndromes predominantly expressed in younger individuals. ARVD/C is characterized by a progressive fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium that predisposes to ventricular tachycardia while CPVT is characterized by exercise induced bidirectional/polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and a structurally normal heart. A mutation in different genes causes these syndromes but recently, mutation in a common gene RYR2 has been associated with both disorders and it has been suggested that CPVT and ARVD/C represent a phenotypic spectrum. We present a case unique in expressing both these phenotypes.
Measures and Methods for Symptom and Symptom Cluster Assessment in Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer

OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of resources for measuring symptoms and symptom clusters in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer and to examine methodological strategies for evaluating symptom clusters. DATA SOURCES: Published research articles and clinical experience. CONCLUSION: Limited research has addressed symptoms and symptom clusters in AYAs with cancer. Reliable, valid, and developmentally appropriate measures are needed to advance this area of research. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: Use of mobile technology and mixed qualitative and quantitative methods to understand AYAs’ experience of symptoms and symptom clusters could enhance symptom awareness and the evidence base for practice.
The chloride–bicarbonate exchanger pendrin is increased in the kidney of the pregnant rat

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Pregnancy requires a robust plasma volume expansion driven by renal sodium retention. In the late-pregnant kidney, the aldosterone-responsive epithelial Na+ channel is increased, whereas the sodium–chloride cotransporter is decreased. Pendrin has been shown to support sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron and compensate for loss of the sodium–chloride cotransporter. We investigated the expression and abundance of pendrin in the pregnant kidney. What is the main finding and its importance? Pendrin protein, apical localization and thiazide sensitivity are increased in pregnancy. This implicates a possible role for pendrin in supporting the renal sodium chloride reabsorption and plasma volume expansion of pregnancy. Pregnancy is characterized by cumulative plasma volume expansion as a result of renal sodium retention, driven by activation of aldosterone. We previously reported that the abundance and activity of the aldosterone-responsive epithelial Na+ channel is increased, whereas the sodium–chloride cotransporter (NCC) is decreased in the kidney of the late-pregnant rat. The chloride–bicarbonate exchanger pendrin is also aldosterone responsive and has been shown to support activity of the aldosterone-responsive epithelial Na+ channel and compensate for the loss of NCC. Additionally, pendrin coupled to the sodium-dependent chloride–bicarbonate exchanger (NDCBE) mediates thiazide-sensitive sodium reabsorption in the cortical collecting duct. In this study, we investigated pendrin and NDCBE transcript expression, pendrin protein abundance, pendrin cellular localization and thiazide sensitivity in virgin, mid-pregnant and late-pregnant rats to test the hypothesis that increased pendrin activity might occur in pregnancy. By RT-PCR, NDCBE and pendrin mRNA expression was unchanged from virgins, whereas pendrin protein abundance determined by Western blotting was increased in both mid- and late-pregnant rats. The apical localization of pendrin was also increased in late-pregnant rats compared with virgins by immunohistochemistry. Pregnant rats displayed an increased natriuretic response to hydrochlorothiazide compared with virgins. Given that NCC expression is decreased in late pregnancy, an increased thiazide sensitivity may be due to inhibition of upregulated pendrin–NDCBE-coupled sodium reabsorption. Thus, increased pendrin in pregnant rats may compensate for the decreased NCC and aid in the renal sodium chloride reabsorption of pregnancy.
Defining the fitness of HIV-1 isolates with dual/mixed co-receptor usage.

CCR5-using (r5) HIV-1 predominates during asymptomatic disease followed by occasional emergence of CXCR4-using (x4) or dual tropic (r5x4) virus. We examined the contribution of the x4 and r5 components to replicative fitness of HIV-1 isolates. Dual tropic r5x4 viruses were predicted from average HIV-1 env sequences of two primary subtype C HIV-1 isolates (C19 and C27) and from two patient plasma samples (B12 and B19). Chimeric Env viruses with an NL4-3 backbone were constructed from the B12 and B19 env sequences. To determine replicative fitness, these primary and chimeric dual tropic HIV-1 were then competed against HIV-1 reference isolates in U87.CD4 cells expressing CXCR4 or CCR5 or in PBMCs ± entry inhibitors. Contribution of the x4 and r5 clones within the quasispecies of these chimeric or primary HIV-1 isolates were then compared to the frequency of x4, r5, and dual tropic clones within the quasispecies as predicted by phenotypic assays, clonal sequencing, and 454 deep sequencing. In the primary HIV-1 isolates (C19 and C27), subtype C dual tropic clones dominated over x4 clones while pure r5 clones were absent. In two subtype B chimeric viruses (B12 and B19), r5 clones were >100-fold more abundant than x4 or r5/x4 clones. The dual tropic C19 and C27 HIV-1 isolates outcompeted r5 primary HIV-1 isolates, B2 and C3 in PBMCs. When AMD3100 was added or when only U87.CD4.CCR5 cells were used, the B2 and C3 reference viruses now out-competed the r5 component of the dual tropic C19 and C27. In contrast, the same replicative fitness was observed with dualtropic B12 and B19 HIV-1 isolates relative to x4 HIV-1 A8 and E6 or the r5 B2 and C3 viruses, even when the r5 or x4 component was inhibited by maraviroc (or AMD3100) or in U87.CD4.CXCR4 (or CCR5) cells. In the dual tropic HIV-1 isolates, the x4 replicative fitness is higher than r5 clones but the x4 or x4/r5 clones are typically at low frequency in the intrapatient virus population. Ex vivo HIV propagation promotes outgrowth of the x4 clones and provides an over-estimate of x4 dominance in replicative fitness within dual tropic viruses.
Halofluorination of olefins: elucidation of reaction characteristics and applications in labeling with the positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18

Abstract Olefin halofluorination involves the in situ generation of a halogen-fluoride reagent and subsequent addition to an olefin. The characteristics of this reaction were investigated with three model olefins (allylbenzene, 1-hexene and propene) in order to assess its potential for labeling molecules with the positron-emitting radionuclide fluorine-18 at the no-carrier-added level. The most favorable conditions for bromofluorination utilized 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethyl- hydantoin, with dichloromethane as solvent. Halofluorination proceeds rapidly and efficiently using either equivalent or substoichiometric quantities of fluoride ion; HF/pyridine or metal fluorides with acid can be used, and up to three equivalents of water can be present. By this reaction, allylbenzene was labeled with fluorine-18 in 32% yield, under either carrier-added or no-carrier-added conditions. Thus, we anticipate that this reaction will prove very useful in the labeling of other molecules with fluorine-18.
Thoracic Radiology: The Past 50 Years

The radiology of 50 years ago was a primitive science compared with the radiology of today. Hospital departments were small and radiologists few in number. Night call was uncommon. Examinations consisted primarily of radiographs of the chest, bones, and gastrointestinal tract, although some early neuroradiologic studies were performed. Chest fluoroscopy was common. Film processing was done manually, often with poor results. Radiographic examinations of the chest were likewise unsophisticated by today's standards. Chest radiographs were made with low-kilovoltage, calcium tungstate phosphors and relatively large focal spots. There were no image intensifiers, nuclear medicine studies, ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance studies. How far we have come!
Analysis of cell-mediated hypersensitivity, immune complexes and monocyte-released factor(s) in allergic alveolitis and asymptomatic exposed subjects.

Summary Patients with allergic alveolitis to various antigens, asymptomatic exposed individuals and healthy control subjects were studied. The lymphocyte transformation test and the formation of two lymphokines were shown to be positive in almost all affected subjects and only rarely in asymptomatic exposed individuals. In most symptomatic subjects, the presence of antigen-antibody complexes could be demonstrated. However, such complexes were also present in six of the nine asymptomatic exposed individuals having precipitating antibodies. Factor(s) released from sensitized monocytes strongly facilitate the in vitro formation of specific antibodies but are poorly effective when incubated with cells from asymptomatic exposed subjects or normal individuals.
A Pleomorphic Lipoma in the Scalp

The pleomorphic lipoma is a benign neoplasm of lipocytes with atypical histologic features. The tumor shows a predilection for the region of the neck and shoulders of midde-aged and elderly men and must be differentiated from similar-appearing malignant entities such as liposarcoma and malignant myxoid fibrous histiocytoma. An occurrence of a pleomorphic lipoma in the scalp is reported and its histologic features described and discussed.
Methanol crazing of coarse shear bands in polystyrene

A specimen with coarse shear bands produced at stress concentrations by compression was immersed in methanol to observe craze formation. Thin crazes were initiated at shear bands and joined together while propagating to form thick crazes. Crazes were formed only on the tension side of shear bands with the craze planes perpendicular to the shear bands. When a craze propagated through a shear band, each displaced the other at intersections. Some secondary shear bands were transformed partly into crazes resulting in about a factor of ten increase in thickness. This transformation was achieved by a tensile deformation of fibrous sheets in the shear band with simultaneous production of fine fibres.
The apparent hysteresis in hormone-agonist relationships

It has been noted in multiple studies that the calcium–PTH axis, among others, is subject to an apparent hysteresis. We sought to explain a major component of the observed phenomenon by constructing a simple mathematical model of a hormone and secretagogue system with concentration dependent secretion and containing two delays. We constructed profiles of the hormone–agonist axis in this model via four types of protocols, three of which emulating experiments from the literature, and observed a delay- and load-dependent hysteresis that is an expected mathematical artifact of the system described. In particular, the delay associated with correction allows for over-secretion of the hormone influencing the corrective mechanism; thus rate dependence is an artifact of the corrective mechanism, not a sensitivity of the gland to the magnitude of change. From these observations, the detected hysteresis is due to delays inherent in the systems being studied, not in the secretory mechanism.
Tutorial: Data Structures, Types, and Abstractions

Understanding data structures, types, and abstractions not only is important in modularizing a software system but also leads to increased system clarity and reliability.
Theoretical analysis of bulk Ge-on-Si laser performance

A modified gain modeling shows Ge has a wide gain bandwidth from 1550 nm to 1770 nm. Optimized laser structure predicts that Ge laser can achieve a lasing threshold of 2.2 kA/cm2.
Effect of electroabsorption on electrorefractive intensity modulators

A theoretical analysis of the effect of electroabsorption on intensity modulation in Mach-Zehnder interferometers and directional couplers using the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) and the bandfilling (BF) effect is presented. The achievable contrast ratios in the two types of electrorefractive modulators depend differently on the relative strength of the phase versus the amplitude modulation. QCSE is more suitable for directional couplers, while BF is more suitable for Mach-Zehnder interferometers. >
Customer and Frontline Employee Influence on New Service Development Performance

Service firms recognize the key role that product and process innovation play in building and sustaining competitive advantage in the marketplace. This empirical study tests a model of new service ...