cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An interactive remote visualization environment for an electromagnetic scattering simulation on a high performance computing system

An integrated interactive visualization environment was created for an electromagnetic scattering (EMS) simulation, coupling a graphical user interface (GUI) for runtime simulation parameters input and 3-D rendering output on a graphical workstation, with computational modules running on a parallel supercomputer and two workstations. Application Visualization System (AVS) was used as integrating software to facilitate both networking and scientific data visualization. Using the EMS simulation as a case study, the authors explore the AVS dataflow methodology to naturally integrate data visualization, parallel systems and heterogeneous computing. Major issues in integrating this remote visualization system are discussed, including task decomposition, system integration, concurrent control, and a high level data-visualization-environment distributed programming model.
Modeling Hazardous Mass Flows Geoflows09: Mathematical and Computational Aspects of Modeling Hazardous Geophysical Mass Flows; Seattle, Washington, 9–11 March 2009

A recent workshop at the University of Washington focused on mathematical and computational aspects of modeling the dynamics of dense, gravity-driven mass movements such as rock avalanches and debris flows. About 30 participants came from seven countries and brought diverse backgrounds in geophysics; geology; physics; applied and computational mathematics; and civil, mechanical, and geotechnical engineering. The workshop was cosponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program, by the U.S. National Science Foundation through a Vertical Integration of Research and Education (VIGRE) in the Mathematical Sciences grant to the University of Washington, and by the Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences. It began with a day of lectures open to the academic community at large and concluded with 2 days of focused discussions and collaborative work among the participants.
On the root computation of polynomials over a finite field using a stored table approach

A method is proposed to compute the roots of a polynomial with degree four or less over a finite field. This method requires less computations and memory requirements than other methods, and it can achieve high-speed root computation. The proposed method for the root computation of a polynomial can be very useful to the high-speed BCH and Reed-Solomon decoding operations.
The Egyptian Coptic Christians: the conflict between identity and equality

Abstract This essay will endeavor to explore the identity and situation of the Coptic Christian community in Egypt, which constitutes the largest Christian community in the Middle East. I will start with a brief background of the community's history and introduction to modern Coptic life in the form of its liturgy, art, and music in order that those of us in the West might better grasp the richness and heritage in which Coptic Christianity grounds its worldview. The essay will proceed to explore the present situation in which Coptic Christians find themselves as a minority within the borders of a nation that officially designates itself Islamic. In the late 1960s and 1970s the Sunday School Movement brought about an age of reform in the Coptic Church that continues to this day. A large part of the reform has been to identify their origins as apostolic, monastic and marked by martyrdom and persecution. Under Pope Shenouda III, the Coptic Church has undergone some organizational changes that are clearly per...
Neonatal resuscitation: what role for volume expansion?

The article by Wyckoff et al1 in this issue of Pediatrics is an interesting review of intravenous volume expansion for neonatal resuscitation in a single tertiary care center. The authors conclude that volume expansion is used infrequently at their medical center, that the use is most often contrary to a widely used set of recommendations,2 and that the utility is uncertain. Recommendations for intravenous volume expansion during neonatal resuscitation were not included in older textbooks and discussions of resuscitation in the delivery room.3 The sixth edition of Standards and Recommendations of Hospital Care of Newborn Infants 4 did include a statement on resuscitation, citing the administration of blood or plasma expanders if the infant is in hypovolemic shock. The successor publication, Guidelines for Perinatal … Address correspondence to William J. Keenan, MD, Department of Pediatrics, St Louis University, 1465 S Grand, St Louis, MO 63119. E-mail: keenanwj{at}slu.edu
Preparation and characterization of xanthine oxidase-antibody and -hapten conjugates for use in sensitive chemiluminescent immunoassays

Methods have been developed to label haptens or antibodies with xanthine oxidase for use in chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays. We have optimised coupling reactions involving the use of heterobifunctional cross-linkers, the introduction of sulfhydryl groups and the utilization of accessible cysteine residues on the native enzyme. The versatility of xanthine oxidase as a label in immunoanalysis was studied in five assay systems, including both competition procedures (TT4 and direct serum estradiol assays) and immunometric assays (TSH, IgE, hCG). In all of the assay systems, the performance of the conjugates was excellent, demonstrating that the chelate enhanced luminometric detection of xanthine oxidase should have a wide potential in many immunoassays.
Incident Retrieval in Transportation Surveillance Videos - An Interactive Framework

Detecting and retrieving incidents from traffic surveillance videos is an important research topic in designing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS). Most existing video analysis techniques focus on low level features of video data. A "semantic gap" exists between the machine-readable low level features and the high level human understanding of the video content. Aiming at this problem, we propose an interactive framework for semantic video retrieval. This framework is based on the spatio-temporal modeling of vehicle trajectories. With Relevance Feedback (RF), human interaction is involved in the learning and retrieval process. The retrieval mechanism is thus guided by the user's response to the retrieved results. Experiments show the effectiveness of the framework.
Augmented release of serotonin by adenosine A2a receptor activation and desensitization by CGS 21680 in the rat nucleus tractus solitarius

Abstract Rat dorsomedial medullary brain segments containing primarily nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) were employed for slice superfusion studies of electrically evoked [3H]serotonin ([3H]5-HT) release. Individual slices loaded with [3H]5-HT were stimulated two times, S1 and S2, at 3 Hz, 25 mA, 2 ms pulses for 1 min. Control NTS slices had a S 2 S 1 ratio of 0.94 (±0.02). Superfusion of tissue slices with 0.1 nM to 100 nM 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)-phenethylamino-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680), a selective adenosine A2a receptor agonist, for 5 min prior to the S2 stimulus produced a significant concentration-dependent increase in the S 2 S 1 fractional release ratio which was maximal (37.2% increase, P S 2 S 1 ratio from control release ratios. The augmented release of [3H]5-HT mediated by 1.0 nM CGS 21680 with 5 min tissue exposure was abolished by 1.0 nM 9-chloro-2-(2-furanyl)-5,6-dihydro-[1,2,4]-triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-imine (CGS 15943) as well as by 100 nM 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC), both A2a receptor antagonists, but not by 1.0 nM 8-cyclopentyl-1,3,-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), the A1 receptor antagonist. These results indicate that CGS 21680 augmented the evoked release of [3H]5-HT in the NTS by way of activation of presynaptic adenosine A2a receptors. It was also apparent that this population of adenosine A2a receptors in the NTS desensitized within 20 min since the augmenting action of CGS 21680 on evoked transmitter release was not evident at the longer time interval.
Determination of serum protein concentration in nanoliter blood samples using fluorescamine or o-phthalaldehyde

Abstract Fluorometric procedures were developed to permit measurement of total protein concentration in nanoliter serum samples, using either fluorescamine or o-phthalaldehyde. The sensitivities of assays using these two reagents were similar, but the o-phthalaldehyde method was found to be somewhat simpler and more reproducible. Accurate measurements could be obtained on serum samples of 4 to 5 nl with either reagent, by using a serum standard. Fluorescence differed considerably among individual serum proteins, albumin generally showing greater fluorescence than globulins. Small molecular weight species in serum did not contribute appreciably to total serum fluorescence with either reagent.
Volatile component analysis of commercially milled head and broken rice

: The volatile components of commercially milled head and broken rice samples and the effect of water washing on volatile components were investigated over 30 d of storage at 37°C and 70% relative humidity. Pentanal, pentanol, hexanal, pentylfuran, octanal, and nonanal were the major volatile components identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis in both head and broken rice samples. The concentration of volatile components was greater in broken rice than in head rice and increased significantly during the storage period for both rice types. Water washing was found to be effective in reducing the volatile components for both head and broken rice.
BAPV array: Thermal modeling and cooling effect of exhaust fan

Thermal modeling and mitigation methods of thermal effects for building-applied photovoltaic (BAPV) systems have become important for the industry in order to predict energy production and lower the cost per kilowatt-hour (kWh). The operating temperature of BAPV modules can reach as high as 90°C in desert climatic conditions such as Phoenix, Arizona. These high operating temperatures will have a significant impact on the power generation and a dramatic impact on the lifetime of PV modules. The traditional method of minimizing the operating temperature of BAPV modules has been to include a suitable air gap for ventilation between the rooftop and the modules. The previous work at Arizona State University (ASU) was aimed at identifying the effects of various air gaps on the temperature of individual BAPV modules. The goal in this work was to develop a thermal model for a small residential BAPV array consisting of 12 closely packed identical polycrystalline silicon modules at a single air gap of 2.5 inches from the rooftop of 23° tilt with ceramic tiles. The thermal model coefficients for the array are empirically derived from a simulated field test setup at ASU and are presented in this paper. Additionally, this project investigates the effects of cooling the array with a small 40-watt exhaust fan. The fan had only a small effect on power output or efficiency for this 2.5-inch air gap array, but provided slightly lower temperatures (higher lifetime) and better temperature uniformity (higher power output) across the array.
Evidence for the role of bevacizumab in the treatment of advanced metastatic breast cancer: a review

Angiogenesis inhibitors may provide a new approach to the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody against pathologic angiogenesis. A pivotal study (ECOG 2100) showed that bevacizumab in combination with paclitaxel increased progression-free survival for patients with metastatic breast cancer by 6 months. Subsequently, several clinical trials have shown that the combination of bevacizumab with a taxane can improve disease-free survival but does not prolong overall survival. While generally well tolerated, bevacizumab is potentially toxic for some patients who develop hypertension, proteinuria, bleeding, impaired wound healing, bowel perforation or thromboembolic events. Here, we review the current evidence for the use of bevacizumab in breast cancer and ongoing studies that address the questions of how to optimize regimens and schedules for the use of anti-angiogenic agents and the identification of those patients who would benefit the most from treatment with regimens that include antiangiogenic therapy.
Cognitive Status as a Predictor of Right Hemisphere Stroke Outcomes

The care of stroke patients continues to present a challenge to health care professionals. There is evidence that the quality of life following a stroke is related to functional status and also emotional, behavioral and cognitive abilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between emotional, behavioral and cognitive status and functional activity status of stroke survivors. The sample of 15 right hemisphere stroke patients was seen at four time periods after the stroke and they were assessed using the Neurobehavioral Rating Scale (NRS) and the Barthel Functional Index (BF1). The most frequently occurring mental status changes at six months were somatic concern, memory deficit, depressive mood and mental fatigue. There was a correlation between cognitive ability and functional ability. Although there was improvement over time in the scores of the NRS and BF1, there remained sufficient cognitive impairment to affect functional ability. Findings indicated the need for nurses to assess mental status when planning rehabilitation to establish realistic goals. Further research is needed with larger samples to examine the effects of stroke outcomes on functional ability.
Spatial distribution of structure infesting ant species inhabiting urban housing developments of different ages

The distribution of ant colonies within a community is often well defined, yet this distribution can change due to changing environmental conditions, resource availability, and colony growth. In this study, structure infesting ant communities were sampled for one year within three Puerto Rican housing developments of different ages. These developments represented environments in different stages of recovery after a disturbance (secondary succession). Spatial mapping was used to plot the distribution and abundance of ant communities within these developments. At the beginning of the study, the youngest housing development (1 year since construction), had the fewest number of species present (ave. 1.6 per house). The second housing development (4 years old) had a greater number of species (ave. 2.6 per house), and a greater sampling frequency (the same species collected at multiple houses) than Site 1. The oldest development (8 years old) had both the greatest number of species (ave. 2.7 per house), and sampling frequency of the three sites. In all developments, the number of species, sampling frequency, and ant biomass increased throughout the year as colonies grew and foraging ranges expanded. It was observed in all developments, that species coexistence also increased throughout the year. As colony populations increased, there was a greater occurrence of multiple species being collected at the same sample house. In the youngest development, the two most dominant species increased in numbers during the year and began to be collected from the same sample houses. Spatial diagrams documented that multiple species in the older housing developments (later stages of succession), also shared a common distribution. Even the most dominant species (S. invicta) in all three sites, did not exclude additional species from foraging within its established range.
Spatial and temporal distribution of a deposit-feeding polychaete on a heterogeneous tidal flat☆

Abstract The distribution of the deposit-feeding, orbiniid polychaete, Scoloplos fragilis (Verrill, 1873), was examined in relation to differences in elevation along-shore and down-shore from August 1976 to April 1977. The sand flat at Cape Henlopen, Lewes, Delaware U.S.A., is characterized by swash bars extending perpendicular to the shore, which undergo annual vertical and lateral fluctuations and have marked differences in elevations. Six stations were monitored on a single swash bar. Three sites were sampled monthly at an area on the swash bar near the beach berm (high-tide zone) and at an area near the water's edge (low-tide zone). The sites were the swash bar ridge, its depositional slope and the adjacent trough. Distribution patterns of S. fragilis were not associated with elevational gradients or a particular tidal level. Highest numbers were found on the slopes, lowest numbers on the high-tide ridge, and second lowest numbers in the low-tide trough. On the high-tide ridge, the sediments were too unstable for habitation by S. fragilis . In the low-tide trough, predation and other biological interactions apparently keep numbers of S. fragilis low. Wave and wind activity may have concentrated S. fragilis at slope stations, where sediment deposition occurs. Mean body size of S. fragilis varied spatially and temporally. Within each tidal level, mean sizes increased significantly from ridge to trough. Body sizes were significantly larger in the high-tide zone than in the low-tide zone and varied significantly with time. Reproductive maturity appears to occur after two years and at least three age-classes are present.
The efficacy of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide in a series of ointment bases.

The efficacy of Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide in a series of ointment bases has been tested and the results obtained are reported. Of the bases tested, those which were found to be most satisfactory are pectin paste and a base prepared by mixing a polyethylene glycol (“Carbowax”) with water.
Hypomorphic C4B* 15 variant of the fourth component of complement.

We report a rare ‘hypomorphic’ C4 allotype detected during routine screening in controls for the Rogers:1 epitope. C4B∗15 was distinguished by having only faint staining when using polyclonal anti-C4 antibody on agarose inimunoelectrophoresis (e.g. hypomorphic), having relatively weak hemolytic activity but being strongly reactive with monoclonal antibody to Rodgers 1. TaqI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) demonstrated that C4B∗ 15 segregated with 7 kb and 5.4 kb C4 gene fragments and with the haplotype HLA-A2,C-, B50,BW6,DR7,DQ2,DR52,S07C2(1,15). The 5.4-kb fragment was more intense than the 7.0-kb fragment, suggesting duplication of the 5.4-kb fragment. This hypomorphic C4 allotype (genotype frequency = 0.0088) has diminished expression of C4 epitopes commonly recognized by polyclonal anti-C4 and may be missed by standard phenotyping methods.
Salt and water balance in stonefly naiads, Pteronarcys californica newport

1. 1. Final instar nymphs of Pteronarcys californica can produce a dilute urine (17 mOsm/1.) and can most probably pick up inorganic ions actively from stream water. 2. 2. They can fast for 28 days in stream water and still maintain control levels of weight, and of sodium, potassium and osmotic pressure of the hemolymph. 3. 3. One half which were allowed to emerge as adults did so, the rest died. 4. 4. These levels all drop in nymphs fasted in demineralized water, and no nymphs emerged as adults.
Electoral Institutions and the Evolution of Partisan Conventions, 1880-1940

This article examines variation in partisanship levels across the United States between 1880 and 1940 and suggests that the introduction of three electoral laws in this time period—party registration, primaries and secret ballots—can explain the geographic variation in partisanship levels across the United States during this era. Specifically, the article argues that the introduction of party registration increased the observability of partisan behavior; and this, in turn, increased partisanship strength in the states in which party registration was introduced. Conversely, primaries and secret ballots reduced the observability of partisan actions, which consequently weakened the level of partisanship. The authors test their theoretical predictions on aggregate levels of split-ticket voting across the United States between 1880 and 1940. The authors find considerable support for their predictions in time-series cross-section (TSCS) estimates of the effects of electoral institutions on levels of partisanshi...
Particle Size Sensitivity Dependence of Nanocomposites for Plasmonic-Based All-Optical Sensing Applications

Two Au nanoparticle embedded ytria-stabilized zirconia (Au-YSZ) nanocomposite thin films were physical vapor deposited and annealed to achieve films of different average Au nanoparticle (AuNP) sizes. Shifts in the peak position and width of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for the AuNPs were observed upon changing gas concentrations which had a strong dependence on particle size. An electrochemical model has been developed which assumes that shifts in the peak position are due to charge exchange occurring between the AuNPs and the gas exposure modified interfacial environment. This model also takes into account the AuNP size dependence and predicts that the smallest AuNP containing nanocomposite thin films will have the greatest sensitivity in LSPR peak position shift. From the electrochemical model we also find that there is a 160 meV difference in equilibrium energies between surface adsorbed oxygen ions and oxygen ions incorporated into vacancies in the YSZ matrix.
Simultaneous acquisition of multiple resolution images for dynamic contrast enhanced imaging of the breast.

An imaging technique is described that allows the reconstruction of a series of images at high temporal rates, while simultaneously providing images at high spatial resolution. The method allows one to arbitrarily choose from among several combinations of temporal/spatial resolutions during postprocessing. This flexibility is accomplished by strategically interleaving multiple undersampled projection reconstruction datasets (or subapertures), in which each set can be used to reconstruct a high temporal resolution image. Images with increasingly higher spatial resolutions can subsequently be formed by combining two or more subaperture datasets. The technique is demonstrated in vivo to assess the kinetics of contrast enhancement and to visualize the architectural features of suspicious breast lesions.
GROWTH REQUIREMENTS AND NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION OF TWO TYPES OF NORMAL HUMAN BREAST EPITHELIAL CELLS DERIVED FROM REDUCTION MAMMOPLASTY

A chemically defined culture medium was developed to support the growth of two distinctly different types of normal human breast epithelial cells (HBEC) derived from reduction mammoplasty. Type I cells expressed luminal epithelial cell markers and were deficient in gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), whereas Type II cells expressed basal epithelial cell markers and were efficient in GJIC. In this study, we examined and compared the growth factor and hormone requirements of these two types of cells and a series of cell lines that were obtained by sequential transfection with SV40 DNA (extended lifespan, nontumorigenic), treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)/black light (immortal and weakly tumorigenic), and infection of a virus carrying the neu oncogene (highly tumorigenic). Growth of Type I cells was inhibited by withdrawing epidermal growth factor (EGF), hydrocortisone (HC), or insulin (INS) from the culture media, but was enhanced by fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplementation. Growth of Type II cells was inhibited by withdrawal of EGF, HC, or INS from the media, and was inhibited by FBS supplementation. Withdrawal of human transferrin (HT) or 17β-estradiol (E2) from the media did not alter the growth of Type I or Type II cells. SV40 transfected Type I cell lines still required EGF, HC, or INS for optimal growth. However, the highly tumorigenic cell line did not show a growth dependence on EGF, HC, or INS but did appear to require HT and 3,3′,5-triiodo-D.L. thyronine (T3) for optimal growth. In addition, FBS stimulated the growth of these cell lines. Thus, this study shows that Type I HBEC are distinctly different from Type II HBEC in growth response to FBS and that neoplastically transformed Type I cells could become growth factor and hormone independent.
Tendon transfers in the treatment of the adult flatfoot.

Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) describes a condition of progressive hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, and forefoot varus. It is most commonly caused by posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Patients who have AAFD often complain of posteromedial hindfoot pain, a progressive change in the shape of the foot, difficulty with weight bearing, and gait abnormalities. Conservative management consists of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications, selective corticosteroid injections, and physical therapy. Patients also benefit from temporary immobilization in a cast or boot, custom foot orthosis, or a custom ankle-foot orthosis or Arizona brace. In stage I and II posterior tibial tendon (PTT) dysfunction in which conservative management has failed, many clinicians think that the deformity can be corrected with PTT debridement, tendon transfer, and a medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy. Spring ligament repair may also be indicated in certain cases. In more significant stage II deformities, concomitant procedures such as an additional lateral column-lengthening osteotomy and selective fusions may be required. In the case of a stage II flexible flatfoot deformity, our preference is to excise the diseased PTT tendon and use a flexor digitorum longus (FDL) transfer through a tunnel in the navicular tuberosity. The FDL tendon is typically long enough to pass through the tunnel from plantar to dorsal and be secured back to itself with nonabsorbable suture. Continued
Characterization of phosphorus implantation in 4H-SiC

We report the characterization of phosphorus implantation in 4H-SiC. The implanted layers are characterized by analytical techniques (secondary ion mass spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy) as well as electrical and a sheet resistance value as low as 160 Ω/□ has been measured. We have also studied the effect of annealing time and temperature on activation of phosphorus implants. It has been shown to possible to obtain low sheet resistance (∼260 Ω/□) by annealing at a temperature as low as 1200°C. High-dose (∼ 4 × 1015 cm−2) implants are found to have a higher sheet resistance than that on lower dose implants which is attributed to the near-surface depletion of the dopant during high temperature anneal. Different implantation dosages were utilized for the experiments and subsequently junction rectifiers were fabricated. Forward characteristics of these diodes are observed to obey a generalized Sah-Noyce-Shockly multiple level recombination model with four shallow levels and one deep level.
Patellar tendon orientation and patellar tracking in male and female knees.

Quantitative knowledge of patellofemoral joint biomechanics in male and female knees is critical for understanding the mechanisms underlying sex-related dimorphism in patellofemoral problems and improvement of treatments like total knee and patellofemoral arthroplasty. Females are at a greater risk of patellofemoral pain, recurrent patellar dislocations, and patellofemoral arthritis.1–5 This increased risk has been linked to sex differences in occurrence of dysplastic features of the patellofemoral joint, femoral anteversion, pelvic width, muscle strength, vastus medialis obliquus hypoplasticity, conditioning, and neuromuscular response.1–5 While the exact cause of this variation is unclear, recently sex-specific TKA (total knee arthroplasty) implants have been proposed to accommodate anatomical differences.6–10 One such design includes different trochlear groove angles to accommodate sex differences in the Q (quadriceps) angle.9 However, the need and efficacy of sex-specific TKA designs is still debated.11,12 We recently showed that female knees are more externally rotated and have a greater range of tibiofemoral rotation during weight-bearing knee flexion.13 In vitro studies suggested that changes in rotational kinematics of the tibiofemoral joint may affect patellar tendon (PT) orientation and concomitantly patellar tracking in the femoral trochlear groove.14–18 In an in vivo study, we found strong correlation between tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joint biomechanics.19 However, few studies have investigated sex differences in the 3D orientation of the PT and patellar tracking during weight-bearing knee flexion.20,21 We hypothesized that sex differences in rotational kinematics of the tibiofemoral joint may affect in vivo PT orientation and patellar tracking. We investigated the effect of sex on the 3D orientation of the PT and patellar tracking during weight-bearing knee flexion using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based knee models and dual fluoroscopic imaging. Correlation between these measurements and previously reported tibiofemoral rotation data was also examined.13
Pore-scale observation of microsphere deposition at grain-to-grain contacts over assemblage-scale porous media domains using X-ray microtomography.

The prevalence of colloid deposition at grain-to-grain contacts in two porous media (spherical glass beads and angular quartz sand, 710−850 μm) was examined using X-ray microtomography (XMT) under ...
Informational education: Creating an understanding of justice:

There are many models for education that place students in the forefront. This proposed model for informational education presents a particular structural and pedagogical suggestion that aims at enabling students to grow intellectually. It also situates education, as a human action, with a system of justice. The intellectual and personal growth of students, as is demonstrated here, depends upon a clear idea of what is just within institutions and among people. Definitions and examples are offered wherever possible to illustrate the efficacy of the suggested model.
Competition, expenditures and student performance: Reply to Borland and Howsen

We welcome Borland and Howsen's (1996) comment on our 1993 paper (Couch, Shughart, and Williams, 1993). Because they have essentially reproduced our empirical results on another data set using a richer regression specification, this reply is both briefer and less inflammatory than our earlier rejoinder (Couch and Shughart, 1995) to Newmark (1995). Using data on student performance in mathematics across 173 Kentucky school districts in 1990,1 Borland and Howsen report a negative and "marginally significant" (p < .08) relationship between academic achievement and a Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) measuring the number and size distribution of public and private schools within each district. The HHI, which takes on the value of one if a district contains a single school and approaches its theoretical lower bound of zero the greater the number and the smaller the average size of the district's schools,2 is, at least in principle, a broader measure of school choice than the private school enrollment figures used by
Rejuvenating Pre-GPS Era Geophysical Surveys Using The National Map

AbstractOld geophysical surveys [pre–Global Positioning System (GPS)] stand as valuable, largely untapped sources of scientific data. If data from these surveys were in a format that had reasonable accuracy, availability, and ease of access, they could be more widely used. In this paper, a pre-GPS survey is integrated into a modern geographic database, in this case, The National Map (TNM). The ultimate goal is to improve the accuracy, precision, provenance, and ease of access of the geospatial components of archived geophysical data. An unique set of data sources was assembled for this purpose. A comparison of these different data sources indicates that more than 80% of stations were positioned on The National Map within 15 m (horizontal) and 2 m (vertical) of the GPS-derived coordinates for each station within the survey. Although online database coordinate accuracy continues to improve, these results imply that web databases have already matured to a point where it is possible to integrate pre-GPS era s...
Effect of Framework and Layer Substitution in Manganese Dioxide Related Phases on the Energetics

The energetics of a set of MnO2-related phases having a framework or a layer structure were determined by high-temperature drop solution calorimetry at 977 K using sodium molybdate as a solvent. Enthalpies of formation were calculated from the measured enthalpies of drop solution. In these materials, different metal cations can be incorporated through framework, tunnel, and interlayer substitution. The stability of the structure depends mostly on the nature and the amount of the tunnel (or interlayer) cations. The enthalpy of formation of small-OL-1(Na0.04) is more exothermic than that of large-OL-1(Na0.26). However, framework substitution of Ni or Cu destabilizes the structure; [doped]-OL-1 or [doped]-OMS-1 materials are less stable in enthalpy than OL-1 or OMS-1. The energetics are more sensitive to the cations incorporated into the tunnels than to the cations substituting in the framework. A trend has been observed between the enthalpy of formation of the doped materials from the oxides and the ionic r...
Fasten your seat belts, but don’t turn off those electronic devices!

The handover of this journal from Brian Thompson re-sembles an in-ﬂight change of pilots. I have to learn and modify the procedures while the ﬂight continues. Brian and I would hope that the passengers would never notice that there has been any change made in the cockpit. It turns out, however, the craft is also being modiﬁed in-ﬂight. In fact, a second craft is being launched and you will get your choice of which one you want to ﬂy on. Then there is the weather forecast...!
Laying the path: governance in early internet design

Purpose – This article aims to present an analysis of ideas and practices regarding governance of and by the network design process by participants in the technical design process during the first decade (1969-1979) as recorded in the technical document series that provides both the medium for and the history of that design process, the Internet RFCs. Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted via a comprehensive inductive and adductive reading of all of the publicly available documents in the series from its launch in October of 1969 through the close of 1979. Findings – The findings show that internet designers were well aware that the infrastructure they were building was social as well as technical in nature. They were concerned about both governmental constraints on the design process (governance of) and about how protocol compliance could be achieved (governance by the network design process). As do informational states, network designers developed governance tools that affected the identity, structure, borders, and change in social, informational, and technological systems. The dual faces of network governance reveal tensions between the network political and the geopolitical. Originality/value – This work contributes to our understanding of the interactions between the social and the technical in the course of the internet design process as it was expressed in concerns about governance by others and of others brought up in the course of resolving technical design problems. Methodologically, the research provides a model of one approach to analyzing the development of governance mechanisms and specific policies along sociotechnical boundaries.
Idiopathic Inflammatory Perioptic Neuritis Simulating Optic Nerve Sheath Meningioma

Between 1976 and 1982, we examined 13 patients with clinical and radiographic findings consistent with optic nerve sheath meningioma. All patients had visual loss, evidence of optic nerve dysfunction, centrocecal visual field defects, and echographic and computed tomographic evidence of optic nerve or sheath enlargement. All underwent surgery for biopsy or excision of their presumed tumors. However, adequate histologic sampling of all lesions failed to demonstrate meningioma in four patients; two of these four showed inflammatory infiltration of the dural sheath, whereas the other two showed only edematous or dense fibrous tissue. There was no evidence of other systemic disease in any of these cases. We conclude that optic nerve or sheath enlargement, probably induced by an idiopathic inflammatory perioptic neuritis, may simulate a sheath meningioma. Proper diagnosis requires biopsy confirmation.
Zirconium (IV) tert‐Butoxide

[2081-12-1] C16H36O4Zr (MW 383.68) InChI = 1S/4C4H9O.Zr/c4*1-4(2,3)5;/h4*1-3H3;/q4*-1;+4 InChIKey = BGGIUGXMWNKMCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (aldol reaction, Mannich reaction, Strecker reaction, allylation, hetero-Diels–Alder reaction, epoxide opening, ester–amide exchange; aldol-Tishchenko reaction, oxidation of amines and alcohols, epoxidation, cyanohydrin formation) Physical Data: bp 90 °C 5 mmHg, density 0.985 g ml−1. Solubility: readily soluble organic solvents. Form Supplied in: slightly yellow liquid. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; irritating to eyes, respiratory system, and skin. Use in a fume hood.
Link buffer sizing: a new look at the old problem

We revisit the question of how much buffer an IP router should allocate for its droptail FIFO link. For a long time, setting the buffer size to the bitrate-delay product has been regarded as reasonable. Recent studies of interaction between queueing at IP routers and TCP congestion control offered alternative guidelines. First, we explore and reconcile contradictions between the existing rules. Then, we argue that the problem of link buffer sizing needs a new formulation: design a buffer sizing algorithm that accommodates needs of all Internet applications without engaging IP routers in any additional signaling. Our solution keeps network queues short: set the buffer size to 2L datagrams, where L is the number of input links. We also explain how end systems can utilize the network effectively despite such small buffering at routers.
Comparison of Three Dispenser Distribution Patterns for Pheromone Mating Disruption of Paralobesia viteana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Vineyards

Over two growing seasons, Isomate GBM-Plus tube-type dispensers releasing the major pheromone component of grape berry moth, Paralobesia viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortri- cidae), were evaluated in vineyards (Vitis spp.) in Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania. Dispensers were deployed in three different density-arrangement treatments: 124 dispensers per ha, 494 dis- pensers per ha, and a combined treatment with 124 dispensers per ha in the vineyard interior and 988 dispensers per ha at the vineyard border, equivalent to an overall density of 494 dispensers per ha. Moth captures and cluster infestation levels were compared at the perimeter and interior of vineyards receiving these different pheromone treatments and in vineyards receiving no pheromone. Orien- tation of male moths to pheromone-baited traps positioned at the perimeter and interior of vineyards was reduced as a result of mating disruption treatments compared with the nontreated control. These Þndings were consistent over both years of the study. Disruption of male moth captures in traps varied from 93 to 100% in treated vineyards, with the 494 dispensers per ha application rates providing signiÞcantly higher level of disruption than the 124 dispensers per ha rate, but only in 2007. Mea- surements of percentage of cluster infestation indicated much higher infestation at perimeters than in the interior of the vineyards in all three regions, but in both sample positions there was no signiÞcant effect of dispenser density on cluster infestation levels in either year. The contrasting results of high disruption of moth orientation to traps in vineyards that also had low levels of crop protection from this pheromone treatment are discussed in the context of strategies to improve mating disruption of this tortricid pest.
VIRAL HEPATITIS IN PREGNANCY

Acute and chronic necro-inflammatory liver disease caused by hepatotropic virus infection continues to be a major worldwide health problem. Approximately 5% of the world's population has chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) 82 as many as 100% of the residents of nonindustrial nations and 70% of the residents of industrial nations have serologic evidence of prior exposure to hepatitis A virus (HAV), 54,70 and in the United States, end-stage liver disease caused by chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). 23,54 Acute and chronic viral hepatitis often affects women of child-bearing age and their infants. In regions of the world where chronic HBV is prevalent, most new cases are the result of perinatal or neonatal infection. HAV infection usually occurs during childhood or in young adults, including those in their early reproductive years. 25,70 HCV infection often is acquired by teenagers and young adults as a result of drug use and also is common in persons with a history of sexual promiscuity. 10,19 Thus, individuals providing health care to young women are likely to encounter patients with viral hepatitis and must be prepared to deal with issues related to acute and chronic infection, sexual and vertical transmission, and screening and treatment.
Sultam Thiourea Inhibition of West Nile Virus

We have identified sultam thioureas as novel inhibitors of West Nile virus (WNV) replication. One such compound inhibited WNV, with a 50% effective concentration of 0.7 μM, and reduced reporter expression from cells that harbored a WNV-based replicon. Our results demonstrate that sultam thioureas can block a postentry, preassembly step of WNV replication.
Safe At Home? An Experiment in Domestic Airline Security

The paper describes a scientific experiment about a contentious policy issue: What costs and disruptions might arise if U.S. domestic airlines adopted positive passenger bag-match (PPBM), an antiterrorist measure aimed at preventing baggage unaccompanied by passengers from traveling in aircraft luggage compartments? The heart of the effort was a two-week live test of domestic bag-match that involved 11 airlines, 8,000 flights, and nearly 750,000 passengers. Working with the Federal Aviation Administration, the authors played a major role in designing, monitoring, and analyzing the live test. However, the live test provided "raw materials" for an assessment of PPBM rather than the assessment itself. As we discuss, there are difficulties in extrapolating from a short experiment involving 4% of domestic flights to the steady-state consequences of systemwide bag-match.Our findings challenge the widely held industry view that PPBM would have grave impacts on domestic operations. We ultimately estimated that, under usual operating conditions, PPBM would delay domestic departures by an average of approximately 1 minute per flight. (Approximately one-seventh of flights would suffer bag-match departure delays, which would average about 7 minutes apiece.) Implementing bag-match would cost the airlines roughly 40 cents per passenger enplanement, and would require virtually no reduction in the number of flights performed. Restricting bag-match to 5% of passengers chosen under a security profile would cut these delays by about 75% and these dollar costs by about 50%.
Generalized Estimating Equations for Ordinal Categorical Data: Arbitrary Patterns of Missing Responses and Missingness in a Key Covariate

Summary. We propose methods for regression analysis of repeatedly measured ordinal categorical data when there is nonmonotone missingness in these responses and when a key covariate is missing depending on observables. The methods use ordinal regression models in conjunction with generalized estimating equations (GEEs). We extend the GEE methodology to accommodate arbitrary patterns of missingness in the responses when this missingness is independent of the unobserved responses. We further extend the methodology to provide correction for possible bias when missingness in knowledge of a key covariate may depend on observables. The approach is illustrated with the analysis of data from a study in diagnostic oncology in which multiple correlated receiver operating characteristic curves are estimated and corrected for possible verification bias when the true disease status is missing depending on observables.
A brief history of the International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation

The 50-year history of the International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation is summarized. A list of locations, general chairs, and technical programs chairs from 1963 to the present is presented.
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NEURALGIA ASSOCIATED WITH BRADYCARDIA, SYNCOPE, AND SEIZURES.

An unusual case of glossopharyngeal neuralgia associated with bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, and seizure is described. Our observations indicate that the cardiovascular components of this syndrome are probably due to stimulation of vagal centers by pain impulses arising from the glossopharyngeal area. Diphenylhydantoin therapy produced satisfactory relief of symptoms in this patient, probably by modification of the intensity of the neuralgic pain and thereby reducing the central vagal response.
Oral Sildenafil as a Rescue Therapy in Presumed Acute Pulmonary Hypertensive Crisis

A 23-week-old baby, born at 26 +2 weeks, presented to the hospital with critical respiratory failure, which was impossible to stabilize. She had unstable oxygen saturations between 35% and 95%. A presumptive diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with associated pulmonary hypertensive crisis was made. In the absence of inhaled nitric oxide, 2 oral doses of 1 mg/kg sildenafil were given, with a dramatic improvement 30 to 45 minutes later. Her oxygenation index fell from 43 to 14. She made a full recovery and was discharged from the hospital 2 weeks later.
Action Language Verifier

Action Language is a specification language for reactive software systems. We present the Action Language Verifier which consists of: 1) a compiler that converts Action Language specifications to composite symbolic representations, and 2) an infinite-state symbolic model checker which verifies (or falsifies) CTL properties of Action Language specifications. Our symbolic manipulator (Composite Symbolic Library) combines a BDD manipulator (for boolean and enumerated types) and a Presburger arithmetic manipulator (for integers) to handle multiple variable types. Since we allow unbounded integer variables, model checking queries become undecidable. We present several heuristics used by the Action Language Verifier to achieve convergence.
Application of methane band-model parameters to the visible and near-infrared spectrum of Uranus

Laboratory band-model absorption coefficients of CH4 were used to calculate the Uranus spectrum from 5400 to 10,400 A. A good fit for both strong and weak bands for the Uranus spectrum over the entire wavelength interval was achieved; three atmospheric models were employed: (1) a reflecting layer model; (2) a homogeneous scattering layer model; and (3) a clear atmosphere sandwiched between two scattering layers. The spectrum for the reflecting layer model shows serious discrepancies but indicates that large amounts of CH4 are necessary to reproduce the Uranus spectrum. Both scattering models gave reasonably good fits; the homogeneous model requires a particle scattering albedo of at least 0.998 and an abundance per scattering mean free path of about 1 km-am. For the sandwich model, a continuum single scattering albedo of 0.995 was derived for the upper scattering layer, and the scattering optical depth variable wavelength was consistent with Rayleigh scattering.