cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuel Cycle System Analysis Implications of Sodium-Cooled Metal-Fueled Fast Reactor Transuranic Conversion Ratio

If advanced fuel cycles are to include a large number of fast reactors (FRs), what should be the transuranic (TRU) conversion ratio (CR)? The nuclear energy era started with the assumption that they should be breeder reactors (CR > 1), but the full range of possible CRs eventually received attention. For example, during the recent U.S. Global Nuclear Energy Partnership program, the proposal was burner reactors (CR < 1). Yet, more recently, Massachusetts Institute of Technology's "Future of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle" proposed CR [approximately] 1. Meanwhile, the French company EDF remains focused on breeders. At least one of the reasons for the differences of approach is different fuel cycle objectives. To clarify matters, this paper analyzes the impact of TRU CR on many parameters relevant to fuel cycle systems and therefore spans a broad range of topic areas. The analyses are based on a FR physics parameter scan of TRU CR from 0 to [approximately]1.8 in a sodium-cooled metal-fueled FR (SMFR), in which the fuel from uranium-oxide-fueled light water reactors (LWRs) is recycled directly to FRs and FRs displace LWRs in the fleet. In this instance, the FRs are sodium cooled and metal fueled. Generally, it is assumed thatmore » all TRU elements are recycled, which maximizes uranium ore utilization for a given TRU CR and waste radiotoxicity reduction and is consistent with the assumption of used metal fuel separated by electrochemical means. In these analyses, the fuel burnup was constrained by imposing a neutron fluence limit to fuel cladding to the same constant value. This paper first presents static, time-independent measures of performance for the LWR [right arrow] FR fuel cycle, including mass, heat, gamma emission, radiotoxicity, and the two figures of merit for materials for weapon attractiveness developed by C. Bathke et al. No new fuel cycle will achieve a static equilibrium in the foreseeable future. Therefore, additional analyses are shown with dynamic, time-dependent measures of performance including uranium usage, TRU inventory, and radiotoxicity to evaluate the complex impacts of transition from the current uranium-fueled LWR system, and other more realistic impacts that may not be intuited from the time-independent steady-state conditions of the end-state fuel cycle. These analyses were performed using the Verifiable Fuel Cycle Simulation Model VISION. Compared with static calculations, dynamic results paint a different picture of option space and the urgency of starting a FR fleet. For example, in a static analysis, there is a sharp increase in uranium utilization as CR exceeds 1.0 (burner versus breeder). However, in dynamic analyses that examine uranium use over the next 1 to 2 centuries, behavior as CR crosses the 1.0 threshold is smooth, and other parameters such as the time required outside of reactors to recycle fuel become important. Overall, we find that there is no unambiguously superior value of TRU CR; preferences depend on the relative importance of different fuel cycle system objectives.« less
Behavioral Observation and Paternal Investment of Eastern Kingbirds at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge

i Acknowledgments v List of Tables xi List of Figures xiv Chapter 1 : Overview and General Background 1 Study context 1 Study Site and species 7 Chapter 2 : The effectiveness of video recording parental behavior 11 Abstract 1
Symbiosis and Macromolecules

Several symbiont- and host-produced macromolecules are involved in the host-symbiont interactions in amoeba/X-bacteria symbiosis. These molecules appear to play some roles in the avoidance of digestion of symbionts by the host, maintenance of the structural integrity of symbiosomes, prevention of lysosomal fusion with symbiosomes, and physiological interactions between host and symbionts. However, the precise roles of these molecules are not known and further studies are needed for clarifying such roles. The amoeba-bacteria symbiosis is a good model to study roles of symbiont- and host-produced macromolecules because new symbiosis can be easily established and cellular character changes including a host’s dependence on symbionts can be experimentally reproduced under laboratory conditions.
Drone Up! Quantifying Whale Behavior From a New Perspective Improves Observational Capacity

From our traditional boat-based horizontal perspective, marine megafauna behavioral observations are typically limited to animal surfacings. Achieving an aerial perspective has been restricted to brief helicopter or airplane based observations that are costly, noisy and risky. The emergence of commercial small unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has significantly reduced these constraints, and provide a stable, relatively quiet and inexpensive platform that enables replicate observations for prolonged periods with minimal disturbance. The potential of UAS for behavioral observation appears immense, yet quantitative methods of video analysis and proof of utility as an observational tool are required. We use UAS footage of gray whales foraging in coastal waters of Oregon, USA to develop analysis methods, assess behavioral impacts caused by UAS, determine the change in observation time enabled by UAS, and describe unique behaviors observed via UAS. Boat-based behavioral observations from 53 gray whale sightings between May and October 2016 were compared to behavioral data extracted from video analysis of UAS flights during those sightings. We used a DJI Phantom 3 Pro or 4 Advanced, recorded video from an altitude ≥25m, and detected no behavioral response by whales to the UAS. Two experienced whale ethologists conducted UAS video behavioral analysis, including tabulation of whale behavior states and events, and whale surface time and whale visible time (total time the whale was visible including underwater). UAS provided three times more observational capacity than boat-based observations alone (300 vs. 103 minutes). When observation time is accounted for, UAS data provided greater observations of all primary behavior states (travel, forage, social, rest) relative to boat-based data, especially forage, which increased by three times. Furthermore, UAS enable documentation of multiple novel gray whale foraging tactics (e.g., headstands: n=58; side-swimming: n=17; jaw snapping and flexing: n= 10) and 33 social events (nursing, pair coordinated surfacings) not identified in the field. This study demonstrates the significant added value of UAS to marine megafauna behavior and ecological studies. With technological advances, robust study designs, and effective analytical tools, we foresee increased UAS applications to marine megafauna studies to elucidate foraging strategies, habitat associations, social patterns, and response to human disturbance.
Acoustic conditions for students' engagement in active learning classrooms

Educators have developed innovative teaching strategies in order to maximize learning outcomes in classrooms. Active learning classrooms are new learning spaces that facilitate the teaching strategies with enhanced students’ engagement and collaborative discussions. Previous studies showed that the design of the space impacts on students’ achievement. However, acoustic requirements of the active learning classrooms have not been investigated yet. This paper presents, thus, the acoustic conditions of the active learning classrooms located in Montreal. The acoustical parameters such as background noise, reverberation time, and speech transmission index in unoccupied conditions and occupied noise levels during learning activities are examined. The results are compared with conventional classrooms. Since active learning classrooms are more prone to acoustic deficiencies, the results of this paper can provide a better understanding of the acoustic design requirements for these spaces.
Larval Development: Making Ants into Soldiers.

Summary Many ant species have complex caste systems, with reproductive queens and sterile workers, which often play distinct roles in the maintenance and defense of the colony. A new study sheds light on how these worker caste systems evolved and the mechanisms by which totipotent larvae give rise to the alternative adult castes.
INNOVATIONS IN THE DELIVERY OF DEMENTIA CARE IN A RAPIDLY EVOLVING HEALTH CARE LANDSCAPE: Session 204

Abstract This session will review the imperative and substantial opportunity for implementing evidence based models of integrated dementia care for an evolving health care system that places an emphasis on quality and reducing escalating health care costs. Primary care physicians in 2018 are not adequately incentivized or educated to detect, assess and treat a rapidly growing population of individual with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, there is no consistent existing infrastructure to allow for successful identification and treatment of dementias within primary care leading to delays in diagnosis and lost opportunities for early treatment intervention, education of family caregivers, reducing safety complications, treating behavioral symptoms of dementia and de-prescribing BZDs, anticholinergics and sedative hypnotics. A re-engineering of the health care system is required to realize goals of improving the quality of care for individuals with dementia and easing the associated caregiver burden. Furthermore, as clinical trials progress towards realizing the first disease modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease, our current health care system is ill-prepared to take advantage of the opportunity for slowing disease progression and reducing the staggering costs of dementia care. This symposium will outline evidence based models of integrated dementia care and discuss the challenges in implementing care re-design in an evolving and diverse health care system.
Subcortical neural correlates of behavior in the auditory system

One of the biggest open questions in neuroscience is the relationship between neuronal activity and behavior. Little is known in the auditory system about the nature of the relationship between stimulus encoding and perception. To shed light on this topic, we recorded responses of single neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC) and cochlear nucleus (CN) of macaques that were trained to detect tones or vowels during behavioral performance. Using signal detection theoretic methods, we determined that neurometric tone and vowel detection thresholds based on rate measures in CNIC matched behavioral thresholds, while thresholds of CN neurons were higher than behavior. Additionally, the response magnitudes of a majority of the CNIC neurons varied significantly depending on the behavioral accuracy, compared to a much smaller proportion of CN neurons. Analysis of temporal patterns of response (e.g., phase locking) suggests that neurometric thresholds of all CN and most CNIC neurons matched behavioral thresholds during vowel detection. Additionally, every CNIC and CN neuron showed significant response pattern differences based on behavioral accuracy. These results suggest that behaviorally relevant coding early in the pathway is temporal in nature and is transformed to more rate based measures at higher levels of processing.One of the biggest open questions in neuroscience is the relationship between neuronal activity and behavior. Little is known in the auditory system about the nature of the relationship between stimulus encoding and perception. To shed light on this topic, we recorded responses of single neurons in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CNIC) and cochlear nucleus (CN) of macaques that were trained to detect tones or vowels during behavioral performance. Using signal detection theoretic methods, we determined that neurometric tone and vowel detection thresholds based on rate measures in CNIC matched behavioral thresholds, while thresholds of CN neurons were higher than behavior. Additionally, the response magnitudes of a majority of the CNIC neurons varied significantly depending on the behavioral accuracy, compared to a much smaller proportion of CN neurons. Analysis of temporal patterns of response (e.g., phase locking) suggests that neurometric thresholds of all CN and most CNIC neurons matched...
Modulating Ocular Scarring in Glaucoma Filtration Surgery Using the Epigenetic Adjunct Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid.

Aim The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI) with a broad spectrum epigenetic activity, in improving filtration bleb survival as an adjunct therapy to glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS) in the rabbit model. Materials and methods Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits underwent GFS in the left eye and were randomized to receive either a subconjunctival (SC) injection of 0.1 mL SAHA (9.25 μg/mL) or balanced saline solution (BSS) at the end of surgery, or a 3-minute intraoperative topical application of 0.4 mg/mL mitomycin-C (MMC). Bleb survival and histology were compared. Results Blebs of rabbits receiving injections of SAHA survived an average (mean ± SD) of 23.2 ± 2.7 days. SAHA rabbits showed a nonsignificant improvement over rabbits that received an injection of BSS, which had a mean survival time of 19.7 ± 2.7 days (p = 0.38) according to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Eyes receiving intraoperative topical MMC survived an average of 32.5 ± 3.3 days, which is significantly longer than both the control group treated with BSS (p = 0.01) and the experimental group treated with the SAHA (p = 0.0495). SAHA was well tolerated and showed no significant avascularity, necrosis, or conjunctival thinning. Conclusion Although it was well tolerated, a single intraoperative injection of SAHA did not significantly prolong bleb survival in the rabbit model. Clinical significance Epigenetic adjuncts hold promise for improving GFS outcome; however, future studies must continue to examine different administration protocols and dosages to substantiate their efficacy. How to cite this article Rodgers CD, Lukowski ZL, et al. Modulating Ocular Scarring in Glaucoma Filtration Surgery Using the Epigenetic Adjunct Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2019;13(1):37-41.
Public perceptions of felon-juror exclusion: An exploratory study

Despite the pervasiveness of felon-juror exclusion, this is the first study to systematically explore public opinions about the exclusion of convicted felons from voting and jury service. While res...
Scalable Manufacturing of Hierarchical Biphasic Bicontinuous Structures via Vaporization Induced Phase Separation (VIPS)

Studies of particle-stabilized biphasic structures have greatly expanded the possibilities of multiphasic systems by pro-ducing liquid composites with unique morphologies and properties. The solven...
Wealth Inequality and Private Savings: The Case of Germany

This paper explores the interaction between corporate ownership concentration and private savings, and by extension, the current account balance in Germany. As high corporate savings largely reflected capital income accruing to wealthy households and increasingly retained in closely-held firms, the buildup of external imbalances in Germany has been accompanied by widening top income inequality, rising private savings and compressed consumption rates. Rising corporate profits in an environment of high business wealth concentration account for 90 percent of the rise in the private savings rate and a third of the increase in the German current account surplus over 1999–2016.
Key factors for a successful surgical guide: A prospective pilot study

Aims: The aim of this prospective pilot study was to assess the effect of the variation factors starting from the impression technique to the surgery itself in the accuracy of the dental-supported stereolithographic surgical template in implant surgery. Methods and Materials: Eighteen tapered bone level Straumann implants were inserted in 12 partially edentulous patients. The pre- and post-operative cone-beam computed tomography scans were matched allowing comparison of the planned implants with the inserted ones, considering the coronal, apical, and the angular deviation values, according to different surgeons and different implant length. Results: A mean coronal variation of 1.15 ± 0.616 mm, an apical variation of 1.43 ± 0.77, mm and the angular variation of 2.90 ± 1.41were shown. These deviations were within the range reported by several systematic reviews with lower standard deviation from the mean values. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the control of the variation key factors shows better results in guided surgery and with a higher consistency in the results even with different operators.
Social Support Networks and Foreign-Birth Status Associated With Obesity, Hypertension and Diabetes Prevalence Among 21-30 and 50-70 Year Old Adults Living in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Purpose:To examine whether social network characteristics of US-and foreign-born individuals are related to hypertension, diabetes and obesity prevalence.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Six San Fran...
Quantifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastrointestinal cancer care delivery.

Background and aim This study quantifies how changes in healthcare utilization and delivery during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic have altered the presentation, treatment, and management of patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies within an academic health system. Methods and results Patients diagnosed with a GI malignancy (ICD10: C15-C26) who received medical care within the health system during the observation period (first 44 weeks of 2019 and 2020) were identified for a retrospective cohort study. Deidentified patient encounter parameters were collected for this observation period and separated into pre-pandemic (weeks 1-10) and early pandemic (weeks 11-20) study periods. Difference-in-difference analyses adjusted for week-specific and year-specific effects quantified the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on care delivery between pre-pandemic and early pandemic study periods in 2020. Across all GI malignancies, the COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a significant decline in the number of patients with new patient visits (NPVs) (p = 1.2 × 10-4 ), Radiology encounters (p = 1.9 × 10-7 ), Surgery encounters (p = 1.6 × 10-3 ), Radiation Oncology encounters (p = 4.1 × 10-3 ), and infusion visits (6.1 × 10-5 ). Subgroup analyses revealed cancer-specific variations in changes to delivery. Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) had the most significant decrease in NPVs (p = 7.1 × 10-5 ), which was significantly associated with a concomitant decrease in colonoscopies performed during the early pandemic period (r2 = 0.722, p = 2.1 × 10-10 ). Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with significant disruptions to care delivery. While these effects were appreciated broadly across GI malignancies, CRC, diagnosed and managed by periodic screening, has been affected most acutely.
Tests of QCD at Petra

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)(1) is a gauge theory based on the group SU(3) of color, which is necessary in order to explain deep inelastic scattering, the π° lifetime, and the total hadronic cross section measured in e+e− annihilation.(2)
Quantitative Aspects of Quter-Shell Excitation in Ion-Surface Collisions

Outer-shell excitation of sputtered atoms is a well-known inelastic process in ion-solid collisions. Quantities that are readily measurable in this process are the photon yields and the velocities (or energies) of the excited atoms. Useful information on possible basic mechanisms responsible for excitation can be derived from such quantitative data. In this report, the experimental procedures used to perform these measurements are described and the results relevant to the understanding of the excitation process in sputtering are discussed in detail.
Evidence for Opposing Effects of Calmodulin on Cortical Microtubules

Microtubule integrity within the cortical array was visualized in detergent-lysed carrot (Daucus carota L.) protoplasts that were exposed to various exogenous levels of Ca2+ and calmodulin (CaM). CaM appears to help stabilize cortical microtubules against the destabilizing action of Ca2+/CaM complexes at low Ca2+ concentrations, but not at higher Ca2+ concentrations. The hypothesis that CaM interacts with microtubules at two different sites, determined by the concentration of Ca2+, is supported by the effects of the CaM antagonists N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfanamide (20 [mu]M) and by affinity chromatography. Two classes of proteins were identified that interact with tubulin and bind to CaM. One class required Ca2+ for CaM binding, whereas the second class bound only when Ca2+ concentrations were low (
Fat metabolism in fish

The sections in this article are: 1 Triglycerides 2 Free Fatty Acids 3 Fatty Acid Metabolism 4 Function of Triglycerides 5 Phospholipids
Trading Volume Reaction to Cash Flow Restatements

In early 2006, the AICPA released Alerts #90 and #98 which, following Securities and Exchange Commission guidance, allowed firms to reclassify cash flow items without penalty. We investigate the market effects of the cash flow restatements by investigating the abnormal trading volume reaction to the restatements pre- and post-SEC-guidance. The evidence is consistent with disagreement among investors about the implications of restatements pre-SEC-guidance, and with a decrease in disagreement among investors in the post-guidance period. Our study has implications for investors, auditors and policymakers, since limited research examines the capital market consequences of cash flow restatements.
Searching EUVE Data for Transient/Flaring Extreme Ultraviolet Sources

The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), because of its sky survey strategy, performed two observations of each point along a 180° by 1° strip of the ecliptic during the initial survey phase of the mission. one observation used the deep survey telescope, and another, 90 days earlier or later, used the all sky scanner telescopes, two of which have a nearly identical passband to that of the ecliptic deep survey. Since the completion of the initial sky survey, EUVE has been used to carry out deep, pointed observations of selected targets. Many areas of the sky have therefore been observed two or more times, allowing us to compare count rates for some objects over a long temporal baseline. Objects with significantly varying count rates for widely separated times are of particular astrophysical interest.
McConnell's Sign Is Not Specific for Pulmonary Embolism: Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Background McConnell's sign (right ventricular [RV] free wall hypokinesis with apical sparing on echocardiography) is often described as very specific for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). We present the case of a patient who, despite manifesting a classic McConnell's sign, was not found to have a PE. Case report A 58-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a cough, dyspnea, and leg swelling. A bedside focused cardiac ultrasound revealed hypokinesis of the RV free wall, with apical sparing, in the apical four-chamber view. A computed tomography angiogram for PE was negative. Ultrasounds of both lower extremities were negative for deep venous thrombosis, and a D-dimer was only marginally elevated. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Emergency physicians should be aware that McConnell's sign is not completely specific for acute right heart strain from PE.
Exchange power management for mobile ad hoc networks

We present an incentive compatible mechanism for negotiated power management in mobile ad hoc networks. Using power measurements of real wireless interfaces, we show that a cost model for this environment must account for energy complementarity between overlapping traffic flows. We introduce the combinatorial exchange, a generalization of the route selection method already implemented in source routing networks, as a model which accounts for overlap. No previous mechanism for networks is incentive compatible in the power managing environment. We have developed a distributed procedure for exchange-based route selection, which we evaluate using realistic simulation. Our results show significant improvements in energy consumption variability, route setup latency, and application message delivery latency.
Altered transcriptional activity of c-fos promoter plasmids in v-raf-transformed NIH 3T3 cells.

Abstract In cells transformed by v-raf, an oncogenic counterpart of the serine/threonine kinase Raf-1, regulatory elements of the c-fos promoter were active under conditions of cell growth or stimulation for which they were inactive in untransformed control cells. This suggests that v-raf transforms by deregulating transcription of early response genes.
Scalable and robust internetwork routing for mobile hosts

This paper describes a new protocol for transparently routing packets to mobile hosts operating in a large internetwork. The protocol, called the Mobile Host Routing Protocol (MHRP), allows any host to become mobile at any time, yet there is no penalty for a host being "mobile capable", since the protocol automatically uses only the standard internetwork routing mechanisms and adds no overhead when a mobile host is currently connected to its home network. The paper concentrates on the design of MHRP as it applies to the Internet using IP. Mobile hosts use only their "home" IP addresses, regardless of their current location in the Internet. No changes are required in stationary hosts that communicate with mobile hosts, and no changes are required in mobile hosts above the IP level. MHRP introduces several new features to provide better robustness for routing to mobile hosts, and provides better scalability to very large numbers of mobile hosts than previous mobile host protocols. >
Effects of Carbon Dust Inhalation on the Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Mice

The effects of carbon dust inhalation on the bone marrow-derived (B) and thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte populations of spleen and mediastinal lymph node (MLN) cultures were examined. The concanavalin A (Con A)-responsive cell population (T cells) in the spleen was found to be depressed after 7 days of pre-exposure to carbon dust. However, this effect was transient, and after 14, 21, and 28 days of pre-exposure to carbon dust, the Con A-responsive cells exhibited a 30 to 40% enhancement over control group responses. Conversely, Con A-responsive cells in the pooled MLN cultures exhibited depression, ranging from 22 to 33% below control group values, after 7, 14, and 28 days of pre-exposure to carbon dust. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-responsive cell population (B cells) in the spleens of carbon-exposed mice was found not to differ significantly from control group values after all times of pre-exposure. LPS-responsive cells in the MLN cultures exhibited enhancement, ranging from 49 to 74% above control values, after 14, 21, and 28 days of pre-exposure to carbon dust. The ability of carbon spleen cell cultures from carbon-exposed mice to undergo antigen induced blast transformation after sensitization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra was also determined. Mice exposed to carbon dust inhalation 2 weeks before and 3 weeks after aerosol or subcutaneous immunization exhibited significantly enhanced ratios of transformation upon culture of their spleen lymphocytes with purified protein derivative of tuberculin.
The Erdos-Gallai criterion and symmetric functions

ErdA¶s and Gallai 2 gave a necessary and sufficient condition for an integer sequence to be the degree sequence of a simple graph. We present a proof of this criterion based on the theory of symmetric functions.
A three-cavity gyroklystron amplifier experiment

A proposed tunable three-cavity gyroklystron is described. Calculations with a particle simulation code for a two cavity gyroklystron predict efficiencies greater than 40%. Gains greater than 40 dB are extrapolatod from these calculations. Output powers greater than 100 kW should be obtained. The experiment will be performed at C band due to the availability of a magnetron injection gun suitable for this Frequency-range.
CULTURE OF THE DINOFLAGELLATE GYMNODINIUM WITH SOIL EXTRACT

ONE OF THE MOST striking features of phytoplankton populations in the sea is fluctuation both in the type and in the number of cells present. Study of plankton hauls has revealed a seasonal flowering of diatoms, and the factors promoting their growth have long been objects of study (Harvey, 1939; Gran, 1930; Riley, 1947). The number and species of dinoflagellates also vary enormously, although these fluctuations are perhaps less perfectly correlated with time of year than in the case of the diatoms. The physiological factors which lead to rapid multiplication of dinoflagellates are poorly understood. The purpose of this investigation was to determine what chemical factors are necessary for rapid growth of these organisms in culture. It is known that the multiplication of certain other plankton organisms in culture is much accelerated by the addition of soil extract to the culture medium. Such extracts were first used extensively in culture media for algae by Pringsheim (1912). Since that time, soil extracts have been widely successful in promoting the culture of organisms that are difficult to grow in inorganic media (diatoms, Harvey 1939; flagellates, Lwoff and Lederer, 1935). The active principle in soil extract has not been identified with respect to any of these organisms. However, Pringsheim (1936), on the basis of experiments employing Chlorogonium, Polytoma, Polytomella, and Chilomonas as test organisms, has concluded that the active principle is an acidand alkaline-stable organic substance, insoluble in alcohol and ether, adsorbed by charcoal, and destroyed by hydrogen peroxide. Whatever the nature of this principle, it is evidently important in the nutrition of a fairly wide range of unicellular organisms. Thus it seemed profitable to begin this investigation with a detailed study of the effect of soil extract on the rate of growth of dinoflagellates. HISTORY OF THE CULTURE OF MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES.-The literature contains few records of marine dinoflagellates which have been maintained in culture for many transfers. A number of species have been cultured for short times by taxonomists who wished to identify the organisms or follow their life cycles. These cultures were usually not bacteria-free and were sometimes mixtures of several species, and no attempt was made to determine optimum conditions for growth. Kiister (1908) grew Gyrodinium jucorum for a period of
Improvement of Gran'S Plot Method in Standard Addition and Subtraction Methods by a New Plot Method

Abstract A new linear plot method for determining the unknown electrode slopes, concentrations and selectivity constants in potentiometric analysis is presented. It improves Gran'S method and other methods which are used at present. The results can be obtained directly and rapidly without knowing ion-selective electrode slopes prior. The method would be used in routine analysis and teaching work.
ABC-boost: adaptive base class boost for multi-class classification

We propose abc-boost (adaptive base class boost) for multi-class classification and present abc-mart, an implementation of abc-boost, based on the multinomial logit model. The key idea is that, at each boosting iteration, we adaptively and greedily choose a base class. Our experiments on public datasets demonstrate the improvement of abc-mart over the original mart algorithm.
Gender Differences in Adolescent Psychiatric Outpatient Substance Use: Associated Behaviors and Feelings

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate gender differences in substance use and associated high-risk behaviors and feeling states in 220 adolescent psychiatric outpatients. Method One hundred seven females and 113 males with a mean age of 15.6 (SD ± 1.4), seen in a tertiary care center adolescent psychiatry clinic, completed scales tapping substance use and associated feelings and behaviors. Approximately half had used nicotine and alcohol, one third had used marijuana, and 10% reported narcotic use. Results Conduct disorder behavior, suicidality, and impulsivity scale scores decreased with age in females while marijuana use, conduct disorder behavior, and Hypophoria scale scores increased with age in males. Alcohol use in males, as contrasted with females, correlated more significantly with other substance use and high-risk behaviors. Suicidality tended to correlate more with polysubstance use in females and with sexual behaviors in females only. Substance use correlated with the Impulsivity and Need scale scores in males and scores on the Sociopathy scale in females. Conclusions Substance use in males correlates with high-risk behaviors and is associated with feelings of impulsivity and need. Substance use correlates with self-destructive behaviors and sociopathic feelings in females. There is evidence of more persistent high-risk behaviors, including substance use, in males than in females.
Deoxyribonuclease activity in Escherichia coli K12 (λ) after bacteriophage induction with ultraviolet irradiation

Abstract Comparisons were made of the activity of deoxyribonuclease in extracts of the lysogenic strain Escherichia coli K12 (λ) after the bacteria had been treated with ultraviolet light to cause induction, or infected with the bacteriophage T2. In extracts made from cells shortly before burst, there was a four- to eightfold increase in DNase after the E. coli K12 (λ) had been infected with T2, with or without prior UV treatment. There was only a twofold or smaller increase in the specific activity of DNase after the bacteria had been induced with UV. These results show that a marked increase in DNase activity is not a general phenomenon associated with virus multiplication in a bacterial cell, but may be restricted to certain coliphages, such as the T-even series.
Differential effects of amphetamine and fenfluramine on dietary self-selection in rats

Abstract Daily caloric intakes and dietary self-selection of the three macronutrients, protein, fat and carbohydrate were examined in female rats following administration of d-amphetamine sulfate (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg, IP) or fenfluramine hydrochloride (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg/kg, IP). Animals were maintained on ground Purina Chow or one of two self-selection regimes, one with a high-caloric fat ration (7.85 kcal/g) and the other with a fat ration isocaloric to the carbohydrate and protein rations (3.76 kcal/g). Animals received drug injections at the beginning of a daily 8-hour feeding period with nutrient intakes measured at 2, 4 and 8 hrs following injections. While both amphetamine and fenfluramine led to dose-related decreases in total caloric intakes, the two drugs resulted in different temporal patterns of feeding. Amphetamine produced its greatest effect on caloric intake during the first 2 hours of the feeding period, whereas fenfluramine suppressed caloric intake equivalently across the 8-hour feeding period. The two anorectic drugs also led to different patterns of nutrient choice. When animals were given the high-caloric fat ration, amphetamine selectively decreased fat intake while fenfluramine produced decreases in both protein and fat intakes, sparing carbohydrate intake. In contrast, when animals were given the isocaloric fat ration, amphetamine resulted in a general suppression of nutrient intakes while fenfluramine led to a sustained decrease in fat intake with a relative sparing of protein and carbohydrate consumption.
Update on the role of endoscopic ultrasound in chronic pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) remains an important healthcare problem that adversely affects quality of life. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a preferred test for the diagnosis of early CP. The Rosemont classification strictly defines and assigns weighting to the previously described ductal and parenchymal criteria. Recent histological correlation studies have improved our understanding of the accuracy of EUS criteria. Digital imaging analysis and complementary functional testing may complement endosonographic diagnosis. EUS-directed celiac plexus blockade and ductal access techniques have expanded the therapeutic armamentarium for pain management in CP.
Liquid Droplet Dispersions Formed by Homogeneous Liquid−Liquid Nucleation: “The Ouzo Effect”

The “ouzo effect” enables one to create a dispersion of small droplets in a surrounding liquid phase without the use of surfactants, dispersing agents, or mechanical agitation: a phenomenon which can be of value in many disciplines. In the quantitative studies presented here, dispersions of oil droplets in water are formed by the addition of water to a solution of the oil dissolved in a solvent. This causes the oil to supersaturate and then nucleate into small droplets. The mean droplet diameter is a function only of the oil-to-solvent ratio at a given temperature. The number density of droplets formed can be controlled independently from the droplet diameter by changing the amount of water added. Smaller droplets are formed by using more hydrophilic cosolvents. The droplet size distribution is typically log−normal. The width of the distribution can be narrowed by mixing the components at an elevated temperature and then allowing the dispersion to cool.
Active user cooperation in fading multiple-access channels

Consider a two-user fading cooperative multiple-access channel (CMAC), where each user, along with transmitting its own information to the destination, helps the other user by forwarding the latterpsilas information. It is assumed that the transceivers (nodes) are capable of half-duplex communication and that full channel state information (CSI) is available at all the nodes. Cooperative transmission strategies based on a flow-theoretic approach are proposed. The proposed strategies include a sub-optimal but simple orthogonal relaying strategy for the CMAC (OR-CMAC), and a flow-optimized strategy for the CMAC (FO-CMAC). The proposed protocols are evaluated in terms of achievable rate regions and outage performances, for different scenarios. The boundaries of the achievable rate regions for the proposed strategies are characterized by convex optimization formulations, and FO-CMAC is shown to provide improved achievable rate regions as compared to the conventional multiple-access channel (MAC), and a previously proposed strategy based on the decode-and-forward (DF) approach. Although sub-optimal in terms of the achievable rate region, OR-CMAC is shown to provide outage performance close to FO-CMAC for the scenarios considered. Moreover, by comparing to a lower bound on the outage probability, both the proposed strategies are shown to achieve the optimal diversity order of two for the required rate region of interest.
Vaccination with Brucella abortus Recombinant In Vivo-Induced Antigens Reduces Bacterial Load and Promotes Clearance in a Mouse Model for Infection

Current vaccines used for the prevention of brucellosis are ineffective in inducing protective immunity in animals that are chronically infected with Brucella abortus, such as elk. Using a gene discovery approach, in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT) on B. abortus, we previously identified ten loci that encode products up-regulated during infection in elk and consequently may play a role in virulence. In our present study, five of the loci (D15, 0187, VirJ, Mdh, AfuA) were selected for further characterization and compared with three additional antigens with virulence potential (Hia, PrpA, MltA). All eight genes were PCR-amplified from B. abortus and cloned into E. coli. The recombinant products were then expressed, purified, adjuvanted, and delivered subcutaneously to BALB/c mice. After primary immunization and two boosts, mice were challenged i.p. with 5×104 CFU of B. abortus strain 19. Spleens from challenged animals were harvested and bacterial loads determined by colony count at various time points. While vaccination with four of the eight individual proteins appeared to have some effect on clearance kinetics, mice vaccinated with recombinant Mdh displayed the most significant reduction in bacterial colonization. Furthermore, mice immunized with Mdh maintained higher levels of IFN-γ in spleens compared to other treatment groups. Collectively, our in vivo data gathered from the S19 murine colonization model suggest that vaccination with at least three of the IVIAT antigens conferred an enhanced ability of the host to respond to infection, reinforcing the utility of this methodology for the identification of potential vaccine candidates against brucellosis. Mechanisms for immunity to one protein, Mdh, require further in vitro exploration and evaluation against wild-type B. abortus challenge in mice, as well as other hosts. Additional studies are being undertaken to clarify the role of Mdh and other IVI antigens in B. abortus virulence and induction of protective immunity.
Silence from within: Endogenous siRNAs and miRNAs

Although eukaryotic cells use RNA silencing to defend against transposons and pathogens, they also employ these pathways to regulate the expression of their own genes. Recent results have uncovered new examples of RNA silencing in controlling endogenous gene expression and have revealed novel mechanisms of downregulation. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that target genes in vertebrate species may number in the thousands.
Polarization-insensitive nonlinear optical loop mirror demultiplexer with twisted fiber.

We experimentally demonstrate reduction of the polarization sensitivity of a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) from 5 to 0.5??dB by use of 550??m of twisted dispersion-shifted fiber with a twist rate of 8 turns/m (24??turns/beat length). The twisting of the fiber induces circular birefringence and equates the parallel- and the orthogonal-polarization nonlinear phase-shift terms. Experimental results show that the polarization sensitivity monotonically decreases from 5??dB for nontwisted fiber to 0.5??dB for fiber that is twisted at a rate of 8??turns/m, and the twist rate should be more than 4??turns/m (>10 turns/beat length) for emulation of circularly polarized fiber. The minimum polarization sensitivity occurs when the control-pulse polarization is aligned with one of the eigenmodes of the twisted fiber. With the fiber twisted at a rate of 8??turns/m in the NOLM, the nonlinear transmission is 23% at a switching energy of 4??pJ/pulse. Simulations confirm the observed behavior and show that the remaining polarization sensitivity results from energy transfer between orthogonal modes of the signal pulse.
Crystal and molecular structure of 1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-1-methyl chloride

The structure of the compound, 1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-1-methyl chloride has been determined by a single crystal x-ray diffraction study. The compound crystallizes in space group Cmcm with four formula weights in a unit cell of dimensions a = 8.53, b = 10.30, c = 9.27 ± .01 A. The molecular cations fit in large holes between the chloride anions and consequently are disordered about the cation positions. The five-membered ring portion is non-planar and bears a strong resemplance to other five-membered rings in bicyclic-fused compounds. The azetidine portion of the molecule is planar. The basic fused ring structure is contrasted to that found in penicillin salts. A final value of R = 0.106 for the 305 independent reflections was obtained.
Colloid osmotic pressure in infants with hyaline membrane disease.

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) was measured serially in 81 critically ill neonates with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) during the first five days of life, and these changes were correlated with the birth weight, gestational age, serum protein level, clinical status, and outcome. Colloid osmotic pressure correlated better with the total protein level (n = 81; r =0.54) than with birth weight ( r =0.23) and gestational age ( r =0.31; n = 81). Seventy-one of 81 neonates survived. Among the survivors, COP increased significantly by day 5, whereas changes in the total protein level were not significant during the same period. Colloid osmotic pressure decreased significantly in nine of ten nonsurvivors (mean ± SE, 11 ± 0.5 to 8 ± 0.55 mm Hg), whereas the total protein level did not show a similar change. Thus, COP cannot be accurately predicted by measuring serum protein during acute illness. Serial measurement of COP was a better prognostic indicator than the total protein level in infants with HMD.
Experiments to measure hydrogen release from graphite walls during disruptions in DIII-D

Spectroscopy and wall the bake-out measurements are performed in the DIII-D tokamak to estimate the amount of hydrogen stored in and released from the walls during disruptions. Both naturally occurring disruptions and disruptions induced by massive gas injection (MGI) are investigated. The measurements indicate that both types of disruptions cause a net release of order 10(21) hydrogen (or deuterium) atoms from the graphite walls. This is comparable to the pre-disruptions plasma particle inventory, so the released hydrogen is important for accurate modeling of disruptions. However, the amount of hydrogen released is small compared to the total saturated wall inventory of order 10(22)-10(23), So it appears that many disruptions are necessary to provide full pump-out of the vessel walls. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Recursion operator and current algebras for the potential SL(N, C) self-dual Yang-Mills equation

Abstract The Lie algebraic structure of the recently reported potential symmetries for the self-dual Yang-Mills equation (SDYM) is explored. This structure contains both Kac-Moody and Virasoro algebras, formed by application of a recursion operator to the group of point transformations of the potential SDYM equation.
Perceptions of Physical Activity and Motivational Interviewing Among Rural African-American Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Purpose Motivational interviewing (MI), a patient-centered behavioral counseling style, is a common behavioral intervention strategy. Because intervention outcomes are highly dependent on patient responsiveness to intervention strategy, we evaluated MI perceptions among rural African American women with type 2 diabetes before a physical activity intervention. Methods Four moderator-led focus groups were conducted with patients aged 21–50 years who had never participated in a MI intervention and who receive diabetes care in a rural community health center. Patients were asked to share their perceptions of an MI consultation after viewing a DVD-based example. They were also asked to discuss their physical activity perceptions and readiness. A comprehensive content analysis based on grounded theory was performed by two raters in order to identify main themes. Main Findings Although patients ( n = 31) had an appreciation for physical activity benefits and high levels of physical activity readiness, themes related to physical activity barriers and lack of motivation were pervasive. Patients regarded the MI consultation as an effective health communication but the patient-centeredness of the approach was negatively perceived. Compared with MI, patients agreed that more traditional paternalistic approaches (i.e., physician-led interactions) were more representative of “good counseling” and more familiar to them. Patients shared deeply about personal experiences and provided words of encouragement to one another. Conclusion Physical activity interventions including rural African-American women should include activities that focus on barrier management and increasing motivation. MI might be an appropriate behavioral counseling model when added to a more traditional cognitive–behavioral physical activity intervention that is group-based and tailored to patients' communication preferences and the clinical setting.
NASA research in supersonic propulsion: A decade of progress

A second generation, economically viable, and environmentally acceptable supersonic aircraft is reviewed. Engine selection, testbed experiments, and noise reduction research are described.