cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of the National Wildlife Federation’s Schoolyard Habitat Program: Fourth-grade Students’ Standardized Science Test Scores and Science Grades

The purpose of this study was to determine if participation in the National Wildlife Federation’s (NWF) Schoolyard Habitat Program (SYHP) had an effect on the science standardized test scores or science grades of fourth-grade primary school students in Houston, TX. To conduct the study, five pairs of Houston elementary schools were selected as either treatment or control schools. The treatment group included a total of 148 fourth-grade students whose teachers reported using the NWF’s SYHP. The control group consisted of a total of 248 fourth-grade students whose teachers used a traditional science curriculum. To measure academic achievement, scores on a standardized science test and science grades were compared between the treatment and control students. Results from this study indicated Caucasian students scored higher than minority students on the Stanford standardized science exam. Significant differences existed in the Stanford standardized science exam scores between male and female students for the treatment group only. Overall, the results from this study also showed that the SYHP was equally as effective at science instruction as the traditional curriculum within the Houston Independent School District (HISD) after teachers gained familiarity with using the habitat for instruction.
Diversity Within the Rijndael Design Principles for Resistance to Differential Power Analysis

The winner of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition, Rijndael, strongly resists mathematical cryptanalysis. However, side channel attacks such as differential power analysis and template attacks break many AES implementations.
Twenty-five years of democracy, twenty-five years of social protest: The role of the carnivalesque in Bulgaria’s 2013 antigovernment protests

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the role of the carnivalesque in three performances of protest during the antigovernment street protests in Bulgaria in 2013. They represent a form of protest that symbolically inverts the established rituals of a political regime unwilling to recognize the voice of the people in an allegedly democratic nation-state. My analysis intersects scholarship on the rhetoric of social movements, carnivalesque performances of protest, and the rhetorical force of iconic images of protest. Through my analysis I reveal how the carnivalesque allowed activists to move beyond the norms of democratic dissent in their protests against governmental oppression.
Dexmedetomidine for prevention of delirium in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery.

Delirium is a common morbidity after surgery and in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). The development of delirium is associated with increased hospital costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased in-hospital mortality (1-3). Consequences of delirium continue to afflict patients even after hospital discharge.
How are we measuring clinically important outcome for operative treatments in sports medicine

ABSTRACTObjectives: Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) and other measures of minimum clinical importance are increasingly recognized as important clinical considerations for evaluating the efficacy of an intervention. As our interpretation of clinical outcome evolves beyond statistical significance, psychometric properties such as MCID will be increasingly important to various stakeholders in the orthopaedic community. The purpose of this study was to: 1) describe the state of clinically important outcome reporting and 2) describe the methods used to derive these psychometric values for sports medicine patients undergoing operative treatments.Methods: A review of the MEDLINE database was performed. Studies primarily deriving and reporting clinically important outcome measures for operative interventions in sports medicine were included. Demographic, methodological and psychometric properties of included studies were extracted. Level of Evidence and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS) were used to...
Retreat of the Cordillera Darwin icefield during Termination I

During the last glaciation, the Cordillera Darwin icefield expanded northward toward the Straits of Magellan, eastward across Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and through Canal Beagle, and south and west across the numerous islands of southernmost Chile. Deglaciation commenced at ~18 ka during Termination I. Alpine glaciers in the Fuegian Andes also likely retreated at that time. Radiocarbon ages from the interior regions of Cordillera Darwin suggest ice in at least some locations had retreated close to its present-day limit as early as ~16.5 ka. The most likely cause for such rapid ice retreat was rising atmospheric temperatures at the start of Termination I.
Benign and malignant hybrid adnexal tumors in a patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a genodermatosis characterized by overgrowth of flat warts, pityriasis versicolor-like lesions and an increased propensity for developing cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas due to abnormal susceptibility to infection with beta-human papilloma viruses. Adnexal tumors are not typically associated with EV. Here we report a spectrum of hybrid adnexal tumors with divergent eccrine and folliculosebaceous differentiation, and cytologic features ranging from benign to frankly atypical, in a patient with inherited EV.
MYC protein expression as prognostic in acute myeloid leukemia.

7019Background: Despite the development of new MYC-targeted drugs, few studies have assessed MYC protein expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We assessed MYC expression by immunohistochemist...
A NEW APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF IMPACT-ECHO DATA

The recently developed impact-echo (IE) method, which utilizes an impact and subsequent displacement monitoring of the concrete surface, appears promising for the inspection of concrete structures. IE has been shown to be particularly suitable for void, delamination, and cracking detection in hardened concrete structures including bridge decks since deep penetration into the structure and one-sided accessibility are obtained. For this method to be reliable, however, accurate measurements of peak frequencies in the magnitude spectrum of the frequency domain must be made. In addition, the interpretation of confusing spectrums may be required. The first part of this paper reviews the existing impact echo technique, including typical signal generation and capture possibilities as well as the accepted signal processing. Next, an alternative approach to signal processing is developed; this approach is based on a brief literature review and laboratory experiments. It is proposed that this approach, based on the spacing of peaks in the magnitude spectrum may reduce the uncertainty of impact echo signal analysis.
A Computational Study Investigating the Energetics and Kinetics of the HNCO + (CH3)2NH Reaction Catalyzed by a Single Water Molecule.

High-level ab initio calculations are used to explore the energetics and kinetics for the formation of 1,1-dimethyl urea via the reaction of isocyanic acid (HNCO) with dimethyl amine (DMA) catalyzed by a single water molecule. Compared to the uncatalyzed HNCO + DMA reaction, the presence of a water molecule lowers the reaction barrier, defined here as the energy difference between the separated HNCO + DMA + H2O reactants and the transition state (TS), by ∼26 kcal/mol. In addition to the HNCO + DMA + H2O reaction, the energetics of the analogous reactions involving, respectively, ammonia and methyl amine were also investigated. Comparing the barriers for these three amine addition reactions, which can be represented as HNCO + R-NH-R′ + H2O with R and R′ being either −CH3 or −H, we find that the reaction barrier decreases with the degree of methylation on the amine nitrogen atom. The effective rate constants for the bimolecular reaction pathways HNCO··H2O + DMA and HNCO··DMA + H2O were calculated using cano...
Derivations and Lie Algebras

Here, we introduce some concepts and techniques that could be described as the differential calculus of algebra and group theory. As in analysis, this is a tool for linearizing problems.
Safety and Efficacy of Cryoablation in Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias Originating From the Para-Hisian Region

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to assess the outcome of cryoablation in patients with ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) originating from the para-Hisian region. Background There are few data regarding the outcome of cryoablation in patients with VAs originating from the para-Hisian region, where there is the risk of injury to the conduction system. Methods The study analyzed all patients undergoing cryoablation at the Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) as part of an ablation for VAs originating from the para-Hisian region. Results The study population consisted of 10 patients (64 ± 15 years of age, 7 men). Cryoenergy was applied after an unsuccessful radiofrequency (RF) ablation in 8 (80%) patients. The VAs were successfully ablated with cryoablation in 7 (70%) patients; RF ablation after an unsuccessful cryoablation eliminated the VAs at almost the same location with careful monitoring in 1 patient. The authors could not ablate the actual focus because a transient atrioventricular block developed during cryo- and RF energy applications, which led to an unsuccessful ablation in the remaining 2 patients. A complete atrioventricular block occurred during the cryoenergy application in 1 patient, who needed a permanent pacemaker implantation. There were no VA recurrences in 4 of 8 (50%) patients with procedural success during a median follow-up period of 122 days (interquartile range: 43 to 574 days). Conclusions Cryoablation is clinically effective in some patients with VAs originating from the para-Hisian region, where there is the risk of injury to the conduction system, and therefore should be considered as an alternative to or in addition to RF ablation in these cases. Cryoablation requires care because it can also lead to major complications.
Neurobiology and Moral Mindset

Theories of moral motivation often focus on how central moral concerns are to the individual and the consistency of behaviour matching these concerns. Yet few people are consistently virtuous.
Nutritional Guidelines and Energy Needs for Active Children

After completing this chapter, you should have an understanding of the following: • The purpose and goals of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. • MyPyramid Food Guidance System, its calorie criteria, and the six main food groups and the foods that are found in each of those groups. • The positive impact family meals have on children’s overall nutrition. • The daily recommended intake of calories for children. • The role of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats as sources of energy for children. • The importance of vitamins, minerals, fibers, and water in children’s diets.
On-Shelf Tsunami Generation and Coastal Propagation

When a seismic event in a coastal region initiates an energetic Tsunami on the sloping shelf of that region, some of the energy propagates seaward, some of it is manifested in the run-up on the coastal segment alongside the source region and then reflected seaward and some of it, in the form of trapped “edge-waves”, propagates along the shelf with a dispersive attenuation. We quantify here the broadside run-up and the encroachment that accompanies the along-shore propagation.
Swine Salmonella Research in the ARS

Food safety remains an urgent concern for U.S. consumers. Although there is concern with chemical residues, mycotoxins and plant toxins, the greatest attention is given to microbiological pathogens. ARS has a broadly based food safety research program addressing both preand postharvest opportunities for pathogen reduction. Procedures and practices to prevent pathogens, and in particular Salmonella, are needed to assure the safety of raw products because meat may not be cooked to recommended temperatures prior to consumption and because pathogens on raw product may be transferred to other foods that are eaten raw. ARS recognizes that the ecology of Salmonella, both inside the gastrointestinal tract and in the environment, is a critical research avenue because the population pressures affecting an organism must be understood in order to develop controls that are effective in a variety of settings and for the long term. Research at the National Animal Disease Center is the cornerstone of the ARS pre harvest program to prevent Salmonella in swine.
Multiscale Modeling of Pore Collapse Instability in High-Porosity Solids

High-porosity solids include elastomeric foams and other cellular materials, Aeolian sands, poorly cemented coquina, diatomite, and chalk. A majority of these materials are known to exhibit several regions of behavior in simple uniaxial or conventional triaxial compression: a nearly linearly elastic behavior at small strain, plastic behavior at larger strain, a plateau region in which strain increases at nearly constant stress, and, finally, a densification region characterized by pore collapse. In this paper we address the problem of pore collapse instability as a local bifurcation from a homogeneous solution driven by a singular constitutive tangent operator. We identify different eigenmodes (emodes) of bifurcation and propose an approach for constitutive branching useful for multiscale modeling of the pore collapse/densification process.
Concluding Commentary: Schadenfreude, Gluckschmerz, Jealousy, and Hate—What (and When, and Why) Are the Emotions?:

Schadenfreude, gluckschmerz, jealousy, and hate are distinctive emotional phenomena, understudied and deserving of increased attention. The authors of this special section have admirably synthesize...
William James and the Political Life of Excitement

In this essay I explore the political ambiguity of the feeling of excitement. Whereas the canon of political theory has represented excitement as a private feeling that spills over into public life to disastrous effect, I argue that William James offers a novel account of political affect as neither public nor private, but rather impersonal. Through a reading of the rhetorical character of his 1906 essay on the excitement of the San Francisco earthquake, I make the case that James's deployment of excitement as a force of impersonality at once complicates the liberal public/private divide, and at the same time offers a moderating political response to the excesses of excitement on display in mobs and crowds. Bringing James into dialogue with both historical sources (Gustave Le Bon) and contemporary democratic theory (Jacques Ranciere) I argue that James outlines a form of rhetoric that proceeds through the imaginative recirculation of excited feelings rather than through the repression of the irreducibly affective registers of politics.
SIMULTANEOUS LEFT VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE PLACEMENT AND BULLECTOMY

Significant non-cardiac comorbidities can impact the care and change management of patients with stage D heart failure (HF). 41 year old African American male with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (left ventricular ejection fraction < 20%) frequently admitted for cardiogenic shock and recurrent
Giving Voice to Patient Values Throughout Cancer: A Novel Nurse-Led Intervention

Abstract Context Optimal advance care planning allows patients to articulate their values as a touchstone for medical decision making. Ideally, this occurs when patients are clinically stable, and with opportunities for iteration as the clinical situation unfolds. Objectives Testing feasibility and acceptability in busy outpatient oncology clinics of a novel program of systematic, oncology nurse-led values discussions with all new cancer patients. Methods Within an institutional initiative integrating primary and specialist palliative care from diagnosis for all cancer patients, oncology nurses were trained to use specific questions and an empathic communication framework to discuss health-related values during outpatient clinic visits. Nurses summarized discussions on a template for patient verification, oncologist review, and electronic medical record documentation. Summaries were reviewed with the patient at least quarterly. Feasibility and acceptability were evaluated in three clinics for patients with hematologic or gastrointestinal malignancies. Results Oncology nurses conducted 177 total discussions with 67 newly diagnosed cancer patients (17 with hematologic and 50 with gastrointestinal malignancies) over two years. No patient declined participation. Discussions averaged eight minutes, and all patients verified values summaries. Clinic patient volume was maintained. Of 31 patients surveyed, 30 (97%) reported feeling comfortable with the process, considered it helpful, and would recommend it to others. Clinicians strongly endorsed the values discussion process. Conclusion Nurse-led discussions of patient values soon after diagnosis are feasible and acceptable in busy oncology clinics. Further research will evaluate the impact of this novel approach on additional patient-oriented outcomes after broader dissemination of this initiative throughout our institution.
The life span of the red blood cell and the red blood cell volume in the chicken, pigeon and duck as estimated by the use of Na2Cr51O4, with observations on red cell turnover rate in the mammal, bird and reptile.

Eight to 25 per cent of intravenously injected Na2Cr51O4 binds firmly with erythrocytes of the chicken, pigeon and duck. Calculation of the maximum life span of these avian red cells was made from the disappearance time of circulating radioactivity. The maximum life span of the chicken erythrocyte was found to be 35 days, of the pigeon erythrocyte 35-45 days, and the duck erythrocyte 42 days. Comparing the life span of avian erythrocytes with those of other animal species, the rate of red cell turnover in the mammals, birds, and reptile (turtle) was found to correlate directly with basal heat production per kilogram body weight. Using erythrocytes tagged with Na2Cr51O4 in vitro, the total red blood cell volume was found to be 17-24 ml. per Kg. body weight in the rooster, 9-12 ml. per Kg. in the hen, 25-31 ml. per Kg. in the duck, and 31-34 ml. per Kg. in the pigeon. These values proved somewhat lower than those obtained from the indirect estimates of red cell volume, using plasma volume figures and periphera blood hematocrit.
DFT Study on the Catalytic Activity of ALD-Grown Diiron Oxide Nanoclusters for Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol

Using density functional theory (DFT), we studied the catalytic activity of iron oxide nanoclusters that mimic the structure of the active site in the soluble form of methane monooxygenase (sMMO) f...
Interindividual Variability in Lymphocyte Stimulation and Transcriptomic Response Predicts Mycophenolic Acid Sensitivity in Healthy Volunteers

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressant commonly used to prevent renal transplant rejection and treat glomerulonephritis. MPA inhibits IMPDH2 within stimulated lymphocytes, reducing guanosine synthesis. Despite the widespread use of MPA, interindividual variability in response remains with rates of allograft rejection up to 15% and approximately half of individuals fail to achieve complete remission to lupus nephritis. We sought to identify contributors to interindividual variability in MPA response, hypothesizing that the HPRT1 salvage guanosine synthesis contributes to variability. MPA sensitivity was measured in 40 healthy individuals using an ex vivo lymphocyte viability assay. Measurement of candidate gene expression (n ± 40) and single-cell RNA-sequencing (n ± 6) in lymphocytes was performed at baseline, poststimulation, and post-MPA treatment. After stimulation, HPRT1 expression was 2.1-fold higher in resistant individuals compared with sensitive individuals (P ± 0.049). Knockdown of HPRT1 increased MPA sensitivity (12%; P ± 0.003), consistent with higher expression levels in resistant individuals. Sensitive individuals had higher IMPDH2 expression and 132% greater stimulation. In lymphocyte subpopulations, differentially expressed genes between sensitive and resistant individuals included KLF2 and LTB. Knockdown of KLF2 and LTB aligned with the predicted direction of effect on proliferation. In sensitive individuals, more frequent receptor-ligand interactions were observed after stimulation (P ± 0.0004), but fewer interactions remained after MPA treatment (P ± 0.0014). These data identify a polygenic transcriptomic signature in lymphocyte subpopulations predictive of MPA response. The degree of lymphocyte stimulation, HPRT1, KLF2, and LTB expression may serve as markers of MPA efficacy.
Improving Interface Stability of Si Anodes by Mg Coating in Li-Ion Batteries

Silicon (Si) is a promising anode material for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but its short calendar life and poor cycling performance prevent its large-scale adoption. Introduci...
Mitigating Jamming Attacks in Uncoordinated Frequency Hopping Using Multi-Armed Bandit

Uncoordinated frequency hopping (UFH) with the aid of adversarial multi-armed bandit (MAB) has gained increasing recognition for providing anti-jamming solutions. The adversarial multi-armed bandit algorithm commonly used in literature, which is EXP 3.P algorithm, suffers from exponential space and time complexity when multiple channels are simultaneously chosen for transmission. However, in this work, a better algorithm with linear space and time complexity is proposed. For the first time, we use this algorithm with UFH to mitigate jamming attacks in a fading channel where the transmitter is power budgeted. The preliminary simulation results in the paper show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm against adaptive, static and random jamming attacks.
Association of Secondary Health Conditions With Future Chronic Health Conditions Among Persons With Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Background Secondary health conditions (SHC) are physical and mental health conditions that are causally related to disabilities. Studies have found that SHC increase risk of negative health outcomes among people with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). However, little has been done to assess the association of SHC with the risk of chronic health conditions (CHC) after TSCI. Objectives To identify the prevalence of CHC in adults with TSCI, changes in CHC at follow-up, and the associations of baseline SHC with future CHC. Methods Participants included 501 adults with TSCI of at least 1-year duration, identified through a population-based surveillance system. Baseline and follow-up self-report assessments were completed. We measured seven SHC: fatigue, spasticity, pain, pressure ulcers, subsequent injury, fracture, and anxiety disorder, and measured seven CHC: diabetes, heart attack, coronary artery disease, stroke, cancer, hypertension, and high blood cholesterol. Control variables included gender, race/ethnicity, age at injury, years post injury, injury severity, smoking status, binge drinking, and taking prescription medication. We implemented a Poisson regression model for the multivariate analyses. Results The total number of CHC, the percentage of participants having at least one CHC, and prevalence of three individual CHC (diabetes, cancer, and high cholesterol) increased from baseline to follow-up. After controlling for demographic, injury characteristics, and behavioral factors, pain interference and anxiety disorder at baseline were associated with the total number of CHC at follow-up. Conclusion CHC are common among adults with TSCI and increase significantly over time. Pain and anxiety disorders appear to be risk factors for future CHC.
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) knowledge, familiarity, and attitudes among United States healthcare professional students: A cross-sectional study.

Abstract The United States’ initiative to End the HIV Epidemic by 2030 includes a primary goal to reduce new HIV infections by 90 percent. One key contributor to this plan is HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). While knowledge and acceptance of PrEP among clinicians is growing, few studies have assessed knowledge and awareness among future healthcare professionals in academic training programs. The present study aimed to assess and compare healthcare trainees’ awareness, knowledge, and familiarity with PrEP prescribing guidelines to better understand and prevent gaps in academic training regarding PrEP. A cross-sectional web-based survey of medical, nurse practitioner, and pharmacy students enrolled at two universities was conducted between October 2017 and January 2018. The study assessed participants’ awareness, knowledge, and familiarity with PrEP prescribing guidelines and willingness to prescribe PrEP and refer to another healthcare provider. The survey was completed by 744 participants (response rate = 36.2%). Overall, PrEP awareness was high though PrEP knowledge was low. There were significant differences among student groups in domains of interest. Pharmacy students had the greatest PrEP knowledge, awareness, and familiarity with prescribing guidelines. However, medical students reported the greatest comfort with performing PrEP-related clinical activities and willingness to refer a candidate to another provider. Study findings enhance our understanding of healthcare professional students’ perspectives of PrEP as a biomedical prevention strategy for HIV. The gaps in students’ knowledge offer opportunities for the development of educational strategies to support HIV prevention among future healthcare professionals.
Beacons over bridges: hashtags, visibility, and sexual assault disclosure on social media

Aside from #MeToo and similar campaigns, sexual assault survivors use social media to disclose personal experiences. This paper uses a mixed-methods approach and draws on network ethnography (Howar...
Cargo theft in the motor carrier industry: an exploratory study

Supply chain managers increasingly point to supply chain security as one of their most pressing concerns. One especially challenging security related issue for those responsible for the shipment and transportation of cargo is the threat of cargo theft. Cargo theft is estimated to cost companies $10B annually in the U.S and $30B worldwide, with more than 90 % of those incidents targeting the transportation component of the supply chain. Despite the increased cost and threat of cargo theft, little scholarly research is available which investigates the issue. This research endeavors to extend our understanding of theft of in-transit cargo. More specifically, this effort endeavors to identify how transportation providers are combating cargo theft and thus answers the call for investigations into corporate responses to security issues like cargo theft. This research utilizes in-depth qualitative interviews with industry professionals to gain insights into the practices managers are using to protect against the current threat of cargo theft and to highlight some of the future challenges and trends related to cargo theft.
Quality of abdominal computed tomography angiography: hand versus mechanical intravenous contrast administration in children

Abdominal CT angiography has been increasingly used for evaluation of various conditions related to abdominal vasculature in the pediatric population. However, no direct comparison has evaluated the quality of abdominal CT angiography in children using hand versus mechanical administration of intravenous (IV) contrast agent. To compare hand versus mechanical administration of IV contrast agent in the quality of abdominal CT angiography in the pediatric population. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical record to identify pediatric patients (≤18 years) who had abdominal CT angiography between August 2012 and August 2013. The information obtained includes: (1) type of administration of IV contrast agent (hand [group 1] versus mechanical [group 2]), (2) size (gauge) of IV catheter, (3) amount of contrast agent administered and (4) rate of contrast agent administration (ml/s). Two reviewers independently performed qualitative and quantitative evaluation of abdominal CT angiography image quality. Qualitative evaluation of abdominal CT angiography image quality was performed by visual assessment of the degree of contrast enhancement in the region of interest (ROI) based on a 4-point scale. Quantitative evaluation of each CT angiography examination was performed by measuring the Hounsfield unit (HU) using an ROI within the abdominal aorta at two levels (celiac axis and the inferior mesenteric artery) for each child. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the F-test was applied to compare contrast enhancement within the abdominal aorta at two levels (celiac axis and inferior mesenteric artery) between hand administration and mechanical administration of IV contrast methods with adjustment for age. We identified 46 pediatric patients (24 male, 22 female; mean age 7.3 ± 5.5 years; range 5 weeks to 18 years) with abdominal CT angiography performed during the study period. Of these patients, 16 (35%; 1.7 ± 2.2 years; range 5 weeks to 5 years) had hand administration of IV contrast agent and 30 (65%; 10.2 ± 4.2 years; range 4–18 years) had mechanical administration of IV contrast agent. All 46 abdominal CT angiography studies were of diagnostic quality based on qualitative evaluation (all ≥3). All abdominal CT angiography studies from both groups showed diagnostic quality of contrast enhancement (>150 HU) at both the celiac axis and the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) levels. The contrast enhancement of the abdominal aorta was not significantly different between the IV contrast administration methods at either the celiac axis level (360 ± 158 vs. 353 ± 116, P = 0.24) or the IMA level (340 ± 140 vs. 351 ± 90, P = 0.27), adjusting for age. Diagnostic-quality abdominal CT angiography can be achieved using hand administration of IV contrast agent in infants and young children (≤5 years).
Remote sensing of surface energy fluxes at 101‐m pixel resolutions

[1] Many applications exist within the fields of agriculture, forestry, land management, and hydrologic assessment for routine estimation of surface energy fluxes, particularly evapotranspiration (ET), at spatial resolutions of the order of 101 m. A new two-step approach (called the disaggregated atmosphere land exchange inverse model, or DisALEXI) has been developed to combine low- and high-resolution remote sensing data to estimate ET on the 101–102 m scale without requiring any local observations. The first step uses surface brightness-temperature-change measurements made over a 4-hour morning interval from the GOES satellite to estimate average surface fluxes on the scale of about 5 km with an algorithm known as ALEXI. The second step disaggregates the GOES 5-km surface flux estimates by using high-spatial-resolution images of vegetation index and surface temperature, such as from ASTER, Landsat, MODIS, or aircraft, to produce high-spatial-resolution maps of surface fluxes. Using data from the Southern Great Plains field experiment of 1997, the root-mean-square difference between remote estimates of surface fluxes and ground-based measurements is about 40 W m−2, comparable to uncertainties associated with micrometeorological surface flux measurement techniques. The DisALEXI approach was useful for estimating field-scale, surface energy fluxes in a heterogeneous area of central Oklahoma without using any local observations, thus providing a means for scaling kilometer-scale flux estimates down to a surface flux-tower footprint. Although the DisALEXI approach is promising for general applicability, further tests with varying surface conditions are necessary to establish greater confidence.
Liner Anchorage Tests

Tests were performed to determine load-deflection relationships for rib-type liner anchorages similar to those used in the primary containments for the Tennessee Valley Authority’s Bellefonte Nuclear Plant. The anchors used included both structural angles and tees, and various lengths of 3/16-in. (4.6-mm) fillet welds were used to attach the anchors to the liner. Two different concrete strengths were tested. The tests were pull-out tests rather than the more common push-out variety. The reason for performing this type test was to: (1)Avoid plate stability problems; and (2) obviate the use of angle stiffeners generally employed to solve these problems. A complete set of results is presented in tabular form, and selected load-deflection curves are presented. It is concluded that the results of the testing program give a conservative representation of the load-deflection behavior of an anchor.
Fractionation and Structural Characterization of Arabinogalactan-Proteins from the Cell Wall of Rose Cells

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) have been purified from Paul9s Scarlet rose (Rosa sp.) cell walls. As estimated by gel permeation chromatography, the apparent molecular masses of the two major cell-wall AGP fractions were 130 and 242 kD. Since the 130-kD AGP had a ratio of arabinose/glucuronic acid that was 12 times higher than that of the 242-kD AGP, the fractions were named cell-wall AGP1 (CW-AGP1) and glucuronogalactan-protein (GGP), respectively. CW-AGP1 and GGP contained predominantly t-arabinofuranosyl residues; 3-linked, 6-linked, and 3,6-branched galactopyranosyl residues; and 4-linked and t-glucuronopyranosyl residues. The 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of CW-AGP1 and GGP showed that the arabinofuranosyl and galactopyranosyl residues were predominantly in [alpha]- and [beta]-anomeric configuration, respectively, and that GGP contained a few O-acetyl residues. The protein moieties of CW-AGP1 and GGP were both rich in hydroxyproline and alanine but differed in the percentage of various amino acids, including hydroxyproline, alanine, serine, and glycine. Cell-wall AGPs bound to ([beta]-D-glucosyl)3 Yariv phenylglycoside, but the stoichiometry of binding was about 6 times greater in GGP than in other Rosa AGPs. GGP seems to be peculiar to the cell wall, since no similar molecule was found in the culture medium.
MRI findings in boys with specific language impairment.

Magnetic resonance imaging scans of specifically language-impaired (SLI) boys were examined to determine whether atypical cerebral findings could be documented in children whose primary deficits were in language skills. Clinical examination of the scans failed to reveal any visually obvious lesions or abnormalities. In contrast, measurement of the scans revealed atypical perisylvian asymmetries in most of these subjects. The distribution of perisylvian asymmetries in SLI subjects was significantly different from the distribution in controls (p < .01). Measurement of other brain regions revealed that extraperisylvian areas were occasionally deviant in individual SLI subjects; but no one region was consistently deviant across the SLI group. Thus, only atypical perisylvian asymmetries were linked to the language disorder. These neuroanatomical findings suggest that a prenatal alteration of brain development underlies specific language impairment.
DOES COMPUTER PROGRAMMING ENHANCE PROBLEM SOLVING ABILITY? SOME POSITIVE EVIDENCE ON ALGEBRA WORD PROBLEMS

Publisher Summary There is a common intuition among those in computer science education that programming encourages the development of good problem-solving skills. The term “problem solving” has a broader and deeper meaning than what is implied by its educational association with mathematics. This is an exciting idea, especially when one considers how the concept of problem solving has been synonymous with human endeavors of the best possible kind, with the mastery of the physical, social, and intellectual worlds we live in. Computer environments make it possible for students to experience some of the deeper ideas that underlie a correct understanding of what human problem solving entails. Students learn best in settings where they can move from the empirical to the theoretical and back again freely. This coincides with the way real problem-solvers function. Low-cost microcomputers make it possible to incorporate these ideas into mathematics curricula and also into new courses in computer science and computer literacy.
Solvation of O2- and O4- by p -difluorobenzene and p -xylene studied by photoelectron spectroscopy

Anion photoelectron spectra of the O2−⋅arene and O4−⋅arene complexes with p-xylene and p-difluorobenzene are presented and analyzed with the aid of calculations on the anions and corresponding neutrals. Relative to the adiabatic electron affinity of O2, the O2−⋅arene spectra are blueshifted by 0.75–1eV. Solvation energy alone does not account for this shift, and it is proposed that a repulsive portion of the neutral potential energy surface is accessed in the detachment, resulting in dissociative photodetachment. O2− is found to interact more strongly with the p-difluorobenzene than the p-xylene. The binding motif involves the O2− in plane with the arene, interacting via electron donation along nearby C–H bonds. A peak found at 4.36(2)eV in the photoelectron spectrum of O2−⋅p-difluorobenzene (p-DFB) is tentatively attributed to the charge transfer state, O2−⋅p-DFB+. Spectra of O4−⋅arene complexes show less blueshift in electron binding energy relative to the spectrum of bare O4−, which itself undergoes di...
Challenges in building robots that imitate people

Abstract : Human (and some other animals) acquire new skills socially through direct tutelage, observational conditioning, goal emulation, imitation, and other methods (Galef, 1988; Hauser, 1996). These social learning skills provide a powerful mechanism for an observer to acquire behaviors and knowledge from a skilled individual (the model). In particular, imitation is an extremely powerful mechanism for social learning which has received a great deal of interest from researchers in the fields of animal behavior and child development.
Theoretical and computational studies of non-RRKM unimolecular dynamics.

A survey is presented of theoretical models and computational studies for unimolecular reaction dynamics. Intrinsic RRKM and non-RRKM dynamics are described, and properties of the unimolecular reactant’s classical phase space giving rise to these dynamics are discussed. Quantum dynamical calculations of isolated resonances and state-specific decomposition are reviewed, and the resulting possible mode-specific or statistical state-specific decomposition is delineated. The relationship between the latter and RRKM theory is described. Computational studies give the probability that a molecule dissociates in a time interval of t → t + dt, that is, the lifetime distribution P(t), and determining unimolecular rate constants versus pressure, energy, and temperature from P(t) is outlined. Non-RRKM behavior evident in P(t) is not always present in the rate constants. The need to include anharmonicity and the proper treatment of the K quantum number, in calculating the RRKM unimolecular rate constant, is explained....
The arrest of replication forks in the rDNA of yeast occurs independently of transcription

Replication forks, moving opposite to the direction of transcription, are arrested at the 3' ends of the 35S transcription units in the rDNA locus of S. cerevisiae. Because of its position and polarity, we tested the hypothesis that this replication fork barrier (RFB) results from the act of transcription. Three results contradict this hypothesis. First, the RFB persists in a strain containing a disruption of the gene for the 135 kd subunit of RNA polymerase I. Second, the RFB causes a polar arrest of replication forks when transplanted to a plasmid. Third, transcription by RNA polymerase II of a plasmid copy of the 35S transcription unit lacking the RFB does not generate a barrier. We propose that replication forks are arrested in a directional manner through the binding of one or more proteins to two closely spaced sites in the RFB.
Cell surface glycosyltransferase activities during normal and mutant (T/T) mesenchyme migration.

Abstract Migrating cells possess surface glycosyltransferase activity toward extracellular substrates, and the appearance of enzyme activity coincides with the onset of cellular migration ( Shur, 1977a , Shur, 1977b , Develop. Biol. 58, 23–39, 40–55; E. A. Turley and S. Roth, 1979 , Cell 17, 109–115). In this paper, surface glycosyltransferases were examined during normal and T T mutant mesenchyme migration. Of six glycosyltransferases that were assayed, only galactosyltransferase was present at significant levels on the cell surface, despite the presence of a variety of intracellular glycosyltransferases. All controls have been performed to show clearly the enzyme activity was cell surface localized. In both normal and T T embryos, surface galactosyltransferase activity was localized, by autoradiography, primarily to migrating mesenchymal cells, and to a lesser degree, to presumptive neural epithelium. During primitive streak formation, putative T T embryos were devoid of surface galactosyltransferase activity. However, as development progressed, the T T level of activity eventually exceeded wild-type levels by two- to sixfold and was evident in T T tissues prior to the onset of microscopic pathology. Other surface enzymes assayed did not show any T T - dependent increase in activity. The extracellular galactosyl acceptors were not chloroform:methanol soluble, and glycopeptides prepared by exhaustive Pronase digestion were excluded from Sephadex G-50. This large galactosylated glycoconjugate was readily digestable with endo-β-galactosidase, and, therefore, is similar to the poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains previously identified on early embryonic tissues ( A. Kapadia, T. Feizi, and M. J. Evans, 1981 , Exp. Cell. Res. 131, 185–195; T. Muramatsu, G. Gachelin, M. Damonneville, C. Delarbre, and F. Jacob, 1979 , Cell 18, 183–191; A. Heifetz, W. J. Lennarz, B. Libbus, and Y. -C. Hsu, 1980 , Develop. Biol. 80, 398–408). These results support an involvement of surface galactosyltransferases in mesenchyme formation and during migration on poly-N-acetyllactosamine substrates.
Modulation of innate immune responses with synthetic lipid A derivatives.

The lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) initiates innate immune responses by interacting with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) which results in the production of a wide range of cytokines. Derivatives of lipid A show potential for use as immuno-modulators for the treatment of a wide range of diseases and as adjuvants for vaccinations. Development to these ends requires a detailed knowledge of patterns of cytokines induced by a wide range of derivatives. This information is difficult to obtain by using isolated compounds due to structural heterogeneity and possible contaminations with other inflammatory components. To address this problem, we have developed a synthetic approach that provides easy access to a wide range of lipid As by employing a common disaccharide building block functionalized with a versatile set of protecting groups. The strategy was employed for the preparation of lipid As derived from E. coli and S. typhimurium. Mouse macrophages were exposed to the synthetic compounds and E. coli 055:B5 LPS and the resulting supernatants examined for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon beta (IFN-β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), RANTES, and IL-1β It was found that for each compound, the potencies (EC50 values) for the various cytokines differed by as much as 100-fold. These differences did not follow a bias towards a MyD88- or TRIF-dependent response. Instead, it was established that the observed differences in potencies of secreted TNF-α and IL-1β were due to differences in the processing of respective pro-proteins. Examination of the efficacies (maximum responses) of the various cytokines showed that each synthetic compound and E. coli 055:B5 LPS induced similar efficacies for the production of IFN-β, and IP-10. However, lipid As 1–4 gave lower efficacies for the production of RANTES and IL-6 compared to LPS. Collectively, the presented results demonstrate that cytokine secretion induced by LPS and lipid A is complex, which can be exploited for the development of immuno-modulating therapies.
THz Dielectric Properties of Molecular Clusters of PETN and TNT Calculated by Density Functional Theory

The need for better detection of explosive devices has imposed a necessity for determining the dielectric response properties of energetic materials with respect to electromagnetic wave excitation. Among the range of different frequencies for electromagnetic excitation, the THz frequency range is of particular interest because of its nondestructive nature. The present study is based on significant progress in density functional theory (DFT), and associated software technology, which is sufficiently mature for the determination of dielectric response functions, and actually provides complementary information to that obtained from experiment. This point is further demonstrated in this study by calculations of ground state resonance structure associated with molecular clusters of the high explosives PETN and TNT using DFT, which is for the construction of parameterized dielectric response functions for excitation by electromagnetic waves at frequencies within the THz range. These dielectric functions provide for different types of analyses concerning the dielectric response of explosives. In particular, these dielectric response functions provide quantitative initial estimates of spectral response features for subsequent adjustment with respect to additional information such as laboratory measurements and other types of theory-based calculations. With respect to qualitative analysis, these spectra provide for the molecular level interpretation of response structure. The DFT software GAUSSIAN was used for the calculations of ground state resonance structure presented here.
Nurse‐Midwife and Scientist: Stuck in the Middle?

The nurse‐midwife and scientist share similar ethos (fundamental attitudes that guide action); yet, in their respective professional roles, ethos can translate into actions that appear discordant. Discord can lead to resolution, when examined through the primary principles of ethical conduct: autonomy, beneficence, nonmalfeasance, and justice.
Developing a fine-grained learning progression framework for carbon-transforming processes

Science educators have called for using the learning progression approach to align curriculum, instruction, and assessment. In line with this trend, we conducted both assessments and teaching experiments with students from grades 4 to 12 (717 students participated in the pre-assessments and 682 students participated in the post-assessments). The goal of the study is to develop a learning progression framework that provides effective guidance for curriculum and instruction on carbon-transforming processes in socio-ecological systems. We conducted the study in three research cycles. We developed a matter-and-energy learning progression framework during the first two cycles. This learning progression framework was used to guide the teaching intervention in the third research cycle. Clinical interviews and written assessments were implemented before and after the teaching intervention. In the process of data analysis, we found that the matter-and-energy learning progression framework did not provide a fine-gr...