cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analogs of tetrahydrofolic acid. XII. On the relative contribution by the 2-amino and 4-hydroxy groups of 2-amino-5-(3-anilinopropyl)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol to inhibition of folic reductase and thymidylate synthetase

The structure of 2-amino-5-(3-anilinopropyl)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (II), an inhibitor of both dihydrofolic reductase and thymidylate synthetase, has been modified by replacement of the 2-amino group by hydrogen or the 4-hydroxyl group by hydrogen, mercapto or amino. Enzymic evaluation showed that 5-(3-anilinopropyl)-2,4-diamino-6-methyl-pyrimidine was a 170-fold more effective inhibitor of dihydrofolic reductase than thymidylate synthetase. This specificity is due to the fact that replacement of the 4-hydroxyl group of II with 4-amino enhances binding to dihydrofolic reductase by 350-fold, but binding to thymidylate synthetase is unchanged. No significant cross-over specificity was noted with the six compounds studied. Replacement of the 4-hydroxyl group of II by hydrogen gave a compound (XVII) that was a slightly more effective inhibitor of dihydrofolic reductase than II, but was slightly less effective on thymidylate synthetase. Binding to dihydrofolic reductase and to thymidylate synthetase could be increased by 17-fold and 5-fold, respectively, by replacement of the 4-hydroxyl group of II by 4-mercapto (XVI). It was concluded that the mode of binding in the N-3 and 4-hydroxyl region of II was not the same for the two enzymes. Synthesis of the 2-amino-, the 4-hydroxy- and the 4-mercaptopyrimidyl analogs of II are described. Also described are the partial purification of and assays for dihydrofolic reductase and thymidylate synthetase by procedures more familiar to the organic chemist.
Ontogeny of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenasepositive oligodendrocytes in rat brain. Impaired differentiation of oligodendrocytes in the myelin deficient mutant rat

Abstract The ontogeny of oligodendrocytes in the myelin deficient (md) rat mutant and in control rats was explored immunohistochemically using an antiserum against the oligodendrocyte specific enzyme, glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), and the avidin-biotin complex technique. In control rats, GPDH was demonstrated to be expressed relatively early in oligodendrocyte differentiation, prior to either myelin basic protein or proteolipid protein expression. With development, oligodendrocytes containing GPDH increased in number, apparent staining intensity, cell soma area and process elaboration. Fewer GPDH+oligodendrocytes were observed in the brain of mutant rats than in unaffected littermates at all developmental ages, and major developmental increases in oligodendrocyte density were delayed. The density of GPDH+oligodendrocytes was reduced by about 40% in both the corpus callosum and in the cingulate cortex of P22–25 md mutants compared with control rats. The oligodendrocyte cell soma area was not influenced by the md condition, and increased 2-fold with development in rats of both genotypes. The area of coronal sections occupied by the corpus callosum increased about 2.5-fold with development, and was 30% smaller in mutant rats late in their lifespan than in unaffected littermates. The reductions in oligodendrocyte density reported here are of insufficient magnitude to fully account for biochemically measured reductions in oligodendrocyte gene expression accompanying the md trait, indicating that gene expression per oligodendrocyte is also impaired. Cell counts in control rats also revealed that oligodendrocytes are overproduced during development. Cell density and the total number of corpus callosum GPDH+oligodendrocytes per section were maximal at P22–25 and then decreased to adult values. These results suggest that glial cells, like neurons, may be generated in excessive numbers, and some subsequently die, as a normal concomitant of development.
Nonregeneration Protocol for Surface Plasmon Resonance: Study of High-Affinity Interaction with High-Density Biosensors

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been used in determining kinetics and thermodynamics of biological interaction in the past decades. One difficulty encountered in this technology is the need for a proper regeneration, which means the removal of analytes from the bound complexes to regenerate the activity of the ligands. Regeneration is not always practical since the harsh regeneration reagents may destroy the bioactivity of the ligands. It is even more difficult for complexes with high affinity constants. In this paper, we report a nonregeneration protocol for SPR techniques in which subsequent ligand/analyte interactions can be measured without regeneration; thus ligand biological activity could be retained. Kinetics, binding models, and mathematics of this protocol are discussed in detail using rabbit IgG as the analyte and engineered recombinant antibody A10B single-chain fragment variables (scFv) as the ligand. The affinity constant of rabbit IgG binding with A10B scFv measured by using a nonregene...
Measurement of the refractive-index profile in polycrystalline germanium–silicon alloy GRIN crystals

The refractive index as a function of spatial coordinate in three Czochralski grown germanium–silicon alloy GRIN crystals has been measured using ac interferometric techniques. The interferometer is capable of high phase resolution and is computer controlled for real-time data processing. The measured refractive-index profiles were compared to theoretical profiles which were calculated from a model based on the segregation effect of silicon in germanium.
Nonplanar Rings For Laser Gyroscopes

Conventional ring laser gyroscopes (RLGs) are planar; the light beams are constrained to lie in a single plane. This need not be the case. We have found that nonplanar ring resonators offer certain advantages for the multioscillator (four frequency) RLGs developed by Raytheon. An overview is given of those properties of nonplanar rings which are pertinent to RLGs, including the inertial rotation sensitivity (the scale factor and the direction of the sensitive axis), the mode polarization, and the frequency spectrum. Design equations for a class of simple nonplanar rings are given and applications to multioscillator RLGs are discussed.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relation between left ventricular function at rest and with exercise and silent myocardial ischemia

The prognostic value of radionuclide measures of left ventricular function at rest and exercise is well established. Some studies have suggested that the frequency and duration of silent ischemia during ambulatory monitoring provide similar prognostic information; however, studies comparing these two techniques have not been performed. This study examines the relation between left ventricular function at rest and exercise-induced ischemia assessed by radionuclide ventriculography with myocardial ischemia during ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring. Of the 155 patients with coronary artery disease studied, 88% had left ventricular dysfunction with exercise, defined as failure of the ejection fraction to increase by greater than 4% with exercise, and 33% of patients had left ventricular dysfunction at rest (ejection fraction less than 45%); 52% had transient episodes of ST segment depression during 48-h ambulatory ECG monitoring. Exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction during radionuclide ventriculography was extremely sensitive (94%) in detecting patients with ischemic episodes during ambulatory ECG monitoring; however, only 55% of patients with exercise-induced left ventricular dysfunction had ST segment depression during ambulatory monitoring. Moreover, patients with left ventricular dysfunction at rest had a lower prevalence of transient episodes of ST segment depression (31%) than did patients with normal left ventricular function at rest (62%) (p = 0.008). The relation between prognostically important variables during exercise radionuclide ventriculography and the number and duration of transient episodes of ST depression was examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Women, weight, and smoking: A cognitive behavioral approach to women's concerns about weight gain following smoking cessation

Many women endorse concerns about the weight gain that commonly accompanies an attempt to quit smoking. These weight-concerned women smokers also are less likely to be successful in their cessation efforts, and several approaches to treating postcessation weight concerns among smokers have been studied. We recently have documented the superiority of a cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) designed to decrease women's concerns about postcessation weight gain as compared to previously studied approaches. In this article, we briefly review the literature on weight concerns for women smokers and present details of a cognitive-behavioral approach to women's concerns about smoking-related weight gain and its integration into standard smoking cessation treatment program. In addition, ongoing treatment research to improve the longer-term outcome of weight-concerned women smokers is discussed.
Establishing soil and surficial geologic habitat criteria for presumed gypsophiles — The example of Eriogonum corymbosum var. nilesii, Mojave Desert, U.S.A.

Abstract Detailed soil and surficial geologic data are needed for ecological interpretations, yet are often absent or incomplete in published studies of arid land ecology or biogeography. Clear, edaphic habitat definitions are needed for gypsophilic plants including the Las Vegas buckwheat, E. corymbosum var. nilesii (LVB), a rare shrub endemic to the Mojave Desert. As a case study, we use soil profile data and high resolution (1:3000 scale) surficial geologic maps to identify likely edaphic controls of LVB habitat, potential habitat, and non-habitat distributions. We confirm gypsiferous substrates lacking hard, physical surface crusts as a boundary condition in most, but not all population clusters, but find that fine-grained, carbonate-rich soil lacking gypsum is also viable habitat, as is shallow ( 1 m), coarse-grained alluvium and/or surfaces with tightly interlocking desert pavement exclude LVB. Our results challenge the view of this target species as a true gypsophile, however, it remains unclear whether carbonate-rich habitats represent ideal conditions or refugia. This study underscores the important merits of surficial geologic mapping and soil morphological description for ecological research, conservation, restoration, and land management in arid environments, especially gypsum soils, worldwide.
Hydrophilic modification of polyethersulfone membranes by low temperature plasma-induced graft polymerization

A complete and permanent hydrophilic modification of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes is achieved by argon plasma treatment followed by polyacrylic acid (PAA) grafting in vapor phase. Both Ar plasma treatment alone and post-PAA grafting rendered a complete hydrophilicity to the PES membranes. The hydrophilicity of the membranes treated with only the Ar plasmas is not, however, permanent. In contrast, the PES membranes treated with Ar plasma and subsequent acrylic acid (AA) grafting are permanently hydrophilic. High energy resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the grafting of PAA to all surfaces of the membrane. Furthermore, water bubble point measurements remain unaffected. The pore sizes of the grafted membranes at higher grafting yield are slightly decreased. The modified membranes are less susceptible to protein fouling than the unmodified membranes and the pure water flux for the modified membranes was tremendously increased by plasma treatment. Furthermore, the modified membranes are easier to clean and required little caustic to recover permeation flux.
Marketing in Public Libraries

SUMMARY Marketing in public libraries is not only an essential activity but also a vital philosophy of professional service. Historically, public libraries have demonstrated a commitment to letting the public know about library services and including the community in strategic planning processes. This article will examine how public libraries market their services both within and without their physical confines. It will also provide illustrations of how these efforts are supported nationally. Furthermore, it examines how public libraries acknowledge the role of marketing in planning and in the preparation and continuing education of librarians.
BRCA1 in the DNA damage response and at telomeres.

Abstract. Mutations of the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) account for about 40-45% of hereditary breast cancer cases. Moreover, a significant fraction of sporadic (non-hereditary) breast and ovarian cancers exhibit reduced or absent expression of the BRCA1 protein, suggesting an additional role for BRCA1 in sporadic cancers. BRCA1 follows the classic pattern of a highly penetrant Knudsen-type tumor suppressor gene in which one allele is inactivated through a germ-line mutation and the other is mutated or deleted within the tumor. BRCA1 is a multi-functional protein but it is not fully understood which function(s) is (are) most important for tumor suppression, nor is it clear why BRCA1 mutations confer a high risk for breast and ovarian cancers and not a broad spectrum of tumor types. Here, we will review BRCA1 functions in the DNA damage response (DDR), which are likely to contribute to tumor suppression. In the process, we will highlight some of the controversies and unresolved issues in the field. We will also describe a recently identified and under-investigated role for BRCA1 in the regulation of telomeres and the implications of this role in the DDR and cancer suppression.
Evidence for the Inhibition of Fungi in Corn Meal by Organic Acids Being Dependent on the Character of the Corn Meal

Abstract A survey of different batches of corn meal for the inhibition of their fungal flora by propionic acid, benzoic acid, potassium sorbate, and Mold-X, a commercial inhibitor composed of four organic acids, revealed differences in inhibition so extreme that the batches of corn meal could be categorized as sensitive or resistant to the effects of an inhibitor. The sensitivity of a batch was not correlated with total fungal counts and the predominant fungal species did not vary. Commonly occurring species isolated from both sensitive and resistant batches had practically superimposable dose-response curves to sodium benzoate in liquid medium and to propionic acid in corn meal cultures. Sensitive and resistant batches did not vary in pH, which influences the inhibitory activity of organic acids, although a survey of 128 varieties of corn revealed a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0, approximating a normal distribution, with a median of 6.5. The ability of columns of corn meal to bind propionic acid, and thus make it unavailable for fungal inhibition, did not correlate with susceptibility, although there was a 25-fold difference noted in 122 varieties of corn tested. An explanation for the existence of the sensitive and resistant batches of corn reported here awaits further investigation; however, differences in corn in pH and ability to bind inhibitor can be added to the list of factors influencing the activity of mold inhibitors.
Feasibility of the Galerkin optimal control method

A new numerical technique is presented for solving optimal control problems. This paper introduces a direct method that calculates optimal trajectories by discretizing the system dynamics using Galerkin numerical techniques and approximates the cost function with quadrature. We show that the Galerkin optimal control method with weak enforcement of boundary conditions leads to improved solution accuracies. Furthermore, we show that a feasible solution exists to the approximation of the constrained nonlinear optimal control problem. Using an example, the Galerkin method described in this paper is shown to be more accurate than some existing methods.
The structure of the calcium complex of A23187, a divalent cation ionophore antibiotic.

The crystal and molecular structures of the calcium complex of A23187 has been determined by X-ray diffraction studies.
Kinetics of Inhibition of Deoxynucleotide‐Polymerizing Enzyme Activities from Normal and Leukemic Human Cells by 9‐β‐D‐Arabinofuranosyladenine 5′‐Triphosphate and 1‐β‐D‐Arabinofuranosylcytosine 5′‐Triphosphate

Both 9-β-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5′-triphosphate (aATP) and 1-β-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine 5′-triphosphate (aCTP) inhibit terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and DNA polymerases α and β but not DNA polymerase γ from human cells. Inhibition of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase by both compounds is competitive with respect to either dGTP, dCTP, dATP, or dTTP and inhibition of DNA polymerases α and β is competitive with respect to dATP (for aATP) and dCTP (for aCTP). The inhibition constants for aATP for each enzyme are lower than the inhibition constants for aCTP implying that aATP has a stronger affinity for each enzyme than aCTP. In addition, the inhibition constants for aATP for each enzyme are about equal, suggesting that the drug binds to each enzyme with about the same affinity. The same is true for aCTP. Both compounds are non-competitive inhibitors of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase with respect to initiator [(dA)12–18], uncompetitive inhibitors of DNA polymerases α and β with respect to template/primer (activated DNA), and non-competitive inhibitors of DNA polymerases α and β with respect to a non-analogous substrate (dTTP). Inhibition of all three enzymes was reversed by simple dilution but not by additional enzyme, template/primer, initiator, or divalent cation. These results suggest that aATP and aCTP inhibit terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase by competing with any substrate (dGTP, dCTP, dATP, or dTTP) for binding to the enzyme and DNA polymerases α and β by specifically competing with their analogs (dATP or dCTP) for binding to these enzymes.
Differential synthesis of bacteria-induced proteins of Manduca sexta larvae and pupae

The range of inducible antibacterial and other associated haemolymph proteins in Manduca sexta larvae and pupae was examined by high resolution two-dimensional (2D) isoelectric focusing-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-two major inducible proteins were consistently resolved on gels of haemolymph from bacteria-injected larvae. Haemolymph from bacteria-injected pupae showed a different pattern of induced proteins. The proteins of the two stages include those which (i) are induced in both stages, (ii) those which are exclusively induced in either larvae or pupae, (iii) those which are inducible in larvae, but consititutively present in pupae, and, (iv) those which are induced in larvae, and which are present at intermediate levels but may be induced to higher levels in pupae. The antibacterial activity of the haemolymph from larvae and pupae was compared on acidpolyacrylamide gels, and the apparent Mr and pI of the inducible proteins determined. Certain of the inducible proteins appear to resemble the cecropin and attacin proteins of Hylophora cecropia.
Hemophilic Arthropathy of the Elbow

Hemophilia is a hereditary disease in which circulating levels of coagulation factors are lacking, resulting in a propensity toward bleeding. Intra-articular hemorrhages are a hallmark of hemophilia and may lead a cascade of cytokine elaboration and inflammatory-mediated changes, which ultimately result in cartilage loss and arthropathy. Diarthrodial joints, such as the knee, elbow, and ankle, are most commonly affected. This article highlights issues surrounding hemophilic arthropathy of the elbow and focuses on preventive measures, management strategies of the hemophilic elbow, and treatment options for established arthropathy.
Mass spectrometry and the search for moonlighting proteins

Mass spectrometry has become one of the most important techniques in proteomics because of its use to identify the proteins found in different cell types, organelles, and multiprotein complexes. This information about protein location and binding partners can provide valuable clues to infer a protein's function. However, more and more proteins are found that “moonlight,” or have more than one function, and the presence of moonlighting proteins can make more difficult the identification of protein function in those studies. This review discusses examples of moonlighting proteins and how their presence can affect the results of mass spectrometry studies that identify the locations, levels, and changes in protein expression. Although the presence of moonlighting proteins can complicate the results of those studies, mass spectrometry-derived protein-expression profiles potentially provides a very powerful method to find additional moonlighting proteins because they do not require a prior hypothesis of the protein's function. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:772–782, 2005
Functional anatomy and volume-pressure characteristics of immature lungs.

The mechanical behavior of immature rabbit fetal lungs in situ was assessed by air and saline volume-pressure diagrams. All lungs were in their natural fetal state, i.e., filled with fetal pulmonary fluid, prior to inflation. Anatomic correlates were determined by continuous stereomicroscopic monitoring of the lungs. We found the following to be characteristic of immature lungs: (1) Tissue retractive forces are similar to adults. (2) Fetal lungs are not 'plastic' above functional residual capacity. (3) Initial aeration is by 'axial filling' in which airways are distended several times their resting size. (4) Invariably, peripheral rather than central saccules are the first to be aerated and saccules are recruited by both pressure- and time-dependent processes. (5) Pressure-dependence is related to surface forces and terminal orifice size, while time-dependent processes include orifice enlargement, liquid flow through terminal conduits, and the formation of very short-lived, labile bubbles. (6) 'Opening pressure' inflection in the VP diagram is not coincidental with, but follows the onset of saccular aeration. (7) Negative compliance at the onset of deflation is due to saccular enlargement and recruitment. (8) Hysteresis is due to tissue conformational characteristics at high pressures and air entrapment at low pressures. (9) Surface tension cannot be measured reliably from the saline and air VP diagrams.
Transition counters for πK differentiation above 400 GeV

Abstract New data on a counter based on transition radiation from 0.4–2.8 GeV electrons indicate that πK differentiation above 400 GeV can be expected, and that to differentiate these particles in a beam of variable energy one simply has to adjust the discriminator level or the threshold of the counter - a procedure much simpler than changing the pressure of threshold gas Cherenkov counters. In addition, a useful application of majority coincidence logic for “magnetless” transition-radiation detectors of fast resolving time and good rejection ratio is suggested.
The amino acid composition of human pituitary growth hormone.

The amino acid content in human hypophyseal growth hormone has been determined by chromatography on resin columns. On the basis of 29,000 for the molecular weight, the empirical formula of the hormone was obtained: lys13his5arg14asp27 thr14ser23glu34pro12gly13ala12-(1/2 cys)6val12met4-ileu10leu31tyr10phe15try1(NH3)32.
Classification and Identification of Reading and Math Disabilities The Special Case of Comorbidity

Much of learning disabilities research relies on categorical classification frameworks that use psychometric tests and cut points to identify children with reading or math difficulties. However, there is increasing evidence that the attributes of reading and math learning disabilities are dimensional, representing correlated continua of severity. We discuss issues related to categorical and dimensional approaches to reading and math disabilities, and their comorbid associations, highlighting problems with the use of cut points and correlated assessments. Two simulations are provided in which the correlational structure of a set of cognitive and achievement data are simulated from a single population with no categorical structures. The simulations produce profiles remarkably similar to reported profile differences, suggesting that the patterns are a product of the cut point and the correlational structure of the data. If dimensional approaches better fit the attributes of learning disability, new conceptualizations and better methods to identification and intervention may emerge, especially for comorbid associations of reading and math difficulties.
Humanized Mice as a Model for Aberrant Responses in Human T Cell Immunotherapy

Immune-deficient mice, reconstituted with human stem cells, have been used to analyze human immune responses in vivo. Although they have been used to study immune responses to xenografts, allografts, and pathogens, there have not been models of autoimmune disease in which the mechanisms of the pathologic process can be analyzed. We have found that reconstituted "humanized" mice treated with anti-CTLA-4 Ab (ipilimumab) develop autoimmune disease characterized by hepatitis, adrenalitis, sialitis, anti-nuclear Abs, and weight loss. Induction of autoimmunity involved activation of T cells and cytokine production, and increased infiltration of APCs. When anti-CTLA-4 mAb-treated mice were cotreated with anti-CD3 mAb (teplizumab), hepatitis and anti-nuclear Abs were no longer seen and weight loss did not occur. The anti-CD3 blocked proliferation and activation of T cells, release of IFN-γ and TNF, macrophage infiltration, and release of IP-10 that was induced with anti-CTLA-4 mAb. We also found increased levels of T regulatory cells (CD25(+)CD127(-)) in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes in the mice treated with both Abs and greater constitutive phosphorylation of STAT5 in T regulatory cells in spleen cells compared with mice treated with anti-CTLA-4 mAb alone. We describe a model of human autoimmune disease in vivo. Humanized mice may be useful for understanding the mechanisms of biologics that are used in patients. Hepatitis, lymphadenopathy, and other inflammatory sequelae are adverse effects of ipilimumab treatment in humans, and this study may provide insights into this pathogenesis and the effects of immunologics on autoimmunity.
A Survival Analysis of U.S. Municipalities in Fiscal Distress

This article uses survival analysis to investigate fiscal distress in U.S. municipalities. We hypothesize that fiscal distress is positively correlated with revenue concentration and debt usage, and negatively correlated with administrative costs and entity resources. We develop a model that can predict the likelihood of fiscal distress and correctly classify up to 86 percent of the sampled governments. The model enables users to analyze the impact of a change in the risk factors. Fiscal distress can be reduced most effectively by increasing tax revenues as a percent of total revenues or decreasing total debt as a percent of total revenues.
Peru upwelling region sediments near 15°S. 2. Dissolved free and total hydrolyzable amino acids1

Dissolved free and total hydrolyzable amino acid concentrations were measured in five cores of Peru coastal sediments collected along a 70-km transect perpendicular to the coast in the upwelling region near 15% at depths of 92, 268, 506, 1,428, and 5,300 m. Total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA) made up 20-70% of the total nitrogen in these sediments, with the highest proportions in surface sediments of the 92-, 268-, and 506-m cores. Variations in THAA content with depth were attributable to a combination of remineralization and varying inputs to the sediment surface over time. The individual amino acid rcsiduc composition was remarkably uniform, both with depth in core and bctwecn stations. Dissolved free amino acid (DFAA) concentrations ranged from about 1 PM to >200 FM. The highest concentrations were found near the sediment-water interface of sulfide-containing sediments. Concentrations generally decreased with depth in sediment. Glutamic acid was a major constituent of nearly all samples, suggesting a bacterial source for most of the DFAA. A nonprotein amino acid, ,&aminoglutaric acid, was also a major component and was the most abundant DFAA below 20-cm depth in the 92-, 268-, and 506-m cores. The major trends in DFAA concentration and composition appear to bc the net result of biological (largely bacterial) sources and sinks.
Iterative temporal clustering analysis for the detection of multiple response peaks in fMRI

The temporal clustering analysis (TCA) is a novel and effective technique for obtaining brain activation maps when the timing and location of the activation are completely unknown. Performing the TCA method once can only detect the largest peak of the activation time windows well, if multiple response peaks at the same location of the brain occur. However, this limitation can be removed by using a TCA method in an iterative way in order for the smaller peaks to be detected. Our in vivo fMRI experiments with event-related visual tasks have demonstrated this ability.
Direct bidirectional angle-insensitive imaging of the flow signal intensity in Doppler optical coherence tomography

We introduce a new method, to our knowledge, for direct detection of flow signal intensity by stationary target rejection. In our system, two delay lines are constructed with identical scanning speed and ranging depth. One delay line is used for depth ranging as well as phase modulation, and the other one acts as a full-range retroreflector (FRRR). The signal from this FRRR carries the overall features of local phase modulation, and it is used as the local oscillator for coherent demodulation. With this setup, stationary targets can be rejected at a 4-kHz high-pass cutoff frequency of the filter that follows the demodulator, compared with 20 kHz for conventional fixed-frequency demodulation. This technique features angle insensitivity and provides flow direction as well by implementing standard in-phase and quadrature detection. Besides the direct directional detection of flow signal intensity, flow speed information can be acquired with postprocessing.
Trigger Features on Prototypes Increase Preference for Sustainability

The gap between customers preferring sustainable products in surveys and actually buying sustainable products in the market can be addressed through design. Our previous research proposed a method for creating design features that trigger thoughts of sustainability, termed ST (sustainability triggering) features. In the research presented here, a selection of ST features generated from the previous experiment was designed into realistic toaster prototypes. Subjects participated in a test vs. control purchase experiment, in which some “customers” saw a subset of toasters with ST features during purchasing tasks and some did not. First, subjects selected a subset of toasters for purchase. Then, they chose one from that set for a final purchase. Next, they wrote an email with instructions on how to select a toaster to a hypothetical purchasing agent. Finally, they answered interview questions and rated/ranked toasters. The coded email and interview results demonstrate that exposure to ST features significantly triggered the possible use of sustainability as a purchase criterion.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Respiration response imaging for real-time detection of microbial function at the single-cell level.

The ability to detect specific functions of uncultured microbial cells in complex natural communities remains one of the most difficult tasks of environmental microbiology. Here we present respiration response imaging (RRI) as a novel fluorescence microscopy-based approach for the identification of microbial function, such as the ability to use C1 substrates, at a single-cell level. We demonstrate that RRI could be used for the investigation of heterogeneity of a single microbial population or for functional profiling of microbial cells from complex environmental communities, such as freshwater lake sediment.
Odds of transfusion for older adults compared to younger adults undergoing surgery

BACKGROUND:Recent randomized controlled trials have shown no benefit for transfusion to a hemoglobin >10 g/dL compared with lower hemoglobin thresholds in the perioperative period, even among older adults. Nevertheless, physicians may choose to transfuse older adults more liberally than younger adul
Recent advances in modeling response-time distributions in real-time systems

Real-time systems are an important class of process control systems that need to respond to events under time constraints, or deadlines. Such systems may also be required to deliver service in spite of hardware or software faults in their components. This fault-tolerant characteristic is especially critical in systems whose failure can cause economic disaster and/or loss of lives. This paper reports recent research in the area of analytical modeling of the three major characteristics of real-time systems: timeliness, dependability, and external environmental dependencies. The paper starts with a brief introduction to analytical modeling frameworks such as Markov models and stochastic petri nets. This is followed by an examination of advances in modeling response-time distributions, reliability, distributed messaging services, and software fault-tolerance in real-time systems.
EPR Spectroscopy Shows a Microtubule-Dependent Conformational Change in the Kinesin Switch 1 Domain

ABSTRACT We have used site-directed spin-labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to monitor a conformational change at the nucleotide site of kinesin. Cys-lite kinesin (K349 monomer) with the mutation S188C was spin labeled with MSL or MTSL. This residue is at the junction between the switch 1 region (which is a structure known to be sensitive to bound nucleotide in the G-proteins) and the α 3-helix, adjacent to the nucleotide site. The spectra showed two or more components of mobility, which were independent of nucleotide in the absence of microtubules (MTs). The spectra of both labels showed a change of mobility upon binding to MTs. A more mobile spectral component became enhanced for all triphosphate analogs examined, AMPPNP, ADP•AlFx, or ADP•BeFx, in the presence of MTs, although the magnitude of the new component and the degree of mobility varied with nucleotide analog. The ADP state showed a much-reduced spectral change with a small shift to the more immobilized component in the presence of MTs. For kinesin•ADP•MT, a van't Hoff plot gave Δ H °=−96kJ/mol implying that the conformational change was extensive. We conclude there is a conformational change in the switch 1- α 3-helix domain when kinesin binds to MTs.
The nature of magnetic single domains in volcanic glasses of the KBS Tuff

Magnetic and optical variations in volcanic glasses of the East African Rift have been investigated by means of experimental and analytical study. The results add to the formal understanding of magnetism in volcanic glasses and give us new perspectives on the nature, origin, and significance of fine-grained magnetic minerals and on the magnetic petrology of glassy rocks. The samples that we have studied in detail, glass shards from the KBS Tuff of northern Kenya, contain a superparamagnetic precipitate of microcrystals, ∼2 to ∼10 nm in size. The precipitate is likely to have formed at elevated temperature, during or subsequent to eruption, about 1.9 m.y. ago. We have studied these microcrystals by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ac and dc magnetic methods, electron spin resonance (ESR), Mossbauer spectroscopy, and optical spectroscopy. Our efforts have concentrated on determining the magnetic mineralogy and understanding the mechanism(s) responsible for the optical and magnetic behavior of these glasses. The particle size determination for the larger of these microcrystals has been achieved using TEM imaging and Mossbauer spectroscopy. The mineralogy is nonstoichiometric magnetite, based on Mossbauer, X ray diffraction, and electron diffraction results. The ratio of saturation remanent magnetization to saturation magnetization for the larger microcrystals is very nearly that predicted by single-domain theory for a uniaxial anisotropy, the origin of which may lie with stress or surface effects. We interpret magnetic and ESR results to infer the possible existence of microcrystals or amorphous clusters of Fe atoms, ∼1 nm or smaller, in KBS glasses that appear homogeneous in high-resolution TEM images. Results from optical absorption experiments show that the color variations in KBS shards arise due to optical absorption by the precipitate, a result consistent with classical electromagnetic theory.
Connective Tissue Metabolism and Gingival Overgrowth

Gingival overgrowth occurs mainly as a result of certain anti-seizure, immunosuppressive, or antihypertensive drug therapies. Excess gingival tissues impede oral function and are disfiguring. Effective oral hygiene is compromised in the presence of gingival overgrowth, and it is now recognized that this may have negative implications for the systemic health of affected patients. Recent studies indicate that cytokine balances are abnormal in drug-induced forms of gingival overgrowth. Data supporting molecular and cellular characteristics that distinguish different forms of gingival overgrowth are summarized, and aspects of gingival fibroblast extracellular matrix metabolism that are unique to gingival tissues and cells are reviewed. Abnormal cytokine balances derived principally from lymphocytes and macrophages, and unique aspects of gingival extracellular matrix metabolism, are elements of a working model presented to facilitate our gaining a better understanding of mechanisms and of the tissue specificity of gingival overgrowth.
The Influence of Mitral Annuloplasty on Left Ventricular Flow Dynamics

Background Mitral valve (MV) repair using annuloplasty rings is the preferred method of treatment for MV regurgitation, but the impact of annuloplasty ring placement on left ventricular intraventricular flow has not been studied. Methods Annuloplasty rings of varying sizes were placed in 5 healthy sheep (intercommissural ring sizes were 24, 26, 28, 30, and 32 mm), and three-dimensional phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) was performed before and 1 week after ring placement. Results Normal diastolic flow consisted of diastolic intraventricular vortices that naturally unwound during systole. Postsurgical intraventricular flow was highly disturbed in all sheep, and the disturbance was greatest for undersized rings. Ring size was highly correlated with the diastolic inflow angle (Pearson's r = −0.62, p 0.1, 95% confidence interval: −0.92 to 0.14). There was a mean angle increase of mean diastolic inflow angle increase of 12.3 degrees ( p 0.01, 95% confidence interval: 4.8 to 19.6) for rings less than 30 mm. There was an inverse relationship between peak velocity and annuloplasty ring area (Pearson's r = −0.80, p 0.05, 95% confidence interval: −0.96 to −0.2). Transmitral pressure gradients increased significantly from baseline 0.73 ± 0.18 mm Hg to after annuloplasty 2.31 ± 1.04 mm Hg ( p 0.05). Conclusions Mitral valve annuloplasty ring placement disturbs normal left ventricular intraventricular flow patterns, and the degree of disturbance is closely associated with annuloplasty ring size.
Establishment success of conservation tree plantations in relation to silvicultural practices in Indiana, USA

In the Central Hardwood Forest region of the United States, the variable and somewhat unpredictable establishment success of hardwood tree plantations has traditionally been attributed to competing vegetation and damage due to animal browse. We examined operational plantation establishment success (1–5 years following planting) as it relates to use of particular silvicultural practices. Silvicultural histories were obtained for 87 randomly selected plantations throughout Indiana and field data were collected from each to determine tree survival, tree vigor, and abundance of surrounding vegetation. Survival was highest at sites that were treated with herbicide prior to planting and that had been mechanically planted (as opposed to hand planted). The percentage of trees with evidence of dieback was highest on sites at which browse protection measures had been used, likely reflecting a combination of damage due to inherently high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann) populations at such sites and ineffectiveness of current browse protection measures. Sites planted by a professional forester and those with herbicide applied subsequent to planting had a higher percentage of trees deemed free-to-grow. Subsequent herbicide application did not reduce cover or height of competing vegetation; however, when used in conjunction with mechanical site preparation techniques, overall cover and height of herbaceous vegetation was reduced.
Visual mechanisms and predictors for far field visual task performance

Visual mechanisms involved in target detection, recognition, and tracking were examined. Relationships were analyzed in the context of simulated combat, focusing on the short-range air defense weapon operator. Objectives were to identify visual ability interrelations, predictors of performance, and interactions with cuing, target characteristics, and experience. Good predictors included visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, resting focus, near focal point, and blur interpretation. Many of these abilities interacted with the independent variables, producing differential effects on performance. Visual abilities logically grouped into three principal components: active accommodation predicted target detection and identification; passive accommodation predicted detection and acquisition; and image interpretation predicted acquisition, identification, and tracking. Results supported the three visual subsystems hypothesis, based on neurophysiological evidence of pathways in the brain corresponding to specific visual functions.
Conditional discrimination learning in the pigeon.

Abstract Four pigeons received conditional discrimination training in which reinforcement contingencies were related to specific combinations of color and form, but were unrelated to either color or form considered separately. During discrete-trial training, each response in the presence of two of four color-form displays produced reinforcement and terminated the trial; responding to the other two displays was never reinforced, and each such response prolonged the particular trial on which it occurred. Subsequently, the subjects received multiple-schedule training in which responding to either of the displays previously associated with reinforcement was now reinforced on a variable-interval schedule, and extinction was the schedule again correlated with the other two displays. After differential responding to the stimuli was clearly evident, intensity of the combination displays was changed in subsequent training sessions. Complex stimulus control was generally maintained across variation in intensity, although there were temporary disruptions in performance associated with onset of some of the intensity changes. Finally, a component-stimulus test revealed considerably more responding to the forms than to the colors.
Low-weight error-prevention codes for electromagnetic nanonetworks in the Terahertz Band

Abstract In this paper, a novel error control strategy for electromagnetic nanonetworks, based on the utilization of low-weight channel codes and aimed at the prevention of channel errors, is proposed. In particular, it is first analytically shown that both the molecular absorption noise and the multi-user interference in nanonetworks can be mitigated by reducing the channel code weight, which results into a lower channel error probability. Then, the relation between the channel code weight and the code word length is analyzed for the case of utilizing constant weight codes. Finally, the performance of the proposed strategy is analytically and numerically investigated in terms of the achievable information rate after coding and the Codeword Error Rate (CER). Two different receiver architectures are considered, namely, an ideal soft-receiver and a hard receiver. An accurate Terahertz Band channel model and novel stochastic models for the molecular absorption noise and the multi-user interference, validated with COMSOL, are utilized. The results show that low-weight channel codes can be used to reduce the CER without compromising the achievable information rate or even increasing it, especially for the hard-receiver architecture. Moreover, it is shown that there is an optimal code weight, for which the information rate is maximized.
Tests of a calorimetric technique for measuring the energy of cosmic ray muons in the TeV energy range

Previous energy measurements of cosmic ray muons have used magnetic spectrometers to measure the momentum of muons. Measurements using magnets fail for muons in the TeV range because at ultra-high muon energies, the measurement error in the angular deflection of muons by the spectrometer becomes comparable to the total angula deflection. A new method for measuring the energies of TeV muons is investigated, using a sample of cosmic ray muons accumulated parasitically (or synergistically) by the CCFR neutrino detector. The method infers the muon energy from measurements of the energy deposited by the muon in many layers of an iron-scintillator calorimeter. Muons in the TeV energy range lose energy stochastically through e+et - pai production. The distribution of muon energy loss is used t estimate the most likely muon energy. The analysis suggest that this new method for measuring cosmic ray muon energ may be applicable in future detectors such as MINOS an AMANDA.
An On-Board Mission Planning System to Facilitate Precision Airdrop

The Precision Airdrop System (PADS), a laptop computer-based airdrop planning system, enables a crew on-board carrier aircraft to improve payload delivery precision for high altitude airdrops. It is also used for personnel airdrop mission planning. A core element of PADS is the Precision Airdrop Planning System (PAPS) that includes accurate models of an expanding set of airdrop systems. PAPS enables in-flight airdrop mission planning, including release point determination for ballistic parachute airdrop systems, as well as release envelopes and mission plans for guided airdrop systems. PAPS is integrated within PADS with the WindPADS wind field determination system to enable precision delivery by anticipating the descent trajectory behavior of airdrop systems in the vicinity of Drop Zones (DZs). PADS has graphical interfaces that have the look and feel of the Portable Flight Planning System which is already used by the Air Force on-board its aircraft. PADS acquires meteorological and DZ target data through a variety of aircraft communication links, and provides mission updates to guided airdrop systems shortly before their release. Using FalconView, PADS provides an interface to display release points/envelopes and failed payload expected impact footprints over maps or images of the terrain near the DZ. PADS currently accommodates a variety of 2,000-lb-class ballistic and guided airdrop systems released from C-130 and C-17 aircraft. The ballistic airdrop planning capability has undergone Operational Utility Evaluation (OUE) with both aircraft classes, and is already in limited field use. For airdrops from both 18,000 feet and 25,000 feet, the OUE demonstrated a Circular Error Probable of 260 m for C-130 drops and 308 m for C-17 drops. PADS support capability for guided airdrops is completing flight evaluation, in preparation for use in the field. In addition, PADS support capabilities for 10,000-30,000 lb-class airdrop systems is in development.