cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increasing positive behavior in severely distressed marital relationships: The effects of problem-solving training †

The effectiveness of problem-solving training was investigated with severely distressed couples. Six couples received problem-solving training following a condition in which they received instructions to increase positive behavior. Each couple served as a separate single-subject experiment, with the frequencies of various target behaviors serving as the primary measures of change. Behavioral rates were recorded in the home by spouses, supplemented by self-report, and observational data collected in the laboratory. All six couples improved during the course of therapy, although in only three cases was it possible to demonstrate that problem solving was responsible for the positive changes. One couple improved both during Instructions and problem-solving phases. Another couple improved only after receiving a modified form of instructions. Follow-up data showed five of the six couples to be maintaining their positive changes.
A New Technique On True Temperature Imaging

A technique is presented which uses an infrared camera and a computer system to determine the true temperature distribution on close up plane targets, and emittance and transmission distribution can be calculated pixcel by pixcel from multiple IR images in different condition. Four experiments were performed to verify the technique on opaque objects, and the results were in close agreement within 5% error of the infrared camera system. The conditions to achieve this result were: 1) the measurements were made in some rooms with uniform set temperature, 2) one reference image at a uniform temperature distribution, eg. at room temperature in thermal equilibrium condition, is required for each opaque sample, and 3) the references should be the same sample at same location exactly. For transparent material, though the principle is the same, the measurement is much more complicated than the opaque material. One more condition is needed for this measurement, that is, two reference image with uniform set temperature together with uniform and a controllable radiation source behind the sample are required to determine the transmission distribution, emittance distribution and true temperature distribution of transparent samples, in addition to the conditions for opaque objects.
The Darwin Direct Implicit Particle-in-Cell (DADIPIC) Method for Simulation of Low Frequency Plasma Phenomena

We describe a new algorithm for simulating low frequency, kinetic phenomena in plasmas. Darwin direct implicit particle-in-cell (DADIPIC), as its name implies, is a combination of the Darwin and direct implicit methods. Through the Darwin method the hyperbolic Maxwell's equations are reformulated into a set of elliptic equations. Propagating light waves do not exist in the formulation so the Courant constraint on the time step is eliminated. The direct implicit method is applied only to the electrostatic field with the result that electrostatic plasma oscillations do not have to be resolved for stability. With the elimination of these constraints spatial and temporal discretization can be much larger than that possible with explicit, electrodynamic PIC. We discuss the algorithms for pushing the particles and solving for the fields in 2D cartesian geometry. We also detail boundary conditions for conductors and dielectrics. Finally, we present two test cases, electron cyclotron waves and collisionless heating in inductively coupled plasmas. For these test cases DADIPIC shows agreement with analytic kinetic theory and good energy conservation characteristics.
WE‐D‐ValB‐06: Correlation Score Based Respiratory Gating for Lung Cancer Radiotherapy Without Implanted Fiducial Markers

Purpose: To perform reliable respiratory‐gated treatment of lungcancer using fluoroscopy without implanted fiducial markers. Method and Materials: Six methods are evaluated for use in respiratory‐gated treatment of lungcancer without implanted markers. Using a fluoroscopic simulation session as training data, correlation templates are built that represent the appearance of the lung at end‐of‐exhale (EOE) phase. First, all the images at EOE phase are averaged to generate a single template. Next, four methods are investigated to combine multiple correlation scores from templates. Finally, clustering is used to reduce a large number of EOE templates into a few representative ones. Each of these methods is evaluated against ground truth gating data as determined by a physician. Six patient data sets are evaluated. In each case, the template matching method is scored, and gated treatments are simulated at 35 percent duty cycle. Results: Error rates using all methods were computed relative to the physicians marked locations. Depending on the patient and method, the accuracy of the resulting gating signal varied between 84 to 100 percent, with a false alarm rate of between 0 and 7 percent. The clustering approach was the most stable method, with gating accuracy of greater than 90 percent, and false alarm rates of less than 4 percent, for six patients. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that template matching methods might be useful for respiratory gating in lungcancer treatment. Among the methods tested, the clustering method was most accurate, because it reduces the redundant information in the imagesequence. The project is partially supported by an NCI grant (1 R21 CA110177 A 01A1) and an NSF Grant No. IIS‐0347532.
A method of verifying parallelism of preparations for Zest anchor attachments.

Summary In overdenture therapy using attachments, nearperfect alignment is mandatory for the success of the procedure. A good example of failure due to misalignment is seen in Fig. 5. This resulted in the eventual breakdown of the periodontium and the extraction of the root remnant upon removal of the denture. The application of semiprecision attachments in overdenture therapy may greatly enhance the success of the denture. However, care must be taken to adhere to the principles and philosophies of complete denture therapy.
Enhanced Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene Expression in Alcoholic Liver Disease in the Rat

measurements of lipid peroxidation, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, COX-1 and COX-2 messenger RNA that stimulate expression of COX-2, we hypothesized (mRNA), endotoxin, and liver and plasma thromboxane that COX-2 would be induced in experimental ALD. In were performed. Results: Increased expression of COX- the rat intragastric feeding model of ALD, we and others 2 mRNA was detected in the livers of rats showing have shown that an inverse relationship exists between necroinflammatory changes. The Kupffer cell was the the state of saturation of lipids in diet and the severity cell primarily responsible for the increase in COX-2 of alcohol-induced liver injury. 13-17 Thus, rats fed etha- mRNA level. Increased expression of COX-2 was associ- nol and diets enriched in saturated fatty acids 14 are pro- ated with increased levels of endotoxin, TNF-a mRNA, tected from liver injury, whereas diets enriched in poly- lipid peroxidation, and synthesis of thromboxane. COX- unsaturated fatty acids 15-17 promote alcoholic liver 1 mRNA was decreased in Kupffer cells in rats with the injury. Thus, the rat intragastric feeding model is useful most severe liver injury. Conclusions: Up-regulation of to elucidate the pathogenesis of ALD. In the current COX-2 in alcoholic liver injury occurred in the presence study, we used this model of liver injury to study the of proinflammatory stimuli and resulted in increased synthesis of inflammatory and vasoactive eicosanoids. relationship between liver pathology and COX expres- Down-regulation of COX-1 may result in decreased syn- sion and to attempt to identify the factors responsible thesis of cytoprotective eicosanoids and additionally for induction of COX-2 in ALD. exacerbate liver injury. Our results show that necrosis and inflammation in ALD are associated with increased expression of COX- 2 and higher levels of plasma endotoxin, liver TNF-a
Parallel implementation of energy-based target localization methods in wireless sensor networks

This paper discusses the parallel implementation of an energy-based target localization method. This energy-based target localization method is presented first. Then, techniques used in its parallel implementation are discussed. Finally, this method is implemented using different numbers of cores. Other energy-based target localization methods can be implemented similarly. Simulation results showed that the parallel implementation could significantly reduce the computation time. However, the computation time required when two cores were used was more than half of that when a single core was used.
Another advisory: Innovation, expectations, and balancing risks

e r r i t H c Device advisories have become a way of life. They, and ditorials regarding them, also have become so common hat patients have become alarmed, physicians numbed, and ttorneys excited. The preeminence of the device perforance problem was highlighted by Scheinman and Keung n the “Year in Cardiology” series in the Journal of th merican College of Cardiology when they stated that “The aper with the most far-reaching ramifications in the field of evice therapy in 2005 was not published in any scientific ournal, but by an investigative report in the New York imes on May 24, 2005.” Given these reactions (and overreactions) to advisories, e should never forget their intended purpose—to help hysicians to better care for their patients and, hopefully, to ncourage manufacturers to improve the design, testing, and ollow-up of their products. There is a general expectation hat the quality, performance, and ease of implanting medcal devices will continually improve, and that mortality and orbidity will decrease. However, when the design of a omplex reliable device is changed, it goes without saying hat reliability should not be compromised. We can never orget that the body is a hostile environment for medical evices. In the quest for “new and better,” the wise will ecall that “Those who cannot remember the past are conemned to repeat it” (George Santayana, The Life of Rea on). Great care should be taken so that an apparently nnovative design does not neglect to incorporate lessons earned from earlier experience. When prior knowledge is orgotten or ignored, innovation can go awry. For example, ome newer materials ultimately were proven to be poorly uited for use as insulation for pacemaker and implantable ardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) leads. Some metal alloys ere found to lead to corrosion. Welds may not be as urable as crimps for joining conductors to electrodes. Enineering experience teaches us that the central core of a ead is the position of greatest strength. Fidelis was designed ith an eccentric core, and welding was used in its contruction. Although clearly offering advantages in the ease
Current status of soy protein functionality in food systems

Much of the research discussed in this paper deals with the effects of processing treatments on the physicochemical and functional properties of total soy protein isolate, 7S and 11S components and/or their subunits. This is new and exciting information that should become significant for future developments within the soy protein ingredient manufacture and utilization field. However, these researchers generally failed to provide adequate experimental details concerning methodologies employed to prepare, characterize and utilize soy proteins, their components and subunits in functionality studies. There is also an obvious need to devise and implement the use of more uniform and/or standardized methodologies for this kind of work in the future.
Serial processing is consistent with the time course of linguistic information extraction from consecutive words during eye fixations in reading: a response to Inhoff, Eiter, and Radach (2005).

A. W. Inhoff, B. M. Eiter, and R. Radach (2005) reported the results of 2 experiments that they claimed were problematic for serial attention models of eye movements in reading (such as the E-Z Reader model). In this reply, the authors demonstrate via argumentation and simulations that their data pose no serious problem for the E-Z Reader model or serial attention models in general.
The size distribution of the banking sector and the effects of monetary policy

Abstract In recent years, the industrial organization of the banking system has received a large amount of attention. In particular, it is generally viewed that the size distribution of the banking sector has changed where it is dominated by a small number of large institutions. In this paper, we develop a model of imperfectly competitive banks that differ in terms of the size of their deposit base. Such differences are important for aggregate credit market activity and the effects of monetary policy. Notably, we explain how the optimal size distribution of the banking system involves trade-offs from distortions in credit markets due to imperfect competition across banking markets. Second, the effects of monetary policy on credit market activity are weaker in an economy dominated by a small number of large banks. Empirical analysis examining the role of concentration among the current members of the European Monetary Union is consistent with the predictions of the model.
Thoughts on some recent evidence concerning the affective advantage of peer feedback

Abstract This paper is a response to Jacobs, Curtis, Braine, and Huang's paper (1998) that critiqued Zhang's study (1995) on the oft-claimed affective advantage of peer feedback over teacher feedback in the English as Second Language (ESL) writing class. An examination of the results reported by Jacobs and associates (1998) revealed that their findings validated Zhang's (1995) finding, as well as his summary of research conclusions drawn prior to 1995, that peer feedback does not have an affective advantage over teacher feedback in the ESL writing class. This paper addresses the methodological concerns raised by Jacobs et al. (1998) and emphasizes the need to reexamine assumptions about the ESL writing process in order to better address the affective disadvantage of peer feedback relative to teacher feedback in the ESL writing class.
Osmoregulation of fusogenic protoplast fusion

Abstract Fusion permissive (fusogenic) plant protoplasts have been isolated from wild carrot suspension cultures. Fluorescence, video, and electron microscopy were used to monitor the sequence of fusion events in response to calcium and osmotic stress. Fusion of these protoplasts was enhanced by calcium and inhibited by EGTA. The plasma membranes of these protoplasts were so fusion permissive that osmotic stress, in the absence of external calcium, would stimulate protoplast fusion. Protoplast aggregation but not membrane fusion occurred in a hypertonic solution in the presence of 10 mM calcium. Membrane fusion was not observed until the external osmoticum was lowered. The fusogenic carrot protoplasts provide a model system for studying membrane fusion.
High Shear Stresses in Stiff-Fiber Composites

L'analyse elastique de 2 fibres paralleles dans une matrice infinie soumise a un cisaillement longitudinal, conduit a des resultats exacts pour les concentrations de contraintes entre les fibres. Des contraintes de cisaillement elevees se produisent lorsque des fibres raides sont tres proches
Readability of Home Appliance Instruction Manuals: An Assessment With Children

Several household tasks in which children are reported to participate may involve use of mechanical or automatic home appliances. To contribute to safe use, instruction manuals to which children may need to refer, especially when theyare home alone, should be understandable to them. Cloze tests for analysis of readability of instructions for use and care of 13 major and portable home appliances were administered to 477 childrenfrom ages 8 to 17 years. Scores were associated with age and/or grade level with given appliances. For most appliances, the scoresfor children were clustered in the 30% to 40% range of agreement with the original passages.
A Steady State, Thermal Model of an On-Chip Assembly of RTD Heaters, Sputtered Sample and Microthermocouples

An experimentally validated one-dimensional (1D) steady state, analytical model has been presented in this paper for the in-plane thermal field of an on-chip assembly of a Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD), a sputtered thin film and microthermocouples (MT). The model is used to suggest a threshold condition for the design of an MT that may result in an overheating of the two cold junctions of the MT beyond the ambient temperature, as well as asymmetry between the two cold junction temperatures. A second threshold condition is suggested for the range of normalized thermal conductivities of the sputtered thin film that will have an impact on the thermal field. Such a model may be useful for preliminary design of structures to determine in-plane thermal conductivities of isotropic sputtered thin films.
Ethanol oxidation by intestinal microsomes: increased activity after chronic ethanol administration.

Abstract In the rat, chronic ethanol ingestion increases microsomal protein of the mucosal cells of the proximal small intestine, enhances cytochrome P-450 content and NADPH cytochrome-C-reductase activity. Intestinal oxidation of ethanol by a microsomal system is demonstrated as well as its enhancement after chronic ethanol administration.
Nonviral transfection of mouse calvarial organ in vitro using Accell-modified siRNA.

Background:Understanding the biology of cranial suture fusion and the precise role of involved molecules implicated in the process will help to identify key factors involved in regulation of suture fusion. Modulation of these key factors may serve as a tissue-engineering technique to replace the tra
Gold and isotopically enriched platinium targets for the production of radioactive beams of francium

Abstract Au and isotopically enriched Pt targets are discussed for the production of radioactive Fr beams. Target foils, serving also as ionizers, have to be heated in order to enhance the diffusion of atoms to the surface for further extraction and injection into the electrostatic transport system.
Splenic alterations in hairy‐cell leukemia: II. An electron microscopic study

Spleen from nine patients with hairy-cell leukemia (HCL) were studied for ultrastructural alterations. In all cases, hairy cells with typical ultrastructural characteristics were observed within splenic cords and sinuses. Hairy cells had numerous cytoplasmic processes that interdigitated with cytoplasmic processes of other hairy cells. Hairy cells also adhered to sinus endothelial cells and ring fibers and protruded into spaces between endothelial cells. Some normal sinuses were filled with aggregated hairy cells. Other sinuses appeared dilated. Many sinuses were lined by hairy cells that covered thinned endothelial cells and ring fibers. In these abnormal sinuses, endothelial cells were decreased and many appeared injured. The splenic cords were expanded by an infiltration of hairy cells and by large blood-filled spaces. These findings suggest that hairy cells adhere to many cell surfaces, produce endothelial cell injury and death, and impede the venous flow of blood in the spleen. All of the factors appear to influence the formation of the abnormal splenic sinuses and the blood-filled spaces that characterize HCL.
Effect of stress on the behavior and 5-HT system in Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Kyoto rat strains

The effects of chronic novel stressors, for 21 days, on the behavior and the serotoninergic (5-HT) system in Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were studied. Open-field and forced-swim tests revealed a significantly greater behavioral depression in the WKY strain. SD rats showed a decrease in3H-DPAT binding to 5-HT1A receptors in the hippocampus, whereas WKY rats revealed an increase in3H-DPAT binding in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. Stress did not appear to alter the binding of3H-DPAT to 5-HT1A sites in the dorsal raphe or median raphe in either strains. SD rats revealed a modest increase in 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) sites in the cortex; WKY rats revealed a decrease in 5-HTT sites in the cortex and the hippocampus. Stress caused an increase in3H-CNIMI binding to 5-HTT sites in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei in both strains. The results suggest that the greater susceptibility to behavioral depression in WKY rats may account for the differential effects on 5HT1A sites as well as 5-HTT sites in limbic regions and cell body area as compared to SD rats.
The catalytic hydrodesulfurization of thiophene on the Mo(100) crystal surface

In order to test the activity of supported molybdenum-sulfur catalysts, the hydrodesulfurization(HDS) of thiophene was studied in a ultra high vacuum (UHV) chamber equipped with a high-pressure cell. The products were analyzed by gas chromatography, and the reaction rates and product selectivities were determined as functions of reactant pressures and crystal temperatures. The HDS reaction observed when Mo(100) was used as the catalyst seems to be similar to that observed when Mo/S supported catalysts were used.
Linking coasts and seas to address ocean deoxygenation

Accelerated oxygen loss in both coastal and open oceans is generating complex biological responses; future understanding and management will require holistic integration of currently fragmented oxygen observation and research programmes.
A 2MASS Ultracool M Dwarf Observed in a Spectacular Flare

2MASSW J0149090+295613 (hereafter 2M0149) is unique among the very late M/L dwarf counterparts to Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) point sources in having shown, in the first set of spectra taken on 1997 December 7, a diverse emission-line spectrum at red wavelengths, which features an Hα equivalent width of 300 A. On four repeat observations, however, the spectrum was that of a more ordinary dMe object, albeit with a late spectral type of M9.5 V. Our interpretation is that the object underwent an extreme magnetic flare event. The continuum flux at the short-wavelength end of the spectrum was also several times stronger during the apparent flare than in quiescence. Comparison is made with midtype M dwarfs of higher mass that have undergone strong flares, and with another known M9.5 emission-line object PC 0025+0047. The 2MASS object adds to the evidence that magnetic dynamo eruptions may release more energy relative to Lbol as the stellar mass decreases; if the total flare luminosity scales with Hα in the same way as a well-observed event of the middle M dwarf AD Leo, 2M0149 may have had a flare luminosity that approached or exceeded its quiescent Lbol during the brief impulse phase. In contrast, its quiescent state shows an unremarkable level of chromospheric activity, which leads us to question whether it is unique at all; rather, it may be that many of the ultracool M and L dwarfs found by the Deep Near-Infrared Survey (DENIS) and 2MASS undergo similar flares.
Unified coil solenoid actuator for aerospace application

Solenoid is an electromagnetically operated actuator. One of the typical applications of solenoid is to operate valves in aircraft engine under harsh environmental conditions and high endurance requirements. Solenoid coil is wound around an insulator (e.g. PTFE / Polyimide/ Nomex etc) which is generally called as bobbin. Classical bobbin construction reduces the available window area for the coil winding. This successively reduces the number of turns that can be accommodated in the reduced window area. MMF (Magneto Motive Force) is the product of the number of turns and the magnitude of the coil current. Due to reduction in the MMF, the magnetic field strength of the solenoid reduces and the force generated by the solenoid gets decreased. The proposed topology of the solenoid eliminates the bobbin for reducing the size of solenoid coils or in other words more window area is available against the classical bobbin designs. The proposed method aims at generating higher force for the constrained size or generating the same force with less size and weight of the solenoid.
Characteristics and sedimentation of initial effluent discharged from excavated levee ponds for channel catfish

Abstract Most channel catfish are produced in excavated levee ponds that are constructed with fixed drains extending from the deepest part of the pond through the levee. When these ponds are drained, sediment accumulated in and around the drainpipe inlet is discharged with the first flush of water, resulting in a high initial solids concentration in the effluent. This study was conducted to evaluate (1) the quality and settling characteristics of initial pond effluent from excavated ponds with fixed internal drains and (2) the spatial and temporal changes in water quality as the first flush of catfish pond effluent flowed through a 1-m wide vegetated drainage ditch. Chemical and settling characteristics of effluent samples collected at the discharge point during the first 20 min of discharge were determined. The initial discharge was very high in total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. The initial solids concentration was 900 times higher than that of the bulk pond water. After 15 min, poorly consolidated sediment from around the drain inlet had been discharged, and effluent quality was identical to the bulk pond water. The median-settling velocity of solids decreased from 0.7 cm/s at the start of pond draining to 0.03 cm/s after 15 min. After initial effluent plumes had flowed 150–200 m downstream, nearly all solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the initial effluent were removed and concentrations of those substances were lower than in bulk pond water. The duration of poor water quality of initial effluent from catfish ponds with internal drains was brief (ca. 10 min) and discharged solids settled rapidly after flowing through 150–200 m of vegetated ditch extending from pond effluent outfalls.
Clinically silent primary adrenal lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature

Primary adrenal lymphoma (PAL) is extremely uncommon. We describe a case of clinically silent non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma of diffuse large cell type with exclusive left adrenal localization. The tumor was discovered by computed tomography (CT) as a 2.5-cm dense mass and diagnosed at autopsy. Literature concerning this unusual neoplasm is reviewed. During the early stage, particularly when the lesion is small, PAL is likely to be missed. This unusual entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of adrenal masses so that early diagnosis may be made and intervention might dramatically affect the clinical outcome.
Assessment of tsunami hazard to the U.S. Atlantic margin

Abstract Tsunami hazard is a very low-probability, but potentially high-risk natural hazard, posing unique challenges to scientists and policy makers trying to mitigate its impacts. These challenges are illustrated in this assessment of tsunami hazard to the U.S. Atlantic margin. Seismic activity along the U.S. Atlantic margin in general is low, and confirmed paleo-tsunami deposits have not yet been found, suggesting a very low rate of hazard. However, the devastating 1929 Grand Banks tsunami along the Atlantic margin of Canada shows that these events continue to occur. Densely populated areas, extensive industrial and port facilities, and the presence of ten nuclear power plants along the coast, make this region highly vulnerable to flooding by tsunamis and therefore even low-probability events need to be evaluated. We can presently draw several tentative conclusions regarding tsunami hazard to the U.S. Atlantic coast. Landslide tsunamis likely constitute the biggest tsunami hazard to the coast. Only a small number of landslides have so far been dated and they are generally older than 10,000 years. The geographical distribution of landslides along the margin is expected to be uneven and to depend on the distribution of seismic activity along the margin and on the geographical distribution of Pleistocene sediment. We do not see evidence that gas hydrate dissociation contributes to the generation of landslides along the U.S. Atlantic margin. Analysis of landslide statistics along the fluvial and glacial portions of the margin indicate that most of the landslides are translational, were probably initiated by seismic acceleration, and failed as aggregate slope failures. How tsunamis are generated from aggregate landslides remains however, unclear. Estimates of the recurrence interval of earthquakes along the continental slope may provide maximum estimates for the recurrence interval of landslide along the margin. Tsunamis caused by atmospheric disturbances and by coastal earthquakes may be more frequent than those generated by landslides, but their amplitudes are probably smaller. Among the possible far-field earthquake sources, only earthquakes located within the Gulf of Cadiz or west of the Tore-Madeira Rise are likely to affect the U.S. coast. It is questionable whether earthquakes on the Puerto Rico Trench are capable of producing a large enough tsunami that will affect the U.S. Atlantic coast. More information is needed to evaluate the seismic potential of the northern Cuba fold-and-thrust belt. The hazard from a volcano flank collapse in the Canary Islands is likely smaller than originally stated, and there is not enough information to evaluate the magnitude and frequency of flank collapse from the Azores Islands. Both deterministic and probabilistic methods to evaluate the tsunami hazard from the margin are available for application to the Atlantic margin, but their implementation requires more information than is currently available.
Performance of the "Direct Search Design Algorithm" as a Numerical Optimization Method

References 1 1962 U.S. Standard Atmosphere, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1962. 2 Alden, H. L. and Habert, R. H., "Gasdynamics of High Altitude Rocket Plumes," MITHRAS Rept. MC-63-80-R1, July 1964. 3 Jarvinen, P. O. and Hill, J. A. F., "Universal Model for Underexpanded Rocket Plumes in Hypersonic Flow," 12th JANNAF Liquid Propulsion Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, Nov. 1970. 4 Draper, J. S. and Moran, J. P., "A Study of Wind Tunnel Simulation of High Altitude Rocket Plumes," Tech. Rept. TR-72-111, Feb. 1973, Air Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (AFRPL), Edwards Air Force Base, Calif. 5 Draper, J. S. and Sutton, E. A., "A Nomogram for High-Altitude Plume Dimensions," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 10, Oct. 1973, pp. 682-684. 6 Jacchia, L. G., "Revised Static Models of the Thermosphere and the Exosphere with Empirical Temperature Profiles," Special Rept. 332, May 1971, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Washington, D.C. 7 U.S. Standard Atmosphere Supplements, 1966, Washington, D.C., 1966. 8 Solar-Geophysical Data (Prompt Reports), No. 324-PART I, Aug. 1971, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data Service, Washington, D.C.
Predictors and Barriers of H1N1 Vaccination Intention in Healthy and High-Risk Children

Predictors and barriers that may influence parents' intentions to vaccinate their children against the H1N1 virus were examined. A community survey of 256 parents of children ages 6 to 12 was conducted in October and November 2009. Past decisions to obtain annual influenza vaccines were related to current intention to vaccinate children against the H1N1 virus. Higher worry and perceived risk regarding the H1N1 virus also predicted child vaccination intention. Despite media messages focused on high-risk populations, parents of children with asthma were no more likely to vaccinate their children than parents of children without a chronic medical condition.
Radiating boundary layers at planetary entry velocities

Abstract Results are presented for constant pressure, laminar boundary layers for velocities at which thermal radiation may be important. When radiation effects are significant, the boundary layer profiles are nonsimilar and different solutions must be obtained for planar (flat plates, wedges) and axisymmetric (cones) flows. Using power law approximations to the gas properties and a new set of reference conditions, a hypersonic limit is defined which gives skin friction and heat transfer parameters that are independent of Mach number. For a particular gas and flow geometry (planar or axisymmetric), this approach gives a universal solution for the radiating boundary layer. It is found that although the convective and radiative heat fluxes vary strongly with distance from the leading edge, the total heat flux is nearly independent of position. For Earth reentry trajectories including returns from the far solar system it is shown that convection is the dominant mode of heat transfer in such boundary layers for vehicles of moderate size. Comparisons of the power law property solution with calculations using exact gas properties for air are presented and the range of agreement is discussed.
Development of a field-portable small-size impedance analyzer for structural health monitoring using the electromechanical impedance technique

Electromechanical (E/M) impedance method is emerging as an effective and powerful technique for structural health monitoring. The E/M impedance method utilizes as its main apparatus an impedance analyzer that reads the in-situ E/M impedance of piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) attached to the monitored structure. Laboratory-type impedance analyzers (e.g. HP4194) are bulky, heavy, and expensive. They cannot be easily carried into the field for on-site structural health monitoring. To address this issue, means of to reduce the size of the impedance analyzer making the impedance analyzer more compact and field-portable are explored. In this paper, we present a systematic approach to the development of a field-portable small-size impedance analyzer for structural health monitoring using the electromechanical impedance technique. Our approach consists of several developmental stages. First, we perform a simulation of the E/M Impedance technique and develop the software tools for analyzing the signal in a fast and efficient way while maintaining the desired accuracy. The objective of this signal processing part is to obtain the complex impedance, ZR+iZI)=|Z| angle arg Z, at a number of frequencies in a predetermined range. Several signal processing methods were explored such as: (a) integration method; (b) correlation method; (c) Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) method. Second, we discuss the hardware issues associated with the implementation of this approach. The hardware system architecture consists of several blocks: (a) reference signal generation; (b) voltage and current measurements; and (c) digital signal acquisition and processing. Practical results obtained during proof-of-concept experiments are presented and comparatively examined.
History of storm surge in Florida strongly underestimated

The observational hurricane record for northwestern Florida is just 160 years long, yet hurricane activity is known to vary strongly over thousands of years. Digging back into the prehistoric hurricane record, Lin et al. found that scientists' reliance on such a narrow slice of observations has led them to severely underestimate the frequency with which large hurricanes have slammed into Florida's Gulf Coast.
Heat Transfer for the Film-Cooled Vane of a 1-1/2 Stage High-Pressure Transonic Turbine—Part II: Effect of Cooling Variation on the Vane Airfoil and Inner End Wall

The impact of film cooling on heat transfer is investigated for the high-pressure vane of a one-and-one-half stage high-pressure turbine operating at design corrected conditions. Cooling is supplied through three independently controllable circuits to holes in the inner and outer endwall, vane leading edge showerhead, and the pressure and suction surfaces of the airfoil in addition to vane trailing edge slots. Four different overall cooling flow rates are investigated and one cooling circuit is varied independently. All results reported in this part of the paper are for a radial inlet temperature profile, one of the four profiles reported in Part I of this paper. Part I describes the experimental setup, data quality, influence of inlet temperature profile, and influence of cooling when compared to a solid vane. This part of the paper shows that the addition of coolant reduces airfoil Stanton Number by up to 60%. The largest reductions due to cooling are observed close to the inner endwall because the coolant to the majority of the vane is supplied by a plenum at the inside diameter. While the introduction of cooling has a significant impact on Stanton Number, the impact of changing coolant flow rates is only observed for gauges near 5% span and on the inner endwall. This indicates that very little of the increased coolant mass flow reaches all the way to 90% span and the majority of the additional mass flow is injected into the core flow near the plenum. Turning off the vane outer cooling circuit that supplies coolant to the outer endwall holes, vane trailing edge slots, and three rows of holes on the pressure surface of the airfoil, has a local impact on Stanton Number. Changes downstream of the holes on the airfoil pressure surface indicate that internal heat transfer from the coolant flowing inside the vane is important to the external heat transfer, suggesting that a conjugate heat-transfer solution may be required to achieve good external heat-transfer predictions in this area. Measurements on the inner endwall show that temperature reduction in the vane wake due to the trailing edge cooling is important to many points downstream of the vane.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The economical way to off-load diabetic foot ulcers [Mandakini off-loading device].

We all know that increased plantar foot pressure is a leading cause of ulceration in the diabetic population. Healing of these ulcers requires adequate blood supply, control of infection, excellent wound care and ‘offloading’ or pressure redistribution of the ulcerative area [1, 2]. Out of all these factors, ‘offloading’ is a unique challenge in treating chronic wounds. As diabetic foot care has evolved over the years, podiatrists have used numerous approaches including complete bed rest, cutout felt pads, crutches, wheelchairs, zimmer frame, temporary shoes, ortho wedge shoes like rocker-bottom wedge design shoes and total contact casting to offload these wounds [3, 4, 5].
Research and the Bayh-Dole Act.

In their recent Policy Forum, J. G. Thursby and M. C. Thursby discuss the Bayh-Dole Act and its effects on university licensing (“University licensing and the Bayh-Dole Act,” 22 Aug., p. [1052][1]). There is no doubt that the passage of the Bayh-Dole act in 1980 changed the face of university-industry relations and resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of patent filings and commercial revenues to universities and research institutions. What is less clear concerns the impact of this newfound revenue on the conduct of research. As Thursby and Thursby point out, all objective measures indicate that there has been no real effect on the way research is conducted, despite dramatic increases in patent filings and other commercialization activities. What is not covered in the Policy Forum is the increasing pressure that our industrial partners are feeling concerning proprietary technologies. In recent years, mainly because of economic forces, our industrial partners have become reluctant to license any technology whose ownership is not clearly delineated and whose intellectual property is not strongly patented. As researchers, we are often motivated to seek out new technologies that promote the common good. Patent protection is frequently the single most effective way to translate laboratory findings to the public, where they can benefit us all. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1087473
The Relationship Between Reaction Layer Thickness and Leach Rate For Nuclear Waste Glasses

Three leaching tests, devised to distinguish among several proposed nuclear waste glass leaching mechanisms, were carried out for four different waste glasses. In the first test, the influence of a pre-formed reaction layer on elemental release was evaluated. In the second test, glass specimens were replaced with fresh samples halfway through the leaching experiment, to evaluate the influence of the concentration of glass components in leaching. Finally, regular replacement of the leachant at fixed time intervals essentially removed the variable of changing solution concentration, and allowed an assessment of the influence of reaction layer thickness on the leaching rate. Results for all glasses tested indicated that the reaction layer presented little or no barrier to leaching, and that most of the retardation on leaching rates generally observed are attributable to saturation effects.
Advances in neural implants and prostheses

The neuroscience has become more quantitative and information-driven science since emerging implantable and wearable sensors from macro to nano and computational tools facilitate collection and analysis of vast amounts of neural data. Complexity analysis of neural systems provides physiological knowledge for the organization, management and mining of neural data by using advanced computational tools. The neurological data are inherently complex and non-uniform and collected at multiple temporal and spatial scales. The main objective of this talk is to highlight the recent advances in wearable and implantable neural sensors/probes and computational neural science and engineering.
How use Theories of Meaning can Accommodate Shared Meanings: A Modal Account of Semantic Deference

Use theories of meaning (UTMs) seem ill-equipped to accommodate the intuition that ignorant but deferential speakers use natural kind terms (e.g. ‘zinc’) and technical expression (e.g. ‘credit default swap’) with the same meanings as the experts do. After all, their use deviates from the experts', and if use determines meaning, a deviant use ordinarily would determine a deviant meaning. Yet the intuition is plausible and advocates of UTMs believe it can be accommodated. I examine Gilbert Harman's and Paul Horwich's views, and argue that they do not offer a satisfactory reconciliation of the intuition with the theory. I propose an accommodation based on a novel account of semantic deference, and show that it is consistent with UTMs that a speaker may use a word with a certain meaning without fully or adequately knowing it.
Gastrointestinal regulation of food intake

Despite substantial fluctuations in daily food intake, animals maintain a remarkably stable body weight, because overall caloric ingestion and expenditure are exquisitely matched over long periods of time, through the process of energy homeostasis. The brain receives hormonal, neural, and metabolic signals pertaining to body-energy status and, in response to these inputs, coordinates adaptive alterations of energy intake and expenditure. To regulate food consumption, the brain must modulate appetite, and the core of appetite regulation lies in the gut-brain axis. This Review summarizes current knowledge regarding the neuroendocrine regulation of food intake by the gastrointestinal system, focusing on gastric distention, intestinal and pancreatic satiation peptides, and the orexigenic gastric hormone ghrelin. We highlight mechanisms governing nutrient sensing and peptide secretion by enteroendocrine cells, including novel taste-like pathways. The increasingly nuanced understanding of the mechanisms mediating gut-peptide regulation and action provides promising targets for new strategies to combat obesity and diabetes.
Microtextural constraints on the interplay between fluid–rock reactions and deformation

Schists from two mylonitic localities in the footwall of a low-angle normal fault in the eastern Alps record different degrees of embrittlement during exhumation, depending on the extent to which fluid–rock reactions proceeded. At one site, graphitic schists preserve textural evidence for two metamorphic reactions that modified $$ {\rm X}_{\mathop {\rm CO}\nolimits_2 } $$ and/or fluid volume: (1) reaction between graphite and aqueous fluid that increased $$ {\rm X}_{\mathop {\rm CO}\nolimits_2 } $$ without changing the molar amount of fluid, and (2) replacement of titanite by rutile, calcite, and quartz. The latter reaction involved net consumption of increasingly CO2-rich fluid. Areas where the first reaction proceeded are associated with abundant Mode I microcracks. Fluid inclusion arrays within the microcracks show that $$ {\rm X}_{\mathop {\rm CO}\nolimits_2 } $$ increased from ∼0.1 to 0.6 during decompression from 4.75 to 2 kbar at a reference temperature of 500°C. Titanite consumption is most pronounced within transgranular Mode I microcracks, but microcracks do not crosscut products of this reaction; fluid consumption during reaction was coeval with the end of microcracking, at least on a local scale. At the other site, graphitic schists lack small-scale Mode I cracks as well as evidence for graphite consumption during decompression. SEM imaging shows that graphite is anhedral and pitted at the first site, but occurs in clusters of euhedral grains at the second site. Mass balance calculations demonstrate that rocks with partially consumed graphite were infiltrated by an externally derived, H2O-rich fluid that drove subsequent graphite-fluid reaction. Evidence for similar fluid infiltration is absent at the second site. Variations in the degree of reaction progress indicate that fluid pathways and deformation style were heterogeneous on the scale of millimeters to kilometers during exhumation from mid-crustal depths.
Time‐dependent morphologies and viscoelastic properties of block copolymers

Abstract : Dynamic mechanical properties of block copolymers over a wide temperature range have been previously correlated with the phase-separated microstructure of these systems. In the present work the morphology of the block copolymer is altered by large tensile deformation at various temperatures. Upon removal of the applied stress the morphological features of such stretched-and-released systems become functions of time, as the non-equilibrium microstructure reverts to a thermodynamically stable state. This reformation process is monitored by dynamic mechanical measurements with a modified torsion pendulum capable of applying both tensile and torsional deformation. Experimental results are analyzed using a modified Nielsen model to obtain information on the time-dependent structural state of the samples. These results are then compared with stress-strain curves to provide further insight into the structure breakdown-reformation mechanisms. Two competing mechanisms, domain fracture and block pull out, are proposed to explain these experimental observations. (Author)
Intermodal exploration and knowledge in infancy

By the age of 15 weeks, human infants search visually for a parent who is heard to speak, even when no spatial or temporal information unites the face and voice. They can apparently use knowledge about a parent's audible and visible characteristics to guide intermodal exploration. Perceivers evidently learn at an early age about some of the optic and acoustic information that specifies certain objects.