cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A DVH-guided IMRT optimization algorithm for automatic treatment planning and adaptive radiotherapy replanning.

Purpose: To develop a novel algorithm that incorporates prior treatment knowledge into intensity modulated radiation therapy optimization to facilitate automatic treatment planning and adaptive radiotherapy (ART) replanning. Methods: The algorithm automatically creates a treatment plan guided by the DVH curves of a reference plan that contains information on the clinician-approved dose-volume trade-offs among different targets/organs and among different portions of a DVH curve for an organ. In ART, the reference plan is the initial plan for the same patient, while for automatic treatment planning the reference plan is selected from a library of clinically approved and delivered plans of previously treated patients with similar medical conditions and geometry. The proposed algorithm employs a voxel-based optimization model and navigates the large voxel-based Pareto surface. The voxel weights are iteratively adjusted to approach a plan that is similar to the reference plan in terms of the DVHs. If the reference plan is feasible but not Pareto optimal, the algorithm generates a Pareto optimal plan with the DVHs better than the reference ones. If the reference plan is too restricting for the new geometry, the algorithm generates a Pareto plan with DVHs close to the reference ones. In both cases, the new plansmore » have similar DVH trade-offs as the reference plans. Results: The algorithm was tested using three patient cases and found to be able to automatically adjust the voxel-weighting factors in order to generate a Pareto plan with similar DVH trade-offs as the reference plan. The algorithm has also been implemented on a GPU for high efficiency. Conclusions: A novel prior-knowledge-based optimization algorithm has been developed that automatically adjust the voxel weights and generate a clinical optimal plan at high efficiency. It is found that the new algorithm can significantly improve the plan quality and planning efficiency in ART replanning and automatic treatment planning.« less
Knowledge management in academic libraries: special tools and processes to support information professionals

This article examines important issues of knowledge management within academic libraries, and how reference librarians can become more effective as information intermediaries. Exploiting knowledge can be a major competitive advantage for libraries, which can translate into better service to users. This article focuses on librarians and the information they use in carrying out the tasks for reference librarianship, and in organizing a multi‐campus library to effectively meet the needs of a large and diverse group of faculty, students, and staff. Specifically, a new tool for managing and using informal knowledge will be described, along with the team‐based approach that was used to develop and introduce the tool into the New Brunswick Libraries at Rutgers University.
Harmful B-chromosomes in a mealy bug: additional evidence

The B-chromosomes (B's; supernumeraries) of the mealy bug, Pseudococcus obscurus Essig, segregate preferentially into the two functional products of male meiosis. This segregation thus serves as an accumulation mechanism. A cytological study of a population from Oakland, California, confirmed the results obtained earlier that the B's are harmful and are maintained only because of their accumulation mechanism. The wild females were studied directly. The number of B's in the males was determined by analyzing ten or more daughters of females without B's (0B females) after these were inseminated by wild males. The 0B females were exposed to the wild males in screen cages. The analysis of 4732 daughters of 231 caged females indicated that among the males which inseminated these females, there were 19.9% 0B males and the mean number of B's was 1.46 ± 0.07. Among 224 wild females which were collected at about the same time there were 12.5% 0B females, and the mean number of B's was 1.88 ± 0.09. Since the frequencies of the B's in the population changed only slightly from generation to generation, the expected zygotes of this generation were assumed to be similar to those from which both the males and the females developed. The expected zygotes were calculated from the observed frequencies of the B's among the sperm and the known rates of transmission in females. The zygotes were very similar to the females but quite different from the males. It was concluded, therefore, that the B's had little or no effect on the females carrying them, but reduced the fitness of the males. The fitness of the 0B, 1B, 2B, 3B and 4B males was calculated to be 1.00, 0.64, 0.56, 0.38 and 0.20 respectively. The rate of transmission of the B's decreased with the increase in the number of B's, from 0.84 in 1B males to 0.51 in 4B males. This decrease, and the decrease in male fitness with the increase in the number of B's are expected to help stabilize the number of B's in the population.
The All-India Hindu Mahasabha, untouchable politics, and ‘denationalising’ conversions: the Moonje–Ambedkar Pact

… any money spent on untouchables is like feeding a garden-serpent with milk. We must leave the untouchables most severely to themselves. B.S. Moonje If India and Pakistan had remained united in on...
A general method for tree-comparison based on subtree similarity and its use in a taxonomic database

Abstract A number of metrics for comparing the branching structure of trees have been used as important tools in the quantitative analysis of evolutionary trees. Less attention has been paid to developing a general comparison methodology for different leaf-labeled N-trees such as classification trees and various types of dendrograms. In this paper a method for measuring overall similarity based on subtree similarity is proposed. Association coefficients can be used to measure the similarity between each pair of subtrees in two trees, and an algorithm called the `webbing matrix method' is outlined in order to calculate the overall similarity in this method. In addition, the use of this method for tree searching and tree comparison in a taxonomic database is introduced.
Spatial Superposition Method via Model Coupling for Urban Heat Island Albedo Mitigation Strategies

AbstractA spatial superposition design is presented that couples the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) with the National Center of Excellence (NCE) lumped urban thermal model for application to the city of Phoenix, Arizona. This technique utilizes an approach similar to Reynolds decomposition from turbulence theory. The presented decomposition takes the NCE model prediction from a mitigated strategy as the mean temperature and the difference between the NCE and MM5 predictions without mitigation strategy as the perturbed temperature. The goal of this coupled model is to provide spatial variability when simulating mitigation strategies for the urban heat island effect, as compared with the spatially invariant lumped model. A validation analysis was performed incorporating a maximum 35% change from the baseline albedo value for the urban environment. It is shown that the coupled model differs by up to 0.39°C with comparable average ...
Surface Activity of Yolk, Plasma and Dispersions of Yolk Fractions

SUMMARY Undiluted yolk, plasma, and a 4.8% livetin solution had surface tensions of about 44 dynes/cm and interfacial tensions of around 5 dynes/cm. Extensive dilution of the yolk and plasma with either water or 10% NaCl did not bring about marked decreases in the activity of the surfaces. Rehydrated dried yolk had surface energy values similar to those for yolk. Granule suspensions, diluted with water and 10% Nail, had high surface and interfacial tensions. A yolk phospholipid fraction reduced the surface energy of sols to very low values. The contributions of proteins in a livetin fraction and of phospholipids to the surface properties of yolk are discussed.
Effect of moisture on the methane capacity of American coals

Abstract An investigation of methane sorption in bituminous coals ranging from low-volatile to high-volatile B has been carried out. Equilibrium sorption isotherms for dry and moist coal were measured at 30 °C and at pressures up to 60 atm. The natural oxygen content of a coal plays a major role in determining its methane capacity. Capacities of high-oxygen coals undergo a much greater reduction when saturated with moisture than do low-oxygen coals. Measurements of adsorbed-water saturation capacities clearly suggest that only adsorbed water affects the equilibrium capacity of a coal for methane; water present in excess of the adsorbed water has no effect on methane sorption. Excellent agreement has been found between the methane sorption data reported here and field measurements of methane emission from coal samples obtained during borehole drillings.
Conversion of positions and proper motions from B1950.0 to the IAU system at J2000.0

The complete transformation of positions and proper motions from B1950.0 to J2000.0 on the basis of IAU recommendations including the transition from FK4 to FK5 equinox may be rigorously accomplished with a simple vector equation. The equation is first presented in this paper and then subsequently derived. The transformation of the FK4 to FK5 system described by functions f(alpha, delta, m) is in preparation in Heidelberg.
Evaluation of electrical hazards in AC low voltage systems

The safety of 600 V and below AC systems is discussed. Electrical hazard criteria based on tolerable step and touch voltages are established. The performance of circuit breakers and fuses with respect to electrical hazards are evaluated. Some design recommendations are presented. >
Gene Knockouts Reveal Separate Functions for Two Cytoplasmic Dyneins in Tetrahymena thermophila

In many organisms, there are multiple isoforms of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chains, and division of labor among the isoforms would provide a mechanism to regulate dynein function. The targeted disruption of somatic genes in Tetrahymena thermophila presents the opportunity to determine the contributions of individual dynein isoforms in a single cell that expresses multiple dynein heavy chain genes. Substantial portions of two Tetrahymena cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain genes were cloned, and their motor domains were sequenced. Tetrahymena DYH1 encodes the ubiquitous cytoplasmic dynein Dyh1, and DYH2 encodes a second cytoplasmic dynein isoform, Dyh2. The disruption of DYH1, but not DYH2, resulted in cells with two detectable defects: 1) phagocytic activity was inhibited, and 2) the cells failed to distribute their chromosomes correctly during micronuclear mitosis. In contrast, the disruption of DYH2 resulted in a loss of regulation of cell size and cell shape and in the apparent inability of the cells to repair their cortical cytoskeletons. We conclude that the two dyneins perform separate tasks in Tetrahymena.
Medical student self-efficacy, knowledge and communication in adolescent medicine.

Objectives: to evaluate student self-efficacy, knowledge and communication with teen issues and learning activities. Methods: Data were collected during the 8-week pediatric rotation for third–year medical students at a local children’s hospital. Students completed a self-efficacy instrument at the beginning and end of the rotation; knowledge and communication skills were evaluated during standardized patient cases as part of the objective structured clinical examination. Self-efficacy, knowledge and communication frequencies were described with descriptive statistics; differences between groups were also evaluated utilizing two-sample t-tests. Results: Self-efficacy levels of both groups increased by the end of the pediatric rotation, but students in the two-lecture group displayed significantly higher self-efficacy in confidentiality with adolescents (t(35)=-2.543, p=0.02); interview ing adolescents, assessing risk, sexually transmitted infection risk and prevention counseling, contraception counseling were higher with marginal significance. No significant differences were found between groups for communication; assessing sexually transmitted infection risk was marginally significant for knowledge application during the clinical exam. Conclusions: Medical student self-efficacy appears to change over time with effects from different learning methods; this higher self-efficacy may increase future comfort and willingness to work with this high-risk, highneeds group throughout a medical career.
T cell-mediated cytotoxicity against trinitrophenyl-modified cells: effect of glutaraldehyde treatment on the immunogenicity and antigenicity of trinitrophenyl-modified cells.

Cells treated with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde for a 10-sec interval were unable to incorporate 3 H-leucine into TCA precipitable protein, respond to H-2 allogeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays, or display capping of cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) with a fluoresceinated anti-Ig reagent. Such cells could stimulate and specifically block H-2 allogeneic CML activity but could not stimulate an H-2 allogeneic MLR response. Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) treated spleen cells were used to sensitize syngeneic splenocytes into displaying a cytotoxic effect against trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified target cells. Treatment of the stimulator cells with glutaraldehyde immediately after modification with TNBS did not impair their immunogenic activity. Similar treatment of TNP-modified concanavalin A-stimulated lymphoblasts that were used as inhibitors in a CML cold target competition assay allowed such cells to retain their antigenicity. Cells treated with glutaraldehyde before TNP-modification, however, were not antigenic in the cold target competition assay. These data are compatible with TNBS acting on plasma membrane molecules directly to cause cells to be antigenic and immunogenic in the CML assay rather than affecting internal cellular components.
Model organ description protocols for completion by transplant surgeons using organs procured from medical examiner cases.

A significant number of donor organs emanate from the medical examiner's or coroner's offices, because victims of head injuries from vehicular accidents, falls, assaults, gunshot injuries, and unattended cerebrovascular accidents fall under the jurisdiction of the medical examiner or coroner. Unfortunately, many organ procurement organizations may not fully understand the legal responsibilities of the medical examiner. Most of the medical examiner or coroner cases could be used without compromising the medical-legal responsibilities of the medical examiner or coroner if a reliable description of the respective organ could be made after surgical removal by either having a pathologist present or by having the surgeon prepare a description of the respective organ. The objective of this paper is to present a series of protocols that have been designed to describe the heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and spleen for use by organ transplant surgeons. These protocols have proven to be highly successful in making more...
Stock Issues in Aristotle's Rhetoric

Aristotle has been criticized for failing to provide a complete system of “stock issues” in the Rhetoric. A careful examination of the Rhetoric, however, reveals that such a system is present and t...
Habitats Used by Shortnose Sturgeon in Two Massachusetts Rivers, with Notes on Estuarine Atlantic Sturgeon: A Hierarchical Approach

Abstract Biotelemetry of shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum and Atlantic sturgeon A. oxyrinchus oxyrinchus was used to study fish uses of habitat in several hierarchical classes in the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers. Hierarchical classes were geomorphological region (straight river run, run with an island, and river curve), river cross section (channel or shoal), and microhabitat (water depth, bottom current, substrate, and illumination). Coastal wandering juvenile Atlantic sturgeon were summer visitors to the Merrimack River, where they used a narrow range of habitat on all spatial scales, e.g., run-with-island, the channel portion of the cross section, and sand substrate. Shortnose sturgeon, year-round residents in both rivers, showed great individual variation in habitat use, and all ages selected a broad range of habitats on all spatial scales. However, shortnose sturgeon in both rivers preferred curves with sand or cobble substrate and avoided runs regardless of substrate. Individuals used c...
Pathogenesis of Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION) is due to acute ischemia of the posterior part of the optic nerve. For a logical understanding of the pathogenesis of PION, it is essential to have a thorough knowledge of (a) the blood supply of the posterior part of the optic nerve, (b) histopathological findings in PION and (c) risk factors.
Accelerated Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Degradation Mediated by Polyester Encapsulation within Cellular Spheroids

Nanomaterials including gold nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are utilized in tissue engineering for imaging, drug delivery, and maturation. Prolonged presence of these nanomaterials within biological systems remains a concern due to potential adverse affects on cell viability and phenotype. Accelerating nanomaterial degradation within biological systems is expected to reduce the potential adverse effects in the tissue. Similar to biodegradable polymeric scaffolds, the ideal nanomaterial remains stable for sufficient time to accomplish its desired task, and then rapidly degrades once that task is completed. Here, surface modifications are reported to accelerate iron oxide MNP degradation mediated by polymer encapsulation, in which iodegradable coatings composed of FDA approved polymers with different degradation rates are used: poly(lactide) (PLA) or copolymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Results demonstrate that degradation of MNPs can be controlled by varying the content and composition of the polymeric nanoparticles used for MNP encapsulation (PolyMNPs). Incorporated into cellular spheroids, PolyMNPs maintain a high viability compared to non-coated MNPs, and are also useful in magnetically patterning cellular spheroids into fused tissues for tissue engineering applications. Accelerated degradation compared to non-coated MNPs makes PolyMNPs a viable alternative for removing nanomaterials from tissues after accomplishing their desired role.
Decreased Expression of Cyr61 Is Associated with Prostate Cancer Recurrence after Surgical Treatment

Purpose: Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61) is an extracellular matrix protein involved in the transduction of growth factor and hormone signaling. Previous studies have suggested that Cyr61 may be a marker for a more aggressive phenotype. In this study, we evaluated the association between Cyr61 staining intensity and subsequent recurrence after surgical treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. Experimental Design: A study of 229 men with recurrence and 229 controls matched on age, race, pathologic stage, and Gleason sum nested in a cohort of men who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer, utilizing immunohistochemistry analysis of tissue microarray (TMA) sections, was conducted. Odds ratios (OR) of recurrence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: Recurrence was identified in 12.2% of cases, and in 24.0% of controls that had at least 1 TMA spot containing cancer with a staining intensity of 3 ( P = 0.001). Taking into account age, pathologic stage and grade, presurgery prostate-specific antigen concentration, and calendar of surgery as a measure of tissue block storage time, men with a Cyr61 staining intensity of 3 were 56% less likely to recur than men with a lower staining intensity (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.22–0.90). Conclusions: High Cyr61 staining intensity in adenocarcinoma was associated with a lower risk of recurrence after surgical treatment of prostate cancer independent of pathologic tumor characteristics. If validated in other sample sets, Cyr61 may serve as a tissue biomarker for stratifying men for risk of recurrence and thus could inform treatment decision making. Clin Cancer Res; 16(23); 5908–13. ©2010 AACR.
Temperature dependence and anharmonicity of phonons on Ni( 110) and Cu( 110) using molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were performed for Ni(110) and Cu(110) using Finnis-Sinclair model potential. During the simulations the temperature dependencies of the mean-square displacements (MSD), the layer-by-layer stress tensors, and the surface phonon spectral densities were measured. A more pronounced increase in the MSD perpendicular to the atomic rows was observed as the temperature was increased as compared to either the other in-plane direction or along the surface normal. Also, at each temperature studied, the MSD along the direction normal to the surface were always larger in the second layer than in the first. Our calculations reveal that the surface phonon frequencies all decrease linearly with increasing temperature. Moreover, the surface phonon linewidths increase linearly with T at low T , and then exhibit an increased sensitivity to temperature variation, changing from a T to T 2 dependence, approximately 150° before the onset of defect creation at the surface. These simulation results imply that the Ni(110) and Cu(110) surfaces do not extensively roughen before the onset of adatom-defect formation, and, in confirmation of experimental findings, that the rapid decrease of specular intensity for helium or electron scattering at elevated temperatures is due to the influence of anharmonicity in the surface potential.
Clean Air at Night Supply and Demand of Smke-free Hotel Rooms

Non-smoking guest rooms may be important to 80 percent of non-smoking travelersso important, in fact, that many of them will look to switch hotels when no non-smoking rooms are available.
Feature selection focused within error clusters

We propose a feature selection method that constructs each new feature by analysis of tight error clusters. This is a greedy, time-efficient forward selection algorithm that iteratively constructs one feature at a time, until a desired error rate is reached. The algorithm finds error clusters in the current feature space, then projects one tight cluster into the null space of the feature mapping, where a new feature that helps to classify these errors can be discovered. Tight error clusters indicate that the current features are unable to discriminate these samples. The approach is strongly data-driven and restricted to linear features, but otherwise general. Large scale experiments show that it can achieve a monotonically decreasing error rate within the feature discovery set, and a generally decreasing error rate on a distinct test set.
Software Diversity as a Defense against Viral Propagation: Models and Simulations

The use of software diversity has often been discussed in the research literature as an effective means to break up the software monoculture present on the Internet and to thus prevent malcode propagation. However, there have been no quantitative studies that examine the effectiveness of software diversity on viral propagation. In this paper, we study both real (an IPv6 BGP topology) and synthetically generated (an Erdos-Renyi random graph) network topologies and employ a popular metric called the epidemic threshold to measure resistance to viral propagation in the presence of software diversity. We show that one can increase the epidemic threshold of a network even with a naive, random distribution of diverse software on the nodes of a network. We also show that an algorithm-driven diversity assignment further increases the epidemic threshold. These results confirm the value of strategic topology-sensitive assignment of diversity to improving the tolerance of a network to malcode propagation.
Future of multiple sclerosis therapy: combining antigen-specific immunotherapy with strategies to promote myelin repair

Persistent CNS inflammation and the failure of myelin repair during multiple sclerosis (MS) trigger a progressive deterioration in neurophysiological function and permanent clinical debilitation. Current treatment consists of immunosuppressive therapies targeted against the immune response, which have only been moderately successful in ameliorating disease relapses and have little or no benefit in slowing disease progression or enhancing remyelination. Recent breakthroughs have revealed new targets and more selective techniques for inhibiting autoreactive T-cell responses and promoting lesion repair in animal models of MS. In light of these new findings and the limitations of current treatments, the authors hypothesize that the future of MS therapy will progress towards the development of a combinatorial therapeutic strategy that consists of specific tolerance of autoreactive T cells, myelin repair and axonal protection.
Anti-HE4 antibodies in infertile women and women with ovarian cancer

Objectives To develop an assay for anti-HE4 antibodies and assess such antibodies in sera from women with increased epidemiologic risk for ovarian cancer (infertility) and patients with ovarian cancer in comparison to controls.
Plasma profile control using external circuit in capacitively coupled plasma reactors

Multi-frequency capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) sources in the range of 2-180 MHz are widely used for materials processing in the semiconductor industry. Very high frequency (VHF) sources bring various benefits including low plasma potential, high electron density, and controllable dissociation. Sources in the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) regimes provide high ion energy with different ion energy distributions. Multi-frequency CCP reactors have been developed to combine the benefits of both frequency regimes. However, plasma structure can be difficult to control over a wide range of operating conditions (a few mTorr to several hundred mTorr, hundred to several thousand Watts, electropositive and electronegative chemistries). This paper discusses how the plasma structure can be controlled using external circuit impedance that modifies the plasma boundary conditions. A 2-dimensional plasma model with external circuit has been developed and used for this study. The plasma model considers conservation of charge species densities, momentum and energy along with the full set of Maxwell equations. The external circuit is a network of passive circuit elements connected to different electrodes. Plasma simulations have been performed for various external circuit configurations using combinations of capacitors and inductors. We found that the plasma structure and profile can be controlled by changing the current return path impedance. In general, the plasma is pulled towards the electrode with an inductive impedance and pushed away from the electrode with a capacitive impedance. When only capacitors are used, the plasma moves towards the electrode with lower impedance. As a result, the ion flux profile to the electrode can be controlled using the external circuit impedance. Electron density measurements using the resonance cavity method are used to verify that the electron density profile can indeed be modified using the external circuit impedance.
Analysis of the loaded loop antenna

The authors analyze the receiving response of the unloaded and uniformly loaded loops, without approximating the distributed impedance loading. No assumptions are made about the size of the loop. Numerical results are presented. It is shown that a properly chosen distributed resistance results in a flat sensitivity magnitude response and a linear phase response in the oe/sub 0/=180 degrees direction. This property should make the resistively loaded loop useful for pulse reception. >
Interventions for Nurse-Related Barriers in Cancer Pain Management.

Purpose/objectives To describe the findings and critique the studies of interventions for nursing staff to improve pain management in adults with cancer. Data sources Publications were identified through database searches. Studies that describe interventions to overcome nurse-related barriers in cancer pain management practices were included in this review. Data synthesis Nine studies were found that met the inclusion criteria. All studies were experimental and conducted from 1993-2013. Conclusions Increase in knowledge, change of attitudes and behaviors, and good relationships with specialists were found to be influential in overcoming existing nursing barriers to pain management in cancer survivors. Educational interventions are more effective in increasing knowledge than in improving attitudes. Specialists were acknowledged as important resources and role models for nurses, particularly when trust was established between the two. Implications for nursing A number of interventions have been developed to address healthcare provider barriers. However, scarce literature exists on whether interventions that aim to overcome nurse-related barriers have been successful. This literature review provides critical insights on the effectiveness of interventions aimed to overcome barriers to effective pain management by nurses for adults with cancer .
GENO-22TWO DNA TESTS ACCURATELY CLASSIFY GLIOMAS INTO FIVE MOLECULAR GROUPS AND PROVIDE ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON ACQUIRED ALTERATIONS

BACKGROUND: It has recently been shown that adult gliomas can be categorized into five molecular groups based on IDH mutation, 1p/19q codeletion and TERT promoter mutation (Eckel-Passow et al. N Engl J Med 2015 Epub Jun 10). We developed two genomics tests to assess these alterations and the other acquired alterations that are associated with the five glioma molecular groups. METHODS: DNA was isolated from 137 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) Mayo Clinic adult gliomas. First, copy number variants (CNV) and copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (cnLOH) were evaluated using the OncoScan platform (Affymetrix). Second, 50 genes commonly mutated in brain tumors – including TERT and IDH - were evaluated by multiplex PCR and pooled next-generation sequencing. The 50-gene panel included TP53 and ATRX. RESULTS: Together, the OncoScan CNV/cnLOH array and the 50-gene panel classified 135 (99%) of the gliomas into one of the five molecular groups: 29 (21%) Triple-Positive; 6 (4%) TERT- and IDH-mutation; 36 (26%) IDH-mutation only; 2 (1%) Triple-Negative; and 62 (45%) TERT-mutation only. Two (1%) had other patterns. Interesting findings included: Among the IDH-mutation only gliomas, all (100%) acquired a TP53 alteration and 31 (86%) an ATRX alteration. CnLOH of 17p (including TP53) was observed in 22 gliomas; 19 were IDH-mutation only. Acquired TP53 alterations were observed in all 22 tumors with 17p cnLOH. While most tumors were either TERT or ATRX mutated, some had mutations in both genes and some in neither. CIC and/or FUBP1 mutations were detected in 21 (72%) of the Triple-Positive gliomas. CnLOH of 9p was observed in 4 (14%) Triple-Positive gliomas. CONCLUSIONS: Two genomics tests using FFPE material can effectively classify gliomas into one of five molecular groups. The tests also identify common acquired alterations associated with these groups. These tests will be a significant adjunct to the clinical diagnosis of adult gliomas.
Developing new marketing strategy theory: addressing the limitations of a singular focus on firm financial performance

This commentary complements the Hunt (2015) essay and identifies the challenges that the R-A theory poses with its emphasis on superior financial performance as a firm’s primary and superordinate objective. It points to the need for new marketing strategy theory with a broader perspective of including other stakeholders beyond investors while designing firm objectives. In addition, the commentary points to short-termism as an inevitable consequence of focusing on financial performance. It thus calls for new marketing strategy theory that includes intermediate objectives based on customer mindset metrics that reflect intangible marketing assets.
Exact/Approximated Geometrical Determinations of IMRT Photon Pencil-Beam Path Through Alloy Static Wedges in Radiotherapy Using the Anisothropic Analytic Algorithm (AAA)

Static wedge filters are commonly used in Radiation Therapy, Forward and/or Inverse Planning, to obtain a conformal optimized dose distribution, both in the tumor target and organs at risk zones (OARs ); in other words, the Treatment Planning Optimization (TPO ) zone and annexes. We have calculated the exact 2D/3D geometrical pathway of the Photon-Beam through the usual alloy static wedges, in order to get a better dose determination related to the Beam Intensity Attenuation Factor(s), after the beam has passed through the alloy wedge. The Radiotherapy model used to develop this mathematical task is the classical Superposition-Convolution Algorithm, so-called AAA (Anisothropic Analytical Algorithm). In addition, we present some optimal geometrical approximations to make the computational calculations quicker in IMRT , and reduce the planning-system routine time. The practical objective is to provide a general formulation into the AAA Model Coordinates System (depending on Collimator and Wedge Angles) that also can be applied with simple changes of coordinates to other models, if necessary. These transformations are also explained for the convenience of the TPO selected for a particular model. As a result, it is possible to determine the best individual treatment dose distribution for each patient, and conform the tumor volume and shape accurately in the technical planning process related to the selected wedges. Geometrical and Computational techniques are detailed and developed for a clear reading. Finally, we show basic simulations and numerical examples for Standard Manufacturing wedge filters of straight sloping surface, to check the accuracy and errors of the approximated calculations. Simulations results give low RMS and Relative Error values for standard wedge filters of 15° , 30° , 45° , and 60° .Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Digital Piracy Justification: Asian Students Versus American Students

The literature has shown that digital piracy is more rampant in Asia and Asians are often found to have a more favorable attitude toward digital piracy in research. This study examines the attitude toward justifying digital piracy in light of the techniques of neutralization. A comparison is made between Asian international students and American students. The result shows Asian international students are significantly more likely to justify digital piracy, but their general morality is not significantly different from American students. This finding supports neutralization theory in that people do not need to change their moral belief to favor criminal behavior as long as they can apply the techniques of neutralization to justify it. Moreover, Asian Americans, among all racial groups in the American sample, are the only group that does not show significant difference in their digital piracy justification, compared to the Asian international students. Considering that Asian Americans and Asian internationa...
Epidemiological Analysis and the Strategies for Measles Control in Baiyun District of Guangzhou City in 2006-2007

Objective To analyze the epidemiological situation of measles in Baiyun district of Guangzhou city and develop the preventive measures.Methods Epidemicological techniques were used to analyze the occurrence of measles in Baiyun district.Results In year 2006,the incidence rate of measles was 65.60/100,000.In year 2007,the incidence rate was 64.28/100,000.The frequency of occurrence(71.11%) was mainly in children of the age 0～ 9.Peaks of the measles prevalence were spring and summer.57.28% of the measles patients had no previous history of immunization and the immunization history of another 23.86% measles patient was uncertain.Conclusion Low vaccination and immunization coverage rates in the mobile population of children are the causes of high incidence of measles in Baiyun district.Routine 2-dose immunization of children with measles vaccines and strengthening of the measles monitoring system are the preventive measures to control measles outbreak.
Effect of doping on room temperature carrier escape mechanisms in InAs/GaAs quantum dot p-i-n junction photovoltaic cells

We investigate the effect of doping on the mechanisms of carrier escape from intermediate states in delta-doped InAs/GaAs intermediate band solar cells. The intermediate states arise from InAs quantum dots embedded in a GaAs p-i-n junction cell. We find that doping the sample increases the number of excited-state carriers participating in a cycle of trapping and carrier escape via thermal, optical, and tunneling mechanisms. However, we find that the efficiency of the optically-driven carrier escape mechanism is independent of doping and remains small.
Prospective Randomized Comparison of Urologic Complications in End-to-Side Versus Politano-Leadbetter Ureteroneocystostomy in 131 Human Cadaver Renal Transplants

AbstractThe incidence of urologic complications was studied in 131 patients with cadaver renal allografts allocated randomly to undergo either the Politano-Leadbetter or end-to-side ureteroneocystostomy. Obstruction occurred in 6 per cent of patients with end-to-side versus 0 per cent of those with Politano-Leadbetter reconstructions (p less than 0.05). Complications of leakage, infection and graft loss were comparable in the 2 groups.
Carbon stocks and accumulation rates in Pacific Northwest forests: role of stand age, plant community, and productivity

Forest ecosystems are removing significant amounts of carbon from the atmosphere. Both abiotic resource availability and biotic interactions during forest succession affect C accumulation rates and maximum C stocks. However, the timing and controls on the peak and decline in C accumulation rates as stands age, trees increase in size, and canopy gaps become prevalent are not well-understood. Our study examines measured change in live and dead woody C pools from 8767 inventory plots on 9.1 million ha of Pacific Northwest National Forest lands to determine how the balance of tree growth, mortality, and dead wood decomposition varied by stand age, plant community type, and site productivity; and to compare the contribution of different tree sizes to C accumulation. Maximum non-mineral soil C for old-growth stands varied significantly by productivity class within plant community types, but on average stands accumulated 75% of maximum stocks by age 127 ± 35 yr. We did not see a decline in net primary production of wood (NPPw) with age in moderate and low-productivity classes, but found a 33% reduction in high-productivity classes. Mortality increased with stand age such that net change in live tree biomass, and change in total woody C, was not significantly different from zero in old-growth stands over age 400 (0.15 ± 0.64 Mg C·ha−1·yr−1 for woody C). However, significant though modest C accumulation was found in forests 200–400 yr old (0.34–0.70 Mg C·ha−1·yr−1, depending on age class). Mortality of trees >100 cm diameter exceeded or equaled NPPw, but trees were growing into the larger sizes at a high-enough rate that a net increase in large tree C was seen across the region. Although large trees accumulated C at a faster rate than small trees on an individual basis, their contribution to C accumulation rates was smaller on an area basis, and their importance relative to small trees declined in older stands compared to younger stands. In contrast to recent syntheses, our results suggest that old-growth and large trees are important C stocks, but they play a minor role in additional C accumulation.
Toward a social theory of wealth: three novels by Elizabeth Gaskell

The debate over the Irish Famine makes clear the two basic positions in economic thought around 1850. The first is Trevelyan's: the faith in the market as an infallible machine of enlightenment. As I argued above in chapter 2, this is not in fact the view of capitalist markets that the early classical political economists produced, but it was the one Victorian thinkers assigned to them. The other position is the kind of romantic humanism visible in Adair and Nicholson, one that works through theories of human nature, national character, and sexual difference and leads often to a neo-feudal theory of class interdependence. This is the terrain Elizabeth Gaskell enters when she publishes her first novel in 1848. The problem with the romantic critique of political economy, as I argued in the first section of this book, is that it was in the end very easily absorbed back into mainstream economics, turned toward a new justification of market capitalism. It protested against the kinds of ill-treatment that political economy viewed as inevitable and beneficial, but it failed to show that these abuses were the result of capitalism itself. As a result, its plea for the humane treatment of all people could be assimilated into later nineteenth-century economic theory, which was then able to arm itself against all objections launched on humanitarian grounds. It was classical political economy that claimed that the market could change and actually improve people, though this improvement might come at the cost of their lives.
Business Student Perceptions of Online Learning: Using Focus Groups for Richer Understanding of Student Perspectives

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to develop a deeper understanding of student perceptions, expectations, and opinions about online learning at the program level. Student evaluations of teaching are generally focused upon a single course and instructor and therefore do not address students’ general perceptions of online learning and the effectiveness of various elements specific to the online course environment. Faculty worked with a professional focus-group moderator to develop and conduct the focus groups, which involved 11 undergraduate students experienced with online learning. Using a qualitative process, we discovered some common themes that cut across courses in an online program, as well as some new avenues for consideration. These include the conveniences of learning in online courses, the need for consistency in course design across an online program, better use of certain time management tools, the importance of faculty presence, and students’ perceptions of certain activities as “busy work.”
Privacy Is Healthy

There are numerous privacy challenges specific to healthcare, ranging from patient expectations for confidentiality to sensors designed to collect health-related data that falls outside the bounds of traditional medical practice. All of these challenges make healthcare a unique environment when it comes to privacy. Learn what ubicomp researchers and practitioners can do to improve the state of privacy in a ubiquitous healthcare environment.
Risk factors for failure to enter vocational rehabilitation services among individuals with disabilities.

"This is a copy of an article published in the DISABILITY AND REHABILITATION © 2017 TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD"
Outstanding hydrogen evolution reaction catalyzed by porous nickel diselenide electrocatalysts

To relieve our strong reliance on fossil fuels and to reduce greenhouse effects, there is an ever-growing interest in using electrocatalytic water splitting to produce green, renewable, and environment-benign hydrogen fuel via the hydrogen evolution reaction. For commercially feasible water electrolysis, it is imperative to develop electrocatalysts that perform as efficiently as Pt but using only earth-abundant commercial materials. However, the highest performance current catalysts consist of nanostructures made by using complex methods. Here we report a porous nickel diselenide (NiSe2) catalyst that is superior for water electrolysis, exhibiting much better catalytic performance than most first-row transition metal dichalcogenide-based catalysts, well-studied MoS2, and WS2-based catalysts. Indeed NiSe2 performs comparably to the state-of-the-art Pt catalysts. We fabricate NiSe2 directly from commercial nickel foam by acetic acid-assisted surface roughness engineering. To understand the origin of the high performance, we use first-principles calculations to identify the active sites. This work demonstrates the commercial possibility of hydrogen production via water electrolysis using porous bulk NiSe2 catalysts.
Live demonstration: A frequency-based system for wireless electrical stimulation of iEAPs

In this demonstration, we present a frequency-based system serving as the stimulator for biocompatible ionic electroactive polymers (iEAPs). We will demonstrate that we can wirelessly tune both the magnitude and the polarity of the voltage provided by the stimulator, by changing the frequency of the input signal, to control the degree and the direction of the movement of iEAPs.
Impact ionization in a graphene/SiO 2 /Si structure under high-field pulsed drive

We have investigated the mechanisms of oxide breakdown in a graphene/SiO2/Si (GOS) capacitor structure under high-field pulsed voltage drive. Four different configurations are analyzed and compared in terms of bias polarity and substrate conductivity type: inversion or accumulation bias on a GOS structure formed on n-Si or p-Si substrate. Electric field distributions in the GOS structure are analyzed under strong bias in the breakdown field regime, and the resulting quantum yield of electron impact ionization is calculated for SiO2 and Si regions. Oxide breakdown is found to occur more readily in inversion bias than in accumulation bias. In the case of n-Si GOS under inversion bias, a cascade of impact ionization occurs, first in SiO 2 and then into Si, resulting in explosive melting of Si in the depletion region. In the p-Si GOS case, impact ionization occurs mostly in SiO2 and near SiO 2 /Si interface. In both cases, strong atomic emission is observed, indicating explosive fragmentation/atomization of SiO2 and Si into atoms/ions in excited states.
Phonological and graphotactic influences on spellers' decisions about consonant doubling.

Even adults sometimes have difficulty choosing between single- and double-letter spellings, as in spinet versus spinnet. The present study examined the phonological and graphotactic factors that influence adults’ use of single versus double medial consonants in the spelling of nonwords. We tested 111 adults from a community sample who varied widely in spelling ability. Better spellers were more affected than less good spellers by phonological context in that they were more likely to double consonants after short vowels and less likely to double consonants after long vowels. Although descriptions of the English writing system focus on the role of phonology in determining use of single versus double consonants, participants were also influenced by graphotactic context. There was an effect of preceding graphotactic context, such that spellers were less likely to use a double consonant when they spelled the preceding vowel with more than one letter than when they spelled it with one letter. There was also an effect of following graphotactic context, such that doubling rate varied with the letters that the participant used at the end of the nonword. These graphotactic influences did not differ significantly in strength across the range of spelling ability in our study. Discussion focuses on the role of statistical learning in the learning of spelling patterns, especially those patterns that are not explicitly taught.
Healing from moral injury: a qualitative evaluation of the impact of Killing Treatment for combat veterans

This paper evaluates the Impact of Killing (IOK) treatment—a psychological intervention designed to address moral injury and trauma associated with killing in war. Using qualitative data from inter...