cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamics and Sediment Transport in a Salt Marsh Tidal Channel

Processes and sediment transport were investigated in a salt marsh drainage system at Kiawah Island, South Carolina. A general survey of the tidal current was done in the major tidal channel (Bass Creek) for a 10 tidal cycle period in August, 1977. Detailed determinations of current velocity, discharge, and suspended load were conducted during 15 tidal cycles in March, 1977 and again during 8 tidal cycles in July- August, 1977. For each of these periods, mass budget for the total suspended load were computed. The tidal currents have a pronounced time velocity asymmetry with the maximum current velocity occurring nearer high slack water and the peak ebb velocity being 20 - 30% stronger than the flood. Suspended load transport is significantly affected by the time velocity asymmetry. Peak current occurring nearer high slack water causes a net displacement of suspended material in an ebb or seaward direction under normal conditions. This process is enhanced by the stronger ebb currents. Mass budgets reflect the ebb dominance of the system showing a net export of combustible (organic) material during the March sampling period and a net export of both noncombustible (inorganic) and combustible material during the July-August period. Also important to suspended load transport in marsh systems are stressed meteorological conditions. High winds or heavy rains increase suspended load concentration and can cause significant import or export of fine-grained material.
Significant Improved Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Made from a Partially Fluorinated Cyclopentadithiophene/Benzothiadiazole Conjugated Polymer

A partially fluorinated low bandgap polymer, poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta [2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(5-fluoro-[2,1,3]-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTFBT) was synthesized through a microwave-assisted Stille polymerization. It was found that PCPDTFBT has better π–π stacking in solution than its nonfluorinated analogue, poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7-([2,1,3]-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT), resulting in 2 times higher hole mobility. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device using PCPDTFBT/PC71BM as active layer (5.51%) is much higher than the device using PCPDTBT/PC71BM (2.75%) that was fabricated under the same condition without using any solvent additive to modify the morphology. The significantly enhanced PCE is the result of improved open circuit voltage and short circuit current coming from the lower lying HOMO energy level and the appropriate morphology of PCPDTFBT. In addition, the device with PCPDTFBT/PC71BM could also be proces...
Advances in the Immunology of Head and Neck Cancer

The multifaceted immune system appears to exhibit both beneficial and harmful responses to the presence of malignant disease. The prognosis in patients with cancer may be more accurately determined by combining an evaluation of the patient's immune system with the current method of clinical staging. Malnutrition and liver disease influence the integrity of the immune system, and future attempts at immunotherapy must involve the treatment of these underlying diseases. Plasmapheresis may become useful by removing nonspecific blocking factors in the future therapy of carcinoma of the head and neck.
Commensal associations and benthic habitats shape macroevolution of the bivalve clade Galeommatoidea.

The great diversity of marine life has been shaped by the interplay between abiotic and biotic factors. Among different biotic interactions, symbiosis is an important yet less studied phenomenon. H...
Questions for 2105, unpublished lecture, Zurich, 2005

I've been asked to talk about questions I would ask physicists 200 years after Einstein's annus mirabilis , if I could be magically transported to the year 2105. Why me? Because five years ago the New York Times had an article about ten questions physicists would like to ask their colleagues in the year 2100. Most of those questions made me uncomfortable. They seemed temporally provincial—too absorbed with issues of the current decade or two. Consider, for example, question 4: 4. Is nature supersymmetric and, if so, how is supersymmetry broken? and question 7: 7. What are the fundamental degrees of freedom of M-theory and does the theory describe nature? It would surprise and disappoint me if the context and terms of such questions made sense to anybody but historians of science, after the passage of 100 years of research. The only question of the ten that struck me as reasonable was 1. Are the dimensionless parameters that characterize the physical universe calculable in principle, or are some merely determined by historical or quantum-mechanical accident, and uncalculable? Dimensionless parameters are likely to survive all but the most radical upheavals in our conception of the world. Indeed, the concept has been with us at least since the hydrodynamicists of the 19th century, and though fundamental constants are a 20th-century invention, they have been with us now for the better part of a century. This question, alone among the ten, satisfies all the criteria I'll describe later. I felt uncomfortable not only with most of the questions, but with the whole exercise. Too many unimaginable things can happen in a century to render our current concerns irrelevant or obsolete. Just think about how physics changed in the century behind us. I write an occasional column in Physics Today , commenting on various peculiarities of our profession, and the pitfalls of devising questions for colleagues 100 years from now struck me as a good topic. So in February 2001 I published an essay inspired by the article in the New York Times , giving my own list of ten questions, designed to highlight the futility of the whole exercise. To set the stage for making inquiries a century into the future, one cannot do better than to recall the tale of Enoch Soames, as told by Max Beerbohm, in 1897.
Estimating Noise Spectra for Data from an Instrumented Building

Virginia Tech’s Goodwin Hall is instrumented with over 200 highly sensitive, seismic accelerometers. These sensors detect motion from vibration sources inside the building (e.g. footsteps, HVAC equipment, and closing doors) and external (seismic motion and wind loading). The later sources produce much weaker excitations for the sensors and result in lower signal-to-noise ratios. Therefore, it is important to estimate the inherent noise present in the accelerometer signals in order to determine and analyze the actual building vibrations from seismic motion and wind loading. Sources of noise include electrical interference and self-noise in the instrumentation system including the accelerometers, cables, and signal conditioning amplifiers. This paper will examine several techniques for using collocated sensors for estimating the power spectral densities of the noise present in accelerometer measurements. First these estimation techniques are applied to simulated signals corrupted by noise. Then these methods are applied to laboratory data from several accelerometers placed on a vibration isolation table.
El Inca abraza a la Predicación: el juego de la sortija y la conquista espiritual en la fiesta barroca en honor de Santa María de Guadalupe en Potosí, 1601

Based on the theatrical quality of the juego de la sortija (game of the ring) held in the Imperial Villa of Potosi in 1601, this paper studies this tournament as part of the festival in honor of Saint Mary of Guadalupe from Caceres. After addressing the relevance of discussing both this celebration and its colonial account, I explain the general characteristics of the festival as well as of the juego de la sortija. I also review the phenomenon of invencion as the combination of a notion championed by the knight participating in the tournament and the iconographic program that he develops to support such concept. Finally, out of the four invenciones represented at this early seventeenth-century juego de la sortija, I choose to analyze the fourth in order to determine how characters and entities of ancestral religious signifi cance were portrayed to further the cause of Christian conversion of Andean indigenous peoples.
The Interplay of “Posts” in Comparative Education

The enthusiasm over the openness of post–socialist transformations in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union was powerful, but short–lived. Perhaps momentarily, it was associated with “modernity’s final bankruptcy as an intellectual and political project,” holding the promise of new forms of social and political organization (Outhwaite & Ray, 2005, p. 99).
Average Total Neutron Cross Section OF 233U, 235U AND 239Pu from ORELA Transmission Measurements and Statistical Analysis of the Data

The average total neutron cross sections of 233U, 235U, and 239Pu were obtained from transmission measurements in the unresolved resonance region up to several hundred keV neutron energy. The method used for the calculation of the selfshielding effect is described. A statistical model analysis of the results was performed and the s-, p- and d-wave neutron strength functions were obtained.
Peripheral blood clinical laboratory variables associated with outcomes following combination nivolumab and ipilimumab immunotherapy in melanoma.

Both the combination of nivolumab + ipilimumab and single-agent anti-PD-1 immunotherapy have demonstrated survival benefit for patients with advanced melanoma. As the combination has a high rate of serious side effects, further analyses in randomized trials of combination versus anti-PD-1 immunotherapy are needed to understand who benefits most from the combination. Clinical laboratory values that were routinely collected in randomized studies may provide information on the relative benefit of combination immunotherapy. To prioritize which clinical laboratory factors to ultimately explore in these randomized studies, we performed a single-center, retrospective analysis of patients with advanced melanoma who received nivolumab + ipilimumab either as part of a clinical trial (n = 122) or commercial use (n = 87). Baseline routine laboratory values were correlated with overall survival (OS) and overall response rate (ORR). Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox regression were performed. Median OS was 44.4 months, 95% CI (32.9, Not Reached). A total of 110 patients (53%) responded (CR/PR). Significant independent variables for favorable OS included the following: high relative eosinophils, high relative basophils, low absolute monocytes, low LDH, and a low neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. These newly identified factors, along with those previously reported to be associated with anti-PD-1 monotherapy outcomes, should be studied in the randomized trials of nivolumab + ipilimumab versus anti-PD-1 monotherapies to determine whether they help define the patients who benefit most from the combination versus anti-PD-1 alone.
Synchronization of Pacemaking in the Sinoatrial Node: A Mathematical Modeling Study

Computational studies using mathematical models of the sinoatrial node (SAN) cardiac action potential (AP) have provided important insight into the fundamental nature of cell excitability, cardiac arrhythmias, and potential therapies. While the impact of ion channel dynamics on SAN pacemaking has been studied, the governing dynamics responsible for regulating spatial and temporal control of SAN synchrony remain elusive. Here we attempt to develop methods to explore cohesion in a network of coupled spontaneously active SAN cells. We present the updated version of a previously published graphical user interface LongQt: a cross-platform, threaded application for advanced cardiac electrophysiology studies that does not require advanced programming skills. We incorporated additional features to the existing LongQt platform that allows users to (1) specify heterogeneous gap junction conductivity across a multicellular grid, and (2) set heterogeneous ion channel conductance across a multicellular grid. We developed two methods of characterizing the synchrony of SAN tissue based on alignment of activation in time and similarity of voltage peaks among clusters of functionally related cells. In pairs and two-dimensional grids of coupled cells, we observed a range of conductivities (0.00014 1/Ω-cm to 0.00033 1/Ω-cm) in which the tissue was more susceptible to developing asynchronous spontaneous pro-arrhythmic behavior (e.g. spiral wave formation). We performed parameter sensitivity analysis to determine the relative impact of ion channel conductances on cycle length, diastolic and peak voltage and synchrony measurements in isolated and coupled cell pairs. We also defined measurements of evaluating synchrony based on peak AP voltage and the rate of wave propagation. Cell-to-cell coupling had a nonlinear effect on the relationship between ion channel conductances, AP properties and synchrony measurements. Our simulations demonstrate that conductivity plays an important role in regulating synchronous firing of heterogeneous SAN tissue, and demonstrate how to evaluate the role of coupling and ion channel conductance in pairs and grids of SAN cells. We anticipate that the approach outlined here will facilitate identification of key cell- and tissue-level factors responsible for cardiac disease.
Abstraction Sampling in Graphical Models

We present a new sampling scheme for approximating hard to compute queries over graphical models, such as computing the partition function. The scheme builds upon exact algorithms that traverse a weighted directed state-space graph representing a global function over a graphical model (e.g., probability distribution). With the aid of an abstraction function and randomization, the state space can be compacted (or trimmed) to facilitate tractable computation, yielding a Monte Carlo estimate that is unbiased. We present the general idea and analyze its properties analytically and empirically, investigating two specific ideas for picking abstractions - targeting reduction of variance or search space size.
The Use of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone in Children with Chronic Renal Failure

Growth retardation is one of the serious clinical manifestations associated with irreversible renal insufficiency in infants, children and adolescents. Although the relationship was first noted at the end of the last century (1), the availability of dialysis and renal transplantation, which could prolong the lives of children who developed endstage renal disease (ESRD), focused attention on the medical and psychosocial consequences of the growth retardation that accompanies chronic renal failure (CRF) (2, 3).
4.4 Actin Filament Nucleation and Elongation

The spontaneous polymerization of actin filaments is kinetically unfavorable because of the instability of polymerization intermediates (small actin oligomers), and it is additionally inhibited in cells by the actions of actin monomer-binding proteins such as profilin and thymosin-β4. Eukaryotic cells and various pathogens use nucleation and elongation factors to initiate actin polymerization and to promote polymer elongation in a localized and regulated manner. Filament nucleators include the Arp2/3 complex and its large family of nucleation promoting factors, formins, Spire, cordon-bleu (Cobl), leiomodin (Lmod), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), Vibrio VopL/VopF, Chlamydia translocated actin recruiting phosphoprotein (TARP), and Rickettsia Sca2. These molecules work by different mechanisms, but they all share the ability to bind two or more actin subunits to stabilize a polymerization nucleus. The abundance of actin filament nucleation mechanisms correlates with the diversity of functions which these molecules play in cells, and the different pathways by which they are regulated. So far, formins are the only known class of filament nucleators which also stimulate processive barbed end elongation. By contrast, "enable/vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (Ena/VASP)" proteins function as dedicated elongation factors, and play no role in nucleation.
Nicotine and its metabolites. Radioimmunoassay for gamma-(3-pyridyl)-gamma-oxo-N-methylbutyramide.

A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the nicotine metabolite ..gamma..-(3-pyridyl)-..gamma..-oxo-N-methylbutyramide. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay allow the determination of this compound at the picomole level in the presence of several structurally related molecules including nicotine and seven other nicotine metabolites. The assay has been used to characterize the enzyme system present in rabbit liver extract responsible for the conversion of cotinine to the oxoamide, and to measure oxoamide levels in urine, sera, and amniotic fluid of smokers. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used as an independent method to follow the enzymatic oxidation and in conjunction with the radioimmunoassay to analyze the urine samples. (auth)
Intrapleural Chemotherapy with and Without Surgery in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM)

Intrapleural delivery is an effective way of delivering chemotherapy in patients with MPM. Intrapleural chemotherapy can be particularly effective early, when the disease is limited to the pleural surface. However, the current data with the adjuvant intrapleural chemotherapy is inconclusive and should not be routinely used except in the setting of clinical trials. Our results with intrapleural L-NDDP are very encouraging and warrant further studies either as a neoadjuvant or an adjuvant to debulking surgery or in combination with intravenous chemotherapy.
Cryo-EM is uncovering the mechanism of eukaryotic protein N-glycosylation

N-glycosylation is one of the predominant modifications of eukaryotic proteins. It is catalyzed by oligosaccharyl transferase (OST), an eight-subunit protein complex in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. OST transfers the oligosaccharide from a lipid-linked donor (LLO) to the Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr sequon of nascent polypeptide, usually cotranslationally by partnering with the ribosome and the translocon. We and two other groups have recently determined high-resolution cryo-EM structures of the yeast and mammalian OST complexes. In this Structural Snapshot, we describe the molecular mechanism of eukaryotic OST and its interaction with the translocon.
A Soft-Switched PWM Technique for a Single Stage Isolated DC-AC Converter with Synchronous Rectification

Single stage high-frequency link DC-AC power converters are suitable for PV applications, UPS, V2G mode operation of electric vehicles, etc. Single stage power conversion requires less number of components and provides advantage of higher power density. Additionally, the efficiency of these converters can be improved by soft switching with synchronous rectification. This paper proposes a soft-switched unipolar PWM technique with synchronous rectification for a single stage DC-AC power converter. DC side is a full bridge converter based on SiC MOSFETs. It is linked to a $2\times 2$ matrix converter based cycloconverter on AC side through a high frequency (HF) transformer. The proposed modulation technique provides zero current switching (ZCS) and zero voltage switching (ZVS) in the AC side and ZVS in the DC side. The performance of the proposed modulation technique is evaluated using a 1.2 kW prototype unit.
A pseudo restricted MLE under multivariate order restrictions and its algorithm

AbstractIt is shown in this paper that a quasi order for the vectors in Rp is a cone induced if and only if the order is preservable under limits and under linear combinations with non-negative coe...
Human Modeling and Simulation

Simulation plays an important role in the design, implementation and operation of complex modern human-machine systems. The goal of simulation is to predict quantitative performance of systems under various conditions. As the complexity and sophistication of human-machine systems increase, systems designers are facing a greater challenge of representing humans and machines in compatible and valid terms. Systems designers continuously strive to find better ways to depict relevant independent and dependent variables and construct predictive models of human-machine systems which would adequately capture the complexity of such systems. By digital simulations the designers can reproduce the important features, characteristics and outcomes of many systems and derive not only quantitative estimates of the performance, efficiency, and effectiveness of the systems but also identify operational, maintenance and training problem areas for those systems. Researchers and system designers find with an increasing frequency that simulation models provide great advantages over other approaches.
REGULATION OF LIPID METABOLISM IN ANIMAL OBESITY

ABSTRACT The increased adipose tissue lipogenesis of obese animals can be explained to a large extent by overstimulation of an otherwise normal tissue by hyperinsulinemia. It also appears that the increases in lipogenesis and in the secretion of very low density lipoproteins, as well as the decrease in ketogenesis observed in the liver of obese animals, can be attributed mostly to their hyperinsulinemic state. The hyperinsulinemia of genetic obese animals ( mdb/mdb type) is moderate in the pre-weaning state to become very marked after weaning. This coincides with a normal liver and adipose tissue lipogenesis before weaning in these animals, and a markedly increased one following weaning. These results suggest that hyperinsulinemia is a key factor in the development of the obesity syndrome, Fig. 1.
Calorie and Nutrient Profile of Combination Meals at U.S. Fast Food and Fast Casual Restaurants.

Introduction The nutrient profile of combination meals in large chain restaurants is not well understood. Methods Combination meals from 34 U.S. fast food and fast casual restaurants (lunch/dinner, n=1,113; breakfast, n=366) were identified from online menus in 2017–2018 and corresponding nutrition information for each menu item was obtained from a restaurant nutrition database (MenuStat). Three options for each combination meal were analyzed: (1) default (as advertised on menu), (2) minimum (low-calorie option), and (3) maximum (high-calorie option). In 2018, meal nutrient composition was compared with the Healthier Restaurant Meal Guidelines, and linear models examined to what extent each meal component (entree, side, beverage) drove differences in nutrients across meal options. Results There was substantial variation across the default, minimum, and maximum options of lunch/dinner combination meals for calories (default,: 1,193 kilocalories;, minimum,: 767 kilocalories;, maximum,: 1,685 kilocalories), saturated fat (14 g, 11 g, 19 g), sodium (2,110 mg, 1,783 mg, 2,823 mg), and sugar (68 g, 10 g, 117 g). Most default meals exceeded the Healthier Restaurant Meal Guidelines for calories (97%) and sodium (99%); fewer exceeded the standards for saturated fat (50%) and total sugar (6%). Comparing the maximum and default lunch/dinner combination meals, beverages were the largest driver of differences in calories (178 kilocalories, 36% of difference) and sugar (46 g, 93% of difference), and entrees were the largest driver of differences in saturated fat (3 g, 59% of difference) and sodium (371 g, 52% of difference). Results were similar for breakfast meals. Conclusions Combination meals offered by large U.S. chain restaurants are high in calories, sodium, saturated fat, and sugar, with most default meals exceeding recommended limits for calories and sodium.
Dorsal Bridge Plating versus External Fixation for Distal Radius Fractures

Background External fixation and dorsal bridge plating are wrist spanning fixation options for distal radius fractures; however, their comparative effectiveness is not well understood. A meta-analysis was conducted to compare the clinical outcomes between these two techniques. Materials and Methods A PubMed database query of all distal radius fracture cases managed with spanning external fixation or dorsal bridge plating was performed. A total of 28 articles met inclusion criteria, yielding 895 patients for data extraction and comparative analysis. Results Dorsal bridge plating demonstrated lower rates of infection (2 vs. 10%, p = 0.05) and complex regional pain syndrome (1 vs. 4%, p = 0.04) but higher rates of hardware failure (4 vs. 1%, p = 0.026). Bridge plating also demonstrated higher rates of excellent/good ratings under the Gartland and Werley outcome score (91 vs. 83%, p = 0.016). There was no significant difference in DASH (Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Wrist) scores, radiographic parameters, or unplanned reoperations between the two spanning fixation options. Conclusion Bridge plating and external fixation both appear to be comparable for spanning fixation constructs for distal radius fractures, but with bridge plating having a potentially lower complication profile.
The Application of Machine Learning to Quality Improvement Through the Lens of the Radiology Value Network

Abstract Recent advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence offer promising applications to radiology quality improvement initiatives as they relate to the radiology value network. Coordination within the interlocking web of systems, events, and stakeholders in the radiology value network may be mitigated though standardization, automation, and a focus on workflow efficiency. In this article the authors present applications of these various strategies via use cases for quality improvement projects at different points in the radiology value network. In addition, the authors discuss opportunities for machine-learning applications in data aggregation as opposed to traditional applications in data extraction.
Life history of marine fishes and their implications for the future oceans

Abstract Through natural selection, the environment shapes the survival and reproductive traits of species, including marine fishes. The particular set of life history traits a fish species possesses determine its location in a trilateral continuum of life history strategies. These strategies can be used to understand the dominant biological trade-offs affecting that species, in addition to the gradients of environmental disturbance, variability, and predictability to which it is subjected. Life history strategies can be further subdivided into functional groups differentiated by habitat and feeding preferences. Large predatory fishes can be separated into pelagic specialists and demersal generalists, which are influenced by the separation of primary production into pelagic and benthic secondary production. This life history framework and functional type understanding suggest multiple alterations to fish populations under climate change, including shorter life spans, smaller maximum body sizes, reduced fecundity, greater susceptibility to climate variation impacts, and increased reliance on pelagic food chains.
Thermo-Electrochemical Stability Analytics of Electrode Materials

Thermal safety concerns of lithium-ion batteries continue to be a pervasive impediment toward vehicle electrification, grid storage, and space exploration. The advent of high capacity cathode mater...
12 – Submarine fiber

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the basic principles of fiber design and manufacture and provides a detailed analysis of the optical properties. The manufacture of optical fibers for high-performance applications requires precise control of the refractive index and diameter variations to minimize fluctuations of optical properties in the fiber. In the fiber manufacturing process, controlled variations in the refractive index profile of the fiber's core are achieved by introducing dopants, such as germania and fluorine into the silica host medium. This is generally accomplished using techniques, such as outside vapor deposition (OVD), modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD), plasma-activated chemical vapor deposition (PCVD), and vapor axial deposition (VAD). All of these deposition methods involve the oxidation of precursor gas mixtures to form glass layers that define the fiber structure. The key fiber attribute in many wavelength-division multiplexing transmission systems is the attenuation of the optical fiber, which determines the amplifier or repeater spacing and is a key consideration in system design and cost. While low-baseline attenuation is desirable, it is also important that the value remain stable during the cabling process and lifetime of the system. An additional requirement is that the attenuation should be uniform across the transmission window.
New segmented target for studies of neutron unbound systems

Abstract The study of neutron-unbound systems using invariant mass spectroscopy is often performed using low-intensity radioactive ion beams. Low reaction yields can be countered by using thick targets but at the expense of larger uncertainties in the reconstructed invariant mass. We present a new segmented target designed to address this trade-off. It is composed of three ∼ 4 mm thick passive beryllium targets interleaved between four 140 μ m thick position sensitive silicon detectors. In the first experiment to use this new system the half-life of two-neutron unbound 26 O was measured to be T 1 ∕ 2 = 5 . 0 − 2 . 2 + 1 . 7 (stat) ± 1 . 7 (syst) ps, which agrees with a previous measurement made by the MoNA Collaboration.
‘Kouri, kouri! Bis la ap vini!’: Reflections on the stigma of being Haitian at primary and secondary school in the Bahamas:

There is a pervasive stigma attached to being Haitian in the Bahamas. This article examines reflections on the experiences of the stigma of being Haitian at primary and secondary school among secon...
Presentation of an iatrogenically displaced third molar into the maxillary sinus in a 14-year-old patient successfully removed with an endoscopic approach: a case report and a review of the literature

Oral surgeons remove third molars (wisdom teeth) to prevent impaction. Given the close anatomical relationship to the maxillary sinus, perforation and displacement of third molars into the maxillary sinus is a well-known phenomenon that is typically removed with a buccal mucoperiosteal flap or through a Caldwell-Luc approach. However, a less invasive route of endoscopic removal has been utilized to success in one report. A literature review shows few reports of displaced molars into the maxillary sinus and no reported patient below the age of 18. A 14-year-old patient presented with a displaced third molar into her maxillary sinus following third molar extraction with her oral surgeon. The tooth was removed successfully, utilizing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) with a transition to transoral retrieval to prevent nasal trauma. This is the first reported case of displaced third molar into the right maxillary sinus in a pediatric patient that was removed via ESS.
Abstract 15253: Significant Discrepancies in Quantification of Regurgitant Volume in Primary Mitral Regurgitation Observed on Multimodality Imaging: Is It Time for Reappraisal?

Introduction: Mitral valve regurgitation volume (RV) can be quantified using proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) or stroke volume (SV). SV method incorporates mitral annulus (MA) diameter (ass...
A Physically Reconfigurable 1× 8 Monolithic Thick Origami Array

This paper presents a $1\times 8$ monolithic thick origami antenna array. The proposed design dynamically adjusts its radiation pattern through foldability, without the need of any additional phase shifters in its feeding network. Depending on its folded state, the array can cover different regions in space by switching from a single beam at broadside, to two beams at $\theta=\pm 45^{0}$, and four beams at $\theta=\pm 45^{0}, \pm 135^{0}$. The foldability of the design is implemented using three lamina emergent torsional joint surrogate hinges. These hinges allow the array to physically reconFigure to different folded states and pack itself efficiently to an area that is four times smaller than its deployed area. For demonstration purposes our proposed array is designed to operate at 2.45 GHz using a single 1.55 mm thick FR4 substrate.
Promoting Computational Thinking in Elementary School: A Narrative-Centered Learning Approach

One of the most efficient ways for elementary school students to gain exposure to computational thinking is when it is integrated into other disciplinary areas; however, elementary school teachers often lack the necessary resources to do this effectively. By leveraging the motivation force of narrative to engage students and the scaffolding affordances of block-based programming to support students, computationally-rich narrative-centered learning offers promise to address this need. In this work, we review design principles from prior work for engaging elementary students in computational thinking as well as results from initial pilot studies to investigate how computationally-rich narrative-centered learning in the context of science problem solving can support the integration of computational thinking into other disciplinary areas.
Metallurgical synthesis

Materials science has matured to the point where it can begin to be employed with other sciences such as mechanics in an interdisciplinary mode to permit the total metallurgical synthesis of components. Research is needed on topics such as material behaviour modelling, process mechanics and interface effects. The potential for increased productivity, decreased response time and increased reliability is presented in this paper, as are the possibilities of controlled microstructural gradients leading to more efficient products.
What Has Been the Impact on Clinical Practice of Recently Published Postevent ICD Trials

The American electrophysiology community has a 15-year history of active support of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) [1–5]. While there have been debates about the nature and extent of the impact of the ICD, few have doubted that the device saves lives. This is in contrast to the European and Far Eastern electro physiology communities, where the ICD implantation rate is a fraction of what it is in the United States [6]. The recently completed postevent clinical trials have vindicated the early support of the ICD and have led to a dramatic and ongoing increase in ICD utilization in the United States [7–9]. The anticipated completion of a series of pre-event trials will further broaden the appeal of the ICD.
Before You Graduate, Read this Book - Research Design: Creating Robust Approaches for the Social Sciences (Gorard, 2013)

Research Design: Creating Robust Approaches for the Social Sciences (Gorard, 2013) provides an easy-to-use design typology, as well as good practices and warnings, to help social scientists improve their research skills. Based on his experience, the author explains the concept of research design (as opposed to research methods), and shows the importance of carefully selected sample groups, appropriate research claims, and logical research warrants. The target audience is primarily social science researchers, but the subjects covered are applicable to any research field. The reviewer recommends Research Design as both a textbook and a reference. Keywords: Research Design, Research-Based Claims, Warrants, Social Science, Research Questions Overview Research Design: Creating Robust Approaches for the Social Sciences (Gorard, 2013) addresses the need for well-conducted research studies. It comes from Professor Gorard's experience, his appreciation for research done well, and his frustration with the current state of social science research. The book provides an easy-to-use design typology, as well as good practices and warnings, to help social scientists improve their research skills. This is a book about research designs for social scientists. It is about strategies for research, the logic of research, and how to make convincing research-based claims. …why the elements of design matter, and how they can be used. (p. x) Research Design is built around the social science research cycle shown in Figure 1. It could serve as either a textbook or reference. Each chapter starts with a summary of important topics, and ends with review exercises, notes for those exercises, and suggested readings. Rather than trying to summarize the contents, this review highlights three topics (Research Design; Claims and Warrants; and Sample Selection and Non-Responses). I hope they provide an appreciation of this well-considered, very useful book.
Measuring the Structure of U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1970–2000: Spatial Statistical Metrics and an Application to Commuting Behavior

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Metropolitan planning organizations attempt to shape urban form at the regional and metropolitan scale, including the pattern of suburban centers. How do these efforts change behavior? Our study informs that question by way of a new family of urban form metrics summarizing the polycentric structure of U.S. metropolitan areas. Using a spatial statistical approach, these measures are sensitive to the size, amount, and location of suburban centers. The article then tests the influence of these structures on commute times nationally from 1970 to 2000. Takeaway for practice: The influence of development densities on travel in sprawling regions is more complicated than previously understood or measured. While the level of both neighborhood density and regional density explain average commuting times, density also works relatively. The spatial variation of density, the density of suburban centers relative to the region, and the spatial distribution of high-density nodes ...
On Sorting by Prefix Reversals and the Diameter of Pancake Networks

We show that the conjectured hardest stack of burnt pancakes, −I(n), can be sorted in 3(n+1)/2 steps, for all n≡3(mod 4) with n ≥ 23. If-I(n) is indeed hardest, then both the ”burnt” and ”unburnt” pancake networks of dimension n have diameter at most 3(n+1)/2. We also describe a 9/8 n+2 step sorting sequence for Gates and Papadimitriou's unburnt stack of pancakes, χ n , thus disproving their conjecture that 19/16n steps are required.
The Origin and Evolution of Giant Molecular Clouds

Observations and theories related to cloud formation are discussed. Distinctions between hole and tunnel models for the interstellar gas distribution and cloud and filament models for this distribution are suggested, as are distinctions between diffuse and self-gravitating clouds. The basic equations for five cloud formation models are summarized. These models consider thermal instabilities, gravitational instabilities, random sticking collisions between pre-existing clouds, compression of ambient gas behind shock fronts, and turbulence or magnetic wave interactions. As part of this discussion, the dispersion relation for gravitational instabilities in a shearing disk with an azimuthal magnetic field and time dependent energy equation is derived, and a numerical solution for the interaction between strong magnetic waves is used to illustrate the spontaneous formation and destruction of dense clumps.
The Chromospheric Spectrum at Eclipse

An evaluation of our present understanding and knowledge of the chromospheric spectrum depends heavily upon our concept of the thermodynamical and geometrical properties of the chromosphere. Our knowledge of the spectral properties of the chromosphere still derives largely from observations made at total solar eclipse. Our concepts of geometrical structure, however, derive mainly from observations made outside of eclipse. The spectral and geometrical properties must be combined in order to formulate a meaningful thermodynamical picture of the chromosphere. The thermodynamical picture, in turn, modifies our concepts of the relevant geometrical and spectral properties.
Urban Decline and Regional Economies: Brabant, Castile, and Lombardy, 1550–1750

Urban troubles were endemic in early modern Europe. Not only did cities undergo sieges, conquests, and epidemics, but the rapid spread of rural protoindustrial manufacturing threatened established markets and employment patterns. The acute problems of Antwerp, captured by Spanish troops in 1685, or of Como, whose textile industry collapsed in the early seventeenth century are not isolated examples of cities in trouble. Many more could be offered. Indeed, descriptions of cities in the seventeenth century, particularly those of the Spanish Empire, stress depopulation and decay. Contemporaries saw around them scenes of urban desolation. Sir Thomas Overbury, travelling in the Spanish Netherlands around 1610, wrote of the “ruinous” towns, while visitors to Ciudad Real in Spain around 1620 noted vacant, tumbledown houses, unemployment, and urban land gone to waste (Parker 1977:253; Phillips 1979:29). After several years in which Spanish Lombardy was devastated by wars, famine, and plague, the Milan City Council complained of “the destitution of all sorts of persons and the threat of impending ruin.” Moreover, throughout the state, values of houses and landed property had allegedly plummeted (Sella 1979:57,63).
First two cases of immune hemolytic anemia associated with ceftizoxime.

Background Second- and third-generation cephalosporins have been associated with immune-mediated hemolytic reactions. This report discusses two patients who developed clinically significant extravascular hemolysis while receiving the third-generation cephalosporin ceftizoxime (Ceftizox). This is believed to be the first time hemolysis has been described in patients receiving this drug. Study design and methods Immunologic workup of drug-dependent antibodies was performed on blood samples using drug-coated and immune complex methodologies. Antibody classes and titers were analyzed. Results Both the patients' sera contained anti-ceftizoxime that reacted with red cells only when ceftizoxime was added to the sera ("immune complex" method). The patients recovered without complications following discontinuation of the drug. Each patient had IgM and IgG drug-dependent antibodies. The drug-induced antibodies from each patient cross-reacted with cefotaxime, which is structurally similar to ceftizoxime, but cross-reacted either weakly or not at all with ceftriaxone, which has a more complex side chain. Conclusion This report describes the first cases of immune hemolytic anemia associated with ceftizoxime. In drug-induced hemolytic reactions, prompt recognition and discontinuation of the drug may be important factors in reducing the chance of serious sequelae.
Effects of Ancrod (Arvin) in Mice: Studies of Plasma Fibrinogen and Fibrinolytic Activity

Summary. Plasma fibrinogen and its degradation products (FDP) were examined in mice given single injections of Ancrod, the purified coagulative fraction of Malayan pit viper venom previously called Arvin. Clottable fibrinogen had disappeared completely 5 min after the injection and slowly reappeared 12 hr later. At least 2 FDP appeared in the plasma 30 min after the injections while 5 hr later only one FDP was present which corresponded to human fragment E. This was in contrast to in vitro lysis of mouse fibrinogen which yielded two late FDP corresponding to human fragments D and E. The fibrinolytic system also was examined in the plasma of these animals. 30 min after the injection, plasminogen was decreased in amount but increased in susceptibility to activation by urokinase. Transient, modest increases in fibrinolytic activity were evident in diluted plasma samples 1 hr and again 8 hr after the injections. Inhibitors of fibrinolysis did not differ from those in normal mice. These observations are correlated with our previous immunofluorescent and histochemical studies on these and other animals. The present data support our earlier conclusion that fibrinolysis within small vessels of the tissues is of major importance in the reaction to Ancrod.
Fenfluramine inhibits insulin secretion and potentiates glucagon release by the perfused rat pancreas.

Abstract Fenfluramine, an anorectic used in the treatment of obesity, in a final concentration of 1 mM strongly inhibited both phases of insulin release by the perfused rat pancreas. Insulin secretion resumed promptly after cessation of the drug infusion. This concentration of the drug markedly increased glucagon output. The blockade of α-adrenergic receptors and the use of antiserotonin agents did not alter the inhibitory effect of fenfluramine on insulin secretion. It is concluded that in the perfused rat pancreas 1 mM fenfluramine acutely inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion and potentiates glucagon output. The direct effect of fenfluramine on insulin secretion is not related to α-adrenergic activity, nor is it mediated by serotonin.
Sensitization versus tolerance to haloperidol-induced catalepsy: Multiple determinants

The effects of dose, administration frequency, and behavioral testing conditions on the development of tolerance versus sensitization to haloperidol-induced catalepsy were tested in rats. Animals received daily or weekly injections of haloperidol (0.05-5.00 mg/kg SC) for up to 22 days. Catalepsy assessments were made either once or repeatedly using two tests: the horizontal bar and the inclined screen. Tolerance was found only in animals treated daily with haloperidol (1.5 mg/kg) and tested repeatedly on the horizontal bar. In contrast, sensitization was observed with various haloperidol doses, daily or weekly administration schedules (for most doses), either horizontal bar or inclined screen catalepsy tests, and repeated or single testing. Sensitization developed most strongly following weekly drug administration and repeated testing on the horizontal bar. No single experimental variable produced a definitive pattern of change in catalepsy over time. Dose, drug administration schedule, and behavioral test conditions all influenced the evolution of catalepsy during chronic haloperidol treatment.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Photophosphorylation by Isolated Chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis

SYNOPSIS The rate of photophosphorylation by Euglena chloroplasts depends not only on the physiologic stage of cell growth but also on the stage of development of chloroplasts in these cells at the time of harvesting. Both of these processes can be markedly influenced by a number of environmental factors; they are affected neither in a parallel manner nor completely independent of each other. In addition, the rate of photophosphorylation of chloroplasts can also be greatly affected by the conditions employed for their isolation. After investigating the various environmental factors both during cell growth and chloroplast isolation, we have developed a procedure which increased the photophosphorylation rate of our chloroplast preparations more than 5-fold, giving a specific activity in the range of 100-150 μmoles ATP/mg chlorophyll/hr routinely. The procedure is simple, needs no special equipment and requires only 2 or 3 days for cell growth.
Comparison of Oral Health Ratings by Dentists and Dentate Elders

Previous studies suggest a discrepancy between the way dentists and patients measure oral health. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between a dentist's rating of an older dentate person's oral health and the patient self-rating using a single-item indicator, and to compare the clinical (i.e., number of teeth, caries, etc.) and subjective (problems with function, pain, etc.) factors that influence the rating. The study sample consisted of 776 older dentate people. Results showed that dentists judged subjects' oral health significantly more positively than the self-ratings. Approximately 30 percent of the elders rated their oral health identically to the dentist and half rated their oral health lower than the dentist. Bivariate comparisons showed that similar clinical and subjective variables were associated with the dentist and patient ratings. Multiple regression findings, however, highlighted differences in the factors that influenced the ratings. In addition, the proportion of variance accounted for by the clinical factors as opposed to the subjective factors was greater for the dentist rating (R2 = .28 of .33) than the subject self-rating (R2 = .18 of .43).