cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transgender: examining an emerging political identity using three political processes

This study examines the construction of a new political identity category in the USA during the 1990s, transgender, focusing on three political processes: (1) conflict over meanings associated with the identity category; (2) backlash in the form of stigmatization from other groups that prompted frame transformation; and (3) representation, particularly across political venues where information about the new identity category is disseminated. Using a Historical Discourse Analysis approach to the archived documents of transgender social movement activists, publications, and interest groups from 1990 to 1999, this study shows how activists and leaders shaped what had previously been disparate groups into a unified identity category and associated interest group coalition to represent transgender-identified people. While this new identity category and coalition allowed the projection of unity that is necessary in contemporary interest group politics, this analysis shows that it also obscured important differe...
The fundamental financial problems of dental education and their impact on education, operations, scholarship, and patient care.

Dental educators and practitioners generally agree that serious financial problems are challenging dental schools. Evidence includes declining public support, large increases in tuition, mounting student debt, and difficulties recruiting and retaining clinical faculty. Here, we examine the
Agreement of Assessment Profiles Used in Cognitive Referencing.

Eligibility for speech-language pathology services often is based on the relation between the child’s cognitive ability and language performance. If cognitive ability is developed to a greater degr...
Applications of modern microdiffraction to materials science

SUMMARY Modern experimental techniques for static convergent beam electron microdiffraction in transmission electron microscopes are discussed and compared to the better known selected area electron microdiffraction methods. The effects of probe coherence are qualitatively discussed. Some recent applications of convergent beam microdiffraction to microstructural characterization of small particles, various lattice defects and amorphous solids are described.
Computing the Seawater Expansion Coefficients Directly from the 1980 Equation of State

Abstract The polynomial structure of the 1980 equation of state for seawater lends itself to analytic differentiation with respect to pressure, temperature, and salinity. This enables one to compute the compressibility, thermal expansion, and haline contraction coefficients, respectively, without introducing any finite difference approximations whatsoever. Extensive use of Honer's rule (nested multiplications versus exponentiations) and careful bookkeeping of intermediate quantities from the computation of density allow the derivatives to be computed with about the same numerical effort as required to evaluate density itself twice. Thus, the algorithms presented yield all three expansion coefficients as efficiently, in terms of floating point operations, as a first difference estimate of a single coefficient. Since the expansion coefficients are computed by direct differentiation of the equation of state, they do not suffer from computational errors associated with taking first difference. However, the eq...
Steady-state and transient gas—solids flow characteristics in vertical transport lines

Abstract The generalized application of the drift velocity approach to gas—solids flow is given, together with supporting data and suggested parameter evaluation techniques, to allow the prediction of the phase densities, phase flow rates and allowable operating conditions related to gas—solids flow in vertical pipe systems. Both steady-state and transient flow conditions are considered in co-current and countercurrent flow. Continuity wave velocities are employed to determine the stability of the flow and the presence of flooding. The method of analysis outlined here, previously used successfully in gas—liquid systems, is shown to also hold for gas—solid systems.
Transmission of Sarcocystis leporum from a cottontail rabbit to domestic cats.

Muscle tissue containing grossly visible cysts of Sarcocystis leporum from a cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus) was fed to laboratory cats. Sporocysts averaging 13.2 × 9.7 μm were detected in the feces 14 days post-infection and were found until 69 days post-infection.
Chromatin dynamics and the repair of DNA double strand breaks.

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) arise through both replication errors and from exogenous events such as exposure to ionizing radiation. DSBs are potentially lethal, and cells have evolved a highly conserved mechanism to detect and repair these lesions. This mechanism involves phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γH2AX) and the loading of DNA repair proteins onto the chromatin adjacent to the DSB. It is now clear that the chromatin architecture in the region surrounding the DSB has a critical impact on the ability of cells to mount an effective DNA damage response. DSBs promote the direct the formation of open, relaxed chromatin domains which are spatially confined to the area surrounding the break. These relaxed chromatin structures are created through the coupled action of the p400 SWI/SNF ATPase and histone acetylation by the Tip60 acetyltransferase. The resulting destabilization of nucleosomes at the DSB by Tip60 and p400 is required for ubiquitination of the chromatin by the RNF8 ubiquitin ligase, and for...
What are the characteristics of cycling cells in the adult central nervous system

Many regions of the adult central nervous system contain cycling cells. Such cells comprise a relatively small fraction of the total population of the CNS. Work over decades has attempted to determine the normal fates of these cells and their fates under pathological conditions. The recent interest in "stem" cells and "progenitors" in the adult CNS has sparked a much revived exploration into the nature of these cells and in the signals by which they may be induced to differentiate into mature neurons or glia. This population has not yet been fully characterized, although it has become clear that this is a heterogeneous group of cells, differing in morphology, antigen expression, migratory capacity, and potential fates.
Effect of Anticholinergic Use for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder on Cognitive Function in Postmenopausal Women

Background: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition affecting the elderly. The mainstay of treatment for OAB is medical therapy with anti-cholinergics. However, adverse events have been reported with this class of drugs, including cognitive changes. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of an anticholinergic medication, trospium chloride, on cognitive function in post-menopausal women being treated for OAB. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted at a urogynaecology clinic at one academic medical centre from January to December 2010, with 12-week follow-up after medication initiation. Women aged 55 years or older seeking treatment for OAB and opting for anticholinergic therapy were recruited. Baseline cognitive function was assessed via the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Form (HVLT-R) [and its five subscales], the Orientation, Memory & Concentration (OMC) short form, and the Mini-Cog evaluation. After initiation of trospium chloride extended release, cognitive function was reassessed at Day 1, Week 1, Week 4 and Week 12. Bladder function was assessed via three condition-specific quality-of-life questionnaires. Secondary outcomes included change in bladder symptoms, correlation between cognitive and bladder symptoms, and overall medication compliance. The main outcome measure was change in HVLT-R score at Week 4 after medication initiation, compared with baseline (pre-medication) score. Results: Of 50 women enrolled, 35 completed the assessment. The average age was 70.4 years and 77.1% had previously taken anticholinergic medication for OAB. At enrollment 65.7% had severe overactive bladder and 71.4% had severe urge incontinence. Cognitive function showed an initial decline on Day 1 in HVLT-R total score (p = 0.037), HVLT-R Delayed Recognition subscale (p = 0.011) and HVLT-R Recognition Bias subscale (p = 0.01). At Week 1 the HVLT-R Learning subscale declined from baseline (p = 0.029). All HVLT-R scores normalized by Week 4. OMC remained stable throughout. The Mini-Cog nadired at a 90.9% pass rate at Week 4. OAB symptoms did not improve until Week 4, based on questionnaire scores (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Cognitive function exhibited early changes after initiation of trospium chloride but normalized within 4 weeks. Cognitive changes occurred weeks prior to OAB symptom improvement. Surveillance for cognitive changes with anticholinergic use should be part of OAB management.
Order restricted randomized designs for control versus treatment comparison

We develop a method of randomizing units to treatments that relies on subjective judgement or on possible coarse modeling to produce restrictions on the randomization. The procedure thus fits within the general framework of ranked set sampling. However, instead of selecting a single unit from each set for full measurement, all units within a set are used. The units within a set are assigned to different treatments. Such an assignment translates the positive dependence among units within a set into a reduction in variation of contrasting features of the treatments. A test for treatment versus control comparison, with controlled familywise error rate, is developed along with the associated confidence intervals. The new procedure is shown to be superior to corresponding procedures based on completely randomized or ranked set sample designs. The superiority appears both in asymptotic relative efficiency and in power for finite sample sizes. Importantly, this test does not rely on perfect rankings; rather, the information in the data on the quality of rankings is exploited to maintain the level of the test when rankings are imperfect. The asymptotic relative efficiency of the test is not affected by estimation of the quality of rankings, and the finite sample performance is only mildly affected.
The Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Potential Chick DM-GRASP Homologs in Zebrafish and Mouse

SUMMARY A full-length zebrafish cDNA clone and a partial mouse cDNA clone similar to chick DM-GRASP were isolated and analyzed. The nucleotide sequence of the full-length zebrafish clone shares 54% identity, and predicts 39% amino acid identity, with chick DM-GRASP. The partial mouse clone shares 76% nucleotide identity, and predicts 76% amino acid identity, with chick DM-GRASP. The predicted proteins encoded by both of these clones exhibit conserved structural domains that are characteristic of the chick protein. These features may identify them as a distinct subfamily within the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. Expression of the zebrafish DM-GRASP protein is similar to chick DMGRASP and is principally restricted to a small subset of developing sensory and motor neurons during axonogenesis. Zebrafish DM-GRASP expression was temporally regulated and limited to specific axon domains. This regional expression correlated with fasciculated axon domains. These results suggest that the zebrafish and mouse cDNA clones represent the respective fish and mammalian homologs of chick DM-GRASP. The highly selective expression of zebrafish DM-GRASP suggests that it is involved in the selective fasciculation and guidance of axons along their normal pathways. 0 1994 John
Calcium permeability of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel in hippocampal neurons in culture

Abstract We have developed a quantitative description for calcium permeability of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel to permit predictions of the reversal potential and calcium influx at different voltages for different extracellular calcium concentrations. Increasing the external calcium concentration markedly shifted the reversal potential to positive values and simultaneously decreased the single-channel conductance at potentials negative to the reversal potential. Very simple quantitative descriptions of calcium permeation and channel block by calcium ions accurately characterize our data and permit the prediction of reversal potentials and magnitudes of calcium influx for a wide range of conditions.
A Gadolinium Chelate for Detection of β-Glucuronidase: A Self-Immolative Approach

New classes of physiologically responsive magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents are being developed that are activated by enzymes, secondary messengers, pH, and temperature. To this end, we have prepared a new class of enzyme-activated MR contrast agents using a self-immolative mechanism and investigated the properties of these agents using novel in vitro assays. We have synthesized in nine steps a Gd(III) agent 1 that is activated by the oncologically significant beta-glucuronidase. 1 consists of Gd(III)DO3A (DO3A = 1,4,7-tricarboxymethylene-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane) bearing a pendant beta-glucuronic acid moiety connected by a self-immolative linker to the macrocycle. LC-MS analysis reveals that 1 is enzymatically processed as predicted by bovine liver beta-glucuronidase, generating 2-aminoethylGdDO3A, 2. Compound 2 was prepared independently in a four-step synthetic procedure. Complex 1 displays a decrease in relaxivity upon titration with bicarbonate anion. The relaxivity increases when 1 is converted to 2 in a buffer mimicking in vivo anion concentrations (Parker, D. In Crown Compounds: Towards Future Applications; Cooper, S. R., Ed.; VCH: New York, 1992; pp 51-67) by 17%, while the relaxivity decreases by 27% for the same experiment in human blood serum. Hydrolytic kinetics catalyzed by bovine liver beta-glucuronidase at interstitial pH = 7.4 fit the Michaelis-Menten model with k cat/Km = 74.9 +/- 10.9 M(-1) s(-1). Monitoring of bulk water proton T1 during incubation with enzyme shows an increase in T1 that mirrors results obtained through the relaxivity measurements of compounds 1 and 2.
An agent-based model of network effects on tax compliance and evasion

Abstract Agent-based models are flexible analytical tools suitable for exploring and understanding complex systems such as tax compliance and evasion. The agent-based model created in this research builds upon two other agent-based models of tax evasion, the Korobow et al., 2007 , Hokamp and Pickhardt, 2010 models. The model utilizes their rules for taxpayer behavior and apprehension of tax evaders in order to test the effects of network topologies in the propagation of evasive behavior. Findings include that network structures have a significant impact on the dynamics of tax compliance, demonstrating that taxpayers are more likely to declare all their income in networks with higher levels of centrality across the agents, especially when faced with large penalties proportional to their incomes. These results suggest that network structures should be chosen selectively when modeling tax compliance, as different topologies yield different results. Additionally, this research analyzed the special case of a power law distribution and found that targeting highly interconnected individuals resulted in a lower mean gross tax rate than targeting disconnected individuals, due to the penalties inflating the mean gross tax rate in the latter case.
Player-Centered Coaching: Enhancing Player Game Sense

(2010). Player-Centered Coaching: Enhancing Player Game Sense. Strategies: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 24-28.
A Novel Method for Objective Vision Testing in Canine Models of Inherited Retinal Disease

Purpose The use of canine models of retinal disease in the development of therapeutic strategies for inherited retinal disorders is a growing area of research. To evaluate accurately the success of potential vision-enhancing treatments, reliable methods for objectively assessing visual function in canine models is necessary. Methods A simple vision-testing device was constructed that consisted of a junction box with four exit tunnels. Dogs were placed in the junction box and given one vision-based choice for exit. The first-choice tunnel and time to exit were recorded and analyzed. Two canine models of retinal disease with distinct molecular defects, a null mutation in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of rod cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase (PDE6A), and a null mutation in the gene encoding a retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein (RPE65) were tested and compared to those in unaffected dogs. Results With the use of bright light versus dim red light, the test differentiated between unaffected dogs and dogs affected with either mutation with a high degree of certainty. The white-light intensity series showed a significantly different performance between the unaffected and affected dogs. A significant difference in performance was detected between the dogs with each mutation. Conclusions The results indicate that this novel canine vision-testing method is an accurate and sensitive means of distinguishing between unaffected dogs and dogs affected with two different forms of inherited retinal disease and should be useful as a means of assessing response to therapy in future studies.
Comparison of commercially available femtosecond lasers in refractive surgery

Refractive surgery is a procedure that requires excellence. Nothing less than the best is acceptable for an elective procedure that must be precise, accurate and safe. Femtosecond lasers were developed to help fulfill these requirements and have changed the field. The capabilities of the technology include not only the creation of corneal flaps for laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis, but limitless corneal- and lens-based incisions, as well as glaucoma and retinal applications that can break old paradigms. Manipulating biomechanics to correct presbyopia with the IntraCor procedure, the ‘femtosecond-only’ femtosecond lenticule extraction or SmILE procedures, intrastromal astigmatic incisions and cataract surgery are among the next exciting applications to this technology. New fields in refractive surgery can be opened and others can be expanded, as in refractive lens exchange, where its indications may be greatly increased, considering the new safety and precision standards that the technology can delive...
Talus fracture management.

Talar head and fracture injuries are not easily recognized and can create significant long-term disability when missed. Careful investigation of any injury about the ankle requires both clinical and radiographic examination. A computed tomography scan is extremely helpful in diagnosing and treating talus fractures. Displaced fractures require open reduction of the major joint surfaces and internal fixation. Prolonged non–weight bearing and immobilization is the norm. Despite aggressive management, complications involving avascular necrosis and posttraumatic arthritis to both the subtalar and tibiotalar joints occurs frequently.
Paleoceanographic changes on the Farallon Escarpment off central California during the last 16,000 years

Abstract New benthic and planktic foraminiferal assemblage census data and Benthic Foraminiferal Oxygen Index (BFOI) values, previously published marine climate proxy data (stable isotopes and Ca/Cd), and unpublished results of total carbon, organic carbon, and calcium carbonate analyses of sediments recovered off central California on the Farallon Escarpment (1605 m water depth; 37°13.4′N, 123°14.6′W; core F-8-90-G21) document paleoceanographic changes during the latest Quaternary which reflect the intensity and source of North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and surface productivity. Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates of both benthic and planktic species provide an excellent age-depth model for the last 16,000 years, covering the latest glacial, Bolling–Allerod, Younger Dryas, and early, middle, and late Holocene intervals. A Q-mode cluster analysis separated the benthic fauna into three clusters, one Pleistocene and two Holocene, whereas the planktic fauna was divided only into Pleistocene and Holocene clusters. Stable oxygen isotope values show an increase in water temperature of ∼1 °C from the late glacial to late Holocene and a change in faunal composition of the planktic assemblage implies surface waters warmed as well. A general trend of decreasing dissolved oxygen concentration from the Pleistocene (high oxic; 3.0–6.0+ ml/l O2) to the Holocene (low oxic; 1.5–3.0 ml/l O2) suggested by the BFOI and Cd/Ca data reflect decreased ventilation as the source of the NPIW shifted from the Sea of Okhotsk to the tropical east Pacific at ∼11,000 cal BP. The middle Holocene cooling reported in other central and northern California margin studies is not apparent in F-8-90-G21, which compares more favorably with studies from southern California and British Columbia. Total carbon and organic carbon values are highest in the Bolling–Allerod, early Holocene, and late Holocene. Similarly, calcium carbonate values are high in the Bolling–Allerod and peak in the early Holocene, but decrease significantly in the latest middle and late Holocene which coincides with a depauparate planktic foraminiferal fauna in the upper 60 cm (∼70000–0 cal BP) of the core and poor preservation of the benthic foraminiferal fauna at 40 cm (∼3000 cal BP). Decoupling is evident between the planktic and benthic faunal response to changing climatic conditions, with the surface-dwelling assemblage often leading the bottom-dwelling assemblage by several millennia.
Intraoperative assessment of pancreatic neck margin at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy increases likelihood of margin-negative resection in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Background The utility of intraoperative assessment of surgical margins is often debated by experienced pancreatic surgeons. We sought to review our experience with pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for pancreatic cancer to determine the impact of intraoperative frozen section (FS) analysis on margin-negative resection and long-term outcome.
Excluded losses and the demand for insurance

The demand for insurance is examined when the insured asset can incur losses that are excluded from insurance coverage. These losses are negatively correlated with covered losses and hence cannot be treated as background risk. Excluded losses have strikingly different effects on the demand for insurance than does background risk and lead to a modification of many standard insurance demand results. A number of new theorems concerning the effects of excluded losses are also presented. Risk-averse and prudent decision makers reduce their demand for insurance when excluded losses increase in size or riskiness. Excluded losses are a possible explanation for why many decision makers fail to take up insurance when it is offered.
Physical layer challenge-response authentication in wireless networks with relay

Exploiting physical layer characteristics to enhance or complement authentication strength in wireless networks has been attracting research attention recently. Existing physical layer authentication mechanisms mainly tackle single-hop communications. In this paper, we propose two physical layer challenge-response authentication mechanisms for wireless networks with relay. One mechanism, named PHY-CRAMR, is an extension of the existing PHY-CRAM protocol. It fully utilizes the randomness, reciprocity, and location decorrelation features of the wireless fading channel to hide/encrypt the challenge response messages at the physical layer, and is immune to outside attacks with a trusted relay. The other novel mechanism, named PHY-AUR, exploits randomness, coherence, and location decorrelation properties of wireless fading channel to securely convey the product of the channel state information on consecutive links and uses the fading channel to encrypt challenge and response messages. PHY-AUR is immune to both outside and inside attacks with an untrusted relay. Both PHY-CRAMR and PHY-AUR adopt OFDM technique to modulate the authentication key and challenge-response messages on subcarriers. Physical layer pilots and preambles are eliminated to prevent an attacker from gaining knowledge about the channel state information, and as a result prevent the authentication key from being revealed to untrusted attackers. We analyze the security strength of both mechanisms and conduct extensive simulations to evaluate them. It shows that both PHY-CRAMR and PHY-AUR can achieve both a high successful authentication rate and low false acceptance rate, and the performance improves as the signal to noise ratio (SNR) increases.
Magnetically Tuned Superconducting Transition-Edge Sensors

In this work we present a detector model for superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) that includes for the first time the magnetic field dependence of the resistive transition. By writing the resistance R as a function of temperature T current I and magnetic field B we present a general result requiring few assumptions that offers a new strategy to improve TES performance. Application of our TES models that agree with measurements of the critical current on TES sensors predicts that it is possible to design and operate a TES in a new regime by magnetically tuning the resistive transition surface R(T, I, B) . We show using all realizable device parameter values that this new magnetically tuned transition surface is predicted to give a sensor with larger signal size, faster speed capability, reduced performance limiting Johnson noise, and improved energy resolution; and do so over the entire pulse trajectory in R(T, I, B) space. We emphasize that our result is robust in that the performance benefits listed do not hinge on a precise functional form of the resistive transition. This magnetic tuning technique can improve performance for TESs governed by a wide range of resistive mechanisms such as weakly coupled to strongly coupled superconductors or nonequilibrium superconductivity.
Evaluation of Preclinical Findings for 10-Day IND Safety Reports: FDA Considerations:

When serious adverse effects are observed in preclinical safety studies being conducted after the initial investigational new drug (IND) submission, the sponsor is required to submit an IND safety report, referred to as an S-2 report. This is especially important when the drug has already entered clinical trials. Reportable adverse effects include, but are not limited to, any finding of mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or carcinogenicity. Also included would be any adverse experience not identified in the current investigator's brochure. The sponsor should report any adverse finding which appears in the open literature. Reporting an adverse experience does not constitute an admission by the sponsor that the experimental drug was, in fact, the cause. In the required follow-up report, the sponsor can present evidence to support its interpretation of the relationship between the drug and the adverse event.
Problems of validity in questionnaire studies of nonverbal behavior: Jourard's tactile body‐accessibility scale

An empirical test of the validity of Jourard's tacticle body‐accessibility measure was conducted. Results showed that although there was evidence that subjects were able to recall recent touching behavior, their recollections were tainted by their expectations about which touches should have occurred. Estimates of anticipated and recalled numbers of body parts contacted with significant others were consistently higher than actual contacts experienced. Problems of validity in questionnaire studies of nonverbal behavior and procedures and standards for the validation of such measures are discussed.
Innovative and effective methodology for implementing network isolation for manufacturing environments

This paper describes the strategies and processes to rapidly lockdown network security firewalls for manufacturing factories in an unobtrusive manner to protect factory automation systems from cyber attacks. This cyber security protection strategy can be applied to other manufacturing environments with high availability requirements for the computing infrastructures. The processes and experiences can also benefit other engineering projects of retrofitting emerging IT technologies to mission critical environments in production.
The surface glycoproteins of the HeLa cell. Internalization of wheat germ agglutinin-receptors.

Abstract The sensitivity of 125I-labeled sialoglycoproteins to neuraminidase digestion was used to monitor the loss of specific membrane glycoproteins from the cell surface into the cytoplasmic compartment during lectin-mediated endocytosis. These studies demonstrated that a major portion of the surface glycoproteins had undergone internalization concurrently with wheat germ agglutinin in a time- and temperature-dependent process. The internalized 125I-labeled glycoproteins were associated with the small vesicle fraction and were present in the same relative proportion as they existed in the plasma membrane isolated from control untreated cells. Many of the 125I-labeled membrane proteins were shown to be receptors and were isolated after affinity chromatography of the solubilized plasma membranes on wheat germ agglutinin-agarose columns.
Increased resistance to apoptosis during differentiation and syncytialization of BeWo choriocarcinoma cells

Transition from mononuclear villous cytotrophoblast into multinuclear syncytiotrophoblast in the human placenta is accompanied by changes in apoptosis-related proteins and an apparent increased resistance to induced apoptosis. We investigated the specific nature and timing of changes in Bcl-2, Bax, p53, and caspases 3 and 8 in forskolin-treated BeWo choriocarcinoma cells, a model for villous cytotrophoblast differentiation. BeWo cells were treated with forskolin or vehicle alone for up to 72 h and evaluated at 24 h intervals for syncytialization and quantitative expression specific apoptosis-related proteins and mRNAs. Syncytialization was quantified using fluorescent staining of intercellular membranes and enumeration of the percentage of nuclei in multinucleate cells, and differential localization of apoptosis-related proteins to multinuclear or mononuclear cells was determined by quantitative immunofluorescence. Forskolin treatment for up to 72 h resulted in 80% syncytialization, increased expression of Bcl-2 protein (P < 0.01) and mRNA (P < 0.05), and significantly decreased expression of protein and mRNA for Bax, p53, and caspases 3 and 8. Syncytialized cells expressed higher levels of Bcl-2 protein concurrent with increased resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Thus, syncytialization of BeWo cells was accompanied by altered transcription of apoptotic-related proteins characteristic of increased apoptosis resistance secondary to increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and diminish expression of pro-apoptotic proteins.
USE OF THE LATENCY PRINCIPLE IN PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

Projective tests are considered by many students of personality as of questionable validiry because of their great reliance on subjective judgment and the skill of interpretation acquired through long training. It seemed desirable to devise a technique, other than projective, which is objective to sensitive blocks underlying S's verbal responses to paper-and-pencil items. The solution was to measure automatically the latencies of S's verbal responses to personality items. This procedure, called "latency-weighted personality testing," is based on the experimental finding that yes responses to paper-andpencil items are given more rapidly than their reversals are rejected (Gilbert, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967). Latencies are differentially related to verbal responses. Thus, long latencies of verbal responses to personality items indicate blocks underlying these responses; e.g., Gilbert and Cable (1966) show that threatening stimulus items were associated with longer durations of button depression than pleasing items. Two measures of latency can be obtained: (1) reaction-time from the last word of a personality item read to S to S's moving a response lever to the agree or disagree position and (2) duration of depression of a button which is the time from S's depressing ro releasing a button immediately after hearing a personality item. The reacdon-times or durations of depression of button are automatically recorded by reaction-time clocks, accurate to 0.01 sec. Cutting off the latency scores within the upper quartile of the score distribution provides indicators of affective-cognitive complexes underlying the verbal responses to the respective personalicy items. "Latenq-weighted personality testing" can be applied as a liedetector adjuncr (1960) to any existing or especially prepared direct paper-and-pencil personality test, for clinical diagnosis of specific anxieties (1966) and for personnel selection.
Determination of sodium saccharin in animal feed, wastewater and human urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Abstract Analytical methods are described for sodium saccharin in animal feed, wastewater and human urine at levels as low as 10, 0.1 and 10 ppm, respectively. Samples of animal feed and wastewater are subjected to liquid-liquid partitioning then the feed is further cleaned up on a column of silica gel prior to analysis by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a paired-ion mobile phase and an ultraviolet detector set at 230 nm. Samples of human urine require a cleanup on a column of XAD-2 prior to the partitioning and silica gel steps as well as an adjustment in the composition of the mobile phase to quantify saccharin. Data concerning partition values and the stability of sodium saccharin in animal feed are also presented.
Conversion of Noncropland to Cropland:The Prospects Alternatives, and Implications

A major conclusion of researchers in universities, government, and private research institutes is that the United States has adequate agricultural resources to meet and exceed any projected increases in the domestic demand for food and fiber and to provide these goods at reasonable prices. Most researchers would also agree that domestic demand could be accommodated without the conversion of non-
Resolution of amino acid diastereomers by means of packed column gas chromatography

Abstract The effect of an alcohol's structure upon the resolution of its N-alkylated amino acid diastereomeric ester was studied using several packed gas chromatographic columns. Using ± 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl-N-trifluoroacetyl derivatives, fourteen protein amino acid diastereomers could be resolved to 93% or better. Aspartic acid and proline derivatives could be resolved to 70% and 82%, respectively. Arginine, histidine and cystine derivatives were not studied.
One-year eye-to-eye comparison of wavefront-guided versus wavefront-optimized laser in situ keratomileusis in hyperopes.

BACKGROUND To compare wavefront (WF)-guided and WF-optimized laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in hyperopes with respect to the parameters of safety, efficacy, predictability, refractive error, uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and higher order aberrations. METHODS Twenty-two eyes of eleven participants with hyperopia with or without astigmatism were prospectively randomized to receive WF-guided LASIK with the VISX CustomVue S4 IR or WF-optimized LASIK with the WaveLight Allegretto Eye-Q 400 Hz. LASIK flaps were created using the 150-kHz IntraLase iFS. Evaluations included measurement of uncorrected distance visual acuity, corrected distance visual acuity, 0.05). CONCLUSION This comparative case series of 11 subjects with hyperopia showed that WF-guided and WF-optimized LASIK had similar clinical outcomes at 12 months.
Results of a questionnaire regarding practice patterns for the diagnosis and treatment of intracranial radiation necrosis after SRS.

Although stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an effective treatment option for patients with brain tumors, its increased use has raised concern for increased incidence of radiation necrosis (RN). No established standard or guidelines exists regarding non-invasive techniques to diagnose or treat RN. This study was conducted to assess current patterns of evaluation and treatment of RN among physicians who treat intracranial malignancies. A questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was sent to 3,041 members of the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) and the Society for Neurologic Oncology (SNO). Questions addressed demographics, utilization of SRS, perceptions regarding RN diagnosis treatment, approach to steroid-refractory RN, and management of two clinical scenarios using Kwiksurvey© software. The survey response rate was 8.74 % (266/3,041). Most respondents practice in an academic and/or university setting (62 %) at a facility that performs SRS (94 %) with a variety of systems. The number of annual cases performed at the participant’s institution varied from 400, with a wide degree of variability. Most respondents practice at an institution that performs 50–100 cases/year (28 %). The most common range of symptomatic RN seen in clinical practice was 1–5 % (61 %). Most respondents reported that asymptomatic RN occurs in 6–10 % (33 %). Favored non-invasive diagnostic mechanisms were clinical evaluation (37 %) and MRI (19 %). In response to a clinical scenario depicting an asymptomatic patient post-SRS for brain metastasis with an enlarging lesion and edema at the treatment site, most respondents felt the image represented RN or a combination of RN and tumor progression. Most (58 %) favored short-term follow-up with repeat MRI. Ninety-three percent of the respondents initiated steroids as a first-line approach if patient was to develop symptoms. Steroids were the preferred first therapy in symptomatic patients on initial follow-up (81 %). In steroid-refractory patients, most recommend surgical intervention (63 %). Most physicians who responded to this questionnaire believe that post-SRS RN is uncommon (≤10 % of cases). The approach to establish the diagnosis of RN is variable. Steroids are the most commonly utilized first-line treatment for suspected RN. Considerable variation exists in the management of steroid-refractory RN. Additional studies are required to establish guidelines for evaluation and treatment of RN.
The amplitude of nuclear photon scattering and its Thomson limit

Abstract It is explicitly shown how, in the long wavelength limit of photon scattering by a nucleus, the scattering amplitude separates into a nuclear Thomson term, which remains finite and represents scattering from the nuclear charge distribution as a whole, and a nuclear Rayleigh term (“nuclear resonance”), which vanishes as ω 2 for ω → 0 and represents excitation of the internal coordinates.
Processing and characterization of ZrB2-based ultra-high temperature monolithic and fibrous monolithic ceramics

Zirconium diboride (ZrB2) based ultra-high temperature ceramics either unmodified or with SiC particulate additions of 10, 20, or 30 volume percent were prepared by conventional hot pressing. The ZrB2-SiC compositions had improved four-point bend strength compared to the ZrB2 prepared in our laboratory as well as other reported ZrB2 or ZrB2-SiC materials. Strength and toughness increased as the amount of SiC increased. Measured strengths ranged from ∼550 MPa for ZrB2 to over 1000 MPa for ZrB2-30% SiC. Likewise, toughness increased from 3.5 MPa to more than 5 MPa over the same composition range. The addition of SiC also improved oxidation resistance compared to pure ZrB2. Co-extrusion processing was used to produce ZrB2-based ultra-high temperature ceramics with a fibrous monolithic structure. Samples had dense ZrB2-30 vol% SiC cells approximately 100 μm in diameter surrounded by porous ZrB2 cell boundaries approximately 20 μm thick. ZrB2-based fibrous monoliths had four point bend strength of ∼450 MPa, about half of a conventional ZrB2-SiC ceramic with the cell composition. Preliminary analysis of fracture behavior found that ZrB2-based fibrous monoliths did not exhibit graceful failure because the difference in strength between the cell and cell boundary of the current materials was not sufficient.
Transport of atomic hydrogen through graphite and its reaction with azoaromatic compounds.

Graphite is a major non-iron component in commercial iron granules that are typically used for groundwater remediation. Recent studies suggest graphite inclusions in commercial iron may serve as both adsorption and reaction sites for nitrogenous pollutants such as nitroaromatics, nitrate esters, and heterocyclic nitramines. In this study, we investigated graphite-mediated reduction of azoaromatic compounds with elemental iron in dialysis cells, where azo compounds and iron were physically separated by graphite foil. Both the nonpolar azobenzene and the water-soluble orange G were reduced to aniline, suggesting that exposed graphite in granular iron may mediate reduction of both polar and nonpolar compounds. Orange G reduction was zero-order and commenced after a long initial lag. Both the lag time and the zero-order rate constant varied with graphite thickness, consistent with the explanation that orange G reduction was limited by atomic hydrogen, which was formed via anaerobic iron corrosion and spilled ...
Pericardial effusion diagnosed by reflected ultrasound

Abstract This paper presents an evaluation of the use of reflected ultrasound in the detection of pericardial effusion in 30 patients. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A consisted of 19 patients whose effusion was confirmed by another procedure. Group B, 11 patients, had serial ultrasonic studies performed to confirm the presence of pericardial effusion. Two patients with a false positive diagnosis of pericardial effusion are included, and the reasons for the faulty diagnoses are discussed. Our evaluation of this technic suggests that reflected ultrasound can be used to diagnose pericardial effusions of smaller amounts than other technics now widely used. The technic also appears to be of great help during pericardiocentesis in that it can quickly tell the clinician whether the fluid has been completely removed or if a change in the direction of the needle or position of the patient will increase the yield of fluid.
Hereditary angioneurotic edema treated by partial uvulectomy

Hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE) is a rare familial disease of C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency that produces recurring attacks of acute, circumscribed, noninflammatory edema. The technique of partial uvulectomy to treat HANE can reduce the mortality from this condition due to asphyxiation. Three cases in which partial uvulectomy was the successful mode of treatment are described.
Phase transition kinetics of vanadium pentoxide. II: Theoretical results

Experimental data on the phase transformation kinetics in vanadium pentoxide due to surface oxygen loss are analyzed theoretically. A model for the process as a one-dimensional problem with oxygen loss from the surface and coupled interface and diffusion controlled growth modes is described. This model appears to match well the experimental data with reasonable numbers for the surface loss rate and diffusion constant. In particular, the model reproduces changes in the number of phase fronts as a function of electron beam flux. In addition, the analysis confirms that the effective diffusion constant is electron beam flux dependent.
Multiple Compton scattering gamma ray imaging camera

Abstract With the recent advances in position sensing detectors, a compact, multiple layered, Compton scattering gamma ray imaging camera has been investigated for technological feasibility. Beginning from Kamea and Hanada's recent work, the multiple Compton scattering camera design has been investigated and refined over the energy range 150–1000 keV. Our Monte Carlo simulations yielded reconstruction efficiencies of 7–14% for Si and 16–28% for Ge detectors. Including anticipated experimental errors, we obtained angular errors of ∼2–5° in the reconstructed incident gamma ray directions over the energy range of interest.
Chronic herbivory negatively impacts cone and seed production, seed quality and seedling growth of susceptible pinyon pines

Although herbivory often reduces the reproduction of attacked trees, few studies have examined how naturally occurring insect-resistant and susceptible trees differ in their reproduction, nor have these effects been experimentally examined through long-term herbivore removals. In addition, few studies have examined the effects of herbivory on the quality of seeds produced and the implications of reduced seed quality on seedling establishment. We evaluated the impact of chronic herbivory by the stem-boring moth, Dioryctria albovittella, on cone and seed production of the pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) during two mast years. Three patterns emerged. First, moth herbivory was associated with reductions in cone production, viable seed production and seed mass. Specifically, pinyons susceptible to moth attack had 93-95% lower cone production, and surviving cones produced 31-37% fewer viable seeds, resulting in a 96-97% reduction in whole tree viable seed production. In addition, surviving seeds from susceptible trees had 18% lower mass than resistant trees. Second, long-term experimental removal of the herbivore resulted in increased rates of cone and seed production and quality, indicating that moth herbivory was the driver of these reductions. Third, seed size was positively associated with seed germination and seedling biomass and height, suggesting that trees suffering chronic herbivory produce poorer quality offspring. Thus, the resistance traits of pinyons can affect the quality of offspring, which in turn may affect subsequent seedling establishment and population dynamics.
A Survey of Advanced Methods for Analysis and Modeling of Propulsion System Reliability

Electronic controls, propulsion system monitoring and health management and application of information technology to maintenance data capture and storage are enabling users to accumulate large amounts of reliability and related maintenance data. Effective analysis and exploitation of these data bases requires advanced tools to extract meaningful and actionable information. The challenges include “competing” failure modes and periodic hard time maintenance that “censors” information from impending failures, and a high number of failure modes that confound analysis. These factors impede accurate assessment of the impact of corrective action and different maintenance procedures on availability and maintenance costs. They confound understanding of the reliability of complex propulsion & power systems that would enable more representative modeling of system availability and maintenance costs for both existing and future applications. Tools providing more complete and accurate characterization of reliability information for complex systems are being developed for aerospace, nuclear and communications industries. These are surveyed and capability gaps identified with respect to commercial and military propulsion & power systems.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
X-ray probing of high field ionization in the attosecond limit

High order harmonics of a Ti:Sapphire laser are used to investigate high field ionization and dissociative ionization by the method of time-resolved X-ray core level spectroscopic transient absorption down to femtosecond and attosecond time limits.