cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explaining Divergent Observations Regarding Osteocalcin/GPRC6A Endocrine Signaling

A new schema proposes that the bone-derived osteocalcin (Ocn) peptide hormone activates the G-protein-coupled receptor GPRC6A to directly regulate glucose and fat metabolism in liver, muscle, and fat, and to stimulate the release of metabolism-regulating hormones, including insulin, fibroblast growth factor 21, glucagon-like peptide 1, testosterone, and interleukin 6. Ocn/GPRC6A activation has also been implicated in cancer progression. GPRC6A is activated by cations, amino acids, and testosterone. The multiligand specificity, the regulation of energy metabolism in diverse tissues, and the coordinated release of metabolically active hormones make the GPRC6A endocrine networks unique. Recently, the significance of Ocn/GPRCA has been questioned. There is a lack of metabolic abnormalities in newly created genetically engineered Ocn- and Gprc6a-deficient mouse models. There are also paradoxical observations that GPRC6A may function as a tumor suppressor. In addition, discordant published studies have cast doubt on the function of the most prevalent uniquely human GPRC6A-KGKY polymorphism. Explanations for these divergent findings are elusive. We provide evidence that the metabolic susceptibility of genetically engineered Ocn- and Gprc6a-deficient mice is influenced by environmental challenges and genetic differences in mouse strains. In addition, the GPRC6A-KGKY polymorphism appears to be a gain-of-function variant. Finally, alternatively spliced isoforms of GPRC6A may alter ligand specificity and signaling that modulate oncogenic effects. Thus, genetic, post-translational and environmental factors likely account for the variable results regarding the functions of GPRC6A in animal models. Pending additional information, GPRC6A should remain a potential therapeutic target for regulating energy and fat metabolism, hormone production, and cancer progression.
Belonging and Empowerment: A New "Civil Rights" Paradigm Based on Lessons From the Past

Despite the advances that African Americans have made in our country as a result of the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s, poverty stubbornly persists in communities of color throughout our country. Our current civil rights paradigm, which is rooted in the Equal Protection Clause, and prohibits intentional state discrimination on the basis of immutable characteristics, simply is not working. This article suggests an alternative approach, one based not solely in equality norms but in facilitating the belonging of outsiders in our society. The subordination of people of color in our society has never been just about race. Rather, racism has been used as a means to further the economic exploitation of workers. Thus, a robust vision of rights of belonging must incorporate economic rights. In THE LOST PROMISE OF CIVIL RIGHTS, Professor Risa Goluboff details the development of civil rights law in the years leading up to Brown v. Board of Education. Goluboff reminds us of an alternative approach to civil rights, based in economic empowerment and the Thirteenth Amendment, which government lawyers pursued during and directly after the New Deal Era. Destined to be a classic of constitutional theory, THE LOST PROMISE challenges constitutional scholars to re-think our paradigm of civil rights. Based on Goluboff’s history, this review explores rights of belonging as an alternative way of looking at civil rights, which incorporates the economic rights of workers along with the quest to end race discrimination. The paradigm of belonging and empowerment will help to bring about substantive equality rooted in the principle of anti-subordination.
Unstetiger Übergang zwischen zwei koaxialen kreiszylindrischen Leitungen

Wir betrachten ein Problem, das mit demjenigen des vorangehenden Kapitels verwandt ist. Zwei nach beiden Seiten ins Unendliche verlaufende koaxiale Leitungen von kreisformigem Querschnitt mit demselben Innenleiter, jedoch mit verschiedenen Durchmessern der Ausenleiter stosen unstetig in der Ebene z = 0 zusammen (Fig. 11.1).
International Ethics and Failures: Case Studies

Many engineering codes of ethics, such as that of the American Society of Civil Engineers, require that engineers “shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public.” However, structures such as buildings and dams can fail with considerable loss of life. If engineers are held responsible for these failures, penalties may be imposed by criminal or civil courts, by licensing boards, or by professional societies. In this paper five cases are reviewed – the Hyatt Regency Walkway Collapse (1981), United States, the Malpasset Dam (1959), France, the Vaiont Dam Landslide (1963), Italy, the Sampoong Superstore (1995), Republic of Korea, and the Rana Plaza Building (2013), Bangladesh. Following the collapse of the Hyatt Regency Walkways, which killed 114, the engineers were not charged with a crime, but were stripped of licenses by state licensing boards and one was expelled from professional society membership. The failure of the Malpasset dam, which killed 421 people in the subsequent flood, resulted in both criminal and civil court actions. The landslide in the Vaiont Dam reservoir and subsequent flooding resulted in over 2,000 deaths. Eleven engineers and others were criminally charged, three were found guilty, and two served short jail terms. Following the collapse of the Sampoong Superstore which killed almost 500, executives of the firm that owned the store served 7 and 10 ½ year jail sentences. In addition, 12 local building officials were found guilty of taking bribes. Recently, another tragic building collapse has occurred in Bangladesh. These cases contrast different approaches taken to toward public safety in different countries.
Generation and resolution of bivalent chromatin during hematopoiesis (HEM2P.259)

Bivalent promoters, that are simultaneously marked by activation- and repression-associated histone modifications, have been proposed to maintain ES cell genes in a poised configuration. During differentiation such promoters resolve to fully active or inactive states, with associated changes in gene expression. Here we followed the fate of bivalent promoters during hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation to T lymphoid lineage committed cells. We show that HSC bivalents interconverted between monovalent and bivalent chromatin states at sequential developmental stages, with only a minority resolving to either monovalent state for the long-term. Conversely, bivalent promoters that were generated de novo interconverted between precursor states and bivalency. Neither generation nor resolution of bivalency was accompanied by changes in gene expression. Moreover, singly marked genes did not transition to the opposing monovalent state via a bivalent intermediate. Our observations reveal unprecedented dynamics of bivalent chromatin during hematopoiesis that suggests a developmental role beyond poising genes for future resolution.
Lake characteristics influence recovery of microplankton in arctic LTER lakes following experimental fertilization

Lakes N-1 and N-2 at the Arctic Long Term Ecological Research site at Toolik Lake, Alaska, U.S.A. were fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus for 5 and 6 years, respectively. The response and recovery of the microplankton community (protozoans, rotifers and crustacean nauplii) differed in the two lakes. Microplankton biomass in Lake N-1 increased five-fold while that in Lake-N-2 only doubled, despite larger nutrient additions to N-2. Microplankton community structure in Lake N-1 shifted toward dominance by few taxa, while the community in Lake N-2 maintained diversity. Finally, the recovery of Lake N-1 to near prefertilization microplankton biomass levels was rapid, while Lake N-2 showed at least a 1-year lag in recovery. These differences appear to be related to differences in the structure of lake sediments.
Nanowires: building blocks for the assembly of integrated nanosystems

An examination of semiconductor nanowires focused on their fundamental properties and applications in nanoelectronics is presented. First, the transport properties of silicon and germanium/silicon nanowires are described with an emphasis on coherent and ballistic transport. Second, strategies for integrating controlled nanoscale metal-semiconductor junctions, and the properties of single devices and large areas are reviewed. Third, applications of these nanowires device arrays, such as bioelectronic detectors, are described, and strategies for integrated systems are discussed.
Research Reliability and Validity

This article discusses two important and interrelated concepts in marketing research: reliability and validity. A reliable research instrument should demonstrate consistency, that is, leading to the same observation/conclusion each time it is used with the same subjects under the same condition. There are many operational approaches to assess reliability, including internal consistency (e.g., average interitem correlation, average item-total correlation, split-half, Cronbach's alpha), parallel-forms, test–retest, and interrater, all of which involve some sort of repetition. A valid research instrument should capture what it is supposed to examine. Major types of validity include face, content, criterion (concurrent and predictive), and construct (convergent, discriminant and nomological). Assessing reliability is essentially about gauging the size of random error. Assessing validity is essentially about gauging the existence of systematic error. Perfect reliability is achieved when there is no random error. Perfect validity is achieved when there is neither random nor systematic error. In practice, it is often easier to establish reliability than validity. However, it is important to keep in mind that reliability is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for validity. Keywords: internal-consistency reliability; parallel-forms reliability; test–retest reliability; interrater reliability; face validity; content validity; criterion validity; construct validity
Adaptive Control of a Laboratory Water-Gas Shift Reactor With Dynamic Inlet Conditions

Most studies on the control of fixed-bed reactors have focused on dealing with small perturbations about the steady-state inlet conditions. However, little attention has been given to the problem of controlling a reactor subject to large inlet disturbances. Adaptive control offers one possible solution to this problem. This paper discusses application of the Generalized Predictive Controller to a laboratory scale, near-adiabatic, fixed-bed, water-gas shift reactor. This reactor facility exhibits such attributes as inverse response, variable dead-time, and inherent system nonlinearities. Because of the wide range of operating conditions that are experienced when the system is perturbed, adaptive control algorithms appear to be well-suited for this system. The magnitude of the disturbances that can be successfully controlled is a key issue that is addressed in this work.
Effects of bed roughness on boundary layer mixing and mass flux across the sediment-water interface

[1] Fine-scale measurements of boundary layer flow and solute transport were conducted within a laboratory flume to determine how bed topography influences mixing and mass transport at the sediment-water interface. Three different bed topographies were examined, with roughness composed of sand, gravel, or cobbles. Fluorescein dye, used as a dissolved tracer, was injected into the flow, and concentration and velocity were simultaneously measured using a combined planar laser-induced fluorescence and particle image velocimetry technique. Enhanced turbulent mixing due to bed roughness increased mass flux across the sediment-water interface between 1.3 times greater for the sand and 7.5 times greater for the cobble bed compared to estimates over a hydraulically smooth surface. As bed roughness increased, mass exchange became spatially more heterogeneous, coinciding with a transition from a boundary layer to a shear-dominated mixing layer in the near-wake region behind individual roughness elements. The enhanced flux increased pore water concentrations. However, for the same bed geometry, increased mean flow within the water column locally reduced pore water concentrations, likely due to greater downstream transport and dispersion occurring within the bed.
DNA methylation analysis of the temporal artery microenvironment in giant cell arteritis

Objective To investigate the inflammatory response in giant cell arteritis (GCA) by characterising the DNA methylation pattern within the temporal artery microenvironment. Methods Twelve patients with non-equivocal histological evidence for GCA and 12 age-matched, sex-matched and ethnicity-matched controls with normal biopsies were studied. DNA was extracted from the affected portions of temporal artery tissue in patients with GCA and from histologically confirmed normal arteries in controls. Genome-wide DNA methylation status was evaluated using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip Array. Differentially methylated loci between affected and unaffected arterial tissues were identified, and subsequent bioinformatic analysis performed. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine tissue expression patterns in temporal artery biopsies. Results We identified 1555 hypomethylated CG sites (853 genes) in affected temporal artery tissue from patients with GCA compared with normal controls. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of hypomethylated genes revealed significant representation in T cell activation and differentiation pathways, including both T H 1 and T H 17 signatures. Our DNA methylation data suggest a role for increased activity of the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signalling pathway in GCA, confirmed by immunohistochemistry showing increased expression and nuclear localisation of NFAT1. NFAT signalling downstream targets such as interleukin (IL)-21/IL-21R and CD40L were overexpressed in GCA-affected arteries. Further, proinflammatory genes including TNF , LTA , LTB , CCR7 , RUNX3 , CD6 , CD40LG, IL2 , IL6 , NLRP1 , IL1B , IL18 , IL21 , IL23R and IFNG were hypomethylated in the cellular milieu of GCA arteries. Conclusions We characterised the inflammatory response in GCA-affected arteries using ‘epigenetic immunophenotyping’ and identified molecules and pathways relevant to disease pathogenesis in GCA.
Managing body image difficulties of adult cancer patients: Lessons from available research

BACKGROUND: Body image is a critical psychosocial issue for patients with cancer because they often undergo significant changes to appearance and functioning. The primary purpose of this review article was to identify empirically-supported approaches to treat body image difficulties of adult cancer patients that can be incorporated into high-quality comprehensive cancer care. METHODS: An overview was provided of theoretical models of body image relevant to cancer patients, and findings were presented from published literature on body image and cancer from 2003 to 2013. These data were integrated with information from the patient-doctor communication literature to delineate a practical approach for assessing and treating body image concerns of adult cancer patients. RESULTS: Body image difficulties were found across patients with diverse cancer sites, and were most prevalent in the immediate postoperative and treatment period. Age, body mass index, and specific cancer treatments have been identified as potential risk factors for body image disturbance in cancer patients. Current evidence supports the use of time-limited cognitivebehavioral therapy interventions for addressing these difficulties. Other intervention strategies also show promise but require further study. Potential indicators of body image difficulties were identified to alert health care professionals when to refer patients for psychosocial care, and a framework was proposed for approaching conversations about body image that can be used by the oncologic treatment team. CONCLUSIONS: Body image issues affect a wide array of cancer patients. Providers can use available evidence combined with information from the health care communication literature to develop practical strategies for treating body image concerns of patients with cancer. Cancer 2013;000:000-000. V C 2013 American Cancer Society.
The direct measurement of intracellular pigments in phytoplankton using resonance Raman spectroscopy

Abstract Most current methods for analysis of phytoplankton lack the sensitivity to understand processes at the scale of individual cells. Here we describe the use of resonance Raman spectroscopy to provide detailed pigment information on individual phytoplankton cells in a non-destructive manner. To validate this technique we examined pigment spectra from cultured algae and field diatoms. Carotenoid standards for β-carotene, fucoxanthin and lutein measured with our system were highly linear, with the sensitivity based on the proximity of the excitation wavelength to that of the pigment's electronic transition. When analyzing individual cells, the position of the main C C stretching frequency was conserved in both laboratory-cultured and field-collected diatoms, occurring at slightly higher wavenumbers for cultured Phaeocystis — especially when cells were grown without UV radiation. Total fucoxanthin per cell measured for Phaeocystis was within the range of literature values based on bulk-pigment methods (e.g. HPLC). Additionally, due to the method's non-destructive nature, rapid photopigment reorganization by a diatom was visualized and a six-fold reduction in local-area fucoxanthin concentration was quantified in less than 2 min. Our results provide methodology proof of concept and suggest it may be a candidate technology for addition to existing particle characterization platforms (e.g. flow cytometers) to provide new information previously missed with current configurations using similar monochromatic excitation sources.
Development of a manufacturing process for 1-(1-pyridin-2-yl methyl -piperidin -4 -yl ) -1H -indole : A key intermediate for protein kinase C inhibitor LY317615

This contribution describes process development leading to the production of 1-(1-pyridin-2-yl methyl-piperidin-4-yl)-1H-indole (11). The title compound 11 was produced via a Leimgruber−Batcho indole synthesis using key intermediates 2-(2,2-dimethoxyethyl)benzenamine (6) and, 1-(2-pyridinylmethyl)-4-piperidinone camphor sulfonate (9). Direct crystallization of 11 from IPA or ethanol−water was developed to provide (11) with <1% impurities and high yield (78%). The combined process leads to a five-step synthesis of 11 that was efficient and reflected Eli Lilly and Company's commitment to implementation of environmental friendly processes whenever feasible.
Comparison of Bladder Outlet Procedures Without Augmentation in Children With Neurogenic Incontinence

Purpose: We compared continence results of the bladder neck sling vs the Leadbetter-Mitchell bladder neck procedure plus fascial sling in children with neurogenic urinary incontinence.Materials and Methods: We compared consecutive patients who received a 360-degree tight bladder neck sling to subsequent, similar patients who underwent a Leadbetter-Mitchell bladder neck procedure plus fascial sling involving a 50% reduction in bladder neck and proximal urethral diameter before a 360-degree tight sling. All patients underwent simultaneous appendicovesicostomy and none had undergone prior or simultaneous augmentation. All patients followed similar preoperative and postoperative protocols for urodynamic evaluation and anticholinergic therapy with data maintained prospectively.Results: After surgery 46% of 35 sling cases did not require pads vs 82% of 17 Leadbetter-Mitchell cases with a sling (p = 0.02). Mean followup was 28 months in sling and 13 months in Leadbetter-Mitchell cases. Initial urodynamics done a...
Standing stocks, production, and respiration of phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria in the western Arctic Ocean

Abstract Standing stocks and production rates for phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacteria were examined during four expeditions in the western Arctic Ocean (Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin) in the spring and summer of 2002 and 2004. Rates of primary production (PP) and bacterial production (BP) were higher in the summer than in spring and in shelf waters than in the basin. Most surprisingly, PP was 3-fold higher in 2004 than in 2002; ice-corrected rates were 1581 and 458 mg C m−2 d−1, respectively, for the entire region. The difference between years was mainly due to low ice coverage in the summer of 2004. The spatial and temporal variation in PP led to comparable variation in BP. Although temperature explained as much variability in BP as did PP or phytoplankton biomass, there was no relationship between temperature and bacterial growth rates above about 0 °C. The average ratio of BP to PP was 0.06 and 0.79 when ice-corrected PP rates were greater than and less than 100 mg C m−2 d−1, respectively; the overall average was 0.34. Bacteria accounted for a highly variable fraction of total respiration, from 3% to over 60% with a mean of 25%. Likewise, the fraction of PP consumed by bacterial respiration, when calculated from growth efficiency (average of 6.9%) and BP estimates, varied greatly over time and space (7% to >500%). The apparent uncoupling between respiration and PP has several implications for carbon export and storage in the western Arctic Ocean.
Diagnosis of spina bifida on ultrasound: Always termination?

Open spina bifida is a non-lethal fetal anomaly. Significant advances in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of open spina bifida have been made over the past 75 years. The most significant strategy for the prevention of open spina bifida has been with folic acid supplementation; however, further investigation into the complicated role that genetics and the environment play in metabolism are coming to light. Ultrasound is the gold standard diagnostic tool for spina bifida. Three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging are also beginning to play a role in the characterisation of the open spina bifida spinal lesion. Lesion level has been closely correlated to short and long-term outcomes, and prenatal characterisation of lesion level on ultrasound is important for patient counselling. Long-term outcomes of people living with spina bifida are available and should be used for non-directive patient counselling about pregnancy choices for women with open spina bifida.
Gender Roles Roll

Roller derby, once known for scripted theatricality that made it more like a stage play than a sport, has reinvented itself as a legitimate athletic endeavour. Since its rebirth as the Women's Flat Track Derby Association in the early 2000s, it has experienced exponential growth, from 30 flat track derby leagues in 2005 to more than 450 leagues in 2010. This translates to more than 15,000 skaters worldwide. Roller derby provides a unique case of a women's sport that is not derived from, or a diminutive version of, a men's sport, proudly stating as its philosophy a commitment to be ‘by the skaters, for the skaters’. This do-it-yourself aspect opens the way for examination of what a sport wholly created by women looks like and how that differs from sports created by men. The WFTDA claims that roller derby is empowering and revolutionary, yet some critics have claimed that the skaters reinforce rather than dismantle gender stereotypes. Using tools from previous gender critiques, I analyse several aspects of ...
Laparoscopic Augmentation Cystoplasty With or Without Continent Stoma Formation

Purpose: We report our techniques and outcomes for laparoscopic enterocystoplasty using various bowel segments. Method: A total of 17 patients with reduced bladder capacities due to neurogenic causes underwent laparoscopic augmentation enterocystoplasty with or without continent stoma formation. The bladder was mobilized and opened in the transverse direction for direct anastomosis with the appropriate bowel segment. All the steps were performed intracorporeally except for preparation of the bowel segment and establishment of the bowel continuity. Results: Blood loss was minimal, and there were no major postoperative complications. Conclusion: We conclude that laparoscopic enterocystoplasty is safe and effective and appears to be a first-line alternative to open enterocystoplasty approaches.
Maternal—Infant Attachment in a Traditional Hospital Setting

Many consumers and professionals have advocated changing hospital practices to lessen the strain that traditional delivery places on the development of maternalinfant attachment. Changes implemented at Los Angeles County/USC Medical Center Women's Hospital (LAC/USC MCWH) are described here. The role of the nurse in implementing changes is emphasized.
Oxidative degradation of carbon blacks with nitric acid (I)—Changes in pore and crystallographic structures

Abstract Furnace and acetylene blacks were oxidized with nitric acid in order to obtain some insight into the mechanism of oxidative degradation of carbon blacks. Changes in the pore and crystallographic structures of the carbon blacks in the course of oxidation were examined by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A furnace black with an undeveloped crystallographic structure was easily oxidized, and at an early oxidation stage many pores were formed in the particles, leading to a high surface area. As the oxidation proceeded the surface area became negligible because the carbon black particles changed into masses resulted from coagulation of crystallites and carbon layers broken up by oxidation. For an acetylene black with a developed crystallographic structure, oxidation proceeded at the peripheries of the crystallites, and many crevasses were formed and developed into the inner parts of particles. Furthermore, the oxidative degradation proceeded preferentially in the inside of the particles with a less developed carbon structure and left a hollow structure in which the holes were opened to the outside through the crevasses formed in the shells. The presence of the holes and the crevasses were observed with TEM and STM, respectively.
Starburst-driven Outflows in Low-Luminosity Galaxies: ASCA and ROSAT Observations of NGC 4449

NGC 4449 is a nearby (D = 5.55 Mpc for H0 = 50 km s-1 Mpc-1) high surface brightness Magellanic-type irregular galaxy with a blue luminosity about 10% of that of a fiducial L* galaxy. This object has been extensively studied in the radio, infrared, optical, and ultraviolet domains. In this paper we investigate and discuss its X-ray properties, using a data set comprised of ROSAT PSPC images and spectra, and ASCA spectra from both SIS and GIS instruments. At the spatial resolution of the ROSAT PSPC detector, the soft (E 2.5 σ) up to about 3' (~4.8 kpc) from the center of the galaxy and appears to be embedded inside the filamentary Hα envelope in which NGC 4449 is immersed. The overall 0.2-6 keV X-ray spectrum of NGC 4449 is very complex. Assuming an absorbing column density along the line of sight equal to the Galactic value (NHGal ≡ 1.4×1020 cm-2), it is best described by a model with at least three thermal components with temperatures of kT ~ 0.25 keV (the "very soft" component), kT ~ 0.8 keV (the "soft" component), and kT ~ 3.6 keV (the "hard" component). The total unabsorbed X-ray luminosity of NGC 4449 is about 3.1 × 1039 ergs s-1 in the 0.5-2.0 keV energy band and about 1.8 × 1039 ergs s-1 in the 2.0-10.0 keV energy band. The very soft and the soft thermal components provide approximately 34% and 18% of the total luminosity in the 0.5-2.0 keV energy band, respectively. Their overall contribution is less than about 3% in the 2-10.0 keV energy band. We suggest that the hard component is produced by X-ray binaries and/or young supernova remnants, while the soft and very soft components are due largely to hot, diffuse gas. We have modeled the diffuse thermal X-ray emission in terms of the steady outflow of gas that has been heated to a temperature of about 107 K by supernovae. In order to account for the relatively low temperature, large mass, and large luminosity of this gas, each supernova must heat an average of a few hundred M☉ of ambient interstellar gas (the flow must be strongly "mass loaded"). In principle, the X-ray gas is hot enough to escape the gravitational potential well of the galaxy, and in so doing could carry away much of the newly metal-enriched gas. However, it is not clear whether this hot gas can actually "blow out" of the extensive H I envelope of NGC 4449.
Studies on oxygen consumption in digenetic trematodes. V. The influence of temperature on three species of adult trematodes.

Abstract 1. 1. The metabolic-temperature response of three species of trematodes has been studied over a temperature range of 6–41 °. One species, Saccacoelium beauforti, is from fish; another from turtles, Pleurogonius malaclemys, and the third species, Gynaecotyla adunca, is normally found in birds. 2. 2. The response of these parasites closely parallels the temperature range which each encounters in the adult stage. The parasites from birds can survive higher temperature than those from poikilothermic hosts. 3. 3. Q10 values reflected the body temperature of the definitive hosts.
A crack growth resistance curve approach to fiber/metal laminate fracture toughness evaluation

Abstract Fiber/metal laminates consist of thin, high strength aluminum alloy sheets alternately bonded to plies of fiber-reinforced epoxy adhesive. This new class of material combines the best features of organic matrix composites and metals. Tests conducted on wide centrally slotted panels show that fiber/metal laminates, like metals, exhibit capacity for slow stable tearing prior to rapid fracture. It is also shown that a fracture mechanics based R -curve approach, similar to that used for metals, can be applied to predict effects of size and geometry on slotted laminate panel residual strength. These results represent an important step in the development of analytical practices for fiber/metal laminate damage tolerance and airworthiness assessments.
Ultrafast spectroscopy of free-base N-confused tetraphenylporphyrins.

The photophysical characterization of the two tautomers (1e and 1i) of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl N-confused free-base porphyrin, as well as the tautomer-locked 2-methyl 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl N-confused free-base porphyrin, was carried out using a combination of steady state and time-resolved optical techniques. N-Confused porphyrins, alternatively called 2-aza-21-carba-porphyrins or inverted porphyrins, are of great interest for their potential as building blocks in assemblies designed for artificial photosynthesis, and understanding their excited-state properties is paramount to future studies in multicomponent arrays. Femtosecond resolved transient absorption experiments reveal spectra that are similar to those of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) with either Soret or Q-band excitation, with an extinction coefficient for the major absorbing band of 1e that was about a factor of 5 larger than that of H2TPP. The lifetime of the S1 state was determined at a variety of absorption wavelengths for each compound and ...
The Ultimate Motion Graph

The innovation was to develop a gear geometry that reduces or eliminates gear noise and increases the strength of gears. Gear noise is a common problem in all bevel and hypoid gear drives. A variety of expensive gear geometry optimizations are applied daily in all hypoid gear manufacturing plants, to reduce gear noise. In many cases those efforts have little success. Additional expensive finishing operations (lapping after the grinding) are applied to achieve the goal of quiet and stong gear sets. The ultimate motion graph is a concept for modulating the tooth surfaces that uses a physical effect to cancel out the dynamic disturbances that are naturally generated by all up-to-date known kind of gears. The ultimate motion graph also eliminates the sensitivity of gears against deflection under load or displacements because of manufacturing tolerances. Lower dynamic disturbances will also increase the dynamic strength.
Cost-effectiveness of intraspinal drug delivery for chronic pain

Abstract Economic considerations for intrathecal morphine pump versus alternative therapy (medical management) in chronic and cancer pain can be assessed with different economic models such as cost-minimization, cost-effectiveness, and cost-benefit analyses. The objective of each model is to estimate the direct cost of an intrathecal morphine pump as compared with other systemic treatments. The purpose of this study is to determine cost factors for various routes of delivery, particularly with regard to hospital stay, charges relating to the operation, staff salaries, postoperative care including pump replacement, routine hospital check-ups, and other possible complications that require medical care.
Electronic and optical properties of functionalized pentacene compounds in the solid state

Abstract We describe physical measurements on a unique class of pentacene-based compounds [e.g., 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)pentacene] where additional symmetric side groups have been added to enhance their solubility in common organic solvents. Single crystals of these materials formed from precipitation consist of various π stacking configurations (columnar) of the pentacene molecules which are different from the herringbone motif of unsubstituted pentacene. Here we report the anisotoropic resistivity of single crystals of these materials, including the determination of activation gaps (of order 1 eV) obtained from Arrhenius analysis of the temperature dependent resistivity. We find that the resistivity at room temperature lies in the range 10 +5 –10 +10 Ω cm , depending on crystallographic direction and side-group placement and composition. We further describe the response of the conductivity to optical excitation, and present preliminary studies of the dependence of the conductivity on Iodine doping and hydrostatic pressure.
Zooplankton inside an Arctic Ocean cold-core eddy: Probable origin and fate

Abstract In September 2004, an extensive survey of a cold-core eddy in the Canada Basin, western Arctic was carried out with high-horizontal-resolution physical and chemical sampling and lower-horizontal-resolution biological sampling. The eddy was located over the continental slope north of the Chukchi Shelf and had a radius of ∼8 km. Its core was centered at a depth of ∼160 m. Water mass characteristics and the presence of copepods from the North Pacific Ocean ( Neocalanus flemingeri and Metridia pacifica ) demonstrated that the core contained water of Pacific origin. Vertical distributions of zooplankton were associated with the physical structure of the water column. For most taxa, concentrations in the eddy core were elevated compared with those in similar density water in the surrounding Basin. Based on tracer-age estimates and previous observations of eddy formation, the eddy is believed to have been formed during the previous spring/summer from the Chukchi shelfbreak jet. Surprisingly, the eddy also contained elevated abundances of Arctic-origin copepods ( Metridia longa and Calanus glacialis ). Analysis of a shelf–basin transect occupied in the region in August 2004 showed that these species were present in high abundances in relatively shallow water (50 m) inshore of the shelfbreak due to upwelling of deeper basin water, and copepods, onto the shelf in response to easterly winds. If the formation of the observed eddy occurred during, or shortly after, a period of such winds, upwelled Arctic-origin copepods on the shelf might have been entrained into the feature. Our observations suggest that formation and subsequent migration of such eddies may provide a mechanism for transporting zooplankton from the Chukchi Shelf into the interior Canada Basin. The periodic input of high abundances of zooplankton from productive shelf areas could affect food webs in the less productive basin.
Children's strategies in coping with daily life: Does information matter?

This article offers empirical evidence of children's information behaviors in coping with daily life experiences. One hundred thirty-three children in Taiwan, ages 11 and 12, participated in the study. Each participant kept a semi-structured journal for four days. The study elicited five different information behaviors related to coping: Information Seeking for Problem Solving; Information Seeking for Problem Analysis; Information Use for Escape; Information Use for a Transition; and Information Avoidance. This is an exploratory study, but it provides insights into issues related to children's information behaviors and information services in a coping context.
Influence of dietary fatty acid composition on in vitro acetate incorporation into saturated vs. unsaturated and C16 vs. C18 fatty acids by Coturnix quail.

Abstract 1. 1. Adult, neo-natal and embryonic quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) were used to assess the influence of diets containing 12 per cent free fatty acids of varying proportions of saturated vs. unsaturated and C 16 vs. C 18 fatty acids on acetate incorporation into long-chain fatty acids by 10,000 g liver or whole embryo homogenates. 2. 2. There were no consistent effects of diet on total acetate incorporations by homogenates. 3. 3. Relative acetate incorporation into unsaturated fatty acids was decreased as the dietary level of unsaturated acids was increased. 4. 4. Relative acetate incorporation into C 18 fatty acids was decreased as the dietary level of C 18 acids was increased. 5. 5. It is concluded that the mechanism(s) which controls fatty acid desaturation and elongation is influenced by dietary fatty acid composition.
Parallel computational environment for imaging science

The Parallel Computational Environment for Imaging Science, PiCEIS is an image processing code designed for efficient execution on massively parallel computers. Through effective use of the aggregate resources of such computers PiCEIS enables much larger and more accurate production processing using existing off the shelf hardware. A goal of PiCEIS is to decrease the difficulty of writing scalable parallel programs and reduce the time to add new functionalities. In part this is accomplished by the PiCEIS architecture, its ability to easily add additional modules, and also through the use of a non-uniform memory access (NUMA) programming model based upon one-sided access to distributed shared memory. In this paper we briefly describe the PiCEIS architecture, our NUMA programming tools, and examine some typical techniques and algorithms.
Mobilized by Direct Democracy: Short-Term Versus Long-Term Effects and the Geography of Turnout in Ballot Measure Elections*

Objectives. A number of recent studies find that direct democracy increases voter turnout. In this article, we ask: Who does direct democracy mobilize to vote and how are they mobilized? We distinguish between long-term and short-term effects on voter turnout, noting that much of the current literature has focused on participatory theory. Methods. Our research design harnesses the power of geographic information systems and examines turnout in special initiative-only elections using registered voter lists. Our model draws on individual and Census tract data, incorporated using a hierarchical generalized linear model. Results. The findings demonstrate how partisan context mitigates the potential for direct democracy to mobilize from the middle, and clarifies the dominance of short-term as opposed to long-term effects in increasing voter participation in ballot initiative elections. Conclusion. Mobilization via direct legislation occurs mostly because voters are actively mobilized by partisan campaigns, not because of an increase in participatory fervor.
Caenorhabditis elegans Recognizes a Bacterial Quorum-sensing Signal Molecule through the AWCON Neuron

In a process known as quorum sensing, bacteria use chemicals called autoinducers for cell-cell communication. Population-wide detection of autoinducers enables bacteria to orchestrate collective behaviors. In the animal kingdom detection of chemicals is vital for success in locating food, finding hosts, and avoiding predators. This behavior, termed chemotaxis, is especially well studied in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we demonstrate that the Vibrio cholerae autoinducer (S)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one, termed CAI-1, influences chemotaxis in C. elegans. C. elegans prefers V. cholerae that produces CAI-1 over a V. cholerae mutant defective for CAI-1 production. The position of the CAI-1 ketone moiety is the key feature driving CAI-1-directed nematode behavior. CAI-1 is detected by the C. elegans amphid sensory neuron AWCON. Laser ablation of the AWCON cell, but not other amphid sensory neurons, abolished chemoattraction to CAI-1. These analyses define the structural features of a bacterial-produced signal and the nematode chemosensory neuron that permit cross-kingdom interaction.
Anisotropic elasticity of cortical and cancellous bone in the posterior mandible increases peri-implant stress and strain under oblique loading

The aim of this study was to compare implant-bone interface stresses and peri-implant principal strains in anisotropic versus isotropic three-dimensional finite element models of an osseointegrated implant in the posterior mandible. We obtained anisotropic (transversely isotropic) elastic constants for mandibular bone and derived equivalent isotropic constants by averaging over all possible spatial orientations. A finite element model was constructed using ten-node tetrahedral p-elements, providing curved edges where necessary and increasing the accuracy of the results in regions of high stress gradients. Perfect bonding was assumed at the implant-bone interface. An oblique load was applied at the coronal aspect of the crown with 100 N vertical and 20 N bucco-to-lingual components. Implant-bone interface stresses exceeded reported bond strengths and principal strains reached yield strain levels in the cortical crest. Anisotropy increased what were already high levels of stress and strain in the isotropic case by 20 to 30% in the cortical crest. In cancellous bone, anisotropy increased what were relatively low levels of interface stress in the isotropic case by three- to four-fold to exceed bond strength levels. Anisotropy has subtle, yet significant effects on interface stresses and peri-implant strains and careful consideration should be given to its use in finite element studies of dental implants.
Getting Published: An Overview for Off-Campus Librarians

ABSTRACT Librarians who provide service to distance education patrons have a great deal of knowledge that they could share with the wider profession by publishing. Fortunately, this is easy to do. This article provides information on the different kinds of publishing that are available, from book reviews to submitting articles to peer-reviewed journals. It also offers advice on how to find the right journal to submit to, including looking at factors such as the audience, prestige, and length of time to publication. Further, this article includes tips on manuscript submission, including writing the query letter, following author guidelines, and proofreading. It also has ideas on how to respond to comments from editors and peer reviewers. Finally, this article covers what to do when a manuscript is rejected and examines nontraditional publishing options, such as blogs and Wikis.
Laboratory Safety Management

On completion of this article, the reader should be able to define the essential components of a laboratory safety program as required by OSHA, administer the program according to the requirements, and evaluate the program for regulatory compliance. Management/administration and training exam 0101 questions and the corresponding answer form are located after the “Your Lab Focus” section, p. 335. For most images of diagnostic material, the interpreting pathologist should be responsible for the capture. The image files should be stored on a networked source and indexed by patient identification number, accession number, and usually by some coding system to enable searches for related lesions.
Syntheses of Monofunctional Derivatives of m-Phenylene-16-crown-5, Bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10, and m-Phenylene-p-phenylene-33-crown-10

A series of monofunctional bis(m-phenylene)-32-crown-10 and m-phenylene-p-phenylene-33-crown-10 derivatives has been synthesized. Cyclization of m- and p-bis(ω-chlorotetraethyleneoxy)benzenes (6) with 5-substituted resorcinols 1 using pseudo-high dilution conditions in DMF and either CsF or K2CO3 as base afforded 5-carbomethoxy-1,3-phenylene-m-phenylene-32-crown-10 (7a, 46%), 5-carbomethoxy-1,3-phenylene-p-phenylene-33-crown-10 (7b, 48%), 5-(benzyloxy)-1,3-phenylene-m-phenylene-32-crown-10 (11a, 42%) and 5-(benzyloxy)-1,3-phenylene-p-phenylene-33-crown-10 (11b, 51%). Unsubstituted m-phenylene-p-phenylene-33-crown-10 (15) was also made (29%) in this way. Functional group conversions of the bis-phenylene macrocycles yielded 5-carboxy-1,3-phenylene-m-phenylene-32-crown-10 (8a), 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-phenylene-m-phenylene-32-crown-10 (9a), 5-(bromomethyl)-1,3-phenylene-m-phenylene-32-crown-10 (10a), 5-hydroxy-1,3-phenylene-m-phenylene-32-crown-10 (12a), 5-hydroxy-1,3-phenylene-p-phenylene-33-crown-10 (12b), 5...
School Choice and Segregation: “Tracking” Racial Equity in Magnet Schools

Three arguments regarding racial equity have arisen in the school choice debate. Choice advocates charge that choice will improve access to quality schools for disadvantaged minority students (Chubb & Moe 1990; Coons & Sugarman, 1978; Godwin & Kemerer, 2002; Viteritti, 1999). Critics argue that choice is unlikely to benefit minority students, but they are divided as to why this may be the case. Some maintain that unfettered choice leads to racial segregation (Henig, 1996; Mickelson, 2005; Saporito, 2003); others maintain that while choice may be successful in reducing segregation at the building level, choice programs may be problematic to the extent that they segregate schools at the classroom level (Wells & Crain, 1997; Wells, Holme, & Vasudeva, 2000; Wells & Roda, 2009; West, 1994). I use data from the eighth-grade wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study to examine these questions. Results indicate that the racial composition of magnet schools is not statistically different from regular public s...
Mickey Mouse and Milton: book publishing in the humanities

We report the results of a survey of tenure and promotion criteria in university departments of literature and language in the US. It is clear that the publication of a scholarly monograph remains a conditio sine qua non for the awarding of tenure. We analyze the language of institutional guidelines and standards: these range from the highly concrete to the intentionally vague.
Efficient computation of the gravitational field of a generalized cylindrical prism

Various forms of geophysical modeling require a technique for computing the gravitational attraction of a specified source distribution of mass. I show in this paper that the triple integral that arises in general gravitational modeling can, under certain conditions, be reduced to a single line integral or even to a finite sum.