cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects associated with double-blind omission of buprenorphine/naloxone over a 98-h period

Rationale Buprenorphine has a long duration of action that allows less than daily dosing for opioid dependence, but pharmacologic characterization of buprenorphine’s duration of effects over multiple days is incomplete.
A Novel Mutation (I143NT) in Guanylate Cyclase-Activating Protein 1 (GCAP1) Associated with Autosomal Dominant Cone Degeneration

PURPOSE. To identify pathogenic mutations in the guanylate cyclase-activating protein 1 (GCAP1) and GCAP2 genes and to characterize the biochemical effect of mutation on guanylate cyclase (GC) stimulation. METHODS. The GCAP1 and GCAP2 genes were screened by direct sequencing for mutations in 216 patients and 421 patients, respectively, with various hereditary retinal diseases. A mutation in GCAP1 segregating with autosomal dominant cone degeneration was further evaluated biochemically by employing recombinant proteins, immunoblotting, Ca 2 -dependent stimulation of GC, fluorescence emission spectra, and limited proteolysis in the absence and presence of Ca 2 . RESULTS. A novel GCAP1 mutation, I143NT (substitution of Ile at codon 143 by Asn and Thr), affecting the EF4 Ca 2 -binding loop, was identified in a heterozygote father and son with autosomal dominant cone degeneration. Both patients had much greater loss of cone function versus rod function; previous histopathologic evaluation of the father’s eyes at autopsy (age 75 years) showed no foveal cones but a few, scattered cones remaining in the peripheral retina. Biochemical analysis showed that the GCAP1-I143NT mutant adopted a conformation susceptible to proteolysis, and the mutant inhibited GC only partially at high Ca 2 concentrations. Individual patients with atypical or recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP) had additional heterozygous GCAP1-T114I and GCAP2 gene changes (V85M and F150C) of unknown pathogenicity. CONCLUSIONS. A novel GCAP1 mutation, I143NT, caused a form of autosomal dominant cone degeneration that destroys foveal cones by mid-life but spares some cones in the peripheral
Sharing the Secrets of Life Without Water

Water and life are inseparable. No known living thing can function without water, and there is life wherever there is water on Earth (Rothschild and Mancinelli, 2001). One of the greatest problems of living on land is thus that the air is almost always deadly dry. For example, at equilbrium with air of 50% relative humidity at 200C, cells have a water content of about 0.1 g H20 g-' dry mass. This is probably not enough water to surround the proteins and membranes in a cell (Billi and Potts, 2002) and so stops metabolism and kills almost all animals and plants. However, a very few animals, a few plants, and an unknown proportion of microbes can be separated from water for a time. They can dry without dying, survive for hours to decades in a desiccated, ametabolic state, and then recover full function after rewetting. They are either small or found mainly where few other organisms can survive. Though still little-known even among biologists, this general taxonomic and ecological scope of desiccation tolerance was well-established a half-century ago (Alpert, 2000). What has awaited answer with more modern techniques are the twin puzzles raised by the prodigious survival yet modest distribution of desiccation-tolerant organisms: How do they tolerate desiccation? and Why are they not more common?
The Influence of Mass Media and Other Culprits on the Projection of Personal Opinion

This study analyzed the relative predictive power of four theoretical models that have been tested as explanations for the projection bias—the tendency of people to see others' opinions as much like their own. Our analysis focused particularly on audience processing of information in mass media, and in doing so we proposed a revision of the standard logical information processing model. We tested this set of hypotheses using data from a random telephone sample of 760 U.S. residents who answered opinion items about four current science, environmental, and health issues. The data showed mixed support for the various models but largely supported our conjecture that media coverage will either enhance or diminish the projection bias in predictable directions.
From Grout to Grip: Intentionality and the Freedom to Gain a Feel for the Work

This article explores the different understandings of intentionality as applied to the San Francisco cable car transportation employees. We argue that part of doing work requires a person to act and choose, meaning foreclosing on some possibilities while attending to others as an intentional expression of freedom. We draw a parallel between cable car operators and public administrators and suggest that each has to do more than just learn a set of skills traditionally depicted as knowledge acquisition. They must also become skillful by developing a feel for the work and a greater appreciation for the meaning of their craft.
feminist-nation building in Afghanistan: an examination of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA)

Women-led political organizations that employ feminist and nationalist ideologies and operate as separate from, rather than associated with, male-dominated or patriarchal nationalist groups are both significant and under-explored areas of gender, feminist, and nationalism studies. This article investigates the feminist and nationalist vision of the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA). RAWA exemplifies an effective political movement that intersects feminist and nationalist politics, where women are active, rather than symbolic, participants within the organization, and help to shape an ideological construction of the Afghan nation. RAWA subsequently links its struggle for women’s rights (through feminism) with its nationalist goals for democracy and secularism. This article also analyses RAWA’s use of conservative nationalist methods to reproduce the future of the organization and to develop ‘citizens’ for its idealized nation, while countering existing patriarchal social and familial structures through a re-configuration of women’s roles in the family, community, and nation. This inquiry is based on geographic and feminist examinations of RAWA’s organizational structure, literature, and political goals obtained through content analyses of RAWA’s political literature and through interviews with RAWA members and supporters living as refugees in Pakistan in the summer of 2003 and winter of 2004/05. RAWA is an instructive example of counter-patriarchal and nationalist feminist politics that questions patriarchal definitions of the nation and its citizenry by reconfiguring gender norms and redefining gender relations in the family as a mirror of the nation.
Calibration technique for broadband electromagnetic induction sensors

A technique for calibrating broadband electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensors is presented. The technique is very simple and uses a powdered ferrite core as a calibration standard. The purpose of the calibration is to improve the accuracy of the senor which enhances its ability to discriminate between different types of targets. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
Proximity to vacant buildings is associated with increased fire risk in Baltimore, Maryland, homes.

Background Fires and burns are a leading cause of unintentional injury death in the USA. Although it has been anecdotally reported that vacant dwellings are at a higher risk for fire, the association between vacancy and fire risk at the individual household level has not been empirically measured. Methods In this cross-sectional study, geocoded residential vacant properties (VP) and fire events are analysed in Baltimore City at the census tract level and the individual household level. Results On average, a 10% increase in the proportion of vacancies in a census tract was associated with a 9.9% increase in fires (95% CI: 5% to 15%). Random-effects Poisson models, controlling for housing and neighbourhood conditions, found contagion effects. The risk of fire in an occupied dwelling increased by 8% (95% CI: 1% to 10%) for every vacant structure within 10 m, and the risk of fire decreased by half (95% CI: 45% to 62%) for every km between an occupied dwelling and vacant building. Close proximity to VP was associated with trash fires within dwellings (p=0.039) and structure fires (p=0.012). Conclusions We believe that this is the first study to demonstrate increased risk posed by nearby VP at the household level, confirming earlier ecological analyses of the role of VP as strong correlates of home fires. Measurement of this risk can motivate property owners, policy makers and insurers to invest in risk reduction measures that include building maintenance and trash removal.
Max-min fair collision-free scheduling for wireless sensor networks

When the data rates in sensor networks are comparable to the available channel bandwidth, traditional randomized access schemes face the problem of energy inefficiency and reduced throughput due to increased MAC collisions as well as the problem of unfair data delivery. We argue that under such conditions it is preferable to focus on techniques for scheduled access. We present a linear programming formulation and corresponding distributed TDMA-based scheduling algorithms to provide max-min fair collision-free bandwidth allocation to all sources. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheduled flow technique using the Tossim/Nido network simulator for the Berkeley Mote/TinyOS platform. Our results show that under high data rate conditions, the proposed scheme significantly outperforms randomized access based schemes in terms of key metrics such as fairness, energy efficiency, throughput, and delay.
Rapid gridding reconstruction with a minimal oversampling ratio

Reconstruction of magnetic resonance images from data not falling on a Cartesian grid is a Fourier inversion problem typically solved using convolution interpolation, also known as gridding. Gridding is simple and robust and has parameters, the grid oversampling ratio and the kernel width, that can be used to trade accuracy for computational memory and time reductions. We have found that significant reductions in computation memory and time can be obtained while maintaining high accuracy by using a minimal oversampling ratio, from 1.125 to 1.375, instead of the typically employed grid oversampling ratio of two. When using a minimal oversampling ratio, appropriate design of the convolution kernel is important for maintaining high accuracy. We derive a simple equation for choosing the optimal Kaiser-Bessel convolution kernel for a given oversampling ratio and kernel width. As well, we evaluate the effect of presampling the kernel, a common technique used to reduce the computation time, and find that using linear interpolation between samples adds negligible error with far less samples than is necessary with nearest-neighbor interpolation. We also develop a new method for choosing the optimal presampled kernel. Using a minimal oversampling ratio and presampled kernel, we are able to perform a three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction in one-eighth the time and requiring one-third the computer memory versus using an oversampling ratio of two and a Kaiser-Bessel convolution kernel, while maintaining the same level of accuracy.
The Cell Surface Receptor SLAM Controls T Cell and Macrophage Functions

Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM), a glycoprotein expressed on activated lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells, has been shown to be a coregulator of antigen-driven T cell responses and is one of the two receptors for measles virus. Here we show that T cell receptor‐ induced interleukin (IL)-4 secretion by SLAM � / � CD4 � cells is down-regulated, whereas interferon � production by CD4 � T cells is only slightly up-regulated. Although SLAM controls production of IL-12, tumor necrosis factor, and nitric oxide in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by macrophages, SLAM does not regulate phagocytosis and responses to peptidoglycan or CpG. Thus, SLAM acts as a coreceptor that regulates signals transduced by the major LPS receptor Toll-like receptor 4 on the surface of mouse macrophages. A defective macrophage function resulted in an inability of SLAM � / � C57Bl/6 mice to remove the parasite Leishmania major . We conclude that the coreceptor SLAM plays a central role at the interface of acquired and innate immune responses.
Modem/radio IC architectures for ISM band wireless applications

pi /4-DQPSK (differential quadrature phase shift keying) and F-QPSK modem/radio IC architectures are presented for unlicensed consumer electronics applications in the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands under FCC Part 15. An all-digital pi /4-DQPSK modulator design, which is the new US digital cellular standard, provides significant size and current drain reduction over conventional DSP-based techniques. The low-cost F-QPSK modem/radio architecture offers higher power efficiency as well as higher spectral efficiency. Detailed circuits and design aspects are presented. The performance of each scheme employed in an intelligent frequency-hopping system is evaluated for a Rayleigh-fading/AWGN environment. Experimental results and computer simulations demonstrate that the proposed modem/radio architectures have both power and spectral advantages for the ISM band wireless applications. With the intelligent frequency-hopping scheme, the BER (bit error rate) performance can be improved by 5-10 dB as compared to conventional QPSK systems. >
Different clinical factors associated with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in chronic rhinosinusitis

Background Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are common culture isolates in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We aimed to determine whether they were associated with different clinical factors of CRS. Methods Adult CRS patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) between October 1, 2007 and December 31, 2011 were recruited. Patient demographics, Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores, 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores, disease characteristics, and medication use were collected prior to FESS. Intraoperative culture was obtained in a standard manner. We compared patients with isolates of S. aureus or P. aeruginosa to patients with other culture results and no bacterial growth, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results A total of 376 patients met criteria; 104 patients (28%) had S. aureus, 32 (9%) had P. aeruginosa, and 10 patients (3%) had no bacterial growth. After adjusting for all clinical factors, compared to patients with positive culture other than S. aureus, patients with S. aureus had 1.9 times increased odds of having nasal polyps (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 3.3; p = 0.036); when compared to patients with positive culture other than P. aeruginosa, patients with P. aeruginosa had 7.8 times increased odds of having prior FESS (OR = 7.8; 95% CI, 2.1 to 28.9; p = 0.002) (91% vs 58%; p < 0.001) and 3.6 times increased odds of having diabetes with marginal significance (OR = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.0 to 13.2; p = 0.053). The sample size in the no bacterial growth group was too small to draw firm conclusions. Conclusion S. aureus was more common in CRS patients with nasal polyps, whereas P. aeruginosa was more common in CRS patients with prior FESS history and possibly diabetes.
Effects of Error Correction on Third Graders' Spelling

An error-correction procedure was implemented as part of regular classroom spelling instruction for third-grade students. The procedure included two major components: (a) error imitation and correc...
Regional distribution of cholecystokinin receptors in primate cerebral cortex determined by in vitro receptor autoradiography

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a putative peptide neurotransmitter present in high concentration in the cerebral cortex. By using techniques of in vitro receptor autoradiography, CCK binding sites in primate cortex were labeled with 125I-Bolton-Hunter-labeled CCK-33 (the 33-amino-acid C-terminal peptide) and 3H-CCK-8 (the C-terminal octapeptide). Biochemical studies performed on homogenized and slide-mounted tissue sections showed that the two ligands labeled a high-affinity, apparently single, saturable site. Autoradiography revealed that binding sites labeled by both ligands were anatomically indistinguishable and were distributed in two basic patterns. A faint and diffuse label characterized portions of medial prefrontal cortex, premotor and motor cortices, the superior parietal lobule, and the temporal pole. In other cortical areas the pattern of binding was layer-specific; i.e., binding sites were concentrated within particular cortical layers and were superimposed upon the background of diffuse label. Layer-specific label was found in the prefrontal cortex, anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus, somatosensory cortex, inferior parietal lobule, retrosplenial cortex, insula, temporal lobe cortices, and in the primary visual and adjacent visual association cortices. The areal and laminar localization of layer-specific CCK binding sites consistently coincided with the cortical projections of thalamic nuclei. In prefrontal cortex, CCK binding sites were present in layers III and IV, precisely paralleling the terminal fields of thalamocortical projections from the mediodorsal and medial pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus. In somatosensory cortex, the pattern of CCK binding in layer IV coincided with thalamic inputs arising from the ventrobasal complex, while in the posterior cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, and retrosplenial cortex, layer IV and lower III binding mirrored the laminar distribution of cortical afferents of the medial pulvinar. CCK binding in layers IVa, IVc alpha, IVc beta, and VI of primary visual cortex corresponded to the terminal field disposition of lateral geniculate neurons, whereas in adjacent visual association cortex, binding in layers III, IV, and VI faithfully followed the cortical distribution of projections from the inferior and lateral divisions of the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus. We interpret the diffusely labeled binding sites in primate cortex as being associated with the intrinsic system of CCK-containing interneurons that are distributed throughout all layers and areas of the cortex. The stratified binding sites, however, appear to be associated with specific extrinsic peptidergic projections.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Taxonomy of the Rhizopogon vinicolor species complex based on analysis of ITS sequences and microsatellite loci

We are re-addressing species concepts in the Rhizopogon vinicolor species complex (Boletales, Basidiomycota) using sequence data from the internal-transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal repeat, as well as genotypic data from five microsatellite loci. The R. vinicolor species complex by our definition includes, but is not limited to, collections referred to as R. vinicolor Smith, R. diabolicus Smith, R. ochraceisporus Smith, R. parvulus Smith or R. vesiculosus Smith. Holo- and/or paratype material for the named species is included. Analyses of both ITS sequences and microsatellite loci separate collections of the R. vinicolor species complex into two distinct clades or clusters, suggestive of two biological species that subsequently are referred to as R. vinicolor sensu Kretzer et al and R. vesiculosus sensu Kretzer et al. Choice of the latter names, as well as morphological characters, are discussed.
Observations on two types of neotropical primate intertaxa associations

During a socioecological field study of Colombian spider monkeys, data were collected on spatial associations and social and ecological interactions among free-ranging Ateles belzebuth, Alouatta seniculus, Cebus apella, and Saimiri sciureus. The most frequently observed associations occurred between groups of squirrel and capuchin monkeys. Saimiri-Cebus associations were seen at all times of day and year, but no intertaxa play, passive body contact, or grooming interactions were observed. The Saimiri-Cebus association was paralleled by one between Saimiri and the small hawk, Harpagus bidentatus, and sometimes other insectivorous birds. These associations may be based in part on a complex balance of both mutual and one-sided foraging advantages. Less frequent associations between Ateles and Alouatta were based on mutual attraction to specific fruiting trees or contacts occurring on travel routes. Unlike the more frequently observed associations between Saimiri and Cebus, those between Ateles and Alouatta included both positive and negative interactions; for example, mutual play, grooming, and olfactory investigation as well as threats, chases, and supplantations.
INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE | Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a clinical syndrome of unknown cause affecting primarily middle aged or elderly patients. IPF follows an inexorably progressive and, usually, fatal course. It is associated with the histopathological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia on surgical lung biopsy (SLB), showing heterogeneous distribution of fibroblastic foci interspersed with normal-appearing lung and minimal inflammation. Clinical features include progressive dyspnea with/without dry cough, end-expiratory ‘crackles’ on lung auscultation, and digital clubbing in up to half of all patients. Interstitial (fibrotic) lung diseases associated with environmental or drug exposures and connective tissue diseases must be excluded. Pulmonary function testing typically shows restrictive physiology with gas exchange abnormalities. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) classically demonstrates subpleural and lower lobe-predominant interstitial/septal thickening in a reticular pattern and ‘honeycomb’ change. SLB is recommended when the clinical and/or HRCT findings are atypical. Current concepts on pathogenesis of IPF suggest an aberrant host response to alveolar epithelial injury, although the etiology of the ‘injury’ remains unknown. Dysregulated repair involving altered communication between the injured epithelium and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (in fibroblastic foci) plays a dominant role in disease pathogenesis. Traditional therapies with steroids and potent immunosuppressive agents have been disappointing. Newer ‘antifibrotic’ agents are currently under investigation.
Professional inquiry for inclusive education: learning amidst institutional and professional boundaries

We examined how an inquiry group composed of a university professor, 3 doctoral students, and a grade-level team of 7th- and 8th-grade teachers negotiated their collaborative work. This effort resulted in the development of a 2-week unit that tapped into students’ out-of-school knowledge. Our research question asked how learning occurs within a boundary practice formed by university and middle school participants. We used analytical tools from Grounded Theory to analyze videos of meetings between university and school personnel, field notes, and meeting artifacts. Participants engaged in a dance in which boundaries among institutions and professions were sustained and challenged. The inquiry project became an open-ended learning zone in which all participants sought and gave support in joint action, expanding the mutual understandings of the object of their work. We recommend developing relational agency (Edwards, 2007) to engage in inquiry projects for inclusive education.
The Corruption of Liberal and Social Democracies

This paper compares and contrasts two leading forms of corruption affecting democracies -- plutocracy and partyocracy -- and argues that they are central for explaining rising economic inequality and rising political inequality. The academic and popular debate over neoliberalism tends to admit that privatization, austerity, and rising economic inequality are hardly popular with most citizens. Popular dissatisfaction with democracy in the forms of widespread cynicism and low voter turnout are evident. And the state of democracy itself has been connected to rising economic inequality by Thomas Piketty, who repeats throughout Capital in the Twenty-First Century that today’s levels of inequality are not inevitable, much less natural. Wealth transfers from the state to the private sector, from labor to capital, and an overall legal panorama favorable to elite wealth accumulation require that the participatory and representative facets of democracy be kept in check. Beyond suitable material conditions, inequality also requires a justificatory ideology. The law of political finance can help connect the dots. Legal patterns in the financing of campaigns and political parties point to two distinct forms of oligarchy in play: plutocracy, representing the decay of liberal democracy, and partyocracy, representing the decay of social democracy. Together, these legal forms of corruption appear to have co-opted democracy’s values and outputs, paving the way for neoliberalism. Or, they might quite simply be products of neoliberalism itself. Either way, they are intimately connected to the overall global crisis of democratic government and must, therefore, be exposed.
Extensive Recurrence of Colon Carcinoma

A 61-year-old man had a B2 adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon resected 2 years ago. He fainted, and on admission he was found to have a hemoglobin level of 5 g/dl. Colonoscopy showed a recurrent lesion at 12 cm. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed hydronephrosis of bilateral pelvic kidneys. Liver metastases, ascites and bilateral pleural effusions were also present. His creatinine level was 4.2mg/dl.
Cultural dimensions in the evaluation and treatment of sexual trauma. An overview.

Although many women worldwide experience sexual trauma, they constitute a neglected patient Refugee women, in particular, reveal a high prevalence of sexual trauma. Despite the recognition that sexual trauma afflicts the lives of many, little is known about the impact on health of sexual trauma and its evaluation and treatment. Few empirical studies exist. This article focuses on describing the cultural issues relevant to treating patients who have been sexually traumatized. Clinical descriptions and patient testimonies are used to provide a clinical guide for evaluation and treatment, as well as for outlining directions for future research.
Muscidifurax raptorellus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) Females Exhibit Postmating Oviposition Behavior Typical of the Male Genome

The activation of heritable differences in oviposition behavior in Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner occurs immediately after mating at an intensity dictated by the male's genome. The induced oviposition traits are subsequently expressed by virgin offspring. Variable degrees of expression of oviposition traits in backcrosses are consistent with a polygenic mode of inheritance. Postulated mechanisms for such a behavioral effect, as well as the implications of the findings for biological control efforts, are discussed.
An Evaluation of Insect Resistance in Broccoli, Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage, Collards, and Kale

Resistance to Pieris rapae (L.), Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Myzus persicae (Sulz.), Phyllotreta vittata (Fab.), and Lygus spp. was recorded in the plant ( Brassica oleracea L.) varieties of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, collards, and kale. In these varieties no resistance was found to Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze and Psylliodes punetulata Melsh. nor to Trichoplusia ni (Hbn.) and Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) which existed at low densities. No one plant variety was most or least resistant to all the insect species; each plant variety had its own pattern of resistance. Resistance of collards and kale to P. rapae resulted principally from increased exposure of larvae of P. rapae on the open leaves to the parasites, Phryxe vulgaris (Fall.) and Apanteles glomeratus (L.). Plant resistance was based on both intrinsic (physiological) and extrinsic (ecological) factors, and the interaction of both.
Classroom as Cinema: Using Film to Teach Sustainability

While the advent of movies in the classroom does not quite date to the invention of the motion-picture camera itself in 1889, given its near-universal power to draw students' attention, use of this...
Computational Analysis of Coupled Anisotropic Chemical Expansion in Li2-XMnO3-δ

During the activation and charge process, vacancies are generated in the Li2MnO3 component in lithium-rich layered cathode materials. The chemical expansion coefficient tensor associated with oxygen vacancies, lithium vacancies and a Li-O vacancy pair were calculated for Li2-xMnO3-δ. The chemical expansion coefficient was larger for oxygen vacancies than for lithium vacancies in most directions. Additionally, the chemical expansion coefficient for a Li-O vacancy pair was shown to not be a linear sum of the chemical expansion coefficients of the two vacancy types, suggesting that the oxygen vacancies and lithium vacancies in Li2-XMnO3-δ exhibit a coupling effect.
SOME PROPERTIES OF INCREASING DENSIFYING MAPPINGS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the properties of increasing densifying mappings. The notion of measure of noncompactness was introduced by C. Kuratowskii. It was Darbo who defined the concept of k -set contraction using the notion of measure of noncompactness and proved the fixed point theorem. Darbo's theorem was extended by Furi and Vignoli for densifying mappings. Sadovskii also extended the theorem of Darbo by using different kind of measure of noncompactness. The chapter presents a proof of a theorem for (δ)-increasing densifying mappings, which generalized the invariance of domain theorem.
Salient Features of the New Sunspot Number Time Series

Recently Clette et al. (Space Sci. Rev. 186, 35, 2014) completed the first revision of the international sunspot number SSN(V2) since its creation by Wolf in 1849 SSN(V1) starting in 1700 and ending in May 2015. The yearly values of SSN(V2) are larger than those of SSN(V1) but the secular trend in their timelines both exhibit a gradual descent after Cycle 21 minimum resulting in greatly reduced activity for Cycle 24. It has two peaks; one in 2012 due to activity in the north hemisphere (NH) and the other in 2014 due to excess activity in the south hemisphere (SH). The N–S excess of hemispheric SSNs is examined for 1950 – 2014, in relation to the time variations of the solar polar field for 1976 – 2015, covering five complete solar cycles (19 – 23) and parts of the bordering two (18, 24). We find that SH tends to become progressively more active in the declining phase of the cycles reaching an extreme value that gave rise to a second higher peak in October 2014 in the smoothed SSNs accompanied by a strong solar polar field in SH. There may be a Gleissberg cyclicity in the asymmetric solar dynamo operation. The continuing descent of the secular trend in SSNs implies that we may be near a Dalton-level grand minimum. The low activity spell may last well past 2060, accompanied by a stable but reduced level of the space weather/climate. Fourier spectrum of the time domain of SSNs shows no evidence of the 208 year/cycle (ypc) (DeVries/Suess cycle) seen in the cosmogenic radionuclide (\({}^{10}\mathrm{Be}\)) concentration in the polar ice cores and \({}^{14}\mathrm{C}\) record in trees indicating that 208 ypc peak may be of non-solar origin. It may arise from the climate process(es) that change(s) the way radionuclides are deposited on polar ice. It should be noted that we only have \({\sim}\,400~\mbox{years}\) of SSN data, so it is possible that DeVries/Suess cycle is really driven by the Sun but for now we do not have any evidence of that; there is no known physical process linking 208 ypc to solar dynamo operation.
Entorhinal Cortex dysfunction can be rescued by inhibition of microglial RAGE in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model

The Entorhinal cortex (EC) has been implicated in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular, spreading of neuronal dysfunction within the EC-Hippocampal network has been suggested. We have investigated the time course of EC dysfunction in the AD mouse model carrying human mutation of amyloid precursor protein (mhAPP) expressing human Aβ. We found that in mhAPP mice plasticity impairment is first observed in EC superficial layer and further affected with time. A selective impairment of LTP was observed in layer II horizontal connections of EC slices from 2 month old mhAPP mice, whereas at later stage of neurodegeneration (6 month) basal synaptic transmission and LTD were also affected. Accordingly, early synaptic deficit in the mhAPP mice were associated with a selective impairment in EC-dependent associative memory tasks. The introduction of the dominant-negative form of RAGE lacking RAGE signalling targeted to microglia (DNMSR) in mhAPP mice prevented synaptic and behavioural deficit, reducing the activation of stress related kinases (p38MAPK and JNK). Our results support the involvement of the EC in the development and progression of the synaptic and behavioural deficit during amyloid-dependent neurodegeneration and demonstrate that microglial RAGE activation in presence of Aβ-enriched environment contributes to the EC vulnerability.
APOBEC3B cytidine deaminase targets the non-transcribed strand of tRNA genes in yeast

Variations in mutation rates across the genome have been demonstrated both in model organisms and in cancers. This phenomenon is largely driven by the damage specificity of diverse mutagens and the differences in DNA repair efficiency in given genomic contexts. Here, we demonstrate that the single-strand DNA-specific cytidine deaminase APOBEC3B (A3B) damages tRNA genes at a 1000-fold higher efficiency than other non-tRNA genomic regions in budding yeast. We found that A3B-induced lesions in tRNA genes were predominantly located on the non-transcribed strand, while no transcriptional strand bias was observed in protein coding genes. Furthermore, tRNA gene mutations were exacerbated in cells where RNaseH expression was completely abolished (Δrnh1Δrnh35). These data suggest a transcription-dependent mechanism for A3B-induced tRNA gene hypermutation. Interestingly, in strains proficient in DNA repair, only 1% of the abasic sites formed upon excision of A3B-deaminated cytosines were not repaired leading to mutations in tRNA genes, while 18% of these lesions failed to be repaired in the remainder of the genome. A3B-induced mutagenesis in tRNA genes was found to be efficiently suppressed by the redundant activities of both base excision repair (BER) and the error-free DNA damage bypass pathway. On the other hand, deficiencies in BER did not have a profound effect on A3B-induced mutations in CAN1, the reporter for protein coding genes. We hypothesize that differences in the mechanisms underlying ssDNA formation at tRNA genes and other genomic loci are the key determinants of the choice of the repair pathways and consequently the efficiency of DNA damage repair in these regions. Overall, our results indicate that tRNA genes are highly susceptible to ssDNA-specific DNA damaging agents. However, increased DNA repair efficacy in tRNA genes can prevent their hypermutation and maintain both genome and proteome homeostasis.
ETHICS AND DEMENTIA: NEW EVIDENCE-BASED PERSPECTIVES ON INNOVATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Dementia is a huge public health challenge with value conflicts affecting efforts to treat and care for persons with cognitive impairment. Standard biomedical ethical frameworks that focus primarily on the clinical or research arenas do not provide an adequate moral lens to find the necessary balance in setting priorities in a world of limited resources, global climate change, and competing social concerns. What appears missing in part is a focus on organizational ethics, including examining the roles of advocacy and professional organizations, as well as pharmaceutical and diagnostic device manufacturers. Well-developed and empirically-supported organizational value and social justice frameworks such as institutional corruption and responsible innovation will be reviewed. Evidence-based contributions of the arts and humanities to practice are growing at the interface between ethics and aesthetics. Increasingly data-driven prevention efforts and community transformation will play a role in addressing the social challenges of dementia.
A Paleopolar Dinosaur Track Site in the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Prince Creek Formation of Arctic Alaska: Track Characteristics and Probable Trackmakers

ABSTRACTFor the first time a dinosaur track site is identified in Maastrichtian paleopolar coastal plain deposits of the Prince Creek Formation (PCF) along the Colville River, North Slope of Alaska. Tracks were made and preserved by trampling of an ash-covered swamp margin, subsequent filling of tracks with alluvium from nearby rivers, and modification of sediments by pedogensis. Tracks are grouped into three classes based on track width and depth, with the largest tracks (>800 mm wide) recording overstepping by multiple individuals. As no bedding plane views of the tracks are present, the true shapes of the tracks were not available and, thus, a high probability of identification is not achievable. The tracks can be interpreted, however, using hypothetical-deductive reasoning by integrating paleontological and ichnological data from local and regional outcrops. The tracks likely represent the presence of hadrosaurs based on the overwhelming percentage of hadrosaur fossils that comprise nearby bonebeds, d...
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Gestational Diabetes

Part of the Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition Commons, Clinical Epidemiology Commons, Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism Commons, Epidemiology Commons, Exercise Science Commons, Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications Commons, Maternal and Child Health Commons, Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases Commons, Translational Medical Research Commons, and the Women's Health Commons
High-speed single-shot optical focusing through dynamic scattering media with full-phase wavefront shaping

In biological applications, optical focusing is limited by the diffusion of light, which prevents focusing at depths greater than ∼1 mm in soft tissue. Wavefront shaping extends the depth by compensating for phase distortions induced by scattering and thus allows for focusing light through biological tissue beyond the optical diffusion limit by using constructive interference. However, due to physiological motion, light scattering in tissue is deterministic only within a brief speckle correlation time. In in vivo tissue, this speckle correlation time is on the order of milliseconds, and so the wavefront must be optimized within this brief period. The speed of digital wavefront shaping has typically been limited by the relatively long time required to measure and display the optimal phase pattern. This limitation stems from the low speeds of cameras, data transfer and processing, and spatial light modulators. While binary-phase modulation requiring only two images for the phase measurement has recently been reported, most techniques require at least three frames for the full-phase measurement. Here, we present a full-phase digital optical phase conjugation method based on off-axis holography for single-shot optical focusing through scattering media. By using off-axis holography in conjunction with graphics processing unit based processing, we take advantage of the single-shot full-phase measurement while using parallel computation to quickly reconstruct the phase map. With this system, we can focus light through scattering media with a system latency of approximately 9 ms, on the order of the in vivo speckle correlation time.
Predisposing Risk Factors for Stress Fractures in Collegiate Cross-Country Runners.

The purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with increased stress fractures in collegiate cross-country runners. Subjects in this study were 42 male and female cross-country runners at a Division I university. Each athlete completed a questionnaire regarding smoking status, vitamin/mineral intake, previous stress fracture history, birth control usage, menstrual status, and demographic information. Nutritional assessment using a 3-day food record and measurements of whole body, lumbar spine, and hip bone mineral densities (BMDs) were also conducted on each athlete. Results indicated that 40% of the female and 35% of the male runners reported a history of stress fracture, and that all of them did not meet the recommended daily energy intake or adequate intakes for calcium or vitamin D required for their amount of training. Two-tailed t-test found statistically higher incidences of lumbar spine BMD in male and female runners whose daily calcium and vitamin D intakes were below minimum requirements as well as for women whose caloric intake was below the required level. When data on the lumbar spine was evaluated, 31% of subjects (31.8% of the male and 30% of the female runners) were identified as having osteopenia and 4.8% with osteoporosis. Results warrant a need for future longitudinal studies.
Differential Dynamic Logic dℒ

Hybrid systems are models for complex physical systems and are defined as dynamical systems with interacting discrete transitions and continuous evolutions along differential equations. With the goal of developing a theoretical and practical foundation for deductive verification of hybrid systems, we introduce a dynamic logic for hybrid programs, which is a program notation for hybrid systems. As a verification technique that is suitable for automation, we introduce a free-variable proof calculus with a novel combination of real-valued free variables and Skolemisation for lifting quantifier elimination for real arithmetic to dynamic logic. The calculus is compositional, i.e., it reduces properties of hybrid programs to properties of their parts. Our main result proves that this calculus axiomatises the transition behaviour of hybrid systems completely relative to differential equations. In a study with cooperating traffic agents of the European Train Control System, we further show that our calculus is well suited for verifying realistic hybrid systems with parametric system dynamics.
Evolution Programs and Heuristics

As we already discussed in the previous chapters, the best known evolution programs include genetic algorithms, evolutionary programming, evolution strategies, and genetic programming. There are also many hybrid systems which incorporate various features of the above paradigms, and consequently are hard to classify; anyway, we refer to them just as evolution programs (or evolutionary algorithms, or evolutionary computation techniques).
Surgical treatment of trilogy of Fallot

Two hundred and thirty-four patients with trilogy of Fallot including 102 cases of severe type were operated in our hospital in the last 15 years. Right ventricular outflow patching was done in 117 cases, Devega tricuspid annuloplasty in 7 cases. Total operative mortality rate was 2.6%. The pathological anatomy and the surgical treatment of the severe type cases were discussed.
Uniform Linear Transformation with Repair and Alternation in Genetic Programming

Several genetic programming researchers have argued for the utility of genetic operators that act uniformly. By “act uniformly” we mean two specific things: that the probability of an inherited program component being modified during inheritance is independent of the size and shape of the parent programs beyond the component in question; and that pairs of parents are combined in ways that allow arbitrary combinations of components from each parent to appear in the child. Uniform operators described in previous work have had limited utility, however, because of a mismatch between the relevant notions of uniformity and the hierarchical structure and variable sizes of many genetic programming representations. In this chapter we describe a new genetic operator, ULTRA, which incorporates aspects of both mutation and crossover and acts approximately uniformly across programs of variable sizes and structures. ULTRA treats hierarchical programs as linear sequences and includes a repair step to ensure that syntax constraints are satisfied after variation. We show that on the drug bioavailability and Pagie-1 benchmark problems ULTRA produces significant improvements both in problem-solving power and in program size relative to standard operators. Experiments with factorial regression and with the boolean 6-multiplexer problem demonstrate that ULTRA can manipulate programs that make use of hierarchical structure, but also that it is not always beneficial. The demonstrations evolve programs in the Push programming language, which makes repair particularly simple, but versions of the technique should be applicable in other genetic programming systems as well.
Political role models and child marriage in India

Drawing data from the most recent wave of the India Human Development Survey and the year of the first election with reserved seats for women, I estimate the effect of the Panchayati Raj institutions on child marriage. In India, marriage traditions dictate that two ceremonies take place: the wedding and the gauna ceremony. These differ in timing and purpose. After the wedding, the bride and groom do not necessarily live together. The gauna ceremony indicates the start of marital life and the consummation of the marriage. Results indicate that women in local government decrease the likelihood of child marriage, and delay the age at first marriage and the gauna ceremony. Delaying marriage has important policy implications for both the bride and her future children as it improves education, autonomy over fertility, and health. The results indicate that after 18 years of implementation, exposure to women in government can reduce the prevalence of child marriage.
Prescription opioid medication misuse among university students.

Background and objectives Prescription opioid misuse is an established problem in the United States. Less information is known regarding the clinical and cognitive characteristics of prescription opioid misusers, specifically in a college age population. This study sought to characterize individuals who misuse prescription opioids and the differences between current, past and non-misusers. Methods A 156-item survey was administered to over 9,449 university students at a large, public Midwestern university. Survey questions obtained demographic information, self-reported grade point average, sexual behavior, mental health characteristics, and substance use. Participants also completed assessments that asked questions regarding impulsivity, mental health, substance use, and other impulsive behaviors including gambling and sexual activity. 3,522 students completed the survey and were included in the analysis. Results Of this group, 2.2% reported misusing prescription opioids in the last 12 months and another 5.3% reported misusing prescription opioids previously but not in the past year. This study found prescription opioid misusers to be more likely to live off campus, have a lower GPA, and exhibit increased impulsivity. Prescription opioid misusers were also more likely to report earlier age of sexual activity and were less likely to use barrier protection during sexual activity. Conclusions and scientific significance This study identifies a number of risk factors for those misusing prescription opioids that can be used to develop and refine prescription opioid misuse screening tools for university health centers. It also identifies a number of concurring behaviors that can simultaneously be addressed when prescription opioid misusers are identified. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1-7).
Global Vertical Specialization Participation and Domestic Technological Growth: the Case of China

Abstract: It remains a challenge to empirically verify whether the large scale of exports as the result of China’s export-oriented growth strategy has transformed into its endogenous technological ...
Meta-Analysis of the RDoC Social Processing Domain across Units of Analysis in Children and Adolescents

Objective: This meta-analysis advances a framework to understand correspondence among units of analysis of the social processing construct within Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Method: As request...