cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Realization of Omnidirectional CubeSat Crosslink by Wavelength-Selective Optical Transceiver

Advanced space missions, e.g., interplanetary exploration and Earth observation embrace constellation or swarm-like CubeSat configuration to achieve unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions at a significantly lower investment. The realization of high-speed inter-CubeSat data communication link is mandatory to ensure the success of such missions. In this article, we present a scalable high-speed CubeSat crosslink implementation based on the wavelength-selective optical transceiver (WSOT) design. System performance based on the state-of-the-art components that satisfy the stringent size, weight, power, and cost requirements has been investigated. We estimate that with a 15 mm transceiver aperture size and 1 W peak bit power, the system attains communication distance up to 125 and 80 km for 400 Mb/s and 800 Mb/s data rates, respectively. Additionally, we present the optical and mechanical design of five transceiver units that can fit inside a 3U CubeSat to achieve a full field of regard (360°) to enable omnidirectional high-speed optical communication. Further performance improvements are possible through incorporating advanced amplifiers, error correction coding, and large aperture optics.
Treatment outcomes of bumetanide continuous infusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The clinical use of continuous bumetanide infusion for acute heart failure and volume overload is common. However, there is not enough supporting evidence for the use of continuous bumetanide infusion. Thus, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis aiming to describe the treatment outcomes of continuous bumetanide infusion. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for eligible publications. Inclusion criteria were patients age ≥18 years with bumetanide infusion for heart failure, acute kidney injury (AKI) or volume overload. From 1564 citations, three studies (n = 94 patients) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The mean dose of bumetanide was 1.08 ± 0.43 mg/hour with a mean treatment duration of 45.09 ± 10.12 hours. Mean urine output in response to continuous bumetanide infusion was 1.88 mL/kg/hour (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72-2.05). The incidence of AKI with continuous bumetanide infusion was 24.7% (95% CI, 8.2-54.6). By using Pearson's correlation coefficient, increasing doses of bumetanide were correlated with increased urine output (P = .026) and increased incidence of AKI (P < .01). There was no correlation between increasing urine output and the incidence of AKI (P = .739). In conclusion, with available evidence, continuous bumetanide infusion may be used in the treatment of acute heart failure or volume overload with close monitoring for new-onset or worsening AKI.
Imaging a Fever—Redefining the Role of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-D-Glucose–Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Fever of Unknown Origin Investigations

Growing evidence suggests that 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG)-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is a useful imaging technique for the evaluation of fever of unknown origin (FUO). This imaging technique allows for accurate localization of foci of hypermetabolism based on 18FDG uptake in glycolytically active cells that may represent inflammation, infection, or neoplasia. The presence of abnormal uptake can help direct further investigation that may yield a final diagnosis. A lack of abnormal uptake can be reasonably reassuring that these conditions are not present, thereby avoiding unnecessary additional testing. Insurers have not routinely covered outpatient 18FDG-PET/CT for the indication of FUO in the United States. However, data published since 2007 suggest early use in FUO diagnostic evaluations improves diagnostic efficiency and reduces costs. Clinicians and insurers should consider 18FDG-PET/CT as a useful tool when preliminary studies are unrevealing.
Recurrent exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia in a patient with Brugada syndrome.

Brugada syndrome (BS) is an inherited arrhythmia syndrome with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death.1 Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) triggered by high vagal tone, particularly during sleep, is considered the primary mechanism of sudden death in these patients. Although some BS patients may present with monomorphic VT, its relation to exercise remains unknown.2 Accordingly, there are limited recommendations to restrict exercise in BS owing to lack of evidence of provocation of ventricular arrhythmia by exercise.3,4 We present a case of a patient with BS due to an SCN5A mutation with recurrent exercise-induced monomorphic VT.
Contrasting long-term temperature trends reveal minor changes in projected potential evapotranspiration in the US Midwest.

Warming generally leads to increased evaporative demand, altering the amount of water needed for growing crops. For the Midwest, some studies have suggested that reaching yield targets by 2050 will not be possible without additional precipitation or large expansion of irrigation. Here, we show that this claim is not supported by the historical summer climate trends, which indicate that the warming of daily average temperatures is largely driven by increases in minimum temperatures, while maximum temperatures have decreased. This has translated into a net decrease in vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and potential evapotranspiration (PET). With the increasing rainfall, this suggests that crop water deficits have likely become less frequent in the region despite the warming climate. By projecting these trends into 2050 and ancillary use of a crop model, we estimate minor changes in PET that would have minimal effects on corn yields (<6%) under persistence of these trends. Warming in the US Midwest is believed to increase the water needed to grow crops. This study finds that, on the contrary, due to rising rainfall and minimum temperature, and decreasing maximum temperature, potential crop water demand remains unchanged despite the warming climate.
Children With Autism Exhibit More Individualized Responses to Live Animation Biofeedback Than Do Typically Developing Children.

Children with autism have displayed imbalances in responding to feedback and feedforward learning information and they have shown difficulty imitating movements. Previous research has focused on mo...
The cost of global connectivity: Faster and more efficient spread of antimicrobial resistance by international travelers – A controversial commentary

Abstract Although the relationship between human mobility and global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is well established, there are important aspects regarding dynamics and character of this spread that have not been well described such as the decreasing time from emergence to global dissemination. In addition, AMR spread through migrants is increasingly being discussed and examined. We believe caution should be exercised to not overly focus on this population since we believe migrants play a minor role and there is a history of stigmatizing and blaming migrants for emerging infections and disease outbreaks. International travelers are proportionately much more likely to perpetuate AMR spread due to the vastly greater volume combined with the increasing efficiency and speed at which they travel. Research, infection prevention measures, and policy development are likely to have the greatest impact if focused on the international traveler rather than on migrant populations.
Spanish-English Bilingual Supervision

Practicing Spanish-English bilingual supervision takes place in a multicultural space in which relational meanings heighten complexities of sexuality, spirituality, class, gender, and race, in the back and forth, in creation and recreation of language. Language in therapy is not detached from identity, meaning development, and worldview. Being bilingual is not just a language issue: it is a worldview, a practice, and a way of being. This chapter will discuss the motivation to become a Spanish-English bilingual supervisor, define Spanish-English bilingual supervision and my supervisor role, address the supervision language and clinical alterations, and discuss the role of social justice in bilingual supervision.
The mitochondrial NADH pool is involved in hydrogen sulfide signaling and stimulation of aerobic glycolysis.

Hydrogen sulfide is synthesized by enzymes involved in sulfur metabolism and oxidized via a dedicated mitochondrial pathway that intersects with the electron transport chain at the level of complex III. Studies with H2S are challenging since it is volatile and also reacts with oxidized thiols in the culture medium, forming sulfane sulfur species. The half-life of exogenously added H2S to cultured cells is unknown. In this study, we first examined the half-life of exogenously added H2S to human colonic epithelial cells. In plate cultures, H2S disappeared with a t1/2 of 3 to 4 min at 37 °C with a small fraction being trapped as sulfane sulfur species. In suspension cultures, the rate of abiotic loss of H2S was slower, and we demonstrated that sulfide stimulated aerobic glycolysis, which was sensitive to the mitochondrial but not the cytoplasmic NADH pool. Oxidation of mitochondrial NADH using the genetically encoded mito-LbNOX tool blunted the cellular sensitivity to sulfide-stimulated aerobic glycolysis and enhanced its oxidation to thiosulfate. In contrast, sulfide did not affect flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway or the TCA cycle. Knockdown of sulfide quinone oxidoreductase, which commits H2S to oxidation, sensitized cells to sulfide-stimulated aerobic glycolysis. Finally, we observed that sulfide decreased ATP levels in cells. The dual potential of H2S to activate oxidative phosphorylation at low concentrations, but inhibit it at high concentrations, suggests that it might play a role in tuning electron flux and, therefore, cellular energy metabolism, particularly during cell proliferation.
Carbodiphosphorane-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Ketones and Imines

We report the use of a cyclic carbodiphosphorane catalyst for ketone and imine hydroboration reactions. To our knowledge, this represents the first use of a carbodiphosphorane as an organocatalyst. The carbodiphospohorane shows superior catalytic activity compared to other neutral carbon nucleophiles tested.
UAV−Enabled Quantification of Grazing-Induced Changes in Uniformity of Green Cover on Semiarid and Mesic Grasslands

Abstract Coverage of living (green) vegetation influences rangeland processes and biodiversity but remains a challenge to quantify at small spatial grain. We describe a technique for rapid airborne (unmanned aerial vehicle) measurements of continuous spatial coverage of living vegetation at a resolution (spatial grain) of 8 cm ground sampling distance. We then applied this technique at the pasture (paddock) scale (tens of hectares) in two contrasting grassland ecosystems (semiarid shortgrass steppe in northeastern Colorado, United States and mesic grassland in central Texas, United States) to determine effects of locally relevant grazing treatments on spatial variability and dependence (pattern) in fractional coverage of green vegetation (fractional vegetation cover; FVC). Site-specific regression models developed using reflectance in visible and near-infrared wavebands explained 90% and 89% of variance in FVC for semiarid and mesic grassland, respectively. Mean FVC was similar among shortgrass steppe pastures differing in grazing treatment (light or heavy grazing by cattle, moderate cattle grazing with prairie dogs present). In contrast, FVC was lower with rotational compared with continuous, year-long grazing in the mesic grassland. Heavy grazing in shortgrass steppe and rotational grazing in mesic grassland increased the spatial uniformity in FVC by reducing spatial variability and increasing spatial dependence in FVC, the latter by increasing the similarity in FVC values among spatially separated patches. Unmanned aerial vehicle−enabled remote sensing provides for FVC at sufficiently small spatial grain to characterize spatial variation in FVC at the pasture scale. Results can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of management actions intended to alter spatial variation in FVC to achieve conservation or diversity objectives. Enhanced capacity to monitor FVC at small spatial grain promotes adaptive management of grasslands.
Evaluating polymeric inhibitors of ethane clathrate hydrates

Abstract Inhibitions of gas hydrates under sever conditions such as high subcooling temperature using kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) is practically challenging. However, KHIs are favorable than thermodynamic inhibitors (THIs) because of economical and environmental reasons. Therefore, fundamental understandings of polymers performance in high severity conditions are essential to rationally design effective KHIs for this type of application. In this paper, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethyloxazoline and low and high Mw of polyethylene glycol (200 MW and 20,000 MW) were investigated as kinetic ethane clathrate hydrates inhibitors. Performance was evaluated in terms of the induction time to nucleation and the total number of moles of ethane enclathrated in the hydrate. The induction time to nucleation was observed to scale in order of increasing performance as polyethylene glycol (20,000 MW), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol (200 MW), and polyethyloxazoline. Polyethylene glycol leads to the lowest yield of ethane in the clathrate hydrate, while polyethyloxazoline and polyvinylpyrrolidone lead to similar high yields near the polymer-free system. The performance observed was supported by computational modeling using density functional theory (DFT), where infra-red (IR) band shifts were calculated for the polymer surrogates in hydrated forms. Additionally, bond distance, interaction energy, and atom charge of polymer surrogates molecules in the hydrated state were calculated. These calculations were correlated with the performances of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethyloxazoline as kinetic inhibitors of ethane clathrate hydrates.
Milton on the Plains: The Coal Furnace

Ours burned, like Milton's, with unholy light. My parents fed it in our basement's dusk, two shadows banking darkness, Mom in gloves and housedress, would heft a shovelful of lignite to horrid lips and shove it in. Then clang! The iron firing door slammed shut. Upstairs, we walked the floorboards hearing smoldering coal: Imagination's fuel. A dose of Poe ignites the tale: a heart that's ripped in two, a night of drunken fury, a man who feeds his wife to fire, limb by bloodied limb. And who would stop her husband's deeds of woe? His children? Hell's walls hold in the screams. No one can search its ashy pit for bones. The devil's throbbing anthem rings, Forever together. I prayed for a deliverer, someone to tame the furnace, convert it to lighter gas or oil, a furnace fed by tubes no man could shove a body through.
FIRST RECORDS OF Monodelphis kunsi PINE (DIDELPHIMORPHIA, DIDELPHIDAE) FROM PARAGUAY, WITH AN EVALUATION OF ITS DISTRIBUTION

Recent field work in Paraguay has increased our knowledge of its mammal fauna, especially in terms of its distribution. Herein, we report three specimens of Monodelphis kunsi (Didelphidae), which are the first for the country and represent a significant range extension for this species. Two of the specimens come from a natural mixture of Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, on eastern Paraguay, whereas the third one is from the central Chaco. We review other records of Monodelphis species for the country and discuss geographic variation among M. kunsi specimens in Paraguay, as well as in regard to previous records in South America. Although this wide geographic range includes distinct habitats, we found no evidence of significant variation among specimens. RESUMEN: Primer registro de Monodelphis kunsi Pine (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae) para Paraguay, y una evaluacion sobre su distribucion. Recientes estudios de campo en Paraguay han incrementado nuestro conocimiento sobre los mamiferos, especialmente sobre su distribucion geografica. Aqui se reportan los primeros ejemplares de Monodelphis kunsi (Didelphidae) para ese pais, que representan una considerable extension geografica para la especie. Dos ejemplares fueron capturados en un area de Cerrado y Bosque Atlantico, en la region oriental de Paraguay; el tercero proviene del Chaco central. Revisamos los registros de Monodelphis para Paraguay y discutimos la variacion geografica entre ejemplares de M. kunsi de Paraguay, asi como con registros previos en Sudamerica. Aunque este amplio rango geografico incluye distintos habitats, no encontramos variacion signifi- cativa entre especimenes.
Artificial intelligence at MIT: expanding frontiers

From the Publisher: Understanding how the shape of a three-dimensional object may be recovered from shading in a tow-dimensional image of the object is one of the most important--and still unresolved--problems in machine vision. This book is the first to provide a comprehensive review of shape from shading. It brings together all of the seminal papers on the subject, shows how recent work relates to more traditional approaches, and provides a comprehensive annotated bibliography.
A rejoinder to "Randomness is Nonsense"

The brief note "Randomness Is Nonsense" offers an opinion of the concept of randomness that is inaccurate and confusing. This brief rejoinder attempts to clarify the arguments that lead to the conceptual problems involving "randomness", especially as the term is used in the context of random number generation.
On deformation theory and graph homology

Deformation theory of associative algebras and in particular of Poisson algebras is reviewed. The role of an almost contraction leading to a canonical solution of the corresponding Maurer-Cartan equation is noted. This role is reminiscent of the homotopical perturbation lemma, with the infinitesimal deformation cocycle as initiator. Applied to star-products, we show how Moyal's formula can be obtained using such an almost contraction and conjecture that the merger operation provides a canonical solution at least in the case of linear Poisson structures.
Personality Classification of Consumers: A Comparison of Variables, Standardization and Clustering Methods

The use of personality trait measurement is increasing in sensory evaluation for linking certain variables (i.e., consumption behavior and product preferences) to particular attributes. For this study, 976 consumers rated agreement on 44 statements from the Big Five Inventory using a 5-point Likert-type scale. Data handling methods for personality segmentation were compared: (1) the original 44 variables versus the five computed personality variables; (2) standardization versus nonstandardization of data; and (3) k-means versus Ward's hierarchical clustering method used with principal component analysis. Results indicate using the five computed variables in mapping gave higher percentages of explained variability because of the small number of input variables. However, maps created from the 44 individual variables illustrated that participants were distributed throughout and separated visually into groups. Standardization of the data set did not affect mapping or classification. k-means and Ward's clustering methods provided different classification results within the same data set. Results suggest that when using the Big Five personality traits measurement, the original 44 unstandardized variables and k-means clustering should be used for obtaining consumer segmentation because this captures the greater variability inherent in the 44 variable tests and easily separates consumers into personality groups. Practical Applications Previous research has demonstrated that demographic and economic information provides insufficient explanation for consumer preference and other subjective responses. An application of personality research would aid researchers in understanding psychological factors that influence subjective responses. The study suggests that when using the Big Five personality traits tool, taking time to compute five personality traits is not needed and, in fact, detracts from grouping consumers into clusters. In addition, there is no need to standardize data during data preparation. However, selecting and using an appropriate clustering method for placing consumers into personality groups does impact the outcome. Based on this research k-means clustering is recommended. The personality classification could be applied in consumer segmentation for a better understanding of consumers.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and risky behaviors among trauma-exposed inpatients with substance dependence: The influence of negative and positive urgency.

Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among inpatients with substance use disorders (SUDs) is associated with heightened engagement in a variety of risky, self-destructive, and health-compromising behaviors (e.g., risky sexual behavior, aggression). Extant research provides support for the role of emotion dysregulation in the PTSD-risky behavior relation among inpatients with SUD; however, this research has been limited by a focus on emotion dysregulation involving negative (versus positive) emotions. The goal of the current study was to extend past research on the PTSD-risky behavior relation by examining the potential mediating roles of negative and positive urgency (two domains of emotion dysregulation defined by the tendency to engage in risky behavior in the context of negative and positive emotions, respectively).
XTP: a communications protocol for real-time distributed systems

Modern factory control systems are no longer a collection of machines and controllers connected by point-to-point wiring; instead, factory automation has become yet another example of a real-time distributed system. Control and monitoring systems are implemented routinely by using local area network technology. In this context, it is the choice of communications protocol which determines the power and utility of the resulting system. Not only must the control program deal with traditional communications services such as control messages and file transfers, but it must also support new functionalities such as electronic mail, real-time transactions, image transmission, multimedia, and teleconferencing. We discuss the design features, functionality, and performance of the Xpress Transfer Protocol, a new communications protocol specifically intended to support real-time distributed systems. >
Esophageal anastomotic leak does not affect ability to receive adjuvant treatment

Background Esophageal anastomotic leak is associated with high morbidity and mortality and potentially lethal if not recognized promptly and treated aggressively. While many studies have attempted to delineate the surgical techniques associated with lower rates of anastomotic leak, few have attempted to determine its long term effects on adjuvant therapy and patient quality of life. Methods We reviewed our prospective 350 patient esophageal-gastric database and found 194 esophageal anastomoses performed from 1994 to 2013. Leaks were classified based on timing, severity, and location. We then compared their postoperative courses of adjuvant treatment, morbidity/mortality, and quality of life measured by Karnofsky performance status and EORTC score. Statistical correlations were calculated with χ2, T-test, Kaplain–Meier, ANOVA, and Cox Regression analyses as appropriate. Results Of 194 patients receiving esophageal anastomoses for cancer, 35 (18%) developed clinically diagnosed anastomotic leak 27 from esophagogastric and 8 from esophagojejunal. These groups were similar in preoperative history, preoperative staging, and type of tumor. Type of operation and variations in operative technique did not significantly affect leak rate. Patients with a leak were more likely to require intraoperative transfusion (47.1% vs. 24.1%, P = 0.013). As expected, they had a greater prevalence of perioperative complications to include pneumonia (38.6% vs. 16.3%, P = 0.001), pulmonary embolus (11.3% vs. 4.3%, P = 0.043), ileus (11.4% vs. 1.6%, P = 0.006%), empyema (11.4% vs. 0%, P > 0.001), and catheter related blood stream infections (8.6% vs. 0%, P = 0.001). Despite this increase in perioperative morbidity, there was no statistically significant difference in 90 day peri-operative mortality (2.8% vs. 2.3%) with similar ability to receive adjuvant therapy (38.6% vs. 48.0%, P = 0.303), quality of life scores (93.2 vs. 93.1, P = 0.9), and survival at 12 months (93% vs. 94%, P = 0.3). Conclusion Anastomotic leak after oncologic resection does not preclude adjuvant therapy and, when managed appropriately, does not affect long term performance status or survival. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:855–861. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of acuity, contrast sensitivity, and disability glare before and after cataract surgery

• We assessed vision before and after uncomplicated extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in 72 symptomatic patients with acuity equal to or better than 20/80 and no other ocular abnormality. Contrast sensitivity was measured with the Pelli-Robson Letter Chart (Metropia Ltd, Cambridge, England) and disability glare was measured under daytime conditions with the Brightness Acuity Tester (Mentor OO P
Mental comparison and the symbolic distance effect

Abstract The time required to compare two symbols varies inversely with the distance between their referents on the judged dimension. Evidence for this phenomenon, here called the symbolic distance effect, is reviewed, and the paper describes a new experiment designed to clarify the nature of the effective “distance” by disentangling ordinal and interval distances between the referents of compared symbols. The data show that doubling the size difference between two circles speeds comparison of their names, even when ordinal distance between the circles is held constant. Several explanations of the mental processes involved in such memory comparisons are then critically evaluated, and a “scan plus comparison” model is tentatively adopted.
Isolation and Characterization of the Cyanogen Bromide Peptides of the Collagen 2α Chain from a Transplantable Rat Chondrosarcoma

Abstract The rat collagen 2α chain was isolated from a transplantable Swarm chondrosarcoma following limited pepsin proteolysis. The chromatographically purified 2α chain when cleaved with cyanogen bromide yields nine peptides which have been isolated and characterized with respect to their molecular weight and their amino acid composition. Eight of these peptides can be rapidly separated by gelpermeation high-performance liquid chromatography and retrieved for further purification by ion-exchange chromatography. The nine peptides are recovered in equimolar amounts and together account for a total of 1,014 amino acid residues. The features of the isolated cyanogen bromide peptides of the 2α chain clearly differentiate it from other known collagen polypeptides. The possible homologies between the 2α chain and other collagen a chains are noted. Comparison of the cyanogen bromide peptides indicates a close relationship of the 2α to the al (V) chain.
Segregation of male-sterility alleles across a species boundary

Hybrid zones may serve as bridges permitting gene flow between species, including alleles influencing the evolution of breeding systems. Using greenhouse crosses, we assessed the likelihood that a hybrid zone could serve as a conduit for transfer of nuclear male-sterility alleles between a gynodioecious species and a hermaphroditic species with very rare females in some populations. Segregation patterns in progeny of crosses between rare females of hermaphroditic Schiedea menziesii and hermaphroditic plants of gynodioecious Schiedea salicaria heterozygous at the male-sterility locus, and between female S. salicaria and hermaphroditic plants from the hybrid zone, were used to determine whether male-sterility was controlled at the same locus in the parental species and the hybrid zone. Segregations of females and hermaphrodites in approximately equal ratios from many of the crosses indicate that the same nuclear male-sterility allele occurs in the parent species and the hybrid zone. These rare male-sterility alleles in S. menziesii may result from gene flow from S. salicaria through the hybrid zone, presumably facilitated by wind pollination in S. salicaria. Alternatively, rare male-sterility alleles might result from a reversal from gynodioecy to hermaphroditism in S. menziesii, or possibly de novo evolution of male sterility. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that some species of Schiedea have probably evolved separate sexes independently, but not in the lineage containing S. salicaria and S. menziesii. High levels of selfing and expression of strong inbreeding depression in S. menziesii, which together should favour females in populations, argue against a reversal from gynodioecy to hermaphroditism in S. menziesii.
The coupling of cell growth to the cell cycle

The development of a complex multicellular organism requires a coordination of growth and cell division under the control of patterning mechanisms. Studies in yeast have pioneered our understanding of the relationship between growth and cell division. In recent years, many of the pathways that regulate growth in multicellular eukaryotes have been identified. This work has revealed interesting and unexpected relationships between mechanisms that regulate growth and the cell cycle machinery.
Voluntary Associations, the Homeless and Hard-to-Serve Populations-Perspectives from Organizational Theory

In order to assess the role volunteers play and might be expected to play in provision for the homeless and other populations which resist involvement and providing personal information as features of being helped, selected perspectives from organi zational literature are used to: (1) pose the dilemma presented to service providers and programs by these populations; and (2) seek organizational models which might prove appropriate for serving them. Seeking "solutions" in conventional, large-scale programming runs into the dilemma that detailed information flows from the client are necessary to assure accountability, undergird evaluative efforts or even to provide professional service on the one hand, and that unwillingness to provide such information or to comply with routines is a common characteristic of many components of the homeless population on the other. Because the homeless are composed of a number of unlike subpopulations, a typology is suggested to arrange them according to characteristics relev...
Natural Feeding Behavior of Adult Saltmarsh Greenheads, and its Relation to Oogenesis

Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart collected on a ditched tidal saltmarsh and adjacent upland at Leeds Point, NJ, are autogenous during the first ovarian cycle. Fat body from larval stages was depleted with maturation of the follicles during the first autogenous cycle. Following initial oviposition, parous females enter ovarian diapause and the second ovarian cycle is gonotrophically concordant. A duality of feeding on blood and/or nectar sugars was noted. Blood was directed to the midgut and sugars to the crop. T. nigrovittatus females are primarily large mammal feeders and only parous females imbibe blood. Sugars are not directly responsible for follicular maturation.
Comparison of PMAC Machines for Starter-Generator Application in a Series Hybrid-Electric Bus

This paper presents a comparative study of outer rotor PMAC machine candidates for starter-generator application in hybrid bus with series power train configuration. PMAC machines with interior and surface mount permanent magnets are considered and compared, although a complete analysis is only carried out for the SPM. Different design aspects such as concentrated versus distributed windings as well as interior and exterior rotor structures are evaluated. Different slot numbers per pole per phase configurations for concentrated winding PMAC machines are also examined. Comparison and evaluation of the machines is based on their performance which included evaluation of winding and iron losses, magnet losses, and maximum torque capability as well as the size and weight of the machines.
CO2 Laser Resurfacing: Still A Good Treatment

The authors recommend carbon dioxide (CO2) laser resurfacing as an excellent tool for treatment of aging skin, especially when used for moderate to severe facial rhytids, explaining that some of the commonly cited disadvantages of this modality can be avoided with proper patient selection and conservative treatment settings. They contend that the ability to control fluence, density, and pattern size provides an excellent benefit–risk ratio. In addition, using a combination of other resurfacing modalities, such as 35% trichloroacetic acid chemical peels, 88% phenol, and dermabrasion with the CO2 laser produces outstanding results. They cite their experience in safely and effectively performing simultaneous rhytidectomy and CO2 laser resurfacing. Although newer technologies exist with less potential complications and downtime than the CO2 laser, the authors point out that these modalities require multiple treatments, each with its own downtime, at a higher overall cost and with results that are arguably inferior. Here, they discuss their experience and techniques using the CO2 laser, considering efficacy when used alone and in combination resurfacing treatments, and discuss its histology, physics, and history.
Diffusion and solubility of zinc in indium phosphide

Abstract Radiotracer Zn65 has been diffused into n-type indium phosphide single crystals from constant pressure vapor sources in closed, evacuated quartz ampoules. The solubilities and diffusion profiles have been obtained at temperatures between 600 and 900°C. Although retrograde solid solubility is expected at higher temperatures, the data below 900°C are an excellent fit to the relation C = 1·4×1025 exp(−0·92/kT). The diffusion coefficient is found to be concentration dependent. The profiles drop steeply near the surface and have the same steep diffusion front that is found for Zn in GaAs. The diffusion is believed to occur by a parallel-mode mechanism involving both interstitial and substitutional zinc.
Design and execution of the asteroid mathilde flyby

Abstract On June 27, 1997, the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft flew within 1200 km of mainbelt asteroid 253 Mathilde. This first-ever flyby of a C-type asteroid produced high resolution images of Mathilde's surface and an accurate determination of the mean density of its interior. We describe the essential steps that were needed to accomplish these objectives with a spacecraft designed not for fast flybys, but rather for orbital operations at NEAR's ultimate goal, asteroid 433 Eros. Principal challenges included carrying out the flyby in an orientation in which the solar panels received adequate sunlight to power the spacecraft and the camera, while at the same time pointing the whole spacecraft to ensure that the asteroid was captured in the camera's field of view. Making use of approach imaging to refine the estimate of Mathilde's position relative to the spacecraft near closest approach still left an area of the sky some 20 times the camera's field of view to be scanned to capture the highest resolution images. Unlike the Galileo spacecraft which previously carried out flybys of S-asteroids 954 Gaspra and 243 Ida, NEAR does not have a scan platform, and the entire spacecraft must be slewed to change the camera's field of view.
Nd:LiTaO(3) waveguide laser.

Waveguide lasers operating near 1092 and 1076 nm were fabricated in Z-cut Nd–Ti codiffused LiTaO3. The Nd diffusion was at 1400°C for 120 h. Samples from two wafers were examined. The Nd film starting thickness was 7 nm in wafer 1 and 15 nm in wafer 2. Ti stripes, 8–15 μm wide, were diffused at 1500°C for 4 h for wafer 1 (130-nm stripe thickness) and 2 h for wafer 2 (100-nm stripe thickness). Pumping was at 750 nm. Threshold occurred at 330 mW of absorbed pump power for the best waveguides from wafer 1 and 100 mW for the best waveguides from wafer 2. The slope efficiency of the latter was 0.07%.
Management of Siderosis Bulbi due to a Retained Ironcontaining Intraocular Foreign Body

The authors report their experience in managing 14 cases of siderosis bulbi secondary to a retained iron-containing intraocular foreign body (IOFB). The IOFB was removed in 12 of the 14 eyes. The IOFB was removed with a sclerotomy and external magnet (5 eyes), a pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and intraocular forceps (5 eyes), a PPV and intraocular magnet (1 eye), and a PPV with aspiration using the suction mode of the vitrectomy instrument (1 eye). A siderotic cataract developed in 11 eyes and cataract extraction resulted in postoperative visual acuity ranging from 20/15 to 20/40. The most recent siderotic cataracts have been managed with cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL) implantation. No patient in this series experienced visual deterioration after receiving medical attention. The current management of siderosis bulbi is discussed.
Enhanced axial confinement of sum frequency generation in a temporal focusing setup

We demonstrate enhanced axial confinement in a temporal focusing setup using a shaped spectrum and a narrow emission filter, achieving 10× reduction of out-of-focus background when compared to conventional two-photon microscopy.
Regulation after proximal or distal transposition of limb regeneration blastemas and determination of the proximal boundary of the regenerate.

Abstract When blastemas of several stages of differentiation were grafted in normal orientation to stump levels proximal or distal to their level of origin, normal limbs regenerated. Histological and autoradiographic studies of the development of these regulated limbs showed that the grafted blastemas formed only structures normally distal to their level of origin. In the case of a blastema transplanted proximally, regulation occurred by intercalary regeneration from the stump, whereas, when blastemas were transplanted distally, regulation appeared to take place within the blastema itself by a distal shift in its pattern of organization. The results suggest that the proximal limit of the limb regenerate is determined by level-specific properties of the limb cells but that these properties allow for interactions leading to regulation when different levels of stump and blastema are brought together.
Multilayered regulation of cardiac ion channels

Essential to beat-to-beat heart function is the ability for cardiomyocytes to propagate electrical excitation and generate contractile force. Both excitation and contractility depend on specific ventricular ion channels, which include the L-type calcium channel (LTCC) and the connexin 43 (Cx43) gap junction. Each of these two channels is localized to a distinct subdomain of the cardiomyocyte plasma membrane. In this review, we focus on regulatory mechanisms that govern the lifecycles of LTCC and Cx43, from their biogenesis in the nucleus to directed delivery to T-tubules and intercalated discs, respectively. We discuss recent findings on how alternative promoter usage, tissue-specific transcription, and alternative splicing determine precise ion channel expression levels within a cardiomyocyte. Moreover, recent work on microtubule and actin-dependent trafficking for Cx43 and LTCC are introduced. Lastly, we discuss how human cardiac disease phenotypes can be attributed to defects in distinct mechanisms of channel regulation at the level of gene expression and channel trafficking. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
Toxoplasma gondii lacks the enzymes required for de novo arginine biosynthesis and arginine starvation triggers cyst formation

Two separate carbamoyl phosphate synthetase activities are required for the de novo synthesis of pyrimidines and arginine in most eukaryotes. Toxoplasma gondii is novel in possessing a single carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II gene that corresponds to a glutamine-dependent form required for pyrimidine biosynthesis. We therefore examined arginine acquisition in T. gondii to determine whether the single carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II activity could provide both pyrimidine and arginine biosynthesis. We found that arginine deprivation efficiently blocks the replication of intracellular T. gondii, yet has little effect on long-term parasite viability. Addition of citrulline, but not ornithine, rescues the growth defect observed in the absence of exogenous arginine. This rescue with citrulline is ablated when parasites are cultured in a human citrullinemia fibroblast cell line that is deficient in argininosuccinate synthetase activity. These results reveal the absence of genes and activities of the arginine biosynthetic pathway and demonstrate that T. gondii is an arginine auxotroph. Arginine starvation was also found to efficiently trigger differentiation of replicative tachyzoites into bradyzoites contained within stable cyst-like structures. These same parasites expressing bradyzoite antigens can be efficiently switched back to rapidly proliferating tachyzoites several weeks after arginine starvation. We hypothesise that the absence of gene activities that are essential for the biosynthesis of arginine from carbamoyl phosphate confers a selective advantage by increasing bradyzoite switching during the host response to T. gondii infection. These findings are consistent with a model of host-parasite evolution that allowed host control of bradyzoite induction by trading off virulence for increased transmission.
Distributed approaches to behavior control

Our work focuses on local, decentralized sensing and behavior strategies for controlling a collection of twenty mobile robots. Each of the robots is equipped with a suite of simple sensors: infra-red, radio, and bump sensors, and programmed with a collection of interacting behaviors, based on the distributed style of the subsumption architecture. The goal of this work is to taxonomize a set of basic collective behaviors, as well as identify simple control strategies for producing them, in order to use them as building block for more complex behaviors.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bacterial CMP-sialic acid synthetases: production, properties, and applications

Sialic acids are abundant nine-carbon sugars expressed terminally on glycoconjugates of eukaryotic cells and are crucial for a variety of cell biological functions such as cell–cell adhesion, intracellular signaling, and in regulation of glycoproteins stability. In bacteria, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) polymers are important virulence factors. Cytidine 5′-monophosphate (CMP)-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (CSS; EC 2.7.7.43), the key enzyme that synthesizes CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid, the donor molecule for numerous sialyltransferase reactions, is present in both prokaryotes and eukaryotic systems. Herein, we emphasize the source, function, and biotechnological applications of CSS enzymes from bacterial sources. To date, only a few CSS from pathogenic bacterial species such as Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, group B streptococci, Haemophilus ducreyi, and Pasteurella hemolytica and an enzyme from nonpathogenic bacterium, Clostridium thermocellum, have been described. Overall, the enzymes from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria share common catalytic properties such as their dependency on divalent cation, temperature and pH profiles, and catalytic mechanisms. The enzymes, however, can be categorized as smaller and larger enzymes depending on their molecular weight. The larger enzymes in some cases are bifunctional; they have exhibited acetylhydrolase activity in addition to their sugar nucleotidyltransferase activity. The CSSs are important enzymes for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of various sialooligosaccharides of significance in biotechnology.
In defense of live kidney donation.

David Steinberg (2004) offers an interesting proposal designed to increase the supply of cadaver kidneys for transplantation; he bases his plan on rewarding willing donors by giving them allocation...
Regulation of muscle sodium channel transcripts during development and in response to denervation

We have recently described the cloning and functional expression of a new sodium channel subtype, microI, isolated from a denervated rat skeletal muscle cDNA library. In studies described here, we have used RNase protection and Northern blot analyses to examine the expression of microI mRNA in different tissues and in neonatal, adult, and adult denervated muscle. We found that microI transcripts were not expressed in brain or heart, or in the myogenic cell line L6, even after differentiation to myotubes. Transcripts for microI were present at low levels in neonatal skeletal muscle and increased to maximum levels in adult tissue, paralleling the expression of tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive sodium currents. Surprisingly, denervation of adult muscle was also followed by a rise in microI mRNA, at a time when TTX-insensitive currents reappear. These results show that expression of this channel subtype is regulated by tissue type, development, and innervation.
Reduction in transfusion requirements with early epoetin alfa treatment in pediatric patients with solid tumors: a case-control study.

In a single-center, case-control study the authors evaluated the efficacy and safety of epoetin alfa in pediatric cancer patients receiving platinum- or nonplatinum-based chemotherapy. Thirty-seven patients with solid tumors received epoetin alfa 3 times weekly at a dose of 150 IU/kg (hemoglobin [Hb] &#83 12 g/dL and &#104 16 g/dL) or 300 IU/kg (Hb < 12 g/dL) for 28 weeks. Data from treated patients were compared to data from 37 untreated control patients. Significant between-group differences in favor of the epoetin alfa-treated patients were observed in overall red blood cell transfusion requirements ( p = .007 ) and overall platelet transfusion requirements ( p = .010 ). Additionally, significant between-group differences favoring epoetin alfa were seen by Kaplan-Meierplots, estimating mean time to first red blood cell transfusion ( p = .0004 ). Mean Hb (g/dL) was maintained at baseline levels in the epoetin alfa group for most of the course of the study. No drug-related adverse events were seen in epo...
Protein and Nucleic Acid Synthesis During the Reparative Processes Following Myocardial Infarction

The effect of myocardial infarction upon protein and nucleic acid synthesis of the heart was studied. Myocardial infarction was produced in dogs by ligation of branches of the anterior or posterior descending coronary artery. The rate of incorporation of glycine-2-C14 into heart muscle protein was studied over a period of six weeks. The infarcted tissue showed a rapid diminution in protein synthesis after infarction; on the third day the incorporation into the infarcted tissue rose above normal and reached a maximum on the fourth. The borderline tissue also demonstrated an early increase in protein synthesis with a maximum incorporation 48 hours after infarction. The changes in the concentration of RNA paralleled those of the incorporation of glycine-C14. The concentration of DNA increased on the second day after infarction and reached a maximum on the tenth day. Studies on the incorporation of glycine-C14 into subcellular fractions showed an early renewal of cell material in the infarcted area. Incorpora...