cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Noncontingent Reinforcement on the Persistence and Resurgence of Mild Aggression

Noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) is a commonly implemented response suppression technique. However, behavioral momentum theory predicts that its use may, under certain conditions, contribute to the strengthening of the very behavior it is intended to eliminate. We examined the effect of NCR on the persistence and resurgence of the aggression displayed by an adult diagnosed with a developmental disability and found that its implementation influenced the efficiency of subsequent extinction procedures. Similarly, it appeared to influence the magnitude of the resurgence of aggression when mands were placed on extinction. The implications of this outcome could have applied utility and avenues of future research are suggested.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Measles in Panzhihua,2004-2009

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Panzhihua under measles surveillance system from 2004 to 2009.Methods Data from national notifiable disease reporting system and the measles surveillance system from 2004 to 2009 was collected and analyzed by the method of descriptive epidemiology.Results The incidence of measles presented two peaks during 2004-2009.In 2004,413 cases of measles were reported,reported incidence rate was 38.75/105,im which 225 cases for outbreak;643 cases of measles were resported in 2007,reported incidence rate was 59.54/105;by the year of 2009,incidence dropped by historically lowest level,as 0.92/105.The incidence peaked from December to the next February.Cases were mainly concentrated in urban and remote ethnic minority areas.The overall incidence of measles mainly occurred in children under the age of 15,but the incidence in cases less than 8 months old and more than 14 years old were increased by years.Measles cases with no vaccination history and unknown vaccination history accounted for 66.32%,and 10.68% cases in floating population had vaccination history.Conclusion The incidence of measles in Panzhihua City from 2004 to 2009 presented fluctuation and an overall downward trend,the distribution were seasonal.The proportion of cases with no vaccination history and unknown vaccination history was high.
Communities of Women in Drama: Pam Gems, Michelene Wandor, Ntozake Shange

By the mid-1970s, the women’s movement in both Britain and the United States was no longer the isolated terrain of scattered groups of women dismissable as eccentric, unfeminine or academic. Although never fully organised nationally in either country, it became a mass movement with vast legal and social ramifications, a movement that provoked aggressive assaults from its increasingly visible opposition and that suffered internal conflicts concerning values and future strategies. Consciousness-raising groups, a main source of energy in the late sixties and early seventies, were gradually vanishing from the scene, and public media and institutions were making modest if often hollow gestures towards ‘equality’ of the sexes. In the United States, women spoke of ‘radical feminism’, a conceptualisation of society and power in which men and women were oppositional forces, and in which a patriarchical tradition had to be overthrown; a number of women turned to psychoanalytical techniques to examine personal and collective issues of identity and power. In Britain, a Socialist-feminism emerged that placed its emphasis on a conjoining of gender analysis with class analysis; here, the methodology was a modification of Marxism in which women’s economic and social liberation would instigate rather than follow structural changes in society.
In situ electron microscopy studies of electromechanical behavior in metals at the nanoscale using a novel microdevice-based system.

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is an emerging technique to enhance formability of metals by applying an electric current through them. Despite its increasing importance in manufacturing applications, there is still an unresolved debate on the nature of the fundamental deformation mechanisms underlying EAD, mainly between electroplasticity (non-thermal effects) and resistive heating (thermal effects). This status is due to two critical challenges: (1) a lack of experimental techniques to directly observe fundamental mechanisms of material deformation during EAD, and (2) intrinsic coupling between electric current and Joule heating giving rise to unwanted thermally activated mechanisms. To overcome these challenges, we have developed a microdevice-based electromechanical testing system (MEMTS) to characterize nanoscale metal specimens in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our studies reveal that MEMTS eliminates the effect of Joule heating on material deformation, a critical advantage over mac...
Latent Class Analysis: An example for reporting results

Abstract Objective The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief non-mathematical introduction to Latent Class Analysis (LCA) and a demonstration for researchers new to the analysis technique in pharmacy and pharmacy administration. LCA is a mathematical technique for examining relationships among observed variables when there may be collections of unobserved categorical variables. Traditionally, LCA focused on polytomous observed variables, but recent work has extended the types of data that can be utilized. Included in this introduction are basic guidelines for the information that should be part of a manuscript submitted for review. For the analysis, LatentGold is used, but I also include basic R code for running LCA and LC Regressions with the poLCA package.
VS30 Characterization of Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas Using the P-Wave Seismogram Method:

The P-wave seismogram method is used to develop estimates of the time averaged shear wave velocity of the upper 30 m (VS30) at 251 seismic stations in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. Geologic conditio...
Worst-case stress relief for microstructures

Additive fabrication technologies are limited by the types of material they can print: while the technologies are continuously improving, still only a relatively small discrete set of materials can be used in each printed object. At the same time, the low cost of introducing geometric complexity suggests the alternative of controlling the elastic material properties by producing microstructures, which can achieve behaviors significantly differing from the solid printing material. While promising results have been obtained in this direction, fragility is a significant problem blocking practical applications, especially for achieving soft material properties: due to stress concentrations at thin joints, deformations and repeated loadings are likely to cause fracture. We present a set of methods to minimize stress concentrations in microstructures by evolving their shapes. First, we demonstrate that the worst-case stress analysis problem (maximizing a stress measure over all possible unit loads) has an exact solution for periodic microstructures. We develop a new, accurate discretization of the shape derivative for stress objectives and introduce a low-dimensional parametric shape model for microstructures. This model supports robust minimization of maximal stress (approximated by an Lp norm with high p) and an efficient implementation of printability constraints. In addition to significantly reducing stresses (by a typical factor of 5X), the new method substantially expands the range of effective material properties covered by the collection of structures.
Assessment of trace elements characteristics and human health risk of exposure to ambient PM2.5 in Hangzhou, China

ABSTRACTA method for simultaneously determining the trace elements in particulate matter (PM) (PM2.5) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was established. The PM2.5-loaded filter samples were digested under the optimised conditions including a mixture of HNO3–HCl–HF with ultrasonication proceeding at 70°C for 2 h. Recoveries of 90.83–103.33% were achieved for 20 elements (Co, Sr, Ag, Cd, Sb, La, Ce, Sm, W etc.) in NIST standard reference material 1648a (urban PM). PM2.5 samples were collected at urban site in Hangzhou from August 2015 to November 2015. PM2.5 concentrations of 15% sampling days exceeded the daily limitation and the mean concentrations of PM2.5 from August to November reached the 66.4% of the limitation. PM2.5 concentrations in summer were higher than that in autumn. The concentration of Zn was highest, following with Al, Pb, Mn, Cu and As. Significant enrichment was observed in Mn, Zn, Pb, Ag, V, Ni, Cu, As, Se, Hg, Co, Cd and W, which was probably induced by vehicular exhaust,...
Multi-Priority Online Scheduling with Cancellations

We study a fundamental model of resource allocation in which a finite amount of service capacity must be allocated to a stream of jobs of different priorities arriving randomly over time. Jobs incur costs and may also cancel while waiting for service. To increase the rate of service, overtime capacity can be used at a cost. This model has application in healthcare scheduling, server applications, make-to-order manufacturing systems, general service systems, and green computing. We present an online algorithm that minimizes the total cost due to waiting, cancellations and overtime capacity usage. We prove that our scheduling algorithm has cost at most twice of an optimal offline algorithm. This competitive ratio is the best possible for this class of problems. We also provide extensive numerical experiments to test the performance of our algorithm and its variants.
The Time Factor – Toshihiko Izutsu and Islamic Economic Tradition

This paper interrogates the notions of time and money in Islamic (economic) tradition by applying Toshihiko Izutsu’s theory of the key terms of a worldview. A Japanese scholar of Islam, Toshihiko Izutsu (1914–1993), wrote extensively on Islamic studies, eastern mystical traditions, and Sufism. His theory of key ethical concepts in the Qur’an is a semantic analysis of an Islamic worldview, which can be applied also more specifically to economic thought in Islamic tradition. Applying Izutsu’s theory would shed light on the main ethico-economic concepts and postulates in Islamic intellectual history, such as the notions of time, money, and commodity purchases, as well as their relation to man as a time-contingent being. As well as the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into three main parts. In the first part, I introduce Izutsu’s life and his semantic theory. The second focuses on Islamic economics and its relation to Sharī‘a as a moral concept, whereas the third part inquires more specifically upon the notion of time and money in classical and contemporary Islamic economic thought.
The qualitative difference resolution rule

Consolidation is inferring the behavioral description of a device by composing the behavioral descriptions of its components, e.g., deriving the qualitative differential equations (QDBs) of a device from those of its components. In previous work, Dormoy and Raiman described the qualitative resolution rule, which is a general rule for deriving QDEs of combinations of components. However, the qualitative resolution rule is intractable in general. As a step toward understanding tractable qualitative reasoning, I present a new QDE resolution rule, the qualitative difference resolution rule, that supports the tractable consolidation of components in which direction of flow is dependent on the signs of pressure differences. Pipes and containers are general types of components that match this rule. The pressure regulator example also matches this rule.
Sick pathogens make poor pests in biological control of corn diseases

Mycopathogenic fungi were isolated from fungi that cause stalk rot of corn (Vakili, 1985). Cultures of mycopathogens with their host fungi resulted in infections, growth retardation, discoloration, and death of the hosts fungi (Vakili, 1985; 1989). Application of mycopathogens to foliage of corn plants, during growing season, resulted in genotype-mycopathogen interaction and yield increase (Vakili and Bailey, 1989). Objectives of this study were 1.) to assess the effect of seed treatment with mycopathogens on biocontrol of seedborne and soilborne fungi, and 2.) to evaluate if field infestation of M. damnosa increased the frequency of association of this mycopathogen with F. moniliforme in corn pith.
A comparison of glass reaction at high and low glass surface/solution volume

Static leach tests have been performed at glass surface area/leachant volume (SA/V) ratios of 10, 340, 2,000, and 20,000 m[sup [minus]1] to assess the effects of the SA/V on the mechanism and rate of the glass reaction. Tests were performed using actinide-doped borosilicate waste glasses [Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) 131 and SRL 202] to monitor the distribution of released radionuclides in tests at different SA/V. Solution results show the major effect of the SA/V to be dilution of reaction of products. Differences in the pH and silicic acid concentrations attained in tests at different SA/V then affect the reaction rate. Tests at low SA/V maintain leachate pH values similar to the initial leachant, while tests at higher SA/V result in higher leachate pH values being attained due to ion-exchange reactions. Transuranics released as the glass corrodes may exist in the leachate in concentrations far above their solubility limits by sorbing onto colloids, although the colloids may eventually settle out of solution. Transuranics also sorb onto the steel reaction vessel. The glass reaction progress can be characterized by three stages: (a) an initial stage where the reaction rate depends on the leachant pH, (b) an intermediate stage where the reaction slowsmore » toward a minimum rate as the leachate solution approaches saturation,'' and (c) a long-term stage where the reaction rate may be affected by the formation of secondary phases that control the solution chemistry. Tests at different SA/V cannot always be compared directly because the dominant reaction step and the observed reaction stage (initial, intermediate, or long-term) may not be the same.« less
The FLOW tutor: a schema-based tutorial system

The FLOW tutor system is a simulation of a human tutor which gives advice to a student learning FLOW, a simple computer language. The tutor has a schema-based knowledge structure containing information about the programming language, the student's instruction booklet, and the student's developing knowledge. These schemas form the basis of a distributed intelligence system which uses conceptually guided and data-driven processing to interpret the student's behavior, update the model of the student, and give advice to the student.
Uncertain Justice: Litigating Claims of Employment Discrimination in the Contemporary United States

This article examines the broad mass of employment discrimination claims brought in federal court between 1988 and 2003. Unlike much scholarship, which studies a small proportion of cases that generate published opinions, we analyze a large random sample of cases. Examining a representative sample of cases allow us to better assess law's role in processing claims of discrimination and its relationship to theories of rights mobilization, organizations, and disputing. Our qualitative and quantitative data capture the dynamics of the stages of litigation. We examine the social and legal determinants of outcomes at each stage. Analyzing discrimination litigation as a sequence of alternative outcomes reveals aspects of antidiscrimination law in action that have gone unexamined in previous research. This new approach suggests that the system of employment discrimination litigation reflects the operation of social advantage and typically provides either no or modest remedies for plaintiffs. While employment discrimination litigation grew dramatically in the 1990's, it did so primarily as a system of individualized claims. Thus employment civil rights reflect many of the contradictions of the American civil justice system. A small number of cases produce large awards and have far reaching consequences for employment practices. The typical plaintiff receives neither their day in court nor a meaningful remedy. The uncertain character of outcomes drives parties to reach a settlement.
Evolution of a Systems Theory of Self and Society

Wherever human societies have existed, there have been those who have theorized about the individual self and about the dynamic interaction between each person and his culture. While it was not practical to attempt an examination in this book of all theories of the individual and society, it is crucial to note that there seems to be an evolution of thought in the direction of viewing man as a set of systems within larger systems.
Do Smartphone Applications Hold the Secret to Reducing Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes

In this article in JDST, Feuerstein-Simon and colleagues examine use of a smartphone app in improving hypoglycemia awareness in type 1 diabetes (T1D). They conclude that their smartphone app, HypoMap™, has the potential to increase hypoglycemia awareness and reduce time spent with hypoglycemia in a cohort of long-standing patients with type 1 diabetes. The underlying assumption is that if patients can identify the precipitating cause, they can recognize symptoms better and potentially change behavior to prevent future hypoglycemic events. Potential limitations of this intervention include technical issues, patient burden from data entry with use of an app, and concern that this type of intervention may not be sustainable over time. While results of this pilot study suggest HypoMap may be an effective intervention in preventing hypoglycemia, further studies of increased sample size are needed to confirm these findings.
Measure What Matters

This chapter assumes you will want to know how your integrated care efforts are affecting your practice. It demystifies measurement and provides principles and a framework for measuring, not everything, but what really matters to your practice and your patients. It provides guidance about what to measure, how to get started, how you can use measurement as a routine part of practice, and what challenges to anticipate.
Polytoxikomanie im Jugendalter

Das Vollbild einer Polytoxikomanie im Jugendalter ist selten und eindeutig klinisch erkennbar. Problematischer sind Fruhformen der positiven Entwicklung, wechselnd mit Phasen des intensiven Drogenkonsums. Insbesondere Jugendliche mit schweren unbehandelten psychiatrischen Storungen unterliegen einer erhohten Gefahr, schrittweise uber den teilweise wahllosen Gebrauch von Medikamenten sowie legalen und illegalen Drogen in eine Polytoxikomanie zu geraten. Zu den Risiken zahlen vorliegende Traumafolgestorungen, Autismus-Spektrum-Storungen, schwere Dissozialitat, chronifiziertes unbehandeltes Aufmerksamkeitsdefizitsyndrom (ADS) und schwerwiegende Personlichkeitsentwicklungsstorungen. Dem Kinder- und Jugendarzt kommt in diesem Kontext eine ggf. Wachter- und Fruherkennungsfunktion zu, um in einem regionalen Netzwerk mit Fachkliniken, Suchtberatungsstellen und den zustandigen padiatrischen Kliniken eine Intervention in die Wege zu leiten. Diese erfolgt nach den Leitlinien der wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften.
Tx ™: An Approach and Philosophy to Advance Translation to Transformation

The translational science spectrum consists of phases or types of research, from discoveries that advance our understanding of the biological basis of health and disease to interventions that engage individuals and social systems toward improved population health. The health research system has widely acknowledged flaws that delay (or even deny) the fruits of research findings for the population and for chronically disadvantaged groups. Coined and patented at Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM), Tx ™;symbolizes an approach and scientific philosophy that intentionally promotes and supports the convergence of interdisciplinary approaches and scientists to stimulate exponential advances for the health of diverse communities. While the Tx ™ patent is new, this approach to research translation is embedded within the MSM tapestry with historically aligned research from the Translational Collaborative Center exemplars as well as newly funded scholars. Tx ™ scholarship is characterized by the five tenets and practices that ultimately culminate in the conduct of research with results that broaden the evidence-base through data-driven proof of impact on health equity in underserved or special populations. Tx ™ is a destination that is ever-evolving and responsive to the research, priority populations and partners through translational research and corresponding approaches that transform health, thereby advancing health equity.
The Characterization of Secondary Interstellar Neutral Oxygen beyond the Heliopause: A Detailed Analysis of the IBEX-Lo Oxygen Observations

In this study, we analyze the directional distribution of the secondary interstellar neutral (ISN) O population observed by the IBEX-Lo neutral atom camera on the Interstellar Boundary EXplorer (IBEX) via the comparison with simulated ISN O intensity maps produced by an analytical model. In the analytical model, we assume that there are primary and secondary ISN populations at the heliopause. We further assume that each population is represented by a Maxwellian velocity distribution function with its own flow parameters. For the viewing directions of IBEX-Lo, we compute the incoming atom speeds at the heliopause with a Keplerian equation of motion in the solar gravity field. Then, we calculate analytically the distribution function to obtain the ISN intensities at Earth’s orbit. We compare the simulated O intensity maps with the IBEX-Lo O sky map to determine the most likely flow parameters of the secondary ISN O population. Using this method, we find the most likely flow parameters of the secondary ISN O population: V(sub SecISNO) = 11 ± 2.2 km s(exp -1), λ(sub SecISNO) = 67° ± 1°.5, β(sub SecISNO) = -12° ± 1°.6, and T(sub SecISNO) = 10,000 ± 1500 K. The results indicate that the secondary ISN O flow direction is deflected toward lower ecliptic longitude and higher negative ecliptic latitude from the ISN gas flow direction at the heliopause. The secondary ISN O flow direction is more deflected from the ISN gas flow direction than the secondary ISN He flow direction.
The relevance of values, skills, and learning outcomes indicators for the employment of business administration graduates: a case study of an international higher education institution

The employment of graduates of the learning and skills after completing tertiary education gives rise to the issue of the relevant indicators of employment. This study aims to assess the relevance of indicators to the employment of graduates. It specifically delves into the analysis of the relevance of demonstrating the inculcated values, applying the developed skills and abilities, and manifesting the acquired learning outcomes to employment, as well as proposing improvements or enhancement to the business administration (BA) program. There were 182 respondent-graduates in this study. It applied the concurrent research paradigm for the mixed approach. The gathered data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson correlation and multiple regressions for hypothesis-testing. The study found the relevance indicators such as the demonstration of the inculcated values, application of the developed skills and abilities, and the manifestation of the acquired learning outcomes to be significantly related to employment. Proposed enhancements for the BA program were recommended which are curriculum-related, on practicum classes, and on teaching strategies.
Traditional vs. big-data fashion trend forecasting: an examination using WGSN and EDITED

This study empirically evaluated the similarities and differences of the results of traditional human-based fashion trend forecasts with the ones generated by big data tools. A comparison of 20 pai...
4-bit 828-megasamples/sec guided-wave electrooptic analog-to-digital converter

We report the demonstration of an electrooptic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) operating at 828-megasamples (MS)/sec which has the potential for 4-bit resolution. This converter is the type originally proposed by Taylor1 and depends on a guided-wave interferometric modulator array to perform the conversion and on mode-locked laser pulses to perform the sampling. In recent years, two detailed design studies of this converter, a number of fundamental experiments, and several electrooptic converters2 have been reported. These latter devices operate below the demonstrated hybrid Si IC capability of 5 bits at 450 MS/ sec.3 The device reported here extends the sampling rate of electrooptic ADCs to the gigahertz range and is the largest bandwidth ADC demonstrated.
Effective Techniques for the Care, Reproduction & Utilization of the Terrestrial Isopod Porcellio scaber in Your Science Classroom

Terrestrial isopods (often referred to as sow bugs or pill bugs) are small, land-dwelling crustaceans. Because of their gentle nature, terrestrial isopods are excellent animals to have in a science classroom. There are many fun and effective classroom activities that utilize terrestrial isopods to teach science concepts, but there are multiple barriers to acquiring the large number of terrestrial isopods needed for classroom activities. Furthermore, when terrestrial isopods are brought into the classroom, the possibility exists that they will die inhumanely because finding good information on their proper care and reproduction can be difficult. Websites, books, and magazines frequently provide contradictory, inaccurate, incomplete, overly complex, and inhumane care information. To address these issues, this article explains how to set up a simple, low-maintenance, and inexpensive classroom enclosure for the terrestrial isopod species Porcellio scaber. These techniques, which I use in my classroom, produce large numbers of healthy captive-bred P. scaber. This article also presents examples of effective, hands-on classroom activities utilizing P. scaber.
Structuring better services for unstructured data: Academic libraries are key to an ethical research data future with big data

Abstract Academic libraries have been supporting research data management for decades, but are rarely their institutions central research support unit. As more researchers look to leverage big datasets for new insights, research data management is going to get ever more complex. For institutions of higher education to face these new challenges, they need to make libraries institutional leaders in this area. Doing so will reduce waste and risk while providing clearer guidance and fuller support through the entire research cycle.
Insuring Risks Associated With the Production and Sale of Marijuana

The strong growth potential of the cannabis industry offers insurers significant new business expansion opportunities, but the industry is complex and faces many unique risks. Legalized cannabis businesses need and desire insurance to mitigate these risks. However, the availability of insurance lags behind this need for insurance. Marijuana is still illegal at the federal level, causing many insurers to be hesitate to insure a federally illegal activity. These legal uncertainties will continue until Congress settles the conflict between federal and state laws. Further, there is little data available on the cannabis industry, making it difficult to price insurance products. However, rapid expansion of the cannabis industry has produced multiple unique needs and complex risks that need to be insured. This paper examines many of the risks faced by the cannabis industry, and the issues keeping many insurance carriers from entering this growing market.
Examples of Voltage Stability Analysis

Big power grid operation as the sign of modern power industry brings self-evident economic effect. However, any accident may cause serious consequences. Therefore, safe operation of the big power grid is an important research subject for electric power workers both at home and abroad. Several typical voltage collapse accidents abroad are the profound warning for us in development of our power grid. In accordance with characteristics of interconnected power grid in China, the power grid structure becomes more and more complicated. There are more and more AC power transmission channels, or AC and DC power transmission channels in parallel for transmitting power intensively across different areas in long distances. The difference between peak and valley loads is enlarged with extensive application of new power transmission technology. Therefore, it is more and more difficult to regulate and control voltage; in some interconnected power grids, the risk probability of voltage collapse accident increases owing to coexistence of insufficient dynamic and reactive standby at center of the end load.
What's in a Photograph? The Perspectives of Composition Experts on Factors Impacting Visual Scene Display Complexity for Augmentative and Alternative Communication and Strategies for Improving Visual Communication.

Purpose Visual scene displays (VSDs) can support augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) success for children and adults with complex communication needs. Static VSDs incorporate contextua...
Putting Our Shoulder to the Wheel: Current Understanding and Gaps in Nerve Ablation for Chronic Shoulder Pain

Shoulder pain is prevalent, burdensome, and functionally limiting, with diverse pathology and associated treatments. This narrative review provides a summary of relevant neuroanatomy, proposed ablation targets, safety and efficacy concerns for ablation targets, and current research gaps. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of peripheral sensory nerves is a well-established treatment for chronic joint and spine pain, but it is relatively nascent for shoulder pain. Cadaveric studies demonstrate the shoulder joint is innervated by articular branches of the suprascapular nerve, axillary nerve, lateral pectoral nerve, and upper and lower subscapular nerves. Shoulder articular branch RFA appears to be a safe and effective treatment for chronic shoulder pain, but there are currently no widely accepted protocols for ablation targets. There are also no randomized controlled trials (RCT) assessing safety and efficacy of proposed targets or the prognostic value of articular blocks. Future research studies should prioritize categorical data, use appropriate functional measures as primary endpoints, and would ideally include a large-scale RCT.
Ermüdungsphänomen im His-Purkinje-System des Menschen

Es wurden 7 Patienten mit Leitungsdefekten im His-Purkinje-System beobachtet, bei denen es nach atrialer oder ventrikularer Stimulation zu totalen Leitungsunter-brechungen im His-Purkinje-System kam. Bei spontan bestehender Leitungsunterbrechung im His-Purkinje-System wurde diese in ihrem Grad verstarkt. Bei 5 Patienten bestand eine 1 : 1 AV-Leitung mit Verlangerung der H-V Zeit zwischen 65 und 190 msec. Die ubrigen 2 Patienten wiesen spontan einen 2 : 1 Block distal des Hisschen Bundels auf. Nach atrialer Stimulation mit Frequenzen bis zu 130/min. entwickelten 4 der 5 Patienten mit 1 : 1 AV-Leitung einen AV-Block 2. Grades distal des Hisschen Bundels; ein Patient behielt die 1 : 1 Leitung. Nach rechtsventrikularer Stimulation mit Frequenzen zwischen 80 und 120/min. uber je 1 1/2 und 4 Minuten zeigten jetzt alle 5 Patienten mit vorheriger 1 : 1 AV-Leitung einen AV-Block 2. Grades distal des Hisschen Bundels. Bei den Patienten mit vorbestehendem 2 : 1 Block im His-Purkinje-System kam es nach atrialer und ventrikularer Stimulation zum Auftreten eines 3 : 1 Blocks.
18. Continuous Measurement of Crustal Deformation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses instruments, such as tiltmeters and strainmeters for making continuous measurements, with the goal of providing background on available techniques and of giving some appreciation for the problems peculiar to this field. The construction of tiltmeters and strainmeters remains a field with many unsolved problems. Because of the diversity of measurements needed, it is probably unrealistic to aim for a single perfect design; more likely, a range of designs will appear, each most suited for a particular applications. In improving instruments it is very important that proper tests be made to demonstrate the levels achieved. This usually requires side-by-side tests of instruments at an actual field site. One reason for this is the importance of the instrument-to-ground coupling, which is not checked in laboratory tests; only field operation tests the complete system. But if a field test is to produce any useful results, it must be clear that both instruments should see the same signal, which is unquestionable only if the instruments are side by side. Despite the apparent redundancy, such tests are the only way to see how well an instrument works.
Insulinlike growth factor-binding protein modulates the growth response to insulinlike growth factor 1 by human gastric cancer cells

Abstract Background: This study determined whether the resistance to the mitogenic effect of insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in AGS (we found that IGF-1 had almost no effect on the growth of AGS) cells is caused by the absence of IGF-1 receptor on the cells or by the interference of endogenous IGFs and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP). Methods: IGF-1 receptors were examined by radioligand binding assay. The protein in conditioned medium and the molecular weight of IGF-1 receptors on AGS cells were determined by affinity cross-linking with 125 I-IGF-1 followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Messenger RNAs for IGF-1, IGF-2, and IGFBP-4 were detected by Northern analysis. Results: AGS cells possessed a single class of high-affinity binding sites for IGF-1 (dissociation constant [K d ], 0.51), with a binding capacity ~ 4 × 10 4 sites per cell. The size of the α subunit of IGF-1 receptors on cell membranes was ~ 130 kilodaltons. des(1–3) IGF-1, a truncated IGF-1 with very low affinity to IGFBPs, stimulated AGS cell growth in dose-dependent fashion. The medium conditioned by AGS cells contained IGFBPs of 27–32 and 37–42 kilodaltons. AGS cells expressed messenger (mRNA) RNAs for IGF-2 and IGFBP-4 but not for IGF-1, whereas another gastric carcinoma cell line (SIIA), whose growth is stimulated by IGF-1, expressed mRNA IGF-2 but did not express mRNA for IGF-1 or IGFBP-4: Conclusions: The relative absence of growth response of AGS cells to IGF-1 is due to the endogenously produced IGFBPs sequestering IGF-1 and preventing receptor interaction.
Safer sex as the bolder choice: testosterone is positively correlated with safer sex behaviorally relevant attitudes in young men.

ABSTRACT Introduction Higher testosterone (T) is tied to risk‐taking, especially in financial domains but also in health domains relevant to acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, safer sex constructs could themselves carry the possibility of “social risk” due to sexual stigma or embarrassment, or could involve boldness or confidence because they could represent status displays of frequent sexual activity. Aim To determine how T and behaviorally relevant attitudes about sexual risk‐taking are linked, to better understand biopsychosocial aspects of sexual health related to STIs. Methods In 78 first‐year male college students, we examined correlations between salivary T and behaviorally relevant safer sex attitudes assessed via questionnaires. Main Outcome Measures T, via saliva; safer sex attitudes, via a composite and the University of California, Los Angeles Multidimensional Condom Attitudes Scale (MCAS). Results Higher T was significantly correlated with higher scores on the following: safer sex likelihood composite, r (73) = 0.33, P = 0.003; the MCAS safer sex resilience, r (32) = 0.36, P = 0.037; and the MCAS condom purchase comfort, r (32) = 0.37, P = 0.031. Associations between T and safer sex likelihood and resilience were still robust after controlling for potential confounds, though the association between T and purchase comfort diminished to a trend. Conclusions Higher T was positively linked with safer sex attitudes, especially those most closely tied to STI risk avoidance. Thus, future research and interventions for STI prevention should address the possibility that safer sex may be paradoxically perceived as a “bold” or “risky” choice even as it decreases STI risk. van Anders SM, Goldey KL, Conley TD, Snipes DJ, and Patel DA. Safer sex as the bolder choice: Testosterone is positively correlated with safer sex behaviorally relevant attitudes in young men. J Sex Med 2012;9:727–734.
Advanced allergy attacks: does a corpus really help

As research in automatic signature generators (ASGs) receives more attention, various attacks against these systems are being identified. One of these attacks is the "allergy attack" which induces the target ASG into generating harmful signatures to filter out normal traffic at the perimeter defense, resulting in a DoS against the protected network. It is tempting to attribute the success of allergy attacks to a failure in not checking the generated signatures against a corpus of known "normal" traffic, as suggested by some researchers. In this paper, we argue that the problem is more fundamental in nature; the alleged "solution" is not effective against allergy attacks as long as the normal traffic exhibits certain characteristics that are commonly found in reality. We have come up with two advanced allergy attacks that cannot be stopped by a corpus-based defense. We also propose a page-rank-based metric for quantifying the damage caused by an allergy attack. Both the analysis based on the proposed metric and our experiments with Polygraph and Hamsa show that the advanced attacks presented will block out 10% to 100% of HTTP requests to the three websites studied: CNN.com, Amazon. com and Google.com.
Japanese U.S. Auto Transplant Production: An Analysis of the Roles of VERs and the Exchange Rate

This paper hypothesizes that the VERs of the early 1980s were largely responsible for the introduction of Japanese domestic production in U.S. auto transplants and, until 1985, for their explosive growth. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol6/iss1/18
(Re)Solving the Tribal No-Forum Conundrum: Michigan V. Bay Mills Indian Community

Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community, a dispute over a controversial off-reservation Indian casino, is the latest opportunity for the Supreme Court to address the doctrine of tribal sovereign immunity. The Court could hand Michigan a big win by broadly abrogating tribal immunity, and in turn wreak havoc on modern tribal governance. Alternately, the Court could hand Bay Mills a victory by affirming the tribe’s immunity, effectively precluding judicial review of the tribe’s casino project. In this Essay, Professor Matthew L.M. Fletcher argues that neither choice is preferable to a third option that would both advance tribal self-determination and hold tribes accountable to outsiders. The Court could condition tribal immunity in federal or state court on whether the tribe has solved the no-forum problem by providing a tribal forum for the resolution of important disputes.
The dangers of a successful PKU program.

WHEN the concept of mass screening of newborns for phenylalaninemia was first proposed, many voices were raised in protest. Chief among the objections listed was the impracticability of searching for a disease so rare that only one such infant would be found in 20,000 tested. Today, mass screening for phenylalaninemia is a fact rather than a concept, but the storm of controversy has increased rather than subsided. There is, however, no longer any argument about the practicability of mass screening; the techniques used have proved eminently successful, in part helped by the finding that the incidence of presumptive PKU is now believed to be one in 10,000 or nearly double the earlier estimate.
So What Orders Do Informed Traders Use? Evidence from Quarterly Earnings Announcements

This paper examines what orders informed traders use before quarterly earnings announcements. In particular, we investigate whether informed traders prefer median orders and market orders right before quarterly earnings announcements. Quarterly earnings announcements are anticipated events. Because informed traders expect their information advantage will disappear after the announcements, this information event provides a unique opportunity to test whether informed traders become more impatient and use more aggressive orders when the announcement is approaching. Our results show that when the information will be released soon but there is still enough time for the execution (from day -10 to day -6), informed investors use small orders and limit orders to trade stealthily and reduce price risk. Within five days right before the announcements, informed investors trade more aggressively. They start using large market orders to ensure the execution and high profits. Our findings that informed traders change their preference for order type and order size over time shed new light on the ongoing debate on the order submission strategies by informed traders.
Composants and the structure of periodic orbits for interval maps

Abstract Suppose f is a map from an interval [ a , b ] into itself with a periodic orbit consisting of the points p 1 p 2 ⋯ p n . This paper begins with an analysis of the structure of periodic orbits for interval maps. Blocks are defined and used to describe this structure. With these structural theorems in place, results relating blocks of p 1 , p 2 , … , p n to irreducibility in the inverse limit of { [ a , b ] , f } are proved. Assuming p 1 , p 2 , … , p n is a Markov partition for f, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for two points of the inverse limit to belong to the same composant. This characterization of composants is used to show that the inverse limit is an E 0 -type continuum.
Jean Piaget, Psychologist of Epistemology: A Discussion of Rotman's Jean Piaget: Psychologist of the Real

The challenging title of Brian Rotman's book neatly formulates the conclusion the author draws from his investigation of some of Piaget's writings. Piaget, Rotman argues, is a realist. External reality is the constant, everpresent guide that leads Piaget to a progress-oriented, accretionist theory of evolution, cognition, knowledge, and finally, mathematics. Rotman brings out the deficiencies of the progress-oriented approach and applies them in his critique of Piaget. While we concur with Rotman's critique of progressivism and realism, we reject Rotman's notion that Piaget's theory is progressivist and realist. To take the second first, as Gruber and Voneche (1977, p. xxxvii) have pointed out, Piaget's fundamental work on the child's first two years of cognitive development is not called The Discovery ..., but The Construction of Reality in the Child. (Oddly, this work, a cornerstone in Piaget's theory, does not figure in Rotman's bibliography.) Whether reality is constructed or discovered has vast implications for all facets of a theory of knowledge. The former implies that the activity of coming to know the world is fundamentally creative and occurs repeatedly for each child. The latter implies a passive "knowledge transfer" from a world in which things "are" into the child. For mathematics education the former implies that the child must actively construct its own foundation and its own mathematics, and it implies that mathematical communication can only be partially successful and at best suggestive. The latter implies that knowledge is already out there, completed, and must somehow be inserted into the child. The one guides the child through its own activity of construction; the other requires a passive acceptance of what is ready-made. Rotman, however, shows only a passing interest in the act of construction. He argues that, for Piaget, "the mind grows from a perpetual interaction with its environment, modifying itself, and consequently what it takes to be the world, until it achieves a balance, a state of temporary equilibrium with reality" (Rotman, 1977, p. 18). The pursuit of this balance is what lies behind the progress of evolution, of cognition, and of mathematics. In each of these areas Piaget speaks of "vection" or "direction," but Rotman prefers "progress." In our judgment this is an irreconcilable altera-
Analysis of random noise, coil inhomogeneity, and ghost artifacts in spin echo imaging on a 1.5 T commercial magnetic resonance imager

Noise in spin echo (SE) images in MRI consists of random and structured components Structured noise arises mainly from the non-uniformity of the B1 field. We have studied these errors using a cylindrical phantom. Random noise analysis by subtraction of a 4,9, or 25 points smoothed image from the original image showed small but significant differences between the three methods, though it was uniform over the phantom and changed little with time over a span of 8 months. The rf coil nonuniformity ( coefficient of variation,CV) in two areas of interest (ROI). a central area (40 cm2) and a ring outside the central region (130 cm2) was measured to be 21% and 45% respectively for the saddle coil and 1 5% and 6.0% respectively for the bird cage coil Using the first day flood image for correction of the later images. CV in the two ROI's of the corrected images were 1.3% and 2.2% for the saddle coil respectively and 0.9% and 1.6% respectively.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A simulation of single-level MRP lot sizing heuristics: an analysis of performance by rule

Abstract This paper presents the results of a large-scale computer simulation of 12 of the standard single-level, discrete demand lot sizing heuristics. The authors present the results in 3-D illustrations which depict the performance of these heuristics on 15 individual demand patterns. This information is prefaced by a brief review of the method used to perform the simulation. The performance of each of the 12 heuristics was evaluated for 51 sets of cost parameters for each of 15 different demand patterns. This has resulted in the analysis of 9180 combinations of heuristic, demand pattern, and cost parameters. The authors believe that this, by far, represents the largest digital simulation of single-level lot sizing rules completed to date. During the past two decades, a significant amount of research investigating the economics of lot sizing single-level discrete demand patterns has been conducted. However, many of the conclusions reached by individual research efforts on this subject have differed. At...
APPLICATION OF MAGNETIC REORIENTATION PHASE TRANSITION IN THE STUDY OF EXCHANGE ANISOTROPY

A Magnetic Reorientation Phase Transition (MRPT) was discovered in 1981 in Molecular-Beam-Epitaxially (MBE) grown thin iron (Fe) films on (110) GaAs substrates. The reorientation transition was characterized by the sudden switching of the in-plane magnetization in the Fe films. Subsequent to this work it was discovered that at low temperatures, the natural oxide on these films becomes antiferromagnetic and provides an exchange anisotropy field. In a ferromagnetic material such as Fe, because of the anisotropic magnetoresistance effect the resistance depends on the angle between the current and the magnetization which is in turn determined by the magnetic energy expression. This paper reviews the application of the MRPT in the study of exchange anisotropy in both the experimental and theoretical aspects.
Modular approach to teaching the World Wide Web

Abstract This article provides a model for how librarians can expand their traditional teaching roles in order to reach users outside the walls of the library building. The authors describe the development of a series of modules designed to teach users how to do research on the Web. They also speculate on some possible changes librarians face in their role as educators.