cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The contribution of judgment scale to the unskilled-and-unaware phenomenon: how evaluating others can exaggerate over- (and under-) confidence.

The unskilled-and-unaware phenomenon occurs when low performers tend to overestimate their performance on a task, whereas high performers judge their performance more accurately (and sometimes underestimate it). In previous research, this phenomenon has been observed for a variety of cognitive tasks and judgment scales. However, the role of judgment scale in producing the unskilled-and-unaware phenomenon has not been systematically investigated. Thus, we present four studies in which all participants judged their performance on both a relative scale (percentile rank) and an absolute scale (number correct). The studies included a variety of performance tasks (general knowledge questions, math problems, introductory psychology questions, and logic questions) and test formats (multiple-choice, recall). Across all tasks and formats, the percentile-rank judgments were less accurate than the absolute judgments, particularly for low and high performers. Furthermore, in Studies 1–3, the absolute judgments were highly accurate, even when the percentile-rank judgments were not. Thus, differences in the accuracy of percentile-rank judgments across skill levels do not always represent differences in self-awareness, but rather they may arise from difficulties that performers have at evaluating how well others are performing. Most importantly, the unskilled-and-unaware phenomenon on a relative scale does not guarantee inaccurate self-evaluations of absolute performance.
The Current Status of Research on Concept Combination

: Understanding novel phrases (e.g. upside-down daisy) and classifying objects in categories named by phrases ought to have common properties, but you'd never know it from current theories. The best candidate for both jobs is the Theory Theory, but it faces difficulties when theories are impoverished. A potential solution is a dual approach that couples theories (representations-about categories) with fixed mentalese expressions (representations-of categories). Both representations combine information in parallel when understanding phrases. Although there are objections to the notion that theories can combine, some of them lose their force when applied to a suitable dual model.
On the Subfamily Astatinae. Part VII. The Genus Diploplectron Fox (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Eighteen species of Diploplectron are recognized; 15 species from the New World are keyed, described, discussed, and their relationships are evaluated. The biology of the genus is snmmarized, and new information on nesting habits and prey records are presented for D. peglowi Krombein, D. fossor Rohwer, and D. vierecki Pate. NEW SYNONYMY includes: D. rufoantennatum Rohwer placed under D. fossor Rohwer; D. relativum Rohwer, D. cressoni Rohwer, and D. ashmeadi Rohwer placed under D. ferrugineum Ashmead. D. beccum , D. sierrense , D. californicum , D. neotropicum , D. irwini , D. secoense , and D. orizabense are new to science.
SU‐GG‐T‐464: Comparison of Dose Gradient in The Critical Normal Structures Between CyberKnife and IMRT Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Purpose: This study aims to investigate dose gradient or fall‐off with distance on the critical normal structures using CyberKnife and IMRT delivery for hypofractionated stereotactic prosate radiotherapy.Method and Materials: Eight cases of prostate cancer patient treated with the CyberKnife (CK) were used in this study. Based on the identical contour sets, treatment plan for each patient was generated on IMRT system. To calculate dose fall‐off, CTV (where CTV was prostate itself) contour was expanded 30 mm posteriorly and 50 mm uniformly for all patient cases with CK and IMRT planning systems. Plans were normalized such that 95% of the CTV received 100% of the prescribed dose. DVH parameters were used to analyze and compare doses to CTV and its posterior and uniform extension, bladder, rectum and urethra. Results: All plans satisfied the specified requirements with an exception in CTV dose conformity indices (CI). A number of IMRT plans show prescribed CTV isodose curve bulged out transversely. CI value for Cyberknife plans is 1.18±0.08 and 1.44±0.11 for IMRT.Dose fall‐off study showed that percent dose falloff/ mm (pdf/mm) are 3.75±1.58 and 3.15±1.88 posteriorly, and 3.60±3.97 and 3.62±4.30 in 20 mm uniformly expanded region for CK and IMRT, respectively. An attempt was made to recalculate pdf/mm for 5 mm split regions. For (0–5), (5–10), (10–15), and (15–20) mm regions, pdf/mm are 5.71±1.02, 4.49±0.56, 2.77±0.35, 2.05±0.19, and 5.61±1.26, 3.81±0.53, 2.07±0.46, 1.13±0.16 posteriorly, and 9.01±4.91, 2.67±0.59, 1.58±0.21, 1.13±0.11, and 9.62±5.08, 2.47±0.71, 1.32±0.16, 1.06±0.03 uniformly for CK and IMRT, respectively. Conclusion: CyberKnife and IMRT plans produced equivalent target dose coverage while CyberKnife plans show CTV dose is more conformal than IMRT.Dose fall‐off is slightly faster posteriorly for CyberKnife plans than IMRT plans. Conflict of Interest: Data was presented in CyberKnife User's Meeting 2008, Scottsdale, AZ.
Thermal performance of in-line diamond-shaped pin fins in a rectangular duct☆

Abstract This work experimentally studied the pressure drop and heat transfer of an in-line diamond-shaped pin-fin array in a rectangular duct by using the transient single-blow technique. The variable parameters are the relative longitudinal pitch (XL = 1.060, 1.414, 1.979) and the relative transverse pitch (XT = 1.060, 1.414, 1.979). The empirical formula for the heat transfer is suggested. Besides, the optimal inter-fin pitches, XT = 1.414 and XL = 1.060, are provided based on the largest heat dissipation under the same pumping power.
Longitudinal Study of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury among Young Adolescents: Rates, Correlates, and Preliminary Test of an Interpersonal Model.

This study examined rates, correlates and an interpersonal model of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among a sample of 508 sixth, seventh, and eighth graders. Questionnaires assessing NSSI, related health-risk behaviors, and relationships with parents were administered two times over an 11-month period. Overall, 7.5% reported engaging in NSSI within the past year with no significant differences across genders, ethnicities, or grade. Those engaging in NSSI were more likely to report having smoked cigarettes, taken drugs, and engaged in maladaptive eating behaviors. Consistent with an interpersonal model, those engaging in NSSI reported significant increases in the quality of their relationships with fathers over time. Clinical implications include considering the role of family members in efforts to prevent and treat NSSI.
Assessing work-related body-part discomfort: Current strategies and a behaviorally oriented assessment tool

Abstract Work-related body-part discomfort has been assessed for a variety of purposes in both experimental and applied research. In a number of these studies, ‘discomfort’ is assessed using a body map and a rating, or ranking, procedure. Sometimes the assessed values are subjected to direct statistical investigation; at other times the assessed values are used to derive indices of discomfort which are then subjected to statistical study. However, the construct of ‘discomfort’ is rarely clearly defined. Thus, depending on the nature of the investigation, the respondent's perceptions, and the instructions provided, it may incorporate a variety of physical sensations including pain, fatigue, tension, and tingling. This paper describes ways in which work-related body-part discomfort has been defined, assessed, and used. It concludes with a tool for assessing work-related body-part discomfort. This tool includes a body map and scales for assessing the severity, frequency, and duration of work-related body-part discomfort, and incorporates many of the key features identified in this literature review.
Results of irradiation or chemoirradiation for primary unresectable, locally recurrent, or grossly incomplete resection of gastric adenocarcinoma.

Objective: To evaluate the results of irradiation ± chemotherapy for patients with unresectable gastric carcinoma. Materials and Methods: The records of 60 patients with a gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma and a locally advanced unresectable primary (n = 28), a local or regional recurrence (n = 21), or gross residual disease following incomplete resection (n = 11) were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were treated with external beam irradiation (EBRT) alone or external beam plus intraoperative irradiation (IOERT), and 55 of the 60 (92%) patients received 5-FU based chemotherapy. Results: The median survival for the entire cohort was 11.6 months. There was no significant difference in median survival between each of the three treatment groups. In examining the extent of disease there was a significant difference in survival based on the number of sites involved. Nine patients with disease limited to a single non-nodal site appeared to represent a favorable subgroup compared to the rest of the patients (median survival of 21.8 months vs. 10.2 months, p = 0.03). In the patients with recurrent disease, the number of sites involved (p = 0.05), and total dose adding external beam dose to IOERT dose (> 54 Gy vs. ≤ 54 Gy, p = 0.06) were of borderline significance in regard to survival. Conclusions: In patients with either primary unresectable, locally or regionally recurrent, or incompletely resected gastric carcinoma, the overall survival is similar, and related to the extent of disease based on the number of regional sites involved. The patients with a single non-nodal site of disease represent a favorable subgroup and patients with recurrent disease may benefit from total irradiation doses > 54 Gy.
The Intrinsically Disordered Sem1 Protein Functions as a Molecular Tether during Proteasome Lid Biogenesis

The intrinsically disordered yeast protein Sem1 (DSS1 in mammals) participates in multiple protein complexes, including the proteasome, but its role(s) within these complexes is uncertain. We report that Sem1 enforces the ordered incorporation of subunits Rpn3 and Rpn7 into the assembling proteasome lid. Sem1 uses conserved acidic segments separated by a flexible linker to grasp Rpn3 and Rpn7. The same segments are used for protein binding in other complexes, but in the proteasome lid they are uniquely deployed for recognizing separate polypeptides. We engineered TEV protease-cleavage sites into Sem1 to show that the tethering function of Sem1 is important for the biogenesis and integrity of the Rpn3-Sem1-Rpn7 ternary complex but becomes dispensable once the ternary complex incorporates into larger lid precursors. Thus, although Sem1 is a stoichiometric component of the mature proteasome, it has a distinct, chaperone-like function specific to early stages of proteasome assembly.
Statistical and activity-based modeling of university student travel behavior

Abstract This paper conducts a statistical analysis of student travel behavior at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU). The data source is the ‘University NHTS’ project launched by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) in 2009. Through this empirical study, it has been found that university student travel behavior is different from that of the general population; urban universities have lower percentages of nonmotorized trips than college-town universities; undergraduate students are likely to make more daily trips than graduate students – similarly, on-campus students make more frequent trips than off-campus students; the most frequent student activities are home and academic activities; and student group categories have virtually no impact on daily activity profiles, though activity types do have a dramatic impact on daily activity profiles. Based on these research findings, the paper makes a series of recommendations regarding trip generation, trip distribution, mode choice, and activity-b...
Influence of Grinding, Rolling, and Pelleting on the Nutritional Value of Grain Sorghums and Yellow Corn for Broilers

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of grain source, form, and pelleting on body weight gain and feed conversion of broilers. In Experiment 1, grain forms (finely ground or rolled) and sources: yellow corn (YC), low tannin (LTS) and high tannin (HTS) sorghums were evaluated in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The YC, LTS, and HTS were incorporated in the diets on an equal weight basis. Experiment 2 involved a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement of feed form (mash or pelleted) and grain sources: YC plus 4.7% fat, LTS plus 6.4% fat, HTS plus 6.4% fat and HTS plus 9.3% fat. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. No interactions (P>.11) between grain sources and grain forms or between grain sources and feed forms were observed for weight gain and feed conversion in either experiment. Rolling grains decreased weight gain (P .27), but both were decreased (P
Dielectric Properties of Glass Capillary Arrays

Glass Capillary Arrays (GCA) are low density columnar monolithic structures made of soda-lime glass. This structure, in which 76% of volume between the columns, the channels, is void, also has a greatly reduced dielectric constant in comparison with bulk glass. We have measured the index of refraction and absorption of samples of GCA's in the X-band, 8 × 10 9 Hz to 1.2×10 10 Hz, for various orientations of the channels with respect to the polarization. For channels perpendicular to the polarization direction we have measured an index of refraction of 1.15. In comparison the index of refraction of (bulk) soda-lime glass is 2.6. We also examined the absorption in the far-infrared (FIR) frequency range between 6×10 11 Hz and 6×10 12 Hz. In this frequency range we obtain a k 2 dependence due to losses in the glass matrix at higher frequencies. The results of the X-band and FIR results are interpreted in terms of an effective medium theory of the real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant of the composite.
Infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy of adsorption on powders

Abstract A photoacoustic cell for adsorption spectroscopy on powders is described. The cell permits spectra to be obtained, with a flowing gas and temperatures up to 400°C. Experiments were performed examining methanol adsorption on silica and Na-Y zeolites. On the silica, methoxy groups quantitatively displaced surface hydroxyl groups at elevated temperatures. On the Na zeolite, methanol seemed to associate with cation centers. The photoacoustic spectra were able to clearly display the entire spectrum from 4000-400 cm-1, and the methoxy C-O stretching band was clearly visible superimposed on the Si-O bands. Adsorption studies of CO on Pt/Al2O3 and Pt-black showed that photoacoustic spectra could be obtained for supported metal catalysts, but not for massive metal catalysts. Criteria are presented that relate the applicability of PAS to the physical properties of the powder.
Preliminary results from the MAMA detectors for the SOHO mission

Multi-Anode Microchannel Array (MAMA) detector systems are being fabricated and tested for use in the Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SUMER) and the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) instruments on the ESA/NASA Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) mission. The SOHO MAMA detector systems have formats of 360 x 1024 pixels and pixel dimensions of 25 x 25 sq microns and are optimized for operation at Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths between 40 and 160 nm. In this paper we report on the initial results of measurements of the performance characteristics of the first flight-configuration detector system employing the new custom Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) which are designed to improve both the dynamic range and the uniformity of response. The performance characteristics of this detector system are compared with those of earlier breadboard systems employing discrete-component electronics circuits.
High School Staff Development: Matching Activities To Outcomes

Principals must consider the desired outcomes when planning staff development activities. This article dis cusses three types of staff development outcomes and describes the reported types of training activities that teachers want staff develop ers to use in achieving those outcomes.
Memories Of The 13th Congress, Tokyo

The national delegates to the 12th International Congress on High-Speed Photography, held in Toronto, Canada in 1976, were delighted to receive an invitation from the Japanese delegates to convene in Tokyo during the week of August 20, 1978. Soon, many people were making plans for their attendance and participation. Technical papers have to be written and equipment displays have to be planned. One of the real uses of an International Congress is to force the issue of a preliminary description of one's work. There is nothing like a time deadline to finish a proposed paper! It would be a very good idea to have the complete paper in hand before the summary is written, but who does it that way?
Far-Infrared Recombination Radiation from Impact-Ionized Shallow Donors in GaAs

Radiation corresponding to transitions from excited shallow donor states and from conduction-band states to the donor ground state has been observed in impact-ionized GaAs at temperatures near 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Spectral measurements show a main peak at a wavelength of 282 \ensuremath{\mu} (4.4 meV), corresponding to a $2p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1s$ transition, and a broader continuum extending to higher photon energies. A total radiated power of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ W has been measured corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of about ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$.
Value maximizing maintenance policies under general repair

Abstract One class of maintenance optimization problems considers the notion of general repair maintenance policies where systems are repaired or replaced on failure. In each case the optimality is based on minimizing the total maintenance cost of the system. These cost-centric optimizations ignore the value dimension of maintenance and can lead to maintenance strategies that do not maximize system value. This paper applies these ideas to the general repair optimization problem using a semi-Markov decision process, discounted cash flow techniques, and dynamic programming to identify the value-optimal actions for any given time and system condition. The impact of several parameters on maintenance strategy, such as operating cost and revenue, system failure characteristics, repair and replacement costs, and the planning time horizon, is explored. This approach provides a quantitative basis on which to base maintenance strategy decisions that contribute to system value. These decisions are different from those suggested by traditional cost-based approaches. The results show (1) how the optimal action for a given time and condition changes as replacement and repair costs change, and identifies the point at which these costs become too high for profitable system operation; (2) that for shorter planning horizons it is better to repair, since there is no time to reap the benefits of increased operating profit and reliability; (3) how the value-optimal maintenance policy is affected by the system's failure characteristics, and hence whether it is worthwhile to invest in higher reliability; and (4) the impact of the repair level on the optimal maintenance policy.
Heat Capacity Study of Solution Grown Crystals of Isotactic Polystyrene

We have performed measurements of the specific heat capacity on isotactic polystyrene (iPS) crystals grown from dilute solution. Solution grown crystal (SGC) samples had larger crystal fractions and greatly reduced rigid amorphous fractions compared to their bulk cold-crystallized counterparts. Heat capacity studies were performed from below the glass transition temperature to above the melting temperature by using quasi-isothermal temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) and standard DSC. Two or three endotherms are observed, which represent the melting of crystals. The small rigid amorphous fraction relaxes in a wide temperature range from just above the glass transition temperature to just below the first crystal melting endotherm. As in bulk iPS, 1 multiple reversing melting was found in iPS SGCs, supporting the view that double melting in iPS may be due to dual thermal stability distribution existing along one single lamella.2 The impact of reorganization and annealing on the melt endotherms was also investigated. Annealing occurs as a result of the very slow effective heating rate of the quasi-isothermal measurements compared to standard DSC. The improvement of crystal perfection through annealing causes the reversing melting endotherms to occur at a temperature higher than the endotherms seen in the standard DSC scan.
Family Control of Firms and Industries

We test what explains family control of firms and industries and find that the explanation is largely contingent on the identity of families and individual blockholders. Founders and their families are more likely to retain control when doing so gives the firm a competitive advantage, thereby benefiting all shareholders. In contrast, non-founding families and individual blockholders are more likely to retain control when they can appropriate private benefits of control. Families are more likely to maintain control when the efficient scale is small, the need to monitor employees is high, investment horizons are long, and the firm has dual-class stock.
Helping the rest of them: the unique consulting meeds of the Macintosh user

The Apple Macintosh burst onto the microcomputing scene in early 1984, amid much media hype, sporting the claim that it was to be “the computer for the rest of us.” The unique Macintosh user interface makes the Mac easy to learn and use, and has made it quite popular, particularly among those with fear of computers or little time to spend learning to use them. After a slow start due to hardware limitations and lack of software, the Macintosh has grown into an important presence in academic computing, with Mac labs appearing in colleges and universities everywhere in increasing numbers.In the summer of 1987 the Computer Center at the University of Kansas opened a Macintosh lab for students, faculty and staff. From the beginning the lab has been in almost constant demand, often with waiting lines day and night. Our consultants find that they are now faced with a new breed of users whose only computing experience is with the Macintosh. Many of the Mac users filling our labs are people with little or no background in computing, who understand little of the traditional computing jargon, and who may have difficulty explaining to a consultant exactly what went wrong (or understanding the consultant's answer). This growing group of users represents a special class of consulting needs, and we must be prepared to meet them.This paper will draw on our experience with the Macintosh and its users at the University of Kansas, and will discuss (1) the basis for this problem, (2) the specific nature of the problem, and (3) what consultants and others can do to help.
Scalar Amplitude Measurements of Data Recorded with Cube and Frank Leads from Normal Children

Amplitudes of scalar deflections were measured in records obtained with cube and Frank lead systems from 542 healthy children. Significant correlations were observed between corresponding deflections recorded with the two lead systems. There were significant correlations between amplitudes of some scalar deflections and age, chest diameter, height, and weight, but the scatter of individual values was too large to allow accurate prediction of measurements from regression equations. Means for scalar amplitude measurements showed several patterns of change from infancy through adult years. Normal limits for these measurements should, therefore, be stratified by age in children as well as in adults. Normal limits for scalar amplitudes and ratios between amplitude measurements were presented for four age groups of children. Correlation between age and body measurements was so high in these children that further stratification of normal limits on the basis of body measurements is not likely to provide additional useful information. There were differences in scalar measurements between males and females 10 to 16 years of age, but these were small.
Ignition and combustion of ferrous metals in high pressure, high velocity, gaseous oxygen

The ignition-burn conditions of several ferrous metals, including AISI1025, AISI 4140, ductile iron and 304, 410, 17-4 PH, and CA15 stainless steels have been determined. The oxygen conditions involved velocities of approximately 430 meters per second (1400 feet per second) and pressures of 20 to 68 atm (300 to 1000 psig). When 1025 steel specimens were fractured in 68 atm (1000 psig), 427 mps (1400 fps) oxygen, this steel was found to ignite and burn at a nominal temperature of about 480 K (400 °F). Under similar conditions, AISI 4140 ignited at about 590 K (600 °F) and ductile cast iron ignited at a temperature of (530 K (200 °F) or less. Stainless steels (304, 17-4 PH, and CA15) ignited at about 590 K (600 °F) and 410 stainless steel, which appeared more resistant to ignition, was found to ignite at about 645 K (700 °F). The ignition temperature was observed to increase for all materials as the oxygen pressure was reduced.
Further observations on the fine structure and development of the infracerebral complex ("infracerebral gland") of Nereis limnicola (Annelida, Polychaeta).

The infracerebral complex consists of: (a) two types of ependymoid infracerebral cells located on the ventral surface of the brain, adjacent to a coelomic sinus and blood vessels; (b) a noncellular stroma, the neural lamella, which separates the infracerebral cells from cerebral nervous tissue; (c) two types of cerebral neurosecretory endings (one with many mitochondria) which abut on the neural lamella opposite from the infracerebral cells. The infracerebral a cells become columnar and develop abundant apical caveolae and Golgi elements in older worms. The infracerebral b cells, filled with electron opaque granules, resemble neurosecretory cells; their axon-like processes contain microtubules and make synaptoid contacts with the neural lamella. Both cell types are present in young worms of about 10 segments but the b cells, relatively abundant in younger worms, are outnumbered by a cells in mature individuals. However, during reproductive development neither a nor b cells display any structural changes which would indicate that they represent glandular tissue. Basal processes originating both from a and b cells form entanglements which become progressively more intricate during maturation. Neurosecretory endings are present in 10-segment worms and become very numerous in mature worms but at no time do they penetrate the neural lamella and contact the infracerebral cells. It is unlikely that the infracerebral cells per se constitute a gland but they are strategically located to influence the release of hormones from neurosecretory endings.
Anonymous network coexistence with slotted wireless channel access

This paper presents a novel slotted wireless channel access scheme that preserves privacy across coexisting networks with individual trust domains. The protocol uses a control message free technique and achieves slot allocation without any message-based coordination. Advantages of such a mechanism includes privacy preservation across coexisting networks since there is no explicit interaction among nodes, seamless integration of multiple trust domains without higher layer involvements, and ability to operate in high BER channels. An energy-efficiency module is also designed which uses sleep-wake scheduling to minimize the energy consumption in the system. It was shown that protocols following the proposed mechanism are able to achieve the above goals without any form of time synchronization among the network nodes. We have implemented and evaluated the protocol using NS2 simulator and the performance of the protocol has been demonstrated using extensive simulation models. Energy efficiency has been evaluated by developing analytical models which has been compared with simulation results.
Separate neural substrates for skill learning and performance in the ventral and dorsal striatum

It is widely accepted that the striatum of the basal ganglia is a primary substrate for the learning and performance of skills. We provide evidence that two regions of the rat striatum, ventral and dorsal, play distinct roles in instrumental conditioning (skill learning), with the ventral striatum being critical for learning and the dorsal striatum being important for performance but, notably, not for learning. This implies an actor (dorsal) versus director (ventral) division of labor, which is a new variant of the widely discussed actor-critic architecture. Our results also imply that the successful performance of a skill can ultimately result in its establishment as a habit outside the basal ganglia.
One-scan rule extraction to explain significant vehicle interactions with guaranteed error value

Counting frequent itemsets allows us to compute the importance of items over a stream of data. Translating this concept to video streams imposes the need of representing activities as a sequence of activities over a video stream. In this paper, we present a model to find approximate co-occurring associations between activities from video stream data considering an unsupervised clustering of activities. We show that a hierarchical Topic Model of two stochastic processes is needed to jointly learn both an unknown number of activities in the video and the visual features that positively correlate for each activity. Unlike most of previous works, we decouple the analysis of associations between multiple moving objects from the discovery of activities. While the discovery of activities is an off-line process in which event distributions are grouped, the discovery of rules is an on-line process that approximates the importance of each rule with guaranteed error value. Our method reduces space complexity by adapting the algorithm to the amount of memory available before any process to update frequency values for itemsets is incrementally performed. The most visible aspect of this effort is the incremental generation of rules that discover the interaction of frequent activities for current scenes. Our experimental results show that our approach efficiently and automatically discovers sets of activities in a video stream coming from surveillance videos containing complex traffic scenes governed by multiple semaphores, while evaluating their frequent occurrence and co-occurring relationships.
Liquid-metal flow in a rectangular duct with a strong non-uniform magnetic field

Liquid-metal flows in rectangular ducts having electrically insulating tops and bottoms and perfectly conducting sides and in the presence of strong, polar, transverse magnetic fields are examined. Solutions are presented for the boundary layers adjacent to the sides that are parallel to the magnetic field. Overshoots in the radial velocity profiles show that the side layers have zero displacement thickness and do not perturb the inviscid core. Very weak secondary flows involve four significant vortices, as reflected in the polar velocity profiles.
Looking Behind the Stereotypes of the “Angry Black Woman” An Exploration of Black Women’s Responses to Interracial Relationships

In academic research on interracial relationships, as well as popular discourses such as film and television, Black women are often characterized as angry and opposed to interracial relationships. Yet the voices of Black women have been largely neglected. Drawing from focus group interviews with Black college women and in-depth interviews with Black women who are married interracially, the author explores Black women’s views on Black-white heterosexual relationships. Black women’s opposition to interracial dating is not simply rooted in jealousy and anger toward white women but is based on white racism, Black internalization of racism, and what interracial relationships represent to Black women and signify about Black women’s worth. The impact of racism and sexism are clear, with Black women devalued by white standards of beauty and faced with a shortage of available Black men and a lack of “substantive opportunities” to date interracially.
The least-squares finite element method in elasticity. Part II: Bending of thin plates

A least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) for bending problems of thin plates is developed. This LSFEM is based on the first-order deflection-slope-moment-shear force formulation. Four compatibility conditions are added into the first-order system; thus, the method can accommodate all kinds of equal-order interpolations. Numerical experiments on various examples show that the method achieves an optimal rate of convergence for all eight variables. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variable consumer responses to invasion by Microstegium vimineum: The role of indirect effects

As both basal resources and autogenic ecosystem engineers, plants play an important role in structuring consumer communities. Plant invasion can alter important ecosystem properties such as habitat complexity, nutrient availability, and abiotic properties, and the hyper-productive, high-nutrient nature of many invaders may make the influence of these plants especially pronounced. While direct influences of these processes on competitors and predators may be relatively foreseeable, the consequences of indirect effects on consumers living within these invaded habitats are more difficult to predict. In order to determine the response of various forest floor consumers to invasion by the exotic grass _Microstegium vimineum_ we stocked large enclosures spanning eight independent invasion fronts with metamorphic individuals of three amphibian species; Anaxyrus [Bufo] americanus (American toads), Lithobates [Rana] sphenocephalus (southern leopard frogs), and Notophthalmus viridescens (eastern newts). Using robust capture periods we tracked the survival and growth of these individuals. We also investigated the mechanisms behind these responses by tracking invertebrate abundance and abiotic factors on either side of each of these invasion fronts and performing additional manipulations, such as predator manipulations and analyses of foraging success, designed to investigate the effects of both bottom-up and top-down influences on these consumers. We found that invasion by M. vimineum could have significant effects on consumer performance (for example, the survival of metamorphic A. americanus was significantly lower in invaded areas) but that the nature and strength of these influences varied between species as well as ontogenetically, as L. sphenocephalus was not similarly affected and the influences on A. americanus dissipated over time. It appears that the negative influences of invasion on metamorphic toad survival were largely driven by top-down processes associated with the accumulation of invertebrate predators in invaded areas, while abiotic and bottom-up influences were more important factors for individuals large or fast enough to escape capture by invertebrate predators. We conclude that the influences of plant invasion on consumer communities can be varied, complicated, and far-reaching.
Gender (in) differences in prevalence and incidence of traumatic experiences among orphaned and separated children living in five low- and middle-income countries

Background. Approximately 153 million children worldwide are orphaned and vulnerable to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). Gender differences in PTEs in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are not well-understood, although support services and prevention programs often primarily involve girls. Methods. The Positive Outcomes for Orphans study used a two-stage, cluster-randomized sampling design to identify 2837 orphaned and separated children (OSC) in five LMIC in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. We examined self-reported prevalence and incidence of several PTE types, including physical and sexual abuse, among 2235 children who were ≥10 years at baseline or follow-up, with a focus on gender comparisons. Results. Lifetime prevalence by age 13 of any PTE other than loss of a parent was similar in both boys [91.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) (85.0–95.5)] and girls [90.3% CI (84.2–94.1)] in institutional-based care, and boys [92.0% (CI 89.0–94.2)] and girls [92.9% CI (89.8–95.1)] in family-based care; annual incidence was similarly comparable between institution dwelling boys [23.6% CI (19.1,−29.3)] and girls [23.6% CI (18.6,−30.0)], as well as between family-dwelling boys [30.7% CI (28.0,−33.6)] and girls [29.3% CI (26.8,−32.0)]. Physical and sexual abuse had the highest overall annual incidence of any trauma type for institution-based OSC [12.9% CI (9.6–17.4)] and family-based OSC [19.4% CI (14.5–26.1)], although estimates in each setting were no different between genders. Conclusion. Prevalence and annual incidence of PTEs were high among OSC in general, but gender-specific estimates were comparable. Although support services and prevention programs are essential for female OSC, programs for male OSC are equally important.
A 4-/spl mu/a quiescent-current dual-mode digitally controlled buck converter IC for cellular phone applications

This paper describes a dual-mode digitally controlled buck converter IC for cellular phone applications. An architecture employing internal power management is introduced to ensure voltage compatibility between a single-cell lithium-ion battery voltage and a low-voltage integrated circuit technology. Special purpose analog and digital interface elements are developed. These include a ring-oscillator-based A/D converter (ring-ADC), which is nearly entirely synthesizable, is robust against switching noise, and has flexible resolution control, and a very low power ring-oscillator-multiplexer-based digital pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation module (ring-MUX DPWM). The chip, which includes an output power stage rated for 400 mA, occupies an active area 2 mm/sup 2/ in 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS. Very high efficiencies are achieved over a load range of 0.1-400 mA. Measured quiescent current in PFM mode is 4 /spl mu/A.
Library based hierarchical power estimation method using in/out transition activity

Hierarchical power estimation of CMOS circuits based on the input/output transition activity of the circuit is introduced. For this purpose, an input/output transition table (IOTT) is drawn for each of a set of library circuits. The transition energy for each library circuit is calculated using HSPICE and saved in the input/output transition table. Using this approach, internal node power consumption is fully covered for small circuits such as inverter, nor, nand and xor. For larger circuits, such as a full adder, internal node energy consumption is captured at least 70% for the states observed from the input/output transition table. Using this technique, one can quickly estimate the power for large circuits. Results show that this method is two orders of magnitude faster than SPICE simulations with less than 5% error.
Enhancement of optical Kerr effect in quantum-cascade lasers with multiple resonance levels

In this paper, we investigated the optical Kerr lensing effect in quantum-cascade lasers with multiple resonance levels. The Kerr refractive index n2 is obtained through the third-order susceptibility at the fundamental frequency χ(3)(ω; ω, ω,-ω). Resonant two-photon processes are found to have almost equal contributions to χ(3)(ω; ω, ω,-ω) as the single-photon processes, which result in the predicted enhancement of the positive nonlinear (Kerr) refractive index, and thus may enhance mode-locking of quantum-cascade lasers. Moreover, we also demonstrate an isospectral optimization strategy for further improving n2 through the band-structure design, in order to boost the multimode performance of quantum-cascade lasers. Simulation results show that the optimized stepwise multiple-quantum-well structure has n2≈10-8 cm2/W, a twofold enhancement over the original flat quantum-well structure. This leads to a refractive-index change Δn of about 0.01, which is at the upper bound of those reported for typical Kerr medium. This stronger Kerr refractive index may be important for quantum-cascade lasers ultimately to demonstrate self-mode-locking.
Efficacy of Adaptive Feedback Strategies in Simulation-Based Training

Emulating adaptive aspects of human tutors in simulation-based training (SBT) should be an effective training approach, as one-to-one tutoring generally leads to better outcomes. This research repr...
Concentric slow cooling of a low-P–high-T terrane: Evidence from 1600–1300 Ma mica dates in the 1780–1700 Ma Black Hills Orogen, South Dakota, U.S.A.

The crystalline core of the southern Black Hills, South Dakota, exposes an extensive, low- P –high- T aureole of garnet- to second-sillimanite-zone schists centered on the plutonic core of the 1715 Ma Harney Peak Granite (HPG). This paper demonstrates regional patterns of apparent ages observed for 52 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates of muscovite and biotite in diverse rocks from across the ~1000 km 2 metamorphic aureole and its plutonic center. About 20 biotite dates, sampled mostly near faults, are influenced by excess 40 Ar and obscure the regional trends. The remaining mica dates reveal radial patterns of apparent younging from outer aureole toward inner granite, with previously unrecognized, elliptical age zones centered on the main HPG pluton and its outliers. The regional pattern of 40 Ar/ 39 Ar cooling ages indicates non-uniform slow cooling of the mid-crust between ~1600–1250 Ma. This scenario of delayed slow cooling from aureole to pluton is consistent with published cooling ages for muscovite (Rb/Sr) and apatite (U/Pb), which range from 1690 to 1550 Ma and from 1700 to ~1500 Ma, respectively. To explain these results, it is likely that ambient pre-granite temperatures of the country rocks were ≥350 °C at the ~10–14 km depth of granite emplacement, as previously proposed, and that the entire complex resided at this depth and cooled slowly from aureole to granite for hundreds of millions of years. Alternatively, or in addition, the HPG and inner aureole were not uplifted until ~1480–1330 Ma, whereupon they finally cooled through ~300–350 °C.
Letter to the Editor---Conference on Operational Research in the Health Services of Great Britain

Officials of the Ministries of Health of England, Ireland, and Scotland, along with a number of researchers and sponsors of research, met at Magdalen college, Oxford, in December 1960, to review programs of operational research in health services in Great Britain.
Invited Commentary: Beyond the Metrics for Measuring Neighborhood Effects

The "neighborhood effects" literature, as currently constructed in epidemiology, would benefit from critical attention to the following four issues: 1) use of appropriate measurement tools and methods for neighborhood environments; 2) theoretical or conceptual guidance as to the aspects of residential environments most salient to human health (both within and across health endpoints); 3) the scale on which investigators measure neighborhood environments to best correspond to meaningful neighborhood boundaries and relevant neighborhood exposures; and 4) those selection and structural features that confound investigators' capacity to draw causal inferences from neighborhood environments to human health. In this issue of the Journal, Mujahid et al. (Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:858-867) report on the psychometric and ecometric results of their neighborhood scale testing. By providing a more rigorous approach to testing of neighborhood-attribute measurement tools, they make an important contribution to the literature. Also noteworthy is their explicit use of a conceptual model, which may facilitate the development of more meaningful area-level measures. Unfortunately, while Mujahid et al. had the capacity to consider spatially relevant measures, based on prior research and their conceptual model, they relied exclusively on aggregated census units. Hopefully, the scale issue will be addressed more thoroughly in future work. Clearly, Mujahid et al. have made progress in addressing how, and to a lesser extent what, to measure when researchers estimate neighborhood effects. But equally clearly, important work remains to be done.
A data generating review that bops, twists and pulls at misconceptions

Statistics is an integral part of the K–12 mathematics curriculum (age 5–18). Naturally, students construct misconceptions of what they learn. This article discusses The Bop It© Challenge, a review activity assesses student understanding and reveals their misundertandings of statistical concepts.
Rereading Stuart Hall's Encoding/Decoding Model

This article is a reading of Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model through his later, more mature work on articulation theory. It analyzes the underlying assumptions of the model, accounts for the criticisms made against it, and points out ways in which the theory of articulation is an advance over the earlier model. While the notion of articulation is emergent in the encoding/decoding model, it is not adequately theorized. One of the consequences is the problematic equivalence between the preferred meaning of the text and dominant ideology. Limitations such as these can be overcome through the present reading. By situating the model within the movements of Hall's intellectual history, the article furthers the task of recasting the model for the analysis of encoding and decoding practices.
A Relationship Between Interatomic Bonding and Electron Transport in Plasma–Deposited, Amorphous Metal Alloys

Amorphous metal alloy films have been produced using a new technique. Nominally NiP alloys are made by dissociating mixtures of nickel carbonyl and phosphine using a radio-frequency discharge in either an argon or a hydrogen carrier gas. This process incorporates significant amounts of carbon and oxygen impurities into the film. A previously unreported relationship between the interatomic bonding involving these impurities and the electronic transport properties of the films is discussed in this paper. The bonding studies were carried out principally using Auger lineshape analysis. Transport properties measured included 4-terminal resistivities, Hall mobilities and carrier concentrations, and Seebeck coefficients. Covalent bonding of Ni with C or P with O is strongly correlated with high resistivity, mainly through a decrease in carrier density.
Herbicide and degradate flux in the Yazoo River Basin

During 1996-1997, water samples were collected from five sites in the Yazoo River Basin and analysed for 14 herbicides and nine degradates. These included acetochlor, alachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, fluometuron, metolachlor, metribuzin, molinate, norflurazon, prometryn, propanil, propazine, simazine, trifluralin, three degradates of fluometuron, two degradates of atrazine, one degradate of cyanazine, norflurazon, prometryn, and propanil. Fluxes generally were higher in 1997 than in 1996 due to a greater rainfall in 1997 than 1996. Fluxes were much larger from streams in the alluvial plain (an area of very productive farmland) than from the Skuna River in the bluff hills (an area of small farms, pasture, and forest). Adding the flux of the atrazine degradates to the atrazine flux increased the total atrazine flux by an average of 14.5%. The fluometuron degradates added about 10% to the total fluometuron flux, and adding the norflurazon degradate flux to the norflurazon flux increased the flux by 82% in 1996...