cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wheat Responses to Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation of Soils from Eroded Toposequence

Low fertility of eroded soils is often attributed to the loss of topsoil, an important source of nutrients for microorganisms and plants. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are known to improve nutrient uptake by plants from infertile soil. The objective of this study was to determine whether wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) responses to VAM fungal inoculation differ among eroded and noneroded soils from the same toposequence. Spring wheat plants were grown under growth chamber conditions in soils collected from three landscape positions of a typical toposequence in eastern Washington, with and without VAM fungal inoculation. Noninoculated soils exhibited 13 to 26% VAM root colonization, while inoculation increased VAM colonization up to 49 to 55% by 5 wk after planting. The VAM fungal inoculation of eroded soils increased shoot dry weight and tiller number, advanced the leaf stage, and increased root length compared with the noninoculated controls. Shoot concentrations of P and Zn were increased by VAM inoculation. In contrast, shoot concentrations of Cu and Mn were unchanged, while Fe was decreased. While VAM fungal inoculation also increased P, Zn, and Cu concentrations in water-stressed plants, Mn and Fe concentrations decreased. No responses to VAM fungal inoculation were observed in soil from a noneroded toeslope, although VAM colonization was similar to that observed in the eroded soils. These results indicate the potential role of VAM fungi for improving dryland wheat productivity on eroded soils.
A comparison of group and individual performance among subject experts and untrained workers at the document retrieval task

Useful retrieval depends on the ability to predict which documents a user will find helpful in answer to a query. Our interest is the common case when no information is provided about the user other than the query and the query is in natural language. In this setting it is well accepted that a human can make useful predictions in the form of judgments about what will likely prove useful to another human. We present data showing that when the predictions of a group of humans are averaged, the result is a better predictor. If performance is measured as a precision, the group performance increases with the size of the group and approaches a limit of approximately 50% improvement over average individual performance on our data. Superior performance by groups raises the question of how. The groups we studied were subject experts and a natural question was whether the superior performance resulted from the pooling of their subject knowledge. In order to answer this question we studied also a group of untrained individuals. To our surprise we found that while untrained individuals had a somewhat inferior performance compared to trained individuals, the group of untrained individuals together performed better than any single trained individual and almost at the level of the trained group
SPILL IMPACTS AND SHORELINE CLEANUP OPERATIONS ON ARCTIC AND SUB-ARCTIC COASTS

ABSTRACT Spill response operations in ice-infested or Arctic environments must take into account environmental factors or constraints that are not applicable in more temperate climates. In particular, the potential impact of oil on biological habitats or communities must be evaluated carefully in terms of species distributions and population abundance at the time of a spill. The potential natural recovery from spilled oil is reduced because of the modifying effects of ice on mechanical (wave) processes at the shoreline. Stranded oil is likely to persist longer because of reduced thermal and mechanical energy levels and would, therefore, have a longer potential adverse effect on biological communities. Environmental conditions may constrain operational response in areas of ice-infested waters or of low temperatures. These climatic conditions have not favored human activities so that many Arctic regions are remote and response resources are greatly limited. The development of spill response decisions in Arc...
Gender differences in the nature and linkage of higher-order personality factors to trait and ability emotional intelligence

Amidst accumulating support for higher-order personality factors (the big two) and a general factor of personality (GFP), researchers theorize about their unique evolutionary and social underpinnings (Rushton, Bons, & Hur, 2008). In the current study, these efforts were extended by (a) examining the relevance of a set of intra and interpersonal skills, which form what is more commonly known as trait or ability Emotional Intelligence (EI), to GFP and (b) exploring gender differences in the pattern of these relationships. Consistent with prior research findings, a series of exploratory factor analyses in the current study supported the GFP in both female and male samples. Moreover, EI dimensions dominated these GFPs, though the precise pattern and strength of loadings differ across gender. Specifically, trait Intrapersonal EI loaded highest on the GFP for the male sample. In the female sample, on the other hand, the GFP contributed to all EI ability-based (MSCEIT) dimensions positively, albeit weakly, while trait Interpersonal EI was most relevant to a GFP. Discussion centers on the role of EI as a biologically and socially adaptive, as well as socially-desirable, trait, given its empirical connection with the GFP.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Trisubstituted 2-Imidazolidones and 2-Imidazolidinethiones

An efficient method for the solid-phase synthesis of 1,3,4-trisubstituted-2-imidazolidones and 1,3,4-trisubstituted-2-imidazolidinethiones from reduced N-acylated dipeptides is described. The complete reduction of the amide bonds of an N-acylated dipeptide with borane in THF results in two secondary and one tertiary amine. Reaction of the resulting resin-bound polyamine 4 with carbonyldiimidazole or thiocarbonyldiimidazole affords, respectively, cyclic ureas 6 and cyclic thioureas 7 in high yield and purity. Details on the selection of the building blocks and characterization of the controls for the libraries' synthesis will be presented. These procedures have also been used to generate parallel arrays and mixture-based combinatorial libraries of cyclic ureas and thioureas.
Demographic Shocks in Eastern Germany, 1989–93

(1994). Demographic Shocks in Eastern Germany, 1989–93. Europe-Asia Studies: Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 519-533.
Lysosomal chitobiase (CTB) and the G-protein γ5 subunit (GNG5) genes co-localize to human chromosome 1p22

Previously isolated human placental cDNA clones represent a fusion of specific RNA sequences encoded by two genes: lysosomal chitobiase (CTB) and G-protein γ5 subunit (GNG5, Fisher and Aron
Impact of a statewide home visiting program on parenting and on child health and development

Abstract Objectives To assess the impact of a voluntary, paraprofessional home visiting program on promoting child health and development and maternal parenting knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Methods This collaborative, experimental study of 6 Healthy Families Alaska (HFAK) programs enrolled 325 families from 1/00 to 7/01, randomly assigned them to HFAK and control groups, interviewed mothers at baseline, and followed families until children were 2 years old (85% follow-up). Child outcomes included health care use, development and behavior. Parent outcomes included knowledge of infant development, parenting attitudes, quality of the home environment, and parent-child interaction. HFAK records were reviewed to measure home visiting services. Home visitors were surveyed to measure knowledge, perceived effectiveness and perceived training adequacy. Results There was no overall impact on child health, but HFAK group children had more favorable developmental and behavioral outcomes. HFAK and control mothers had similar parenting outcomes except that HFAK mothers had greater parenting self-efficacy (35.1 vs. 34.6 based on the Teti Self-Efficacy Scale, p Conclusions The program promoted child development and reduced problem behaviors at 2 years. Impact could be strengthened by improving home visitor effectiveness in promoting effective parenting. Future research is needed to determine whether short-term benefits are sustained.
Ceramic Chronology and Chronometric Dating

Stratigraphic and seriational analysis of the ceramics from La Blanca, Guatemala, resulted in the definition of a highly refined sequence. Within the 300 years of the Conchas phase (c. 900–600 b.c.) it is possible to define, minimally, a four-part subdivision. The four-part subdivision is based on a Stratigraphic analysis of the presence or absence of seven ceramic wares. However, experiments with seriational methods suggest that greater resolution may be obtained through the quantitative analysis of attribute frequencies. The chronological resolution obtained by these relative dating methods is at least equal to the resolution possible with chronometric methods.
Aluminum speciation and equilibria in soil solutions of a Haplorthod in the Adirondack Mountains (New York, U.S.A.)

Abstract Aluminum chemistry was evaluated in throughfall and leachates from O-, E- and B-horizons of a Spodosol (Typic Haplorthod) at hardwood and conifer sites in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Organic and fluoride complexes were the dominant forms of aluminum in all soil solutions and throughfall, whereas sulfate and hydroxide complexes were less prevalent. Aquo-aluminum concentrations were extremely low in O-horizon leachates (6 and 7% of total inorganic aluminum at conifer and hardwood sites, respectively), and increased to 28 and 26% of total inorganic aluminum in solutions from B-horizons at conifer and hardwood sites, respectively. Acid-soluble aluminum was 51 and 54% of total aluminum in O-horizon leachates at the conifer and hardwood sites, respectively, and 88% of total aluminum in throughfall. Like aqueous aluminum, soil-bound aluminum was largely associated with organic matter. Solutions were generally undersaturated with respect to the solubility of aluminum-sulfate and aluminum-hydroxide mineral phases. Elevated concentrations of organic and non-labile aluminum in forest floor solutions suggest that biocycling by vegetation may be an important mechanism of aluminum transport in forest ecosystems.
Emission standards and price distortion

Abstract A simple model is presented which demonstrates that emission standards can either reduce or increase the distortions inherent in preregulatory relative prices. This model is used in conjunction with data for controlling air pollution in the St. Louis airshed under a least-cost set of emission standards. By applying a heuristic formula, it is concluded that this set of standards is distortion neutral. Although there is reason to believe that conventional emission standards are distortion reducing, it is clear that Pigouvian fees achieve technical efficiency in abatement as well as the elimination of price distortion.
Content of Adenosine Phosphates and Adenylate Energy Charge in Germinating Ponderosa Pine Seeds

An average of 540 picomoles of total adenosine phosphates was found in the embryo of mature seeds of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and 1140 picomoles in the gametophyte. Adenylate energy charges were 0.44 and 0.26, respectively. After stratification, total adenosine phosphates increased 7-fold and 6-fold in embryo and gametophyte, respectively, and energy charges rose to 0.85 and 0.75. During germination, total adenosine phosphates increased to a 20-fold peak on the 9th day in gametophytic tissue, parallel with the peak of reserve regradation and organellar synthesis, and then decreased. In embryo and seedling, total adenosine phosphates elevated 80-fold with two distinct oscillating increases of AMP and ADP. The oscillating increases occurred before the emergence of radicle and cotyledons during which the highest mitotic index prevailed in all tissues. Energy charges fluctuated between 0.65 at the rapid cell dividing stage to 0.85 at the fully differentiated stage of the seedling, while energy charges remained around 0.75 in the gametophyte. These data indicated that the content of adenosine phosphates of germinating seeds reflects growth, organogenesis, and morphogenesis, and that a compartmentalized energy metabolism must exist in dividing and growing plant cells.
A New Perspective on the Race Debate

In the ongoing debate concerning the nature of human racial categories, there is a trend to reject the biological reality of race in favour of the view that races are social constructs. At work here is the assumption that biological reality and social constructivism are incompatible. I oppose the trend and the assumption by arguing that cladism, in conjunction with current work in human evolution, provides a new way to define race biologically. Defining race in this way makes sense when compared to the developments in other areas of systematic biology, where shared history has largely replaced morphological similarity as the foundation of a natural biological classification. Surprisingly, it turns out that cladistic races and social constructivism are compatible. I discuss a number of lessons about the way human biological races have been conceptualized.
Midtrimester abortion induced by serial intravaginal administration of prostaglandin E2 suppositories in conjunction with a contraceptive diaphragm.

Abstract Midtrimester abortion was successfully induced in 68 of 69 patients with serial intravaginal administration of prostaglandin E 2 suppositories behind a contraceptive diaphragm. The mean abortion time for the successful inductions was 13.07 hours; multiparous patients aborted somewhat faster, mean 12.72 hours, as compared to nulliparous patients, mean 14.22 hours. In 36 patients the PGE 2 suppositories were placed behind an intact diaphragm and the mean abortion time was 14.89 hours. In 33 patients the PGE 2 suppositories were placed behind a diaphragm modified by having an opening incised in the center, the mean time in these patients was 11.96 hours. Of the 68 successful abortions 59% of the patients aborted in 12 hours or less and 88% aborted within 24 hours. The most frequently encountered side effect was temperature elevation of 2° F or higher which occurred in 68% of the patients. Temperatures returned to normal levels within 4 to 6 hours after the last administration of PGE 2 . Gastrointestinal side effects occurred in 45% of patients, but these side effects were well tolerated and did not require termination of drug administration in any of the patients. Intravaginal administration of PGE 2 suppositories is a very effective abortifacient technique during the midtrimester, however the use of PGE 2 in conjunction with a diaphrgam did not appreciabley improve the technique although the amount of drug administered and the incidence of side effects was somewhat lower than when the PGE 2 suppositories are used alone. If a diaphragm is to be used, a modified diaphragm is indicated since it simplifies the clinical management of the abortion, eases administration of the suppositories and permits a more accurate estimation of cervical changes, vaginal bleeding and abortion.
Deliver knowledge or touch the mind? The effect of informational and emotional advertisement strategy on fashion sportswear brand attitude and recall

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of advertisement strategy (informational, positive emotional, negative emotional) and brand awareness (high, low) on brand name recall and change in brand attitude. The study extends previous research by focusing on fashion sportswear brands and including personal involvement toward fashion sportswear as a moderating variable. Online survey participants were divided into two groups; one group viewed ads featuring high-awareness brands' logos and the other viewed ads from a low-awareness brand. Results indicated that compared to informational ad strategy, emotional ad strategies led to greater change in brand attitude. Also, positive and negative change in brand attitude after viewing positive and negative emotional ads depended on the brand awareness. The findings of the present study emphasize the importance for brands of raising brand awareness and utilizing emotional advertisement strategies.
Standard-Site Method for Determining Antenna Factors

A method for calibrating antennas from site attenuation measurements made on an open-field site is described. The method, termed the standard-site method because the accuracy of the results depends on the quality of the measuring site, requires neitller the use of a standard antenna nor the generation of a standard field. The antenna factors of a number of broad-band antennas calibrated by the standard-site method over the frequency range 30?1000 MHz show good agreement with the antenna factors found by the standard-antenna method.
VER similarity between alcoholic probands and their first-degree relatives.

This study investigated the visual evoked response (VER) similarity of 36 nontwin pairs of relatives. Subject pairs were obtained from a study of alcoholism and affective disorders. Pairs differed in age, sex, and history of alcohol abuse. Because of these differences, plus the assumed positive influence of genetics on VER similarity, nontwin relatives were expected to have less similar VERs than those previously reported for twins but more similar VERs than the nonrelative pairs. Two VER parameters were investigated: waveform and a slope measure of augmenting-reducing. A new randomization test of similarities was used in the analyses. As predicted, the VER waveforms and slopes of nontwin relative pairs were less similar than those reported for Mz twins but significantly more similar than those of random pairs.
Stereochemical studies on a plasmid-coded fluoroacetate halidohydrolase

Abstract The stereochemical course of action of haloacetate halidohydrolase H-1 from Pseudomonas sp., strain A, which catalyzes the dehalogenation of fluoroacetate to glycolate, has been determined by enzymatic analysis of products from incubations with both enantiomers of 20-fluoropropionate, and by 1H NMR analysis of the ester of (−)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid with phenacyl [2-2H1]glycolate derived from the product of incubation with the (S)-monodeuterofluoroacetate. The results support a direct displacement mechanism for this enzyme, since they indicate that the reaction is catalyzed with inversion of configuration.
Clinical thermochemotherapy a controlled trial in advanced cancer patients

In vitro and in vivo animal studies and some clinical trials have shown apparent benefit from thermochemotherapy; however, this treatment modality has not been adequately tested in humans. This investigation evaluated response to and toxicity of secondary thermochemotherapy, using each patient as his own control. Patients with advanced cancer who had documented disease progression while receiving chemotherapy alone were subsequently treated with the same drug, by the same dose and route, combined with localized hyperthermia. Thirty-four patients whose diseases included metastatic colon carcinoma, melanoma, sarcoma and hepatoma in viscera (29) or surface tissues (5) were treated with combination thermochemotherapy for 1 hour daily for 5 days/month. Effective heating from 41 to 45 degrees C minimum tumor temperature was possible in 17/19 (89%) tumors in which temperatures could be measured safely. The authors observed 5 (15%) tumor regressions for 1 to 5 months (median, 2 months), and 19 (56%) tumor stabilizations (growth arrest of previously progressive disease) for 1 to 9 months (median, 4 months). Subjective improvement in activity and/or pain control occurred in 6 (18%) patients and 20 (59%) had no progression of symptoms during treatment. Moreover, there was no detectable morbidity from localized hyperthermia, and no evidence of increased chemotherapy toxicity. While the mechanism(s) of response is poorly understood, the documented disease regressions and stabilizations of previously progressive disease in 24 (71%) patients during secondary combination thermochemotherapy indicates that the addition of hyperthermia may have useful anticancer activity. Expanded trials are warranted.
On the near-ignition stability of diffusion flames

Abstract Activation-energy asymptotics enables steady combustion states not only to be determined but also to be examined for stability. Here the S -response of a diffusion flame in a chamber is considered, in particular the top bend corresponding to ignition. The upper branch is found to be stable and the middle branch unstable, the neutral point lying exactly at the bend.
Regime shifts in fisheries management

Abstract The collapse of so many fisheries in the waters of “advanced” nations would seem to confirm the opinions of pessimists who decry the possibility of successful management based on existing methodologies. Yet there may be compensations to these closures (or near closures) of fisheries around the North Atlantic and elsewhere. These create new and different circumstances not only for the managers but also for their scientific advisors. There is not merely an opportunity but a necessity to restructure the form in which advice is given and the research on which it is based.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in Children and Adolescents

ABSTRACT Objective Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a serious iatrogenic condition. This report reviews the world literature to characterize the syndrome and evaluate factors that promote early detection and effective intervention. Method The review identified 77 NMS cases (49 males, 27 females, 1 gender unknown); ages ranged from 0.9 to 18 years (mean 14.8 ± 3.96). Univariate and multiple regression analyses were applied to 38 variables to identify early signs of the disorder, to identify correlates of outcome, and to evaluate treatments. Results The duration of NMS spanned from 1 to 119 days. Nine percent of patients died and 20% resolved with serious sequelae. Patients receiving low-potency neuroleptics had a poorer outcome ( p = .01). Fever was related to longer duration of illness ( p = .03). Anticholinergics and bromocriptine were effective and without fatalities, but dantrolene was not useful in this sample of children and adolescents. Conclusions Early detection and appropriate interventions appear important in moderating the course and outcome of NMS.
Gauge hierarchy and attractive feeble long-range force.

We show that in a gauge theory with gauge hierarchy, a long-range attractive feeble force can arise in general within the framework of perturbative field theory. The force is the result of the existence of a Higgs boson whose mass and matter couplings are both naturally suppressed by powers of the hierarchical scale ratio. Some simple but realistic examples are used to demonstrate this mechanism.
Mental health and access to services among US women of reproductive age

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to estimate prevalence of depression and serious psychological distress (SPD) and mental health service receipt among reproductive-age women. STUDY DESIGN: We used 2006-2007 nationally representative data to estimate the prevalence of depression and SPD among nonpregnant women aged 18 to 44 years. Using logistic regression, we individually examined predictors of depression and SPD and characteristics associated with clinical diagnosis and current treatment. RESULTS: More than 14% of women had current depression and 2.7% had current SPD. Risk factors for major depression and SPD included older age, less education, being unmarried, inability to work/unemployed, and low income. Among depressed women, 18-24 year-olds, nonwhite women, those with children, the employed, and urban women had lower odds of clinical diagnosis. Among women with SPD, Hispanic, employed, and those without health insurance had lower odds of receiving treatment. CONCLUSION: Mental health conditions are prevalent among women of reproductive age and a substantial proportion goes untreated.
Lactating dairy cow responses to dietary sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate during hot weather.

Abstract Twelve Holstein and eight Jersey cows in the first half of lactation were assigned to one of four concentrate formulations to provide supplemental sodium salts in the total diet dry matter of 1) .5% sodium chloride, 2) .5% sodium chloride plus .72% sodium bicarbonate, 3) .5% sodium chloride plus .72% sodium bicarbonate, and 4) 1.44% sodium bicarbonate to measure effects on body temperature and respiration rate, milk yield and composition, and blood components that reflect acid-base balance. After data were adjusted for body weight, age, and a covariate based on differences within individuals in the standardization period, they were analyzed with a model that included breed, treatment, week, temperature-humidity index, and interactions. Cows fed sodium bicarbonate and no supplemental sodium chloride had lower body temperatures than the other groups. High sodium and chloride in basal diet and drinking water prevented the large change in dietary amount and ratio of these two electrolytes that treatments were designed to impose. More stringent control of dietary amounts and greater heat stress will be necessary to show effects of these elements on acid-base balance.
An integrated model for assessment of sustainable agricultural residue removal limits for bioenergy systems

Agricultural residues have been identified as a significant potential resource for bioenergy production, but serious questions remain about the sustainability of harvesting residues. Agricultural residues play an important role in limiting soil erosion from wind and water and in maintaining soil organic carbon. Because of this, multiple factors must be considered when assessing sustainable residue harvest limits. Validated and accepted modeling tools for assessing these impacts include the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Version 2 (RUSLE2), the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS), and the Soil Conditioning Index. Currently, these models do not work together as a single integrated model. Rather, use of these models requires manual interaction and data transfer. As a result, it is currently not feasible to use these computational tools to perform detailed sustainable agricultural residue availability assessments across large spatial domains or to consider a broad range of land management practices. This paper presents an integrated modeling strategy that couples existing datasets with the RUSLE2 water erosion, WEPS wind erosion, and Soil Conditioning Index soil carbon modeling tools to create a single integrated residue removal modeling system. This enables the exploration of the detailed sustainable residue harvest scenarios needed to establish sustainable residue availability. Using this computational tool, an assessment study of residue availability for the state of Iowa was performed. This study included all soil types in the state of Iowa, four representative crop rotation schemes, variable crop yields, three tillage management methods, and five residue removal methods. The key conclusions of this study are that under current management practices and crop yields nearly 26.5 million Mg of agricultural residue are sustainably accessible in the state of Iowa, and that through the adoption of no till practices residue removal could sustainably approach 40 million Mg. However, when considering the economics and logistics of residue harvest, yields below 2.25 Mg ha^-^1 are generally considered to not be viable for a commercial bioenergy system. Applying this constraint, the total agricultural residue resource available in Iowa under current management practices is 19 million Mg. Previously published results have shown residue availability from 22 million Mg to over 50 million Mg in Iowa.
STRUCTURE AND SYNTHESIS OF MILK FAT. VII. DISTRIBUTION OF FATTY ACIDS IN MILK FAT TRIGLYCERIDES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BUTYRATE.

Abstract Silicic acid column chromatography (SACC) and low-temperature-crystallization from acetone of hydrogenated milk fat were employed to isolate the low molecular-weight triglycerides from milk fat. These techniques supplemented with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography (GC) of the intact triglycerides and fatty acids esterified to the glycerol molecule enabled determination of the maximum amount of butyrate present. Fractionation by SACC of goat and cow milk fat triglycerides permitted the isolation of 63 to 70 triglyceride fractions according to molecular weight. No fraction contained over 20.4 mole per cent butyrate. Fractionation by lowtemperature crystallization and GC revealed a maximum of 23.5 mole per cent of butyrate in the low molecular-weight triglyceride types. Thus, it was evident that no milk fat triglyceride fraction isolated contained more than one mole of butyrate per mole of triglyceride. This demonstrates that the normal level of butyrate present in milk fat (10 mole per cent) is distributed with medium- to long-chain fatty acids over a rather large mole per cent of the triglycerides.
Critical reflections on Rawlsian justice versus Confucian justice

Dans le cadre d'une reflexion interculturelle sur l'integration des notions yi et justice au sein de la communaute, l'A. souleve la question de l'application d'un principe et la question de l'identite qui se posent des lors que l'on definit la justice comme egalite absolue. Developpant une theorie confuceenne de la justice fondee sur la conception confuceenne du moi et de la societe, l'A. evalue la pertinence des deux principes liberal et individualiste de Rawls au regard de la definition confuceenne du bien comme critere de la societe juste et de l'individu juste
A medial soft-tissue mass of the knee

A 46-year-old man presented to a sports medicine clinic with medial left knee swelling that had begun 2 months earlier after a direct blow from a fall. The patient complained of stiffness and discomfort that occurred with immobilization and resolved with stretching and exercise. He reported no locking or instability. A physical examination showed marked swelling over the medial knee joint line; the area was firm, rubbery, and nontender. There was no suprapatellar effusion. The patient's knee had a full range of motion, and hamstring and quadriceps strength was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was ordered to exclude a soft-tissue tumor.
Second harmonic gyro-peniotron oscillator experiment

Summary form only given, as follows. The approach under study at NRL for efficient millimeter wave operation at reduced values of the magnetic field is based on the harmonic gyro-peniotron interaction occurring in slotted waveguide structure with a high quality axis encircling beam. An efficient second harmonic TE/sub 21/ gyro-peniotron oscillator with a rising-sun slotted waveguide structure has been designed utilizing an axis-encircling beam (70 kV and 3 A). The hybrid particle-in-cell code predicts an efficiency of 60% at electron beam velocity ratio of 1.4 with cold beam. The simulated performance was optimized where B/B/sub grazing/=1.015, the quality factor of 600, and cavity length of 2 cm. Experiments are underway to demonstrate the high efficient gyro-peniotron interaction and correlation with the quality of the electron beam.
Creep in mechanically alloyed NiAl

Abstract The creep behaviour of mechanically alloyed (MA) NiAl, consolidated by a hot extrusion or hot pressing, was examined. Hot extruded MA NiAl exhibited higher creep rates due to the development of a strong 〈110〉 texture along the extrusion direction, the presence of somewhat coarser oxides and the lower level of interstitial atoms. In general, minimum creep rates in Ma NiAl were on average three orders of magnitude lower than those in their case counterparts. Improved creep resistance of MA NiAl is postulated to result from the presence of dispersoids and interstitial atoms and, to a limited extent, from its fine grain size. Taking into consideration the temperature and stress ranges in the present study, the measured values of the stress exponent and the activation energies for creep, and the occurrence of the threshold stress below which creep does not occur, one can conclude that creep in the MA NiAl materials is controlled by climb of dislocations over dispersoid.
1052-2 Expert System Aid in Differentiating Among Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias

The differentiation between atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia via an accessory pathway (AVRT) AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and atrial tachycardia (AT) in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia may be helpful in guiding pharmacologic therapy and in identifying patients for radiofrequency catheter ablation. To help in this differentiation, an expert system was developed using a commercially-available expert system shell (EXSY'S) . A simplified version of this system was designed to run on a palm-top computer. Both programs use the MS-DOS operating system. The expert system is rule-based and assigns probability values to the goal states through the process of backward chaining. The goal states for this expert system were AVRT, AVNRT, and AT. The user is queried for the presence of various abnormalities on the presenting EKG (P wave location, ORS alternans, pseudo r wave in lead V1, pseudo S wave in the inferior leads), comparison with previous EKG's (presence of pre-excitation) and the effect of vagal manueuvers or adenosine infusion on the tachycardia. From published data, each abnormality is assigned a probability based on the positive predictive value of the abnormality for AVRT, AVNRT and AT. By combining the positive predictive values, the expert system assigns a final probability for AVRT, AVNRT and AT. This expert system may be useful as a diagnostic tool and a teaching aid in the differentiation between AVRT, AVNRT and AT in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.
Amino-acid composition of serum mucoprotein in rheumatic fever.

INTEREST in serum mucoprotein tyrosine levels as one of the most sensitive, albeit non-specific, gauges of the disease process in cases of rheumatic fever suggested the possibility that there might be differences in the amino-acid composition of the serum mucoprotein at a time when serum-levels were significantly elevated.
Dilution of Spinal Lidocaine Does Not Alter the Incidence of Transient Neurologic Symptoms

BackgroundAlthough it has been suggested that the dilution of 5% hyperbaric lidocaine before injection for spinal anesthesia may decrease the incidence of transient neurologic symptoms, previous studies have not noted a decreased incidence between 5% and 2% lidocaine. The aim of the current study wa
On finite element approximations to time-dependent problems

Best possible error estimates are proved for spline semi-discrete approximations to dissipative initial value problems. Error bounds are also established for suitable difference quotients.
On the Perpetual Collision-Free RHC of Fleets of Vehicles

Receding horizon control is emerging as a very promising technique for the centralized control of fleets of vehicles on land, sea, and in the air. We present a sufficient condition for collision avoidance within a fleet under receding horizon control, over an indefinite period of operation.
Advancing nursing practice with a unit-based clinical expert

Objective: To explore patterns in the practice of nursing and patient outcomes. Design: Qualitative field research. Population, Sample, Setting: Populations were critical care nurses and critically ill adult patients in the 10-bed medical critical care unit of a 900-bed teaching hospital. A convenience-purposive sample of 27 nurses and 31 patients was studied in 1985. Methods: Six months of participant observation, unstructured interviews, and the constant comparison method of grounded theory. Findings: Markedly different patterns were found in expert and nonexpert practice. The substantive theory of conversion helped explain how the majority of nonexpert nurses advanced their practice. The metaphor of catalyzed conversion captures how a unit-based expert nurse serves as a catalyst to advance the practice of nonexperts. Presence, defined as the way of being within a given clinical context, differentiated nurses. Conclusions: (a) Expert and nonexpert practices are substantively different, (b) Expert and nonexpert practice results in different patient outcomes, (c) Conversion helps explain changes in nonexpert practice. Clinical Implications: A unit-based expert nurse can increase patient-focused care.
China R&D: A High-Tech Field of Dreams1

This study highlights the rapid pace at which new commercial research and development (R&D) centres are being established by foreign investors in the People's Republic of China (PRC). It recounts the motivations behind this growing trend, subtle changes in this trend over time, some lessons learned, and asks what it could mean for future Asia-Pacific relations. The essay emphasizes China's distinct role in attracting R&D through its extensive investment in municipal services, infrastructure and regulatory reforms as well as policy incentives that have helped to spur ever-greater levels of foreign R&D investment over the past decade.
A pilot trial testing the feasibility of administering D-penicillamine to extremely low birth weight neonates.

A pilot trial testing the feasibility of administering D -penicillamine to extremely low birth weight neonates
Macro and micro pressures in data sharing

Despite predicted benefits of data integration in the sciences, many factors continue to limit data sharing. In this paper we argue that data practices of individual researchers represent a key bottleneck. Through an interview study across multiple fields, we show that data practices vary as a function of norms learned from senior mentors, where data sharing is more likely when supported and modeled by a lab director. Further, through an analysis of deposits to a data repository, we show that data practices are sensitive to global events, where data sharing is more likely in the face of an emergency or crisis. These results suggest that current strategies to achieve data integration, such as policy directives from federal agencies, are poorly aligned with incentives that matter to scientists. We conclude with a summary of influences that are more likely to shape data practices in the direction of greater data sharing.
Dissociable neural effects of stimulus valence and preceding context during the inhibition of responses to emotional faces

Socially appropriate behavior requires the concurrent inhibition of actions that are inappropriate in the context. This self-regulatory function requires an interaction of inhibitory and emotional processes that recruits brain regions beyond those engaged by either processes alone. In this study, we isolated brain activity associated with response inhibition and emotional processing in 24 healthy adults using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a go/no-go task that independently manipulated the context preceding no-go trials (ie, number of go trials) and the valence (ie, happy, sad, and neutral) of the face stimuli used as trial cues. Parallel quadratic trends were seen in correct inhibitions on no-go trials preceded by increasing numbers of go trials and associated activation for correct no-go trials in inferior frontal gyrus pars opercularis, pars triangularis, and pars orbitalis, temporoparietal junction, superior parietal lobule, and temporal sensory association cortices. Conversely, the comparison of happy versus neutral faces and sad versus neutral faces revealed valence-dependent activation in the amygdala, anterior insula cortex, and posterior midcingulate cortex. Further, an interaction between inhibition and emotion was seen in valence-dependent variations in the quadratic trend in no-go activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus and left posterior insula cortex. These results suggest that the inhibition of response to emotional cues involves the interaction of partly dissociable limbic and frontoparietal networks that encode emotional cues and use these cues to exert inhibitory control over the motor, attention, and sensory functions needed to perform the task, respectively.
Influence of spinal puncture and injection on VHIth nerve function

Two cases are reported confirming and demonstrating the relationship between spinal puncture or injection and VIIIth nerve function as a result of intracranial pressure changes.
Proapoptotic, Antimigratory, Antiproliferative, and Antiangiogenic Effects of Commercial C-Reactive Protein on Various Human Endothelial Cell Types In Vitro: Implications of Contaminating Presence of Sodium Azide in Commercial Preparation

Recent experimental studies suggest C-reactive protein (CRP) may be a potential mediator of atherosclerosis and its complications. However, there is growing criticism of in vitro CRP studies that use commercial CRP preparations containing biologically active contaminants. The effects of commercial CRP, dialyzed commercial CRP (dCRP) to remove azide, and sodium azide (NaN3) alone at equivalent concentrations to the undialyzed preparation were tested at varying concentrations on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), circulating endothelial outgrowth cells (EOC), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) in vitro. CRP and NaN3 alone exhibited equivalent concentration-dependent, proapoptotic effects on HUVEC, EOC, and EPC (P<0.01 versus control), whereas dCRP had no such effect. Similarly, CRP and NaN3 alone caused equivalent concentration-dependent decreases in migration, proliferation, and matrigel tube formation (P<0.01 versus control) in EOC and HUVEC, whereas dCRP had absolutely no effect on these biological functions at any of the concentrations used. We conclude that proapoptotic, antiproliferative, antimigratory, and antiangiogenic effects of this commercial CRP preparation on a number of endothelial cell phenotypes in culture may be explained by the presence of sodium azide in this preparation. This study has implications for interpretation of in vitro studies using CRP preparations containing azide at equivalent or higher concentrations.
Surviving state disruptions caused by test: The “Lobotomy Problem”

The practice of initializing a board or system for testing purposes is not an exact science, but rather, pursued empirically and with little help from IC designers. This paper examines some of the issues and trends that justify adding features to IEEE 1149.1 that will facilitate safe, fast and effective initialization of a board or system, to get it ready for testing and to leave it in a safe state upon completion of testing.
Air–Sea Interactions of Relevance to the ITCZ: Analysis of Coupled Instabilities and Experiments in a Hybrid Coupled GCM

The eastern Pacific and Atlantic have a curious climatic asymmetry relative to the equator. Whereas the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) characterized by persistent and heavy rainfall and the warmest surface waters reside north of the equator, a cold tongue in sea surface temperature (SST) occurs at and south of the equator even though the time-mean solar radiation is approximately symmetric about the equator. In this paper the author investigates the relative role of three types of coupled ocean‐atmosphere interaction processes—the meridional wind‐SST feedback, the evaporation‐wind feedback, and the low-level stratus cloud‐SST feedback— in determining the climatic asymmetry relative to the equator. This study has two components. First, a simple analytical model is constructed in which the aforementioned three positive-feedback mechanisms are all included in a unified dynamic framework. The author’s stability analysis indicates that in a reasonable parameter regime the growth rates associated with the three coupled instabilities are of the same order of magnitude, suggesting that they are all important in contributing to the climatic asymmetry. Because of the dependence of the three feedback mechanisms on the existence of a shallow oceanic mixed layer that, in turn, is a result of equatorial easterlies, the existence of the equatorial easterlies is essential for the amplification of the climatic asymmetry. Next, a hybrid coupled general circulation model is used in which a realistic continental and coastal geometry is presented. The model starts from an ideal symmetric condition forced only by the annual-mean insolation at the top of the atmosphere which is approximately symmetric about the equator. In the presence of the three air‐ sea interaction mechanisms, the coupled model is capable of reproducing a realistic asymmetric time-mean state in the eastern Pacific and Atlantic. The fundamental cause of the asymmetry in the eastern Pacific is the tilt of the western coast of the Americas, which perturbs SST in the vicinity of the coastal region through a so-called coastal wind-upwelling mechanism. The asymmetry in the Atlantic, on the other hand, results from the land‐ ocean thermal contrast between the bulge of northwestern Africa and the ocean to the south. The ocean‐ atmosphere interactions act as an amplifier to amplify the asymmetry set up by the continental or coastal asymmetry. Numerical experiments presented here demonstrate the importance of the geographic asymmetries and the ocean‐atmosphere interactions in determining the preferred climatic position for the ITCZ.
Establishing treatment protocols for clinical mastitis

Each farm has a unique mix of mastitis pathogens and management procedures that have evolved over time. The herd veterinarian should work with the manager/owner to systematically develop treatment protocols that meet the needs and management of the farm. To establish a mastitis treatment protocol, it is necessary to develop a system to routinely identify clinical mastitis cases, develop a herd-specific severity level assessment system, manage the clinical mastitis cases based on severity level and culture result (when available), avoid antibiotic residues, and monitor the success of the system and alter the protocol as necessary.
A review of intrathecal morphine therapy related granulomas

Abstract The development of catheter associated granulomatous masses in intrathecal morphine therapy is an uncommon, but potentially serious problem. While these systems have historically been used in patients with short life expectancies, more recently patients with pain from a benign source have benefited from this therapy, and new complications are being encountered secondary to the patients’ longer life spans. Morphine is the most commonly used intrathecal opioid and evidence exists that the formation of granulomatous masses are related to the use of higher doses. When the patients’ requirement of morphine increases significantly, the physician should be alert for signs of spinal cord compression, such as new neurological deficits, myelopathy, or radiculopathy. Patients that require these higher doses should be properly informed of the association with granulomas and their associated risks. Indolent infection may also be the etiology of granulomatous masses, and the presence of organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic, should be routinely investigated. Patients with catheter-associated granulomas appear to share several features. They exhibit the onset of symptoms several months following the initiation of intraspinal opioids and commonly present with an increase in pain that precedes signs and symptoms of neurological deterioration. While MRI might be the preferred method of detection of intrathecal granulomas, its cost and availability are prohibitive for routine screening. CT myelogram via pump side port injection of contrast can also be performed to detect catheter tip related granulomas/obstructions. Serial neurological examinations for new deficits may be performed and recorded during pump refill visits to recognize a granulomatous mass in its early stages. If an abnormality is identified, imaging studies are appropriate. Awareness of the condition and vigilance are the keys to successful management of this complication.