cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformable Registration of Feature-Endowed Point Sets Based on Tensor Fields

The main contribution of this work is a framework to register anatomical structures characterized as a point set where each point has an associated symmetric matrix. These matrices can represent problem-dependent characteristics of the registered structure. For example, in airways, matrices can represent the orientation and thickness of the structure. Our framework relies on a dense tensor field representation which we implement sparsely as a kernel mixture of tensor fields. We equip the space of tensor fields with a norm that serves as a similarity measure. To calculate the optimal transformation between two structures we minimize this measure using an analytical gradient for the similarity measure and the deformation field, which we restrict to be a diffeomorphism. We illustrate the value of our tensor field model by comparing our results with scalar and vector field based models. Finally, we evaluate our registration algorithm on synthetic data sets and validate our approach on manually annotated airway trees.
Probabilities for a Generalized Birthday Problem

Abstract Let 1's and M- 0's be randomly arranged in a row. Saperstein [11] defines the random variable k* m to be the maximum number of 1's within any m consecutive positions in the arrangement, and finds Pr (k* m . This article derives the distribution of k*m, for all for M/m = L, L an integer. Simplified forms are given for M/m = L, k > .
Evolution of Eukaryotic Microorganisms and Their Small Subunit Ribosomal RNAs

Traditional views about the origin of eukaryotes and relationships between major “kingdoms” reflect interpretations of the fossil record and comparisons of phenotypic characters. This perspective is challenged by phylogenetic frameworks inferred from comparisons of macromolecular sequences which share a common ancestry. Similarities between ribosomal RNA genes demonstrate that instead of being relatively recent biological inventions, eukaryotes represent a discrete lineage that may be as old as the archaebacterial and eubacterial lines of descent. The diversity of protistan small subunit rRNA sequences exceeds that seen within the entire prokaryotic world. The earliest branching lineages include diplomonads, microsporidians, and tritrichomonads. Yet, other major protistan groups diverged relatively late in the evolutionary history of nucleated cells. Rather than being a concise evolutionary assemblage, the Protista should be regarded as a collection of paraphyletic lineages. In contrast, the Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia are independent monophyletic groupings. They originated nearly simultaneously during a relatively recent period characterized by a massive diversification of forms. This novel view of eukaryotic evolution suggests that a reliance upon large phenotypic differences in delineating kingdoms can obscure true genealogical relationships. Instead of dividing eukaryotes into four or more major divisions, they should be considered as a single kingdom that encompasses a progression of independently diverging lineages.
Isolation of generative cells from pollen of Phoenix dactylifera

Generative cells in pollen of Phoenix dactylifera had a convoluted surface and a small cytoplasmic volume, and condensed chromatin in the nucleus. Treatment of hydrated pollen with pectinase followed by grinding in a hypotonic medium released the generative cells from pollen. Convolutions of the plasma-membrane surface in vivo were retained by generative cells in vitro. Generative cells had a much lower solute concentration than did vegetative cells, a property that explains why hypotonic shock was effective in releasing intact generative cells from pollen.
Maternal Psychological Distress and Parenting Stress After the Birth of a Very Low-Birth-Weight Infant

ContextFew studies document how parents adapt to the experience of a very low-birth-weight (VLBW; <1500 g) birth despite societal concerns about the ethics and justification of intensive care for these infants.ObjectiveTo determine the degree and type of stress experienced over time by mothers whose infants vary in degree of prematurity and medical and developmental risk.DesignLongitudinal prospective follow-up study of a cohort of mothers of high- and low-risk VLBW and term infants from birth to 3 years.SettingAll level III neonatal intensive care units from a large midwestern metropolitan region.ParticipantsMothers and infants prospectively and consecutively enrolled in a longitudinal study between 1989 and 1991. High-risk VLBW infants were diagnosed as having bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and comparison groups were low-risk VLBW infants without bronchopulmonary dysplasia and term infants (>36 weeks, >2500 g).Main Outcome MeasuresStandardized, normative self-report measures of maternal psychological distress, parenting stress, family impact, and life stressors.ResultsMothers of VLBW infants (high risk, n=122; low risk, n=84) had more psychological distress than mothers of term infants (n=123) at 1 month (13% vs 1%; P=.003). At 2 years, mothers of low-risk VLBW infants did not differ from term mothers, while mothers of high-risk infants continued to report psychological distress. By 3 years, mothers of high-risk VLBW children did not differ from mothers of term children in distress symptoms, while parenting stress remained greater. Severity of maternal depression was related to lower child developmental outcomes in both VLBW groups.ConclusionsThe impact of VLBW birth varies with child medical risk status, age, and developmental outcome. Follow-up programs should incorporate psychological screening and support services for mothers of VLBW infants in the immediate postnatal period, with monitoring of mothers of high-risk VLBW infants.
ASSOCIATION OF RHO PROTEINS WITH THE MITOCHONDRIA ORGANELLE

The proteins of the rho gene family have been isolated from cytosolic as well as particulate fractions. The rho proteins have values of about 22KDa and have consensus amino acid sequences for GTP/GDP-binding and GTPase activities. We have localized the rho proteins in mammalian cells by using affinity-purified anti-peptide antibodies in immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy studies. The majority of rho appears to be concentrated in the mitochondrial membranes while a small fraction is seen in the cytoplasm and in the cytosolic lysosomal compartments, suggesting that rho protein(s) might be involved in the mitochondrial function or assembly.
Phytochemicals: A Glimpse into their Structural and Biological Variation

Higher plants have afforded a plethora of structurally varied biologically active secondary metabolite organic molecules, and accordingly have been subjected to wide experimental scrutiny in countries all over the world. In this short review the promise of just one phytochemical group, the flavonoids, will be focused upon. Compounds of this type which have been recently isolated and characterized in this laboratory, with potential use as cancer chemopreventives, cancer chemotherapeutic agents, and sucrose substitutes, will be described.
Temporary Activation of Long-Term Memory Supports Working Memory

This study describes a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of humans engaged in long-term memory (LTM) and working memory tasks. A pattern classifier learned to identify patterns of brain activity associated with viewing and making judgments about three categories of pictures (famous people, famous locations, and common objects). The evaluation of these stimuli relied on perception and long-term semantic and/or episodic memories. We investigated whether this classifier could successfully decode brain activity from a subsequent delayed paired-associate recognition working memory task that required the short-term retention of the same stimuli. We reasoned that the LTM-trained classifier would be able to decode delay-period activity only if that activity reflected, to some extent, the temporary activation of LTM. Our results demonstrated successful decoding: delay-period activity from a distributed network of brain regions matched learned patterns of activity for task-relevant stimuli to a greater extent than for task-irrelevant stimuli. In varying degrees throughout the delay, activity reflected the target (a retrospective code) and its associate (a prospective code) with considerable variability among subjects. Although prefrontal cortex (PFC) demonstrated category-specific patterns of activity during the LTM task, these patterns were not reinstated in PFC during the working memory task. We conclude that the short-term retention of information can be supported by the temporary reactivation of LTM representations.
HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE-AMILORIDE IN NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS

The effects of treatment with hydrochlorothiazide (50-75 mg/day p.o.) combined with amiloride (10-15 mg/day p.o.) were compared to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) treatment alone in two brothers, aged 12 and 19 years, with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Whereas, both modalities of treatment resulted in reduction in voiding frequency and urine volume, decrease in daily fluid intake and increase in urine osmolality, the two-drug combination was found to be superior to HCTZ alone by preventing urinary potassium losses, hypokalemia and alkalosis. During admission of 3 weeks, it was also found that amiloride has an additive effect to the thiazide in terms of increasing initial urinary sodium excretion, reducing urine volume and free water clearance and lowering serum sodium and osmolality.
Recent improvements in outcome with the novacor left ventricular assist device

Abstract Background: The Novacor implantable, electrically powered, wearable, left ventricular assist device (LVAD) has been used as a bridge to transplantation at our institution since 1994. Recent changes in protocol have resulted in a decreased incidence of infections, thromboembolism, and mortality. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all 43 patients who received implantable LVADs at the Mount Sinai Medical Center. After 1998, a number of protocol modifications were instituted. Vascular grafts were changed from a low-porosity, woven polyester (Cooley) to a gelatin-sealed, knitted polyester graft (Vascutek), the devices were implanted pre-peritoneally rather than in the posterior rectus sheath, and extensive drainage of the chest and pre-peritoneal pocket was used. The following anti-coagulation regimen was used: low-molecular-weight Dextran for 1 day, initiated after chest tube drainage Results: Groups I and II were well matched with regard to age (47 vs 44 years); cause of heart failure (idiopathic, 50% vs 44%; ischemic, 50% vs 56%), and duration of support (79 vs 76 days). The incidence of thromboembolic cerebrovascular events was significantly less in Group II (6%) than in Group I (23%), p = 0.025. The incidence of bleeding increased mildly in Group I. Pocket infections occurred in 27% of Group I patients vs 11% of Group II patients, p = 0.018. Only 2 patients (11%) in Group II died while receiving device support, vs 7 (32%) in Group I, p = 0.019. Conclusion: Our results indicate that pre-peritoneal implantation, use of a new generation of vascular grafts, extensive drainage, and a more restricted anti-coagulation regimen improve outcome after Novacor LVAD implantation for advanced heart failure.
Optical response of reflection polymer Bragg gratings to applied gas pressure

The effects of positive nitrogen pressure (0psi to 10psi above ambient) on the reflection spectrum of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) Bragg gratings has been experimentally analyzed showing shifts in Bragg wavelength and peak broadening effects. We have observed a spectral blue-shift in the peak reflection wavelength that occurs with increasing pressure. Using statistical analysis techniques, we have shown that this is a real effect that can be quantified. The spectral dependence on applied pressure is explained by mechanical deformations to the polymer network, which is assumed to behave linearly. These devices have potential usage as optical pressure sensors.
An overview of atopic eczema in children: a significant disease.

Atopic eczema is a significant disease, being the most common skin disorder in children, affecting 12–15% of all school-age children (Emerson et al, 1998). It is an inflammatory skin condition, which is genetic in origin but is triggered by many factors, such as detergents, emotional distress or dust mites (Buxton, 1998) and often starts in the first year of life. It is characterised by dry and itchy skin. This often breaks down and becomes infected, partly as a result of the close relationship of atopic eczema and the organism Staphylococcus aureus, which is found on the skin of most children with atopic eczema (Goodyear, 1993).
Privileged identity management in enterprise service-hosting environments

▪ IAM needs will only grow as devices, servers, and end points continue to increase • Current schemes are not sustainable as the number of ids will explode. ▪ Environment is heterogeneous, and constantly adding new systems including Cloud. ▪ Our solution offers a platform where: • A user gets an individual user ID on a system — but only… • If they need it • When they need it • For only as long as they need it • Re-Usable ID scheme reduces the number of IDs in the system yielding: • Cost savings on lifecycle management activities • Improved security compliance • A compliance readiness platform can be enabled to: • Prevent, flag, or monitor questionable access in or near real-time • Provide easily accessible logs to prove compliance policies
Broadband "infinite-speed" magic-angle spinning NMR spectroscopy.

High-resolution magic-angle spinning NMR of high-Z spin- 1/2 nuclei such as {sup 125}Te, {sup 207}Pb, {sup 119}Sn, {sup 113}Cd, and {sup 195}Pt is often hampered by large (>1000 ppm) chemical-shift anisotropies, which result in strong spinning sidebands that can obscure the centerbands of interest. In various tellurides with applications as thermoelectrics and as phase-change materials for data storage, even 22-kHz magic-angle spinning cannot resolve the center- and sidebands broadened by chemical-shift dispersion, which precludes peak identification or quantification. For sideband suppression over the necessary wide spectral range (up to 200 kHz), radio frequency pulse sequences with few, short pulses are required. We have identified Gan's two-dimensional magic-angle-turning (MAT) experiment with five 90{sup o} pulses as a promising broadband technique for obtaining spectra without sidebands. We have adapted it to broad spectra and fast magic-angle spinning by accounting for long pulses (comparable to the dwell time in t{sub 1}) and short rotation periods. Spectral distortions are small and residual sidebands negligible even for spectra with signals covering a range of 1.5 {gamma}B{sub 1}, due to a favorable disposition of the narrow ranges containing the signals of interest in the spectral plane. The method is demonstrated on various technologically interesting tellurides withmore » spectra spanning up to 170 kHz, at 22 kHz MAS.« less
Activation of neuronal NMDA receptors induces superoxide - mediated oxidative stress in neighboring neurons and astrocytes

Excitotoxic neuronal death is mediated in part by NMDA receptor-induced activation of NOX2, an enzyme that produces superoxide and resultant oxidative stress. It is not known, however, whether the superoxide is generated in the intracellular space, producing oxidative stress in the neurons responding to NMDA receptor activation, or in the extracellular space, producing oxidative stress in neighboring cells. We evaluated these alternatives by preparing cortical neuron cultures from p47 phox −/− mice, which are unable to form a functional NOX2 complex, and transfecting the cultures at low density with GFP-tagged p47 phox to reconstitute NOX2 activity in widely scattered neurons. NMDA exposure did not induce oxidative stress or cell death in the nontransfected, p47-phox −/− cultures, but did produce oxidative stress and neuronal death in neurons surrounding the transfected, NOX2-competent neurons. This cell-to-cell spread of NMDA-induced oxidative injury was blocked by coincubation with either superoxide dismutase or the anion channel blocker 4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulphonate, confirming superoxide anion as the mediating oxidant. In neurons plated on a preexisting astrocyte layer, NMDA induced oxidative stress in both the neurons and the astrocytes, and this was also prevented by superoxide dismutase. These findings show that activation of NMDA receptors on one neuron can lead to oxidative stress and cell death in neighboring neurons and astrocytes by a process involving the extracellular release of superoxide by NOX2.
John Eliot of Massachusetts and the Beginnings of American Linguistics

The author puts forward the claim that The Indian Grammar Begun (1666) of John Eliot of Massachusetts (1604-90) constitutes the first published account of an 'exotic' language that can rightfully be called scientific (0.). The first portion of the argument treats Eliot's English-based orthography and the problems it poses in the description of a language completely different from English (1.). Eliot's use of a 'morphophonemic' transcription is presented (2.). Eliot's The Logick Primer (1672) is suggested as a source of particular insights into the Puritan understanding and use of logic (3.). Having speculated about the impact that Jesus College, Cambridge, may have had on Eliot's linguistic accomplishments in his analysis of an Amerindian language (4.), the author concludes that Eliot derserves to be called the true founder of American linguistics, in particular since he anticipated modern use of levels of representation by more than a century (5.).
Charge screening in the S(N)2 reaction of charged electrophiles and charged nucleophiles: an ionic liquid effect.

The application of liquids that are salts at room temperature to chemical synthesis has become a hugely exciting field of study. The greatest promise that these ionic liquids hold is that they might offer process advantages, even novel behaviors that cannot be achieved in molecular solvents. We report here that the SN2 reaction of the trifluoromethanesulfonate and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salts of dimethyl-4-nitrophenylsulfonium ([p-NO2PhS(CH3)2]+[X]−; [X]− = [CF3SO3]−, [N(CF3SO2)2]−) with chloride ion follow a fundamentally different pathway to when the same salts react in molecular solvents.
roofies, mickies and cautionary tales: examining the persistence of the ''date-rape drug'' crime narrative

This article examines the origins and persistence of the “roofies” story, a crime narrative that emerged during the mid 1990s, warning women to guard their drinks against lurking predators seeking to incapacitate and rape them. The article explores both the construction of this crime story as a panic over club drugs and its persistence as a women's cautionary tale. We argue that the roofies narrative has endured long beyond the typical crime story because it has been reified as an institutionalized and protected rape narrative that is oft-repeated and rarely challenged.
Facilitating emotional coping during treatment.

Patient resources for coping with breast cancer can be enhanced by attention to cognitive, affective, psychosomatic, and social components of the illness. The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer constitutes an immediate confrontation with mortality, and sympathetic but direct examination of the patient's vulnerability and means of coping with it will reduce rather than amplify death anxiety. The development and pursuit of realistic goals influenced by the prognosis can help patients adjust constructively. Extremes of emotion are to be expected at times, but persistent depression and/or anxiety should be vigorously treated, including the use of appropriate psychoactive medication when the symptoms are primarily somatic (e.g., sleep disturbance and reductions in energy). Physical symptoms such as pain, nausea, and vomiting can be controlled by teaching patients such techniques as self-hypnosis, biofeedback, and systemic desensitization. Finally, a feeling of social isolation is the rule, not the exception, with cancer patients. Group and family treatment can effectively counter this. Systematic studies of such treatment interventions have shown favorable results, including significant reductions in mood disturbance and pain.
Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone

Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection.
A case study using the virtual environment for reconstructive surgery

The paper details the use of a Virtual Environment for Reconstructive Surgery (VERS) in the case of a 17 year-old boy with a severe facial defect, arising from the removal of a soft tissue tumor. Computed tomography (CT) scans were taken of the patient, the data were segmented, a mesh was generated, and this patient-specific mesh was used in a virtual environment by the surgeons for preoperative visualization of the defect, planning of the surgery, and production of a custom surgical template to aid in repairing the defect. The paper details the case of this patient, provides a background on the virtual environment technology used, discusses the difficulties encountered, and describes the lessons learned.
Dissociation as a mediator of child abuse across generations

To test the hypothesis that dissociative process is the mechanism that accounts for the transmission of maltreatment across generations, a group of mothers who were abused and maltreated their children were compared to a group of mothers who broke the cycle of abuse. Mothers who were abused and are abusing their children were rated higher on idealization, inconsistency, and escapism in their description of their childhood and they scored higher on the Dissociative Experience Scale compared to mothers who broke the cycle. Mothers who were abused and abused their children recalled the care they received as children in a fragmented and disconnected fashion whereas those who broke the cycle integrated their abusive experience into a more coherent view of self. Even after partialing out the effects of IQ, large differences were found indicating that dissociative process plays a part in the transmission of maltreatment across generations. Possible reasons why some maltreated individuals coped with the trauma by dissociating and others integrate the experience were discussed.
The use of oral antibiotic suppression for control of infections in patients with thermal injuries

Abstract An oral antibiotic regimen aimed at suppression of colonic flora was utilized in a laminar flow burn unit. Patients receiving this regimen were compared prospectively to a similar group of patients who did not receive the regimen but were treated in an otherwise identical fashion. With the use of the antibiotic regimen, burn wound colonization was significantly delayed, the incidence of positive burn wound biopsis was halved, and infectious complications of all types occurred half as frequently. Staphylococcal and fungal enterocolitis were not seen in the patients receiving antibiotic suppression.
Extending educational planning discourse: A new strategic planning model

To academic visionaries the new century appears to have an emerging environment characterized by increased complexity, uncertainty, unpredictability which, some have argued, render traditional notions of planning and management irrelevant. The expectations of management and planning scholars carry the implicit assumption that somehow individual capability and organizational capacities will rise to meet the enormous challenges of this new environment. In the light of this situation the purposes of this paper are: (1) to briefly examine the limitations and criticisms of traditional educational planning; (2) to outline the emerging concepts and processes which collectively form a new paradigm for strategic planning; (3) to discuss the new model within the context of changing national policy and planning environments and increased localization; (4) to review the limited results of empirical research related to more participatory planning models; and (5) to offer a critique of the assumptions and practicality of the new model in the process of planning and sustaining educational change in developing countries
Beyond nanoscale DRAM and flash challenges and opportunities for research in emerging memory devices

As dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and flash nonvolatile memory (NVM) technologies are entering their 4/sup th/ decade of continuing growth and progress, difficulties in scaling these respective devices have surfaced both in processing and device miniaturization. This paper addresses these challenges and presents emerging device alternatives with their perspective challenges and opportunities for research and development in this field.
Supporting stored video: reducing rate variability and end-to-end resource requirements through optimal smoothing

Variable-bit-rate (VBR) compressed video can exhibit significant multiple-time-scale bit-rate variability. In this paper we consider the transmission of stored video from a server to a client across a network, and explore how the client buffer space can be used most effectively toward reducing the variability of the transmitted bit rate. Two basic results are presented. First, we show how to achieve the greatest possible reduction in rate variability when sending stored video to a client with given buffer size. We formally establish the optimality of our approach and illustrate its performance over a set of long MPEG-1 encoded video traces. Second, we evaluate the impact of optimal smoothing on the network resources needed for video transport, under two network service models: deterministic guaranteed service (Chang 1994; Wrege et al. 1996) and renegotiated constant-bit-rate (RCBR) service (Grossglauser et al. 1997). Under both models, the impact of optimal smoothing is dramatic.
Stability and Innovation in the Women's Movement: A Comparison of Two Movement Organizations

This paper examines the effects of organizational structure and ideology on the mobilization and tactics of social movement organizations (SMOs). Documentary and interview data on two heal movement organizations, the Chicago Women's Liberation Union (CWLU) and the Chicago chapter of the National Organization for Women (Chicago NOW), are used to provide a detailed account of the ways in which SMOs deal with organizational problems. I argue that the informal, decentralized structure of the now defunct CWLU, together with its ideological approach, encouraged strategic and tactical innovation, but undermined organizational maintenance. Chicago NOW's more formalized and centralized structure facilitated organizational maintenance, but led to a narrowing of strategies and tactics. Successful social movements are likely to include both types of organizational structures.
BOLIVIAN ECTOPARASITES: A NEW SPECIES OF LAELAPINE MITE (ACARI: PARASITIFORMES, LAELAPIDAE) FROM THE RODENT NEACOMYS SPINOSUS

Laelaps neacomydis n. sp. is described from the pelage of the rodent Neacomys spinosus collected in Bolivia. Collection records from northern Brazil, southeastern Peru, and central Bolivia indicate its wide distribution across Amazonas associated with rodents of the genus Neacomys. The formal taxonomic description and illustrations are derived from the adults (female and male). Two larger species of laelapine mites, Gigantolaelaps intermedius and L. boultoni, infest the same hosts at the same localities.
Regulation of Na+, K+ pump activity by nerve growth factor in chick embryo dorsal root ganglion cells

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for the growth and development of sensory and sympathetic neurons. Incubation of chick dorsal root ganglionic cells without NGF resulted in a decrease of active (Na+,K+-pump-mediated) K+ influx over a period of several hours. Addition of NGF to NGF-deprived cells caused 1) a return of the active K+ influx to the values occurring in cells continuously exposed to NGF, preceded by 2) a very rapid, but transient overstimulation of the Na+,K+-pump-mediated K+ influx. Restoration of normal Na+,K+-pump activity occurred at NGF concentrations of 1 biological unit/ml or greater, whereas the NGF concentration in the 1-100 biological unit/ml range affected the rapidity with which the pump restoration took place. The transient pump behavior was only observed in NGF-deprived cells and could not be elicited in NGF-supported steady-state cells or in cells having already received delayed NGF once. This transient Na+,K+-pump behavior was exclusively displayed in conjunction with a high intracellular Na+ concentration. Decreasing the external Na+ concentration below 70 mM reduced the hyperstimulation response to NGF, until at 10 mM Na+ the delayed presentation of NGF caused no overshoot at all. The effect of NGF on the Na+,K+-pump was specific for the NGF molecule and could not be mimicked by other proteins.
Diffusion and dispersion in porous media

The dispersion equation for a single, nonreacting, nonadsorbing species is derived for incompressible, laminar flow in anisotropic porous media. Direct integration of the appropriate differential equations gives rise to a dispersion vector ψi and a tortuosity vector τi, both of which must be evaluated experimentally. For the dispersion vector, this is conveniently done by representing ψi in terms of the velocity and gradients of the velocity and concentration. The experimental determination of τi is not straightforward except for the case of pure diffusion. The analysis yields a result which contains all the features of previously presented dispersion equations without making any assumptions as to the nature of the flow, that is, bypassing, cell mixing, etc., except that it be laminar. Attacking the dispersion problem in terms of the differential diffusion equation provides a rational basis for the correlation of experimental data and illustrates the connection between the microscopic and macroscopic equations.
Syringopeptin SP25A‐mediated killing of gram‐positive bacteria and the role of teichoic acid d‐alanylation

The Pseudomonas syringae syringopeptins are cationic cyclic lipodepsipeptides that inhibit fungi and bacteria. The homolog syringopeptin (SP)25A was strongly inhibitory to several Gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging between 1.95 and 7.8 µg mL−1. In contrast, it was not inhibitory to several Gram-negative bacteria. At 5 and 10 µg mL−1, SP25A rapidly inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis and was bacteriocidal. Teichoic acid d-alanylation dltB - and dltD -defective mutant strains of B. subtilis were more susceptible to SP25A compared with the parental wild-type strain. The degree of susceptibility of the parent strain, but not the dltB and dltD mutant strains, increased at alkaline pH (9.0). In contrast, the parental and mutant strains had the same susceptibilities to syringopeptins SP22A and SP508A at pH 7.0 and 9.0. These results suggest that the cell wall anionic teichoic acids modulate SP25A action against B. subtilis , and they provide an explanation for the selective inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria by SP25A.
Turbulent Mixing Parameterizations for Oceanic Flows and Student Support

Abstract : The long-term goal of these two closely related research projects is to formulate robust turbulence parameterizations that are applicable for a wide range of oceanic flow conditions. The primary objectives of these projects are to bridge the gap between parameterizations/models for small-scale turbulent mixing developed from fundamental direct numerical simulations (DNS) and grid turbulence experiments to geophysical scale models with an emphasis on making progress towards improved turbulent parameterizations in the ocean and (ii) to develop a quantitative understanding of the impact of obstacles on the lateral mixing of momentum and scalars in oceanic flows.
A lost episode of “meeting of the minds”: Posner, kelman, holmes, and pascal

Set: Four wooden high-backed chairs arranged two to each side of a simple oak desk upon which sits a water canister, ashtray, copies of The Hidden God (by Lucien Goldman, Thody Translation 1964), Economic Analysis of Law (by Richard Posner, 3d. Ed. 1986), The Plague (by Albert Camus), Les Lettres Provinciales (by Blaise Pascal), and several volumes of the Supreme Court Reporter. Scene One: Mr. Allen enters first, carrying a sheaf of photocopied papers, and sits behind the desk. Next enter Mr. Posner, Mr. Pascal, Mr. Holmes, and Mr. Kelman all carrying similar papers. Holmes and Posner take seats to Allen's right; Kelman and Pascal seat themselves to Allen's left. Mr. Allen: Gentlemen, I would like to thank you for coming. I know that Mr. Pascal has had an especially difficult trip. I myself just flew in from the coast, and boy are my arms tired (polite chuckles from Posner and Kelman).
Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channels and Ventricular Arrhythmias in Heart Failure: A Novel Target for Therapy?

Arrhythmias are a common and often fatal complication of heart failure accounting for 50% to 70% of cardiac deaths due to tachyarrhythmic mechanisms.[1][1] In the failing heart, disturbances in cardiac rhythm are the likely result of cardiac remodeling consisting of structural and/or
The Omission Strategy

People are more willing to bring about morally objectionable outcomes by omission than by commission. Similarly, people condemn others less harshly when a moral offense occurs by omission rather than by commission, even when intentions are controlled. We propose that these two phenomena are related, and that the reduced moral condemnation of omissions causes people to choose omissions in their own behavior to avoid punishment. We report two experiments using an economic game in which one participant (the taker) could take money from another participant (the owner) either by omission or by commission. We manipulated whether or not a third party had the opportunity to punish the taker by reducing the taker's payment. Our results indicated that the frequency of omission increases when punishment is possible. We conclude that people choose omissions to avoid condemnation and that the omission effect is best understood not as a bias, but as a strategy.
Adolescent body image during pregnancy

This study compares the body perceptions of pregnant teenagers with those of their never-pregnant peers. Forty-three third-trimester pregnant girls were matched by age, race, socioeconomic status, and pubertal development to 43 never-pregnant girls. Subjects were given the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale (TSCS), a self-administered questionnaire consisting of 100 self-descriptive statements which are divided into nine subscales. When compared with never-pregnant girls, the pregnant girls have a higher overall self-esteem, a more positive body image, a surer self-identity, and feel more productive as a family member, but appeared limited in their capacity for self-criticism.
Forming Limit Diagram Predictions Using a Self-Consistent Crystal Plasticity Model: A Parametric Study

A numerical model to predict forming limit diagrams (FLD) for polycrystalline metal sheets is presented. In it, the Marciniak-Kuczynski (MK) approach is incorporated into the framework of the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) crystal plasticity model. The current model, dubbed the VPSC-FLD, can run simulations along individual loading paths in parallel, which can make use of a CPU-cluster to enhance the computational speed. The main objective of the current work is to provide a detailed sensitivity report based on the VPSC-FLD. First of all, the influence of the initial inhomogeneity, f , as defined in the MK approach, is illustrated. Secondly, FLDs resulting from various sizes of the statistical population for the crystallographic texture are examined. Lastly, the computation time spent for various sizes of the statistical population is given.
Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Trauma: Current Evidence and Future Directions

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a frequent, tenacious, and disabling consequence of traumatic events. The disorder’s identifiable onset and early symptoms provide opportunities for early detection and prevention. Empirical findings and theoretical models have outlined specific risk factors and pathogenic processes leading to PTSD. Controlled studies have shown that theory-driven preventive interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or stress hormone-targeted pharmacological interventions, are efficacious in selected samples of survivors. However, the effectiveness of early clinical interventions remains unknown, and results obtained in aggregates (large groups) overlook individual heterogeneity in PTSD pathogenesis. We review current evidence of PTSD prevention and outline the need to improve the disorder’s early detection and intervention in individual-specific paths to chronic PTSD.
Thermal Management in the Measurement of Metal Hydride Kinetics

Many metal hydride nanopowders are currently being investigated as a potential hydrogen storage media. The kinetic properties of hydrogen absorption in TiCrMn, a metal hydride of interest, are largely unknown. This study will use coupled thermal and kinetic modeling to analyze a combination of novel and well-established techniques which can be used to experimentally determine these parameters. Since these measurements must be taken at isothermal conditions and the metal hydride absorption reaction is highly exothermal, specific thermal considerations must be made in these models. Typical instruments available for kinetics measurements suspend the samples in a small chamber, effectively thermally isolating them from the cooling or heating system designed to control sample temperature. The design modeled herein will eliminate that convective resistance layer, thereby increasing the amount of heat that can be rapidly diffused out of the sample. Additionally, an electronically controlled active temperature control system will be modeled as a method of maintaining “quasi-isothermal” conditions in the metal hydride during measurements.© 2008 ASME
RESEARCH ON ACTIVATION OF POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE-1 AFTER INTESTINAL ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION IN RATS

Objective The study investigated the alteration of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1(PARP-1) activation after intestinal ischemia reperfusion in rats.Methods The intestinal ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) model was established by clamping both the celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery for 45 min,followed by releasing the clamp,allowing reperfusion for 2 h.In Sham group,all procedures were the same as the I/R group except no undergoing I/R.HE staining was used to evaluate the morphological changes of intestine.Immunohistochemical staining for poly(ADP-ribose) was used to evaluate the activated extent of PARP-1;Western blot for the cleavage p89 of PARP-1 was used to explore the early apoptosis.Results Intestinal mucosa were significantly injuried in I/R group.The damage score of I/R group and Sham group were(14.2±2.6) and(2.5±1.1) respectively(P0.05).The expression rate of poly(ADP-ribose) in intestinal mucosa in I/R was significantly higher than that in Sham group[(40.5±10.2)% vs(5.3±3.4)%,P0.05]. The p89 expression was only seen in the intestinal mucosa of I/R group.Conclusion PARP-1 in intestine was over-activated in the rat intestinal I/R process,which might play an important role in intestinal injury following I/R.
SOME PROPERTIES OF SERUM OBTAINED FROM RABBITS IMMUNIZED WITH HUMAN URINARY ERYTHROPOIETIN.

Sera obtained from rabbits after immunization with human urinary ESF can neutralize the biological activity of human urinary, sheep, rat, and rabbit plasma ESF. Such sera can depress erythropoiesis in normal mice. The neutralizing ability of such sera is found in the γ-globulins. The finding that absorptions of the immune sera with a wide variety of proteins did not alter the neutralizing ability suggests that considerable immunologic specificity is involved in the neutralization reaction. This suggestion is further supported by the finding that immune sera against a variety of proteins do not effect the erythropoietic response elicited by the injection of exogenous erythropoietin. The injection or addition of antisera against proteins or protein hormones known to be of importance in normal erythropoiesis has little or no effect on the ability of exogenous ESF to stimulate erythropoiesis in polycythemic mice. One exception is anti-ovine thyrotropin, which significantly decreased the erythropoietic response seen in polycythemic mice after the injection of sheep ESF. The finding that mild acid hydrolysis destroyed the biological activity of human urinary ESF and altered antigenic determinants on the ESF molecule suggests that the groups necessary for biological activity may be specific antigenic determinants. These properties of the immune sera are consistent with the concept, which we previously proposed, that the neutralization of the biological activity of ESF by anti-ESF is the result of an immunologic reaction. The availability of such immune sera offers a potent tool for investigating many of the current problems on the role of ESF in the regulation of erythropoiesis.
Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO: Advanced use of ordination

This chapter introduces four specialized or more advanced techniques, which build on the foundations of ordination methods and can be used with the Canoco for Windows package. All four methods are illustrated in one of the case studies presented in Chapters 11–17. Testing the significance of individual constrained ordination axes If you use several (partially) independent environmental variables in a constrained ordination, the analysis results in several constrained (canonical) ordination axes. In CANOCO, it is easy to test the effect of the first (most important) constrained axis or the effect of the whole set of constrained axes. But you may be interested in reducing the set of constrained axes (the dimensionality of the canonical ordination space), and to do so you need to find how many canonical axes effectively contribute to the explanation of the response variables (to the explanation of community variation, typically). To do so, you must test the effects of individual constrained axes. Their independent (marginal) effects do not differ from their additional (conditional) effects, of course, because they are mutually linearly independent by their definition. Let us start with the simplest situation, when you have a constrained ordination (RDA or CCA) with no covariables. If you need to test the significance of a second (or higher) canonical axis for such constrained analysis, you should clone the corresponding CANOCO project, i.e. create a new project, similar to the original one but containing, in addition, covariable data. You will use the scores of the samples on the constrained axes, which were calculated in the original project.
Organizations That Help Underrepresented Minorities to Build Computing Careers

This chapter discusses the creation of organizations focused on opening computing careers to underrepresented minorities. The Black Data Processing Associates (BDPA), formed in 1975, is an organization of individual members with a particular interest in advancing the careers of African-American IT workers, but also concerned with engaging and preparing African-American children for these careers. The Association of Computer and Information Science at Minority Institutions (ADMI) was founded in 1989 to help computing departments at minority institutions to deal with the various issues faced by academic administrators trying to offer an effective educational program. The Coalition to Diversify Computing (CDC) was formed in 1996 primarily to prepare undergraduate and graduate students in computer science for research careers in universities or industry. The chapter closes with a discussion of the Center for Minorities and People with Disabilities in Information Technology (CMD-IT), formed in 2007, which serves a similar role for underrepresented minorities and people with disabilities as NCWIT does for women.
Reaping What We Sow: Cheating as a Mechanism of Moral Engagement11We would like to thank the students and faculty of Togiak School and Elmwood Park High School for their contributions to this project. Correspondence concer

Publisher Summary Moral engagement model suggests two pathways for fostering strong academic performance. Adolescents reporting communitarian life goals show the most complex views about an ideal school and the strongest sense of agency to work hard, but positive signs of moral engagement are also evident among students with individualistic life goals. It is helpful to remember that moral engagement is evaluated and not moral disengagement or apathy, although the latter reflects conceptually viable approaches to school. Discussions about communal values offer helpful language and practices for encouraging students to resist the temptation to cheat. Such discussions can teach students to take collective pride in their achievements while promoting conduct-focused values of honesty and mutual respect. Educators should remember that schools promoting communitarian values also facilitate moral engagement by emphasizing the benefits of education for individuals, neighborhoods, countries, and the global community. Educators may also promote moral engagement in several ways. Establishing fair routines for achieving classroom goals and drawing connections between those routines and situational demands found in the larger society can help adolescents imagine responsibilities to local and global communities. With help in drawing connections between the details of particular lessons and more general questions of epistemology, students can clarify when and where to direct their efforts.
Pithouse Architecture and the Economics of Household Formation in the Prehistoric American Southwest

Changes in prehistoric Southwestern architecture have been interpreted as the result of increasing dependence on agriculture through time which promoted greater sedentism. Recent archaeological research has produced data that point to changes in labor organization rather than agricultural productivity as the factors that most likely favored new forms of domestic architecture. In fact, some of the most striking temporal shifts in residential architecture may have been associated with declining agricultural productivity.