cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Individual Justice in Mass Tort Litigation: The Effect of Class Actions, Consolidations, and Other Multiparty Devices (Book Review)

For almost two decades Judge Jack B. Weinstein, senior federal judge in the Eastern District of New York, has presided over many of the landmark mass tort cases involving Agent Orange, DES, asbestos litigation, repetitive stress injury, and other environmental toxic torts. Not only has Judge Weinstein written numerous landmark decisions in these cases, but during this period he also has produced a prodigious body of academic literature describing and analyzing the problems relating to complex mass tort litigation. In INDIVIDUAL JUSTICE IN MASS TORT LITIGATION, Judge Weinstein has now synthesized these many articles into a comprehensive book that not only documents the most prominent features of mass tort litigation, but also embodies Judge Weinstein's particular views concerning the most fair and efficient resolution of these massive litigations. To scholars already familiar with his previous articles on mass tort litigation, Judge Weinstein's compilation of those writings forges no new ground. But the book does a very fine job of explaining the phenomenon of mass tort litigation to non-legal academic audiences and to the general public. Judge Weinstein begins by describing his first judicial involvement in a proto-typical mass tort case in the early 1970s concerning children injured by defective blasting caps manufactured by many different manufacturers. This relatively simple case embodied many of the attributes of the future massive mass tort litigation that Judge Weinstein would handle in the 1980s and 1990s. In addition, Judge Weinstein's basic approach to supervising that case, as a managerial judge, also foreshadowed many of the innovative techniques he would implement on a larger scale in increasingly complex mass tort cases.Judge Weinstein's book not only describes these various mass tort cases, but he describes the complicated jurisprudential, procedural, and substantive legal issues raised in attempts to resolve these cases in the state and federal court systems. At the jurisprudential level, Judge Weinstein identifies the inherent tension in all mass tort litigation between the traditional aspirations of individualized justice versus the systemic need for fair and efficient disposition of hundreds if not thousands of similar claims. At the procedural level, he describes the limitations of federal jurisdictional and procedural rules that inhibit the efficient joinder and consolidation of tort claims in a single federal court. In addition, judicially-fashioned rules such as preclusion doctrine have not functioned effectively to prevent relitigation of similar issues and claims in multiple, repetitive lawsuits. With regard to substantive tort law, Judge Weinstein documents how mass tort litigation has challenged and expanded theories of tort causation, liability, limitations, defenses, and remedies.
Nonparametric Demand Estimation in Differentiated Products Markets

I develop and apply a nonparametric approach to estimate demand in differentiated products markets. Estimating demand flexibly is key to addressing many questions in economics that hinge on the shape - and notably the curvature - of market demand functions. My approach applies to standard discrete choice settings, but accommodates a broader range of consumer behaviors and preferences, including complementarities across goods, consumer inattention, and consumer loss aversion. Further, no distributional assumptions are made on the unobservables and only limited functional form restrictions are imposed. Using California grocery store data, I apply my approach to perform two counterfactual exercises: quantifying the pass-through of a tax, and assessing how much the multi-product nature of sellers contributes to markups. In both cases, I find that estimating demand flexibly has a significant impact on the results relative to a standard random coefficients discrete choice model, and I highlight how the outcomes relate to the estimated shape of the demand functions.
The forgotten Kelly Dodson: viral performance and the interplay of excess and erasure

This essay uses a critical discourse analysis of the newscast video uploaded to YouTube, “Woman wakes up to find intruder in her bed,” in which a local news station interviews Huntsville, Alabama r...
That’s a Good Question: Inquiry as a Pedagogical Strategy of Jesus in Matthew:

This article analyzes the ways in which Jesus’ questions in Matthew’s gospel align with the categories of Bloom’s taxonomy, and how Jesus’ audience influenced the questions he asked. Results indica...
Selective actions of benzodiazepines at the transmembrane anaesthetic binding sites of the GABAA receptor: In vitro and in vivo studies.

Background and purpose In addition to binding to the classical high-affinity extracellular benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor, some benzodiazepines occupy transmembrane inter-subunit anesthetic sites that bind etomidate (β+ /α- sites) or the barbiturate derivative R-mTFD-MPAB (α+ /β- and γ+ /β- sites). We aimed to define the functional effects of these interactions on GABAA receptor activity and animal behavior. Experimental approach With flumazenil blocking classical high-affinity extracellular benzodiazepine site effects, modulation of GABA-activated currents by diazepam, midazolam, and flurazepam was measured electrophysiologically in wildtype and M2-15' mutant α1 β3 γ2L GABAA receptors. Zebrafish locomotive activity was also assessed in the presence of each benzodiazepine plus flumazenil. Key results In the presence of flumazenil, micromolar concentrations of diazepam and midazolam both potentiated and inhibited wildtype GABAA receptor currents. β3 N265M (M2-15´ in the β+ /α- sites) and α1 S270I (M2-15´ in the α+ /β- site) mutations reduced or abolished potentiation by these drugs. In contrast, the γ2 S280W mutation (M2-15´ in the γ+ /β- site) abolished inhibition. Flurazepam plus flumazenil only inhibited wildtype receptor currents, an effect unaltered by M2-15' mutations. In the presence of flumazenil, zebrafish locomotion was (1) enhanced by diazepam at concentrations up to 30 μM and suppressed at 100 μM; (2) suppressed by midazolam; and (3) enhanced by flurazepam. Conclusions and implications Benzodiazepine binding to transmembrane anesthetic binding sites of the GABAA receptor can produce positive or negative modulation manifesting as decreases or increases in locomotion, respectively. Selectivity for these sites may contribute to the distinct GABAA receptor and behavioral actions of different benzodiazepines, particularly at high (i.e. anesthetic) concentrations.
Alemtuzumab in Renal Retransplantation - Transplant Outcomes and Associated Infections.

ABSTRACT Renal retransplant patients have decreased graft survival compared with primary renal transplant patients. Alemtuzumab induction is often used at the time of retransplant; however, the literature surrounding alemtuzumab induction in renal retransplant patients is limited. In this single-center, retrospective, observational study, we aimed to determine the 1-year incidence of infections and transplant outcomes in renal retransplant patients who received alemtuzumab induction. Thirty-four patients who received alemtuzumab met inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Twenty-two (64.7%) of these patients acquired infections. Of these, 7 patients (31.8%) acquired infections that resulted in hospitalization or intravenous antibiotics. The most common infections were urinary tract infections (n = 10; 29.4%), cytomegalovirus DNAemia (n = 7; 20.6%), and BK virus (n = 6; 17.6%). The use of steroid maintenance therapy after alemtuzumab induction did not increase the number of infections compared with patients with a steroid-free interval after alemtuzumab induction. The number of patients who developed de novo donor-specific antibodies (DSA) was 11 (32.4%) with only 1 of these patients having DSA before retransplantation. The incidence of acute cellular rejection was 2.9% (n = 1). There was no graft loss, and patient survival was 97% (n = 33). There were no significant differences in infection rate or DSA development between alemtuzumab and the other induction agents, antithymocyte globulin and basiliximab, among retransplanted patients. Alemtuzumab induction in renal retransplant patients resulted in similar bacterial and viral infection rates as previously reported in the literature and did not negatively impact graft and patient survival.
Polymeric imidazoles and imidazoliums in nanomedicine: Comparison to ammoniums and phosphoniums

Polymerized ionic liquids and polyelectrolytes play a major role in a broad range of biological applications including antimicrobials, nonviral gene delivery, synthetic enzymes, metal chelation, and drug delivery. Ammonium- and phosphonium-containing macromolecules will be reviewed with a focus on the literature that examines structure–property relationships of these polyelectrolytes for biological applications. Imidazole-containing macromolecules also receive significant focus due to their natural occurrence in nature and their ubiquitous use in nanomedicine. Special attention to imidazole- and imidazolium-containing polymers will focus on vinylimidazole regioisomers in particular.
On the Constitutionality and Political Morality of Granting Conscience-Protecting Exemptions Only to Religious Believers

This paper was my contribution to the conference on “The Scope of Religious Exemptions,” hosted by the Bowling Green State University Department of Philosophy, April 17-18, 2015.I explain in the paper that both the constitutional law of the United States and the political morality of human rights converge on the conclusion that government may not grant conscience-protecting exemptions only to religious believers.
On the scalability of the Albany/FELIX first-order Stokes approximation ice sheet solver for large-scale simulations of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets

We examine the scalability of the recently developed Albany/FELIX finite-element based code for the first-order Stokes momentum balance equations for ice flow. We focus our analysis on the performance of two possible preconditioners for the iterative solution of the sparse linear systems that arise from the discretization of the governing equations: (1) a preconditioner based on the incomplete LU (ILU) factorization, and (2) a recently-developed algebraic multigrid (AMG) preconditioner, constructed using the idea of semi-coarsening. A strong scalability study on a realistic, high resolution Greenland ice sheet problem reveals that, for a given number of processor cores, the AMG preconditioner results in faster linear solve times but the ILU preconditioner exhibits better scalability. A weak scalability study is performed on a realistic, moderate resolution Antarctic ice sheet problem, a substantial fraction of which contains floating ice shelves, making it fundamentally different from the Greenland ice sheet problem. Here, we show that as the problem size increases, the performance of the ILU preconditioner deteriorates whereas the AMG preconditioner maintains scalability. This is because the linear systems are extremely ill-conditioned in the presence of floating ice shelves, and the ill-conditioning has a greater negative effect on the ILU preconditioner than on the AMG preconditioner.
Neutral atomic spin control with optical frequency combs

A technique to drive stimulated optical Raman transitions between spin and/or momentum states of ultracold 87Rb atoms in a waveguide micro chip trap is discussed.
Wrapping it up [Web sites]

The author presents a review of issues that are aggregated into five major categories: middleware, site scalability and availability, distributed applications, autonomic computing, and workload characterization.
Total ionizing dose effects in bipolar and BiCMOS devices

This paper describes total ionizing dose (TID) test results performed at JPL. Bipolar and BiCMOS device samples were tested exhibiting significant degradation and failures at different irradiation levels. Linear technology which is susceptible to low-dose dependency (ELDRS) exhibited greater damage for devices tested under zero bias condition.
The Logic of Conditionals: An Application of Probability to Deductive Logic

Publisher Summary This chapter provides a rigorous mathematical foundation for a theory of the logic of conditionals based on probabilistic concepts that are informally presented by Adams. This theory involves a formal calculus analogous to the propositional calculus for symbolizing conditional statements and their truth-functional components, and it gives rules for determining the formal validity of inferences symbolized within the calculus. The objective of setting up this calculus is to give a more adequate representation of inferences involving conditionals than does the propositional calculus. The main philosophical idea upon which the theory is based is stated in the chapter. An adequate understanding of inferences involving conditionals must take into consideration other things besides their truth conditions. This is connected with the fact that in ordinary parlance, the words “true” and “false” have no unambiguous sense as applied to conditional statements whose antecedents prove to be false.
Asteroseismology - The impact of solar space observations

Observations from space relevant to solar global properties (oscillations, magnetic activity, etc.) are helpful both scientifically and technically in preparing for stellar observations. This paper summarizes the results from the main previous experiments (ACRIM, SOUP, and IPHIR), and also gives an initial technical report from the SXT instrument on board Yohkoh, launched in August 1991. The solar observations to date demonstrate the existence of several mechanisms for low-level variability: spots, faculae, the photospheric network, granulation, and p-mode oscillations. The observations of oscillations have been particularly helpful in setting limits on solar interior rotation. In addition to the solar processes, stars of other types may have different mechanisms of variability. These may include the analogs of coronal holes or solar flares, modes of oscillation not detected in the sun, collisions with small bodies, duplicity, and probably mechanisms not invented yet but related in interesting ways to stellar convection and magnetism.
Vocal fold avulsion in the pediatric population: Presentation and management.

Abstract Objective Laryngeal injury among pediatric patients is uncommon; traumatic vocal fold (VF) avulsion is even more rare. The objective of this paper is to present the endoscopic management of a pediatric patient with VF avulsion and review the relevant literature. Methods A relevant case of a pediatric patient with a VF avulsion secondary to blunt laryngeal trauma who underwent successful endoscopic repair is presented. A comprehensive search in PubMed was conducted for cases of pediatric VF avulsion in the English-language literature. Results Sixteen cases of pediatric VF avulsion were reviewed (8 cases of external trauma and 8 cases of internal trauma). All cases of external laryngeal trauma presented in male patients and ranged in age from 5 to 15 years. Three patients had bilateral VF avulsions and four had unilateral avulsions. Three patients were successfully managed endoscopically. Four patients underwent tracheotomy; all patients were successfully decannulated in the postoperative period. Voice quality returned to normal for most patients. Clinical pearls and controversies in the evaluation and management of pediatric VF avulsion are presented. Conclusions Accurate and timely diagnosis of pediatric VF avulsion is important. CT imaging without sedation should be considered in stable patients. The endoscopic approach is the preferred method of repair when it is amenable to the extent of injury and availability of expertise from both surgeon and anesthesiologist.
Public health advocacy: process and product.

In this article the author describes public health advocacy and proposes a conceptual framework for understanding how it works. The proposed framework incorporates the image of an assembly line. The public health advocacy assembly line produces changes in societal resource allocation that are necessary for optimizing public health. The framework involves 3 main stages: information, strategy, and action. These stages are conceptually sequential but, in practice, simultaneous. The work at each stage is continually adjusted according to circumstances at the other stages. The framework has practical implications; for example, public health advocacy teams need members with complementary skills in distinct roles. Potential applications are illustrated via two public health advocacy efforts. The framework may be useful in assessing staffing and funding needs for public health advocacy endeavors, explaining common problems in these endeavors and suggesting solutions, and guiding decisions concerning effort allocation. Application of the framework to a variety of public health advocacy endeavors will clarify its strengths and weaknesses. This resource is part of the Public Health Advocacy Website Collection.
Optical and electroluminescent properties of polyfluorene copolymers and their blends

Abstract Light emitting properties of several polyfluorene (PF) copolymers (P1–P4) and their blends have been investigated. Light emitting diodes were fabricated with the configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/Ca/Al. The EL peak wavelengths were 421 nm (violet), 505, 513 nm (green) and 570 nm (yellow) for PF copolymers and 510, 535 nm (green) for P1/P2 and P1/P3 blends, respectively. Forster energy transfer in the photoluminescence and electroluminescence of the polymer blends P1/P2 and P1/P3 was studied. The LED using the polymer blend P1/P2 showed a turn-on voltage of 2.5 V and a brightness of 5×104 cd/m2 at 7 V. The highest external quantum efficiency was observed to be 3.71% at 5 V. Upon addition of 20 wt% of the green emitter P2 to the violet emitter P1, the device efficiency increased from 1.18 to 3.71%.
Cholinergic stimulation enhances cytosolic calcium ion accumulation in mouse hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurones during short action potential trains

In neurones, increases in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]cyto) are a key mechanism by which action potential generation is coupled to numerous intracellular processes. Recent studies have shown that the cellular actions of [Ca2+]cyto changes in neurones and other cells are determined not only by their amplitude, but also by their origin, frequency, duration and waveform (Gu & Spitzer, 1995; Dolmetsch et al. 1997; De Koninck & Schulman, 1998; Finkbeiner & Greenberg, 1998; Li et al. 1998). These observations implicate both spike frequency patterning and patterns of cytosolic Ca2+ signalling in cellular regulation. The neurotransmitter acetylcholine is an important modulator of central nervous system function in general and hippocampal function in particular. In central neurones, a number of the processes of development and plasticity regulated by activity, including long term potentiation (LTP), synapse maturation and dendritic protein synthesis, employ acetylcholine as a regulatory co-factor (Bear & Singer, 1986; Feig & Lipton, 1993; Segal & Auerbach, 1997). Activation of cholinergic receptors by itself increases [Ca2+]cyto by multiple mechanisms including Ca2+ release from intracellular stores (Kudo et al. 1988; Wakamori et al. 1993; Seymour-Laurent & Barish, 1995; Irving & Collingridge, 1998), and their activation also increases the amplitude of intracellular Ca2+ transients elicited by depolarization (Muller & Connor, 1991; Tsubokawa & Ross, 1997; present report). Our goal in this study was to examine, on a per spike basis, how cholinergic receptor activation affects temporal and spatial aspects of the increases in [Ca2+]cyto elicited during short trains of action potentials. By following Ca2+ signals after individual action potentials, we were able to distinguish between changes in Ca2+ transients linked to Ca2+ entry, and changes linked to Ca2+ clearance from the cytosol after Ca2+ influx. We observed that in the presence of the cholinergic agonist carbachol, activity-dependent increases in [Ca2+]cyto were enhanced and prolonged due to a slowing of Ca2+ clearance from the cytosol, rather than by increased Ca2+ entry during action potentials. We suggest that by modulation of the temporal integration of Ca2+ signalling, cholinergic stimulation may regulate the activation of Ca2+-dependent intracellular processes. Some of these observations have previously been published in abstract form (Beier & Barish, 1997).
Postpartum psychiatric disorders: a review.

Abstract Postpartum emotional disorders generally fall into one of three categories: “blues”, depressions, or psychoses. Such postpartum syndromes are described as to their presenting symptomatology, phenomenology, treatment, and prognosis. The role of the appropriate use of psychotropic medication in these conditions, after proper diagnosis, is also discussed. This overview is meant to be helpful to consultation-liaison psychiatrists and to other psychiatrists who work closely with obstetricians and primary care physicians.
Human Impact on Ancient Environments

Threats to biodiversity, food shortages, urban sprawl ...lessons for environmental problems that confront us today may well be found in the past. The archaeological record contains hundreds of situations in which societies developed long-term sustainable relationships with their environments and thousands in which the relationships were destructive. Charles Redman demonstrates that much can be learned from an improved understanding of peoples who, through seemingly rational decisions, degraded their environments and threatened their own survival. By discussing archaeological case studies from around the world from the deforestation of the Mayan lowlands to soil erosion in ancient Greece to the almost total depletion of resources on Easter Island Redman reveals the long-range coevolution of culture and environment and clearly shows the impact that ancient peoples had on their world. These case studies focus on four themes: habitat transformation and animal extinctions, agricultural practices, urban growth, and the forces that accompany complex society. They show that humankind's commitment to agriculture has had cultural consequences that have conditioned our perception of the environment and reveal that societies before European contact did not necessarily live the utopian existences that have been popularly supposed. Whereas most books on this topic tend to treat human societies as mere reactors to environmental stimuli, Redman's volume shows them to be active participants in complex and evolving ecological relationships. Human Impact on Ancient Environments demonstrates how archaeological research can provide unique insights into the nature of human stewardship of the Earth and can permanently alter the way we think about humans and the environment.
The Growth of Cross Helicity in the Protogalactic Dynamo

The protogalactic dynamo theory of Kulsrud and coworkers raises the possibility that a strong magnetic field, which is coherent over galaxy-size length scales, emerges from a nonlinear turbulent dynamo during the protogalactic collapse. After galaxy formation, it is not clear that this galactic-scale field could be sustained by turbulence generated by supernovae because the turbulent stirring of supernovae is at the comparatively small length scale of 100 pc. However, it is known that if there is sufficient cross helicity {l_angle}{bold {ital v{center_dot}b}}{r_angle} (the angle brackets denote an average over an ensemble of random motions) in the protogalactic turbulence, some portion of the protogalactic magnetic energy will be immune to the turbulent cascade of energy, and the field generated by the protogalactic dynamo will be long-lived. In this paper, the evolution of the cross helicity in the protogalactic dynamo is investigated under the assumptions that (1) the protogalactic turbulence is supported by external forcing due to shocks, (2) resistivity is negligible compared to viscosity, (3) the initial magnetic energy and initial cross helicity are minuscule, and (4) the magnetic helicity {l_angle}{bold {ital a{center_dot}b}}{r_angle} and kinetic helicity {l_angle}{bold {ital v{center_dot}{triangledown}{times}v}}{r_angle} are zero. A numerical calculation based upon the direct interaction approximation (DIA)more » shows that while the magnetic energy grows rapidly due to line stretching, the cross helicity either decays or at most grows very slowly. This suggests that cross helicity cannot be invoked as a mechanism for sustaining the protogalactic magnetic field. Other mechanisms, however, may exist. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Astronomical Society}« less
Auxiliary ventilation in mining roadways driven with roadheaders: Validated CFD modelling of dust behaviour

Abstract The production of dust when driving mining roadways can affect workers health. In addition, there is a decrease in productivity since Mine Safety regulations establish a reduction in the working time depending on the quartz content and dust concentration in the atmosphere. One of the gate roadways of the longwall named E4-S, belonging to the underground coal mine Carbonar SA located in Northern Spain, is being driven by an AM50 roadheader machine. The mined coal has a high coal dust content. This paper presents a study of dust behaviour in two auxiliary ventilation systems by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models, taking into account the influence of time. The accuracy of these CFD models was assessed by airflow velocity and respirable dust concentration measurements taken in six points of six roadway cross-sections of the mentioned operating coal mine. It is concluded that these models predicted the airflow and dust behaviour at the working face, where the dust source is located, and in different roadways cross-sections behind the working face. As a result, CFD models allow optimization of the auxiliary ventilation system used, avoiding the important deficiencies when it is calculated by conventional methods.
Arctic is especially sensitive to nearby black carbon emissions

Black carbon, also known as soot, emitted from combustion of fuels and biomass burning absorbs solar radiation in the atmosphere and is one of the major causes of global warming, after carbon dioxide emissions. When black carbon is deposited on snow and ice, the soot-covered snow or ice absorbs more sunlight, leading to surface warming. Due to the large amount of snow and ice in the Arctic—which has warmed twice as fast as the global average over the past century—the region is likely to be especially sensitive to black carbon.
Hydrodynamic model for gas‐lift reactors

The hydrodynamic model of Young et al. (1991) for external-loop gas-lift reactors was modified to account for buoyancy forces in the gas phase. The revised model is based on macroscopic balances for the gas-liquid separator and external downcomer and spatially-averaged, 1-D mass and momentum balances in the riser. Using only the physical properties of the gas and liquid phases, the reactor dimensions, and the gas superficial velocity, the model predicts gas holdup profiles, gas and liquid velocity profiles, and pressure profiles in the riser for bubbly flow. Empirical correlations are used to represent frictional and drag effects, but there are no adjustable parameters in the model. The system of equations that must be solved to predict hydrodynamic behavior is simpler than that of Young et al. The sensitivity of the model to choice of drag coefficient correlation is analyzed. The model predictions match experimental data of previous works.
Conceptus signals for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy

Establishment and maintenance of pregnancy results from signaling by the conceptus (embryo/fetus and associated extraembryonic membranes) and requires progesterone produced by the corpus luteum. In most mammals, hormones produced by the trophoblast maintain progesterone production by acting directly or indirectly to maintain the corpus luteum. In domestic animals (ruminants and pigs), hormones from the trophoblast are antiluteolytic in that they act on the endometrium to prevent uterine release of luteolytic prostaglandin F2alpha. In cyclic and pregnant sheep, progesterone negatively autoregulates progesterone receptor gene expression in the endometrial luminal and superficial glandular epithelium. In cyclic sheep, loss of the progesterone receptor is closely followed by increases in epithelial estrogen receptors and then oxytocin receptors, allowing oxytocin to induce uterine release of luteolytic prostaglandin F2alpha pulses. In pregnant sheep, the conceptus trophoblast produces interferon tau that acts on the endometrium to inhibit transcription of the estrogen receptor alpha gene directly and the oxytocin receptor gene indirectly to abrogate development of the endometrial luteolytic mechanism. Subsequently, sequential, overlapping actions of progesterone, interferon tau, placental lactogen, and growth hormone comprise a hormonal servomechanism that regulates endometrial gland morphogenesis and terminal differentiated function to maintain pregnancy in sheep. In pigs, the conceptus trophoblast produces estrogen that alters the direction of prostaglandin F2alpha secretion from an endocrine to exocrine direction, thereby sequestering luteolytic prostaglandin F2alpha within the uterine lumen. Conceptus estrogen also increases expression of fibroblast growth factor 7 in the endometrial lumenal epithelium that, in turn, stimulates proliferation and differentiated functions of the trophectoderm, which expresses the fibroblast growth factor 7 receptor. Strategic manipulation of these physiological mechanisms may improve uterine capacity, conceptus survival, and reproductive health.
Socialization of Dissonance Processes Reports of Parenting Style Experienced During Childhood Moderate Dissonance Reactions

Based on portrayals of dissonance as a learned drive state, it was hypothesized that there may be a role for parenting style and related variables in the development of dissonance reactions. This experiment found that both reports of having parents with authoritarian parenting styles and learning the link between responsibility and consequences moderated the effect of an induced compliance dissonance manipulation on attitudes. Reports of having experienced authoritarian parenting and responsibility emphasis both bolstered the effect of the dissonance manipulation, accentuating the difference between the dissonance and control conditions as authoritarian parenting and responsibility increased. These findings help shed some light on the processes by which dissonance reactions might be learned.
Cohomological realization of a family of 1-motives

Abstract The author studies a class of 1-motives which he encountered in his work joint work with Jacquinot ( J. Number Theory 24 , No. 3, 1986). A 1-motive M was attached in this previous work to each triple ( A , f , α), where A is an abelian variety, f : A → A ′ a homomorphism from A to its dual, and α a point on A . It was stated, without proof, at that time that the 1-motive M generates the same “Galois groups” (in a literal sense if one discusses n -torsion points of 1-motives, or else in the sense of Mumford-Tate groups if one works over C ) as the simpler 1-motive M = [ Z → A ] which “is” α. The present article refines that observation by proving that the cohomological realizations of M may be derived from those of M , and vice versa, by linear algebra constructions. More precisely, let T ( M ) and T ( M ) be the modules of “ n -division points” of M and M , where n ≥ 1 is an integer. The latter module is an evident quotient of the former. The author shows that, in the other direction, T ( M ) may be recovered from T ( M ) as a specific subquotient of T ( M ) ⊗ 2 .
Metal-support effects on intramolecular selectivity during acetophenone hydrogenation over Pt catalysts

The choice of support to disperse a metal can have a significant effect in certain reactions, and one of the best examples of metal-support interactions (MSI) is the hydrogenation of C[double bond]O bonds over noble metals such as Pt. It was first shown that the turnover frequency (TOF) for CH[sub 4] formation on Pt from CO and H[sub 2] could be increased by two orders of magnitude using TiO[sub 2] as a support. This reaction is structure insensitive and the TOF is independent of crystallite size. The explanation the authors have preferred for this behavior is the creation of special sites at the metal-support interface which interact with the oxygen end of the molecule to enhance the reactivity of the C[double bond]O bond towards hydrogen. As further support of this concept, the hydrogenation of acetone to isopropanol also showed marked enhancements in TOF (ca. 500-fold) over Pt/TiO[sub 2] catalysts, and the intramolecular selectivity during crotonaldehyde hydrogenation was altered by favoring hydrogenation of the carbonyl bond compared to the C[double bond]C double bond to increase the crotyl alcohol/butyraldehyde product ratio. The next step in examining the influence of MSI on intramolecular selectivity was a comparison of the rates of hydrogenation ofmore » a carbonyl bond vs an aromatic ring, and acetophenone (C[sub 6]H[sub 5]COCH[sub 3]) represents one of the simplest molecules containing these two types of bond systems which also has a high enough vapor pressure to allow a vapor-phase reaction to be utilized. These results are reported here. 34 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.« less
Maximum temperature rise in gas-solid reactions

A shell progressive kinetic model is used to determine the temperature rise in a spherical pellet for a gas-solid diffusion controlled reaction. The effects of heat and mass transfer resistances in the gas film as well as inside the pellet are investigated. The predicted temperature rise may be severe enough to cause sintering to catalyst pellets in which reactions such as combustion of coke occur.
Feature extraction using attributed scattering center models on SAR imagery

We present algorithms for feature extraction from complex SAR imagery. The features parameterize an attributed scattering center model that describes both frequency and aspect dependence of scattering centers on the target. The scattering attributes extend the widely-used point scattering model, and characterize physical properties of the scattering object. We present two feature extraction algorithms, an approximate maximum likelihood method that relies on minimization of a nonlinear cost function, and a computationally faster method that avoids the nonlinear minimization step. We present results of applying both algorithms on synthetic model data, on XPatch scattering predictions of the SLICY test target, and on measured X-band SAR imagery.
Blue Light–Directed Destabilization of the Pea Lhcb1*4 Transcript Depends on Sequences within the 5′ Untranslated Region

Pea seedlings grown in continuous red light accumulate significant levels of Lhcb1 RNA. When treated with a single pulse of blue light with a total fluence >10(4) micromol m(-2), the rate of Lhcb1 transcription is increased, whereas the level of Lhcb1 RNA is unchanged from that in control seedlings. This RNA destabilization response occurs in developing leaves but not in the apical bud. The data presented here indicate that the same response occurs in the cotyledons of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. The blue light-induced destabilization response persists in long hypocotyl hy4 and phytochrome phyA, phyB, and hy1 mutants as well as in far-red light-grown seedlings, indicating that neither CRY1 (encoded by the hy4 locus) nor phytochrome is the sole photoreceptor. Studies with transgenic plants indicate that the destabilization element in the pea Lhcb1*4 transcript resides completely in the 5' untranslated region.
Validation of the Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders in Middle and Junior High School

The Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders (SSBD), a multistage screening system designed to identify elementary school—age children at risk for emotional and behavioral disorders, was evaluated for use with middle and junior high school students. During SSBD Stage 1, teachers identified 123 students in grades 6 through 9 with characteristics of internalizing and externalizing disorders. Teachers then completed SSBD Stage 2 behavior rating scales, the Teacher Report Form, and the Social Skill Rating System on 119 of these students identified as at-risk during Stage 1. Office discipline referrals and cumulative grade point averages for at-risk students were compared to those of students not designated by teachers. SSBD Stage 2 scores were compared with scores from the Teacher Report Form and Social Skill Rating System. Internal consistency and interrater reliability of the SSBD were also examined. Results provide evidence for the reliability and validity of SSBD ratings of early adolescent students.
Magnetic reorientation transition in epitaxial Gd-films

Abstract The susceptibility of epitaxial Gd/W(110)-films was investigated as a function of temperature and film thickness, using a magnetooptical measurement technique. In addition to the sharp peak at the Curie temperature TC, a second peak below TC was observed for film thicknesses d ≥ 35 nm. This peak shifts to lower temperatures with increasing film thickness. The origin of this second susceptibility maxinum has been identified as a reorientation transition of the magnetization. Results from micromagnetic calculations using bulk gadolinium parameters are fully consistent with the observed behavior.
A nesting algorithm for irregular parts and factors affecting trim losses

Abstract This paper introduces an automatic algorithm for nesting of irregularly shaped parts whose geometries were approximated by composites of non-overlapping rectangles. A performance test using randomly generated bills-of-materials (BOM) shows that the algorithm is efficient in terms of speed and material usage. This algorithm is then used to study the relationship between BOM characteristics and material trim loss. An experiment using a 25 factorial design is used to estimate the impact that the total number of parts, the number of unique part types, the part sizes (in relation to material sheet size) and the percentage of irregular parts in the BOM all will have on the material trim loss in the nesting process.
Hopf bifurcation in a DDE model of gene expression

Abstract We analyze a model of gene transcription and protein synthesis which has been previously presented in the biological literature. The model takes the form of an ODE (ordinary differential equation) coupled to a DDE (delay differential equation), the state variables being concentrations of messenger RNA and protein. Linear analysis gives a critical time delay beyond which a periodic motion is born in a Hopf bifurcation. Lindstedt’s method is applied to the nonlinear system, resulting in closed form approximate expressions for the amplitude and frequency of oscillation. A parameter study shows that the Hopf bifurcation may not occur if the rates of degradation are too large.
Six for Lunch: A Dining Option for Residents with Dementia in a Special Care Unit

Recent research has focused on the design of special care units for residents with dementia, often identifying the social benefits of residentially scaled kitchen and dining areas. This qualitative case study examines how the environmental design features of two dining settings in one special care unit impact residents’ patterns of socialization and interaction at meal times. The first setting is a central dining room for 50 to 60 residents. The second setting is a small office with a residentially scaled kitchen, where once a week, the activity director invites six residents for lunch once a week. Within an ecological theoretical framework, the study findings reveal that, while mealtimes in both settings are highly anticipated, it is the complex relational ties between the operational, managerial, and environmental features of the settings which determine residents’ social interaction and satisfaction with their mealtime experiences.
Analysis of the Relationship Between Type Traits and Functional Survival in US Holstein Cattle Using a Weibull Proportional Hazards Model

Survival analysis with a Weibull proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the effects of 15 linear type traits, 5 composite traits, and final score on the functional longevity of US Holstein cows. Culling data and type classification scores (measured in first lactation) from 891,524 cows with first calving from 1993 to 2000 were used. The data were divided into 9 geographical regions to determine whether the relationship between type traits and longevity differed according to climate or management system. Functional survival was defined as the number of days from first calving until culling or censoring, after correction for 305-d mature equivalent combined fat and protein yield. The Weibull model included time-dependent effects of herd-year-season, parity-stage of lactation, and within herd-year quintile ranking for combined fat and protein yield (nested within biennium), as well as time-independent effects of age at first calving and type classification score (type traits were analyzed one at a time). Type classification scores were rounded to the nearest 5 points, and the impact of each type trait on functional survival in each region was evaluated. Mean failure time ranged from 694 d in the South to 758 d in the North East. Risk of culling differed by region for several linear type traits, and differences were greatest for regions that were most dissimilar in climate and herd management (e.g., South East, East North Central, and West). Udder depth, fore udder attachment, udder cleft, and rear legs side view were consistently associated with functional longevity, regardless of region, but, the importance of some secondary traits, such as stature or dairy form, differed by region. The survival model applied in this study easily described both linear and nonlinear relationships between type traits and longevity while accounting for important time-dependent and time-independent explanatory variables.
The structural relationships among generalized anxiety, obsessions-compulsions, and depression at the syndrome and sub-syndrome level.

Abstract This study explored anxiety's relationship to depression by assessing a group of 592 undergraduate psychology students at Washington State University. Multiple measures of generalized anxiety (GA), obsessions–compulsions (O–C), and depression were used to conduct several confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs). A three-factor model of GA, O–C, and depression was found superior in fit to a one-factor “negative-affect” model, a two-factor model of anxiety and depression, and a second-order three-factor model. Further CFAs divided GA, O–C, and depression into six independent symptom category factors utilizing instrument subscales (e.g., worry, somatic anxiety, obsessions, compulsions, cognitive depression, and somatic depression). The fit for this model was superior to three alternative measurement models. The correlations among the six symptom category constructs revealed differential patterns among the cognitive and somatic symptoms.
The effects of receptor antagonists on the AHH induction activity of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice: 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran

Previous studies have demonstrated that 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) inhibited the induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) in rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells in culture. 1,3,6,8-TCDF did not induce hepatic microsomal AHH or EROD at doses up to 800 umol/kg in DBA/2 mice and 200 umol/kg in C57BL/6 mice. Administration of 1,3,6,8-TCDF to the latter strain of mice resulted in induction of AHH and EROD (< 25% of maximal induction activity). Cotreatment of mDBA/2 mice with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (200 nmol/kg) and with either 50, 200 or 800 umol/kg of 1,3,6,8-TCDF resulted in 13, 39 and 18% inhibition of AHH induction and 17, 34 and 21% inhibition of EROD induction respectively. Cotreatment of the more responsive C57BL/6 mice with 2,3,7,8-TCDD (15 nmol/kg) and 1,3,6,8-TCDF (10, 50, 100, 200 or 500 umol/kg) resulted in significant inhibition (17%) of AHH and EROD induction only at a 200 umol/kg dose level. It was evident that the apparent window of antagonism for 1,3,6,8-TCDF was strain dependent.
The Decline of International Studies

In a recent report by Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of International Affairs, “Education in U.S. Schools of International Affairs,” Princeton's former president Robert F. Goheen presents several crucial factors in the apparent decline of international studies in the U.S. The private sector, which at first demanded broadly-educated professionals, have recently shown little enthusiasm for students of international affairs. This has resulted in lack of funding and lack of interest in the field of international studies. This is paradoxical primarily because the students of international affairs undergo a multidiscplinary curriculum, facilitating their adaptation to practically any field of work following graduation, contrary to those students who have chosen a strict and narrow profession. Unfortunately, much of the fault, according to the report lies with the universities and the graduates themselves, who fail to articulate properly their comparative essential advantage in the broad field of their education. Thompson expounds on a more serious ramification of the decline in interest in international studies: the imminent failure to foresee future international crises. As the case of Iraq's growing power in the Middle East has demonstrated, the U.S. looked the other way, toward the developments in the former Soviet Union, and was not able to act in time to circumvent Iraq's aggression. With the world looking to the U.S. for strategic leadership in ethics and power, Americans cannot afford to deny American youth a strong foundation and education in international studies.
Current saturation and drain conductance of junction-gate field-effect transistors

Abstract The current saturation phenomena in the junction-gate field-effect transistor is analyzed using a two-section model for the conduction channel (a neutral and a depleted section) and the depletion model in the gate-junction transition region. The electric field along the channel, the electrostatic potential and the drain conductance are matched at the boundary of the two sections. Discontinuities of the drain current and conductance vs. the drain voltage characteristics near the drain current saturation points, which occurred in the simple matching procedure employed by Shockley, are removed. The computed drain resistance shows approximately a linear dependence on the drain voltage in the saturation region which is also demonstrated by the asymptotic solutions of large L/D (channel length/physical channel width), and it is proportional to L/D . Two impurity concentration profiles are studied which are the step-step (or abrupt) and the step-linear profiles for the double gate device structures. Experimental measurements of the saturation drain R-V characteristics for many silicon devices of both large (about 10) and small (about 1.5) L/D ratios are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.