cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic mucin fragments: methyl 3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside and methyl 3-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside

Abstract Methyl 2,4,6-tri- O -benzyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 5 ) was obtained crystalline by way of its 3- O -allyl derivative, which was in turn obtained by ring-opening of a presumed 3,4- O -stannylene derivative of methyl β- d -galactopyranoside, followed by benzylation. Condensation of 5 with 2-methyl-(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-β- d -glucopyrano)-[2,1- d ]-2-oxazoline in 1,2-dichloroethane in the presence of p -toluenesulfonic acid afforded the disaccharide derivative methyl 3- O -(2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranosyl)-2,4,6-tri- O -benzyl-β- d -galactopyranoside ( 6 ). Deacetylation of 6 in methanolic sodium methoxide afforded the disaccharide derivative 7 , which was acetalated with α,α-dimethoxytoluene to afford the 4′,6′- O -benzylidene acetal ( 10 ). Catalytic hydrogenolysis of the benzyl groups of 7 afforded the title disaccharide 8 . Glycosylation of 10 with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl bromide in 1:1 benzenenitromethane in the presence of mercuric cyanide gave the fully protected trisaccharide derivative 12 . Systematic removal of the protecting groups of 12 then furnished the title trisaccharide 14 . The structures of 5, 8 and 14 were all confirmed by 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy. The 13 C-n.m.r. chemical shifts for methyl α- and β- d -galactopyranoside, and also those of their 3- O -allyl derivatives, are recorded, for the sake of comparison, in conjunction with those of compound 5 .
Monoclonal antibodies to CD44 epitopes on mouse endothelium.

CD44 is a widely expressed, plasma membrane protein. Many molecular forms of CD44 are possible as it is encoded by a gene with multiple exons that can be alternatively spliced and its deduced prote...
Motor dysfunction in olivopontocerebellar atrophy is related to cerebral metabolic rate studied with positron emission tomography.

We compared the severity of motor dysfunction with local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (lCMRGlc) and the; degree of tissue atrophy in 30 patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). We devised a scale to quantitate the degree of ataxia in the neurological examinations. lCMRGlc was measured with18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and positron emission tomography (PET). Tissue atrophy was assessed by visual rating of computed tomographic scans. PET studies revealed Marchked hypometabolism in the cerebellar vermis, cerebellar hemispheres, and brainstem of OPCA patients compared with 30 control subjects. A significant correlation was found between severity of motor impairment and lCMRGlc within the cerebellar vermis, both cerebellar hemispheres, and the brainstem. A significant but weaker relationship was noted between the degree of tissue atrophy in these regions and clinical severity. Partial correlation analysis revealed that motor dysfunction in OPCA correlated more strongly with lCMRGlc than with the amount of tissue atrophy. These results suggest that the clinical manifestations of OPCA are more closely related to the metabolic state of the tissue than to the structural changes in the cerebellum.
Sessile lenticular configurations: Translationally and rotationally symmetric lenses

Abstract This paper develops the theory of sessile lenses, corrects serious errors in Langmuir's 1933 analysis, examines the role that would be played by a line tension if active, presents useful limiting approximations, outlines methods of computing lens dimensions and shape, and reports results for benzene lenses at the air-water interface. Even in the absence of line tension, thickness as a function of radius or volume of the lens passes through a maximum that is greater, by 6% in benzene lenses, than the thickness of very large lenses, a phenomenon responsible for confusion about the existence of tension in the contact line between three fluid phases.
The growth of the equidistance tendency over time

To determine the manner in which the equidistance tendency (ET) varies as a function of time, 10 Ss tracked the perceived position of a monocular test object viewed in a binocular field consisting of two rectangles which differed in perceived size and distance.Variables investigated were the temporal order of rectangle appearance and disappearance which determined whether or not opposingETs existed, luminance and repetition interval of the 20 msec test object. It was found thatET effects occur gradually over time, that opposingETs retard the rate at which the test object changes its perceived locus, and that elapsed time rather than total observation time was critical in determining how great a change in perceived locus of the test object occurred. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Determination of chloride ion in dilute solutions by cathodic stripping voltammetry

Abstract In cathodic stripping voltammetry, a mercury electrode is made first the anode and then the cathode in an electrolysis cell containing the chloride solution. The solution is stirred continuously during the electrolysis. Under the proper conditions, an amount of chloride which is proportional to the concentration of the solution deposits as calomel on the anode. The amount deposited is measured by integration of the current passed during electrolytic dissolution at constant voltage. A second (currentstep) method, in which the deposition and dissolution are accomplished at constant current, with transition time of the dissolution giving the measure of chloride concentration, is discussed. A coulometric instrument for the determination of chloride ion at low concentrations (2·10 −6 –1·10 −4 M ) by cathodic-stripping voltammetry is described.
Realistic recruitment practices in organizations: The potential benefits of generalized expectancy calibration

Realistic Job Previews (RJPs) have been studied by researchers and utilized by practitioners to attenuate early turnover by providing both positive and negative information about a job and organization to job applicants. Historically, RJPs have suffered from several criticisms including modest effect sizes, cost of development, and potential self-selection effects. Recently, the expectancy lowering procedure (ELP: Buckley, Fedor, Veres, Wiese, & Carraher has been developed and tested to address these limitations of the RJP. The purpose of this review is to provide historical foundations and persistent limitations of the RJP, and to extend propositions supporting the ELP as an effective alternative procedure.
Changes in polyribosome populations during follicle cell maturation in the ovary of the bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus.

Abstract An examination of polyribosome profiles has revealed a distinction between the messenger RNA populations present during the delta, gamma-beta, and alpha 1 stages of the follicular epithelium. The delta and gamma-beta stages are both characterized by polysome profiles with no clearly prominent peaks. There is an increase both in the overall activity of the polysome region and in the amount of heavier polysomes in relation to the lighter ones during the transition from the delta to the gamma-beta condition. The alpha 1 oocytes possess polysome profiles which are characterized by several extremely prominent peaks and by a reduction in the amount of single ribosomes in the cell. This is taken to indicate that the alpha 1 cells are engaged in the synthesis of large quantities of several different proteins, possibly the chorion precursors.
Comments on the stability criterion of Lienard and Chipart

Abstract Some comments are made on the stability criterion of Lienard and Chipart for the zeros of a polynomial to have negative real parts.
Alerting the Public to Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation: Fiftieth Anniversary of the Global Carbon Dioxide Record: A Symposium and Celebration; Kona, Hawaii, 28–30 November 2007

Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) must be stabilized and reduced as quickly as possible to cut the risk of catastrophic climate change. Though reducing emissions to such a degree is a monumental task, it is not insurmountable. These were key points made by leaders in science, business, and government who converged near the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the global atmospheric CO2 record and to discuss the carbon cycle, climate change, and how to manage CO2 emissions in the future.
English national curriculum assessment: a commentary from the USA – or exhibiting kindness to the colonies

Because the US Constitution does not identify education as a federal responsibility, provision of public schooling falls to America's states. Such is the case with any governmental obligation not s...
Joint calibration of 3D resist image and CDSEM

Traditionally, an optical proximity correction model is to evaluate the resist image at a specific depth within the photoresist and then extract the resist contours from the image. Calibration is generally implemented by comparing resist contours with the critical dimensions (CD). The wafer CD is usually collected by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which evaluates the CD based on some criterion that is a function of gray level, differential signal, threshold or other parameters set by the SEM. However, the criterion does not reveal which depth the CD is obtained at. This depth inconsistency between modeling and SEM makes the model calibration difficult for low k1 images. In this paper, the vertical resist profile is obtained by modifying the model from planar (2D) to quasi-3D approach and comparing the CD from this new model with SEM CD. For this quasi-3D model, the photoresist diffusion along the depth of the resist is considered and the 3D photoresist contours are evaluated. The performance of this new model is studied and is better than the 2D model.
From Working to Applying: Employment Transitions of Applicants for Disability Insurance in the United States

Policies that reduce applications for disability insurance by improving employment prospects of people at risk of applying could be an effective way to control the costs of such programmes. Yet little is known about whether potential applicants would respond to such policies. This paper uses administrative records merged with the Survey of Income and Programme Participation to document employment transitions preceding applications for Social Security Disability Insurance (DI) in the US. Most future applicants report a health shock shortly before they stop working, but they typically remain out of work for some months before they apply for DI. Classifying episodes of non-employment by beginning events reveals that spell length, job search, Unemployment Insurance participation and DI application processing time differ notably by reason of job loss. These findings suggest that applicants generally do not apply immediately after job loss and that those not directly affected by an illness or injury tend to consider other options before applying for benefits. Social policies aimed at increasing re-employment opportunities for such individuals could therefore be effective in reducing application rates.
Stream-coordinate structure and variability of the Kuroshio Extension

Abstract Fine horizontal-scale surveys performed during the Kuroshio Extension System Study in May 2004 provide near-synoptic ADCP and CTD data along cross-jet transects just up-stream of the first meander trough of the Kuroshio Extension. An array of current- and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) deployed over a ∼ 600 × 600 km region centered on the first meander trough provide time series of bottom pressure and currents as well as acoustic travel time ( τ ), which is converted via the gravest empirical mode method to profiles of temperature, salinity, and specific volume anomaly. These datasets are used here to determine the mean velocity, hydrographic, and potential vorticity structure of the Kuroshio Extension in its “weakly meandering” state in a stream-coordinate system, which avoids the lateral smearing of the jet structure that results from an Eulerian approach. Maximum surface down-stream velocities range from 1 to 2 m/s, averaging around 1.4 m/s. Down-stream velocities reach the bottom south of the core with average magnitudes of 1–5 cm/s but vary in magnitude and direction depending upon the presence of deep barotropic eddies. In the first meander crest, mean cross-stream flux ( O (0.5–2 cm/s)) is towards the cyclonic side, while entering the trough it is towards the anticyclonic side. However, cross-stream flows appear to be event-driven, with fluctuations in steepness of the meander pattern driven by jet instability. Transports above 5300 dbar decrease west to east from 138 Sv at 143 . 75 ∘ E in the first crest, to 124 Sv at the trough and 75 Sv entering the second crest at 148 . 5 ∘ E . The mean from the surveys shows relative vorticity ( ζ ) making contributions as high as 72% of f on the cyclonic side and - 41 % of f on the anticyclonic side, while the “twisting” term due to vertical shear and horizontal density gradients reaches a maximum in the mean of 45% of f north of the core. Comparison of the structure in crests and troughs from the CPIES dataset reveals differences in the distribution of relative vorticity across the core. Both datasets suggest the presence of four isopycnal potential vorticity gradient layers, where strong cross-stream gradients in shallower layers represent a barrier to cross-stream flow. Comparison of the Kuroshio Extension to the Gulf Stream suggests that mean velocities and gradients are generally about 30% weaker in the Kuroshio Extension, and the strong jet structure penetrates to about 25% greater depths in the Gulf Stream.
Neuronal stress following exposure to 56Fe particles and the effects of antioxidant-rich diets

Exposing young rats to particles of high energy and charge (HZE particles), a ground-based model for exposure to cosmic rays, enhances indices of oxidative stress and inflammation and disrupts the functioning of neuronal communication in critical regions of the brain [ 1]. These changes in neuronal function are similar to those seen in ageing [ 2, 3]. Although there is some recovery of function after exposure to 56Fe particles, particularly in changes observed 36 h following irradiation, long-term changes (75 days) have been observed, suggesting subcellular damage. Consequently, oxidative stress and inflammation induced by radiation could affect downstream events, such as changes in behavior and gene expression. Therefore, berry fruits high in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, such as blueberries and strawberries, may prevent the occurrence of neurochemical and behavioral changes that occur if fed prior to radiation [ 4]. Rats were exposed to 56Fe (1000 MeV/n; 1.5 Gy) particles at the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory at Brookhaven National Laboratory; other rats served as non-irradiated controls. The animals were fed either a control or a 2% blueberry or strawberry diet 8 weeks prior to radiation. Rats were then either euthanized at 36 h (short term) or 30 days following irradiation (long term). Before and after the irradiation, the animals were housed at USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston. The results of the experiments indicate that: (1) 56Fe exposure caused significant differential, neurochemical changes in critical regions of the brain, such as hippocampus, striatum, frontal cortex and cerebellum, particularly long term. (2) Neurochemical changes resulted in the disruption of autophagy, increased inflammation and increased oxidative stress protein markers. (3) Antioxidant-rich berry diets significantly reduced the accumulation of toxic cellular debris in critical regions of the brain, primarily at the 30 days post-irradiation time-point. (4) Susceptibility to inflammation, autophagy dysregulation, and oxidative stress were proportional to the levels of antioxidant enzymes in the respective brain regions. (5) Exposure to 56Fe radiation may cause the accumulation of disease-related proteins such as PHF-Tau, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Irradiation with 56Fe, which causes substantial build-up of toxic cellular debris in critical regions of the brain, may overwhelm the innate antioxidant enzyme defense system [ 5]. Therefore, berry diets high in antioxidants may be used to counter these damaging effects by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and activating neuronal housekeeping, in addition to boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes. This paper was presented at the NASA Session at Heavy Ion in Therapy and Space Radiation Symposium 2013.
Dissipation Loss Effects in Isolated and Coupled Transmission Lines

This paper describes a computer-aided analysis of dissipation losses in uniform isolated or coupled transmission lines for microwave and millimeter-wave integrated-circuit applications. The analysis employs a quasi-TEM model for isolated transmission lines and for the even- and odd-mode transmission lines associated with coupled-line structures. The conductor and dielectric losses are then related to equivalent charge density distributions, which are evaluated using a method-of-moments solution. The transmission lines treated by this analysis may contain any number of Iossy conductors and inhomogeneous dielectrics, consisting of any number of different homogeneous dielectric regions. A development is provided to explicitly relate the four-port terminal-electrical performance of directional couplers to evaluated even- and odd- mode loss coefficients. Examples of evaluated losses are presented in graphical form for isolated lines of inverted microstrip and trapped inverted microstrip and edge-coupled microstrip with a dielectric overlay. The analysis accuracy has been confirmed using microstrip and coplanar waveguide configurations. A comparison is made of the total loss characteristics for microstrip, coplanar waveguide, inverted microstrip, and trapped inverted microstrip. Calculations are compared with measurements for the coupled-line structure. Accuracy of the solution and suggested refinements are discussed. Five computer programs are documented.
Lung cancer in men aged 75 or older

Sixty-seven cases of lung cancer occurring in men aged 75 or older were examined at autopsy. There is a similar incidence of epidermoid and small cell carcinoma, but a lower incidence of adenocarcinoma and a slightly higher incidence of large cell carcinoma in this elderly group of patients compared to the incidence of various histologic types occurring in patients of all ages. The various organs involved by metastatic tumor are similar to those seen in lung cancer in general; the overall metastatic disease is less widespread in the older group.
Thin-Section CT Evidence of Bronchial Thickening in Children with Stable Asthma

Abstract Rationale and Objectives The authors performed this study to determine if bronchial wall thickening is present in children with moderate to severe asthma during periods free from clinical bronchoconstriction. Materials and Methods The authors obtained low (radiation) dose thin-section computed tomographic (CT) scans in each of 18 control subjects and 21 children with moderately severe but stable asthma. Spirometry was performed on all subjects at the time of CT scanning. Bronchial wall thickness and bronchial wall area were measured, and the percentage wall area (bronchial wall area divided by bronchial cross–sectional area) was calculated. The authors performed best–fit regression analysis of wall thickness and percentage wall area versus bronchial diameter and qualitative analysis of images for bronchial wall thickening. Results In asthmatic patients, the mean percentage of the predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 0.88 ± 0.09. The best fit regression line that demonstrated the relationship between wall thickness and bronchial diameter for patients with asthma differed significantly from that for control subjects (P Conclusion Bronchial wall thickening detected at thin–section CT in children with moderately severe asthma cannot be attributed solely to bronchoconstriction and may represent airway inflammation or remodeling.
MATERNAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH CHILD BEHAVIOR REPORTS IN HEAD START SETTINGS

The objective of this study was to examine the association between maternal characteristics and mother-rated child behavior reports for 435 predominately African American children enrolled in urban Head Start programs. Mothers who were adolescents at the time of their child's birth reported more favorable child behaviors compared with those who were not adolescents at childbirth. Less favorable ratings of child behavior scores were observed for mothers with a history of family substance abuse, depression, and welfare receipt. These findings should assist in policy decisions for the allocation of targeted family and child interventions.
Titration of barbiturates and sulfa drugs in nonaqueous solution

Barbiturates are weak acids and give poor end points when titrated in alcohol or water. Titration in dimethylformamide (DMF) with sodium methoxide in benzenemethanol, however, gives very sharp visual end points. Tablets can be assayed for barbiturate or sulfa content by direct titration of a powdered sample. This method is convenient and much more rapid than the official method for barbiturates. For sulfa drugs, the acidimetric method is faster and more accurate than the nitrite method usually employed.
Catabolism of epinephrine and histamine during aging in rats.

Disappearance of [3H]-epinephrine and [3H]-histamine from the blood was measured in vivo after intravenous injection. The rate of disappearance of [3H]-epinephrine from the blood was slowed down significantly in rats 13, 15 and 18 months old in comparison with rats 2 months old. No difference in disappearance of histamine from the blood between the rats 2 and 15 months old was found.
Analysis of Rubella Virus Capsid Protein-Mediated Enhancement of Replicon Replication and Mutant Rescue

The rubella virus capsid protein (C) has been shown to complement a lethal deletion (termed deltaNotI) in P150 replicase protein. To investigate this phenomenon, we generated two lines of Vero cells that stably expressed either C (C-Vero cells) or C lacking the eight N-terminal residues (Cdelta8-Vero cells), a construct previously shown to be unable to complement DeltaNotI. In C-Vero cells but not Vero or Cdelta8-Vero cells, replication of a wild-type (wt) replicon expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene (RUBrep/GFP) was enhanced, and replication of a replicon with deltaNotI (RUBrep/GFP-deltaNotI) was rescued. Surprisingly, replicons with deleterious mutations in the 5' and 3' cis-acting elements were also rescued in C-Vero cells. Interestingly, the Cdelta8 construct localized to the nucleus while the C construct localized in the cytoplasm, explaining the lack of enhancement and rescue in Cdelta8-Vero cells since rubella virus replication occurs in the cytoplasm. Enhancement and rescue in C-Vero cells were at a basic step in the replication cycle, resulting in a substantial increase in the accumulation of replicon-specific RNAs. There was no difference in translation of the nonstructural proteins in C-Vero and Vero cells transfected with the wt and mutant replicons, demonstrating that enhancement and rescue were not due to an increase in the efficiency of translation of the transfected replicon transcripts. In replicon-transfected C-Vero cells, C and the P150 replicase protein associated by coimmunoprecipitation, suggesting that C might play a role in RNA replication, which could explain the enhancement and rescue phenomena. A unifying model that accounts for enhancement of wt replicon replication and rescue of diverse mutations by the rubella virus C protein is proposed.
Sensory Mapping in a Congenitally Deaf Subject: MEG and fMRI Studies of Cross-Modal Non-Plasticity

It has been proposed that the auditory cortex of deaf subjects may provide an example of cross-modal compensatory plasticity. We investigated whether sensory stimulation could elicit responses from auditory areas of a congenitally deaf subject. Neuromagnetic fields were recorded using a 37-channel biomagnetometer under conditions of: 1) visual stimulation; 2) somatosensory stimulation; and 3) a simple motor task. Visual items were reversing checkerboards and single light spots, presented in various portions of the visual field; somatosensory stimuli were pneumatic taps delivered to individual digit-segments and the lip; the motor task was self-paced finger tapping. In addition, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to observe the activation elicited by full-field checkerboard and sign language stimuli. No responses to passively presented visual or somatosensory stimuli were observed in the auditory cortex. In contrast, somatosensory, motor, and visual cortices revealed evoked magnetic responses comparable to those from control subjects, indicating canonical anatomic and physiological organization in these areas. These data suggest that primary projection areas do not reveal obvious plastic effects. We suggest that in the human auditory cortex compensatory plasticity emerges primarily as a property of non-primary areas and is best observed under attentionally demanding conditions. Hum. Brain Mapping 5:437-444, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Influencing institutional change through state policy: rural community college responses to performance-based funding models

The accountability theme within higher education resonates throughout campus programming, state budgeting, and federal legislative review sessions. Most notably, the design and implementation of state-level performance-based funding (PBF) models can be found in more states than not; indeed, twenty-five states had PBF models in place as of December, 2013, with another fifteen states transitioning to or in formal discussions of this funding phenomenon (Friedel, Thornton & Katsinas, 2014). This research study has identified a gap in the current literature regarding the actual organizational impacts of PBF models on rural community colleges. In an attempt to fill the void in the available research, this study asked the primary research question: How does the leadership team describe the impacts of a mandated performance-based funding policy on their rural community college? As PBF continues to be a prevalent option for funding public higher education, it is extremely important that the full effects on institutions are understood and that appropriate planning takes place for implementation and adjustment. In particular, rural community colleges, already facing multiple challenges in their distinct role of economic, workforce and community development, require greater understanding and preparation for the potential effects of this funding option.
Women in Engineering: A Review of the 2004 Literature

This paper gives an overview of the annual Society of Women Engineers’ literature review of women in engineering. Each year the literature review examines research published on women in engineering in peer-reviewed articles, reports, magazines and conferences. The review presents a “need-to-know” summary for advocates of women in engineering and offers resources for women within the field. WEPAN/NAMEPA conference attendees will find the literature review a useful tool in writing grants and identifying potential campus speakers on various issues related to women and minorities in engineering.
Spatial Processing in the Monkey Frontal Eye Field. I. Predictive Visual Responses

Umeno, M. M. and Goldberg, M. E. Spatial processing in the monkey frontal eye field. I. Predictive visual responses. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 1373–1383, 1997. Neurons in the lateral intraparietal area ...
Exogenous deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. II. Their effect on pulverized human chromosomes at the S phase.

SummarySixteen peripheral blood leukocyte cultures were made from a patient with pulverized chromosomes. To 15 of his cultures, different and combinations of different deoxyribonucleotides were added 24 hr (S phase) before termination of the cultures. No deoxyribonucleotide was added to the sixteenth culture (experimental control). Seventy-nine of the one-hundred metaphases from the experimental control and 217 of the 1500 metaphases from the experimental cultures were pulverized. Most pulverized chromosomes in the experimental cultures belonged to two cultures. The nucleotides added were dATP and dCTP in one and dGTP and TTP in the other. The mitotic rates were within normal range in all cultures. This S phase experiment confirmed our G2 phase experiment in that exogenous deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can restore pulverized chromosomes. However, in two S phase experimental cultures, further pulverization was seen. This is thought to be due to the imbalance of the metabolic end-products of these nucle...
Thinking about kinship and thinking

The target article proposes a theory uniting the anthropological study of kin terminology with recent developments in linguistics and cognitive science. The response to comments reaches two broad conclusions. First, the theory may be relevant to several current areas of research, including (a) the nature and scope of the regular, "grammatical" side of language, (b) the organization of different domains of conceptual structure, including parallels across domains, their taxonomic distribution and implications for evolution, and (c) the influence of conceptual structure on social structure. Second, the theory compares favorably with alternatives, including (a) the theory that kin terminology is not really that complicated, (b) the theory that kin terms mirror social categories, (c) componential analysis, and (d) kinship algebra. If further research in anthropology, linguistics, and other fields supports the theory, and confirms the psychological reality of proposed mechanisms, then kinship may emerge as a model system for the study of important issues in cognition and social organization.
SYNCHRONOUSLY OCCURRED ESOPHAGEAL CANCER AND MULTIPLE GASTRIC CANCERS -A CASE REPORT-

A 63-year-old man was seen at the department of internal medicine in our hospital because of dysphagia. Endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract revealed an esophageal cancer of the lower intrathoracic esophagus, but further exploration with endoscopy was impossible because a stricture at the site of cancer was too narrow to pass through the endoscopy. Upper gastrointestinal series performed on another day revealed two elevated lesions in the stomach. The patient was referred to the department for operation. Intra-thoracic esophagectomy, total gastrectomy, and reconstruction with the small intestine were performed. Pathologically the resected specimens were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, and moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Esophageal cancers with gastric cancer have been reported to represent 0.3-2.5% of all esophageal cancers, but synchronous double cancer of esophagus and stomach is rare. For the exploration of gastrointestinal malignant tumor, careful attitude entertaining probable double cancer is of importance. And appropriate selection of operative procedure that can provide a cure with minimal surgical stress may be critical to treat such synchronous double cancer of the esophagus and stomach.
Dimensional Analysis as an Aid to Miniature Cinematography

At the May, 1924, convention of the Society, a paper was presented by Mr. J. A. Ball on the subject “Theory of Mechanical Miniatures in Cinematography.” 1 This dealt with the relation of length and time as seen from the motion picture standpoint. It is the purpose of this paper to revive this subject with the hope of making clear some points which may have been vague to many at the time.
A Fast First-Order Method for Filtering Limit States

System reliability calculation for large-scale structural systems is complex due to the large number of potential failure locations and failure modes unless a priori knowledge can be used to significantly reduce the number of failure locations and modes. However, a priori knowledge may not be available for future aircraft systems that operate in new environments ‐ such as hypersonic ‐ or consist of unconventional designs with limited production runs. As a result, a fast first-order reliability based filtering method has been developed to numerically quantify the error incurred by filtering a limit state. A “filtering error” is calculated based on a certain limit state’s contribution to the system probability of failure. This is compared to a chosen error tolerance to determine if a limit state is a critical location or should be filtered. The method is fast and scalable to large models. Three examples show the accuracy and efficiency of the new algorithm.
Anthraquinone Siloxanes as Thickening Agents for Supercritical CO2

A series of aromatic amide-functionalized, low-molecular-weight polydimethylsiloxanes were synthesized, and their solubility and thickening ability in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) were evaluated. Amide-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oligomers with simple or electron-rich aromatic groups were found to be moderate viscosity oils, indicating that the end groups do not interact strongly enough to be thickeners. Attachment of electron-deficient aromatic groups, such as 4-nitrophenyl, biphenyl, or anthraquinone, onto these amides produced solid polysiloxanes, even at relatively higher degrees of polymerization on the PDMS core (x = 40–50). PDMS derivatives with anthraquinone-2-carboxamide (AQCA) end groups were clear, somewhat rubbery solids. These compounds were found to act as thickeners and gelators of hexanes. In addition, they were able to thicken and/or gel mixtures of hexane and scCO2. The best results were obtained with an AQCA-terminated branched PDMS. Branched fluorenone-2-carboxamide ...
Apoptosis : a technical overview.

Physiological or programmed cell death plays an important role during a variety of physiological and pathological processes (1). It is an active form of cell death under tight regulation. Physiological cell death in mammals occurs during embryonic development of organs and tissues; for example, the loss of excess tissue between digits and the removal of excess neurons during development of the nervous system. Physiological cell death also maintains homeostasis of cell numbers during cyclic remodeling of many adult tissues including the intestinal epithelium, the uterine endometrium, and ovarian follicles, and is critical for the regulation of the immune response. Aberrant amplification of cell death occurs in AIDS and some neurodegenerative disorders. Conversely, cancers and autoimmune disease may arise when cells inappropriately fail to die or undergo mutations that inhibit normal cell death pathways (2).
Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures: Third Edition

Called the "bible of applied statistics," the first two editions of the Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures were unsurpassed in accessibility, practicality, and scope. Now author David Sheskin has gone several steps further and added even more tests, more examples, and more background information-more than 200 pages of n
Indian Voices from the New Nation

As American Patriots celebrated the victory that brought them independence from Britain, Native Americans braced themselves for the invasion of their lands that was sure to come. Faced with an empty treasury after a long war, the new government hoped to sell off Indian lands to pay its bills and looked to Indian lands as the basis of the new Republic’s empire. But state governments, land companies, and individual speculators also had their eyes on Indian lands. The years following the Revolution thus witnessed renewed competition for land. At first, the United States took the position that it had acquired the Indians’ territory from Britain by right of conquest. American commissioners dictated treaties, demanding that the tribes give up vast amounts of land as the price of peace. But the Indians soon recovered from their shock and began to unite in resistance to American demands. A new round of wars began in the late 1780s, although to many Indians the conflict was simply a continuation of their long struggle to defend their cultural and territorial boundaries.
Chronic insulin treatment phosphorylates the renal Na-K-ATPase α1-subunit at serine 16/23 and reduces its activity involving PI3-kinase-dependent PKC activation

The regulation of Na-K-ATPase in various tissues is under the control of a number of hormones and peptides that exert both short- and long-term control over its activity. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of chronic insulin treatment on Na-K-ATPase in renal proximal tubular cells. Incubation of opossum kidney (OK) cells, transfected with the rat Na-K-ATPase α1-subunit, with 1 nmol/l insulin for 48 h decreased Na-K-ATPase activity. Insulin decreased α1-protein content and increased α1-serine phosphorylation and α1-adaptor protein 2 (AP2) interaction. Removal of the 26 NH2-terminal (-NT) amino acid from the α1-subunit containing serine/threonine sites abolished the insulin-mediated serine phosphorylation and inhibition of Na-K-ATPase. Substitution of serine 16 and 23 with alanine showed a comparable effect on -NT. Insulin increased the activity of protein kinase C (PKC), which was blocked by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin. Both PI3K and PKC inhibitors abolished the insulin-mediated inhibition of Na-K-ATPase. Insulin increased the expression of PKC-β1, -δ, -ξ, and-λ; however, only PKC-ξ/λ-specific inhibitors blocked insulin-induced phosphorylation and inhibition of Na-K-ATPase. Our data demonstrate that insulin activates the atypical PKC isoforms-ξ/λ via the PI3K pathway. PKC-ξ/λ-induced phosphorylation of the α1-subunit at serine 16 and 23 leads to AP2 recruitment, degradation, and a decrease in Na-K-ATPase activity.
X-band SAR imaging with a liquid-crystal-based dynamic metasurface antenna

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) synthesizes a large effective aperture via coherent processing of multiple measurements taken from a moving platform. We present an approach for SAR imaging using an X-band (10–13.7 GHz) dynamic metasurface antenna (MSA). This newly developed antenna has over 6000 liquid-crystal-switched radiating elements that cover a circular area with an approximate diameter of 0.45 m. The MSA’s main beam can be steered electronically to spherical angles of up to ±70°. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first-reported laboratory-scale imaging experiments with a liquid-crystal-switched MSA. We leverage the beam-steering capabilities of the MSA in a spotlight SAR mode to achieve a measured cross-range resolution of 1.6 cm, a 62% improvement over the 4.2 cm cross-range resolution achieved with the same aperture without the metasurface-enabled beam steering. The dynamic MSA offers the superior image resolution of a beam-steering device without the hardware burden of conventional phased array antennas.
“I Got Lucky”: Class Reproduction Across the Transition to Motherhood

The United States is one of the few countries in the world without national paid parental leave benefits. The lack of a universally available policy drives women out of the paid labor force, with a disproportionate impact on low-income women. In this article, I illuminate the mechanisms by which structural inequality reproduces class inequality across the transition to motherhood. Between 2012 and 2015, I interviewed 44 first-time mothers from diverse class backgrounds. From their narratives, I identify three typologies of working women—professional, pink-professional, and low-wage workers—and show how formal workplace policies and informal practices, coupled with women’s cultural knowledge, shape new mothers’ employment trajectories when they have their first child. Policy makers and social workers serving new mothers need to be attuned to how women’s occupational group may facilitate or inhibit access to parental leave, in order to pave the way for more equitable paid family leave for all women.
Chromatic-aberration correction in geometric-phase lenses, for red, green, and blue operation (Conference Presentation)

All diffractive lenses manifest chromatic aberration/dispersion. If the focal length f0 at a given wavelength λ0 is known, then the focal length f(λ) = f0 λ0 / λ at other wavelengths λ. This can be considerable, even for lenses of a few diopters. Geometric-phase lenses (GPLs), are no exception, which manipulate incident light’s wavefront by the Pancharatnam-Berry phase effect. Several years ago, we developed achromatic coatings based on photo-aligned chiral liquid crystals that achieve nearly 100% efficiency into the primary and conjugate waves, and more recently we demonstrated fast, defect-free GPLs down to F/1.5 for red light. Until now, no one has reported how to generally reduce chromatic aberration and ensure that two or more wavelengths can have the same focal length. Here, we report on a new approach to correct for chromatic aberration using a stack of GPLs and retarders to arrange red, green, and blue wavelengths to have precisely the same focal length. A simple arrangement of these elements results in a thin, monolithic, and flat GPL, which can either converge or diverge three wavelength sources (R/G/B) with the same focal length, positive or negative, depending on the handedness of the circular input polarization. Here, we describe the concept and characterize our first prototypes by evaluating focal lengths, efficiency, and polarization contrast. We also discuss the realistic opportunities and limitations for this approach.
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE SPECIFICS OF THE TRANSACTION CONTRACT

Transaction contract was and continues to be widely applied in legal life. The present study discusses the matters which particularize this contract in legal life, by analyzing its definition, its legal characters, by emphasizing the specifics of the validity conditions and the effects it generates.
Effect of emotion-aware interventions on students’ behavioral and emotional states

The goal of this research is to investigate the effect of emotion-aware interventions on students’ behavioral and emotional states. To this end, we collected data from 12 students in the 9th grade in a high school in Turkey. The data collection took place in two sessions of an English Course. While the students were reading articles and solving relevant questions, our data collection application running in the background recorded the videos of the individual students through a camera and captured students’ screens in a non-intrusive manner. In total, we had 12.5 h of student data. We employed the human expert labeling process (HELP) (Aslan et al. in Workshop proceedings at international conference on intelligent tutoring systems (ITS), pp 156–165, 2016) to have the data labeled (150 h of data labeling in total). The data collection application was designed in a way that it also collected emotional self-labels (i.e., emotional states as self-reported by students at any time of learning). We leveraged emotional self-label information to suggest various real-time interventions for the students. The results obtained using the final expert labels showed that the percentage of the students’ Satisfied state was significantly higher after interventions. The results also demonstrated that although the interventions were triggered by the emotional states as self-labeled by the students and tailored to improve such states, there was a major positive impact of these interventions on students’ behavioral states. This preliminary study showed that even with a limited set of emotion-aware interventions based on self-labels, students’ states could be impacted positively. Conducting large-scale pilots leveraging more advanced interventions is a future direction for our research.
Focusing on the Student: Discovering Emergent Properties of an Engaged Classroom

Student engagement has been linked to various positive individual level outcomes, such as classroom performance and well-being. However, with external factors (e.g., technology, part-time jobs, and...
Antimicrobial Properties of 2D MnO2 and MoS2 Nanomaterials Vertically Aligned on Graphene Materials and Ti3C2 MXene

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have attracted considerable attention in biomedical and environmental applications due to their antimicrobial activity. In the interest of investigating the primary antimicrobial mode-of-action of 2D nanomaterials, we studied the antimicrobial properties of MnO2 and MoS2, toward Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria were treated individually with 100 μg/mL of randomly oriented and vertically aligned nanomaterials for ∼3 h in the dark. The vertically aligned 2D MnO2 and MoS2 were grown on 2D sheets of graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and Ti3C2 MXene. Measurements to determine the viability of bacteria in the presence of the 2D nanomaterials performed by using two complementary techniques, flow cytometry, and fluorescence imaging showed that, while MnO2 and MoS2 nanosheets show different antibacterial activities, in both cases, Gram-positive bacteria show a higher loss in membrane integrity. Scanning electron micro...
Case of hepatic portal venous gas in an infant with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Hepatic portal venous gas is the presence of gas within the portal vein and its branches. A 4-week-old male infant presented with 1-week history of non-bloody, non-bilious projectile emesis. Examination was significant for an olive-shaped mass in the abdomen. Bloodwork showed hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis. Abdominal ultrasound and radiograph was significant for portal venous gas and did not meet radiographic criteria for pyloric stenosis. He underwent upper endoscopy, which showed a narrowed, hypertrophic pylorus. The child underwent pyloromyotomy with resolution of his emesis. Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) is very rare and can be seen in the setting of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. It is believed that an increase in intraluminal dilation and pressure subsequently moves gas from the intestinal mucosa venous system and lymphatics into the portal veins. The presence of HPVG in a well-appearing patient can be benign and should not prompt further testing nor delay treatment.
Olfactory responses and field attraction of mosquitoes to volatiles from Limburger cheese and human foot odor.

Olfactory responses of female Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) to various odor stimuli were studied in a dual-port olfactometer. Responses (i.e., the percent of ca. 75 available female mosquitoes in flight chamber entering each olfactometer port) were studied toward clean conditioned air (control), human foot skin emanations (collected on socks by wearing them for three days), human hand, and Limburger cheese. Mean percent response was greatest to the human hand (80.1%), followed by the human worn sock (66.1%), Limburger cheese (6.4%), and control (< 0.1%). In field studies the worn sock alone attracted very few mosquitoes but a synergistic response occurred to the sock + carbon dioxide baited traps for most species of mosquitoes in six genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Culex, Culiseta, and Psorophora). This synergistic effect persisted even when the socks were exposed to environmental conditions for eight consecutive days. Limburger cheese alone did not attract mosquitoes to traps compared to unbaited traps, and there appeared to be a slight repellent effect for most mosquito species when used in combination with carbon dioxide.