cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementing Ergonomics Interventions in the Endoscopy Suite

Abstract Gastroenterologists are at risk for endoscopic- injuries due to higher endoscopic volume, repetitive movements, poor posture, and limited education on endoscopic ergonomics. Limited studies however have investigated how to best educate gastroenterologists and other staff on proper endoscopic ergonomics to help reduce endoscopic-related injuries. The following is a review of a division-wide ergonomics educational quality improvement project at our endoscopy center and a discussion on how to obtain buy in from key stakeholders to make meaningful long-term changes in the endoscopy unit.
ipso-Bromination/iodination of arylboronic acids: Poly(4-vinylpyridine)-Br2/I2 complexes as safe and efficient reagents

Abstract Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) supported bromine/iodine complexes were prepared and probed for ipso-bromination/iodination of arylboronic acids. These solid complexes with catalytic amount of additive are found to be safe and efficient reagent system for the ipso-bromination/iodination. The reaction occurs under mild conditions and tolerates various functional groups resulting in products with high selectivity and yields.
Cell wall O-acetyl and methyl esterification patterns of leaves reflected in atmospheric emission signatures of acetic acid and methanol

Plants emit high rates of methanol (meOH), generally assumed to derive from pectin demethylation, and this increases during abiotic stress. In contrast, less is known about the emission and source of acetic acid (AA). In this study, Populus trichocarpa (California poplar) leaves in different developmental stages were desiccated and quantified for total meOH and AA emissions together with bulk cell wall acetylation and methylation content. While young leaves showed high emissions of meOH (140 µmol m-2) and AA (42 µmol m-2), emissions were reduced in mature (meOH: 69%, AA: 60%) and old (meOH: 83%, AA: 76%) leaves. In contrast, the ratio of AA/meOH emissions increased with leaf development (young: 35%, mature: 43%, old: 82%), mimicking the pattern of O-acetyl/methyl ester ratios of leaf bulk cell walls (young: 35%, mature: 38%, old: 51%), which is driven by an increase in O-acetyl and decrease in methyl ester content with age. The results are consistent with meOH and AA emission sources from cell wall de-esterification, with young expanding tissues producing highly methylated pectin that is progressively demethyl-esterified. We highlight the quantification of AA/meOH emission ratios as a potential tool for rapid phenotype screening of structural carbohydrate esterification patterns.
Circulating Tumor DNA-Based Detection of Microsatellite Instability and Response to Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive malignancy with poor survival. Research has indicated the association of few genetic aberrations with pancreatic cancer. The data regarding the prevalence of microsatellite instability in pancreatic cancer is diverse and controversial. However, it could be an actionable target in pancreatic cancer especially due to availability of immune checkpoint inhibitors which has demonstrated promising results in different types of cancers. We present a case of pancreatic cancer whose microsatellite instability status was identified on liquid biopsy (circulating tumor DNA testing). Our patient showed a dramatic ongoing durable response to immunotherapy. We were able to do serial monitoring with liquid biopsy that showed clinical utility and validity.
15 – Two-Dimensional Problems

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the two-dimensional heat transfer problems. It describes the derivation of the governing differential equation for two-dimensional heat transfer problem under boundary conditions. It presents the governing differential equation for a two-dimensional steady-state problem along with the boundary conditions. The chapter explains the procedure for obtaining the finite element solution of this problem. The procedure involves five steps. The first step is to idealize the solution region with triangular elements. Second step is to assume a linear variation of temperature inside the finite element. The third step involves the derivation of element matrices. Then, equations are assembled and finally, the overall equations are solved after incorporating the boundary conditions to obtain the values of nodal temperatures. A subroutine computer program HEAT2 is explained for the solution of two-dimensional heat transfer problem. The chapter also lists the arguments of this subroutine.
A 3D Reconstruction Algorithm for Real-time Simultaneous Multi-Source EIT Imaging for Lung Function Monitoring

Abstract Monitoring regional pulmonary ventilation and pulsatile perfusion changes in a 3D region of interest (ROI) of the lung is a promising application for electrical impedance tomography (EIT). This paper describes a 3D analytical reconstruction algorithm that was embedded in a prototype EIT system to enable a real-time image reconstruction at nearly 20 frames per second for monitoring impedance changes in the chest in real-time. The derivation and results of the 3D analytical forward solution and inverse solution and details of the real-time reconstruction algorithm are given. The algorithm and EIT system are validated with simulated data, in-vitro phantoms, and finally shown to be capable of imaging ventilation and pulsatile perfusion in human subjects. The human subject data was obtained using a high-precision, high-speed and simultaneous multiple current source (SMS-EIT) developed by GE Research. Data was collected using four rows of 8 electrodes for a healthy adult male subject and 2 rows of 16 electrodes for six healthy human female subjects, with one row placed above the breasts and a second row placed at the infra-mammary fold. Each of the female subjects performed a breathing maneuver with a volumetric incentive spirometer, and the volume of air inhaled was calculated from the EIT images. Pulsatile perfusion images were computed from this data, and regional lung filling was also analyzed.
Family-Centered Health Promotion: Perspectives for Engaging Families and Achieving Better Health Outcomes:

Communities and populations are comprised of individuals and families who together affect the health of the community. The family unit is an unparalleled player for maintaining health and preventing disease for public health because members may support and nurture one another through life stages. Preliminary research confirms that family-oriented health promotion and disease prevention are promising strategies because the family unit is both a resource and a priority group needing preventative and curative services across the life course. Although there are growing numbers of successful efforts, family health systems are generally underutilized in health promotion practice. This lack of utilization in policy and practice have hampered the collection of robust evidence for family health. This paper purports that families are important actors in public health. Yet, since no one pattern for healthy families is known, public health practitioners can consider six principle-based approaches to legitimately and respectfully advance the families' innate potential for health promotion and disease prevention. Each perspective aims to foster higher capacity for family health systems to function appropriately in public health practice. Health promotion practitioners and researchers can explore family health perspectives with the potential for systems policy and practice adjustments in public health.
Utilization of absolute monocyte counts to predict cardiovascular events in people living with HIV

OBJECTIVES Cardiovascular risk is increased in people living with HIV (PLWH). In HIV-uninfected populations, total absolute monocyte count (AMC) has been shown to be predictive of future cardiovascular events (CVEs). We sought to determine whether AMC predicts CVEs in PLWH independent of established and HIV-related cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS We identified all PLWH within the Partners HIV Cohort without factors that could confound the monocyte count. CVE was defined as fatal or non-fatal acute myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke. Baseline-measured AMC was defined as the average of all outpatient AMC counts a year before and after the baseline date. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of baseline AMC with CVEs. RESULTS Our cohort consisted of 1980 patients, with median follow-up of 10.9 years and 182 CVEs. Mean (± SD) age was 41.9 ± 9.3 years; 73.0% were male. Mean CD4 count was 506.3 ± 307.1 cells/µL, 48% had HIV viral load (VL) < 400 copies/mL, and 87% were on antiretroviral therapy. Mean AMC was 0.38 × 103 ± 0.13 cells/µL. In multivariable modelling adjusted for traditional CV risk factors, CD4 cell count, and HIV VL, AMC quartile 2 (Q2) (HR = 1.01, P = 0.98), Q3 (HR = 1.07, P = 0.76), and Q4 (HR = 0.97, P = 0.89) were not significantly predictive of CVE compared with Q1. DISCUSSION Baseline AMC was not associated with long-term CVEs in PLWH. AMC obtained in routine clinical encounters does not appear to enhance CV risk stratification in PLWH.
An examination of factors affecting residential energy consumption using a multiple discrete continuous approach

Abstract Residential energy use has become an important source of global energy demand growth and carbon emissions growth. Residential building energy usage accounts for about 22% of the total energy use in the United States. In the current study, we address residential energy usage by addressing two decisions: (1) source of energy (such as electric and natural gas) and (2) consumption by energy source for various purposes. A Multiple Discrete Continuous Extreme Value model that allows us to analyze the source and consumption decisions in an integrated framework is developed. The model is estimated using data drawn from the 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Survey that provides energy use details for electricity, natural gas, fuel oil and Liquefied Petroleum Gas for residential units across United States. An exhaustive set of independent variables including location characteristics, household characteristics, housing characteristics, appliance use and climatic characteristics were employed in the model estimation. The model estimation results are augmented with a comprehensive policy analysis to illustrate how various independent variables affect energy use by source. A comparison of energy use between urban and rural regions, by varying household size and housing unit size are examined.
Preliminary Outcomes of an Ecological Momentary Intervention for Social Functioning in Schizophrenia: Pre-Post Study of the Motivation and Skills Support App

Background: People with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses often lack access to evidence-based interventions, particularly interventions that target meaningful recovery outcomes such as social functioning and quality of life. Mobile technologies, including smartphone apps, have the potential to provide scalable support that places elements of evidence-based interventions at the palm of patients’ hands. Objective: We aim to develop a smartphone app—called Motivation and Skills Support—to provide targeted social goal support (eg, making new friends and improving existing relationships) for people with schizophrenia enrolled in a stand-alone open trial. Methods: In this paper, we presented preliminary outcomes of 31 participants who used the Motivation and Skills Support app for 8 weeks, including social functioning pre- to postintervention, and momentary reports of treatment targets (eg, social motivation and appraisals) during the intervention. Results: The findings suggest that the intervention improved self-reported social functioning from baseline to treatment termination, particularly in female participants. Gains were not maintained at the 3-month follow-up. Furthermore, increased social functioning was predicted by momentary reports of social appraisals, including perceived social competence and the extent to which social interactions were worth the effort. Conclusions: The implications of these findings and future directions for addressing social functioning in schizophrenia using mobile technology have been discussed. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03404219; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03404219
Signals and Incentives in Blockchain Applications

Since Bitcoin’s invention in 2009, permissionless blockchain technology has gone through several waves of interest and development. While applications related to payments have advanced at breakneck speed, progress in financial and nonmonetary applications have largely failed to live up to initial excitement. This chapter considers the incentives facing network participants in light of the fundamental problem of signal verification. Doing so can account for both the successes and the failures: first, why are payments a particularly suitable problem to be solved by blockchain technology? And second, what additional problems do financial and nonmonetary applications pose?
Bayesian Semiparametric Multivariate Density Deconvolution via Stochastic Rotation of Replicates

We consider the problem of multivariate density deconvolution where the distribution of a random vector needs to be estimated from replicates contaminated with conditionally heteroscedastic measurement errors. We propose a conceptually straightforward yet fundamentally novel and highly robust approach to multivariate density deconvolution by stochastically rotating the replicates toward the corresponding true latent values. We also address the additionally significantly challenging problem of accommodating conditionally heteroscedastic measurement errors in this newly introduced framework. We take a Bayesian route to estimation and inference, implemented via an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm, appropriately accommodating uncertainty in all aspects of our analysis. Asymptotic convergence guarantees for the method are also established. We illustrate the method's empirical efficacy through simulation experiments and its practical utility in estimating the long-term joint average intakes of different dietary components from their measurement error contaminated 24-hour dietary recalls.
Blockchain-Based Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack Detection for Photovoltaic Systems

Cybersecurity of photovoltaic (PV) systems entails a much larger scope than just encryption and firewall of communications. For instance, integrity of data in transit between inverters and a cloud server can be compromised by authorized third-party, devices, and internal network within security perimeter (i.e., man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack). To address this challenge, this paper proposes a blockchain-based MITM attack detection method for a PV system. A breakthrough method includes screening network data, network intrusion detection, and hash comparison of in-transit data using distributed ledgers. The proposed method is implemented in Internet-of-Thing (IoT) security modules as clients of a blockchain network and validated by experiments.
Reorienting historic house museums: An anarchists guide

Although other types of cultural sites are experiencing growth, Historic House Museums (HHMs) are seeing declining visitation, financial instability, and misguided Board stewardship. (Rocco 2013) All too often, HHMs are places where a well-intended docent points at obscure portraits, and gestures into barren rooms while sharing a seemingly fact-based, exclusive narrative about the great deeds of the great, white man who once lived in the home. There are few actual signs of habitation or the complexity of family life, and any opportunity for a shared, meaningful, and human connection across generations disappears in the stark museum atmosphere. Frozen in a pre-determined period of historic interpretation, HHMs fall harshly out of sync with the larger community as demographics change around them. They have become autonomous, self-referential and insular in an era defined by social media, mass communication and the collaborative process. The well-meaning Board and staff leadership of HHMs, with expertise primarily in museum studies, history and collections management, is ill equipped to deal with either the contemporary understanding of context, or the civic engagement expertise of urban designers and architects. The Anarchist Guide for Historic House Museums (AGHHM) attempts to bridge some of those disciplinary boundaries and offers a comprehensive strategy for reorienting HHMs from a curated museum setting to a new paradigm of real-life habitation. This more inclusive re-orientation is organized under four guiding themes of Community, Experience,Habitation and Shelter, and is illustrated as The Anarchist Guide for Historic House Museums Graphic ManifestoThe Historic House Trust of New York City has tested the AGHHM concepts at several of its historic house sites. AGHHM inspired events have been undertaken at NYC's Morris-Jumel Mansion and have led to substantial increases in the number of first-time visitors, press, and funding/earned revenue A follow-up study funded by a $100,000 grant from the New York Community Trust is now underway to design, launch and evaluate an Anarchist Plan for the Latimer House Museum in Queens. The former home of African-American inventor and electrical pioneer Lewis Howard Latimer, the house is located in what has become a Chinese/Korean community, and offers a compelling narrative that has the potential ability to bridge the past and the present, and act as a center of social history, explorative experienceand common identity.
Runoff and sediment transport from compost mulch berms on a simulated military training landscape.

Soil erosion and runoff due to mechanical disturbances on military training ranges can cause problems such as land degradation and environmental pollution of downstream ecosystems. This paper discusses runoff and sediment transport from compost mulch berms on a simulated military training landscape. The berms were constructed using mixtures of municipal yard waste (YW), wood chips (WC), pine bark fines (PB), and sub-soil (SL) in eight different proportions at Hazel Green, North Alabama, in Fall 2006. Berms made from 100% soil, which had over 140 000 L ha−1 of runoff and 13.3 kg ha−1 of sediment transport over the study period, had the greatest risk of causing off-site negative environmental effects. Berms made from 100% PB and 100% WC or combinations of compost materials without soil had the lowest risk of causing environmental pollution from runoff and sediment transport. Compared to soil, compost mulches can significantly reduce negative environmental effects to downstream ecosystems when used for berm ...
Smart Asset Management in view of recent analytical technologies

This paper deals with new technologies being applied in Smart Asset Management field, namely in field of predictive maintenance. Multi-criteria and multi-parameter models are being assessed to leverage predictive abilities of predictive models. Ways of integration into distribution system operators' asset management infrastructure are being determined as well.
Ocular presentation of polyarteritis nodosa : clinical course and management with steroid and cytotoxic therapy

Background: Polyarteritis nodosa is a necrotizing vasculitis affecting medium and small-sized arteries throughout the body, including ocular tissues. Untreated polyarteritis nodosa carries a very poor prognosis. Treatment with steroids increases the 5-year survival to 48%, whereas addition of cytotoxic immunosuppressive treatment improves the outcome dramatically. Methods: The authors reviewed five cases of polyarteritis nodosa with a spectrum of ocular findings which preceded and contributed to its diagnosis. Results: The ophthalmic manifestations of polyarteritis nodosa in these patients included scleritis, peripheral ulcerative keratitis, nongranulomatous uveitis, retinal vasculitis, pseudotumor of the orbit, and central retinal artery occlusion associated with temporal arteritis. In four patients, cytotoxic immunosuppressive therapy was begun promptly, and elimination of inflammation was achieved. Conclusions: The authors' presentation of these cases is intended to emphasize the fact that ocular inflammation can be the earliest presenting manifestation of polyarteritis nodosa and that its recognition may lead to the early institution of therapy, which can decrease morbidity and mortality in this disease.
Evaluation of designed ligands by a multiple screening method: application to glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors constructed with a variety of approaches.

Glycogen phosphorylase (GP) is an important enzyme that regulates blood glucose level and a key therapeutic target for the treatment of type II diabetes. In this study, a number of potential GP inhibitors are designed with a variety of computational approaches. They include the applications of MCSS, LUDI and CoMFA to identify additional fragments that can be attached to existing lead molecules; the use of 2D and 3D similarity-based QSAR models (HQSAR and SMGNN) and of the LUDI program to identify novel molecules that may bind to the glucose binding site. The designed ligands are evaluated by a multiple screening method, which is a combination of commercial and in-house ligand-receptor binding affinity prediction programs used in a previous study (So and Karplus, J. Comp.-Aid. Mol. Des., 13 (1999), 243–258). Each method is used at an appropriate point in the screening, as determined by both the accuracy of the calculations and the computational cost. A comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of the ligand design approaches is made.
Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of four agents in pertussis.

The results of the study suggest that H. pertussis infection is usually a mild disease in all age groups if there is effective control of most secondary bacterial infections by penicillin. Not one of the four therapeutic agents studied, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, antipertussis rabbit serum and hyperimmune human serum, was shown to bring about prompt elimination of the signs of pertussis. On the basis of duration of the infection in the patients studied, however, only 30% were suitable clinical material for comparing therapeutic agents in pertussis. The hypothesis is advanced that prompt recovery from pertussis can be anticipated only when effective therapy is instituted early in the course of the disease; the preparoxysmal stage is recommended. While the data failed to show convincing therapeutic value of any of the four specific agents tested, they suggested some modification by each. A significant difference in degree of influence among the four treatments was not demonstrated. On the basis of toxicity, case of administration and cost, chloramphenicol is for the present the agent of choice. In a comparison of the capacity of the four treatments to eliminate H. pertussis from the nasopharynx, rabbit antiserum was best and chloramphenicol next. All four specific therapeutic agents showed some influence on the characteristic response in the white blood cell count.
Risk of Myocardial Infarction Associated with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Population-Based Cohort Study

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with systemic inflammation and metabolic complications that might predispose patients to atherosclerosis. However, it remains unclear if HCV infection increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction (MI). To determine whether HCV infection is an independent risk factor for acute MI among adults followed in general practices in the United Kingdom (UK), a retrospective cohort study was conducted in The Health Improvement Network, from 1996 through 2008. Patients ≥18 years of age with at least 6 months of follow-up and without a prior history of MI were eligible for study inclusion. HCV-infected individuals, identified with previously validated HCV diagnostic codes (n = 4809), were matched on age, sex and practice with up to 15 randomly selected patients without HCV (n = 71 668). Rates of incident MI among patients with and without a diagnosis of HCV infection were calculated. Adjusted hazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression, controlling for established cardiovascular risk factors. During a median follow-up of 3.2 years, there was no difference in the incidence rates of MI between HCV-infected and -uninfected patients (1.02 vs 0.92 events per 1000 person-years; P = 0.7). HCV infection was not associated with an increased risk of incident MI (adjusted HR, 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.67-1.83). Sensitivity analyses including the exploration of a composite outcome of acute MI and coronary interventions yielded similar results (adjusted HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.77-1.74). In conclusion, HCV infection was not associated with an increased risk of incident MI.
High efficiency multishot interleaved spiral‐in/out: Acquisition for high‐resolution BOLD fMRI

Growing demand for high spatial resolution blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging faces a challenge of the spatial resolution versus coverage or temporal resolution tradeoff, which can be addressed by methods that afford increased acquisition efficiency. Spiral acquisition trajectories have been shown to be superior to currently prevalent echo-planar imaging in terms of acquisition efficiency, and high spatial resolution can be achieved by employing multiple-shot spiral acquisition. The interleaved spiral in/out trajectory is preferred over spiral-in due to increased BOLD signal contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and higher acquisition efficiency than that of spiral-out or noninterleaved spiral in/out trajectories (Law & Glover. Magn Reson Med 2009; 62:829-834.), but to date applicability of the multishot interleaved spiral in/out for high spatial resolution imaging has not been studied. Herein we propose multishot interleaved spiral in/out acquisition and investigate its applicability for high spatial resolution BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging. Images reconstructed from interleaved spiral-in and -out trajectories possess artifacts caused by differences in T2 decay, off-resonance, and k-space errors associated with the two trajectories. We analyze the associated errors and demonstrate that application of conjugate phase reconstruction and spectral filtering can substantially mitigate these image artifacts. After applying these processing steps, the multishot interleaved spiral in/out pulse sequence yields high BOLD CNR images at in-plane resolution below 1 × 1 mm while preserving acceptable temporal resolution (4 s) and brain coverage (15 slices of 2 mm thickness). Moreover, this method yields sufficient BOLD CNR at 1.5 mm isotropic resolution for detection of activation in hippocampus associated with cognitive tasks (Stern memory task). The multishot interleaved spiral in/out acquisition is a promising technique for high spatial resolution BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging applications.
X-RAY AND NEUTRON DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF MOLTEN ALKALI HALIDES

Eight molten alkali halide salts were studied by x-raydiffraction, and 3 of them also by neutron diffraction. Radial distribution functions clearly show the first 2 coordination shells, although not completely resolved. The first shell is a band of about 0.5 A half-width, with the most frequent interatomic distance being smaller than that in the solid at room temperature. It corresponds to an average coordination of about 4 to 5 neighboring ions. Neutron patterns confirm that the first coordination shell involves unlike ions. The second shell, which corresponds to 7 or more ion neighbors, is less well defined. This information, together with the density decrease on melting, indicates that the melts have quite open structures with a wide variety of individual ion coordinations. (auth)
Interactions Between Classroom Discourse, Teacher Questioning, and Student Cognitive Engagement in Middle School Science

Classroom discourse can affect various aspects of student learning in science. The present study examines interactions between classroom discourse, specifically teacher questioning, and related student cognitive engagement in middle school science. Observations were conducted throughout the school year in 10 middle school science classrooms using the Electronic Quality of Inquiry Protocol, which is designed, among other things, to measure observable aspects of student cognitive engagement and discourse factors during science instruction. Results from these observations indicate positive correlations between students’ cognitive engagement and the following aspects of classroom discourse: questioning level, complexity of questions, questioning ecology, communication patterns, and classroom interactions. A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design provides a detailed look at each aspect of classroom discourse which showed a positive effect on student cognitive level during science instruction. Implications for classroom practice, teacher education, and professional development are discussed.
Frequent Major Changing: Extrinsic and Intrinsic Factors

Twenty undergraduates participated in individual, semi-structured interviews concerning their decisions to change majors. We found three common extrinsic and three intrinsic factors related to thei...
A Strategy For Rapid Solutions In Modeling EM Induction In Anisotropic Media

A practical limitation in the use of generalized 3D forward modeling algorithms for inversion of electromagnetic data is the high computational cost of solving large, ill– conditioned systems of linear equations arising from the discretization of the governing Maxwell equations. To address this problem, a new class of preconditioners has recently been proposed which is based on a Helmholtz decomposition of the electric field in the low induction number (LIN) regime. This paper further develops that idea, and introduces a LIN preconditioner which can be applied to problems characterized by a fully generalized anisotropic medium. Included are sample calculations demonstrating a reduction by 2 orders of magnitude in the number of “quasi–minimal residual” iterates and factor of ∼ 4 speedup in the solution time for one finite–difference forward calculation. We note that in some cases where we simulate the response of a horizontal multi–component induction sonde within a crossbedded formation (not presented here, for brevity), the LIN preconditioning is able to provide results which are unobtainable by standard Jacobi preconditioning
Confirmatory Analyses of the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised: Replication and Extension to a Truancy Sample

School absenteeism and school refusal behavior are prevalent and serious issues for youth, but few measures have been developed specifically for this population. The School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised (child and parent versions) provides clinicians with a profile of the relative strength of four functions or maintaining variables regarding school refusal behavior. The scales have been previously tested largely on clinical samples in outpatient treatment settings, however. This study examined 216 youth with primary school refusal behavior and their parent/guardian referred to a community-based truancy court or truancy diversion setting for problematic absenteeism. The four-factor structure of the scales (Kearney Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 24:235–245, 2002a; Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 28:139–144, 2006) was supported via confirmatory factor analysis and specific functions were associated with specific symptom sets as predicted. The results help extend the generalizability of the scales to youths and their families who are more ethnically diverse and referred to a legal process.
Valid inequalities for the multi-dimensional multiple-choice 0-1 knapsack problem

This paper presents a study of the polytope defined by the minimizing form of the binary knapsack inequality, which is a greater-than-or-equal-to constraint, augmented by disjoint generalized upper bound constraints. A set of valid inequalities, called α -cover inequalities, is characterized and dominance relationships among them are established. Both sequential and sequence-independent lifting procedures are presented to tighten an α -cover inequality that is not facet defining. Computational results aimed at evaluating the strength of the non-dominated, sequentially, and sequence-independent lifted α -cover inequalities are provided. Derives valid inequalities for the minimizing form of the multiple-choice 0-1 knapsack problem.Derives and establishes α -covers and α -cover inequalities.Presents sequential and sequence-independent lifting procedures.Computational tests assess the strength of resulting inequalities.Tests inequalities in application to the multi-dimensional, multiple-choice 0-1 knapsack problem.
AMNIOTIC FLUID MEASUREMENT IN CORTISONE TREATED AND X-IRRADIATED MICE

SummaryThe amount of amniotic fluid associated with mouse embryos at the normal time for palate closure was determined in cortisone treated, X-irradiated, and control embryos. Both of these cleft palate-inducing teratogens caused a significant reduction in amount of amniotic fluid. However, a few embryos destined to have cleft palate had as much amniotic fluid as most normal embryos, and a few normal embryos had as little amniotic fluid as most treated embryos. Therefore, the reduction in amniotic fluid caused by these teratogens is not the effect which is primarily responsible for development of the cleft palates.
Disturbance propagation in melt spinning

Abstract The sensitivity of a polymer melt spinline to local disturbances in the quench air flow was studied experimentally. Variations in the takeup diameter were found to be caused by perturbations in the local rate of heat transfer induced over a one-half decade frequency range of quench velocity fluctuations, but were insensitive to quench-induced mechanical fluctuations of the spinline. The major characteristics of the experimentally-observed frequency response are in agreement with a simple dynamic spinline model.
Carbon nanotube synthesis upon stainless steel meshes

In this paper we report and interpret the effectiveness of different bulk metal catalyst preparations and of various components within reactive gas mixtures for carbon nanotube (CNT) synthesis. The combined catalyst precursor and supporting material is type 304 stainless steel mesh. The steel mesh keenly illustrates the net effect of different pretreatments upon the catalyst because of its resistance to oxidation. These preparative treatments include oxidation, reduction, and their combinations. Finally the utility of the different components within the reactive gas mixture are illustrated by synthesis tests in their individual absence. The effect of catalyst preparation and gas mixture on CNT synthesis is judged on the basis of the relative surface density and morphology of the CNTs (as observed via SEM) and their graphitic structure (as observed via TEM).
The Effects of Light Intensity on Turkey Poult Performance, Eye Morphology, and Adrenal Weight,

Two trials were completed that examined the effects of light intensity on poult performance, adrenal weight, and ocular size during the first 2 weeks after hatching. In both trials the treatments started on the day of hatching and consisted of 23 hr of light per day of either 1.1, 11, 110, or 220 lx intensity from incandescent bulbs. A light intensity of 1.1 lx, but not 11, 110, or 220 lx, had an adverse effect on poult performance as indicated by significantly smaller body weights, reduced feed intake, and increased mortality in both trials. In addition, the poults in the 1.1 lx treatment group had significantly enlarged eyes in both trials and significantly greater adrenal weights in Trial 2 than the other treatment groups. It was concluded that low light intensity of 1.1 lx resulted in poor poult performance, and this was accompanied by an altered morphology of the eyes and the adrenal gland.
Clustering of Activating Mutations in c-KIT’s Juxtamembrane Coding Region in Canine Mast Cell Neoplasms

The proto-oncogene c-KIT encodes a growth factor receptor, KIT, with ligand-dependent tyrosine kinase activity that is expressed by several cell types including mast cells. c-KIT juxtamembrane coding region mutations causing constitutive activation of KIT are capable of transforming cell lines and have been identified in a human mast cell line and in situ in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors, but have not been demonstrated in situ in neoplastic mast cells from any species. To determine whether c-KIT juxtamembrane mutations occur in the development of mast cell neoplasms, we examined canine mastocytomas, which are among the most common tumors of dogs and which often behave in a malignant fashion, unlike human solitary mastocytomas. Sequencing of c-KIT cDNA generated from tumor tissues removed from seven dogs revealed that three of the tumors contained a total of four mutations in an intracellular juxtamembrane coding region that is completely conserved among vertebrates. In addition, two mutations were found in three mast cell lines derived from two additional dogs. One mutation from one line matched that found in situ in one of the tumors. The second was found in two lines derived from one dog at different times, indicating that the mutation was present in situ in the animal. All five mutations cause high spontaneous tyrosine phosphorylation of KIT. Our study provides in situ evidence that activating c-KIT juxtamembrane mutations are present in, and may therefore contribute to, the pathogenesis of mast cell neoplasia. Our data also suggest an inhibitory role for the KIT juxtamembrane region in controlling the receptor kinase activity.
O-Nucleophilic Amino Alcohol Acyl-Transfer Catalysts: the Effect of Acidity of the Hydroxyl Group on the Activity of the Catalyst

Amino alcohol-derived acyl-transfer catalysts are shown to operate by an O-nucleophilic mechanism, and catalysts bearing electron-withdrawing groups in proximity to the hydroxyl group are found to be more active. This is attributed to an increase in the acidity of the hydroxyl group of the catalyst.
Continuous Dependence on Initial-Time Geometry for a Thermoelastic System with Sign-Indefinite Elasticities

Abstract Continuous dependence of the solution to the equations of dynamical linear thermoelasticity on the initial-time geometry is investigated. Using a Lagrange identity method and assuming only the major symmetry on the elasticities, but no sign-definiteness, we derive inequalities establishing that appropriately constrained solutions depend Holder continuously on perturbations of the initial geometry.
The specificity of attributional style and expectations to positive and negative affectivity, depression, and anxiety

Ninety-four undergraduate subjects completed measures of trait positive and negative affectivity, anxiety, depression, optimism, hopelessness, and attributional style. After writing about negative events or hearing a tape describing a positive academic experience, they completed measures of state positive and negative affect and of self-efficacy expectancies. Positive affectivity was associated with attributional style for positive, but not negative, events. Negative affectivity was associated with attributional style for negative, but not positive, events. Negative event attributional style was specifically associated with anxiety; expectancies and positive event attributional style with depression. Attributional style predicted state positive affect following completion of negative essays, but not negative affect, nor either affect following the positive tape. Effects of attributional style on affect were partially independent of expectations. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of distinguishing between processes related to positive and negative affect in order to distinguish anxiety from depression.
Peritoneal macrophages suppress T-cell activation by amino acid catabolism.

T-lymphocyte activation triggered by anti-CD3, endogenous or exogenous superantigen, and mitogens was suppressed in a cell-dose-dependent fashion by peritoneal cavity (PerC) leucocytes. Study of lymphocyte-deficient mice and the use of multiparameter fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses revealed that macrophages were responsible for this form of immune regulation. Interferon-γ was essential to trigger suppression, which, by enzyme inhibition studies, was shown to be the result of tryptophan and arginine catabolism. These results illustrate that macrophages, which are classically defined by their innate effector function as antigen-presenting cells, have the potential to temper adaptive immunity.
Synthesis of 5′-Substituted Derivatives of the Pyrrolo[2,3-d]-Pyrimidine Nucleoside Sangivamycin and Their Effect on Protein Kinase A and C Activity

Abstract Under cell-free conditions, where the antibiotic sangivamycin is not phosphorylated, it is an effective inhibitor of PKC and to a lesser extent of PKA activity. In intact cells, the antibiotic is phosphorylated, thereby, extending its range of activity to other targets including DNA and RNA. To preserve selective inhibitory activity for the protein kinases, analogs potentially resistant to phosphorylation were prepared by replacing the 5′-hydroxy group with O-nitro, O-sulfamoyl, O-methane-sulfonyl or azido groups. These compounds were more potent inhibitors of PKA and PKC activity than was the parent nucleoside.
High speed analysis of agricultural samples using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy

Abstract The determination of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc and manganese in soil extracts are reported at an analysis rate of 200 samples h−1. A 4 cm 3volume of soil is extracted with a 20 ml solution of 0.025 N H2SO4−0.05 N HCl (Mehlich I). The filtered solution is then placed on a Technicon Sampler IV, which is interfaced to an 1CP emission spectrometer. This extract is analyzed for all the nutrients above. In addition to soil extracts, the ICP is used for mineral analyses of feed samples at a sample rate of 120 samples h−1. Several “American Association of Feed Control Officials” check feed samples have been analyzed and the results will be discussed comparing the ICP results with other laboratories participating in the program. The preparation of feed samples involves ashing a 1 g sample at 500°C for 4 h. The ashed sample was then taken up in hot HCl and diluted to 250 ml. Analyses are also performed by ICP on water, heavy metals in sewage sludge, and on other materials. The ICP technique has increased the efficiency of our laboratory to the extent that one technician can do the same work that formerly required four technicians.
Twenty-four hour proactive facilitation of avoidance and discrimination by pentylenetetrazol

Studies concerned with facilitation of learning by post-trial drug administration have not allowed for a possible 24 h proactive effect. A series of experiments was conducted to determine if single or multiple injections of pentylenetetrazol, given 24 h apart, would facilitate acquisition when training was given 24 h after the last injection. In Experiment I female Wistar rats were injected with saline, 10, 20, or 30 mg/kg, for 1, 10, or 20 days and trained in a shuttle box avoidance task. In Experiment II female Wistars received handling, a needle insertion into the i.p. cavity, a saline injection, or 10 mg/kg, for 20 days. Results from both studies indicated that rate of acquisition and asymptotic performance were increased by pentylenetetrazol.
Further investigations of the serotonergic properties of the ibogaine-induced discriminative stimulus.

Abstract 1. 1. 5-HT 3 , 5-HT 2C , and 5-HT 1A receptor ligands were assessed in rats trained to discriminate ibogaine from water. 2. 2. Significant ibogaine-appropriate responding was observed following treatment with the 5-HT 2C agonists MK-212 (79.6%) and mCPP (76.4%). This substitution was completely antagonized by metergoline, an agent with 5-HT 2C antagonist properties. However, metergoline was ineffective against ibogaine itself. This suggests that although ibogaine may act as an agonist at 5-HT 2C receptors, this interaction is not essential to its discriminative cue. 3. 3. Neither the 5-HT 3 agonist, mCPBG (44.3%), nor the 5-HT 3 antagonist, ondansetron (48.9%) substituted for ibogaine. Likewise, the 5-HT 1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT (34.7%) and the 5-HT 1A antagonist WAY-100635 (30.1%) failed to substitute. Furthermore, WAY-100635 failed to antagonize the ibogaine cue. 4. 4. Unlike 5-HT 2C receptors, 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 3 receptors do not appear to be involved in the ibogaine stimulus.
A cross-cultural study of the effect of student-generated visualization on middle school students’ science concept learning in Texas and Taiwan

O This study explored the use of visualization as a study strategy for middle school science concept learning when compared to unguided study. In addition, the differential impact of visualization training for different cultural groups was addressed. Data collected in school settings were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that the 8thgrade Texan and Taiwanese students who attended visualization workshops and constructed visualizations during study time scored significantly higher on a comprehension posttest than those students who applied an unguided study strategy. Overall, Taiwanese students scored higher than Texan students, but there was no interaction between the type of treatment and cultural background.
Effect of dislocation spacing on high-temperature creep of pure and lithium-doped CoO

Abstract In pure- and 1% lithium-doped CoO, the effect of dislocation spacing in the sub-grain boundary, h, on the creep rate, and its dependence on applied stress, was studied by stress increment creep tests and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A relation of the form: ϵ = SDh p (σ/E) N is proposed between the dislocation spacing and the steady-state creep rate. The applied stress, σ, is then related to the dislocation spacing as: σ = K′h−p/N, where p and N are creep parameters related to the stress exponent n as: n = N − p, and K′ is a constant. The p/N values determined by stress increment creep tests are in excellent agreement with those values determined by TEM. The effect of doping with 1% lithium is to reduce the stress exponent, n = N − p, from 4.4 to 3.1, and to increase the dislocation spacing exponent, p, from 2.9 to 4.3.
The edge effect for planar electrodes

Abstract The edge effect function (expressing enhanced current due to diffusion across an edge) is determined for diffusion-limited, reversible, irreversible, and quasi-reversible forms of simple electron transfer following a potential step at a semi-infinite strip electrode. The derivation involves the application of Laplace and Fourier transforms and solution of the transformed problem by the Wiener–Hopf technique. The edge effect functions for the diffusion-limited, reversible, and irreversible cases are obtained explicitly; the Laplace transform of the edge effect function for the quasi-reversible case is obtained. The response of a planar electrode to a potential step can be viewed as a sum of (1) a contribution proportional to the area and immediately significant; (2) a contribution proportional to the perimeter and becoming significant over a longer time interval; (3) further contributions determined by more subtle geometric features and becoming significant at yet longer times. The area contribution is determined by the well-known shielded planar electrode model. The perimeter contribution is given by the results of this paper, which extend results for the diffusion-limited case first derived by Oldham [K.B. Oldham, J. Electroanal. Chem. 122 (1981), 1–17].