cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Zintl chemistry of the heavy tetrel elements

The title phase, isostructural with the previously reported Zintl phase KtPbg, was synthesized by direct fusion of a stoichiometric amount of the elements at 800 °C for 24 hours and then annealed at 350 °C for 4 weeks. The compound crystallizes in a monoclinic space group, P2\/m, Z = 4, with a = 9.8969(16), b = 13.408(2), c — 16.250(3) Â, and j8 = 103.009(3). The compound contains two different types of Pb/" deltahedra, a monocapped square antiprism and a distorted tricapped trigonal prism. Both cluster geometries correspond to a nido assignment even though the tricapped trigonal prism is not the classic Wade's rules nido deltahedron expected. The geometries and their relationships are discussed, and reasons given for the unusual electron count of the tricapped trigonal prism.
Intrauterine fetal transfusions. Experience with 101 transfusions in 48 mothers.

Abstract One hundred and one intrauterine fetal transfusions were performed in 48 patients with an absolute perinatal survival rate of 29.2 per cent. An operative, fiberoptic and modified needle technique for intrauterine fetal transfusion is discussed. The most consistent and least traumatic results were obtained by transfusing directly through a needle placed under x-ray image intensification. Fetuses below 24 weeks' gestation and those with ascites under 30 weeks' gestation were found to have a minimal chance of survival. The presence of hydrops, unless established by x-ray at the time of the initial intrauterine fetal transfusion was felt not to be a good indicator for comparison of survival data. A comparison of results indicates that strict criteria for transfusion should be established.
The Indefinite Deflection of Congressional Standing

Recent litigation brought or threatened against the administration of President Obama has brought to prominence the question of standing by Congress or its members to sue the President for nondefense or non-enforcement of federal law. While scholars divide over the normative propriety of such suits, the Court has never issued a definitive pronouncement on their viability. Nevertheless, the Court’s rulings when the issue has arisen have displayed a distinct pattern. While the Court has not formally repudiated suits of this nature, neither has it issued a decision that hinges on the presence of congressional standing. On the contrary, the Court has repeatedly passed on opportunities to affirm its validity. This Article concludes that the Court consciously avoids recognizing legislative standing, but has left the door very slightly ajar in the event that an unanticipated case arises.
Neurobiological Phenotypes of Familial Chronic Pain in Adolescence: A Pilot fMRI Study

Parental history of chronic pain has been associated with self-reported pain in adolescent offspring. This suggests that there may be neurobiological mechanisms associated with pain heritability. Because emotional circuitry is an important component of pain processing and may also influence cognition, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine affective processing and cognitive control using an Emotional Go/NoGo task in youth with (FH + Pain, n = 8) and without (FH - Pain, n = 8) a parental history of chronic pain (mean age = 14.17 ± .34 years). FH + Pain youth had widespread reductions in brain activity within limbic and visual processing regions during processing of positively valenced emotional stimuli, as well as reduced frontoparietal response while processing negatively valenced emotional stimuli compared with their peers. In addition, during inhibition within a positive emotional context, FH + Pain youth had reduced cognitive control and salience-related brain activity. On the other hand, default mode-related brain response was increased during inhibitory control within a negative emotional context in these adolescents compared with their peers (P/α < .05). The current findings indicate differences in both emotional processing and cognitive control brain response in FH + Pain compared with FH - Pain youth, suggesting that both affective and executive functioning pathways may be important markers related to the intergenerational transmission of pain. Perspective: This is the first study to examine neurobiological markers of pain risk in adolescents with a family history of chronic pain. These findings may aid in the identification of neural phenotypes related to vulnerability for the onset of pain in at-risk youth.
Inter-turn fault diagnosis of PM synchronous generator for variable speed wind applications using floating-space-vector

In this paper, an online fault diagnosis technique suitable for wind-based variable speed PM generators is proposed. This floating-space-vector technique is developed based upon space-vector concepts, and its mathematical formulation is elaborated in this paper. The technique is verified numerically as well as experimentally using a 7.2kW PM machine as a wind generator. The numerical model is based on a multi-physics model of a PM generator. The simulation and experiments are performed under the uncertainties of generator speed, number of shorted turns and fault resistance value. The calculated results show the robustness, accuracy, and proper speed response of the technique.
Homobinuclear sulfato-bridged and mononuclear nitrato complexes of Cu(II) with thiophen-2-yl-dipicolylamine; structure and anion-dependent absorption spectra

Abstract A new ligand, bispyridin-2-ylmethyl-thiophen-2-ylmethylamine, 2ThDPA (1), was synthesized and its complexes of Cu(II) were isolated. When Cu(NO3)2 was used as the metal source, a mononuclear complex with the formula [Cu(1)(NO3)2], 2, was isolated featuring both nitro groups coordinated bidentate to the Cu. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group with a = 14.848, b = 8.212, c = 32.752 A, β = 102.52° and V = 3898.3 A3. When CuSO4 was used as the metal source, a homobinuclear sulfato-bridged complex was isolated with the formula [Cu(1)SO4]2·CH3CN, 3. 3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n space group with a = 10.457, b = 17.035, c = 12.425 A, β = 108.72° and V = 2096.17 A3. The structures of 2 and 3 are shown to be stabilized by an extended system of π–π stacking and hydrogen-bonding interactions. Comparison of the electronic absorption spectra of the ligand and complexes shows that complexation is maintained in solution and that the ligand absorption is attenuated in the complexes, depending on the counter-anion utilized.
Emission lifetime calculation of thallium-doped alkali halides

Abstract We compute the lifetime of the first excited state of Tl + as a substitutional impurity in alkali halide host crystals. We use the excited state optimized geometry obtained previously. We calculate the transition probability for the triplet state in terms of an effective spin-orbit coupling parameter. Calculated lifetimes agree well with experiment.
Influence of autofrettage on metal matrix composite reinforced gun barrels

Abstract Advanced materials are considered as candidates for the replacement of traditional gun barrel steel with the hope that weapons as durable as steel but at a fraction of the weight will be developed. Through an analytical model that simulates the effects of autofrettage on a cylindrical gun barrel, the resultant compressive residual stresses are quantified, and different materials examined as to their possible resistance to fracture under repeated internal pressure loads. This study investigates a traditional low-alloy gun steel, a high temperature SiC/titanium-alloy metal matrix composite, as well as various hybrid combinations of these materials, for their ability to develop the necessary residual stress and inelastic strain states necessary for durability. It is discovered that a hybrid composite comprised of low-alloy gun steel on the inner region of the gun barrel and circumferentially wound SiC/Ti–24Al–11Nb on the outer region can still exhibit the same compressive residual stress (and corresponding inelastic strains) seen in homogeneous steel barrels, but with a weight savings of up to 37%, while maintaining the original barrel dimensions.
Mechanoreceptive afferents exhibit functionally-specific activity dependent changes in conduction velocity

Impulse activity in axons generates aftereffects on membrane excitability that can alter the conduction velocity of subsequently conducted impulses. We used a computerized stimulus pattern (a 1 Hz stimulus period followed by a period of repeated short bursts at 200 Hz) to assess in vivo activity-dependent changes in conduction latency of functionally identified rat cutaneous afferents conducting in the A beta range. Several different parameters of activity dependence were measured: burst supernormality, the average increase in conduction latency following conditioning with a single preceding impulse during high frequency burst stimulation; burst subnormality, the average latency increase during each burst; depression, a long-term increase in latency caused by the high frequency stimulation. The data show that different mechanosensitive A beta afferents with overlapping resting conduction velocities exhibit activity-dependent changes in conduction latency that are characteristic of their particular functions.
Methamphetamine and HIV-1 gp120 Effects on Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Production by Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages

Monocytes/macrophages are a primary source of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in the central nervous system (CNS). Macrophages infected with HIV-1 produce a plethora of factors, including matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) that may contribute to the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). MMP-9 plays a pivotal role in the turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and functions to remodel cellular architecture. We have investigated the role of methamphetamine and HIV-1 gp120 in the regulation of lipopolysaccaride (LPS) induced-MMP-9 production in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Here, we show that LPS-induced MMP-9 gene expression and protein secretion are potentiated by incubation with methamphetamine alone and gp120 alone. Further, concomitant incubation with gp120 and methamphetamine potentiated LPS-induced MMP-9 expression and biological activity in MDM. Collectively methamphetamine and gp120 effects on MMPs may modulate remodeling of the extracellular environment enhancing migration of monocytes/macrophages to the CNS.
An Origami Inspired Additive Manufacturing Process for Building Thin-Shell Structures

Additive manufacturing (AM) process is widely used in fabricating three-dimensional (3D) models with complex internal features due to its flexibility and fast building speed. Inspired by the recent development of origami structures, we investigate a super-fast AM process for fabricating prototype models of hollow shapes. By combining the origami design and the additive manufacturing technology, a new fabrication process named Assembled Additive Manufacturing (AAM) is developed. A folding technique is used either during or after the layer-based fabrication process. By turning a 3D structure into a foldable two-dimensional (2D) structure, the fabrication speed is dramatically increased due to the decreased number of layers that is required in the building process. Detailed procedures of the AAM process such as unfolding algorithms of an input model, foldable structure design and folding mechanism are introduced in the paper. Experimental tests are also presented to illustrate the effective and efficiency of the AAM process.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Theories of punishment and empirical trends in corporate criminal sanctions

Economists who have studied crime and punishment have long advocated imposing an ‘optimal penalty’ equal to harm divided by the probability of detection. Recent theoretical advances have augmented this theory in the context of corporate crime, by examining the role of individuals within an organization convicted of crime. This revised theory takes into account the principal-agent relationship inherent in the employer-employee contract. This paper reviews optimal penalty theory as it applies to corporate crime, and derives its testable implications. These empirical implications are then tested against a sample of organizations convicted of federal crimes in the USA. It is shown that current prosecutorial and sentencing practice is consistent with optimal penalty theory to the extent that it calls for (1) increased sanctions with increased harm, and (2) increased individual liability when the organization cannot afford to compensate for the harm imposed. Several other empirical issues are examined, including the penalty for going to trial and the ‘deep pocket’ effect.
The Classical Theories of Radiation Reaction

Classical theories of radiation reaction are critically reviewed. The renormalized Dirac theory is discussed in particular detail. it is shown that all regularization prescriptions for this theory may be derived from a general dynamical correspondence principle. It is also shown that the physical content of the theory is severely limited by a general radiation condition. Various non- local and extended electron theories are classified with the help of the Herglotz- Wildermuth "runaway" theorem. The existence of electrodynamic collective modes are discussed; in particular the radiationless and self-excited states of extended charge structures. A possible connection with the existence of the mu meson is pointed out. In the concluding section various problems raised by the phenomenological radiation reaction theory of Ginzburg and Eidman are considered.
ON THE GAUGE SYMMETRY OF THE FREE RAMOND STRING FIELD THEORY

We present the gauge invariant free, open Ramond string field theory. Our construction is based on the non-nilpotent part of the true BRS charge. We argue that this truncated charge contains the information sufficient for restoring gauge invariance. By summing all auxiliary fields we are able to close the algebra and discover the new structure consisting of new guage invariant field strengths obeying the special set of Bianchi identities. This structure can be put in the standard BRS framework showing the relation between Yamrons and Banks, Friedan, Martinec, Peskin and Preitschopfs, Ramond actions. We also discuss other formulations of the model, including one proposed by Witten.
Treatment participation and outcome in a program for problem drinker-drivers

Abstract Relationships were examined between 13 predictor variables and two criteria of improvement in a program for problem drinker-drivers. Four measures of social background (income, educations, age, marital status), four measures of psychopathology based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), one measure of general alcoholism, and four indicators of treatment involvement served as predictor variables. Two factorially derived criteria served as outcome indicators, one reflecting general improvement, the other reflecting improved social adjuctment, but a failure to reduce drinking. This second factor was interpreted as indicating resistance. Analysis included partial correlation and multiple regression, from which explained variance was completely partitioned into sources unique to each predictor, and sources shared by combinations of predictors. Results suggested that with other factors controlled, treatment involvement was linked both to improvement and to resistance. Similar conclusions were suggested for social background, but slightly different ones for psychopathology and alcoholism. Psychopathology was uniquely related to improvement; alcoholism, to resistance.
P-1428 - Stressful life events the year before suicide in a sample of suicide victims from greece

Introduction Stressful events the year prior to the suicide could play an important role in a person's decision to end his/her life. AIM & Method To present the most common stressful life events in a sample of suicide victims from Greece. We studied a 2-year (November 2007-October 2009) sample (n=335) in the area of coverage of the Athens Department of Forensic Medicine, the largest in our country. Data were provided from the completion of a psychological autopsy questionnaire following interview with a relative of the deceased. Relatives were asked to mention a single event that, according to them, provoked considerable stress to the victim the year before suicide. Results Data were available in 119 cases; most commonly referred events were: Economic difficulties (37 cases: 31.1%), health problems of the victim (32 cases: 27.0%), separation or divorce (16 cases: 13.4%), health problems of victims’ relatives (13 cases: 11.0%), grief (12 cases: 10.1), legal matters to settle (3 cases: 2.5%), work promotion (2 cases: 1.7%), retirement (2 cases: 1.7%), issue of honor (1 case: 0.8%), and imminent expulsion (a case of an immigrant: 0.8%). Stressful life events could increase the risk of suicide mainly by causing or deteriorating psychiatric disorders; in some cases though, the risk is unrelated to mental disorders. Conclusion There is a remarkable correlation between economic difficulties and suicide: Given the fact that when our research took place the economic crisis in Greece had not yet started, its influence on the phenomenon of suicide is expected to be significant.
Comparison of a two-dimensional numerical dust transport model with experimental dust emissions from soil surfaces in a wind tunnel

Abstract Near-surface wind-tunnel fugitive dust concentration profiles arising from soil surfaces beds were compared to a finite difference numerical dust transport model. Comparisons of the type shown in this study were previously non-existent in the literature due to the lack of experimental wind-tunnel data for near-surface concentrations over a soil bed. However, in a previous study by the authors, near-surface steady-state concentration profiles were measured in order to obtain fugitive dust emission rates, thus allowing the comparison to models shown in this paper. The novel aspects of the current study include: comparison of concentration profiles of dust obtained experimentally in the wind tunnel with those calculated numerically; comparison of the calculated numerical fetch effect on dust emissions with that obtained in the wind tunnel; and comparison of the emission rates calculated numerically with those obtained experimentally in the wind tunnel. Initial comparisons with the model indicate good agreement implying that the physical mechanism of advection–diffusion is reasonably modeled with the choice of equations for the simple “steady-state” process near the surface. Furthermore, the numerical solutions presented in this paper provide a means to systematically explore the relative impact of varied surface boundary conditions upon the emission process and provide a potential link between wind-tunnel simulations and field scale models.
β-Endorphin: Complete primary structure is required for full analgesic activity

Abstract The synthesis of βh-endorphin-(1–30) has been accomplished by the solid-phase procedure and its analgesic potency was assayed by the tail-flick method. Results showed that the synthetic analog had only 56% activity of the parent molecule. Thus, the complete sequence of 31 amino acid residues in βh-EP is required for full analgesic activity.
CMOS front-end LNA-mixer for micropower RF wireless systems

Motivated by the emerging needs for low power, low cost narrow-band wireless communication systems, the first micropower RFIC front-end has been implemented in standard CMOS technology. The front-end, an LNA combined with a down-conversion mixer, has been designed and fabricated in a HP 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS process. This mandates the use of high-Q discrete inductors to provide sufficient gain for the LNA. Employing these design methods, the front-end supply current is less than 110 /spl mu/A with a 3 V supply voltage for operation at 450 MHz. High-Q inductors have been manufactured using low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) technology. The frontend's gain is 25 dB with an IIP3 of -15 dBm. This is the lowest current consumption reported to date for a CMOS front-end operating at this frequency.
A generalized strategy for designing 19F/1H dual‐frequency MRI coil for small animal imaging at 4.7 Tesla

Purpose: To propose and test a universal strategy for building 19F/1H dual-frequency RF coil that permits multiple coil geometries. Materials and Methods: The feasibility to design 19F/1H dual-frequency RF coil based on coupled resonator model was investigated. A series capacitive matching network enables robust impedance matching for both harmonic oscillating modes of the coupled resonator. Two typical designs of 19F/1H volume coils (birdcage and saddle) at 4.7T were implemented and evaluated with electrical bench test and in vivo 19F/1H dual-nuclei imaging. Results: For various combinations of internal resistances of the sample coil and secondary resonator, numerical solutions for the tunable capacitors to optimize impedance matching were obtained using a root-seeking program. Identical and homogeneous B1 field distribution at 19F and 1H frequencies were observed in bench test and phantom image. Finally, in vivo mouse imaging confirmed the sensitivity and homogeneity of the 19F/1H dual-frequency coil design. Conclusion: A generalized strategy for designing 19F/1H dual-frequency coils based on the coupled resonator approach was developed and validated. A unique feature of this design is that it preserves the B1 field homogeneity of the RF coil at both resonant frequencies. Thus it minimizes the susceptibility effect on image co-registration. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social Organizational Obstacles to Capital Accumulation Among Returning Migrants: The British West Indies Temporary Alien Labor Program

Recent research on return migration has undermined the idea that international labor migration serves as a vehicle for economic development in labor-sending countries. This has led to the ascendance of a view of international labor migration as yet another form of exploitation of poor nations by wealthy nations, as migrants fail to accumulate capital enough to free themselves and their replacement generations from the migrant stream. This paper examines Jamaicans who migrate to the U.S. seasonally and annually to harvest sugar cane in south Florida and apples in the Northeast. It compares their capital holdings and primary economic activities in Jamaica with other Jamaicans who have not had the opportunity to migrate to the U.S. to work. These comparisons reveal few significant differences between the migrant and non-migrant groups and suggest that seasonal migration to the U.S. generally does not result in capital accumulation among the returning migrants. The lack of capital accumulation among the major...
Intersection Bodies in R4

Intersection bodies were introduced in 1988 by Lutwak, who found a close connection between those bodies and the well-known 1956 Busemann–Petty problem, which asks whether origin symmetric convex bodies with larger central hyperplane sections also have greater volume. The author has recently shown that an origin symmetric star bodyKis an intersection body if and only if the function ‖x‖−1Kis a positive definite distribution, where ‖x‖K=min{a⩾0: x∈aK}. We use this result to prove that the unit balls of the spaces l4q, 2<q⩽∞, are intersection bodies. Forn⩾5 the unit balls of the spaces lnq, 2<q⩽∞, are not intersection bodies. The technique of this paper allows to find precise expressions for the generating measures (signed measures) of these bodies. The result that the unit cube in R4is an intersection body shows that the negative solution to the Busemann–Petty problem forn=4 in [20] was incorrect.
Compensatory responses induced by oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease

Oxidative stress occurs early in the progression of Alzheimer disease, significantly before the development of the pathologic hallmarks, neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. In the first stage of development of the disease, amyloid-beta deposition and hyperphosphorylated tau function as compensatory responses and downstream adaptations to ensure that neuronal cells do not succumb to oxidative damage. These findings suggest that Alzheimer disease is associated with a novel balance in oxidant homeostasis.
Dance Education as an Aspect of Movement and Mobility in Everyday Living.

Dance Education can be considered an aspect of everyday living when using the correct definition of dance education. Rather than referring to the rarified form of movement that we encounter on the concert stage, dance education is the education of our moving selves with the goal as self expression. This can be initiated as an aspect of the initial developmental movement stages encountered by an infant through toddler stage, developed through early schooling in order to counteract the sedentary school lifestyle, and continued through adulthood as an aspect of keeping ourselves as fully integrated thinking, moving, and feeling human beings.
Generalized spectral law for the inverse energy cascade in a two-dimensional turbulence

Abstract This letter gives a generalized spectral law for the inverse energy cascade in a forced-two-dimensional turbulence that is in full agreement with the just-published first-ever experimental observations of Sommeria of the inverse energy cascade in a statistically steady two-dimensional turbulence. It is also demonstrated that the transfer of turbulent kinetic energy at small wavenumbers can be modeled as a stationary continuous spectral cascading process.
Wireless channel test-bed for DSRC applications using USRP software defined radio

Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) promises a safer and more enriching driving experience in the near future. To design an optimum wireless link for ITS, the channel behavior should be studied carefully. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) channels are very dynamic and dependent on many factors. Extensive measurement campaigns are required to learn more about these wireless channels. Therefore, wireless channel measurements are critical in these studies. There is a need for a simple and cost-effective channel test-bed for DSRC systems. In this paper we focus on using a cost efficient test-bed for ITS. The design is based on software-defined radio using USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) and National Instruments (NI) Labview software platform.
Development and validation of a diabetes mellitus severity index: a risk-adjustment tool for predicting health care resource use and costs.

Study Objective. To develop and validate a diabetes mellitus-specific risk-adjustment tool—the diabetes severity index (DSI)—to assist in predicting health care costs and resources within populations of patients with diabetes. Design. Retrospective analysis of clinical and resource use for patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Model estimation was conducted with half the sample, and validation analysis was conducted with the other half. Setting. Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System. Patients. Seven hundred thirty-four patients with diabetes (710 men, 24 women; mean age 66 yrs). Measurements and Main Results. Clinical measures of diabetes severity (known as the DSI) were used to predict three health care resource outcomes: risk of hospitalization, and total and ambulatory health care costs. Validity of the DSI was assessed by comparing the DSI with the revised chronic disease score (CDS). The DSI weights ranged from −471.5–3081.2 for total health care costs, from −304.3–1582.1 for outpatient costs, and −0.19–0.93 for risk of hospitalization. The DSI explained 6–8% of the variance in total and ambulatory costs and performed significantly (p<0.05) better than demographics alone, but was similar to the CDS. When the DSI was used with the CDS, up to 8% of variability in costs and use were explained. Conclusion. The DSI was developed to stratify veterans with diabetes according to diabetes severity and comorbidity. Since additional variance in medical care costs were explained by combining the DSI and CDS, the two indexes may explain different dimensions of a patient's severity of diabetes. However, the utility of such an index based on clinical measures to predict short-term use may be limited due to low yet significant variability explained in the outcomes.
Improved opioid analgesic effect following opioid dose reduction.

Introduction. Traditionally, opioids have been the cornerstone of therapy for patients suffering from cancer pain, regardless of the potential to develop opioid tolerance. In chronic pain patients who experience worsening pain despite increasing doses of opioids, the clinical role of opioid-induced hyperalgesia is gaining more recognition. Case. Presented here is the case of a 56-year-old man with recurrent squamous cell lung carcinoma and spinal metastases, suffering with intractable 8/10 pain on the visual analog scale in his chest, lower thoracic spine, and upper lumbar spine. He was admitted five times for pain control. In spite of escalating doses of oxycodone, morphine, and hydromorphone, the patient continued to experience severe pain. Also, he endured undesirable sedation, fatigue, and generalized weakness. The clinical picture suggested the possibility of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. We decreased the hydromorphone dose by 40–50% and started methadone. The patient's pain level dropped to a more acceptable 3/10. He was more alert, and his pain was tolerable until his death. Discussion. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia might be considered in a patient who has no evidence of disease progression, who is on clinically reasonable doses of opioids, and whose pain escalates as opioid doses are increased. A reduction of opioids and the addition of a low-dose N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist may provide a favorable clinical outcome in those patients who have failed to benefit from opioid rotation and other adjunctive pain treatments.
Self-aligning optical measurement systems

The paper discusses how to teach a system of neural networks to respond to the alignment clues used by a human operator in performing routine, initial alignments. A paradigm is proposed for automating the alignment of the components of optical measurement systems. The paradigm which was tested on a spatial filter has proved to be successful for optical alignment.
Microbial colonization of seston and free bacteria in an impounded river

A headwater river-reservoir system was studied from March–November, 1982 to determine effects of impoundment on seston quality. We used epifluorescent microscopy to compate and contrast microbial colonization of seston and abundance of free microbes. There was a significant relationship between colonization density and particle size at all sites. Smaller particles were colonized more densely by bacteria than larger particles. Total counts of bacteria (free plus attached) did not differ significantly beween sites. However there were significantly more free bacteria (# ⋅ ml−1) in the reservoir and 5 km below the dam than upstream of the impoundment. Density of attached bacteria (# ⋅ µm−2) was similar upstream and downstream of the reservoir but slightly higher at lentic sites. Proportionally, attached bacteria were more important upstream (mean 42–45% of total counts) than in the reservoir and downstream (19–31%). We concluded that reservoir seston was of higher quality than riverine seston and major downstream effects included decreases in seston concentration (due to sedimentation) and shifts in proportional abundance of free and attached bacteria. Seston consumers capable of using ultrafine particles (<25 µm), including free bacteria, had higher quality food resources below the dam than in upstream areas.
The investigation of the geothermal potential at the Silali volcano, Northern Kenya Rift, using electromagnetic data

Abstract The Silali volcano is one among a number of volcanoes found along the axis of the Kenya rift system that has experienced immense volcanism and faulting that formed a huge caldera at its summit. In this study, we investigate the resistivity distribution within the Silali volcano region in order to define a magma chamber that was the source of young lava flows covering the region and to better describe the geologic and structural features or faults around this region that may allow fluid movement. The data reveal a magma chamber beneath the caldera and a northeast trending fault west of the volcano in the Kapedo region. Potential fluid circulation zone within the caldera region are also evident. The depth to the magma chamber is estimated from the deeper low resistivity zone to be about 6 km from the surface. A low resistivity zone less than 20 ohm-m, at 1–2 km depth is interpreted to be a low temperature clay (smectite) alteration zone resulting from fluid circulation as heat is transferred to shallower depth. The resistivity then increases abruptly beneath the inferred low temperature alteration zone and this increase in resistivity is interpreted as a change from clay mineralization to a chlorite-dominated system producing the observed decrease in resistivity. The decrease in conductivity may also imply a decrease in permeability due to decreasing connectivity of conductive fluids. The resistivity changes with depth could be temperature dependent and the inferred chlorite zone may suggest a temperature above approximately 240 °C. The deeper low resistivity zone is interpreted as molten rocks and can be interpreted to indicate temperatures above 700 °C of the magma body at a depth of 6 km.
Determinants of nucleotide sugar recognition in an archaeon DNA polymerase

Vent DNA polymerase normally discriminates strongly against incorporation of ribonucleotides, 3'-deoxyribonucleotides (such as cordycepin) and 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleotides. To explore the basis for this discrimination we have generated a family of variants with point mutations of residues in conserved Regions II and III and assayed incorporation of nucleo-tides with modified sugars by these variants, all of which were created in an exonuclease-deficient form of the enzyme. A Y412V variant incorporates ribonucleotides at least 200-fold more efficiently than the wild-type enzyme, consistent with Y412 acting as a 'steric gate' to specifically exclude ribonucleotides. The most striking variants tested involved changes to A488, a residue predicted to be facing away from the nucleotide binding site. The pattern of relaxed specificity at this position roughly correlates with the size of the substituted amino acid sidechain and affects a variety of modified nucleotide sugars.
Ion exchange mechanisms in the nephron.

Accumnulating evidence favors the view that in biologic systems, the active transport of strong electrolytes involves coupled exchanges of ions, usually of sodium for potassium. In the present paper, the author considers the renal exchange of potassium, sodium and hydrogen in this light, and reviews current concepts concerning the mechanisms involved in the secretion of these ions by the kidney. He indicates that new investigative technics will be required to establish that the kidney behaves with respect to coupled ion exchanges as do nerves, red blood cells and frog skin. He concludes by cautioning against extrapolation of experimental results from one species to another.
Older adults' symptoms and their duration before hospitalization for heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To describe the older adult heart failure patients' symptoms and their duration before a hospital admission and to explore related factors. DESIGN: The study was an archival study of inpatient hospital records at one acute care facility in western New York. SAMPLE: One hundred eighty-one patients with a mean age of 76 years. RESULT: Ninety-one percent of the patients reported having dyspnea an average of 3 days before hospital admission, and 37% reported having acute dyspnea an average of 12 hours before admission. Thirty-five percent of the patients reported having edema, and 33% reported a cough for an average of 7 days before their hospital admission. Age, heart failure history, and a symptom pattern of simultaneous development of preadmission symptoms were each related to the length of time patients experienced symptoms before admission. CONCLUSION: This study, at one acute care institution, showed that older adult patients with heart failure experience symptoms for a relatively long time before hospital admission. Education about symptom monitoring, symptom interpretation, and prompt health care-seeking are warranted for all patients with heart failure.
Synthesis and relaxometry of high-generation (G = 5, 7, 9, and 10) PAMAM dendrimer-DOTA-gadolinium chelates.

A series of high-generation (G) ethylenediamine-core polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers corresponding to G = 5, 7, 9, and 10 were conjugated with the bifunctional chelate 2-(4-isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N”,N”'-tetraacetate (p-SCN-Bz-DOTA). Gadolinium (III) ion was added to the macromolecules, and the 1/T1 and 1/T2 NMRD profiles were measured at 3°, 23°, and 37°C. The synthesis resulted in preparations that ranged from an average of 127 chelates and 96 Gd3+ ions per G = 5 dendrimer to an average of 3727 chelates and1860 Gd3+ ions per G = 10 dendrimer. At 20 MHz and 23°C, the 1/T1 ion relaxivity increased from 30 mM-1s -1 for the G = 5 to 35 mM-1 s-1 for the G = 7 PAMAM dendrimer-DOTA-Gd, reaching a plateau at 36 mM-1 s-1 for the G = 9 and G = 10 dendrimers. A similar plateau was observed for 1/T2 with values of 36 mM-1 s-1 for G = 5, 42 mM-1 s-1 for G = 7, and 45 mM-1 s-1 for the G = 9 and G = 10 dendrimers. This “saturation” of ion relaxivity for high-generation dendrimers occurred over the entire frequency range studied. The 1/T1 and 1/T2 relaxivities decreased as the temperature decreased for each generation of dendrimer studied, implying that slow water exchange of bound water molecules with the bulk solvent limits the relaxivity. In such circumstances, increases in the rotational correlation time of the macromolecules associated with higher generations of dendrimer does not result in significant increases in the ion relaxivity. Although the ion relaxivity does not increase, the total molecular relaxivities increased from 2880 mM-1 s-1 to 66960 mM-1 s-1 for the G = 5 to the G = 10 dendrimer. The current findings are relevant for the design of high-generation dendrimer-based receptor agents. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999; 9:348–352. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High Strain Rate Responses and Failure Analysis in Polymer Matrix Composites – An Experimental and Finite Element Study

Compressive properties and failure analysis of unidirectional and plain weave S2-glass/vinylester composites under high strain rate (HSR) loading have been investigated using the Split Hopkinson Pr...
Partitioning of Dry Matter in Tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) Irrigated with Fractions of Evapotranspiration

Abstract The accumulation and partitioning of dry matter was determined in tanier plants irrigated with fractions of the water lost through evapotranspiration (WLET) in an effort to establish growth analysis data from which a tanier growth (simulation model could be developed. The irrigation regimes were based on Class A pan factors ranging from 0·33 to 1·32 with increments of 0·33. Tanier plants were planted in the field and harvested for biomass production about every 6 weeks during the growing season. At each harvest, plants were separated into various plant parts, and their dry matter content was determined. The first 90 d after planting (DAP) were characterized by low rates of dry matter accumulation, with only leaves and petioles showing substantial growth. A grand growth period followed in which leaves, petioles, and roots rapidly accumulated dry matter until 278 DAP. During this period, plants that received 0·99 and 1·32 WLET exhibited similar total dry matter content, and this was significantly greater than in plants supplied with 0·33 and 0·66 WLET. Cormel dry matter content peaked at 29% of total plant dry matter by 322 DAP in plants replenished with 1·32 WLET. Partitioning of dry matter to cormels in other treatments was significantly reduced. Partitioning of dry matter to corms increased linearly throughout the growing season in all treatments. Dry matter partitioning to suckers and the number of suckers formed from plants replenished with 0·33 and 0·66 WLET was greater than in the more irrigated treatments.
Deconstructing the DMZ: Derrida, Levinas and the phenomenology of peace:

The Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) has been a global symbol of perpetual conflict, hatred and distrust since its establishment in 1953 after the Korean War. The 155-mile ceasefire line has given birth to moral pathologies in the minds of Korean people that include ‘otherness is evil’, ‘containment of war is peace’ and ‘restoration of the same is unification’. The purpose of this article is to reduce these moral pathologies through Jacques Derrida’s deconstructive approach and Emmanuel Levinas’s ethics of the Other. Through tripartite reduction of these moral ideologies of the DMZ, an ethical thesis is developed that peace is not a mere state of the absence of war, but rather a welcoming of radical others and differences. It is also argued that unification is not about restoring the same ‘original we’, but about co-reconstruction of the ‘democratic we’.
Prevalence of DSM-III personality disorders in the community.

A community sample of adults with a standardized DSM-III, Axis II self-report instrument yielded an age adjusted community prevalence of 11.1% of DSM-111 personality disorders. When those with personality disorders (PDs) (n = 26) were compared to those without personality traits (n = 467) the PD group had less education 14.9 (3.0) years vs 16.5 (3.3) years,p = 0.02) and a greater percentage with difficulty with alcohol (19% vs 0.6%,p = 0.0001). Of those married, more 1 PDs reported marital difficulties (29% vs 3.5%,p = 0.002). There was a trend for the PD group to have longer unemployment (p = 0.07).
Absence of symptoms with carboxyhemoglobin levels of 16-23%.

Abstract It has been generally accepted that carboxyhemoglobin levels between 10–20% produce mild headaches, dizziness and/or nausea. Experimental double blind exposures of 18 healthy, nonsmoking young men at rest to 7,000–24,000 ppm CO, designed to elevate COHb to 15–20% in 3–5 minutes, were followed by exposure to 232 ppm CO designed to maintain COHb level for a total of 130 minutes. Resulting COHb values were 16–23%. These COHb values did not produce significantly more symptoms (as reported in an open-ended questioning) than reported in the control group (n=23). Subjects were especially queried about headache, dizziness and nausea. The symptoms which were previously reported in clinical studies of CO poisoning may have resulted from CO exposure in combination with (a) exposure to other substances, (b) stress due to the event that precipitated medical attention or (c) higher COHb levels before the first blood sample was taken.
Work in progress — An immersion course concentration in mobile web computing

In the modern world of computing, diverse mobile devices connect to the internet and typically share data stored within the cloud. To live and succeed in this world, it is imperative that all majors, especially engineering majors, have an in-depth, not introductory, understanding of topics in mobile web computing. This paper explores the design and development of an immersion concentration of courses in these topics as part of general education at our institution. The concentration consists of courses that introduce hands-on programming of mobile devices; the issues in and the impact of architectural and distributed computing; and finally secure data management, privacy, and legal issues in mobile web computing. All of these courses focus on developing critical thinking, modern communication, contemporary issues, and life-long learning issues in the context of hands-on mobile computing. This work-in-progress paper motivates this effort, discusses the main features of the proposed courses, outlines some of the challenges being faced, and summarizes the current status of this ongoing effort.
The I-35W Bridge Collapse: Crimes of Commission and Omission Resulting from the Confluence of State Processes and Political-Economic Conditions

The Interstate-35 West Bridge collapse offers a unique case of state crime. First, it illuminates a new topical area in the state crime literature, public infrastructure. Second, it illustrates how the bridge collapse was not a discrete act (Tombs in State Crime 1(2):170–195, 2012), but rather the outcome of relationships between different social institutions. Specifically, it demonstrates how processes within a state, in confluence with the broader political economy, produced decisions (omissions) not to invest in infrastructure repair, take expert advice, and improve coordination between agencies. Simultaneously, these same processes resulted in deliberate actions (commissions) to invest in new infrastructure rather than in maintenance and repair of existing infrastructure, and to reduce both regulatory oversight and safety procedures. We provide a detailed overview of the bridge collapse, then utilizing Kauzlarich and Kramer’s (Crimes of the American nuclear state, Northeastern University Press, Boston, 1998) integrated theoretical framework, contextualize the causes of the collapse and highlight how state processes and political-economic conditions resulted in the simultaneous occurrence of crimes of omission and commission on the part of the state.
Effect of carbon chain and phenyl isomer distribution on use properties of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate: A comparison of ‘high’ and ‘low’ 2-phenyl LAS homologs

Phenyl isomer distributions, within current commercial limits of HF and A1C13 linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), have little effect on dishwashing performance in light-duty liquids (LDL), detergency performance in heavy-duty powders (HDP), and interfacial tension value. The most important factor in determining performance differences among commercial LAS samples is carbon chain homolog distribution. Both HF and A1C13 LAS perform equally well and can be used interchangeably in high-performance products. The optimum for foam stability in light-duty liquids shifts towards shorter alkyl chain length as water hardness increases. At 0 ppm water hardness the optimum occurs at C13: at 50–150 ppm the optimum moves to C11 and C12; and above 150 ppm the optimum shifts to include C10, C11 and C,12. The detergency performance optimum range in a phosphate built heavy-duty powder at 50 and 150 ppm water hardness includes the C12, C13 and C14 alkyl chain lengths. In a nonphosphate built powder the optimum is similar at 50 ppm hardness to that of a phosphate built powder, but shifts at 150 ppm hardness to include C11, C12 and C13.
Effects of administrative scheduling and directions upon student ratings of instruction

Abstract Using temporal proximity of instructor/course evaluations to critical in-course events, together with psychological set provided via directions, the present investigation sought to assess (1) the appropriateness of within-course time-series analyses for instructor ratings, and (2) the potency of inducing rater perceptions of the rating process as an interactive variable in course evaluations. A 2 × 2 (temporal proximity by psychological set) factorial design used students enrolled in two sections of an undergraduate course in educational psychology as subjects. Using both midterm and final examination time periods as data collection points, the results of this investigation suggested that preexamination instructor/course evaluations tend to be more favorable than postexamination evaluations, and that a specific positive psychological set prior to evaluations tends to produce more favorable evaluations than very general, brief instructions.