cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smallpox Bioterrorism Vaccination Policy Decision Analysis Using Computer Modeling and Simulation

Abstract ISSUE: With the threat of smallpox bioterrorism, health officials face the decision of pre-emptive or post-release vaccination. One argument is that preemptive vaccination can reduce the severity of outbreaks. However, the possibility of adverse and even fatal side effects plus the limited immunization period of smallpox vaccines (typically 3–5 years) make the evaluation of the post-release policy a necessity. A computer simulation model was developed to compare the viral infection rates for the two policies. PROJECT: A graphical finite-state computer simulation model was developed to simulate the deliberate release and spread of the smallpox virus through random human roaming and “chance encounters” in a typical urban setting. The model took into consideration realistic smallpox biological factors (such as disease infectiousness during the incubation, prodromal, and symptomatic periods) as well as social/spatial structure and demographic characteristics. Simulation runs were conducted to compare preemptive and post-release vaccination scenarios over various mass vaccination coverage levels (vaccinating from 0–100% of the population). In all post-release scenarios, vaccination took place upon the earliest detectable onset of an outbreak. RESULTS: Simulation results indicated that preemptive vaccinations showed no benefit over the post-release vaccination strategy when the mass vaccination coverage levels were below 70%. Above 70%, the preemptive vaccination strategy achieved an exponential growth in effectiveness and significantly improved the control performance (e.g., the simulation study found that preemptive vaccination at 75% coverage level equated to that of 95% for the post-release case). In order for the infection to be confined to a small percentage of the population (i.e., below 5%), it is necessary that over 70% of the population be vaccinated for the preemptive case and over 90% for the post-release strategy (when no other outbreak control measures were taken simultaneously). LESSONS LEARNED: Unless mass vaccination at a coverage level of 70% or above is an achievable goal, the study shows that it is best to invest resources in the early detection and rapid rollout of a post-release vaccination program. Preemptive vaccination could be an effective outbreak-control mechanism, but only when there is a substantial vaccinated population base to effectively curb the roaming bioterrorist contagion. The developed computer model proved valuable for supporting health policy decisions. Its application can be extended to analyze the control policies for other epidemics.
Inhibitory effects of different quantitative compositions of Hymenaea leaf resins on a generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua

Abstract The hypotheses that quantitative variation in leaf resins in the leguminous genus Hymenaea may partially be a response to insect predation was tested in feeding experiments with the generalist herbivore, the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hubn (Noctuidae). Leaf resins of all Hymenaea species are comprised of essentially the same suite of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, but discrete quantitative patterns have been classified as Compositional Types based on the amounts of major components. In this work pure extracts of leaf resins of Type I (high α- and β-selinene), Type II (intermediate amounts of α-and β-selinene and caryophyllene) and Type III (high caryophyllene) were incorporated into an artificial diet for the insects at 1 and 3.2% (dry wt). Resin Type treatments produced differential dose-dependent effects on growth rate (lower larval weights and increased time to pupation) and in mortality. More significant inhibitory effects occurred in Compositional Types with a predominance of a single compared (i.e. Types I and III ). Significantly higher mortality occurring in Type III treatments suggests that caryophllene may have higher potential toxicity than α- and β-selinene for S. exigua . These experiments indicate that feeding by generalist herbivores could be a factor determining quantitative compositional variation: (a) among populations; (b) during the development of leaves; (c) in the spatial distribution within the leaves; and (d) between parent tree and seedling progeny.
The Burden of Uterine Fibroids for African-American Women: Results of a National Survey

Abstract Background: Uterine fibroids have a disproportionate impact on African-American women. There are, however, no data to compare racial differences in symptoms, quality of life, effect on employment, and information-seeking behavior for this disease. Methods: An online survey was conducted by Harris Interactive between December 1, 2011 and January 16, 2012. Participants were U.S. women aged 29–59 with symptomatic uterine fibroids. African-American women were oversampled to allow statistical comparison of this high-risk group. Bivariate comparison of continuous and categorical measures was based on the t-test and the Chi-squared test, respectively. Multivariable adjustment of risk ratios was based on log binomial regression. Results: The survey was completed by 268 African-American and 573 white women. There were no differences between groups in education, employment status, or overall health status. African-American women were significantly more likely to have severe or very severe symptoms, includi...
The application of an embedded grid to the solution of heat and momentum transfer for spheres in a linear array

Abstract The objective of this study is to predict the forced convection heat transfer for spheres in a one-dimensional array aligned along the flow direction. An array with spheres of different sizes has also been studied. The interaction among these spheres is a salient feature of the analysis. The Navier-Stokes equations, in pressure-velocity form, and the energy equation have been solved numerically by an iterative finite-difference method in an embedded, body-fitted grid. A range of Reynolds numbers from 5 to 100 has been investigated for two sphere spacings. The temperature distribution around the sphere array, as well as the drag coefficient and Nusselt number around the sphere surfaces have been calculated. The results show good agreement with the numerical and experimental results in the literature.
The pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas.

The objective of the study is to review the pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas. A literature review of articles relating to the embryogenesis of the pituitary gland and sella and the pathogenesis of craniopharyngiomas was performed. Craniopharyngiomas are benign, epithelial neoplasms of the sella and parasellar region seen in children and adults that may arise from neoplastic transformation of ectoderm-derived epithelial cell remnants of Rathke’s pouch and the craniopharyngeal duct.
User perspectives on NextGen catalog features

Since the development of the online public access catalog (OPAC), there has been discussion about what constitutes a next-generation (NextGen) catalog. In the last few years, many user-centered features have been included in both vendor and open source NextGen catalogs. What is lacking, though, is a study of user perspectives on the usefulness of these features in searches. Examining these perspectives will provide insight important to future the development of NextGen catalogs. In this study, 98 library science students reviewed the features of the AcquaBrowser, Encore, VuFind, and Scriblio systems. Participants used a 10 point scale (1=low, 10=high) to rate the helpfulness and desirability of user-centered features such as the simple search box, advanced search options, results sorting options, enriched content, user contributed content, faceted navigation, relevance ranking, spell checking, word constellations, word clouds, recommendations for similar items, external links, and other Web 2.0 features. Overall ratings show the advanced search option to have been the most helpful and the recently added items feature to have been least helpful, while faceted navigation was the most desirable feature and the recently added items feature was the least desirable. For all features included in the study, except the advanced search option, the average desirability of the features was rated higher than the average helpfulness. Additionally, more detailed findings, including users' comments about NextGen catalog features, are reported.
Real-time inversion in large-scale water networks using discrete measurements

Abstract There are significant challenges related to contamination detection and characterization within large water distribution systems. Given current sensing technology and resources, source inversion algorithms will need to rely on manual grab samples providing only a discrete positive/negative indication of the presence of contaminant. We propose an integrated real-time strategy that identifies the set of likely locations and performs additional sampling cycles to accurately identify the contamination source. We present an MILP formulation that solves the source inversion problem using discrete (positive/negative) measurements from sparse manual grab samples at limited points in time and space. The water quality model is formulated using the origin-tracking approach and is then exactly and efficiently reduced prior to the formulation of the MILP, giving a much smaller problem that is solvable in real-time settings. The formulation is tested on a water network model comprised of over 10,000 nodes and more than 150 timesteps.
Evidence for the allosteric regulation of bacterial glycogen synthesis in vivo.

Abstract In stationary-phase cultures of either Escherichia coli W4597(K) or G34 in various nutrient conditions there is a 10-fold range of steady-state rates of glycogen synthesis with an essentially constant steady-state level of ATP, presumably reflecting an essentially constant energy charge. The steady-state level of fructose-1,6-diphosphate in these cultures varies from experiment to experiment as a function of the observed rate of glycogen synthesis. These data were fitted to the Hill equation using an assumed Hill coefficient of 2: a plot of [Fru- P 2 ] 2 / rate of glycogen synthesis versus [Fru- P 2 ] 2 is linear with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999, indicating a causal relationship between the concentration of Fru- P 2 and the rate of glycogen synthesis. These data provide further evidence that allosteric effects observed in vitro function in vivo .
Simulation of stochastic micropopulation models—II. VESPERS: Epidemiological model implementations for spread of viral infections

This second paper concerning stochastic micropopulation simulations describes VESPERS, which can serve as a framework for simulation models of the epidemic spread of infection. The versions described are implemented using the simulation shell, SUMMERS, which includes the generic commonalities of several micropopulation models. Population members in VESPERS move through states related to the individual's status relative to the infective agent. Features of the models include mixing groups, member demographics, susceptibility and infectiousness, and co-circulation of infectious agents. The sensitivity of the simulation outcomes to quantitative features of the model has been analyzed. The user can select reports of desired distributions and averages of simulation outcomes.
Tritiated thymidine-labeled bronchioloalveolar cells and radiation dose following inhalation of plutonium in rats.

The goal of this study is to show the relationship of inhaled Pu particle distribution and alveolar-bronchiolar target-cell response with respect to the formation of pulmonary carcinoma. The proliferation of type 2 alveolar epithelium and nonciliated bronchiolar epithelium appears critical in the induction of lung tumors associated from inhaled 239PuO2. Female, Wistar rats were either sham-exposed (40 rats) or given a single inhalation to 169Yb−239PuO2 (99 rats, ILB, 3.9 ± 1.2 kBq) and examined at 20 time intervals from 1 day to 700 days postexposure for Pu particle distribution in airways by SEM quantitative autoradiography and for cell labeling with tritiated thymidine. Initially, deposited Pu particles were rapidly cleared from the surface of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles within a few days. Thereafter, about 5 times more alpha track exposure to the bronchiolar epithelium was delivered from Pu particles found in peribronchiolar alveoli than from Pu particles being cleared from bronchiolar surfac...
Another Sudden Death in a Child Treated with Desipramine

Abstract The sudden death of three children receiving the tricyclic antidepressant medication desipramine for behavioral disorders was reported in 1990. We now provide new information about these children and describe a fourth case. Because desipramine is a useful medication for many children, these deaths pose clinical dilemmas for physicians and families. The cardiac long QT syndrome has been proposed as a mechanism for these sudden deaths. Considerable uncertainty remains about the basis of the apparent association between the use of desipramine and the sudden deaths.
Removal of surface lipids improves the functionality of commercial zein in viscoelastic zein-starch dough for gluten-free breadmaking

Maize prolamin (zein), together with starch, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sugar, salt, yeast and water can form wheat-like cohesive, extensible, viscoelastic dough when mixed above room temperature (e.g. 40 � C). This dough is capable of holding gas. However, it is excessively extensible, and when used for hearth-type rolls, it tends to become flat. Bench-scale defatting of zein with chloroform at room temperature significantly (P <0.05) improved specific volume (4.5 ml/g vs. 3.3 ml/g) and shape of the rolls (width-to-height 2.0 vs. 3.9). The total lipid content determined by accelerated solvent extraction (100 � C, 69 bar, chloroform), however, only decreased from 8.0 to 6.6% due to this bench-scale defatting. Staining experiments with Naphthol Blue Black suggested that bench-scale defatting removed surface lipids from the zein particles, and thus facilitated their aggregation. Aggregation experiments with zein and water at 40 � C, and laser scanning confocal microscopy with zein-starch dough confirmed that zein particles aggregated more easily when surface-defatted. Dynamic oscillatory temperature sweeps demonstrated that surface-defatting lowered the temperature at which protein cross-linking occurred by 2
Linear enamel hypoplasia in gibbons (Hylobates lar carpenteri).

This study describes the expression of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), a sensitive dental indicator of physiological stress, in Thailand gibbons (Hylobates lar carpenteri). Previous studies of enamel hypoplasia in hominoids have focused on great apes, with little attention given to the expression of this stress indicator in gibbons. In that gibbons differ from both monkeys and great apes in numerous life history features, LEH expression in gibbons might be expected to show significant differences from both. In this study, 92 gibbon specimens from two sites in Thailand were compared with several samples of monkeys and great apes in their expression of LEH. The intertooth distribution of LEH in gibbons was compared to that of chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys. Gibbon populations from both sites exhibit LEH frequencies intermediate between those of the monkey samples, in which LEH prevalence is usually low, and those of the great ape samples, in which LEH prevalence is high. Gibbons differ significantly from monkeys, but not great apes, in the number of individuals whose teeth record multiple stress events. Multiple episodes of stress are rarely recorded in the teeth of monkeys, while multiple stress events occur with higher frequency in gibbons and great apes. Taxonomic variation in the duration of crown formation, the prominence and spacing of perikymata on dental crowns, life history features, and/or experience of physiological stress may explain these patterns. The intertooth distribution of LEH in gibbons is, for different reasons, unlike that of either chimpanzees or rhesus monkeys. The mandibular canines of gibbons have significantly more LEH than any of their other teeth. Aspects of crown morphology, perikymata prominence/spacing, enamel thickness, and crown formation spans are potential causes of taxonomic variation in the intertooth distribution of LEH.
Videofluoroscopic and Laryngoscopic Evaluation of the Upper Airway and Larynx of Professional Bassoon Players

Summary The bassoon is a demanding double-reed woodwind instrument requiring exquisite control of airflow and air pressure to the reed to produce desired tonal characteristics. Little information is available from direct visualization of the vocal tract and larynx of the bassoonist while playing. Of particular interest is the mechanism(s) of vibrato. This study was undertaken to understand more fully the mechanics of the upper airway in bassoonists during music production. Four adult bassoon players served as subjects. Three players were studied with both sound-synchronized videofluoroscopy and fiber-optic nasal endoscopy. The other subject was studied only by fiber-optic endoscopy. All subjects were evaluated while playing various scales and standard passages common in music pedagogy. The results from this study revealed several findings on the mechanics of upper airway activity during playing: (1) firm velopharyngeal closure was a prerequisite for maximal containment of air pressure and regulation of airflow in the oropharyngeal regions; (2) changes in the pitch and intensity were associated with differential expansion of the pharynx; (3) tongue activity was notable because of its shaping the size and shape of the airway, its role in regulating airflow to the reed, and its contributions to conditioning airflow in vibrato; and (4) slight vocal fold displacements from subglottal airflow and epiglottic movements from tongue base activity contributed to airway changes during vibrato. These seemed to further condition subglottal pressure trains derived primarily from expiration.
Optimizing data placement over wireless broadcast channel for multi-dimensional range query processing

Data broadcasting is well known for its excellent scalability. Multi-dimensional range queries, such as spatial range queries of geographical information for location dependent services, are very popular queries in mobile computing. Query response time is greatly affected by the order in which data items are being broadcast. This paper proposes a non-greedy, low polynomial time cost optimization method to place data over a wireless broadcast channel for multi-dimensional range query processing. Experimental results show that the method, together with proper global constraints based on application semantics, can greatly reduce total access time to the data channel. Compared with the heuristic data placement methods purely based on the access frequencies, the reduction of access time can be as much as 54%.
Evolution of quartz cementation during burial of the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone, Illinois Basin: In situ microanalysis of δ18O

The thermal, mechanical, and chemical evolution of a sedimentary basin exerts important controls on porosity and permeability of reservoir rocks. Oxygen isotope ratios of individual diagenetic cements record evidence of this history, but cannot be analyzed accurately by conventional techniques. Recent improvements for in situ analysis by ion microprobe provide high precision and accuracy at a scale of 5–10 μm. In combination with cathodoluminescence imaging, in situ analysis of δ 18 O (quartz) from the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone in the Illinois Basin (USA) reveals gradients within single overgrowths of as much as 7.7‰/50 μm. While the inner portions of overgrowths remain approximately constant in δ 18 O across the basin, the δ 18 O of the rim becomes lower with depth. These data suggest that overgrowths formed during burial and heating, possibly with minimal changes in δ 18 O of pore fluids. If δ 18 O(H 2 O) = −3‰, the highest temperature calculated for the rim of an overgrowth is 107 °C at a paleodepth of 3.5 km. The variability both in average δ 18 O of overgrowths and patterns from individual overgrowths corresponds with a geotherm of 30 °C/km, and there is no evidence of quartz precipitation from higher temperature hydrothermal fluids.
Relation of Interval Between Eggs and Time of Oviposition to Egg Shell Quality

Abstract Eggs were collected at time of oviposition and egg weight, specific gravity, shell weight, and position in a clutch were determined. The results indicated that the interval between oviposition (IBO) for consecutive eggs in a clutch was significantly greater for eggs laid during the afternoon. Hens laying eggs during the morning and afternoon were sacrificed at various time intervals after oviposition to determine the position of an egg in the oviduct. In this study the differences in IBO between eggs laid by hens during the morning and afternoon appeared to be largely due to an increased interval between oviposition and a subsequent ovulation. Therefore, it was concluded the IBO would not explain why eggs laid during the afternoon have better shells than eggs laid during the morning.
Cervical necrotizing fasciitis and myositis in a western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)

A 39-yr-old wild-caught, female western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) died during an immobilization to assess swelling and apparent pain of the cervical region. Necropsy revealed a fistulous tract containing plant material in the oropharynx, above the soft palate, communicating with a left-sided cervical necrotizing fasciitis and myositis. Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus and Prevotella sp. were isolated from the cervical lesion. This is a report of cervical necrotizing fasciitis in a western lowland gorilla.
Segregation and the Underrepresentation of Blacks and Hispanics in Gifted Education: Social Inequality and Deficit Paradigms.

This article examines the underrepresentation of African American and Hispanic students in gifted education, proposing that social inequality, deficit thinking, and microaggressions contribute to the inequitable segregated programs. Underrepresentation trends are presented, along with methods for calculating underrepresentation and inequity. Underrepresentation is placed under the larger umbrella of achievement gaps and inequities in school settings with attention to de jure segregation. I argue that underrepresentation is beyond statistical chance and is a function of attitudes and beliefs grounded in deficit paradigms among those with power or social capital. Denying access to gifted education based on race is counterproductive and illegal and is discussed with Brown v. Board of Education as the legal background and a recent court case in gifted education (McFadden v. Board of Education for Illinois School District U-46). Recommendations for desegregating gifted education are provided.
Morphometric analysis of Martian valley network basins using a circularity function

[1] This paper employs a circularity function to quantify the internal morphology of Martian watershed basins in Margaritifer Sinus region and to infer the primary erosional processes that led to their current geomorphologic characteristics and possible climatic conditions under which these processes operated. The circularity function describes the elongation of a watershed basin at different elevations. We have used the circularity functions of terrestrial basins that were interpreted as having been modified by (1) erosion related to primarily groundwater sapping and (2) erosion related to primarily rainfall and surface run-off, as well as the circularity functions of cratering basins on the Moon, in order to formulate discriminant functions that are able to separate the three types of landforms. The spatial pattern of the classification of Martian basins based on discriminant functions shows that basins that look morphologically similar to terrestrial fluvial basins are mostly clustered near the mainstream at low elevation, while those that look morphologically similar to terrestrial basins interpreted as groundwater sapping origin are located near the tributaries and at higher elevation. There are more of the latter than the former. This spatial distribution is inconsistent with a continuous Earth-like warm and wet climate for early Mars. Instead, it is more aligned with an overall early dry climate punctuated with episodic wet periods. Alternatively, the concentrated erosion in the mainstream could also be caused by a change of water source from rainfall to snowfall or erosion cut through a duricrust layer.
Control of Crude Fractionator Product Qualities During Feedstock Changes by Use of a Simplified Heat Balance

This paper describes a technique which applies a heat balance around the crude fractionator to predict changes in the feedstock volatility. Volatility changes are then fed forward to the sidestream yield controllers, significantly improving sidestream quality control during the several hours following feedstock switches. The application was tested at one of Exxon affiliated refineries with good results.
Substance dependence and eating disorders: impact of sequence on comorbidity.

There is a high comorbidity between eating disorders and substance dependence. The sequence of illness may indicate differences in the underlying pathology and could reflect different etiologies and treatment. The present study subjects were 218 inpatients and outpatients with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa bingepurge type (AN-BP), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorder NOS (ED-NOS). Of these 218 patients, 38 had substance dependence predating the eating disorder (SDED), 71 had an eating disorder predating the substance dependence (EDSD), and 109 had only an eating disorder (ED-only). All subjects were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R, Patient Edition With Psychotic Screen (SCID-P). EDSD patients had an earlier onset of the eating disorder than SDED patients and had the greatest prevalence of comorbid pathology. SDED patients were dependent on more substances. We conclude that the sequence of development of the eating disorder and substance dependence in eating disorder patients influences the amount of comorbid psychopathology. Clinical implications and future research are discussed.
Dissociation between Explicit Memory and Configural Memory in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe

Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the current study explored the differential mnemonic contributions of the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortices to explicit recognition memory and configural learning. Using a task that required processing of repeated and novel visuospatial contexts across multiple trials, we examined MTL activation in relation to 3 forms of learning in a single paradigm: 1) context-independent procedural learning, 2) context-dependent configural learning, and 3) explicit recognition memory. Activations in hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex were associated with explicit memory, differentiating between subsequently remembered and forgotten repeated contexts, but were unrelated to context-dependent configural learning. Activations in regions of perirhinal and entorhinal cortex were associated with configural learning of repeated contexts independent from explicit memory for those contexts. Procedural learning was unrelated to activation in any MTL region. The time course of activation across learning further differed in MTL subregions with MTL cortex demonstrating repetition-related decreases and hippocampus repetition-related increases. These repetition effects were differentially sensitive to recognition with only activation in hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex tracking recognized items. These imaging findings converge with studies of amnesia and indicate dissociable roles for hippocampus in learning that supports explicit recognition and for anterior MTL cortex in configural learning.
Measures of Human Olfactory Perception During Pregnancy

Although considerable anecdotal evidence suggests that pregnancy affects olfactory sensitivity, scientific evidence is limited and inconclusive. Whereas hedonic ratings are affected by pregnancy, odor identification is not. The aim of the current study was to examine odor perception in women across pregnancy and in the postpartum period. One hundred nonsmoking women who were pregnant, postpartum, or had never been pregnant were tested on the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Intensity ratings and scratch patterns were collected as potential indicators of sensitivity, and participants rated the odors' pleasantness. Participants also rated their own sense of smell. Mean UPSIT scores did not differ significantly across groups indicating no difference in odor identification. Trends in planned comparisons suggested that in the first trimester, odors were rated as more intense and less pleasant. In the first trimester, women scratched the odor strips significantly fewer times. Consistent with previous reports, 90% of pregnant women reported that specific odors smelled less pleasant and 60% reported that some odors smelled more pleasant. Although nearly two-thirds of pregnant women rated their olfactory sensitivity to be enhanced during pregnancy and overall pregnant women's self-rated olfactory sensitivity was higher than controls', self-ratings were not correlated with UPSIT scores nor odor intensity ratings. These results suggest that these and previous findings may reflect the fact that the effect of pregnancy on olfaction is small and inconsistent.
The structure of AlnNn (n=2–4) clusters: a DFT study

Abstract The geometry, harmonic vibrational frequencies and stability of the structural isomers of small aluminum nitride clusters have been investigated using density functional theory. The lowest energy structures are cyclic. The cyclic structures have Dnh symmetry. The caged structure for Al4N4 lies higher in energy than the planar cumulenic monocyclic ring. The Al–N bond dominates the structures for many isomers so that one preferred dissociation channel is loss of the AlN monomer. The properties of the aluminum nitride clusters are similar to those of the BN clusters even though the aluminum atoms have a significantly larger atomic radius.
Studying and using conceptual models of nursing.

This national survey used an investigator-developed questionnaire to explore how and when graduate nursing students and faculty members learned about conceptual models of nursing and how they regarded them. Of the 691 respondents, 477 (69%) were familiar with 3 or more models. Formal course work, independent studies and continuing education programs were the most frequent sources of knowledge about models. The students reported exposure to models earlier in their educations than did the faculty members. Users of models in practice and research were enthusiastic about their value. Most respondents (87%) regarded the development of conceptual models of nursing as being highly important to the advancement of nursing.
Ice growth in supercooled solutions of a biological "antifreeze", AFGP 1-5: an explanation in terms of adsorption rate for the concentration dependence of the freezing point.

It is widely accepted, and we agree, that the lowering of the temperature at which ice can grow in a water solution of one of the biological antifreezes is a result of adsorption of the antifreeze molecules at the ice surface. However, how this can produce a well-defined “freezing point” that varies with the solution concentration has remained problematical. The results of a series of measurements of ice growing in supercooled solutions of an effective antifreeze are reported and interpreted in terms of this fundamental problem. It seemed that the solution of the problem would have to rely upon adsorption rate, because that appeared to be the only way for the concentration in solution to be so important. The crystal growth results are most unusual, and appear to confirm this. The growth rates over a wide range of antifreeze concentration in solution (about 0.05 to 9 mg ml−1) are zero from the thermodynamic freezing point down to the “non-equilibrium” freezing point, where there is a very sudden increase to a plateau value that then remains about constant as the supercooling is increased by about 2 °C. The plateau values of growth rate are faster than those from pure water at the lower-supercooling ends of the plateaus, but slower at higher supercooling, until the growth rate starts rising toward that from pure water. These plateau values of growth rate increase markedly with increasing concentration of the antifreeze in solution. Along with these changes there are complex changes in the growth orientations, from c-axis spicules in the plateaus to those more characteristic of growth from pure water at greater supercooling. We conclude that the non-equilibrium freezing point is determined by the adsorption rate. It is the warmest temperature at which the ice growth rate on the basal plane (where the antifreeze does not adsorb) is fast enough to prevent the area of basal face on a growing ice crystal from becoming too small to grow, which is determined in turn by the adsorption rate on non-basal surfaces, which is proportional to the solution concentration. This mechanism answers the question of how the antifreeze stops growth rather than how it prevents growth, a subtle but important difference.
Hepatic Coma of Alcoholic Cirrhosis: Cure with Exchange Transfusions

(1969). Hepatic Coma of Alcoholic Cirrhosis: Cure with Exchange Transfusions. International Journal of the Addictions: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 661-667.
Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Circadian Regulation of the Suprachiasmatic Pacemaker by Light

The central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus mediates the generation of mammalian circadian rhythms, including an oscillation in pacemaker sensitivity to photic signals conveyed by the retinohypothalamic tract. Because brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in the functional regulation of neural input to other targets of visual pathways, the present study examined whether changes in BDNF expression or blockade of its action in the SCN affect circadian pacemaker responses to light. In rats receiving infusion of exogenous BDNF into the SCN, the free-running rhythm of activity in constant darkness was characterized by large phase advances in response to light exposure during the midsubjective day, when the circadian pacemaker is normally insensitive to photic perturbation. In contrast, SCN infusion of BDNF did not potentiate either phase-delaying or phase-advancing effects of light on the rat activity rhythm during the subjective night. In heterozygous BDNF mutant mice, deficits and damped rhythmicity in SCN levels of this neurotrophin were accompanied by marked decreases in the amplitude of light-induced phase shifts during the subjective night. In agreement with the effects of decreased BDNF expression, SCN infusion of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor K252a blocked or strongly inhibited both the phase-delaying and -advancing effects of light during the subjective night. Collectively, these findings suggest that BDNF-mediated signaling may play an important role in the circadian regulation of SCN pacemaker sensitivity to light.
Upper brachial plexus injury in adults: comparative effectiveness of different repair techniques

OBJECT Adult upper trunk brachial plexus injuries result in significant disability. Several surgical treatment strategies exist, including nerve grafting, nerve transfers, and a combination of both approaches. However, no existing data clearly indicate the most successful strategy for restoring elbow flexion and shoulder abduction in these patients. The authors reviewed the literature to compare outcomes of the three surgical repair techniques listed above to determine the optimal approach to traumatic injury to the upper brachial plexus in adults. METHODS Both PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for English-language articles containing the MeSH topic “brachial plexus” in conjunction with the word “injury” or “trauma” in the title and “surgery” or “repair” as a MeSH subheading or in the title, excluding pediatric articles and those articles limited to avulsions. The search was also limited to articles published after 1990 and containing at least 10 operated cases involving upper brachial plexus inju...
A Revised and Extended Holocene Glacial History of Icy Bay, Southern Alaska, U.S.A.

Abstract Tidewater glaciers have coalesced to advance through Icy Bay, Alaska, three times during the past 3800 yr. Radiocarbon ages show that the first of these expansions was underway by 3750 cal yr B.P. and culminated at the outer coast between 3505 and 3245 cal yr B.P. Subsequent recession and readvance brought the ice margin back to the outer coast by 1525 cal yr B.P. (cal a.d. 425) where it remained for about 650 yr before retreating. Tree-ring cross-dates of glacially killed trees show that the most recent ice advance was underway through the inner bay by the a.d. 1640s and reached into the outer bay in the 1810s. Historical data support ice expansion through the outer bay in the early 19th century and show a late 19th century maximum prior to 20th century retreat. These results are a significant revision and extension of previous studies of the Holocene glacial history of Icy Bay. Average advance rates for the most recent expansion were typical of modern tidewater glaciers in the inner bay but muc...
Suicidal Individuals and Mental Health Treatment: A Novel Approach to Engagement

To determine the feasibility and acceptability of a novel, manualized problem-solving and comprehensive contact intervention (PS-CCI) aimed at improving treatment engagement of suicidal individuals. The PS-CCI was administered to 44 individuals with mood disorders presenting to the ER with suicidal ideation and/or behavior. The PS-CCI has two components: (1) a problem-solving interview administered upon admission to the emergency room (ER), and (2) follow-up contact post-discharge from the ER. The average age of participants was 33.45 years (SD = ±12.30). The PS-CCI was completed by 75 % of patients. No subject (0 %) withdrew during the 3-month follow-up period; however, 27.2 % were unable to be reached for follow-up assessment. We have concluded that the intervention has a good feasibility because of high acceptability and adherence and further testing of its efficacy seems feasible.
Transcription Adaptation during In Vitro Adipogenesis and Osteogenesis of Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Dynamics of Pathways, Biological Processes, Up-Stream Regulators, and Gene Networks

The importance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for bone regeneration is growing. Among MSC the bone marrow-derived stem cells (BMSC) are considered the gold standard in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine; however, the adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) have very similar properties and some advantages to be considered a good alternative to BMSC. The molecular mechanisms driving adipogenesis are relatively well-known but mechanisms driving osteogenesis are poorly known, particularly in pig. In the present study we have used transcriptome analysis to unravel pathways and biological functions driving in vitro adipogenesis and osteogenesis in BMSC and ASC. The analysis was performed using the novel Dynamic Impact Approach and functional enrichment analysis. In addition, a k-mean cluster analysis in association with enrichment analysis, networks reconstruction, and transcription factors overlapping analysis were performed in order to uncover the coordination of biological functions underlining differentiations. Analysis indicated a larger and more coordinated transcriptomic adaptation during adipogenesis compared to osteogenesis, with a larger induction of metabolism, particularly lipid synthesis (mostly triglycerides), and a larger use of amino acids for synthesis of feed-forward adipogenic compounds, larger cell signaling, lower cell-to-cell interactions, particularly for the cytoskeleton organization and cell junctions, and lower cell proliferation. The coordination of adipogenesis was mostly driven by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors together with other known adipogenic transcription factors. Only a few pathways and functions were more induced during osteogenesis compared to adipogenesis and some were more inhibited during osteogenesis, such as cholesterol and protein synthesis. Up-stream transcription factor analysis indicated activation of several lipid-related transcription regulators (e.g., PPARs and CEBPα) during adipogenesis but osteogenesis was driven by inhibition of several up-stream regulators, such as MYC. Between MSCs the data indicated an 'adipocyte memory' in ASC with also an apparent lower immunogenicity compared to BMSC during differentiations. Overall the analysis allowed proposing a dynamic model for the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in porcine ASC and BMSC.
Altered Heterogeneity of Monocytes in Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia

Human peripheral blood monocytes isolated from normal donors and patients with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) were separated on a discontinuous density gradient of bovine serum albumin (BSA) into five fractions. Cells from each fraction were assayed for cell surface markers, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, ability to affect proliferation in response to antigen by autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes previously depleted of monocytes, and ability to regulate immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by allogeneic B-lymphocytes. Fractions 1-5 from normal donors contained 11, 10, 23, 34, and 22%, respectively, of the total number of monocytes. In contrast, in 6 patients with AMML fraction 3 was considerably larger (52%) than any other fraction, in 1 patient comprising 87% of her monocytes. Cells from each fraction differed markedly in accessory function. In general, cells from fraction 3 were poorer as helper cells than cells from other fractions. They also produced after stimulation larger amounts of PGE2 than did cells from other fractions of the gradient. These data show that PBL contain a subpopulation of monocytes, which either helps poorly or suppresses in vitro immunologic function of T-cells (proliferation) and B-cells (lg synthesis), and that this subpopulation is increased in the blood of patients with AMML.
Pathology consultation on electronic crossmatch.

Objectives The full crossmatch is traditionally the final step in compatibility testing, acting as a serologic double check for ABO compatibility and unexpected RBC antibodies. In this review, we discuss the development of electronic crossmatch (EXM), an approach for determining when EXM can be used, and its strengths and weaknesses. Methods Because EXM relies on highly sensitive screening assays, antibodies are frequently encountered whose clinical significance must be investigated and interpreted. Our approach is to obtain further history, perform enhanced tube testing, and consider tests of immune reactivity or RBC survival. Results For those without clinically significant antibodies, we found two alternatives: immediate-spin crossmatch (IS XM) and EXM. IS XM is prone to error related to serologic interference, whereas EXM depends on the accuracy of the sample label, accurate data entry, and informatics to avoid errors. Conclusion EXM is an alternative to the serologic test in patients who have no clinically significant antibodies.
Biology of Delphacodes campestris (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

In the laboratory, development from egg to adult of the planthopper Delphacodes campestris (Van Duzee) was 31 days for males and 35 days for females, with both sexes undergoing 5 nymphal stages. Longevity of mated females ranged from 18–55 days and egg production ranged from 213–919. Delphacodes campestris reproduced successfully on a wide range of gramineous hosts including cereal grains, maize, and native and introduced grasses but not on several common legumes.
Nitro-oleic acid is a novel anti-oxidative therapy for diabetic kidney disease

diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United states ([4][1]). While the number of persons developing ESRD continues to increase annually, those who have diabetes listed as a primary cause of ESRD have stayed constant while the incidence of
Cascading Losses A Case Study of Suffering From AIDS and Head and Neck Cancer

In this case study, we analyzed an online illness narrative written by a middle-aged man living with HIV/AIDS who received a diagnosis of squamous cell cancer of the tongue. We found that the onset...
Classification, Description and Syntactic Analysis

By this time we have seen how a picture (or a waveform) can be transformed into a vector (e.g., one whose components are the Fourier descriptors), a string of symbols (e.g., the chain code), or a graph (e.g., the RAG). We are faced now with the problems of description and/or classification. Description requires that a text in a natural language, or a language which can be translated easily into such, be produced which contains all relevant information about a picture. Classification requires the assignment of a picture (or parts of it) to one of a finite number of classes. In many cases the two processes overlap. For example, in order to describe a picture of a room we may have to classify first the various objects in it. Conversely, a number of classification techniques are based on descriptions, as it was shown to be the case with the examples of Section 8.6. One may even go as far as to state that structural pattern recognition is a sequence of alternating classifications and descriptions: A pixel is classified as belonging to one of several regions. These regions provide a rudimentary description of the picture. Parts of each region are classified as belonging to its boundary or to some of its simpler components. Then a region may be described through its parts, or its boundary may be described as a sequence of arcs, etc.
Assisting developers with license compliance

Software licensing determines how open source systems are reused, distributed, and modified from a legal perspective. While it facilitates rapid development, it can present difficulty for developers in understanding due to the legal language of these licenses. Because of misunderstandings, systems can incorporate licensed code in a way that violates the terms of the license. Our research first aimed at understanding the rationale of developers in choosing and changing licenses. We also investigated the problem of traceability of license changes. These two studies are fundamental components for understanding problems that developers face so that we can better support developers with licensing. Subsequently, we present our proposed research plan of ensuring license compliance of a system. Our research incorporates techniques from information retrieval, code search, mining software repositories, and previous work on licensing. Our work focuses on the development of a license compliance engine. This engine will not only identify license incompatibilities but it will also recommend strategies for developers to fix the incompatible components to ensure license compliance. Our research aims then to address both the analysis of licenses across dependencies and creating license traceability of byte-code (i.e. provenance). The component will allow us to extend our compliance to include binaries.