cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lysosomal Transmembrane Protein LAPTM4B Promotes Autophagy and Tolerance to Metabolic Stress in Cancer Cells

Amplification of chromosome 8q22, which includes the gene for lysosomal-associated transmembrane protein LAPTM4B, has been linked to de novo anthracycline resistance in primary breast cancers with poor prognosis. LAPTM4B overexpression can induce cytosolic retention of anthracyclines and to decrease drug induced DNA damage. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that LAPTM4B may contribute to tumor cell growth or survival in the absence of a chemotherapeutic exposure. In mammary cells, LAPTM4B protein was localized in lysosomes where its depletion increased membrane permeability, pH, cathepsin release and cellular apoptosis. Loss of LAPTM4B also inhibited later stages of autophagy by blocking maturation of the autophagosome, thereby rendering cells more sensitive to nutrient deprivation or hypoxia. Conversely, enforced overexpression of LAPTM4B promoted autophagic flux and cell survival during in vitro starvation and stimulated more rapid tumor growth in vivo. Together, our results indicate that LAPTM4B is required for lysosome homeostasis, acidification, and function, and that LAPTM4B renders tumor cells resistant to lysosome-mediated cell death triggered by environmental and genotoxic stresses.
Influence of a magnetic field on the pulsational stability of stars.

Under certain simplifying assumptions the influence of a magnetic field on the pulsational stability of stars has been investigated, with a particular application to the problem of the stability of upper-main-sequence stars. It has been found that, if the magnetic field averaged over a spherical shell is either constant at all layers or distributed such that nu, the ratio of magnetic to thermodynamic pressure, is constant at all layers, the critical mass for stability against nuclear-energized pulsations is virtually unaffected by the presence of the field. On the other hand, if the field is strong in the envelope but weak in the core of the star, the critical mass is considerably increased; when nu exceeds about 0.1 in the envelope, stability is attained at all masses.
Spatial and temporal ontogenies of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione disulfide reductase during development of the prenatal rat.

Spatial and temporal expression and regulation of the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione disulfide reductase (GSSG-Rd) may be important in determining cell-specific susceptibility to embryotoxicants. Creation of tissue-specific ontogenies for antioxidant enzyme activities during development is an important first step in understanding regulatory relationships. Early organogenesis-stage embryos were grouped according to the somite number (GD 9-13), and fetuses were evaluated by gestational day (GD 14-21). GSH-Px activities in the visceral yolk sac (VYS) increased on consecutive days from GD 9 to GD 13, representing a 5.7-fold increase during this period of development. GSH-Px activities in VYS decreased after GD 13, ultimately constituting a 37% decrease at GD 21. Head, heart, and trunk specific activities generally increased from GD 9 to GD 13 albeit not to the same magnitude as detected in the VYS. GSSG-Rd activities showed substantial increases in the VYS from GD 9 to GD 13, 6.3-fold and decreased thereafter to 50% by GD 21. The greatest changes in enzyme activities were noted in the period between GD 10 and GD 11, where the embryo establishes an active cardiovascular system and begins to convert to aerobic metabolism. Generally, from GD 14-21, embryonic organ GSH-Px and GSSG-Rd activities either remained constant or increased as gestation progressed. These studies suggest the importance of the VYS in dealing with ROS and protecting the embryo. Furthermore, understanding the consequences of lower antioxidant activities during organogenesis may help to pinpoint periods of teratogenic susceptibility to xenobiotics and increased oxygen.
On Scrambling: A Reply to Bošković and Takahashi

In this article I argue against Bos;kovic and Takahashi's (1998) analysis of scrambling as base generation (with lowering for Ā -cases). I present evidence from Russian of scope and antire construc...
Becoming Turk the Rajput Way: Conversion and Identity in an Indian Warrior Narrative

The Kyamkhanis were a small Indian Muslim community who flourished in northern Rajasthan from c. 1450 to 1730. This article examines memories of the Kyamkhani past recorded in a seventeenth-century history of the ruling lineage, as a case study of both the process of Islamic expansionism in South Asia and the self-identity of rural Muslim gentry. While celebrating the ancestor who had converted to Islam generations earlier, the Kyamkhanis also represented themselves as local warriors of the Rajput class, an affiliation that is considered exclusively Hindu in India today. Their history was written in a local literary language, Braj Bhasa, rather than in the more cosmopolitan Persian that was widely used by Muslim elites at the time. The Kyamkhanis of the early modern era thus negotiated multiple social and cultural spheres, simultaneously participating in the local/vernacular as well as global/cosmopolitan arenas.
Role of the transumbilical laparoscopic-assisted single-channel, single-port procedure in an interval appendectomy for pediatric mass-forming appendicitis: a preliminary retrospective analysis.

Introduction A transumbilical laparoscopic-assisted single-channel, single-port procedure was introduced during laparoscopic interval appendectomy for mass-forming appendicitis in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the original laparoscopic interval appendectomy. Methods This study analyzed 31 children who underwent laparoscopic interval appendectomy using a single-channel, single-port procedure. The appendectomy was usually planned 8–12 weeks following initial conservative treatment. The procedure was a single-channel surgery using a 12-mm single port. Both a 5-mm telescope and grasper were inserted simultaneously into the single channel. The grasper held the appendix, and an extracorporeal appendectomy was performed. Results Appendectomy was planned for 29 patients, as 2 patients deviated from the protocol. The procedure was successful in 21 patients (72.4%). An accessory port was necessary in eight patients, two of whom successfully underwent laparoscopic surgery; the remaining six were converted to open appendectomy. The average length of surgery was 43 min in the single-channel, single-port procedure. No postoperative complications occurred in any patient. Conclusion The single-channel, single-port procedure was successfully performed in over 70% of the patients. This preliminary retrospective analysis indicates that the procedure is safe and potentially beneficial in children with mass-forming appendicitis who require laparoscopic interval appendectomy.
Circadian enhancers coordinate multiple phases of rhythmic gene transcription in vivo

Mammalian transcriptomes display complex circadian rhythms with multiple phases of gene expression that cannot be accounted for by current models of the molecular clock. We have determined the underlying mechanisms by measuring nascent RNA transcription around the clock in mouse liver. Unbiased examination of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) that cluster in specific circadian phases identified functional enhancers driven by distinct transcription factors (TFs). We further identify on a global scale the components of the TF cistromes that function to orchestrate circadian gene expression. Integrated genomic analyses also revealed mechanisms by which a single circadian factor controls opposing transcriptional phases. These findings shed light on the diversity and specificity of TF function in the generation of multiple phases of circadian gene transcription in a mammalian organ.
Macroscopic Observations of the Effects of Varying Fresh Water pH on Bone

Keywords:forensic science;decomposition;pH level;aquatic environment;adipocere;time since death;recovery Abstract: Little is known about the decomposition of remains in aquatic environments of varying pH, and even less is known about the specific effects of these environments on bone. Bovine bones were placed in solutions of pH 1, 4, 7, 10, and 14 and observed over a period of 1 year. All solutions eventually removed or dissolved the soft tissues from the external surface of the bone. The pH 7 and pH 10 solutions had little effect on the bone, but the other solutions affected the bone to varying degrees. Extreme pH levels were the most destructive, while more moderate pH levels had lesser but significant and interesting effects. Empirical data on postmortem aquatic changes may be extremely useful in forensic contexts for both improving time since death estimates and also for providing better information to underwater recovery experts thereby potentially increasing the quantity and quality of remains recovery.
Pathogenic Human Viruses in Coastal Waters

This review addresses both historical and recent investigations into viral contamination of marine waters. With the relatively recent emergence of molecular biology-based assays, a number of investigations have shown that pathogenic viruses are prevalent in marine waters being impacted by sewage. Research has shown that this group of fecal-oral viral pathogens (enteroviruses, hepatitis A viruses, Norwalk viruses, reoviruses, adenoviruses, rotaviruses, etc.) can cause a broad range of asymptomatic to severe gastrointestinal, respiratory, and eye, nose, ear, and skin infections in people exposed through recreational use of the water. The viruses and the nucleic acid signature survive for an extended period in the marine environment. One of the primary concerns of public health officials is the relationship between the presence of pathogens and the recreational risk to human health in polluted marine environments. While a number of studies have attempted to address this issue, the relationship is still poorly understood. A contributing factor to our lack of progress in the field has been the lack of sensitive methods to detect the broad range of both bacterial and viral pathogens. The application of new and advanced molecular methods will continue to contribute to our current state of knowledge in this emerging and important field.
Characterization of Water Spray Devices

Five pulsating and four continuous, commercially available, water spray devices were evaluated. Rate of discharge, rate of pulsation, force and velocity of spray, stream shape, and spray action were studied. Damage with regular use of a continuous water spray on a zinc phosphate cement was minimal.
Habermas's Constitution: A History, Guide, and Critique

Against the intellectual grain of the times, Jurgen Habermas's grand theorizing defends the claims of reason, universality and normative validity. Among internationally prominent intellectuals on the left today, Habermas is a rarity: he insists the Enlightenment got it mostly right. For decades, he has been at work reconstructing what he sees as the damaged but vital legacy of Enlightenment rationality, rescuing its practical and emancipatory dimensions from the encroachments of technocratic and instrumental reason. The leading social theorist, philosopher and "public intellectual" in Germany, Habermas recently has taken his grand theoretical project from the realms of social and moral theory to the world of law and constitutions. In Between Facts and Norms, Habermas turns his pioneering theories of communicative action and discourse ethics to fashioning a "discourse theory of law and democracy" (p. 298). In doing so, he delves for the first time into contemporary American constitutional theory, using its ideas and controversies to develop important parts of his own "proceduralist paradigm of law." In the rubric of American constitutional scholarship, Habermas has produced what is surely the most sophisticated process-based theory of constitutional democracy. On Habermas's account, the theory resolves some of U.S. constitutional scholars' most absorbing theoretical conflicts: fundamental rights versus democratic rule; interest group pluralism versus deliber-
The Urban Design Handbook: Techniques and Working Methods (2nd ed.), by Urban Design Associates

Now in its second edition, this manual originated in the late 1990s as an internal training document for the Urban Design Associates (UDA) firm. Its origins are in part shown by the large cast of c...
Distribution of Single Fiber Tensile Properties of Four Cotton Genotypes

The distributions of breaking force and elongation of single fibers from five cultivated cotton varieties, African-51 (G. herbaceum), Asian-163 (G. arboreum), Maxxa and Texas Marker-1 (G. hirsutum), and Pima-S7 (G. barbadense), are studied. The range and distribution patterns of single fiber breaking force and elongation are significantly different for these cultivars and appear to be highly dependent on genotypes. Single fiber breaking force ranges from 16, 17, 20, 24, and 28 g for Pima-S7, TM-1, Maxxa, African-51, and Asian-163, respectively, and single fiber breaking elongation ranges from 16, 17, 18, 18, and 24% for these varieties. The single fiber breaking forces of Pima-S7 and TM-1 are symmetrically distributed, whereas those of the other three are asymmetrically distributed. African-51 and Maxxa have longer right tails, whereas Asian-163 has a longer left tail. Distributions of single fiber breaking elongation for all five varieties are asymmetrical and positively skewed, with the African and Asia...
Neighborhood Characteristics, and Child Care Type and Quality

Research Findings: Using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, this article relates neighborhood characteristics to the type of child care used in families with toddlers and preschoolers (N = 1,121; representative of children in Chicago in 1996–1998). Neighborhood structural disadvantage was assessed via U.S. Census data, and neighborhood processes (i.e., density of social networks, collective efficacy, and level of participation in neighborhood organizations) were accessed with a community survey. Child care decisions (i.e., whether they chose care in centers; child care homes by non-relative, by relatives, and exclusively by parents) and the quality of center child care (Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale–Revised) were assessed in a longitudinal sample. After controlling for family characteristics, various neighborhood characteristics were related to child care characteristics. In communities with denser social networks, children were less likely to experience care i...
Technology-Based Interventions Targeting Substance Use Disorders and Related Issues: An Editorial

Empirically supported technology offers the potential to play a critical role in improving the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and reach of efforts to assess as well as prevent and treat substan...
Locality-Preserving Clustering and Discovery of Wide-Area Grid Resources

In large-scale computational or P2P Grids, discovery of heterogeneous resources as a working group is crucial to achieving scalable performance. This paper presents a hierarchical cycloid overlay (HCO) architecture with resource clustering and discovery algorithms for efficient and robust resource discovery in wide-area distributed Grid systems. We establish program/data locality by clustering resources based on their physical proximity and functional matching with user applications. We further develop randomized probing and cluster-token forwarding algorithms. The novelty of the HCO scheme lies in low overhead, fast speed and dynamism resilience in multi-resource discovery. The paper presents the HCO framework, new performance metrics, and simulation experimental results. This HCO scheme compares favorably with other resource management methods in static and dynamic Grid applications. In particular, it supports efficient resource clustering, reduces communications cost, and enhances resource discovery success rate in promoting large-scale distributed supercomputing applications.
Activation of the Campylobacter jejuni FlgSR Two-Component System Is Linked to the Flagellar Export Apparatus

Activation of σ54-dependent gene expression essential for formation of flagella in Campylobacter jejuni requires the components of the inner membrane-localized flagellar export apparatus and the FlgSR two-component regulatory system. In this study, we characterized the FlgS sensor kinase and how activation of the protein is linked to the flagellar export apparatus. We found that FlgS is localized to the C. jejuni cytoplasm and that His141 of FlgS is essential for autophosphorylation, phosphorelay to the cognate FlgR response regulator, motility, and expression of σ54-dependent flagellar genes. Mutants with incomplete flagellar export apparatuses produced wild-type levels of FlgS and FlgR, but they were defective for signaling through the FlgSR system. By using genetic approaches, we found that FlgSR activity is linked to and downstream of the flagellar export apparatus in a regulatory cascade that terminates in expression of σ54-dependent flagellar genes. By analyzing defined flhB and fliI mutants of C. jejuni that form flagellar export apparatuses that are secretion incompetent, we determined that formation of the apparatus is required to contribute to the signal sensed by FlgS to terminate in activation of expression of σ54-dependent flagellar genes. Considering that the flagellar export apparatuses of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species influence σ28-dependent flagellar gene expression, our work expands the signaling activity of the apparatuses to include σ54-dependent pathways of C. jejuni and possibly other motile bacteria. This study indicates that these apparatuses have broader functions beyond flagellar protein secretion, including activation of essential two-component regulatory systems required for expression of σ54-dependent flagellar genes.
Search Me: Eastern Michigan University's Journey through the Highs and Lows of Implementing the Summon Discovery Tool

In early 2011, Eastern Michigan University (EMU) began implementation of the Summon Web-scale discovery service from Serials Solutions. This case study will explore the challenges and successes of the implementation and launch process. Topics covered will include project management overview; integration of Summon with our ILS, link resolver, and Automated Retrieval Collection (ARC); mapping of the library's print collection to the Summon interface; issues that arose with the ingest of our titles; incorporation into the library's daily workflow; maintenance of e-resource holdings in two separate knowledge bases; and integration into public services reference and teaching.
Treating Highway Bridge Deck Runoff Using Bioretention and a Swale

A full sized bioretention cell, an undersized bioretention cell, and a swale were constructed in a bridge deck easement of I-540 in Knightdale, NC to treat bridge deck runoff. Runoff was piped from the northbound and southbound lanes to the bioretention cells and swale, respectively. Flow-weighted, composite water quality samples were collected at the inlets and outlets of the cells and the swale and were tested for nutrients, TSS, and heavy metals. The mean effluent concentration of TN released by the large cell, small cell, and swale were 0.38, 0.54, and 1.00 mg/L, respectively, while effluent TP concentrations were 0.10, 0.13, and 0.15 mg/L, respectively. Median TSS effluent concentrations were 16, 21, and 29 mg/L in the large cell, small cell, and swale, respectively. The large and small cells reduced runoff volumes by about 50% and 31%, respectively, for storms less than 2.54 cm. The swale reduced volumes by 3% for storms less than 2.54 cm. While both bioretention cells substantially reduced nutrient and sediment loads, the large cell outperformed the small cell. The small cell provided support for retrofitting undersized systems in areas with limited space. Both cells achieved greater pollutant and volume reductions than the swale.
Characterization of highly elliptical submicron core polarization preserving fibers: theory and experiment

Propagation characteristics of highly elliptical submicron core single-mode fibers have been calculated and compared with the measured beat length, cutoff wavelength of the first higher-order mode, and the far-field intensity distribution. The results show excellent agreement in the case of beat length and only reasonable agreement in the case of cutoff and mode field diameter. These discrepancies are discussed and explained.
Laser Doppler Anemometer for Water Tunnel Applications

A laser Doppler anemometer for three-dimensional velocity measurement in liquids and gases under a wide range of laboratory conditions has been developed. The instrument is particularly well suited for water tunnel applications. It is portable, easily aligned, and inexpensive (excluding electronic units). It operates in backscatter or forward scatter mode. In both cases all optical components, including laser and photomultiplier, remain on a common base. The system has built-in traversing capability and an aiming device for visualizing the focal (test) point. Design details and representative velocity measurements are given.
Diacritization for Real-World Arabic Texts

For Arabic, diacritizing written text is important for many NLP tasks. In the work presented here, we investigate the quality of a diacritization approach, with a high success rate for treebank data but with a more limited success on realworld data. One of the problems we encountered is the non-standard use of the hamza diacritic, which leads to a decrease in diacritization accuracy. If an automatic hamza restoration module precedes diacritization, the results improve from a word error rate of 9.20% to 7.38% in treebank data, and from 7.96% to 5.93% on selected real-world texts. This shows clearly that hamza restoration is a necessary step for improving diacritization quality for Arabic real-world texts.
Facilitating Work-Life Balance: Understanding the Factors That Predict Managers’ Support

In the United States, about two-thirds of families with children have two working parents (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015). More than 65 million Americans are unpaid caregivers, individuals who a...
Quantitation of Human Thymus-Leukemia-Associated Antigen in Established Hematopoietic Cell Lines by Radioimmunoassay

A competitive radioimmunoassay for a saline-soluble human thymus-leukemia-associated antigen (HThy-L) was applied for quantitation of this antigen in leukemia and normal hematopoietic cell lines. Highly increased quantities of HThy-L were detected in all T-cell leukemia lines tested, regardless of the presence or absence of receptors for sheep erythrocytes. This elevated level of HThy-L in combination with high terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and adenosine deaminase activities and the presence of a T-lymphocyte-specific surface antigen appear to represent stable phenotypic characteristics of T-cell lines. Most normal B-cell lines had low quantities of HTy-L. The level of HThy-L was slightly elevated in a considerable number of lymphoma B-cell lines and in all non-T, non-B leukemia cell lines tested. No relationship existed between quantities of HThy-L and an expression of different surface immunoglobulin isotypes in B-cell lines. Low quantities of HThy-L were detected in leukemia myeloid and myeloma cell lines as well as in B-cell leukemia lines originating from patients with B-cells acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Apparently, the increased quantities of HThy-L in T-cell leukemia lines may be related to certain stages of T-cell differentiation at which leukemia cell transformation occurs.
Abstract 108: FGF-2 regulates cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis through a novel NDY1/KDM2B-miR101-EZH2 pathway

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The histone H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2 plays an important role in oncogenesis, by mechanisms that are incompletely understood. Here we show that NDY1/KDM2B, a JmjC domain-containing histone H3K36me2, H3K36me1 and H3K4me3 demethylase synergizes with EZH2 to silence the EZH2 inhibitor miR-101. NDY1/KDM2B and EZH2 repress miR-101 by binding its promoter in concert via a process that is activated by upregulation of NDY1/KDM2B. EZH2 does not bind the miR-101 promoter when overexpressed in the absence of NDY1/KDM2B, while NDY1/KDM2B binds the miR-101 promoter when overexpressed in the absence of EZH2, but fails to repress transcription. The concerted action of NDY1/KDM2B and EZH2, triggered by the upregulation of NDY1/KDM2B, promotes the initial upregulation of EZH2 and initiates a feedforward loop that results to the gradual upregulation of EZH2 and other miR-101 targets. NDY1/KDM2B expression was induced by FGF-2 and to a lesser degree by VEGF, via CREB phosphorylation and activation, downstream of the DYRK1A kinase. The FGF-2-NDY1-miR-101-EZH2 axis was documented in primary fibroblasts in culture, and in a set of human tumor cell lines, and it was shown to be responsible for the FGF-2 and EZH2 effects on cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. The axis appeared to also be active in a set of transitional cell bladder carcinomas, in which NDY1/KDM2B and FGF-2 were overexpressed in concert and their upregulation correlated with the repression of miR-101 and the upregulation of EZH2. These data delineate a novel pathway that links FGF-2 signaling with the functional and transcriptional regulation of EZH2 via NDY1/KDM2B and miR-101, and contributes to oncogenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 108. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-108
Genetic parameter estimates and expected progeny differences for mature size in Angus cattle

Mature size records collected on Angus cows of 5 to 12 yr of age were used to estimate heritabilities, genetic correlations, and EPD for mature weight and mature height. A total of 256 sires were evaluated using mature size data collected on 2,732 daughters. Data were analyzed using REML procedures with a two-trait sire model to estimate sire and error variances for mature weight and height. Models with and without adjustment of weight for body condition score were investigated. The linear model for weight and height included fixed herd-year-month the records were taken, sire genetic group, random sire, and residual error. Using unadjusted mature weights, heritabilities were .48 +/- .10 for weight and .83 +/- .11 for height. When condition score adjustments were made, heritability estimates were .45 +/- .10 for weight and .83 +/- .11 for height. Genetic (phenotypic) correlations between weight and height were .78(.58) for adjusted data and .66(.54) with no adjustment. Spearman rank correlations between sire EPD for adjusted and unadjusted data were .94 for weight and .99 for height. Two-trait models of mature cow weight with immature weights (birth weight, 205-d weight, 365-d weight) were used to assess genetic relations among mature and immature cow weights. Genetic correlations between mature weight and immature weights were .57 with birth weight, .62 with 205-d weight, and .45 with 365-d weight.
Gastric emptying--physiology and measurements.

A variety of methods is now available to assess gastric emptying. Intubation tests with newer modifications may allow quantification of gastric secretion and emptying. Radionuclide tests to assess emptying are not yet standardized and vary with posture, meal, isotopes, and time interval from surgery. At present the clinical application of the test is limited and is used to understand physiologic changes in gastrointestinal disease.
Public Interest Groups, Public Law Litigation, and Federal Rule 24(a)

The Supreme Court's decision in Brown v Board of Education' stands as a benchmark in two great revolutions. The first was social: the forced integration of schoolchildren played a key role in the struggle for racial equality. The second was judicial. In Brown, the Supreme Court "committed the federal courts to an enterprise of profound social reconstruction."2 Other forms of nontraditional litigation soon followed, such as challenges to legislative districting, suits assailing practices of mental hospitals and police departments, environmental enforcement actions, and constitutional attacks on government expenditures and statutes.3 In his seminal article, Professor Abram Chayes identified these cases with the emergence of a new model of litigatipn: "public law litigation."4 He contrasts traditional litigation, which he characterizes as a mode of settling private disputes, with public law litigation, which instead centers on a "grievance about the content or conduct of policy-most often governmental policy, but frequently the policy of nongovernmental aggregates."5 Public law cases usually set out "to vindicate important social values that affect numerous individuals and entities."' According to Professor
The growing role of the private sector in agricultural research and development world-wide.

The private sector is playing an important role in developing technologies to raise productivity in agriculture. This paper presents new estimates of private agricultural and food R&D spending trends over the past 25 years. Global private spending on agricultural R&D (excluding R&D by food industries) rose from $5.1billion in 1990 to $15.6billion by 2014. Private R&D investment accelerated as agricultural commodity prices began to rise in 2003. Although the companies that account for most agricultural R&D spending are based in developed countries, their technologies have considerable and growing importance for developing countries. Some implications of these trends for public R&D policy are discussed.
Overview of Prestressed Concrete

Concrete has a considerable compressive strength, but its tensile strength is quite limited. Thus, designers use reinforcement in conjunction with concrete to make useful elements in buildings.
Avoiding the Guillotine Effect after Video-Taping Role Plays

(1991). Avoiding the Guillotine Effect after Video-Taping Role Plays. Marketing Education Review: Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 37-41.
Quality Insights: Impact of cognitive load on the manufacturing cost of quality

Quality is a multidimensional characteristic of a product. As such, the various factors that impinge on quality must be taken into account when designing new products or managing the production of an existing product. The cost of quality is a tangible and noticeable testament to the upfront investments that an organisation has committed to a product. The cost of achieving and sustaining an acceptable level of product quality must, therefore, be recognised as the cornerstone of manufacturing operations. Of the many factors of importance in the pursuit of better product quality, cognitive loading is the one that is most often ignored or not recognised. In this paper, we present a methodology of assessing the impact of cognitive loading on the manufacturing cost of quality.
CAPSL: The Component Authentication Process for Sandboxed Layouts

In this work, we propose a system-on-chip (SoC) design tool for the automatic generation of hardware sandboxes for securing untrusted IP to be integrated into trusted systems. The Component Authentication Process for Sandboxed Layouts (CAPSL) is a design flow that incorporates behavioral specifications of IP interfaces in order to generate sandboxes purposed for detecting trojan activation and isolating possible damage to a system at run-time. CAPSL adopts two formal models, interface automata and the Property Specification Language's sequential extended regular expressions (SERE), to generate reference monitors governing interactions of a collection of non-trusted IP. The sandbox partitions an untrusted sector that includes the non-secure IP and appropriate virtualized resources and controllers to isolate sandbox-system interactions upon deviation from the behavioral checkers. We review our design flow with an analysis of behavioral policy versatility and detection and defense mechanisms employed for various Trust-Hub.org benchmarks. Also presented is a brief resource evaluation highlighting CAPSL's reduced overhead compared to other run-time verification techniques.
Influence of Pressure Field in Melts on the Primary Nucleation in Solidification Processing

It is well known that external fields applied to melts can cause nucleation at lower supercoolings, fragmentation of growing dendrites, and forced convection around the solidification front. All these effects contribute to a finer microstructure of solidified material. In this article, we analyze how the pressure field created with ultrasonic vibrations influences structure refinement in terms of supercooling. It is shown that only high cavitation pressures of the order of 104 atmospheres are capable of nucleating crystals at minimal supercoolings. We demonstrate the possibility of sononucleation even in superheated liquid. Simulation and experiments with water samples show that very high cavitation pressures occur in a relatively narrow zone where the drive acoustic field has an appropriate combination of pressure amplitude and frequency. In order to accurately predict the microstructure formed by ultrasonically assisted solidification of metals, this article calls for the development of equations of state that would describe the pressure-dependent behavior of molten metals.
Update on Perioperative Pulmonary Embolism Management: A Decision Support Tool to Aid in Diagnosis and Treatment

Pulmonary embolism (PE) affects up to 1 in every 1000 people per year, one-third of whom do not survive. Moreover, perioperative presentation of PE is 5 times more likely than at other times and poses a unique set of challenges for both diagnosis and treatment. This article discusses several important aspects regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and management of perioperative PE, incorporating information from the most recent practice guidelines, emerging literature on medical therapy, and interventional therapies. It proposes a clinical decision support tool that organizes the salient aspects of perioperative PE management to serve as an aid in practice.
Laminated NbTi-on-Kapton Microstrip Cables for Flexible Sub-Kelvin RF Electronics

Large arrays of superconducting devices such as microwave kinetic inductance detectors require high density interconnects from higher temperatures with minimal heat load, low loss, and negligible crosstalk capable of carrying large and overlapping bandwidth signals. We report the fabrication of superconducting 53 wt% Nb-47 wt% Ti (Nb-47Ti) microstrip transmission lines laminated onto flexible polyimide substrates with lengths up to 40 cm and up to ten traces. The 50 Ω traces terminate in G3PO coaxial push-on connectors. We found transmission losses of 2.5 dB and a nearest-neighbor forward crosstalk of -25 dB at 8 GHz on a typical 5 trace, 1.8-cm-wide, 0.198-mm-thick, 22-cm-long flex cable at 30 mK. A simple two-port analytical model and subsequent Sonnet simulations indicate that this loss is mainly due to a complex impedance mismatch from wirebonds at the end connector without which the insertion loss would be <;2.7 dB/m. This is about six times worse than the transmission measured in Coax Company, Ltd.'s smallest (O 0.86 mm) Nb-47Ti coaxial cables, possibly from differences in the low temperature loss properties of polyimide laminates versus PTFE or from unaccounted resistive losses in the copper adapter coaxes of our tested device. Heat flow calculations from literature data show that the 0.198-mm-thick flex cables tested have roughly equivalent thermal conductance per trace below 4 K compared to the O 0.86 mm Nb-47Ti coaxial cables.
It's Not (Only) the Mean that Matters: Variability, Noise and Exploration in Skill Learning.

Mastering a motor skill is typified by a decrease in variability. However, variability is much more than the undesired signature of discoordination: structure in both its distributional properties and temporal sequence can reveal control priorities. Extending from the notion that signal-dependent noise corrupts information transmission in the neuromotor system, this review tracks more recent recognitions that the complex motor system in its interaction with task constraints creates high-dimensional spaces with multiple equivalent solutions. Further analysis differentiates these solutions to have different degrees of noise-sensitivity, goal-relevance or additional costs. Practice proceeds from exploration of these solution spaces to exploitation with further ‘channeling’ of noise. Extended practice leads to fine-tuning of skill brought about by reducing noise. These distinct changes in variability are suggested as a way to characterize stages of learning. Capitalizing on the sensitivity of the CNS to noise, interventions can add extrinsic noise or amplify intrinsic noise to guide (re)-learning desired behaviors. The persistence and generalization of acquired skill is still largely understudied, although an essential element of skill. Consistent with advances in the physical sciences, there is increasing realization that noise can have beneficial effects. Analysis of the non-random structure of variability may reveal more than analysis of only its mean.
Influence of Atomic-Level Morphology on Catalysis: The Case of Sphere and Rod-Like Gold Nanoclusters for CO2 Electroreduction

Gold-based materials hold promise in electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuels. However, the polydispersity of conventional gold nanostructures limits mechanistic studies. Here, we report two types of atomically precise Au25 nanoclusters (1 nm) with distinct morphology (i.e., nanosphere and nanorod) for CO2 reduction catalysis. The Au25 nanosphere exhibits higher Faradaic efficiency for CO with higher formation rates compared to the Au25 nanorod. First-principles calculations reveal that the negative charge and the energetically favorable removal of one ligand to generate an active site on the nanosphere can better stabilize the important *COOH intermediate in CO2 electroreduction.
An Adamite Derivation of the Principles of the Calculus of Probability

If Adam was a rational man even before he had garnered much experience of the world, and if the ability to reason probabilistically is an essential part of rationality (as Bishop Butler maintained when he wrote that “But, to us, probability is the very guide of life,”1), then Adam must at least tacitly have known the Principles of the Calculus of Probability. Specifically, Adam must have known that the epistemic concept of probability — probability in the sense of “reasonable degree of belief” — satisfies these Principles, for it is the epistemic concept, rather than the frequency concept or the propensity concept, which enters into rational assessments about uncertain outcomes.2 But what warrant did Adam have for either an explicit or a tacit assertion that epistemic probability satisfies the Principles of the Calculus of Probability?
Metabolism of Sulfidopeptide Leukotrienes

Until recently there has been very little known about the ultimate metabolitc fate of the sulfidopeptide leukotrienes. A basic principle of the pharmacology of mediator substances requires that mechanisms exist for biological inactivation of these very potent molecules. One such mechanism might be simple uptake of leukotrienes by the cells which make or respond to them. Studies showing that LTC4, produced in the isolated perfused lung in response to the calcium ionophore A23187, was largely retained by the lung over a span of 10 minutes, and that very little conversion to LTD4/LTE4 took place, suggesting the possibility that a reuptake mechanism for LTC4 in the lung existed (1). Other eicosanoids (LTB4, 6-keto-PGF1, thromboxane B2 and PGE2) were largely released into the perfusate. It is also possible that LTC4 was retained through binding to tissue proteins with high affinity and not taken up into cells. Since direct experiments have now shown that leukotrienes are not stored in cells from which they are released, and, while the retention of LTC4 by the isolated perfused rat lung has not been fully explained, simple reuptake of LTC4 in the lung seems unlikely. At present it is thought that metabolic biotransformation is the primary mechanism of inactivation of the leukotrienes.
1364-P: Parent and Physician Preferences for Screening in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)

Purpose: Qualitative interviews were conducted and a survey instrument was developed to inform the implementation of a general population screening program for T1D in children and to quantify screening-test attributes relevant to parents and physicians in the United States. Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with parents and physicians to understand views on general population screening for T1D and identify important attributes of screening programs. Using the results, a discrete-choice experiment (DCE) survey instrument was developed to quantify preferences over multiple options. The survey was pretested using interviews to confirm attribute relevance and respondent comprehension. Results: In the qualitative interviews (10 parents, 10 physicians), test accuracy and the availability of treatments to delay onset or lessen T1D-associated health risks ranked as important. Parents’ concerns included the need for venipuncture and the cost of the test. Physicians’ concerns included the emotional impact of positive results on families and test reimbursement. A DCE survey was developed with 5 attributes covering when, where, and how the sample for screening is obtained; cost; monitoring and education to reduce the risk of DKA; and availability of an optional treatment to delay T1D. In the pretest interviews (15 parents, 15 pediatricians), the relevance of the attributes was confirmed. The pretest sample placed the most value on reducing the risk of DKA and the availability of a treatment to delay T1D onset. Low cost and convenience were considered key to widespread adoption by pediatricians. Conclusions: Two sets of interviews confirmed an interest in general population T1D screening, but follow-up treatment for a positive result was the key driver for acceptance. The survey will be administered to 1,000 parents and 500 pediatricians to quantify the importance of screening attributes with the goal of informing the implementation of a general population T1D screening program. Disclosure J.L. Dunne: None. J. Sutphin: Other Relationship; Self; Multiple Companies. J.S. Bushman: None. B. Fontanals-Cirera: None. J.R. Coulter: Other Relationship; Self; Multiple companies. C.T. Hutton: None. A. Koralova: Research Support; Spouse/Partner; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. C.M. Ervin: Other Relationship; Self; Multiple companies. C. Mansfield: Other Relationship; Self; Multiple companies. Funding JDRF; The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust
Missing pieces of the Piezo1/Piezo2 baroreceptor hypothesis: an autonomic perspective

Baroreceptors play a pivotal role in the regulation of blood pressure through moment to moment sensing of arterial blood pressure and providing information to the central nervous system to make aut...
Solving complex regulatory problems using molecular structure-based tools including read-across, clustering, and quantitative structure activity relationships

Abstract This chapter provides a road map for applying in silico models, read-across, and cluster analysis as regulatory tools. Building the foundation of utilizing QSAR models in risk assessment starts with grouping (clustering) structurally related chemicals into categories. The next step is to summarize the toxicology data of the clustered chemicals in tabular form to identify the data gaps and trends relating incremental structural changes to biological activity. By reading-across (bridging) from a data-rich surrogate compound(s) to the other clustered chemical(s) lacking data, the toxicology data from the surrogate molecule(s) can be “bridged” to fill the data gaps of the untested compound(s). The chapter also summarizes a few examples of the application of molecular structure-based toxicology and toxicokinetics predictions from read-across to bridge data gaps for substances lacking the animal data commonly understood to be necessary for safety assessment.
CDK5RAP3 is a co-factor for the oncogenic transcription factor STAT3

The transcription factor STAT3 regulates genes governing critical cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and self-renewal. While STAT3 transcriptional function is activated rapidly and transiently in response to physiologic signals, through a variety of mechanisms it can become constitutively activated in the pathogenesis of cancer. This leads to chronic expression of genes that underlie malignant cellular behavior. However, STAT3 is known to interact with other proteins, which may modulate its function. Understanding these interactions can provide insights into novel aspects of STAT3 function and may also suggest strategies to therapeutically target the large number of cancers driven by constitutively activated STAT3. To identify critical modulators of STAT3 transcriptional function, we performed an RNA-interference based screen in a cell-based system that allows quantitative measurement of STAT3 activity. From this approach, we identified CDK5 kinase regulatory-subunit associated protein 3 (CDK5RAP3) as an enhancer of STAT3-dependent gene expression. We found that STAT3 transcriptional function is modulated by CDK5RAP3 in cancer cells, and silencing CDK5RAP3 reduces STAT3-mediated tumorigenic phenotypes including clonogenesis and migration. Mechanistically, CDK5RAP3 binds to STAT3-regulated genomic loci, in a STAT3-dependent manner. In primary human breast cancers, the expression of CDK5RAP3 expression was associated with STAT3 gene expression signatures as well as the expression of individual STAT3 target genes. These findings reveal a novel aspect of STAT3 transcriptional function and potentially provide both a biomarker of enhanced STAT3-dependent gene expression as well as a unique mechanism to therapeutically target STAT3.
Abstract LB-B09: ERK pulses drive non-genetic resistance in drug-adapted BRAFV600E melanoma cells

Anti-cancer drugs commonly target signal transduction proteins activated by mutation. In patients with BRAFV600E melanoma, small molecule RAF and MEK kinase inhibitors cause dramatic but often transient tumor regression. Emerging evidence suggests that cancer cells adapting by non-genetic mechanisms constitute a reservoir for the development of drug-resistant tumors. Here, we show that few hours after exposure to RAF/MEK inhibitors, BRAFV600E melanomas undergo adaptive changes involving disruption of negative feedback and sporadic pulsatile reactivation of the MAPK pathway, so that MAPK activity is transiently high enough in some cells to drive proliferation. ERK pulses are locally triggered by autocrine/paracrine factors in the local microenvironment so that ERK activity levels are low on average, but transiently high enough in patches of cells to explain the infrequent division characteristic of persister cells. Quantitative proteomics and computational modeling show that pulsatile MAPK reactivation is possible due to the co-existence in cells of two MAPK cascades: one driven by BRAFV600E that is drug-sensitive and a second driven by receptors that is drug-resistant. Paradoxically, this may account both for the frequent emergence of drug resistance and for the tolerability of RAF/MEK therapy in patients. Citation Format: Luca Gerosa, Christopher Chidley, Fabian Froehlich, Gabriela Sanchez, Sang Kyun Lim, Jeremy Muhlich, Jia-Yun Chen, Gregory J. Baker, Denis Schapiro, Tujin Shi, Lian Yi, Carrie D. Nicora, Wei-Jun Qian, H. Steven Wiley, Peter Sorger. ERK pulses drive non-genetic resistance in drug-adapted BRAFV600E melanoma cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-B09. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-LB-B09