cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resource Assessment for Hydrogen Production

This analysis was conducted in support of the U.S. Department of Energy's H2@Scale initiative, and this report examines the resources required to meet demand for an additional 10 million metric tonnes (MMT) of hydrogen in 2040. The technical potential of hydrogen production from fossil, nuclear, and renewable energy resources is presented. Updated maps describe the geographical distribution of hydrogen production potential from renewable energy resources. The results conclude that the technical resource availability of domestic energy resources is sufficient to meet an additional 10 MMT of hydrogen demand in 2040, without placing significant pressure on existing resources. While this level of hydrogen demand could result in a significant increase in renewable energy consumption, in particular, the technical potential of each resource is estimated to be sufficient to meet the demand. Future research, to enable the large-scale integration of hydrogen in the U.S. energy and other sectors, will include analyzing the geographic distribution of resources in relation to hydrogen demand for a variety of applications. Additional techno-economic analysis is also needed to understand the economic potential of hydrogen in other industries, beyond transportation; such analysis is currently being undertaken by a multi-lab project initiated by DOE in 2016. Finally, information from techno-economic analyses should be used to continually update and inform R&D targets for energy production, hydrogen production, and hydrogen utilization technologies.
Time to Detection of Seizures with Continuous EEG (cEEG) Monitoring: The Correlation with Seizure Etiologies, Neurologic Status and EEG Findings (P3.265)

Objective: To identify patients that are more likely to have delayed seizure detection and therefore may benefit from prolonged cEEG monitoring. Background: It is unclear how long cEEG should be continued in different patients based on seizure etiologies and mental status to exclude subclinical seizures. Design/Methods: We identified all patients who had cEEG monitoring at a single tertiary center in 2016(n=2425). Data was analyzed using Wilcoxon-Rank-sum and Chi-Square tests. Results: Among the 2425 patients who had cEEG monitoring, 334 had seizures.25 were excluded because of missing data. Among the 309 patients included, median time to seizure onset was 3 hours.13.8% had status epilepticus on EEG.38.8% had their first seizure within an hour of monitoring. For most etiologies, 50% of patients had their seizures detected in less than 6 hours of cEEG. However, for hemorrhage patients, time to detect seizures in 50% of patients was delayed to 15 hours(p=0. 0004). Hemorrhage patients were more likely to have their first seizure after 24 hours(p=0.0221). Moreover, those with more than one type of hemorrhage were also more likely to have their first seizure detected after 24 hours(p=0.0002). Seizures were detected within 24 hours in 80% of patients with seizures except those who had seizures secondary to hemorrhage, trauma and tumor. Seizures were detected within 36 hours in 90% of patients except those with seizures from hemorrhage, tumor and those with unknown etiology. Comatose patients had earlier seizure onset compared to noncomatose patients(P=0.0035). Among awake, lethargic and comatose patients, seizures were detected within 2 days in 90% of patients versus more than 3 days of monitoring required to detect seizures in 90% of stuporous patients. Conclusions: Comatose and cardiac arrest patients are more likely to have their seizures detected earlier. However, stuporous patients and those with seizures from hemorrhage particularly with more than one hemorrhage type, trauma and tumors are more likely to have delayed seizure detection and require longer cEEG monitoring to detect seizures. Disclosure: Dr. Zawar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hantus has nothing to disclose.
A Clinical Perspective on Theory of Heart

The mathematical theory of cardiac mechanics and electrophysiology has not yet had a significant impact in clinical cardiology. Future clinical advances are anticipated in applications to mechanical and electrical disorders of the heart.
Trapping a Charged Atom

Engineering of supramolecular assemblies on surfaces is an emerging field of research impacting chemistry, electronics, and biology. Among supramolecular assemblies, metal-containing structures provide rich properties and enable robust nanostructured designs. In this issue of ACS Nano, Feng et al. report that supramolecular assemblies can trap gold adatoms that maintain a charged state on a Au(111) surface. Such charged adatoms may offer additional degrees of freedom in designing novel supramolecular architectures for efficient catalysts, memory, and charge storage for medical applications.
Scope and strategies of genetic epidemiology: analysis of articles published in Genetic Epidemiology, 1984-1991.

Genetic epidemiology is a relatively new discipline that seeks to unravel the role of genetic factors and their interactions with environmental factors in the etiology of diseases, using population and family study approaches. To characterize the overall direction and emphasis of research strategies used in this field, we reviewed original research articles published in the journal Genetic Epidemiology since its inception in 1984 until the end of 1991. Of 259 published original articles, 92 (35%) focused primarily on methodologic/statistical developments, most commonly in the area of linkage analysis/gene mapping, and 167 (65%) articles were applied or data-derived
Numerical simulations of SHPB experiments for the dynamic compressive strength and failure of ceramics

Complementary to a study of the compressive strength of ceramic as a function of strain rate and confinement, numerical simulations of the split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) experiments have been performed using the two-dimensional wave propagation computer program HEMP. The numerical effort had two main thrusts. Firstly, the interpretation of the experimental data relies on several assumptions. The numerical simulations were used to investigate the validity of these assumptions. The second part of the effort focused on computing the idealized constitutive response of a ceramic within the SHPB experiment. These numerical results were then compared against experimental data. Idealized models examined included a perfectly elastic material, an elastic-perfectly plastic material, and an elastic material with failure. Post-failure material was modeled as having either no strength, or a strength proportional to the mean stress. The effects of confinement were also studied. Conclusions concerning the dynamic behavior of a ceramic up to and after failure are drawn from the numerical study.
American Patriotic Songs

A historical review of the patriotic songs of the United States is presented, along with a bibliography on the topic.
Effect of corn hybrid and grain processing method on rate of starch disappearance and performance of finishing cattle.

Two trials evaluated the effects of different corn hybrids on in vitro rate of starch disappearance and finishing cattle performance. Hybrids were selected, based on in vitro rate of starch disappearance (A = fastest, B = intermediate, C = slowest). In Trial 1, hybrids A and B were fed as dry-rolled and early-harvested, high-moisture (28%) corn and hybrid C was fed as dry-rolled corn. Cattle fed dry-rolled hybrid A gained faster (P < .10) and more efficiently (P < .10) than cattle fed dry-rolled hybrids B and C. No differences were observed in DMI, quality grade, or fat thickness among hybrids fed dry-rolled. Dry matter intake was lower (P < .10) and feed efficiency was improved (P < .10) for cattle fed corn hybrids A and B as high-moisture corn compared with those same hybrids fed dry-rolled. In Trial 2, hybrids A, B, and C were fed as dry-rolled and early-harvested, high-moisture (29, 28, and 29% moisture, respectively) corn. Performance and carcass measurements were not affected by hybrid fed. Cattle fed high-moisture corn gained faster (P < .10), consumed less DM (P < .01), and were more efficient (P < .01) than cattle fed the same hybrids dry-rolled. Across trials, hybrids, and processing methods, in vitro rate of starch disappearance was correlated with feed efficiency (r2 = .58, P < .001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sensory conflict compared in microgravity, artificial gravity, motion sickness, and vestibular disorders.

Perceptual disturbances and motionsickness areoftenattributedtosensory conflict. Weinvestigatedseveral conditions: head movements in microgravity, periodic motions in 1-g, and locomotion with vestibular disorders. In every case, linear vectors such as linear and gravitational acceleration are crucial factors, as previously found for head movements in artificial gravity, and thus the importance of measuring linear vectors emerges as a common theme. By modeling the sensory conflict between the vestibular and somatosensory systems, we computed a measure of linear conflict known as the "Stretch Factor." We hypothesized that the motions with the greatest Stretch Factor would be the most provocative motions. Results: For head movements in microgravity, the Stretch Factor can explain why fast movements are more provocative than slow movements, and why pitch movements are more provocative than yaw movements. For off-vertical-axis rotation (OVAR) in 1-g, the Stretch Factor predicts that the most provocative frequency is higher than that for vertical linear oscillation (VLO). For example, the same sensor dynamics can predict a most provocative frequency around 0.2 Hz for VLO but 0.3 Hz for OVAR, solving a mystery of this experimentally observed discrepancy. Finally, we determined that certain sensory conflict perceptions reported by vestibular patients could be explained via mathematical simulation.
Noise study on cone-beam CT FDK image reconstruction by improved area-simulating-volume technique

Previous studies have reported that the volume-weighting technique has advantages over the linear interpolation technique for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image reconstruction. However, directly calculating the intersecting volume between the pencil beam X-ray and the object is a challenge due to the computational complexity. Inspired by previous works in area-simulating volume (ASV) technique for 3D positron emission tomography, we proposed an improved ASV (IASV) technique, which can fast calculate the geometric probability of the intersection between the pencil beam and the object. In order to show the improvements of using IASV technique in volumeweighting based Feldkamp–Davis–Kress (VW-FDK) algorithm compared to the conventional linear interpolation technique based FDK algorithm (LI-FDK), the variances images from both theoretical prediction and empirical determination are described basing on the assumption of the uncorrelated and stationary noise for each detector bin. In digital phantom study, both of the theoretically predicted variance images and the empirically determined variance images concurred and demonstrated that the VW-FDK algorithm can result in uniformly distributed noise across the FOV. In the physical phantom study, the performance enhancements by the VW-FDK algorithm were quantitatively evaluated by the contrast-noise-ratio (CNR) merit. The CNR values from the VW-FDK result were about 40% higher than the conventional LI-FDK result. Therefore it can be concluded that the VW-FDK algorithm can efficiently address the non-uniformity noise and suppress noise level of the reconstructed images.
Exercised-Induced Ischemic Colitis in a Recreational Athlete Previously Attributed to Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Ischemic colitis traditionally presents in older patients, many whom have underlying atherosclerotic disease. Although symptoms may be transient and resolve spontaneously, serious complications may develop including stricture formation, bowel perforation, sepsis, or death. Recently, otherwise healthy athletes have been reported to develop ischemic colitis during or following strenuous, prolonged exercise. Here we describe a unique case in which a recreational athlete previously diagnosed with Crohn’s disease ten years prior presented with diarrhea and hematochezia attributed to an acute flare of her inflammatory bowel disease. Thorough review of her history, physical examination, laboratory, radiographic, and endoscopic evaluations revealed that her presenting symptoms were secondary to exercise-induced ischemic colitis. Moreover, her evaluation suggested that her prior diagnosis of Crohn’s disease was incorrect and that her previous Crohn’s flares were likely secondary to intermittent bouts of ischemic colitis. This case highlights the importance of recognizing the diagnosis of ischemic colitis in an atypical host, but one in which the disease prevalence is likely to increase as more individuals participate in recreational endurance activities. J Med Cases. 2012;3(6):379-382 doi: https://doi.org/10.4021/jmc839w
Histologic assessment of dose‐related diffusion and muscle fiber response after therapeutic botulinum a toxin injections

Fiber diameter variability, acetylcholinesterase staining properties, and average fiber diameter were determined 5 weeks after varying doses of botulinum A toxin were administered into albino rabbit longissimus dorsi muscle. The average fiber diameter within the muscle appeared to be a function of the dose of botulinum toxin injected. Fiber diameter variability correlated with the dose of botulinum toxin administered. Both fiber diameter variability and acetylcholinesterase spread characteristics showed a distinct diffusion gradient over a defined field within a muscle. At lower doses (1 IU), collapse of the diffusion gradient occurred over a 15-30-mm segment of muscle. At higher doses (5-10 IU), diffusion of botulinum A toxin effect occurred throughout the entire muscle with no apparent end point. This study demonstrated that botulinum A toxin produces a gradient of denervation in a given muscle and that both the magnitude of denervation and the extent of the gradient are dose dependent. Furthermore, both muscle fiber diameter variability and acetylcholinesterase staining were useful as measures of chemodenervation.
Analytical techniques for assaying nitric oxide bioactivity.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diatomic free radical that is extremely short lived in biological systems (less than 1 second in circulating blood)1. NO may be considered one of the most important signaling molecules produced in our body, regulating essential functions including but not limited to regulation of blood pressure, immune response and neural communication. Therefore its accurate detection and quantification in biological matrices is critical to understanding the role of NO in health and disease. With such a short physiological half life of NO, alternative strategies for the detection of reaction products of NO biochemistry have been developed. The quantification of relevant NO metabolites in multiple biological compartments provides valuable information with regards to in vivo NO production, bioavailability and metabolism. Simply sampling a single compartment such as blood or plasma may not always provide an accurate assessment of whole body NO status, particularly in tissues. The ability to compare blood with select tissues in experimental animals will help bridge the gap between basic science and clinical medicine as far as diagnostic and prognostic utility of NO biomarkers in health and disease. Therefore, extrapolation of plasma or blood NO status to specific tissues of interest is no longer a valid approach. As a result, methods continue to be developed and validated which allow the detection and quantification of NO and NO-related products/metabolites in multiple compartments of experimental animals in vivo. The established paradigm of NO biochemistry from production by NO synthases to activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) to eventual oxidation to nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-) may only represent part of NO's effects in vivo. The interaction of NO and NO-derived metabolites with protein thiols, secondary amines, and metals to form S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs), N-nitrosamines (RNNOs), and nitrosyl-heme respectively represent cGMP-independent effects of NO and are likely just as important physiologically as activation of sGC by NO. A true understanding of NO in physiology is derived from in vivo experiments sampling multiple compartments simultaneously. Nitric oxide (NO) methodology is a complex and often confusing science and the focus of many debates and discussion concerning NO biochemistry. The elucidation of new mechanisms and signaling pathways involving NO hinges on our ability to specifically, selectively and sensitively detect and quantify NO and all relevant NO products and metabolites in complex biological matrices. Here, we present a method for the rapid and sensitive analysis of nitrite and nitrate by HPLC as well as detection of free NO in biological samples using in vitro ozone based chemiluminescence with chemical derivitazation to determine molecular source of NO as well as ex vivo with organ bath myography.
An independent dose-to-point calculation program for the verification of high-dose-rate brachytherapy treatment planning.

Abstract Purpose: We describe computer software that performs, quickly and accurately, secondary dose calculations for high-dose-rate (HDR) treatment plans, including those employed for prostate treatments. Methods: The program takes as primary input the data file used by the HDR remote afterloader console for treatment. Dosimetric calculations are performed using the Meisberger polynomial and the anisotropy table for the HDR Iridium-192 source. For standard applicators, treatment geometry is automatically reconstructed and the dose is calculated at relevant reference point(s). Template-based treatment plans (e.g., prostate) require additional user input; the dose calculation is then performed at user-selected reference points. A total dwell time calculation for volume and planar implants using the Manchester tables was also implemented. Results: For fixed-geometry HDR procedures, secondary dose calculations are within 2% of the treatment plan, and results are available for review instantly. For more general applications, the calculated and planned doses are typically within 3% at the prescription isodose line. The Manchester-based dwell time calculation is within 10% of the planned time.
Do frontier equity markets exhibit common trends and still provide diversification opportunities

Abstract Many small, frontier equity markets in regions such as Africa and Eastern Europe have opened in recent years. As in other larger emerging markets, important issues for investors are the extent of financial integration with exchanges in other countries and, if some reasonable degree of integration is found, whether such markets still provide diversification opportunities. Here, we will examine a frequently used metric of integration by testing for the existence of common trends, or cointegration, in these frontier markets. While common stochastic trends are found, results show that coefficients on cointegrating vectors are at times negative, and reaction to deviations from the long-run trend are often slow, thus indicating that frontier markets are a good source of diversification opportunities despite a degree of integration.
Comparative treatment planning between proton and x-ray therapy in pancreatic cancer

With the utilization of new biologic agents and experimental chemotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer, the issue of local-regional control will become increasingly important. This study was undertaken to determine the feasibility of dose escalation using proton therapy, as compared to conventional 3-dimensional conformal radiation, by minimizing the dose to normal tissues. The photon treatment plans of 4 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer treated on a biologic therapy trial were utilized. Each patient was treated using a 3- or 4-field photon plan with 45 Gy to the clinical target volume (CTV), followed by a boost of 14.4 Gy to the gross target volume (GTV). Using a Helax treatment planning system, proton plans were generated to encompass the same CTV and GTV to the same prescribed dose. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were generated for the GTV, CTV, spinal cord, liver, and right and left kidneys. Each DVH was compared between the photon and proton plans. Proton plans utilized either a 2- or 3-field technique. Available energies included 130 or 180 MeV. Range modulators and bolus were used as needed to conform to the target volume. With the CTV and GTV receiving the same dose from the proton and photon plans, all individual proton plans were superior to the photon plans in reduction of normal tissue dose. For the 4 patients, the average dose reduction to 50% of the organ at risk was 78% to spinal cord (p = 0.003), 73% to left kidney (p = 0.025), 43% to right kidney (p = 0.059), and 55% to liver (p = 0.061). These comparative treatment plans show proton therapy results in significant reductions of dose to normal tissue compared to conventional photons while treating the same target volumes. This allows for the design of dose-escalation protocols using protons in combination with new biologic therapies and chemotherapy.
Phosphorylation regulates the ferritoid–ferritin interaction and nuclear transport

Ferritin is an iron-sequestering protein that is generally cytoplasmic; however, our previous studies have shown that in avian corneal epithelial (CE) cells ferritin is nuclear. We have also observed that this nuclear localization involves a tissue-specific nuclear transporter that we have termed ferritoid, and that nuclear ferritin protects DNA from oxidative damage. Recently we have determined that ferritoid functions not only as a nuclear transporter, but also, within the nucleus, it remains associated with ferritin as a heteropolymeric complex. This ferritoid-ferritin complex has unique properties such as being half the size of a typical ferritin molecule and showing preferential binding to DNA. It is likely that the association between ferritoid and ferritin is involved both in the nuclear transport of ferritin and in determining certain of the properties of the complex; therefore, we have been examining the mechanisms involved in regulating the association of these two components. As the ferritoid sequence contains six putative phosphorylation sites, we have examined here whether phosphorylation is one such mechanism. We have determined that ferritoid in the nuclear ferritoid-ferritin complexes is phosphorylated, and that inhibition of this phosphorylation, using inhibitors of PKC, prevents its interaction with ferritin. Furthermore, in an experimental model system in which the nuclear transport of ferritin normally occurs (i.e., the co-transfection of COS-1 cells with full length constructs for ferritin and ferritoid), when phosphorylation sites in ferritoid are mutated, the interaction between ferritoid and ferritin is inhibited, as is the nuclear transport of ferritin.
Comparison of equivalent photon energy calibration methods in computed tomography

A method of specifying the equivalent photon energy as the energy that gives the maximum correlation between linear attenuation coefficient and CT value of six standard materials, including water, was compared with standard method that specified equivalent photon energy as the energy at which water's linear attenuation coefficient is equal to the detected energy fluence averaged coefficient of water. Comparisons were made for various tube potentials, thicknesses of aluminum filtration, and water phantom thicknesses. Using the experimental data, the first method predicted changes in equivalent photon energy equal to 0.3 kvV kVp-1, 2.8 keV g-1 cm2 and 0.75 keV g-1 cm2, respectively, for the specified conditions; the precision was +/- 2.2 keV. Both methods estimated the same equivalent photon energies within 3 keV. This similarity was shown to be a result of the characteristics of water's attenuation coefficient. The effect of uncertainty in measured CT values and material density on the equivalent photon energy was estimated. The equivalent photon energy was used to predict CT values for high atomic number water solutions, 5 mg/ml. The difference between the measured CT values and the predicted was less than 10 CT number of elements of less than 60.
Placental blood flow and transfer of nutrient analogs in large, average, and small guinea pig littermates.

Placental Blood Flow and Transfer of Nutrient Analogs in Large, Average, and Small Guinea Pig Littermates
Setting sights on the treatment of ocular angiogenesis using antisense oligonucleotides

The application of antisense technology to study physiological and disease processes continues to mature. Antisense approaches are among the most direct means to use genomic sequence information. When developing therapeutics, applications range from early target validation in discovery to the therapeutic product. In this review, we describe the application of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to identify genes that are important in controlling angiogenesis. High-throughput assays in vitro have been used to evaluate many gene targets. Genes that appear to be important in angiogenesis are then evaluated further in animal models of ocular angiogenesis. The ability of ASOs to reduce target-gene expression in the appropriate cells in the eye raises the possibility that this class of compounds could be used for target validation in vivo, and also be developed as a novel class of therapeutics in their own right.
Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cadmium and copper in biological reference materials using on-line sorbent extraction preconcentration

Cadmium and copper at the μg/g to ng/g level in plant and animal tissue reference materials, and at the μg/l level in urine were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using on-line sorbent extraction preconcentration based on flow injection techniques. Bonded silica reversed phase sorbent with octadecyl functional groups (RP-C 18), packed in a 100 μl column, was used to collect the diethylammonium-N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) complex formed on-line in the sample digests at low pH. Methanol was used to elute the analyte chelates directly into the nebulizer-burner system of the spectrometer. Small air segments introduced before and after elution prevented the eluent from mixing with the sample solution and increased the sensitivity. A sampling frequency of 85/h could be obtained with a sample loading time of 30 s at a flow rate of 4.0 ml/min. The enrichment factor for both elements was 20 and the enhancement factors, including the effect of the organic solvent and with the flow spoiler removed, were 126 and 114 for cadmium and copper, respectively. The detection limits (3σ) were 0.15 μg/l for cadmium and 0.2 μg/l for copper. The precision was 2.3% and 1.4% r.s.d. for 10 μg/l Cd and 45 μg/l Cu, respectively (n=11). Results for the determination of cadmium and copper in various biological reference materials were typically in good agreement with certified values. Low recoveries were observed, however, for cadmium in samples containing high levels of copper and/or iron, such as bovine liver.
Whitman and Worcester

Uses a recently discovered copy of Jospeh E. Worcester's Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language (1849) signed by Whitman to argue for the likelihood of Whitman's use of the book in his notebooks on language.
Metabolic newborn screening: between past and future

Abstract The introduction of new technologies such as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has lead to a major revolution in newborn screening for metabolic diseases: from “a test for a disease” (i.e. Guthrie test) to “a test for many diseases”. On a single drop of blood it is now possible to analyze and quantify various metabolites, not only acylcarnitines and amino acids, but also adenosine and 2′-deoxyadenosine (for the detection of ADA-SCID) and lysosomal enzymes. Therefore a great potential can be seen in near future for the diagnosis of diseases for which there may be a specific and effective therapy.
Evaluating the Potential Effectiveness of Automatic Document Analysis

This paper documents the motivation, method and results of seven experiments conducted to investigate the properties of automatic document analysis (for the purpose of automatic vocabulary expansion of a personalized language model in a speech dictation system). The results indicated that automatic document analysis of corrected text should improve the accuracy of text dictated in the future, as long as the future text is similar to the analyzed text. None of the manipulations had a measurable effect (either good or bad) when the analyzed text was uncorrected dictation or future text that was not similar to analyzed text. These results were the same for both trained and untrained acoustic models.
Hypertension in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess

Most often, low-renin hypertension in the child or adolescent has a clearly definable hormonal cause; thus while each of its numerous forms is moderately rare, a specific hormonal basis is to be expected. An endocrine evaluation is indicated after exclusion of cardiologic pathology or renovascular or portal abnormality in a hypertensive child. The evaluation should include analysis of catecholamine and of thyroid hormone plasma levels, and plasma renin activity (PRA) level. Hormonal hypertension with high or normal renin conditions is rare. Elevated blood pressure with high or normal renin levels may be in fact within normal range in the context of growth at upper percentile limits, possibly in conjunction with simple obesity. Diagnosis may be made at any age in most forms of low-renin hypertension.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry compatible approaches for the quantitation of folic acid in fortified juices and cereals using aqueous normal phase conditions

Abstract Folic acid was separated under aqueous normal phase (ANP) conditions with Diamond Hydride™ columns and quantitated in fortified cereal and juice matrices using high performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet absorption (HPLC-UV) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC–MS) based methodologies. The folic acid was well-resolved from matrix components under the ANP conditions studied and allowed for the direct analyses of the fortified juices and cereals without the sample cleanup that is often required for other reported LC-based approaches. The calibration curve obtained from the LC–MS analyses demonstrated good linearity (R2 = 0.9997) in the studied concentration range of 0.05–0.5 mg/L. The spiked flour percent recovery was 90% with HPLC-UV and 91% with LC–MS. Spiked juice percent recovery was 102% with LC–MS. However, analyses of juices were unsatisfactory either in terms of recovery or sensitivity. Therefore, analyses of juices will either need to be performed by LC–MS or, if by HPLC-UV, will require sample cleanup. Three cereals and one juice were analyzed with the methods.
Using Social Network Analysis to Explore Digital Student Interactions and Business Competency Learning in a Web-based Educational Platform

Web 2.0 tools occupy a large part of our lives, and their use in the classroom offers instructors a unique opportunity to gather substantial information about individual and interactive student behaviors. The authors' challenge is understanding the implications of this rich data source for assessing course efficacy and student learning, and applying these insights to further enhance the development of global business competencies. This paper reviews 311 student interactions as reflected in comments exchanged in a digital social learning community and, using social network analysis, discusses the potential to use these interactions to assess student critical thinking, communication, and collaborative feedback skills. The authors conclude with implications and recommendations for instructors who want to use Web 2.0 platforms and data to enhance their understanding of student and class digital interactions, and apply this information to course enhancement.
Regulation of the p85/p110α Phosphatidylinositol 3′-Kinase DISTINCT ROLES FOR THE N-TERMINAL AND C-TERMINAL SH2 DOMAINS

Our previous studies on the p85/p110alpha phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase showed that the p85 regulatory subunit inhibits the p110alpha catalytic subunit, and that phosphopeptide activation of p85/p110alpha dimers reflects a disinhibition of p110alpha (Yu, J., Zhang, Y., McIlroy, J., Rordorf-Nikolic, T., Orr, G. A., and Backer, J. M. (1998) Mol. Cell. Biol. 18, 1379-1387). We now define the domains of p85 required for inhibition of p110alpha. The iSH2 domain of p85 is sufficient to bind p110alpha but does not inhibit it. Inhibition of p110alpha requires the presence of the nSH2 domain linked to the iSH2 domain. Phosphopeptides increase the activity of nSH2/iSH2-p110alpha dimers, demonstrating that the nSH2 domain mediates both inhibition of p110alpha and disinhibition by phosphopeptides. In contrast, phosphopeptides did not increase the activity of iSH2/cSH2-p110alpha dimers, or dimers composed of p110alpha and an nSH2/iSH2/cSH2 construct containing a mutant nSH2 domain. Phosphopeptide binding to the cSH2 domain increased p110alpha activity only in the context of an intact p85 containing both the nSH2 domain and residues 1-322 (the SH3, proline-rich and breakpoint cluster region-homolgy domains). These data suggest that the nSH2 domain of p85 is a direct regulator of p110alpha activity. Regulation of p110alpha by phosphopeptide binding to the cSH2 domain occurs by a mechanism that requires the additional presence of the nSH2 domain and residues 1-322 of p85.
Case report: partial trisomy 20q (20q13.13----qter).

Presented here is an infant displaying trisomy of the region 20ql3.13→qter. This case shares phenotypic features with previously reported trisomy 20q individuals.
A Note on Structural Equation Modeling Estimates of Reliability

Reliability can be estimated using structural equation modeling (SEM). Two potential problems with this approach are that estimates may be unstable with small sample sizes and biased with misspecified models. A Monte Carlo study was conducted to investigate the quality of SEM estimates of reliability by themselves and relative to coefficient alpha. The SEM approach showed minimal bias when the model was correctly specified if items were relatively well defined by their underlying factor(s). They tended to demonstrate somewhat greater bias when the model was misspecified, particularly underspecified. Overall, SEM estimates were more stable than anticipated. Researchers are more likely to obtain accurate estimates of reliability using SEM by conducting large-sample studies with well-constructed scales and critically assessing model fit.
Public policy in nutrition: the US nutrition safety net—past, present and future

Abstract This paper reviews the history of the US nutrition safety net and provides a synopsis of the major evaluation research related to the three major nutrition programs: food stamps, the Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) and school feeding. The ability of the cadre of nutrition programs to respond to the changing needs of the target population is viewed as a strength of the safety net. The implications of recent macroeconomic policies on the future role of the nutrition safety net is discussed. The paper ends with an analysis of forces shaping nutrition policies and programs for the 21st century.
’Cheli‐Beti’ discourses of trafficking and constructions of gender, citizenship and Nation in modern Nepal

(2001). ’Cheli‐Beti’ discourses of trafficking and constructions of gender, citizenship and Nation in modern Nepal. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 24, Sexual sites, seminal attitudes: Sexualities, masculinites and culture in South Asia, pp. 157-175.
The Business of Whaling in America in the 1850's

The glamor of the American whale fishery has tended to obscure its economic outlines and significance. For certain areas one of the first successful efforts at natural resources exploitation, the fisheries developed centers of highly specialized technical and administrative skills. Capital amassed in whaling was a far from inconsequential economic force when it was shifted into other channels of investment. The shifting process itself highlights the circumstances surrounding a dying industry and provides an example of variant national investment patterns.
Rapid thermal annealing of arsenic-phosphorus (n+ − n−) double-diffused shallow junctions

Abstract Double-diffused shallow junctions have been formed by ion implantation of both phosphorus and arsenic ions into silicon substrates followed by rapid thermal annealing. Experimental results on defect removal, impurity activation and redistribution, effects of silicon pre-amorphization and electrical characteristics of titanium-silicided junctions are presented.
Cylindrical molecular brushes: Synthesis, characterization, and properties

Brush-like macromolecules are unique polymer molecules whose conformation and physical properties are controlled by steric repulsion of densely grafted side chains. Molecules can be either flexible or stiff, depending on the grafting density and the length of the side chains. Molecules can switch their conformation in response to alterations in the surrounding environment, e.g. changes of temperature, solvent quality, pH, and ionic strength. Furthermore, one can control molecular conformation and related properties using external stimuli such as light and electro-magnetic fields. Molecular brushes are also very informative model systems for experimental studies of polymer properties. Molecules are readily visualized by atomic force microscopy, opening unique opportunities to observe single polymer molecules as they move, order, and react on surfaces. Brush-like molecular architectures are well-known in biology where they are responsible for various functions including mucociliary clearance of lung airways and mechanical performance of articular cartilage. Polymer chemistry is currently making the first steps in controlling molecular architecture and understanding the distinctive properties of molecular brushers. This article reviews the characteristic physical properties of well-defined molecular brushes and the different strategies employed for their preparation, with particular focus on synthesis via controlled radical polymerization techniques.
Some Examples in One-Dimensional “Geometric” Scattering on Manifolds

Abstract We consider “geometric” scattering for a Laplace–Beltrami operator on a compact Riemannian manifold inserted between “wires,” that is, two half-lines. We discuss applicability and correctness of this model. With an example, we show that such a scattering problem may exhibit unusual properties: the transition coefficient has a sequence of sharp peaks which become more and more distant at high energy and otherwise turns to zero.
Further characterization of the β-component of the receptor for immunoglobulin E

Abstract A 30,000 mol. wt component (β) is associated in a 1:1 ratio with the 50,000 mol. wt glycoprotein (a) which binds immunoglobulin E (IgE) on mast cells and related tumor cells. We show that α and β are associated in membrane preparations. This is consistent with previous results which showed labeling of β with the hydrophobic probe 5-iodonaphthyl-1-azide (INA). The β-polypeptide is susceptible to proteolytic cleavage during preparation of the membranes and when this occurs a 20,000 fragment can be labeled with INA and remains associated with α. No incorporation of carbohydrate precursors into β was observed. Since β is also not modified when cells are surface-labeled, it may not be exposed on the cell surface. Rigorous washing of IgE-receptor complexes with non-ionic detergent results in dissociation of β from the α-IgE complex. The latter will then not reassociate with β when exposed to crude detergent extracts of the tumor cells.
Simple proof of the global optimality of the Hohmann transfer

The case of two-impulse transfer between coplanar circular orbits is considered. The global optimality of the Hohmann transfer among the class of two-impulse transfers is proved via ordinary calculus by using the familiar orbital elements, eccentricity e and parameter (semilatus rectum) p. It is noted that this proof is simpler than existing proofs in the literature.
Observations of solar-flare ionization in the mesosphere using coherent-scatter radar

Observations of solar-flare ionization in the mesosphere can be made using coherent-scatter radar systems. The scattered power profiles they measure in the 60-90 km altitude region is a function of the ion concentration gradient and the intensity of turbulent mixing at each altitude. By comparing the power profiles before, during and after a solar flare, it is possible to estimate the ion production rate during the flare as a function of altitude and time. This analysis is used to compare the ion production rates with generally accepted ion-chemical models. Comparisons are made with ion production rates estimated from the solar X-ray flux for the same flare made by geostationary satellites.
Adaptable nonlinear bimode metamaterials using rigid bars, pivots, and actuators

Abstract A large family of periodic planar non-linear bimode metamaterials are constructed from rigid bars and pivots. They are affine materials in the sense that their macroscopic deformations are only affine deformations: at large distances any deformation must be close to an affine deformation. Bimode means that the paths of all possible deformations of Bravais lattices that preserve the periodicity of the lattice lie on a two-dimensional surface in the three-dimensional space of invariants describing the deformation (excluding translations and rotations). By adding two actuators inside a single microscopic cell one can control the macroscopic deformation, which may be useful for the design of adaptive structures. The design of adaptable nonlinear affine trimode metamaterials (for which the macroscopic deformations lie within a three-dimensional region in the space of invariants) is discussed, although their realization remains an open problem. Examples are given of non-affine unimode and non-affine bimode materials. In these materials the deformation can vary from cell to cell in such a way that the macroscopic deformation is non-affine.
Cortical White Matter Microstructural Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder

This article reports on preliminary findings describing microstructural abnormalities in the white matter of cortical areas thought to be associated with bipolar disorder. In all, 14 patients with bipolar disorder and 21 nonpsychiatrically ill control subjects underwent MR imaging including a diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) pulse sequence (six directions, b=1000 mm2/s). DTI data were analyzed on a workstation using a program that allowed calculation of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) within the following three white matter fiber tracts bilaterally: the orbital frontal cortex, and the superior and middle frontal gyri. These values were compared across patient groups. The left and right orbital frontal white matter exhibited significantly higher ADC values in bipolar subjects than control subjects on both the left (p=0.028) and right (p=0.011). Microstructural changes in the white matter of the orbital frontal areas as reflected by increased ADC values appear to be associated with bipolar disorder. Further research is needed to better understand the interaction of microstructural changes and bipolar symptoms and whether these changes are specific to bipolar disorder.
Enhancement of beta-adrenergic receptor activation of maxi-K+ channels by GM1 ganglioside

Abstract In freshly dispersed guinea-pig taenia coli myocytes, beta -adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (ISO. 2-5 μM) increased the open probability (p o ) of the maxi-K + channels through the G-protein, G s . Subunit B of cholera toxin (0.1 nM) suppressed the ISO-induced increase of p o of maxi-K + channels but did not affect that induced by forskolin. Brief (20 min) treatment of the myocytes with GM1 ganglioside (GM1, 0.1-1.0 μM) enhanced the effectiveness of ISO-induced increase of p o . This effect was blocked by 0.5% trypsin, which is known to prevent the incorporation of exogeneous GM1 into the membrane. The effect of GM1 was not shared by GM2 and GM3 gangliosides. These results suggest that the membrane-bound endogeneous GM1 may participate in the regulation of cellular response to beta -adrenergic agents.
OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF MULTIFUNCTIONAL CATALYSTS IN A PACKED BED REACTOR

The problem of the optimal distribution of two multifunctional catalysts is analyzed. Two methods for obtaining optimal catalyst profiles, an analytic-numeric method and the method of steepest ascent, are compared. Though the analytic-numeric method yields a more accurate solution, the method of steepest ascent is usually easier to apply. Optimal catalyst loading profiles are determined for two cases of commercial interest: selective oxidation of butene and naphtha reforming with bimetallic catalysts- A sequential loading of the bismuth molybdate and the vanadium phosphate catalysis is recommended for low butene concentration levels, while at higher butene levels a mixed loading of the two catalysts may be desirable. For commonly encountered naphtha feedstocks a sequential loading of the Pt-Re and the Pt-Ir catalysts tends to be optimal. These compare well with experimental evidence in the literature.
Chronic irreversible nephrotoxicity from cyclosporin A

A 43-year-old woman developed progressive renal insufficiency while receiving cyclosporin A after live donor kidney transplantation. Despite the discontinuation of this drug and substitution with azathioprine, the renal function continued to deteriorate leading to eventual graft loss. The other causes of chronic renal failure such as allograft rejection, recurrent or 'de novo' glomerulonephritis or obstructive uropathy were not evident. There is a high frequency of acute reversible nephrotoxicity from cyclosporin A, but this patient's clinical course suggests that chronic irreversible renal failure can also occur in patients receiving this drug.