cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abrupt early Holocene (9.9-9.6 ka) ice-stream advance at the mouth of Hudson Strait, Arctic Canada

Radiocarbon-dated glacial-geologic evidence documents an abrupt advance of the northern margin of the Labrador sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation. Ice-flow directional indicators, together with ice-marginal features found onshore and offshore, delimit an ice stream that advanced north-northeast >300 km, crossed the mouth of Hudson Strait and outer Frobisher Bay, and overran summits ∼400 m above sea level on outer Hall Peninsula, southeast Baffin Island. Fifty-eight 14 C ages, including 27 accelerator mass spectrometry ages on single shells, indicate that the advance was extremely rapid. The entire advance-retreat cycle took place in an ∼300 yr ( 14 C) interval, 9.9-9.6 ka. At its maximum extent, the ice stream supported a calving margin >200 km long terminating in open water ∼500 m deep, implying a massive iceberg release. Marine evidence for the outflow is preserved along the Labrador Sea shelf as thick carbonate-rich glacial-marine drift but has not been recognized farther east in the North Atlantic. Either the discharge of icebergs was insufficient to produce a trans-North Atlantic, carbonate-rich (Heinrich) layer, or the icebergs tracked southward where they encountered warming sea-surface temperatures. Although the advance seems to have been coincident with a brief interval of minor regional cooling, it failed to trigger a significant climate perturbation, suggesting that the ocean-atmosphere system had attained its stable interglacial condition by that time.
On the problem of shear instability of a finite thermoviscoplastic slab: A gradient approach

Etude des consequences des gradients de deformation non lineaire au probleme de la localisation en bandes de cisaillement anisothermiques
Application of Immersion Reflectometry to the Study of Interference Layers

The reflectance of a thin film changes upon immersion in a transparent dielectric liquid. By use of spectrophotometry, the changes in reflectance at the wavelengths where maximum or minimum reflectance occurs have been characterized for a variety of optical combinations including both transparent and absorbing films and substrates. The complications and ambiguities of interpretation for each system and the effects of multilayer structure have been examined. Reversal of the direction of observation is discussed as one means to distinguish between absorption and inhomogeneity in the film.
Formation of H2 and H2O2 in a Water-Spray Gliding Arc Nonthermal Plasma Reactor

The formation rates and energy yields of H2 and H2O2 from pure water exposed to a nonthermal pulsed plasma-gliding arc reactor equipped with a spray nozzle were determined. Both H2 and H2O2 formati...
Lipopolysaccharide-induced Pulpitis Up-regulates TRPV1 in Trigeminal Ganglia

Tooth pain often accompanies pulpitis. Accumulation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a product of Gram-negative bacteria, is associated with painful clinical symptoms. However, the mechanisms underlying LPS-induced tooth pain are not clearly understood. TRPV1 is a capsaicin- and heat-gated nociceptive ion channel implicated in thermosensation and hyperalgesia under inflammation or injury. Although TRPV1 is expressed in pulpal afferents, it is not known whether the application of LPS to teeth modulates TRPV1 in trigeminal nociceptors. By assessing the levels of protein and transcript of TRPV1 in mouse trigeminal ganglia, we demonstrate that dentinal application of LPS increases the expression of TRPV1. Our results suggest that the up-regulation of TRPV1 in trigeminal nociceptors following bacterial infection could contribute to hyperalgesia under pulpitis conditions.
404 ADRENERGIC AND DOPAMINERGIC RECEPTORS IN GLOMERULI(G) AND CORTICAL TUBULES (T)

Alpha adrenoceptors(AAC), beta adrenoceptors(BAC) and dopamine receptors(DR) were characterized in isolated rat G & T. Specific binding(SB) was the difference between binding of the ligand alone and in the presence of an excess (100 μM) of a specific competitor. The pairs used were 3H-WB4101 and l-norepinephrine (AAC), 3H-dihydroalprenolol and l-propranolol(BAC) and 3H-haloperidol and l-flupenthixol(DR). SB was rapid, reversible, linear to protein concentration and stereospecific. The potency of agonists and antagonists in competition studies was consistent for the specific receptor being studied. Apparent dissociation constant (Kd) and receptor occupancy (Ro) were calculated from Scatchard plots. The results (mean±SEM) are tabulated: For AAC, Ro and Kd were similar in G and T. For BAR, Ro was higher in G than in T but Kds were similar. For DR, Ro & Kd were higher in G than in T. These studies give the first evidence for specific DR in rat kidney. The presence of specific catecholamine receptors in G may explain the ability of adrenergic and dopaminergic agents to influence glomerular ultrafiltration.
A geographical partitioning-based pigeon assignment in a pigeon network

A special type of disruption/delay tolerant networks, known as pigeon networks, utilizes controllable vehicles called pigeons to convey messages among segregated hosts. This paper investigates the optimal assignment of multiple pigeons to serve hosts in a pigeon network such that the average message delay is minimized. To achieve this goal, first we provide an asymptotic analysis on the effectiveness of geographical partitioning-based method, which establishes the theoretical foundation for partitioning-based pigeon assignment. Second, we derive a near-optimal assignment of pigeons for a given partitioning through analysis. Finally, we design a pigeon assignment algorithm based on the theoretical analysis we have provided. Simulation results show that our algorithm can achieve lower delay compared to the existing schemes in delay tolerant networks.
Promiscuous honeybee queens generate colonies with a critical minority of waggle-dancing foragers

Honeybees present a paradox that is unusual among the social Hymenoptera: extremely promiscuous queens generate colonies of nonreproducing workers who cooperate to rear reproductives with whom they share limited kinship. Extreme polyandry, which lowers relatedness but creates within-colony genetic diversity, produces substantial fitness benefits for honeybee queens and their colonies because of increased disease resistance and workforce productivity. However, the way that these increases are generated by individuals in genetically diverse colonies remains a mystery. We assayed the foraging and dancing performances of workers in multiple-patriline and single-patriline colonies to discover how within-colony genetic diversity, conferred to colonies by polyandrous queens, gives rise to a more productive foraging effort. We also determined whether the initiation by foragers of waggle-dance signaling in response to an increasing sucrose stimulus (their dance response thresholds) was linked to patriline membership. Per capita, foragers in multiple-patriline colonies visited a food source more often and advertised it with more waggle-dance signals than foragers from single-patriline colonies, although there was variability among multiple-patriline colonies in the strength of this difference. High-participation patrilines emerged within multiple-patriline colonies, but their more numerous foragers and dancers were neither more active per capita nor lower-threshold dancers than their counterparts from low-participation patrilines. Our results demonstrate that extreme polyandry does not enhance recruitment effort through the introduction of low-dance-threshold, high-activity workers into a colony’s population. Rather, genetic diversity is critical for injecting into a colony’s workforce social facilitators who are more likely to become engaged in foraging-related activities, so boosting the production of dance signals and a colony’s responsiveness to profitable food sources.
Cloning, characterization, and steroid-dependent posttranscriptional processing of RUSH-1 alpha and beta, two uteroglobin promoter-binding proteins.

We previously used gel shift assays, Southwestern blots, and UV cross-linking to identify four proteins that bind to the 203-bp 5'-flanking region (-194/ +9) of the rabbit uteroglobin gene. Here we report cloning, by recognition site screening, the cDNAs for two of the uteroglobin promoter-binding proteins (95 kDa and 113 kDa). Their presumptive nucleotide-binding motifs share 61% identity with the SWI2/SNF2 helicase superfamily, and each protein has the novel C3HC4 (RING) zinc-finger signature near its C terminus. RUSH-1 alpha, the 113-kDa protein, is the rabbit homolog of human HIP116, a protein that binds to the human immunodeficiency virus-1 promoter. RUSH-1 beta is a 95-kDa truncated version of RUSH-1 alpha that results from alternative splicing of a 57-bp exon as confirmed by genomic cloning. Northern analysis showed mRNA expression (5.2 kb) was induced by progesterone +/- PRL and antagonized by estrogen. However, because the two proteins result from alternative splicing of a 57-bp exon, the small d...
EFFECTS OF CONCANAVALIN A AND PHORBOL MYRISTATE ACETATE ON GLUTAMINE METABOLISM AND PROLIFERATION OF PORCINE INTESTINAL INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES

This study was designed to determine the effects of concanavalin A (ConA) (a T-cell mitogen) and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) (an activator of protein kinase C) plus ionomycin (Iono) on glutamine metabolism and proliferation of porcine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). IEL were prepared from jejunum of 29-day-old pigs weaned at 21 days of age. Cells were cultured at 37 degrees C for 48 hr in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10 mM D-glucose, 0 to 4 mM L-glutamine, 0 to 5 micrograms/ml ConA, or 20 ng/ml PMA + 375 ng/ml Iono. The medium was also supplemented with 0 or 0.1 mM adenosine, guanosine, inosine, uridine or cytosine to study the effect of nucleosides or bases on IEL proliferation. IEL proliferation was assessed by pulsing with 3H-thymidine for 18 hr. Glutamine metabolism was studied in incubated IEL in the presence of Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing 5 mM D-glucose and 1 mM L-[U-14C]glutamine. PMA+Iono markedly stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation and glutamine metabolism to ammonia, glutamate, aspartate and CO2. When stimulated by PMA+Iono, rates of 3H-thymidine incorporation and glutamine metabolism were much lower in IEL than in mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes. Glutamine was required for IEL proliferation, and it could not be replaced by adenosine, guanosine, inosine, uridine or cytosine, suggesting that porcine IEL cannot interconvert purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Porcine IEL poorly or not at all responded to ConA stimulation, in contrast to lymph node lymphocytes, in terms of both [3H]thymidine uptake and glutamine metabolism.
Temperature Effects on Anti‐Predator Behaviour in Rhabdophis tigrinus, a Snake with Toxic Nuchal Glands

Many contextual factors affect the anti-predator behaviour of animals. In ectotherms, in which most physiological activities depend on body temperature, ambient temperature is one of the most important of these factors. We examined the effects of temperature on the anti-predator behaviour of an ectotherm, the Japanese grass snake (Rhabdophis tigrinus). This species has a large repertoire of anti-predator behavioural responses. Among these responses are several anti-predator displays that appear to be unique to this species and perhaps others in a small group of closely related species possessing nuchal glands containing toxic secretions that may be derived from their toxic toad diet. Snakes were tested at room temperatures of 14, 22 and 30°C with order of temperatures balanced. A long wand modified to simulate initial contact by a predator was used as the stimulus. Snakes exhibited rather passive responses (neck flatten, body flatten, neck arch and immobile) more frequently at low temperatures, and fled more frequently at high temperatures. The dorsal facing posture, a characteristic posture directed against the stimulus, was observed more frequently at low temperatures. Threatening, assertive responses such as strike were rarely observed. These results showed that R. tigrinus shifts its anti-predator behaviour from multiple passive responses to active flight responses with increasing temperature. This snake species thus appears to rely more on its nuchal glands as a predator deterrent at low ambient temperatures. Consistent individual variation was also observed, and its adaptive and causal bases are discussed.
Slurry erosion of WC-Co cermets and ceramics

Critical components in coal-liquefaction system, like letdown value trim and valve seats, are subject to severe wear from the erosive coal slurries. The slurry-erosion behavior of candidate valve trim and seat materials, like WC-Co cermets and hard ceramics (SiC, B4C), was studied by measuring the wear rates in a slurry-jet impingement test and by examining the wear craters in a scanning electron microscope. The erosion rates of the WC-Co cermets decreased monotonically with decreasing cobalt volume fraction in the range 36.9 to 5.1 Percent. The mechanism of erosion changed systematically from one involving preferential removal of binder and release of undamaged WC grains in high-binder alloys to a uniform transgranular wear of WC grains in the low-binder alloys. A sintered grade of SiC and a hot-pressed grade of B4C showed wear rates less than those of the cermets. Presented at the 39th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 7–10, 1984
Manganese and Iron Interrelationship in the Chick

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate the Mn-Fe interrelationship in the chick. Graded levels of Fe and two levels of Mn were added to a corn-soybean meal diet (157 mg Mn/kg; 372 mg Fe/kg) and to an Fe-deficient casein-dextrose diet containing 15.4 mg Mn/kg and 5.0 mg Fe/kg. Dietary Fe had little effect on the Mn status of the chick, regardless of the level of Fe supplementation. Conversely, Mn supplemented at 1,000 mg/kg reduced blood hemoglobin concentration, but only when the dietary Fe level was at or below the chick's requirement Levels of supplemental Fe up to 2,500 mg/kg had no effect on performance of chicks fed the corn-soybean diet, but a supplemental level of 5,000 mg Fe/kg diet reduced both weight gain and bone ash concentration. These data suggest that the interaction between Mn and Fe in the chick is a unidirectional phenomenon, in which excess Mn impairs Fe utilization but excess Fe does not antagonize Mn.
Reversal of Misfortune When Providing for Adversity

Often an economic agent dissatisfied with an endowed distribution of utilities desires to optimize this distribution by transferring income or resources across individuals or states of the world. This multi-state optimization theme recurs in a wide variety of economic contexts, ranging across taxation and income distribution, international trade andmarket disruption, labor contracts and unemployment insurance, Rawlsian design of social contracts, provision for retirement, and many others.Because analyses of such topics are frequently so context driven, the generality of this theme seems to have gone unnoticed and, of a particular paradoxical result, unappreciated. Lump-sum re-distribution or perfect and fair insurance in a first best environment will reverse the preference rankings of the endowed distribution of utilities – after redistribution the originally ‘bad’ outcomes become preferred to originally better ones.
Effects of Rough Rice Storage Conditions on the Amylograph and Cooking Properties of Medium‐Grain Rice cv. Bengal

ABSTRACT Rough rice (cv. Bengal) was stored at four moisture contents (8.8, 10.7, 12.9, and 13.6% MC) and three temperatures (3, 20, and 37°C) for up to six months. The amylograph overall paste viscosity of the milled rice increased during storage. This increase was most apparent in all samples stored at 37°C. For rice stored at 20 and 37°C at all MC levels, a 30–50% increase in peak viscosity (PV) was observed during the first three months of storage. PV subsequently leveled off for rice stored at 12.9 and 13.6% MC but declined for samples stored at 8.8 and 10.7% MC. The final viscosities also increased during storage. The water-absorption ratio of the samples during cooking in excess water increased by an average of 15% over six months of storage. The amylograph and cooking properties were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by rough rice storage duration, temperature, MC, and their respective interactions.
Explosive crystallization of rf-sputtered amorphous CdTe films

Explosive crystallization of about 2-μm thick amorphous CdTe films prepared by rf-sputtering in an Ar-N2 ambient has been observed. The transformation can be initiated with or without external thermal or mechanical impulses depending on the oxygen content of the films. The crystallization is accompanied by a light flash. X-ray diffraction, Auger analysis, and resistivity measurements were made on these films to arrive at a qualitative model to explain the observations.
Perspective in the environmental health sciences: a meeting report.

On June 26 and 27, 1986, the Charles A. Dana Foundation sponsored the Conference on the Environmental Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio. Hosted by Dr. Herbert S. Rosenkranz, Chairman of the Department of Environmental Health Sciences at Case Western Reserve University, the conference brought together, for the first time, sixteen academic leaders in the field of environmental health from around the country. In five sessions held over two days, the mission of the participants was to discuss the setting of policies and curricular standards for environmental health and to explore the possibility of forming a cohesive advisory group to serve at the national level, on behalf of the discipline.
Decoding NF-κB Signaling

The master transcription factor NF-kB regulates the expression of many target genes. In their Perspective, Ting and Endy discuss a new experiment-driven quantitative model (Hoffmannet al.) that seeks to explain how the NF-kB/IkB signaling pathway is fine-tuned so that it can switch on a series of early and late genes in response to a stimulus such as tumor necrosis factor.
Variable-Length Protein Sequence Motif Extraction Using Hierarchically-Clustered Hidden Markov Models

Primary sequence motif extraction from protein amino sequences is a field of growing importance in bioinformatics due to its relevance to both sequential and structural analysis. Many approaches for motif extraction include two limitations: a reliance on discovering an existing, known protein homologue to perform motif extraction or structural analysis, and an assumed motif length. This work would propose the Hierarchically Clustered-Hidden Markov Model approach, which represents the behavior and structure of proteins in terms of a Hidden Markov Model chain and hierarchically clusters each chain by minimizing distance between two given chain's structure and behavior. It is well known that HMM can be utilized for clustering purpose, however, methods for clustering on Hidden Markov Models themselves are rarely studied. In this paper, we proposed a hierarchical clustering based algorithm for HMMs to discover protein sequence motifs that transcend family boundaries with no assumption on the length of the motif. This paper carefully examines the effectiveness of this approach for motif extraction on 2, 593 proteins that share no more than 25% sequence identity. Many interesting motifs are generated. Three example motifs generated by the HC-HMM approach are analyzed and visualized with their tertiary structure.
Serial Section Radioautography of the Inner Ear: Histological Technique

THE FOLLOWING histological technique was developed in order to obtain routine serial sections of mouse temporal bones of a quality suitable for optimal light microscopy and radioautography. Light microscopic radioautography with tritium requires that sections be cut no thicker than 10μ and that they lie flat on the slide. These criteria are not readily met in the case of the heterogeneous tissues of the inner ear. A double embedding technique 1 was discarded because too long a time was required. Paraffin embedding, used by other investigators, 2-4 has resulted in poor cytological detail and artifacts in the radioautographs. Frozen sections of tissues embedded with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or gelatin were studied but the sections did not lie flat, it was difficult to obtain serial sections, and the cochlea sections usually fragmented. The method to be described is similar to one reported earlier, 5 but with modifications that were found helpful in
Electron microscopic studies of the distal border of the canine olfactory epithelium

The structure of the distal border of the olfactory epithelium from 25 normal adult dogs of various breeds was studied with the electron microscope. Sections of vesicles of olfactory cells were found to contain 6–16 characteristic cilia; it is estimated that a total of 100–150 olfactory cilia are probably present on each cell. The basal corpuscles of the cilia contained two accessory structures, namely the basal feet and the cross-striated rootlet fibers. The rootlet fibers consisted of a striated bundle of several fine, closely adherent filaments. Microtubules and multivesicular bodies were found in the olfactory cells. The supporting cells were easily recognized by their unique bushy microvilli, electron opaque cytoplasmic organelles, and smaller-sized multivesicular bodies. In addition to the usual supporting cell type, an apparent fourth cell type was observed. It contained short, sparse microvilli. This cell type was easily identifiable by the presence of a more electron translucent cytoplasm, and was postulated to be a precursor of the usual supporting cell type.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HEROIN USE NEEDLE SHARING AND TATTOOS RECEIVED IN PRISON WITH HEPATITIS B AND C POSITIVITY AMONG STREET- RECRUITED INJECTING DRUG USERS IN NEW MEXICO USA

This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV-1 infections among injecting drug users (IDU) in New Mexico. Serological and behavioural surveys were conducted in conjunction with street-based outreach, education and HIV counselling and testing. High rates of antibody positivity for HCV (82.2%) and HBV (61.1%), and a low rate for HIV (0.5%) were found. In multivariate analyses, both HBV and HCV infection were positively associated with increasing age, increasing years of injection and heroin use. Receipt of a tattoo in prison/jail was associated with HBV (odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.4, 3.8) and HCV (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.6, 7.5) infections. Prevention of bloodborne pathogens among IDUs should focus on young users, early in their drug use experience. Studies examining the relationship between tattooing and HBV and HCV infection are needed as are efforts to promote sterile tattooing, in prisons and elsewhere.
Profile likelihood inferences on semiparametric varying-coefficient partially linear models

Varying-coefficient partially linear models are frequently used in statistical modelling, but their estimation and inference have not been systematically studied. This paper proposes a profile least-squares technique for estimating the parametric component and studies the asymptotic normality of the profile least-squares estimator. The main focus is the examination of whether the generalized likelihood technique developed by Fan et al. is applicable to the testing problem for the parametric component of semiparametric models. We introduce the profile likelihood ratio test and demonstrate that it follows an asymptotically χ2 distribution under the null hypothesis. This not only unveils a new Wilks type of phenomenon, but also provides a simple and useful method for semiparametric inferences. In addition, the Wald statistic for semiparametric models is introduced and demonstrated to possess a sampling property similar to the profile likelihood ratio statistic. A new and simple bandwidth selection technique is proposed for semiparametric inferences on partially linear models and numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed methods.
Furosemide prevents the renal side effects of indomethacin therapy in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus.

To determine if furosemide would prevent the renal side effects of indomethacin therapy in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus, 19 premature infants were randomized into two groups: nine received indomethacin alone, and ten received indomethacin followed immediately by furosemide. There was no significant difference between the groups in birth weight, gestational age, postnatal age, and in cardiopulmonary or renal status at the time of study. Infants who received indomethacin and furosemide had significantly higher urine output (P Na and FE Cl (P
Baseline-Based Framework for Continuous Software Process Improvement (CSPI)

Software process improvement (SPI) continues to play a major role in quality software development. Advancement to high CMMI levels and retention of level mandates the use of documented and verifiable "continuous SPI". This paper describes a baseline-based quantitative approach to continuous SPI (referred to as CSPI). The approach works for both qualitative and quantitative SPI, but quantitative SPI is preferred and the focus is on quantitative CSPI. The primary pre-requisite for baseline-based CSPI is the identification of a measurable baseline parameter. Documented measurements of the parameter are made on a regular basis and comparisons are made to the original baseline value and optionally to subsequent non-baseline values. Delta comparisons and ratio comparisons can be made. The hallmark of a successful SPI strategy is a monotonically increasing delta or ratio comparison.
Adsorption and desorption of hydrolyzed metal ions. III. Scandium and chromium

Abstract Adsorption of scandium (III) and chromium (III) species on a PVC latex was measured using radioactive isotopes; the uptake increased with increasing pH. The data were interpreted by combining aspects of the models of James and Healy and also of Anderson and Bockris. The experimental and calculated results agree quite well for scandium, but not for chromium. The deviation in the latter case is believed to be due to polymerization of the hydrolyzed chromium cations and to the interaction of chromium with the anionic surface groups of the latex. Neither of these interactions occur with scandium. Hydrolyzed scandium species adsorbed on the latex were removed by acidifying the dispersion, while chromium complexes were not, substantiating the proposed difference in the chemical nature of chromium and scandium species at the solid/solution interface.
Diagnosis and Management of Sports-Related Concussion: A 15-Year-Old Athlete With a Concussion

Concussion in youth athletes is a growing problem worldwide. During the past decade, significant progress has been made in standardization of the assessment of young athletes, and a growing appreciation of metabolic vulnerability, activity, and cognitive challenges has led to guidelines and suggestions for rest from the field as well as cognitive rest from school. Outcome data have begun to establish groups linked to symptom class, genetics, and sex who are at risk of worse outcomes from concussions. Decisions regarding return to activity are now based on at-rest symptoms, graded increases in activity, and neuropsychological testing. Using the case of Ms X, a 15-year-old otherwise healthy high school student who fell while skiing, evaluation, prognosis, and management of concussion are discussed.
Treatment considerations for maxillary implant overdentures: A systematic review

Statement of problem Implant overdenture treatment for the edentulous maxilla is challenging due to inherent anatomic and biomechanical problems. Moreover, controversy persists as to factors critical for implant and prosthetic success. Established criteria for design of the maxillary implant overdenture are lacking. Purpose This article reviews the literature on maxillary implant overdentures with an emphasis on number, length, and distribution of implants, splinted or unsplinted anchorage systems, maintenance, and patient satisfaction. Material and methods A systematic review of the literature was undertaken seeking evidence to establish criteria for treatment considerations for implant overdenture treatment of the edentulous maxilla. A search of English language peer-reviewed literature was completed using Medline between the period of 1988 to 2006, focusing on evidence-based research. This was supplemented with a manual search of selected journals and textbooks. Randomized controlled clinical trials, nonrandomized controlled studies, longitudinal experimental clinical studies, longitudinal prospective studies, and longitudinal retrospective studies were favored in the review, using a general hierarchical classification. Articles that did not focus on or have an impact on implant overdenture treatment on the maxilla were excluded from the evaluation. The last search was conducted on December 31, 2006. Key terms included maxillary, dental implant, and overdenture. Results The literature demonstrates a limited number of randomized controlled trials and longitudinal prospective and retrospective studies to strongly support treatment consideration premises for the implant overdenture treatment of the edentulous maxilla. Conclusions Within the limits of this systematic review, treatment consideration recommendations have been posited given the available evidence. Better designed, longitudinal studies with higher power are required to establish definitive evidence-based treatment planning principles for the maxillary implant overdenture patient.
Lithium Intercalation Behavior in Multilayer Silicon Electrodes

Next generation lithium battery materials will require a fundamental shift from those based on intercalation to elements or compounds that alloy directly with lithium. Intermetallics, for instance, can electrochemically alloy to Li4.4M (M = Si, Ge, Sn, etc.), providing order-of-magnitude increases in energy density. Unlike the stable crystal structure of intercalation materials, intermetallic-based electrodes undergo dramatic volume changes that rapidly degrade the performance of the battery. Here, the energy density of silicon is combined with the structural reversibility of an intercalation material using a silicon/metal-silicide multilayer. In operando X-ray reflectivity confirms the multilayer's structural reversibility during lithium insertion and extraction, despite an overall 3.3-fold vertical expansion. The multilayer electrodes also show enhanced long-term cyclability and rate capabilities relative to a comparable silicon thin film electrode. This intercalation behavior found by dimensionally constraining silicon's lithiation promises applicability to a wide range of conversion reactions.
Migration of seismic data by phase shift plus interpolation

Under the horizontally layered velocity assumption, migration is defined by a set of independent ordinary differential equations in the wavenumber‐frequency domain. The wave components are extrapolated downward by rotating their phases. This paper shows that one can generalize the concepts of the phase‐shift method to media having lateral velocity variations. The wave extrapolation procedure consists of two steps. In the first step, the wave field is extrapolated by the phase‐shift method using l laterally uniform velocity fields. The intermediate result is l reference wave fields. In the second step, the actual wave field is computed by interpolation from the reference wave fields. The phase shift plus interpolation (PSPI) method is unconditionally stable and lends itself conveniently to migration of three‐dimensional data. The performance of the methods is demonstrated on synthetic examples. The PSPI migration results are then compared with those obtained from a finite‐difference method.
Antigen-based immunotherapy drives the precocious development of autoimmunity

During the development of type I diabetes mellitus in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, T cell autoimmunity gradually spreads among β cell Ags. Little is known about how autoantigen-based immunotherapies affect this spreading hierarchy. We treated newborn NOD mice with different autoantigenic β cell peptides (in adjuvant) and characterized their T cell responses at 4 wk of age, when autoimmunity is usually just beginning to arise to a few β cell Ag determinants. Surprisingly, we found that regardless of whether an early, or late target determinant was administered, autoimmunity had already arisen to all tested β cell autoantigen determinants, far in advance of when autoimmunity would have naturally arisen to these determinants. Thus, rather than limiting the loss of self-tolerance, immunotherapy caused the natural spreading hierarchy to be bypassed and autoreactivities to develop precociously. Evidently, young NOD mice have a broad array of β cell-reactive T cells whose activation/expansion can occur rapidly after treatment with a single β cell autoantigen. Notably, the precocious autoreactivities were Th2 type, with the exception that a burst of precocious Th1 responses was also induced to the injected autoantigen and there were always some Th1 responses to glutamic acid decarboxylase. Similarly treated type 1 diabetes mellitus-resistant mouse strains developed Th2 responses only to the injected Ag. Thus, autoantigen administration can induce a cascade of autoimmune responses in healthy (preautoimmune) mice that are merely genetically susceptible to spontaneous autoimmune disease. Such phenomena have not been observed in experimental autoimmune disease models and may have important clinical implications.
An English Visitor's Comments on The American Religious Scene, 1846

Few religious thinkers in modern times displayed a keener foresight and perception than John Henry Newman. The extraordinary talent he possessed in that regard rarely showed to better advantage than during Vatican Council II when repeated approbation was expressed in both the formal debates and in the private discussions of the bishops, the periti, and others in attendance at Rome for the theological views that Newman had held—often at the price of grave misunderstanding—a century or more ago. The two particulars which perhaps received more notice than any others were the ideas set forth in his famous essay in The Rambler for July, 1859, “On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Doctrine,” a new edition of which was published as recently as 1961, and the Essay on the Dcvelopnient of Christian Doctrine, written while Newman was still an Anglican, and which was published in November, 1845, a few weeks after he had been received into the Roman Catholic Church.
Nuclear localization of clathrin involves a labile helix outside the trimerization domain

Clathrin is a trimeric protein involved in receptor-mediated-endocytosis, but can function as a non-trimer outside of endocytosis. We have discovered that the subcellular distribution of a clathrin cysteine mutant we previously studied is altered and a proportion is also localized to nuclear spaces. MALS shows C1573A hub is a mixture of trimer-like and detrimerized molecules. The X-ray structure of the trimerization domain reveals that without light chains, a helix harboring cysteine-1573 is reoriented. We propose clathrin has a detrimerization switch, which suggests clathrin topology can be altered naturally for new functions.
Molecular Anatomy of an Intracranial Aneurysm Coordinated Expression of Genes Involved in Wound Healing and Tissue Remodeling

Background and Purpose—Approximately 6% of human beings harbor an unruptured intracranial aneurysm. Each year in the United States, >30 000 people suffer a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, resulting in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Despite the high incidence and catastrophic consequences of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm and the fact that there is considerable evidence that predisposition to intracranial aneurysm has a strong genetic component, very little is understood with regard to the pathology and pathogenesis of this disease. Methods—To begin characterizing the molecular pathology of intracranial aneurysm, we used a global gene expression analysis approach (SAGE-Lite) in combination with a novel data-mining approach to perform a high-resolution transcript analysis of a single intracranial aneurysm, obtained from a 3-year-old girl. Results—SAGE-Lite provides a detailed molecular snapshot of a single intracranial aneurysm. These data suggest that, at least in this specific case, aneurysmal dilation result...
Mitochondrial adaptations to NaCl. Complex I is protected by anti-oxidants and small heat shock proteins, whereas complex II is protected by proline and betaine.

High soil sodium (Na) is a common stress in natural and agricultural systems. Roots are usually the first tissues exposed to Na stress and Na stress-related impairment of mitochondrial function is likely to be particularly important in roots. However, neither the effects of NaCl on mitochondrial function, nor its protection by several potential adaptive mechanisms, have been well studied. This study investigated the effects of NaCl stress on maize (Zea mays) mitochondrial electron transport and its relative protection by osmoprotectants (proline, betaine, and sucrose), antioxidants (ascorbate, glutathione, and α-tocopherol), antioxidant enzymes (catalase and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase), and mitochondrial small heat shock proteins (sHsps). We demonstrate that Complex I electron transport is protected by antioxidants and sHsps, but not osmoprotectants, whereas Complex II is protected only by low concentrations of proline and betaine. These results indicate that NaCl stress damaged Complex I via oxidative stress and suggests that sHsps may protect Complex I as antioxidants, but NaCl damaged Complex II directly. This is the first study to demonstrate that NaCl stress differentially affects Complex I and II in plants and that protection of Complex I and II during NaCl stress is achieved by different mechanisms.
In defense of roots: a research agenda for studying plant resistance to belowground herbivory.

Interest in root biology research is experiencing a dramatic increase. From a microphytocentric perspective, the availability of Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) mutants, along with a sequenced genome, has led to valuable insights into root biochemistry, development, and other functions ([Flores
Children with Language Disorders Natural History and Academic Success

Children with developmental language disorders pose specific and unique problems for educators. This article addresses the continuing academic vulnerability of these children during the school years. We advance the position that their academic vulnerability results from the lifelong need to acquire language, to learn with language, and to apply language knowledge for academic learning and social development. Issues are addressed that relate to persistence of language deficits and learning in school.
Practical PACE for embedded systems

In current embedded systems, one of the major concerns is energy conservation. The dynamic voltage-scheduling (DVS) framework, which involves dynamically adjusting the voltage and frequency of the CPU, has become a well studied technique. It has been shown that if a task's computational requirement is only known probabilistically, there is no constant optimal speed for the task and the expected energy consumption is minimized by gradually increasing speed as the task progresses citelorchsmith. It is possible to find the optimal speed schedule if we assume continuous speed and a well defined power function, which are assumptions that do not hold in practice. In this paper, we study the problem from a practical point of view, that is, we study the case of discrete speeds and make no restriction on the form of the power functions. Furthermore, we take into account processor idle power and speed change overhead, which were ignored in previous similar studies. We present a fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS), which has performance guarantees and usually obtains solutions very close to the optimal solution in practice. Our evaluation shows that our algorithm performs very well and generally obtains solutions within 0.1.
Describing brain activity of persons with AD and depressive symptoms.

Abstract The purpose of this retrospective pilot study was to characterize depression of AD using electrophysiological changes in the brain activity of persons with AD and depressive symptoms. Participants had a mean age of 70.12±12.68. Participants manifested an increase in absolute/relative theta activity (p=.000) over entire brain when compared to normative population-based database. Electrophysiological changes did not differ by age or gender except for increased absolute theta activity in the right lateral frontal areas ( t -test=−2.31 to −2.39, p=.04) in females. An increased theta activity suggests that depressive symptoms may be part of AD symptomatology, not a co-morbid feature.
NONSTATIONARY STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS AND APPLICATIONS TO CHEMICAL PHYSICS

A new approach to understanding nonstationary processes has recently been developed through the use of the so-called irreversible generalized Langevin equation (iGLE). The iGLE model can accommodate nonstationary changes in temperature and the friction strength of the environment. These changes may be coupled to macroscopic averages of the environment as induced by the collective motion of many equivalent tagged particles. As these environments may not be identical, the WiGLE model has also been developed, and it accounts for heterogeneous environments, each of which is coupled to a set of w neighbors. Possible applications of these models include the chemical reaction dynamics of thermosetting polymers and living polymers, and the folding dynamics of proteins.
Useful techniques of validation for spatially explicit land-change models

This paper offers techniques of validation that land-use and -cover change (LUCC) modelers should find useful because the methods give information that is useful to improve LUCC models and to set the agenda for future LUCC research. Specifically, the validation technique: (a) budgets sources of agreement and disagreement between the prediction map and the reference map, (b) compares the predictive model to a Null model that predicts pure persistence, (c) compares the predictive model to a Random model that predicts change evenly across the landscape, and (d) evaluates the goodness-of-fit at multiple-resolutions to see how scale influences the assessment. This paper introduces a new criterion called the Null Resolution, which is the spatial resolution at which the predictive model is as accurate as the Null model. For illustration, these techniques are applied to assess an LUCC model called Geomod, which predicts land change in the 22 towns of the Ipswich River Watershed in northeastern Massachusetts, USA. For this application, the Null Resolution is approximately 1 km. At resolutions finer than 1 km, the Null model performs better than Geomod, which performs better than the Random model. At resolutions coarser than 1 km, both Geomod and the Random models perform better than the Null model, but Geomod and the Random models are nearly indistinguishable beyond the 1 km resolution. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Shoulder muscle fatigue during repetitive tasks as measured by electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy.

Objective:The objective of this study was to quantify shoulder muscle fatigue during repetitive exertions similar to motions found in automobile assembly tasks.Background:Shoulder musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a common and costly problem in automotive manufacturing.Method:Ten subjects participated in the study. There were three independent variables: shoulder angle, frequency, and force. There were two types of dependent measures: percentage change in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures and change in electromyography (EMG) median frequency. The anterior deltoid and trapezius muscles were measured for both NIRS and EMG. Also, EMG was collected on the middle deltoid and biceps muscles.Results:The results showed that oxygenated hemoglobin decreased significantly due to the main effects (shoulder angle, frequency, and force). The percentage change in oxygenated hemoglobin had a significant interaction attributable to force and repetition for the anterior deltoid muscle, indicating that as repeti...
Participants' Attendance at a Health Promotion Program for Older Widows and Widowers

Abstract Spousal bereavement can be disruptive to self-care and health promotion practices; therefore, older widow(er)s could benefit from health education classes, provided they are motivated to attend. Unfortunately, efforts to attract older adults to many established health promotion programs have not been very successful. Guided by the theory of reasoned action (TRA), we attempted to determine to what extent attendance at Pathfinders, a health promotion program for older widow(er)s, was explained by behavioral attitude (expected outcomes of attendance and how they were valued), subjective norm (beliefs about others' opinions about attending and motivation to comply with those beliefs), and behavioral intention to attend all the classes. Eighty-Four widow(er)s age 50 and over attended an average of 7.8 classes (out of 11 possible). Behavioral attitude and subjective norm combined to explain more than 25% of the variance in intention to attend all the classes, but the TRA model failed to predict actual ...
Epitaxial growth and interface roughness of PdMn/Fe bilayer structures grown by ion-beam sputtering

Different orientations of PdMn films and different stacking orders of PdMn and Fe on MgO(001) were studied. At low temperatures (T 300°C). The inverted structures, Fe(001)/PdMn(001)/MgO(001) and Fe(001)/PdMn(100)/MgO(001), were obtained epitaxially for the first time. The magnetic exchange coupling (He) of these PdMn/Fe bilayers show a wide range in values: ∼ 10 Oe for annealed a-axis samples, ∼ 33 Oe for c-axis normal samples and ∼ 68 Oe for c-axis inverted samples. The interface roughness of these samples was characterized by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). The orientation relationships were confirmed by x-ray diffraction and TEM. The possible origins for the He difference in a-axis and c-axis growth samples and the normal and inverted samples are discussed.