cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of Impurity Profiles in Silicon p-n Junction Rectifiers

THE operating properties of semiconductor devices utilizing minority carrier phenomena are strongly influenced by very low concentrations of chemical impurities and structural defects that act as charge carrier recombination centers. The time variation of the concentration of such impurities and defects affects the reliability of highly reliable devices. The temporal change in the relative concentrations of the electronic states arising from these imperfections may be determined from the measurement of such parameters as charge carrier lifetime, reverse leakage current, and the capacity-voltage characteristics of a p-n junction device. This paper will treat a detailed study of the net ionized impurity concentration, NA - ND, obtained from the capacity-voltage measurements of silicon rectifiers as a function of stress temperature and applied reverse voltage for times in excess 10,000 hours. The variation of the capacity-voltage characteristic with time is attributed to changes in both bulk and surface effects, which may be separately identified. Surface effects are related to the adsorption during stress of a negative charge on the region where the depletion layer of the reverse-biased junction intersects the surface, and the adsorption of a positive charge on the surface of the base region beyond the depletion layer. The concentration of surface charge required to account for the observed change in junction capacity is approximately 6.5 × 1010 cm?2, resulting in an apparent change of NA - ND of about 2%. Variations in NA - ND with stress time of as much as 20% have been observed.
Predicting Patient-specific Dosimetric Benefits of Proton Therapy for Skull-base Tumors Using a Geometric Knowledge-based Method

Purpose To predict the organ at risk (OAR) dose levels achievable with proton beam therapy (PBT), solely based on the geometric arrangement of the target volume in relation to the OARs. A comparison with an alternative therapy yields a prediction of the patient-specific benefits offered by PBT. This could enable physicians at hospitals without proton capabilities to make a better-informed referral decision or aid patient selection in model-based clinical trials. Methods and Materials Skull-base tumors were chosen to test the method, owing to their geometric complexity and multitude of nearby OARs. By exploiting the correlations between the dose and distance-to-target in existing PBT plans, the models were independently trained for 6 types of OARs: brainstem, cochlea, optic chiasm, optic nerve, parotid gland, and spinal cord. Once trained, the models could estimate the feasible dose–volume histogram and generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) for OAR structures of new patients. The models were trained using 20 patients and validated using an additional 21 patients. Validation was achieved by comparing the predicted gEUD to that of the actual PBT plan. Results The predicted and planned gEUD were in good agreement. Considering all OARs, the prediction error was +1.4 ± 5.1 Gy (mean ± standard deviation), and Pearson's correlation coefficient was 93%. By comparing with an intensity modulated photon treatment plan, the model could classify whether an OAR structure would experience a gain, with a sensitivity of 93% (95% confidence interval: 87%-97%) and specificity of 63% (95% confidence interval: 38%-84%). Conclusions We trained and validated models that could quickly and accurately predict the patient-specific benefits of PBT for skull-base tumors. Similar models could be developed for other tumor sites. Such models will be useful when an estimation of the feasible benefits of PBT is desired but the experience and/or resources required for treatment planning are unavailable.
Tobacco-free policies at worksites in Kansas

This study sought to examine the relationship between tobacco-free policies at worksites to worksite demographics such as company size and geographic location. Worksites participating in a worksite wellness workshop were asked to complete a worksite wellness instrument, which provided an assessment of their wellness practices already in place in the worksite, including the degree to which tobacco-free policies were in place at the worksite. At a bivariate level, those more likely to have tobacco-free policies included: urban employers (76.8% versus 50% rural employers, p = 0.0001); large employers (> = 250 employees) (74.3% versus 43.1% small employers (<50 employees), p = 0.0003); and schools (69.4%) and hospitals (61.5%) (versus 35.5%, agricultural/ manufacturing employers, p = 0.0125). At the multivariate level, rural employers (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.23, 0.95) and small employers (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.16, 0.71) had decreased odds, compared to their urban and large employer counterparts, of having tobacco-free policies. Rural and smaller employers are less likely to have tobacco-free policies than their urban and large counterparts.
Revisiting Bedrock Values: The Stability and Predictive Power of the Society Works Best Index:

In their 2011 piece, Smith et al. argue that there is a set of fundamental or bedrock values that predict ideology and that are strongly influenced by genetics. These values are considered universa...
A variational approach to second-order multisymplectic field theory

Abstract This paper presents a geometric-variational approach to continuous and discrete second-order field theories following the methodology of [Marsden, Patrick, Shkoller, Comm. Math. Phys. 199 (1998) 351–395]. Staying entirely in the Lagrangian framework and letting Y denote the configuration fiber bundle, we show that both the multisymplectic structure on J3Y as well as the Noether theorem arise from the first variation of the action function. We generalize the multisymplectic form formula derived for first-order field theories in [Marsden, Patrick, Shkoller, Comm. Math. Phys. 199 (1998) 351–395], to the case of second-order field theories, and we apply our theory to the Camassa–Holm (CH) equation in both the continuous and discrete settings. Our discretization produces a multisymplectic-momentum integrator, a generalization of the Moser–Veselov rigid body algorithm to the setting of nonlinear PDEs with second-order Lagrangians.
Surgical Management of the Failing Systemic Ventricle

Abstract Heart failure (HF) is a complex physiologic phenomenon that, prior to the modern era, was poorly understood despite being widely recognized. The typical symptoms of dyspnea, cachexia, and edema were known in antiquity and were a portent of death. Today, it is recognized as a progressive clinical syndrome with a variety of etiologies and pathophysiologies and is becoming better understood at a molecular level. Compared to older patients, HF in children and young adults not only includes many of the same diagnoses but also the sequelae of complex congenital heart disease. Many of these are rare conditions and defy a simple classification system. All of congenital heart surgery may be considered as treatment for or prevention of HF. In this chapter, we will focus on emerging surgical strategies for the systemic right ventricle, the failing Fontan, and the borderline left ventricle.
Remarks on the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture

Let E be an elliptic curve over a number field K which satisfies the Taniyama-Weil conjecture for L E . The first assertion in the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture is that L E(s) has a zero of order r = rk(E(K)). The rank of the Mordell-Weil group was the invariant of E that was completely inaccessible by elementary methods unlike, for example, the torsion subgroup of E(K). In the original papers where the conjecture was made, Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer checked the statement for a large family of curves of the form y 2 = x 3 — Dx and y 2 = x 3 — D, which, being curves with complex multiplication, have an L-function with analytic continuation.
Initial Results on Deep Learning for Joint Channel Equalization and Decoding

Historically, most of the channel encoding and decoding algorithms have been designed to deal with and evaluated under the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. However, in the reality, the channel is far more complicated than the AWGN assumption. Traditionally, qualizers are employed to combat the channel effects and frequency-selective fading of wireless channels. In this article, we take the advantage of deep learning approaches to handle the various channel distortions, by proposing an end-to-end approach. To train the model efficiently, the training data is obtained by simulation where the encoding process and the channel effects are viewed as a complete black box. This method can also be applied to time- varying channels for simultaneously channel estimation and symbol detection. Simulation results show that the deep learning based decoders have the ability to learn the complicated encoder function and address various channel effects. Furthermore, the deep learning based method provides an end-to-end approach, leading to a better performance in the channels with various distortions. This article represents the first step for a universal framework of information recovering from a large range of channel codes and channels.
The Pan-African Experience: From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union

Faced with pressures from below and the wave of new energies from the African peoples, the Executive Council of the African Union in May 2013 declared an ambitious agenda for a people-centered Union to achieve the agenda of full unity by 2063. From the outset, the Pan-African Movement has articulated this goal of the full unification of Africa and the emancipation of African peoples in all parts of the world. This chapter is one more effort to grasp the Pan-African experiences from the Organization of African Unity to the African Union. In this contribution, by Pan-African experience we mean the process of getting knowledge or skill from doing, seeing, or feeling things associated with the emancipation of Africa. In this case, the getting of knowledge and skill came from the differing Pan-African activities that were undertaken to advance the cause of freedom. The chapter traces the evolution of the global idea of Pan-Africanism and its political and ideological manifestations over the historic period since the transatlantic slave trade. The Conclusion calls on scholars and students of Pan-Africanism to break from the traditional and worn-out assumptions of African reconstruction and embrace the spirit of Ubuntu, which is the new paradigm for Pan-Africanism emanating from victories of a revitalized people.
SMALL RNA ICOSAHEDRAL VIRUSES (NAPOVIRUSES AND PICORNAVIRUSES)

This chapter discusses the structure and dimensions of small RNA icosahedral viruses. These viruses have small icosahedral structures and are considered to be within a size range of about 25.0 nm to 30.0 nm across, and they are known to contain nucleic acid of the RNA type. For convenience, they have been classified in two separate groups: (1) napoviruses, which include a large number of plant viruses, and (2) the picornaviruses, covering a range of small animal viruses. The chapter presents some typical examples of these viruses. The turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) has been used to illustrate the small RNA icosahedral viruses because it has probably received more attention from biochemists and electron microscopists than any other of the small plant icosahedral viruses since its first description by Markham and Smith in 1946.
A Symbolic Approach for Multi-target Dynamic Reach-avoid Problem

This paper develops a symbolic technique for the control and path planning of autonomous vehicles in adversarial environments. We consider the objective of the autonomous vehicle as visiting a set of targets sequentially, while avoiding a dynamic adversarial (defending) vehicle. To address this multi-target dynamic reach-avoid path planning problem, this paper proposes a novel efficient hybrid, correct-by-design, symbolic solution. For this purpose, the dynamic interactions between the vehicles and their logical behaviors are captured in the form of General Reactivity (1), and then a hybrid control system is constructed to generate winning trajectories, which satisfy the objective of the attacking autonomous vehicle. The proposed technique is verified through several simulations and the results show the effectiveness of the developed algorithm.
Generic limits re-visited and an updated sectional classification for Protium (tribe Protieae). Studies in neotropical Burseraceae XXV.

In recent molecular phylogenetic work on tribe Protieae (Burseraceae) with thorough sampling, the major well-supported clades show remarkable congruence with infrageneric classifications based on morphology, but the results call for synonymizing Crepidospermum and Tetragastris with Protium, thereby making Protieae monophyletic and monogeneric under the name Protium. The necessary synonymies and a brief diagnosis for each of the eight sections of Protium are provided, and these new combinations are made: Protium balsamiferum, P. catuaba, P. chagrense, P. herbertii, P. mucronatum, P. occhionii, and P. rhynchophyllum.
Customer Acceptance of AI in Service Encounters: Understanding Antecedents and Consequences

In this chapter, we take a customer-centric view of narrow artificial intelligence (AI), or task-specific AI applications. Because of the breadth and extent of AI applications, we limit our focus to service encounters—which are times when customers interact directly on the frontline with a service company or organization. The purpose is to illuminate the roles of AI in the context of frontline service encounters and to identify the potential benefits and negative consequences for customers of AI-supported, AI-augmented, and AI-performed services. We develop a conceptual framework of the antecedents and consequences of AI acceptance by customers grounded in previous research, theory, and practice. Previous research has examined the adoption of self-service technologies (SSTs) and established that innovation characteristics and individual differences predict role clarity, motivation and ability (RMA), which in turn predict adoption of SSTs (see Meuter et al. 2005; Blut et al. 2016). However, we believe that additional antecedents will come into play in predicting the acceptance of service encounter technologies tied to AI. Therefore, we expand the relevant set of antecedents beyond the established constructs and theories to include variables that are particularly relevant for AI applications such as privacy concerns, trust, and perceptions of “creepiness.” We also examine a broader set of potential consequences of customer acceptance of AI including what customers may experience (e.g., more personalized service encounters) and how AI may affect customers (e.g., lead to increased well-being due to more access to services). The chapter concludes with research questions and directions for the future tied directly to the conceptual framework.
Hispanic Orientation and Cancer-Related Knowledge in Childhood Cancer Survivors.

Cancer-related knowledge among childhood cancer survivors (CCSs) has been underexplored. In particular, little is known about factors impacting knowledge of the need for lifelong follow-up care in ...
Association of High miR-182 Levels with Low-Risk Prostate Cancer

A subset of men with prostate cancer develops aggressive disease. We sought to determine whether miR-182, an miRNA with reported oncogenic functions in the prostate, is associated with biochemical recurrence and aggressive disease. Prostate epithelial miR-182 expression was quantified via in situ hybridization of two prostate tissue microarrays and by laser-capture microdissection of prostate epithelium. miR-182 was significantly higher in cancer epithelium than adjacent benign epithelium (P
FAIM opposes stress-induced loss of viability and blocks the formation of protein aggregates

A number of proteinopathies are associated with accumulation of misfolded proteins, which form pathological insoluble deposits. It is hypothesized that molecules capable of blocking formation of such protein aggregates might avert disease onset or delay disease progression. Here we report that Fas Apoptosis Inhibitory Molecule (FAIM) counteracts stress-induced loss of viability. We found that levels of ubiquitinated protein aggregates produced by cellular stress are much greater in FAIM-deficient cells and tissues. Moreover, in an in vitro cell-free system, FAIM specifically and directly prevents pathological protein aggregates without participation by other cellular elements, in particular the proteasomal and autophagic systems. Although this activity is similar to the function of heat shock proteins (HSPs), FAIM, which is highly conserved throughout evolution, bears no homology to any other protein, including HSPs. These results identify a new actor that protects cells against stress-induced loss of viability by preventing protein aggregates.
Words hurt: Political rhetoric, emotions/affect, and psychological well-being among Mexican-origin youth

We examined the effect of political rhetoric on the targets of that rhetoric. Drawing from scholarship on anti-Mexican and anti-immigrant rhetoric found readily in various media and scholarship on emotions, we tested four hypotheses. Hypotheses 1 and 2 predicted that positive and negative political rhetoric would increase and decrease positive and negative emotions, respectively. Hypotheses 3 and 4 then predicted that emotional responses to positive or negative political rhetoric would influence perceived stress, subjective health, and subjective well-being. Data collection occurred between August 2016 and June 2017 at a university in California. A sample of 280 Mexican-origin youth, defined broadly as having at least one ancestor born in Mexico or the participant themselves born in Mexico, participated in an experiment where they were randomly assigned to one of three study conditions: viewing (1) positive or (2) negative political rhetoric about immigrants and Latinos in general, or (3) neutral rhetoric as a control condition before providing qualitative responses to open-ended questions and completing measures of positive and negative affect, perceived stress, subjective health, and subjective well-being. Qualitative responses indicated that negative and positive political rhetoric elicited a range of negative emotions and positive emotions, respectively. Quantitative analysis with independent samples t-tests, ANOVA, and linear regression models found that negative political rhetoric elicited higher negative affect than positive and neutral rhetoric, and positive rhetoric elicited higher positive affect than negative and neutral rhetoric. Negative emotional responses, in turn, were associated with participants' higher perceived stress, lower subjective health and lower subjective well-being. Conversely, positive emotional responses were associated with lower perceived stress, higher subjective health, and higher subjective well-being. Positive political rhetoric, by eliciting positive emotions, can have a salubrious effect. Altogether, these findings suggest that political rhetoric matters for the targets of that rhetoric.
Environment, development, and security politics in the production of Belt and Road spaces

China’s deepening ties with central Eurasian countries through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) cannot be considered apart from the material conditions that gave rise to citizen mobilizations wit...
Nanosecond photochemically promoted click chemistry for enhanced neuropeptide visualization and rapid protein labeling

Comprehensive protein identification and concomitant structural probing of proteins are of great biological significance. However, this is challenging to accomplish simultaneously in one confined space. Here, we develop a nanosecond photochemical reaction (nsPCR)-based click chemistry, capable of structural probing of proteins and enhancing their identifications through on-demand removal of surrounding matrices within nanoseconds. The nsPCR is initiated using a photoactive compound, 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA), and is examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Benefiting from the on-demand matrix-removal effect, this nsPCR strategy enables enhanced neuropeptide identification and visualization from complex tissue samples such as mouse brain tissue. The design shows great promise for structural probing of proteins up to 155 kDa due to the exclusive accessibility of nsPCR to primary amine groups, as demonstrated by its general applicability using a series of proteins with various lysine residues from multiple sample sources, with accumulated labeling efficiencies greater than 90%. Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics aim to identify and quantify proteins from complex biological samples. Here, the authors developed a method for simultaneous high-throughput protein labelling and on-demand matrix removal within nanoseconds.
Probing shallower: perceptual loss trained Phase Extraction Neural Network (PLT-PhENN) for artifact-free reconstruction at low photon budget

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are efficient solvers for ill-posed problems and have been shown to outperform classical optimization techniques in several computational imaging problems. In supervised mode, DNNs are trained by minimizing a measure of the difference between their actual output and their desired output; the choice of measure, referred to as "loss function," severely impacts performance and generalization ability. In a recent paper [A. Goy et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121(24), 243902 (2018)], we showed that DNNs trained with the negative Pearson correlation coefficient (NPCC) as the loss function are particularly fit for photon-starved phase-retrieval problems, though the reconstructions are manifestly deficient at high spatial frequencies. In this paper, we show that reconstructions by DNNs trained with default feature loss (defined at VGG layer ReLU-22) contain more fine details; however, grid-like artifacts appear and are enhanced as photon counts become very low. Two additional key findings related to these artifacts are presented here. First, the frequency signature of the artifacts depends on the VGG's inner layer that perceptual loss is defined upon, halving with each MaxPooling2D layer deeper in the VGG. Second, VGG ReLU-12 outperforms all other layers as the defining layer for the perceptual loss.
Een biopsychosociaal model voor zelfverwonding

Zelfverwonding wordt in dit boek als een biopsychosociaal verschijnsel gepresenteerd. Op basis daarvan wordt een bio-cognitief gedragstherapeutische beoordeling en behandeling aanbevolen. Het eenvoudige, gestructureerde model dat in dit hoofdstuk wordt beschreven, is opgesteld met de gebruiker in het achterhoofd en leidt rechtstreeks naar de aanbevolen beoordelings- en behandeltechnieken in de hoofdstukken erna. Een veel complexer, veelomvattender theoretische verklaring voor zelfverwonding is het biosociale model van Linehan (1993a), dat door Brown (2002) is geactualiseerd en exclusief is toegespitst op zelfverwonding. Nock (2009a, b, 2010) geeft een andere complexe verklaring; ook die kan ik zeer aanbevelen.
Creating a learning commons: a practical guide for librarians: Lampert, Lynn D., and Meyers-Martin, Coleen. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, xxiv + 178 pp., $65.00, ISBN 978-1-4422-7263-7.

Creating a Learning Commons: A Practical Guide for Librarians is an important resource for any library and campus that is considering creating a learning commons. The authors, Lynn D. Lampert and C...
Arbitrating the England Problem: Litigation, Private Ordering, and the Rise of the Modern Economy

Legal scholars, historians, and social scientists have long puzzled over how England—with its apparently irrational common-law system—gave birth to the Industrial Revolution. One prominent solution has been to suggest that eighteenth-century merchants used arbitration and other forms of private ordering to sidestep England’s defective legal system. This Article questions that story by offering a new account of how and why extralegal commercial arbitration declined in the early years of the Industrial Revolution. Until the middle of the eighteenth century, merchants could generally resolve their disputes without courts or lawyers. But that changed as new forms of lending arose, credit transactions became more impersonal, and disputes became more focused on short-term victory than long-term relationships. As a result, merchants sought more formal ways to settle their differences, and even “private” arbitration came to depend on state law. The law’s heightened importance, in turn, enhanced the state’s control over merchants. This historical account suggests that the rise of the modern credit economy reshaped the possibilities of private ordering. It also casts doubt on recent attempts to distinguish “private” arbitration from “public” litigation by suggesting that the line between the two has long been blurred.
Stochastic Tree Search for Estimating Optimal Dynamic Treatment Regimes

A dynamic treatment regime (DTR) is a sequence of decision rules that adapt to the time-varying states of an individual. Black-box learning methods have shown great potential in predicting the opti...
The maize ZmMIEL1 E3 ligase and ZmMYB83 transcription factor proteins interact and regulate the hypersensitive defence response

The plant hypersensitive response (HR), a rapid cell death at the point of pathogenesis, is mediated by nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (NLR) resistance proteins (R-proteins) that recognize the presence of specific pathogen-derived proteins. Rp1-D21 is an autoactive maize NLR R-protein that triggers HR spontaneously. We previously mapped loci associated with variation in the strength of HR induced by Rp1-D21. Here we identify the E3 ligase ZmMIEL1 as the causal gene at a chromosome 10 modifier locus. Transient ZmMIEL1 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana reduced HR induced by Rp1-D21, while suppression of ZmMIEL1 expression in maize carrying Rp1-D21 increased HR. ZmMIEL1 also suppressed HR induced by another autoactive NLR, the Arabidopsis R-protein RPM1D505V, in N. benthamiana. We demonstrated that ZmMIEL1 is a functional E3 ligase and that the effect of ZmMIEL1 was dependent on the proteasome but also that levels of Rp1-D21 and RPM1D505V were not reduced when coexpressed with ZmMIEL1 in the N. benthamiana system. By comparison to a similar system in Arabidopsis, we identify ZmMYB83 as a potential target of ZmMIEL1. Suppression of ZmMYB83 expression in maize lines carrying Rp1-D21 suppressed HR. Suppression of ZmMIEL1 expression caused an increase in ZmMYB83 transcript and protein levels in N. benthamiana and maize. Using coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we demonstrated that ZmMIEL1 and ZmMYB83 physically interacted. Additionally, ZmMYB83 and ZmMIEL1 regulated the expression of a set of maize very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) biosynthetic genes that may be involved in regulating HR.
The association between medical comorbidity and psychotherapy processes and outcomes for major depressive disorder in a community mental health setting.

Many individuals seeking mental health services for depression often suffer from a comorbid medical condition. The goal of the present study was to assess the presence of medical comorbidity in a community mental health center setting that primarily serves a Medicare and Medicaid population, characterize the types of comorbid medical conditions experienced in this setting, and explore the association between medical conditions on the alliance, attrition from services, and outcome. Medical diagnoses were collected from patient charts and structured clinical interviews from 353 participants who had a baseline assessment as part of a comparative effectiveness study of cognitive and dynamic therapies for major depressive disorder. We calculated the Charlson Comorbidity Index and the number of total medical diagnoses for each patient. Results from this study revealed that a high percentage of patients in this setting experienced a comorbid medical condition. No significant associations were found between the number of medical conditions or the Charlson Comorbidity Index and the alliance. No significant relationship was found between the number of medical conditions or the Charlson Comorbidity Index and early attrition from treatment or treatment outcome. However, exploratory analyses found that presence of a nervous system disorder was associated with relatively poorer treatment outcomes after initial engagement. Implications of these findings are discussed. Treatments for major depressive disorder may benefit from addressing the impact of medical disorders on physical functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Autoimmune Encephalitis Post-SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Case Frequency, Findings, and Outcomes.

Background and objectives: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) cases post-SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported, but the frequency is unknown. We aimed to determine the frequency and diagnostic features of COVID-19 related AE. Methods: Residual sera from 556 consecutive Mayo Clinic Rochester patients (laboratory cohort) who underwent autoimmune encephalopathy neural IgG evaluation were tested for total antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein using an FDA-authorized chemiluminescence assay (October 2019-December 2020). Clinical records from patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody result and available research consent were reviewed. This laboratory cohort was cross-referenced with the Department of Neurology’s COVID-related consultative experience (encephalopathy cohort, n=31). Results: Eighteen of the laboratory cohort (3%) were SARS-CoV-2 antibody positive (April-December 2020). Diagnoses were: AE, 2; post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2 infection [PASC], 3; toxic-metabolic encephalopathy during COVID-19 pneumonia, 2; diverse non-COVID-19 relatable neurological diagnoses, 9; unavailable, 2. Five of the encephalopathy cohort had AE (16%, including the 2 laboratory cohort cases which overlapped) representing 0.05% of 10,384 patients diagnosed and cared for with any COVID-19 illness at Mayo Clinic Rochester in 2020. The 5 patients met definite (n=1), probable (n=1), or possible (n=3) AE diagnostic criteria; median symptom onset age was 61 years (range, 46-63), 3 were women. All 5 were neural IgG negative and 4 tested were SARS-CoV-2 PCR/IgG index negative in CSF. Phenotypes (and accompanying MRI and EEG findings) were diverse (delirium [n=5], seizures [n=2], rhombencephalitis [n=1], aphasia [n=1], and ataxia [n=1]). No ADEM cases were encountered. The 3 patients with possible AE had spontaneously resolving syndromes. One with definite limbic encephalitis was immune therapy responsive but had residual mood and memory problems. One patient with probable autoimmune rhombencephalitis died despite immune therapy. The remaining 26 encephalopathy cohort patients had toxic-metabolic diagnoses. Discussion: We encountered occasional cases of AE in our 2020 COVID-19 experience. Consistent with sporadic reports and small case series during the COVID-19 pandemic, and prior experience of postinfectious AE, our cases had diverse clinical presentations and were neural IgG and CSF viral particle negative. Application of diagnostic criteria assists in differentiation of AE from toxic-metabolic causes arising in the setting of systemic infection.
Evaluation of Sounding-Derived Thermodynamic and Wind-Related Parameters Associated with Large Hail Events

Severe-convective hailstorms are one of the most frequent weather hazards across the United States. However, studies evaluating the ability of various environmental indices to differentiate lower-end severe hail (≤1.25 in, 32 mm) from significant hail (≥2.0 in, 51 mm) prior to storm formation are limited and typically overlap very little with microphysically based research. To bridge this gap, this study builds a database of 520 hail reports that sort into one of four hail-diameter ranges. For each report, various thermodynamic and wind-related fields are then extracted from Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model analysis to create a parameter-based hail climatology. Analysis of these environmental indices indicates most wind-based parameters display weaker magnitude winds and resultant shear for the smallest hail-size bin compared to the three largest. Further, the three largest hail diameter bins reveal nearly identical parameter values in the lowest 6 km AGL. In contrast, non-traditional shear layers that include winds in the upper portions of a storm (>6 km AGL) display some skill to differentiate larger hail sizes, especially for ≥3.5-in (89-mm) hail. Thermodynamic variables produced mixed results, with variables such as CAPE displaying a slight tendency to increase as binned hail size becomes larger but still with significant overlap. On the other hand, non-traditional parameters such as the hail-growth-zone thickness reveal a relationship toward decreased depth as the binned hail size increases, but with little to no increase in hail-growth-zone CAPE. Finally, evaluation of the significant severe parameter (SSP) and a new index called the large hail parameter (LHP) display mixed results. Skill at delineating ≤1.25-in (32-mm) report from 2.0-3.25-in (51-83-mm) cases for LHP (SSP) is slightly better (worse) than 0-6-km AGL bulk vector shear. However, the LHP displays improved skill over any other parameter to differentiate ≥3.5-in (89 mm) reports from those with less than 2.0-in (51-mm) diameter hail. The LHP formula creates improved skill by including non-traditional environmental parameters typically associated with storm longevity, precipitation efficiency, and hail-growth rates.
Validation of filtered two-fluid models for gas–particle flows against experimental data from bubbling fluidized bed

Abstract Predictions of simulations based on filtered Two-Fluid Models (TFMs) with constitutive relations for filtered fluid–particle drag coefficient and filtered stresses proposed by Igci and Sundaresan [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50 (2011) 13190–13201] and Milioli et al. [AIChE J. 59 (2013) 3265–3275] were compared against experimental data from a bubbling fluidized bed challenge problem put forward by the National Energy Technology Laboratory and Particulate Solids Research Inc. It is found that the most important correction to filtered models is a modification to the drag, and filtered stresses play a secondary role at best. As expected, coarse grid simulations using the kinetic-theory based TFM over-predicted the gas–particle drag force, yielding unphysical bed expansion. The filtered fluid–particle drag model proposed by Igci and Sundaresan that classifies the inhomogeneity in sub-filter scale flow structures using filter size and filtered particle volume fraction as markers also predicted unphysical bed expansion. Refined filtered drag models proposed by Milioli et al. based on filtered fluid–particle slip velocity as an additional marker led to good agreement with experimental data on bed expansion and the time-averaged gas pressure gradient. It was also observed that inadequate grid resolution in the region between gas distributor and the adjacent cylindrical wall of the test unit could lead to spurious asymmetric gas–particle flow predictions. With the inclusion of adequate inflation layer elements in that region, flow predictions became nearly symmetric with little to no effect on bed expansion predictions. However, it dramatically and qualitatively altered the details of gas–particle structures in the bed.
Review of Stormwater Source Controls in Urban Drainage

Discharges of urban stormwater into receiving waters may cause a variety of impacts leading to flooding, geomorphological changes, pollution, ecosystem degradation and impairment of beneficial water uses [1, 2]. To prevent or mitigate such impacts, stormwater management has been introduced and generally implemented through a system of management measures, which are also referred to as ‘best management practices’ (BMPs). Among BMPs, source controls are particularly widely accepted, because they are designed to prevent or mitigate the impacts by controls at or near the source. Consequently, they are generally highly cost-effective, and in some cases represent the only practical solution (e.g., eliminating toxicant releases, rather than containing and removing such substances after their dispersal in the environment). Although the need for source controls is widely recognised, in many cases, their performance cannot be verified and may suffer from local limitations. Consequently, stormwater management treatment trains are designed to meet project objectives by combining both source controls as well as more robust structural BMPs [3].
Reinforcing the Divide: The Influence of the U.S. Census on American Identity Development

Abstract Accounts of race in the United States have traditionally been steeped in prejudicial notions consistent with the society (Lusane, 2000; U.S. Census Bureau, 2000; Griffin, Caplinger, Lively, Malcom, McDaniel,&Nelsen, 1997). The U.S. Census has been used as an instrument in the continued dichotomous division of American citizens into either one of two groups, Whites and Nonwhites (Ngai, 1999). This essay examines the impact of the U.S. Census on U.S. law, public policy, and distribution of privilege between Whites and Nonwhites. This essay also addresses the influence of census-based racial classification on social work practice and education.
Cerebral Oxygenation Changes During Motor and Somatosensory Stimulation in Humans, as Measured by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Functional cortical activation is coupled to changes of cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. These changes have been used in positron emission tomography and recently developed functional magnetic resonance techniques to localize task-related cortical activation. Near-infrared spectroscopy has the potential to monitor changes of intracerebral blood oxygenation during functional activation (Villringer 1993, Hoshi 1993). We proceeded from a rather global, cognitive stimulus to experimental paradigms which entail a more localized cerebral activation and which have been examined by other functional techniques. In establishing a simple motor and a vibratory stimulus we sought a means to further examine the issue of coupling of neuronal function and cerbral hemodynamics. In recent experiments we were able to demonstrate that these stimulation models are useful to retrieve additional information about oxygenation dependent signal changes in functional MRI (Kleinschmidt 1994, Obrig 1994). As near-infrared spectroscopy has a good temporal resolution, we were also interested in the time course of local oxygenation changes.
H/sup infinity / control using compensators with access to the command signals

H/sup infinity / design in which the compensator is assumed to have immediate access to the command signal is investigated. The authors analyze both linear and nonlinear systems and find that the advantage to this control architecture is great. In terms of the classical Doyle-Glover solution it is found that a solution exists if and only if the X Riccati equation has a positive semi-definite stabilizing solution. The Y Riccati equation and the constraints it introduces are eliminated. This obviously produces improved performance in the linear case, and in the nonlinear case it opens the possibility of finding solutions where finding solutions to the traditional nonlinear H/sup infinity / control problem requires solving very hard equations. In practice one might desire more conservative solutions and produce them with hybrids between this and conventional H/sup infinity / controllers. However, the first step is to work out the extreme case, which is done here. >
Petrologic Structure of a Hydrous 410 Km Discontinuity

We examine a simple thermodynamic model relating the effect of pressure and H 2 O content on the relative stabilities of olivine, wadsleyite, and hydrous melt through the upper mantle/transition zone boundary. As noted previously, the strong preference of H 2 O for wadsleyite relative to olivine means that H 2 O increases the depth interval over which the two polymorphs coexist and displaces the boundary to shallower depths. Olivine and wadsleyite become increasingly hydrous with decreasing depth through the transformation interval, and if the available H 2 O exceeds the storage capacity of olivine, then partial melting will occur at the shallowest portions of the interval. Increases in H 2 O beyond that necessary to generate incipient melt result in thinning of the transformation interval, but additional shoaling. In the extreme case where melting occurs throughout the melting interval, the transformation interval will be as thin as for the dry case (i.e., ∼7 km). These calculations may serve as a starting point for dynamical calculations of possible melting at the 410 km discontinuity and as a guide for interpretation of observational geophysical characteristics of putative hydrous features at the transition zone/upper mantle boundary.
Use of computer simulation in the development of an algorithm for analysis of paced electrocardiograms

A computer model of the interaction between heart and artificial pacemaker is developed which simulates a variety of dual-chamber device responses in the context of 25 possible arrhythmia classes. The heart-pacemaker interaction (HPI) model includes specifications of cardiac, pacemaker, and noise distribution parameters which permit random simulation of pacemaker failure. It simulates random pacemaker output, capture, and sensing malfunctions. The model has been used to train an automated, knowledge-based algorithm designed to analyze paced electrocardiograms for pacemaker function and malfunction. By allowing the straightforward simulation of numerous arrhythmia/pacemaker failure scenarios, the model has significantly reduced the amount of clinical testing and therefore the development time otherwise required. >
Estimating the κ‐coefficient from a Selected Sample

Cohen's K-coefficient (1960) is often used as a measure of agreement between exchangeable pairs of binary ratings on a subject. The coefficient depends on the marginal probability of a positive rating. Suppose that the probability of a positive rating in the observed sample is not applicable to the group of interest. We estimate the (2 x 2)-table of probabilities for a pair of raters from the observed sample. Assuming that the odds ratios in the observed sample and the group of interest are the same, we use iterative proportional fitting to rescale the (2 x 2)-table to have marginal probabilities equal to those from the group of interest. Finally, we re-estimate the K-coefficient from this rescaled table. Our example is from the Harvard medical practice study In which the 'rating' is a physician's view of whether an 'adverse event' occurred in the hospital; an adverse event is an unintended injury caused by medical workers in a hospital rather than the disease process. The group of interest Is the whole population of hospital patients, but the observed sample consists of patients who are at high risk for an adverse event.
Tritiated-6-beta-fluoro-6-desoxy-oxymorphone 〈[3H] FOXY〉: a new ligand and photoaffinity probe for the MU opioid receptors

Abstract 6-Beta-fluoro-6-desoxy-oxymorphone (FOXY) is a fluorinated derivative of oxymorphone originally developed as a potential PET scanning ligand. Preliminary work (Rothman et al., Neuropeptides 4: 311–317, 1984) demonstrated that [ 3 H]FOXY selectively labeled mu opioid binding sites with low levels of nonspecific binding. In this study the opiate receptor subtypes labeled by [ 3 H]FOXY and [ 3 H]D-ala 2 -MePhe 4 , Gly-ol 5 -enkephalin 〈[ 3 H] DAGO〉 were compared using site directed acylating agents and binding surface analysis. Although the data indicated that both ligands selectively label mu opiate receptors, other experiments demonstrated that [ 3 H]DAGO and [ 3 H]FOXY labeled mu binding sites differently. Additional experiments demonstrated that [ 3 H]FOXY can be used as a high yield photoaffinity label for the mu opiate receptor subtype.
Review of sol-gel thin film formation

Abstract Sol-gel thin films are formed by gravitational or centrifugal draining accompanied by vigorous drying. Drying largely establishes the shape of the fluid profile, the timescale of the deposition process, and the magnitude of the forces exerted on the solid phase. The combination of coating theory and experiment should define coating protocols to tailor the deposition process to specific applications.
Modern climate–tree-growth relationships and climatic reconstruction in sub-Arctic Alaska

Statistical comparisons between tree-ring width sequences and climatic records provide a means of identifying climatic limitations on tree growth and allow the reconstruction of past climates. This information is especially important in the North American sub-Arctic where climate–growth relationships are poorly understood and instrumental weather records are very short, typically less than 75 yr. Dendroclimatic reconstructions before 1900 are essential for estimating a realistic range of high latitude climatic variation, because twentieth century climate is now thought to be somewhat anomalous1. While some dendroclimatic studies have been carried out in the sub-Arctic2–8, none has made full use of current multivariate statistical techniques. This study, as part of a multidisciplinary investigation of treeline fluctuations in the Brooks Range of Alaska, uses ring-width sequences of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) to define climatic limitations on radial growth at treeline and to reconstruct past climatic variables for Fairbanks, Alaska. Multiple regression techniques were used to analyse climate–growth relationships and the results suggest important modifications to the theory that growth at treeline is limited primarily by summer temperature2,8,9 . For example, we have found that radial growth is directly related to summer and autumn temperature and precipitation during certain months, but is inversely related to winter–spring temperature. The same ring-width sequences were used to reconstruct average May–July temperature at Fairbanks, Alaska, for the period 1829–1930. This reconstruction, which more than doubles the length of the existing climatic record, was verified by statistically comparing it to independent instrumental data. It indicates that the Fairbanks area has been warmer in the twentieth century than in the nineteenth century during these months. As the longest annual record of temperature from northern Alaska, this reconstruction provides quantitative evidence for a climatic warming similar to that occurring throughout large portions of the Northern Hemisphere during the past 100 yr (refs 10–12).
Sociological Introspection and Emotional Experience

Although social constructionists now study emotions, they neglect what emotion feels like and how it is experienced. This paper argues that social constructionists can and should study how private and social experience are fused in felt emotions. Resurrecting introspection (conscious awareness of awareness or self-examination) as a systematic sociological technique will allow social constructionists to examine emotion as a product of the individual processing of meaning as well as socially shared cognitions. Examining introspection as a sociological process, this paper argues that introspection can generate interpretive materials from self and others useful for understanding the lived experience of emotions. Findings from four studies–one, self-introspective, and the other three, interactive introspective examinations with co-investigators–provide information about the subjective part of emotion. They demonstrate the advantages of introspection in dealing with the complex, ambiguous, and processual nature of emotional experience.