cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Mechanical Function of the Distal Radial Ulnar Ligaments During Rotation of the Wrist

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in length of the volar and dorsal radioulnar ligaments (VRULs and DRULs), and the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) space during unweighted and weighted rotation of the wrist using magnetic resonance imaging and biplanar fluoroscopy. Methods Fourteen wrists in 7 normal adult volunteers were imaged to define the 3-dimensional geometry of the DRUJ and the insertion sites of the superficial and deep bundles of the VRULs and DRULs. Subjects were imaged at 10 positions of forearm rotation ranging from full pronation to full supination, with or without a 5-pound weight. Lengths of the superficial and deep VRUL and DRUL bundles and DRUJ space were measured (in millimeters) at each position to evaluate ligament function and DRUJ stability. Results In the unweighted and weighted trials, maximal elongation of both deep and superficial VRUL bundles occurred in supination and maximal lengths of the deep and superficial DRUL bundles occurred in pronation. Maximum DRUJ space occurred during pronation and a minimum occurred in 30° of supination. In weighted trials, there was a significant increase in deep and superficial VRUL bundle length at positions between 30° of pronation and 30° of supination; however, there was no effect of weight on DRULs length. In weighted trials, there was a significant increase in DRUJ space at positions between full pronation and 15° of supination. Conclusions This study demonstrates elongation of the VRULs in supination and the DRULs in pronation. There was no evidence of reciprocal loading of superficial/deep ligament bundles on either the dorsal or the volar aspects of the DRUJ. The effect of loading the wrist during rotation was apparent primarily in the VRULs, but not the DRULs. The DRUJ space was lowest at approximately 30° of supination. Clinical relevance These results add information to the literature regarding the complicated biomechanics of the triangular fibrocartilage complex and DRUJ. Future work should evaluate changes in biomechanics caused by triangular fibrocartilage complex tears to determine how tear severity and location relate to clinical symptoms.
Significance of age, sex, and maturity differences in upper arm composition.

Abstract The extent and significance of age changes and sex differences in the composition of the upper arm, and their relation to body weight and maturation were radiographically analyzed in a cross-sectional sample of 363 clinically normal, Philadelphia white children, 182 males and 181 females, 6 through 16 years of age. Boys had greater absolute values in all measures except fat throughout the period studied. Sex differences in the composition of the upper arm arose at adolescence, and involved primarily a loss of fat in boys. Before the growth spurt, faster-maturing children had larger upper arms, but contained relatively less muscle than the slow maturers. After this period, at least for girls, no significant correlations were evident Fat in the upper arm appeared to be the best single predictor of body weight in both sexes. Implications for physical education based on these observations were discussed.
Illuminating the foundational role that mindsets should play in leadership development

Abstract Mindsets are individuals’ mental lenses that selectively organize and encode information, thereby orienting them toward a unique way of understanding their experiences and guiding them toward corresponding actions and responses. Decades of research have demonstrated that mindsets are foundational to how individuals process and operate. Despite this research, mindsets have largely been overlooked by practitioners when developing leaders. In this article, we seek to illuminate the foundational role mindsets play in leadership effectiveness to elicit greater emphasis on mindsets in leadership development. To do so, we explore what mindsets are, why they are so important for leadership development and effectiveness, and which mindsets leaders could further develop to operate more effectively. Specifically, we review the research associated with four different sets of mindsets—(1) fixed and growth mindsets, (2) goal orientations, (3) implemental and deliberative mindsets, and (4) prevention and promotion mindsets—to demonstrate how each affects leaders’ effectiveness. We conclude by discussing how leadership developers and leaders themselves can focus on mindsets to improve leadership effectiveness.
Tracking bodies in question: telecom companies, mobile data, and surveillance platforms in South Korea’s epidemic governance

In the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, many countries across the world have developed new health surveillance technologies using digital tools and communication data to monitor and manage confirmed and suspected carriers of the virus This article demonstrates the growing centrality of mobile network operators in managing global health crises through a case study of South Korea’s epidemic governance In South Korea, KT, one of the country’s three telecommunications companies, has been actively developing and investing in health surveillance platforms since 2015, promoting that its big-data-based surveillance and ICT infrastructures may prevent the spread of infectious diseases Conducting a situational analysis of archival materials, I document the process through which such mobile network operators emerge as essential producers of the data infrastructures that shape the understanding and management of public health emergencies The article also addresses the sociocultural implications of such private technology corporations’ capturing of emergency power In the end, I argue that Korea’s public health surveillance systems are increasingly constructed within the capitalist logic of the telecom industry, mainly via ‘platformization’ – a shift that offers telecom firms to transform from network to platform operators by extracting and aggregating subscribers' data The case analyzed here demonstrates how granting such extraordinary authority to ICT companies during national emergencies becomes routinized, and even instrumentalized for economic purposes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Information, Communication & Society is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Looking for the -scape in the sound: Discriminating soundscapes categories in the Sonoran Desert using indices and clustering

Abstract Soundscapes are increasingly used as innovative entry doors in environmental studies. Facing huge libraries of sound files which cannot be processed manually, acoustic indices provide an overview to the information contained in them, as well as to allow for automatic processing. Studies dealing with such indices have, however, focused more on specific topics or indices than on the overall characteristics of the soundscapes they were analyzing. The aim of this paper is to propose a holistic approach to soundscapes. Our hypothesis is that sufficient number and variety of indices can help frame the characteristics of sound environments and that the use of clustering algorithms allows us to group them in families and study the distribution of those across space and time, revealing a geography that will not necessarily coincide with the obvious landscape/visual geography. To demonstrate this point, we have run indices analysis and classification on a soundscapes database recorded in the Sonoran Desert region (Southeastern Arizona, USA). The results show that sound indices reveal temporal variations and patterns of soundscapes and point out to sometimes surprising similarities between otherwise different environments. As sound indices capture a wealth of information which characterizes the environment at a given place and time, they could be used as proxies to continuous monitoring without having to store extreme amounts of data.
4 Brain computer interface for paralysis

Intracortically-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (iBCIs) are poised to revolutionize our ability to restore lost neurologic functions. By recording high resolution neural activity from the brain, the intention to move ones hand can be detected and decoded in real- time, potentially providing people with motor neuron disease (ALS), stroke, or spinal cord injury with restored or maintained ability to control communication devices, assistive technologies, and their own limbs. iBCIs also are central to the development of closed-loop neuromodulation systems, with great potential to serve people with neuropsychiatric disorders. A multi-site pilot clinical trial of the investigational BrainGate system is assessing the feasibility of people with tetraplegia controlling a computer cursor and other devices simply by imagining the movement of their own arm or hand. This presentation will review some of the recent progress made in iBCIs, the information that can be decoded from ensembles of cortical or subcortical neurons in real-time, and the challenges and opportunities for restorative neurotechnologies in research and clinical practice.
Summary and Future Work

This book provides a collection of recent advances in machine learning and game theory for cybersecurity. Machine learning plays an important role in detecting anomalies, finding insider threats, and defending against malicious behaviors. Game theory has been used to understand the adversarial behaviors and design defense strategies to mitigate the impact of the attacks. We show that machine learning and game theory are two AI techniques that are complementary to each other for cybersecurity applications. In particular, the incorporation of machine learning models into game theory will put game‐theoretic algorithms into practical use. This book comprises foundational techniques and applied methods for developing quantitative cybersecurity models, mitigating risks of exploitable attack surfaces, and designing adaptive and proactive defenses for emerging applications.
Abstract 18: Prohibitin 1 regulates apoptosis via its interaction with XIAP

Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) belongs to an evolutionarily highly conserved family of proteins that share the stomatin/prohibitin/flotillin/HflK/C (SPFH) domain. PHB1 has been implicated in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including cell-cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and as a cell-surface receptor. To better understand the function of PHB1, we analyzed PHB1 protein interactors using Immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry analysis (IP-MS). We identified the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) as a novel PHB1-binding partner. The interaction of PHB1-XIAP has been confirmed both in vitro and in vivo. Using immunofluorescence staining, We observed that PHB1 and XIAP colocalized upon induction of apoptosis. Using various XIAP mutant constructs, we showed that PHB1 binds principally to the BIR3 domain of XIAP. In addition, silencing of either PHB1 or XIAP sensitized cells to chemotherapeutic drug-induced cell apoptosis and partially rescued the chemosensitivity of resistant cancer cells. The observation that PHB1 silencing decreased XIAP levels with a concomitant increase in XIAP cleavage suggests that the formation of a PHB1-XIAP complex inhibits apoptosis by enhancing XIAP stability. Our findings indicate that the PHB1-XIAP complex promotes an anti-apoptotic response in cancer cells and reinforces the potential of PHB1 as a therapeutic target. Citation Format: Yingjie Xu, Wen Yang, Virginia Guarani, Jinjun Shi, J. Wade Harper, Bruce R. Zetter. Prohibitin 1 regulates apoptosis via its interaction with XIAP. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 18. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-18
Paleoclimate Records from Speleothems in Limestone Caves

Limestone caves provide a stable environment for the deposition of dense uniform masses of calcite in the form of stalactites, stalagmites, and flowstone (speleothems). Variations in trace element concentration, isotopic composition, and trace organic compounds incorporated into the calcite provide a highly detailed record that should correlate with temperature and rainfall variations at the land surface. Growth rates of calcite layers are highly variable and range from 5 to 200 nm/year as determined by direct measurement and geochemical models for the kinetics of calcite deposition. Uraniumthorium dating provides time scales for flowstone and stalagmite sequences. At the largest time scales, the mass of deposited calcite relates to glacial and interglacial periods at more northerly latitudes. At intermediate time scales, thousands of years, detailed records of carbon and oxygen isotopes and to a lesser extent Sr/Mg concentrations provide temperature information. Color banding resulting from variations in humic acid concentration and luminescence banding resulting from variations in fulvic acid concentration provide precipitation records with a resolution of one year or better. At the smallest time scales, tens to hundreds of years, historical records can be correlated with observed banding to obtain some insight into the additional influences of soil properties and flow paths in the vadose zone.
The Role of Unlicensed in Spectrum Reform

In many countries, there is a growing consensus among industry participants, academics, and policymakers that traditional models for managing radio frequency spectrum are badly outdated. The existing management regime is premised on century-old radio technology. Under the traditional approach, regulators allocate narrow frequency bands to specific uses and users under restrictive licenses that constrain the choice of technology, business model, and ability to redeploy the spectrum to higher value uses or to make use of new technologies. This approach has resulted in acute spectrum scarcity. This scarcity is largely artificial in that it results from an outmoded regulatory regime, rather than because of any technical or market capacity constraints.
Properties of carbohydrate-stripped thyroglobulin: II. Heterogeneity in sialic acid content in thyroglobulin subfractions

Abstract Purified thyroglobulin was divided into subfractions by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. The sialic acid content of each fraction increased significantly according to the sequence in elution, demonstrating the heterogeneity of the thyroglobulin preparation and revealing differences in the number and arrangement of the sialic acid residues at the surface of the molecule. As to the chromatographic properties concerned with sialic acid content and elution pattern, however, the contribution due to the sialic acid was only a small effect on the elution pattern, in comparing the normal and desialized thyroglobulin preparations. These results indicate that the interaction between the surface charge of the molecule, based in part on the number of sialic acid residues, and the ion-exchanger is a very small contribution to the chromatographic fractionation properties of thyroglobulin.
Simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription stimulants, alcohol and other drugs: a multi-cohort national study of US adolescents.

Objective To determine the past-year prevalence rates and correlates of simultaneous co-ingestion of prescription stimulants and other substances among U.S. high school seniors.
Interactions between Hyaluronan and Its Receptors (CD44, RHAMM) Regulate the Activities of Inflammation and Cancer

The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), a major component of extracellular matrices (ECMs), and cell surface receptors of HA have been proposed to have pivotal roles in cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which are necessary for inflammation and cancer progression. CD44 and RHAMM (receptor of HA-mediated motility) are the two main HA receptors whose biological functions in human and murine inflammations and tumor cells have been investigated comprehensively. HA was initially considered to be only an inert component of connective tissues, but is now known as a “dynamic” molecule with a constant turnover in many tissues through rapid metabolism that involves HA molecules of various sizes: high molecular weight HA (HMW HA), low molecular weight HA (LMW HA), and oligosaccharides (oHA). The intracellular signaling pathways initiated by HA interactions with CD44 and RHAMM that lead to inflammatory and tumorigenic responses are complex. Interestingly, these molecules have dual functions in inflammations and tumorigenesis. For example, the presence of CD44 is involved in initiation of arthritis, while the absence of CD44 by genetic deletion in an arthritis mouse model increases rather than decreases disease severity. Similar dual functions of CD44 exist in initiation and progression of cancer. RHAMM overexpression is most commonly linked to cancer progression, whereas loss of RHAMM is associated with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor growth. HA may similarly perform dual functions. An abundance of HMW HA can promote malignant cell proliferation and development of cancer, whereas antagonists to HA-CD44 signaling inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo by interfering with HMWHA-CD44 interaction. This review describes the roles of HA interactions with CD44 and RHAMM in inflammatory responses and tumor development/progression, and how therapeutic strategies that block these key inflammatory/tumorigenic processes may be developed in rodent and human diseases
Dynamic Structure of Vortices in Superconductors: Three-Dimensional Features

In previous papers1 we investigated the motion of vortices using the complete set of time-dependent Ginzburg—Landau equations appropriate for a superconductor containing a high concentration of paramagnetic impurities: $$\gamma \left[ (\partial /\partial t)+i2e\psi \right]\Delta +{{\zeta }^{-}}^{2}({{\left| \Delta \right|}^{2}}-1)\Delta +{{\left[ (\nabla /i)-2eA \right]}^{2}}\Delta =0$$ (1) $$j=\sigma (-\nabla \psi -\partial A/\partial t)+Re\left\{ \Delta *\left[ (\nabla /i2e)-A \right]\Delta \right\}/4\pi {{\lambda }^{2}}$$ (2) $$\rho =(\psi -\varphi )/4\pi {{\lambda }^{2}}_{TF}$$ (3) The Maxwell equations couple the current and charge j and p to the vector and scalar potentials A and φ.
Oxytocin and the initiation of human parturition

Abstract Concentrations of plasma prostaglandins E and F and the 15-keto-13, 14-dihydrometabolite of PGF2ɑ (PGFM) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 15 women whO underwent induction of labor with oxytocin. Plasma PGFM rose significantly during the oxytocin infusion in nine women who went on to deliver vaginally but did not change in six women in whom induction of labor failed. Plasma PGE and PGF levels also rose during the infusion in the nine women with successful induction of labor but the changes were not statistically significant. In comparison to the six women in whom induction failed, however, plasma PGE in the nine women with succesfull induction reached significantly higher levels. Oxytocin infusions elicited uterine contractions similar frequency in both groups of women, but the cervix failed to dilate in the six women in whom induction failed. The oxytocin-induced rise in plasma PGFM is, therefore, not simply a consequence of uterine contractions, We suggest that oxytocin stimulates PGF production in the pregnant uterus when it is appropriately sensitized to oxytocin, causing a potention of the oxytocin-induced contractions which is necessary for the contractions to become efficient in dilating the cervix. We further suggest that the stimulation of PGF production by oxytocin is mediated by oxytocin receptors, probably in the decidua. (Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 141:688, 1981.)
Relationships between core endurance, hip strength, and balance in collegiate female athletes.

Purpose/Background: Lower extremity injuries such as Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tears remain a concern in collegiate female athletes. Core endurance and hip strength reportedly influence ACL and lower extremity injury risk. Good neuromuscular control, as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) test is associated with decreased lower extremity injuries. The exact relationships between core endurance, hip strength, and balance (SEBT scores), and how they impact one another in the female collegiate athlete remain unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between core endurance, hip strength, and balance in collegiate female athletes.
Bioterrorism surveillance with real-time data warehousing

This paper discusses several technical challenges in the developmentof an effective bioterrorism surveillance system. Three factors are critical:1. It must be multidimensional.2. It must accelerate the transmission of findings and data to most closely approximatereal time surveillance so as to provide sufficient warning.3. It must have the capability for pattern recognition that will quickly identifyan alarm or alert threshold value. We build on our on-going health care data warehousing research to provide solutionsto these challenges. The innovative use of flash data warehousing providesthe essential ability to compare real-time healthcare data with historicalpatterns of key surveillance indicators. A comprehensive architecture of a bioterrorismsurveillance system is presented. A demonstration project in Floridashowcases these ideas.
Father Involvement and Young, Rural African American Men's Engagement in Substance Misuse and Multiple Sexual Partnerships.

This study was designed to examine the associations of biological father and social father involvement during childhood with African American young men’s development and engagement in risk behaviors. With a sample of 505 young men living in the rural South of the United States, a dual mediation model was tested in which retrospective reports of involvement from biological fathers and social fathers were linked to young men’s substance misuse and multiple sexual partnerships through men’s relational schemas and future expectations. Results from structural equation modeling indicated that levels of involvement from biological fathers and social fathers predicted young men’s relational schemas; only biological fathers’ involvement predicted future expectations. In turn, future expectations predicted levels of substance misuse, and negative relational schemas predicted multiple sexual partnerships. Biological fathers’ involvement evinced significant indirect associations with young men’s substance misuse and multiple sexual partnerships through both schemas and expectations; social fathers’ involvement exhibited an indirect association with multiple sexual partnerships through relational schemas. Findings highlight the unique influences of biological fathers and social fathers on multiple domains of African American young men’s psychosocial development that subsequently render young men more or less likely to engage in risk behaviors.
A Bis-Carbenealkenyl Copper(I) Complex from a Tripodal Tris-Carbene Ligand

The new tris-carbene ligand [TIMEt-Bu] has been synthesized and fully characterized. Reaction of the free carbene with copper(I) salt provided an unprecedented dinuclear Cu(I)-Cu(I) complex, in which the cuprous ion is coordinated in a trigonal planar ligand environment of three different carbon ligators. Interestingly, one of the three chelating carbon atoms can be formed only via C-H activation of the unsatd. imidazole backbone of the carbene chelator. Accordingly, the title complex is described as a bis-carbenealkenyl copper(I) complex. The crystal structure of the prepd. complexes were detd. [on SciFinder (R)]
ELI-spot of Th-1 cytokine secreting PBMC's in multiple sclerosis: correlation with MRI lesions.

Abstract The Th1-like cytokines, interleukin 2 (IL-2), interferon gamma (IFN- γ ), and lymphotoxin alpha (LT- α ) have been implicated in the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of immune mediated demyelination. These cytokines have been associated with opening of the blood brain barrier (BBB) in EAE and in vitro, but not in MS. We used an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELI-spot) assay to measure relative numbers of cytokine-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from eight MS patients who were followed with serial monthly contrast-enhanced head magnetic resonance imagings (MRI) and phlebotomy. We found a significant positive correlation between changes in IL-2 secreting cells and MRI lesions over a 6-month time period. There was a weaker association between contrast-enhancing MRI lesions and IFN- γ or LT- α secreting cells. These data are the first to show a significant positive correlation between any cytokine and serial gadolinium (Gd-) MRI disease activity in MS patients. The association between IFN- γ and LT- α secretion and MRI lesions is less clear.
Rectangular multi-chart geometry images

Many mesh parameterization algorithms have focused on minimizing distortion and utilizing texture area, but few have addressed issues related to processing a signal on the mesh surface. We present an algorithm which partitions a mesh into rectangular charts while preserving a one-to-one texel correspondence across chart boundaries. This mapping permits any computation on the mesh surface which is typically carried out on a regular grid, and prevents seams by ensuring resolution continuity along the boundary. These features are also useful for traditional texture applications such as surface painting where continuity is important. Distortion is comparable to other parameterization schemes, and the rectangular charts yield efficient packing into a texture atlas. We apply this parameterization to texture synthesis, fluid simulation, mesh processing and storage, and locating geodesics.
Dataset Scaling and MapReduce Performance

Predicting execution behavior of MapReduce applications when scaling the input dataset presents a challenging problem. The difficulty lies in the distributed locations of input data and the distributed, virtualized compute resources that utilize different network substrates. The potential payoff lies in using small datasets and limited test runs to understand how applications will behave with "big data." Our research has developed an in-depth understanding of MapReduce application performance and analyzed the impact of scaling input datasets. While we might expect that "embarrassingly parallel" MapReduce jobs should scale linearly with input dataset size, our results show that execution time sometimes increases nonlinearly. To verify our predictions, we identify a benchmark set of Map-, Shuffle-, and Reduce-intensive applications. Experimental results show that our execution-time analysis distinguishes four typical application behaviors when scaling input datasets.
Pencil slip in beta-tin single crystals

Pencil slip was observed when a punch was pressed over the (0 0 1) surface of a β-tin single crystal. A bulge of similar size and shape as the punch appeared at the opposite surface directly across the thickness of the crystal. Slip line observations inside the sample showed slip activity confined to a cylindrical shell whose inner diameter was the same as the punch and whose axis was parallel to the [0 0 1] direction. The thickness of the slip shell increased with the punching stress and with the ratio between punch diameter and sample thickness. The effects of punching stress on the entering velocity of the punch and on the exiting velocity of the bulge were studied and the results compared with those of impression creep reported previously. The situation in which the bulge was not allowed to form was also studied.
Inelastic and quasielastic neutron scattering

Inelastic neutron scattering is a technique for measuring the dynamics of condensed matter on a microscopic scale. Several dynamical regimes can be probed, including atomic momentum distributions, vibrations, and relaxation phenomena. Recent work has been carried out to investigate the dynamics of disordered materials.
447. In-vivo and in-vitro action of glucocorticoids on neuronal 5-lipoxygenase

5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of inflammatory leukotrienes, is expressed in the brain, including in neurons. The presence of hormone response elements for several hormones, among them, melatonin, glucocorticoids, estrogens, and thyroid hormone, in the promoter of the 5-LOX gene suggests possible regulation of this gene by the above-mentioned hormones. Hormonal changes that occur during aging might participate in the aging-associated up-regulation of 5-LOX mRNA and protein in the brain, which we observed in our previous work. In human monocytes, 5-LOX mRNA content increases on exposure to the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, which prompted us to hypothesize that glucocorticoids (which are up-regulated during aging) might increase 5-LOX expression in the brain as well. After treatment of rats for 10 days either with corticosterone (implanted subcutaneously) or with dexamethasone (injected daily) we found increased levels of 5-LOX mRNA and protein in hippocampus and cerebellum. To understand better whether the stimulatory effect of glucocorticoids on 5-LOX mRNA/protein requires the involvement of glucocorticoid receptors, we studied 5-LOX expression in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule cells. The cultures were grown in serum-free chemically defined medium (B-27) and treated for 24 hours either with corticosterone or with dexamethasone in the presence or absence of the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (RU486). Corticosterone and dexamethasone both increased 5-LOX mRNA and protein levels; RU486 decreased the dexamethasonestimulated 5-LOX expression, which suggests that the effect of glucocorticoids is achieved via a receptor-mediated mechanism. Thus, increased glucocorticoid levels, which occur during aging and/or in stress, may up-regulate the neuronal 5-LOX pathway and thereby contribute to the development of neurodegenerative pathologies.
Behavioral effects of profadol in the rat.

The effects of profadol, an analgesic with mixed agonist and antagonist properties, were evaluated on continuous avoidance responding and locomotor activity in the rat. Profadol was tested alone and concomitantly with 8.0 mg/kg of naloxone. Profadol had a biphasic effect on avoidance response rate, increasing it at from 0.5–8.0 mg/kg and decreasing it at 32 mg/kg. Naloxone blocked both the rate increasing and the rate decreasing effects of profadol on avoidance responding. Locomotor activity was unaffected by 0.5–64 mg/kg of profadol alone, but was increased when profadol and naloxone were administered together. These findings extend the dual action hypothesis for morphine to a partial morphine agonist. This study provides further evidence that the behavioral activity of narcotic antagonists can be evaluated in the rat in an objective and quantitative manner.
Shape correction technique for stabilizing and linearizing a constant acceleration Mössbauer velocity drive

In a Mossbauer effect spectrometer employing a large vibrating mass or stiff drive centering springs, it is sometimes difficult to achieve satisfactory velocity tracking. In such situations, the linearity and stability of a constant acceleration Mossbauer velocity drive can be improved significantly by inserting a correction signal into the feedback loop. A simple physical interpretation of a shape correction technique is discussed, and a drive amplifier using this principle is described. This system has less than 0.1% tracking error over the velocity range ±2 cm/s, yet the feedback gain is reduced by a factor of 60 as compared to a conventional drive.
State of the Art Review: Advances in Physical Activity and Mental Health: Quality of Life:

Biomedical advances and the practice of preventive health behaviors have resulted in an unprecedented growth in the older population of the United States, a trend projected to continue during the n...
BREAKING AWAY FROM LECTURE MODE IN CALCULUS

ABSTRACT This paper urges calculus teachers to consider devoting some class periods to group learning activities, computer laboratory projects and classroom demonstrations. * This paper has appeared in Calculus Currents: A Newsletter of Calculus Reform, Fall 1991, Volume III, Number 1, published by PWS-Kent Publishing Company.
Books [review of 1) Introduction to Computational Science: Modeling and Simulation for the Sciences by A.B. Shiflet and G.W. Shiflet and 2) Computer Algebra Recipes: An Advanced Guide to Scientific Modeling by R.H. Enns and G.C. McGuire]

This installment of the Book Review department features two full reviews: one on an "Introduction to Computational Science: Modeling and Simulation for the Sciences" by A.B. Shiflet and G.W. Shiflet ("A System Dynamics Approach to Teaching Computational Science"), and the other on "Computer Algebra Recipes: An Advanced Guide to Scientific Modeling" by R. Torsten Clay ("Computational Recipes").
Calculation of equilibrium flash vaporization curves by an integration method

Techniques for solving the equilibrium flash problem are reviewed and a new technique especially adapted for use on automatic digital computers is developed. Instead of a single equation with multiple roots being solved by an iterative process, as is usually done, the problem is rephrased as a differential equation, and a numerical integration is made. The isothermal and isobaric flash problems can be handled with essentially the same equations. The method is particularly advantageous when a complete flash curve is required and the equations can be used when a linear model of the equilibrium flash process is required.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SELF-ASSESSED, EVERYDAY SPATIAL ABILITIES: DIFFERENTIAL PRACTICE OR SELF-ESTEEM?

358 female and 203 male college students compared themselves to others of the same gender and age on 10 everyday spatial abilities, also indicating for each ability the time spent per week in practice. Men's higher ratings for eight abilities were accompanied by greater practice on four. This finding, given equally strong correlations within each sex between rated ability and practice, lends more support to a hypothesis of differential practice between the sexes than differential self-esteem to account for sex differences in spatial performance.
An experimental apparatus for studying double differential scattering by low energy Xq+ ions from He

Abstract A new differential energy gain spectrometer has been constructed and tested for the study of the double differential cross section, in energy and angle, for state selective electron capture processes of low energy multiply-charged ions with atomic gases. Translational energy spectra for single electron capture by N2+ and O2+ colliding with He has been measured in the impact energy range 60–200 eV and scattering angles between 0° and 4°. In these collision systems, the dominant processes observed are due to capture into the ground state (2p23P) of N+ and the metastable state (2p32P) of O+, respectively.
The spontaneous relaxor to normal ferroelectric transformation in La-modified lead zirconate titanate

Abstract Tetragonal La-modified lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) ceramics (Zr/Ti=40/60) with La-contents of 8, 12, and 15at.% have been studied using dielectric spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and hot-stage transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Increasing La-content drives the lead zirconate titanate from near conventional ferroelectric to typical relaxor-type behaviours. The PLZT composition with 12at.% La possessed a unique transformation. Dielectric constant measurements revealed a spontaneous switching between relaxor and normal ferroelectric behaviours at a temperature significantly below that of the dielectric maximum. Pronounced X-ray line broadening was observed above the switching temperature indicating the presence of local cubic-tetragonal structural transformations, while line splitting was observed below the switching temperature indicating the formation of a macroscopic tetragonal structure. Neither the higher or lower La-content compositions exhibited an analogous spontaneous switching. In...
Cation-exchange displacement chromatography of proteins with protamine displacers: effect of induced salt gradients

Protamine was investigated for its utility as a protein displacer in cation-exchange systems. Although the protamine solution contained several variants of the molecule, the high affinity of all of the components in this heterogeneous biopolymer enabled it to act as an efficient protein displacer. To facilitate parameter estimation of the protamine, a preliminary purification was carried out by preparative elution chromatography. Chromatographic parameters of both the feed proteins and protamine displacer were obtained for use in a multicomponent steric mass action ion-exchange displacement model. Model simulations were compared to displacement results under both moderate and intense induced salt gradient conditions. In both cases, excellent agreement was obtained between the displacement experiments and theoretical predictions. In addition, these studies serve to dramatize the importance of induced salt gradients in ion-exchange displacement systems.
Reactive barrier membranes: some theoretical observations regarding the time lag and breakthrough curves

In a recent paper, Yang et al. [AIChE J. 47 (2001) 295] demonstrated numerically that the classical time lag parameter in irreversibly reactive barrier membranes is independent of reactivity of a prescribed molar amount of uniformly dispersed additive. The approach to the final breakthrough asymptote, however, is dependent on additive reactivity. In this communication analytical formulas for the time lag in reactive membranes of various types are derived using variations of the method of Frisch [J. Phys. Chem. 61 (1957) 93]. These formulas, which are derived for arbitrary distributions of additive initially incorporated into the membrane, confirm independence of reactivity. It is further shown, in the fast-reaction case with uniformly dispersed additive, that the time lag is extremely close to, but slightly greater than, the time at which initial breakthrough of penetrant through the membrane occurs. Finally, it is argued that two discernable time lags are observable in principle when reaction occurs at the surfaces of additive particles.
Imaging of Hill-Slope Soil Moisture Wetting Patterns in a Semi-Arid Oak Savanna Catchment Using Time-Lapse Electromagnetic Induction

Summary Soil moisture (θ) is a fundamental hydrological state variable and its spatial pattern is important for understanding hydrological processes. Determination of small catchment-scale soil moisture status and distribution at intermediate scales (0.01–1 km2) is challenging. Primarily because multi-point measurements using sensors are often impractical, while remote sensing resolution is often too coarse. Geophysical methods, e.g. electromagnetic induction (EMI), offer potential for bridging this gap. Our objective was to test the use of time-lapse EMI surveys to separate the influences of ‘static’ soil variables, e.g. texture/mineralogy, from ‘dynamic’, e.g. changes in soil moisture. A novel differencing approach is used for estimating relative changes in soil moisture, subtracting the bulk soil electrical conductivity (ECa) of the driest seasonal soil map, named the residual ECa, from the ECa collected during subsequent wetting. This approach allows us to remove the effects of spatially distributed mineral electrical surface charge (ECs) and other factors, and improve estimation of water content. Comparing results with TDR determined soil moisture, we improve the correlation from r2 = 0.28 to r2 = 0.48. ECa measurements are observed to be correlated in time (r2 > 0.7), but fall into two distinct groups, corresponding to times before and after the onset of stream flow, supporting the concept of preferred soil moisture states. Catchment wetness index predicts areas of convergence resulting in overland flow and stream flow. However, the spatial pattern of soil moisture does not mirror the wetness index, as others have found. We contend that the use of time-lapse EMI imaging provides important insight into the distribution and dynamics of catchment-scale changes in soil moisture, but acknowledge its limitations of requiring moisture dependent contrast of ECa, which will not occur in some soils.
Uniting sex and eukaryote origins in an emerging oxygenic world

Background: Theories about eukaryote origins (eukaryogenesis) need to provide unified explanations for the emergence of diverse complex features that define this lineage. Models that propose a prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition are gridlocked between the opposing “phagocytosis first” and “mitochondria as seed” paradigms, neither of which fully explain the origins of eukaryote cell complexity. Sex (outcrossing with meiosis) is an example of an elaborate trait not yet satisfactorily addressed in theories about eukaryogenesis. The ancestral nature of meiosis and its dependence on eukaryote cell biology suggest that the emergence of sex and eukaryogenesis were simultaneous and synergic and may be explained by a common selective pressure. Presentation of the hypothesis: We propose that a local rise in oxygen levels, due to cyanobacterial photosynthesis in ancient Archean microenvironments, was highly toxic to the surrounding biota. This selective pressure drove the transformation of an archaeal (archaebacterial) lineage into the first eukaryotes. Key is that oxygen might have acted in synergy with environmental stresses such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and/or desiccation that resulted in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The emergence of eukaryote features such as the endomembrane system and acquisition of the mitochondrion are posited as strategies to cope with a metabolic crisis in the cell plasma membrane and the accumulation of ROS, respectively. Selective pressure for efficient repair of ROS/UV-damaged DNA drove the evolution of sex, which required cell-cell fusions, cytoskeleton-mediated chromosome movement, and emergence of the nuclear envelope. Our model implies that evolution of sex and eukaryogenesis were inseparable processes. Testing the hypothesis: Several types of data can be used to test our hypothesis. These include paleontological predictions, simulation of ancient oxygenic microenvironments, and cell biological experiments with Archaea exposed to ROS and UV stresses. Studies of archaeal conjugation, prokaryotic DNA recombination, and the universality of nuclear-mediated meiotic activities might corroborate the hypothesis that sex and the nucleus evolved to support DNA repair. Implications of the hypothesis: Oxygen tolerance emerges as an important principle to investigate eukaryogenesis. The evolution of eukaryotic complexity might be best understood as a synergic process between key evolutionary innovations, of which meiosis (sex) played a central role.
Broken Symmetries and Zero-Mass Bosons

ABS>It is argued by reference to the example of quantum electrodynamics that zero-mass bosons are not necessarily present in a theory with broken symmetries. (auth)
Behavioral assessment of the Ts65Dn mouse, a model for down syndrome: Altered behavior in the elevated plus maze and open field

The Ts65Dn mouse carries a partial trisomy for mouse chromosome 16 in a region that has high homology to the Down syndrome (DS) region of human chromosome 21 and is, thus, a potential animal model of DS. The focus of the present study was to begin to characterize the behavioral phenotype of this mouse to assess its usefulness as a model of aspects of the DS phenotype. The behavior of Ts65Dn and littermate control mice was assessed in the elevated plus maze, lighted and dark open field, and a step-down passive avoidance task. The behavior of Ts65Dn mice in these tests differed considerably from the nontrisomic controls. In the elevated plus maze, Ts65Dn had more total arm visits than controls, showed a higher percentage of arm visits to the open arms than control mice, and showed no preference for the closed arms. Ts65Dn mice were more active in both open-field situations, regardless of light condition, and ventured into the center of the arena more than controls. Lighting in the open field had moderate effects on the activity of the Ts65Dn mice, but control mice were, as expected, much more active in the dark than the light. The trisomic mice learned and retained the step-down passive avoidance task in the same number of trials as the controls. Overall, these data indicate that Ts65Dn mice are more active than control mice in two testing situations. Most striking is the finding that the Ts65Dn mice were much less responsive to variations in environmental cues to which normal mice are quite sensitive. These data not only begin to characterize systematically the Ts65Dn phenotype, but also raise several interesting issues about the sources of the aberrant behaviors observed in these mice.
N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide in human plasma

Abstract Two ultraviolet-absorbing compounds were detected on paper chromatograms of plasma lipid extracts. Present in trace amounts in the plasma of normal fasting subjects, their concentration was found to be increased following the oral administration of nicotinamide. The less polar compound was identified as N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide.
Relative sensitivity to lead of a naked green flagellate, Dunaliella tertiolecta

Cells of Dunaliella spp., unicellular marine green algae, differ from most other plant cells in lacking a cell wall. The responses of D. tertiolecta Butcher (DUN clone) (WHO I) when grown in a synthetic sea-water medium with Pb added were similar to those of other algae previously tested, thus disproving the idea that the presence of a cell wall might ‘protect’ cells. The Marine Algal Assay Procedure published by the National Environmental Research Center at Corvallis, Oregon, was used as an assay for the effects of Pb on this organism, with the intent of supporting attempts to standardize studies of this sort.
Cell attachment to hydrogel-electrospun fiber mat composite materials.

Hydrogels, electrospun fiber mats (EFMs), and their composites have been extensively studied for tissue engineering because of their physical and chemical similarity to native biological systems. However, while chemically similar, hydrogels and electrospun fiber mats display very different topographical features. Here, we examine the influence of surface topography and composition of hydrogels, EFMs, and hydrogel-EFM composites on cell behavior. Materials studied were composed of synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(e-caprolactone) (PEGPCL) hydrogels and electrospun poly(caprolactone) (PCL) and core/shell PCL/PEGPCL constituent materials. The number of adherent cells and cell circularity were most strongly influenced by the fibrous nature of materials (e.g., topography), whereas cell spreading was more strongly influenced by material composition (e.g., chemistry). These results suggest that cell attachment and proliferation to hydrogel-EFM composites can be tuned by varying these properties to provide important insights for the future design of such composite materials.