cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Particle properties and the large-scale structure of planetary rings: Rebound characteristics and viscosity

The present treatment of the apparently paradoxical reversal of momentum transport, or 'negative viscosity', in such swarms of particles on Keplerian orbits as planetary rings, illuminates the importance of particles' physical properties. Even the slightest deviation from the idealized (uniform, highly elastic, perfectly slippery, spherical) particles will affect viscosity, yielding predictions that are inconsistent with the observed ring structure. It is presently suggested that the size of the larger bodies in the rings determines random velocities, viscosity, and a substantial portion of ring structural characteristics.
Aggregation of chlorophyll in nonpolar solvents from molecular weight measurements.

The state of aggregation of chlorophylls a and b, pyrochlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll, pheophytin a and pyropheophytin a in a variety of nonpolar solvents has been deduced from molecular weight measurements made by vapor-phase osmometry. In carbon tetrachloride and benzene solution, chlorophyll a and pyrochlorophyll a exist predominately as dimers over a wide concentration range, although there is evidence for oligomer formation in concentrated solutions. In aliphatic or cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, chlorophyll a can form oligomers with aggregation numbers as large as 20. In even the most dilute cyclohexane solutions studied, chlorophyll a exists as a tetramer. Chorophyll b and bacteriochlorophyll aggregate more strongly. The basic unit for these tow chlorophyll is the trimer which has a strong tendency to form hexamer and higher oligomers in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents. Infrared spectra for solutions of chlorophyll of known states of aggregation are presented.
Sol-gel synthesis of Pb(Sc0.5Ta0.5)O3 powders and thin layers

Abstract Lead scandium tantalate (PST) was prepared from liquid precursors. Crystallization behavior and phase development were determined for gel-derived powders and thin layers integrated on silicon. The method indicates a lower-temperature processing route for PST dielectrics.
Cartan–Eilenberg complexes and resolutions

Abstract We study Cartan–Eilenberg projective, injective and flat complexes and show how they can be used to get Cartan–Eilenberg resolutions. We argue that every complex has a Cartan–Eilenberg injective envelope. Then we show that a complex is a Cartan–Eilenberg flat complex if and only if it is the direct limit of finitely generated Cartan–Eilenberg projective complexes.
Fibrogenic cytokines: the role of immune mediators in the development of scar tissue

A variety of diseases that are characterized by fibrosis share common features including the proliferation of fibroblasts and the deposition of extracellular matrix. Fibrosis often begins as an inflammatory reaction with leukocyte infiltration followed by the elaboration of cytokines. Here, Elizabeth J. Kovacs argues that the aberrant production of these mediators sustains the connective tissue accumulation that results in permanent alteration in tissue structure and function.
Strangeness Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions at STAR

Abstract We report an overview of strangeness production in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at the energies s N N = 62.4 and 200 GeV. We show new mid-rapidly d N / d y results for the K S 0 , Λ, Ξ, Ω particles in Cu+Cu s N N = 62 GeV collisions and compare to results in Au+Au s N N = 62 GeV collisions. We show new results for mid-pT Λ / K S 0 ratios in Cu+Cu s N N = 62 GeV collisions and again compare to ratios in Au+Au s N N = 62 GeV collisions. Finally, we show the high- p T ( ∼ 6.2 GeV/c ) R A A ( K S 0 ) as a function of system size in Au+Au s N N = 200 GeV collisions and compare to R A A ( π ) .
Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary: a matched control study of advanced-stage patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare patients with advanced-stage transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary with those who had poorly differentiated serous carcinoma for surgical response and survival. Study Design: Sixty-two patients with transitional cell carcinoma were identified through a retrospective review and were matched with serous carcinoma patients for stage and residual disease. All patients received cisplatin-based chemotherapy. End points selected for analysis were surgical response, progression-free survival time, and survival time. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were also performed. Results: The surgical complete response rate for patients with transitional cell carcinoma was 37%, compared with 11% for those with serous carcinoma ( p p Conclusion: Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary is significantly more chemosensitive and associated with a better prognosis than the more common serous carcinoma.
Inferential model criticism of “the empire strikes back”

This essay develops an “Inferential Model” of rhetorical criticism which integrates procedures from qualitative methodology with more traditional perspectives from communication and rhetoric. The method allows the critic to generate an interpretive evaluation of discourses which incorporates insights from both critic and audience. Given the overall method, “The Empire Strikes Back” is examined in terms of the responses of children. Finally, the essay suggests how the method can overcome some problems related to audience‐centered criticism as well as bridge the gap between critic and public.
Energies and hyperfine splittings of the 7D levels of atomic francium

The theoretical and experimental understanding of the low-lying S and P electronic states of francium is beginning to reach a level comparable to that of the other alkali-metal atoms @1‐4#. Their energies, dipole matrix elements and hyperfine constants show that the heaviest alkali, even though it is radioactive, is subject to quantitative analysis that makes it a very promising candidate for precision measurement tests of fundamental symmetries in nature @5#. To further increase our understanding of this atom, the low-lying D states have to enter the picture. The very different angular momentum properties of these states add some additional complications to the quantitative understanding of the simplest of the heavy elements. Optical double resonance is a well-established tool of laser spectroscopy @6#. It allows the study of an excited state through an intermediate, well-characterized one. The development of laser trapping and cooling techniques opened further its applicability. The magneto-optical trap ~MOT !@ 7# operates in a regime where some population is in the upper state, making it an ideal intermediate state for optical doubleresonance studies @8‐11#. Francium is a short-lived radioactive alkali that we are able to study now thanks to laser trapping and cooling techniques @12#. The number of atoms captured in a MOT and cooled to a fraction of a mK is enough for optical doubleresonance spectroscopy. In this paper, we present the location of the second excited state in the D series, the 7 D state of 210 Fr, and a measurement of its hyperfine splitting. To find the state, we use a semi-empirical approach based on an extrapolation of a quantum defect fit~QDF! of the previously measured high-lying states of the nD series @13#. Since the trapping laser is intense, the upper state of the cycling transition has a significant ac Stark splitting ~AutlerTownes!. We resolve this line splitting intrinsic to the cooling process and study in a simplified model its influence on the precision of our measurements. We have to rely on such models to study many of the possible systematic effects present in the optical double resonance in a MOT since we do not have the possibility to study them directly, given the availability of Fr. The following section of the paper describes the trapping of Fr and experimental techniques of exciting and detecting the 7D states. Section III relates ab initio and semi-empirical calculations of the energies of the 7 D states; it also describes numerical modeling of the Autler-Townes splitting of the transition. Section IV describes the measurements of the hyperfine structure of the 7D states and studies of the different contributions to the measurement uncertainty. We report the results of the measurements of the hyperfine splittings, the energies, and the fine structure in Sec. V. The conclusions are presented in Sec. VI. The Appendix describes how the detuning frequency of the trap laser may be obtained from the observed Autler-Townes splittings.
Nonlinear noise fields and strongly driven atomic transitions

A theory of the interaction of an atom with an intense nonlinear (non-Gaussian) noise field is developed, with emphasis on the connection with the underlying physics of laser coherence. We point out the possibility of obtaining exact solutions for the stochastically averaged atomic density matrix in terms of (matrix) continued fractions for a large class of nonlinear noise fields by generalizing the techniques developed by Risken and co-workers to solve nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations. As an example we discuss the absorption sepctrum of an atom strongly driven by noisy phase-locked radiation.
Measurement of stretch-induced loss of alveolar epithelial barrier integrity with a novel in vitro method.

Mechanical ventilation with high tidal volumes has been shown to contribute to the formation or worsening of interstitial and alveolar edema. Previously we showed that application of large biaxial ...
Vitamin D and breast cancer: evidence for biological and clinical significance

SUMMARY Both vitamin D deficiency and breast cancer are common. Laboratory evidence strongly suggests a biological role for vitamin D in normal breast cellular maintenance. Clinically, however, definitive associations between vitamin D and breast cancer risk and outcome have been challenging to decipher. A myriad of epidemiological studies have attempted to connect vitamin D with breast cancer risk, stage at diagnosis and outcome, but results vary. Here, we will closely examine the biologic evidence that supports an association between vitamin D and breast cancer and summarize the epidemiologic and clinical studies in this area. We will discuss ongoing trials and additional research questions that should be addressed in future studies.
Effective properties of multilayered functionally graded multiferroic composites

Abstract A micromechanics approach is employed to derive the effective properties (including the thermal properties) of a multilayered functionally graded multiferroic composite with 2–2 connectivity among the phases. Concise matrix expressions of the effective properties of the layered composite are presented. The derived formulas are then applied to find the explicit expressions of the effective properties for three practical cases: (a) a multiferroic composite composed of an orthotropic piezoelectric phase and an orthotropic magnetostrictive phase; (b) a multiferroic composite composed of an orthotropic piezoelectric phase, an orthotropic magnetostrictive phase and an orthotropic elastic substrate; (c) a multiferroic composite composed of a functionally graded orthotropic piezoelectric phase and a functionally graded orthotropic magnetostrictive phase. Our results clearly show that: (i) the magnetoelectric coupling effect for case (b) dramatically drops as the volume of the elastic substrate increases; and (ii) the magnetoelectric coupling effect for case (c) can be significantly enhanced or reduced depending on the material gradient manner for the functionally graded piezoelectric and magnetostrictive phases.
Stimulus control of the prey attack response in naive garter snakes

Newborn garter snakes without prior feeding experience were found to selectively respond with attack behavior to water extracts of organisms normally eaten in captivity and not to respond to extracts of other organisms and controls. Differences were noted in the frequency and latency of responding to the effective stimuli. This response to chemical stimulation did not easily habituate. Visual stimuli may cause the S to orient toward and “explore” a potential food object, particularly if moving; but it is concluded that the basic somatic movements involved in the attack of prey are present at birth and that this behavior can only be elicited by certain chemical stimuli in naive Ss.
Direct manipulation of activator protein-1 controls thymocyte proliferation in vitro

B cell activating transcription factor (BATF) belongs to the activator protein-1 (AP-1) superfamily of basic leucine zipper transcription factors and forms heterodimers with Jun that possess minimal transcriptional activity. Mice carrying a p56lckHA-BATF transgene were created to observe the effects of constitutive expression of this well-characterized AP-1 inhibitor on T cell proliferation. Consistent with the role of AP-1 in promoting the proliferation of many cell types, BATF-transgenic thymocytes proliferate poorly in vitro when stimulated with anti-CD3ϵ and anti-CD28 antibodies or with Concanavalin A. However, when BATF-transgenic thymocytes were stimulated using a standard treatment of PMA and ionomycin, proliferation is normal. The responsiveness to PMA and ionomycin can be attributed to the dramatic disappearance of the hemagglutinin antigen (HA)-tagged BATF protein which is a PKC-dependent process caused by the down-regulation of the p56lck proximal promoter coupled with the rapid turnover of the HA-BATF protein. These studies describe conditions of T cell stimulation that negatively influence transcription of the widely used p56lck proximal promoter expression cassette. In addition, the unique circumstances of this regulation were exploited to demonstrate that inhibition of AP-1 activity by BATF exerts a direct, and reversible, effect on T cell proliferation in vitro.
Gender differences in variability in intellectual abilities: A cross-cultural perspective.

A cross-cultural quantitative review of contemporary findings of gender differences in variability in verbal, mathematical, and spatial abilities was conducted to assess the generalizability of U.S. findings that (a) males are more variable than females in mathematical and spatial abilities, and (b) the sexes are equally variable in verbal ability. No consistent gender differences (variance ratios) were found across countries in any of the three broad ability domains. Instead, males were more variable than females in some nations and females were more variable than males in other nations. Thus, the well-established U.S. findings of consistently greater male variability in mathematical and spatial abilities were not invariant across cultures and nations.
Weighted inequalities for multivariable dyadic paraproducts

Using Wilson�s Haar basis in Rn, which is different than the usual tensor product Haar functions, we define its associated dyadic paraproduct in Rn. We can then extend �trivially� Beznosova�s Bellman function proof of the linear bound in L2(w) with respect to [w]A2 for the 1-dimensional dyadic paraproduct. Here trivial means that each piece of the argument that had a Bellman func- tion proof has an n-dimensional counterpart that holds with the same Bellman function. The lemma that allows for this painless extension we call the good Bellman function Lemma. Further- more the argument allows to obtain dimensionless bounds in the anisotropic case.
Ionisation und Zustandsgleichung eines Plasmas unter hohen Drucken und Temperaturen

Es wird der Zustand eines thermischen Plasmas im Zustandsbereich: 104 °K<T< 106 °K undp≲108 at diskutiert. In diesem Bereich hangt der Ionisationsgrad explizit nicht nur von der Temperatur, sondern auch vom Druck ab. Diese Druckionisation und ihre Konsequenzen in Verbindung mit der thermischen Ionisation auf den Zustand des Plasmas werden fur ein vereinfachtes Modell eines Wasserstoffplasma untersucht. Dabei wird sowohl der Fall nicht entarteter, als auch derjenige hoch entarteter Elektronen diskutiert.
Hospice and Nonhospice Nursing Home Residents

Objective: To compare hospice residents in nursing homes with residents who are noted as end-stage, but not in hospice programs. Design: Descriptive comparison of the outcomes reported on Minimum Data Set (MDS) for all residents admitted to Missouri nursing homes in 1999. Setting: Nursing homes. Participants: Residents of nursing homes designated as either hospice or end-stage on admission MDS. Measurements: Percentage of hospice residents having various conditions as compared with other end-stage residents. Results/Conclusions: Overall the clinical conditions of both hospice and nonhospice end-stage residents were similar. A greater percentage of hospice residents were found to have living wills, DNR orders, and cancer, and to be in moderate or severe pain. Hospice and nonhospice residents experienced similar time from admission to death or discharge (20 and 36 days, respectively). Based on the clinical condition of the two groups, it would appear that there are limited clinical reasons for the low utili...
Intra-raphe neurokinin-induced hyperactivity: effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine lesions☆

Rats were implanted with cannulae in the median raphe nucleus (MR). 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or vehicle was infused either directly through the MR cannula, or bilaterally into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). The MR 5,7-DHT lesions completely blocked the hyperactivity elicited by injections into the MR of the neurokinin (NK) 3 agonists, DiMe-C7 and senktide, and the NK-2 agonist, neurokinin A. In contrast, the MFB 5,7-DHT lesions did not affect the locomotor hyperactivity produced by intra-MR administration of DiMe-C7 and senktide, but appeared to attenuate the effects of NKA. The data indicate that intra-raphe neurokinin-induced hyperactivity is mediated by 5-HT neurons, and that 5-HT projections to the forebrain may be involved in the behavioral activation induced by intra-raphe neurokinin A administration, but not that induced by intra-MR NK-3 agonists.
Decomposition and accompanying strengthening effects of a supersaturated Cu-6 at.% Ti alloy

Abstract The decomposition of supersaturated Cu-6 at.% Ti has been studied at various temperatures. The decomposition product is developed from composition modulations and coarsens according to the kinetic theory for spherical particles. The increase in strength observed from the beginning of decomposition is proportional to the square root of the particle radius and is explained by a dislocation bowing mechanism.
Use of random forest to estimate population attributable fractions from a case-control study of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis infections.

To design effective food safety programmes we need to estimate how many sporadic foodborne illnesses are caused by specific food sources based on case-control studies. Logistic regression has substantive limitations for analysing structured questionnaire data with numerous exposures and missing values. We adapted random forest to analyse data of a case-control study of Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis illness for source attribution. For estimation of summary population attributable fractions (PAFs) of exposures grouped into transmission routes, we devised a counterfactual estimator to predict reductions in illness associated with removing grouped exposures. For the purpose of comparison, we fitted the data using logistic regression models with stepwise forward and backward variable selection. Our results show that the forward and backward variable selection of logistic regression models were not consistent for parameter estimation, with different significant exposures identified. By contrast, the random forest model produced estimated PAFs of grouped exposures consistent in rank order with results obtained from outbreak data, with egg-related exposures having the highest estimated PAF (22·1%, 95% confidence interval 8·5–31·8). Random forest might be structurally more coherent and efficient than logistic regression models for attributing Salmonella illnesses to sources involving many causal pathways.
Study on Preparation of Obsidian Slag Cleanser for Molten Iron

The deslaging effects of Obsidian powder after heat treatment were researched, the results show that the water content in Obsidian can be adjusted by controlling heat treatment temperature and time, so that Slag cleanser coverage spreading speed and slag shell uniformity were improved, and the deslaging mechanism ware analyzed.
Exploring mechanisms in the personality-performance relationship: Mediating roles of self-management and situational constraints.

Conscientiousness and neuroticism, self-management practices, and perceived situational constraints were integrated into a model that predicts efficacy and performance. The model was tested using structural equation modeling with a sample of 228 undergraduate students. The results indicated that individual differences exist in self-management practices and perceptions of situational constraints, and that both self-management practices and perceived situational constraints have partial mediating effects on the relationship of personality to self-efficacy and performance.
Planar 2,2′-bithiophenes with 3,3′- and 3,3′,4,4′-substituents. A computational study

Abstract Ab initio calculations have shown that when carbonyl groups are incorporated into the 3- and 3′-positions of bithiophenes, as part of five-membered rings, the bithiophene system is planar. This is due to electrostatic attraction between the carbonyl oxygen and the sulfur atom in the adjacent ring. In the analogous systems containing a CH 2 group in place of the carbonyl, or containing six-membered rather than five-membered rings, the bithiophenes are twisted. This has implications for preparing planar polythiophenes.
The Breeding System and Distribution of Tetrahymena pyriformis.

SUMMARY. Seven hundred twenty samples of water from 46 states and the province of Ontario, Canada, were collected and examined for Tetrahymena pyriformis. Thirty-four hundred clonal cultures of the ciliate were isolated from the 154 (21%) positive samples and grown axenically in peptone medium. The breeding behavior of strains from these 154, sources was investigated by mixing clonal cultures in various combinations. Eight sources yielded selfing strains and 52 yielded strains capable of mating only in certain combinations. Thirty new mating types in seven new non-interbreeding varieties were discovered. Ninety of the 154 collections yielded non-conjugating strains. Fifty of these proved to be amicronucleate. Distribution of variety 2 organisms was the most widespread; 22 collections from 11 states and Ontario, Canada, were obtained. Variety 3 was collected 14 times from seven states. Other varieties were found less often. The ciliate was found about as often in running as in standing water, but certain varieties were found predominantly in one or the other habitat.
Charm and beauty production in strong interactions

Abstract The production of particles with charm or beauty in strong interactions is reviewed. A survey of models is followed by a review of the experimental results, classified according to specific triggers. A synthesis of the experimental situation is presented.
Stress and Disease: An examination of psychophysiological effects and alternative treatment approaches

Abstract This article examine the psychophysiological relationship between psychosocial stressors and physiological changes. Stress has been shown to cause changes in the human immune system, increasing susceptibility to disease. A selective review of the literature explores this relationship. Alternative treatment modes are being implemented to supplement traditional therapies for the preventative and post hoc care of diseases, particularly those associated with the immunologic system deficiencies which could be related to stress. Implications are explored for implementing biofeedback, guided imagery, and stress management techniques for supplemental treatment in cancer, coronary heart disease, and immunologic diseases such as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Myosin structure. Proximity measurements by fluorescence energy transfer.

The results of energy transfer experiments on the proximity of six sites on the globular head region of myosin are discussed. A large hydrophobic crevice has been detected on each myosin head which is sufficiently large to accommodate six aromatic rings simultaneously. In the crevice is located a thiol residue not involved in activation of myosin Ca2+ ATPase and a lysine residue which is specifically trinitrophenylated with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. A second sulfhydryl whose modification activates the Ca2+ ATPase is located near the hydrophobic thiol site. The tryptophan whose fluorescence is enhanced by ATP binding is sufficiently close to the thiols and lysine residue to quantitatively transfer its energy to probes at these sites. The site of myosin ATPase has been tentatively located as being near the other five sites by energy transfer to or from synthetic chromophoric substrates. Implications of these results on the possibility of determining the location of the myosin light chain and actin binding sites are discussed.
500 MHz 1H-NMR studies of bile salt-phosphatidylcholine mixed micelles and vesicles Evidence for differential motional restraint on bile salt and phosphatidylcholine resonances

Abstract 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra at 500 MHz have been obtained for taurocholate/egg phosphatidylcholine mixtures of varying composition. The excellent chemical shift dispersion permits identification of most resonances for each component. This high-resolution character of the NMR spectra is retained until the phosphatidylcholine (PC) mole fraction exceeds 60–70% (the exact limit depends on ionic strength). 1 H linewidths have been monitored as a function of solute composition in order to evaluate trends in local molecular mobility of each component as the distribution of aggregate particles is varied, and to examine the effects of added NaCl in altering micellar size and shape. Although prior light scattering studies (Mazer, N.A., Benedek, G.B. and Carey, M.C. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 601–615) and our own work indicate a 6-fold increase in particle hydrodynamic radius from pure taurocholate micelles to 1 : 1 taurocholate/PC mixtures containing 150 mM NaCl, both lipid components retain substantial motional freedom and exhibit narrow NMR signals in this compositional region. As the solubilization limit for PC is approached (approx. 2:1 PC:taurocholate), differential behavior is observed for the two components: the motion of taurocholate becomes preferentially restricted, while polar portions of the PC remain mobile until large multilayers predominate.
137Cs contamination of plants used for traditional medicine and implications for human exposure

Abstract This paper discusses the use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine practices in the Marshall Islands and measurement data of 137 Cs in plants used in medicinal remedies. This previously unexplored contribution to radiation exposure was recognized as one of several potentially important considerations in determining present-day risks to the Marshallese population from residual weapons’ test radioactivity in the environment. The leaves or fruit of five species of plants were sampled at 14 of the 29 atolls of the Marshall Islands. 137 Cs concentrations were measured in 295 samples. The concentration of 137 Cs in each species generally decreased with increasing distance and decreasing latitude from the atomic weapons testing area in the northern area of the country. Of the species sampled, Polypodium scolopendria exhibited the highest mean 137 Cs concentration by several fold. Other species could not be differentiated in terms of 137 Cs uptake. The results of calculations to assess possible radiation doses under specific intake scenarios indicate that at most locations in the Marshall Islands, ingestion of these plants for medicinal purposes will not contribute significantly to the total dose received (above background), although the frequency and amount of consumption of these plants is not well known. This study provides the first information of its kind for the assessment of radiation dose to Marshall Islands’ residents from locally grown plants used in traditional medicine.
Effects of light, temperature, and relative humidity on the diel behavior of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica.

Observations made in 1958 showed that adults of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyll.), were more active during the night than during the day. In 1959, replicated sweep samples were taken at regular intervals over 24-hour periods and periods in early morning, to study the effect of light, temperature, and relative humidity on the diel behaviour of the adult weevils. The results strongly suggested that the diel behavior of the adults was related to light intensity, whereas larvae showed no response to either light, temperature, or relative humidity over the 24-hour period.
An Infrared Spectroscopic Study of the Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange of Bovine Submaxillary Mucin

An infrared spectroscopic method was used to study the hydrogen–deuterium exchange of a glycoprotein, bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM), dissolved in D2O. The pH-dependence of the rate and extent of the H–D exchange of BSM was determined. The rate constant of the exchange decreased as pH increased from 3.7 to 5.3 and remained constant at a minimum value, (0.82±0.09) × 10−2 min−1, from pH 5.3 to 7.2. The extent of the exchange decreased with increasing pH in the pH range 3.7 to 5.3 and levelled off from pH 5.3 to 7.2. It is suggested that these results are due to a pH-dependent conformational change.
Effectiveness of a handwriting readiness program in head start: a two-group controlled trial.

Objective This study measured skill improvement in prewriting skills, kindergarten readiness, first-name writing, and handwriting-nonspecific fine motor skills of students at Head Start who participated in Handwriting Without Tears-Get Set for School (HWT-GSS) programming. Method We conducted a two-group, nonrandomized controlled trial using a pretest-posttest design at a rural Head Start. The effectiveness of adding the HWT-GSS curriculum in one preschool classroom was compared with a control classroom. Results On posttesting, the experimental group made significant improvements compared with the control group in prewriting, kindergarten readiness, and fine motor skills. Both groups made significant improvements between pretesting and posttesting in prewriting, first name writing, and school readiness. Conclusion Adding HWT-GSS to the Head Start program would be beneficial in improving handwriting readiness skills.
Reducing Variance of Committee Prediction with Resampling Techniques

Algorithms for reducing variance in neural network prediction using committee and resampling techniques bootstrap and cross-validation are presented. Their effectiveness is tested on data sets with different levels of noise and on medical diagnosis data sets. The methods are most effective when the noise level in the data is high or the size of the learning set is small, which consequently produces high variance. The algorithms will not be of much help in cases where the error of prediction is mainly due to bias. An increase in bias is observed due to smaller effective learning size in the bootstrap and crossvalidation committee. The impact of increased bias on the performance ranges from negligible to completely undermining the benefit of reducing the variance.
Facile Synthesis of End-Functionalized Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s via Modified Grignard Metathesis Reaction

A simple method for the synthesis of end-functionalized regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s is presented. Using a modified Grignard metathesis (GRIM) reaction, a series of polymers have been synthesized bearing functional groups on one or both ends of the polymer. This method has been demonstrated to work with a variety of different types of Grignard reagents (i.e., aryl, alkyl, allyl, vinyl, etc.). The reactivity of these depends on their nature, where allyl, ethynyl, and vinyl groups produced monofunctionalized polymers, and all others yielded difunctionalized polymers. The end group composition of the polymers was monitored by a combination of MALDI-TOF and 1H NMR and approaches 100% in most cases. By utilizing the proper protecting groups −OH, −CHO, and −NH2 groups have been incorporated onto the polymer ends. The main advantage of this method is that it allows for the in situ functionalization of regioregular polythiophene, generating a variety of end-capped polymers in one step. This approach is ad...
Event Segmentation Ability Uniquely Predicts Event Memory

Memory for everyday events plays a central role in tasks of daily living, autobiographical memory, and planning. Event memory depends in part on segmenting ongoing activity into meaningful units. This study examined the relationship between event segmentation and memory in a lifespan sample to answer the following question: Is the ability to segment activity into meaningful events a unique predictor of subsequent memory, or is the relationship between event perception and memory accounted for by general cognitive abilities? Two hundred and eight adults ranging from 20 to 79 years old segmented movies of everyday events and attempted to remember the events afterwards. They also completed psychometric ability tests and tests measuring script knowledge for everyday events. Event segmentation and script knowledge both explained unique variance in event memory above and beyond the psychometric measures, and did so as strongly in older as in younger adults. These results suggest that event segmentation is a basic cognitive mechanism, important for memory across the lifespan.
The virologic and immunologic effects of cyclosporine as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy in patients treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection

Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is characterized by high levels of immune activation. Immunomodulation with cyclosporine combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the setting of acute and early HIV-1 infection has been reported to result in enhanced immune reconstitution. Fifty-four individuals with acute and early infection were randomized to receive ART with 4 weeks of cyclosporine versus ART alone. In 48 subjects who completed the study, there were no significant differences between treatment arms in levels of proviral DNA or CD4(+) T cell counts. Adjunctive therapy with cyclosporine in this setting does not provide apparent virologic or immunologic benefit.
Response of branch growth and mortality to silvicultural treatments in coastal Douglas-fir plantations: implications for predicting tree growth.

Static models of individual tree crown attributes such as height to crown base and maximum branch diameter profile have been developed for several commercially important species. Dynamic models of individual branch growth and mortality have received less attention, but have generally been developed retrospectively by dissecting felled trees; however, this approach is limited by the lack of historic stand data and the difficulty in determining the exact timing of branch death. This study monitored the development of individual branches on 103 stems located on a variety of silvicultural trials in the Pacific Northwest, USA. The results indicated that branch growth and mortality were significantly influenced by precommercial thinning (PCT), commercial thinning, fertilization, vegetation management, and a foliar disease known as Swiss needle cast [caused by Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Petr.]. Models developed across these datasets accounted for treatment effects through variables such as tree basal area growth and the size of the crown. Insertion of the branch growth and mortality equations into an individual-tree modeling framework, significantly improved short-term predictions of crown recession on an independent series of silvicultural trials, which increased mean accuracy of diameter growth prediction (reduction in mean bias). However, the static height to crown base equation resulted in a lower mean square error for the tree diameter and height growth predictions. Overall, individual branches were found to be highly responsive to changes in stand conditions imposed by silvicultural treatments, and therefore represent an important mechanism explaining tree and stand growth responses.
Representation of Additive Noise

This chapter contains sections titled: General Phase Modulation on the Signal Multiplicative Modulation on Quadrature Carriers Noise at the Phase Detector Output Restrictions on the Noise Models Does the Loop Lock to the Additive Noise? Other Types of Phase Detectors in the Presence of Noise Modified Phase Detector Characteristic with Phase Noise Appendix: Decomposition of a Single Sideband ]]>
Angular rate estimation using fixed and vibrating triaxial acceleration measurements

Nomenclature aa/b = acceleration of point a with respect to reference frame b Fj = j th fixed sensor L = body frame component of sensor system geometry, m n = vibration amplitude of vibrating sensors, m p = Is component of angular velocity in the sensor reference frame, rad/s q = Js component of angular velocity in the sensor reference frame, rad/s r = Ks component of angular velocity in the sensor reference frame, rad/s ra → b = position vector from point a to point b Vj = j th vibrating sensor va/b = velocity of point a with respect to reference frame b αa/b = angular acceleration vector of body a with respect to reference frame b x = Is component of change in position vector in sensor frame, m y = Js component of change in position vector in sensor frame, m z = Ks component of change in position vector in sensor frame, m ω = circular frequency of vibrating sensors, rad/s ωa/b = angular velocity vector of body a with respect to reference frame b
Reflections for November: Love in the time of corticobasal degeneration

> I am holding your hand. > > I am. > > I hold your hand. > > Your hand In mine. > > I am holding your hand. > I do not understand > > What is going on with you > > I mean it this time. > > The doctors explain > > But they cannot do so > > Enough. > You are the strong man > > In my life > > My wall, my life > > The love, the light > > Of my life. > We built our home. > > We made our family. > > With both our arms. > > Both our arms. > > And hopes and hearts. > The doctor tells me > > It …
Managing Collections Between the Chemists and the Consortium: Assessment, Engagement, and Creativity

Managing The Ohio State University Libraries' collection of chemistry journals within OhioLINK's consortial environment mixes objective assessment with engaging the chemistry faculty and the consortium. Basing collection decisions on hard facts has the immediate goal of cost-effectiveness. The most effective technique is a mediated three-party dialogue of the library managers, the chemistry faculty, and the consortium with the long-term goal of reforming scholarly communication. Many methods to assess electronic journals are available, such as article download statistics, impact factors, Eigenfactors, cost per article and cost per citation data, and engaging faculty input. The reality, however, is that high subscription costs do not diminish the importance of chemistry journals to the faculty. Assessment of consortial electronic journal subscription packages is crucial to managing collection content effectively, but library managers and chemistry faculty often disagree about the appropriate assessment method. The most effective approach is a combination of several assessment methods coupled with clear and open communication of the facts. Communicating the results of the assessment techniques is more than a matter of giving the faculty the bad news. The most effective and credible assessment methodology always includes communicating faculty input to the consortium. Difficult decisions are easier to make, announce, and live with when all stakeholders openly share information.
Cervical cancer mortality among foreign-born women living in the United States, 1985 to 1996.

Abstract Purpose of study : This study explored the potential influence of increasing immigration to the United States (US) on US cervical cancer mortality trends. Basic procedures : Mortality data were derived from the National Center for Health Statistics' Detailed Mortality File. Population estimates were obtained from the US Bureau of the Census. Age-adjusted cervical cancer mortality rates were calculated for women living in the US according to place of birth. Main findings : From 1985 to 1996, deaths and death rates from cervical cancer increased for foreign-born women and decreased for US-born women. Increases in death rates among foreign-born women were highest in the South. Cervical cancer deaths and death rates for US-born women decreased uniformly in all regions. Principle conclusions : Cervical cancer mortality rates have increased among foreign-born women in the United States, and have influenced overall US cervical cancer mortality trends. Cervical cancer control efforts should be intensified in areas of the United States with large foreign-born communities.
Who's with Me? False Consensus, Brokerage, and Ethical Decision Making in Organizations

We propose that organization members overestimate the degree to which others share their views on ethical matters. Further, we argue that being a broker in an advice network exacerbates this false ...
Homologous and heterologous interference requires bovine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein D at the cell surface during virus entry.

Expression of glycoprotein D (gD) of alphaherpesviruses protects cells from superinfection by homologous and heterologous viruses by a mechanism termed interference. We recently showed that MDBK cells expressing bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1gD (MDBKgD) resist BHV-1, pseudorabies virus (PRV) and herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) but not the more closely related BHV-5 infection as determined by the number of plaques produced. However, the plaque size is reduced in all four viral infections suggesting a block in cell-to-cell transmission. Here, we show that MDBK cells expressing truncated BHV-1 gD, designated MDBKt-gD, secreted soluble gD and were fully susceptible to infection by all the four viruses when the cells were washed prior to infection. When MDBK cells or MDBKt-gD cells were treated with medium containing truncated gD prior to infection, they partially resisted BHV-1, PRV and HSV-1 but not BHV-5. Interestingly, both BHV-1 and BHV-5 formed normal-sized plaques in MDBKt-gD cells suggesting that the viruses were able to spread efficiently. Thus BHV-1 gD is required at the cell surface at the time of infection in order to block BHV-1, HSV-1 and PRV infections, consistent with a common coreceptor for the three gDs.
Increasing culture time from 48 to 96 or 144 hours increases the proportions of equine cumulus oocyte complexes with negative or fragmented nucleus morphology.

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that increasing equine oocyte culture time from 48 to 96 or 144 h increases nucleus maturation of equine oocytes. The hypothesis was not supported because condensed chromatin-stage oocytes decreased (P 33 126 (26.2%) at 48 h or 34 95 (35.8%) at 96 h to 11 117 (9.4%) at 144 h, and polar body-stage oocytes decreased (P 65 126 (51.6%) at 48 h to 25 95 (26.3%) at 96 h and (P 1 117 (0.9%) at 144 h. Negative (non-staining) oocytes increased (P 16 126 (12.7%) at 48 h or 15 95 (15.8%) at 96 h to 39 117 (33.3%) at 144 h. Fragmented oocytes (with and without fluorescent areas) increased (P 4 126 (3.2%) at 48 h to 20 96 (21.1%) at 96 h and increased again to 60 117 (51.3%) at 144 h. When fragmented oocytes having 1 fluorescent area were defined as condensed chromatin-stage and fragmented oocytes having 2 fluorescent areas were defined as polar body-stage, condensed chromatin-stage oocytes increased (P 34 126 (27.0%) at 48 h to 38 95 (40.0%) at 96 h, but decreased (P 19 117 (16.2%) at 144 h. Polar body-stage oocytes decreased (P 66 126 (52.4%) at 48 h to 27 95 (28.4%) at 96 h and decreased again to 7 117 (6.0%) at 144 h. Fragmented oocytes without any fluorescent areas increased (P 2 126 (1.6%) at 48 h to 14 95 (14.7%) at 96 h and increased again to 46 117 (39.3%) at 144 h. Under the conditions of this experiment, the hypothesis that increasing the culture time of equine oocytes from 48 to 96 or 144 h would increase oocyte maturation was not supported. We propose that the culture system needs to be improved before this hypothesis can be adequately tested, because prolonged culture significantly increased the portions of negative and fragmented equine oocytes.
The invasive plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) inhibits ectomycorrhizal fungi in its introduced range

Summary 1. Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi play key roles in forest ecosystems, but the potential effects of invasive plants on EM fungal communities have not been assessed. In this study, we tested whether the non-mycorrhizal herbaceous plant Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) can alter the abundance of EM fungal communities in North America. 2. In three forests in New England, USA, we compared EM root tip abundance in soils where A. petiolata had invaded to adjacent areas without a history of A. petiolata invasion. At one site, we also intensively sampled EM root tip abundance across the edges of A. petiolata patches to determine the spatial pattern of A. petiolata effects on EM fungi. In a glasshouse experiment, we experimentally invaded soils with A. petiolata and Impatiens capensis , a native species and compared EM fungal colonization of white pine ( Pinus strobus ) seedlings grown in both soils. We also measured the effect of the A. petiolata allelochemical benzyl isothiocyanate on the growth of three species of EM fungi in pure culture. 3. In the field, EM fungal root tip biomass was lower in invaded soils, with the strongest reductions observed in forests dominated by conifers. Alliaria petiolata invasion did not have a significant effect on total root biomass. The influence of A. petiolata on EM fungal abundance in the field was localized, with the strongest inhibition observed within 10 cm of the edge of A. petiolata patches. 4. Pine seedlings growing in soils that were experimentally invaded with A. petiolata also had lower EM fungal root tip biomass compared to uninvaded soils. The native species I. capensis caused similar reductions in EM fungal colonization. Growth of pure cultures of all three species of EM fungi was completely inhibited by benzyl isothiocyanate. 5. Synthesis. Alliaria petiolata inhibits the growth of EM fungi in forests of its introduced range. Changes in EM fungal communities caused by the invasion of A. petiolata may influence tree seedling establishment and biogeochemical cycling.
The role of active learning in college student persistence

The primary goal of this study was to examine the impact of active learning on a student's level of overall social integration and perception of his or her institution's commitment to student welfare.
Completeness and consistency in hierarchical state-based requirements

This paper describes methods for automatically analyzing formal, state-based requirements specifications for some aspects of completeness and consistency. The approach uses a low-level functional formalism, simplifying the analysis process. State-space explosion problems are eliminated by applying the analysis at a high level of abstraction; i.e., instead of generating a reachability graph for analysis, the analysis is performed directly on the model. The method scales up to large systems by decomposing the specification into smaller, analyzable parts and then using functional composition rules to ensure that verified properties hold for the entire specification. The analysis algorithms and tools have been validated on TCAS II, a complex, airborne, collision-avoidance system required on all commercial aircraft with more than 30 passengers that fly in U.S. Airspace.