cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting Clinical Course from Subcortical Shape in Provisional Tic Disorder

The ongoing NewTics study examines children who have had tics for less than 9 months (NT group) - a population on which little research exists. Here, we further investigate relationships between subcortical shape and tic symptom outcomes. 138 children were assessed at baseline and a 12-month follow-up: 79 with NT, 27 tic-free healthy controls (HC), and 32 with chronic tic disorder or Tourette syndrome (TS), using T1-weighted MRI and total tic scores (TTS) from the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale to evaluate symptom change. Subcortical surface maps were generated using FreeSurfer-initialized large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping, and linear regression models were constructed to correlate structural shapes with TTS while accounting for covariates, with relationships mapped onto structure surfaces. When compared to healthy controls, smaller mean volumes were found in the TS group for the caudate, nucleus accumbens, pallidum, and thalamus. NT had smaller mean volumes than controls in the caudate, pallidum, and thalamus. Surface maps illustrate distinct patterns of inward deformation (localized volume loss) in the TS group compared to NT children. In the NT group, a larger hippocampus at baseline significantly correlated with the worsening of tic symptoms at 12 months. Outward deformation in the hippocampus and inward deformation in the accumbens at baseline are also related to worsening tic symptoms at follow-up. Since the NT group has had tics only for a few months, we can rule out the possibility that these subcortical volume differences are caused by living with tics for years; they are more likely related to the cause of tics. These observations constitute some of the first prognostic biomarkers for tic disorders and suggest localized circuitry that may be associated with outcome of tic disorders.
Conclusion: Accounting for Climate

The chapters of this volume offer empirical studies of Net Zero in practice. Taken together, they expose a series of unsettled accounts: problematic and persistent features of Net Zero implementation that bring into question both its accountability and credibility in the triple senses of accounting for climate. These open accounts defy and resist consensual or authoritative settlement and increase incentives to game the regime, potentially redirecting its outcomes away from the narrative that justified Net Zero’s ascendance. The roster of open accounts can be associated categorically with: (1) increasing levels of noise in the information Net Zero accounting sends out to its users; (2) contested rules over Net Zero’s boundaries for coverage; (3) unclear enforceability of future-centric commitments that create incentives to defer compliance and transfer responsibilities (i.e. timing); and, (4) undefined management obligations that both over-simplify risk and, through decentralized accounts, fail to add up to a coordinated climate policy.
Bounded Perception and Learning How to Decide

The profitability of a decision (or action) is often dependent on the occurrence of a phenomenon, say drill for oil only when it is indeed there or invest only when the market is favorable. So the decision maker aims to coordinate his decisions with the occurrence of this phenomenon. However whether or not the phenomenon occurs is usually not revealed until after the decision is made. Hence the outcome of the decision is very much dependent on how well the decision maker can forecast the occurrence of the phenomenon. For this he evaluates the present circumstances and compares this with what he knows about what determines the occurrence of the phenomenon. The process of learning the circumstances surrounding a phenomenon in preparation of such a (critical) decision is the subject of this paper.
Emergence and Evolution of Antifungal Resistance

The intent of this chapter is to take a broader perspective, extending our understanding of acquired resistance in a few fungi to the problem of intrinsic (primary) resistance throughout the fungal kingdom. In diploid fungi heterozygous mutations associated with antifungal resistance may be dominant or recessive; under selective pressure the latter may undergo mitotic gene conversion to homozygosity. A role for genome instability (chromosome rearrangements or aneuploidy) in antifungal resistance was illustrated by recent studies of Candida albicans. The first generation of azole antifungals were imidazoles such as clotrimazole and miconazole. As with PDR1, TAC1 is evolutionarily divergent, and there are no unambiguous orthologs outside of the C. albicans-containing CTG clade. The first generation of research on antifungal resistance has focused on understanding the basis for acquired resistance in the experimentally tractable fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. albicans, and C. glabrata. The second generation of antifungal resistance research will explore the basis for intrinsic resistance in the diverse fungal pathogens that increasingly threaten immunocompromised patients, particularly Aspergillus, Fusarium, Scedosporium, and zygomycete species. Ultimately, understanding the molecular basis for intrinsic antifungal resistance will facilitate the design of second-generation inhibitors with an extended spectrum of activity.
Molecular Simulations of Antimicrobial Peptides

Recent advances in molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods and in available computational resources have allowed for more reliable simulations of biological phenomena. From all-atom MD simulations, we are now able to visualize in detail the interactions between antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and a variety of membrane mimics. This helps us to understand the molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial activity and toxicity. This chapter describes how to set up and conduct molecular dynamics simulations of AMPs and membrane mimics. Details are given for the construction of systems of interest for studying AMPs, which can include simulations of peptides in water, micelles, or lipid bilayers. Explanations of the parameters needed for running a simulation are provided as well.
Proving Church's thesis

The talk reflects recent joint work with Nachum Dershowitz [4]. In 1936, Church suggested that the recursive functions, which had been defined by Godel earlier that decade, adequately capture the intuitive notion of a computable (“effectively calculable”) numerical function [2]. Independently Turing argued that, for strings-to-strings functions, the same goal is achieved by his machines [11]. The modern form of Church’s thesis is due to Church’s student Kleene. It asserts that every computable numerical partial function is partial recursive. (Originally Church spoke of total functions.) Kleene thought that the thesis as unprovable: “Since our original notion of effective calculability. . . is a somewhat vague intuitive one, the thesis cannot be proved” [7]. But he presented evidence in favor of the thesis. By far the strongest argument was Turing’s analysis [11] of “the sorts of operations which a human computer could perform, working according to preassigned instructions” [7]. The argument convinced Godel who thought the idea “that this really is the correct definition of mechanical computability was established beyond any doubt by Turing” [5]. Moreover, Godel has been reported to have thought “that it might be possible . . . to state a set of axioms which would embody the generally accepted properties of [effective calculability], and to do something on that basis” [3]. As explained by Shoenfield [10]:
Differing perspectives of knowledge representation in artificial intelligence and discrete event modeling

In several subfields of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and in Discrete Event Modeling (DEM) there is a need to represent temporal and causal relationships in a problem domain. Some of these formalisms of AI and DEM are presented and compared. Most of the AI formalisms are beset by the frame, qualification, and/or ramification problems. DEM formalisms which can be viewed as formalisms for temporal and causal reasoning are not beset by these problems. They, however, in general, lack a formal theory. The Propositional Discrete Event Logic LPDE which avoids the characteristic problems of AI formalisms and which also gives a formal theory to DEM is briefly discussed. Examples illustrating the use of this logic are given.
Spirit capture: Photographs from the National Museum of the American Indian

Spirit Capture: Photographs from the National Museum of the American Indian. Tim Johnson. ed. Washington. DC. and London: Smithsonian Institution Press in association with the National Museum of the American Indian, 1998. 206 pp.
Kinship Foster Care Moving to the Mainstream: Controversy, Policy, and Outcomes.

ABSTRACT Formal kinship foster care is the fastest growing type of foster care placement for children under the care and protection of the state. We review the reasons for the growth in formal kinship care and outline policy structures and practices pertinent to kinship care. Next, we draw on empirical kinship care research to examine some controversial issues surrounding kinship care, specifically the potential risks and benefits of kinship care for children and the differences between formal kinship care and non-kin foster care. Finally, we review suggestions made for policy and practice models that could more adequately address the needs of kinship caregivers.
Modified reactive control framework for cooperative mobile robots

An important class of robotic applications potentially involves multiple, cooperating robots: security or military surveillance, rescue, mining, etc. One of the main challenges in this area is effective cooperative control: how does one determine and orchestrate individual robot behaviors which result in a desired group behavior? Cognitive (planning) approaches allow for explicit coordination between robots, but suffer from high computational demands and a need for a priori, detailed world models. Purely reactive approaches such as that of Brooks are efficient, but lack a mechanism for global control and learning. Neither approach by itself provides a formalism capable of a sufficiently rapid and rich range of cooperative behaviors. Although we accept the usefulness of the reactive paradigm in building up complex behaviors from simple ones, we seek to extend and modify it in several ways. First, rather than restricting primitive behaviors to fixed input-output relationships, we include memory and learning through feedback adaptation of behaviors. Second, rather than a fixed priority of behaviors, our priorities are implicit: they vary depending on environmental stimuli. Finally, we scale this modified reactive architecture to apply not only for an individual robot, but also at the level of multiple cooperating robots: at this level, individual robots are like individual behaviors which combine to achieve a desired aggregate behavior. In this paper, we describe our proposed architecture and its current implementation. The application of particular interest to us is the control of a team of mobile robots cooperating to perform area surveillance and target acquisition and tracking.
On the Stabilization of Ribonuclease S-Protein by Ribonuclease S-Peptide

Abstract Rapid "scrambling" of the disulfide bonds of RNase S-protein, with concomitant inactivation of potential RNase activity, occurs during catalysis by the disulfide interchange enzyme of microsomes. RNase S-peptide prevents this interchange reaction. The enzymically scrambled S-protein is reactivated on the addition of S-peptide and interchange enzyme.
The New Definition of Good Faith in Revised Article 1

Revised Article 1 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) changes the definition of good faith from the narrow, "honesty in fact" standard, to the broader standard which includes both honesty in fact and reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing. The changed definition essentially means that the new standard for determining good faith under Article 1 is no longer only subjective, but rather requires decision-makers to use both a subjective and an objective standard, incorporating fairness. This article will consider the effect of this change on UCC provisions and on the application of the doctrine of good faith. The change in the definition of good faith revised in Article 1 is bound to bring about some change in the way courts interpret the obligation of good faith. Since the broad standard has already been adopted in most UCC articles, however, the change will not in all likelihood be a major one. Nonetheless, assuming the states adopt revised Article 1 as drafted, these enactments of the broad definition of good faith should generally reaffirm and strengthen the view that under the UCC, a party's conduct should not be contrary to the reasonable expectations of the other party, and should be in accordance with commercial standards reasonably structured to result in fair dealing.
Crystal data for some sodium rare earth silicates

Single crystal synthesis, X-ray powder diffraction data, and electron microprobe data are given for some Na rare earth silicates of the types NaMSiO4, Na3MSi2O7, Na3MSi3O9, and Na5MSi4O12. NaYSiO4 is orthorhombic with SG Pbn21, a=5.132, b=11.156, anc c=6.405 A. NaGdSiO4 is tetragonal with SG I4 or I $$\bar 4$$ with a=11.743 and c=5.444 A. A second form of NaGdSiO4 is orthorhombic with SG P21 nb or Pmmb, a=9.179, b=27.29, and c=5.472 A. Na3YSi2O7 is hexagonal with a=9.416 and c=13.776 A. Na3YSi3O9 is orthorhombic with a=15.215, b=15.126, and c=15.036 A. Na ion conductivities of Na3YSi2O7 and Na3YSi3O9 at 300° C of 5×10−6 (Θ-cm)−1 and 6×10−6 (Θ-cm)−1, respectively, are substantially less than that for Na6YSi4O12, 1×10−1 (Θ-cm)−1.
The anatomy of prejudices

This work looks at what has been said about prejudice, and what has remained unsaid. It examines this phenomenon, from the offhand slight to the full-scale war, and searches for an understanding that might take some of the strain out of difference. Surveying the study of prejudice since World War II, Young-Bruehl finds a history riddled with assumptions, generalizations, and cliches. The bok proposes a fresh start, and suggests an approach that distinguishes between different types of prejudicss, the people who hold them, the social and political settings that promote them, and the human needs they fulfil. Young-Bruehl draws on theoretical and clinical, historical and empirical literatures to show us prejudices from a variety of angles: there are those that help protect a group's identity (ethnocentrisms) and those that protect a group identity (ideologies of desire); there are prejudices as socioeconomics phenomena, attitude toward governments, products of historical periods, social mechanisms of defence, sexual fantasy structures, and puberty rites. Among the many forms of prejudice, Young-Bruehl pays particular attention to four - antisemitism, racism, sexism, and homophobia - which she exposes in their distinctiveness and their similiarities. The text never loses sight of the specific reality of prejudice, as victims and perpetrators experience it. It concludes with a tour of the mid-1990s, with victims of prejudice testifying to its forms and its effects in immediate terms.
An interferon signature identified by RNA-sequencing of mammary tissues varies across the estrous cycle and is predictive of metastasis-free survival

The concept that a breast cancer patient's menstrual stage at the time of tumor surgery influences risk of metastases remains controversial. The scarcity of comprehensive molecular studies of menstrual stage-dependent fluctuations in the breast provides little insight in this observation. To gain a deeper understanding of the biological changes in mammary tissue and blood during the menstrual cycle and to determine the influence of environmental exposures, such as low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR), we used the mouse to characterize estrous-cycle variations in mammary gene transcripts by RNA-sequencing, peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts and plasma cytokine levels. We identified an estrous-variable and hormone-dependent gene cluster enriched for Type-1 interferon genes. Cox regression identified a 117-gene signature of interferon-associated genes, which correlated with lower frequencies of metastasis in breast cancer patients. LDIR (10cGy) exposure had no detectable effect on mammary transcripts. However, peripheral WBC counts varied across the estrous cycle and LDIR exposure reduced lymphocyte counts and cytokine levels in tumor-susceptible mice. Our finding of variations in mammary Type-1 interferon and immune functions across the estrous cycle provides a mechanism by which timing of breast tumor surgery during the menstrual cycle may have clinical relevance to a patient's risk for distant metastases.
On the geometric realization of Albanese's inequality

If an algebraic curve C (irreducible and reduced) moving in a family in projective n-space specializes into a curve C0, having associated cycle Z=m1B1+···+mrBr, then the geometric genera g, g1,....,gr of C, B1,...,Br respectively and the coefficients m1,...,mr must satisfy a certain inequality (found by Albanese). The realization (or existence) problem asks whether an inequality of this type actually arises from an algebraic family of curves. In this paper some results are obtained concerning the strong version of the problem, where one specifies the cycle Z; with these an affirmative solution of the weak version (where the components Bi are not specified) is obtained.
Modeling Pathogenesis of Primary Liver Cancer in Lineage-Specific Mouse Cell Types

Background & Aims Human primary liver cancer is classified into biologically distinct subgroups based on cellular origin. Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been recently described. We investigated the ability of distinct lineages of hepatic cells to become liver CSCs and the phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of primary liver cancer. Methods We transduced mouse primary hepatic progenitor cells, lineage-committed hepatoblasts, and differentiated adult hepatocytes with transgenes encoding oncogenic H-Ras and SV40LT. The CSC properties of transduced cells and their ability to form tumors were tested by standard in vitro and in vivo assays and transcriptome profiling. Results Irrespective of origin, all transduced cells acquired markers of CSC/progenitor cells, side populations, and self-renewal capacity in vitro. They also formed a broad spectrum of liver tumors, ranging from cholangiocarcinoma to hepatocellular carcinoma, which resembled human liver tumors, based on genomic and histologic analyses. The tumor cells coexpressed hepatocyte (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α), progenitor/biliary (keratin 19, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, A6), and mesenchymal (vimentin) markers and showed dysregulation of genes that control the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Gene expression analyses could distinguish tumors of different cellular origin, indicating the contribution of lineage stage–dependent genetic changes to malignant transformation. Activation of c-Myc and its target genes was required to reprogram adult hepatocytes into CSCs and for tumors to develop. Stable knockdown of c-Myc in transformed adult hepatocytes reduced their CSC properties in vitro and suppressed growth of tumors in immunodeficient mice. Conclusions Any cell type in the mouse hepatic lineage can undergo oncogenic reprogramming into a CSC by activating different cell type–specific pathways. Identification of common and cell of origin–specific phenotypic and genetic changes could provide new therapeutic targets for liver cancer.
An ( s,Q ) policy with setup reduction in a single-stage batch manufacturing system

Abstract In this paper, we analyze an (s, Q) policy for a single-stage batch manufacturing system where the input items are gradually converted to the end product at a finite rate during the manufacturing period. The effects of setup reduction are considered. We assume that the demand for the end product is a general deterministic function of time horizon and that the input items are procured externally. The problem of minimizing the combined inventory costs of the end product and the input items is formulated as a mathematical programming problem, and a general solution methodology is developed. Using the power-form demand rate function, we present a numerical example.
Twisted propagator in the operatorial duality formalism

Abstract We find an explicit operatorial form which represents the “twisted” lines in the duality diagrams. Some applications, and in particular the derivation of the symmetric three-resonance vertices, are discussed.
Contemporary management of median arcuate ligament syndrome provides early symptom improvement.

Objective Optimal diagnosis and management of median arcuate ligament (MAL) syndrome (MALS) remains unclear in contemporary practice. The advent and evolution of laparoscopic and endovascular techniques has redirected management toward a less invasive therapeutic algorithm. This study examined our contemporary outcomes of patients treated for MALS. Methods All patients treated for MALS at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center from 2000 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographics and comorbidities were recorded. Freedom from symptoms and freedom from reintervention were the primary end points. Return to work or school was assessed. Follow-up by clinic visits and telephone allowed quantitative comparisons among the patients. Results During the study interval, 21 patients (24% male), with a median age of 42 years, were treated for MALS. All patients complained of abdominal pain in the presence of a celiac stenosis, 16 (76%) also reported weight loss at the time of presentation, and 57% had a concomitant psychiatric history. Diagnostic imaging most commonly used included duplex ultrasound (81%), computed tomography angiography (66%), angiography (57%), and magnetic resonance angiography (5%). Fourteen patients (67%) underwent multiple diagnostic studies. All patients underwent initial laparoscopic MAL release. Seven patients (33%) underwent subsequent celiac stent placement in the setting of recurrent or unresolved symptoms with persistent celiac stenosis at a mean interval of 49 days. Two patients required surgical bypass after an endovascular intervention failed. The 6-month freedom from symptoms was 75% and freedom from reintervention was 64%. Eighteen patients (81%) reported early symptom improvement and weight gain, and 66% were able to return to work. Conclusions A multidisciplinary treatment approach using initial laparoscopic release and subsequent stent placement and bypass surgery provides symptom improvement in most patients treated for MALS. The potential placebo effect, however, remains uncertain. A significant minority of patients will require reintervention, justifying longitudinal surveillance and prudent patient selection. Patients can anticipate functional recovery, weight gain, and return to work with treatment.
The development and validation of an UHPLC–MS/MS method for the rapid quantification of the antiretroviral agent dapivirine in human plasma

Background: Dapivirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor designed to prevent HIV-1 viral replication and subsequent propagation. A sensitive method is required to quantify plasma concentrations to assess drug efficacy. Results: Dapivirine-spiked plasma was combined with acetonitrile containing deuterated IS and was processed for analysis. The method has an analytical measuring range from 20 to 10,000 pg/ml. For the LLOQ, low, mid and high QCs, intra- and inter-assay precision (%CV) ranged from 5.58 to 13.89% and 5.23 to 13.36%, respectively, and intra- and inter-day accuracy (% deviation) ranged from -5.61 to 0.75% and -4.30 to 6.24%, respectively. Conclusion: A robust and sensitive LC–MS/MS assay for the high-throughput quantification of the antiretroviral drug dapivirine in human plasma was developed and validated following bioanalytical validation guidelines. The assay meets criteria for the analysis of samples from large research trials.
A class of filter problems, II: Solution for absolutely continuous kernels

A variational problem generated by a class of filter problems in which the autocorrelation function of the noise is assumed to be expressible as a convolution of a functionK with itself is considered. The variational problem involves the minimization of the square of theL1[0, ∞] norm of a functiony plus the square of theL2[0, ∞] norm of a functionG. The functionsy andG are related by a renewal equation which also involvesK. Existence and uniqueness of the solution was established earlier. In this paper, the solution is shown to have compact support.
High efficiency optical modulation at a telecom wavelength using the quantum Zeno effect in a ladder transition in Rb atoms.

We demonstrate a high-efficiency optical modulator at ~1323 nm using the quantum Zeno effect in a ladder transition in a Rb vapor cell. The lower leg of the transitions represents the control beam while the upper leg of the transitions represents the signal beam. The cross-modulation of the signal beam transmission is observed as the control beam is intensity modulated, and is explained in terms of the quantum Zeno effect. We observe a modulation depth of near 100% at frequencies up to 1MHz and demonstrate modulation at speeds up to 75 MHz, with a 3 dB bandwidth of about 5 MHz, limited by the homogeneous linewidth of the intermediate state. We also describe how much higher modulation speeds could be realized by using a buffer gas to broaden the transitions. We identify and explain the special conditions needed for optimizing the modulation efficiency. Numerical simulations of modulation at ~1GHz are presented. The maximum modulation speed is found to scale with the pressure-broadened linewidth of the intermediate state, so that much higher speeds should be attainable.
Review: High-dose and non–high-dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic treatment do not differ for bleeding peptic ulcers

Source Citation Wang CH, Ma MH, Chou HC, et al. High-dose vs non-high-dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic treatment in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer: a systematic review and meta-ana...
Alkylidenecarbene insertion at anomeric CH bonds. Synthesis of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-2-heptulosonic acid (DAH) and 3-deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO)

Abstract A novel method for the homologation of glycals to the corresponding 3-deoxy-2-ulosonic acids, based on the [1,5]-CH bond insertion of alkylidenecarbenes, is presented. The application of this approach is illustrated through the synthesis of 3-deoxy- d - arabino -2-heptulosonic acid (DAH) and 3-deoxy- d - manno -2-octulosonic acid (KDO).
The automatic synthesis of digital systems

The purpose of a digital synthesis aid is to allow a digital system architect to describe the behavior of a system to be built and to then aid him in the logic design of that system. This paper will overview several different approaches to the development of synthesis aids. The importance of key features of synthesis aids, such as the automatic generation of multilevel system representations, will also be discussed.
Tandem mass spectrometry for structure assignments of wye nucleosides from transfer RNA.

The tricyclic wye nucleoside family of eight known members constitutes one of the most complex and interesting series of posttranscriptionally modified nucleosides in transfer RNA. The principal reaction paths represented in collision‐induced dissociation mass spectra of wye bases and their analogs have been studied in order to determine those structural features that can be readily established by mass spectrometry. The main routes of fragmentation are determined by the presence vs. absence of an amino acid side chain at C‐7 (1H‐imidazo[1,2‐a]purine nomenclature). The common methionine‐related side chain is cleaved at two points, providing a ready means of establishing the presence and net level of side chain modification. For those molecules without a side chain, the initial reaction steps are characteristically controlled by the presence vs. absence of methyl at N‐4, allowing determination of the methylation status of that site. In the latter case initial opening of the central (pyrimidine) ring, in ana...
Forward/backwardstate and modelparameter estimation for continuum-state hidden Markov models (CHMM) with Dirichlet state distributions

In this paper, the foundations of the theory of the continuum-state HMM (cHMM) are extended to include a forward/ backward algorithm producing probability densities analogous to those in conventional HMMs, and algorithms for estimating the parameters of the state transition density and the constituent output densities. The α and β densities are approximated as Dirichlet distributions, providing for nearly closed form, “closed” operations. The EM algorithm is extended to apply to the parameter estimation problem. Major results are presented, with details and proofs omitted due to space.
Observations on the histologic features of the human edentulous ridge. Part I: Mucosal epithelium

S everal studies have been conducted on the histologic features of the human edentulous ridge.‘-’ Some examined selected alveolar specimens or focused on only one feature of the ridge epithelium. The objective of the present study was to observe the histologic relationships among all aspects of the human edentulous ridge: epithelium, connective tissue, and bone. In Part I, the epithelial observations are presented for subjects who were edentulous for varying periods of time. Some subjects had worn dentures, while others had not.
Delayed Gratification—Waiting to Terminate Stem Cell Identity

In Arabidopsis , a small group of undifferentiated stem cells in the center of the floral meristem give rise to the flower. These stem cells produce daughter cells that differentiate into the four whorls of organs (sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels) underlying the basic flower structure. The different organ identities are determined by the complex interplay of floral organ identity genes, most of which are transcription factors. On page [10.1126/science.1248559][1] in this issue, Sun et al. ( 1 ) describe an elegant timing mechanism that allows transcriptional changes specified in the stem cells to be executed only in daughter cells and only after a predefined number of cell divisions. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1248559
Stigma, disclosure, and family functioning among parents of children conceived through donor insemination.

Objective: To examine the influence of gender, male infertility factor, and other demographic variables on stigma and whether parents tell their children that they were conceived by donor insemination (DI) and to ascertain if stigma and the disclosure decision affect parental bonding with the child or the quality of the interparental relationship. Design: One hundred eighty-four San Francisco Bay Area couples who had become parents by DI were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Setting: A private infertility practice. Patient(s): Eighty-two men and 94 women who completed the questionnaire. Main Outcome Measure: A questionnaire assessing disclosure, stigma, parental bonding, and the quality of the interparental relationship. Result(s): Factors that increased the couple's likelihood of disclosure included younger age, azoospermia, lower stigma scores, and having more than one DI child. Fathers who scored higher on stigma reported less parental warmth and parental fostering of independence. Conclusion(s): Because the decision regarding disclosure of DI treatment was not linked to parental bonding with the child or to the quality of the interparental relationship, we cannot conclude that nondisclosure is harmful to family relationships or is a symptom of family problems. The husband's perceptions of stigma however, may affect the father-child relationship adversely.
Changes in ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) assemblages in farming systems bordered by complex or simple roadside vegetation

Abstract Evidence suggests that vegetative diverse plant communities support diverse and abundant insect natural enemy communities. Vegetation both in and surrounding agricultural fields may be used to enhance natural enemy populations. The effects of roadside vegetation diversity on abundance and species richness of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were investigated. Populations and communities were compared in agricultural ecosystems bordered by complex prairie vegetation with those bordered by simple communities dominated by smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis Leysser). Pitfall traps were placed in 10 experimental roadsides and 10 and 15 m into their adjacent corn fields. Beetles trapped during two corn growth stages, before corn canopy closure and following corn canopy closure, were compared between complex and simple agricultural systems. Before canopy closure, carabid species richness was significantly greater in complex than in simple agricultural systems. Following canopy closure, carabid abundance was significantly greater in simple than in complex agricultural systems. The Bray–Curtis similarity index showed that carabid communities in complex and simple agricultural systems decreased to similar extents from before to after canopy closure of the corn. Carabid distribution was compared between experimental roadsides and their adjacent corn fields. Carabids were more abundant in roadsides than in corn fields before canopy closure and more abundant in adjacent corn fields than in roadsides following canopy closure. The Bray–Curtis similarity index showed that carabid communities in complex roadsides and their adjacent corn fields decreased to similar extents from before to after canopy closure of the corn. Carabid communities in simple roadsides and their adjacent corn fields became increasingly different before and after canopy closure of the corn. Results indicate that both complex and simple agricultural landscape are beneficial for carabids, and that carabid abundance and diversity changes between roadsides and adjacent corn fields in response to changing field conditions.
Direct Visualization of RecBCD Movement Reveals Cotranslocation of the RecD Motor after χ Recognition

Summary In Escherichia coli , χ (5′-GCTGGTGG-3′) is a recombination hotspot recognized by the RecBCD enzyme. Recognition of χ reduces both nuclease activity and translocation speed of RecBCD and activates RecA-loading ability. RecBCD has two motor subunits, RecB and RecD, which act simultaneously but independently. A longstanding hypothesis to explain the changes elicited by χ interaction has been "ejection" of the RecD motor from the holoenzyme at χ. To test this proposal, we visualized individual RecBCD molecules labeled via RecD with a fluorescent nanoparticle. We could directly see these labeled, single molecules of RecBCD moving at up to 1835 bp/s (∼0.6 μm/s). Those enzymes translocated to χ, paused, and continued at reduced velocity, without loss of RecD. We conclude that χ interaction induces a conformational change, resulting from binding of χ to RecC, and not from RecD ejection. This change is responsible for alteration of RecBCD function that persists for the duration of DNA translocation.
Early visuomotor representations revealed from evoked local field potentials in motor and premotor cortical areas.

Local field potentials (LFPs) recorded from primary motor cortex (MI) have been shown to be tuned to the direction of visually guided reaching movements, but MI LFPs have not been shown to be tuned...
Ethnicity and gender comparisons of health consequences in adults with alcohol dependence.

The moderating effects of ethnicity and gender on factors associated with physical health consequences in adults manifesting alcohol dependence were examined using data from the 2001–2002 US National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Black and white respondents with a lifetime diagnosis of DSM-IV alcohol dependence were selected for the study (n = 3,852). A multiple-group structural equation model tested ethnicity, gender, and intervening variables as predictors of physical health status in alcohol-dependent men and women. Study findings offer implications for clinical practice with alcohol-dependent individuals by identifying likely target groups and problems for intervention.
Image-potential states on Ni(111) measured by inverse-photoemission spectroscopy.

Angle-resolved inverse-photoemission (IPE) spectroscopy has been used to examine the unoccupied electronic states of the Ni(111) surface. The dispersion with parallel momentum of all observed features is more rapid than reported in an earlier IPE study. Bulk related features agree well with direct transitions predicted by a combined interpolation calculation of the Ni band structure. The dispersion of the n=1 image-potential state is free-electron-like with an effective mass of (1.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05)${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{e}}$. This is in good agreement with recent two-photon photoemission results as well as theoretical calculations using a phase-analysis model, but differs considerably with the earlier angle-resolved IPE measurements.
Pullulan Production by Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 201253 Cells Adsorbed onto Cellulose Anion and Cation Exchangers

The anion exchanger phosphocellulose and the cation exchanger triethylaminoethyl cellulose were used to immobilize cells of the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 201253 and the adsorbed cells were subsequently investigated for their ability to produce the polysaccharide pullulan using batch fermentation. The cells adsorbed on the triethylaminoethyl cellulose at pH 7.5 produced higher pullulan levels than those cells immobilized on phosphocellulose at pH 4.0 for 2 cycles of 168 h at 30 °C. Relative to the initial cycle of 168 h, pullulan production by the cells immobilized on the triethylaminoethyl cellulose decreased slightly after 168 h of the second production cycle while pullulan production by the phosphocellulose-immobilized cells remained about the same after 168 h of the second production cycle.
On two-dimensional gravity

The field equations that result from the use of R2–the square of the Ricci scalar – in the gravitational action are studied in two dimensions. Some general features of the model are noted; in particular, the existence of a solution R=Λ. The form of the static vacuum metrics is obtained. The problem of cosmology is discussed.
Crack nucleation and growth modeling in biaxial fatigue

Abstract Differences in stress state, strain level and material type are known to significantly influence the fatigue cracking behavior of metals. Two modes of shear crack growth have been considered. Cracks may nucleate within individual grains and grow by coalescence mechanisms. In the analysis of this mode, a polycrystalline material was modeled as an aggregate of square grains with a double primary-conjugate slip system. A dislocation model is used to compute the nucleation of cracks within individual grains. In the second mode, cracks become large enough to generate their own stress fields and grow as a single dominant crack. This mode is analysed using fracture mechanics concepts with an equivalent strain intensity factor. The cracking behavior of a material is determined by a competition between the two modes of cracking. The model was employed to simulate cracking behavior in SAE 1045 steel. Both crack distribution and fatigue life estimates were obtained from the model. Good correlation between experimental and analytical results was found.
The earliest Hebrew citation indexes

The invention of the citation index was credited to Shepard (1873) until Shapiro described a legal citation index published in 1743. A similar index was embedded in the Talmud two centuries earlier (1546). The first Hebrew citation index to a printed book is dated 1511. The earliest Hebrew manuscript citation index, ascribed to Maimonides, dates from the 12th century. Considerable knowledge was assumed for users of these tools. The substantial knowledge of their compilers contrasts with the semi-automatic production of modern citation indexes. The terms citation, quotation, reference, cross-reference, locator, and concordance are employed inconsistently in publications about Hebrew indexes. There is a lack of citation links between the secondary literature on Hebrew indexes and that of citation analysis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reflection as a Visible Outcome for Preservice Teachers.

Abstract As the standards movement progresses, efforts to encourage reflection by student teachers are often undermined. In this piece, we analyze exemplars of student teacher reflection coming from two very different approaches to outcomes-based teacher preparation. We use these exemplars to develop a rubric that illuminates the dimensions and qualities of reflection. This rubric helps clarify how meaningful reflection and an emphasis on learning are not incompatible if the focus is placed on the process of learning, rather than on outcomes alone. Finally, we contend that engagement in the process of reflection and reflection on the moral enterprise of teaching can be considered as important outcomes in their own right.
Trainees' Attributes and Attitudes: Neglected Influences on Training Effectiveness

Studies of the influence of trainees' characteristics on training effectiveness have focused on the level of ability necessary to learn program content. Motivational and environmental influences of training effectiveness have received little attention. This analysis integrates important motivational and situational factors from organizational behavior theory and research into a model which describes how trainees' attributes and attitudes may influence the effectiveness of training.
Relationship Between Vitamin A and β-Carotene in Blood Plasma and Milk and Mastitis in Holsteins

Blood and milk were sampled and quarter California Mastitis Test scores were taken during four 2-wk periods from 45 lactating cows. Vitamin A and beta-carotene in plasma and milk were analyzed within 48 h after collection. Total vitamin A equivalent (2 X amount of beta-carotene plus amount of vitamin A) also was calculated. Additionally, the total amount of vitamin A and beta-carotene excreted in milk was calculated from concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene in milk and milk weights recorded on sampling day. Independent effects of lactation number, period of collection, days in lactation, and California Mastitis Test Scores (the highest test score of four quarters used in the analysis) were examined by least-squares procedures using each blood and milk measure as the dependent variable. Results showed a highly significant independent effect of California Mastitis Test Scores for concentrations of plasma vitamin A, beta-carotene, and total vitamin A equivalent. Cows with lower plasma vitamin A, beta-carotene, and total vitamin A equivalent had higher test scores than cows with higher vitamin A and beta-carotene. Similar comparisons for amount of milk vitamin A, beta-carotene, and total vitamin A equivalent and total amount of each component excreted in milk showed no significant independent effects attributed to California Mastitis Test. Therefore, low concentrations of vitamin A and beta-carotene in plasma were associated with severity of mastitis in cows.
The demographics of e-mail for emergency medicine research.

Abstract Escalating costs of research combined with increasing use of e-mail by emergency physicians (EP), justifies studying whether electronic surveying (ES) is a valid methodology for research. Our primary study object is to delineate the demographics of EP with e-mail. Secondary objectives are to ascertain ES response rates and to identify response bias between “individual” versus “bulk” e-mailings. The 1999 American College of Emergency Physicians Membership Guide identified a pool of e-mail addresses. Of the 1,752 EP surveyed, 1,386 (79%) had valid e-mail addresses and 574 responded. A response rate of 41% questions the validity of ES for research. Demographic data of EP regarding mean age (38.2 years); gender (82.4% men); title (86.8% MD); practice (87% ED); practice location (49.6% urban); training (56% EM residency); research participation (65.5%); screening e-mail (7%); is representative of EP overall. Finally, comparison of individual versus bulk e-mail to survey participants showed a 13.6% (5.5—21.7; 95% CI) improvement in overall response.(Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:192-195. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Neuropeptide W increases mean arterial pressure as a result of behavioral arousal

Neuropeptide W (NPW), an endogenous ligand for G protein-coupled receptors NPBWR1 (GPR7) and NPBWR2 (GPR8), has been detected in neurons in limbic and reticular activating system areas known to be important in arousal, as well as hypothalamic nuclei known to be important in food and water intake and the neuroendocrine response to stress. In rat, central administration of NPW increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) and behaviors associated with locomotion and grooming. We hypothesized that the NPW-induced increase in MAP was secondary to those increases in physical activity. Since peptides that stimulate arousal have been shown to increase sympathetic activity (e.g., orexin), we tested the ability of the mixed α1- and α2-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, to block the NPW-23-induced rise in MAP. Phentolamine pretreatment abrogated the NPW-induced MAP increase. However, we noticed the animals no longer exhibited NPW-associated behavioral arousal when pretreated with phentolamine. Anesthesia also blocked the NPW-induced increase in MAP, although the animals still were able to respond with an increase in MAP to centrally administered ANG II. Additionally, pretreatment with an orexin type 1 receptor antagonist significantly reduced the behavioral action of NPW-23 and completely blocked the peptide's action to increase MAP, suggesting that orexin neurons are downstream targets of NPW. Our results suggest that NPW increased MAP secondary to increased behavioral arousal.
Aptamer-functionalized porous phospholipid nanoshells for direct measurement of Hg2+ in urine

A porous phospholipid nanoshell (PPN) sensor functionalized with a specific aptamer sensor agent was prepared for rapid detection of Hg2+ in human urine with minimal sample preparation. Aptamer sensors provide an important class of optical transducers that can be readily and reproducibly synthesized. A key limitation of aptamer sensors, and many other optical sensors, is the potential of biofouling or biodegradation when used in complex biological matrices such as serum or urine, particularly when high levels of nucleases are present. We prepared Hg2+-responsive, PPN-encapsulated aptamer sensors that overcome these limitations. PPNs provide a protective barrier to encapsulate the aptamer sensor in an aqueous environment free of diffusional restrictions encountered with many polymer nanomaterials. The unique porous properties of the PPN membrane enable ready and rapid transfer of small molecular weight ions and molecules into the sensor interior while minimizing the macromolecular interactions between the transducer and degradants or interferents in the exterior milieu. Using Hg2+-responsive, PPN-encapsulated aptamer sensors, we were able to detect sub-100 ppb (chronic threshold limit from urine test) Hg2+ in human urine with no sample preparation, whereas free aptamer sensors yielded inaccurate results due to interferences from the matrix. The PPN architecture provides a new platform for construction of aptamer-functionalized sensors that target low molecular weight species in complex matrices, beyond the Hg2+ demonstrated here.