cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Gay Archipelago: Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia

The Gay Archipelago: Sexuality and Nation in Indonesia. Tom Boellstorff. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005. 282 pp.
DFT and experimental examination of the oxidation/reduction of a thiol-substituted carotenoid with gold versus glassy carbon electrodes.

The oxidation/reduction properties of the thiol-substituted carotenoid, 7‘-apo-7‘-(4-mercaptomethylphenyl)-β-carotene (AMC), on gold and glassy carbon electrodes were investigated. Similarities of the first and second oxidation potentials of AMC when the glassy carbon electrode is used are attributed to stabilization of the dication in the presence of CH2Cl2. This does not occur for AMC tethered to gold, where the second oxidation potential is higher than the first by 145 mV. Self-assembled monolayers between AMC and the gold electrode causes the first oxidation potential to be lower by 90 mV than that on glassy carbon electrode. These phenomena are examined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which show that the ionization potential for the AMC−transition metal complex is lower than that of AMC. DFT calculations also show that the LUMO of the carotenoid−transition metal complex is independent of the chain length of the carotenoid but is related to the transition metal. Upon reduction at −1...
Cross-Layer prioritized H.264 video packetization and error protection over noisy channels

Video transmission over wireless channels is affected by channel-induced packet losses. Distortion due to channel errors can be alleviated by applying forward error correction. Aggregating H.264/AVC slices to form video packets with sizes adapted to their importance can also improve transmission reliability. Larger packets are more likely to be in error but smaller packets require more overhead. We present a cross-layer dynamic programming (DP) approach to minimize the expected received video distortion by jointly addressing the priority-adaptive packet formation at the application layer and rate compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) code rate allocation at the physical layer for prioritized slices of each group of pictures (GOP). Some low priority slices are also discarded to improve protection to more important slices and meet the channel bit-rate limitations. We propose two schemes. Our first scheme carries out joint optimization for all slices of a GOP at a time. The second scheme extends our cross-layer DP-based approach to slices of each frame by predicting the expected channel bit budget per frame for live streaming. The prediction uses a generalized linear model developed over the cumulative mean squared error per frame, channel SNR, and normalized compressed frame bit budget. The parameters are determined over a video dataset that spans high, medium and low motion complexity. The predicted frame bit budget is used to derive the packet sizes and corresponding RCPC code rates for live transmission using our DP-based approach. Simulation results show that both proposed schemes significantly improve the received video quality over contemporary error protection schemes.
Application and linearity life testing of light emitting diodes for direct video systems

Analog modulation of LEDs represents the most cost-effective and bandwidth conservative system for the transmission of video information.1,2 For the first time we have characterized LED linearity performance with aging. In direct analog intensity modulated video systems, high output power and optical source linearity must be maintained over the operating life of the system to maintain a high-quality low-distortion signal path.
In vitro activated human T lymphocytes very efficiently attach to allogenic multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and transmigrate under them

The regulatory effect of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) on allogenic T lymphocytes is extremely powerful and of important clinical relevance, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not fully elucidated. We report here that T lymphocytes activated with a sub-mitogenic stimulus such as phytohemaglutinin alone (PHA), or with mitogenic stimuli such as PHA + interleukin-2 (P-IL2), or immobilized anti-CD3 + anti-CD28 mAb (a3-28), tightly bound allogenic MSC and transmigrated within 4 h under them, where they remained for approximately 60 h. Allogenic MSC induced T cell proliferation in cultures containing sub-mitogenic PHA concentrations, and inhibited the mitogenic effect of P-IL2 or a3-28. Anti-gamma-IFN mAb or L-tryptophan complementation partially restored proliferation in P-IL2 and a3-28 cultures, whereby gamma-IFN-synthesizing CD3+ cells were detectable. MSC-lymphocyte contact hindrance using transwells abrogated proliferation in PHA cultures, restored it integrally in P-IL2 cultures, and partially in a3-28 cultures. These data suggest that MSC-induced T lymphocyte regulation results from the combination of various processes. Allogenic cell-cell contact, as demonstrated by the PHA co-cultures is per se stimulatory, whereas gamma-IFN synthesized by activated T lymphocytes, which activates indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase in MSC, and L-tryptophan depletion, which is induced by this enzyme, are inhibitory. Transmigration is nevertheless pivotal for the establishment of the inhibition by these mediators because it targets lymphocytes under the stroma in small extracellular spaces surrounded by MSC, where L-tryptophan is efficiently destroyed, leading to T lymphocyte proliferation arrest. In conclusion lymphocyte transmigration under allogenic MSC potentiates the inhibitory effect of soluble mediators generated by these cells.
Rapid internal conversion by nucleic acid components in solution

Abstract The fluorescence excitation spectra of 12 nucleic acid components in ethylene-glycol-H 2 O solution at 160 K show quantum yields which are 2 to 10 times higher when excitation is near the 0-0 energy than at the first absorption maximum. Discussion leads to the conclusion that internal conversion which competes with vibrational relaxation is generally responsible.
Image based bio-cad modeling and its applications to biomedical and tissue engineering

CAD has been traditionally used to assist in engineering design and modeling for representation, analysis and manufacturing. Advances in Information Technology and in Biomedicine have created new uses for CAD with many novel and important biomedical applications, particularly in tissue engineering in which the CAD based bio-tissue informatics model provides critical information of tissue biological, biophysical, and biochemical properties for modeling, design, and fabrication of complex tissue substitutes. This paper will present some salient advances of bio-CAD modeling and application in computer-aided tissue engineering, including biomimetic design, analysis, simulation and freeform fabrication of tissue engineered substitutes. Overview of computer-aided tissue engineering will be given. Methodology to generate bio-CAD modeling from high resolution non-invasive imaging, the medical imaging process and the 3D reconstruction technique will be described. Enabling state-of-the-art computer program in assisting the 3D reconstruction and in bio-modeling development will be introduced. Utilization of the bio-CAD model for the description and representation of the morphology, heterogeneity, and organizational structure of tissue anatomy will also be presented.
Coupled current densities

In a steady-state galvanomagnetic effect involving two-carrier ambipolar conduction, isotropic in the plane of conduction, the net electric current density I and the ambipolar current density of electron-hole pairs Ie-1are simply coupled if I, I, and the magnetic induction B are orthogonal. The coupled equations are derived.
Effects of New 4-Aryl-1,4-Dihydropyridines and 4-Arylpyridines on Drug Efflux Mediated by Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 1

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of newly synthesized 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridine and pyridines on drug efflux mediated by multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1). These compounds were designed to maximize inhibition of P-glycoprotein and minimize calcium channel binding activity, based on structure modifications of niguldipine. A [3H]vinblastine accumulation study was conducted in human small cell lung cancer H69AR (overexpressing MRP1) and wild type H69 cells. Five out of 16 dihydropyridines and 6 out of 9 pyridines were found to significantly increase the intracellular accumulation of vinblastine in resistant H69AR cells (p<0.01) at a concentration of 2.5 microM. Daunomycin accumulation studies, determined using a flow cytometric assay, were also performed in H69AR and human pancreatic adenocarcinoma Panc-1 cells and the results were highly correlated with those obtained from the [3H]vinblastine accumulation studies. Four compounds, which significantly increased vinblastine accumulation, were tested for their effect on daunomycin cytotoxicity in H69AR cells and found to significantly decrease the IC50 of daunomycin, confirming the accumulation study results. Compounds were also tested for their effect on intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentrations, a cosubstrate for MRP1-mediated efflux in H69AR and Panc-1 cells. No significant changes in the intracellular GSH level were observed in H69AR cells after treatment with these test compounds. However, following a 2-hr and 24-hr incubation with a dihydropyridine compound, Im, and its pyridine derivative IIm, there was a small (approximately 20%) but statistically significant decrease in intracellular GSH in Panc-1 cells. Our results indicate that some dihydropyridine and pyridine compounds in our series could inhibit MRP1-mediated transport and that GSH modulation plays a minor, if any, role in this effect.
Improvement of cervical dystonia: possible role of transcranial magnetic stimulation simulating sensory tricks effect

Idiopathic cervical dystonia (ICD) is the most common form of focal dystonia. A characteristic and unique diagnostic feature is the presence of "sensory tricks", for example, a finger placed on the chin to neutralize the spasm. Although approximately 70% of patients with ICD experience effective sensory tricks, the exact mechanism of these tricks is still unknown. However, recent evidence suggests that higher sensorimotor integration processes are involved. A study using H2(15)O positron emission tomography demonstrated that the application of sensory trick stimulus, resulting in a near-neutral head position, led to an increased activation mainly of the superior and inferior parietal lobules (ipsilateral to head turn) and bilateral occipital cortex and to a decreased activity of the supplementary motor area and the primary sensorimotor cortex (contralateral to head turn). Since transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an experimental device with the ability to excite or depress the neural circuits, we hypothesize that the use of TMS of specific parameters to specific brain areas (as above) may produce an effect similar to sensory tricks resulting in the relief of spasms and the improvement of cervical dystonia.
Ontogeny of μ- and κ-Opiate Receptor Control of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Rats

The purpose of the present study was to determine the relative ontogeny of μ- and κ-opiate receptor control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in rats. The ability of the μ-agonist morphine and the κ-agonist U-50,488 to stimulate the HPA axis was determined by evaluating ACTH and corticosterone (CS) secretion in developing rat pups. Morphine elicited marked rises in both ACTH and CS secretion in 10-day-old rats, and these increases were maximal from 30–60 min after drug administration. Both morphine and U50,488H caused a dose-related rise in CS secretion that was blocked by the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone. The μ-opiate antagonist β-funaltrexamine blocked the morphine-induced rise in CS secretion, and the κ-antagonist norbinaltorphimine blocked the action of U50,488H. While a maximal dose of U50,488H (1 mg/kg) elicited a significant rise in CS secretion as early as postnatal day 2, significant effects of a maximal dose of morphine (5 mg/kg) were not observed until day 5. The effects...
Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity of Copper(I) Complexes Supported by a Rigid Dinucleating Ligand

Herein, we report the diverse CuI chemistry of a dinucleating ligand L that features two iminopyridine chelates bridged by a 1,8-diaminoxanthene linker {L = (1E,1′E)-N,N′-(2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis[1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine]}. The ligand L leads to the formation of discrete bimetallic species, or metallopolymers, as a result of syn-parallel or anti-parallel mutual disposition of the chelating units. The reaction of L with [Cu(NCMe)4]+ forms the discrete bimetallic complexes [Cu2(L)(NCMe)2]2+ (1) or [Cu2(L)2]2+ (2), depending on the solvent and the ligand-to-metal ratio. In contrast, the reaction of L with CuX (X = Cl, Br) forms the metallopolymers [Cu2(L)(Br)2]n (3) and {[Cu3(L)2Cl2][CuCl2]}n (4). The compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, electrochemistry, and DFT calculations. The reaction of compound 1 with O2 in CH2Cl2 was found to lead to a mixture of CuII products of which tetrametallic [Cu4(L)4(OH)3(Cl)]4+ and [Cu4(L)2(OH)4]4+ were identified by X-ray crystallography.
Fellowship proliferation. Impact and long-range implications.

The changes and modifications that occur in the practice of medicine are often recognized in retrospect, rather than being appreciated as they develop. As we review the past century of medical education, we can see clearly that medical education and medical practice have been improved dramatically by three "tidal waves" of change. The first of these major shifts occurred asspecialtiesbegan to evolve more clearly out of the general practice of medicine; the second tidal wave occurred in parallel with the evolution of national mechanisms foraccreditingtraining programs andcertifyingindividuals; and the third tidal wave (the one we are experiencing now) is the dramatic proliferation ofsubspecialistsandsubspecialty trainingprograms.
A comparison of drug-seeking behavior maintained by d-amphetamine, l-deprenyl (selegiline), and d-deprenyl under a second-order schedule in squirrel monkeys

l-Deprenyl (selegiline) is used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and has been proposed as an aid for cigarette smoking cessation and a treatment for psychostimulant abuse. l-Deprenyl is metabolized in the body to l-methamphetamine and l-amphetamine, suggesting that it may have abuse potential. The current study assessed whether l-deprenyl or its isomer would maintain drug-seeking behavior on a second-order schedule and whether l-deprenyl would alter drug-seeking behavior maintained by d-amphetamine if given as a pretreatment. Squirrel monkeys learned to respond on a second-order schedule of reinforcement, where every tenth response was followed by a brief light flash, and the first brief light flash after 30 min was paired with intravenous (i.v.) injection of d-amphetamine (0.56 mg/kg), administered over a 2-min period at the end of the session. When responding was stable, saline or different i.v. doses of d-amphetamine (0.3–1.0 mg/kg), l-deprenyl (0.1–10.0 mg/kg), and d-deprenyl (0.1–3.0 mg/kg) were substituted for 10 days each. Subsequently, monkeys were pretreated with 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg l-deprenyl intramuscularly 30 min prior to d-amphetamine baseline sessions. d-Amphetamine maintained high rates of drug-seeking behavior on the second-order schedule. d-Deprenyl maintained high rates of drug-seeking behavior similar to d-amphetamine. l-Deprenyl maintained lower rates of responding that were not significantly above saline substitution levels. Pretreatment with l-deprenyl failed to alter drug-seeking behavior maintained by d-amphetamine. These results indicate that d-deprenyl, but not l-deprenyl, may have abuse potential. Under conditions where drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors are actively maintained by d-amphetamine, l-deprenyl, at doses that specifically inhibit type B monoamine oxidase, may not be effective as a treatment.
Emerging economies and the global financial crisis: Evidence from China and India

The global financial crisis (GFC) spread from the US and the EU economies to the developing world. In this article, we seek to gain a better understanding of clear contexts, attendant mechanisms, and processes associated with the GFC in China and India. We identify and synthesize the available evidence on the size of the external shock, the cushioning effects, and responses associated with the GFC to propose a framework that enables us to analyze more deeply the antecedents and consequences of the GFC in these two economies. Because of differences in their economic, social, and political backgrounds, China and India have exhibited noteworthy differences in the impacts and responses to the GFC. The findings indicated that trade and investment linkages with the outside world and the degree of personal globalization affected the size of the external shock associated with the GFC. In China's case, a sound macroeconomic policy framework and the state's control on the economy provided a cushion effect, which acted as a buffer to protect the economy against the external shock. China's and India's responses to the GFC included a shift from export-driven to domestic demand-led growth and diversion and shift of economic links away from economies associated with the GFC.
Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Disease in Newborns

CCHD affects more than 25% of neonates born with congenital heart disease. Patients with CCHD require timely intervention in the form of surgery or cardiac catheterization to survive. These interventions may improve survival and outcomes for these patients. There is strong evidence that performing newborn pulse oximetry screening after the first 24 hours of life may help to detect more than 1200 neonates in the United States each year with CCHD. Pulse oximetry screening for CCHD has been demonstrated to be reasonable to implement and seems to be cost-effective. There is evidence that asymptomatic patients with CCHD can be diagnosed before clinical presentation or cardiovascular collapse with this screening. Pulse oximeter screening has been endorsed by several national organizations as a valuable newborn screening tool. Implementation of pulse oximetry screening programs in a standardized manner with strong communication among all involved parties will likely improve outcomes as well. As we move forward, we as clinicians should work to have a centralized system of reporting positive CCHD results, prompt patient evaluation, and good follow-up for the families of those neonates with positive screening results. Achieving these objectives will likely help us to achieve the goal of improving outcomes of the most critical neonates with CCHD.
A kernel-independent adaptive fast multipole algorithm in two and three dimensions

We present a new fast multipole method for particle simulations. The main feature of our algorithm is that it does not require the implementation of multipole expansions of the underlying kernel, and it is based only on kernel evaluations. Instead of using analytic expansions to represent the potential generated by sources inside a box of the hierarchical FMM tree, we use a continuous distribution of an equivalent density on a surface enclosing the box. To find this equivalent density, we match its potential to the potential of the original sources at a surface, in the far field, by solving local Dirichlet-type boundary value problems. The far-field evaluations are sparsified with singular value decomposition in 2D or fast Fourier transforms in 3D. We have tested the new method on the single and double layer operators for the Laplacian, the modified Laplacian, the Stokes, the modified Stokes, the Navier, and the modified Navier operators in two and three dimensions. Our numerical results indicate that our method compares very well with the best known implementations of the analytic FMM method for both the Laplacian and modified Laplacian kernels. Its advantage is the (relative) simplicity of the implementation and its immediate extension to more general kernels.
Tribute to L. J. Henderson, a remarkable physiologist, and the founder of the American School of Sociology (1878-1942).

### Beware, Biology Is Coming Full Circle “Like a machine, any organism, even the simplest, is a functional unit coherent and integrated.” The man who wrote this sentence is the Nobel Laureate, Jacques Monod. He was and remains a giant of molecular biology who devoted his entire scientific
A hands-on overview course for computer science and modern information technologies

This paper describes the logics and experience in piloting a new project-based program overview course to introduce the fundamental computer science concepts, methodologies and technologies underpinning the latest information technologies for students who have just completed CS2 or the equivalent. The course focuses on recurring great computing ideas, motivates computing students with the modern real-world challenges and their innovative solution technologies based on creative application of the great ideas, and shortens the prerequisite chains for subsequent computing courses to support more current and flexible computing curricula. The assessment data indicate that students who have taken this program overview course are better motivated and prepared for follow-up courses and real-world IT challenges.
Rpn5 Is a Conserved Proteasome Subunit and Required for Proper Proteasome Localization and Assembly

Proper function of the 26 S proteasome requires assembly of the regulatory complex, which is composed of the lid and base subcomplexes. We characterized Rpn5, a lid subunit, in fission yeast. We show that Rpn5 associates with the proteasome rpn5. Deletion (rpn5Delta) exacerbates the growth defects in proteasome mutants, leading to mitotic abnormalities, which correlate with accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins, such as Cut2/securin. Rpn5 expression is tightly controlled; both overexpression and deletion of rpn5 impair proteasome functions. The proteasome is assembled around the inner nuclear membrane in wild-type cells; however, in rpn5Delta cells, proteasome subunits are improperly assembled and/or localized. In the lid mutants, Rpn5 is mislocalized in the cytosol, while in the base mutants, Rpn5 can enter the nucleus, but is left in the nucleoplasm, and not assembled into the nuclear membrane. These results suggest that Rpn5 is a dosage-dependent proteasome regulator and plays a role in mediating proper proteasome assembly. Moreover, the Rpn5 assembly may be a cooperative process that involves at least two steps: 1) nuclear import and 2) subsequent assembly into the nuclear membrane. The former step requires other components of the lid, while the latter requires the base. Human Rpn5 rescues the phenotypes associated with rpn5Delta and is incorporated into the yeast proteasome, suggesting that Rpn5 functions are highly conserved.
Collective memory transfers for multi-core chips

Future performance improvements for microprocessors have shifted from clock frequency scaling towards increases in on-chip parallelism. Performance improvements for a wide variety of parallel applications require domain decomposition of data arrays from a contiguous arrangement in memory to a tiled layout for on-chip L1 caches and scratchpads. However, DRAM performance suffers under the non-streaming access patterns generated by many independent cores. In this paper, we propose collective memory scheduling (CMS) that uses simple software and inexpensive hardware to identify collective transfers and guarantee that loads and stores arrive in memory address order to the memory controller. CMS actively takes charge of collective transfers and pushes or pulls data to or from the on-chip processors according to memory address order. CMS reduces application execution time by up to 55% (20% average) compared to a state-of-the-art architecture where each processor reads and writes its data independently. CMS also reduces DRAM read power by 2.2× and write power by 50%.
Traffic estimation based receiver initiated MAC for underwater acoustic networks

Due to the long preamble problem in underwater acoustic networks (UANs), traditional sender initiated handshaking MAC protocols are facing high overhead of control messages. To mitigate this problem, we propose a traffic estimation based receiver initiated MAC (FERI MAC) for UANs. In FERI MAC, a traffic prediction based adaptive data polling approach is used to help receiver request the data from neighbors at the right time. Via simulations, we evaluate the performance of FERI MAC, in terms of energy efficiency, channel utilization and one-hop delivery delay. FERI MAC shows a stable energy efficiency and channel utilization with arbitrary network traffic patterns. Our results also illustrate that, compared with existing receiver initiated MAC protocols, FERI MAC can achieve a higher energy efficiency while with some delay penalty. This confirms the strength of FERI MAC for delay tolerant underwater applications.
Author's reply to Farebrother.

I appreciate Farebrother’s interest in Kureshi and colleagues’ paper and the linked editorial that I co-authored—his perspective as a recent patient is valuable.1 2 3 His clinical training was doubtless part of the reason he has such a good recall of his cardiologist’s evidence based recommendation for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), emphasising the symptomatic benefit. I found it interesting that even this engaged and educated patient cites (in a beautifully understated way) improved flow as a …
Depressive Symptoms Following the Diagnosis of Major Chronic Illness

Past research has shown that diagnosis with a major chronic illness tends to increase levels of depressive symptoms. However, little is known about how mental health following diagnosis differs acr...
Automatic centerline extraction of irregular tubular structures using probability volumes from multiphoton imaging

In this paper, we present a general framework for extracting 3D centerlines from volumetric datasets. Unlike the majority of previous approaches, we do not require a prior segmentation of the volume nor we do assume any particular tubular shape. Centerline extraction is performed using a morphology-guided level set model. Our approach consists of: i) learning the structural patterns of a tubular-like object, and ii) estimating the centerline of a tubular object as the path with minimal cost with respect to outward flux in gray level images. Such shortest path is found by solving the Eikonal equation. We compare the performance of our method with existing approaches in synthetic, CT, and multiphoton 3D images, obtaining substantial improvements, especially in the case of irregular tubular objects.
The Loss of Homeostasis in Hemostasis: New Approaches in Treating and Understanding Acute Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation in Critically Ill Patients*

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) profoundly increases the morbidity and mortality of patients who have sepsis. Both laboratory and clinical research advanced the understanding of the biology and pathophysiology of DIC. This, in turn, gave rise to improved therapies and patient outcomes. Beginning with a stimulus causing disruption of vascular integrity, cytokines and chemokines cause activation of systemic coagulation and inflammation. Seemingly paradoxically, the interplay between coagulation and inflammation also inhibits endogenous anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, and antiinflammatory pathways. The earliest documented and best-studied microbial cause of DIC is the lipopolysaccharide endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria. Extensive microvascular thrombi emerge in the systemic vasculature due to dysregulation of coagulation. The result of this unrestrained, widespread small vessel thromboses multiorgan system failure. Consumption of platelets and coagulation factors during this process can lead to an elevated risk of hemorrhage. The management of these patients with simultaneous hemorrhage and thrombosis is complex and challenging. Definitive treatment of DIC, and attenuation of end-organ damage, requires control of the inciting cause. Currently, activated protein C is the only approved therapy in the United States for sepsis complicated by DIC. Further research is needed in this area to improve clinical outcomes for patients with sepsis. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume 5: 85–92
How popular is waterpipe tobacco smoking? Findings from internet search queries

Objectives Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), a traditional tobacco consumption practice in the Middle East, is gaining popularity worldwide. Estimates of population-level interest in WTS over time are not documented. We assessed the popularity of WTS using World Wide Web search query results across four English-speaking countries. Methods We analysed trends in Google search queries related to WTS, comparing these trends with those for electronic cigarettes between 2004 and 2013 in Australia, Canada, the UK and the USA. Weekly search volumes were reported as percentages relative to the week with the highest volume of searches. Results Web-based searches for WTS have increased steadily since 2004 in all four countries. Search volume for WTS was higher than for e-cigarettes in three of the four nations, with the highest volume in the USA. Online searches were primarily targeted at WTS products for home use, followed by searches for WTS cafes/lounges. Conclusions Online demand for information on WTS-related products and venues is large and increasing. Given the rise in WTS popularity, increasing evidence of exposure-related harms, and relatively lax government regulation, WTS is a serious public health concern and could reach epidemic levels in Western societies.
Raltegravir: The First HIV Type 1 Integrase Inhibitor

Raltegravir is the first approved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitor; it targets the strand transfer step of HIV-1 integration. Clinical trials have demonstrated that raltegravir-containing regimens have potent antiretroviral activity and are well tolerated in HIV-1-infected individuals. In antiretroviral treatment-experienced persons with drug-resistant HIV infection, raltegravir-containing treatment with an optimized background regimen was superior to an optimized background regimen alone. In treatment-naive persons, raltegravir was not inferior to efavirenz when the drugs were administered with tenofovir and lamivudine or emtricitabine. Raltegravir is metabolized by glucuronidation, not hepatically; thus, the potential for drug-drug interactions is decreased. Drug resistance, conferred by substitutions in the gene coding for the HIV-1 integrase enzyme, develops relatively frequently after virologic failure. As an antiretroviral drug with a novel mechanism of action, raltegravir is an important advancement in HIV-1 treatment options.
Effects of Search Experience and Subject Knowledge on the Search Tactics of Novice and Experienced Searchers.

This study investigated the effects of subject knowledge and search experience on novices' and experienced searchers' use of search tactics in online searches. Novice and experienced searchers searched a practice question and two test questions in the ERIC database on the DIALOG system and their use of search tactics were recorded by protocols, transaction logs, and observation. Search tactics were identified from the literature and verified in 10 pretests, and nine search tactics variables were operationalized to describe the differences between the two searcher groups. Data analyses showed that subject knowledge interacted with search experience, and both variables affected searchers' behavior in four ways: (1) when questions in their subject areas were searched, experience affected searchers' use of synonymous terms, monitoring of the search process, and combinations of search terms; (2) when questions outside their subject areas were searched, experience affected searchers' reliance on their own terminology, use of the thesaurus, offline term selection, use of synonymous terms, and combinations of search terms; (3) within the same experience group, subject knowledge had no effect on novice searchers; but (4) subject knowledge affected experienced searcher's reliance on their own language, use of the thesaurus, offline term selection, use of synonymous terms, monitoring of the search, and combinations of search terms. The results showed that search experience affected searchers' use of many search tactics, and suggested that subject knowledge became a factor only after searchers have had a certain amount of search experience. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collective Behavior Revisited: Ideology and Politics in the Chinese Cultural Revolution

Research on collective action has largely ignored the kinds of violent ideological movements that were a major preoccupation of earlier research on collective behavior. The models of mobilization t...
SRAM Core Modeling Methodology for Efficient Power Delivery Analysis

It is common that high performance integrated circuit today achieves faster processing speed by padding as many memory cells or SRAM (Static Random Access memory) in its core logic as possible [1]. The build-in SRAM cell allows the PCH (Platform Controller Hub) to access the nearest data storage with least latency. While the SRAM cells are aggressively populating the PCH core, the total chip power consumption is increasing. Power gating technology becomes a juicy implementation on these SRAM to turn off the power when it is not in used. In this project, the computing power savings have achieved ∼900mW and proven to be a good strategy for preserving mobile computing power and extension of battery life span. However, the aggressive implementation of power gating and un-gating technology, if not understood fully, will be leading to uncontrollable transient ac noise on the power delivery network (PDN) and ultimately impacting the PCH core performance.
Effect of Oceanic Advection on the Potential Predictability of Sea Surface Temperature.

Abstract The effect of oceanic advection on the predictability of sea surface temperature (SST) is investigated in the framework of a linear stochastic model. An analytical solution of a one-dimensional model shows that even though advection can give rise to a pair of low-frequency normal modes, no enhancement in the predictability is found in terms of domain-averaged error variance. However, a predictable component analysis shows that advection can play a role in redistributing the predictable variance. When forced with a spatially coherent stochastic forcing, advection enables certain regions to be more predictable than others. This analytical result is further examined in a more realistic two-dimensional North Atlantic model with observed mean currents. It is shown that the predictability of SST averaged over the whole North Atlantic basin is determined by the thermal damping time scale (∼3 months), not the advective time scale (∼6 years). However, the most predictable pattern reveals that the predicta...
On elicitation complexity

Elicitation is the study of statistics or properties which are computable via empirical risk minimization. While several recent papers have approached the general question of which properties are elicitable, we suggest that this is the wrong question—all properties are elicitable by first eliciting the entire distribution or data set, and thus the important question is how elicitable. Specifically, what is the minimum number of regression parameters needed to compute the property? Building on previous work, we introduce a new notion of elicitation complexity and lay the foundations for a calculus of elicitation. We establish several general results and techniques for proving upper and lower bounds on elicitation complexity. These results provide tight bounds for eliciting the Bayes risk of any loss, a large class of properties which includes spectral risk measures and several new properties of interest.
Perceptions of race, crime, and policing among Ferguson protesters

AbstractResearch demonstrates that race is commonly associated with perceptions of crime and thus, crime committed by people of color is often overestimated by the public, particularly white Americans. Studies also find that race is a predictor of citizens’ attitudes towards and experiences with the police. However, studies have not yet explored if and how minorities associate crime with people of color. Drawing from interviews with 81 men and women, this study explores the extent to which protesters from Ferguson, Missouri racially typify crime and their perceptions of how the police view and treat people who are black compared to people who are white. Results revealed that most respondents did not associate people of color with crime but believed that the police did. Additionally, the negative perceptions participants believed police to have were connected with broader social inequalities. Findings from this study reinforce the importance of police legitimacy.
The role of C:N:P stoichiometry in affecting denitrification in sediments from agricultural surface and tile-water wetlands.

Nutrient stoichiometry within a wetland is affected by the surrounding land use, and may play a significant role in the removal of nitrate (NO3–N). Tile-drained, agricultural watersheds experience high seasonal inputs of NO3–N, but low phosphorus (PO4–P) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loads relative to surface water dominated systems. This difference may present stoichiometric conditions that limit denitrification within receiving waterways. We investigated how C:N:P ratios affected denitrification rates of sediments from tile-drained mitigation wetlands incubated for: 0, 5, 10, and 20 days. We then tested whether denitrification rates of sediments from surface-water and tile-drained wetlands responded differently to C:N ratios of 2:1 versus 4:1. Ratios of C:N:P (P < 0.05) and incubation length (P < 0.05) had a significant effect on denitrification in tile-drained wetland sediments. Carbon limitation of denitrification became evident at elevated NO3–N concentrations (20 mg L−1). Denitrification measured from tile water and surface water wetland sediments increased significantly (P < 0.05) at the 2:1 and 4:1 C:N treatments. The results from both experiments suggest wetland sediments provide a limiting pool of labile DOC to maintain prolonged NO3–N removal. Also, DOC limitation became more evident at elevated NO3–N concentrations (20 mg L−1). Irrespective of NO3–N concentrations, P did not limit denitrification rates. In addition to wetting period, residence time, and maintenance of anaerobic conditions, the availability of labile DOC is playing an important limiting role in sediment denitrification within mitigation wetlands.
Reflections on the development of an undergraduate emergency management program: The experiences of Western Illinois University

The Emergency Management undergraduate Bachelors of Science Degree program at Western Illinois University (WIU) is one of the more recent additions to the group of college-level Emergency Management programs. As the WIU program is reaching its fourth anniversary, faculty are now able to pause and reflect on both the challenges and opportunities the program has faced. The authors suggest that the issues faced by the WIU program are indicative of the issues that are generally faced by many college-level Emergency Management programs. Therefore, this paper intends to contribute to the developing body of knowledge concerning Emergency Management education by providing a case study of the development and implementation of the WIU program, within the context of Emergency Management-related higher education.
The Development of an In Situ Assay for bFGF Release

There is a need for an in situ assay to quantify tissue reactivity to sustained release of bFGF to better understand and control growth factor-induced angiogenesis. To this end we have adapted the alginate/heparin-sepharose release system for use in the mouse dorsal skinfold chamber. A mathematical model was used to predict the time dependence of bFGF release as a function of bFGF loading, heparin concentration, and device geometry. The model predictions agreed well with previously reported in vitro data. In vivo studies to correlate blood vessel growth as a function of release rate are in progress.
Activation of Ito cells involves regulation of AP-1 binding proteins and induction of type I collagen gene expression

Activation of liver Ito cells is characterized by increased proliferation, fibrogenesis, loss of cellular retinoid and change of cell-shape. Here, we have described fundamental differences between freshly isolated Ito cells (FIC) and long-term cultured Ito cells (LTIC). This process of activation correlates with the absence of expression of Pro alpha 1(I) gene in FIC. LTIC expressed abundant transcripts of Pro alpha 1(I) gene. Nuclear run-off experiments showed the inability of FIC to support Pro alpha 1(I) RNA transcription while LTIC transcribed it greater than 5-fold as compared with FIC. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta)-treated LTIC had a preferential increase in the rate of Pro alpha 1(I) gene transcription as compared with control LTIC. A human collagen type I promoter-enhancer construct (pCOL-KT) [Thompson, Simkevich, Holness, Kang and Raghow (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 2549-2556] was readily expressed in LTIC but failed to be expressed in FIC. Furthermore, TGF beta treatment of LTIC resulted in an increased expression of pCOL-KT. The deletion of an activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding site (+598 to +604) in the 360 bp enhancer region of pCOL-KT (S360) caused decreased expression of the CAT reporter gene, suggesting that this bonafide AP-1 site can, at least in part, mediate the transactivation effect of TGF beta. Using DNAase I protection, we demonstrate a single foot-print located at +590 to +625 in the S360 fragment; nuclear extracts prepared from TGF beta-treated LTIC exhibited greater activity of these AP-1 binding proteins. Gel mobility assays corroborated and extended the footprinting observation. No AP-1-binding activity was found in the nuclear extracts of FIC. Double-stranded oligonucleotides containing the consensus AP-1 motif were able to compete out the binding; consensus NF-1 motif oligonucleotides failed to do so. The preincubation of nuclear extracts from control and TGF beta-treated LTIC with antibodies against c-jun and c-fos rendered a reduced binding of AP-1 proteins to the target S360 fragment.
Abstract PR07: Precise let-7 expression levels balance organ regeneration against tumor suppression

The in vivo roles for even the most intensely studied microRNAs remain poorly defined. We interrogated the physiological functions of let-7 , a large and ancient microRNA family that is well-known for regulating developmental timing, metabolism, and cancer. Analysis of mouse models revealed that let-7 performs tumor suppressive roles at the expense of regeneration. Too little or too much let-7 resulted in compromised protection against cancer or tissue damage, respectively. Modest let-7 overexpression, achieved by genetic induction or by lipid nanoparticle delivery, abrogated the development of aggressive MYC -driven liver cancer and provided a robust survival benefit by antagonizing let-7 sensitive oncogenes ( Cdc25a, Cdc34, E2f2, E2f5 , and Map4k4 ). However, the same level of overexpression blocked liver regeneration, while deletion of two let-7 family members significantly enhanced it, demonstrating that distinct levels of this microRNA can mediate desirable phenotypes. The observed let-7 dependent regeneration phenotypes resulted from influences on the insulin-PI3K-mTOR pathway. We found that chronic high-dose let-7 overexpression caused liver damage and degeneration, paradoxically leading to tumorigenesis. These dose-dependent roles for let-7 in tissue repair and tumorigenesis rationalize the tight regulation of this microRNA family in development, and have important implications for let-7 based therapeutics. Citation Format: Liem Hieu Nguyen, Linwei Wu, Hao Zhu. Precise let-7 expression levels balance organ regeneration against tumor suppression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer: Mechanisms to Medicines ; 2015 Dec 4-7; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(6 Suppl):Abstract nr PR07.
Current status of the surgical treatment of truncus arteriosus.

Persistent truncus arteriosus is now correctable surgically in patients with favorable anatomy. Given pulmonary arteries of reasonable size arising from any source, successful correction is possible so long as irreversible pulmonary vascular disease has not occurred. Although the majority of children with this defect demonstrate increased pulmonary blood flow, systemic-pulmonary artery shunts can be used. Also, banding of the pulmonary artery, followed subsequently by successful total correction, has been described. Recent reports of a few successful total corrections in infancy, performed with the aid of deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest, may modify the current approach. Although the majority of the reported corrections have involved aortic homograft reconstruction of the pulmonary artery, we strongly favor a synthetic prosthesis containing a heterograft valve. Based upon our clinical experience and this review of the literature, a suggested management protocol is presented.
Relationship of surface damage appearance and volumetric wear in retrieved TKR polyethylene liners.

Recently developed techniques have enabled volume loss measurements on surgically retrieved total knee replacements (TKR). However, it is not well understood how volume loss relates to polyethylene surface damage appearance. Sixty-four fixed bearing cruciate retaining components retrieved from revision and postmortem surgeries were analyzed for penetration and volume loss on the topside articular surface. An autonomous reconstruction method was used to approximate the original unworn surfaces. Surface damage patterns were also mapped using a video microscope, and each pattern's contribution to volume loss was calculated. With consideration for creep, a total wear rate of 12.9 ± 5.97 mm3 /year was found for the population. The penetration rate was 0.035 ± 0.017 mm/year medially and 0.034 ± 0.011 mm/year laterally, of which the location on the plateau varied greatly. Although striated patterns contributed to most to volume loss, damage patterns generally were only moderate predictors of material volume loss. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2053-2059, 2017.
Problems with Bolus and Single Port Multiple Injections

The bolus system demonstrated by Lane et al, is easily assembled using a needle or scalp infusion set connected to a three-way stopcock attached to tubing and a large saline syringe. This bolus method is utilized for first-pass bolus injections and as a multiple injection apparatus. We load the radionuclide via the stopcock into the tubing to obtain a good bolus and we demonstrate a flushing technique when the bolus system is used as a multiple injection apparatus. A readily accessible venous port is necessary for many purposes, therefore it is convenient to use this bolus system as a multiple injection apparatus. A noticeable positive slope occurred on a number of renal curves at the time of the Lasix injection. The positive slope was caused by flushing the residual activity from the stopcock into the patient during the Lasix injection. Therefore, a flushing technique was developed to avoid this residual activity when using the bolus system as a multiple injection apparatus.