cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Ribosomal S-6 Kinase–Mediated Signal to C/EBP-β Is Critical for the Development of Liver Fibrosis

Background In response to liver injury, hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation causes excessive liver fibrosis. Here we show that activation of RSK and phosphorylation of C/EBPbeta on Thr217 in activated HSC is critical for the progression of liver fibrosis. Methodology/principal findings Chronic treatment with the hepatotoxin CCl(4) induced severe liver fibrosis in C/EBPbeta(+/+) mice but not in mice expressing C/EBPbeta-Ala217, a non-phosphorylatable RSK-inhibitory transgene. C/EBPbeta-Ala217 was present within the death receptor complex II, with active caspase 8, and induced apoptosis of activated HSC. The C/EBPbeta-Ala217 peptides directly stimulated caspase 8 activation in a cell-free system. C/EBPbeta(+/+) mice with CCl(4)-induced severe liver fibrosis, while continuing on CCl(4), were treated with a cell permeant RSK-inhibitory peptide for 4 or 8 weeks. The peptide inhibited RSK activation, stimulating apoptosis of HSC, preventing progression and inducing regression of liver fibrosis. We found a similar activation of RSK and phosphorylation of human C/EBPbeta on Thr266 (human phosphoacceptor) in activated HSC in patients with severe liver fibrosis but not in normal livers, suggesting that this pathway may also be relevant in human liver fibrosis. Conclusions/significance These data indicate that the RSK-C/EBPbeta phosphorylation pathway is critical for the development of liver fibrosis and suggest a potential therapeutic target.
Systemic Effects of Inflammation on Health during Chronic HIV Infection

Combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection improves immune function and eliminates the risk of AIDS-related complications but does not restore full health. HIV-infected adults have excess risk of cardiovascular, liver, kidney, bone, and neurologic diseases. Many markers of inflammation are elevated in HIV disease and strongly predictive of the risk of morbidity and mortality. A conceptual model has emerged to explain this syndrome of diseases where HIV-mediated destruction of gut mucosa leads to local and systemic inflammation. Translocated microbial products then pass through the liver, contributing to hepatic damage, impaired microbial clearance, and impaired protein synthesis. Chronic activation of monocytes and altered liver protein synthesis subsequently contribute to a hypercoagulable state. The combined effect of systemic inflammation and excess clotting on tissue function leads to end-organ disease. Multiple therapeutic interventions designed to reverse these pathways are now being tested in the clinic. It is likely that knowledge gained on how inflammation affects health in HIV disease could have implications for our understanding of other chronic inflammatory diseases and the biology of aging.
Comparative studies on chemically and enzymatically coupled DNA-Sepharose columns for purification of a lac repressor chimeric fusion protein.

The length of a DNA sequence attached to an affinity chromatography column affects column retention of transcription factors. Even when unrelated sequences such as a poly(A):poly(T) tail are included in a DNA sequence, transcription factors such as the lac repressor are bound more tightly by the column. The position of the additional sequences is also important. To compare coupling procedures, an identical DNA sequence was covalently attached to Sepharose by chemical coupling or produced enzymatically by template driven enzymatic primer extension. These two types of supports, containing the O1 operator sequence bound by lac repressor, were packed into identical columns and compared by purification of a lac repressor–β-galactosidase fusion protein. We found that the purity and yield of proteins eluted from the two columns were similar. Overall, the results suggest that there is no significant advantage to either type of support for the purification of some proteins. The study revealed a potentially important effect of the length of DNA sequences on column selectivity.
Polymeric resonant structures in the reflection geometry for electro-optic modulation and sensing

Mach-Zehnder interferometers have been the primary type of architecture for construction of polymeric electro-optic modulators. Recent attention has been given to electro-optic modulators in the reflection geometry as well as modulators that employ a resonant cavity to enhance activity or provide for modulator compactness. Most efforts have focused on the Attenuated Total Refelction (ATR) modulators which utilize a guided surface plasmon mode for providing sharply defined angles of incidence at which intesity modulation can be efficiently achieved. This is also the basis of many sensign devices where in both modulation and sensing an active region is placed adjacent to the metal guide. In this work we focus on alternative optical scheems to the ATR for modulation and sensing as well as the possibility of enhanced ATR activity. Resonant cavities are formed using photonic crystals or leaky wave structures which offer the possibiilty of efficient modulation and sensing.
Droplet-based microsystem for multi-step bioreactions.

A droplet-based microfluidic platform was used to perform on-chip droplet generation, merging and mixing for applications in multi-step reactions and assays. Submicroliter-sized droplets can be produced separately from three identical droplet-generation channels and merged together in a single chamber. Three different mixing strategies were used for mixing the merged droplet. For pure diffusion, the reagents were mixed in approximately 10 min. Using flow around the stationary droplet to induce circulatory flow within the droplet, the mixing time was decreased to approximately one minute. The shortest mixing time (10 s) was obtained with bidirectional droplet motion between the chamber and channel, and optimization could result in a total time of less than 1 s. We also tested this on-chip droplet generation and manipulation platform using a two-step thermal cycled bioreaction: nested TaqMan® PCR. With the same concentration of template DNA, the two-step reaction in a well-mixed merged droplet shows a cycle threshold of ∼6 cycles earlier than that in the diffusively mixed droplet, and ∼40 cycles earlier than the droplet-based regular (single-step) TaqMan® PCR.
Analysis of Binding of the 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3Receptor to Positive and Negative Vitamin D Response Elements

Abstract The binding of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3receptor to the vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in the rat osteocalcin (OSC–DRE), mouse osteopontin (MOP–DRE), rat calbindin D-9k (CaBP–DRE), and human parathyroid hormone genes (PTH–DRE) was studied. Binding of VDR to the three positive VDREs is cooperative. The degree of cooperativity is highest with the calbindin VDRE compared with either the OSC–DRE or the MOP–DRE. This cooperativity is largely absent in the case of the negative element, the PTH–DRE. The VDR binds in order of decreasing affinity to PTH–DRE > OSC–DRE = MOP–DRE > CaBP–DRE. Thus, the greatest affinity is associated with the lowest degree of cooperativity. Further study has revealed that the PTH–VDRE actually consists of two repeat elements like all other VDREs and is not a single six-base sequence. A nuclear factor has also been found that binds downstream from the GGTTCA element in the PTH promoter. The binding site of this factor overlaps the PTH–DRE nucleotide sequence.
Relationship of child psychopathology to parental alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder.

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the contributions of familial factors, including parental diagnoses of alcoholism and/or antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), to the risk of developing various child psychiatric diagnoses. Method Four hundred sixty-three children and their biological parents were interviewed with adult and child versions of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. Demographic and psychiatric data were compared across 3 groups of children on the basis of the presence of parental alcoholism and ASPD (no other parental diagnoses were examined). Generalized estimating equations analyses allowed the inclusion of multiple children from each family in the analyses. Results Among offspring, parental alcoholism was associated with increased risks for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder (CD), and overanxious disorder. Parental alcoholism plus ASPD was associated with increased risk for oppositional defiant disorder. Dysfunctional parenting style was associated with increased risks for CD, alcohol abuse, and marijuana abuse. Low family socioeconomic status was associated with increased risk for CD. Conclusions Parental diagnoses of alcoholism and ASPD were associated with increased risks for a variety of childhood psychiatric disorders, and dysfunctional parenting style was associated with the diagnoses of CD, alcohol abuse, and marijuana abuse.
Inhibitory and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter binding sites in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) cervical spinal cord

Autoradiography of inhibitory and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter binding sites in the cervical spinal cord of M. fascicularis spinal cord revealed inhomogeneous distribution of all binding sites in spinal gray matter. Quisqualate-sensitive [3H]glutamate binding, [3H]MK-801 binding, benzodiazepine binding, kainate binding, and GABAB binding had highest levels in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn (laminae 1 and 2) and substantially lower levels in other laminae. [3H]Strychnine binding was more uniformly distributed throughout all laminae with highest levels in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. These results are similar to those found in other mammals.
Ranking differential genes in co-expression networks

Identifying the genes that change between two conditions, such as normal versus cancer, is a crucial task in understanding the causes of diseases. Differential networking has emerged as a powerful approach to achieve this task and to detect the changes in the corresponding network structures. The goal of differential networking is to identify the differentially connected genes between two networks. However, the current differential networking methods primarily depend on pair-wise comparisons of the genes based on their degrees in the two networks. Therefore, these methods cannot capture all the topological changes in the network structure. In this paper, we propose a novel differential networking algorithm, DiffRank, to rank the genes based on their contribution to the differences between two gene co-expression networks. To achieve this goal, we define two novel scoring measures: a local structure measure, differential connectivity, and a global structure measure, differential betweenness centrality. These measures are combined within a PageRank-style framework and optimized by propagating them through the network. Finally, the genes are ranked based on the their propagated scores. We demonstrate the effectiveness of DiffRank on several gene expression datasets, and we show that our method provides biologically interesting rankings.
Hydrology and aquatic habitat characteristics of a riverine swamp: I. Influence of flow on water temperature and chemistry

We monitored water temperature, air temperature, hydrologic characteristics, and chemical variables for 25 months in a 254-km2 portion of the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana, USA, a distributary swamp of the Mississippi River. We related observed trends in thermal and chemical variables to characteristics of the flood pulse, available channel types, and paths of water flow within the study area. Dissolved oxygen (range 0.05–13.05 mg L−1), percent oxygen saturation (range 0.6–142.4%), and pH (range 6.31–8.52) increased as river stages decreased, and water temperatures (range 4.75–32.25°C), specific conductance (range 207.8–931.5 μmhos), and the top–bottom difference in dissolved oxygen (−7.5–12.05 mg L−1) increased as air temperatures rose. The maximum variance observed for all chemical and thermal habitat characteristics occurred during periods when air temperatures exceeded, and river stages were less than, their respective medians observed during the study. At any point in time, thermal and chemical variables varied most among stations in water courses with no visible water turbulence (low-energy channels), and these channels consistently had lower dissolved oxygen, percent oxygen saturation, and pH than turbulent water courses (high-energy channels) or lakes contained. Water was directed from the river into one region of the study area from two opposing directions, thereby impeding water flow through the region. Low-energy channels in this region consistently exhibited lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, percent oxygen saturation, and pH than was observed in low-energy channels of regions where water flow was unimpeded. The quantity and quality of aquatic habitat characteristics in riverine swamps can be manipulated by controlling the timing and magnitude of the flood pulse, relative availability of different water courses, and internal paths of water flow through the swamp. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of the mouse activin receptor type II gene.

Summary Knowledge of the structures of the activin receptor genes is crucial to our understanding of the role of the activins, inhibins, and their receptors in developmental and physiological processes. The type II activin receptor (ActRc) has been shown to be a transmembrane protein with putative serine/threonine kinase activity. Using a human ActRc type II cDNA as a probe, 18 overlapping λ clones containing portions of the mouse ActRc type II gene were isolated from a mouse 129SvE genomic library. Sequence analysis of the exons, exon-intron boundaries, and 5′ and 3′ nontranslated regions as well as Southern blot analysis of mouse genomic DNA were used to establish the structure of the mouse ActRc type II gene. The mouse ActRc type II gene is encoded by 11 exons and spans >66 kilobases. Two large introns (introns 1 and 4) contribute the majority of the gene size and are found to delineate exons which encode important domains of the activin receptor. Analysis of the 5′ region of the gene reveals several putative transcription factor binding sites which may be important for the complex transcriptional regulation of this gene.
A mechanical time-of-flight neutron diffractometer

Abstract A mechanical time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffractometer has been constructed and a system of data analysis developed for the study of noncrystalline substances through radial density functions. Measurements to wave vector transfer Q max > 25 A −1 are readily made; a resolution ΔQ / Q Δr≈2π/Q max ≈0.25 A . These can be partially corrected for termination errors to provide a spatial resolution Δr A .
How many unit equilateral triangles can be generated by $n$ points in convex position?

Note: Professor Pach's number: [166] Reference DCG-ARTICLE-2008-015doi:10.2307/3647826 Record created on 2008-11-17, modified on 2017-05-12
Special session - cognitive Legos: helping your students construct scientifically accurate mental models

This interactive session provides an active learning environment where participants: discusses mental models and how they can be used to help shape appropriate pedagogy; engage in discipline-based discussions about the mental models engineering students use to explain certain scientific concepts; and brainstorm ideas about instruction that helps students construct scientifically accurate mental models of the concepts we discuss in the session. The session expands upon the successful interactive sessions at Frontiers in Education 2003 ("Why are some science and engineering concepts so difficult to learn? identifying, assessing, and 'repairing' student misunderstanding of important concepts") and 2004 ("Concept-based engineering education: designing instruction to facilitate student understanding of difficult concepts in science and engineering"). However, participants do not need to have attended those sessions to benefit from this one
School District Evaluation of a Northern California Elementary School

The article reports a case study of an evaluation of an elementary school in northern California in receipt of large amounts of Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title I and state Consolidated Program funds. Technical aspects of the evaluation report are described and criticized as being determined by federal and state government regulations. The official evaluation report's unfortunate effects on the school are noted. It is suggested that the case study has revealed further serious weaknesses in mandated evaluation.
Tissue responses to ischemia: local and remote responses for preserving perfusion of ischemic muscle

The sequence of biological events that permits an organism to maintain tissue viability in the face of acute or chronic ischemia constitutes a fundamental survival response. Among mammalian species, this response may be best exemplified by the Israeli mole-rat (1), a creature that lives only in Egypt, Israel, and Syria. What is fascinating about this animal is that its entire life is spent underground in subterranean burrows at decidedly low oxygen tensions; accordingly, its tissues have been shown to be highly vascularized, and the vascular density is associated with upregulated endogenous expression of VEGF. Among supraterranean species confronted with tissue ischemia localized to cardiac or skeletal muscle, at least two options are available. The first is to reduce demand for tissue oxygenation. This may be accomplished by “biochemical splinting,” in which metabolic functions are converted from primarily aerobic to predominantly anaerobic. In the extreme, reduced blood flow may be associated with literal splinting, that is impaired wall motion characteristic of hibernating myocardium (2). Alternatively, “behavioral splinting” may be employed. For cardiac muscle, this may be achieved by reduced activity and, if necessary, pharmacologic therapies that reduce myocardial wall stress. For skeletal muscle, pharmacologic interventions are so limited that reduced levels of activity constitute the typical response to claudication. These adjustments, however, are necessary only if natural reparative mechanisms have failed to address the problem of ischemia successfully by restoring blood flow to the affected muscle group. Our current notions concerning the means by which this is achieved, as well as the factors that may selectively obviate this adaptive response, are the subject of this Perspective.
Probing the center-vortex area law in d = 3 : The role of inert vortices

In center-vortex theory, beyond the simplest picture of confinement several conceptual problems arise that are the subject of this paper. Recall that confinement arises through configuration averaging of phase factors associated with the gauge center group, raised to powers depending on the total Gauss link number of a vortex ensemble with a given Wilson loop. The simplest approach to confinement counts this link number by counting the number of vortices, considered in $d=3$ as infinitely long closed self-avoiding random walks of fixed step length, piercing any surface spanning the Wilson loop. Problems arise because a given vortex may pierce a given spanning surface several times without being linked or without contributing a nontrivial phase factor, or it may contribute a nontrivial phase factor appropriate to a smaller number of pierce points. We estimate the dilution factor $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, due to these inert or partially inert vortices, that reduces the ratio of fundamental string tension ${K}_{F}$ to the areal density $\ensuremath{\rho}$ of vortices from the ratio given by elementary approaches and find $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$. Then we show how inert vortices resolve the problem that the link number of a given vortex-Wilson-loop configuration is the same for any spanning surface of whatever area, yet a unique area (of a minimal surface) appears in the area law. Third, we discuss semiquantitatively a configuration of two distinct Wilson loops separated by a variable distance, and show how inert vortices govern the transition between two possible forms of the area law (one at small loop separation, the other at large), and point out the different behaviors in $SU(2)$ and higher groups, notably $SU(3)$. The result is a finite-range van der Waals force between the two loops. Finally, in a problem related to the double-loop problem, we argue that the analogs of inert vortices do not affect the fact that, in the $SU(3)$ baryonic area law, the mesonic string tension appears.
Token flow control

As companies move towards many-core chips, an efficient on-chip communication fabric to connect these cores assumes critical importance. To address limitations to wire delay scalability and increasing bandwidth demands, state-of-the-art on-chip networks use a modular packet-switched design with routers at every hop which allow sharing of network channels over multiple packet flows. This, however, leads to packets going through a complex router pipeline at every hop, resulting in the overall communication energy/delay being dominated by the router overhead, as opposed to just wire energy/delay.
Dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking in dual QCD.

We have extended recent studies by Baker, Ball, and Zachariasen (BBZ) of dynamical chiral-symmetry breaking in dual QCD. Specifically, we have taken dual QCD to specify the nonperturbative infrared nature of the quark-quark interaction and then we have smoothly connected onto this the known leading-log perturbative QCD interaction in the ultraviolet region. In addition, we have solved for a momentum-dependent self-energy and have used the complete lowest-order dual QCD quark-quark interaction. We calculate the quark condensate {l angle}{ital {bar q}q}{r angle} and the pion decay constant {ital f}{sub {pi}} within this model. We find that the dual QCD parameters needed to give acceptable results are reasonably consistent with those extracted from independent physical considerations by BBZ.
Leveraging Workforce Development and Postsecondary Education for Low-Skilled, Low-Income Workers: Lessons from the Shifting Gears Initiative.

The Joyce Foundation’s Shifting Gears initiative was launched in 2007 with the goal of increasing the number of workers in six Midwestern states who earn credentials that are valued by employers in their local labor markets. This chapter summarizes the policies adopted by Illinois and Wisconsin to support the implementation of career pathways and bridge programs to both improve the employment opportunities of low-skilled, low-income adults and enhance the competitiveness of the regional workforce.
Winter Time-Activity Budgets of Diving Ducks on Eastern Texas Reservoirs

Abstract. Wintering diving duck (Aythya spp.) time-activity budgets have been developed for many species in different regions. As such, direct comparisons can be made among studies where substantial deviations in “normal” activity budgets can provide insight as to how location, food resources, habitat, weather and human disturbance may differentially influence behavior (s) during winter. To examine how diving ducks use large reservoirs in eastern Texas, 1,275 individual time-activity budgets were quantified for Canvasback (Aythya valisineria), Lesser Scaup (A. affinis) and Ring-necked Duck (A. collaris) wintering on B.A. Steinhagen, Sam Rayburn and Toledo Bend Reservoirs during winter 2003/2004 and 2004/2005. Behaviors varied among species (P< 0.001), where food acquisition, locomotion and resting-related behaviors dominated time-activity budgets. All three species spent similar time feeding compared to other studies in the southeastern United States, but spent substantially more time locomoting than prev...
Does Power Affect Perception in Social Networks? Two Arguments and an Experimental Test:

This research investigates competing arguments about the relationship between power and perception in social networks. One line of research predicts that occupants of structurally advantaged positions have more accurate perceptions of ties in their networks (i.e., who is tied to whom); another line asserts that lower-power actors have more accurate perceptions. On the basis of previous work, we suggest that any relationship between power and perception (whether positive or negative) will be mediated by the distance between the perceiver and relevant ties. We explicate these arguments and test them experimentally. The results suggest that as distance between the perceiver and the tie increases, low-power actors have more accurate perceptions of the network than high-power actors.
U-500 regular insulin use in hospitalized patients.

Objective: U-500 is a potent insulin used in patients with severe insulin resistance. This study aimed to describe the inpatient insulin requirements, insulin regimens, and glycemic control of hospitalized patients using U-500.Methods: A retrospective chart review of adult patients using U-500 insulin at home who were admitted to Cleveland Clinic hospitals between 2001 and 2011 was performed. Two groups were compared: those who were given U-500 while hospitalized (Group A) and those who were switched to a different insulin regimen (Group B). The percentages of hypoglycemia days and hyperglycemia days were calculated as the number of days with the respective event divided by the length of stay (LOS) in days for each patient.Results: There were 61 patients, 59% of which were male, with a median body mass index (BMI) 38.4, age 60.8 years, hemoglobin A1c 8.9% or 74 mmol/mol, and LOS 5.0 days. The majority (66%) remained on a U-500-based insulin regimen, while the rest were switched to a combination of long-, ...
Surface Area Accounts for the Relation of Gray Matter Volume to Reading-Related Skills and History of Dyslexia

It is unknown whether the abnormalities in brain structure and function observed in dyslexic readers are congenital or arise later in development. Analyzing the 2 components of gray matter volume separately may help in differentiating these possibilities. Gray matter volume is the product of cortical surface area, determined during prenatal brain development, and cortical thickness, determined during postnatal development. For this study, 16 adults with a history of phonological dyslexia and 16 age- and gender-matched controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and an extensive battery of tests of reading-related skills. Cortical surface area and gray matter volume measures of the whole brain, the inferior frontal gyrus, and the fusiform gyrus were similarly related to phonological skills and a history of dyslexia. There was no relationship between cortical thickness and phonological skills or history of dyslexia. Because cortical surface area reflects cortical folding patterns determined prenatally, this suggests that brain differences in dyslexia are rooted in early cortical development and are not due to compensatory changes that occur during postnatal development and would be expected to influence cortical thickness. This study demonstrates the importance of examining the separate components of gray matter volume when studying developmental abnormalities.
High Pressure Crystallized UHMWPEs

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the basic concepts of high-pressure crystallization in the context of basic polymer crystallization. It describes extended-chain crystals followed by a review of Hylamer and recent research on the use of high-pressure crystallization to increase the properties of irradiated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). High-pressure crystallization refers to a type of crystallization in which a semicrystalline polymer such as UHMWPE is heated to a temperature exceeding its melting temperature, subjected to hydrostatic pressure, usually higher than 350 MPa, and then isobarically cooled to a temperature at which it is able to crystallize. High-pressure crystallization may also proceed isothermally at a temperature above the melting temperature (usually above 210°C) by increasing pressure until it reaches several hundred MPa. Such pressures are generally considered to be high because most common processing conditions, such as compression molding or ram extrusion, are conducted in a range of a few kPa up to a few MPa. High-pressure crystallization offers a novel processing route to increase the crystallinity and associated mechanical properties, such as resistance to fatigue crack propagation, resistance to creep deformation, tensile modulus, and yield strength without compromising ductility and wear resistance. The crystalline regions trap free radicals, which can lead to long-term oxidative degradation.
Ischemic preconditioning attenuates acidosis and postischemic dysfunction in isolated rat heart

The hypothesis that brief ischemia (preconditioning) protects the isolated heart from prolonged global ischemia was tested. Isovolumic rat hearts were preconditioned with either 5 min of ischemia followed by 5 min of perfusion (P1) or two 5-min episodes of ischemia separated by 5 min of perfusion (P2). Control hearts received no preconditioning. All hearts received 40 min of sustained ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion. Preconditioning (P1 or P2) significantly (P less than 0.0005) improved recovery of the rate-pressure product; percentage recoveries were 17.8 +/- 3.2 (n = 14), 59.9 +/- 5.5 (n = 6), and 46.4 +/- 4.7 (n = 8) for control, P1, and P2, respectively. Improved functional recovery of preconditioned hearts was associated with reduced end-diastolic pressure and improved myocardial perfusion. During the 40-min ischemic period, myocardial pH decreased from approximately 7.4 to 6.3 +/- 0.1 (n = 7) in the control hearts and to 6.7 +/- 0.1 (n = 7) in the preconditioned hearts (P less than 0.01). Also during the 40-min ischemic period, myocardial lactate (expressed as nmol/mg protein) increased to 146 +/- 11 (n = 7) and 101 +/- 12 (n = 8) in control and preconditioned hearts, respectively (P less than 0.02). The results demonstrate that a brief episode of ischemia can protect the isolated rat heart from a prolonged period of ischemia. This protection is associated with decreased tissue acidosis and anaerobic glycolysis during the sustained ischemic period.
Correlations between stable carbon-isotope abundance and hydraulic conductivity in Douglas-fir across a climate gradient in Oregon, USA

Stomatal conductance in trees is related to both foliar carbon-isotope abundance and stem hydraulic properties. By combining these relationships, I hypothesized that carbon-isotope abundance in foliage should vary with limitations to water movement through supporting branches. I sampled Douglas-fir branches (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) from six sites across a climate gradient in Oregon, USA for foliar carbon-isotope abundance and stem hydraulic properties. I used a forest growth model to quantify climate-induced stomatal limitations, expressed as reduced potential transpiration, across the gradient. Foliar stable carbon-isotope abundance showed a strong inverse relationship with branch specific conductivity (hydraulic conductivity per unit functional sapwood area) and leaf-specific conductivity (hydraulic conductivity per unit leaf area). Foliar stable carbon-isotope abundance was correlated with modeled reductions in potential transpiration; however, the inclusion of leaf-specific conductivity improved the correlation by more than 30%. Combined, leaf-specific conductivity and climate-induced stomatal constraints explained 84% of the variation in foliar isotope abundance in 1994 foliage. This model was confirmed on foliage classes 1990-1993.
Stereoselective Synthesis of S-Linked 2-Deoxy Sugars

Stereoselective synthesis of S-linked 2-deoxysugars, potentially nonhydrolyzable mimics of naturally occurring O-linked 2-deoxy sugars, remains a challenge due to the absence of a directing group at C2. This article describes recent efforts in the stereo­selective synthesis of S-linked 2-deoxy sugars, including our approach which involves sulfenylation of stereochemically defined 2-deoxyglycosyl lithiums with asymmetric sugar-derived disulfides.
Multi-Objective Optimal Control Modification Adaptive Control Method for Systems with Input and Unmatched Uncertainties

This paper presents a recent development of a new model-reference adaptive control method based on a multi-objective optimal control formulation for systems with control input uncertainty and unmatched uncertainty. Previously, a bi-objective optimal control modification method has been developed for systems with matched uncertainty and unmatched uncertainty using a predictor model for estimating the control input uncertainty and matched uncertainty. In this work, we develop an extension for unmatched uncertain systems. In the presence of unmatched uncertainty, the uncertainty cannot be completely canceled, but its effect can be minimized to maintain a certain degree of tracking performance and robustness. In this study, we develop a technique to decompose the unmatched uncertainty into a matched component and unmatched component. The matched component is designed to be canceled out by adaptive control to improve tracking performance, while the unmatched component is to be minimized to provide robustness of closed-loop systems. The optimal control formulation includes a third objective cost function which is the minimization of the decomposition error of the unmatched uncertainty in addition to the first two objective functions in the previous bi-objective optimal control modification method for minimization of the tracking error norm and predictor error norm. The approach is a multi-objective optimal control formulation. The resulting multi-objective optimal control modification adaptive control method cancels out the matched component while ensuring robustness by estimating the unmatched component for use in the adaptive laws to bound adaptive parameters. Flight control simulations are performed to illustrate the effectiveness of the multi-objective optimal control modification adaptive laws for unmatched uncertain systems.
Shame and PTSD Symptoms

Although current theories emphasize the role of fear in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), recent research suggests that shame may also play a role in the development of PTSD symptoms. This study tested if the experience of peritraumatic shame mediates the relationship between 2 conceptually linked PTSD risk factors (i.e., experiencing an interpersonal vs. impersonal reference trauma and number of previous potentially traumatic events [PTEs]) and current levels of PTSD symptoms. Path analysis was used to test a series of nested models assessing the indirect effects of these risk factors on PTSD via peritraumatic shame, while controlling for the potential indirect effect of these risk factors via peritraumatic fear. The final structural model found that the number of previous PTEs had a direct effect on current levels of PTSD, no association with fear, and a marginally significant indirect effect on PTSD symptoms via shame. The effects of reference trauma type on PTSD symptom levels was mediated by levels of both peritraumatic shame and fear, suggesting that shame, in addition to fear, may contribute to the development of PTSD symptoms in survivors of interpersonal traumas. The results underscore the need for further, more fine-grained research in this area and contribute to the nascent literature suggesting that other emotions, beyond fear, are important to our theoretical understanding of PTSD.
The Management System Optimization of SM Decorative Enterprises

Compared with the economic strenqth and management level of a highly developed,highly market-oriented international contractors,there is a significant gap in management system,operation mode,industrial quality,management level of china's small and medium-sized decoration industry.For such an industry which has infinite space for development,but not perfect in all aspects,if want to gain a foothold in the future competitive market,you must first improve their own system,to build their oun"law",according to the "law" within the enterprise.By wnderstanding and analyzing the day-to-day management of a small and medium-sized decorative enterprise work,found a small on medium scale decoration enterprise management problems,and made the management system.
Extreme nursing: a qualitative assessment of nurse retention in a remote setting.

Introduction Nurses have practiced in Bristol Bay, Alaska, since 1896. Practice opportunities are defined by institutional structures and systems; and the geography, climate, and history of remote South-west 'bush' Alaska. The Native Alaskan culture as experienced through nurses' practice, community relations, and in several cases, marriages, shapes their lives as well. The purposes of this qualitative study are three-fold: (1) to ensure the unique stories of bush Alaska nurses are preserved and told; (2) to foster a strong bush nursing tradition; and (3) to inform recruitment, hiring, and retention practices in remote settings. Methods Ten of 14 long-term retained (>15 years) nurses still living in Bristol Bay were interviewed using a semi-structured format, based on three broad interview questions: (1) Why did you come to Bristol Bay?; (2) If you ever wanted to leave, what motivated you to stay?; and (3) What do you feel are your greatest accomplishments here? Extensive probing and dialogue was employed to develop participants' conversation. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded for qualitative content analysis of ideas and thematic analysis. To preserve authenticity and enhance fidelity, nurses' verbatim statements are reported at length, illustrating ideas and themes. Results Analysis of transcripts revealed seven ideas common to all 10 long-term retained nurse's experience in the bush: family, culture, hardship, nursing practice, fish, motivations and community. Religion or spirituality was also a common idea, but not universal. A racism code was derived to illuminate less articulated ideas from the nurses' conversation. Conclusions Long-term retained bush nurses share three characteristics useful to successful recruitment and retention efforts: they have (1) a strong sense of adventure, (2) an independent outlook regarding family growth and development, and (3) a deep appreciation of Native Alaskan culture and lifestyle. In summary they advise nurses who wish to practice and stay in the bush to come with 'ample resources, mental resources, emotional, spiritual, the whole nine yards, [they] need these resources in order to survive, in order to stay here. [Also] a love for the people, not being opposite to the culture but trying to learn [from it]'. Attributes and qualities nurses bring to remote South-west bush Alaska produce a community dynamic affecting practice, health, and quality of life.
Surgical repair of type A aortic dissection by the circulatory arrest-graft inclusion technique in sixty-six patients

During an 8-year period (1984 to 1991) 66 patients (mean age 59 years, range 26 to 84 years) with type A aortic dissection (60 ascending aorta tears, 6 arch tears; 35 acute, 31 chronic) had surgical repair by a continuous suture-graft inclusion technique. Hypothermic circulatory arrest (16 degrees C) was used in 58 patients (35/35 acute, 23/31 chronic; mean arrest time 26 minutes, range 10 to 55 minutes). Fifty-two patients had hemiarch repair and 6 had total arch replacement. Aortic valve disease necessitated treatment in 38 patients (1 valved conduit, 20 valve replacements, 17 valve repairs). Recently 11 patients had valve repair by reconstruction of the native aortic root, by means of techniques similar to those used for homograft valve insertion. Operative mortality was 9% (14% acute, 3% chronic). Stroke occurred in 2 patients (3%) and was fatal in both. Variables suggestive of increased operative risk by univariate analysis were acuteness (p = 0.12), visceral ischemia (p = 0.12), and preoperative shock (p = 0.13). No variable was significant by multivariate analysis. Overall actuarial survival at 48 months was 77%, with 3 late deaths from a ruptured distal aneurysm. Late computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scan was done in 28 patients at a mean interval of 33 months. These studies identified 1 patient with a pseudoaneurysm requiring reoperation and 3 patients with contained flow between the graft and the wrap. Three patients required late operation: 1 for pseudoaneurysm, 1 for arch dissection, and 1 for repair of a distal aneurysm.
Rates of traumatization and psychopathology in criminal justice-involved women

ABSTRACTPrior research has consistently found disproportionate rates of traumatization and psychopathology in criminal justice-involved women. The current study aimed to characterize rates of traumatization, psychopathology, and diagnostic comorbidity in women involved with the justice system. Furthermore, this study examined the role of posttraumatic stress symptoms in the association between traumatic events and levels of self-esteem. Participants were 185 women from the Chicagoland area with current or previous (past 2 years) involvement with the criminal justice system. Results confirmed disproportionate rates of trauma experiences and psychopathology in this population, and logistic regression analyses indicated that rates of traumatization predicted diagnostic comorbidity. Analyses indicated an indirect effect of posttraumatic stress in the association between traumatic experiences and self-esteem. Findings highlight the importance of assessing and targeting both trauma experiences and posttraumatic...
Disciplining the non-disciplinary spaces, the rise of policing as an aspect of governmentality in 19th century eugene, oregon

The history of policing has been typically written through a conservative, liberal‐progressive or instrumentalist Marxist lens. The insights of poststructuralism have been slow to penetrate our understanding of law enforcement history. This paper attempts to move towards a poststructuralist analysis of the rise of policing in the town of Eugene, Oregon (USA). It begins with an analysis of the relationship between policing and what Foucault has called carceral institutions (prisons, insane asylums, schools, reform schools, etc.). These institutions constitute disciplinary spaces. The bulk of the paper examines the manner in which police were involved in the management of social life outside of these disciplinary spaces. These attempts to discipline the non‐disciplinary spaces formed an integral part of local government practice. Of central importance here was the deployment of governmental power through the construction, elaboration and circulation of disciplinary discourses. Police played a pivotal role here.
Mapping signaling pathway cross-talk in Drosophila cells

During development and homeostasis, cells integrate multiple signals originating either from neighboring cells or systemically. In turn, responding cells can produce signals that act in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner. Although the nature of the signals and pathways used in cell-cell communication are well characterized, we lack, in most cases, an integrative view of signaling describing the spatial and temporal interactions between pathways (e.g., whether the signals are processed sequentially or concomitantly when two pathways are required for a specific outcome). To address the extent of cross-talk between the major metazoan signaling pathways, we characterized immediate transcriptional responses to either single- or multiple pathway stimulations in homogeneous Drosophila cell lines. Our study, focusing on seven core pathways, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), Jun kinase (JNK), JAK/STAT, Notch, Insulin, and Wnt, revealed that many ligands and receptors are primary targets of signaling pathways, highlighting that transcriptional regulation of genes encoding pathway components is a major level of signaling cross-talk. In addition, we found that ligands and receptors can integrate multiple pathway activities and adjust their transcriptional responses accordingly.
Intertidal salt marshes as an important source of inorganic carbon to the coastal ocean

Dynamic tidal export of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) to the coastal ocean from highly productive intertidal marshes and its effects on seawater carbonate chemistry are thoroughly evaluated. The study uses a comprehensive approach by combining tidal water sampling of CO2 parameters across seasons, continuous in situ measurements of biogeochemically-relevant parameters and water fluxes, with high-resolution modeling in an intertidal salt marsh of the U.S. northeast region. Salt marshes can acidify and alkalize tidal water by injecting CO2 (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA). DIC and TA generation may also be decoupled due to differential effects of marsh aerobic and anaerobic respiration on DIC and TA. As marsh DIC is added to tidal water, the buffering capacity first decreases to a minimum and then increases quickly. Large additions of marsh DIC can result in higher buffering capacity in ebbing tide than incoming tide. Alkalization of tidal water, which mostly occurs in the summer due to anaerobic respiration, can further modify buffering capacity. Marsh exports of DIC and alkalinity may have complex implications for the future, more acidified ocean. Marsh DIC export exhibits high variability over tidal and seasonal cycles, which is modulated by both marsh DIC generation and by water fluxes. The marsh DIC export of 414 g C m−2 yr−1, based on high-resolution measurements and modeling, is more than twice the previous estimates. It is a major term in the marsh carbon budget and translates to one of the largest carbon fluxes along the U.S. East Coast.
When Religion Enters the Counseling Group Multiculturalism, Group Processes, and Social Justice

Religion is a diversity factor that comprises a significant component of identity for many clients. However, little attention has been paid to religion in the context of group counseling, especially process-oriented, nonthemed groups with heterogeneous membership. Using multicultural, process-oriented, and social justice theories of groups, we demonstrate the myriad ways religion is relevant to and influential in group counseling work. Together, these theories provide a solid justification for the need to ethically and effectively attend to religion in group work. Furthermore, they provide a strong foundation for developing counseling expertise in this area by highlighting typical conflicts, group dynamics, and needs that arise when religion is addressed in groups. Based on our review, we provide practical and ethical implications to assist group leaders in addressing religion in their group counseling work.
The crystal structures of Hf 3 N 2 and Hf 4 N 3

The crystal structures of e-Hf3N2 and ζ-Hf4N3 were determined from X-ray powder photographs. The structure of both phases is trigonal, space group D 5 3d -R−3m, with unit cells ofa R = 7.972A, α= 23 deg 12 min (hexagonal axes:a = 3.206A,c = 23.26A) for e-H3H2, and aR= 10.54A, α = 17 deg 32 min (hexagonal axes:a = 3.214A,c = 31.12A) for ζ-Hf4N3. The nine close packed metal layers in e-Hf3N2 are stacked according to (hhc)3, or ABABCBCAC. The structure of ζ-Hf4sN3, isomorphous with ζ-V4C3,1 consists of twelve close-packed metal layers in a stacking sequence (hhcc)3. The nitrogen atoms occupy octahedral interstices in the metal lattice. The experimentally observed compositions, Hf3N1.69 and Hf4N2.56, shows both phases to be substantially deficient in nitrogen. e-Hf3N2 is unstable above 2000°C, and ζ-Hf4N3 above 2300°C.