cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Decomposition of Paraquat Under Visible Light by Carbon Nitride and Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract Carbon nitride is a newly discovered and probably only known organic photocatalyst that can be activated by visible light due to its relatively lower bandgap energy. In this research, carbon nitride was synthesized by thermal polymerization of dicyandiamide in air and in elevated temperature. Paraquat, or methyl viologen, is a commonly used herbicide that possesses several threats to the environment. In this research, photocatalytic decomposition of paraquat by pure carbon nitride in water and under visible light irradiation is observed to be negligible. Addition of only a small amount of hydrogen peroxide to the system remarkably enhances the overall photocatalytic decomposition of paraquat under visible light. The photodegradation of paraquat is also investigated as a function of the dose of photocatalyst, concentration of hydrogen peroxide, and initial concentration of paraquat. The dual role of hydrogen peroxide in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of carbon nitride can be attributed to the generation of additional amounts of highly reactive hydroxyl radical in the system and the prevention of recombination of electron-hole pairs in carbon nitride thereby stabilizing its prolonged photocatalytic activity. In this study, liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LCMS) study was employed to understand the intermediate products of the photodegradation of paraquat. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the few reports on the photocatalytic decomposition of paraquat under visible light irradiation and the results suggest that the carbon nitride-hydrogen peroxide system can be potentially used to decompose paraquat and its toxic effects in water.
Hybrid Dynamical System Model and Robust Control of a Hybrid Neuroprosthesis Under Fatigue Based Switching

A hybrid neuroprosthesis controller that integrates a modified PD-based robust controller to compensate for electromechanical delay during functional electrical stimulation and a variable structure controller to control a powered exoskeleton is developed. A hybrid dynamical systems approach is used to model the hybrid neuroprosthesis control and prove the stability. Simulation results demonstrate the model and the control design during a standing task.
Effectiveness of Best Management Practices to Reduce Phosphorus Loading to a Highly Eutrophic Lake

Reducing nonpoint source pollution is an ongoing challenge in watersheds throughout the world. Implementation of best management practices, both structural and nonstructural, is the usual response to this challenge, with the presumption that they are effective. However, monitoring of their efficacy is not a standard practice. In this study, we evaluate the effectiveness of two wetland restoration projects, designed to handle runoff during high flow events and serve as flow-through retention basins before returning flow further downstream. The Macatawa Watershed is located in west Michigan, is heavily agricultural, and drains into Lake Macatawa, a hypereutrophic lake with total phosphorus concentrations usually exceeding 100 µg/L. We measured turbidity, total phosphorus, and soluble reactive phosphorus both upstream and downstream of these wetland complexes during base flow and storm events. While both turbidity and phosphorus increased significantly during storm events compared to baseflow, we found no significant difference in upstream vs. downstream water quality two years following BMP construction. We also measured water quality in Lake Macatawa, and found the lake remained highly impaired. Possible reasons for the lack of improved water quality: (1) The restored wetlands are too young to function optimally in sediment and phosphorus retention; (2) the scale of these BMPs is too small given the overall loads; (3) the locations of these BMPs are not optimal in terms of pollutant reduction; and (4) the years following postconstruction were relatively dry so the wetlands had limited opportunity to retain pollutants. These possibilities are evaluated.
Organic amendment additions to rangelands: A meta-analysis of multiple ecosystem outcomes.

Interest in land application of organic amendments-such as biosolids, composts, and manures-is growing due to their potential to increase soil carbon and help mitigate climate change, as well as to support soil health and regenerative agriculture. While organic amendments are predominantly applied to croplands, their application is increasingly proposed on relatively arid rangelands that do not typically receive fertilizers or other inputs, creating unique concerns for outcomes such as native plant diversity and water quality. To maximize environmental benefits and minimize potential harms, we must understand how soil, water, and plant communities respond to particular amendments and site conditions. We conducted a global meta-analysis of 92 studies in which organic amendments had been added to arid, semiarid, or Mediterranean rangelands. We found that organic amendments, on average, provide some environmental benefits (increased soil carbon, soil water holding capacity, aboveground net primary productivity, and plant tissue nitrogen; decreased runoff quantity), as well as some environmental harms (increased concentrations of soil lead, runoff nitrate, and runoff phosphorus; increased soil CO2 emissions). Published data were inadequate to fully assess impacts to native plant communities. In our models, adding higher amounts of amendment benefitted four outcomes and harmed two outcomes, whereas adding amendments with higher nitrogen concentrations benefitted two outcomes and harmed four outcomes. This suggests that trade-offs among outcomes are inevitable; however, applying low-N amendments was consistent with both maximizing benefits and minimizing harms. Short study time frames (median 1-2 years), limited geographic scope, and, for some outcomes, few published studies limit longer-term inferences from these models. Nevertheless, they provide a starting point to develop site-specific amendment application strategies aimed toward realizing the potential of this practice to contribute to climate change mitigation while minimizing negative impacts on other environmental goals.
HCN2 Channels in Cholinergic Interneurons of Nucleus Accumbens Shell Regulate Depressive Behaviors

Cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been implicated in drug addiction, reward, and mood disorders. However, the physiological role of ChIs in depression has not been characterized. Here, we show that the tonic firing rate of ChIs in NAc shell is reduced in chronic stress mouse models and in a genetic mouse model of depression. Chemogenetic inhibition of NAc ChIs renders naive mice susceptible to stress, whereas enhancement of ChI activity reverses depressive phenotypes. As a component of the molecular mechanism, we found that the expression and function of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 (HCN2) are decreased in ChIs of NAc shell in depressed mice. Overexpression of HCN2 channels in ChIs enhances cell activity and is sufficient to rescue depressive phenotypes. These data suggest that enhancement of HCN2 channel activity in NAc ChIs is a feasible approach for the development of a new class of antidepressants.
The Use of Experts in Journalistic Accounts of Media Events: A Comparative Study of the 2005 London Bombings in British, American, and Russian Newspapers

Drawing on previous research about journalistic news sources, this study explores the use of experts and other sources in coverage of the London suicide bombings (7 July 2005) in British, American,...
Highly-Efficient Optical Equalization Using a Silicon Photonic Switch for Pulsewidth Distortion Mitigation

We demonstrate an optical equalization for mitigating pulsewidth distortion using a MRR-based SiP switch. This approach is robust to different level of pulsewidth distortion. A 4.5-dB-enhanced detection sensitivity is obtained at a 12.5-Gbits/s data rate.
Process Analysis of Chemical Looping Systems for Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Coal

Coal is an essential primary energy source in modern industry. An important pathway of coal utilization is to gasify coal into syngas, which is then used for downstream production of numerous chemicals such as methanol and liquid fuels. Despite its wide applications, conventional coal gasification still faces challenges such as the use of a costly air separation unit and limited syngas H2/CO ratio. Chemical looping gasification technology is a promising alternative to replace conventional coal gasification with increased thermal efficiency and higher level of process intensification. This study presents the process analysis of chemical looping coal gasification and its integration with downstream production of dimethyl ether (DME) to reveal the advantages of the chemical looping scheme compared to conventional gasification schemes. This study discusses the simulation strategies to maintain adiabatic operation in the chemical looping system. The operating parameters of the chemical looping system are adjusted to achieve the maximum cold gas efficiency in one case study, while the operating parameters of the chemical looping system are adjusted to achieve the maximum effective thermal efficiency in another case study. These two chemical looping cases involve the integration of the chemical looping system with the DME synthesis in a process that considers overall process material and heat flows and power consumption and generation. An exergy analysis is also conducted for these two integrated chemical looping cases, revealing that they both can achieve around 10% increase in exergy efficiency over the conventional gasification system.
Chapter 4 – Olfactory Psychophysics

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of olfactory psychophysics. A major route for bringing molecules to the olfactory epithelium — especially from foods in the mouth — is the so-called retronasal pathway. In this mechanism, volatile substances from foods diffuse, are pumped during mouth movements or pass during exhalation from the nasopharynx into the rear of the nasal passages and thence to the vicinity of the olfactory epithelium high in the nose. This is the opposite direction from inspired air or normal sniffing. The requirements for a comprehensive theory of odor perception are discussed in the chapter. Many issues that require consideration in any theory of odor perception have received little attention from the psychological community. The number of differentiated odor types or odor categories is quite large. This fact works against attempts to reduce the number of odor qualities to a few dimensions, attributes, or super ordinate categories.
Resident-Driven Wellness Initiatives Improve Resident Wellness and Perception of Work Environment.

Abstract Background Resident burnout is associated with increased adverse patient events and increased incidence of resident depression and suicide when compared to the general population. We hypothesized that resident-driven assessment and implementation of wellness measures would allow implementation of desired interventions and facilitate improvement in wellness. Methods A wellness intervention team was established to address resident wellness and job satisfaction. A needs assessment to determine desired interventions as well as a three-part anonymous 5-point Likert scale survey was developed and distributed to general surgery residents. Following implementation of three measures, a postintervention survey was administered at 6 and 15 mo to the same cohort. Analysis of variance test was used to evaluate for significant difference between preintervention and postintervention surveys. Results Three interventions were implemented: two protected weekday personal days per year, modernization of resident workspace, and additional meal funds. There were statistically significant changes in perceptions of wellness opportunities (3.14 versus 3.88 and 3.7; P Conclusions Implementation of resident-selected wellness measures was found to influence overall resident satisfaction and improved perception of the working environment. Several scores of wellness items showed sustained improvement at 15 mo. These results suggest that resident-driven wellness interventions can positively affect working conditions for residents.
Utilization of cytology smears improves success rates of RNA-based next-generation sequencing gene fusion assays for clinically relevant predictive biomarkers

Background The use of RNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays to detect gene fusions for targeted therapy has rapidly become an essential component of comprehensive molecular profiling. For cytology specimens, the cell block (CB) is most commonly used for fusion testing; however, insufficient cellularity and/or suboptimal RNA quality are often limiting factors. In the current study, the authors evaluated the factors affecting RNA fusion testing in cytology and the added value of smears in cases with a suboptimal or inadequate CB. Methods A 12-month retrospective review was performed to identify cytology cases that were evaluated by a targeted RNA-based NGS assay. Samples were sequenced by targeted amplicon-based NGS for 51 clinically relevant genes on a proprietary platform. Preanalytic factors and NGS quality parameters were correlated with the results of RNA fusion testing. Results The overall success rate of RNA fusion testing was 92%. Of the 146 cases successfully sequenced, 14% had a clinically relevant fusion detected. NGS testing success positively correlated with RNA yield (P = .03) but was independent of the tumor fraction, the tumor size, or the number of slides used for extraction. CB preparations were adequate for testing in 45% cases, but the inclusion of direct smears increased the adequacy rate to 92%. There was no significant difference in testing success rates between smears and CB preparations. Conclusions The success of RNA-based NGS fusion testing depends on the quality and quantity of RNA extracted. The use of direct smears significantly improves the adequacy of cytologic samples for RNA fusion testing for predictive biomarkers.
The Domestic Analogy Revisted: Hobbes on International Order

This Essay reexamines Thomas Hobbes's understanding of international order. Hobbes defended the establishment of an all-powerful sovereign as the solution to interpersonal conflict, and he advanced an analogy between persons and states. Extending this "domestic analogy," theorists following Hobbes have supposed that a global sovereign would prove the solution to interstate conflict. Yet Hobbes himself never proposed a global sovereign, which has led some scholars to diagnose an apparent inconsistency in his philosophy. This Essay seeks to resolve that inconsistency, drawing on Hobbes's theory of the passions and his hope for radical political transformation. Hobbes believed that the solution to international disorder was not analogous but rather identical to the solution to domestic strife: both would be overcome through the establishment of a "well-ordered commonwealth." Hobbes argued that a state capable of securing peace within its borders was unlikely to make aggressive war outside them. The radical transformation he envisaged in domestic politics would thus in itself mitigate and perhaps even overcome international conflict. This "realist-utopian" position aligns Hobbes more closely with later social-contract theorists, including Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, and John Rawls. It also invites a reconsideration of the foundational principles of international law, with implications for contemporary problems from humanitarian intervention to economic integration. Hobbes's realist-utopianism provides a needed corrective not only to the narrowly defined realism that has long claimed his imprimatur, but also to realism's rivals, which unwittingly share its premises.
How speedy is SPDY

SPDY is increasingly being used as an enhancement to HTTP/1.1. To understand its impact on performance, we conduct a systematic study of Web page load time (PLT) under SPDY and compare it to HTTP. To identify the factors that affect PLT, we proceed from simple, synthetic pages to complete page loads based on the top 200 Alexa sites. We find that SPDY provides a significant improvement over HTTP when we ignore dependencies in the page load process and the effects of browser computation. Most SPDY benefits stem from the use of a single TCP connection, but the same feature is also detrimental under high packet loss. Unfortunately, the benefits can be easily overwhelmed by dependencies and computation, reducing the improvements with SPDY to 7% for our lower bandwidth and higher RTT scenarios. We also find that request prioritization is of little help, while server push has good potential; we present a push policy based on dependencies that gives comparable performance to mod_spdy while sending much less data.
Carcinoma of the cervix concomitant with pregnancy.

Abstract One hundred twenty-four coexisting and associated cases of carcinoma of the cervix and pregnancy were studied and five-year end results presented. The results show almost identical cure rate with carcinoma of the cervix unassociated with pregnancy for the same time interval within the comparable age groups. Our figures and others tend to show definitely better results when conservative treatment is used than when radical surgery is performed prior to irradiation. The distribution of clinical stages of carcinoma of the cervix associated with pregnancy is almost identical with the nonpregnant cases. This shows that prenatal and postpartal examinations have been neglected and as a result the disease has not been discovered in its early stages. It is recommended that all patients showing any abnormal symptoms during pregnancy should have a thorough vaginal examination, regardless of the stage of pregnancy. All postpartal cases should have repeated examinations after the structures have returned to normal. We believe that such examinations would result in such patients receiving treatment during the early stages of the disease and the cure rate would be definitely improved.
CODAC-a characterization system for digital and analog circuits

This paper describes CODAC, a CAD tool for characterization and analysis of analog and digital circuits. It is based primarily on the industry standard electrical simulator, SPICE. CODAC provides a powerful C like language for specifying the characterization problem. In addition to providing an extensive library of built-in analysis functions it also supports a procedural interface that facilitates the definition of customized analysis functions. A capability to distribute in parallel the large number of simulation runs for an extensive circuit analysis (e.g. Monte Carlo analysis) is provided which significantly reduces overall cycle time. CODAC is being successfully used for circuit analysis and as a part of analog and digital library development flow at Texas Instruments.
Reconciling Private Autonomy and Public Interests in Family Law

One of the dilemmas in which modern and post-modern liberal governments struggle is how to reconcile the struggle between the quest for and the commitment to foster and protect individual liberty, independence, and autonomy with the need to teach, foster, insure, and protect civic (social and community) duties and responsibilities. This struggle is no more prevalent or tensions sharply conflicted than in the area of family law. The consequences for individuals, couples, children, families, and societies are great, and rest on how the different and competing interests are balanced and reconciled. The family is the bridge connecting those two interests.
What We Have Learned about White Dwarfs from Studies of Novae

The nova outburst is one consequence of accretion of hydrogen-rich material onto a white dwarf. Although most of our interest has been in trying to understand the cause and evolution of the nova outburst, it is impossible to separate that from an interest in the structure and characteristics of white dwarfs. For example, it is the strong electron degeneracy of the white dwarf that forces the nuclear reactions to temperatures that exceed 108K. Nova studies have also shown that the peak temperature in the nuclear burning region and the peak effective temperature depend on the mass of the white dwarf. It may be the case, in addition, that the lifetime of the nova outburst, the amount of accreted mass, and the ejected mass depend on the mass of the white dwarf. It is also important to realize that there have been numerous determinations of the elemental abundances in nova ejecta and they show, unequivocally, that there are two composition classes for the white dwarfs in nova systems. One class consists of carbon-oxygen (CO) white dwarfs and they must have originated as main sequences stars with masses of around 5M⊙ or below. There is a second class of outbursts in which the elemental abundance pattern in the ejected gas can only be explained if it consists of material from the interior of an oxygen-neonmagnesium (ONeMg) white dwarf that has been processed through hot, hydrogen burning. This class must have originated from main sequence stars with masses from 8M⊙ to about 12M⊙. Finally, the evolutionary studies of the explosion suggest strongly that the white dwarf must be relatively cool which, in turn, implies that nova systems are relatively old objects.
Chapter 12 – The Fundamental Tools, and Possibly Universals, of Human Social Cognition

Publisher Summary To survive in complex social communities humans have evolved and develop from birth a remarkable set of psychological tools that range from fundamental concepts to simple processes and complex inferences. This toolbox contains abstract concepts; processes of gaze following, automatic empathy, mimicry, and joint attention; and increasingly complex functions of imaginative simulation and mental state inference. These tools belong together not because they form a module or are implemented in the same brain areas; what unites them is their responsiveness to the social environment with its challenges of ambulant intentional agents – minded, intelligent, and unique individuals. This chapter discusses extant knowledge on each social-cognitive tool. Social living demands the use of all of these tools, and they in turn enable communication, relationships, and culture. The current evidence base suggests considerable universality of these social-cognitive tools, though research has also documented variations in their relative use. No less universal than this bright side of social cognition is the dark side that includes stereotyping, prejudice, and hostile intergroup perception. However, to triumph over this darker side, humans can only nurture their capacities to be cognitively engaged and emotionally moved by others, to appreciate and simulate their distinct mental states, and infer as best they can their values and character.
Pulse fluoroscopy radiation reduction in a pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory.

Objective To determine if lower starting pulse fluoroscopy rates lead to lower overall radiation exposure without increasing complication rates or perceived procedure length or difficulty. Setting The pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory at University of Michigan Mott Children's Hospital. Patients Pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Design/Interventions We performed a single-center quality improvement study where the baseline pulse fluoroscopy rate was varied between cases during pediatric cardiac catheterization procedures. Outcome Measures Indirect and direct radiation exposure data were collected, and the perceived impact of the fluoroscopy rate and procedural complications was recorded. These outcomes were then compared among the different set pulse fluoroscopy rates. Results Comparing pulse fluoroscopy rates of 15, 7.5, and 5 frames per second from 61 cases, there was a significant reduction in radiation exposure between 15 and 7.5 frames per second. There was no difference in perceived case difficulty, procedural length, or procedural complications regardless of starting pulse fluoroscopy rate. Conclusions For pediatric cardiac catheterizations, a starting pulse fluoroscopy rate of 7.5 frames per second exposes physicians and their patients to significantly less radiation with no impact on procedural difficulty or outcomes. This quality improvement study has resulted in a significant practice change in our pediatric cardiac catheterization laboratory, and 7.5 frames per second is now the default fluoroscopy rate.
Carbon Dioxide Dynamics and Sequestration in Mine Water and Waste

The role and importance of CO2 in the mining sector has been overlooked until relatively recently. This review presents the complexities of CO2 and mine water evolution. Carbon sequestration using mine waters and solid wastes and recent research on the profound impacts of dissolved CO2 on active and passive treatment were reviewed. The literature indicates great promise for more efficient and fiscally competitive operations, lower envi- ronmental impacts, and a decreased carbon footprint for such operations. However, a tremendous amount of research and field testing is necessary to move many of these approaches forward to full scale common application.
Pain-Coping Strategies of Women with Fibromyalgia: Relationship to Pain, Fatigue, and Quality of Life

Objectives: To describe the pain-coping strategies of women with fibromyalgia [FMS]; to compare the factor structure of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire [CSQ] to other reports; and to determine whether pain-coping strategies are predictive of pain, fatigue, poor sleep., and quality of life.Methods: One hundred twenty consecutive patients with FMS who were tested prior to a six-month multidisciplinary treatment program completed the CSQ, along with several other self-report measures, a tender point examination, and syndrome/demographic information. Seventy-one patients completed the program and were retested.Results: At the pretest, FMS patients were most likely to use self-empowerment statements, ignore pain, and attempt to increase their activity level. Ninety percent used at least one catastrophizing strategy. At program completion, posttest evaluations of ability to control and decrease pain had increased significantly. Three distinct factors emerged from the analysis of the CSQ: a cognitive [COG], ...
The prognosis of children with hydrocephalus and congenital heart disease.

The association of congenital hydrocephalus and heart disease in children is infrequent, but may present considerable dilemmas in management. This report describes the treatment and prognosis of 11 children with both clinical problems. There were 5 males and 6 females. Hydrocephalus occurred following aqueductal stenosis in 5 children and the Dandy-Walker malformation in 3. Three children were diagnosed with idiopathic hydrocephalus. Ten children underwent cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures for control of hydrocephalus. Five children received pharmacological therapy for cardiac disease; 4 children required surgical correction. Two children died from medical conditions; 2 families declined treatment. Follow-up from 2 to 7 years in the remaining 7 children demonstrated moderate or severe neurodevelopmental disability in 5. One child at 2 years of age showed borderline developmental disability while 1 child is developing normally at 10 years of age. Overall the occurrence of symptomatic hydrocephalus and heart disease in the perinatal period resulted in mortality or neurodevelopmental disability in 9/11 children.
Toxicity equivalents and EPA's risk assessment of 2,3,7,8-TCDD.

Toxicity equivalent factors (TEFs) have proved useful in estimating the toxicity of complex mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs/CDFs). An international consensus has formed around a specific set of TEF values as interim solution for addressing environmental contamination by CDDs/CDFs. This procedure capitalizes on the congenerspecific analytical results that are more routinely available in recent years. The TEF approach should be updated as necessary and replaced by more definitive bioassay approaches as soon as practicable. In an independent activity, the USEPA considered a proposal to change (reduce) the cancer potency ascribed to 2,3,7,8-TCDD by a factor of 16. The recommendation was based upon an analysis of the literature and the Agency's earlier risk assessment. The proposal was reviewed by the Science Advisory Board, a group of outside scientific advisors. Subsequently, the Agency decided against making any changes in its assessment at this time. However, it is likely that a reassessment will be conducted shortly that will incorporate new data and a new approach to estimating of cancer risks posed by 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
Genetic manipulation of schistosomes

In contrast to the situations with model organisms and parasitic protozoa, progress with gene manipulation with schistosomes has been delayed by impediments that include our inability to maintain the life cycle in vitro, absence of immortalized cell lines, large genome sizes, unavailability of drug resistance markers and other difficulties. However, in the past few years, tangible progress has been reported towards development of tools for gene manipulation and transgenesis of schistosomes, and there is reason to believe that the field is on the verge of transformation into an era where genetic manipulation is routine. Recent reports dealing with approaches and tools to manipulate the genome and gene expression in schistosomes are reviewed here.
Preliminary experiences with a tablet PC based system to support active learning in computer science courses

There has been much research on the benefits of active and collaborative learning and on its use in computer science courses. As classroom technology becomes more prevalent it is natural to develop systems that support the use of these techniques. We have developed such a system as an extension to Classroom Presenter [2], a Tablet PC-based presentation system. In our system students (or groups of students) are equipped with tablet computers and at various points during the lecture, are asked to solve a problem or respond to a question. Students respond by writing their solution on the tablet and submitting it wirelessly to the instructor. The instructor can view all student responses, select one or more to display to the class, and annotate responses with ink as they are being displayed. Student responses can be saved for review after lecture by the instructor or made available electronically to the students. In this paper we describe the system and our initial experiences using the system in two classes (CS1 and Computer Ethics) at the University of San Diego in Fall 2003.
Some basic kinematical relations for finite deformations of continua

Abstract This paper summarizes a number of general kinematical identities developed by the authors in early 1981 for finite deformations of continua. Included are explicit relations between various spin tensors and the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of the velocity gradient, various material strain measures, and strain rates. These relations are expressed in the general, coordinate-independent form (which is the main contribution of this work), as well as in terms of their spectral components (due to Hill).
Elastic Analysis of a Skull

Abstract : A finite element elastic analysis is made of a skull. Measurements were made of the geometry and thickness of a skull. The skull was then idealized with a doubly curved and arbitrary triangular shell element. Results suggest that the skull is well built for resistance to front loads. The importance of using a composite material through the thickness of the shell was established. On the basis of tensile cracking at maximum elastic stress, loads of 3,500 lbs. and 1,400 lbs. were predicted for the first cracking of the skull due to front and side loading respectively.
Thinning of saturated superfluid 4He films during critical and subcritical flow

Abstract We report measurements of the thickness of a saturated superfluid 4 He film under conditions of both critical and subcritical flow. Thinning consistent to within 20% with the predictions of Kontorovich as applied to our apparatus is observed over the temperature range 1.2 T
Composition of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) of the Southwestern U.S. and Northern Mexico

Fourteen samples of white (WT), brown (BT), speckled (ST), and black (BKT) tepary beans (Phaseolus acutifolius) grown in the semiarid and arid areas of the southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico, were evaluated for their weight and sizes and analyzed for proximate composition, dietary fiber, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), and phytic acid (PA). Seed weight (0.105 g to 0.145 g) and size (7.1 × 5.0 mm to 9.3 × 6.4 mm) were not significantly different among WT, BT, ST and BKT. Protein (N × 6.25) and fat contents ranged from 17.3% to 23.1% and from 0.73% to 1.18%, respectively. No significant difference (P < 0.05) in protein and fat levels were observed among tepary types. Soluble, insoluble, and total dietary fiber were not significantly different. Total dietary fiber ranged from 17.97% to 20.96%. TIA (14.82 TIU to 24.58 TIU/mg sample) was not significantly different among raw tepary types. Autoclaving for 10 min and 20 min reduced significantly TIA. PA content (1.83 mg to 5.34 mg PA/g sample) was not signi...
The comparative energetics of rigid endothermy: the Arvicolidae

Rate of metabolism and body temperature were examined in 24 species of arvicolid rodents, for 15 of which data are presented here, to determine the factors that influence their level of energy expenditure. Arvicolids are characterized by a high, precisely-regulated body temperature, a high basal rate of metabolism by general mammalian standards, and a standard thermal conductance, except at large masses, when low conductances can occur. No evidence of entrance into torpor is known for any arvicolid; its absence is associated with especially high basal rates at masses smaller than 52 g. Arvicolids that live in cold climates, i.e. at high altitudes and latitudes, have higher basal rates than species that live in other environments. Basal rates, however, appear to be independent of food habits, presumably because of the small mass of most species and possibly because all species are herbivorous. A small size in combination with herbivory has permitted arvicolids to maintain continuous endothermy, which in turn has permitted them to exploit cool-to-cold environments by means of a high rate of production. The use of daily or seasonal torpor might well have prevented arvicolids from attaining the pivotal position in energy transfer that they presently occupy in many high-latitude communities.
Effective hamiltonian for weak radiative B-meson decay☆

Abstract The inclusive rate for decay of a B-meson to a hard photon and strange hadronic final states (i.e., B→γXs with X s = K ∗ , etc.), is likely to be dominated by short-distance physics which gives rise to an effective hamiltonian that is a magnetic-moment-type operator. Strong interaction corrections to this hamiltonian are computed in the leading logarithmic approximation.
Use of non-porous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for protein profiling and isolation of proteins induced by temperature variations for Siberian permafrost bacteria with identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Non-porous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-RP-HPLC) has been used to separate and isolate proteins from whole cell lysates of ED 7-3, a bacterium from the buried Siberian permafrost sediment. The proteins collected from the liquid eluent of this separation were then analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE–ESI-MS). In order to study the differences in expression of cold-shock proteins (CSPs) at different growth temperatures, cultures of the ED 7-3 strain were prepared at 4°C and 25°C. The goals of this work were twofold: firstly, to identify the presence of CSPs and other proteins that are highly expressed at 4°C but not at 25°C; and secondly, to isolate these proteins for MALDI-TOF-MS and CE–ESI-MS identification. In this initial work, distinct protein profiles were observed for these cultures as a function of temperature. Fraction collection from the eluent of NP-RP-HPLC of some of the highly expressed proteins was performed and the proteins were mass analyzed for molecular mass. Peptide maps of the proteins were generated by tryptic digestion and were analyzed by CE–ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF-MS for database identification of the expressed proteins.
Syntheses and coordination chemistry of methylpyridylphosphine oxide ligands with copper(II)

Abstract The coordination properties of three heterofunctional phosphine oxide ligands, 2-methylpyridyldiphenylphosphine oxide (L1), phenylphosphino-bis-2-methylpyridine oxide (L2) and phenylphosphino-bis-2-methylpyridine N,N′,P-trioxide (L3) with Cu(II) is described. The X-ray crystal structures of the compounds display a distorted octahedral geometry, which exhibit Jahn–Teller distortions. In compounds 1 and 2, the L1 and L2 ligands react with Cu(BF4)2 in a 2:1 ligand to metal ratio, respectively, with the BF4 anions interacting with the metal center. L3 reacts with Cu(BF4)2 in 1:1 and 2:1 ligand/metal ratios to form compounds 3 and 4, respectively. Addition of either 2,2′-bipyridine or 4,4′-bipyridine to reaction solutions containing Cu(BF4)2 and L3 produces a discrete molecule (5) and a polymeric structure (7), respectively. The reaction of both bipyridines in the presence of Cu(BF4)2 and L3 gives rise to a discrete molecule (6) characterized by two octahedral coppers interconnected by the 4,4′-bipyridine. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of all compounds were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV–Vis, as they exhibited no emission or excitation in fluorimetric experiments.
Nationwide Inclusion and Exclusion Thresholds of Representation

Abstract The theoretical inclusion and exclusion thresholds are, respectively, the vote shares below which a party cannot possibly win a seat, and above which it cannot possibly fail to do so. They are important in evaluating how hospitable electoral systems are to small parties. Previously, they have been calculated at the district level. Here the theory is extended to the national level. Surprisingly, the inclusion threshold depends on the smallest district in the country — not the largest. The exclusion threshold depends on all districts. The theoretical results are compared to empirical observations for 23 electoral systems. The inclusion threshold is indeed close to the minimal vote share that ever led to a seat in the national assembly. In stark contrast, the exclusion threshold is much higher than the maximal vote share that ever failed to produce a seat in practice. The total number of districts emerges as a significant variable.
The ‘abnormal’ screening serum thyroxine (T4): Analysis of physician response, outcome, cost and health effectiveness

Abstract Medical records of 91 patients with elevated serum thyroxine (T4) and 20 patients with decreased T4 levels on an outpatient screening panel were reviewed to determine the consequences of these deviations. As in previous studies, physicians made no acknowledgement of a significant proportion of patients with unexpected screening T4 deviations. Hyperthyroidism was ultimately diagnosed in 2 of the 91 patients with elevated screening T4 values; hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 6 of the 20 patients with low screening T4 levels. Follow-up tests and procedures to diagnose or rule out thyroid disease cost $11.136 in the 3603 patients screened, or $3.09 per patient. Health effectiveness analysis suggests that diagnosis and therapy for this group of patients produces a total of 3.8 discounted Well-Years (years of well life) at a discounted cost per Well-Year of approximately $3600. In comparison with the cost and output of other widespread diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the inclusion of the T4 in a screening panel and the pursuit of unexpected deviations appears to be both efficient and effective.
Reduction of Vibrations due to Dynamic Stall in Helicopters using an Actively Controlled Flap

This paper presents a successful treatment of the helicopter vibration reduction problem at high advance ratios, taking into account the effects of dynamic stall. The ONERA model is used to describe the loads during stall, in conjunction with a rational function approximation for unsteady loads for attached flow. Single and dual actively controlled flaps are used to reduce vibrations. Several control laws are considered in this study. Successful vibration reduction is demonstrated over the entire range of advance ratios considered (0.3 ≤ µ ≤ 0.45). This study represents the first successful implementation of vibration reduction in presence of dynamic stall, and physical explanation for the vibration reduction process is also provided. Finally, saturation limits on the control deflections are imposed, which keep flap deflections in a practical range. Effective vibration reduction is achieved even when imposing practical saturation limits on the controller.
Self-Esteem and Apparel Satisfaction with Appropriate Clothing: Value of Product Attributes and Support Groups for Mastectomy Survivors:

The study examined use of appropriately designed clothing for special needs of postmastectomy women, including associations with self-esteem and satisfaction with certain apparel. The study was also designed to identify the person and product attributes valued by postmastectomy women while shopping for apparel items. A pre-posttest research design was used to examine the association of intervention, the self-esteem, and apparel satisfaction of the sample. Descriptive statistics were used for general information, as well as person and product attributes, and t tests were applied to test the two hypotheses. Analysis indicated that the intervention enhanced apparel satisfaction; however, the differences were not significant for self-esteem. The participants used support groups and evaluated several product attributes before making the apparel purchases. Implications for education, research, and service are discussed.
Time dimensions of work: Relationships with perceived organizational performance

Five of the thirteen work time dimensions identified by Schriber and Gutek (1987) were hypothesized to be directly related to perceived organizational performance. Perceptions of the time dimensions and organizational performance were gathered from managers in 122 manufacturing companies. Future orientation, autonomy of time use, and allocation of time were found to jointly predict performance, while scheduling and synchronization were not significant. Post-hoc analysis of the remaining time dimensions showed that awareness of time use was also directly related to perceived performance.
High Pressure ENDOR Search for the K′-Center

An ENDOR study of additively colored KBr was made at 10 and 11 kbar. No deviations from normal F-center spectra were noted, indicating that the same ground state serves both F- and K′-centers. A model involving stress-distorted excited states is proposed. Es wurde eine ENDOR-Untersuchung an additiv verfarbtem KBr bei 10 und 11 kbar durchgefuhrt. Es wurden keine Abweichungen von den normalen F-Zentrenspektren gefunden, was darauf hinweist, das sowohl fur F- als auch K′-Zentren der gleiche Grundzustand gilt. Ein Modell mit spannungsinduzierten, angeregten Zustanden wird vorgeschlagen.
Distribution of lumbar and sacral afferent axons in submucosa of cat urinary bladder

Lumbar and sacral afferent axons in the submucosa of the urinary bladder were recognized by degeneration in seven cats subjected to spinal ganglionectomies. Of 2,935 observed terminating axon profiles, 145 were found degenerating. Lumber afferent axons were 3.7 times more numerous than sacral afferent axons in the submucosa, a reversal of the ratio reported for the muscle coat of the bladder. Sacral afferent axons were evenly distributed to different regions of the bladder, but lumbar afferents were concentrated in the bladder neck. Apparent afferent endings in the submucosa of the urinary bladder were principally free nerve endings. Synaptic vesicles were found in 57% of observed terminating axon profiles. The bladder neck had more terminating axon profiles of all kinds than other regions of the urinary bladder.
Face validity of the MMPI.

(1960). Face Validity of the MMPI. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 171-178.
Bituminous coal hydroliquefaction activation energy: Determination and correlation with structural parameters from proton and carbon NMR data

Abstract The rate and extent of direct coal hydroliquefaction for 5 bituminous coals from the Argonne Premium Sample Bank have been measured. Data were obtained in batch microautoclave tubing bomb reactors at three temperatures (375, 400, 425 °C) and 5 residence times (3, 5, 10, 15, 40 minutes) in 1-methylnaphthalene vehicle under a hydrogen blanket. Data on rate of conversion of coal to THF and toluene solubles were modeled with a simple reversible rate expression, and activation energies for conversion to each solvent solubility class determined. Data on carbon and proton distribution in the coals were obtained by 1 H-NMR (Combined Rotational and Multiple Pulse Spectroscopy) and 13 C-NMR (CPMAS/Dipolar Dephasing). A strong correlation of activation energy with the aliphatic hydrogen content of the coal was found for conversion to THF solubles. Toluene solubles activation energies were found to be highly correlated (R 2 >.90) with total oxygen, and protonated aliphatic carbon. 13 C-NMR data indicated that a direct relationship existed between protonated aliphatic carbon and total oxygen for the bituminous coals from the Argonne suite, and this structural feature was found to be very significant in determining coal reactivity. This observation provides direct evidence of the importance of etheric oxygen in crosslinking structures for determination of bituminous coal hydroliquefaction reactivity.
Metabolic processes account for the majority of the intracellular water in log-phase Escherichia coli cells as revealed by hydrogen isotopes.

It is generally believed that water transport across biological membranes is essentially a near-instantaneous process, with water molecules diffusing directly across the membrane as well as through pores such as aquaporins. As a result of these processes by which water can equilibrate across a membrane, a common assumption is that intracellular water is isotopically indistinguishable from extracellular water. To test this assumption directly, we measured the hydrogen isotope ratio of intracellular water in Escherichia coli cells. Our results demonstrate that more than 50% of the intracellular water hydrogen atoms in log-phase E. coli cells are isotopically distinct from the growth medium water and that these isotopically distinct hydrogen atoms are derived from metabolic processes. As expected, the 2H/1H isotope ratio of intracellular water from log-phase cells showed an appreciably larger contribution from metabolic water than did intracellular water from stationary-phase cells (53 ± 12 and 23 ± 5%, resp...