cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is the photon a double helix

I t h a s long been k n o w n t h a t t he D N A molecule , essent ia l for t he r ep l i ca t ion of life, is in f ac t an ~-double he l ix (1) composed of two i n t e r t w i n i n g s t r a n d s of po lynuc leot ides in t he c o n f o r m a t i o n of a r i g h t h a n d hel ix . I t h a s been k n o w n too, a n d for a m u c h longer t ime, t h a t a b e a m of p lane-po la r ized p h o t o n s can be resolved i n to r i g h t a n d lef t c i rcular ly polar ized l igh t b y pass ing i t t h r o u g h a su i t ab le p la t e of a doub le re f rac t ing c rys t a l (2). B u t t h e spin of a p h o t o n is I1[. Therefore i t is obv ious t h a t r i g h t h a n d e d p h o t o n s h a v e a spin of • a n d l e f t h a n d e d p h o t o n s a spin of =~ 1. A n m i x t u r e ) of equa l n u m b e r s of p h o t o n s of lef t a n d r i g h t h a n d e d ch i ra l i ty . The i r m u t u a l spins, • do n o t cance l each other , s ince on ly one p h o t o n of a b e a m i n t e r a c t s w i t h one e lec t ron in a n y case of a tomic or molecu la r abso rp t ion or emiss ion of l ight . On t he o the r h a n d , as is also wel l -known, n e u t r i n o s a n d a n t i n e u t r i n o s of spin •189 c a n n o t i n t e r a c t w i t h a t o m i c or molecula r e lec t rons due to t he q u a n t u m m e c h a n i c a l se lec t ion ru le (3), Al = • 1. I t is also k n o w n t h a t t he neu t r inos , l ike p h o t o n s , h a v e zero charge, and t r a v e l w i t h ve loc i ty c, a n d the re fo re h a v e zero res t mass (3). The n e u t r i n o s can the re fore be v iewed as ha l f -pho tons h a v i n g t h e i r own in t r ins ic ch i r a l i t y (4) of ] 89 i n s t e a d of ]1[. I t is seen, therefore , t h a t a p h o t o n of spin 1 m a y well be composed of 2 n e u t r i n o s of spin 89 each, i n t e r t w i n e d a b o u t each o the r in a pe r fec t fi-double hel ix w i t h equa l wave l eng ths , 180 ~ ou t of p h a s e a n d t r a v e l i n g w i t h v e l o c i t y = c. T h e a n t i p h o t o n w h i c h is, a p p a r e n t l y in all r espec t s excep t hel ic i ty , i den t i ca l w i t h t he p h o t o n , wou ld t h e n be composed of 2 a n t i n e u t r i n o s w i t h t o t a l sp in • 1 in an g-double hel ix, also 180 ~ ou t of phase , w i th v = e. These two ent i t ies of oppos i te ch i ra l i ty exp la in t h e oppos i te hel ici t ies of lef t a n d r i g h t c i rcu la ry polar ized l ight , a n d can be m a d e to exp la in all t h e k n o w n p rope r t i e s of p h o t o n s (and ( )). T h e reason t h a t an i n t ens e source of v3's or ~~ ha s n e v e r been obse rved to y ie ld p h o t o n s t hemse lves is because , a t t he i r f o r m a t i o n t h e y are too unl ikely , w i t h a whole
Does Sexual Victimization Predict Subsequent Alcohol Consumption? A Prospective Study among a Community Sample of Women

Although rape and sexual victimization experiences have been hypothesized to contribute to subsequent heavy drinking and alcohol problems among women, little prospective evidence exists. The present prospective study examined whether sexual victimization contributes to subsequent heavy drinking among a community sample of women, 18-30 years of age (n=927). Using three waves of data, 12 months apart, we examined the impact of T1 sexual victimization on T2 heavy drinking, and of T2 sexual victimization on T3 heavy drinking. There were significant bivariate differences between sexually victimized and non-victimized women on heavy drinking both concurrently and prospectively. However, after controlling for prior heavy drinking and demographic variables, most differences disappeared. We also tested the hypothesis that Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptoms would mediate the relationship between T2 sexual victimization and T3 heavy drinking. Although T2 sexual victimization predicted T2 PTSD symptoms, PTSD did not contribute to subsequent heavy drinking. Findings suggest that heavy drinking is relatively stable over time and that sexual victimization does not make a substantial independent contribution to heavy drinking among women in the general population.
Radio emissions from the planets Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn

The present investigation is concerned with a comparison of the general observable properties of the radio emission from the earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. Attention is given to typical dynamo spectra, average power, average sense of circular polarization, external control of radio emission, source locations, and emission efficiencies. A data summary regarding planetary radio observations is presented in a table. The polarization of northern hemisphere emission for the three planets is considered along with possibilities regarding the total radiated power of the Uranus radio emission.
Methemoglobinemia induced by x-irradiation.

SummaryMethemoglobinemia was not observed in rats given up to 5000 roentgens of whole-body X-irradiation in vivo.
Molecular dynamics simulations of surface oxide–water interactions on Pt(111) and Pt/PtCo/Pt3Co(111)

Classical molecular dynamics simulations of the interactions of water with oxidized Pt(111) and Pt/PtCo/Pt3Co(111) surfaces are performed by modeling water with the CF1 central force model that allows molecular dissociation and therefore the presence of other intermediates of the oxygen reduction reaction different from atomic oxygen. It is found that the water–surface oxide interactions do not affect the overall structure of the catalyst represented by an extended periodic slab. However, such interactions are affected by changes in the electrochemical potential which are simulated by higher values of the surface and atomic oxygen charges at increased oxygen coverage. Thus, electrochemical potential as well as the presence of protons and anions products of acid dissociation define the identity and the amount of oxygen reduction reaction intermediates such as OH or H3O. We observe agglomerations of water molecules over regions of the surface and the presence of OH and H3O in their vicinity. Our simulation model is able to qualitatively reproduce features of the degradation of the catalyst surface after oxidation and reduction cycles.
Radiation damage in ion-irradiated MgO

Abstract The microstructures found in specimens of single crystal MgO after irradiation with 2 MeV oxygen or 4 MeV iron ions were examined by transmission electron microscopy of cross-sectional specimens. The observed damage consisted primarily of dislocations. The end of the damage occurred at a depth of 2.4 μm for the oxygen irradiation and 2.8 μm for the iron irradiation. For both irradiations, the damage appeared to have two bands where the density peaked. Between these bands, the dislocation density was suppressed as compared to the balance of the profile. Measurements of the implanted iron concentration profile by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated that the peak in the iron concentration was located at 2.2 μm, approximately the center of the low dislocation region. Surprisingly, electron energy loss spectroscopy of the damaged region from the oxygen irradiation demonstrated no measurable variations in the nominal 50 at.% oxygen concentration. With simultaneous implantation of helium ions, an additional region with low dislocation density was observed at 0.9 to 1.1 μm, the calculated location of the implanted helium. The observations suggest that the charge associated with the deposited ions may have an influence on the resulting damage. In addition, the experimental profiles indicate damage and ion ranges well beyond the calculated values.
A longitudinal study of family obligation and depressive symptoms among Chinese American adolescents.

The purpose of this 2-year, 3-wave longitudinal study of Chinese American adolescents was to examine how family obligation behaviors and attitudes change over time; how gender, nativity, and birth order predict these trajectories; and whether family obligation relates to depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that family obligation behaviors decreased over the 2-year period but that family obligation attitudes were stable. Moreover, foreign-born adolescents reported higher levels of family obligation behavior than U.S.-born adolescents, and firstborn adolescents reported higher family obligation attitudes than laterborn adolescents. There were no gender differences in family obligation behaviors or attitudes. The findings also suggest that initial higher levels of family obligation were associated with subsequently fewer depressive symptoms. Finally, changes in family obligation behaviors related to changes in depressive symptoms over time such that increasing family obligation behaviors related to decreasing depressive symptoms. The results highlight the importance of understanding the role of family obligation to Chinese American adolescents’ mental health.
Interleukin-4 inhibits human macrophage activation by tumor necrosis factor, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-3 for antileishmanial activity and oxidative burst capacity

Interleukin (IL)-4 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis in a murine model. Experiments were done to examine the effect of IL-4 on cytokine activation of macrophages. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), and IL-3 activate macrophages to inhibit replication of leishmaniae. IL-4 abrogated in a dose- and time-dependent manner the induction of antileishmanial activity by these cytokines. The depression of oxidative burst capacity is one mechanism by which IL-4 inhibits macrophage activation. IL-4 diminished in a dose- and time-dependent manner the TNF alpha enhancement of oxidative capacity. Pretreatment with IL-4 for 48, 24, or 0 h, respectively, inhibited the generation of superoxide induced by TNF alpha by 90%, 60%, and 40%. Furthermore, IL-4 abrogated the enhancement of oxidative capacity by IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and IL-3. These data suggest that IL-4 is a potent deactivator of macrophage antimicrobial functions and may contribute to the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis.
Are NMDA receptors involved in opiate-induced neural and behavioral plasticity? A review of preclinical studies

Rationale: Research over the past decade demonstrating that NMDA receptor antagonists have the ability to inhibit opiate tolerance, sensitization and physical dependence has led to the suggestion that NMDA receptors may have a critical role in opiate-induced neural and behavioral plasticity. However, there have been suggestions that the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on these phenomena result from non-specific behavioral or pharmacological effects, rather than from a specific inhibition of plasticity. Objectives: To review the literature in order to explore whether the effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on opiate-induced changes in behavior are best accounted for by an inhibition of neural and behavioral plasticity, or if alternative explanations might better account for the results. Results: The effects of NMDA receptor antagonists on the development of tolerance to opiate analgesia and the development of opiate physical dependence do not appear to be due to confounding behavioral effects produced by high doses of NMDA receptor antagonists, ”side-effects” of a particular drug or drug class, blockade of associative learning processes, or state-dependency. Results on tolerance and sensitization to the locomotor effects of morphine are more mixed and controversial; however, there is evidence suggesting that NMDA receptor antagonists may inhibit these phenomena in a similar manner. Conclusions: NMDA receptor antagonists appear to inhibit the neural plasticity underlying some forms of opiate tolerance, sensitization and physical dependence, suggesting that NMDA receptors are involved in the development of these drug-induced changes in behavior. Further research will help to determine the neural mechanisms responsible for these phenomena, and the therapeutic potential for drugs acting on the NMDA receptor complex in the treatment of pain and addiction.
Sulfur chemistry with time-varying oxygen abundance during Solar System formation

Abstract Chemical models of solar nebula chemistry are presented which show the influence of progressive water depletion from the inner solar nebula. The main focus of this work is the equilibrium distribution of S resulting from this process. Under canonical solar nebula conditions, H2S is the dominant S-bearing species in the gas phase and troilite (FeS) is the primary reservoir for S after condensation. As water vapor diffuses out to its condensation front, the equilibrium distribution of S changes significantly. With the removal of water vapor, SiS becomes the most abundant S-bearing gas and MgS and CaS compete with FeS as the main sulfide reservoir. These results allow us to argue that some of the minerals in the enstatite chondrites formed through the heterogeneities associated with the nebular ice condensation front, and that the sulfur abundance in Jupiter reflects a depletion in H2S that is the result of inner nebula sulfur chemistry under varying oxygen abundance.
Neuro-endocrine basis for altered plasma glucose homeostasis in the Fragile X mouse

Background The fragile X mouse model shows an increase in seizure susceptibility, indicating an involvement of the GABAergic system via an alteration in cellular excitability. In the brain, we have previously described a reduction in GABAA receptor expression as a likely basis for this susceptibility. In the brains of fragile X mice, this reduction in receptor expression culminates with a concomitant increase in the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis. Further, voltage-sensitive calcium channel expression is reduced in the pancreas of the fragile X mouse. Since there are considerable similarities in the GABAergic system in the brain and pancreas, we evaluated the protective role of taurine in pancreatic islet development in both wild type (WT) and fragile X mice (KO).
Strategies for Avoiding Reinventing the Precollege Education and Outreach Wheel

The National Science Foundation's recent mandate that all Principal Investigators address the broader impacts of their research has prompted an unprecedented number of scientists to seek opportunities to participate in precollege education and outreach. To help interested geneticists avoid duplicating efforts and make use of existing resources, we examined several precollege genetics, genomics, and biotechnology education efforts and noted the elements that contributed to their success, indicated by program expansion, participant satisfaction, or participant learning. Identifying a specific audience and their needs and resources, involving K-12 teachers in program development, and evaluating program efforts are integral to program success. We highlighted a few innovative programs to illustrate these findings. Challenges that may compromise further development and dissemination of these programs include absence of reward systems for participation in outreach as well as lack of training for scientists doing outreach. Several programs and institutions are tackling these issues in ways that will help sustain outreach efforts while allowing them to be modified to meet the changing needs of their participants, including scientists, teachers, and students. Most importantly, resources and personnel are available to facilitate greater and deeper involvement of scientists in precollege and public education.
Reasoning about many-to-many requirement relationships in spreadsheets

To help improve the reliability of spreadsheets created by end users, we are working to allow users to communicate the purpose and other underlying information about their spreadsheets, using a form of requirement specifications we call "guards." For large spreadsheets with replicated/shared formulas across groups of rows or columns, guards can only be practical if users can enter them across these groups of rows or columns. The problem is, this introduces many-to-many relationships, and it is not clear how the system should reason and communicate about them in a way that will make sense to end users. In this paper, we present the human-centric design rationale for our approach to how the system should reason about such many-to-many relationships. The design decisions are presented with their reasons gleaned from two design-time models - cognitive dimensions and attention economics -and from the users themselves in a small think-aloud study.
High Resolution Imaging of Fault Zone Structures with Seismic Fault Zone Waves

Large fault zone (FZ) structures with damaged rocks and material discontinuity interfaces can generate several indicative wave propagation signals. High crack density may produce prominent scattering and non-linear effects. A preferred crack orientation can lead to shear wave splitting. A lithology contrast can produce FZ head waves that propagate along the material interface with the velocity and motion polarity of the faster medium. A coherent low velocity layer may generate FZ trapped waves. These signals can be used to obtain high resolution imaging of the subsurface structure of fault zones, and to track possible temporal evolution of FZ material properties. Several results have emerged from recent systematic analyses of such signals. The trapped waves are generated typically by ~100-m-widem-wide-widewide layers that extend only to ~3–4 km depth and are characterized by 30�–�0� velocity reduction and strong attenu�–�0� velocity reduction and strong attenu–�0� velocity reduction and strong attenu
Numerical Simulation of Wake Vortex Detection Using a Radio Acoustic Sounding System

A parallel, two-dimensional Euler, one-dimensional Maxwell code is developed to numerically simulate wake vortex detection using a radio acoustic sounding system. The code is written in Fortran 90 with the message passing interface for parallel implementation. The main dife culty with a time-accurate simulation is the number ofsamplesrequired to resolve theDopplershiftin thescattered electromagneticsignal. Even fora one-dimensional simulation with typical scatterer size, the CPU time required to run the code is far beyond currently available computer resources. Two alternatives that overcome this problem are described. In the e rst, the code is run for a e ctitious speed of light. Second, the governing differential equations are recast in order to remove the carrier frequency and solve only for the frequency shift using an implicit scheme with large time steps. The numerical stability characteristics of the resulting discretized equation with complex coefe cients are shown. The code is run for both the approaches with Taylor and Oseen vortex velocity proe les. Finally, the Abel transform is applied to the outputs of both explicit and implicit schemes, and the wake vortex velocity e eld is retrieved with very good accuracy.
A Holocene pollen record recovered from a guano deposit: Round Spring Cavern, Missouri, USA

Batina, M. C. & Reese, C. A. 2010: A Holocene pollen record recovered from a guano deposit: Round Spring Cavern, Missouri, USA. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00186.x. ISSN 0300-9483. Bat guano deposits have been the subject of relatively few palynological studies. The studies to date have focused on the most modern samples only, and therefore the full potential of bat guano as an archive for fossil pollen analysis remains unknown. In this paper we report the results of pollen analysis on an 88-cm vertical profile of fossil bat guano from Round Spring Cavern, Missouri. Four AMS radiocarbon dates were in sequence and showed that the guano pile was active between 8155 and approximately 550 cal. yr BP. Pollen is well preserved throughout the profile, with most samples containing less than 10% indeterminable pollen. Wind-pollinated taxa are better represented than insect-pollinated taxa, and pollen concentrations range from 842 to 371 660 grains cm−3. As expected, the dominant vegetation types represented by the pollen assemblage are oak and pine, in accordance with the region's oak–hickory–pine forest. However, there are discrepancies between the guano pollen record and the results of a lake pollen study conducted in southern Missouri. We propose several possible factors that may be influencing the guano pollen record and provide direction for further investigation into the palaeoecological potential of bat guano.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Abstract Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.
Performance analysis for L\_2 kernel classification

We provide statistical performance guarantees for a recently introduced kernel classifier that optimizes the L2 or integrated squared error (ISE) of a difference of densities. The classifier is similar to a support vector machine (SVM) in that it is the solution of a quadratic program and yields a sparse classifier. Unlike SVMs, however, the L2 kernel classifier does not involve a regularization parameter. We prove a distribution free concentration inequality for a cross-validation based estimate of the ISE, and apply this result to deduce an oracle inequality and consistency of the classifier on the sense of both ISE and probability of error. Our results also specialize to give performance guarantees for an existing method of L2 kernel density estimation.
Mechanisms of Action of Isoflavones in Cancer Prevention

1. Isoflavones are plant polyphenols and form part of the diet in regions of the world where the incidence of and death from some, but not all, cancers are much lower than in the United States and other Western countries. Isoflavones also have structural similarities to physiologic estrogens.
Invasive community-associated MRSA infections: epidemiology and antimicrobial management

Importance of the field: Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is now a predominant cause of infections in the community and is adding to the overwhelming MRSA burden in the hospital setting. CA-MRSA is most commonly noted as a prominent pathogen in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) but has been increasingly described in more invasive disease. New developments in the epidemiology and treatment of CA-MRSA have emerged to improve the understanding of this disease. Areas covered in this review: We present the latest epidemiologic and clinical treatment studies of CA-MRSA in a variety of infection types. The methods used involve a comprehensive literature search of the previous 10 years, including a detailed focus on new literature in the last 5 years. The search terms used were ‘CA-MRSA epidemiology’, ‘S. aureus resistance’, ‘CA-MRSA treatment’, and ‘S. aureus virulence’. What the reader will gain: An in-depth understanding of the changing epidemiology of CA-MRSA and...
Control of Nonaffine Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems Using Reinforcement-Learning-Based Linearly Parameterized Neural Networks

A nonaffine discrete-time system represented by the nonlinear autoregressive moving average with eXogenous input (NARMAX) representation with unknown nonlinear system dynamics is considered. An equivalent affinelike representation in terms of the tracking error dynamics is first obtained from the original nonaffine nonlinear discrete-time system so that reinforcement-learning-based near-optimal neural network (NN) controller can be developed. The control scheme consists of two linearly parameterized NNs. One NN is designated as the critic NN, which approximates a predefined long-term cost function, and an action NN is employed to derive a near-optimal control signal for the system to track a desired trajectory while minimizing the cost function simultaneously. The NN weights are tuned online. By using the standard Lyapunov approach, the stability of the closed-loop system is shown. The net result is a supervised actor-critic NN controller scheme which can be applied to a general nonaffine nonlinear discrete-time system without needing the affinelike representation. Simulation results demonstrate satisfactory performance of the controller.
Utilization of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs

Information derived from pharmaceutical marketing databases on the use of 12 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in 1983 is presented. Estimates of population exposure, regularity of treatment, average daily dose, age and sex distributions of users, concomitant use of other drugs, associated diagnoses, and trends in use are provided. Utilization patterns were similar for 8 of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, with differing patterns seen for mefenamic acid, oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, and zomepirac.
Excimer Laser Ablation of Sodium Trisilicate Glass

We examine effects resulting from the irradiation of glassy sodium trisilicate (Na2O 3SiO2) with 248 nm excimer laser light at fluences from 1–5 J/cm2. We observe a threshold for the onset of etching of the surface at 3 J/cm2. We present SEM images of the resulting surface topography under etching conditions as well as recent measurements of the particle emission and photon emission from atoms leaving the surface region. A clear correlation is observed between this etching threshold and a) onset of emission of fast excited neutrals, as well as b) the appearance of atomic Na D resonance radiation emitted from particles up to several cm from the surface. We also present identifiction of the emitted positive ions.
γ-Aminobutyric Acid Regulates Both the Survival and Replication of Human β-Cells

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been shown to inhibit apoptosis of rodent β-cells in vitro. In this study, we show that activation of GABAA receptors (GABAA-Rs) or GABAB-Rs significantly inhibits oxidative stress-related β-cell apoptosis and preserves pancreatic β-cells in streptozotocin-rendered hyperglycemic mice. Moreover, treatment with GABA, or a GABAA-R- or GABAB-R-specific agonist, inhibited human β-cell apoptosis following islet transplantation into NOD/scid mice. Accordingly, activation of GABAA-Rs and/or GABAB-Rs may be a useful adjunct therapy for human islet transplantation. GABA-R agonists also promoted β-cell replication in hyperglycemic mice. While a number of agents can promote rodent β-cell replication, most fail to provide similar activities with human β-cells. In this study, we show that GABA administration promotes β-cell replication and functional recovery in human islets following implantation into NOD/scid mice. Human β-cell replication was induced by both GABAA-R and GABAB-R activation. Hence, GABA regulates both the survival and replication of human β-cells. These actions, together with the anti-inflammatory properties of GABA, suggest that modulation of peripheral GABA-Rs may represent a promising new therapeutic strategy for improving β-cell survival following human islet transplantation and increasing β-cells in patients with diabetes.
Characterization theorems for extending Goppa codes to cyclic codes (Corresp.)

Several theorems are presented which characterize Goppa codes having the property of becoming cyclic when an overall parity cheek is added. If such a Goppa code has location set L = GF (q^{m}) and a Goppa polynomial g(z) that is irreducible over GF(q^{m}) , then g(z) must be a quadratic. Goppa codes defined by (z- \beta)^{a} and location set L with cardinality n such that n+l|q^{m}-1 are considered along with their subcodes. A sufficient condition on L is derived for the extended codes to become cyclic. This condition is also necessary when a = 1. The construction of L for different n satisfying the stated condition is investigated in some detail. Some irreversible Goppa codes have been shown to become cyclic when extended by an overall parity check.
The cleavage stage origin of Spemann's Organizer: analysis of the movements of blastomere clones before and during gastrulation in Xenopus

Recent investigations into the roles of early regulatory genes, especially those resulting from mesoderm induction or first expressed in the gastrula, reveal a need to elucidate the developmental history of the cells in which their transcripts are expressed. Although fates both of the early blastomeres and of regions of the gastrula have been mapped, the relationship between the two sets of fate maps is not clear and the clonal origin of the regions of the stage 10 embryo are not known. We mapped the positions of each blastomere clone during several late blastula and early gastrula stages to show where and when these clones move. We found that the dorsal animal clone (A1) begins to move away from the animal pole at stage 8, and the dorsal animal marginal clone (B1) leaves the animal cap by stage 9. The ventral animal clones (A4 and B4) spread into the dorsal animal cap region as the dorsal clones recede. At stage 10, the ventral animal clones extend across the entire dorsal animal cap. These changes in the blastomere constituents of the animal cap during epiboly may contribute to the changing capacity of the cap to respond to inductive growth factors. Pregastrulation movements of clones also result in the B1 clone occupying the vegetal marginal zone to become the primary progenitor of the dorsal lip of the blastopore (Spemann's Organizer). This report provides the fundamental descriptions of clone locations during the important periods of axis formation, mesoderm induction and neural induction. These will be useful for the correct targeting of genetic manipulations of early regulatory events.
Relative Impact of LDL-C and Non-HDL-C on the Risk of Microvascular Complications Following Type II Diabetes

s 211 microvascular complication was 3.89 events per 1,000 patient-months. A unit increase in LDL-C and non-HDL-C resulted in 0.1% (RR 1.001; 95% CI 1.001–1.002; P 5 .0002) and 0.4% (RR 1.004; 95% CI 1.003–1.004; P , .0001) increase in risk for any microvascular complication respectively. Nonparallel KM curves demonstrated a lack in proportionality of microvascular event risk between those achieving/not achieving goal for LDL-C and non-HDL-C. Specifically, when we compared survival curves between patients achieving and not achieving lipid goals, we found that survival curves were not significantly different for LDL-C (P 5 .7744) and significantly different for nonHDL-C (P , .0001). Conclusions: Although a direct association between microvascular event risk and each lipid subfraction was observed at a continuous level, KM curves demonstrated no clear association between attainment of LDL-C goal and microvascular event risk. Furthermore, the significant association between non-HDL-C goal attainment and microvascular event risk implies a benefit to improving lipid subfractions beyond LDL-C alone when assessing the risk of microvascular complications.
Mortality of Cerebral Venous–Sinus Thrombosis in a Large National Sample

Background and Purpose—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mortality rates associated with cerebral venous–sinus thrombosis in a large national sample. Methods—A cohort of patients with cerebral venous–sinus thrombosis was identified from the National Inpatient Sample database for the years 2000 to 2007. According to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes, cerebral venous–sinus thrombosis is categorized into pyogenic and nonpyogenic groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess covariates associated with hospital mortality. Results—Among 3488 patients, the overall mortality rate was 4.39%, which was nonsignificantly higher among the pyogenic group (4.55% versus 3.52%; OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.47–1.23). In the pyogenic cerebral venous–sinus thrombosis group, hematologic disorders were the most frequent predisposing condition (16.2%); whereas systemic malignancy followed by hematologic disorders were most common in the nonpyogenic ...
Low temperature (<100/spl deg/C) hydrothermal synthesis of high K-low loss BaTiO/sub 3/ films for integral capacitors

Integration of passive components like resistors, inductors and capacitors into the substrate offers a number of advantages including better electrical performance, miniaturization, reliability and reduced part counts. The integral capacitor requirements in today's systems vary widely from 1-20 pF for signal capacitors in RF applications to 0.01- 0.1 /spl mu/F for digital, RF and power decoupling. Ferroelectric thin films can provide this wide range of properties but their integration has been rendered impossible due to either high temperatures involved in processing or high cost associated with thin film deposition techniques. In this paper we report synthesis of low loss hydrothermal BaTiO/sub 3/ thin films via a low temperature process - hydrothermal synthesis at 95/spl deg/C on laminated titanium foils. The films grown on Titanium foils were subsequently treated with oxygen plasma to improve the yield and reduce the dielectric loss. The films were characterized systematically using X-Ray Diffraction analysis, SEM and capacitance measurements. Films synthesized on thinner foils revealed nanograins under SEM and upon treating in oxygen plasma demonstrated dielectric loss of 0.06 at 100 kHz, which is the lowest loss reported on hydrothermal films synthesized at these temperatures. The effect of titanium source, hydrothermal conditions and the post hydrothermal treatment on the dielectric constant and loss of the synthesized films is discussed. Films with capacitance of more than 1.5 /spl mu/F/cm/sup 2/ and thickness of 300 nm (corresponding to a dielectric constant of above 350) were integrated into standard Printed Wiring Board processes using Ti foil lamination, patterning, hydrothermal treatment and electroless plating of copper for top metallization. These films are suitable candidate materials for digital decoupling applications.
Preparing for Service: A Template for 21st Century Legal Education

Legal educators today grapple with the changing dynamics of legal employment markets; the evolution of technologies and business models driving changes to the legal profession; and the economics of operating – and attending – a law school. Accrediting organizations and practitioners pressure law schools to prepare new lawyers both to be ready to practice and to be ready for an ever-fluid career path. From the standpoint of law schools in general and any one law school in particular, constraints and limitations surround us. Adaptation through innovation is the order of the day. How, when, and in what direction should innovation take place? Who should lead, guide, and participate? These are questions often asked in both legal education in particular and in higher education in general. Rarely are answers accompanied by specific examples, strategies, or programs. This paper offers precisely that specificity. It documents one institution’s process and output, beginning with the concept of innovation in the face of multiple challenges and proposing one set of concrete, actionable strategies, tactics, and programs. These range from school-wide interventions to ideas for use at the level of the individual faculty member and course. The purpose of making the paper available is to note merely that if innovation is a hill to be climbed, then it can be climbed. The process and results may be more valuable if they are shared with others, even if the particular route documented here is not the only one available and may not the best for all times and places.
The peptolytic enzymes of hemolytic streptococci; methods

During the study of the virulence of hemolytic streptococci, it has been necessary to understand the action of the cocci on certain protein fractions. On account of the structure of these bacteria, the methods required to obtain the active proteolytic substance from the bacterial cell, and to accomplish the sterilization of the solution containing the enzyme were at first consuming and laborious. With the procedure outlined active solutions may be obtained without difficulty. All procedures were sterile. Beef infusion has been used as a base for the media. It has been prepared in the usual way except for the addition of 0.1 per cent. dextrose. After the ingredients were dissolved in the infusion, the broth was titrated to PH 8.5 or 9.0 and boiled until the phosphates were precipitated out. It was then filtered, adjusted to PH 8.0 and autoclaved. Precipitation during the sterilization was avoided by the preliminary boiling in alkaline solution. The glucose was apparently not decomposed to an extent suffici...
Modal and intensity noise of large-area multiple-transverse-mode VCSELs in multimode-optical-fiber links

The use of large-area multiple-transverse-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) to reduce modal noise in multimode-optical-fiber links has been recently demonstrated.1 Multimode fiber and waveguide systems are usually preferred over single-mode systems for short-distance optical links for reasons of packaging, reliability, and cost. However, when mode- selective losses (MSL), such as splitters and poor connectors, occur in a multimode link, the use of coherent lasers is known to cause modal noise and high bit-error-rate (BER) floors.2,3 Low-coherence self-pulsating laser diodes (SPLDs)4 and LEDs5 are used to avoid modal noise (e.g., in fiber-channel links), but their modulation bandwidths and coupling efficiencies to fiber are limited. VCSELs have high bandwidth, have high coupling efficiency, and are easy to package, but their coherence is an issue for multimode applications.
An Archival System for Clinical Laboratory Data

A magnetic tape-based archival system that provides for generation of computer-output microfiche has been developed. Data from magnetic tapes written on a turnkey laboratory system are used as the basis for generating the archival tapes. Programmed searches of the tapes allow retrieval directly by name or test(s). Accessing the computer-output microfiche allows retrieval by name and is being used to supplant a traditional file system.
Abstract A38: In vitro and in vivo interaction of Cdk6 and Eya2 indicate potential crosstalk

We have identified a novel association of the developmentally significant protein, Eya2, with cyclin dependent kinase (cdk) 6. Eya2 is part of the conserved retinal determination network that has been shown to function in fly eye development (Rebay, 2005). In mammals, the EYA gene product has been implicated in gonadogenesis, myogenesis, neurognenesis, limb formation, thymus, and kidney development, in part through its ability to regulate cell proliferation (Zhang 2005). Eya2 is overexpressed in several types of cancers including epithelial ovarian (Zhang et al, 2005), cervical (Bierkens et al, 2013), lung adenocarcinoma (Guo et al, 2009), breast and hematopoietic (Patrick, 2013, Wang, 2011). Cdk6 knockout mice display defects in hematopoiesis, including decreased cellularity of the thymus, red blood cells and lymphocytes (Malumbres, 2004). Cdk6 kinase activity is required for thymocyte development (Hu et al, 2011) and this role is partially mediated by modulating Notch target gene expression. The interaction of these two proteins, each important in both development and cancer, and both involved in regulation of cell proliferation and transcription, was first identified in a yeast two-hybrid analysis of a human fetal brain library. Subsequent results from our labs confirm the association of cdk6 and Eya2 in GST binding assays and co-immunoprecipitations. GST binding assays demonstrated that Six4, a cofactor of Eya2, competes with cdk6 for Eya2 binding. Co-immunoprecipitation of transfected cell lysates and native immunoprecipitations also demonstrate binding. Finally, co-expression of cdk6 with Eya2 reduces the half-life of the Eya2 protein in cell lysates. We propose that cdk6 and Eya2 interact to affect the function of cell proliferation and differentiation that is crucial to both the biology of cancer and development. This interaction could provide a mechanism to allow the expansion of the progenitor cell population prior to differentiation. References: Rebay I, Silver SJ, Tootle TL (2005) Trends Genet 21: 163-171. Zhang L, et al. (2005). Cancer Research 65: 925-932. Bierkens M, et al. (2013). Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer 52: 56-68. Guo JT et al. (2009) Chinese journal of oncology 31: 528-531. Patrick AN, et al. (2013) Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 20: 447-453. Wang QF, et al. (2011) Blood 117: 6895-6905. Malumbres et al. (2004). Cell 118: 493-504. Hu MG, et al. (2011) Blood 117: 6120-6131. Citation Format: Dawn Kohrt, Philip Hinds, Heide Ford, Martha Grossel. In vitro and in vivo interaction of Cdk6 and Eya2 indicate potential crosstalk. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Developmental Biology and Cancer; Nov 30-Dec 3, 2015; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(4_Suppl):Abstract nr A38.
Using Evolutionary Information to Find Specificity-Determining and Co-evolving Residues

Intricate networks of protein interactions rely on the ability of a protein to recognize its targets: other proteins, ligands, and sites on DNA and RNA. To recognize other molecules, it was suggested that a protein uses a small set of specificity-determining residues (SDRs). How can one find these residues in proteins and distinguish them from other functionally important amino acids? A number of bioinformatics methods to predict SDRs have been developed in recent years. These methods use genomic information and multiple sequence alignments to identify positions exhibiting a specific pattern of conservation and variability. The challenge is to delineate the evolutionary pattern of SDRs from that of the active site residues and the residues responsible for formation of the protein's structure. The phylogenetic history of a protein family makes such analysis particularly hard. Here we present two methods for finding the SDRs and the co-evolving residues (CERs) in proteins. We use a Monte Carlo approach for statistical inference, allowing us to reveal specific evolutionary patterns of SDRs and CERs. We apply these methods to study specific recognition in the bacterial two-component system and in the class Ia aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Our results agree well with structural information and the experimental analyses of these systems. Our results point at the complex and distinct patterns characteristic of the evolution of specificity in these systems.
SU-F-T-234: Quality Improvements in the Electronic Medical Record of Patients Treated with High Dose-Rate Brachytherapy

Purpose: To improve workflow efficiency and patient safety by assessing the quality control documentation for HDR brachytherapy within our Electronic Medical Record System (Mosaiq). Methods: A list of parameters based on NRC regulations, our quality management program (QMP), recommendations of the ACR and the American Brachytherapy Society, and HDR treatment planning risks identified in our previous FMEA study was made. Next, the parameter entries were classified according to the type of data input—manual, electronic, or both. Manual entry included the electronic Brachytherapy Treatment Record (BTR) and pre-treatment Mosaiq Assessments list. Oncentra Treatment Reports (OTR) from the Oncentra Treatment Control System constituted the electronic data. The OTR includes a Pre-treatment Report for each fraction, and a Treatment Summary Report at the completion of treatment. Each entry was then examined for appropriateness and completeness of data; adjustments and additions as necessary were then made. Results: Ten out of twenty-one recorded treatment parameters were identified to be documented within both the BTR and OTR. Of these ten redundancies, eight were changed from recorded values to a simple checklist in the BTR to avoid recording errors. The other redundancies were kept in both documents due to their value to ensuring patient safety. An edit was made to the current BTR quality assessment; this change revises the definition of a medical event in accordance with ODH Regulation 3701:1-58-101. One addition was made to the current QMP documents regarding HDR. This addition requires a physician to be present through the duration of HDR treatment in accordance with ODH Regulation 3701:1-58-59; Paragraph (F); Section (2); Subsection (a). Conclusion: Careful examination of HDR documentation that originates from different sources can help to improve the accuracy and reliability of the documents. In addition, there may be a small improvement in efficiency due to elimination of unnecessary redundancies.
Check Dams at Chimney Rock Mesa: Agricultural Strategies in a Marginal Environment

ABSTRACTIn 1988, two check dam localities were discovered in ravines on the slopes of Chimney Rock Mesa in southwestern Colorado. They are associated with large, Anasazi villages with Pueblo I and Pueblo II components. Soil chemistry, pollen, and phytolith tests were conducted to determine the role of the check dams in agriculture. Modern environmental data and environmental reconstructions are used to argue that the check dam localities maximize runoff moisture and solar radiation in an otherwise cool, arid environment. In addition, it is argued that the Chimney Rock Anasazi exploited such productive microenvironments to make agriculture a viable strategy in seemingly marginal environments.
Estimation of leakage quantity for long auxiliary ventilation systems

This paper summarizes the current research trends in the ventilation design for the construction of very long tunnels, and presents the results of leakage flow measurements in three auxiliary ventilation systems. The study includes an estimation of an important design parameter, namely, the leakage path resistance, and a discussion of its effects on the overall efficiency of a ventilation system. A sample problem is used to illustrate the calculations.