cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Novel Ion Source and Detector for a Miniature Mass Spectrometer

Due to its flexibility and sensitivity, mass spectrometry is a preferred sensing method for applications ranging from explosives detection to air quality monitoring. The key functional elements of a mass spectrometer are ionization, mass separation, and ion detection. This work describes the development of two enabling technologies for the realization of a miniature mass spectrometer -an on-chip electron impact ion source and a micro Faraday cup array for ion detection. The small, power efficient ion source based on field emission of carbon nanotubes is the first reported lateral on-chip ion source using a cold cathode. The detector array is a linear array of Faraday cups created with a novel fabrication process that allows for much shorter cup spacing than previously achieved. When combined with a static magnetic field for ion separation, these components will enable a miniature, power efficient mass spectrometer.
Drugs, Crime, and the Epigenetics of Hedonic Allostasis

Given the relationship between drug abuse and criminal behavior, it is important for criminologists to understand what drug addiction is and how it occurs. This article examines the process of beco...
The tyrosine phosphatase STEP: implications in schizophrenia and the molecular mechanism underlying antipsychotic medications.

Glutamatergic signaling through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is required for synaptic plasticity. Disruptions in glutamatergic signaling are proposed to contribute to the behavioral and cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia (SZ). One possible source of compromised glutamatergic function in SZ is decreased surface expression of GluN2B-containing NMDARs. STEP61 is a brain-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase that dephosphorylates a regulatory tyrosine on GluN2B, thereby promoting its internalization. Here, we report that STEP61 levels are significantly higher in the postmortem anterior cingulate cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of SZ patients, as well as in mice treated with the psychotomimetics MK-801 and phencyclidine (PCP). Accumulation of STEP61 after MK-801 treatment is due to a disruption in the ubiquitin proteasome system that normally degrades STEP61. STEP knockout mice are less sensitive to both the locomotor and cognitive effects of acute and chronic administration of PCP, supporting the functional relevance of increased STEP61 levels in SZ. In addition, chronic treatment of mice with both typical and atypical antipsychotic medications results in a protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation and inactivation of STEP61 and, consequently, increased surface expression of GluN1/GluN2B receptors. Taken together, our findings suggest that STEP61 accumulation may contribute to the pathophysiology of SZ. Moreover, we show a mechanistic link between neuroleptic treatment, STEP61 inactivation and increased surface expression of NMDARs, consistent with the glutamate hypothesis of SZ.
Variable‐density one‐shot fourier velocity encoding

In areas of highly pulsatile and turbulent flow, real-time imaging with high temporal, spatial, and velocity resolution is essential. The use of 1D Fourier velocity encoding (FVE) was previously demonstrated for velocity measurement in real time, with fewer effects resulting from off-resonance. The application of variable-density sampling is proposed to improve velocity measurement without a significant increase in readout time or the addition of aliasing artifacts. Two sequence comparisons are presented to improve velocity resolution or increase the velocity field of view (FOV) to unambiguously measure velocities up to 5 m/s without aliasing. The results from a tube flow phantom, a stenosis phantom, and healthy volunteers are presented, along with a comparison of measurements using Doppler ultrasound (US). The studies confirm that variable-density acquisition of kz-kv space improves the velocity resolution and FOV of such data, with the greatest impact on the improvement of FOV to include velocities in stenotic ranges. Magn Reson Med 54: 645– 655, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for asthma prevalence and chronic respiratory illnesses among residents of different neighbourhoods in Buffalo, New York

Study objective: The aim of this study is to identify risk factors for asthma prevalence and chronic respiratory illnesses in Buffalo’s neighbourhoods after previous studies reported increased levels of asthma among residents on Buffalo’s west side. Design: Cross sectional surveys. Setting: Buffalo neighbourhoods along a US-Canada border crossing point. Subjects: A systematic random survey of 82% of the 2000 targeted households was conducted between January and August 2002. Main results: A multivariate logistic regression model shows that the risk of persons with asthma and chronic respiratory illnesses is significantly (p⩽0.05) high among children and young adults living in Buffalo’s west side, newer housing units, and of Latino ethnicity. In a separate analysis of the nine risk factors, it was observed that location, gender, age, and race were significant risk factors even after adjusting for age of housing, pets, moulds, animal trigger, and smoking. Conclusions: These findings confirm the hypothesis that a considerable risk of asthma and chronic respiratory illnesses exists particularly among Buffalo’s west side residents. Further evaluation of these risk factors is warranted to determine the severity of asthma and the reasons for such a significant disease burden.
Surface states associated with acid sites on solids

Abstract It is shown that present models of Lewis acidity or basicity and of surface states on ionic solids have substantial overlap, although the former is designed to describe chemical interactions at the surface site, and the latter electron capture. The site requirements for a Lewis acid are compared to the requirements for an acceptor surface state to suggest under what conditions a site should exhibit both strong acidity and a deep surface state: The expected influence of electronic properties of the solid on acid strength, and the influence of adsorbed water, acids or bases on surface state energies are discussed. Experimental measurements are reported where both chemical acidity measurements and electrical surface state measurements are made on a series of Lewis acids. A positive correlation is found. Where there is correlation, it is concluded that chemical interaction measurements should provide a valuable tool to describe the energy distribution of surface states on a semiconductor surface. Also, the use of the surface state models and measurements from semi-conductor physics should help in understanding and classifying acid and basic sites on ionic semiconductors and insulators.
Protection against ethanol injury by prostaglandin in a human intestinal cell line: role of microtubules

Prostaglandins have been shown to protect the gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium from injury induced by various luminal insults independent of their known acid-inhibitory effects, a process termed “c...
Independent Computations for Safe Remote Electronic Voting

In a world where a high percentage of citizens carry a smart phone or iPod and most households have one or more computers, it is difficult to understand why we have not been able to leverage powerful personal computing devices to allow citizens to cast their ballots electronically. The argument turns on security weakness in all kinds of network computing and on theoretical limits on the ability to protect critical applications.
Acute hyperinsulinemia inhibits intramyocellular triglyceride synthesis in high-fat-fed obese rats.

Hyperinsulinemia is common in obesity, but whether it plays a role in intramyocellular triglyceride (imcTG) buildup is unknown. In this study, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiments were performed in overnight-fasted lean and high-fat-fed obese rats, awake, to determine the effect of insulin on imcTG synthesis (incorporation of [14C]glycerol, [14C]glucose, and [3H]oleate). Insulin infusion at 25 (low insulin) and 100 (high insulin) pmol/kg/min increased plasma insulin by 5- and 16-fold, respectively, whereas plasma and intramyocellular glycerol, FFAs, triglycerides, and glucose levels were maintained at their basal levels by co-infusion of exogenous glycerol, FFAs, and triglycerides at fixed rates and glucose at varying rates. In obese rats, insulin suppressed incorporation of glycerol into the imcTG-glycerol moiety dose dependently (P 0.05) and the high insulin suppressed (P 0.05). These observations suggest that acute hyperinsulinemia inhibits imcTG synthesis and thus does not appear to promote imcTG accumulation via the synthetic pathway, at least in the short term.
Laser-Assisted Single-Molecule Refolding (LASR)

To assemble into functional structures, biopolymers search for global minima through their folding potential energy surfaces to find the native conformation. However, this process can be hindered by the presence of kinetic traps. Here, we present a new single-molecule technique, termed laser-assisted single-molecule refolding (LASR), to characterize kinetic traps at the single-molecule level. LASR combines temperature-jump kinetics and single-molecule spectroscopy. We demonstrate the use of LASR to measure single-molecule DNA melting curves with ∼1°C accuracy and to determine the activation barrier of a model kinetic trap. We also show how LASR, in combination with mutagenesis, can be used to estimate the yields of competing pathways, as well as to generate and characterize transient, unstable complexes.
Effective and specific in planta RNAi in cyst nematodes: expression interference of four parasitism genes reduces parasitic success

Cyst nematodes are highly evolved sedentary plant endoparasites that use parasitism proteins injected through the stylet into host tissues to successfully parasitize plants. These secretory proteins likely are essential for parasitism as they are involved in a variety of parasitic events leading to the establishment of specialized feeding cells required by the nematode to obtain nourishment. With the advent of RNA interference (RNAi) technology and the demonstration of host-induced gene silencing in parasites, a new strategy to control pests and pathogens has become available, particularly in root-knot nematodes. Plant host-induced silencing of cyst nematode genes so far has had only limited success but similarly should disrupt the parasitic cycle and render the host plant resistant. Additional in planta RNAi data for cyst nematodes are being provided by targeting four parasitism genes through host-induced RNAi gene silencing in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, which is a host for the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. Here it is reported that mRNA abundances of targeted nematode genes were specifically reduced in nematodes feeding on plants expressing corresponding RNAi constructs. Furthermore, this host-induced RNAi of all four nematode parasitism genes led to a reduction in the number of mature nematode females. Although no complete resistance was observed, the reduction of developing females ranged from 23% to 64% in different RNAi lines. These observations demonstrate the relevance of the targeted parasitism genes during the nematode life cycle and, potentially more importantly, suggest that a viable level of resistance in crop plants may be accomplished in the future using this technology against cyst nematodes.
A new approach to avoidance of system deadlocks

A new approach to the avoidance of system deadlocks is based on the notion of promoting a process to a higher rank when a resource is allocated to it. An advantage of this method is that it can prevent the occurrence, and therefore avoid the dynamic safety test, of many unsafe allocation states. Also, an algorithm that tests how many resources can safely be allocated is easily found and the method makes it possible to attach a cost factor to resource allocation depending on the demand and the allocation test.
An integrated 1.25 Gbit/s laser driver/post amplifer IC

This paper presents the first reported integrated 1.25 Gbit/s post amplifier and laser driver, to the authors knowledge. The post amplifier amplifies 20 mV signals from a pre-amplifier and provides redundant loss of signal detectors. The laser driver provides up to 100 mA DC drive and 25 mA/sub p-p/ C drive. This presents a large on chip isolation challenge and 79 dB of isolation was achieved. The chip has sufficient redundancy and error detection to provide international Class 1 laser safety certification. The chip operated up to 1.6 Gb/s. The design is implemented in a 0.45 um L/sub eff/ BiCMOS technology with 12 GHz NPN's. It is packaged in a 48 lead 7 mm plastic quad flat pack surface mount package.
Displaced African Female Survivors of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Challenges for Mental Health Providers

Conflict throughout Africa has created havoc for many. This overwhelming chaos has led to the disintegration of social order and generated widespread gender-based violence. As a result, African women have become casualties, experienced brutal acts of sexual violence, and been forced into exile. Drawing on the tribulations of displaced African female survivors of conflict-related sexual violence, this article discusses these women's experiences and highlights the barriers and struggles encountered while seeking refuge. The article concludes by exploring the challenges of providing culturally informed, strength-focused mental health services to these women as they rebuild their lives in a new sociocultural context.
It’s Time for Time in Entrepreneurial Opportunity

There has been a growing interest in the role opportunity plays in the entrepreneurial process. Considerable progress has been made towards a better understanding of the process; however, little consensus has developed on how to study the opportunity process. At least two perspectives emerged and stirred a vigorous debate among scholars: (1) opportunities are formed exogenously, independent from the entrepreneur who discovered them, and (2) opportunities are formed endogenously by entrepreneur who created them. Since the opportunity process unfolds over time, we suggest a temporal lens to reconcile the two processes. Using construal-level theory as an underlying mechanism, we propose that individuals’ temporal distance of an opportunity will affect their processes used to form and exploit opportunities. We also develop propositions that show how time discounting (preference) and self-regulation moderate the relationships.
Supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs) as signaling machines in innate immune activation.

Innate immunity offers the first line of defense against infections and other types of danger such as tumorigenesis. Its discovery provides tremendous therapeutic opportunities for numerous human diseases. Delving into the structural basis of signal transduction by innate immune receptors, our lab has recently helped to establish the new paradigm in which innate immune receptors transduce ligand-binding signals through formation of higher-order assemblies containing intracellular adapters, signaling enzymes and their substrates. These large signalosome assemblies may be visible under light microscopy as punctate structures in the μm scale, connecting to the underlying molecular structures in the nm scale. They drive proximity-induced enzyme activation, and provide a mechanism for signaling amplification by nucleated polymerization. These supramolecular signaling complexes also open new questions on their cellular organization and mode of regulation, pose challenges to our methodology, and afford valuable implications in drug discovery against these medically important pathways.
The design of in vivo multifraction experiments to estimate the α-β ratio

Using statistical methods, the designs of multifraction experiments which are likely to give the most precise estimate of the alpha-beta ratio in the linear-quadratic model are investigated. The aim of the investigation is to try to understand what features of an experimental design make it efficient for estimating alpha/beta rather than to recommend a specific design. A plot of the design on an nd2 versus nd graph is suggested, and this graph is called the design plot. The best designs are those which have a large spread in the isoeffect direction in the design plot, which means that a wide range of doses per fraction should be used. For binary response assays, designs with expected response probabilities near to 0.5 are most efficient. Furthermore, dose points with expected response probabilities outside the range 0.1 to 0.9 contribute negligibly to the efficiency with which alpha/beta can be estimated. For "top-up" experiments, the best designs are those which replace as small a portion as possible of the full experiment with the top-up scheme. In addition, from a statistical viewpoint, it makes no difference whether a single large top-up dose or several smaller top-up doses are used; however, other considerations suggest that two or more top-up doses may be preferable. The practical realities of designing experiments as well as the somewhat idealized statistical considerations are discussed.
Two New Genera of Fish Blood Flukes (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) from Catfishes in the Peruvian Amazon

Abstract Cladocaecum tomasscholzi n. gen., n. sp. infects the heart (lumen of ventricle) of driftwood catfish, Ageneiosus inermis Linnaeus, 1766 (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) from the Nanay River (Amazon River Basin, near Iquitos, Peru). It differs from all other aporocotylid genera by having a highly branched intestine comprising a central cecum that terminates immediately anterior to the ovary and that has numerous laterally directed diverticula. Kritsky platyrhynchi (Guidelli, Isaac, and Pavanelli, 2002) n. gen., n. comb. (= Plehniella p.) is redescribed based on paratypes plus new specimens collected from the body cavity of the type host (porthole shovelnose catfish, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos Valenciennes, 1840) (Pimelodidae) from the nearby Itaya River. Kritsky differs from Sanguinicola Plehn, 1905, Plehniella Szidat, 1951, Nomasanguinicola Truong and Bullard, 2013, and Cladocaecum by the combination of having a spinous anterior sucker, an intestine comprising 6 asymmetrical ceca, a lanceolate body...
Joint recovery of pulsatile and basal hormone secretion by stochastic nonlinear random-effects analysis

We present a nonlinear random-effects stochastic differential equation (SDE) model of combined basal and pulsatile hormone secretion with a series-specific hormone half-life and conditional pulse t...
Insights into the PhC≡C/Au Interface

The phenylethynyl group (PhC≡C—) has attracted attention recently as a new way to passivate gold surfaces, but little is known of the interfacial structure and bonding. Here we employ density functional theory to investigate the organogold interfaces between PhC≡C— and the flat Au(111) surface as well as between PhC≡C— and a model gold nanocluster (Au20). Although isolated PhC≡C— prefers the three-coordinate hollow site on the perfect Au(111) surface, formation of the PhCC—Auadatom—CCPh motif becomes energetically preferred when the Au adatom is present, resembling the RS—Au—SR motif on Au(111). However, distinct from the thiolate/Au interface, the PhCC—Auadatom–CCPh staple motif features π-bonding of the C≡C bond to the substrate Au atom in addition to the σ-bonding of the terminal carbon to the gold adatom (or the staple gold atom). Geometry optimization and simulated annealing further show that this new type of staple motif is also the preferred bonding mode of the PhC≡C— groups on the Au20 cluster. Th...
Design and Evaluation of a Graphical Pulmonary Display for Anesthesia

A multi-disciplinary team developed and evaluated a graphical pulmonary display to support anesthesiologist's treatment of pulmonary complications. The design process incorporated central findings from the areas of naturalistic decision-making and medical cognition, and used rapid iterative prototyping. To evaluate performance when using the pulmonary display, 19 anesthesiologists participated in a study in a high fidelity simulator. 10 subjects used the graphical pulmonary display; 9 received the same information presented numerically. The anesthesiologists treated five critical events and one “non-event”. Measurements were taken for effective treatment time. The pulmonary display tended to improve overall performance. In addition, we found effects of expertise, with experts treating faster than the two less experienced groups.
NOD-Like Receptors in Colon Tumorigenesis

Summaryintestinal inflammation is a risk factor for the development of colorectal tumors. Intestinal inflammation is initiated by the interaction of gut commensal flora with the epithelial and immune cells in the intestine. Intracellular pathogen recognition receptors - NOD-like receptors (NLRs) - have emerged as critical negative regulators of intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis. Several members of the NLR family protect the intestinal epithelial barrier, induce antimicrobial host defense, and suppress inflammatory and oncogenic responses. This review discusses our recent understanding of how different NLRs contribute to the regulation of intestinal tumorigenesis.
Recent Advances in Management of Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is defined as a condition of decreased total bone mass, that is, a decrease in amount of essentially normal bone tissue within an undiminished outer bone volume or envelope. The suggestion in recent years of a substitute term, “osteopenia,” came from a desire to give a better indication of decreased bone mass. The degree of bone loss has not been specifically determined, but in concept it is that beyond which bones under stress are especially susceptible to fracture. Although the key word in the title of this paper is “management,” some comments on etiology are important, because out of a broadening of our ideas of cause and development over the past 35 years have come suggestions for more intelligent management overall and even for potential treatment for milder or earlier forms.
Custom neck orthosis in combination with onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of refractory congenital muscular torticollis: A case report

PURPOSE: This case report examines the use of a custom neck orthosis following onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) injections for the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) that has not been responsive to conservative treatment or previous injections. METHODS: The patient was fitted for a custom neck orthosis following BoNT-A injections for refractory CMT. Clinical outcomes were evaluated with head tilt, cervical rotation, and neck passive range of motion (PROM) measurements. Parental reports of patient tolerance of the orthosis and family satisfaction of results were obtained through survey. RESULTS:With use of the orthosis following BoNT-A injections, the patient’s head tilt improved from 45 ◦ to an intermittent tilt of 10 ◦ and neck PROM to the left improved from 70 ◦ to 90 ◦ . He wore the neck orthosis for 8 to 10 hours per day for 3 months, experienced no major complications, and tolerated it well. On follow-up survey, the family reported satisfaction with the results. CONCLUSION: This case provides evidence that a custom neck orthosis after BoNT-A injection may be an effective treatment of refractory CMT before or replacing surgical intervention.
Binational Cooperation and Twinning: A View from the US–Mexican Border, San Diego, California, and Tijuana, Baja California

ABSTRACTInstitutionalization of binational cooperation is an important precondition for twinning to develop in border cities. Through a historical review of the San Diego–Tijuana region’s growth and binational cooperation, this paper explores possible areas of twinning. Generally, the cities and municipalities along the US–Mexican border have not experienced twinning, unlike their counterparts in some parts of Europe. Systems of legal federalism in combination with the US and Mexican federal governments’ lack of will to support local transborder collaboration help explain the absence of twinning in the San Diego–Tijuana region. This article concludes that in the era of globalization and regional development, it is important for local governments to be able to fully enter into twinning arrangements to take advantage of opportunities and address challenges inherent in the binational regional context.
Chapter 3 – Emotion, Empathy, and Ethical Thinking in Fable III

To what extent are emotion- and empathy-related skills and thought processes involved in how people make ethical decisions in Fable III, a video game? A total of 30 males, 18-34 years old, were recruited; 20 participants were randomly assigned to play Fable III; 10 were assigned to a control condition. Any ethical thinking skills and thought processes used were identified and categorized as empathy-related, reasoning-related, reflection-related, and information gathering-related. Results suggested that in an early in-game scenario versus a control condition, participants were less likely to consider another character’s or their own emotions when making a decision. Game participants practiced empathy-related skills and thought processes more frequently after having the time and opportunity to build relationships with in-game characters. Game participants, however, considered the emotions of others more frequently in a scenario post-game than those in the control group.
A Negotiation-Oriented Model of Auditor-Client Relationships

The increasing frequency and complexity of inter-organizational relationships suggests that inter-organizational negotiations should represent an area of increasing concern to management and academicians. Unfortunately, there is little theorizing about, nor study of, these negotiations. The few extant models are heavily influenced by models of individual negotiating styles that are then raised to the inter-organizational level with minimal change. The model developed here attempts to provide a framework for understanding the context of these inter-organizational negotiations by identifying and illuminating factors that influence the outcome of interactions in various long-term supplier relationships. Factors discussed include dynamic and stable environments, organizational cultures, role involvement, previous interactions between the individuals and organizations, and the unique characteristics of the decision-making processes that characterize the specific parties. As a framework for our presentation, we draw upon Kleinman and Palmon's (1999) theory of audit firm-client firm relationships, which is based on Kahn et al.'s (1964) Role Episode Model and Merton's (1966) Role Set Model. This paper incorporates Shakun's (1988) theory of evolutionary system design. The inclusion of the latter improves upon Kleinman and Palmon's work by first providing a better motive for the interaction between the parties, and second by shedding further light on the dynamics of the negotiation process.
Scaffolding English language learners' mathematical talk in the context of Calendar Math

ABSTRACTTeachers of elementary mathematics face multiple, convergent demands. These demands include supporting the growing population of English language learners (ELLs) and facilitating mathematical discussions across relevant curricular contexts. The authors used a comparative case study to examine how two teachers attempt to facilitate discussions while enacting a Calendar Math curriculum, in Grade 4 classrooms with high concentrations (>50%) of ELLs. The authors found that these teachers' use of Calendar Math did not provide a supportive context for conceptually based discussions. However, teachers did support ELLs in mathematical discussions by including display questions, elaborating student responses, modeling the use of mathematical vocabulary use, and use of self-talk. Teachers differed with regard to how often they elaborated responses, used vocabulary, the amount of teacher speech and the length of lessons. We discuss what these practices may mean for ELLs.
Novel antibodies to phosphorylated α-synuclein serine 129 and NFL serine 473 demonstrate the close molecular homology of these epitopes

Pathological inclusions containing aggregated, highly phosphorylated (at serine129) α-synuclein (αS pSer129) are characteristic of a group of neurodegenerative diseases termed synucleinopathies. Antibodies to the pSer129 epitope can be highly sensitive in detecting αS inclusions in human tissue and experimental models of synucleinopathies. However, the generation of extensively specific pSer129 antibodies has been problematic, in some cases leading to the misinterpretation of αS inclusion pathology. One common issue is cross-reactivity to the low molecular mass neurofilament subunit (NFL) phosphorylated at Ser473. Here, we generated a series of monoclonal antibodies to the pSer129 αS and pSer473 NFL epitopes. We determined the relative abilities of the known αS kinases, polo-like kinases (PLK) 1, 2 and 3 and casein kinase (CK) II in phosphorylating NFL and αS, while using this information to characterize the specificity of the new antibodies. NFL can be phosphorylated by PLK1, 2 and 3 at Ser473; however CKII shows the highest phosphorylation efficiency and specificity for this site. Conversely, PLK3 is the most efficient kinase at phosphorylating αS at Ser129, but there is overlay in the ability of these kinases to phosphorylate both epitopes. Antibody 4F8, generated to the pSer473 NFL epitope, was relatively specific for phosphorylated NFL, however it could uniquely cross-react with pSer129 αS when highly phosphorylated, further showing the structural similarity between these phospho-epitopes. All of the new pSer129 antibodies detected pathological αS inclusions in human brains and mouse and cultured cell experimental models of induced synucleinopathies. Several of these pSer129 αS antibodies reacted with the pSer473 NFL epitope, but 2 clones (LS3-2C2 and LS4-2G12) did not. However, LS3-2C2 demonstrated cross-reactivity with other proteins. Our findings further demonstrate the difficulties in generating specific pSer129 αS antibodies, but highlights that the use of multiple antibodies, such as those generated here, can provide a sensitive and accurate assessment of αS pathology.
Marked stress dyspoiesis secondary to sepsis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

![Figure][1] An 18-year-old man with no past medical history presented to an outside hospital with acute respiratory distress syndrome complicating a previously undiagnosed interstitial lung disease. While awaiting transplant at our institution, his course was complicated by numerous
Second Language Learners’ Processing of Idiomatic Expressions: Does Compositionality Matter?

The Idiom Decomposition Hypothesis (Gibbs et al. 1989) states that, depending on compositionality, i.e., the degree to which idiom components contribute to the overall figurative interpretation, idioms will differ with regard to their storage and processing. However, research results concerning processing differences between idioms varying along the dimension of compositionality are mixed and equivocal. The present paper aims to address this controversial issue by exploring the role of compositionality in the course of processing idioms by second language users. The study employed a cross-modal priming technique in which English decomposable and nondecomposable idioms were embedded in sentences (e.g. ‘George wanted to bury the hatchet soon after Susan left’) and presented auditorily via headphones to Polish fluent speakers of English. While participants were listening to the sentence, a target word related figuratively (e.g. FORGIVE) or literally (e.g. AXE) to the idiom was presented on the computer screen for a lexical decision either at the end of the idiom or before the last word of the idiom. Contrary to the predictions of the Idiom Decomposition Hypothesis (Gibbs and Nayak 1989; Gibbs et al. 1989), figurative meanings of decomposable idioms were not available faster than those of nondecomposable idioms. In addition, strong activation was found for literal meanings of idiom constituents, in line with previous L2 processing research (Kecskes 2000; Liontas 2002; Abel 2003).
Spin-spin correlations in Yb 2 Ti 2 O 7 : A polarized neutron scattering study

Polarized neutron diffraction and neutron spin echo have been employed to investigate the low-temperature magnetic correlations in the frustrated magnet . Several studies have reported a phase transition at , however, the low-temperature phase is still under debate. It has been reported that enters a frozen ferromagnetic phase, however, studies of the spin dynamics suggest otherwise. Our results conclusively rule out a frozen ferromagnetic state and confirm that the majority of the spin system continues to fluctuate below .
Autobiographical Counternarratives from the Community College to the PhD

ABSTRACTHistorically, community colleges and those they serve have been relegated to the margins of academe. Community colleges’ critics argue that students starting at two-year institutions are less likely to earn bachelor’s degrees and have lower student outcomes. This CCJRP Exchange Article draws upon counternarratives in highlighting multiple truths of the community experience through use of scholarly personal narratives (SPN) of those that moved in, through and out the community college to the PhD. The faculty member and doctoral students reflect on how their community college experiences influenced their career trajectories. Further, implications for community college practice, policy, and research are shared as the authors make a case for applying SPN in an effort to see community colleges as sites of deep growth that have lasting effects on the personal and professional lives of their students.
An audio ADC Delta-Sigma modulator with 100-dB peak SINAD and 102-dB DR using a second-order mismatch-shaping DAC

A second-order audio analog-to-digital converter (ADC) /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator using a second-order 33-level tree-structured mismatch-shaping digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is presented. Key logic simplifications in the design of the mismatch-shaping DAC encoder are shown which yield the lowest complexity second-order mismatch-shaping DAC known to the authors. The phenomenon of signal-dependent DAC noise modulation in mismatch-shaping DACs is illustrated, and a modified second-order input-layer switching block is presented which reduces inband DAC noise modulation by 6 dB. Implementation details and measured performance of the 3.3-V 0.5-/spl mu/m single-poly CMOS prototype are presented. All 12 prototype devices achieve better than 100-dB signal-to-noise-and-distortion and 102-dB dynamic range over a 10-20 kHz measurement bandwidth.
Ergonomic analysis of the surgical position in functional endoscopic sinus surgery

BACKGROUND Ergonomics is the methodologic study of people's efficiency in their work environment and is based on anatomy, physiology, psychology, and engineering. Although highly studied in other work environments, little attention has been paid to surgeons until the landmark survey by Park et al in 2010. Many unique aspects of endoscopic surgery amplify task-related physical discomfort, and, because of these issues, we aimed to study the physical fatigue effects of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) performed in the standing and sitting positions. METHODS Bilateral FESS was performed in 8 cadaver heads (4 in the standing position, 4 in the sitting position), following established ergonomic principles. Physical fatigue was assessed using a 27-point physical discomfort questionnaire, surface electromyography (EMG), and the NASA Task Load Index Survey. Paired and unpaired t tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Physical fatigue was noted after FESS performed in both positions. An overall similar task burden was seen when comparing the 2 positions, although the sitting position was more "frustrating" (p < 0.05). Discomfort after FESS in the standing position was worse in the legs and low back, whereas, in the sitting position, it was seen predominantly in the upper back and arms (p < 0.05). Mean power frequency EMG measurements demonstrated fatigue of major muscle groups in both positions. CONCLUSION Significant physical fatigue is reported after a single FESS operation, with measurable EMG changes. Surgeons should be aware of the short- and long-term physical implications of their daily tasks, and should use this information to be proactive in decision-making for their longevity.
The Incidental Splenic Mass at CT: Does It Need Further Work-up? An Observational Study

Purpose To evaluate whether an incidentally noted splenic mass at abdominal computed tomography (CT) requires further imaging work-up. Materials and Methods In this institutional review board-approved HIPAA-compliant retrospective study, a search of a CT database was performed for patients with splenic masses at CT examinations of the abdomen and chest from 2002 to 2008. Patients were divided into three groups: group 1, patients with a history of malignancy; group 2, patients with symptoms such as weight loss, fever, or pain related to the left upper quadrant and epigastrium; and group 3, patients with incidental findings. Patients' CT scans, follow-up examinations, and electronic medical records were reviewed. Final diagnoses of the causes of the masses were confirmed with imaging follow-up (83.9%), clinical follow-up (13.7%), and pathologic examination (2.4%). Results This study included 379 patients, 214 (56.5%) women and 165 (43.5%) men, with a mean age ± standard deviation of 59.3 years ± 15.3 (range, 21-97 years). There were 145 (38.3%) patients in the malignancy group, 29 (7.6%) patients in the symptomatic group, and 205 (54.1%) patients in the incidental group. The incidence of malignant splenic masses was 49 of 145 (33.8%) in the malignancy group, eight of 29 (27.6%) in the symptomatic group, and two of 205 (1.0%) in the incidental group (P < .0001). The incidental group consisted of new diagnoses of lymphoma in one (50%) patient and metastases from ovarian carcinoma in one (50%) patient. Malignant splenic masses in the incidental group were not indeterminate, because synchronous tumors in other organs were diagnostic of malignancy. Conclusion In an incidental splenic mass, the likelihood of malignancy is very low (1.0%). Therefore, follow-up of incidental splenic masses may not be indicated. © RSNA, 2018.
Cumulative Effects of Organophosphorus or Carbamate Pesticides

Publisher Summary The chapter is designed to address issues of experiment design of mixture studies; summarize the available literature on organophosphate (OP) pesticide mixtures, carbamate (CM) pesticide mixtures, and mixtures of OP and CM pesticides; and address future research priorities. The chapter considers N-methyl CMs or cholinesteraseinhibiting CMs, and not thio or dithiocarbamates, which have other mechanisms of toxicity. Therefore, only OP and CM pesticides that inhibit cholinesterase are considered. In the literature describing the toxicity of mixtures of OP or CM pesticides, concern is expressed that exposure to mixtures of pesticides may be much more toxic than the toxicity of individual pesticides. This concern about potentiated toxicity is all the more worrisome because there is lack of data on the toxicity of pesticide mixtures, whether OP or CM, at less than lethal dosages. Because the ratio of the OP or CM pesticides in the mixture, the sequence of administration, and the timing of the administration can all have a marked influence on the toxicity profile of a mixture, more research investigating these relationships is needed to define comprehensively the interaction profile of a group of pesticides. Only a very small percentage of the mixture studies in the literature used more than two anticholinesterase pesticides, whereas in the real world, humans are routinely exposed to many more than two chemicals.
Essay #15: An Analysis of Causal Contribution (with co-authored Carol A. Lucey)

The cause and inspiration for this paper is Roderick M. Chisholm’s assertion that the concept of causal contribution cannot be defined in terms of the concept of sufficient causal condition. This paper is the result of a many years of effort to understand the basis of Chisholm’s opinion about the concept of causal contribution. Quite independently of whether the endeavor was successful, this paper is a demonstration of the great difficulty involved in offering an adequate analysis of the concept of causal contribution. The analysis proceeds by exhibiting multiple attempts at providing individually necessary and jointly sufficient conditions for something’s being a causal contributor to an event e, such as a ball striking the ground.
IL-15 is a component of the inflammatory milieu in the tumor microenvironment promoting antitumor responses.

Previous studies have provided evidence that IL-15 expression within human tumors is crucial for optimal antitumor responses; however, the regulation of IL-15 within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is unclear. We report herein, in analyses of mice implanted with various tumor cell lines, soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα complexes (sIL-15 complexes) are abundant in the interstitial fluid of tumors with expression preceding the infiltration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Moreover, IL-15 as well as type I IFN, which regulates IL-15, was required for establishing normal numbers of CD8 T cells and natural killer cells in tumors. Depending on tumor type, both the tumor and the stroma are sources of sIL-15 complexes. In analyses of IL-15 reporter mice, most myeloid cells in the TME express IL-15 with CD11b+Ly6Chi cells being the most abundant, indicating there is a large source of IL-15 protein in tumors that lies sequestered within the tumor stroma. Despite the abundance of IL-15–expressing cells, the relative levels of sIL-15 complexes are low in advanced tumors but can be up-regulated by local stimulator of IFN genes (STING) activation. Furthermore, while treatment of tumors with STING agonists leads to tumor regression, optimal STING-mediated immunity and regression of distant secondary tumors required IL-15 expression. Overall, our study reveals the dynamic regulation of IL-15 in the TME and its importance in antitumor immunity. These findings provide insight into an unappreciated attribute of the tumor landscape that contributes to antitumor immunity, which can be manipulated therapeutically to enhance antitumor responses.
Middle School Language Classification Effects on High School Achievement and Behavioral Outcomes

Researchers are concerned that English language learners (ELL) may remain classified too long and, therefore, may not receive appropriate mainstream educational services. In this study, we investig...
Simulation of Flow in the Intake Pipe of an Internal Combustion Engine

Numerical Simulations are done to study the flow characteristics associated with the curved intake manifold of a typical internal combustion engine at turbulent range of Reynolds Number. In Internal Combustion engines, turbulence is an essential quantity for good mixing of air and fuel and uniform distribution of air-fuel mixture in both the manifold and the cylinder. In present analysis, simulations are limited to study of spreading of fluid in the intake manifold of internal combustion engine. The main focus is to identify the effects of velocity profile (or turbulence generation) on the spreading of fluid in the intake manifold of internal combustion engine. Fluid spreading in intake manifold plays a critical role in combustion at later stage. For simulations, k-omega turbulence model is used. Three Reynolds Number i.e. 16000, 33000, 50000 are selected and the results for uniform velocity profile are compared with the parabolic profile. Iso-surfaces of vorticity and velocity showed that the spreading of fluid is augmented by the fluid Reynolds Number. Furthermore, for each Reynolds Number adding parabolic profile to the fluid inlet enables more uniform distribution of fluid.
Fast Tracks to Intelligence (Considerations from Neurobiology and Evolutionary Biology)

It is often assumed that the evolution of intelligence is inevitable, given the self-organizing seen in dissapative systems and the gradual shaping-up of Darwinism. While compound-interest reasoning suggests that small advantages will eventually triumph, eventually may be a very long time: there are few examples of rapid brain growth, suggesting that “smarter-is-better” is not a potent force for evolution. Fast tracks to complexity may be much more important than the slow-but-predictable paths (especially given the “windows of opportunity” in the life cycle of a planet).
How does oversight affect police? Evidence from the police misconduct reform

Abstract This paper assesses how Department of Justice (DOJ) investigations affect policing behaviors. From 2010 – 2013, nine local police agencies were investigated for civil rights violations and police misconduct and most reached settlements with the DOJ. These settlements mandate extensive reforms such as retraining of officers, collaboration with community representatives and modernization of procedures related to the use of force. Using both the synthetic control method and the panel data approach proposed by Hsiao et al. (2012), I find a significant reduction in misdemeanor arrests of blacks during that period. However, I do not observe a meaningful impact on felony arrests and arrests of whites. These findings suggest that the investigations indeed affected officers’ policing behaviors, but I find no evidence of universal de-policing effects in the investigated agencies.
Peer assessment of contributions and learning processes in group projects: an analysis of information technology undergraduate students’ performance

This study examines the peer assessment performance of information technology undergraduate students who completed a semester-long group project. They were asked to provide feedback on their peers’...
Prognostic Implication of Longitudinal and Peak Lactate Levels after LVAD Implantation

Purpose Serial measurements of lactate levels are commonly performed after LVAD implantation, but the prognostic implications have not been well studied. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association of lactic acid levels with in-hospital mortality, after LVAD implantation. Methods We retrospectively identified all patients at our Institution who underwent implantation of a durable LVAD between 1/1/2009 and 12/1/2018 and had lactate levels recorded in the immediate 48-hour postoperative period (n=507). We excluded patients who received biventricular mechanical support (N=19). Baseline characteristics were compared using T-test/Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Chi squared test. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess peak-lactate levels between those who were discharge alive after index LVAD implant hospitalization (S-group) vs. those who died during the index hospitalization (M-group). Results A total of 488 patients were included in the analysis. The baseline characteristics of the S-group (N=432) and the M-group (N=56) are compared in the Table. The two groups had similar preimplant lactate levels (1.1 [0.9-1.4] vs. 1.0 [0.9-1.3] mmol/L, p=0.72). However, peak lactate levels were significantly lower in the S-group compared to the M-group (2.8 [2.0-4.2] vs. 4.6 [2.8-6.9] mmol/L, p Conclusion Lactate level in the first 48-hours after LVAD implantation surgery is an independent predictor of mortality. Further research is needed to assess the mechanisms responsible for elevated postoperative lactate levels and whether targeted therapy will improve clinical outcomes. Baseline Characteristics