cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Econometric analysis of bipartite networks

Abstract Bipartite networks have numerous applications in economics, including buyer/seller interactions, trade models of export and import decisions, and models of wage determination based on matched employer-employee data. In this paper we review a number of econometric techniques to analyze bipartite networks. The main focus is on fixed-effect, random-effect, and discrete heterogeneity approaches in linear and nonlinear models. We also discuss how to account for endogenous link formation and network dynamics.
Dehydrogenative Diboration of Alkynes Catalyzed by Ir/CO/tBuNC System

Abstract Catalytic dehydrogenative diboration (DHDB) of alkyne with HBpin was achieved using [Ir(COD)Cl]2 and other related Ir precursors under CO atmosphere. The selectivity for DHDB over hydroboration was higher in less polar solvents and under higher CO pressure. It was further improved when catalytic amount of tBuNC was added to the reaction. It was possible to achieve DHDB of both terminal and internal alkynes with selectivity for DHDB of up to 9:1 under the best conditions. Some DHDB products were isolated on the preparative scale.
Risk of aspirin among pregnant women.

Commentary on : Hastie R, Tong S, Wikstrom AK, et al . Aspirin use during pregnancy and the risk of bleeding complications: a Swedish population-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol . 2020 Jul 17:S0002-9378(20)30737-7. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.023. Aspirin is widely offered to pregnant women at risk of developing pre-eclampsia, secondary to its anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet properties.1 There has been a trend towards increasing the use of aspirin universally to pregnant women, secondary to perceived safety of aspirin.2 Recent large randomised control trials report …
Behavioral Mimicry and Interaction Expectations Influence Affect in Interracial Interactions

The current research tested how expectations and mimicry in an interracial interaction influence positive and negative affect. Existing research suggests that individuals do not expect mimicry, a behavior that should otherwise engender liking, in interracial interactions. Although past research has focused on how Whites’ expectations for interracial interactions leads to poor experiences, the present research hypothesized that expectations and nonverbal behaviors should impact outcomes. Experiences that are consistent with expectations were predicted to have a positive impact on mood, whereas experiences that violate expectations were predicted to have a negative impact on mood. Among a sample of White participants, three sources of interaction expectations were measured: motivation to respond without prejudice, meta-stereotypes, and positive intergroup expectancies. Subsequently, these White participants interacted with a Black research confederate who either mimicked or counter-mimicked them in an interaction. Findings with internal motivation to respond without prejudice (IMS) and meta-stereotypes were in support of predictions: as Whites’ IMS decreased and as meta-stereotypes increased, more positive emotional outcomes ensued when counter-mimicked by a Black interaction partner—an expectation confirming experience. Findings with positive intergroup expectancies ran counter to predictions: Under counter-mimicry, emotional outcomes became more positive as expectations were more optimistic. The findings suggest that individual differences play an important role in the experience of mimicry in interracial interactions. More research is critically needed to understand when and how mimicry can be employed to improve intergroup relations.
In Search of Hope and Healing: Guideposts for Whole-Hearted Living, Loving, and Teaching after Loss

This autoethnography investigation used guideposts for whole-hearted living as a means of processing grief as a teacher educator during the COVID-19 pandemic. Life stories were drawn upon to unders...
Autonomous Physical Inspection of Exhaust Shafts and Smokestacks Using a Fully-Actuated UAV

Multirotor UAVs are being widely employed for periodic inspections of large-scale industrial facilities to protect workers from hazardous conditions such as precarious heights and toxic chemicals. The government apparatus that ushered in the era of nuclear weapons and energy combines and compounds those hazards into enormous buildings and very high-consequence materials, many now reaching end-of-life. The decontamination and decommissioning of such structures sometimes requires inspection for low-levels of high- and low-energy radioactive materials and other toxic components. This often requires physical interaction for sampling or cleaning operations. However, manual control of physical interaction with UAVs requires experienced operators, induces fatigue, and the radio communication is often impeded by thick, reinforced walls that shield the materials. In this paper, an autonomous physical interaction control strategy to interact with the inside walls of exhaust shafts using fully-actuated UAV is proposed. In this method, the physical interaction is achieved by approaching normal to the surface, which is a precursor to establish a steady contact using hybrid physical interaction control. Estimating the local surface normal using the indoor positioning systems is limited by the low illumination and geometrical symmetry. Therefore, we estimate the local surface normal using the on-board 2D lidar and autonomously control the yaw orientation, along with planar position, in the approach phase. For mechanical simplicity, a rigid arm is attached to the fully-actuated UAV to perform contact-intensive tasks on the inside walls. Experiments were carried in laboratory and mock-up shaft of Dept. of Energy, to show the effectiveness in performing a contact-intensive task inside shafts.
Seduced and Abandoned: Some Lasting Conclusions about Planned Change from the Cambire School Study

In all honesty I had not read Implementing Organizational Innovations, co-authored with Neal Gross and Marilyn Bernstein, from cover to cover since my review of the page proofs for its publication in 1971. With a touch of pride, my reaction after completely rereading it was that we had reached quite a few conclusions in the book that were important to the field of planned educational change. My reaction, to be sure, made the writing of this chapter much easier than otherwise would have been possible, especially since it also seemed clear to me that these conclusions remain relevant today.
Effect of Twist Pitch on Short-Sample V-I Characteristics of Multifilamentary Superconductors

Precise determination of the critical current of practical superconductors requires measurement of the voltage-current (V-I) characteristic of the conductor at various magnetic fields. The measurement usually requires the detection of quite small voltages since very sensitive critical current criteria are necessary for the design of practical devices. Furthermore, most laboratories have only relatively small-bore solenoidal magnets, leading to the common use of very short sample lengths for routine critical current measurements. This situation may lead to some difficulties, as we show here.
Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function with respect to the heterogeneity of antibody affinity

Neonatal liver or adult spleen was used as a source of B-lymphocytes in reconstituting lethally irradiated, syngeneic mice. Recipients were all given excess adult, syngeneic thymus cells and were immunized with dinitrophenylated bovine gamma globulin. The distribution of avidities of plaque-forming cells produced by immunized recipients of neonatal liver was highly restricted in comparison with animals reconstituted with adult spleen indicating a restriction of B-lymphocyte heterogeneity in the neonatal mouse.—Siskind, G. W. and E. A. Goidl. Ontogeny of B-lymphocyte function with respect to the heterogeneity of antibody affinity. Federation Proc. 34: 151–152, 1975.
Lake Michigan Water Allocation in Illinois

In 1967 the United States Supreme Court entered a Decree that limited the direct diversion of Lake Michigan water by the State of Illinois to annual average flow of 3,200 cfs. The state delegated the responsibility of allocation to the Department of Transportation. The initial allocation was issued in 1972. The court rejected this allocation because the Department failed to observe procedural due process safeguards. The Department initiated the measures necessary to safeguard the applicants' interests during the reallocation proceedings. The 1977 allocation was based upon a regional projection of all water resources to the year 2010. Projected deficit areas were allocated Lake Michigan water in sufficient time so that critical groundwater levels were not reached. New Lake Michigan water users will receive Lake Michigan water in 1979. The Department's continuing program of data collection, expert studies, and technical assistance to communities will ensure wise use of all regional water resources.
Classroom Learning Environments in Urban Elementary, Middle, and High Schools

The purpose of the present study was to investigate student gender, subject area, and grade level differences in students' perceptions of their classroom learning environment. Over 13,000 students from 96 urban elementary, middle, and high schools that served predominantly minority students completed a modified version of the Classroom Environment Scale (CES) and the Instructional Learning Environment Questionnaire (ILEQ). Female students generally reported higher scores for their perceptions of the learning environment than did male students. There were very few differences by subject area, but there were many statistically and educationally significant differences by grade level. In general, middle school classes had less favorable perceptions of their learning environment than did either elementary or high school classes.
A Comparison of a Nonlinear and Quasilinear Viscoelastic Anisotropic Model for Fibrous Tissues

This paper presents a nonlinear and quasilinear viscoelasticity model for the behavior of soft fibrous tissues that incorporates the effects of matrix and fiber-level viscoelasticity. Both models treat the tissue as a composite of N fiber families in an isotropic matrix. For the nonlinear model, the anisotropic contribution of the fibers to the constitutive behavior of the tissue is developed by first defining the stress response and viscous flow response of the fiber families, then averaging by the fiber orientation. Similarly, the anisotropic contribution of the quasilinear model is developed from a hereditary integral formulation for the stress response of the fiber families. The stress relaxation response of the nonlinear and quasilinear models are compared for different applied strains. As expect, the time-dependent response of the two formulations are nearly identical for small strain, but they exhibit significant differences at large strain.
What's Wrong with Inferences from Test Scores?

Measuring Up. What Educational Testing Really Tells Us. By Daniel Koretz. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2008. 361 pp. $29.95, £22.95, €27. ISBN 9780674028050. In this account of the complexities of educational testing written for nonspecialists, Koretz discusses what such tests can and cannot reveal and how test scores can be misunderstood and misused.
Eligibility for neoadjuvant/adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy among radical cystectomy patients

Objective To determine renal function eligibility for cisplatin-based chemotherapy using our experience with radical cystectomy (RC) patients. Patients and Methods Using the Mayo Clinic Cystectomy Registry, we identified 768 patients treated with RC without neoadjuvant chemotherapy for urothelial carcinoma from 1980–2005. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation and a value of ≥60 mL/min was considered eligible for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Factors associated with change in GFR (from preoperative to 3-month postoperative) were assessed using linear regression. Results The median age was 68 years, while the median GFR was 60 mL/min both preoperatively and 3 months after RC. Overall, 405 (53%) patients had a GFR of <60 mL/min before surgery and 387 (50%) had a GFR of <60 mL/min at 3 months after RC. Patients with hydronephrosis (209 patients) had significantly lower preoperative GFRs than with patients without hydronephrosis (median 52 vs 62 mL/min, respectively; P < 0.001). Among the 363 patients with a GFR of ≥60 mL/min before RC, 91 (25%) had a decline in renal function to a GFR of <60 mL/min at 3 months after RC. In multivariable analyses, older age (P < 0.001), higher preoperative GFR (P < 0.001) and continent urinary diversion (P = 0.011) were significantly associated with a negative change in GFR after RC. Conclusions Our results suggest that nearly half of patients undergoing RC are not eligible to receive perioperative cisplatin-based chemotherapy based on renal function status. About a quarter of patients eligible for cisplatin before surgery are no longer eligible after RC. Certain patient characteristics and surgical factors are more likely to experience a negative change in GFR after RC and should be counselled accordingly.
Mountaineering emergencies on Denali

Rescue records of 98 mountaineering emergencies were reviewed to evaluate the risks of climbing North America's highest peak, Denali (6187 m). During a 10 year study period (1978–87) there were 126 search and rescue subjects, including 28 deaths (fatality rate=4.3 per 1000 climbers; case fatality rate=22.2%). Increased risk was significant at higher elevations ( p p p
Invariant Subsets and Invariant Measures for Irreducible Actions on Zero-Dimensional Groups

Algebraic higher-rank actions on connected groups are often remarkably rigid in their topological and measurable structure. In contrast to this, the author of this paper constructs uncountably many closed invariant sets and uncountably many invariant measures with positive entropy for irreducible algebraic ${\mathbb{Z}^d}$ -actions on zero-dimensional groups.
Use of Lymphoscintigraphy Defines Lymphatic Drainage Patterns Before Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer

Background Lymphoscintigraphy (LSG) can identify lymphatic drainage patterns before sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is performed in patients with early-stage breast cancer, but the importance of extraaxillary SLNs seen on LSG is unknown. We assessed whether drainage patterns seen on LSG were associated with histologic findings in axillary SLNs recovered at SLN biopsy. Study design From a prospectively maintained database, we identified 1,201 clinically node-negative patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent preoperative LSG and axillary SLN biopsy. Patient and tumor characteristics, LSG results, and final SLN pathology results were examined. Results LSG showed drainage to internal mammary (IM) nodes in 1.6% of patients, axillary nodes in 68.1%, both IM and axillary nodes in 19.8%, and no drainage in 10.3%. Drainage to IM nodes was observed for tumors in all quadrants of the breast. Patients with IM drainage had a younger median age than patients without IM drainage (51.8 versus 58.3 years, respectively; p Conclusions Almost one-fourth of patients had lymphatic drainage to the extraaxillary lymph nodes, particularly the IM nodes, seen on LSG. Extraaxillary drainage seen on LSG did not preclude identification of axillary SLNs at operation. Longterm followup of patients with lymphoscintigraphic evidence of extraaxillary drainage is needed to determine whether regional and systemic recurrence patterns differ in these patients.
Activation of Caspase-9 Is Required for UV-induced Apoptosis of Human Keratinocytes *

UV radiation from the sun activates both the membrane death receptor and the intrinsic or mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathways in epidermal keratinocytes, triggering apoptosis and affording protection against skin cancer formation. We have investigated the involvement of caspase-9 in the UV death effector pathway in human keratinocytes, since this is the initiating caspase in the mitochondrial pathway required for UV-induced apoptosis in some, but not all, cell types. UV radiation triggered activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and caspase-8 with similar kinetics, although the rank order of activation was caspase-3 > caspase-9 > caspase-8. Inhibition of caspase-9 with either the peptide inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Leu-Glu(OCH3)-His-Asp(OCH3)-fluoromethyl ketone, or expression of a catalytically inactive caspase-9 by retroviral transduction, protected normal keratinocytes from UV-induced apoptosis. HaCaT keratinocytes harboring mutant p53 alleles were also protected from UV-induced apoptosis by the dominant negative caspase-9. The dominant negative caspase-9 blocked UV-induced activation of caspase-3, caspase-9, and caspase-8, and also protected cells from the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In contrast, the dominant negative caspase-9 did not protect from anti-Fas-induced apoptosis or caspase activation. These results identify caspase-9 as the critical upstream caspase initiating apoptosis by UV radiation in human keratinocytes, the relevant cell type for this important environmental carcinogen.
Dimeric MHC-peptides inserted into an immunoglobulin scaffold as new immunotherapeutic agents

The interactions of the T cell receptor (TCR) with cognate MHC-peptide and co-stimulatory molecules expressed at surface of antigen presenting cells (APC) leads to activation or tolerance of T cells. The development of molecular biological tools allowed for the preparation of soluble MHC-peptide molecules as surrogate for the APC. A decade ago a monomeric class II MHC molecule in which the peptide was covalently linked to β-chain of class II molecule was generated. This type of molecule had a low-binding affinity and did not cause the multimerization of TCR. The requirement of multimerization of TCR led to development of a new class of reagents, chimeric peptides covalently linked to MHC that was dimerized via Fc fragment of an immunoglobulin and linked to 3' end of the β-chain of MHC class II molecule. These soluble dimerized MHC-peptide chimeric molecules display high affinity for the TCR and caused multimerization of TCR without processing by an APC. Because dimeric molecules are devoid of co-stimulatory molecules interacting with CD28, a second signal, they induce anergy rather the activation of T cells. In this review, we compare the human and murine dimerized MHC class II-peptides and their effect on CD4(+) T cells, particularly the generation of T regulatory cells, which make these chimeric molecules an appealing approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Selenium intake and cardiovascular risk: what is new?

Purpose of review Selenium is an essential element with a narrow safety margin. Adequate selenium intake is needed to maximize the activity of glutathione peroxidases and other selenoproteins. This review discusses recent experimental and epidemiologic contributions on the role of selenium for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Recent findings Few randomized trials have evaluated the efficacy of selenium supplementation on cardiovascular endpoints. Most trials, conducted in selenium-replete populations, found no evidence of cardiovascular protection. A meta-analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies found a moderate inverse relationship between plasma/serum selenium and coronary heart disease. The interpretation of these data is complicated, however, by potential residual confounding and publication bias. In contrast, recent data from trials of selenium-containing supplements and from epidemiologic studies suggest that chronically increased selenium intake in selenium-replete populations can induce diabetes and maybe also hypercholesterolemia. Summary Current evidence is insufficient to support a protective role for selenium in cardiovascular prevention. Large high-quality randomized controlled trials and observational studies are needed across populations with different levels of selenium intake. Furthermore, subjects living in regions with high selenium intake should be aware that selenium supplements may increase their risk of diabetes and hypercholesterolemia.
SECOND PRIMARY MALIGNANCIES IN T1-3N0 PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS TREATED WITH RADIATION THERAPY WITH 10-YEAR FOLLOWUP

AbstractPurpose: The risk of patients with prostate cancer to have second primary malignancies is unclear. Population and autopsy based studies have shown no increased risk, which is at variance with several institutional analyses. A retrospective review was performed with comparison to expected cancer data from the Connecticut Tumor Registry.Materials and Methods: Records of a cohort of prostate cancer patients treated with staging pelvic lymphadenectomy and definitive radiotherapy between November 1, 1974 and July 7, 1987 were reviewed. Median potential followup from date of diagnosis was 10.9 years.Results: Of the 164 patients 150 (91.5%) had followup to death or to August 1995, with data available in part on 4 of the remaining patients. In 43 patients 51 second primary malignancies developed. Increased frequency of lymphomas, and kidney, bladder and rectal lesions (all p <0.001) was observed concurrently with diagnosis of prostate cancer, although this may be due to bias since full staging for the pro...
New Images Evoke FAScinating Questions

Two recent papers in Science reported the X-ray structures of the large, organizationally distinct animal and fungal fatty acid synthases at 5 A. These new structural insights have unexpected implications for enzyme function for the other "iterative" and "assembly line" megasynthases.
A virtualized laboratory for earthquake engineering education

Physical laboratory-based experiments have been established as a fundamental learning tool in many areas of science and engineering education. They have particularly enriched engineering education by supporting different learning styles. However, the type of physical experiments is generally governed by the available infrastructure and resources, frequently limiting the exposure to valuable educational material to a relatively small audience. With the creation of “Virtualized Laboratories” this problem can be addressed in the form of realistic, multi-dimensional digital records, capturing the essential characteristics of a physical experiment. To this end, in this paper we present a virtualized laboratory for earthquake engineering education that utilizes virtual reality technology to capture and disseminate the results of shake table experiments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 15: 15–29, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20091
Contextualizing biogenetic and reproductive technologies

This paper contextualizes the exponential growth in biogenetic technology, particularly genetic testing and gene therapy. Feminist criticism of reproductive technologies is discussed, and a perspective using the work of Foucault is advanced. A case study of popular texts about infertility illuminates how discourse about technology‐assisted reproduction is woven with common assumptions encouraging self‐discipline. The analysis of infertility discourse shows how the mass media contribute to different forms of reflexivity and, in consequence, different social relations.
Modulation of target enzyme associated with the action of antifolates

Abstract The cytotoxicity and molecular effects of antifolate thymidylate synthase inhibitor, ICI-D1694, against human ileocecal carcinoma, were evaluated. The drug concentration for 50% inhibition of cell growth by ICI-D1694 is 73 n m and 3 n m following 2 hr and 72 hr exposure, respectively. The drug induces high level of DNA single strand breaks in a time dependent manner, but subsequent to maximum inhibition of thymidylate synthase. Drug effects can be reversed by thymidine and leucovorin at > 1 μ m concentrations. Leucovorin action is primarily at the cell membrane level, competing with the transport and activation of ICI-D1694. Thymidine, however, exerts its competitive effect primarily at the level of thymidylate synthase.
A 38-Year-Old Man With Extensor Surface Papules

A 38-year-old morbidly obese man presents with a 1-month history of rash on the extensor surfaces of his hands, forearms, elbows, shoulders, flanks, and upper thighs. The rash is nonpruritic but is associated with burning pain. The patient has had no fevers, shortness of breath, recent viral syndromes, or recent travel. He has a history of pancreatitis several years prior, recent repair of a tibial fracture, ankle osteoarthritis, cholelithiasis, seizure disorder, and bipolar disorder. He has a family history of type 2 diabetes in his father and brother. His current medications include phenobarbital, levetiracetam, quetiapine, lorazepam, fluoxetine, tramadol, aspirin, celecoxib, and gabapentin, none of which were started in the past few months. Skin examination reveals hundreds of bright pink papules with central yellow hue distributed symmetrically over his dorsal hands, elbows, shoulders, and thighs (Figure 1). The remainder of the examination is unremarkable.
CB6-03: Data of the Dead – An HMORN-wide Comparison of Death Data Sources

Background/Aims Dates and causes of death are available from a variety of sources, both within HMO organizations (e.g., Clarity Patient table at EPIC sites) and from other entities such as the federal government (e.g., Social Security Administration). These sources differ in the quality and completeness of information provided. For example, HMOs frequently miss out-of-hospital deaths which can account for a substantial percent of adult deaths. Governmental sources of data have more detail such as cause of death, but there is potential error involved in matching those records to the correct HMO members. Reliable death information is crucial for health care research. Misclassifying patients could mistakenly misinform researchers and could lead to erroneous conclusions. In order to increase the level of understanding of available death data sources and improve the selection of death data of adequate quality for inclusion in the VDW and HMORN studies, we will describe the types of death data available, how they compare, and how many sites are using each type. We will also perform validity checking by comparing to enrollment, pharmacy, and medical encounter data (e.g., did a supposedly deceased individual have an amoxicillin prescription after death?). At several sites, we will compile all death dates available from all death data sources and perform an inter-source agreement analysis using % agreement or Kappa statistic if possible and present the results.
Humanness Under Assault: An Essay Questioning Technology in the Classroom

This article names some of the human under standings and ways of being that are fundamental to teaching and learning, which new educational tech nologies, especially the computer, tend to remake, reduce, or replace altogether in K-12 classrooms. The article asks questions and tells stories about students, teachers, and the authors themselves using computers for educational purposes, investigating three particular uses of technology in detail. The authors argue that new educational technologies change the meaning of words common to teachers' vocabularies, especially words such as classroom community, knowing, and coming to know. The authors also argue that human senses used in learning are nullified, if not assaulted, by new educational technologies.
Accuracy of Current Complex Modulus Selection Procedure from Vehicular Load Pulse: NCHRP Project 1-37A Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide

The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) uses the complex modulus to simulate the time and temperature dependency of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). To account for the time dependency of HMA, MEPDG recommends calculation of the frequency of the applied load as a function of the vehicle speed and the pavement structure. By this approach, the Odemark method of thickness equivalency is first used to transform the pavement structure into a single-layer system, and it is then assumed that the stress distribution occurs at a constant slope of 45° in the equivalent pavement structure. Concerns were raised that the current MEPDG methodology may be overestimating the frequency, which would result in underconservative distress predictions. Therefore, to evaluate the MEPDG methodology for calculation of the loading time, the results of the MEPDG procedure were compared with those of an advanced three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) approach that simulates the approaching-leaving rolling wheel at a specif...
Wanting It All: Career, Marriage, and Motherhood During College-Educated Women's 20s

College women's expectations for career, marriage, and motherhood were assessed during the senior year, and their outcomes were assessed 7 years later. In 1993, 118 White women and 82 Women of Color were randomly selected from 5 northeastern colleges and interviewed in person. In 2000, 178 (89%) were reached for second interviews by telephone. Results indicate that as seniors the women wanted careers, marriage, and motherhood. Career development was the priority of their 20s. At the 7-year point, marital status was unrelated to advanced degrees attained or to career status, but mothers had significantly fewer advanced degrees and lower career status than nonmothers. Socioeconomic status, race, and intentions concerning career and family were related to career status and motherhood status.
Comparing the weighted density approximation with the LDA and GGA for ground-state properties of ferroelectric perovskites

First-principles calculations within the weighted density approximation (WDA) were performed for ground-state properties of ferroelectric perovskites ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{KNbO}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{KTaO}}_{3}$. We used the plane-wave pseudopotential method, a pair distribution function $G$ based on the uniform electron gas, and shell partitioning. Comparing with the local density approximation (LDA) and the general gradient approximation (GGA), we found that the WDA significantly improves the equilibrium volume of these materials in cubic symmetry over both the LDA and GGA. Ferroelectric instabilities calculated by the WDA agree with the LDA and GGA very well. At the experimental ferroelectric lattice, optimized atom positions by the WDA are in good agreement with measured data. However, the WDA overestimates the strain of tetragonal ${\mathrm{PbTiO}}_{3}$ at experimental volume. The WDA overestimates the volume of fully relaxed structures, but the GGA results are even worse. Some calculations were also done with other models for $G$. It is found that a $G$ with longer range behavior yields improved relaxed structures. Possible avenues for improving the WDA are discussed
Temporal and spatial transitions in collagen types during embryonic chick limb development.

Abstract To determine whether transitions occur in the types of collagen synthesized during embryonic chick limb development, the α chain composition of the collagens produced by whole limbs and various anatomical regions of limbs was analyzed at different stages (23–24 to 40). The tissues were incubated in the presence of 3 H-proline and 3 H-lysine and the α chain distribution of the purified, labeled collagens was determined by chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose columns. We found that the stage 23–24 leg mesenchyme is producing predominantly, if not solely, an (α1) 2 α2 type collagen (chain type as yet undetermined). At about stage 25–26 the limb core begins synthesizing detectable amounts of (α1) 3 collagen, which we presume to be cartilage type collagen, [α1 (II)] 3 , while the outer portion of the limb largely continues to produce (α1) 2 α2. The production of (α1) 3 collagen in the core progressively increases until, by stage 33 it is the only species detectable in the tibial diaphysis. Shortly thereafter (by stage 35 + –36) (α1) 2 α2 type collagen reappears in the tibial diaphysis signifying the production of bone collagen, [α1 (I)] 2 α2. During the next several days of incubation, the relative proportion of (α1) 2 α2 increases in the bony diaphysis while (α1) 3 remains the predominant species synthesized in the cartilaginous epiphysis.
Normal McCollough effect in Alzheimer's disease and global amnesia.

The McCollough effect (ME), a long-lasting, pattern-contingent aftereffect in normal human vision, was examined in persons with known deficits in memory. We induced MEs in 11 subjects, 5 patients with various severities of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), H.M. (a patient who has global amnesia due to bilateral medial temporal lobectomy and who has been studied for 35 years since his operation), and 5 control subjects. H.M. and the AD patients showed MEs of strength and duration comparable to those of the control subjects. These results demonstrate a dissociation between learning mechanisms that mediate recall and recognition versus mechanisms that mediate the ME. Furthermore, knowledge about the sites of neuropathology in H.M. and in AD are consistent with other sources of evidence implicating early visual areas, especially V1, as a critical locus of the ME.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Ligands Designed for Secondary Interactions

Novel, chiral, aza-15-crown-5-containing phosphite ligands have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Metal complexes of these ligands are catalytically active and constitute a starting point for the systematic study of the affect of secondary interactions on selectivity.
Scintigraphic approach to the localization of adrenal lesions causing hypertension.

Adrenal lesions causing hypertension can be localized by a scintigraphic approach. This approach, which is complementary to ultrasound and computed tomography can be used in both functioning cortical and medullary adrenal disease, including Cushing’s Syndrome, aldosteronism, and pheochromocytoma.
Soil carbon heterogeneity in piñon-juniper woodland patches: Effect of woody plant variation on neighboring intercanopies is not detectable

Soil carbon often varies significantly among vegetation patch types, but less known is how the size and species of plants in the tree canopy patches and the cover types of the intercanopy patches affect the carbon storage, and whether vegetation characteristics affect storage in adjacent patches. To assess this, we measured fine-fraction soil carbon in a semiarid woodland in New Mexico USA for canopy patches of two co-dominant woody species, Pinus edulis and Juniperus monosperma that were paired with intercanopy patch locations covered by herbaceous grass (Bouteloua gracilis) or bare ground. Soil carbon at shallow depths was greater in canopy than intercanopy patches by a factor of 2 or more, whereas within intercanopy patches soil carbon in grass locations exceeded that in bare locations only after accounting for coarse-fraction carbon. Hypothesized differences among canopy patches associated with species or size were not detected (although some size-depth interactions consistent with expectations were detected), nor, importantly, were effects of species or size of woody plant on intercanopy soil carbon. The results are notable because where applicable they justify estimates of soil carbon inventories based on readily observable heterogeneity in above-ground plant cover without considering the size and species of the woody plants.
Factors associated with reintegration to normal living after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE Recent reports have suggested improvement in the last decade in global outcome measures after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), particularly in patients presenting in good initial neurological status. We used a standardized self-report instrument, the Reintegration to Normal Living (RNL) Index, to assess a patient-based quality of life measure and a self-report of work status. We tested the hypothesis that several patient-based factors were related to these outcomes, including depressive symptoms, physical disability, age, and initial Hunt and Hess grade. Using these data, we report the total management morbidity and mortality at 1 to 5 years after SAH for patients initially presenting in good neurological condition. METHODS The study population consisted of 246 consecutive patients admitted to our tertiary care center with aneurysmal SAH in good neurological condition (Hunt and Hess Grades I-III). Patients underwent either surgical (92%), endovascular (7%), or medical (1 %) management of aneurysmal SAH. Eighty-three percent of surviving patients completed a written or telephone questionnaire incorporating the Barthel Index, the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, the RNL Index, and a work status assessment. RESULTS An aneurysm-related mortality rate of 6% was observed in the patient population. Fifty-five percent of patients reported a complete reintegration into their normal living situation, as measured by the RNL Index. Sixty-seven percent of previously full-time workers returned to a full-time status. Thirty-six percent of patients reported depressive symptoms, and 23% of patients reported physical disability. In a multivariate model, the two factors that contributed most to an impairment of reintegration were depression and physical disability, whereas a failure to return to work was related to older age and a higher-grade initial neurological status. CONCLUSION In this series of patients undergoing multimodality management of lower-grade SAH, more than one-half of patients subsequently reported a normal reintegration into their social situation, as assessed by the RNL Index. Standardized assessments of cofactors associated with impaired reintegration revealed that depressive symptoms and physical disability played a strong role in overall reintegration. Standardized assessments, such as the RNL Index, offer the potential for improved comparison of different treatment regimens and specific therapeutic targeting of factors, such as depression, which contribute to decreased quality of life.
Triservice/NASA cathode life test facility

Since December 1992, Naval Surface Warfare Center-Crane Division (NSWCCD) has logged over 1,318,000 h of cathode life testing on 6 different cathode systems in the Triservice/NASA Cathode Life Test Facility. These include two types of reservoir cathodes designated as MK (Siemens), and RV (CPI, formerly Varian), and impregnated matrix cathodes designated M type (manufactured by Semicon and Hughes), TM (Transition Metal cathodes-CPI) and MMM (Mixed Metal Matrix cathodes-CPI). This paper will present results of the cathode life testing at this facility.
Heterogeneous Reactions of Chlorine Peroxide with Halide Ions

The heterogeneous reactivity of chlorine peroxide (ClOOCl) on halide-doped ice surfaces was studied using discharge-flow mass spectrometry over the temperature range 209−258 K. By monitoring Cl2O2+ parent ion signals, reactions were observed on ice doped with I-, Br-, Cl-, or F- ions. XCl was the only gas-phase product detected in each reaction, where X = dopant halide. Other products evidently remain bound at the ice surface and were not detected. The heterogeneous reaction ClOOCl + X- → XCl + products is proposed. Chloride-doped ice layers were made either by freezing aqueous solutions of HCl or NaCl on the flow tube walls or by adding HCl gas to pure ice layers. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that reaction surfaces below the NaX/H2O systems' eutectic points were mixtures of two solid phases (ice and NaX hydrate crystals), while liquid layers existed at HCl/ice surfaces under our conditions. Our measured ClOOCl reaction probabilities on solid surfaces ranged from γ = 0.026 to γ ≥ 0.3 on NaI/ice s...
Survival of Cystic Fibrosis Patients Undergoing Liver and Liver-Lung Transplantations

Abstract Background We evaluated the outcome of combined liver-lung transplantation (L-LTx) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with liver transplantation (LTx) for CF liver disease. Methods The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) data were analyzed from October 1987 to August 2009. Results Of 294 patients (210 children), 265 (90.1%) received an LTx and 29, an L-LTx. Patient survival was: adult LTx, 80%, 74%, and 67% at 1, 3, and 5 years, and L-LTx, 72%, 61.4%, and 61.4% (P = .7); pediatric LTx, 85%, 82%, and 74% at 1, 3, and 5 years, and L-LTx, 83%, 83%, and 83% (P = .4). Pediatric patients had a slight survival advantage over adults for LTx (P = .08). Graft survival, not affected by immunosuppression regimens, was similar to patient survival. Conclusions The outcome of L-LTx appears similar to LTx in CF providing support for the prospect of a combined transplant.
Calculation of the magnetoresistance in the Kondo model

Abstract Using the exact diagonalization of the model we calculate the resistivity for arbitrary magnetic fields at zero temperature.
Stereographic Technique for Determination of Minor Fold Sense

A method using Stereographic projection permits accurate determination of minor fold sense in areas of structural complexity. This technique provides a simple and flexible field method to supplement routine mapping methods through structural analysis.
Nutritional ecology of a parasitic wasp: food source affects gustatory response, metabolic utilization, and survivorship.

The success of biological control is partly mediated by the longevity and reproductive success of beneficial insects. Availability of nectar and honeydew can improve the nutrition of parasitic insects, and thereby increase their longevity and realized fecundity. The egg parasitoid, Anaphes iole, showed strong gustatory perception of trehalulose, a carbohydrate found in homopteran honeydew. Chromatographic analysis demonstrated that enzymatic hydrolysis of sucrose, a common nectar sugar, proceeded at a faster rate than that of melezitose, a sugar common in aphid honeydew. A long-term bioassay showed that longevity was greater at 20 °C than at 27 °C, and at both temperatures survival was generally greatest for wasps provisioned with the three major nectar sugars, sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Patterns of food acceptance and utilization showed that A. iole accepted and utilized a broad range of sugars found in nature, including those found in nectar as well as honeydew. Glucose, fructose, and several oligosaccharides composed of these monosaccharide units appear to be more suitable for A. iole than other sugars tested. Evidence suggests that individual fitness benefits afforded by food sources are important for a time-limited parasitoid, and that continued investigations on the interface between nutrition and biological control are warranted for A. iole.
VEstibular Processing Dysfunction In Children With Severe Emotional And Behavior Disorders: A Review

Empirical evidence that some children with severe emotional and behavioral disorders exhibit a dysfunction in processing vestibular related sensory information is reviewed. Included are findings of deficient vestibular-spinal reflexes in autistic and schizophrenic children resulting in deficits in equilibrium and selected postural responses. Additional investigations have revealed depressed vestibular-ocular reflexes (nystagmus) and the absence of vestibular autonomic responses such as dizziness and nausea following vestibular stimulation. The accumulated results of vestibular processing studies with severely behaviorally disordered children have led some investigators to hypothesize a vestibular related etiology for autism. This hypothesis is discussed as it relates to vestibular processing dysfunction found in the developmentally disabled population. Treatment implications of a vestibular processing disorder in children with severe behavior disorders are briefly discussed.
Cardiovascular Issues in Respiratory Care

The hemodynamic effects of ventilation are complex but can be grouped under four clinically relevant concepts. First, spontaneous ventilation is exercise, and critically ill patients may not withstand the increased work of breathing. Initiation of mechanical ventilatory support will improve oxygen delivery to the remainder of the body by decreasing oxygen consumption. To the extent that mixed venous oxygen also increases, Pao(2) will increase without any improvement in gas exchange. Similarly, weaning from mechanical ventilatory support is a cardiovascular stress test. Patients who fail to wean also manifest cardiovascular insufficiency during the failed weaning attempts. Improving cardiovascular reserve or supplementing support with inotropic therapy may allow patients to wean from mechanical ventilation. Second, changes in lung volume alter autonomic tone and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and at high lung volumes compress the heart in the cardiac fossa. Hyperinflation increases PVR and pulmonary artery pressure, impeding right ventricular ejection. Decreases in lung volume induce alveolar collapse and hypoxia, stimulating an increased pulmonary vasomotor tone by the process of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Recruitment maneuvers, positive end-expiratory pressure, and continuous positive airway pressure may reverse hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction and reduce pulmonary artery pressure. Third, spontaneous inspiration and spontaneous inspiratory efforts decrease intrathoracic pressure (ITP). Since diaphragmatic descent increases intra-abdominal pressure, these combined effects cause right atrial pressure inside the thorax to decrease but venous pressure in the abdomen to increase, markedly increasing the pressure gradient for systemic venous return. Furthermore, the greater the decrease in ITP, the greater the increase in left ventricular (LV) afterload for a constant arterial pressure. Mechanical ventilation, by abolishing the negative swings in ITP, will selectively decrease LV afterload, as long as the increases in lung volume and ITP are small. Finally, positive-pressure ventilation increases ITP. Since diaphragmatic descent increases intra-abdominal pressure, the decrease in the pressure gradient for venous return is less than would otherwise occur if the only change were an increase in right atrial pressure. However, in hypovolemic states, positive-pressure ventilation can induce profound decreases in venous return. Increases in ITP decrease LV afterload and will augment LV ejection. In patients with hypervolemic heart failure, this afterload reducing effect can result in improved LV ejection, increased cardiac output, and reduced myocardial oxygen demand.
Atmospheric Contribution to the Time-Dependent Geopotential.

Abstract Integral expressions for the geopotential of the earth plus atmosphere are derived from the solution of Poisson's equation. The series of integrals involves position-weighted density integrated over all space exterior to the earth. From this, the acceleration due to gravity can be derived by a routine gradient operation. The time-dependent geopotential is calculated first in terms of the time rate of change of atmospheric density and then converted, via the equation of continuity, to integrals over density and wind velocity. The results could, for example, be related to perturbations of close satellite orbits due to atmospheric mass shifts, and to planetary atmospheres such as those of Venus and Jupiter.
Assessment of Structural Steel Workers' Safety and Health Competencies Using Signal Detection Theory

The focus on worker training to recognize hazards assumes that workers will always recall what constitutes a safe or unsafe situation as well as respond to perceived or actual risks in the same manner. Regardless of the safety training program adopted, the focus on worker training to recognize hazards frequently overlooks the fact that hazard recognition is contextual and subject to individual judgment and experience. In addition, the tendency to work in known hazardous situations will depend on a worker's risk orientation. The specific aim of this research was to develop a methodology to assess worker sensitivity and risk orientation towards unsafe work conditions. The methodology was developed using Signal Detection Theory. The methodology was demonstrated for ironworkers. The methodology proposed in this research provides a guiding framework for training development on how to enhance workers' abilities to identify the boundary beyond which work is no longer safe.