cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PRODUCTION OF HISTORY IN MALAWI IN THE 1960s: THE LEGACY OF SIR HARRY JOHNSTON, THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIETY OF MALAWI AND THE ROLE OF DR KAMUZU BANDA AND HIS MALAWI CONGRESS PARTY

This article joins the debate on culture, history and politics in postcolonial Malawi. Concentrating on the production of history in the 1960s, the paper shows how the decade marked the beginnings of serious research, teaching and public discourse of Malawi's history. It proceeds to examine factors, such as the existing literature, which helped to fhshion the direction which the players, mainly teachers and researchers, took in accomplishing their tasks. In this connection the paper considers the manner in which Harry Johnston, the first person to write widely on the peoples of the Lake Malawi region, influenced the historiography of the country. It also evaluates the role of the Society of Malawi and its publication, the Society of Malawi ffournal, in the production of history. Finally, the article pays attention to the ways in which the work of historians was affected by President Kamuzu Banda and the policies and actions of his ruling Malawi Congress Party. AMONG NOTABLE developments which have accompanied the democratization process in Malawi during the past five years has been a review of the factors which led to these transformations in a country which for thirty years had been absolutely dominated by Dr Hastings Kamuzu Banda and his Malawi Congress Parcy. Some students of Malawian affairs have examined the process itself by tracing the emergence of the various wings of opposition groups, their agendas and programmes and their efforts at establishing and maintaining a coalition against the ruling party. These scholars have also discussed the pressures which forced the government to negotiate with the advocates for change.1 Two of the more challenging studies evaluate the central role of culture in the survival of Kamuzu Banda The author is a professor in history at North Carolina State University. This article has benefitted from the comments of Leroy Vail, from the usual critical mind of my wife, Margaret, and the ideas of the anonymous readers. 1. See, for example, Jonathan Newell, '"A moment of truth?" the church and political change in Malawi, 1992', 3rournal of Modern African Studies, 33 (1995), pp. 243-62; Deborah Kaspin, 'The politics of ethnicity in Malawi's democratic transition', 3rournal of Modern African Studies, 33 (1995), pp. 595-620.
Size exclusion HPLC method for the determination of acidic fibroblast growth factor in viscous formulations

A size exclusion HPLC method has been developed to determine the protein concentration of pharmaceutical formulations of recombinant acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF). These topical aFGF formulations not only contain low levels of protein mass (50 micrograms ml-1), but also include buffer ions, polysaccharide polyanions to conformationally stabilize aFGF and 1% hydroxyethylcellulose to increase the solution's viscosity. A cesium chloride mobile phase is utilized during SEC-HPLC to dissociate aFGF from the pharmaceutical excipients and to minimize nonspecific interaction of the protein with the column matrix. The protein content of a viscous aFGF formulation is determined by comparison of aFGF peak areas to standards of known concentration. Fluorescence spectroscopy was utilized to directly demonstrate that the protein remains in its native conformation during sample preparation and analysis.
A comparison of two different procedures for the extraction of organic mutagens from sewage sludge

Abstract The efficiency of the standard Soxhlet extraction procedure versus three different protocols for the Tecator Automatic Soxhlet extractor were compared for the extraction of organic mutagens from municipal sewage sludge using methanol and methylene chloride as solvents. The weights of the organic residues recovered from the standard Soxhlet and all Tecator procedures were very similar. Both the Soxhlet and Tecator 5 55 (boiling time/rinsing time) procedures yielded approximately the same level of mutagenic activity in the sewage sludge. However, the organic residue extracted from the sludge using either the Tecator 5 115 , or the Tecator 10 50 failed to induce positive mutagenic responses in the bioassay. A comparison of the mutagenic potential of the residue obtained from triplicate extractions using both the Tecator 5 55 and the standard Soxhlet extraction indicated that both procedures yielded a reproducible mutagenic response within the variability of the bioassay. The data indicate that the Tecator 5 55 extraction, which is more rapid and requires less solvent, provides adequate extraction of organic mutagens from municipal sewage sludge.
Minocycline-Induced Loss of Potassium from Erythrocytes: Identification of a Family with an Augmented Response

The effect of several tetracycline antibiotics of human erythrocytes was examined because of previous findings that these drugs bind to erythrocyte membranes. Minocycline and cetocycline, two highly lipid-soluble analogues, but not tetracycline, induced loss of K+ from red blood cells. Loss of K+ increased linearly with time of incubation, concentration of minocycline, and temperature. The effect of minocycline was inhibited by plasma and calcium. The cells from one volunteer consistently showed an augmented response to minocycline; similar findings for family members of the volunteer suggested a dominant autosomal mode of inheritance. The only abnormality noted in the subject was mild reticulocytosis and a slightly reduced K+ content in his red blood cells. Preliminary studies did not demonstrate alterations in protein composition of his red blood cell membranes, enhanced osmotic fragility, or defects in Ca++-dependent or ouabain-sensitive (Na+-K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity. The exact site of the minocycline effect remains to be determined.
Does Participation Matter? An Inconsistency in Parfit's Moral Mathematics

Consequentialists typically think that the moral quality of one's conduct depends on the difference one makes. But consequentialists may also think that even if one is not making a difference, the moral quality of one's conduct can still be affected by whether one is participating (even if only ineffectually, or redundantly) in an endeavour that does make a difference. Derek Parfit discusses this issue – the moral significance of what I call ‘participation’ – in the chapter of Reasons and Persons that he devotes to what he calls ‘moral mathematics’. In my paper, I expose an inconsistency in Parfit's discussion of moral mathematics by showing how it gives conflicting answers to the question of whether participation matters. I conclude by showing how an appreciation of Parfit's error sheds some light on consequentialist thought generally, and on the debate between act- and rule-consequentialists specifically.
A BMIA/FFT algorithm for the Monte Carlo simulations of large scale random rough surface scattering: application to grazing incidence

A banded matrix iterative approach (BMIA) has been developed to study electromagnetic scattering from one-dimensional random rough surfaces. This new method not only provides a faster solution time, but it also allows one to analyze much longer surfaces that could not be considered before using the conventional integral equation method. The capability of analyzing random surfaces of large surface length is essential in the study of backscattering at near grazing incident angle. We report our refinement of the BMIA. We first identify the inefficient part of the algorithm and then provide a remedy to alleviate the problem which results in further reduction in solution time as well as computer memory requirement. We then apply the new improved BMIA to investigate backscattering from random rough surface near grazing incidence.
IFACE: A 3D SYNTHETIC TALKING FACE

We present the iFACE system, a visual speech synthesizer that provides a form of virtual face-to-face communication. The system provides an interactive tool for the user to customize a graphic head model for the virtual agent of a person based on his/her range data. The texture is mapped onto the customized model to achieve a realistic appearance. Face animations are produced by using text stream or speech stream to drive the model. A set of basic facial shapes and head action is manually built and used to synthesize expressive visual speech based on rules.
Linking Centennial Surface Warming Patterns in the Equatorial Pacific to the Relative Strengths of the Walker and Hadley Circulations

AbstractThis study analyzes representative concentration pathway 4.5 projections by 18 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project to show that surface warming patterns in the equatorial Pacific during the twenty-first century (centennial warming) are influenced by the relative strengths of the Walker and Hadley circulations. The stronger the Hadley (Walker) circulation is, the greater the surface warming in the central Pacific (CP) [eastern Pacific (EP)]. The EP warming is associated with the Bjerknes feedback, while the CP warming is associated with the wind–evaporation–sea surface temperature feedback. This atmospheric circulation influence on the centennial warming is similar to that found for the EP and CP El Nino. This suggests a methodology to constrain the estimate of the projected surface warming patterns in the equatorial Pacific using recent El Nino activity. The constraint indicates that the “most likely” centennial warming patterns have a maximum in the EP and are 39% wea...
Eddy current control in the AGS Rapid Cycling Booster accelerator magnets

The Booster requires highly variable magnet cycles. When B/spl dot/ is large, eddy current induced sextupole, etc., in the dipole vacuum chamber (VC) is large, with a much smaller contribution from magnet ends. Simple passive coils excited automatically by transformer action cancel the B/spl dot/ induced sextupole. A self correction coil is not required for the quadrupoles, since B/spl dot/ induced aberrations are very small ( >
On the regulation of the mitochondrial inner membrane anion channel by magnesium and protons.

Abstract The inner membrane of mitochondria possesses a pH-regulated anion uniporter which is activated by depletion of matrix divalent cations with A23187 (Beavis, A. D., and Garlid, K. D. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15085-15093). It is now shown that Cl- transport through this pathway is inhibited by Mg2+ and Ca2+. There appear to be two sites for inhibition by Mg2+. One has an IC50 = 38 microM at pH 7.4 and appears to be on the inside since it is only observed in the presence of A23187 (10 nmol/mg). The other has an IC50 = 440 microM at pH 7.4 and appears to be on the outside since it is observed in mitochondria pretreated with very low doses of A23187 (0.25 nmol/mg or less) and in A23187-pretreated mitochondria washed to remove A23187. Ca2+ is found to inhibit anion uniport in the presence or absence of A23187 with an IC50 of about 17 microM. In contrast to these findings Cl- uniport, activated by addition of valinomycin to respiring mitochondria without depleting endogenous Mg2+ is found to be very insensitive to exogenous Mg2+, being inhibited with an IC50 of 3.2 mM. This is explained by examination of the pH dependence of the Mg2+ IC50 in non-respiring mitochondria. The internal IC50 is found to be pH-dependent, rising to about 250 microM at pH 8.4. The external IC50 is also pH-dependent, rising to 2.5 mM or above at pH 8.4. These data are consistent with a model in which Mg2+ can only bind to the protein when it is protonated at a site with a pK of about 6.8 located in the matrix. Thus, both the intrinsic activity of the uniporter and its inhibition by Mg2+ appear to be regulated by matrix protons. This makes the rate of anion uniport much more sensitive to changes in matrix pH which is physiologically advantageous for its proposed role in volume homeostasis.
Characterizing extreme values of body mass index–for-age by using the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts

Background: The 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts included lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) parameters intended to calculate smoothed percentiles from only the 3rd to the 97th percentile. Objective: The objective was to evaluate different approaches to describing more extreme values of BMI-for-age by using simple functions of the CDC growth charts. Design: Empirical data for the 99th and the 1st percentiles of body mass index (BMI)-for-age were calculated from the data set used to construct the growth charts and were compared with estimates extrapolated from the CDC-supplied LMS parameters and to various functions of other smoothed percentiles. A set of reestimated LMS parameters that incorporated a smoothed 99th percentile were also evaluated. Results: Extreme percentiles extrapolated from the CDC-supplied LMS parameters did not match well to the empirical data for the 99th percentile. A better fit to the empirical data was obtained by using 120% of the smoothed 95th percentile. The empirical first percentile was reasonably well approximated by extrapolations from the LMS values. The reestimated LMS parameters had several drawbacks and no clear advantages. Conclusions: Several approximations can be used to describe extreme high values of BMI-for-age with the use of the CDC growth charts. Extrapolation from the CDC-supplied LMS parameters does not provide a good fit to the empirical 99th percentile values. Simple approximations to high values as percentages of the existing smoothed percentiles have some practical advantages over imputation of very high percentiles. The expression of high BMI values as a percentage of the 95th percentile can provide a flexible approach to describing and tracking heavier children. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28335.
Nutritional factors in liver disease in man: a review.

A LTHOUGH fatty liver, hepatic necrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatic neoplasms may be readily produced in the experimental animal by dietary deficiency, it has been difficult to apply these findings to man. The etiologic relationship of malnutrition to liver disease in human subjects has been largely investigated by correlating dietary histories with histopathologic studies of autopsy or biopsy material and observations on therapeutic response of reversible morphologic lesions to diet, vitamins, and food supplements. These studies have led many to believe that poor dietary habits are directly responsible for the fatty liver-cirrhosis syndrome in man; however, others feel that undernutrition simply predisposes the liver to injury by endogenous or exogenous noxious substances and is, therefore, only indirectly responsible for hepatic disease. This paper reviews recorded evidence upon which these postulates are based, reports additional observations from studies on malnourished alcoholic subjects, and discusses the contribution of nutritional deficiencies resulting from hepatic dysfunction to the perpetuation of liver injury.
Diagnosing Spermatogonial Stemness

Familial health largely reflects the quality of traits transmitted by ancestral oocytes and spermatozoa. This fact of life endows gamete-producing germ cells with an intrinsic accountability for the well-being of heritable genomic architecture [1]. Consequently, it is fitting that pressure to preserve genomic integrity is reflected by lower frequencies of DNA mutations detected in germ cells than in somatic cells [2–4]. In mammals, self-renewing germline stem cells are considered unique to male gonads during reproductive life. This is because mitotically dividing female germ cells enter meiosis to differentiate into oocytes shortly after sex determination in mammals, which occurs midway through embryogenesis [5]. Oogenic arrests, together with selective oocyte degeneration, are hypothesized to provide additional safeguards that defend the germline from genomic abnormalities, highlighting the “female-protective model” [6, 7]. In contrast, male germline stem cells, termed “spermatogonial stem cells,” sustain spermatozoan production in testes by mitotically self-renewing over relatively long periods that span both embryonic and adult life (>50 years in humans) [8]. Accordingly, whole-genome sequencing is providing evidence that sex-dependent increases in time given for a germline to replicate its DNA correlate strongly with longstanding observations of “male mutation bias” [9–11]. In most species, our ability to unequivocally identify spermatogonia that replicate to function as germline stem cells has yet to be firmly established, but such a hypothesis appears fundamental to understanding cellular mechanisms that buffer the accumulation of transmittable DNA mutations by germlines [12, 13]. Scientists are rapidly annotating stem and progenitor spermatogonia in rodents [14–17], and these advances are being translated to other mammalian species, including primates [18–23]. Clinically, the ability to diagnose genomic stability in spermatogonial stem cells seems paramount in order to safely make the connection to their enormous prospective benefits for family planning and genetic medicine [24].
Rotational prior knowledge for SVMs

Incorporation of prior knowledge into the learning process can significantly improve low-sample classification accuracy. We show how to introduce prior knowledge into linear support vector machines in form of constraints on the rotation of the normal to the separating hyperplane. Such knowledge frequently arises naturally, e.g., as inhibitory and excitatory influences of input variables. We demonstrate that the generalization ability of rotationally-constrained classifiers is improved by analyzing their VC and fat-shattering dimensions. Interestingly, the analysis shows that large-margin classification framework justifies the use of stronger prior knowledge than the traditional VC framework. Empirical experiments with text categorization and political party affiliation prediction confirm the usefulness of rotational prior knowledge.
Inappropriate secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in polycystic ovarian disease.

ABSTRACT The concentrations and the pattern of gonadotropin secretion were determined in 16 patients with documented polycystic ovarian disease (PCO). Sequential measurements of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum by specific radioimmunoassays were made. The data showed that the mean LH concentrations in patients with PCO were consistently and significantly higher than the mean LH concentration observed during the follicular phase of the normal cycle. There was random fluctuation. By contrast, the mean serum FSH concentrations were remarkably constant and were significantly lower than the mean FSH concentrations observed during the early follicular phase, but comparable to the levels of FSH during the late follicular phase of the normal cycle. The daily concentrations of LH in individual patients were highly variable. Likewise, the pattern of LH secretion varied markedly from patient to patient. In general, the serum LH pattern was that of an erratic fluctuation with a...
Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Changing Conceptions of Motherhood?

American society has typically associated motherhood with biology. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART's) challenge this view by fragmenting motherhood into the social, the genetic, and the ges...
Neutral-current detection via 3He(n,p)3H in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory

The rate of neutral-current neutrino interactions in SNO can be measured by: a) comparison of the rate for electron elastic scattering to the pure charged-current rate on deuterium, b) neutron capture on Cl ions added to the heavy water, and, c) neutron capture in an array of 3He-filled proportional counters. In the case of proportional counters, the technique described in this paper, extremely low levels of radioactivity are essential to minimize photodisintegration backgrounds. A method for producing ultra-pure nickel counter bodies by chemical vapor deposition from Ni(CO)4 has been shown to yield purities with respect to U and Th of order 10−12 by weight. Pulse-shape digitization affords a powerful means for distinguishing between 3He(n,p)3H events and background alphas or electrons. Novel methods have been developed for deriving the position of events with single-ended readout from counter strings up to 12 m in length.
An Algorithm for the Practical Management of the New Onset of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Admitted to the ICU

Currently, there are no ICU specific management guidelines for the new onset of atrial fibrillation (AF). This article provides a proposed treatment algorithm for paroxysmal AF that is based on recent separate consensus guidelines for the management of AF and for throbophrophylaxis. The AF treatment algorithm provides the intensivist with a decision tree approach based on the patients clinical findings at the time of ICU admission.
Improve definition of titanium tandems in MR-guided high dose rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer using proton density weighted MRI.

For cervical cancer patients treated with MR-guided high dose rate brachytherapy, the accuracy of radiation delivery depends on accurate localization of both tumors and the applicator, e.g. tandem and ovoid. Standard T2-weighted (T2W) MRI has good tumor-tissue contrast. However, it suffers from poor uterus-tandem contrast, which makes the tandem delineation very challenging. In this study, we evaluated the possibility of using proton density weighted (PDW) MRI to improve the definition of titanium tandems. Both T2W and PDW MRI images were obtained from each cervical cancer patient. Imaging parameters were kept the same between the T2W and PDW sequences for each patient except the echo time (90 ms for T2W and 5.5 ms for PDW) and the slice thickness (0.5 cm for T2W and 0.25 cm for PDW). Uterus-tandem contrast was calculated by the equation C = (Su-St)/Su, where Su and St represented the average signal in the uterus and the tandem, respectively. The diameter of the tandem was measured 1.5 cm away from the tip of the tandem. The tandem was segmented by the histogram thresholding technique. PDW MRI could significantly improve the uterus-tandem contrast compared to T2W MRI (0.42±0.24 for T2W MRI, 0.77±0.14 for PDW MRI, p=0.0002). The average difference between the measured and physical diameters of the tandem was reduced from 0.20±0.15 cm by using T2W MRI to 0.10±0.11 cm by using PDW MRI (p=0.0003). The tandem segmented from the PDW image looked more uniform and complete compared to that from the T2W image. Compared to the standard T2W MRI, PDW MRI has better uterus-tandem contrast. The information provided by PDW MRI is complementary to those provided by T2W MRI. Therefore, we recommend adding PDW MRI to the simulation protocol to assist tandem delineation process for cervical cancer patients.
An experimental study of perceived instability during haptic texture rendering: effects of collision detection algorithm

This paper presents a quantitative characterization of the instability that a human user often experiences while interacting with a virtual textured surface rendered with a force-reflecting haptic interface. Psychophysical experiments were conducted to measure the maximum stiffness under which virtual textured surfaces were perceived to be stable in a variety of conditions differing in texture model parameters, rendering method, and exploration mode. Unlike our previous study that used a collision detection algorithm with an inherent step change in force magnitude near the textured surface boundary, these experiments used an algorithm proposed by Ho et al. (1999) that produces continuously changing force magnitudes at the cost of increased computational complexity. We found that the stiffness thresholds resulted from the collision detection algorithm of Ho et al. were not always higher than those obtained with the algorithm used in (Choi and Tan, 2002). The stiffness thresholds depended on the texture rendering method and the exploration mode used in the experiments. We also discuss the types of instability experienced by the subjects and the corresponding characteristics of the proximal stimuli that invoked the perception of each type of instability. With this knowledge, our future work will investigate techniques to mitigate the problem of perceived instability.
Advances in therapeutic strategies for Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

Introduction: Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare mitochondrial disease which preferentially affects the optic nerve. A genetic defect in the mitochondrial DNA encoding complex I of the respiratory chain underlies this genetic disorder. Patients typically present with subacute vision loss in one eye followed by the loss of vision in the second eye approximately 6 weeks later, ultimately leading to blindness.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss failed and active therapies as well as the future of clinical trials in LHON. A review of the literature was performed and articles were identified using PubMed. The search terms LHON and treatment were used. These publications were paired to the clinical trials listed on the clinicaltrials.gov website.Expert opinion: Several therapies have been tested to treat LHON; however, so far, no double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial has been successful in the treatment of LHON. Avoidance of triggers which generate reactive oxygen species and tr...
Treatment of EBV-associated T cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder with CNS involvement in a pediatric solid-organ transplant patient

9040 Background: Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a known complication of immunosuppression following solid organ and stem cell transplantation. It ranges from benign lymphoid...
Alphaproteobacteria class. nov.

Al.pha.pro.te.o.bac.te' ri.a. Gr. n. alpha name of first letter of Greek alphabet; Gr. n. Proteus ocean god able to change shape; Gr. n. bakterion a small rod; M.L. fem. pl. n. Alphaproteobacteria class of bacteria having 16S rRNA gene sequences related to those of the members of the order Caulobacterales. Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria Keywords: Alphaproteobacteria class. nov.; Caulobacterales; Proteobacteria phyl. nov.
Small-molecule inhibitors of FGFR, integrins and FAK selectively decrease L1CAM-stimulated glioblastoma cell motility and proliferation

The cell adhesion/recognition protein L1CAM (L1; CD171) has previously been shown to act through integrin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling pathways to increase the motility and proliferation of glioblastoma cells in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Here, we investigated the effects of clinically relevant small-molecule inhibitors of the integrin, FAK and FGFR signaling pathways on glioblastoma-derived cells to determine their effectiveness and selectivity for diminishing L1-mediated stimulation. The effects of the FGFR inhibitor PD173074, the FAK inhibitors PF431396 and Y15 and the αvβ3/αvβ5 integrin inhibitor cilengitide were assessed in L1-positive and L1-negative variants of the human glioblastoma-derived cell lines T98G and U-118 MG. Their motility and proliferation were quantified using time-lapse microscopy and DNA content/cell cycle analyses, respectively. The application of all four inhibitors resulted in reductions in L1-mediated motility and proliferation rates of L1-positive glioblastoma-derived cells, down to the level of L1-negative cells when used at nanomolar concentrations, whereas no or much smaller reductions in these rates were obtained in L1-negative cells. In addition, we found that single inhibitor treatment resulted in maximum effects (i.e., combinations of FAK or integrin inhibitors with the FGFR inhibitor were rarely more effective). These results suggest that FAK may act as a point of convergence between the integrin and FGFR signaling pathways stimulated by L1 in these cells. We here show for the first time that small-molecule inhibitors of FGFR, integrins and FAK effectively and selectively abolish L1-stimulated migration and proliferation of glioblastoma-derived cells. Our results suggest that these inhibitors have the potential to reduce the aggressiveness of high-grade gliomas expressing L1.
History of Section C: Ecology Behavior, and Bionomics

From 1953 to 1965 Section C was known as Insect Biology or Biology. In 1965 the name Ecology, Behavior, and Bionomics was adopted by constitutional change, and the section has been known by that name ever since.
Expression of MACC1and MET in IBD-Associated Colorectal Cancer

MACC1, a regulator of the MET signaling pathway, is best known as a marker of poor prognosis and distant metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) but also participates in the transition from colorectal adenoma to CRC. Despite evidence that CRCs complicating IBD are pathogenetically distinct from sporadic CRCs, the potential role of MACC1 in …
Streptococcus salivarius Meningitis and Colonic Carcinoma

Streptococcus salivarius caused fulminant meningitis in an elderly patient. A gastrointestinal diagnostic workup revealed an asymptomatic colonic adenocarcinoma. This first reported instance of S salivarius sepsis associated with a colonic neoplasm is not unexpected, since the organism is bacteriologically similar to S bovis, the prime bacterial indicator of occult malignancy. Exact speciation of streptococcal strains is fraught with technical difficulties, and gastrointestinal investigation may be warranted in an expanded variety of streptococcal infections.
Bibliography of Rotational Spectra of Weakly Bound Complexes

The following bibliography contains references to high resolution experimental studies of weakly bound complexes. The list was originally compiled to include only microwave experiments, but has recently grown to include other experiments done to rotational resolution. In addition some experimentally oriented theoretical calculations have been included. For ease of use, references to some complexes appear twice; Ar HF, for example, will appear in the Ar listings and in the HF listings. This bibliography is included in these Proceedings as a service to my colleagues. I make no claims for completeness and apologize in advance for the inevitable omissions. I would appreciate learning about any errors and oversights in the compilation.
Localized Proportional Routing: Theoretical Models

In this chapter we study several issues in the design of localized QoS routing schemes, which make local routing decisions based on locally collected QoS state information. In particular, we investigate the granularity of local QoS state information and its impact on the design of localized QoS routing schemes from a theoretical perspective. We develop two theoretical models for studying localized proportional routing: one using the locally collected link-level QoS state information, and the other using locally collected path-level QoS state information. We compare the performance of these localized proportional routing models with that of a global optimal proportional model that has knowledge of the global network QoS state. We first describe the global optimal proportioning scheme and then localized adaptive proportioning schemes.
A Hybrid Finite Element Method for Cracks

Singular elements, such as quarter-point element, were developed in order to deal with stress singularity at the crack tip [1–4]. These elements replace many traditional elements around the crack tip without sacrificing the numerical accuracy. This method, however, requires a post processing procedure to evaluate the stress intensity factors.
Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems

The circumplex model of marital and family systems is anchored in family systems theory. This model illustrates the reactions and adaptations of families to the stressors they experience developmentally. The model represents the interaction of dimensions of cohesion (emotional bonding) and flexibility (stability of a system). Importantly, a system is not fixed in a static point as families constantly adjust. The original circumplex model as it applies to family systems is attributed to the work of David H. Olson. Olson and coworkers also developed a program used in marriage and family counseling contexts called the PREPARE/ENRICH program. The family assessment tool that was developed in conjunction with the circumplex model is the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale. Keywords: circumplex model; cohesion; family systems theory; flexibility
Biliary and pancreatic emergencies

Human physiological and pharmacological actions of glucagon on the biliary tract, sphincter of Oddi and pancreas have been well reviewed1,2. Observed effects include stimulation of canalicular bile secretion by an increase in the bile acid-independent fraction with a variable response in bile components1,3,4 independent of innervation5, inhibition of gallbladder motility1, relaxation or ‘spasmolysis’ of both biliary and pancreatic segments of the sphincter of Oddi apparatus1,6,7 independent of its inhibition on gastrointestinal motility, antagonism of opiate-induced hyperactivity of the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum1,6–9 and inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretion through a number of mechanisms2,10.
Role of Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in the Management of Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Abstract Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and is often diagnosed at a late stage with nearly 50% of patients having locally advanced, unresectable, or metastatic disease at the time of presentation. Efforts to improve outcomes in patients with resected and unresectable gastric cancer with various chemotherapy and radiation regimens are ongoing. Appropriate evaluation and management is often not straightforward and requires the input of a multidisciplinary team. There is no consensus as to the best approach for treatment of gastric cancer; however, the available data and our institutional approach to the management of gastric cancer are discussed.
Post-fire interactions between soil water repellency, soil fertility and plant growth in soil collected from a burned piñon-juniper woodland

Abstract Woody plant encroachment can increase nutrient resources in the plant-mound zone. After a fire, this zone is often found to be water repellent. This study aimed to understand the effects of post-fire water repellency on soil water and inorganic nitrogen and their effects on plant growth of the introduced annual Bromus tectorum and native bunchgrass Pseudoroegneria spicata. Plots centered on burned Juniperus osteosperma trees were either left untreated or treated with surfactant to ameliorate water repellency. After two years, we excavated soil from the untreated and treated plots and placed it in zero-tension lysimeter pots. In the greenhouse, half of the pots received an additional surfactant treatment. Pots were seeded separately with B. tectorum or P. spicata. Untreated soils had high runoff, decreased soil-water content, and elevated NO3–N in comparison to surfactant treated soils. The two plant species typically responded similar to the treatments. Above-ground biomass and microbial activity (estimated through soil CO2 gas emissions) was 16.8-fold and 9.5-fold higher in the surfactant-treated soils than repellent soils, respectably. This study demonstrates that water repellency can influence site recovery by decreasing soil water content, promoting inorganic N retention, and impairing plant growth and microbial activity.
Outcomes of fetuses with primary hydrothorax that undergo prenatal intervention (prenatal intervention for hydrothorax).

Abstract Background Primary hydrothorax is a congenital anomaly affecting 1 in 10,000-15,000 pregnancies. The natural history of this condition is variable with some fetuses having spontaneous resolution and others showing progression. The associated pulmonary hypoplasia leads to increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. Optimal prenatal intervention remains controversial. Methods After obtaining the Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective review of all patients evaluated for a fetal pleural effusion in the Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Center at The University of Michigan, between 2006 and 2016 was performed. Cases with secondary etiologies for an effusion or when families decided to pursue elective termination were excluded. Results Pleural effusions were identified in 175 patients. Primary hydrothorax was diagnosed in 15 patients (8%). The effusions were bilateral in 13/15 cases (86%) and 10/15 (66%) had hydrops at presentation. All 15 patients with primary hydrothorax underwent prenatal intervention. Thoracentesis was performed in 14/15 cases (93%). Shunt placement was performed in 10/15 cases (66%). Shunt migration was seen in four patients (40%) and all of these underwent prenatal shunt replacement. Overall survival was 76%. The rates of prematurity and preterm premature rupture of membranes were 69% and 35%, respectively. Conclusions Fetal intervention for the treatment of primary hydrothorax is effective, and it appears to confer a survival advantage. Both the fetuses and the mothers tolerated the procedures well. Preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes remain an unsolved problem. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms behind the development of fetal hydrothorax.
Infections of the Neck and Pharynx in Children

To review the current literature and determine noteworthy updates in the evaluation and management of infections of the neck and pharynx in children. To better understand the role of initial surgical intervention versus medical management in children with retropharyngeal, parapharyngeal, or peritonsillar abscess. The risk of airway compromise continues to be important in the evaluation of children with infections of the pharynx. Debate persists on the optimal initial treatment, medical, or surgical. Surgical intervention is recommended for children with signs of airway compromise, prevalence of complications of deep neck space infections, absence of clinical improvement after 48 h of intravenous antibiotics, abscess greater than 2.2 cm on CT imaging, age less than 4 years, or ICU admission secondary to the deep neck space infection. Based on the clinical pathway followed, newer studies show statistically significant differences in length of stay and hospital charges. In regard to PTA, transcervical ultrasound is now being used for initial evaluation to help determine which patients will benefit from incision and drainage. Aside from a few identifiable risk factors, there is still a lack of consensus as to the role and timing of surgical intervention for deep neck space infections. Future, potentially multicenter, research studies are needed to better determine the optimal treatment of pediatric deep neck space infections for both health and economic outcomes.
Genomics of the Uncultivated, Periodontitis-Associated Bacterium Tannerella sp. BU045 (Oral Taxon 808).

ABSTRACT Despite decades of research into the human oral microbiome, many species remain uncultivated. The technique of single-cell whole-genome amplification and sequencing provides a means of deriving genome sequences for species that can be informative on biological function and suggest pathways to cultivation. Tannerella forsythia has long been known to be highly associated with chronic periodontitis and to cause periodontitis-like symptoms in experimental animals, and Tannerella sp. BU045 (human oral taxon 808) is an uncultivated relative of this organism. In this work, we extend our previous sequencing of the Tannerella sp. BU063 (human oral taxon 286) genome by sequencing amplified genomes from 11 cells of Tannerella sp. BU045, including 3 genomes that are at least 90% complete. Tannerella sp. BU045 is more closely related to Tannerella sp. BU063 than to T. forsythia by gene content and average nucleotide identity. However, two independent data sets of association with periodontitis, one based on 16S rRNA gene abundance and the other based on gene expression in a metatranscriptomic data set, show that Tannerella sp. BU045 is more highly associated with disease than Tannerella sp. BU063. Comparative genomics shows genes and functions that are shared or unique to the different species, which may direct further research of the pathogenesis of chronic periodontitis. IMPORTANCE Periodontitis (gum disease) affects 47% of adults over 30 in the United States (P. I. Eke, B. A. Dye, L. Wei, G. O. Thornton-Evans, R. J. Genco, et al., J Dent Res 91:914–920, 2012), and it cost between $39 and $396 billion worldwide in 2015 (A. J. Righolt, M. Jevdjevic, W. Marcenes, and S. Listl, J Dent Res, 17 January 2018, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034517750572). Many bacteria associated with the disease are known only by the DNA sequence of their 16S rRNA gene. In this publication, amplification and sequencing of DNA from single bacterial cells are used to obtain nearly complete genomes of Tannerella sp. BU045, a species of bacteria that is more prevalent in patients with periodontitis than in healthy patients. Comparing the complete genome of this bacterium to genomes of related bacterial species will help to better understand periodontitis and may help to grow this organism in pure culture, which would allow a better understanding of its role in the mouth.
17 – The Question of Psychosexual Neutrality at Birth

Upon the birth of a baby, the first medical pronouncement is usually based upon the appearance of the child's external genitalia. However, due to variations in the process of sexual differentiation, sometimes the gender is not apparent from inspection of the external genitalia. Thus, decisions must be made concerning the most appropriate gender to assign the infant and also concerning what medical and rearing practices would facilitate optimal psychosexual development. Since the 1950s clinical wisdom has held that intersexed infants, regardless of genetic or gonadal status, could be successfully reared in either gender provided that an assignment of gender was made early and unambiguously reinforced throughout childhood and adolescence. Although it was appreciated at that time that intrauterine hormones might exert sexually differentiating effects on the fetal brain, it was widely accepted that the effects of nurture outweigh those of nature with respect to psychosexual development. Evidence has led some to conclude that the organizing influences of prenatal hormones on the human brain are much greater than previously supposed, with respect to both gender identity and sexual orientation. This chapter examines that evidence and determines that it is inconclusive. The chapter discusses various models for considering the roles of biologic and psychosocial factors, their interactions in psychosexual development, and delineates questions for further research.
Perspective on Concurrent Engineering in Product and Process Design

There have been many advances in the processes of product design and development over the last 25 years. Some of the advances have been in technology support tools and some have been in the product realization processes themselves as recognition of the technology capabilities develops and matures and incorporates the business practices that guide the development practices. These advances are briefly described in this paper as we observe the maturation of CAD/CAM technologies, the development and improvement of Design for Manufacturing technologies, the change in business practices from vertically integrated firms 10 distributed supply chain-oriented enterprises, and the increasing use of network-based approaches in E-engineering.
Surfaces and Interfaces of Zinc Oxide

Abstract This chapter addresses the extensive research on ZnO surfaces and interfaces over more than 60 years and reviews the most recent results that highlight this field’s continued progress. The first section of the chapter reviews ZnO surfaces in terms of adsorption, diffusion, and polarity, followed by electronically active surface states, surface structure, and surface cleaning. The next section reviews ZnO interfaces: Schottky barriers in terms of intrinsic mechanisms, barrier inhomogeneity and analysis, barrier trends and models, and polarity effects; extrinsic mechanisms involving adsorption and surface preparation, defects and impurities near interfaces; native point defects in terms of defect thermodynamics, energy level transitions, and optical signatures of interface defects; chemical mechanisms including chemically induced defects; and finally, ohmic contacts. The subsequent sections discuss surfaces and interfaces of ZnO nanostructures, heterojunctions, and emerging opportunities. This chapter aims to capture the major advances in the understanding of ZnO surfaces and interfaces over the last 50 years, and reflects on new directions in this area.
Infusing Diversity into the Curriculum: The Olivet Plan.

To address the influx of a diverse population of students, Michigan's Olivet College undertook nothing less than a complete overhaul of its curriculum. In an effort to increase student awareness of...
The assessment of patients' health-related quality of life during tuberculosis treatment in Wuhan, China.

OBJECTIFS : Valider le questionnaire SF-36 dans une population chinoise et evaluer la qualite de vie relative a la sante des patients (HQoL) au cours du traitement de la tuberculose (TB). SCHEMA: Les scores de la version chinoise du SF-36 ont ete compares dans 102 cas de TB avant traitement, apres la phase initiale et a la fin du traitement, et chez 103 sujets-controle. RESULTATS : Les scores SF-36 ont ete valables (coherence interne > 0,4) et fiables (α de Cronchbach > 0,7). Avant traitement, tous les scores, a l'exception des echelles de role des emotions, de fonction sociale et de sante mentale des patients TB etaient plus faibles que dans le groupe controle (P < 0,01). Les scores des patients ont augmente de maniere significative au cours du traitement (P < 0,01). Dans un modele de regression echelonne, l'âge (P < 0,01; OR 0,95), le decompte des leucocytes (P < 0,01; OR 0,92) et le nombre de symptomes (P < 0,05; OR 0,99) sont associes avec le score total SF-36 avant le traitement; toutefois, lors de l'achevement du traitement, le sexe (P < 0,01; OR 0,25) et l'hemoglobine (P < 0,05; OR 0,88) persistaient a la fin du modele. CONCLUSION: Il y a avant traitement une reduction des scores SF-36 chez les patients TB indiquant un declin du HQoL avec une atteinte plus marquee des echelles physiques. Toutefois, les scores s'ameliorent au cours du traitement. La version chinoise du SF-36 est un outil valable du suivi du HQoL tout au long du traitement.
Fitting Potential Energy Surfaces

This paper reviews several methods for determining analytical representations of potential energy surfaces for small molecule systems which are involved in unimolecular dissociation and/or bimolecular reaction. These methods may be categorized as “global” or “local” and they may involve either “fitting” or “interpolation” of ab initio data. The methods may be applied either directly to the full potential energy surface, or to individual terms in a many-body expansion of the full potential surface. In addition, most of the methods may be applied to the description of multiple coupled potential energy surfaces (typically using a diabatic representation) as well as to Born-Oppenheimer surfaces. Included in the global methods are least squares fitting and spline, Morse-spline, rotated Morse-spline, and reproducing kernel Hilbert space interpolation methods. The local methods include Shepard and moving least squares interpolation. Examples of the application of these methods to several triatomic reactive surfaces are discussed.