cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Physiological Profiles of Episodic Progesterone Release During the Midluteal Phase of the Human Menstrual Cycle: Analysis of Circadian and Ultradian Rhythms, Discrete Pulse Properties, and Correlations With Simultaneous Luteinizing Hormone Release*

To define the physiological relationships between episodic progesterone and LH release, we measured serum progesterone and LH concentrations in blood sampled at 10-min intervals for 24 h in seven young women in the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The resultant time series were assessed further by Fourier transformation, Cluster analysis, and cross-correlation analysis with autoregressive modeling. These techniques permitted an examination of circadian rhythms, discrete (ultradian) pulse properties, and simultaneous or lagged correlations between progesterone and LH release. We found the following. 1) Both serum LH and progesterone concentrations had significant circadian periodicities, with similar acrophases (times of maximal nyctohemeral values). LH and progesterone also manifested multiple ultradian rhythms of similar periodicities (range, 48–241 min). 2) Discrete serum progesterone peaks occurred at a mean interpulse interval of 118 ± 12 (±se) min, had durations of 92 ± 12 min, and had increme...
Separation, size reduction, and processing of XLPE from electrical transmission and distribution cable

The recycling of power transmission cable insulated with crosslinked PE (XLPE) was investigated by using different methods of separation and reprocessing. Separation was attempted by thermo-chemical, thermo-mechanical and microwave-mechanical means, the latter being the most successful. A mechanism encompassing all of these was formulated. Compression molding, extrusion, and injection molding with and without preheating of the material were also investigated. It was found that by preheating the XLPE and injection molding under high injection pressure, the neat XLPE could be formed into shapes with tensile strengths equal to that of the original insulation. In view of available observations, possible mechanisms for the flow and reconsolidation of XLPE crumb are proposed and discussed.
A cation/proton-exchanging protein is a candidate for the barley NecS1 gene controlling necrosis and enhanced defense response to stem rust

We characterized three lesion mimic necS1 (necrotic Steptoe) mutants, induced by fast neutron (FN) treatment of barley cultivar Steptoe. The three mutants are recessive and allelic. When infected with Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici pathotypes MCC and QCC and P. graminis f. sp. secalis isolate 92-MN-90, all three mutants exhibited enhanced resistance compared to parent cultivar Steptoe. These results suggested that the lesion mimic mutants carry broad-spectrum resistance to stem rust. In order to identify the mutated gene responsible for the phenotype, transcript-based cloning was used. Two genes, represented by three Barley1 probesets (Contig4211_at and Contig4212_s_at, representing the same gene, and Contig10850_s_at), were deleted in all three mutants. Genetic analysis suggested that the lesion mimic phenotype was due to a mutation in one or both of these genes, named NecS1. Consistent with the increased disease resistance, all three mutants constitutively accumulated elevated transcript levels of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) has been developed as a virus-induced gene-silencing (VIGS) vector for monocots. We utilized BSMV-VIGS to demonstrate that silencing of the gene represented by Contig4211_at, but not Contig10850_s_at caused the necrotic lesion mimic phenotype on barley seedling leaves. Therefore, Contig4211_at is a strong candidate for the NecS1 gene, which encodes a cation/proton exchanging protein (HvCAX1).
Electromagnetic wave effects on microwave transistors using a full-wave time-domain model

A detailed full-wave time-domain simulation model for the analysis of electromagnetic effects on the behavior of the submicrometer-gate field-effect transistor (FET's) is presented. The full wave simulation model couples a three-dimensional (3-D) time-domain solution of Maxwell's equations to the active device model. The active device model is based on the moments of the Boltzmann's transport equation obtained by integration over the momentum space. The coupling between the two models is established by using fields obtained from the solution of Maxwell's equations in the active device model to calculate the current densities inside the device. These current densities are used to update the electric and magnetic fields. Numerical results are generated using the coupled model to investigate the effects of electron-wave interaction on the behavior of microwave FET's. The results show that the voltage gain increases along the device width. While the amplitude of the input-voltage wave decays along the device width, due to the electromagnetic energy loss to the conducting electrons, the amplitude of the output-voltage wave increases as more and more energy is transferred from the electrons to the propagating wave along the device width. The simulation confirms that there is an optimum device width for highest voltage gain for a given device structure. Fourier analysis is performed on the device output characteristics to obtain the gain-frequency and phase-frequency dependencies. The analysis shows a nonlinear energy build-up and wave dispersion at higher frequencies.
Decision Tree–Based Method for Safety Treatment Selection at Intersections Involving Shared-Use Low-Volume Roads

Users of nonmotorized transportation often travel along low-volume roads in rural, recreational settings. These users thus share the low-volume road with vehicular traffic. In such cases, safety issues pertaining to these users, particularly bicyclists, usually arise at crossings where the shared-use low-volume road intersects with another roadway. Shared-use low-volume roads demonstrate operational characteristics similar to those of trails, so many available safety treatments for trail–roadway crossings can be borrowed to apply to intersections involving a shared-use low-volume road. This study focused on developing a systematic treatment selection mechanism to address the safety of users of nonmotorized transportation at such intersections. This mechanism first synthesized the best practices of safety treatments for trail crossings and selected appropriate treatments to include in a pool of treatments that can also be applied to intersections involving shared-use low-volume roads. Second, a decision tr...
AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION IN MEATS. I. STORED MEATS

Aflatoxins were produced on fresh beef (in which bacterial spoilage was delayed with antibiotics), ham, and bacon inoculated with toxinogenic fungi and stored at 15, 20 and 30 C. Meats stored at 10 C were spoiled by bacteria and yeast before detectable levels of aflatoxins were produced. High levels of aflatoxins were formed in meats stored at 20 C; one sample supported the production of 630 μg of aflatoxins per g of meat, the major portion (580 μg) of which was aflatoxin G1. Meats stored below 30 C developed higher levels of aflatoxin G1 than B1, but at 30 C Aspergillus flavus produced equal amounts of B1 and G1, whereas A. parasiticus continued to produce more G1 than B1.
Perfluorochemical emulsions decrease Kupffer cell phagocytosis

One drawback to using perfluorochemical emulsions as blood substitutes is that perfluorochemical particles are cleared from the blood by the reticuloendothelial system, primarily liver and spleen. We measured the impact of two perfluorochemical emulsions on clearance of colloidal carbon (< 1 μm) and 51Cr-sheep red blood cells (about 8 μm) by the reticuloendothelial system in vivo and in the isolated perfused liver. Male rats were injected with 2 ml/100 gm body wt of Fluosol-DA or Oxypherol-ET for 4 consecutive days. Carbon (1 ml/100 gm body wt) or sheep red blood cells (0.05 ml of 5% vol/vol/100 gm body wt) were then injected intravenously (in vivo) or added to perfusate. Samples were taken at several time points for 1 hr. In the isolated perfused liver, carbon clearance was depressed by 25% 1 day after treatment. Rates returned to control levels by 12 days in Fluosol-DA—treated rats but remained depressed by 67% in Oxypherol-ET—treated rats. Sheep red blood cell (8 μm) clearance was two to five times slower than carbon clearance and depressed by 40% in livers from Fluosol-DA rats 1 day and 12 days after treatment. Added serum did not improve phagocytosis. In vivo carbon clearance remained normal in Fluosol-DA—treated rats but decreased by 74% in Oxypherol-ET—treated rats 1 day after treatment, returning to normal by 12 days. Clearance rates were similar in control rats in vivo and in the perfused liver. We conclude that the isolated perfused liver is a good model to measure liver clearance function. Although low doses of perfluorochemical emulsions may depress Kupffer cell phagocytosis, general reticuloendothelial system function is not significantly compromised. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;14:169–174.)
Flower-like Nanostructured ZnO for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications

We are presenting porous-structured ZnO films grown by two-step chemical bath deposition (CBD), which has the potential to be used as a porous electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). ZnS films were deposited on corning glass substrates by a stirred aqueous solution. Subsequent oxidization of ZnS films gave rise to ZnO thin films. The ZnO films exhibited a strong (002) diffractive peak, which indicates that the ZnO crystals were highly orientated along the c-axis. The highly oriented structure of the ZnO films was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, which revealed vertical flower-like ZnO crystals on the substrates. Raman spectra for flower-like porous-structured ZnO film showed three feature peaks at 345 cm?1, 570 cm?1 and 1100 cm?1, which were also found in pure bulk ZnO powder reference samples as well. The bandgap of ZnO film was determined to be 3.0 eV.
From Managed to Free(r) Markets: Transnational and Regional Governance of Asian Timber:

On the basis of research conducted in Indonesia, the author investigates a key transition in the production of timber for export. The analysis is based on a rich literature focusing on commodity chains. In addition to economic factors, the author gives attention to structures of governance, including the formation and dissolution of political alliances and coalitions. From the late 1980s through 1998, Indonesian plywood producers consolidated power in a state-supported domestic oligopoly, forged a transnational alliance that circumvented the power of Japanese trading houses, and supported domestic accumulation. The Asian crisis of 1997 to 1998 and structural adjustments imposed by the International Monetary Fund radically transformed Indonesia's options, diminishing its capacity to compete, as China emerged as a major producer of woodrelated products. The Indonesian case may well illustrate processes of market remarginalization resulting from the implementation of neoliberal policies.
Evaluation of catfish oil as a feedstuff for lactating Holstein cows

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate catfish oil (CFO) as a dietary ingredient for lactating Holstein cows. Twelve multiparous Holstein cows (6 fitted with a rumen cannula and 6 noncannulated cows), arranged in a 3×3 Latin square design replicated 4 times, were used to evaluate CFO as a dietary ingredient for lactating Holstein cows. Each period lasted 27 d with the last 13 d used for data collection. Dietary treatments were 0, 1.5, and 3% CFO (dry matter basis). Orally dosing with chromium oxide powder was used as an external inert marker for calculation of apparent dry matter and nutrient digestion coefficients. Ruminal fluid was collected hourly for 8h after feeding to measure pH and volatile fatty acids. Intake of dry matter increased as intake of CFO increased (23.0, 24.4, and 25.4kg/d). Production of milk was unchanged by the feeding of CFO (29.0, 29.0, and 29.4kg/d). Concentrations of milk fat (3.57, 3.60, and 3.48%) and protein (3.21, 3.18, and 3.23%) were unchanged by feeding CFO. Concentrations of plasma glucose (57.8, 55.1, and 56.0mg/100mL), urea nitrogen (11.6, 11.0, and 12.0mg/100mL), and insulin (0.55, 0.53, and 0.57ng/mL) were not affected by dietary treatments. Average ruminal fluid pH decreased (6.40, 6.20, and 6.15), as did the molar proportions of acetate (64.5, 64.2, and 63.4%), as dietary concentration of CFO increased. The molar proportions of propionate increased (19.4, 20.0, and 20.4%) as did that of butyrate (12.0, 12.4, and 12.5%) as intake of CFO increased. Ruminal protozoa numbers were unchanged by treatments. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were increased by addition of CFO. In situ lag, rate, and extent of corn silage dry matter digestion were not affected by the inclusion of CFO. However, in situ digestion rate of neutral detergent fiber was increased (0.023, 0.024, and 0.029h −1 ) with increasing intake of CFO. In a second study involving 190 Holstein cows, those fed CFO at 1.8% of dietary dry matter produced 1.2kg more milk/d than those not fed CFO, along with an increase in milk protein concentration. Catfish oil can be a viable lipid source for dairy cows when fed at up to 3% of the dietary dry matter.
Multiple Changepoint Detection Using Metadata

AbstractThis paper examines multiple changepoint detection procedures that use station history (metadata) information. Metadata records are available for some climate time series; however, these records are notoriously incomplete and many station moves and gauge changes are unlisted (undocumented). The shift in a series must be comparatively larger to declare a changepoint at an undocumented time. Also, the statistical methods for the documented and undocumented scenarios radically differ: a simple t test adequately detects a single mean shift at a documented changepoint time, while a tmax distribution is appropriate for a single undocumented changepoint analysis. Here, the multiple changepoint detection problem is considered via a Bayesian approach, with the metadata record being used to formulate a prior distribution of the changepoint numbers and their location times. This prior distribution is combined with the data to obtain a posterior distribution of changepoint numbers and location times. Estimate...
Learning Non-Linear Combinations of Kernels

This paper studies the general problem of learning kernels based on a polynomial combination of base kernels. We analyze this problem in the case of regression and the kernel ridge regression algorithm. We examine the corresponding learning kernel optimization problem, show how that minimax problem can be reduced to a simpler minimization problem, and prove that the global solution of this problem always lies on the boundary. We give a projection-based gradient descent algorithm for solving the optimization problem, shown empirically to converge in few iterations. Finally, we report the results of extensive experiments with this algorithm using several publicly available datasets demonstrating the effectiveness of our technique.
A novel technique for ultra‐low contrast administration during angiography or intervention

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after coronary angiography or intervention is associated with substantial morbidity. The data supporting various prophylactic measures and adjunctive therapies to prevent this complication are conflicting. However, contrast volume is clearly related to CIN after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and the risk of CIN has been shown to be directly related to contrast dose. Therefore, minimizing contrast exposure is a primary method to reduce the risk of CIN, especially in at-risk patients. We report a novel technique designed to deliver ultra-low (<15 cm(3)) volume contrast to patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing coronary angiography and PCI.
Potential Heterotic Groups in Hop as Determined by AFLP Analysis

-acid was negatively correlated among 112 female (r 0.78), and among 74 male hop genotypes (r 0.85). Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a perennial, dioecious species in Additive genetic variation was detected for yield, -a nd which the female inflorescence (cones) are harvested and used in the beer-brewing process to impart bittering and/or flavoring to beer. -acid content, cohumulone, and hop storage index for Hopbreedershavetypicallyutilizedclonalselectionandhybridization both males and females in a North Carolin Design I to develop new cultivars. The use of genetically diverse parents for analysisof25yrofUSDAhistoricaldata(Henningetal., the purpose of capturing heterosis in the offspring has received little 1997a). They also reported negative genetic correlations attention from hop breeders. The objective of this research was to between -acid and -acid content, and between -acid assignmale(N80)andfemale(N26)hopgenotypesintopotential and hop storage index, and positive genetic correlations heterotic groups using AFLP-generated molecular markers. The six between cohumulone and yield, and cohumulone and AFLP primers used in this study amplified 550 total fragments, of which 490 (89.1%)were polymorphic. A geneticdistance (GD) matrix hop storage index. Genetic variation in hop has also was computed from the binary data matrix, and groupings and sum- been reported for essential oil concentration (Henning mary statistics were calculated from the GD matrix. Two major clus- et al., 1997b) and mineral concentration (Keller and ters were observed, one composed primarily of European hops, while Likens, 1955). the second group was composed primarily of European–wild Ameri- Several molecular marker tools have been employed can hybrids. The two major clusters were further subdivided into 13 to assess genetic diversity in hop, including amplified smaller clusters (two female, nine male, two male and female) based fragment length polymorphsim (AFLP) (Hartl and Seeon a qualitative analysis. These results suggest potential parental com
Nitrate uptake rates in a coastal upwelling regime: A comparison of PN‐specific, absolute, and Chl a‐specific rates

PN-specific, absolute, and Chl a-specific nitrate uptake rates were measured during two upwelling seasons and one winter off Oregon. Although PN-specific and absolute uptake rates showed no dependence on nitrate concentration, Michaelis-Menten kinetics applied when the uptake rates were normalized to Chl a. Chl a-specific nitrate uptake rates were saturated when nitrate concentrations were > 5 PM. Uptake rates decreased in response to either low nitrate concentrations or when extremely high phytoplankton biomass caused shading. PN- and Chl a-specific uptake rates were similar when Chl a concentrations were ~-4 pg liter-l and phytoplankton N comprised most of the PN (particulate organic N) pool. When Chl a was ~4 pg liter-‘, however, phytoplankton N accounted for only 20-30% of the PN, and estimated phytoplankton-specific uptake was S-fold greater than PN-specific uptake rates. These results suggest that observed temporal changes in PN-specific nitrate uptake rates reflect variations in phytoplankton biomass rather than changes in phytoplankton-specific activity. In coastal upwelling regimes the distribution of biomass and primary production are strongly influenced by the combined effects of physical and biological processes. Small and Menzies (198 1) recognized that phytoplankton biomass and primary production patterns were related to the strength of an upwelling event and the subsequent aging of the upwelled water. Later, MacIsaac et al. (1985) suggested that temporal changes observed in nitrate uptake rates were due to physiological adjustments of the phytoplankton to their environment. They described a productivity cycle consisting of four zones of physiological condition along the axis of an upwelling plume. Similar results obtained during a series of drifter cxpcriments and shipboard incubations led to the conveyor-belt or shift-up hypothesis (Dugdale and Wilkerson 199 1). An important tenet of this hypothesis is the existence of a lag period prior to the development of maximu-m uptake rates, presumably a time during which phytoplankton adapt to increased irradiance. Whether phytoplankton in fact adjust their metabolism in response to the upwelling cycle has recently been addressed in a modeling study by Garside (199 1). Results of this model showed that changes in the particulate organic nitrogen
Enhancing antioxidant, antiproliferation, and free radical scavenging activities in strawberries with essential oils.

Several natural antimicrobial compounds derived from essential oils of plants were investigated for their efficacies in inhibiting decay and extending the shelf life of strawberries (Fragaria x ananassas Duch.). The severity of decay in strawberries stored at 10 °C was significantly reduced by treatment with thymol. Treatments with menthol or eugenol also suppressed the fungal growth, but to a lesser extent. All of these three natural antimicrobial compounds extended shelf life of strawberries as compared to the control. Strawberries treated with thymol, menthol, or eugenol also maintained better fruit quality with higher levels of sugars, organic acids, phenolics, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity than the untreated fruits. The free radical scavenging properties of strawberry fruit were evaluated against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH•), hydroxyl (HO•), and superoxide radicals (O2•-) using electron spin resonance measurements. Higher radical scavenging capacities were f...
Index Arbitrage in China

Financial professionals and scholars generally agree that the two most important transaction types found in global stock futures markets are arbitrage and calendar spreads. Of these it is arbitrage that is the more important, especially in newly developing futures markets such as in China and India. It is also widely agreed that the successful growth of futures exchanges rests heavily upon sustaining a meaningful volume of daily arbitrage transactions. Yet very little is written in detail about the important practical elements of implementing these crucial trades, knowledge of which regulators, investors and exchange officials must have as they seek to develop and participate in efficient equity markets.Using recent CSI 300 futures data this article seeks to explore specific details of stock index arbitrage in China's new CSI 300 stock index futures market with a focus on ETFs vs. index futures. A knowledge of the requirements for successful arbitrage in this market can suggest to regulators and exchanges steps necessary for making market improvements that can attract and retain foreign and domestic professional investors. Knowledge of the practical means for indentifying and implementing profitable arbitrage can encourage the professional growth of this essential activity that improves market liquidity and stability. Finally, knowledge that index arbitrage is serving to keep futures prices near to their economic fair value can also provide investors and hedgers the assurance they need to comfortably increase their participation in China's rapidly developing stock market.
Providing neurologic care in criminal systems and state mental hospitals

As health care laws and payment structures change in the near future, neurologists may pursue other practice settings in which to provide care as a way to diversify their practice. Here we describe the challenges and opportunities involved with working in correctional and state mental hospital systems compared to a typical private practice: logistical challenges, patient and provider safety, patient characteristics, and cultural differences. Neurologists may take these factors into consideration when choosing whether to add this health care setting to their current practice.
Large-scale enucleation of mammalian cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a method for obtaining large numbers of enucleated cells and karyoplasts. This method utilizes 25 cm 2 tissue-culture flasks both as substrate for cellular growth and as centrifuge tubes. The method is described for mouse L cells, but it should be applicable to any cell that grows in monolayers. Cells are grown in the tissue culture flasks for at least 24 hours to allow the cells to attach firmly. The tissue culture medium is then removed, and medium containing cytochalasin B (CB) is added to the flask until it is completely filled. The cap of the flask is then replaced and tightened. The enucleation procedure is performed in a Sorvall RC-2B centrifuge, utilizing the GSA rotor, both of which are prewarmed to 37°C. Approximately 125 ml of water at 37°C is added to each rotor well; a filled flask is then added to each well. The percentage of enucleation after one centrifugation is good, generally greater than 95%. The karyoplasts form a pellet in the corner of the flask and are easily recovered.
Least-squares Migration/inversion of Blended Data

We present a method based on wave-equation least-squares migration/inversion to directly image data collected from recently developed wide-azimuth acquisition geometry, such as simultaneous shooting and continuous shooting, where two or more shot records are often blended together. We show that by using least-squares migration/inversion, we not only enhance the resolution of the image, but more importantly, we also suppress the crosstalk or acquisition footprint, without any preseparation of the blended data. We demonstrate the concept and methodology in 2-D and apply the data-space inversion scheme to the Marmousi model, where an optimally reconstructed image, free from crosstalk artifacts, is obtained.
Charge Transfer and Chemisorption of Fullerene Molecules on Metal Surfaces: Application to Dynamics of Nanocars

It is widely believed that the dynamics of surface-bound fullerene molecules is not fully understood because current theoretical analyses do not include charge-transfer phenomena. A new theoretical approach to describe charge transfer and chemisorption processes for fullerenes on gold surfaces has been developed. The method is based on extensive semiempirical calculations that provide a consistent description of charge transfer and adsorption phenomena. Our theoretical approach is applied for analyzing complex dynamics of fullerene-based molecular machines, known as nanocars. It is found that the charge transfer makes the rolling of nanocars' wheels a preferable mode for translational motion because of the complex interactions with the metal surfaces. The physical-chemical aspects of the rolling mechanism are discussed.
A Structural Comparison of Si(100) Oxidized by Atomic and Molecular Oxygen

We compared the structural characteristics of a silica layer formed on Si(100) by oxidation in hyperthermal atomic oxygen and molecular oxygen at 493K. The laser detonation method was used to create primarily neutral atomic oxygen with kinetic energy of 5.1eV. The silicon oxides were characterized by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). We determined that atomic oxygen forms amorphous silica that is almost twice as thick and nearly double the surface roughness as compared to molecular oxygen - formed silica at the same temperature and time conditions.
Effects of leukocyte depletion and UVB irradiation on alloantigenicity of major histocompatibility complex antigens in platelet concentrates: a comparative study

Recent technologic advancement enables us to prepare leukocyte-depleted or UVB-irradiated platelet concentrates for possible prevention of primary HLA alloimmunization. However, it is yet not known which of these two approaches is more efficacious. Because well-controlled studies cannot be easily conducted in human subjects to answer this question, a series of experiments were performed using a mouse transfusion model. The results showed that 100% of CBA mice with H2k haplotype developed antibody to donor H2d major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens after two weekly transfusions of platelet concentrates containing 2000 leukocytes/microL. In contrast, only 50% of the mice became alloimmunized after receiving platelets containing < or = 2 leukocytes/microL. More impressively, none developed anti-H2d antibodies after receiving two platelet concentrates irradiated with 1,200 mJ/cm2 UVB. UVB irradiation was found to be equally effective in reducing the alloantigenicity of platelet concentrates regardless of whether they contained more than a fully immunogenic dose of leukocytes. The antibody titers determined after five weekly transfusions also supported the observation that UVB irradiation was more efficacious than a 3–log leukocyte depletion in the prevention of primary alloimmunization to MHC antigens. In addition, the studies showed that only transfusions of UVB-irradiated platelet products could induce the suppression of immunologic responses to donor MHC antigens in recipients and the induced immunologic suppression could not be further enhanced by gamma irradiation or by leukocyte depletion.
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in mammalian liver-derived cell cultures. Stimulation of "cytochrome P1-450-associated" enzyme activity by many inducing compounds.

Increases in aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase activity are found in fetal rat liver primary cultures and in cell lines derived from rat Reuber Hepatoma H-35 or mouse Hepatoma BW 7756, when the cells are treated with any one of a large number of hydrophobic compounds in the growth medium. Compounds which are effective inducers include 3-methylcholanthrene, sodium phenobarbital, isoproterenol, α-naphthoflavone, β-naphthoflavone, 2,5-diphenyloxazole, 2-(49-chlorophenyl)benzothiazole, 2-(49-formylphenyl)benzothiazole, metyrapone, 1-(2-isopropylphenyl)imidazole, 2-diethylaminoethyl-2,2-diphenyl valerate HCl (SKF 525-A), piperonyl butoxide, diethylstilbestrol, sodium laurate, allylisopropylacetamide, aniline, and aminopyrine. Regardless of which inducer is used, the hydroxylase activity found in liver- or hepatoma-derived cell cultures seems to be (a) particularly sensitive to such inhibitors in vitro as α-naphthoflavone or 2,5-diphenyloxazole, (b) less inhibited in vitro by such drugs as metyrapone or SKF 525-A, and (c) associated with a blue spectral shift in the Soret peak of the reduced hemoprotein-CO complex. The hydroxylase activity in control cultures and the hydroxylase activity induced by phenobarbital in liver- or hepatoma-derived cell cultures thus differ from the hepatic enzyme activities in the control and phenobarbital-treated intact animal; our findings presumably indicate that cytochrome P1450 is induced by some factor in the control medium or by phenobarbital in culture, whereas other P450 species predominate in the control or phenobarbital-treated adult intact animal. Certain compounds are known to be metabolized differently by P1450 than by P450. For studies with liver- or hepatoma-derived cultures and concerning evaluation of cytotoxicity, drug metabolism, or chemical carcinogenesis by certain compounds known to be metabolized via the monooxygenase metabolic pathways, we therefore suggest caution in the extrapolation of certain results found in cultured cells to the actual situation existing in the intact animal.
Diagnosis of the Laryngeal Motor Dysfunction

A total of 311 cases with recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis, comprising of unilateral and bilateral, are statistically analyzed to obtain the following results:1. The spontaneous recovery from RLN paralysis can occur as low as 20% of all the cases examined.2. Eighty per cent of the cases having shown eventual recovery from RLN paralysis demonstrated their recovery sign as early as before 3 months following the onset.3. The complete recovery from RLN paralysis occurred in 74% of the spontaneously recovered cases while incomplete recovery was seen in 26%.4. An intubation tube might ensure the highest recovery rate of 73% among other etiological factors.5. The right RLN paralysis tended to improve more greatly with a ratio of 38% than the left in 24% while the bilateral RLN paralysis spontaneously recovered only in 17%.6. The cases presenting both the median and the paramedian fixation of the vocal cord (s) improved in 29% while other cases with the intermediate fixation showed spontaneous recovery in 23%.7. The paralyzed vocal cord (s) with the straight appearance improved more greatly in 38% than the vocal cord with the bowed appearance in 21%.
Two Year Performance of the RHESSI Cryocooler

The Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) spacecraft was launched on February 5, 2002. With two years of operation on-orbit, its Sunpower M77 cryocooler is maintaining the array of nine germanium detectors at 86K, at higher temperature and input power than intitial conditions. As commercial coolers similar to this are of some interest for other flight instruments, we offer an update on its status and health, and discuss the prospects for continued operation.
Preferred Orientations in a Meta-Stable Body-Centered-Cubic Zr-Cb Alloy

The deformation and annealing textures of a body-centered-cubic Zr-Cb alloy are similar to the textures of the more familiar body-centered-cubic metals. p]The preferred orientation of the newly transformed hexagonal-close-packed phase is related to the parent body-centered-cubic phase by the Burgers orientation relationship.
Subordinate's Sex and Superior-Subordinate Status Differentiation as Moderators of the Pelz Effect

This study attempted to replicate the results of previous research that have shown that regardless of level of supervisory supportiveness there is a positive linear association between a subordinat...
Fiber Orientation Effects in Fused Filament Fabrication of Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a type of additive manufacturing based on material extrusion that has long been considered a prototyping technology. However, the right application of material, process, and product can be used for manufacturing of end-use products, such as air-cooled heat exchangers made by adding fillers to the base polymer, enhancing the thermal conductivity. Fiber fillers lead to anisotropic thermal conductivity, which is governed by the process-induced fiber orientation. This article presents an experimental study on the microstructure-property relationship for carbon fiber-filled polyamide used in FFF. The fiber orientation is measured by micro-computed tomography, and the thermal conductivity of manufactured samples is measured. Although the thermal conductivity is raised by more than three times in the fiber orientation direction at a load of only 12 vol.%, the enhancement is low in the other directions, and this anisotropy, along with certain manufacturing restrictions, influences the final part performance.
Radiomics for ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced breast MRI in the diagnosis of breast cancer: a pilot study

Radiomics for dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) breast MRI have shown promise in the diagnosis of breast cancer as applied to conventional DCE-MRI protocols. Here, we investigate the potential of using such radiomic features in the diagnosis of breast cancer applied on ultrafast breast MRI in which images are acquired every few seconds. The dataset consisted of 64 lesions (33 malignant and 31 benign) imaged with both ‘conventional’ and ultrafast DCE-MRI. After automated lesion segmentation in each image sequence, we calculated 38 radiomic features categorized as describing size, shape, margin, enhancement-texture, kinetics, and enhancement variance kinetics. For each feature, we calculated the 95% confidence interval of the area under the ROC curve (AUC) to determine whether the performance of each feature in the task of distinguishing between malignant and benign lesions was better than random guessing. Subsequently, we assessed performance of radiomic signatures in 10-fold cross-validation repeated 10 times using a support vector machine with as input all the features as well as features by category. We found that many of the features remained useful (AUC>0.5) for the ultrafast protocol, with the exception of some features, e.g., those designed for latephase kinetics such as the washout rate. For ultrafast MRI, the radiomics enhancement-texture signature achieved the best performance, which was comparable to that of the kinetics signature for ‘conventional’ DCE-MRI, both achieving AUC values of 0.71. Radiomic developed for ‘conventional’ DCE-MRI shows promise for translation to the ultrafast protocol, where enhancement texture appears to play a dominant role.
VITAMIN A | Deficiency and Interventions

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency causes xerophthalmia and increases risks of infant, child and, in some settings, maternal mortality. Night blindness, a symptom of deficiency, is readily detected in children and women in relation to pregnancy. Epidemiologic studies reveal inadequate breast and complementary feeding, and a household diet inadequate in preformed or carotenoid precursors of VA, as underlying causes of VA deficiency in children, exacerbated by infection. Prevention can be achieved through VA supplementation, food fortification, and a mix of dietary approaches that include gardening, nutrition education, and other means, including biofortification in the future. Periodic VA supplementation has proven effective and affordable in preventing xerophthalmia, reducing mortality, and attenuating hearing loss from infections in children. Fortification of staple food items, as well as home-based fortification with nutrient powders, offer promise of sustained and effective prevention. Assuring dietary diversity is most attractive, but lacks data on how best to proceed. Biofortification of staple crops is emerging as a promising approach to VA deficiency prevention.
Highlights of Methodological Approaches: A Case-Control Study of Diet and Breast Cancer

Methodologic problems encountered in an epidemiologic study of diet and breast cancer will be discussed. This ongoing case-control study is investigating the hypotheses that breast cancer risk is increased by ingestion of fats, and is decreased by ingestion of retinol, beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, alpha tocopherol, zinc, selenium, dietary fiber, cruciferous vegetables, and foods containing protease inhibitors. The subjects will consist of about 500 breast cancer cases screened at a breast diagnostic center in New York City between 1981 and 1986 and 750 randomly-selected controls without breast cancer screened at the same center, and frequency matched with the cases on year of screening. Information is being obtained through a highly structured telephone interview which takes about an hour and a half.
Finite Sample Theory of Order Statistics and Extremes

The ordered values of a sample of observations are called the order statistics of the sample, and the smallest and the largest are called the extremes. Order statistics and extremes are among the most important functions of a set of random variables that we study in probability and statistics. There is natural interest in studying the highs and lows of a sequence, and the other order statistics help in understanding the concentration of probability in a distribution, or equivalently, the diversity in the population represented by the distribution. Order statistics are also useful in statistical inference, where estimates of parameters are often based on some suitable functions of the order statistics. In particular, the median is of very special importance. There is a well-developed theory of the order statistics of a fixed number n of observations from a fixed distribution, as also an asymptotic theory where n goes to infinity. We discuss the case of fixed n in this chapter. A distribution theory for order statistics when the observations are from a discrete distribution is complex, both notationally and algebraically, because of the fact that there could be several observations which are actually equal. These ties among the sample values make the distribution theory cumbersome. We therefore concentrate on the continuous case.
Cytoplasmic and membrane-bound hydrogenases from Pyrococcus furiosus

Hydrogenases catalyze the simplest of chemical reactions, the reversible interconversion of protons, electrons, and hydrogen gas. These enzymes have potential to be utilized for several biotechnological applications, such as in vitro hydrogen production from renewable materials and in enzyme-based fuel cells for electricity generation. Based on the metal content of their catalytic sites, hydrogenases are classified as either [NiFe], [FeFe], or mononuclear Fe enzymes, and [NiFe] hydrogenases are further categorized into five groups based on the sequences of the catalytic subunits. This chapter describes recombinant engineering strategies, purification procedures, and catalytic properties of two distinct types of [NiFe] hydrogenase from Pyrococcus furiosus, a microorganism with an optimal growth temperature of 100°C. These enzymes are termed soluble hydrogenase I (SHI, group 3) and membrane-bound hydrogenase (MBH, group 4). The two hydrogenases were affinity-tagged to facilitate their purification and the purified enzymes have been used for biochemical, mechanistic, and structural analyses. The results have provided us with new insights into how catalysis by SHI is achieved, which could also lead to the development of catalysts for economic hydrogen production, and knowledge of how MBH couples hydrogen gas production to conservation of energy in the form of an ion gradient. The methods described in this chapter provide the basis for these studies.
You Deserved That: The Roles of Purchase Effort and Loyalty in Explaining Price Inequality Outcomes

The proliferation of social media has made it easier than ever for customers to compare the prices they have paid for products and services, in addition to how they come across “deals.” Price fairness judgments have been shown to be influenced by consumers’ comparisons to other consumers, or referents, regarding the prices paid by each for the same or similar products, with the prevailing sentiment being that it is unfair for one customer to receive a better price than another customer for the same product purchased from the same retailer. The current work examines how referent effort and referent loyalty influence referent deservingness perceptions and serve to justify price inequality in such a scenario. In three experiments, we demonstrate a consistent process through which customer purchase efforts serve to influence evaluations of a customer’s deservingness to receive a lower price, ultimately explaining evaluations of price fairness in consumption scenarios where one customer pays a lower price than another customer for the same product. The theoretical and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
Binding of calcium to amino acids (2)

Crystal structures ofN-acetyl-(DL)-methionine and its calcium adduct have been determined in order to examine possible calcium coordination through sulfur atom and conformation changes in the molecule upon calcium coordination. Crystals of the Ca adduct ofN-acetyl-(DL)-methionine are triclinic, space groupP¯1, a=11.356(2) A,b=13.556(2) A,c=15.035(3) A,α=95.42(1)°,β=103.66(1)°, andγ=103.66(1)°, withZ=4 anddo= 1.40 g cm−3; 5834 reflections were collected at −125°C. TheN-acetyl-(DL)-methionine was also crystallized so that changes induced by the calcium coordination could be observed. TheN-acetyl-(DL)-methionine crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/c,a=5.885(1) A,b=9.290(1) A,c=18.024(2) A,β=92.51 (1)°, withZ=4 anddo=1.30 g cm−3. Both structures were solved using direct methods and refined using full matrix least squares. The final values ofR andRw were 0.051 and 0.053 for the Ca adduct and 0.048 and 0.039 for the free amino acid. All hydrogen atoms were located and included in the final calculations. Interatomic distances and angles of the four crystallographically independentN-acetylmethionine molecules in the Ca adduct are comparable to those of the free molecule, but the torsion angles change drastically. Calcium coordination through the sulfur atom is not found. The binding modes of all four independentN-acetylmethionine molecules in the Ca adduct are different. Of the two crystallographically independent calcium atoms one is 6 and the other is 7 coordinated. The calcium adduct shows several Ca-Ca bridges (with distances 4.722, 4.746, 5.503, and 6.265 A) which can be described as a zigzag calcium chain or alternatively as slightly puckered sheets of calcium atoms parallel to theab plane atz ≈ O.
Plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous dose of meropenem in adult horses.

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of meropenem in horses after intravenous (IV) administration. A single IV dose of meropenem was administered to six adult horses at 10 mg/kg. Plasma and synovial fluid samples were collected for 6 hr following administration. Meropenem concentrations were determined by bioassay. Plasma and synovial fluid data were analyzed by compartmental and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic methods. Mean ± SD values for elimination half-life, volume of distribution at steady-state, and clearance after IV administration for plasma samples were 0.78 ± 0.176 hr, 136.1 ± 19.69 ml/kg, and 165.2 ± 29.72 ml hr-1 kg-1 , respectively. Meropenem in synovial fluid had a slower elimination than plasma with a terminal half-life of 2.4 ± 1.16 hr. Plasma protein binding was estimated at 11%. Based on a 3-compartment open pharmacokinetic model of simultaneously fit plasma and synovial fluid, dosage simulations were performed. An intermittent dosage of meropenem at 5 mg/kg IV every 8 hr or a constant rate IV infusion at 0.5 mg/kg per hour should maintain adequate time above the MIC target of 1 μg/ml. Carbapenems are antibiotics of last resort in humans and should only be used in horses when no other antimicrobial would likely be effective.
Renal Dysfunction and Outcomes after Left Ventricular Assist Device: A Systematic Review

Background Chronic kidney disease is common in patients with advance heart failure. Left ventricular devices(LVAD) are widely used as a bridge to heart transplant and as destination therapy in a wide range severity of kidney dysfunction including in patients with ESRD on dialysis. Renal dysfunction as a risk factor with the use of LVADs is somewhat a data lacking area. We report a systematic review looking at outcomes in patients with LVADs and renal dysfunction. Methods A systematic review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines was performed. The literature search was carried up until January 31, 2019, referring to PubMed, Medline and EMBASE. Results We could identify and screen 44 potentially eligible publications through the databases. Based on our inclusion and exclusion criteria, 4 studies for a total of 5852 patients were included in this analysis: two (2) prospective cohort studies and two (2) retrospective cohort studies. One of the studies look at outcomes of LVADs in patients with ESRD. Overall outcomes were based on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and highest mortality was seen in patients with lowest GFR. Conclusion Renal dysfunction predicts higher mortality after LVAD implant with ESRD renal disease on dialysis having the highest mortality risk. Renal dysfunction as a risk factor with the use of left ventricular assist device remains controversial. Further investigation is needed to better risk stratify ESRD and Chronic kidney disease's patients with advance heart failure being considered for LVAD mainly as a bridge to possibly multi-organ transplant.
A Diffusion-Synthetic Acceleration Technique for the Even-Parity Sn Equations with Anisotropic Scattering

A source iteration scheme and associated diffusion-synthetic acceleration scheme are defined for the even-parity Sn equations with anisotropic scattering. The spatially analytic versions of these s...