cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dichlorobis(cyclopentadienyl) titanium ‐] isobutylmagnesium halide

[1271-19-8] C10H10Cl2Ti (MW 248.98) InChI = 1S/2C5H5.2ClH.Ti/c2*1-2-4-5-3-1;;;/h2*1-5H;2*1H;/q;;;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = XKLWATAZDMHTSH-UHFFFAOYSA-L (catalyst for hydrometallations and reductions; pinacol coupling reagent; carbometallation reagent; deoxygenation reagent; addition to carbonyls; Lewis acid catalyst; alkenylation reagent) Alternate Name: titanocene dichloride Physical Data: mp 289 °C; d 1.600 g cm−3 Solubility: sol toluene, chloroform, alcohol, and other hydroxylic solvents; sparingly sol water, petroleum ether, benzene, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride. Form Supplied in: red solid; commercially available. Preparative Methods: see Wilkinson and Birmingham8 and Clearfield et al.9 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: relatively air stable. Small amounts can be stored in a desiccator, but long-term storage is best maintained in a glove box. moisture sensitive; irritant; flammable. Isobutylmagnesium bromide10-16 [926-62-5] C4H9BrMg (MW 161.32) InChI = YUPZOKFCNKSJTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M InChIKey = CMWBEISSZHZIMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M (nucleophilic reagent for conjugate and 1,2-additions to carbonyl derivatives; reagent for coupling with alkyl and aryl halides; facilitates reduction and hydrometallation in the presence of transition metal reagents) Physical Data: mp 51–53 °C; bp 122–123 °C. For a 2 M solution in ether; ρ = 0.941 g mL−1 at 25 °C. Form Supplied in: a commercial solution in diethyl ether or THF. Preparative Methods: see Whitmore and Lux.17 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; flammable; irritant; corrosive. Isobutylmagnesium Chloride10-16 [5674-02-2] C4H9ClMg (MW 116.87) InChI = 1S/C4H9.ClH.Mg/c1-4(2)3;;/h4H,1H2,2-3H3;1H;/q;;+1/p-1 InChIKey = YUPZOKFCNKSJTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M (nucleophilic reagent for conjugate and 1,2-additions to carbonyl derivatives; reagent for coupling with alkyl and aryl halides; facilitates reduction and hydrometallation in the presence of transition metal reagents) Physical Data: for a 2.0 M in diethyl ether, ρ = 0.83 g mL−1 at 25 °C. For a 2.0 M in THF, ρ = 0.967 g mL−1 at 25 °C, bp = 65–67 °C. Preparative Methods: see Gilman and Kirby18 and Sato and Kobayashi.19 Form Supplied in: a commercial solution in diethyl ether or THF. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; flammable; irritant; corrosive.
Studies on Cytotropism in Animal Viruses III. Growth of Influenza Virus in Epithelial-like and Fibroblastic Cells Derived from Chick Embryo Lung

Abstract Stewart, Robert B. (University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.), and Paul H. Frickey. Studies on cytotropism in animal viruses. III. Growth of influenza virus in epithelial-like and fibroblastic cells derived from chick embryo lung. J. Bacteriol. 92:972–977. 1966.—Growth of the PR8 strain of influenza virus was studied in epithelial-like and fibroblastic cell cultures derived from chick embryo lungs. The cells were found to differ in morphology, staining characteristics, and in their ability to support production of infectious influenza virus. Fibroblastic cells were characterized by their spindle shape, content of a mucopolysaccharide, their relative inability to synthesize infectious influenza virus, and production of a cell-associated noninfectious hemagglutinin. Epithelial-like cells were characterized by their polygonal shape, absence of mucopolysaccharide, and ability to synthesize infectious influenza virus.
ToF‐SIMS analysis of iron oxide particle oxidation by isotopic and multivariate analysis

A procedure for quantitative time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analysis of the re-oxidation thermally-reduced of iron oxide particles in a ceramic matrix is discussed. Iron oxide is reacted with yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) to create a composite that facilitates the high-temperature reduction of CO2 and H2O to produce CO and H2 (syngas). The reactivity of this two-step solar-thermochemical process is being investigated by varying the concentration of iron in YSZ up to and past its solid solubility point, thus affecting the size of iron oxide particles in the matrix, and hence their rate and extent of re-oxidation. YSZ samples containing natural abundance iron oxide were mixed with an organic binder, isostatically pressed into a disc and calcined in air at 1450 °C. The discs (~ 10 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness) were thermally reduced in inert gas at 1400 °C and then re-oxidized at 1100 °C in the presence of C18O2. The ratio of 18O to 16O shows the extent of oxygen exchange for each iron oxide particle. ToF-SIMS data are acquired in a fashion that maximizes the ability to correct for detector saturation, thus providing quantitative oxygen isotopic results with little error. The data analysis method uses a combination of multivariate analysis for particle identification and conventional analysis for quantitative isotopic ratioing. The results indicate that large iron oxide particles are only poorly utilized, likely due to slow transport, as 18O penetration into the particles is limited. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Probing the structure of freely suspended smectic-A films by optical second-harmonic generation.

Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) was used to probe the structure of freely suspended films of 4'-n-octyl-4-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) in the smectic-A phase. The intensity of the SHG from ultrathin films with thickness varying from 2 to 10 molecular layers appeared quantized, but its behavior suggested no modifications of molecular arrangement in the layers in the presence of the two ''free'' surfaces. A macroscopic theory for the SHG from a film with stratified nonlinear susceptibility is presented and compared with the experimental observation.
Ultrasonic data fusion as a function of robot velocity

Occupancy grids are a common representation for mobile robot activities such as obstacle avoidance, map making, localization, and place recognition. An important issue is how to accurately update the grid with new sensor readings rapidly enough to support real-time navigation. The HIMM/VFH methodology works well for a robot navigating at high speeds, but the algorithms show poor performance at lower speeds in cluttered areas. Our approach to overcoming these deficiencies is twofold. First, Dempster-Shafer theory is used for fusion because it provides a well-understood updating scheme and has been demonstrated to have additional desirable properties. Second, the number of grid elements updated varies as a function of the robot's velocity. Experiments used with Clementine, a Denning-Branch MRV4 mobile robot, demonstrate that varying the beam width with the velocity of the robot improves the updating of an occupancy grid using Dempster-Shafer theory versus that of HIMM. Furthermore, the Dempster-Shafer method tends to handle noise better and make smoother and more realistic maps.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
PBX 9404 DETONATION COPPER CYLINDER TESTS: A COMPARISON OF NEW AND AGED MATERIAL

We present detonation copper cylinder test results on aged PBX 9404 explosive. The charges were newly pressed from 37.5 year‐old molding powder. We compare these results to equivalent data performed on the same lot when it was 3.5 years old. Comparison of the detonation energy inferred from detonation speed to that inferred from wall motion suggests that the HMX energy is unchanged, the NC energy has decreased by ∼88%, and that ∼89% of the NC decomposition products are retained in the molding powder.
Determination of complex formation constants of lipophilic neutral ionophores in solvent polymeric membranes with segmented sandwich membranes.

A potentiometric method to determine ionophore complex formation constants in solvent polymeric membrane phases, proposed originally by Russian researchers, is critically evaluated and compared to other established methods. It requires membrane potential measurements on two-layer sandwich membranes, where only one side contains the ionophore. The resulting initial membrane potential reflects the ion activity ratio at both aqueous phase−membrane interfaces and can be conveniently used to calculate complex formation constants in situ. This method is potentially useful, since it does not require the use of a reference ion or second ionophore in the measurement. In this paper, the five ionophores valinomycin, BME-44, ETH 2120, tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraethyl ester, and S,S‘-methylenebis(diisobutyldithiocarbamate) are characterized in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticized with dioctyl sebacate (DOS) and compared with other established methods. The resulting formation constants correspond well to literature...
Bone marrow cell derived arginase I is the major source of allergen-induced lung arginase but is not required for airway hyperresponsiveness, remodeling and lung inflammatory responses in mice

Arginase is significantly upregulated in the lungs in murine models of asthma, as well as in human asthma, but its role in allergic airway inflammation has not been fully elucidated in mice. In order to test the hypothesis that arginase has a role in allergic airway inflammation we generated arginase I-deficient bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice. Following transfer of arginase I-deficient BM into irradiated recipient mice, arginase I expression was not required for hematopoietic reconstitution and baseline immunity. Arginase I deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells decreased allergen-induced lung arginase by 85.8 ± 5.6%. In contrast, arginase II-deficient mice had increased lung arginase activity following allergen challenge to a similar level to wild type mice. BM-derived arginase I was not required for allergen-elicited sensitization, recruitment of inflammatory cells in the lung, and proliferation of cells. Furthermore, allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and collagen deposition were similar in arginase-deficient and wild type mice. Additionally, arginase II-deficient mice respond similarly to their control wild type mice with allergen-induced inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, proliferation and collagen deposition. Bone marrow cell derived arginase I is the predominant source of allergen-induced lung arginase but is not required for allergen-induced inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness or collagen deposition.
The Quality of Price as a Quality Cue

As I discuss in this commentary, these findings are noteworthy for three reasons. First, they are novel because extant perspectives on how price-quality relationships operate do not envision the process that SCA posit. Second, they are provocative because, consistent with the opening quote attributed to Einstein, the findings suggest that perceptions can occasionally influence reality. Third, the findings are potentially controversial because they raise the specter of "hidden persuaders" that operate in a stealthy and manipulative fashion to prey on consumers' psychological vulnerabilities (Packard 1957). But, first, some contextual background is necessary.
Going with your gut.

In the evaluation of a patient, the clinician’s mind employs two parallel systems of problem solving. The intuitive system recognizes patterns quickly (e.g., acute swollen painful big toe = gout). This mode of reasoning is fast and frugal (in its consumption of mental resources) and liberally employs mental shortcuts (heuristics) to get the answer. Rather than systematically exploring a wide range of options, this system detects cues based upon past experience and knowledge, filters information, and conducts a quick fit test on its first impressions. Malcolm Gladwell’s best seller Blink celebrated this approach1. The analytical system takes a more conscious and deliberate approach to problem solving. This can take the form of extensive data collection and analysis, algorithms, pathophysiologic reasoning, or statistical analysis (Bayes' theorem). This system consumes more cognitive resources, involves the consideration of multiple hypotheses, and tries to avoid shortcuts. These two diagnostic approaches exist on a continuum and are both engaged to some degree in every patient encounter with bidirectional synergies, checks, and overrides2. Traditionally in psychology and in medicine the analytical system has been treated as the superior, error-free form of thinking, but neuroscience reveals a more nuanced picture that has implications for how we understand and teach clinical reasoning.
Metabolic Profiling of Multicell Tumor Spheroids by NADH Fluorescence and Spatially-Resolved Oximetry

While fluorescence intensity-based metabolic imaging techniques have provided a useful means of monitoring cellular energetics, recent work has demonstrated that fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) provides additional details into the subcellular trafficking of energy intermediates within the cell. Specifically, FLIM can measure the reorganization of NADH within distinct subcellular pools with change in the metabolic state induced by inhibitors, uncouplers and substrate availability. Here, we compare NADH-intensity and FLIM measurements of metabolism of cells grown as either monolayer culture or 300-500 μm diameter multicell tumor spheroids in media under different growth conditions. These measures are correlated with cellular respiration monitored using an oxygen-sensitive electrodes to test the hypothesis that NADH FLIM-based metabolic imaging more accurately measures the cellular metabolic state of three-dimensional living tissue than intensity-based measurements.This work was supported by P20 RR016469 from the INBRE Program of the National Center for Research Resources, and by NIH R15 GM085776.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide inhibits interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 production in murine thymocytes activated via the TCR/CD3 complex

Abstract During their development in the thymus, T cells acquire interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 inducibility in a developmentally controlled manner. Although the role of IL-2 and IL-4 in T cell development is still unclear, several reports indicated that IL-2/IL-2R and IL-4/IL-4R interactions in the thymus could play an important role in T cell development. The presence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive cells and nerve fibers in the thymus suggests the possible local release of the neuropeptide in the thymic microenvironment. VIP has been previously reported to inhibit IL-2 and IL-4 production, as well as the proliferation of mitogen- or antigen-stimulated peripheral T cells. Here we report on the effect of VIP on IL-2 and IL-4 production by and proliferation of murine thymocytes stimulated through the TCR/CD3 receptor. VIP inhibited both IL-2 and IL-4 production, as well as the proliferation of murine thymocytes in a dose-dependent and specific manner. Structurally related peptides such as secretin or glucagon had little or no inhibitory activity. The intact VIP molecule was inquired for the inhibitory effect, since amino- or carboxy-terminal fragments did not inhibit IL-2 production. The inhibitory effect of VIP was observed for VIP additions up to 12 h after the initiation of the cultures, and incubations longer than 3 h were required for maximum inhibitory effects. Through its downregulatory effect on IL-2 and IL-4 production, locally released VIP could potentially effect T cell development within the thymus.
Quantification and Modeling of Plasmid Mobilization on Seeds and Roots

Mobilization frequencies of the nonconjugative plasmid pMON5003 were quantified using Escherichia coli TB1(pRK2013) as donor of a helper plasmid, E. coli M182 (pMON5003) as donor of the nonconjugative plasmid, and Pseudomonas fluorescens as recipient. Initial mating experiments were conducted in nutrient and minimal salts media and pea seed exudates. Mobilization rates were higher during early stationary growth of donors, helpers, and recipients. Numbers of transconjugants were higher in biparental matings when donors contained both conjugative and nonconjugative plasmids, versus tri-parental matings. A mathematical model was developed to predict a nonconjugative plasmid transfer rate parameter (δ), estimating the proportion of conjugative matings in which a plasmid is mobilized. Values of δ ranged from 8 × 10−3 to 7.9 × 10−1. Transfer frequencies for pMON5003 from E. coli to P. fluorescens on pea seeds and roots were determined. Transconjugants (P. fluorescens 2-79 (pMON5003)) were isolated from seeds, roots, and soil, but mobilization frequencies were lower than in liquid media.
Electronic-system design in the automobile industry

Electronic components are now essential to control a car's movements and chemical, mechanical, and electrical processes; to provide entertainment and communication; and to ensure safety. A new platform-based methodology can revolutionize the way a car is designed.
A brine interface in the Salton Sea Geothermal System, California: Fluid geochemical and isotopic characteristics

Data from 71 geothermal production intervals in 48 wells from the Salton Sea Geothermal System (SSGS) indicate that fluids in that system cluster into two distinct populations in terms of their salinity and their stable isotopic compositions. The distinctive, hot, hypersaline brine (typically >20 wt% total dissolved solids) for which the SSGS is known is overlain by a cooler (<260°C) fluid with distinctly lower salinity (typically <10 wt% total dissolved solids). Hypersaline brines have high and rather consistent 18O shifts produced by water-rock interaction and have a very narrow range in δD values. Low TDS fluids, on the other hand, show a wide range in both δD and δ18O. Production of both types of fluid from closely spaced geothermal wells in many regions of the SSGS indicates that a relatively sharp salinity interface exists over much of the field. The fluid interface typically cross-cuts sedimentary bedding but is consistently found where reservoir temperatures are approximately 260°C. At these temperatures, hypersaline brines have densities of approximately 1.0 gm/cm3, while the low TDS fluids have densities as low as 0.85 gm/cm3. This stable, density-stratified interface acts as a barrier to convective heat and mass transfer in the SSGS, isolating the hypersaline reservoir from overlying dilute fluids. A lithologic “cap” implied by previous SSGS models is unnecessary in such a stratified system since heat and mass transfer across the interface must occur by slow conductive, diffusional and interface mixing processes regardless of local permeability.
Where Has Yahweh Gone? Reclaiming Unsavory Images of God in New Testament Studies

It is argued that recent publications in New Testament Studies, including those deploying its most progressive reading strategies, betray a strong predilection for an omnibenevolent, just, compassionate deity who does not offend our sensibilities. Given the rich, variegated profusion of alternative representations of the deity in the Hebrew Bible, a primary intertext for scholars constructing God in the New Testament writings, it is surprising that so few of these portraits are ever invoked or seriously engaged, which suggests a proclivity to religionism in the discipline. After delineating several benefits of the Bible's unsavory portrayals of God and disadvantages to today's fashionable deity of love, mercy, and justice, it is proposed that a broadening of our intertextual repertoire to include unflattering representations of the divine might open up new avenues in our hermeneutical explorations.
Sediment budget possibilities and improbabilities

article Problems of constructing a sediment budget for an inlet isoften a challenge due to constraints on data collection, quality of data, and assumptions one is willing to consider. Existing literature does not provide a systematic foundation for equations considered and often engineers and geologists typically do not properly consider the mathematical constraints placed on the problem of sediment budget construction. The present technical note presents a simple methodology for assessing sediment budget, i.e. what is possible, and what is not possible via a matrix equation system and linear algebra. It is hoped that engineers and geologists will not impose unrealistic expectations on the sediment budget system via using such an approach. Some simple examples are given of both pitfalls and correct approaches to sediment budget development.
Bowden, shores, & Mathias (2006): failure to replicate or just failure to notice. Does effort still account for more variance in neuropsychological test scores than TBI severity?

Several studies have reported that traumatic brain injury (TBI) has a smaller effect on neuropsychological test scores, in contrast to the large effect of poor effort on test performance. Consequently, many authors have concluded that effort needs to be measured routinely and that it is necessary to control for poor effort when measuring the effects of brain disease or injury on performance. Recently, however, Bowden, Shores, and Mathias (2006) have challenged these notions. They argued that the Immediate Recognition subtest of the Word Memory Test (Green & Flaro, 2003), an effort measure, is another verbal memory test rather than a measure of cognitive effort. In this study we re-examine the data from Bowden et al. (2006) and Green, Rohling, Lees-Haley, and Allen (2001) to identify differences between the two studies that might account for their contradictory conclusions. In both sets of data, reanalysis showed that effort explains approximately five times more of the variance in composite neuropsycholog...
ULA Delay-and-Sum Beamforming for Plume Source Localization

Estimating the direction of a diffusive source is a difficult problem, and little has been tried to estimate a chemical source subject to turbulence. Turbulence lence must be addressed if chemical localizer systems are to be effective for real-world implementation. Previously, we show that a cross-correlation method is a simple and effective way to determine the direction-of-arrival of a single chemical source subject to turbulence. Now, we examine the performance of a uniform linear array (ULA) delay-and-sum beamformer to find and track the direction-of-arrival of a chemical. Due to the time-varying gain from the beamformer, we are better able to examine the modulated (von Karman vortex street) plume. We show that the delay-and-sum beamformer has the best results if it is parallel to the direction of propagation and that localization begins to degrade when the array is at a wide angle to the plume, due to non-rectilinear flows and dissipation outside the streamline. Yet, we show that a ULA beamformer gives dynamic information about the plume that can be used for direction-of-arrival (DOA) tracking, in addition to estimation.
Poor survival of the fittest: a call for resources, research and public awareness.

Cardiac arrest continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States. For more than 20 years, we have systematically endeavored, utilizing electrocardiography, antiarrhythmic medications, genetic profiles, and/or defibrillation devices, to investigate, predict, and interrupt cardiac arrest, either as a subsequent or an initial event. Importantly, the significant impact of randomized implantable cardioverter defibrillator trials and the resultant access to the interventions that prevent sudden death is largely attributable to the subjects’ poor adult cardiac health as well as the likelihood of greater incidence. 1 Historically, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest research has included all groups, limiting category by age, due to community-based registries needing more enrollees. This has stymied a vision to assess cardiac arrest in youth, as opposed to sudden death, which is most often traumatic, even though the life-years at risk are marked. In this issue of Heart Rhythm, Drezner et al 2 use internet search engine third-person media accounts extracted from family survivors of arrest victims who are members of a group called Parent Heart Watch, and detail poor survival in young patients, especially male patients, with apparently normal hearts suffering exercise-related cardiac arrest across the entire United States over a 7-year period. Although the data collection methods of their study are less than powerful, their focus on patients 5 to 22 years old provides the first data needed to stimulate and craft prospective trials and database strategies, moving forward, that will lead to better prevention and acute treatment of exercise-related cardiac arrest in specific age groups and locations. An uncontrolled registry is most powerful when it includes an accurate number of the affected population, usually assessed through comparative incidence. The entire population of the United States has a yearly risk of sudden death of 0.1% to 0.2% with or without underlying cardiac
Lexical issues in writing center tutorials with international and US-educated multilingual writers

Abstract There is very little research on lexical issues in writing center tutorials with second language writers, despite the impact that lexical strengths and needs have on the ability to make meaning with text. Further, we have come to realize that L2 writers come from many backgrounds and may have very different strengths and needs based on their prior experiences with English and writing. With this in mind, the present small-scale study of four students (two international students and two US-educated students) aimed to empirically examine whether, and how, these two groups of students exhibited differences in lexical strengths and needs during writing center tutorials. Further, the study aimed to explore the tutors’ orientation toward linguistic aspects of students’ texts. Among the findings were that US-educated learners demonstrated superior strengths in the areas of lexical facility, lexical flexibility, and lexical intuition, perhaps related to their experiences as ear learners. International students and tutors spent relatively more time on discussing lexical issues in their sessions, but tutors did not articulate this in post-tutorial reflections. Tutors’ orientation toward writing as consisting of “content” and “grammar” may have influenced both the way they provided feedback and the way they reflected on their own feedback.
Sjogren’s syndrome: models of pathogenesis and treatment targets

Sjogren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disorder characterised by lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal glands with consequent xerophthalmia and xerostomia. Sicca symptoms have successfully been treated with both topical and systemic agents, although immunosuppressive agents have not been successful in modifying the progression of the disease. Three inventions that may have a potential in modifying this disease process, as well as an invention improving an already available topical measure for xerophthalmia will be reviewed. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of this disorder will lead to an agent with disease modifying effects.
Public Sector Competitive Strategies: Understanding Post Secondary Distance Education in South Dakota

Abstract This article utilizes Porter's[1] value chain strategic management perspective on business-level strategies to review the public sector competitive provision of higher education in South Dakota. Three state universities are analyzed in terms of different strategies for providing higher education in the context of their mission and values, how these choices have been implemented, and, finally, the cases are cross-analyzed for comparative purposes.
An Adaptive Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array Element Using Photonic Controls

This paper shows how certain photoconductive materials can be used to design an adaptive array element with a center frequency of 2 GHz. The resonant frequency of the patch gradually shifts to a lower frequency as the conductivity off its gap filled with photonic material increases. The resulting increase in the reflection coefficient at the center frequency and decrease in gain acts as a continuous amplitude weight. This approach offers continuous variation of the conductive portions of the patch rather than an "on" or "off" approach offered by the switches. Varying the amplitude of the elements allows dynamic control over the array sidelobe levels.
Assessment of Depression and Suicidal Actions: Agreement between Suicide Attempters and Informant Reports

Knowledgeable informants may be able to provide useful information about depressive symptoms and suicidal actions when a suicidal patient is uncooperative with a clinical interview or not available for a psychiatric evaluation. The present study was designed to examine information gathered from psychiatric inpatients who had attempted suicide as compared to similar information obtained from a close friend or family member. From a larger sample of adult psychiatric inpatients diagnosed with major depression, 25 suicide attempters were assessed and their reports were compared to similar information solicited from a close friend or family member. The assessment focused on depressive symptoms from the SCID and the presence of various suicidal actions. Moderate to high agreement was found on all measures. Psychiatric patients and their informants tended to agree on the presence of depressive symptoms, the presence of recent stressful life events, and specific actions taken during the suicidal crisis, suggesting that informants may be capable of providing useful information about the patient.
Probabilistic group-level motion analysis and scenario recognition

This paper addresses the challenge of recognizing behavior of groups of individuals in unconstraint surveillance environments. As opposed to approaches that rely on agglomerative or decisive hierarchical clustering techniques, we propose to recognize group interactions without making hard decisions about the underlying group structure. Instead we use a probabilistic grouping strategy evaluated from the pairwise spatial-temporal tracking information. A path-based grouping scheme determines a soft segmentation of groups and produces a weighted connection graph where its edges express the probability of individuals belonging to a group. Without further segmenting this graph, we show how a large number of low- and high-level behavior recognition tasks can be performed. Our work builds on a mature multi-camera multi-target person tracking system that operates in real-time. We derive probabilistic models to analyze individual track motion as well as group interactions. We show that the soft grouping can combine with motion analysis elegantly to robustly detect and predict group-level activities. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our approach.
Memory of prey larders in golden orb-web spiders, Nephila clavipes (Araneae: Nephilidae)

Nephila clavipes spiders accumulate prey larders on their webs. We conducted a field experiment to ask if the spiders search for larders that have been pilfered (experimentally mimicking the potential effect of kleptoparasites), and to ask if the spiders vary their search efforts according to the size of the larder. All spiders searched for larders removed from their web, and spiders that lost larger larders (i.e., consisting of more prey items) searched for longer intervals. We thus suggest that N. clavipes form memories of the size of the larders they have accumulated, and that they use those memories to regulate recovery efforts when the larders are pilfered. The content of those memories may include discrete prey counts or the accumulation of a continuous variable correlated with counts, such as the total mass of captured prey. We discuss the adaptive significance of this ability in the framework of costs related to kleptoparasites and the ecology of food hoarding.
John Rechy: Bodies and Souls and the Homoeroticization of the Urban Quest

It has been difficult for John Rechy to become established in the canon of Chicano literature, in large part because of the homophobia that held sway during the formative period of Chicano literary criticism. However, now recognized as a founding figure of U.S. homoerotic writing, Rechy is also widely recognized as important to the Chicano literary tradition. This study focuses on the importance of Rechy less as a gay writer than to explore the ways in which his great Los Angeles novel, Bodies and Souls (1983), explores the conflicts between sexuality and the emotionally and physically deadening effects of modern urban society. Homoerotic desire, as much as erotic desire in general, emerges as a project of impossible fulfillment in the sex-dead Los Angeles that is an icon of the American landscape. This article is available in Studies in 20th Century Literature: http://newprairiepress.org/sttcl/vol25/iss1/10 John Rechy: Bodies and Souls and the Homoeroticization of the Urban Quest David William Foster Arizona State University It would probably be critical hype to assert that John Rechy's Bodies and Souls (1983) is the best Los Angeles novel to date, but it certainly must count as one of the very best. This novel was written at a time when Rechy was moving beyond the exclusively gay characters of his first novels, City of Night (1963), Numbers (1967), and the quasidocumentary The Sexual Outlaw (1977), novels that contained Chicano (usually main) characters. These novels were followed by fictional worlds in which neither the Chicano nor the gay is the specific controlling perspective of the novel (for example, Marilyn's Daughter [1988], The Miraculous Day of Amalia Gomez [1991], Our Lady of Babylon [1996] -the latter being Rechy's weakest novel to date (see Bredbeck, Ortiz, and Jaen for general overviews of Rechy's writing; also Castillo's superb interview). Bodies and Souls is a sort of urban Pilgrim's Progress. It is the story of three lost children of America (in reality, young adults) who make a car trip from the heartland across the country to the Promised Land of Los Angeles. Wandering the vast megalopolis, Orin (obsessed with messianic religion), Lisa (lost in a world of romantic Hollywood-style love), and Jesse (seething with images of American outlaws) interact with what Rechy's Gothic dirty realism portrays as the paradigmatic denizens of the California myth: the homeless, violent racist police, oppressed people of color, agents of transcendence through religion and popular culture (especially, of course, the movies), and other tourists, each seeking the fulfillment of a personal vision of the city. Crisscrossing the city in an imposing Lin1 Foster: John Rechy: Bodies and Souls and the Homoeroticization of the Urb Published by New Prairie Press
When does a decrease in a distortion increase welfare

Abstract With non-identical individuals, when does decreasing a distortion increase welfare? Minimizing the tax rate is efficient as long as pre-tax income is decreasing in the tax rate. This condition is likely to hold for typical methods of financing public goods.
Modeling single event crosstalk speedup in nanometer technologies

With advances in CMOS technology, circuits become increasingly more sensitive to transient pulses caused by single event (SE) particles. In addition, coupling effects among interconnects can cause SE transients to spread electronically unrelated circuit paths which may increase the SE Susceptibility of CMOS circuits. The coupling effects among interconnects need to be considered in single event modeling and analysis of CMOS logic gates due to technology scaling effects that increase both SE vulnerability and crosstalk effects. This work reports on the signal speedup effects caused by SE crosstalk and then proposes a best-case delay estimation methodology for use in design automation tools for the first time to our knowledge. The SE coupling speedup expressions derived show very good results in comparison to HSPICE results. Results show an average error of about 8.42% for best-case delay while allowing for very fast analysis in comparison to HSPICE.
Immunologic mechanism of anaphylaxis. III. Inhibition phenomenon in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the mouse.

Summary1) Competitive inhibition by RGG in passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the mouse has been demonstrated. 2) Inhibition of PCA was much weaker than in the guinea pig. 3) No inhibition of reactions produced by intradermal injections of histamine was demonstrated. 4) The possible meaning of results was discussed.
Calcium binding by cellulose and lignin

Abstract Binding of calcium ions by 0·20% suspensions of purified fibers, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), α-cellulose (CEL), acid-swollen cellulose (ASC), alkali lignin and kraft pine lignin were investigated. More endogenous calcium was released under acidic conditions (pH
Documenting Molluscan Evolution from Ancient Long-Lived Lakes: The Case of Toxosoma Conrad, 1874 (Gastropoda, Cochliopidae) in Miocene Amazonian Lake Pebas *

Abstract: Long-lived lakes with their often in situ evolved faunas form an excellent model system to study evolution. The paleontological record of long-lived lakes provides possibilities to investigate the tempo and mode of evolutionary change. However, in order to demonstrate such processes, a combined rigorous temporal and spatial framework is needed in order to make sure (1) alleged evolutionary successive morphs are not misidentified immigrant species and (2) morphological variation is not due to ecophenotypy. Other factors that may cause the development of discrete morphs, such as sexual dimorphism, also must be considered. In this paper, evolution in the Miocene snail genus Toxosoma Conrad, 1874 from long-lived Lake Pebas in western Amazonia is studied within such a temporal and paleo-environmental framework.
Dynamic Modeling of Thermal Processes in Rotational Molding

Transient heat transfer phenomena in the rotational molding of plastic parts are modeled in this study. Natural convection and radiation from the furnace and flue gases to the mold housing are analyzed. Other models include transient heat transfer through the mold, single-phase conduction through the particulate plastic material prior to phase change, melting of the plastic, and heating of the liquid pool. Subsequent staged cooling and solidification of the mold and plastic using a combination of free and forced convection and radiation is also modeled. Information about the properties of the plastic in powder, liquid and solid forms is obtained from the literature. Assumptions about the behavior of the plastic powder and the molten plastic during the rotational operations are also made in accordance with the available literature. The mold wall, melt and solidified plastic regions are divided into a number of finite segments to track the temperature variation with time during the molding process. The corresponding variations in masses and thicknesses of the melt and solidified plastic regions are also estimated. Consequently, the energy consumption rates in the process are estimated. The model is applied to a specific molding process in a commercial rotational molding plant. Parametric studies of the effect of heating and cooling durations on the plastic temperatures and the energy consumption rates are also conducted. These analyses provide insights about opportunities for optimization of the heating and cooling schedules to reduce overall energy consumption and also improve throughput.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
ANXIETY, ANXIETY REDUCTION AND MOTIVATING INSTRUCTIONS IN HUMAN LEARNING AND PERFORMANCE.

Sunzmary.-This experiment assessed the effects of (a) appropriate, random, and no reinforcemcnr; and (b) stress (St) vs reassurance (Re) instructions in a learning situation on anxiety reduction and inducrion as measurecl by the Test Anxiety Quesrionnaire. The results, from a sample of 54 university students, showed no anxiety reduction or induction due to reinforcement conditions but did show anxiety reduction for the Re group and anxiety induction for the St group. The former results indicate that anxiety reduction and induction are not associated with another reinforcing stimulus. However, the latter results support the theory relating motivating instructions and test anxiety to learning. About 25 years ago Mowrer (1939) wrote a very important paper proposing chat fear or anxiety was a learned response that functions as a drive and chat anxiety reduction funczions as a reward. In his own words, this thesis was
Plant invasion impacts on arthropod abundance, diversity and feeding consistent across environmental and geographic gradients

Exotic plant invasion not only changes native plant communities, it also alters associated arthropod community diversity and structure. These impacts often are contradictory and context-specific by study location. M. vimineum is an Asian grass currently invading the eastern United States that generally escapes herbivory. The invasion impacts on arthropod communities are mixed, and the effects on arthropod food webs are largely unknown. Because M. vimineum has a unique δ13C value, its carbon flow can be resolved from native plants in recipient food webs. We investigate arthropod communities at M. vimineum-invaded sites along a 100-km geographic and environmental gradient in the southeastern U.S. We investigate M. vimineum impacts on arthropod abundance and diversity, how M. vimineum-derived carbon contributes to arthropod biomass and how environmental variation modifies invasion effects on arthropod communities. We find that M. vimineum invasion corresponds with increased arthropod diversity and abundance, but reduced evenness. Herbivore damage to leaves is equivalent between native species and M. vimineum, but the type of herbivore damage is not the same between the native and invader plants. We also find that herbivores derive 37 % of their biomass-carbon from the exotic plant but predators almost none (4 %). Detritivores derive exotic carbon (9 %) proportional to M. vimineum in the litter layer. Whereas exotic plant impacts on arthropod communities often seem idiosyncratic by site, we find no context-dependent invasion effects of M. vimineum by study location. The consistency suggests that the impacts may be broadly generalizable, at least within well-established parts of the invasion range.
Diffractive Generation of Non-Redundant Images for a Multi-Aperture, Thin, High-Resolution Camera

We designed a diffractive element for generating shift-encoded images in a thin, multiplexed imaging system. We present simulations to validate the element's use for high resolution imaging and preliminary experimental results of diffractive image replication.
Exhausted CD8 T Cells Downregulate the IL-18 Receptor and Become Unresponsive to Inflammatory Cytokines and Bacterial Co-infections

During many chronic infections virus-specific CD8 T cells succumb to exhaustion as they lose their ability to respond to antigenic activation. Combinations of IL-12, IL-18, and IL-21 have been shown to induce the antigen-independent production of interferon (IFN)-γ by effector and memory CD8 T cells. In this study we investigated whether exhausted CD8 T cells are sensitive to activation by these cytokines. We show that effector and memory, but not exhausted, CD8 T cells produce IFN-γ and upregulate CD25 following exposure to certain combinations of IL-12, IL-18, and IL-21. The unresponsiveness of exhausted CD8 T cells is associated with downregulation of the IL-18-receptor-α (IL-18Rα). Although IL-18Rα expression is connected with the ability of memory CD8 T cells to self-renew and efflux rhodamine 123, the IL-18Rαlo exhausted cells remained capable of secreting this dye. To further evaluate the consequences of IL-18Rα downregulation, we tracked the fate of IL-18Rα-deficient CD8 T cells in chronically infected mixed bone marrow chimeras and discovered that IL-18Rα affects the initial but not later phases of the response. The antigen-independent responsiveness of exhausted CD8 T cells was also investigated following co-infection with Listeria monocytogenes, which induces the expression of IL-12 and IL-18. Although IL-18Rαhi memory cells upregulated CD25 and produced IFN-γ, the IL-18Rαlo exhausted cells failed to respond. Collectively, these findings indicate that as exhausted T cells adjust to the chronically infected environment, they lose their susceptibility to antigen-independent activation by cytokines, which compromises their ability to detect bacterial co-infections.
Defense Department's role in advanced technology: a personal perspective

The Department of Defense is both a developer and user of advanced technology. It does so, not as an end unto itself, but in support of its mission, which is to protect the national security of the country. In part, this is accomplished by 'supporting the warfighter,' and in part, by supporting the national leaders of the country. In accomplishing these ends, a careful balance must be achieved to ensure the Department has the necessary technology to successfully carry out its mission, without the imposition of 'an industrial policy.' Nor can the Department afford the creation of an artificial market, which only it will support, if alternative industrial markets will suffice.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Adaptation and performance of the Cartesian coordinates fast multipole method for nanomagnetic simulations

An implementation of the fast multiple method (FMM) is performed for magnetic systems with long-ranged dipolar interactions. Expansion in spherical harmonics of the original FMM is replaced by expansion of polynomials in Cartesian coordinates, which is considerably simpler. Under open boundary conditions, an expression for multipole moments of point dipoles in a cell is derived. These make the program appropriate for nanomagnetic simulations, including magnetic nanoparticles and ferrofluids. The performance is optimized in terms of cell size and parameter set (expansion order and opening angle) and the trade off between computing time and accuracy is quantitatively studied. A rule of thumb is proposed to decide the appropriate average number of dipoles in the smallest cells, and an optimal choice of parameter set is suggested. Finally, the superiority of Cartesian coordinate FMM is demonstrated by comparison to spherical harmonics FMM and FFT.
Endoscopic detection of compressing fascial bands around the ulnar nerve within the FCU

The aim of this study is to endoscopically evaluate the ulnar nerve proximal and distal to the cubital tunnel after in situ decompression to identify and eventually release fascial bands capable of compressing the ulnar nerve. We performed a retrospective review of 16 ulnar nerve compression cases in 12 patients. Eight men and four women with a mean age of 52 years (range, 23–77 years) were clinically diagnosed and confirmed with neurophysiologic studies. A 4–6-cm curvilinear incision was made at the medial elbow, and the ulnar nerve was identified and decompressed at the cubital tunnel. Then, a 2.7-mm endoscope was passed 8 to 10 cm proximal and distal to the medial epicondyle allowing for visualization of the ulnar nerve and its surrounding soft tissues. The endoscopic evaluation of the 16 ulnar nerves demonstrated no compressive bands outside of the cubital tunnel. All patients had satisfactory outcomes. The good results reported after in situ ulnar nerve decompression have questioned the need for endoscopically assisted decompression of the ulnar nerve proximal and distal to the cubital tunnel. Some authors suggest the existence of fascial bands within the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) capable of compressing the ulnar nerve. This study would suggest that fibrous bands deep in the FCU capable of compressing the ulnar nerve do not exist. Our satisfactory outcomes would support the perception that extensive decompression of the ulnar nerve beyond the cubital tunnel is not routinely needed.