cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gonadal Steroid‐Dependent GAL‐IR Cells within the Medial Preoptic Nucleus (MPN) and the Stimulatory Effects of GAL within the MPN on Sexual Behaviors a

: More GAL-I cells exist within sexually dimorphic cell groups of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) in male rats than females, a large percentage of estrogen-concentrating cells within MPN cell groups are also GAL-immunoreactive (GAL-IR), and significantly more GAL-IR cells are visible with estrogen or its precursor, testosterone. Gonadal steroids also increase the size (diameter) of MPN GAL-IR cells and the number of GAL-IR cell processes within a portion of the MPN called the “GAL-IR MPOA plexus,” which exists in males only. GAL microinjected into the MPN stimulated male-typical sexual behaviors, with more testosterone required in females than males. Immunoneutralization with anti-GAL serum inhibited male-typical sexual behavior, indicating a role for endogenous GAL within the MPN. Microinjection of GAL into the MPN also stimulated female-typical sexual behaviors in estrogen-treated females and males, and GAL within the MPN dramatically overrode an inhibition of lordosis by dihydrotestosterone in rats of both sexes.
The investigation of residual gases in vacuum systems

Abstract Considerable information has been obtained concerning the origin of residual gases in evacuated systems. The experimental equipment involved in this research includes: (1) an omegatron mass spectrometer, (2) a sensitive quartz microbalance, (3) an apparatus for determining the adsorptive properties of getter films, and (4) associated vacuum systems. Preliminary data concerning the residual gas content of miniature electron tubes is presented. The application of the omegatron to the study of gases generated during tube processing and lifetime is outlined briefly.
Determination of copper in biological materials by atomic absorption spectroscopy: A reevaluation of the extinction coefficients for azurin and stellacyanin

A new method for the determination of copper in biological materials by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy is presented. This new procedure is an extension of the classic method of standard additions, where the analyte concentration is determined in a series of identical samples to which various amounts of metal standard have been added. The concentration of metal in the original sample is determined from an extrapolation of a plot of absorbance versus added analyte. In the new method, the amount of copper is determined by the method of standard additions for different concentrations of the sample under investigation as well. From an extrapolation of the data, the concentration of copper in the absence of interfering matrix is obtained. Studies with fetal bovine serum demonstrate that the new extrapolation technique is precise. Furthermore, considerably more copper is detected than by the classic method of standard additions applied to a nitric acid treated sample. The matrix effects of phosphate, nitrate, albumin, and serum were also examined. Both phosphate and serum, at physiological pH, decrease the detectability of added copper, while nitrate and albumin were without effect. The accuracy of this method has been verified by determining the extinction coefficients of stellacyanin and azurin. The values obtained, 4.33 X 10(3) and 3.75 X 10(3) M-1 cm-1, respectively, are considerably different from those determined by the method of standard additions on nitric acid digests of these proteins, but were close to values previously reported and determined colorimetrically.
Thermal degradation of polymers with phenylene units in the chain. II. Sulfur‐containing polyarylenes

Poly(p-phenylene sulfide), a poly(arylene sulfone), and a poly(arylene sulfonate) were subjected to thermal degradation in vacuo, at temperatures between 250 and 620°C. The volatile and solid degradation products were analyzed by mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The major decomposition product of poly-(phenylene sulfide) is a condensate, which consists of di- and trimeric chain fragments, dibenzothiophene, and possibly thianthrene. The residual polymer loses two thirds of its sulfur as hydrogen sulfide, however, one third is retained even at 620°C. The most characteristic decomposition reaction of the polysulfone and of the polysulfonate is the almost complete removal of the sulfur as sulfur dioxide. The elimination of sulfur dioxide is practically complete at 450°C for the polysulfone and at 350°C for the polysulfonate.
Measurement and Synthesis of Insoluble and Soluble Dextran by Streptococcus mutans

Total and insoluble dextransucrase activities of 10 strains of oral streptococci were measured by a modified filter disk assay. Strains that were nonadherent to hard surfaces had only low levels of insoluble dextransucrase activity.A physical rather than metabolic mechanism is suggested to explain the decreased insoluble and increased soluble activities observed when dextran T-10 is added to the media.
Search for multiple-step integer quantum Hall transitions

Recent experiments in the integer quantum Hall regime seem to find direct transitions from a quantum Hall state with Hall conductance $\sigma_{xy} = n e^2/h $ with integer $n > 1$, to an insulating state in weak magnetic fields. We study this issue using a variation of the tight-binding lattice model for non-interacting electrons. Although quantum Hall transitions with change in Hall conductance $n e^2/ h$ with $n > 1$ do exist in our model for special tuning of parameters, they generically split into quantum Hall transitions with the Hall conductance changing by $e^2 / h$ at each transition. This suggests that a generic multiple step quantum Hall transition is incompatible with a non-interacting electron picture.
Penetration of sulfur through preformed protective oxide scales

Thermodynamic assessment of sulfur penetration through otherwise protective scales such as Cr2O3, Al2O3 has been carried out for Co-Cr- and Co-Cr-Al-base alloys. Limiting conditions for sulfide formation following gas molecular transport and solution-diffusion transport have been established and the results partially confirmed by experiments carried out on Co-10Cr, Co-25Cr, and Co-10Cr-5Al alloys in sulfurous atmospheres. The results show that molecular transport of sulfurous gas species through the growing oxide scale definitely occurs. It was not possible to confirm or disprove the solutiondiffusion mechanism.
Semi-analytical solutions for stream–aquifer interactions under triangular stream-stage variations and its application to study urbanization impacts in an ungaged watershed of south Texas

Simple yet physically based models to evaluate stream–aquifer interactions during a flooding event subject to triangular stream stage variation were developed in this study. The results from the developed models were compared with other analytical and numerical solutions and noted to be very accurate. The study fills an important gap with regard to available analytical and semi-analytical solutions for modeling stream–aquifer interactions, which can be used for evaluating numerical codes. In particular, the developed models are very useful to obtain preliminary insights with regard to bank storage in ungaged watersheds as required for watershed management and planning studies in rapidly urbanizing watersheds. The utility of the model is illustrated by applying it to study the effects of urbanization on stream–aquifer interactions in the Arroyo Colorado River Watershed along the US–Mexico border region. The results indicate that increased urbanization reduces the amount of influx into the banks. The reduction in flood passage time was noted to have a greater impact than the associated rise in stage. The presence of a semi-permeable barrier was seen to mask the effects of urbanization. The model results also implicitly highlight the importance of how water quality variations caused due to urbanization can affect stream–aquifer interactions.
Nora's Final Inheritance in Henrik Ibsen's A DOLL HOUSE

Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House deserves to be revisited because Nora does not, as critics assert, definitively break from the “patriarchal Christian tradition” (Shideler n.p.) to enter “a very dark ni...
Seminormality and upper semicontinuity in optimal control

This paper concerns the concept of upper semicontinuity of variable sets, precisely the variant of Kuratowski's definition of upper semicontinuity that Cesari has denoted as property (Q). This concept has been used by Cesari in most of his papers on existence theorems for optimal solutions, and later used by Olech, Lasota and Olech, Brunovsky, Baum, Suryanarayana, and Angell. First, criteria are given for property (Q) in addition to those which had been already given previously. Then, it is shown that a slight restriction in the concept can be expressed in a form which is similar to Tonelli's concept of seminormality for free problems of the calculus of variations. Thus, the property (Q) appears to be a generalization to Lagrange problems of control of the well-known concept of seminormality for free problems.
Mechanical Response of Surface-Micromachined Beams Exposed to Short-Pulse Laser Irradiation

Due to the small dimensions of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), real-time imaging and metrology techniques must be developed for characterizing MEMS devices. This paper describes an interferometric imaging system used to visualize the mechanical response of MEMS structures during laser irradiation. By incorporating a high-speed CCD camera into the interferometric imaging system, video showing the transient repair of adhered microcantilevers is captured. The video clearly reveals that the failed structures peel from the substrate as they are repaired. The time-scale for repair is on the order of ten milliseconds and depends on the temperature difference between the cantilever and substrate created by the laser. Transient buckling and relaxation due to differential thermal expansion and subsequent cooling is also captured using the transient imaging system. These experimental results provide insight into the energy absorption and transport processes in microstructures during and after laser heating.© 2002 ASME
Automated biochemical, morphological, and organizational assessment of precancerous changes from endogenous two-photon fluorescence images.

Background Multi-photon fluorescence microscopy techniques allow for non-invasive interrogation of live samples in their native environment. These methods are particularly appealing for identifying pre-cancers because they are sensitive to the early changes that occur on the microscopic scale and can provide additional information not available using conventional screening techniques. Methodology/principal findings In this study, we developed novel automated approaches, which can be employed for the real-time analysis of two-photon fluorescence images, to non-invasively discriminate between normal and pre-cancerous/HPV-immortalized engineered tissues by concurrently assessing metabolic activity, morphology, organization, and keratin localization. Specifically, we found that the metabolic activity was significantly enhanced and more uniform throughout the depths of the HPV-immortalized epithelia, based on our extraction of the NADH and FAD fluorescence contributions. Furthermore, we were able to separate the keratin contribution from metabolic enzymes to improve the redox estimates and to use the keratin localization as a means to discriminate between tissue types. To assess morphology and organization, Fourier-based, power spectral density (PSD) approaches were employed. The nuclear size distribution throughout the epithelial depths was quantified by evaluating the variance of the corresponding spatial frequencies, which was found to be greater in the normal tissue compared to the HPV-immortalized tissues. The PSD was also used to calculate the Hurst parameter to identify the level of organization in the tissues, assuming a fractal model for the fluorescence intensity fluctuations within a field. We found the range of organization was greater in the normal tissue and closely related to the level of differentiation. Conclusions/significance A wealth of complementary morphological, biochemical and organizational tissue parameters can be extracted from high resolution images that are acquired based entirely on endogenous sources of contrast. They are promising diagnostic parameters for the non-invasive identification of early cancerous changes and could improve significantly diagnosis and treatment for numerous patients.
Rational Choice and Dysfunctional Institutions

As stated elsewhere in this issue, we cannot claim to explain an institution's origin just by the functions it serves. In part thismay be because of the cognitive limitations of those actors who are instrumental in institutional formation and institutional change. But even more clearly, it is the case that rational instrumental choice does not imply functional institutions. Just as rational choice in a prisoner's dilemma may result in inefficient policies, rational choice by actors with conflicting preferencesfor institutions may result in institutions that are suboptimal. Examples of rational choice explanations of dysfunctional institutions are provided in the area of bureaucracy, regulation, healthcare, and budgeting. I argue that the paradoxes and impossibility results of rational choice theory offer the best insights currently available into the persistent inefficiencies of the world ofpolitics.
Listener response to stuttering modification techniques

In two investigations, nonprofessional listeners used a 25-item bi-polar adjective scale to evaluate an adult male speaker who stuttered. In investigation one, 24 listeners evaluated the speaker during a Stuttering Only and a Stuttering + Cancellation condition. In investigation two, 50 listeners evaluated the speaker in a Stuttering Only and a Stuttering + Pullout condition. Listeners in the first investigation did not assign significantly different ratings to the Stuttering Only and Stuttering + Cancellation conditions. In the second investigation listeners rated the Stuttering Only condition more positively than the Stuttering + Pullout condition (p < 0.05). Analysis of listener response to four open-ended questions indicated significantly more positive reaction to the Stuttering Only condition than either of the Stuttering + Modification conditions. Finally, listeners rated the speaker using the cancellation and pullout techniques as being significantly more handicapped than when he was stuttering only. The findings provided preliminary evidence indicating that everyday listeners may react less favorably to an adult male speaker who is modifying his stuttered speech than when this same speaker is simply stuttering.
The cytoplasmic inheritance of male sterility inZea mays

1. The analyses of a male-sterile condition inZea mays indicate that the egg cytoplasm plays the chief role in the expression of the character. 2. There was no transmission of the male-sterility through the pollen of partially sterile plants. 3. A replacement of the chromosomes in the male-sterile line with chromosomes known to be free from sterility-producing factors had no apparent effect on the degree of sterility. 4. No linkage was found between any of the tested mutant genes in the different linkage groups with male-sterility. 5. The nature of the pollen parent had no demonstrable effect upon the expression of male-sterility. 6. Attempts to transmit the sterility artificially were unsuccessful. 7. The distribution of male-sterile and normal-appearing individuals with respect to the position of the seed on the cob was such as to negative the idea of discrete cytoplasm units, somatically segregated prior to the megasporogenesis, being the cross of sterility. 8. Cytological studies show microsporogenesis to be normal. The degeneration of the pollen usually occurs before the first vegetative division. There is a pronounced difference between the cytoplasmic elements of microspores in normal races and those of the male-sterile line. 9. There was no indication of the male-sterility being caused by a virus disease.
Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative analysis of cells from serial electron microscopic montages of foetal monkey brain.

Computer-aided reconstruction of immature brain cells with highly irregular shapes from serial electron microscopic montages gives three-dimensional images and quantitative data on surface areas and volumes, providing new classes of data on cell behaviour during development.
Social consequences of antiretroviral therapy: preparing for the unexpected futures of HIV-positive children

In its 25-year history, HIV/AIDS has proved to be a complex and changing epidemic. The patterns of infection have varied globally depending on the social and economic conditions of the country aff ected, with poverty having an integral role as the largest social determinant of HIV/AIDS. Moreover, with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the important transformation of the epidemic from a fatal to a chronic infection has varied, largely dependent on the economic capabilities of the diff erent countries and individual patients. Those able to access and aff ord such expensive treatment have quickly seen their life expectancy and quality of life greatly improve, whereas those less fortunate have continued to have devastatingly high rates of morbidity and mortality. Although ART has remained elusive in many lowincome and middle-income countries, pressure from activist groups, government leaders, health offi cials, and international organisations has resulted in lower costs and increased accessibility of ART through the public and private sectors. Pharmaceutical companies have been forced to lower costs of antiretroviral drugs and allow for the distribution of cheaper generic versions, governments (such as Brazil) have taken an active role in the universal distribution of ART, and WHO and UNAIDS 3-by-5 initiative, which had targeted to treat 3 million people by the end of 2005 has expanded not only the availability of ART but also the infrastructure to deliver such health care. Although the distribution of antiretroviral drugs is still far from adequate, the campaign to increase access to such therapy has had important success. 1
Water-soluble vitamin requirements of tilapia. 1 Pantothenic acid requirement of blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus

Abstract An 8-week growth trial was conducted to determine the pantothenic acid requirement of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. Five levels of calcium d-pantothenate, 0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg diet, were fed to tilapia fry (initial average weight of 0.71 g) in flow-through aquaria at a water temperature of 27.0 ± 1 °C. Fish fed the pantothenic acid-free diet performed poorly in terms of growth parameters and exhibited typical signs of pantothenic acid deficiency such as haemorrhage, sluggishness, high mortality, anaemia and severe hyperplasia of the epithelial cells of gill lamellae. Fish fed the diet supplemented with 5 mg of calcium d-pantothenate/kg diet performed significantly better than those fish fed the unsupplemented diet but performed poorly when compared with those fish fed diets containing 10, 20 and 40 mg of calcium d-pantothenate/kg diet. Also, pantothenic acid-deficiency signs were apparent in fish fed the diet containing 5 mg/kg diet whereas no deficiency signs were observed in fish fed diets supplemented with the higher levels of pantothenic acid. Based on these data, the dietary pantothenic acid requirement for blue tilapia was determined to be 10 mg calcium d-pantothenate/kg of diet.
RELATIONSHIP OF BONE MARROW CELLULARITY AND PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY: A LOCAL REGULATORY MECHANISM

An analysis has been made of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) uptake and cellularity in normal and regenerating marrow. Comparison of right and left femoral marrow in ninety normal rabbits has revealed a significant negative correlation (−0.75) between thymidine uptake per presumptive proliferative cell and the concentration of such cells. Locally irradiated marrow follows the normal marrow regression down to about 40% relative cellularity and then shows an upward displacement. The regenerating mechanically depopulated marrow manifests a similar displacement over the entire cellularity range studied which suggests that recovery was not yet complete as in the case of some of the irradiated marrow samples. The negative regression of 3H-TdR uptake on cellularity is not a consequence of altered thymidine availability, but rather of-a changing DNA synthesis rate and/or a changing fraction of proliferative cells. Since 3H-TdR uptake per presumptive proliferative cell reflects cell production, it follows that cell production is geared to the cellularity of a discrete marrow area. This provides a local self-regulating mechanism.
Reliability-based synthesis of non-linear stochastic dynamical systems: a global approximation approach

The paper presents an efficient methodology to carry out reliability-based structural optimisation of non-linear systems under stochastic loading. The optimisation problem is formulated as the minimisation of an objective function subject to multiple reliability constraints. The reliability constraints are given in terms of first excursion probabilities with large state-space dimensions. A sequential approximate optimisation scheme based on global approximations of the reliability constraints is implemented in the proposed formulation. The approximations of the first excursion probabilities in terms of the design variables are constructed by combining a global mixed linearisation approach with a reliability sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity of the first excursion probabilities are estimated by considering some statistics of an augmented reliability problem. The number of reliability estimations required during the optimal design process is generally very small. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Gap Energy and Long Range Order in the Boson - Fermion Model of Superconductivity

A partir des observations de petites longueurs de coherence pour tous les supraconducteurs a haute temperature, on conclut que l'etat de paire est raisonablement bien localise dans l'espace des coordonnees et peut par consequent etre represente de maniere phenomenologique pour un champ de bosons local (φ). Le mecanisme de la supraconductivite sous-jacent est suppose s'exercer a travers la reaction de «canal-s»: 2e→φ→2e. Ceci conduit a un modele boson-fermion melange. Etude de l'ordre a grande distance, du gap d'energie, et de l'effet Meissner dans une telle theorie
Why market rules matter: Optimizing pumped hydroelectric storage when compensation rules differ

Abstract Policies, markets, and technologies interact to create the modern electrical system. Integrating large amounts of electricity generated by variable renewable resources, such as from wind and sunlight, into electricity systems may require energy storage technologies to synchronize electricity production with electricity demand. Electricity markets compensate the performance of these energy storage technologies for the services they provide, and these markets are often operated by regional independent system operators (ISOs) that specify the market rules for this compensation. To examine how different ISO rules can affect the operation and profitability an energy storage technology, we develop a dynamic programming model of pumped hydroelectric storage (PHES) facility operation under the market rules from the Midcontinent ISO and ISO-New England. We present how differences in rules between these ISOs produced different operational strategies and profits, and how important they are for PHES profitability.
Upper-bound solutions to axisymmetric extrusion problems

Abstract A method for selecting velocity fields which are admissible is presented for the incompressible material. As illustrations, extrusion processes through three basic types of axisymmetric curved dies have been treated: cosine, elliptic and hyperbolic. Upper-bound theorem is used in obtaining mean extrusion pressures and also in choosing the most suitable deformation pattern for extrusion through square dies. Effects of die geometry, friction and material properties are discussed. A partial list is given of other problems which can be examined.
The Raman spectra of defects in neutron bombarded and Ge-rich vitreous GeO2

Abstract This paper reports the polarized Raman spectra of three forms of vitreous GeO2: the pure glass, neutron irradiated pure glass and unirradiated Ge-rich glass of composition Ge1.1O2. The data reveals that the line seen at 520 cm−1 in the pure glass is due to a network defect that is not a GeGe bond and very probably also not an OO bond. Comparison with spectra of fused silica suggests that the 606 cm−1 defect line seen in v-SiO2 is not due to SiSi or OO bonds.
SU-GG-J-129: Monte Carlo Calculations of Secondary Electron Spectra for Various Mixtures of Gold and Water Mimicking Tumors Loaded with Gold Nanoparticles

Purpose: To determine the change in secondary electronspectrum due to goldnanoparticles present in a tumor under a treatment scenario of goldnanoparticle‐aidedradiation therapy (GNRT). Method and Materials: The Monte Carlo code, EGSnrc, was modified to obtain the spectrum of secondary electrons. Simulations were performed with a water phantom containing a small gold‐loaded region at various gold concentration levels (0.1–3%). The atom of origin and energy of each Compton and photoelectron was tracked, yielding the secondary electronspectrum of gold and water for each simulation. Results: The presence of gold caused a significant increase in the number of photoelectrons generated. With 0.1%, 1%, and 3% gold in the region of interest, the total energy transferred to electrons through the photoelectric and Compton processes increased by 1.5%, 15%, and 49%, respectively. Conclusion: The spectra generated in this study are helpful for a better understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for dose enhancement within a gold‐loaded tumor during GNRT. They can also be used as inputs for detailed history Monte Carlo calculations to perform a nanodosimetric estimation of tumordose enhancement in the vicinity of a goldnanoparticle.
P1-254: Early detection of hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy with Pittsburgh Compound B

ing to 10-fold cross validation. The index also reflects the progression of the disease. First indications are that about 30% of the subjects respond to treatment, resulting in a delay of progression for about 6-9 months. Conclusions: In conclusion, this tool, which constitutes a surrogate marker, can be used as a significant part of the current diagnostic process for Alzheimer’s disease. The individual’s EEG can be measured anywhere and sent over the internet for analysis. The classification result and its confidence interval are sent back in a report. The technique can be used for monitoring the progression of AD and seems to be useful in evaluating the effect of treatment of cholinesterase inhibitors. Further research should aim at other types of intervention.
Ectodermal, Skeletal, and Genitourinary Abnormalities With Neonatal Hyperekplexia

A new syndrome of the major form of hyperekplexia with neonatal onset is described. An infant manifested multisystem involvement with ectodermal anomalies, including lymphedema and double eyelashes (lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome), genitourinary anomalies, and skeletal dysplasia. Despite extensive genetic evaluation, no cytogenetic or molecular etiologies were identified. The literature was reviewed to assess other unusual neurologic and nonneurologic features that have been reported in association with neonatal-onset hyperekplexia—that is, hyperekplexia-plus syndromes.
Categories with fuzzy sets and relations

We define a 2-category whose objects are fuzzy sets and whose maps are relations subject to certain natural conditions. We enrich this category with additional monoidal and involutive structure coming from t-norms and negations on the unit interval. We develop the basic properties of this category and consider its relation to other familiar categories. A discussion is made of extending these results to the setting of type-2 fuzzy sets.
Long-range incommensurate magnetic order in a Dy-Y multilayer.

A multilayer sample of Dy(47 A\r{})/Y(40 A\r{}), produced by molecular-beam-epitaxy techniques, is shown to order magnetically in an incommensurate helix that is coherent over several multilayer periods. The magnetic satellite peak has harmonics resulting from the multilayer modulation. The dc magnetic properties are suggestive of a metamagnet.
Sequential induction of two species of lipoprotein lipase.

Abstract Extracts of rat epididymal adipose tissue, chromatographed on agarose gel columns, show two species of lipoprotein lipase activity. When fasted rats are refed, activity of the smaller b species increases more rapidly than that of the larger a form. On continued refeeding, the activity of the b form decreased prior to a dramatic increase in the a form. Addition of heparin to the separated fractions increased the activity of both lipoprotein lipase species. An especially marked stimulation by heparin of the b form was observed in extracts of adipose tissue obtained shortly after the rats were refed.
Precipitation pulse size effects on Sonoran Desert soil microbial crusts

Deserts are characterized by low productivity and substantial unvegetated space, which is often covered by soil microbial crust communities. Microbial crusts are important for nitrogen fixation, soil stabilization and water infiltration, but their role in ecosystem production is not well understood. This study addresses the following questions: what are the CO2 exchange responses of crusts to pulses of water, does the contribution of crusts to ecosystem flux differ from the soil respiratory flux, and is this contribution pulse size dependent? Following water application to crusts and soils, CO2 exchange was measured and respiration was partitioned through mixing model analysis of Keeling plots across treatments. Following small precipitation pulse sizes, crusts contributed 80% of soil-level CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere. However, following a large pulse event, roots and soil microbes contributed nearly 100% of the soil-level flux. Rainfall events in southern Arizona are dominated by small pulse sizes, suggesting that crusts may frequently contribute to ecosystem production. Carbon cycle studies of arid land systems should consider crusts as important contributors because of their dynamic responses to different pulse sizes as compared to the remaining ecosystem components.
Planetographic clustering of low-altitude impulsive electric signals in the night ionosphere of Venus

This paper presents maps of the locations of electromagnetic signals, presumably caused by lightning, which were observed at 730 Hz during the first three nighttime observing seasons of Pioneer Venus Orbiter when the spacecraft reached altitudes low enough to detect the signals. The maps show that there are specific 'active regions' of enhanced signal occurrence, and that at least some of these active regions appear to remain fixed in planetographic coordinates from year to year.
A comparison of the effect of inanition, castration and testosterone of the muscles of the male guinea pig.

CASTRATION results in a loss of weight of specific muscles of the male guinea pig (1). Since starvation also results in a loss in muscle mass (2–5), studies were conducted to compare the effects of inanition on the individual muscles in both the normal and castrated guinea pig and to determine whether testosterone could exert its growth stimulating effect during inanition.
Rinsing with Fluoride Toothpaste Slurry may Prevent Dental Caries in Orthodontic Patients

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Modified fluoride toothpaste technique reduces caries in orthodontic patients: a longitudinal, randomized clinical trial. Al Mulla AH, Kharsa SA, Birkhed D. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2010;138(3):285-91. Reviewer Joana Cunha-Cruz, PhD Purpose/Question What is the caries incidence of orthodontic patients using a modified oral hygiene technique compared with orthodontic patients using routine oral hygiene technique? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial Level of Evidence Level 2 Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Linear plane waves in dissipative relativistic fluids.

This paper analyzes the dispersion relations for linear plane waves in the Eckart and the Israel-Stewart theories of dissipative relativistic hydrodynamics. We show that in the long-wavelength (compared to a typical mean-free-path-length) limit the complicated dynamical structure of the Israel-Stewart theory reduces to the familiar dynamics of classical fluids: 9 of the 14 modes of an Israel-Stewart fluid are strongly damped in this limit, two propagate at the adiabatic sound speed (with appropriate viscous and thermal damping), two transverse shear modes decay at the classical viscous damping rate, and the final longitudinal mode is damped at the classical thermal diffusion rate. The short-wavelength limit of these dispersion relations is also examined. We demonstrate that the phase and group velocities of these waves must approach the characteristic velocities in the short-wavelength limit. Finally, we show how some of the perturbations of an Eckart fluid violate causality.
Letter by Sane Regarding Article, “New-Onset Heart Failure Due to Heart Muscle Disease in Childhood: A Prospective Study in the United Kingdom and Ireland”

To the Editor: Andrews and colleagues1 reported a prospective population-based study of first episode of “heart muscle disease–induced” heart failure in children 7-fold from Wales (0.17 per 100 000) to Scotland (1.27 per 100 000). …
High scFv-receptor affinity does not enhance the antitumor activity of HER2 retargeted measles virus

High scFv–receptor affinity does not enhance the antitumor activity of HER2-retargeted measles virus
The effect of adriamycin and actinomycin D on radiation-induced skin reactions in mouse feet

Abstract The effects of adriamycin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and actinomycin D (0.7 mg/kg, i.p.) on radiation-induced skin reactions in mouse feet have been examined. Drugs were administered either 24 or 2 hr before, or 24 hr after single doses of 6 MeV photons. Split radiation dose experiments were also performed with the drug being administered either 24 or 2 hr before the first radiation dose. A five daily fraction experiment with drug administered 2 hr before the first and third doses was also carried out. In none of these experiments did adriamycin alter the kinetics of appearance, or the severity of, the radiation-induced reaction. Furthermore, drug administered 30 days after the radiation dose, i.e. after the radiation reaction was healed, did not induce any further reaction. These results confirm our previous preliminary observations that adriamycin does not significantly enhance radiation damage to the skin of mouse feet. In the case of actinomycin D no enhancement of skin reaction in single radiation dose experiments was observed. However, in both the split dose and five fraction study a significantly more severe skin reaction was seen in the drug treated animals compared to those treated with radiation alone.
Robust growth or anemic recovery in the U.S. and the global economy

It is a real pleasure to be here to share some of my views. I am going to focus my remarks mostly on the shortto medium-term and on the demand side. Most of this panel has demonstrated why economics is often referred to as the “dismal science” – and this crisis has given us every right to be dismal. In the competition among the panel, I am going to try to out-distance the other panelists and be a little more dismal than they are about the shortto medium-term. I want to begin by putting the problem in context by thinking about the world as it was before the crisis. What sustained the American economy and, to a large extent, the global economy was America’s housing bubble (and bubbles in a number of other countries), and that housing bubble allowed a consumption boom. As already mentioned by several speakers, this is what kept the U.S. economy going. It fueled high levels of consumption and a household savings rate that was close to zero. It was clear to almost everyone that this was not sustainable, which has been said many times in this session. Herb Stein once said, “That which is not sustainable will not be sustained.” And it was not. As we officially emerge from the recession – the NBER has not confirmed it yet, but there has certainly been growth – the question really is, what will replace the sources of demand that existed prior to the crisis? I think that there will be a real shortage of national as well as global aggregate demand. It will probably take a number of years to solve the problem. The long-term prognosis
Ebb and Flow in Parent-Child Interactions: Shifts from Early through Middle Childhood.

SYNOPSISObjective. This study documents the strength of relations between key parent and child behaviors as they occur during typical encounters for both mothers and fathers, and determines whether there were shifts in the strength of relations between parent and child behaviors during early and middle childhood. Design. Multivariate multi-level modeling was used to examine associations between three parent behaviors (respect for autonomy, stimulation of development, hostility) and two child behaviors (agency, negativity) as they occurred in typical parent-child activities at four time points from 54 months through fifth grade for 817 families. Results. For mothers and fathers, respect for autonomy and stimulation were associated with child agency. Paternal hostility was negatively associated with child agency, but for mothers the relation became more positive with age. Parental respect for autonomy and hostility were associated with child negativity for both mothers and fathers; however, for mothers, rel...
Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Inhibits Expression of Receptors for T Cell Regulatory Cytokines and Their Downstream Signaling in Mouse CD4+ T Cells

We previously showed a suppressive effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on T cell cycling and expansion as well as a paradoxical effect on IL-2 levels (upregulating) and IL-2 receptor (IL-2R)α expression (downregulating). Thus, in the current study, we tested the hypothesis that EGCG affects T cell responses via impairing the IL-2/IL-2R signaling. We found that EGCG inhibited anti-CD3/CD28-induced proliferation of naive CD4(+) T cells from C57BL/6 mice. EGCG increased accumulation of IL-2 but inhibited expression of IL-2R, including all its subunits [IL-2Rα, IL-2/IL-15Rβ, and common γ chain (γc)]. Using phosphorylation of STAT5 as a marker, we further found that EGCG suppressed IL-2R downstream signaling. Because IL-2R subunits IL-2/IL-15Rβ- and γc are shared with IL-15R and γc is shared with IL-7R, we suspected that EGCG might also influence the signaling of IL-15 and IL-7, the two key regulators in maintaining T cell homeostasis. Results showed that EGCG suppressed IL-15 and IL-7 signaling; further, EGCG not only inhibited the subunits in IL-15R and IL-7R shared with IL-2R, but also affected their proprietary α chains in a manner that aligns with an impaired signaling. Although IL-2, IL-15, and IL-7 have separate and distinctive roles in regulating T cells, all of them are critical for T cell survival, expansion, and differentiation. Thus, these findings indicate an involvement of T cell growth cytokines in EGCG-induced T cell suppression through downregulated expression of their receptors and downstream signaling. This implies a potential application in controlling dysregulated T cell functions such as those observed in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
Dynamical Adjustment of the Northern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature Field: Methodology and Application to Observations*

AbstractThe influence of atmospheric circulation changes reflected in spontaneously occurring sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies upon surface air temperature (SAT) variability and trends is investigated using partial least squares (PLS) regression, a statistical method that seeks to maximally explain covariance between a predictand time series or field and a predictor field. Applying PLS regression in any one of the three variants described in this study (pointwise, PC-wise, and fieldwise), the method yields a dynamical adjustment to the observed NH SAT field that accounts for approximately 50% of the variance in monthly mean, cold season data. It is shown that PLS regression provides a more parsimonious and statistically robust dynamical adjustment than an adjustment method based on the leading principal components of the extratropical SLP field. The usefulness of dynamical adjustment is demonstrated by applying it to the attribution of cold season SAT trends in two reference intervals: 1965–2000 and 192...
NARR's atmospheric water cycle components. Part II: Summertime mean and diurnal interactions.

Abstract Summertime interactions in the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) atmospheric water cycle are examined from a user’s perspective over the 1980–99 period with a particular emphasis on the diurnal cycle, the nocturnal maximum of precipitation over the Midwest, and the impacts of precipitation assimilation. NARR’s full-year mean atmospheric water cycle and its annual variations are examined in Part I of this study. North American summertime (June–August) features substantial convective activity that is often organized on a diurnal scale, although diverse regional diurnal features are evident to various extents in high-resolution precipitation products. NARR’s hourly assimilation of precipitation observations over the continental United States allows it to resolve diurnal effects on the water cycle, but in other regions the diurnal cycle of precipitation is imposed from an external reanalysis model. The prominent nocturnal maximum in precipitation across the upper Midwest is captured in NARR, ...
ProPhylo: partial phylogenetic profiling to guide protein family construction and assignment of biological process

Phylogenetic profiling is a technique of scoring co-occurrence between a protein family and some other trait, usually another protein family, across a set of taxonomic groups. In spite of several refinements in recent years, the technique still invites significant improvement. To be its most effective, a phylogenetic profiling algorithm must be able to examine co-occurrences among protein families whose boundaries are uncertain within large homologous protein superfamilies. Partial Phylogenetic Profiling (PPP) is an iterative algorithm that scores a given taxonomic profile against the taxonomic distribution of families for all proteins in a genome. The method works through optimizing the boundary of each protein family, rather than by relying on prebuilt protein families or fixed sequence similarity thresholds. Double Partial Phylogenetic Profiling (DPPP) is a related procedure that begins with a single sequence and searches for optimal granularities for its surrounding protein family in order to generate the best query profiles for PPP. We present ProPhylo, a high-performance software package for phylogenetic profiling studies through creating individually optimized protein family boundaries. ProPhylo provides precomputed databases for immediate use and tools for manipulating the taxonomic profiles used as queries. ProPhylo results show universal markers of methanogenesis, a new DNA phosphorothioation-dependent restriction enzyme, and efficacy in guiding protein family construction. The software and the associated databases are freely available under the open source Perl Artistic License from ftp://ftp.jcvi.org/pub/data/ppp/ .
Age dependence of oval cell responses and bile duct carcinomas in male fischer 344 rats fed a cyclic choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented diet.

The age dependence of the oval cell response and bile duct carcinomas of male F344 rats exposed to a cyclic choline deficiency-ethionine (CDE) diet (2 weeks on, 1 week off) supports the concept of loss of potential of liver stem cells to form cancers with aging. Livers of rats exposed at 3 weeks of age demonstrated a robust and widespread oval cell proliferation followed by cholangiofibrosis and bile duct metaplasia with extensive mucinous cysts throughout all lobes, and induction of cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) in seven of eight rats. Livers of rats exposed beginning at 8 weeks of age had much less oval cell response and cholangiofibrosis with only 1 of 15 rats developing a CCA. Livers in old (10-12 months when started) rats remained virtually unaffected, with minimal oval cell proliferation, only occasional and small foci of ductular dysplasia, and none of 16 rats developed CCAs. In contrast to most published studies using uninterrupted choline deficiency plus a carcinogen, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was not observed under the conditions of this study. Conclusion: With aging, male F344 rats exposed to cyclic CDE diet display a diminished oval cell response and fewer CCAs. The absence of HCC is possibly due to the fact that during cyclic CDE, the week off may allow putative liver stem cells to avoid death or differentiation and survive to give rise to CCAs, whereas with continuous CDE exposure, the stem cells are forced to differentiate and develop into HCCs with relatively few CCAs. HEPATOLOGY 2010
Intent, perception, and out-of-core visualization applied to terrain

This paper considers how out-of-core visualization applies to terrain datasets, which are among the largest now presented for interactive visualization and can range to sizes of 20 GB and more. It is found that a combination of out-of-core visualization, which tends to focus on 3D data, and visual simulation, which places an emphasis on visual perception and real-time display of multiresolution data, results in interactive terrain visualization with significantly improved data access and quality of presentation. Further, the visual simulation approach provides qualities that are useful for general data, not just terrain.
Decreased bone mineral density in Prader-Willi syndrome: comparison with obese subjects.

Bone density, anthropometric data, and markers of bone turnover were collected on 21 subjects diagnosed with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and compared with 9 subjects with obesity of unknown cause. In addition, urinary N-telopeptide levels were obtained in all subjects. N-telopeptides are the peptide fragments of type I collagen, the major bone matrix material. During periods of active bone degradation or high bone turnover, high levels of N-telopeptides are excreted in the urine. However, no significant difference was detected in the urinary N-telopeptide levels when corrected for creatinine excretion (raw or transformed data) between our subjects with obesity or PWS and the observed effect size of the between-group difference was small. Although N-telopeptide levels were higher but not significantly different in the subjects with PWS compared with obese controls, the subjects with PWS had significantly decreased total bone and spine mineral density and total bone mineral content (all P < 0.001). No differences in N-telopeptide levels or bone mineral density were observed between subjects with PWS and chromosome 15q deletion or maternal disomy. Thus, decreased bone mineral density in subjects with PWS may relate to the lack of depositing bone mineral during growth when bones are becoming more dense (e.g., during adolescence), possibly because of decreased production of sex or growth hormones and/or long-standing hypotonia. It may not be caused by loss, or active degradation, of bone matrix measurable by the methods described in this study further supporting the possible need for hormone therapy during adolescence.