cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Readability of online materials for Dupuytren's contracture.

Abstract Study Design Descriptive. Background Dupuytren's contracture is a common disorder involving fibrosis of the palmar fascia. As patients are increasingly using online materials to gather health care information, it is imperative to assess the readability and appropriateness of this content. The recommended grade level for patient educational materials is seventh to eighth grade according to the National Institutes of Health. This study aims to assess the readability and content of online patient resources for Dupuytren's contracture. Purpose of the Study Evaluate readability of online patient education materials for Dupuytren's contracture. Methods The largest public search engine, Google, was queried using the term “Dupuytren's contracture surgery” on February 26, 2016. Location filters were disabled, and sponsored results were excluded to avoid any inadvertent search bias. The 10 most popular Web sites were identified, and all relevant patient-directed information within 1 click from the original site was downloaded and saved as plain text. Readability was analyzed using 6 established analyses ( Readable.io , Added Bytes, Ltd, UK). Results Analysis of 10 Web sites demonstrates an average grade level of at least 11th grade (Flesch-Kincaid grade level, 10.2; Gunning-Fog grade level, 13.1; Coleman-Liau grade level, 14.4; Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grade level, 10.0; automated readability grade level, 9.7; and average grade level, 11.5). Overall Flesch-Kincaid reading ease index was 46.4, which is difficult. No single article was at the recommended reading level. Conclusions Online materials available for treatment of Dupuytren's contracture are above recommended reading levels and do not include a comprehensive explanation of treatment options, which may negatively impact decision making in patients seeking treatment for this condition. Surgeons and hand therapists alike should be cognizant of available online patient materials and make efforts to develop and provide more appropriate materials. Level of Evidence V.
Sex Differences in Thermal, Stress, and Inflammatory Responses to Minocycline Administration in Rats with Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Persistent inflammation, mediated in part by increases in cytokines, is a hallmark of traumatlc brain injury (TBI). Minocycline has been shown to inhibit post-TBI neuroinflammation in male rats and mice, but has not been tested in females. Here, we studied sex differences in thermal, stress, and inflammatory responses to TBI and minocycline. Female rats were ovariectomized under isoflurane anesthesia at 33–36 days of age. At 45–55 days of age, male and female rats were implanted intraperitoneally (i.p.) with calibrated transmitters for monitoring body temperature. Moderate cortical contusion injury (CCI) or sham surgery was performed when the rats attained 60–70 days of age. One hour after surgery, rats were injected i.p. with minocycline (50 mg/kg) or saline (0.3 mL); injections were repeated once daily for the next 3 days. At 28 days after CCI or sham surgery, 30 min restraint stress was initiated and blood samples were obtained by tail venipuncture before the onset of restraint and at 30, 60, ...
The Role of Oxytocin and Vasopressin in Attachment

Selective relationships and attachments are central to human health and well-being, both in current societies and during the course of evolution. The presence or absence of social bonds has consequences across the lifespan. The neurobiology of attachment is grounded in neuroendocrine substrates that are shared with reproduction and survival. Experimental studies of species, such as sheep or prairie voles, capable of showing selective social behaviors toward offspring or partners, have provided empirical evidence for the role of oxytocin and vasopressin in the formation of selective attachments. Developmental exposure to social experiences and to peptides, including oxytocin and vasopressin, also can "retune" the nervous system, altering thresholds for sociality, emotion regulation, and aggression. Without oxytocin and without the ability to form attachments the human brain as we know it could not exist. Knowledge of the neurobiology of attachment, and especially the role of oxytocin, also has implications for understanding both healthy behavior and treating mental disorders.
The industry effects of information and regulation in the cigarette market: 1950-1965

The authors investigate the historical effects of information and advertising regulation in the cigarette market. Their method is a series of event analyses, which examines patterns of stock return...
Privatization and Self-Regulation as Tropes of Global Media Restructuring

There is a power to language itself in affecting media reform around the world. The field of media regulation is filled with examples of strong ideas, encapsulated in words and phrases, that have an enormous impact on legislative transformation, examples, too, where the export of these phrases seems a characteristic of globalization. Two such themes entering the central vocabulary are "Privatization" and "self-regulation." Once local to the developed countries as a category or mode of discourse, these terms now are found in the idealized toolkit of change everywhere. These concepts have advanced or are advancing from being a mere descriptor of a technique to something closer to a point of advocacy, a measure of satisfaction in terms of a Western template. These two concepts?privatization and self-regulation-are specifically part of the armament to lessen dependence of the media on government. Greater privatization and an emphasis on self regulation generally reduce the capacity of authoritarian entities to exercise control. Simultaneously, they are aspects of a global discourse that is central to a specific restructuring process: competition among multinationals may require autonomous private media entities engaged in terrestrial distribution.
Predicting binocular visual field sensitivity from monocular visual field results.

Purpose To compare methods of predicting binocular visual field sensitivity of patients with glaucoma from monocular visual field data. Methods Monocular and binocular visual fields were obtained for 111 patients with varying degrees of glaucomatous damage in one or both eyes, using the Humphrey 30-2 full-threshold procedure. Four binocular sensitivity prediction models were evaluated: BEST EYE, predictions based on individual values for the most sensitive eye, defined by mean deviation (MD); AVERAGE EYE, predictions based on the average sensitivity between eyes at each visual field location; BEST LOCATION, predictions based on the highest sensitivity between eyes at each visual field location; and BINOCUIAR SUMMATION, predictions based on binocular summation of sensitivity between eyes at each location. Differences between actual and predicted binocular sensitivities were calculated for each model. Results The average difference between predicted and actual binocular sensitivities was close to zero for the BINOCULAR SUMMATION and BEST LOCATION models, with 95% of all predictions being within +/-3 dB of actual binocular sensitivities. The best eye (MD) prediction had an average error of 1.5 dB (95% confidence limits [CL], +/-3.7 dB). The average eye prediction was the poorest, with an average error of 3.7 dB (95% CL, +/-4.6 dB). Conclusions The BINOCULAR SUMMATION and BEST LOCATION models provided better predictions of binocular visual field sensitivity than the other two models, with a statistically significant difference in performance. The small difference in performance between the BINOCULAR SUMMATION and BEST LOCATION models was not statistically significant. For evaluations of functional visual field influences on task performance, daily activities, and related quality-of-life issues, either the BINOCULAR SUMMATION or BEST LOCATION model provides good estimates of binocular visual field sensitivity.
EFFECT OF DOPAMINE ON THE NERVE-STIMULATION MEDIATED RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE (NE) AND DOPAMINE β-HYDROXYLASE (DBH) FROM THE ISOLATED PERFUSED CAT SPLEEN

Dopamine (1 μm) decreased the DBH activity released from spleens of reserpine-treated cats following stimulation at 1 Hz. The inhibitory effect of dopamine on the neurally mediated release of NE and DBH was still manifest in control spleens perfused with phentolamine (3 μM), an alpha adrenoceptor blocking agent. In both cases, the addition of clozapine (1 μM) reversed the dopamine effect to a comparable degree, suggesting dopamine exerts at least some of its inhibitory effects on neurotransmitter release by interaction with a specific dopamine receptor.
An Overview of Healthcare Disparities

By the early 1980s, Wennberg et al., using small area analysis and geographic information systems analytic techniques, demonstrated that a significant amount of nonrandom medical practice variability existed between clinical practices in different geographic locales, despite treating clinically similar patients (Barnes, O’Brien, Comstock, D’Arpa, & Donahue, 1985; McPherson, Wennberg, Hovind, & Clifford, 1982). In their study they examined the incidence of several common surgical procedures in seven hospital service areas in southern Norway, 21 sites in the United Kingdom, and 18 sites in the northeastern US. Although overall surgical rates were higher in the US than in the United Kingdom or Norway, there was significant variability in surgical rates among sites. In addition the variability was similar across all the three countries. In fact there was surprising consistency among countries in the rank order of variability for most procedures: tonsillectomy, hemorrhoidectomy, hysterectomy, and prostatectomy varied more from area to area than did appendectomy, hernia repair, or cholecystectomy. Thus this variation appeared to be nonrandom and not related to the organization or financing of care across the three countries (McPherson et al.). A large analysis by Barnes seemed to corroborate Weinberg’s findings of differential healthcare delivery in relation to geography. In this study Barnes et al. examined over 140,000 surgical procedures performed in Massachusetts in 1980. The location of the facilities where these procedures occurred was mapped and subdivided into more than 150 geographically defined areas across the state. The resulting analysis revealed that per capita surgical rates across geographic areas were significantly (two-to threefold) different and seemingly unrelated to clinical characteristics of patients served. Some surgical procedures were even being provided at rates substantially different from the statewide rate (Barnes et al., 1985). By the early 1990s the evidence of disparate care provision in the US healthcare system continued to mount with the emergence of data from the Harvard Medical Practice Study (Brennan, Leape, Laird, Localio, & Hiatt, 1990; Brennan, Leape, et al., 1991; Leape et al., 1991). This study was undertaken, in part, to evaluate risk factors related to injury caused by the healthcare system. This comprehensive study was
Deep Gaussian processes: Theory and applications

Gaussian processes are an infinite-dimensional generalization of multivariate normal distributions. They provide a principled approach to learning with kernel machines and they have found wide applications in many fields. More recently, with the advance of deep learning, the concept of deep Gaussian processes has emerged. Deep Gaussian processes have improved capacity for prediction and classification over standard Gaussian processes and models based on them preserve the features of allowing for full Bayesian treatment and for applications when the amount of available data is limited. The theory of recent progress in deep Gaussian processes will be presented and selected applications to problems in medicine will be provided.
Predicting U.S. Adolescents’ Purchasing of Denim Jeans using Quality Attributes, Behavioral Characteristics, and Sociodemographics

Jeans were predominant in American closets until the early 2000s when athleisure grew and passed denim in sales. Currently, athleisure is leading the mindshare of adolescents and has been since spring 2014. Youth have as much discretionary spending as college-students, but youth have fewer to no financial responsibilities. This study sought to establish a predictive model of the factors that contribute to the decision-making process when purchasing denim by 13- to 19-year-old adolescents living in the United States. A conceptual model was developed from the buyer-decision process, quality attributes, behavioral characteristics, and sociodemographics to predict an adolescent’s denim purchase intention. An opt-in panel of 460 adolescents living in the United States took a researcher-developed questionnaire online. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to predict the intention to purchase denim jeans using product attributes, sociodemographics, and purchasing behaviors of denim jeans. The statistically significant predictors of intention to purchase denim were intrinsic attributes-appearance of fabric on body, cognitive attributes, if denim had a tighter fit, and if denim was purchased in the last three months. Predictors that decreased respondents’ intention to purchase denim jeans included if the price for one pair of denim was increasingly more than $40 and gender. The findings suggest the factors adolescents consider important when purchasing denim jeans so that manufacturers could adjust production and marketing as needed. Research efforts should include interpersonal and media influences in the conceptual model to predict denim jean purchases. Qualitative research should have youth evaluate product attributes when denim jeans are present.
Nanocrystal Conversion-Assisted Design of Sn-Fe Alloy with a Core-Shell Structure as High-Performance Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Sn-based alloy materials are strong candidates to replace graphitic carbon as the anode for the next generation lithium-ion batteries because of their much higher gravimetric and volumetric capacit...
Prevalence and correlates of nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) among Young adults experiencing homelessness in seven cities across the United States.

Abstract Background: Nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is an urgent public health concern facing the United States. Young adults experiencing homelessness (YEH) are at increased risk of NMUPD; however, community estimates of NMUPD among YEH are sparse. This current study sought to understand patterns and correlates of NMUPD in a geographically heterogeneous sample of YEH recruited from seven cities across the United States. Methods: From June 2016 to July 2017, 1,426 YEH (aged 18–26) were recruited from seven cities (Houston, Los Angeles, Denver, Phoenix, New York City, St. Louis, San Jose). Participants provided information on substance use, mental health, trauma, and sexual-risk behaviors. Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to assess demographic, psychological, and behavioral correlates of self-reported past-month NMUPD and NMUPD types (i.e., prescription stimulant, sedative, and opioids). Results: Approximately 20% of participants reported past-month NMUPD. Almost 9% reported misusing prescription opioids, 8.7% misused prescription sedatives, and 6% misused prescription stimulants. Multivariable logistic regressions revealed unmet mental health needs were associated with sedative and stimulant misuse but not opioid misuse. Having suicidal thoughts was associated with opioid misuse but not sedative or stimulant misuse. Although no geographical differences emerged for stimulant and sedative misuse, youth from Denver, Phoenix, and San Jose were more likely to engage in opioid misuse relative to youth in Los Angeles. Conclusions: These findings indicate that interventions designed to address NMUPD need to be multifaceted, designed to address other risk behaviors correlated with NMUPD, and target unmet mental health needs.
Achieving Health Equity in Hypertension Management Through Addressing the Social Determinants of Health.

The goals of this paper were to examine recent literature on the social determinants of health as they relate to hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and discuss relevance to the practice of emergency medicine. Social determinants of health, defined by the World Health Organization as “the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age” ( https://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/en/ ) play a complex role in the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease and the persistence of racial disparities in related health outcomes. Deciphering the independent association between minority status and social determinants in the United States is challenging. As a result, much of the recent interventional work has targeted populations by race or ethnicity in order to address these disparities. There is opportunity to expand the work on social determinants of health and hypertension. This includes exploring innovative approaches to identifying at-need individuals and breaking down traditional siloes to develop multidimensional interventions. New funding and payment mechanisms will allow for providers and health systems to identify and target modifiable social determinants of health at the level of the individual patient to improve outcomes.
Charge transfer nanocrystals for optical and electronic applications

Abstract Charge transfer (CT) cocrystals are fascinating materials with numerous potential applications in optical and electronic devices. The partial transfer of electrons from the donor to the acceptor molecule significantly alters the electronic and optical properties of the material, in particular giving rise to strong CT absorption bands, often in the near infrared. Compared to single-component crystals, the formation and structure of cocrystals are more complex due to the additional component (coformer) in the crystal. This includes the possibility of having more than one possible stoichiometry and the greater likelihood of there being multiple polymorphs. Here we develop a general model for cocrystallization under different conditions and show how the crystal morphology can be controlled by changing the processing conditions. We also discuss the optical and electronic properties of CT cocrystals in relation to their potential for use in devices such as field-effect transistors (FETs) and optical sensors. We demonstrate that the deposition of the cocrystals in specific locations with controlled orientation can be achieved using the controlled evaporative self-assembly (CESA) method. CESA yields narrow ribbons of CT cocrystals with controlled orientation. Finally, we present results illustrating the device performance of CT cocrystalline forms in organic FETs, and show evidence for hopping as the primary mechanism for charge transport.
The chimeric antigen receptor-intensive care unit (CAR-ICU) initiative: Surveying intensive care unit practices in the management of CAR T-cell associated toxicities.

Abstract Purpose A task force of experts from 11 United States (US) centers, sought to describe practices for managing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell toxicity in the intensive care unit (ICU). Materials and methods Between June–July 2019, a survey was electronically distributed to 11 centers. The survey addressed: CAR products, toxicities, targeted treatments, management practices and interventions in the ICU. Results Most centers (82%) had experience with commercial and non-FDA approved CAR products. Criteria for ICU admission varied between centers for patients with Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) but were similar for Immune Effector Cell Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS). Practices for vasopressor support, neurotoxicity and electroencephalogram monitoring, use of prophylactic anti-epileptic drugs and tocilizumab were comparable. In contrast, fluid resuscitation, respiratory support, methods of surveillance and management of cerebral edema, use of corticosteroid and other anti-cytokine therapies varied between centers. Conclusions This survey identified areas of investigation that could improve outcomes in CAR T-cell recipients such as fluid and vasopressor selection in CRS, management of respiratory failure, and less common complications such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, infections and stroke. The variability in specific treatments for CAR T-cell toxicities, needs to be considered when designing future outcome studies of critically ill CAR T-cell patients.
Plane-strain crack-tip fields for power-law hardening orthotropic materials

Abstract Near-tip stress and strain fields for power-law hardening orthotropic materials under plane-strain conditions are presented. Plastic orthotropy is described by Hill's quadratic yield function. The angular variations of these HRR-type fields depend on a single parameter which specifies the state of plastic orthotropy. Near-tip fields for highly orthotropic materials differ substantially from the fields for isotropic materials. Mode I (symmetric) and mode II (anti-symmetric) solutions for different degrees of plastic orthotropy are given. The angular stress distributions for the low-hardening material agree remarkably well with the plane-strain slip-line fields. Based on the singularity fields, effective stress contours are constructed. The applicability of these fields in the context of a fiber-reinforced composite containing a macroscopic flaw is discussed.
Web Privacy Policies in Higher Education: How Are Content and Design Used to Provide Notice (Or a Lack Thereof) to Users?

This paper explores the content themes and provision structures of the website privacy policies of a nonrandom sample of comparable universities across the United States. Because these organizations collect, analyze, and manage personal information via digital media, it is important to evaluate the legal content and usability of their privacy policies. The issue is complex, because technology continues to advance, privacy policy standards continue to evolve, and the law is unclear on many aspects of privacy. Furthermore, the education sector lags industry in its implementation of privacy and security programs. A content analysis was conducted to identify patterns in legal provisions, general usability, and communication of sixteen university web privacy policies. This approach revealed what universities disclose about their information practices and user rights. The results reveal the commonalities of how web privacy policies are structured, what concepts are presented, and what information is absent. Additionally, recommendations are shared regarding how to develop comprehensive online privacy policies appropriate for higher education.
Recent Advances in Nails in Systemic Disease

At the bedside, nail changes offer the educated observer a clue to systemic disease. With an understanding of physical signs such as nail fold capillary changes or the angle that the nail plate exits the proximal nail fold, the clinician might begin to more quickly piece together clues which point to a certain illness or disease state. This chapter offers new understandings of classic nail changes associated with systemic disease and offers the clinician a greater appreciation for bedside diagnosis.
Numerical simulation of NSLS-II fast orbit feedback system

Abstract We discuss recent work on the construction of a numerical simulation of the fast orbit feedback system at NSLS-II. The simulation operates in the time domain and also includes the spatial domain, i.e. all beam position monitors (BPMs) and correctors. It can accept inputs of the real beam orbit and the measured orbit response matrix. It can also add errors to every stage of the calculation. We present methods to verify the simulation results by comparing the simulation results with experimental data collected at NSLS-II. The results are in very good agreement. The effects of errors from BPMs and correctors, as well as the amplitude of excitation, on the feedback performance, are also explored. This simulation can be used to predict the behavior and performance of the system for a future upgrade.
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in the Educational Sciences

Many of the analytical models commonly used in educational research often aim to maximize explained variance and identify variable importance within models. These models are useful for understandin...
Implications of Short Selling for Corporate Finance

Corporate managers often view short sellers as market manipulators whose actions drive their company's stock price below intrinsic value. But recent academic research suggests that some short sellers are effective in processing publicly available information and that their short selling may provide useful information to market participants. This article summarizes the authors’ own published research, which provides evidence of informed short selling by linking it to changes in corporate fundamentals. More specifically, the authors’ findings indicate that increases in short interest are reliable indicators of an economically (as well as statistically) significant decline in a company's operating performance over the following three years. And when examining changes in short interest around announcements of seasoned equity offerings, the authors also find a negative relation between an increase in short interest and future operating performance. In addition, they find that the greater the increase in short interest in the period leading up to the SEO announcement, the more negative is the stock‐price response to the announcement itself. The authors’ findings suggest that corporate managers can benefit from monitoring the short‐selling activity in their company's stock. Short‐selling data can be used to reassess corporate strategy or rethink major corporate decisions that have been announced but not carried out, and take preemptive actions to forestall impending future declines in performance and so preserve value.
Thermal Radiation Properties of Gases

Publisher Summary This chapter aims to systematically develop the background information needed to formulate and evaluate thermal radiation properties of gases for engineering applications, and to review the literature of present works and approaches for future research in this area. The scope of the chapter is limited by the assumption that the radiating gas under consideration is at the state of complete or local thermodynamic equilibrium and of negligible scattering effect. The chapter introduces the general concepts concerning gaseous radiation and presents a review of the physics of atomic and molecular spectra. The radiation resulting from transitions of electronic, atomic, or molecular states has been discussed; they are line radiation, band radiation, and continuum radiation. The evaluation of total (engineering) emissivity and its applications to radiation from homogeneous gas bodies of complex geometry have been discussed. Consideration has been given to the appropriate absorption coefficients for use in the radiative transport calculations.
Slash Stars: Two Types, Two Scenarios?

Of/WN, or as we will call them here, “slash ‘/’” stars were first described by Walborn (1977; 1982a; 1982b) as hot luminous stars that have spectroscopic properties of both O and low-ionization WN spectral classes. Walborn called attention to Sk -67° 22, an 03If*/WN6-A star that had strong O-type absorption lines, but also a broad emission feature at HeII λ4686A. The ‘/’ symbol was used to indicate that there was difficulty in assigning either the Of or the WN type unambiguously. He labled other LMC stars as Qfpe/WN9 not only because of a similar ambiguity in the classification but also the presence of narrow “nebular” emission lines associated with the star. Conti and Garmany (1983) pointed out the similarity of Sk -71° 34 to Sk -67° 22. A total of ten stars with Ofpe/WN9 character have now been identified in the LMC (Bohannan and Walborn 1989) : HDE 269927C, 269445, 269582, 269687, 269858, 269227; Sk -66 040, -67 266, -69 297; BE 381.
Evaluating the profitability and marketability efficiency of large banks: An application of data envelopment analysis

Abstract Banking efficiency literature mostly addressed profitability efficiency (activities generating more profits for a bank), ignoring marketability efficiency (activities generating more market value). Applying a nonparametric frontier method—data envelopment analysis (DEA)—with a sample of 245 large banks, this study provides evidence that current large banks acquire relatively lower level of marketability efficiency. There are 34 (about 14%) banks that obtain higher level of profitability performance but lower level of marketability performance. Results also indicate that the geographical location of banks seems not related to either the profitability or marketability efficiency. Finally, overall technical efficiency (OTE) of the profitability performance can predict the likelihood of bank failures.
Abi3bp Is a Multifunctional Autocrine/Paracrine Factor that Regulates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biology

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted into injured myocardium promote repair through paracrine mechanisms. We have previously shown that MSCs over-expressing AKT1 (Akt-MSCs) exhibit enhanced properties for cardiac repair. In this study, we investigated the relevance of Abi3bp toward MSC biology. Abi3bp formed extracellular deposits with expression controlled by Akt1 and ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Abi3bp knockdown/knockout stabilized focal adhesions and promoted stress-fiber formation. Furthermore, MSCs from Abi3bp knockout mice displayed severe deficiencies in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Knockout or stable knockdown of Abi3bp increased MSC and Akt-MSC proliferation, promoting S-phase entry via cyclin-d1, ERK1/2, and Src. Upon Abi3bp binding to integrin-β1 Src associated with paxillin which inhibited proliferation. In vivo, Abi3bp knockout increased MSC number and proliferation in bone marrow, lung, and liver. In summary, we have identified a novel extracellular matrix protein necessary for the switch from proliferation to differentiation in MSCs.
La evaluación de las narraciones escritas: una perspectiva holística focalizada

The aim of this work is to present one of five instruments that will be employed in the research mentioned above. The written production of 400 children with no learning disabilities will be assessed through a holistic focalized guideline, which is different from the pure or simple holistic assessment, whose objective is to classify a written composition to make it match with a graded series of other compositions or to assign a score to the domain of certain features relevant to the type of written text with a guideline that describes each feature and identifies high, medium and low quality levels. The guideline that will be employed is also different from the Primary Trait Score, which directs the test-giver’s attention to those characteristics relevant to the type of discourse required and in which not carrying out the instructions to do the task is severely penalized. Focused Holistic Assessment, instead, is a fusion of both, Holistic Assessment and Primary Trait Scoring, and is an assessment instrument that satisfactorily harmonizes with the production of narrative texts. It assesses the general quality of written texts, regardless of how the producers of those texts respond to specific aspects of a given topic. The instrument presented here in is an assessment guideline that addresses both general characteristics of writing and specific characteristics of the text type required (narration).
Advanced cancer as a risk for major depressive episodes

Objective Major depression adversely affects health communication, quality of life, and survival in patients with advanced cancer. Prior research provides limited insight into how patients with advanced cancer differ from the general population in risk for developing a major depressive episode (MDE). This study aims to determine whether advanced cancer poses distinct risks for initial and recurrent MDEs. Methods Advanced cancer patients (N = 628) from Coping with Cancer were compared with propensity-weighted general population controls (N = 9282) from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Results Patients with advanced cancer were more likely than comparisons to have an initial MDE [OR = 27.3, 95% CI = (14.8–50.4); p < 0.001] but no more likely than comparisons to have a recurrent MDE [OR = 1.5, 95% CI = (0.9–2.6); p = 0.160]. Nearly two thirds (64.4%) of current MDEs in patients were initial onset; the vast majority (91.8%) of current MDEs in comparisons were recurrent. Conclusions Advanced cancer increases risk of an initial MDE but appears not to enhance risk of a recurrent MDE. This suggests the importance of screening widely for depression in patients with advanced cancer as opposed to targeting screening to presumably high-risk subgroups of those with psychiatric histories. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon‐13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is the measurement of the precession or resonance frequencies of the net magnetization for 13C nuclei whose individual magnetic moments have been oriented in a strong magnetic field. Nuclei differing in their electronic shielding precess about the magnetic field at different Larmor or resonance frequencies. A high-power radiofrequency (rf) pulse is used to perturb the magnetization vectors from their equilibrium distribution, generating an observable transverse magnetization. Precession of this net magnetization vector about the static magnetic field induces a voltage into the NMR probe coil. Relaxation pathways promote the repartitioning of the individual magnetic moments to their equilibrium Boltzmann distributions and a dephasing of the individual magnetization vectors in the transverse plane. This signal is detected as a function of time through a phase-sensitive receiver, digitized and Fourier transformed (FT) into a frequency domain spectrum. The NMRs, referenced relative to the resonance frequency of a standard are shifted in a manner characteristic of hybridization of the atom, electronegativity of the substituents attached and the steric environment of the nucleus. These shifts typically follow a standard set of rules and thus spectra can be simulated either empirically through measurement of the additive effects of substituents or through ab initio and semi-empirical computational methods. Scalar couplings to directly attached hydrogen-1 (1H) nuclei split resonance lines into (nH + 1) lines and require the use of broadband 1H decoupling to remove this splitting for sensitivity enhancement. The presence of attached or nearest neighbor 1H atoms also provides a means of enhancing the signal intensity of 13C spectra and for selective observation of 13C signals through polarization transfer. Multidimensional NMR experiments are available which permit the 13C13C or 13C1H correlations as well as a means of measuring nJCH couplings. Analysis of samples can be done without the need for internal standards or calibration standards since NMR signals are directly proportional to the moles of analyte present and there are no response factors or absorptivities to be determined for quantitative analysis. Although 13C NMR spectroscopy is widely used and is a very powerful structural technique in organic and polymer chemistry, the technique suffers from an inherent lack of sensitivity due to a natural abundance of only 1.1 percent and a small magnetogyric ratio (γC). Long relaxation times present in small molecules undermine the quantitative accuracy of this method or require lengthy amounts of instrument time to acquire an NMR spectrum. Quantitative results can be obtained with the selection of appropriate experimental parameters often combined with the use of relaxation agents.
Allowing for Variations in Multivitamin Supplement Composition Improves Nutrient Intake Estimates for Epidemiologic Studies

Collecting detailed data on dietary supplement use is time-consuming for study participants and investigators, and this is particularly difficult for multivitamin use because of the many different formulations available. Therefore, many studies simply ask about the frequency of multivitamin use and assign default nutrient composition values to obtain nutrient intakes. Multivitamin supplements are important contributors to total nutrient intakes, but it is not known how default values affect the accuracy of intake estimation. In this study, nutrient intakes were calculated from multivitamins consumed by 26,735 multivitamin users who provided detailed information like product name(s) and frequency of use on a mailed questionnaire. We then recalculated the intakes, using 2 different assumptions about the composition of the multivitamin supplements: 1) a single default composition for all products; and 2) four default compositions, 1 for each subtype of multivitamin, i.e., one-a-day with minerals, one-a-day without minerals, B-complex or stress multivitamins, and antioxidant combinations. A total of 1246 different brands of multivitamins were reported and nutrient composition varied widely. Spearman correlation coefficient analyses, using the 4 default nutrient profiles compared with actual nutrient intakes, were >0.5 (P 0.5. Our findings suggest that a questionnaire designed to assess the composition profiles for 4 types of multivitamin products substantially improves the accuracy of nutrient-intake estimates over one that uses a single default nutrient profile for all multivitamin products.
Adjustment to Chronic Illness Among HIV‐Infected Women

Purpose: To identify factors that influence adjustment to chronic illness among HIV-infected women, using the cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive survey of 101 HIV-infected women living in the Northeastern United States, from December 1996 to December 1997. Methods: During face-to-face interviews, the Meaning of Illness Questionnaire, Duke UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire, HIV Symptom Experience Inventory and Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Short Form Survey were used to measure appraisal of illness, social support, HIV symptom severity and adjustment to chronic illness. Hierarchical linear regression, path analysis, and procedures to test for mediation were performed. Findings: The model variables explained 70% of the variance in adjustment to chronic illness. Symptom experience accounted for the greatest percentage of variance in adjustment (28%). Two of the three predicted relationships were supported as hypothesized: adjustment to chronic illness was directly influenced by appraisal of illness and by HIV-symptom experience. Social support was not found to have a direct effect on adjustment. Instead, appraisal of illness mediated the effect of social support on adjustment and symptom experience. HIV illness stage was not a significant predictor of adjustment. Conclusions: The cognitive appraisal model of stress and coping was useful for building knowledge on adjustment to chronic illness among HIV infected women. Interventions aimed at reframing negative appraisals have the potential to affect adjustment.
Building the Good Life: Using Identities to Frame Moral Education in Higher Education.

AbstractRecent research and practice reveal that there are two skills in the moral realm that higher education is not adequately addressing with students. The skills involve the ability to identify moral dilemmas and the ability to understand and delineate conflicts between competing moral practices, traditions, and identities while exploring life’s meaning. In this article the author sets forth a solution for helping students think in more comprehensive ways about moral frameworks connected to identity roles as well as moral traditions that help envision the good life as a whole.
Transverse stress induced LP02-LP21 modal interference of stimulated Raman scattered light in a few-mode optical fiber

Abstract Four-photon mixing followed by stimulated Raman scattering is observed in LP 02 mode in a 7.9 μm core diameter optical fiber. A localized transverse stress efficiency couples LP 02 to the LP 21 mode with a macroscopic beat length of 1.8 mm. LP 02 -LP 21 modal interference is investigated by detecting the 550–590 nm SRS through a pinhole in the far field exit plane. Quantitative explanation of wavelength dependent intensity modulation results in a precise experimental determination of ∂[β 02 (λ) − β 21 (λ)] ∂λ , for mode-propagation constants β 02 ( λ ) and β 21 ( λ ) of LP 02 and LP 21 modes respectively, as well as Δ, the relative core-cladding refractive index difference. The LP 02 -LP 21 modal interference is used for sensing of temperature between 50–300°C.
A Reynolds number dependent scheme for the solution of 'diabolic' equations

A numerical procedure for solving ''Diabolic Equations'' (conservative equations containing positive source terms) is presented. The solution scheme is forward differenced in time and centrally differenced in space. Every term except the time derivative is expressed as a convex combination of the present and the advanced time step. The selection of the convex combination is determined by analyzing the magnitude of the coefficients of a linear one-dimensional model equation together with the spatial and temporal step sizes. Typical examples of numerical solutions to the equation are compared for different convex combinations. These results indicate that the judicious choice of the combination may avoid some of the difficulties encountered when using purely implicit or purely explicit schemes. A computer automated method of analysis is developed with particular application to reacting flows, mixed phase flows and some aspects of turbulence modeling.
Comparative growth analysis of Russet Burbank potatoes at two Idaho locations

Detailed growth analyses were conducted with Russet Burbank potato to provide validation and parameterization data for a computer growth model being developed cooperatively at the University of Idaho and University of California, Davis. At each of two locations (Aberdeen and Kimberly, Idaho) plants were sampled seven times at about two-week intervals. Plants were separated into individual leaf blades, petioles, internodes, tubers, and roots. Leaf area indices and leaf elevation angles were determined in 20 cm strata.
Tetrahydrofuran adducts of uranium tetrachloride

Abstract Pale green crystals of UCl 4 (THF) 3 ( 1 ) were isolated from saturated THF solutions after standing undisturbed for 12 h. The molecular structure of the compound was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecule adopts a unique structure based on a distorted pentagonal bipyramid with two chlorides occupying the axial positions and the other two chlorides occupying adjacent positions in the pentagonal plane. Crystal data for 1 (UCl 4 O 4 C 12 H24 ) at 203 K: monoclinic space group P 2 1 a =7.835(1), b =14.428(1), c =8.456(1) A, β=100.97(1)°, Z =2, D calc =2.110 g cm −3.
Housing quality, housing instability, and maternal mental health.

Poor housing conditions and residential instability have been associated with distress among women; however, this association could be the result of other social factors related to housing, such as intimate partner violence (IPV) and economic hardship. We examined associations of housing conditions and instability with maternal depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) while accounting for IPV and economic hardship in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2,104). In the third study wave, interviewers rated indoor housing quality, including housing deterioration (e.g., peeling paint and holes in floor) and housing disarray (e.g., dark, crowded, and noisy). Mothers reported whether they had moved more than twice in the past two years, an indicator of housing instability. A screening for depression and GAD was obtained from questions derived from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form in the second and third study waves. IPV and economic hardship were assessed through questionnaire. In this sample, 16% of women were classified as having probable depression and 5% as having probable GAD. In adjusted analyses, mothers experiencing housing disarray (odds ratio [OR], 1.3 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0, 1.7]) and instability (OR, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.2, 2.3]) were more likely to screen positive for depression. In addition, those experiencing housing instability were more likely to screen positive for GAD (OR 1.9 [95% CI, 1.2, 3.0]) even after adjusting for other social factors. No associations were noted between housing deterioration and maternal mental health. Similar associations were noted when incident cases of probable depression and GAD were examined. Housing instability and disarray, but not deterioration, are associated with screening positive for depression and generalized anxiety among women regardless of other social stressors present in their lives. Housing could potentially present a point of intervention to prevent mental health consequences among mothers and possibly their children.
Prevalence, sources, and predictors of soy consumption in breast cancer

Background A number of components in soy appear to have anticancer properties, including the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein. The use of soy by women with breast cancer is now being questioned because of the estrogen-like effects of isoflavones and possible interactions with tamoxifen. Clinicians providing nutrition counseling to these women are concerned because the availability of soy foods has increased dramatically in the past few years. The goal of this study was to quantify the intake of isoflavones in women with breast cancer.
Mutagenesis during transformation of Bacillus subtilis. I. An increase in "selfing' resulting from hybrid donor DNAs.

Abstract Reverse mutations increase when competent Baciilus subtilis cells are transformed with high concentrations of homologous “selfer” DNA. A high proportion of the mutants were also transformants of linked genes. A stimulation in the appearance of reversed mutations occurred when homoduplex and heteroduplex “selfer” DNAs were used as donors. Digestions of native and hybrid DNAs with nuclease S1 from Aspergillus oryzae resulted in the preferential decrease of mutations as compared to a much smaller inactivation of single marker tranformation. Among various repair-deficient strains of B. subtilis , only polyA mutants showed a preferential effect of either suppressing or stimulating the frequency of reverse mutation induced by “selfer” DNA. The results are consistent with mutagenic errors occurring during gap-filling steps in the process of either mismatch repair or recombinational strand exchanges.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID IN STIMULATED MACROPHAGES

The distribution of 3[H] arachidonic acid incorporated into cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages was assessed upon stimulation of the cells with either the calcium ionophore A23187 or zymosan. After a labeling time of 24 h, cells were stimulated and processed for light and electron microscopic autoradiography. Grains were primarily localized over the plasma membrane and lipid-containing vesicles of both control and stimulated cells. In macrophages stimulated with ionophore, a decreased labeling density was evident in both of these cell compartments. Similar alterations in labeling pattern were observed in zymosan treated cells, although a larger decline in grain density occurred from the plasma membrane compartment. Immunocytochemical localization of PGE2, a major eicosanoid product released upon ionophore stimulation, revealed the presence of the prostaglandin in clear vesicular structures, many of which appear to be continuous with the plasma membrane. These results provide morphological evidence that different cellular pools of arachidonic acid may be differentially mobilized for eicosanoid production as a function of the mode of stimulation.