cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation

Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV), such as eelgrass, provides important ecological functions including food and habitat for ducks, geese, crabs, fish, clams, and other species. SAV also filters out excess nutrients from storm water that runs off into coastal waters, thus improving water quality. Eelgrass meadows can decrease the damaging effects of waves and reduce shoreline erosion. To protect these vital ecosystems, scientists need to monitor coastal vegetation changes as the sea level continues to rise and the coastal population keeps expanding. New satellites, sensors and data analysis techniques are providing remotely sensed data that are effective for monitoring coastal features and processes. Multispectral and hyperspectral imagers, LiDAR and radar systems are available for mapping coastal marshes, submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), coral reefs, beach profiles, water turbidity, chlorophyll concentration and eutrophication. Since coastal ecosystems, such as SAV beds, have high spatial complexity and temporal variability, they must be observed with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions. New satellites, carrying sensors with fine spatial (0.4–4 m) or spectral (200 narrow bands) resolution are now more accurately detecting changes in salt marsh and SAV extent, health, productivity and habitat quality. Using time-series of images enables scientists to study the health of SAV and other coastal ecosystems and to determine long- term trends and short- term changes.
Metabolic bone disease in adults with short bowel syndrome

The identification of metabolic bone disease should be a primary concern when evaluating the patient with short bowel syndrome (SBS).
Visualization of geometries using MATLAB code

This paper will present codes whose function is to pre- and post-process information used by the Numerical Electromagnetic Code Basic Scattering code and the Richmond Thin Wire code. The processor uses the MATLAB environment for the fundamental graphical functions. The Basic Scattering Code uses the principles of ray optics as well as the geometrical theory of diffraction. The Richmond code uses a method of moments technique to generate a solution for the scattered field. The pre/post-processor can allow the user to view the input geometry as well as to produce plots of the radiation patterns. Other features include ray tracing in the case of the ray optics code and current magnitude in the case of the thin wire code.
The Drosophila LIN54 homolog Mip120 controls two aspects of oogenesis

The conserved multi-protein MuvB core associates with the Myb oncoproteins and with the RB-E2F-DP tumor suppressor proteins in complexes that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Drosophila Mip120, a homolog of LIN54, is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein within the MuvB core. A mutant of Drosophilamip120 was previously shown to cause female and male sterility. We now show that Mip120 regulates two different aspects of oogenesis. First, in the absence of the Mip120 protein, egg chambers arrest during the transition from stage 7 to 8 with a failure of the normal program of chromosomal dynamics in the ovarian nurse cells. Specifically, the decondensation, disassembly and dispersion of the endoreplicated polytene chromosomes fail to occur without Mip120. The conserved carboxy-terminal DNA-binding and protein-protein interaction domains of Mip120 are necessary but not sufficient for this process. Second, we show that a lack of Mip120 causes a dramatic increase in the expression of benign gonial cell neoplasm (bgcn), a gene that is normally expressed in only a small number of cells within the ovary including the germline stem cells.
Nuvens invisíveis. A poética da latência e da nuance no conto “Nenhum, Nenhuma” de João Guimarães Rosa

Este texto propoe os conceitos “latencia” e “nuance” para descrever o efeito de suspensao criado pela ccao de Joao Guimaraes Rosa. No primeiro momento, definem-se os termos “latencia” e “nuance” em relacao a imagem das nuvens. Como materia em suspenso sempre mutavel, e impossivel inscrever o movimento das nuvens em uma forma fixa, a nao ser que se crie uma escrita latente, apta a captar a nuance das formas em morfose. Em seguida, analisa-se o conto “Nenhum, Nenhuma”, de Primeiras Estorias (1962), como uma pequena obra-prima da latencia, mostrando que passado, presente e futuro se materializam simultaneamente na imagem enigmatica que se busca entender: “nuvens sao para nao serem vistas;” imagem que parece delinear o inconsciente de uma sensibilidade estetica pos-1945.
Arthroscopic Saucerization and All-Inside Repair of a Delaminated Discoid Lateral Meniscus

Preservation of the meniscus has been shown to influence the progression of degenerative changes of the knee. As more meniscus is preserved, the propensity for development of osteoarthritis is lessened. Surgical treatment of a torn discoid meniscus has typically been a subtotal meniscectomy or partial meniscectomy. Similar to tears of a normal meniscus, partial meniscectomy compared with subtotal meniscectomy of the discoid meniscus confers better long-term results. With the abnormal morphology predisposing the discoid meniscus to tearing, several characteristic tear patterns can be observed-the horizontal tear being commonly encountered. We present a technique that not only creates a more normal morphology of a discoid meniscus but also preserves the tissue by using an all-inside, intrameniscal repair technique. This technique restores the central rim of the meniscus in the setting of a horizontal cleavage plane, thus restoring a more normal meniscus morphology.
Human steroid biosynthesis for the oncologist

In 2005, results from the Arimidex, Tamoxifen Alone or in Combination (ATAC) trial ushered in a new era of endocrine therapy for hormone-responsive malignancies. This study demonstrated that, compared with tamoxifen (a selective estrogen receptor modulator), anastrozole (aromatase inhibitor [AI]) prolonged time to recurrence and disease-free survival for postmenopausal women with breast cancer. The advantage was even greater for those with estrogen receptor-positive (ER) tumors, and anastrozole was better tolerated than tamoxifen. Since then, AIs have become first-line adjuvant therapy for ER breast cancer in postmenopausal women.In late 2010, a trial comparing abiraterone acetate (a 17-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase [CYP17A1] inhibitor) plus prednisone versus prednisone alone in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) previously treated with docetaxel chemotherapy was terminated early because of the survival benefit in the abiraterone acetate arm. This result not only validated a new therapy for CRPC but also, with the antecedent phase I-II abiraterone studies, shattered our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning CRPC development and progression.Aromatase inhibitors and CYP17A1 inhibitors will be widely used by oncologists, yet fellowship programs provide little training in steroid biosynthesis, compared with training in the biology of standard chemotherapies. Consequently, these drugs might be used without an appreciation of their caveats and pitfalls. The purpose of this review was to acquaint practicing oncologists with the fundamental principles and pathways of steroid biosynthesis, to improve their understanding of how and why these drugs work, and to alert these physicians to potential problems related to the drugs' mechanisms of action.
Interventions for Secondary Students with High Functioning Autism in General Education Settings: A Descriptive Review

ABSTRACTIn recent years, there has been a rise in the number of students with high functioning autism (HFA) enrolled in general education classes. Many of these students struggle with academic and social–behavioral expectations in school, and minimal research is available to educators related to meeting the needs of such students in secondary educational settings. Educators must identify effective, evidence-based strategies to help adolescent students with HFA meet academic and social goals. This review represents a comprehensive search of the literature in which 23 studies, published in peer-reviewed journals from 1985 to 2015, examined social–behavioral and academic aspects of students with HFA in regular education classrooms. Results indicated that several interventions were used successfully to change the behavior of students with HFA in general education. Implications drawn from the research and quality of the studies are provided.
Measuring the scale dependence of intrinsic alignments using multiple shear estimates

We present a new method for measuring the scale dependence of the intrinsic alignment (IA) contamination to the galaxy-galaxy lensing signal, which takes advantage of multiple shear estimation methods applied to the same source galaxy sample. By exploiting the resulting correlation of both shape noise and cosmic variance, our method can provide an increase in the signal-to-noise of the measured IA signal as compared to methods which rely on the difference of the lensing signal from multiple photometric redshift bins. For a galaxy-galaxy lensing measurement which uses LSST sources and DESI lenses, the signal-to-noise on the IA signal from our method is predicted to improve by a factor of $\sim 2$ relative to the method of Blazek et al. 2012, for pairs of shear estimates which yield substantially different measured IA amplitudes and highly correlated shape noise terms. We show that statistical error necessarily dominates the measurement of intrinsic alignments using our method. We also consider a physically motivated extension of the Blazek et al. 2012 method which assumes that all nearby galaxy pairs, rather than only excess pairs, are subject to IA. In this case, the signal-to-noise of the method of Blazek et al. 2012 is improved.
Link Prediction With Personalized Social Influence

Link prediction in social networks is to infer the new links likely to be formed next or to reconstruct the links that are currently missing. Other than the pure topological network structures, social networks are often associated with rich information of social activities of users, such as tweeting, retweeting, and replying. Social theories such as social influence indicate that social activities could have potential impacts on the neighbors, and links in social media could be the results of the social influence among users. It motivates us to learn and model social influence among users to tackle the link prediction problem. However, this is a non-trivial task since it is challenging to model heterogeneous social activities. Traditional methods often define universal metrics of social influence for all users, but even for the same activity of a user, the influence towards different neighbors might not be the same. It motivates a personalized learning schema. In information theory, if a time-series signal influences another, then the uncertainty in the latter one will be reduced, given the distribution of the former one. Thus, we are motivated to learn social influence based on the timestamps of social activities. Given the timestamps of each user, we use entropy to measure the reduction of uncertainty of his/her neighbors. The learned social influence is then incorporated into a graph based link prediction model to perform joint learning. Through comprehensive experiments, we demonstrate that the proposed framework can perform better than the state-of-the-art methods on different real-world networks.
CLOT TWIST: A RARE PRESENTATION OF THORACIC AORTIC THROMBUS IN A YOUNG FEMALE

A 21-year-old Caucasian female with no medical history presented with severe retrosternal chest pain, radiating to the back. Physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory studies were notable for hemoglobin 11.1 (normal 12.0-15.5 g/dL) and CRP 84.2 (normal < 8.0 mg/L). CT angiogram of the chest
Glucose and Insulin Response of Horses Grazing Alfalfa, Perennial Cool-Season Grass, and Teff Across Seasons

Abstract Elevated nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) values in pasture forages can cause adverse health effects in some horses (Equus caballus L.). The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of different forage species on blood glucose and insulin concentrations of horses throughout the grazing season. Research was conducted in July (summer) and September (fall) in St. Paul, MN. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), mixed perennial cool-season grasses (CSG), and teff (Eragrostis tef [Zucc.] Trotter) pastures were grazed by six horses (24 ± 2 years) that were randomly assigned to one of three forage types in a replicated Latin-square design. Jugular catheters were inserted 1 hour before the start of grazing and horses had access to pasture each day from 08:00 to 16:00 hours. Jugular venous blood samples were collected from each horse before being turned out (0 hours) and then at 2-hour intervals following turnout. Plasma and serum samples were collected and analyzed for glucose and insulin, respectively. Corresponding forage samples were taken by hand harvest. Seasons were analyzed separately and data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS with P ≤ .05. Teff generally had lower (P ≤ .05) equine digestible energy, crude protein, and NSC compared to the other forages. Differences in peak insulin were observed between horses grazing CSG and teff during the fall grazing (P ≤ .05). These results suggest grazing teff could lower the glucose and insulin response of some horses.
Cognitive interviews to improve a patient-centered contraceptive effectiveness poster

Abstract Objectives To refine the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s contraceptive education poster using patient-centered design. Study design We conducted cognitive interviews with 26 women aged 18–44 living in North Carolina who spoke and read English and had ever had sex. We interviewed women about both a CDC and a patient-centered poster in alternating order. Participants were contraceptive users and non-users that we selected purposively to have a range of characteristics that might influence their perspective: age, race/ethnicity, previous births and pregnancies, contraceptive method(s) used in the past three months, pregnancy intentions, and numeracy. The initial response rate for participants was 55%. We used cognitive theory to code interviews for comprehension, relevance, and acceptability, as well as design and overall preference. We structured the 26 interviews into four rounds and revised the patient-centered poster after each round to improve these measures. Results By the final round, 83% of women preferred the patient-centered poster. The majority of women favored this poster's relevance (86%), and design (100%) and ease of comprehension (86%). Women raised few concerns about the acceptability of the final version of the patient-centered poster. Women identified many issues with both posters that the researchers did not anticipate, highlighting the value of patient-centered design approaches to educational materials. Conclusions This study refined a patient-centered poster so that its language is clear and it addresses the informational needs of its target audience. Implications The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Office of Population Affairs recommend that clinicians educate women about contraception. This study developed a poster that could help clinicians follow this recommendation. Before widespread implementation, more research is needed to evaluate the poster's impact on contraceptive knowledge and behaviors.
Reduced Residual Nets (Red-Nets): Low Powered Adversarial Outlier Detectors

The evolution of information science has seen an immense growth in multimedia data, specially in the case of CCTV live stream capture. The tremendously large volumes of multimedia data give rise to a particularly challenging problem called the outlier events of interest detection. In the wake of growing school shootings in the United States, there needs to be a rethinking of our security strategies regarding the safety of children at school utilizing multimedia data mining research. This paper proposes a novel method to identify faces of interest using live stream CCTV data. By integrating the adversarial information, the proposed framework can help imbalance facial recognition and enhance rare class mining even with trivial scores from the minority class. Experimental results on the Faces in the Wile (FIW) dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework with promising performance. The proposed method was implemented on a low powered Nvidia TX2 for real-time face recognition. The proposed framework was benchmarked against several existing state-of-the-art methods for accuracy, computational complexity, and real-time power measurement. The proposed method performs very well under the power and complexity constraints.
Efficacy of Intraoperative Antiseptic Techniques in the Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infection: Superiority of Betadine.

Abstract Background Povidone-iodine (PI), chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), and vancomycin (VANC) powder are common intrawound prophylactic agents to prevent periprosthetic joint infection during primary total joint arthroplasty. The aims of this study are (1) to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time to death for PI, CHG, and VANC against multiple bacteria and (2) to determine time to death against bacteria dried on titanium discs. Methods A standard quantitative suspension assay was performed to determine the MIC for PI, CHG, and VANC against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, and Escherichia coli. Time to death assay was performed with time points of 0, 3, 30, and 60 minutes. Concentrations of antiseptic agents for time to death assay were 1% PI, 0.05% CHG, and 5 μg/mL VANC. Dry-phase bacteria on titanium discs were treated in a similar fashion. Results The MIC of PI was 0.63%, CHG was 0.0031%, and VANC was 1.56 μg/mL. All 7 bacterial isolates were completely killed by PI at all times tested. CHG failed to kill MRSA and B cepacia at 0- and 3-minute exposures. Vancomycin completely killed MRSA and S epidermidis isolates between 18-20 hours of exposure. All bacterial isolates dried on titanium discs were eliminated by PI exposure on contact. E coli and S epidermidis were incompletely eliminated by CHG at 0 minutes, with all isolates eliminated at 3, 10, and 30 minutes. Conclusion Our study suggests that PI kills all bacteria tested immediately on contact and that the exposure time is not the key factor.
MP50-19 PATIENTS UNDERGOING LYMPH NODE DISSECTION FOR UPPER TRACT UROTHELIAL CARCINOMA HAVE IMPROVED OVERALL SURVIVAL: RESULTS FROM SEER DATABASE

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare condition and the gold standard for treatment is nephroureterectomy. However, the role for lymph node dissection (LND) ...
Are Routine Postoperative Computer Tomography Scans Warranted for All Patients After Operative Fixation of Pelvic Ring Injuries

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of routine postoperative computed topography (CT) scan after percutaneous fixation of unstable pelvic ring injuries. Design Retrospective chart review. Setting Level I Trauma Center. Patients/participants A total of 362 consecutive patients underwent operative fixation of unstable pelvic ring injuries during the study period. Intervention Postoperative CT scan of the pelvis was obtained in 331 (91%) of the 362 patients treated operatively for unstable pelvic ring injuries. Main outcome measurements Revision surgery based on routine postoperative CT scan. Results Two patients (0.55%) returned to the operating room on the basis of postoperative CT scans due to malpositioned implants. There were no significant differences of age, sex, body mass index, Injury Severity Score, mechanism of injury, smoking status, or diabetes status between those who did and did not undergo revision surgery. A dysmorphic pelvis was identified in 154 (47%) patients. Both patients undergoing revision surgery were determined to have a dysmorphic pelvis while no patients with normal pelvic anatomy returned to the operating room based on postoperative CT (2/154, 1.3% vs. 0/177, 0%, P = 0.22). Conclusions Although there remains a role for postoperative CT scans in the appropriately selected patient, in the hands of experienced orthopaedic traumatologists, patients with adequate intraoperative fluoroscopy and a nondysmorphic pelvis may not require routine postoperative three-dimensional imaging. Level of evidence Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Bug out bags and first aid kits: Undergraduate college students' awareness, perceptions, preparedness, and behavior around severe weather

Abstract Previous work has documented the hazard vulnerability of groups, including racial and ethnic minorities, the impoverished, the disabled, women, children, and the elderly. However, little work has been done addressing the vulnerability of undergraduate college students despite the significant emotional, physical, financial, and academic stress imposed on students by such events. This study seeks to understand how undergraduate college students respond to severe weather by examining risk perceptions, emergency preparedness, and behavior. An online survey instrument was distributed at a small, public, liberal arts university in the southeastern United States addressing these issues. Results demonstrate the unique vulnerability of this population as being generally unconcerned and unprepared for severe weather, and at times, overly confident. Survey responses indicate a population that lacks basic knowledge, and is trustful and heavily reliant on the university for safety and guidance. Future research priorities are identified along with basic recommendations for alleviating the vulnerabilities uncovered.
Police Officers’ Self-Assessed Legitimacy: A Theoretical Extension and Empirical Test

Researchers have recently begun to examine the sources and consequences of police officers’ self-assessed legitimacy, or the ways in which officers justify their authority to themselves. Important ...
Interocular symmetry, intraobserver repeatability, and interobserver reliability of cone density measurements in the 13-lined ground squirrel

Background The 13-lined ground squirrel (13-LGS) possesses a cone-dominant retina that is highly amenable to non-invasive high-resolution retinal imaging. The ability for longitudinal assessment of a cone-dominant photoreceptor mosaic with an adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscope (AOSLO) has positioned the 13-LGS to become an accessible model for vision research. Here, we examine the interocular symmetry, repeatability, and reliability of cone density measurements in the 13-LGS. Methods Thirteen 13-LGS (18 eyes) were imaged along the vertical meridian with a custom AOSLO. Regions of interest were selected superior and inferior to the optic nerve head, including the cone-rich visual streak. Non-confocal split-detection was used to capture images of the cone mosaic. Five masked observers each manually identified photoreceptors for 26 images three times and corrected an algorithm’s cell identification outputs for all 214 images three times. Intraobserver repeatability and interobserver reliability of cone density were characterized using data collected from all five observers, while interocular symmetry was assessed in five animals using the average values of all observers. The distribution of image quality for all images in this study was assessed with open-sourced software. Results Manual identification was less repeatable than semi-automated correction for four of the five observers. Excellent repeatability was seen from all observers (ICC = 0.997–0.999), and there was good agreement between repeat cell identification corrections in all five observers (range: 9.43–25.71 cells/degree2). Reliability of cell identification was significantly different in two of the five observers, and worst in images taken from hibernating 13-LGS. Interocular symmetry of cone density was seen in the five 13-LGS assessed. Image quality was variable between blur- and pixel intensity-based metrics. Conclusions Interocular symmetry with repeatable cone density measurements suggest that the 13-LGS is well-suited for longitudinal examination of the cone mosaic using split-detection AOSLO. Differences in reliability highlight the importance of observer training and automation of AOSLO cell detection. Cone density measurements from hibernating 13-LGS are not repeatable. Additional studies are warranted to assess other metrics of cone health to detect deviations from normal 13-LGS in future models of cone disorder in this species.
Thermal-Mechanical, Low-Cycle Fatigue of AISI 1010 Steel

This study was undertaken to develop an understanding of the fatigue resistance of AISI 1010 steel under conditions of combined thermal and mechanical strain cycling in air. Comparative evaluations were made with existingthermal-mechanical fatigue data on carbon steels and with results of a comprehensive, companion study of the fatigue behavior of this same steel under isothermal conditions. Thermal-mechanical fatigue behavior was investigated for constant-amplitude, fully reversed, strain cycling of uniaxially loaded specimens at three ranges of temperature: (a) 93 to 316°C (200 to 600°F), (b) 93 to 427°C (200 to 800°F), and (c) 93 to 538°C (200 to 1000°F). Experiments were conducted both with maximum strain in phase with maximum temperature and out of phase with maximum temperature. Considering differences in experimental techniques and the difficulties associated with conducting these types of experiments, the present data agreed with similar data from the literature in limited instances where comparisons could be made. Thus, these results were considered to be representative of this type of steel, and they provided a significant extension of existing knowledge on the thermal-mechanical fatigue resistance of low-carbon steel. Dynamic strain aging was observed to cause more cyclic hardening in these experiments than in isothermal fatigue experiments. In terms of total or plastic strainrange, out-of-phase cycling was more deleterious than in-phase cycling, and thermal-mechanical fatigue life was much less than isothermal fatigue life. However, on the basis of stable stress amplitude, there was little difference in fatigue life between in-phase and out-of-phase cycling, and the fatigue life was reasonably well correlated with isothermal fatigue results.
Transgender pediatric surgical patients—Important perioperative considerations

Transgender describes a variety of identities in which an individual's gender identity is different from expected based on the sex assigned at birth. In the United States, it is estimated that over 1 million adults and 150 000 youth identify as transgender, with increasing numbers being seen in healthcare and surgical settings. These numbers will continue to rise as visibility and acceptance grow. Current guidelines recommend transition-related surgeries be reserved for older adolescents and adults. However, this is not the only circumstance in which the pediatric anesthesiologist may find themselves caring for a transgender patient. In order to provide the safest and most affirming care, it is crucial that the pediatric anesthesiologist develop a working knowledge of this unique and vulnerable population, including the potential impacts of gender-affirming treatment on their perioperative care.
Hurdles for a DRAM-based Match-Action Table

The P4 language has gained traction as a tool for programming packet processing pipelines. Current commercial use is focused on single-chip pipelines, but as network scales grow, the need to enable programmability of multi-chip pipelines grows as well. Combining a P4-capable ASIC with a DRAM scale match-action table is a useful exercise for studying the obstacles to delivering efficient tools for programming multi-chip pipeline systems. We have constructed a demonstration environment for investigating those obstacles and learning what compilation tuning mechanisms will be required in the p4 tools used by system designers.
Lysis of Adhesion for Arthrofibrosis After Total Knee Arthroplasty Is Associated With Increased Risk of Subsequent Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background The aim of this study is to determine incidence of lysis of adhesion (LOA) for postoperative arthrofibrosis following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), patient factors associated with LOA, and impact of LOA on revision TKA. Methods Patients who underwent primary TKA were identified in the Humana and Medicare databases. Patients who underwent LOA within 1 year after TKA were defined as the “LOA” cohort. Multiple binomial logistic regression analyses were performed to identify patient factors associated with undergoing LOA within 1 year after index TKA, and identify risk factors including LOA on risk for revision TKA within 2 years of index TKA. Results In total, 58,538 and 48,336 patients underwent primary TKA in the Medicare and Humana databases, respectively. Incidence of LOA within 1 year after TKA was 0.56% in both databases. Age Conclusion Incidence of LOA after primary TKA is low, with younger age being the strongest predictor for requiring LOA. Patients who undergo LOA for arthrofibrosis within 1 year after primary TKA have a substantially high risk for subsequent early revision TKA. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Cohort Study.
Bias in Science: Natural and Social

Moral, social, political, and other “nonepistemic” values can lead to bias in science, from prioritizing certain topics over others to the rationalization of questionable research practices. Such values might seem particularly common or powerful in the social sciences, given their subject matter. However, I argue first that the well-documented phenomenon of motivated reasoning provides a useful framework for understanding when values guide scientific inquiry (in pernicious or productive ways). Second, this analysis reveals a parity thesis: values influence the social and natural sciences about equally, particularly because both are so prominently affected by desires for social credit and status, including recognition and career advancement. Ultimately, bias in natural and social science is both natural and social—that is, a part of human nature and considerably motivated by a concern for social status (and its maintenance). Whether the pervasive influence of values is inimical to the sciences is a separate question.
Comparison of Feedlot Health, Nutritional Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Economic Value of Unweaned Beef Calves with an Unknown Health History and Weaned Beef Calves Receiving Various Herd-of-origin Health Protocols

This study was conducted in a commercial feedlot to compare the health, nutritional performance, carcass characteristics and economic value of three groups of 600 lb (273 kg) beef steer calves-one group of unweaned calves of unknown health history and two groups of calves administered a herd-of-origin health protocol with at least a 45-day weaning period. Calves were purchased between December 1 and December 20, 2003, and were harvested between April 22 and June 2, 2004. Calves identified as persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus remained in their respective treatment groups for the duration of the study. Mortality rates were low in all groups of steers and were unaffected (P>0.14) by treatment. Compared with steers administered health protocols, steers of unknown health history had higher L. (P 0.57) by treatment, steers of unknown health history required an additional 16 days-on-feed to reach the desired back fat thickness. Neither quality grade nor yield grade was affected by treatment, but the trend was towards a lower (less favorable) quality grade and lower (more favorable) yield grade in calves of unknown health history. Unadjusted for days-on-feed, profit per head was not affected (P=0.64) by treatment; however, on the basis of an equal number of days-on-feed, steers administered the WeanVAC® health protocol at the herd of origin returned $33.71 more net income per head than steers of unknown health history, whereas steers administered other 45-day programs returned $11.36 more net income per head than steers of unknown health history.
Post-weaning social isolation modulates reward-seeking behavior in a sex-specific manner in mice

Abstract Social isolation is a growing concern in public health. Although isolation at any age is harmful, previous studies have shown that isolation during adolescence, correlating with critical periods of brain development, can impair cognitive function and increase the risk for psychiatric illness later in life. In this study, we utilized a mouse model of adolescent social isolation (SI) and compared performance of isolated and group-housed mice on touchscreen-based continuous performance test (CPT) and fixed ratio/progressive ratio (FR/PR) tasks in adulthood. SI increased sensitivity in the CPT in male mice and had no effect in female mice. The increase in sensitivity was consistent across time bins within the 45-minute testing session and there were no SI effects on reaction times or reward retrieval latencies. A possible confound for performance in the CPT would be SI-induced changes in reward-seeking or motivation for the strawberry milk reward. We next compared the SI mice to their group-housed littermate controls on both FR and PR schedules of reinforcement and found that male SI mice earned significantly more reinforcers on FR schedules of reinforcement and had higher breakpoints on PR schedules compared to their group-housed littermates. SI had no effect on FR or PR performance in female mice. These data indicate that SI during adolescence has striking, sex-specific effects on reward-seeking behavior in adult mice and may provide a useful behavioral model for studying the link between SI and risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.
Treat the Treatable and Manage the Rest

Farm income for many dairies can be improved by increasing the value of milk by taking advantage of somatic cell count (SCC) based milk quality premiums and reducing treatment costs. Recent research has shown that the likelihood of an animal to have a repeat case of clinical mastitis after a first clinical case is about 30%. Pathogen-based treatment protocols should provide a science-based process for selecting the most appropriate treatment and duration of treatment resulting in high bacteriological cure rates and fewer repeated clinical cases. Many infections caused by gram-positive organisms, particularly streptococcal species, respond well to appropriate treatment; cure rates can approach 80% or higher. Most gram-negative pathogens respond poorly to intramammary treatment. Mastitis caused by other pathogens, such as yeast, are exacerbated by intramammary treatment and others, like Prototheca species and mycoplasma, have no known treatment. Generally the normal distribution of mastitis pathogens is about one-third gram-positive organisms, one-third gram-negative pathogens, and one-third no growth culture result, suggesting that pathogen-based treatment protocols have the potential for substantial savings. Duration of treatment for specific mastitis pathogens should have a major influence on cure rates, particularly for a range of streptococcal species and select Staphylococcus aureus infections. There are also opportunities to manage chronic subclinical infections which are often the major contributors to the bulk tank SCC. Milk from high cell count cows can be managed through treatment, segregation of high SCC milk at the quarter level, quarter dry-off, and culling.
Resolved: debate can revolutionize education and help save our democracy: By Robert Litan. Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 2020, pp. ix + 189, $24.99 (paperback), ISBN: 9780815737872

Every few years, a journalist or documentarian takes a peek into the world of competitive interscholastic debate. This usually causes a mix of amusement and consternation for debate educators. As a...
Immigrants’ Self-reported Life Satisfaction in Europe

This chapter offers state-of-the-art research on self-reported life satisfaction as a subjective measure of immigrant integration, showing the most significant research findings and methodological challenges. To this end, the Chapter presents an empirical comparative analysis of self-reported life satisfaction among first-generation immigrants living in seven European countries, measuring the effect of both individual and country-level factors. Data are drawn from the Immigrant Citizens Survey (ICS), 2011–2012. The empirical results show that self-reported life satisfaction strongly depends on immigrants’ demographic characteristics and human capital factors, such as age, marital status, current economic situation and perceived financial well-being. ‘Immigration’ variables, namely legal status and country of residence also play a role in defining immigrants’ life satisfaction. As for country-level factors, proportion of non-EU foreign citizens, naturalisation rate, having the citizenship of the country of residence, unemployment rate and Human Development Index (HDI) are significant factors that influence immigrants’ self-reported life satisfaction in European countries, thus proving that not only individual characteristics but also receiving contexts matter for immigrants’ subjective well-being.
Focused Flows to Maintain Natural Nursery Habitats

Regulatory standards for environmental flows to estuaries are not common, but they are required in Texas. This has led to adoption of complex freshwater inflow regimes that reflect seasonal and yearly fluctuations that vary geographically throughout the state. The flow regimes are based on dilution of saline water with fresh water in whole systems. Because the estuaries are large lagoons, large volumes of fresh water are required to meet standards. However, this volume of water is not available during dry periods. We present a new concept, focused flows, for lower flow volumes that would maintain the ecological health of the upper reaches of estuaries during droughts. The concept is based on maintaining ecological integrity of nursery habitats, which is an important ecological function of estuaries. These focused flows would protect nursery habitats during droughts and allow estuaries to recover more quickly when the hydrology returns to average or higher flow periods. This approach could be applied globally where increasing water infrastructure and deficits are a concern or increasing aridity due to climate change is reducing river flows to coasts.
Model simulations of Cretaceous climates: the role of geography and carbon dioxide

A general circulation model (GENESIS) with seasonally varying solar insolation and a mixed layer ocean is applied to assess the role of continental geometry and increased levels of carbon dioxide to explain the warmth of the Cretaceous period. Model experiments suggest that the role of geography is negligible, in contrast to early model studies with mean annual solar insolation and a simple energy balance ocean. Higher atmospheric carbon dioxide (4 times present) resulted in a 5.5°G globally averaged surface temperature increase, close to the lower limit required to explain the geologic record. Mid-Cretaceous carbon dioxide concentrations of 4–6 times the present day concentrations are a reasonable explanation of Cretaceous warmth if the GENESIS model provides an accurate estimate of climate sensitivity to geography and carbon dioxide.
Lessons learned from DB2 pureXML applications: a practitioner's perspective

Beyond using XML as a message format, more and more companies are storing XML data permanently in a database. Database researchers and vendors alike have spent a lot of effort on designing, studying, and implementing XML database technology. In this paper we report our experiences from working with a broad variety of companies that have developed and deployed XML applications on top of DB2. We discuss three real-world XML database scenarios and their design considerations, and describe recurring patterns in XML applications. We highlight common concepts and observations, and document challenges that point to future work for the database community.
Standardized in vivo model for studying novel regenerative approaches for multitissue bone–ligament interfaces

This protocol describes a surgical tooth root fenestration model for studying novel approaches and materials used for the regeneration of multi-tissue bone–ligament interfaces in rodents.
Ligand-directed Immunoaffinity Purification and Properties of the One-carbon, Reduced Folate Transporter: INTERSPECIES IMMUNO-CROSS-REACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF THE NATIVE TRANSPORTER IN MURINE AND HUMAN TUMOR CELLS AND THEIR TRANSPORT-ALTERED VARIANTS

Abstract Almost complete purification (>95%) of the 46-kDa murine, one-carbon, reduced folate transporter (RFT) at a recovery of 20% was obtained by ligand-directed immunoaffinity fractionation from transporter overproducing L1210/R83 cells. These cells were labeled with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of [3H]aminopterin (AMT), the isolated plasma membrane alkaline washed to remove nonintegral membrane proteins, detergent-solubilized, and RFT-separated on an anti-AMT antibody-protein G-Sepharose column followed by preparative SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anti-RFT antibody, subsequently derived, differentially blotted (L1210/R83 L1210/0) a 46-kDa protein during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of plasma membrane from L1210/R83 and L1210 cells and in L1210/R83 cells after trichloroacetic acid precipitation. In contrast to that reported for human tumor cells, glycosidase treatment of RFT revealed no common N- or O-linked core oligosaccharides associated with this protein. The same 46-kDa protein at different relative levels was revealed in a Western blot of plasma membrane from other murine tumors. Blotting of plasma membrane from methotrexate resistant, transport defective L1210 cell variants exhibited wild-type levels of a less electrophoretically mobile RFT or greater levels of the same 46-kDa RFT which could not be affinity labeled with N-hydroxysuccinimide-[3H]AMT. The same antibody differentially blotted a 83-kDa plasma membrane protein from human HL-60 and CCRF-CEM cells with different levels of reduced folate transport and affinity labeling of RFT, verifying the conserved nature of this protein consistent with earlier functional studies.
Some Thoughts on the Future of Indian Gaming

In surveying the historical development of Indian gaming, it is apparent that several pre-IGRA legal principles had a significant impact upon the development of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA) and the relevant caselaw. Since the enactment of the IGRA in 1988, litigation in the federal appellate courts, has resulted in sufficient decisional law to be instructive in its interpretation, and to prognosticate the future to some degree. In addition to historical and developmental issues, primary areas of litigation have included: 1. Management contracts, and issues relating to their approval, enforcement, and cancellation. 2. Game classification issues in class II (bingo and related games) and class III Indian gaming (generally thought of as casino games). 3. Tribal-State compacting regarding class III Indian gaming establishments, and the interplay between the compacting process and the game classification process. 4. The reacquisition of land by Indian tribes, and the eligibility of such lands for gaming purposes pursuant to IGRA. Given an understanding of the issues raised by the case law in these areas, and related litigation, additional issues may be identified which may be litigated or otherwise determined in the future. This enables one to identify certain policy issues which should be considered by the National Indian Gaming Commission, Congress, the Tribes, and States in the future.
Binary nanoparticle superlattices of soft-particle systems.

Abstract The solid-phase diagram of binary systems consisting of particles of diameter σ A = σ σA=σ and σ B = γ σ σB=γσ ( γ ≤ 1 γ≤1) interacting with an inverse p = 12 power law is investigated as a paradigm of a soft potential. In addition to the diameter ratio γ that characterizes hard-sphere models, the phase diagram is a function of an additional parameter that controls the relative interaction strength between the different particle types. Phase diagrams are determined from extremes of thermodynamic functions by considering 15 candidate lattices. In general, it is shown that the phase diagram of a soft repulsive potential leads to the morphological diversity observed in experiments with binary nanoparticles, thus providing a general framework to understand their phase diagrams. Particular emphasis is given to the two most successful crystallization strategies so far: evaporation of solvent from nanoparticles with grafted hydrocarbon ligands and DNA programmable self-assembly.
Preference of Bemisia tabaci biotype B on zucchini squash and buckwheat and the effect of Delphastus catalinae on whitefly populations.

BACKGROUND Zucchini squash, Cucurbita pepo L., is an important vegetable crop in Florida. Physiological disorders and insect-transmitted diseases are major problems for squash growers in semi-tropical regions around the world. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B is a significant whitefly pest and is largely responsible for transmitting viruses and causing physiological disorders in squash. Several studies have shown that whitefly populations are reduced when crops are interplanted with non-host cover crops or mulches. The aim of the present study was to determine how the presence of buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, and a key predator, Delphastus catalinae (Horn), affect whitefly colonization on squash. RESULTS Whitefly densities were higher on squash than on buckwheat. The introduction of D. catalinae on squash significantly reduced whitefly populations. Overall, there were higher densities of D. catalinae on squash where the whitefly pest was more concentrated compared with buckwheat. CONCLUSION The study provided preliminary evidence that D. catalinae, when used in conjunction with buckwheat as a living mulch, may aid in reducing whiteflies in squash. This greenhouse experiment highlights the need to investigate a multitactic approach of intercropping buckwheat with squash and the incorporation of D. catalinae in the field to manage populations of whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted diseases. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Microfilament reorganization in normal and cytochalasin B treated adherent thrombocytes

Thrombocyte adhesion following activation by a Formvar surface involves a morphologic transition resulting in a fully spread cell. Correlative SEM and whole mount TEM were used to study the cytoskeletal alterations that accompany changes in surface morphology during adhesion. Following initial adhesion, thrombocytes extend slender pseudopods containing longitudinally oriented bundles of filaments that are 13-22 nm in diameter. Concomitant with pseudopod extension, a cytoplasmic hyalomere, consisting of a dense filamentous network, extends between the pseudopods and ultimately results in a fully spread cell. Treatment of thrombocytes with cytochalasin B (10(-5) M) caused clumping of the hyalomere filament network and retraction of the hyalomere. Examination of partially retracted cells revealed that pseudopod filament bundles were continuous with the contracting filamentous network. It is concluded that pseudopod filament bundles and cytoplasmic hyalomere filaments are interconvertible and that their organizational relationship changes in accordance with gross morphologic changes.