cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
William Hazlitt as a Critic of Parliamentary Speaking.

William Hazlitt, a major romantic literary critic, expressed contempt for the pedagogic categories of traditional rhetoric. Largely neglected by students of parliamentary discourse, Hazlitt is nonetheless an original and brilliant rhetorical critic. His criticism represents a distillation of the romantic attitudes of his age, and is founded upon the substitution of a charismatic model for the technical and mechanical model of speech composition.
Deepwater siting of floating nuclear power plants

Abstract Depth restriction, cost, and environmental impact of large fixed breakwaters are a major restriction on the applicability of floating nuclear power stations. Deepwater versions without breakwater were found to be technically feasible by a university-industry study team if technology developed for offshore oil production is applied. Barges and mooring systems capable of withstanding maximum Pacific Coast sea conditions seemed feasible, and the expected barge motions and accelerations were found to be within the range for which even land-based plants are designed. Safety from ship collision was achieved by a new concept which intercepts and halts an approaching ship without damage or spillage of its cargo. Important legal, safety, and environmental considerations in siting offshore power stations were studied.
EBV positivity in primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma with immunophenotypic features of leg type: An isolated incidence or something more significant?

[1] Bayer-Garner IB, Smoller BR. The spectrum of cutaneous disease in multiple myeloma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;/48:/ 497 507. [2] Gado K, Silva S, Paloczi K, et al. Mouse plasmocytoma: An experimental model of human multiple myeloma. Haematologica 2001;/86:/227 36. [3] Hedvat CV, Comenzo RL, Teruya-Feldstein J, Olshen AB, Ely SA, Osman K, et al. Insight into extramedullary tumour cell growth revealed by expression profiling of human plasmocytomas and multiple myeloma. Brit J Haematol 2003;/122:/728 44. [4] Varkonyi J, Zalatnai A, Timar J, et al. Secondary cutaneous infiltration in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Acta Haematol 2000;/103:/116 21. [5] Kahlson G. A place for histamine in normal physiology. Lancet 1960;/I:/67 71. [6] Bartholeyns J, Bouclier M. Involvement of histamine in growth of mouse and rat tumors: Antitumoral properties of monofluoromethylhistidine, an enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of histidine decarboxylase. Carcer Res 1984;/44:/ 639 45. [7] Quintana FJ, Buzas E, Prohaszka Z, Biro A, Kocsis J, Fust G, et al. Knock-out of the histidine decarboxylase gene modofies the repertoire of natural autoantibodies. J Autoimmun 2004;/22:/297 305. [8] Tarkovacs G, Ujvary B, Panczel P, Berczi L, Palinger E, Matolcsy A, et al. Losing histidine decarboxylase immunreactivity appears to be a regularity in the development of secondary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. EORTC Cutaneous Lymphoma Task Force Clinical Meeting Budapest, 22 24 September 2006. [9] Bencsath M, Paloczi K, Szalai CS, Szenthe A, Szeberenyi J, Falus A. Histidine decarboxylase in peripheral lymphocytes of healthy individuals and chronic lymphoid leukemia patients. Pathol Oncol Res 1998;/4:/121 4. [10] Brandes LJ, LaBella FS, Warrington RC. Increased therapeutic index of antineoplastic drugs in combination with intracellular histamine antagonists. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991;/ 83:/1329 36. [11] Naredi P. Histamine as adjunct to immunotherapy. Semin Oncol 2002;/29:/31 4. [12] Ahlberg R, MacNamara B, Andersson M, et al. Stimulation of T-cell cytokine production and NK-cell function by IL-2, IFN-a and histamine treatment. Hematol J 2003;/4:/295 302. [13] Cornelissen JJ, Ploemacher RE, Wognum BW, Borsboom A, Kluin-Nelemans HC, Hagemeijer A, et al. An in vitro model for cytogenetic conversion in CML. IFNa preferentially inhibits the outgrowth of malignant stem cells preserved in long term culture. J Clin Invest 1998;/102:/976 83. [14] Drillenburg P, Pals ST. Cell adhesion receptors in lymphoma dissemination. Blood 2000;/95:/1900 10.
THE UTILITY OF HEXAAMINES FOR TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS1

Abstract NI(sen)2+ has been found to have utility as a template for macrocycle formation. Through reaction with acetone, an unusual ligand similar to cyclam but with an ethylenediamine substituent is formed. This macrocycle abbreviated TTT (13-[[(2′-aminoethyl)amino]methyl]-5,7,7,13-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradec-4-ene) is capable of sexidentate or quadridentate coordination. The coordination type is dictated by pH. The complexes Ni(TTT)2+ and Ni(TTTH2)2+ are characterized by titration and by proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, electronic absorption, and infrared absorption spectroscopy.
Performance Evaluation of an Information-Theoretic CAD Scheme For the Detection of Mammographic Architectural Distortion

Previously, we presented an information-theoretic image retrieval scheme for computer-assisted detection (CAD) of masses in screening mammograms. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of the CAD scheme in the detection of architectural distortion (AD) in mammograms of breasts with different parenchymal densities. The study was based on the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). Initially, a databank of 1,337 mammographic regions with confirmed pathology was created. They were all 512x512 pixel regions of interest (ROIs) depicting a mixture of mass findings such as masses (599), asymmetric densities (30), and architectural distortion (52). In addition, there were 656 ROIs depicting normal parenchyma. The CAD scheme was applied as follows. When a suspicious mammographic region was presented to the CAD system for evaluation, the system searched the databank of mammographic regions with known pathology. A decision index was calculated based on the query's similarity with the stored cases. Mutual information was used as the similarity metric. ROC analysis was performed to determine how well the CAD scheme detected the architectural distortion cases. Based on a leave-one out sampling scheme, the overall ROC performance of the CAD system was 0.82±0.03 for the detection of AD in screening mammograms. Specifically, the CAD system achieved perfect performance in fatty breasts (Az=1.0), Az=0.89±0.03 in fibroglandular breasts, Az=0.78±0.05 in heterogeneous breasts, and Az=0.55±0.09 in dense breasts. The CAD scheme performed well in the detection of architectural distortion in screening mammograms. The performance of the CAD scheme deteriorated significantly as breast density increased.
A sodium-potassium switch in the formation of four-stranded G4-DNA

Single-stranded complex guanine-rich DNA sequences from chromosomal telomeres and elsewhere can associate to form stable parallel four-stranded structures termed G4-DNA by a process that is anomalously dependent on the particular alkali metal cation that is present. The anomaly, which is not found in the formation of G4-DNA by oligonucleotides containing short, single runs of three or more guanines, is caused by potassium cations excessively stabilizing fold-back intermediate structures, or pathway by-products.
Suppression of the Tumorous State in Crown Gall Teratomas of Tobacco A Clonal Analysis

Two types of experimental approaches designed to test the possible involvement of chimeras in the persistent but readily reversible suppression of the tumorous state and in a recovery from that state in crown gall teratomas of tobacco were investigated. These studies showed that the tumorous state was suppressed in specialized cells present in the different tissues derived from each of the three layers of the apical meristem of teratoma-derived shoots of clonal origin. Although differences existed in the exogenous requirements needed for the reestablishment of the tumorous state in the different specialized cell types present in the different tissues, all again acquired a capacity for autonomous growth when appropriately stimulated. No evidence was found for the existence of periclinal or sectoral chimeras in teratoma-derived shoots of a single cell origin. Chimerism was, however, found to exist in one noncloned teratoma-derived shoot. Analysis of more than 500 clones derived from leaf mesophyll cells of cloned teratoma shoots showed that the vast majority of them (> 99%) were tumorous, while all of the 144 seed-grown plants from these shoots had completely recovered from the tumorous state. The results of these studies suggest that (a) a teratoma shoot does not depend for its development on the presence of significant numbers, if any, of cells that had recovered from the tumorous state; (b) the tumorous state may be suppressed in even the most highly specialized cells; (c) some special mechanism exists in the meiotic process for the elimination of all or most of the foreign DNA from transformed cells.
Contributions of neural pathways to age-related losses in chromatic discrimination

Chromatic-discrimination thresholds were measured for light mixtures lying along individually determined tritan axes and an axis of constant short-wavelength-sensitive- (S-) cone stimulation for 30 color-normal observers (age range 22–77 years). The stimulus was a foveally viewed 2°, circular bipartite field consisting of a standard and a test light. Heterochromatic flicker photometry was used to equate the retinal illuminance of the stimuli at 120 Td for all observers. All stimuli were presented in Maxwellian view. Age-related losses in chromatic discrimination depended on the level of cone stimulation. At relatively lower levels of S- and long-wavelength-sensitive (L-) cone stimulation, discrimination thresholds were elevated for older relative to younger observers. As the level of simulation increased for these two cone types, thresholds converged, on average, for all observers. Application of a model of chromatic discrimination mediated by an S-cone pathway suggests that there is no significant age-related change in Weber fractions and that age-related losses in chromatic discrimination are due, at least in part, to spontaneous neural noise arising in the pathway and/or neural changes that multiplicatively scale all incident light.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Psoriasis: What the Dermatologist Needs to Know

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use is common among patients with psoriasis. CAM modalities include traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), herbal therapies, dietary supplements, climatotherapy, and mind/body interventions. In this review, evidence from clinical trials investigating the efficacy of CAM for psoriasis is reviewed. There is a large amount of evidence from controlled trials that have shown that the combination of TCM with traditional therapies for psoriasis is more efficacious than traditional therapies alone. Herbal therapies that have the most evidence for efficacy are Mahonia aquifolium and indigo naturalis, while there is a smaller amount of evidence for aloe vera, neem, and extracts of sweet whey. Dietary supplementation in patients with psoriasis demonstrates consistent evidence supporting the efficacy of fish oil supplements. Zinc supplementation has not been shown to be effective; however, some evidence is available (albeit conflicting) for vitamin D, vitamin B12, and selenium supplementation. Overwhelming evidence supports the effectiveness of Dead Sea climatotherapy. Finally, mindfulness-based stress reduction can be helpful as adjuvant treatment of psoriasis. There are potential benefits to these modalities, but also potential side issues. Concerns with CAM include, but are not limited to, contamination of TCM products with heavy metals or corticosteroids, systemic toxicity or contact dermatitis from herbal supplements, and ultraviolet light-induced carcinomas from climatotherapy. Dermatologists should be aware of these benefits and side effects to allow for informed discussions with their patients.
Arousal from sleep: responsiveness to different auditory frequencies equated for loudness.

Abstract The present research was concerned with the nature of an individual's responsiveness to extrinsic stimuli during sleep. To address this general problem, sleeping individuals were presented different auditory frequencies which were equated for subjective loudness in phons but were not equated for physical intensity. The prediction was that if an individual's responsiveness during sleep was similar to that during waking, then the auditory stimuli should produce equal levels of arousal. If, however, an individual's responsiveness during sleep was not similar to that during waking, then, because the stimuli were not equated for physical intensity, the auditory stimuli should produce different levels of arousal. The results suggested that while the waking psychophysical relation between auditory frequency and subjective loudness adequately predicted an individual's response during sleep characterized by fast wave patterns of EEG activity and no REMs, it did not reflect an individual's responsiveness during sleep characterized by slow wave patterns of EEG activity. In fact, during slow wave sleep, the subject's level of arousal appeared to be directly related to the physical intensity of the auditory stimuli.
Multichamber And In-Situ Processing System Design And Control

For multichamber and in-situ processing of microelectronic materials, there are few hundred steps in a manufacturing line. The design of such processing systems require careful simulation, modeling, and planning. Our basic approach is the idea of an interactive software design environment for equipment, process, and manufacturing line modeling and simulation, which provides a way to integrate the manufacturing line and its simulator tightly.
‘You could take this topic and get a fistfight going’: communicating about feminism in interviews:

In this article, I analyze discourse from three group interviews to come to a better understanding of how young people communicate about feminism and the factors that can complicate and disrupt this communication. I analyze both the ways that the interview, as a speech event, evokes expectations and assumptions in participants and shapes how they interact, and how participants’ ideologies about feminism affect the way the interviews transpire. An equally important component of my project was to explore how feminism could translate into a research method. Throughout this article, I reflexively examine my research practices and analyses and identify the successes and shortcomings I had while attempting to conduct a research study consistent with feminist values.
Historical perspective on: Femtosecond transition-state spectroscopy of iodine—From strongly bound to repulsive surface dynamics [Volume 161, Issues 4–5, 22 September 1989, Pages 297–302]

Summary by J.L. Herek. Nobel prize-winner: Professor Ahmed Zewail. In the spring of 1990, I was a young liberal arts student soon to graduate from Lawrence University in Wisconsin, dreaming of a career in chemical physics. Thanks to an elective course on applications of lasers in chemistry and physics, which also required a literature study and report, I had found that a revolution in chemical physics was underway, with many groups clamouring to conquer new territory in the study of chemical reactions: the elusive and fleeting transition state. My interest in this emerging field dictated my choices of potential graduate schools, with Caltech and the group of Ahmed Zewail at the top of my list.
Region-based weighted prediction for real-time H.264 encoder

This paper presents an efficient region-based WP (weighted prediction) with global brightness change detection for real-time H.264 encoder. We improve WP for local brightness changes using the reference reordering, without additional memory bandwidth and computation for ME (motion estimation). We also show that the region-based WP can be extended to an MB-based WP with the marginal increase of computation, which provides the similar performance to a brute force approach.
Ultrastructural changes in the hepatocytes of juvenile rainbow trout and mature brown trout exposed to copper or zinc

Morphological changes in hepatocytes of mature brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus) and juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), accompanying chronic exposures to copper and zinc, were examined by transmission electron microscopy. At a concentration of copper not inhibitory to the final stages of gonadal development or spawning of brown trout, structural alterations included contraction of mitochondria and a tendency for nuclei to be slightly enlarged. Concentrations of copper or zinc lethal to a small fraction (10% and 4%, respectively) of a population of juvenile rainbow trout exposed for 42 d during larval and early juvenile development caused hepatocyte changes in survivors indicative of a reduction in ability to maintain intracellular water and cation balance and possible intranuclear metal sequestering. Specific structural alterations included increased vesiculation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in the abundance of electron-dense particles in the nucleus, increases in the numbers of multilaminar and globular inclusions, pooling of glycogen, increased autophagocytic activity and an increase in the number of necrotic cells. At advanced stages of toxicosis (concentrations of copper or zinc lethal to approximately 50% of the juveniles exposed for 42 d during development), loss in integrity of mitochondrial membranes, rupturing of plasma and nuclear membranes, separation of granular and fibrillar nuclear components, fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum, and extensive autophagic vacuolization were significant features of hepatocytes of surviving juvenile rainbow trout.
Constructing a New Model for Teacher Preparation: A Collaborative Approach

Legislative changes over the past several decades have led to an increase of students with disabilities in general education classrooms. Although teacher preparation has changed to include more content about diversity and disability, student achievement data suggest that though students with disabilities have been physically included in classrooms, teachers may not be prepared to provide access to content for these learners. The authors argue for a shift in teacher preparation to a more collaborative approach beginning with ourselves as teacher educators. A framework for increased and purposeful collaboration across stakeholders is provided that incorporates context, self-assessment, a critical review of collaborative efforts, action planning, and evaluation.
Thresholds for random distributions on graph sequences with applications to pebbling

Let G = {G1, G2,..., Gn .... } be a sequence of graphs with Gn having n vertices and having a random distribution of t(n) pebbles to its vertices. If s ≥ 2 is an integer, the event that Gn has s or more vertices with two or more pebbles has threshold t(n) = Θ(√n). If t(n) = c√n, then the limiting distribution for the number of vertices with multiple pebbles is Poisson(c2). The threshold for the event that Gn has at least one vertex with s or more pebbles is t(n) = Θ(n(s-1)/s). These results are used to establish new bounds for thresholds for pebbling on sequences of graphs with bounded diameters. If for some d, diameter (Gn) ≤ d for all n, and if for some p ∈ (0, 1], maximum degree (Gn) ⊆ Ω(np), then the threshold th(G) for the solvability of G is in O(n1-0.5p).
Content and host-centric information dissemination in delay-tolerant smartphone MANETs: An architecture and demonstration

Usage of mobile commercial communication devices is continually increasing. However, these devices require a fixed infrastructure and do not function in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) characterized by large delays or disruptions. Furthermore, these devices do not support the emerging communications needed when the location of information publishers and consumers is unknown (e.g., content centric communication models). To provide these capabilities, the paper presents an architecture that overlays content-centric and host-centric delay tolerant algorithms over a MANET. For validating the architecture, we provide a proof-of-concept implementation on Android phones as the illustrative mobile device and WiFi as the illustrative protocol, and we test the architecture in two field demonstrations.
Two pairs of conserved cysteines are required for the oxidative activity of Ero1p in protein disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum.

In the major pathway for protein disulfide-bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), oxidizing equivalents flow from the conserved ER-membrane protein Ero1p to secretory proteins via protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Herein, a mutational analysis of the yeast ERO1 gene identifies two pairs of conserved cysteines likely to form redox-active disulfide bonds in Ero1p. Cys100, Cys105, Cys352, and Cys355 of Ero1p are important for oxidative protein folding and for cell viability, whereas Cys90, Cys208, and Cys349 are dispensable for these functions. Substitution of Cys100 with alanine impedes the capture of Ero1p-Pdi1p mixed-disulfide complexes from yeast, and also blocks oxidation of Pdi1p in vivo. Cys352 and Cys355 are required to maintain the fully oxidized redox state of Ero1p, and also play an auxiliary role in thiol‐ disulfide exchange with Pdi1p. These results suggest a model for the function of Ero1p wherein Cys100 and Cys105 form a redox-active disulfide bond that engages directly in thiol‐ disulfide exchange with ER oxidoreductases. The Cys352‐Cys355 disulfide could then serve to reoxidize the Cys100 ‐Cys105 cysteine pair, possibly through an intramolecular thiol‐ disulfide exchange reaction.
Shadow penumbras for complex objects by depth-dependent filtering of multi-layer depth images

This paper presents an efficient algorithm for filtering multi-layer depth images (MDIs) in order to produce approximate penumbras. The filtering is performed on a MDI that represents the view from the light source. The algorithm is based upon both ray tracing and the z-buffer shadow algorithm, and is closely related to convolution methods. The method's effectiveness is demonstrated on especially complex objects such as trees, whose soft shadows are expensive to compute by other methods. The method specifically addresses the problem of light-leaking that occurs when tracing rays through discrete representations, and the inability of convolution methods to produce accurate self-shadowing effects.
Optimization of short-flow MOS charging monitor for ion implantation

Application of MOS capacitors for charging assessment is a widely accepted approach used by both process engineers and tool manufacturers. This paper presents results of optimizing short-flow on-wafer MOS capacitors with charge-collecting antennas to monitor charging caused by ion beams. The main factors considered during the optimization process include simplicity, testability, and sensitivity. Short-flow manufacturing of monitor wafers was developed to support the fast feedback "stick-and-test" approach.
Zero-Configuration, Robust Indoor Localization: Theory and Experimentation

With the technical advances in ubiquitous comput- ing and wireless networking, there has been an increasing need to capture the context information (such as the location) and to figure it into applications. In this paper, we establish the theoreti- cal base and develop a localization algorithm for building a zero- configuration and robust indoor localization and tracking system to support location-based network services and management. The localization algorithm takes as input the on-line measurements of received signal strengths (RSSs) between 802.11 APs and between a client and its neighboring APs, and estimates the location of the client. The on-line RSS measurements among 802.11 APs are used to capture (in real-time) the effects of RF multi-path fading, temperature and humidity variations, opening and closing of doors, furniture relocation, and human mobility on the RSS measurements, and to create, based on the truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) technique, a mapping between the RSS measure and the actual geographical distance. The proposed system requires zero-configuration because the on-line calibration of the effect of wireless physical characteristics on RSS measurement is automated and no on-site survey or initial training is required to bootstrap the system. It is also quite responsive to environmental dynamics, as the impacts of physical characteristics changes have been explicitly figured in the mapping between the RSS measures and the actual geographical distances. We have implemented the proposed system with inexpensive off-the-shelf Wi-Fi hardware and sensory functions of IEEE 802.11, and carried out a detailed empirical study in our division building. The empirical results show the proposed system is quite robust and gives accurate localization results (i.e., with the localization error within 3 meters).
The Sites Teachers Choose: A Gauge of Classroom Web Use

The pervasive nature of the Internet, both in society and in America's schools, leads teacher educators to wonder how this dynamic tool is being utilized in the classroom and, especially, if it is benefiting students' understanding. This study analyzed 127 Web sites self-reported by in-service teachers as excellent for teaching. From these data, a majority of K-12 educators view the Web either as a lesson planning tool or as a place to turn for additional information to teach a particular lesson. The majority of sites designed for use with students were passive in nature. This paper offers a qualitative data analysis of the attributes of the sites, as well as implications of the selected sites on K-12 teacher beliefs regarding student learning.
Safer Radiologic Imaging of Otolaryngologic Disease in Children

The use of medical imaging is commonplace in children with otolaryngologic disease, with a not insignificant and increasing exposure to ionizing radiation from such diagnostic imaging. Radiation exposure imparts potential cancer risk, particularly in children, who have long life expectancies and are more sensitive to the adverse effects of ionizing radiation. We summarize these issues, with a focus on computed tomography (CT) in children. The otolaryngologist plays a key role optimizing the use and minimizing the risk of diagnostic imaging in children by ordering the correct test at the best time for the right reasons. In concert with radiology colleagues and informed parents, we can improve the safety of radiologic imaging for the children we diagnose and treat.
Classical herniorrhaphies of Bassini, Halsted and Ferguson

Abstract Eduard Bassini's paper describing his new operation for inguinal hernia was dated July 30, 1889 but did not appear until 1890. He had operated, upon 251 patients over a four and one-half year period with six recurrences. The main features of his operation are: suture of the threefold layer to Poupart's ligament to form the posterior wall of the new inguinal canal; suture of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle over the cord, forming the anterior wall of the new inguinal canal. Wm. S. Halsted's new operation for inguinal hernia was described December, 1889. He presented five patients, representing work over a six-month period. The main features of this operation are: excision of most of the veins of the spermatic cord; transplantation of the vas deferens under the skin; closure of the structures of the abdominal wall (excluding the peritoneum and the skin) in one layer with interrupted mattress sutures. Alexander Hugh Ferguson's inguinal herniorrhaphy, having been performed by him sixty-four times, was described July 1, 1899. In his book in 1907, he still recommended the same operation. The main features of the Ferguson herniorrhaphy are: leaving the cord undisturbed; utilizing the cremaster muscle and the transversalis fascia in the repair, and suturing the internal oblique muscle and the conjoined tendon over the spermatic cord to Poupart's ligament, it being recommended that the spermatic cord not be lifted from its natural bed. Wm. S. Halsted published his new method of hernia repair August, 1903. The main features of this operation, as contrasted with the Halsted of 1893, are: transplantation of the neck of the sac, careful excision of any enlarged veins of the spermatic cord, utilization of the cremaster muscle and the transversalis fascia in the repair, and placing three rows of interrupted silk sutures and one of catgut in an overlapping type of repair of the layers of the region. Concerning this operation, Ferguson 6 6Fergc'/son, Alexander Hugh. Modern Operations for Hernia. Chicago, 1907. CIeveIand Press. wrote in his book: "This modification, which is very similar to my operation, was not published until three years after I produced my method."
THE PROTEIN COATS OR "GHOSTS" OF COLIPHAGE T2 : III. METABOLIC STUDIES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI B INFECTED WITH T2 BACTERIOPHAGE "GHOSTS"

Assimilation of oxygen, inorganic phosphate, and ammonia nitrogen by normal T2 phage and T2 ghost-infected E. coli B was studied. The rate of oxygen and phosphorus uptake by ghost-infected bacteria is similar to that of normal and phage-infected cells. The R.Q. in glucose-salts medium remains approximately 1. Assimilation of ammonia nitrogen by ghost-infected bacteria is maintained at a rate approximately 80 per cent of normal. The inorganic phosphate which is assimilated was found to be incorporated into TCA-soluble compounds which were rapidly released into the medium. Within 5 minutes after absorption of the ghosts there was a loss from the cell of TCA-soluble constituents including organic phosphorus and compounds which absorb at 260 mµ. No corresponding breakdown of nucleic acid present in the cell prior to infection could be detected. The incorporation of inorganic phosphate into organic linkages in the ghost-infected cell and its release into the medium were found to proceed at a rate approaching that of the incorporation of inorganic phosphorus into the nucleic acid of normal cells. The net increase in 260 mµ absorbing compounds appeared to be inhibited.
En bloc stapling of renal hilum during laparoscopic nephrectomy and nephroureterectomy

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the safety and advisability of en bloc mass stapling of the renal pedicle during difficult laparoscopic nephrectomy to avoid conversion to an open procedure. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of 433 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic simple or radical nephrectomy or laparoscopic nephroureterectomy between August 1998 and July 2003 by two surgeons. In all cases of en bloc hilar ligation, a stapler was deployed across the renal hilum without individual dissection of the renal artery and vein. Results The overall incidence of en bloc ligation was 6.0% (26 of 433 patients). The reasons for en bloc ligation were a difficult hilar dissection and/or the appearance of the renal hilum in 21 cases and urgent ligation secondary to bleeding in 5 cases. No correlation was found between surgeon experience and the frequency of en bloc ligation. No immediate or short-term complications related to this method of hilar division were observed with a mean follow-up of 26 months. Conclusions In this study, no cases of arteriovenous fistula development occurred after en bloc stapling of the renal pedicle. Long-term follow-up is needed, because arteriovenous fistula development may be a late complication of nephrectomy. Although we do not advocate the generalized use of en bloc division of the renal pedicle, early data suggest that en bloc stapling can be performed to avoid conversion to an open procedure with no related short-term complications.
Longitudinal Association Between Teen Sexting and Sexual Behavior

BACKGROUND: This study examines the temporal sequencing of sexting and sexual intercourse and the role of active sexting (sending a nude picture) in mediating the relationship between passive sexting (asking or being asked for a nude picture) and sexual behaviors. METHODS: Data are from Wave 2 (spring 2011) and Wave 3 (spring 2012) of an ongoing 6-year longitudinal study of high school students in southeast Texas. Participants included 964 ethnically diverse adolescents with a mean age of 16.09 years (56% female; 31% African American, 29% Caucasian, 28% Hispanic, 12% other). Retention rate for 1-year follow-up was 93%. Participants self-reported history of sexual activity (intercourse, risky sex) and sexting (sent, asked, been asked). Using path analysis, we examined whether teen sexting at baseline predicted sexual behavior at 1-year follow-up and whether active sexting mediated the relationship between passive sexting and sexual behavior. RESULTS: The odds of being sexually active at Wave 3 were 1.32 times larger for youth who sent a sext at Wave 2, relative to counterparts. However, sexting was not temporally associated with risky sexual behaviors. Consistent with our hypothesis, active sexting at Wave 2 mediated the relationship between asking or being asked for a sext and having sex over the next year. CONCLUSIONS: This study extends cross-sectional literature and supports the notion that sexting fits within the context of adolescent sexual development and may be a viable indicator of adolescent sexual activity.
Higher Regularity of a Coupled Parabolic-Hyperbolic Fluid-Structure Interactive System

This paper considers an established model of a parabolic-hyper- bolic coupled system of two PDEs, which arises when an elastic structure is immersed in a fluid. Coupling occurs at the interface between the two media. Semigroup well-posedness on the space of finite energy for fw;wt;ug was established in (1). Here, (w;wt) are the displacement and the velocity of the structure, while u is the velocity of the fluid. The domain D(A) of the generator A does not carry any smoothing in the w-variable (its resolvent R(‚;A) is not compact on this component space). This raises the issue of higher regularity of solutions. This paper then shows that the mechanical displacement, fluid velocity, and pressure terms do enjoy a greater regularity if, in addition to the I.C.fw0;w1;u0g 2 D(A), one also has w0 in (H 2 (›s)) d .
The invisible hand in entrepreneurial process: bricolage in emerging economies

The entrepreneurial process in emerging economies is receiving more interests but the critical role of bricolage is still in dearth. Entrepreneurs in these highly uncertain and dynamic environments discover, develop, and exploit opportunities with limited and idiosyncratic resources. They also navigate the entrepreneurial process within restrictive and unsupportive institutional environments. In this dynamic and often restrictive setting, entrepreneurs wanting to capitalise on opportunities must be able to manage with novel combinations of existing resources. Bricolage is therefore a relevant process in this entrepreneurial environment. This article argues that bricolage is a key mechanism to explore and explain entrepreneurship in emerging economies.
Exploratory Task Behavior and Creativity in Young Children

This research investigated some associations between exploratory task behavior and creativity in kindergarten and second grade students. For each grade a short series of specially selected, individually administered exploratory and creativity tasks were presented. Data were collected from 129 boys and girls. Among kindergarten children of both sexes, the exploratory and creativity measures were positively and significantly correlated. However, a different pattern of correlations was observed among. second grade students. Particularly among males, correlations were sharply lower than for the younger children indicating that early established exploration-creativity relationships may not hold over time. Two possible explanations for these findings include developmental differences and children's exposure to structured learning environments in more advanced grades.
Driveway injuries in children: risk factors, morbidity, and mortality.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Injuries that occur around the driveway are not typically regarded as reportable to the police and thus are often underrecognized. The aim of this study was to characterize the pattern and consequences of motor vehicle collisions that occur in the driveway. METHODS: Over the past 13 years, 64 patients admitted to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh sustained motor vehicle-related injuries in a driveway. These injuries resulted from a vehicle driven by an adult driver striking a child (group 1) or a child shifting an idle vehicle out of gear (group 2). We compared demographic variables and outcome measures between the 2 groups. RESULTS: There was no difference in gender, injury pattern, Injury Severity Score, length of stay, or operations performed between the groups. Patients in group 1 were younger, smaller, had a lower Glasgow Coma Scale, and had poorer outcomes. The majority of collisions (~65%) in group 1 resulted from a truck or sport-utility vehicle going in reverse. CONCLUSIONS: Younger children are more severely injured in driveway-related crashes, which are most likely to be caused by a truck or sport-utility vehicle going in reverse. These vehicles should be equipped with additional safety features such as extended mirrors to visualize small children.
New efficient total syntheses of derivatives of protoporphyrin-IX bearing deuteriated methyl groups

New total syntheses of hemins which are regioselectively deuteriated in the 1,5 (2), 5 (3) or 8 (4) methyl groups are described. Syntheses of hemins 2 and 3 follow the progression from pyrromethane 12 to t-butyl tripyrrene-carboxylate hydrobromide (17 and 30) and then to a,c-biladiene dihydrobromide (19 and 31), but for reasons of economy in use of labeled monopyrroles, the o,c-biladiene dihydrobromide 40 for hemin 4 is approached in an initially “clockwise” manner by synthesis of a benzyl tripyrrene-carboxylate hydrobromide 37 from the pyrromethane 5. Cyclization of the a,c-biladienes (19, 31, and 40) was accomplished by brief heating in dimethylformamide in the presence of copper(II) chloride.
Hydrophilic and antimicrobial Ag-exchanged zeolite a coatings: A year-long durability study and preliminary evidence for their general microbiocidal efficacy to bacteria, fungus and yeast

Abstract Silver exchanged zeolite A (Ag–ZA) coatings have been proposed as effective materials in providing hydrophilic and antimicrobial surface properties for condensing heat exchangers onboard manned spacecraft. Ag–ZA coatings demonstrated super hydrophilic properties, retention of silver content, and high antimicrobial activity to Escherichia Coli after submersion in double de-ionized water over a one-year period. Ag–ZA coatings kill E. coli on contact with a small loss of Ag (∼0.4%) after each exposure to the bacterium. The coatings remain super hydrophilic even after 24 repeated E. coli exposures. The coatings have also shown effective resistance against bacteria Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas putida, Fungus Aureobasidium pullulans, and marine yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, and may provide an enhanced capacity to prevent outbreaks of several microbial species onboard manned spacecraft.
An event-related fMRI investigation of voice-onset time discrimination.

Abstract The discrimination of voice-onset time, an acoustic–phonetic cue to voicing in stop consonants, was investigated to explore the neural systems underlying the perception of a rapid temporal speech parameter. Pairs of synthetic stimuli taken from a [da] to [ta] continuum varying in voice-onset time (VOT) were presented for discrimination judgments. Participants exhibited categorical perception, discriminating 15-ms and 30-ms between-category comparisons and failing to discriminate 15-ms within-category comparisons. Contrastive analysis with a tone discrimination task demonstrated left superior temporal gyrus activation in all three VOT conditions with recruitment of additional regions, particularly the right inferior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus for the 15-ms between-category stimuli. Hemispheric differences using anatomically defined regions of interest showed two distinct patterns with anterior regions showing more activation in the right hemisphere relative to the left hemisphere and temporal regions demonstrating greater activation in the left hemisphere relative to the right hemisphere. Activation in the temporal regions appears to reflect initial acoustic–perceptual analysis of VOT. Greater activation in the right hemisphere anterior regions may reflect increased processing demands, suggesting involvement of the right hemisphere when the acoustic distance between the stimuli are reduced and when the discrimination judgment becomes more difficult.
Near-Infrared Spectra of Centaurs and Kuiper Belt Objects

We present here an extensive survey of near-infrared (NIR) spectra of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) and Centaurs taken with the Keck I Telescope. We find that most spectra in our sample are well characterized by a combination of water ice and a featureless continuum. A comparative analysis reveals that the NIR spectral properties have little correlation to the visible colors or albedo, with the exception of the fragment KBOs produced from the giant impact on 2003 EL61. The results suggest that the surface composition of KBOs is heterogeneous, though the exposure of water ice may be controlled by geophysical processes. The Centaurs also display diverse spectral properties, but the source of the variability remains unclear. The results for both the KBOs and the Centaurs point to inherent heterogeneity in either the processes acting on these objects or materials from which they formed.
A novel demountable TF joint design for low aspect ratio spherical torus tokamaks

A novel shaped design for the radial conductors and demountable electrical joints connecting inner and outer legs of copper TF system conductors in low aspect ratio tokamaks is described and analysis results are presented. Specially shaped designs can optimize profiles of electrical current density, magnetic force, heating, and mechanical stress.
A95 The impact of declining gasoline prices on motor vehicle fatalities and injuries in seven OECD countries

Abstract Background Prior research has suggested that rising gasoline prices decreases vehicle miles traveled and thus motor vehicle crash injuries. However, gasoline prices have recently decreased and this may result in a reversal of historical declines in injuries and fatalities on public roadways. We use motor vehicle crash and gasoline price data for Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom (UK), United States (US) and the Netherlands to examine the historical relationship between gasoline prices and traffic safety and predict the impact of decreasing prices on fatalities and injuries in 2015. Methods Road safety data come from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) statistics, and gasoline price data were retrieved from the US Energy Information Administration. Outcomes are number of motor vehicle crash fatalities and injuries per million population, and the main predictor is gasoline price in US dollars per gallon, which were adjusted for inflation and for Purchasing Power Parity across countries. Random-effects models were used to estimate the effects of increasing gasoline prices on fatal and non-fatal injuries. Results Average gasoline prices varied substantially across the OECD countries in 1996-2012, ranging from $2.66 in the US to $5.71 in the Netherlands. Similarly, the number of motor vehicle crash fatal and nonfatal injuries ranged from 9,706 per million population in the US to 679 per million in the Netherlands. For all countries, the correlation between annual crash injuries and gasoline prices was significant and negative. Overall, the correlation between prices and all injuries per million population was -.59. Multivariate log regression analysis, adjusting for GDP per capita, unemployment rates, percent urban population and random effects, predicts that a 10% decrease in gasoline prices results in a 3.0% increase in non-fatal injuries and 8.5% increase in fatal injuries per million population. Compared to 2012, gasoline prices in January 2015 are an average of 26.8% lower across all countries. Our multivariate analysis suggests that this is predicted to result in 8.0% more non-fatal injuries and 23% more fatal injuries. For example, the UK is predicted to have an increase of 385 fatalities and 15,460 injuries if recent decreases in gasoline prices persist into the future. Conclusions Our findings suggest that declining gasoline prices may result in an increase in fatal and non-fatal injuries from motor vehicle crashes in several OECD countries. This may potentially slow or reverse the historical decline in motor vehicle injuries over the prior decade.
The Phase Plane

For some classes of first-order equations and higher order linear equations, it is possible to find a formula for the general solution. Properties of solutions can then be found from this formula. This chapter focuses on the determination of certain important properties of the solutions of an equation or system of equations, regardless of whether an explicit formula for the general solution can be found. The chapter discusses stability of solutions and the existence of periodic solutions. Only second-order differential equations and first-order systems of two equations have been considered. Some of the results that have been obtained could be generalized to n -dimensional systems. The two-dimensional case is important for many applications.
A Case Study on Executing Instrumented Code in Java PathFinder

Dynamic program analysis is widely used for detecting faults in software systems. Dynamic analysis tools conceptually either use a modified execution environment or inject instrumentation code into the system under test (SUT). Tools based on a modified environment, such as Java PathFinder (JPF), have full access to the state of the SUT but at the cost of a higher runtime overhead. Instrumentation-based tools have lower overhead but at the cost of less convenient control of runtime such as thread schedules. Combinations of these two approaches are largely unexplored, and to our knowledge, have never been done in JPF. We present a case study of adapting an existing instrumentation-based tool to run inside JPF. To keep the instrumentation unchanged, we limited our changes to the code invoked by the instrumentation. Ultimately, the required changes were few and essentially reduce to properly dividing the analysis-related state and logic between the JPF and host JVM levels. Others can benefit from our experience to quicker adapt their instrumentation-based tools to run in JPF.
Correct-by-Construction Adaptive Cruise Control: Two Approaches

Motivated by the challenge of developing control software provably meeting specifications for real-world problems, this paper applies formal methods to adaptive cruise control (ACC). Starting from a linear temporal logic specification for ACC, obtained by interpreting relevant ACC standards, we discuss in this paper two different control software synthesis methods. Each method produces a controller that is correct-by-construction, meaning that trajectories of the closed-loop systems provably meet the specification. Both methods rely on fixed-point computations of certain set-valued mappings. However, one of the methods performs these computations on the continuous state space whereas the other method operates on a finite-state abstraction. While controller synthesis is based on a low-dimensional model, each controller is tested on CarSim, an industry-standard vehicle simulator. Our results demonstrate several advantages over classical control design techniques. First, a formal approach to control design removes potential ambiguity in textual specifications by translating them into precise mathematical requirements. Second, because the resulting closed-loop system is known a priori to satisfy the specification, testing can then focus on the validity of the models used in control design and whether the specification captures the intended requirements. Finally, the set from where the specification (e.g., safety) can be enforced is explicitly computed and thus conditions for passing control to an emergency controller are clearly defined.