cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ancient DNA Confirms Native Rocky Mountain Fisher (Martes pennanti) Avoided Early 20th Century Extinction

Abstract Until recently it was assumed that fishers (Martes pennanti) in the Rocky Mountains all were descended from reintroduced stocks. However, a recent study reported that mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome-b and control region) haplotypes of fishers found only in west-central Montana are likely derived from a relic population of fishers that escaped harvests conducted in the early 20th century. I compared fishers in west-central Montana to samples from north-central Idaho and found no evidence for substructure between these groups. A museum specimen, collected in 1896 in north-central Idaho before any known translocation, also was the same haplotype as the “native Montana haplotype” discovered in the recent study. Thus, fishers in north-central Idaho and west-central Montana are the only confirmed native fishers in the Rocky Mountains, and 1 of a few populations in the West that have maintained native genes. Fishers from Idaho and Montana are not all descendants of translocated individuals, but also are t...
Incorporation of Exogenous Fatty Acids Protects Enterococcus faecalis from Membrane-Damaging Agents

Enterococcus faecalis is a commensal bacterium of the mammalian intestine that can persist in soil and aquatic systems and can be a nosocomial pathogen to humans. It employs multiple stress adaptation strategies in order to survive such a wide range of environments. Within this study, we sought to elucidate whether membrane fatty acid composition changes are an important component for stress adaptation. We noted that E. faecalis OG1RF was capable of changing its membrane composition depending upon growth phase and temperature. The organism also readily incorporated fatty acids from bile, serum, and medium supplemented with individual fatty acids, often dramatically changing the membrane composition such that a single fatty acid was predominant. Growth in either low levels of bile or specific individual fatty acids was found to protect the organism from membrane challenges such as high bile exposure. In particular, we observed that when grown in low levels of bile, serum, or the host-derived fatty acids oleic acid and linoleic acid, E. faecalis was better able to survive the antibiotic daptomycin. Interestingly, the degree of membrane saturation did not appear to be important for protection from the stressors examined here; instead, it appears that a specific fatty acid or combination of fatty acids is critical for stress resistance.
Comparative Expression and Distribution of c-fos, Estrogen Receptorα (ERα), and p38α in the Uterus of Rats, Monkeys, and Humans

The uterine cellular expression and distribution of c-fos ,E Rα and p38α was compared in humans, nonhuman primates, and rats using immunohistochemistry. ERα and c-fos were present in the glandular (GE) and luminal epithelial cells (LE) of humans and nonhuman primates, with differing expression patterns evident between proliferative and secretory cycle phases. In rats, the highest and lowest expression of c-fos was present during proestrus and estrus, respectively, in the LE and GE. The most intense ERα staining in rats was observed during proestrus in the GE, while the least intense staining was seen in the LE during proestrus. Strong LE and GE expression of p38α was present in rats in all stages of the estrous cycle and during the proliferative phase in both humans and nonhuman primates. No p38α expression was observed during the secretory phase in either humans or nonhuman primates. Our work suggests that c-fos ,E Rα and p38α (a) are primarily expressed during the proliferative phase, but not the secretory phase and exhibit interspecies expression variability, and (b) rats exhibit cyclic changes in the expression of c-fos and ERα.
Effects of respiration-averaged computed tomography on positron emission tomography/computed tomography quantification and its potential impact on gross tumor volume delineation.

Purpose Patient respiratory motion can cause image artifacts in positron emission tomography (PET) from PET/computed tomography (CT) and change the quantification of PET for thoracic patients. In this study, respiration-averaged CT (ACT) was used to remove the artifacts, and the changes in standardized uptake value (SUV) and gross tumor volume (GTV) were quantified. Methods and Materials We incorporated the ACT acquisition in a PET/CT session for 216 lung patients, generating two PET/CT data sets for each patient. The first data set (PET HCT /HCT) contained the clinical PET/CT in which PET was attenuation corrected with a helical CT (HCT). The second data set (PET ACT /ACT) contained the PET/CT in which PET was corrected with ACT. We quantified the differences between the two datasets in image alignment, maximum SUV (SUV max ), and GTV contours. Results Of the patients, 68% demonstrated respiratory artifacts in the PET HCT , and for all patients the artifact was removed or reduced in the corresponding PET ACT . The impact of respiration artifact was the worst for lesions less than 50 cm 3 and located below the dome of the diaphragm. For lesions in this group, the mean SUV max difference, GTV volume change, shift in GTV centroid location, and concordance index were 21%, 154%, 2.4 mm, and 0.61, respectively. Conclusion This study benchmarked the differences between the PET data with and without artifacts. It is important to pay attention to the potential existence of these artifacts during GTV contouring, as such artifacts may increase the uncertainties in the lesion volume and the centroid location.
Diffusion theory: A review and test of a conceptual model in information diffusion

The purpose of this study was to test diffusion theory in a study of the awareness, use, and diffusion of an innovation in a job environment of the working poor. In order to apply the theory, a modification of the definition of innovation was necessary. The innovation in this study was information, specifically, job information. The sample consisted of 50 women who had temporary employment as part of their enrollment in an urban Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) program. Findings revealed (1) some aspects of models of diffusion were more prominent than others in a study where the innovation is information, and (2) linkages could be made between models to give a clearer picture of the diffusion of job information. © 1986 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Solution behavior of ionomers. I. Metal sulfonate ionomers in mixed solvents

The solution behavior of metal sulfonate-containing ionomers has been investigated in various mixed solvent systems. Ionomers, such as lightly sulfonated polystyrene (sodium salt) and sulfonated ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (metal salts) are generally insoluble in typical hydrocarbon solvents, but readily dissolve when small amounts of alcohols or other polar cosolvents are present. At relatively low polymer concentration these ionomers display unusually high thickening behavior in nonpolar solvents when compared with nonionic polymers because of association of the metal sulfonate groups. The addition of modest levels of polar cosolvent markedly decreases the solution viscosity and gives rise to viscosity-temperature relationships different from those of conventional polymer solutions. For example, such solutions can display vicosities which increase, are relatively constant, or display maxima or minima over broad temperature ranges. These observations are interpreted as arising from a temperature-dependent preferential interaction of the cosolvent with the sulfonate groups. While these ionomers can be regarded as polyelectrolytes of low charge density, they do not display the typical “polyelectrolyte” behavior often observed in aqueous solutions. This anomalous behavior is attributed to the fact that the metal sulfonate groups are largely un-ionized in solvents of low dielectric constant. Therefore, the solution behavior is dominated by ion pair interactions rather than free ions.
Between anxiety and admiration: views of British cities in Germany, 1835–1914

Examination of writings about British cities that appeared in Germany between the mid-1830s and 1914 runs counter to emphasis either on German anti-urbanism or on growing hostility among Germans to their neighbours across the North Sea. Although it takes into account strong disparagement of flaws and failings that had, in the view of critics, resulted from the chaotic nature of urban growth in Britain, it points to increasing recognition – particularly after mid-century – of efforts to ameliorate conditions about which critics had complained. Much of what was singled out for commendation involved voluntary efforts by men and women who sought to improve working-class life via philanthropic uplift. During the 1850s and 1860s, the conservative social reformer Victor Aime Huber sang the praises of the co-operative movement, both from an economic and from a moral standpoint. Later on, other observers, such as the liberal economist Gerhart Schulze-Gavernitz, lauded the most famous of the British settlement houses, Toynbee Hall in East London, on account of the activities it promoted in the area of adult education. Favourable commentary on municipal government rounded out a picture of the urban scene as a sphere in which local forces exemplified a spirit of civic-mindedness that ought to inspire admiration rather than enmity.
Chapter 18 – Movement Disorders in Autoimmune Diseases

The goal of this chapter is to review autoimmune disorders that occur in children and result in movement abnormalities. Historically, these have included diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sydenham’s chorea (SC). More recently, however there has been a rapidly expanding list of autoimmune encephalopathies with clinical symptoms associated with antibodies targeting either intracellular or extracellular (receptors or other cell surface proteins) domains of neuronal proteins. Although many are associated with encephalopathic features, several have a prominent motor dysfunction. The early recognition of an autoimmune etiology should lead to appropriate diagnostic investigations and treatment.
Assessing Usage And Maximizing Finance Lab Impact: A Case Exploration

This paper reports the results of a survey conducted to assess students’ usage and perceptions of a finance lab. Finance labs differ from simple computer labs as they typically contain data boards, streaming market quotes, terminals and software that allow for real-time financial analyses. Despite the fact that such labs represent significant and ongoing investments in the learning environment, the results of the survey show that students value finance labs, but fail to maximize their use. Recommendations are made to address this situation.
What Do We Do with These Computers? Reflections on Technology in the Classroom

AbstractUnderstanding how cutting-edge technologies have entered the classroom should be the first step teachers take before addressing the questions of how and why those technologies should be integrated with curriculum. This report advocates a progression of technology adoption by educators, administrators, and communities that leads to a judicious use of technology in the classroom. Computers in the classroom should support, not carry, the curriculum as a tool for real-world applications, inquiry, composition, and communication. Integrating technology with the curriculum fosters creativity, which, in turn, can lead to classrooms where engagement is nourished and learning enhanced.
Chemisorption and Catalysis on Oxide Semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the processes of chemisorption and catalysis on oxide semiconductors. For geometrical reasons, at least during the first stage (I) of the adsorption process, one hydrogen atom will form a bond with an oxygen ion, while the second hydrogen atom will attempt to form a bond with a neighboring zinc ion. As the latter has no valence electron, the bond formed with hydrogen would be a one-electron bond and presumably a weak one. Thus, it is assumed that hydrogen is chemisorbed as a proton on O – and as a negative ion on Zn ++ . In addition, a sample of zinc oxide adsorbs hydrogen only after an activating pretreatment. This activation may be carried out by treating the sample in hydrogen at a slightly lower temperature. Water vapor and carbon dioxide are evolved during the pretreatment. A suitably activated and evacuated zinc oxide adsorbent takes up considerable amounts of hydrogen. Below room temperature, hydrogen is rapidly adsorbed in a reversible manner.
Design Curves for Hinged Wavemakers: Experiments

Experimental data measured in large-scale wave flume (for the dimensionless wavemaker gain function and for the magnitude and phase angle for the dimensionless wavemaker hydrodynamic pressure moment on a hinged wavemaker) are compared with theoretical values computed from dimensionless design curves which are derived from linear wave theory. Dimensionless relative errors between experimental and theoretical values are tabulated for 21 discrete wave frequencies in each of two water depths. These dimensionless relative errors provide comparisons for over one decade of dimensionless relative water depth which cover both intermediate- and deep-water wave conditions for wave heights which are approx. 25% of the theoretical breaking limit. While measured data from smaller scale wave flumes have been previously published for the dimensionless wavemaker gain function, S/H, the measured hydrodynamic pressure moment data appear to be unique.
Misinterpretation of African American English BIN by adult speakers of Standard American English

Abstract African American English (AAE) and Standard American English (SAE) share many cognates (forms similar in phonology and function) while differences are often masked by false cognates (forms similar in phonology but different in function). Because false cognates are interpretable via a listener's own variety, this likely impacts performance on language-based tests. This study investigates how adult SAE- ( n = 24) and AAE-speakers ( n = 24) process BIN , an AAE tense/aspect marker. In AAE, stressing BIN indicates the remote past; when unstressed, been indicates the recent past. Results show that while both AAE- and SAE-speakers can perceive and produce the phonetic cues that differentiate BIN and been , only the AAE-speakers accurately infer that BIN corresponds to the remote past.
Die mechanischen Eigenschaften des Muskels und der zeitliche Verlauf der Muskelkontraktion

Seit den ersten Arbeiten uber den Muskel als viscos-elastisches System, uber die bereits berichtet wurde1, haben besonders A. V. Hill 2 und seine Mitarbeiter die funktionelle Bedeutung der Muskelviscositat hervorgehoben; sie scheinen jedoch bis jetzt noch nicht zu einem vollig befriedigenden Resultat gekommen zu sein.
Abstract W MP63: Diagnostic Yield of an Extended Ambulatory Cardiac Rhythm Monitor in Patients With TIA or Stroke

Background: In the evaluation of patients with TIA or stroke, the detection of AF changes the recommended anti-thrombotic regimen from treatment with an antiplatelet agent to oral anticoagulation. Detection of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) may also be relevant as it is associated with an increased risk of AF. This study describes the feasibility and diagnostic yield of the Zio® Patch, a leadless, single-use, small, lightweight, and water-resistant cardiac rhythm monitor that provides continuous cardiac monitoring for up to 14 days. Methods: We obtained de-identified monitoring data from the manufacturer and servicer of the ZioPatch (iRhythm Technologies). Patients who were monitored between January 2012 and June 2013 and whose indication for monitoring, as entered by the ordering provider, was TIA or stroke were included. The duration of monitoring, the number and type of arrhythmias, and the time to first arrhythmia were documented. AF was defined as R-R irregularity for more than 30 seconds in duration. Results: 1,171 monitoring reports were analyzed. The average patient age was 67.9 years. Fifty-five percent of patients were male. The mean monitor wear time was 10.9 days and the median wear time was 13.0 days (interquartile range 7.2-14.0). The median analyzable time relative to the total wear time was 98.7% (IQR 96.0-99.5%). AF was present in 4.8% of all reports (4.2% PAF and 0.6% chronic AF). The mean duration before the first episode of PAF was 1.5 days and the median duration was 0.4 days. 14.3% of first PAF episodes occurred after 48 hours. The mean PAF burden was 12.7% of the total monitoring duration. SVT of 8 beats or more was present in 51% of the records. Conclusion: Virtually the entire duration of monitoring with the ZioPatch yields analyzable data that allows for the detection of cardiac arrhythmias. Among TIA and stroke patients, AF was present in approximately 5% of the records and SVT in 50%. The first episode of PAF frequently occurred more than 48 hours after the start of monitoring. This suggests that Holter (24-48 hour) monitoring is insufficient and supports extended cardiac monitoring in TIA and stroke patients. Further studies are needed to determine which stroke patients are at greatest risk for AF and to assess the clinical significance of SVT.
One Industry at a Time: Evidence of Induced Localized Technical Gains in the East Asian Countries

This paper argues that technical change in the East Asian countries was sector-specific, took the form of learning-by-doing and was induced by relative factor prices. Usual growth accounting exercises do not account for this in the structure of the assumed aggregate production function and therefore miss these technical gains. Assumed or estimated elasticities of substitution are too high in these studies. Calculations of elasticities using factor prices are more consistent with localized technical gains in Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. I find evidence that the technical change may have been induced by policy and macroeconomic shocks affecting relative factor prices. Plant-level TFP growth calculations using the Korean Industrial Census further support the hypothesis offered here.
Does springtime feel extra early

![Figure][1] Henry David Thoreau spent much of 23 August 1853 walking the environs of Concord, Massachusetts. He noted the advancing of summer to autumn in no fewer than 27 species of plants and six species of animals while exhorting “Live in each season as it passes; breathe the air, drink
Sir Lionel Carden's Proposed Agreement on Central America, 1912

As American economic interests expanded in Central America in the early twentieth century, many British representatives concluded that the Foreign Office would have to devise some method to protect existing British investments against American encroachment. When Secretary of State Knox visited Central America in 1912, he and Sir Lionel E. G. Carden, the British Minister to Central America, discussed Central American affairs when they met in Guatemala on March 16. Knox could scarcely have been very sympathetic as Carden expounded the British point of view, for the Department of State believed that the greatest obstacle to the success of its policy in Central America was none other than the British Minister. As early as April, 1910, Knox had unsuccessfully tried to have Carden transferred from his post; the attempt failed because Sir Edward Grey backed up his Minister.
Evaluation of fibrinolysis in hepatic cirrhosis. Relation of serial thrombin time and euglobulin lysis time.

For nearly half a century various observers have reported increased fibrinolytic activity in the blood of patients with hepatic cirr h o s i s . 3 ' 6 0 1 0 ' 1 6 1 6 The availability of «-aminocaproic acid (EACA), a potent inhibitor of plasminogen activators, has led to renewed interest in the mechanisms involved in the fibrinolysis of hepatic cirrhosis. 10 Recently, Fletcher and associates suggested that a major factor in this abnormal fibrinolysis was a failure of hepatic clearance mechanisms for plasminogen activator. In 13 instances of cirrhosis of the liver, Grossi and co-workers reported successful control of fibrinolysis and bleeding with intravenous EACA during and after portacaval shunt surgery. All of these cases demonstrated fibrinogenopenia and increased fibrinolysis; however, Lewis and Doyle indicated that although EACA therapy in cirrhosis of the liver decreased fibrinolytic activity, it did not improve the hemostatic mechanisms. In the following study, the fibrinolytic mechanism in hepatic cirrhosis was assayed by (1) the serial thrombin time (STT), (2) euglobulin lysis time, and (3) fibrinogen levels. These parameters were compared in normal persons and in patients with cirrhosis before and after the administration of nicotinic acid used to stimulate fibrinolysis. The euglobulin lysis measures plasminogen activators. The STT method was originally developed by Wilhelm and associates. Ingram and Matchett used this technic as a measure of fibrinolytic activity. They demonstrated a linear relation between proportionate loss of clot
Bartolomé de las Casas, Judge Alonso de Zorita, and the Franciscans: A Collaborative Effort for the Spiritual Conquest of the Borderlands

These brief remarks on the Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas, Licenciate Alonso de Zorita, and the Franciscan Order in sixteenth-century Mexico should not be interpreted as characteristic of either the century or the colonial period as a whole. Church and state generally complemented each other, but the origins “of the longenduring conflict between clerical and anticlerical forces” in Mexico and the Borderlands “reach into earliest colonial times.” An example is the jurisdictional dispute between Archbishop Juan Perez de la Serna and Viceroy Diego Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimental in the 1620s. Another is the long and bitter conflict between Franciscan missionaries and Spanish governors in seventeenth-century New Mexico. Nevertheless, cooperation between representatives of Church and State in New Spain is apparent even before the arrival of the saintly “Twelve Apostles” headed by Fray Martin de Valencia in 1524.
Technic Actualities and Development Trends of the Rural Grid in China

In this paper,technic actualities and development trends of rural electrification are analyzed.Combined with macro request by the state grid corporation of china, Mostly technic problems and solutions about rural electrification are discussed.
Preliminary Evidence for the Validity and Reliability of the Caregiver Reaction Scale

Objective: Reliable and valid measures of caregiver experience are critical components of researching the caregiver experience and providing effective care to family caregivers. Assessments should ...
Targeted loss of SHP1 in murine thymocytes dampens TCR signaling late in selection.

SHP1 is a tyrosine phosphatase critical to proximal regulation of TCR signaling. Here, analysis of CD4-Cre SHP1(fl/fl) conditional knockout thymocytes using CD53, TCRβ, CD69, CD4, and CD8α expression demonstrates the importance of SHP1 in the survival of post selection (CD53(+) ), single-positive thymocytes. Using Ca(2+) flux to assess the intensity of TCR signaling demonstrated that SHP1 dampens the signal strength of these same mature, postselection thymocytes. Consistent with its dampening effect, TCR signal strength was also probed functionally using peptides that can mediate selection of the OT-I TCR, to reveal increased negative selection mediated by lower-affinity ligand in the absence of SHP1. Our data show that SHP1 is required for the survival of mature thymocytes and the generation of the functional T-cell repertoire, as its absence leads to a reduction in the numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) naive T cells in the peripheral lymphoid compartments.
Beyond China: Lessons from SARS for Post-Westphalian Public Health

Although China provides the most dramatic evidence that public health has moved into a post-Westphalian context, the SARS outbreak produced other indications that public health has transitioned into a new governance era. These developments demonstrate that SARS has governance implications that reach beyond China’s handling of SARS. The manner in which SARS was managed globally reveals the emergence of a framework of universal scope affecting all countries, be they weak or powerful. This chapter analyzes four features of the SARS outbreak that support the argument that public health governance has entered a post-Westphalian period.
Association of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract with Those of Other Organ Systems

About one-third to half of patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) have one or more associated anomalies of other organ systems including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, central nervous, skeletal, and genito-reproductive systems as well as abnormalities of the lung and face, chromosomal aberrations and multiple congenital anomalies syndromes. Awareness of this association is essential in the management of affected patients, especially when the anomaly is not evident on routine physical examination and when early intervention can contribute to prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CAKUT should be suspected in patients with multiple congenital anomalies particularly in those with chromosomal aberrations, congenital anomalies of other organ systems, and in newborns and children with single umbilical artery, febrile urinary tract infection, significant abnormalities of the ear lobes, and supernumerary nipples. Chromosomal studies should be considered in any fetus with ultrasonographic evidence of CAKUT associated with other congenital anomalies.
Sequence-Dependent Mechanism of DNA Oligonucleotide Dehybridization Resolved through Infrared Spectroscopy.

Despite its important role in biology and nanotechnology, many questions remain regarding the molecular mechanism and dynamics by which oligonucleotides recognize and hybridize to their complementary sequence. The thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA oligonucleotide hybridization and dehybridization are often assumed to involve an all-or-nothing two-state dissociation pathway, but deviations from this behavior can be considerable even for short sequences. We introduce a new strategy to characterize the base-pair-specific thermal dissociation mechanism of DNA oligonucleotides through steady-state and time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Experiments are interpreted with a lattice model to provide a structure-specific interpretation. This method is applied to a model set of self-complementary 10-base-pair sequences in which the placement of GC base pairs is varied in an otherwise AT strand. Through a combination of Fourier transform infrared and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, experiments reveal varying...
The lamellar structure of the brain fiber pathways

We present a quantitative statistical analysis of pairwise crossings for all fibers obtained from whole brain tractography that confirms with high confidence that the brain grid theory Wedeen eti¾ al., 2012a is not supported by the evidence. The overall fiber tracts structure appears to be more consistent with small angle treelike branching of tracts rather than with near-orthogonal gridlike crossing of fiber sheets. The analysis uses our new method for high-resolution whole brain tractography that is capable of resolving fibers crossing of less than 10 degrees and correctly following a continuous angular distribution of fibers even when the individual fiber directions are not resolved. This analysis also allows us to demonstrate that the whole brain fiber pathway system is very well approximated by a lamellar vector field, providing a concise and quantitative mathematical characterization of the structural connectivity of the human brain.
Poverty and Progress: An Ecological Perspective on Economic Development

(1974). Poverty and Progress: An Ecological Perspective on Economic Development. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 953-955.
Socioeconomic and air pollution correlates of adult asthma, heart attack, and stroke risks in the United States, 2010–2013

Asthma in the United States has become an important public health issue, with many physicians, regulators, and scientists elsewhere expressing concern that criterion air pollutants have contributed to a rising tide of asthma cases and symptoms. This paper studies recent associations (from 2008 to 2012) between self-reported asthma experiences and potential predictors, including age, sex, income, education, smoking, and county-level average annual ambient concentrations of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels recorded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, for adults 50 years old or older for whom survey data are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). We also examine associations between these variables and self-reported heart attack and stroke experience; all three health outcomes are positively associated with each other. Young divorced women with low incomes are at greatest risk of asthma, especially if they are ever-smokers. Income is an important confounder of other relations. For example, in logistic regression modeling, PM2.5 is positively associated (p<0.06) with both stroke risk and heart attack risk when these are regressed only against PM2.5, sex, age, and ever-smoking status, but not when they are regressed against these variables and income. In this data set, PM2.5 is significantly negatively associated with asthma risk in regression models, with a 10μg/m3 decrease in PM2.5 corresponding to about a 6% increase in the probability of asthma, possibly because of confounding by smoking, which is negatively associated with PM2.5 and positively associated with asthma risk. A variety of non-parametric methods are used to quantify these associations and to explore potential causal interpretations.
“Hustling” in film school as socialization for early career work in media industries

Abstract This ethnographic study contributes to the literature on the sociology of work and socialization, and the literature on creative careers in cultural industries, by describing the various grounded theory categories of “hustling” by film students in the venue of film school. Based on 18 months of participant observation of two student films at a Los Angeles-based MFA film/TV production program, I show that students “hustle” to form connections, work continuously across multiple projects, compete for production classes, and in the process, build their individual and collective reputations. I argue that hustling is a social process that involves an array of socializations, and is experienced subjectively as anticipatory work towards careers in the film/TV industries. Students come to realize that their hustling towards curricular and pedagogical requirements is a synecdoche for the larger industrial careers they aspire to, careers that demand even more hustling and precariousness, but careers that they are better prepared for than they know. Film students leave school with certain agency. Future research should take into account how early career socialization prepares aspirants for later creative work.
72h returns: A trigger tool for diagnostic error.

Abstract Background Patients who return to the Emergency Department (ED) within 72 h of discharge are often used for ED Quality Assurance efforts, however little is known about the yield of this kind of review and the types of errors it identifies. Our objective was to identify the prevalence, types and severity of errors in these cases. Methods Retrospective review of patients who presented to an urban, university affiliated ED between 10/1/2012–9/30/2015 who returned within 72 h requiring hospital admission. Results There were 413,167 ED visits during the study period with 2001 (0.48%) patients who returned within 72 h and were admitted to the hospital. An event requiring further investigation was identified in 59 (2.95%) of these patients and 50 (2.49%) of them were deemed to represent a deviation from optimal care. Of these, 48 (96%) represented diagnostic error. When a standard diagnostic process of care framework was applied to these, the majority of cases represented failures in the initial diagnostic pathway (29 cases, 60.4%). When Error Severity Codes were applied, 16 (32%) resulted in minor harm and 34 (68%) resulted in major harm or death. Conclusion Screening of 72 h ED returns has low yield in identifying suboptimal care, with less than 3% of cases representing deviations from standard care. Of these, the majority represent cognitive errors in the diagnostic pathway. These reviews may be useful as a tool for Ongoing Professional Practice Evaluation of individual clinicians, however likely serve less value in identifying systems issues contributing to unsafe care.
Early life stress increases testosterone and corticosterone and alters stress physiology in zebra finches

Early life stress has enduring effects on behavior and physiology. However, the effects on hormones and stress physiology remain poorly understood. In the present study, parents of zebra finches of both sexes were exposed to an increased foraging paradigm from 3 to 33days post hatching. Plasma and brains were collected from chicks at 3 developmental time points: post hatching days 25, 60 and adulthood. Plasma was assayed for testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), and corticosterone (CORT). The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus was assessed for corticotrophin releasing factor (CRH) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. As expected, body mass was lower in nutritionally stressed animals compared to controls at multiple ages. Nutritionally stressed animals overall had higher levels of CORT than did control and this was particularly apparent in females at post hatching day 25. Nutritionally stressed animals also had a higher number of cells expressing CRH and GR in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus than did controls. There was an interaction, such that both measures were higher in control animals at PHD 25, but higher in NS animals by adulthood. Females, regardless of treatment, had higher circulating CORT and a higher number of cells expressing CRH than did males. Nutritionally stressed animals also had higher levels of T than did control animals, and this difference was greatest for males at post hatching day 60. There were no effects of nutritional stress on E2. These findings suggest that nutritional stress during development has long-lasting effects on testosterone and stress physiology.
Violeta Went to Heaven and the Ethics of Contemporary Latin American Melodrama

This essay analyzes the film Violeta Went to Heaven (2011), by Chilean director Andres Wood, as a model for the ethical dilemmas present in the creation and reception of Latin American cinema in the early twenty-first century. As the dichotomy global/homogeneous versus local/heterogeneous becomes blurrier, contemporary film analysis requires a critical stance that sidesteps the limitations of outdated paradigms. Furthermore, the epistemic shift and increased attention to affect in cultural and film studies invite us to approach Wood’s film in its emotional/political context. By framing it as a contemporary melodrama in the capitalist market, we are able to better understand the complex dynamics that govern film consumption and production in a globalized world.
Complete B Cell Deficiency Reduces Allograft Inflammation and Intragraft Macrophages in a Rat Kidney Transplant Model.

Background Increasingly, it is being appreciated that B cells have broad roles beyond the humoral response and are able to contribute to and regulate inflammation. The specific role of B cells in the pathogenesis of early allograft inflammation remains unclear. Methods To address this question, we generated B cell-deficient (B) Lewis rats via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology. In a full mismatch transplant model, kidneys from Brown Norway donors were transplanted into B Lewis recipients or wild type Lewis recipients. T cell-mediated rejection was attenuated with cyclosporine. Results Renal inflammation was reduced at 1 week after transplant (Banff scores for interstitial inflammation, microvascular inflammation, glomerulitis, and C4d) in allografts from B recipients. The reduction in interstitial inflammation was predominantly due to a decline in graft infiltrating macrophages. Intragraft T-cell numbers remained unchanged. In addition, B-cell deficiency was associated with increased T regulatory cells and reduced splenic T follicular helper cells at baseline; and significantly increased intragraft and splenic IL-10 mRNA levels after transplant. In vitro, B and wild type splenic T cells produced similar levels of IFN-γ in response to T cell-specific activation. Conclusions B-cell deficiency in this model produced an anti-inflammatory phenotype with a shift toward regulatory T-cell populations, production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), and a reduction in allograft inflammation. These findings define a role for B cells to influence the cell populations and mediators involved in the pathogenesis of early allograft inflammation.
Impacts of internal variability on temperature and precipitation trends in large ensemble simulations by two climate models

It is known that internal climate variability (ICV) can influence trends seen in observations and individual model simulations over a period of decades. This makes it difficult to quantify the forced response to external forcing. Here we analyze two large ensembles of simulations from 1950 to 2100 by two fully-coupled climate models, namely the CESM1 and CanESM2, to quantify ICV’s influences on estimated trends in annual surface air temperature (Tas) and precipitation (P) over different time periods. Results show that the observed trends since 1979 in global-mean Tas and P are within the spread of the CESM1-simulated trends while the CanESM2 overestimates the historical changes, likely due to its deficiencies in simulating historical non-CO2 forcing. Both models show considerable spreads in the Tas and P trends among the individual simulations, and the spreads decrease rapidly as the record length increases to about 40 (50) years for global-mean Tas (P). Because of ICV, local and regional P trends may remain statistically insignificant and differ greatly among individual model simulations over most of the globe until the later part of the twenty-first century even under a high emissions scenario, while local Tas trends since 1979 are already statistically significant over many low-latitude regions and are projected to become significant over most of the globe by the 2030s. The largest influences of ICV come from the Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation and polar sea ice. In contrast to the realization-dependent ICV, the forced Tas response to external forcing has a temporal evolution that is similar over most of the globe (except its amplitude). For annual precipitation, however, the temporal evolution of the forced response is similar (opposite) to that of Tas over many mid-high latitude areas and the ITCZ (subtropical regions), but close to zero over the transition zones between the regions with positive and negative trends. The ICV in the transient climate change simulations is slightly larger than that in the control run for P (and other related variables such as water vapor), but similar for Tas. Thus, the ICV for P from a control run may need to be scaled up in detection and attribution analyses.
Determining the Upper and Lower Limits of Cerebral Autoregulation With Cerebral Oximetry Autoregulation Curves: A Case Series.

Objective Critical care guidelines recommend a single target value for mean arterial blood pressure in critically ill patients. However, growing evidence regarding cerebral autoregulation challenges this concept and supports individualizing mean arterial blood pressure targets to prevent brain and kidney hypo- or hyperperfusion. Regional cerebral oxygen saturation derived from near-infrared spectroscopy is an acceptable surrogate for cerebral blood flow and has been validated to measure cerebral autoregulation. This study suggests a novel mechanism to construct autoregulation curves based on near-infrared spectroscopy-measured cerebral oximetry. Design Case-series study. Setting Neurocritical care unit in a tertiary medical center. Patients Patients with acute neurologic injury and Glasgow coma scale score less than or equal to 8. Measurements and main results Autoregulation curves were plotted using the fractional-polynomial model in Stata after multimodal continuous monitoring of regional cerebral oxygen saturation and mean arterial blood pressure. Individualized autoregulation curves of seven patients exhibited varying upper and lower limits of autoregulation and provided useful clinical information on the autoregulation trend (curves moving to the right or left during the acute coma period). The median lower and upper limits of autoregulation were 86.5 mm Hg (interquartile range, 74-93.5) and 93.5 mm Hg (interquartile range, 83-99), respectively. Conclusions This case-series study showed feasibility of delineating real trends of the cerebral autoregulation plateau and direct visualization of the cerebral autoregulation curve after at least 24 hours of recording without manipulation of mean arterial blood pressure by external stimuli. The integration of multimodal monitoring at the bedside with cerebral oximetry provides a noninvasive method to delineate daily individual cerebral autoregulation curves.
Association of State-Mandated Abstinence-only Sexuality Education with Rates of Adolescent HIV Infection and Teenage Pregnancy.

Introduction Abstinence-only sexuality education (AOSE); is required in the public school systems of many states, raising public health concerns and perpetuating health disparities through school systems. This study aimed to determine the correlations between state-mandated AOSE and the rates of adolescent HIV and teen pregnancy. Methods Using publicly available data on all 50 United States' laws and policies on AOSE, states were ranked according to their level of abstinence emphasis on sexuality education (Level 0 - Level 3);. We calculated the relative proportion of Black students in public schools and the proportion of families below the federal poverty line then ranked them by state. We compared the states' ranks to the incidence of adolescent HIV and teen pregnancy in those states to identify associations between variables. Results The majority of states (~44 percent ); have legally mandated AOSE policies (Level 3); and adolescent HIV and teen pregnancy rates were highest in these Level 3 states. There were significant, positive correlations between HIV incidence rates of 13-19 year olds, HIV rates of 20-24 year olds, teen pregnancy rates, and AOSE level, with the proportion of the population that lives below the federal poverty level, and whether they attended schools that had a greater than 50 percent of an African American population. Discussion These data show a clear association between state sexuality education policies and adolescent HIV and teen pregnancy rates not previously demonstrated. Our data further show that states that have higher proportions of at-risk populations, with higher adolescent HIV and teen pregnancy rates, are more likely to also have restrictive AOSE policies. These populations may be more likely to attend public schools where AOSE is taught, increasing their risk for HIV and teen pregnancy. The World Health Organization considers fact-based Comprehensive Sexuality Education a human right, and the authors believe it is past time to end harmful, discriminatory sexuality education policies in US public schools.
NC CELLS DO NOT EXPRESS NK-ASSOCIATED CELL SURFACE ANTIGENS AND ARE NOT CULTURE ACTIVATED NK CELLS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the difference between natural cytotoxic (NC) cell activity and natural killer (NK) cell activity. The studies described in this chapter address two questions: (1) do NK and NC cells express similar cell surface antigens and (2) if not, can differential antigen expression allow the separation of NK and NC functions and, thus, facilitate studies into the relationship of the two populations. NK cells have been shown to share a number of cell surface antigens with other lymphoid populations. NK cells express the T-cell associated Qa-2,3, Qa-5, and Ly-11 antigens. NK cells bear the neutral glycolipid asialo GM-1, NK 1.1, and NK 1.2 antigens and have been shown to express high levels of H-2. Studies described in the chapter demonstrate that NK and NC cells markedly differ in antigen expression. NC cell activity is not affected by treatment with antisera directed to the Qa-2,3, Qa-5, Ly-11, NK 1.2, or asialo GM-1 antigens, all of which deplete NK cell activity. The results also suggest that the NC cell is low in H-2 expression.
PRINCIPLES OF MATERIAL REMOVAL

ABSTRACT The basic principles associated with the removal of unwanted material In the processing of machine parts by cutting and grinding operations are reviewed. Items considered include the elements of cutting and grinding mechanics, cutting forces and energy, tool tip temperatures, tool wear and tool life, chip formation and chip control and cutting economics. Some areas of importance for future research and development are mentioned at the end of the paper.
Reality Pedagogy and Urban Science Education: Towards a Comprehensive Understanding of the Urban Science Classroom

The approaches to research and practice in urban science education discussed in this chapter are primarily based on the outcomes of multiple research studies within urban high school classes in New York City. Beginning from a discussion of the positioning of students of colour within urban settings in science education research and practice, I expand upon approaches to research and practice that have yielded positive results with students of colour in urban science classrooms and present both an ideological perspective on the relationship between science education and urban science education and practical ways to gain more profound understandings of the urban science classroom.
ON FINITE LINEAR GROUPS IN DIMENSION AT MOST 10

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the assumption that G is a finite group with a faithful irreducible quasi-primitive unimodular complex representation of degree n. If n < 7, the structure of G is known by the work of Blichfeldt, Brauer, Lindsey, and Wales. This chapter presents some results that cover the cases that n = 8, 9, or 10. The work in case of n = 8 uses results of C. W. Huffman and Wales. The chapter presents the proof of a theorem as per which if G be a finite group with a faithful irreducible quasi-primitive unimodular complex representation of degree 10, either |G| = 2a·3b·5c·11d with d ≤ 1 or every composition factor of G is a known simple group or if 11|G| and |Z(G)|│2, then every composition factor of G is a known simple group.
Pathobiology of Diabetic Encephalopathy in Animal Models

This review will compare longitudinally the cognitive deficits and associated metabolic and structural abnormalities in two models with spontaneous onset of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively. From these studies it is becoming increasingly evident that the cerebral dysmetabolism differs in many respects as to underlying mechanisms leading up to progressive cognitive dysfunction, although mechanistic overlaps exist between the two models. In the type 1 model, insulin deficiency appears to play a prominent role in degenerative and apoptotic phenomena of neuronal populations and white matter constituents. In these processes, undoubtedly, hyperglycemia and its downstream metabolic aberrations are also active participants.