cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared plasmonics: STEM-EELS characterization of Fabry-Pérot resonance damping in gold nanowires

Materials possessing strong midinfrared responses are of current interest because of their potential application to long-wavelength metamaterials, photonic devices, molecular detection, and catalysis. Here, we utilize high-energy resolution (80 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, 10 meV) electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a monochromated and aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) to resolve multipolar surface plasmon resonances (SPRs), sometimes called Fabry-P\'erot (FP) resonances, in gold nanowires with mode energies spanning from $\ensuremath{\sim}1000$ to $8000\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. STEM-EELS provides access to these mid- to near-IR responses in a single acquisition, avoiding the difficulties inherent in obtaining the same data using near-field optical techniques. The experimentally measured FP resonance energies and linewidths, together with analytical modeling and full-wave numerical electrodynamics simulations, provide a comprehensive picture of the radiative and intrinsic contributions to the total damping rates. We find some FP modes with dephasing times $g60\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$, which is almost twice the longest previously reported plasmon dephasing time for individual Au nanoparticles in the infrared. The long dephasing times and the broad tunability of the FP resonance energies throughout the infrared region suggest additional opportunities for harnessing infrared plasmonic energy before dephasing occurs.
CLINICAL STAGING IN CARDIOGENIC SHOCK DISCRIMINATES SURVIVAL: DATA FROM THE CRITICAL CARE CARDIOLOGY TRIALS NETWORK (CCCTN) REGISTRY

The syndrome of cardiogenic shock (CS) manifests with a spectrum of severity. Categorizing CS into clinical stages may enable improved risk stratification and patient selection for therapies. We sought to determine whether the new 2019 Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI)
Learning from Teaching: Benefits of Peer Leadership for Peer Leaders in Psychology.

Peer leader programs train students in supporting introductory learners in traditional classrooms via instructional sessions of peer-to-peer learning. Assessments of these programs typically focus ...
Modern Open and Minimally Invasive Stabilization of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

Chronic lateral ankle instability is the sensation of the ankle giving way along with recurrent sprains, chronic pain and swelling of the ankle for 1 year. The lateral ankle complex comprises the anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, and posterior talofibular ligament. The anterior talofibular ligament is the most commonly injured ligament of the lateral ankle. Evaluation comprises a history and physical with concomitant imaging to confirm the diagnosis and can be used to evaluate for concurrent pathology. The most popular treatment is a direct anatomic repair; however, additional options can be used in specific patient populations.
Mixed Gliomas or Oligoastrocytoma

In the era of molecular diagnostic testing, mixed gliomas are very rarely reported tumors. They can be grade 2 or grade 3 tumors and should be managed similar to their pure counterparts of astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma. This chapter gives an overview of mixed gliomas.
Daily associations between modifiable sleep behaviors and nighttime sleep among young adult drinkers with insomnia.

Study Objectives:Empirical evidence linking individual sleep hygiene practices to subsequent sleep parameters is limited, particularly at the daily level. This study compared the strength of daily,...
Analysis of Protein Folding and Oxidation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Proteins that travel through the secretory pathway undergo post-translational folding and oxidation steps that lead to correct conformation of the final protein. This unit focuses on methods for the analysis of folding and oxidation events and the factors responsible for their proper execution. Alkylation and nonreducing SDS-PAGE is use to analyze disulfide bond formation in ER-derived microsomes. If proteins are synthesized under reducing conditions, it is possible to initiate folding by addition of oxidizing agents, thus allowing analysis of factors necessary for the folding process. As folding progresses, the protein of interest shows a change in sensitivity to proteolysis. Co-immunoprecipitation or crosslinking and denaturing immunoprecipitation are used to explore the role of molecular chaperones and other factors. Conformation-specific antibodies can be used to probe folding. In addition, folding can be analyzed in intact or semi-permeabilized adherent or suspension cells.
FcϵRI-mediated-activation of PLC-γ is not defective in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) lacking PI-3 kinase-p85α or p85β gene products☆

Abstract Rationale We demonstrated in CD34 + peripheral blood derived- human MC that wortmannin, a PI-3kinase inhibitor, does not affect PLC-γ1-dependent degranulation after FcϵRI aggregation, suggesting that PLC-γ1 regulated responses are independent of PI-3 kinase activation. To further investigate this conclusion, we studied the FcϵRI-dependent PLC-γ activation in PI-3 kinase-deficient BMMCs. Methods MMCs (WT, p85α −/− and p85β −/− ) were sensitized with mouse monoclonal IgE anti-DNP, activated with DNP-HSA, PI-3 kinase activation (AKT phosphorylation and PIP3 production), and PLC-γ activation (PLC-γ1 and PLC-γ2 membrane translocation, phosphorylation, IP 3 formation and intracellular calcium) and degranulation were monitored. Results In WT BMMCs, following FcϵRI aggregation, PLC-γ and PI-3 kinase were activated in a manner similar to that observed in human MC. Wortmannin blocks PI-3 kinase but not PLC-γ activation in these cells. p85α −/− BMMCs presented a defective phosphorylation of AKT after FcϵRI aggregation, demonstrating a defect in PI-3 kinase activation. PLC-γ1 and PLC-γ2 were expressed at similar levels in the three cell types, and after FcϵRI aggregation, were translocated to the membrane and phosphorylated in a WT manner. Similarly, IP 3 production and intracellular calcium flux did not show major differences in the three types of BMMCs. Finally, although we were unable to detect a defect in degranulation in p85α and p85β deficient BMMCs, other data suggest that there may also be a PI-3 kinase dependent phase involved in FcϵRI-mediated degranulation. Conclusions Taken together, these data suggest that the PLC-γ1-dependent pathway of FcϵRI-dependent activation is independent of PI-3kinase.
Uncovering the role of the nucleus accumbens in schizophrenia: A postmortem analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and vesicular glutamate transporters

The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is often implicated in schizophrenia (SZ) pathology, but with little evidence to support its role. This study examined postmortem human tissue to determine if abnormalities are present in the dopaminergic or glutamatergic systems in the NAcc in SZ. We compared the protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular glutamate transporters vGLUT1 and vGLUT2 in control (n=7) and schizophrenia (n=13) subjects using Western blot analysis. The SZ subjects were further divided by treatment status: SZ on-drug (SZ-ON, n=6) and SZ off-drug (SZ-OFF, n=7), to assess the effects of antipsychotic treatment. TH protein levels were similar between control and SZ subjects, and there was no difference between SZ-ON and SZ-OFF subjects. Protein levels of vGLUT1 were similar in control and SZ subjects, and there was no difference in vGLUT1 protein levels between SZ-ON and SZ-OFF subjects. In contrast, vGLUT2 protein levels were significantly elevated in the SZ group (25% increase). Protein levels of vGLUT2 did not differ between SZ-ON and SZ-OFF subjects. Similar levels of TH suggest the presynaptic DA pathway may be normal in the NAcc in SZ. The elevated vGLUT2 protein levels, but not vGLUT1, suggest the NAcc receives increased glutamatergic input in SZ, possibly from thalamic or other subcortical origins. The similarity between SZ-ON and SZ-OFF subjects suggests that the results are not caused by APD treatment. These findings provide further insight into the role of the NAcc in SZ.
SINGLE-WALL NANOTUBES PRODUCED BY METAL-CATALYZED DISPROPORTIONATION OF CARBON MONOXIDE

Abstract Isolated single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) were grown by disproportionation of carbon monoxide at 1200°C, catalyzed by molybdenum particles a few nanometers in size. The tube diameters, ranging from 1 to 5 nm, closely correlated with the size of the catalytic particle found attached to the tube end. This result represents the first experimental evidence of SWNT produced by pre-formed catalytic particles. A mechanism for nucleation that is quite distinct from our recently proposed mechanism of SWNT produced by laser vaporization is advanced for formation of SWNT in the present case.
Vertical Structure of the Southwest Monsoon Low-Level Jet over the Central and Eastern Arabian Sea

Abstract The vertical structure of the low-level wind jet over the Arabian Sea during the southwest monsoon is modeled by using the geostrophic wind shear (thermal wind) and a two-layer boundary layer model. We show that geostrophic wind shear is dominant above the low-level wind maximum while turbulent momentum exchange is dominant below. Both effects combine to produce a low-level wind jet. Model results compare well with observations obtained from a research aircraft during the 1979 Summer Monsoon Experiment.
Ethics, Cultural Competence, and the Changing Face of America.

The population in the United States is increasingly multicultural. So, too, is the U.S. physician workforce. The combination of these diversity dynamics sets up the potential for various types of cultural conflict in the nation’s examining rooms, including the relationship between religion and medicine. To address the changing patient-physician landscape, we argue for a broad scale intervention: interdisciplinary bioethics training for physicians and other health professionals. This approach seeks to promote a common procedural expectation and language which can lead to an improved, patient-centered approach resulting in better patient-physician relationships that contribute to better health outcomes across the U.S. population. The authors illustrate their thesis and solution using a well-known case of cross-cultural dynamics taken from religion and medicine—Anne Fadiman’s The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down.
Diagnostic sweat testing: the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation guidelines.

he Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) accredits cystic fibrosis (CF) centers, located in teaching and community hospitals nationwide, which provide comprehensive diagnosis and treatment for people with CF. The CF centers are evaluated by the CFF Center Committee according to specific criteria covering the areas of clinical care, teaching, and research. here are specific requirements for sweat testing, and adherence to them is required for accreditation. In 2006, the CFF Center ommittee distributed a sweat testing guidelines memorandum to the CF center directors. Although the guidelines are based n the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, sweat esting document C34-A2 and the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Laboratory Accreditation Program Inspection hecklist items for sweat testing, they are more prescriptive for uniformity and are focused on diagnostic rather than screening weat tests. The guidelines are applicable to patients of all ages undergoing sweat chloride testing. Adherence to the guidelines is mandatory for CFF centers; however, the requirements are appropriate and adaptable for any acility performing diagnostic testing for CF. Although it may be ideal for sweat testing to be centralized at CF centers, in practice his does not occur. According to enrollment in a national proficiency testing program for sweat analysis, more than 600 laboratories erformed sweat testing in 2006. With widespread implementation of newborn screening programs for CF, the reliance on a ell-performed and well-interpreted sweat test is critical to the success of accurately diagnosing CF. Sweat chloride testing should be erformed on all infants with a positive newborn screen even in cases in which two CF-causing mutations have been identified. The following represent the 2006 CFF sweat testing guidelines, along with commentary discussing the specific guidelines.
Cytokeratin 14 immunoreactivity distinguishes oncocytic tumour from its renal mimics: an immunohistochemical study of 63 cases.

Cytokeratin 14 immunoreactivity distinguishes oncocytic tumour from its renal mimics: an immunohistochemical study of 63 cases Aims: The cytokeratin 14 (CK14) expression in oncocytomas or oncocytic tumours of various tissue origins has not been established. We have studied CK14 expression in 30 cases of oncocytic tumours of various tissue origins and 33 cases of renal cell carcinoma with overlapping features (mimics) by immunohistochemistry. Methods and results: Immunohistochemistry (ABC–HRP method) was performed for detection of CK14 in 30 cases of oncocytic tumour and 33 cases of renal mimics. To demonstrate CK14 specificity and sensitivity in oncocytic tumours, mES-13 (an anti-mitochondrial monoclonal antibody) immunohistochemistry was also performed in 20 of 30 cases on oncocytic tumour and all 33 cases of renal mimics. We found that all 30 cases of oncocytic tumour showed cytoplasmic CK14 positivity. All 20 cases of oncocytic tumour studied with mES-13 were positive. CK14 immunoreactivity was identified in only four cases of renal cell carcinoma (one conventional renal cell carcinoma with granular cytoplasm and three chromophobe renal cell carcinomas with eosinophilic cytoplasm). In contrast, all 33 cases of renal cell carcinoma were positive for mES-13 to varying degrees. Conclusion: The homogeneous, cytoplasmic, and granular CK14 immunoreactivity is sensitive and specific for oncocytic tumours, whereas CK14 immunoreactivity in renal mimics is light and sporadic with peripheral accentuation.
Survival following extended field irradiation in carcinoma of cervix metastatic to para-aortic lymph nodes.

Abstract Objective. Our goal was to determine survival after extended-field treatment of para-aortic lymph node (PALN) metastasis. Methods. Thirty-five patients were treated from 1975–1989 for PALN metastasis. The FIGO stages were IB 10, 2A 3, IIB 9, IIIA 1, IIIB 10, 4A 1, and unstaged 1. The diagnosis in 34 patients was by operative staging and in 1 by CT scan and fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Twelve patients had microscopic PALN metastasis (PALN1) and 23 had grossly enlarged lymph nodes (PALN2). Thirty-four patients had extended-field radiotherapy (RT) plus brachytherapy or pelvic boost. Kaplan–Meier estimates were computer calculated for the entire population. Late radiation morbidity was classified by RTOG/EORTC criteria. Results. The 5-year overall survival rate was approximately 29%. Four patients (3 stage IB, 1 stage IIIA) survived without recurrence. All four had extended field RT. The 5-year survival rate was 41.7% for PALN1 cases and 26.1% for PALN2 cases. Three patients (8.6%) had Grade 4 morbidity. Conclusions. PALN metastasis in stage IB is curable in approximately 30% of cases. The management approach in this series in stage IB was as follows: If PALN metastasis was identified at exploration for radical hysterectomy, the procedure was aborted and extended-field RT administered. In stages IIB through IVA, operative staging or CT scanning with FNA biopsy of suspicious PALN was performed. If PALN metastasis was confirmed, extended-field RT was administered. A 35% 5-year survival rate was observed in the advanced group. The value of chemotherapy for PALN metastasis remains to be defined but results from clinical trials suggest that cisplatin-based chemotherapy may be beneficial.
Aristotle on Pleasure and Perfection

Aristotle clearly distinguishes himself from the hedonists when he claims that there is no such thing as undifferentiated pleasure. Pleasure cannot serve as the final goal of our actions because pleasure is not one thing, i.e., the word "pleasure" as applied to specific instances of pleasure is not univocal. Pleasures differ in nature just as the activities which they accompany differ in nature (T E6E L). The pleasure which we take in eating is simply not the same kind of thing as the pleasure which we take in thinking. This means that one cannot in a hedonistic calculus compare the two pleasures as being different amounts of the same thing. They are simply different kinds of pleasures and as such it seems that there can be no comparison between them as pleasures. Yet Aristotle clearly believes that such a comparison between different pleasures is possible. He speaks of contemplation as being the most pleasurable activity.' But if Aristotle's critique of hedonism rules out the possibility of saying that contemplation brings with it a greater amount of pleasure than does eating (since these pleasures differ qualitatively and not quantitatively), what can he mean by saying that contemplation is the most pleasurable activity? What does the superlative mean here?2
Public Policy and the Performance of Nonprofit Organizations: A General Framework:

This article discusses various attempts by economists to model the behavior and performance of nonprofit organizations, and it provides four desiderata of a model suitable for policy analysis: the ...
Counterpoint: Minimally invasive bipolar radiofrequency ablation of lone atrial fibrillation: Early multicenter results

The challenges facing surgeons performing surgical ablation for atrial fibrillation include the evolution of techniques and development of technologies that will provide maximum cure rates, reducing the clinical burden of atrial fibrillation and thereby enhancing quality of life and reducing health care costs. The surgical procedure itself must minimize mortality, morbidity, and disability. Less invasive surgical approaches have been developed to avoid a sternotomy, avoid cardiopulmonary bypass, and approach the atrium through minimal access incisions and through ports. As surgeons, we desire ergonomic devices to perform reliable and transmural lines of ablation. Several energy sources in clinical use have limitations, such as energy loss from epicardial fat and the circulating blood pool. These technical challenges are compounded by the difficulty related to device design. The size, flexibility, and shape of the device often are the limiting factors in delivering the energy to epicardial surfaces when minimal access incisions are preferred. Controversy remains regarding the appropriate lesion set. Surgeons are motivated to offer less invasive approaches to improve their referral base by adopting minimal access procedures. The procedure requires an effective lesion set, with minimal complexity that can be easily and reliably performed by all cardiac surgeons. The electrophysiology of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation is most likely due to triggers from the pulmonary veins and the left atrium. Therefore, approaches that solely isolate the pulmonary veins will inevitably produce failures, inasmuch as 20% of the other triggers in nonpulmonary vein sites are in both the left or right atrium. In more complex forms of atrial fibrillation, in which the patient is continuously in atrial fibrillation, it is not possible to perform the recommended full or modified Cox maze lesion set easily with current minimal access techniques and technologies.
Functional Imaging of Blood Flow in Brain and in Tumors during Therapy

The development of diffuse correlation spectroscopy for non-invasive measurement of blood flow in healthy and diseased brains and during tumor therapy is described. By combining with
Phase formation and growth mechanisms in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 glass ceramics

Abstract Devitrification of Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 (Bi-2212) glasses, including phase formation sequences and mechanisms, has been investigated using both thermal analysis and high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the activation energy for crystallization to be 395 kJ/mol, and in addition showed that the crystallization of these glasses occurs via a bulk mechanism. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and simultaneous differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (STA), in conjunction with HTXRD, were used to establish the phase evolution of both bulk and powdered glass samples heated under O 2 and N 2 atmospheres. The results clearly indicate that Bi 2 Sr 2 Cu 1 O 6 (Bi-2201) crystallizes directly from the glass first, and that Bi-2212 forms at temperatures above ~800°C by the diffusion of Ca, Cu and O into the Bi-2201 lattices.
Transition Metals as Probes of Metal Cofactors in Nucleic Acid Biochemistry

Abstract The alkali and alkaline earth metals (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+) are important regulators of nucleic acid biochemistry; however, the kinetic, thermodynamic, and coordination details of their chemical interactions with polynucleotides and enzymes are not well characterized. Magnesium ion is an essential cofactor for many enzymes that digest, cut, ligate or alter the topology of DNA and RNA, or catalyze phosphoryl and nucleotidyl transfer reactions. In this article discussion is focussed on the role of magnesium as a cofactor for enzyme and ribozyme activity. Strategies employing transition metals as chemical probes of metallocofactor reactivity are critically assessed, and newer developments in the use of inert complexes to test the catalytically competent state of Mg2+(aq) are introduced.
Palliative Care Models: International Perspective

The delivery of palliative care can vary greatly between countries depending on socioeconomic conditions and cultural issues. The evolution and development of palliative care varies greatly and influences the development of palliative care models. Models of palliative care in three different countries are discussed and suggestions are made for the future development of palliative care in developing and developed countries.
Operational aspects and power architecture design for a microgrid to increase the use of renewable energy in wireless communication networks

Discusses the design of a power and control architecture for wireless communication networks that enables an increased use of renewable energy sources than in the conventional present approach. In the proposed approach a group of cell sites forms a dc microgrid in which their power consumption is coordinated with the power generated from renewable sources in order to manage local energy resources effectively. That is, load management is coordinated with power generation and use of local energy storage. In addition to environmental benefits, this proposed microgrid enhances power supply availability in cell sites and, thus, may improve wireless networks performance during natural disasters and other extreme events.
Interstellar Radio Communication and the Frequency Selection Problem

THE largest microwave radio telescope on Earth, at the Arecibo Observatory of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center, will soon have the capability of communicating with an identical radio telescope, if such exists, anywhere in the Galaxy. But such communication assumes some previous agreement between the transmitting and receiving civilizations, or mutual discovery of the chosen radio frequency, bandpass, information rate and each other's location.
Risk assessments: empirically supported or values driven?

Abstract Most states utilize some form of a child risk assessment to assist child protection professionals in determining whether or not abuse has occurred. However, there is disagreement in the field on which model of instrument formulation is most appropriate: actuarial, consensus based or blended; thus, no uniform standards exist. In this qualitative study, concept mapping provided the framework for child protection researchers and professionals to identify items they believed should be included in a child welfare risk assessment. These items were then grouped together under six separate headings, an instrument was generated, and participants were asked to rate each item on its empirical basis and again on its social work values basis. Data were analyzed to determine whether empirical rating and values-based rating differences between items were statistically significant. Sixteen items met this criterion. Potential implications for the field and the need for further research on risk assessments are discussed.
Social perception of the development of disabled children.

Background This experiment extends our study of perception of the disabled from the realm of personality into child development to determine if our results, which reveal prejudice against disabled adults, apply to perceptions of a toddler’s development. Methods Participants watched a video of either a disabled or a non-disabled toddler in sessions conducted by either a disabled or a non-disabled experimenter. Participants rated the target using the Achenbach Caregiver-Teacher Report Form for ages 1.5–5 years twice: first, each participant imagined being the caregiver of the toddler at age 4 years (self-rating), and then the participant envisioned how a typical childcare provider would rate the target (other-rating). Results Data revealed an interaction between the experimenter’s disability and the source of ratings. For the disabled experimenter, participants thought that ‘others’ would perceive more behavioural problems than they themselves do. For the non-disabled experimenter, participants rated the disabled target more pessimistically in both the self- and other-ratings. Conclusion As we found in our first study of disabled adults, our current results reveal subtle prejudice against disabled children.
Spatial soil variability in the Cajon Pass chronosequence: implications for the use of soils as a geochronological tool

Abstract Spatial variation of soil properties on a single geomorphic surface has a significant influence on surface correlations and age determinations made on the basis of soil properties. Few chronosequence studies have been based on a sufficient number of soils to evaluate the influence of soil variability. We described and evaluate 35 soils on four terrace surfaces which constitute part of a previously described, well-dated soil chronosequence in Cajon Pass in southern California. Soils were described on both bar and swale sites, removed from the influence of deposition adjacent slopes. The influence of eolian silt on the rate of pedogenesis in Cajon Pass indicates that this sequence of soils cannot be considered a chronosequence in the strict sense of the term. Furthermore, the evidence for a pedogenic threshold in these soils indicates that the soils do not develop monotonically with time and that soil development cannot be defined by a continuous univariant chronofunction. The discrete nature of the data from a chronosequence and the complex nature of soil development are better analyzed by multivariate statistical procedures. Systematic variation in soil properties between soils from bar sites and soils from swale sites is Attributed to geomorphic processes which affect either the rate or duration of eolian dust accumulation. Soils from bar sites were less variable and generally less strongly developed that soils from swale sites from the same surface. The degree of variation of soil properties determined for a given landscape position on a surface is sufficient to raise questions concerning the usefulness of chronofunctions for determining the nature of time-dependent pedogenic changes and for providing numerical age determinations. Multivariate statistical methods were used to differentiate among soils developed on three surfaces which differ in age by only 1500 years.
Antisperm antibodies and in vitro fertilization.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of antisperm antibodies in the male, the female, or both partners on the outcome of in vitro fertilization treatment. The results in terms of ongoing pregnancies in the male and female antibody-positive group were the same as in the antibody-negative group. In the double antibody-positive group two of the three patients became pregnant. When high levels of antisperm antibodies were present on the spermatozoa, the fertilization rate was significantly reduced. In the female positive group no clear relationship between the antibody titer and the fertilization percentage could be detected. Abnormal semen quality was responsible for a much lower fertilization rate than the presence of antibodies. The conclusion of this study is that in vitro fertilization provides an equal chance of conception in couples with antisperm antibodies in comparison with couples with no antibodies if the other semen parameters are normal.
Reducing maternal weight improves offspring metabolism and alters (or modulates) methylation

The rapid rise in obesity over the past few decades worldwide challenges our generation to develop effective strategies to prevent and treat obesity and associated metabolic complications, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity is clearly aggravated by our increasingly sedentary lifestyle, decreased physical fitness, and increased intake of calorie-dense foods during both childhood and adult life, all of which promote energy excess. However, despite this obesogenic environment, not all individuals develop obesity. Such differences in susceptibility can be linked, in part, to interindividual variation in DNA sequence (1). Some individuals may have a permissive genetic landscape favoring energy storage, a beneficial phenotype when energy supply was limited or intermittent (as in previous human history throughout the millennia), but which has now become counterproductive in modern society. Guenard et al. now provide striking evidence that intrauterine environmental exposures are critical—and potentially modifiable—mediators of obesity risk in humans (2). Specifically, surgically induced reduction in body weight in a woman of reproductive age can reduce obesity in her children, potentially via epigenetic mechanisms.
From the Editor in Chief: The Interface Space

In a follow-up to last issue's discussion of poorly designed interfaces and discussed the goals of good design, EIC Bob Filman tries to bring a bit of regularity to the design space by cataloging the problem elements to consider in system-interface design.
Computation of laminar hypersonic compression-corner flows

A code validation study has been conducted using four different codes for solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Computations for a series or nominally two-dimensional high-speed laminar separated flows were compared with detailed experimental shock-tunnel results. The shock-wave boundary-layer interactions considered were induced by a compression ramp.
Different Apron Strings: Children as Field Assistants

Since writing this paper I have been awarded a Guggenheim fellowship that will enable me to return to "Ladeiras," Brazil in order to continue the research on child mortality and to begin writing a monograph entitled Mother Love and Child Death i n Northeast Brazil. All five of us have decided to return to Brazil, although Sarah and Nate will return home with my husband, Michael, after the summer months. Jennifer, my eldest daughter, has decided to postpone entering college in the fall of 1987 in order to remain in Brazil with me for the duration of the research project as my field assistant. All three of the children are enthusiastic about the return to Brazil and are somewhat dismissive of their previous difficulties. I remain guarded on the prognosis.
Canonical coordinates and the pseudo orbit tracing property

S. Smale [ 131 defines a hyperbolic closed invariant set ,4 for a flow 4 on a compact manifold M. Smale’s Axiom A flows are those where the nonwandering set Q is hyperbolic and 0 is the closure of the set of periodic points. One of the most important properties of a hyperbolic set of a diffeomorphism or flow is the pseudo orbit tracing property (also known as the shadowing property); see Section 1 for the definition. The pseudo orbit tracing property (POTP) is the key of the analysis of such maps or flows [I, 5, 6, 14, 163. Bowen and Reddy [l, 2, 121 and others have tried to generalize these ideas to homeomorphisms and flows on compact metric spaces. In [lo], Ombach shows that an expansive homeomorphism has canonical coordinates if and only if it has the pseudo orbit tracing property. In this paper we investigate the same question for expansive oneparameter flows with canonical coordinates only, but free of any hyperbolic assumption. Let 4 be a continuous flow on a compact manifold A4 and X a closedinvariant subset of M. For xEX and E>O let
Direct Detection of Extrasolar Comets Is Possible

The dust tails of comets similar to Hale-Bopp can scatter as much optical sunlight as does the Earth. Space-based observatories such as the Terrestrial Planet Finder or Darwin that will detect extrasolar terrestrial planets also will be able to detect extrasolar comets.
A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition

A major problem in the field of emotion has been the wide variety of definitions that have been proposed. In an attempt to resolve the resulting terminological confusion, 92 definitions and 9 skeptical statements were compiled from a variety of sources in the literature of emotion. These definitions and statements were classified into an outline of 11 categories, on the basis of the emotional phenomena or theoretical issues emphasized. There are two traditional experiential categories of affect and cognition; three physical categories of external emotional stimuli, physiological mechanisms, and emotional/expressive behavior; definitions that emphasize disruptive or adaptive effects; definitions that emphasize the multiaspect nature of emotional phenomena, those that distinguish emotion from other processes, and those that emphasize the overlap between emotion and motivation; and skeptical or disparaging statements about the usefulness of the concept of emotion. The definitions are evaluated, trends are identified, and a model definition is proposed.
Do extended effective-medium formulas scale properly?

The original Bruggeman and Maxwell Garnett formulas for the average dielectric function of a composite medium satisfy a scaling law: if the dielectric functions of both components are scaled by the same factor, the average dielectric function scales by this factor. These formulas are independent of the size of polarizable elements. Extended formulas explicitly account for size, but at least one formula fails to satisfy the scaling law, a likely failing of all such formulas.
New approach to pollen culture

RESEARCH on pollen and anther culture is important for genetic and mutation studies, and has many potential applications in plant breeding and crop improvement. In our experience, the technique of pollen culture developed by Nitsch and co-workers1,2, though successful with a wide range of species3, is much more difficult than anther culture and involves procedures which are unreliable and inefficient. Furthermore, plant yields are generally lower than when anther culture is used. We describe here an alternative approach which retains the simplicity and reliability of anther culture while eliminating the need for either mechanical disruption1,2 or surgical manipulation4 of anthers.
MAGNITUDE OF EXCHANGE INTERACTIONS IN GADOLINIUM

The effective nearest-neighbor exchange interaction $J$ in gadolinium can be deduced from experiment in two ways. From a high-temperature expansion of the susceptibility and the measured value of the Curie temperature ${T}_{c}$ one obtains $J=2.9\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, while from the low-temperature magnetization curve and simple spin-wave theory one finds $J=1.8\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. In order to clarify the reason for this discrepancy the low-temperature spin-wave problem has been analyzed in detail. Contributions to the magnetization from two different spin-wave modes were evaluated up to order ${T}^{\frac{7}{2}}$ and important corrections arising from zone boundary effects were included. The detailed analysis yields a slightly improved low-temperature value, $J=2.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. It also demonstrates that the magnetization follows a ${T}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ law very closely from low temperatures up to about $0.8{T}_{c}$ because of a complicated cancellation of the higher order effects. Finally it is shown qualitatively that the remaining difference between the high- and low-temperature $J$ values can probably be explained by the effect of interactions beyond nearest neighbors and it is suggested that these are on the average more antiferromagnetic than ferromagnetic.
Plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations in combat exposed veterans : Relationship to trauma exposure, recovery from PTSD, and coping

Background There is emerging interest in examining the role of plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) as a protective stress factor. Methods To further investigate this possibility, plasma NPY was measured in 11 nonexposed veterans, 11 combat-exposed veterans without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and 12 veterans with current PTSD. Results A significant group difference in plasma NPY ( F 2,31 = 5.16, p = .012) was observed, reflecting higher NPY levels in exposed veterans without PTSD than in nonexposed but comparable levels in veterans with current PTSD. Among those without current PTSD, veterans with past PTSD had higher NPY levels than those without past PTSD ( t 9 = 2.71, p = .024). After controlling for all other variables, NPY levels were significantly predicted by extent of symptom improvement and lower combat exposure and significant at a trend level with positive coping. Conclusions Plasma NPY levels may represent a biologic correlate of resilience to or recovery from the adverse effects of stress.
Complement receptors and phagocytosis

Current understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the phagocytic function of monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes is summarized, giving emphasis to the role of the phagocyte integrins of the CD11/CD18 family. New data relating to the hypotheses that optimal function of these receptors is a property of activated cells is discussed, with reference to possible signal transduction mechanisms leading to enhanced integrin function. Finally, a model is proposed for the involvement of CD11b/CD18 in cell functions when no ligand for this receptor is apparent.
Layers and links: Learning to juggle 'one more thing' in the classroom

Abstract This paper presents a model—hypertextual function—to consider teachers’ thinking, practice, and development in the use of technology. Hypertextual function is a multi-dimensional model linking a teacher's knowledge about students (familiarity) and technology (facility), with a teacher's teaching practice of integrating technology with content (transparency) and across disciplines and experiences (connectivity), and a teacher's sense of support (collegiality). Additionally, a teacher's context affects each of these. Such a model is important as technology becomes more pervasive and integrating technology into classrooms adds another layer of complexity to teaching. Case studies and graphic representations of the proposed model are presented.
Comparison of rat liver and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma tRNAs

The complete nucleotide sequences of both rat liver and Walker 256 mammary carcinosarcoma tRNAAsn reveal that they are identical except for the nucleotide present in the wobble position of the anticodon loop. The rat liver tRNAAsn contains the Q nucleoside, whereas the tumour tRNAAsn contains an unmodified guanosine. The tRNAs from both tissues also show significant quantitative differences in the chromatographic mobilities for isoaccepting species of tRNAAsp, tRNAAsn, tRNAHis and tRNATyr. In addition, chromatographic shifts upon cyanogen bromide treatment and analyses of the alkaline hydrolysates of these tRNAs demonstrate that those of tumour origin contain significantly less Q and Q nucleoside than their normal rat liver counterparts.
CONSTRUCTING SOCIOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE: 25 YEARS OF SOCIOLOGICAL SPECTRUM (2004 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS)

ABSTRACT This address is a retrospective of the past 25 years of Sociological Spectrum, journal of the Mid South Sociological Association (MSSA). It is divided into three sections: some descriptive notes, a brief examination of challenges presented by previous MSSA presidents, and my recommendations for considerations of gender and globalization that I hope will appear in future research published in the journal. The descriptive notes contain a discussion of who publishes in Spectrum, what topical themes are found in the publications, and a brief consideration of how these themes reflect sociology as a whole, and particularly the MSSA. In the section on challenges, I discuss recommendations and concerns from past presidential addresses and whether or not subsequent research has “listened” to the presidents. The final section is a brief consideration of how gender is being defined within much of current sociological research and some recommendations for moving beyond these definitions, including integratio...
VI. The Entente and the Vatican during the Period of Italian Neutrality, August 1914–May 1915

Both the Entente and the Central Powers interpreted the ascension of Benedict XV to the papal throne in the fall of 1914 as signalling a reinvigoration of Vatican foreign policy. Indeed there was little reason to expect that Giacomo Delia Chiesa, elected successor to Pius X on the morning of 3 September, would be passive in a diplomatic sense. As Rennell Rodd, the British ambassador to the Italian court remarked a few days after Benedict's election, the new Pontiff's first acts gave promise of prefacing a ‘vigorous and interesting reign.’.
Longitudinal pulmonary status of cystic fibrosis children with meconium ileus

Although meconium ileus (MI) is the earliest manifestation of cystic fibrosis (CF), and is associated with poorer growth, the longitudinal pulmonary progression of CF children with MI is not clear. To test the hypothesis that MI is associated with worse pulmonary outcomes, we prospectively compared from diagnosis to 12 years of age 32 CF children with MI to 50 CF children without MI who were diagnosed during early infancy through neonatal screening. Pulmonary outcome measures included respiratory symptoms, respiratory infections, pathogens, antibiotic usage, hospitalizations, quantitative chest radiology, spirometry, and lung volume determinations. Obstructive lung disease was defined as percent predicted spirometry values below the lower limits of normal. Longitudinal analyses revealed no significant differences in cough, wheezing, respiratory infections, prevalence of and median times to acquisition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic usage, and chest radiograph scores between the two groups. However, MI children showed significantly worse forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow between 25-75% of FVC (FEF(25-75)), % predicted FEV(1), % predicted FEF(25-75), and total lung capacity (TLC). These differences were particularly apparent beginning at age 8-10 years. MI children also had higher rates of and shorter median times to obstructive lung disease. Subgroup analyses showed MI children treated surgically and those treated medically had similar pulmonary outcomes. In conclusion, MI children have worse lung function and more obstructive lung disease than those without MI. Such abnormalities are accompanied by reduced lung volume. MI is a distinct CF phenotype with more severe pulmonary dysfunction.
Results of endoscopic assisted probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children

Summary Purpose To evaluate the results of lacrimal probing with the use of nasal endoscopy and identify the anatomical anomalies responsible for the symptoms in older children. Methods Fifty-two eyes of 40 children with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction underwent primary probing of the lacrimal duct under general anaesthetic in conjunction with nasal endoscopy. Patients followed up for at least 6 months. Cure was defined as complete resolution of symptoms or minimal symptoms brought on by cold or wind. Results The age range was 12–126 months. In 30/52 (57.7%) eyes the symptoms were attributed to a single mechanical obstruction. Seven eyes had canalicular stenosis. Three eyes had upper nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Nine eyes had narrow duct and nine eyes had atresia of the distal end of the duct. Two eyes had only intranasal abnormalities. In 16/52 (30.76%) eyes a combination of anomalies was responsible for the symptoms. Nine eyes had canalicular stenosis in association with: either a membrane at the valve of Hasner in four, or a narrow duct in three, or intranasal anomalies in two. Two eyes had punctual stenosis and narrow duct. Two eyes had narrow duct and tight inferior turbinate. Three eyes had abnormal openings in association with stenotic ducts. Six (11.54%) eyes had functional blockage. With the use of endonasal endoscopy, intranasal anomalies identified in 12 eyes and treated in nine. One eye had large inferior conchae. One eye had inferior concha adherent to lateral nasal wall. One eye had redundant nasal mucosa. Three eyes had tight inferior turbinate. Three had abnormal openings. In three eyes the probe went submucosally. The overall success rate was 84.6% (44/52 eyes). Eight eyes remained unchanged. Endoscopically treated cases contributed to the overall success by 17.31%. Conclusion Multiple anatomical anomalies within the lacrimal system and abnormalities of the nose are quite common in older children. Lacrimal probing remains the primary treatment and nasal endoscopy is a useful adjunct to probing increasing the success rate of the procedure.
Topical antimicrobial testing of burn wound micro-organisms: Evaluation of a new technique

Abstract A new system of determining susceptibility of burn wound micro-organisms to topical antimicrobial therapy was studied. The new method, TOPITEST, employs a methacrylate vehicle impregnated with various antimicrobial agents and an agar overlay. Test plates can be inoculated by a direct swab culture of the wound or with micro-organisms isolated by other methods. This new technique was compared to an agar well diffusion (AWD) method using commercially compounded antimicrobials and biopsy-recovered organisms. The new test method provided comparable results to the more established AWD test when using biopsy-recovered organisms. Using the swab culture technique, however, TOPITEST had a high rate of failure to recover sufficient organisms from the burn wound for testing. The new, more standardized test provided results earlier than the AWD test, but may prove to be less cost effective.
Spontaneous pulsatile growth hormone release in male and female premature infants.

Although premature infants have high umbilical cord GH levels, little is known about spontaneous GH release in these individuals. The purpose of our study was to investigate spontaneous 12-h GH release in appropriate for gestational age male and female premature infants. We studied 22 premature infants (15 males and 7 females) of appropriate length and weight for age. Gestational ages, birth weights, birth lengths, and ages at the time of study were similar in male or female infants. All infants were biochemically euthyroid. Blood was taken every 30 min over a 12-h period from an indwelling umbilical catheter; no stress occurred during the blood withdrawal. GH was determined by a double antibody RIA, using 0.01 mL plasma. GH pulse detection was undertaken using Cluster, a computerized pulse detection algorithm. Total insulin-like growth factor-I and -II (IGF-I and -II) levels were measured after separation of the IGFs from the serum binding proteins. Spontaneous pulsatile GH release was observed in all in...