cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression leads to incident vascular disease: evidence for the relevance to primary care

BACKGROUND: Depression is a known risk factor for vascular disease in community cohorts and in large, system-wide, health care databases. It is not known if the association between depression and incident vascular disease exists when patient data is restricted to depression presenting in primary care. METHODS: Data were from a medical record registry capturing all primary care encounters at a large academic medical practice from 2008 to 2013. From 27225 registry patients, we identified 7383 patients free of vascular disease for 18 months prior to baseline. ICD-9-CM codes were used to define depression and vascular disease. Volume of health care use, demographics and comorbid diagnoses were obtained from the patient data registry. Cox proportional hazard models with time dependent covariates were computed to measure the association between depression and incident vascular disease before and after adjusting for covariates. RESULTS: Of the 7383 patients initially free of vascular disease, 14% were diagnosed with depression and 8.6% developed vascular disease. Incident vascular disease was significantly (P CONCLUSIONS: The association between depression and incident vascular disease is observed in patients diagnosed and managed by primary care physicians. Primary care physicians have an opportunity to impact this association. Guidelines for primary care providers are needed to prompt aggressive depression treatment and vascular disease screening. Language: en
Prognostic limitations of the Daumas-Duport grading scheme in infratentorial neuroglial tumors in children.

The Daumas-Duport grading scheme (DDGS) utilizes four histologic features in an additive method (grade 1 if none present, grade 2 if only one is present, etc.). Its efficacy in achieving prognostically homogeneous groups of childhood infratentorial neuroglial tumors and its concordance with World Health Organization (WHO) diagnoses has not been evaluated. We investigated these questions using the Childhood Brain Tumor Consortium (CBTC) database of 1241 neuroglial tumors limited to the infratentorial compartment. We calculated survival function estimates for various DDGS grades as well as the histologic features within each grade. The feature of endothelial prominence improved survival expectation, whereas the remaining three features of nuclear atypia, mitoses, and necrosis were associated with worsened survival. Survival estimates for tumors with DDGS grades 2 and 3 did not differ. Some grades contained feature subsets with significantly different survival distributions. The survival distributions of DDGS grade 1, DDGS grade 2 with only endothelial prominence, and DDGS grade 3 with nuclear atypia and endothelial prominence were not significantly different. DDGS grade within WHO diagnoses had no significant effect on survival expectation. We conclude that grading by summation of only four histologic features, as in the DDGS, is inappropriate for assessment of childhood neuroglial tumors. A classification scheme considering the complete histologic content is more likely to provide clinically useful diagnoses. Such a scheme, based on the CBTC database is available. This scheme uses 26 histologic features identified as reliable in read–reread studies.
From Wheatstone to Cameron and beyond: overview in 3-D and 4-D imaging technology

This paper reviews three-dimensional (3-D) and four-dimensional (4-D) imaging technology, from Wheatstone through today, with some prognostications for near future applications. This field is rich in variety, subject specialty, and applications. A major trend, multi-view stereoscopy, is moving the field forward to real-time wide-angle 3-D reconstruction as breakthroughs in parallel processing and multi-processor computers enable very fast processing. Real-time holography meets 4-D imaging reconstruction at the goal of achieving real-time, interactive, 3-D imaging. Applications to telesurgery and telemedicine as well as to the needs of the defense and intelligence communities are also discussed.
Efficient parallel implementations of finite element methods based on the conjugate gradient method

In this paper, we introduce a special way to store only the nonzero elements of the stiffness matrix to obtain an efficient parallel algorithm to solve partial differential equations with finite element method. This storage method is obtained by considering the structure of the mesh and the form of the stiffness matrix. The size of the matrix is ''the number of unknowns'' by ''a constant'' instead of ''the number of unknowns'' by ''the number of unknowns''. Our method and algorithm are efficient in both time and memory. Experimental results are presented.
Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction following group B beta hemolytic streptococcal meningitis in a neonate

W I T H NEONATAL I N F E C T I O N due to group B streptococci b e c o m i n g more p reva l en t in r ecen t years , 1; 2 u n u s u a l compl ica t ions m a y be seen m o r e f r equen t ly . This r e p o r t descr ibes an infant with " la te o n s e t " g r o u p B b e t a hemoly t ic s t reptococcal meningi t i s w h o d e v e l o p e d h y p o tha lamic-p i tu i ta ry dys func t ion m a n i f e s t e d by d i a b e t e s insipidus, t empera tu re instabil i ty, a n d i m p a i r e d s ec r e t i on o f g rowth ho r m one , a d r e n o c o r t i c o t r o p h i c h o r m o n e , a n d thyro t rophic h o r m o n e .
Respiratory infection of mice with Histoplasma capsulatum

Mice were infected by exposure to varying doses ofHistoplasma capsulatum yeast cells in the Henderson aerosol apparatus.
‘The ‘Open Church’ and 'the Closed Church’ and the Discourse on Jews in Poland between 1989 and 2000’

Abstract This paper analyzes the attitudes of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland towards the Jews and anti-Semitism during the first decade since the political transformation of 1989–1990. After discussing briefly the main patterns of the development of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland in the modern era I examine two opposing positions within the institutionalized Roman Catholic Church — the ‘Open Church’ and the ‘Closed Church’ — that emerged in the aftermath of Poland's regaining full sovereignty in 1989. The ‘Open Church’ and the ‘Closed Church’ represent opposite views on the role of the church in society and on the dialogue with Jews and Judaism and on anti-Semitism. The ‘Open Church’ is a relatively recent phenomenon that originated in the circles of the layman progressive Catholic intelligentsia in the post-1945 period. It is the first visible formation within Roman Catholic Church in Poland, which advocates dialogue with Jews and Judaism and is engaged in the eradication of anti-Semitic attitudes. The ‘Closed Church,’ which represents the formation of the ‘besieged fortress’ was historically strongly intertwined with the exclusivist ethno-nationalistic political movement of the National Democracy. The remnants of this fusion were still visible in the statements of high rank clergy in the 1990s and early 2000. This formation ignores the concept of the dialogue with Jews and Judaism advocated by Pope John Paul II and among its supporters there are still many holders of anti-Semitic views. The paper provides various examples of anti-Semitic occurrences and pronouncements of the 1990s and it discusses various initiatives aimed at the facilitating dialogue between Christians and Jews introduced by the members of the ‘Open Church’ in the 1990s. It assess the importance of the ‘Open Church’ in the eradication of anti-Semitic views and the extent of the influence of the ‘Closed Church’ on both the clergy and Catholic community at large.
Inpatient suicide on mental health units in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals: avoiding environmental hazards.

Abstract Introduction One thousand five hundred suicides take place on inpatient psychiatry units in the United States each year, over 70% by hanging. Understanding the methods and the environmental components of inpatient suicide may help to reduce its incidence. Methods All Root Cause Analysis reports of suicide or suicide attempts in inpatient mental health units in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals between December 1999 and December 2011 were reviewed. We coded the method of suicide, anchor point and lanyard for cases of hanging, and implement for cutting, and brought together all other reports of inpatient hazards from VA staff for review. Results There were 243 reports of suicide attempts and completions: 43.6% (106) were hanging, 22.6% (55) were cutting, 15.6% (38) were strangulation, and 7.8% (19) were overdoses. Doors accounted for 52.2% of the anchor points used for the 22 deaths by hanging; sheets or bedding accounted for 58.5% of the lanyards. In addition, 23.1% of patients used razor blades for cutting. Conclusions The most common method of suicide attempts and completions on inpatient mental health units is hanging. It is recommended that common lanyards and anchor points be removed from the environment of care. We provide more information about such hazards and introduce a decision tree to help healthcare providers to determine which hazards to remove.
Evidence for an enhanced role of GABA inhibition in visual cortical ocular dominance of cats reared with abnormal monocular experience.

Abstract The effects of microiontophoretic bicuculline, a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, on the ocular dominance of visual cortical neurons were compared in normal cats and cats reared with abnormal monocular visual experience (monocular deprivation, surgical strabismus, and monocular deprivation after dark rearing). Cells that were monocular prior to drug application showed disinhibitory effects on ocular dominance far more frequently than originally binocular cells in all rearing conditions. When the total population of neurons was considered there were marked differences among rearing conditions: only 17% of cells showed changes in ocular dominance in normal cats whereas over 50% showed changes in cats reared with abnormal monocular visual experience. These results indicate that GABA inhibition plays an enhanced role in cats with abnormal cortical ocular dominance. The results are interpreted in the context that the GABA system is passively biased by alterations in the pattern of excitatory input to contribute to abnormal patterns of ocular dominance.
Isolated metastatic melanoma to the colon mimicking colon cancer.

A 50-year-old man presented with a 12-week history of frequent watery bowel movements (6 to 10/day) and a 16-pound weight loss. He had undergone a surgical resection of a cutaneous melanoma from his right lower extremity and 2/2 sentinel lymph node biopsies from his groin were positive. At presentation 5 years later, physical examination was unremarkable except for a right lower extremity scar and mild pitting edema, guaiac positive stool, and external hemorrhoids. Laboratory data, including stool studies for fecal leukocytes, ova, parasites, and culture, were normal except for an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 40 mm/hr (normal 0-19). Colonoscopy revealed a large exophitic mass (A) in the descending colon. Biopsies disclosed necrosis and inflammatory cells with isolated large tumor cells with prominent nucleoli (B: H&E, orig. mag ×400). S-100 immunostaining was performed and demonstrated strong S-100 reactivity in tumor cells (C: H&E, orig. mag ×400). A preoperative barium enema revealed a 6 cm long “apple core” type lesion in the proximal descending colon with no other masses identified proximally. CT of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a soft tissue intraluminal mass in the descending colon with no evidence of liver or intraabdominal metastasis. A chest x-ray and CT of the brain were unremarkable The patient underwent a hemicolectomy. The gross specimen included a partially hemorrhagic tumor extending into the bowel lumen (D). Two of 11
Collection assessment and acquisitions budgets: Highlights of a conference

Collection Evaluation and Acquisitions Budgets: A Kaleidoscope in the Making Charles B. Osburn, Dean, University Libraries, University of Alabama Osburn opened his presentation with a description of a kaleidoscope, in which motion, change, beauty, color, and control are essential. In comparison, the information universe is growing at unprecedented speed and in new directions electronically. Librarians must take control of this growth and make it an object of beauty. The interests of everyonebusiness, industry, society-are becoming more global. Librarians have been called upon to operate simultaneously a traditional library and an electronic one. Librarians have done this by working harder, developing online catalogs, and creating large bibliographic databases. Librarians believe that they are stretched to the limit. Osburn recommended an outward gaze that is more client centered. In addition, a new set of guiding principles must be established. The emphasis must shift from ownership to access and from purchasing for the long-term to providing for expressed needs. Collection evaluation can be simple or complex. Libraries are experiencing a steady shift from collection-centered approaches to client-centered ones. Two fundamental principles should guide libraries in this area: accountability and setting priorities. It is imperative that libraries solicit information from their clientele. Not only is this a good marketing tool, but it also projects an image of good management. Materials budgets can be a limiting or enabling factor. As one measure of control it can fund new priorities and directions. Not only does the budget allow libraries to shed the heavy
Structure of Monoxides of some Transition Elements at Low Temperatures

IT has been shown by one of us1 that, at ordinary temperatures, the structure of nickel oxide is slightly deformed from face-centred cubic symmetry. Later work2 proved that at − 180° C. an increase in the rhombohedral deformation occurs. On the other hand, it was found that the departure from cubic symmetry vanishes at a temperature of about 200° C.
Human papillomavirus-related tumors in HIV.

Purpose of review Human papillomavirus-related anogenital cancers are theoretically preventable. Many HIV-infected women do not undergo routine cervical cytology screening, however, and there are currently no routine anal cytology screening programs. This review focuses on recent developments that may impact on the future incidence of these cancers: the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy and the imminent approval of vaccines to prevent initial human papillomavirus infection. Recent findings Highly active antiretroviral therapy has limited benefit to reduce the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 and no benefit to reduce the incidence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia 3. Consistent with these findings, there has been no reduction in the incidence of cervical and anal cancer since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. More encouraging is the development of highly effective preventive human papillomavirus vaccines that are projected to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer by up to 70% among vaccinated women. Summary HIV-positive men and women remain at risk for human papillomavirus-associated cancers, even in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Conversely, the incidence of anogenital cancers may decline in the future among HIV-positive individuals if they received the human papillomavirus vaccine before they acquired HIV infection, and studies should be done to assess the safety and efficacy of the vaccines in individuals already infected with HIV.
Brownness of organics in aerosols from biomass burning linked to their black carbon content

Atmospheric aerosols can exert an important influence on Earth’s climate. Combustion chamber experiments reveal that the absorption properties of brown carbon aerosols from biomass burning are linked to their black carbon content.
Development of a unified data meta-model for CAD-CAPP-MRP-NC verification integration

This paper presents an architecture and a schema for the integration of heterogeneous manufacturing databases. Termed the Unified Data Meta Model (UDMM), this structure is based on common relational data modeling methods and was developed to support the integration of CAD, CAPP, NC tool path verification and MRP systems. The model was developed based upon an analysis of the existing manufacturing operations of three major corporations and the data structures of popular CAD, CAPP, MRP and NC verification software tools. Key features of the UDMM include the fact that data instantiated for communication is not persistent and it represents the union of the intersection of the information represented by the local software tools. The specification of the UDMM, and the nature of the integration architecture is such that it allows for the extension of both attributes in the model and new entities as new manufacturing functional domains are added.
Improving scenario discovery using orthogonal rotations

Scenario discovery offers a new means to characterize and communicate the information in computer simulation models under conditions of deep uncertainty. The approach first defines scenarios as the future states of world where a proposed policy fails to meet its goals and then uses statistical algorithms to find concise descriptions of such regions in large databases of simulation model results. Current scenario discovery applications rely on the Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM), a user-interactive bump-hunting algorithm that identifies hyper-rectangular regions in the input space of the simulation model. While often successful, scenario discovery applications have been limited because in general a policy's vulnerabilities are not well described by the PRIM's hyper-rectangular regions. This study proposes and evaluates improved scenario discovery algorithms that address this challenge with a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based preprocessing step that transforms the original model input parameters so that PRIM can then identify high quality hyper-rectangular scenarios in the new rotated coordination system. We explore two versions. PCA-PRIM allows rotations among all uncertain model input parameters and CPCA-PRIM (for constrained PCA-PRIM) only allows rotations among parameters within user-specified domains. The latter may provide more useful information to users, who may find scenario axes described by linear combinations of related domain parameters more interpretable than combinations of dissimilar parameters. We run two sets of tests on the PCA-PRIM and CPCA-PRIM algorithms, the first using simulated test date and the second results from a model used in a previous RAND study of the cost-effectiveness of renewable energy portfolio standards. We find that the new algorithms produce higher quality scenarios than PRIM alone as evaluated by several important measures of merit. In the test data, PCA-PRIM produces improvements averaging 37 percent, and CPCA-PRIM averaging 14 percent, over PRIM alone. In the renewable energy policy case study, PCA-PRIM and CPCA-PRIM exhibit similar improvements of about 16 percent over PRIM, and CPCA-PRIM generates scenarios interpretable by, and that provide useful information to, decision makers.
Two-photon interference in a standard Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

A pair of light quanta with different colors (155.9-nm difference in center wavelength) generated from parametric down-conversion was injected collinearly into one input port of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Coincidence interference behavior was studied over a wide range of optical path differences of the interferometer. A measurement of 75% interference visibility with oscillation of the pump frequency for a large optical path difference of the interferometer (43 cm) is the signature of a quantum two-photon entangled state, which reflects both particle and wave nature of the light quanta in one experiment.
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF FLAVIN ANALOGUES.

Abstract A comprehensive paper chromatographic study has been made of the mobilities of some fifty flavin analogues in three solvent systems which are different with respect to pH and polarity. Specific alterations in the structures of flawins influence the solubility characteristics and have a direct and generally predictable effect on RF values: Increasing the number of hydroxyl groups on the side chain increases the solubility of flavins in aqueous solvents. Relatively smaller difference are seen among longer chains than shorter ones. Phosphorylation of the hydroxymethyl group terminal to the side chain greatly increases the mobility of flavins in alkaline, aqueous solvents and decreases their mobility in acid, organic solvents. The solubility and resultant mobility conferred by particular substituents in the benzenoid portion of the isoalloxazine ring mainly relate to the known solubility of the substituent group. Their positions in the benzene ring of flavins appear to be relatively unimportant. Effects of substitution in position 2 of the alloxanoid portion of the isoalloxazine ring appear similar in an alkaline, aqueous solvent, but dissimilar in acid, organic solvents. A 4-imino function markedly alters the mobilities in all three solvents.li]
Stepped Surfaces:. a Challenge for Quantitative Leed Analysis

Determination of the atomic structure of stepped surfaces by quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) analysis is very difficult when the spacings between layers parallel to the surface become significantly smaller than about 0.9 A. For most of the computer programs widely used in LEED crystallography the problem is caused by numerical instabilities and lack of convergence. However, the CHANGE computer program has had remarkable success on surfaces with interlayer spacings as small as 0.5 A. Advantages and disadvantages of this program are briefly discussed. CHANGE is now available to run conveniently on desk-top personal computers.
LPG wavelength compensated, polarised, amplified, reduced RIN, broadband fibre optic source for precision fibre optic gyroscopes

A two-stage, polarised, relative intensity noise-reduced fibre source which delivers 200 mW at 1.5 /spl mu/m with 24.4 nm bandwidth is presented. A long period grating reduces the temperature dependence of the centroid wavelength to <0.2 picometers//spl deg/C.
Low-Prandtl-number convection in a layer heated from below

Steady solutions in the form of two-dimensional rolls are obtained numerically for convection in a horizontal layer of a low-Prandtl-number fluid heated from below. Prandtl numbers in the range 0·001 [les ] P [les ] 0·71 are investigated for Rayleigh numbers between the critical value, R = 1708, and R = 20,000 in the case of rigid boundaries. The calculations reveal that the convective heat transport is relatively independent of the Prandtl number at Rayleigh numbers greater than a finite critical value R2 of the order of 5 × 103. At R = 10,000 the convective heat transport varies by only about 30% for Prandtl numbers in the range investigated. As the Rayleigh number is increased above the critical value R2, the streamlines of the convection flow become circular, independent of the horizontal wavelength as long as the latter is larger than or about equal to twice the height of the layer.
Partial amino acid sequences of mouse transplantation antigens.

The partial N-terminal amino acid sequences of the K and D gene products from theH-2 q andH-2 s haplotypes are presented. These data in conjunction with data already published demonstrate striking homology relationships among the transplantation antigens of mouse and other species. Moreover, these new data support the presence of certain sequence patterns noted in earlier sequence studies (e. g. no Kness or Dness, species-associated residues, and complex allotypes). These patterns place interesting constraints on the genetic organization and evolutionary history of the genes encoding the transplantation antigens which are discussed in this report.
Weight loss reduces knee‐joint loads in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis

Objective. To determine the relationship between change in body mass and knee-joint moments and forces during walking in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA) following an 18-month clinical trial of diet and exercise. Methods. Data were obtained from 142 sedentary, overweight, and obese older adults with self-reported disability and radiographic evidence of knee OA who underwent 3-dimensional gait analysis. Gait kinetic outcome variables included peak knee-joint forces and peak internal knee-joint moments. Mixed regression models were created to predict followup kinetic values, using followup body mass as the primary explanatory variable. Baseline body mass was used as a covariate, and thus followup body mass was a surrogate measure for change in body mass (i.e., weight loss). Results. There was a significant direct association between followup body mass and peak followup values of compressive force (P 0.001), resultant force (P 0.002), abduction moment (P 0.03), and medial rotation moment (P 0.02). A weight reduction of 9.8N (1 kg) was associated with reductions of 40.6N and 38.7N in compressive and resultant forces, respectively. Thus, each weight-loss unit was associated with an 4-unit reduction in knee-joint forces. In addition, a reduction in body weight of 9.8N (1 kg) was associated with a 1.4% reduction (0.496 Nm) in knee abduction moment. Conclusion. Our results indicate that each pound of weight lost will result in a 4-fold reduction in the load exerted on the knee per step during daily activities. Accumulated over thousands of steps per day, a reduction of this magnitude would appear to be clinically meaningful.
Hypothermic perfusion and circulatory arrest for surgical correction of tetralogy of Fallot with previously constructed Potts' anastomosis.

An aorticopulmonary anastomosis constructed after the manner of Potts and associates1 is difficult of access by the anterior approach. Such an anastomosis has thus hindered later attempts to correct the tetralogy of Fallot in a one-stage operation. Because in many cases of this type with recurrence of symptoms the only significant source of pulmonary blood flow is the aorticopulmonary anastomosis, a two-stage operation appears undesirable. For this situation, a technic has been devised to facilitate closure of the aorticopulmonary anastomosis at the time of intracardiac correction of the tetralogy.
Elastic constants of silver as a function of temperature

The temperature dependence of the elastic constants of silver single crystals has been determined over the range 300–1173 K with the piezoelectric ultrasonic composite oscillator technique (PUCOT). From a comparison of the present results with those available from the literature, it is deduced that the PUCOT and hence other standing-wave techniques are adequate for measuring compliances, but these techniques may have complications for computations of stiffnesses.
Synthesis and Structure Determination of [(PEt3)RhC2B9H10]2− A Binuclear Rhodacarborane Containing Four Bonds Betweeen Two Icosahedra

The complete manuscript of this communication appears in: Angew. Chem. Suppl. 1983, 929. DOI:10.1002/anie.198309290
Photochemical degradation of dissolved organic carbon and its impact on the oceanic carbon cycle

THE processes that regulate the cycling of oceanic dissolved organic carbon (DOC), one of the largest carbon reservoirs on the Earth's surface1, are largely unknown. DOC residues in the deep sea, below 500 m, seem to be composed mainly of biologically refractory compounds2–10 such as humic substances11. The average apparent 14C age of this refractory DOC is >6,000 yr in the deep Pacific2, suggesting that its rate of turnover is slow, but the pathways and rates responsible for this apparent slow turnover are unknown. Several studies have shown that aquatic humic substances are photochemically degraded by sunlight into biologically labile and/or volatile organic compounds12–14 and carbon monoxide15,16. Here we present new data which suggest that this photochemical degradation pathway is the rate-limiting step for the removal of a large fraction of oceanic DOC. This rate will increase with increasing flux of solar ultraviolet-B radiation. We estimate the oceanic residence time of biologically refractory, photochemically reactive DOC to be 500–2,100 yr, which is less than its average apparent 14C age. The injection of 'old carbon' from sediments into the deep sea may explain this discrepancy.
Energy dependence of rearrangements of an N-terminal protecting group in tandem mass spectrometry of protonated tripeptides containing C-terminal arginine†

The types and intensities of tandem mass spectrometric products of side-chain interactions were investigated with a hybrid tandem instrument. Positive-ion unimolecular decomposition and collisionally activated decomposition studies were conducted on the [M+H] + ions of two N-benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz or Z)-protected tripeptides, Cbz-Gly-Leu-Arg-NH 2 and Cbz-Gly-Pro-Arg-NH 2 . The loss of benzyl alcohol (108 u) and the formation of other significant product ions and their dependence on collision energy and gas pressure suggest reaction between both ends of the molecule. Replacement of leucine with proline at the second position in the tripeptide produces a very intense [M + H −108] + ion and fewer lower mass fragment ions in the tandem mass spectra for Cbz-Gly-Pro-Arg-NH 2 than in those for Cbz-Gly-Leu-Arg-NH 2
MicroRNA as a New Factor in Lung and Esophageal Cancer

Lung cancer is the most lethal cancer due to late detection in advanced stages; early diagnosis of lung cancer allows surgical treatment and improves the outcome. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux-related adenocarcinomas of the esophagus is increasing; repetitive surveillance endoscopies are necessary to detect development of cancer. A blood-based biomarker would simplify the diagnosis and treatment of both diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA strands that interfere with protein production. miRNAs play pivotal roles in cell homeostasis, and dysregulation of miRNAs can lead to the development of cancer. miRNAs can be found in all body fluids and have been proposed to serve as messengers between closely localized cells but also distant organs. Cancer cells actively secrete miRNAs, and these miRNA profiles can be found in blood. We outline, here, how these miRNAs may aid in diagnosis and treatment of lung and esophageal cancers, as well as their apparent limitations.
GNOTOBIOTIC CULTURE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF THE MARINE NEMATODE RHABDITIS MARINA BASTIAN

The marine nematode Rhabditis marina Bastian has been isolated in gnotobiotic culture from collections of Zostera marina made in North Sea Harbor, Southampton, New York. A strain of R. marina has been maintained with three species of bacteria (Pseudomonas sp., Flavobacterium marinum, and Micrococcus sp.) for over 120 generations. A monoxenic strain with Pseudomonas sp. has been maintained for over 25 generations. The life cycle is completed in 5 days under “normal” laboratory growth conditions. Reproduction occurs over a wide (0–80‰) salinity range (the highest salinity tested) and a wide (10–38C) temperature range; optimum growth occurs at 45–55‰ and 25–30C. Normal development is oviparous, but ovoviviparous development is seen in older females. Tracer feeding and synxenic culture experiments have shown that R. marina has rather specific nutritional requirements, which seem to be completely satisfied by a relatively restricted group of microorganisms. Selected species of bacteria comprise the normal diet of this organism. Microscopic observations of intact algae in the digestive tract of the worms and failure of 32P to transfer to the worms from the ingested algae indicate that the worms are not able to digest all ingested potential food organisms. The geographical distribution of the species in relation to its physiological ecology is discussed.
Canopy-scale wavelength and vegetative index sensitivities to cotton growth parameters and nitrogen status

Temporal and spatial variability of plant available N in the humid southeastern region of the United States often results in within-field over- and under- application of this nutrient to cotton. Although ground-based canopy reflectance has the potential to quantify crop N status in real-time and drive variable rate fertilizer N applications, currently utilized vegetation indices often fail to correlate strongly with crop N status. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine relationships between canopy reflectance across wavelengths and calculated ratios and vegetation indices prior to and at flowering to biomass, leaf tissue N concentration, aboveground total N content and lint yield. Data was collected during the third week of flower bud formation and the first week of flowering during the 2008–2010 growing seasons at Mississippi State, MS, USA. Analysis of wavelength sensitivities indicated reflectance near 670 nm was most highly correlated to plant height, but relatively poorly correlated to lint yield, total plant N content and leaf N concentration. The strongest wavelength correlations with leaf N concentration, lint yield and plant total N content were noted near 700 nm. Subsequent analysis indicated indices utilizing reflectance in the red edge region correlated more strongly to leaf N status and total plant N content when compared to indices relying on reflectance in green or red regions. Comparisons between simple red edge indices and more complex calculations of the red edge inflection point suggested a simplified version of the Canopy Chlorophyll Content Index calculation may provide reasonable reliability for real-time detection of cotton N status.
Explanatory Style of Native and Euro-Americans

The explanatory styles of 46 Native and 48 Euro-American college students were compared on three scales, one measuring optimism for explaining bad events, one optimism for explaining good events, and total score combining the two. No significant differences were found, but the slight mean difference in scores on optimism for explaining good events suggested that Euro-Americans may be more optimistic in explaining positive events than are Native Americans.
Effects of infant health on family food insecurity: Evidence from two U.S. birth cohort studies

Abstract Extremely little is known about the effects of health on food insecurity despite strong associations between the two and a theoretical basis for this avenue of inquiry. This study uses data from two national birth cohort studies in the U.S., the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort (N = ∼9400) from 2001 to 2003 and the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 2458) from 1998 to 2003, to estimate the effects of poor infant health on child and household food insecurity and explore the potential buffering effects of public programs that provide food, healthcare, and cash assistance. We address the issue of causality by defining poor infant health as an unexpected shock and conducting relevant specification tests. We find convincing evidence that poor infant health does not affect food insecurity but that it greatly increases reliance on cash assistance for low-income individuals with disabilities, which appears to be playing a buffering role.
Elevated HDL cholesterol levels are associated with osteoporosis in lung transplant candidates with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Summary Background Osteoporosis is common in advanced COPD and worsens rapidly after transplantation, potentially impairing quality of life. Increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) has been observed in COPD and linked with osteoporosis in the general population. This association has not been previously examined in COPD. Methods We reviewed the records of 245 COPD patients referred for lung transplant evaluation. Osteoporosis was defined by either dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan or use of osteoporosis medications. The presence or absence of osteoporosis could be ascertained in 152 subjects. Cholesterol values and other clinical variables were assessed for their association with osteoporosis. Results Clinical factors associated with osteoporosis included lower BMI [OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.73–0.90], higher HDLc [OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.07], and worse lung function. HDLc was an independent predictor of OP and demonstrated an inverse linear correlation with T-scores ( r = −0.21, p = 0.05), which was stronger amongst males ( r = −0.45, p = 0.004). Conclusion In COPD patients referred for lung transplantation, osteoporosis is highly prevalent. Raised HDLc levels are common in this group and are independently associated with OP.
Anxiety, working memory, gender, and math performance

This investigation evaluated the relations between visual and verbal working memory; state, trait, and math anxiety; gender; and applied and basic math performance in 100 adults. The design tested predictions regarding which subsystem of working memory is associated with both math anxiety and math performance. The study also tested whether the Processing Efficiency Theory and the Arousal-Performance Function apply to anxiety and performance in the math domain. In addition, gender differences in the relations between math anxiety and math performance were explored. Results indicated that math anxiety was the strongest predictor of both applied and basic math performance. However, this finding was moderated by the gender of the participants. Both visual and verbal working memory were found to be significant factors in accounting for the variance in math performance measured broadly, differing from findings in previous studies. Math anxiety appears to primarily impact visual working memory, contradicting previous findings that anxiety is primarily processed in verbal working memory and supporting the hypothesis that math anxiety does not function similarly to other types of anxiety. In addition, results supported the Processing Efficiency Theory but did not support the Arousal-Performance Function relating math anxiety and math performance.
Fatigue during preoperative chemoradiation for resectable rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the severity and patterns of fatigue during preoperative chemoradiation therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer and determine whether there are predictors for patients who develop severe fatigue. METHODS Seventy-two patients with resectable rectal cancer received chemoradiation (total radiation dose, 45 gray/25 fractions to the pelvis; continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil [300 mg/m2]). The Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), a measure that categorizes fatigue severity on a 0–10 scale, was administered weekly during treatment. Severe fatigue was defined as 7–10 on the “worst level of fatigue” item. Demographics, disease information, toxicities, and blood counts were collected. Descriptive statistics, repeated measure analysis of variance, and multiple regression were used to examine fatigue and its correlates. RESULTS Fatigue increased in 67% of patients during chemoradiation (CTX/XRT). The mean fatigue score increased from 3.16 before treatment to 4.62 at the end of treatment. A significant linear trend suggested that fatigue progressively got worse during CTX/XRT (F = 16.497, P < 0.001). However, 18% of patients experienced severe fatigue before CTX/XRT; this was predicted by uncontrolled pain (r2 = 0.321; F = 16.52; P < 0.001). During CTX/XRT, uncontrolled diarrhea was the only predictor for increased fatigue (r2 = 0.182; F = 7.77; P < 0.01). Approximately one-third of patients had severe fatigue, which impaired their function at the end of CTX/XRT. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative chemoradiation therapy for patients with rectal cancer was associated with progressive fatigue during therapy. Based on identified predictors for fatigue, more active pain management before CXT/XRT and bowel management during CTX/XRT might reduce cancer-related fatigue in these patients. Cancer 2001;92:1725–32. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
The Evolving Ethic of Authenticity: From Humanistic to Positive Psychology

This article attempts to resolve the apparent tensions between humanistic and positive psychology regarding their respective notions of what constitutes a good life. It argues that an ethic of authenticity provides a unifying normative framework for both traditions, including interpretations of the various dimensions of authenticity and of the moral virtues and principles associated with this ethical ideal. The article provides a working definition of authentic selfhood that draws on both the existential-phenomenological tradition and the communitarian ethical framework associated with positive psychology. It demonstrates how these two very different philosophical traditions contribute to a shared, integrative theory of authentic self-development which, in turn, provides needed clarity to the normative framework of positive psychology.
Principles Of Calibration For Radiometric Temperature Measurements

Instruments for radiometrically determining temperatures are calibrated against blackbodies. The characteristics of blackbody cavities, especially their temperature uniformity and effective emissivity, are important in establishing traceability to the International Practical Temperature Scale. When used with non-black surfaces, the radiation thermometer indicates an apparent temperature. The user must recognize how to utilize information such as target emissivity and temperature of the surroundings to properly infer true surface temperature from the indicated value.
Scaling symmetries, conservation laws and action principles in one-dimensional gas dynamics

Scaling symmetries of the planar, one-dimensional gas dynamic equations with adiabatic index γ are used to obtain Lagrangian and Eulerian conservation laws associated with the symmetries. The known Eulerian symmetry operators for the scaling symmetries are converted to the Lagrangian form, in which the Eulerian spatial position of the fluid element is given in terms of the Lagrangian fluid labels. Conditions for a linear combination of the three scaling symmetries to be a divergence or variational symmetry of the action are established. The corresponding Lagrangian and Eulerian form of the conservation laws are determined by application of Noether's theorem. A nonlocal conservation law associated with the scaling symmetries is obtained by applying a nonlocal symmetry operator to the scaling symmetry-conserved vector. An action principle incorporating known conservation laws using Lagrangian constraints is developed. Noether's theorem for the constrained action principle gives the same formulas for the conserved vector as the classical Noether theorem, except that the Lie symmetry vector field now includes the effects of nonlocal potentials. Noether's theorem for the constrained action principle is used to obtain nonlocal conservation laws. The scaling symmetry conservation laws only apply for special forms of the entropy of the gas.
Determination of flow regimes and heat transfer coefficient for condensation in horizontal tubes

This study explores condensation of FC-72 in horizontal tubes. Using high-speed video motion analysis, dominant condensation flow regimes are identified for different combination of mass velocities of FC-72 and cooling water. Additionally, detailed heat transfer measurements are used to explore both axial and circumferential variations of the condensation heat transfer coefficient. Four different regimes are identified: stratified, stratified-wavy, wavy-annular with gravity influence, and wavy-annular without gravity influence. In the latter regime, which is achieved at high FC-72 mass velocities, annular film transport is dominated by vapor shear with negligible gravity effects. Using different types of regime maps, prior relations for transitions between regimes are assessed, and new, more accurate transition relations developed. The heat transfer coefficient is shown to be highest near the inlet, where quality is near unity and the film thinnest, and decreases gradually along the condensation length because of axial thickening of the liquid film. This study also explores the predictive capabilities of prior heat transfer correlations and a control-volume-based annular flow model. The experimental data of both the local and average condensation heat transfer coefficients show fair to good agreement with predictions of prior and popular correlations. But superior predictions in both trend and magnitude are achieved with the annular flow model.
Limb vs trunk sweat gland recruitment patterns during exercise in humans

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the sweat gland recruitment pattern, on multiple trunk and limb sites, during exercise. Nineteen male volunteers performed 30 min of exercise on a cycle ergometer at approx. 25, 50 and 75% of their maximal oxygen uptake. The number of active sweat glands (per cm2) was determined immediately following each exercise bout at the following six sites: left triceps, chest, back, forearm, thigh and calf. The data showed that increases in rectal temperature during exercise resulted in a linear increase in the absolute number of active sweat glands recruited at all six sites (r=0.60–0.80). However, on a percentage basis, the limb sites increased proportionally more (300–600% increase) than the trunk sites (100–200% increase) with increases in rectal temperature. These data suggest that the absolute number of sweat glands recruited, on both the trunk and the limbs, increases in a linear manner with increases in rectal temperature during exercise. However, on a proportional basis, sweat gland recruitment on the limbs is greater than that found on the trunk during progressive exercise.
Rapid simulator development for multicast protocol analysis

When evaluating new protocols and algorithms it is often desirable to be able to rapidly build a specialized simulator from scratch. The advantage of this approach is that software designers can avoid the often-steep learning curve associated with using existing simulators, and that specialized simulators can have significant computational advantages over general-purpose programs. The drawback is that simulators can be complex to develop and debug. This paper describes our experiences developing SESAME, a Java-based simulator designed to analyze multicast protocol performance. By using an appropriate set of design patterns we were able to rapidly develop a reusable and easy-to-implement framework for multicast algorithm and protocol analysis. We developed several useful approaches for rapid simulation development, including a multicast visualization tool and techniques for simulating concurrent processing within a computer network that substantially simplified code development and maintenance. Owing to performance concerns, we also ran an extensive series of performance tests of different priority queue implementations. Our design approach and the lessons that we learned in developing SESAME can be applied to rapid simulation development in general. Further, our performance results suggest that by using commercial off-the-shelf Java development environments it is possible to obtain sufficient performance for many time-sensitive applications such as discrete event simulation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Estimation of Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone Secretion

ABSTRACT A mathematical model for the estimation of the secretion of hypophyseal hormones incorporating hormone disappearance rate, distribution volume and serum concentration has been developed. With the aid of a computer program, the model was applied for LH to data from normal cycling women, a postmenopausal subject before and after suppressive estradiol treatment, and in a normal man before and after synthetic LRF administration. In this fashion, continuous curves of estimated secretion rates versus time were determined.