cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looking through the Glass Ceiling: A Qualitative Study of STEM Women's Career Narratives.

Although efforts have been directed toward the advancement of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) positions, little research has directly examined women’s perspectives and bottom-up strategies for advancing in male-stereotyped disciplines. The present study utilized Photovoice, a Participatory Action Research method, to identify themes that underlie women’s experiences in traditionally male-dominated fields. Photovoice enables participants to convey unique aspects of their experiences via photographs and their in-depth knowledge of a community through personal narrative. Forty-six STEM women graduate students and postdoctoral fellows completed a Photovoice activity in small groups. They presented photographs that described their experiences pursuing leadership positions in STEM fields. Three types of narratives were discovered and classified: career strategies, barriers to achievement, and buffering strategies or methods for managing barriers. Participants described three common types of career strategies and motivational factors, including professional development, collaboration, and social impact. Moreover, the lack of rewards for these workplace activities was seen as limiting professional effectiveness. In terms of barriers to achievement, women indicated they were not recognized as authority figures and often worked to build legitimacy by fostering positive relationships. Women were vigilant to other people’s perspectives, which was costly in terms of time and energy. To manage role expectations, including those related to gender, participants engaged in numerous role transitions throughout their day to accommodate workplace demands. To buffer barriers to achievement, participants found resiliency in feelings of accomplishment and recognition. Social support, particularly from mentors, helped participants cope with negative experiences and to envision their future within the field. Work-life balance also helped participants find meaning in their work and have a sense of control over their lives. Overall, common workplace challenges included a lack of social capital and limited degrees of freedom. Implications for organizational policy and future research are discussed.
Radiation dose associated with CT-guided drain placement for pediatric patients.

To date, there are limited radiation dose data on CT-guided procedures in pediatric patients. Our goal was to quantify the radiation dose associated with pediatric CT-guided drain placement and follow-up drain evaluations in order to estimate effective dose. We searched the electronic medical record and picture archiving and communication system (PACS) to identify all pediatric (<18 years old) CT-guided drain placements performed between January 2008 and December 2013 at our institution. We compiled patient data and radiation dose information from CT-guided drain placements as well as pre-procedural diagnostic CTs and post-procedural follow-up fluoroscopic abscess catheter injections (sinograms). Then we converted dose–length product, fluoroscopy time and number of acquisitions to effective doses using Monte Carlo simulations and age-appropriate conversion factors based on annual quality-control testing. Fifty-two drainages were identified with mean patient age of 11.0 years (5 weeks to 17 years). Most children had diagnoses of appendicitis (n=23) or inflammatory bowel disease (n=11). Forty-seven patients had diagnostic CTs, with a mean effective dose of 7.3 mSv (range 1.1–25.5 mSv). Drains remained in place for an average of 16.9 days (range 0–75 days), with an average of 0.9 (0–5) sinograms per patient in follow-up. The mean effective dose for all drainages and follow-up exams was 5.3 mSv (0.7–17.1) and 62% (32/52) of the children had effective doses less than 5 mSv. The majority of pediatric patients who have undergone CT-guided drain placements at our institution have received total radiation doses on par with diagnostic ranges. This information could be useful when describing the dose of radiation to parents and providers when CT-guided drain placement is necessary.
Local flow characterization using bioinspired sensory information

Most marine creatures exhibit remarkable flow sensing abilities. Their task of discerning hydrodynamic cues from local sensory information is particularly challenging because it relies on local and partial measurements to accurately characterize the ambient flow. This is in contrast to classical flow characterization methods, which invariably depend on the ability of an external observer to reconstruct the flow field globally and identify its topological structures. In this paper, we develop a mathematical framework in which a local sensory array is used to identify select flow features. Our approach consists of linearizing the flow field around the sensory array and providing a frame-independent parameterization of the velocity gradient tensor which reveals both the local flow ‘type’ and ‘intensity’. We show that a simple bioinspired sensory system that measures differences in flow velocities is capable of locally characterizing the flow type and intensity. We discuss the conditions under which such flow characterization is possible. Then, to demonstrate the effectiveness of this sensory system, we apply it in the canonical problem of a circular cylinder in uniform flow. We find excellent agreement between the sensed and actual flow properties. These findings will serve to direct future research on optimal sensory layouts and dynamic deployment of sensory arrays.
Gefitinib sensitivity in head and neck cancer cell lines is mediated by effects of the agent on downstream AKT and STAT3 activation

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3790 Background: Despite reproducible activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors as single agents in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), the majority of patients will not have objective responses although there is nearly universal expression of the wild-type receptor. The mechanisms of this intrinsic resistance are unknown. We hypothesized that sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors can be predicted based on the inhibitors’ effects on downstream signaling. Methods: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromid (MTT) viability assays were used to assess sensitivity to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib in 12 SCCHN cell lines. Inhibition of several downstream signaling proteins was assessed by Western blotting. The efficacy of gefitinib in combination with inhibitors of Janus kinase (JAK), STAT3, Src kinase, AKT, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) was assessed by the MTT assay. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to detect gene amplification of EGFR. Results: Based on IC50s obtained from MTT assays, cell lines were classified as sensitive, intermediate, or resistant. FISH showed that only two of the sensitive lines, SQ-20B and HN-5, were gene-amplified for EGFR. Western blotting confirmed that phosphoEGFR was inhibited at low concentrations of gefitinib in all lines tested. AKT phosphorylation, however, was inhibited only in sensitive but not resistant lines. The inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation was observed at low concentrations of gefitinib in sensitive lines but inhibition of phosphoSTAT3 was not as consistent a predictor of resistance as inhibition of phosphoAKT. Inhibition of phosphoERK displayed no relationship to gefitinib IC50. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was not present in the most resistant cell line but was present in representative sensitive cell lines suggesting that PTEN deletion is a mechanism underlying gefitinib resistance. Furthermore, a PI3K inhibitor in combination with gefitinib appeared more effective than the agents alone in the MTT assay. Conclusions: These results suggest that constitutively active AKT, possibly as a result of PTEN loss, is a mechanism of intrinsic gefitinib resistance in SCCHN. This resistance can be overcome through targeting of the PI3K/AKT pathway in combination with EGFR inhibition.
Challenges of Emerging Technology: Social Networking and Texting in Pediatric Neuropsychology Practice

In today’s digital era, neuropsychologists are likely to use social media and social networking in their clinical work, yet there have been few policies and guidelines on best practices for online behavior of neuropsychologists. Both personal and professional social networking can raise ethical and legal issues in day-to-day practice. These issues relate to privacy and confidentiality, informed consent, blurring of professional boundaries, and searching online for client information. This article examines and discusses potential benefits, risks, and safeguards of digital communication, which includes text messaging, social media, social networking, and other web-based resources. An ethical problem-solving process is presented for neuropsychologists when deciding to use social networking with clients. Further, this article provides strategies and recommendations that graduate trainers, field supervisors, and employers can use to lead discussions on ethical decision-making. Future research and directions in this topic are outlined in light of the ethical issues that neuropsychologists may encounter in professional training and practice.
Successful Revascularization of Aortic Arch in a 39-Year-Old Blunt Trauma Patient with Acute Diffuse Axonal Injury without the Use of Systemic Anticoagulation

Blunt traumatic aortic injury is the second leading cause of death in trauma patients aged 4–34 years. Of the patients who are able to receive treatment, mortality rates as high as 40% have been reported. Endovascular repair options have allowed for more expeditious repairs with reduced iatrogenic trauma; however, when the injury involves the ascending aorta or arch, current endografts lack fenestrations needed for cerebral blood flow. Traditionally, on pump, cardiopulmonary bypass with systemic anticoagulation has been used to repair these injuries. In this paper, we describe a unique case of repairing a large traumatic aortic arch pseudoaneurysm in the setting of which systemic anticoagulation is contraindicated. The patient is a 39-year-old otherwise healthy Hispanic male who presented to Ryder Trauma Center in Miami, Florida, following a motor vehicle collision and found to have multiple intracranial hemorrhages and a large aortic pseudoaneurysm of the distal ascending aorta. In lieu of standard cardiopulmonary bypass, a hybrid approach was utilized. Cranial blood flow was maintained using a temporary extra-anatomical left femoral to bilateral carotid bypass during endovascular coverage of the aortic arch. Aortic arch revascularization was then achieved by means of in situ laser fenestration of the innominate artery followed by a right-to-left carotid–carotid–subclavian bypass. This case demonstrates the viability of a hybrid vascular repair of a complex aortic disruption without the use of systemic anticoagulation in the setting of contraindicated or unknown risk of systemic anticoagulation. Further research is warranted on whether emergent traumatic cases with contraindications to anticoagulation can be performed in a similar fashion to safely reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with aortic disruptions.
Divided Loyalties? The Role of Defense Litigation Counsel in Shareholder M&A Litigation

We examine the role of defense litigation counsel in mergers and acquisition (M&A) litigation. We theorize that defense litigation counsel may be incentivized to settle litigation on disadvantageous terms to shareholders in order to allow transactions to complete, and that more experienced counsel will engage in this conduct at a greater rate. We find that top defense litigation counsel is more likely to be hired to complete transactions priced at lower takeover premiums. We control for endogeneity and find evidence that top defense litigation counsel negotiate cheaper and faster settlements than other defense litigation counsel, particularly when the transactions involved have lower offer premiums, and that top defense litigation counsel take advantage of multi-jurisdictional litigation to achieve this result. Our results support the conclusion that top defense litigation counsel in M&A litigation may be adept at settling valid claims in order to allow for deal completion. Finally, we discuss the implications of forum selection bylaws and the near demise of disclosure-only settlements for top defense litigation counsel, and argue that these changes may reduce competitive advantages that these law firms previously enjoyed.
Divergent Pathways to Assimilation? Local Marriage Markets and Intermarriage among U.S. Hispanics.

The growing diversity of the U.S. population raises questions about integration among America's fastest growing minority population—Hispanics. The canonical view is that intermarriage with the native-born White population represents a pathway to assimilation that varies over geographic space in response to uneven marital opportunities. Using data on past-year marriage from the 2009–2014 American Community Survey, the authors demonstrate high rates of intermarriage among Hispanics. The analyses identify whether Hispanics marry coethnics, non-co-ethnic Hispanics, non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, or other minorities. The authors highlight variation by race, nativity, and socioeconomic status and reveal that Hispanics living in new immigrant destinations are more likely to intermarry than those living in traditional Hispanic gateways. Indeed, the higher out-marriage in new destinations disappears when the demographic context of reception is taken into account. The analysis underscores that patterns of marital assimilation among Hispanics are neither monolithic nor expressed uniformly across geographic space.
Serum Amyloid P Immunoreactivity in Cortical Tangles, Plaques and Vessels in Alzheimer’s Disease: Implications for Dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier?

Amyloid P component (AP) is an α 1-glycoprotein found in almost all types of amyloid deposits, representing 10–20% of the weight of the amyloid fibrilsl. AP is a normal constituent of serum (SAP) synthesized by the liver, the only tissue that appears to exhibit its mRNA2. Investigators have previously attempted to demonstrate the immunocytochemical localization of SAP in brain amyloid deposits of subjects with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In earlier studies3–5, positive SAP antigenicity was evident only in cerebral vessels of AD subjects and those of hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Icelandic type3,6. More recently such immunoreactivity has been demonstrated in senile plaques of AD5,6, as well as cerebral vessels, and in other related disorders exhibiting cerebral amyloid angiopathy6 (CAA). However, with the exception of a recent preliminary report7, SAP immunoreactivity has not been, so far, described in neurofibrillary tangles.
Isoform and protein region abnormalities of dysbindin and copper transporter proteins in postmortem schizophrenia substantia nigra.

Objective: Dysbindin is downregulated in several schizophrenia brain regions and modulates copper transport required for myelination and monoamine metabolism. We sought to determine dysbindin and copper transporter protein expression in schizophrenia subjects. Methods: We studied the substantia nigra (which exhibits one of the highest copper contents of the human brain) using Western blot analysis. We characterized specific protein domains of copper transporters ATP7A, CTR1, ATP7B, and dysbindin isoforms 1A and 1B/C in postmortem substantia nigra in schizophrenia subjects (n=15) and matched controls (n=11). As a preliminary investigation, we examined medication status in medicated (n=11) versus unmedicated schizophrenia subjects (n=4). Results: The combined schizophrenia group exhibited increased levels of C-terminus, but not N-terminus, ATP7A. Schizophrenia subjects expressed less transmembrane CTR1 and dysbindin 1B/C than controls. When subdivided, the increased C-terminus ATP7A protein was present only in medicated subjects versus controls. Unmedicated subjects exhibited less N-terminus ATP7A protein than controls and medicated subjects, suggesting medication-induced rescue of the ATP7A N-terminus. Transmembrane CTR1 was decreased to a similar extent in both treatment groups versus controls, suggesting no medication effect. Conclusions: These results provide the first evidence of disrupted copper transport into and within schizophrenia nigral cells that may be modulated by specific dysbindin isoforms and antipsychotic treatment.
Shock tube measurements of OH concentration time-histories in benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene oxidation

Abstract Microsecond-resolved measurements of OH concentrations time-histories were performed during the oxidation of four common monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, namely benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene, behind reflected shock waves. Ar-diluted mixtures of 200 ppm aromatics in stoichiometric O2 were shock-heated to temperatures of 1513–1877 K and pressures of about 1.2 atm, where quantitative and time-resolved concentration time-histories of OH were measured by narrow-linewidth laser absorption using a novel solid-state laser near 308.6 nm, at the peak of the Q1(5) transition of the OH A-X (0,0) rovibronic band. The use of the Q1(5) transition improved the detection sensitivity of OH by a factor of 2.2, as compared to the R1(5) transition utilized in most previous OH absorption measurements. The resulting OH time-history data accurately resolved the fine details in multiple stages of oxidation of these aromatics, e.g. the initial decomposition of fuel, the subsequent H-abstraction and radical scavenging, and the final radical surge and onset of ignition, thereby providing multiple valuable kinetics targets for validation and improvement of modern reaction models. Three comprehensive reaction models of aromatics combustion from recent studies were evaluated based on the current experimental results. Key reactions governing the OH time-histories were identified, and further studies on selected reaction rate constants were suggested to improve these models. To our knowledge, the current work presents the first quantitative measurements of OH time-histories in the oxidation of benzene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene, and hence provides a critical and unique contribution to the database needed for development and optimization of modern reaction kinetic models regarding aromatics combustion.
Gene Expression in Two Cyanobacteria, Freshwater Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 and Oceanic Synechococcus sp. WH 7803, in response to ammonium, nitrate or iron

An abstract of the dissertation of Abbas Sadeghi for the Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences and Resources: Biology presented on May 7, 1998. Title: Gene expression in two cyanobacteria, freshwater Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 and oceanic Synechococcus sp. WH 7803, in response to ammonium, nitrate or iron. The transcriptional response of freshwater Synechococcus sp. PCC 7942 and oceanic Synechococcus sp. WH 7803 to ammonium, nitrate or iron was studied in single or multiple factor limited cultures. Both strains showed maximum production of NiR mANA when grown in nitrate-containing media. When grown in ammonium-containing medium, they did not show any signal for NiR mRNA synthesis. The influence on the transcription of NiR mRNA by iron as sole limiting nutrient was also evaluated. Iron increased the NiR mRNA whether or not the positive effect of nitrate was already present. The hybridization signal of mRNA for the large subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase enzyme (rbcl), was increased in both strains when iron was added. The relative response of NiA was larger than that of rbcL to iron addition. In the final set of experiments, combinations of iron, ammonium, or nitrate nutrient limitation were studied to understand their interactive effect on NiA and rbcL mANA production. The ammonium-grown cells were allowed to starve for iron and then transferred to +iron+nitrate, +iron-nitrate, or -iron+nitrate cultures. rbcL mANA was increased gradually up to 168 hr. NiA mANA increased initially but, for unknown reasons, decreased after 24 hr to a minimum that was similar for +iron+nitrate, +iron-nitrate, and -iron+nitrate cultures. A comparison of the rbcL or NiA mANA from multiple nutrient limitation with that of single nutrient limitation showed different time dependent patterns of synthesis. The response to iron starvation could be different when cells experience a co-limitation with nitrate. This response is also influenced by species specific differences by evolutionary adaptation to different environments. This difference is confirmed in the NiR and rbcL mANA response in two strains of marine and freshwater Synechococcus for single (iron) or multiple (iron+nitrate) limitation. Physiological studies commonly assume a single factor will constrain cell growth at any moment and when conditions change, the limiting factor will switch. The differential response in the synthesis of NiA and rbcl mANA observed shows that cells exhibit unique responses to combined limitations. GENE EXPRESSION IN TWO CYANOBACTERIA, FRESHWATER SYNECHOCOCCUS SP. PCC 7942 AND OCEANIC SYNECHOCOCCUS SP. WH 7803, IN RESPONSE TO AMMONIUM, NITRATE OR IRON
Economic Nationalism in South Korea and Taiwan: Examining Identity Discourse and Threat Perceptions towards Japan after the Second World War (1960s–1970s):

South Korea and Taiwan provide fruitful comparisons in political economy. During the Cold War era, they deepened their trade with Japan. However, the top political leaders in those places exhibited...
The Chow ring of the classifying space BSO(2n,C)

Abstract We compute the Chow ring of the classifying space BSO ( 2 n , C ) in the sense of Totaro using the fibration Gl ( 2 n ) / SO ( 2 n ) → BSO ( 2 n ) → BGl ( 2 n ) and a computation of the Chow ring of Gl ( 2 n ) / SO ( 2 n ) in a previous paper. We find this Chow ring is generated by Chern classes and a characteristic class defined by Edidin and Graham which maps to 2 n − 1 times the Euler class under the usual class map from the Chow ring to ordinary cohomology. Moreover, we show this class represents 1 / 2 n − 1 ( n − 1 ) ! times the nth Chern class of the representation of SO ( 2 n ) whose highest weight vector is twice that of the half-spin representation.
The ∈ subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase of Pisum sativum

In contrast to the well-characterized spinach ( Spinacea oleracea) chloroplast ATP synthase (CF1–CFo), the properties of the chloroplast ATP synthase from pea (Pisum sativum ) have not been as intensively studied. Preliminary data suggested that the regulatory properties of the two enzymes differ. In the absence of activating treatments the ATPase activity of pea thylakoids in the dark was higher than that in spinach thylakoids. When assayed in the presence of sulfite, the MgATPase activity of pea thylakoids was inhibited to a maximum of 67% by tentoxin, indicating that the dark ATPase activity is in part catalyzed by CF1–CFo. The ATPase activity of purified pea CF1 was also higher than that of spinach CF1 in the absence of activating treatments. These differences could result from the different regulatory properties of the pea ∈ or γ subunit or both. The pea ∈ subunit was less effective in binding to or inhibiting the ATPase activity of pea o r spinach CF1 deficient in ∈ (CF1-∈). Spinach ∈ inhibited the ATPase activity of pea CF1-∈ at lower concentrations than pea ∈. The gene encoding the pea ∈ subunit was cloned and over-expressed. Recombinant pea ∈ did not restore low proton permeability to spinach thylakoid membranes reconstitituted with spinach CF1-∈, although pea ∈ was effective when tested with pea thylakoids reconstitituted with pea CF1-∈. These results confirm earlier suggestions that the C-terminal region of ∈ is important in ∈-CF1 and ∈-CFo interactions.
The ratio of single-turnover to multiple-turnover fluorescence varies predictably with growth rate and cellular chlorophyll in the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta

Marine phytoplankton experience a wide range of nutrient and light conditions in nature and respond to these conditions through changes in growth rate, chlorophyll concentration, and other physiological properties. Chlorophyll fluorescence is a non-invasive and efficient tool for characterizing changes in these physiological properties. In particular, the introduction of fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRf) into studies of phytoplankton physiology has enabled detailed studies of photosynthetic components and kinetics. One property retrieved with an FRRf is the ‘single-turnover’ maximum fluorescence (FmST) when the primary electron acceptor, Qa, is reduced but the plastoquinone (PQ) pool is oxidized. A second retrieved property is the ‘multiple-turnover’ fluorescence (FMT) when both Qa and PQ are reduced. Here, variations in FmST and FMT were measured in the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta grown under nitrate-limited, light-limited, and replete conditions. The ratio of FmST to FMT (ST/MT) showed a consistent relationship with cellular chlorophyll in D. tertiolecta across all growth conditions. However, the ST/MT ratio decreased with growth rate under nitrate-limited conditions but increased with growth rate under light-limited conditions. In addition, cells from light-limited conditions showed a high accumulation of Qb-nonreducing centers, while cells from nitrate-limited conditions showed little to none. We propose that these findings reflect differences in the reduction and oxidation rates of plastoquinone due to the unique impacts of light and nitrate limitation on the stoichiometry of light-harvesting components and downstream electron acceptors.
Optical absorption in monolayer SnO 2

Since the discovery of graphene, considerable research efforts have focused on understanding the properties of other two-dimensional materials. Herein, based on ab initio many-body calculations, we report the optical properties of monolayer ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$. First, we apply the first-principles density functional theory, self-consistent quasiparticle Green's function, and screened Coulomb method to determine the quasiparticle electronic structure. Second, we solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation to obtain the absorption spectra. The quasiparticle band structure reveals an indirect quasiparticle band gap. The absorption spectra show that the direct optical excitation is characterized by an optical band gap of $\ensuremath{\sim}5.36$ eV, which is dominated by strongly bound excitons.
Academic Familism, Spillover Prestige and Gender Segregation in Sociology Subfields: The Trajectory of Economic Sociology

Sociology is a multiparadigmatic discipline, increasingly feminized, but in some of the discipline’s subfields certain theoretical tools and methods dominate over others, and gender integration is stalled. Why so? I examine the intellectual trajectory of the new economic sociology to highlight the role of academic familism, disciplinary spillover prestige, and gender for privileging the networks perspective, over other intellectual currents, in the early developments of the subfield. First, academic familism in a form of cross generational mentor-mentee relationships reinforced networks-based research among early champions of the new economic sociology, such as Harrison White and Mark Granovetter and their students. Second, the network perspective thrived on spillover prestige from natural sciences, which also embraced the study of networks, as well as from economics. Third, alignment with methodological and gender hierarchies in the discipline of sociology privileged the quantitative male-led network analyses over other approaches, such as cultural or inequality analysis. Providing an interpretation of the history of economic sociology, this article also reveals the mechanisms that stall gender integration within sociological subfields despite broader trends in feminization of our discipline.
Promoting Enhanced Public Participation and Community Engagement in Policing

Many police organizations in western democracies have experienced reductions in street and violent crime rates over the last two decades. This enhanced effectiveness, which has been observed in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom since the mid-1990s, has been correlated with the increased use of technology and the employment of proactive, arrest-oriented strategies. In many jurisdictions, resources have been transitioned away from highly touted community policing efforts to investigative and enforcement units. While many law enforcement experts and administrators have viewed these initiatives as a ‘smarter’ form of policing, some advocates for predominantly minority neighborhoods have frequently alleged racial and ethnic bias and other abusive conduct at the hands of the police, most notably in larger metropolitan centers. The purpose of this paper will be to examine and identify practical options for direct community and victim engagement after highlighting legislation and practices that have been shown to increase transparency and police legitimacy in some western democracies. The findings of this review will support the need to enhance public and victim involvement in criminal justice processes as emphasized within the ‘left realism’ theory of justice and will examine options for incorporating this theory into practice.
Solar Radiation Pressure–Based Orbit Control with Application to Small-Body Landing

With appropriate control algorithms, solar radiation pressure (SRP) can be effectively used for orbit control around small celestial bodies. In contrast to the historical treatment of SRP as a dist...
LncRNAs as tumor cell intrinsic factors that affect cancer immunotherapy.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to associate with all major types of malignancies and play important roles in regulating several hallmarks of cancer by interacting with proteins, DNA,...
Section 1. Botanical Nomenclature and Glossary of Botanical Terms

Before the work of Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778), the botanist who established the binomial system of plant nomenclature, a plant sometimes had a name that consisted of many descriptive words. Linnaeus helped to standardize botanical nomenclature by establishing a genus and species name for each plant, followed by its designator. A clinical report involving a plant must always include the plant’s botanical (binomial) name, which consists of both the genus and the species, for example, Duranta repens. By convention, both are italicized or underlined. Duranta is the name of the genus and the first letter is always capitalized. A genus (the plural of which is genera) may be composed of a single species or several hundred. The second part of the binomial, in this case repens, is the particular species within the genus, and it is always in lowercase letters. It is important to include the name of the person (often abbreviated) who named the particular species, as part of the scientific name, to minimize confusion between similar or related plant species. For example, in the case above, the complete name, which would allow the most precise identification, is Duranta repens L.; L. is the accepted abbreviation for Carolus Linnaeus.
Lead in New York City's soils: Population growth, land use, and contamination.

Soil is an important exposure pathway for lead (Pb) and predictor of blood lead levels (BLL) among children. Over the past two decades, many areas within New York City (NYC) have undergone a transition from industrial and manufacturing land use to residential housing. This can bring new residents to areas which contain the legacy of historic Pb contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the difference in soil Pb concentrations between community parks and greenspaces in areas undergoing rapid redevelopment and land use changes and stable areas without redevelopment. Three high- and three low-risk Pb contaminated areas within NYC were identified based on an additive index that included population growth, industrial land use, and new construction. Soil samples (n=358) were collected across 34 parks and analyzed with an XRF with a subset also analyzed by ICP-MS. Areas within NYC, evaluated in this study, with a high-risk index had significantly (p 5ug/dL (37.94 vs. 18.72 per 1000, respectively) compared to low-risk areas. There was a statistically significant (p <0.05) positive correlation between street density, manufacturing/industrial land density and population density change within 0.40 km of a park and soil Pb concentrations. However, we were unable to estimate the source-specific contribution of Pb concentrations in soil, since many of the variables assessed were correlated with one another. Regardless of the source, large population increases are occurring in areas with elevated soil Pb levels. In the three high-risk areas investigated in this study, the population has increased by over 35,000 residents between 2010 to 2017 compared to just 8,500 in the low-risk areas.
Open access in the age of a pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of transparency, open, and timely access to information. Open Access (OA) has the potential to increase the exposure and use of not only published research but also authoritative and reliable information. The Coronavirus (COVID-19) impacted the work of journalists, scientists, and doctors while ordinary citizens are seeking trusted information sources and the truth about the new virus. Government and private institutions worldwide are reacting to the new situation where researchers, educators, students, and staff are trying to adjust to remote teaching and learning as well as telecommuting. In March 2020, a message from the White House was sent to the Scholarly Publishing Community asking them to make all COVID-19 papers openly available and machine readable. Considering the evolving and unresolved issues around OA and scholarly communications, together with the UN 2030 Agenda (a plan of action for sustainable, universal development), this panel brings together diverse perspectives to review the current landscape of OA and shed light on the role it plays in such crises. The panel will also discuss the future implications and impact of the pandemic in the overall advancement of scholarship in general.
The Cultural Competence of Educational Leaders: Developing a Conceptual Framework and Assessment Tool for Leadership Development:

The purpose of this article was to describe the foundational development of a conceptual framework for cultural competence of educational leaders based on an extensive literature review and to deve...
Bladder preserving chemoradiotherapy compared to surgery for variants of urothelial carcinoma and other tumors types involving the bladder: An analysis of the National Cancer Database.

Abstract Purpose For muscle-invasive bladder cancer, bladder preserving chemoradiotherapy (BPCRT) has shown to be a viable alternative for patients with urothelial carcinoma (UCa). Traditionally bladder cancer with variant histology UCa or other tumors types involving the bladder have worse outcomes and BPCRT has been contraindicated. However, there is limited high level evidence for this recommendation. Materials/methods The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for all patients with Bladder cancer treated from 2004 to 2015 restricted to clinical stage T2-4, N0, M0 who had variants of UCa or other tumors types involving the bladder (e.g. adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma). Only patients treated with definitive intent with either radical cystectomy or BPCRT after maximal transurethral tumor resection were analyzed. Propensity-score matching was used. Results 356 patients had BPCRT and 2093 patients had definitive surgery for muscle-invasive bladder cancer limited to variants of UCa and other tumors types involving the bladder. On multivariable analysis worse prognosis was associated with age >65 years old (HR 1.24, p = 0.004) and T4 disease (HR 1.90, p Conclusion From 2004 to 2015, BPCRT in muscle-invasive bladder cancer was associated with similar overall survival compared to cystectomy in patients with selected variant histology but with worse OS for adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma specifically. As our study has inherent limitations, these hypotheses require validation in a prospective setting and/or with a larger sample size.
Floating exchange rates in Peru, 1950–1954

Abstract Three potentially complementary models are tested in an effort to capture the fundamentals that underlaid the market's determination of Peru's floating exchange rate through the period 1950–1954 the first is an expectational purchasing power parity (PPP) model which maintains that asset market forces were driving the exchange rate to its perceived PPP level; the second is a flexible-price monetary model; and the thrid is a model along the lines described by Tsiang (1957) which emphasizes world prices for Peruvian exports as a fundamental determinant. I find that the expectational PPP model not only dominates the others, but also fits quite well.
Metabolic syndrome in overweight or obese children and adolescents based on own material.

AIM To assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) components in overweight or obese children and adolescents, as well as analyze the risk factors of its occurrence. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in a group of 70 children and adolescents aged 5-18 hospitalized in the Department of Gastroenterology, Allergology and Pediatrics, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute in Lodz (Poland) based on the results of medical histories, physical examination, biochemical investigation, and calculation of the Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index. RESULTS MS was diagnosed in 14 children (20%). The most common abnormalities besides obesity included: decreased High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (n=13, 92.9%), increased triglycerides (TG) concentrations (n=10, 71.4%) and arterial hypertension (n=10, 71,4%). Among all the children, insulin resistance was diagnosed in 29 subjects (41.4%). The results of univariate logistic regression showed that the occurrence of lipid disorders, obesity, hypertension and diabetes in their parents, as well as the duration of pregnancy, birth weight, or breastfeeding were not associated with the risk of MS development in the subjects (p>0.05). However, in the study group, 92.9% of subjects had one or more particular risk factor for MS development. CONCLUSIONS Besides visceral obesity, lipid disorders were the most frequently observed components of MS in the subjects analyzed, which may have prognostic significance. The occurrence of one or more MS risk factors in almost all of the children studied indicates the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in the studied group in the future.
Consistent inconsistencies in braking: a spatial analysis

The dynamic system that is the bipedal body in motion is of interest to engineers, clinicians and biological anthropologists alike. Spatial statistics is more familiar to public health researchers ...
An Analysis of the Effects of Spaceflight and Vaccination on Antibody Repertoire Diversity.

Ab repertoire diversity plays a critical role in the host’s ability to fight pathogens. CDR3 is partially responsible for Ab–Ag binding and is a significant source of diversity in the repertoire. CDR3 diversity is generated during VDJ rearrangement because of gene segment selection, gene segment trimming and splicing, and the addition of nucleotides. We analyzed the Ab repertoire diversity across multiple experiments examining the effects of spaceflight on the Ab repertoire after vaccination. Five datasets from four experiments were analyzed using rank-abundance curves and Shannon indices as measures of diversity. We discovered a trend toward lower diversity as a result of spaceflight but did not find the same decrease in our physiological model of microgravity in either the spleen or bone marrow. However, the bone marrow repertoire showed a reduction in diversity after vaccination. We also detected differences in Shannon indices between experiments and tissues. We did not detect a pattern of CDR3 usage across the experiments. Overall, we were able to find differences in the Ab repertoire diversity across experimental groups and tissues.
The Neurobehavioral Analysis of Limbic Forebrain Mechanisms: Revision and Progress Report

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses on the neurobehavioral analysis of the limbic forebrain mechanisms. The chapter reviews the visceral brain hypothesis, the memory hypothesis, and the homeostat hypothesis. The behavior sequences are also discussed. All of the behaviors concerned, like fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating, and maternal are directional— that is, they demand the execution of sequences of actions, sequences in which an appropriate act in the sequence depends on the proper completion of an activity at an earlier point in the sequence. Behavior sequences that cannot be classed as self or species preservative are affected by limbic system lesions. The most rudimentary of such behaviors is a simple alternation task. The completion of one activity in the sequence must be accomplished before the next activity in a sequence can be properly defined and undertaken. Each interaction between environment and organism involves at least two components: (1) discrete interaction by way of the brain's sensory mode-specific classical projection systems and its core homeostats; and (2) a “nonspecific,” relatively diffuse, interaction by way of reticular and related formations. The activity generated in the nonspecific systems acts as a bias on the specific reactions— that is, the set point or value toward which a specific interaction tends to stabilize is set by the nonspecific activity.
Chapter 4 Using Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of VSV to Study Membrane Protein Biogenesis

Publisher Summary This chapter describes experimental protocols that are illustrative of the method in which temperature-sensitive mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be used. The discovery of these mutant viral proteins has created an opportunity to synchronize the transport of the totality of an integral membrane protein, not just a subpopulation that has been radiochemically tagged. Once synchronized, this transport has proved amenable to morphological characterization. These mutants also prove useful in determining the mechanisms, underlying the retention of proteins in the ER or at other specific steps along the “secretory” pathway. The rapid reversibility of the temperature-induced transport block indicates that the mechanism of retention of these mutants may involve subtle interactions with specific cellular machinery. The discovery that the G protein in some mutant VSV strains is temperature-sensitive for exit from the ER allows synchronizing its transport between the ER and the cell surface. To determine independently whether the G protein has been correctly transported to the Golgi apparatus and not to an inappropriate destination, it can be investigated whether its asparagine-linked oligosaccharides have been appropriately remodeled.
Amine oxidase. XI. Beef plasma amine oxidase, a sulfhydryl protein.

Abstract The beef plasma amine oxidase has been shown to be a sulfhydryl protein containing about 2 —SH groups per mole of enzyme. The —SH groups are buried at pH 7.0 but become accessible to p -chloromercuribenzoate at pH 4.6 or at pH 7.0 in the presence of 8 m urea or 5 m guanidine hydrochloride solutions. The —SH groups are not essential for activity nor are they chelated to the copper present in the enzyme. At higher concentrations, p -chloromercuribenzoate inhibits the enzyme, noncompetitively. Since benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol also inhibit the enzyme, noncompetitively, it is postulated that there may be η-bonding between the inhibitors and an aromatic residue in the enzyme. The enzyme was found to be rapidly inactivated in 8 m urea and 5 m guanidine hydrochloride solutions.
The Reactions of Cobalt, Iron and Nickel in SO2 Atmospheres: Similarities and Differences

The reactions of cobalt, iron and nickel in SO2 atmospheres are reviewed and compared. A mixed oxide-sulfide product layer is observed in all cases. Cobalt and nickel exhibit similar behavior. The observed rates are near the sulfidation rates, and the reaction rate is strongly influenced by the outward diffusion of metal through an interconnected sulfide network. A continuous interconnected sulfide is not observed in the oxide-sulfide scales formed on iron, and the reaction rates are more difficult to summarize. The differences and similarities among the three metals are explained in terms of the absence of scale-gas equilibrium and the ratio of the metal diffusivity in the corresponding oxide and sulfide.
Neural networks for effect prediction in environmental and health issues using large datasets

Neural network methodologies allow the modeling of non-linear relationships. This makes them useful tools for the analysis of larger data sets of non-congeneric compounds with unknown or varying modes of action. This brief review describes recent advances and their applications to sets of several hundred to over 1 000 compounds, modeling acute toxicity data for several aquatic species, including fish, ciliate, bacteria, and non-acute toxicity data for a mammalian species endpoint, i.e. estrogen receptor binding assay data.
Genetics and Susceptibility of Coronary Collateral Formation

To the Editor: In their excellent special review article on coronary collaterals, Koerselman et al1 outline the angiogenic cascade and discuss why coronary collaterals are important and why this individual potential to develop collaterals should be considered an additional indicator of cardiac vulnerability. However, the authors do not emphasize the importance of the genetic predisposition of the individual patient to develop collaterals or to respond to different triggers. Schultz et al,2 in a study published in Circulation , found that patients with no collaterals had a significantly lower hypoxic induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than patients with collaterals. They concluded that the ability to respond to progressive coronary artery stenosis is …
Stepwise Estimation of Random Processes

The problem of estimating a continuous-time random process from its observations at appropriately designed sampling points is considered. The quality of an estimator is measured by its integrated mean square error (IMSE). Here, sampling points are designed stepwisely to minimize the IMSE and the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is so determined that the earlier calculations do not have to be repeated with addition of one or more new samples. For random processes whose covariance has a sharp corner at the diagonal, it is shown that essentially, an optimal one-step forward sampling location is one of the midpoints of intervals determined by the current and previous sampling points. Both analytical and numerical examples are considered.
The difficulties of ambulatory interscalene and intra-articular infusions for rotator cuff surgery: a preliminary report

Purpose Rotator cuff repair may result in severe postoperative pain. We compared a continuous intra-articular infusion to a continuous interscalene block with ropivacaine for patients undergoing outpatient rotator cuff repair.
Iteration in Engineering Design: Inherent and Unavoidable or Product of Choices Made?

Iteration in design has different meanings, ranging from simple task repetition to heuristic reasoning processes. Determining the need to iterate is important to improve the design process on cost, time, and quality, but currently there is no categorization of iterations conducive to this goal. After exploring the possible causes and attempts to address them, we propose to classify iterations as rework, design, or behavioral. This framework suggests that design teams should try to eliminate rework iterations, perform design iterations without skipping abstraction levels, and do behavioral iterations in parallel.© 2003 ASME
Revisão baseada na evidência – um falso positivo ou um verdadeiro positivo para a nossa prática clínica?

Revisao baseada na evidencia – um falso positivo ou um verdadeiro positivo para a nossa pratica clinica?