cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural axonal pathology in experimentally diabetic and aging control rats

Electron microscopic examination of tibial nerves from streptozotocin-diabetic, alloxan-diabetic and age-matched control rats was undertaken at two weeks and two, four, eight, and twelve months following the induction of diabetes. Many myelinated axons of both diabetic and control rats contained glycogen-like granules, axon-Schwann cell networks and fingerlike intrusions of myelin. These axonal changes were observed more frequently with advancing age and duration of diabetes, suggesting that they are related to aging or repeated injury. A larger proportion of diabetic axons than control axons were affected at early time periods, but by eight and twelve months the control axons were as frequently (or more frequently) involved as diabetic axons. Thus, experimental diabetes may confer upon peripheral myelinated axons an increased susceptability to aging or repeated injury. Specific morphologic abnormalities in peripheral myelinated axons associated uniquely with streptozotocin or alloxan diabetes in the rat were not noted.
Thermochemistry of inorganic sulfur compounds III. The standard molar enthalpy of formation at 298.15 K of US1.992 (β-uranium disulfide) by fluorine bomb calorimetry

Abstract A thoroughly analyzed specimen of β-uranium disulfide of composition US 1.992±0.002 has been studied by fluorine-bomb calorimetry. The standard molar energy of combustion: Δ c U m o (US 1.992 , cr, β, 298.15 K) = −(4092.5±7.5) kJ·mol −1 has been determined on the basis of the reaction: US 1.992 (cr, β) + 8.976F 2 (g) = UF 6 (cr) + 1.992F 6 (g). The standard molar enthalpy of formation: Δ f H m o (US 1.992 , cr, β, 298.15 K) = −(519.7±8.0) kJ·mol −1 was derived, and from that result Δ f H m o (US 2 , cr, 298.15 K) = −(521±8) kJ·mol −1 is estimated.
Levodopa-stimulated growth hormone secretion and diabetic retinopathy.

Since growth hormone has been implicated as a possible etiologic factor in the development of diabetic retinopathy, we examined growth hormone levels in two groups of growth-onset diabetics matched for age and duration of disease. The experimental group had definite proliferative diabetic retinopathy; the control group of growth-onset diabetics had no significant retinopathy. Basal and levodopa-stimulated levels of growth hormone were determined for each group. Growth hormone response could not be correlated with the presence or absence of diabetic retinopathy (P less than .05).
Ocular phenomena in the two stages of sleep in the cat

Abstract The pupil is wider and the nictitating membrane is more retracted in the stage of sleep characterized by a low voltage electrocorticogram than in sleep with slow waves and spindles. The infrapalpebral events suggest an increased sympathetic activity, probably humoral in nature, which may help account for some of the variations in autonomic neuroeffector systems and the persistent electrocortical desynchronization typical of this stage of sleep.
The mutagenicity of dinitrotoluenes in Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract The mutagenicity of technical grade 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT), a mixture composed predominantly of 2,4-DNT (76.5%) and 2,6-DNT(18.8%) but containing 3,4-, 2,3-, 2,5- and 3,5-DNT, and the 6 isomers of DNT has been determined in 3 assays with Salmonella typhimurium. The mixture and the individual isomers of DNT were found to be mutagenic in the Ames' Salmonella/microsome test, particularly in strains responding to frame-shift mutagens; 3,5-DNT was found to be the most effective isomer in inducing reversion to histidine prototrophy in S. typhimurium strains TA98 and TA1538. Similar results were obtained with a quantitative reversion assay using strain TA98; 3,5-DNT was the most mutagenic of the compounds examined, particularly in the absence of post-mitochondrial supernants of rat-liver homogenates. While all isomers and the mixture of DNTs increased the 8-azaguanine-resistant fraction of S. typhimurium TM677 to some degree, the greater mutagenicity of 3,5-DNT compared to other isomers was not evident in the forward mutational assay.
Photolithographic Patterning of C2C12 Myotubes using Vitronectin as Growth Substrate in Serum-Free Medium

The C2C12 cell line is frequently used as a model of skeletal muscle differentiation. In our serum-free defined culture system, differentiation of C2C12 cells into myotubes required surface-bound signals such as substrate-adsorbed vitronectin or laminin. On the basis of this substrate requirement of myotube formation, we developed a photolithography-based method to pattern C2C12 myotubes, where myotubes formed exclusively on vitronectin surface patterns. We have determined that the optimal line width to form single myotubes is approximately 30 mum. To illustrate a possible application of this method, we patterned myotubes on the top of commercial substrate-embedded microelectrodes. In contrast to previous experiments where cell patterning was achieved by selective attachment of the cells to patterned surfaces in a medium that contained all of the factors necessary for differentiation, this study illustrates that surface patterning of a signaling molecule, which is essential for skeletal muscle differentiation in a defined system, can result in the formation of aligned myotubes on the patterns. This technique is being developed for applications in cell biology, tissue engineering, and robotics.
Infrared spectra of 15NCS− in the alkali halides

Abstract 15 NCS − has been isolated in NaI, KI, RbI, and CsI by reacting 15 NH 4 + and CS 3 2− , in alkali halide pressed disks. The infrared spectra of these samples have been obtained from 4000 to 400 cm −1 . With these data and previous data for 14 NCS − , the anharmonic force field of NCS − in each lattice has been determined using a simplified quartic force field. The temperature dependence of the fundamental frequencies has been studied between 10 and 310 K.
Measuring Medical Burden Using CIRS in Older Veterans Enrolled in UPBEAT, a Psychogeriatric Treatment Program: A Pilot Study

Background. A quantitative measure of medical burden is needed to assess medical comorbidities in psychogeriatric patients. The Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) is the most widely used instrument for measuring medical burden in psychogeriatric research. Many clinicians, however, are discouraged by the requirement to project the persistence of acute conditions and therefore do not use the scale. The goal of this pilot study was to determine whether the inclusion of acute medical conditions undermines the usefulness of the CIRS. No such comparison was found in the existing literature. Methods. Included in this study were 95 patients previously enrolled in the Unified Psychogeriatric Biopsychosocial Evaluation and Treatment (UPBEAT) demonstration program. All were male veterans of the U.S. armed forces who were admitted to acute medical or surgical inpatient units and who had positive screening results for anxiety, depression, or alcohol abuse. Two types of retrospective CIRS ratings were made for each patient: one included (CIRS-IP) and the other excluded (CIRS-PH) acute conditions. For each type of rating (CIRS-IP and CIRS-PH), 7 CIRS scores were computed according to methods reported in the literature. Survival time during 24 months of follow-up was used as a measure of health outcome indicating medical burden. Results. With 1 exception, CIRS-IP and corresponding CIRS-PH scores were highly correlated (.70 < r <.99; p < .001). And, for 5 of 7 scores, both CIRS-IP and CIRS-PH were significantly associated with survival time (p <.05). Conclusions. Results suggest that the CIRS can be used as an indicator of medical burden even with the inclusion of acute conditions. If replicated, these findings may increase CIRS use and thus aid the effort to encourage clinicians working with psychogeriatric patients to use standardized instruments to document medical burden.
A rapid staining technique for the detection of the initiation of germination of bacterial spores.

Methods and Results: Spores at different stages of germination were stained with modified spore stain (Wirtz-Conklin) and evaluated for staining properties. Bacillus spores suspended in deionized water, which does not support germination, stained greenish-blue. Spores suspended in germination enhancers that did not form bacilli stained pink, indicating the initiation of germination. Spores suspended in culture media, which promotes bacterial outgrowth, formed bacilli and were also stained pink. Conclusions: Modified spore stain (Wirtz-Conklin) was found to be useful to detect the initiation of spore germination as early as 30 min following incubation in a germination environment. Significance and Impact of the Study: This simple staining procedure is useful in detecting the initiation of germination of bacterial spores.
Interplay between magnetism and superconductivity in the iron pnictides

We consider phase transitions and potential coexistence of spin-density-wave (SDW) magnetic order and extended $s$-wave $({s}^{+})$ superconducting order within a two-band itinerant model of iron pnictides in which SDW magnetism and ${s}^{+}$ superconductivity are competing orders. We show that depending on parameters, the transition between these two states is either first order or involves an intermediate phase in which the two orders coexist. We demonstrate that such coexistence is possible when SDW order is incommensurate.
THE FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE-LOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HETEROZYGOSITY AND GROWTH RATE IN PITCH PINE (PINUS RIGIDA MILL.).

Positive correlations between measures of "fitness" and the number of electrophoretic loci for which an individual is heterozygous have been observed in many species. Two major hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon: inbreeding depression and overdominance. Until recently, there has been no way to distinguish between these hypotheses. The overdominance model devised by Smouse (1986) is used here in a reanalysis of Ledig et al.'s (1983) study of heterozygosity and growth rate in eight populations of pitch pine and is contrasted with an inbreeding-depression analysis. Ledig et al. (1983) regressed mean growth rate per heterozygosity class on the number of heterozygous loci, a method of analysis which, although it points to general trends in the data, does not differentiate between hypotheses. The correlations they obtained in four populations were significant only because regressing on the means eliminates most of the sum of squares for error and does not weight the unequally sized heterozygosity classes. Reanalysis of Ledig et al.'s data using individuals, not means, showed no significant correlations between heterozygosity and fitness. A major assumption of Smouse's overdominance model is that genetic polymorphism is in part a reflection of selection for heterozygotes at genetic equlibrium. The homozygote for the most frequent allele at a locus should be more fit than a homozygote for a less frequent allele, with the heterozygote superior to both homozygotes. Smouse's model predicts a negative, linear relationship between fitness and "adaptive distance," a variable that for a heterozygote is zero and for homozygotes is equal to the inverse of the frequency of the corresponding allele. The adaptive-distance model accounted for between 15% and 50% of the variation in growth rate within eight P. rigida population samples by accounting for genotypic differences at eight polymorphic loci. This is over twice as much of the variation in growth rate accounted for by Ledig et al.'s (1983) analysis using individuals. Significant correlations were found between adaptive distance and growth rate in four of the eight populations, but in only two of the populations were more of the partial coefficients negative than positive, as would be predicted by the overdominance hypothesis. The remaining two populations in which correlations were significant did not lend themselves to such clear-cut interpretation, as the majority of the partial coefficients were positive. Positive partial coefficients indicate that the growth rate of the heterozygote is inferior to that of at least one of the homozygotes. The adaptive-distance analysis provides evidence that specific genotypes do play a role in determining growth rate in pitch pine. The correlation between growth rate and adaptive distance increased significantly with the age of the population, possibly reflecting competition subsequent to crown closure.
The aldo-keto reductase superfamily and its role in drug metabolism and detoxification.

The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily comprises enzymes that catalyze redox transformations involved in biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. Substrates of AKRs include glucose, steroids, glycosylation end-products, lipid peroxidation products, and environmental pollutants. These proteins adopt a (β /α )8 barrel structural motif interrupted by a number of extraneous loops and helixes that vary between proteins and bring structural identity to individual families. The human AKR family differs from the rodent families. Due to their broad substrate specificity, AKRs play an important role in the phase II detoxification of a large number of pharmaceuticals, drugs, and xenobiotics.
Parental socialization of emotion expression : Gender differences and relations to child adjustment

The present study examined gender differences in children's submissive and disharmonious emotions and parental attention to these emotions. Sixty children and their mothers and fathers participated when children were 4 and 6 years old. Children's emotion expression and parental responses during a game were coded. Girls expressed more submissive emotion than boys. Fathers attended more to girls' submissive emotion than to boys' at preschool age. Fathers attended more to boys' disharmonious emotion than to girls' at early school age. Parental attention at preschool age predicted later submissive expression level. Child disharmonious emotion predicted later externalizing symptoms. Gender differences in these emotions may occur as early as preschool age and may be subject to differential responding, particularly by fathers.
Animal Models of Focal and Global Cerebral Ischemia

The use of appropriate animal models is essential to predict the value and effect of therapeutic approaches in human subjects. Focal (stroke) and global (cardiac arrest) cerebral ischemia represents diseases that are common in the human population. Stroke and cardiac arrest, which are major causes of death and disability, affect millions of individuals around the world and are responsible for the leading health care costs of all diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of injury and neuroprotection in these diseases is critical if we are ever to learn new target sites to treat ischemia. There are many animal models available to investigate injury mechanisms and neuroprotective strategies. This review summarizes many (but not all) small and large animal models of focal and global cerebral ischemia and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.
Detection of low-speed ground moving targets using MIMO radar

For airborne radar systems, space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is the approach that is normally adopted to detect ground moving targets in ground clutter, but the technique becomes less effective if the speed of ground moving targets is very low because of the proximity of the Doppler frequency of targets to that of ground clutter. Typical low-speed ground target detection scenarios include detecting ground troops and slowly-moving ground vehicles. Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar possesses multiple transmitting and receiving channels providing additional diversified reflections for fusion processing in target detection and measurements. MIMO radar has been extensively investigated [1, 2]; but the exact structure of MIMO radar is defined widely different. In this work, an innovative multi-level MIMO radar signal processing architecture is proposed for airborne systems to effectively detect low-speed ground moving targets. The new MIMO-based approach is demonstrated to be effective for detecting such low-speed ground targets in this work, and some simulation results are presented subsequently.
Genetics of Body Mass Stability and Risk for Chronic Disease: A 28-year Longitudinal Study

We examined the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to body mass index (BMI) over approximately 28 years. Participants were 693 male, predominantly middle-class, twins (355 monozygotic, 338 dizygotic) from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. The phenotypic correlation between age 20 and age 48 BMI was 0.52; the genetic correlation was 0.60. Most of the remaining variance at both times was accounted for by nonshared environmental factors. Since genetic factors are not perfectly correlated, this indicates that other genes affect BMI at one or both time points, leaving room for further exploration of the genetics of body mass stability. Mean BMI increased significantly from 22.7 (normal) to 27.8 (overweight). Overweight BMI at age 20 predicted midlife adult onset diabetes (adjusted odds ratio = 4.62, 95% CI 1.91 to 11.18), but not hypertension. Depending on one's vantage point, the results indicate elements of both stability and change in BMI. Very similar phenotypic and genetic correlations were observed over a similar time period in a WW II twin sample, but without the substantial mean increase in BMI. It seems unlikely that different genes influence BMI in the two cohorts. Therefore, we argue that nonshared environmental factors are probably primarily responsible for the secular increase in midlife BMI. Our results also provide prospective evidence that early excess BMI may have serious long-term health consequences, and that this risk is not limited to minorities or adults of lower socioeconomic status.
Millisecond Kinetics of Nanocrystal Cation Exchange Using Microfluidic X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

We describe the use of a flow-focusing microfluidic reactorto measure the kinetics of theCdSe-to-Ag2Se nanocrystal cation exchangereaction using micro-X-ray absorption spectroscopy (mu XAS). The smallmicroreactor dimensions facilitate the millisecond mixing of CdSenanocrystal and Ag+ reactant solutions, and the transposition of thereaction time onto spatial coordinates enables the in situ observation ofthe millisecond reaction with mu XAS. XAS spectra show the progression ofCdSe nanocrystals to Ag2Se over the course of 100 ms without the presenceof long-lived intermediates. These results, along with supporting stoppedflow absorption experiments, suggest that this nanocrystal cationexchange reaction is highly efficient and provide insight into how thereaction progresses in individual particles. This experiment illustratesthe value and potential of in situ microfluidic X-ray synchrotrontechniques for detailed studies of the millisecond structuraltransformations of nanoparticles and other solution-phase reactions inwhich diffusive mixing initiates changes in local bond structures oroxidation states.
Parity-violating electron scattering - an experimental overview

We discuss the current status and future plans of world-wide efforts of parity-violating asymmetry measurements in the scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons off unpolarized fixed targets. One thrust is the measurements of nucleon neutral weak form factors at intermediate four-momentum transfer (0.1 < Q 2 < 1) (GeV/c)2 which provides information about the role of virtual strange quarks on the charge and current distributions inside nucleons. A new topic is the elastic neutral weak amplitude at very low Q 2 from scattering off a heavy spinless nucleus, which is sensitive to the presence of a neutron skin. Finally, we discuss the neutral current elastic amplitude at very low Q 2 off protons and electrons and in the DIS regime off deuterium, which allows precision measurements of the weak mixing angle at low energy and is thus sensitive to new physics at the TeV scale. The physics implications of recent results, potential measurements from experiments under construction as well as new ideas at future facilities are discussed.
DELI: a new run-time control point

The Dynamic Execution Layer Interface (DELI) offers the following unique capability: it provides fine-grain control over the execution of programs, by allowing its clients to observe and optionally manipulate every single instruction - at run time - just before it runs. DELI accomplishes this by opening up art interface to the layer between the execution of software and hardware. To avoid the slowdown, DELI caches a private copy of the executed code and always runs out of its own private cache. In addition to giving powerful control to clients, DELI opens up caching and linking to ordinary emulators and just-in-time compilers, which their get the reuse benefits of the same mechanism. For example, emulators themselves call also use other clients, to mix emulation with already existing services, native code, and other emulators. This paper describes the basic aspects of DELI, including the underlying caching and linking mechanism, the Hardware Abstraction Mechanism (HAM), the Binary-Level Translation (BLT) infrastructure, and the Application Programming Interface (API) exposed to the clients. We also cover some of the services that clients could offer through the DELI, such as ISA emulation, software patching, and sandboxing. Finally, we consider a case study of emulation in detail: the emulation of a PocketPC system on the Lx/ST210 embedded VLIW processor. In this case, DELI enables us to achieve near-native performance, and to mix-and-match native and emulated code.
The Vibrations of Quartz Plates

By vibrating quartz crystals in an electric circuit Wright and Stuart have shown that the crystals break up into different parts while oscillating. The nodal lines thus formed are made visible to the eye by lycopodium powder. In the present paper it is pointed out that the mathematical theory of Chladni plates gives a general equation, A cos-cos -+ Bcos --cos = 0, for the nodal lines of square plates. This equation is also applicable to quartz plates in so far as the forms of the nodal lines are concerned. It gives no information regarding the manner of vibration of the quartz. Chladni plates both square and round have been vibrated by mechanical impact from a vacuum tube oscillator circuit. A few of the figures thus obtained are shown and may be compared with those of Wright and Stuart. The nodal lines for circular quartz plates do not in general resemble those of circular Chladni plates.
Abstract 2945: Nilotinib abrogates DNMT1-depenent DNA methylation: A novel mechanism for induction of AML leukemia regression

Nilotinib has been approved to treat newly diagnosed, imatinib-resistant or -intolerant leukemia, but the mechanisms underlying its antileukemia actions remain elusive. Here, we report that nilotinib blocks AML growth through its DNA hypomethylating activity. We showed that, in addition to inducing a reduction of KIT and FLT3 protein expression and phosphorylation, nilotinib downregulated DNMT1, 3a and 3b in Kasumi-1, MV4-11 and C1498 cells. Since DNMT1 is maintenance and de novo DNMT, we focused on DNMT1 and proved that nilotinib impaired DNMT1 expression via Sp1 dysfunction, since the luciferase activity driven by DNMT1 promoter containing Sp1 binding sites was decreased by 2.6 fold by nilotinib, while increased by 10.6 fold after Sp1 overexpression. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay disclosed that nilotinib abolished Sp1 binding on DNMT1 promoter. Dotblot using 5mC antibody revealed global DNA hypomethylation and qPCR showed p15INK4B upregulation in Kasumi-1 (3.4 fold) or MV4-11 (5.2 fold). Bisulfite sequencing found a decrease of DNA methylation on p15INK4B promoter from 100% to 89% in Kasumi-1 or 13% to 0% in MV4-11. The functional assays showed a decrease of colony formation in Kasumi-1 (60%) or MV4-11 (58%), and an increase of cell apoptosis in Kasumi-1 (6.9 fold) or MV4-11 (3.2 fold). We verified these findings in AML patient blasts (n = 3) by showing that nilotinib treatment led to the dephosphorylation of KIT, the downregulation of DNMT1, 3a, 3b and Sp1, the reduction of global DNA methylation and the re-expression of p15INK4B (4.4 fold) via promoter demethylation (from 14% to 6%), which was followed by suppressed colony formation (77%), promoted cell apoptosis (1.84 fold) and increased caspase-3 and caspase-8. To test if nilotinib induces AML regression via DNA hypomethylation in vivo, 0.1×106 C1498 cells were injected into C57BL/6 mice (n = 3 mice/group) via the tail vein. The leukemic mice were treated with 5, 10 or 15 mg/kg of nilotinib in PEG400 plus saline via intraperitoneal injection twice a week for a total of 6 doses. No toxicity was observed for the tested drug dosage and schedule, because of no evident change of mouse body weight. Compared to the control group, nilotinib-treated mice had a decrease in spleen size. HE 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2945. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2945
The Peoples of Palestine in the Middle Bronze I Period

The Middle Bronze I period, ca . 2150–1900 B.C., has been regarded until recently as something of a “Dark Age” in the history of Palestine. That this period has yielded so slowly and stubbornly to the probings of the archaeologist now appears to have been due to its basic character: it represents a largely non-urban, transitional culture which (taken together with “EB IV”) spans the interlude of several centuries between the great urban eras of the Early Bronze and the Middle Bronze Ages. Semi-nomads and transitory settlers leave frustratingly few traces for the archaeologist. Nevertheless, intensive research in recent years enables us finally to draw a provisional picture of the material culture of MB I in Palestine (see the sketch in Section B).
A Hierarchical Bayesian method for market positioning in environmentally conscious design

Environmentally conscious consumers and environmental protection legislation have been driving manufacturers to design, produce, and dispose products in a more environmentally responsible manner. One of the key issues is how to position environmentally conscious products in the marketplace. Environmentally conscious design eventually needs to make the transition into mainstream design, rather than stay in a high-profile niche application. The assumption that all consumers have the same preferences does not hold in the real marketplace. Heterogeneous customer preferences require analysis of customer choice behavior at the individual level. In addition, individual customer preferences can be clustered into aggregate preferences of different market segments that are latent within the customer base. In this paper, a Hierarchical Bayesian method is presented to integrate individual level preference information, which can be used to help manufacturers measure product attribute weights and identify appropriate market segments in which customers value the environmentally conscious design the most. An automobile design case study is used to demonstrate the proposed approach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
High spatial resolution sampling of metals in the sediment and water column in Port Jefferson Harbor, New York

Eighteen sediment samples and six water-column samples were collected in a small (6 km2), coastal embayment (Port Jefferson Harbor, New York) to define a high-resolution spatial distribution of metals and to elucidate sources of contaminants to the harbor. Sediment metal (Ag, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) concentrations varied widely, reflecting differences in sediment grain size, with higher metal concentrations located in the fine-grained inner harbor sediments. Calculated enrichment factors for these sediments show that Ag, Pb, Cu, and Zn are elevated relative to both crustal abundances and their respective abundances in sediments in central Long Island Sound. Metal concentrations were 1.2 to 10 fold greater in water from the inner harbor compared to water from Long Island Sound collected outside the mouth of the harbor. Spatial variations in trace metals in surface waters within the bay parallel the spatial variations of trace metals in sediments within the harbor. Elevated water-column metal concentrations appear to be partially derived from a combination of diagenetic remobilization from contaminated sediments (e.g., Ag) and anthropogenic sources (e.g., Cu and Zn) within the southern portions of the harbor. Although the National Status and Trends Program had reported previously that sediment metal concentrations in Port Jefferson Harbor were low, the results of this study show sediment metals have high spatial variability and are enriched in the inner harbor sediments at levels comparable to more urbanized western north shore Long Island harbors.
The Moduli of the Roots of an Algebraic Equation

(3) m(r) = IaIr2(V/2V b2acI +I b+ Iacj )r+IcI. Finding g(n) for the cubic is reduced to the problem of finding ,Nz for the reduced cubic. The value ZNz for the reduced cubic is one of the roots of a specified cubic. The general case is not completely treated. The polynomial g(n) for an equation of degree m is shown, however, to be a factor of a polynomial R(n) whose degree is m2. As a by-product, there is found a method for obtaining the equation of degree mp, whose roots are the products of the m roots of a polynomiaJ f(z) by the p roots of a polynomial g(z).
Divide and conquer, or the disintegration of strategic management: It’s time to celebrate:

Every so often it is useful for a field of study to take the time to self-reflect and consider its existence from a high level in order to re-evaluate and possibly re-direct its resource allocations moving forward (where such reflection has become a wonderful and valuable standard in Strategic Organization!). In this essay, we counter Hambrick’s call to consolidate with a radical suggestion to separate the field of strategic organization into at least two camps. We offer a sound logic for that split and detail its hypothetical positive implications for the field in terms of the possibilities for improved research resource allocation and improved practical impact.
Food additives standards needs to be strictly followed in Food industry

Food additives are developed with the food industry.Food additives can improve food quality on color,flavor,taste and texture.It can also preserve and extend the storage of the food effectively.It plays an important role in the modern food industry.Without food additives,it would be no modern food industry.However,in recent years,some of the food manufactories illegally adds non-edible substance in the foods and cause severe safety problem as well as consumer's deep misunderstanding of food additives.Meanwhile,some of the companies exceeded use food additives in term of scope and quantities which also caused food safety problems.In fact,none of those severe food safety issues happened recently is caused by food additives,they are all due to illegal use of food additives.As long as the company follows the national standards GB 2760 "Food additives usage standards",using food additives is safe.The causes of exceeding usage of food additives are listed and analyzed in the paper;food additives regulations and standards are provided in detail.
Analysis of duodenal mucosal disaccharidase activities in children in Guangzhou

Objectives To investigate the relationship between duodenal mucosal histology and duodenal lactase,sucrase and maltase activities in children in Guangzhou and identify levels of duodenal lactase、sucrase and maltase activities in children with normal villus histology.Methods Total of 140 children were included in this study.Specimens from their distal duodenum were obtained through biopsy via endoscope.Disaccharidase activities were analyzed with modified Dahlqvist method.Specimens were also examined histologically.Histologic changes were classified as normal,subtotal villous atrophy or total villous atrophy based on villus height abnormalities.Results(1)There were 110 subjects with normal histology and 30 subjects with subtotal villous atrophy.No one had total villous atrophy.(2) Disaccharidase activities were decreased significantly in children with subtotal villous atrophy in comparison with children with normal villus histology.(3) The activities of duodenal digestive enzymes in children with normal villus histology in Guangzhou were:mean lactase level were 19.91,16.76-23.56(95%CI),and 3.22(the lowest value)(U/g);mean sucrase level were 72.96,62.99-91.70(95%CI),and 15.48(the lowest value)(U/g);mean maltase levels were 331.13,282.49-388.15(95%CI),and 61.62(the lowest value)(U/g).Conclusions Disaccharidase activities were related to mucosal histology.Intestinal mucosal injury may decrease lactase,sucrase,maltase activities.The study has identified geometric mean,95% confidence interval,and the lowest level for activities of duodenal digestive enzyme in children of Guangzhou.And it might provide valuable baseline information for future studies in Chinese children.
Gene expression profiling in embryonic mouse lenses.

PURPOSE In this study, we used laser capture microdissection (LCM) and microarray hybridization technology to compare the gene expression profiles of mouse embryonic days 10 and 12 lenses (E10 and E12). METHODS Lens cells of C57/BL6 mouse embryos at E10 and E12 were harvested using the PixCell II LCM System. Total RNA was extracted, amplified, labeled, and hybridized to the 430 2.0 mouse chip (Affymetrix) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Data extracted from the images were analyzed using different software programs. Regulated expression of selected genes was confirmed by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). RESULTS Analysis of the microarray data from E10 and E12 lenses identified 1,573 genes that showed a two fold or greater change in expression level. Among these 1,573 genes, 956 genes were downregulated and 617 were upregulated in E12 lenses. In addition to the upregulated expression of beta- and gamma-crystallin genes, genes that regulate the cell cycle showed significant changes of gene expression during the E10 (lens pit) to E12 (primary fiber cell induction) time period. Genes involved in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling and Wnt (a family of secreted glycoproteins related to the Drosophila segment polarity gene, wingless, and to the proto-oncogene, int-1) signaling were also differentially regulated. In particular, positive regulators of Wnt signaling were downregulated and negative regulators were upregulated, indicating that modulation of Wnt signaling is important for normal lens morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide new information about differential regulation of gene expression during early lens development. Analysis of global gene expression profiles in embryonic mouse lenses has allowed us to identify several molecular pathways that are differentially regulated during early lens development.
Cytoplasmic granularity of the renal medullary interstitial cells in experimental hypertension.

Abstract The renal medullary (papillae and medullae) interstitial cells have prominent features suggesting an actively secretory cell. These include the presence of numerous mitochondria, prominent Golgi bodies, smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticula, and osmiophilic granules which are stained for neutral lipids with oil Red-O. The interstitial cells were studied as a possible production site for the antihypertensive factor-a neutral lipid. Experimental hypertension was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by administration of excessive sodium chloride or by injections of DOCA or with a combination of both agents. The same agents were administered to separate groups of animals with and without unilateral nephrectomy. The granularity within 100 interstitial cells was evaluated quantitatively in 0.5 μ sections stained with methylene blue and azure II. Granules within interstitial cells were also counted in electron micrographs of 50 cells chosen at random. Hypertension developed in a significant number of animals after administration of DOCA and also after administration of saline with DOCA, in both uninephrectomized and non-nephrectomized animals. Animals were more susceptible to experimental hypertension following unilateral nephrectomy. Ultrastructural studies of the renal medullary interstitial cell in control animals revealed a relatively constant number of cytoplasmic granules (8.8 ± 1.2). In animals undergoing unilateral nephrectomy and given NaCl with DOCA, the osmiophilic granularity was significantly increased (p
Hierarchically Gated Deep Networks for Semantic Segmentation

Semantic segmentation aims to parse the scene structure of images by annotating the labels to each pixel so that images can be segmented into different regions. While image structures usually have various scales, it is difficult to use a single scale to model the spatial contexts for all individual pixels. Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and their variants have made striking success for modeling the global scene structure for an image. However, they are limited in labeling fine-grained local structures like pixels and patches, since spatial contexts might be blindly mixed up without appropriately customizing their scales. To address this challenge, we develop a novel paradigm of multiscale deep network to model spatial contexts surrounding different pixels at various scales. It builds multiple layers of memory cells, learning feature representations for individual pixels at their customized scales by hierarchically absorbing relevant spatial contexts via memory gates between layers. Such Hierarchically Gated Deep Networks (HGDNs) can customize a suitable scale for each pixel, thereby delivering better performance on labeling scene structures of various scales. We conduct the experiments on two datasets, and show competitive results compared with the other multi-scale deep networks on the semantic segmentation task.
A Novel Continuous-Time Modeling and Optimization Framework for Well Platform Planning Problems

The long-term planning problem for integrated gas field development is investigated. The key decisions involve both design of the production and transportation network structure and operation of the gas fields over time. A novel continuous-time modeling and optimization approach is proposed, which introduces the concept of event points and allows the well platforms to come online at potentially any time within the continuous horizon under consideration. A two-level formulation and solution framework is developed to take into account complicated economic calculations and results in mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems. As compared with the discrete-time model, the proposed approach leads to more compact mathematical models and significant reduction of the size of the resulting MINLP problems. Even though, the proposed approach in its current form cannot guarantee convergence to the optimal solution, computational results show that this approach can reduce the computational efforts required substantially and solve problems that are intractable for the discrete-time model.
Default Rules Are Better Than Active Choosing (Often)

In recent years, governments have become keenly interested in behavioral science; new findings in psychology and behavioral economics have led to bold initiatives in areas that involve poverty, consumer protection, savings, health, the environment, and much more. Private institutions have used behavioral findings as well. But there is a pervasive and insufficiently explored question: when is it best to ask people to make active choices, and when is it best to use a default rule, which means that people need not make any choice at all? The answer depends on a form of cost–benefit analysis, which means that it is necessary to investigate whether choosing is a burden or a pleasure, whether learning is important, and whether a default rule would satisfy the informed preferences or all of most people.
Habitat overlap among bobcats (Lynx rufus), coyotes (Canis latrans), and Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in an agricultural landscape

Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758) populations have grown considerably in the Midwestern U.S. alongside mesocarnivores, such as coyotes (Canis latrans Say, 1823) and bobcats (Lynx ruf...
Status Epilepticus Triggers Time-Dependent Alterations in Microglia Abundance and Morphological Phenotypes in the Hippocampus.

Status epilepticus (SE) is defined by the occurrence of prolonged ‘non-stop’ seizures that last for at least 5 minutes. SE provokes inflammatory responses including the activation of microglial cells, the brain’s resident immune cells, which are thought to contribute to the neuropathology and pathophysiology of epilepsy. Microglia are professional phagocytes that resemble peripheral macrophages. Upon sensing immune disturbances, including SE, microglia become reactive, produce inflammatory cytokines, and alter their actin cytoskeleton to transform from ramified to amoeboid shapes. It is widely known that SE triggers time-dependent microglial expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines that include TNFα and IL-1β. However, less is known in regards to the spatiotemporal progression of the morphological changes, which may help define the extent of microglia reactivity after SE and potential function (surveillance, inflammatory, phagocytic). Therefore, in this study we used the microglia/macrophage IBA1 marker to identify and count these cells in hippocampi from control rats and at 4 hours, 3 days, and 2 weeks after a single episode of pilocarpine-induced SE. We identified, categorized, and counted the IBA1-positive cells with the different morphologies observed after SE in the hippocampal areas CA1, CA3, and DG. These included ramified, hypertrophic, bushy, amoeboid, and rod. We found that the ramified phenotype was the most abundant in control hippocampi. In contrast, SE provoked time-dependent changes in the microglial morphology that was characterized by significant increases in the abundance of bushy-shaped cells at 4 hrs and amoeboid-shaped cells at 3 days and 2 weeks. Interestingly, a significant increase in the number of rod-shaped cells was only evident in the CA1 region at 2 weeks after SE. Taken together, these data suggest that SE triggers time-dependent alterations in the morphology of microglial cells. This detailed description of the spatiotemporal profile of SE-induced microglial morphological changes may help provide insight into their contribution to epileptogenesis.
Comparison of discriminative motif optimization using matrix and DNA shape-based models

Transcription factor (TF) binding site specificity is commonly represented by some form of matrix model in which the positions in the binding site are assumed to contribute independently to the site’s activity. The independence assumption is known to be an approximation, often a good one but sometimes poor. Alternative approaches have been developed that use k-mers (DNA “words” of length k) to account for the non-independence, and more recently DNA structural parameters have been incorporated into the models. ChIP-seq data are often used to assess the discriminatory power of motifs and to compare different models. However, to measure the improvement due to using more complex models, one must compare to optimized matrix models. We describe a program “Discriminative Additive Model Optimization” (DAMO) that uses positive and negative examples, as in ChIP-seq data, and finds the additive position weight matrix (PWM) that maximizes the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC). We compare to a recent study where structural parameters, serving as features in a gradient boosting classifier algorithm, are shown to improve the AUROC over JASPAR position frequency matrices (PFMs). In agreement with the previous results, we find that adding structural parameters gives the largest improvement, but most of the gain can be obtained by an optimized PWM and nearly all of the gain can be obtained with a di-nucleotide extension to the PWM. To appropriately compare different models for TF bind sites, optimized models must be used. PWMs and their extensions are good representations of binding specificity for most TFs, and more complex models, including the incorporation of DNA shape features and gradient boosting classifiers, provide only moderate improvements for a few TFs.
Targeting programmed cell death in neurodegenerative diseases

Molecular pathways of programmed cell death (PCD) are activated in various neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease. In these diseases, PCD might be pathogenic, and targeting it might mitigate neurodegeneration. To identify potential neuroprotective targets within the PCD machinery, the expression and activity of some of its components have been altered by genetic or pharmacological means in experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases. The results of these studies have provided leads for the development of neuroprotective strategies for these progressive, disabling and often fatal disorders.
“Streets for Everyone”: Intermodal Equity and Complete Streets

Prytherch highlights the growing social movement to challenge automobile-centric roadway design and reclaim the public street. After a century in which laws and design helped define the automobile age, advocates of so-called "Complete Streets" have used state and local policies to ensure streets are designed for “all users of all ages and abilities.” The chapter analyzes the broad principles of complete streets, and policy elements intended to ensure streets are designed for diverse users, intermodal design is the rule (and not the exception), and the decision-making process is more interdisciplinary and transparent. Prytherch analyzes how complete streets policies, whether model statutes/ordinances or those policies adopted by local communities, constitute a major rethinking of how roadways are planned, designed, and maintained. While leaving intact legal “Rules of the Road,” the vision and strategies of complete streets represent a significant shift toward mobility rights and justice on the American street.
Infarct location is associated with quality of life after mild ischemic stroke.

BackgroundIn patients with mild ischemic stroke, small but eloquent infarcts may have devastating effects, particularly on health-related quality of life.AimThis study investigates the association ...
Ratio imaging instrumentation

Using ratio imaging to obtain quantitative information from microscope images is a powerful tool that has been used successfully in numerous studies. Although ratio imaging reduces the effects of many parameters that can interfere with accurate measurements, it is not a panacea. In designing a ratio imaging experiment, all of the potential problems discussed in this chapter must be considered. Undoubtedly, other problems that were not discussed can also interfere with accurate and meaningful measurements. Many of the problems discussed here were observed in the authors' laboratories. In our experience there are no standard routines or methods that can foresee every problem before it has been encountered. Good experimental design can minimize problems, but the investigator must continue to be alert. Progress in instrumentation continues to overcome some of the difficulties encountered in ratio imaging. CCD cameras with 12- to 14-bit pixel depth are being used more frequently, and several confocal microscope manufacturers are now also using 12-bit digitization. The dramatic increase in the use of confocal microscopes over the past decade is now causing microscope manufacturers to more critically evaluate the effect of axial chromatic aberration in objectives, and recent designs to minimize this problem are being implemented. Other developments such as the use of AOTFs to attenuate laser lines extend the applicability of ratio imaging. Ratio imaging is clearly applicable to a wide range of cell biological problems beyond its widespread use for measuring ion concentrations. Imaginative but careful use of this technique should continue to provide novel insights into the properties of cells.