cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chloride salt type/ionic strength, muscle site and refrigeration effects on antioxidant enzymes and lipid oxidation in pork.

The effects of NaCl and KCl at varying ionic strengths on catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities and lipid oxidation in refrigerated ground pork muscles from different anatomical locations were studied. Catalase and GSH-Px activities were higher in boston butt (BB) than in longissimus dorsi (LD), whereas lipid oxidation measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS) content was higher in LD. Catalase activity was stable in both BB and LD during 4-day storage; GSH-Px activity decreased in LD. GSH-Px activity decreased more with NaCl than KCl, whereas salt type had no consistent effect on catalase activity. TBARS content, however, increased more with NaCl than with KCl. NaCl at the highest ionic strength decreased GSH-Px activity by 19.2 and 18% in LD and BB, respectively, and increased TBARS content by 8- and 3.6-fold. Results indicated that pork samples with higher catalase and GSH-Px activities would undergo less lipid oxidation, and the accelerated lipid oxidation in salted pork may be partly related to a decrease in GSH-Px activity.
Rejuvenating the color palette of Georges Seurat'sA Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884: A simulation

Georges Seurat first employed his divisionist painting technique, commonly called pointillism, on A Sunday on La Grande Jatte—1884 beginning in October 1885. Painting with pigments representing colors seen in the visible spectrum that were minimally mixed on the palette and using divided brushstrokes, he aimed to impart “luminosity” to the surface and to explore color theories that were being developed and disseminated at that time, such as simultaneous contrast, in his unique interpretation. In addition to the natural ageing of the painting materials causing an overall darkening of the painting, pigment analysis has disclosed that the brushwork containing zinc yellow has darkened significantly: yellow, green–yellow, and orange brushstrokes have become ochre-like, olive–green, and reddish–brown, respectively. By performing spectral reflectance measurements in situ on darkened areas of the painting and on paint-outs of comparable unaltered colors, using Kubelka–Munk turbid media theory, imaging the painting with color-managed digital photography, and image editing with Adobe Photoshop, a digital version of the original, more luminous appearance of La Grande Jatte was simulated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 278–293, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20223
Theophylline in acute childhood asthma: A meta-analysis of its efficacy

Although theophylline is a widely used drug for the treatment of acute childhood asthma, its efficacy has not been clearly established. This study constitutes a meta-analysis of published randomized clinical trials of theophylline in children hospitalized with acute asthma. We conducted a search of English language MEDLINE citations from 1966 to 1995 and analyzed the methods of each report meeting study criteria. We pooled similar clinical measures across studies if a test for homogeneity of effect size was non-significant. The six methodologically acceptable randomized clinical trials included a total of 164 children less than 18 years of age. Incomplete reporting of measures and variances was common. No study included children in intensive care settings. Using pooled results, pulmonary function parameters [forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expired flow (FEF)] appeared better at 24 hours in the theophylline group, but the results did not reach statistical significance (mean effect difference, + 3.9% predicted values; pooled effect size, + 1.6 SDS; P = 0.25). A mean of 2.1 more albuterol treatments were administered in the theophylline group (pooled effect size, - 0.18 SDS; P = 0.02), and the mean hospital stay was slightly longer (mean effect difference, - 0.31 days; pooled effect size, - 0.18 SDS; P = 0.03). We conclude that currently available data do not indicate a significant beneficial effect of theophylline in children hospitalized with acute asthma. There is evidence for weak detrimental effects. Theophylline efficacy in intensive care unit settings remains unstudied.
Public Interest Report No. 27 : The need for teaching geriatric medicine.

Geriatric medicine, the body of knowledge relating to human aging and associated pathological conditions, must be incorporated systematically and comprehensively into American medical education. Students must be exposed to aging in the context of normal human development and be aware that some diseases present differently in the old.
Use of Fish Larva Morphometry to Predict Exclusion Capabilities of Small-Mesh Screens at Cooling-Water Intakes

Abstract A relationship between total lengths and body depths of certain fish larvae was used to predict the effectiveness of small-mesh screens in limiting entrainment of fish larvae at cooling-water intakes. Total length-body depth regressions were linear for eight species (293 larvae) common to Lake Michigan near the J. H. Campbell Power Plant at Port Sheldon, Michigan. Regressions indicated that 35–100% (depending on species) of the fish larvae that had been entrained by the J. H. Campbell Plant in 1978 would have been excluded if 0.5-mm mesh screening had been employed in the plant's cooling water intake system instead of 9.5-mm bar mesh vertical traveling screens. These calculations do not take into consideration approach velocities of intake water, larva avoidance behavior, or mortality due to impingement on or extrusion through the screens.
Examining Organizational Goals of Educators in the Cooperative Extension Service.

Identification and measurement of organizational goals, vigorously pursued in earlier years, has not received much attention lately. This disinterest is attributable to a lack of testable theory and problems associated with identifying particular goals, especially those found in large bureaucracies. These problems are addressed here by examining the goals of Cooperative Extension in one western state. A method of identifying goals in Extension is described. The goals of separate program areas are also reported. Five hypotheses concerning organizational goals of Extension are tested. One unexpected result was the discovery of a significant relationship between employee evaluations of administrators and administrator goals.
Erythrocyte adenylate kinase isoenzyme as a marker for hemolysis.

The presence in serum of adenylate kinase isoenzyme originating from erythrocyte can be useful as a marker for detecting hemolysis. We have presented preliminary evidence for identifying hemolytic anemia patients earlier by determining erythrocyte AK isoenzyme activity in serum (or plasma) rather than using measurement of plasma hemoglobin concentration. This test being quite specific for hemolysis should find use as a quick method for estimating the extent of in vivo hemolysis in hemolytic patients earlier than heretofore possible. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 11:351–356, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unambiguous assignment of trifluoromethylpyrazole regioisomers by 19F-15N correlation spectroscopy.

Analysis of the 19F chemical shifts of trifluoromethylpyrazole regioisomers has shown that while chemical shift is in general a reliable predictor of regiochemistry in this series, there is a narrow chemical shift range in which the two isomers overlap and the regiochemistry cannot be assigned with certainty. We have examined the usage of 19F15N correlation spectroscopy as a method to provide a second unambiguous confirmation of regiochemistry of 3- and 5-trifluoromethylpyrazole regioisomers. In the case of 3-trifluoromethyl analogs, one expects a three-bond coupling to the pyridine type nitrogen (N–2). In the case of the 5-trifluoromethyl pyrazole the situation is exactly reversed, with the fluorines of the trifluoromethyl moiety being 3-bonds from the pyrrole type nitrogen (N-1). We have observed that 3-trifluromethyl analogs follow the expected pattern of readily observable 3-bond coupling. However, 19F15N couplings in 5-trifluromethyl analogs do not follow the normal pattern of 3-bond coupling. Using this information we have been able to develop unambiguous methods to distinguish the isomers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating and Reporting Statistical Power in Counseling Research

Despite recommendations from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) to include information on statistical power when publishing quantitative results, authors seldom include analysis or discussion of statistical power. The rationale for discussing statistical power is addressed, approaches to using G*Power to report statistical power are presented, and examples for reporting statistical power are provided.
Temperature dependence of reactions with multiple pathways

The rate coefficient k(T) of a barrier-limited, two-state reaction proceeding through multiple pathways is determined by using transition state theory. The entropic and enthalpic contributions to the overall rate are treated separately. The rate coefficient of reaction is determined as a function of the variance of the distribution of pathways and activation energies. The relative densities of state in the initial and transition state lead to curvature in the dependence of ln(k) on 1/T. The sign of the curvature depends on the relative increase in densities of state of the initial and the transition (saddle) state. The analysis has implications for the interpretation of macromolecular reactions, including the protein-folding process. The inclusion of the density of states in the initial and the saddle states yields rate coefficients whose temperature dependence reproduces the curvatures in experimental Arrhenius plots for protein-folding and unfolding processes.
Socioeconomic Differences in Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Objective— To examine the association of socioeconomic factors with progression of carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in middle-aged adults. Cross-sectional associations of IMT with socioeconomic status (SES) have been demonstrated in middle-aged cohorts. It is unclear whether these factors are associated with progression of IMT. Methods and Results— We examined IMT progression over 9 years among a middle-aged cohort of 12 085 black and white subjects free of cardiovascular disease recruited from 4 US sites participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Baseline IMT was inversely related to SES among whites and blacks. Repeated measures regression models of IMT progression showed moderate inverse relationships of IMT progression with income in whites so that the difference in 5-year IMT progression rates between the highest and lowest categories was −11.5 μm (CI, −17.4 to −5.6). In contrast, among blacks, this gradient is reversed, with an 11.1 μm (CI, −0.1 to 22.3) difference ...
Effect of Fasting on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) and Growth Hormone Receptor mRNA Levels and IGF-I Gene Transcription in Rat Liver

Previous studies have indicated that the concentration of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) declines in young growing rats that have been fasted or maintained on a protein-deficient diet. To investigate the molecular mechanism(s) by which IGF-I levels are regulated by nutrition, we measured the levels of IGF-I mRNA in 6-week-old male control rats fed ad libitum, rats fasted for 24, 48, or 72 h, and rats fasted for 48 or 72 h and then refed for 24 h. The abundance of several IGF-I mRNA species (8.0, 4.0, 1.7, and 1.0 kilobases) decreased in the fasting animals and rebounded after 24 h of refeeding, although not to the initial control levels. The 1 kilobase IGF-I mRNA species exhibited a 43% decrease after 24 h of fasting, a 76% decrease after 48 h of fasting, and an 82% decrease after 72 h of fasting. Hepatic GH receptor mRNA also decreased in fasting rats. This indicates that the GH receptor downregulation that occurs in fasting is accompanied by and probably at least partly caused by a dec...
Near-infrared laser illumination transforms the fluorescence absorbing X-Gal reaction product BCI into a transparent, yet brightly fluorescent substance

The β-galactosidase protein generated by the bacterial LacZ gene is widely used to map gene expression patterns. The ease of its use is only rivaled by green fluorescent protein, which can be used in combination with various other procedures such as immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, or tract tracing. The β-galactosidase enzymatic reaction potentially provides a more sensitive assay of gene expression than green fluorescent protein. However, the virtual impermeability and tendency to absorb light over a wide range limit the use of the most frequently used β-galactosidase substrate, X-Gal, in combination with other fluorescent labeling procedures. Here, we provide details on a simple photoactivation procedure that transforms the light-absorbing X-Gal product, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl (BCI) precipitate, into an intensely fluorescent product excited by 488 and 633 nm light. Photoactivation is achieved through exposure to 730 nm near-infrared light emitted from a femtosecond titanium-doped Sapphire laser. Photoactivation of BCI occurs in tissue sections suspended in buffered saline, glycerol, or even embedded in epoxy resin. A protocol for the use of BCI photoactivation is here provided. Importantly, the BCI photoactivated product is photoswitchable, displaying bistable photochromism. This permits the use of the fluorescent product in a variety of co-localization studies in conjunction with other imaging modalities. As with other bistable and photoswitchable products, the BCI reaction product shows concentration quenching at high density and can be degraded by continuous exposure to intense 730 nm illumination. Therefore, care must be taken in developing imaging strategies. Our findings have implications for the use of X-Gal in gene and protein detection and provide a novel substrate for high density digital information storage.
Protecting private data in public

Current technologies allow users to access information in virtually any public setting. This creates situations where sensitive information, both organizational and personal in nature, can be seen and captured by nearby people and technology. Therefore, methods are necessary to ensure the privacy and security of information displayed in public spaces. The authors have developed Web browser privacy blinders, which hide sensitive information from view while leaving other information unobscured. Results of two pilot studies supported the viability and potential usefulness of the privacy blinder concept, and have set the stage for continued development of the technique through large-scale controlled studies and field tests.
Beyond manicheanism: Dialectics in the thought of Frantz Fanon

Abstract Fanon is perhaps best remembered for his powerful descriptions of, and prescriptions for, a violent engagement with colonialism whose manichean logic, derived from ‘belonging or not belonging to a certain race, a given species’, inexorably determines an individual's social position. However, to begin to understand Fanon's conception of ideology necessitates an exploration of how a dialectical response to manicheanism expresses the liberatory idea of Fanon's new humanism. A study of Fanon's essays on medicine and the radio in his A Dying Colonialism illustrates that the movement toward a new humanism is grounded in the anti‐colonial social struggles. Additionally, Fanon's contribution to the construction of ideology in revolutionary situations is contrasted to post‐modern and post‐colonial uses of Fanon which tend to narrow the construction of ideology to a manichean determination.
Cold agglutination in open heart surgery

Presence of cold agglutinins in any cardiac surgical patient increases the likelihood of haemolysis. Prevention is more important and a normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass and warm myocardial protection are well established means for preventing intravascular haemolysis in these patients. If hypothermia cannot be avoided, other special techniques like total wash-out method can be used. With increasing awareness of its presence, the morbidity should be kept at minimum.
Comparison of hydration behavior of bovine and caprine caseins as determined by oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance : pH/pD dependence

The 17O NMR transverse relaxation rates (R2, s-1) of water in bovine and two caprine casein solutions were studied at 21 °C with pH/pD values of 4.81, 6.95, and 8.16. The dependence of R2 was marke...
Key-dependant decomposition based image watermarking

In this paper, we propose a novel image watermarking algorithm, which is based on the scheme where the watermark is embedded into projection of an image onto the secret set of key-dependant basis functions. We propose a key-dependant image decomposition method, which involves solving a bottleneck hamiltonian path problem by an ant colony optimization technique. Combined with the decomposition technique, the original scheme is significantly improved on the aspects of speed, capacity and security. In particular, our algorithm usually shortens the running time of the original scheme by a factor of several hundred.
A Brief Overview of the Chronology of North Bothnian Sealing during the Iron Age and a Theory of Punctuated Sedentism

This paper presents an overview of the chronology of Iron Age sealing sites on the Swedish north Bothnian coast. This material is interpreted as indigenous (Saami) in origin. Forty-four radiocarbon dates demonstrate that these sites were used from the first centuries A.D. until A.D. 1279. Bothnian settlement may have also been based on reciprocal and “punctuated” settlement cycles, a strategy that took advantage of decadal peaks in terrestrial and maritime resources, and facilitated sedentism before agrarianism.
AUTOMATIC REACTIONS IN PRACTICAL FOREIGN LANGUAGE WORK

lation method, it is evident that something ought to be done to revive the confidence of some teachers in practical language-work in the classroom. A reactionary tendency may be sensed in the linguistic air today by anybody whose flair is functioning with moderate satisfaction. Perhaps the attacks of pedagogical experts and educational theorists, who have been liberal in criticism, but parsimonious in constructive thought and material assistance in our field, have got on the nerves of many of our colleagues. Or can it be that we really have been attempting the impossible in seeking to develop speaking ability under classroom conditions that limit actual practice in class to a minute per student per day? Some teachers seem to feel that the remedy lies in a deeper immersion in reading and grammatical elucidation. Yet the experience of any teacher should be enough to convince him that constant reading improves but slightly one's ability to speak a foreign language. If the reverse were true, our students could not help making rapid progress in practical linguistics, for the amount of reading and grammatical discussion that they do is usually very considerable. The average teacher who will recollect the tremendous quantity of reading that he goes through year after year and will try to set a value on what he assimilates for practical uses may be surprised to note how slight that value is. Much reading by itself fails to make conversationalists even of teachers, and teachers who use only the grammar-reading method are generally a striking proof of this fact. The reading and speaking processes are, in fact, diametrically opposed. Reading requires little attention and only meager creative effort. One reads largely by penumbras, that is to say, synthetically. No such shadowy process is possible in speaking and writing under pain of lapsing into "pidgin." Anybody who wishes 151
Teradyne's J967 VLSI Test System: Getting VLSI to the Market on Time

The J967 is the newest of Teradyne's J900 series of VLSI test systems. It provides flxible timing and formating; fact accurate parametric tests; and automatic calibration to devices with fewer than 200 leads and bus speeds of up to 20 MHz. The 36 timing generators and 1024 timing sets reduce the need for multiple passes or multiple programs to test a device. The J967's intergrated software includes the Berkeley 4.2BSD Unix operating system, T900 test language, automatic data loging, a test analysis program, and Testsim, a software simulation of the J967 for offline debuging.
Targeted therapies and surgical issues in gastrointestinal cancers

Targeted therapies in combination with traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy have revolutionized the treatment of many gastrointestinal malignancies. Although well tolerated in general, they are also associated with unique toxicities and perioperative issues. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is the best studied and most widely used targeted strategy in the treatment of GI maligancies. Bevacizumab (BV) is the most widely used agent and is unique in its long half-life. Wound complications as well as gastrointestinal perforations appear to be higher in patients who undergo surgical procedures while receiving BV, although it remains unclear as to when to stop BV prior to surgery. The use of BV prior to hepatic resection, however, is safe and does not lead to an increase in morbidity or mortality. Other approved VEGF agents have been less studied, but do not appear to lead to increased complications. Other biologic agents including those targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway and others also do not appear to be associated with an increase in perioperative complications.
Interrelations in respiratory, phosphorylative and mitotic activities of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: influence of dinitrophenol.

Abstract The effect of graded concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on interrelationships between respiration and phosphorylations of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was studied in vitro . DNP influence seemed to be mediated through two distinct mechanisms. One, coming into play at low DNP concentrations, effected the breakdown of labile and other acid-soluble phosphate esters in the cell, leading to increased concentrations of inorganic phosphorus in cells and medium. No pronounced impairment of inorganic phosphate uptake from medium into cells or of labile phosphorus formation within cells occurred, as evidenced by the continued incorporation of P 32 . Associated with this phase of DNP action, there was a rise in the rate of cellular respiration. As the concentration of DNP passed a certain threshold level, a second mode of action became apparent. Incorporation of P 32 into cellular phosphate fractions, as well as respiration, became increasingly inhibited. Because of increased permeability of cells to inorganic and ester phosphorus at higher DNP concentrations and because of the inability of cells to regenerate labile phosphorus, it was suggested that the second phase of DNP action was associated with changes in the cell membrane. Incorporation of P 32 into DNA-P was enhanced by a low concentration of DNP. There appeared to be some indication that cellular synthesis of DNA might be independently related to both the rate of O 2 uptake and the availability of high-energy phosphorus.
Strontium isotopes and the reconstruction of the Chaco regional system: evaluating uncertainty with Bayesian mixing models.

Strontium isotope sourcing has become a common and useful method for assigning sources to archaeological artifacts. In Chaco Canyon, an Ancestral Pueblo regional center in New Mexico, previous studies using these methods have suggested that significant portion of maize and wood originate in the Chuska Mountains region, 75 km to the East. In the present manuscript, these results were tested using both frequentist methods (to determine if geochemical sources can truly be differentiated) and Bayesian methods (to address uncertainty in geochemical source attribution). It was found that Chaco Canyon and the Chuska Mountain region are not easily distinguishable based on radiogenic strontium isotope values. The strontium profiles of many geochemical sources in the region overlap, making it difficult to definitively identify any one particular geochemical source for the canyon's pre-historic maize. Bayesian mixing models support the argument that some spruce and fir wood originated in the San Mateo Mountains, but that this cannot explain all 87Sr/86Sr values in Chaco timber. Overall radiogenic strontium isotope data do not clearly identify a single major geochemical source for maize, ponderosa, and most spruce/fir timber. As such, the degree to which Chaco Canyon relied upon outside support for both food and construction material is still ambiguous.
Interactive Crop Management in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1): Seasonal Influences on Land–Atmosphere Fluxes

AbstractThe Community Earth System Model, version 1 (CESM1) is evaluated with two coupled atmosphere–land simulations. The CTRL (control) simulation represents crops as unmanaged grasses, while CROP represents a crop managed simulation that includes special algorithms for midlatitude corn, soybean, and cereal phenology and carbon allocation. CROP has a more realistic leaf area index (LAI) for crops than CTRL. CROP reduces winter LAI and represents the spring planting and fall harvest explicitly. At the peak of the growing season, CROP simulates higher crop LAI. These changes generally reduce the latent heat flux but not around peak LAI (late spring/early summer). In midwestern North America, where corn, soybean, and cereal abundance is high, simulated peak summer precipitation declines and agrees better with observations, particularly when crops emerge late as is found from a late planting sensitivity simulation (LateP). Differences between the CROP and LateP simulations underscore the importance of simul...
Memantine: New prospective in bipolar disorder treatment.

We review preclinical and clinical evidences strongly suggesting that memantine, an old drug currently approved for Alzheimer’s dementia, is an effective treatment for acute mania and for the prevention of manic/hypomanic and depressive recurrences of manic-depressive illness. Lithium remains the first line for the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorders, but currently available treatment alternatives for lithium resistant patients are of limited and/or questionable efficacy. Thus, research and development of more effective mood stabilizer drugs is a leading challenge for modern psychopharmacology. We have demonstrated that 21 d administration of imipramine causes a behavioural syndrome similar to a cycle of bipolar disorder, i.e., a mania followed by a depression, in rats. Indeed, such treatment causes a behavioural supersensitivity to dopamine D2 receptor agonists associated with an increase sexual activity and aggressivity (mania). The dopamine receptor sensitization is followed, after imipramine discontinuation, by an opposite phenomenon (dopamine receptor desensitization) and an increased immobility time (depression) in the forced swimming test of depression. Memantine blocks the development of the supersensitivity and the ensuing desensitization associated with the depressive like behavior. On the basis of these observations we have suggested the use of memantine in the treatment of mania and in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorders. To test this hypothesis we performed several naturalistic studies that showed an acute antimanic effect and a long-lasting and progressive mood-stabilizing action (at least 3 years), without clinically relevant side effects. To confirm the observations of our naturalistic trials we are now performing a randomized controlled clinical trial. Finally we described the studies reporting the efficacy of memantine in manic-like symptoms occurring in psychiatric disorders other than bipolar. Limitations: A randomized controlled clinical trial is needed to confirm our naturalistic observations. Conclusion: We believe that this review presents enough pharmacological and clinical information to consider the administration of memantine in the treatment of bipolar disorders that no respond to standard mood stabilizers.
Toward generating reducible replay logs

Logging and replay is important to reproducing software failures and recovering from failures. Replaying a long execution is time consuming, especially when replay is further integrated with runtime techniques that require expensive instrumentation, such as dependence detection. In this paper, we propose a technique to reduce a replay log while retaining its ability to reproduce a failure. While traditional logging records only system calls and signals, our technique leverages the compiler to selectively collect additional information on the fly. Upon a failure, the log can be reduced by analyzing itself. The collection is highly optimized. The additional runtime overhead of our technique, compared to a plain logging tool, is trivial (2.61% average) and the size of additional log is comparable to the original log. Substantial reduction can be cost-effectively achieved through a search based algorithm. The reduced log is guaranteed to reproduce the failure.
SIMPLE: Template Based Service Integration

These days, in rapid changing environments, when building an integration solution, reusable assets are brought into the design and composition to accelerate the time to market and more importantly time to value. Assets need to offer a standard interface and be easily configured to minimize the adaptation time to address the use case in question. We proposed and developed a new approach to address the above issues, coined as SIMPLE. The center of SIMPLE is the concept solution template [1]. Customizable points are defined in a solution template and leveraged to adapt to changes. Solution template acts as the unifying artifact throughout the lifecycle of a solution (from engagement to deployment). In the development phase, solution templates are instantiated to generate concrete solutions for specific platform. We present the model and methodology rendered for solution template- based development of SOA solutions. We developed the Solution Template Tool to simplify the lifecycle of an integration of services, through flexible design and customization of Solution Template and an interactive environment driven by Wizards.
Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization and its ability to predict bladder cancer recurrence and progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) testing is used to detect bladder cancer in urine specimens. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there are associations between the percentage of chromosomally abnormal cells by FISH and time to bladder cancer recurrence and progression to metastasis. Clinical records were searched to identify patients with urine FISH results, history of non-invasive bladder cancer, and at least one follow-up pathological diagnosis. Covariates analyzed included age, gender, smoking status, treatment after FISH, cystoscopy result, and prior stage of bladder cancer. The percentage of abnormal cells (hazard ratio [HR] 1.03, 95% CI 1.02–1.03; P
Business-to-business e-commerce with open buying on the Internet

Internet based e-commerce is flourishing, but mostly in the business-to-consumer world. The lack of well-accepted standards is hindering the success in promoting business-to-business e-commerce solutions. Open buying on the Internet standard is one of the promising efforts in bringing business-to-business e-commerce into corporate purchasing. Existing merchant servers can be augmented to endorse such standard like what we did with OBI-enablement for Net.Commerce.
Effects of ad libitum and restricted feeding on early production performance and body composition of Yorkshire pigs selected for reduced residual feed intake.

Residual feed intake (RFI), defined as the difference between observed and expected feed intake based on growth and backfat, has been used to investigate genetic variation in feed efficiency in cattle, poultry and pigs. However, little is known about the biological basis of differences in RFI in pigs. To this end, the objective of this study was to evaluate the fifth generation of a line of pigs selected for reduced RFI against a randomly selected Control line for performance, carcass and chemical carcass composition and overall efficiency. Here, emphasis was on the early grower phase. A total of 100 barrows, 50 from each line, were paired by age and weight (22.6 ± 3.9 kg) and randomly assigned to one of four feeding treatments in 11 replicates: ad libitum (Ad), 75% of Ad (Ad75), 55% of Ad (Ad55) and weight stasis (WS), which involved weekly adjustments in intake to keep body weight (BW) constant for each pig. Pigs were individually penned (group housing was used for selection) and were on treatment for 6 weeks. Initial BW did not significantly differ between the lines (P > 0.17). Under Ad feeding, the low RFI pigs consumed 8% less feed compared with Control line pigs (P 0.85). Under restricted feeding, low RFI pigs under the Ad75 treatment had a greater rate of gain while consuming the same amount of feed as Control pigs. Despite the greater gain, no significant line differences in carcass composition or carcass traits were observed. For the WS treatment, low RFI pigs had similar BW (P > 0.37) with no significant difference in feed consumption (P > 0.32). Overall, selection for reduced RFI has decreased feed intake, with limited differences in growth rate but reduced carcass fat, as seen under Ad feeding. Collectively, results indicate that the effects of selection for low RFI are evident during the early grower stage, which allows for greater savings to the producer.
Los archivos del petróleo y la revolución mexicana

Este articulo aborda el tema de los archivos en Mexico, Estados Unidos y Europa , que son indispensables para la investigacion de la historia de las companias privadas que desarrollaron la industria petrolera mexicana en el primer tercio del siglo XX. Se incluye una discusion de diversos aspectos, tanto economicos como politicos y laborales, de las operaciones de dichas empresas petroleras , desde su comienzo en el Porfiriato hasta su nacionalizacion en 1938, con especial enfasis en la epoca revolucionaria.
The electrical properties of HfO/sub 2/ dielectric on germanium and the substrate doping effect

MOS devices built on various germanium substrates, with chemical vapor deposited (CVD) or physical vapor deposited (PVD) HfO2 high-kappa dielectric and TaN gate electrode, were fabricated. The electrical properties of these devices, including the capacitance equivalent thickness (CET), gate leakage current density (Jg), slow trap density (Dst), breakdown voltage (Vbd), capacitance-voltage (C-V) frequency dispersion, and thermal stability, are investigated. The process conditions such as surface nitridation treatment, O2 introduction in CVD process and postdeposition anneal temperature in PVD process, exhibit significant impacts on the devices' electrical properties. The devices built on germanium substrates with different dopant types and doping concentrations show remarkable variations in electrical characteristics, revealing the role of the substrate doping in the reactions occurring at the dielectric/Ge interface, which can significantly affect the interfacial layer formation and Ge updiffusion. A possible mechanism is suggested that two competing processes (oxide growth and desorption) take place at the interface, which govern the formation of the interfacial layer. Doped p-type (Ga) and n-type (Sb) impurities may enhance the different process at the interface and cause the variations in the interfacial layer formation and so on in electrical properties. The high diffusivities of impurities and Ge atoms in Ge and the induced structural defects near the substrate surface could be one possible cause for this doping effect. As another behavior of the substrate doping effect, Ge n-MOS and p-MOS stacks show quite different C-V characteristics after high temperature postmetallization anneal treatments, which can be explained by the same mechanism
Extent of Salmonellae Contamination in Primary Breeder Hatcheries in 1998 as Compared to 1991

Eggshell fragments, paper pads from chick boxes, and fluff samples were obtained from three commercial primary breeder hatcheries and analyzed for the presence and level of salmonellae with identical laboratory methods in 1991 and 1998. Overall, 29 of 180 samples (16.1%) from the three hatcheries in 1998 were contaminated with salmonellae, whereas in 1991, 11.1% of the overall samples were found to be salmonellae positive. Salmonellae were detected in 1.7% of eggshell fragments, 1.7% of fluff samples, and 48% of the paper pad samples in 1998, whereas 15.2, 4.5, and 12% of these type samples, respectively, were salmonellae positive in 1991. Although the percentage of positive samples was slightly higher in 1998 than 1991, from an enumeration standpoint, the salmonellae contamination in primary breeder hatcheries seems to have improved in the past 7 yr. In 1998, less than 4% of the positive samples had high levels of salmonellae, whereas in 1991 36% of the positive samples had high numbers of salmonellae. Primary broiler breeder and broiler hatcheries present critical control points in the prevention of salmonellae contamination during commercial poultry production. The cycle of salmonellae contamination will not likely be broken until contamination at these critical points is dramatically reduced or eliminated.
An implantable visual prosthetic for end-stage macular degeneration

End-stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is defined as either bilateral advanced central geographic atrophy or untreatable disciform scarring from neovascular AMD. Profound loss of central vision leads to a dramatic reduction in quality of life for the 1.75 million individuals in the USA with diagnosed AMD. Despite novel therapies for patients with active neovascular AMD, there exists no treatment for end-stage AMD. The Implantable Miniature Telescope™ prosthesis received US FDA approval in July 2010 for treating severe-to-profound vision impairment (20/160 to 20/800 visual acuity) caused by bilateral central scotomas associated with end-stage AMD. The visual prosthetic is implanted into the lens capsule after cataract extraction to improve vision by reducing the size of the patient’s central scotoma in the implanted eye. Peripheral vision is maintained through the fellow eye. Results from a large multicenter clinical trial demonstrated that the visual prosthetic provided a ≥two-line improvement i...
Affectively Driven Perception: Toward a Non-representational Phenomenology

While classical phenomenology, as represented by Edmund Husserl’s work, resists certain forms of representationalism about perception, I argue that in its theory of horizons, it posits representations in the sense of content-bearing vehicles. As part of a phenomenological theory, this means that on the Husserlian view such representations are part of the phenomenal character of perceptual experience. I believe that, although the intuitions supporting this idea are correct, it is a mistake to maintain that there are such representations defining the phenomenal character of low-level perception. What these representations are called on to explain, i.e., the phenomenal character of perceiving objects in their full presence, can be more parsimoniously explained by appealing to certain affective states or affect schemas that shape the intentional directedness of low-level perceptual experience and define its phenomenal character in a non-representational way. This revision of the Husserlian view, it is shown, also helps us understand the normative character of perception.
Ratzinger Is Right

No sooner had John Paul II stepped across the threshold of Heaven than Cardinal Ratzinger, now elected Pope Benedict, declared the new mission of the Catholic Church would be to fight “the dictatorship of relativism.” To explore this theme, NPQ spoke with Rene Girard, the famous anthropologist and author of the seminal study Violence and the Sacred. We then asked Pankaj Mishra, one of the most exciting new non-fiction writers and author of An End to Suffering: The Buddha in the World, to respond.
Distractibility in Learning-Disabled Children The Role of Measurement Artifact

Learning-disabled (LD) children are thought to be deficient in attention and memory performance, especially selective attention in the presence of distracting information. However, these findings have not always been confirmed and when these differential distraction effects are found they may be an artifact of the tasks' differential abilities to detect differences between groups. Two-digit span tasks were used to compare distraction performance of LD and normal learning (NL) children. On the first set of tasks, where the nondistraction and distraction conditions were matched, a priori for their ability to discriminate differences between groups, no differential distraction effect was found. In the second pair of tasks, the distraction condition was designed to make it more discriminating than the nondistraction condition and a differential distraction effect was found. These results are discussed in terms of the need for researchers to consider the psychometric properties of their tasks as important vari...
Parasites of Tadpole Madtom, Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill, 1817) (Ictaluridae), from Silver Creek, Michigan, U.S.A., with a Checklist of the North American Parasites of Tadpole Madtom

Abstract Ninety-two tadpole madtom, Noturus gyrinus, collected in May through August 2005 from Silver Creek in Lower Michigan, were examined for parasites. Ten parasite species (5 Digenea, 1 Monogenea, 1 Cestoda, 1 Nematoda, 1 Acanthocephala, and 1 Ciliophora) infected madtom. Macroderoides sp. and Alloglossidium corti had the highest prevalence and mean abundance, respectively. Although Maritreminoides sp. had the highest mean intensity, it is considered an accidental parasite of tadpole madtom. Azygia sp., Macroderoides sp., Maritreminoides sp., and Neoechinorhynchus sp. are reported for the first time from tadpole madtom. This study is the first account of parasites of tadpole madtom from Michigan and represents the largest number of tadpole madtom examined for parasites from one locality in North America. A checklist of parasites of tadpole madtom from published records in North America is also presented.
Conformal Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) of alumina on high surface-area porous copper electrodes to achieve ultra-high capacitance density on silicon interposers

This paper describes an innovative approach to achieve higher capacitance density on silicon interposers than what has been reported with trench capacitors. The approach consists of a novel silicon-compatible low-temperature sinterable metal particulate electrode and a conformal moderate K dielectric to attain the high volumetric efficiencies. The nanoparticle electrodes lead to much higher area enhancement compared to planar or trench structures resulting in ultrahigh capacitance densities. Copper nanoparticles were directly sintered on silicon substrates to form high surface area electrodes with engineered porosity. These high surface area copper electrodes were conformally-coated with moderate-permittivity dielectrics using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Combination of compositional and morphological techniques, EDS and SEM respectively, were used to show alumina conformality on complex 3-D structures of copper particulate electrodes. I-V and C-V characterization was performed to confirm the feasibility of the novel high density 3-D capacitor structure. Capacitance densities of 30μF/cm2 at high voltages have been demonstrated with this approach.
MBA Student Pre-Program And Post-Program Assessments Of Critical Skills: Implications For Outcomes Assessment And Curriculum Design

At the time of matriculation, MBA students were surveyed concerning how important several skills and areas of knowledge were to them. The students were also surveyed immediately after graduation, and asked how successful the program was in developing these skills and areas of knowledge. This work presents results of three recent years of the survey data, and discusses its potential to contribute to the important areas of curriculum design, outcomes assessment, and program promotion.
Aggression and Peer Rejection in Childhood

Aggression is a term that, taken in isolation, connotes negative images in the minds of most adults. Yet in a culture such as ours, with its fascination with figures such as Muhammed Ali and the mythic creations of Clint Eastwood and Sylvester Stallone, it is clear that aggression has a mixed impact on the imaginations of adults in our society. The same is true for children, for whom the individuals mentioned represent popular role models and heroes. Yet when investigators of peer rejection examine the reports of children and observe those who are rejected according to sociometric evidence, the single most compelling reason for peer rejection is aggressive behavior.
A Tribalography of Alaska Native Presence in Academia

Studies on Alaska Natives in higher education draw attention to the need for indigenous-centered analyses that subvert potential erasures of their presence. This essay outlines a "tribalography of presence," an applied theoretical framework that interweaves indigenous knowledge with ethnography, historiography, and cultural theory, and privileges indigenous worldviews, acknowledges a diverse range of inter- and intratribal alliances and differentiations, and advocates for empowerment and healing. Its implications are discussed in part through a brief description and analysis of the "Alaska Native Scholars Project," a work in progress that documents a lineage of Alaska Natives who have earned research doctoral degrees.
Influences of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors and Tidal Restoration on Terrestrial Arthropod Assemblages in West Coast North American Estuarine Wetlands

Compared to benthic and water-column invertebrate assemblages, considerably less is known about terrestrial arthropods inhabiting estuarine wetlands despite their importance to tidal wetland biodiversity and productivity. We also need to know more about how human modification of estuaries, including efforts to restore estuarine wetlands, affects these assemblages. To address this knowledge gap, we assembled data from multiple studies on terrestrial arthropod assemblages from 87 intertidal wetland sites in 13 estuaries along the west coast of North America. Arthropods were sampled between 1998 and 2013 with fallout traps deployed in wetlands for 1 to 3 days at a time. We describe patterns in the abundance and taxonomic composition of terrestrial arthropods and evaluate the relative ability of natural and anthropogenic factors to explain variation in abundance and composition. Arthropod abundance was highly variable. Vegetation assemblage, precipitation, and temperature best explained variation in arthropod abundance, while river discharge, latitude, and developed and agricultural land cover surrounding sampling sites were less important. Arthropod abundance rapidly achieved levels of reference wetlands after the restoration of tidal influence to leveed wetlands, regardless of surrounding land cover. However, arthropod assemblage composition was affected by the amount of developed land cover as well as restoration age. These results suggest that restoration of tidal influence to leveed wetlands can rapidly restore some components of estuarine wetland ecosystems but that recovery of other components will take longer and may depend on the extent of anthropogenic modification in the surrounding landscape.