cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lunar heat flow and regolith structure inferred from interferometric observations at a wavelength of 49.3 cm

Abstract We discuss observations of the Moon at a wavelength of 49.3 cm made with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory Interferometer. These observations have been fit to models in order to estimate the lunar dielectric constant, the equatorial subsurface temperature, the latitude dependence of the subsurface temperature, and the subsurface temperature gradient. The models are most consistent with a dielectric constant of 2.52 ± 0.01 (formal errors), an equatorial subsurface temperature of 249−5+8K, and a change in the subsurface temperature with latitude (ψ), which is proportional to cos0.38ψ. Since the temperature of the Moon has been measured by the Apollo Lunar Heat Flow Experiment, we have been able to use our determination of the equatorial temperature to estimate the error in the flux density calibration scale at 49.3cm (608 MHz). This results in a correction factor of 1.03 ± 0.04, which must be applied to the flux density scale. This factor is much different from 1.21 ± 0.09 estimated by Muhleman et al. (1973) from the brightness temperature of Venus and apparently indicates that the observed decrease in the brightness temperature of Venus at long wavelengths is a real effect. The estimates of the temperature gradient, which are based on the measurement of limb darkening, are small and negative (temperature decreases with depth) and may be insignificantly different from zero since they are only as large as their formal errors. We estimate that a temperature gradient in excess of 0.6K/m at 10m depth would have been observed. Thus, a temperature gradient like that measured in situ at the Apollo 15 and 17 landing sites in the upper 2m of the regolith is not typical of the entire lunar frontside at the 10m depths where the 49.3 cm wavelength emission originates. This result may indicate that the mean lunar heat flow is lower than that measured at the Apollo landing sites, that the thermal conductivity is greater at 10m depth than it is at 2m depth, or that the radio opacity is greater at 10m depth than at 2m depth. The negative estimates of the temperature gradient indicate that the Moon appeared limb bright and might be explained by scattering of the emission from boulders or an interface with solid rock. The presence of solid rock at 10m depths will probably cause heat flows like those measured by Apollo to be unobservable by our interferometric method at long wavelengths, since it will cause both the thermal conductivity and radio opacity of the regolith to increase. Thus, our data may be most consistent with a change in the physical properties of the regolith to those of solid rock or a mixture of rock and soil at depths of 7 to 16m. Our results show that future radio measurements for heat flow determinations must utilize wavelengths considerably shorter than 50 cm (25 cm or less) to avoid the rock regions below the regolith.
A single-photon source based on diamond nanowires

We have demonstrated single photon emission from diamond nanowires waveguides with embedded Nitrogen-vacancy color centers. Diamond nanostructures were fabricated with e-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching (ICP RIE) processes.
Lack of PD-L1 Expression by iNKT Cells Improves the Course of Influenza A Infection

There is evidence indicating that invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in defense against influenza A virus (IAV). However, the effect of inhibitory receptor, programmed death-1 (PD-1), and its ligands, programmed death ligand (PD-L) 1 and 2 on iNKT cells in protection against IAV remains to be elucidated. Here we investigated the effects of these co-stimulatory molecules on iNKT cells in the response to influenza. We discovered that compare to the wild type, PD-L1 deficient mice show reduced sensitivity to IAV infection as evident by reduced weight loss, decreased pulmonary inflammation and cellular infiltration. In contrast, PD-L2 deficient mice showed augmented weight loss, pulmonary inflammation and cellular infiltration compare to the wild type mice after influenza infection. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells from wild type, PD-L1 or PD-L2 deficient mice into iNKT cell deficient mice recapitulated these findings. Interestingly, in our transfer system PD-L1−/−-derived iNKT cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma whereas PD-L2−/−-derived iNKT cells produced high amounts of interleukin-4 and 13 suggesting a role for these cytokines in sensitivity to influenza. We identified that PD-L1 negatively regulates the frequency of iNKT cell subsets in the lungs of IAV infected mice. Altogether, these results demonstrate that lack of PD-L1 expression by iNKT cells reduces the sensitivity to IAV and that the presence of PD-L2 is important for dampening the deleterious inflammatory responses after IAV infection. Our findings potentially have clinical implications for developing new therapies for influenza.
Planning for Imminent Change in College Admissions: Research on Alternative Admission Criteria

Recent trends in American higher education point to imminent change in the way students are reviewed for admission. The resurgence of class-based admissions in the Hopwood case and the upheaval over Proposition 209 in California have marked certain college admission criteria for possible extinction. As a result, university officials are searching for alternative admission models to protect their institutions from circumstances of legality and conflict. The authors of this article have determined an alternative admission model that may afford the desired protection from controversy, yet maintain the same degree of variability in predicting the future academic success of college students.
Mediating Ethnic Conflict at the Grassroots: The Role of Local Associational Life in Shaping Political Values in Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana

This article attempts to understand why ethnic-regional civil war has challenged the national unity of Cote d'Ivoire and not Ghana, two neighbouring countries with nearly identical ethnic, religious and regional divisions, by examining politics at the grassroots. Based on a carefully controlled comparison of two similar regions of Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, the study investigates how participation in local voluntary associations reinforces the local experience of the state to shape the ongoing development of political values and affect the prospects for ethnic peace and democracy. The article finds that participation in ethnically heterogeneous voluntary associations does not necessarily promote democratic values and practice. In fact, in Cote d'Ivoire, participation in ethnically heterogeneous cocoa producer and mutual assistance organisations reinforces vertical patronage networks based on narrower ethnic identities. In contrast, in Ghana, participation in more ethnically homogeneous local church groups encourages the development of democratic values and practices at the local level that mediate the potential for ethnic conflict and support the consolidation of a democratic regime.
Refinement in Reanimation of the Lower Face

Both the temporalis muscle transfer and the static sling procedure are techniques that improve deglutition, speech, and aesthetics in patients who are afflicted with paralysis of the lower part of the face. A refinement that is applicable to either of these procedures is described. By bringing the perioral attachment of either the muscle or the static sling exactly to the midline of the upper and lower lips, the surgeon can make the patient's mouth more symmetrical. This simple refinement will improve the results obtained with either procedure and has not been associated with any increased perioperative risks or complications.
Five year results of photorefractive keratectomy for myopia

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the long-term stability, complications, and causative factors in eyes that had photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia. Setting: Kangnam St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Methods: This study evaluated the results of PRK in 201 myopic eyes with a consecutive 5 year follow-up. Preoperative myopia ranged from 2.25 to 12.50 diopters (D), with astigmatism of less than 1.50 D. The excimer laser was set to a maximum correction of −6.50 D at a 5.0 mm diameter ablation zone. Patients with more than 7.00 D of myopia had double-pass PRK with two different ablation zone sizes (5.0 and 4.5 mm). The data were statistically analyzed using polynomial regression for evaluating long-term stability and myopic regression and Cox's proportional hazard model for evaluating causative factors. Results: An uncorrected visual acuity better than 20/25 was achieved in 62.4% of eyes. The main complication after PRK was myopic regression. Mean refractive error 5 years after PRK was −2.43 ± 1.90 D. It was −1.49 ± 0.60 D in moderately myopic eyes (less than 6.50 D) and −3.55 ± 2.31 D in highly myopic eyes (over 7.00 D). According to our evaluation, the possible causative factors for myopic regression were pre-PRK refraction (P Conclusion: Myopic regression occurred as long as 5 years after PRK, with the most important factor for myopic regression being pre-PRK refraction.
Residential Mortgage Markets and the Cost of Mortgage Funds

Early federal housing finance policy appears to have been largely directed at making mortgages more marketable. The creation of FHA, FNMA and FHLMC were designed to homogenize the mortgage instrument and to develop a secondary market for it. Apparently because of a lack of demand for marketability by investors, extensive trading of mortgages has not developed. Nonetheless, the fantastic growth in mortgage pools (as well as the unanticipated growth in FNMA holdings) has increased competition in the supplying of some intermediation functions (mortgage bankers have greatly expanded originations and servicing), has improved interregional flows of mortgage funds, and has given mortgage borrowers a greater access to capital markets generally. The principal result has been a decline in the mortgage rate relative to other market rates, although the inflation-triggered explosion in the demand for mortgage funds in recent years appears to be offsetting the impact of the growth in federal credit broadly defined.
Antiquark nuggets as dark matter: New constraints and detection prospects

Current evidence for dark matter in the Universe does not exclude heavy composite nuclear-density objects consisting of bound quarks or antiquarks over a significant range of masses. Here we analyze one such proposed scenario, which hypothesizes antiquark nuggets with a range of $B\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{24--30}$ with specific predictions for spectral emissivity via interactions with normal matter. We find that, if these objects make up the majority of the dark matter density in the solar neighborhood, their radiation efficiency in solids is marginally constrained, due to limits from the total geothermal energy budget of the Earth. At allowed radiation efficiencies, the number density of such objects can be constrained to be well below dark matter densities by existing radio data over a mass range currently not restricted by other methods.
Distributed Enforcement of Sticky Policies with Flexible Trust

In this paper, we describe an approach to distributed enforcement of sticky policies in heterogeneous hardware and software environments. These heterogeneous environments might have differing mechanisms for attesting to their security capabilities and data sources might specify different levels of trust for different data items. Such an environment requires highly flexible policy specification and enforcement mechanisms. We employ sticky policies that travel with data wherever it travels, and we separate them into two components, a hosting policy and a usage policy. Hosting policies are used to ensure that data are transferred only to entities that are provably capable of providing local enforcement and only further transferring data under the same policies. Usage policies confer access, viewing, and update capabilities on users based on their attributes. The approach is supported by attribute-based certificates and policies, which include what authorities are trusted to certify attributes. In addition to presenting a full description of the approach, we report on a prototype implementation that includes all of the aforementioned components and also makes use of a modified version of Excel we developed to track security labels as data move through spreadsheets that are being shared by multiple users across different systems.
Conceptual and Neural Mechanisms of Masculine Copulatory Behavior

This chapter deals with the conceptualization of masculine copulatory behavior in mammals, and with the search for the neural basis of this behavior. My thesis, in part, is that the search for the central neural control of sexual behavior has not led to the dicoveries and sense of understanding that many expected when the search began. The relatively slow rate of progress stems partly from the apparent complexity of the neural control, and from the technical difficulties in tracing that control. The difficulties in understanding the neural control might have been more easily anticipated, though perhaps not avoided, had there been greater concurrent conceptual analysis of the behavior patterns.
Characteristics of Fixations in Human Infants: Durations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses characteristics of fixations in human infants. It explains that under free-viewing or minimal task conditions, visual processing occurs asynchronously, with eye movements and/or visual processing finished before the fixation ends. Mean fixation duration is strongly dependent on stimulus size. For larger stimuli, saccades have greater amplitude and occur more frequently. This supports the fact that fixations are terminated by peripheral stimulation and not by central processing, probably because of variations in the mean probability rate of saccade occurrence from fixation to fixation. Such variation gives rise to a compound exponential distribution. The randomness of fixation termination is hardly the hallmark of central processing and might indicate that termination is under the control of a mechanism other than the fixation process. This suggests that the saccades that terminate the fixations are visually triggered and that peripheral visual stimulation is responsible for fixation duration.
NAT1*10 and NAT1*11 Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk

Several recent epidemiological studies examined the association of N-acetyltransferase (NAT) 1 and 2 genotypes and breast cancer risk. Taken together, these studies do not support a strong role for the most common NAT alleles in etiology of breast cancer. Only one study estimated odds ratios (ORs) for the relatively rare NAT1*11 allele: a strong positive association for the NAT1*11 allele and breast cancer was reported, as well as strong combined effects for NAT1*11-containing genotypes and two environmental factors, smoking and red meat consumption. To further address the association of NAT1*11 and breast cancer, an analysis was performed using previously collected data from the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study conducted in North Carolina. The OR for NAT1*11-containing genotypes and breast cancer was 0.5 (95% confidence interval, 0.2-1.3) among white women; ORs were not calculated among African Americans because only one participant exhibited the NAT1*11 allele. There was no evidence for combined effects of NAT1*11 and smoking. Unfortunately, the results of both studies of NAT1*11 are imprecise and lack sufficient statistical power to address fully the potential contribution of NAT1*11 to breast cancer. These results illustrate that the limitations imposed by sample size, as well as incomplete knowledge of biological function, need to be considered when planning and interpreting studies of genetic polymorphisms and environmental exposures.
So Near and Yet So Far: Dreams of Collaboration between Clinical and Legal Writing Programs

Once upon a time at Boston College Law School, I experimented with a new clinical model by involving some of the students in my Death Penalty class in appellate representation of a death row inmate. In particular, I offered a limited number of students in the class a clinical alternative for satisfying the course requirements. Instead of writing a research paper, they could write a petition for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court on behalf of a death row inmate seeking relief from an adverse decision by a state supreme court after a direct appeal. . . . By semester's end, I had vividly grasped how felicitous it would have been to co-teach the experimental course with one of my legal writing colleagues, if only one of them could have been sufficiently freed from other fulltime responsibilities to make such tandem teaching possible. . . . Collaboration between clinics and legal writing programs need not be a fairy tale that we construct against a backdrop of awareness that unfortunate realities will prevent it from ever happening. But turning the hope of such programmatic collaboration from a fairy tale to a proposal to a memoir requires consciousness of the threshold differences that can undermine the effectiveness of the project. Only by consciously addressing these differences can we devise suitable methods for facilitating the hard work of surmounting the challenges to create genuine collaborations.
Electroluminescent, Polycrystalline Cadmium Selenide Nanowire Arrays

Electroluminescence (EL) from nanocrystalline CdSe (nc-CdSe) nanowire arrays is reported. The n-type, nc-CdSe nanowires, 400–450 nm in width and 60 nm in thickness, were synthesized using lithographically patterned nanowire electrodeposition, and metal–semiconductor–metal (M–S–M) devices were prepared by the evaporation of two gold contacts spaced by either 0.6 or 5 μm. These M–S–M devices showed symmetrical current voltage curves characterized by currents that increased exponentially with applied voltage bias. As the applied biased was increased, an increasing number of nanowires within the array “turned on”, culminating in EL emission from 30 to 50% of these nanowires at applied voltages of 25–30 V. The spectrum of the emitted light was broad and centered at 770 nm, close to the 1.74 eV (712 nm) band gap of CdSe. EL light emission occurred with an external quantum efficiency of 4 × 10–6 for devices with a 0.60 μm gap between the gold contacts and 0.5 × 10–6 for a 5 μm gap—values similar to those reporte...
ID: 11: REDOX PROFILING OF CARVEDILOL AND PROPRANOLOL IN A HEART MODEL

Introduction Clinical trials have shown that carvedilol is highly effective against heart failure (HF). Carvedilol, unlike propranolol, has direct antioxidant effects and is capable of mitigating oxidative stress in HF patients. Moreover, it has been suggested that carvedilol has an indirect antioxidant mechanism that could involve the initial production of non-lethal levels of oxidative stress leading to the regulation of an uncharacterized antioxidant response that later counters oxidative stress. Hypothesis We hypothesized that carvedilol9s indirect antioxidant mechanism may involve the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/Kelch ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1) pathway, which is a major antioxidant pathway involved in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and neoplastic diseases. Methods Using H9C2 rat myoblasts, we confirmed the activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway by detecting levels of downstream protein targets hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1). We transfected H9C2 cells with reductive-oxidative green fluorescent protein (roGFP) fused with human glutaredoxin 1 that targeted mitochondria or cytosol. Redox state changes were quantified by normalized roGFP intensity ratios measured using live-cell imaging. Results In the short term, carvedilol oxidized both cellular compartments while propranolol did not. In the long term, carvedilol upregulated the production of HO-1 and NQO-1 while propranolol downregulated these antioxidant proteins. These results demonstrate that carvedilol9s indirect antioxidant effect involves the Nrf2/Keap 1 pathway. This has strong implications as carvedilol is a commonly used, highly effective beta-blocker and elucidating its antioxidant mechanisms can potentially expand the use of carvedilol for the treatment of other diseases, inform the development of new therapeutics, and optimize HF treatment.
Challenging the Conventional Standard for Thoracic Spine Range of Motion: A Systematic Review.

Background: Segmental motion is a fundamental characteristic of the thoracic spine; however, studies of segmental ranges of motion have not been summarized or analyzed. The purpose of the present study was to present a summary of the literature on intact cadaveric thoracic spine segmental range of motion in each anatomical plane. Methods: A systematic MEDLINE search was performed with use of the terms “thoracic spine,” “motion,” and “cadaver.” Reports that included data on the range of motion of intact thoracic human cadaveric spines were included. Independent variables included experimental details (e.g., specimen age), type of loading (e.g., pure moments), and applied moment. Dependent variables included the ranges of motion in flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Results: Thirty-three unique articles were identified and included. Twenty-three applied pure moments to thoracic spine specimens, with applied moments ranging from 1.5 to 8 Nm. Estimated segmental range of motion pooled means ranged from 1.9° to 3.8° in flexion-extension, from 2.1° to 4.4° in lateral bending, and from 2.4° to 5.2° in axial rotation. The sums of the range of motion pooled means (T1 to T12) were 28° in flexion-extension, 36° in lateral bending, and 45° in axial rotation. Conclusions: The pooled ranges of motion were similar to reported in vivo motions but were considerably smaller in magnitude than the frequently referenced values reported prior to the widespread use of biomechanical testing standards. Improved reporting of biomechanical testing methods, as well as specimen health, may be beneficial for improving on these estimations of segmental cadaveric thoracic spine range of motion.
Luminidependens (LD) is an Arabidopsis protein with prion behavior

Prion proteins provide a unique mode of biochemical memory through self-perpetuating changes in protein conformation and function. They have been studied in fungi and mammals, but not yet identified in plants. Using a computational model, we identified candidate prion domains (PrDs) in nearly 500 plant proteins. Plant flowering is of particular interest with respect to biological memory, because its regulation involves remembering and integrating previously experienced environmental conditions. We investigated the prion-forming capacity of three prion candidates involved in flowering using a yeast model, where prion attributes are well defined and readily tested. In yeast, prions heritably change protein functions by templating monomers into higher-order assemblies. For most yeast prions, the capacity to convert into a prion resides in a distinct prion domain. Thus, new prion-forming domains can be identified by functional complementation of a known prion domain. The prion-like domains (PrDs) of all three of the tested proteins formed higher-order oligomers. Uniquely, the Luminidependens PrD (LDPrD) fully replaced the prion-domain functions of a well-characterized yeast prion, Sup35. Our results suggest that prion-like conformational switches are evolutionarily conserved and might function in a wide variety of normal biological processes.
Power Transformer Condition Assessment Based on Improved Evidential Reasoning

Condition assessment is the foundation of condition based maintenance of power transformers. On the basis of rational partition of transformer condition and uncertainty of condition assessment indices,an operation condition assessment model and an improved evidential reasoning (ER) assessment approach for the transformer are presented. The initial basic probability assignment of evidence is accessed by means of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy evaluation method. The newly approved method is applied to the case of conflicting evidence. The results of an example analysis test its effectiveness.
Effect of earthquake type on dynamic response of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls after long-term creep

In order to study the seismic behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls after long-term creep,the process of an 8 m-high cohesive back-filled geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall subjected to earthquakes after five years of creep was analyzed with consideration of creep effects of the soil and the reinforcement material simultaneously using the finite element software ABAQUS.The effects of different types of earthquake waves were emphatically studied.In the analysis,the soil and the reinforcement material were modeled using an elastoplastic-viscoplastic model and a unified constitutive model,respectively.The results show that the remarkable creep effects of the soil and reinforcement material can increase total lateral displacement of the wall under earthquake loads after long-term creep;inner and outer potential failure surfaces exist simultaneously under strong earthquake loads;and the differences of dynamic response of the wall may be large under different earthquake waves with same peak acceleration values,thus the current seismic design methods only using peak acceleration values of earthquakes may be lack of rationality.
Liquid universe hints at strings

For the last five years, physicists at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the US have been producing the highest temperatures on Earth by colliding gold nuclei together at enormous energies.Their aim has been to recreate the extreme conditions that are thought to have existed during the first 10 microseconds of the universe, just before it cooled enough for the quarks and gluons created in the Big Bang to combine and form the protons and neutrons that make up the world around us.
Student Learning in Science Classrooms: What Role Does Motivation Play?

One of the major goals of science education today is the attainment of scientific literacy, which includes deeper conceptual understanding of key scientific principles and ideas, the ability to apply scientific knowledge in real-life contexts, as well as the ability to identify problems and conduct scientific inquiry (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1994; Marx et al, 1997). In examining the antecedents of scientific literacy, one fruitful avenue of research has been the work on student cognition. In particular, this work has underscored the affordances and constraints of prior knowledge influencing conceptual change. These cognitive models of learning have focused mainly on factors such as encoding, automatization, and metacognitive strategies, which have been found in laboratory studies to play a critical role in the conceptual change process. However, there is a need to also consider noncognitive factors such as students’ motivational beliefs, especially when examining students’ cognitive engagement in academic classrooms (Pintrich et al., 1993; Zusho et al, 2003). Accordingly, the purpose of this chapter is to discuss the value of motivation within science education. It is important to note that we conceptualize motivation in this chapter more as a process, rather than as a product. Drawing on recent research from social–cognitive and situated perspectives, we stress the multidimensional nature of motivation and examine how motivational processes are influenced by classroom contextual factors. In short, we do not consider motivation to be a general trait, with some students more and others less motivated along a general quantitative continuum. Rather, we assume student motivation to be situated and changeable as a function of instruction, tasks, and activities that take place in a classroom. In considering the relation between motivation and achievement, we propose two general ways in which motivational beliefs can influence positive academic outcomes (Linnenbrink & Pintrich, 2002). First, motivational beliefs can be thought to “mediate” the relation between certain instructional strategies and achievement (see Figure 1a). For example, the implementation of a new inquiry-based curriculum can result in students becoming more interested in science, which ultimately could lead to higher levels of achievement. In short, this view assumes that “good” instruction should lead to more adaptive motivational processes, which should in turn lead to positive academic outcomes (Stipek, 2001).
Loren Miller: Civil Rights Attorney and Journalist. By Amina Hassan

Loren Miller: Civil Rights Attorney and Journalist. Race and Culture in the American West Series. By Amina Hassan. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. xv. + 294 pp. Illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $26.95.) Amina Hassan presents us with an excellent synthesis of African American History and the history of the West in her biography of Loren Miller. Miller’s origins were both humble and revolutionary. Miller’s father, John Bird Miller, was born a slave and after the Civil War found work as a laborer on the Union Pacific near Leavenworth, Kansas. There he met Nora Herbaugh, a white woman and normal school teacher. The two married in 1900 Iowa and quickly moved to Perder, Nebraska. There, Loren was born in 1903. Despite poverty and racial prejudice, young Miller graduated from high school, and attended … lfoster{at}pomona.edu
Delegation or Unilateral Action

Unilateral presidential actions often face implementation problems in the executive branch. I argue these actions are better studied as delegation. I model the conditions under which a president is likely to delegate and provide discretion to subordinates either insulated or uninsulated from their control. I find legislators benefit from agency discretion when presidents pursue policymaking in the executive branch. The threat of legislative sanction induces agents to deviate from presidential priorities, and inter-branch disagreement increases bureaucratic non-compliance in insulated agencies. Nonetheless, in equilibrium, the president is more likely to delegate to insulated agents. Ultimately, the model demonstrates how the politics of direct action are influenced by the need for bureaucratic cooperation. Case studies on US presidential directives mandating public funding of gun violence research and security reforms at government facilities illustrate key features of the model.
Cram, Ian. Contested Words: Legal Restrictions on Freedom of Speech in Liberal Democracies

This article is a book review of Ian Cram's book which discusses how freedom of speech is being limited due to perceived threats to security and this is occurring even in mature democratic societies.
Global Sensory Impairment Predicts Morbidity and Mortality in Older U.S. Adults

Objectives To evaluate global sensory impairment (GSI, an integrated measure of sensory dysfunction) as a predictor of physical function, cognition, overall health, and mortality. Design Prospective study. Setting The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Participants A national probability sample of 3,005 home-dwelling older U.S. adults assessed at baseline (2005–06) and 5-year follow-up (2010–11). Measurements Gait speed, activity, disability, cognition, overall health, 5-year mortality. Results At baseline, older adults with worse GSI were slower (Timed Up and Go times: odds ratio (OR) = 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–1.50) and had more activity of daily living deficits (≥2: OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.10–1.46). Five years later, they were still slower (timed walk: OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.05–1.42), had more disabilities (≥2 instrumental activities of daily living; OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.23–1.70), were less active (daytime activity according to accelerometry: β = −2.7, 95% CI = −5.2 to −0.2), had worse cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; β = −0.64, 95% CI = −0.84 to −0.44), more likely to have poorer overall health (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.03–1.31) and lose weight (>10%: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.04–1.64), and have died (OR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.19–1.76). All analyses were adjusted for relevant confounders at baseline, including age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, smoking, problem drinking, body mass index, comorbidities, and cognitive function. Conclusion GSI predicts impaired physical function, cognitive dysfunction, significant weight loss, and mortality 5 years later in older U.S. adults. Multisensory evaluation may identify vulnerable individuals, offering the opportunity for early intervention to mitigate adverse outcomes.
Iron Deficiency Affects Seizure Susceptibility in a Time- and Sex-Specific Manner

Iron deficiency (ID) affects more than three billion people worldwide making it the most common micronutrient deficiency. ID is most prevalent during gestation and early life, which is of particular concern since its impact on the developing central nervous system is associated with an increased risk of a wide range of different psychiatric disorders later in life. The cause for this association is not known, but many of these same disorders are also associated with an imbalance between excitation and inhibition (E/I) within the brain. Based on this shared impairment, we asked whether ID could contribute to such an imbalance. Disruptions in the E/I balance can be uncovered by the brain's response to seizure inducing insults. We therefore tested the seizure threshold under different nutritional models of ID. We found that mice which were postnatally exposed to ID (and were acutely ID) had a decreased seizure threshold and increased susceptibility to certain seizure types. In contrast, mice that were exposed to ID only during gestation had an increased seizure threshold and low seizure incidence. We suggest that exposure to ID during gestation might alter the cellular components that contribute to the establishment of a proper E/I balance later in life. In addition, our data highlight the importance of considering the window of vulnerability since gestational ID and postnatal ID have significantly different consequences on seizure probability.
Empirin/Codeine (Burroughs Wellcome)

Aspirin is a non-narcotic analgesic with antipyretic and anti-inflammatory actions. Codeine is a narcotic analgesic with antitussive properties.
State maneuver in the capitalist world-economy: A political geography of contextualized agency:

The purpose of this paper is to elucidate a theoretical perspective and outline an analytical framework for state maneuver in the hierarchical world-economy that incorporates the idea of context wi...
Signal Transmission in Natural Environments

All communication involves transmission of a signal from sender to receiver. As a result of transmission through natural environments, each modality of communication encounters particular difficulties. Sounds, for instance, are altered by spherical spreading, frequency-dependent attenuation, reverberation, and amplitude fluctuations. They are also masked by irrelevant background sound. In all cases, the alteration and masking of signals during transmission introduces possibilities for error by receivers (false alarms and missed detections). As a consequence of an inevitable trade-off between these two kinds of errors, receivers can only optimize their criteria for response. Depending on the nature of this trade-off, the optimal criterion for response falls somewhere on a continuum between adaptive gullibility and adaptive fastidiousness. Errors during transmission can thus result in the evolution of deceptive or exaggerated signals.
Earthquake faulting, induced fluid flow, and fault-hosted gold-quartz mineralization

Gold-quartz vein systems with textures recording incremental histories of deposition are often hosted in faults and shear zones. Epithermal deposits tend to develop at shallow depths (<l-2 km) in the vicinity of extensional or transtensional fault systems. In contrast, many mesothermal gold-quartz lodes are associated with high-angle reverse or reverse-oblique shear zones of mixed brittle-ductile character, developed under greenschist-facies metamorphic conditions at ≈ 10 km depth. These mesothermal deposits apparently represent the roots of brittle fault zones.
On the Efficiency of a Class of Maximum Entropy Estimators

Let P be a family of probability measures and let P0∊P. A classical problem of statistical inference is the estimation of an euclidean parameter v (P0) when n indepedent and identically distributed (iid) observations from P0 are available.
A high-efficiency, low-Ĉerenkov Micro-Layered Fast-Neutron Detector for the TREAT hodoscope

Abstract This paper presents an enabling technology for high-efficiency fast-neutron detection for the Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) Facility hodoscope . The hodoscope is currently outfitted with 25.4-mm long Hornyak buttons for fast-neutron detection. However, they require improvements, as they suffer from low detection efficiency, Ĉerenkov radiation contaminating the signal, and non-linearity of detector response at large transients. To address these issues, a layered ZnS:Ag device has been constructed. The layered design provides various advantages: it incorporates greater scintillation volume, Ĉerenkov background is significantly reduced by eliminating the need for additional light guides, and the detection process is simplified by achieving gamma-ray rejection using only pulse-height discrimination. The result is a greater number of fast neutron counts with reduced background noise contaminating the signal. On being irradiated with a 252 Cf source (whose neutron energy spectrum closely mimics a reactor fission spectrum), a 25.4-mm long layered device was found to exhibit an intrinsic fast-neutron detection efficiency of 8.1% for neutrons with an average energy of 2 MeV, while a 43-mm long device allows for a greater number of fast neutron to be detected, increasing the efficiency to 9.1%. Further lengthening of the device up to 20 cm has been numerically predicted to exhibit even higher efficiencies. The detectors can be mass-produced easily and inexpensively.
Role of Endogenous Metabolite Alterations in Neuropsychiatric Disease

The potential role in neuropsychiatric disease risk arising from alterations and derangements of endogenous small-molecule metabolites remains understudied. Alterations of endogenous metabolite concentrations can arise in multiple ways. Marked derangements of single endogenous small-molecule metabolites are found in a large group of rare genetic human diseases termed "inborn errors of metabolism", many of which are associated with prominent neuropsychiatric symptomology. Whether such metabolites act neuroactively to directly lead to distinct neural dysfunction has been frequently hypothesized but rarely demonstrated unequivocally. Here we discuss this disease concept in the context of our recent findings demonstrating that neural dysfunction arising from accumulation of the schizophrenia-associated metabolite l-proline is due to its structural mimicry of the neurotransmitter GABA that leads to alterations in GABA-ergic short-term synaptic plasticity. For cases in which a similar direct action upon neurotransmitter binding sites is suspected, we lay out a systematic approach that can be extended to assessing the potential disruptive action of such candidate disease metabolites. To address the potentially important and broader role in neuropsychiatric disease, we also consider whether the more subtle yet more ubiquitous variations in endogenous metabolites arising from natural allelic variation may likewise contribute to disease risk but in a more complex and nuanced manner.
A Rare Case of Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is a rare, histiocytic disorder that primarily affects the skin and joints. This disease can have systemic involvement of various organ systems and has been associated with underlying malignancy. Middle-aged, Caucasian females are the most commonly affected demographic group in this disease. We present a case of a 56-year-old African American male with debilitating joint pain and a papulonodular rash on his face, chest, arms, and hands. Biopsy of skin lesions confirmed the diagnosis of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Histological findings revealed dermal infiltrate composed of glassy histiocytes and giant cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. The patient was started on 15 mg of methotrexate weekly, 1 mg of folic acid daily, and 60 mg of prednisone daily with mild improvement of skin lesions at one month followup. He expired from other comorbidities before long term treatment could be achieved. The potential for disfiguring skin lesions and debilitating arthropathy emphasizes the importance of early recognition and treatment of MRH. Corticosteroids and methotrexate are recommended for patients with moderate to severe disease and have been shown to be successful in some cases. More studies are needed on patients with MRH to further elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease.
Deep Sparse Feature Selection and Fusion for Textured Contact Lens Detection

Distinguishing between images of irises wearing textured lenses versus those wearing transparent lenses or no lenses is a challenging problem due to the subtle and fine-grained visual differences. Our approach builds upon existing hand-crafted image features and neural network architectures by optimally selecting and combining the most useful set of features into a single model. We build multiple, parallel subnetworks corresponding to the various feature descriptors and learn the best subset of features through group sparsity. We avoid overfitting such a wide and deep model through a selective transfer learning technique and a novel group Dropout regularization strategy. This model achieves roughly a four times increase in performance over the state-of-the-art on three benchmark textured lens datasets and equals the near-perfect state-of-the-art accuracy on two others. Furthermore, the generic nature of the architecture allows it to be extended to other image features, forms of spoofing attacks, or problem domains.
El deseo de emigrar en áfrica subsahariana

Una gran parte de los adultos de Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudafrica y Tanzania desearia marcharse de sus paises de origen, segun una serie de encuestas nacionales realizadas en 2017 por el Pew Research Center. Muchos de los encuestados manifestaron su deseo de marcharse en el plazo de los proximos cinco anos; sus principales destinos de preferencia son Europa y los Estados Unidos. Los posibles factores que les impulsan a ello son: la demografia, la economia, la inestabilidad politica, las condiciones y expectativas de sus paises, los conflictos o la politica migratoria en el resto del mundo. En consecuencia, Africa Subsaharianava camino de convertirse en una de las principales fuentes de emigracion del mundo en las proximas decadas, aunque no existe la certeza de que estos migrantes potenciales lleguen a salir de Africa, o inclusode sus localidades.
Perception and Expectation in Literature

In Chapter 5 the keynote is movement, which has been a theme in every Chapter but is now essential to analysis of texts that show how the embodied mind is alive in time. The point is that changes of posture and changes of mind are changes in the division of our acts of attention. The array of a dozen works analyzed has a range of eras, types, lengths, structures, languages, including a best-seller hard-boiled novel, a classic French lyric about art-speech, and a mid-length meditation in Romantic blank verse. (Here the book’s only Diagram is a grid showing focus-changes in perception and emotion in the array.) Donald Wesling concludes the whole book with a rationale, unfashionable but unapologetic, for taking every opportunity to name the prosodic and linguistic forms in these twelve items.
Higher Dairy Intakes Are Associated with Higher Bone Mineral Density among Adults with Sufficient Vitamin D Status: Results from the Boston Puerto Rican Osteoporosis Study.

Background Dairy foods have been shown to improve bone mineral density (BMD) in non-Hispanic whites. Puerto Rican adults have a higher prevalence of osteoporosis and vitamin D deficiency than non-Hispanic whites. However, there is little understanding of lifestyle influences on bone in this population. Objective The aim of this study was to examine associations of dairy intakes with BMD among adults from the Boston Puerto Rican Osteoporosis Study with and without adequate serum vitamin D status. Methods A total of 904 participants in this cross-sectional analysis provided dietary intakes with a culturally tailored food-frequency questionnaire. Dairy food groups were calculated [total dairy, modified dairy (without cream or dairy desserts), fluid dairy (milk + yogurt), cheese, yogurt, and cream and desserts]. BMD (grams per centimeter squared) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Vitamin D status was defined as sufficient (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≥20 ng/mL) or insufficient (<20 ng/mL). General linear models were used to examine associations between dairy intake and BMD, stratified by vitamin D status. Results Of the total sample, 73% were women, of whom 87% were postmenopausal. Mean ± SD age was 60.0 ± 7.6 y and mean ± SD body mass index (kg/m2) was 32.3 ± 6.6. Mean serum 25(OH)D (range: 4-48 ng/mL) was 14.3 ± 3.6 ng/mL in insufficient individuals and 26.0 ± 5.5 ng/mL in sufficient individuals. In the full sample, higher intakes of modified dairy foods (β = 0.0015, P = 0.02) and milk (β = 0.0018, P = 0.04) were associated with higher femoral neck (FN) BMD. Among those who were vitamin D sufficient, higher intakes of total dairy (P = 0.03-0.07), fluid dairy (P = 0.01-0.05), and milk (P = 0.02-0.09) were significantly related to higher FN and lumbar spine BMD, respectively. Among vitamin D-insufficient participants, dairy intakes were not associated with BMD (P-range = 0.11-0.94). Conclusions Dairy food intakes were associated with higher BMD among adults, particularly those with sufficient vitamin D status. Future studies should confirm findings longitudinally and assess culturally acceptable lifestyle interventions to improve bone health among Hispanic adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01231958.
Intimate Partner Violence in Adolescence: Associations With Perpetration Trauma, Rumination, and Posttraumatic Stress:

Engagement in intimate partner violence (IPV) is related to a host of negative outcomes for youth, including posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Moreover, research indicates that the perpetration...