cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The brachial artery method to transluminal coronary angioplasty.

The development of a brachial artery guiding catheter for (percutaneous) trans-luminal coronary angioplasty is described. Three-hundred angioplasty procedures were attempted with 196 (65%) via the branchial and 104 (35%) via the femoral artery. The coronary stenosis was crossed in 202 attempts (67%); in 138 via the brachial (70%) and 64 via the femoral artery (62%). A successful angioplasty occurred in 117 via the brachial (85%) and in 50 via the femoral artery (78%). Successful angioplasty of the left anterior descending artery was equally effective with either technique. Successful angioplasty of the right coronary artery was more difficult (P < 0.05) using the femoral artery. An unsuccessful angioplasty with one technique was occasionally overcome by use of the other technique. No brachial artery complications were encountered. The brachial method to transluminal coronary angioplasty is an acceptable and complementary alternative to the femoral technique. Those laboratories contemplating percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may desire to utilize both approaches.
The role of soluble interleukin-4 receptor and interleukin-5 antibody in preventing late-phase allergy-induced eustachian tube dysfunction.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the role of soluble interleukin (IL)-4 receptors (sIL-4R) and IL-5 antibodies (IL-5Ab) in preventing allergic eustachian tube dysfunction (ETD) and middle ear effusion (MEE).STUDY DESIGN: Brown-Norway rats were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged transtympanically. Two groups of rats received either IL-4R or IL-5Ab transtympanically 1 hour before challenge. Three additional groups were used as controls. Following the second transtympanic challenge, the ventilatory and clearance functions of the eustachian tube (ET) were assessed at 0, 2, and 8 hours. Histology was prepared using cut paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin.RESULTS: sIL-4R-pretreated rats showed no significant changes in ventilatory or clearance functions of the ET or inflammatory changes in ET mucosa, whereas IL-5Ab pretreatment showed significant late ventilatory and clearance dysfunction as well as inflammatory mucosal changes.CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that the late-phase allergi...
Transplantation: Rituximab induction for prevention of HLA-antibody rebound

Desensitization therapy enables HLA-incompatible transplantation. However, desensitized patients have an increased risk of antibody-mediated rejection, and the presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) is associated with poor outcomes. A new study has assessed the effect of rituximab induction on DSA production in kidney transplant recipients with high immunological risk.
Lattice statics applied to vacancy-screw dislocation interactions in cubic metals

Abstract The interaction of point defects in a model harmonic cubic crystal has been analysed from a lattice statics point of view by Hardy and Bullough (1967 a, 1967 b), and their results are in serious disagreement with the corresponding results of elasticity theory. Here we extend their work to include the interaction of point defects with line defects by considering specifically the interaction of a vacancy with a screw dislocation in certain cubic metals. Results are presented for potassium and α-iron and three model b.c.c. crystals which are expected to be falid except in the region of close interdefect separations. The model crystals were designed to show the effect of elastic isotropy, and the results for these crystals show that while elastic isotropy considerably reduces the range of the vacancy-screw dislocation interaction, this interaction does not vanish as predicted by linear elasticity theory.
Oil Debris Detection Using Capacitance and Ultrasonic Measurements

This paper aims at the use of a capacitance sensing approach using a RLC meter to detect oil debris contents and experimental results are compared to those obtained using an ultrasonic device. It was found that both capacitance and ultrasonic measurement can both detect particles as small as 4 mils (101 μm) in diameter. Experimental results show that the measured capacitance increases linearly with the increase of particle size while the ultrasonic wave amplitude decreases linearly with the increase of particle size. While some measurable differences can be detected by both capacitance and ultrasonic measurements between the ferrous and the nonferrous particles, a systematic difference between the data point cannot be developed. In addition, the existence of nonconductive particles cannot be readily detected using the capacitance measurements but their existence can be observed by the ultrasonic measurement.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
The determination of the structure of blood group oligosaccharides from fully assigned 1H-n.m.r. spectra for solutions in non-aqueous solvents☆

The fully assigned 1H-n.m.r. spectra of a blood group A tetrasaccharide and of a blood group H hexasaccharide in dimethyl sulfoxide and in pyridine by use of two-dimensional COSY and homonuclear Hartmann-Hann coherence transfer methods are reported. The 1H-n.m.r. spectra of both of these compounds in deuterium oxide had been previously assigned. Since the relative proton chemical shifts in the three solvents are quite different, resonances which overlap or are strongly coupled for one solvent may be well resolved for another, thus providing an extension of the method of complete proton assignments for determination of the structure of complex oligosaccharides. Although the rotational correlation times (tau c) of these oligosaccharides are similar to the reciprocal of the spectrometer frequency, either negative or positive n.O.e. values were measurable for both oligosaccharides in all three solvents in one-dimensional difference spectroscopy by taking advantage of the dependence of tau c on the solvent viscosity and, thus, on sample temperature. Whereas n.O.e. depend strongly on temperature and solvent viscosity, the ratios of the effects between protons on the same pyranoside ring and those on different rings were observed to be similar, suggesting that the oligosaccharide conformations are not strongly dependent on solvent or temperature.
A COMBINED OCTANT/DELAUNAY METHOD FOR FULLY AUTOMATIC 3D MESH GENERATION WITH MULTIPLE LEVEL OCTANT DIFFERENCES

Automated mesh generation using a combined octree/Delaunay approach typically requires that rectangular elements be bounded by other rectangular elements which are not more that one division smaller (i.e. 1/8 the volume in 3D). This limitation is sometimes referred to as the 2:1 rule. This paper presents a modification which allows for any level of difference.
Factors in sulfur poisoning of iron catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Abstract Poisoning of catalysts in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by sulfur compounds has been investigated at the U.S. Bureau of Mines as part of its program on the conversion of coal to liquid and gaseous fuels. The effects of alkali content, initial surface area, and particle size on the poisoning of fixed beds of reduced fused iron oxide catalysts are reported for synthesis tests with 1 H 2 + 1 CO gas containing 69 mg S as H 2 S/m 3 at 21.4 atm. Chemisorption studies of CO at −195 °C and CO 2 at −78 °C on reduced catalysts on which H 2 S was adsorbed indicate that sulfur chemisorbs on both metallic iron and on alkali promoter if present. However, the decrease in the moles of CO plus CO 2 chemisorbed was only 14 to 29% of the moles of H 2 S chemisorbed on the catalyst. Alkali promoters increase both the activity of the catalyst and its resistance to poisoning. Addition of 0.51 g K 2 O/100 g Fe to an alumina-promoted catalyst increased activity about sixfold and resistance to poisoning about fivefold. In the early and intermediate stages of poisoning, the selectivity was not significantly changed. The relative amounts of products in different boiling fractions and the concentrations of olefins and oxygenated molecules in these fractions remained essentially constant. Initial surface area of reduced catalysts was not an important factor in determining either activity or resistance to poisoning. Decreasing particle size from 6–8 mesh to 28–32 mesh (a fivefold increase in external area) increased the activity and the resistance to poisoning more than threefold. Apparently poisoning occurs in a thin active layer near the external surface of the particles. Previous work from this laboratory has shown the depth of this active layer to be about 0.1 mm. In three fixed-bed poisoning tests, the concentration of sulfur in the catalyst was determined as a function of bed length. Most of the sulfur was found in the inlet third of the catalyst.
The connection between auroral acceleration and auroral morphology

Abstract Auroral acceleration is usually conceived in terms of measured electron energy-spectra and pitch-angle distributions. But another historical thread draws upon studies of auroral morphology. By 1970 it had been discovered that the rays in active rayed arcs are actually arrays of vortices similar to those observed in fluid shear and in laboratory experiments involving magnetized sheet electron beams (Kelvin-Helmholtz instability). The apparent shear flow implied that rays drift at the E X B velocity in a convergent electric field of the order of 1 v/m. But ionospheric electric fields rarely exceeded 100 mV/m. A suggested solution, that the electric fields existed in the source region but did not map down to the lower ionosphere, required that there be an upward electric field in the center of the arc. This field would accelerate electrons downward into the ionosphere. To compare electric fields inferred from inverted V energy with those inferred from ray motions requires a fortunate conjunction of a rocket or satellite passing through an overhead rayed arc. The AMICIST payload provided such an opportunity and the inferred fields were consistent. Morphology studies also show that clockwise spirals, associated with upward currents and counter-clockwise curls, associated with charge sheets, have scale-sizes differing by two orders of magnitude. This suggests that current sheets have thickness of order 50 km (multiple arc) while negative charge tends to be concentrated in thin layers of order 500m (arc elements). This difference needs to be considered in relating parallel fields to Birkeland currents. Finally, conjugate studies of auroras suggest that the potential contours close somewhere above the acceleration region rather than in the conjugate ionosphere. This raises the question of how electrons are forced into the regions of high negative potential.
A Model of Muscle–Tendon Function in Human Walking at Self-Selected Speed

Although joint biomechanics and whole-body energetics are well documented for human walking, the underlying mechanisms that govern individual muscle-tendon behaviors are not fully understood. Here, we present a computational model of human walking that unifies muscle and joint biomechanics with whole-body metabolism for level-ground walking at self-selected speed. In the model, muscle-tendon units that dorsiflex the ankle, and flex and extend the knee, are assumed to act as linear springs upon neural activation; each muscle-tendon is modeled as a tendon spring in series with an isometric force source. To provide the mechanical power lost in step-to-step gait transitions, a Hill-type soleus muscle is modeled to actively plantar flex the ankle using muscle state and force as reflex feedback signals. Finally, to stabilize the trunk during stance, and to protract and retract each leg throughout the swing phase, two mono-articular Hill-type muscles actuate the model's hip joint. Following a forward dynamics optimization procedure, the walking model is shown to predict muscle and joint biomechanics, as well as whole-body metabolism, supporting the idea that the preponderance of leg muscles operate isometrically, affording the relatively high metabolic walking economy of humans.
Evidence for periodic, Holocene loess deposition in kettles in a sandy, interlobate landscape, Michigan, USA

Abstract Loess deposits are common in mid-continental North America, but are rare in Michigan, and most loess found in this region is of last-glacial age. We report on evidence for Holocene-age, silt-dominated deposits found in kettle bottoms, which we interpret as loess. These silty deposits contrast with the broader interlobate landscape, which is composed of glaciofluvial materials dominated by medium and fine sands (125–500 μm). The abrupt lateral edges of the silty deposits, and their unique textural properties relative to the surrounding landscape, suggest that the silts were not washed from kettle backslopes. Rather, we suggest that the silts originated as loess that was episodically deposited in kettle bottoms across the Upland. Later, loess that may have been deposited on backslopes was occasionally redeposited into the centers of vegetated kettles, along with some background sands, by wind and water. Evidence in support of our conclusions includes (1) the fine-silty textural characteristics of the sediments, set within an otherwise sand-dominated landscape, (2) depositional sequences of charcoal-rich paleosols, intercalated within the otherwise “clean” kettle bottom silts, pointing to episodes of loess deposition interspersed with periods of slope stability and pedogenesis, and (3) increased silt contents within the upper meter of sandy soils on nearby stable uplands. Radiocarbon ages on bulk charcoal from nine paleosols within the kettle-bottom silt deposits fall mainly within the early Holocene. These deposits and 14C ages provide the first evidence of Holocene loess in the Great Lakes region, some of which probably originated from the nearby Muskegon River floodplain.
Reevaluation of the caudal skeleton of actinopterygian fishes: I. Lepisosteus and Amia

The centra of Lepisosteus are perichondral ossifications of arcualia (i.e., arcocentra), whereas those of Amia are direct perichordal ossifications (i.e., autocentra) that enclose the arcualia. The preural centra of Lepisosteus are monospondylous, whereas the ural centra are formations of inter- and basidorsal arcualia. In contrast, the preural centra of Amia are diplospondylous, whereas preural centrum 1 (and sometimes preural centrum 2) and ural centra are monospondylous. The ural centra of Lepisosteus are expansions of dorsal arcualia, but those of Amia are expansions of the basiventral autocentrum. This explains the fusion of the neural arches with the ural centra and the presence of autogenous hypurals in Lepisosteus, in contrast to the situation in Amia in which the compound ural neural arch (the fused ural neural arches) is free, and the hypurals are fused to the ural centra. Lepisosteus possesses true epurals, which are modified neural spines, whereas in Amia the "epurals" are positioned between the neural spines like radials. Lepisosteus and Amia possess a polyural caudal skeleton with a one-to-one relationship between ural centra and hypurals; the number of hypurals may be reduced in adult Lepisosteus.
Simulation of Multiple-Optical-Axis Pattern-Integrated Interference Lithography (PIIL) Systems

Exposure patterns for an optimized multiple-optical-axis PIIL system are simulated using a combination of ray tracing and Fourier analysis for several lens tilt configurations. Reasonable fidelity is shown to be possible for tilts up to 40 deg.
Barriers to booster seat use and strategies to increase their use.

OBJECTIVE: Children who have outgrown child safety seats and been placed in adult seat belts are at increased risk for injury. Pediatricians and other advocates have been called on to encourage booster seat use in these children. The objective of this study was to identify barriers to booster seat use and strategies to increase their use. METHODS: A qualitative study consisting of focus groups and follow-up in-depth discussions were conducted among parents and/or children to elicit barriers and strategies to appropriate/best practice child restraint system use. Phase I focus groups (parents and children) identified barriers to booster seat use along with children's self-reported likes and dislikes about booster seats. Phase II focus groups (parents only) identified additional barriers to booster seat use and suggestions for strategies to increase the use of booster seats. In-depth telephone discussions (parents only) were conducted after each phase of focus groups to identify new themes and to explore further previously emerged topics that were not conducive to probing in focus group settings. RESULTS: This study demonstrated that although knowledge of the benefits and purpose of booster seats is an important issue in promoting booster seat use, it is not the only issue. In particular, differences in risk perception, awareness/knowledge, and parenting style were noted when comparing parents of children in booster seats with those whose children were in seat belts. Media campaigns, improved laws, parenting education, and extending the use of child restraints to older ages were among the strategies suggested by parents to increase booster seat use. CONCLUSIONS: Anticipatory guidance regarding booster seats may be new for many pediatricians. This article arms pediatricians with insights from parents about their perceptions regarding booster seats and how parents think that the booster seat message can be most effectively delivered. Furthermore, it gives insight into how parents make safety decisions for their children and the important role of children in this decision-making process.
New water mite species from tropical Africa (Acari: Hydracarina)

Abstract The following new taxa are described from three areas of tropical Africa: Hydrachna (Hydrachna) nigeriensis (Nigeria); Mamersa testudinata expansa (Uganda); Nilotonia petri (Ghana); Axonopsis (Hexaxonopsis) nabugabua (Uganda); Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) ghanaensis (Ghana); Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) oldhami (Nigeria, Ghana); Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) victoriensis (Uganda); Arrenurus (Arrenurus) petri (Ghana); Arrenurus (Arrenurus) vanopus (Ghana). In addition, range extensions are given for 10 previously described species.
A test of detecting spring leaf flush within the Alaskan boreal forest using ERS-2 and Radarsat SAR data

This study tests whether ERS-2 and Radarsat Standard Beam SAR data could be used to detect spring green-up of broadleaf forests on floodplains in interior Alaska. SAR data were acquired for pre- and post-budburst dates during the spring of 1997, 1998 and 1999. The images were radiometrically calibrated to dB and then geometrically co-registered to a colour infrared Landsat TM image. Ten broadleaf and ten conifer floodplain forest polygons were then delineated from the Landsat TM image for the extent of each SAR image. The mean dB from each broadleaf and conifer stand was computed from each SAR image to test whether there was a consistent change in mean dB associated with spring leaf-out of broadleaf trees. There was no evidence that the 1997 or 1998 ERS-2 dB SAR data were useful for detecting spring leaf flush. The 1998 Radarsat broadleaf stands all increased in dB after budburst, but this was attributed to an increase in surface moisture from rain, rather than due to spring leaf flush. The 1999 Radarsat ...
Isozyme patterns of coregonine fishes: Evidence for multiple cistrons for lactate and malate dehydrogenases and achromatic bands in the tissues of Prosobium cylindraceum (Pallas) and P. coulteri (Eigenmann and Eigenmann)

Starch gel electrophoresis reveals the presence of 22 LDH isozymes in the round whitefish (Prosobium cylindraceum). Immunoprecipitation and molecular hybridization experiments demonstrate that the genome of this species codes for ten types of LDH subunits designated A, A′, B, B′, D, D′, E, E′, F, and F′. These subunits comprise the parental homotetramers of five distinct groups of isozymes designated a, b, d, e, and f. The group f isozymes are found exclusively in skeletal muscle and the e group isozymes are found exclusively in the eye. The a, b, d, and e group isozymes are immunologically related. The group f isozymes do not cross-react with antibodies prepared against either the A4 or B4 homotetramers of weakfish, Cynoscion regalis. Six types of LDH subunits; designated B, B′, D, D′, E, and E′, are coded for by the genome of the pygmy whitefish (P. coulteri). They comprise the parental homotetramers of three distinct, but immunologically related, groups of isozymes designated b, d, and e. As in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), no in vivo intergroup molecular hydridization of LDH isozymes has been observed nor can it be induced in vitro in either P. cylindraceum or P. coulteri. The isozymes of analogous groups from P. cylindraceum, P. coulteri, and S. gairdneri can be hybridized in vitro. Two distinct MDH phenotypes were observed in P. cylindraceum; a simpler (S) pattern composed of four isozymes and a more complex (C) pattern composed of six-seven isozymes. A pattern of six-seven MDH isozymes similar to the C pattern of P. cylindraceum is found in P. coulteri. The ovarian LDH and MDH isozymes of P. cylindraceum are unique in that they migrate more slowly toward the anode than analogous isozymes in other tissues. The achromatic bands which are observed on starch gels stained for LDH or MDH activity are described.
NONKETOL REDUCTION OF TETRAZOLIUM SALTS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS.

Nonketol compounds of pharmaceutical interest have been tested for reduction of tetrazolium salts; the quantitative applications of these reactions have been evaluated.
Optimal location and sizing of distributed generators in distribution networks

Using a combination of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Newton-Raphson load flow methods this paper investigates the impact of location and size of distributed generators on distribution systems. Similar to the existing improved analytical (IA) method, the proposed approach optimizes the size and location of distributed generators with both real and reactive power capabilities. However, studies show that the proposed method yields much better results than the IA technique and with less computation times. In addition, compared to other evolutionary algorithms such as artificial bee colony (ABC), the proposed method achieves a better distribution system voltage profile with smaller DG sizes. To show the advantages of the proposed method, the IEEE 69-bus distribution system is used as a test bed and the results are compared with those from IA and ABC approaches.
Trends in miniature cryogenic refrigeration systems and components

Abstract Demands for increasing numbers and types of miniature cryogenic coolers over the past few yeaas have been spurred not only by ambitious space missions but also by the need for reliable helium refrigeration systems for use with a number of applications utilizing superconducting magnets. This need for reliability has provided the impetus for the development of several new low-temperature cooling devices and the continued refinement of various components associated with such devices. Several of these refrigeration developments and component improvements are highlighted in this review of miniature cryocoolers. Considerable strides have been made, but more improvements are necessary before the desired reliability can be achieved.
Should Chinese Intellectuals Abandon the Style of Medieval Times

To this day I still do not know exactly what sort of people are to be regarded as intellectuals, and what sort of people are not. When I was being re-educated in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution, a military representative once told me that I was a "petty bourgeois intellectual." I was only seventeen at the time, had received six years of primary school education, and was barely literate, so I felt I did not deserve to be called an intellectual. By the way, I also felt I did not deserve the appellation "petty bourgeois." My family lived on wages from the government; even our furniture belonged to the government. We had not set up a stall to sell cigarettes in front of our house, so where did he get the term "petty bourgeois"? As for myself as an individual, it was only right and proper that I should belong to one social class or another, and I was not against doing so. However, to this day, I do not know in what class intellectual youths should be counted. In my opinion, if one insists on mak...
An electrically controlled variable-gain pulse amplifier using different controlled elements☆

Abstract The problem of automatically controlling the gain of a pulse amplifier with an electric signal is discussed. A simple electrically controlled variable-gain pulse amplifier is described. Different types of variable-resistance control elements are considered: GE344 and Pinlite 15-15 lamp bulbs and field-effect transistors (FET's). An important use of a variable-gain pulse amplifier is in gain-stabilized systems in nuclear instrumentation. We constructed an electrically controlled variable-gain amplifier that permits up to ± 1 V pulses with gain-change capabilities of ± 21%. It is a simple, low-cost compact unit that can be introduced into existing stabilizer systems without changing its components. Incremental linearities of 0.08% or better can be expected. Gain modulations up to 100 kc have been accomplished with FET's. Very good results are obtained with lamp bulbs when lower speeds can be tolerated, as is the case for a great many present-day experiments.
Absolute flammability limits and flame-balls

The authors examine flame balls that are not optically thin so that radiation from the hot burned gas is not lost but is reabsorbed by the surrounding cool gas. The steady solution is shown to be multivalued in general and defines an intrinsic (apparatus independent) flammability limit for a sufficiently small ignition source. Beyond the flammability limit a steady solution exists for arbitrarily weak mixtures, but is unrealizable since it is unstable to one-dimensional perturbations. An unsteady propagating flame solution is also possible for arbitrarily weak mixtures, but can only be generated by a large ignition source. Observations of flame-strings in SF[sub 6]-diluted mixtures are reported and suggest that the peculiar nature of the radiative properties of SF[sub 6] is responsible for peculiar dynamics.
SOLVING THE MULTIPLE-MACHINE WEIGHTED FLOW TIME PROBLEM USING TABU SEARCH

In this paper we discuss the development and application of a new and more powerful method for solving the muldple-machine weighted flow time problem using a basic tabu search (TS) approach. Previous methods of solution used branch and bound and are computationally limited to problems of about 25 jobs. In a set of previously published problems with IS to 30 jobs, the new method achieved optimality in at least an order of magnitude less computation time than branch and bound first achieved the optimum. Studies of larger problems indicate that the new method maintains its ability to achieve superior solutions with only a modest growth in computational effort.
Validating cultural adaptations of a school-based social-emotional learning programme for use with Latino immigrant adolescents

Immigrant youth face many challenges as they adapt to a new culture and society. School-based social-emotional learning (SEL) interventions have been proposed to teach these children's coping skills that can help them with such life-changing transitions. A growing body of research supports the need to make adaptations to any evidence-based intervention, including SEL, to ensure the intervention's efficacy and cultural sensitivity. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process of adapting an evidence-based SEL programme for use with a group of Latino immigrant adolescents enrolled in public schools in the USA. The ecology validity framework was adopted for the pilot/feasibility study described in this paper. A group of 40 recent-immigrant Latino adolescents participated in the study. Participants reported favourable social validity and acceptability ratings. The youth also demonstrated an increase in SEL knowledge. The results suggested that developing and implementing cultural adaptations to existi...
Application of EMF-pH Diagrams to Corrosion Prediction

Abstract EMF-pH diagrams calculated from physical property data can be practical tools to air in corrosion prediction. The EMF-pH diagrams of two practical systems relating to actual process corrosion problems are examined. These are titanium in a concentrated HCl-NaCl solution containing an organic component modeled as aspartic acid, and a cadmium electrode in the presence of dissolved EDTA. Procedures for estimating the needed thermodynamic properties are discussed in detail. Both examples show that placement on these diagrams of the pH and the measured corrosion potential provide a useful way to relate the theoretical thermodynamic diagram to the real world. By coupling the EMF-pH diagram with these properly determined properties, useful insights are gained so reasonable hypotheses can be established and appropriate further experiments can be run.
Sources of Emotional Distress Associated with Diarrhea Among Late Middle-Age and Older HIV-Infected Adults

Abstract Context Although the experience of physical symptoms can adversely influence emotional well-being, the specific emotional reactions experienced in response to specific symptoms are not well understood. Objectives To examine the emotional impact of diarrhea among HIV+ late middle-age and older adults (i.e., age 50 years and older). Methods In-depth interviews were conducted with 100 participants, of whom 29 had experienced diarrhea and spoke about the emotional impact it had had on them. Results Three principal themes emerged: 1) I don't control the diarrhea, the diarrhea controls me; 2) I feel ashamed, dirty, and tainted; and 3) I fear what the diarrhea is doing to me and what it means. Their inability to control when and where their diarrhea would occur was a great source of emotional distress for participants. Almost all feared the possibility of fecal incontinence while out in public and the humiliation it would bring. To avoid this, many greatly restricted their time outside the home or where they would go to ensure access to a restroom. Others felt shame and perpetually "dirty" even when not dealing with a bout of diarrhea. Many also worried about the effect the diarrhea would have on their health and whether it signaled progression to end-stage disease. Conclusion The data strongly support the need to aggressively manage diarrhea in HIV-infected adults, as the social and emotional consequences can be profound. When it cannot be effectively controlled, physicians and social service agencies should address the isolation by providing home-based opportunities for social support and interaction.
Fluorination of pyrrolic compounds with xenon difluoride

Direct fluorination of the pyrrole ring with electron-withdrawing groups, such as, CHO, COR, COOR, CONR2, using xenon difluoride under mild conditions leads to the corresponding fluoropyrroles in 25–54% yields. It was found that fluorination takes place only at the α-position of the pyrrole even when the β-position is also free.
Biological control of the vernal population increase of Calanus finmarchicus on Georges Bank

Abstract An adjoint data assimilation approach was used to quantify the physical and biological controls on Calanus finmarchicus N3–C6 stages on Georges Bank and its nearby environs. The mean seasonal cycle of vertically averaged distributions, from 5 years of the GLOBEC Georges Bank Broad-Scale Surveys between January and June, was assimilated into a physical–biological model based on the climatological circulation. Large seasonal and spatial variability is present in the inferred supply sources, mortality rates, computed molting fluxes, and physical transports. Estimated mortalities fall within the range of observed rates, and exhibit stage structure that is consistent with earlier findings. Inferred off-bank initial conditions indicate that the deep basins in the Gulf of Maine are source regions of early stage nauplii and late-stage copepodids in January. However, the population increase on Georges Bank from January to April is controlled mostly by local biological processes. Magnitudes of the physical transport terms are nearly as large as the mortality and molting fluxes, but their bank-wide averages are small in comparison to the biological terms. The hypothesis of local biological control is tested in a sensitivity experiment in which upstream sources are set to zero. In that solution, the lack of upstream sources is compensated by a decrease in mortality that is much smaller than the uncertainty in observational estimates.
The Packaging of Implantable Integrated Sensors

Integrated sensors are being designed for long-term implantation for physiological research using animal models and for permanent implantation for various types of prostheses in clinical applications. The problem of packaging these implantable integrated sensors outside of hermetically sealed hybrid packages is described. The electrolytic corrosion of cable conductors and integrated circuit metallizations is the principal danger. The published performance of the materials which have been used to date to encapsulate nonintegrated sensors and conductors is evaluated, and found to be unreliable for these applications. So, too, are the metals which have been used as electrical conductors. New techniques being developed in the attempt to achieve "hermeticity on a chip" are described. Finally, a critical, residual aspect of the overall problem is identified: how to make a mechanically rugged and inherently noncorrodible connection between a cable and a thin film on a silicon chip. No solution to this problem has been demonstrated.
A martingale theory of asset pricing in a production economy

Abstract This paper develops an asset pricing model for a production economy with endogenous labor supply and capital accumulation decision. The martingale valuation equation is found to be compatible with risk aversion for a class of economies with homogeneous utility functions and constant returns to scale technology. These new sufficient conditions for the martingale hypothesis provide a plausible economic environment in which asset prices obey the present value rule.
Kinetic forces of solid particles in coarse particles fluidized beds

Abstract In order to fundamentally understand the attrition and erosion of particles and vessels in fluidized beds, the kinetic forces of solid particles prevailing in beds were investigated using relatively coarse particles. A new experimental technique to directly measure the kinetic forces of solid particles in coarse particles fluidized beds has been established using especially prepared tracer particles. Experiments were done with glass beads fluidized with air in columns 7.6, 10.8, and 15.3 cm in diameter. The bed aspect ratio ranged from 0.3 to 3.0, particle diameters from 0.5 to 3.0 mm, and dimensionless gas velocities from 1 to 7. The reliable numerical data on kinetic forces of solid particles prevailing in beds were obtained in terms of fluidizing gas velocities, solid particle sizes, bed scale, and bed aspect ratio. A good correlation was also found between the kinetic forces of solid particles and the pressure fluctuations of the bed.
The time course of temporal summation.

Abstract Changes in the threshold luminance for a 5 msec, 30′ diameter, ‘test’ flash (Ft), were studied as a function of temporal delay from the onset of asubliminal (55 per cent of threshold) ‘conditioning’ flash (Fc), also 30′ in diameter, and set at either 5, 25, 50, 75 or 100 msec in duration. With an Fc duration of 100 msec, the Ft luminance required to reach threshold was high near Fc onset, fell to a minimum near the middle of its exposure, and then rose again at Fc termination. As Fc duration was made shorter, the foregoing two phases of subliminal excitability decreased in amplitude, until only one was just detectable at 25 msec exposure, and none could be seen at 5 msec. Because perfect I · t reciprocity was not obtained in the measured thresholds for the Fc durations noted above, a second experiment utilized conditioning flashes of constant luminous energy, but of durations of 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 msec. The threshold luminance for Ft measured always at the termination of these conditioning flashes, increased uniformly with increasing Fc duration. Collectively, these findings indicate that short-term decay processes (ca 10 msec), presumably of neural origin, are operative in the visual system, and limit its temporal integrative capacity during sustained exposure to light.
Race, unemployment rate, and chronic mental illness: a 15-year trend analysis

Purpose Before abating, the recession of the first decade of this century doubled the US unemployment rate. High unemployment is conceptualized as a stressor having serious effects on individuals’ mental health. Data from surveys administered repeatedly over 15 years (1997–2011) described changes over time in the prevalence of chronic mental illness among US adults. The data allowed us to pinpoint changes characterizing the White majority—but not Black, Hispanic, or Asian minorities—and to ask whether such changes were attributable to economic conditions (measured via national unemployment rates).
Group treatment for individuals with schizophrenia

Comprehensive treatment programs for individuals with schizophrenia usually include a variety of groups, many of which have concrete tasks as a focus: medication management, social skills training, meal preparation, etc. These groups can simultaneously serve more general rehabilitative purposes if leaders apply principles of group leadership which recognize the neuropathological substrate of schizophrenia and which take into account the specific interpersonal characteristics and needs of individuals who have the illness. This paper presents a framework for leading task-oriented groups for individuals with schizophrenia and give examples from a medication group in a psychosocial rehabilitation program.
An MDR1 promoter allele with higher promoter activity is common in clinically isolated strains of Candida albicans

In the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, up-regulation of MDR1, encoding an efflux transporter, leads to increased resistance to the antifungal drug fluconazole. Antifungal resistance has been linked to several types of genetic change in C. albicans, including changes in genome structure, genetic alteration of the drug target, and overexpression of transporters. High-level over-expression of MDR1 is commonly mediated by mutation in a trans-acting factor, Mrr1p. This report describes a second mechanism that contributes to up-regulation of MDR1 expression. By analyzing the sequence of the MDR1 promoter region in fluconazole-resistant and fluconazole-susceptible strains, we identified sequence polymorphisms that defined two linkage groups, corresponding to the two alleles in the diploid genome. One of the alleles conferred higher MDR1 expression compared with the other allele. Strains in which both alleles were of the higher activity type were common in collections of clinically isolated strains while strains carrying only the less active allele were rare. As increased expression of MDR1 confers higher resistance to drugs, strains with the more active MDR1 promoter allele may grow or survive longer when exposed to drugs or other selective pressures, providing greater opportunity for mutations that confer high-level drug resistance to arise. Through this mechanism, higher activity alleles of the MDR1 promoter could promote the development of drug resistance.
Growth of Oriented Molecular Sieve Thin Films from Aligned Seed Layers

Oriented aluminum phosphate five (AlPO4-5) molecular sieve thin films were grown onto glass surfaces seeded with aligned AlPO4-5 crystals. The novel aligned seed layer was formed by depositing rod-shaped seed crystals from a colloidal suspension under an electric field. Alignment of the seed layer promotes adhesion of the seed crystals to the underlying substrate and enhances surface nucleation and growth to allow secondary crystallization of oriented thin films. There was no correlation between the crystal orientation of the seed layer and the orientation of the secondary crystals grown in the thin film. The orientation of the secondary crystals could be varied from parallel to perpendicular to the underlying seed layer depending on the synthesis conditions. The technique presented here offers a novel method for growing oriented molecular sieve membranes that are useful for separations and catalysis.
THE USE OP A ONE-MINUTE STEP TEST TO ESTIMATE EXERCISE FITNESS

Abstract Nine hundred and thirty-eight male college students were tested with a I -minute, 36 stops per minute stop test, using a 17 in. bench. The results are presented in the form of percentiles and T-scores. Related studies are presented indicating the validity of the test when used to follow changes occurring with physical training.
Effect of polybrene on the infectivity of infectious haemopoietic necrosis virus in tissue culture.

. enhancement of plaque formation by IHN virus on CHSE-214 cells was obtained with 2–5 /(μ/ml polybrene. The enhancement is due to increased infectivity of small plaque variants in the IHN virus stock.
Complexes of calcium with citric acid and tricarballylic acids measured by ion exchange.

WE are engaged in a study of the composition and stability of the complex ions which result from the interaction between metal ions and anions, particularly those of biological importance. The determinations are made by measuring the degree to which tracer levels (∼ 10−8 M) of a radioactive cation are taken up by a synthetic organic cation exchanger in the presence of known concentrations of a complex ion-forming anion1–3. This ion-exchange procedure has several unique advantages1. For example, the dissociation constants of several different metal–organic acid complex ions can be measured simultaneously in the same solution, no corrections are needed for the amount of anion utilized for the formation of the complex ion, and the effect of graded changes in the solutions of such factors as ionic strength, temperature, or dielectric constant can be studied on the same systems. Cation exchange resins such as ‘Dowex 50’4 (manufactured by the Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Mich.) are now used in our experiments because their capacity is independent of the pH.
Two-way cable television trial — a preliminary report

Abstract The Spartanburg two-way cable project of the Rand Corporation consists of a series of experiments to determine the benefits of interactive cable for the delivery of public services. The work is supported by the Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) programme of the National Science Foundation. Like the other projects funded in the NSF cable research programme, the Spartanburg project is intended to provide data on the costs and benefits of cable television systems that can be used both to receive and send signals from a home, agency, or business.
Qualitatively robust fuzzy controller for the 1992 ACC robust control benchmark

Fuzzy control provides a convenient domain to test whether the qualitative reasoning of intelligent methods can produce robust controllers. Our method, the qualitative robust control (QRC), uses a qualitative plant model that subsumes plant perturbation. Utilizing the qualitative model, the fuzzy compensator design proceeds in three steps: 1) creation of a stabilizing compensator; 2) augmentation of the initial design with rules to achieve set-point control; and 3) tuning of the linguistically interpretable compensator parameters. Evaluation of QRC is performed using the ACC 1992 robust control benchmark. Our design outperforms conventional compensators, achieving greater stability robustness, plant noise rejection and tracking performance with less total compensator effort. These results show that a qualitative design approach can produce fuzzy compensator with superior robustness.
The role of accounting in financial disclosure

Abstract This paper examines the various demands facing accounting in attempting to supply diverse groups with differing needs the data they desire. Beginning with the notions that, first, accounting is trying to describe a complex stewardship relation and, second, that what we call accounting is in reality many accountings, it examines several current issues in financial disclosure. Essentially, it concludes that a complex set of economic relations must simultaneously rely on several distinct accountings to properly perform the task of disclosure. In general, this conclusion is viewed as desirable.
Regional and seasonal intercomparison of CMIP3 and CMIP5 climate model ensembles for temperature and precipitation

Regional and seasonal temperature and precipitation over land are compared across two generations of global climate model ensembles, specifically, CMIP5 and CMIP3, through historical twentieth century skills and multi-model agreement, and twenty first century projections. A suite of diagnostic and performance metrics, ranging from spatial bias or model-consensus maps and aggregate time series plots, to measures of equivalence between probability density functions and Taylor diagrams, are used for the intercomparisons. Pairwise and multi-model ensemble comparisons were performed for 11 models, which were selected based on data availability and resolutions. Results suggest little change in the central tendency or variability or uncertainty of historical skills or consensus across the two generations of models. However, there are regions and seasons, at different levels of aggregation, where significant changes, performance improvements, and even degradation in skills, are suggested. The insights may provide directions for further improvements in next generations of climate models, and in the meantime, help inform adaptation and policy.
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder

Objective:To describe the clinical features of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), evaluate treatment options, and discuss management of patients with comorbid diseases.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1977–April 2007) using the terms REM sleep behavior disorder, narcolepsy, parkinsonian disorders, levodopa, dopamine agonists, clonazepam, benzodiazepines, and melatonin was used to retrieve relevant articles. The reference sections of all articles and texts were scanned for additional literature.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All articles published in English were evaluated. There were no specific criteria for inclusion of articles in this review.Data Synthesis:RBD is characterized by enactment of dream content resulting from the loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia during REM sleep. RBD occurs mainly in geriatric patients and in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, especially parkinsonian diseases. The presence of idiopathic RBD may be a sign of an underlying parkinsonian synd...
Keeping hot chips cool

With 90nm CMOS in production and 65nm testing in progress, power has been pushed to the forefront of design metrics. This paper will outline practical techniques that are used to reduce both leakage as well as active power in a standard-cell library based high-performance design flow. We will discuss the design and cost issues for using different power saving techniques such as: power gating to reduce leakage, multiple and hybrid threshold libraries for leakage reduction and multiple supply voltage based design. In addition techniques to reduce clock tree power will be presented as power consumed in clocks accounts for a significant portion of total chip power. Practical aspects of implementing these techniques will also be discussed.