cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A method for the determination of guanidoacetic acid and arginine in biological fluids.

Abstract A method for the determination of either arginine or guanidoacetic acid or both in biological materials has been presented. The method is based on the chromatographic separation of arginine from guanidoacetic acid and the direct determination of each compound by the Sakaguchi reaction. The recovery of added compounds to urine, plasma, and kidney extracts ranges from 96.0 to 104.0%.
Distance to point-sampled trees and their diameters

Abstract The expected mean distance to point-sampled trees, E( r ) , is a function of their average diameter, d , and the basal area factor F : E ( r ) = d /(3√F) . This distance is independent of the diameter distribution of the sampled trees and of any other factor. The relation can be applied for comparison of circular plot and point sampling, investigation of stand structure, and competition among trees.
Substantive conclusions are dependent upon techniques of measurement

Two recent reviews of mathematical modeling in social psychology (Abelson, 1967; Rosenberg, 1968) indicate that efforts to develop formal analyses of sequential social behavior will most likely accelerate in coming years, as will research devoted to determining which of the several competing models provides the best representation of the way social interaction is sequentially organized. The purpose of our paper is to highlight two methodological difficulties which may beset the investigators in such research. We have evidence that apparently trivial decisions—such as how to operationally define one's unit of observation or how often to observe the units so defined—may have profound effects on the conclusions drawn from the data. The formal model chosen as best fitting the data may be rejected or found adequate depending upon the measurement decisions adopted. Two empirical analyses are cited below to support this contention: The first shows how closely predictions of behavior based on past performance are dependent upon the level of complexity of the units utilized in the analyses. The second shows that a Markov model of sequential dependencies in conversational speech was supported using one set of observational sampling rates but rejected when different rates were used.
Quantitative profiling of the full APOBEC3 mRNA repertoire in lymphocytes and tissues: implications for HIV-1 restriction

The human APOBEC3 proteins are DNA cytidine deaminases that impede the replication of many different transposons and viruses. The genes that encode APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, APOBEC3C, APOBEC3D, APOBEC3F, APOBEC3G and APOBEC3H were generated through relatively recent recombination events. The resulting high degree of inter-relatedness has complicated the development of specific quantitative PCR assays for these genes despite considerable interest in understanding their expression profiles. Here, we describe a set of quantitative PCR assays that specifically measures the mRNA levels of each APOBEC3 gene. The specificity and sensitivity of each assay was validated using a full matrix of APOBEC3 cDNA templates. The assays were used to quantify the APOBEC3 repertoire in multiple human T-cell lines, bulk leukocytes and leukocyte subsets, and 20 different human tissues. The data demonstrate that multiple APOBEC3 genes are expressed constitutively in most types of cells and tissues, and that distinct APOBEC3 genes are induced upon T-cell activation and interferon treatment. These data help define the APOBEC3 repertoire relevant to HIV-1 restriction in T cells, and they suggest a general model in which multiple APOBEC3 proteins function together to provide a constitutive barrier to foreign genetic elements, which can be fortified by transcriptional induction.
Predicting In Vivo Phototoxicity In The Lens Using In Vitro And Photophysical Studies

Photodynamic Therapy is an effective treatment of malignant tumors. However the Rophyrin dyes Erggently used are associated with phototoxic effects in the skin and the eye Numerous new dyes are being developed which will hopefully combine effectiveness in treating tumors with fewer phototoxic side effects. We report here a method to assess the relative phototxicity of porphyrins in lenticular tissues that involves both in vitro, photophysical and in vivo studies. This methodology can be used to screen for potential phototoxic side effects of new photosensitizing drugs as they are being developed and to develop means by which that damage may be prevented.
The identification of recirculating systems in the frequency domain.

A method for the identification of flow systems by frequency domain analysis has been extended to include systems with recirculation and truncated data curves. Application of the technique to clinical indicator-dilution curves indicates that the method may be useful in the quantitation of intracardiac shunts. A number of numerical examples which demonstrate the accuracy of the method are included.
Deviant bodies, stigmatized identities, and racist acts: examining the experiences of African-American gamers in Xbox Live

The purpose of this article is to illustrate how minority gamers, particularly African-American males, are subject to the label of deviant within the virtual gaming community of Xbox Live. They are labeled deviant based on the stigma of their physical identity – blackness, through a process of linguistic profiling. By employing virtual ethnography, the author identifies a process that leads to racism based on how the black gamer sounds within the space. The act of racism emerges through a process involving questioning, provoking, instigating, and ultimately racism. Many black gamers have normalized these racist experiences and have accepted the label of deviant placed upon their bodies.
A Note on the Long-Range Stability of Selected Rorschach Scores

Summary As part of a broader longitudinal study, 28 boys were administered the Rorschach at ages 14, 17 and 24, and 24 girls at ages 14 and 17; half of each sample was also tested at age 10. The long-range stability of some of the main standard scoring categories (W, Sum C, M, d — dr and R) was assessed by product moment correlations. The results indicate a significant and consistent stability for all of these scoring categories after age 14. The scores at age 10 give less clear-cut and consistent results.
Information, Instruction, and Learning: A Hypermedia Perspective.

Hypermedia as defined by Osgood (1987) is a tool for linking nonlinear information presented in the form of graphics, animation, video, and sound. One important question for instructional designers regarding hypermedia is how it can be used as an instructional or learning tool that enhances rather than inhibits learning. Creating hypermedia applications is a quick and easy alternative to creating courseware with older authoring systems and languages which took many hours to learn. This ease of application creation, combined with a tremendous increase in information available to our society, has resulted in a proliferation of hypermedia databases in school, university, and industry settings that is gradually moving into homes. Many of these databases are simply information media. This paper identifies important issues related to classifying a hypermedia–based information system appropriately. Based on a discussion of these issues, a call for systematic research which clarifies the role that hypermedia–based information systems can and should play in an instructional or learning environment is set forth.
Decision tree–driven tandem mass spectrometry for shotgun proteomics

Mass spectrometry has become a key technology for modern large-scale protein sequencing. Tandem mass spectrometry, the process of peptide ion dissociation followed by mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) analysis, is the critical component for peptide identification. Recent advances in mass spectrometry now permit two discrete, and complementary, types of peptide ion fragmentation: collision-activated dissociation (CAD) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD) on a single instrument. To exploit this complementarity and increase sequencing success rates, we designed and embedded a data-dependent decision tree algorithm (DT) to make unsupervised, real-time decisions of which fragmentation method to use based on precursor charge and m/z. Applying the DT to large-scale proteome analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and human embryonic stem cells, we identified 53,055 peptides in total, which was greater than by using CAD (38,293) or ETD (39,507) alone. In addition, the DT method also identified 7,422 phosphopeptides, compared to either 2,801 (CAD) or 5,874 (ETD) phosphopeptides.
SI, the international system of units

Two types of systems of units have been formed. The commercial is a system of weights and measures, such as the metric, defined by civil law. The scientific is a system of physical units generated through use of scientific laws which link corresponding quantities.
Concentrations of Phosphorus in Precipitation in the Lake Michigan Basin

Six locations around Lake Michigan were sampled. While precipitation inputs of phosphorus are not a concentrated input and thus will not cause severe local effects, they are distributed over the surface of the Lake in the euphotic zone, where the effect on the Lake is greatest. 12 references.
The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity In Venezuela

The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela. FERNANDO CORONIL. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997. xviii + 447 pp., illustrations, notes, references, index.
Novel approaches to identifying antiarrhythmic drugs

Currently, device therapy with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators is the only proven effective therapy for sudden cardiac death. However, new insights into the mechanisms of ventricular fibrillation, particularly the role of dynamic factors that cause wave instability, are providing conceptual advances toward developing effective new pharmacotherapy.
Low-Income Urban African American and Latino Parents’ School Involvement: Testing a Theoretical Model

This exploratory study investigated whether: (a) the three process variables (role construction, sense of efficacy, and sense of being invited) in Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler’s model of parental school involvement provide unique contributions to explain parental involvement among African American and Latino immigrant parents, (b) there are significant differences in parental involvement between these groups, and (c) these process variables mediate the effect of status variables on involvement practices. Only perceptions of teachers’ invitations consistently predicted parents’ involvement practices. Latino immigrant parents obtained lower at-home, at-school, and total involvement practices scores and lower scores on perceptions of being invited by teachers than African Americans. The effects of annual income and race/ethnicity on parental practices were mediated by perceptions of teacher invitations. Data suggested the need to distinguish between at-home and at-school parental involvement.
Effect of thiazolidinediones on body weight in patients with diabetes mellitus

Treatment of diabetes mellitus with medications, including insulin, sulfonylureas, and thiazolidinediones (TZDs), often leads to weight gain through a variety of mechanisms. Weight gain can have adverse consequences for patients with type 2 diabetes, many of whom are overweight or obese, because obesity is linked to insulin resistance and other medical consequences such as cardiovascular disease. TZDs improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes, despite their potential to cause weight gain. Studies have attempted to elucidate the mechanisms behind the apparent paradox of TZDs improving insulin sensitivity while causing weight gain. Data indicate that with TZD treatment, there is a favorable shift in fat distribution from visceral to subcutaneous adipose depots that is associated with improvements in hepatic and peripheral tissue sensitivity to insulin. Although weight gain may occur with TZD therapy, it is not inevitable. A weight-management program combining a low-calorie, low-sodium diet with education and behavior modification has been shown to be effective in patients with type 2 diabetes being treated with TZDs. Further research is needed to define the optimal dietary modifications that can be used universally in TZD-treated patients to minimize weight gain while effectively treating insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
Coefficient rings in isomorphic semigroup rings

(1985). Coefficient rings in isomorphic semigroup rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 13, No. 8, pp. 1789-1809.
Effects of methyl ethyl ketone pretreatment on hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity and on in vivo metabolism of n-hexane.

1. Male Fischer-344 rats were given methyl ethyl ketone (MEK; 1.87 ml/kg), a potentiator of the neurotoxicity of n-hexane, by gavage for 4 days prior to a single inhalation exposure to n-hexane (1000 ppm).2. Samples of blood, liver, testis and sciatic nerve were obtained and analysed for n-hexane, MEK and their metabolites by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry.3. Pretreatment with MEK increased the concentrations of 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD; the proximal neurotoxin) in blood, sciatic nerve and testis relative to concentrations in the tissues in sham-treated controls.4. Concentrations of 2,5-dimethylfuran, a metabolite of 2,5-HD, were increased in all four tissues tested.5. After 1-7 days treatment with MEK, the activity of 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase was increased (up to 500%), but benzphetamine N-demethylase activity was virtually unaffected.6. Hence, the potentiating effects of MEK on the neurotoxicity of n-hexane appear to arise, at least in part, from the activating effects of MEK on selected microsomal enzyme...
Simulations with different lattice Dirac operators for valence and sea quarks

We discuss simulations with different lattice Dirac operators for sea and valence quarks. A goal of such a ``mixed'' action approach is to probe deeper the chiral regime of QCD by enabling simulations with light valence quarks. This is achieved by using chiral fermions as valence quarks while computationally inexpensive fermions are used in the sea sector. Specifically, we consider Wilson sea quarks and Ginsparg-Wilson valence quarks. The local Symanzik action for this mixed theory is derived to $\mathcal{O}(a),$ and the appropriate low energy chiral effective Lagrangian is constructed, including the leading $\mathcal{O}(a)$ contributions. Using this Lagrangian one can calculate expressions for physical observables and determine the Gasser-Leutwyler coefficients by fitting them to the lattice data.
On Davydov's alpha-helix solitons

Abstract Numerical studies of Davydov's nonlinear dynamic model for the α-helix protein confirm his prediction of soliton formation. These solitons are robust localized dynamic entities that couple molecular (amide-I) vibrations to longitudinal sound waves; they may provide an efficient mechanism for energy transport in biological systems. Both the numerical studies and analytical computations show a threshold level of non-linearity below which solitons will not form. A rough estimate indicates this nonlinearity has the required order of magnitude.
Effects of magnetic resonance imaging on eye development in the C57BL/6J mouse

An investigation was undertaken to ascertain the potential teratogenicity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fields. The C57BL/6J mouse was chosen as the experimental model with eye malformations (microphthalmia and morphologic anomalies) designated as the biological end point. This mouse strain is genetically predisposed to this type of malformation as a 10% spontaneous incidence occurs. Dams in groups of 15 were subjected to MRI imaging conditions on gestational day (Gd) 7 for 36 minutes to a spin-echo T-2-weighted scan by using a 1.5 Tesla magnetic field and a radiofrequency (RF) field of 64 MHz. One group was exposed at the magnetic isocenter while another was exposed at the entrance to the magnet lumen. There was also a sham control group. The dams were sacrificed at Gd 14. Assessment of eye abnormality was determined by, (1) a veterinary ophthalmologist, (2) a computer-based method comparing eye areas, and (3) a methodology combining both the above subjective and quantitative methods. MRI fields were found to produce malformation rates (15-37%) higher than controls (2-19% P less than or equal to .05, Kruskal-Wallis Test) for both isocenter and lumen entrance groups. The malformation rates and degree of statistical significance varied somewhat with analytical methodology and themore » unit of measure (right eye, left eye, or fetus). The results suggest for the first time the potential of MRI fields to produce developmental malformations in an animal model utilizing clinically realistic exposure conditions. (However, the reader is remained that the mouse strain utilized in this investigation was genetically prone to malformations).« less
Carotid Sinus Reflex Control of Coronary Blood Flow

The role of the carotid sinus reflex in control of the blood flow in the left circumflex coronary artery was studied in nine open-chest dogs anesthetized with chloralose. Flow was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter. The effects of bilateral common carotid occlusion were examined in a three-part experiment in each dog. (1) Under vagotomy (control) conditions, occlusion of both common carotid arteries resulted in tachycardia, increased blood pressure, and a decrease in coronary artery resistance. (2) After beta-receptor blockade with propranolol, 1.0 mg/kg, carotid sinus hypotension still resulted in increased blood pressure but the tachycardia was blocked, and coronary artery resistance increased. (3) Following rapid cardiac sympathectomy, carotid sinus hypotension still resulted in a reflex rise in systemic blood pressure but coronary resistance remained steady. This demonstrated the reflex nature of the increased coronary resistance observed after beta-receptor blockade. It is concluded that the coronary circulation is under reflex control and that sympathetic coronary artery vasomotion is a part of a carotid sinus reflex.
Nimisia deusta, the correct name for N. fuegiae, with additional notes on morphology, chemical composition, and distribution

Nimisia deusta, based on Parmelia enteromorpha var. deusta, is shown to be the correct name for the species currently known as N. fuegiae. Original material collected by J. D. Hooker in 1842, and collections made by Henry Imshaug between 1968 and 1971, have shown that the species is more widely distributed than previously reported, being known throughout the southern tip of South America (Argentina: Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Isla de los Estados; Chile: Cape Horn Islands; Falkland Islands), that it has a uniform secondary metabolite chemistry of fumarprotocetraric acid in the upper medulla (not lacking lichen substances as previously reported), and that it is not uniformly black but has a partly pale brown upper cortex.
Effect of thin film confined between two dissimilar solids on interfacial thermal resistance

A non-equilibrium molecular dynamics model is developed to investigate how a thin film confined between two dissimilar solids affects the thermal transport across the material interface. For two highly dissimilar (phonon frequency mismatched) solids, it is found that the insertion of a thin film between them can greatly enhance thermal transport across the material interface by a factor of 2.3 if the thin film has one of the following characteristics: (1) a multi-atom-thick thin film of which the phonon density of states (DOS) bridges the two different phonon DOSs for the solid on each side of the thin film; (2) a single-atom-thick film which is weakly bonded to the solid on both sides of the thin film. The enhanced thermal transport in the single-atom-thick film case is found mainly due to the increased inelastic scattering of phonons by the atoms in the film. However, for solid–solid interfaces with a relatively small difference in the phonon DOS, it is found that the insertion of a thin film may decrease the thermal transport.
Negative Feedback Through mRNA Provides the Best Control of Gene-Expression Noise

Genetically identical cell populations exposed to the same environment can exhibit considerable cell-to-cell variation in the levels of specific proteins. This variation or expression noise arises from the inherent stochastic nature of biochemical reactions that constitute gene expression. Negative feedback loops are common motifs in gene networks that reduce expression noise and intercellular variability in protein levels. Using stochastic models of gene expression we here compare different feedback architectures in their ability to reduce stochasticity in protein levels. A mathematically controlled comparison shows that in physiologically relevant parameter regimes, feedback regulation through the mRNA provides the best suppression of expression noise. Consistent with our theoretical results we find negative feedback loops though the mRNA in essential eukaryotic genes, where feedback is mediated via intron-derived microRNAs. Finally, we find that contrary to previous results, protein-mediated translational regulation may not always provide significantly better noise suppression than protein-mediated transcriptional regulation.
Further Studies on Skin Melanomas Apparently Dependent on Female Sex Hormones

In the British Isles the incidence of mortality rates from malignant melanoma of the skin have been shown to be higher in females than in males in the later years of reproductive life. In populations with higher rates for malignant melanoma of skin (Scandinavia, Australasia etc), and also in Japan, where the rates are low, the ratio of female to male deaths is lower than in the British Isles. However, a similar pattern of age-specific sex ratios (risks for females compared with males peaking at some age in the latter half of reproductive life, and relatively low in middle age) is found in these populations. This 'gynaecologic' factor is not an artifact of interactions between age and year of birth effects, and appears to act multiplicatively with other aetiologic factors. These findings have implications for studies of the aetiology and pathogenesis of malignant melanoma, as well as for the descriptive mathematical modelling of the rates for purposes of environmental legislation.
Systemic Treatments for Noninfectious Vitreous Inflammation

Vitreous inflammation, or vitritis, may result from many causes, including both infectious and noninfectious, including rheumatologic and autoimmune processes. Vitritis is commonly vision threatening and has serious sequelae. Treatment is frequently challenging, but, today, there are multiple methods of systemic treatment for vitritis. These categories include corticosteroids, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, T-cell inhibitors/calcineurin inhibitors, and biologic agents. These treatment categories were reviewed last year, but, even over the course of just a year, many therapies have made progress, as we have learned more about their indications and efficacy. We discuss here discoveries made over the past year on both existing and new drugs, as well as reviewing mechanisms of action, clinical dosages, specific conditions that are treated, adverse effects, and usual course of treatment for each class of therapy.
Reversible Wall Thinning in Hibernation Predicted by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

An 82-year-old woman was admitted with shortness of breath and chest pain. She was found to have pulmonary edema, and an ECG showed ischemic ST changes. Coronary angiography revealed severe left main stem disease and an occluded right coronary artery, and her left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was estimated at 10% to 20%. She was referred for urgent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). CMR was performed on a Siemens Sonata 1.5-T scanner with standard trueFISP cine sequences in 2-chamber, 4-chamber, and short-axis views. Late gadolinium enhancement viability studies were performed after injection of 0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium diethylene triamine …
Portrait of a late Paleocene (early Clarkforkian) terrestrial ecosystem; Big Multi Quarry and associated strata, Washakie Basin, southwestern Wyoming

In-depth understanding of past climatic and biotic change requires the study of ancient ecosystems. However, terrestrial plants and vertebrates are preferentially preserved under very different taphonomic conditions, and diverse fossil floras and faunas are rarely found in close association. Big Multi Quarry and associated strata in the uppermost Fort Union Formation of the Washakie Basin, southwestern Wyoming, provide a uniquely detailed record of terrestrial fauna, flora, and climate during the early Clarkforkian. The Clarkforkian Land Mammal Age, approximately the last million years of the Paleocene, was an interval of global warming that had profound biotic consequences. The mammalian fauna of Big Multi Quarry, consisting of 41 species, is the most diverse known from a single Clark-forkian locality. Unlike most other Clarkforkian faunas, this assemblage is not significantly biased against small forms. Lipotyphlan insectivores were dominant, and arboreally adapted taxa were abundant and diverse. The closely associated and well-preserved fossil plant assemblage was overwhelmingly dominated by a single species belonging to the birch family. Floral richness, heterogeneity, and evenness were as low as in the Tiffanian of the same region, showing that forest structure remained monotonous even as climate warmed and mammals diversified in the Clarkforkian. The plant assemblage more closely resembles middle than early Clarkforkian floras of northern Wyoming, suggesting northward migration of the ranges of plant taxa coincident with warming. A great deal of research has focused on the unusually warm interiors of continents in the terminal Paleocene and early Eocene. Multiple lines of evidence from our study, including sedimentological indicators, analyses of the nearest living relatives and functional analogues of the fossil plants and animals, size and margin analysis of fossil leaves, and cenogram analysis of the mammalian fauna, indicate that southwestern Wyoming had a humid subtropical climate with little or no seasonal frost or marked dry season, well before the terminal Paleocene.
A Study of Subsurface Damage Generation by Single Scratches of Silicon

This paper describes the use of electrical resistivity to quantify the damage produced asa result of the scratching of single crystal silicon. The change in resistivity was measured as a function of time as a scratching diamond passed between four electrical contacts of a specially designed printed circuit and while thesilicon was heated to temperatures up to 300oC. The data shows that the resistivity increases during scratching and reaches a steady state value if the silicon temperatureis below 200oC. The conductivity recovers when the silicon temperature is 200oC.
Valence Determination by Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy of the Multi-Valence Metal Chromium

Abstract : Chromium is a redox active 3d transition metal with a wide range of valences (-2 to +6) that control the geochemistry and toxicity of the element. A variety of Cr-bearing minerals are found in meteorites of all petrographic classes lunar basalts, Martian rocks, and the Earth, recording valuable information concerning geochemical conditions of mineralization. Natural weathering of Cr- bearing minerals and fallout of volcanic ash release Cr into the terrestrial environment. Furthermore, Cr compounds are widely used in numerous industrial processes which can discharge toxic Cr complexes in soils/sediments and surface/ground waters, as well as the atmosphere in the form of aerosols. Therefore, techniques that measure Cr valence are important biogeochemical tools. Until now, all established methods to determine Cr valence were bulk techniques with many specific to a single, or at best, only a few oxidation state(s). We report electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) techniques that, unlike other methods, can determine Cr valence at high-spatial resolution (nm-scale) over a wide valence range, Cr(O) to Cr(VI).
Ironic effects of trying to relax under stress

Two studies found that intentional relaxation under conditions of mental load or stress produces ironic increases in skin conductance level (SCL). In Experiment 1, participants instructed to relax under the high mental load of rehearsing a long number had higher SCL than those instructed to relax under low load, and tended to have higher SCL than those under high load not instructed to relax. In Experiment 2, participants were instructed to relax or were not so instructed while they answered questions described either as measures of IQ or as unimportant. Those in the more loading and stressful situation who were asked to relax had greater SCL during the questions than those not asked to relax.
Passing the Paternité Test

I recently gave a lecture to the faculty and house officers in my department on the topic of submitting a manuscript for publication. I covered how to choose a journal, the importance of following the instructions for authors, responsibilities of authorship, communications with the editor, misuse of figures and tables, linking cited references to Medline and PubMed, what happens at the journal office, and what reviewers look for during the peer-review process. When I entertained questions, 7 individuals raised their hands. It turned out that 6 of the 7 questions were about authorship criteria, and each question related to a specific circumstance that the questioner had encountered or was currently encountering. Why did the fact that authorship issues challenged my colleagues come as no surprise? In my files I have a 1953 editorial, published in Circulation Research , on trends in authorship. In this editorial (1), Robert Alexander lamented the fact that scientific publications had “become afflicted with an increasing tendency towards multiple authorship of papers,” a problem that would “degrade authorship into a form of menial patronage.” In 2010, I ran across no fewer than 12 editorials on ethical issues associated with authorship, one of which (2) inspired the title for this article. One would expect that the rules of authorship would be understood 58 years after Alexander wrote his editorial, but many of the same problems still exist. Even for a seasoned author and journal editor, what should be black and white can start off as gray. So what is the younger author to do? Fortunately, guidelines are available to help researchers and authors deal with issues of who should be an author and when the threshold for authorship has been met. The goal of this article is to introduce you to current guidelines on authorship and how …
IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDIES OF ADENOVIRUS 12 TUMORS AND OF CELLS TRANSFORMED OR INFECTED BY ADENOVIRUSES

Complement-fixing (CF) antibody-positive sera from hamsters bearing adenovirus type 12 (Ad. 12)-induced tumors revealed specific immunofluorescent stainable antigens in essentially all Ad. 12 hamster tumor cells. The antigens were primarily in the form of cytoplasmic flecks; less frequent staining was seen as nuclear flecks or homogeneous staining of nucleus and cytoplasm of a small proportion of cells. Tumor cells did not stain with rabbit antisera to crude Ad. 12 virus or A and C antigens. The hamster serum also stained cytoplasmic flecks in an Ad. 12-induced BALB/c mouse tumor and Ad. 12-"transformed" hamster embryo tissue culture cells. The hamster serum also stained fleck-shaped antigens in hamster and human cell cultures inoculated with homologous and heterologous adenovirus types, although the hamster cells did not react with the rabbit Ad. 12 antiserum. Attempts to identify the fluorescent-stainable fleck-shaped antigens indicated that they are not previously recognized viral antigens and that the cytoplasmic antigens formed in hamster cell cultures inoculated with Ad. 12 are different from those in tumors and in acutely infected human cell cultures.
Extracting Output Formats from Executables

We describe the design and implementation of FFE/x86 (File-Format Extractor for x86), an analysis tool that works on stripped executables (i.e., neither source code nor debugging information need be available) and extracts output data formats, such as file formats and network packet formats. We first construct a hierarchical finite state machine (HFSM) that over-approximates the output data format. An HFSM defines a language over the operations used to generate output data. We use value-set analysis (VSA) and aggregate structure identification (ASI) to annotate HFSMs with information that partially characterizes some of the output data values. VSA determines an over-approximation of the set of addresses and integer values that each data object can hold at each program point, and ASI analyzes memory accesses in the program to recover information about the structure of aggregates. A series of filtering operations is performed to over-approximate an HFSM with a finite-state machine, which can result in a final answer that is easier to understand. Our experiments with FFE/x86 uncovered a possible bug in the image-conversion utility png2ico
The Voicing Contrast in Spanish.

Abstract: An investigation of word-initial voiced and voiceless stop consonants obtained from Venezualan, Peruvian and Guatamalan Spanish dialect groups showed no significant cross-dialect differences in the distributions of voice onset time (VOT) values. In a perceptual study using a synthetic voicing series, VOT was shown to provide a sufficient cue for initial voicing for Peruvian Spanish monolinguals. However, the results of another study employing natural-speech material suggest that acoustic properties other than VOT may supply additional voicing cues to the Spanish listener. An acoustic feature termed presence versus absence of an abrupt consonant onset is described. This feature is claimed to be invariant across several phonetic environments in Spanish. It is suggested that this feature may be used by the Spanish listener in making a perceptual distinction between voiced and voiceless stop consonants in multiple environments.
Teaching Ethics In The Financial Planning Curriculum: A Case Study

A financial planning program should inform about ethical regulations and inspire students to internalize ethical standards so they become trustworthy. This case study discusses one teaching method for engaging student interest.
Analysis of proliferation-associated antigens.

Publisher Summary Recent developments have made a number of monoclonal antibody (mAb) probes that recognize intracellular antigens associated with cell growth or proliferation available to researchers. Many of these proteins are localized to the cell nucleus, an area of the cell that was largely overlooked for immunofluorescence (IF) measurements by flow cytometry (FCM). To achieve appropriate conditions for the introduction of the mAb of interest into the cell, the cell must be fixed and permeabilized. This has been accomplished to date using one of two basic strategies: (1) alcohol fixation or (2) brief incubation with paraformaldehyde at low concentration followed by short detergent treatment. The usefulness of the fixation method for the analysis of many intracellular proteins, epitopes on many proteins can be sequestered by cross-linking fixatives, such that they are no longer recognizable by the mAb. In such cases, alcohol fixatives represent a reasonable alternative. Recent reports have documented the analysis of a number of intracellular proliferation-associated proteins by FCM. Given the loss or alteration of growth control mechanisms associated with cancer, such analysis could provide useful insight into the biology of cancer and could have diagnostic and/or prognostic utility.
Non-Discretionary Inputs

A motivating factor for Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was the measurement of technical efficiency in public sector applications with unknown input prices. Many applications, including public sector production, are also characterized by heterogeneous producers who face different technologies. This chapter discusses existing approaches to measuring performance when non-discretionary inputs affect the transformation of discretionary inputs into outputs. The suitability of the approaches depends on underlying assumptions about the relationship between non-discretionary inputs and outputs. One model treats non-discretionary inputs like discretionary inputs but uses a non-radial approach to project inefficient decision making units (DMUs) to the frontier holding non-discretionary inputs fixed. A potential drawback is the assumption that convexity holds with respect to non-discretionary inputs and outputs. Alternatively, the assumption of convexity can be relaxed by comparing DMUs only to other DMUs with similar environments. Other models use multiple stage models with regression to control for the effect that non-discretionary inputs have on production.
Cosmological perturbation theory with York time

One method to overcome the notorious problem of time in the quantisation of gravity is the identification of a physically preferred time parameter, a promising candidate being so-called `York time'. The dynamical equations for matter and spatial geometry in York time may be obtained via Hamiltonian reduction, that is, by solving the Hamiltonian constraint for the physical, non-vanishing Hamiltonian density identified as the variable conjugate to the chosen time parameter. Yet in general this equation cannot be solved algebraically. Here we show how in a cosmological scenario, where one may treat geometric and matter inhomogeneities as small perturbations, one is able to obtain the physical Hamiltonian density by solving the constraint equation perturbatively. By construction the Hamiltonian density is quadratic in the perturbation variables, which makes it easily quantisable, although subtleties arise due to the non-canonical form of the Poisson brackets and the time-dependent coefficients. The latter are determined by the evolution of the background variables.
Legionella infection in transplant patients

Since the discovery of Legionella pneumophila in the late 1970s, this organism and other Legionella sp have been an important cause of pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients. Legionella sp are obligate aerobes that require a source of amino acids, iron, and L-cystine. Growth is enhanced in a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 degrees C in the presence of charcoal. Legionella sp reside in water supplies and hospital outbreaks associated with contaminated water have been described. Transplant recipients are particularly susceptible to Legionella infection. Legionella pneumonia tends to occur within several weeks after transplantation and frequently coincides with episodes of rejection. A prodrome of influenza-like symptoms is followed by a sometimes "explosive" pneumonia with patchy lobular or interstitial infiltrates on chest radiograph. High fever, abdominal pain, and mental status changes are sometimes seen. Diagnosis is made by examination of respiratory secretions by the direct fluorescent antibody technique or culture of the organism. Intravenous erythromycin is the treatment of choice. Rifampin is added if there is a lack of response. Both erythromycin and rifampin have important and opposite effects on cyclosporine metabolism, which may result, respectively, in increased cyclosporine toxicity or graft loss. Patients who must continue cyclosporine will, therefore, require frequent monitoring of cyclosporine levels.
Clarity and Reasonable Doubt in Early State-Constitutional Judicial Review

Courts exercising judicial review in every state require the conflict between a statute and the state constitution to be “clear,” rather than simply shown by the preponderance of the evidence. In almost every state, however, courts also require proof of unconstitutionality beyond reasonable doubt. A state-by-state canvass shows that in the great majority of states, a clarity requirement appeared first, sometimes long before a no-reasonable-doubt rule. To the extent they conflict, clarity has a better pedigree, but there are compelling reasons to take early reasonable-doubt formulations as elaborations of a clarity rule, rather than a consciously higher standard. The judicial obligation to exercise judicial review only when a constitutional conflict is clear is coupled with an obligation to render constitutional requirements as clear as possible. This obligation means, at a minimum, responding to all contrary considerations with an adequate reasoned explanation, as in contemporary administrative law. Because clarity is contingent on the amount of analysis that courts have given a constitutional issue in response to litigation, it can change over time.Are historic rationales for a clarity requirement obsolete? One basic sort of rationale — the gravity of judicial review because of its resistance to correction — is not. Another sort of rationale, however — deference to the constitutional views of elected branches — is undermined if and when legislators fail to conduct constitutional analysis or executive officers fail to justify statutes adequately in litigation. Judicial consideration of such failures, however, need not eliminate a clarity requirement, which is a burden of persuasion, not production. Failures of legislative or executive justification can satisfy a clarity requirement or presumption of constitutionality rather than eliminating them.
Field Evaluation of Artificial Light for Control of Bollworms on Cotton

Artificial illumination had no appreciable effect on oviposition of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and damage caused by it in 1 large- and 2 small-field experiments. In the last experiment, the intensity of the light from nineteen 1500-watt incandescent lamps in the 12-acre field (as much as 73.6 μw/cm2) was sufficient to cause pigment migration in the moth eye. This condition should have interfered with normal activity resulting in decreased oviposition and subsequent damage. However, activity (as measured by oviposition) was not affected. Populations of beneficial arthropods were higher in the illuminated field for a 2-week period when insecticides were not applied for control of the boll weevil, but these beneficial insects did not reduce the populations of bollworms. In the 3rd experiment, estimated yield of cotton from the illuminated field was so low that the cotton was not harvested.
Electocatalytic water oxidation by cobalt(III) hangman β-octafluoro corroles.

Cobalt hangman corrole, bearing β-octafluoro and meso-pentafluorophenyl substituents, is an active water splitting catalyst. When immobilized in Nafion films, the turnover frequencies for the 4e–/4H+ process at the single cobalt center of the hangman platform approach 1 s–1. The pH dependence of the water splitting reaction suggests a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) catalytic mechanism.
Study on throat-clearing function of dendrobium

Objective To verify the throat- clearing function of dendrobium. Methods Rat cotton ball implantation test,rat metatarsal swelling test and mice auricular swelling test were carried out in this study according to " New technical specifications for inspection and evaluation of health food". SD rats were randomly divided into low-,medium-,high- dosage groups( 0. 25 g/kg bw,0. 50 g/kg bw and 1. 50 g/kg bw) and a negative control group. The rats in three dosage groups were given different concentrations of dendrobium,while the rats in negative group were perfused with distilled water,once per day for 30 successive days. On the last day of the experiment,all the rats were given the tested samples once again to calculate the net weight of granuloma,metatarsal swelling rate and auricular swelling rate. Results There were significant statistical difference in net weight of granuloma between low- dose group and control group,high- dose group and control group respectively. The metatarsal swelling rate in medium- dose group and high- dose group at 4h,in high- dose group at 6h had significant statistical difference with that in control group( P 0. 05). While the mice auricular swelling rate in all the dose groups had no statistical difference with that in control group( P 0. 05). Conclusion Dendrobium was proved to have throat- clearing function in animal test.
Field and model constraints on silicic melt segregation by compaction/hindered settling: The role of water and its effect on latent heat release

To investigate how large volumes of silicic melts segregate to form granitic plutons, we conducted a case study of a zoned pluton, in which SiO 2 increases from intermediate (69 wt%) to highly silicic compositions (74 wt%) toward the contact with metasedimentary wallrock in the outer 25 m of the pluton. All other major, minor, and trace elements vary systematically with SiO 2 and indicate that outward increasing SiO 2 is due to a decrease in mafic elements and minerals. Whole-rock oxygen isotopes and elemental variation diagrams do not support mixing with wallrock as an explanation for the Si-rich boundary layer. Instead, mafic enclaves, which are common in the pluton, also decrease in abundance in the outer 25 m of the pluton, suggesting a mechanical origin for the Si-rich boundary layer. The coupling of mechanical and geochemical boundary layers, combined with geochemical modeling, indicate that the silica-rich, enclave-poor boundary layer formed by hindered settling or compaction of a crystal-rich (crystal fractions >60%) magmatic mush. Segregation of melts at high crystal fraction is known to be a slow process. However, petrography and Zr-based thermometry indicate that the residual Si-rich liquids were water-saturated. Water decreases melt viscosity, which helps expulsion, but equally importantly, water also delays much of the latent heat release to late in the thermal and crystallization history of a cooling magma. We show that the higher the water content, the longer the time interval over which a magma chamber resides at the stage when water-saturated, high-silica liquids form, allowing sufficient time for exfiltration of silicic liquids before the magma body freezes.
Selection Management in Southern Appalachian Hardwoods

A woodland tract of southern Appalachian cove hardwoods and mixed oak has been managed und.er the selection system of silviculture since 1946. Simply cutting in all commercial dlameter classes (i.e., 6.0 inches and larger), as was the Practice during thf irs l24 years, failed to develop enough desirable saplings and poles b maintain the system. After 1970, herbtcide treatmeni of undesirable, tolerant understq species in openings created by removal of large trees or groups of trees has improved the status of &sirable saplings. Although long-tenn cosb of management and ye& are uncertnin, the study suggests that creation of larger opentngs and treatment of undesirable understoq species offers at least a chance for success with the selection system in southern Appalachian hardwoods. Management of eastern hardwood forests by selection methods of silviculture has produced mixed results and a great deal of controversy. Arguments pro and con are a mixture of biologic and economic considerations that are not easily generalized. The selection system, however, seems to work best for species that are highly tolerant of shaded conditions and where profitable production of timber on a sustained basis is not the paramount aim of management. Despite these limitations, the appeal of the selection system is still great, particularly for the small, private woodland owner. Many such owners would like to be able to use the selection system even though it might produce less than ideal results from a timber-production standpoint. Documented here is a sustained attempt to manage southern Appalachian hardwoods with the selection system. The study covers a sizable area with variable site conditions and species composition and, most important, a relatively long period of observation. The study points up particular problems with the SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY