cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and political perspectives of American sociologists in the 1990s

This study investigated the theoretical allegiances of a national sample of 168 sociologists. Conflict theory and Marxism, symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and eclecticism were the approaches most widely adhered to by our respondents. Nonetheless, the respondents claimed allegiance to a wide range of perspectives, suggesting that contemporary sociology is, as long suspected, highly fragmented theoretically. A special concern of the study was to determine the degree to which sociologists identify biological factors as important determinants of social behavior. The respondents were highly antibiological in outlook, with more than half attributing only 15 percent or less of the variation in 12 dimensions of social behavior to biological causes. We also explored the degree to which four variables—age, gender, institutional affiliation, and political outlook—were correlated with the respondents’ theoretical preferences and the importance they gave to biological causation. Political outlook was the best predictor of the respondents’ theoretical outlooks, followed fairly closely by age. Institutional affiliation was a weak predictor of theoretical outlook, and gender was completely unrelated to theory choice and perception of the importance of biological causation.
STUDIES ON THE BLOOD VESSELS IN THE MEMBRANES OF CHICK EMBRYOS PART I. ABSENCE OF NERVES IN THE VASCULAR MEMBRANE

The agreement of physiological experiment with anatomical findings justifies our conclusion: the blood vessels of the vascular membrane of chick embryos do not contain nerves.
A viscosity–molecular weight relationship for polydimethylsiloxanes

The relationship of intrinsic viscosity [η] to the weight-average molecular weight Mw of polydimethylsiloxane in toluene at 25°C. has been determined. The modified Staudinger equation, [η] = KMwa, with K = 2.43 × 10−5 and a = 0.84, describes the relationship for the above polymers in the range of weight-average molecular weight from 18,900 to 124,500 (as determined by light-scattering measurements). These constants differ from the values reported by Barry, where K = 2 × 10−4 and a = 0.66 were obtained. The difference is attributed to the fact that Barry dealt with number-average rather than weight-average molecular weight.
Strategies and stakeholders: minority recruitment in cancer genetics research.

The Cancer Genetics Network (CGN) is one of a growing number of large-scale registries designed to facilitate investigation of genetic and environmental contributions to health and disease. Despite co
Demonstration of protein kinase C activity in crustacean Y-organs, and partial definition of its role in regulation of ecdysteroidogenesis

Ecdysteroid-producing Y-organs from the crab Cancer antennarius were shown to possess enzyme activity that was stimulated in vitro by addition of Ca2+, phosphatidylserine, or the protein kinase C activator, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; ED50, 4 nM). In the presence of calcium and phosphatidylserine, PMA increased protein kinase C activity dose-dependently to a maximum 4-fold increase at 100 nM PMA. Stimulated protein kinase C activity was unaffected by calmodulin (100 nM) but was inhibited by 100 nM trifluoperazine. Pretreatment of cultured Y-organ segments with PMA elevated basal protein kinase C activity, whereas molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH) and calcium ionophore A23187 did not affect activity. PMA (1-100 nM) increased Y-organ steroidogenesis dose-dependently and alleviated suppression due to MIH or lysine vasopressin; PMA effects on steroidogenesis became evident after 2 h of incubation. Another phorbol activator of protein kinase C (phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate) and a permeable synthetic diacylglycerol (1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-glycerol) stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis while an inactive phorbol (4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate) and diolein were ineffective. The inhibitory effects on steroidogenesis of cholera toxin, forskolin, dibutyryl cAMP, and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine were countered by PMA, but PMA did not alter basal or peptide hormone-stimulated Y-organ cAMP levels. Stimulatory effects on steroidogenesis of PMA and of A23187 were not additive, and PMA did not alter inhibition caused by lanthanum (calcium channel blocker) or trifluoperazine (calmodulin inhibitor). PMA increased the incorporation of [3H]leucine into Y-organ protein by 112%, and countered the suppressive effect of MIH on protein synthesis; PMA did not affect RNA synthesis. When Y-organs were suppressed with cycloheximide, PMA was unable to stimulate steroidogenesis. Actinomycin D alone had no effect on steroidogenesis but prevented stimulation by PMA. The results indicate that Y-organs contain protein kinase C activity which stimulates ecdysteroid production and protein synthesis by a mechanism not directly interactive with the cAMP or Ca2+-calmodulin systems.
The Ethics of New Surveillance

Communities and law enforcement personnel are confronted with the challenges and dangers posed by the presence of weapons and drugs. Recent technological developments have increased law enforcement capabilities to uncover previously hidden wrongdoing by using remote and, compared to other methods, unobtrusive search methods. This arti cle explores the capabilities of one new surveillance tool while consider ing the social, ethical, and legal implications of its use.
On a class of linked diagrams, I. Enumeration☆

Recurrence rules are derived for enumerating the linked diagrams first encountered by Touchard in 1952 (Can. J. Math., 4, 2-25(1952)). These may be characterized as the subclass of irreducible diagrams in the full set of (2n - 1) double-factorial complete pairings on 2n points. In addition, a recurrence rule is given for the number of symmetric irreducible diagrams. This enables one to calculate the number of symmetry-reduced irreducible diagrams. 7 figures, 1 table.
Minimal volume with length bounded below

Abstract We study a broad class of problems where volume is minimized among metrics on a smooth, compact Riemannian manifold that keep the length of a fixed set of curves bounded below. They can be seen as a generalization of isosystolic inequalities. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for continuous minima in a conformal class and necessary conditions are given for local minima.
Localization of the UsProtein Kinase of Equine Herpesvirus Type 1 Is Affected by the Cytoplasmic Structures Formed by the Novel IR6 Protein

Abstract Previous work revealed that the U s (unique short) segment of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1), like that of other alphaherpesviruses, encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase (PK). Experiments were carried out to identify the PK encoded by the EHV-1 EUS2 gene (ORF 69) and to ascertain its time course of synthesis and cellular localization. Western blot and immunoprecipitation analyses of EHV-1-infected cell extracts using a PK-specific polyclonal antibody generated against a bacterially expressed TrpE/PK fusion protein identified the U s PK as a 42- to 45-kDa phosphoprotein. The PK protein is first synthesized at 3 hr postinfection, is produced throughout the infection cycle, and is incorporated into EHV-1 virions. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that the PK protein within the cytoplasm is associated with the 33-kDa IR6 novel protein of EHV-1, is expressed abundantly as an early protein, and is present in the large rod-like structures formed by the IR6 protein (ORF67 protein) within the cytoplasm of infected cells. Confocal microscopic examination of cells stained with fluorescein-labeled antibody clearly showed that the PK protein colocalized with the cytoplasmic IR6 rod-like structures and remained associated with these unique structures during infection. In contrast, in cells infected with the EHV-1 RacM strain in which the IR6 protein harbors four amino acid substitutions that prevent formation of the rod-like structures (Osterrieder et al., 1996, Virology 217, 442–451), the PK protein localized predominantly to the nucleus. The possible significance of the association of the IR6 and PK proteins in EHV-1 replication is discussed.
A comparison between the block clock and standard autoshaping procedures

Abstract Eight pigeons were exposed to a repeated cycle of four key colors, followed by grain (block clock), and another eight to a key that remained dark prior to the fourth color (conventional autoshaping). The clock birds pecked the key significantly more often in all four components of the cycle. When, for some autoshaping birds, a new color was added to the sequence every 20 sessions, immediate but only temporary increases in pecking occurred. Novel key colors elicit pecking prior to any pairing with the grain. However, when the complete sequence of colors was added in a single step, the result was a normal clock performance. When, for some clock birds, a color was deleted every 20 sessions, rate of pecking in that component dropped immediately to a very low value. Thus, in contrast to data from response-dependent (operant) procedures, total pecking was a positive function of the number of stimuli.
Harvesting impacts on quaking aspen regeneration in northern Minnesota

The increasing commercial demand for quaking aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) has sparked renewed interest in aspen silvics and management. While aspen generally regenerates vigorously by root suckering following clear-cutting, recent reports of unsuccessful regeneration suggest a linkage to harvesting activities. Accordingly we evaluated the effects of harvest season and equipment trafficking on aspen regeneration in a glaciolacustrine landform in northern Minnesota. Regeneration vigor, as measured by stem density, stem height, and crown closure was greater in winter-harvested areas. Increased equipment trafficking significantly reduced regeneration in stands harvested during the summer. We detected no significant increases in soil density associated with equipment trafficking; however, reduced regeneration was correlated with increased amounts of rutting and soil scarification. For a given level of trafficking, aspen regeneration increased along the annual chronosequence of harvesting later and later i...
A Nurr1 Pathway for Neuroprotection

Mutations in the gene encoding the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 are linked to a rare familial form of Parkinson's disease. By examining the function of its mouse homolog, Saijo et al. (2009) provide evidence that Nurr1 protects dopaminergic neurons by suppressing inflammatory gene expression in astrocytes and microglia.
Nanoparticle mass spectrometry: pushing the limit of single particle analysis.

Each day we breathe in millions of sub-microscopic particles, most of them under 100 nm in diameter. Where do these nanoparticles come from? How do they affect our health and the world around us? Epidemiological studies have suggested a link between exposure to ambient nanoparticles and respiratory/cardiovascular problems in the human population.1,2 Nanoparticles may also influence global climate by increasing the number of cloud condensation nuclei.3 Exposure to manufactured nanoparticles in the workplace and its implications for worker safety are largely unknown.4 Addressing issues like these requires an understanding of size and chemical composition, preferably on a particle-by-particle basis, as these parameters indicate the source of individual particles in air and their subsequent physical, chemical, or biological impact. Robust methods for single particle analysis in the micrometer and sub-micrometer size ranges have been widely used for over a decade. Several recent reviews discuss these methods and their application to atmospheric chemistry.5–8 Unfortunately, these methods become difficult to implement in the nanometer size range because the particle mass is so small (see Table I). The purpose of this article is to briefly describe some approaches used in our laboratory to push the limit of on-line single particle analysis to lower sizes. On-line analysis complements the information that can be obtained by other techniques such as off-line analysis by electron microscopy9 or the analysis of bulk nanoparticulate matter.10 The process of analyzing single particles by mass spectrometry is analogous to a conventional tandem mass spectrometry experiment (see Fig. 1). In conventional mass spectrometry, molecular ions produced at atmospheric pressure are drawn into the mass spectrometer through an inlet. The m/z of interest is selected with a first analyzer, subjected to collision-induced dissociation, and the products are mass analyzed with a second analyzer. The product ion spectrum gives information on the composition and structure of the molecular ion m/z that was selected. In single particle mass spectrometry, particles in air are drawn through an inlet into the mass spectrometer. Individual particles are sized, ablated with a laser to produce atomic and/ or molecular ions, and the ions are mass analyzed to give information on the composition of the sized particle. While the steps associated with single particle mass spectrometry are analogous to those in tandem mass spectrometry, the technology used is quite different and changes with particle size.
Randomization in a bayesian perspective

“Applying the theory (of personal probability) naively one quickly comes to the conclusion that randomization is without value for statistics. This conclusion does not sound right; and it is not right. Closer examination of the road to this untenable conclusion does lead to new insights into the role and limitations of randomization but does by no means deprive randomization of its important function in statistics.” L.J. Savage (1961)
Electric power required in the world by 2050 with hydrogen fuel production—Revised

Abstract Since estimation of electric power requirement for large-scale production of hydrogen fuel for the world vehicle fleet based on data through 1995 in 2001, a large increase in available travel data has become available, sufficient to revise the estimates with greater confidence. It is apparent that much more energy will be required, as worldwide demand for electrification and substitution of hydrogen for fossil fuel in transportation grows over the next 50 years. Published forecasts for electricity demand over the next 30 years show mean annual growth rates ranging from 1.7 to 3.4%/a, which when extrapolated from the present consumption of 16 PWh in 2002 to the year 2050 suggests an annual electricity demand in the range of 36–82 PWh. In addition to the business-as-usual growth in demand, estimation of the growth of the world automotive vehicle fleet from about 900 million vehicles in 2010, consuming about 360 billion gallons of petrol, to about 1.5 billion vehicles in 2050, which could be operated with about 260 billion kilogram of hydrogen fuel, would result in additional electricity demand of about 10 PWh annually for replacement of fossil fuels in transportation. With approximately 175 PW of solar power reaching earth and world fossil fuel reserves of 50–200 years remaining at present consumption rates, the question arises of how much of the world's future electric energy supply will be required (if any) from nuclear fuels.
THE RÔLE OF THE "WAX" OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS IN ESTABLISHING DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY : I. HYPERSENSITIVITY TO A SIMPLE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE, PICRYL CHLORIDE

The purified wax fraction of the tubercle bacillus, which has been previously demonstrated as an essential element in causing delayed tuberculin hypersensitivity in response to the protein of the tubercle bacillus, is now found to have the same activity with regard to a simple chemical antigen, picryl chloride. One injection of this compound with wax intraperitoneally into guinea pigs results in a marked delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, demonstrable by contact and intracutaneous test, and of long duration. The effect is not related to an adjuvant activity of the wax as defined by ordinary standards. The relationship of these observations to the occurrence of "heteroallergic" phenomena in tuberculosis is discussed. The possibility that the occurrence of spontaneous contact hypersensitivities may depend upon the presence of similarly active lipoidal components of the skin is commented upon.
A molecular basis for cardiac arrhythmia: HERG mutations cause long QT syndrome

To identify genes involved in cardiac arrhythmia, we investigated patients with long QT syndrome (LQT), an inherited disorder causing sudden death from a ventricular tachyarrythmia, torsade de pointes. We previously mapped LQT loci on chromosomes 11 (LQT1), 7 (LQT2), and 3 (LQT3). Here, linkage and physical mapping place LQT2 and a putative potassium channel gene, HERG, on chromosome 7q35-36. Single strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequence analyses reveal HERG mutations in six LQT families, including two intragenic deletions, one splice-donor mutation, and three missense mutations. In one kindred, the mutation arose de novo. Northern blot analyses show that HERG is strongly expressed in the heart. These data indicate that HERG is LQT2 and suggest a likely cellular mechanism for torsade de pointes.
Inbreeding depression in captive bighorn sheep

We estimated the extent of inbreeding depression for juvenile survival in 589 captive-born bighorn sheep, and, unlike an earlier report, found no evidence of significant inbreeding depression. There did not appear to be any overall effect of year of birth, place of birth, subspecies, sex or ancestral inbreeding upon the viability of inbred animals as compared to non-inbred animals. However, for the first few years of data, there was lower survival for inbred than non-inbred offspring. After this period, there was an increase in the viability of inbred offspring, probably reflecting a general improvement in husbandry conditions in the zoos. It should be emphasized that the lack of significant inbreeding depression does not necessarily imply that there may not be inbreeding depression for other traits or in a less benign or more natural environment for juvenile viability.
Pharmacotherapeutic Management of Metastatic, Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer in the Elderly: Focus on Non-Chemotherapy Agents

In the past 4 years, five new agents have been approved for metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. Four of them are non-chemotherapeutic and generally well tolerated. However, each has toxicities that can negatively impact patients, particularly the elderly. This review covers the epidemiology of prostate cancer in elderly men. It discusses the efficacy data for sipuleucel-T, abiraterone in chemotherapy-naive patients, enzalutamide in chemotherapy-naive patients and radium-223 and presents any additional studies done for those over 75 years of age. Disease burden, such as the presence or absence of visceral disease, and comorbid conditions weigh into the selection of therapy and are discussed here. Drug–drug interactions between these agents and other drugs commonly used in the elderly population are also considered. The emerging therapies tasquinimod and ipilimumab are reviewed. With the arrival of so many agents for prostate cancer, selection of the most appropriate agent can be perplexing, particularly because these agents were tested against placebo, not one another. Furthermore, the study population differs significantly from those seen in clinical practice. This review addresses these issues.
The syntheses, structures and reactivity of bis(tert-butylcyclopentadienyl)molybdenum derivatives: nitrogen alkylation of an η2-acetonitrile ligand and influence of the chalcogen on the barrier to inversion of chalcogenoether adducts

An investigation of the chemistry of the tert-butyl-substituted molybdenocene system, {(CpBut)2Mo} (CpBut = C5H4But), has demonstrated that the η2-acetonitrile ligand in (CpBut)2Mo(η2-MeCN) may be alkylated by RI (R = Me, Et) at nitrogen to give iminoacyl derivatives, [(CpBut)2Mo(η2-MeCNR)]+, which is a new type of reactivity for mononuclear acetonitrile complexes. A series of chalcogenolate–hydride complexes (CpBut)2Mo(EPh)H (E = S, Se, Te) have been obtained by reaction of (CpBut)2MoH2 with Ph2E2, and may be alkylated by MeI to give the chalcogenoether adducts [(CpBut)2Mo(PhEMe)H]I. Dynamic NMR studies on [(CpBut)2Mo(PhEMe)H]+ indicate that the barrier to inversion at the chalcogen increases in the sequence S < Se < Te. The oxo complex (CpBut)2MoO reacts with 2 equivalents of Me3SiX (X = Cl, Br, I, O2CMe, O3SMe) to yield (CpBut)2MoX2; for X = CN and NCS, (CpBut)2Mo(OSiMe3)X, the product of reaction with 1 equivalent may be isolated. (CpBut)2Mo(OSiMe3)X (X = CN, NCS) reacts with Me3SiNCS to give the thiocyanate complex (CpBut)2Mo(SCN)X, rather than the isocyanate isomer, (CpBut)2Mo(NCS)X, thereby indicating that the reactions do not involve a simple metathesis of the Si–NCS bond. Other complexes that are reported include: (CpBut)2MoX2 (X = H, Cl, Br, I, Me, CH2Ph, CH2SiMe3), (CpBut)2MoL (L = CO, C2H4, C2H2, MeCN, PMe3), [(CpBut)2Mo(μ-E)]2, (CpBut)2Mo(η2–E2) and (CpBut)2Mo(EPh)2 (E = S, Se, Te).
Identification and isolation of a 45-kDa calcium-dependent lactoferrin receptor from rat hepatocytes.

Isolated rat hepatocyes bind, internalize, and degrade bovine lactoferrin (Lf) via high-affinity Ca2+-dependent sites [<106 sites/cell; McAbee et al., (1993) Biochemistry 32, 13749−13760]. In this ...
The Rise of the “Redback” and the People’s Republic of China’s Capital Account Liberalization: An Empirical Analysis of the Determinants of Invoicing Currencies

This study investigates the determinants of currency choice for trade invoicing in a cross-country context while focusing on the link between capital account liberalization and its impact on the use of the renminbi (RMB). The authors find that while countries with more developed financial markets tend to invoice less in the US dollar, countries with more open capital accounts tend to invoice in either the euro or their home currency. These results indicate that financial development and financial openness are among the keys to challenging the US dollar dominance in general, and to internationalizing the RMB for the People’s Republic of China (PRC). The model also suggests that the share of the RMB in export invoicing should have been higher than the actually observed share of less than 10%. The underperformance of RMB export invoicing can be attributed to the inertia in the choice of currency for trade invoicing; once a currency is used for trade invoicing or settlements, it becomes difficult for traders to switch from one currency to another. This same phenomenon was also observed in the cases of the Japanese yen and the euro at their inceptions as international currencies. The model predicts that the share of RMB invoicing for the PRC’s exports will rise to above 25% in 2015 and above 30% in 2018, whether or not the PRC implements drastic financial liberalization. As the near future path of RMB use is also expected to be inertial, these forecasts are probably at the upper end of the actual path of RMB export invoicing.
Object Cueing System For Infrared Images

This paper considers the design of an object cueing system as a rule-based expert system. The architecture is modular and the control strategy permits dynamic scheduling of tasks. In this approach, results of several algorithms and many object recognition heuristics are combined to achieve better performance levels. Importance of spatial knowledge representatiOn is also discussed.
Sensitivity penalty due to cross-phase modulation in multichannel CPFSK optical communication systems

The cross-phase-modulation (XPM) effect transfers intensity fluctuation of one optical wave to phase modulation of other waves copropagating in the same fiber.1 This effect can be detrimental to phase-sensitive multichannel lightwave systems operating at near-zero group-velocity dispersion.2,3 Recent computer simulations4 have shown that in IM-DD systems signal-to-noise-ratio degradation due to XPM decreases when the wavelength separation or. the fiber chromatic dispersion increases. This paper describes our experimental investigation of the impact of XPM on multichannel CPFSK optical communication systems with different wavelength separations and fiber dispersion coefficients.
Eliminating Mother-To-Child HIV Transmission Will Require Major Improvements In Maternal And Child Health Services

Although some low- and middle-income countries have made progress toward eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV, others lack health systems that can deliver accessible and reliable care. W...
Magnetic Precession and Product-of-Inertia Nutation Damping of Bias Momentum Satellites

This paper is concerned with large angle precession of earth-pointing bias momentum satellites in circular orbits and small angle precession in eccentric orbits. In the first part, ideal torque requirements are determined for precessing a wheel momentum vector by a large yaw angle, maintaining the earth pointing. It is then shown that a quasi-quarter-orbit magnetic precession is more easily feasible if once-per-orbit rotation of the spacecraft for earth-pointing is halted before commencing the precession. General relationships are developed to size the pitch dipole for a specified precession angle in a given number of orbits, using a tilted dipole model of the rotating geomagnetic field. The formulae involve true anomalies, not necessarily quarter orbit apart, at which the pitch dipole reverses its signs. The second part of the paper considers elliptic orbits. A pitch dipole sizing equation is developed first for a small angle open-loop rolllyaw magnetic precession. A closed-loop bang-bang precession scheme is presented next, working in concert with nutation damping via a rolllpitch product-of-inertia. The sizing equations and the quasi-quarter-orbit apart true anomalies for sign reversals of the pitch dipole apply to spin-stabilized satellites as well, for they are generalization of the related existing results. The literal relationship between the desired nutation damping coefficient (or time constant), rolllpitch product-of-inertia, and rate gain of the proportional-plus-integralplus-derivative pitch wheel controller is helpful in determining the required mass distribution of the spacecraft and the pitch controller bandwidth.
The effect of the anion on the chemical shifts of the aromatic hydrogen atoms of liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salts

The NMR chemical shifts of the aromatic hydrogen atoms of l-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI + BF - 4 ) and 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI + PF - 6 ) have been determined in nine deuterated solvents. The aromatic hydrogen atoms of BMI + PF - 6 are more sensitive to solvation effects than the hydrogen atoms of BMI + BF - 4 . The interaction of the hydrogen atoms of the imidazolium cation with the relatively small and basic BF - 4 anion is more intimate than the interaction with the fairly large, polarizable and less basic PF6 anion. For both salts, the interaction involving the anion and the hydrogen atoms of the imidazolium cation is more intimate for H2, compared with H4 or H5. Owing to the intimate interaction of the ions of BMI + BF - 4 , its aromatic hydrogen atoms are less sensitive to solvation effects than the hydrogen atoms of BMI + PF - 6 .
"SILENT" RHEUMATIC AORTIC REGURGITATION.

Abstract Sixteen patients with rheumatic valvular disease are presented in whom the murmur of aortic regurgitation could not be heard and yet in whom cineaortography confirmed the presence of significant aortic valve incompetence. It is highly unlikely, from an analysis of the auscultatory technics practiced, that the murmur was overlooked. Intracardiac phonocardiography in 2 of the patients clearly indicated that the murmur was present in the outflow tract of the left ventricle and was confined to the area of the regurgitant jet. The reasons for failure of the murmur to be transmitted to the chest wall are probably related to its high frequency, the anatomic dysfunction of the valve and the physical properties of the regurgitant jet. The diagnosis of “silent” aortic regurgitation may be suspected from accompanying clinical manifestations which often can be recognized at the bedside. This is not difficult when the associated and dominant lesion is mitral stenosis. However, if mitral regurgitation or aortic stenosis are the major defects, the indications of left ventricular pathophysiology may erroneously be ascribed to them alone rather than to the additional presence of “silent” aortic regurgitation.
Failure Analysis of Memory Organization for Utilization in a Self-Repair Memory System

Traditional approaches to memory reliability have been limited to complete redundancy or coding techniques. Redundancy frequently proves too expensive (introducing additional systems faults) and the traditional memory coding techniques have been limited to those areas of memory where a single fault results in a single failure (e.g., a broken core in a magnetic memory) as distinguished from an address decoder fault. To take an integrated approach to this problem, using a variety of coding and modularization techniques on each of the memory subsystems, it is necessary to determine the types of faults and failures caused by these faults that could occur in the system. This paper presents the results of a failure analysis study of typical 2D, 2?D, and 3D memory organizations. Two-way memories are also considered. This study demonstrates that a 2D memory, utilizing a switching array for memory access, is less susceptible to eatastrophic failures than other organizations considered. A memory organization capable of distributing the failures, in a manner permitting correction by linear codes, was adopted. Other techniques for automatic replacement of fault units are also considered.
Improving the Locality Properties of Binary Representations

Choosing representations and operators that preserve loca- lity between genotype and phenotype space is an important goal in EA design. In the GA literature there has been considerable discussion of this issue with respect to the choice between standard binary encoding and Gray codes. In this paper we argue that an important and unap- preciated aspect of such discussions is the degree to which locality pre- servation is isotropic in phenotype space (i.e., independent of location in phenospace). We show that using a traditional bit-flip mutation operator with either of these two representations results in rather weak isotropic locality. These insights lead to the design of a new binary mutation ope- rator that increases isotropic locality. The results from an initial set of experiments supports the hypothesis that this improvement in isotropic locality leads to improvements in GA performance as well.
Did Grandma Give You Heart Disease? The New Battle Against Coronary Artery Disease

Atherosclerosis/coronary artery disease (CAD) is largely a result of genetically linked dyslipidemias that can often be identified in clinical practice. Expression of these genetic traits is highly individual and can be affected by environmental factors such as diet and exercise. By understanding the heterogeneity of CAD, it becomes clear that all patients cannot be optimally managed with the same therapeutic regimen. Whereas elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is strongly correlated with CAD risk, reduction of LDL cholesterol alone is not an adequate strategy in many cases. Patients with the small, dense LDL of the atherogenic lipoprotein profile (pattern B) experience a 3-fold increased risk of CAD, and pattern B is also correlated with the development of type 2 diabetes. Likewise, elevated lipoprotein(a) increases atherosclerotic risk, particularly in the presence of other risk factors, and is predictive of CAD risk in both women and men. Recent data show that the routine lipid profile--total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol--does not detect the most common inherited dyslipidemias. Newer, more sophisticated tests, such as gradient gel electrophoresis, can detect disease-relevant lipidemic details, e.g., LDL subclass pattern, LDL particle diameter, and LDL subregions. Although these testing procedures are more expensive, their cost must be weighed against the potential lifelong cost of sometimes expensive drug treatment that may be avoided based on the results of such tests. Thus, by attending to the implications of family history, the interactions of genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors, and utilizing more targeted testing procedures, physicians can match the patient's disorder with specifically effective therapy while maintaining a cost-effective approach to disease management.
Social Support, Stress, and Self-Efficacy: Effects on Students' Satisfaction

Many variables impact a student's adjustment to college and ultimate academic and social success. This study investigated the relationships between social support, perceived stress, self-efficacy, and life satisfaction among 94 first-year college students. Students who reported higher levels of social support and self-efficacy and lower levels of perceived stress also reported higher levels of life satisfaction. Social support and stress together accounted for 41 percent of the variance in life satisfaction ratings, with social support providing the largest contribution. The findings have implications for prevention and interventions with students experiencing difficulty in adjusting to college.
SIBIOS: a system for the integration of bioinformatics services

Modern biological and chemical studies rely on life science databases as well as sophisticated software tools (e.g., homology search tools, modeling and visualization tools). These tools often have to be combined and integrated in order to support a given study. SIBIOS (system for the integration of bioinformatics services) serves this purpose. The services are both life science database search services and software tools. The task engine is the core component of SIBIOS. It supports the execution of dynamic workflows that incorporate multiple bioinformatics services. The architecture of SIBIOS, the approaches used to address the heterogeneity as well as interoperability of bioinformatics services, including data integration are presented in this paper.
CD4+ T Cell-Dependent Reduction in Hepatitis C Virus-Specific Humoral Immune Responses after HIV Infection

Background. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection adversely affects all stages of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, leading to increased rates of viral persistence, higher levels of HCV viremia, and accelerated progression of HCV-related liver disease. These disease interactions may result in part from impairment of B cell function, which is CD4 + T cell dependent. Methods. To determine the effect of HIV infection on B cell function, we compared HCV antibody levels and specificities in 29 HCV-infected persons before and after they acquired HIV and assessed the temporal correlation of these changes with overall CD4 + T lymphocyte counts. Results. The pre-HIV infection HCV antibody titer was a predictor of the subsequent titer for all antigens, and decreasing CD4 + T cell numbers was strongly associated with a decrease in anti-HCV titers for several antigens. CD4 + T cells counts of <500 cells/mm 3 were significantly associated with lower HCV antibody end-point titers. Higher HCV end-point titers were associated with fewer years from HIV infection and, for Core antigen, current drug use. Conclusions. HCV-specific antibody production is impaired by HIV infection, and loss of antibody production depends on CD4 + T cell depletion. However, the decrease in titers is less significant in those who continue to actively inject drugs.
A Physics-Based Parameterization of Air–Sea Momentum Flux at High Wind Speeds and Its Impact on Hurricane Intensity Predictions

Abstract A new bulk parameterization of the air–sea momentum flux at high wind speeds is proposed based on coupled wave–wind model simulations for 10 tropical cyclones that occurred in the Atlantic Ocean during 1998–2003. The new parameterization describes how the roughness length increases linearly with wind speed and the neutral drag coefficient tends to level off at high wind speeds. The proposed parameterization is then tested on real hurricanes using the operational Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) coupled hurricane–ocean prediction model. The impact of the new parameterization on the hurricane prediction is mainly found in increased maximum surface wind speeds, while it does not appreciably affect the hurricane central pressure prediction. This helps to improve the GFDL model–predicted wind–pressure relationship in strong hurricanes. Attempts are made to provide physical explanations as to why the reduced drag coefficient affects surface wind speeds but not the central pressure in hurric...
Carbocycle formation via intramolecular insertion of alkynes into titanium-carbon bonds

Abstract Treatment of alkyl titanocene chloride complexes with the Lewis acids EtAlCl 2 or Me 2 AlCl resulted in intramolecular insertion of a tethered alkyne into the TiC bond. Regioselective alkyne insertion produced exocyclic trisubstituted alkene products resulting from four-, five-, and six-membered ring formation. In the case of cyclohexane formation, the alkyne was found to insert with syn stereoselectivity.
NONLINEAR MODEL PREDICTIONS OF BISPECTRA OF SHOALING SURFACE GRAVITY WAVES

Boussinesq-type nonlinear equations for waves propagating over a sloping bottom are shown to accurately model the evolving bispectra of a spectrum of non-breaking shoaling ocean-surface gravity waves. The model response to a variation of the gentle, constant beach slope and the amount of nonlinear (i.e. non-random) phase coupling in the initial conditions is also examined. Variation of these quantities results in relatively little change in the overall structural evolution of the bicoherence and biphase (related to the nonlinear modification of the wave shape). The apparent unimportance of bottom slope motivates consideration of constant-depth KdV equations. Simple analytic solutions are found for harmonic growth in the special case of a monochromatic primary wavetrain. The associated bispectral evolution is qualitatively similar to field observations and to predictions based on the full Boussinesq model for a sloping bottom.
Intermittency of slow arm movements increases in distal direction

When analyzed in the tangential speed domain, human movements exhibit a multi-peaked speed profile which is commonly interpreted as evidence for submovements. At slow speeds, the number of the peaks increases and the peaks also become more distinct, corresponding to non-smoothness or intermittency in the movement. In this study, we evaluate two potential sources proposed in the literature for the origins of movement intermittency and conclude that intermittency is more likely due to noise in the neuromuscular system as opposed to a central movement planner that generates intermittent plans. This conclusion is based on the assumption that the central planner would be expected to introduce similar levels of intermittency for different joints, while accumulating noise in the neuromuscular circuitry would be expected to exhibit itself as increase in noise in distal direction. We have used a 3D motion capture system to record trajectories of fingertip, wrist, elbow and shoulder as five participants completed a simple manual circular tracking task at various constant speed levels. Statistical analyses indicated that movement intermittency, quantified by a number of peaks metric, increased in distal direction, supporting the noise model for origins of intermittency. Movement speed was determined to have a significant effect on intermittency, while orientation of the task plane showed no significance.
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TYPE 1 PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE FROM SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE : EFFECT OF THE R73C MUTATION

Abstract Type 1 protein phosphatase encoded by theGLC7gene was purified fromSaccharomyces cerevisiaeas a 1:1 complex with mammalian inhibitor 2 fused to glutathioneS-transferase. The complex was inactive and required treatment with Co2+and trypsin for maximal activity. The specific activity toward phosphorylaseawas about 1.8 units/mg of Glc7p, and IC50's for inhibitor 2, okadaic acid, and microcystin-LR were 7.3, 81, and 0.30 nM, respectively. The complex could be activated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the presence of Mg2+and ATP to 20% of the activity seen with Co2+and trypsin. Thus, the catalytic properties of the yeast type 1 phosphatase are similar to those of the mammalian protein phosphatase 1. The R73C mutant phosphatase from the glycogen-deficient strain,glc7-1,purified as a 1:1 complex with the inhibitor 2 fusion, had a specific activity toward phosphorylaseaof 0.9 unit/mg of Glc7p, and IC50's for inhibitor 2, okadaic acid, and microcystin-LR were 13.1, 113, and 0.37 nM, respectively. The R73C mutation slightly decreases the specific activity and sensitivity to inhibitors, suggesting that changes in biochemical properties may affect glycogen levels. However, the modest changes are consistent with our previous proposal (E. M. Reimannet al.,1993,Adv. Protein Phosphatases7,173–182) and with the results of Stuartet al.(1994,Mol. Cell. Biol.14, 896–905) that the mutation may selectively alter the interaction of Glc7p with regulatory proteins.
Come a little closer: Citizens, law, and identification

What should the relationship between citizens and the law in a liberal democracy look like? The idea that citizens should be associated with the laws that govern them is a cornerstone of democratic theory. Yet the specific nature of this relationship has varied widely in theory and practice. I examine one conceptualization of this relationship: the notion that democratic citizens should substantively identify with the law and see their preferences, will, or morality in it. This kind of civic identification with the law is suggested in Carl Schmitt's The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy. Schmitt's text points both to the seductive appeal of civic identification with the law and to its pernicious potential.
Culturally competent diabetes education for Mexican Americans: the Starr County Study.

PURPOSE Few culturally competent health programs have been designed for Mexican Americans, a group that bears a disproportionate burden of Type 2 diabetes. In Starr County, a Texas-Mexico border community, investigators designed and tested a culturally competent intervention aimed at improving the health of this target population. The purpose of this article is to describe the development process of this diabetes education and support group intervention. METHODS The development stages were (1) community assessment, (2) intervention design, (3) selection or development of outcomes, (4) pilot testing, and (5) a randomized clinical investigation. RESULTS Focus group participants identified knowledge deficits regarding diabetes and self-management strategies, and suggested characteristics of an effective intervention for Mexican Americans. Outcome measures included metabolic control indicators, a newly developed knowledge instrument, and an existing health belief instrument. Preliminary analyses indicated that the intervention was successful in significantly improving metabolic control in the target population. CONCLUSIONS Developing successful diabetes interventions for minority groups requires a number of stages, careful planning, assessment of cultural characteristics of the target population, and a systematic approach to implementation.
Sizing the protein translocation pathway of colicin Ia channels.

The bacterial toxin colicin Ia forms voltage-gated channels in planar lipid bilayers. The toxin consists of three domains, with the carboxy-terminal domain (C-domain) responsible for channel formation. The C-domain contributes four membrane-spanning segments and a 68-residue translocated segment to the open channel, whereas the upstream domains and the amino-terminal end of the C-domain stay on the cis side of the membrane. The isolated C-domain, lacking the two upstream domains, also forms channels; however, the amino terminus and one of the normally membrane-spanning segments can move across the membrane. (This can be observed as a drop in single-channel conductance.) In longer carboxy-terminal fragments of colicin Ia that include ≤169 residues upstream from the C-domain, the entire upstream region is translocated. Presumably, a portion of the C-domain creates a pathway for the polar upstream region to move through the membrane. To determine the size of this translocation pathway, we have attached “molecular stoppers,” small disulfide-bonded polypeptides, to the amino terminus of the C-domain, and determined whether they could be translocated. We have found that the translocation rate is strongly voltage dependent, and that at voltages ≥90 mV, even a 26-A stopper is translocated. Upon reduction of their disulfide bonds, all of the stoppers are easily translocated, indicating that it is the folded structure, rather than some aspect of the primary sequence, that slows translocation of the stoppers. Thus, the pathway for translocation is ≥26 A in diameter, or can stretch to this value. This is large enough for an α-helical hairpin to fit through.
Fluid Mechanics of Planktonic Microorganisms

The diversity of the morphologies, propulsion mechanisms, flow environments, and behaviors of planktonic microorganisms has long provided inspiration for fluid physicists, with further intrigue provided by the counterintuitive hydrodynamics of their viscous world. Motivation for studying the fluid dynamics of microplankton abounds, as microorganisms support the food web and control the biogeochemistry of most aquatic environments, particularly the oceans. In this review, we discuss the fluid physics governing the locomotion and feeding of individual planktonic microorganisms (≤1 mm). In the past few years, the field has witnessed an increasing number of exciting discoveries, from the visualization of the flow field around individual swimmers to linkages between microhydrodynamic processes and ecosystem dynamics. In other areas, chiefly the ability of microorganisms to take up nutrients and sense hydromechanical signals, our understanding will benefit from reinvigorated interest, and ample opportunities for breakthroughs exist. When it comes to the fluid mechanics of living organisms, there is plenty of room at the bottom.
Online nanoflow multidimensional fractionation for high efficiency phosphopeptide analysis

Despite intense, continued interest in global analyses of signaling cascades through mass spectrometry-based studies, the large-scale, systematic production of phosphoproteomics data has been hampered in-part by inefficient fractionation strategies subsequent to phosphopeptide enrichment. Here we explore two novel multidimensional fractionation strategies for analysis of phosphopeptides. In the first technique we utilize aliphatic ion pairing agents to improve retention of phosphopeptides at high pH in the first dimension of a two-dimensional RP-RP. The second approach is based on the addition of strong anion exchange as the second dimension in a three-dimensional reversed phase (RP)-strong anion exchange (SAX)-RP configuration. Both techniques provide for automated, online data acquisition, with the 3-D platform providing the highest performance both in terms of separation peak capacity and the number of unique phosphopeptide sequences identified per μg of cell lysate consumed. Our integrated RP-SAX-RP platform provides several analytical figures of merit, including: (1) orthogonal separation mechanisms in each dimension; (2) high separation peak capacity (3) efficient retention of singly- and multiply-phosphorylated peptides; (4) compatibility with automated, online LC-MS analysis. We demonstrate the reproducibility of RP-SAX-RP and apply it to the analysis of phosphopeptides derived from multiple biological contexts, including an in vitro model of acute myeloid leukemia in addition to primary polyclonal CD8+ T-cells activated in vivo through bacterial infection and then purified from a single mouse.