cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coarsening of γ′ in Ni–Al alloys aged under uniaxial compression: II. Diffusion under stress and retardation of coarsening kinetics

An elasticity-based model is developed for predicting how the coefficient of diffusion, D, changes under an applied compressive stress. Stress affects the activation energy for motion, QM, of an atom, as well as its jump distance, l. Since a cubic crystal is slightly distorted tetragonally under uniaxial stress, QM and l, hence D, both become different in directions normal and parallel to the stress axis. QM is calculated using a dynamical model of diffusion due to Flynn [Point defects and diffusion. London: Oxford University Press; 1972]. Using the elastic constants for Ni–Al alloys, and taking into account the effect of the hydrostatic component of the applied stress on D, the model predicts that D decreases by about 6% under an applied stress of 150 MPa. This reduction does not account entirely for the retardation of coarsening kinetics observed experimentally, but given the simplicity of the model the result is satisfactory.
Evaluation of mutagenic mode of action in Big Blue mice fed methylphenidate for 24 weeks.

Abstract Methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH), a widely prescribed pediatric drug for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, induced liver adenocarcinomas in B6C3F1 mice exposed to 500 ppm in feed for 2 years (Dunnick and Hailey (1995) [14] ). In order to determine if the induction of liver tumors was by a mutagenic mode of action, groups of male Big Blue (BB) mice (B6C3F1 background) were fed diets containing 50–4000 ppm MPH for 4, 12, or 24 weeks. At sacrifice, the livers were removed and the cII mutant frequency (MF) and spectrum of cII mutations were determined. In addition, the frequencies of micronucleated reticulocytes (MN-RETs) and normochromatic erythrocytes (MN-NCEs) were measured in peripheral blood erythrocytes as was the Hprt MF in splenic lymphocytes. Food consumption and body weight gain/loss were recorded weekly for each animal. The levels of MPH and RA were determined immediately before sacrifice in the serum of mice fed MPH for 24 weeks. A significant loss in body weights ( p ≤ 0.01) was found in mice fed the 2000 and 4000 ppm doses of MPH; however, there was no significant difference in the food consumption by any of the MPH-treated groups. The average liver cII MF in control animals was 20 ± 4.5 × 10 −6 where as in MPH-treated animals, the average cII MFs ranged between 20 ± 2.5 and 32 ± 6.7 × 10 −6 . None of the cII MFs in livers from any of the MPH treatment was significantly higher than the concurrent controls at either 4, 12 or 24 weeks. Further, there was no significant increase in either the Hprt MF or the micronucleus frequency at any time point in the treated animals. These results suggest that MPH is not mutagenic in mice and that the induction of tumors as previously reported in the liver is probably through a nongenotoxic mode of action.
On a theorem of Van Mill

Abstract We fix an error in the proof of a theorem of Van Mill about homeomorphisms between compactifications of ω with small weight.
Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses

We report the first atomic resolution structure of an animal virus, human rhinovirus 14. It is strikingly similar to known icosahedral plant RNA viruses. Four neutralizing immunogenic regions have been identified. These, and corresponding antigenic sequences of polio and foot-and-mouth disease viruses, reside on external protrusions. A large cleft on each icosahedral face is probably the host cell receptor binding site.
Hundreds of partial pipe replacements conducted in Washington D.C. before July 2004: Brown and Sinks respond

Abstract This response to a letter to the Editor by Edwards details the lack of sufficient data for further analyses.
CATHETER ABLATION OF WOLFF-PARKINSON WHITE SYNDROME: 14-YEAR TRENDS IN UTILIZATION AND COMPLICATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

The aim of this study was to determine the temporal trends in utilization of catheter ablation of Wolff-Parkinson White syndrome (WPW) in the United States. All patients aged ≥18 years with a primary diagnosis of WPW syndrome (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition, Clinical
Sudden infant death syndrome: a proposed discovery

Sudden cardiac death is a leading cause of fatality in the industrially developed world. Sudden infant death syndrome, has not hitherto been regarded as the same disease. However, the 55% reduction in the recorded rate of death from sudden infant death syndrome following the removal of stress-related problems caused by babies sleeping on their stomachs and overheating from tight and heavy clothing has, I propose, revealed that the babies may be dying from a similar stress-related cause, which can be prevented.
"When the Cannons Talk, the Diplomats Must Be Silent": A Danish Diplomat in Constantinople during the Armenian Genocide

The envoy Carl Ellis Wandel was the sole Danish diplomatic representative in Constantinople before, during, and after World War I, and between 1914 and 1925 he wrote hundreds of detailed reports on the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians, as well as on related subjects. This article analyzes and contextualizes some of his most important reports, showing how these hitherto unknown sources contribute to the understanding of vital aspects of the Armenian Genocide, not least concerning the ongoing scholarly debate between “intentionalist” and “structuralist” interpretations of the event and concerning the destruction of the Ottoman Armenians as a particularly radical part of a Young Turk project of Turkification.
HyPE: hybrid power estimation for IP-based programmable systems

This paper presents a novel power estimation scheme for programmable systems consisting of predesigned datapath and memory components. The proposed hybrid methodology yields highly accurate estimates within short runtimes by combining high-level simulation with analytical macromodeling of circuit characteristics. To assess its effectiveness in practice, we implemented our hybrid scheme into a power estimation tool, called HyPE, and applied it to explore various architectural alternatives in the design of a 256 state Viterbi decoder and a Rijndael encryptor. For designs with about 1 million transistors, our estimator terminates within seconds. Compared with industrial gate-level power estimators, our approach is up to 1,000 times faster with 5.4% deviation on average.
Coupled Spiral Interferometers

Coupled resonant optical waveguides (CROWs) exhibit unique abilities to support broadband slow light and steeply sloped resonances, which have important applications in many branches of photonics. These features, however, generally require coupling a large number N of resonators, which compromises compactness and thermal stability. Here, we introduce a class of optical interferometers that exhibit similar properties as CROWs, while occupying a much smaller area (∼1/N) and being consequently more stable. Called a coupled spiral interferometer (CSPIN), it consists of a spiral waveguide with continuous coupling between the spiral's arms, which induces radial energy exchange between arms. We show through numerical simulations that with suitable design, this coupling mechanism efficiently traps light inside the spiral. With proper choice of N and the sequence of coupling coefficients between arms, a CSPIN can be engineered to behave like a ring resonator or various types of CROWs and to support strong slow light, fast light, broadband slow light, and/or light of negative group index.
Factors influencing the salinity regime of Lake Pontchartrain, Lousiana, a shallow coastal lagoon: Analysis of a long-term data set

Lake Pontchartrain., Louisiana is a 1,630 km2 shallow brackish lagoon with a mean salinity from 1.2‰ in the west to 5.4‰ in the east., The construction of a 120 km long deep-water connection to the Gulf of Mexico in 1963, was expected to cause a 5‰ increase in lagoon salinity. However, the actual increase was everywhere in the lagoon less than 2‰ Analysis of 31 years of daily salinity and discharge records indicates that discharge is the most important factor controlling salinity variations in Lake Pontchartrain., Seventy-four percent of low-frequency salinity variations are explained by freshwater discharge and the completion of the deep-water canal. Lake Pont.-chartrain experiences annual variations of salinity as high as 8‰ This salinity signal has remained constant since the beginning of the salinity records in 1946. It appears that the deep-water canal is not responsible for observed die-back of freshwater swamps and retreat of lagoon shorelines.
The Influence of Sediment and Colloidal Material on the Bioavailability of a Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant

The bioaccumulation and tissue distribution of a quaternary ammonium surfactant (hexadecylpyridinium bromide, HPB) in aquatic organisms was assessed under a variety of exposure conditions. Tadpoles, clams, and minnows were exposed simultaneously to sublethal levels of [3H]HPB under flowthrough conditions for a period of 7 days. Four exposure conditions were studied: water-borne HPB alone, water-borne HPB flowed over a natural sediment, waterborne HPB mixed in a suspension of bentonite clay, and HPB sorbed to a natural sediment. In addition, the significance of ingestion as an exposure pathway for HPB was assessed in a series of oral-dosing experiments conducted with tadpoles. Gill tissues accumulated the highest HPB residues for organisms exposed to the chemical in the absence of sediment or clay. The accumulation of HPB in all tissues, but especially in gills, was reduced significantly in the presence of sediment or clay. This finding is important because gill tissue is a primary site of toxic action for quaternary ammonium compounds. Tadpoles ingested HPB-contaminated sediment and clay, which became a source of exposure for GI-tract tissues. The results of oral-dosing experiments confirmed that sorbed HPB did contribute to the accumulation of this compound in intestinal tissues.
Wound edge biopsy sites in chronic wounds heal rapidly and do not result in delayed overall healing of the wounds.

Wound biopsies are an essential diagnostic component in the management of chronic wounds. First, the possibility of malignancy or infection in the wound often requires sampling of the wound edge and its bed. Secondly, several practice guidelines recommend biopsying wounds that have not responded to treatment after 2–6 weeks. However, there has always been a concern that the biopsy may worsen the wound and delay overall healing. In this report, we investigated the safety and effects of wound biopsies on overall chronic wound healing rates (advance of the wound edge per week toward the center) before and after the biopsy was performed. In a cohort of 14 consecutive patients with chronic wounds of the lower extremity, we found that postbiopsy chronic wound healing rates (0.99±1.18 mm/week; mean±SD) were not decreased and were actually higher than prebiopsy chronic wound healing rates (0.49±0.85 mm/week; mean±SD, p<0.05). In addition, we documented that healing of the biopsy sites up to the original wound edge occurred within 6 weeks in 11 of the 14 subjects. Therefore, we conclude that chronic wounds do not worsen after being biopsied and that wound biopsies are a safe procedure that does not delay overall healing of the chronic wound.
The Hsp70 heat-shock gene family of the mosquito Anopheles albimanus.

Four Hsp70 genes of the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus were isolated from a genomic DNA library as two non-overlapping clones each containing a pair of divergently transcribed genes having 75% DNA sequence similarity to the protein-coding regions of the Drosophila metanogaster Hsp70genes. The clones were assigned to two loci on chromosome 2R by in situ hybridization. These clones hybridize strongly to heat-shock but only weakly to non-shocked mosquito RNA. The Hsp70 gene family of A. albimanus is undergoing concerted evolution probably by gene conversion. The general arrangement of the genes suggests that divergently transcribed pairs of genes at two loci is an ancient Dipteran arrangement predating the Nematocera/Cyclorrapha divergence.
Modulation of larval nutrition affects midgut neutral lipid storage and temporal pattern of transcription factor expression during mosquito metamorphosis

Abstract During holometabolous insect development the critical weight marks a physiological transition after which juvenile hormone (JH) concentration decreases to such a level that a subsequent increase in ecdysone titer will initiate metamorphosis. Starvation experiments indicate that the Aedes aegypti critical weight is achieved by 24 h after the last larval–larval molt. When grown at 24 °C with excess food, the time between the critical weight and maximum weight (interval to cessation of growth) is about 24 h and pupation occurs about 24 h after the maximum weight is achieved. Oil Red O staining of 3rd and early 4th instars indicates that the midgut is a neutral lipid storage organ during this period. Coincident with the attainment of the critical weight is the depletion of stored midgut neutral lipid. Application of methoprene to 24 h post-molt 4th instars results in renewed midgut storage of neutral lipid suggesting that midgut neutral lipid storage is a JH dependent process. Starvation of 4th instars during the 24 h post-molt period suspends development in a fraction of the larvae, and with the resumption of feeding, development resumes. A regimen of starvation and resumption of feeding of 4th instars suggests that JH concentration decreased over a 40 h period after the resumption of feeding and maximum weight is attained about 48 h after the resumption of feeding. We hypothesize that this results in a shortening of the interval to cessation of growth. Real-time PCR experiments indicate that shortening the interval to cessation of growth compresses the time period during which increases in AHR3, AaEcR-B and AaUSP-a expression occur.
Autoregulation of alimentary and hepatic ketogenesis in sheep.

Abstract To determine the mechanism of autoregulation of ketogenesis, β -hydroxybutyrate was infused into 5 normal; 3 diabetic, insulin-treated; and 3 diabetic, untreated anesthetized sheep. Net flux of fatty acids, acetoacetate, β -hydroxybutyrate, and insulin were measured across splanchnic tissues by multiplying veno arterial differences by blood flow. β -hydroxybutyrate depressed fatty acid concentrations and hepatic uptake. This decrease in hepatic uptake was not due solely to decreased concentrations, because hepatic extraction decreased 40% in normal and insulin-treated sheep. Portal-drained visceral release of acetoacetate was increased by β -hydroxybutyrate infusion in normal and insulin-treated sheep, but this was associated with even larger increases in hepatic uptake, resulting in decreased total splanchnic release. Portal-drained viscera switched from release to uptake of β -hydroxybutyrate in both normal and insulin-treated animals, but hepatic release increased slightly in normal sheep. β -hydroxybutyrate increased insulin concentration, pancreatic production, and hepatic uptake. Because effects of ketone infusion on net fluxes of fatty acids, acetoacetate, and β -hydroxybutyrate were similar in normal and diabetic, insulin-treated sheep but were diminished or totally absent in diabetic, untreated animals, the mechanism of autoregulation of ketogenesis may be mediated at the insulin receptor or at the site of hepatic fatty acid uptake.
CODASYS: a consulting tool for novice database designers

The paper describes the main features of a prototype tool CODASYS (COnceptual modeling tool for DAtabase SYStems), which purports to help novice designers engaged in conceptual data modeling. It is well known that conceptual data modeling is an error-prone process for novice database designers. The tool assists a designer in developing an entity-relationship diagram that can be translated to a normalized relational representation, free of derived dependencies. We first discuss a set of requirements for the tool that is based on achieving normal forms, on preventing data modeling errors, and on a theoretical foundation. We then discuss how the tool achieves the four normal forms and prevents common database errors such as incorrect degree, incorrect connectivity, and derived relationships. Further, we provide a cognitive framework for understanding novice error behavior and elaborate on how CODASYS addresses cognitive strain in database design. Next, we present the features of the tool and, with the help of flowcharts, discuss how these features have been implemented using a rule-based approach. It may be noted that empirical studies have been conducted to test the efficacy of the tool and have indicated significant improvement in novice designer performance.
Outcomes of Patients With Head-and-Neck Cancer of Unknown Primary Origin Treated With Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Purpose To analyze survival, failure patterns, and toxicity in patients with head-and-neck carcinoma of unknown primary origin (HNCUP) treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Methods and materials Records from 27 patients with HNCUP treated during the period 2002–2008 with IMRT were reviewed retrospectively. Nodal staging ranged from N1 to N3. The mean preoperative dose to gross or suspected disease, Waldeyer's ring, and uninvolved bilateral cervical nodes was 59.4, 53.5, and 51.0 Gy, respectively. Sixteen patients underwent neck dissection after radiation and 4 patients before radiation. Eight patients with advanced nodal disease (N2b–c, N3) or extracapsular extension received chemotherapy. Results With a median follow-up of 41.9 months (range, 25.3–93.9 months) for nondeceased patients, the 5-year actuarial overall survival, disease-free survival, and nodal control rates were 70.9%, 85.2%, and 88.5%, respectively. Actuarial disease-free survival rates for N1, N2, and N3 disease were 100%, 94.1%, and 50.0%, respectively, at 5 years. When stratified by nonadvanced (N1, N2a nodal disease without extracapsular spread) vs. advanced nodal disease (N2b, N2c, N3), the 5-year actuarial disease-free survival rate for the nonadvanced nodal disease group was 100%, whereas for the advanced nodal disease group it was significantly lower at 66.7% ( p = 0.017). Three nodal recurrences were observed: in 1 patient with bulky N2b disease and 2 in patients with N3 disease. No nodal failures occurred in patients with N1 or N2a disease who received only radiation and surgery. Conclusion Definitive IMRT to 50–56 Gy followed by neck dissection results in excellent nodal control and overall and disease-free survival, with acceptable toxicity for patients with T0N1 or nonbulky T0N2a disease without extracapsular spread. Patients with extracapsular spread, advanced N2 disease, or N3 disease may benefit from concurrent chemotherapy, targeted therapeutic agents, or accelerated radiation regimens in addition to surgery.
Ejection of Companion Objects by Supernovae

IT is possible that supernovae occur in conjunction with either a satellite planet or binary star. Assuming that neutron stars are the result of such detonations, one asks in what conditions could a planet or star survive such a nearby explosion. In the case of the Crab pulsar, the existence of a planet has been suggested to explain a residual oscillation of period 1 to 1.5 month in the frequency (F. Drake at the Princeton conference on neutron stars and pulsars, November 1969).
Predation can increase the prevalence of infectious disease.

Abstract: Many host‐pathogen interactions are embedded in a web of other interspecific interactions. Recent theoretical studies have suggested that reductions in predator abundance can indirectly lead to upsurges in infectious diseases harbored by prey populations. In this note, we use simple models to show that in some circumstances, predation can actually increase the equilibrial prevalence of infection in a host, where prevalence is defined as the fraction of host population that is infected. Our results show that there is no complete generalization possible about how shifts in predation pressure translate into shifts in infection levels, without some understanding of host population regulation and the role of acquired immunity. Our results further highlight the importance of understanding the dynamics of nonregulatory pathogens in reservoir host populations and the understudied effects of demographic costs incurred by individuals that survive infection and develop acquired immunity.
Quantitation of Scopolamine Hydrobromide When Adsorbed Onto Microcrystalline Cellulose and Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose in Tablets

AbstractBoth scopolamine and lidocaine (the internal standard) got adsorbed onto sodium carboxymethylcellulose and microcrystalline cellulose, which are commonly added to the tablets/capsules as excipients. In one tablet formula which contained both adsorbents, about 42% of scopolamine and 45% of lidocaine got adsorbed. Sodium carboxymethylcellulose by itself, adsorbed both drugs about 26.2 times more than microcrystalline cellulose, when compared on the basis of same weights. If hydrochloric acid was used in the extraction procedure, both scopolamine and lidocaine got desorbed and recovery was quantitative.
The Effects of Semichronic Thermal Stress on Physiological Indicators in Steelhead

Abstract The physiological response of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss to prolonged heat stress was examined by exposing replicated groups of fish to three different temperatures, 15, 23, and 25°C, for 25 consecutive days followed by a 55-d recovery period at 15°C. We found that at temperatures ≥ 25°C, steelhead consumed significantly less food per day and had elevated feed conversion rates but experienced slower growth, reduced body size, lower body fat, and elevated heat shock protein (hsp) 70 levels relative to fish exposed to 23°C and 15°C. Growth decreased 24.4% and 27.1% for length and mass, respectively, between 15°C and 23°C, and an additional 60% and 56.5%, respectively, between 23°C and 25°C during exposures. While growth increments and lipid levels recovered to control levels after water temperature was reduced, body size of the fish exposed to 25°C lagged throughout the experiment. Our results indicate a temperature threshold after which steelhead exposed to semichronic thermal stress i...
Maximum likelihood estimation of the dynamic shock-error model

Abstract In this paper, an efficient estimation technique in the time domain for the dynamic shock-error model is developed. This approach utilizes a state-space representation of the model and the Kalman filtering technique to obtain the maximum likelihood estimates. The resulting estimates are shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal with the inverse of the information matrix as their precision measure. A consistent estimate of the information matrix is suggested to obtain the standard errors of the estimates.
ACGME Accreditation of Orthopaedic Surgery Subspecialty Fellowship Training Programs.

Background: Orthopaedic surgery training in the United States consists of a five-year-minimum orthopaedic surgery residency program, followed by optional subspecialty fellowship training. There is an increasing trend for trainees to complete at least one fellowship program following residency training, with approximately 90% of current trainees planning to complete a fellowship. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the overall variability of orthopaedic subspecialty fellowships in terms of characteristics, match process, and the tendency to be accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Methods: Nine orthopaedic surgery subspecialties were assessed for their fellowship match program, their number of fellowship programs and positions in the match, and the number of programs and positions accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Programs with a Subspecialty Certificate offered by the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery were compared with programs without a Subspecialty Certificate. Comparative statistics utilizing an unpaired t test with a statistical cutoff of p < 0.05 were performed. Results: Three separate matching programs are used by the nine subspecialties. Hand surgery utilizes the National Residents Matching Program, shoulder and elbow surgery utilizes the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Fellowship Match, and the other seven subspecialties utilize the San Francisco Matching Program. In total, 478 fellowship programs were identified, representing 897 fellowship positions. The highest percentage of fellowship programs that are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education was in orthopaedic sports medicine (93.1%), compared with the lowest percentage in foot and ankle orthopaedics (16.3%). A significantly higher percentage (p < 0.05) of fellowship programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were found for subspecialties with American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Subspecialty Certificates (hand and sports) (87.9%) compared with subspecialties without Subspecialty Certificates (34.3%). Conclusions: There are more orthopaedic subspecialty fellowship positions available annually than there are graduating orthopaedic surgery residents. Three independent matching programs are currently being used by the nine orthopaedic subspecialties. Subspecialties vary in the proportion of programs with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accreditation. Subspecialties with American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Subspecialty Certificates have a significantly greater proportion of fellowship programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education compared with those without Subspecialty Certificates. Clinical Relevance: Orthopaedic subspecialty fellowship programs are rapidly becoming a perceived necessity as part of orthopaedic surgery training. Fellowships continue to vary in matching system and their accreditation characteristics.
Phase I safety trial of two vaginal microbicide gels (Acidform or BufferGel) used with a diaphragm compared to KY jelly used with a diaphragm.

The objectives were to assess the safety and acceptability of 2 vaginal microbicide gels (Acidform and BufferGel) used with a diaphragm compared to KY Jelly used with a diaphragm among low-risk sexually abstinent women. Eighty-one women enrolled in a randomized masked phase I safety study using a diaphragm with Acidform BufferGel or KY Jelly for 6 to 10 hours nightly for 14 nights. Physical examination colposcopy and lab studies were performed after 1 and 2 weeks of use. Diaries and questionnaires were used to assess user acceptability. Sixty-nine participants (85%) completed the study. Safety and acceptability appeared similar among the 3 study groups and no serious adverse events related to the study products were reported. Adverse events were mild and anticipated. Acidform and BufferGel compared to KY Jelly when used with diaphragm daily for 14 days appeared to be safe and acceptable in a small study of low-risk abstinent women. (authors)
The relationship between 1-methyladenine induced surface changes and fertilization in starfish oocytes☆

Abstract Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the outer surface of immature starfish oocytes treated with the hormone, 1-methyladenine (1-MA), show structural changes of the vitelline layer on which some materials form a fibrous “cap”-like structure at 4 min post treatment. 1-MA also induces the transformation of the vitelline layer from a coarse to a ruffled surface. This transformation may be involved in the block to polyspermy, since addition of 6 × 10 8 sperm to a suspension of oocytes 5 min after the addition of 1-MA resulted in a significant reduction of sperm bound to the egg surface.
Preparing Globally Competent Teachers: A New Imperative for Teacher Education

Globalization is one of the most powerful forces that will shape the future world in which our children will live. How to prepare our children to live successfully in this world has become a challenging question for education. This article discusses the challenges globalization presents to education and the implications for teacher education.
Atom interferometry via Raman chirped adiabatic passage

Practical atom interferometric sensors may benefit from robust atom optics based on Raman chirped adiabatic passage (RCAP). We demonstrate coherent transfer and interference using RCAP, and discuss expected enhancement of interferometer stability.
Genome-wide screen for temperature-regulated genes of the obligate intracellular bacterium, Rickettsia typhi.

The ability of rickettsiae to survive in multiple eukaryotic host environments provides a good model for studying pathogen-host molecular interactions. Rickettsia typhi, the etiologic agent of murine typhus, is a strictly intracellular gram negative α-proteobacterium, which is transmitted to humans by its arthropod vector, the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis. Thus, R. typhi must cycle between mammalian and flea hosts, two drastically different environments. We hypothesize that temperature plays a role in regulating host-specific gene expression, allowing R. typhi to survive in mammalian and arthropod hosts. In this study, we used Affymetrix microarrays to screen for temperature-induced genes upon a temperature shift from 37°C to 25°C, mimicking the two different host temperatures in vitro. Temperature-responsive genes belonged to multiple functional categories including among others, transcription, translation, posttranslational modification/protein turnover/chaperones and intracellular trafficking and secretion. A large number of differentially expressed genes are still poorly characterized, and either have no known function or are not in the COG database. The microarray results were validated with quantitative real time RT-PCR. This microarray screen identified various genes that were differentially expressed upon a shift in temperature from 37°C to 25°C. Further characterization of the identified genes may provide new insights into the ability of R. typhi to successfully transition between its mammalian and arthropod hosts.
Theory of the photorefractive effect for Bi 12 SiO 20 and BaTiO 3 with shallow traps

We analytically solve charge-transport equations for a photorefractive crystal with shallow and deep traps. We predict that, if shallow traps can accumulate a high density of charge, the photorefractive trap density and space-charge field will be strong functions of light intensity and the photoconductivity will scale sublinearly with intensity. We show that, depending on light intensity and grating spacing, shallow-trap charge gratings form either in phase or out of phase with the light pattern. As shallow traps thermally depopulate in the dark, the space-charge field either partially decays or partially develops for a few seconds. The amount of decay increases as grating spacing increases in Bi12SiO20 and as grating spacing decreases in BaTiO3.
Gender and gender role differences in smiling and communication consistency

This paper investigates gender and gender role differences in smiling and in communication consistency across verbal and facial channels. College students' conversations about their emotional experiences were analyzed for smiling frequency and duration, and verbal transcripts were rated for degree of positivity. Students also filled out a gender role questionnaire. Women smiled more than men, especially where discussing happy/positive topics compared to sad/negative topics. Masculinity interacted with gender to influence smiling behavior, but gender roles could not account for the gender differences in smiling. Gender differences in communication consistency also appeared; women were more consistent across channels than men were. Gender roles could not account for the gender differences in channel usage. A situational role interpretation is generated for future research.
Poster abstract: Community sensor grids deployment and usage

Design and prototyping are underway for realization of a concept called community sensor grids. The idea is that individuals or small community agencies may deploy sensors to cover their own property, but also make them available for private as well as public monitoring through Internet connectivity, leveraging the mass deployment and use of sensors to the mainstream. Such transient sensor grids are to be composed of virtual sensor nodes contributed by more than one physical sensornets while offering a common processing view and sharing semantics, in spite of the inherent heterogeneity in ownership, hardware and operating systems for the hosting nodes.
A Continuing Checklist of Shaviana

of Edith Evans. London: Elm Tree Books, 1977. Provides letters from GBS to Evans from 2 August 1935 to 7 July 1942 at least seventeen letters. Most represent Shaw at his most tenacious in his campaign to get Evans to play the lead in The Millionairess. There is also a letter from Charlotte, and two photos of Edith and GBS at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre production of Methuselah, and as "Orinthia" in Apple Cart. The volume provides a substantial account of Evans' relationship with Shaw including remarks on Apple Cart, Arms and the Man, Methuselah, Candida, Captain Brassbound, Doctor's Dilemma, Getting Married, Heartbreak, Major Barbara, Man and Superman, Millionairess, Pygmalion, Saint Joan, and Mrs Warren.
A label-free, rapid multimarker protein impedance-based immunosensor

A multiplexing, multimarker protein immunosensor based upon electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was designed, fabricated, and analyzed. The antibody based molecular recognition element sensor was demonstrated using five inflammatory cytokines and receptors (Figure 1). These pro- and anti-inflammatory markers are used in cellular signaling and could be useful in early detection of diseases including Multiple Sclerosis, cancer, or pathogenic infection. The disposable strip of five sensors was characterized over four orders of magnitude of target protein concentration. The assay takes only 90 seconds from sample introduction to impedance output in a label-free manner. The goal of this work is to develop a platform technology that can be made reproducible, scalable, and efficient for high throughput screening for proteomic markers of disease. These sensors detect the markers at the respective physiological ranges found in vivo, albeit in purified fashion. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (AC impedance) was chosen as the appropriate (label-free and rapid) approach resulting in signals that are discernible using a simple, rapid strip sensor platform that is readily scalable to accommodate future high throughput screening. This scalability could allow for the detection of 100's of proteins, or the antibody immunosignatures themselves.
Community based occupational therapy improved daily functioning in older patients with dementia.

Source Citation Graff MJ, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, Thijssen M, et al. Community based occupational therapy for patients with dementia and their care givers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;333:11...
Uncertified and teaching. Industry professionals in career and technical education classrooms

Industry professionals are permitted to teach in Michigan's federally funded Career and Technical Education (CTE) secondary programs, before completing a teacher certification program, under the Annual Occupational Authorization (AOA) provision. This study reviews their academic foundations, professional credentials and their pedagogical knowledge and skill levels. Findings include that most AOA teachers possess post-secondary academic credentials and extensive service records in their previous industry careers. The study identified relationships between the age and educational backgrounds of AOA teachers and their use of specific instructional activities and a statistical relationship between their years teaching in the CTE classroom and the degree of collaboration with academic, industry and occupational colleagues. While AOA teachers are confident in their ability to share occupational knowledge and skills, they lack an extensive awareness of authentic assessment strategies. Recommendations include establishing Teacher Mentoring programs, where both academic and occupational peers serve as mentors to AOA teachers
Oxygen sensor based on the fluorescence quenching of a ruthenium complex immobilized in a biocompatible Poly(Ethylene glycol) hydrogel

An optically based system has been developed for use as an oxygen sensor for a cell culture bioreactor. Electrochemical sensors based on the Clark oxygen electrode are typically used with cell-culture bioreactors. These sensors, however, are subject to long-term drift, due in part to biofouling, and require penetrating the bioreactor with the probe in order to perform a measurement. We report an implantable sensor that, when used with an external fiber-optic probe, takes advantage of the oxygen stimulated fluorescence quenching of dichloro(tris-1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) hydrate. This fluorophore was immobilized in a photopolymerized hydrogel made from poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA), a polymer known to minimize protein and cell adhesion. A low-average molecular weight PEG-DA (MW = 575) was employed to hinder the fluorophore from leaching. The PEG-DA precursor solution contained 40% H/sub 2/O such that, upon polymerization, the gel was already in the hydrated state. Sensor hydrogels stored in H/sub 2/O for several months retained their physical shape and sensitivity to oxygen. The sensor showed a high degree of reproducibility across a range of oxygen concentrations that are typical for cell culture experiments (0-9.1 ppm O/sub 2/), and a linear model produced a strong correlation (R /sup 2/= 0.995) compared with a commercial electrochemical probe. No drift or hysteresis was identified in the sensor across cycles of varying oxygen concentrations in this range.
New sequence switching and layout technique for high-speed high-accuracy current-steering DACs

In this paper, new sequence switching and layout techniques are presented for the design of high-speed high-accuracy current-steering DACs. Our new sequence switching technique—after-fabrication programmable switching— rearranges the switching sequence of current sources after chip fabrication, which will guarantee to generate an optimal switching sequence to achieve high static accuracy. With this implementation, the area will be reduced dramatically, which will result the reduced parasitic effect and improved dynamic performance. Moreover, the gradient effect will become much less significant. To reduce the gradient errors even more, a new layout technique is introduced.
The content analysis of subject-matter a dialogue between Robert M. Gagn and M. David Merrill: The computer as an aid in the design of criterion-referenced tests

This paper considers the question of how the computer I might be employed to make easier and more precise the task of constructing achievement examinations in any subject. The aim of the plan to be described is to simplify the routine of item construction and item selection, and at the same time to produce tests which have the inherent content validity characteristic of criterion-referenced assessment. This aim is to be accomplished by utilizing primarily the memory storage and random access features of the computer, as opposed to its computational features. The plan to be described is exploratory, and needs a great deal of further refinement.
Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings during the 1985 Chile Earthquake: Implications for the Design of Structural Walls

Abstract The 1985 Chile earthquake provided a rare opportunity to study the seismic response of buildings with reinforced concrete walls. More than 230 moderate‐rise reinforced concrete buildings were located in the coastal city of Vin˜a del Mar at the time of the earthquake. The majority of these buildings relied on structural walls to resist vertical and lateral loads. However, the walls did not have the reinforcement details required in current U.S. codes to ensure ductile response. A survey of damage following the earthquake indicated that most of these buildings sustained no structural damage. Analyses of the buildings indicated that the structural walls provided sufficient stiffness to limit the displacement response and the earthquake damage. The Vin˜a del Mar building inventory is used to evaluate current building code provisions in the U.S. for structural walls. The excellent performance of the Chilean buildings during the 1985 earthquake suggests that requirements for boundary elements in walls ...
Relationship between Plant Spectral Reflectances and their Image Tonal Responses on Aerial Photographs

Abstract Conventional color (CC) and color‐infrared (CIR) photography have been used in a wide‐range of remote sensing applications. Many users, however, do not fully understand or know how to interpret it. Published plant photography/reflectance studies make little effort to help the lay‐reader understand the relationship of plant spectral reflectance with their color tonal response on color photographic film. The objective of this paper is to describe the relationship of how spectral reflectances of plant species are registered on photographic film and how the resultant color tonal responses of the plants are produced in relation to their spectral reflectance. Illustrations are presented which simplify the interpretation of the interaction between plant canopy reflectance and CC/CIR photographic film emulsion layers, including the resultant color tones of the plants. Research studies addressing both plant photography and reflectance data can be more meaningful and better appreciated if one has a general...
Convergence of a discretization scheme for jump-diffusion processes with state–dependent intensities

This paper proves a convergence result for a discretization scheme for simulating jump–diffusion processes with state–dependent jump intensities. With a bound on the intensity, the point process of jump times can be constructed by thinning a Poisson random measure using state–dependent thinning probabilities. Between the jump epochs of the Poisson random measure, the dynamics of the constructed process are purely diffusive and may be simulated using standard discretization methods. Under conditions on the coefficient functions of the jump–diffusion process, we show that the weak convergence order of this method equals the weak convergence order of the scheme used for the purely diffusive intervals: the construction of jumps does not degrade the convergence of the method.
HCI and environmental sustainability: the politics of design and the design of politics

Many HCI researchers have recently begun to examine the opportunities to use ICTs to promote environmental sustainability and ecological consciousness on the part of technology users. This paper examines the way that traditional HCI discourse obscures political and cultural contexts of environmental practice that must be part of an effective solution. Research on ecological politics and the political economy of environmentalism highlight some missing elements in contemporary HCI analysis, and suggest some new directions for the relationship between sustainability and HCI. In particular, I propose that questions of scale -- the scales of action and the scales of effects -- might provide a useful new entry point for design practice.
Plane wave shielding effectiveness of conductive polymer films

A new material, the conductive polymer poly-p-phenylene-benzobis-thiazole (PBT) doped by ion-implantation with iodine, was studied for its possible utilization as a microwave shield. The conductivity of the polymer was measured at a frequency of 10 GHz by the cavity perturbation technique. Layered-media electromagnetic theory was applied to compute the overall reflection and transmission coefficients of the polymer, modeled by contiguous planar layers of doped and undoped constituents. The field transmitted through the polymer was observed to have a small amplitude over the microwave frequency range of 2 GHz to 10 GHz, indicating potential usefulness of the polymer as an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield in an environment containing high-data-rate electronics, such as supercomputers. >
Rodents (Mammalia) from the Whitneyan (Middle Oligocene) Cedar Pass Fauna of South Dakota

ABSTRACT Twenty species of rodents are recognized from the early Whitneyan Cedar Pass Fauna of South Dakota. Two new species are recognized, the sciurid Douglassciurus bjorki (including specimens originally referred to Cedromus wilsoni Korth and Emry, 1991, from the late Whitneyan Blue Ash Fauna) and the cricetid Paciculus cedrus. Due to a more complete record at Cedar Pass, the florentiamyid Hitonkala martintau Korth, 2008, is allocated to the genus Kirkomys Wahlert, 1984 as a new combination, Kirkomys martintau (Korth, 2008). The new sample of this species also allows for a description of the complete cranium of Kirkomys previously only known from a single partial skull. Among the genera of rodents identified from Cedar Pass, two earlier occurring genera have their last occurrence and six later occurring genera have their first occurrence. Thirteen genera that extend into the Arikareean present in the later Whitneyan Blue Ash Fauna are lacking in the Cedar Pass Fauna. Only one genus of rodent is limited...
Asthma patient education opportunities in predominantly minority urban communities

Disenfranchised ethnic minority communities in the urban United States experience a high burden of asthma. Conventional office-based patient education often is insufficient to promote proper asthma management and coping practices responsive to minority patients' environments. This paper explores existing and alternative asthma information and education sources in three urban minority communities in western New York State to help design other practical educational interventions. Four focus groups (n = 59) and four town hall meetings (n = 109) were conducted in one Hispanic and two black communities. Focus groups included adult asthmatics or caretakers of asthmatics, and town meetings were open to all residents. A critical theory perspective informed the study. Asthma information and education sources, perceptions of asthma and ways of coping were elicited through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis followed a theory-driven immersion-crystallization approach. Several asthma education and information resources from the health care system, media, public institutions and communities were identified. Intervention recommendations highlighted asthma workshops that recognize participants as teachers and learners, offer social support, promote advocacy, are culturally appropriate and community-based and include health care professionals. Community-based, group health education couched on people's experiences and societal conditions offers unique opportunities for patient asthma care empowerment in minority urban communities.