cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-GG-J-43: Breast Tumor Volume Change Estimation in Whole Breast Automated Ultrasound by Image Based Registration and Initial Segmentation

Purpose: To estimate the change in breast tumor volume during treatment using 3D whole breast ultrasound(US) with segmentation of only the initial study. Image volume based registration (IVBaR) of the initial study to a subsequent study provides a transform which, when applied to the segmented tumor volume, gives the estimated subsequent volume. Method and Materials: Nine patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy participated in 3D US scans using a GE Logiq 9. For each subject, the whole breast was scanned before, at mid‐treatment and after a chemotherapy regimen of 115 +/−14 days. After acquisition, a senior breast imagingradiologist outlined a 3D tumor region in each image volume. Resultant volume changes (ΔV) were calculated. For the automated analysis, the original pre‐treatment image volume was warped to the post‐treatment image volume. The resultant transformation was applied to the segmented pre‐treatment volume to determine an “automated” post‐treatment volume and ΔV for comparison with manual segmentation. In the follow‐up reader study, comparisons were made of tumor volumes marked by 4 readers on unregistered and registered image volume pairs. Results: Preliminary results of the analyzable seven cases showed a mean ΔV of 50% ± 24% versus −43% ± 24%, measured by the expert radiologist and semi‐automated method, respectively. The mean fractional difference between %ΔV measures was −0.14 ± 0.08. Conclusion: Results to date suggest that tumor volume tracking is possible using a semi‐automated US registration method, given the reasonable (14%) correspondence with volume change by expert segmentation. Since tumor volume estimation is difficult and time consuming, successful IVBaR could aid in detection and estimation of tumor changes in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Potential future usage also exists in breast cancer screening and diagnosis.
Thermodynamics and structure of hard oblate spherocylinder fluids

The equation of state of hard oblate spherocylinders has been calculated for a wide range of densities and reduced core diameters (l* = l/σ, where l and σ are the diameter of the disc core and spherocylinder thickness, respectively) using the Monte Carlo method. The most accurate representation of the data is given by a resummed virial series equation of state based on virial coefficients up to the sixth. Other equations are tested and are found to be less accurate. The fluid structure is discussed in terms of the centres pair correlation function, the surface-surface correlation function, and the coefficients in the spherical harmonic expansion of the pair correlation function. At high densities, neighbouring molecules pack into a short ranged shell structure about a central molecule, in analogy with the hard sphere fluid. We also report Monte Carlo calculations for a fluid of oblate spherocylinders with the addition of a point quadrupole, and examine the effect of the quadrupole-quadrupole forces on bot...
Prediction of Transitional Heat Transfer Characteristics of Wake-Affected Boundary Layers

The presence of wake-passing in the gas turbine environment significantly modifies the heat transfer characteristics on the downstream blade surface by causing wake-induced transition. In this study, time-dependent boundary layer calculations were carried out using a model for wake-induced transition based on a prescribed time-dependent intermittent function. The model is determined from the well-known turbulent spot propagation theory in a time-space diagram and from experimental evidence in the ensemble-averaged sense. Time-averaged heat transfer distributions are evaluated and compared with experimental results for different flow and wake-generating conditions over a flat plate. Comparison showed that the present time-dependent calculations yields more accurate results than existing steady superposition models.
In the shadow of Venona

John F. Neville, The Press, the Rosenbergs, and the Cold War (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 1995). Pp.207, biblio, index. ISBN 0–275–94995–8. John E. Haynes, Red Scare or Red Menace (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996). Pp.214, biblio, index. $24.95. ISBN 1–56663–090–8.
Modular miniature integrated sight: a high-performance man-portable sensor

Raytheon Electronics Systems, under contract from the DARPA Advanced Technology Office, has designed, fabricated and delivered the Modular Miniature Integrated Sight (M2IS). M2IS is a rifle-mounted system that integrates a high- performance multispectral sensor with an eyesafe laser rangefinder and a digital compass. A cooled 480 X 640 InSb focal plane array and multi-FOV reflective optics provide capability to acquire and identify targets at ranges of several kilometers. The LRF and compass facilitate hand- off to remote fire power. M2IS provides the soldier an integrated surveillance, targeting, and fire control system that consumes less than 6.5 W and weighs less than 7.5 lbs. This paper describes measured performance and capabilities of the system.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Political economy constraints on carbon pricing policies: What are the implications for economic efficiency, environmental efficacy, and climate policy design?

Abstract Economists traditionally view a Pigouvian fee on carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions, either via carbon taxes or emissions caps and permit trading (“cap-and-trade”), as the economically optimal or “first-best” policy to address climate change-related externalities. Yet several political economy factors can severely constrain the implementation of these carbon pricing policies, including opposition of industrial sectors with a concentration of assets that would lose considerable value under such policies; the collective action nature of climate mitigation efforts; principal agent failures; and a low willingness-to-pay for climate mitigation by citizens. Real-world implementations of carbon pricing policies can thus fall short of the economically optimal outcomes envisioned in theory. Consistent with the general theory of the second-best, the presence of binding political economy constraints opens a significant “opportunity space” for the design of creative climate policy instruments with superior political feasibility, economic efficiency, and environmental efficacy relative to the constrained implementation of carbon pricing policies. This paper presents theoretical political economy frameworks relevant to climate policy design and provides corroborating evidence from the United States context. It concludes with a series of implications for climate policy making and argues for the creative pursuit of a mix of second-best policy instruments.
On the Roles of Repetitive DNA Elements in the Context of a Unified Genomic‐Epigenetic System

Repetitive DNA sequences comprise a substantial portion of most eukaryotic and some prokaryotic chromosomes. Despite nearly forty years of research, the functions of various sequence families as a whole and their monomer units remain largely unknown. The inability to map specific functional roles onto many repetitive DNA elements (REs), coupled with the taxon-specificity of sequence families, have led many to speculate that these genomic components are "selfish" replicators generating genomic "junk." The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the selfishness, evolutionary effects, and functionality of REs. First, a brief overview of the range of ideas pertaining to RE function is presented. Second, the argument is presented that the selfish DNA "hypothesis" is actually a narrative scheme, that it serves to protect neo-Darwinian assumptions from criticism, and that this story is untestable and therefore not a hypothesis. Third, attempts to synthesize the selfish DNA concept with complex systems models of the genome and RE functionality are critiqued. Fourth, the supposed connection between RE-induced mutations and macroevolutionary events are stated to be at variance with empirical evidence and theoretical considerations. Hypotheses that base phylogenetic transitions in repetitive sequence changes thus remain speculative. Fifth and finally, the case is made for viewing REs as integrally functional components of chromosomes, genomes, and cells. It is argued throughout that a new conceptual framework is needed for understanding the roles of repetitive DNA in genomic/epigenetic systems, and that neo-Darwinian "narratives" have been the primary obstacle to elucidating the effects of these enigmatic components of chromosomes.
Response by Cokol et al

In our recent article in EMBO reports (Cokol et al , 2007), we described a mathematical model and large‐scale data analysis to investigate the hidden factors underlying article retraction in scientific journals. Our study showed that retracted articles tend to appear more frequently in journals with a higher impact factor (IF). We proposed two possible explanations: either high‐IF journals publish flawed manuscripts at a higher rate, or articles appearing in these journals are subjected to a higher level of post‐publication scrutiny. As the latter provided a better explanation of our model and the data at our disposal, we concluded that low‐ and high‐IF journals publish flawed papers at similar rates. In his commentary on our study (Liu, 2007), Shi V. Liu makes various assertions that we would like to address. First, that we assume “…low‐IF journals probably receive less attention and are therefore likely to contain more articles that ought to be retracted, but instead go unnoticed.” He has mistaken our conclusion for an assumption. We used our model and analysis to conclude that low‐IF journals contain more hidden retractable papers than high‐IF journals. …
Who Did It First? Great Rhythm and Blues Cover Songs and Their Original Artists

For most mid-century American composers of rhythm and blues tunes, the practice of cover recording by white artists was both flattering and profitable. Reproductions of their songs translated into ...
Double pessary use in grade 4 uterine and vaginal prolapse

Abstract Background: Certain situations dictate conservative management of grade 4 uterine or vaginal vault prolapse in women. The reduction of a prolapse may not be possible if the vagina cannot retain a single pessary. We have used double pessaries in the management of this condition. Technique: With the patient in the dorsal lithotomy position, either a Donut or Inflatoball (Milex Products Inc., Chicago, IL) pessary is inserted and pushed into the vagina as far as is comfortable. A second pessary, either a flexible Gellhorn or Shaatz (Milex Products Inc.), then is placed caudad to the first. Experience: We have used this approach in five women who have been followed for 7–15 months. There have been no erosions or vaginitis and all the women experienced symptomatic relief. Conclusion: In women who want or require conservative management of grade 4 prolapse and are unable to retain a single pessary, the placement of two pessaries often will be successful.
Energy harvesting to power embedded condition monitoring hardware

The shift toward condition-based monitoring is a key area of research for many military, industrial, and commercial customers who want to lower the overall operating costs of capital equipment and general facilities. Assessing the health of rotating systems such as gearboxes, bearings, pumps and other actuation systems often rely on the need for continuous monitoring to capture transient signals that are evidence of events that could cause (i.e. cavitation), or be the result of (i.e. spalling), damage within a system. In some applications this can be accomplished using line powered analyzers, however for wide-spread monitoring, the use of small-scale embedded electronic systems are more desirable. In such cases the method for powering the electronics becomes a significant design factor. This work presents a multi-source energy harvesting approach meant to provide a robust power source for embedded electronics, capturing energy from vibration, thermal and light sources to operate a low-power sensor node. This paper presents the general design philosophy behind the multi-source harvesting circuit, and how it can be extended from powering electronics developed for periodic monitoring to sensing equipment capable of providing continuous condition-based monitoring.
The Interregional Structure of the U.S. Economy

Regional input-output models demonstrate that state economies in the United States have strong interdependence of final demands, income payments, and intermediate product, but there are no explicit, spatially detailed estimates of the structure of this interdependence. Building on survey data which document the spatial structure of interregional trade for a sample of Washington State firms, this paper develops a 51-region model of the U.S. economy for the year 1980. Characteristics of the interindustry structure of this model are described, and probable qualities of its evolution are discussed.
Analysis of detergent-extracted membrane immunoglobulins of T and B lymphocytes by ultracentrifugation and column chromatography.

Abstract Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination was used to incorporate 125I or 131I into membrane proteins of murine thymocytes, spleen cells or spleen cells from mice depleted of T cells by adult thymectomy, X-irradiation and reconstitution with T cell-depleted bone-marrow cells (ATXBM mice). Radiolabelled cells were lysed with 0.05% Triton X-100 and the lysates were fractionated by ultracentrifugation through sucrose gradients and/or chromatography in Sephadex or Sepharose gels. Membrane immunoglobulins in the fractionated lysate were detected with rabbit antiserum to murine Ig L-chains. Membrane Ig associated with thymocytes sedimented more slowly than serum IgG in sucrose gradients but had a molecular size of 180,000 or 360,000d based on column chromatography. Eighty % of M-Ig obtained from B cells of ATXBM mice sedimented in the 8–10s region of sucrose gradients and the sedimentation rate of normal spleen cell M-Ig was split into two populations sedimenting slower or faster than IgG. The results provide further support to the proposal that T cell M-Ig and B cell M-Ig are structurally distinct.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Optical and Hybrid Imaging and Processing for Big Data Problems

The scientific community has been dealing with big data for a long time. Due to advancement in sensing, networking, and storage technology, other domains such as business, health, and social media followed. Data are considered the gold of the 21st century and are being collected, stored, and analyzed at a rapid pace. The amount of data being collected creates a compelling case for investing in hardware and software research to support generating even more data from new sensors and with better quality. It also creates a compelling case for investing in research and development of new hardware and software for data analytics. This special section of Optical Engineering explores the optical and hybrid imaging and processing technology that will enable capturing and analyzing large amounts of data or help stream the data for further exploration and analysis.
Turning fluorescent proteins into energy-saving light bulbs.

Screening for photostability in addition to color and brightness creates better fluorescent proteins.
Paul's Mysticism in the Light of Psychedelic Experience

This paper is not concerned with the very real problems of drug abuse, or laws on psychedelic drugs and the need for a fresh look at them, or the need for research in this area. It neither proposes nor tries to prove a particular inner-cycle pattern which we could with assurance say was Paul's experience in his conversion or in his mystical experience-the author does not believe we have enough evidence for such a move. Rather, this paper urges that we should use some of the new knowledge about mystical experiences to open the door to a contemporary understanding of Paul for which recent psychedelic investigation has given us a key.
Professional and Public Natural Resource Management Arenas Forests and Marine Fisheries

Modern natural resource management systems are defined by the interplay of natural resources, profit-seeking resource industries, management bureaucracies, and diverse publics. Focusing on the bureaucratic element, this article presents a comparative analysis of the federal management of forests and marine fisheries. Forest policy involves the U.S. Forest Service and occurs in a professional management arena; fishery policy involves the National Marine Fisheries Service and affiliated Regional Fishery Management Councils, and is conducted in a public management arena. The two arenas differ in their organization of power, knowledge, and communication. This model is briefly extended to other natural resource management systems.
Size matters: The relationship between MMP-9 expression and aortic diameter

Background Despite a wealth of data detailing increased metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression and activity in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs), no studies examine the relationship between aortic size and MMP-9 expression. Because elastolysis occurs early in AAA formation, we hypothesized that MMP-9 expression would vary with aortic diameter. The purpose of this study was to measure MMP-9 mRNA levels in AAAs of various diameters and define the relationship between AAA size and MMP-9 expression. Methods and Results MMP-9 mRNA levels were measured by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using gene-specific external standards with cDNA from AAAs (n=19) and normal aortas (n=4). Levels were normalized to GAPDH mRNA, determined separately via competitive PCR, to control for efficiency of reverse transcription. AAA size was measured on CT scans obtained within 6 weeks of surgery. MMP-9/GAPDH mRNA transcript levels in AAAs were expressed as mean±SEM and analyzed by ANOVA with a Tukey adjustment. There was a fourfold elevation in MMP-9/GAPDH mRNA transcript levels in 5.0- to 6.9-cm AAAs (98.06±15.19) compared with small (3.0- to 4.9-cm) AAAs (20.87±5.15, P 7-cm) AAAs (27.16±14.56, P P Conclusions MMP-9 mRNA expression is significantly higher in moderate-diameter (5- to 6.9-cm) AAAs than either small ( 7.0-cm) AAAs. Increased MMP-9 expression may account for the propensity of AAAs >5 cm to continue to expand, in contrast to smaller aneurysms. Lower levels in AAAs >7 cm suggest that increases in other enzymes or in diameter-dependent mechanical stress on the aortic wall are responsible for their characteristic rapid expansion and high rupture rates.
The evolutionary significance of cis -regulatory mutations

For decades, evolutionary biologists have argued that changes in cis-regulatory sequences constitute an important part of the genetic basis for adaptation. Although originally based on first principles, this claim is now empirically well supported: numerous studies have identified cis-regulatory mutations with functionally significant consequences for morphology, physiology and behaviour. The focus has now shifted to considering whether cis-regulatory and coding mutations make qualitatively different contributions to phenotypic evolution. Cases in which parallel mutations have produced parallel trait modifications in particular suggest that some phenotypic changes are more likely to result from cis-regulatory mutations than from coding mutations.
U.S. Intervention and Regime Change in Nicaragua – Mauricio Solaún

Among the many accounts of the 1979 collapse of the Anastasio Somoza Debayle regime in Nicaragua, this book stands out. It is the most intimate report of the dictator's mind in the regime's last mo...
Using hit curves to compare search algorithm performance

Databases continue to grow but the metrics available to evaluate information retrieval systems have not changed. Large collections such as MEDLINE and the World Wide Web contain many relevant documents for common queries. Ranking is therefore increasingly important and successful information retrieval systems, such as Google, have emphasized ranking. However, existing evaluation metrics such as precision and recall, do not directly account for ranking. This paper describes a novel way of measuring information retrieval performance using weighted hit curves adapted from the field of statistical detection to reflect multiple desirable characteristics such as relevance, importance, and methodologic quality. In statistical detection, hit curves have been proposed to represent occurrence of interesting events during a detection process. Similarly, hit curves can be used to study the position of relevant documents within large result sets. We describe hit curves in light of a formal model of information retrieval, show how hit curves represent system performance including ranking, and define ways to statistically compare performance of multiple systems using hit curves. We provide example scenarios where traditional measures are less suitable than hit curves and conclude that hit curves may be useful for evaluating retrieval from large collections where ranking performance is crucial.
Two cancellative commutative congruences and group diagrams

Remmers (Adv. Math. 36:283–296, 1980) uses group diagrams in the Euclidean plane to demonstrate how equality in a semigroup S “mirrors” that inside the group G sharing the same presentation with S, when S satisfies Adyan’s condition—no cycles in the left/right graphs of the semigroup’s presentation. Goldstein and Teymouri (Semigroup Forum 47:299–304, 1993) introduce a conjugacy equivalence relation for semigroups S. By closely examining the geometry of annular group diagrams in the plane, they show how their equivalence relation mirrors conjugacy inside G, for S satisfying Adyan’s. In this article we introduce two cancellative commutative congruences. Following their leads, we examine the geometry of group diagrams on closed surfaces of higher genera to demonstrate how these congruences mirror equality inside two naturally associated Abelian quotient groups G/[G,G] and G/G2, respectively. In these instances we can drop Adyan’s condition.
Force-interactive virtual reality using local joint error control

Robot manipulators are the natural choice for transmitting computer-generated dynamic forces from a virtual environment to a human user immersed in that environment. Control schemes for this type of interactive interface are extensions of the techniques used in teleoperation systems, with the forces applied between the master and the human generated by the dynamic model rather than measured from sensors on the slave. Stability problems arise when the robot inertia and dynamics are coupled to the complex and time-varying human dynamic characteristics. In this work, a new local feedback error control technique is applied to an interface robot to allow motion only in free directions in the virtual space. This virtual force interface does not require the use of an end effector force transducer. As in all local control schemes, the dynamic characteristics and cross-coupling effects of the manipulator are neglected, so that actual motion may deviate slightly from the desired trajectory during high speed operation. Experimental results are presented showing the use of this haptic device moving within a cubic space representing a fish tank. Motion of the hand controls the motion of virtual fish within the tank, and as the fish contact the walls of the virtual tank, the human feels the hard surface of the tank walls. Stability for this scheme is based on the stability of position error feedback for the manipulator.
Chemoprevention using dutasteride: the REDUCE trial.

Purpose of review This article will review the design and rationale of the dutasteride prostate cancer chemoprevention trial known as the REDUCE trial (Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events) in the context of the recently completed Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Recent findings The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial used the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride to prevent prostate cancer in a prospective randomized trial. The trial demonstrated a nearly 25% reduction in the prevalence of prostate cancer compared with placebo. Finasteride is a type 2-specific 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, whereas dutasteride is an inhibitor of both type 1 and type 2 5alpha-reductase. Recent evidence suggests that there may be increased expression of the type 1 5alpha-reductase in prostate cancer versus benign prostate tissue making dutasteride an attractive agent to study. Summary Proof of principle has been demonstrated by the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial that a chemoprevention strategy using a hormonal agent such as a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor can be effective. The REDUCE trial will use the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride in a group of men identified at increased risk of developing prostate cancer to determine if this will be an effective chemoprevention strategy.
Number variance for arithmetic hyperbolic surfaces

We prove that the number variance for the spectrum of an arithmetic surface is highly nonrigid in part of the universal range. In fact it is close to having a Poisson behavior. This fact was discovered numerically by Schmit, Bogomolny, Georgeot and Giannoni. It has its origin in the high degeneracy of the length spectrum, first observed by Selberg.
Resolving a late Oligocene conundrum: Deep-sea warming and Antarctic glaciation

Abstract Changes in ice volume and resulting changes in sea level were determined for the late Oligocene (26–23 Ma, Astronomical Timescale, ATS) by applying δ 18 O-to-sea-level calibrations to deep-sea δ 18 O records from ODP Sites 689, 690, 929, 1090, and 1218. Our results show that maximum global ice volume occurred during two late Oligocene δ 18 O events, Oi2c (24.4 Ma) and Mi1 (23.0 Ma) (inferred glacioeustatic lowering), with volumes up to ~25% greater than the present-day East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). Ice volume during glacial minima was on the order of about 50% of the present-day EAIS. This is supported by late Oligocene stratigraphic records from Antarctica that contain evidence of cold climates and repeated episodes of glaciation at sea level and grounding lines of glacial ice on the Antarctic continental shelf in the Ross Sea and Prydz Bay. In contrast, composite deep-sea δ 18 O records show a significant decrease (≥ 1‰) between 26.7 and 23.5 Ma, which have long been interpreted as bottom-water warming combined with deglaciation of Antarctica. However, a close examination of individual δ 18 O records indicates a clear divergence after 26.8 Ma between records from Southern Ocean locations (i.e., Ocean Drilling Program Sites 689, 690, 744) and those of other ocean basins. High δ 18 O values (2.9‰–3.3‰) from these Southern Ocean δ 18 O records are consistent with an ice sheet on the East Antarctic continent equivalent to present-day values and cold bottom-water temperatures (≤ 2.0 °C). These differences suggest a reduction in deep-water produced near the Antarctic continent (i.e., proto-Antarctic Bottom Water, proto-AABW), which were quickly entrained and mixed with warmer (and presumably more saline) bottom-water originating from lower latitudes. Expansion of a warmer deep-water mass and the weakening of the proto-AABW may explain the large intra-basinal isotopic gradients that developed among late Oligocene benthic δ 18 O records. These conclusions are also supported by ocean modeling suggesting a reduction of deep-water formed in the Southern Ocean, strengthening of deep-water from the northern hemisphere, and decreasing temperatures in high southern latitudes occurred as the Drake Passage opened to deep-water. Low δ 18 O values reported from deep-sea locations other than the Southern Ocean are shown to bias estimates of Antarctic ice volume, calling for a re-evaluation of the notion that Antarctic ice volume was significantly reduced during the late Oligocene.
Pain insensitivity in psychosis

Three cases of psychosis associated with pain insensitivity are reported. Two patients were diagnosed as schizophrenic, while one patient was diagnosed as manic. In each case, because of pain insensitivity, the underlying medical condition was not apparent. These cases resulted in a diagnostic pitfall, death, and a medicolegal suit. The patient who died was given haloperidol, a drug that may have analgesic activity. Pain complaints of manic and schizophrenic patients should be evaluated with great care.
Sensitizing the Dissipation Equation to Irrotational Strains

The paper recommends the addition of an extra term to the conventional approximate transport equation for the turbulence energy dissipation rate. The term may be interpreted as emphasizing the role of irrotational deformations in promoting energy transfer across the spectrum or, equivalently, of augmenting the influence of normal strains. Calculations, including the new term, are reported for the plane and round jet, and for several turbulent boundary layers. In the cases considered the addition of the new term significantly improves agreement with experiment.
Episodic intrusion, internal differentiation, and hydrothermal alteration of the Miocene Tatoosh intrusive suite south of Mount Rainier, Washington

The Miocene Tatoosh intrusive suite south of Mount Rainier is composed of three broadly granodioritic plutons that are manifestations of ancestral Cascades arc magmatism. Tatoosh intrusive suite plutons have individually diagnostic characteristics, including texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry, and apparently lack internal contacts. New ion-microprobe U-Pb zircon ages indicate crystallization of the Stevens pluton ca. 19.2 Ma, Reflection-Pyramid pluton ca. 18.5 Ma, and Nisqually pluton ca. 17.5 Ma. The Stevens pluton includes rare, statistically distinct ca. 20.1 Ma zircon antecrysts. Wide-ranging zircon rare earth element (REE), Hf, U, and Th concentrations suggest late crystallization from variably evolved residual liquids. Zircon Eu/Eu*–Hf covariation is distinct for each of the Reflection-Pyramid, Nisqually, and Stevens plutons. Although most Tatoosh intrusive suite rocks have been affected by weak hydrothermal alteration, and sparse mineralized veins cut some of these rocks, significant base or precious metal mineralization is absent. At the time of shallow emplacement, each of these magma bodies was largely homogeneous in bulk composition and petrographic features, but, prior to final solidification, each of the Tatoosh intrusive suite plutons developed internal compositional variation. Geochemical and petrographic trends within each pluton are most consistent with differential loss of residual melt, possibly represented by late aplite dikes or erupted as rhyolite, from crystal-rich magma. Crystal-rich magma that formed each pluton evidently accumulated in reservoirs below the present level of exposure and then intruded to a shallow depth. Assembled by episodic intrusion, the Tatoosh intrusive suite may be representative of midsized composite plutonic complexes beneath arc volcanoes.
Peptidyl-Gly cine α-Amidation Activity in Tissues and Serum of the Adult Rat*

Bioactive peptides frequently terminate in a carboxyl- terminal a-amide. The tissue distribution of enzymatic activity capable of converting [125I]D-Tyr-Val-Gly into [125I]DTyr- Val-NH2 has been determined. Assay conditions have been established so that enzyme activity can be measured in crude homogenates. In adult male rats, the highest concentrations of activity are found in the anterior and neurointermediate lobes of the pituitary. Lower concentrations of activity are found in the hypothalamus, submandibular glands, and the rest of the brain. Enzyme activity is also easily assayed in serum. Taking into account the mass of each tissue, the submandibular glands and the brain are the major tissue sources of enzymatic activity; serum contains more enzymatic activity than is found in the pituitary gland. In all tissues and in serum, enzyme activity is stimulated by the addition of copper sulfate and ascorbate and is dependent on molecular oxygen. This activity is, therefore, referred to as peptidyl glycine ...
First-principles simulations of plasticity in body-centered-cubic magnesium–lithium alloys

Abstract First-principles quantum mechanics is an increasingly important tool for predicting material properties when designing novel alloys with optimized mechanical properties. In this study, we employ first-principles orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT) to study plastic properties of body-centered-cubic (bcc) Mg–Li alloys as potential lightweight metals for use in, e.g., vehicle applications. The accuracy of the method as a predictive tool is benchmarked against the more accurate Kohn–Sham DFT (KSDFT). With a new analytic local electron–ion pseudopotential, OFDFT is shown to be comparable in accuracy to KSDFT with the conventional non-local pseudopotential for many properties of Mg–Li alloys, including lattice parameters and energy differences between phases. After this validation, we calculate generalized stacking fault energies (SFEs) of a perfect lattice and Peierls stresses ( σ p ’s) for dislocation motion in various bcc Mg–Li alloys. Such predictions have not been made previously with any level of theory. Based on analysis of SFE barriers, we propose that alloys with 31–50 at.% Li will exhibit the greatest strength. Their σ p ’s are predicted to be 0.18–0.31 GPa. The Li concentration in this range (31–50 at.%) has little impact on plastic properties of bcc Mg–Li alloys, while atomic-level disorder may decrease the σ p . This range of σ p is similar to the industrial goal for potential lightweight Mg alloys.
Standard test data for estimating peak parameter errors in x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy: II. Peak intensities

Standard test data for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS-STD) have been developed for determining bias and random error in peak parameters derived from curve fitting in XPS. The XPS-STD are simulated C 1s spectra from spline polynomial models of measured C 1s polymer spectra. Some have a single peak, but most are doublet spectra. The doublets were created from a factorial design with three factors: peak separation, relative intensity of the component peaks, and fractional Poisson noise. These doublet spectra simulated XPS measurements made on different two-component polymer specimens. This, the second of a three-part study, focuses on bias and random errors in determining peak intensities. We report the errors in results from 20 analysts who used a variety of programs and curve-fitting approaches. Peak intensities were analyzed as a ratio of the intensity of the larger peak in a doublet to the total intensity, or as a ratio of intensities for singlet peaks in separate but related spectra. For spectra that were correctly identified as doublets, bias and random errors in peak intensities depended on the amount of separation between the component peaks and on their relative intensities. Median biases for doublets calculated on a relative, unitless scale from −1 to 1 ranged from −0.33 to 0.17, whereas random errors for doublets calculated on the same scale ranged from 0.016 to 0.18. In most cases the magnitude of the median bias exceeded the median random error. On this scale, errors of −0.33 and 0.18 corresponded to errors of factors of 4 and 2, respectively, in determinations of the relative intensities as a ratio of the larger peak in a doublet to the smaller peak. Analysts may evaluate uncertainties in their own analyses of the XPS-STD by visiting the web site http://www.acg.nist.gov/std/. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distal NF-kB binding motif functions as an enhancer for nontypeable H. influenzae-induced DEFB4 regulation in epithelial cells

Among the antimicrobial molecules produced by epithelial cells, DEFB4 is inducible in response to proinflammatory signals such as cytokines and bacterial molecules. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is an important human pathogen that exacerbates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adult and causes otitis media and sinusitis in children. Previously, we have demonstrated that DEFB4 effectively kills NTHi and is induced by NTHi via TLR2 signaling. The 5′-flanking region of DEFB4 contains several NF-κB binding motifs, but their NTHi-specific activity remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate molecular mechanism involved in DEFB4 regulation, focusing on the role of the distal NF-κB binding motif of DEFB4 responding to NTHi. Here, we show that the human middle ear epithelial cells up-regulate DEFB4 expression in response to NTHi via NF-κB activation mediated by IκKα/β−IκBα signaling. Deletion of the distal NF-κB binding motif led to a significant reduction in NTHi-induced DEFB4 up-regulation. A heterologous construct containing the distal NF-κB binding motif was found to increase the promoter activity in response to NTHi, indicating a NTHi-responding enhancer activity of the distal NF-κB binding motif. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the p65 domain of NF-κB binds to the distal NF-κB binding motif in response to NTHi. Taken together, our results suggest that NTHi-induced binding of p65 NF-κB to the distal NF-κB binding motif of DEFB4 enhances NTHi-induced DEFB4 regulation in epithelial cells.
Attributive and relational processes in nominal combination

Abstract The dual process theory of nominal (noun–noun) combination posits a relational process, in which a relation between concepts is inferred, as well as an attributive process, in which a property of one concept is attributed to another. According to dual process theory, these attributive and relational processes occur in parallel. A relational theory claims instead that attributive and relational comprehension result from the same process, and assumes that relational comprehension will occur serially prior to attributive comprehension. Experiment 1 used a priming paradigm to test whether the relational and attributive processes occur serially or in parallel. Target combinations were more likely to be comprehended, and were comprehended more quickly, when preceded by a prime combination that used the same attribution or relation than when preceded by a prime combination that did not engage the same attributive or relational process. Critically, the patterns of facilitation and interference were virtually identical across the attributive and relational target-types, suggesting that the processes occur in parallel. Experiment 2 showed that particular attributes and relations were primed, rather than the attributive or the relational process more generally. Results of both experiments supported the dual process theory. The emergence of a general model of nominal combination is discussed.
A study of atomic iodine and molecular thallium iodide by X-ray photoelectron and auger electron spectroscopy

Abstract The I3d 5 2 binding energy has been measured in atomic iodine, thallium iodide and cesium iodide by high temperature gas-phase photoelectron spectrscopy using Al Kα (1486.6 eV) X-rays. The iodine M5N4,5N4,5 (1G4) Auger energies for TlI and CsI have also been measured and combined with binding energies to yield extra-atomic relaxation energies of 0.5 and O.3 eV, respectively, after corrections are applied to the Auger parameter. Charges were calculated using the simple potential model, which was also used to obtain an estimate of the atomic T14f 7 2 binding energy. Two other estimates of the atomic T14f 7 2 binding energy have also been calculated, both based on Dirac-Fock ΔSCF binding energies. The results of the three methods suggest a value of 125.3 ± 0.2 eV for T14f 7 2 .
Rehabilitation medicine: coming together in partnership.

Abstract Grabois M. Rehabilitation medicine: coming together in partnership. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:295-9.
Cell Structure of Wheat Flour Extrudates Produced with Various Emulsifiers

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of emulsifiers plus sucrose and powdered shortening on the cell structure of wheat flour extrudates. A Wenger TX52 twin-screw extruder was used for the preparation of extrudate samples. Cell numbers per unit area and average cell size were determined from photocopies of cross sections. The microstructures of extrudates were observed with a scanning electron microscope. The type of emulsifiers and the addition of sucrose and shortening powder significantly influenced both structural parameters (P
Simplified approach for control of rotating stall. II - Experimental results

The primary objective of this article is to provide experimental validation of the simplified approach to control of rotating stall presented in Part 1 of this article. The experimental rig utilized is a low-speed, single-stage axial compressor rig. It is shown that the controller based on this approach has significant ability to reject persistent disturbances that cause the uncontrolled system to enter rotating stall. In addition, it is shown that the effective stable axisymmetric flow range of the compressor has been extended by this controller. This is a consequence of the fact that the controller enlarges the domains of attraction of linearly stable axisymmetric equilibria. A secondary objective of this article is the investigation of the presence of rotating stall precursors in this rig. Our motivation here is to determine the most appropriate signal processing to apply to sensor data prior to using it in the controller. In this rig, two first-mode rotating stall precursors traveling at different speeds are found when appropriate spectral separation of measured data is performed.
Statistical Explanation for Trends in Extreme Summer Temperatures at Phoenix, Arizona

Abstract A reanalysis of the same Phoenix daily minimum and maximum temperature data examined by Balling et al. has been performed. As evidenced by substantial increasing trends in both the mean minimum and maximum temperatures, this area has experienced a marked heat island effect in recent decades. Balling et al. found that a statistical model for climate change in which simply a trend in the mean is permitted is inadequate to explain the observed trend in occurrence of extreme maximum temperatures. The present reanalysis establishes that by allowing for the observed decrease in the standard deviation, the tendency to overestimate the frequency of extreme high-temperature events is reduced. Thus, the urban heat island provides a real-world application in which trends in variability need to be taken into account to anticipate changes in the frequency of extreme events.
Design and implementation of a bluetooth-based band-aid pulse rate sensor

Remote patient monitoring systems capable of collecting vital patient data such as blood pressure readings, Electrocardiograph (ECG) waveforms, and heart rate can obviate the need for repeated visits to the hospital. Moreover, such systems that continuously monitor the human physiology can provide valuable data to prognosticate the onset of critical health problems. The key to such remote health diagnostics is the design of minimally intrusive, low cost sensors that do not impede a patient's quotidian life but at the same time collect reliable noise free data. To this end, in this paper, we design and implement a Bluetooth-based wireless sensor system with a disposable sensor element and a reusable wireless component that can be worn as a "band-aid". The sensor is a piezoelectric polymer film placed on the wrist in proximity to the radial artery. The band-aid sized sensor allows non-intrusive monitoring of the pulsatile flow of blood in the artery. The sensor, using the Bluetooth module, can communicate with any Bluetooth enabled computer, mobile phone, or PDA. The data collected from the patient can be remotely viewed and analyzed by a physician.
Nanogratings of fibronectin provide an effective biochemical cue for regulating focal adhesion and cellular structure

Integrin clustering, typically nanometers in dimension, is the first and an important step in integrin-mediated cellular signaling processes such as focal adhesion. Engineered nanostructures mimicking extracellular matrices (ECM) provide a new approach for investigation and regulation of this initial step and of downstream cascades of focal adhesion. This work reveals that fibronectin (Fn) nanostructures, even at a small height of 3.2 nm ± 0.5 nm, exhibit high efficacy in guiding cellular orientation and polarization. More interestingly, the Fn nanostructures also impact intracellular structures such as preferential filopodia attachment, and commensurate alignment of intracellular actin stress fibers. The impact can be rationalized by the strong and specific interaction between integrin and Fn, leading to integrin clusters and then focal adhesion assemblies following the underlying nanostructure of Fn. This guided assembly further mediates the downstream behavior, such as actin stress fiber alignment and overall cellular morphology. Our observations collectively demonstrate that engineered nanostructures of Fn provide an alternative and high efficacy biochemical cue for regulation of cellular signaling processes. Open image in new window
The Treatment of Breakthrough Pain

Objective. To review strategies for treating patients with breakthrough pain (BTP). Design. This review is based on expert consensus recommendations for treating BTP and is supplemented by recent clinical studies and the author's clinical experience. Results. Breakthrough pain is severe or excruciating pain of rapid onset that can disable or even immobilize the patient. Patients with BTP should be assessed after baseline persistent pain has been stabilized with around-the-clock (ATC) analgesics. Clues about the cause and pattern of BTP may be identified from a patient history, preferably including a pain diary. Effective treatment can greatly improve the patient's quality of life and should be tailored for each patient, taking into consideration the cause and type of the BTP episodes. Short-acting opioid analgesics are the primary treatment. The absorption characteristics, onset of action, and duration of effect vary among the available opioid compounds based on their lipophilicity. The dose and/or dosing frequency of the ATC analgesic should be adjusted for patients with end-of-dose BTP. Short-acting oral opioids are useful when given preemptively in patients with predictable incident BTP, while rapid-onset transmucosal lipophilic opioids are most effective for patients with unpredictable incident or idiopathic BTP. Regardless of the subtype of BTP, nonpharmacologic strategies are often helpful in alleviating pain and anxiety and should be used to supplement pharmacologic intervention for BTP. Conclusion. Breakthrough pain can often be successfully treated by tailoring opioid therapy based on the subtype of BTP. These characteristics of BTP will determine the most appropriate opioid compound (i.e., hydrophilic vs lipophilic) and most effective mode of drug delivery.