cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gradients and Assumptions Affect Interpretation of Laboratory-Measured Gas-Phase Transport

A fundamental principle of measurement and analysis is that methods must be self-consistent. For example, if a soil’s gas diffusion properties were precisely known, then measuring gas diffusion in that soil should yield the known result. We tested the self-consistency of a standard protocol for analyzing gas diffusion measurements and found that it has a tendency to introduce artifacts. We examined the impacts of four assumptions: the presence or absence of a gradient in air-filled porosity e across the sample, the kind of average used to give the effective diffusivity D(e)/D₀ across the sample, the physical presence of a gas fraction threshold eₜ > 0 for transport, and the inclusion of such a threshold in the model fitted to the data. We examined the effects of correcting the gradient artifact and using different models in analyzing two published data sets. If the soil has a non-negligible eₜ > 0, but the model fitted to the data is of the form D(e) = Aeᴺ (forcing eₜ = 0), then the fitted exponent N will artifactually increase with increasingly narrow pore size distributions. This artifact of forcing eₜ = 0 calls into question models that prescribe higher N in coarser soils.
Prediction of Third Order Nonlinear Optical Activity in Ordered Polymers

The Air Force Ordered Polymer Research Program has produced a family of rigid-rod and extended chain aromatic-heterocyclic polymers with unique properties (1). In addition to outstanding environmental resistance, these polymers, because of their rigid-rod nature, have extremely high levels of orientability resulting in excellent mechanical properties in fiber and film form. This orientability, combined with the extended conjugation afforded by the aromatic heterocyclics, has generated considerable interest in their nonlinear optical behavior. A third order optical nonlinear susceptibility, X (3), with a subpico-second response, has been measured as high as 5 × 10−11 esu for poly(p-phenylenebenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d’]bisthiazole (PBT) (2).
An Exploration of Academic Reading Proficiency at the University Level: A Cross-Sectional Study of 848 Undergraduates

ABSTRACTAcademic reading proficiently is characterized by the ability to perform cognitive tasks associated with interpreting text. Researchers developed an externally validated Informal Academic Reading Proficiency Test to gauge undergraduates’ academic reading proficiency. A cross-sectional study of 23 classes completed the reading test in 2014. This convenience sample totaled 848 undergraduates. Academic reading proficiency did not vary significantly by class level. Students who earned high school diplomas in the United States had greater academic reading proficiency than students who did not earn their diplomas in the United States. The results of a cross-sectional, undergraduate academic reading proficiency test of 848 students reveal that students do not necessarily improve their reading as they progress toward college graduation and that many struggle with a common set of reading tasks across all class levels.
Using Comparative Advertising to Promote Technology-Based Hospitality Services

This research draws on regulatory focus theory to explore how to effectively advertise technology-based hospitality services. In an experiment, we compare four types of service ads: narrative-compa...
Thickness-dependent bulk electronic properties in Bi 2 Se 3 thin films revealed by infrared spectroscopy

We have investigated the electronic structure of Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ epitaxial thin films with thicknesses between 15 and 99 quintuple layers (QL) on a Si substrate using a combination of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and infrared transmission spectroscopy. The results we have obtained are consistent with a Fermi level that shifts relative to the conduction band as a function of sample thickness. We also present evidence that the bulk energy gap in these thin films is as much as 0.1 eV smaller than the value of 0.3 eV predicted by band structure calculations and confirmed by photoemission experiments. The thickness dependence of material properties in Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ observed in this work reveals thickness to be a parameter that can be tuned to control and possibly optimize the bulk properties of Bi${}_{2}$Se${}_{3}$ thin films.
The utility of ERG, CD31 and CD34 in the cytological diagnosis of angiosarcoma: an analysis of 25 cases

Aims Erythroblast transformation specific related gene ( ERG ), a proto-oncogene member of the erythroblast transformation specific transcription factor family, is a sensitive marker of endothelial differentiation and is expressed in vascular tumours, including angiosarcomas (AS). Immunohistochemistry is necessary for the diagnosis of AS in fine needle aspirates where low cellularity and lack of preserved tissue architecture impedes diagnosis. The aim of this study was to assess the utility of an ERG-enriched immunohistochemistry panel in the cytological diagnosis of AS. Methods 25 AS diagnosed on fine needle aspirates were stained for ERG, CD31, CD34, and AE1/AE3. Staining intensity and percentage tumour cell positivity were evaluated. Spearman’s correlation was assessed for significant correlations between antibodies. Results Sensitivities for ERG, CD31, CD34 and AE1/AE3 were 100%, 100%, 60% and 21%, respectively. Spearman’s analysis revealed that ERG and CD31 staining correlated significantly; there was no significant correlation between CD31 and CD34 staining. Conclusions With equal sensitivity to, and strong correlation with CD31, ERG staining is highly suitable for the cytological diagnosis of AS. ERG and CD31 are more sensitive vascular markers than CD34. ERG, a nuclear stain, complements the cytoplasmic/membranous staining of CD31. Used in conjunction with CD31, ERG can corroborate the diagnosis of AS.
Modulated two-dimensional charge-carrier density in LaTiO3-layer-doped LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure.

The highly mobile two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed at the polar/nonpolar LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) heterostructure (HS) is a matter of great interest because of its potential applications in nanoscale solid-state devices. To realize practical implementation of the 2DEG in device design, desired physical properties such as tuned charge carrier density and mobility are necessary. In this regard, polar perovskite-based transition metal oxides can act as doping layers at the interface and are expected to tune the electronic properties of 2DEG of STO-based HS systems dramatically. Herein, we investigated the doping effects of LaTiO3(LTO) layers on the electronic properties of 2DEG at n-type (LaO)+1/(TiO2)0 interface in the LAO/STO HS using spin-polarized density functional theory calculations. Our results indicate an enhancement of orbital occupation near the Fermi energy, which increases with respect to the number of LTO unit cells, resulting in a higher charge carrier density of 2DEG than that of und...
A decentralized approach to robust subspace recovery

This paper considers subspace recovery in the presence of outliers in a decentralized setting. The intrinsic low-dimensional geometry of the data is exploited to substantially reduce the processing and communication overhead given limited sensing and communication resources at the sensing nodes. A small subset of the data is first selected. The data is embedded into a random low-dimensional subspace then forwarded to a central processing unit that runs a low-complexity algorithm to recover the subspace directly from the data sketch. We derive sufficient conditions on the compression and communication rates to successfully recover the subspace with high probability. It is shown that the proposed approach is robust to outliers and its complexity is independent of the dimension of the whole data matrix. The proposed algorithm provably achieves notable speedups in comparison to existing approaches for robust subspace recovery.
Energy Use: An Interregional Analysis with Implications for International Comparisons

This chapter presents an interregional analysis with its implications for international comparisons. GDP divided by energy does not measure how efficient the United States or some other society is in its use of energy. In the generation of some GDP, energy is only one factor of production. Capital, labor, and materials are also factor inputs. A wide range of energy use and aggregate economic levels between the States of the Unites States by differences in the mix of economic activities and from the differences in energy consumption per unit output of these activities is presented in the chapter. Each State has its own economic characteristics that have evolved from its location, natural resource base, population, and other parameters. Each State has developed and grown as part of the whole U.S. economic structure. Through the division of economic activities, the benefits from interstate trade have become large for the society as a whole.
Bee-Inspired Landmark Recognition in Robotic Navigation

Research has shown that honeybees have a remarkable ability to use landmarks to travel miles to find -- and return to -- a food source. The long-term goal of this research is to use physical robots, incorporating a variety of image processing approaches, to examine this ability. The results may also improve our ability to develop effective landmark guidance systems for robots. This research examines whether robots using a simple genetic algorithm (GA) and neural network (NN) that are trained to search for a target object adopt the use of landmarks to aid in the search even when landmarks are not explicitly considered. This is a first step towards more complex experiments in less controlled environments. The simplified environment used in these experiments is controllable, making it easier to determine and understand the robot's behavior before moving to a more complex external environment. The robot uses a feed-forward, episodic NN for navigation -- there is no inherent use of a memory bank of images. It is trained using Learning from Demonstration (LfD) to follow a simple search pattern independent of landmarks, but visual cues that could act as landmarks are present in the environment. Our results show that even under these conditions visual cues, i.e. landmarks, are incorporated in the learned search.
A geostatistical approach to identify and mitigate agricultural nitrous oxide emission hotspots.

Abstract Anthropogenic emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O), a trace gas with severe environmental costs, are greatest from agricultural soils amended with nitrogen (N) fertilizer. However, accurate N 2 O emission estimates at fine spatial scales are made difficult by their high variability, which represents a critical challenge for the management of N 2 O emissions. Here, static chamber measurements ( n = 60) and soil samples ( n = 129) were collected at approximately weekly intervals ( n = 6) for 42-d immediately following the application of N in a southern Minnesota cornfield (15.6-ha), typical of the systems prevalent throughout the U.S. Corn Belt. These data were integrated into a geostatistical model that resolved N 2 O emissions at a high spatial resolution (1-m). Field-scale N 2 O emissions exhibited a high degree of spatial variability, and were partitioned into three classes of emission strength: hotspots, intermediate, and coldspots. Rates of emission from hotspots were 2-fold greater than non-hotspot locations. Consequently, 36% of the field-scale emissions could be attributed to hotspots, despite representing only 21% of the total field area. Variations in elevation caused hotspots to develop in predictable locations, which were prone to nutrient and moisture accumulation caused by terrain focusing. Because these features are relatively static, our data and analyses indicate that targeted management of hotspots could efficiently reduce field-scale emissions by as much 17%, a significant benefit considering the deleterious effects of atmospheric N 2 O.
Valuing queer identity in Monster High doll fandom

According to Mattel, Monster High dolls topped $500 million in annual sales in 2014, quickly gaining on Barbie, whose $1.3 billion in annual revenue plummeted for the fourth quarter in a row. Monster High's recent ad campaign claims, "We are monsters. We are proud." Race, ethnicity, and disability are coded into the dolls as selling points. The allure of Monster High is, in part, that political identity and the celebration of difference become consumable. The female body, the racialized body, and the disabled body have long been coded as monstrous. Monster High reclaims this label, queering it. Using Jack Halberstam's work on children's culture and Richard Berger's and Rosalind Hanmer's work on fandom, this article explores the queer potential of Monster High. Fans rewrite the Mattel narrative through fan fiction, repainting the dolls, and embodying them through virtual avatars, makeup, and costume play. These fan practices both queer the dolls' identity politics and create communities of interest that act as safe spaces for expressing queer identity and generating fan activism. These fan practices have also influenced Mattel's branding of the dolls, specifically with the recent inclusion of activism campaigns such as WeStopHate and The Kind Campaign into the Monster High Webisodes and Web site. By exploring the queer politics of Monster High fandom, this paper explains how that queering generates social change.
Models for dynamic receptive fields and cross-correlograms in visual cortex1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses models for dynamic receptive fields and cross-correlograms in visual cortex. The simulation consists of three layers, each made up of 32 × 32 elements, and representing respectively input, subcortex, and cortex. There are both excitatory and inhibitory lateral connections in the cortical layer. Each neuron forms excitatory synapses on three surrounding neuron rings, with a probabilistic density that decreases monotonically with distance. Inhibitory synapses are formed probabilistically on seven surrounding rings, with a density that first increases, then decreases with distance. This density function also turns out to be a robust parameter; a monotonic decreasing function yields qualitatively similar results. The relative size of scotoma and distance through which a given neuron exerts excitation determines whether there will be a border nonuniformity. For a sufficiently large scotoma region, the border and center effects will be the mirror image and center neurons would show no receptive field (RF) modulation effects. After stabilization with the background stimulus (BS) stimulus, the model with decreasing strength of outward inhibitory synapses showed enlargement of RF sizes both outside and inside the scotoma region.
Algae optical density sensor for pond monitoring and production process control

Open raceways are one of the principal commercial-scale systems for cultivating algae to produce biofuels and bioproducts. A critical process parameter in such a system is algae cell concentration in the aqueous culture, commonly measured in terms of optical density (OD). A prototype OD sensor exclusively for real-time measurement of algae cell concentration in open ponds was designed, constructed, and tested in a laboratory scale raceway and an open-pond raceway. In the lab test, the sensor OD measurements were highly correlated with spectrometer OD measurements. The OD curve recorded by the sensor clearly showed the diurnal pattern of algae growth associated with the on-off cycle of the lighting system in the lab facility. The test data also clearly highlighted unique cultivation activities such as growth media addition and harvesting. In the open pond raceway test, sensor OD data were also highly correlated with spectrometer-measured OD even though the range of OD variation was significantly less during this test. The OD curve clearly indicated a higher biomass accumulation rate in the pond from late morning to late afternoon than during the rest of the day. These tests of the OD sensor demonstrated its potential to provide accurate real-time algae concentration data in an open pond cultivation system, the type of data that would be necessary for timely management decision-making. This sensor would also eliminate the cost associated with frequently collecting and analyzing samples, making commercial-scale algae production more economically practical. Keywords: microalgae, optical density (OD), open pond raceway, sensor, pond monitoring, circuit design, optoelectronics DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181101.2839 Citation: Yao Y, Ge Y F, Thomasson J A, Sui R X. Algae optical density sensor for pond monitoring and production process control. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(1): 212–217.
Trends in Obesity and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

The obesity epidemic is a global health crisis of staggering proportion. Excess body weight is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We review temporal trends in obesity rates, pertinent pathophysiology to understand mechanisms of disease, and treatment strategies in the context of reducing cardiovascular risk. The prevalence of obesity is increasing in recent decades and is driven by a complex interplay of economic, environmental, and biological factors. In developed countries, changes in food intake, such as increased consumption of energy-dense and added sugar, have contributed significantly to weight gain. Single nucleotide variations in genes and alterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with the obese phenotype. The description of an obesity paradox in patients with CVD may have several explanations, including limitations of body mass index (BMI) to assess adiposity, selection bias, and lead-time bias with earlier onset of disease. Evidence-based treatments for weight loss include lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Data on the long-term effects of these therapies on cardiovascular risk are limited. Overweight and obesity are associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality over the lifespan. Despite our increasing understanding of biological and environmental drivers of obesity, more work is needed in developing effective prevention strategies and implementation of evidence-based treatments to promote cardiovascular health and reduce cardiovascular risk. Ultimately, efforts to prevent and postpone cardiovascular morbidity should include focus on maintenance of normal BMI (primordial prevention) for a longer and healthier life, free of CVD.
Springer Theory for u (sl n )

One might ask whether the work of producing representations of Weyl groups by geometric means, carried out in the previous chapter, was worth-while. Our point is that absolutely the same machinery can be applied to construct representations of sln(C) and perhaps other semisimple Lie algebras, cf. [Na2]. Many of the objects we use for studying the sln(C)-case are analogous to the objects in the Weyl group case.
Actin filament dynamics in cell motility.

The motility of individual animal cells is important for a wide variety of basic biological processes including rearrangements during embryonic development, neurite outgrowth, wound healing, inflammation, and cancer metastasis. The actin cytoskeleton in animal cells must also drastically rearrange in a cell-cycle dependent manner in order to perform cytokinesis. Actin microfilament dynamics are intimately involved in all of these common types of cell motility, but the mechanisms of force transduction and movement are still poorly understood.
Strengthening tropical Pacific zonal sea surface temperature gradient consistent with rising greenhouse gases

As exemplified by El Nino, the tropical Pacific Ocean strongly influences regional climates and their variability worldwide1–3. It also regulates the rate of global temperature rise in response to rising GHGs4. The tropical Pacific Ocean response to rising GHGs impacts all of the world’s population. State-of-the-art climate models predict that rising GHGs reduce the west-to-east warm-to-cool sea surface temperature gradient across the equatorial Pacific5. In nature, however, the gradient has strengthened in recent decades as GHG concentrations have risen sharply5. This stark discrepancy between models and observations has troubled the climate research community for two decades. Here, by returning to the fundamental dynamics and thermodynamics of the tropical ocean–atmosphere system, and avoiding sources of model bias, we show that a parsimonious formulation of tropical Pacific dynamics yields a response that is consistent with observations and attributable to rising GHGs. We use the same dynamics to show that the erroneous warming in state-of-the-art models is a consequence of the cold bias of their equatorial cold tongues. The failure of state-of-the-art models to capture the correct response introduces critical error into their projections of climate change in the many regions sensitive to tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures. Observations of the tropical Pacific exhibit an increasing zonal sea surface temperature gradient, while climate models predict the opposite. This study shows that an increased gradient is consistent with greenhouse gas warming, and that climate model discrepancies arise from cold tongue biases.
Algorithmically Driven Shared Ownership Economies

Resource sharing is a natural, and increasingly common, way to efficiently utilize resources. In many situations today, however, resources are owned by a single agent who has sole control over the usage of the resource. In this article, we examine the feasibility of an alternative model where ownership of resources is shared, and usage schedules are determined algorithmically by a fixed set of rules. We explore several design parameters for shared ownership algorithms, surveying existing work in each area and proposing directions for future research.
Eugenics in Europe

This article surveys the history of eugenics in Europe, noting its origins in the growing comprehension of the power of science to understand the human body and in the increasing ambitions of the state and the social and scientific elites to exert control over the social body. The article then surveys major events and personalities of the eugenics movement in various European countries over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, placing the movement firmly in its political, social, and cultural contexts.
A National Study of End‐of‐Life Care among Older Veterans with Hearing and Vision Loss

Objectives Hearing and visual sensory loss is prevalent among older adults and may impact the quality of healthcare they receive. Few studies have examined sensory loss and end-of-life (EOL) care quality. Our aim was to describe hearing and vision loss and their associations with the quality of EOL care and family perception of care in the last 30 days of life among a national sample of veteran decedents. Design Retrospective medical record review and Bereaved Family Survey (BFS). Setting Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers (N = 145). Participants Medical record review of all veterans who died in an inpatient VA Medical Center between October 2012 and September 2017 (N = 96 424). Survey results included 42 428 individuals. Measurements Three indicators of high-quality EOL care were measured: palliative consultation in the last 90 days of life, death in a non-acute setting, and contact with a chaplain. The BFS reflects a global evaluation of quality of EOL care; pain and posttraumatic stress disorder management; and three subscales characterizing perceptions regarding communication, emotional and spiritual support, and information about death benefits in the last month of life. Results In adjusted models, EOL care quality indicators and BFS outcomes for veterans with hearing loss were similar to those for veterans without hearing loss; however, we noted slightly lower scores for pain management and less satisfaction with communication. Veterans with vision loss were less likely to have received a palliative care consult or contact with a chaplain than those without vision loss. Although BFS respondents for veterans with vision loss were less likely than respondents for veterans without vision loss to report excellent overall care and satisfaction with emotional support, other outcomes did not differ. Conclusion In general, the VA is meeting the EOL care needs of veterans with hearing and vision loss through palliative care practices. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:817-825, 2020.
Risk Perceptions and Adaptation to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise: Insights from General Public Opinion Survey in Florida

AbstractThe Everglades is a unique ecosystem in Florida that offers a variety of ecosystem services (ES), including water supply and flood risk reduction, water purification, habitats for several e...
Evaluating economic opportunities for product recycling via the Sherwood principle and machine learning

Abstract In a circular economy, recovering materials from end of life (EoL) products without an appropriate estimation of the cost and revenue may result in unnecessary economic loss. Although research has been carried out on the economic analysis of value recovery from EoL products, few quantitative approaches have examined generalized revenue-cost models. To fill this gap, this study proposes an empirical model to identify economic feasibility of product recycling by integrating machine learning and the Sherwood principle. A boundary that differentiates profitable and non-profitable EoL products for material recycling is quantified and visualized. It is envisioned that the proposed method can be adopted in other circular economy domains for better decision-making.
Multiple rare‐earth magnet bead ingestion in a pediatric liver‐small bowel‐pancreas transplant recipient: A case report and lessons learned

Ingestion of rare-earth magnet beads in children has been a public health concern. The potential risk of swallowing multiple magnets is related to magnet attraction to each other, resulting in serious gastrointestinal complications, such as entero-enteric fistula formation, peritonitis, bowel ischemia or necrosis, bowel perforation, and potentially death. We describe the clinical outcome of a 10-year-old child with a liver-small bowel-pancreas transplant who swallowed 26 rare-earth magnetic beads. The patient presented with fever and abdominal pain. Due to difficulty locating the magnets and post-surgical anatomy changes, only 25 magnets were removed endoscopically. After the procedure, she continued to have abdominal distention and fever, leading to further investigation and subsequently an exploratory laparotomy, which confirmed a walled-off perforation. She was treated conservatively with bowel rest and antibiotics, without the need for small bowel graft resection. She recovered well and was eventually discharged on her home enteral feeding regimen. This case emphasizes the importance of taking a good history and having a high index of suspicion to diagnose this dangerous clinical condition, especially in children with an associated predisposing condition for foreign body ingestion, such as developmental delay. Early diagnosis of multiple magnet bead ingestion and prompt detection of its complications in pediatric intestinal transplant recipients could help initiate appropriate intervention and prevent intestinal graft loss.
Co-infection of COVID-19 and influenza A in a hemodialysis patient: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus that was first discovered in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. With the growing numbers of community spread cases worldwide, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Like influenza viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is thought to be mainly transmitted by droplets and direct contact, and COVID-19 has a similar disease presentation to influenza. Here we present a case of influenza A and COVID-19 co-infection in a 60-year-old man with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old man with ESRD on hemodialysis presented for worsening cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhea. The patient first developed a mild fever (37.8 °C) during hemodialysis 3 days prior to presentation and has been experiencing worsening flu-like symptoms, including fever of up to 38.6 °C, non-productive cough, generalized abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and liquid green diarrhea. He lives alone at home with no known sick contacts and denies any recent travel or visits to healthcare facilities other than the local dialysis center. Rapid flu test was positive for influenza A. Procalcitonin was elevated at 5.21 ng/mL with a normal white blood cell (WBC) count. Computed tomography (CT) chest demonstrated multifocal areas of consolidation and extensive mediastinal and hilar adenopathy concerning for pneumonia. He was admitted to the biocontainment unit of Nebraska Medicine for concerns of possible COVID-19 and was started on oseltamivir for influenza and vancomycin/cefepime for the probable bacterial cause of his pneumonia and diarrhea. Gastrointestinal (GI) pathogen panel and Clostridioides difficile toxin assay were negative. On the second day of admission, initial nasopharyngeal swab came back positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The patient received supportive care and resumed bedside hemodialysis in strict isolation, and eventually fully recovered from COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: We presented a case of co-infection of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in a hemodialysis patient. The possibility of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection should not be overlooked even when other viruses including influenza can explain the clinical symptoms, especially in high-risk patients.
Staying Close to Home: The Effects of COVID-19 on the Plastic Surgery Residency Match.

The 2019 novel coronavirus created unique challenges for the integrated plastic surgery match. The goal of this study was to evaluate the trends of the 2020 and 2021 integrated plastic surgery match specifically related to the 2019 novel coronavirus. Methods Three separate individual surveys were designed for integrated plastic surgery program directors and applicants from the 2021 to 2020 match. The surveys were distributed to the email addresses of applicants that applied to our institution's integrated residency program. Information of current interns and newly matched applicants from program websites and certified social media accounts were recorded. Results We received completed surveys from 19 of the 69 program directors for a response rate of 27.5%. The survey for the 2020 and 2021 match applicants was completed by 25 and 68 applicants, respectively, for a response rate of 6.1% and 21.9%. There was a significant difference in the average number of completed virtual subinternships between applicants that did and did not successfully match into plastic surgery (1.48 versus 0.36, P = 0.01). The rate of students matching at their home institution was the highest in 2021 at 26% compared to 2020 (18%) and 2019 (15%). Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that applicants were more likely to match at programs with which they had established previous connections, including home institutions. Applicants also had a higher likelihood to match if they completed a virtual subinternship during the 2021 match. Learning points can be applied to the upcoming application cycle to improve the overall experience.
Clay Slurry Sorption of Carrier-Free Radiocations

An expression descriptive of radionuclide uptake by clays in a slurry has been derived. The function can be linearized in terms of the percent uptake and clay concentration. In linear form, a least square analysis yields two system coefficients, the ultimate uptake and the half dosage. The relationship of half dosage to distribution coefficient, \IK\dd\N is analyzed. The expression is shown to describe slurry data of many previous investigators, thus indicating its universality for wide variations in clay minerals, cation concentrations and other system variables.
Time and the Moment in Victorian Literature and Society: The economic mediation of time

Overview The empirical and theoretical responses to early industrial capitalism tell another story of the increasing salience of small increments of time. It is a historical commonplace that the nineteenth-century factories were the birthplace of a modern experience of time. Chapter 2 concretizes this claim with two sets of nineteenth-century source materials: records of factory life and socialist economics. The first part of this chapter tries to recover some of the experiential immediacy that beleaguered the first generations of factory workers. Coupled with the reports of medical investigators, the testimonies of workers show that the commonplace about factories being the birthplace of modern temporality is as old as the factory system itself. The second part of this chapter traces these concerns as they are taken up by socialist-economic theory. Socialist economics assimilates abstract time into its critique of capitalism and its utopian alternative. Marxism goes one step further by presenting itself as a hermeneutic key to capitalist economics, whose deep structure is organized by temporal processes and transformations – by what capitalism does with time.
Demonstrating the benefit of medical emergency teams (MET) proves more difficult than anticipated

Patients with cardiac arrests or who die in general wards have often received delayed or inadequate care. Medical emergency teams (METs) are trained medical professionals that respond quickly to a change in a patient’s condition based on the premise that early intervention may prevent further deterioration and/or death. We investigated whether implementation of a medical emergency team (MET) system could reduce the incidence of cardiac arrests, unplanned admissions to intensive care units (ICU), and deaths.
Sociology and Human Rights in the Post‐Development Era

This article explores the dilemmas of the sociology of human rights – a growing field of academic research. Sociologists are increasingly conceptualizing poverty, global economic inequality, and social inequalities of race, class, gender, and sexual orientation not as social problems, but rather as human rights abuses. The shift of emphasis from the social problems perspective to the human rights perspective demands a different set of remedies from IGOs, national governments, and local authorities. Whereas in the past sociologists tended either to recommend modifications to social policies or to propose large-scale social transformation, they now find themselves advocating the implementation of human rights on the global, national, and local levels. This has brought sociologists into the area of global governance. The process of delineating an explicitly sociological perspective on human rights is impeded by two overlapping dilemmas: (1) the tension between an approach that emphasizes the analysis of ‘rights effects’ on the global, national, and local levels and an approach that stresses the advocacy of rights as a palliative for social inequalities; and (2) the tension between an interdisciplinary vision, in which sociology would join other disciplines in illuminating human rights and a unidisciplinary vision, in which sociologists and their allies would push for a unified social science founded on human rights.
Genital Cutting, Female

Activists intervened to reduce the occurrence of female genital cutting practices (FGCs) on the basis of a right to health before the actual health consequences of the practices had been studied. This led to an exaggeration of the health consequences and a failure to differentiate among the different types of FGCs. In reaction, some scholars began to claim that the health consequences of FGCs were insufficient to justify eradication efforts. Others questioned whether countries should criminalize FGCs, arguing that this increased the potential harm by forcing the practices underground. Ultimately, a large-scale, systematic study by the World Health Organization quieted the debate when it revealed that FGCs had serious health consequences, even in clinical settings. Keywords: Africa; children; health; violence; women
Effects of carnosine and anserine on muscle adenosine triphosphatases.

Natural dipeptides of skeletal muscles, carnosine (β-alanylhistidine) and anserine (β-alanyl-1-methylhistidine), have been demonstrated to be myosin ATPase activators, the latter being much more effective than the former under identical experimental conditions. At low ionic strengths of K+, Mg++, and Ca++ the activating effect of carnosine was marked at optimal concentration of ATP, and at levels of ATP in which there was apparent substrate inhibition the effect was very pronounced. The effect of carnosine appears to be specific rather than an ionic strength effect. The lowest concentrations of carnosine and anserine found to be activating were comparable to concentrations found in tissue.
Microbiology: Taking the bad with the good.

Modelling of the interactions between antibiotic production and antibiotic degradation reveals that these opposing activities are key to maintaining diversity in microbial communities. See Letter p.516 Understanding how stability in multispecies communities is maintained in the face of negative interactions via antibiotic production is a key goal in microbial ecology. Most ecological models for antibiotic interactions assume pairwise relationships between species that result in rock–scissor–paper type cycling and spatial separation. This doesn't reflect the in situ observations though, where communities are far more intermixed. Instead, Eric Kelsic and colleagues propose a three-species interaction assay, in which one species is capable of antibiotic degradation. Using a mixture of modelling and experimental validation, the authors show that including antibiotic degraders allows the system to robustly move towards an intermixed stable state.
Observation of Structure Evolution during Annealing of 7xxx Series Al Deformed at High Temperature

Deformation of polycrystalline materials results in a heterogeneous distribution of dislocation structures that are dependent upon the local character of the microstructure. 7xxx series aluminum alloys are particularly complex because of the wide range of particles and solute atoms that are in the material. High temperature deformation results in a microstructure that may be essentially free from dislocation structures at one position but have relatively high dislocation content at another position. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify and map the dislocation density tensor at various positions through the metal. Subsequent annealing resulted in the development of recrystallization nuclei that were also observed by EBSD and related to the measured dislocation structure.
Observation of bow shock protons at the lunar orbit

Protons with energies ranging from about 500 eV to 3,500 eV were observed by the Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment (SIDE) on both the dusk and dawn sides of the magnetosphere. On each lunation these particles appeared as a rather continuous phenomenon for 3 to 5 days after crossing from the dawn-side magnetosheath into the solar wind and for about 2 days prior to entering the dusk-side magnetosheath. Data from the SIDE and from the Explorer 35 lunar orbiting magnetometer were analyzed and these data indicated that the transverse ion flows observed by the SIDE in the pre and post bow shock crossing regions of the lunar orbit are due to these deviated solar wind particles. A computer model based on drift trajectories for particles leaving the shock was developed and synthetic particle data produced by this model are in good agreement with the observed data.
Antimicrobial actions of hexachlorophene: cytological manifestations.

Abstract Hexachlorophene is a soap-compatible bisphenol that has been widely used as an antiseptic, yet its mechanism of action is undefined. The relative threshold concentration for bactericidal effect on a susceptible test organism, Bacillus megaterium, was established to be about 10 μg/mg of cell dry weight. At this or at high (≥100 μg/mg) concentration, adsorptive uptake by cells displayed saturation kinetics. At about 30 μg/mg, the time course of adsorption occurred in three distinct stages. The triphasic pattern was interpreted to represent successive penetration of and adsorption by the cell wall, the protoplast membrane, and the cytoplasm. This interpretation was substantiated by determinations of hexachlorophene adsorption by isolated cell components. Electron microscopy disclosed cytopathology, evidenced as gaps or discontinuities, in the protoplast membrane (but not in the cell wall or cytoplasm) at > 30 μg of hexachlorophene per mg of cell dry weight. Similarly, treatment with > 30 μg/mg allowed a fluorescigenic dye (tolyl-peri acid) to penetrate into the protoplast. However, no detectable cytological manifestations were discerned at the minimum lethal concentration of 10 μg/mg. Apparently, hexachlorophene is physically disruptive at intermediate or high relative concentrations but acts in a more subtle fashion at the minimal lethal concentration.
The Unique Impact of Menstruation on the Female Voice: Implications for the Evolution of Menstrual Cycle Cues

Research shows that hormonal changes in women across the menstrual cycle affect vocal production. Most work has documented shifts at high fertility times (i.e., ovulation) or during premenstruation. However, hormonal changes at menstruation also affect female physiology and behavior and could affect vocal production. The present studies investigated perceptual differences in voices recorded during menstruation compared with recordings taken at other times of the menstrual cycle. Results show that male raters could reliably identify voices recorded during menstruation with or without the presence of a voice recorded closest to ovulation. In addition, voices recorded at menstruation were identified as being the most unattractive. These findings indicate that voice recordings taken at times of lowest fertility may uniquely impact women’s vocal production and that perceptions of voice based on cycle phase are not specific to the time of heightened fertility. Implications for the evolution of human menstrual cycle cues are discussed.
The Clinical Significance of Continuous ECG (Ambulatory ECG or Holter) Monitoring of the ST-Segment to Evaluate Ischemia: A Review

Silent ischemia is a common manifestation of coronary artery disease (CAD). Continuous ECG (cECG) monitoring is an effective tool for assessing the frequency and duration of silent ischemic episodes for patients with CAD and for risk stratifying asymptomatic patients or those after an acute coronary syndrome by identifying those at increased risk for future cardiovascular events or death. cECG also allows monitoring of the effectiveness of therapy in patients with CAD. Treatment strategies targeted toward the elimination of silent ischemia have shown that revascularization was better than medical therapy in eliminating silent ischemia, but large scale, prospective studies targeting silent ischemia as a treatment endpoint are still lacking. Future research is warranted to study the effects of newer medical agents or the selected use of revascularization in those patients with persistent silent ischemia despite current medical regiments.
Water consumption by the visitor industry: the case of Hawaii.

The visitor industry plays a pivotal role in Hawaii's economy, accounting for 30% of the gross state product. It is an important consumer of the state's freshwater supply, with a clear potential for substantial additional demand in the years ahead. Water consumption in hotels and golf courses that cater to the needs of the visitor was analysed. Regression analysis showed that size and price were important determinants of water use by golf courses. The numbers of units, swimming pools and golf courses were found to be statistically significant determinants in water consumption by the hotels. Pricing could be an effective instrument in efficient water allocation to golf courses. A small change in price, however, is unlikely to make a major impact on water use decisions by the resorts and hotels.
Rapid, non-genomic actions of progesterone and estradiol on steady-state calcium and resting calcium influx in lens epithelial cells.

The effects of steroids on the steady-state intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and resting Ca2+ influx in Fura-2-loaded bovine lens epithelial cells were examined to identify potential rapid, non-genomic actions. When administered in the presence of 1–2 mM extracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]o), 100 µM progesterone produced large (up to 12-fold) and transient (5 min) increases in [Ca2+]i. These effects were abolished in EGTA-containing solutions, and were associated with large increases in the rate at which extracellularly administered Mn2+ quenched the intracellular Fura signal. Lower concentrations of progesterone (10–100 µM) produced smaller increases in [Ca2+]i that were concentration dependent, and 17β-estradiol induced large, rapid and brief increases in [Ca2+]i at 100 nM and smaller oscillations in [Ca2+]i at 10 nM. In cells pretreated with thapsigargin, 100 µM progesterone produced slower increases in [Ca2+]i that were maintained for several minutes. These results demonstrate rapid non-genomic actions of progesterone and estradiol on resting Ca2+ influx and [Ca2+]i that may involve specific interactions with a recently discovered steroid-binding protein in the plasma membrane of lens epithelial cells.
Surgery for Peptic Ulcer in the Helicobacter pylori Era

OPERATIONS currently performed for peptic ulcer disease were designed prior to the identification of Helicobacter pylori as a major cofactor in ulcerogenesis. These operations decrease gastric acid secretion by eliminating vagal stimulation and gastrin production and/or by diminishing the parietal cell mass. The complications and ulcer recurrence rates for each antiulcer operation can be recited by most surgical residents. Most of these data were collected prior to the widespread use of fiberoptic endoscopy and therefore probably represent modest estimates. 1 Prospective trials with almost complete endoscopic follow-up have identified ulcer recurrences in 30% to 95% of patients medically treated for peptic ulcer. 2,3 Few, if any, patient populations have been systematically screened by endoscopy for recurrent ulcer after surgical therapy for peptic ulcer. In fact, most surgical series have used endoscopic follow-up only in patients with hematemesis, perforation, or persistent, severe dyspepsia. 4,5 Helicobacter pylori infection of the gastric mucosa
Electromigration-induced failures in thin-film Al-Cu conductors

The effect of CuAl2 precipitates on the electromigration lifetime of thin film Al-Cu conductors was studied by varying the Cu concentration in the 0–12 wt per cent range. Experiments show that the conductor lifetime does not increase monotonically with an increase in precipitate content. It is shown that the precipitates, when present in sufficient quantity, can greatly modify the grain size distribution and hence can affect the electromigration lifetime. These results are interpreted in terms of a model relating the vacancy and the copper atom flux along the grain boundaries. The roles of annealing treatments, copper concentration, structural non-homogeneities and test temperatures are explained by the present model.