cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heidegger, Art, and Postmodernity

Introduction: Heidegger, art, and postmodernity 1. Understanding ontotheology, or 'the history that we are' 2. Heidegger's critique of modern aesthetics 3. Heidegger's postmodern understanding of art 4. 'Even better than the real thing'? Postmodernity, the triumph of simulacra, and U2 5. Deconstructing the hero: the postmodern comic book 6. The philosophical fugue: understanding the structure and goal of Heidegger's Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning) 7. The danger and the promise of Heidegger, an American perspective 8. Against conclusions.
The Epigenetic Mechanisms of Amphetamine

Amphetamine (AMPH) is a psychostimulant and the most prescribed drug to treat attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Although therapeutically used doses are generally well tolerated, numerous side effects are still known to occur, such as jitteriness, loss of appetite and psychosis. Moreover, AMPH is liable to be abused by users looking for increased alertness, weight loss or athletic performance. A growing body of evidence indicates that drugs of abuse, including AMPH, control gene expression through chromatin modifications. However, while numerous studies have investigated the molecular mechanisms of AMPH action, only a small number of studies have explored changes in gene expression caused by AMPH. This review examines the epigenetic changes induced by chronic and acute treatments with AMPH and includes, where relevant, data obtained with other psychostimulants such as methamphetamine and cocaine.
Use of whole-genome sequencing data to analyze 23S rRNA-mediated azithromycin resistance

The whole-genome sequences of 24 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae with elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to azithromycin (≥2.0 µg/mL) were analyzed against a modified sequence derived from the whole-genome sequence of N. gonorrhoeae FA1090 to determine, by signal ratio, the number of mutant copies of the 23S rRNA gene and the copy number effect on 50S ribosome-mediated azithromycin resistance. Isolates that were predicted to contain four mutated copies were accurately identified compared with the results of direct sequencing. Fewer than four mutated copies gave less accurate results but were consistent with elevated MICs.
Nitrate radical oxidation of γ -terpinene: hydroxy nitrate, total organic nitrate, and secondary organic aerosol yields

Abstract. Polyolefinic monoterpenes represent a potentially important but understudied source of organic nitrates (ONs) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) following oxidation due to their high reactivity and propensity for multi-stage chemistry. Recent modeling work suggests that the oxidation of polyolefinic γ-terpinene can be the dominant source of nighttime ON in a mixed forest environment. However, the ON yields, aerosol partitioning behavior, and SOA yields from γ-terpinene oxidation by the nitrate radical (NO3), an important nighttime oxidant, have not been determined experimentally. In this work, we present a comprehensive experimental investigation of the total (gas + particle) ON, hydroxy nitrate, and SOA yields following γ-terpinene oxidation by NO3. Under dry conditions, the hydroxy nitrate yield = 4(+1/−3) %, total ON yield = 14(+3/−2) %, and SOA yield ≤ 10 % under atmospherically relevant particle mass loadings, similar to those for α-pinene + NO3. Using a chemical box model, we show that the measured concentrations of NO2 and γ-terpinene hydroxy nitrates can be reliably simulated from α-pinene + NO3 chemistry. This suggests that NO3 addition to either of the two internal double bonds of γ-terpinene primarily decomposes forming a relatively volatile keto-aldehyde, reconciling the small SOA yield observed here and for other internal olefinic terpenes. Based on aerosol partitioning analysis and identification of speciated particle-phase ON applying high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, we estimate that a significant fraction of the particle-phase ON has the hydroxy nitrate moiety. This work greatly contributes to our understanding of ON and SOA formation from polyolefin monoterpene oxidation, which could be important in the northern continental US and the Midwest, where polyolefinic monoterpene emissions are greatest.
Business Power and the Welfare State: Comment on Walter Korpi and His ‘Power Resources and Employer-Centered Approaches’

In his 2006 World Politics article, “Power Resources and Employer-Centered Approaches,” Walter Korpi challenges Peter Swenson’s work on business and the politics of the welfare state as “deeply flawed.” This response to Korpi’s article counters with the criticism that he neglects to address detailed archival evidence on the issues in Swenson’s book Capitalists against Markets, fails to offer original primary research of his own, and distorts secondary literature to support his claims.
Proceedings of the 9th workshop on ACM SIGOPS European workshop: beyond the PC: new challenges for the operating system

Authors have been invited to submit papers to the 9th SIGOPS European Workshop describing original research related to the various aspects of operating systems and distributed systems, from design to implementation, analysis, deployment and utilization. We seek thought-provoking ideas and innovative research directions that are able to foster lively and productive discussions.The 9th European Workshop will focus on the theme "Beyond the PC: New Challenges for the Operating System". Authors are encouraged to address the new OS challenges posed by the widespread use of "computers that don't look like computers", such as TV's, PDA's, mobile phones, appliances, etc.Appropriate themes include:• Power management, wireless communication, quality of service• Support for mobile users, information access on the move• Peer detection and spontaneous interactions of users and devices• New applications, electronic business support, multimedia supportThe traditional areas of OS research are also of interest, particularly as they pertain to the new kinds of computers:• Process management, virtual memory, networking, file systems, security and real-time• Naming, location, security, reliability, transaction support, scalability, performance, system monitoring and tuning• Distributed objects, sharing, extensibility, heterogeneity
Opportunistic and Emerging Foodborne Pathogens: Aeromonas hydrophila , Plesiomonas shigelloides , Cronobacter sakazakii , and Brucella abortus

Opportunistic and emerging pathogens are thought to be involved in large of numbers of foodborne illnesses each year. The biology and the mechanism of pathogenesis of these microbes are not well understood, or their implication as foodborne pathogens have not been fully established. These microbes include but not limited to Aeromonas hydrophila, Brucella abortus, Cronobacter sakazakii, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Citrobacter freundii. Pathogenic properties and glimpse on mechanism of pathogenesis and their interaction with the host of the first four pathogens are discussed in this chapter. Continued investigation on the mechanism of the disease process, and prevention and control strategies are needed to reduce human foodborne infections.
The HIV-1 Tat protein recruits a ubiquitin ligase to reorganize the 7SK snRNP for transcriptional activation

The HIV-1 Tat protein hijacks P-TEFb kinase to activate paused RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) at the viral promoter. Tat binds additional host factors, but it is unclear how they regulate RNAP II elongation. Here, we identify the cytoplasmic ubiquitin ligase UBE2O as critical for Tat transcriptional activity. Tat hijacks UBE2O to ubiquitinate the P-TEFb kinase inhibitor HEXIM1 of the 7SK snRNP, a fraction of which also resides in the cytoplasm bound to P-TEFb. HEXIM1 ubiquitination sequesters it in the cytoplasm and releases P-TEFb from the inhibitory 7SK complex. Free P-TEFb then becomes enriched in chromatin, a process that is also stimulated by treating cells with a CDK9 inhibitor. Finally, we demonstrate that UBE2O is critical for P-TEFb recruitment to the HIV-1 promoter. Together, the data support a unique model of elongation control where non-degradative ubiquitination of nuclear and cytoplasmic 7SK snRNP pools increases P-TEFb levels for transcriptional activation.
Federalizing Birth Certificate Procedures

A natural father is usually afforded under American law the unique "opportunity... to develop a relationship with his offspring" born to an unwed mother as a result of consensual sexual intercourse. This paternity opportunity interest often merits federal constitutional due process protection. Its enforcement, however, is often impaired by unfair state paternity designation procedures, especially in birth certificate settings. Inadequate procedures cause systematic losses of parental rights for "many responsible" natural fathers. Under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress can act to enforce better male parental rights. It should now unify certain birth certificate practices for all children born in the United States to unwed mothers. In particular, Congress should improve the procedures for locating and educating natural fathers eligible for parental rights. It can do so by amending the federal Social Security Act provisions, added in 1996, on voluntary acknowledgments of paternity (or parentage).
Ceramides and Cerebrosides

Ceramide* is the basic component of sphingolipids and a key intermediate of both synthesis and degradation of all sphingolipids.1 Major brain sphingolipids are cerebrosides, sulfatides, sphingomyelins, and gangliosides. These are unique to and abundant in the nervous system. In addition, there is a small quantity of free ceramide in brain. As shown in Fig. 1, ceramide is a fatty acid amide of a sphingoid base. The major brain sphingoid base (over 80% of total) is sphingosine [(2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-4-octadecene4,3-diol, with a D-erythro configuration].2 Up to 15% of all sphingoid base in brain sphingolipids is sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine). Other minor sphingoid bases include icosasphin- gosine and hexadecasphingosine. 4-D-Hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine; the extra hydroxyl group has an R configuration), which is abundant in plant and yeast, is not found in the nervous system.
Evolution of an Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Cancer Advocacy Movement: Heroes Among Us

Cancer advocacy is an accepted and valued support for patients and their families. The chapter reviews the history of cancer advocacy, featuring the specific and sometimes arduous efforts in developing support for Asian and Pacific Islander patients. Included is the personal story of the lead author and her journey with the disease, personifying both the struggles and the victories that the advocacy movement has endured in educating health professionals, obtaining needed funding for care and research, and challenging long-held stereotypes and myths about cancer, as well as highlighting the need to disaggregate and analyze the specific experiences of Asian and Pacific Islander subpopulations to create better and more appropriate treatments and studies.
Carotid endarterectomy is better than carotid artery stenting for asymptomatic patients. Con position.

The premises that Dr. Diethrich appears to be arguing are that endarterectomy has proved superior to medical therapy in stroke prevention and that carotid stenting, on the basis of limited data, has not.
Group-Based Modeling: An Overview

This chapter provides an overview of a group-based statistical methodology for analyzing developmental trajectories—the evolution of an outcome over age or time. A detailed account of the method’s statistical underpinnings and a full range of applications are provided in Nagin (2005). In this discussion, the term developmental trajectory is used to describe the progression of any phenomenon, whether behavioral, biological, or physical. Charting and understanding developmental trajectories is among the most fundamental and empirically important research topics in the social and behavioral sciences and medicine. A few prominent examples include the following: criminological analyses of the progression and causes of criminality over life stages or of time trends of reported crime across geographic locations, psychological studies of the course and antecedents of psychopathologies, sociological investigations into the interaction between human behavior and social context over time, and medical research on the impact of treatments on the progress of diseases. Longitudinal data—data with a time-based dimension—provide the empirical foundation for the analysis of developmental trajectories. Most standard statistical approaches for analyzing developmental trajectories are designed to account for individual variability about a mean
The influence of a digital storytelling experience on pre-service teacher education students' attitudes and intentions

iv CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 1 Area of focus 2 Research Questions 3 CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 4 History of storytelling 4 Definition(s) of storytelling 5 History and definitions of digital storytelling 7 Digital storytelling meets 21 st century skills 12 Digital storytelling: Projects and place in the classroom 16 Digital storytelling: Value in higher education 19 Attitudes and Intentions 22 Summary 24 CHAPTER THREE – METHDOLOGY 25 Action Research Study 25 Purpose 26 Description of Negotiations 27 Study Context 27 Research Procedures 28 Research instruments 31 Participants 33 Data Analysis and Interpretation 34 CHAPTER FOUR – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 37 Research Question # 1 37 Research Question # 2 46 Research Question # 3 49 General discussion 51 CHAPTER FIVE – RECOMMENDATIONS 56 APPENDIX A. DOCUMENTATION OF HUMAN SUBJECTS APPROVAL APPENDIX B. PARTICIPANTS‟ INFORMED CONSENT FORM 60 61 APPENDIX C. DIGITAL STORYTELLING ATTITUDE AND INTENTION PRESURVEY 63
Acoustic Fiber Bragg Grating and Its Application in High Temperature Sensing

A novel concept of acoustic fiber Bragg grating (AFBG) was conceived and experimentally validated as an effective technique for high-temperature sensing. Similar to the well-known optical fiber Bragg grating, the AFBG employs interactions between waves and periodic structures on an elongated waveguide. Acoustic waves reflected from periodic structures interfere with each other and result in the emergence of resonance frequency when acoustic wavelength matches with pitch length of the periodic structures. When the single-mode operation condition is satisfied, the resonance frequency location can be accurately resolved and thus be used as an effective indicator for temperature sensing. To demonstrate this concept, an AFBG sample was fabricated on a telecommunication optical fiber (125- $\mu \text{m}$ diameter) with femtosecond laser micromachining setup, and it demonstrated sensing capability up to 700 °C, which was limited by the fiber material (fused silica) and could be over 1400 °C if other material, such as sapphire, was used as the waveguide. With the features of various applicable material, low system cost, and potential multiplexing capability, this AFBG technology is a promising candidate for high-temperature sensing, even in a distributed manner.
View of a Study to Foster Students’ Interest in Data Analysis Using Air Temperature Data

The authors of this paper have been conducting a research to foster students’ interest in data analysis. In this paper, the authors review the research in the past, introduce the research in progress, and prospect the research in future. The distinguishing feature of the research is the use of air temperature data. The authors have developed a software application to be used in hands-on classes. The aim of the application is to help the students make chain of discoveries about air temperature. Presently, the authors are developing effective guidance and instructions for the classes. One of the challenges in future is to develop an effective training method to grow capable instructors for the classes.
The Impact of Ethnicity on Cardiovascular Risk Reduction and Heart Age After Bariatric Surgery.

Risk factors for heart disease include arterial hypertension, high cholesterol, tobacco abuse, and obesity. There is a paucity of data regarding role of ethnicity in bariatric surgery (BS) outcomes. The study’s aim is to determine if ethnicity plays a significant role in BS outcomes, heart age, and cardiovascular risk. We conducted a retrospective review of data collected concurrently from patients who underwent BS from 2010 to 2015. We analyzed demographics, comorbidities, heart age, and cardiovascular risk-score at surgery and 12-month follow-up. Ethnicities categorized were Caucasian and African American. Heart age was calculated using the Framingham Study Heart Age Calculator and cardiovascular risk-score using the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Calculator. A total of 292 patients presented all the variables needed to calculate heart age and cardiovascular risk score. This patient population was composed of 85% Caucasians and 15% African American. Female gender represented 67% (N = 202) of patients with mean age of 52.6 ± 10.7 years. LSG was the most prevalent procedure performed in 73.2% (N = 213) of patients. Mean BMI pre-operatively versus post-operatively by ethnicity was 41.46 ± 4.66 vs 30.08 ± 4.34 Caucasians and 41.90 ± 4.69 vs 32.08 ± 4.68 African Americans. Mean heart age pre-operatively versus post-operatively by ethnicity was 71.35 ± 14.59 vs 62.45 ± 16.12 (p < 0.0001) for Caucasians and 71.38 ± 14.30 vs 65.91 ± 16.61 (p = 0.11) for African Americans. The mean cardiovascular risk scores pre-operatively versus post-operatively by ethnicity were 0.24 ± 0.20 vs 0.15 ± 0.14 (p < 0.0001) for Caucasians and 0.20 ± 0.19 vs 0.16 ± 0.17 (p = 0.23) for African Americans. Ethnicity does not seem to impact weight loss after BS. However, we found a significant ethnicity-elated difference in reduction of heart age and cardiovascular risk.
A high-throughput SAMDI-mass spectrometry assay for isocitrate dehydrogenase 1

The enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) and has emerged as an important therapeutic target for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Current methods for assaying IDH1 remain poorly suited for high-throughput screening of IDH1 antagonists. This paper describes a high-throughput and quantitative assay for IDH1 that is based on the self-assembled monolayers for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (SAMDI-MS) method. The assay uses a self-assembled monolayer presenting a hydrazide group that covalently captures the αKG product of IDH1, where it can then be detected by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Co-capture of an isotopically-labeled αKG internal standard allows the αKG concentration to be quantitated. The assay was used to analyze a series of standard αKG solutions and produced minimal error in measured αKG concentration values. The suitability of the assay for high-throughput analysis was evaluated in a 384-sample biochemical IDH1 screen. Cells expressing IDH1 were lysed and the lysate was applied to the monolayer to capture αKG, which was then quantitated using the SAMDI-MS assay. Cells in which IDH1 expression was reduced by small-interfering RNA exhibited a corresponding decrease in αKG concentration as measured by the assay. Application of the assay toward the high-throughput screening of IDH1 inhibitors or knockdown agents may facilitate the discovery of treatments for GBM.
COVID-19 Test & Trace Success Determinants: Modeling On A Network

What determines the success of a COVID-19 Test & Trace policy? We use an SEIR agent-based model on a graph, with realistic epidemiological parameters. Simulating variations in certain parameters of Testing & Tracing, we find that important determinants of successful containment are: (i) the time from symptom onset until a patient is self-isolated and tested, and (ii) the share of contacts of a positive patient who are successfully traced. Comparatively less important is (iii) the time of test analysis and contact tracing. When the share of contacts successfully traced is higher, the Test & Trace Time rises somewhat in importance. These results are robust to a wide range of values for how infectious presymptomatic patients are, to the amount of asymptomatic patients, to the network degree distribution and to base epidemic growth rate. We also provide mathematical arguments for why these simulation results hold in more general settings. Since real world Test & Trace systems and policies could affect all three parameters, Symptom Onset to Test Time should be considered, alongside test turnaround time and contact tracing coverage, as a key determinant of Test & Trace success.
MSP-Face Corpus: A Natural Audiovisual Emotional Database

Expressive behaviors conveyed during daily interactions are difficult to determine, because they often consist of a blend of different emotions. The complexity in expressive human communication is an important challenge to build and evaluate automatic systems that can reliably predict emotions. Emotion recognition systems are often trained with limited databases, where the emotions are either elicited or recorded by actors. These approaches do not necessarily reflect real emotions, creating a mismatch when the same emotion recognition systems are applied to practical applications. Developing rich emotional databases that reflect the complexity in the externalization of emotion is an important step to build better models to recognize emotions. This study presents the MSP-Face database, a natural audiovisual database obtained from video-sharing websites, where multiple individuals discuss various topics expressing their opinions and experiences. The natural recordings convey a broad range of emotions that are difficult to obtain with other alternative data collection protocols. A feature of the corpus is the addition of two sets. The first set includes videos that have been annotated with emotional labels using a crowd-sourcing protocol (9,370 recordings -- 24 hrs, 41 m). The second set includes similar videos without emotional labels (17,955 recordings -- 45 hrs, 57 m), offering the perfect infrastructure to explore semi-supervised and unsupervised machine-learning algorithms on natural emotional videos. This study describes the process of collecting and annotating the corpus. It also provides baselines over this new database using unimodal (audio, video) and multimodal emotional recognition systems.
Measuring malnutrition and its impact on pediatric surgery outcomes: A NSQIP-P analysis.

Abstract Background There is a limited understanding of the impact of pediatric malnutrition indicators on post-operative outcomes. Materials and methods All pediatric surgical patients captured in the ACS NSQIP-Pediatric database from 2016 to 2018 were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds of 30-day post-operative infection by malnutrition definition (stunted, wasted, requiring nutritional support, pre-operative hypoalbuminemia). Results Among pediatric surgery patients (n = 282,056), 19% of patients met one definition of malnutrition, 6% met two, 1% met 3, and Conclusions The metric used to define malnutrition changed the association with post-operative outcomes. Nutritional supplementation, stunting, and hypoalbuminemia were associated with poorer postoperative outcomes. These findings have implications for pre-operative patient level counseling, accurate risk stratification, surgical planning, and patient optimization in pediatric surgery. Level of Evidence III.
Protocol to assess the efficacy of carnosine supplementation in mitigating the adverse cardiovascular responses to particulate matter (PM) exposure: the Nucleophilic Defense Against PM Toxicity (NEAT) trial.

Introduction Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with cardiovascular disease. These outcomes are believed to originate from pulmonary oxidative stress and the systemic delivery of oxidised biomolecules (eg, aldehydes) generated in the lungs. Carnosine is an endogenous di-peptide (β-alanine-L-histidine) which promotes physiological homeostasis in part by conjugating to and neutralising toxic aldehydes. We hypothesise that an increase of endogenous carnosine by dietary supplementation would mitigate the adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with PM exposure in humans. Methods and analysis To test this, we designed the Nucleophilic Defense Against PM Toxicity trial. This trial will enroll 240 participants over 2 years and determine if carnosine supplementation mitigates the adverse effects of PM inhalation. The participants will have low levels of endogenous carnosine to facilitate identification of supplementation-specific outcomes. At enrollment, we will measure several indices of inflammation, preclinical cardiovascular disease and physical function. Participants will be randomly allocated to carnosine or placebo groups and instructed to take their oral supplement for 12 weeks with two return clinical visits and repeated assessments during times of peak PM exposure (June–September) in Louisville, Kentucky, USA. Statistical modelling approaches will be used to assess the efficacy of carnosine supplementation in mitigating adverse outcomes. Ethics and dissemination This study protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Louisville. Results from this study will be disseminated at scientific conferences and in peer-reviewed publications. Trial registration:NCT03314987; Pre-results
AAI’s Series on Competition in the Delivery and Payment of Healthcare Services: Part I - Consolidation in Provider and Insurer Markets: Enforcement Issues and Priorities

The U.S. healthcare sector is undergoing rapid change. Providers and payers are adopting new organizational forms as payment methods and delivery models transform. Some of the changes underway have been spurred by the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Others are the result of market forces and sectoral changes that were long underway before the ACA was passed. Still others are in anticipation of a new policy direction from Republican policymakers. And virtually all changes in some way relate to the private sector’s efforts to adapt to new revenue models and technologies. Many of these forces have created strong financial incentives for assorted healthcare entities to join forces, some opportunistically to aggregate market power, and some to bring greater value to an inefficient delivery system. Though there is little empirical doubt that competitive markets generate enormous benefits for patients and consumers, reducing the cost of healthcare while improving its quality, the need for swift and predictably pro-competitive policies may never be more pressing than it is today.
High-Resolution DNA Dual-Rulers Reveal a New Intermediate State in Ribosomal Frameshifting

Ribosomal frameshifting is an important pathway used by many viruses for protein synthesis that involves mRNA translocation of various numbers of nucleotides. Resolving the mRNA positions with subnucleotide precision will provide critical mechanistic information that is difficult to obtain with current techniques. We report a method of high-resolution DNA rulers with subnucleotide precision and the discovery of new frameshifting intermediate states on mRNA containing a GA7 G motif. Two intermediate states were observed with the aid of fusidic acid, one at the "0" reading frame and the other near the "-1" reading frame, in contrast to the "-2" and "-1" frameshifting products found in the absence of the antibiotic. We termed the new near-"-1" intermediate the Post(-1*) state because it was shifted by approximately half a nucleotide compared to the normal "-1" reading frame at the 5'-end. This indicates a ribosome conformation that is different from the conventional model of three reading frames. Our work reveals uniquely precise mRNA motions and subtle conformational changes that will complement structural and fluorescence studies.
Genetics, Breeding, and Genomics of Apple Rootstocks

The ability to graft genetically diverse apple cultivars onto diverse root systems (rootstocks) has increased the breeding efficiency of the whole apple system by dividing the combinatorial complexity into two systems—one focused on scion traits (e.g., fruit color, acidity, and crispness, among others) and the other one on rootstock traits (e.g., productivity, disease resistance, and growth habit, among others). While apple rootstocks may have originated to facilitate the propagation of desired fruit, this has since transitioned to the selection of superior root systems that fit certain needs of apple growers. Efforts to identify and improve traits associated with whole apple tree performance by purposeful hybridization are relatively recent compared with the initial selection of apple rootstocks. Several breeding programs have developed breeding protocols depending on the regional needs (cold hardiness in both Canada and Russia, fire blight resistance in the U.S.A., and drought tolerance in China, among others) resulting in the development of diverse new apple rootstocks and complex traits that go well beyond the initial dwarfing growth habit for which several of the founding ‘Malling’ generation of rootstocks are known for. Advances in apple genetics, phenomics, and genomics are increasing the ability to customize the performance of apple rootstocks to specific cultivation requirements, including scion cultivar, soil type, water availability, disease pressure, and tree training system, thus contributing to significant gains in sustainable yield of the final product; i.e., high-quality and nutritious apples that customers will purchase recurrently.
Theoretical, Clinical, and Pharmacokinetic Aspects of Cancer Chemotherapy Administered by Continuous Infusion

Most anti-cancer drugs produce toxic side-effects at the doses used for treatment. This low therapeutic index, or ratio between therapeutic and toxic doses, has prompted various approaches towards increasing the selectivity of cancer chemotherapy. Perhaps the most successful of these has been the use of combination chemotherapy, which increased the therapeutic ratio by combining drugs with non-overlapping side-effects and in some cases lowering individual doses. This approach over the last twenty years has resulted in the cure of several types of cancer (leukemias, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, germ cell cancers). The use of drugs in combination is not curative for most human solid tumors, however, and in fact may increase toxicity without increasing therapeutic efficacy for tumors which are refractory to the drugs employed.
Decay of Stone

The accelerating rate of decay of cultural treasures of stone and concrete is becoming a familiar story. Fig. 72 a, 72 b, 72 c suggest the progress of decay in a sandstone sculpture, exposed to the elements since 1702 and photographed in 1908 Open image in new window Fig. 72 Stone decay in the industrial atmosphere of the Rhein-Ruhr; sculpture is of porous Baumberg sandstone (Upper Cretaceous) at Herten Castle near Recklinghausen, Westphalia, Germany, built in 1702. a Appearance in 1908, showing light to moderate damage, b appearance in 1969, showing almost complete destruction and ? estimate of the change in rate of decay since 1702. Photos and information supplied by Dr.Schmidt-Thomsen, Landesdenkmalamt, Westfalen-Lippe, Muenster, Germany and 1969. The weathering damage in the first 200 years was relatively mild compared with that suffered in the 60 years of the present century.
Stellar Analogs of Solar Microwave Phenomena

Because of the appearance of two complete (as of July 1979), and readily available reviews dealing with solar-like microwave emission from late-type stars, namely: “Nonthermal Microwave Phenomena in Other Stars,” by R.M. Hjellming and D.M. Gibson (1980), and “Binarity as a Factor in Stellar Radio Emission,” by D.M. Gibson (1980), I think it unnecessary to present another similar review in this NATO ASI Proceeding. Instead, let me first give a brief summary of this important aspect of stellar activity in which I coalesce the important findings of the above papers and references therein. I will then follow with several addenda highlighting important new observations which have been reported in the interim.
Take-all of wheat

Take-all, caused by the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, is arguably the most-studied root disease of any crop, yet remains the most important root disease of wheat worldwide. S. D. Garrett launched the study of root diseases and soilborne pathogens as an independent field of science starting in the middle of the 20th century, inspired by and based in large part on his research on take-all during the first half of the 20th century. Because there has been neither a source of host plant resistance nor an effective and economical fungicide for use against this disease, the focus for nearly a century has been on cultural and biological controls. In spite of the intensive and extensive works towards these controls, with mostly site-or soil-specific success, the only broadly and consistently effective controls require either crop rotation (break crops), or the converse, wheat monoculture to induce take-all decline. Take-all decline has become the model system for research on biological control of plant pathogens in the rhizosphere and provided the first proof to the scientific world after decades of debate that antibiotics are both produced in soils and play a role in the ecology of soil microorganisms. On the other hand, even the best yields following take-all decline are rarely equal to those achieved with crop rotation. Because of this, the continuing trends globally to shorten rather than lengthen the rotations in wheat-based cropping systems, and the growing use of direct-seed (no-till) trashy systems to reduce costs and protect soil and water resources, new methods to control take-all are needed more than ever. With high resolution maps of the genomes of cereals and other grasses now available, including a complete sequence of the rice genome, and the interesting differences as well as striking similarities among the genomes of cereals and related grasses, gene transfer to wheat from oats, rice, maize and other grass species resistant to G. graminis var. tritici should be pursued.
A taxonomy and critique of measurements used in the study of creativity.

Creativity measurement itself has been a creative endeavor for both researchers and practitioners. When viewed as a group, the most salient characteristic of creativity measurements is their diversity. The initial purpose of this review is to integrate creativity measurements into a meaningful taxonomy and to illustrate the diversity of the available measurements by citing key examples of the many and varied ways in which creativity has been operationalized. It also is hoped that the numerous examples will give researchers a concise but thorough picture of the many options available when a measure of creativity is needed. The second goal of this review is to use the taxonomy as a framework for discussing the creativity construct in terms of several psychometric characteristics—namely, reliability, discriminant validity, and nomological validity. The third goal is to describe an analytic framework in which measurement issues can be better addressed.
Optimal selection of failure data for predicting failure counts

In the use of software reliability models it is not necessarily the case that all the failure data should be used to estimate model parameters and to predict failures. The reason for this is that old data may not be as representative of the current and future failure process as recent data. Therefore it may be possible to obtain more accurate predictions of future failures by excluding or giving lower weight to the earlier failure counts. While there are techniques that involve using trends in failure data or model predictions for selecting reliability data, one software reliability model that has a built-in method for optimally selecting a subset of the failure data for parameter estimation is the Schneidewind Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process (NHPP) software reliability model. We did not find use of this idea in the other models we surveyed. In order to use the concept of "data aging", there must be criterion for determining the optimal value of the starting failure count interval. Our research has identified the mean square error as a good criterion for selecting the starting interval of the failure data. We apply the criterion to select the optimal starting interval. We show that significantly improved reliability predictions can be obtained by using a subset of the failure data, based on applying the criterion, and using the Space Shuttle On-Board software as an example.
Rotator cuff and posterior-superior glenoid labrum injury associated with increased glenohumeral motion: a new site of impingement.

R.otator cuff tendon injury historically has occurred near the greater tuberosity insertional site. We suggest an alternate mechanism and location for rotator cuff injury. In this case report we illustrate how increased glenohumeral rotation, angulation, and anterior translation can lead to injury of the rotator cuff. Articular side rotator cuff injury along with posterior-superior glenoid labral fraying has been observed during arthroscopic shoulder examinations of throwing athletes. The posterior-superior rotator cuff tendons including the posterior aspect of the supraspinatus and anterior aspect of the infraspinatus are pinched between the humerus and the posterior-superior glenoid rim with the shoulder in the cocked position (90 ~ abduction and maximum external rotation). We have termed this finding "internal impingement" (Figure 1). Neer, ~4'1s among others, described the classic impingement syndrome, in which the rotator cuff is extrinsically compressed by the overlying coracoacromial arch. In the usual case of impingement the coracoacromial ligament and the anterior-inferior aspect of the acromion press on the bursal side of the rotator cuff during forward humeral elevation. This traditional mechanism of cuff injury does not explain our observed findings in athletes involved in overhand sports. Internal impingement in contradistinction to external impingement is the
Pharmacokinetic modeling of cisplatin disposition in children and adolescents with cancer

A flow-limited physiologic pharmacokinetic model using volume terms, flow rates, distribution ratios, metabolic rate constants, and clearance terms restricted to physiologic or measured values was used to simulate the disposition of cisplatin in children and adolescents. Physiologic model simulations of parent cisplatin and total platinum serum concentrations were not statistically different from concentrations of these platinum species measured in 14 patients. A simplified first-order multicompartment operational model was also developed, and produced comparable simulations of parent cisplatin disposition but less accurate simulations of total platinum serum concentrations. These data provide further clarification of cisplatin disposition in humans and provide the basis for previously observed changes in the renal clearance of total platinum.
Morphine-6β-glucuronide induces potent immunomodulation

The effect of morphine administration on immune parameters is well documented. However, there exists a limited knowledge of the effect of morphine's metabolites on immune status. The present study examines the immunomodulatory effects of the morphine metabolite, morphine-6 beta-glucuronide (M6G), in the rat and provides further evaluation of the antinociceptive effects of M6G. Animals were administered phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or M6G in doses of 1.0, 3.16, or 10.0 mg/kg (subcutaneous (s.c.)) or 0.1, 0.316, or 1.0 microgram (intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)). Animals were tested for antinociception in the warm water tail-withdrawal procedure. In a separate set of animals, assessments of splenic natural killer cell activity, lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogenic stimulation, and production of interferon-gamma were made 1 h following the s.c. or i.c.v. administration of M6G. The results show that M6G induced potent antinociception that was evident for at least 120 min following administration. M6G also produced decreases in natural killer cell activity, lymphocyte proliferation, and interferon-gamma production 1 h following both routes of administration. The difference in potency between immune alterations induced by subcutaneous vs. intracerebroventricular administration suggest central mediation of the immunomodulatory properties of M6G. Thus, M6G produces significant antinociception and immunomodulation in the rat. These findings demonstrate potent immunomodulatory properties of a metabolite of morphine, 1M6G.
Ovipositional behavior of lesser peachtree borer in presence of host-plant volatiles

Reactions of lesser peachtree borer [Synanthedon pictipes (G&R)] to volatiles of peach wood, either natural or chemically fractionated, were observed. Mated females were stimulated by and responsive to such materials and deposited significantly more eggs on substrates, including unnatural hosts, that had been treated with aqueous mixtures of bark-canker materials. Stimulation to oviposit occurred even when the female was blinded, indicating the presence of chemical cues. Natural canker-bark extracts immediately stimulated ovipostion and for a few hours significantly increased the number of eggs laid. However, average fecundity was not increased. Antennectomy did not significantly decrease response to volatiles by gravid females, and alternate sites of such chemoreception were not located. Complex mixtures derived by solvent extraction, steam distillation, and volatiles trapping from bark, canker, and gum all had activity. Observations of insect behavior in outdoor cages and also in the laboratory indicated that visual, chemosensory, and mechanosensory receptors are involved in host finding and oviposition.
Emergency physician error rates for interpretation of plain radiographs and utilization of radiologist consultation

Emergency physicians’ errors of interpretation of plain radiographs and these physicians’ utilization of radiologist consultation services were studied. During daytime hours over a 3-month period, 953 radiograph packets on emergency department patients were reviewed in the radiology department after initial interpretation by an emergency department physician. Consultation requests and clinically significant discordances between radiology and emergency department interpretations were tabulated. Discordances were categorized by the type of examination and the type of error. The time between each packet’s arrival in the radiology department and issuance of a report was recorded. After completion of data collection, all of the discrepant cases were reviewed by a staff emergency room physician and a staff radiologist to establish the proper interpretation and the source of the discordance.
Coastal optical properties estimated from airborne sensors: Reply to the comments by Hu and Carder

Abstract Gould and Arnone [Remote Sens. Environ. 61 (1997) 290] characterized the spatial and temporal variability of inherent optical properties (water absorption and scattering coefficients) in a coastal region using in situ shipboard and moored optical data, and high-resolution aircraft ocean color imagery. Following atmospheric correction of the aircraft imagery, they applied a bio-optical model [J. Geophys. Res. 104 (C3) (1999) 5403] to the image data to produce surface maps of absorption and scattering coefficients. The results from the model were compared with in situ measurements and adjustments were made to two model parameters to force the model results to more closely match the in situ measurements. Hu and Carder [Remote Sens. Environ. (2001)] raise questions concerning (a) the atmospheric correction applied to the aircraft data and (b) the reason for adjusting the parameters of the bio-optical model. Here we respond to their comments.
Performance of North American Bioreactor Landfills. II: Chemical and Biological Characteristics

The objective of this research was to examine the performance of five North American bioreactor landfills. This paper represents the second of a two-part series and addresses biological and chemical aspects of bioreactor performance including gas production and management, and leachate chemistry. The data support accelerated methane generation at several landfills ( k=0.08–0.21 1/year ) relative to the AP-42 default decay rate ( k=0.04 1/year ) . While the data indicate that gas collection increases at bioreactor landfills, a general relationship between decay rate and moisture added or wet weight water content could not be identified. There was no indication that gas collection increases appreciably when the water content reaches 40%. Most of the leachates at the landfills in this study were commingled from cells operating as a bioreactor and conventionally. Nevertheless, trends in pH and BOD:COD in the bioreactor leachates were consistent with the impacts of enhanced biological activity. Ammonia concent...
Weekly assigned reading and examinations during residency, ABSITE performance, and improved pass rates on the American Board of Surgery Examinations.

Objectives The objectives for this study are as follows: (1) to determine whether a weekly educational program for surgical residents resulted in an improvement in 5-year first-time pass rates on the ABS qualifying (QE), certifying (CE), and combined (QE/CE) examinations at our institution and (2) to determine a minimum ABSITE threshold for predicting ABS pass rates. Setting In July 2001, we instituted a weekly educational program that consisted of assigned reading and examinations, prepared and administered by the program director (PD) to all our surgical residents. We previously demonstrated that this program resulted in a significant and sustained improvement in ABSITE scores. Design Retrospective comparison of 2 periods before (1997-2001) and after (2002-2007) the institution of weekly assigned reading and examinations. Participants Forty-nine categorical surgical residents from 1997 through 2007 at a university-affiliated public teaching hospital and medical center. Results In the academic period from 1997 to 2001, the first-time pass rates for the QE, CE, and QE/CE were 17 of 21 (81%), 17 of 21 (81%), and 14 of 21 (67%), respectively. From 2002 to 2007, the first-time pass rates were 26 of 28 (93%), 26 of 28 (93%), and 25 of 28 (89%), respectively. For each additional year of exposure to the educational program, the odds ratio for passing the combined QE/CE was 2.2 (p = 0.04). The median ABSITE percentile was the 60th in period 1 versus the 79th in period 2 (p Conclusion An educational program of weekly assigned reading, followed by weekly examinations prepared and administered by the PD, resulted in an increase in the 5-year first-time pass rates on the QE, CE, and combined QE/CE. An ABSITE score less than the 30th percentile, or scoring less than the 35th percentile more than once during residency, identified a group at significantly increased risk of failing the QE. Programs that seek to increase the ABS examinations passage rates should consider instituting this type of program.