cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing carbonate-associated sulfate (CAS) extraction methods for sulfur isotope stratigraphy: A case study of a Lower-Middle Ordovician carbonate succession, Shingle Pass, Nevada, USA

Abstract Sulfur isotopes measured from sedimentary rocks are used to reconstruct the global sulfur cycle and chemostratigraphic correlation. Relative and absolute changes in the sulfur isotopic composition of the ocean (δ34Sseawater) are essential for estimating changes in redox conditions in ancient environments, particularly for geochemical models that utilize isotope mass balance. Thus, accurate estimates of δ34Sseawater must be measured using a laboratory protocol optimized for the extraction of primary sulfate (preserved as carbonate-associated sulfate; CAS) by removing any contaminant secondary sulfate (e.g., from diagenetic pyrite oxidation). Here we use two CAS-extraction protocols on Lower–Middle Ordovician carbonate rocks to test the degree to which similar absolute values and stratigraphic trends in δ34SCAS are produced by different CAS extraction methods. One method processes carbonate powders once with a single rinse of a 10% NaCl solution to remove sulfate minerals or weakly bonded sulfate ions, followed by a rinse in 5–6% bleach to remove organically bound sulfur before dissolution in hydrochloric acid (HCl). The second method treats carbonate powders with three rinses of NaCl, without a bleach rinse, to more aggressively remove secondary sulfate before dissolution in HCl. Isotopic results show that samples treated in three NaCl rinses produce δ34SCAS values that are on average 7‰ more positive than samples treated with a single NaCl rinse, but a similar stratigraphic trend is preserved in samples processed with either method. We interpret the difference in δ34SCAS between methods to reflect the incomplete removal of secondary sulfate derived from the oxidation of 32S-enriched pyrite when employing only a single NaCl rinse. Surprisingly, rocks with low CAS concentrations (≤10 mg/kg) using both methods show no significant difference in δ34SCAS values, as well as no significant difference in pyrite concentrations and pyrite δ34S (δ34SPY) between methods. Samples with low CAS concentrations are likely altered and secondary sulfate sourced from pyrite oxidation has likely become incorporated into recrystallized carbonate minerals or incorporated into pore-filling calcite cement, all of which is captured as CAS. Results suggest that both CAS-extraction protocols can produce broadly similar δ34SCAS trends, but a single NaCl rinse may not completely remove contaminant sulfate sorbed onto carbonate grains and thus will not yield meaningful data for reconstructing δ34Sseawater. This has clear implications for modeling studies aimed at reconstructing paleo-redox conditions using δ34S data assumed to record global δ34Sseawater trends if these δ34S data are generated using a non-optimized CAS protocol.
Synergistic effects of whey protein isolate and amorphous sucrose on improving the viability and stability of powdered Lactobacillus salivarius NRRL B-30514

Abstract Amorphous sucrose, as an efficient protectant during dehydration of probiotics, can be prepared by spray drying aqueous solutions with both sucrose and whey protein isolate (WPI). The objective of this study was to characterize the synergistic effect of WPI and sucrose on protecting the survival of powdered Lactobacillus salivarius NRRL B-30514 prepared by directly mixing a cell suspension with spray-dried WPI/sucrose powders (WSP) with different WPI:sucrose mass ratios. In the prepared WSP-probiotics powders (WPP), differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy results indicated that WPI stabilized amorphous sucrose with the glass transition temperature above room temperature. WPP with the presence of amorphous sucrose showed higher probiotic viability and 30-day storage stability than the WPI only treatment. WPP with a higher amount of sucrose also resulted in better survival of L. salivarius with higher membrane integrity detected using the LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ assay after heating at 80 °C for 30 min. The present study showed WSP may protect probiotics better than individual components.
Alternative Interventions and the Placebo Effect

Parents want to do everything they can to help their children with ASD. This includes an understandable need to not wait for research that provides solid evidence for an approach, which leads parents to complementary and alternative interventions that they find on the Internet. Our job is to help parents use their resources (time, energy, money) in ways that will provide the most benefit for their children and families. The more evidence available, the more likely their children will benefit. Interventions should be consistent with what we know about autism, child development, and brain development, even if the evidence is not completely solid. This chapter describes an approach to the myriad of implausible and plausible treatments for ASD that lack solid, evidence-based support.
Chemical Weapons Education in the Analytical Chemistry Curriculum: A Case-Based, Active-Learning Approach

The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) has identified education and outreach as vital to global efforts that emphasize the responsible use of chemicals. To promote students...
State Certification Requirements for Teachers of the Visually Handicapped.

Provides state by state information on the degrees and courses required for certification as a teacher of visually handicapped children. Only four states and the District of Columbia do not require...
Factors Associated With Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes in Female Neurosurgeons: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Neurosurgery is male dominated with women representing only 12% of residents and 5% of practicing neurosurgeons. The conflicting demands of training versus pregnancy and motherhood are significant deterrents to women entering the field. We examined pregnancy incidence and timing, perinatal complications, and the perceived career impact of motherhood on female neurosurgeons using an anonymous survey of 643 training, practicing, and retired female neurosurgeons from the United States. Among 260 respondents, 50.8% (132/260) reported pregnancies, with an average age at first pregnancy that was significantly higher than the national average (32.1 vs 26.3 yr). In all, 40.1% (53/132) of respondents reported perinatal complications in at least one of their pregnancies. Only 25% (33/132) of respondents noted designated program maternity allowances. The most significant challenges associated with being a mother and neurosurgeon reported were issues relating to work/life balance, "mommy guilt," and sleep deprivation. A majority of respondents, 70.1% (82/116), reported fear of backlash from co-residents, partners, and staff, as well as hindered career advancement related to childbearing. Female neurosurgeons face challenges surrounding family planning different from those faced by male practitioners. Higher perinatal and fetal complications, backlash from colleagues, and demanding workload are significant issues. Progress requires institutional support and mentorship for women to create a more diverse field of practitioners.
Structure, Affect and Identity as Bases of Organizational Competition and Cooperation

Competing organizations are often defined by their niche overlap or structural equivalence in resource dependence, but the very structure that defines competitors can also identify cooperators. There is a fine line between competition and cooperation, but current theories give insufficient guidance as to which will take place and also contribute to the belief that cooperation between competitors is illegitimate. We show that the legitimacy of these practices, as well the evaluation of their welfare implications, are context bound. Individuals and societies that have been influenced by different theories of competition could reasonably (and have) reach different conclusions as to the legitimacy of competitor cooperation. We then critique extant ideas as to when competitors will cooperate, which rely on industry structure, and suggest instead that perception and social identity are more important in tipping the cooperate-compete balance. We conclude by showing how our arguments inform an important current stream of management research, on the process of institutional change.
Method for Rapid Enzymatic Cleaning for Reuse of Patch Clamp Pipettes: Increasing Throughput by Eliminating Manual Pipette Replacement between Patch Clamp Attempts.

The whole-cell patch-clamp method is a gold standard for single-cell analysis of electrical activity, cellular morphology, and gene expression. Prior to our discovery that patch-clamp pipettes could be cleaned and reused, experimental throughput and automation were limited by the need to replace pipettes manually after each experiment. This article presents an optimized protocol for pipette cleaning, which enables it to be performed quickly ( 90%) for over 100 reuses of a single pipette. For most patch-clamp experiments (< 30 whole-cell recordings per day), this method enables a single pipette to be used for an entire day of experiments. In addition, we describe easily implementable hardware and software as well as troubleshooting tips to help other labs implement this method in their own experiments. Pipette cleaning enables patch-clamp experiments to be performed with higher throughput, whether manually or in an automated fashion, by eliminating the tedious and skillful task of replacing pipettes. From our experience with numerous electrophysiology laboratories, pipette cleaning can be integrated into existing patch-clamp setups in approximately one day using the hardware and software described in this article. Graphic abstract: Rapid enzymatic cleaning for reuse of patch-clamp pipettes.
Using Phecodes for Research with the Electronic Health Record: From PheWAS to PheRS

Electronic health records (EHRs) are a rich source of data for researchers, but extracting meaningful information out of this highly complex data source is challenging. Phecodes represent one strategy for defining phenotypes for research using EHR data. They are a high-throughput phenotyping tool based on ICD (International Classification of Diseases) codes that can be used to rapidly define the case/control status of thousands of clinically meaningful diseases and conditions. Phecodes were originally developed to conduct phenome-wide association studies to scan for phenotypic associations with common genetic variants. Since then, phecodes have been used to support a wide range of EHR-based phenotyping methods, including the phenotype risk score. This review aims to comprehensively describe the development, validation, and applications of phecodes and suggest some future directions for phecodes and high-throughput phenotyping.
Characterization of an in vitro 3D intestinal organoid model by using massive RNAseq-based transcriptome profiling

Organoids culture provides unique opportunities to study human diseases and to complement animal models. Several organs and tissues can be in vitro cultured in 3D structures resembling in vivo tissue organization. Organoids culture contains most of the cell types of the original tissue and are maintained by growth factors mimicking the in vivo state. However, the system is yet not fully understood, and specific in vivo features especially those driven by cell-extrinsic factors may be lost in culture. Here we show a comprehensive transcriptome-wide characterization of mouse gut organoids derived from different intestinal compartments and from mice of different gender and age. RNA-seq analysis showed that the in vitro culture strongly influences the global transcriptome of the intestinal epithelial cells (~ 60% of the total variance). Several compartment-, age- and gender-related transcriptome features are lost after culturing indicating that they are driven by niche or systemic factors. However, certain intrinsic transcriptional programs, for example, some compartment-related features and a minority of gender- and aging- related features are maintained in vitro which suggested possibilities for these features to be studied in this system. Moreover, our study provides knowledge about the cell-extrinsic or cell-intrinsic origin of intestinal epithelial transcriptional programs. We anticipated that our characterization of this in vitro system is an important reference for scientists and clinicians using intestinal organoids as a research model.
Valuation of Flow Augmentation Releases

A mathematical programming technique is used to derive an estimate of the value, measured in terms of wastewater treatment costs avoided, of flow augmentation releases in a river with multiple waste sources. Analyses are performed for a single source of augmented flow in the headwater reaches. The effect of the quality of the augmented flow on its economic value is quantified. A procedure for incorporating the dependence of the reaeration coefficients and travel time on the river discharge is also included. Illustrative results for a hypothetical region are included.
The effect of gasoline prices on ridesharing

Mitigating the effects of traffic congestion has typically been approached from either an engineering perspective or an economic perspective. One mechanism with the potential to alleviate traffic congestion which requires further empirical research is ridesharing. Using national microdata on ridesharing from different regions of the United States and a novel multilevel methodology, the study explores how these two different approaches might best be balanced to promote ridesharing in the future. Results suggest that macroeconomic conditions in the form of historically high gasoline prices are conducive to ridesharing, but that most of the variation in ridesharing nationwide is attributable to differences in the economic, demographic, and social characteristics of commuters. Results also suggest that working women will be unduly disadvantaged by employer-based policies to promote ridesharing given the greater propensity to drive alone among (family and nonfamily) female householders. Further empirical research is necessary to more fully explore the intended and unintended consequences of other economically-oriented policy tools to promote ridesharing relative to other mode choices.
Expression of Activated Mapk, AKT and C‐Kit in Melanocytic Lesions

Background: MAPK, AKT, and c-Kit are major signaling molecules. This study evaluates the expression of the activated forms of these molecules in melanocytic lesions. Design: Tissue microarrays were constructed using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue from 14 benign nevi (BN), 16 dysplastic nevi (DN), 18 malignant melanomas (MM), and 25 metastatic malignant melanomas (MMM). Two control cases (nevus and melanoma) were included in all three microarray blocks. Immunohistochemical analysis of p-MAPK, p-AKT and p-c-kit was performed using standard technique. Both the intensity and the number of labeled cells were recorded in a semiquantitative fashion. Results were analyzed using Chi-square test, with p Results: c-kit expression was highest in BN compared to DN, MM and MMM that showed similar expression. Among MMM, the visceral metastases had the strongest c-kit expression. p-AKT showed decreased expression with progression of the melanocytic lesions. The differences for p-c-kit and p-AKT were highly significant (0.04 and 0.0001 respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in expression of p-MAPK. Conclusion: Since the observed changes apply to the activated forms of AKT and c-kit these molecules are likely involved in melanoma progression. These findings may help determine the applicability of targeted therapies such as gleevec.
Invading species in the Eel River, California: Successes, failures, and relationships with resident species

We examined invasions of non-native fishes into the Eel River, California. At least 16 species of fish have been introduced into the drainage which originally supported 12–14 fish species. Our study was prompted by the unauthorized introduction in 1979 of Sacramento squawfish, Ptychocheilus grandis, a large predatory cyprinid. From 1986 to 1990, we conducted growth and diet studies of squawfish, conducted intensive surveys of the distribution and habitat associations of both native and introduced species, and examined the nature of species-habitat and interspecies relationships. We found no evidence for increased growth or expanded feeding habits, compared to native populations, of Sacramento squawfish as they invaded the Eel River drainage. Ten of the introduced species were well established, with four species limited to a reservoir and six species established in streams. The success or failure of introductions of stream species appeared to be a function of the ability of a species to survive the fluctuating, highly seasonal, flow regime. The present mixture of native and exotic species has not formed stable fish assemblages but it seems likely that four habitat-associated assemblages will develop. The overall effect of the successful species introductions has been to assemble a group of species, with some exceptions, that are native to and occur together in many California streams. The assemblages now forming are similar to those found in other California streams. The assemblage characterized by squawfish and suckers is likely to be resistant to invasion, in the absence of human caused habitat modifications.
Chapter 1 Simulated annealing and generalizations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses simulated annealing and generalizations. The simulated annealing algorithm as it is known today is used to determine equilibrium distributions of canonical ensembles of particles that interact through some specified potential. Optimization with the simulated annealing method requires (1) the specification of one single-valued objective function with either a closed form expression or a procedure and prescription of its computation, (2) description of the space of independent variables (arguments of the objective function) and the region in which the solution will be sought, (3) definition of a neighborhood of a point in the space of independent variables, (4) a procedure that generates a pseudo-random walk through contiguous neighbourhoods, and (5) a criterion for the termination of the random walk. The most highlighted property of simulated annealing optimization is the capability to traverse local optima in search of the global one. The basic simulated annealing algorithm is a general method that does not require much more than a dozen lines of code, and the optimization constraints are easily handled by rejecting candidate points that violate them. The method is also applicable to non-convex objective functions with multiple optima and to non-differentiable functions.
Referral Patterns and Positive Airway Pressure Adherence upon Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

ObjectiveObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a serious medical condition that adds to patient morbidity and mortality. Treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) is the standard of care, but many patients refuse or do not tolerate PAP. Little is known about the subsequent management of these patients. We sought to understand what types of treatment, if any, adult patients with OSA receive who either fail or refuse PAP therapy within our institution.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingAcademic hospital.SubjectsAll adult patients undergoing polysomnogram during the months of March and April 2010 (n = 1174) who were diagnosed with OSA.MethodsThe electronic medical record was reviewed to determine the subsequent management of patients with a diagnosis of OSA, including tolerance or failure of PAP and referral to specialists upon intolerance.ResultsOf 1174 patients, 616 met inclusion criteria. Ultimately, 260 (42%) had documented adherence to PAP. Of 241 untreated patients, 84 patients (35%) were ref...
PTH battles TGF-beta in bone

Bone remodelling in vertebrates is coordinately regulated by the opposing effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). PTH couples the processes of bone resorption and formation by enforcing simultaneous internalization of TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII) and PTH type 1 receptor (PTH1R), which attenuates both TGF-beta and PTH signalling in vivo.
Spirochäten und andere spiralig geformte Bakterien

Die Spirochaten sind eine grose, heterogen zusammengesetzte Gruppe spiralig geformter, beweglicher Keime (vergleiche: Allgemeine morphologische Eigenschaften, siehe Kapitel 3).
Multi-modal search interaction: helping users make connections between conceptual and spatial maps

In this paper we describe an interface for searching and conceptualizing related information. We describe a specific application of this interface for searching traditional artists in the state of Indiana. The interface employs multimodal interaction by allowing the user to search for artists using a map of the state of Indiana alongside a conceptual hierarchical map of crafts and subcrafts. The two interfaces work in parallel with each other so that as a user interacts with one interface, it affects what is displayed on the opposing map. The goal of this application is twofold. One goal is to provide users with a better and simpler means for searching a specific set of information using only relevant and related data. The second goal is to provide companies, organizations or institutions with an interface that will allow them to provide clients or targeted users with a more effective way to search their database.
Cryogenic Toughness Through Microstructure Control in an Iron-Nickel-Titanium Alloy

The selection of composition and processing of an iron--nickel--titanium (Fe--Ni--Ti) alloy having a favorable combination of strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures is discussed. Criteria on alloy composition lead to the choice of low interstitial Fe--/sup 12/Ni--0.25Ti. The alloy has a naturally favorable microstructure, but cryogenic toughness must be imparted through grain refinement. Several alternate procedures are identified; four of these are discussed in detail, along with the resulting tensile properties at 77/sup 0/K, Charpy impact energies at 77 and 5/sup 0/K, and behavior in fracture toughness tests at 77/sup 0/K. Alloys are obtained having yield strengths to 150 ksi with excellent impact toughness to 5/sup 0/K.
Use of immunoelectron microscopy to demonstrate Francisella tularensis.

Three immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) methods were employed to show laboratory-cultivated Francisella tularensis. By the IEM assays, F. tularensis was distinguished from four antigenically distinct gram-negative bacteria. IEM should be a valuable tool for confirming presumptive isolates of F. tularensis and may potentially be useful for demonstrating other medically important bacteria. Images
An axiomatic characterization of the reduced homology theory

I t is ti le , purpose of t h i s paper to provide an ax iomat ic approach to reduced homology (and cohomoiogy) theory . A reduced homology theory is defined to be a tr iple (H, d) s a t i s f y i n g s e v e n axioms analogous to the w e l l k n o w n axioms of E J L E N B S R G and STBENROD for homology. G i v e n a homology theory H, E I L E N D E R G a n d STEENHOD have a c o n s t r u c t i o n R w h i c h provides R(H), a reduced homology theory i n t h e i r s e n s e . I t i s s h o w n that R(H) s a t i s f i e s the axioms for a r e d u c e d homology theory g i v e n I n t h i s paper . Moreover, a s e c o n d c o n s t r u c t i o n S is developed, w h i c h may he appl ied to a n y r e d u c e d homoiog-y theory to y i e l d a homology theory . T h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of the reduced theory is completed by Bhowlng that the. c o n s t r u c t i o n s 5 a n d R are i n v e r s e to eaeh o t h e r , i n an appropriate s e u s e . l a f a c t , these c o n s t r u c t i o n s provide a one-one correspondence between c lasses of i somorphic homology theor ies a n d c lasses of i s o m o r p h i c r e d u c e d homology t h e o r i e s , a n d thus e i t h e r type of s y s t e m c a n be t a k e n as a s t a r t i n g point i n the a l g e b r a i c s tudy of topological s p a c e s . As an a p p l i c a t i o n , it c a n be shown that if a homology theory sat i s f ies the c o n t i n u i t y a x i o m , t h e n so does the c o r r e s p o n d i n g reduced theory , a n d c o n v e r s e l y . T h u s the c o n t i n u i t y axiom s e r v e s to c h a r a c t e r i z e the r e d u c e d C E G H homology t h e o r y . R e m a r k s s i m i l a r to those above hold for cohomoiogy t h e o r y .
Sensitivity of a GCM Simulation of Global Climate to the Representation of Land-Surface Hydrology

Abstract The sensitivity of global climate to the characterization of the land-surface hydrology is investigated using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GCM at R15 resolution with the standard Budyko bucket and the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model, which incorporates a parsimonious parameterization of the subgrid-scale spatial variability of soil moisture capacity, as well as base flow, by means of soil moisture drainage during dry periods. Four experiments were performed using the VIC model. The first used a globally fixed soil moisture capacity of 15 cm to provide a comparison to the Budyko bucket. The second used a more realistic globally varying soil moisture capacity. The third and fourth were sensitivity experiments using globally fixed soil moisture capacities of 5 and 25 cm. The results of the VIC fixed runs (15 cm) showed that global average soil moisture was considerably lower (about 2.5 cm on average) as compared with the bucket runs, global evaporation and precipitation were ...
The effect of methylprednisolone on mucopolysaccharides of rabbit vitreous humor and costal cartilage

Soluble methylprednisolone, given to rabbits in a dose of 3 mg in 1 ml intramuscularly per day causes (1) an increase in the concentration of mucopolysaccharide uronic acid in the vitreous humor compared with concentrations in a saline-treated control group, and (2) an increase in the absolute amount of mucopolysaccharide glucosamine in the costal cartilage of the same animals with an accompanying increased concentration of neutral sugar as measured by the anthrone reaction. On the basis of data obtained, it is postulated that adrenal corticosteroids produce both an increase of hyaluronate in the vitreous humor and an increase in keratosulfate in costal cartilage. It is thought that the most likely explanation of these phenomena is that these steroid hormones in small doses, regardless of whether or not they inhibit both synthesis and breakdown, cause an overall inhibition of degradation of these glucosamine-containing substances.
Sampling Program for Fall Armyworm in Maize

A sampling program for fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), in Honduran maize, Zea mays (L.), is described. Presence-absence sampling was used to monitor FAW infestations and insecticide treatment decisions were made against predetermined action thresholds. Simplification of the sampling program for grower acceptance required standardization of sample size. Two methods for estimating sample size were compared. Sample sizes needed to maintain a level of sample precision were larger than sample sizes needed to make control decisions. By reducing sampling effort and standardizing sample size, we provide a sampling program more appropriate for local grower needs and skills.
On characterizing stability limits for ternary systems

Abstract Stability limits for ternary systems are described on a Gibbs triangle in terms of isothermal contours which give the reaction temperature and characteristic lines which give the unstable direction. Through the use of a special construction it is shown that the position of the characteristic lines are simply related to those of the isothermal contours.
Micromechanical Analysis of Dynamic Behavior of Conventional and Negative Poisson’s Ratio Foams

Both conventional and negative Poisson's ratio foams exhibit dispersion of acoustic waves, as well as cut-off frequencies, at which the group velocity tends to zero. This macroscopic behavior is attributed to micro-vibration of the foam cell ribs. The purpose of this article is to develop a micromechanical model of the cut-off frequency. This model is based on the resonance of ribs which may be straight, curved, or convoluted. As foam cell ribs become more curved, the cut-off frequency decreases. Therefore foams with curved or convoluted ribs are expected to provide superior performance in applications involving the absorption of sound.
A coulometric method for determining substances that interfere with the measurement of water in oils and other chemicals by the Karl Fischer method

In order to fulfill a need to measure water in crude oils containing materials that interfere with the measurement of water by the Karl Fischer method, by reacting with iodine or iodide, a coulometric method has been developed and validated using 0.1 mol L–1 Sodium thiosulfate as a calibrant. These interfering substances were measured in water-mass-equivalents, which were expressed as the mass of water that reacts with an equal mass of iodine in the Karl Fischer method. The SO2-free reagent that has been modified reacts quantitatively with sodium thiosulfate, cysteine and ascorbic acid but does not react with vinyl acetate. The level of interfering substances was measured in five transformer oils (including Reference Materials RM 8506 and RM 8507), a high and a low sulfur crude oil (Standard Reference Materials SRM 2721 and SRM 2722 respectively), a white oil, a high-vacuum oil and a high-viscosity base-stock oil. One oil contained less than 10 mg kg–1 (water-mass-equivalents of interfering substances in oil) and two oils (RM 8507 and Drakeol 35) contained no measurable amount of interfering material (<0.2 mg kg–1). SRM 2271, a sour crude oil contained 834 mg kg–1 (standard deviation (SD)=25 mg kg–1) (water-mass-equivalents of interfering substances in oil). Approximately 20% of this material was volatile and an additional 20% appeared to undergo some degradation (possibly oxidation) once the oil was exposed to air. These results indicate that this is a general method for measuring substances in oils that react with iodine and that it is capable of measuring in a variety of oils, using commercial instrumentation, interfering substances that inflate water measurements.
Detection of underreporting of psychopathology on the MMPI: A meta-analysis

Abstract We reviewed the empirical literature on detection of underreporting of psychopathalogy on the MMPI. Meta-analytic techniques were applied to 25 studies in which subjects responding honestly were compared to subjects underreporting psychopathology. Several indices of underreporting were examined, including the L and K scales , F- K, L + K, social desirability scales, subtle/obvious scales, and the Positive Malingering scale. An overall mean effect size of 1.05 was obtained, suggesting that subjects underreporting psychopathology differ from subjects responding honestly by approximately 1 standard deviation, on the average, on these scales. The Positive Malingering scale and one of the social desirability scales showed promising effect sizes of approximately 1. 5 standard deviations. For the L and K scales, effect sizes of just under 1 standard deviation were noted. Cutting scores for detection of underreporting on these scales also were examined. A wide variety of cutting scores were employed in different studies, suggesting that consistently effective criteria have yet to be established. Applications of these findings to the recently published MMPI-2 are discussed .
Raynaud's Disease in Children

Six children with primary Raynaud's disease have been studied with plethysmography and multiple-site skin-temperature readings. All six were free of systemic disease. Each demonstrated the characteristic sequence of pallor, cyanosis, and rubor when subjected to generalized cold, but application of local cold produced only modest reduction in skin temperature and digital pulse. Only one child had a history of vasospastic symptoms associated with emotional stimuli, and she was the only one in whom an emotional challenge was able to produce Raynaud's phenomenon during the physiological studies. Tolazoline, in doses small enough to avoid generalized vasodilatation, was effective in substantially increasing flow to the affected digits. The involvement of only one or two digits, next to completely uninvolved digits, is a conclusive argument for a primarily local sensitivity. However, the ability to precipitate vasospasm with generalized cold, versus local cold applications, and emotional stimuli indicates the i...
Thin Film Properties of LPCVD TiN Barrier for Silicon Device Technology

Thin film properties of LPCVD TiN barriers deposited on Si(100), using TiCl4 and NH3 as reactants, were investigated as a function of deposition temperature between 400 °C and 700 °C. The TiN film chemistry and film composition were studied by AES and RBS techniques, while the microstructural properties (grain size, lattice parameter and texture) were evaluated by XRD. The TiN deposition rates and film resistivities were also determined. Finally the film properties of the TiN barriers as determined by surface analysis were related to the process parameters.
Structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of ethyl 2-amino-6-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4-(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate (CXL017) and the potential of the lead against multidrug resistance in cancer treatment.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) against standard therapies poses a serious challenge in cancer treatment, and there is a clinical need for new anticancer agents that would selectively target MDR malignancies. Our previous studies have identified a 4H-chromene system, CXL017 (4) as an example, that can preferentially kill MDR cancer cells. To further improve its potency, we have performed detailed structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies at the 3, 4, and 6 positions of the 4H-chromene system. The results reveal that the 3 and 4 positions prefer rigid and hydrophobic functional groups while the 6 position prefers a meta or para-substituted aryl functional group and the substituent should be small and hydrophilic. We have also identified and characterized nine MDR cancer cells that acquire MDR through different mechanisms and demonstrated the scope of our new lead, 9g, to selectively target different MDR cancers, which holds promise to help manage MDR in cancer treatment.
Adaptations of energy metabolism during cerebellar neurogenesis are co-opted in medulloblastoma

Recent studies show that metabolic patterns typical of cancer cells, including aerobic glycolysis and increased lipogenesis, are not unique to malignancy, but rather originate in physiologic development. In the postnatal brain, where sufficient oxygen for energy metabolism is scrupulously maintained, neural progenitors nevertheless metabolize glucose to lactate and prioritize lipid synthesis over fatty acid oxidation. Medulloblastoma, a cancer of neural progenitors that is the most common malignant brain tumor in children, recapitulates the metabolic phenotype of brain progenitor cells. During the physiologic proliferation of neural progenitors, metabolic enzymes generally associated with malignancy, including Hexokinase 2 (Hk2) and Pyruvate kinase M2 (PkM2) configure energy metabolism to support growth. In these non-malignant cells, expression of Hk2 and PkM2 is driven by transcriptional regulators that are typically identified as oncogenes, including N-myc. Importantly, N-myc continues to drive Hk2 and PkM2 in medulloblastoma. Similarly E2F transcription factors and PPARγ function in both progenitors and medulloblastoma to optimize energy metabolism to support proliferation. These findings show that the "metabolic transformation" that is a hallmark of cancer is not specifically limited to cancer. Rather, metabolic transformation represents a co-opting of developmental programs integral to physiologic growth. Despite their physiologic origins, the molecular mechanisms that mediate metabolic transformation may nevertheless present ideal targets for novel anti-tumor therapy.
Interatomic potentials for ternary Nb - Ti - Al alloys

Interatomic potentials of the embedded-atom type were developed for the Nb - Al system via an empirical fitting to the properties of A15 . The cohesive energy and lattice parameters are fitted by the potentials, which also give good agreement with experimental values for the same properties in the phase. A second interatomic potential was developed for the Nb - Ti system via a fitting to the lattice parameters and thermodynamic properties of the disordered BCC phase. The Al and Ti potentials used here are the same as those used in our previous work to derive Ti - Al potentials based on TiAl. This allows the use of the present potentials in conjunction with those previously derived interactions to study ternary Nb - Ti - Al alloys. The potentials were used to calculate the heats of solution of Al and Ti in Nb, and to simulate the orthorhombic phase.
Life Satisfaction and Religion: A Reanalysis

Findings by Campbell et al. in The Quality of American Life suggesting that religious people tend to be somewhat less satisfied with their lives than the nonreligious are reexamined in this paper. Using the same data source and variables it is shown that their interpretation is in error, and that to the contrary, religion functions more as a resource than as compensation. In recent years the quality of life in American society has received a good deal of attention. But for the most part studies of life satisfaction and happiness have relied either on local samples or the few subjective items found in such national samples as the National Opinion Research Center's general social surveys and the Survey Research Center's national election studies. Fortunately, however, the recent Quality of American Life Survey conducted by the Survey Research Center has made possible much more complete analyses of life satisfaction in the United States. The first body of findings to be reported from this survey was The Quality of American Life (Campbell et al.). Campbell et al. treated a great range of issues, but my primary interest is with their findings about the relationship between religiosity and life satisfaction. A number of these findings contradicted earlier works that had shown religious persons to be more satisfied with their lives than is the tendency for nonreligious people. In this research note I report a reanalysis of their results in order to examine more fully the empirical relationship among religiosity and feelings of satisfaction. Research into Religion and Quality of Life
Double sine-Gordon ratchet induced by excitation of an internal mode.

In a recent paper [Phys. Rev. E 69, 056612 (2004)] we showed the symmetry analysis of Flach et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 184101 (2002)] which predicted the appearance of directed energy current in homogeneously spatially extended systems described by nonlinear field equations coupled to a heat bath in the presence of a correct choice for the time dependence of an external ac field, $E(t)$, was due to the excitation of an internal mode. Flach et al. applied their analysis to the sine-Gordon (SG) equation and verified the symmetry breaking numerically. In the SG case we showed the internal mode coupled to the center of the mass variable, $X(t)$, that caused the symmetry breaking was $\ensuremath{\Gamma}(t)$ the slope of the kink. We also found that the phonon dressing of the SG kink by the ac driver, $\ensuremath{\chi}(t)$, was necessary for the occurrence of a directed energy current in the SG equation. We show in the case of the double sine-Gordon (DSG) equation that the excitation of the internal mode, $R(t)$ (where $R(t)$ is the separation of the two subkinks that make up the DSG soliton), combined with the phonon dressing of the DSG soliton also causes a directed energy current.
Localization and the Metal-Insulator Transition—Experimental Observations

This article describes a series of experiments, mostly performed by the author and his collaborators over a period of 15 years, attempting to understand with the increase of disorder, the evolution from a Fermi liquid, to a state of localized electrons. During this period we relied heavily on theoretical advances, and the experiments were designed to test those theoretical models and challenge them in the regime of a highly correlated system. Experimentally, we were able to continuously tune through this regime into the insulating state and this allows measurements all the way from weak localization in two dimensions to strong localization and the insulating state. My efforts were focused mainly on electron transport and tunneling and will be described in this article. For this author, the work of my colleagues (and myself) during this period changed the way I think about electron transport.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FLUTE PROFILE ON FLAT CRUSH STRENGTH OF CORRUGATED BOARD

Curved beam theory is used to investigate the buckling failure of corrugated boards. The corresponding governing differential equation is developed from the geometry of the flute and the equilibrium equations. The resulting differential equation is highly nonlinear for which an iterative algorithm is presented. The method can be used to study buckling of the CB and measure the flat crush test (FCT) of a variety of flute shapes. It is shown that for a given amount of medium, there exists an optimum flute shape that gives the highest FCT. Because a low FCT means poor performance in printing operations and cushioning, the method can help manufacturers to select appropriate board. The corresponding algorithm and examples are presented.
A Built-In Self-Test scheme for DDR memory output timing test and measurement

This paper presents a Built-In Self-Test (BIST) scheme to measure high speed double data rate (DDR) memory output timing using low cost testers. This technique uses an on-chip pattern generator to generate a time delay between data and data-strobe or clock. The time delay is controlled precisely using a phase interpolator based cycle-by-cycle control method. A novel method for testing the resolution of phase interpolator, which does not need any extra hardware, is also presented. Using the test resolution, a timing pass/fail flag is set and the timing margin is quantified as a multiple of the test clock cycle. Since these test results have high observability, output per-pin timing performance can be diagnosed easily, which is especially good for testing parallel memory interfaces. Moreover, these features make our scheme compatible with low-cost testers and decreases the time-to-market for the chip. The BIST circuit has been implemented using the 0.18-µm CMOS process, and chip measurement results are presented. We obtained a test resolution of 10 ps for testing output timing. Using the fabricated test chip, this paper shows the effects of switching noise, per-pin skews and slew-rate change on output timing variations.
“Conservative” Kripke Closures

Computable Kripke closures are properties of relations which have closures in, roughly speaking, the sense of the transitive closure. They were introduced in [8] to generalize Kripke-style tableaux constructions and were studied from a model-theoretic perspective by Weaver and Gumb [19].
Molecular genetics of murine lupus.

Recent molecular analyses have suggested the following. The Ig VH genes of lupus mice are essentially normal or, alternatively, germ line genes encoding autoantibodies are present in both autoimmune and normal mice. Lupus-associated autoantibodies derive from a relatively large number of clonally unrelated B cells and are encoded by similar germ line elements to those encoding antibodies to foreign antigens without preferential expression of any particular VH–VL gene family or DH–VL elements. The genomic organization of T cell receptor (TCR) Cα-Cβ genes is similar in lupus and normal mice, except for a deletion encompassing Cβ1–Dβ2–Jβ2 elements unique to NZW mice. Most TCR Vβ genes are present in the genomes of lupus mice. The T cell receptor Vβ genes expressed in enlarged lymph nodes of MRL-lpr/lpr lupus mice are diverse, but show a preferential expression of the Vβ8.2/8.3 genes.
The problem of cultural fit—what can we learn from borrowing the German Dual System?

Culture impedes educational transactions between developed countries, and is often an area of tension when developing countries try to borrow models, or have models imposed upon them. This article uses the German Dual System as a case for examining issues surrounding the adaptation of borrowed models. Since attempts at borrowing models can fail for cultural as well as non‐cultural reasons, a contention here is that culture needs to be unpacked and laid bare, to avoid it becoming the too easy answer for failure. Borrowed models have a greater chance of taking hold, if the conditions that forged them are understood, and if conditions of the receiving country are likewise internalized. Limits imposed by culture have to be recognized. Four approaches to cultural borrowing that conceivably can reduce the tensions are proposed namely, partial borrowing, pilot borrowing, customization and conceptual borrowing.
The association of symbiotic algae with the resistance of Chlorohydra viridissima (Pallas) to Hydramoeba hydroxena (Entz)

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the association of symbiotic (i.e., mutualistic) algae in Chlorohydra viridissima (Pallas) with its high level of resistance to the pathogenic rhizopod Hydramoeba hydroxena (Entz). At a temperature of 25° C the probability of dying from the amoeba infection was significantly smaller for normal chlorohydras than for chlorohydras deprived of their algae (albinos). At a lower temperature of 15° the proportion dying was very low and the suspected influence of the zoochlorellae appeared to be slight. Normal infected hydras tended to survive longer than albinos in the light, but in darkness their longevities were identical. Light also had a detrimental effect on the average length of life of both infected and uninfected albinos. The initial growth rate of the hydramoeba population was higher on albino hydras in both light and darkness. Illumination had no effect on the hydramoeba growth rate. In addition those hydras which eventually died of the infection, whether normal or albino, had higher hydramoeba growth rates than those which survived the infection. In similar work with starved uninfected C. viridissima , normal hydras had greater longevities than albino hydras in both light and darkness. Normal hydras also survived significantly longer in light than in dark. In addition the rate of mortality of normals was lower than that of albinos in light. Normal hydra buds also have about 37 percent more protein than their albino counterpart. During starvation normal hydra buds lose protein (decrease in size) more slowly in light than in darkness. Based on these findings two possible mechanisms relating host resistance to the function of the zoochlorellae are suggested.