cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotion regulation predicts pain and functioning in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Methods The study sample included 43 children (37 female) ages 8-17 years (M = 12.77 years, SD = 2.29) previously diagnosed with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) and having active arthritis in the past 6 months. During an initial study visit, participants were trained in the use of a Smartphone for answering questions about pain, activity limitations, emotions, and use of emotion regulation strategies. Participants then were cued via audible alerts to respond to these questions three times per day for 4 weeks. Hierarchical linear models were used to evaluate the following: (a) whether pain and functional limitations were reliably greater for more emotionally labile children (i.e., children with high variability in positive and negative emotions); (b) whether pain and functional limitations reliably changed during moments when positive and negative emotions were higher or lower than typical for a given child; and (c) whether pain and functional limitations reliably changed during intervals when positive and negative emotions were “successfully” regulated (i.e., either recovered to or maintained within .5 standard deviations of a child’s typical positive or negative emotion intensity following use of one or more emotion regulation strategies). Results Pain intensity was significantly higher for children with greater negative and positive emotion lability (b=55.68, t(41)=2.17, p=.02; b=60.29, t(41)=2.18, p=.04) and at moments when negative and positive emotion intensities were higher or lower (respectively) than a given child’s typical level (b=3.14, t(2389)=-3.13, p<.01; b=-5.49, t(2389)=-8.01, p<.01). Pain intensity was significantly lower during intervals when negative and positive emotions were successfully maintained at adaptive levels (b=-2.51, t(1992)=-2.68, p<.01; b=-5.12, t(1870)=-5.82, p<.01) and when positive emotions were recovered to adaptive levels following a significant drop (b=-5.14, t(1549)=-4.71, p<.01). Limitations in daily activities were reliably greater for children with greater negative emotion lability (b=12.93, t(41)=2.09, p=.02) and at moments when negative emotion intensities were lower than a child’s typical level (b=1.11, t(2389)=-3.14, p<.01). Activity limitations were significantly lower during intervals when positive emotions were successfully maintained at adaptive levels (b=-.62, t(1870)=-2.00, p=.04) or negative emotions were recovered to adaptive levels following a significant rise (b=-1.42, t(804)=-2.59, p=.01).
The Research Queueing Package: Graphics Developments

The Research Queueing Package (RESQ) is a system for constructing and solving extended queueing network models. The extensions to classical queueing network models which are available in RESQ enable the modeler to represent many complexities which are found in computer systems, communication networks, distributed systems, office systems and manufacturing lines.
Equation Solving by Symbolic Computation

In proving theorems in analysis, we are often concerned about establishing the equivalence of two algebraic expressions. It is therefore natural to use computer programs that do symbolic manipulations for this purpose. There are now many such programs available, but since I happen to be the principal author of one of these, namely REDUCE [1], the examples I use will be biased towards this system. However, the ideas can be expressed equally well in other algebraic manipulation systems.
Retrieval, visualization, and mining of large radiation dosage data

Radiation dose monitoring has become an essential service that hospitals must perform. Depending on the system in place, this can result in the collection of large quantities of data, ripe for analysis. These data should include a wide variety of variables for each study because assessment of the propriety of the patient's dose is dependent on many factors, including patient age and size, as well as the body section that is being scanned. Moreover, the scanners themselves have many properties that affect patient dose, such as model, pitch and kVp. In this paper, we propose an engine that seamlessly integrated with a clinical PACS to retrieve radiation dosage data. We devised several schemes to analyze these data through visualization and mining techniques that examine it at different scopes. We demonstrate the utility of such visual methods at examining large, noisy, and multi-dimensional data, which is embodied in the collected radiation data.
Matching behavior as a tradeoff between reward maximization and demands on neural computation

When faced with a choice, humans and animals commonly distribute their behavior in proportion to the frequency of payoff of each option. Such behavior is referred to as matching and has been captured by the matching law. However, matching is not a general law of economic choice. Matching in its strict sense seems to be specifically observed in tasks whose properties make matching an optimal or a near-optimal strategy. We engaged monkeys in a foraging task in which matching was not the optimal strategy. Over-matching the proportions of the mean offered reward magnitudes would yield more reward than matching, yet, surprisingly, the animals almost exactly matched them. To gain insight into this phenomenon, we modeled the animals' decision-making using a mechanistic model. The model accounted for the animals' macroscopic and microscopic choice behavior. When the models' three parameters were not constrained to mimic the monkeys' behavior, the model over-matched the reward proportions and in doing so, harvested substantially more reward than the monkeys. This optimized model revealed a marked bottleneck in the monkeys' choice function that compares the value of the two options. The model featured a very steep value comparison function relative to that of the monkeys. The steepness of the value comparison function had a profound effect on the earned reward and on the level of matching. We implemented this value comparison function through responses of simulated biological neurons. We found that due to the presence of neural noise, steepening the value comparison requires an exponential increase in the number of value-coding neurons. Matching may be a compromise between harvesting satisfactory reward and the high demands placed by neural noise on optimal neural computation.
Emergent Decision-Making Practices in Free/Libre Open Source Software (Floss) Development Teams

We seek to identify work practices that make Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) development teams effective. Particularly important to team effectiveness is decision making. In this paper, we report on an inductive qualitative analysis of 360 decision episodes of six FLOSS development teams. Our analysis revealed diversity in decision-making practices that seem to be related to differences in overall team characteristics and effectiveness.
Assessing and analyzing change in attitudes in the classroom

We explore three analytic methods that can be used to quantify and qualify changes in attitude and similar outcomes that may be encountered in the educational context. These methods can be used or adapted whenever the outcome of interest is change in a generally unmeasurable attribute, such as attitude. The analyses we describe focus on: (1) change in total ‘attitude score’; (2) item‐level changes in attitudes towards different topics; and (3) ‘attitude shift’ that is defined based on a qualified change algorithm. In our example data, the total‐score approach gives a general index to the level of positive attitude; the item‐level approach gives the median level of positive attitude and indicates items with the most positive/negative attitude (i.e., items to target in future iterations). The qualified change approach provides an objective measure of whether a shift in attitude has occurred. Each analysis is described with its advantages and disadvantages using the data from a survey of 70 preclinical first...
Neuropeptide concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy : corticotrophin-releasing factor, β-endorphin and somatostatin

The CSF concentrations of CRF, somatostatin and beta-endorphin were determined in nine patients who fulfilled DSM-III criteria for major depression with psychotic features. CSF samples were obtained at baseline in the depressed state, and again after a course of ECT. Concentrations of both CRF and beta-endorphin decreased after ECT, while the concentration of somatostatin increased, although the latter difference did not attain statistical significance. The increase in CSF concentrations of CRF and beta-endorphin in depressed patients is therefore seen to be state-dependent.
Quantitative Measurement of Brightness from Living Cells in the Presence of Photodepletion

The brightness of fluorescently labeled proteins provides an excellent marker for identifying protein interactions in living cells. Quantitative interpretation of brightness, however, hinges on a detailed understanding of the processes that affect the signal fluctuation of the fluorescent label. Here, we focus on the cumulative influence of photobleaching on brightness measurements in cells. Photobleaching within the finite volume of the cell leads to a depletion of the population of fluorescently labeled proteins with time. The process of photodepletion reduces the fluorescence signal which biases the analysis of brightness data. Our data show that even small reductions in the signal can introduce significant bias into the analysis of the data. We develop a model that quantifies the bias and introduce an analysis method that accurately determines brightness in the presence of photodepletion as verified by experiments with mammalian and yeast cells. In addition, photodepletion experiments with the fluorescent protein EGFP reveal the presence of a photoconversion process, which leads to a marked decrease in the brightness of the EGFP protein. We also identify conditions where the effect of EGFP's photoconversion on brightness experiments can be safely ignored.
An optimization approach to the pole-placement design of robust linear multivariable control systems

Traditional pole-placement methods for calculating state-feedback gains for multivariable regulators or tracking systems do not come with stability robustness guarantees. Even if good robustness happens to be obtained, pole-placement calculation of observer gains for observer-based control systems often results in poor stability margins. In this paper, a parameterization of all feedback gain matrices corresponding to a given set of specified closed-loop pole locations is derived. This parameterization is easily modified for observer gain matrices corresponding to a set of desired observer poles. The feedback or observer gain matrices are calculated by finding the parameters that maximize the H-infinity unstructured stability robustness norm for the given control system. Examples are given showing that the proposed approach yields state feedback regulators with good robustness (better than LQR) and is particularly effective for designing robust observer-based control systems.
The relationship between obesity and asthma severity and control in adults

Background The association of obesity with asthma outcomes is not well understood. Objective The objective of this study was to examine the association of obesity, as represented by a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30 kg/m 2 , with quality-of-life scores, asthma control problems, and asthma-related hospitalizations. Methods The study followed a cross-sectional design. Questionnaires were completed at home by a random sample of 1113 members of a large integrated health care organization who were 35 years of age or older with health care use suggestive of active asthma. Outcomes included the mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire, the Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire, and self-reported asthma-related hospitalization. Several other factors known to influence asthma outcomes also were collected: demographics, smoking status, oral corticosteroid use in the past month, evidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and inhaled corticosteroid use in the past month. Multiple logistic regression models were used to measure the association of BMI status with outcomes. Results Even after adjusting for demographics, smoking status, oral corticosteroid use, evidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease, and inhaled corticosteroid use, obese adults were more likely than those with normal BMIs ( 2 ) to report poor asthma-specific quality of life (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.6-4.9), poor asthma control (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.7-4.3), and a history of asthma-related hospitalizations (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.4-14.4). Conclusions Our findings suggest that obesity is associated with worse asthma outcomes, especially an increased risk of asthma-related hospitalizations.
In vivo 19F NMR studies of hyperthermia: Hydrophobic environments probed by halothane

The steady-state distribution of the general anesthetic halothane in different rat tissues, including a renal adenocarcinoma with and without hyperthermia treatment, has been evaluated by in vivo 19F NMR spectroscopy. The 19F spectra of halothane (which is a hydrophobic probe) from within tissue show differences in the partitioning between normal rat tissues and adenocarcinoma. Muscle, as a control tissue, exhibits a single large resonance around 0 ppm. However, the adenocarcinoma exhibits two slow-exchanging resonances separated by 0.3 ppm with the one at the more hydrophobic chemical shift being more sensitive to hyperthermia treatment. The results from this tumor model suggest that 19F NMR spectroscopy may be useful first in detecting a change in hydrophobic environments using a lipophilic probe such as halothane, and secondly in monitoring the effects of hyperthermia, a treatment whose effectiveness may involve changes at the level of the plasma membrane. Under conditions of continuous delivery, a resonance which is not detected in the spectra of halothane in excised tissue appears 5 ppm downfield from the resonance for halothane localized in tissues. A rotating frame experiment is used to show that this resonance is derived from anesthetic absorbed on the tissue surface.
Enhancing material removal processes using modulation-assisted machining

The controlled application of low-frequency modulation to machining – Modulation Assisted Machining (MAM) – is shown to effect discrete chip formation and disrupt the severe contact condition at the tool–chip interface. This enables chips of different morphologies, including discrete-particle like chips, to be created, and prescription of the machined surface texture. A model for MAM is used to describe chip formation regimes and textures. Benefits include improved chip management; enhanced lubrication; reduction of tool wear; and enhanced material removal rates. Prototype implementation of MAM in processes such as drilling and turning is described in case studies.
Evaluation of the liver injury unit scoring system to predict survival in a multinational study of pediatric acute liver failure.

Objective To examine the predictive value of the Liver Injury Units (LIU) and admission values (aLIU) of bilirubin and prothrombin time and international normalized ratio scores in a large cohort from the Pediatric Acute Liver Failure (PALF) Study Group, a multinational prospective study. Study design LIU and aLIU scores were calculated for 461 and 579 individuals, respectively, enrolled in the PALF study from 1999 to 2008. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to evaluate the scores with respect to survival without liver transplantation (LT), death, or LT by 21 days after enrollment. Results At 21 days, 50.3% of participants were alive without LT, 36.2% underwent LT, and 13.4% died. The c-indices for transplant-free survival were 0.81 based on the LIU score with the international normalized ratio (95% CI, 0.78-0.85) and 0.76 based on the aLIU score (95% CI, 0.72-0.79). The LIU score predicted LT better than it predicted death (c-index for LT 0.84, c-index for death 0.76). Conclusion Based on data from a large, multicenter cohort of patients with PALF, the LIU score was a better predictor of transplant-free survival than was the aLIU score. The LIU score might be a helpful, dynamic tool to predict clinical outcomes in patients with PALF.
Nephron-sparing diagnosis and management of renal keratinizing desquamative squamous metaplasia.

Background and Purpose: Keratinizing desquamative squamous metaplasia (KDSM) of the upper urinary tract is a rare condition for which there is no defined management plan. A condition historically treated with extirpative surgery, conservative management would be preferable, because this is almost certainly a benign condition. We report the favorable clinical course of two cases of renal KDSM diagnosed and managed with a nephron-sparing approach, relying on ureteroscopy and serial imaging. Patients and Methods: Retrospective chart review was performed to obtain history, physical examination results, radiographic imaging, and diagnostic procedures. Results: Both patients were referred to our institution for evaluation of complex cystic renal masses. Both reported passing flaky material in their urine. Flexible ureteroscopy revealed waxy sediment in the collecting system, which broke up easily with manipulation and proved to be squamous keratin debris on cytologic and histologic examination. In 1 patient, we...
In situ intercalative polymerization of pyrrole in FeOCl: a new class of layered, conducting polymer-inorganic hybrid materials

The authors report here a structural form of polypyrrole in which polymerization and intercalation of pyrrole are brought about within the constrained van der Waals gap of a layered inorganic solid (FeOCl). Oxidative intercalation of organic molecules with concomitant reduction of the inorganic lattice is well established for FeOCl, and in the present case affords a novel class of conductive polymer-inorganic hybrid materials. The reaction of FeOCl with excess neat pyrrole (60/sup 0/C) yields a material analyzing as (Ppy)/sub 0.34/FeOCl. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal high crystallinity and an increase in FeOCl interlayer (b-axis) spacing from 7.980 to 13.210 A.
Generic web-based teleoperations architecture: details and experience

Teleoperation of remote devices on the World Wide Web is becoming more common and feasible. Prices on devices ranging from digital cameras to LEGO RCXs(tm) have dropped, making them available to a much wider audience. Increasing availability of remotely operable devices removes one barrier to ubiquitous telepresence, but leaves others intact. One of the remaining barriers is the need for a user to develop and deploy an end-to-end solution for device manipulation. The goal of our research is to reduce this barrier by making a flexible end-to-end solution accessible to a wide audience of potential Web device developers.
Optimal production control of a dynamic two-product manufacturing system with setup costs and setup times

This paper deals with the optimal control of a one-machine two-product manufacturing system with setup changes, operating in a continuous time dynamic environment. The system is deterministic. When production is switched from one product to the other, a known constant setup time and a setup cost are incurred. Each product has specified constant processing time and constant demand rate, as well as an infinite supply of raw material. The problem is formulated as a feedback control problem. The objective is to minimize the total backlog, inventory and setup costs incurred over a finite horizon. The optimal solution provides the optimal production rate and setup switching epochs as a function of the state of the system (backlog and inventory levels). For the steady state, the optimal cyclic schedule is determined. To solve the transient case, the system's state space is partitioned into mutually exclusive regions such that with each region, the optimal control policy is determined analytically.
Detection of yeast ribosomal RNA sequences in E. coli infected with hybrid bacteriophage

Yeast ribosomal DNA was inserted into Escherichia coli on a bacteriophage vector and the host cell RNA was then extracted and analyzed for the presence of yeast ribosomal RNA sequences. RNA complementary to yeast rDNA was detected by hybridization. The transcription of yeast rDNA was found to be independent of phage RNA synthesis and to occur on the same DNA strand as rRNA transcription in yeast. However, hybridization to restriction fragments of yeast rDNA suggested that the RNA species detected in E. coli differ somewhat from authentic yeast rRNA.
Modeling of soliton-dragging logic gates with gain.

Islam [Ultrafast Fiber Switching Devices and Systems (Cambridge U. Press, Cambridge, 1992)] and Islam and co-workers [in Digest of Integrated Photonics Research (Optical Society of America, Washington, D.C., 1992)] have proposed adding a lumped gain to soliton dragging logic gates in order to relax the timing constraints. Three reduced models are used to study the dragging gate with discrete gain and are compared with complete simulations. The most accurate of these methods, the variational method with chirp, predicts the time shift of the control pulse with an accuracy within 12% at all initial separations of the control and signal pulses. This method also predicts an increase by a factor of 2 in the timing window, a result that is consistent with complete simulations and experiments.
Gene conversion may aid adaptive peak shifts.

Abstract Gene conversion is often viewed as a homogenizing force that opposes adaptive evolution. The objective of this study is to suggest a potential role for gene conversion in adaptive evolution of proteins through aiding the transfer of a population from one adaptive peak to another. Our hypothesis starts with the observation that a tandem gene duplication may result in an extra gene copy that is released from selective constraints. In such cases, individually deleterious mutations may accumulate on the extra copy of the gene, and through gene conversion these mutations may subsequently be presented to the functioning gene for selection en masse. Thus, groups of mutations that jointly confer a selective advantage may regularly be made available for selection. We present a mathematical model of this process and identify the range of rates of gene conversion, gene duplication and mutation under which it may operate. The results indicate that the process may be biologically feasible if the rate of appearance of the potentially beneficial mutations is not too small in relation to the rates of null mutation and of gene conversion. This process appears to be a possible mechanism for effecting adaptive peak shifts in large populations. We show that all the evolutionary steps in the proposed model may have occurred in the evolution of primate γ -globin genes. We suggest that hide-and-release mechanisms for genetic variation may constitute a more general principal of evolvability.
Reference library service in the digital environment

The reference library plays a valuable role in a print environment for at least two purposes: direct ready reference, the seeking or verification of basic facts; and finding contextual aspects of a person, place, event, period, or other topic. For the first task, one needs an appropriate single source; for the second, a well-selected range of different reference resources, such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, atlases, bibliographies, and biographical dictionaries. Reference library service has not yet made an effective transition into the digital library environment. Research has focused on empowering reference librarians. A complementary emphasis on empowering library users, renewed attention to bibliographic access, and a more holistic view are needed.
Filamentous Bacterial Viruses VIII. Liquid Crystals of fd

Abstract Concentrated suspensions of filamentous bacterial viruses form cholesteric liquid crystals. Under appropriate conditions, spherulites are observed. The twisted nematic phase shows form optical rotation. In dry gels, where the pitch of the twisted layer is comparable to the wavelength of light, Bragg reflection from the sheets is observed.
Hepatic accumulation of 125I-thyroxine in the rat: augmentation by phenobarbital and chlordane.

Phenobarbital and chlordane, administered in dosage schedules known to induce drug-detoxifying enzymes, increased the concentration ratio of 126I-thyroxine between liver and plasma in rats. Since no effects on plasma binding of thyroxine were observed, it is concluded that these drugs stimulate the hepatocellular factors responsible for the reversible accumulation of thyroxine by liver. (Endocrinology 82: 406, 1968)
Creosote compounds in snails obtained from Pensacola Bay, Florida, near an onshore hazardous-waste site

Abstract Snails, Thais haemostoma , were collected from two areas offshore in Pensacola Bay, Florida, near an onshore hazardous-waste site. Tissue from the snails was extracted to isolate the lipophilic compounds and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Along with naturally occurring compounds, the snail tissue contained large concentrations of polycyclic aromatic compounds, such as phenanthrene, acridine, dibenzothiophene, dibenzofuran, and benzo[a]pyrene. Many of these compounds were characteristic of creosote contamination associated with the onshore hazardous-waste site.
Explant cultures of teleost spinal cord: source of neurite outgrowth.

Abstract The source of neurite outgrowth in explant cultures of normal adult Apteronotus spinal cord was examined. Explants which contained the central region of spinal cord, including ependyma, showed neurite outgrowth in culture. Explants which did not contain ependyma showed no neurite outgrowth. It is concluded that the ependymal region is necessary for neurite outgrowth in these cultures of adult teleost spinal cord. In addition, our failure to observe axon outgrowth clearly attributable to fluorescently back-labeled electromotor neurons in these cultures suggests that the exuberant neurite outgrowth in vitro is most probably due to cells other than the electromotor neurons. This explant culture system provides a unique opportunity to study neuronal differentiation, regeneration, and neurogenesis in vitro
Establishment of a regeneration-specific in vivo bioassay for neurotrophic activity in denervated Ambystoma forelimbs

Use of continuous3H-thymidine labeling and subsequent assay for cell cycle activity using a novel parameter, mitotic index of a selectively labeled cell population, has led to the development of a regeneration-specific in vivo bioassay for neurotrophic activity. This system is based on the stimulation of cell cycle arrested cells to resume cycling activity after reinnervation in denervated larvalAmbystoma mexicanum forelimb stumps.
A TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF SPHERULITE DEFORMATION: LIGHT SCATTERING MOVIES,

Abstract : It has been found practical to take a nearly continuous set of light scattering photographs from a single sample by using a continuous wave (C. W.) gas laser as the source, and a high speed motion picture camera as the detector. The polarized beam from a Spectra Physics Model 130 C.W. Laser was passed through a suitable cutoff filter to eliminate the blue fluorescent light, and then through a pin hole. The sample was placed in the rapid stretching device described previously (AAD-420 270). A polaroid sheet analyzer was placed between the sample and the photographic film. Generally, no lens was used in the Fastax WF-17 (or other) movie cameras employed. With a Fastax WF-17 Camera and a Spectra Physics Model 115 Gas Laser as source, good scattering patterns were obtained at camera speeds as high as 5400 frames per second, using Kodak Tri-X Negative film. There was change in H(V) scattering patterns on stretching medium density polyethylene, using a camera of intermediate speed.
Expression of a secreted fibroblast growth factor binding protein-1 (FGFBP1) in angioproliferative Kaposi sarcoma

Objective: Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative disease frequently seen in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Previous studies suggest that the HIV-1 protein Tat and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) have synergistic angiogenic effects in AIDS-KS tumors. However, the mechanisms by which FGF-2 is released and activated in KS tumors are not clearly defined. We carried out this study to determine whether an FGFbinding protein (FGFBP1 or BP1) that enhances the angiogenic activity of FGF-2 is expressed in AIDS-KS tumors, and to define whether BP1, FGF-2, and HIV-Tat protein-protein interactions could play a potential clinically role in the pathogenesis of AIDS-KS. Methods: BP1 was localized in AIDS-KS lesions by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies. The binding of radiolabeled FGF-2 to His-tagged BP1 or the FGF-receptor 1 was assessed in the presence and absence of HIV-Tat and other viral proteins. Mice carrying tetracycline-regulated BP1 transgene mice were used to determine whether activation of BP1 during wound healing induces KS-like lesions. Results: BP1 expression was detected in AIDS-KS tumor keratinocytes, spindle cells, and infiltrating mononuclear cells. In addition, HIV-Tat competed for the binding of FGF-2 to immobilized BP1, but does not affect the interactions of FGF-2 with its high affinity receptor (FGFR-1). In contrast, two other HIV-proteins, Nef and gp120, did not affect the binding of FGF-2 to BP1 or to FGFR-1. Finally, up-regulation of BP1 expression in tetracycline-regulated –conditional BP1 transgenic mice subjected to skin wounds, induced KS-like skin lesions. Conclusion: Taking into consideration the results of previous studies showing that both HIV-Tat and BP1 enhance the mitogenic and angiogenic activity of locally-stored FGF-2, both in vitro and in vivo, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which the release and activity of FGFs can be modulated in AIDS-KS tumors by HIV-Tat as well as BP1.
America’s Mega-Regional Trade Diplomacy: Comparing TPP and TTIP

The United States is currently negotiating two massive regional economic agreements, one with 11 Asian and Pacific Rim countries and the other with the 28-member European Union. The Trans-Pacific P...
Light absorption characteristics of the human meniscus: applications for laser ablation

Jay Huang, M.S.Chadwick F. Smith, M.D.University of Southern CaliforniaOrthopaedic Hospital, Los Angeles, CaliforniaINTRODUCTIONThere is an increasing interest in laser applications fororthopaedic surgery. Particularly relevant is the incorporation oflasers into arthroscopic surgery as arthroscopic meniscectomy isone of the more common operations performed in the United States.The more common lasers used in arthroscopy today are the carbon
Effects of zinc chloride on sulphur removal from coal-related structures

Abstract Compounds containing sulphur in structures similar to those in coal were reacted with ZnCl 2 which promotes the removal of sulphur from sulphides and disulphides in which sulphur is bonded to a methylene group. Reaction is initiated either by proton transfer from the Bronsted acid form of the catalyst or by direct complexing of the reactant to ZnCl 2 . During subsequent steps a carbonium ion is produced which can participate in electrophilic substitution with an aromatic centre. It is observed that a significant portion of the sulphur removed is retained by the ZnCl 2 as a Lewis acid/base adduct or reacts with the ZnCl 2 to form ZnS. These studies demonstrate that ZnCl 2 does not promote the removal of sulphur from diphenyl sulphide diphenyl disulphide, thiophene, or dibenzothiophene.
Crossing Disciplinary Boundaries: A Epilegomenon for Lockett and McWilliams

Although applauding the application of bibliometric techniques to an analysis of the management literature, this author presents an alternative interpretation to A. Lockett and A. McWilliams’s (2005) conclusion that, in general, the citation patterns of selected management journals compare “unfavorably” with a set of “core” journals from economics, psychology, and sociology. In doing so, the author discusses methodological and theoretical issues related to assessing the management discipline’s influence on science as a whole.
An Improved D-α-Tocopherol-Based Nanocarrier for Targeted Delivery of Doxorubicin with Reversal of Multidrug Resistance

Nanocarriers have recently emerged as an attractive platform for the delivery of various types of therapeutics including anticancer agents. Previously, we developed an improved TPGS delivery system (PEG5K-VE2) which demonstrated improved colloidal stability and greater in vivo antitumor activity. Nevertheless, the application of this system is still limited by a relatively low drug loading capacity (DLC). In this study we report that incorporation of a fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) motif at the interfacial region of PEG5K-VE2 led to significant improvement of the system through the introduction of an additional mechanism of drug/carrier interaction. Doxorubicin (DOX) could be effectively loaded into PEG5K-Fmoc-VE2 micelles at a DLC of 39.9%, which compares favorably to most reported DOX nanoformulations. In addition, PEG5K-Fmoc-VE2/DOX mixed micelles showed more sustained release of DOX in comparison to the counterpart without Fmoc motif. MTT assay showed that PEG5K-Fmoc-VE2/DOX exerted significantly higher levels of cytotoxicity over DOX, Doxil as well as PEG5K-VE2/DOX in PC-3 and 4T1.2 cells. A cytotoxicity assay with NCI/ADR-RES, a drug resistant cell line, suggested that PEG5K-Fmoc-VE2 may have the potential to reverse multidrug resistance, which was supported by its inhibition of P-gp ATPase. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution studies showed an increased half-life in blood circulation and more effective tumor accuulation for DOX formulated in PEG5K-Fmoc-VE2 micelles. More importantly, DOX-loaded PEG5K-Fmoc-VE2 micelles showed an excellent safety profile with a MTD (~30 mgDOX/kg) that is about 3 times as much as that for free DOX. Finally, superior antitumor activity was demonstrated by PEG5K-Fmoc-VE2/DOX in both drug-sensitive (4T1.2 and PC-3) and drug-resistant (KB 8-5) tumor models compared to DOX, Doxil, and PEG5K-VE2/DOX.
Variation in outcrossing rate and population genetic structure of Clarkia tembloriensis (Onagraceae)

Outcrossing rate estimates for eight accessions of Clarkia tembloriensis indicate that this annual plant species has a wide interpopulational range of outcrossing rate (\(\hat t = {\text{0}}{\text{.03}} - {\text{0}}{\text{.87}}\)). Populations' t estimates were significantly correlated with observed heterozygosity and mean number of alleles per locus. Estimated fixation indices, \(\hat f\), for most populations were very close to their expected values, Feq, for a given \(\hat t\) Nei's gene diversity statistics showed that the group of outcrossing populations have more total genetic variation and less differentiation among populations than does the group of selfing populations. These results indicate that the breeding system of C. tembloriensis has had a strong influence on the amount and distribution of genetic variation within and among its populations.
Level anticrossing and mixing effects in excited molecular triplet states. Direct observation by optical detection of magnetic resonance

Abstract This paper reports the direct observation of level anticrossing and mixing effects between a pair of Zeeman sublevels of a phosphorescent triplet state using optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR) methods. By carrying out the ODMR experiment at resonance fields below, at, and above the avoided crossing point, direct measurements of the interaction ( V ) which couples the two states have also been made. For 13 C-benzophenone in a single crystal of 4,4′-dibromodiphenylether at 1.6 K, we find | V | = 30 MHz with H | z , but in other orientations and systems different values of V are obtained.
Antioxidant activities of caffeic acid and its related hydroxycinnamic acid compounds

Hydroxycinnamic acid compounds are an important source of antioxidants due to their ubiquitous occurrence in the plant kingdom and their characteristic activities. In this study, we compared the antioxidative and free radical scavenging activities of caffeic acid (CA), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), ferulic acid (FA), ferulic acid phenethyl ester (FAPE), rosmarinic acid (RA), and chlorogenic acid (CHA) with those of α-tocopherol and BHT. In the Rancimat test, the addition of test compounds in lard significantly extended the induction time of lipid oxidation, and the activities in decreasing order were CA ∼ α-tocopherol > CAPE ∼ RA > CHA ≫ BHT > FA ∼ FAPE. When the lipid substrate was changed to corn oil, the effectiveness of antioxidants on the induction time was obviously decreased, and the potency order of antioxidants was changed to RA > CA ∼ CAPE ∼ CHA > α-tocopherol > BHT; FA and FAPE had no significant antioxidative effect in the corn oil system. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH...
New techniques for making whole-cell recordings from CNS neurons in vivo.

Abstract Patch-type pipettes increasingly are being used to obtain intracellular ‘whole-cell’ recording from neurons. Here we describe our methods for making whole-cell recordings in vivo from midbrain neurons in an electric fish. Novel elements in the procedure are: A device for micropositioning the pipette when near a cell use of a ‘Picospritzer’ for cleaning the pipette tip and cell surface, and an electroporetic method, for perforating the patch following seal formation. In addition, we show that extracellular and intracellular recordings can be made from the same neuron. Stable intracellular recordings can be made from neurons at least as small as 10 μm.
Milk Coagulation Time: Linear Relationship with Inverse of Rennet Activity

Abstract The extent to which time for milk coagulation is linear with the inverse of enzyme activity was investigated. The Formagraph can be used to measure time for coagulation of milk over a range of rennet activity. Linearity of coagulation time versus inverse of enzyme activity exists within the range of concentration .0011 RU/ml to .16 RU/ml, which represents relative variation in rennet activity of 1:140.
Coping motives, negative moods, and time-to-drink: exploring alternative analytic models of coping motives as a moderator of daily mood-drinking covariation.

Abstract Affect regulation models of alcohol use posit individuals use alcohol to modify mood states. Importantly, these models hypothesize that individual differences in coping motives for drinking moderate the relation between drinking and negative moods. Despite consistently significant correlations among negative moods, coping motives, and alcohol involvement in numerous between-level studies, within-person analyses have yielded results inconsistent with theoretical models. Analytic techniques modeling time-to-drink have provided results more consistent with theory, though there remains a paucity of research using these methods. The purpose of the current study was to explore whether coping motives moderate the relation between negative moods and the immediacy of drinking using methodology outlined by Hussong (2007) and Armeli, Todd, Conner, and Tennen (2008). Overall, our study showed little evidence for hypothesized mood–motive–alcohol use relations, thus demonstrating that time-to-drink approaches may not provide more consistent support for these hypotheses.
Scene-based wavefront sensing for remote imaging

Scene-based wave-front sensing (SBWFS) is a technique that allows an arbitrary scene to be used for wave-front sensing with adaptive optics (AO) instead of the normal point source. This makes AO feasible in a wide range of interesting scenarios. This paper first presents the basic concepts and properties of SBWFS. Then it discusses the application of this technique with AO to remote imaging, for the specific case of correction of a lightweight optic. End-to-end simulation results establish that in this case, SBWFS can perform as well as point-source AO. Design considerations such as noise propagation, number of subapertures and tracking changing image content are analyzed.
Elliptic equations and decomposition

Abstract The decomposition method is applied to solve elliptic equations in several dimensions.
While China's dominance in rare earths dips, concerns remain about these and other elements

China's dominance in the production of rare earth elements (REEs) peaked with that nation producing 97% of them in 2010; this number already has dipped to 90% in 2012 as mines in other nations are coming online, according to REE expert Karl Gschneidner Jr., a professor at Iowa State University's Ames Laboratory. Chinese production could drop to 60% by 2014, with production increasing at mines in the United States and other countries, he said. However, this reduction in China's share of REE production does not signal an end to the production crisis in REEs and other critical minerals, Gschneidner and others noted during a 1 May panel discussion on critical materials shortages at the AGU Science Policy Conference in Washington, D. C. REEs are a group of 17 chemically similar metallic elements used in a variety of electronic, optical, magnetic, and catalytic applications, and despite their name, they are relatively plentiful in the Earth's crust. China's control of known REE reserves has dropped from 75% in 1975 to 30.9% in 2012, with other regions also having large reserves, including the Commonwealth of Independent States (some former Soviet Republic states), the United States, and Australia, according to Gschneidner. Critical minerals are mineral commodities that are particularly important for a nation's economy or national defense that could potentially face supply disruptions.
Bifurcating Solutions and Stabilities for Multigroup Neutron Fission Systems with Temperature Feedback

This article studies a system of reaction-diffusion equations describing neutron fission in a reactor. There are m equations for neutrons in m energy groups and a last equation for temperature. The interaction rates depend on temperature feedback. It is shown that a nontrivial positive steady state bifurcates from zero as the size of the reactor varies. The asymptotic stability of the positive solution is also shown. Methods in bifurcation theory, linearized stability, and sectorial operators are used. The results improve some existing theories on the subject.
Applied physics: Brighter images with no added noise.

A special type of optical amplifier based on a vapour of rubidium has been demonstrated that makes faint images brighter without adding noise. This concept could find use in biological imaging and image processing.
Creativity and narcissism: A self-psychology examination of the life and work of jackson pollock

Abstract Creativity can be viewed in several ways within the framework of self-physichology. It provides an outlet for narcissistic tensions in all individuals, whether pathological or not. In narcissistically impaired individuals creativity serves a second function, namely to help restore narcissistic equilibrium through the production of an object (i.e., a work of art), which provides not only satisfaction for the self buit also obtains positive external mirroring. In this manner creativity acts as a structruing force for the traumatized self. Jackson Pollock was a narcissistically vulnerable artist who certainly suffered from severe self-pathology, but who became one of the greatest painters of the 20th century in spite of these psychological impediments. His ability to create seemed tied to certain key relationships with selfobjects, illustrating the concept of Kohut's transference of creativity. Through an examination of these transferences in the framework of self-psychology, creativity can be seen to be a structuring force for the damaged self.
Rapid method for the analysis of trihalomethanes in water

Abstract A rapid and precise method for the analysis of trihalomethanes (THMs) in water is described. Samples are extracted with methyleyclohexane and analysed by gas chromatography using a short capillary column and electron-capture detection. THMs elute with baseline separation in 1.25 min, and detection limits of 1 μg/1 are readily achievable using 100-ml samples and 2 ml of solvent. Standards are prepared in the same way as samples by extraction of aqueous solutions to compensate for the relatively low extraction efficiencies which result from the low solvent to water ratio used. Ascorbic acid is a more effective sample preservative than sodium thiosulphate.
Familial occurrence of extramammary paget's disease

Two cases of extramammary Paget's disease occurring in the same family (a father and son) are presented. A search of the world literature reveals no previous record of the familial occurrence of extramammary Paget's disease. One might hypothesize a linkage between genetic abnormality and predisposition to cancer because of this presentation or the coincidental occurrence of this disease in a father and a son.
Internet-Based Bilateral Teleoperation Based on Wave Variable With Semi-Adaptive Predictor and Direct Drift Control

In a conventional bilateral teleoperation, transmission delay over the internet can potentially cause instability. One of the more robust methods of dealing with this problem is the wave variable. Wave variable guarantees teleoperation stability even under varying transmission delay at the cost of poor transient performance. Adding a predictor on the master side can reduce this undesirable side-effect, but that would require a slave model. Inaccurate slave model used in the predictor as well as variations in transmission delay, both of which are likely under realistic situations, can result in steady state errors. A direct drift control algorithm is used to drive this error to zero regardless of the source of error. A semi-adaptive predictor that can distinguish between free space and rigid contact environment is also used to provide a more accurate force feedback on the master side. This research presents the experimental results and evaluations of the previously mentioned wave variable based methods under realistic operation environment using real master and slave.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Neural changes in acute arthritis in monkeys. III. Changes in substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and glutamate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

The effects of an experimentally induced arthritis on immunoreactivity of putative primary afferents neurotransmitter/neuromodulators were examined. Immunoreactive staining for substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and glutamate (Glu) in the monkey dorsal horn was examined following inflammation of one knee joint induced by injection of 5% kaolin and 5% carrageenan. Spinal cords were examined at different time periods after induction of arthritis (2.5, 4, 6 and 8 h). Side to side differences in immunoreactivity were determined by a computer assisted quantitation system. A significant overall decrease in immunoreactivity of the lumbar versus the cervical dorsal horn was found for SP. The decrease for SP showed maximal changes of 68.3% at 4 h and 54.7% at 6 h. Immunoreactivity for CGRP was decreased 31.5% at 8 h and variable at other time points. Immunoreactivity for Glu, showed an ipsilateral increase of 31.4% at 4 h, 33.7% at 6 h, 39.9% at 8 h and a significant effect for lumbar versus cervical. Repetitive peripheral stimulation of the joint was shown to be important for changes in SP and Glu immunoreactivity. Without frequent peripheral stimulation in the early stages of the development of arthritis, SP showed no quantitative side to side differences. Increases in Glu immunoreactivity were present but not as prominent with minimal joint manipulation. These studies suggest that Glu may be involved in the aching pain of inflammation at rest whereas SP, CGRP and Glu may mediate pain induced by joint movement.