cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viewing the Asian American Experience Through a Culturally Centered Research Lens: Do Scholarship in Family Science and Related Disciplines Fall Short?

ABSTRACT To better understand and serve Asian-Americans, it is imperative for the family science related fields to take a leadership role in providing in-depth insight into Asian-American families. In this article we report a descriptive analysis of articles published in prominent family-based journals over a 14-year period (1992–2006) relative to their attention to Asian-American families. This study examines the types of research conducted and the knowledge that has been generated about Asian-American families. It also provides a framework for considering future culturally centered research with this population.
Measurements of the fast neutron flux at 20 mwe underground

Results of measurements of the fast neutron flux underground at 20 meters water equivalent (mwe) depth are presented. Neutrons were identified by pulse shape discrimination using a 4.5 1 liquid scintillator detector. The integral flux of neutrons with energy 11.5 ≤ En ≤ 50 MeV was found to be (1.07−0.30+0.41) × 10−6 cm−2 s−1.
The molecular stoichiometry of trypsin inhibition by human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor.

Abstract The stoichiometry of interaction of human alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor with porcine trypsin has been determined using a highly purified preparation of inhibitor. In contrast to the reports of others, one mole of alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor was found to inhibit two moles of trypsin. Disc gel electrophoresis indicates that the 2:1 complex is preferentially formed even when free alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor is still present.
Application of a Transition-Sensitive Two-Equation Turbulence Model to CFD Simulations of Missile Nose-Cone Geometries

This paper presents results from an ongoing effort to develop and validate a two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence model for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) prediction of transitional and turbulent flow. The new model is based on a k-ω model framework, making it more easily implemented into existing general-purpose CFD solvers than other recently proposed model forms. The model incorporates inviscid and viscous damping functions for the eddy viscosity, as well as a production damping term, in order to reproduce the appropriate effects of laminar, transitional, and turbulent boundary layer flow. The new model has been implemented into a Mississippi State University (MSU) Computational Simulation and Design Center (SimCenter) developed flow solver (U2NCLE), as well as a commercially available CFD code (FLUENT). For model validation, comparisons were made to experimental data for an incompressible, zero-pressure gradient, flat plate geometry over a range of freestream turbulence quantities, using both of the flow solvers. Additional test cases were performed with the in-house flow solver and compared to experimental data for two sharp-cone geometries. The Mach number for the cone cases ranged from 0.4 to 2. The results presented in this document show that the new model performed well for the 2-D test cases and showed agreement with the experimental data of the 3-D geometries. The results illustrate the ability of the model to yield reasonable predictions of transitional flow behavior using a very simple modeling framework, including an appropriate response to freestream turbulence quantities.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Fundamental Causes of Housing Loss among Persons Diagnosed with Serious and Persistent Mental Illness: A Theoretically Guided Test.

Previous research on housing loss among severely mentally ill persons who have been placed in housing after being homeless has been largely atheoretical and has yielded inconsistent results. We develop a theory of housing loss based on identifying fundamental causes—problems in motives, means and social situation—and test these influences in a longitudinal, randomized comparison of housing alternatives. As hypothesized, individuals were more likely to lose housing if they had a history of alcohol or drug abuse, desired strongly to live independently contrary to clinician recommendations, or were African Americans placed in independent housing. Deficits in daily functioning did not explain these influences, but contributed to risk of housing loss. Our results demonstrate the importance of substance abuse, the value of distinguishing support preferences from support needs, and the necessity of explaining effects of race within a social context and thus should help to improve comparative research.
EFFECTS OF LEAF AGE AND POSITION ON LARVAL PREFERENCES OF THE FALL WEBWORM, HYPHANTRIA CUNEA (LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)

The fall webworm Hyphantria cunea Drury is a polyphagous lepidopteran which has been recorded on over 200 host species. In New England, although it occurs on a large number of species, the most frequently exploited host is black cherry, Prunus serotina Ehrh.
Heat-Transfer Characteristics in Slurry Bubble Columns at Elevated Pressures and Temperatures

The heat-transfer behavior between an immersed heating surface and the surrounding gas−liquid−solid medium in a slurry bubble column is studied experimentally and analytically. The operating pressures and temperatures vary up to 4.2 MPa and 81 °C, respectively. Nitrogen, Paratherm NF heat-transfer fluid, and 53-μm glass beads are used as the gas, liquid, and solid phases, respectively. The solids concentrations are varied up to 35 vol %, while the superficial gas velocities are varied up to 20 cm/s. The effects of gas velocity, solids concentration, pressure, and temperature on the heat-transfer coefficient are examined. It is found that pressure has a significant effect on heat-transfer characteristics. The heat-transfer coefficient in a slurry bubble column decreases appreciably with an increase in pressure. It is noted that the variation in the heat-transfer coefficient with pressure is attributed to the counteracting effects of the increased liquid viscosity, decreased bubble size, and increased gas h...
Heat and mass transport across diffusive interfaces bounded by turbulent convecting regions

Abstract The vertical transport of heat and solute across a stable diffusive interface separating two turbulent convecting regions of different concentration is experimentally investigated. Convection in this case is driven by sideways heating such that the horizontal interface separating the convecting regions is sandwiched between two opposite flowing turbulent boundary layers. Flux laws, for the vertical heat and solute transport are developed. These laws are then used to study the effect of changes in layer size and number on vertical transport in multilayered convecting systems. It is found that the vertical transport in such systems is independent of convecting layer size or number.
Survival with scleroderma—II: A life-table analysis of clinical and demographic factors in 358 male U.S. veteran patients

Survival of 358 males first diagnosed scleroderma in a VA hospital was analyzed according to entry characteristics. The overall cumulative survival rate by the life-table method declined to 35 per cent after 7 yr of follow-up. Older patients survived significantly worse than younger (p < 0.001) and this age effect occurred only in the first 2 yr. No racial or geographic differences in survival were found. All 17 patients with kidneys involved died within 10 months. Men with heart but not kidney involvement had 13 per cent survival after 7 yr and those with lung but neither kidney nor heart had 34 per cent survival. Patients without these circulatory organs involved at entry had the best survival (44 per cent) although far less than expected (91 per cent). In the latter patient group, factors associated with significantly reduced survival were: older age, elevated sedimentation rate, anemia, proteinuria and heavy use of alcohol or cigarettes. None of the common therapies, including corticosteroids influenced survival.
Amantadine Therapy in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

Objective: To review literature on amantadine therapy in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data Sources: MEDLINE (1966-March 2006), EMBASE (1974-March 2006), BIOSIS (1969-March 2006), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-March 2006) were searched to identify papers on the clinical outcomes of patients with TBI treated with amantadine. A bibliographic search was also performed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Papers were excluded if they were not published in English, if they included patients less than 16 years old, or if they included patients in whom the effects of multiple medications, rather than amantadine alone, were studied. Reports were categorized according to the time of initiation of amantadine following the injury. Data Synthesis: Reports examining early initiation of amantadine suggest a possible benefit for treatment of decreased responsiveness and functional recovery. One report examining late initiation of amantadine failed to demonstrate benefit in the treatment of motor impairment, while 2 reports suggested possible improvement of functional recovery. Finally, reports examining late initiation of amantadine in the treatment of cognitive and behavioral therapy demonstrated possible benefit. Conclusions: Further investigation is needed before either early or late initiation of amantadine can be recommended for treatment of decreased responsiveness and functional recovery. However, while additional research is conducted, late initiation of amantadine can be considered an option for the treatment of cognitive and behavioral impairments in patients with TBI.
Influence of temperature on evasive responses of Atlantic herring larvae attacked by yearling herring, Clupea harengus L.

Predation encounters were staged in the laboratory between yearling herring, Clupea harengus L., 66 to 104 mm t.l., and herring larvae, 8 to 30 mm t.l.., at 8,11 and 14o C. Video records were used to quantify prey behaviour. Prey responsiveness, reactive distance, response latency, and apparent looming threshold were not affected by temperature. Response speeds increased with temperature. Predator error rate and capture success showed no consistent thermal effects. Although the experiments could not fully evaluate the influence of temperature on the predators, results suggest that the predator's performance largely governs the outcome of an attack on a larva and that higher temperatures favour the predator by increasing the frequency of its encounter with prey.
Low level of U.V.-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in postmitotic brain cells of hamsters: possible relevance to aging.

Abstract DNA repair was measured in brain and liver cells in terms of their ability to undergo unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in response to u.v. radiation. The proportion of brain cells exhibiting u.v.-induced UDS decreased from 13.4 to 4.2% as hamsters aged from 4–8 days to 38–57 days and then remained at this low level at least to day 551, which is approx. 2 3 of the maximum life span of this strain of hamster. Repair synthesis in brain cells during this long period was approx. 9.6% of that found in adult lung cells, 22.4% of that found in adult kidney cells and, at most, 50% of that in adult liver cells. This suggests that the postmitotic brain has a low repair capacity compared to other tissues. If this rate of repair is less than the rate at which endogenous DNA damage occurs, then such damage would accumulate and perhaps contribute significantly to normal aging.
An Approach for Assessing Structural Uplifting Using Blast Motions

The simplified methods in current codes for determining the shear capacity of reinforced concrete shear walls had mostly been validated using the test results of single-element shear walls. Recently available JNES/NUPEC test data of reinforced concrete shear walls under multi-directional cyclic loadings provided a unique opportunity to investigate the adequacy of the simplified methods for use in situations with strong interaction effects. A total of 11 test specimens with aspect ratios between 0.47 and 0.87 have been used in the assessment. Two simplified methods from the ACI 349-01 standard [1] and one from the ASCE 43-05 standard [2] have been evaluated. This paper also presents the development of an adjustment factor to consider the aspect ratio and the development of two approaches to consider interaction effects for one of the simplified methods. It concludes with the insights on the applicability of the code methods when interaction effects exist.
Interchange stability of a rapidly rotating magnetosphere

A rotation-dominated magnetosphere is unstable to magnetic flux-tube interchange motions if and only if the plasma content of a unit magnetic flux tube is a decreasing function of distance from the spin axis. For a spin-aligned dipole field, an approximate expression is obtained for the marginally stable distribution. Plasma filling the Jovian magnetosphere from internal sources would initially violate this stability criterion so that interchange motions would act to establish the marginally stable distribution.
The Overshoot Phenomena in Single Crystals of Cu-15 at% Al Tested in Tension. I. Electron Transmission Studies

Electron transmission observations were made at different positions of the shear stress-strain curve for Cu-15 at% Al single crystals tested in tension into the state of overshoot. Dislocation interactions between the primary slip system and other slip systems were systematically examined. It was determined that the conjugate slip system was the most important secondary system and that the interactions between primary and conjugate dislocations forming short lengths of Lomer-Cottrell dislocations were responsible for the latent hardening of the conjugate system, and therefore the overshoot phenomenon. The densities of conjugate dislocations and subsequent Lomer-Cottrell interactions increased with increasing strain during stage II work hardening. Elektronendurchstrahlungsuntersuchungen wurden an verschiedenen Stellen der Scher-spannungs-Dehnungs-Kurve fur Cu-15 at% Al-Einkristalle durchgefuhrt, die bei Spannung im Zustand des Uberschwingens untersucht wurden. Versetzungswechselwirkungen zwischen dem primaren Gleitsystem und den anderen Gleitsystemen wurden systematisch untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, das das konjugierte Gleitsystem das wichtigste sekundare System ist und das die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den primaren und den konjugierten Versetzungen, die kurze Strecken von Lomer-Cottrell-Versetzungen bilden, verantwortlich fur die latente Verfestigung des konjugierten Systems sind und daher fur das Phanomen des Uberschwingens. Die Dichte konjugierter Versetzungen und der sich daraus ergebenden Lomer-Cottrell-Wechselwirkungen wachst mit steigender Dehnung im Bereich II der Verfestigungskurve.
A Case Study of Group Communication Patterns in a Large Project Software Engineering Course

Effective communication among members of a software development team is considered to be a critical factor in the success of software projects. Social network analysis is a promising way to analyze communication patterns that has been used in a number of studies of professional software development teams. In this paper, we present preliminary data on communication events collected in a software engineering course and analyze it on a number of measures including basic social network measures. Successful groups are compared to an unsuccessful group on these measures. This is a work in progress report of a project to use social network analysis as a means of studying communication patterns among software engineering students, in order to improve teaching strategies.
The importance of the leader sequence for directing lanthionine formation in lacticin 481.

Lantibiotics are post-translationally modified peptide antimicrobial agents that are synthesized with an N-terminal leader sequence and a C-terminal propeptide. Their maturation involves enzymatic dehydration of Ser and Thr residues in the precursor peptide to generate unsaturated amino acids, which react intramolecularly with nearby cysteines to form cyclic thioethers termed lanthionines and methyllanthionines. The role of the leader peptide in lantibiotic biosynthesis has been subject to much speculation. In this study, mutations of conserved residues in the leader sequence of the precursor peptide for lacticin 481 (LctA) did not inhibit dehydration and cyclization by lacticin 481 synthetase (LctM) showing that not one specific residue is essential for these transformations. These amino acids may therefore be conserved in the leader sequence of class II lantibiotics to direct other biosynthetic events, such as proteolysis of the leader peptide or transport of the active compound outside the cell. Howeve...
Women and Stroke Knowledge: Influence of Age, Race, Residence Location, and Marital Status

Worldwide, stroke is the second leading cause of death and leading cause of disability. Women experience over half of all strokes, 60% of stroke-related deaths, and a death rate of 11% versus 8.4% for men. To understand the delay in stroke recognition and treatment, a convenience sample of 97 midlife women living in southeast North Carolina completed the Stroke Recognition Questionnaire. Rural women, younger women (<49 years old), and participants with incomes under $35,601 had higher stroke symptom and risk factor knowledge scores. Educational interventions should target women over the age of 50, and should distinguish between symptoms of stroke versus heart attack.
Race, interest convergence, and transfer outcomes for black male student athletes

Critical Race Theory is used to consider the educational outcomes that could accrue when the interests of black male student athletes converge productively with the interests of community college administrators, faculty, and coaches.
The benefits of in-home pharmacy evaluation for older persons.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential benefit of a pharmacist performing in-home medication evaluations on frail older people. DESIGN: Prospective analysis with pre-post comparison. SETTING: A hospital-based home care program at the Sepulveda Veterans Affairs Medical Center. PARTICIPANTS: Male veterans in a home care program who live within 15 miles of the medical center and take three or more prescription medications (N = 20, mean age: 75.1 years). MEASURES: Prescribed medications were documented from the medical records and compared with regimens actually being followed in the home. In addition, the home was inspected, patients were educated, and recommendations were made to the prescribing physicians when necessary. RESULTS: At first visit, patients had a mean of 6.0 prescribed daily medications but were only taking 4.7 of these regularly. Also noted were many potentially unnecessary medications (70% of subjects) and multiple problems with the medication regimen (e.g., incorrect drug frequency or dosage, expired medications, medication omission). Follow-up visit revealed a significant decrease in medication discrepancies and problems (P ≤ .05). CONCLUSION: An in-home pharmacy assessment reveals many problems with drug administration not otherwise detected easily. These assessments can lead to potentially useful interventions that can improve medication regimens and compliance. Determination of long-term effects must await controlled trials.
Partial Inhibition of Ca2+ Current by Methoxyverapamil (D600) Reveals Spatial Nonuniformities in [Ca2+]i During Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Cardiac Myocytes

Abstract The laser scanning confocal microscope was used in conjunction with the Ca2+ indicator fluo 3 to examine the spatiotemporal properties of free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) transients in isolated rat cardiac myocytes. We show that localized increases in [Ca2+]i (Ca2+ sparks) can be triggered by membrane depolarization in cardiac myocytes when the sarcolemmal Ca2+ current amplitude is reduced by methoxyverapamil (D600). These depolarization-evoked Ca2+ sparks are similar in amplitude and spatiotemporal properties to spontaneous Ca2+ sparks previously observed at rest. These observations support the idea that Ca2+ sparks are the result of the activation of functional elementary units of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release. The synchronous activation of a large number of Ca2+ sparks can explain the increased amplitude and slower time course of the electrically evoked [Ca2+]i transient as well as the presence of spatial nonuniformities in [Ca2+]i during its rise. The data shown here suggest a model for excitat...
A simple technique for preventing bar displacement with the Nuss repair of pectus excavatum.

Abstract Background/Purpose: The most common complication of the minimally invasive technique for repair of pectus excavatum (MIRPE) is bar displacement, which has been reported to occur in 9.5% of all cases, particularly in teenaged patients. The use of a lateral stabilizing bar has improved stability but has not eliminated the occurrence of this problem. The authors report a new technique added to the standard MIRPE that creates an additional third point of fixation of the pectus bar to prevent displacement. Methods: The technique requires the simple placement, via a spinal needle, of a nonabsorbable suture next to the sternum, encircling a rib and the bar, using a single 3-mm stab wound and thoracoscopic guidance. The suture simply is buried under the skin. Since 1998, this technique has been applied to 20 patients who underwent MIRPE. Results: The average age was 14 years; 80% were boys. Average operating time was 75 minutes, and all patients had thoracoscopy with the MIRPE. A lateral stabilizing bar also was used in 14 patients. Four patients had 2 struts placed. Average length of stay was 5.5 days. There were no early complications. Mean follow-up was 12 months. Bar displacement occurred in 1 patient early in the series in which an absorbable suture was used for fixation. One patient had a prolonged hospital stay of 7 days because of postoperative pain. Conclusions: This modification to the original technique of MIRPE creates a 3-point fixation system that minimizes the risk of bar shifting even in teenaged patients. It does not add any significant time or cost to the operation, and it is fairly simple to perform. The authors believe that this technique decreases the occurrence of bar displacement, and they recommend its use for all patients with pectus excavatum considered candidates for the Nuss repair. J Pediatr Surg 36:1266-1268. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Fluorescently labeled cellulose nanocrystals for bioimaging applications.

Cellulose nanocrystals are promising candidates for applications in nanomedicine. To enable the use of fluorescence techniques in in vitro and in vivo studies, cellulose nanocrystals were labeled with fluorescein-5‘-isothiocyanate (FITC) via a three-step reaction, involving epoxy activation of the nanocrystal surface, opening of the epoxy rings with ammonium hydroxide, and coupling of FITC molecules to the primary amino groups. The FITC content of the labeled cellulose nanocrystals was determined by UV/vis spectroscopy. A FITC content of 0.03 mmol/g of cellulose, equivalent to 5 FITC moieties per 1000 anhydroglucose units, was obtained using the described method.
X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Heavy Minerals: ABSTRACT

Suites of heavy-mineral samples from the Upper Cretaceous sediments and Recent littoral sediments of the eastern Gulf coastal plain have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction techniques and conventional optical methods. Initial results indicate that X-ray diffraction can be used as a routine, rapid, and supplementary method of analysis for large numbers of heavy-mineral samples. Distinctive patterns for specific mineral suites are produced and meaningful associations are thereby determined, from which smaller numbers of samples are selected for detailed, conventional, optical analysis. Detailed identification and quantification of individual mineral elements in each of the irradiated samples are not the immediate purposes, but are possible. Techniques have been developed to yield reproducible results and to overcome some of the problems inherent to the X-ray diffraction analysis of small, highly cleavable, and high iron content mineral samples. This technique requires uniform grinding of samples to less than 4 microns and the randomly oriented mounting of the particles in an X-ray transparent medium. Variables important to reproductibility and interpretation of data produced by this technique have been studied and their effects determined. These variables include mineral composition, texture of original sample, superimposition of peak positions, size of sample, grinding, orientation of mounted grains, mounting media, and irradiation variables. Heavy-mineral samples from the Upper Cretaceous sediments in the eastern Gulf coastal region can be separated readily into several distinctive X-ray diffraction-pattern associations that are identical with associations determined by detailed and time-consuming optical analysis. End_of_Article - Last_Page 546------------
Fundraising in academic libraries: the United States experience

Funding in academic libraries has become increasingly problematic and competitive during the last part of the twentieth century. Academic libraries manage, collect and provide access to an ever‐growing arsenal of information for an increasing number of users in an environment of growing financial constraints. Libraries employ highly trained and educated staff, need complex facilities and sophisticated electronic technologies in order to operate successfully. The economic issues facing libraries in the 1990s and beyond are complex. Today, new approaches are needed to address financial dilemmas of the academic library. Thus, major efforts are underway to increase budgets for academic libraries through fundraising. Different types of fundraising for academic libraries are examined here and creative methods are detailed, as examples, from different institutions. Some statistics are included to provide illustrations. Related issues of resource sharing, contracts and fee‐based services are offered as part of an entrepreneurial approach to library management.
Low inhibitory control and restrictive feeding practices predict weight outcomes.

Objective A priority for research is to identify individuals early in development who are particularly susceptible to weight gain in the current, obesogenic environment. This longitudinal study investigated whether early individual differences in inhibitory control, an aspect of temperament, predicted weight outcomes and whether parents' restrictive feeding practices moderated this relation. Study design Participants included 197 non-Hispanic white girls and their parents; families were assessed when girls were 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 years old. Measures included mothers' reports of girls' inhibitory control levels, girls' reports of parental restriction in feeding, girls' body mass indexes (BMIs), and parents' BMIs, education, and income. Results Girls with lower inhibitory control at age 7 had higher concurrent BMIs, greater weight gain, higher BMIs at all subsequent time points, and were 1.95 times more likely to be overweight at age 15. Girls who perceived higher parental restriction exhibited the strongest inverse relation between inhibitory control and weight status. Conclusion Variability in inhibitory control could help identify individuals who are predisposed to obesity risk; the current findings also highlight the importance of parenting practices as potentially modifiable factors that exacerbate or attenuate this risk.
Effect of porosity on moisture diffusion during drying of pasta

Abstract Heat and mass transfer studies were conducted with pasta cylinders at different porosities, temperatures and pressures. Tests with pasta cylinders were conducted at porosities of 6 and 26%, temperatures of 40, 55, 71 and 105 °C and total pressures of 77, 101 and 202 kPa. Analysis of tests conducted with 3.18, 4.76 and 5.56 mm diameter dense pasta cylinders (6% porosity) at 71 °C indicated that mass transfer was consistent with control by internal diffusion. The drying characteristics of dense samples were not affected by total pressure, suggesting that the mechanism of internal moisture movement is best considered a liquid or adsorbed phase diffusion phenomenon. Effective moisture diffusivities of dense pasta increased as temperature and moisture content increased, with values ranging from 8 to 106 × 10−12 m2/s. Diffusivities of porous pasta (26% porosity) ranged from 36 to 221 × 10−12 m2/s. Heat transfer studies with dense and porous pasta indicated that the center temperature for 5.56 mm diameter pasta cylinders approached the dry bulb air temperature within 3 °C in less than 10 min, supporting the assumption that pasta drying can be considered an isothermal process. A semi-empirical model for moisture diffusivity in pasta that accounts for the effects of porosity, pressure and moisture binding was developed. The model agrees reasonably well with experimental data for dense pasta, and for porous pasta at low and atmospheric pressures (77 kPa and 101 kPa). The model underpredicts the moisture diffusivity for porous pasta at high pressures (202 kPa). The model provides a reasonable estimate of moisture diffusivity in pasta.
Localization of group IIc low molecular weight phospholipase A2 mRNA to meiotic cells in the mouse

We use in situ hybridization to demonstrate that the testicular expression of a novel, mouse, low molecular weight phospholipase A2 (PLA2 Group IIc) mRNA is specific to cells undergoing meiosis. A complete cDNA (1421 bp) encoding the mouse Pla2g2c gene was generated with reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and 5' and 3' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) RT-PCR, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. Northern blots of RNA from different tissues revealed a single 1.6 kb transcript only in testis. In situ hybridization indicated that this mouse gene is transcribed mainly in pachytene spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and round spermatids. Expression of the gene is seen in all stages of the seminiferous epithelium, especially in stages VI-VII.
A NEAR OPTIMAL GUIDANCE ALGORITHM FOR AERO-ASSISTED ORBIT TRANSFER

The paper presents a near optimal guidance algorithm for aero-assited orbit plane change, based on minimizing the energy loss during the atmospheric portion of the maneuver. The guidance algorithm makes use of recent results obtained from energy state approximations and singular perturbation analysis of optimal heading change for a hypersonic gliding vehicle. This earlier work ignored the terminal constraint on altitude needed to insure that the vehicle exits that atmosphere. Thus, the resulting guidance algorithm was only appropriate for maneuvering reentry vehicle guidance. In the context of singular perturbation theory, a constraint on final altitude gives rise to a difficult terminal boundary layer problem, which cannot be solved in closed form. This paper will demonstrate the near optimality of a predictive/corrective guidance algorithm for the terminal maneuver. Comparisons are made to numerically optimized trajectories for a range or orbit plane angles.
NMR spectroscopic investigations of mixed aggregates underlying highly enantioselective 1,2-additions of lithium cyclopropylacetylide to quinazolinones.

The solution structures of mixed aggregates derived from lithium alkoxides and lithium acetylides were investigated as part of a program to develop practical syntheses of quinazolinone-based nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Low-temperature 6Li, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopies reveal that mixtures of lithium cyclopropylacetylide (RCCLi), a (+)-carene-derived amino alkoxide (R*OLi), and lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) in THF/pentane afford a (RCCLi)3(R*OLi) mixed tetramer, a C2-symmetric and asymmetric (RCCLi)2(R*OLi)2 mixed tetramer, and a C3-symmetric (RCCLi)(R*OLi)3 mixed tetramer. Analogous mixtures of RCCLi/R*OLi in Et2O and Me2NEt also provide 3:1, 2:2, and 1:3 mixed tetramers. The stereochemistry of aggregation is highly sensitive to the medium. The C2-symmetric (RCCLi)2(R*OLi)2 mixed tetramer is formed in Et2O, whereas the asymmetric isomer is formed in Me2NEt. LiHMDS in THF is shown to be an efficient proton scavenger without forming LiHMDS−RCCLi or LiHMDS−R*OLi mixed aggregate...
Promoting mealtime communication between adolescent mothers and their infants through videotape

Objective. To use social learning theory to develop and examine the effectiveness of a 15-minute, culturally sensitive videotape in altering mealtime communication and attitudes among African-American adolescent mothers. Design. Randomized clinical trial with baseline and follow-up evaluations. Setting. High schools, WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) Clinics, and Family Support Centers serving low-income families. Participants. Fifty-nine first-time, African-American adolescent mothers of infants. Intervention. Intervention group viewed and received a copy of a videotape titled Feeding Your Baby With Love. The messages, title, music, and setting were designed by an advisory group of six African-American adolescent mothers who were filmed feeding their infants in their homes. Measurements and Results. During baseline and follow-up evaluations, mothers were videotaped feeding their baby and completed a questionnaire on attitudes toward mealtime behavior. Analysis of covariance with repeated measures indicated changes in both behavior and attitudes. At follow-up, intervention mothers were more involved with their infant and reported more favorable attitudes toward feeding and communication than control mothers. Conclusions. Brief culturally sensitive videotapes may be effective strategies to promote parenting skills and to prevent social and health problems among adolescents. Pediatrics 1997;99:432-437; adolescent parents, videotape, prevention, communication, feeding, mealtime.
Characterizing and measuring path diversity of internet topologies

Path diversity describes the number of disjoint paths between hosts and characteristics of those paths, such as path length, latency, and bottleneck bandwidth. Despite wide interest in such techniques, little work has been done that actually characterizes and measures the path diversity that exists in large-scale deployed packet networks like the Internet. Our work characterizes layer-3 path diversity in the Internet.
Mass spectral characterization of tetracyclines by electrospray ionization, H/D exchange, and multiple stage mass spectrometry

Electrospray ionization (ESI) and collisionally induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra were obtained for five tetracyclines and the corresponding compounds in which the labile hydrogens were replaced by deuterium by either gas phase or liquid phase exchange. The number of labile hydrogens, x, could easily be determined from a comparison of ESI spectra obtained with N2 and with ND3 as the nebulizer gas. CID mass spectra were obtained for [M + H]+ and [M - H]- ions and the exchanged analogs, [M(Dx) + D]+ and [M(Dx) - D]- , and produced by ESI using a Sciex API-III(plus) and a Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer. Compositions of product ions and mechanisms of decomposition were determined by comparison of the MS(N) spectra of the un-deuterated and deuterated species. Protonated tetracyclines dissociate initially by loss of H2O (D2O) and NH3 (ND3) if there is a tertiary OH at C-6. The loss of H2O (D2O) is the lower energy process. Tetracyclines without the tertiary OH at C-6 lose only NH3 (ND3) initially. MSN experiments showed easily understandable losses of HDO, HN(CH3)2, CH3 - N=CH2, and CO from fragment ions. The major fragment ions do not come from cleavage reactions of the species protonated at the most basic site. Deprotonated tetracyclines had similar CID spectra, with less fragmentation than those observed for the protonated tetracyclines. The lowest energy decomposition paths for the deprotonated tetracyclines are the competitive loss of NH3 (ND3) or HNCO (DNCO). Product ions appear to be formed by charge remote decompositions of species de-protonated at the C-10 phenol.
Crystal chemistry of merrillite from Martian meteorites: Mineralogical recorders of magmatic processes and planetary differentiation

Merrillite is a ubiquitous accessory phase in a variety of Martian meteorite lithologies. The Martian merrillites exhibit a positive correlation between Mg# and Na and a negative correlation between Mg# and both Mn and vacancies in the octahedral Na-site. Their REE patterns are varied and range from LREE-depleted to LREE-enriched. The dominant cation substitutions in the Martian merrillites are Fe2+VI Mg-siteMg2+VI Mg-site and Ca2+VI Na-site + □VI Na-site2Na+VI Na-site. The REE substitution into the 8-fold coordinated Ca-site is accommodated by the coupled substitution CaVIII Ca-site + (Na)VI Na-site (Y3+ + REE3+)VIII Ca-site + □VI Na-site. The REE substitution is significantly more prevalent in lunar merrillite and can be used as a “fingerprint” to distinguish lunar from Martian meteorites. The substitution of OH− (whitlockite) and/or F− (bobdownsite) for O2− on one of the phosphate tetrahedrons appears to be rather insignificant. The correlations among Na, Mg#, Mn, and Na-site vacancies are linked to the premerrillite crystallization history of the melt and the crystal chemical behavior of the Mg- and Na-sites. The former reflects the sequence and extent of plagioclase and pyroxene crystallization. The differences in REE pattern shapes among the merrillites reflect source regions for the Martian basalts and the shapes are not greatly perturbed by the crystallization history. The occurrence of merrillite does not imply low-volatile component in the Martian magmas. However, the low whitlockite and bobdownsite contents suggest that these samples were not altered by hydrothermal fluids and therefore not reset owing to aqueous fluid interactions. Consequently, the young ages of the shergottites are probably true igneous crystallization ages.
Inhibition of adrenocortical, mitochondrial and microsomal monooxygenases by SU-10'603, a steroid 17α-hydroxylase inhibitor

SU-10'603 is a pyridine derivative that is widely used as a steroid 17 alpha-hydroxylase inhibitor. Studies were done to evaluate its effects in vitro on several other monooxygenases in guinea pig adrenal mitochondrial and microsomal preparations. In adrenal mitochondria, SU-10'603 produced a concentration-dependent inhibition of 11 beta-hydroxylation; 50% inhibition was obtained at a concentration of approximately 0.5 mM. Its potency was similar to that of the 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, metyrapone. SU-10'603 was a more potent inhibitor of cholesterol sidechain cleavage (CSC) than of 11 beta-hydroxylation; a 50% decline in CSC activity was produced by an inhibitor concentration of approximately 0.1 mM. In adrenal microsomal preparations, SU-10'603 had no effect on the rate of 21-hydroxylation of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. However, SU-10'603 was a potent inhibitor of adrenal microsomal xenobiotic metabolizing monooxygenases (benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase, benzphetamine demethylase), effecting approximately 50% inhibition of both reactions at a concentration of 0.05 mM. The results indicate that SU-10'603 inhibits several monooxygenases in the guinea pig adrenal cortex and is thus not specific for 17 alpha-hydroxylation.
Couloub excitation of 197Au and a core-excitation analysis

Additional results for magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole transition moments have been obtained from the Coulomb excitation reaction on 197Au with 4He and 16O ions. The accuracy of earlier results from the Coulomb excitation reaction has been improved. The measurements included γ-ray yields, γ-ray angular distributions, and γ-γ coincidence spectra. The reduced E2 and M1 transition probabilities for all transitions among the low-lying levels 12+ (ground state), 12+ (32+)2, 52+, 72+ are compared with the predictions of de Shalit's core-excitation model of the nucleus. In particular, the data from the intramultiplet transitions have provided a more stringent quantitative test of the core-excitation model. The electromagnetic properties for 197Au are described rather well by the model. The model parameters for the core state are found to have values which are in accord with the experimental data for the electromagnetic properties of the 2+ state in the neighboring even-A nuclei.
Reflective probing of laser generated multi-kbar compressional shocks in water

Abstract The structure of the shock front generated by propagating a multikilobar laser driven compressional ramp wave into water was probed using laser reflectivity. Good agreement between the observed reflection coefficient of the front and the Fresnel formula implies that the spatial extent of the leading edge of the shock was less than 0.06 000000mm, corresponding to a risetime of less than 20 ps. A graphical technique is also presented that describes both the shock formation and decay process for laser driven condensed phase compressional waves. Using this procedure, the shock was found to fully form after propagating approximately 100 μ m in water consistent with experimental observation.
Cumulative damage in steel structures subjected to earthquake ground motions

Abstract Experimental data are presented from low cycle fatigue tests of structural steel components. In these tests the failure modes of local buckling in beam flanges and fracture at weldments were studied in detail. Cumulative damage models are proposed which permit a life prediction for arbitrary cyclic loading histories. For the local buckling failure mode a series of linear damage models is used to predict deterioration threshold and deterioration, whereas a single model is used for the fracture mode. Crack propagation at weldments is modeled with a crack growth rate model based on the plastic strain range. Adequate predictions of lives were obtained from the analytical models.
A nonlinear atomization model for computation of drop size distributions and spray simulations

SUMMARY A model has been developed to provide a comprehensive simulation of a spray formed by a high-speed liquid jet. The primary atomization process is simulated in a completely nonlinear fashion using the boundary element method under the assumption of axisymmetric, inviscidow. The presence of the orice boundary layer is simulated with a ring vortex whose strength and location are uniquely de- termined from boundary layer properties at the orice exit plane. Droplet and axisymmetric ligament tracking models have been developed to provide more comprehensive spray simulations. The breakup of the axisymmetric ligaments shed from the parent surface is assessed both in a nonlinear fashion as well as using the linear stability analysis of Ponstein. Using this latter approach, drop size distributions have been generated fromrst principles and compared with the popular Rosin-Rammler model. Copyright ? 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dethreading during the preparation of polyrotaxanes

Using a diol blocking group, bis(p-tert-butylphenyl)bis[p-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)phenyl]methane (diol BG 1), a diol with a sterically large core, copolysebacate 30-crown-10 (30C10) rotaxanes 8, 9 and 10 were synthesized by incorporating different amounts of 1,10-decanediol. These copolymeric rotaxanes were characterized by different techniques, including proton NMR spectra, hydrolytic recovery of 30C10 and 2D NOESY. It was found that threaded 30C10 displayed a range of chemical shifts corresponding to the various sequence structures in which it was constrained. In addition, it was proved that the threading efficiency (m/n value, the average number of cyclic molecules per repeating unit) increased with feed ratio of diol BG 1 vs. 1,10-decanediol. A linear relationship of threading or dethreading degree vs. the percentage of diol BG in the total diol feed was revealed; more BG, less dethreading. The results demonstrate that dethreading occurs during the polycondensation in the absence of BGs.
SIMULATED ATMOSPHERIC NO3− DEPOSITION INCREASES SOIL ORGANIC MATTER BY SLOWING DECOMPOSITION

Presently, there is uncertainty regarding the degree to which anthropogenic N deposition will foster C storage in the N-limited forests of the Northern Hemisphere, ecosystems which are globally important sinks for anthropogenic CO2. We constructed organic matter and N budgets for replicate northern hardwood stands (n ¼ 4) that have received ambient (0.7-1.2 g Nm � 2 � yr � 1 ) and experimental NO3 � deposition (ambient plus 3 g NO3 � -Nm � 2 � yr � 1 ) for a decade; we also traced the flow of a 15 NO3 � pulse over a six-year period. Experimental NO3 � deposition had no effect on organic matter or N stored in the standing forest overstory, but it did significantly increase the N concentration (þ19%) and N content (þ24%) of canopy leaves. In contrast, a decade of experimental NO3 � deposition significantly increased amounts of organic matter (þ12%) and N (þ9%) in forest floor and mineral soil, despite no increase in detritus production. A greater forest floor (Oe/a) mass under experimental NO3 � deposition resulted from slower decomposition, which is consistent with previously reported declines in lignolytic activity by microbial communities exposed to experimental NO3 � deposition. Tracing 15 NO3 � revealed that N accumulated in soil organic matter by first flowing through soil microorganisms and plants, and that the shedding of 15 N-labeled leaf litter enriched soil organic matter over a six-year duration. Our results demonstrate that atmospheric NO3 � deposition exerts a direct and negative effect on microbial activity in this forest ecosystem, slowing the decomposition of aboveground litter and leading to the accumulation of forest floor and soil organic matter. To the best of our knowledge, this mechanism is not represented in the majority of simulation models predicting the influence of anthropogenic N deposition on ecosystem C storage in northern forests.
Nonmonotonic inheritance and generic reflexives

Generic reflexive statements such as Elephants love themselves have traditionally been formalized using some variant of predicate logic, with variables to mark coreferentiality. We present a radically different semantics for reflexives, based on nonmonotonic inheritance and an extension to Touretzky's inferential distance ordering. Our system can derive new generic reflexive statements as well as statements about individuals. And unlike the leading predicate logic-based approaches, our formalism does not use variables; this brings it closer in structure to actual human languages. The significance of this work for AI is its demonstration of the benefits of a non-classical knowledge representation for analyzing commonsense reasoning phenomena.
The Study of Product Configuration Information Model and Repository

Product configuration design model is established on the basis of the base type product of standardization, seriation. According to the needs of customers, This paper arranges the physical and functional structure of the product, and sets up configuration model of the whole model. Through the analysis and configuration design, provides the final product to meet customer requirements. In this article, introduces the mix of configuration design knowledge representation methods, so as to adapt to the requirements of different types of product design.
Nursing Ethics and Power in Position

Power in positions of authority and responsibility may be manifested in myriad ways in management positions, with all businesses and disciplines, including the discipline of nursing. From the nursing disciplinary theoretical perspective of humanbecoming, this column begins a discussion regarding the obligations of healthcare disciplines to address the ethical questions of what should and ought members of healthcare disciplines be doing to enhance the quality and integrity for healthcare recipients' experiences. Exercising power judiciously and with transparency will be defined and emphasized as important for members of healthcare disciplines, for preserving and protecting the legacy of future healthcare leaders.
Teachers’ beliefs regarding composition in elementary general music: Definitions, values, and impediments:

The purpose of this research was to investigate teachers’ beliefs about compositional experiences in the elementary music classroom. Elementary music teachers (N = 176) in Michigan completed a rese...