cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Presence of Hürthle Cells Does Not Increase the Risk of Malignancy in Most Bethesda Categories in Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspirates

Background: Hurthle cell/oncocytic change is commonly reported on thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and may be considered an "atypical cell" by clinicians. This study aims to delineate the association between Hurthle cells in preoperative cytology and subsequent pathology of the indexed thyroid nodule and to report rates of malignancy. Methods: Retrospective review of records of 300 patients with Hurthle cell/oncocytic change on FNA and final surgical pathology at a tertiary referral center between 2000 and 2013 was performed and compared with a multi-institutional FNA cohort. The degree of Hurthle cell presence was correlated with histopathologic diagnoses. Results: In the Hurthle cell FNA group, Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) categories were as follows: I (nondiagnostic) 14 (4.7%); II (benign) 113 (37.7%); III (atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance) 33 (11%); IV (follicular neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm) 125 (41.6%); V (suspicious for malignancy) 12 (4%); and VI (malignant) 3 (1%). When categorized based on the degree of Hurthle cell change, 59 (29%) were classified as mild, 13 (6%) moderate, and 131 (65%) as predominant. When comparing the results with a multi-institutional FNA cohort (all with surgical confirmation), the presence of Hurthle cells was found to be associated with a lower risk of malignancy in all BSRTC categories, with a statistically significant difference in the BSRTC IV and V groups. The sole exception was when Hurthle cell presence was classified as predominant (defined as >75% of the cellular population); the rate of malignancy was significantly elevated in FNAs interpreted as benign/Bethesda II. Conclusions: Although Hurthle cells have been considered by clinicians as an "atypical cell," their presence does not increase the risk of malignancy within BSRTC categories overall. However, when predominant Hurthle cell change is present, the risk of malignancy is increased in the benign cytology/BSRTC category II.
Heat treatment improves the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in rats with femoral artery occlusion via a reduction in the activity of the P2X receptor pathway.

Key points During exercise, the blood pressure (BP) response is exaggerated in peripheral artery disease (PAD). We examined whether heat treatment (HT) has beneficial effects on the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in PAD rats. With HT (increase in basal muscle temperature of ∼1.5°C for 30 min, twice daily for three continuous days), the amplified BP response to muscle contraction is alleviated in PAD. We demonstrated that HT attenuates the enhancement of the BP response induced by stimulation of P2X in muscle afferent nerves of PAD rats. HT also attenuates the upregulation of the P2X3 and the increase in P2X currents in the muscle afferent neurons of PAD rats. Previous heat exposure plays a beneficial role in modifying the exaggeration of the exercise pressor reflex in PAD and a reduction in the activity of the P2X receptor pathway is probably a part of the mechanism mediating this improvement. Abstract The current study was performed to examine if heat treatment (HT) has beneficial effects on the exaggerated exercise pressor reflex in rats with peripheral artery disease (PAD). We further determined if the temperature-sensitive P2X receptor is involved in the effects of HT. The pressor response to static muscle contraction and α,β-methylene ATP (αβ-me ATP, a P2X agonist) was examined. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein levels of P2X3 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and the whole cell patch clamp was used to examine the amplitude of P2X currents in the DRG neurons. The basal muscle temperature (Tm ) was lower in PAD rats than in control rats. Tm was increased by ∼1.5°C and this increase was maintained for 30 min. This HT protocol was performed tweice daily for three continuous days. A greater blood pressure (BP) response to contraction was observed in PAD rats. HT attenuated the amplification of the BP response in PAD rats. HT also attenuated the enhancement of the BP response induced by the arterial injection of αβ-me ATP in PAD rats. In addition, HT attenuated the upregulation of the P2X3 and increased P2X currents in the DRG neurons of PAD rats. In conclusion, previous heat exposure plays an inhibitory role in modifying the exaggeration of the exercise pressor reflex in PAD and a reduction of the activity of the P2X receptor pathway is probably a part of mechanisms leading to the beneficial effects of HT.
Quantifying evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) using an eddy covariance approach

Abstract Accurate quantification of consumptive water requirements (ETc, evapotranspiration) of cropping systems is a critical prerequisite for sustainable irrigation water management applications. For applying the ETc for irrigation scheduling across soils and climates other than the location in which it was measured, it is also critical to develop crop coefficients (Kc) that link a reference crop evapotranspiration computed from local weather data to ETc. A systematic study for deriving Kc for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) - representing its growth stages from planting to harvest - in humid climates is lacking in the literature. In this study, we used an eddy covariance (EC) method to quantify ETc from irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in a 250 ha field with a Tunica clay soil, in 2017 and 2018. In the EC experiment, an open-path infrared gas analyzer and a sonic 3-D anemometer were deployed in the constant flux layer above the cotton canopy for collecting crop-canopy water flux data. Using the measured ETc, Kc were derived for alfalfa (Kcr) and grass (Kco) reference crop ET computed from weather data. Cotton cv. Delta Pine Land 1522 was planted in the first week of May and harvested in the second week of September in both the years. Lint yield was 1269 kg ha−1 in 2017 and 1569 kg ha−1 in 2018. Measured monthly averaged daily ETc ranged between 2.5 mm in May/September to 4 mm in July in 2017, and between 2.9 mm in May and 4.4 mm in August in 2018. Maximum daily ETc in 2017 and 2018 crop seasons were 5.6 and 6.7 mm, respectively. Seasonal total ETc was 367 mm and 439 mm (on average 402 mm), respectively. Alfalfa (ETr) and grass reference crop ET (ETo) computed were 664 and 546 mm, respectively. Averaged across the two years, average daily Kcr ranged between 0.45 in May to 0.80 in August, and Kco ranged from 0.54 in May and 0.99 in August. On average, seasonal ETr was 18 % more than ETo. Seasonal ETr and ETo were, respectively, 39 % and 22 % more than ETc. The Kc data developed will be useful for irrigation scheduling in cotton grown in similar climates and soils.
Factors predicting help seeking for mental illness among college students

Evidence supports the contribution of various stigma-related constructs to help-seeking. These constructs have yet to be tested in a single model among college students, a group highly affected by ...
CHAPTER 6 – Subroutines

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a subroutine as an auxiliary routine used in conjunction with, but not as part of, the main routine or main program. Individual computers vary according to the methods by which a return jump is achieved. In some machines, the repertoire of instructions includes a return jump instruction in which both the jump address and the location at which the return address is to be stored are implicitly understood. The computer carries out the assembly operation under the control of an assembly program. SURAP selects the named subroutine from its permanent storage location in the library, which is probably on a magnetic tape, and provides a copy of it in assembled form.
Managing Diamide Resistance in Florida Tomato

As with any insecticide, repeated use of diamide insecticides on successive generations of the same pest may lead to the development of insecticide resistance. In order to avoid the development of resistance to diamides by targeted pests of tomato, group 28 insecticides, including diamides, must be rotated with insecticides possessing different modes of action. This 3-page fact sheet was written by Hugh A. Smith, and published by the UF Department of Entomology and Nematology, February 2013. Revised July 2016.
Improving sleep safety for infants less than one year of age on a general pediatric floor

Background: In 2016, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) published updated safe sleep environment recommendations in order to reduce the risk of all sleep-related infant deaths. Currently, infants admitted to the UMass Memorial Children’s Medical Center are often not placed in safe sleep environments. This modeling of unsafe sleep practices by healthcare providers likely increases the prevalence of unsafe sleep practices at home. This quality improvement project seeks to increase the percentage of admitted infants placed in safe sleep environments in order to decrease the risk of sleep-related …
Barriers to pre-emptive kidney transplantation in New Zealand children.

AIM Pre-emptive kidney transplantation (PKT) is generally considered the optimal treatment for kidney failure as it minimises dialysis-associated morbidity and mortality and is associated with improved allograft survival. This study aimed to determine rates of paediatric PKT in New Zealand, identify barriers to PKT and consider potential interventions to influence future rates of pre-emptive transplantation. METHODS Children commencing kidney replacement therapy between 2005 and 2017 in New Zealand were included. Descriptive analysis considered those referred late (referral <3 months prior to kidney replacement therapy initiation) or early based on referral timing to paediatric nephrology. Additional analysis compared characteristics of children receiving dialysis versus pre-emptive transplant as their first mode of kidney replacement therapy. RESULTS PKT occurred in 15 of 90 children (17%). One-third of all patients were referred late. No late referrals received a pre-emptive transplant. Pre-emptively transplanted children were referred younger (median age 0.49 years), lived in less deprived areas, were more likely to have congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract and none were Māori or Pasifika ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Late referral, higher deprivation levels and Māori and Pasifika ethnicity confer a greater risk of not receiving pre-emptive transplantation. Improved education amongst health professionals about recognition of paediatric chronic kidney disease and the importance of timely referral to paediatric nephrology is recommended to reduce rates of late referral. A modified approach including enhanced culturally appropriate support for those diagnosed with chronic kidney disease during transplant evaluation should be pursued to improve equity.
Development of a MicroRNA Signature Predictive of Recurrence and Survival in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Background: Optimal patient selection for radiotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is unestablished. Molecular profiling may select patients at high risk for locoregional recurrence (LRR) who would benefit from radiation. Methods: We included resectable pancreatic cancer (R-PDAC) patients, divided into training and validation cohorts, treated among three institutions with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, and borderline resectable or locally advanced pancreatic cancer (BR/LA-PDAC) patients treated with chemotherapy with or without radiation at the primary study institution. We isolated RNA from R-PDAC surgical specimens. Using NanoString, we identified miRNAs differentially expressed between normal and malignant pancreatic tissue. ElasticNet regression identified two miRNAs most predictive of LRR in the training cohort, miR-181b/d and miR-575, which were used to generate a risk score (RS). We evaluated the association of the median-dichotomized RS with recurrence and overall survival (OS). Results: We identified 183 R-PDAC and 77 BR/LA-PDAC patients with median follow up of 37 months treated between 2001 and 2014. On multivariable analysis of the R-PDAC training cohort (n = 90), RS was associated with worse LRR (HR = 1.34; 95%CI 1.27–11.38; p = 0.017) and OS (HR = 2.89; 95%CI 1.10–4.76; p = 0.027). In the R-PDAC validation cohort, RS was associated with worse LRR (HR = 2.39; 95%CI 1.03–5.54; p = 0.042), but not OS (p = 0.087). For BR/LA-PDAC, RS was associated with worse LRR (HR = 2.71; 95%CI 1.14–6.48; p = 0.025), DR (HR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.10–3.38; p = 0.022), and OS (HR = 1.97; 95%CI 1.17–3.34; p = 0.011). Additionally, after stratifying by RS and receipt of radiation in BR/LA-PDAC patients, high RS patients who did not receive radiation had worse LRR (p = 0.018), DR (p = 0.006), and OS (p < 0.001) compared to patients with either low RS or patients who received radiation, irrespective of RS. Conclusions: RS predicted worse LRR and OS in R-PDAC and worse LRR, DR, and OS in BR/LA-PDAC. This may select patients who would benefit from radiation and should be validated prospectively.
Connective Technologies in the Supply Chain

RFID: A Strategic Overview, Sameer Kumar RFID in Supply Chain Management: A Review of Applications, S.C.L. Koh RFID Technology Implementation in Manufacturing and Retail Sectors: A Macro Perspective, Sameer Kumar and Kathryn McGrath RFID: Impact of Improved Supply Chain Traceability, Sameer Kumar and Jason Cowles Knowledge Integration in Connective Technology Networks: Application in Supply Chain Risk Management, Xiangyang Li and Charu Chandra Design of an RFID-enabled Knowledge-based Logistics Management System, K.L. Choy Role and Application of RFID in Libraries, Samir K. Srivastava A Holistic Look at RFID Innovations: The Patent Approach, Yen-Chun Jim Wu RFID Technology in the Indian Retail Sector, Samir K. Srivastava Prevention and Management of Product Recalls in the Processed Food Industry: An Exporter's Perspective, Sameer Kumar and Erin M. Budin RFID Technology Innovators: DEA Analysis, Yen-Chun Jim Wu and Ming-Jen Cheng Index
On the Selection of the Intermolecular Potential Function: Application of Statistical Mechanical Theory to Experiment

Statistical correlation between model intermolecular potential functions, and experimental properties
The Small Heat Shock Protein AlphaA-Crystallin Acts as An Tumor Suppressor in Pancreas

Program Number: 5876 Presentation Time: 12:00 PM–12:15 PM The Small Heat Shock Protein AlphaA-Crystallin Acts as An Tumor Suppressor in Pancreas Ling Wang, Zhengfeng Wang, Zhaoxia Huang, Xiaohui Hu, Shuai Li, Zachary G Woodward, Quan Dong Nguyen, David W. Li. Opthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE. Purpose: aA-crystallin is a member of the small heat-shock protein family (sHSPs) with multiple functions. Small HSPs act as molecular chaperones, and participate in signaling transduction, cell proliferation, cell metabolism, cell survival, apoptosis, senescence, exocytosis and endocytosis. Studies from numerous laboratories including ours have revealed that sHSPs also actively regulate tumorigenesis. As a major lens structural protein, aA-crystallin is also expressed in non-lenticular tissues including retina, spleen and thymus. Our recent study demonstrated that aA-crystallin is significantly expressed in mouse pancreas. Regarding its function in pancreas, it remains to be investigated. Methods: RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis were used for detection of gene expression. Overexpression and knockdown were used to enrich or attenuate gene expression. Colony assays were used to detect the cell transformation. Results: Analysis of aA-crystallin in the tissue samples from normal human pancreas and dozens of cases of pancreatic carcinoma reveals significant difference. aA-crystallin is downregulated over 10-fold in the pancreatic carcinoma of various types than that in normal pancreas, indicating that aA-crystallin has tumor suppression functions. Moreover, aA-crystallin negatively regulates cell migration as shown in the cell wound healing assay. In addition, expression of aA-crystallin is significantly lower in majority of cancer cell lines compared with the hTERT-transfected normal pancreatic cells (HPNE cells). When aA-crystallin is knocked down in the pancreatic cells expressing moderate aA-crystallin, the transformation and cell migration abilities are clearly enhanced. In contrast, when aA-crystallin is expressed in those pancreatic cancer cells lacking endogenous aA-crystallin, the transformation and cell migration abilities of the transgenic cells became significantly attenuated. Conclusions: These results provide evidence to support the conclusion that aA-crystallin negatively regulates pancreatic carcinogenesis. Commercial Relationships: Ling Wang, None; Zhengfeng Wang, None; Zhaoxia Huang, None; Xiaohui Hu, None; Shuai Li, None; Zachary G Woodward, None; Quan Dong Nguyen, None; David W. Li, None Support: Supported by Research Prevent Blindness, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center and Chinese Scholarship Council
Toward Cosmopolitan Sensibilities in US Curriculum Studies: A Synoptic Rendering of the Franciscan Tradition in Mexico

This essay articulates the notion of cosmopolitan sensibilities in curriculum studies through a synoptic rendering of the Franciscan educational tradition in 16th century Mexico. Recovered by Mexican intellectuals preceding but especially in the wake of the Mexican Revolution, the Franciscan tradition provides one of several “origin narratives” for the ideology of mestizaje central to Mexican national identity of the present. The Franciscan tradition, represented in biographical sketches of Pedro de Gante, Toribio de Motolinia, and Vasco de Quiroga, articulated a lived pedagogy emphasizing a historicized Catholic ethics of liberation problematically fraught with paternalism. As an example of cosmopolitan sensibilities in curriculum studies, the Franciscan tradition signals but one tradition currently eclipsed in curriculum discourses and refinements that drives at a discussion of Hispanophone educational and cultural criticism.
Histamine effects on H+ permeability by isolated gastric mucosa.

This study examines the effects of histamine on mucosal permeability to acid by isolated stomach of rabbits. Histamine (9 × 10 −5 M) decreased antral luminal acid loss which could not be accounted for by active H + secretion or appearance of organic acid. Histamine also increased antral electrical resistance and decreased the unidirectional luminal to serosal flux (J ls ) of 14 C-erythritol. Histamine, theophylline, and N 6 ,O 2 -dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate did not significantly alter secretion by fundus in the presence of salicylate (5 × 10 -3 M). However, after removal of salicylate, these agents stimulated acid secretion. Histamine decreased luminal acid loss by both antrum and fundus treated with salicylate, increased the electrical resistance of these tissues, and decreased J ls erythritol of fundic mucosa. Burimamide (1 × 10 -3 M) inhibited the permeability effects of histamine on antrum and fundus. The data indicate that histamine decreases spontaneous antral mucosal permeability as well as salicylate-induced increase in mucosal permeability of both antrum and fundus. The effects of burimamide suggest that antrum contains H 2 receptor sites unrelated to acid secretion and that fundus contains H 2 receptor sites which also govern permeability but are independent of those related to acid secretion.
An Analysis of Social Mobility in a Village Community: The Case of a Philippine Village

Abstract We apply transition probabilities and multinomial logit models to analyze household class mobility in a Philippine village. We find that better access to land facilitates accumulation in agriculture. Schooling has positive effects on upward mobility in both agriculture and non-agricultural sectors. Macroeconomic growth has positive effects on upward mobility in non-agricultural sector, and its quantitative effects are large relative to those of household characteristics. We find little indication of farm households being responsive to prices or non-agricultural opportunities. The life-cycle stages have significant effects. A larger number of children have positive effects on accumulation among lower strata but negative effects among upper strata.
History Making in Singapore: Who is producing the Knowledge?

‘Before you discuss your future,’ Lee Kuan Yew exhorted the citizens of Singapore in 1998, ‘remember how we got here.’2 This statement heralded a dramatic departure from the previous animosity of the Singaporean government towards the study of history. During the 1960s and 1970s, the ruling People’s Action Party (PAP) was overtly hostile to history, fearing its potential to divide Singaporean society. In the 1980s, this hostility gave way to ambivalence and, by the 1990s, the PAP had been forced to address a growing interest in and nostalgia for, the past. Singaporeans—in letters to the editor, in poems and newspaper columns—started publicly expressing a sense of nostalgia.3 For most, it was the 1970s that was being remembered. The significance of this lies precisely in the period of time. Nostalgia was not being expressed for pre-independence Singapore, or even newly-independent Singapore. By the 1970s Singapore had already experienced many of the advantages of economic development. For a state devoted to economic development, in which ‘people are the only resource’,4 and physical resources minimal, nostalgia for the 1970s was an inherent criticism of the fast pace of change and the goals of that state. That is, the nostalgia posed a threat to the nature of the state and given the omnipresent position of the PAP, it posed a direct threat to their rule. Nostalgia for the 1970s posed a threat to the state greater than other periods of time. Rather than move to repress public expressions of nostalgia, the PAP
Cell-free protein synthesis at 0°: An activating factor from ribosomes of a psychrophilic microorganism

Abstract 1. The ribosomes of Pseudomonas sp. 412, a psychrophilic organism capable of growing at low temperatures, contain a protein (factor P) which enables them to function at 0° in the poly U-directed synthesis of polyphenylalanine. This factor can be extracted by washing with 1.0 M NH4Cl whereby the ribosomes, while retaining activity at 25–37°, largely lose their capacity to function at lower temperatures. 2. Factor P has been partially purified from the ribosomal wash by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Addition of factor P restores the 0° activity of washed Pseudomonas 412 ribosomes. 3. Escherichia coli ribosomes, whether unwashed or washed with NH4Cl, have a limited capacity to translate poly U at 0° but the washed ribosomes become activated at this temperature upon addition of the Pseudomonas factor. 4. The ribosomes of a mutant of Pseudomonas 412 (m-46), which is unable to grow at low temperatures but grows normally at 37°, have a limited capacity to function at 0° in polyphenylalanine synthesis and do not yield factor P activity by washing with NH4Cl. However, the washed ribosomes become activated at 0° upon addition of the Pseudomonas 412 factor. 5. Factor P is inactivated above 30°, as is the capacity of the unwashed Pseudomonas 412 ribosomes to function at low temperatures. It is also inactivated by trypsin. Factor P appears to act by preventing inactivation of the ribosomes upon incubation at low temperatures.
Postictal generalized EEG suppression is linked to seizure‐associated respiratory dysfunction but not postictal apnea

Summary Purpose: The relationship of postictal generalized electroencephalography (EEG) suppression (PGES) with sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is controversial. It has been suggested that PGES is associated with respiratory inhibition leading to SUDEP, but the relationship between PGES and respiratory depression is unknown. Respiratory rate and amplitude of airflow increase following seizures but there is persistent hypercapnia and hypoxemia. To determine whether seizures with PGES result in respiratory dysfunction, we analyzed respiratory parameters recorded during video-EEG telemetry in patients with localization-related epilepsy. Methods: Secondarily generalized convulsive seizures (GC) with PGES on scalp EEG or bilateral postictal attenuation (BA) on intracranial recordings were compared to GC without PGES/BA. Oxygen desaturation nadir and duration, end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), apnea duration, and duration of the seizure and of the convulsive component were compared in GC with or without PGES/BA. Key Findings: There was no significant difference between GC with (n = 30) or without PGES/BA (n = 72) for total seizure duration or duration of the convulsion. GC with PGES/BA had a mean oxygen desaturation nadir of 68.8 ± 11.8% (71.5, 43–88) (mean ± standard deviation [median, range]) that was lower (p = 0.002) than seizures without PGES/BA (76.31 ± 10.17% [79, 42–93]). The duration of desaturation was significantly longer and peak ETCO2 higher in GC with PGES/BA. There was no difference in apnea duration. Apnea did not start during PGES/BA and did not typically extend into the postictal period in GC with or without PGES/BA. Significance: PGES is not associated with postictal central apnea but is more likely related to the severity of seizure-associated intrinsic pulmonary dysfunction.
Rotating cross-arm trellis technology for blackberry production

The rotating cross-arm (RCA) technology combines a unique trellis design and cane training protocol. Developed over the last two decades, this technology is beginning to have an impact on the blackberry (Genus Rubus, subgenus Rubus) industry in the United States (US). It has been successfully transferred to growers in more than 21 states in the last two years and contributed to increasing the blackberry acreage by about ∼100 ha in the eastern US. Our research and development effort on the RCA technology has shown that 1) winter injury can be reduced by modifying the crop environment and production techniques, 2) white drupe formation can be reduced when fruit is positioned away from direct sunlight, and 3) harvest efficiency is improved when the fruit positioned on one side of the row. Our research has also shown that RCA technology can be used to generate several times more one-node floricane cuttings and long-cane plants than traditional propagation methods. The enclosure technique improved rooting of some cultivars, but there were recalcitrant cultivars like 'Apache'. Auxin analyses suggested a possible link between IAA concentrations and root induction in floricane cuttings. Consistent production of blackberries was achieved in areas with minimum winter temperatures below −20 ◦ C with the RCA technology. This technology allows the canes to be positioned close to the ground in winter and covered with a floating rowcover. An unexpected result of this winter protection system was some leaves on the floricane remained green throughout the spring and were photosynthetically functional in spring.
Towards the visualization of genome activity at nanoscale dimensions.

A report on the Fifth Annual Nanostructural Genomics meeting, Bar Harbor, USA, 7-10 September 2005.
Chemical structure of cationic groups in amphiphilic polymethacrylates modulates the antimicrobial and hemolytic activities.

A library of amphiphilic random copolymers containing cationic and hydrophobic side chains were prepared by copolymerization of amine-functionalized methacrylate monomers with various ratios of an alkyl methacrylate. Primary or tertiary amine groups, or quaternary ammonium groups, were utilized as the source of cationic charge in each copolymer series. The antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of these copolymers are reported, enabling a systematic assessment of the effect different amine groups exert on the biological activity of the polymers. It was shown that the copolymer composition of amphiphilic copolymers containing primary or tertiary amine groups can be tuned to achieve potent antimicrobial activity while minimizing red blood cell lysis. On the other hand, the copolymers containing quaternary ammonium groups required a greater amount of hydrophobic comonomer to express activity and showed generally lower selectivity for E. coli versus human red blood cells. Potentiometric titration data reveale...
QUANTITATION OF [3H]THYMIDINE UPTAKE BY STIMULATED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES†

We have investigated the relationship between cell numbers and the amount of tritiated thymidine ([3H]TdR) taken up by stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes, as a function both of labeling time and of the specific activity of the thymidine. Cells responding either to mitogens or to allogenic cells show simple first order kinetics for the uptake of thymidine. Fitting the data to a Michaelis-Menten type of model, we observe for labeling times of 12 hr and longer, non-competitive inhibition of thymidine uptake by increased specific activity of tritium label, regardless of the mode of stimulation. However, for an individual responder in MLC at any arbitrary but fixed specific activity, dose of [3H]TdR and labeling interval, we still observe a linear relationship between cell mass and incorporated label. In contrast, if specific responding combinations in mixed lymphocyte culture are compared, the inhibition by specific activity at longer time intervals becomes significant and influences the quantitative interpretation of results. Specific activities of less than 10 Ci/mmole and labeling times of 6 hr or less avoid inhibition and ensure a linear relationship between dividing cell number and CPM (counts per minute recorded) of incorporated label.
Atomic wave-function imaging via optical coherence.

We demonstrate optical methods for studying the slowly varying part of atomic center of mass wave functions, i.e., with thermal plane-wave factors removed. Utilizing continuous spatial photon echo fields and a simple lens system, the techniques determine the spatial distribution of the slowly varying wave function when the echo field is measured in the image plane. The corresponding momentum space distribution is obtained with high momentum resolution (0.1% of the photon momentum) using Fourier transform optics.
REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks

The hypothesized role of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which is rich in dreams, in the formation of new associations, has remained anecdotal. We examined the role of REM on creative problem solving, with the Remote Associates Test (RAT). Using a nap paradigm, we manipulated various conditions of prior exposure to elements of a creative problem. Compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM enhanced the formation of associative networks and the integration of unassociated information. Furthermore, these REM sleep benefits were not the result of an improved memory for the primed items. This study shows that compared with quiet rest and non-REM sleep, REM enhances the integration of unassociated information for creative problem solving, a process, we hypothesize, that is facilitated by cholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulation during REM sleep.
Material recycling and energy conservation possibilities with scrap hot pressing

Abstract Conservation of the direct process energy in the manufacture of metal parts is maximized by following three basic rules: form parts to virtually final dimensions (near net shape) with minimum machining requirements; when scrap generation is unavoidable, make every effort to recycle the scrap effectively; avoid using primary metal and, whenever possible, avoid remelting operations. The ideal manufacturing process associated with minimum energy consumption is thus one which uses scrap metal generated from other processes, converts it via mechanical compaction into a usable product, and generates no scrap of its own. Experimental studies have shown that this ideal can indeed be rendered into reality with but a few compromises to guarantee the end properties of the finished part. Scrap metal, in the form of shop turnings and drillings (swarf) or “needles” resulting from a melt-spinning operation, was compacted in dies at elevated temperatures to produce near-net-shape parts of commercially acceptable tolerances and mechaical properties. The hot-pressing process has so far been applied successfully to a number of materials, the most consistent results being with aluminum alloys. The strength and ductility of hot-pressed parts are largely dependent on the degree of metal flow — and surface oxide fragmentation — achieved during the hot compaction. Complex shapes benefit from a two-stage operation, whereby a perform made in the first stage is deformed plastically in the second stage to achieve higher mechanical properties. It was also observed that hot pressing of aluminium swarf consumes only 10% of the energy required in aluminium powder metallurgy and less than 2% of the energy required to produce aluminium parts by casting and forging.
An overview of late Holocene climate and environmental change inferred from Arctic lake sediment

The 14 papers in this Special Issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology report new records of Holocene climate and environmental change from Arctic lakes, with emphasis on the last 2000 years. The study sites span the high latitudes of North America and extend into northwestern Europe. The studies rely on multiple proxy indicators to reconstruct past climate, including: varve thicknesses, chironomid, diatom, and pollen assemblages, biogenic-silica and organic-matter content, oxygen-isotope ratios in diatoms, and the frequency of lake-ice-rafted aggregates. These proxies primarily document changes in past summer temperatures, the main control on physical and biological processes in lakes at high latitudes. The records will be integrated into a larger network of paleoclimate sites to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of climate change and to compare the paleoclimate inferences with the output of general circulation models.
Reply to ‘Claimed association of absolute lymphocyte count with therapeutic efficacy of radio-immunotherapy in patients with indolent lymphoma cannot be verified in an independence data set’ by Mark J Bishton et al

Reply to ‘Claimed association of absolute lymphocyte count with therapeutic efficacy of radio-immunotherapy in patients with indolent lymphoma cannot be verified in an independence data set’ by Mark J Bishton et al
Formation of Bipolar Lobes by Jets

I conduct an analytical study of the interaction of jets, or a collimated fast wind (CFW), with a previously blown asymptotic giant branch (AGB) slow wind. Such jets (or CFWs) are supposedly formed when a compact companion, a main-sequence star, or a white dwarf accretes mass from the AGB star, forms an accretion disk, and blows two jets. This type of flow, which I think shapes bipolar planetary nebulae (PNs), requires three-dimensional gasdynamical simulations, which are limited in the parameter space they can cover. By imposing several simplifying assumptions, I derive simple expressions which reproduce some basic properties of lobes in bipolar PNs and which can be used to guide future numerical simulations. I quantitatively apply the results to two proto-PNs. I show that the jet interaction with the slow wind can form lobes which are narrow close to, and far away from, the central binary system, and which are wider somewhere in between. Jets that are recollimated and have constant cross section can form cylindrical lobes with constant diameter, as observed in several bipolar PNs. Close to their source, jets blown by main-sequence companions are radiative; only further out they become adiabatic, i.e., they form high-temperature, low-density bubbles that inflate the lobes.
Interrupted journey: British intelligence and the arrest of Leon Trotskii, April 1917

Leon Trotskii's brief stay in New York in early 1917, and his subsequent arrest in Canada returning to Russia have been the source of many rumours and accusations. Among these are that his arrest was the handiwork of British intelligence and/or persons in the Russian government, and that Trotskii himself was carrying millions of dollars supplied to him by American financier Jacob Schiff. Using British and Canadian documents and many other sources, this article examines the origins and validity of these and other charges. Among its findings is that Trotskii's arrest was the work of one branch of British intelligence, but his return to Russia was facilitated by another. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the same agency sought to recruit or manipulate Trotskii as an agent of influence in revolutionary Russia.
MRI-guided interventions of the musculoskeletal system

MRI has become the modality of choice for many diagnostic questions in musculoskeletal radiology. Naturally, with the increasing role of MRI in diagnosis of musculoskeletal conditions, clinicians have been eager to explore the possibility of using MR guidance for musculoskeletal procedures. Researchers are actively investigating the utility and practicality of MRI compared with more established modalities for procedure guidance such as computed tomography, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound. Early studies have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of MR guidance for biopsies, spine procedures, cyst aspirations, therapeutic injections, and tumor ablation. Applications in the musculoskeletal system are likely to expand as technology improves and clinicians gain more experience. Hybrid X-ray fluoroscopy/MR imaging systems hold great promise for the future of musculoskeletal intervention by combining the excellent temporal and spatial resolution of X-ray with the anatomic detail provided by MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;27:339–346. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Removal of protease from Streptomyces hyaluronidase by affinity chromatography.

Abstract A simple method is presented for removing protease(s) from commercial sources of Streptomyces hyaluronidase derived from Streptomyces hyalurolyticus using a column of insolubilized chicken ovomucoid. The protease binds to ovomucoid; 91% of the hyaluronidase and no more than 0.7% of the protease passes through the column. A calcium chloride solution is used to remove the bound protease. Purified hyaluronidase cleaves the hyaluronic acid of proteoglycan aggregates without affecting the size of proteoglycan monomers. The ability of digested monomers to bind hyaluronic acid, however, is somewhat diminished.
Trail Odors: Recognition by Insects Parasitic on Cocoons

Female parasitic insects in the genera Pleolophus, Endasys, and Mastrus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) search the ground cover for hosts and avoid areas they have already inspected. Females respond to their own trail odor, and recognition occurs also between conspecific, congeneric, and intergeneric individuals. This is the first direct evidence for recognition between parasitoids at sites other than on the host itself, and between females of different species.
Searching for anomalous weak couplings of heavy flavors at the SLC and CERN LEP.

The existence of anomalous electric ([tilde [kappa]]) and/or magnetic ([kappa]) dipole moment couplings between the heavy flavor fermions ([ital c],[ital b],[tau]) and the [ital Z] boson can cause significant shifts in the values of several electroweak observables currently being probed at both the SLC and CERN LEP. Using the good agreement between existing data and the predictions of the standard model we obtain strict bounds on the possible strength of these new interactions for all of the heavy flavors. The decay [ital Z][r arrow][ital b[bar b]], however, provides some possible hint of new physics. The corresponding anomalous couplings of [tau]'s to photons is briefly examined.
Ten month old infant with wheezing for six months

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS DB, a 10-month-old white male infant, was referred by his primary care physician for recurrent wheezing over the past 6 months and two recent episodes of pneumonia that required hospital admission. At 4 months of age the mother noted noisy breathing described as “rattling” in his chest that was associated with nasal congestion. He was taken to his pediatrician who documented wheezing and prescribed nebulized albuterol. He continued to have recurrent episodes of wheezing over the next 6 months that were often associated with upper respiratory infections. He received several courses of oral antibiotics along with nebulized beta agonists. At 7 1/2 months of age he was hospitalized for 3 days for an exacerbation of asthma symptoms and bronchopneumonia. He received oxygen, IV antibiotics (ceftriaxone), IV steroids, and nebulized albuterol. He was discharged on amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium and oral steroids. An RSV ELISA during this admission was negative. Following his first admission, he was referred to an allergist who recommended 20 mg of nebulized cromolyn sodium qid along with nebulized albuterol, and environmental control measures. Serum immunoglobulins were ordered and IgG was 584 mg/dL, IgA was 28 mg/dL, and IgM was 66 mg/dL. Environmental history was reviewed with possible trigger of maternal smoking, as well as exposure to “stuffed toys” in the sibling’s bedroom. His second admission to the hospital was at 8 1/2 months of age for increasing respiratory rate, wheezing, and respiratory distress. He had been seen the day prior to admission by his pediatrician who made the diagnosis of an asthma exacerbation and recommended oral steroids, in addition to frequent nebulized albuterol. X ray of his chest revealed bronchopneumonia. He received IV ceftriaxone, IV steroids, and nebulized albuterol. He was discharged after 2 days on nebulized albuterol, cromolyn sodium, oral azithromycin, and oral steroids. After the oral steroid burst was completed, he was placed on inhaled steroids (beclomethasone dipropionate). Following this admission the patient was referred to our medical center and seen by a pediatric pulmonologist.
Control software design of positron emission tomography based on real-time Linux

Based on the basic principle of real-time system analysis, a multi-task framework proposed for positron emission tomography equipment is used to develop positron emission tomography real-time control system. Realization of the software part is particularly detailed and then the system flow chart of the software part is introduced in the paper and these systems for scanner bed mechanism sub-system, rod source mechanism sub-system, septa mechanism sub-system and wobble mechanism sub-system by experiment are testified to complete planned control task, expected motion control precision and executed systems stability. Experiment results shows good reliability and real-time response of the proposed positron emission tomography real-time control system based on multi-task framework.
Recurrent hematuria and focal glomerulonephritis.

The clinical syndrome of recurrent macroscopic hematuria, unassociated with hypertension, edema or anatomical urinary tract abnormalities, is relatively common in children and young adults. Baehr [1] in 1926 described 14 young adults with a "benign and curable form of hemorrhagic nephritis", who appeared to be examples of this syndrome. The syndrome is characterized by recurrent episodes of hematuria which often begin at the height of an upper respiratory infection; one of the most striking clinical features of these patients. Typically, dark urine, red blood cell casts and hematuria appear the day of, or within two to three days of, the onset of the infection. Macroscopic hematuria rarely lasts longer than two to five days and is often accompanied by transient low grade ( Because of the association of the presenting sign, hematuria, with upper respiratory infection, numerous reports have focused upon the bacterial flora of the upper respiratory tract in these patients during the attacks. Although throat cultures and/or serologic evidence for recent infection with beta-hemolytic streptococci have been found in 30 to 40% of hospitalized children in some studies [3], this incidence of presumed streptococcal infection closely approximates the average experience in hospitalized children, and no clear evidence of a regular relationship between streptococcal or other infectious agent(s) has been documented. It seems likely that the syndrome is the result of a variety of etiologic factors operating through a common pathogenetic mechanism [4]. An additional important characteristic of patients with recurrent hematuria is the rather consistently normal value of serum complement [4–6]. Since complement concentrations are low in the majority of patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, normal sequential complement concentrations are of great value in reducing the likelihood of that diagnosis, especially in the patient with a positive throat culture for beta-hemolytic streptococci and the recurrent hematuria syndrome. Several reports describe an incidence of recurrent macroscopic hematuria in other family members and relatives of patients with this syndrome [3, 7, 8]. Although familial nephritis, such as Alport's syndrome, is usually recognizable by virtue of a history of overt nephritic manifestations and/or deafness in relatives, this important differential diagnostic problem must always be considered in patients with symptomless hematuria.
Characterization of organotin-resistant bacteria from boston harbor sediments

Organotins are widely used in agriculture and industry. They are toxic to a variety of organisms including bacteria, although little is known of their physiology and ecology. Bacteria resistant to six organotins—tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT), and monophenyltin (MPT)—were isolated from Boston Harbor sediments, Massachusetts, USA. Bacteria resistant to each of the organotins, except DPT, were isolated directly from estuarine sediments. Viability of the organotin-resistant bacteria on serial transfer in the laboratory ranged from 80 to 91%. Each isolate was screened for resistance to the other organotins. All of 250 isolates were resistant to at least two organotins. No DPT-resistant isolates were found on initial isolation on DPT, although there was DPT resistance among the other organotin-resistant bacteria. Eighty percent of TBT-resistant bacteria were TPT-resistant, suggesting that antifouling paints containing TPT will not be a suitable substitute for TBT in paints designed to inhibit microbial biofilms. Debutylation reduced toxicity in some cases while dephenylation did not. Thus, even though trisubstituted organotins are generally believed to be more toxic than di- or monosubstituted organotins, this may not always be the case, and more than one mechanism of resistance may be involved. All the bacteria were resistant to at least six of eight heavy metals tested, suggesting that resistance to heavy metals may be associated with resistance to organotins.
One-Cycle Fault Interruption at 500 kV: System Benefits and Breaker Design

The need for ultra-rapid fault interruption is identified on the basis of improvements to generator stability and the power transmission capability of the BPA 500 kV system. The development of a modified 500 kV air blast circuit breaker and a special fault sensor, which in combination should reduce total fault duration to essentially one cycle, is then described.
Burst-suppression patterns in status epilepticus. The burst-suppression duration ratio: A marker of the end of clinical status epilepticus

The clinical and EEG response to treatment of five patients with status epilepticus whose initial EEG pattern was burst suppression is reported. Control of clinical seizure activity best correlated with a significant decline in a new index, the burst-suppression duration ratio. The data suggest that the burst-suppression duration ratio may be useful in helping to determine the end point in treatment of refractory status epilepticus.