cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Incarcerating Biceps Tendon

Biceps incarceration is a dynamic entity resulting in impingement of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) between the humeral head and the glenoid due to hypermobility of the tendon or proximal instability of the LHBT. It is a potential source of chronic pain with overhead motion. Physical examination includes the “3-Pack Exam,” with reproducible pain during the active compression test (O’Brien sign). Chronic abrasion and incarceration of the LHBT may result in medial biceps chondromalacia (BCM), an attritional lesion located at the anteromedial portion of the articular surface of the humeral head. The lesion may be evident on preoperative MRI or during arthroscopy and is confirmed with the arthroscopic active compression test. Treatment involves release of the intra-articular portion of the LHBT via tenotomy or soft tissue vs. bony tenodesis. This chapter will outline LHBT incarceration with discussion of relevant anatomy, clinical presentation, intraoperative findings, and surgical management.
Long‐term outcomes in patients with advanced adrenocortical carcinoma after image‐guided locoregional ablation or embolization

Background To evaluate outcomes and survival rates in patients with metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) who were treated with image-guided locoregional treatments (IGLTs). Purpose To evaluate the overall survival (OS) and clinical impact of IGLT in the management of patients with advanced metastatic ACC. Methods Retrospective review of 39 patients treated with IGLT between 1999 and 2018 was performed. Short- and long-term efficacy of treatments were defined based upon imaging and clinical data. Subgroup survival analysis was performed on patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis (N = 17) and compared with the same stage group from the most recent National Cancer Database (NCDB) report. Statistical analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards model. Results Treatments were performed at different anatomic sites including liver (N = 46), lung (N = 14), retroperitoneum (N = 5), bone (N = 4), subcutaneous (N = 2), and intracaval (N = 1). Radiofrequency, microwave, cryoablation, or a combination of two modalities (45, 18, 3, 3, respectively) were used in 69 ablation sessions. Intra-arterial procedures were performed in 12 patients in 18 treatment cycles (range 1-3 per patient). As of a 2019 analysis, 11 patients were alive with a mean follow-up of 169 months (range 63-292 months) from diagnosis. Two- and 5-year OS rates for all patients were 84.5% and 51%, respectively, and 76.5% and 59% for patients with metastatic disease at diagnosis (N = 17). This compares favorably with an NCDB report of 35% 5-year survival rate for patients with metastatic disease. Female gender and longer time from diagnosis to first IGLT were found to be predictors of prolonged survival with hazard ratios of 0.23 (p Conclusion IGLT may be associated with prolonged life expectancy in select patients with metastatic ACC.
Effect of Qiling Decoction Combined HAART on Expression Levels of Treg Cells and Th17 in HIV/AIDS Patients

Objective To explore the effect of Qiling Decoction( QD) combined highly active antiretroviral treatment( HAART) on expression levels of peripheral blood Th1 7 and Treg cells in HIV / AIDS patients. Methods Totally 5 5 HIV / AIDS patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group( 2 8 cases) and the combination group( 2 7 cases). Besides,2 1 HIV negative patients were recruited as the healthy control group. Those in the treatment group received HARRT alone,while those in the combination group received HAART combined QD. The observation lasted for 2 4 weeks. Meanwhile,according to peripheral blood CD4+T cell counts before treatment,HIV / AIDS patients were assigned to three subgroups. For patients in subgroup 1,1 cells / μL CD4+ T cell counts≤1 0 0 cells / μL; For patients in subgroup 2,1 0 1 cells / μL CD4+T cell counts≤2 0 0 cells / μL; For patients in subgroup 3,2 0 1 cells / μL CD4+T cell counts ≤ 3 5 0 cells / μL. Expression of peripheral blood Th1 7 and Treg cells,and number of CD4+T cell counts were detected using flow cytometry( FCM) in HIV / AIDS patients at the pre-treatment baseline,week 4,1 2,and 2 4,as well as those in the healthy control group. Results Compared with the healthy control group,CD4+T cell counts and the baseline expression level of Th1 7 cells in the peripheral blood of HIV / AIDS patients significantly decreased,the expression level of Tregcells significantly increased( P 0. 0 1). Compared with before treatment in the same group,CD4+T cell counts all increased at week 4,12,and 24 in the two treatment groups,showing statistical difference(P 0. 05,P 0. 01).There was no statistical difference in the effective rate at various CD4+T cell levels between the two groups(P 0. 05). There was no statistical difference in expression levels of Th17 and Treg cells between the combination group and the treatment group at any time point( allP 0. 05). The Th17 / Treg ration significantly increased in the combination group after 24 weeks of treatment,showing statistical difference when compared with the treatment group(U =2. 135,P =0. 038). Conclusion QD could improve the immune balance of Th17 / Treg cells,which might be one of its mechanisms for improving HIV / AIDS patients' immunity.
Where Have All the Theories Gone? Teaching Theory in Introductory Courses in International Relations

In an effort to determine the extent and level of theoretical coverage in introductory International Relations (IR) textbooks, we conduct both latent and manifest analyses of IR theories in 18 undergraduate texts in the discipline. Focusing on realism, liberalism, constructivism, Marxism, and feminism, we find the bulk of theoretical content in chapters that specifically focus on theory. There is much less theoretical discussion in the issue chapters of most introductory texts. While some continue to stress, highlight, and even expand upon the theories in subsequent chapters, just as many focus on the content of the issues and less on providing students with a theoretical assessment of that issue. We discuss the pedagogical ramifications of these findings.
Inequities in Exposure to Neighborhood Vulnerability over Time: Findings from a National Sample of U.S. Adults

The characteristics of residential environments that may affect health are posited to contribute to social and race/ethnic inequities in health through the differential allocation of health-promoting resources and health-harming conditions that stem from macro-level processes that systematically sort large groups of the American population into different neighborhoods. However, few studies have examined how exposure to these neighborhood conditions is inequitably experienced by individuals over adulthood. Longitudinal studies are well positioned to contribute to our understanding of the accumulation of neighborhood (dis)advantages and their impact on health throughout the life course but must first overcome the challenge of measuring differences in neighborhood context across time and between population groups. Using a longitudinal cohort of Black and white U.S. adults followed over a 25-year period with linked census tract data, we computed a Neighborhood Vulnerability Index (NVI) that combines multiple indicators of neighborhood risk into one composite score and tested the assumption of configural, metric, and scalar invariance both longitudinally and between race/gender groups. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we identified a two-dimensional model for neighborhood vulnerability and computed an index that demonstrated multiple levels of race, gender, and race-by-gender invariance (χ2 1000.48, df 15, RMSEA 0.07, SRMR 0.02, CFI 0.98, TLI 0.97, AIC 751,272). Inequities in exposure to neighborhood vulnerability between Black and white men and women at the neighborhood level has important implications for understanding the root of social, health, and economic disparities that have persisted in the U.S. over the past several decades.
The Role of the Trade Press in Promoting Professional Ethics in the Advertising Industry: The Case of the TV Quiz Scandal 1958–60

The TV quiz scandal of 1958 was a critical moment in advertising history when integrity and ethics became a serious concern in the advertising industry. This study examined two leading trade journals’ editorial stands toward professional ethics in advertising and their coverage of ethical issues during the upheaval.
Gravity, Cosmic Rays and the LHC

The high energy proton beams expected when the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) comes online should provide a pass/fail test for a gravity-related explanation of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays. The model predicts that particles have two kinds energies, equal for null gravitational potentials and, in the potential at the Earth, differing significantly above one TeV. If correct, a 7 TeV trajectory energy proton at the LHC would deliver a 23.5 TeV particle state energy in a collision.
The Acetoacetic Ester Condensation and Certain Related Reactions

The acetoacetic ester condensation consist in the reaction in the presence of certain bases, of an ester having hydrogen on the alpha carbon atom with a second molecule of the same ester or with another ester to form a beta-ketoester. The bases capable of effecting such reactions include sodium alkoxides, triphenylmethylsodium, sodium amide, certain Grignard reagents. Metallic sodium effects certain condensations, the sodium, alkoxide which is formed in the reaction mixture probably serves as the active condensing agents. The classical example of the acetoacetic ester reaction is the formation of acetoacetic ester itself by the condensation of ethyl acetate by means of sodium ethoxide. Keywords: acetoacetic ester; condensation; side reactions; Dieckmann reaction; acylation; esters; acid chlorides; sodium; experimental conditions
High-Powered Controversy: Gun Control, Terrorism and the Fight Over .50 Caliber Rifles

Near the end of the First World War, the German army introduced powerful new anti-tank rifles, and the U.S. military realized that it needed a similar weapon. Legendary American firearm designer John Browning answered the call by developing a heavy-duty machine gun and a new type of .50 caliber ammunition for it. Although rapid improvement in armor plating soon made it obsolete as an anti-tank weapon, Browning's machine gun proved to be enormously successful when deployed against personnel and less heavily armored vehicles. Military forces throughout the world continue to use it today. The ammunition for this gun became known as .50 Browning Machine Gun or .50 BMG. In the early 1980s, a handful of gun enthusiasts, tinkering in their garages and workshops, began making rifles chambered to fire the mighty .50 BMG ammunition cartridges. Rather than delivering a rapid barrage of fire like a machine gun, these rifles were designed for methodical shooting with exceptional accuracy and power at long distances. The U.S. military soon realized the value of these new rifles and purchased some of them for Marines to use in the first Iraq war. Since then, .50 BMG rifles have proliferated rapidly, moving into military and law enforcement arsenals throughout the world as well as into the hands of thousands of American civilian shooters. The rifles' success has been followed by controversy. In recent years, they have become one of the hottest points of contention in America's perpetual debate over guns and the laws controlling them. On September 13, 2004, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed legislation that made California the first state in the nation to ban these rifles. Similar bills have been introduced in several other state legislatures and in Congress. This Article analyzes the issues surrounding these rifles and how they should be regulated. Striving to focus on facts and steer clear of hyperbole, it concludes that the truth lies somewhere between the lines drawn by the warring factions aligned on either side of the debate. While many of the arguments against tighter legal controls on these rifles are not compelling, many of the proposals made to establish such controls are flawed as well. Drawing on a British proposal, the Article explains how regulations could be crafted that would squarely address the real issue - the power of the firearm - rather than focusing exclusively on caliber. The debate over these weapons provides an illuminating means of looking at the larger conflict over guns and violence in this country and how progress could be made toward real solutions.
Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocking agent ameliorates, but the opening agent aggravates, ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. Heart function studies in nonfibrillatingt isolated hearts

Abstract Objectives. This study was conducted to elucidate the role of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channel blocking agent glibenclamide and the opener cromakalim in the mechanism of reperfusion-induced injury. Background. Recently, ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers have been proposed to reduce ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury, including arrhythmias and heart function. Thus, one night hypothesize that pharmacologic agents that enhance the loss of potassium ions in the myocardium through ATP-sensitive potassium channels would be arrhythmogenic, and agents that interfere with tissue potassium ion loss would be antiarrhythmic. Methods. Isolated “working” guinea pig hearts and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to study the recovery of myocardial function and phosphorus compounds after 30, 40 and 50 min of normothermic global ischemia followed by reperfusion in untreated control and glibenclamide-and cromakalim-treated groups. Results. After 30 min of ischemia, 1, 3, 10 and 30 μmol/liter of glibenclamide dose-dependently reduced the incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (total) from its control value of 92% to 75%, 33% (p Conclusions. The preservation of myocardial potassium ions and phosphorus compounds by glibenclamide can improve the recovery of postischemic function, but the use of ATP-sensitive potassium channel openers as antihypertensive or antiarrhythmic agents may be of particular concern in those postinfarction patients who are known to be at high risk for sudden cardiac death.
Line edge roughness frequency analysis during pattern transfer in semiconductor fabrication

Line edge roughness (LER) and line width roughness (LWR) are analyzed based on the frequency domain 3σ LER characterization methodology during pattern transfer in a self-aligned double patterning (SADP) process. The power spectrum of the LER/LWR is divided into three regions: low frequency, middle frequency, and high frequency regions. Three standard deviation numbers are used to characterize the LER/LWR in the three frequency regions. Pattern wiggling is also detected quantitatively during LER/LWR transfer in the SADP process.
The Early History of Microcircuitry: An Overview

From the 1940s into the early 1960s, hundreds of scientists and engineers worldwide pursued efforts in microcircuitry-miniaturized, integrated electronic circuits. By tracing the diverse activities and alternatives they explored-from early printed wiring to semiconductor integrated circuit efforts-this article provides the first comprehensive overview of the early history of microcircuitry.
Definition and Elenchus

Early in the 1980s Gregory Vlastos called attention to what he took to be a problem afflicting the thinking of the character Socrates in Plato’s early works.1 Since that thinking is commonly associated with the word “elenchus” (which scholars now treat, thanks to Latin, as an English word, since the translation “refutation” isn’t quite true to the Greek “elenchos”) the problem has come to be called “the problem of the elenchus”—though for reasons that will become clear I think that it isn’t really a problem. Rather it was brought into existence by the particular way of thinking about socratic philosophical activity that Vlastos adopted.2
Academic Preparation for the School-Based SLP: A National Survey

Abstract The purpose of this study was to ascertain the number of ASHA accredited graduate Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) programs offering specific course work addressing school-based ...
Derivation of the low-energy optical-absorption spectra of a-Si: H from photoconductivity

We outline a procedure to extract the optical-absorption coefficient as a function of energy from measurements of photoconductivity and assess the assumptions involved in applying it to $a$-Si: H. Using this procedure, we obtain accurate absorption spectra in the range from 1.8 to below 1.2 eV. These spectra show an absorption shoulder around 1.3 eV which we analyze in terms of possible optical transitions involving specific distributions of states in the gap.
Effect of Crohn’s Disease Risk Alleles on Enteric Microbiota Marker Paper

This UH2/UH3 demonstration project entitled “Effects of Crohn’s disease risk alleles on enteric microbiota” is focused on characterizing intestinal associated microbiota in patients with ileal Crohn’s disease (ileal CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and control patients without inflammatory bowel diseases (non-IBD). We hypothesize that genetic factors that affect Paneth cell function, contribute to compositional changes in intestinal microbiota. These changes in microbiota may lead to reduction of protective commensal organisms and increased numbers of aggressive organisms that incite intestinal inflammation. This hypothesis is being tested by high throughput 16S rRNA sequence analysis of de-identified ileal and colonic tissues that have been archived at Washington University St. Louis, University of North Carolina, Mount Sinai Hospital and the Cleveland Clinic. Multivariate analysis of the metagenomic data will be conducted with genotyping metadata (highly reproducible CD risk alleles, including NOD2 and ATG16L1) and phenotyping metadata (e.g. age, gender, race, body mass index, medications and smoking). Shotgun sequencing will be performed on selected fecal specimens linked to ileal tissues to identify additional, or auxiliary, or synergistic pathogenic factors or other functional changes in the microbiome. Because members of this research team have observed that a chronic viral infection is required for the Paneth cell defect in Atg16l1 hypomorphic mice, a major focus of these studies will be towards identifying potential viral triggers for the defective Paneth cell phenotype in individuals harboring the ATG16L1 risk allele. Novel genetic probes for protective and aggressive organisms will be developed by mining bacterial genome and shotgun sequencing data. Genomic sequences will be produced for candidate protective and aggressive strains (e.g. adherent-invasive strains of E. coli) isolated from human intestinal tissues where there is limited existing genome information. Quantitative qPCR assays using the novel as well as established genetic probes will be conducted to test the hypothesis that an imbalance between protective and aggressive organisms is associated with genetic factors that affect Paneth cell function.Our combined expertise in multiple disciplines across multiple institutions, our demonstrated ability to collect a large number of well-phenotyped samples with longitudinal clinical information that will be linked to host response and morphologic studies, and our consortium’s capacity for high-throughput sequencing will be used to investigate how alterations in human microbiome relate to CD risk alleles and CD pathogenesis.
Price Crashes, Information Aggregation, and Market-Making

Abstract We present a model of market-making in which traders possess private and heterogeneous information, and the market-maker acts strategically to maximize profits. Thus, the market-maker must now consider that the prices he sets affect both the information he acquires (through the order flow) and the amount of aggregated information he releases back to the market. We show that the equilibrium price as a function of the order flow displays a discontinuity. This discontinuity can be interpreted as a price crash, since an arbitrarily small change in underlying market variables can lead to a large change in price. At this point, there is also a discontinuity in the information content of price. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D82, D84, G14, G20.
The interaction of Cl2 with Bi(0001): Incipient BiCl3 formation and decomposition

The interaction of Cl2 with Bi(0001) has been studied using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS), thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and work function measurements (Δφ). The initial sticking probability (∼ 0.14) is nearly temperature- and coverage-independent for 120 < T < 300 K and θCl < 1.1 × 1015 atoms cm−2. The adsorbed layer decomposes as BiCl3 gas at ∼ 370 K with an activation energy for desorption (∼ 24 kcal mole−1) near the sublimation energy of solid BiCl3 (28 kcal mole−1). The (23 × 23)R30° LEED pattern for saturation coverage at room temperature suggests a single, close-packed layer of adsorbed BiCl3 molecules upon Bi(0001) substrate sites in a distorted form of the molecular lattice of solid BiCl3. Below one-third of saturation (θCl < 5.3 × 1014 atoms cm−2), the p(1 × 1) pattern suggests chlorine atoms adsorbed upon Bi(0001) substrate sites. These surface structural models are corroborated by AES, ELS, TDS and Δθ results. These results for the semimetal Bi are favorably compared with periodic trends extended from the transition metal series, proving that local and atomic characteristics rather than long-range electronic proporties mitigate surface reactivity and chemisorption phenomena.
Heteromeric protein complexes mediate zinc transport into the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells

The cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family of metal ion transporters plays important roles in zinc transport at all phylogenetic levels. In this report, we describe a novel interaction between two members of the CDF family in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One CDF member in yeast, Msc2p, was shown recently to be involved in zinc transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and required for ER function. We describe here a newly recognized CDF family member in yeast, Zrg17p. ZRG17 was previously identified as a zinc-regulated gene controlled by the zinc-responsive Zap1p transcription factor. A zrg17 mutant exhibits the same zinc-suppressible phenotypes as an msc2 mutant, including an induction of the unfolded protein response in low zinc. Moreover, a significant fraction of the total Zrg17p protein appears to localize to the ER. Their common phenotypes and localization suggested that these two proteins function together to mediate zinc transport into the ER. Consistent with this hypothesis, Msc2p and Zrg17p physically interact with each other, as determined by co-immunoprecipitation. Therefore, we propose that Msc2p and Zrg17p form a heteromeric zinc transport complex in the ER membrane. We also demonstrate that ZnT5 and ZnT6, mammalian homologues of Msc2p and Zrg17p, functionally interact as well. These results suggest that heteromeric complexes formed by different CDF members may be a common phenomenon for this ubiquitous family of metal ion transporters.
Low Cost Distributed Control System for Autonomous Vehicles

A fleet of autonomous underwater vehicles was developed to field test control algorithms for cooperative behavior. Researchers and engineers at the University of Idaho require a low cost test platform capable of underwater communications to coordinate activities associated with multi-agent autonomous behavior. On each vehicle, a distributed approach to vehicle control uses five off-the-shelf 8-bit microprocessors that communicate together using Ethernet. This architecture provides many advantages over the traditional, centralized architecture, including ease of implementation, low cost, and reduced error rates during the design phase. This paper describes the process of distributing functional software tasks among the hardware in a way that minimizes the burden of inter-processor communications to take advantage of concurrent design concepts.
Complications of Esophagectomy

Esophagectomy remains the gold standard curative therapy for the treatment of esophageal cancer. Despite 125 years of evolution, esophagectomy remains a demanding procedure associated with a 5% to 10% mortality and a 50% morbidity rate. Knowledge of the multitude of techniques possible for performing this complex procedure, as well as the host of associated complications, is vital for the practitioner aspiring to treat this challenging disease.
Functional characterization of the promoter of the human glucose transporter 10 gene.

Abstract The human SLC2A10 gene encodes the high-affinity glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) and is widely expressed in adult tissues, including organs which play major roles in glucose homeostasis. Its function and genomic location in a region linked to Type 2 diabetes susceptibility are consistent with a potential role in Type 2 diabetes. Analysis of the CpG-rich promoter revealed the presence of two major transcription start points with differential use in tissues and cell lines. Mapping of transcriptionally active regions in the 5′ flanking sequence identified a region, located between nucleotides −70 and −14 (relative to the major transcription start point) as the SLC2A10 basal promoter. This sequence harbors consensus binding sites for Sp, AP2α, and other transcription factors. A juxtaposed Sp/AP2α motif located between −25 and −11 is critical for core promoter function. In cells expressing Sp and AP2 factors, the two motifs are required for maximal activation of the basal promoter. In cells lacking AP2α, transcription is dependent on the integrity of the Sp site. Using electrophoresis mobility shift assays, we demonstrate that Sp1 and Sp3 bind to the GC-box in site 5 forming specific complexes. In addition, a silencer region is present upstream of −696 which down-regulates SLC2A10 promoter activity independently of its distance to the transcript start site.
A physically based model of temperature and strain rate dependent yield in BCC metals: Implementation into crystal plasticity

Abstract In this work, we develop a crystal plasticity finite element model (CP-FEM) that constitutively captures the temperature and strain rate dependent flow stresses in pure BCC refractory metals. This model is based on the kink-pair theory developed by Seeger (1981) and is calibrated to available data from single crystal experiments to produce accurate and convenient constitutive laws that are implemented into a BCC crystal plasticity model. The model is then used to predict temperature and strain rate dependent yield stresses of single and polycrystal BCC refractory metals (molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten and niobium) and compared with existing experimental data. To connect to larger length scales, classical continuum-scale constitutive models are fit to the CP-FEM predictions of polycrystal yield stresses. The results produced by this model, based on kink-pair theory and with origins in dislocation mechanics, show excellent agreement with the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) model for temperature and strain-rate dependent flow. This framework provides a method to bridge multiple length scales in modeling the deformation of BCC metals.
Reliability Modeling and Assessment of Embedded Capacitors in Organic Substrates

Understanding and quantifying the RLC characteristics of the embedded passives under thermomechanical deformation during fabrication and accelerated thermal conditions is necessary for their successful implementation. Embedded passives are composite layers with dissimilar material properties compared to the neighboring layers in the integral substrate. The ongoing project explores the fabrication, multifield physics-based reliability modeling and accelerated testing of embedded passive test vehicles. As a first step, in this paper, the effect of thermomechanical deformation on the electrical characteristics of embedded capacitors is studied at frequencies from 100 KHz to 2 GHz using two test vehicles. Test vehicles with embedded passives were fabricated and were subjected to accelerated thermal cycles between -55degC to 125degC, between -40degC to 125degC and high humidity and temperature conditions of 85degC/85% RH. Significant changes in the electrical parameters of the embedded capacitors are observed. The fabrication process mechanics with multiphysics global-local modeling methodology is demonstrated to study the effect of thermal cycling on the electrical characteristics of embedded capacitors. The results obtained from the multiphysics global-local modeling methodology are validated against the measured electrical characteristics of the fabricated functional test boards. The effect of changes in electrical parameters of embedded passives on system performance of low-pass filters is presented
Dynamics of littoral fishes and decapods along a coastal river-estuarine gradient

Abstract We examined community dynamics of nekton along a coastal river-estuarine gradient in Old Fort Bayou Mississippi, U.S.A. Distribution, abundance and similarity of nekton varied spatially and seasonally along the gradient in concert with varying physical-chemical conditions. The tidal freshwater (TFW) and oligohaline (OH) habitats had greater diversity and evenness than the mesohaline (MH) habitat, due to the interfacing of the dominant freshwater and the estuarine/marine faunas. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that water temperature was the most important predictor of species richness within TFW and MH when the entire species complement was considered. However, separation of freshwater and estuarine/marine species suggested that water temperature (positive relationship) and salinity (negative relationship) were the best predictors of freshwater species at TFW while the estuarine/marine species complement was best predicted by salinity and water temperature at TFW and MH. Models based on abundance data indicated that there was a significant negative relationship between salinity and turbidity and freshwater species abundance while a positive relationship was documented between estuarine/marine species abundance and salinity and turbidity. The dynamic nature of saline marsh nekton depends, in part, on the species complement, the salinity, and the rate of salinity fluctuation within various sections along the estuarine gradient. Although it is dogmatic that many estuarine habitats are physiologically ‘harsh’ due to fluctuating physical-chemical conditions, low-salinity nekton were found to tolerate greater fluctuations in salinity and pH than higher-salinity nekton. These habitats act as conduits between freshwater and estuarine habitats and serve a nursery function for estuarine-dependent fishes and decapods; they are thus functional components of the estuarine system.
Resolutions, homological dimensions, and extension of hook representations

We describe explicit universal projective resolutions of the Weyl modules for the general linear groups that correspond to (skew) hook diagrams. Using these resolutions the homological dimensions of the hook Weyl modules are determined in many cases. Our results are applied to obtain explicit projective resolutions and to find the homological dimensions of certain irreducible representations over fields of positive characteristics. Finally, we determine various Ext groups involving hook Wey μ modules. For example, let X and μ be two hooks, where IJL is obtained by raising the bottom box of λ to the top row. Then for i ¦ 1 while for i=1 is cyclic of order the weight of λ. Here A is the appropriate integral Schur algebra.
Prediction of true test scores from observed item scores and ancillary data

In many educational tests which involve constructed responses, a traditional test score is obtained by adding together item scores obtained through holistic scoring by trained human raters. For example, this practice was used until 2008 in the case of GRE(®) General Analytical Writing and until 2009 in the case of TOEFL(®) iBT Writing. With use of natural language processing, it is possible to obtain additional information concerning item responses from computer programs such as e-rater(®). In addition, available information relevant to examinee performance may include scores on related tests. We suggest application of standard results from classical test theory to the available data to obtain best linear predictors of true traditional test scores. In performing such analysis, we require estimation of variances and covariances of measurement errors, a task which can be quite difficult in the case of tests with limited numbers of items and with multiple measurements per item. As a consequence, a new estimation method is suggested based on samples of examinees who have taken an assessment more than once. Such samples are typically not random samples of the general population of examinees, so that we apply statistical adjustment methods to obtain the needed estimated variances and covariances of measurement errors. To examine practical implications of the suggested methods of analysis, applications are made to GRE General Analytical Writing and TOEFL iBT Writing. Results obtained indicate that substantial improvements are possible both in terms of reliability of scoring and in terms of assessment reliability.
A Computer Program for the Nonnumerical Testing and Reduction of Sets of Algebraic Partial Differential Equations

A program is described which enables a digital computer to perform the formal algebraic manipulations and differentiations required to test a set of algebraic partial differential equations for consistency, and, if the set is consistent, to reduce the equations in it to such an extent that the nature of the arbitrary functions uniquely generating all local, analytic solutions is apparent upon inspection. The computer performs these operations on polynomials in a nonnumerical sense, treating variables and derivatives of variables precisely as they are treated in the symbolic operations of algebra and calculus. The language which permits the computer to deal with variables and polynomials in this fashion is described. The general mathematical problem of testing and reduction of sets of algebraic partial differential equations is briefly described together with the techniques available for resolving it as adapted to this computer language. A brief description of the FORTRAN program itself is also given. The motivation for the development of this program was the study of the Einstein gravitational equations in general relativity. It has been shown that these equations can be invariantly reduced to a finite number of sets of algebraic partial differential equations, and the problem of testing and reducing these sets led to this program. The program reported on in this paper has been successfully tested for comparatively simple problems, some of which are described here, but must be further developed for the relativity applications.
Correlation of inflation-produced magnetic fields with scalar fluctuations

If the conformal invariance of electromagnetism is broken during inflation, then primordial magnetic fields may be produced. If this symmetry breaking is generated by the coupling between electromagnetism and a scalar field—e.g. the inflaton, curvaton, or Ricci scalar—then these magnetic fields may be correlated with primordial density perturbations, opening a new window to the study of non-Gaussianity in cosmology. In order to illustrate, we couple electromagnetism to an auxiliary scalar field in a de Sitter background. We calculate the power spectra for scalar-field perturbations and magnetic fields, showing how a scale-free magnetic-field spectrum with rms amplitude of ∼nG at Mpc scales may be achieved. We explore the Fourier-space dependence of the cross correlation between the scalar field and magnetic fields, showing that the dimensionless amplitude, measured in units of the power spectra, can grow as large as ∼500H_I/M, where H_I is the inflationary Hubble constant and M is the effective mass scale of the coupling.
Constructing a rogue state: American post-cold war security discourse and North Korean drug trafficking

Through an analysis of government reports, political testimony, influential periodicals and interviews, this paper holds that claims of North Korean drug trafficking and producing are greatly exaggerated. An assessment of the 1999 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1999 North Korea Advisory Group Report, 2000 International Crime Threat Assessment, and 2004 United Nations Report on World Drugs, among other sources, reveals only inconclusive and anecdotal support for the contention that North Korea is a drug state. This lack of reliable intelligence allows American security analysts to construct North Korea as a drug sponsoring country, making the “truth” about North Korea's relationship to drugs come from endless repetition rather than sustained analysis. As a result, US approaches towards security and drug policy in the region need to be reexamined and contextualized. The dominant definition of a problem acquires, by repetition, and by the weight and credibility of those who propose and subs...
The use of neural networks in parallel software systems

Certains problemes lies au traitement parallele sont traites en utilisant les reseaux neuronaux: la decomposition de domaines; l'acheminement de messages et la generation de codes paralleles
TnT: transparent network tracker for P2P applications

Peer-to-peer (P2P) applications are voracious bandwidth consumers, and ISPs have no effective options for curbing their bandwidth consumption. The Transparent Network Tracker (TnT) is a network device that fills this void: it identifies and monitors P2P traffic on the wire to support applications that control it. In this paper, we describe our TnT prototype and an associated ISP tracker application.
Influence of various agents on mast cells isolated from rat peritoneal fluid.

SummaryIn vitro studies on mast cells isolated from rat peritoneal fluid revealed: Metachromatic granules were partially removed by testicular hyaluronidase, but when rats were pretreated systemically with Escherichia coli endotoxin, 2 mg iv., this effect of hyaluronidase was much more extensive. E. coli endotoxin, 0.5%, did not influence the mast cells in vitro. Metachromatic staining of the cells was prevented, and if previously stained the color was abolished, by compound 48/80 or protamine sulfate. These agents and serotonin, 0.5%, neither degranulated nor disrupted the cells, but they produced cell clumping. Heparin, over 0.005% caused cell disintegration, whereas 0.5% hyaluronic acid or histamine did not appear to affect the cells adversely. Hyaluronic acid seemed to protect them to some degree against degranulation.
Impact of Infrared Broiling on the Thiamin and Riboflavin Retention and Sensory Quality of Salmon Steaks for Foodservice Use

Salmon steaks were broiled using infrared radiation and compared to convection oven baking. Total percent cooking losses of moisture and fat content were not significantly different. Samples broiled by infrared oven retained 87.2% and 92.6% of thiamin and riboflavin content, respectively. There were no significant differences for vitamin retention by both methods. Appearance and color of salmon steaks baked in the convection oven were rated significantly higher than infrared broiled samples. Tenderness and juiciness scores for infrared broiled steaks were significantly higher than those for convection oven baked steaks. There were no significant differences in panel scores for odor, flakiness, flavor and overall acceptability of steaks prepared by both methods.
Transition states of uncatalyzed hydrolysis and aminolysis reactions of a ribosomal P-site substrate determined by kinetic isotope effects.

The ester bond of peptidyl-tRNA undergoes nucleophilic attack in solution and when catalyzed by the ribosome. To characterize the uncatalyzed hydrolysis reaction, a model of peptide release, the tr...
BK channels and circadian output.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls circadian behavior, and neurons in the SCN are intrinsic oscillators. Meredith et al. now identify the BK potassium channel as a key modulator of spontaneous firing of the SCN.
Development of a Web-Based Repository for Sharing Biomedical Terminology From Systematic Review Searches: A Case Study

Requests for comprehensive searches, such as searches to support systematic reviews, seem to be evolving into routine practice in the health sciences library environment. Collecting terminology for these searches is often a time-consuming process. This case study reports on the development of a searchable web-based repository, MedTerm Search Assist, as a means for librarians to share biomedical terminology from systematic review searches.
Corrigendum to "Cajander larch ( Larix cajanderi ) biomass distribution, fire regime and post-fire recovery in northeastern Siberia" published in Biogeosciences, 9, 3943−3959, 2012

Corrigendum to “Cajander larch (Larix cajanderi) biomass distribution, fire regime and post-fire recovery in northeastern Siberia” published in Biogeosciences, 9, 3943–3959, 2012 L. T. Berner1, P. S. A. Beck1, M. M. Loranty1,*, H. D. Alexander2,**, M. C. Mack2, and S. J. Goetz1 1The Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, Falmouth, MA 02540-1644, USA 2University of Florida, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA *currently at: Colgate University, Department of Geography, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA **currently at: University of Texas – Brownsville, Department of Biological Sciences, 80 Fort Brown, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA Correspondence to: L. T. Berner (lberner@whrc.org)
Decreased exhaled nitric oxide in sickle cell disease: relationship with chronic lung involvement.

A deficiency in airway nitric oxide (NO) could contribute to pulmonary vaso-occlusion in sickle cell disease (SCD). We measured the fractional expired concentration of NO (FENO) by chemiluminescence during a slow vital capacity maneuver against a positive pressure of 16 cm H2O at an expiratory flow rate of 50 mL/sec in 44 stable ambulatory adults with SCD and 30 healthy controls. A history of acute chest syndrome was present in 29 patients, and 22 complained of dyspnea. Mean ± SD FENO was significantly reduced in the SCD group compared with controls (14.8 ± 8.4 vs. 24.9 ± 13.5 ppb, P < 0.001). SCD patients with dyspnea had lower FENO than those without dyspnea (10.1 ± 5.7 vs. 19.6 ± 8 ppb, P < 0.001) and those with a history of ACS had lower values than those no episodes of ACS (13.0 ± 8.3 vs. 18.4 ± 7.6 ppb, P < 0.05). There was a weak correlation between FENO and percent-predicted DLCO (r = 0.4, P = 0.02) among the SCD patients. We conclude that exhaled NO is reduced in adults with SCD, and this may play a role in the pathogenesis of acute chest syndrome and chronic sickle cell lung disease. Am. J. Hematol. 72:177–184, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On uniqueness of recovery of a discontinuous conductivity coefficient

On considere le probleme de retrouver le coefficient a de l'equation elliptique div(a⊇u)=0 dans un domaine Ω avec la condition aux limites u=φ sur ∂Ω quand ∂u/∂N est donnee pour tout φ (regulier). On demontre l'unicite pour a=a 0 +χ(Ω*)b discontinu, ou χ(Ω*) est la fonction indicateur d'un ensemble ouvert Ω*⊂Ω, a o est une fonction C 2 (Ω) donnee et b est une fonction C 2 (Ω*) inconnue
Lack of evidence for a remote effect of renal ischemia/reperfusion acute kidney injury on outcome from temporary focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.

Objective Acute kidney injury (AKI) and ischemic stroke may occur in the same cardiac surgical patient. It is not known if an interaction exists between these organ injuries. Isolated renal ischemia/reperfusion is associated with dysfunction in remote, otherwise normal organs, including the brain. In a rat model of simultaneous bilateral renal artery occlusion (BRAO) and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), the authors tested the hypothesis that AKI would worsen experimental stroke outcome. Design Sixty thermoregulated anesthetized rats were randomized to (1) 40-minute BRAO, (2) 80-minute MCAO, or (3) simultaneous BRAO + MCAO. Serum creatinine was measured at baseline and 2 and 7 days after organ reperfusion. Neurologic function and brain and kidney histologies were measured on day 7. In a parallel study, serum cytokines were measured over 16 hours. Setting Laboratory. Participants Male Wistar rats. Interventions Combined or isolated BRAO and MCAO. Measurements and Main Results AKI was similar between the BRAO and BRAO + MCAO groups, with greater 48-hour creatinine increases ( p p p = 0.0001). There were no differences in neurologic score ( p = 0.53) and cerebral infarct volume ( p = 0.21) between the MCAO and BRAO + MCAO groups. There was no association between cerebral infarct size or neurologic score and 48-hour creatinine increase. Interleukin-6 was increased during reperfusion ( p p = 0.41). Conclusions In contrast to the effects reported for AKI on normal remote organs, AKI had no influence on infarct size or neurologic function after experimental ischemic cerebral stroke.
Políticas contra o racismo e opinião pública: comparações entre Brasil e Estados Unidos

Este artigo examina o apoio ao principio de intervencao do governo na promocao dos negros atraves de duas politicas especificas:as quotas para negros nas universidades e as quotas para negros nos bons empregos. A analise esta baseada na Pesquisa sobre Atitudes Raciais , realizada no Estado do Rio de Janeiro em 2000, dirigida por CEAP e aplicada pelo DATAUFF, e faz uma comparacao com pesquisas realizadas nos Estados Unidos. Os resultados gerais mostram, como era esperado, a maioria de negros com tendencia a apoiar politicas compensatorias para negros, e uma tendencia a discordar entre os brancos. No Brasil, ha uma resistencia da elite branca em apoiar politicas compensatorias, mas ha uma conjuntura favoravel a uma discussao sobre estas politicas.
Transport of liquids in barrier plastics

Abstract The transport of 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane in the high nitrile polymer Barex® 210 has been characterized as a function of temperature, polymer moisture content, polymer morphology, film thickness, and composition of liquid mixtures. The characterization studies were conducted using a novel liquid sorption procedure and a new variable temperature liquid permeation instrument. Although the liquids are structurally similar, they exhibit remarkably different transport behavior. 1,1,2-Trichloroethane is a strong penetrant, 1,1,2-trichloroethylene is a weak penetrant, and 1,1,1-trichtoroethane is nearly a non-penetrant for Barex® 210. The results obtained in this study are useful in evaluating transport mechanisms and provide guidance in designing procedures for evaluating barrier plastics as packaging materials for liquid products.
Cannibalism and size dispersal in young-of-the-year largemouth bass: Experiment and model

Abstract A mathematical model for the dynamics of a population of young-of-the-year largemouth bass was formulated on the basis of laboratory experiments. The model was used to make a tentative test of the hypothesis that differing availabilities of alternative foods are decisive in determining the rates of cannibalism and, hence, differences in the observed behavior of the laboratory populations. It was found that slight differences in the degree of dispersal of initial sizes of individuals were probably more important in influencing the population dynamics than alternative food availability or other factors. The model was then compared with data on largemouth bass growth from pond experiments, which showed that, with some modifications of parameter values, the model is also capable of describing the young-of-the-year population dynamics in a pond.