cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Income, Assets, Food Programs, and Household Size on Food Consumption

The availability of food to American households is a continuing public problem. There is concern about adequate amounts of food for households and about the coverage and high costs of food distribution programs. Yet the relationships between food availability and its determinants, including food distribution programs, have not been examined closely. This is partly because major increases in these programs have occurred recently and partly because data on all major sources of food for households have not been available. Studies by Prais and Houthakker, Friedman, Currie, and others have examined income food expenditure relationships among European and U.S. households. However, these investigations were conducted prior to the implementation of sizable food distribution programs. Specific questions that have not been fully answered are: How is the value of food consumption affected by receipt of "bonus" food stamps and free lunches?' Have the relative impacts of income and household size on food expenditures changed? The purpose of this paper is to examine these questions using a 1972-73 sample of households containing eightto twelve-year-old children in the state of Washington.
A summer diabetes camp as an interprofessional service-learning experience for early experiential pharmacy students

Abstract Objective To determine the impact of a week-long, volunteer, interprofessional service-learning experience at a pediatric diabetes summer camp on early experiential pharmacy students' self-reported diabetes knowledge and skills, confidence in patient counseling and communication, and comfort with interdisciplinary teamwork. Methods Students applied for the experiential rotation in the spring of their first or second professional year. The application process included letters of intent and recommendation and a personal interview. The authors assessed the impact of service-learning activities on students' perceptions of their diabetes knowledge and skills, confidence in patient counseling and communication, and comfort with interdisciplinary teamwork through the use of pre- and post-camp surveys and content analysis of students' reflection journals. Assessment Eight pharmacy students participated in camp and completed the pre- and post-camp surveys and reflection journals. Students' post-camp survey scores and investigator analysis of students' reflection journals demonstrated that most students met the majority of investigators' learning objectives. Conclusions Pre- and post-camp survey data and reflection journal content analysis provide subjective and objective data that support that the students met investigators' learning objectives through participation in interprofessional service-learning. Early experiential students engaged in interprofessional service-learning improved their diabetes knowledge, confidence in patient counseling, and comfort with interdisciplinary teamwork. Condensed, off-site, summer service-learning experiences may help colleges of pharmacy with limited access to other on-campus health professions schools meet Interprofessional Education outcomes.
Natural frequencies of the classical two-spin XXZ system

An expression for the ratio of the natural frequencies of the classical two-spinXXZ system is determined. These are the frequencies of the angle variables and the expression does not require the system trajectories for its evaluation.
Behavioral evidence for different mechanisms of action for ethanol and anxiolytics.

Abstract 1. Stimulus control was established in rats with 600 mg/kg ethanol and saline by employing a two-lever response choice task and an FR10 schedule of food reinforcement. 2. Once trained, rats were tested with lower doses of ethanol (300–525 mg/kg) and with chlordiazepoxide (1.25–5.0 mg/kg) or diazepam (0.32–1.25 mg/kg). The highest doses of each of these treatments were observed to produce ethanol-like responding and decreasing doses produced dose-related effects upon discriminative performance. 3. The ED50 for ethanol was 300 mg/kg, for chlordiazepoxide, 1.20 mg/kg and for diazepam, 0.55 mg/kg. 4. Graphic representation of the dose-response relationships suggested that these anxiolytics share a common site and/or mechanism of action that differs from that of ethanol.
Latent transition regression for mixed outcomes.

L'etat sanitaire d'un patient est une observation complexe, souvent caracterisee par plusieurs mesures. L'etude des transitions entre etats sanitaires successifs necessite la prise en compte de multiples variables mesurees longitudinalement. Les difficultes d'analyse de ces donnees longitudinales multivariees sont encore renforcees lorsque les resultats d'interet combinent des variables continues, categorielles, et des effectifs. Pour resoudre ces difficultes, nous proposons une approche entierement bayesienne de regression sur les transitions latentes, qui permet l'analyse conjointe d'un melange de variables longitudinales quelle qu'en soit la distribution. L'etat sanitaire est considere comme une variable categorielle latente, et les autres variables de resultat sont traitees comme des mesures secondaires de l'etat sanitaire latent, avec des erreurs de mesure. Cette approche permet l'estimation conjointe de la prevalence de chaque etat sanitaire, et des probabilites de transition entre etats, en fonction des covariables. Les resultats observes sont lies aux etats sanitaires sous-jacents par des modeles de regression qui incluent: des effets individuels pour tenir compte de la correlation residuelle entre mesures repetees au cours du temps, et des covariables pour tenir compte des differentes mesures de l'etat sanitaire latent. Nous illustrons la methode proposee avec des donnees provenant d'une etude longitudinale sur le mal de dos.
Effects of visual pigments on the organization of phospholipid multibilayer model membranes--a spin probe study.

Abstract A cholestane spin probe was used to study the effects of the all- trans isomers of retinal and retinol, and the 13- cis - isomer of retinal on the degree of organization of oriented phospholipid multibilayer model membranes in the dark. Concentration-dependent effects were observed indicative of changes in the degree of organization of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, sphingomyelin, and brain lipids. In general the all- trans compounds improved the degree of order of the lipid films at low concentrations, and decreased it at high concentrations. The 13- cis retinal served only to decrease the degree of order. The magnitudes of these effects depend on lipid composition and the nature of the pigment polar residue. Chemical as well as nonbonding interactions are considered to be responsible for these various effects.
Overlap of retinal and prestriate cortical pathways in the primate pretectum.

Connections between the pretectum and prestriate visual cortex were examined following injection of HRP into area V4 ofMacaca nemestrina monkeys. Orthograde label was found in nucleus olivarius (NO) and the sublenticular (SL) regions while retrogradely labeled neurons were present in the nucleus of the optic tract (NOT). Following injection of [3H]proline into one eye, 3 pretectal zones of retinal input were seen: NO, SL and the posterior pretectal region (PPR). These results indicate that NO and SL may be sites for retinal and cortical pathway interaction in primate pretectum.
Lifetime reliability: toward an architectural solution

Developing and maintaining industrywide standards for lifetime reliability is a critical task for all microprocessor manufacturers. Although technology scaling continues to provide significant performance benefits, increasingly smaller feature sizes and increasing power densities are accelerating the onset of wearout-based failures, thus shortening processor life. Microarchitects have traditionally treated processor lifetime reliability as a manufacturing problem, best left to device and process engineers. In current processors, manufacturers enforce lifetime reliability, or qualify it, during device design, circuit layout, manufacture, and chip test. This reliability qualification, which is application-oblivious, is based on estimates of worst case temperature and processor utilization. However, most applications will run at lower temperature and utilization, resulting in higher reliability and longer processor lifetimes than required. As a result, current reliability qualification methodologies are overly conservative, unnecessarily increasing cost or decreasing performance. Sustaining this approach will likely be infeasible in future scaled systems.
In situ production of terrestrial cosmogenic helium and some applications to geochronology

The concentrations of cosmogenic He-3 have been measured in a series of basaltic drill core samples from Hawaiian volcanoes Haleakala and Mauna Loa. The He-3 concentration in the surface of a radiocarbon dated Mauna Loa flow (20,000 years) gives reasonable agreement with a theoretical production rate of 140 atoms/g/yr, and suggests that the uncertainty in this rate is roughly 10 percent. The results illustrate the feasibility of using He-3 to measure exposure ages of young basaltic lava flows and for measuring erosion rates. Erosion rates calculated from the three Haleakala cores range from 7 to 11 meters/million years. The drill core data demonstrate that accurate depth control is crucial to the use and evaluation of cosmogenic helium. Depth profiles from several of the older cores display a nonexponential depth dependence of He-3(c) below 170 g/sq cm, which is attributed to the contribution from Li-6(n, alpha)T, where the neutrons are from stopped muons. This has important implications for depth dependence of cosmogenic He-3 because muons are weakly attenuated compared to the nucleonic component that produces spallation.
Focal complex formation in adult cardiomyocytes is accompanied by the activation of β3 integrin and c-Src

In pressure-overloaded myocardium, our recent study demonstrated cytoskeletal assembly of c-Src and other signaling proteins which was partially mimicked in vitro using adult feline cardiomyocytes embedded in three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrix and stimulated with an integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide. In the present study, we improved this model further to activate c-Src and obtain a full assembly of the focal adhesion complex (FAC), and characterized c-Src localization and integrin subtype(s) involved. RGD dose response experiments revealed that c-Src activation occurs subsequent to its cytoskeletal recruitment and is accompanied by p130Cas cytoskeletal binding and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Tyr925 phosphorylation. When cardiomyocytes expressing hexahistidine-tagged c-Src via adenoviral gene delivery were used for RGD stimulation, the expressed c-Src exhibited relocation: (i) biochemical analysis revealed c-Src movement from the detergent-soluble to the -insoluble cytoskeletal fraction and (ii) confocal microscopic analysis showed c-Src movement from a nuclear/perinuclear to a sarcolemmal region. RGD treatment also caused sarcolemmal co-localization of FAK and vinculin. Characterization of integrin subtypes revealed that beta3, but not beta1, integrin plays a predominant role: (i) expression of cytoplasmic domain of beta1A integrin did not affect the RGD-stimulated FAC formation and (ii) both pressure-overloaded myocardium and RGD-stimulated cardiomyocytes exhibited phosphorylation of beta3 integrin at Tyr773/785 sites but not beta1 integrin at Thr788/789 sites. Together these data indicate that RGD treatment in cardiomyocytes causes beta3 integrin activation and c-Src sarcolemmal localization, that subsequent c-Src activation is accompanied by p130Cas binding and FAK Tyr925 phosphorylation, and that these events might be crucial for growth and remodeling of hypertrophying adult cardiomyocytes.
Examining the surface of a synergistic Pt-Rh/γ-Al2O3 catalyst using NO as a probe molecule

Abstract The interaction of NO and NO + H2 with reduced γ-Al2O3, Pt/γ-Al2O3, Rh/γ-Al2O3, Pt(90%)-Rh/(10%)/γ-Al2O3 (90/10), and Pt(95%)-Rh(5%)/γ-Al2O3 (95/5) was monitored with FTIR spectroscopy to better understand the surface of a synergistic Pt-Rh catalyst (95/5). The surface of the alloy nanoparticles on the synergistic 95/5 catalyst contained both Pt and Rh due to the presence of FTIR peaks representing linear NO on Pt and NO on Rh. The presence of Pt and Rh on the surface of 90/10 was confirmed through the observation of the linear NO-on-Pt peak and the Rh nitrosyl peak, respectively. The presence of the Rh nitrosyl peak at 150 °C and 200 °C on 90/10 indicates the presence of partially oxidized Rh on the surface of the supported Pt-Rh alloy particles at these temperatures. The following relative order of NO reduction activity was observed for the prepared catalysts: 95/5 > Pt/γ-Al2O3 ≈ 90/10 ≫ Rh/γ-Al2O3. The maximum synergistic performance of 95/5 was a five-fold increase over the activity of Pt/γ-Al2O3, and this was only observed after conditioning the catalyst by equilibrating to reaction conditions for 10 h at 250 °C. A discussion of the reaction mechanism and the observed surface species reveals that the differing performance of 95/5 and 90/10 is related to the amount of Rh on the surface of the supported alloy nanoparticles.
Mitral Regurgitation and death while awaiting cardiac transplantation

Abstract Patients selected as candidates for orthotopic cardiac transplantation have end-stage heart disease with a poor prognosis. Most cardiac transplantation centers require patients to have an estimated annual mortality of 50% as a criterion for selection as a potential recipient. Even in this highly selected population, there is considerable variation in prognosis. Some patients tolerate months of medical therapy while awaiting transplantation, whereas others die, often unpredictably. From 1987 to 1990, the average patient waiting period from selection as a candidate to transplantation at the University of Florida was 2.3 months. Of 137 patients listed with the United Network for Organ Sharing during this period, 19 (14%) died while awaiting transplantation. We performed a retrospective evaluation of these patients to test the hypothesis that echocardiographic evidence of severe mitral regurgitation may be a simple, easily obtained marker for early death while awaiting transplantation.
Electrical Properties of Hydrides and Deuterides of Zirconium

Electrical properties of hydrides and deuterides of zirconium have been investigated between 1.1 and 410\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The metallic nature of these materials is evident in the fact that for compositions approaching Zr${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, the hydride is a better conductor than is high-purity zirconium. Above \ensuremath{\sim}150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K the electrical resistivity exhibits an interesting upturn, which arises from scattering from the optical-model lattice vibrations. Excellent fits to the ideal-resistivity data are obtained with a simple additive combination of Gr\"uneisen and Howarth-Sondheimer functions for the respective acoustical- and optical-mode scattering contributions. The corresponding acoustical- and optical-mode characteristic temperatures are in good accord with expectations based on earlier inelastic neutron scattering data. Moreover, the optical-mode characteristic temperature exhibits the expected hydride-deuteride isotope shift of $\sqrt{2}$. The observed Hall coefficients are large in magnitude (much greater than for pure Zr), and indicate majority hole conduction for the fcc $\ensuremath{\delta}$ phase and majority electron conduction for the face-centered tetragonal $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ phase. The thermoelectric power also changes from positive to negative with increasing hydrogen concentration in the range Zr${\mathrm{H}}_{1.5}$-Zr${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$.
Limitations of the lattice matching theory in predicting GaAs/BeO epitaxy

Abstract The atomic arrangements of the GaAs (100) and (111) planes have been compared for fit to the BeO (000 1 ), (10 1 0), (20 2 1), (10 1 1), (10 1 2), (1 2 10), (1 2 11), (1 2 12) and (1 2 14) planes. Lattice matching was calculated on both a 1:1 basis and a multiple atom basis for two perpendicular directions in the plane of the film. A figure of merit, formally similar to the elastic strain energy, was defined and used to rank the BeO planes in order of fit to the GaAs planes. Comparison with experimental data subsequently available demonstrated that lattice matching was of relatively little value in predicting the epitaxial relationships observed in the GaAs/BeO system. It was indeed misleading, for some predicted (low mismatch) orientations are not observed whereas some observed orientations have a large mismatch.
Scattering and absorption of light by small metallic particles in a thin film

Abstract The scattering spectrum for metallic particles small compared to the wave length of light is shown to be similar to their absorption spectrum. When the particles are closely packed in a thin film they polarize one another, causing a shift of the plasma absorption or scattering band to longer wave lengths. If the exciting light is obliquely incident and parallel polarized, both absorption and scattering show an additional absorption band at shorter wavelengths. These conclusions are compared to limited data on light scattering from a gold sol and from silver island films.
Visual and Motor Connectivity and the Distribution of Calcium-Binding Proteins in Macaque Frontal Eye Field: Implications for Saccade Target Selection

The frontal eye field (FEF) contributes to directing visual attention and saccadic eye movement through intrinsic processing, interactions with extrastriate visual cortical areas (e.g. V4), and projections to subcortical structures (e.g. superior colliculus; SC). Several models have been proposed to describe the relationship between the allocation of visual attention and the production of saccades. We obtained anatomical information that might provide useful constraints on these models by evaluating two characteristics of FEF. First, we investigated the laminar distribution of efferent connections from FEF to visual areas V4 + TEO and to SC. Second, we examined the laminar distribution of different populations of GABAergic neurons in FEF. We found that the neurons in FEF that project to V4 + TEO are located predominantly in the supragranular layers, colocalized with the highest density of calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive inhibitory interneurons. In contrast, the cell bodies of neurons that project to SC are found only in layer 5 of FEF, colocalized primarily with parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons. None of the neurons in layer 5 that project to V4 + TEO also project to SC. These results provide useful constraints for cognitive models of visual attention and saccade production by indicating that different populations of neurons project to extrastriate visual cortical areas and to SC. This finding also suggests that FEF neurons projecting to visual cortex and superior colliculus are embedded in different patterns of intracortical circuitry.
Establishment of epidermal cell lines derived from the skin of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

The Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), a marine mammal found off the Atlantic coast, has become the focus of considerable attention because of an increasing number of mortality events witnessed in this species over the last several years along the southeastern United States. Assessment of the impact of environmental stressors on bottlenose dolphins (BND) has been difficult because of the protected status of these marine mammals. The studies presented herein focused on establishing epidermal cell cultures and cell lines as tools for the in vitro evaluation of environmental stressors on BND skin. Epidermal cell cultures were established from skin samples obtained from Atlantic BND and subjected to karyotype analysis. These cultures were further characterized using immunohistochemical methods demonstrating expression of cytokeratins. By two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE), we observed that the proteomic profile of BND skin tissue samples shared distinct similarities with that of skin-derived cultures. Epidermal cell cultures were transfected with a plasmid encoding the SV40 small t- and large T-antigens, as well as the neomycin-resistance gene. Five neomycin-resistant clones were isolated and expanded, and all of them proliferated at a faster rate than nontransfected BND epidermal cultures, which exhibited signs of senescence. Cell lysates prepared from two transfected clones were shown to express, by Western blot analysis, both SV40 tumor antigens. These experimental results are consistent with the concept that transfected clones expressing SV40 tumor antigens represent immortalized BND cell lines. Epidermal cell lines derived from Tursiops truncatus will provide a unique tool for studying key features of the interaction occurring between dolphins and the environment in which they live at their most crucial interface: the skin.
Mitochondrial DNA studies of Native Americans: Conceptions and misconceptions of the population prehistory of the Americas

A decade ago, the first reviews of the collective mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data from Native Americans concluded that the Americas were peopled through multiple migrations from different Asian populations beginning more than 30,000 years ago.1 These reports confirmed multiple-wave hypotheses suggested earlier by other sources and rejected the dominant Clovis-first archeological paradigm. Consequently, it appeared that molecular biology had made a significant contribution to the study of American prehistory. As Cann2 comments, the Americas held the greatest promise for genetics to help solve some of the mysteries of prehistoric populations. In particular, mtDNA appeared to offer real potential as a means of better understanding ancient population movements. A decade later, none of the early conclusions remain unequivocal. Nevertheless, in its maturity, the study of Native American mtDNA has produced a volume of reports that still illuminate the nature and timing of the first peopling and postcolonization population movements within the New World.
Puromycin: Action on Neuronal Mitochondria

Puromycin, in dosages that inhibit cerebral protein synthesis and expression of memory in mice, produces swelling of neuronal mitochondria. Acetoxycycloheximide, which inhibits cerebral protein synthesis to the same extent as puromycin, fails to produce swelling of neuronal mitochondria. Puromycin and heximide mixtures produce severe inhibition of protein synthesis, but result in a minimal swelling of neuronal mitochondria and in a decrease of peptidylpuromycin complexes to a level of 30 percent of that following the injection of puromycin alone. It is concluded that swelling of neuronal mitochondria in the presence of puromycin is not due to inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis per se, but is related to a specific action of puromycin on ribosomal protein synthesis. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that peptidyl-puromycin complexes are responsible for mitochondrial swelling.
Macroamylasemia: variable response of a 7S and a 11S macroamylase to phosphate-benzoic acid buffer during gel filtration.

During thin layer or macrocolumn gel filtration with Sephadex G 200, a 7S macroamylase dissociated completely to normal-sized amylase when the eluant was phosphate-benzoic acid buffer. In contrast a 11S macroamylase was not affected by the buffer and amylase activity was associated with 11S proteins. Since phosphatebenzoic acid buffer is used in a thin layer screening method described by Peeters et al. (9), some macroamylases may go undetected. After treatment of the 7S macroamylase with phosphate-benzoic acid buffer, the amylase-free 7S proteins obtained formed macroamylase with added pancreatic amylase. This indicates that the buffer did not inhibit the activity of the macroamylase, but caused a dissociation of the macroamylase during gel filtration. The difference in the effect of phosphatebenzoic acid buffer on the two types of macroamylases may be attributed to the difference in affinity of binding proteins for the amylase molecule.
The effect of sublethal levels of antibiotics on the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for tracheal tissue

Hamster tracheal organ cultures were used to evaluate the ability of two aminoglycoside and two beta-lactam antibiotics to protect the epithelium from damage due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Hamster tracheal explants were infected with strains of P. aeruginosa for 4 h and washed to remove nonadherent organisms. The explants were incubated for an additional 18 h in fresh minimal essential medium containing inhibitory or subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics. The explants were examined by scanning electron microscopy and bacterial elastase and exotoxin A production was detected by ELISA and a western blot assay respectively. Concentrations of aminoglycosides below the MIC for the infecting strain protected the epithelium from damage and inhibited the production of exotoxin and elastase. The beta-lactam antibiotics were not protective and epithelial damage was observed at antibiotic levels equal to or higher than the MIC for that strain. The beta-lactam treated cultures continued to release elastase and exotoxin A at antibiotic concentrations equivalent to or higher than the MIC for that strain. Thus subinhibitory levels of aminoglycoside antibiotics could protect the infected epithelium from damage by inhibiting the release of toxic substances from the invading bacteria. In contrast, bacteria exposed to beta-lactam antibiotics may continue to release extracellular toxins which can damage the tissue.
Comparison of diameter-distribution-prediction, stand-table-projection, and individual-tree-growth modeling approaches for young red alder plantations

Abstract A red alder planting spacing study was used to compare three modeling approaches that have been successfully used for other tree species. These three approaches predict stand structure and dynamics in plantations that are 7 to 16 years old, with planting densities of 976 to 13 899 trees/ha. The diameter-distribution-prediction approach tended to over-predict the diameter at breast height (dbh) for larger trees in stands planted at low density and to under-predict dbh for smaller trees in stands planted at high density. This approach may be useful for comparing planting densities when a tree list is not available. The stand-table-projection approach tended to under-predict dbh for smaller trees in young stands planted at low density and to over-predict dbh for smaller trees in young stands planted at high density. This approach, however, provided consistency between stand- and tree-level growth projections, and should be useful for comparing planting densities when a tree list is available. The individual-tree-growth approach provided the best representations of observed diameter distributions at all planting densities, stand ages, and growth intervals. This approach may be best suited for stands that have been thinned, stands with mixtures of species, and stands with heterogeneous size classes.
Extemporaneous Compounding of Oral Liquid Dosage Formulations and Alternative Drug Delivery Methods for Anticancer Drugs

Oncology pharmacists face a constant challenge with patients who cannot swallow oral anticancer drugs, making extemporaneous oral liquid preparation a requirement. Improper extemporaneous preparation of these agents, especially with the traditional chemotherapy with a narrow therapeutic index, may increase the risk of over- or underdosing. In community pharmacies, multiple barriers exist that prevent these pharmacies from preparing extemporaneous oral anticancer drug formulations for a patient's use at home. In a home setting, patients or caregivers without proper counseling and education on how to safely handle chemotherapy are at increased risk for exposure to these drugs. Based on a review of the literature, compounding recipes are available for 46% of oral anticancer agents. A paucity of data exists on dose uniformity, bioequivalence, and stability of extemporaneous oral liquid formulations of anticancer drugs. Pharmacists must have an understanding of the basic scientific principles that are an essential foundation for the proper preparation of extemporaneous oral anticancer liquid formulations. The collaborative effort of a multidisciplinary team can also help identify different barriers in the community setting, especially in areas where community pharmacies may lack resources for the extemporaneous compounding of oral chemotherapy, and to find ways to coordinate better pharmaceutical care. There are great opportunities for oncology pharmacists, as well as community pharmacists, as a resource for educating and monitoring patients receiving oral chemotherapy to ensure dosing accuracy, safe administration, and proper disposal of hazardous drugs. Development of national guidelines to promote standards of practice in the community and/or home setting is urgently needed to help improve the safety of dispensing and handling oral chemotherapeutic agents, including extemporaneously compounded oral liquid formulations of these drugs.
Fusion without Representation

The topic of this conference is how various sensors can be used together to support robot mobility and other related tasks. The support that is needed - what you want to use the sensors to create - is an understanding of the layout of the environment, the nature of its (other) mobile elements, etc., so that the robot can at least navigate and avoid collisions. This "understanding" may take the form of an explicit, symbolic representation (model) whose symbols can be manipulated by a planner and eventually used to influence/direct robot motion. We demonstrate, however, that it is possible and sometimes desirable to bypass this representation phase, allowing the sensors to directly influence robot behavior (i.e., allowing the "understanding" to be a procedural one). And we show that one can achieve, using this approach, effective robot motion. We present results obtained on a real robot that procedurally integrates odometry, sonar, and vision - fusing not only different sensors but also data from the same sensors over time - in real-time navigation and exploration.
NON-OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO ASBESTOS AND MALIGNANT MESOTHELIOMA IN FEMALES

A study of the occupational histories of 52 females with malignant mesothelioma and certain of their relatives, carried out to measure the risk of this disorder attributable to indirect asbestos exposure, showed that a significantly greater number of husbands and fathers of cases than of controls worked in asbestos-related industries, and the relative risk for this factor was 10. The frequency of parental cancer, especially gastrointestinal malignancy, was also significantly greater for cases than for their controls. This raises the possibility of a genetic predisposition to malignant mesothelioma.
Duration of cannabis use — a novel phenotype?

Although cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug, duration of cannabis use is typically short, with many of those who initiate cannabis use ceasing use by their late twenties. In this paper we analyze data from a volunteer Australian cohort of 6265 male and female twins to examine whether the duration of cannabis use is an informative phenotype for future genetic analyses. Genetic modeling indicated: (a) moderate genetic influences on duration of cannabis use in both males (41%; 95% CI = 31–51) and females (55%; 95% CI = 46–63); (b) strong genetic influences on cannabis dependence in both males (72%, 95% CI = 61–81) and females (62%, 95% CI = 48–74); (c) no evidence of shared environmental influences on duration of cannabis use or on cannabis dependence in either males or females. Importantly, this model fitting indicated that a substantial component of genetic influences (rg = .90, 95% CI = .77–.99 (males); .70, 95% CI = .57–.83 (females)) on duration of cannabis use was shared with those influencing liability to cannabis dependence. While there were high genetic correlations in both women and men, lifetime duration of cannabis may be uniquely informative in assessing components of liability to cannabis use.
Television news plugola and the last episode of Seinfeld

This article analyzes U.S. television news coverage of the last episode of the NBC program, Seinfeld, focusing specifically on the concept of “plugola,” defined as self-interested news stories that promote entertainment events. Using the Lexis/Nexis database, stories devoted to Seinfeld that aired on the Big 3 television broadcast news networks, owned and operated stations in New York City, affiliate stations in a midsize market, and the cable networks CNBC and CNN were examined. The analysis revealed that news organizations with connections to Seinfeld covered the program’s last episode more extensively than those without such connections. The article also discusses implications for the role of corporate media in modern democracy. In May 1998, one of the most hyped events of the year—maybe of the decade— reached a fevered pitch. Seinfeld, an anchor of NBC’s Thursday night schedule since 1993, aired its last original episode on May 14 and was trumpeted by a variety of media previews and promotions. Jerry Seinfeld and the rest of the cast appeared on the covers of such magazines as Rolling Stone, Time, and People. Newspapers devoted thousands of column inches to the story. Talk shows like the Late Show with David Letterman on CBS featured the cast. Advertisements for products such as Pond’s Clear Pore Strips and Macintosh computers mentioned the media event. Countless promotional spots aired on NBC counting down the days until the finale. One especially vocal source of promotion for the last episode of Seinfeld was U.S. television news. Literally hundreds of cable and broadcast news stories, many several minutes long, promoted the show’s finale. Viewers saw news stories about possible plot developments in that episode; stories about life for the stars after the episode; stories about the real-life people who were the basis for such characters as Kramer, “the soup Nazi,” and J. Peterman; and stories about parties and events during the episode; among many other topics. The journalistic attention to the
Investigations of fetal development models for prenatal drug exposure and schizophrenia. Prenatal d-amphetamine effects upon early and late juvenile behavior in the rat

Recent evidence suggests that mid-pregnancy is a critical period for production of fetal abnormalities that cause behavioral and neuropathological changes in adult offspring. The present experiments provide an animal model of these effects by treating pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats during gestational days 11–14 withd-amphetamine (AM). Offspring were tested for neurological signs, foraging activity, reversal learning, and sensitivity to amphetamine challenge. In the Early Juvenile period, postnatal days (PND) 20–30, female AM offspring initially showed reductions in rearing, holepoking, and midfield activity. On later trials, and as young adults, AM females showed signs of locomotor hyperactivity despite continued poor foraging efficiency, and were also more sensitive to a 1.0 mg/kgd-amphetamine challenge. AM males showed initially slower and more perseverative responding than controls, but then developed excessive response switching. These changes continued during tests for Retention, Reversal, and Extinction in the Late Juvenile/Early Adult stage (PND 50–90), when both AM-exposed sexes showed increased eating time, significantly more perseverative lateral turning preference (right or left), and slower reversal learning than controls. Behavioral data were consistent with aberrations in thalamo-frontal and mesolimbic/nigrostriatal projection systems that have been reported in AM animals and which are also affected by maternal drug abuse and schizophrenia.
The Elusiveness of Peace

John Gittings. The Glorious Art of Peace: From the Iliad to Iraq. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. 320 pp., $35.00, ISBN 978-0-19-957576-3. Donald Bloxham and Robert Gerwarth, eds. Political ...
SU-C-BRB-02: A Phase Resolved Fiducial Setup Scheme for Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT)

Purpose: For CyberKnife based SBRT,CT scan of a single breathing phase is utilized for real‐time tumor tracking. However, x‐ray images for tracking are more often not in phase with the reference CT. Non‐rigid fiducial movement due to tumor deformation can induce significant uncertainties when matching images from different phases and this poses great difficulties for patient setup. A phase resolved fiducial setup scheme is developed that finds the best rigid transformation with tumor deformation corrected. Methods: Five cases (2 liver and 3 lung patients) were retrospectively analyzed in this study. For each patient, two sets of fiducials (at the ends of exhale (EOE) and inhale (EOI)) were first aligned by their centroids and linearly interpolated to generate fiducial sets for the phases in between. The fiducial set in 3D at each phase is iteratively registered to the fiducial set in x‐ray image until minimal residual error (RE) or mean distance between the projected fiducials and fiducials in the x‐ray image is reached. The phase with the smallest RE after registration of fiducial sets in 5 phases is determined as the phase of the x‐ray image. Results: For a liver case, 30 pairs of x‐ray images were registered to all 5 phases. The RE for registration with different phases was a smooth function with a distinct minimum. Fiducial matching for all the x‐ray images was also performed to the EOE phase. The REs resulted by our method were 4.2±0.58 mm, versus 5.3±1.48 mm with only EOE phase used for registration. The latter represented the RE currently achievable in current system. Similar results were also observed for the other 4 patients. Conclusions: In this study, a phase resolved fiducial setup scheme was developed and tested for 5 patients. It facilitates patient setup and tracking accuracy with reduced REs.
Body Dissatisfaction Among Lesbian College Students: The Conflict of Straddling Mainstream and Lesbian Cultures

Research examining body dissatisfaction among lesbians has attempted to compare lesbians' and heterosexual women's attitudes toward their bodies. Studies have yielded mixed results, some indicating...
Antigen‐binding cells in the peripheral blood of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka Walbaum, induced by immersion or intraperitoneal injectijon of Vibro anguillarum bacterin

We used an immunocytoadherence assay to monitor the response of antigen-binding cells (ABC) in the peripheral blood of sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, after immersion in, or intraperitoneal injection of, Vibrio anguillarum LS 1–74 bacterin. Both methods initiated an elevated ABC response in less than one day; this response persisted one week longer in the injected than in the immersed fish.
A Discriminant Analysis of Plateaued versus Nonplateaued Managers.

Abstract Managers who have reached a career plateau, beyond which further promotions are unlikely, are compared to managers who are still highly mobile. Discriminant analyses of survey data from 199 managers suggest that there are significant differences between plateaued managers and their nonplateaued counterparts. Specifically, plateaued managers are absent more frequently from work; they report poorer relationships with supervisors, lower levels of education, and impaired health.
A study of sedimentation in a Miami Conservancy District reservoir

This report describes a study made of several features of sedimentation as it occurs in one of the flood-control basins of the Miami Conservancy District. The study was made by the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research in cooperation with the Miami Conservancy District. The samples were collected by the forces of the Conservancy District and shipped to the laboratory of the Iowa Institute where they were analyzed and this report was prepared. The Miami Conservancy District reservoirs were built for the purpose of protecting the towns of the Miami Valley from floods and are located on the Miami River and its tributaries in western Ohio. The reservoirs are formed by earth-dams through which conduits or tunnels carry the normal flow of the river. When floods occur, the capacity of these conduits is too small to permit the water to pass as rapidly as it enters the reservoir. Part of the flood is therefore detained in the basins until the flow into the basin has decreased sufficiently to permit the stored water to escape through the conduits. Except in very large floods the water is retained in these basins at most only a few days. The principal purpose of the study was to determine what part of the sediment which is brought in by the floods is deposited in the basins, and to obtain information regarding the character of the sediment, from which the action of similar basins in other localities can be predicted.
Amenability, Kazhdan's property and percolation for trees, groups and equivalence relations

We prove amenability for a broad class of equivalence relations which have trees associated to the equivalence classes. The proof makes crucial use of percolation on trees. We also discuss related concepts and results, including amenability of automorphism groups. A second main result is that no discrete subgroup of the automorphism group of a tree is isomorphic to the fundamental group of any closed manifoldM admitting a nontrivial connection-preserving, volume-preserving action of a noncompact, simply connected, almost simple Lie group having Kazhdan’s property (T). The technique of proof also shows that M does not admit a hyperbolic structure.
Auditory distortion measure for speech coding

A novel perceptually motivated objective measure for estimating the subjective quality of coded speech is presented. It takes into account auditory frequency warping (Bark transformation), critical-band integration, amplitude sensitivity variations with frequency, and conversion from loudness level to loudness. For each 10 ms segment of an utterance, a weighted spectral vector is computed via 15 critical band filters. The overall distortion, called Bark spectral distortion (BSD), is the average squared Euclidean distance between spectral vectors of the original and coded utterance. In tests with speech distorted by a modulated noise reference unit or coded at rates of 2.4-64 kb/s, the measure predicted mean opinion score (MOS) ratings are notably better than segmental SNR. The standard error in estimating MOS scores with the new measure was 0.2-0.3. >
Tadalafil Administered Once Daily for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Secondary to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Dose Finding Study

Purpose: Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are widely used to treat erectile dysfunction. Preliminary data have suggested phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor efficacy in men with lower urinary tract symptoms associated with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia.Materials and Methods: After a 4-week placebo run-in period 1,058 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia lower urinary tract symptoms were randomly allocated to receive 12-week, once daily treatment with placebo or tadalafil (2.5, 5, 10 or 20 mg).Results: The International Prostate Symptom Score least squares mean change from baseline to end point was significantly improved for 2.5 (−3.9, p = 0.015), 5 (−4.9, p <0.001), 10 (−5.2, p <0.001) and 20 mg (−5.2, p <0.001) tadalafil compared to placebo (−2.3). International Prostate Symptom Score improvements at 4, 8 and 12 weeks were significant for all tadalafil doses and they demonstrated a dose-response relationship. Tadalafil (2.5 mg) significantly improved the International Prostate Symptom Score ob...
Comparative Gel-electrophoretic Investigation of the Protein Patterns of Septoria Species

THE genera Septoria in the class Fungi Imperfecti comprises some 1,200 species, each parasitic on one or several closely related genera of host plants. Little is known regarding their phylogenetic relationships since only a few perfect stages have been found. The host range and spore morphology have therefore been the main bases for the determination of species. However, the value of these characteristics for delimiting Septoria species has been questioned1.
A model for the behavioral assessment of behavior disorders in children: Measurement considerations and practical application

Abstract School psychologists have traditionally experienced difficulty in assessing children referred to them for behavior disorders. Given this reported difficulty, a behavioral assessment model is proposed which specifies three types of assessment information: direct observations, rating scale data, and interview data. Characteristics of these three types of assessment information are discussed, along with recommendations for their use. Two psychological models are suggested to guide school psychologists through the assessment process. Bergan's behavioral consultation model is recommended for securing valid and reliable interview and observational data, and Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod model is proposed as a means of logically integrating behavioral assessment information. The notion of convergence or agreement between dissimilar assessment methods is discussed.
Congenital schizencephaly associated with in utero warfarin exposure

Abstract The warfarin embryopathy is a well-defined complex of fetal anomalies generally accepted to result from first trimester exposure. Optic atrophy and dilation of the cerebral ventricles associated with blindness, microcephaly, and mental retardation have been reported following second and third trimester exposure. In contrast to the consistent clinical features observed in the warfarin embryopathy, the CNS effects seen in fetuses exposed in the later trimesters share little in terms of specific lesion or long-term clinical outcome. A case of schizencephaly in a coumadin-exposed fetus is presented. This report offers supportive evidence that the CNS sequellae of this agent are the result of vascular accident and hemorrhage, not a direct effect on CNS morphogenesis. The molecular basis for the adverse effects of warfarin derivatives on the fetus are reviewed. Warfarin derivatives exert both their embryopathic and their fetopathic effects via pharmacologic action: inhibition of gamma carboxylation of osteocalcin and a similar carboxylation of the vitamin K dependent clotting factors. Therefore, we believe that warfarin exposure in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy is equally dangerous to the fetus as that in the first. Heparin may be a superior alternative to warfarin for the prevention of thromboembolic disease in pregnant women with cardiac value prostheses.
Suppression of Oestrous Behaviour in the Immature Male Rat

THE neonatal testis of the rat is responsible for suppressing the capacity of the nervous system to mediate female sexual behaviour. Male rats castrated on the day of birth and treated with ovarian hormones as adults display oestrous behaviour; if castration is performed after the first post-natal week, female sexual behaviour is greatly reduced1.
Transposon Insertional Mutagenesis Models of Cancer

Transposon-based insertional mutagenesis in the mouse provides a powerful approach for identifying new cancer genes. Transposon insertions in cancer genes are selected during tumor development because of their positive effect on tumor growth, and the transposon insertion sites in tumors thus serve as tags for identifying new cancer genes. Direct comparisons of transposon-mutated genes in mouse tumors with mutated genes in human tumors can lend insight into the genes and signaling pathways that drive tumorigenesis. This is critical for prioritizing genes for further study, either for their efficacy as biomarkers or drug targets. In this article, we will introduce DNA transposon-based systems used for gene discovery in mice and discuss their application to identify candidate cancer genes in light of recently published tumor studies.