cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction of key letters for cursive script recognition

Abstract This paper presents a new method for cursive script recognition based on the extraction of key letters which consist of the parts of the handwritten text which are singularities of handwriting. By processing the raw input data representing the handwritten text, the singular features: loops, ascenders, and descenders are first defined and determined. Based on them, the key letters are then extracted. This paper focuses on the extraction of potentially meaningful shapes, corresponding to visual letters, in the recognition of cursive handwriting. First the key letters of a cursive word are found, such as, b, f, p, q, F, T, etc., then a possible word based on these letters is selected. In the testing phase, there are 304 words from 74 cheques in our data base written by 40 writers. 276 words are correctly segmented, that is more than 90% suscessful segmentation. The problems leading to the missegmentation are identified for further improvement.
DISTORTIONAL ISOMERS OF A MIXED-VALENCE BINUCLEAR CU COMPLEX

The resonance Raman spectra of a mixed-valence copper dimer [Cu2(L)]3+ encapsulated by the ligand L = N(CH2CH2N(H)CH2CH2N(H)CH2CH2)3N are reported. Copper isotope data (63/65Cu) of solution spectra of [Cu2(L)]3+ allow identification of vibrational bands at 289 and 172 cm-1 as predominately Cu−Cu stretching and Cu−Cu−Neq bending modes. The results indicate that the Cu−Cu bond is sufficiently weak that ligand conformations, influenced by hydrogen bonding, can give rise to distortional isomers of the Cu−Cu bond.
Methodical study on plaque characterization using integrated vascular ultrasound, strain and spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging

Carotid atherosclerosis has been identified as a potential risk factor for cerebrovascular events, but information about its direct effect on the risk of recurrent stroke is limited due to incomplete diagnosis. The combination of vascular ultrasound, strain rate and spectroscopic photoacoustics could improve the timely diagnosis of plaque status and risk of rupturing. Current ultrasound techniques can noninvasively image the anatomy of carotid arteries. The spatio-temporal variation in displacement of different regions within the arterial wall can be derived from ultrasound radio frequency data; therefore an ultrasound based strain rate imaging modality can be used to reveal changes in arterial mechanical properties. Additionally, spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging can provide information on the optical absorption properties of arterial tissue and it can be used to identify the location of specific tissue components, such as lipid pools. An imaging technique combining ultrasound, strain rate and spectroscopic photoacoustics was tested on an excised atherosclerotic rabbit aorta. The ultrasound image illustrates inhomogeneities in arterial wall thickness, the strain rate indicates the arterial segment with reduced elasticity and the spectroscopic photoacoustic image illustrates the accumulation of lipids. The results demonstrated that ultrasound, strain rate and spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging are complementary. Thus the integration of the three imaging modalities advances the characterization of atherosclerotic plaques.
A model of adaptation based on relaxation phenomena in the neural membrane

Adaptation in neural systems is due to a number of phenomena which include characteristic receptor response, delayed inhibition and other network properties, as well as adaptation on the single unit level. The last effect has been isolated and studied extensively by a number of experimenters. We are proposing a model which accounts for this effect. It is assumed that the post-spike hyperpolarizations are cumulative and are caused by two distinct membrane processes of differing relaxation times. The model involves a number of parameters which can be fitted to existing neurophysiological data.
Bioavailability of silicon and aluminum from Zeolite A in dogs

A study in beagle dogs was carried out to estimate the bioavailability of silicon and aluminum from Zeolite A administered as a capsule, oral suspension, and oral solution relative to an intravenous bolus infusion (i.v.) administered over a 1-1.5 min interval. Twelve dogs received single doses of Zeolite A after a 1 week control period in a randomized five-way crossover design. Plasma samples were drawn at time 0 and for 36 h after dosing. The concentrations of silicon and aluminum were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption at the University of North Carolina School of Medicine (Bioanalytical Laboratory, UNC). The plasma silicon and aluminum data from i.v. infusion were best described by two-compartment and three-compartment open models, respectively. The mean elimination half-life and clearance of silicon from the i.v. dose were 17.5 h and 0.221 ± 0.0192 ml/min per kg. The mean extent of absorption of silicon from the oral capsule, oral solution and oral suspension was 2.33%, 3.44% and 2.73%, respectively, relative to the intravenous bolus. The mean elimination half-life and clearance of aluminum were 91.2 h and 0.0497 ± 0.0082 ml/min per kg. The extent of absorption of aluminum from the oral dosage forms was less than 0.1%, relative to the intravenous infusion. The plasma aluminum AUC values from the oral capsule and suspension showed no statistical difference from those during the control period, but the aluminum AUC of the oral solution was statistically greater than the AUC of the corresponding control period.
The Return of the Repressed: Recovering the Public Face of U.S. Sociology, One Hundred Years On

At its inception one hundred years ago, the American Sociological Society was concerned to separate itself from the social movements and reform impulses to which it had hitherto been connected. One hundred years of professionalism have achieved the splitting and amassed an impressive body of theory, empirical analysis, and innovative techniques, but sociology’s public face has remained underdeveloped. Public sociology today requires rethinking the meaning of the public sphere as well as that of the discipline of sociology. Moreover, in today’s world, reaching out to publics demands recognition of the interests of the different social sciences within the new global dispensation.
Freely Solvable Graphs in Peg Solitaire

In a 2011 paper, the game of peg solitaire is generalized to arbitrary boards, which are treated as graphs in the combinatorial sense. Of particular interest are graphs that are freely solvable, that is, graphs that can be solved from any starting position. In this paper we give several examples of freely solvable graphs including all such trees with ten vertices or less, numerous cycles with a subdivided chord, meshes, and generalizations of the wheel, helm, and web.
Ethnic Group Representation in Test Construction Samples and Test Bias: The Standardization Fallacy Revisited

The purpose of the present study is to test empirically the tenability of the hypothesis that tests tend to be systematically biased against ethnic groups with smaller or no representation in the test standardization sample. Two test construction models were developed under tight experimental controls: one with differential representation of ethnic groups (White, African American, Hispanic, and Asian) in the test development sample, and the other with maximum representation of one ethnic group (100%) in the test development sample. The findings revealed that underboth test construction models, consistently there is no systematic bias against the group(s) with smaller or no representation in the test construction samples. The empirical results support the integrity of the sampling and item selection procedures widely used in psychometric practice.
The Effects of Age and Atis Use on Driving Performance: A Simulator Study

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) are in-vehicle computer systems that provide travel-related information to drivers. ATIS can help drivers save time and money by leading them to their destination efficiently. This study looked at the effects of ATIS use and the drivers' age on driving performance in a high fidelity driving simulator.
Demographic Profiles of Children Reported to the Child Welfare System

Specific demographic attributes of children who come to the attention of the child welfare system are important to examine so that targeted and appropriate interventions can be developed. This study, using data from the National Study of Child and Adolescent Well-Being longitudinal data set, explored key characteristics—developmental stage, gender, and ethnic status—in the child welfare reports of the participants (n = 5,483). Demographic profiles were compiled to discern unique between and within group differences with respect to maltreatment type, caregivers' risk assessment reports, and children's mental health functioning. Several statistically significant demographic profiles emerged: youth boys experienced more supervisory neglect than youth girls and also manifested more clinical range internalizing problems, while youth girls manifested more clinical range delinquency conduct than boys. Across all age groups, 2 ethnic groups—Hispanic and Other—were disproportionately affected by maltreatment type ...
A Scalable Stochastic Model for the Electricity Demand of Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles

In this paper we propose a stochastic model, based on queueing theory, for electric vehicle (EV) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging demand. Compared to previous studies, our model can provide 1) more accurate forecasts of the load using real-time sub-metering data, along with the level of uncertainty that accompanies these forecasts; 2) a mathematical description of load, along with the level of demand flexibility that accompanies this load, at the wholesale level. This can be useful when designing demand response and dynamic pricing schemes. Our numerical experiments tune the proposed statistics on real PHEV charging data and demonstrate that the forecasting method we propose is more accurate than standard load prediction techniques.
Using Two Surgical Protocols to Restore the Edentulous Patient with Implant-Supported Overdentures

Long-term success rates are reported for dental implant systems using both the two-stage and one-stage surgical protocols. Although the one-stage offers several advantages, prudent diagnosis is a key factor for selecting the appropriate surgical protocol. This article will review the relevant literature for both protocols and will illustrate their use in patient treatment.
Treatment and histopathology of a congenital vitreous cyst

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the treatment efficacy of a congenital vitreous cyst and to examine the cyst histopathologically to determine its cellular makeup and possible origin. Study design The study design was a case report, including a clinicopathologic correlation. Intervention A 35-year-old woman with a known vitreous cyst since childhood became increasingly troubled by its symptoms. The cyst was treated initially with argon laser photocoagulation. Vitrectomy subsequently was performed because the deflated cyst remained near the visual axis. Histopathologic studies included light and electron microscopy; immunocytochemistry for actin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); and enzyme histochemistry for carbonic anhydrase (CA). Results The cyst was composed of a single layer of heavily pigmented cells with a thick basement membrane along the internal borders of the cells. Ultrastructurally, the cells were connected with tight junctions, had microvillous processes at their apices, and contained numerous large melanosomes in various stages of maturity, including premelanosomes. Immunochemistry showed the cells were positive for actin but negative for GFAP. Enzyme histochemical staining for CA also was strongly positive. Conclusions The confinement of this cyst to the region of Cloquet's canal, the presence of a Mittendorf's dot, the cyst's existence for many years, and the finding of pigment epithelial-type cells having immature melanosomes (a feature not seen after birth in normal pigment epithelium) lead the authors to believe that this cyst was a congenital remnant of the primary hyaloidal system. Because pigmented cells are not normally present in this part of the eye, the cyst was a choristoma of the primary hyaloidal system.
Prevention of injuries to children and adolescents.

Objective: To outline an approach and agenda for research to prevent injuries to children and adolescents. Methods: Injuries to children and adolescents 18 years and younger in low, middle, and high income countries were investigated. Results: A new paradigm for considering injury control research is presented. Research studies are suggested for the areas of etiologic research, intervention research, and outcomes research. Conclusions: Injuries are an important cause of death and disability adjusted life years lost worldwide. Translation of existing research and rigorous randomized trials are needed to reduce the global burden of trauma.
Candidate Endophenotypes for Genetic Studies of Suicidal Behavior

Twin, adoption, and family studies have established the heritability of suicide attempts and suicide. Identifying specific suicide diathesis-related genes has proven more difficult. As with psychiatric disorders in general, methodological difficulties include complexity of the phenotype for suicidal behavior and distinguishing suicide diathesis-related genes from genes associated with mood disorders and other suicide-associated psychiatric illness. Adopting an endophenotype approach involving identification of genes associated with heritable intermediate phenotypes, including biological and/or behavioral markers more proximal to genes, is an approach being used for other psychiatric disorders. Therefore, a workshop convened by the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University, and the National Institute of Mental Health sought to identify potential target endophenotypes for genetic studies of suicidal behavior. The most promising endophenotypes were trait aggression/impulsivity, early-onset major depression, neurocognitive function, and cortisol social stress response. Other candidate endophenotypes requiring further investigation include serotonergic neurotransmission, second messenger systems, and borderline personality disorder traits.
Balancing fairness and efficiency in tiered storage systems with bottleneck-aware allocation

Multi-tiered storage made up of heterogeneous devices are raising new challenges in allocating throughput fairly among concurrent clients. The fundamental problem is finding an appropriate balance between fairness to the clients and maximizing system utilization.In this paper we cast the problem within the broader framework of fair allocation for multiple resources. We present a new allocation model BAA based on the notion of per-device bottleneck sets. Clients bottlenecked on the same device receive throughputs in proportion to their fair shares, while allocation ratios between clients in different bottleneck sets are chosen to maximize system utilization. We show formally that BAA satisfies fairness properties of Envy Freedom and Sharing Incentive. We evaluated the performance of our method using both simulation and implementation on a Linux platform. The experimental results show that our method can provide both high efficiency and fairness.
A systolic adaptive controller of unwanted vibration/sound

The systolic realization of an adaptive algorithm capable of actively reducing unwanted vibration/sound is discussed. The algorithm is derived by solving the stochastic dynamic programming equation. The algorithm requires a cascade of a Kalman-type parameter estimator and a controller. The latter is a system of linear equations solver. The computational aspects of the algorithm are analyzed so that it can be mapped into an array with high throughput and good numerical stability. >
Switchgrass Biomass Simulation at Diverse Sites in the Northern Great Plains of the U.S.

The Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteria (ALMANAC) model, originally developed and tested in Texas, needs to be tested for switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) simulation in more northerly locations. The Northern Great Plains of the U.S. has regionally adapted native populations of switchgrass and has excellent potential for growing switchgrass as a biofuel crop. The objective of this study was to adjust switchgrass parameters (potential leaf area index (DMLA) and degree days to maturity (PHU)) for northern sites and populations and to validate the model against switchgrass data from diverse sites in this region. Three or 4 years of measured yield data were used from a ten field sites in North Dakota (ND), South Dakota (SD), and Nebraska (NE). ALMANAC realistically simulated mean annual switchgrass yields ranging from means of 4.75 to 9.13 Mg ha �1 . Mean simulated yields were within 3%, 15%, and 9% of mean measured yields for NE, SD, and ND, respectively. Sensitivity analysis with temperature and rainfall demonstrated variable responses of potential yields depending on whether season duration, soil water, or soil nitrogen was the limiting factor at a site. ALMANAC shows promise as a useful tool for switchgrass evaluation and management in the northern Great Plains and in similar latitudes with low rainfall such as the East European Plain.
Canopy structure, photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen distribution in adjacent mixed and monospecific stands of Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia

Shifts in canopy structure associated with nonnative plant invasions may interact with species-specific patterns of canopy resource allocation to reinforce the invasion process. We documented differences in canopy light availability and canopy resource allocation in adjacent monospecific and mixed stands of Phragmites australis and Typha spp. in a Great Lakes coastal wetland presently undergoing Phragmites invasion to better understand how light availability influences leaf nitrogen content (Nmass) and photosynthetic capacity (Amax) in these species. Due to their horizontally oriented leaves, light attenuates more rapidly in monospecific stands of Phragmites than in monospecific stands of Typha, where leaves are more vertically-oriented. Whereas Typha canopies followed our prediction that patterns of Nmass and Amax should closely parallel patterns of canopy light availability, Nmass and Amax were consistent throughout Phragmites’ canopies. Moreover, we observed overall greater Nmass and lower photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency in leaves of Phragmites than in leaves of Typha. Improved understanding of the link between Nmass and Amax in these canopies should improve our understanding of carbon and nitrogen cycling consequences of Phragmites invasion in wetland ecosystems.
Substance abuse: infant and childhood outcomes

Many children are born to women who consume drugs such as alcohol, cocaine, heroin, methadone, marijuana, and/or phencyclidine (PCP) during pregnancy. As a result, some children are growing up with both physical and developmental delays. Children with fetal alcohol syndrome have reported problems with growth, attention deficit disorder, and other medical problems. Impaired cognitive and neurologic functioning through the first 2 years of live has been documented for children exposed to methadone while in utero. Those children exposed to polydrug use including cocaine and marijuana seem to have difficulties with language development and verbal skills. Some of these deficiencies show improvement with early intervention and a nurturing environment, but in many cases the impairment continues throughout childhood. Because experimentation with drugs occurs at an early age, education related to drug prevention should begin early, possibly with school-aged children. Drug prevention education needs to be age and developmentally specific. The use of appropriate drug prevention strategies may help children make good decisions regarding drug use, especially during the teenage years when adolescent pregnancy may occur.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Women: Medical and Surgical Treatments

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) occurs in 2% of people over the age of 55. Women are affected two to three times more often then men. Postmenopausal women are at the greatest risk. The advent of the multichannel, routine screening of serum chemistries in the 1970s led to a dramatic increase in the detection of hypercalcemia and the diagnosis of underlying HPT. The recognition of HPT and its evolving clinical presentation has also been influenced by greater attention devoted over the last two decades to the screening for bone disease. Chronic parathyroid hormone excess stimulates bone remodeling and ultimately activates osteoclast-mediated destruction of bone. Medical treatment options are evolving for osteoporosis in HPT. Treatments that may improve bone density in HPT include bisphosphonates, estrogen, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and surgery.
Reliability of Long Pulsewidth High Power Laser Diode Arrays

Space-borne laser remote sensing systems typically rely on conductively cooled, diodepumped solid-state lasers as their transmitter source. Since space-borne instruments incur high developmental and launch costs and are inaccessible for maintenance, their reliability is of great importance. Therefore, it is crucial to address the reliability of high power laser pump arrays, which essentially dictate the reliability and lifetime of the laser systems. The most common solid-state lasers used for remote sensing applications are Neodymium-based, 1-micron lasers and Thulium/Holmium based 2-micron lasers. 2-micron lasers require a pump wavelength of around 10 to 20 nm shorter compared with 1-micron lasers, and require pump pulse durations 5 to 10 times longer. This work focuses on the long pulsewidth laser diode arrays (LDAs) operating at a central wavelength of 792 nm used for optically pumping 2-micron solid-state laser materials. Such LDAs are required to operate at relatively high pulse energies with pulse durations on the order of one millisecond. However, such relatively long pulse durations cause the laser diode active region to experience high peak temperatures and drastic thermal cycling. This extreme localized heating and thermal cycling of the active regions are considered the primary contributing factors for both gradual and catastrophic degradation of LDAs, thus limiting their reliability and lifetime. One method for mitigating this damage is to incorporate materials that can improve thermo-mechanical properties by increasing the rate of heat dissipation and reducing internal stresses due to differences in thermal expansion and thus increasing lifetime. This paper explains the need for long pulsewidth operation, how this affects reliability and lifetime and presents some results from characterization and life testing of these devices.
Taxation and the Constitution: How to Read the Direct-Tax Clauses

This essay responds to Professor Bruce Ackerman, who had challenged the author's understanding of the Direct-Tax Clauses of the Constitution and the Sixteenth Amendment to that Constitution.
Flare-Produced Interplanetary Shock Waves

The occurrence of geomagnetic storms one to several days after some prominent solar flares has long been attributed to arrival at the earth of material ejected by the flare. Consider a volume of this material, presumably plasma from the chromosphere or low corona, moving rapidly outward into a slower ambient solar wind (such as already shown in Fig. 5.9). Fig. 6.1 shows a hypothetical cross section (in the solar equatorial plane) of the resulting solar wind disturbance at a time when it has traveled well out into interplanetary space.
Filler Distribution and Domain Size of Elastomer Compounds by Solid-State NMR and AFM

Abstract Solid-state NMR methods were used to characterize the filler distribution in rubber blends and domain size of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV). Correlation between filler content and magic...
Emissions Trading at Atlantic Energy

This case engages students in a real decision context: an electric utility evaluates the opportunities in emissions trading. It exposes students to fast-changing markets for pollution credits and to the environmental and economic benefits thereof.
Surveillance on antibody level against meningococcus among healthy population in three city of hebei provice

Objective:To know antibody level of epidemic cerebrospinal mengingitis in healthy population,and to provide a basis for prevention and control of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.Methods: According the paper of "Work scheme of prevention and control about epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in whole country" to collect samples.The levels of antibody IgG against Group A and Group C meningococci were determined by ELISA.Results: 1934 persons of 8 age-groups were detected altogether in 2006-2008 years.The total positive rate of antibody against Group A meningococci was 83.87%(1622/1934) and the median of the antibody positive content 10.76ug/ml.By statistical analysis,there was significant difference for antibody positive rate among different age groups(χ2 = 37.40,P0.01);And the total positive rate of antibody against Group C meningococci was 72.96%(1411/1934) and the median of the antibody positive content 4.85 μg/ml.By statistical analysis,there was significant difference for antibody positive rate among different age groups(χ2 =43.16,P0.05).There were no significant differences for positive rate of antibody against Group A and Group C meningococci between gender.Conclusion: The antibody level against Group A meningococci in hebei province is relatively high,epidemic cerebrospinal mengingitis outbreak appears unlikely.Timely injection of serogroup A+C meningococcal cap sular polysaccharide vaccine is of great significance for epidemic cerebrosp inalmeningitis prevention and control.
Preparation of Immortalized Human Chondrocyte Cell Lines

The chondrocyte is responsible for synthesis of cartilage matrix proteins, and, thereby, the specialized mechanical properties of articular cartilage, including tensile strength and resistence to mechanical loading (1). The limited repair response by chondrocytes accounts for a major component of the loss of articular cartilage in joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, a progressive disease associated with normal wear and tear of joints, aging, or trauma. Although research has been directed primarily toward developing therapeutic strategies that prevent degradation of cartilage matrix, recent work has also focused on promoting cartilage repair. Success of either strategy depends on the development of reliable cell culture models of human origin.
Using R to Extract Data from the World Bank's World Development Indicators

This article describes three applications which use a new R-based interface that facilitates extraction of data from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) database. WDI contains over 1300 time series of socio-economic indicators and provides important inputs for the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Data Base and, as well, can assist in the development of socio-economic scenarios. The first application is a stand-alone R application that extracts per capita historical GDP for all countries and summarizes growth episodes across regions in a box plot. The two other applications highlight the increasing use of interoperability across software packages to take advantage of the specific features of each. The first couples the R-based WDI extraction with a ’Beamer’-type LATEX presentation. This is a potentially powerful combination for a quick (and programmatic) turnaround from data to presentation. With little effort, the application can be extended to generate a large number of slides. The second example of interoperability is centered on a General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) program that calls R as a sub-process to extract the data for further processing in GAMS. The R-script developed for this last application could be readily coupled with other software packages.
Major mental illness and childbearing. A role for the consultation-liaison psychiatrist in obstetrics.

Considerable attention has been paid to psychiatric disorders arising in the postpartum period. However, there has been very little systematic study of mental illness during pregnancy. Although quantitatively not a major problem, it can pose several difficulties for mother and fetus. This article reviews the existing literature and along with illustrative cases discusses the management of mental illness related to pregnancy. The relationship between the consultationliaison psychiatrist and the obstetrician-gynecologist in caring for such problems is emphasized.
Ball ranking machines for content-based multimedia retrieval

In this paper, we propose the new Ball Ranking Machines (BRMs) to address the supervised ranking problems. In previous work, supervised ranking methods have been successfully applied in various information retrieval tasks. Among these methodologies, the Ranking Support Vector Machines (Rank SVMs) are well investigated. However, one major fact limiting their applications is that Ranking SVMs need optimize a margin-based objective function over all possible document pairs within all queries on the training set. In consequence, Ranking SVMs need select a large number of support vectors among a huge number of support vector candidates. This paper introduces a new model of of Ranking SVMs and develops an efficient approximation algorithm, which decreases the training time and generates much fewer support vectors. Empirical studies on synthetic data and content-based image/video retrieval data show that our method is comparable to Ranking SVMs in accuracy, but use much fewer ranking support vectors and significantly less training time.
Feelings Thermometer: An Early Intervention Scale for Seclusion/Restraint Reduction Among Children and Adolescents in Residential Psychiatric Care.

PROBLEM Restraints and/or seclusions (R/S) are events that have the potential to cause patient injury, staff injury, re-traumatization, and even death. There is a gap in available data regarding alternative strategies for reducing R/S. METHOD A 140-bed children and adolescent residential treatment hospital implemented a “Feelings Thermometer Scale” on each unit. The “Feelings Thermometer” allowed the resident to point to a face on the scale to rate how they were feeling from “Cool” to “On Fire!” Once the resident identified with a feeling and rating, options were offered for alternative cool down locations corresponding to each level of escalation. Data were analyzed 6 weeks before and 6 weeks after implementation of the “Feelings Thermometer.” FINDINGS There were 129 R/S during the 6-week period prior to the implementation of the “Feelings Thermometer.” There were a total of 91 R/S during the 6-week period postimplementation of the “Feelings Thermometer.” Overall, a 29.1% decrease in R/S was experienced throughout the hospital. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that further investigation may be warranted to promote alternative R/S reduction strategies.
Novel Morpheme Learning in Monolingual and Bilingual Children.

Purpose The purpose of the present study was to examine the utility of a novel morpheme learning task for indexing typical language abilities in children characterized by diverse language backgroun...
The Influence of Human Milk on Flavor and Food Preferences

The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the literature that examines sensory experiences during early feeding practices and the influence human milk has on flavor and food preferences. Research suggests that the development of flavor and food preferences begins during the prenatal period through exposure to amniotic fluid and continues in the postnatal period during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding provides an infant with a unique variety of constantly changing chemosensory experiences as human milk contains flavors from foods that are part of the mother’s diet. These early flavor exposures are believed to help with the transition to complementary foods during later infancy and early childhood. Compared to formula-fed infants who are exposed to limited sensory experiences due to its constant flavor, breastfed infants demonstrate greater acceptance of novel foods when they are part of the maternal diet. Studies show that toddlers, preschool, and school-aged children who were breastfed as infants demonstrate more positive acceptance of a wider variety of healthy foods and are more accepting of new foods and are less likely to be picky eaters. Infant exposure early in life to a wide variety of flavors from healthy and nutrient-rich foods through amniotic fluid and human milk contributes to an individual’s unique set of taste preferences that can lead to healthier food choices and optimal health.
Anuria, A Complication of Anticoagulant Therapy: A Case Report

Abstract We report a case of bilateral ureteral pelvic obstruction causing anuria secondary to anticoagulant therapy. We stress that hematuria encountered in any anticoagulated patient deserves urologic investigation to elucidate the basic pathology involved.
The Language of Medicine and the Modeling of Information

Any discussion of advanced models in medicine should include medical informatics. In many ways, medical informatics represents the most critical component of medical practice. It is clear that we do not have much control over the progress of biomedical science—the discoveries, techniques, treatments that may dramatically affect medical practice. It is also clear that we do not have control over the actions of individual physicians and their judgments. But we do have control over the necessary resources that support medical practice; we can strive to insure that all relevant information relating to any physician decision be universally and ‘instantly’ available. The claim, here, then, is quite strong: Medical informatics is critically important both because it encompasses data that will be increasingly valuable to medical science and health care and also because it is, in theory, perfectable. Yet we see in routine medical informatics practice something quite distant from perfection.
In vivo cation exchange in quantum dots for tumor-specific imaging

In vivo tumor imaging with nanoprobes suffers from poor tumor specificity. Here, we introduce a nanosystem, which allows selective background quenching to gain exceptionally tumor-specific signals. The system uses near-infrared quantum dots and a membrane-impermeable etchant, which serves as a cation donor. The etchant rapidly quenches the quantum dots through cation exchange (ionic etching), and facilitates renal clearance of metal ions released from the quantum dots. The quantum dots are intravenously delivered into orthotopic breast and pancreas tumors in mice by using the tumor-penetrating iRGD peptide. Subsequent etching quenches excess quantum dots, leaving a highly tumor-specific signal provided by the intact quantum dots remaining in the extravascular tumor cells and fibroblasts. No toxicity is noted. The system also facilitates the detection of peritoneal tumors with high specificity upon intraperitoneal tumor targeting and selective etching of excess untargeted quantum dots. In vivo cation exchange may be a promising strategy to enhance specificity of tumor imaging. The imaging of tumors in vivo using nanoprobes has been challenging due to the lack of sufficient tumor specificity. Here, the authors develop a tumor-specific quantum dot system that permits in vivo cation exchange to achieve selective background quenching and high tumor-specific imaging.
Birds of a feather donate together: Understanding the relationship between the social servicescape and CSR participation

Abstract The concept of the social servicescape has recently gained traction in the hospitality literature as a significant driver of consumption behavior. The purpose of the present research is to extend the framework of the social servicescape to the domain of corporate social responsibility participation. It is proposed that perceptions of similarity in the social servicescape (i.e., the extent to which a customer identifies with others in the consumption environment) can affect restaurant customers’ decisions to participate in donation-based CSR programs. Importantly, this relationship is proposed to occur via the mediating effect of place attachment. Based on attachment theory, a framework is developed to test these hypotheses. The findings indicate that perceived similarity in the social servicescape positively influences willingness to donate and that this relationship is mediated by place attachment. Accordingly, this research extends both the social servicescape and CSR literature in the domain of hospitality consumption behavior.
Pullout Behavior of Steel Mechanically Stabilized Earth Reinforcements

Instrumented pullout tests of unprecedented scope and scale explore the pullout behavior for three steel mechanically stabilized earth reinforcement types: ribbed strips, ladder-like strips, and th...
Analytical Theory and Experimental Work in Compliant Leaded Systems Subjected to Twisting

In the previous chapter we discussed an approximate engineering approach founded on the premise that corner leads alone carry stress between module and card. The validity of this idealization deteriorates with decreasing lead spacing and lead stiffness and with increasing module stiffness.
OPERATIONAL PLANNING AND CONTROL IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

Abstract The structure of operational planning and control processes, and models used within this structure, are reviewed for a large class of transportation systems which employ vehicles to deliver transportation services to a clientele that is not part of the same enterprise. Examples for transportation systems in this class are airlines (passenger, conventional freight as well as package carriers), railroads, motor freight carriers, urban transit systems (bus as well as rapid and light rail), and ship and barge lines. The review is based largely on the format and terminology used by commercial airlines. Important differences in other types of transportation systems are outlined.
Chapter 6 – Global Aging

Publisher Summary Social research on global aging is a rapidly growing field. The goal of this chapter is to highlight emerging lines of inquiry that are likely to have an important impact on science and discusses challenges that have hindered progress. The aggregate demographic features that drive global aging are discussed. Current patterns and future trends in low-income countries with respect to three dimensions of aging: health; work and retirement; and living arrangements and transfers are shown. Changes in age structures have important implications for education and work opportunities, taxation of earnings and wealth, savings and insurance vehicles, and how earnings are taxed. Life expectancy is largely driven by deaths at early ages and so increases in life expectancy have presaged major shifts in the global burden of disease. Biological markers of health status have revolutionized research on population health, but relying exclusively on those markers and health-related behaviors limits progress on understanding global aging. Efforts to conduct population-based studies that measure other dimensions of health in the developing world have increased knowledge of health conditions, particularly for children and women of reproductive age. The evidence on the health of men and older adults is more fragmented. The field of global aging is in its infancy. It is an exciting area for innovative research as it provides unparalleled opportunities for making major contributions to both policy and science.
Social justice in medical education: strengths and challenges of a student-driven social justice curriculum.

In the current rapidly evolving healthcare environment of the United States, social justice programs in pre-medical and medical education are needed to cultivate socially conscious and health professionals inclined to interdisciplinary collaborations. To address ongoing healthcare inequalities, medical education must help medical students to become physicians skilled not only in the biomedical management of diseases, but also in identifying and addressing social and structural determinants of the patients' daily lives. Using a longitudinal Problem-Based Learning (PBL) methodology, the medical students and faculty advisers at the University of Hawai‘i John A. Burns School of Medicine (JABSOM) developed the Social Justice Curriculum Program (SJCP) to supplement the biomedical curriculum. The SJCP consists of three components: (1) active self-directed learning and didactics, (2) implementation and action, and (3) self-reflection and personal growth. The purpose of introducing a student-driven SJ curriculum is to expose the students to various components of SJ in health and medicine, and maximize engagement by using their own inputs for content and design. It is our hope that the SJCP will serve as a logistic and research-oriented model for future student-driven SJ programs that respond to global health inequalities by cultivating skills and interest in leadership and community service.
Conserved transcriptional activity and ligand responsiveness of avian PPARs: Potential role in regulating lipid metabolism in mirgratory birds

Migratory birds undergo metabolic remodeling in tissues, including increased lipid storage in white adipose and fatty acid uptake and oxidation in skeletal muscle, to optimize energy substrate availability and utilization in preparation for long-distance flight. Different tissues undergo gene expression changes in keeping with their specialized functions and driven by tissue specific transcriptional pathways. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are lipid-activated nuclear receptors that regulate metabolic pathways involved in lipid and glucose utilization or storage in mammals. To examine whether PPARs might mediate fatty acid activation of metabolic gene programs that would be relevant during pre-migratory fattening, we used gray catbird as the focal species. PPAR isoforms cloned from catbird share high amino acid identity with mammalian homologs (% vs human): gcPPARα (88.1%), gcPPARδ (87.3%), gcPPARγ (91.2%). We tested whether gcPPARs activated fatty acid (FA) utilization genes using Lpl and Cpt1b gene promoter-luciferase reporters in mammalian cell lines. In C2C12 mouse myocytes gcPPARα was broadly activated by the saturated and unsaturated FAs tested; while gcPPARδ showed highest activation by the mono-unsaturated FA, 18:1 oleic acid (+80%). In CV-1 monkey kidney cells gcPPARγ responded to the poly-unsaturated fatty acid, 20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid (+60%). Moreover, in agreement with their structural conservation, gcPPARs were activated by isoform selective synthetic agonists similar to the respective mammalian isoform. Adenoviral mediated over-expression of PPARα in C2C12 myocytes induced expression of genes involved in fatty acid transport, including Cd36/Fat, as well as Cpt1b, which mediates a key rate limiting step of mitochondrial β-oxidation. These gene expression changes correlated with increased lipid droplet accumulation in C2C12 myoblasts and differentiated myotubes and enhanced β-oxidation in myotubes. Collectively, the data predict that the PPARs play a conserved role in gray catbirds to regulate lipid metabolism in target tissues that undergo metabolic remodeling throughout the annual migratory cycle.
Freud's Papers on Technique and Contemporary Clinical Practice

Freud’s Papers on Technique is usually treated as an assemblage of papers featuring a few dated rules of conduct that are either useful in some way, or merely customary, or bullying, arbitrary and presumptuous. Lawrence Friedman reveals Papers on Technique to be nothing of the sort. Freud’s book, he argues, is nothing less than a single, consecutive, real-time, log of Freud’s painful discovery of a unique mind-set that can be produced in patients by a certain stance of the analyst. What people refer to as "the rules", such as anonymity, neutrality and abstinence, are the lessons Freud learned from painful experience when he tried to reproduce the new, free mind-set. Friedman argues that one can see Freud making this empirical discovery gradually over the sequence of papers. He argues that we cannot understand the famous images, such the analyst-as-surgeon, or mirror, without seeing how they figure in this series of experiments. Many of the arguments in the profession turn out to be unnecessary once this is grasped. Freud’s book is not a book of rules but a description of what happens if one does one thing or another; the choice is the therapist’s, as is the choice to use them together to elicit the analytic experience. In the light of this understanding, Friedman discusses aspects of treatments that are guided by these principles, such as enactment, the frame, what lies beyond interpretation, the kind of tensions that are set up between analyst and patient, the question of special analytic love, the future of analytic technique, and a possible basis for defining Freudian psychoanalysis. Finally, he makes concrete suggestions for teaching the Papers on Technique. Freud's Papers on Technique and Contemporary Clinical Practice will appeal to all psychoanalysts and psychoanalytic psychotherapists concerned about the empirical basis of their customary procedures and the future of their craft.
Regulation of podosomes by acetyl-CoA carboxylase

2898 Fatty acid synthesis is the process by which cells generate palmitate, a saturated 16 carbon fatty acid, from the carbohydrate derived precursors acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Apart from embryogenesis, fatty acid synthesis remains quiescent in normal tissue with the exception of liver and adipose. Conversely, tumor tissue relies on de novo fatty acid synthesis as its sole source of fatty acids, and is consequently upregulated in virtually all types of cancer. Because the fatty acid synthesis pathway is correlated with poor prognosis, aggressive disease, and metastasis, we hypothesize that this pathway is involved, at least in part, in the regulation of invasion and migration in tumor cells and in particular, in the regulation of podosomes, a dynamic membrane structure that is rich in F-actin and functions in adhesion and matrix degradation facilitating invasion and migration. NIH 3T3 fibroblasts transformed with c-src generate podosomes and, interestingly, also have increased levels of fatty acid synthesis compared to their non-transfected counterparts. Because of this, we reasoned that the fatty acid synthesis pathway may be involved in the formation of podosomes. Two nodes of the fatty acid synthesis pathway were targeted; the acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) node and the fatty acid synthase (FASN) node. Pharmacologic inhibition of ACC (by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA)), but not FASN (by Cerulenin and C75) reduces podosome formation. This reduction also correlates with a decrease in cellular invasion and migration as well as a decrease in matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 activities. Interestingly, treatment of transformed 3T3 cells with TOFA does not result in decreased clonogenic survival. Taken together, these data indicate a possible functional distinction between these two fatty acid synthesis enzymes and, more importantly, links the fatty acid synthesis pathway, at least in some part, to the regulation of podosomes and thus the process of invasion and migration.