cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A nonelectrocyclic path from the cyclobutene cation radical to the 1,3‐butadiene cation radical

The conversion of the cyclobutene cation radical to the 1,3-butadiene cation radical has been studied using MINDO/3 and ab initioSCF MO methods. Not only smooth electrocyclic but also stepwise, non-electrocyclic routes were considered. Both calculational methods agree that the preferred reaction path is a novel nonelectrocyclic one proceeding through an intermediate “cyclopropylcarbinyl cation radical.” The quantitative agreement in the activation parameters calculated by the two methods is excellent. The proposed intermediate also provides an attractive explanation for the mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns of the cyclobutene and butadiene cation radicals.
Development of a reliable and maintainable electronic countermeasures ECM pod: a case study

The authors summarize the development of the AN/ALQ-184 ECM (electronic countermeasures) pod. Particular attention is given to the reliability and maintainability test tasks which demonstrated that the AN/ALQ-184 pod is both reliable and maintainable. These test results were substantiated by operational use of the pod in combat. >
Locomotion in the quail (Coturnix japonica): the kinematics of walking and increasing speed.

Hindlimb segmental kinematics and stride characteristics are quantified in several quail locomoting on a treadmill over a six-fold increase in speed. These data are used to describe the kinematics of a walking stride and to identify which limb elements are used to change stride features as speed increases. In quail, the femur does not move during locomotion and the tarsometatarsus-phalangeal joint is a major moving joint; thus, quail have lost the most proximal moving joint and added one distally. The tibiotarsus and tarso- metatarsus act together as a fixed strut swinging from the knee during stance phase (the ankle angle remains constant at a given speed) and the tarsometatarsus- phalangeal joint appears to have a major role in increas- ing limb length during the propulsive phase of the stride. Speed is increased with greater knee extension and by lengthening the tibiotarsus/tarsometatarsus via increased ankle extension at greater speeds. Because the femur is not moved and three distal elements are, quail move the limb segments through a stride and increase speed in a way fundamentally different from other nonavian vertebrates. However, the three moving joints in quail (the knee, ankle, and tarsometatarso- phangeal joint) have strikingly similar kinematics to the analogous moving joints (the hip, knee, and ankle) in other vertebrates. Comparisons to other vertebrates indicate that birds appear to have two modes of limb function (three- and four-segment modes) that vary with speed and locomotory habits. J. Morphol. 243: 173-185, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The search for meaningful comparisons in boxing and medical ethics

Boxers and healthcare workers alike should be able to exercise their rights Although there are calls elsewhere to ban boxing, the Australian Medical Association advocates a less restrictive rule. Professional boxers would submit to brain scans and MRIs—but what to do with the results of such tests? Critics say that boxers should decide which risks they take, but boxers are not the only ones in the debate. Healthcare workers understandably want some say in which risks people take, because the hospital is where boxers go when injuries occur (assuming they live). These issues of ethics and obligation are not made easier to resolve by the many disputed comparisons in this debate. Is boxing like other risk taking behaviour? Are physicians like other public employees? Until such questions are answered, a compromise would have check ups made mandatory, without forcing boxers to act on any knowledge gained. There is no shortage of comparisons in the debate over boxing. Boxing, we hear, is like fast food: dangerous yes, but it does offer some benefits. No, the opposing side contends, boxing is like a pistol duel: once considered sophisticated, it is now just a ritualistic violence. Perhaps boxing is like smoking: inform boxers of the risks and let them at it. Then again, if boxing is like smoking, people who do not realise how dangerous it is need protection from it. Depending on who you listen to, boxing is an expression of individualism and personal sacrifice—the next best thing to running your own country—or it illustrates the danger in letting concern for autonomy overstretch the social fabric. And so the comparisons continue, without really convincing anyone. Not surprisingly, reformist proposals that could include mandatory brain scans for boxers are viewed as intrusive …
Control of C2 unit using arena modeling and simulation

This paper reports the results of a simulation study using Arena on a system resembling a part of the high level supporting structure of a Command and Control Center for military air operations. The system is modeled as a reconfigurable queuing network with servers that are subject to failures and with a human operator unit. The main interest is to understand and quantify the benefits of reconfiguration, and to recommend changes in structural parameters and policies for optimized network performance. An optimal control policy is applied to the main processing unit in C2. The investigation is based on a Markov decision problem with the C2 unit as a closed queuing network; where in the structure of optimal policy is accomplished by means of dynamic programming. The paper presents our modeling effort, and simulation results that compare the C2 system performance.
Yeast Pah1p Phosphatidate Phosphatase Is Regulated by Proteasome-mediated Degradation *

Yeast PAH1-encoded phosphatidate phosphatase is the enzyme responsible for the production of the diacylglycerol used for the synthesis of triacylglycerol that accumulates in the stationary phase of growth. Paradoxically, the growth phase-mediated inductions of PAH1 and phosphatidate phosphatase activity do not correlate with the amount of Pah1p; enzyme abundance declined in a growth phase-dependent manner. Pah1p from exponential phase cells was a relatively stable protein, and its abundance was not affected by incubation with an extract from stationary phase cells. Recombinant Pah1p was degraded upon incubation with the 100,000 × g pellet fraction of stationary phase cells, although the enzyme was stable when incubated with the same fraction of exponential phase cells. MG132, an inhibitor of proteasome function, prevented degradation of the recombinant enzyme. Endogenously expressed and plasmid-mediated overexpressed levels of Pah1p were more abundant in the stationary phase of cells treated with MG132. Pah1p was stabilized in mutants with impaired proteasome (rpn4Δ, blm10Δ, ump1Δ, and pre1 pre2) and ubiquitination (hrd1Δ, ubc4Δ, ubc7Δ, ubc8Δ, and doa4Δ) functions. The pre1 pre2 mutations that eliminate nearly all chymotrypsin-like activity of the 20 S proteasome had the greatest stabilizing effect on enzyme levels. Taken together, these results supported the conclusion that Pah1p is subject to proteasome-mediated degradation in the stationary phase. That Pah1p abundance was stabilized in pah1Δ mutant cells expressing catalytically inactive forms of Pah1p and dgk1Δ mutant cells with induced expression of DGK1-encoded diacylglycerol kinase indicated that alteration in phosphatidate and/or diacylglycerol levels might be the signal that triggers Pah1p degradation.
A closer look at coscheduling approaches for a network of workstations

Efficient scheduling of processes on processors of a Network of Workstations (NOW) is essential for good system performance. However, the design of such schedulers is challenging because of the complex interaction between several system and workload parameters. Coscheduling, though desirable, is impractical for such a loosely coupled environment. Two operations, waiting for a message and arrival of a message, can be used to take remedial actions that can guide the behavior of the system towards coscheduling using local information. We present a taxonomy of three possibilities for each of these two operations, leading to a design space of scheduling mechanisms. This paper presents an extensive implementation and evaluation exercise in studying these mechanisms. Adhering to the philosophy that scheduling and communication are intertwined and should be studied in conjunction, a complete communication substrate for UltraSPARC workstations, connected by Myrinet and running Solaris 2.5.1, has been developed. This platform provides the entire Message Passing Interface (MPI) to readily run off-the-shelf MPI applications by employing protected low-latency user-level messaging. Several applications can concurrently use this interface. This platform has been used to design, implement, and uniformly evaluate nine scheduling strategies with a mixture of concurrent real applications with varying communication intensities. This includes four new schemes (Periodic Boost, Periodic Boost with Spin Block, Spin Yield, Periodic Boost with Spin Yield) that are presented in this paper. In addition to evaluatThis research is supported in part by an NSF Career Award MIPS-9701475, NSF grant MIP-9634197 and an NSF equipment grant CDA-9617315. ing the pros and cons of each mechanism in terms of throughput, response time, CPU utilization and fairness, it is shown that Periodic Boost is a promising approach for scheduling processes on a NOW.
Fish extinctions and ecosystem functioning in tropical ecosystems.

The activities of modern humans have increased the extinction rate of the world's species by up to 1,000 times that observed from the fossil record (1). This extinction crisis has motivated the scientific community to understand the consequences of reduced biodiversity for the dynamics of ecosystems, especially those that provide basic services to human societies. In many cases, we are in the process of damaging ecosystems that we rely on intimately for our own livelihoods. Nevertheless, our understanding of how ecosystems respond to losses of biodiversity remains rudimentary, and ecologists are struggling to understand the implications of future species losses. In a recent issue of PNAS, McIntyre et al. (2) provide an ambitious attempt to understand how the cycling of limiting nutrients in species-rich aquatic ecosystems varies as species are lost from their fish communities. The results presented in that article show that the deterioration of fish biodiversity in the tropics has important consequences for the ecosystems these fish inhabit but also highlight several key points that have been underappreciated by much of biodiversity science.
Nocturnal pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Oxygen desaturation occurs during sleep in some patients with COPD. To investigate the effects of these hypoxemic episodes on the pulmonary vasculature, we studied four patients with our routine polysomnographic techniques and simultaneously recorded pulmonary artery pressure. In all four subjects, nocturnal episodes of desaturation were accompanied by elevations in the pulmonary artery pressure. Low flow oxygen abolished the drops in arterial oxygen saturation (but not the breathing abnormalities) and no elevations in the PA pressure were observed. We postulate that in some COPD patients these initially transient events may lead to sustained pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale. Nocturnal oxygen therapy may be indicated in more patients than previously suspected and may prevent the development of cor pulmonale.
Central lymphatic irradiation for stage I–III follicular lymphoma: report from a single-institutional prospective study

Abstract Purpose This study was undertaken to update our experience with follicular lymphoma treated with central lymphatic irradiation (CLI). Methods and materials A total of 47 patients were treated with CLI between January 1993 and March 2000 in a prospective manner. CLI consisted of mantle, whole abdomen, and pelvic radiation fields with a 1-month break after each field. Each field was treated to 3000–3060 cGy at 150–180 cGy per fraction followed by a boost dose of 900 cGy to the areas with gross disease. The median age was 52 years (range: 29–73 years). There were 29 males. The diagnoses were as follows: follicular small cleaved-cell lymphoma, 23 patients; follicular mixed-cell lymphoma, 19 patients; follicular large-cell lymphoma, 5 patients. Ann Arbor stages were as follows: I, 5 patients; II, 14 patients; and III, 28 patients. The International Prognostic Index (IPI) categories were as follows: 0, 14 patients; 1, 24 patients; and 2, 9 patients. M. D. Anderson Tumor Score was as follows: 0, 14 patients; 1, 18 patients; 2, 9 patients; 3, 4 patients; 4, 1 patient; and unknown, 1 patient. Two patients had abnormal LDH levels, and 11 patients had β2M levels >2 mg/dL. Gender, pathology, stage, IPI, Anderson Tumor Score, β2M, and number of disease sites were examined for significance in freedom from progression (FFP) by univariate analyses. Results The median follow-up was 54 months (range: 8–93 months) for the 45 surviving patients. Every patient achieved a complete response, except for 1 patient whose lymphoma progressed to diffuse large-cell lymphoma during treatment. The 5-year overall survival and FFP were 94% and 53%, respectively. No failure has yet been observed beyond 55 months of follow-up with 13 patients at risk. Patterns of failure were as follows: within the radiation field, 10; outside the fields, 4; and both, 2. Of the seven variables investigated, β2M >2 mg/dL and IPI >1 were the only significant adverse prognostic factors for FFP ( p = 0.023 and 0.046, respectively). Conclusions CLI is well tolerated and seems to achieve durable FFP in about half of the patients with Stage I–III follicular lymphoma. Most of the experiences with CLI come from the treatment of Stage III disease and are very similar to our previous experience with combined modality treatment. Whether a plateau in FFP can be maintained beyond 5 years remains to be seen.
The role of landmarks in territory maintenance by the black saddlebags dragonfly, Tramea lacerata

Territoriality can reduce competition for resources, but territorial defense can be costly; therefore, any behavior that reduces territorial costs may increase the net benefit of territoriality. Some species will align their territory boundaries with conspicuous landmarks that may serve to reduce defense costs. Dragonflies, including black saddlebags (Tramea lacerata), defend territories at breeding sites, keeping rival males away to allow themselves access to females. We used three treatments to investigate whether T. lacerata used landmarks: constraining landmarks (an object that provided a physical barrier to flight), non-constraining landmarks (an object of the same dimensions and construction that did not impede flight), and a control without landmarks. We observed patrolling male black saddlebags and recorded the locations of turns at their territory boundary and interactions with other dragonflies. When either type of landmark was present, individuals placed their boundary at the landmark far more often than any other location. In addition, individuals that used landmarks had a significantly narrower range of turn locations than those that did not. Unlike other studies, the use of a landmark did not seem to reduce defense costs, and interestingly not all individuals used landmarks when they were provided. We hypothesize that in this species, landmarks may only reduce costs during territory establishment, rather than during territory maintenance. Alternatively, landmarks may serve as part of a spatial reference system that aids male dragonflies in efficiently searching for females, and thus may be more important in increasing benefits rather than decreasing the costs of territoriality.
Cross-Reactive, Cell-Mediated Immunity and Protection of Chickens from Lethal H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Hong Kong Poultry Markets

In 1997, avian H5N1 influenza virus transmitted from chickens to humans resulted in 18 confirmed infections. Despite harboring lethal H5N1 influenza viruses, most chickens in the Hong Kong poultry markets showed no disease signs. At this time, H9N2 influenza viruses were cocirculating in the markets. We investigated the role of H9N2 influenza viruses in protecting chickens from lethal H5N1 influenza virus infections. Sera from chickens infected with an H9N2 influenza virus did not cross-react with an H5N1 influenza virus in neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition assays. Most chickens primed with an H9N2 influenza virus 3 to 70 days earlier survived the lethal challenge of an H5N1 influenza virus, but infected birds shed H5N1 influenza virus in their feces. Adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes or CD8+ T cells from inbred chickens (B2/B2) infected with an H9N2 influenza virus to naive inbred chickens (B2/B2) protected them from lethal H5N1 influenza virus. In vitro cytotoxicity assays showed that T lymphocytes or CD8+ T cells from chickens infected with an H9N2 influenza virus recognized target cells infected with either an H5N1 or H9N2 influenza virus in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings indicate that cross-reactive cellular immunity induced by H9N2 influenza viruses protected chickens from lethal infection with H5N1 influenza viruses in the Hong Kong markets in 1997 but permitted virus shedding in the feces. Our findings are the first to suggest that cross-reactive cellular immunity can change the outcome of avian influenza virus infection in birds in live markets and create a situation for the perpetuation of H5N1 influenza viruses.
A circularly polarized rectifying antenna array for wireless microwave power transmission with over 78% efficiency

This paper reports a new circularly polarized (CP) high gain, high-efficiency rectifying antenna (rectenna) array designed in a coplanar stripline circuit. The array can maintain a constant DC output voltage regardless of its broadside orientation. Each antenna has a CP antenna gain of 11 dB and a better than 1 dB axial ratio fractional bandwidth of 4.7%. Coplanar stripline (CPS) band-reject filters (BRF) are used to suppress the re-radiated harmonics by more than 19 dB. At 5.61 GHz, using an array loading of 150 /spl Omega/, a 3/spl times/3 rectenna array achieves an RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of 78% and an axial ratio of 0.25 dB.
Hematuria following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for clinically localized prostate cancer.

Background Hematuria following prostate radiotherapy is a known toxicity that may adversely affect a patient’s quality of life. Given the higher dose of radiation per fraction using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) there is concern that post-SBRT hematuria would be more common than with alternative radiation therapy approaches. Herein, we describe the incidence and severity of hematuria following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for prostate cancer at our institution.
Application of self-organizing fuzzy logic controller in 2-D motion tracking control

In this study, self-organizing fuzzy logic controller (SOFLC) is used in 2D motion tracking control. SOFLC avoids the need of the prior knowledge of the system, and is able to create and modify the control rules by learning based on a given performance criterion. Simulation results compare the performance of SOFLCC with simple fuzzy logic controller. It is found that the SOFLC is able to lower the tracking error below a desired set value in a short time for 2D tracking control. >
THE LASER-INDUCED SCHLIEREN EFFECT IN SODIUM-NITROGEN MIXTURES

The feasibility has been evaluated of using a laserinduced Schlieren technique (LIST) for the measurement of trace species concentrations in a host gas mixture. Using a resonantly absorbed laser pump beam tuned to a transition of the trace species, the gas heating and thermal lens produced by the pump beam is detected by a nonabsorbed probe laser whose magnitude of deflection is proportional to the local concentration of the trace species. The evaluation was performed for Na-N2 mixtures and N2 with trace quantities of Na and nonabsorbing Hz0 vapor, and time-dependent deflections were calculated for pulsed pump beams. The feasibility of LIST was demonstrated for the ternary mixture, and it is estimated that, for Mach numbers less than 0.1, the Na measurement sensitivity is on the order of 0.1 ppm for measurements using a 1 W laser source with second pulse width. L Introduction The measurement of the local concentration of atomic and molecular trace gas species in a host gas environment is a recurring requirement in such application areas as combustion studies and the tracking and monitoring of tracer species in a flowfleld of varying density and temperature. Both in situ and sample extraction techniques have been applied to this measurement problem. Among the in situ techniques, the use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering suffers from the problem of scattering signal contributions from the non-resonant electronic susceptibility of the gas mixture.l The problem is no easier for other wellknown techniques such as resonant fluorescent scattering and its radiation quenching corrections2 and absorption spectroscopy whose results are modified by line-of-sight spatial averaging over density and temperature gradients. Mass spectrometric sampling probes fare no better in cases of general application because of the sometimes-complicated mass spectral pattern and mass resolution problem. Although these specific problems are avoided in some cases by the use
Transcriptional overexpression of CYP6B8/CYP6B28 and CYP6B9 is a mechanism associated with cypermethrin survivorship in field-collected Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths

BACKGROUND: There are multiple reports of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Helicoverpa zea (Boddie); however, metabolic mechanisms responsible for insect survivorship have yet to be elucidated at the molecular level. Here, the transcriptional expression of two cytochrome P450 genes involved in pyrethroid metabolism, CYP6B8/CYP6B28 and CYP6B9, in H. zea male moths surviving discriminating dosages of cypermethrin in the adult vial test were investigated using quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Insects classified as cypermethrin resistant in the adult vial assay contained significantly higher levels of both transcripts compared with the susceptible (ranging from a factor of 3.7 to 34.9 for CYP6B8/CYP6B28 and from 5.6 to 39.6 for CYP6B9), and in individual insects both transcripts were present at similar levels. Analysis of individual males collected across ecological regions and years in Texas showed overexpression of these genes. CONCLUSIONS: This paper is the first to identify transcriptional overexpression of CYP genes associated with pyrethroid survivorship in field-collected H. zea. This discovery will allow for greater focus on increased metabolism studies at the population level. Understanding mechanisms responsible for resistance will greatly improve the ability to monitor resistance and make better control recommendations, as metabolic resistance may threaten the success not only of pyrethroids but also of other synthetic pesticides. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Two forms of retinal disparity

The retinal disparities in stereograms where the vertical alignment of pairs of homologous points in one eye differs from that in the other eye were found to be more effective than disparities that do not involve that kind of binocular difference. The presence of such “transverse disparities” was found to shorten the time elapsed until perceived depth was reported in four instances, in two simple stereogram pairs and in two different pairs of random dot pattern stereograms. In an experiment where binocular parallax was in conflict with an effect of past experience, the presence of transverse disparities caused binocular parallax to prevail. The presumption that the amount of perceived depth depends only on the amount of disparity (provided distances from the eyes are unchanged) and not on the configuration in which it manifests itself was found not to hold in stereograms containing transverse disparities.
Early history of X-ray lithography at IBM

We present a reconstruction of the early work on X-ray lithography at the IBM East Fishkill facility in 1969 and 1970 and a summary of the efforts at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, between 1973 and 1976.
Ontology-Supported Focused-Crawler for Specified Scholar's Webpages

In this paper, an OntoCrawler based on the ontology-supported technique for webpage searching was proposed, in which only user entered some keywords would the system supported by domain ontology actively provide comparison and verification for those keywords so as to up-rise precision rate of webpage searching. This technique has practically been installed in Google and Yahoo search engines and furthermore searched some related scholars' personal webpages and accordingly stored the results into a database to let the backend systems to do advanced processes. The preliminary experiment outcomes proved the OntoCrawler based on ontology-supported techniques proposed in this paper could really up-rise the precision rate of webpage searching.
Pop-Up Animations: Impacts and Implications for Website Design and Online Advertising

Owing to the rapid growth of Internet technologies, Web site design, and online advertisements, pop-up animations have affected and will continue to affect millions of people. Our understanding of the effectiveness and the impact of online advertisements on consumers is still limited from a theoretical perspective, and the empirical evidence continues to be scant. This paper synthesizes and integrates several lab-controlled experiments conducted by the author over an eight-year period (from 1996 to 2003) on the impact of pop-up animations in the Web environment. Human visual attention literature is used to emphasize human cognitive characteristics that prevent or enable us to behave in certain ways when there is animation in our vision field. These studies, together, address the following research questions: (1) As a non-primary information source, does animation decrease viewers’ information-seeking performance? (2) If so, do location and timing of pop-up animation matter? (3) As viewers’ familiarity with online advertisements increases, do those early animation effects diminish over years? The studies also validate the applicability of visual attention theories in the Web environment and have significant practical implications for online advertising strategies, both for marketers and content providers.
The effect of discrimination and stress on sexual and behavioral health among sexual minority servicemen

ABSTRACTOn September 20, 2011, the repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell (DADT) was a defining moment in the United States; however, a gap in research remains regarding the military climate after the repeal of DADT. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to increase the body of knowledge on the sexual and behavioral health among gay and bisexual servicemen while methodologically identifying factors, such as discrimination and stress, which negatively impact negative health behaviors and risky sexual behaviors. A convenience sample of 85 male U.S. servicemen were recruited via e-mail blasts and web postings on social media sites. Data showed a statistically significant association between sexual orientation and experiencing discrimination, χ2 (1) = 8.292, p =.004, V = 0.354. Three separate regression models were used for the three outcome variables. Identifying as either a gay or bisexual service member reduced the likelihood of using tobacco (OR =.059, p =.002); alcohol (OR =.064, p =.040); and having casual se...
Electrocatalysis on Oxide-Stabilized, High-Surface Area Carbon Electrodes

A procedure is described for preparing and derivatizing novel, high surface area electrodes consisting of thin layers of nanostructured ITO (Sn(IV)-doped indium tin oxide, nanoITO) on reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) to give RVC|nanoITO. The resulting hybrid electrodes are highly stabilized oxidatively. They were surface-derivatized by phosphonate binding of the electrocatalyst, [Ru(Mebimpy)(4,4′-((HO)2OPCH2)2bpy)(OH2)]2+ (Mebimpy = 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) (1-PO3H2) to give RVC|nanoITO-RuII-OH22+. The redox properties of the catalyst are retained on the electrode surface. Electrocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde occurs with a 75% Faradaic efficiency compared to 57% on nanoITO. Electrocatalytic water oxidation at 1.4 V vs SCE on derivatized RVC|nanoITO electrode with an internal surface area of 19.5 cm2 produced 7.3 μmoles of O2 in 70% Faradaic yield in 50 min.
Viscoelastic relaxation time and structural evolution during length contraction of spider silk protein nanostructures

Spider dragline silk is a self-assembling protein that rivals many engineering fibers in strength, extensibility, and toughness, making it a versatile biocompatible material. Here, atomistic-level structures of wildtype MaSp1 protein from the Nephila clavipes spider dragline silk sequences, obtained using an in silico approach based on replica exchange molecular dynamics and explicit water, are subjected to nanomechanical testing and released preceding failure. We approximate the relaxation time from an exponential decay function, and identify permanent changes in secondary structure. Our work provides fundamental insights into the time-dependent properties of silk and possibly other protein materials.
Force sensing using 3D displacement measurements in linear elastic bodies

In cell traction microscopy, the mechanical forces exerted by a cell on its environment is usually determined from experimentally measured displacement by solving an inverse problem in elasticity. In this paper, an innovative numerical method is proposed which finds the "optimal" traction to the inverse problem. When sufficient regularization is applied, we demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the widely used approach using Green's functions. Motivated by real cell experiments, the equilibrium condition of a slowly migrating cell is imposed as a set of equality constraints on the unknown traction. Our validation benchmarks demonstrate that the numeric solution to the constrained inverse problem well recovers the actual traction when the optimal regularization parameter is used. The proposed method can thus be applied to study general force sensing problems, which utilize displacement measurements to sense inaccessible forces in linear elastic bodies with a priori constraints.
The cost of lithium is unlikely to upend the price of Li-ion storage systems

Abstract As lithium ion batteries become more common in electric vehicles and other storage applications, concerns about the cost of their namesake material, and its impact on the cost of these batteries, will continue. However, examining the constituent materials of these devices shows that lithium is a relatively small contributor to both the battery mass and manufacturing cost. The use of more expensive lithium precursor materials results in less than 1% increases in the cost of lithium ion cells considered. Similarly, larger fluctuations in the global lithium price (from $0 to $25/kg from a baseline of $7.50 per kg of Li2CO3) do not change the cost of lithium ion cells by more than 10%. While this small cost increase will not have a substantial impact on consumers, it could affect the manufacturers of these lithium ion cells, who already operate with small profit margins.
Coupling of Thermo, Mechanical and Microstructure FEM Simulation and Analysis of Plate Control Cooling

A coupling thermal,mechanical and microstructure finite element model had been developed by using FEM simulation technique.The results of temperature,stress and microstructure were calculated about three kinds of cool- ing pattern on the runout table.The simulation results showed that sparse cooling could improve the temperature uni- form in depth,the wrap deflection could be decreased by the even cooling on the upper and down surface,the micro- structures and properties could be controlled under different cooling routes.The result offered theoretical basis for i- deal shape,microstructure and properties.
Osseous Interference of Soft Tissue Healing

Bone may interfere with soft tissue wound contracture by osteomyelitis or unyielding rigidity. Chronic osteomyelitis and nonhealing cavities are being successfully treated by debridement, coverage or fill by permanently pedicled flaps, and appropriate antibiotics.
Artificial destratification effects on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in a eutrophic impoundment in the northern Great Plains

To determine the influence of artificial destratification on nutrient variations in a small eutrophic impoundment, field monitoring and laboratory analyses were conducted in three consecutive summers (2010, 2011, and 2012). The impact of aeration among sampling locations and across the water column of nutrient concentrations, including total and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and water temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) was evaluated under aerated and non-aerated conditions. Aeration eliminated thermal stratification and DO concentrations of bottom waters increased. Nutrients including soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations across the water column did not change significantly during aeration. Nevertheless, under aerated conditions, dissolved inorganic nutrients, TN, TP, and temperature were homogenously distributed throughout the water column as an effect of aeration. Results indicated that artificial destratification resuspended nutrients throughout the water column; however, it did not have a significant effect on nutrient concentrations in the water column, but SRP, TN, and TP concentrations did not reach to the recommended limit as needed by the North Dakota Department of Health requirements. Therefore, alternative aeration methods, for instance, hypolimnetic oxygenation or hypolimnetic aeration are recommended to control nutrient redistribution and/or further releases by existing aeration system.
CHEMISTRY OF HNO3 ON GE(100)

We describe here the initial bonding geometry and decomposition mechanism of HNO3 on Ge(100). A combination of high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and temperature programmed desorption experiments have been used to shed light on the details of this complex but technologically important system. It was found that HNO3 adsorbs molecularly at 190 K in a predominantly bidentate bonding configuration. When the substrate is warmed to 425 K, the molecule decomposes. In a process that involves two adjacent HNO3 adsorbates, H2O and NO desorb while O remains on the surface. Further heating above 600 K causes the O to desorb as GeO.
Characteristics of vertical air motion in isolated convectiveclouds

Abstract. The vertical velocity and air mass flux in isolated convective clouds are statistically analyzed using aircraft in situ data collected from three field campaigns: High-Plains Cumulus (HiCu) conducted over the midlatitude High Plains, COnvective Precipitation Experiment (COPE) conducted in a midlatitude coastal area, and Ice in Clouds Experiment-Tropical (ICE-T) conducted over a tropical ocean. The results show that small-scale updrafts and downdrafts ( 20 m s−1) were sampled in COPE and ICE-T. The observed downdrafts are stronger in HiCu and COPE than in ICE-T. The PDFs of the air mass flux are exponentially distributed as well. The observed maximum air mass flux in updrafts is of the order 104 kg m−1 s−1. The observed air mass flux in the downdrafts is typically a few times smaller in magnitude than that in the updrafts. Since this study only deals with isolated convective clouds, and there are many limitations and sampling issues in aircraft in situ measurements, more observations are needed to better explore the vertical air motion in convective clouds.
Combining COSTUME and Azimut+ to Address Functional and Non-functional Requirements in Software Component Selection

Component-based Software Development (CBD) has become recognized as an efficient and effective technique to develop complex software systems. Several component selection techniques already address either functional or non-functional requirements (NFRs), however, NFRs remain hard to be satisfied since most are system-wide properties and cannot be directly associated to components. There are no techniques dealing with cases in which NFRs are shared properties in the system functionality groups. This article proposes to combine the existing techniques COSTUME and Azimut+, where COSTUME groups NFR-sharing functionalities and Azimut+ generates combinations of candidate components for each group. A case study conducted at a local start-up illustrates the proposal.
Extending the fossil record of Polytrichaceae: Early Cretaceous Meantoinea alophosioides gen. et sp. nov., permineralized gametophytes with gemma cups from Vancouver Island.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Diverse in modern ecosystems, mosses are dramatically underrepresented in the fossil record. Furthermore, most pre-Cenozoic mosses are known only from compression fossils, lacking detailed anatomical information. When preserved, anatomy vastly improves resolution in the systematic placement of fossils. Lower Cretaceous deposits at Apple Bay (Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada) contain a diverse anatomically preserved flora that includes numerous bryophytes, many of which have yet to be characterized. Among them is a polytrichaceous moss that is described here. METHODS Fossil moss gametophytes preserved in four carbonate concretions were studied in serial sections prepared using the cellulose acetate peel technique. KEY RESULTS We describe Meantoinea alophosioides gen. et sp. nov., a polytrichaceous moss with terminal gemma cups containing stalked, lenticular gemmae. Leaves with characteristic costal anatomy, differentiated into sheathing base and free lamina and bearing photosynthetic lamellae, along with a conducting strand in the stem, place Meantoinea in family Polytrichaceae. The bistratose leaf lamina with an adaxial layer of mamillose cells, short photosynthetic lamellae restricted to the costa, and presence of gemma cups indicate affinities with basal members of the Polytrichaceae, such as Lyellia, Bartramiopsis, and Alophosia. CONCLUSIONS Meantoinea alophosioides enriches the documented moss diversity of an already-diverse Early Cretaceous plant fossil assemblage. This is the third moss described from the Apple Bay plant fossil assemblage and represents the first occurrence of gemma cups in a fossil moss. It is also the oldest unequivocal record of Polytrichaceae, providing a hard minimum age for the group of 136 million years.
Taxonomy: Psychological and Biological

This book contains something for the inveterate Fodor-watcher as well as the part-time dabbler in the philosophy of psychology. The rift that has sundered philosophical theorizing about the mind for the past couple of decades (the seismic event being the 1975 publication of Hilary Putnam’s “The Meaning of ‘Meaning’ ”) has pitted advocates of “narrow” mental content against those of “wide” content. The divisive issue is whether an agent’s mental states should be individuated purely by reference to their intrinsic causal powers, or whether they should be picked out according to their etiology or causal history. Anyone who still thinks of Fodor as the archetypal “methodological solipsist” in the philosophy of mind is in for a surprise, since his express aim here is to cast doubt on the narrow mode of individuation and to vindicate the opposing position. Fodor’s evolution has not taken place overnight; he has come gradually to subscribe to “informational semantics”, which picks out mental states according to their extrinsic causes, actual or possible. For readers who are already familiar with this gradual about-face, there are other surprises in store here in the various ingenious and audacious moves that Fodor makes on behalf of the wide mode of individuation. Fodor begins this brief monograph, which is based on a series of inaugural Jean Nicod Lectures delivered in Paris in 1993, by posing a problem for himself. The problem arises because of a certain tension between two ideas to which he is committed and which he takes to be central to the effort to putting psychology on a solid scientific footing, complete with intentional laws. The first is that intentional content reduces to information (which is a bona fide scientific or naturalized notion), and the second is that psychological laws are implemented by computational processes. The tension exists because the process of computation merely transforms one symbol into another based on the intrinsic causal powers of those symbols, whereas the information carried by a thought is a function of its (acutal or possible) causal history. It seems mysterious how these two things could remain “in phase” in such a way
The efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of pediatric arrhythmia and its effects on serum IL-6 and hs-CRP

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in the treatment of pediatric arrhythmia and to assess the changes in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and hs-CRP levels after treatment. Hundred and six children with tachyarrhythmia who were admitted to Xuzhou Children's Hospital from November, 2014 to December, 2015 were recruited for study. The efficacies of radiofrequency in the treatment of different types of arrhythmia were analyzed. Successful ablation was found in 104 cases (98.11%) and recurrence was found in 7 cases (6.73%). Among 62 cases of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), successful ablation was found in 60 cases (96.77%) and recurrence was found in 3 cases (4.84%). Among 33 cases of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), successful ablation was found in 33 cases (100%) and recurrence was found in 2 cases (6.06%). Among 5 cases of ventricular tachycardia (VT), successful ablation was found in 5 cases (100%) and no recurrence was found. Among 4 cases of atrial tachycardia (AT), successful ablation was found in 4 cases (100%) and recurrence was found in 1 case (25%). Among 2 cases of atrial flutter (AFL), successful ablation was found in both (100%) and recurrence was found in 1 case (50%). After operation, the levels of IL-6 and hs-CRP were increased and were continually increased within 6 h after operation. The levels of IL-6 and hs-CRP at 24 h after operation were reduced but still higher than preoperative levels. The duration of radiofrequency and ablation energy were positively correlated with the levels of IL-6 and hs-CRP, while the number of discharges was not significantly correlated with either. In conclusion, radiofrequency ablation is a safe and effective treatment for pediatric arrhythmia. Postoperative monitoring of IL-6 and hs-CRP levels is conducive to understanding postoperative myocardial injury and inflammatory response.
Utilization of independent component analysis for accurate pathological ripple detection in intracranial EEG recordings recorded extra- and intra-operatively

Abstract Objective To develop and validate a detector that identifies ripple (80–200 Hz) events in intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings in a referential montage and utilizes independent component analysis (ICA) to eliminate or reduce high-frequency artifact contamination. Also, investigate the correspondence of detected ripples and the seizure onset zone (SOZ). Methods iEEG recordings from 16 patients were first band-pass filtered (80–600 Hz) and Infomax ICA was next applied to derive the first independent component (IC1). IC1 was subsequently pruned, and an artifact index was derived to reduce the identification of high-frequency events introduced by the reference electrode signal. A Hilbert detector identified ripple events in the processed iEEG recordings using amplitude and duration criteria. The identified ripple events were further classified and characterized as true or false ripple on spikes, or ripples on oscillations by utilizing a topographical analysis to their time-frequency plot, and confirmed by visual inspection. Results The signal to noise ratio was improved by pruning IC1. The precision of the detector for ripple events was 91.27 ± 4.3%, and the sensitivity of the detector was 79.4 ± 3.0% (N = 16 patients, 5842 ripple events). The sensitivity and precision of the detector was equivalent in iEEG recordings obtained during sleep or intra-operatively. Across all the patients, true ripple on spike rates and also the rates of false ripple on spikes, that were generated due to filter ringing, classified the seizure onset zone (SOZ) with an area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) of >76%. The magnitude and spectral content of true ripple on spikes generated in the SOZ was distinct as compared with the ripples generated in the NSOZ (p Conclusions Utilizing ICA to analyze iEEG recordings in referential montage provides many benefits to the study of high-frequency oscillations. The ripple rates and properties defined using this approach may accurately delineate the seizure onset zone. Significance Strategies to improve the spatial resolution of intracranial EEG and reduce artifact can help improve the clinical utility of HFO biomarkers.
Environmental Governance in China: State, Society, and Market

This article provides an analytical overview of major works on the topic of environmental governance in China, with a particular emphasis on studies examining policies during the reform era (post-1978). We begin by exploring the rise of China’s “environmental state” and the various institutional and political factors that shape state behavior. Next, we describe the complex relationship between the Chinese state and society, analyzing studies related to environmental public opinion, citizen action, nongovernmental organizations ( NGO s), green civil society, the role of the media, and China’s judiciary. Finally, we conclude by reviewing research on market-based mechanisms of environmental governance in China, including emissions trading schemes, environmental transparency, corporate information disclosure, and green finance.
Addressing surprisal deficiencies in reading time models.

This study demonstrates a weakness in how n-gram and PCFG surprisal are used to predict reading times in eye-tracking data. In particular, the information conveyed by words skipped during saccades is not usually included in the surprisal measures. This study shows that correcting the surprisal calculation improves n-gram surprisal and that upcoming n-grams affect reading times, replicating previous findings of how lexical frequencies affect reading times. In contrast, the predictivity of PCFG surprisal does not benefit from the surprisal correction despite the fact that lexical sequences skipped by saccades are processed by readers, as demonstrated by the corrected n-gram measure. These results raise questions about the formulation of information-theoretic measures of syntactic processing such as PCFG surprisal and entropy reduction when applied to reading times.
The media’s coverage of mass public shootings in America: fifty years of newsworthiness

ABSTRACTThis study uses a media distortion analysis to examine the New York Times coverage of mass public shooting incidents occurring in the United States from 1966 to 2016. A comparison between m...