cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of the diabetes adolescent problem solving questionnaire.

Objective Problem solving is a critical diabetes self-management skill. Because of a lack of clinically feasible measures, our aim was to develop and validate a self-report self-management problem solving questionnaire for adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
The necessity of dishonesty: police deviance, ‘making the case’, and the public good

This study presents the results of structured interviews of 10 urban police officers conducted by an insider – a fellow police officer – regarding their attitudes towards and motivations for the use of dishonesty and extra-legal means in furtherance of their law enforcement function. Their vocabulary of motives include a wide range of justifications and rationalisations for their own and their fellow officers’ unlawful stops, searches, arrests, planting of evidence, false report writing, and perjured testimony. The officers’ techniques for neutralising their own moral guilt or others’ questioning of their untoward conduct go beyond furtherance of their noble cause, which is a dominant force. The officers benefit both personally and professionally from their deviance. They express a firm belief that their extra-legal methods are a necessary deterrent to criminal behaviour, and even desired by those segments of society most victimised by criminal behaviour. Given the constellation of motives driving the off...
Erratic absorption of theophylline from slow-release products in children☆

Sustained-release theophylline formulations are designed to provide consistent serum theophylline concentrations (STCs) by influencing the rate of theophylline absorption. The objective in developing these formulations is to minimize fluctuations in STC and improve patient compliance. Recent information, however, suggests that certain patients are susceptible to significant day-to-day and dose-to-dose variations in STC. The purpose of this discussion is to review information on conditions that affect theophylline absorption. These factors include the formulation, dosing interval, age of the patient, absence or presence of food, and gastrointestinal physiology. Appreciation of the potential variation in STC, secondary to inconsistencies in theophylline absorption, is important in the accurate interpretation of STC obtained during routine therapeutic monitoring.
Impurity Photoconductivity of γ‐Irradiated LiF

The photoconductivity and absorbance of three batches of γ-irradiated LiF crystals with different impurity levels are measured. Impurity levels are determined by neutron activation analysis. In absorbance experiments using polarized light, dichroism with 〈110〉 symmetry is observed in the region of a shoulder on the low-energy side of the F band. The shoulder occurs in the spectral region where a photoconductivity peak is observed. It is shown that the same defect center produces the shoulder and the photocurrent peak. The data indicate that the center responsible for the photoconductivity is the Fz1 center. Photoleitfahigkeit und Absorptionsvermogen von drei Gruppen γ-bestrahlter LiF-Kristalle mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen von Verunreinigungen werden gemessen. Die jeweiligen Konzentrationen der Verunreinigungen werden durch Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse bestimmt. Bei den Experimenten zum Absorptionsvermogen mit polarisiertem Licht wird Dichroismus mit 〈110〉-Symmetrie im Gebiet der Schulter auf der Niederenergieseite des F-Band beobachtet. Die Schulter befindet sich in demselben Spektralgebiet, in dem das Maximum der Photoleitfahigkeit beobachtet wird. Es wird gezeigt, das die Schulter der Absorptionsfahigkeit und das Maximum der Photoleitfahigkeit von derselben Fehlstelle herruhren. Die Daten lassen den Schlus zu, das die Photoleitfahigkeit durch die Existenz von Fz1-Zentren hervorgerufen wird.
An analysis of the effect of fringe benefit offerings on the turnover of hourly housekeeping workers in the hotel industry

Abstract This study examined the effects on turnover associated with the benefits offered to housekeeping employees of 174 hotels in the southeastern United States. Bio-Medical Data Processing (BMDP) analysis was used to identify those benefits which tended to result in lower turnover rates among housekeeping employees. Significant turnover differences were discovered between the various benefits offered.
Economic Injury Levels for Interseasonal Control of Rangeland Insects

The economic injury level (ElL) model traditionally used in pest management was extended to include control of univoltine pests for which multiple years of control benefits are expected: The model was then applied to control of grasshoppers (Acrididae) invading western rangelands. The ElL for grasshoppers was 18 fourth instars per square meter under defined average conditions using malathion ULV liquid spray, but this threshold varied greatly depending on specification of expected forage value, treatment costs, and other model parameters. The ElL depended on several key factors including the value of forage, the cost of treatment, pest population dynamics between years, the life of the treatment, and treatment efficacy. Other factors that were less important in determining the ElL were the discount rate used in discounting forage savings benefits in future years and stage of pest development when treated. Uncertainty about site-specific specification of model parameters, as well as site-specific species complexes, survival rates, and forage destruction rates, suggests a large degree of uncertainty associated with the ElL.
Tillich on Divine Power and Ultimate Meaning in Human History

Chez Paul Tillich, le concept de Dieu s’oppose au modele « interventionniste » du theisme traditionnel en Occident. Cet article se propose de determiner si, et en quel sens, d’apres Tillich, on peut dire que Dieu agit pour influencer le cours des evenements historiques. On soutient que son concept de « pouvoir Spirituel » fournit une reponse a cette question. Pour clarifier cette these, on explore les concepts d’esprit, de pouvoir, de sens, de vocation, de kairos et de renoncement au pouvoir. Selon Tillich, la vocation de groupes sociaux determines est animee d’un pouvoir divin conferant tout ensemble un don et une tâche. Pour les chretiens, la vocation de Jesus le Christ, qui consiste a proclamer la venue du Royaume de Dieu comme le sens ultime de l’histoire, constitue le critere permettant de juger les vocations concretes. Dieu agit en offrant un sens, qui doit etre choisi et realise.
Development of responsiveness to novel objects in the titi monkey,Callicebus moloch

Adult titi monkeys react to novelty more strongly and cautiously than other New World primates. Developmental changes in responsiveness were assessed by presenting complex novel objects to family groups consisting of 11 male-female pairs and their adult (31–33 months), subadult (20–23 months), and juvenile offspring (10–16 months). Food and a simple block were included as control conditions. Differences in attraction to novel objects were inversely related to age. Juveniles approached more objects, more quickly, and spent more time near them than older subjects. Parents, the least responsive age-group, seemed more indifferent than cautious. Age-effects were smaller with the block, and negligible with food. Even in the most responsive age-group, investigatory behavior appeared subdued as compared to other primate species.
Flow Structure on a Retreating Rotor Blade at High Advance Ratios

This paper provides unambiguous velocity-field proof that a strong edge vortex occurs on a rotating blade in reverse flow. The rotor blades of a helicopter encounter reverse flow during flight at high advance ratio. Reverse flow is a limiter in rotorcraft design with excursions in pitch link loads and bending moments. Stereo particle-image velocimetry is used on the flow under the retreating blade of a two-bladed teetering rotor system in a low speed wind tunnel. The results are correlated with earlier aerodynamic loads and flow visualization data using the same rotor blade planform placed in a yawed, fixed-wing position. Results obtained with the blade held fixed at several rotor azimuths and angles of attack are used to ascertain the rotation effects on the flowfield by comparison with rotating blade results. Initial results suggest that radial velocity due to rotation hinders separation and delays the formation of an attached vortex, compared to the static case. The circulation of the reverse flow attached vortex is of the same order of magnitude as the bound circulation of the airfoil section, proving that the vortex contributes significantly to the lift force in addition to the pitching moment.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Sources of Bank Interest Rate Risk

We investigate bank stocks’sensitivity to changes in interest rates and the factors affecting this sensitivity. We focus on whether the exposure of commercial banks to interest rate risk is conditioned on certain balance sheet and income statement ratios. We find a significantly negative relation between bank stock returns and changes in interest rates over the period 1991–1996. We also find that bank characteristics measured from basic financial statement information explain bank stocks’sensitivity to interest rate changes. These results suggest that bank managers, analysts, and regulators can use this information to assess the relative risk exposure of banks.
INTESTINAL OLUCOSE ABSORPTION IS DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT IN CHRONICALLY CATHETERIZED RATS COMPARED TO ACUTELY CATHETERIZED

Studies of rat intestinal glucose absorption have been performed shortly after anesthesia and abdominal surgery. In order to determine if these factors affect intestinal glucose absorption, we compared portal venous (PV) and aortic (A) blood glucose ([glue]) concentrations from acutely (AC) and chronically catheterized (CC) rats. PV, A and gastrostomy catheters were surgically placed in adult rats. Ten ml of 5% dextrose was infused into the gastrostomy within 1 hr of catheter placement in the AC rats. In the CC rats, the dextrose was infused after the rats had regained preoperative wt (6-10 days). PV and A blood was drawn at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after the dextrose infusion. The values are μmol substrate / g bloud(mean±SD, n=4-5). In CC rats A-[gluc] increased from a baseline of 7.6±0.3 to a maximum of 14.3±2.4, 15 min following the dextrose infusion and decreased linearly to baseline concentrations (7.4±0.3) 60 minutes after infusion. In contrast, the A-[gluc] in AC rats continued to increase linearly after the dextrose infusion from a baseline of 7.3±0.2 to 9.6±2.0(15min), 12.1±2.3 (45)and 13.5±1.7(60). The A-[gluc] of CC rats were significantly different from AC at 15 and 60 min (p<0.05). The glucose concentration gradients between portal venous and aortic blood ( gluc[PV-A]) in AC rats were significantly greater than 0 at 5, 15, 30 and 45 min after the dextrose infusion with an average of 1.78 μmol/g blood. In the CC rats, there was no significant gluc[PV-A] at any sampling time. There was no significant difference between AC and CC rats in gluc[PV-A] 60 min after the dextrose infusion. These studies indicate that glucose absorption was delayed in the AC rats compared to the CC rats. Since the rate of glucose absorption = gluc[PV-A] X mesenteric blood flow (MBF), the presence of a significant gluc[PV-A] in the AC rats during a time of decreased glucose absorption indicates a decrease in mesenteric blood flow compared to CC. This study suggests that physiologic PV and A blood substrate concentrations following feedings should be obtained under chronically catheterized conditions.
Thermophoresis/diffusion as a plausible mechanism for unipolar resistive switching in metal–oxide–metal memristors

We show that the SET operation of a unipolar memristor could be explained by thermophoresis, or the Soret effect, which is the diffusion of atoms, ions or vacancies in a steep temperature gradient. This mechanism explains the observed resistance switching via conducting channel formation and dissolution reported for TiO2 and other metal-oxide-based unipolar resistance switches. Depending on the temperature profile in a device, dilute vacancies can preferentially diffuse radially inward toward higher temperatures caused by the Joule heating of an electronic current to essentially condense and form a conducting channel. The RESET operation occurs via radial diffusion of vacancies away from the channel when the temperature is elevated but the gradient is small.
Multi-channel compensator design for feedback control systems by compensator improvement

In the past few years there has been an increasing interest in the use of the computer for designing compensators of control systems.1,2,3,4,5,6 The compensator design technique presented in [1] is basically a weighted least squares fit of the actual frequency response curve to some desired frequency response. Somewhat different, the method described in [2] and [3] designs compensators by embedding the frequency response design specifications in a cost function which is then minimized with respect to the compensator coefficients. These methods are definitely an asset when used to design practical compensators for control systems; however, in some cases a priori knowledge must be used for selecting certain weighting constants, or computer programs containing these algorithms must be run several times while transmuting these constants before an acceptable design can be achieved.
Models for Accurate Computation of Earliest and Latest Start Times and Optimal Compression in Project Networks

Operations research techniques, especially linear and integer programming, have been suggested for use in project management. Most frequently these techniques are applied to finding critical path(s) in project networks and for compressing activities for an early project completion. The simplest of these models are usually found in introductory operations research/management science textbooks and they often suffer from a common deficiency: when they employ earliest start times (ES) as variables in the model, ES of activities that are not on the critical path may be computed incorrectly. This may lead to inefficient resource reallocation and leveling. Furthermore, activities outside the critical path may be compressed unnecessarily, as will be demonstrated in this paper. We present a zero–one mixed integer programming model to correctly compute earliest and latest start times of all activities and determine the optimal compression schedule. Several extensions to the model are offered to provide different pe...
What Is the Best Management Style

A ministry manager realizes that relating to people is the major part of the job. Successful managers quickly learn to appreciate differences in personalities, gifts, abilities, and behaviors among the many stakeholders inside and outside the ministry organization. Conflict and other problems often occur as a result of personality differences and the resulting management styles generated from those personalities. As one seeks to improve one's effectiveness as a manager/leader, one wonders what is the best management style to utilize. In a nutshell, the answer lies in developing skills to modify one's style to "empower" co-corkers in accordance with their competencies & maturity levels and the organization's situation.
Antibiotic exposure and resistance in mixed bacterial populations

Antibiotic use is often blamed for increases in the prevalence of infections due to antibiotic-resistance bacteria. This paper clarifies the effects of antibiotic exposure on bacterial antibiotic resistance by developing models that describe the growth of competing bacterial strains whose antibiotic sensitivities differ. The analysis generalizes logistic growth models to include first-order growth parameters that are arbitrary functions of antibiotic levels. It derives closed-form solutions for population size, composition, and average antibiotic sensitivities as functions of antibiotic exposure. Strategies to minimize the bacterial population size are analyzed in the context of the model. These heuristic models explore in formal terms the population dynamics thought to underlie resistance development.
Self-directed attention and taking the other's perspective

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted to assess the influence of self-directed attention on the ability to take another's perspective. In Experiment 1 subjects who listened to a recording of their own voice were better able to orient themselves to the perspective of another than were subjects in a control group. However, the presence of concern about a potentially negative aspect of the self eliminated the positive relationship between self-directed attention and other orientation. Experiment 2, with the same experimental conditions as in Experiment 1, investigated the relationship between self-focused attention and selfattribution for a group product. The results indicated that self-awareness lessened the tendency of subjects within a group to “overattribute” responsibility for the group product to oneself. Again, self-focused attention did not improve self-other differentiation when subjects were concerned about a potentially negative aspect of the self. A final experiment (3) was a conceptual replication of Experiment 1, using a different perspective-taking measure and a different method of inducing self-focus.
Epidemiology of Scleroderris lagerbergii.

The epidemiology of S. lagerbergii is discussed in four parts: (1) mode of infection, (2) production of inoculum, (3) dissemination of inoculum, and (4) development of epidemics. Scleroderris canker caused by S. lagerbergii is described as the most serious disease present in red pine plantations in North America.
Computer simulation of a rotary dryer. Part II: Heat and Mass Transfer

A computer model of a single-pass, rotary-drum dryer with or without a centerfill flighting section, describes the drying behavior of wood particles within the drum. This part of a two-part study examines heat and mass transfer, which are shown to be partly dependent on the pattern of particle flow and on retention time. Comparison of simulation results with drying data based on moisture content of outlet particles from a large-scale rotary dryer was favorable, with a root mean square error of 22.2%.
IFNγ Restores Breast Cancer Sensitivity to Fulvestrant by Regulating STAT1, IFN Regulatory Factor 1, NF-κB, BCL2 Family Members, and Signaling to Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis

Antiestrogens are effective therapies for the management of many estrogen receptor-α (ER)–positive breast cancers. Nonetheless, both de novo and acquired resistance occur and remain major problems in the clinical setting. IFNγ is an inflammatory cytokine that induces the expression and function of IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), a tumor suppressor gene that can increase antiestrogen responsiveness. We show that IFNγ, but not IFNα ,I FN β, or fulvestrant (ICI; ICI 182,780; Faslodex), induces IRF1 expression in antiestrogen-resistant MCF7/LCC9 and LY2 cells. Moreover, IFNγ restores the responsiveness of these cells to fulvestrant. Increased IRF1 activation suppresses NF-κB p65 (RELA) activity, inhibits the expression of prosurvival (BCL2, BCL-W), and induces the expression of proapoptotic members (BAK, mitochondrial BAX) of the BCL2 family. This molecular signaling is associated with the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and leads to increased mitochondrial membrane permeability; activation of caspase-7 (CASP7), CASP8, and CASP9; and induction of apoptosis but not autophagy. Whereas antiestrogen-resistant cells are capable of inducing autophagy through IFN-mediated signaling, their ability to do so through antiestrogen-regulated signaling is lost. The abilities of IFNγ to activate CASP8, induce apoptosis, and restore antiestrogen sensitivity are prevented by siRNA targeting IRF1, whereas transient overexpression of IRF1 mimics the effects of IFNγ treatment. These observations support the exploration of clinical trials combining antiestrogens and compounds that can induce IRF1, such as IFNγ, for the treatment of some ER-positive breast cancers. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(5); 1274–85. ©2010 AACR.
WSN11-5: Cross-layer Optimization of a CSMA Protocol with Adaptive Modulation for Improved Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks

We investigate the energy efficiency in a wireless sensor networks that implements a non-persistent CSMA MAC protocol with adaptive MQAM modulation at the physical layer. The system throughput is estimated based on the number of received ACK packets. The backoff probability at the MAC layer and the modulation order at the physical layer are jointly adapted according to the traffic dynamics, leading to improved system energy efficiency while satisfying a given constraint on the packet retransmission delay. Through numerical examples and simulations, we verify the significant energy-efficiency improvements achieved by this joint optimization compared to the backoff- probability-only and the modulation-order-only adaptations.
Effect of Scale Up and Aggregation on the Analysis of Interference Tests

This paper demonstrates the effect of detailed small-scale heterogeneities on interference tests. Specific issues encountered when interference tests are analyzed in reservoirs with complex geological properties are discussed, which relate to questions concerning the use of low-resolution models, the degree of aggregation, method of scaleup, and reliability of conventional methods of analysis.
Phase stability of epitaxial KTaxNb1-xO3 thin films deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

The phase stability of epitaxial KTaxNb1−xO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) thin films, with compositions over the entire solid solution range, was investigated. KTaxNb1−xO3 thin films were deposited on (100) MgAl2O4 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Films with compositions x ≤ 0.30 were orthorhombic, as determined by x-ray diffraction. Dielectric measurements at room temperature indicated the presence of morphotropic phase boundaries at x = 0.30 and at x = 0.74. Temperature-dependent measurements of the dielectric constant for KNbO3 from 80 to 800 K indicated three structural phase transitions at 710, 520, and 240 K. For intermediate compositions, a decrease in the Curie and tetragonal–orthorhombic transition temperatures was observed with increasing Ta atomic percent, similar to the bulk phase equilibrium. In contrast to bulk materials, an increase in the orthorhombic–rhombohedral transition temperature with increasing x was observed for the films, resulting in the stabilization of a rhombohedral phase at room temperature for compositions 0.45 ≤ x ≤ 0.73. Differences between the phase stability for the thin films and bulk were attributed to lattice misfit strain.
Precise exception handling for a self-timed processor

Self-timed systems structured as multiple concurrent processes and communicating through self-timed queues are a convenient way to implement decoupled computer architectures. Machines of this type can exploit instruction level parallelism in a natural way, and can be easily modified and extended. However, providing a precise exception model for a self-timed micropipelined processor can be difficult, since the processor state does not change at uniformly discrete intervals. We present a precise exception method implemented for Fred, a self-timed, decoupled, pipelined computer architecture with out-of-order instruction completion.
Bacterial Diversity Associated with Blood Falls, a Subglacial Outflow from the Taylor Glacier, Antarctica

Blood Falls is the surface manifestation of brine released from below the Taylor Glacier, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Geochemical analyses of Blood Falls show that this brine is of a marine origin. The discovery that 74% of clones and isolates from Blood Falls share high 16S rRNA gene sequence homology with phylotypes from marine systems supports this contention. The bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library was dominated by a phylotype that had 99% sequence identity with Thiomicrospira arctica (46% of the library), a psychrophilic marine autotrophic sulfur oxidizer. The remainder of the library contained phylotypes related to the classes Betaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria and the division Bacteroidetes and included clones whose closest cultured relatives metabolize iron and sulfur compounds. These findings are consistent with the high iron and sulfate concentrations detected in Blood Falls, which are likely due to the interactions of the subglacial brine with the underlying iron-rich bedrock. Our results, together with previous reports, suggest that the brine below the Taylor Glacier hosts a viable ecosystem with microorganisms capable of growth, supported by chemical energy present in reduced iron and sulfur compounds. The metabolic and phylogenetic structure of this subglacial microbial assemblage appears to be controlled by glacier hydrology, bedrock lithology, and the preglacial ecosystem.
Reproducibility of the measurement of the muscle ergoreflex activity in chronic heart failure

Background: A causative role for symptom generation in heart failure has been attributed to overactive muscle afferents, metaboreflex and mechanoreflex. We examined the reproducibility of the methods commonly used to assess these reflexes. Material and methods: Twelve stable heart failure patients (62.8±2.4 years) and 18 normals were studied. The metaboreflex was evaluated on both leg and arm exercises, by performing two runs of 5-min submaximal handgrip and leg exercises. On one run the subjects recovered normally (control recovery), while on the other a post-exercise regional circulatory occlusion (PE-RCO) was induced in the exercising limb, to isolate the stimulation of the metaboreceptor after exercise. The metaboreflex was quantified as the difference in ventilation between the PE-RCO and the control recovery periods with respect to rest. The existence of a mechanoreflex was sought by comparing the ventilatory increment per unit of active work (dVE/dVO2 ratio) between leg passive movement and active low level exercise. The coefficients of variation (CV) were computed to express the reproducibility of these reflexes in heart failure. Results: The metaboreflex was overactive in patients vs. normals during both arm (7.2±2.8 l/min vs. 0.06±0.3 l/min) and leg (5.6±1.2 l/min vs. 0.5±0.2 l/min) tests. The mechanoreflex was not different between patients and normals: dVE/dVO2 during passive movement 48.9±18.3 and 22.4±26.5; active exercise 42.3±18.4 and 31.9±18.7 (P=NS). In patients, the CV for the metaboreflex was 23.4% in the arm and 35.3% in the leg, while for the mechanoreflex test CV was 38.1% during passive movement and 21.1% during active exercise. Conclusion: The described method of measuring the muscle reflex activity shows an adequate reproducibility in heart failure patients.
Affective Reactions of African American Students to Stereotypical and Counterstereotypical Images of Blacks in the Media.

This study examined the reactions of Black students at a predominantly White college to Black television characters in popular television situation comedies. Black students were exposed to short vi...
Thinking about my Generation: The Impact of Large Congressional Cohorts

Large partisan congressional "classes," once common, have become more the exception than the rule over the past 60 years. Thus, when they come along, as in 1974 and 1994 (and perhaps 2010), they receive a lot of attention. Moreover, they often do help to change the institution of the House in dramatic ways. After a few years, all such classes lose their distinctiveness and meld into the legislative flow of the era. Still, these cohorts may have lasting effects in a host of ways, from move- ment into House power positions, to successful attempts to run for the Senate in large numbers, to the dispersion of many individuals into the Washington milieu of lobbyists and lawyers, where they can continue to affect policy. This article takes a first cut at how large partisan classes affect the institution of Congress, as well as at the careers of their individual members. Both the 1994 and 1974 cohorts were important as they burst upon the scene. Yet they have had differing impacts as the "long tail" of these classes continues to make a mark on politics and policy.
Autoimmune pancreatitis: the emerging role of serologic biomarkers.

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a relatively new clinical entity whose acceptance as a distinct systemic disease has grown in the last decade with the emergence of improved diagnostic criteria and management options. AIP has characteristic clinical, radiological, serological, and histological features (1). A subset of patients with AIP develops fulminant type 1 diabetes (2,3). The pathogenesis remains unresolved, but immune-mediated mechanisms that compromise endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function appear to be involved. Characteristic imaging criteria include pancreatic enlargement with an irregular, narrow pancreatic duct. The presence of diffuse swelling and “halo” features on computed tomography appear to be predictors of a favorable response to treatment with corticosteroids, whereas the presence of ductal strictures and focal swelling may predict suboptimal response to corticosteroids, the current first-line treatment (4). Cases of AIP with focal enlargement, distinct mass, normal pancreas, and focal acute pancreatitis have been observed as well as involvement of other organs, such as intrahepatic biliary strictures. Serum IgG or IgG4 levels are elevated in a majority of cases. Histologic features include the presence of lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis and infiltration of tissues with IgG4-positive cells (5) (Fig. 1). It is important to rule out pancreatobiliary cancer because of overlap in imaging criteria and other clinical features. The identification of a sensitive and specific biomarker for autoimmune pancreatitis detection of autoantibody responses directed to amylase α-2A represents a significant advance for the diagnosis and management of this condition. While the pathogenesis of AIP and fulminant type 1 diabetes remains to be elucidated, both entities appear to share pancreatic autoimmune manifestations. A biphasic mechanism has been proposed recently consisting of “induction” and “progression” stages (6). An initial induction response to self-antigens and molecular mimicry is mediated by decreased naive regulatory T-cells, and T-helper cells release proinflammatory cytokines. In the chronic phase, …
Research on expert problem solving in physics

Physics problems cannot in general be solved by methods of deductive search in which the laws of physics are stated as axioms. In solving a real physics problem, it is necessary to treat the problem as a "nearly decomposable system" and to design a method of analysis which accounts for the salient factors in the problem while ignoring insignificant factors. The analysis method which is chosen will depend not only on the objects in the problem and their interactions, but also on the context, the accuracy needed, the factors which are known, the factors which are desired, and the magnitudes of certain quantities. Expert problem solvers are able to recognize many frequently occurring problem types and use analysis methods which solve such problems efficiently. Methods by which a program might learn such expertise through practice are discussed.
Tracking the Timecourse of Social Perception: The Effects of Racial Cues on Event-Related Brain Potentials

Event-related potentials were used to track social perception processes associated with viewing faces of racial ingroup and outgroup members. Activity associated with three distinct processes was detected. First, peaking at approximately 170 ms, faces were distinguished from nonface stimuli. Second, peaking at approximately 250 ms, ingroup members were differentiated from outgroup members, with a larger component suggesting greater attention to ingroup members. This effect may reflect the spontaneous application of a deeper level of processing to ingroup members. Third, peaking at approximately 520 ms, evaluative differentiation of ingroup and outgroup members occurred, with greater ingroup bias displayed by those with higher levels of prejudice on an explicit measure. Together, the results demonstrate the promise of using neural processes to track the presence, timing, and degree of activation of components relevant to social perception, prejudice, and stereotyping.
Perceptions of Adapted Physical Education Graduates From Selected Universities on Attainment of Doctoral Competencies.

Graduates from four adapted physical education doctoral programs (1980-1999) within the United States were surveyed to determine their perceptions on the extent to which they attained published competencies in the areas of research and adapted physical education. A survey was mailed to 109 doctoral program graduates. A total of 99 surveys (91%) were usable for data analysis. Competency data were analyzed separately across two 10-year time periods (1980-1989; 1990-1999). Respondents’ perceptions improved significantly in cumulative research competency scores from the first to the second time period. Responses for adapted physical education competencies were similar across both time periods. Follow-up analyses on responses for each of the separate 18 research and 20 adapted physical education competency statements resulted in significant improvement from 1980-1989 to 1990-1999 for eight research competencies and one adapted physical education competency. Results have implications for the future of adapted p...
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: detection, medical and surgical treatment approach, and current outcomes

Pulmonary hypertension due to chronic thromboembolic disease is potentially curable with pulmonary thromboendarterectomy surgery. As a result, it is important for clinicians to recognize and appropriately diagnose this form of pulmonary hypertension. Advances in this field with changes in surgical technique, the availability of PH-targeted medical therapy for select patient subgroups, and the development of balloon pulmonary angioplasty have broadened therapeutic options for patients. This review will examine what is known about the epidemiology and medical conditions placing patients at risk of developing this disease, will present an approach to evaluation of patients with suspected chronic thromboembolic disease, and will describe the surgical and non-surgical management of this unique patient population.
Microbiology and choice of antimicrobial therapy for acute sinusitis complicated by subperiosteal abscess in children.

Abstract Objectives Review past studies of the microbiology of subperiosteal abscesses (SPOA) complicating sinusitis in children and their implications of the antimicrobials administered to treat the infection. Methods Literature search was conducted of the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, TRIP, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases from their inception. Results The most common pathogens isolated from studies of SPOA complicating sinusitis are aerobic (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus spp., Eikenella corrodens), anaerobic (Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, and Veillonella spp.), and micoaerophilic streptococci (Streptococcus anginosus/Streptococcus milleri group), all members of the oropharyngeal flora. S. pneumoniae and S. aureus were more frequently recovered in children >7 years old, while polymicrobial aerobic–anaerobic flora were more often isolated from those >15 years. The introduction of pneumococcal vaccine reduced the rate of isolation of S. pneumoniae, and correlated with increase of recovery of S. aureus including methicillin resistant strains, as well as Streptococcus pyogenes and S. anginosus/milleri group. Conclusions The microbiology and consequently the treatment of respiratory infections including sinusitis and its complications has evolved over the past decades. Establishing the microbiology of SPOA by obtaining appropriate cultures for both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are essential for proper antimicrobial selection.
Perceptive presence

Perceptive presence systems automatically convey user states to a remote location or application without user input. Our component-based architecture creates presence applications using perceptual user interface widgets.
From Expressive Reading to Rapid Reading The Rise in Reading Rate During the Efficiency Movement (1910–1925)

Reading rate, a component of reading not closely attended to by educators and researchers prior to the 20th century, quickly became the subject of considerable research shortly after the turn of the century. This article uses historical content analysis to examine primary source documents from that period (1910–1925) to explore why reading rate emerged as a key component of reading during that time. Situating this rise with the concurrent rise in the efficiency movement within education, a critical analysis of these documents reveals that reading rate became relevant in part due to its alignment with three ideological tenets of the efficiency movement: efficiency, measurement, and sorting. In considering the similarities between the focus on rate during the turn of the 20th century and the related focus on automaticity today, these findings suggest the need for critical examination of current approaches to fluency.
Response of Planted Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus L.) to Mechanical Release, Competition, and Drought in the Southern Appalachians

Conversion of low-quality, natural mixed pine/hardwood ecosystems, containing a mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) dominated understory, to more productive eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)/ mixed-hardwood systems is a common prescription on relatively xeric southern Appalachian forest sites. We examined the effects of mechanical release, interspecific competition, and annual precipitation on growth of planted white pine in four 14-yr-old stands in the southern Appalachians. Two stands were mechanically released at age 6. No significant differences in biomass, basal area, or diameter were found between treatments for all species combined. Radial increment was significantly less during a drought year for both treatments. Height increment was less sensitive to severe moisture limitation than radial increment. Height and radial increment were compared to distance-depe ndent and distance-independent measures of competition for the nonreleased stands. Indices based on height and height/distance explained the greatest amount of variation in both radial and height increment. The influence ofpost-release severe drought may have delayed or diminished the response to release. The competitive influence of understory dominant mountain laurel at stand age 14 appears to be slight compared to the influence of other competing hardwood vegetation. South. J. Appl. For.
Seasonal Cycles of Soybean Arthropods in Missouri: Effect of Pesticidal and Cultural Practices

Arthropods in 3 plantings of soybeans in central Missouri were sampled weekly in 1972 and 1974 to identify species and determine their seasonal cycles and abundance. Effects of interplanted alfalfa, biweekly applications of chemical insecticides (malathion plus carbaryl) or biological insecticides ( Baculovirus heliothis plus Bacillus thuringiensis ) on population structure and development were evaluated in 1972 and effects of planting date were evaluated during 1974. Maximum population of lepidopteran larvae, mostly green cloverworms, was well below the economic injury level during both seasons. Other numerous potential pests were thrips, leafhoppers, plant bugs, and flea beetles. Predatory arthropods were abundant throughout both seasons, reaching peaks at the beginning of podfill. Orius insidiosus (Say) was most abundant. Number of 6th instars of the green cloverworm was greatly reduced by both the B. heliothis-B. thuringiensis and the malathion-carbaryl treatments. The insecticide also reduced late-season populations of grasshoppers, plant bugs, leafhoppers, and whiteflies, as well as predators. The interplanted alfalfa increased populations of thrips early in the season and spiders and late-instar green cloverworms late in the season.
Exact Algorithm for Sparse Multitarget Multisensor Tracking

A generalization of single target single sensor tracking is the Multitarget Multisensor Tracking (MTMST) problem in which noisy measurements are made by an arbitrary number of spatially diverse sensors. The objective is to nd the most likely true positions of several targets by associating the measurements from di®erent sensors. The data association problem arising from MTMST is often modeled as a Multidimensional Assignment Problem (MAP). This is an extension of the two-dimensional assignment problem (2AP) in which we wish to nd an optimal matching of elements between two mutually exclusive sets. Although the 2AP has been shown to be solvable in polynomial time, MAP's with dimensions higher than two are NP-complete. This work presents a branch and bound approach for solving MAP's with cost arrays generated from MTMST simulations. Depending on the number and locations of the sensors, we can often ignore measurement to target associations that are feasible but highly unlikely. The result is an MAP with a sparse cost array. Our branch and bound algorithm takes advantage of this cost structure to e±ciently nd an optimal without having to explore unlikely solutions. We show that this approach signi cantly improves upon previous exact algorithms for sparse MAP's.
PPARβ/δ Agonist Increases the Expression of PGE 2 Receptor Subtype EP4 in Human Lung Carcinoma Cells

Lung carcinoma remains one of the most common malignant tumors in the world despite recent advancements in the development of new chemotherapeutic agents for its treatment. Therefore, novel approaches for drug target discovery play an important role in the effort to help extend its dismal 5-year survival rate (<15%). Many mechanisms contribute to oncogenic transformation in carcinoma cells in the lung and recent evidence indicates that the overproduction of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and the prostag-landin E(2) receptor subtype, EP4, promote the growth and progression of human nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), the most common lung carcinoma. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/ delta (PPARbeta/delta), one of the nuclear hormone ligand-dependent transcription factors, has recently been reported to be involved in tumorigeniCity. We have shown that NSCLC cells express PPARbeta/delta protein and that treatment with a selective PPARbeta/delta agonist, GW501516, stimulated the expression of EP4 and induced NSCLC cell proliferation. In addition, this PPARbeta/delta agonist also induced EP4 promoter activity through the binding of C/EBP to the NF-IL6 site in the EP4 promoter. Therefore, PPARbeta/delta activation represents a novel molecular mechanism for regulating human cancer cell growth.
Misonidazole as a chemosensitizer in the treatment of the Dunning prostate cancer model.

Abstract Utilizing a Dunning prostate tumor model, we investigated the ability of misonidazole, a compound with known radio sensitizing properties, to act as a chemosensitizer when administered in combination with the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide. This combination caused a decrease in tumor growth rate when compared to the growth of the tumor in animals receiving cyclophosphamide alone. However, only at toxic levels was this decrease statistically significant (p > 0.01).
Phospholipid molecular species composition of mouse liver nuclei. Influence of dietary n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters.

Abstract The effect of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ethyl esters on the individual molecular species composition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was determined in mouse liver nuclei. After a 10 day feeding period, there was a depletion of the sn-2 position of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and substitution with n-3 PUFA. EPA feeding significantly increased (P less than 0.05) diacyl PC and PE 16:0-20:5, n-3, 16:0-22:6,n-3, 18:0-20:5,n-3 and 18:0-22:6,n-3 relative to control (safflower oil ethyl ester fed) animals. In comparison, DHA feeding significantly increased (P less than 0.05) 22:6 n-3-containing species, specifically 18:1-22:6,n-3, 16:0-22:6,n-3 and 18:0-22:6,n-3 in PC, and 18:1-22:6,n-3, 16:0-22:6,n-3 and 18:0-22:6,n-3 in PE. In addition, the presence of 18:0-20:5,n-3 PC in the nuclei of DHA-fed rats and of 18:2-20:5,n-3, 18:1-20:5,n-3 and 18:0-20:5,n-3 in nuclear PE indicate that incorporation of DHA retroconversion (22:6,n-3-->20:5,n-3) products. These results indicate both EPA and DHA are extensively incorporated into nuclear phospholipids, and therefore could potentially influence gene function.
Recent advances in organic photodiodes(Conference Presentation)

Although the detection of photons is ubiquitous, man-made photon detectors still limits the effectiveness of applications such as light/laser detection, photography, astronomy, quantum information science, medical imaging, microscopy, communications, and others. The performance of the technologically most advanced detectors based on CMOS semiconductor technology has improved during the last decades but at the detriment of increased complexity, higher cost, limited portability and compactness, and limited area. On the other hand, nature has produced a relatively simple detector with remarkable properties: the human eye. The exploration of new paradigms in photon detection using new material platforms might therefore provide a path to further challenge the frontiers of applications enabled by light. In this talk, we will report on the realization of solution-processed organic semiconductor visible spectrum photodetectors with a high specific detectivity above 1014 Jones, at least an order of magnitude larger than values found in photodiodes based on silicon. These detectors demonstrate a sub-pA current under reverse bias in the dark, making them suitable for detecting very low levels of light. The small dark current under reverse bias allows the characterization of these devices over 9 orders of magnitude of increasing light irradiance. The detectors are based on the device structure: tin-doped indium oxide / ethoxylated polyethylenimine / poly(3-hexylthiophene) : indene C60 bisadduct / molybdenum oxide / silver and present a path toward fabrication on flexible substrates. We will show that these detectors can operate over a large dynamic range in the self-powered photovoltaic mode where the light produces a photovoltage that can be measured directly without any external bias source. We believe that large-area flexible photodetectors with detectivity values comparable to or better than those displayed by silicon-based photodiodes will enable a wide variety of applications from the detection of radiation to non-planar imaging arrays.