cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscous nonequilibrium blunt-body flow.

Abstract : A method is developed which effectively reduces the partial differential equations governing the continuum viscous thin shock layer region (including chemical nonequilibrium effects) about a sphere to a set of total differential equations along radial lines across the shock layer. It is applied to regions downstream of the stagnation point. A systematic procedure is presented to obtain higher approximations in order that accuracy and consistency of the approximations made may be ascertained. Depending upon the degree of the approximation the flow field may be determined along either one or more lines with coupling between the lines. Sample calculations for frozen, equilibrium and nonequilibrium cases are included and comparison made with the stagnation point work of Cheng, Chung, Ho and Probstein and experiments of Ferri et al. Heat transfer and shear parameters are in reasonable agreement. Comparison of shock shapes and downstream variation of other flow quantities were not possible since most of the existing works are valid only near the stagnation point. (Author)
Non-displaced distal radius fracture with fat-fluid levels in the adjacent extensor tendon sheaths on MRI

We report a rare case of fat-fluid levels in the extensor tendon sheaths of the wrist on MRI. An 18-year-old female sustained a direct injury to her left hand while playing soccer. Plain radiographs showed soft tissue swelling with no definite fracture plane appreciated on the initial review of the images. The pain and swelling were severe and an MRI was obtained to evaluate for fracture and soft tissue injury. The MRI demonstrated a cortical defect near Lister's tubercle and multiple fat-fluid levels within the extensor tendon sheaths. This is the first reported case of fat-fluid levels within the extensor tendon sheaths on MRI, with only one previous case report of this entity on CT.
The inability of CCK to block (or CCK antagonists to substitute for) the stimulus effects of chlordiazepoxide.

To further examine the relationship between cholecystokinin (CCK) and GABA, the present study assessed the ability of the CCK-A antagonist devazepide and the CCK-B antagonist L-365,260 to substitute for the stimulus effects of chlordiazepoxide (CDP), as well as the ability of CCK-8s to block these effects, in female Long-Evans rats within the conditioned taste aversion baseline of drug discrimination learning. Both devazepide and L-365,260 failed to substitute for the discriminative stimulus properties of CDP, and CCK-8s failed to block its stimulus effects. The benzodiazepine diazepam did substitute for, and the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil did block, the stimulus effects of CDP. This suggests that the lack of substitution for, or antagonism of, CDP by the CCK antagonists and CCK-8s, respectively, was not due to the inability of the present design to assess such effects. Possible bases for the current findings, e.g., necessity of an anxiogenic baseline, drug and receptor specificity, as well as the dose-response nature of the interaction, were discussed. Given that a relationship between CCK and GABA has been reported in other designs, the present results suggest that such a relationship may be preparation specific.
Workers' Cooperatives and Social Enterprise A Forgotten Route to Social Equity and Democracy

Grounded in both domestic and international illustrations of modern-day worker cooperatives and social enterprises, this article shows how the practices of these examples of social property give rise to more democratic management of the workplace and equitable outcomes for society than would ever be possible with conventionally owned enterprises. The article offers public policy proposals that would encourage the formation of cooperative enterprises in the United States, at once offering a way to anchor well-paid jobs in U.S. communities and to extend the opportunity for shared ownership and control to working people. The article concludes with a consideration of how the extension of practical democratic rights into the economic realm might enhance citizens' capacity for and confidence in dialogue and democratic decision making in the political and civic realms of life.
Storm-Generated Sediment Distribution Along the Northwest Florida Inner Continental Shelf

Hurricane Ivan made landfall along the Alabama-Florida coastline on September 16, 2004 as a category 3 storm. Ivan provided a rare opportunity to quantify surficial sediment changes following a significant storm event. Sidescan sonar imagery was collected immediately offshore Santa Rosa Island, FL, five days before and after Ivan's landfall 100 km west of the study area. Particle-size, multisensor core logger, X-radiography, photography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) grain shape, direct shear, radiocarbon isotope, and lignin-phenol analyses were performed on grab or vibracore samples collected after the storm. Sonar observations before Ivan's landfall revealed a mostly sand bottom with uniform, small-scale wind-wave ripple morphology, and a distinct area of low backscatter trending NW-SE that was interpreted to be a mud swale. Ivan introduced new material to the relict sediments and resulted in the deposition of fine-grained material across the shelf that settled in the bathymetric lows and formed mud flaser deposits. Hardbottoms were draped by sand in some locations, but exposed in others. Ripple morphology changes occurred along sand ridges. Hurricane Ivan created major sediment distribution changes along the near-shore shelf, yet served to reinforce and to maintain the ridge-and-swale topography of the northeastern Gulf of Mexico near-shore continental shelf.
Autistic thinking and psychosurgery: a conceptual suggestion.

This paper suggests that one kind of thinking Freeman and Watts found impaired by prefrontal lobotomy is essentially the same kind that Bleuler called autistic and that Rorschach called inner creation.
Hyperspectral data compression study: defining the roadmap for data downlink and redistribution

Given the unprecedented volume of data (>72 Megabits per second) that will be generated by the future NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R and beyond), the use of innovative data compression techniques will be essential if continuous downlink and re-broadcast from geo-orbit are to be economically feasible. A team of scientists and engineers from the Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Offices of Research and Applications and Systems Development of NOAA/NESDIS, NASA/GSFC, and The Aerospace Corporation (a Federally Funded Research and Development Center) has been assembled to study the development of data compression for the next generation GOES sounder. This study is intended to define some feasible approaches for achieving both on-board (lossless) and ground-based (lossy or lossless) data compression. In general, on-board systems have substantially limited processing and storage capabilities, and modest compression ratios, compared with those of ground-based systems. Both highly efficient lossless and lossy algorithms therefore need to be developed to meet both on-board and ground processing objectives. In particular, innovative compression techniques for optimal quantization, transformation, coding, and decoding in interferogram or spectral domains will be essential for practical NOAA real-time operational data processing and distribution. In this presentation we will clearly define testing data sets (real and simulated), approaches, performance and feasibility of achieving hyperspectral data compression to provide a manageable data rate.
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein complexes.

Heterogeneous nuclear r ibonuc leopro te ins (hnRNPs) associate with RNA polymerase II transcripts immediately following the initiation of transcription to form hnRNP complexes. These structures are the functional assemblies within which hnRNAs and pre-mRNAs exist in the nucleus. The hnRNP descriptive has been used to refer to the totality of proteins whose primary binding site is hnRNA, and/or its associated proteins, as well as exclusively those six proteins associated with nuclease-resistant particles isolated from sucrose gradients. For this review, all of the proteins which have been demonstrated to interact with hnRNAs/pre-mRNAs will be covered. In addition, only those studies reported since the last European RNP meeting in 1987, will be discussed; extensive reviews of previous literature are available (Chung & Wooley, 1986;Dreyfuss, 1986).
Ultraviolet spectra and complex formation in mixtures of polar organic solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Ultraviolet spectra at 25°C have been measured for mixtures of p -xylene and thirteen polar organic solvents dissolved in n -hexane. The data support the hypothesis that weak complexes are formed between aromatic hydrocarbons and such common polar solvents as aliphatic ketones, nitroparaffines and nitriles. When reduced with D rago 's equation the spectral data yield equilibrium constants for complex formation in the range 0.03–0.3 liters/gmol.
Risks in answering hypothetical questions

The way in which experienced politicians deal with hypothetical questions is examined. Some guidelines are extracted for handling such questions during an interview. >
Boundary layer analysis of the Phan-Thien-Tanner and Giesekus model in high Weissenberg number flow

Abstract We derive the boundary layer equations for the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) fluid and the Giesekus fluid in two-dimensional creeping flow along a flat boundary for high Weissenberg numbers W. While it was show in [M. Renardy, High Weissenberg number boundary layers for the upper convected Maxwell fluid, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., 68 (1997) 125–132] that the upper convected Maxwell fluid furnishes a boundary layer of order W−1, the PTT model furnishes a thicker boundary layer of order W−1/3, while the Giesekus model leads to a boundary layer of order W−1/2.
An optimal auction for capacity constrained bidders: a network perspective

This paper examines the problem of a seller with limited supply selling to a group of agents whose private information is two-dimensional. Each agent has a constant marginal value for the good up to some capacity, thereafter it is zero. Both the marginal value and the capacity are private information. We describe the revenue maximizing Bayesian incentive compatible auction for this environment. A novel feature of the analysis is an interpretation of an optimal auction design problem in terms of a linear program that is an instance of a parametric shortest path problem on a lattice.
Acrocallosal syndrome: Additional manifestations

The acrocallosal syndrome (ACS) is a probable autosomal recessive condition of macrocephaly, craniofacial and hand and foot abnormalities, absence of the corpus callosum, and mental retardation. This patient had characteristics of the ACS but also had a severe congenital heart defect and other visceral malformations. After comparing the ACS with and contrasting it to other disorders, we concluded that the internal organ abnormalities found in this patient probably represent further manifestations of the ACS.
Obama Announces Science Education Goal at White House Science Fair

With student participants in the second annual White House Science Fair as a backdrop, President Barack Obama announced on 7 February programs to help prepare new math and science teachers and to meet a new goal of having 1 million more U.S. college graduates in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) over the next decade than there would be at the current graduation rate. That goal is outlined in a report entitled “Engage to excel,” by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), released the same day. Obama also announced several other initiatives, including a $22 million private-sector investment, led by the Carnegie Corporation of New York, to invest in STEM teacher training. After he toured the science fair projects, Obama said the science fair students “inspire” him. “What impresses me so much is not just how smart you are, but it's the fact that you recognize you've got a responsibility to use your talents in service of something bigger than yourselves,” he said. What these young people are doing is “going to make a bigger difference in the life of our country over the long term than just about anything,” adding, “We've got to emphasize how important this is and recognize these incredible young people who are doing that that I couldn't even imagine thinking about at fifth grade or eighth grade or in high school.”
Parrot Rescue Organizations and Sanctuaries: A Growing Presence in 2010

Abstract Parrots are amazing creatures. They are beautiful, intelligent, and entertaining. Many psittacine species have the ability to mimic speech and sound, thereby making them a desirable animal to own. People may obtain parrots, believing they are easy to care for because they live in a relatively small cage. In reality, these birds are loud, messy, destructive, live long lives, and need a great deal of attention. On occasion, new parrot owners quickly realize that a bird is not a good choice for a pet. This buyer regret may lead the bird owner to sell or give the bird away; consequently, these parrots may end up in the care of rescue or sanctuary organizations. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of rescue and sanctuary organizations and the need to establish guidelines for the welfare of parrots maintained at these facilities.
Del1: a new protein in the superficial layer of articular cartilage.

Articular cartilage contains four distinct zones, extending from the surface to the subchondral bone. Freshly isolated chondrocytes from the superficial zone of articular cartilage retain a collagenase-P-resistant cell-associated matrix. In the studies described here, the protein Del1 was identified as a component of the cell-associated matrix of superficial zone chondrocytes from adult bovine articular cartilage. Very little Del1 was associated with freshly isolated deep zone chondrocytes. Western blot analysis of articular cartilage cell and tissue extracts using polyclonal antibodies specific for Del1 showed Del1 was present in an insoluble cell-associated fraction. Extracts of the superficial zone of articular cartilage were found to be enriched in Del1 compared to the deeper layers of the tissue. Immunohistochemical staining of full-thickness articular cartilage with anti-Del1 antibodies also showed an enrichment of Del1 in the superficial zone. These observations are the first to describe the protein Del1 in a nonendothelial, nonfetal tissue.
Teachers Don Overalls

Here is an account of how one vocational school encourages its teaching personnel to seek occupational experience during the summer vacation in order to forge a closer link between the school and the world of work.
Review of external ocular disease associated with aids and HIV infection.

ABSTRACT External ocular disease associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can often be overlooked by the eye care practitioner. Different types of external ocular disease can be an indication of the patient's overall immune status as well as the stage of HIV infection. The external ocular sequelae of HIV infection can be of visual consequence for the patient. Eye care practitioners need to become familiar with these conditions. The diagnosis and management of the following ocular conditions associated with HIV infection are reviewed: conjunctival microvascular disease, dry eye, allergic conjunctivitis, microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, herpes zoster ophthalmicus, herpes simplex keratitis, molluscum contagiosum, fungal keratitis, bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS).
Cyclic neutropenia in identical twins

Cyclic neutropenia developed in identical twin girls. The onset of neutropenia in these children occurred three years apart. Neutrophil cycling diminished, and symptoms decreased in the initially affected twin during a five-year follow-up. Some cases of cyclic neutropenia may be genetically determined; however, the onset and clinical manifestations may be modified by other internal and external factors. There may also be a prodromal period during which neutrophils cycle, but the patient is neither neutropenic nor symptomatic.
Pairwise alignment of chromatograms using an extended Fisher-Rao metric.

A conceptually new approach for aligning chromatograms is introduced and applied to examples of metabolite identification in human blood plasma by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). A square-root representation of the chromatogram's derivative coupled with an extended Fisher–Rao metric enables the computation of relative differences between chromatograms. Minimization of these differences using a common dynamic programming algorithm brings the chromatograms into alignment. Application to a complex sample, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material 1950, Metabolites in Human Plasma, analyzed by two different LC–MS methods having significantly different ranges of elution time is described.
Thermal boundary resistance of nanocomposites

This paper develops the general framework for the calculation of thermal boundary resistance between a substrate and a composite. All the previous works on the modeling of thermal boundary resistance have only dealt with pure materials. Thermal boundary resistance is dependent on the phonon equilibrium intensity and the transmissivity of phonons across the interface. These quantities depend on the group velocity, phase velocity and density of states of phonons. Due to multiple and dependent scattering of phonons the group velocity, phase velocity and the density of states are modified in a composite. Modification of these quantities is more dominant for nanocomposites at low temperatures. Results for silicon/germanium nanocomposite show that thermal boundary resistance can be severely modified depending on the temperature and size of the particulates. Results also show that when the particle size becomes large, the thermal boundary resistance between the substrate and the composite is same as that between the substrate and the host matrix of the composite.
Nonlinear diffusion of impurities in semiconductors

We study the concentration-dependent diffusion of dopant impurities into semiconductors. In particular, we examine the two-dimensional diffusion in the vicinity of a mask. Numerical solutions are obtained for dopant diffusion with fixed-total-concentration and with constant-surface-concentration. For the fixed-total-concentration case, we also obtain approximate power series solutions. Our numerical and approximate results are compared with analytical and numerical results obtained by other investigators.
Dual nonlinearities regulate contrast sensitivity in pattern discrimination tasks.

Abstract Many current psychophysical models propose that visual processing in cortex is hierarchical, with nonlinearities sandwiched between linear stages of processing. In earlier publications, we proposed a model of this type to account for masking effects found with spatial frequency and orientation discriminations. Our model includes two nonlinear mechanisms that regulate contrast sensitivity in early cortical mechanisms. The first is a local within-pathway nonlinearity that accelerates at low contrasts but is compressive at high. The second is a pooled nonlinear gain control process that operates over a broad range of neurons with different tuning characteristics. Here, we test predictions of the model for spatial frequency discriminations. The model predicts that at low contrasts, adding a grating mask oriented parallel to test gratings will improve discrimination performance via operation of the within-pathway nonlinearity, analogous to the “dipper effect” found with contrast discriminations. Adding an orthogonally oriented mask is predicted to have no effect at low contrasts, where pooled gain control processes contribute little to performance. At high contrasts, the model predicts that performance will asymptote and become independent of contrast with either parallel or orthogonal masks. The results confirm model predictions.
136 BLASTOCOELE COLLAPSE IMPROVES POST-THAW SURVIVAL OF SLOW FROZEN AND VITRIFIED IN VITRO-PRODUCED BOVINE EMBRYOS

Slow-freeze cryopreservation of in vitro-produced bovine embryos often results in poor post-thaw embryo viability. Results with vitrification tend to be better but do not always produce consistent results for a variety of reasons. Experiments with human and equine embryos have demonstrated improved post-thaw survival when blastocoele fluid is removed before vitrification. We hypothesised that removing blastocoele fluid before vitrification or slow-freeze cryopreservation would improve post-thaw survival of in vitro-produced bovine embryos. Three replicates of embryos were generated from abattoir-derived ovaries using standard techniques. Seven days post-fertilization, embryos were evaluated for quality, and grade 1 or 2 embryos were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments: slow-freeze control (n = 103); slow-freeze collapsed (n = 106); vitrified control (n = 117); vitrified collapsed (n = 99). Blastocoele fluid was removed by aspiration with a pipette advanced to the centre of the blastocoele while the embryos were stabilised with a holding pipette. After collapse, embryos were immediately slow frozen in commercial medium [1.5 M ethylene glycol (EG) + 0.1 M sucrose, Bioniche] in 0.25-mL straws or vitrified in 2 steps: 3 min in 1.5 M EG, 30 s in 7 M EG + 0.6 M galactose + 18% Ficoll in open-pulled straws. After thawing or warming, embryos were cultured in chemically defined medium-2 + 5% FCS in 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 at 38.5°C. Embryos were evaluated for survival based on re-expansion of the blastocoele after 24 h in culture. Data were analysed by GLIMMIX (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). There were significant replicate effects but there were no significant differences in survival between embryos that were vitrified or slow frozen. Approximately twice as many collapsed embryos survived compared to intact control embryos regardless of whether the embryos were vitrified or slow frozen (collapsed: 50.5 ± 4.1%, control: 26.3 ± 3.5%; P < 0.001). Advanced blastocysts (fully expanded and hatched blastocysts) survived better than early blastocysts (pre-expansion blastocysts and expanding blastocysts, 45.9% ± 3.9 v. 30.0% ± 4.4, respectively; P < 0.01). The only significant interaction (P < 0.05) was that vitrification was superior to freezing for early blastocysts (39.5 ± 5.9% v. 22.1 ± 5.0% survival) but not advanced blastocysts (44.4 ± 5.3% v. 47.4 ± 5.8% survival). Removal of blastocoele fluid before cryopreservation of in vitro-produced bovine embryos may be a useful technique for improving post-thaw survival regardless of cryopreservation method or blastocyst stage.
Databases for analyzing dietary data—the latest word from What We Eat in America

The Food Surveys Research Group, part of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), processes several thousand 24-h dietary recalls each year for the government's survey of What We Eat in America. The latest available intake data are from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1994-1996, 1998 which have been released in two forms: (1) the traditional form of food and nutrient intakes and (2) a new form described as the Food Commodity Intake Database. The latter form involved translating the CSFII data into the equivalent amounts of basic food commodities as defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Developed primarily for assessing risk from dietary exposure to pesticides, it provides the ability to study intakes for specific commodities, such as apples, regardless of how the food was used in various mixtures. Coding and processing survey data involves using extensive information about foods. Accordingly, ARS has developed and keeps up-to-date large technical food databases for this work, including the USDA food coding scheme, food measures and weights, recipes for food mixtures, and the Survey Nutrient Database. These databases, all publicly available, are widely used in food and nutrition research in the United States and have been used as models for databases supporting national food surveys in other countries.
Logging On and Letting Out: Using Online Social Networks to Grieve and to Mourn

The purpose of this article is to explore how and why younger Internet users of social networking platforms such as MySpace and Facebook maintain connections with those who have died or been killed...
On the variation of interplanetary magnetic cloud type through solar cycle 23: Wind events

[1] This statistical study examines the change in interplanetary magnetic cloud (MC) type, based on Wind observations of 100 MCs, taken during solar cycle 23 and split into three intervals: the minimum and rising phase of the cycle (over the years 1995–1998), the maximum phase (1999–2001), and the declining phase (2002 to early 2006). MC type refers to the profile of the latitude (or BZ, in geocentric solar ecliptic (GSE) coordinates) of the magnetic field within the MC, such as N-to-S (i.e., north-to-south from start to end), S-to-N, all S, almost all S, and so forth, with 10 categories in all. One of the main findings is that the strictly S-to-N events were very prevalent early in the cycle (i.e., 33% for the first phase) and tended to decrease in number as the cycle proceeded and that the strictly N-to-S cases had very low frequency of occurrence early in the cycle (i.e., 8% for the first phase) but tended to increase in number (22%) toward the end of the cycle, equal to the number of S-to-N events in that phase. When all S-to-N and N-to-S types for the full cycle are considered, the former clearly dominated over the latter by 1.4-to-1.
Periodic Variability in the Optical Counterpart of X-Ray Nova MUSCAE 1991

Analysis of over 1000 CCD images of the optical counterpart of the black hole candidate Nova Muscae 1991, taken 3-5 months after the initial outburst, reveal the existence of a luminosity hump of about 0.2 mag which recurs every 10.5 hr. This period presumably either is, or is closely related to, the orbital period, which is thus similar to that of the confirmed black hole system A0620 - 00. The light-curve shape, the lack of significant color variations, and marginal evidence for a change in the recurrence period suggest that the luminosity humps in Nova Muscae may be related to the superhump phenomenon in the SU UMa subclass of dwarf novae. Other implications of the analogy between soft X-ray transients and dwarf novae are discussed.
Space-fractional advection-dispersion equations with variable parameters: Diverse formulas, numerical solutions, and application to the Macrodispersion Experiment site data

[1] To model the observed local variation of transport speed, an extension of the homogeneous space-fractional advection-dispersion equation (fADE) to more general cases with space-dependent coefficients (drift velocity V and dispersion coefficient D) has been suggested. To provide a rigorous evaluation of this extension, we explore the underlying physical meanings of two proposed, and one other possible form, of the fADE by using the generalized mass balance law proposed by Meerschaert et al. (2006). When the classical Fick's law is replaced by its generalized form in the first-order mass conversation law, the original fADE with constant parameters extends to the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) with fractional flux (denoted as FF-ADE). When the net inflow of dispersive flux is from nonlocal concentration gradients following a fractional divergence, we get the ADE with fractional divergence (FD-ADE). When the total net inflow from both nonlocal advection and nonlocal concentration gradients follows a fractional form, the fADE contains fully fractional divergence (FFD-ADE). These three fADEs with constant parameters can also be obtained by proper choice of the two memory kernels in the nonlocal dispersive constitutive theory proposed by Cushman et al. (1994), while the space-variable fADEs correspond to the conditional nonlocal theory proposed by Neuman (1993) after specifying the general (Levy-type) functional form of the random distribution. The corresponding Langevin Markov models can be found in many cases, where the Lagrangian stochastic processes can be conditioned directly on local aquifer properties at any practical, measurable level and resolution. The resulting Lagrangian random-walk particle tracking methods, along with previous numerical solutions using implicit Euler finite differences, distinguish and elucidate the plume behavior described by these fADEs. The fractional models are applied to fit the tritium plumes measured at the Macrodispersion Experiment test site. When the local parameters gleaned from the hydraulic conductivity (K) distribution are varied even slightly (i.e., a two-zone model), allowing the use of observed hydraulic conditions at the site, the model fits are well within the variability of the data. The extended fADEs describe the fast and space-dependent leading edges of measured plumes in the regional-scale alluvial system, which was underestimated and could not be fully captured by the original fADE with constant parameters. Applications also favor the FD-ADE model because of the ease of implementation and consistency with previous analysis of the K statistics.
Must there be so few? Including women in CS

Women's under-representation in academic computer science is described for the U.S. and internationally. Conditions that contribute to this situation are indentified, and motivations for increasing women's participation in computer science are discussed. According to recent research in the U.S., effective interventions at the undergraduate level include: actively recruiting women encouraging women to persist, and mentoring for the purpose of overcoming under-representation. The latter two practices are easily implemented.
Cell lineage of the imaginal discs in Drosophila gynandromorphs

A collection of 379 drawings of D. simulans claret gynandromorphs, kindly supplied to the authors by Dr. A. H. Sturtevant, was used in order to analyze the cell lineage of the adult cuticular structures. The marker phenotypes forked bristles or yellow body color were used to trace the male tissue. The degree of mosaicism within the different imaginal discs was used to estimate the number of blastoderm nuclei whose descendants form the primitive imaginal discs on each side. The estimates are 23 for the compound-eye-antennal discs, 12 for the wing disc, several for the first and second leg discs and perhaps 1 for each of the prothoracic, third leg and abdominal discs. The frequency with which two parts are separated by sex, one male and one female, is assumed to vary inversely with the closeness of their embryonic descent. In this way were constructed the morphogenetic maps of the relative locations on one side of the embryo of the presumptive head, thoracic and abdominal adult structures. Locations of the presumptive parts within the morphogenetic maps are the same as the relative positions of the parts on the adult surface. Arguments are presented to place the morphogenetic map on the three-dimensional surface of the egg. The data are consistent with the model that the morphogenetic map of the prospective adult structures occupies a medial band along both sides of the embryo surface. Poulson's ('50) ground plan of the egg also places the presumptive larval hypodermis in this location. This model is considered relative to the experimental evidence marking the early embryo stages.
The first American case of myasthenia gravis.

• Reported here is an account of the illness of Indian Chief Opechankanough (died 1644), which may represent the first recognized case of myasthenia gravis. Historical publications based on colonial correspondence with England are the sources for this article. To my knowledge, this is the first article in the medical historical literature to mention this famous and influential Indian. Historical accounts state that Opechankanough was so weak as to be unable to walk, making it necessary that he be carried about on a litter. Moreover, his eyelids were so weak they had to be raised by his attendants. Additionally, a hint of improvement in this weakness after rest is suggested by one historical account. The differential diagnosis of Chief Opechankanough's weakness is discussed. The historical setting of this famous chief in Colonial America and Colonial Virginia is described, as well.
Mathematical model for vinyl-divinyl polymerization

A mathematical model for the crosslinking copolymerization of a vinyl and divinyl monomer was developed and applied to the case of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate batch polymerization. Model results compare favorably to the experimental findings of Li and Hamielec [23] for the system investigated. The model presented utilizes the numerical fractionation technique [15] and is capable of predicting a broad range of distributional properties both for pre- and post-gel operating conditions as well as polymer properties that were not experimentally determined from the experimental findings of Li and Hamielec, such as crosslink density and branching frequency. The effects of divinyl monomer fraction and chain transfer agent level on the polymer properties and the dynamics of gelation were also investigated.
Ultrastructure and Phylogeny of a New Species Belonging to the Prymnesiophyceae

Ultrastrucural and molecular data were used to examine a new alga (CCMP2000) collected from the Arabian Sea. Nonmotile vegetative cells are typically oblong to ovate, solitary and lack a gelatinous envelope. Ultrastructural analyses of these cells revealed the presence of a nucleus located in the posterior portion of the cell. A single large Golgi body with numerous cisternae is located anterior to the nucleus as are numerous profiles of mitochondria possessing tubular cristae. Two peripheral plastids are present having immersed pyrenoids that are traversed by one or more thylakoids. In some cells, the plastids are conspicuously lobed forming finger-like extensions. Nonmotile vegetative cells possess reduced mature and immature flagella as well as a haptonema that are 1 micron long or less. A distinct internal covering and external wall surround the cell protoplasm. The outer wall is apparently composed of simple scales, but the composition (organic or mineralized?) of these scales is unknown. The outer wall may form a protuberance, or ‘foot’, at the posterior end of nonmotile cells. Interestingly, many vegetative cells are infected by a labyrinthulid. Flagellate stages have been observed and possess roughly equal length flagella and a haptonema. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear 18S rRNA and plastid-encoded rbcL genes indicate CCMP2000 is most closely related to Phaeocystis. However, CCMP2000 does not fit the description of Phaeocystis, and therefore, probably warrants recognition as a new taxon.
A sampling scheme for estimating the reliability of a series system

The reliability estimation of a series system in which the component reliabilities are unknown is considered. The optimal sampling scheme depends on parameters that are typically unknown. A sequential sampling scheme is introduced and compared with both balanced allocation and optimal allocation. Numerical comparisons for a two-component series system are given. The results indicate that the proposed sequential sampling scheme is much better than balanced allocation and is nearly optimal. >
Physical and Topological Constraints on Growth in Human Brain Networks

Noninvasive MRI technology enables the mapping of white matter connectivity between cortical regions in the human brain. Graph theoretic analysis has shown the organization of this structural brain network facilitates certain functional properties, such as robust and efficient transfer of information between brain regions. What are the generative mechanisms of such a network? To address this, we analyze a broad range of synthetic networks produced by simple growth rules, and we compare these networks both qualitatively and quantitatively to the brain. We consider a growth model in which a set of three parameters govern the tendency of nodes to form connections with one another. These generated networks are analyzed in terms of direct measures of connectivity, such as the length and number of network connections, as well as higher-order graph metrics, such as hierarchy and clustering, that relate to efficient information transfer and resistance to random errors. We find that different sets of input parameters can greatly affect the final structure of the network, with only some subsets of parameter values creating brain-like networks. This shows that very similar growth rules can produce a diverse set of network structures. In ongoing work, we are investigating the role of known biophysical constraints, such as bilateral symmetry and wiring cost, on network growth. This study lends insight into the biophysical mechanisms that govern the development of human brain networks and ultimately shape robust and efficient network function.
Interactions Between Buprenorphine and the Protease Inhibitors Darunavir-Ritonavir and Fosamprenavir-Ritonavir

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is frequently underused in drug users with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease because of difficulties in obtaining adherence adequate to maintain viral suppression [1]. Optimal clinical care requires treatment of both HIV disease and substance dependence. Opioid dependence can be effectively treated with either methadone or buprenorphine. However, several nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors (PIs) have been shown to inhibit or induce methadone metabolism, resulting in potential for methadone toxicity or withdrawal symptoms [2]. Buprenorphine has been shown to be equivalent to methadone in the treatment of opioid-dependent patients [3] and can be prescribed by qualified physicians outside of specialized opioid dependence treatment programs. As a partial opioid agonist, buprenorphine has a ceiling effect that reduces toxicity at higher doses or when its metabolism is inhibited. Buprenorphine is metabolized in part via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) to norbuprenorphine [4, 5], an active metabolite, which may prevent opiate withdrawal when buprenorphine metabolism is induced. To date, the only clinically significant interaction found between buprenorphine and antiretrovirals is with atazanavir-ritonavir, which elevated buprenorphine and norbuprenophine concentrations [6]. Here we examine the interaction of buprenorphine with darunavir-ritonavir or fosamprenavir-ritonavir. When given alone, ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 [7, 8], increases buprenorphine as well as norbuprenorphine concentrations [9] without increasing adverse effect of buprenorphine [10]. The effects of ritonavir in combination with other PIs are not necessarily predictable from the effects of the individual agents. For example, although darunavir is a mild CYP3A4 inhibitor and fosamprenavir a mixed inhibitor and inducer of CYP3A4 [11], darunavir-ritonavir decreases rather than increases methadone plasma levels, causing withdrawal symptoms [12], and fosamprenavir-ritonavir decreases R-methadone plasma levels, although without producing withdrawal symptoms [13]. These findings with methadone led us to ask how darunavir-ritonavir and fosamprenavir-ritonavir affect buprenorphine pharmacokinetics. We investigated (1) whether the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine, administered as sublingual buprenorphine-naloxone, are affected by darunavir-ritonavir or fosamprenavir-ritonavir; (2) whether the pharmacokinetics of darunavir or fosamprenavir are affected by buprenorphine; and (3) whether clinically significant pharmacodynamic effects or toxic effects occur with coadministration.
Complexity in energy networks under uncertainty

This paper considers the effect of complex interactions in energy networks. In particular, we consider a system in which agents bid price and quantity to supply the market. We characterize the overall equilibrium problem, show that it may yield multiple equilibria, and describe extensions to more complex situations.
Kinematic GPS: resolving integer ambiguities on the fly

In the kinematics GPS (Global Positioning System), the initial integer ambiguity must be resolved either by a static survey over time or by instant calibration with a known baseline or an antenna exchange. It is pointed out that, while these standard methods require the maintenance of a baseline strategy to an Earth-fixed reference frame during the initialization, there are situations when at least one of the receivers may be constantly in motion. Two ideas are proposed for adapting standard kinematic techniques to situations that do not naturally allow for the constraint of a fixed baseline. The first calls for the extraction of the information needed to resolve the integer ambiguity from the data collected while the kinematic survey is in progress. The second addresses the use of the antenna exchange technique for mobile platforms where the original locations of the antennas are not likely to remain stationary during the physical exchange. Both ideas count on information from additional measurements to augment their respective measurement models. >
ChemMine. A compound mining database for chemical genomics.

Chemical genomics is a promising new technology for studying gene functions in the context of living organisms or cell systems. It complements existing molecular and genetics tools (e.g. mutagenesis, RNAi) by allowing fine-tunable in vivo modulations of protein functions and cellular processes ([
Extension of the 4D NCAT phantom to dynamic X-ray CT simulation

The 4D NCAT phantom, developed to provide a realistic model of the human anatomy and physiology, is widely used in SPECT imaging research, but lacks anatomical details for application to high-resolution imaging such as X-ray CT and MRI. At the same time, current phantoms used in these areas lack the sufficient realism and flexibility to depict the complex shapes of real human organs and the deformations of those shapes due to anatomical variation and normal physiologic motion. We seek to fill that void by building upon the existing 4D NCAT phantom. Tissues distinguishable in X-ray CT imaging, including small details such as the pulmonary artery tree in the lungs and vasculature in the organs and body, were modeled based on segmented visible human CT data and high-resolution multi-slice spiral CT (MSCT) data. The models were created using a combination of NURBS and subdivision (SD) surfaces. The anatomy was extended to include structures in the head and abdomen for brain and prostate imaging applications. To efficiently simulate high-resolution X-ray CT images, we developed a new analytic projection algorithm to accurately calculate the projections (parallel, fan, or cone-beam geometries) directly from the surface definition of the phantom without using voxelization. The projection data were reconstructed using algorithms developed in our laboratory for fan- and cone-beam reconstruction of X-ray CT projection images. We conclude that the new 4D NCAT with its enhanced anatomy and physiology will provide an important tool in high-resolution imaging research.
Suppression of a Demand Pacemaker in the Presence of Redundant Transvenous Right Ventricular Leads

A ventricular inhibited demand cardiac pacemaker was inhibited in the presence of intimate contact between the active temporary bipolar electrode ring and a retained inactive permanent bipolar electrode tip. Electromagnetic interference effects, lack of insulation, lead breaks, and loose connections were all ruled out as the cause of pacemaker suppression.
Brain Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐II mRNA Content Is Reduced in Insulin‐Dependent and Non‐Insulin‐Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetic encephalopathy, characterized by structural, electrophysiological, neurochemical, and cognitive abnormalities, is observed in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and non-IDDM (NIDDM). Identification of early biochemical lesions potentially may provide clues pointing to its pathogenesis. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are neurotrophic factors that recently have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Because IGF-II is the predominant IGF in adult brain, we tested the hypothesis that IGF-II gene expression is decreased in the CNS in both IDDM and NIDDM. Brain and spinal cord were isolated from streptozotocin-diabetic rats, a model of IDDM with weight loss and impaired insulin production. IGF-II mRNA content was measured by northern and slot blots. After 2 weeks of diabetes, IGF-II mRNA content per milligram of tissue wet weight, as well as per unit of poly(A)+ RNA, declined significantly (p < or = 0.05) in brain and spinal cord. Insulin replacement therapy partially restored IGF-II mRNA levels in brain, cortex, medulla, and spinal cord. The obese, hyperinsulinemic, and spontaneously diabetic (fa/fa) Zucker rat was used as a model of NIDDM. Brain weight (p < 0.025) and IGF-II mRNA contents (p < 0.01) were significantly decreased in (fa/fa) versus lean nondiabetic (+ /?) rats. Therefore, the decline in IGF-II mRNA levels in diabetic brain was independent of the type of diabetes, the direction of change in body weight, and the insulinemic state. We speculate that this early biochemical lesion may contribute to the development of diabetic encephalopathy.
Some Numerical Solutions of Unsteady Free Surface Wave Problems Using the Lagrangian Description of the Flow

Until very recently numerical solutions of unsteady, free surface flows invariably employed the Eulerian description of the motions. Perhaps the most widely used of these has been the marker and cell (MAC) technique developed by Fromm and Harlow (1963) and further refined by many others. In such a formulation the most difficult problem arises in attempting to reconcile the initially unknown shape and position of the free surface with a finite difference scheme and the necessity of determining derivatives at that surface (in a similar fashion few solutions exist with curved or irregular boundaries). But this difficulty can be surmounted by solving in a parametric plane in which the position and shape of the free surface are known in advance; such mappings have been successfully employed in steady flows (eg. Brennen (1969)). Whilst there are other possibilities (see John (1953), Brennen and Whitney (1970)) the Lagrangian description in its general form involves just such a parrametric plane. The present paper describes briefly a numerical method for the solution of the Lagrangian equations of motion for the inviscid, planar flow of a homogeneous or inhomogeneous fluid, taking full advantage of the flexibility of choice of the Lagrangian coordinates (a, b). More details and other results can be found in Brennen and Whitney (1970). Very recently Hirt, Cook and Butler (1970) published details of a method which solves the Eulerian equations of motion in a fashion similar to the MAC technique but uses a Lagrangian tagging space.
Mechanics of Pressure Slip Casting

The quantitative mechanics of pressure slip casting an aqueous Al2O3 slip deflocculated with an organic polyelectrolyte were investigated at 50 to 500 psi. The specific resistance, casting rate, and microstructural characteristics of the resultant cakes were especially sensitive to the electrophoretic mobility of the slip. The mechanochemical action of the polyelectrolyte in effecting deflocculation was somewhat different from that of simple ionic electrolytes.
Joint Attention in Children with Autism: Theory and Intervention.

Joint attention is an early-developing social-communicative skill in Which tWo people (usually a young child and an adult) use gestures and gaze to share attention With respect to interesting objec...