cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing the global talent pool: Sovereignty, treaty, and intergovernmental networks

Abstract Better management of the international migration of highly skilled people may provide a way to expand the global talent pool as well as to allow existing talent to be used more efficiently. After reviewing contemporary scholarship on the knowledge economy and on migration patterns, this paper considers three broad approaches to governance of migration at the global level: sovereignty, treaty, and intergovernmental networks. Each approach has strengths and weaknesses, with respect to the key objectives of facilitating knowledge spillovers from receiving countries to source countries and expanding investment in the development of talent in source countries. The complementarities among the three approaches reveal the promise of a workable international regime in this vital policy area.
Not all RCTs are created equal: lessons from early AIDS trials.

Caplan and colleagues (Caplan, Plunkett, and Levin 2015) raise important concerns about balancing ethical and scientific criteria in clinical trial design. They have discussed several distinct char...
Simultaneous quantitative analysis of methyl salicylate, ethyl salicylate and salicylic acid from biological fluids using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) assay was developed for the quantitative analysis of methyl salicylate (MeS), ethyl salicylate (ES) and salicylic acid (SA) from biological fluids. The method was validated from 100-microl rat liver homogenate preparations (5 mg/ml protein) in 70 mM KH2PO4 (pH 7.4) buffer and from 100 microl rat plasma. The samples were extracted with chloroform, derivatized with BSTFA and quantitated by GC-MS in the SIM mode. The standard curves ranged from 31 ng/ml to 800 or 1250 ng/ml. Relative standard deviations and bias were less than 11% in plasma and homogenate for all compounds except SA which evidenced greater variability. The assay was used in preliminary experiments to characterize the pharmacokinetics of MeS in rats.
New details on magma chamber beneath Soufrière Hills volcano

Assessing volcano hazard and forecasting eruptions require knowledge of the geometry and properties of a volcano's magma chamber. However, there are few high-resolution seismic imagery studies of magma chambers. Paulatto et al. used seismic tomography along with numerical models of magma chamber growth to get a better picture of the magma chamber beneath the active Soufriere Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat. Their approach reveals details of the magma system that have not been shown in previous studies. The authors' analysis shows that the magma chamber contains about 13 cubic kilometers of magma, with more than 30% melt faction between about 5.5- and 7.5-kilometer depth. The researchers suggest that the magma chamber could have formed through sill intrusion over several thousand years. (Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3), doi:10.1029/2011GC003892, 2012)
Analysis of planar waveguide grating couplers with double surface corrugations of identical period

Abstract Planar waveguide grating couplers with double surface corrugations of identical period are analyzed by using the ray-optics technique and by using the rigorous diffraction grating theory. The ray-optics technique offers physical insight and renders simple analytical expressions for conditions of optimum output coupling.
Management of esophageal varices: an update from Digestive Disease Week and American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases 2003.

Esophageal varices are a commonly encountered complication of cirrhosis. s-blockers are a well-established cornerstone of the treatment of portal hypertension and primary and secondary prophylaxis for prevention of esophageal variceal bleeding. However, not all patients tolerate this type of therapy. Moreover, the exact role of esophageal variceal band ligation alone or in combination with s-blocker therapy in the management of patients with esophageal varices remains to be defined. This summary report presents a number of recent studies addressing these important issues.
Approaching Modern Technological Challenges Through the Traditions of Ibn Sina (980-1036)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/40-1-5280 Let us assume ibn Sina has returned from barzakh (the period between death and resurrection) and is with us in Beijing. How might he address the issues regarding the use, limitations, and advantages the rapid proliferation of modern technology has created? I will present some of my own observations related to my work as an intensivist-pulmonologist and more recently as a spokesperson for the Islamic Center of Long Island in New York. I will present three case studies. Do intensive care monitoring devices such as the Swanz Ganz catheter (SGC) really make a difference? Is it permissible and acceptable that Terri Schiavo died from dehydration and starvation? Joanne was born without a uterus. Can Joanne’s mother, Martha, carry a fertilized ovum of Joanne and her husband, Robert?
Hemolymph pH of the larvae of three species of mosquitoes, and the effect of Romanomermis culicivorax parasitism on the blood pH of Culex pipiens.

Abstract The hemolymph p Hs of late fourth-instar Culex pipiens, Aedes taeniorhynchus , and Toxorhynchites amboinensis were measured with p H-sensitive glass microelectrodes and were slightly alkaline; p H 7.51, 7.62, and 7.37, respectively. The hemolymph p H remained relatively constant during the development of C. pipiens larvae through the third and early and late fourth instars. The hemolymph p H in C. pipiens larvae parasitized with the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax was unaltered. These measurements provide an approximate p H (ca 7.4) which is normal for the hemolymph of larval mosquitoes, and should be useful for further development of a culture medium for R. culicivorax .
Elevated‐Temperature Toughening Mechanisms in a SiCw/Al2O3 Composite

Crack growth resistance studies of a Sic-whisker-reinforced Al2O3-matrix composite have been correlated with the composite microstructure to determine the active fracture toughening mechanism, at each of three test temperatures through 1400°C. Evidence of cumulative toughening at all temperatures, as reported in the literature, was validated by R-curves; however, isolation of the following wake zone effects from that of the frontal process zone elicits a departure from published assumptions. A frontal zone mechanism, presumably microcrack toughening, dominates at room temperature, while a following wake zone mechanism of crack face whisker-bridging controls at temperatures near 1200°C.
Postnatal Development of Murine Spleen Cell Proliferative Responses Induced by Interleukin 2 or Phorbol Ester and Calcium Ionophore A23187

To determine the kinetics of the ontogeny of polygenically controlled proliferative responses, spleen cells from 5, 10 and 20 day-old mice, previously identified as high (B10.PL-Thy-1a, AKR.M) and low (C3H.A) responders were tested. Cells (10(5)) were simulated in vitro with human recombinant IL-2 (35 U), a mixture of either IL-2 (0.7 U) and 13-myristate 12-acetate phorbol (5 ng) or phorbol and calcium ionophore A23187 (5 ng). Two parameters were assessed; proliferation measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation and the synergistic effect expressed as a synergism coefficient (SC): the ratio of proliferation induced by a mixture to the sum of proliferations induced by each component alone. At the age of 5 days, all three strains, regardless of stimulation, produced similar proliferation and showed no synergistic effect (SC = 1.0). At the age of 10 days, proliferation of high responder cells was 3-5 times higher than that of the low responder, but only high responders displayed marginal synergistic effect (2 greater than SC greater than 1.5). At the age of 20 days, proliferative responses of the high responders increased somewhat and a definitive synergistic effect became clearly demonstrable (SC greater than 3.0). This effect increased further after the age of 20 days to reach the level of SC greater than 5.0 in adult high responders. The delay in expression of synergistic effect was due to a substantial proliferation induced by phorbol alone in 10 day-old animals. The available data allow the conclusion that phenotypic strain variation in proliferative responses is first detectable at the age of 10 days and becomes fully developed only after attaining the age of 20 days or more. Since the magnitude of proliferative responses was not associated with frequencies of IL-2R alpha + cells it seems that differences in responsiveness can not be attributed to the induction of IL-2R alpha chain, and they may reflect intrinsic abilities of cells to proliferate.
Alkyl chain length dependence of the field-effect carrier mobility in regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s

Abstract The field-effect mobility of holes in regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s was determined for a series of 5 alkyl chain lengths from C 4 ( n -butyl) to C 12 ( n -dodecyl). Contrary to a previous report, a non-monotonic dependence of field-effect mobility on alkyl chain length was found. The average hole mobility varied from 1.2 × 10 −3 cm 2 /Vs in poly(3-butylthiophene) and 1 × 10 −2 cm 2 /Vs in poly(3-hexylthiophene) to 2.4 × 10 −5 cm 2 /Vs for poly(3-dodecylthiophene). We believe that the hexyl side chain is optimum for charge transport because of better self-organization in poly(3-hexylthiophene) compared to other polymers in the series. The present results provide an important structure–carrier mobility relationship for the regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s which are of wide interest for thin film transistors and photovoltaic cells.
Choice of saccade endpoint under risk

Eye movements function to bring detailed information onto the high-resolution region of the retina. Previous research has shown that human observers select fixation points that maximize information acquisition and minimize target location uncertainty. In this study, we ask whether human observers choose the saccade endpoint that maximizes gain when there are explicit rewards associated with correctly detecting the target. Observers performed an 8-alternative forced-choice detection task for a contrast-defined target in noise. After a single saccade, observers indicated the target location. Each potential target location had an associated reward that was known to the observer. In some conditions, the reward at one location was higher than at the other locations. We compared human saccade endpoints to those of an ideal observer that maximizes expected gain given the respective human observer's visibility map, i.e., d' for target detection as a function of retinal location. Varying the location of the highest reward had a significant effect on human observers' distribution of saccade endpoints. Both human and ideal observers show a high density of saccades made toward the highest rewarded and actual target locations. But humans' overall spatial distributions of saccade endpoints differed significantly from the ideal observer as they made a greater number of saccade to locations far from the highest rewarded and actual target locations. Suboptimal choice of saccade endpoint, possibly in combination with suboptimal integration of information across saccades, had a significant effect on human observers' ability to correctly detect the target and maximize gain.
A heterogeneity-aware approach to load balancing of computational tasks: a theoretical and simulation study

One of the distinct characteristics of computing platforms shared by multiple users such as a cluster and a computational grid is heterogeneity on each computer and/or among computers. Temporal heterogeneity refers to variation, along the time dimension, of computing power available for a task on a computer, and spatial heterogeneity represents the variation among computers. In minimizing the average parallel execution time of a target task on a spatially heterogeneous computing system, it is not optimal to distribute the target task linearly proportional to the average computing powers available on computers. In this paper, effects of the temporal and spatial heterogeneity on performance of a target task have been analyzed in terms of the mean and standard deviation of parallel execution time. Based on the analysis results, an approach to load balancing for minimizing the average parallel execution time of a target task is described. The proposed approach whose validity has been verified through simulation considers temporal and spatial heterogeneities in addition to the average computing power on each computer.
Hyperfine structure of the A 2 Π state of Ca 35 Cl

The hyperfine structure (hfs) of the A2Π excited state of Ca35Cl has been investigated by using the new rf-pumped, laser-rf double-resonance technique. The optically unresolved hfs components of the R2 (N″ = 101), A ↔ X (0,0) line were resolved by double resonance, and the measured splittings, when combined with the known X2∑+- state hfs spacings, show that the A2Π-state hfs splittings are not more than 1 MHz.
Implementation of hospital-wide enhanced terminal cleaning of targeted patient rooms and its impact on endemic Clostridium difficile infection rates.

Background Implementation of a hospital-wide program of terminal cleaning of patient rooms revolving around hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) technology and evaluation of its impact on endemic nosocomial Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea (CDAD) have not been previously reported. Methods This was a retrospective quasiexperimental study involving a 900-bed community hospital. During the preintervention period (January 2007-November 2008), rooms vacated by patients with CDAD or on contact precautions for other targeted pathogens underwent 1 or more rounds of cleaning with bleach. During the intervention period (January-December 2009), targeted newly evacuated rooms underwent “enhanced cleaning” consisting of use of bleach followed by HPV decontamination utilizing a priority scale based on the pathogen and room location. Rooms vacated by patients with CDAD but for which HPV decontamination was not possible the same day underwent 4 rounds of cleaning with bleach instead. Results During the intervention period, 1,123 HPV decontamination rounds were performed involving 96.7% of hospital rooms. Of 334 rooms vacated by patients with CDAD (May-December 2009), 180 (54%) underwent HPV decontamination. The rate of nosocomial CDAD rate dropped significantly from 0.88 cases/1,000 patient-days to 0.55 cases/1,000 patient-days (rate ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval: 0.50-0.79, P Conclusion A hospital-wide program of enhanced terminal cleaning of targeted patient rooms revolving around HPV technology was practical and was associated with a significant reduction in CDAD rates.
Prediction of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature

The variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Atlantic Ocean has a significant influence on the rainfall over Northeast Brazil and the Sahel. The predictability of the SST fluctuations in this region has, therefore, been a central concern for Atlantic climate studies. Here we show that the north tropical Atlantic SST variability has significant predictability using statistical models at short lead times (≤ 1 year), and using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model for longer-range forecasts (lead times up to about 3 years). While the remote influence of the IndoPacific, primarily due to El Nino, has been found to enhance the predictability of SST in the north Atlantic at short lead times, local ocean-atmosphere interactions dominate the predictable dynamics farther south, and at longer time scales.
Water soluble spinach chloroplast chlorophyll-protein complexes prepared without added detergents or organic solvents

Abstract Two water soluble chlorophyll-protein complexes were obtained from spinach chloroplast thylakoids without the aid of added detergents or organic solvents. One complex contained the pigments chlorophyll a & b and the quinones vitamin K1, tocopherolquinone, and a plastoquinone while the other contained in addition a second plastoquinone and the pigments lutein, violaxanth and neoxanthin. Both complexes showed a tendency to aggregate during purification; however, a crude mixture of these two complexes had an average apparent sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 5.6 S. The chlorophyll absorption spectrum of the combined complexes was very similar to that of the chlorophylls in vivo . The red absorption maximum for chlorophyll a was at 679 mμ and that for chlorophyll b was at 652 mμ.
Uniform progressivity, residual progression, and single-crossing

Abstract The relationship between lower residual progression and ‘single-crossing’ conditions as necessary and sufficient conditions for one tax system to be conditionally more progressive or uniformly more progressive than another are clarified.
Use of a T cell-specific monoclonal antibody, T10B9, in a novel allogeneic stem cell transplantation protocol for hematologic malignancy high-risk patients

Abstract To reduce the toxicity of traditional conditioning regimens for allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), we used single-agent chemotherapy conditioning with either busulfan (total cumulative dose, 16 mg/kg) or melphalan (200 to 240 mg/m2), followed by the anti-T cell-specific monoclonal antibody T10B9 (MEDI-500) daily for 3 days. T cell-replete SCT was performed from HLA-identical sibling donors. Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) prophylaxis consisted of 7 additional days of T10B9 and delayed onset of cyclosporine (ie, on day +4 or +5). Twenty-six high-risk hematologic malignancy patients were entered onto this study. All 24 patients who survived longer than 8 days engrafted, although 1 patient experienced late graft failure. Deaths occurred in 21 of 26 patients because of infection (n = 7), progression/recurrence of primary disease (n = 6), aGVHD (n = 4), regimen-related toxicity (n = 1), and other causes (n = 3). Five of these patients are enjoying disease-free survival with a median survival of 1193 days after allo-SCT. The conditioning regimen induced modulation of surface expression of CD3 (but not CD4 or CD8) and was associated with decreasing tumor necrosis factor-α (but not interleukin-6) serum levels. In conclusion, single-agent chemotherapy conditioning with T10B9 produced durable engraftment and long-term survival in some patients who would not have qualified for a traditional allo-SCT.
A general dynamical model of one consumer-one resource interactions

The dynamical interaction between a consumer population of x individuals and a consumable resource of abundance r that obeys the differential equations $$\begin{gathered} \dot r = \sigma (r) - x\kappa (r,x), \hfill \\ \dot x = xy(r,x) \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ is sufficiently general to include as special cases all well-known, continuous, one consumer-one resource models proposed to date. More importantly, its functions can be represented explicitly as compositions of primitive functions that describe how resource is produced and how consumer individuals acquire and use resource and interact with each other. Derivation of the model from these principles highlights the wealth of biological information it contains. Global asymptotic analysis, which generalizes previous analyses of special cases, establishes conditions under which all solutions tend toward an equilibrium point and other conditions under which all solutions tend toward a limit cycle. Dissection of special cases exposes four stabilizing forces and one destabilizing force inherent in the model. The fact that the former are both widespread and readily apparent in nature while the latter is uncommon suggests that the components of natural consumer-resource interactions that appear in this model tend to drive most such systems toward an equilibrium condition. The model's limitations as a description of nature are discussed.
Spatio-symbolic oppositions in ritual and architecture

Abstract This paper suggests that spatial oppositions are unique and particularly fundamental to ‘expressive’ symbolism. Such a view emphasizes the importance of spatial aspects in ritual and architecture and provides a common theoretical basis to both. Architecture has been preoccupied with its limited, communicational ability to make design statements within the architectonic medium exclusively. Conspicuously absent in theory is the unique ability of spatial oppositions to organize, structure or associate symbolic objects in a variety of media. This cultural process evokes deep emotions useful in the influence of social, political and ecological realities. Evidence will be introduced to show that a ritual or expressive view of architecture has merit in any setting, historical or modern, where we find relatively permanent occupation by some socially purposeful group.
IPCT Journal readership survey

The publisher and editorial board of Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic Journal for the 21st Century conducted a survey of its readers in April 1994. This was done to gather information on several issues of general concern to the scholarly community regarding electronic publishing, authoring, and reading. We sought to add to our understanding of authors' and readers' concerns with the credibility, access, and permanence of electronic journals within a changing technological environment. Discussion of using electronic surveys as a data gathering methodology is also discussed. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intel® version of STAC-A2 benchmark: toward better performance with less effort

Market risk analysis is a computationally intensive problem which requires powerful computing resources. To enable consistent comparisons of vendors' technologies in this area the Securities Technology Analysis Center (STAC*), with inputs from leading trading companies, universities, and high performance computing vendors, has created STAC-A2* specifications which describe realistic market risk analysis workloads.In this paper we analyze and compare the performance of STAC-A2 workloads on two systems based on Intel® processors: Intel® Xeon® processor E5 family and Intel® Xeon Phi™ coprocessor. We show the importance of algorithmic optimizations and a few mathematical building blocks such as random number generation, mathematical functions and matrix multiplications on overall performance of the benchmark. We demonstrate that changes made in response to this analysis provide an additional ~1.6x performance improvement of the STAC-A2 benchmark on the Intel Xeon processor E5 family and up to ~15x performance improvement on Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor-based systems compared with the previous version of the benchmark. Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor architecture is ~1.10--1.38x faster than 16-core Intel Xeon processor E5 family-based systems, depending on the problem size, while the 32-core Intel Xeon processor E5 is the fastest among all analyzed platforms.
Caffeine: its action on purine metabolizing enzymes.

Abstract The many pharmacological and biochemical effects of caffeine may be explained in part by its inhibitory action in vivo and in vitro upon enzymes which metabolize purines. We have demonstrated that in Crithidia fasciculata this methylxanthine (as well as theophylline) is a rather weak competitive inhibitor of adenine aminohydrolase, ribonucleoside hydrolase, hypoxanthine and guanine phosphoribosyltransferases. Caffeine does not interfere with purine base transport in Crithidia, however in leucocytes purine uptake is reduced. While the methylxanthines are weak purine enzyme inhibitors, the large number of enzymes affected accounts for their physiological importance in these cells.
A new method in inverse scattering based on the topological derivative

The problem of imaging objects embedded in a transparent homogeneous medium is considered. It is assumed that the wavelength of the probing radiation is finite so that scattering effects need to be taken into consideration in the reconstruction process. This problem is commonly referred to as 'inverse scattering' in the literature. Many algorithms, including backpropagation-based algorithms, attempt to solve this imaging problem in either of two ways: (1) by assuming linearizing approximations such as the Born, Rytov or physical optics approximations which result in closed-form expressions for the inversion formula; or (2) by solving the nonlinear inverse scattering problem using an iterative algorithm, which is computationally more expensive. In this paper, a new method for inverse scattering is proposed. This method is based on the notion of the 'optimal topology' that solves the inverse scattering problem. To find this optimal topology, a function called the topological derivative is defined. This function quantifies the sensitivity of the scattered field to the introduction of a small scatterer at a point in the domain. Based on this definition, and the heuristic that the boundary of the objects can be considered as a group of point scatterers, we will identify high values of this function with the location of these boundaries. It is shown that the topological derivative can be calculated analytically so, as a result, the proposed reconstruction algorithm is not iterative. In addition, no approximations (such as the Born, Rytov or physical optics approximations) to the wavefield are made. The numerical examples shown in this paper demonstrate that this simple and efficient heuristic scheme can be used to accurately reconstruct the shape of scatterers.
Outcomes of Robot-Assisted Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass as a Reoperative Bariatric Procedure

We evaluate the outcomes of robot-assisted Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RRYGB) as a reoperative bariatric procedure (RBP). A retrospective analysis was done from 2007 to 2014, and all the patients who underwent RRYGB as a RBP at a teaching university hospital were included. A total of 32 patients underwent RRYGB as a reoperation from adjustable gastric band (AGB n = 16) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG n = 11) or previous gastric bypass (n = 5). Twenty patients underwent conversion to RRYGB due to weight loss failure, either after AGB (n = 13) or SG (n = 7). Twelve patients underwent reoperation because of complications of index procedure. Mean preoperative weight was 109.7 ± 29.5 kg, and BMI was 40 ± 10.6 kg/m2. The mean operative time for RRYGB was 226 ± 45.3 min with a blood loss of 20 ± 15.9 ml. Average length of stay was 3 days. In two cases, pin point leaks were detected intraoperatively during check gastroscopy, and they were repaired with sutures. There were no postoperative anastomotic leaks or hemorrhage or gastrojejunostomy strictures. None of the patients required a blood transfusion or reoperation within perioperative period. In the patients who underwent RRYGB for weight loss failure (n = 20), the mean excess weight loss (EWL) was 39.2 % at 6 months (n = 11), 53.8 % at 1 year (n = 13), and 60.7 % at 2 years (n = 6). RRYGB is safe and effective to be used as a revisional bariatric procedure. The weight loss outcomes and complication rates compare favorably with the published results of laparoscopic technique, although the small sample size may not be enough to reach definite conclusions.
TATA binding protein binds to single stranded DNA: A new model for eukaryotic transcription

Although the players mediating the initiation of eukaryotic transcription appear to be known, the mechanism is not. In this paper we report findings on the interaction between the TATA box binding protein (TBP) and DNA, using a novel optical technology, that point to a potential plausible physical mechanism, and at the same time tie together a number of otherwise disparate observations. TBP plays a central and ubiquitous role in initiating eukaryotic transcription, binding to promoters with and without the canonical 5’ TATA(A/T)A(A/T)(G/A) 3’ motif1. It also tends to bind to double-stranded DNA promiscuously, and though affinity is lower, the number of binding opportunities is greater. TBP-DNA complexes have been characterized structurally2,3 and thermodynamically4,5, the standard model representing the TBP double-helix complex as the biologically significant entity. Here we show, using a label-free detection method termed Spectral Reflectance Imaging Biosensor6 (SRIB) that TBP binds to single stranded (ss), as well as double stranded (ds), oligonucleotides with the TATA motif, and binds the single-stranded form preferentially. Moreover, TBP binds preferentially to single stranded pyrimidine-rich sequences over purine-rich sequences, which is similar to the Single-Stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) binding pattern. These observations suggest a new model for eukaryotic transcription in which TBP destabilizes the double helix, thereby initiating the open complex bubble necessary for transcription. Furthermore, the role of TBP as a multifunctional protein is discussed.
Incubation of incubators: innovation as a triple helix of university-industry-government networks

The shift of university-industry linkages from a linear to an interactive innovation model is visible especially in the history of the university business incubator. Transcending the production and dissemination of research, incubated knowledge increasingly lies behind new products and new firms. Incubators have developed technology and business ideas into an array of firms and to form research centers by fusing heterogeneous R&D entities from university, government and industry. Further transformation of university-industry linkages are in the parallel evolution of incubator from an isolated to a networked entity. As these developments are supported by changes in the regulatory environment and by government funding programs, this pairing becomes university-industry-government interactions. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Nonlinear electron-photon scattering processes in vacuum

High field classical and quantum electrodynamical phenomena can now be studied experimentally, as new techniques to produce ultrahigh intensity laser pulses and synchronized relativistic electron beams are becoming more readily available. These techniques include chirped pulse amplification and photoelectron bunch acceleration in a high gradient rf gun. Applications range from x-ray free-electron lasers and next generation light sources to advanced laser acceleration concepts and (lambda) -(lambda) collider physics. The basic physics of nonlinear electron-photon scattering processes in vacuum is revived, within the framework of classical electrodynamics. 3D vacuum propagation and diffraction effects and their relation to the paraxial approximation are first considered, and the axial electromagnetic field components required to satisfy the gauge condition are derived. The nonlinear Lorentz dynamics and ultrahigh intensity Compton scattering, as well as radiative corrections described by the Dirac-Lorentz equation, are then discussed in detail. The nonlinear Doppler shift induced by laser radiation pressure during Compton scattering is analyzed and shown to yield chaotic optical spectra at ultrahigh intensities for linearly polarized light; a correction scheme, relying laser pulse shaping, is also briefly outlined. For circularly polarized light, an exact expression for the nonlinear Compton backscattered spectrum is derived.
Distribution of apparent adenosinetriphosphatases in several tissues of the mouse

Abstract The distribution of apparent ATPases in mouse brain, heart, liver, kidney, small and large intestines homogenates was determined with the following results. Na-activated and K-activated MgATPases were present in brain, liver, and kidney and liver and kidney respectively. The Na+K-activated CaATPase was discovered only in the large intestine but the degree of Na+K-activation was extremely small. The MgATPase activity of tissues is higher than CaATPase activity.
Self-dual sequences

Abstract A study is made on self-dual sequences. Some enumeration problems on the number of these sequences and the number of cycles of length k which can be produced by an n-stage shift register are investigated. Also, some full cycles with special properties are constructed from those sequences.
Activated charcoal as the sole intervention for treatment after childhood poisoning

Childhood poisonings account for approximately two thirds of all human toxic exposures reported annually to the American Association of Poison Control Centers. Activated charcoal (AC) is the mainstay of decontamination in the emergency department setting. This review focuses on six concepts: 1) description of AC and its method of action, 2) evolution of AC in the gastrointestinal decontamination process, 3) prehospital use of AC, 4) superactivated charcoal, 5) multiple-dose AC, and 6) complications of AC administration. The most recent evolving trends in decontamination of the pediatric patient include trends toward earlier decontamination, either in the home or by paramedics in the field. The newer, "super" activated charcoals, with their greater surface area, may improve compliance of oral administration of AC. Finally, guidelines have been set to limit use of multiple-dose activated charcoal regimens to certain pharmaceuticals only, as well as discouraging cathartic use with charcoal dosing.
Annual variations of water vapor in the stratosphere and upper troposphere based on SAGE II observations during 1986-1991

SAGE II water vapor measurements covering the period (1986 - 1991) have been used to examine the time-periodic variations of water vapor in the stratosphere and the upper troposphere. The results represent an extension of our previous studies which were based on the observations from the first three years (1986 - 88). A statistical model containing quasi- biennial, seasonal, semi-annual oscillations, and a linear component was fit to the time series of monthly zonal mean water vapor mixing ratio. A preliminary comparison with the newly released UARS/MLS water vapor data set is also discussed here.
Measurement and Interpretation of Neutron Total Cross Sections of Carbon, Calcium, and Lead

The neutron tctal cross sections of carbon, calcium, and lead were determined in the energy region 200 to 960 kev using a time-of-flight technique. The observed cross section for carbon was analyzed in terms of the effective- range theory as well as the bound-level contribution. It is concluded that the upper limit for the total width of the "proposed" resonance in C/sup 13/ at 610 kev is 100 ev. For calcium and lead the data are analyzed for resonance parameters. It was found that the s-wave strength function for Ca/sup 40/ increased rapidly with increasing energy. It was concluded also that the course of the lead cross sections can be explained only by the presence of a broad s- wave resonance in Pb/sup 208/. (auth)
Mucolytic Enzyme Systems XIX. Comparison of Hyaluronidase Inhibitor and Heparin Levels in Serum.

SummaryThe effects of peptone shock (with and without block of the reticuloendothelial system by India ink), and administrations of desoxycorticosterone on the nonspecific hyaluronidase inhibitor and heparin concentrations in the blood serum of rabbits at intervals before and after the treatments were observed. A general parallelism was noted in the direction of the changes produced in both serum factors, but variations were observed with respect to the magnitude and time of change. In vitro experiments were carried out on the effect of janus green, thionin, toluidene blue, safranin, neutral violet, neutral red, and aureomycin on the serum inhibitor and on hyaluronidase. A general correlation was observed between the anti-heparin action of these substances and their anti-inhibitor effects.
Book Review: The Art of Aesthetic Surgery: Principles and Techniques

Foad Nahai . The Art of Aesthetic Surgery: Principles and Techniques. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Quality Medical Publishing, 2010. ISBN-10: 1576263118 Only 6 years after the first edition was published, Dr Nahai has produced the second edition of The Art of Aesthetic Surgery , the only truly comprehensive textbook of cosmetic surgery in the world. Not content with a cursory or empty sequel to a monumentally successful first edition, he has provided the plastic surgery community with an edition that is, in every way, bigger and better than its predecessor. The book has been expanded from 2 to 3 volumes and from 1786 to 3187 pages. The additions (39 new chapters) are timely and appropriate given the direction in which the field has evolved in …
Extension of a uniform canopy reflectance model to include row effects

The reflectance model for a uniform crop canopy is extended to include the effects of crops planted in rows. The effect of row structure is assumed to be caused by the variation in density of vegetation across rows rather than to a profile in canopy height. The calculation of crop reflectance using vegetation density modulation across rows follows a parallel procedure to that for a uniform canopy. Predictions using the row model for wheat show that the effect of changes in sun to row azimuth are greatest in Landsat Band 5 (red band) and can result in underestimation of crop biomass.
Changes in Event Related Potentials During Processing of Stroop Stimuli

In a simplified Stroop test, subjects responded with a button press to either the color or word dimension of Stroop stimuli. Response times were analyzed as a function of condition (color or word), stimulus type (congruent or noncongruent color-word pairing) and visual field of presentation (left or right). Changes in the stimulus evoked potential (Experiment I) and the preresponse (premotor) potential (Experiment II) were measured as a function of the independent variables and hemisphere of recording site. Stimulus type had the expected Stroop effect on response time, with noncongruent stimuli associated with longer RTs. The pattern of changes in the event related potentials suggested that the typical Stroop interference effect (color condition) is localized in the response selection stage of processing. However, the less common reverse Stroop effect (word condition) probably results from more complex processing interactions during encoding of the color and word dimensions.
Productivity and significance of headwater streams: population structure and biomass of the black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus)

Summary 1. Headwater streams are a significant feature of the southern Appalachian landscape, comprising more than 70% of the total stream length in the region. Salamanders are the dominant vertebrate within headwater-riparian forest ecosystems, but their ecological role is not clearly understood. 2. We studied a population of black-bellied salamanders (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) at a headwater stream in the southern Appalachian Mountains using radio-telemetry and mark-recapture methods. The length and area of headwater streams in the region were estimated using GIS. 3. Home ranges of radio-tracked salamanders were relatively small (mean = 1.06 m2). Adult salamanders in our telemetry study inhabited edge microhabitats significantly more often than either stream or riparian microhabitats, and the same trend was observed in the mark-recapture study. 4. We estimated the population density at this site to be 11 294 salamanders ha−1, amounting to 99.30 kg ha−1 of biomass, an estimate that is six times greater than reported in previous studies. The majority of this biomass was found within the stream, but 22% was found in the surrounding riparian habitat more than 1 m from the stream. Using headwater stream length and area estimates, we extrapolated biomass estimates for black-bellied salamanders inhabiting stream and riparian microhabitats across the study region. 5. We report one of the largest estimates of secondary consumer biomass for a headwater ecosystem, attesting to the overall productivity of headwater streams. Headwaters are known to be important for ecological and ecosystem processes and our biomass estimates suggest that salamanders are a critical component to these systems.
Boundary control of harmonic disturbances on flexible cantilever beams using piezoelectric patch actuators

This work addresses the control of vibrations in flexible structures caused by external harmonic disturbances using a boundary control method. The research is motivated by practical systems where beam-like structures require vibration suppression to prevent fatigue and system damage, or to increase efficiency. Importantly, this paper addresses a practical constraint of the actuation points being at the boundaries only. The method presented here is an open-loop control scheme which requires knowledge of the harmonic disturbance and a model of the flexible system. The controller uses the model, developed using the Rayleigh–Ritz method, to predict the reaction of the beam to the known input disturbance and compute an optimized control input which reduces the steady state vibration in the system. By properly choosing the cost function, the controller can be used to reduce the total vibration or to reduce the vibration in certain spatial locations. The method's vibration reduction capabilities are studied over...
Outcome measures for COPD treatments: a critical evaluation.

The incidence and mortality of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) have been increasing steadily for several decades not only in North America but also in Europe and, most significantly, in the...
A DSM-5 To-Do List for Adult Psychiatry Residency Directors

A small study within the author's department, comparing resident and faculty attitudes toward the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), revealed that the DSM-5 transition process is starting from a point in which neither faculty nor residents are optimistic that the new DSM will result in improved diagnosis or treatment. However, the publication of DSM-5 presents training directors with opportunities to engage trainees in the study of the evolution of psychiatric nosology and the evidence for core psychiatric diagnoses. Residents should be encouraged to become familiar with both DSM-5 and National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (NIMH RDoC) categories in their study of the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders. Department chairs are encouraged to establish timelines for the DSM-5 transition for faculty, residents, medical student teaching, medical record keeping, and billing for services. Training directors should be aware that national examinations for trainees will transition gradually between 2014 and 2017, so comparisons should be made whenever possible between DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5. To minimize trainee confusion, departments should attend to the coherence of transition timelines among faculty, resident, and medical student training.
Examination of Cognitive Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

The present study investigated the neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), looking specifically at the relationship between self-reported fatigue and objective measures of cognitive fatigue. In Experiment 1, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to examine where in the brain BOLD activity covaried with “state” fatigue, assessed during performance of a task designed to induce cognitive fatigue while in the scanner. In Experiment 2, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to examine where in the brain white matter damage correlated with increased “trait” fatigue in individuals with MS, assessed by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) completed outside the scanning session. During the cognitively fatiguing task, the MS group had increased brain activity associated with fatigue in the caudate as compared with HCs. DTI findings revealed that reduced fractional anisotropy in the anterior internal capsule was associated with increased self-reported fatigue on the FSS. Results are discussed in terms of identifying a “fatigue-network” in MS.
Precision electromagnetic distance-measuring instrument for determining secular strain and fault movement

Abstract A three-wavelength EDM instrument has been developed with accuracies better than 1 · 10−7. With this instrument there is no need for the usual meteorological observations and corrections. Most current instruments are used in conjunction with a low-flying aircraft which flies near the line of sight at the time of the range measurement taking temperature and humidity readings for the determination of integrated air and water densities along the line. This EDM instrument simultaneously measures the optical distance at three wavelengths, two optical and one microwave. It then computes the correct distance, eliminating the first order effects of temperature, pressure and relative humidity fluctuations along the measured line. The optical sources are a red He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) and a blue He-Cd laser (441.6 nm). A 9.6-GHz microwave source is used for the third wavelength, and a small, general-purpose minicomputer for the control and computation. Field tests with this instrument show a standard deviation of less than 1 · 10−7 on a 10.1-km line and less than 5 · 10−8 on a 5.3-km line. Signal levels observed on the 5.3-km line indicate that a range exceeding 20 km is feasible with favorable atmospheric conditions.
Baryonium internal color transitions in the L=0 state

Color transitions internal to diquark and antidiquark for baryonium in the $L=0$ state are explicitly considered. Significant color mixing is found, raising the possibility that baryonium states do not exist.
An acidic amphipathic helix in the Bovine Papillomavirus E2 protein is critical for DNA replication and interaction with the E1 protein

The papillomavirus E2 proteins function in viral transcriptional regulation, and genome replication and episomal maintenance. The transactivation domain is essential for these activities. To identify functional regions, a structural model of the BPV1 E2 transactivation domain was used to target surface residues for mutation. Mutation of several previously uncharacterized regions yielded proteins specifically disrupted in the replication activity of E2. Mutations in an amino-terminal acidic amphipathic helix disrupted the interaction of the E1 and E2 proteins and a peptide derived from this helix blocked cooperative origin binding of E1 and E2. Mutation of clusters of charged residues, R47, K48, K49, R58, and H61 or R172, D175, E176, and R179, or residue R68 in the previously described putative E1 interaction region, specifically disrupted replication while retaining the ability to bind to the E1 protein. Thus, this approach has identified novel regions that are required for the replication function of E2.
Televised sports, masculinist moral capital, and support for the U.S. invasion of Iraq

Data from a survey of 1,048 Americans conducted in summer 2003 are used to demonstrate the existence of a “televised masculinist sport–militaristic nationalism complex” that contributed support for the U.S. invasion of Iraq. Involvement in televised masculinist sports is robustly correlated with support for invading Iraq, the doctrine of preventive attacks, and strong patriotic feelings for the United States. Critical feminists and figurationalists posit a linkage between war and masculinist sports that is grounded in a macho or hypermasculinity found most in combat sports such as football. Using Lakoff's study of the conservative worldviewand Lamont'swork on moral boundaries, the author develops an alternative conception of “masculinist moral capital” that better explains the gender and racial patterns of correlation between different types of televised sports and support for invading Iraq.
A THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE INTERACTION OF AMMONIA WITH SILICON TRIMER

Theoretical calculations are reported for the interaction potential of Si3 + NH3. The existence of loosely bound physisorbed states separated by sizable barriers from more tightly bound states more akin to dissociative chemisorption is predicted. These findings correspond to experimental results on this system which suggest ammonia desorbs intact from small silicon clusters, a behavior expected for physisorbed species. Qualitative explanations using frontier molecular orbital theory help explain the differences between the interaction of ammonia with small clusters and bulk silicon.