cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using an Expert System to Support Academic Advising

AbstractThere are widespread perceptions that academic advising is not done well in public higher education. Computer-assisted advising is a delivery system that has been used effectively in support of the conventional advising process. Computer-assisted advising is an especially suitable application area for expert systems. Using a shell-based expert system, computer-assisted advising is not difficult or costly to implement. By placing the responsibility for maintaining student data on the students, but providing features to reduce the associated burden, it is possible to implement such a system without having automated student records. Experience with the Expert System for Advising Undergraduates (ESAU), a system developed and employed in the management department at the University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, is used to illustrate the approach.
Game Theory and Dispute System Design: Making Mediation a Dominant Strategy in the U.S. Postal Service

This paper asserts that game theory can be a valuable tool in dispute system design efforts. The premise is simple: If different dispute system designs have different impacts on the decisions and behaviors of participants, then game theory can be used to help logically think through the relationships among program design, participation, and outcomes. This paper retrospectively applies game theory to the United States Postal Service (USPS) employment mediation program REDRESS(R) to demonstrate how game theory can be used during the diagnosis and design stages of dispute system design. Although the USPS did not use game theory in their design efforts per se, they did deliberately and strategically design REDRESS(R) to alter the preferences of craft employees for litigation and mediation. By purposefully addressing the stages and elements of dispute system design, the USPS was able to change the dominant strategy of craft employees, thereby making mediation, not litigation, the Nash Equilibrium.
Unsteady Turbulent Puffs

Publisher Summary This chapter reports the theoretical and experimental research on turbulent puffs. A turbulent puff is a mass of turbulent fluid that has both finite linear momentum and a finite kinetic energy and moves with an unsteady drift velocity in an infinite viscous incompressible fluid far from solid boundaries. For the experiment, a set of elementary functions was developed originally motivated by a desire to construct a model of highly inhomogeneous turbulent flows. The turbulent puffs were ejected periodically at a sufficiently low duty cycle so that each puff could be regarded as an independent experiment. Turbulent puffs can be created in a reproducible manner and their behavior can be approximated by a rather simple theoretical model. By extensive use of electronic signal processing, reliable measurements can be performed, and this technique creates the possibility of using such puffs for several purposes, such as in experiments where puffs are injected into an existing flow field and in ejection of pollutants in puff form instead of steady jets to achieve larger clearance for the source.
Inducible depletion of adult skeletal muscle stem cells impairs the regeneration of neuromuscular junctions

Skeletal muscle maintenance depends on motor innervation at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Multiple mechanisms contribute to NMJ repair and maintenance; however muscle stem cells (satellite cells, SCs), are deemed to have little impact on these processes. Therefore, the applicability of SC studies to attenuate muscle loss due to NMJ deterioration as observed in neuromuscular diseases and aging is ambiguous. We employed mice with an inducible Cre, and conditionally expressed DTA to deplete or GFP to track SCs. We found SC depletion exacerbated muscle atrophy and type transitions connected to neuromuscular disruption. Also, elevated fibrosis and further declines in force generation were specific to SC depletion and neuromuscular disruption. Fate analysis revealed SC activity near regenerating NMJs. Moreover, SC depletion aggravated deficits in reinnervation and post-synaptic morphology at regenerating NMJs. Therefore, our results propose a mechanism whereby further NMJ and skeletal muscle decline ensues upon SC depletion and neuromuscular disruption.
Absolute Rate Constants for Collisional Vibrational Relaxation in Dense Vibrational Regions of S1 p-Difluorobenzene†

To gain insight into the possible magnitude of vibrational activation/deactivation rate constants for large molecules with the high vibrational excitation of thermal unimolecular reactions, absolute vibrational relaxation rate constants have been measured in S1 p-difluorobenzene energy regions where the vibrational levels begin to form a quasi-continuum. The measured rate constants define vibrational energy transfer from three initially pumped S1 levels into the surrounding vibrational field. The observed rate constants are about 60% of the Lennard-Jones value for the collision partner Ar and about 40% for He. The initial levels lie in the evib range 2887 to 3310 cm-1, where the level densities are approximately 800−2000 per cm-1. New He rate constants are also measured for many lower initial levels. When combined with earlier measurements, the He and Ar rate constants span the range 0 ≤ evib ≤ 3310 cm-1. Both sets of rate constants show a trend to larger values with increasing evib and have prominent var...
A multiwire proportional chamber based system for digitizing electrophoretic gels

Abstract A system for studying proteins which utilizes a multiwire proportional chamber is described. Essential elements of this system are a strong magnetic field and a high speed bit-slice prepocessor based data acquisition system.
Reticulated platelet counts in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation: An aid in assessing marrow recovery

Thiazole orange (TO) is a fluorescent dye that is commonly used for flow cytometric measurement of erythrocytic reticulocytes. This technique has also been validated for counting “reticulated” platelets, as a measure of bone marrow thrombopoietic activity. Patients with an established diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) have been reported to have a three- to five-fold increase in the percent of circulating reticulated platelets. The current study was conducted to determine if platelet reticulocyte counts predicted recovery of bone marrow thrombopoietic activity following autologous bone marrow transplantation. We found an increase in the percent of circulating reticulated platelets preceding recovery of the platelet count; then, as the patients' platelet counts rose, the percent reticulated platelets fell. In patients with prolonged thrombocytopenia, a persistent increase in the proportion of reticulated platelets suggested a consumptive process, as opposed to failure of engraftment. Moderate transfusion of platelet concentrates did not interfere with the ability of the platelet reticulocyte measurements to detect increased thrombopoietic activity. Platelet transfusions did obscure any decrease in the proportion of reticulated platelets. Our results show that platelet reticulocyte counts could be useful in monitoring the recovery of marrow function following autologous bone marrow transplantation. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coherent Atom-Molecule Oscillations in a Bose-Fermi Mixture

We create atom-molecule superpositions in a Bose-Fermi mixture of $^{87}\text{R}\text{b}$ and $^{40}\text{K}$ atoms. The superpositions are generated by ramping an applied magnetic field near an interspecies Fano-Feshbach resonance to coherently couple atom and molecule states. Rabi- and Ramsey-type experiments show oscillations in the molecule population that persist as long as $150\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{s}$ and have up to 50% contrast. The frequencies of these oscillations are magnetic-field dependent and consistent with the predicted molecule binding energy. This quantum superposition involves a molecule and a pair of free particles with different statistics (i.e., bosons and fermions) and furthers exploration of atom-molecule coherence in systems without a Bose-Einstein condensate.
342 The Newborn Rat Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Expression of Endogenous Peptide Antibiotics in Small Bowel

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis [NEC] is a deadly disease in preterm human neonates. Since 1975, the newborn rat has been the preferred animal model of human NEC. Why the newborn rat model develops manifestations like human NEC remains elusive.
Clinical applications of the posterior rectus sheath-peritoneal free flap.

Soft-tissue injuries involving the dorsum of the hand and foot continue to pose complex reconstructive challenges in terms of function and contour. Requirements for coverage include thin, vascularized tissue that supports skin grafts and at the same time provides a gliding surface for tendon excursion. This article reports the authors' clinical experience with the free posterior rectus sheath-peritoneal flap for dorsal coverage in three patients. Two patients required dorsal hand coverage; one following acute trauma and another for delayed reconstruction 1 year after near hand replantation. A third patient required dorsal foot coverage for exposed tendons resulting from skin loss secondary to vasculitis. In all three patients, the flap was harvested through a paramedian incision at the lateral border of the anterior rectus sheath. After opening the anterior rectus sheath, the rectus muscle was elevated off of the posterior rectus sheath and peritoneum. When elevating the muscle, the attachments of the inferior epigastric vessels to the posterior rectus sheath and peritoneum were preserved while ligating any branches of these vessels to the muscle. Segmental intercostal innervation to the muscle was preserved. The deep inferior epigastric vessels were then dissected to their origin to maximize pedicle length and diameter. The maximum dimension of the flaps harvested for the selected cases was 16 X 8 cm. The anterior rectus sheath was closed primarily with non-absorbable suture. Mean follow-up was 1 year, and all flaps survived with excellent contour and good function in all three patients. Complications included a postoperative ileus in one patient, which resolved after 5 days with nasogastric tube decompression.
The reaction of 3,3-dichloroallyltrimethylsilane with n-butyllithium

Abstract n-Butyllithium reacts with 3,3-dichloroallyltrimethylsilane to metalate the vinyl proton. Under the reaction conditions the Me3SiCH2C(Li)CCl2 formed undergoes β-elimination of LiCl to give ClCCCH2SiMe3 whose subsequent reaction with n-butyllithium produces LiCCCH2SiMe3. Addition of trimethylchlorosilane gives Me3SiCCCH2SiMe3. When two molar equivalents of n-butyllithium are used, further metalation of LiCCCH2SiMe3 gives LiCCCH(Li)SiMe3. The action of N-bromosuccinimide on Me3SiCH2CHCCl2 resulted in formation of Me3SiCHCHCCl2Br.
A Computerized Standard Protocol Order Entry for Pediatric Inpatient Acute Seizure Emergencies Reduces Time to Treatment

Time to treatment of seizures is critical to efficacy. We performed a quality initiative and evaluated time to treatment of inpatient seizure emergencies with first- and second-line medicines before and after implementation of a computerized, standard treatment protocol. Data from 125 patients revealed that 179 seizure episodes required first-line antiepileptic drugs, and the mean time to treatment was 7.72 minutes. In 87 episodes, patients (49%) received the drugs within 5 minutes. Forty-six episodes required second-line drugs. In 17 (37%), patients received them within 30 minutes (mean 49.48 minutes). After implementation of the protocol, the mean time to treatment with first-line drugs was 3.74 minutes, a reduction of >50% (P < .0001). The mean time to treatment with second-line drugs was 25.05 minutes, a reduction of ∼50% (P < .0001). This effective model for reducing the time to treatment of seizure emergencies may be useful to similar institutions.
Effect of progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol on the production of uteroglobin by cultured rabbit uterine epithelial cells.

Uteroglobin (UG) is a rabbit uterine secretory protein whose synthesis can be induced by progestin administration. In an attempt to develop an in vitro system which would offer many advantages to the study of the molecular mechanism of action of steroid hormones, optimal conditions were determined for progesterone regulation of UG in primary cultures of rabbit endometrial epithelial cell lines. Progesterone (10-8 M) had a stimulatory effect on UG production by cultured endometrial epithelial cells derived from either estrous animals or animals 2 days after injection of hCG. The stimulatory effect of progesterone was more evident when the cultured cells were obtained from 2 days post-hCG animals and this effect was observed only when progesterone was present from the time of cell plating. The effect of progesterone on UG production was dose dependent. Lower doses (10-10 M) had an inhibitory effect while 10 -8 M progesterone had a stimulatory effect. This progesterone effect was unaffected by increasing the...
Measuring concentration fields in microfluidic channels in situ with a Fabry–Perot interferometer

Recent advancements in microfluidic technology have allowed for the generation and control of complex chemical gradients; however, few general techniques can measure these spatio-temporal concentration profiles without fluorescent labeling. Here we describe a Fabry–Perot interferometric technique, capable of measuring concentration profiles in situ, without any chemical label, by tracking Fringes of Equal Chromatic Order (FECO). The technique has a sensitivity of 10−5 RIU, which can be used to track local solute changes of ~0.05% (w/w). The technique is spatially resolved (1 μm) and easily measures evolving concentration fields with ~20 Hz rate. Here, we demonstrate by measuring the binary diffusion coefficients of various solutes and solvents (and their concentration-dependence) in both free solution and in polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogels.
First-Grade Teachers' Response to Three Models of Professional Development in Reading

The purpose of this study was to compare 1st-grade teachers' responses to professional development (PD) programs in reading that differed in means and degree of support for teachers' learning and efforts to improve their reading instruction. We compared 3 models of PD: the 1st model provided only seminars for the teachers, the 2nd model provided seminars and support for teachers' evaluations of their instruction, and the 3rd model included these 2 components as well as a literacy coach to support teachers' integration of new methods into their teaching. We used surveys and observations of practices to assess teachers' views of the PD program, their knowledge about reading, and their instructional practices. Results showed that the teachers in the most intensive 3-component model were distinguished from the teachers in the other 2 conditions primarily in the changes in their instructional practices across the year. Results suggest that extensive support for teachers in their schools and classrooms is most ...
The Best Laid Plans: Expectations, Preferences, and Stability of Child-Care Arrangements

This study considers whether an earlier and more extensive search for child care, and a match of the type used to the type preferred, predicts arrangement stability. We used the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care to estimate multinomial logit models of arrangement changes over 3-month intervals between 3 and 12 months (n = 958 children and 2,223 observations). Use of preferred care predicted greater arrangement stability, and parents who settled early on 1 option were less likely later to switch care types. Those who planned earlier were more likely to use their preferred care type and to use higher quality settings. This study encourages future research on how, when, and with what success parents search for child care.
An integrated semiconductor memory system

The concept of active circuit data storage (flip-flop) is as old as electronic data processing systems. The attributes of highest access speed, steady state nondestructive readout and flexibility of application have been partially offset by higher costs and higher standby power per storage bit. As a result, flip-flop storage has until recently been really only feasible for registers.
An Apparently New Lethal Virus Disease of Infant Mice

A hitherto unreported disease of infant mice is described. The agent reproduces upon passage, is filterable, is confined mainly to the gastrointestinal tract in infant and adult mice, causes death in infants and inapparent infection in adults, and is sensitive to mild heat, ether, and sodium deoxycholate. Unique and characteristic morphologic changes occur in the epithelial cells of the intestine in infected infant mice. These consist in the development of multinucleated giant cells designated "balloon cells.".
A core-shell column approach to a comprehensive high-performance liquid chromatography phenolic analysis of Vitis vinifera L. and interspecific hybrid grape juices, wines, and other matrices following either solid phase extraction or direct injection

Four high-throughput reverse-phase chromatographic protocols utilizing two different core-shell column chemistries have been developed to analyze the phenolic profiles of complex matrices, specifically targeting juices and wines produced from interspecific hybrid grape cultivars. Following pre-fractionation via solid-phase extraction or direct injection, individual protocols were designed to resolve, identify and quantify specific chemical classes of compounds including non-anthocyanin monomeric phenolics, condensed tannins following acid hydrolysis, and anthocyanins. Detection levels ranging from 1.2 ppb to 27.5 ppb, analyte %RSDs ranging from 0.04 to 0.38, and linear ranges of quantitation approaching five orders of magnitude were achieved using conventional HPLC instrumentation. Using C(18) column chemistry, the non-anthocyanin monomeric protocol effectively separated a set of 16 relevant phenolic compounds comprised flavan-3-ols, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonols in under 14 min. The same column was used to develop a 15-min protocol for hydrolyzed condensed tannin analysis. Two anthocyanin protocols are presented, one utilizing the same C(18) column, best suited for anthocyanidin and monoglucoside analysis, the other utilizing a pentafluorophenyl chemistry optimized to effectively separate complex mixtures of coexisting mono- and diglucoside anthocyanins. These protocols and column chemistries have been used initially to explore a wide variety of complex phenolic matrices, including red and white juices and wines produced from Vitis vinifera and interspecific hybrid grape cultivars, juices, teas, and plant extracts. Each protocol displayed robust matrix responses as written, yet are flexible enough to be easily modified to suit specifically tailored analytical requirements.
Managing Information Access in Data-Rich Enterprises with Escalation and Incentives

Managing information access in highly dynamic e-business environments is increasingly challenging. In large firms with thousands of employees accessing thousands of applications and data sources, managers must protect information against misuse but ensure that employees can access the information needed for value creation. An escalation scheme with audits to increase flexibility while maintaining security is proposed. By coupling incentives with controls, escalation aligns employees' self-interest with the firm's profit objective. A game-theoretic model shows that an incentives-based policy with escalation and audit can control both overentitlement and underentitlement while maintaining flexibility.
Sex-based differences in the tensile properties of the human anterior cruciate ligament

After immense amounts of research, the root cause for the significantly higher rates of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) failure incidents in females as compared to males still remains unknown and the existing sex-based disparity has not diminished. To date, the possibility that the female ACL is mechanically weaker than the male ACL has not been directly investigated. Although it has been established in the literature that the female ACL is smaller in size, the differences in the structural and material properties of the ACL between sexes have not been studied. The aim of this cadaveric study was to determine if any sex-based differences in the tensile properties of the human ACL exist when considering age as well as ACL and body anthropometric measurements as covariates. Ten male and 10 female unpaired cadaveric knees (mean age 36.75 years) were used for this study. The geometry of the ACL (including length, cross-sectional area, and volume) was analyzed using a 3-D scanning system. The femur-ACL tibia complex was tested to failure along the longitudinal axis of the ligament in a tensile testing machine. The structural properties of the ACL as well as its mechanical properties were determined. Analysis of covariance was performed to assess the effect of sex on tensile properties. The female ACL was found to have a lower mechanical properties (8.3% lower strain at failure; 14.3% lower stress at failure, 9.43% lower strain energy density at failure, and most importantly, 22.49% lower modulus of elasticity) when considering age, ACL, and body anthropometric measurements as covariates.
A residual based error estimator for mortar finite element discretizations

A residual based error estimator for the approximation of linear elliptic boundary value problems by nonconforming finite element methods is introduced and analyzed. In particular, we consider mortar finite element techniques restricting ourselves to geometrically conforming domain decomposition methods using P1 approximations in each subdomain. Additionally, a residual based error estimator for Crouzeix-Raviart elements of lowest order is presented and compared with the error estimator obtained in the more general mortar situation. It is shown that the computational effort of the error estimator can be considerably reduced if the special structure of the Lagrange multiplier is taken into account.
Parametric Control of Structural Vibrations via Adaptable Stiffness Dynamic Absorbers

An energy-based algorithm is developed for dynamic absorbers with adaptable stiffness to suppress structural vibrations via real-time parametric control actions. A controller with multi-objective fuzzy logic is created to reduce the main structure energy while constraining the total system energy. To ensure stability, an adaptive-passive supervisor is designed to provide guidelines for implementing the control law. It is proved that the system using this supervisor is globally stable in the sense that all signals involved are bounded. The performance of the controller is demonstrated on a beam example. It is shown that the structure energy level and vibration amplitude can be suppressed effectively.
Leakage Reactance of Ring-Type Transformer with Rectangular Core Section

The ring-type transformer (or reactor) built with an iron core of rectangular cross-sectional area is, by a very considerable margin, the most widely used ring-type electromagnetic device because of its simplicity. An exact formula is derived for computing its leakage reactance. Computation can easily be carried out by an IBM 1620 digital computer.
Heart rate, blood pressure, and running speed responses to mesencephalic locomotor region stimulation in anesthetized rats.

The decerebrate rat locomotor preparation described in a previous study requires extensive brain surgery with the possibility of significant blood loss. The purpose of this study was to improve on the previous model by using lightly anesthetized instead of decerebrated rats. After initial surgery consisting of boring a small hole through the parietal bone, the animals were maintained on low levels of halothane anesthetic. The mesencephalic locomotor region was then located by physiological criteria using stereotaxic coordinates from the previous study. Locomotor speed, blood pressure and heart rate responses were then measured over a wide range of stimulation currents that elicited a maximal running speed. Stimulation currents ranged from 36 μA for walking to 82 μA for fast galloping. Locomotor speeds ranged from 20 m/min for walking to 64 m/min for fast galloping. Some animals easily achieved galloping speeds beyond 100 m/min. Blood pressure and heart rate increased with increasing stimulation currents. Blood pressure also increased during stimulation after muscular paralysis. This was not due to current spread, suggesting that the mesencephalic locomotor region might be involved in central command mechanisms. Heart rate did not increase after paralysis. This supports other multi-joint dynamic studies suggesting that movement per se may be necessary to induce heart rate changes, presumably via joint mechanoreceptors. The range of locomotor patterns and cardiovascular responses were obtained under self-supported conditions. By defining the mesencephalic locomotor region via physiological criteria, and by grouping blood pressure and heart rate measurements by gait rather than by stimulation currents, the potential use of the intact model for cardiovascular control studies was demonstrated. The animals were able to run and gallop at high speeds considering they were anesthetized. The simplified preparation will be useful for more complex cardiovascular experiments requiring intact and self-supported conditions.
STUDIES RELATED TO SATELLITE THERMAL CONTROL: MEASUREMENTS OF EARTH-REFLECTED SUNLIGHT AND STABILITY OF THERMAL-CONTROL COATINGS

Earth reflected solar radiation and stability of satellite thermal control coatings, noting intensity distribution shifting toward UV region and coatings degradation rate
A framework for studying human error behavior in conceptual database modeling

Abstract A framework is developed to explain human error behavior in modeling conceptual databases. The framework is based on the notion of directness distance or ‘gulf’ suggested in recent literature. It specifies four aspects of ‘gulf’ in the context of conceptual database design - syntax, mapping, rules, and consistency. Based on the model, six types of errors are suggested - syntactic, abstraction, simplification, overload, convergence, and divergence. These are then matched to errors found in four empirical studies on database representation. Four types of errors - convergence, abstraction, simplification and overload - were typically found in these studies. The paper provides design guidelines to prevent these errors.
Reaction of NO with hypochlorous acid

The reaction between NO(g) at concentrations between 0.1 and 1.0 Torr in 1-atm N2 and aqueous solutions of NaClO has been studied over the pH range of 6–12 and hypochlorite concentrations between 0.01 and 1.0M. A very rapid and efficient reaction occurs leading to the production of about 30%–40% of the NO as NO2 and with conversions of NO up to 98% at about 1-sec contact time. It is shown that a fast chain reaction initiated by the endothermic step can account for the data. The very exothermic reaction NO + ClO− NO2 + Cl− is shown to be at least 30-fold slower than i. The overall reaction seems very promising as a method of reducing NO and NO2 emissions from the exhausts of industrial plants.
Purification, assay, and kinetic properties of sheep liver pyridoxal kinase.

Pyridoxal kinase from sheep liver has been purified 1100-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-150, and ADP-Sepharose. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated the enzyme to be nearly homogeneous. Initial velocity studies were consistent with a sequential mechanism. The Michaelis constants for pyridoxal and ZnATP2− complex are 160 and 31 μm, respectively. A new assay was developed in which [3H]pyridoxine was used as substrate. The product, [3H]pyridoxine 5′-P, was separated from the substrate with DEAE-cellulose disks. Determination of the Michaelis constants for pyridoxine and the ZnATP2− complex by this new method gave values of 110 and 32 μm, respectively.
Compliance curves during peritoneal dialysate infusion are like a distensible tube and are similar at multiple UGI sites.

Compliance curves during peritoneal dialysate infusion are like a distensible tube and are similar at multiple UGI sites
Boundary tracking algorithms for determining the stability of mode-locked pulses

We develop robust computational methods, referred to as boundary tracking algorithms, that can rapidly determine the existence and stability of pulses in passively mode-locked laser systems over a broad parameter range. Applying the boundary tracking algorithms to the cubic–quintic mode-locking equation, we find a rich dynamical structure.
The Exponential Decay Rate of the Lower Bound for the First Eigenvalue of Compact Manifolds

This paper provides the optimal exponential decay rate of the lower bound for the first positive eigenvalue of the Laplacian operator on a compact Riemannian manifold with a negative lower bound on the Ricci curvature and with large diameter. For manifolds with boundary, suitable convexity conditions are assumed.
The structure of exponential Weyl algebras

We present structural properties of the complex associative algebra generated by the canonical commutation relations in exponential form. In particular, we show it to be a central simple algebra that lacks zero divisors and is not Noetherian on either side; in addition, we determine explicitly its units and its automorphisms.
Branch-and-price-and-cut algorithms for solving the reliable h-paths problem

We examine a routing problem in which network arcs fail according to independent failure probabilities. The reliable h-path routing problem seeks to find a minimum-cost set of h � 2 arc-independent paths from a common origin to a common destination, such that the probability that at least one path remains operational is sufficiently large. For the formulation in which variables are used to represent the amount of flow on each arc, the reliability constraint induces a nonconvex feasible region, even when the integer variable restrictions are relaxed. Prior arc-based models and algorithms tailored for the case in which h = 2 do not extend well to the general h-path problem. Thus, we propose two alternative integer programming formulations for the h-path problem in which the variables correspond to origin-destination paths. Accordingly, we develop two branch-and-price-and-cut algorithms for solving these new formulations, and provide computational results to demonstrate the efficiency of these algorithms.
Variation of Friction and Wear of Solid Lubricant Films with Film Thickness

For solid lubricant films such as oxides, soft metals and molybdenum disulfide in a resin low friction and low wear have been found when the film thickness lies between 10−6 and 10−2 cm, and high friction and high wear outside these limits. At the 10−3−cm limit, the rise in friction occurs because the load is carried by the film rather than by the substrate, while the rise in wear is caused by the formation of large wear particles. The experimental data appear to agree reasonably well with theoretical predictions based on the concepts of characteristic junction size and wear particle size. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the Lubrication Conference held in Minneapolis, Minnesota, October 18–20, 1966.
Preschool children's cardiac reactivity moderates relations between exposure to family violence and emotional adjustment.

This study examined relations between cardiac reactivity, family violence exposure (i.e., child maltreatment [CM] and inter-partner violence [IPV]), and preschool children's emotional adjustment. A sample of 92 mother-preschooler dyads was drawn from predominantly low-income, rural communities. Dyads participated in a laboratory session in which children's Electrocardiograph (ECG) monitoring occurred during a resting baseline, joint-challenge, and individual emotional and cognitive tasks. Mothers consented to review of Children & Youth Services (CYS) records for CM and completed an IPV measure. Mothers rated children's emotional adjustment, and observers rated children on their frustration and positive affect. Children's vagal suppression was shown to moderate relations between family violence exposure and emotional adjustment. Findings indicated that children greater in vagal suppression showed better emotional adjustment when from families low in violence. However, regardless of children's level of vagal suppression, all children showed poorer emotional adjustment when from families high in violence. Language: en
A high prevalence of p53 mutations in pre-malignant oral erythroplakia

Oral squamous-cell carcinoma is thought to be preceded by a number of precursor stages which induce morphological changes in cells of the oral mucosa resulting in clinically detectable pre-malignant lesions such as erythroplakia or leukoplakia. To better understand the etiology of oral erythroplakia, we have examined the p53 tumor-suppressor gene (exons 5-9) for mutations in 24 oral erythroplakia lesions of varying dysplastic phenotypes by PCR/single-strand conformational polymorphism and direct DNA-sequencing analyses. A total of 12 p53 mutations were detected in 11 of 24 (46%) erythroplakia specimens (one specimen contained two different p53 mutations); 25% were single-base-pair deletions and 33% were either G:C-->T:A transversions or G:C-->A:T transitions. A high prevalence of p53 mutation was observed in all categories of erythroplakia lesions: 33% for mildly dysplastic lesions, 50% for lesions exhibiting moderate to severe dysplasia and 50% for lesions that were carcinoma in situ. Although the combined prevalence of p53 mutations observed in erythroplakia was significantly higher (p = 0.02) than that observed earlier for leukoplakia, the prevalence of p53 mutations was similar in erythroplakia and leukoplakia specimens from smokers. The prevalence and spectrum of p53 mutations observed in this series of erythroplakia lesions are similar to those observed for oral squamous-cell carcinoma. These results indicate that mutations of the p53 gene may be linked to the high malignant potential of erythroplakia and provide further evidence that p53 mutation may be an early event in the genesis of oral squamous-cell carcinoma.
Regional and Global Technological Knowledge Search Strategies and the Innovative Performance of Large Multinational Corporations

This study focuses on the innovative performance implications of large MNCs' regional and global technological knowledge search strategies. In networked MNCs, the parent can still offer valuable knowledge to subsidiaries. The parent's and a subsidiary's knowledge becomes complementary if an MNC appropriately adopts a global strategy at the parent level and a regional strategy at the subsidiary level. An analysis of the world's largest firms in the Electrical Equipment industry shows that, in general, a global strategy improves the innovative performance of the MNC. Meanwhile, only the combination of a global strategy at the parent level and a regional strategy at the subsidiary level is positively associated with the innovative performance of the MNC. This study contributes to the literature on networked MNCs and the debate of globalization and regionalization. Managerial implications are discussed as well.
Single unit analysis of backward visual masking and metacontrast in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus.

Abstract Microelectrode recordings in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus were undertaken under conditions of visual stimulation corresponding to those which in the human observer would lead to masking and metacontrast. Successive stimuli falling on the same receptive field produce results at the unit level which are parallel to the perceptual masking effects obtained in man. However, stimulus conditions corresponding to metacontrast, where the second stimulus occupies an area adjacent to the first, did not have clear parallels at the unit level.
The in vitro effect of various enzymes upon the mouse ascites tumor of Ehrlich.

Die Virulenz von Ehrlich-Ascitestumorzellen wurde durch Inkubation mit funf Enzymenin vitro stark herabgesetzt. Zwolf andere Enzyme hatten keine Wirkung. Die morphologischen Kriterien fur Zellschadigung werden erortert.
Design considerations for air-to-air laser communications

The US Air Force has identified laser communications (lasercom) as a viable technology for several air-to-air communications applications, namely Strategic Data Exchange (SDE) between airborne command post (ABCP) aircraft and intraformation data links among fighter aircraft or low-flying, close-formation aircraft. Lasercom offers low probability of intercept (LPI), jam resistance, and high bandwidth capabilities due to its very short wavelength compared to radio frequency (RF) systems. This paper examines the requirements of lasercom systems to support these missions and presents the systems link analysis necessary to select preferred approaches. The state of key technologies such as lasers, detectors, filters, coding, acquisition, etc., form a basis to structure conceptual systems that meet mission requirements. There have been recent advances in these key technologies, which will significantly improve air-to-air lasercom system performance. The resultant systems are low risk and could be developed in minimum time. Adverse weather is a factor in lasercom capability, so several weather conditions are included in the analysis. The preferred systems are described and, finally, conclusions and recommendations are given that could lead to development of a prototype terminal for one of the above missions.
Polysiloxane-based scintillators doped with oligophenylenes: Effect of color centers on radiation stability

Radiation hardness of polysiloxane-based scintillators doped with oligophenylene fluors has been investigated. Radiation damage to the chromophores themselves is negligible. The main component of light output loss under irradiation is due to production of color centers by substituents introduced into the fluors to increase solubility. When these oligophenylenes are used as primary fluors they are stable to exposures in excess of 107 rad.
The Vibrio cholerae diguanylate cyclase VCA0965 has an AGDEF active site and synthesizes cyclic di-GMP

Diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) regulate biofilm formation and motility in bacteria by synthesizing the second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in response to environmental stimuli. DGC enzymatic activity is believed to be dependent on the presence of a GG(D/E)EF active site motif, however approximately 25% of known DGCs contain a degenerate active site. The Vibrio cholerae protein VCA0965 contains an AGDEF active site and is presumed to be an inactive DGC. Ectopic expression of VCA0965 in V. cholerae causes a 3-fold reduction in flagellar-based motility. Additionally, an RXXD allosteric inhibition mutant of VCA0965 strongly inhibited motility and stimulated biofilm formation. This activity was lost when the active site of VCA0965 was mutated to AGDAF, suggesting that VCA0965 synthesizes c-di-GMP. In support of this, ectopic expression of VCA0965 and VCA0965 containing a mutation in its RXXD motif significantly increased the intracellular c-di-GMP levels in V. cholerae and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, we found that purified VCA0965 was able to synthesize c-di-GMP in vitro. Systematic mutation of the first amino acid in the AGDEF motif of VCA0965 revealed that glycine, methionine, and histidine also produced an active DGC capable of inhibiting motility and increasing the intracellular concentration of c-di-GMP in V. cholerae. Based on these results, we conclude that VCA0965 is capable of c-di-GMP synthesis and that the first amino acid of the GG(D/E)EF motif is more tolerant of substitutions than currently appreciated.
Aligning Preparation and Practice An Assessment of Coherence in State Principal Preparation and Licensure

Principal standards and license requirements in each of the 50 states are analyzed in this qualitative study in light of federal Race to the Top incentives for states to strengthen school leadershi...
The Yasaviyya in the Nasāʾim al-maḥabba of ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī: A Case Study in Central Asian Hagiography

The Timurid statesman and poet ʿAlī Shīr Navāʾī (d. 906/1501) was the author of the first biographical dictionary (taẕkira) of Sufi saints to be written in the Central Asian dialect of Chaghatay Turkic. Although he started it as a translation of Nafaḥāt al-uns by Jāmī, he expanded upon that work by including many saints from Khurasan, India, and Turkestan. Of particular note are his entries for a clutch of Sufis associated with Aḥmad Yasavī, whom he described as the mashāʾīkh-i turk—the Turkish shaykhs. This was the first substantial overview of these saints in hagiographical literature, even though they had been active since the seventh/thirteenth century. The problem for historians is that Navāʾī supplies little by way of chronology for these saints, nor does he provide a clear indication of his sources. The problem for scholars of Sufism is that he provides little information on issues of doctrine or praxis. What is significant about this survey is its emphasis on the importance of hereditary descent among the shaykhs, suggesting that what was key to uniting them was not an institutional framework, but one of common genealogies from one of the immediate successors of Aḥmad Yasavī.
Characterization and modeling of the infrared properties of GaP and GaAs

The experimental characterization of multiphonon absorption in polycrystalline GaP and GaAs asa function of temperature and frequency is presented. Because GaP and GaAs have moderate bandgaps,free carrier absorption is examined at high temperature as well. The longwave transparency and excellentthermal and mechanical properties of GaP make it a candidate for future high-stress environmentapplications. In this paper, a broadband FTJR transmissometer is used with a frequency range from 500 to5000 cm' for GaP and 400 to 5000 cm1 for GaAs. Spectral measurements were performed from 10 to 800K for GaP and 10 to 295 K for GaAs. In addition, high temperature laser transmittance measurementsusing HeNe lasers (632.8 nm and 3.39 tm) and a CO2 (10.6 rim) laser were conducted up to 1 100 K.Using this experimental data set, an updated multiphonon and free carrier absorption model is developedthat represents the experimental data over all temperatures and frequencies.Keywords: Multiphonon absorption, GaAs, GaP, and multiphonon and free-carrier absorption modeling
Characterization of phytochelatin synthase from tomato

The enzyme that synthesizes Cd-binding phytochelatins (PCs), PC synthase, has been studied in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) cell cultures and plants. This enzyme transfers γ-GluCys from GSH or PC to either GSH or an existing polymer of (γ-GluCys) n Gly. PC synthase from tomato requires GSH or PCs as substrates but cannot utilise γ-GluCys or GSSG. PC synthase is activated both in vivo and in vitro by a variety of heavy metal ions, including Cd 2+ , Ag + . Cu 2+ , Au + , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Hg 2+ and Pb 2+ . In crude protein extracts from tomato cells the enzyme has an apparent K m of 7.7 mM for GSH in the presence of 0.5 mM Cd 2+ , and exhibits maximum activity at pH 8.0 and 35°C. PC synthase is present in tomato cells grown in the absence of Cd. The level of enzyme activity is regulated during the cell culture cycle, with the highest activity occurring 3 days after subculture. Cadmium-resistant tomato cells growing in medium containing 6 mM CdCl 2 have a 65% increase in PC synthase activity compared to unselected cells. PC synthase is also present in roots and stems of tomato plants, but not in leaves or fruits. The distribution of the enzyme in tomato plants and regulation of PC synthase activity in tomato cells indicate that PC synthase, and PCs, may have additional functions in plant metabolism that are not directly related to the formation of Cd-PC complexes in response to cadmium.
The Behavioral Split in the Gamma Band

Using a simple motor task, we demonstrate that the classic gamma range contains behavioral inflections within its power spectrum that inhibit its use as a generic feature for control in brain computer interfaces. We characterize this behavioral junction, J0, and call for a more appropriate designation of behaviorally useful spectral change, which we denote the chi-band (chi-band)
Use of three-dimensional ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of prenatal-onset skeletal dysplasias.

Objective Recognition of prenatal-onset skeletal dysplasias has improved with advances in ultrasound imaging. Skeletal abnormalities can be recognized by two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound, but generating a precise diagnosis can be challenging. We aimed to determine whether three-dimensional (3D) imaging conferred any advantages over 2D imaging in these cases. Methods We studied five women with fetuses of 16–28 gestational weeks referred for abnormal ultrasound skeletal findings. First 2D and then 3D sonography was performed and the results compared. Results The pregnancies resulted in the following skeletal dysplasias: thanatophoric dysplasia, achondrogenesis II/hypochondrogenesis, achondroplasia, chondrodysplasia punctata (rhizomelic form) and Apert's syndrome. For all five fetuses, the correct diagnosis was made in the prenatal period by analysis of the 2D images. In each case the 3D images confirmed the preliminary diagnosis and for many findings it improved the visualization of the abnormalities. Conclusion The 3D imaging had advantages over the 2D imaging when it came to evaluation of facial dysmorphism, relative proportion of the appendicular skeletal elements and the hands and feet. Most importantly, the patient and referring physician appreciated the 3D images of the abnormal findings more readily which aided in counseling and management of the pregnancy. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.