cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiprocessor cache coherence based on virtual memory support

Virtual-memory-based cache coherence is a mechanism that relies only on hardware that already exists on the microprocessors of a shared-memory multiprocessor system, yet dynamically detects and resolves potential cache inconsistencies using virtual-memory techniques. The key feature of the approach is that the virtual-memory translation hardware on each processor is used to detect shared accesses that could lead to memory incoherencies, and VM page fault handlers execute the appropriate actions to maintain cache coherence. VM-based cache coherence basically trades off design simplicity for increased software overheads. The work presented in this paper evaluates this trade-off. We show that VM-based cache coherence performs well for scientific applications that require significant aggregate memory bandwidth.
Localization of extraneuronal dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in rat salivary gland by immunofluorescence histochemistry.

— Superior cervical ganglionectomy results in a complete noradrenergic neuronal denervation of the rat sublingual-submaxillary salivary gland. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity in the serous submaxillary gland falls approximately 90% after noradrenergic denervation; but in the mucinproducing sublingual gland dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity is reduced by only 33%. Dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunofluorescence in the submaxillary gland is distributed with noradrenergic neurons and is eliminated by superior cervical ganglionectomy. In the sublingual gland dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunofluorescence is localized within mucinous acini and small ducts, and the disposition and intensity of staining materials is not affected by noradrenergic denervation for up to 30 days. DBH protein in the sublingual gland had little physiologic activity in vivo. Low levels of authentic dopamine-β-hydroxylase activity were detected in saliva. Thus, dopamine-β-hydroxylase protein is present in the sublingual gland in an extraneuronal location and appears to be a secretory product of the gland.
Oscar Hijuelos's The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love, Ishmael Reed's Mumbo Jumbo, and Robert Coover's The Public Burning

Abstract At one point in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow, Leni Pokier tells her husband that the relation of events to one another in time need not be seen in terms of linear cause and effect; instead, she tells him, “It all goes along together. Parallel, not series. Metaphor. Signs and symptoms. Mapping on to different coordinate systems, I don't know…” (Pynchon 159). Though her husband fails to appreciate her insight, Leni's intuition of an alternate, metaphorical paradigm for historical process is a revisioning of history—one to which Pynchon repeatedly returns in Gravity's Rainbow and one, I will argue in this essay, that other postmodernist novelists also embed in their fiction.
A study of the relationship between communicative performance and conversation participants’ thoughts

This study directly examines the assumed relationship between a communicator's thoughts and his/her communicative actions. Individuals’ communicative performance (i.e., effectiveness and appropriateness) on an information acquisition task was assessed and assigned to high, moderate and low communication competence groupings. Their thought protocols, as gathered through a stimulated recall procedure, were then compared. As predicted, high competent communicators had more goal‐relevant thoughts than their less competent counterparts. Moreover, communicators’ thoughts corresponded with the type of performance strategies evidenced in their interactions. Other results indicated that low competent communicators had significantly more self assessment thoughts than their more competent counterparts. However, no support was found for a predicted interaction between competence level and goal complexity. The results were discussed in terms of implications for further study of cognitive processing and communicative p...
Statistical estimation of link availability and its impact on routing in wireless ad hoc networks

In this paper, an analytical framework is developed and validated via simulation for statistical estimation of the evolution of the separation between a pair of mobile nodes in an ad hoc network. Simulation results demonstrate that path selection based on minimization of the product of the link statistic significantly outperforms minimum-hop and fixed threshold-based ‘path-stability’ schemes. A hierarchical mobility model integrating the dynamic effects of velocity, group movement and geographic scope is used to generalize the results. Another significant result is the performance enhancements hold in large networks irregardless of the assumptions used for statistical estimation. The effect of merging many independent groups appears to restore independent mobility. Finally, results show that at the highest mobility levels, 90% of the longest surviving paths fail within 60 s. None of the strategies approach this optimal value. This important result suggests that optimal predictive mechanisms alone are insufficient to ensure scalable routing in ad hoc networks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bacterial and Autolytic Changes in Water Retention and Adenosine Nucleotides of Cod Mince

Water uptake ability (WUA), expressible moisture (EM), hypoxanthine (Hx), and inosine (HxR) were monitored in cod mince stored at 0, −2, −3°C, with or without bacterial inactivation using NaOCl. Hx and HxR increased (p < 0.05) in all samples during the first 9-10 days. Bacterial inactivation reduced Hx and HxR build up. Beyond day 10, Hx and HxR decreased in all samples. The decrease was slower in samples in which bacterial had been inactivated. Bacterial inactivation deterred WUA increases and EM decrease.
Modifications of the Mack-Wolfe umbrella tests for a generalized Behrens-Fisher problem

We are concerned with testing procedures for umbrella alternatives in the k-sample location problem without making the assumption that the underlying populations have the same shape. Modifications of the Mack-Wolfe tests are proposed for the cases when the peak of the umbrella is known or unknown. The proposed procedures are exactly distribution-free when the continuous populations have the same shape. The modified test for peak-known umbrella alternatives remains asymptotically distribution-free when the continuous populations are symmetric, but not necessarily with the same shape.
Serum-ascites albumin gradients in nonalcoholic liver disease

Several studies performed in alcoholics with advanced liver disease have demonstrated a positive correlation between the serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) and measured portal venous pressure. A single study performed in 15 patients with exudative malignant ascites and 29 patients with alcoholic liver disease demonstrated that a SAAG of <1.1 was essentially diagnostic of a malignant origin of the ascites. In an effort to confirm and extend these observations to individuals with nonalcoholic liver disease, 24 patients with nonalcoholic liver disease and 11 with alcoholic liver disease undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OTLx) were studied. At the time of liver transplantation, each had their serum and ascitic fluid albumin levels determined, the gradient calculated, and their portal venous pressure (PVP) as well as the corrected portal venous pressure (PPc) measured directly. A significant correlation (r=0.624) between the PPc and the SAAG was found in the 11 alcoholics (P<0.05). No such correlation existed for those with nonalcoholic liver disease (r=0.398). Moreover, a SAAG <1.1 was found in three of nonalcoholics with cirrhosis in the absence of an abdominal malignancy. We conclude that (1) the SAAG and PPc are statistically related to each other in individuals with alcoholic liver disease but not in those with a nonalcoholic cause for cirrhosis, and (2) SAAG <1.1 is not diagnostic of abdominal malignancy but can occur in those with advanced nonmalignant hepatic disease.
PKCδ Regulates Force Signaling during VEGF/CXCL4 Induced Dissociation of Endothelial Tubes

Wound healing requires the vasculature to re-establish itself from the severed ends; endothelial cells within capillaries must detach from neighboring cells before they can migrate into the nascent wound bed to initiate angiogenesis. The dissociation of these endothelial capillaries is driven partially by platelets' release of growth factors and cytokines, particularly the chemokine CXCL4/platelet factor-4 (PF4) that increases cell-cell de-adherence. As this retraction is partly mediated by increased transcellular contractility, the protein kinase c-δ/myosin light chain-2 (PKCδ/MLC-2) signaling axis becomes a candidate mechanism to drive endothelial dissociation. We hypothesize that PKCδ activation induces contractility through MLC-2 to promote dissociation of endothelial cords after exposure to platelet-released CXCL4 and VEGF. To investigate this mechanism of contractility, endothelial cells were allowed to form cords following CXCL4 addition to perpetuate cord dissociation. In this study, CXCL4-induced dissociation was reduced by a VEGFR inhibitor (sunitinib malate) and/or PKCδ inhibition. During combined CXCL4+VEGF treatment, increased contractility mediated by MLC-2 that is dependent on PKCδ regulation. As cellular force is transmitted to focal adhesions, zyxin, a focal adhesion protein that is mechano-responsive, was upregulated after PKCδ inhibition. This study suggests that growth factor regulation of PKCδ may be involved in CXCL4-mediated dissociation of endothelial cords.
STUDIES ON THE "INDEPENDENCE" OF NUCLEOLAR RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS.

Abstract Using [ 14 C]orotic acid as a precursor, the time course of labeling of nuclear and nucleolar RNA of rat liver has been studied in vivo . RNA from both nuclear and nucleolar preparations was fractionated into two classes with the aid of phenol. Each class of RNA was found to have a relatively specific kinetic profile after administration of the tracer. Labeling of nucleolar RNA was as rapid as nuclear RNA indicating that the extranucleolar RNA could not be the precursor of the nucleolar RNA. Actinomycin D inhibited nucleolar-RNA synthesis to a much greater degree than the synthesis of extranucleolar RNA. These data, together with previous observations on the base compositions of nucleolar-RNA fractions and other types of experiments provide evidence that nucleolar-RNA synthesis largely proceeds “independently” of extranucleolar-RNA synthesis.
Regulation of Ca2+ signals in a parotid cell line Par-C5

Abstract The Ca 2+ signaling system in an established immortalized rat parotid acinar cell line, Par-C5, was examined using the Ca 2+ -sensitive fluorescent indicator fura-2 and by measuring inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP 3 ) formation. Agonist-induced increase in intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) by mobilization of intracellular stores and influx across the cell membrane was stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh) and ATP, whereas noradrenaline-(NA)-induced a small [Ca 2+ ] i increase mediated primarily by release from intracellular Ca 2+ stores. [Ca 2+ ] i increase by ACh and ATP was meditated through the phosphoinositide signal pathway since both agonists significantly increased 1,4,5-IP 3 formation and Ca 2+ mobilization was abolished by the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122. In Ca 2+ -free medium, ACh or ATP discharged the IP 3 -sensitive Ca 2+ store and essentially abolished subsequent [Ca 2+ ] i response to thapsigargin (TG). Exposure to ionomycin and monensin after TG induced a further mobilization of Ca 2+ , suggesting IP 3 -insensitive stores are present. Furthermore, depletion of IP 3 -sensitive Ca 2+ stores by TG, ACh and ATP enhanced plasmalemmal Ca 2+ -entry pathways. Exposure to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), a cytokine associated with lymphocyte invasion of salivary epithelial cells in autoimmune disorders, significantly reduced ACh-stimulated Ca 2+ mobilization. TNF-α inhibitory effect on Ca 2+ mobilization was not directly due to an interaction on muscarinic receptors since ACh-induced 1,4,5-IP 3 formation was not altered. These results in the Par-C5 cell line indicate 1) [Ca 2+ ] i is regulated by muscarinic and P2Y-nucleotide receptors and partly by α 1 -adrenergic receptors; 2) IP 3 -sensitive and -insensitive Ca 2+ stores exist; 3) Ca 2+ influx activated by ACh, ATP or TG is mediated by the store-operated Ca 2+ entry pathway; and 4) muscarinic agonist-stimulated Ca 2+ mobilization is altered by the cytokine TNF-α.
GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF LATERITES FROM ILORIN, NIGERIA

Abstract Twelve samples of Nigerian laterites were obtained from Ilorin, a rapidly growing urban center, and capital of Kwara State, Nigeria. Three varieties of laterites (clay, gravel and crust) were identified and subjected to mineralogical, chemical and geotechnical analyses which included: identification of clay and non-clay minerals by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques; chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer analysis; pH of soil in water; moisture contents and specific gravity determinations, grain size analysis; compaction test by Harvard Compaction Apparatus and unconfined compressive strength determination. The laterite soil samples are composed of kaolinite and illite clay minerals with some quartz and feldspar. They were found to be rich in SiO2 (45%) Fe2O3, (16%) and Al203 (10%). These soils yielded maximum strength when compacted on the dry side of their optimum moisture content (OMC). The soils are not expected to perform very well as concrete aggregates since they contain high amounts of SiO2 and Fe2O3. These oxides are known to have deleterious effects on construction materials, particularly concrete aggregates.
Interactions and excitations of non-Abelian vortices

We examine bosonic zero modes of vortices formed in the gauge breaking G\ensuremath{\rightarrow}H. For non-Abelian G, zero modes are generic. Their solutions depend on global symmetry structure. Vortices render the embedding H\ensuremath{\subset}G space dependent, with a dynamically determined subgroup H\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{} single valued. They Aharonov-Bohm scatter gauge bosons associated with multivalued generators. Alice strings (H=O(2), H\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}=${\mathit{openZ}}_{2}$) attract charges and scatter SO(2) ``photons,'' and a two-string system has zero modes with unlocalizable ``Cheshire'' charge. The resulting superconductivity has novel electrodynamics.
L2, the minor capsid protein of papillomavirus

The capsid protein L2 plays major roles in both papillomavirus assembly and the infectious process. While L1 forms the majority of the capsid and can self-assemble into empty virus-like particles (VLPs), L2 is a minor capsid component and lacks the capacity to form VLPs. However, L2 co-assembles with L1 into VLPs, enhancing their assembly. L2 also facilitates encapsidation of the ∼8 kbp circular and nucleosome-bound viral genome during assembly of the non-enveloped T=7d virions in the nucleus of terminally differentiated epithelial cells, although, like L1, L2 is not detectably expressed in infected basal cells. With respect to infection, L2 is not required for particles to bind to and enter cells. However L2 must be cleaved by furin for endosome escape. L2 then travels with the viral genome to the nucleus, wherein it accumulates at ND-10 domains. Here, we provide an overview of the biology of L2.
HUMAN FACTORS AND ROAD SAFETY: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE BETWEEN 1977 AND 1986

This article presents a brief overview of the research performed at tge Human Factors Division of The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute between 1977 and 1986. The focus of the research has been on human factors (ergonomics) aspects of road safety. Specifically, the research has dealt with the following issues: vehicle headlighting, vehicle rear lighting and signalling, vehicle displays and controls, vehicle components, conspicuity of vehicles, legibility of traffic signs and licence plates, driver reaction time, driver performance, stopping sight distance, driver seated position, individual differences (drivers with disabilities, older drivers), methods for measuring blood alcohol concentration, societal violence and traffic accidents, cross-cultural comparison of driver risk-perception, and theoretical issues.
Potential for improved survival with intensification of daunorubicin based induction chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia patients who do not receive transplant: A multicenter retrospective study

Abstract Introduction During induction daunorubicin intensification from 45 mg/m2/day to 90 mg/m2/day has shown improved response and survival rates in AML patients. We retrospectively reviewed outcomes of daunorubicin 60 mg/m2/day (DNR60) versus daunorubicin 90 mg/m2/day (DNR90) in adult AML patients. Material and methods Newly diagnosed AML patients ≥18 years who received 7 + 3 with or without etoposide as frontline therapy from 1/1/2006 to 5/1/2013 were identified. Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare characteristics. Kaplan–Meier curves were estimated for overall survival (OS). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were developed to determine independent predictors for survival. Results A total of 128 patients were included (DNR90 = 48 patients, DNR60 = 80 patients). The estimated 3-year OS rate in the DNR90 group was 56% (95% CI 38–70%), while in the DNR60 group was 34% (95% CI 23–44%). Multivariate analysis (MVA) in non-allotransplanted patients showed that unfavorable cytogenetics and worse performance status were associated with decreased OS while DNR intensification, etoposide use and site were associated with improved OS. In MVA of allotransplanted patients re-induction based on day-14 marrow was associated with worse OS. Conclusions Based on our retrospective study, initial DNR based induction chemotherapy intensification improved OS in non-allotransplanted patients. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this preliminary finding.
A new robust model predictive control method. II: examples

Abstract The success of the single-model MPC (SMPC) controller depends on the accuracy of the process model. Modeling errors cause sub-optimal control performance and may cause the control system to become closed-loop unstable. The goal of this paper is to examine the control performance of the robust MPC (RMPC) method proposed by Wang and Rawlings [34] on several illustrative examples. In this paper, we show the RMPC method successfully controls systems with time-varying uncertainties in the process gain, time constant and time delay and achieves offset-free non-zero set point tracking and non-zero disturbance rejection subject to input and output constraints.
Nucleoside transporters of parasitic protozoa

Protozoan parasites are incapable of synthesizing purine nucleotides de novo and so must salvage preformed purines from their hosts. This process of purine acquisition is initiated by the translocation of preformed host purines across parasite or host membranes. Here, we report upon the identification and isolation of DNAs encoding parasite nucleoside transporters and the functional characterization of these proteins in various expression systems. These potential approaches provide a powerful approach for a thorough molecular and biochemical dissection of nucleoside transport in protozoan parasites.
Cardiac function in patients on chronic amiodarone therapy.

Abstract Antiarrhythmic agents may depress cardiac contractility and worsen heart failure. Few data are available describing the chronic effects of amiodarone on myocardial function. To assess the effects of amiodarone on cardiac function, we studied 41 consecutive patients with first-pass or equilibrium radionuclide angiography prior to and 3 months after drug therapy was initiated. The mean heart rate, systolic blood pressure (BP), and diastolic BP were not significantly altered by treatment. The mean ejection fraction was 36% ± 19 (mean ± 1 SD) at the time of drug initiation and 36% ± 17 3 months later ( p 30% and 16 had an ejection fraction 10% was seen in three patients (symptomatic in two), necessitating an increase in diuretic dose. No correlation between amiodarone dose and change in ejection fraction ( r = −0.12, p > 0.05) was noted. There was no correlation between baseline ejection fraction and change in ejection fraction over this 3-month period ( r = −0.36, p > 0.05). In summary, amiodarone does not depress left ventricular function and as a result can be used safely in patients with mild to moderate impairment of left ventricular function. In patients with stable left ventricular function, serial tests of left ventricular function may not be necessary.
Chk1: a double agent in cell cycle checkpoints.

Two cell cycle surveillance systems––the DNA damage checkpoint and the spindle checkpoint––guard against genomic instability. The protein kinase Chk1 is a well-established signal transducer in the DNA damage checkpoint. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Zachos et al. (2007) present evidence to indicate that Chk1 also plays a critical role in the spindle checkpoint, suggesting an interplay between the DNA damage and spindle checkpoints.
Motives for Helping: Exploring Cultural Influences on Extra‐Role Behavior

This paper suggests that motives for engaging in affiliative‐promotive “helping” extra‐role behavior is related to cross‐cultural differences. The cultural dimensions of in‐group collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, performance orientation, and humane orientation, and their differential effect on helping extra‐role behavior in a diverse workforce are examined. Theoretical implications provide guidance for future empirical research in this area, and provide managers with more realistic expectations of employee performance in the workplace.
Photoproduction and electroproduction of heavy flavours with gluon bremsstrahlung

We present compact expressions for the cross sections due to the subprocess γ+g→Q+Q+g and γ+q→Q+Q+q, including the dependence on the mass m of the heavy quark. These reactions give O(αS) corrections to the O(αSα) subprocess γ+g→Q+Q which describes the electro- and photoproduction of a heavy quark pair from a hadron target, in the leading order of perturbation theory. Using these formulae, we have calculated the cross section for the electroproduction of heavy quarks with hard gluon bremsstrahlung both at the energy of HERA and above. We have also estimated the contributions of the reactions g+g→Q+Q and q+q→Q+Q, which enter also at order αS2α. Our results indicate that gluon bremsstrahlung is less important for electroproduction and photoproduction than for hadroproduction.
Effects of trypsin on the platelet-aggregating activity of mouse tumor cells.

Abstract A platelet-aggregating factor is found in cells of two mouse tumors and in cell-free supernatants released spontaneously by tumor cells. The factor disappears from cells after trypsin treatment and its recovery in the cell-free supernatant depends on the degree of cell trypsinization. Activity of cells regenerates during subsequent incubation by a process requiring protein synthesis. The latter, and the fact that the non-dialyzable cell-free material is sensitive to heat and trypsin, suggest that it is a protein or a protein complex.
Single-crystal neutron-diffraction study of AgI between 23° and 300°C

Abstract Least-squares refinements and partial Fourier syntheses at several temperatures indicate that the silver density in the high-temperature α-form consists of a tetrahedrally coordinated equilibrium position ( 1 4 0 1 2 ) and a three-coordinated saddle point (0.39 0.39 0). This complex silver distribution may be completely accounted for by higher-order thermal tensors. The final R values range from 0.9 to 2.3%.
Effect of FeO on Sintering and Leaching of Calcium Aluminates in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 System

The sintering characteristic and leaching property of calcium aluminates in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 system with different FeO additions were investigated. FeO decreases the melting temperature of clinker, and makes the clinker not self-pulverizable. As FeO addition increases from 0 to 4%, the main phases of clinkers sintering at 1350 °C are 12CaO•7Al2O3 and 2CaO•SiO2 as well as some CaO•Al2O3 when the mass ratio of Al2O3 to SiO2 is 5.0 and the molar ratio of CaO to Al2O3 is 1.4. The interplanar spacing of 12CaO•7Al2O3 in the clinker increases with the increase of FeO addition, and the proportion of CaO•Al2O3 in the clinker decreases with the increase of FeO addition. FeO does not affect the Al2O3 leaching rate of clinker obviously, but increases the molar ratio of caustic Na2O to Al2O3 in the leached liquor.
Efficient factorial designs and the analysis of macromolecular crystal growth conditions

Statistically designed experiments for screening crystal growth conditions greatly reduce the amount of sample necessary to find conditions for crystal growth and lead naturally to a useful database for improving crystallization conditions in cases where the initial trials do not produce adequate results. Designed experiments simultaneously vary all the factors to be screened, and this results in a substantial increase in sampling efficiency. Essential features and examples of two-level factorial, fractional factorial, and generalized multilevel incomplete factorial designs are compared and evaluated. Rudimentary microscopic examination can be used to determine the experimental outcomes, which in turn can be used in subsequent optimization and analysis. Despite the limitations of this crude experimental assay, which include subjectivity, poor precision, and mistaken identification of microcrystalline for amorphous precipitates, quantitative evaluation of the ensemble of tests in an experimental design has revealed a number of significant aspects of crystal growth behavior both in screening and in more detailed explorations. Practical ways to improve the accuracy of quantitative evaluations are available, and these would substantially enhance the usefulness of designed experiments in finding and optimizing crystal growth conditions.
Stationary phase analysis of inelastic atomic collisions: Penning ionization

Analytica semi-classical expressions, based on a stationary phase analysis, are presented for the energy distribution of particles ejected in inelastic processes. The tabulation of basic functions yields a considerable savings of computer time. Numerical comparisons with quantal calculations are made for the Penning ionization process involving metastable helium and atomic hydrogen, using two different potentials proposed for the He*H(2Σ) state.
Calculation of the molecular parameters of small-ring unsaturated hydrocarbons by a refined ω-technique

The electron densities, free valences, bond orders, bond lengths, and localization energies have been calculated for a number of highly-reactive small-ring unsaturated systems by means of a refined ω-technique. The systems considered include fulvene, dimethylenecyclobutene, trimethylenecyclo-propane, the dimethylenecyclopropanyl system, methylenecyclopropene and the cyclopropenyl system. In cases where comparison is possible, the calculated bond lengths agree to better than 1% with the experimental values.
TREM2 and the neuroimmunology of Alzheimer’s disease

Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a sporadic disorder with increasing prevalence in aging. The ɛ4 allele of Apolipoprotein E(ApoEɛ4) was the only known major risk factor for late onset AD. Recently, two groups of investigators independently identified variants of the TREM2 gene, encoding triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 as causing increased susceptibility to late onset AD with an odds ratio similar to that of ApoEɛ4. TREM2 is a receptor expressed on innate immune cells. Using a novel technology called Direct RNA Sequencing wedetermined the quantitative transcriptome of microglia, the principal innate neuroimmune cells and confirmed that TREM2 is a major microglia-specific gene in the central nervous system. Over the past several years we have shown that microglia play a dichotomous role in AD. Microglia can be protective and promote phagocytosis, degradation and ultimately clearance of Aβ, the pathogenic protein deposited in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. However, with disease progression, microglia become dysfunctional, release neurotoxins, lose their ability to clear Aβ and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote Aβ production and accumulation. TREM2 has been shown to regulate the phagocytic ability of myeloid cells and their inflammatory response. Here we propose that the mechanism(s) by which TREM2 variants cause Alzheimer's disease are via down regulation of the Aβ phagocytic ability of microglia and by dysregulation of the pro-inflammatory response of these cells. Based on our discussion we propose that TREM2 is a potential therapeutic target for stopping ordelaying progression of AD.
Chino Valley Formation (Cambrian?) in Northwestern Arizona

A thin persistent unit (maximum thickness 13 m) of probable Cambrian age in the Chino Valley region of northwestern Arizona consists of three laterally equivalent, mutually exclusive lithofacies. These are, from west to east, lithic sandstone, pebble to boulder conglomerate, and dolomite. The unit, named the Chino Valley Formation, is younger than middle Middle Cambrian and older than Devonian in age. A Late Cambrian age is probable, although no fossil evidence supports this conclusion. The lithic sandstone and conglomerate facies were derived from two apparently active source areas and were probably deposited in shallow marine water. Uplift to the south or southwest of the area almost reversed the regionally westward-dipping Cambrian paleoslope and exposed sedimentary rocks to erosion. Sediment derived from this terrain formed the lithic sandstone facies. Synchronous movement initiated erosion of the Mazatzal Quartzite (Precambrian) from which the conglomerate facies was derived. The dolomite facies is inferred to have accumulated on a mud flat in the supratidal zone.
Astronomy Exercises for the Artist: van Gogh the Observer.

We present a set of exercises designed to be used in a survey astronomy course, an introductory astronomy laboratory course, or in secondary education. The exercises use the great works of Vincent van Gogh but could be easily extended to other works of art. We also include a brief description of our current practices, lectures, and group questions as examples of material that should be discussed prior to use of these “AstroArt” exercises.
Establishing homology between mitochondrial calcium uniporters, prokaryotic magnesium channels and chlamydial IncA proteins

Mitochondrial calcium uniporters (MCUs) (TC no. 1.A.77) are oligomeric channel proteins found in the mitochondrial inner membrane. MCUs have two well-conserved transmembrane segments (TMSs), connected by a linker, similar to bacterial MCU homologues. These proteins and chlamydial IncA proteins (of unknown function; TC no. 9.B.159) are homologous to prokaryotic Mg(2+) transporters, AtpI and AtpZ, based on comparison scores of up to 14.5 sds. A phylogenetic tree containing all of these proteins showed that the AtpZ proteins cluster coherently as a subset within the large and diverse AtpI cluster, which branches separately from the MCUs and IncAs, both of which cluster coherently. The MCUs and AtpZs share the same two TMS topology, but the AtpIs have four TMSs, and IncAs can have either two (most frequent) or four (less frequent) TMSs. Binary alignments, comparison scores and motif analyses showed that TMSs 1 and 2 align with TMSs 3 and 4 of the AtpIs, suggesting that the four TMS AtpI proteins arose via an intragenic duplication event. These findings establish an evolutionary link interconnecting eukaryotic and prokaryotic Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) transporters with chlamydial IncAs, and lead us to suggest that all members of the MCU superfamily, including IncAs, function as divalent cation channels.
Protein turnover and physical fitness in man.

The whole-body flux and protein-synthesis rates were determined in two groups of adult males aged 20–30 years who were matched for height and weight. [15N]Glycine was used as a tracer. Flux and synthesis rates were calculated from the urinary ammonia 15N excretion enrichment. Group I consisted of international competition level oarsmen, while Group II engaged in no exercise program. Measurement of the urinary nitrogen excretion rate showed that the oarsmen excreted more than twice as much nitrogen as the control group (P < 0.05). Results: flux and synthesis were 21.3 ± 3.2 gN9 hr and 188.7 ± 59.9 g protein/day for the oarsmen and 16.4 ± 2.1 g N9 hr and 201.7 ± 33.0 g protein/day for the controls. Data are ± 1 SD for the eight oarsmen and eight controls. The flux values were different at the P < 0.05 level. We concluded that (i) an exercise program does not lead to an increase in the basal protein turnover rate in adequately nourished individuals.
The Marketing of an Assisted Living Facility–An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT Because of the aging population, demand for retirement and medical care services will continue to escalate during the next century. One of the fastest growing areas in terms of elderly care are assisted-living facilities. However, there is a scarcity of empirical research related to assisted-living facilities (ALF). The objectives of this exploratory study were to determine the factors that impact the purchase decision of an assisted living facility and the relationships among those variables. The study indicated that individuals were more likely to utilize an assisted living facility if they had visited an ALF in the past, had developed a positive attitude toward ALFs and if the elderly person needing health care had experienced major medical problems within the last five years. Differences were found between respondents 55 and over and respondents under 55. The impacts of these findings are discussed with managerial implications of the research.
Optimization study for the reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatographic determination of nicotine in commercial tobacco products.

Abstract The availability of published methods for the determination of nicotine in commercial tobacco products based on state-of-the-art chromatographic methods is limited. Nicotine is a diprotic base with pKa’s of 3.12 (pyridine ring) and 8.02 (pyrrolidine ring). Other monoprotic and diprotic bases are also present in commercial tobacco including anatabine, nornicotine, anabasine, and cotinine. In this paper, the chromatography of nicotine and the minor tobacco alkaloids under reversed-phase ion-pairing conditions is thoroughly studied. The results of this study are used to understand the retention mechanisms of the tobacco alkaloids, to examine their observed elution order with respect to fundamental analyte properties (size, functionality, and acid–base strength), and to select optimum chromatographic conditions for the determination of nicotine in commercial tobacco products.
"What you see is what you print": aerial imaging as an optimal discriminator between printing and non-printing photomask defects

Advanced photomasks for low-k 1 lithography, are prone to various defects sources: contamination, geometry, transmission, phase, etc. These defects exhibit a complex relation between the signal from an imaging detector and its print related impact, with important consequences for the performance of the detection scheme under nuisance-ubiquity conditions. We studied numerically several imaging schemes, with respect to their defect detection signal and its relation to the associated CD effect. We show that for actinic aerial imaging detection the signal is tightly correlated and linearly scaled with the induced CD variation regardless of defect source and location. Conversely, the correlation of non-actinic and/or non-aerial (high-resolution based) detection signal with printing effect is poor. Whereas the linear behavior characterizing aerial imaging is independent of the distribution of defect attributes, the statistics of non-aerial defect signal is shown to be highly sensitive to defect distribution. Such non-aerial detection schemes would generally have to compromise detection sensitivity in order to maintain a constant nuisance false alarm rate. Aerial imaging is therefore the optimal discriminator between printing and non-printing defects. The tight linear correlation between defect signal and CD effect in aerial inspection systems, allows for an optimized and effective mask inspection, suitable for all mask types and technologies. Specifically, we show here that such a tool allows a straightforward migration from 65nm node to 45nm and 32nm with double patterning, by tuning the detection threshold without being flooded by nuisance induced false alarms.
Injury and Mortality of Warmwater Fishes Immobilized by Electrofishing

Abstract Most studies of injury associated with electrofishing have focused on salmonids; few have given attention to warmwater fishes. Under controlled laboratory conditions, we treated bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides of various sizes to duty cycles ranging from 1.5% to 100%. This range of duty cycles represented continuous DC and pulsed-DC frequencies ranging from 15 to 110 Hz and pulse durations of 1 to 6 ms. At each duty cycle, fish were exposed to power densities in excess of those required to immobilize them within 3 s, and we subsequently determined the incidence of hemorrhage, spinal injury, and mortality. Incidence of hemorrhage averaged 3% (range, 0–25%), differed among species, and was not related to duty cycle or fish size. Incidence of spinal injury averaged 3% (range, 0–22%) and mortality averaged 10% (range, 0–75%); both differed among species and were related to duty cycle, fish size, and interactions among these ...
Acute administration of typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs induces distinctive patterns of Fos expression in the rat forebrain.

Fos expression in the rat brain was investigated by immunohistochemistry after i.p. administration of single doses of a wide range of typical neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs (including the potent dopamine D2 antagonist haloperidol and the mixed monoamine antagonist chlorpromazine) and atypical antipsychotic drugs (including the weak dopamine D2 antagonists clozapine and thioridazine, the relatively pure D2 antagonist raclopride and the mixed D2 and serotonin S2 antagonist risperidone). For comparison to the effects of the antipsychotic drugs and also because the unique clinical therapeutic effects of clozapine have been attributed to S2 blockade, the S2 antagonist ritanserin was also studied. The single shared effect of all antipsychotic drugs tested was the induction of significantly increased Fos immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Fos-positive neurons in the NAc were mostly localized in patches throughout its rostrocaudal extent. Haloperidol, chlorpromazine, raclopride and risperidone all significantly increased Fos expression in the medial and lateral striatum. Fos-positive neurons in the striatum were distributed more lateral than medial and declined from rostral to caudal levels. Haloperidol, thioridazine and risperidone also markedly increased Fos expression in the lateral septum. Distinguishing it from the other neuroleptics, clozapine did not increase Fos expression in the lateral striatum, but induced a significant increase in Fos expression in the prefrontal cortex. Ritanserin did not induce Fos expression in any brain region examined, suggesting that S2 antagonism is not responsible for the effects of antipsychotic drugs observed here. Our results suggest that there are distinctive patterns of Fos expression in the forebrain induced by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs. Notably, Fos expression in the NAc, as a shared property of all the antipsychotic drugs, may be related to the actions mediating the therapeutic effects of these drugs in the treatment of psychotic disorders. The density of Fos-positive neurons stimulated by antipsychotic drugs in the striatum appeared to be correlated with the relative severity of extrapyramidal side-effects produced by these drugs and may be related to the mechanisms mediating these effects.
On-line Brillouin Spectroscopy at GSECARS: Basic Principles and Application for High Pressure Research

On September 22–25, 2009, GSECARS hosted the workshop “On-line Brillouin Spectroscopy at GSECARS: Basic Principles and Application for High Pressure Research” at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, USA.
A language and system for the construction and tuning of parallel programs

The programming of efficient parallel software typically requires extensive experimentation with program prototypes. To facilitate such experimentation, any programming system that supports rapid prototyping of parallel programs should provide high-level language primitives with which programs can be explicitly, statically, or dynamically tuned with respect to performance and reliability. Such language primitives should be able to refer conveniently to the information about the executing program and the parallel hardware required for tuning. Such information may include monitoring data about the current or previous program or even hints regarding appropriate tuning decisions. Language primitives and an associated programming system for program tuning are presented. The primitives and system have been implemented, and have been tested with several parallel applications on a network of Unix workstations. >
Central Venous Access by Air Medical Personnel

Background. Vascular access is vital in the resuscitation of critically ill andinjured patients for both fluid resuscitation andthe delivery of medications. However, peripheral access is not always possible in patients with hypovolemia or difficult anatomy. Central venous access is an alternative vascular access strategy for air medical crews, offering the advantage of relatively predictable anatomy, even in unstable patients. The success andcomplication rates for the procedure in the hands of flight air medical personnel must be considered in the decision to institute a central venous access procedure. Objective. To explore success andcomplication rates for central venous access attempts in patients treated by air medical crews. Methods. This was a retrospective review using advanced procedure quality improvement forms. All air medical patients in whom an attempt at central venous access was made over a 30-month period were included. Femoral andsubclavian lines were compared for incidence, success rates,...
Species differences in the distribution of substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the olfactory bulb.

These studies document species differences in the distribution of the peptide substance P and the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) within a central nervous system region of a number of mammalian species including the mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, and two species of hamster (Chinese and Syrian). Substance P-containing neuronal perikarya were observed in the main olfactory bulb (MOB) of both species of the hamster, but not in the MOB of the other species examined. In the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), however, neuronal staining was observed in all species except the mouse. The number of stained somata and their intensity varied such that label was most prominent in the rat followed in decreasing order by the rabbit, guinea pig, cat, and hamster. The mouse displayed no perikaryal staining. Stained somata in AOB were found in the internal granule cell layer with dendritic processes ramifying through the internal plexiform layer to arborize within the mitral cell layer. The distribution of substance P-stained neurons in the MOB also differed between the two hamster strains. In the Syrian hamster, neurons were primarily juxtaglomerular. In the Chinese hamster, labeled perikarya were found in both the juxtaglomerular region and within the superficial aspect of the external plexiform layer (EPL). The mean longest diameter of the majority of substance P-labeled neurons in both species was greater than 10 μm, suggesting that they were tufted cells. Those in the EPL of the Chinese hamster were the largest (17 μm). Species differences also were observed in the distribution of substance P-positive axons and terminals within the MOB. Lable was distributed primarily in the internal granule cell layer of the Syrian hamster and the internal plexiform layer of the Chinese hamster. Tyrosine hydroxylase staining was similar among species with the exception of the Syrian hamster. In the latter species, an additional large population of neurons was found within the external plexiform layer. In all other species, TH-stained neurons were found scattered throughout the MOB and occasionally the AOB but were not numerous in the EPL. Although most TH neurons were larger than 10 μm, in all species a population of smaller TH cells was observed primarily in the glomerular layer, suggesting that most neurons labeled with TH are tufted cells but that some may be periglomerular cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that either substance P is present in the MOB of hamsters but is not found in juxtaglomerular neurons of the main olfactory bulb of the mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, or cat, or that species differences exist in the level of substance P or in its processing from precursors. In either case, by using the same fixation and staining procedures, the peptides can be localized in some and not other species, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase staining is similar in all species examined.
Characterization of coal—liquid fractions. Molar enthalpies of quinoline interaction with coal-derived asphaltenes and heavy oils

Abstract The toluene-insoluble (Tl), asphaltene (A), and heavy oil (HO) fractions were isolated from three centrifuged SYNTHOIL liquid product (CLP) samples, prepared under different process conditions at 450 °C, 27.6 MPa hydrogen pressure from the same feed coal, Kentucky hvAb, from Homestead Mine. Run FB 53 was made with CoMo catalyst, 11-min preheater residence time, and 3-min reactor residence time. The much higher viscosity of FB 53–59 compared to FB 53-1 correlates with the larger contents of its toluene-insolubles and asphaltene, larger oxygen and sulphur contents of its asphaltene and toluene-insolubles, larger molecular weight and smaller aromaticity of its asphaltene, and the larger enthalpy of interaction ( ΔH o ) of its asphaltene with quinoline in benzene. The average molecular weight and percentage of heteroatoms of the heavy oil from FB 53–59 are also greater than that from FB 53-1, and the value of ΔH o of the heavy oil with quinoline, follows the same order. Run FB 57 was made with glass pellets, 17-min preheater residence time and 6-min reactor residence-time. Since in FB 53–59 the CoMo catalyst has lost part of its activity, a comparison of FB 53–59 with FB 57 yields information on the effect of residence times on the properties. The toluene-insoluble and asphaltene contents, as well as the viscosity, of FB 53–59 is larger, while the heavy oil content of FB 53–59 is smaller than that of FB 57. This comparison indicates that a larger-residence-time preheater and reactor may, to some extent, favour conversion as well as decrease the viscosity of the product oil. The values of ΔH o for the interaction of quinoline with the heavy oil and asphaltene fractions obtained from the three CLP samples are in the order: FB 53–59 > FB 57-42 > FB 53-1, and they are attributed to the varying degree of hydrogen-bonding effects involving largely aromatic phenols which serve as hydrogen donors to quinoline.