cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of laser powder bed fusion 316L stainless steel

Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing because it can fabricate complex geometries that are not possible with conventional manufacturing processes. Qualification of AM parts remains challenging due to solidification defects (e.g. porosity) and heterogeneous microstructure, both of which are strongly dependent on AM process parameters. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are desired to provide timely evaluation of AM parts in terms of both microscopic defects and microstructure variation. This work demonstrates the capability of ultrasonic phase velocity measurements to evaluate defects and microstructural differences of AM stainless steel 316L, caused by changes in hatch spacing. We related the measured phase velocity along different directions to pore geometry and texture of AM parts, using X-ray computed tomography, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and uniaxial tensile tests. Our results confirm that the phase velocity depends on both pore geometry and crystallographic texture. By estimating the phase velocity from EBSD data, our measurements suggest that the measured ultrasonic phase velocity is sensitive to changes in anisotropic elastic constants, while the measured uniaxial tensile moduli are not as sensitive to the same changes. This work can be extended to other processing parameters and other anisotropic AM materials.
Permanent molar trait expression in the Late Neolithic cave burials of the Meuse Basin, Belgium

At least 250 cave burials along the Meuse river basin of Belgium yield prehistoric remains, and most date from the Late Neolithic period. Several have been radiocarbon dated, including the early/late Neolithic deposits of Hastiere Caverne M and Hastiere Trou Garcon C and the final/late Neolithic caves of Sclaigneaux and Bois Madame. An additional collective burial, Maurenne Caverne de la Cave is radiocarbon dated to the Middle Neolithic and final/late Neolithic periods, circa 4,635 to 3,830 BP, encompassing the range of dates for the other collective burials. Most individuals are represented by fragmentary gnathic remains with in situ dental elements. Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS) scores of permanent molars are employed to examine whether differences within and between the caves exist, and whether chronology and ecogeography can account for the variation in traits. The final/late Neolithic cave of Sclaigneaux, the most geographically distinct cave burial, and Hastiere Caverne M, possibly the earliest site, emerge as the most distinctive. The final/late Neolithic sites of Sclaigneaux and Bois Madame exhibit the greatest variability of trait expression. These results bear on the mobility and continuity of human groups in Belgium during the terminus of the Neolithic prior to the Bronze Age.
The Art and Science of Interdisciplinary Connections: A Look at Dental and Dental Hygiene Education

This chapter offers a voice to innovative educators in the often tightly controlled environments of clinical dentistry and dental hygiene. Despite limitations due to requirements of dental and dental hygiene education, it is possible to include informative, historical, and current interdisciplinary content to enhance student learning. There are many ways to integrate interdisciplinary content into discipline-specific courses to enhance and enrich the student experience. We examine the parallels and benefits of an interdisciplinary approach to teaching and learning in dental and dental hygiene curricula, discuss how the use of interdisciplinary content aligns with institutional and program goals, and provide some examples of the successful incorporation of interdisciplinary content in dental and dental hygiene courses.
Human Development Dynamics: An Agent Based Simulation of Adaptive Heterogeneous Games and Social Systems

In the context of modernization and development, the complex adaptive systems framework can help address the coupling of macro social constraint and opportunity with individual agency. Combining system dynamics and agent based modeling, we formalize the Human Development (HD) perspective with a system of asymmetric, coupled nonlinear equations empirically validated from World Values Survey (WVS) data, capturing the core qualitative logic of HD theory. Using a simple evolutionary game approach, we fuse endogenously derived individual socio-economic attribute changes with Prisoner’s Dilemma spatial intra-societal economic transactions. We then explore a new human development dynamics (HDD) model behavior via quasi-global simulation methods to explore economic development, cultural plasticity, social and political change
Common Ownership and Bankruptcy

Distressed firms and the banks that lend to these firms often have conflicting interests when going through the Chapter 11 process, freefall bankruptcy vs prepack bankruptcy. We examine whether common ownership, i.e., an institution with holdings in both the borrowing and the lending firms, ameliorates this conflict of interest. The results show that in the presence of common ownership, distressed firms are over 3.3-times more likely to file for Chapter 11 freefall bankruptcy (rather than prepack) compared to the case without a common owner. Using ownership of passive funds as an instrument for common ownership, we provide evidence of a causal relation between common ownership and bankruptcy filing choice. Overall, the analysis indicates that common ownership in both financially distressed borrowing firms and their lending firms leads to a greater likelihood of Chapter 11 freefall bankruptcy filing; suggesting that common owners typically side with creditors to maximize their combined equity value in both the borrowing and lending firm.
Terms used for isolation practices by nurses at an academic medical center.

Aim This paper is a report of a study to determine if the terms used by nurses to describe isolation precautions are associated with correct identification of required personal protective equipment.
Sr / Rb age study of tektites

Abstract Eight tektite samples from four localities, Australia, Indo-China, the Philippines, and the Moldau Valley were analysed for Rb and Sr, and Sr isotopic composition analyses were made on seven of the samples. Seven of the eight samples are so similar in Rb Sr ratios that a common source origin is postulated for the tektites. No radiogenic Sr87 was found in the tektites. All have normal 84 88 , 86 88 and 87 86 ratios, namely, 0.0068, 0.1193, and 0.712. It is shown that the present Rb/Sr and Sr isotopic composition data is compatible (but unlikely) with an origin of tektites as differentiated from either proto-basaltic or achondritic material. The tektites could not have differentiated from chondritic material. Other than indicating a common and homogeneous source origin for the tektites, the present data are not evidence for or against an extra-terrestrial origin. However, the homogeneity in Rb Sr contents and the constancy of the Sr87 contents make a terrestrial origin difficult to accept because of the wide geographical distributions of tektites.
1.3 /spl mu/m GaAsSb resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes grown on GaAs substrate

Bottom emitting 1.3 /spl mu/m GaAsSb resonant-cavity light-emitting diodes (RCLEDs) on GaAs that exhibit superior performance in spectral linewidth, beam shape and characteristic temperature are demonstrated. These devices have the potential for high-speed operation and show great promise to replace conventional InP based LEDs for optical data-communication modules.
Alcohol use following an alcohol challenge and a brief intervention among alcohol-dependent individuals

Background and Objectives The study examined the effects of an alcohol challenge on naturalistic drinking among alcohol-dependent individuals and explored brief motivational interviewing (MI) as a potential intervention for these participants. Method Alcohol-dependent individuals (n = 32, eight females) completed the intake assessment, alcohol challenge, one MI session, and 1-month follow-up (87.5% retention) where they completed measures of drinking and motivation for change. Results As expected, multilevel mixed models revealed that drinking did not increase post-alcohol challenge. Participants reported a reduction in ambivalence, drinking days, and a trend towards fewer total drinks between the MI and 1-month follow-up. Conclusions Consistent with other studies, the alcohol challenge did not worsen alcohol use. Results support further investigation of brief MI for alcohol-dependent participants in alcohol challenges. Scientific Significance Alcohol
Abstract ES8-3: Epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer

Heterogeneity of cancer cells within tumors is a major challenge in clinical oncology as it underlies tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Cancer cells can have varying genotypes, epigenetic states such as DNA methylation and chromatin patterns, and phenotypes. The high frequency of somatic mutations in genes encoding for epigenetic regulators and transcription factors in breast cancer highlight the importance of perturbed epigenetic programs in breast tumorigenesis. Some forms of epigenetic heterogeneity within tumors is due to variability for cellular differentiation states such as luminal and basal features, whereas other forms reflect transient cellular states sometimes triggered by microenvironmental signals. Cellular epigenetic heterogeneity within tumors thought to play key roles in metastatic progression and therapeutic resistance. Thus, its better understanding and our ability to modulate it are critical for the design of more effective cancer treatment strategies. In contrast to genetic alterations, epigenetic states are reversible and due to intense research in this area, the number of compounds for their modulation is rapidly increasing. Because epigenetic modulators likely to work best in combination with other agents, the design of clinical trials testing their efficacy requires novel approaches. Citation Format: Kornelia Polyak. Epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr ES8-3.
A data imputation model in sensor databases

Data missing is a common problem in database query processing, which can cause bias or lead to inefficient analyses, and this problem happens more often in sensor databases. The reasons include power outage at the sensor node, sensors time synchronization, occurrences of local interferences, unstable wireless network communication, etc. Therefore, in sensor database applications, there is a need for data imputation, especially for those applications in which the query response time is tight, and the accuracy of the query results is important. In this paper, we present a data imputation application based on association rule mining of closed frequent itemsets. They are subsets of all frequent patterns but provide complete and condensed information since they do not include redundant patterns. Experimental results compared with the existing techniques using real-life sensor data show that our proposed technique effectively imputes missing sensor data as well as achieves time and space efficiency.
Spectrally constrained codes for high rate ISDN subscriber loop

The authors consider the H0 service (384 kb/s). They examine vector coding as an alternative to the decision-feedback equalizer (DFE). Vector coding uses block symbols formed from a set of orthogonal vectors to partition the local-loop channel into parallel, independent subchannels. They model the local loop as an IIR channel and describe the partitioning procedure. The authors then use a 16-state, 4-dimensional coset code on the partitioned channel and compare coding gains against a DFE using the same code. For the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) case, vector coding provides a 3-dB gain over a DFE using the same code; for non-white Gaussian noise, where crosstalk dominates the noise, it is shown that vector coding will tolerate significantly greater crosstalk coupling than the DFE, providing gains of 4 dB or more. >
Lines, Blobs, Crosses and Arrows: Diagrammatic Communication with Schematic Figures

In producing diagrams for a variety of contexts, people use a small set of schematic figures to convey certain context specific concepts, where the forms themselves suggest meanings. These same schematic figures are interpreted appropriately in context. Three examples will support these conclusions: lines, crosses, and blobs in sketch maps; bars and lines in graphs; and arrows in diagrams of complex systems.
Thermal photon emission from the πρω system

Abstract We investigate thermal photon emission rates in hot hadronic matter from a system consisting of π , ρ , and ω mesons. The rates are calculated using both relativistic kinetic theory with Born diagrams as well as thermal field theory at the two-loop level. This enables us to cross-check our calculations and to manage a pole contribution that arises in the Born approximation corresponding to the ω → π 0 γ radiative decay. After implementing hadronic form factors to account for finite-size corrections, we find that the resulting photo-emission rates are comparable to existing results from π ρ → π γ processes in the energy regime of 1–3 GeV. We expect that our new sources will provide a non-negligible contribution to the total hadronic rates, thereby enhancing calculated thermal photon spectra from heavy-ion collisions, which could improve the description of current direct-photon data from experiment.
Control of Compressible Flows Using Cavities

Using the existing body of data on cavity flows it is demonstrated that specific rectangular cavity configurations emulate synthetic jet behavior and act to alter transverse flow mixing characteristics. Effective control of compressible flows can possibly be maintained by the use of shallow cavities aligned with the mainstream direction individually, or in spanwise arrays. Important benefits of such cavity flow configurations include passive operation, no moving parts, no protuberances, thereby contributing to reducing drag and heating penalties common in supersonic flows.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Central Line Associated Blood Stream Infection Are Predictors of Growth Outcomes in Infants with Short Bowel Syndrome

Objectives To describe the natural history of growth patterns and nutritional support in a cohort of infants with short bowel syndrome (SBS), and to characterize risk factors for suboptimal growth. Study design A retrospective chart review of 51 infants with SBS followed by our intestinal rehabilitation program. Weight and length data were converted to age, sex, and gestational age-standardized weight-for-age z -scores (WAZ) and length-for-age z -scores (LAZ). Results Median (IQR) age at enrollment was 8.3 (0.9-14.6) weeks, and follow-up duration was 10 (8-13) months, including both inpatient and outpatient visits. Both WAZ and LAZ followed a U-shaped curve, with median for newborns (WAZ = −0.28; LAZ = −0.41), a nadir at age 6 months (−2.38 and −2.18), and near recovery by age 1 year (−0.72 and −0.76). Using multivariable regression analysis, diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis was independently associated with significant decrements of WAZ (−0.76 ± 0.32; P = .02) and LAZ (−1.24 ± 0.32; P = .0001). ≥2 central line–associated bloodstream infections was also independently associated with decreases in WAZ (−0.95 ± 0.33; P = .004) and LAZ (−0.86 ± 0.32; P = .007). Conclusion In a cohort of infants with SBS, we observed a unique pattern of somatic growth, with concomitant deceleration of both WAZ and LAZ and near recovery by 1 year. Inflammatory conditions (necrotizing enterocolitis and central line–associated bloodstream infections) represent potentially modifiable risk factors for suboptimal somatic growth.
III. Virulence and pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori

H. pylori is a highly virulent organism as evidenced by its low infective dose and widespread high prevalence in human populations. Its virulence is achieved through its ability to survive in a moist environment and its massive urease production which allows it to survive in the acidic gastric juice long enough to colonize the gastric mucus. Gastric colonization is facilitated by cell wall associated lectins which permit the bacterium to bind to gastric mucus and the gastric epithelial cell. Once in this location, H. pylori produces several enzymes which may harm the gastric epithelium, particularly urease (through ammonia generation) and phospholipases A and C. H. pylori also weakens the gastric mucous layer by digesting its glycoproteins and lipids, making the mucus less hydrophobic and more water soluble. Helicobacter pylori attracts phagocytic cells, inducing both acute and chronic inflammation as well as an antibody response. Persistence of H. pylori in the mucosa may be enhanced by its cytotoxin and catalase production, by which it survives after phagocytosis by neutrophils.
Lemma congruence checking between languages as an organizing principle in intrasentential codeswitching

This paper studies intrasentential codeswitching (CS) phenomena at two levels of abstraction: the level of lexical-conceptual structure and the level of predicateargument structure. At the level of lexical-conceptual structure, language- specific semantic and pragmatic feature bundles are activated for the speaker's intentions; at the level of predicate-argument structure, morphosyntactic directions encoding the predicate-argument structure are activated. Lemmas are abstract entries containing semantic, syntactic, and morphological information in the mental lexicon. This paper argues that lemma congruence checking between languages involved in intrasentential CS at these two levels is a fundamental organizing principle governing intrasentential CS constructions. Without exploring the issues regarding the roles of lemma congruence between languages involved in intrasentential CS,any analysis of the phenomenon would remain at the descriptive, rather than explanatory, level. Based on naturally-occurring Chinese/English intrasentential CS instances, this paper explains why certain types of salient congruence between languages are necessary in order for intrasentential CS to occur and predicts what structural restrictions and consequences may occur as a result of insufficient congruence or incongruence at any of these two levels. Accordingly, it makes proposals about the nature and structural organization of mixed bilingual production.
Impaired pulmonary clearance of pneumococci in neonatal rats.

ABSTRACT. Lung infections are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. To evaluate neonatal lung defenses against pneumococci, we challenged rats with aerosols of encapsulated pneumococci in an airborne infection apparatus. Whereas adult rats cleared >95% of inhaled type 1 or type 25 pneumococci within 4 h, pneumococci proliferated in the lungs of newborn rats and reached 200-600% of the baseline value by 4 h and 1000-1700% by 24 h. As neonatal rats matured, their ability to clear inhaled pneumococci improved, but compared with adults some impairment in clearance was present until approximately 4 wk of age. Newborn rats had significantly fewer resident alveolar macrophages per g of lung tissue than did adults (p < 0.001). Although the number of resident macrophages increased with time, a significant deficit in alveolar macrophages persisted for the first 3 wk of life (p < 0.01). Aerosols of pneumococci caused an influx of granulocytes into the lungs of adult rats within 4 h, compared with 24 h for neonatal rats. Even at 24 h after pneumococcal challenge, newborn rats had significantly fewer granulocytes per g of lung tissue (p < 0.05) than did adults, although 7-day-old rats had reached an adult level by this time. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in granulocyte chemotactic activity were observed in lavage fluids of adult, but not newborn, rats after pneumococcal challenge. Thus, impaired clearance of pneumococcal aerosols by neonatal rats was associated with an age-dependent deficiency in numbers of resident alveolar macrophages and impaired generation of chemotactic activity and recruitment of granulocytes to the lung.
THE EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY ON SKELETAL MUSCLE IN SHEEP

A study of the skeletal muscle from eleven cretin and five normal sheep shows that early thyroidectomy prevents the normal development of sarcoplasm. The ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm remains more nearly like that in the young animal than that in the control twin. No degeneration of the tissue is evident even in a cretin of four and a half years, and all the structures of normal muscle are demonstrable. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor S. H. Gage and Dr H. S. Liddell for assistance in this investigation.
Relativistic MS-Xα calculations for some thallium(I) compounds

Abstract Ionization energies for TlF, TlC1, TlBr, TlI, Tl 2 O, Tl 2 S, and TlNO 3 have been obtained using relativistic overlapping spheres multiple-scattering Xα transition state calculations. The results are compared with other theoretical and experimental ionization energies. It was found that the present results are in agreement with the experimental ionization energies. However, the results of these calculations and other recent calculations strongly suggest that the assignment of the origin of the bands in the photoelectron spectra of thallium(I) compounds has been erroneous. A uniform interpretation for the monovalent compounds of group IIIA and divalent compounds of group IVA is proposed.
Transistor chaining in static CMOS functional cells of arbitrary planar topology

A technique for chaining the transistors in the layouts of static CMOS leaf cells is presented and analyzed. This new method is superior to existing techniques, since it can operate on a more general class of circuits and is very efficient. It is shown that the layout width of a CMOS leaf cell can be significantly reduced (nearly 40% in the average case) by transistor chaining. Moreover, more than half of the switching functions of four variables have optimal CMOS circuit implementations with non-series/parallel topologies. Therefore, the use of non-series/parallel circuits can have a positive global impact on layout area and performance. The transistor chaining technique presented in this paper produces the optimal solution for 82.5% of the circuits tested, and has linear time complexity.
High, magnetic-field-insensitive transport critical currents in unoriented polycrystalline thin films of Tl2CaBa2Cu2Oy

Abstract We report critical current measurements for unoriented polycrystalline films of Tl 2 CaBa 2 Cu 2 O y . At 77 K these films show critical current densities ranging from 10 000 to 110 000 A/cm 2 , with a median value of 50 000 A/cm 2 . Moreover, the best films' critical currents at 77 K drop less than 50% in an applied magnetic field of 1 T, and less than a factor of 20 at 6 T. At 4 K, critical current densities over 10 6 A/cm 2 with less than 15% drop at 6 T have been obtained. The zero-field temperature dependence of the critical current from 4 to 95 K is well described as quadratic. High-field magnetization loops on the films at 76 K show a striking collapse in hysteresis below 0.6 T. Our results indicate that, although the grains in these films are Josephson-coupled, the strength of the coupling is greatly improved over other high- T c granular systems.
What Is the Prevalence of the Experience of Death of a Patient by Suicide Among Medical Students and Residents? A Systematic Review

Objective The purposes of this study were to examine the literature on the proportion of medical students and residents who experience the death of a patient by suicide and to identify curricula with data on outcomes that assist medical students or residents in preparing for or managing the psychological stress in dealing with those suicides.
Communicating with wireless perovskites: cation order and zinc volatilization

The synthesis of new families of perovskites with a 1:2 ordered Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3-type structure was investigated. The compound La(Li1/3Ti2/3)O3 was prepared with a 1:2 ordered arrangement of Li and Ti and is the first reported titanate with this type of structure. A new family of ordered perovskites, (Sr2/3La1/3)(Li1/3Ta2/3)O3 and (Sr2/3La1/3)(Li1/3Nb2/3)O3, were also prepared with a 1:2 layered order of Li + and B 5+ cations. All three compounds exhibit dielectric constants > 25 and Q.f values > 20,000. Studies were also made on the phase stability of Zn-deficient compositions of BZT. The hexagonal perovskite, Ba8ZnTa6O24, was isolated in single-phase form and was found to be the stable phase formed as a result of the loss of ZnO from BZT. Ba8ZnTa6O24 can be sintered to high density at temperatures considerably lower than pure BZTand exhibits very good microwave properties. In particular at GHz frequencies "=30.5, Q.f=62,000, and tf=+36 ppm/ � C.
Why Some Jobs Command Wage Premiums: A Test of Career Tournament and Internal Labor Market Hypotheses

The wage premiums associated with jobs in a large organization were identified through comparing their pay to the prevailing wages in the relevant outside labor markets. We then examined the characteristics of those jobs to investigate why some commanded larger premiums than others. Jobs at the tops of promotion ladders, jobs requiring many organization-specific skills, and to a lesser extent, jobs with access to influence commanded greater wage premiums. Wages above market rates appear important in supporting the internal labor market mechanisms associated with these jobs. Findings may clarify the factors compensation managers should consider when positioning wage rates. Examination of these issues is a potentially important bridge between the study of internal labor markets in organizational research and the study of wages in economics.
Interaction Effects on Rural Financial Intermediaries of Financial Stress and Deregulation: Discussion

values and lower net returns to farming, thus worsening (if not causing) the current farm sector debt problem. Based on an analysis of the farm sector's portfolio risk, Barry and Barnard propose a widening of the farm lending market's geographical scope as a strategy to deal with the effects of financial deregulation. But, while each of these viewpoints is popular among a large segment of the agricultural constituency, it is not clear that any is supported by theory or the data. Our intention is to offer an alternative view on Barry and
Midwest (U.S.A.) reservoir water quality modification I. Particulate parameters

Both qualitative and quantitative approaches were used to evaluate the impact of a flood control, low flow augmentation reservoir on seven water quality parameters: Suspended solids and total phosphate (particulate parameters); BOD, COD, and ammonia (O2-demanding parameters); and orthophosphate and nitrite plus nitrate N (soluble nutrients). Fourteen years of weekly sampling data above, in, and downstream of the reservoir both before and after the reservoir became operational were analyzed. This paper considers the effects of the reservoir on the particulate parameters. There was a dramatic decrease in both suspended solids and total phosphate concentrations in the reservoir discharges, particularly during periods of high river flows and high reservoir inflow parameter concentrations. At all sampling stations, the annual parameter loading rates (kg ha−1 yr−1) correlated linearly with annual runoff (cm yr−1). The suspended solids removal efficiency of the reservoir was dependent on annual runoff and averaged about 90%. Non-point source contributions of suspended solids were well over 99% when annual runoff exceeded 6.57 cm y−1 and over 95% even when annual runoff was as low as 1.63 cm yr−1
A Simple Synthesis of 5-Amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide Riboside-5′-Tri-Phosphate: The Proposed Alarmone for 10-Formyl-tetrahydrofolate Deficiency

A short synthesis of the title compound (1) from the nucleo-side, 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (2), is reported, Treatment of 2 with phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3) in trimethyl phosphate...
Nonfacets for shellable spheres

We generalize the notion of a map on a 2-sphere to maps on then-sphere and then show that there exist combinatorial types of countries that cannot be the only type of country for a shellablen-sphere. This generalizes the well known theorem that there are no maps on the 2-sphere all of whose countries arek-gons for anyk≧6.
THE FLUORESCENCE-QUENCHING EFFECT IN THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR AZA ANALOGS.

Abstract Fluorescence quenching effects were studied with volatile quencher in the developer, with a relatively non-volatile quencher in the developer, and with a volatile quencher after development. On the basis of quenching effects the aromatic compounds can be divided for analytical purposes into non-fluoranthenic aromatic, fluoranthenic and aza hydrocarbons. The latter group can be further subdivided. Two systems for the separation of polycyclic aza hydrocarbons elute according to the size of the ring system and the amount of steric hindrance at a ring nitrogen atom. Pyrenoline can be characterized by the specific violet color it forms on the plate (identification limit = 0.01 μg). The various methods show promise for use in air pollution studies.
Feature space trajectory (FST) neural network for SAR detection, classification, and clutter rejection

We consider use of eigenvector feature inputs to our feature space trajectory (FST) neural net classifier for SAR data with 3D aspect distortions. We consider its use for classification and pose estimation and rejection of clutter. Prior and new MINACE distortion-invariant and shift- invariant filter work to locate the position of objects in regions of interest is reviewed. Test results on a number of SAR databases are included to show the robustness of the algorithm. New results include techniques to determine: the number of eigenvectors per class to retain, the number and order of final features to use, if the training set size is adequate, and if the training and test sets are compatible.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cis, trans isomerization of conjugated linoleates by lodine and light

Infrared and ultraviolet studies have shown that the three geometrically isomeric types of conjugated linoleates (cis, cis; cis, trans; andtrans, trans) are readily equilibrated by dilute iodine and light. Infrared shows that the equilibrium is at 32%cis, trans and 64%trans, trans isomer. Probably no more than 5–10%, if any,cis, cis isomer exists at equilibrium. The equilibrated mixture can be used to determine total conjugation in mixtures of conjugated geometric isomers by either infrared or ultraviolet absorption.
Hypotony Maculopathy after Filtering Surgery with Mitomycin C: Incidence and Treatment

Abstract Purpose: Hypotony maculopathy after glaucoma filtering surgery with adjunctive mitomycin C has been reported to occur in 3% to 14% of cases. The authors evaluated its incidence when using a corneal safety-valve incision intended to reduce its occurrence. The authors also evaluated a technique for reversing hypotony maculopathy by reoperation using two sets of stitches in the scleral flap, with one set tied tightly to temporarily raise the intraocular pressure, stretch the sclera, and flatten chorioretinal folds. Methods: The authors reviewed the results of 699 procedures performed between April 1991 and October 1994. All were performed or supervised by one surgeon (PFP). Results: Hypotony maculopathy developed in 9 (1.3%) of 699 eyes. There was a statistically significant higher incidence in primary filters (4%) as compared to secondary filters or combined procedures. After revision, eight (89%) of nine recovered visual acuity of greater than or equal to 20130 and the mean intraocular pressure was 14.5 ± 4 mmHg at a mean follow-up of 15 months. Conclusion: The incidence of hypotony maculopathy after glaucoma filtering surgery with mitomycin C using a corneal safety-valve incision is less than that reported in the literature without this incision. There is an increased risk in myopes, young patients, and primary filters. Early intervention with the described scleral flap revision technique usually allows restoration of prefiltration visual acuity without compromise of bleb function.
An internet based surface texture information system

This paper presents an internet based surface texture analysis and information system, which applies Java and internet technology to engineering metrology. The system includes most of the standardized and advanced analysis tools and a database for surface texture. The most distinct feature of this system is that it can run on the internet, which enables platform independent and remote data and analysis of surface texture.
Thin lipid membranes with aqueous interfaces: Apparatus designs and methods of study

Thin membranes can be formed in aqueous media from amphiphilic lipids, and will spontaneously approach a limiting thickness of bimolecular dimensions (bilayers). This paper describes apparatus and methods for studying such thin lipid membranes, and illustrates their use in determining some of the basic properties of the membranes, especially bilayers. Several methods of forming thin lipid membranes are described. The early stages in apparatus development are traced, and the theoretical variables and operational parameters relating to apparatus and system design are discussed. Designs for two basic types of apparatus are presented in detail: one is a cylindrical chamber especially constructed to permit optical investigation of the membrane; the second is a multiple chamber system designed for the study of several different membranes either simultaneously or in rapid succession. Interchangeable chamber units are held in a thermostat block, and assemblies of electrodes and provisions for perfusion or sampling of aqueous medium are placed in the chambers as required. Methods are described which enable simultaneous mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical operations and studies to be performed on the same membrane with either type of apparatus. Membranes were formed from several purified amphiphilic lipids and from mixed-lipid extracts from a variety of biological membranes. The types and mechanisms of drainage of thin lipid membranes with aqueous interfaces are analogous to those previously described for aqueous soap films in air. The limiting bilayer thickness is confirmed by electrical measurements. The resistivity of the bilayers is ca. 1012 to 1014 ohm-cm, their capacity is ca. 0.4 μfd-cm−2 and their dielectric breakdown voltage is ca. 3×105 V-cm−1. Other physical properties of the bilayers are described. Permeability of the bilayers to various substances was determined by diffusion flux, osmotic flux, and electrochemical potential methods using the apparatus described. Substances studied included water, small monovalent ions, glucose, acetylcholine, salicylamide and synaptic vesicles. The chemical, physical, electrical, and permeability properties of the experimentally formed lipid bilayer membranes are similar to those of biological membranes. These similarities strongly support the Danielli-Davson hypothesis, which proposes that a lipid bilayer is the basic structure of biological membranes. The apparatus, methods, and information presented in this paper provide tools for further investigation of lipid bilayer membrane properties and for further testing of hypotheses relating to membranes.
Separation of clonogenic cells from stationary phase cultures by density gradient centrifugation.

The density and plating efficiency (PE) of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were monitored from exponential through late stationary phase. During the first 10 days of growth, centrifugation of cells in linear density gradients of either Renografin or bovine serum albumin (BSA) yielded a single band of cells. The PE of cells collected from Renografin gradients decreased with the age of the culture from about 90% in exponential phase to about 52% at day 10. No significant difference in PE was observed between cells spun in Renografin and BSA gradients and control cells plated directly. At late-stationary phase (13 and 14 days after plating), three populations of cells were observed in Renografin gradients at densities of 1.102, 1.148 and >1.199 g/cm3 (pellet). The average PE for these three fractions of cells were 54, 6 and <1%, respectively, as compared with 21% for control cells plated directly. Analogous results were obtained with BSA gradients. Cells were found to exhibit significant variations in density which were related to the age of the culture. The separation and enrichment of clonogenic cells from stationary phase cultures were achieved using both density gradients of Renografin and of BSA.
The Effects of an Inhaled β2-Adrenergic Agonist on Lower Esophageal Function: A Dose-Response Study

Study objectives Albuterol, aβ 2-adrenergic agonist that is commonly used to treat asthma, reduces bronchial smooth muscle tone. The pharmacodynamics of inhaled albuterol on esophageal function were studied in healthy volunteers. Design A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Setting An academic medical center. Patients Nine healthy volunteers (five men, four women; age, 22 to 30 years). Interventions Albuterol (2.5 to 10 mg) or placebo was given via nebulizer. Volunteers were studied at two sessions, 1 week apart, using a 6-cm manometry assembly and a low-compliance pneumohydraulic pump. The percentage of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation, the frequency of transient LES relaxations (TLESRs), and the amplitude, duration, and propagation velocity of esophageal contractions were measured at 5 and 10 cm above the LES. Dependent measures were evaluated using two-way, repeated-measures analysis of variance. Measurements and results Albuterol therapy reduced LES basal tone in a dose-dependent manner (baseline, 17.0 ± 2.6 mm Hg; at 10 mg, 8.9 ± 2.1 mm Hg; p=0.01). The frequency of TLESRs was not different from placebo (not significant). Albuterol reduced the amplitude of esophageal contractions at 5 cm above the LES (baseline, 72.5 ± 18.6 mm Hg; at 10 mg, 48.8 ± 10.0 mm Hg; p Conclusions Inhaled albuterol reduced LES basal tone and contractile amplitudes in the smooth muscle esophageal body in a dose-dependent manner. Inhaled β2-agonists may increase the likelihood of acid reflux in a subset of patients who receive cumulative dosing.
Adverse mortality experience of a southwestern American Indian community: Overall death rates and underlying causes of death in Pima Indians

Abstract As part of an ongoing epidemiologic study, the death rate and causes of death during 1975 through 1984 were determined in Pima Indians who resided in the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC) in 1965 and later. Death certificates were available for 677 of the 681 deaths. In 78% of the deaths, the underlying cause recorded on the death certificate agreed with the cause determined after review of all available relevant records. The age- and sex-adjusted average annual death rate for the GRIC population ( 1639 100,000 ) was 1.9 times (95% CI 1.7–2.0) the 1980 rate for the U.S. all races ( 878 100,000 ). In Pima males, whose death rate was substantially higher than that of Pima females, the age-adjusted death rate was 2.3 times that in U.S. males, all races. Moreover among males 25–34 years of age, the Pima death rate was 6.6 times that for the U.S. all races. Diseases of the heart and malignant neoplasms caused 59% of U.S. deaths in 1980, but only 19% of GRIC deaths. By contrast, the age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate in the GRIC Pima was 5.9 times the rate of the U.S. all races for accidents, 6.5 times for cirrhosis, 7.4 times for homicide, 4.3 times for suicide, and 11.9 times for diabetes. Tuberculosis and coccidioidomycosis were important causes of death in the Pima, for whom infectious diseases was the tenth leading cause of death. The findings indicate that programs to improve the adverse mortality experience of the GRIC population should emphasize factors related to fatal accidents, alcoholic cirrhosis, homicide, suicide, diabetes mellitus, and infectious diseases. Young Pimas, especially the males, should be the primary focus of such preventive efforts. These findings and recommendations probably apply to many Native American populations.
Spectral indications of unexpected contributors to atmospheric CO2 variability

The frequency spectrum of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric CO2 concentration shows strong periodicities at 6.2, 1.0 and 0.5 years. The 6.2 year cyclicity has been attributed to non-linear interactions between the annual cycle and the atmospheric pole tide. The yearly signal is linked to terrestrial photosynthesis; phase analysis shows that annual CO2 minima occur at a lag of approximately 85 days from insolation maxima. Variations in the nominal yearly period occur during times of anomalous anthropogenic CO2 production. Periodicity at 6 months represents a deviation of the yearly signal from an annual sinusoid. If the yearly signal is largely sinusoidal, a plausible source of the 6 month periodicity could be cyclic phytoplankton productivity driven by natural insolation modes. Together, the three largest spectral peaks account for over 99% of the variation in detrended CO2 data.
Modulation of Ciliary Beat Frequency in the Upper Airway by Prostaglandins

Prostaglandins are ubiquitous within tissues and participate in several local regulatory functions. Previous reports have presented conflicting evidence on their role in ciliary activity in the upp...
Changes in tissue and serum sialyltransferase activities as related to proliferation and involution of the rat mammary gland.

Abstract This study, which was performed on rats, demonstrates that the changes in both mammary tissue and serum sialyltransferase activities parallel the growth of the mammary gland, as measured by the DNA content of the tissue. An increase in the specific activity of the enzyme was evident during rapid cellular proliferation, followed by a return to basal values upon cessation of growth and involution of the glands. This pattern occurred under 3 different experimental conditions: (a) pregnancy-lactation-weaning, (b) pseudopregnancy induced by stimulation of cervix, and (c) daily administration of 1 μg estradiol and 3 mg progesterone to promote mammary development equivalent to that of late pregnancy and subsequent decay of mammary gland after withdrawal of hormonal treatment. Although it is difficult to differentiate whether the increase in tissue sialyltransferase is dependent on hormonal stimulation or as a consequence of growth, the elevation in serum sialyltransferase seems to be closely related to the degree of cellular proliferation.
Physiological stresses associated with television camera operators' tasks

This study was undertaken to evaluate the physiological stresses experienced by news media cameramen on their jobs. The tasks performed by the cameramen were simulated, based on the results of monitoring the field performance of these camera operators for a two-week period. Four male professional camera operators volunteered to participate in this study. Heart rate and oxygen consumption were selected to measure the physiological stresses associated with the camera operator's jobs. The results clearly show that jobs performed by the news media camera operators working for small television stations include very demanding physical tasks. The camera operator's job could be classified, based on physiological costs, as heavy work. A detailed discussion of the results and their implications in the process of camera operator's job redesign is given.
State over-description and uncontrollability of dynamical systems Part I : Non-linear systems

Abstract The problem of determining whether or not a dynamical system ℒ controllable has been an active research topic in recent years. However, the complementary problem of determining just why a system ℒ uncontrollable has received relatively little attention. In this paper the physical acid mathematical mechanism of uncontrollability is studied with particular emphasis on how uncontrollability of a general class of non-linear dynamical systems can originate with the inadvertent selection of a non-minimal dimension ‘ state vector ’. The state-apace geometry corresponding to this particular mode of uncontrollability, which we call ‘state over-description’, is examined in detail. A fundamental necessary condition for the existence of state over-description in non-linear dynamical systems is derived and its application is illustrated by five examples. Application of the present results to the special case of time-invariant linear dynamical systems will be presented in a subsequent paper.
Synthesis of the isocoumarin portion of the rubromycins

Abstract A synthesis of the isocoumarin found in the rubromycin class of natural products is reported. The isocoumarin ring system is formed via Heck coupling of a pyruvate synthon with a terephthalic acid derivative followed by an intramolecular acid-catalyzed cyclization. The requisite terephthalic acid precursor is generated by carboxylation of catechol and then desymmetrization of the aromatic ring by halogenation. The isocoumarin derivative that has been produced is an appropriate precursor for the synthesis of γ-rubromycin, purpuromycin, and heliquinomycin.
Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy for breast cancer at a rural-based university medical center: initial experience with intraparenchymal and intradermal injection routes.

Background Recent data suggests that intradermal (ID) injection for sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy in breast cancer is as effective and reproducible as intraparenchymal (IP) injection. The aim of this study was to review our initial experience with IP and ID injection for SLN mapping and biopsy at our rural-based university medical center.
The effect of age of seed on the frequency of spontaneous and gamma ray induced chromosome aberrations

Abstract The ageing of onion seeds for one year more than doubled the frequency of spontaneous chromosome aberrations in the first divisions of the root tip cells. The older seeds also showed about 50 per cent greater sensitivity to gamma radiation as measured by the increased frequency of induced chromosome aberrations.
The Commons as a Natural Barrier to Entry: Why There Are So Few Fish Farms

A competitive industry, which overuses a common-access resource, may create a barrier to entry similar to Spence's example of a cartel that uses excess capacity to prevent entry. In most industries, when a new firm enters, existing firms find that their demand curves have fallen, so they reduce their output to "accommodate" the new entrant. In Spence's model, the cartel disintegrates upon entry, so that the output of existing firms increases, which may make entry unprofitable. In an open-access fishery, the supply curve bends backward. Thus, a fall in price created by the entry of a fish farm increases rather than decreases supply in the backwardbending portion of the supply curve. An important implication of this theory is that fish farms are more likely to be unprofitable the more heavily overharvested is a species in a common-property, competitive market. This natural barrier to entry may explain why true mariculture is "barely in its infancy" (Bardach, Ryther, and McLarney).
Technologies for Ultralow Power Integrated Nonlinear Optical Circuits

The integration of photonic nanocavities provides new opportunities to study large-scale coherent optical networks with switching energies approaching the attojoule regime. We review our approaches to simulate, design, fabricate, and characterize nonlinear photonic circuits. Article not available.