cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Wrong King: Apocalypse and Transformation (or Not) in the White House

Jonathan Z. Smith has argued that apocalyptic discourse grew out of a political desire to remove the "wrong" king from the throne. Later, though, the same discourse was used to prevent a "wrong" king from taking the throne. Thus apocalyptic discourse can either motivate or resist transformative change. In US political history it has served both purposes. This article focuses on the trend in presidential discourse, especially in foreign policy, since Franklin D. Roosevelt to use apocalyptic language to resist transformation. The electorate's desire to prevent substantive change was the determining factor in the presidential election of 2008. In Barack Obama's first year in office, though he seemed to promote transformation, his dominant message was a reassuring one: The threat of fundamental change would continue to be contained both at home and around the world. No "wrong" rulers would be allowed to disturb the security of America.
Comparing Protest Movements in Chile and California: Interculturality in an Internet Chat Exchange.

Abstract This paper is based on an analysis of chat transcripts from an English-language telecollaboration project between students at universities in Chile and California. This research found that the richest intercultural interactions involved events that could not have been foreseen: the immigrant rights demonstrations in the USA and the massive student protests in Chile in May of 2006. Through a discursive analysis of the chat transcripts in which participants compared these two protest movements, this paper elucidates the linguistic resources through which intercultural attitudes, knowledge, skills, and critical cultural awareness were constructed. Este estudio analiza transcripciones de chat seleccionadas de un proyecto telecolaborativo en ingles entre estudiantes universitarios en Chile y California. La investigacion descubrio que las interacciones interculturales mas profundas surgieron de asuntos imprevisibles: las manifestaciones en los Estados Unidos por los derechos de inmigrantes, y las prote...
A bioremediation approach using natural transformation in pure-culture and mixed-population biofilms

Bacterial transformation by naked DNA is thought to contribute to gene transfer and microbial evolution within natural environments. In nature many microbial communities exist as complex assemblages known as biofilms where genetic exchange is facilitated. It may be possible to take advantage of natural transformation processes to modify the phenotypes of biofilm communities giving them specific and desirable functions. Work described here shows that biofilms composed of either pure cultures or mixed populations can be transformed with specific catabolic genes such that the communities acquire the ability to degrade a particular xenobiotic compound. Biofilms were transformed by plasmids bearing genes encoding green fluorescent protein (mut2) and/or atrazine chlorohydrolase (atzA). Confocal microscopy was used to quantify the number of transformants expressing mut2 in the biofilms. Degradation of atrazine by expressed atzA was quantified by tandem mass spectrometry. PCR analysis was performed to confirm the presence of atzA in transformed biofilms. These results indicate that it should be possible to use natural transformation to enhance bioremediation processes performed by biofilms.
Wide plate crack arrest testing

Abstract Five wide-plate crack arrest tests have been performed between September 1984 and December 1985 on an ASTM A533B quenched and tempered steel. These tests were done in the 26 MN Universal Testing Machine located at the National Bureau of Standards. The specimens were fractured in a thermal gradient to make the crack initiate at a preexisting notch in a cold, brittle region, and arrest in a hot, tough region. To obtain a great deal of information from these tests, each specimen was thoroughly instrumented with thermocouples, strain gages, crack-mouth-opening displacement gages, timing wires, and/or acoustic emission transducers. Fast data response was obtained from these sensors during the run-arrest events, which generally lasted for less than 10 ms. Estimates of two types of important data were obtained: (1) crack velocity as a function of time, and (2) initiation and arrest toughness. Thus, a successful data collecting system was developed for acquiring the basic data required for the prediction of the behavior of nuclear pressure vessels subjected to pressurized thermal shock.
Tooling and binder design for sheet metal forming processes compensating springback error

Part shape error due to springback can be a manufacturing defect in sheet metal forming processes. This manufacturing problem can be corrected by using appropriate designs of the tooling and the binder shape together with a binder constraint. In the present work a methodology for tool and binder design based on inverse springback calculations is developed and demonstrated. The design procedure invokes finite element analysis of the manufacturing process. The proposed method was demonstrated for two cases of forming of channel geometries (two-dimensional and three-dimensional) with an aluminum alloy sheet. The tooling needed to form the desired parts was numerically designed using the proposed algorithm then constructed with the aid of CNC machining. The designed tooling was found to produce the desired part shapes demonstrating both the accuracy of the numerical simulations and the success of the proposed tooling design algorithm.
Synoptic Forcing of the Korea Strait Transport

Abstract Korea Strait transport variations in the synoptic frequency band (2–20 days) are examined using results of a numerical 3-D primitive equation model, satellite observed sea-level variations, a linear barotropic adjoint dynamic model, and observed transports. The 3-D numerical model does not assimilate observations, and the agreement with the observed transport implies that wind forcing is one of the main contributors to variations in the synoptic band. The satellite-observed and 3-D model sea-level indicate a sea-level response to wind stress along the east Korean coast that propagates toward the Korea Strait and changes the sea-level slope across the strait. The adjoint results indicate that wind stress is most influential in the area east of Korea along with secondarily important area along the East China Sea shelf break south of Japan. The mechanism connecting wind stress to transport variations is a Kelvin wave propagation that changes sea-level slope across the strait, leading to the altered geostrophic transport through the strait. A strong southerly wind initially produces a sea-level set down along the east Korea coast and a sea-level increase along the shelf break. The set down propagates to the Korea Strait as a Kelvin wave, sea level across the strait changes, and the transport through the strait increases. Similarly, northerly wind stress produces a set up along the Korea coast and subsequent decreased transport. Wind stresses across the Yellow and East China Seas are not a significant forcing mechanism since Kelvin waves would propagate away from the strait. Barotropic transport response to wind stress is rapid (on the order of 3 h), but the relatively slow development of the atmospheric forcing (on the order of 1–2 days) modulates the response.
Server Replication in Multicast Networks

This paper studies and proposes heuristic algorithms to solve the problem of replicated server placement (RSP) with Quality of Service (QoS) constraints. Although there has been much work on RSP in multicast networks, in most of them a simplified replication model is used, therefore, their proposed solutions may not be applicable to real systems. In this paper, we use a more realistic, and generalized model for replica placement, which considers the latency restriction of the receivers (QoS), bandwidth, and storage constraints of the links and nodes. We present a mathematical formulation and propose four heuristics that are benched marked using BRITE network generator, and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the static and dynamic approaches. The proposed heuristics are experimentally compared through simulations with respect to their performance and computational complexity under different QoS constraints. The simulation results show interesting characteristics of the studied heuristics.
Perceived injustice and delinquency: A test of general strain theory

Abstract Purpose While a growing body of empirical literature supports many key predictions of General Strain Theory (GST), the subjective perception of injustice remains a theoretically important but empirically under-researched type of strain. The present study therefore examines the relations among perceived injustice, anger, and rule-violation. Methods Using a sample of middle- and high-school students from 12 schools in Southern New Hampshire, the present study tests GST via a series of OLS, negative binomial, and structural equation analyses using a more precise measure of perceived injustice than prior work and extensive statistical controls for such variables as self-control, differential association, attitudes toward delinquency, and alternative strain measures in a longitudinal context. Results Results yield strong support for the notions that perceived injustice promotes delinquency and that this relationship is mediated by situational anger. Conclusions Perceived injustice appears to be an important type of strain that should be incorporated into future research and addressed by future delinquency prevention efforts.
A Spector-Gandy Theorem for $\mathrm{cPC}_d(\mathbb{A})$ Classes

Let be an admissible structure. A cPCd() class is the class of all models of a sentence of the form , where is an -r.e. set of relation symbols and Φ is an -r.e. set of formulas of ℒ∞,ω that are in . The main theorem is a generalization of the following: Let be a pure countable resolvable admissible structure such that is not Σ-elementarily embedded in HYP(). Then a class K of countable structures whose universes are sets of urelements is a cPCd() class if and only if for some Σ formula σ (with parameters from ), is in K if and only if is a countable structure with universe a set of urelements and σ, where , the smallest admissible set above relative to , is a generalization of HYP to structures with similarity type Σ over that is defined in this article. Here we just note that when Lα is admissible, HYPLα() is Lβ() for the least β ≥ α such that Lβ() is admissible, and so, in particular, that is just HYP() in the usual sense when has a finite similarity type.The definition of is most naturally formulated using Adamson's notion of a +-admissible structure (1978). We prove a generalization from admissible to +-admissible structures of the well-known truncation lemma. That generalization is a key theorem applied in the proof of the generalized Spector-Gandy theorem.
The Understanding Mood Disorders Questionnaire

This study reports on the development and psychometric properties of the Understanding Mood Disorders Questionnaire, designed to measure family members' attributions about and knowledge of symptoms, course, and treatment of mood disorders.
PHASE EQUILIBRIA IN THE Ni-RICH REGION OF THE Ni-Al-Zr SYSTEM.

Alloys from the Ni-rich corner of the Ni–Al–Zr system have potential for use in high temperature, high strength applications. Such applications require a detailed knowledge of the high temperature phase equilibria. In the case of the Ni–Al–Zr system no isothermal sections have been published although the existence of a monovariant eutectic valley between Ni3Al and Ni7Zr2 has been established. An experimental determination of the phase equilibria in this system is being carried out using quantitative electron microprobe analysis (JEOL JSM-U3), xray diffraction and optical metallography. Partial isothermal sections are being determined for 1373K (1100°C) and 1273K (1000°C) and the resulting phase equilibria compared to that in the Ni–Al–Hf system determined previously.
Inversion of multicomponent 3D vertical seismic profile data for porosity and CO2 saturation at the Cranfield injection site, Cranfield, MS

Studying how injected ![Formula][1] affects the seismic response of reservoir rocks is important because it can improve subsurface characterization where ![Formula][2] injection is taking place. This study uses multicomponent data from a 3D vertical seismic profile (VSP) and well logs to model and invert probabilistically for the porosity and ![Formula][3] saturation at the Cranfield reservoir. The well logs were used to calibrate a rock-physics model. Once the accuracy of the model was verified, P-impedance and ![Formula][4] /![Formula][5] from inverted multicomponent VSP data were used to estimate the porosity and fluid saturation. This inversion generated probabilistic estimates of porosity and fluid saturation for the area of the reservoir sampled by PP- and PS-waves. Inversion results using the measured well log data for calibration indicated that the model was able to estimate porosity with a relatively high degree of accuracy, with the root-mean-square (rms) error being less than 3% for all calibration tests. Pore-fluid composition was estimated, however, with reduced accuracy, with rms errors ranging from 6% to 22% depending on the composition of the calibration fluid. Results from integrating the multicomponent VSP data with the rock-physics model indicated that estimated reservoir porosities are quite close to measured values at an observation well. Pore-fluid composition estimates indicated that this method can differentiate between areas containing ![Formula][6] and those that do not. [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif [2]: /embed/mml-math-2.gif [3]: /embed/mml-math-3.gif [4]: /embed/mml-math-4.gif [5]: /embed/mml-math-5.gif [6]: /embed/mml-math-6.gif
Sustainable hotel practices and nationality: the impact on guest satisfaction and guest intention to return.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify how sustainable hotel practices impact the satisfaction and intention to return of hotel guests from different nationalities. Surveys were completed by hotel guests in a popular tourist destination in Mexico. Multiple regression and multinomial logistic regression were applied to test the hypotheses. Results of this study supported the research hypotheses that indicate green practices overall do have a positive relationship on guests’ satisfaction levels and return intentions for Mexicans, Americans and other nationalities. Additionally, it was shown that the relative importance of green practices differs according to the nationality of the guest.
Evaluation of the Potential of Catalytic Converters for Ammonia and Odor Control in Poultry Houses

Abstract A bench scale catalytic converter utilizing a platinum and alumina catalyst on a ceramic honeycomb effectively removed poultry manure-produced ammonia and odor from an air steam. The converter was evaluated by passing compressed air through the head space of a flask containing poultry manure, routing half the flow from the flask through the converter, and comparing the quality of the air exiting the converter with the air bypassing the converter. Performance was evaluated for a combination of four catalyst temperatures and three space velocities. There appears to be adequate justification for continued developmental work toward the integration of catalytic converters into the environmental control system of poultry houses.
Optimal allocation of land to transportation in a non-optimal urban structure

Abstract This paper deals with the optimal allocation of land to competing uses, residential and transportation, in a built-up urban structure. The land to be allocated is being produced by an optimal demolition activity of the standing housing stock. The population removed has to be housed on the allocated residential land. Hoyt's sector theory is supported.
The effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 injection at different time points on intervertebral disk degeneration in a rat tail model

Study design Prospective in vivo rat tail model of disk degeneration comparing the effects of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) injection over various time points and grades of degeneration. Objective To evaluate the effect of timing and disk grade on rhBMP-2 injection in a rat tail model of disk degeneration. Summary of background data rhBMP-2 stimulates the proliferation of intervertebral disk cells and the secretion of extracellular matrix. However, few in vivo studies have demonstrated whether rhBMP-2 also improves disk degeneration and the severity of disk degeneration beyond which disks cannot be recovered by rhBMP-2 treatment. Methods Two coccygeal disks of each rodent subject were punctured percutaneously using an 18 G needle. At 4 weeks after the puncture, disks demonstrating induced degeneration were divided into 3 groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were treated with 7.5 μg rhBMP-2 or phosphate buffered saline by injection into the disk at 4, 6, and 8 weeks postpuncture, respectively. Plain radiographs and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were obtained on the day of puncture and every 2 weeks thereafter until sacrifice. At 6 weeks after injection, each group was killed and examined with histologic and immunohistochemical analysis. Results According to MRI disk grade evaluation of the degenerative disk, rhBMP-2 significantly improved degeneration grade in group 1 at 2 weeks after injection. According to radiographic disk height index, groups 1 and 2 showed a trend toward improvement at 2 weeks after rhBMP-2 injection. Chondrogenic differentiation was noted on immunohistochemical staining of many disks treated with rhBMP-2. Conclusions rhBMP-2 injection of degenerated disks at 4 weeks postpuncture induced a transient improvement in disk grade on MRI and stimulated chondrogenic differentiation. These data suggest rhBMP-2 as a potential therapy for degenerative disk disease.
Interleukin-6 changes tight junction permeability and intracellular phospholipid content in a human enterocyte cell culture model

Proinflammatory cytokines and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) are elevated in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We previously reported that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 increased the expression of sPLA2 (a hydrolyzer of phosphatidylcholine) and decreased membrane integrity in an intestinal epithelial cell culture model. To determine the physiological effects of the IL-6 mediated increase in sPLA2 on decreased epithelial layer integrity, we investigated alterations of intracellular/secretory phospholipid (PL) composition in a cell culture model. In addition, since other PLs may also mediate epithelial membrane activity, we investigated the effect of IL-6 on PL activity in a Caco-2 enterocyte culture model. Caco-2 cells were incubated for 72 h with IL-6 or media alone (control). Both media and cell lysate were analyzed for PL composition using thin-layer chromatography. The PL composition in the media did not show any differences between the two groups (p>0.1). Total intracellular PL contents were also unchanged; however, IL-6 led to significant changes in PL composition including an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) and a decrease in phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) (p<0.05). Both PE and SM are known as inflammatory signaling factors involved in human IBD. Our study suggests that the decreased membrane integrity seen with IL-6 application may occur via intracellular PL alterations, rather than through the direct effects of sPLA2.
Equilibrium theory for solvent vapor recovery by pressure swing adsorption: analytic solution with velocity variation and gas-phase capacity

Equilibrium theory has been used to analyze the effect of velocity variation and gas-phase capacity on the performance of a pressure swing adsorption-solvent vapor recovery (PSA-SVR) process. An analytic expression for the wave interaction that transpires between the inlet feed conditions and the initial column conditions is developed. The periodic state is formulated by forcing repetition of characteristic conditions to obtain a polynomial equation. It is found that both velocity variation and gas-phase capacity have significant effects on the depth of wave penetration. For systems with relatively low feed concentrations, gas-phase capacity has a larger effect than velocity variation and vice versa for systems with relatively high feed concentrations. The analysis also reveals some remarkable insight into the subtleties associated with nominal purge-to-feed ratios of less than unity.
Health-related quality of life in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with sunitinib vs interferon-alpha in a phase III trial: final results and geographical analysis

In a randomised phase III trial, sunitinib significantly improved efficacy over interferon-α (IFN-α) as first-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). We report the final health-related quality of life (HRQoL) results. Patients (n=750) received oral sunitinib 50 mg per day in 6-week cycles (4 weeks on, 2 weeks off treatment) or subcutaneous IFN-α 9 million units three times weekly. Health-related quality of life was assessed with nine end points: the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General and its four subscales, FACT–Kidney Symptom Index (FKSI-15) and its Disease-Related Symptoms subscale (FKSI-DRS), and EQ-5D questionnaire's EQ-5D Index and visual analogue scale. Data were analysed using mixed-effects model (MM), supplemented with pattern-mixture models (PMM), for the total sample and the US and European Union (EU) subgroups. Patients receiving sunitinib reported better scores in the primary end point, FKSI-DRS, across all patient populations (P<0.05), and in nine, five, and six end points in the total sample, in the US and EU groups respectively (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between the US and EU groups for all end points with the exception of the FKSI item ‘I am bothered by side effects of treatment’ (P=0.02). In general, MM and PMM results were similar. Patients treated with sunitinib in this study had improved HRQoL, compared with patients treated with IFN-α. Treatment differences within the US cohort did not differ from those within the EU cohort.
A comparison of the electrical responses of compound eyes and dorsal ocelli in four insect species

Abstract Electroretinograms (e.r.g.s) of compound eyes and dorsal ocelli in three diurnal insects—Apis mellifera, Pachydiplax longipennis, and Phormia regina—have high flicker fusion frequencies in the range 190/sec to 350/sec. The e.r.g.s of compound eye and ocellus in one nocturnal insect, Periplaneta americana, have flicker fusion frequencies in the range 45/sec to 60/sec. Flicker data for the compound eyes confirm to the earlier observations of Autrum (1950). Autrum's suggestion that fast eyes (those with high f.f.f.) may be further characterized by a typical e.r.g. wave form, low photic sensitivity and extremely rapid rate of dark adaptation lacks generality. The honeybee compound eye (f.f.f.=265/sec) has an e.r.g. quite similar in wave form to that of the cockroach compound eye (f.f.f.=60/sec). None of the eyes studied has higher sensitivity than the dragonfly ocellus, an eye which has a flicker fusion frequency of about 200/sec. This same ocellus dark-adapts no more rapidly than the cockroach compound eye. Wave form of the e.r.g., photic sensitivity, and rate of dark adaptation are independent visual functions, not necessarily related to each other or to flicker fusion frequency. The data suggest that the ability to resolve high rates of flicker depends on properties of the retinula cells themselves and not on properties of postsynaptic electrical events as suggested by Autrum (1952).
Multi-DOF equalization of haptic devices for accurate rendering at high frequencies

Previous work has shown that high frequency content is important for realistic haptic feedback, while stability considerations limit the ability of closed-loop control to effectively generate high frequencies. Open-loop playback of high frequencies offers a promising way to generate rich contact transients and textures, but complex high frequency dynamics cause distortion. This paper explores the equalization and dynamic decoupling of multi-DOF haptic devices for accurate open-loop playback. Toward this end, a user study is performed to determine the frequency limit of human force direction sensitivity at 35Hz. This information together with experimental system identification techniques is used to develop a strategy for equalization in different frequency bands. Finally, MIMO equalization is accomplished through online simulation of the system model under the control of an LQR tracking controller
Cysteine adduct of pseudouridine: A model for aminoacyl-tRNA binding to ribosomes

Pseudouridine and the analogous 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)uracil form adducts with cysteine which have been isolated and characterized. A model is proposed for the process of binding of the aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosomes which includes formation of a covalent adduct of the type characterized, i.e. 5-[1-(S-cysteine)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentane]uracil, and which accommodates many previous observations. The proposal involves two sequential molecular events: recognition through H-bonding between complementary oligonucleotides of the tRNA and the ribosome surface, followed by formation of a reversible covalent bond between ribosomal protein and tRNA.
Oxygen distributions within tissue by phosphorescence quenching

Oxygen dependent quenching of phosphorescence is a powerful method for measuring oxygen. Phosphors are now available that absorb and emit in the near IR region of the spectrum, are nontoxic, and remain in the blood, allowing rapid measure of oxygen through out selected tissue volumes. In vivo measurements are non-invasive except for the need to inject phosphor into the blood, and phosphorescence lifetimes can be measured without interference by tissue pigments that absorb or fluorescence at the measurement wavelengths. Phosphorescence quenching is uniquely useful for: (1) imaging oxygen in optically clear media or in the surface layer of the tissue, such as in the retina of the eye; (2) determining the distribution of oxygen in media, such as tissue, which have heterogeneous distributions by deconvoluting phosphorescence decay dat. These can be used to calculate the corresponding oxygen histograms. Measurement in 2D grids can b used to construct contour maps of the fraction of the sampled tissue volume with any selected range of oxygen pressures. These maps accurately show the location and size of any regions of hypoxia within the sampled tissue.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Centroid sensitivity of wavelet-based shape features

Many shape features are based on a 1D function known as the radial distance measure (RDM). These include its mean, standard deviation, zero crossings, entropy, and roughness index. Recently, wavelet-based features, computed via the RDM, have been sued for object shape recognition. In particular the RDM scalar-energy feature is used in this study. We analyze the effects of centroid errors on the RDM- based feature measures listed above by measuring their mean- square-errors. The error analysis is conducted on a set of 60 images consisting of simplistic shapes: ellipses, triangles, rectangles, and pentagons. The error analysis is also conducted on a set of mammograms where mammographic lesions are to be discriminated into the shape classes: circumscribed, irregular, and stellate. These shape classes are typically used to aid in the classification of lesions as either benign or malignant. Sixty pre-segmented mammographic lesions are used in this analysis. A minimum distance classifier is used to classify the lesion shapes. The effects on the traditional feature vectors are compared with the wavelet-based feature vectors. Lastly, the effects of centroid errors are analyzed with respect to classification rates.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chromazonarol and isochromazonarol, new chromanols from the brown seaweedDictyopteris undulata (zonarioides)

The chloroform extract ofDictyopteris undulata contains minor amounts of two new chromanols, chromazonarols (2) and isochromazonarol (3). The structures of these metabolites have been assigned based upon their chemical and spectral behavior and, in part, upon their relationship with zonarol.
Bead injection ELISA for the determination of antibodies implicated in type 1 diabetes mellitus.

This work introduces a novel analytical method for the detection and study of GAD65 autoantibodies, which have been implicated in the onset of type 1 diabetes. There is a clinical need for a rapid and automated assay for GAD65 autoantibodies. Therefore, this method was designed to exploit the advantages of bead injection (BI) analysis for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). BI ELISA is a microscale technique that uses enzyme labeled secondary antibodies to detect the capture of target antibodies on immobilized antigen in the flow cell of the lab-on-valve (LOV) manifold. A detection limit of 20 ng mL−1 of GAD65 monoclonal antibody 144 compares favorably with the sensitivity and precision of a standard ELISA currently employed to detect GAD65 autoantibodies. Compared to the standard ELISA protocol, BI ELISA offers a significantly reduced assay time and complete automation of solution handling and detection.
Clinicopathological Characterization in Poultry of Three Strains of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated From Recent Outbreaks

Newcastle disease is a severe threat to the poultry industry and is caused by Newcastle disease virus, a member of the genus Avulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae. The virus is rapidly evolving, and several new genotypes have been discovered in the past few years. Characterization of these strains is important to evaluate field changes, anticipate new outbreaks, and develop adequate control measures. Three Newcastle disease isolates (APMV-1/duck/Vietnam, Long Bien/78/2002, APMV-1/chicken/ Australia/9809-19-1107/1998, and APMV-1/double-crested cormorant/USA, Nevada/19529-04/2005) from recent outbreaks were investigated via clinicopathological assessment, immunohistochemistry (IHC), in situ hybridization, virus isolation, and serology in experimentally infected 4-week-old chickens. Phylogenetic studies showed that Australia isolate belongs to class II genotype I, Long Bien to class II genotype VIId, and Nevada cormorant to class II genotype V. Even though all 3 viruses had a virulent fusion protein cleavage site and ICPI values greater than 1.5, they all differed in their ability to cause clinical signs, in their lesions, and in their viral distribution in body tissues. The Long Bien isolate showed the most severe clinicopathological picture and the most widespread viral distribution. The Australia and Nevada cormorant isolates had a milder pathological phenotype, with viral replication restricted to only a few organs. The variability in clinicopathological characteristics despite the similarity in ICPI suggests that full clinicopathological assessment is necessary to fully characterize new isolates and that there are differences in pathogenesis among viruses of different genotypes.
Supercooling of Silicon and Germanium after Laser Melting

Following pulsed laser melting, supercoolings of 505/sup 0/K in Si and 430/sup 0/K in Ge were observed prior to bulk nucleation. These large supercoolings are obtained because of the extremely high thermal quench which follows laser irradiation. Nucleation rates were estimated to be approx.10/sup 29/ events/m/sup 3//s. Assuming that homogeneous nucleation was achieved, surface energies are estimated to be 0.34 J/m/sup 2/ for Si and 0.24 J/m/sup 2/ for Ge. These results are in reasonable agreement with traditional homogeneous nucleation experiments sensitive to rates of only approx.10/sup 10/ events/m/sup 3//s. This laser melting technique is applicable to nucleation studies in a wide variety of materials. 21 refs., 3 figs.
A low-crosstalk semiconductor optical amplifier

A new type of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) that can have a very low-channel crosstalk is proposed and demonstrated. By arranging the order of the gain materials with different saturation power, the SOA crosstalk is greatly reduced. This new type of SOA can be an ideal gain material for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) amplification and integration in the access and metro environment.
Outcome effectiveness of the lay health advisor model among Latinos in the United States: an examination by role

The objective of this study was to examine lay health advisor (LHA) programs designed to promote health among US Latinos and the extent to which educator-only versus educator-plus-bridge programs differed in designs and outcomes achieved. Two independent coders reviewed 128 published articles on LHAs yielding information at two levels: (i) study design and participant and LHA characteristics from 61 studies that broadly compared educator-only versus educator-plus-bridge programs and (ii) implementation features and outcomes from 17 randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental studies with outcome data. LHA programs have been widely used with Latinos in certain US regions; our findings indicate that LHAs are effective intervention agents. We identified differences between educator-only and educator-plus-bridge LHA programs, although the small number of educator-plus-bridge programs with outcome data limited comparisons. Major gaps remain in research targeting Latino subgroups other than Mexican immigrants/Mexican Americans. Sufficient research has evaluated LHA programs among Latinos on their ability to achieve health behavior and/or health status changes. In the future, more of a focus on organizational and policy changes is warranted. Questions remain about diversity in LHAs’ characteristics and roles, which influence not only outcomes but also program sustainability and dissemination.
Complexation of cobalt by natural organic ligands in the Sargasso Sea as determined by a new high-sensitivity electrochemical cobalt speciation method suitable for open ocean work

Abstract A high-sensitivity cobalt speciation method was developed and applied to a profile in the North Atlantic. Method development included examining the redox chemistry of the analytical system and calibrating the electroactive cobalt ligand dimethylglyoxime (DMG) using EDTA as a model ligand. The method was applied to a depth profile at the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series Station (BATS) during a September 1999 cruise. Total dissolved cobalt, measured using adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (ACSV) on ultraviolet light irradiated samples, revealed a nutrient-like profile for cobalt. Co speciation, measured using CLE–ACSV (competitive ligand exchange), showed a cobalt binding ligand concentration that was similar to that of total cobalt throughout the profile. An excess of ligand was observed in the chlorophyll maximum where Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus numbers were highest. A conditional stability constant for CoHDMG2 was measured to be logKCoHDMG2cond=11.5±0.3 at pH 8.0. A pH dependence for KCoHDMG2cond was observed and is consistent with model calculations based on the protonation constants for H2DMG. The conditional stability constant for CoL was determined to be logKCoLcond=16.3±0.9 and total ligand concentrations varied from 9 to 83 pM as calculated by a one-ligand non-linear fit using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. Alternate interpretations of the data are discussed, including the possibility for an underestimation of ligand concentrations and stability constants caused by the existence of Co(III) ligands, and kinetic and thermodynamic competition for natural ligands by Ni and Co(II).
Including Variability in Large-Scale Cluster Power Models

Studying the energy efficiency of large-scale computer systems requires models of the relationship between resource utilization and power consumption. Prior work on power modeling assumes that models built for a single node will scale to larger groups of machines. However, we find that inter-node variability in homogeneous clusters leads to substantially different models for different nodes. Moreover, ignoring this variability will result in significant prediction errors when scaled to the cluster level. We report on inter-node variation for four homogeneous five-node clusters using embedded, laptop, desktop, and server processors. The variation is manifested quantitatively in the prediction error and qualitatively on the resource utilization variables (features) that are deemed relevant for the models. These results demonstrate the need to sample multiple machines in order to produce accurate cluster models.
Ghosts and Giants in Judicial Politics

feminist jurisprudence, feminist social history, and judicial behavior. Davis suggested that Cook's most important contribution has been in the agenda she has set for the study of women judges as decision makers. In articles published in 1980, 1981b, and 1988, she explored whether women judges would make a difference in cases of equality and women's rights; her results, not surprisingly, were mixed. In asking whether women judges decide differently from their male counterparts-either in outcomes or in their methods of reasoningCook was asking, beginning in 1980, the questions that scholars are still trying to answer now. In sum, Cook has improved our understanding of judges and their decisions through her attention to the impact of socialization, to political culture and public opinion, to judicial selection, and to the difference gender makes. She continues to be an active researcher with two
A case for end system multicast

The conventional wisdom has been that Internet protocol (IP) is the natural protocol layer for implementing multicast related functionality. However, more than a decade after its initial proposal, IP multicast is still plagued with concerns pertaining to scalability, network management, deployment, and support for higher layer functionality such as error, flow, and congestion control. We explore an alternative architecture that we term end system multicast, where end systems implement all multicast related functionality including membership management and packet replication. This shifting of multicast support from routers to end systems has the potential to address most problems associated with IP multicast. However, the key concern is the performance penalty associated with such a model. In particular, end system multicast introduces duplicate packets on physical links and incurs larger end-to-end delays than IP multicast. We study these performance concerns in the context of the Narada protocol. In Narada, end systems self-organize into an overlay structure using a fully distributed protocol. Further, end systems attempt to optimize the efficiency of the overlay by adapting to network dynamics and by considering application level performance. We present details of Narada and evaluate it using both simulation and Internet experiments. Our results indicate that the performance penalties are low both from the application and the network perspectives. We believe the potential benefits of transferring multicast functionality from end systems to routers significantly outweigh the performance penalty incurred.
An efficient approach to multilayer layer assignment with an application to via minimization

In this paper we present an efficient heuristic algorithm for the post-layout layer assignment and via minimization problem of multilayer gridless integrated circuit (IC), printed circuit board (PCB), and multichip module (MCM) layouts. We formulate the multilayer layer assignment problem by introducing the notion of the extended conflict-continuation (ECC) graph. When the formulated ECC graph of a layer assignment problem is a tree, we show that the problem can be solved by an algorithm which is both linear time and optimal. When the formulated ECC graph is not a tree, we present an algorithm which constructs a sequence of maximal induced subtrees from the ECC graph, then applies our linear time optimal algorithm to each of the induced subtrees to refine the layer assignment. Our experiments show that, on average, the number of vertices of an induced subtree found by our algorithm is between 12% and 34% of the total number of vertices of an ECC graph. This indicates that our algorithm is able to refine a large portion of the, layout optimally on each refinement, thus, producing highly optimized layer assignment solutions. We applied this algorithm to the via minimization problem and obtained very encouraging results, We achieved 13%-15% via reduction on the routing layout generated by the V4R router, which is a router known to have low usage of vias. Our algorithm has been successfully applied to routing examples of over 30 000 wire segments and over 40 000 vias. Finally, we outline how our layer assignment algorithm can also be used for delay and crosstalk minimization in high-performance IC, PCB, and MCM designs.
A model for the inclusion of reactive constraints in a linearized optimal active power flow

Presents a model for considering voltage and reactive injection limits within a linearized active DC power flow. An extension of the Benders decomposition algorithm is used to express reactive constraints as a function of the active control variables. The authors describe a new model for the representation of reactive constraints as linear functions of the active power injections. The proposed approach is based on the dual formulation of the complete AC optimal power flow and can be seen as an algorithm to construct the feasible region of the active power injections with respect to the reactive and voltage limits. A case study with a realistic equivalent of the southeastern Brazilian system illustrates the proposed approach. >
Development of a fluorescence-based enzyme assay of human 5-lipoxygenase

Leukotrienes are important mediators in a number of inflammatory diseases and therefore are a target of several therapeutic approaches. The first committed step in the synthesis of leukotrienes is the conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotriene A(4) (LTA(4)) in two successive reactions catalyzed by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Assays to measure 5-LOX activity typically have been low throughput and time consuming. In this article, we describe a fluorescence assay that is amenable to high-throughput screening in a 384-well microplate format. The fluorescent signal is measured during oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) by human 5-LOX. The assay has been found to reliably identify small molecule inhibitors of human 5-LOX. The IC(50) values of several 5-LOX inhibitors in this new assay are comparable to those determined in a standard spectrophotometric assay that measures the formation of the 5(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE) product. In addition, we demonstrate the use of the assay in a high-throughput screen of the Pfizer compound collection to identify inhibitors of 5-LOX.
Complications of a High-flow Access and Its Management.

A high-flow access has been defined as one with a flow >1-1.5 l/minute or as one where the access flow is >20% of the cardiac output. Although it may be asymptomatic, it can be associated with cardiopulmonary complications, aneurysms, central vein stenosis and the distal hypoperfusion ischemic syndrome in some patients. The decision for surgical intervention should be made after careful medical optimization especially in patients with high output cardiopulmonary compromise. In this review, we present a summary of current knowledge about the pathophysiology of a high-flow fistula, followed by a concise, comprehensive synopsis of current medical and surgical therapy.
Postselection Thymocyte Maturation and Emigration Are Independent of IL-7 and ERK5

The transcription factor Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) controls the emigration of conventional T cells from the thymus through its regulation of the cell surface receptor S1P1. Prior to KLF2 expression, developing T cells require a positive selection signal through the TCR. However, following positive selection there are time, spatial, and maturational events that occur before KLF2 is finally upregulated and emigration occurs. We are interested in determining the signals that upregulate KLF2 and allow thymocytes to emigrate into circulation and whether they are linked to functional maturation. In endothelial cells KLF2 expression has been shown to be dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK5. Furthermore, it has been reported that IL-7 signaling leads to the phosphorylation of ERK5. Thus, we hypothesized that IL-7R signaling through ERK5 could drive the expression of KLF2. In this study, we provide evidence that this hypothesis is incorrect. We also found that CD8 lineage specification occurred normally in the absence of IL-7R signaling, in contrast to a recently proposed model. We showed that both CD4 and CD8 T cells complete maturation and express KLF2 independently of ERK5 and IL-7.
Prospects of vaccines for medically important fungi Feasibility and prospects for a vaccine to prevent cryptococcosis

Cryptococcosis is a relatively common fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans that has high morbidity and mortality. Numerous studies have established the feasibility of enhancing host immunity to C neoformans in naive immunocompetent animal models by vaccination. Several antigens have been identified that appear to be suitable vaccine candidates. Induced immune responses can mediate protection through both humoral and cellular immunity. Hence, a vaccine against cryptococcosis in humans is probably feasible but there are significant obstacles to vaccine development that range from uncertainties about the pathogenesis of infection to economic considerations.
Making the Corporation Safe for Shareholder Democracy

This article considers the effect that increased shareholder activism may have on non-shareholder corporate stakeholders such as employees and consumers. One of the most outspoken proponents of increased shareholder power has argued that such increased power could have negative repercussions for other corporate stakeholders because it would force directors to focus on profits without regard to other interests. This article critically examines that argument. The article acknowledges that increased shareholder power may benefit some stakeholders more than others, and may have some negative consequences. However, this article demonstrates that shareholders not only have interests that align with other stakeholders, but also introduces empirical evidence suggesting that shareholders may use their increased power to advance the interests of other stakeholders. Thus, this article debunks the notion that increased shareholder power is necessarily problematic for non-shareholder stakeholders.