cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting changes in systolic blood pressure using longitudinal patient records

The graph on the left represents the actual change in a patient's SBP on the horizontal axis, and the change in SBP predicted by the model on the vertical axis. The diagonal line goes through all points in the graph where "Actual SBP Change" is equal to "Predicted SBP Change". As such, the closer a plotted point is to the diagonal line, the more accurate the prediction.Display Omitted We present a model for predicting changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP).The model is trained and tested using longitudinal clinical records.Some features that inform the model account for the time of observation.The model's estimates have a correlation coefficient of 0.47 with actual SBP change. ObjectiveThis paper introduces a model that predicts future changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) based on structured and unstructured (text-based) information from longitudinal clinical records. MethodFor each patient, the clinical records are sorted in chronological order and SBP measurements are extracted from them. The model predicts future changes in SBP based on the preceding clinical notes. This is accomplished using least median squares regression on salient features found using a feature selection algorithm. ResultsUsing the prediction model, a correlation coefficient of 0.47 is achieved on unseen test data (p<.0001). This is in contrast to a baseline correlation coefficient of 0.39.
α-CaMKII-dependent plasticity in the cortex is required for permanent memory

Cortical plasticity seems to be critical for the establishment of permanent memory traces. Little is known, however, about the molecular and cellular processes that support consolidation of memories in cortical networks. Here we show that mice heterozygous for a null mutation of alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II (alpha-CaMKII+/-) show normal learning and memory 1-3 days after training in two hippocampus-dependent tasks. However, their memory is severely impaired at longer retention delays (10-50 days). Consistent with this, we found that alpha-CaMKII+/- mice have impaired cortical, but not hippocampal, long-term potentiation. Our results represent a first step in unveiling the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the establishment of permanent memories, and they indicate that alpha-CaMKII may modulate the synaptic events required for the consolidation of memory traces in cortical networks.
Thermoacoustic tomography - implementation of exact backprojection formulas

The problem of image reconstruction in thermoacoustic tomography requires inversion of a generalized Radon transform, which integrates the unknown function over circles in 2D or spheres in 3D. The paper investigates implementation of the recently discovered backprojection type inversion formulas for the case of spherical acquisition in 3D. A numerical simulation of the data acquisition with subsequent reconstructions are made for the Defrise phantom as well as for some other phantoms. Both full and partial scan situations are considered. The results are compared with the implementation of a previously used approximate inversion formula.
Delayed common bile duct obstruction in acute pancreatitis.

Common bile duct obstruction during acute pancreatitis usually occurs in the early symptomatic phase of the illness, involves only the distal portion of the common bile duct, and subsides with clinical improvement. We present two cases of persistent common bile duct obstruction that developed 2–3 months after complete clinical subsidence of the initial episode of severe acute pancreatitis and involved a long segment of the common bile duct. After surgical decompression, there was no recurrence of common bile duct obstruction or pancreatitis.
Extrapolation limitations of multilayer feedforward neural networks

The limitations of backpropagation used as a function extrapolator were investigated. Four common functions were used to investigate the network's extrapolation capability. The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether neural networks are capable of extrapolation and, if so, to determine the range for which networks can extrapolate. The authors show that neural networks cannot extrapolate and offer an explanation to support this result. >
Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism

Every laborer in a market economy is disposable. This book argues that globalization renders some workers so vulnerable that their disposability is scripted, told, and retold in the form of a myth ...
Evidence for magma‐carbonate interaction beneath Syrtis Major, Mars

[1] We used three methods—spectral index mapping, linear spectral mixture analysis, and factor analysis and target transformation—to determine if carbonate decomposition products, including lime (CaO), periclase (MgO), portlandite (Ca(OH)2), and brucite (Mg(OH)2), are present on the surface of Mars. Using an expanded spectral library that includes decomposition products of calcite and magnesite, we deconvolved a binned emissivity data set from the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS-TES). The deconvolution model indicates that anhydrous carbonates are not present at kilometer scales above the TES detection limit; however, carbonate decomposition products may be present at or above the TES detection limit in northeast Syrtis Major and several other small regions on Mars. The model results are supported by spectral index mapping and factor analysis and target transformation of TES data in this region. The volcanic setting of the detections may indicate the interaction of Syrtis Major lavas with subsurface carbonates, or, alternatively, the eruption of carbonate-bearing lavas that were subsequently devolatilized by impacts or later lava flows.
Support Recovery With Orthogonal Matching Pursuit in the Presence of Noise

Support recovery of sparse signals from compressed linear measurements is a fundamental problem in compressed sensing (CS). In this article, we study the orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) algorithm for the recovery of support under noise. We consider two signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) settings: 1) the SNR depends on the sparsity level $K$ of input signals, and 2) the SNR is an absolute constant independent of $K$ . For the first setting, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the exact support recovery with OMP, expressed as lower bounds on the SNR. Our results indicate that in order to ensure the exact support recovery of all $K$ -sparse signals with the OMP algorithm, the SNR must at least scale linearly with the sparsity level $K$ . In the second setting, since the necessary condition on the SNR is not fulfilled, the exact support recovery with OMP is impossible. However, our analysis shows that recovery with an arbitrarily small but constant fraction of errors is possible with the OMP algorithm. This result may be useful for some practical applications where obtaining some large fraction of support positions is adequate.
D-Xylose: Active Intestinal Transport in a Sodium Ion Substituted Lithium Medium

IT is becoming increasingly evident that the active transport of a wide variety of substances by the small intestine requires sodium ions1–4. The mechanism of active sugar transport, postulated by Crane5,6, accounts for the movement of a sugar against its own concentration gradient by virtue of an opposing sodium ion gradient. D-xylose is the only pentose which has been demonstrated to be actively transported by the small intestine7 and it has been suggested that its mechanism of transport is similar to that of the hexoses8. A criterion used to arrive at this conclusion was the apparent dependency of active D-xylose transport on sodium ions.
An Exploration of the Relationships among Health Literacy, Social Support, and Patient Activation in Community-Residing Older Adults

nursing care provided to geriatric patients, a chief nurse executive challenged her nursing staff to ‘‘Get Smart about Getting Old!’’ and attain gerontology certification. To help accomplish this goal, staff development educators developed an innovative gerontological nursing education course. Project Outcomes: Thus far in 2008, more than 40 nurses have attended the course, which is offered bimonthly. Most of these nurses are scheduled to take the certification exam. Nurses are using the course information to change their nursing practice. Outcomes include significant increases in satisfaction among geriatric patients and nursing staff. Other quality measures include reductions in patient falls and skin integrity problems. Project Implications: Nurses must provide high-quality, evidence-based nursing care to geriatric patients. Innovative gerontological nursing educational programs assist nurses in improving their ability to care for the elderly, as measured by improvements in quality outcomes.
Lutetium Texaphyrin: A New Therapeutic Tool for Human Atherosclerosis.

Photoangioplasty with ANTRIN™ represents a novel therapeutic application in human atherosclerosis. The biology of the response to photoangioplasty allows it to hold great promise as an approach to minimizing structural damage to the blood vessel at the moment of intervention. Furthermore, the direct effect of photoangioplasty on the inflammatory cellular response of the atherosclerotic vessel raises optimism for the application of this approach to the treatment and, potentially, the prevention of restenosis.
Efficient non‐linear seismic analysis of arch dams

An approximate procedure for seismic analysis of concrete arch dams which is based on the smeared crack method is described. Features include construction sequence modelling, water and foundation interaction, crack formation, opening and closing of joints and cracks, frictional sliding, presence of shear keys, action of internal water pressure, and a reliable solution algorithm. Complete solutions can be obtained in an hour on a fast workstation computer, allowing parameter studies to be run. Results suggest that an arch dam can suffer significant cracking during strong ground shaking and still remain stable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limitations of a Reduced Model for the Simulation of Hydrogen /Air Combustion

The purpose of this Note is to investigate the accuracy and overall validity of the Rogers and Chinitz model vis-a-vis more detailed (and expensive!) models for the combustion of hydrogen/air mixtures
Introducing W.A.T.E.R.S.: a workflow for the alignment, taxonomy, and ecology of ribosomal sequences.

For more than two decades microbiologists have used a highly conserved microbial gene as a phylogenetic marker for bacteria and archaea. The small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene, also known as 16 S rRNA, is encoded by ribosomal DNA, 16 S rDNA, and has provided a powerful comparative tool to microbial ecologists. Over time, the microbial ecology field has matured from small-scale studies in a select number of environments to massive collections of sequence data that are paired with dozens of corresponding collection variables. As the complexity of data and tool sets have grown, the need for flexible automation and maintenance of the core processes of 16 S rDNA sequence analysis has increased correspondingly. We present WATERS, an integrated approach for 16 S rDNA analysis that bundles a suite of publicly available 16 S rDNA analysis software tools into a single software package. The "toolkit" includes sequence alignment, chimera removal, OTU determination, taxonomy assignment, phylogentic tree construction as well as a host of ecological analysis and visualization tools. WATERS employs a flexible, collection-oriented 'workflow' approach using the open-source Kepler system as a platform. By packaging available software tools into a single automated workflow, WATERS simplifies 16 S rDNA analyses, especially for those without specialized bioinformatics, programming expertise. In addition, WATERS, like some of the newer comprehensive rRNA analysis tools, allows researchers to minimize the time dedicated to carrying out tedious informatics steps and to focus their attention instead on the biological interpretation of the results. One advantage of WATERS over other comprehensive tools is that the use of the Kepler workflow system facilitates result interpretation and reproducibility via a data provenance sub-system. Furthermore, new "actors" can be added to the workflow as desired and we see WATERS as an initial seed for a sizeable and growing repository of interoperable, easy-to-combine tools for asking increasingly complex microbial ecology questions.
Asymptomatic Endemic Chlamydia pecorum Infections Reduce Growth Rates in Calves by up to 48 Percent

Intracellular Chlamydia (C.) bacteria cause in cattle some acute but rare diseases such as abortion, sporadic bovine encephalomyelitis, kerato-conjunctivitis, pneumonia, enteritis and polyarthritis. More frequent, essentially ubiquitous worldwide, are low-level, asymptomatic chlamydial infections in cattle. We investigated the impact of these naturally acquired infections in a cohort of 51 female Holstein and Jersey calves from birth to 15 weeks of age. In biweekly sampling, we measured blood/plasma markers of health and infection and analyzed their association with clinical appearance and growth in dependence of chlamydial infection intensity as determined by mucosal chlamydial burden or contemporaneous anti-chlamydial plasma IgM. Chlamydia 23S rRNA gene PCR and ompA genotyping identified only C. pecorum (strains 1710S, Maeda, and novel strain Smith3v8) in conjunctival and vaginal swabs. All calves acquired the infection but remained clinically asymptomatic. High chlamydial infection associated with reduction of body weight gains by up to 48% and increased conjunctival reddening (P<10−4). Simultaneously decreased plasma albumin and increased globulin (P<10−4) suggested liver injury by inflammatory mediators as mechanisms for the growth inhibition. This was confirmed by the reduction of plasma insulin like growth factor-1 at high chlamydial infection intensity (P<10−4). High anti-C. pecorum IgM associated eight weeks later with 66% increased growth (P = 0.027), indicating a potential for immune protection from C. pecorum-mediated growth depression. The worldwide prevalence of chlamydiae in livestock and their high susceptibility to common feed-additive antibiotics suggests the possibility that suppression of chlamydial infections may be a major contributor to the growth promoting effect of feed-additive antibiotics.
Dimensions of Children's Health Beliefs

Health beliefs interviews were conducted with 250 children aged 6-17 years. A factor analysis of the items resulted in six correlated fac tors which were interpreted as 1) specific health concerns, 2)general health concerns, 3) perceived parental concern, 4) perceived general susceptibility, 5) perceived susceptibility to specific conditions, and 6) perceived seriousness of and susceptibility to disease. Factor scores were computed and two-way analyses of variance (by age and sex of child) were conducted on six sets of factor scores. No significant sex differences or sex by age in teraction effects were noted. Younger children scored significantly higher on "specific health concerns"and "perceived general susceptibility,"while older children scored significantly higher on "perceived parental concern. " Tests of differences among variances showed a tendency for the variability to be greater among younger children. The results are interpreted as pro viding partial support for a model of children's health be...
The Measurement of Knowledge Worker Fatigue

Abstract Current technological breakthroughs in the areas of digital computers and electronics and the increase in the use of automated work systems mean increased mental demands and fatigue for a large segment of the workforce. In order to determine relationships between worker mental output (performance) and the resulting fatigue, a five hour laboratory experiment was conducted. The experiment was run under two types of working conditions (Rest/ No Rest). The performance measures of interest were work output, heart rate and brain wave activity. The results supported the notion of performance deterioration due to mental fatigue. In addition, the results showed a significant difference between output for rest versus no rest task conditions.
A Comparison of Stutterers' and Nonstutterers' Affective, Cognitive, and Behavioral Self-Reports

This study compared stutterers' and nonstutterers' communication attitudes. A self-report inventory based on a tripartite attitudinal model was administered to 75 adult stutterers and 81 adult nons...
Influence of corallivory, competition, and habitat structure on coral community shifts

The species composition of coral communities has shifted in many areas worldwide through the relative loss of important ecosystem engineers such as highly branched corals, which are integral in maintaining reef biodiversity. We assessed the degree to which the performance of recently recruited branching corals was influenced by corallivory, competition, sedimentation, and the interactions between these factors. We also explored whether the species-specific influence of these biotic and abiotic constraints helps to explain recent shifts in the coral community in lagoons of Moorea, French Polynesia. Population surveys revealed evidence of a community shift away from a historically acroporid-dominated community to a pocilloporid- and poritid-dominated community, but also showed that the distribution and abundance of coral taxa varied predictably with location in the lagoon. At the microhabitat scale, branching corals grew mainly on dead or partially dead massive Porites ("bommies"), promontories with enhanced current velocities and reduced sedimentation. A demographic study revealed that growth and survival of juvenile Pocillopora verrucosa and Acropora retusa, the two most common branching species of each taxon, were affected by predation and competition with vermetid gastropods. By 24 months of age, 20-60% of juvenile corals suffered partial predation by corallivorous fishes, and injured corals experienced reduced growth and survival. A field experiment confirmed that partial predation by corallivorous fishes is an important, but habitat-modulated, constraint for branching corals. Competition with vermetid gastropods reduced growth of both branching species but unexpectedly also provided an associational defense against corallivory. Overall, the impact of abiotic constraints was habitat-specific and similar for Acropora and Pocillopora, but biotic interactions, especially corallivory, had a greater negative effect on Acropora than Pocillopora, which may explain the local shift in coral community composition.
Preparation of variant-specific anti-human placental phosphatase antisera by immunoabsorption.

Abstract Antiserum raised in rabbits sensitized with purified human placental alkaline phosphatase of the rare FD phenotype was absorbed on purified FF phenotype enzyme conjugated to Sepharose. The absorbed antiserum was not able to bind to the F-variant, but was still capable of binding to the D-variant enzyme, determined by electrophoretic retardation and gel filtration. It therefore appears that some allelic variants of placental phosphatase differ in their antigenic structure.
Predictors of long-term outcome following high-dose chemotherapy in high-risk primary breast cancer

Predictors of long-term outcome following high-dose chemotherapy in high-risk primary breast cancer
Breast cancer in West Islip, NY: A spatial clustering analysis with covariates

This paper presents the results of an exploratory spatial analysis of breast cancer clustering in the community of West Islip on Long Island. Using address-level data from a survey of women in West Islip, we analyze the existence and locations of breast cancer clusters among long-term community residents. Statistical and geographical methods are used to first, estimate a logistic regression model of disease as a function of known risk factors and second, analyze spatial clustering among the cases of breast cancer not explained by the modeled risk factors. The method determines the actual locations of clusters so that if there is a potential causal factor in the environment it can be identified for further study. Although little evidence of clustering is uncovered, the methods described here have utility for exploratory spatial analysis in many health contexts.
Tending the Achilles' heel of NAFO: - Canada acts to protect the Nose and Tail of the Grand Banks

Abstract A number of important commercial fish stocks in the waters of eastern Canada straddle the boundary between Canada's exclusive fishing zone and the high seas. Management of these stocks by Canada and the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO) has failed to prevent stock depletion. It is argued that NAFO has faced a major problem in developing a successful management regime for these straddling stocks: lack of an effective enforcement capability to make members comply with its total allowable catches (TACs), quota allocations, and technical measures and to prevent nonmember fishing within its Regulatory Area. Long-standing Canadian concern about NAFO's ability to enforce proper management of straddling stocks in the high seas area of the Grand Banks, prompted passage of an amended Coastal Fisheries Protection Act in May 1994 which allowed Canada to arrest and fine foreign vessels fishing beyond Canada's exclusive fishing zone (EFZ) in contravention of NAFO's conservation and management regime. It appears that use of this Act in 1994 eliminated fishing by non-members on the Nose and Tail of the Bank, while action against Spanish and Portuguse vessels in March 1995 may provide the help that NAFO needs in terms of noncompliance with its management regime by member states.
Adjustment of the Southern Ocean to Wind Forcing on Synoptic Time Scales

Abstract This study addresses the response of the Southern Ocean to high-frequency wind forcing, focusing on the impact of several barotropic modes on the circumpolar transport. A suite of experiments is performed with an unstratified model of the Southern Ocean, forced with a stochastic wind stress that contains a large range of frequencies with synoptic time scales. The Southern Ocean adjustment displays a different character for frequencies below and above 0.2 cpd. The low-frequency range is dominated by an “almost-free-mode” response in the region where contours of f /H are obstructed by only a few bathymetric features; the truly free mode only plays a minor role. Topographic form stress, rather than friction, is the dominant decay mechanism of the Southern Mode. It leads to a spindown time scale on the order of 3 days. For the high-frequency range, the circumpolar transport is dominated by the resonant excitation of oscillatory modes. The “active” response of the ocean leads to strong changes and eve...
Conformations and electronic structures of oxidized and reduced isoalloxazine

The conformations of oxidized and reduced isoalloxazine have been examined by a molecular orbital method, PRDDO (partial retention of diatomic differential overlap). The angle theta of fold about the N...N line of the central ring is zero for the planar oxidized form, but a bend of theta = 10 degrees requires only 2 kcal/mol. On the other hand, the reduced form is nonplanar (theta approximately 15 degrees), and the barrier for reversal of this bend is 4 kcal/mol, comparable with that in simple amines. Molecular properties and reactivity are interpreted in terms of charge and orbital distributions, and localized molecular orbitals have been derived by the method of Boys.
Magsat reenters atmosphere

NASA's magnetic-field-mapping satellite, Magsat, reentered the atmosphere north of the Arctic Circle and burned up on reentry at 0720 UT, June 11, after a longer-than-expected (7 1/2-month) lifetime (see ‘Magsat to Reenter Soon,’ EOS, 61, 475, May 27, 1980). The objectives of the mission were to provide a global vector survey of the main geopotential field and low-altitude measurements of crustal anomalies. Data were obtained nearly up to the time of reentry. The Figure shows ‘quick-look’ data from a 3000-km-long pass taken at 1940 UT on June 10, about 12 hours before reentry. The satellite was over the western Pacific, near the Mariana trench. The data were obtained at altitudes of 187 to 191 km, which is believed to be the lowest altitude at which magnetic field data have been obtained from a satellite. The quantity plotted is δB, i.e., the difference between the measured field magnitude and the field which is calculated from a 13th-degree spherical harmonic model that is derived from Magsat data. The variations are probably due to crustal sources. If confirmed, the data will represent the highest resolution of crustal magnetic anomalies that has been achieved from satellite measurements.
Nonnegative Drazin inverses

Abstract A characterization of nonnegative matrices which have a nonnegative Drazin inverse is given. A necessary and sufficient condition for a real matrix to have a nonnegative Drazin inverse is also presented.
Brain rhythms: towards a coherent picture of ensemble development in learning.

Summary A recent study suggests that coherence of 20–40 Hz brain oscillations in the hippocampus and upstream lateral entorhinal cortex may support encoding of task-relevant information during associative learning. Coordination of local hippocampal circuits in this frequency range could be important for encoding new information.
Removing the torsion from a unital group

Abstract We review the relationships among unital groups, physical systems, observables, symmetries, and states and ponder about the interpretation of the torsion subgroup in this context. If G is a unital group and Gτ is the torsion subgroup of G, then by forming the quotient group H= G G τ we can “remove the torsion” from G. If G is R -unital, then H can be organized into an R -unital group in such a way that G and H have the same state space. If G has a finite unit interval, then Gτ is a finite group, H has a finite unit interval, H can be identified (as a group) with Z r, and G is isomorphic (as a group) to H × Gr. Every torsion-free Z -unital group H with a finite unit interval can be obtained in this way by removing the torsion from a unigroup G with a finite unit interval, whence a torsion-free Z -unital group with a finite unit interval is R -unital.
Evaluation of the teratogenic potential of fresh-brewed coffee and caffeine in the rat☆☆☆

Abstract Dilutions of fresh-brewed coffee, at 12.5, 25, and 50% resulting in caffeine intakes of approximately 9, 19, and 38 mg/kg/day, respectively, were consumed by female rats as their sole beverage for 5 weeks prior to mating, throughout gestation and, in representative animals, until Day 27 after parturition. Other rats received a daily dose of 30 mg/kg of caffeine or 125 mg/kg of aspirin (the positive control) by intubation, or 30 mg/kg of caffeine in the water. None of these regimes interfered with the normal behavior, growth, patterns of eating or drinking, or reproductive performance. In fetuses from aspirin-treated rats the incidence of bowed fibula and shortened humerus was 4.3 and 2.7%, respectively, and in the caffeine-intubated group the incidence of absence of the supraoccipital bone was 5.8%; none of these abnormalities was observed in H2O controls. No dose-related teratogenic effects were observed in the coffee-treated groups or the caffeine-in-water group. There was an apparent slight delay in ossification in fetuses of all treated groups, some kidney-pelvis underdevelopment in the 25 and 50% coffee, caffeine-in-water, and aspirin groups, and slightly lower organ weight in the 50% coffee and aspirin groups. Cleft palate, which could not be detected either by an increased mortality rate among F1 pups at Day 38 or grossly in those permitted to mature, was more common in fetuses of coffee-consuming groups and the aspirin group than in the water controls but in the coffee groups the incidence was inversely related to coffee and caffeine dosage. Teratogenic differences between the groups given caffeine by gavage or via the drinking water were not detected but a lower number of pups/litter was recorded for the latter group and lower liver weights and lung weights were observed in the gavage and drinking water groups, respectively. However, both groups differed from the H2O control group in the incidence of cryptorchism (generally unilateral with the testes partially descended) and focally irregular (presumably delayed) ossification of ribs and vertebrae. Mating was slightly delayed in the F1 offspring of all “treated” groups except the 12.5% coffee group. This did not appear to be solely related to the test materials since a similar finding was observed in their parents before any treatment. However, the data collected during the current study are insulfficient to determine the etiology or the significance, if any, of this observation.
High-intensity third-harmonic generation in beta barium borate through second-order and third-order susceptibilities

The azimuthal dependence of third-order and cascaded second-order nonlinear coupling was used to measure the relative contributions of each to direct third-harmonic generation in ?-barium borate. This permitted the measurement of the values of tensor elements ?103, ?113, and ?163 relative to the known ?ij2. Finally, conversion efficiencies to 3? of up to 6% were achieved with a femtosecond chirped-pulse amplification laser with 200 GW/cm2 in collimated beams.
Heteroatom substitution shifts regioselectivity of lauric acid metabolism from omega-hydroxylation to (omega-1)-oxidation.

Abstract In contrast to several isofoms of cytochrome P450 (including 1A1, 1A2, 2B1, 2C2, 2C6 and 2E1), cytochrome P450 4A1 and a fusion protein derived from it, show a strong preference for hydroxylation of lauric acid (C 12 ) at the less chemically reactive ω-CH 3 group instead of the more reactive (ω-1)-CH 2 group. We have explored the interplay of steric effects on substrate binding vs chemical reactivity at various substrate loci in determining the striking difference in regioselectivity of CYP2B1 and a 4A1-derived fusion protein, through studies with heteroatom substituted analogs of lauric acid, i.e.,10-methoxydecanoic acid and 10-methylthiodecanoic acid. With both enzymes the former undergoes simple ω-hydroxylation (giving 10-hydroxydecanoic acid and HCHO), but the latter undergoes facile S-oxidation at the ω-1 position instead of ω-hydroxylation. The dramatic shift in the regioselectivity of the fusion protein toward the thia analog is consistent with the greater length of C-S bonds and the greater atomic radius and polarizability of sulfur lone-pair electrons within an otherwise restrictive active site.
Designating reader perspective to increase comprehension and interest

Abstract In three experiments we examined whether reader perspective on a long expository text could be manipulated such that increased text interest and enhancement of two comprehension outcomes would result. In Experiment 1 we verified the viability of a new text for experimental purposes. We then assigned readers a perspective before reading in Experiment 2 and after reading in Experiment 3. One primary research question addressed whether interest in a long expository text could be manipulated by assigning readers a perspective. We considered this to be an examination of purpose-driven interest ( Schraw & Dennison, 1994 ). As hypothesized, participants rated text segments as more interesting when the segments corresponded to their assigned perspective. In support of our second hypothesis, that recall would increase as a function of reader perspective, low to medium effects were found for both total number and depth of ideas recalled. We discuss implications of this work for understanding of the role of relevance in increasing recall. Implications for practice and future research are also discussed.
Machiavellianism's association with sources of motivation and downward influence strategies.

Recent studies have examined the relationship between motivation and influence tactics with mixed results. Barbuto and Scholl found several strong relationships between leaders' sources of motivation and the influence tactics used when influencing subordinates, but replication yielded weaker relationships between motivation and influence tactics. Examinations of moderating variables such as leaders' Machiavellian disposition were suggested as possible explanations for this difference. Several interacting effects between leaders' sources of motivation and Machiavellianism have been proposed as predictors of the influence tactic used. This study tested these relationships and found modest association between motivation sources and influence tactics. Some moderating effects of Machiavellianism on this relationship were evident; however, interpretation is cautioned given poor psychometric properties of the measure. These issues are discussed along with suggestions for research.
Berry's phase and persistent charge and spin currents in textured mesoscopic rings.

We consider the motion of electrons through a mesoscopic ring in the presence of a classical, static, inhomogeneous, magnetic field. Zeeman interaction between the electron spin and this texture couples spin and orbital motion, and results in a Berry phase. As a consequence, the system supports persistent equilibrium spin and charge currents, even in the absence of conventional electromagnetic flux through the ring. We mention the possibility of analogous persistent mass and spin currents in normal $^{3}\mathrm{He}$.
A note on the survival of Legionella pneumophila in stagnant tap water

Tap water, from an experimental hot water system, containing a known virulent strain of Legionella pneumophila was stored in screw-capped bottles for 14 months. Viable counts showed survival of L. pneumophila and at least three other bacterial species. This reinforces the view that L. pneumophila can survive in stagnant water for relatively long periods of time.
Pair-cluster theory for the dielectric constant of composite media

By considering the embedding of nearest-neighbor grains of a random composite in an "effective medium," a pair-cluster theory for the dielectric constant of composites is formulated in which the interactions between pairs of nearest-neighbor grains are explicitly taken into account. Compared to the well-known effective-medium theory, the new theory displays similar dc behavior but predicts different optical dielectric constants. A comparison of the two theories shows in particular that the absence of optical dielectric anomaly in the effective-medium theory is attributable to the neglect of nearest-neighbor interactions. Differences between the optical characteristics of the Maxwell-Garnett theory and the pair-cluster theory are also pointed out and discussed in relation to the underlying microstructures.
Martin Gibbs (1922-2006): Pioneer of (14)C research, sugar metabolism & photosynthesis; vigilant Editor-in-Chief of Plant Physiology; sage Educator; and humanistic Mentor.

The very personal touch of Professor Martin Gibbs as a worldwide advocate for photosynthesis and plant physiology was lost with his death in July 2006. Widely known for his engaging humorous personality and his humanitarian lifestyle, Martin Gibbs excelled as a strong international science diplomat; like a personal science family patriarch encouraging science and plant scientists around the world. Immediately after World War II he was a pioneer at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in the use of 14C to elucidate carbon flow in metabolism and particularly carbon pathways in photosynthesis. His leadership on carbon metabolism and photosynthesis extended for four decades of working in collaboration with a host of students and colleagues. In 1962, he was selected as the Editor-in-Chief of Plant Physiology. That appointment initiated 3 decades of strong directional influences by Gibbs on plant research and photosynthesis. Plant Physiology became and remains a premier source of new knowledge about the vital and primary roles of plants in earth’s environmental history and the energetics of our green-blue planet. His leadership and charismatic humanitarian character became the quintessence of excellence worldwide. Martin Gibbs was in every sense the personification of a model mentor not only for scientists but also shown in devotion to family. Here we pay tribute and honor to an exemplary humanistic mentor, Martin Gibbs.
Gluten-sensitive Enteropathy: Genetic Analysis and Organ Culture Study in 35 Families

The genetic marker histocompatibility antigen HLA-B8 is present in 80% of patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy (GSE). We studied 35 families with at least one affected member to determine whether an HLA-region gene alone could determine susceptibility to GSE. The incidence of HLA-B8 in the patients was 69% vs 22% for normals (P less than 0.001). The incidence of GSE in HLA-genotype-identical siblings of patients was only 8%, and in HLA-B8-haplotype-identical siblings and parents of patients was only 14% and 5%, respectively. In addition, intestinal biopsies of HLA-identical or partially identical relatives of patients were studied in an in vitro organ culture system capable of detecting gluten sensitivity in subjects ingesting a normal diet. The results confirmed the low incidence of gluten sensitivity in these individuals. The organ culture system could not differentiate mucosa obtained from unaffected parents or siblings of patients with GSE (who presumably carry the HLA-associated genetic information) from mucosa obtained from normals. We conclude that the genetic material inherited with HLA-B8 alone is not sufficient to produce clinical or subclinical disease. Other genetic and environmental factors appear to be important for disease pathogenesis.
Fourth-order difference methods for hyperbolic IBVPs

Fourth order difference approximations of initial-boundary value problems for hyperbolic partial differential equations are considered. We use the method of lines approach with both explicit and compact implicit difference operators in space. The explicit operator satisfies an energy estimate leading to strict stability. For the implicit operator we develop boundary conditions and give a complete proof of strong stability using the Laplace transform technique. We also present numerical experiments for the linear advection equation and Burgers' equation with discontinuities in the solution or in its derivative. The first equation is used for modeling contact discontinuities in fluid dynamics, the second one for modeling shocks and rarefaction waves. The time discretization is done with a third order Runge-Kutta TVD method. For solutions with discontinuities in the solution itself we add a filter based on second order viscosity. In case of the non-linear Burger's equation we use a flux splitting technique that results in an energy estimate for certain different approximations, in which case also an entropy condition is fulfilled. In particular we shall demonstrate that the unsplit conservative form produces a non-physical shock instead of the physically correct rarefaction wave. In the numerical experiments we compare our fourth order methods with a standard second order one and with a third order TVD-method. The results show that the fourth order methods are the only ones that give good results for all the considered test problems.
Proposal to measure the D -meson decay constant F D

Because the branching ratios of the purely leptonic modes of D meson are small compared to the semileptonic decays, it is suggested that the decay D ..-->.. K + l + ..nu.. might be used to deduce the value of F/sub D/, the weak decay constant of D meson. 17 references.
A Simple Targeting Technique for Two-Body Spacecraft Trajectories

The classical orbital boundary-value problem provides a means of finding feasible orbits that pass through an initial position and a fixed target position. In this paper, a method is developed that extends the boundary-value problem and allows a choice of any combination of three of the following four target parameters: altitude, downrange angle, velocity, and flight-path angle. In addition, this method is adapted for use as a guidance algorithm for spacecraft in powered flight, and is implemented in a computer simulation of spacecraft trajectories. Two cases are studied: launch from the Earth's surface into low Earth orbit, and transfer from low Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit. Results from the computer simulations indicate that extremely good targeting accuracy can be achieved, with resulting A V values very close to optimal for many cases. Overall, the technique developed herein provides a fast and straightforward means of generating a feasible trajectory that satisfies a chosen combination of target conditions. The technique is easy to implement and can be applied to a wide range of two-body, space-flight guidance problems.
Reference Values for Three Channels of Amplitude-Integrated EEG Using the Brainz BRM3 Cerebral Function Monitor in Normal Term Neonates: A Pilot Study

Abstract Background Amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (EEG) is a form of continuous EEG using a select number of electrodes (2-4), which can be used for bedside monitoring of brain functions in critically ill neonates. There is a paucity of normative amplitude-integrated EEG data for term healthy neonates especially for unilateral channels that are available for newer cerebral function monitors. Objective To define absolute amplitudes for all three available channels and also to determine if route of delivery or presence of a caput succedaneum would affect amplitude-integrated EEG amplitude voltages. Methods This is a prospective observational study of 80 healthy term neonates (gestational age ≥38 weeks) who had three-channel amplitude-integrated EEG recorded for 90 minutes within 12 hours of birth using the Brainz BRM3 cerebral function monitor. Results Median maximum and median minimum voltages obtained were 16.96 μV and 8.13 μV for the cross-cerebral (CC), 14.42 μV and 7.13 μV for the right unilateral, and 13.16 μV and 6.51 μV for the left unilateral aEEG channels, respectively. There were no statistically significant difference amplitude voltages for any channel based on route of delivery. The presence of a caput succedaneum was associated with a decrease in the median and mean of the maximum and minimum amplitude voltages for CC channel. Median maximum and median minimum voltages for the CC channel among the caput and normal scalp examination groups were 14.62 μV vs 17.27 μV ( P = 0.022) and 7.21 μV vs 8.24 μV ( P = 0.004), respectively. Similarly, mean maximum and mean minimum voltages for the CC channel were 15.42 μV vs 17.59 μV ( P = 0.038) and 7.27 μV vs 8.25 μV ( P = 0.005) in the caput and normal scalp examination groups, respectively.
A high-yield IC-compatible multichannel recording array

This paper reports the development of a multielectrode recording array for use in studies of information processing in the central nervous system and in the closed-loop control of neural prostheses. The probe utilizes a silicon supporting carrier which is defined using a deep boron diffusion and an anisotropic etch stop. This substrate supports an array of polysilicon or tantalum thin-film conductors insulated above and below with silicon nitride and silicon dioxide. Typical probe dimensions include a length of 3 mm, shank width of 50 µm, and a thickness of 15 µm. These structures are capable of simultaneous high-amplitude multichannel recording of neural activity in the cortex. The probe fabrication process requires only four masks and is single-sided using wafers of normal thickness, resulting in yields which exceed 80 percent. The process is also compatible with the inclusion of on-chip MOS circuitry for signal amplification and multiplexing. A complete ten-channel signal processor which requires only three external probe leads is being developed.
An Enhanced Algorithm for Linear Multivariate Calibration

We present a new method of linear multivariate calibration that can generate better prediction results than those obtained by partial least squares (PLS). This is accomplished by incorporating the spectrum of the desired species into the calibration procedure. The method combines the advantages of different standard methods and is therefore called hybrid linear analysis (HLA). In side-by-side tests using both simulated and experimental data, HLA produced lower prediction errors than PLS in all instances. We recommend HLA over PLS in situations where the spectrum of the desired species is available.
Transition Effect Matrices and Quantum Markov Chains

A transition effect matrix (TEM) is a quantum generalization of a classical stochastic matrix. By employing a TEM we obtain a quantum generalization of a classical Markov chain. We first discuss state and operator dynamics for a quantum Markov chain. We then consider various types of TEMs and vector states. In particular, we study invariant, equilibrium and singular vector states and investigate projective, bistochastic, invertible and unitary TEMs.
Sleep deprivation suppresses adult neurogenesis: Clues to the role of sleep in brain plasticity

Sleep is hypothesized to play a critical role in facilitating brain growth and plasticity. Neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus is a recently established model of brain plasticity. We determined how adult neurogenesis was affected by sleep deprivation (SD) using an intermittent treadmill deprivation system, which permits comparisons with movement-matched controls. Immunohistochemistry for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN) was used to quantify the proliferative and neurogenic processes. Following 96 h SD, proliferation of new cells was reduced by 50%. Three weeks following the termination of SD, the proportion of BrdU-labeled cells exhibiting a mature neuronal phenotype was reduced by 35%. Combining the suppression of proliferation and failure in development of mature neuronal phenotype, we estimate that 96 h SD reduced new dentate gyrus neurons generated during the deprivation period by 60%. Suppression of proliferation was not associated with elevation of the stress hormone corticosterone. Current evidence suggests that the detrimental effects of SD on neurogenesis requires accumulated sleep debt and is not quickly reversible. We speculate that the suppression of neurogenesis by SD is associated with suppression of protein synthesis.
Accessing locally created subject guides via the library's catalog

For decades libraries have created subject guides to assist users in navigating their collections. These guides are universally accepted as a core library product of high value across all user groups. No longer confined to paper stashed in kiosks and on counter tops, subject guides are now available online from library Web sites and often emphasize and link to other Web resources. Typically, a link on the library's home page directs users to a Subject Guide List which offers active links to the topical guides. But are these links and listings sufficient to attract users? This article describes the results of a study to catalog selected subject guides on U.S. and British History and analyze usage statistics before and after cataloging. It appears that the library catalog is effective at exposing subject guides and should be considered an additional point of access amidst a growing number of discovery mechanisms.