cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformal symmetry and duality between free particle, H atom, and harmonic oscillator

We establish a duality between the free massless relativistic particle in d dimensions, the non-relativistic hydrogen atom (1/r potential) in (d{minus}1) space dimensions, and the harmonic oscillator in (d-2) space dimensions with its mass given as the light cone momentum of an additional dimension. The duality is in the sense that the classical action of these systems are gauge fixed forms of the same worldline gauge theory action at the classical level, and they are all described by the same unitary representation of the conformal group SO (d,2) at the quantum level. The world line action has a gauge symmetry Sp(2) which treats canonical variables (x,p) as doublets and exists only with a target spacetime that has d spacelike dimensions and two timelike dimensions. This spacetime is constrained due to the gauge symmetry, and the various dual solutions correspond to solutions of the constraints with different topologies. For example, for the H atom the two timelike dimensions X{sup 0{sup {prime}}},X{sup 0} live on a circle. The model provides an example of how realistic physics can be viewed as existing in a larger covariant space that includes two timelike coordinates, and how the covariance in the larger space unifies different lookingmore » physics into a single system. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Normal Differentiation of Cultured Lens Cells after Inhibition of Gap Junction-Mediated Intercellular Communication

Abstract The cells of the vertebrate lens are linked to each other by gap junctions, clusters of intercellular channels that mediate the direct transfer of low-molecular-weight substances between the cytosols of adjoining cells. Although gap junctions are detectable in the unspecialized epithelial cells that comprise the anterior face of the organ, both their number and size are greatly increased in the secondary fiber cells that differentiate from them at the lens equator. In other organs, gap junctions have been shown to play an important role in tissue development and differentiation. It has been proposed, although not experimentally tested, that this may be true in the lens as well. To investigate the function of gap junctions in the development of the lens, we have examined the effect of the gap junction blocker 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (βGA) on the differentiation of primary cultures (both dissociated cell-derived monolayers and central epithelium explants) of embryonic chick lens epithelial cells. We found that βGA greatly reduced gap junction-mediated intercellular transfer of Lucifer yellow and biocytin throughout the 8-day culture period. βGA did not, however, affect the differentiation of these cells into MP28-expressing secondary fibers. Furthermore, inhibition of gap junctions had no apparent effect on either of the two other types of intercellular (adherens and tight) junctions present in the lens. We conclude that the high level of gap junctional intercellular communication characteristic of the lens equator in vivo is not required for secondary fiber formation as assayed in culture. Up-regulation of gap junctions is therefore likely to be a consequence rather than a cause of lens fiber differentiation and may primarily play a role in lens physiology.
The human brain GLUT1 glucose transporter: ultrastructural localization to the blood-brain barrier endothelia.

Immunogold electron microscopy was used to examine human brain resections to localize the GLUT1 glucose transporter. The tissue examined was obtained from a patient undergoing surgery for treatment of seizures, and the capillary profiles examined had characteristics identical to those described previously for active, epileptogenic sites (confirmed by EEG analyses). A rabbit polyclonal antiserum to the full-length human erythrocyte glucose transporter (GLUT1) was labeled with 10-nm gold particle-secondary antibody conjugates and localized immunoreactive GLUT1 molecules in human brain capillary endothelia, with <0.25% of the particles beyond the capillary profile. Erythrocyte membranes were also highly immunoreactive, whereas macrophage membranes were GLUT1-negative. The number of immunoreactive sites per capillary profile was observed to be 10-fold greater in humans than in previous studies of rat and rabbit brain capillaries. In addition, half of the total number of immunoreactive gold particles were loca...
Mercenene Growth-inhibitor extracted from the clam Mercenaria campechiensis. A preliminary investigation of in vivo and in vitro activity

Abstract A growth-inhibitor, Mercenene, has been extracted from a species of clam, Mercenaria campechiensis utilizing a procedure used successfully on other moluscs, and in particular, Mercenaria mercenaria . This inhibitor shows similar activity in the bio-assay systems employed in previous studies involving Mercenene. No toxicity was noted in the experimental animals and only slight toxicity in cell cultures of human amnion. HeLa cells were completely degenerated in 72 hours.
Morphology and accessibility of the ‘transverse’ tubular system in frog sartorius muscle after glycerol treatment

Sartorius muscles were exposed to a hypertonic Ringer's fluid containing 400mm glycerol and subsequently returned to normal Ringer's fluid. Employing lanthanum as an extracellular marker and after suitable preparation, sections of muscle fibers were examined with an electron-microscope. Extensive alteration in ‘transverse’ tubular morphology occurs after glycerol treatment. The number of sites at the Z line level usually containing complete triads decreases by about two-thirds. In about half of the sites with altered morphology no ‘transverse’ tubules were present, while in the other half the sites were completely empty. Fibers at all depths in glycerol-treated muscles were equally affected. The remnants of the ‘transverse’ tubules which remain were not very accessible to extracellular lanthanum. Estimates based on measurements of the presence or absence of lanthanum indicate that glycerol treatment disconnects 90% of the ‘transverse’ tubules from the external solution. The remaining tubules connected to the external solution are largely but not entirely located in a surface layer of about one-tenth the fiber radius in depth.
Asynchronous Interaction Between Unit Under Test and an LRU-Centric Digital Test Instrument

This paper provides a range of problems and solutions involving the asynchronous interaction between a UUT and a digital test instrument during LRU and SRU test. Agile handling of such asynchronous activity can result in higher test quality, simpler programming, and less debugging. Examples provided herein are compared to the applications workarounds generally required in older, more synchronous apparatus.
The structure of apo human glutamate dehydrogenase details subunit communication and allostery.

Abstract The structure of human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has been determined in the absence of active site and regulatory ligands. Compared to the structures of bovine GDH that were complexed with coenzyme and substrate, the NAD binding domain is rotated away from the glutamate-binding domain. The electron density of this domain is more disordered the further it is from the pivot helix. Mass spectrometry results suggest that this is likely due to the apo form being more dynamic than the closed form. The antenna undergoes significant conformational changes as the catalytic cleft opens. The ascending helix in the antenna moves in a clockwise manner and the helix in the descending strand contracts in a manner akin to the relaxation of an extended spring. A number of spontaneous mutations in this antenna region cause the hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome by decreasing GDH sensitivity to the inhibitor, GTP. Since these residues do not directly contact the bound GTP, the conformational changes in the antenna are apparently crucial to GTP inhibition. In the open conformation, the GTP binding site is distorted such that it can no longer bind GTP. In contrast, ADP binding benefits by the opening of the catalytic cleft since R463 on the pivot helix is pushed into contact distance with the β-phosphate of ADP. These results support the previous proposal that purines regulate GDH activity by altering the dynamics of the NAD binding domain. Finally, a possible structural mechanism for negative cooperativity is presented.
Effect of Exteriorization of the Sheep Fetus on Its Cardiovascular Function

Exteriorized sheep or goat fetuses, with placental circulation continuing, have been extensively used for measurements of fetal cardiovascular function. However, the effects of this procedure on fetal cardiovascular function have not been assessed. We inserted vinyl catheters into an umbilical vein, an umbilical or fetal hindlimb artery, and a hindlimb vein. We measured umbilical arterial and venous blood gas tensions, umbilical blood flow using the steadystate diffusion antipyrine method, and fetal arterial and umbilical venous pressures before and after delivery by cesarean section. Following exteriorization, placental vascular resistance consistently increased and umbilical blood flow decreased. Umbilical venous Po2 increased, but umbilical arterial and venous pH and Pco2 and arterial Po2 did not change significantly. Thus exteriorization of the fetus produces major changes in the fetal circulation, but these changes are not indicated by any major alterations in fetal blood gases and pH.
Diminished frequency of interleukin-10-secreting, T-cell receptor peptide-reactive T cells in multiple sclerosis patients might allow expansion of activated memory T cells bearing the cognate BV gene.

T cells responsive to T-cell receptor (TCR) determinants may regulate pathogenic Th1 responses in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) through interleukin (IL)-10-dependent bystander suppression. In this study, innate IL-10- and interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting T cells responsive to TCR peptides were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients and healthy controls (HC) using the ELISPOT assay. Most HC had vigorous IL-10 but low IFN-γ frequencies to BV5S2 and BV6S1 peptides. In contrast, MS patients had significantly lower IL-10 frequency responses to the TCR peptides but normal responses to concanavalin A. Patients undergoing TCR-peptide vaccination had moderate responses that fluctuated in concert with vaccination. In an MS patient and HC, expression of BV6S1 by activated memory T cells was inversely associated with the presence of IL-10-secreting BV6S1-reactive T cells. These results suggest that MS patients have diminished frequencies of innate TCR-reactive T cells that may allow oligoclonal expansion of activated autoreactive Th1 effector cells expressing cognate V genes. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:171–176, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Digital Communications between Aerospace Vehicles and Stations on the Ground

This tutorial paper presents an introduction to the problems of communications between aerospace vehicles and stations on the ground. The possible types of aerospace-to-ground communication links are described and classified according to the mode of signal propagation and according to obtainable range. The suitability of carrier frequencies throughout the electromagnetic radiation spectrum from very-low radio frequencies to light frequencies is discussed for the various types of links. Considerations of the information needed for the selection of modulation and demodulation techniques are presented, and factors which influence the practical value of digital coding are introduced. A discussion of the mutual influence of various parameters on the transmitter power requirement concludes the general survey.
Migration of the Mendocino Triple Junction and the Origin of Titanium-Rich Mineral Suites at New Idria, California

Titanium-rich minerals in peculiar mineral suites are associated with the New Idria serpentinite, California. Previously some of these Ti-rich minerals have been described as metasomatic in origin. This paper presents new data on the compositions and parageneses of these mineral suites, and presents a petrologic model for their formation by essentially isochemical metamorphism from precursor assemblages. All of these mineral suites are manifestations of tectonic uplift, M2 metamorphism, and magmatism associated with the passage of the Mendocino Triple Junction underneath New Idria at about 12 Ma. Ti-bearing garnets associated with chlorite and diopside occur in metamorphosed pyroxenite veins that have been tectonically dismembered during emplacement of the serpentinite. These veins have been metamorphosed under greenschist or blueschist (M1) and lower greenschist (M2) conditions. Accessory minerals in these rocks include, among others, perovskite, titanite, zircon, Ti-REEvesuvianite, zirconolite, pyrophan...
Effect of Tool Kinematics on the Drilling Forces and Temperature in Low Frequency High Amplitude Vibration Assisted Drilling

Defects associated with drilling of fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) are of major economic and safety concerns for aerospace manufacturers. Delamination of layers and thermal damage of the matrix are the most critical defects associated with drilling of FRP laminates, which can be avoided by keeping the drilling forces and temperatures below some threshold levels. Vibration-assisted drilling (VAD) is an emerging drilling process that uses intermittent cutting to reduce the drilling forces and temperatures, and achieve easier chip removal compared to conventional drilling. In this paper an extensive experimental study has been conducted to provide insight into the effect of the tool kinematics corresponding to the VAD parameters (speed, feed, frequency and amplitude) on the geometry of the formed chip determined by the intersection of the trajectories of the cutting edges as well as on the drilling forces and temperature. The combinations of the VAD parameters used in this study were selected from ranges of speeds 6,000 rpm to 12,000 rpm, feeds 0.05 mm/rev to 0.15 mm/rev, frequencies 30 Hz and 60 Hz, and amplitudes 40 μm to 400 μm. The Amplitude and feed were found to have the most dominant effect on the VAD forces, while the feed and speed had the dominant effect on the VAD temperatures. The thermal performance of the VAD process was found to be enhanced by the formation of vortices in the air gap created by the separation between the tool and the machined surface, which is mainly controlled by the feed and the rotational speed of the tool.Copyright © 2014 by Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada
A systolic array for approximate string matching

The edit distance between two strings is defined as the minimum cost of a sequence of editing operations (insertions, deletions and substitutions) that convert one string into the other. This paper presents a linear systolic array for computing the edit distance between two strings over a given alphabet. An encoding scheme is proposed which reduces the number of bits required to represent a state in the computation. The architecture is a parallel realization of the standard dynamic programming algorithm proposed by Wagner and Fischer (1974), and can perform approximate string matching for variable edit costs. More importantly, the architecture does not place any constraint on the lengths of the strings that can be compared. It makes use of simple basic cells and requires regular nearest-neighbor communication, which makes it suitable for VLSI implementation. A prototype of this array is currently being built. >
Controlled-mobile sensing simulator for indoor fire monitoring

Indoor emergency response situations, such as urban fire, are characterized by dangerous constantly-changing operating environments with little access to situational information for first responders. In situ information about the conditions, such as the extent and evolution of an indoor fire, can augment rescue efforts and reduce risk to emergency personnel. Cyber-physical controlled-mobile sensor networks have been proposed for emergency response situations. However, cost-effective development, analysis and evaluation of such cyber-physical systems require simulation frameworks that simultaneously model its many computational and physical components. Existing multi-sensor/robot simulation environments are inadequate for this purpose. This paper presents a simulator that incorporates a realistic indoor fire growth model (CFAST), with a radio path loss model, wireless network model, and mobility model of a controlled-mobile sensor network, to achieve a more comprehensive representation of such cyber-physical systems. A detailed example simulation scenario is presented along with analysis to illustrate the capabilities of the framework.
A note on the interpretation of adjoined relative clauses

By accepting the above proposals for translating tenses it appears possible to achieve a very general account of the interpretation of Warlpiri adjoined clauses. Moreover, if the analysis is correct it would provide an interesting example of natural language generalizing across tenses and NPs, since what we would have is a single syntactic construction whose interpretation varied according to whether an NP or a tense were translated with a distinguished variable. These results thus serve to pose once again the question of where precisely the common features of tenses and NPs reside. Recent work applying model-theoretic techniques to natural language semantics may well provide an answer. Thus in Dowty (1979) and Larson and Cooper (1980) NPs and tenses both denote the same sort of set-theoretic object, viz., sets of sets. Within generalized quantification theory this is just to say that both NPs and tenses denote quantifiers (cf. Barwise and Cooper, 1981, for much illuminating information on quantifiers and natural language). It may thus be possible to view the interpretation of Warlpiri adjoined clauses as a case of natural language generalizing across the semantic type of quantifiers.
Reported anatomical variability naturally leads to multimodal distributions of Denavit-Hartenberg parameters for the human thumb

A realistic biomechanical thumb model would elucidate the functional consequences of orthopedic and neurological diseases and their treatments. We investigated whether a single parametric kinematic model can represent all thumbs, or whether different kinematic model structures are needed to represent different thumbs. We used Monte Carlo simulations to convert the anatomical variability in the kinematic model parameters into distributions of Denavit-Hartenberg parameters amenable for robotics-based models. Upon convergence (3550 simulations, where mean and coefficient of variance changed <1% for the last 20+% simulations) the distributions of Denavit-Hartenberg parameters appeared multimodal, in contrast to the reported unimodal distributions of the anatomy-based parameters. Cluster analysis and one-way analysis of variance confirmed four types of kinematic models (p<0.0001) differentiated primarily by the biomechanically relevant order of MCP joint axes (in 65.2% of models, the flexion-extension axis was distal to the adduction-abduction axis); and secondarily by a detail specifying the direction of a common normal between successive axes of rotation. Importantly, this stochastic analysis of anatomical variability redefines the debate on whether a single generic biomechanical model can represent the entire population, or if subject-specific models are necessary. We suggest a practical third alternative: that anatomical and functional variability can be captured by a finite set of model-types.
Anticipating and inhabiting institutional identities

Rather than simply silencing or excluding actors, contemporary U.S. institutions commonly assign ways of speaking to the identities they forge and, therefore, preestablish ways of hearing the people who have come to inhabit them. Although institutional power is thereby reinscribed when “subalterns speak,” people can also inhabit such identities, and speak from these designated locales, in politically efficacious ways. Examining the rhetorical practices of clients and social workers at one institutional site, I highlight the process of anticipatory interpellation—reading how one is hailed as a particular kind of institutional subject and responding as such. [anticipatory interpellation, language, performativity, politics, representation, social work]
The pervasive trust foundation for security in next generation networks

We propose a new paradigm---named the Pervasive Trust Foundation (PTF) ---for computer security in Next Generation Networks, including the Future Internet. We start with a review of basic trust-related terms and concepts. We present motivation for using PTF as the basis for security in ISO OSI networks. The paper includes our five contributions. First, we define trust in the small (TIS) and trust in the large (TIL), where TIL is equivalent to PTF. Second, we list and contrast required and prohibited features of PTF-based systems. Third, we enumerate claims of benefits derived from using PTF. Fourth, we identify two major obstacles to PTF realization, and discuss multiple approaches to overcoming these obstacles. The more important of the two obstacles can be eliminated by showing an efficient implementation of PTF-based security. Fifth, we present an outline for the Basic Reference Model for PTF for Next Generation Networks. Summary and discussion of future work concludes the paper.
Once Upon Today: Teaching for Social Justice with Postmodern Picturebooks

Children’s literature has long been used by parents and teachers to impart social values and expectations as well as to entertain children. Postmodern picturebooks jar this tradition by stimulating readers to question and rethink societal norms. However, these books also feature many cultural attributes that hold fast: loving families are still a safe harbor after adventures, while hard work and perseverance remain keys to success. Thus postmodern picturebooks provide a safe realm for exploration of values and traditional mores. This article examines the use of postmodern picturebooks in classroom settings to spark discussions that can lead to greater awareness of the world and the possibilities of students’ roles in it. The article also suggests activities to encourage children to reflect on new ways of being and thinking on a level appropriate to their sensibilities.
Proangiogenic role of neutrophil-like inflammatory heterophils during neovascularization induced by growth factors and human tumor cells.

A quantitative in vivo angiogenesis model employing collagen onplants placed on the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been used in this study to assess the spatial and temporal associations between neutrophil-like inflammatory cells, namely chicken heterophils, and the development of new blood vessels. Previously we have demonstrated that monocytes/macrophages infiltrating the onplants were associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis, in particular by delivering MMP-13 collagenase. By introducing chicken gelatinase B (chMMP-9) as a specific marker for heterophils, we now show that the onset and extent of angiogenesis induced by purified growth factors or by human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells correlated with the initial influx of chMMP-9–positive heterophils. This early heterophil arrival was followed by the infiltration of monocytes/macrophages and appeared to sustain further blood vessel formation. The disruption of inflammatory cell influx by 2 mechanistically distinct anti-inflammatory drugs, cortisone and ibuprofen, significantly inhibited angiogenesis, indicating a functional involvement of these inflammatory cells in new blood vessel development. A direct addition of isolated heterophils or purified chMMP-9 into the HT-1080 onplants engrafted into cortisone- or ibuprofen-treated embryos reversed the antiangiogenic effects of the drugs. The exogenously added heterophils induced in vivo a further infiltration of endogenous heterophils and monocytes and dramatically rescued the impaired angiogenesis, highlighting the importance of early inflammatory leukocytes in tumor-induced angiogenesis. Moreover, purified heterophils incorporated into onplants lacking growth factors or tumor cells induced angiogenesis in nontreated embryos, further indicating a direct proangiogenic role for neutrophil-like leukocytes.
Chaos and Shadowing Around a Heteroclinically Tubular Cycle With an Application to Sine‐Gordon Equation

The theory of chaos and shadowing developed recently by the author is amplified to the case of a heteroclinically tubular cycle. Specifically, let F be a C 3 diffeomorphism on a Banach space. F has a heteroclinically tubular cycle that connects two normally hyperbolic invariant manifolds. Around the heteroclinically tubular cycle, a Bernoulli shift dynamics of submanifolds is established through a shadowing lemma. As an example, a sine-Gordon equation with a chaotic forcing is studied. Existence of a heteroclinically tubular cycle is proved. Also proved are chaos associated with the heteroclinically tubular cycle, and chaos cascade referring to the embeddings of smaller-scale chaos in larger-scale chaos.
A review on the recent progress in materials selection, development and characterization for ultra long duration balloon (ULDB) missions

Abstract Ultra long duration balloon missions can greatly enable many new scientific investigations. Scientists over the years have shown that nearly all balloon-borne scientific investigations could benefit from longer exposure at latitude at a greatly reduced cost when used as atmospheric satellites. Up to the present, no super pressure balloons, capable of supporting a payload over 200 kilograms at more than 30,000 meters have been developed. Current materials efforts are targeting the development of super pressure structure capable of supporting a suspended weight of approximately 1600 kilograms and for an altitude of 36000 meters. The work presented here focuses on the research and development efforts made to date to develop, select and characterize materials suitable for these Ultra Long Duration Balloon Missions (ULDB).
Femoral pseudoaneurysm from drugs of abuse: ligation or reconstruction?

Abstract A plan for management of infected arterial pseudoaneurysm has evolved from our experience with 23 such aneurysms treated between 1981 and 1989 and followed for up to 66 months. Eighteen femoral artery aneurysms are the primary focus of this report. Because we were concerned about the high probability of amputation expected from acute interruption of the femoral artery, we were reluctant to limit initial management to ligation and debridement alone. However, significant complications developed in 12 patients who underwent revascularization, requiring 3 amputations and 13 secondary arterial operations in addition to debridements and skin grafts. In contrast, no amputations were required in six patients who underwent primary arterial ligation and debridement. We recommend primary ligation that controls the septic focus, removes the danger of hemorrhage, and is not accompanied by the threat of secondary arterial infection. After ligation, limb viability is assessed during surgery by presence of an audible Doppler signal at the ankle. Revascularization is considered only when absence of a Doppler signal indicates acute limb ischemia. (J Vasc Surg 1992;15:642–8.)
Critical Thinking Skills for Leadership Development

What is Leadership? What is Critical Thinking? Must effective leaders possess critical thinking skills? How do leaders acquire critical thinking skills? How do educators teach leaders critical thinking skills?
Empirical fitness models for hepatitis C virus immunogen design

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) afflicts 170 million people worldwide, 2%–3% of the global population, and kills 350 000 each year. Prophylactic vaccination offers the most realistic and cost effective hope of controlling this epidemic in the developing world where expensive drug therapies are not available. Despite 20 years of research, the high mutability of the virus and lack of knowledge of what constitutes effective immune responses have impeded development of an effective vaccine. Coupling data mining of sequence databases with spin glass models from statistical physics, we have developed a computational approach to translate clinical sequence databases into empirical fitness landscapes quantifying the replicative capacity of the virus as a function of its amino acid sequence. These landscapes explicitly connect viral genotype to phenotypic fitness, and reveal vulnerable immunological targets within the viral proteome that can be exploited to rationally design vaccine immunogens. We have recovered the empirical fitness landscape for the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (protein NS5B) responsible for viral genome replication, and validated the predictions of our model by demonstrating excellent accord with experimental measurements and clinical observations. We have used our landscapes to perform exhaustive in silico screening of 16.8 million T-cell immunogen candidates to identify 86 optimal formulations. By reducing the search space of immunogen candidates by over five orders of magnitude, our approach can offer valuable savings in time, expense, and labor for experimental vaccine development and accelerate the search for a HCV vaccine. Abbreviations: HCV—hepatitis C virus, HLA—human leukocyte antigen, CTL—cytotoxic T lymphocyte, NS5B—nonstructural protein 5B, MSA—multiple sequence alignment, PEG-IFN—pegylated interferon.
Mouse models of neurodevelopmental disease of the basal ganglia and associated circuits

This chapter focuses on neurodevelopmental diseases that are tightly linked to abnormal function of the striatum and connected structures. We begin with an overview of three representative diseases in which striatal dysfunction plays a key role—Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder, Rett's syndrome, and primary dystonia. These diseases highlight distinct etiologies that disrupt striatal integrity and function during development, and showcase the varied clinical manifestations of striatal dysfunction. We then review striatal organization and function, including evidence for striatal roles in online motor control/action selection, reinforcement learning, habit formation, and action sequencing. A key barrier to progress has been the relative lack of animal models of these diseases, though recently there has been considerable progress. We review these efforts, including their relative merits providing insight into disease pathogenesis, disease symptomatology, and basal ganglia function.
Cognitive Psychophysiology and the Study of States and Processes

The premise of cognitive psychophysiology is that understanding of human cognitive processes can be enhanced through the use of psychophysiological measures in conjunction with measures of overt behaviour (eg see Coles & Gratton, 1984). In this chapter, we shall illustrate the approach of cognitive psychophysiology by describing some recent research in our laboratory (Coles, Gratton, Bashore, Eriksen, & Donchin, 1985; Gratton, Coles, Sirevaag, Eriksen, & Donchin, in preparation). We shall also discuss how this research may inform the questions with which this book is concerned, namely the relationship between energetical states and psychological processes.
Commentary: Obama’s Latin America Policy: Continuity Without Change

When Latin America's left presidents watched the campaign of Barack Obama for president in 2008, they thought that they might finally see a U.S. president who would change Washington's foreign policy in the region. It seemed as if another revolt at the ballot box was arriving in the Western Hemisphere of the kind that had elected Lula da Silva, Hugo Chavez, Evo Morales, Rafael Correa, Fernando Lugo, and Tabare Vazquez. Before Obama's election, President Lula da Silva of Brazil expressed this sentiment (Weisbrot, 2008a): "Just as Brazil elected a metal worker, Bolivia elected an Indian, Venezuela elected Chavez, and Paraguay a bishop, I think that it would be an extraordinary thing if, in the largest economy in the world, a black man were elected president of the United States." In a sense, the shift in the electorate had similar causes in the hemi sphere. Latin America's swing to the left was largely driven by the failure of neoliberalism: the worst long-term economic growth performance in more than a century, from 1980 to 2000 (Weisbrot, 2007). More than a gen eration of Latin Americans had lost out on any chance to improve their liv ing standards. In the case of the United States it was not so much a growth failure (although the growth of per capita gross domestic product did decline significantly in the neoliberal era [Baker, 2007]) as a vast increase in inequality and, of course, the worst recession since the Great Depression that finally brought voters to demand an end to nearly four decades of rightward drift (Weisbrot, 2008b). A few months after taking office, in April 2009, Obama seemed to raise Latin America's expectations at the Summit of the Americas in Trinidad. Acting like the former community organizer he was, Obama walked over to shake hands with Chavez—an image that sped instantly around the world and infuriated the right. He made some unprecedented statements for a U.S. president, admitting that "at times we sought to dictate our terms" (Obama, 2009a). Even Raul Castro was impressed, responding to Obama's loosening of travel and remittance restrictions (for Cuban-Americans only) by saying that he was ready to discuss "human rights, freedom of the press, political prisoners, everything." He added, "We could be wrong. We admit it. We're human beings" (Carroll, 2009).
Preliminary Aero-thermal Structural Simulation

The Preliminary Aerothermal Structural Simulation (PASS) is a tool suite for MultiDisciplinary Analysis and Optimization of high speed vehicles at the conceptual or preliminary design level. The PASS process includes geometry definition, preliminary packaging, aerodynamic estimation, trajectory modeling, structural sizing, and thermal analysis. PASS currently includes Missile Datcom (MDC) to provide aerodynamic data, Mass Estimator for Monocoque Aero Structures (MEMAS) to estimate the structural mass, Aerothermal Targets Analysis Program (ATAP) to provide thermal analysis, and MATLAB to perform the integration. MDC and ATAP are standard AFRL tools. MEMAS is a new in-house code developed in MATLAB for sizing high speed attack missile structures, including articulated fins. The Packaging algorithm is a new in-house code developed for placement of representative sub-systems and calculation of mass properties/moments of inertia.
Mismeasuring Humanity: Examining Indicators Through a Critical Global Studies Perspective

Social and economic indicators measure and monitor the relative level of each country’s “progress”, be this in education, poverty, mortality, gross domestic product and so on. This essay examines indicators in the contemporary development paradigm and their use by the United Nations, World Bank, NGOs and corporations, as well as their increasing presence in global governance decision-making. Drawing upon a critical global studies perspective, I argue that indicators are producing and privileging certain kinds of knowledge over other kinds of knowledge that may not be so easily “captured” by nationally structured numerical reductionism. Reflecting on the limitations of the Human Development Index and the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, I suggest that the empirical data produced ultimately mismeasure the fullness of human experience and often undervalue non-western worldviews. I conclude by returning to the insights suggested by a global studies perspective and offer a number of recommendations for envisaging and shaping a more inclusive post-development paradigm.
Plasmon optics and thermal dissipation in nanocomposite thin films

Optical properties and thermal relaxation dynamics of resonantly excited plasmons are important in applications for optoelectronics, biomedicine, energy, and catalysis. Geometric optics of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films containing uniformly or asymmetrically distributed polydisperse reduced AuNPs or uniformly distributed monodisperse solution-synthesized AuNPs were recently evaluated using a compact linear algebraic sum. Algebraic calculation of geometric transmission, reflection, and attenuation for AuNP-PDMS films provides a simple, workable alternative to effective medium approximations, computationally expensive methods, and fitting of experimental data. This approach allows for the summative optical responses of a sequence of 2D elements comprising a 3D assembly to be analyzed. Thin PDMS films containing 3-7 micron layers of reduced AuNPs were fabricated with a novel diffusive-reduction synthesis technique. Rapid diffusive reduction of AuNPs into asymmetric PDMS thin films provided superior photothermal response relative to thicker films with AuNPs reduced throughout, with a photon-to-heat conversion of up to 3000°C/watt which represents 3-230-fold increase over previous AuNP-functionalized systems. Later work showed that introduction of AuNPs into PDMS enhanced thermoplasmonic dissipation coincident with internal reflection of incident resonant irradiation. Measured thermal emission and dynamics of AuNP-PDMS thin films exceeded emission and dynamics attributable by finite element analysis to Mie absorption, Fourier heat conduction, Rayleigh convection, and Stefan-Boltzmann radiation. Refractive-index matching experiments and measured temperature profiles indicated AuNP-containing thin films internally reflected light and dissipated power transverse to the film surface. Enhanced thermoplasmonic dissipation from metal-polymer nanocomposite thin films could affect opto- and bio-electronic implementation of these systems.
The Evaluation of Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety Profile of Simvastatin Prodrug Micelles in a Closed Fracture Mouse Model

Purpose To evaluate the therapeutic efficiency of a micellar prodrug formulation of simvastatin (SIM/SIM-mPEG) and explore its safety in a closed femoral fracture mouse model.
Plasma Androgens, 17β-estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin in patients with hirsutism and/or clitoromegaly

Plasma androgen, 17β-estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels were measured in 11 normal subjects (group 1), 18 hirsute patients with no clitoromegaly (group 2), 13 hirsute patients with clitoromegaly (group 3), and 8 patients with clitoromegaly but no hirsutism (group 4). Significantly elevated levels of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were found in groups 2 and 3 but not in group 4 when compared with group 1. In contrast, levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in groups 1 and 2 were comparable but significantly lower than those in groups 3 and 4; the levels in the latter two groups were not significantly different from each other. In groups 2, 3, and 4, levels of androstenedione (Δ4A) and the factor TISHBG were significantly elevated whereas SHBG levels were significantly suppressed when compared with those of group 1. The clitoral index correlated (P
The Biology and Ecology of Echinacea Species

The nine Echinacea species are all long-lived perennials that inhabit temperate climate zones from the Great Plains of Canada to Texas and across the eastern half of the United States. They are found primarily in open, sunny habitats that may be rocky or have thin soil, as most species have roots that can snake around rocks to reach deeper strata of soil moisture. The most wide-ranging species, Echinacea angustifolia and E. pallida, are considered classic prairie wildflowers and are beautiful elements of the prairie landscape.
Propagation of Isotopic Bias and Uncertainty to Criticality Safety Analyses of PWR Waste Packages

Burnup credit methodology is economically advantageous because significantly higher loading capacity may be achieved for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) casks based on this methodology as compared to the loading capacity based on a fresh fuel assumption. However, the criticality safety analysis for establishing the loading curve based on burnup credit becomes increasingly complex as more parameters accounting for spent fuel isotopic compositions are introduced to the safety analysis. The safety analysis requires validation of both depletion and criticality calculation methods. Validation of a neutronic-depletion code consists of quantifying the bias and the uncertainty associated with the bias in predicted SNF compositions caused by cross-section data uncertainty and by approximations in the calculational method. The validation is based on comparison between radiochemical assay (RCA) data and calculated isotopic concentrations for fuel samples representative of SNF inventory. The criticality analysis methodology for commercial SNF disposal allows burnup credit for 14 actinides and 15 fission product isotopes in SNF compositions. The neutronic-depletion method for disposal criticality analysis employing burnup credit is the two-dimensional (2-D) depletion sequence TRITON (Transport Rigor Implemented with Time-dependent Operation for Neutronic depletion)/NEWT (New ESC-based Weighting Transport code) and the 44GROUPNDF5 crosssection library in the Standardized Computer Analysis for Licensingmore » Evaluation (SCALE 5.1) code system. The SCALE 44GROUPNDF5 cross section library is based on the Evaluated Nuclear Data File/B Version V (ENDF/B-V) library. The criticality calculation code for disposal criticality analysis employing burnup credit is General Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) Transport Code. The purpose of this calculation report is to determine the bias on the calculated effective neutron multiplication factor, k{sub eff}, due to the bias and bias uncertainty associated with predicted spent fuel compositions (i.e., determine the penalty in reactivity due to isotopic composition bias and uncertainty) for use in disposal criticality analysis employing burnup credit. The method used in this calculation to propagate the isotopic bias and bias-uncertainty values to k{sub eff} is the Monte Carlo uncertainty sampling method. The development of this report is consistent with 'Test Plan for: Isotopic Validation for Postclosure Criticality of Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel'. This calculation report has been developed in support of burnup credit activities for the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, and provides a methodology that can be applied to other criticality safety applications employing burnup credit.« less
Intermittent Ovarian Torsion in Pregnancy

Ovarian torsion during pregnancy is a fairly uncommon complication with a high patient morbidity and fetal mortality if not immediately treated. Ovarian torsion should be considered a clinical diagnosis, and a high level of clinical suspicion is needed by the practitioner to ensure that this diagnosis is not missed. We present an unusual case of intermittent ovarian torsion discussing both the presentation and the operative and post-operative management.
A Social Marketing Intervention to Prevent Drowning Among Inner-City Youth:

Background. Water-related injuries and fatalities pose serious public health issues, especially to African American youth, a demographic group that drowns at disproportionately high rates. Aim. The...
Physiology Flies with Time

The 2017 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology has been awarded to Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael Young for elucidating molecular mechanisms of the circadian clock. From studies beginning in fruit flies, we now know that circadian regulation pervades most biological processes and has strong ties to human health and disease.
Understanding Primary Care Provider Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Diabetes Prevention in the Northern Midwest.

IN BRIEF We sought to fill critical gaps in understanding primary care providers’ (PCPs’) beliefs regarding diabetes prevention and cardiovascular disease risk in the prediabetes population, including through comparison of attitudes between rural and non-rural PCPs. We used data from a 2016 cross-sectional survey sent to 299 PCPs practicing in 36 primary clinics that are part of a randomized control trial in a predominately rural northern Midwestern integrated health care system. Results showed a few significant, but clinically marginal, differences between rural and non-rural PCPs. Generally, PCPs agreed with the importance of screening for prediabetes and thoroughly and clearly discussing CV risk with high-risk patients.
Predicting short-term stock prices using ensemble methods and online data sources

Abstract With the ubiquity of the Internet, platforms such as: Google, Wikipedia and the like can provide insights pertaining to firms’ financial performance as well as capture the collective interest of traders through search trends, number of web page visitors and/or financial news sentiment. Information emanating from these platforms can significantly affect, or be affected by, changes in the stock market. The overarching goal of this paper is to develop a financial expert system that incorporates these features to predict short term stock prices. Our expert system is comprised of two main modules: a knowledge base and an artificial intelligence (AI) platform. The “knowledge base” for our expert system captures: (a) historical stock prices; (b) several well-known technical indicators; (c) counts and sentiment scores of published news articles for a given stock; (d) trends in Google searches for the given stock ticker; and (e) number of unique visitors for pertinent Wikipedia pages. Once the data is collected, we use a structured approach for data preparation. Then, the AI platform trains four machine learning ensemble methods: (a) a neural network regression ensemble; (b) a support vector regression ensemble; (c) a boosted regression tree; and (d) a random forest regression. In the cross-validation phase, the AI platform picks the “best” ensemble for a given stock. To evaluate the efficacy of our expert system, we first present a case study based on the Citi Group stock ($C) with data collected from 01/01/2013 - 12/31/2016. We show the expert system can predict the 1-day ahead $C stock price with a mean absolute percent error (MAPE) ≤ 1.50% and the 1–10 day ahead with a MAPE ≤ 1.89%, which is better than the reported results in the literature. We show that the use of features extracted from online sources does not substitute the traditional financial metrics, but rather supplements them to improve upon the prediction performance of machine learning based methods. To highlight the utility and generalizability of our expert system, we predict the 1-day ahead price of 19 additional stocks from different industries, volatilities and growth patterns. We report an overall mean for the MAPE statistic of 1.07% across our five different machine learning models, including a MAPE of under 0.75% for 18 of the 19 stocks for the best ensemble (boosted regression tree).
Neutron Scattering Observation and Theory of Spin-Waves in Disordered Magnetic Insulators

Neutron scattering provides a direct spectroscopic probe of the spin-wave response in substitutional disordered magnetic materials. The spin-wave frequencies, damping and detailed line shape may be determined from the measurements. For localized modes the measured structure factor may be Fourier transformed to give information on the extent to which the mode wave function is localized in space. Measurements have recently been made of two well-defined branches of the spin-wave dispersion relation for the split-band systems (Co,Mn)F2 and K(Co,Mn)F3, while for the single-band system (Mn, Zn) F2 the spin-wave branch falls in frequency and broadens as the zinc concentration is increased. Near the critical zinc concentration for percolation, pc, where the long range magnetic order disappears the spin-waves are found to be overdamped. The coherent potential approximation has recently been extended to apply to antiferromagnets, and it is now possible to calculate the spin-wave line shape for a quasi-binary alloy of any composition. The theory includes part of the effect of the off-diagonal randomness arising from the transverse exchange interactions as well as the differing interactions with the various neighboring clusters.