cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race and Ethnicity in Fragile Families

Summary Robert Hummer and Erin Hamilton note that the prevalence of fragile families varies substantially by race and ethnicity. African Americans and Hispanics have the highest prevalence; Asian Americans, the lowest; and whites fall somewhere in the middle. The share of unmarried births is lower among most foreign-born mothers than among their U.S.-born ethnic counterparts. Immigrant-native differences are particularly large for Asians, whites, and blacks. The authors also find racial and ethnic differences in the composition and stability of frag ile families over time. Although most parents of all racial and ethnic groups are romantically involved at the time of their child’s birth, African American women are less likely to be in a cohabiting relationship than are white and Hispanic mothers. Over time, these racial and ethnic differences become more pronounced, with African American mothers having the lowest rates of marriage and cohabitation and the highest breakup rates, and Mexican immigrant mothers having the highest rates of marriage and cohabitation and the lowest breakup rates. Fragile families have far fewer socioeconomic resources than married families, though resources vary within fragile families by race and ethnicity. White mothers, in general, have more socioeconomic resources than black, Mexican American, and Mexican immigrant mothers; they are more likely to have incomes above the poverty limit, more likely to own a car, less likely to have children from a prior relationship, and more likely to report living in a safe neighborhood. Access to health care and child care follows a similar pattern. The exception is education; black and white unmarried mothers are equally likely to have finished high school, and Mexican immigrant and Mexican American mothers are less likely to have done so.
The Denial of Personal Discrimination

Working women in one survey knew well that women workers do not generally receive the rewards they deserve. But in most cases, the women appeared to imagine—quite erroneously—that they personally avoided sex discrimination. After documenting the basic phenomenon, the article discusses cognitive and emotional barriers to the acknowledgment of personal discrimination. Ways to surmount the barriers are discussed.
Wideband, Low Driving Voltage Traveling-Wave Mach–Zehnder Modulator for RF Photonics

We report the design, fabrication, and testing of a traveling-wave Mach-Zehnder modulator on a GaAs substrate. Operating at 870-nm wavelength, we obtained an extremely low driving voltage of 0.45 V and a high measurement-instrument-limited small-signal modulation bandwidth of 18 GHz, projected to an estimated bandwidth of 50 GHz. We have also monolithically integrated photodetectors with an impulse response of 8-ps full-width at half-maximum, and a saturation power of 330 mW, giving a flexible high-performance platform for RF photonics.
Introgression between invasive and native blue mussels (genus Mytilus) in the central California hybrid zone.

The ecological and genetic factors determining the extent of introgression between species in secondary contact zones remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the relative importance of isolating barriers and the demographic expansion of invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis on the magnitude and the direction of introgression with the native Mytilus trossulus in a hybrid zone in central California. We use double-digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to genotype 1337 randomly selected single nucleotide polymorphisms and accurately distinguish early and advanced generation hybrids for the first time in the central California Mytilus spp. hybrid zone. Weak levels of introgression were observed in both directions but were slightly more prevalent from the native M. trossulus into the invasive M. galloprovincialis. Few early and advanced backcrossed individuals were observed across the hybrid zone confirming the presence of strong barriers to interbreeding. Heterogeneous patterns of admixture across the zone of contact were consistent with the colonization history of M. galloprovincialis with more extensive introgression in northern localities furthest away from the putative site of introduction in southern California. These observations reinforce the importance of dynamic spatial and demographic expansions in determining patterns of introgression between close congeners, even in those with high dispersal potential and well-developed reproductive barriers. Our results suggest that the threat posed by invasive M. galloprovincialis is more ecological than genetic as it has displaced, and continues to displace the native M. trossulus from much of central and southern California.
Asking the right person: supporting expertise selection in the enterprise

Expertise selection is the process of choosing an expert from a list of recommended people. This is an important and nuanced step in expertise location that has not received a great deal of attention. Through a lab-based, controlled investigation with 35 enterprise workers, we found that presenting additional information about each recommended person in a search result list led the participants to make quicker and better-informed selections. These results focus attention on a currently understudied aspect of expertise location--expertise selection--that could greatly improve the usefulness of supporting systems. We also asked participants to rate the type of information that might be most useful for expertise selection on a paper prototype containing 36 types of potentially helpful information. We identified sixteen types of this information that may be most useful for various expertise selection tasks.
Depression, hopelessness, and self-esteem: accounting for suicidality in adolescent psychiatric inpatients

The present study was designed to examine depression, hopelessness, and self-esteem as related to suicidal behavior in three groups of depressed adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Depressed adolescents who had never attempted suicide were compared to depressed adolescents who had attempted suicide once and to depressed adolescents who had attempted suicide on several different occasions. Results showed that suicidal adolescents experienced significantly greater depression and hopelessness than did the nonsuicidal adolescents. However, all three groups of depressed adolescents reported similar low levels of self-esteem. Measures of depression and hopelessness were useful in classifying the adolescents based on their suicidal behavior. Results suggest that the treatment of suicidal adolescents could benefit from strategies that focus on reducing feelings of depression and hopelessness.
When Contingency is a Resource: Educating Entrepreneurs in the Balkans, the Bronx, and Beyond:

The research project described in this paper began as an inductive field study of entrepreneurship education in two very different settings—a university in war–torn Eastern Croatia and an entrepren...
Optimal message-passing for data coherency in distributed architecture

Message-passing mechanism is commonly used to preserve data coherency in distributed systems. This paper presents an algorithm for insertion of minimal message-passing in system-level design to guarantee data coherency. The target architecture is a multi-component heterogeneous system, where some components have local memory (or they are memory components by themselves). The algorithm enables automatic insertion of message-passing during system-level design to relieve designers from tedious and error-prone manual work. The optimal solution given by the algorithm also ensures the quality of automatic insertion. Experiments show that the automatic approach achieves a productivity gain of 200X over manual refinement.
Trunked simulcast system stimulator

This paper discusses a traffic loader/performance monitor developed for the Motorola trunked simulcast system. It has the capability of fully loading systems sized up to 20 channels at 11 sites with mixed dispatch and interconnect calls. It does this without the need for any actual repeater equipment or mobile radios, in contrast to a real system which could involve up to 220 repeaters and about 3000 mobiles. Each simulated call is checked in real time for proper sequencing and histograms of critical time periods are generated.
Fundamental high-frequency performance limit for IMPATT mode operation

It is well known that the phase delay associated with carrier energy relaxation in impatt diodes tends to improve their performance. The purpose of the letter is to point out that there is also an amplitude degradation effect which tends to impair impatt performance. At high enough frequencies the amplitude degradation effect dominates, leading to a high-frequency performance roll-off. The net effect of energy relaxation is believed to be deleterious for frequencies above about 500 GHz for Si devices, and at lower frequencies for GaAs devices.
Surface pressure measurements on a transonic spinning projectile

The aerodynamic surface pressures on a spinning projectile were experimentally obtained during transonic wind tunnel tests employing a novel model design and instrumentation arrangement. A series of remotely controlled pressure taps located in the nonspinning inner portion of the wind tunnel model detected the surface pressures through vent holes in the spinning outer portion. Data were obtained at spin rates of 0 and 82 Hz for angles of attack of 0, 4, and 10 deg. Testing was conducted at a Mach number of 0.94 and Reynolds number of 4 x 106 per foot. The results illustrate the large circumferential pressure variation over the boattail region as well as the nonlinear effect of angle of attack. The integrated pressure data indicate not only the total Magnus force and moment coefficients for the model, but also the individual contributions of the various body components.
QSN—A Simple Circular-Shift Network for Reconfigurable Quasi-Cyclic LDPC Decoders

There is an increasing need for configurable quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) decoders that can support a family of structurally compatible codes instead of a single code. The key component in a configurable QC-LDPC decoder is a programmable circular-shift network that supports cyclic shifts of any size up to a predefined maximum submatrix size. This paper presents a QC-LDPC shift network (QSN), which has two key advantages over state-of-the-art solutions in recent literature. First, the QSN reduces the number of stages in the critical path, which improves the clock frequency and makes it scalable, particularly in a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based implementation where an interconnect delay is dominant. Second, the QSN's control logic is simple to generate and occupies a significantly smaller area. The QSNs for a variety of codes suitable for emerging applications are implemented, targeting both a 180-nm Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor library and a Xilinx Virtex 4 FPGA. The proposed implementation is shown to be 2.1 times faster than the best known implementation in literature and requires almost eight times less control area. Furthermore, this paper presents analytical models of the critical-path and datapath complexity for arbitrary-sized submatrices and proves that the QSN indeed generates all the output combinations required for implementing reconfigurable QC-LDPC decoders.
Effects of a youth substance use prevention program on stealing, fighting, and weapon use

Using a sample of sixth graders in 11 public schools in a large Southwestern city, this longitudinal study examined how a model substance use prevention program, keepin’ it REAL, that was implemented in 7th grade, influenced three other problem behaviors (fighting, weapon use, stealing), measured in 8th grade. Using a non-equivalent control group design, we compared 259 students in the intervention to 322 students in a treatment-as-usual condition. At baseline, 37 % of the sample reported fighting in the last 30 days; 31 % reported stealing in the last 30 days, and 16 % reported using a weapon in the last 30 days. Regression analyses adjusted for students nested in schools through multi-level modeling and for missing data through multiple imputation. We found that at posttest the rates of all three behaviors were lower in the intervention group than the control group at posttest: 35 versus 37 % got into a fight in the last 30 days; 24 versus 31 % stole something in the last 30 days; and 16 versus 25 % used a weapon in the last 30 days. The program impact for fighting and stealing was not statistically significant and involved minimal effect sizes. The program impact for weapon use was not statistically significant but had an effect size comparable to that for other problem behavior interventions. Promoting positive development via life skills may be a key to broadening program impact.
Stable Optical Lift

When placed in a uniform stream of light, an airfoil shaped refractive object may experience a transverse lift force having a large lift angle with respect to the forward scattering force.
Identification of a complex associated with processing and polyadenylation in vitro of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase precursor RNA.

Abstract Cleavage and polyadenylation of substrate RNAs containing the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (tk) gene polyadenylation signal region were examined in HeLa cell nuclear extract. 3'-End RNA processing was accurate and efficient and required ATP and Mg2+. Cleavage, but not polyadenylation, occurred in the presence of EDTA or when ATP was replaced with 3' dATP (cordycepin) or AMP(CH2)PP, a nonhydrolyzable analog of ATP. Processing in vitro and in vivo showed the same signal element requirements: a series of substrates containing linker scanning, internal deletion, and small insertion mutations was processed with the same relative efficiencies and at the same sites in vitro and in vivo. A complex involved in 3'-end RNA processing was identified by gel mobility shift analysis. This complex formed rapidly, reached a maximum level after 20 to 30 min, and was much reduced after 2 h. Very little complex was formed at 0 degree C or with substrates lacking a polyadenylation signal. Entry of 32P-labeled tk substrate into the complex could be prevented by addition of excess 35S-labeled tk or adenovirus L3 precursor RNAs. Competition was not observed with tk RNAs lacking a complete polyadenylation signal.
Effects of habitat disturbance on a Peromyscus leucopus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) population in western Pennsylvania

Many species of wild mammals occur in habitats that have been disturbed by fragmentation or degraded in quality. Previous researchers have hypothesized that demographic characteristics of populations may shift with changes in environmental conditions, with self-regulatory ability increasing with environmental suitability. We studied responses of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) to habitat disturbance. Given that optimal habitat for this species is deciduous woodland, we predicted that populations in habitats disturbed by cutting woody vegetation would be lower and more variable in density than in undisturbed habitat, density and stability of populations in disturbed habitat would increase over time, survival would be higher in undisturbed than in disturbed habitat, and populations in undisturbed habitat would show a greater degree of self-regulation. This 6year study in western Pennsylvania involved 3 replicated study sites (each 3.8 ha), with woody vegetation removed on half of each site prior to beginning the study. Density in disturbed treatment averaged 65% of density in undisturbed habitat. There were no differences between treatments in survival or in population growth rates over time. Population trends over time were similar between treatments, populations in disturbed habitat did not become more stable with time, and density did not converge with that of undisturbed habitat. Although populations in the undisturbed habitat were clearly self-regulating, those in disturbed habitats were not. Despite expectations that demographic performance will align with environmental suitability, it may be difficult to ascribe a particular demography to a habitat generalist such as P. leucopus.
Gliolectin is a novel carbohydrate-binding protein expressed by a subset of glia in the embryonic Drosophila nervous system

Interactions between embryonic neural cells generate the specific patterns of connectivity observed in nervous systems. Cell surface carbohydrates have been proposed to function in cellular recognition events guiding such interactions. Carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) that recognize specific oligosaccharide ligands in embryonic neural tissue provide a molecular mechanism for carbohydrate-mediated cell-cell interactions in neural development. Therefore, we have screened an embryonic Drosophila melanogaster cDNA library, expressed in COS1 cells, for carbohydrate-binding activity. COS1 cells expressing putative Drosophila lectins were identified and recovered based on their adhesion to immobilized preparations of neutral and zwitterionic glycolipids extracted from Drosophila embryos. We have identified an endogenous lectin expressed during Drosophila embryogenesis. The cloned lectin, designated ‘gliolectin’, possesses a novel protein sequence with a calculated molecular mass of 24,993. When expressed in Drosophila S2 cells, the lectin mediates heterophilic cellular aggregation. In embryos, gliolectin is expressed by a subset of glial cells found at the midline of the developing nervous system. Expression is highest during the formation of the Drosophila embryonic axonal commissures, a process requiring midline glial cell funcion. Immunoprecipitation with a monoclonal antibody against gliolectin yields a protein of Mr=46,600 from Drosophila embryonic membranes, suggesting that post-translational modification of gliolectin is extensive. Epitope- tagged chimericproteins composed of the amino terminal one-half of gliolectin and the Fc region of human IgG bind a small subset of the total glycolipids extracted from Drosophila embryos, demonstrating that the lectin activity of gliolectin can discriminate between oligosaccharide structures. The presence of gliolectin in the developing Drosophila embryonic nervous system further supports a role for cell surface carbohydrates in cell-cell recognition and indicates that the molecular diversity of animal lectins is not yet completely defined.
Coelioscopic-Assisted Sterilization of Female Mojave Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)

Abstract Reproductive disorders in female tortoises are common and well documented and often require surgical access to the coelomic cavity to diagnose and correct. Coelioscopic-assisted bilateral ovariectomy (8/8, 100%) and hemiovariosalpingectomy (1/8, 12.5%) were performed in eight, presumed-healthy Mojave Desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) maintained at the Desert Tortoise Conservation Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. Bilateral ovariectomy was successfully conducted in all animals through a unilateral (3/8, 37.5%) or bilateral (5/8, 62.5%) prefemoral approach. Hemisalpingectomy was also performed in one tortoise (1/8, 12.5%). Significant abnormalities were observed during coelioscopy in 6/8 (75%) tortoises including ectopic and free-floating follicles, yolk coelomitis, liver disease, and oviduct and ovarian adhesions. Although non-endoscopic bilateral ovariectomy and ovariosalpingectomy have been described, they are not able to clearly visualize internal structures or pathology. Results of the eight su...
Total Library Assessment

ASBTRACTLibrary assessment as a concept is so complex that we often fail to see the entire scope of the endeavor. Consequently, our approaches tend to be somewhat piecemeal. By exploring three dimensions of library assessment (the organizational, the inquisitive, and the methodological), this article will discuss how diverse assessment practices fit into an overall scheme, or Total Library Assessment (TLA). The article also presents several strategies to maximize assessment coverage and extend the reach of the assessment librarian. This top-level view of library assessment can be a helpful intermediate step toward thoughtful, effective, structured assessment planning that operates within the context of a unique organization.
Nicotine Dependence Measures for Perinatal Women

This integrative review provides an overview of nicotine dependence measures used with perinatal women and an evaluation of their psychometric properties. Fifty-five articles that met inclusion and exclusion criteria were identified from five different databases. Most of the studies used the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Other approaches included diagnostic tests, the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM), the Tobacco Dependence Screener, and single-item measures. This review indicated that the FTND may not be the best option for measuring nicotine dependence in this population. The WISDM is a newer instrument that has excellent psychometric properties and captures nonnicotinic dimensions of nicotine dependence relevant to women. Future research is needed to assess its reliability in the perinatal population. Other recommendations from this review include the use of biomarker validation, thorough psychometric reporting on nicotine dependence instruments, and the use of multiple instruments to maximize comparability between nicotine dependence instruments.
Comparison of measured and self-reported weight and height in a cross-sectional sample of young adolescents.

AIM: To explore the relationship between self-reported weight and height to actual weight and height in a cross-sectional nationally representative sample of young adolescents. METHODS: Weights and heights were obtained on 1932 adolescents aged 12–16 y enrolled in the NHANES III study. Self-reported weights and heights were available on 1657 of the adolescents (86%). RESULTS: Correlation between self-reported weight and actual weight ranged between 0.87 and 0.94, depending on gender or race. However, self-reported weights were significantly lower than measured weights among girls, compared to boys (P<0.001). Correlation between self-reported height and actual height ranged from 0.82–0.91. There were no differences in the accuracy of self-reported heights among boys and girls or racial groups. Differences between actual weight and self-reported weight were significantly greater for obese children compared with non-obese children (P<0.001). Nevertheless, the use of self-reported weight and height resulted in the correct classification of weight status in 94% of children. As a result, small differences in self-reported weights and heights had no impact in assessing obesity related morbidities. CONCLUSION: Influences of gender and racial biases in reporting of weight and height were relatively small. Self-reported heights and weights were extremely reliable for the predicting obesity related morbidities and behaviours.
Structural Health Monitoring of a Composite Wing Model Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) based model filter is used for structural health monitoring (SHM) of a composite wing. The POD model filter is constructed from response data for healthy and damaged structures. The developed SHM methodology filters out changes in the structural responses due to changing operational/environmental conditions and allows the health monitoring system to focus on changes caused by damage alone. Simulation results are obtained through finite element analysis of a carbon/epoxy composite using ANSYS. Delaminations are introduced at the midplane of the laminate in the tip and root regions for damage detection studies. Another damage indicator based on coefficients of an autoregressive model is also presented for comparison purposes. The accelerations of five sensors placed evenly along the leading were analyzed. The results show that both methods indicate the presence of damage in the structure and the POD method is much more sensitive to damages. However, there is no clear indication of the location of damage based on the results obtained.
Corrosion Factors Analysis on 20~# Low Carbon Steel

Steel corrosion in oil and gas production systems seriously affected the normal production of the oilfield,studies suggested that the corrosion of steel in oil and gas production system depended on the steel environment and the steel material,and selected a commonly used steel 20# to analysis corrosion factors,and studied the factors such as temperature,Cl-1 content,Ca2+ and Mg2+ content effecting corrosion rate.It is found that the above factors varied widely on steel corrosion rates and patterns of impact,and the factors to be considered in different circumstances were also different,which provides certain theoretical basis for steel corrosion resistance.
Progress in Assay Methods for Detecting NaFeEDTA in Iron Fortified Soy Sauce

To review the assay methods for detecting NaFeEDTA in iron fortified soy sauce.Spectrophotometry,atomic absorption spectrometry,oscillopolarograhy,capillary zone electrophoresis,high performance liquid chromatography,correcting background color of samples and the hygienic significance of detected results were evaluated.
Chlorin-Based Nanoscale Metal–Organic Framework Systemically Rejects Colorectal Cancers via Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy and Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can destroy local tumors and minimize normal tissue damage, but is ineffective at eliminating metastases. Checkpoint blockade immunotherapy has enjoyed recent success in the clinic, but only elicits limited rates of systemic antitumor response for most cancers due to insufficient activation of the host immune system. Here we describe a treatment strategy that combines PDT by a new chlorin-based nanoscale metal–organic framework (nMOF), TBC-Hf, and a small-molecule immunotherapy agent that inhibits indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), encapsulated in the nMOF channels to induce systemic antitumor immunity. The synergistic combination therapy achieved effective local and distant tumor rejection in colorectal cancer models. We detected increased T cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment after activation of the immune system with the combination of IDO inhibition by the small-molecule immunotherapy agent and immunogenic cell death induced by PDT. We also elucidated the underly...
Characteristics of operational transconductance amplifier circuit in the microwave frequency range

Operational capabilities of OTA and OTA based circuits have been analyzed. Results indicate that both OTA and OTA based filters and frequency multiplier circuit performs satisfactorily at microwave frequencies.
Bicaval Medtronic Melody valve implantation for treatment of severe mitral regurgitation following the Mustard repair: A case report

We present a case of successful bicaval Melody valve implantation to treat severe mitral regurgitation in a 44-year-old man with d-transposition of the great arteries, repaired via a Mustard operation. The patient sustained injury to the anterior mitral valve leaflet during laser extraction of a ventricular pacing lead resulting in acute, severe, symptomatic mitral regurgitation. The presence of systemic venous baffles of similar caliber to right ventricular outflow tract conduits allowed for implantation of Melody valves within each baffle. The patient remains asymptomatic with excellent Melody valve function 14 months post procedure.
Blocks4All Demonstration: a Blocks-Based Programming Environment for Blind Children

Blocks-based programming environments, such as Scratch and Blockly, are designed to make learning programming easier for young children. They are increasingly being used for both formal and informal curriculum, such as many of Code.org's hour of code projects. However, these block-based environments rely heavily on visual metaphors and interactions, making them inaccessible for blind children. We describe our initial design of a touchscreen-based blocks environment that is accessible for blind children.
Biallelic TP53 gain of function mutations in rapidly progressing solid tumors

Recent studies are discovering TP53 mutations with gain of function (GOF) properties that promote tumorigenesis via a variety of mechanisms. To our knowledge, all reported compound mutations are allelic. We identified two patients with biallelic GOF TP53 mutations in their tumors and a third with allelic compound variants. The correlation with p53 expression was also examined. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue and mutational analysis was performed using Ion AmpliSeq™Cancer HotSpot Panel V2. Biallelic GOF mutations (p.R273H and p.R273C) were identified in a 19-year-old male with glioblastoma (allele frequencies 94% and 48%) and a 54-year-old with pT3 penile squamous cell carcinoma (allele frequencies 19% and 27%). Immunohistochemistry showed nuclear accumulation of p53. The third patient, a 62-year-old female with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, had allelic p.P278S (GOF) and p.R283L (non-GOF) variants at frequencies of 61% but with null staining for p53. Germline testing for Patient 1 confirmed wildtype TP53. No other variants were discovered among the genes tested in these cases. All patients succumbed within two years of diagnosis despite aggressive treatment. In conclusion, implementation of TP53 mutation analysis in clinical practice may predict patient outcome, and inhibition of GOF p53 could represent an attractive target for therapy.
Medical Students' Perspectives on Trauma-Informed Care Training.

Introduction Adults exposed to traumatic events during childhood commonly seek medical services, but health care practitioners hesitate to address and assess early trauma despite its known negative health effects. This study examines medical students' perspectives on a brief course that addressed the health care needs of patients exposed to adverse childhood experiences. Methods A convenience sample of 20 University of California, Davis medical students from the Summer Institute on Race and Health received 6 hours of trauma-informed care training. The course was delivered in 2-hour modules during the course of 3 days, and included lectures, discussions, and practice. A questionnaire assessing students' perspectives on training benefits, current practice challenges, and necessary resources to provide trauma-informed medical care was distributed posttraining. Results From the students' perspectives, this course increased their ability to recognize various clinical manifestations of adverse childhood experience exposure in adult patients. Students said they learned how to ask about and respond to adverse childhood experience disclosures and identify necessary resources to responsibly implement trauma-informed care in medical settings. Students identified provision of adequate resources and links to appropriate treatment identified as common challenges in providing health care to trauma-affected patients. Conclusion Study findings illustrate that trauma training can fill a knowledge gap and provide associated benefits for medical students. Initial training may pique students' interest by demonstrating the relevance of trauma knowledge in clinical practice; additional training likely is needed to support skills and confidence.
Theoretical Investigation of Relaxation Dynamics in Au38(SH)24 Thiolate-Protected Gold Nanoclusters

A subtle change in the electronic structure of thiolate-protected noble metal nanoparticles can result in distinctive energy relaxation dynamics. Corresponding investigations on different sizes and structures of thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters reveal their physical and chemical properties for further development of catalytic applications. In this work, we performed nonradiative relaxation dynamics simulations of the Au38(SH)24 nanocluster to describe electron-vibrational energy exchange. The core and higher excited states involving semiring motifs lying in the energy range of 0.00–2.01 eV are investigated using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The surface hopping method with decoherence correction combined with real-time TDDFT is used to assess the quantum dynamics. The Au23 core relaxations are found to occur in the range of 2.0–8.2 ps. The higher excited states that consist of core–semiring mixed or semiring states give ultrafast decay time constants in the range of 0.6–4.9 ps. Our...
Achieving Smoking Cessation in Nicotine-Dependent Individuals

This article provides guidelines on the treatment of nicotine dependence and tobacco addiction that are based on the recent US Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) Smoking Cessation Clinical Practice Guideline. Nicotine replacement therapy should be encouraged for most patients in the absence of specific contraindications, as it has been shown to be efficacious in increasing abstinence rates in smoking cessation. Although 4 types of nicotine replacement therapy (transdermal patch, polacrilex chewing gum, spray and inhaler) have been shown to be effective, the transdermal nicotine patch is associated with fewer patient compliance problems and/or adverse effects. Clinician-provided social support and skills-training/problem-solving techniques are also effective components of smoking cessation treatment. Smoking cessation interventions of this type that are as brief as 3 minutes are effective in producing both short and long term abstinence, although rates of quitting are higher with more frequent and intensive treatments.
Twin arginine translocation, ammonia incorporation, and polyamine biosynthesis are crucial for Proteus mirabilis fitness during bloodstream infection

The Gram-negative bacterium Proteus mirabilis is a common cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), which can progress to secondary bacteremia. While numerous studies have investigated experimental infection with P. mirabilis in the urinary tract, little is known about pathogenesis in the bloodstream. This study identifies the genes that are important for survival in the bloodstream using a whole-genome transposon insertion-site sequencing (Tn-Seq) approach. A library of 50,000 transposon mutants was utilized to assess the relative contribution of each non-essential gene in the P. mirabilis HI4320 genome to fitness in the livers and spleens of mice at 24 hours following tail vein inoculation compared to growth in RPMI, heat-inactivated (HI) naive serum, and HI acute phase serum. 138 genes were identified as ex vivo fitness factors in serum, which were primarily involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, and 143 genes were identified as infection-specific in vivo fitness factors for both spleen and liver colonization. Infection-specific fitness factors included genes involved in twin arginine translocation, ammonia incorporation, and polyamine biosynthesis. Mutants in sixteen genes were constructed to validate both the ex vivo and in vivo results of the transposon screen, and 12/16 (75%) exhibited the predicted phenotype. Our studies indicate a role for the twin arginine translocation (tatAC) system in motility, translocation of potential virulence factors, and fitness within the bloodstream. We also demonstrate the interplay between two nitrogen assimilation pathways in the bloodstream, providing evidence that the GS-GOGAT system may be preferentially utilized. Furthermore, we show that a dual-function arginine decarboxylase (speA) is important for fitness within the bloodstream due to its role in putrescine biosynthesis rather than its contribution to maintenance of membrane potential. This study therefore provides insight into pathways needed for fitness within the bloodstream, which may guide strategies to reduce bacteremia-associated mortality.
Toward a More Inclusive Union? Examining the Increased Diversity of Candidates and Members of Congress

The 2018 election produced the most diverse Congress in history. That major democratic achievement stands alongside troubling patterns that saw women and people of color occupy a diminishing presence among the ranks of Republican representatives. This chapter reviews important developments in congressional diversity, analyzes the factors that led to candidacy and success by female and nonwhite candidates, and discusses the implications of this momentous election for congressional lawmaking and future partisan contests.
Confluent And Reticulated Papillomatosis

Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis (CRP) is a condition due to disordered keratinization. The disease was originally described by Gougerot and Carteaud and is also called Gougerot-Carteaud syndrome. Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis presents as asymptomatic hyperpigmented papules, that can coalesce into plaques, located on the upper trunk and neck in teens and young adults. The cause of confluent and reticulated papillomatosis has been under debate. Malassezia furfur infection was thought to be the cause of the disease, but studies have shown that patients with confluent and reticulated papillomatosis are not always colonized with the yeast. The current theory is infection with Dietzia papillomatosis, a gram-positive aerobic actinomycete. Other possible causes for confluent and reticulated papillomatosis include diabetes, obesity, ultraviolet (UV) light, amyloidosis, and overexpression of keratin-16 (K16). First-line treatment is minocycline. The papules can take 12 to 39 months to resolve. There is a recurrence rate of 13.8% to 15.4%.
Forget the stress: retrograde amnesia for the stress-induced impairment of extinction retrieval

We investigated whether cycloheximide (CHX) would induce amnesia for the stress-induced impairment of extinction retrieval. First, a single restraint stress session was demonstrated to impair extinction retrieval, but not fear conditioning. A second experiment showed that when CHX was administered immediately after restraint, rats exhibited significant extinction retrieval at test (i.e., retrograde amnesia for the stress). In a third experiment, the stress session impaired various amounts of extinction durations, suggesting that the stress inhibited extinction retrieval rather than enhancing the original fear learning. These results suggest memories for acute stress are susceptible to disruption, which could have clinical implications.
Influences of Survey Instrument Format and Social Desirability on the Reliability of Self-Reported High Risk Sexual Behavior

This study examined instrument-related and respondent-related self-presentation effects on the reliability of HTV sexual risk self-reports. Sixty-five men who have sex with men (MSM) were randomly assigned to assessment conditions differing only on the format for questions about their sexual behavior. For Group 1, the instrument tested responses to items directly addressing the issue of unsafe sex; men reported absolute frequencies of sexual activities engaged in “with” and “without a condom.” For Group 2, questions were framed more positively with respect to condom use; participants were instructed to report total number of intercourse occasions, and then indicate on a scale the relative frequency (percentage) of times “condoms were used.” It was anticipated that Group 1 participants would feel more inhibited about reporting episodes of unprotected sex, particularly unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). The Marlowe–Crowne scale was used to control for general tendencies toward socially desirable responding within the sample. Results confirmed that men in Group 1 tended to report lower rates (percents) of UAI, and that, among participants with higher frequencies of anal intercourse, this difference was statistically significant. Weighted least squares regression analysis showed that hypothesized indicators of measurement error—assessment group and social desirability—together accounted for more than half of the explained variance in percent UAI. The findings suggest that HIV prevention researchers need to give higher priority to methodological issues involved in the data collection process. Also, more research is needed on the implications of socially desirable responding for the reliability of self-reports of HIV sexual risk behavior.
Chapter 25 – Magnesium-Based Corrosion Nano-Cells for Reductive Transformation of Contaminants

Magnesium, with its potential to reduce a variety of aqueous contaminants, unique self-limiting corrosion behavior affording long active life times, natural abundance, low cost, and environmentally friendly nature, promises to be an effective technology. However, nanoparticles of Mg are difficult to produce by reduction of its aqueous salts owing to the low reduction potential of Mg2+. Alternately, a top-down synthesis pathway of breaking down micro-sized Mg to nanosized particles in an inert atmosphere may be used. In the synthesis of Pd/Mg using nanotechniques, depositing nanoscale Pd islands onto microsized Mg substrates produces Pd islands with high catalytic activity at low Pd content, reduced bioavailability of Pd during the application of Pd/Mg systems, and more selective and stable Pd islands. Upon corrosion during application to aqueous systems, Mg transforms to its oxides and hydroxides, which have been reported to have anti-biofouling properties. Also, nanocrystalline MgO is known to be an efficient adsorbent for acid gases, chlorocarbons, organophosphorus compounds, alcohols, and other organics. Further, the high oxidation potential of Mg can be exploited by coupling it with a number of metals (Ni, Ag, Cu, etc.) to provide an array of efficient corrosion nano-cells. In wider environmental terms, Mg-based composites such as Pd/Mg, Ni/Mg intermetallics are being explored for hydrogen storage toward sustainable solutions to the energy crisis.
Member Retention and Donations in Nonprofit Service Organizations: The Balance Between Peer and Organizational Identification:

Prior research has established that it is valuable for members to have strong organizational identification with nonprofit service organizations. However, research has not examined whether and how ...
Remission from nicotine dependence among people with severe mental illness who received help/services for tobacco/nicotine use.

Objectives A growing body of evidence supports pharmacological interventions to assist smoking cessation in people with severe mental illness (SMI); that is, lifetime major depressive disorder, bipolar disorders, or schizophrenia. Little is known about whether behavioral services are also associated with high probability of remission from nicotine dependence as compared to other types of help/services received (pharmacological, behavioral, or both). Methods A sample of 726 American lifetime adult smokers with SMI and a history of nicotine dependence, who received help/services for tobacco/nicotine use, were identified. These data came from a limited public use dataset, the 2012-2013 NESARC-III. Survival analysis was used to compare the probability of remission from nicotine dependence and the time needed for full remission from nicotine dependence by type of help/services received for tobacco/nicotine use. Results Remission was more frequent among those who received behavioral services. In addition, the average time from onset of nicotine dependence until full remission from nicotine dependence was shorter among those who received behavioral services. Conclusions The current study suggests a clinical need for behavioral interventions to promote the probability of remission from nicotine dependence among smokers with SMI. Health care providers could play a role in educating and encouraging smokers with SMI to seek and utilize behavioral services.
Impact of Casino Free Play on the Wagering Behavior of Light- and Medium-User Groups: The Importance of Winning at the Bottom of the Database:

This study examined the extent to which free-play credits affected spend-per-trip levels in slots, with a focus on contributions from the loyalty program’s (LP) light- and medium-user tiers. These ...
The digital lives of black women in Britain: by Francesca Sobande, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, vii/149 pp., (paperback), ISBN 978-3-030-46678-7; (eBook) ISBN 978-3-030-46679-4

How have U.S. television shows shaped Black women in Britain’s understandings of Blackness? What messages do queer darkskinned Black women receive when the media they consume consistently centers h...
Intranasal esketamine: From origins to future implications in treatment-resistant depression

The approval of intranasal esketamine for treatment-resistant depression marks the next step in our understanding of and ability to treat treatment-resistant depression. The origin of ketamine is rooted in the search for a phencyclidine analog that could be used as a pre-surgical anesthetic with less emergence delirium. Following its inception, ketamine has been used in a variety of contexts. However, it was the seminal Berman et al., 2000 study, which published positive findings from the first human trial using subanesthetic intravenous ketamine for depression. Since then, a large body of research has investigated ketamine's various proposed antidepressant mechanisms of action, and the role its pharmacokinetic properties and route of administration play in producing its antidepressant effects. The results of this research were the eventual approval of intranasal esketamine for treatment-resistant depression by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in March 2019. By identifying and utilizing predictors of response, we can continue to refine our approach to treating treatment-resistant depression and optimize patient response to intranasal esketamine. In this article, we look at the history, pharmacology, landmark studies, and future implications of intranasal esketamine for treatment-resistant depression.
IgE-activated mast cells enhance TLR4-mediated antigen-specific CD4 + T cell responses.

Mast cells are potent mediators of allergy and asthma, yet their role in regulating adaptive immunity remains ambiguous. On the surface of mast cells, the crosslinking of IgE bound to FceRI by a specific antigen recognized by that IgE triggers the release of immune mediators such as histamine and cytokines capable of activating other immune cells; however, little is known about the mast cell contribution to the induction of endogenous, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. Here we examined the effects of specific mast cell activation in vivo on the initiation of an antigen-specific CD4+ T cell response. While CD4+ T cells were not enhanced by FceRI stimulation alone, their activation was synergistically enhanced when FceRI activation was combined with TLR4 stimulation. This enhanced activation was dependent on global TLR4 stimulation but appeared to be less dependent on mast cell expressed TLR4. This study provides important new evidence to support the role of mast cells as mediators of the antigen-specific adaptive immune response.