cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case Report of a Novel Harm Reduction Intervention Used to Detect Opioid Overdose in the Emergency Department.

Author(s): Schreyer, Kraftin E.; Malik, Saloni; Blome, Andrea; D’Orazio, Joseph L. | Abstract: Introduction: As over 130 people die daily from opioid overdose in the United States, harm reduction strategies have become increasingly important. Because public restrooms are a common site for opioid overdose, emergency department waiting room restrooms (EDWRR) should be considered especially high-risk areas.Case Report: We present the case of a patient found after a presumed opioid overdose in our EDWRR. Staff were alerted to his condition by a reverse motion detector (RMD), and rapidly treated him with naloxone.Conclusion: The RMD is a novel intervention that can save lives and should be considered in EDs with a high incidence of opioid overdose.
PEDOT:PSS-polyethylene oxide composites for stretchable and 3D-Printed thermoelectric devices

Abstract We developed poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) and polyethylene oxide composites and demonstrated their use for soft and stretchable thin film thermoelectric devices. A stable thermoelectric performance can be observed under 20% stretching. Due to the vast processability of the polyethylene oxide polymer, bulk size thermoelectric devices can be produced with scalable manufacturing techniques, such as hot compression molding and 3D printing. These techniques allow for devices with a large area and customized geometry.
Disruption of circadian timing increases synaptic inhibition and reduces cholinergic responsiveness in the dentate gyrus

We investigated synaptic mechanisms in the hippocampus that could explain how loss of circadian timing leads to impairments in spatial and recognition memory. Experiments were performed in hippocampal slices from Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) because, unlike mice and rats, their circadian rhythms are easily eliminated without modifications to their genome and without surgical manipulations, thereby leaving neuronal circuits intact. Recordings of excitatory postsynaptic field potentials and population spikes in area CA1 and dentate gyrus granule cells revealed no effect of circadian arrhythmia on basic functions of synaptic circuitry, including long-term potentiation. However, dentate granule cells from circadian-arrhythmic animals maintained a more depolarized resting membrane potential than cells from circadian-intact animals; a significantly greater proportion of these cells depolarized in response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol (10 μM), and did so by increasing their membrane potential three-fold greater than cells from the control (entrained) group. Dentate granule cells from arrhythmic animals also exhibited higher levels of tonic inhibition, as measured by the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Carbachol also decreased stimulus-evoked synaptic excitation in dentate granule cells from both intact and arrhythmic animals as expected, but reduced stimulus-evoked synaptic inhibition only in cells from control hamsters. These findings show that loss of circadian timing is accompanied by greater tonic inhibition, and increased synaptic inhibition in response to muscarinic receptor activation in dentate granule cells. Increased inhibition would likely attenuate excitation in dentate-CA3 microcircuits, which in turn might explain the spatial memory deficits previously observed in circadian-arrhythmic hamsters.
Genetically Predicted C-Reactive Protein Associated With Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Risk: Interrelation With Estrogen and Cancer Molecular Subtypes Using Mendelian Randomization.

Background Immune-related etiologic pathways that influence breast cancer risk are incompletely understood and may be confounded by lifestyles or reverse causality. Using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we investigated the potential causal relationship between genetically elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and primary invasive breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. Methods We used individual-level data obtained from 10,179 women, including 537 who developed breast cancer, from the Women's Health Initiative Database for Genotypes and Phenotypes Study, which consists of five genome-wide association (GWA) studies. We examined 61 GWA single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with CRP. We employed weighted/penalized weighted-medians and MR gene-environment interactions that allow instruments' invalidity to some extent and attenuate the heterogeneous estimates of outlying SNPs. Results In lifestyle-stratification analyses, genetically elevated CRP decreased risk for breast cancer in exogenous estrogen-only, estrogen + progestin, and past oral contraceptive (OC) users, but only among relatively short-term users ( Conclusions Our findings may provide novel evidence on the immune-related molecular pathways linking to breast cancer risk and suggest potential clinical use of CRP to predict the specific cancer subtypes. Our findings suggest potential interventions targeting CRP-inflammatory markers to reduce breast cancer risk.
Risk of kidney disease after living kidney donation.

Living donor kidney transplantation benefits the recipient. However, kidney failure can occur in a small fraction of donors — the risk is not uniform but varies according to donor characteristics. Studies to date have failed to match on important factors, such as era, environment or family history. Long-term studies with well-matched healthy controls are therefore needed.
Storytelling and Success: How Storytelling Can be Used to Promote Diversity, Cross-Cultural Understanding, and Confidence in the Classroom:

Storytelling plays an important role in preserving historical and cultural traditions. Research proves it is beneficial to utilize in the classroom setting as well. One college seeks to cultivate a...
Understanding the Overheads of Hardware and Language-Based IPC Mechanisms

A recent surge of security attacks has triggered a renewed interest in hardware support for isolation. Extended page table switching with VMFUNC, memory protection keys (MPK), and memory tagging extensions (MTE) are just a few of the hardware isolation mechanisms that promise support for low-overhead isolation in recent CPUs. Along with the restored interest in lightweight hardware isolation mechanisms, safe programming languages like Rust has made a leap towards practical, zero-overhead safety implemented without garbage collection. Both lightweight hardware mechanisms and zero-overhead language safety can be leveraged to enforce the isolation of subsystems, e.g., browser plugins, device drivers and kernel extensions, user-defined database and network functions, etc. However, as both technologies are still young, their relative advantages are still unknown. In this work, we study the overheads of hardware and software isolation mechanisms with the goal to understand their relative advantages and disadvantages for fine-grained isolation of subsystems with tight performance budgets. We ask two questions: What is the overhead of hardware isolation in an ideal scenario where the hardware isolation mechanism takes zero cycles? And if the safety of the Rust language can lower the overhead of cross-subsystem invocations, can the language on its own introduce overheads that might outweigh isolation advantages? To answer these questions, we develop and compare two carefully optimized versions of inter-process communication (IPC) mechanisms (one in safe Rust and one in a carefully-optimized assembly), and two identical (to the degree possible) DPDK-based network packet processing frameworks (one in C++ and one in Rust). Our analysis shows that for systems requiring frequent boundary crossings, a safe language is still beneficial even if the overheads of hardware isolation mechanisms drop to zero.
Evidence From All Over North America

Some of the prominent localities of glacial striae in Maine—On the islands of the Penobscot Bay, and to the east of them; in Rockland, Camden, Lincolnville, Bucksport, Orrington, Belmont, Liberty; in the towns between Penobscot and Piscataquis rivers, and the Kennebec; In the towns between Augusta & Portland—Great boulders in Massachusetts and Vermont—Boulders in New York and the western states—No evidence of the former presence of a general glacier overriding the Rocky Mountains—The distance west along the Missouri Valley which the glacier reached—Its extension south in the western and Atlantic states—Glacial action in Canada, the lower provinces, Labrador and the region beyond to the northwest.
Semitendinosus muscle fatty infiltration following tendon harvest in rabbits

The hamstring tendon autograft is one of the most commonly used graft choices in Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. There are conflicting results regarding postoperative hamstring strength deficits in patients who have had a hamstring graft. The semitendinosus tendon has been shown to regenerate after harvesting for ACL autograft, suggesting that the muscle has the potential to regain normal function. However, no studies have been performed to define the microstructural changes that occur in the semitendinosus muscle after tendon resection. In this study, we hypothesized that fatty infiltration of the semitendinosus muscle after tendon harvest in New Zealand White rabbits increases postoperatively and remains constant or increases during the first year of repair. The semitendinosus tendon was unilaterally detached and harvested from 15 rabbits. Five rabbits were sacrificed at 3-, 6-, and 12-month intervals, and the semitendinosus muscle-tendon units were analyzed. The contralateral unoperated limb served as the control. The gross tendon and muscle dimensions and histologic percentage of fatty infiltration were measured. We found no significant difference in fatty infiltration at any time point between the control muscle and test specimens and that there was no progression of fatty infiltration over time. If these results hold true in humans, natural repair of the hamstring muscle following tendon harvest during ACL autograft reconstruction is not inhibited by fatty infiltration.
Adjustment and the poor: The role of the World Bank

Abstract The world economic situation has produced severe shocks on the economies of many developing countries and exposed a number of structural weaknesses. This Viewpoint explains the work of the World Bank in supporting programmes to bring about structural adjustment in over 50 developing countries. The author discusses the role of the Bank in cushioning the social costs of adjustment and in protecting the poor.
The value, costs, and meaning of transnational migration in rural Oaxaca, Mexico

Rural Oaxacan migrants are defined as quintessential transnational movers, people who access rich social networks as they move between rural hometowns in southern Mexico and the urban centers of southern California. The social and cultural ties that characterize Oaxacan movers are critical to successful migrations, lead to jobs and create a sense of belonging and shared identity. Nevertheless, migration has socio-cultural, economic and psychological costs. To move the discussion away from a framework that emphasizes the positive transnational qualities of movement we focus on the costs of migration for Oaxacans from the state’s central valleys and Sierra regions.
Offshore Accounts: FATCA Background, Developments, and Key Issues

FATCA was unilaterally enacted by the US in March 2010 to address tax evasion by US taxpayers using offshore accounts. Much has occurred during the ensuing 4 years as the world prepares for FATCA’s July 1, 2014 effective date.This slide deck titled, Offshore Accounts: FATCA Background, Developments, and Key Issues, was prepared for a March 24, 2014 speech sponsored by the University of Baltimore School of Law and the Maryland State Bar Association. Ultimately the key question is whether FATCA will be successful, and if so, how long will it take?
New World journalism in Mauritius: The credibility of development news in the Third World

This study examines how a Third World audience perceives the credibility of development news. This problem arises from the debate over UNESCO's New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). A model of news media credibility is employed to test whether a Third World audience sees differences between development news and independent news in terms of fairness/balance, believability, penetration of community problems and accuracy. In a probability sample in Mauritius (N=502) development-type news on TV was rated higher than news in a “free” press on fairnessfoalance, but other credibility dimensions were not significantly different for the sample as a whole. Higher levels of education are associated with newspaper use. When separated by media use, the sample showed newspaper readers perceive significant differences in fairness/balance and believability between media, but TV news viewers do not. The data suggest part of the news audience sees - and cares about - the difference in state-influenced deve...
Indigenous Knowledges and the Story of the Bean

In this article, Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy and Emma Maughn explore epistemic tensions within an Indigenous teacher preparation program where students question Western systems for creating, producing, reproducing, and valuing knowledge. Grounding their argument in a rich understanding of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, the authors advocate for an approach to training Indigenous teachers that recognizes the power of Indigenous Knowledge Systems, considers diverse knowledge systems equally, and equips teachers to make connections between various schooling practices and knowledge systems. Through the "story of the bean," in which an Indigenous student teacher reconceptualizes a science lesson from a more holistic perspective, the authors illustrate the wealth of understanding and insight that Indigenous teachers bring to the education of Indigenous students, and they depict the possibilities for pre-service teaching programs in which university staff honor the inherent value of Indigenous perspectives.
X-force: force-executing binary programs for security applications

This paper introduces X-Force, a novel binary analysis engine. Given a potentially malicious binary executable, X-Force can force the binary to execute requiring no inputs or proper environment. It also explores different execution paths inside the binary by systematically forcing the branch outcomes of a very small set of conditional control transfer instructions. X-Force features a crash-free execution model that can detect and recover from exceptions. In particular, it can fix invalid memory accesses by allocating memory on-demand and setting the offending pointers to the allocated memory. We have applied X-Force to three security applications. The first is to construct control flow graphs and call graphs for stripped binaries. The second is to expose hidden behaviors of malware, including packed and obfuscated APT malware. X-Force is able to reveal hidden malicious behaviors that had been missed by manual inspection. In the third application, X-Force substantially improves analysis coverage in dynamic type reconstruction for stripped binaries.
Two Theologies of Death: Anthropological Gleanings

Theologies of death by Karl Rahner and Eberhard Jungel are closely analyzed to test the hypothesis that the coherence of Christian theological anthropology depends on holding in dialectical balance the implications of three distinct ways in which God relates to humankind (as creator, as redeemer and as eschatological consummator) held in dialectical equipoise. Connections are shown between Rahner’s focus on creation/consummation (subordinating the redemption-relation) and his unintended undercutting of sola gratia; and between Jungel’s focus on creation/redemption (subordinating consummation) and his evacuating the ontological status of the creature. Four positive morals are drawn for doing anthropology.
Multicultural/Multilingual Instruction in Educational Programs: A Survey of Perceived Faculty Practices and Outcomes

Purpose To describe the instructional strategies reported for multicultural/multilingual issues (MMI) education at programs in speech-language pathology and audiology and the perceived ease and eff...
A New Learning Method for Continuous Hidden Markov Models for Subsurface Landmine Detection in Ground Penetrating Radar

A new learning algorithm based on Gibbs sampling to learn the parameters of continuous Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) with multivariate Gaussian mixtures is presented. The proposed sampling algorithm outperformed the standard expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and a minimum classification error algorithm when applied to a synthetic data set. The proposed algorithm outperforms the state of the art when applied to landmine detection using ground penetrating radar (GPR) data.
Strain-cross response of heavy male broilers to dietary lysine in the finisher feed: live performance and further-processing yields.

A total of 2,560 male broilers from eight commercial strain-crosses were growth to 42 days of age on common starter (1 to 21 days; 23.06% CP, 3,217 kcal ME/kg) and grower (21 to 42 days; 20.14% CP, 3,224 kcal ME/kg) rations. All strain-crossed subsequently received finisher diets (17.95% CP; 3,186 kcal ME/kg) containing either .85 or .95% lysine from 42 to 53 days of age. Further-processing yields were determined on 12 birds per pen, selected within +/- 10% of the replicated pen (8 pens per strain-cross, 40 birds per pen) average weight. The strain-crosses differed significantly (P less than .05) in BW (1, 21, 42, and 53 days), weight gain (WG), feed:gain ratio (1 to 21 and 21 to 42 days), and mortality rate (1 to 21 days). The lysine effect during the finisher period was significant for 53-day BW and WG from 1 to 53 days. Chilled carcass (CC) and abdominal fat (AF) weights, CC yield (percentage, excluding AF), AF yield (percentage of CC weight), Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, total deboned breast (TDB), drumstick, thigh, wing, and residual "cage" and skin yields varied among the strain-crosses. A significant weight and yield response to lysine was observed for TDB. Variation observed among strain-cross in live performance, further-processing yields, and response to additional lysine is attributed to differences in rate of growth and degree of maturity at market age. Furthermore, the lysine requirement during the finisher period for optimum breast meat yield may be higher than that recommended by the National Research Council in 1984.
Characterization and processing of simple prefixed-chain recursion

Abstract We study a class of linear recursion called the simple prefixed-chain recursion (SPCR). In a SPCR, the variable connections via base predicates during the expansions of the recursion are simple and periodic, which can be expressed in synchronous chains. SPCR includes many common linear recursions, such as transitive closure, one-sided recursion, and the single linear subclass of asynchronous chain recursion. We present the sufficient and necessary condition for identifying and characterizing the SPCR. Based on the characterization, we present algorithms for identifying the SPCR and the generation of efficient query processing algorithms for the recursion. The performance analysis shows that the processing algorithms thus generated are optimal in terms of the number of relation accesses required for answering the query. Finally, we discuss the relationship between SPCR and general linear recursion and show that the same optimization and processing principles for SPCR can be applied to general linear recursion as well.
The structure of zeolite CSZ-1 interpreted as a rhombohedrally distorted variant of the faujasite framework

In contrast to earlier suggestions that the structure of CSZ-1 corresponds to the theoretical hexagonal structure 6 of Breck, evidence from a combination of techniques demonstrates that it is instead topologically similar to the faujasite framework, differing in having rhombohedral, rather than cubic, symmetry.
Strain characterization of propagative deformation bands

Abstract An experimental study on the formation and evolution of strain inhomogeneity in the form of deformation bands on the surface of polycrystalline sheet metals is presented. A whole field in-plane deformation measurement technique based on computer vision has been applied for in situ monitoring the development of plastic deformation patterns in annealed Al–5%Mg and recovered AA5182 aluminum sheet metals. The strain inhomogeneity over a rectangular area about 5 mm×3 mm on the sheet metal surfaces is found to increase steadily with increasing elongation during a uniaxial tensile test. Propagative deformation bands have been detected in both aluminum alloys by incremental strain mapping although no band-like deformation patterns can be identified by direct visual observation of Al–5%Mg specimen surfaces. The effect of plastic deformation patterns on surface finish, tensile ductility, and formability of sheet metals are elucidated. The approach and results of this experimental investigation can be valuable to physicallybased multiscale plasticity modeling of sheet metal forming.
A Study of the Effect of Basic Network Characteristics on System-of-System Failure Propagation

Abstract Real life examples of large system level failures in complex networked system are fairly common, with national and regional level power grids providing numerous cases where local failures have resulted in broad systemic failures. As large networked systems-of-systems are increasingly common, their susceptibility to large scale failures is of significant interest. This paper presents the results of a study using a simple model to investigate the impacts of basic architecture characteristics on the spread of failures through a system-of-system after an initial failure occurs. The study reported here uses a non-symmetric inter-grid only failure model to investigate the sensitivity of failure progression due to failure in dependent nodes in a system-of-system composed of dependent grid networks to the several basic parameters, including initial failure size, grid node density and grid interdependency radius. Despite the use of only an inter-grid failure mechanism, the study results generally showed a rapid failure propagation to a steady state condition. A possible mechanism for this return to steady state in terms of the expanding failure front and probability that existing dependent nodes lie outside of the failure front is discussed.
Integrated electrochemical microsystems for genetic detection of pathogens at the point of care.

ConspectusThe capacity to achieve rapid, sensitive, specific, quantitative, and multiplexed genetic detection of pathogens via a robust, portable, point-of-care platform could transform many diagnostic applications. And while contemporary technologies have yet to effectively achieve this goal, the advent of microfluidics provides a potentially viable approach to this end by enabling the integration of sophisticated multistep biochemical assays (e.g., sample preparation, genetic amplification, and quantitative detection) in a monolithic, portable device from relatively small biological samples.Integrated electrochemical sensors offer a particularly promising solution to genetic detection because they do not require optical instrumentation and are readily compatible with both integrated circuit and microfluidic technologies. Nevertheless, the development of generalizable microfluidic electrochemical platforms that integrate sample preparation and amplification as well as quantitative and multiplexed detecti...
Teaching ethics in a business program

Inadequate ethics education has a high price tag in the world of business, burdensome rules and enforcement across global economies and costly consequences for society.
Gaps in Treatment Among Users of Osteoporosis Medications: The Dynamics of Noncompliance

Abstract Purpose Cyclical patterns of compliance have been observed with many health-related activities such as dieting and exercise. It is not known whether such patterns of compliance exist among users of chronic medications. We sought to estimate the percentage of patients who restart osteoporosis therapy after a prolonged lapse in medication use and to identify the factors associated with a return to compliance. Methods We studied 26,636 new users of an osteoporosis medication (alendronate, calcitonin, estrogen, raloxifene, or risedronate) who were age 65 or older and had an extended lapse in refill compliance, defined as a period of at least 60 days after the completion of one prescription in which no refill for any osteoporosis medication was obtained. Survival curves were used to estimate the length of time until therapy is resumed. We estimated the association between patient characteristics and the rate of resuming treatment using Cox proportional hazards analysis. We then conducted a case crossover analysis to examine whether certain events occurring during follow-up triggered a return to refill compliance. Results Of patients who stopped therapy for at least 60 days, an estimated 30% restarted treatment within 6 months, and 50% restarted within 2 years. Among patients who had at least 6 months of continuous use before their interruption in treatment (n = 5863), 42% restarted therapy within 6 months and 59% within 2 years. Younger patients, women, and those with a history of a fracture were more likely to return after a break in medication use. Recent hip fractures, discharges from nursing homes, and bone mineral density testing also predicted a return to treatment. Conclusion Extended gaps in treatment are common among users of osteoporosis medications. Because the effectiveness of these drugs used in an interrupted way is unknown, compliance interventions should emphasize the need for continuous medication use. Further research is needed to understand why patients often go for months without refilling prescriptions and also whether similar utilization patterns exist for other chronic medications.
A Novel Biosensor Based on Silver-Enhanced Self-Assembled Radio-Frequency Antennas

In this letter, we show that a silver-enhancement technique can be used to self-assemble a radio-frequency (RF) antenna, which then can be used for designing a radio-frequency identification (RFID)-based biosensor. Using the proposed biosensor, the concentration of target analytes or pathogens can be remotely interrogated in a concealed, packaged, or in a bio-hazardous environment, where direct measurement is considered to be impractical. In the presence of the target analytes or pathogens, a silver-enhancement process self-assembles a chain of micromonopole antennas. As the size of the silver-enhanced particles grow, the chain of microantenna segments bridges together to complete a dipole structure that reflects impinging RF signals at a desired frequency. We validate the proof-of-concept for IgG detection and demonstrate that different concentrations of rabbit IgG (ranging from 20 to 60 ng in this letter) can be detected based on the strength of the reflected RF signal received at a 915-MHz COTS RFID reader.
Multijunction upper subcell cascade photovoltaics for space applications

A new class of cascade high‐efficiency photovoltaics designed for space‐based applications is proposed. The design improves upper subcell performance and avoids electrical and optical losses associated with an intercell ohmic contact. Multijunction upper subcells reduce bulk recombination of photogenerated minority carriers by decreasing the average collection distance, yielding improved spectral response and radiation tolerance. A three‐terminal design is employed which circumvents the need for a monolithic intercell contact and, thus, the losses associated with such a contact. Problems related to array interconnection of three‐terminal devices may be solved by creating a two‐terminal cell from complementary pairs (n‐p‐n and p‐n‐p) of three‐terminal cells. Simulations of lattice‐matched AlGaAs‐GaAs and lattice‐mismatched AlGaAs‐InGaAs cascade cells show that one‐sun AM0 efficiencies in excess of 26% and 28%, respectively, are possible.
Gender Differences and Cognitive Abilities in the Transfer of Training of Basic Flying Skills

Eighteen Air Force Academy cadets, ten males and eight females, participated in an experiment designed to investigate gender differences in the retention of basic flying skills, and the transfer of training between several basic instrument maneuvers. Additionally, the utility of several cognitive factors in predicting flying performance was investigated. The results indicated that males and females maintain basic instrument flying skills approximately equally well over an intervening period as long as one year. Additionally, gender differences in transfer of training may result from different abilities required by the specific maneuvers as opposed to failure to transfer previously learned skills. Finally, certain cognitive measures exhibit definite utility in predicting flying performance. Language: en
Effects of oxygen, nitrogen and temperature on gasoline biodegradation in soil

Biodegradation was considered to be a feasible approach to remediate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil from a site at the University of Idaho. Before a full-scale treatment process was designed, the biodegradative capacity of the soil's indigenous microorganisms was tested. Gas chromatography was used to measure gasoline vapor components in the headspace above the contaminated soils held in closed containers. In a study of biodegradation kinetics, gasoline degradation rates under various conditions (different soil cores, temperatures, oxygen concentrations, and nutrient concentrations) were tested. It was found that gasoline hydrocarbons could be biodegraded at relatively high rates after appropriate nutrient additions. An unexpected observation was that the optimal concentration of oxygen for the gasoline-degrading microorganisms in these soils was only 10%.
TEM Characterization of HgCdTe/CdTe Grown on GaAs(211)B Substrates

A microstructural study of HgCdTe/CdTe/GaAs(211)B and CdTe/GaAs(211)B heterostructures grown using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) was carried out using transmission electron microscopy and small-probe microanalysis. High-quality MBE-grown CdTe on GaAs(211)B substrates was demonstrated to be a viable composite substrate platform for HgCdTe growth. In addition, analysis of interfacial misfit dislocations and residual strain showed that the CdTe/GaAs interface was fully relaxed except in localized regions where GaAs surface polishing had caused small pits. In the case of HgCdTe/CdTe/GaAs(211)B, the use of thin HgTe buffer layers between HgCdTe and CdTe for improving the HgCdTe crystal quality was also investigated.
Effects of High Ion Temperatures on Spectral Line Diagnostics in the Source Region of the High-speed Solar Wind

Theoretical work on solar wind acceleration has suggested that the proton and electron temperatures at the base of the solar coronal hole region are not thermally equilibrated but that instead the proton temperature may exceed the electron temperature significantly. Recently, Kohl, Strachan, & Gardner have measured both broad and narrow components of the H Lyα profile and have suggested that the broad component may be the signature of high proton temperatures, ~4-6 × 106 K or more. Since proton impact excitation can contribute to the emission line excitation processes, high proton temperatures have important implications for some spectral line emissivities that are useful for electron temperature and density determinations. The diagnostics most affected are those which are sensitive to the distribution of population within the fine structure of the ground state configuration. We discuss selected case studies. For modest proton temperatures (Tp = 3Te) we have found effects on temperature diagnostics to be less than 30% but effects on some density diagnostics may be as large as 1 order of magnitude.
Photodynamic Inactivation of Monkey Kidney Cell Monolayers

Monkey kidney cell monolayers exposed to white light in the presence of neutral red (1:40,000) undergo degeneration within 24 hours after exposure.
An Integrative Review of Self-Report Instruments for Measuring Physical Activity Among African American Women A Coronary Heart Disease Perspective

Lack of physical activity is associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease, the main cause of death in African American women. This integrative review aims to evaluate self-report instr...
Momentum depairing in the paraconducting regime

Abstract We have observed depression of the conductivity by large electric fields at constant temperature in granular aluminum thin films just above the superconducting transition temperature. We have been able to avoid spurious effects due to heating by use of a vacuum-insulated thin film thermometer in intimate contact with the sample, and have observed the “E -2 3 -effect” predicted by theory.
The role of stimulus familiarity in context-dependent recognition

Investigations of context-dependent recognition, a phenomenon in which recognition is better for items studied and tested with the same rather than different context, have shown serious inconsistencies. A simple organization of (1) contextual cues, distinguishing between local context (specific cues) and global context (general cues), and (2) stimulus familiarity, distinguishing between novel and familiar stimuli, reduces much of this variability. In two experiments, changes in both local context (descriptive label) and global context (environment) were manipulated in order to examine their effects on recognition memory for faces that differed in familiarity. Changes in local context impaired recognition of both unfamiliar and familiar faces; changes in environmental context impaired recognition only of unfamiliar faces. These results are consistent with the many failures to find impaired recognition of verbal stimuli under changed environmental contexts, and they suggest that stimulus familiarity is a critical parameter modulating environmental context effects.
Nationally Representative Medical Costs of Diabetes by Time Since Diagnosis

OBJECTIVE —This study provides nationally representative estimates for the U.S. of medical expenditures associated with diabetes by years since initial diagnosis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Expenditures are estimated using cross-sectional regression analysis on the 2000–2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked to the 1998–2003 National Health Interview Survey ( n = 46,203). The primary variables of interest are an indicator for self-reported diabetes and the years since diabetes diagnosis. RESULTS —Under the base specification, a 50-year-old person just diagnosed with diabetes has medical expenditures that are 4,174 USD higher than an identical person without diabetes. On average, each additional year with diabetes increases annual medical expenditures by $158 (standard error = $38) above and beyond increases in medical expenditures due to aging. Conditional on diabetes complications, each additional year with diabetes increases annual medical expenditures by $75 (standard error = $55). Diabetes increases medical expenditures at any age, and the cumulative effect grows over time. CONCLUSIONS —The results show the expected trajectory of medical expenditures after diagnosis of diabetes, highlighting the benefits of prevention and control as well as informing cost-effectiveness models of diabetes interventions.
Planned observation of Phobos/Deimos dust rings by PLANET-B

Abstract An imaging CCD camera and an impact dust detector carried by the Mars mission (PLANET-B of ISAS, Japan) are potential instruments to search for the Phobos/Deimos dust rings proposed by theoretical investigations. We have reexamined the structure of dust rings based on the numerical simulation for dynamical evolution of ejecta from satellites around Mars, taking into account the gravity forces by the Sun, Mars, and the parent satellite and the solar radiation pressure forces on the ejecta as well as the perturbations due to the oblateness of Mars. It is found that the particles ejected with the mass of nearly 10−7g from Phobos and 10−8g from Deimos have a relatively longer survival lifetime against the collisions with Mars and the parent satellite. Deimos ring has higher number density (10−7m−3) than Phobos ring (10−8m−3). During roughly 2 years of mission life of PLANET-B from October 1999, a few ten particles across the rings will be detected by the dust detector with an effective area of 0.01 m2 and a threshold mass of 10−10g. The imaging camera, on the other hand, will have a chance to look for the rings of the optical depth of roughly 10−7 to 10−9 from a favorable forward scattering angle of about 17°.
Numerical solution of a nonlocal identification problem for nonlinear ion transport

Abstract A numerical method for the solution of a parameter identification problem in a nonlinear non-self-adjoint two-point boundary value problem with an additional nonlocal condition defining the parameter is presented. The equation arises in the modelling of an experiment known as chronoamperometry for the study of kinetics and mass-transfer in electrochemical events. The algorithm is based on the reformulation of the identification problem as a nonlinear fixed-point problem involving the concentration flux of the reduced species. The linearized boundary value problem is shown to have a unique solution with the unknown parameter uniquely determined by the flux. The linearized BVP is solved using finite differences and the fixed-point is found using the α-bisection method. The results of computational experiments are presented and their physical significance is discussed.
Competition in vitro among fungi acquired from the exoskeleton of the giant Madagascar hissing-cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa, and its relevance to human health

Abstract Few insects have received as much public attention as the Madagascar hissing-cockroach, Gromphadorhina portentosa , coveted by children as a household pet. Recently, this insect has been linked to allergies and asthma triggered by an antagonistic external mycoflora, and some of these fungi are known to cause serious illnesses, namely Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp. and Rhizopus spp. Other cockroach species serve as carriers of medically important fungi, but G. portentosa is of special concern because it is deliberately reared in captivity. The aim of this study was to ascertain why certain types of fungi dominate the exoskeleton’s mycoflora whereas others do not. Six ascomycetes ( Alternaria alternata , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus niger , Cladosporium cladosporioides , Penicillium glabrum , Trichoderma viride ), and two zygomycetes ( Mucor racemosus , Rhizopus stolonifer ) initially acquired from the exoskeleton of G. portentosa , were tested for their competitive ability to inhibit one another in vitro , using the cockroach as the primary substratum. R. stolonifer , M. racemosus , and mycoparasitic T. viride grew at a significantly faster rate compared to the other taxa, and growth rates correlated positively with conidia output. Slower colony growth rates were noted prior to physical contact, suggesting that the fungi engaged in chemical antagonism. Three genera emerged that best fit the profile of exploitative competitors – Rhizopus , Mucor , Trichoderma . The latter two genera completely inhibited the growth of all fungal taxa tested and also had some capacity to grow over the mycelium of another fungus. We conclude that M. racemosus and T. viride in particular, are successful agents of G. portentosa ’s mycoflora because they utilize both exploitation and interference competition to their advantage. Eliminating or reducing the simple sugar load entering the cockroach colony may be one way to tilt the composition of the mycoflora to favour strains that are less medically significant. Thus, we emphasize reduction of the antagonistic fungi at the colony (food entry) level and less so on the exoskeleton level.
Some functional aspects of air-jet nebulizers

Abstract Mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMADs, /xm), flow rates (1 air/min) and mass outputs (ml/min and μ1/1 air) were determined over a range of air pressures (psig) for a variety of clinically used nebulizers. Nebulizers were also modified to determine the rate at which fluid was aspirated from the nebulizer cup into the nebulizer jets (ml/min and μ1/1 air). Only a small fraction of this fluid emerges as aerosol that can be inhaled. The ratio of mass output to fluid uptake from the reservoir is termed mechanical efficiency. The stability of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to nebulization at two different starting volumes was examined in the 3-jet Collison nebulizer. The results are discussed with respect to the measured operating characteristics. In all the nebulizers tested, MMADs were inversely related (e.g. 6.4 to 3.8 μm at 10 and 40 psig, respectively, for the ‘Cirrus’ nebulizer), whereas mass outputs (e.g. 0.11 to 0.35 ml/min at 10 and 40 psig for the ‘Misty’) and flow rates (e.g. 4.5 to 10.4 l/min at 10 and 40 psig for the Misty) were directly related, to the driving air pressure. MMADs and mass output are measures of how well nebulizers atomize liquid into droplets of respirable sizes. Aspiration rates varied substantially between the nebulizers and ranged from 9 ml/min (5 psig) to 28 ml/min (40 psig) for the DeVilbiss No. 45 whereas the Collison 3-jet nebulizer aspirated liquid at 118 ml/min (5 psig) to 333 ml/min (40 psig). All nebulizers exhibited an exponential decline in the aspiration rate of liquid expressed in terms of the throughput of air (ml/1 air). Rate constants ranged from 0.6 to 21.6 (× 10−2 min/1 air) in the DeVilbiss No. 45 and Airlife Misty, respectively. These values give an indication of how the aspiration of fluid is affected by the air flow. Nebulizer mechanical efficiency was never > 2% (vents closed); this parameter is inversely related to the probable number of times that a drug will be aerosolized within the nebulizer. LDH was inactivated by nebulization. The degree of inactivation was greater at a 10 ml starting volume than at a 40 ml starting volume. The results indicate that monitoring the functional characteristics of nebulizers may be helpful in the assessment of drug stability.
Structural Influence of a Sulfinyl Group in Eight-Membered Rings of Diorganosilanes

The new monocyclic diorganosilanes O2S(Me2C6H2O)2SiMe2 (1) and O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2SiR2, where R = Me (2) and R = Ph (3), were prepared by a condensation reaction of the appropriate diorganodichlorosilane with either one of the new diols O2S(Me2C6H2OH)2 (5) and O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2OH]2 (6) in ether solution in the presence of Et3N. X-ray crystallographic studies showed that silane 1 has the eight-membered ring in an anti chairlike conformation, whereas silanes 2 and 3 have the eight-membered rings in syn boatlike conformations. Oxygen donor coordination to silicon is evident for 2 and 3 from one of the ring sulfonyl oxygen atoms in each. As a result, 1 remains tetracoordinate while 2 and 3 are pentacoordinate with trigonal-bipyramidal geometry. Likewise, the cyclic disiloxane {O2S[(t-Bu)MeC6H2O]2Si(OH)}2O (4), prepared as a hydrolysis product, possesses a similar pentacoordinate structure at each of the silicon centers. VT 1H NMR spectra for 1 and 2 indicate the presence of fluxional molecules where ring pseud...
Antenna array technology for radar respiration measurement in motion-adaptive lung cancer radiotherapy

Lung cancer radiotherapy is subject to tumor motion caused mainly by respiration, due to the internal organ link. Motion-adaptive radiotherapy delivers most effective radiation dose to the tumor, while minimizes the damage to normal tissues. Accurate tumor tracking, an attractive motion-adaptive radiotherapy, requires accurate measurement of respiration at multiple body locations. Radar respiration measurement is a promising noncontact and noninvasive approach for lung cancer radiotherapy. However, the limited room for integrating radar sensors in the linear accelerator calls for miniature but high-performance antennas. In this paper, compact antenna array is employed for radar respiration measurement in motion-adaptive lung cancer radiotherapy. Potentially, one radar is enough to simultaneously measure respiration at chest and abdomen. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed antenna array serves as a good option for radar respiration measurement in motion-adaptive radiotherapy.
Synthesis of dopamine and octopamine in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system

Abstract The spiny lobster stomatogastric nervous system synthesizes dopamine and octopamine in vitro from exogenous [3H]tyrosine. Each amine accujulates with a specific distribution among 9 separately analyzed regions within the system. Synthesis of other catecholamines was not observed. [3H]Dopamine is found in nerves, ganglia, and identified commissural ganglion cell bodies in which catecholamine histofluorescence has been demonstrated13. The biosynthetic and histochemical data together indicate that dopaminergic cells send axons from the commissural ganglia to the stomatogastric ganglion neuropil along the same pathway followed by fibers that activate the pyloric motor network27. The results support the hypothesis that dopamine mediates activation of the pyloric system in vivo, as observed in vitro1. [3H]Octopamine accumulates primarily in the commissural and stomatogastric ganglia, where it may modulate neuronal activity, but octopaminergic cells and release sites within the stomatogastric system have not been identified.
BLOM, ELMA, & UNSWORTH, SHARON. (Eds.). Experimental Methods in Language Acquisition Research. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2010. Pp. v, 292. $54.00, paper. ISBN 978–9–02721–997–8.

The article reviews the book "Experimental Methods in Language Acquisition Research," edited by Elma Blom and Sharon Unsworth.
Emerging signs of strong reciprocity in human ontogeny.

Strong reciprocity is considered here as the propensity to sacrifice resources to be kind or to punish in response to prior acts, a behavior not simply reducible to self-interest and a likely force behind human cooperation and sociality. The aim was to capture emerging signs of strong reciprocity in human ontogeny. Three- and five-year-old middle class American children (N=162) were tested in a simple, multiple round, three-way sharing game involving the child, a generous puppet, and a stingy puppet. At the end of the game, the child was offered an opportunity to sacrifice some of her personal gains to punish one of the puppets. By three years, American children demonstrate a willingness to engage in costly punishment. However, only five-year-olds show some evidence of strong reciprocity by orienting their punishment systematically toward the stingy puppet. Further analyses and 3 additional control conditions demonstrate that such propensity is not simply reducible to a) straight imitation, or b) inequity aversion. To assess the relative universality of such development, a group of five- to six-year-old children from rural Samoa (N=14) were tested and compared to age and gender matched American children. Samoan children did not manifest the same propensity toward strong reciprocity. The results are interpreted as pointing to 1) the developmental emergence of an ethical stance between three and five years of age, and 2) that the expression of such stance by young children could depend on culture.
The Civil Service and Governing: Reclaiming the Center

The numerous reforms of the public sector has tended to reduce the role of the civil service in governing. Both the New Public Management and democratizing reforms have tended to place the permanent civil service in a less central role in governing. That trend is, however, being reversed as the need for more coordinated forms of governing and the ability of elected politicians to exert their own priorities over government is moving the civil service back to playing a crucial role in governing.
Science aid to policy dilemmas: implications of alcohol research to policy formulation in U.S.A.

L'article developpe brievement l'idee selon laquelle les recherches menees sur l'alcoolisme peuvent constituer une source de donnees pour le traitement du probleme par la police