cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking Talk Seriously: Religious Discourse as Social Practice

Talk is easily regarded as having lesser value in studies of social phenomena than action, interaction, and organization. Yet talk is an important way in which humans act, interact, and organize themselves. In this article, I examine how talk has been used in recent decades in the study of religion and in related work on culture and institutions. I argue that careful empirical examination of talk has already significantly increased our understanding of both the micro and macro processes involved in the construction of social life. I discuss four objections to taking talk seriously and show that these objections should not deter investigations in which talk plays a central role. I offer examples of recent work that poses new conceptual and theoretical questions, complements quantitative studies, and provides insights about changing historical and contemporary social conditions.
Prenatal cocaine exposure alters norepinephrine release from cardiac adrenergic nerve terminals

Abstract The effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on the development of the cardiac adrenergic nervous system was assessed in neonatal rabbits. Pregnant does received cocaine (4 mg/kg, iv, bid) or saline during gestational days 8 to 29. Hearts were obtained on postnatal days 10, 20, 30 and 50. Adrenergic nerve function was assessed by measuring 3 H-norepinephrine (NE) uptake and 3 H-NE release from cardiac synaptosomes. NE uptake increased with postnatal age and was not affected by cocaine exposure. K + -induced NE release increased with age, was significantly less in cocaine exposed rabbits compared to saline exposed rabbits at days 10 and 20, but was similar at days 30 and 50. NE release induced by ionomycin, a Ca 2+ ionophore, did not change with age, was significantly greater in cocaine exposed rabbits compared to saline exposed rabbits at days 10, 20 and 30, but was similar at day 50. Wet heart weight, heart weight per body weight and NE content of the hearts were not affected by cocaine exposure. These results suggest that prenatal cocaine exposure delays the development of the mechanisms responsible for Ca 2+ influx during K + -induced depolarization and increases the neurosecretory response to intracellular Ca 2+ .
Electron spin effects in type II superconducting films

Abstract Tunneling, critical field, and fluctuation measurements on superconducting thin films of V-Ti alloy in parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields show many of the predicted effects of the electron spin magnetic moment in a high κ, type II superconductor.
Competitive strategies of religious organizations

In recent years, sociologists and economists have given increased attention to studying religious organizations. Their writings raise unresolved issues related to topics within strategic management. This study brings theoretical perspectives from strategic management together with those of sociology and economics to understand the organizational and competitive aspects of religion. The initial portion of this article examines the nature of religious production, competition, and organization. Subsequent sections elaborate specific strategic management issues arising in religious organizations. Resource-based and institutional perspectives provide a foundation for analyzing the sources of sustainable competitive advantage among religious organizations. The latter portion of this article shifts to the industry level of analysis and examines the roles of political strategies and strategic alliances in shaping religious competition. This theoretical discussion generates testable propositions regarding the competitive strategies of religious organizations and opens opportunities for future research. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical interplay between density-dependent predation and evolution of the selfish herd

Animal grouping behaviors have been widely studied due to their implications for understanding social intelligence, collective cognition, and potential applications in engineering, artificial intelligence, and robotics. An important biological aspect of these studies is discerning which selection pressures favor the evolution of grouping behavior. The selfish herd hypothesis states that concentrated groups arise because prey selfishly attempt to place their conspecifics between themselves and the predator, thus causing an endless cycle of movement toward the center of the group. Using an evolutionary model of a predator-prey system, we show that the predator attack mode plays a critical role in the evolution of the selfish herd. Following this discovery, we show that density-dependent predation provides an abstraction of Hamilton's original formulation of "domains of danger." Finally, we verify that density-dependent predation provides a sufficient selective advantage for prey to evolve the selfish herd in response to predation by coevolving predators. Thus, our work verifies Hamilton's selfish herd hypothesis in a digital evolutionary model, refines the assumptions of the selfish herd hypothesis, and generalizes the domain of danger concept to density-dependent predation.
Transients in distributed chemical reactors part 1: A simplified model

Abstract Some of the features of a packed bed catalytic reactor can be reproduced in an extremely simple model, namely that of heal exchange between afluid flowing down a tube in the walls of which heat may be generated if the temperature rises above a threshold value. It is shown how a continuum of possible steadystates may be reached and some rules are formulated concerning the relation between the initial and final states of the system.
How do online bidders differ from non-bidders?

Abstract This study compares online bidders and non-bidders based on their demographic and psychographic characteristics. An online survey was developed to collect data using Zoomerang's online consumer panel. Findings show that online bidders have a lower level of risk aversion and a higher level of need for uniqueness and propensity to trust than nonbidders. Online bidders are also more likely to engage in variety-seeking and impulsive-buying behavior than non-bidders. Results indicate that online bidders are younger, more educated, and have a higher income level than non-bidders. This study also finds that gender and prior online shopping experience moderate the differences between online bidders and non-bidders. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Supplementation of test meals with fat-free phytosterol products can reduce cholesterol micellarization during simulated digestion and cholesterol accumulation by Caco-2 cells.

Phytosterols have been shown to reduce cholesterol absorption in humans. Supplementing phytosterols in fat-free formulations, however, has yielded controversial results. In the present study, we investigated the effect of supplementing test meals with different fat-free phytosterol products on cholesterol incorporation into mixed micelles during simulated digestion and accumulation of micellar cholesterol by Caco-2 cells: control orange juice (OJ), orange juice supplemented with either multivitamin/multimineral tablets (MVT), multivitamin/multimineral tablets containing phytosterols (MVT+P), and phytosterol powder (PP). These combinations were added to Ensure-based test meals and spiked with cholesterol of natural isotopic composition or 13C2-cholesterol to differentiate external from endogenous cholesterol. After simulated gastric/small intestinal digestion, micelle fractions were analyzed for cholesterol enzymatically (n = 6−20/product) and by high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrom...
Ethanol action on neural networks studied with multineuron recording in freely moving animals.

The advent of new chronic multineuron recording techniques for examining neural activity in behaving animals has initiated a new phase in the analysis of the neuronal mechanisms that underlie ethanol and other drug self-administration. The technique allows for the simultaneous recording of groups of individual neurons in one or more brain regions during ongoing behavior; therefore, the spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal activity during specific behavioral events can be determined. We have successfully applied this technique to rat models of cocaine and heroin self-administration. Recently, using rats, we have been able to record from neurons in areas of the mesocorticolimbic circuit during ethanol-reinforced operant responding. In this review, we describe the current and future application of this new behavioral neurophysiology to the investigation of the neurobiology of alcohol addiction.
Comparison of the in vitro sensitivity of rat acetylcholinesterase to chlorpyrifos-oxon: what do tissue IC50 values represent?

Abstract The toxicological literature is replete with studies which have attempted to correlate differences in in vivo sensitivity to anticholinesterases with a common in vitro measure: acetylcholinesterase (AChE) IC50 values. Generally, it is assumed that these IC50 values reflect the intrinsic sensitivity of the AChE molecule to the inhibitor. Our goal was to ascertain whether differences in AChE sensitivity to an organophosphate (i.e., IC50 values) are due to varying properties of the enzyme molecule (i.e., present assumption) or to extrinsic factors. Tissue samples were obtained from immature and adult Long–Evans rats. AChE IC50 values were determined by incubating tissue homogenates with chlorpyrifos-oxon (active metabolite of chlorpyrifos, a common organophosphate insecticide) for 30 min at 26°C, and then measuring residual AChE activity. The following IC50 values were noted for postnatal day 4 and adult animals, respectively: brain, 10 n m for both ages; liver, 96 and 527 n m ; plasma, 18 and 326 n m . Thus, the “apparent” sensitivity of AChE was prone to vary dramatically with age and tissue type. In contrast, when AChE was isolated from the same tissues by immunoprecipitation, there were no age- or tissue-related differences (IC50 ≈ 3 n m in every case). These datashow clearly that IC50 values from a crude homogenate do notmeasure the true sensitivity of AChE to the inhibitor. Presumably, for chlorpyrifos-oxon, at least, the tissue IC50 values depend greatly on a tissue's propensity to sequester or hydrolyze chlorpyrifos-oxon.
Resistive computation: avoiding the power wall with low-leakage, STT-MRAM based computing

As CMOS scales beyond the 45nm technology node, leakage concerns are starting to limit microprocessor performance growth. To keep dynamic power constant across process generations, traditional MOSFET scaling theory prescribes reducing supply and threshold voltages in proportion to device dimensions, a practice that induces an exponential increase in subthreshold leakage. As a result, leakage power has become comparable to dynamic power in current-generation processes, and will soon exceed it in magnitude if voltages are scaled down any further. Beyond this inflection point, multicore processors will not be able to afford keeping more than a small fraction of all cores active at any given moment. Multicore scaling will soon hit a power wall. This paper presents resistive computation, a new technique that aims at avoiding the power wall by migrating most of the functionality of a modern microprocessor from CMOS to spin-torque transfer magnetoresistive RAM (STT-MRAM)---a CMOS-compatible, leakage-resistant, non-volatile resistive memory technology. By implementing much of the on-chip storage and combinational logic using leakage-resistant, scalable RAM blocks and lookup tables, and by carefully re-architecting the pipeline, an STT-MRAM based implementation of an eight-core Sun Niagara-like CMT processor reduces chip-wide power dissipation by 1.7× and leakage power by 2.1× at the 32nm technology node, while maintaining 93% of the system throughput of a CMOS-based design.
Practitioner perspectives: effective intraprofessional relationships in occupational therapy.

Objective: This qualitative study examined OTR and COTA perspectives regarding the effectiveness of these intraprofessional relationships and their understanding of these two distinct roles in occupational therapy.Method: Twenty-two pairs of OTR/COTA teams that work together in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia were interviewed. Themes relating to effective intraprofessional relationships were synthesized from this convenience sample and considered within the context of current settings and relevant literature in the health professions.Results: Three primary themes emerged from the data as having a significant impact on these OTR/COTA relationships. The themes include effective two-way communication, the need for mutual respect, and the importance of professionalism. The presence or absence of these three factors were perceived to impact the overall quality of these OTR/COTA relationships.Conclusion: It was determined that these factors influenced participants' perceptions about their work in occupati...
Structural Requirements for the BARD1 Tumor Suppressor in Chromosomal Stability and Homology-directed DNA Repair

The BRCA1 tumor suppressor exists as a heterodimeric complex with BARD1, and this complex is thought to mediate many of the functions ascribed to BRCA1, including its role in tumor suppression. The two proteins share a common structural organization that features an N-terminal RING domain and two C-terminal BRCT motifs, whereas BARD1 alone also contains three tandem ankyrin repeats. In normal cells, the BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer is believed to enhance chromosome stability by promoting homology-directed repair (HDR) of double strand DNA breaks. Here we have investigated the structural requirements for BARD1 in this process by complementation of Bard1-null mouse mammary carcinoma cells. Our results demonstrate that the ankyrin and BRCT motifs of BARD1 are each essential for both chromosome stability and HDR. Tandem BRCT motifs, including those found at the C terminus of BARD1, are known to form a phosphoprotein recognition module. Nonetheless, the HDR function of BARD1 was not perturbed by synthetic mutations predicted to ablate the phospho-recognition activity of its BRCT sequences, suggesting that some functions of the BRCT domains are not dependent on their ability to bind phosphorylated ligands. Also, cancer-associated missense mutations in the BRCT domains of BARD1 (e.g. C557S, Q564H, V695L, and S761N) have been observed in patients with breast, ovarian, and endometrial tumors. However, none of these was found to affect the HDR activity of BARD1, suggesting that any increased cancer risk conferred by these mutations is not because of defects in this repair mechanism.
“You're not telling us what to do”: the ideological contexts of teachers' introduction to word processing

In this paper the issue of introducing teachers to technology is examined with attention to the assumptions that underlie models of inservice teacher training. An alternative approach to such training is proposed. It is based on different assumptions about teachers, learning and educational change. It differs also in its attention to the personal perceptions of individual teachers as they learn about the new technology and introduce it into their teaching, and to the impact of the ‘ideological context’ in which they do this work. Experiences of five teachers are described and the impact of the ideologies of the administrators, the reseachers and each individual teacher on these experiences are examined.
The wall of the infected cell may be the major diffusion barrier in nodules of Myrica galE L

Abstract Nitrogenase activity (C 2 H 2 reduction) by single- or two-lobed nodules of Myrica gale L. with long nodule roots was measured at 6 and 8 kPa O 2 in a flow-through system after various treatments. Neither excision of nodule roots nor covering the cut surface with silicone grease after nodule root removal had a significant effect on C 2 H 2 reduction, while covering the entire nodule with grease eliminated C 2 H 2 reduction. Likewise, covering the nodule lobe while leaving nodule roots uncovered had little effect on C 2 H 2 reduction. These results suggest that the diffusion resistance to gases is low at the surface of the nodule lobe and the nodule roots. Nodule slices ( ca 100 μm thick) retained high C 2 H 2 reduction rates which were O 2 -limited up to 18 kPa, indicating that the diffusion barrier is within the slices. The O 2 gradient from the gas phase to the infected cells in the slices was calculated to be ca 0.65 kPa out of a total gradient of 20 kPa. The addition of 2 kPa CO had little effect on nodule respiration (CO 2 evolution), suggesting that the diffusion barrier is outside the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Thus the major diffusion barrier may be in the wall of the infected cells.
Transversal issues in real-time sense-and-respond systems

Networked S&R systems extend human capabilities beyond temporal and spatial barriers with useful applications in broad areas. Involving the physical-world environments, S&R systems must fulfill the intrinsic real-time requirements of these physical environments. However, communication networks lack of QoS can hamper performance and effectiveness of S&R. Therefore, end system strategies must be deployed to retain effectiveness and to enhance performance of S&R. In this paper, we survey transversal issues pertaining to the development of agile S&R systems to work over a geographically scalable network.
177 MRI monitoring of osteogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cell‐based tissue engineering constructs

Bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) are a promising cell resource of osteoprogenitor cells for bone tissue engineering. However, the diverse characteristics of osteoprogenitor cells within the bone marrow of individual subjects require varying treatments to stimulate osteogenic differentiation. Thus, an effective monitoring system is needed to identify the progression of osteogenesis. Magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy was used in the present study to monitor osteogenesis of tissue engineering (TE) constructs prepared by human bone MSCs seeded on scaffolds of gelatin sponges. The characteristics of MR images and parameters corresponded to osteogenic progression of TE constructs exposed to differentiation medium, significantly differing from control groups exposed to basic medium. Upon quantification, MR image and parameters correlated well to cell seeding densities and alkaline phosphatase activities of various TE constructs. In conclusion, MR can effectively detect the biochemical cascades of osteogenic differentiation of TE constructs and may be a promising, noninvasive monitoring system to provide three-dimensional information for bone tissue engineering.
Eating between the Lines: Mississippian Migration and Stable Carbon Isotope Variation in Fort Ancient Populations

ABSTRACT Appreciating variation along the edges of traditional archaeological Culture Historical boundaries requires close consideration of social contexts associated with culture contact. We focus on dietary variation as a function of these concerns through a case study of Fort Ancient populations who, on average, consumed lower quantities of maize than their Mississippian neighbors as determined by stable carbon isotope ratios of bone collagen. However, this dichotomy is not as rigid as initially thought, with some Fort Ancient burials producing stable carbon isotope ratios similar to Mississippian cases. Detailed investigation of internal variation of carbon isotopes for human burials at the SunWatch site provides evidence that contact included small-scale Mississippian migrations to Fort Ancient sites. The main conclusion is that variation in diet and archaeological context can be a useful approach for examining prehistoric migration.
Influenza type A in humans, mammals and birds: Determinants of virus virulence, host-range and interspecies transmission

The virulence of a virus is determined by its ability to adversely affect the host cell, host organism or population of host organisms. Influenza A viruses have been responsible for four pandemics of severe human respiratory disease this century. Avian species harbour a large reservoir of influenza virus strains, which can contribute genes to potential new pandemic human strains. The fundamental importance of understanding the role of each of these genes in determining virulence in birds and humans was dramatically emphasised by the recent direct transmission of avian influenza A viruses to humans, causing fatal infection but not community spread. An understanding of the factors involved in transmission between avian and mammalian species should assist in the development of better surveillance strategies for early recognition of influenza A virus strains having human pandemic potential, and possibly in the design of anti-viral strategies.
Application of Branching Models in the Study of Invasive Species

Earthquake occurrences are often described using a class of branching models called epidemic-type aftershock sequence (ETAS) models. The name derives from the fact that the model allows earthquakes to cause aftershocks, and then those aftershocks may induce subsequent aftershocks, and so on. Despite their value in seismology, such models have not previously been used in studying the incidence of invasive plant and animal species. Here, we apply ETAS models to study the spread of an invasive species in Costa Rica (Musa velutina, or red banana). One challenge in this ecological application is that fitting the model requires the originations of the plants, which are not observed but may be estimated using filed data on the heights of the plants on a given date and their empirical growth rates. We then characterize the estimated spatial-temporal rate of spread of red banana plants using a space-time ETAS model.
Beta adjustment methods

Abstract This study is an analysis of the forecasting ability of adjusted and unadjusted betas. Based on the Canadian data for 252 stocks, random errors in betas are the most important reason for the poor predictive ability of individual security betas. Most of this random error is eliminated if securities are grouped into portfolios. However, further improvements in forecasting ability are gained by adjusting the security betas for bias and inefficiency. Five methods of adjusting the naive beta estimates have been tried, including two methods not tested before. These two, Vasicek's two-stage method and order-bias adjustment method, gave results generally superior to others.
The origin, structure, and histochemical characterization of encapsulating cysts in the oyster Crassostrea virginica parasitized by the cestode Tylocephalum sp.

Abstract The formation of fibrous capsules enveloping Tylocephalum metacestodes in the oyster Crassostrea virginica commences when the invading parasite compresses the surrounding Leydig cells during migration. This is followed by the thickening of intercellular fibrous material between the surrounding Leydig cells and the infiltration of leukocytes. The innermost layer of the capsule is comprised of fibroblastlike cells which possess a gamma metachromatic and acid mucopolysaccharide-rich matrix. The remaining fibers represent concentrically deposited thickened intercellular material originating from between the peripheral Leydig cells. These fibers, as well as the intercellular material, are reticular, rather than collagenous, and include glycoproteins and/or mucoproteins and neutral polysaccharides. The stimulant for this type of cellular response may be in the form of a parasite-secreted PAS-positive, diastase-resistant substance. The difference in the thickness of the encapsulating cysts found in the zone beneath the host's alimentary tract and in the digestive gland is believed to be due to the greater abundance of Leydig tissue, and hence intercellular material, at the first site.
Perceptual Rendering for Learning Haptic Skills

We approach the problem of creating haptic simulators that effectively impart skill without requiring high-fidelity devices by identifying perceptually salient events that signal transitions in the interaction. By augmenting these events, we seek to overcome deficiencies in the fidelity of the rendering hardware. We present an extension of event-based haptic rendering to non- collision events, and we describe a user-study of the training effectiveness of passive force-field haptic simulation vs. active event- augmented simulation in a tool-manipulation task. The results indicate that active augmentation improves skill transfer without requiring an increase in the quality of the rendering device.
Microstructure in and around a Double-Diffusive Interface

Abstract The microstructure of temperature and velocity were measured for 35 km with a towed vehicle that moved in and around a single interface in a well-developed thermohaline staircase with a density ratio of 1.5. Although the microstructure was the result of double diffusion of the “salt-finger” type, there was no evidence of cells or sheets. The temperature gradient was quasi-isotropic and reminiscent of turbulence rather than strongly anisotropic. The ratio of horizontal to vertical temperature-gradient variance was 1.27 and 0.83 in the interface and mixed layers, respectively, for scales between 0.035 and 1 m. The temperature field was decorrelated over a vertical distance of 0.035 m, approximately the predicted width of cells and sheets. The spectral slope and peak wavenumber were similar in the interface and the mixed layers, and these features did not clearly distinguish turbulence from double diffusion. The spectral peak was at 15% of the Batchelor wavenumber in both regions. The spectra of ∂w/...
The Concise History of Woman Suffrage: Selections From History of Woman Suffrage – Edited by Mari Jo Buhle and Paul Buhle

For over fifty years, the History of Woman Suffrage stood as the authoritative primary record of the campaign for women's voting rights in the United States. Conceived in 1876 by Elizabeth Cady Sta...
Neural bases of syntax–semantics interface processing

The binding problem—question of how information between the modules of the linguistic system is integrated during language processing—is as yet unresolved. The remarkable speed of language processing and comprehension (Pulvermuller et al. 2009) suggests that at least coarse semantic information (e.g. noun animacy) and syntactically-relevant information (e.g. verbal template) are integrated rapidly to allow for coarse comprehension. This EEG study investigated syntax–semantics interface processing during word-by-word sentence reading. As alpha-band neural activity serves as an inhibition mechanism for local networks, we used topographical distribution of alpha power to help identify the timecourse of the binding process. We manipulated the syntactic parameter of verbal event structure, and semantic parameter of noun animacy in reduced relative clauses (RRCs, e.g. “The witness/mansion seized/protected by the agent was in danger”), to investigate the neural bases of interaction between syntactic and semantic networks during sentence processing. The word-by-word stimulus presentation method in the present experiment required manipulation of both syntactic structure and semantic features in the working memory. The results demonstrated a gradient distribution of early components (biphasic posterior P1–N2 and anterior N1–P2) over function words “by” and “the”, and the verb, corresponding to facilitation or conflict resulting from the syntactic (telicity) and semantic (animacy) cues in the preceding portion of the sentence. This was followed by assimilation of power distribution in the α band at the second noun. The flattened distribution of α power during the mental manipulation with high demand on working memory—thematic role re-assignment—demonstrates a state of α equilibrium with strong functional coupling between posterior and anterior regions. These results demonstrate that the processing of semantic and syntactic features during sentence comprehension proceeds in highly integrated fashion using gating of attentional resources to facilitate rapid comprehension, with attentional suppression of global alpha power to facilitate interaction of local networks.
Running training and adaptive strategies of locomotor-respiratory coordination.

It has been suggested that stronger coupling between locomotory and breathing rhythms may occur as a result of training in the particular movement pattern and also may reduce the perceived workload or metabolic cost of the movement. Research findings on human locomotor–respiratory coordination are equivocal, due in part to the fact that assessment techniques range in sensitivity to important aspects of coordination (e.g. temporal ordering of patterns, half-integer couplings and changes in frequency and phase coupling). An additional aspect that has not received much attention is the adaptability of this coordination to changes in task constraints. The current study investigated the effect of running training on the locomotor-respiratory coordination and the adaptive strategies observed across a wide range of walking and running speeds. Locomotor-respiratory coordination was evaluated by the strength and variability of both frequency and phase coupling patterns that subjects displayed within and across the speed conditions. Male subjects (five runners, five non-runners) locomoted at seven different treadmill speeds. Group results indicated no differences between runners and non-runners with respect to breathing parameters, stride parameters, as well as the strength and variability of the coupling at each speed. Individual results, however, showed that grouping subjects masks large individual differences and strategies across speeds. Coupling strategies indicated that runners show more stable dominant couplings across locomotory speeds than non-runners do. These findings suggest that running training does not change the strength of locomotor–respiratory coupling but rather how these systems adapt to changing speeds.
Generation of 10-W average-power, 40-TW peak-power, 24-fs pulses from a Ti:sapphire amplifier system

We developed a compact, three-stage, multipass Ti:sapphire laser amplifier system that generates >40-TW pulses, with 24-fs pulse duration, at a repetition rate of 10 Hz, and with an average power of 10 W. Output intensities in excess of 1×1019 W cm-2 were produced. The technique of frequency-resolved optical gating was used to fully characterize the output pulses and to carefully compare theoretical models with experiment. High dynamic range frequency-resolved optical-gating measurements were performed, for the first time to our knowledge, to characterize the temporal wings of the output pulses.
EFFECTS OF SODIUM NITRATE AND SODIUM NITRITE ADDITIONS AND IRRADIATION PROCESSING VARIABLES ON THE COLOR AND ACCEPTABILITY OF CORNED BEEF BRISKETS

Radappertized corned beef briskets were prepared with and without the addition of water-soluble spices using various levels of sodium nitrate, NaNO3 (0, 150, and 600 ppm) and sodium nitrite, NaNO2 (0, 25, 150 ppm) and gamma-irradiation processed at three dose levels (2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 kJoules/kg at three irradiation temperatures (0, −30°Cand −80°C). Sensory characteristics and preference rating were determined by sensory or consumer-type panels. Color intensities were determined by expert technological panels and by measurements of reflectance with a tristimulus reflectrometer. Increasing the irradiation temperature resulted in decreasing the ratings for the sensory characteristics. Significant differences were found in the ratings for sensory characteristics and preference of samples with the high vs low additions of NaNO2 and NaNO3. Color intensities decreased when only NaNO3 (without NaNO2) or 25 ppm addition of NaNO2 was used. Color ratings were significantly affected by irradiation dose and temperature.
Gaps in Doctor-Patient Communication: Doctor-Patient Interaction Analysis

Extract: As one of several approaches to scientific analysis of doctor-patient communication 285 visits to a pediatric walk-in clinic were scrutinized using an expanded version of Bales' Interaction Process Analysis Data analysis consisted of individual case studies and computer programs for descriptive summaries of cases and index scores. Factor analysis and chi-square calculations were among the methods used to test significant relations between attributes of the doctor-patient interaction and the dependent variables, patient satisfaction, compliance, and demography. As hypothesized, a distinctive behavior pattern emerged for doctor, parent, and child. Doctors were found to talk more but show less emotion than mothers. Almost two-thirds of the mother's communication related to medical history, while the doctor discussed history and treatment but gave little reassurance or friendlines to the mother, almost half of his conversation with the child consisited of friendly statements. In general, outcome of the medical consultation was found to be favourably influenced by having physician who was friendly, expressed solidarity, took some time to discuss nonmedical, social subjects, and gave the impression of offering information freely without the patients having to request it or feeling excessively questioned. Speculation: Because of the complicated nature and limited methods available for study, the doctor-patient relation has rarely been subjected to scientific inquiry or attempts at quantification. It is hoped that the present effort as well as other ongoing studies will contribute to a body of scientific information which in itself may have application for pediatric education and practice and which ultimately might contribute one approach in urgently needed studies of the quality of medical care.
Urea Amidolyase (DUR1,2) Contributes to Virulence and Kidney Pathogenesis of Candida Albicans

The intracellular enzyme urea amidolyase (Dur1,2p) enables C. albicans to utilize urea as a sole nitrogen source. Because deletion of the DUR1,2 gene reduces survival of C. albicans co-cultured with a murine macrophage cell line, we investigated the role of Dur1,2p in pathogenesis using a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. A dur1,2Δ/dur1,2Δ strain was significantly less virulent than the wild-type strain, showing significantly higher survival rate, better renal function, and decreased and less sustained fungal colonization in kidney and brain. Complementation of the mutant restored virulence. DUR1,2 deletion resulted in a milder host inflammatory reaction. Immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and magnetic resonance imaging showed decreased phagocytic infiltration into infected kidneys. Systemic cytokine levels of wild-type mice infected with the dur1,2 mutant showed a more balanced systemic pro-inflammatory cytokine response. Host gene expression and protein analysis in infected kidneys revealed parallel changes in the local immune response. Significant differences were observed in the kidney IL-1 inflammatory pathway, IL-15 signaling, MAP kinase signaling, and the alternative complement pathway. We conclude that Dur1,2p is important for kidney colonization during disseminated candidiasis and contributes to an unbalanced host inflammatory response and subsequent renal failure. Therefore, this Candida-specific enzyme may represent a useful drug target to protect the host from kidney damage associated with disseminated candidiasis.
DESIRED FERTILITY, THE "UP TO GOD" RESPONSE, AND SAMPLE SELECTION BIAS

An unresolved question in the analysis of survey data relating to fertility attitudes and beliefs is how non-numeric responses to questions on ideal family size should be treated. This paper demonstrates that simply dropping “up to God” responses will bias regression results. An unbiased estimator is presented which explicitly models the way in which observations are selected into the sample. The estimator is then employed on Guatemalan and Indian data. No support for the notion that women who answer “up to God” are women who would have given relatively large numeric answers is found in these two samples.
Collisions between H+ and H2 at kilo-electron-volt energies: Absolute differential cross sections for small-angle direct, single-, and double-charge-transfer scattering.

Measurements of absolute differential cross sections for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ direct, single-, and double-charge-transfer scattering at 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 keV are reported at laboratory scattering angles less than 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with an angular resolution of approximately 0.02\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The cross sections exhibit deep interference oscillations in single-charge-transfer scattering, but no such oscillations are present in direct and double-charge-transfer scattering. Theoretical cross sections derived using the diatoms-in-molecules method to describe the molecular states in a semiclassical molecular-orbital three-state close-coupling model within a semiclassical framework agree satisfactorily with the experimental results.
Electrochemistry of Brucine. 2. The Brucine-Based Determination of Nitrate

The electrochemical and chemical reactions of brucine following an oxidation step were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, chronocoulometry, bulk electrolysis, visible spectrophotometry, and electrospray mass spectrometry with the goal of better understanding the brucine-based determination of nitrate. The experiments were performed in acidic solution (0.010−7.0 M sulfuric acid) using carbon paste, glassy carbon, and platinum electrodes. Following a two-electron oxidation (Ep = 0.90−1.15 V vs Ag/AgCl), brucine2+ reacts with water to form an aminochrome (brucichrome) plus methanol. Brucichrome undergoes a reversible two-electron reduction (E°‘ = 0.54 V, 0.01−7.0 M sulfuric acid) to form a hydroquinone and also slowly dimerizes. The dimer is also an aminochrome, and it, too, undergoes a reversible two-electron reduction (E°‘ = 0.39 V). The primary evidence for a dimeric final product comes from electrospray mass spectrometry during electrolysis, elemental analysis, and H-NMR on a product isolated from bulk ...
Delayed deformation of self-expanding stents after carotid artery stenting for postendarterectomy restenoses

Carotid artery stenting has become an acceptable alternative for treating patients with severe atherosclerotic lesions, particularly those with significant surgical risks, such as recurrent stenosis after endarterectomy. Stent deformation, a phenomenon primarily associated with balloon-expandable stents, is largely avoided by exclusively using self-expanding stents in treating carotid artery stenosis. Nonetheless, we herein report two patients who presented with delayed Wallstent deformation after carotid artery stenting for postendarterectomy restenosis. Our cases highlight the need for caution because delayed deformation of self-expanding stents can occur, particularly during treatment of patients with postendarterectomy stenosis. Furthermore, poststent surveillance is imperative in identifying patients with severe restenosis after carotid artery stenting who need reintervention.
Central bank intervention and trading rule profits in foreign exchange markets

Abstract Moving average trading rules are utilized in both futures and spot foreign currency markets to show that significant, positive profits can be earned in four of five currencies examined. The results are consistent for both in-sample and forward simulation tests. Regression results demonstrate that central bank intervention is strongly associated with the profitability of trading returns for the three major currencies (DM, Yen and Pound), and partially explains returns for the SF and CD. Consistent with conjectures in previous studies that ‘news’ concerning intervention tends to be revealed over weekends, we find that moving average trading rule returns are significantly positive on Fridays and Mondays, and not significantly different from zero in the middle of the week.
Preparation, Structure, and Reactivity of Discrete Branched Oligogermanes⊥

The hydrogermolysis reaction of PhGeH3 serves in the synthesis of discrete branched oligogermanes. Treatment of PhGeH3 with 3 equiv of the α-germyl nitriles R3GeCH2CN (R3 = Ph3 or Bu2CH2CH2OEt), which are generated in situ from the corresponding amides R3GeNMe2 and CH3CN, furnishes the tetragermanes PhGe(GePh3)3 and PhGe(GeBu2CH2CH2OEt)3 in excellent yield. The crystal structure of PhGe(GePh3)3 was determined. This compound is the first branched oligogermane to be structurally characterized. Reaction of the tetragermane PhGe(GeBu2CH2CH2OEt)3 with Bui2AlH generated the intermediate hydride PhGe(GeBu2H)3. Subsequent treatment of PhGe(GeBu2H)3 with the synthons R2Ge(NMe2)CH2CH2OEt (R = Bu, Et, Ph) in CH3CN solution furnished the heptagermanes PhGe(GeBu2GeR2CH2CH2OEt)3 (R = Bu, Et, Ph). The latter process also proceeds through the in situ formation of the α-germyl nitriles R2Ge(CH2CN)CH2CH2OEt.
Attenuation of the Rayleigh Component in Brillouin Spectroscopy Using Interferometric Filtering

A filter based on an unequal-arm Michelson interferometer is described that will attenuate a strong spectral line by a factor of 100 or more but transmit without reduction a weaker but more interesting line separated by a few hundred MHz from the strong line. The factors limiting the extinction ratio of the filter are considered and a practical instrument that gives results in good agreement with the theory is described.
Nanorod-superconductor composites : A pathway to materials with high critical current densities

Most large-scale applications of the high-temperature copper oxide superconductors (HTSCs) require high critical current densities (Jc9s) at temperatures near the boiling point of liquid nitrogen to be technologically useful, although thermally activated flux flow reduces Jc dramatically at these temperatures. This intrinsic limitation can be overcome by introducing nanometer-sized columnar defects into an HTSC. Nanorods of magnesium oxide were grown and incorporated into HTSCs to form nanorod-HTSC composites. In this way, a high density of nanorod columnar defects can be created with orientations perpendicular and parallel to the copper oxide planes. The Jc9s of the nanorod-HTSC composites are enhanced dramatically at high temperatures and magnetic fields as compared with reference samples; these composites may thus represent a technologically viable strategy for overcoming thermally activated flux flow in large-scale applications.
Experimental arteriosclerosis in dogs. Evaluation of anatomopathological findings

Abstract Young adult dogs fed a cholesterol supplemented semi-synthetic diet containing hydrogenated coconut oil without thiouracil for periods of 16 weeks to 16 months were studied in order to identify early vascular lesions as well as overt arteriosclerosis. In 16 weeks, ultrastructural medial cell changes were present in the abdominal aorta of all animals, while the same diet without cholesterol supplement failed to induce lesions. Arteriosclerotic lesions in the long-term study were characterized by extensive intra and extracellular lipid deposits in smooth muscle cells of the arterial media and to much less extent, of the intimal lining. These changes were usually more severe in small peripheral arteries than in the thoracic aorta or the coronary vessels. Although segmental stenotic lesions were common in severely involved vessels, thrombosis or infarction were not usual complications of advanced arterial disease.
Model for conduction in TCNQ salts

Abstract We have extended our model for conductivity, σ, and its temperature, T, dependence to a group of molecular conductors including (Qn) (TCNQ) 2 , (Adz) (TCNQ) 2 and (Adn) (TCNQ) 2 . We have parametrically fit and then quantitatively calculated σ(T) for each of these materials as a product of an activated carrier concentration (600K, 450K, and 350K respectively) and a strongly T-dependent mobility determined by known electron-phonon coupling to the molecular vibrations of TCNQ.
Induced protein synthesis.

A POSSIBLE relationship between the synthesis of induced enzymes and the formation of antibodies was suggested in 1900 by Dienert1. Compelling arguments2 have since accumulated to support this contention, but corroborative experimental evidence has not been forthcoming until recently. This laboratory has been engaged in obtaining such evidence by an investigation of the specificities of antibodies and enzymes induced by the same determinant group.
Investigation of Gas-Sensing Performance of ${\rm SnO}_{\rm 2}$ Nanoparticles With Different Morphologies

Two forms of tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs) with different morphologies (small dispersed NPs and big clusters aggregated from small NPs) were synthesized via chemical solution methods and assembled into films on Si/SiO2 substrate for a comparative sensing study, which were tested for the responses to H2 S reducing gas and NO2 oxidizing gas, respectively. Similar detection limits to part per million levels H2 S reducing gas and part per billion (ppb) levels NO2 oxidizing gas were observed for both films with different morphologies at room temperature. It was found, however, that the small NP film showed higher sensitivity and detection limit to H2 S down to ppb levels after surface modification by depositing Au nanocatalysts, while SnO2 big cluster film presented better sensitivity to NO2 detection down to ppb levels with/without the nanocatalyst modification, much determined by the morphology of these two forms of NPs. The sensing mechanism is also discussed.
A note on the corridor policy for setup scheduling of manufacturing systems

In this article the corridor policy for setup scheduling of manufacturing systems is studied. The setup times are nonzero. First we give alternative proofs for the uniqueness of the limit cycles and finite reachability of the converging hypercone corridor policy. We then propose a "pencil policy". It is a "nonlinear" scheduling policy which combines the small swing property of the parallel corridor policy and the stability property of the hypercone corridor policy. Certain properties as well as several design issues of the pencil policy are investigated.
Anti-CD40 Treatment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-exposed C57Bl/6 mice induces activation of antigen presenting cells yet fails to overcome TCDD-induced suppression of allograft immunity.

We have previously demonstrated that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) suppressed the induction of the costimulatory molecule CD86 (B7-2) on B220+ and Mac-1+ spleen cells following the injection of allogeneic P815 tumor cells. In this study, TCDD exposure was shown to suppress CD54 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on B220+, Mac-1+, and CD11c+ splenic antigen presenting cells (APC). Furthermore, interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by spleen cells from P815-immunized mice was significantly decreased following exposure to TCDD. To determine if exogenous costimulation could enhance the activation of APC, vehicle- and TCDD-treated mice were injected with an agonistic antibody to murine CD40. Stimulation with anti-CD40 increased the expression of CD86, CD54, and MHC class II on splenic APC and greatly enhanced the production of interleukin-12. TCDD treatment had minimal effects on the anti-CD40-induced expression of accessory molecules on splenic APC. TCDD exposure had no effect on anti-CD40-induced IL-12 in the plasma but suppressed its production from cultured spleen cells. Surprisingly, although stimulation via CD40 increased the activation of APC, allograft effector functions were not restored in TCDD-treated mice, perhaps due to persistent defects in antigen processing and presentation, cytokine production, T cell function, or CD40-independent pathways of APC activation.