cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Flexible Rapid Thermal Processing System

A highly flexible Rapid Thermal Multiprocessing (RTM) reactor is described. This flexibility is the result of several new innovations: a lamp system, an acoustic thermometer and a real-time control system. The new lamp has been optimally designed through the use of a “virtual reactor” methodology to obtain the best possible wafer temperature uniformity. It consists of multiple concentric rings composed of light bulbs with horizontal filaments. Each ring is independently and dynamically controlled providing better control over the spatial and temporal optical flux profile resulting in excellent temperature uniformity over a wide range of process conditions. An acoustic thermometer non-invasively allows complete wafer temperature tomography under all process conditions - a critically important measurement never obtained before. For real-time equipment and process control a model based multivariable control system has been developed. Extensive integration of computers and related technology for specification, communication, execution, monitoring, control, and diagnosis demonstrates the programmability of the RTM.
Methods and tools for the automated configuration of distributed applications from reusable software architectures and components

A reuse-oriented perspective is taken to designing and implementing configurable distributed applications. An application domain is defined as a family of systems that have some features in common and others that differentiate them. During domain engineering, reusable specifications, architectures and component types are developed, which capture the similarities and variations of the family of systems that compose the application domain. Target systems are generated by tailoring the reusable specification and architecture given the requirements of the target system, and configuring a target system based on the tailored architecture. The paper describes a method and software engineering environment for configuring distributed applications from a reusable architecture and library of predefined component types.
Apoptosis as a post-phagocytic winnowing mechanism in a coral–dinoflagellate mutualism

This study was aimed at detecting apoptosis as a post-phagocytic mechanism of symbiont selection during the onset of symbiosis in larvae of the scleractinian coral Fungia scutaria. Larvae were infected with one of three Symbiodinium types: freshly isolated homologous ITS-type C1f from adult F. scutaria, heterologous C31 from adult Montipora capitata, known to be unable to successfully colonize F. scutaria larvae, and type B1 from the symbiotic sea anemone Aiptasia spp. Apoptosis was detected by the activation of caspases, enzymes specific to apoptosis. Caspase activity was measured in situ by cleavage of a specific fluorophore and detection with confocal microscopy. At 6 h post infection, there was a significant increase in caspase activation in gastrodermal cells in C31-infected larvae, compared with larvae infected with C1f or B1 types. Compared with control larvae infected with C31, which had decreased infection rates present by 24 h post infection, when C31-infected larvae were incubated with a broad-scale caspase inhibitor, the per cent of larvae infected with C31 did not significantly decrease over time. This indicates that the reduction in infection success observed in untreated C31-infected larvae can be rescued with inhibition of caspases and apoptosis. This suggests the presence of a post-phagocytic recognition mechanism. Larvae infected with freshly isolated B1 retained infection success over time compared with C31-infected larvae, suggesting that there is host discrimination between heterologous algae. Initiation of this post-phagocytic response may occur more readily with a highly specific heterologous symbiont type such as C31, compared with a generalist heterologous type such as clade B1.
An efficient recursive total least squares algorithm for FIR adaptive filtering

An algorithm for recursively computing the total least squares (TLS) solution to the adaptive filtering problem is described. This algorithm requires O(N) multiplications per iteration to effectively track the N-dimensional eigenvector associated with the minimum eigenvalue of an augmented sample covariance matrix. It is shown that the recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm generates biased adaptive filter coefficients when the filter input vector contains additive noise. The TLS solution on the other hand, is seen to produce unbiased solutions. Examples of standard adaptive filtering applications that result in noise being added to the adaptive filter input vector are cited. Computer simulations comparing the relative performance of RLS and recursive TLS are described. >
Once-daily nepafenac ophthalmic suspension 0.3% to prevent and treat ocular inflammation and pain after cataract surgery: Phase 3 study

Purpose To evaluate once-daily nepafenac 0.3% to prevent and treat ocular pain and inflammation after cataract surgery. Setting Sixty-five centers in the United States and Europe. Design Randomized double-masked vehicle- and active-controlled phase 3 study. Methods Patients received nepafenac 0.3% once daily, nepafenac 0.1% 3 times daily, or their respective vehicles from day −1 to day 14 after cataract extraction. An additional drop of study drug was administered 30 to 120 minutes preoperatively. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with a cure for inflammation (score of 0 for both aqueous cells and flare) at day 14. Results Of randomized patients, 817 received nepafenac 0.3%, 819 received nepafenac 0.1%, and 200 and 206 received the respective vehicles. Significantly more nepafenac 0.3% patients had no inflammation (68.4% versus 34.0%) and were pain free (91.0% versus 49.7%) at day 14 than vehicle patients (both P P ≤.0012) and more clinical successes ( P ≤.0264) were observed with nepafenac 0.3% versus vehicle. Nepafenac 0.3% was well tolerated and had a safety profile comparable to that of nepafenac 0.1%. Conclusions Once-daily nepafenac 0.3% was noninferior to nepafenac 0.1% 3 times daily for prevention and treatment of ocular inflammation and pain following cataract surgery. The safety of nepafenac 0.3% was comparable to that of nepafenac 0.1%, with the added convenience of once-daily dosing. Financial Disclosure Drs. Modi, Lehmann, Walters, Fong, Christie, Roel, Nethery, and Reiser have been paid consultants to Alcon Research, Ltd. Ms. Sager is an employee of Alcon Research, Ltd. Drs. Tsorbatzoglou, Philipson, and Traverso have no financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Yokhoh Soft X-Ray Telescope Images of the Diffuse Solar Corona

During the interval 1992 May 3-15, an extended region (out to 1.5 solar radii) of diffuse, stable corona crossed the northeast limb of the Sun. This region underlaid a coronal streamer as revealed by the Mauna Loa Coronagraph of the High Altitude Observatory. During this passage, the soft X-ray telescope on Yohkoh obtained a number of high-quality pairs of images, closely spaced in time, through the two thinnest analysis filters. Analysis of these data indicates that (1) the temperature increases steadily with height and (2) the variation of temperature with radius is consistent with a conserved inward heat flux. These results imply that the magnetic field configuration was substantially open out to 1.5 solar radii and that there was no significant coronal heating below that height in that region. It appears that this region was being heated by nonthermal energy deposited beyond 1.5 solar radii.
Effect of Compaction on Particle Size

Compressed tablets were prepared on a hydraulic press at several different compaction pressures by a standardized technique, using aspirin, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, calcium phosphato-carbonate, alumina, and microcrystalline cellulose. All tablets except microcrystalline cellulose contained a cation-exchange resin as disintegrant. The particle-size spectra of the disintegrating compacts were evaluated using a particle-size counter or an air jet sieve. It is shown that compacts made from different materials but of the same initial particle-size spectra disintegrate to give particles of a considerably different size. Determination of the change in particle size produced by the compaction process provides useful insight into the nature of the compaction process.
Complex Event Processing using Simple Rule-based Event Correlation Engines for Business Performance Management

Event correlation is an important component in business performance management. Simple rule-based event correlation engines, like Zurich Correlation Engine (ZCE), usually accept input events that include only name-value pairs. However, when input events are in XML format, the ZCE needs to be adapted to accept complex/structural events. In this paper, we present a model-driven approach to derive solutions for adapting the new type of events, so that the light weight correlation engine can still be used for event monitoring and correlation.
Analysis of an Information-Based Sensor Manager Applicable to Landmine Detection

Previously, a framework for sensor management has been developed for the detection of static targets such as landmines. The sensor manager functions by tasking the available sensors to greedily maximize the expected information gain obtained with each new sensor observation. This paper examines several of the key assumptions and decisions that were made in the formulation of this sensor manager to assess both the validity and the performance effects of these decisions. Specifically, this paper examines which unmanaged sensing technique is best used to make performance comparisons with the sensor manager, whether multiple sensors should be optimized independently or jointly, and finally whether the Kullback-Leibler divergence or Renyi divergence is the best choice of information measure to use. This paper demonstrates that in all three cases, the choices made in the original formulation of the sensor manager are the most effective and appropriate.
Improved Gauss-Seidel projection method for micromagnetics simulations

The Gauss-Seidel projection method (GSPM) (Wang et al., J. Comp. Phys., vol.171, p.357-372, 2001) is a simple, efficient, and unconditionally stable method for micromagnetics simulations. We present an improvement of the method for small values of the damping parameter. With the new method, we are able to carry out fully resolved simulations of the magnetization reversal process in the presence of thermal noise.
Culture and the Theory of Planned Behaviour: Organ Donation Intentions in Americans and Koreans

Cultural influence on the effects of attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (PBC) on behavioural intentions can vary with types of behaviours. The current study compared American and Korean undergraduates for the effects of each of the Theory of Planned Behaviour components on intentions to sign an organ donor registry and to have family discussion about organ donation. For intentions to sign, results showed that attitudes were a stronger predictor among Americans than Koreans and that PBC was a significant predictor only among Koreans. While attitudes and subjective norms were similarly related to Americans' intentions to sign, subjective norms were more strongly related to Koreans' intentions to sign than attitudes and PBC. For intentions to have family discussion, Americans considered subjective norms to a greater extent than Koreans did. While subjective norms and PBC were more important than attitudes were among Americans, PBC was more important than subjective norms and attitudes among Koreans. Theoretical and practical implications of these and other findings are discussed.
Horton+: a distributed system for processing declarative reachability queries over partitioned graphs

Horton+ is a graph query processing system that executes declarative reachability queries on a partitioned attributed multi-graph. It employs a query language, query optimizer, and a distributed execution engine. The query language expresses declarative reachability queries, and supports closures and predicates on node and edge attributes to match graph paths. We introduce three algebraic operators, select, traverse, and join, and a query is compiled into an execution plan containing these operators. As reachability queries access the graph elements in a random access pattern, the graph is therefore maintained in the main memory of a cluster of servers to reduce query execution time. We develop a distributed execution engine that processes a query plan in parallel on the graph servers. Since the query language is declarative, we build a query optimizer that uses graph statistics to estimate predicate selectivity. We experimentally evaluate the system performance on a cluster of 16 graph servers using synthetic graphs as well as a real graph from an application that uses reachability queries. The evaluation shows (1) the efficiency of the optimizer in reducing query execution time, (2) system scalability with the size of the graph and with the number of servers, and (3) the convenience of using declarative queries.
Lack of regulation of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase in intact bovine chromaffin cells.

Aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) is the second enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway, and its activity is generally considered not to be limiting, and therefore not involved, in regulating flux through this pathway. Recent studies showing that its activity can be regulated in vivo and that the enzyme can be phosphorylated and activated in vitro have raised the possibility that AADC may play more than an obligatory role in catecholamine biosynthesis. In the present study, the phosphorylation and activity of AADC was evaluated relative to that of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway) in intact bovine chromaffin cells. Treatment of chromaffin cells with elevated potassium, acetylcholine, phorbol dibutyrate, forskolin, or okadaic acid each increased 32P incorporation into TH (after metabolic labeling of ATP pools with 32Pi) and TH activity. In contrast, as measured in matched samples, 32P incorporation into AADC was not detected and none of the treatments altered AADC activity. Thus, that AADC can be phosphorylated and activated in vitro has questionable physiological significance.
Children's written responses to multicultural texts: A look at aesthetic involvement and the focuses of aesthetically complex responses

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if students' aesthetic involvement would be influenced by the ethnicity of the student or the culture portrayed in the text. Fifth and seventh graders listened to stories representing African‐American, Hispanic, and White cultural groups. Then subjects wrote a free response. Overall the level of aesthetic involvement was not significantly influenced by the ethnicity of student or culture portrayed in the story. This implies that students of different ethnicities are able to have complex aesthetic transactions to works regardless of the culture portrayed. When data‐driven focuses of aesthetically complex responses were examined, a significant relationship was only seen on the story world focus. This supports the integration of multicultural literature into the curriculum because literature affords all students opportunities for rich experiences with literature and allows students of differing ethnicities to enjoy the books reflecting their own cultural he...
Ranking foreign donors: An index combining the scale and equity of aid giving

Abstract The generosity of aid given and the fairness with which it is distributed among recipients are among the most important criteria for judging and comparing the aid effort of donor countries. The present paper builds on a recent theoretical proposal for a complete, consistent and combined index (combining both these criteria) to rank donor countries. The index may be used not only to compare donors but also to gauge the progress of individual donors in respect to their aid effort. An annual timeseries of donor rankings based on this formula is constructed employing aid data published by the OECD for 1970–1993.
Elements of visual language

The authors propose a structural classification and vocabulary for visual languages. The visual grammars that comprises the elements of such a language is defined. The usual elements are composed of: (1) the visual alphabet, a set of visual primitives in a visual language; (2) the visual syntax, compositions of primitives to form visual statements; (3) interaction, user-to-system communications; and (4) structure, rules combining sublanguages into a language. The classification of the visual elements is viewed as a linguistic description of visual language. >
The logical foundations of goal-regression planning in autonomous agents

Abstract This paper addresses the logical foundations of goal-regression planning in autonomous rational agents. It focuses mainly on three problems. The first is that goals and subgoals will often be conjunctions, and to apply goal-regression planning to a conjunction we usually have to plan separately for the conjuncts and then combine the resulting subplans. A logical problem arises from the fact that the subplans may destructively interfere with each other. This problem has been partially solved in the AI literature (e.g., in SNLP and UCPOP), but the solutions proposed there work only when a restrictive assumption is satisfied. This assumption pertains to the computability of threats. It is argued that this assumption may fail for an autonomous rational agent operating in a complex environment. Relaxing this assumption leads to a theory of defeasible planning. The theory is formulated precisely and an implementation in the OSCAR architecture is discussed. The second problem is that goal-regression planning proceeds in terms of reasoning that runs afoul of the Frame Problem. It is argued that a previously proposed solution to the Frame Problem legitimizes goal-regression planning, but also has the consequence that some restrictions must be imposed on the logical form of goals and subgoals amenable to such planning. These restrictions have to do with temporal-projectibility. The third problem is that the theory of goal-regression planning found in the AI literature imposes restrictive syntactical constraints on goals and subgoals and on the relation of logical consequence. Relaxing these restrictions leads to a generalization of the notion of a threat, related to collective defeat in defeasible reasoning. Relaxing the restrictions also has the consequence that the previously adequate definition of “expectable-result” no longer guarantees closure under logical consequence, and must be revised accordingly. That in turn leads to the need for an additional rule for goal-regression planning. Roughly, the rule allows us to plan for the achievement of a goal by searching for plans that will achieve states that “cause” the goal. Such a rule was not previously necessary, but becomes necessary when the syntactical constraints are relaxed. The final result is a general semantics for goal-regression planning and a set of procedures that is provably sound and complete. It is shown that this semantics can easily handle concurrent actions, quantified preconditions and effects, creation and destruction of objects, and causal connections embodying complex temporal relationships.
Collaborative annotation of real time streams on android-enabled devices

Mobile based collaboration such as image tagging and video annotation has become a research hotspot for both academic groups and the industry. Mobile devices running with Google Android or Apples iOS have almost the same computing and multimedia capabilities as modern computers, which enables conducting regular collaborative activities on them. Moreover their embedded geographic sensors can provide useful auxiliary metadata to help improve the accuracy of several collaboration features such as location annotation and tagging recommendation. In this paper, we firstly analyze recent research on mobile based collaboration and annotation projects, and then we introduce our efforts in expanding a collaborative annotation framework to the mobile platforms, especially the android-enabled devices. A prototype of the mobile extension that supports collaborative annotation on real time data streams especially audiovisual streams is introduced as well as several preliminary performance experiments.
Posture effects on spontaneous limb movements, alternated stepping, and the leg extension response in neonatal rats

The development of postural control is considered an important factor for the expression of coordinated behavior such as locomotion. In the natural setting of the nest, newborn rat pups adapt their posture to perform behaviors of ecological relevance such as those related to suckling. The current study explores the role of posture in the expression of three behaviors in the newborn rat: spontaneous limb activity, locomotor-like stepping behavior, and the leg extension response (LER). One-day-old rat pups were tested in one of two postures--prone or supine--on each of these behavioral measures. Results showed that pups expressed more spontaneous activity while supine, more stepping while prone, and no differences in LER expression between the two postures. Together these findings show that posture affects the expression of newborn behavior patterns in different ways, and suggest that posture may act as a facilitator or a limiting factor in the expression of different behaviors during early development.
The Potential Reach of O'Bannon

In August 2014 a Stanford University graduate made a remarkable play in college athletics. Although fans may not know her by name, this northern California woman may have profoundly and forever changed the relationship between student-athletes and their respective schools. As the deciding judge in the antitrust-based lawsuit of O’Bannon v. NCAA Judge Claudia Wilken bucked long standing legal precedent to set aside NCAA rules that limited student athlete scholarships and prohibited student-athletes from receiving compensation for the use of their names, images and likenesses. The Ninth Circuit, which decided the O’Bannon appeal, declared the case “momentous.” The narrow issue decided by Judge Wilken was that the NCAA rules restrain price competition in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act. But as the Ninth Circuit noted, as great may be the import of the final ruling the mere fact that the court found the NCAA restrictions subject to antitrust review was remarkable. Indeed, for some time courts have struggled with Supreme Court precedent to decide if (i) all NCAA restraints are commercial but some restraints are carved out as almost per se procompetitive or (ii) some NCAA restraints are carved out as noncommercial and are entirely outside of antitrust review. O’Bannon adds to the current Circuit split by determining that antitrust scrutiny is appropriate and can be applied with vigor. Given the importance, and the Ninth Circuit’s affirmation, of the district court’s analyses on the central legal issues of O’Bannon, the question presented in this essay is: what is the potential reach of O’Bannon in the student athlete labor market and to the applicability of antitrust law?
Child maltreatment prevention and the scope of child and adolescent psychiatry

Child maltreatment is one of the most deleterious known influences on the mental health and development of children. This article briefly reviews a complement of methods that are ready to incorporate into child and adolescent psychiatric practice, by having been validated either with respect to the prevention of child maltreatment or with respect to adverse outcomes associated with maltreatment (and primarily focused on enhancing the caregiving environment); they are feasible for integration into clinical decision making, and most importantly, can be included in the training of the next generation of clinicians.
Detective Fiction: Race, Authority, and the Fourth Amendment

In this article, I break from the usual liberal critiques of modern policing, and instead attempt to lay the theoretical and practical groundwork for a positive vision of police authority. Liberal theories of policing rightly worry about police discretion or state coercion given the history of racially discriminatory policing. That emphasis tends to produce negative accounts of police authority that emphasize curtailing police discretion. Equally important, however, is to define the nature of legitimate police authority under the Fourth Amendment. While Fourth Amendment doctrine is nominally about a citizen’s reasonable expectations of privacy, the Court’s current approach appears to equate the reasonableness of police conduct with evidence that, whatever the police actually do, they are professional, experienced, and well trained. The Courts’ reasonableness-as-professionalism doctrine is, however, a fiction: it is a fiction that we know what good policing is; a fiction that graduation from the academy and exposure to crime on the street certifies the police as professional; and a fiction that professionalism requires an authoritarian and forceful stance towards suspects to maintain order and investigate crime.Rather than relying a disappearing privacy doctrine to fight the Court’s Fourth Amendment doctrine, liberals must interrogate what skillful policing really entails. The proper response to the current Court’s fictional Fourth Amendment reasonableness doctrine is realism about skillful, legitimate policing. Realism requires that lawyers, and the academy, interrogate what training officers actually receive; what experience individual officers have; and to consider whether the officer’s training and experience matches our standards for skillful, legitimate policing.Legitimate policing has two components, normative and empirical. The normative component establishes police authority as based in reason, not might. Normatively legitimate police authority is egalitarian, not subordinating. The empirical component focuses on the mutual exchange between citizen and police officer of respect for the dignity of the other. Following the work of Tom Tyler, I suggest that empirically legitimate policing induces compliance out of obligation not fear. The goal of policing (and of the Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness doctrine) should be to promote police-citizen encounters that develop along lines of consensus not coercion.
Abstract A57: Lipid extract from the ostrich fern Matteucia struthiopteris displays potent anti-cancer effects in microtumors from human malignant cell lines via disruption of actin cytoskeleton

A57 Previous studies from the Cancer Biology Research Laboratory identified primitive plants of moss, fern and lichen species with anti-cancer activities. Current research involves the extraction of a lipid-containing fraction from the ostrich fern, Matteucia struthiopteris, with 1,000-fold greater anti-cancer activity than whole plant aqueous homogenates in pre-clinical assays of microtumors prepared from several solid tumor malignancies, including drug-resistant glioblastoma multiforme. Confocal laser microscopy of phalloidin-stained tumor cells demonstrated that a primary effect of the plant extracts is the disruption of cortical actin cytoskeleton in the cell membrane. This represents a previously unrecognized therapeutic target for anti-cancer agents. The targeted actin-cytoskeleton may also comprise a novel chemopreventive target. A novel biophysical model, proposed by Crawford, suggests that the active lipid fraction may affect cytoskeletal integrity as a consequence of the interaction of plant isoprenoids and dolichols on tumor membrane fluidity. Increased membrane fluidity may interfere with the dynamic assembly of actin cytoskeletal components essential to cell motility and focal adhesions essential for tumor viability and metastasis. *Patent pending 2008 Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A57.
Malathion Resistance in Tribolium castaneum Collected from Stored Peanuts

Six strains of the red flour beetle from stored peanuts in Georgia and Alabama were tested for malathion resistance. Resistance ratios ranged from 9.6 to 108.7 at the LD50 and from 19.2 to 89.7 at the LD95. Based on slopes of the dosage mortality regression lines, 3 strains were more heterogeneous and 3 strains less heterogeneous for resistance than the nonresistant laboratory strain.
Oscillatory Interlayer Exchange Coupling Through Cu and Various Transition Metals

We show that oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling of thin magnetic layers through metals is a general phenomenon present in almost all the transition and noble metals. Surprisingly the period of the oscillations is approximately the same, about 10A, in all these metals with the sole exception of Cr for which the period is significantly longer. The strength of the coupling varies systematically throughout the 3d, 4d and 5d transition metals increasing exponentially along each of the transition metal periods and increasing from the 5d to 4d to 3d periods. These results appear to be inconsistent with simple Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) based models.
Indications for therapeutic abortion.

(1951). Indications for Therapeutic Abortion. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 16-25.
Investigation on links of Legionella contamination in center air conditioning system in public places

Objective:To describe and explore the present status and approach of Legionella contamination in center air conditioning system.Methods:80 samples were obtained from 17 public places such as markets,hotels,office buildings etc.Legionella was tested with samples of cooling tower water,condensed water,biofilm,slime,protozoan in cooling tower water and dust in blast terminal of center air conditioning system in these public places.Results:The total positive rate of Legionella was 20%,including three types of serogroup(Lp1、LP6 and Lp9) among these 16 strains of Pneumophila Legionella obtained.The positive rate were 52.9%,5.9%,20.0%,12.5%,20.0% in cooling tower water,condensed water,bilfilm,slime,and protozoan in biofilm,slime and protozoan in cooling tower water respectively,but no Legionella was obtained from blast terminal in the survey.88.9% amounts of Legionella were less than 100 per milliliter in samples from cooling tower water.Conclusion:This study suggested that the Legionella contamination in the collection and storage components of center air conditioning system in public places is a very critical problem in our count ry.It was possible that the population will be infected by Legionella contamination in center air system.
The study of environmental pollution in operation room about sevoflurane used in CPB

Objective To observe the concentration of Sevoflurane in different sites in operation room during using sevoflurane in CPB constantly.Methods 2% sevoflurane was blown into the oxygenator at the beginning of CPB.At the same time,we used central vacuum to draw the gas from the oxygenator air vent.We used gasbag to collect gas on different time in several sites in the laminar flow operation room.We collected the gas in following times: before the CPB,20 min,25 min,30 min and 40 min after Sevoflurane was blown.We collected the gas in these sites: 30 cm above the surgical field(group A),10 cm above the patient′s head(group B),the edge of the operation room(group C),50 cm above the reservoir(group D),1 cm above the reservoir(group E),the oxygenator air vent(group F).Then we measured the concentration of the sevoflurane.Results The gas concentration was not significantly different in the same site on different times after CPB began(P0.05).The gas concentration was significantly different in the air vent(group F)with the other sites after CPB began(P0.01).Group E was significantly different with the other sites(P0.01).Group D was significantly different with Group A、B、E、F(P0.01).Group C was significantly different with Group A、B、E、F(P0.01).Group A was not significantly different with Group B(P0.05).Group C was not significantly different with Group D(P0.05).Conclusion Sevoflurane used in CPB could not cause the environmental pollution in the operation room.
Evaluation of clinical efficacy of Reduning Injection in treating severe HFMD in children

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Reduning Injection in treating severe hand,foot and mouth disease(HFMD) in children.Methods:Patients with severe hand-foot-mouth disease were divided into two groups as western medicine-treated group(113 cases) and Reduning Injection plus western medicine-treated group(122 cases) by a randomized,controlled trial.The therapeutic period lasted for 7-10 days and then a 5-day follow-up was administered.The clinical parameters including the blood routines,fever resolution,rash subsided time,the incidence of complication as well as the percentage of concomitant medications were compared between two groups.Results:No death was observed in both groups.No significant difference was observed in terms of fever resolution,rash subsided time,the incidence of complication,etc between two groups.However,as compared with western medicine-treated group,Reduning Injection could reduce remarkably the combination usage of anti-sedative(P0.01).Conclusion:Reduning Injection shows some promises in treating severe hand-foot-mouth disease by decreasing the usage of anti-sedative,which will be beneficial for the outcome.
Pretreatment drug use characteristics and experiences among patients in a voluntary substance abuse treatment center in Malaysia: A mixed-methods approach.

ABSTRACTBackground: Drug use in Malaysia remains a significant public health and social problem despite implementation of harsh punitive drug policies such as forcibly placing suspected drug users into compulsory drug detention centers (CDDCs). Following criticism over human right violations in CDDCs, Malaysia has begun to transition towards voluntary drug treatment centers known as Cure & Care (C&C) centers. To best serve the needs of regional C&C centers, data on drug use are essential among patients accessing treatment. Using a mixed-methods approach, the authors examined pretreatment drug use characteristics and experiences with addiction treatment among C&C patients in Kelantan—a religiously conservative state in northeast Malaysia with high prevalence of drug use but where limited data are available on drug use patterns. Methods: A mixed-methods study utilizing surveys (n = 96) and semistructured interviews (n = 20) was conducted among a convenience sample of inpatients and outpatients at the Pengka...
Expression and Location of Lipoxygenases in Soybean Seeds and Seedlings

Expression of LOX is differentially regulated during soybean development and germination. It was suggested that the plant hormones may affect the expression of LOXs in soybean (Liu et al. 1991). The fact that pre-existing LOX-1, -2 and -3 disappear and new LOXs (LOX-4, -5 and -6) appear in germinating soybean cotyledons suggests that these newly synthesized LOX may play an important role in some aspect of seedling growth. Mobilization of lipid body triglyceride starts after 3 days of germination, and at this stage LOX-4, -5 and -6 reach high levels in cotyledons. These observations raise the obvious question of whether LOX (seedling or embryo LOX) were associated with lipid body and also where LOX was localized in germinating soybean seedlings. In this report, the effects of plant growth regulators on LOX expression and localization of LOX were thoroughly investigated in soybean.
[Comparative analysis of measles genome between vaccine strain and wild-type strain in Zhejiang province of China].

Objective To explore the distinction between wild-type strain MVi/Zhejiang, CHN/7.05/4 and vaccine strain Shanghai-191 at genome level Methods After sequencing of measles wild-stain MVi/Zhejiang. CHN/7.05/4, the distinction between the wild-type strain and the vaccine strain was analysed by MEGA 3. 1 software at genome level, and the antigen variation was studied by means of combining the epiderniological data. Results There were 822 nucleotide differences (5.17%) and 161 amino acid differences between these two strains, including three glycosylation sites variation found. Meanwbile, the antigen ratio between wild-type strain and vaccine strain was found to be 5. 66. Conclusion There should be certain differences between the contemporary wild-type strain MVi/Zhejiang, CHN/7.05/4 and vaccine strain Shanghai-191 at genome level,and the protective effects of measles vaccine should be studied further. Key words: Measles virus; Genome; Antigenic variation
Congenital hernias in infancy and childhood.

For general practitioners, in whose practice is included a major proportion of the medical management of infants and children, and for the specializing pediatrician as well, Postgraduate Medicine presents this special regular department devoted to brief discussions by recognized authorities on their preferred methods of the treatment and management of diseases and problems of infancy and childhood.
The Greenblatt Chess Program (1967)

This chapter focuses on the Greenblatt chess program designed in 1967. Greenblatt's program, named Mac Hack Six, represents a landmark in the history of chess programs—being the first to compete respectably against humans in tournament play. It played in several tournaments in the Boston area in the spring of 1967 and earned a rating of about 1400, a level comparable with that of a good high school player. Greenblatt reports that his program had played several hundred games. Mac Hack Six was written for the PDP-6. Greenblatt wrote the program in MIDAS, the assembly language for the PDP-6. The program requires 16K words of memory. Most chess programs developed in the United States in the past few years have competed informally against Mac Hack Six via this service. The program is also available on the ARPA network. Mac Hack Six is designed along Shannon's type-B strategy. Forward pruning is used extensively along with the alpha–beta algorithm. Mac Hack Six speeds up the tree search by storing in a table each position as it is assigned a score along with its score. If the same position is reached later in the search through a permutation of moves, it is considered a terminal position and its score is found in the table.
Personality, Humor Styles and Happiness: Happy People Have Positive Humor Styles

The present study examined the relationships between four personality traits, humor styles, and happiness. Replicating previous research, happiness was positively correlated with four personality traits: extraversion, locus of control, self-esteem, and optimism. Further, happiness positively related to self-enhancing and affiliative humor styles; it related negatively to self-defeating and aggressive humor styles. Thus, happy people habitually engage in positive uses of humor and avoid engaging in negative uses of humor in daily life. We also found support for our hypothesis. People high in extraversion, locus of control, self-esteem, and optimism are happier because they engage in positive humor in daily life.
Treatment of Distal Femur Nonunion Following Initial Fixation with a Lateral Locking Plate.

Objective To report and evaluate the outcomes of patients undergoing definitive treatment for distal femur nonunion after initial treatment with a locking plate. Methods Fourteen patients who had undergone definitive treatment at an academic Level 1 trauma center from May 2007 to December 2013 for distal femur nonunion were identified from a fracture database. Thirteen of them were female; the average age was 65 years (range, 50-84 years). Ten patients had sustained their injuries in falls at ground level, and four in motor vehicle accidents. Twelve patients were obese (body mass index ≥30), 10 had diabetes, none were current smokers, and one had an open fracture classified as type IIIa according to the Gustilo-Anderson classification system for open fractures. The fractures were classified according to the AO classification system for distal femur fractures; there were three type 33-A1, six 33-A2, two 33-A3 and three 33-C3 fractures. Methods of definitive treatment involved open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) revision, medial plating, bone grafting and the use of other biologic materials. Results Eight of the 14 patients (57%) achieved union during follow-up. Definitive treatment for nonunion involved ORIF revision in 11 cases. Three patients who did not undergo ORIF revision were treated with iliac crest stem cell autografts, bone graft substitutes or recombinant human-bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rh-BMP-2). Other treatments included rh-BMP-2 (12 cases), iliac crest bone autograft (five), iliac crest stem cell autograft (two), crushed cancellous bone allograft (three), CaSO 4 and tricalcium phosphate bone graft substitute (two) and demineralized bone matrix (one). The average time from definitive treatment to union was 19 weeks (range, 12-51 weeks). Two of the 11 cases who underwent ORIF revision had medial plates added to improve biomechanical stability and prevent varus collapse. This was also performed in one patient with a grade III open type 33-C3 fracture and one with a closed 33-A2 fracture. Five study patients had comminuted fractures. Two had type 33-A3 and three type 33-C3 fractures. Both patients with 33-A3 fractures and 2 two with 33-C3 fractures had persistent nonunion at the end of follow-up. Conclusions Definitive treatment of distal femur nonunion after initial treatment with a locking plate had a low rate of success in this study, suggesting that this procedure is ineffective as a definitive treatment for distal femur nonunion.
An aesthetics of resilience: design and agency in contemporary coral restoration

AbstractIf the Anthropocene points to how human action can destabilise earth’s systems, then it also implies that human agency can refurbish and redesign those same systems in the name of mutual survival. On Koh Tao, an island in the Gulf of Thailand, a cohort of tourists and conservationists collect, cultivate, and propagate coral species on artificial reef structures. Koh Tao's economy is dependent on its local reefs to support scuba tourism, but only the New Heaven Restoration and Conservation Program (NHRCP) maintains conservation efforts to support reef resilience and the island’s economic health. Its students and instructors re-form their relationship to global climate change as doubly active agents in the Anthropocene: first, claiming responsibility for the ecological impacts of anthropogenic climate change; second, reforming the life-path of coral fragments under new scientific and aesthetic paradigms. As scientists, participants prioritise coral species’ genetic diversity and ecological needs. As...
Emission trading mechanism for environmental economic generation dispatch

Economic and emission dispatch of a power system is a well-known multi-objective optimization problem. The purpose of this paper is to present a new approach to formulate the problem as a single-objective optimization problem incorporating a practical emission trading mechanism by considering cap-and-trade scheme which is successfully used in USA. The economic and emission dispatch problem is solved by a two-stage optimization process to cope with the cap-and-trade program. In the first-stage, required emission allowances to supply a particular demand is estimated by a pre-dispatching process that takes into account unit commitment and set bid price (BP) of the primary emission market auction. In the second-stage, final dispatch is calculated using unit commitment, primary emission market bid settlement price (BSP), and secondary market price (SMP) of emission allowances. The performance of the proposed dispatching process is validated by a case study on a modified IEEE 30 bus system which includes three cases indicating that the proposed method (PM) provides the optimal combined solution of economic and emission dispatch for electric utilities.
Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer: Changing Trends in Incidence in the United States and Oklahoma

Oral cavity cancer (OC) has steadily decreased in the United States (US) since 1973 whereas oropharyngeal cancer (OP) has increased. We analyzed OC and OP cases from the Oklahoma Central Cancer Registry and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program comparing those diagnosed from 1997-1999 to those diagnosed from 2010-2012. We compared the incidence of OC and OP cases between Oklahoma and the US and by demographic factors. We observed an increase in OP cases, but no change in OC cases in both the US and in Oklahoma, and observed some differences between Oklahoma and the US by race, gender, and age group. A possible explanation for the increasing incidence of OP cancers may be the increasing prevalence of HPV. This study highlighted the differences in temporal trends of OC and OP cancers and the importance of changing risk factors for these cancers.
Hate in the Open

This chapter focuses on extremism that has surfaced through mainstream websites, like Twitter and YouTube, where contributors are disinhibited to express themselves in ways they never would in the real world. Whether it is a political blog that takes on a mob-like mentality, or a pop culture forum that entertains racist rants, intolerance of this sort is alarming for its ability to intermix with the traditional content and inspire imitations. Klein examines two trends to develop from this environment. The first is the use of social networks as a platform for fanatic individuals to post manifestos before committing violent acts. The second is the recruitment capacity of social media, being exploited by terror groups wishing to release promotional videos and reach impressionable audiences.
Legacy microsite effect on the survival of bitterbrush outplantings after prescribed fire: capitalizing on spatial variability to improve restoration

Restoration of shrubs in arid and semi-arid rangelands is hampered by low success rates. Planting shrub seedlings is a method used to improve success in these rangelands; however, it is expensive and labor intensive. The efficiency of shrub restoration could be improved by identifying microsites where shrub survival is greater. Bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata Pursh DC) is an important shrub to wildlife that has declined because of conifer encroachment, excessive defoliation, wildfires, and low recruitment. We investigated planting bitterbrush seedlings in western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis Hook) encroached shrublands after prescribed fire was used to control trees. Bitterbrush seedlings were planted in under (canopy) and between (interspace) former juniper canopies at five blocks and evaluated for three growing seasons. Bitterbrush survival was greater than 50% in the former canopy, but only 5% in the interspace microsite by the third growing season. Growth of bitterbrush was also greater in the former canopy compared with the interspace, potentially due to markedly less perennial vegetation in this microsite. Exotic annual grasses and annual forbs became prevalent in the former canopy in the second and third growing season, suggesting that soil resource availability was greater in this microsite. These results suggest that restoration success will vary by specific locations within a burned landscape and that this variability can be used to improve restoration efficiency. In this situation, bitterbrush restoration can be improved by planting seedlings in former canopy compared with interspace microsites.