cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Agency Character and Character of Agency Guidelines: An Historical and Institutional Perspective

Though antitrust guidelines have become commonplace, their approach was novel when first introduced. In a 1964 front-page article entitled, Industries Will Get Merger Guidelines, The New York Times observed, 'An entirely new approach to the enforcement of the antitrust laws is about to be attempted by the Federal Trade Commission.' Similarly, the American Bar Association's 1968 Antitrust Developments treatise described these first antitrust agency guidelines as a new method to advise businessmen about how the FTC would gauge the competitiveness of mergers. In the nearly forty years since the introduction of the first merger guidelines, the federal antitrust agencies have issued numerous additional guidelines. Nearly all of those promulgated or revised over the last decade and a half have been joint efforts between the FTC and the U.S. Department of Justice. However, the agencies' respective entrances into this policymaking realm were not only separate but also distinctive. This essay explores the FTC's evolving approach to antitrust guidelines, beginning with an overview of the general context in which the FTC first introduced guidelines as an antitrust policy tool. The FTC's merger guidelines can be roughly divided into three successive waves: industry- specific; general; and jointly promulgated with the DOJ. What emerges is a picture of guidelines as a dynamic institution along many dimensions, including content, form, and manner of promulgation. This essay explores some of the FTC's unique institutional features that likely contributed to the particular contours of the agency's various guidelines.
Defining success in a developing country's innovation ecosystem: The case of Rwanda

Development, adoption and use of humanitarian technologies are influenced by a country's innovation ecosystem. In the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) domain, tech or innovation hubs are critical to promoting entrepreneurship and fostering startups. In analyses of these hubs, success is often measured by the number of high growth startups created. However, while useful in the context of Silicon Valley, we argue that for developing countries such measures are misguided and lack nuance. We provide an alternative set of eight categories of success measures, developed through a case study of ICT entrepreneurship in Rwanda. The eight success categories reflect alternative definitions of success, capturing the value hubs create beyond launching high-growth startups and were gathered from groups of stakeholders including entrepreneurs, mentors, tech hub staff, and government officials. Understanding differences between these groups' views will enable better service delivery by tech hubs and more realistic expectations of their role in promoting innovation. Exploring these different dimensions of success and value also provides insights into how innovation ecosystems and tech hubs in developing countries can be better supported. This research is relevant to development professionals, researchers, and government officials with an interest in promoting innovation and entrepreneurship.
What Have We Learned About Influenza Deaths in Children and How Can We Do Better

* Abbreviations: MRSA — : methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus RSV — : respiratory syncytial virus Bhat et al1 reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that there were 153 influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States during the 2003–2004 influenza season, a somber reminder of the impact of influenza on children. Nearly half of the children that died had no underlying medical conditions and the highest mortality rates were seen in the youngest children. The conclusions of that paper were that “high priority should be given to improvements in influenza-vaccine coverage and improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of influenza to reduce childhood mortality from influenza.” Since this initial report, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have continued to periodically report their findings from the passive “Influenza-Associated Pediatric Mortality Surveillance System.”2–4 More than a decade later, 6 additional influenza seasons are characterized in this issue of Pediatrics , with nearly identical findings.5 On average each year in the United States, >100 children die of laboratory-confirmed influenza. Nearly 50% of these fatalities are in children who were previously healthy with no underlying medical conditions, the mortality remains the highest in the youngest children, and those … Address correspondence to Kathryn M. Edwards, MD, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 21st Ave South, D 7227 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232. E-mail: kathryn.edwards{at}vanderbilt.edu
The Effect of Patient Self-Advocacy on Patient Satisfaction: Exploring Self-Compassion as a Mediator

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of self-compassion as a predictor and mediator of the relationship between patient self-advocacy and patient satisfaction in health care. A sample ...
Visual “playback” of colorful signals in the field supports sensory drive for signal detectability

Colorful visual signals are important systems for investigating the effects of signaling environments and receiver physiology on signal evolution as predicted by the sensory drive hypothesis. Support for the sensory drive hypothesis on color signal evolution is mostly based on documenting correlations between the properties of signals and habitat conditions under which the signals are given (i.e., a correlational approach) and less commonly on the use of mathematical models that integrate representations of visual environments, signal properties, and sensory systems (i.e., a functional approach). Here, we used an experimental approach in the field to evaluate signal efficacy of colorful lizard throat fans called dewlaps that show geographic variation in the lizard Anolis cristatellus. We used a remote controlled apparatus to display "fake dewlaps" to wild lizards to test for adaptive divergence in dewlap brightness (i.e., perceived intensity) among populations in situ. We found evidence of local adaptation in dewlap brightness consistent with the sensory drive hypothesis. Specifically, dewlaps that had the brightness characteristics of local lizards were more likely to be detected than those with the brightness characteristics of non-local lizards. Our findings indicate that simplified mathematical representations of visual environments may allow robust estimates of relative detectability or conspicuousness in natural habitats. We have shown the feasibility of evaluating color signal efficacy experimentally under natural conditions and demonstrate the potential advantages of presenting isolated components of signals to an intended receiver to measure their contribution to signal function.
Human Steroid Biosynthesis

Steroidogenesis is a directional process regulated through a variety of hormonal, cellular, and biochemical mechanisms. Only a few types of cells convert cholesterol to pregnenolone, the first committed step in steroidogenesis and the site of quantitative regulation. In these tissues, the downstream enzymes are deployed to efficiently complete the production of one or a few specific terminal products, with little accumulation of intermediates. General or composite pathways have been developed to summarize the possible fates of a given precursor steroid; however, the repertoire of enzymes expressed in each steroidogenic cell drives flux primarily along one characteristic pathway. In peripheral and target tissues, a variety of enzymatic processes can amplify, attenuate, or change the biological activities of the circulating steroid products of the adrenals, gonads, and placenta. In pathologic states, enzyme deficiencies cause the accumulation of intermediates and shunting of steroid precursors to alternate pathways, sometimes utilizing minor or secondary enzymes.
General {\cal K}=-1 Friedman–Lemaître models and the averaging problem in cosmology

We introduce the notion of general K =− 1 Friedman-Lemaˆ (compact) cosmologies and the notion of averaged evolution by means of an averaging map. We then analyze the Friedman-Lemaequations and the role of gravitational energy on the universe evolution. We distinguish two asymptotic behaviors: radiative and mass gap. We discuss the averaging problem in cosmology for them through precise definitions. We then describe in quantitative detail the radiative case, stressing on precise estimations on the evolutionofthegravitationalenergyanditseffectintheuniverse'sdeceleration. Also in the radiative case, we present a smoothing property which tells that the long-time H 3 × H 2 stability of the flat K =− 1 Friedman-Lemaˆ (FL) models implies H i+1 × H i stability independently of how big the initial state was in H i+1 × H i , i.e. there is long-time smoothing of the spacetime 1 . Finally wediscusstheexistenceofinitial'big-bang'statesoflargegravitationalenergy, showing that there is no mathematical restriction to assume it to be low at the beginning of time.
CHAPTER 311 – Hypoxia-Mediated Signaling Pathways

Oxygen homeostasis is a tightly regulated process. Disruption of oxygen delivery pathways can lead to cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disorders, and chronic pulmonary disease. Within solid tumors, poorly oxygenated regions develop because the tumor vasculature is unable to meet the demands of tumor expansion, and because of aberrant blood vessel formation within the tumor. Numerous clinical studies have documented the presence of low oxygen levels within most solid tumors and correlated the presence of these hypoxic regions with poor clinical outcome. Hypoxic cells are relatively resistant to conventional radiation therapy and chemotherapy. When extremely hypoxic cells are irradiated, three times the radiation dose is required to achieve the same level of killing as required under fully aerobic conditions. Furthermore, most hypoxic cells are not actively undergoing cell division, thus impeding the efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic agents that are targeted to actively dividing cells. Numerous studies have indicated that hypoxia selects for tumors with an increased malignant phenotype by promoting angiogenesis, increasing metastases, and decreasing apoptotic potential Much progress has been made in characterizing the signaling pathways that are activated during hypoxia; however, many questions remain unanswered. Ultimately, by understanding the signaling pathways that are regulated by hypoxia, novel anticancer therapies may be developed to selectively target hypoxic tumor cells.
Absceso Cerebral por Nocardia spp. en paciente inmunocompetente. Presentación de 2 casos

Nocardia corresponde a un genero de bacterias gram positivo. Produce afectacion pulmonar o sistemica, generalmente en inmunocomprometidos. La infeccion cerebral por Nocardia es frecuente en inmunocomprometidos, pero extremadamente rara en inmunocompetentes. Se presentan 2 casos: Caso 1: mujer de 61 anos, sin morbidos, consulta por cefalea y hemiparesia izquierda. Estudio con TAC y RNM de encefalo demuestra absceso cerebral. Se inicio ceftriaxona mas cloxacilina y drenaje quirurgico. En cultivo de LCR se aisla Nocardia sp. cambiandose esquema a cotrimoxazol con meropenem por 6 semanas. Caso 2: varon de 72 anos, HTA y tabaquico. Consulto por cefalea, paresia de extremidad inferior derecha y perdida de vision de ojo derecho. Estudio con TAC y RNM de encefalo objetiva absceso cerebral parietal izquierdo. Se inicia ceftriaxona, metronidazol y vancomicina. Se realiza drenaje quirurgico. Cultivo de absceso resulta positivo para Nocardia sp , ajustandose esquema a cotrimoxazol y meropenem por 6 semanas. Requirio tratamiento prolongado por lenta regresion clinica e imagenologica.
A Maladaptive Combination of Traits Contributes to the Maintenance of a Drosophila Hybrid Zone

Summary Drosophila teissieri and D. yakuba diverged approximately 3 mya and are thought to share a large, ancestral, African range [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. These species now co-occur in parts of continental Africa and in west Africa on the island of Bioko [ 1 , 4 ]. While D. yakuba is a human commensal, D. teissieri seems to be associated with Parinari fruits, restricting its range to forests [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Genome data indicate introgression, despite no evidence of contemporary hybridization. Here we report the discovery of D. yakuba-D. teissieri hybrids at the interface of secondary forests and disturbed, open habitats on Bioko. We demonstrate that hybrids are the F1 progeny of D. yakuba females and D. teissieri males. At high temperatures like those found on Bioko, D. teissieri females are generally less receptive to mating, and in combination with temperature effects on egg lay and egg-to-adult viability, this decreases the potential for gene flow between female D. teissieri and male D. yakuba relative to the reciprocal cross. Field and laboratory experiments demonstrate that F1 hybrids have a maladaptive combination of D. yakuba behavior and D. teissieri physiology, generating additional barriers to gene flow. Nevertheless, analysis of introgressed and non-introgressed regions of the genome indicate that, while rare, gene flow is relatively recent. Our observations identify precise intrinsic and extrinsic factors that, along with hybrid male sterility, limit gene flow and maintain these species. These data contribute to a growing body of literature that suggests the Gulf of Guinea may be a hotspot for hybridization.
RNA-targeted therapeutics for lipid disorders.

Purpose of reviewTo summarize recent developments in the field of RNA-directed therapeutics targeting lipid disorders that are not effectively managed.Recent findingsDespite a number of approved therapies for lipid disorders, significant unmet needs are present in treating persistently elevated LDL-
Social Values of Second Language Acquisition Research

This forum is dedicated to the discussion on the social values of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research and is motivated by talks organized in the Fall of 2018 by Columbia University, Teachers College Center for International Foreign Language Teacher Education (CIFLTE): two talks by Professor Weiguo Zhang of Shandong University and a talk by Professor Lourdes Ortega of Georgetown University. Historically, SLA research has investigated the linguistic and cognitive phenomena of language transfer, staged developments, and systematicity and variability of the learner’s interlanguage. Such inquiry has led to empirical studies that explored the role of one’s internal mechanisms (both language-specific and cognitive), the role of the mother tongue, the role of psychological variables and lastly, the role of the second language (L2) learner’s social and environmental factors. Due to the field’s reliance on drawing inspiration from psycholinguistic traditions, the latter factors of social and environmental influences had typically received little limelight within the SLA community. However, this trend is starting to change as the discussion on the meaning and the significance of social values in language research is beginning to take shape among SLA scholars.
Discovery and Identification of Meloidogyne Species Using COI DNA Barcoding.

DNA barcoding with a new cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 primer set generated a 721 to 724 bp fragment used for the identification of 322 Meloidogyne specimens, including 205 new sequences combined with 117 from GenBank. A maximum likelihood analysis grouped the specimens into 19 well-supported clades and four single-specimen lineages. The "major" tropical apomictic species ( Meloidogyne arenaria , Meloidogyne incognita , Meloidogyne javanica ) were not discriminated by this barcode although some closely related species such as Meloidogyne konaensis were characterized by fixed diagnostic nucleotides. Species that were collected from multiple localities and strongly characterized as discrete lineages or species include Meloidogyne enterolobii , Meloidogyne partityla , Meloidogyne hapla , Meloidogyne graminicola , Meloidogyne naasi , Meloidogyne chitwoodi , and Meloidogyne fallax . Seven unnamed groups illustrate the limitations of DNA barcoding without the benefit of a well-populated reference library. The addition of these DNA sequences to GenBank and the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD) should stimulate and facilitate root-knot nematode identification and provide a first step in new species discovery.
GRATE: A framework and software for GRaph based Analysis of Transmission Electron Microscopy images of polymer films

Abstract Organic electronics (electronic devices made from polymers or similar organic compounds) are an important class of thin film devices that exhibit flexibility, stretchability, softness and compatibility with biological systems, thus making them exceedingly attractive for bioelectronics and healthcare applications. Performance of these devices is highly correlated with the microstructure within the thin film. In other words, quantitative characterization of the microstructure is critical for understanding device performance. While several microscopy based imaging techniques – including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) – are currently available to visualize the microstructure, analyzing the resulting data has remained predominantly manual. This makes extracting microstructural information from microscopic images subjective, and slow. We introduce a mathematical framework and associated software, GRATE, that integrates concepts from graph theory, image analysis and hierarchical (quad-tree) image decomposition to automatically extract a suite of microstructural features from TEM image data. Both local traits like lattice spacing, orientation and size measures as well as global traits like number and size distribution of crystallites are efficiently extracted. The software is modular, extensible and is packaged into a simple graphical user interface that can reduce time of adoption by practitioners.
Heteroleptic palladium(II) complexes of dipyrrin-1,9-dione supported by intramolecular hydrogen bonding

The dipyrrin-1,9-dione framework, which is characteristic of the propentdyopent pigments deriving from heme metabolism, coordinates metal ions as monoanionic bidentate donors. The resulting analogs...
Histone H3 Lysine 9 Methylation and HP1γ Are Associated with Transcription Elongation through Mammalian Chromatin.

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression plays a fundamental role during tissue specification and cellular memory. Cells that are committed to a given lineage, for example during hematopoiesis, “remember” their phenotype throughout successive rounds of cell division, reflecting alterations in chromatin structure at genes that are permanently activated or silenced. Cellular memory is anchored in specific sets of histone modifications, which together form the basis for the histone code. This is illustrated in the methylation of histone molecules: while methylation of histone H3 on lysines 4, 36, and 79 is linked with gene activation, methylation of H3 on lysines 9 and 27 and histone H4 on lysine 20 is associated with transcriptionally silent heterochromatin and repressed genes within euchromatin. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of histone methylation contributes to human diseases such as leukemias. Here we examined the methylation of histone molecules during gene activation and repression triggered by the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA-1. Surprisingly, we found that during activation by GATA-1 in erythroid cells, the levels of H3K9 di- and tri-methylation increase dramatically at all examined GATA-1-stimulated genes, including alpha- and beta-globin, AHSP, Band 3 and Glycophorin A. In contrast, at all GATA-1-repressed genes examined (GATA-2, c-kit, and c-myc) these marks are rapidly lost. Peaks of H3K9 methylation were observed in the transcribed portion of genes with lower signals at the promoter regions. Heterochromatin Protein 1γ (HP1γ), a protein containing a chromo-domain that recognizes H3K9 methylation, is also present in the transcribed region of all active genes examined. We extended these analyses to include numerous genes in diverse cell types (primary erythroid cells, primary T-lymphoid cells, epithelial cells and fibroblast) and consistently found a tight correlation between H3K9 methylation and gene activity, highlighting the general nature of our findings. Both the presence of HP1γ and H3K9 methylation at active genes are dependent upon transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II. Finally, HP1γ is in a physical complex with the elongating form of RNA polymerase II. Together, our results show that H3K9 methylation and HP1γ not only function in repressive chromatin, but play a novel and unexpected role during transcription activation. These results further elucidate new combinations of histone modifications that distinguish between repressed and actively transcribing chromatin.
FairGAN + : Achieving Fair Data Generation and Classification through Generative Adversarial Nets

How to achieve fairness is important for next generation machine learning. Two tasks that are equally important in fair machine learning are how to obtain fair datasets and how to build fair classifiers. In this work, we propose a new generative adversarial network (GAN) model for fair machine learning, named FairGAN+. FairGAN+ contains a generator to generate close-to-real samples, a classifier to predict class labels and three discriminators to assist adversarial learning. FairGAN+ simultaneously achieves fair data generation and classification by co-training the generative model and the classifier through joint adversarial games with the discriminators. Evaluations on real world data show the effectiveness of FairGAN+ on both fair data generation and fair classification.
Mapping Structural Dynamics of Proteins with Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

The structure-function relationships of biomolecules have captured the interest and imagination of the scientific community and general public since the field of structural biology emerged to enable the molecular understanding of life processes. Proteins that play numerous functional roles in cellular processes have remained in the forefront of research, inspiring new characterization techniques. In this review, we present key theoretical concepts and recent experimental strategies using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) to map the structural dynamics of proteins, highlighting the flexible chromophores on ultrafast timescales. In particular, wavelength-tunable FSRS exploits dynamic resonance conditions to track transient-species-dependent vibrational motions, enabling rational design to alter functions. Various ways of capturing excited-state chromophore structural snapshots in the time and/or frequency domains are discussed. Continuous development of experimental methodologies, synergistic correlation with theoretical modeling, and the expansion to other nonequilibrium, photoswitchable, and controllable protein systems will greatly advance the chemical, physical, and biological sciences.
Right Atrial Pacing to Improve Acute Hemodynamics in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Purpose Pacing to increase resting heart rate (HR) is commonly employed in order to improve hemodynamics and cardiac output (CO), particularly in post-operative setting when right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is present. We tested if right atrial (RA) pacing improves RV hemodynamics acutely, and if the degree of baseline RV dysfunction modifies this relationship. Methods We prospectively enrolled adult subjects with known or suspected pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) who underwent elective right heart catheterization between January 2013 and April 2016. RV pressure-volume (PV) analysis was performed with conductance catheters. RV volumes were calibrated by cardiac MRI same day. After measuring baseline PV data, a bipolar pacing wire was positioned in the RA and rate set to 80 to 90 beats per minute (bpm). Rate was increased in steps of 20 bpm. PV loops were recorded at end-expiration after 1 minute in each group: 80-99, 100-119, and 120-139 bpm. Parametric data were analyzed by Repeated Measures ANOVA, and non-parametric data were analyzed by Friedman Test. Baseline hemodynamic predictors of CO were analyzed by Repeated Measures simple linear regression. Results Twenty-three subjects were included in this analysis. Baseline mean RA pressure was 7 ± 3 mmHg with pulmonary vascular resistance of 5.2 ± 4.1 wood units. As HR increased with RA pacing, stroke volume (SV) declined in each pacing group (68±22, 61±19, 54±21 mL, respectively; p Conclusion As heart rate increases with RA pacing, RV contractility and CO increase modestly at the expense of cardiac efficiency.
Systemic Therapies for Patients with Metastatic Spinal Disease

Spinal metastasis is a common condition in metastatic cancer patients and may lead to debilitating neurological dysfunction and pain if left unaddressed. Comprehensive assessment and management involves a multidisciplinary team consisting of neurological surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and other specialties. Herein, we review the role of systemic anticancer therapies in the management of metastatic spinal disease. We also discuss the most recent data on the effects of systemic therapies on bone-specific and general clinical outcomes in patients with spinal metastases.
Why Google Dominates Advertising Markets

Approximately 86% of online display advertising space in the U.S. is bought and sold in real-time on electronic trading venues, which the industry calls "advertising exchanges." With intermediaries that route buy and sell orders, the structure of the ad market is similar to the structure of electronically traded financial markets. In advertising, a single company, Alphabet (“Google”), simultaneously operates the leading trading venue, as well as the leading intermediaries that buyers and sellers go through to trade. At the same time, Google itself is one of the largest sellers of ad space globally. This Paper explains how Google dominates advertising markets by engaging in conduct that lawmakers prohibit in other electronic trading markets: Google’s exchange shares superior trading information and speed with the Google-owned intermediaries, Google steers buy and sell orders to its exchange and websites (Search & YouTube), and Google abuses its access to inside information. In the market for electronically traded equities, we require exchanges to provide traders with fair access to data and speed, we identify and manage intermediary conflicts of interest, and we require trading disclosures to help police the market. Because ads now trade on electronic trading venues too, should we borrow these three competition principles to protect the integrity of advertising?
School Based Health Care Program Provides Epinephrine Auto Injector Prescription and Training In Schools

PROGRAM: On April 21, 2014, Ohio Governor John Kasich signed House Bill (HB) 296 into law permitting schools to procure non-individual specific Epinephrine Auto Injectors (EAI) for use in emergency anaphylaxis. Participating schools must adopt a policy governing use and maintenance, written in collaboration with a licensed health professional who is authorized to prescribe. Our School Based Health Care Program (SBHC) aims to team up and collaborate with schools to provide a prescription for minimum of two EAI per school with multiple refills for 1 year, assists in developing the …
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis: Addressing Confusion with Ankylosing Spondylitis/Spondyloarthropathy

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is an idiopathic florid enthesial reaction, especially recognized in the presence of ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. It is essentially an asymptomatic phenomena, rather than a disease. DISH, however, is not the only phenomenon responsible for florid enthesial reaction and recognition of such reaction, and it is important to assure that hypervitaminosis A (idiopathic or iatrogenic) or spondyloarthropathy is not actually responsible for the ossification. The paravertebral ossification in DISH is separate in space from the vertebral body, allowing it to be distinguished from the syndesmophytes of spondyloarthropathy, which produce anulus fibrosis ossification. The presence of erosion and fusion of zygapophyseal and costovertebral joints in spondyloarthropathy also facilitates distinguishing between the two phenomena. One seeks abnormalities on X-rays in attempting to explain the source of a patient’s back pain. It is critical however to determine whether a given radiologic finding (e.g., DISH) actually could be responsible. In the case of DISH, it is not and its recognition should not deter the healthcare provider from pursuing a complete evaluation.
Hypertensive urgency or emergency? The use of intravenous medications in hospitalized hypertensive patients without organ dysfunction

Abstract Background Current guidelines poorly define hypertensive urgency and recommend Oral (PO) medications over intravenous (IV). Objective To describe hospital management of hypertensive urgency and compare characteristics and outcomes of PO vs. IV medications. Methods We used descriptive statistics and created generalized linear models to evaluate within-subject blood pressure (BP) changes over 24 hours. Results 179 patients had an average age of 62 and 58% female. Chronic hypertension was common (165, 88%), as was chronic renal disease (40.6%). IV medications were common (146, 81.6%) and associated with higher comorbidity burden, prior kidney disease, and longer length of stay (2.5, 1.6-3.8 vs. 1.4, 0.9-2.2, p=0.007). 66 (35.3%) developed and 43 (23.5%) new organ dysfunction, but outcomes were similar between groups. BP was similar between groups after 12 hours. Conclusions IV medication use was common and decreased BP more rapidly. Outcomes including BP were similar to PO administration, except for length of stay.
A Source for Resonance Radiation

WHILE engaged in some experiments on mercury resonance radiation at Johns Hopkins University last spring, I became convinced that a less erratic and, if possible, more intense source than the usual watercooled quartz arc was almost a necessity for some kinds of work. A high-voltage discharge seemed likely to be much steadier than a low-voltage arc, and an obvious way of cutting down self-reversal due to normal mercury vapour was to use a gas for the discharge, with mercury present at a relatively low pressure, secondary processes keeping the mercury atoms largely in excited states. Experimental work was interrupted, however, and it was only recently that an opportunity arose for testing such a source in comparison with a regular quartz mercury arc.
Metaphor, Geometric Space, and the Structural View

Metaphor creates multi-directionality for its terms. The SV, a means of revealing points of comparison, is metaphoric. Its selections have quasi-logical structure; like part ≡ whole. As specifics, these equivalences can relate the subjective and objective realms. SV’s terms can collate divergent levels of analysis, viz., neurological reactivity and emotional decision- making. SV’s groupings straddle diverse causative sources and determination levels. These form variant modes of logic and schemas, which SV depicts to compare the Trio’s (Trump, Trumper, and paranoid) forms for ways of thinking and forming linguistic presentations. In linguistic displays, appear violations: in the classic schema form, causal sequence and in categorical logic, rules of identity. SV depicts these violations as variable formats, and the variability as a function of modality contingencies. The thinker as agent, outside all this diagrammatic casting, carves pathways to different perspective points to enhance connections within a manifold of interrelations.
Recurrent Autoimmune Hepatitis and De Novo Autoimmune Hepatitis in the Liver Allograft.

Objectives Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a form of severe hepatitis that can recur after orthotopic liver transplant (OLT). Presentation of AIH in patients with OLT who do not have a history of AIH is called de novo AIH (DNAIH). We evaluated the clinicopathologic characteristics of AIH and DNAIH. Methods Clinicopathologic and outcome measures of 11 patients with recurrent AIH (RAIH) and 22 with DNAIH identified between 2000 and 2017 were compared. Results Both cohorts showed female predominance. The mean clinical follow-up was 13 and 7.8 years in the in the RAIH and DNAIH groups, respectively (P = .1). Moderate portal inflammation was more common in patients with RAIH (64% vs 27%, P = .043). A trend was observed for more cases of DNAIH showing severe inflammation (36% vs 9%, P = .09) and submassive necrosis compared with RAIH (23% vs 0%, P = .086). A trend for more advanced fibrosis was also noted in the RAIH group (27% vs 5%, P = .059). Three patients with RAIH lost their grafts because of RAIH. Five-year disease-specific graft survival (GS) (P = .012) and overall GS (P = .015) were worse in patients with RAIH. Complement component 4d immunohistochemistry was positive in 2 patients with RAIH and 3 with DNAIH but showed no correlation with GS or other parameters. Conclusions RAIH seems to have a more aggressive clinical course than DNAIH and warrants closer clinical follow-up and aggressive treatment.
Export Volatility and Diversification: Evidence from Sino-African Trade

China's share of Africa's goods exports increased from less than 1% in 1989 to 12.4% in 2016. Did this rapid shift in Africa's exports help or hurt economic stability on the continent? To address the question, this paper decomposes export growth shocks into its components, to estimate the share of export volatility originating from sector volatility, country-specific volatility and idiosyncrasies that are not explained by factors specific to the exporting country or sector. China's surge in imports from Africa contributed to the rise of primary commodities' share of the continent's total exports, and in doing so, increased exposure to sector-specific volatility for the average African economy. Nevertheless, the trade shift towards China had little effect on aggregate export volatility, as it helped to diversify export destinations for many African economies.
Costs and Benefits of Native Language Similarity for Non-native Word Learning

The present study examined the costs and benefits of native language similarity for non-native vocabulary learning. Because learning a second language (L2) is difficult, many learners start with easy words that look like their native language (L1) to jumpstart their vocabulary. However, this approach may not be the most effective strategy in the long-term, compared to introducing difficult L2 vocabulary early on. We examined how L1 orthographic typicality affects pattern learning of novel vocabulary by teaching English monolinguals either Englishlike or Non-Englishlike pseudowords that contained repeated orthographic patterns. We found that overall, the first words that individuals learned during initial acquisition influenced which words they acquired later. Specifically, learning a new word in one session made it easier to acquire an orthographically similar word in the next session. Similarity among non-native words interacted with native language similarity, so that words that looked more like English were easier to learn at first, but they were less effective at influencing later word learning. This demonstrates that although native language similarity has a beneficial effect early on, it may reduce learners' ability to benefit from non-native word patterns during continued acquisition. This surprising finding demonstrates that making learning easier may not be the most effective long-term strategy. Learning difficult vocabulary teaches the learner what makes non-native words unique, and this general wordform knowledge may be more valuable than the words themselves. We conclude that native language similarity modulates new vocabulary acquisition and that difficulties during learning are not always to be avoided, as additional effort early on can pay later dividends.
Cochlear Fibrocyte and Osteoblast Lineages Expressing Type 2 Deiodinase Identified with a Dio2CreERt2 Allele.

Type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) amplifies levels of 3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine (T3), the active form of thyroid hormone, and is essential for cochlear maturation and auditory development. However, cellular routes for endocrine signaling in the compartmentalized, anatomically complex cochlea are little understood. Dio2 generates T3 from thyroxine (T4), a more abundant thyroid hormone precursor in the circulation, and is dramatically induced in the cochlea before the onset of hearing. The evidence implies that specific Dio2-expressing cell types critically mediate T3 signaling but these cell types are poorly defined because Dio2 is expressed transiently at low levels. Here, using a Dio2 CreERt2 knockin that activates a fluorescent reporter, we define Dio2-expressing cochlear cell types at high resolution in male or female mice. Dio2-positive cells were detected in vascularized supporting tissues but not in avascular internal epithelia, indicating segregation of T3-generating and T3-responding tissues. In the spiral ligament and spiral limbus, Dio2-positive fibrocytes clustered around vascular networks that convey T4 into cochlear tissues. In the otic capsule, Dio2-positive osteoblasts localized at cartilage surfaces as the bony labyrinth matures. We corroborated the identities of Dio2-positive lineages by RNA-sequencing of individual cells. The results suggest a previously unrecognized role for fibrocytes in mediating hormonal signaling. We discuss a model whereby fibrocytes mediate paracrine-like control of T3 signaling to the organ of Corti and epithelial target tissues.
Back to the basics? Transcriptomics offers integrative insights into the role of space, time and the environment for gene expression and behaviour.

Fuelled by the ongoing genomic revolution, broadscale RNA expression surveys are fast replacing studies targeting one or a few genes to understand the molecular basis of behaviour. Yet, the timesca...
Characterization of Near-Nadir Ka-Band Scattering from Wet Surfaces

Preliminary assessments of near-nadir Ka-band data from the airborne SWOT (AirSWOT) platform revealed complexity in the classification of water surfaces due to heterogeneous surface phenomenology. A survey of radar scattering literature for water surfaces indicated a dearth of knowledge surrounding Ka-band scattering for heterogeneous regions containing both water and land. Using a reference surface cover map, we identify separability between 15 surface types under observed conditions. Next, we assess the numerical trends between backscatter, surface moisture, and temperature by creating an ensemble mean of the data subsets representing theoretical observations. This study seeks to identify unique features of water and land backscatter to assess the likelihood of misclassification, opening the door for future applications of Ka-band for surface cover classification and surface change detection.
Physicians as Persuaders: Evidence from Hospitals in China

I apply a Bayesian persuasion framework to study information transmission in the physician-patient relationship. I highlight each party’s financial incentives in this transmission and the subsequent determination of medical treatment outcomes. I estimate the model using a large database of claims from China, exploiting a policy change with independent sources of random variation in physicians’ and patients’ financial incentives. For a diagnosis for which surgical treatment is somewhat discretionary, fully informing patients, equivalently eliminating physicians’ financial incentives, reduces surgery rates by almost half and raises total welfare by 60 percent. This effect is greater when patients are better insured.
Mapping of mammalian beta-adrenoreceptors by use of macromolecular alprenolol derivatives. A comparison with amphibian erythrocyte receptors.

Abstract The interaction of macromolecular alprenolol derivatives with β-adrenoreeeptors of rat heart, lung, and erythrocytes and frog erythrocytes has been studied. Macromolecular derivatives were prepared by covalently coupling alprenolol to dextrans containing a homologous series of spacer arms of various lengths. The affinity of these macromolecules for frog erythrocyte membranes increased with increasing length of spacer arm. In contrast, the affinity of these macromolecules for all mammalian membrane preparations was weak and insensitive to the length of the spacer arm. The inhibition of [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding to rat heart, lung, and erythrocyte membrane preparations by these macromolecular derivatives was more than 1000-fold less potent than inhibition by alprenolol. The results suggest different structural characteristics between mammalian and amphibian β-adrenoreceptors; however, apparently only small differences between mammalian receptors could be distinguished with these probes.
Distributed Discrete Filtering for Stochastic Systems with Noisy and Fuzzy Measurements

Abstract This chapter discusses distributed discrete filtering of noisy and fuzzy measurements, which employs both Kalman filtering and fuzzy arithmetic. Due to the property of fuzzy arithmetic, fuzziness of the parameters in a system under the extended operations will unlimitedly increase and finally reach an unacceptable range. A new compression technique is presented here to solve this problem. An algorithm for distributed discrete filtering using this compression technique is introduced and is applied to multisensor integration.
Significance Regression: Robust Regression for Collinear Data

This paper examines robust linear multivariable regression from collinear data. A brief review of M-estimators discusses the strengths of this approach for tolerating outliers and/or perturbations in the error distributions. The review reveals that M-estimation may be unreliable if the data exhibit collinearity. Next, significance regression (SR) is discussed. SR is a successful method for treating collinearity but is not robust. A new significance regression algorithm for the weighted-least-squares error criterion (SR-WLS) is developed. Using the weights computed via M-estimation with the SR-WLS algorithm yields an effective method that robustly mollifies collinearity problems. Numerical examples illustrate the main points.
A Review of “The Waxman Report: How Congress Really Works”

Most congressional memoirs are, quite frankly, dull. Successful politicians learn to hide their true selves from the public, but a great autobiography calls for honesty, and lawmakers are by and la...
Unsupervised learning for multivariate probability density estimation: radial basis and projection pursuit

Two types of unsupervised learning techniques for nonparametric multivariate density estimation are discussed, where no assumption is made about the data being drawn from any of known parametric families of distribution. The first type is based on a robust kernel method which uses locally tuned radial basis (Gaussian) functions. The second type is based on an exploratory projection pursuit technique which uses orthogonal polynomial approximation to 1-D density along several projections from multidimensional data. Performance evaluations using training data from mixture Gaussian and mixture Cauchy densities are presented. >
The Housing Market Impact of State-Level Anti-Discrimination Laws, 1960-970

This paper measures the housing market impact of state-level anti-discrimination laws in the 1960s using household-level and census-tract data. State-level fair-housing' laws attempted to bar discrimination on the basis of race, religion, and national origin in the sale, rental, and financing of housing, and they were the direct antecedents of the federal Fair Housing Act of 1968. Their influence on the housing market outcomes of African Americans has not been assessed in previous work by economists, but policy variation across states during the 1960s provides an opportunity to pursue such estimates. During the 1960s, blacks' housing market outcomes improved relative to whites', and the proportion of exclusively white census tracts declined markedly. But I find little evidence that the fairhousing laws contributed to those changes. Rather, the bulk of the evidence indicates that the laws' effects on blacks' housing market outcomes, on residential segregation, and on the value of property in predominantly nonwhite neighborhoods were negligible.
Long-term ovariectomy decreases ovine compact bone viscoelasticity

Abstract Changes in bone mineral density associated with estrogen depletion in humans do not account for all of the associated change in fracture risk, and it is possible that some of this variation may lie in changes of other aspects of bone quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in viscoelastic behavior of compact bone that may be associated with estrogen depletion. Changes in compact bone viscoelastic properties associated with three years of ovariectomy were investigated with dynamic mechanical analysis (low-amplitude 3-point bending at frequencies of 1–20 Hz) using beams milled from the diaphysis of the ovine radius. The viscoelastic storage modulus was significantly (5.2%) lower at the higher frequencies for the ovariectomized animals. The general anatomic variation in storage modulus, in which cranial sectors had higher values than caudal sectors, did not change with ovariectomy. The loss tangent (tan δ , a measure of damping) was also greatly decreased (up to 83%) at high frequencies in the ovariectomized animals. Anatomic variation in tan δ at low (6–12 Hz) frequencies (cranial and caudal sectors having higher values than lateral or medial sectors) was enhanced with ovariectomy. Changes in viscoelastic properties associated with long-term estrogen depletion could be responsible for a significant reduction in the toughness or strength of a bone without concomitant changes in screening modalities used to evaluate bone quality (e.g., DXA, QCT, QUA).
Effects of lasalocid and undegradable protein on growth and body composition of Holstein heifers.

Abstract Effects of lasalocid (0 or 200 mg/d and undegradable intake protein (32 vs. 42% of CP in concentrate) on growth and body composition were evaluated using 32 Holstein heifers (253kg initial BW, SE=4). Heifers were housed in an open barn in eight pens of 4 heifers and fed 12.7kg per pen daily of experimental concentrate with medium quality fescue hay for ad libitum consumption for 12 28-d periods. Body measurements were taken every 28 d; ultrasonic fat and muscle depths at the 13th rib, empty body fat, and protein were measured every 84 d. Heart girth and fat and muscle depth at the 13th rib increased when lasalocid and undegradable protein were fed individually, but not in combination. Rates of average daily gain and feed efficiency were not increased significantly when lasalocid and undegradable protein were fed. Data suggest that the combination of lasalocid and undegradable protein may have impaired microbial protein synthesis in the rumen, thereby influencing changes in body composition.
Spectral engineering in π-conjugated polymers with intramolecular donor-acceptor interactions.

With the development of light-harvesting organic materials for solar cell applications and molecular systems with fine-tuned colors for nonemissive electrochromic devices (e.g., smart windows, e-papers), a number of technical challenges remain to be overcome. Over the years, the concept of “spectral engineering” (tailoring the complex interplay between molecular physics and the various optical phenomena occurring across the electromagnetic spectrum) has become increasingly relevant in the field of π-conjugated organic polymers. Within the spectral engineering toolbox, the “donor−acceptor” approach uses alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient moieties along a π-conjugated backbone. This approach has proved especially valuable in the synthesis of dual-band and broadly absorbing chromophores with useful photovoltaic and electrochromic properties. In this Account, we highlight and provide insight into a present controversy surrounding the origin of the dual band of absorption sometimes encountered in...