cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Approach to Clustering Whole Trajectories of Mobile Objects in Road Networks

Most of mobile object trajectory clustering analysis to date has been focused on clustering the location points or sub-trajectories extracted from trajectory data. This paper presents TraceMob , a systematic approach to clustering whole trajectories of mobile objects traveling in road networks. TraceMob as a whole trajectory clustering framework has three unique features. First, we design a quality measure for the distance between two whole trajectories. By quality, we mean that the distance measure can capture the complex characteristics of trajectories as a whole including their varying lengths and their constrained movement in the road network space. Second, we develop an algorithm that transforms whole trajectories in a road network space into multidimensional data points in a euclidean space while preserving their relative distances in the transformed metric space. This transformation enables us to effectively shift the clustering task for whole mobile object trajectories in the complex road network space to the traditional clustering task for multidimensional data in a euclidean space. Third, we develop a cluster validation method for evaluating the clustering quality in both the transformed metric space and the road network space. Extensive experimental evaluation with trajectories generated on real road network maps of different cities shows that TraceMob produces higher quality clustering results and outperforms existing approaches by an order of magnitude.
CTCF and Nucleophosmin Participate in Long Distance Cyclin D1 Deregulation in Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

Abstract Cyclin D1 expression in B cells is deregulated by long distance chromosome translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Ge. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we show that the cyclin D1 (CCND1) loci in MCL cell lines and MCL patient samples are packaged in chromatin containing CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) and nucleophosmin (NPM). Using allelic chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we demonstrate that both the translocated and nontranslocated cyclin D1 alleles bind both CTCF and NPM, while RNA polymerase II is only bound to the translocated allele. Sequential ChIP assays demonstrated CTCF and NPM binding at the cyclin D1 loci in MCL cells. By immunoFISH, we demonstrate that the translocated and nontranslocated cyclin D1 loci colocalize at the nucleolus. CTCF and NPM are bound at the IgH 3′ regulatory elements only in MCL cell lines. NPM shRNA effects a specific growth arrest in these cells. These data demonstrate a role for CTCF and NPM in long distance cyclin D1 deregulation in mantle cell lymphoma.
Avoiding premature closure and reaching diagnostic accuracy: some key predictive factors.

Context Early studies suggested that experienced clinicians simply generate more accurate diagnoses than those less experienced. However, more recent studies indicate that experienced clinicians may be subject to biases in formulating and confirming hypotheses that lead to inaccuracy. Objectives The goal of this study was to identify factors associated with the ability to process information in ways that overcome premature closure and result in accurate diagnosis using a set of vignettes in which inconsistent information was introduced midway. Methods Seventy-five participants (25 Year 3 medical students, 25 internal medicine residents in their second year of residency and 25 internal medicine faculty) were recruited to solve each of four complex clinical vignettes. In each vignette, the first four rounds of information pointed toward a narrowing range of diagnostic possibilities, but patient information presented in and after the fifth round was inconsistent with prior findings. In addition to accuracy, outcome measures were length of differential diagnosis, certainty of diagnosis, persistence in data collection and tendency to switch diagnoses. Results There were no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy across the three groups, each of which differed in level of training. However, across experience levels, diagnostic accuracy was associated with the mean number of items in the differential, tendency to persist (e.g. to request a greater number of rounds of information), and openness to switch (e.g. to change the most likely diagnosis on receipt of disconfirming information). Conclusions Level of training (i.e. clinical experience) was not associated with accuracy on this task. As faculty clinicians certainly have more knowledge than their junior counterparts, it is important to identify ways in which cognitive factors can lead to more or less persistence and openness, and to teach clinicians how to overcome tendencies associated with error.
The Evolution of Active Particles: Toward Externally Powered Self-Propelling and Self-Reconfiguring Particle Systems

Summary Active particles harvest energy from their environment to autonomously power their movement, organization, and reconfiguration. Much like molecular motors on the nanoscale to living organisms on the micro- and macroscale, active particles move by asymmetrically converting and directing energy to create local gradients of force. We discuss how active particles have evolved as a result of advances in particle fabrication by analyzing the relationship between their design and mechanism of self-propulsion. We constrain our focus to particles that transduce energy from externally applied fields because their movements can be directly controlled, they do not require chemical fuel, and they are potentially biocompatible. We provide a prospectus of the challenges that must be overcome if we are to secure their further evolution for use in chemical and biomedical applications such as remotely powered drug-delivery vehicles, efficient micromixers, the reconfiguration of assemblies for microsurgical devices, and swarms of particles for the next generation of self-healing materials.
Evaluation of agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria

Abstract. This article presents a holistic approach for assessing agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria based on its economic, social and ecological aspects on sectoral macro-level. It is based on official statistical and other information as well as on expert evaluation. Our study has found that the Bulgarian agriculture on macro-level has good sustainability. Some of the sustainability aspects have higher levels such as the economic aspect, while others like social and environmental aspects are inferior. Study results could help in focusing the political efforts, so that the agrarian sustainability, in its social and ecological aspect, could be increased. However, a further research is needed to evaluate the level of sustainability at micro-level, so that the major issues and problem areas are addressed accordingly. Keywords. Agrarian sustainability, Sustainability indicators, Ecological aspects, Bulgarian agriculture. JEL. Q10, Q56, R33.
The Role of Manipulating Lipids in Uremia

Since the manipulation of lipids is such a broad subject, this chapter will specifically address the issue of hyperlipidemia (HL) associated with maintenance dialysis therapy.
Intraoperative Real-Time Ultrasonography: Localization, Characterization and Instrumentation of Lesions of Brain and Spinal Cord

As tissue of the central nervous system is so delicate and as manipulation or exploration of the tissue could increase the morbidity of the operative procedure, precise localization of lesions within the brain or spinal cord is mandatory. Angiograms, computed tomographic (CT) scans and magnetic resonance (MR) scans demonstrate the lesion but do so from a given perspective; this perspective is often quite different from the position of the patient on the operating table and there is a limited area of tissue exposure. The lesion is usually located beneath the surface of brain or spinal cord. We thought that intraoperative real-time ultrasound imaging would help with this localization and also serve to characterize the tissue (i.e., solid tumor vs. necrosis vs. cyst) and we worked to develop neurosurgical real-time ultrasound imaging to aid with such problems 2–5, 9–13.
Cutting Children’s Health Care Costs

* Abbreviation: CHIP — : Children’s Health Insurance Program Despite our nation’s relatively poor performance on many major health indicators (eg, life expectancy, infant mortality, obesity rates), the United States has the most expensive health care system in the world.1 As a nation, we spend 17.9% of our gross domestic product on health care, or ∼$10 348 per person per year.2 The largest share of this spending comes from the federal government. Because increased focus has been turned to curbing health care costs, a possible approach to reducing federal health care spending would be to tighten eligibility requirements for public insurance, including Medicaid and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP). Indeed, President Trump’s proposed 2018 budget included a plan to reduce eligibility for CHIP, which was projected to result in a net saving of $5.8 billion over 10 years.3 Although Congress recently reauthorized the CHIP at stable funding levels, the administration’s 2019 budget proposal continues to propose >$1 trillion in Medicaid cuts over a decade, with the reallocation of some funds coming in the form of block grants to states.4 In this issue of Pediatrics , Bettenhausen et al5 report the results of a retrospective cohort study of hospitalizations from … Address correspondence to Christopher P. Landrigan, MD, MPH, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Enders 1, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail: christopher.landrigan{at}childrens.harvard.edu
A sensitivity analysis of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition for Ni-based superalloys in electron beam additive manufacturing

Abstract Solidification conditions experienced during Selective-Electron Beam Melting (S-EBM) of Nickel-Base superalloys generally lead to epitaxial grain growth from previous layers, resulting in highly textured columnar grain structures, and consequently, highly anisotropic mechanical properties. However, in recent work, researchers have been able to produce equiaxed grain structures by changing the scan strategy to influence the solidification conditions, thereby obtaining isotropic properties. The competition between columnar and equiaxed grain formation is governed by both the local thermal conditions and alloy thermodynamics. The above examples demonstrate successful manipulation of the thermal conditions through changes in process parameters. However, there is no guarantee that process conditions that encourage the formation of equiaxed grains for a given alloy will coincide with the production of defect free material. The goal of this work is therefore to understand the influence of alloy composition on the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) so that alloys may be designed such that grain structure control is accessible to a wider range of S-EBM process conditions. A CET model originally developed by Hunt and extended by Gaumann was used to relate processing conditions to resulting microstructure. A sensitivity analysis of the CET model was performed using the Element Effects Methods. The results lead to a comparison of the relative effects of various alloying additions on the CET, as well as an assessment of other model parameters, including, most significantly, the nucleation density of equiaxed grains.
Efficient Blue and White Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Manganese Doping

Summary Despite heavy research, blue perovskite nanocrystal LEDs have struggled to match the high efficiencies of their red and green cousins, particularly at wavelengths blue enough to meet the NTSC blue standard. One of the most critical problems is the low photoluminescence yield of the nanocrystals in thin films. Recently, manganese doping has been shown to increase the photoluminescence yield of the perovskite even as a decay pathway to a long-lived emissive state on the manganese ion is introduced. Here, we employ a two-step synthetic approach to carefully tune the manganese doping to increase the blue photoluminescence while preventing significant manganese emission, allowing for blue perovskite LEDs with quantum efficiencies over 2% that meet the NTSC standard. Manganese doping increases the photoluminescence yield and lifetime, reduces trap states, and makes the dots more monodisperse, reducing the emission bandwidth. Finally, we utilize perovskite nanocrystal downconverters to build an all-perovskite white LED.
Topographic heterogeneity explains patterns of vegetation response to climate change (1972–2008) across a mountain landscape, Niwot Ridge, Colorado

ABSTRACTThe distributions of biomes worldwide are predicted to shift as vegetation tracks climate change. Ecologists often use coarse-scale climate models to predict these shifts along broad elevational and latitudinal gradients, but these assessments could fail to capture important dynamics by ignoring fine-scale heterogeneity. We ask how the elevational ranges of vegetation types have changed in a mountainous landscape, and investigate the influence of fine-scale topographic, snowpack, and soil properties on vegetation change. We manually classified vegetation from high-resolution repeat aerial photographs from 1972 and 2008 at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA, and generally found that trees and shrubs colonized tundra, while tundra colonized barren soils. Only shrubs expanded their elevational range. Several fine-scale topographic, soil and snow characteristics, including elevation, slope, solar radiation, soil bulk density, and interannual snowpack variability, modulated where plant establishment occurred. ...
Comparative Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Potential of Two Bioceramic Sealers.

Abstract Introduction Endodontic sealers have traditionally been used to seal dentinal tubules, creating a homogenous interface between the obturation material and the dentinal walls. However, bioceramic sealers have potential added benefits because of their bioactivity. After adequate endodontic therapy, osseous healing is largely dependent on the differentiation and activity of osteoblasts. We hypothesized that EndoSequence BC Sealer (Brasseler, Savannah, GA) and ProRoot ES (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties, Johnson City, TN) have superior biocompatibility and osteogenic potential compared with Roth (Roth International, Chicago, IL) and AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey Gmbh, Konstanz, Germany) sealers. Methods A murine osteoblast precursor cell line (IDG-SW3) was exposed to a wide range of concentrations for each of the sealers for 7 days. The relative cell viability was determined by luminescence assay based on adenosine triphosphate quantification (CellTiter-Glo [Promega, Madison, Wisconsin]). The osteogenic potential was determined by fluorescence microscopy of DMP-1 expression, alizarin red staining, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for known markers of osteogenesis such as DMP-1, ALP, and Phex. Data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance or 1-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni post hoc test. Results Both bioceramic sealers have excellent biocompatibility even at high concentrations. Conversely, cell death was detected when Roth and AH Plus were used at concentrations 100× lower than the bioceramic groups. Importantly, both bioceramic sealers significantly enhanced osteoblastic differentiation although greater responses were noted with EndoSequence BC Sealer. This was evidenced by increased DMP-1 expression, robust up-regulation of osteogenic marker gene expression, and superior mineral deposition. Osteoblastic differentiation and function were significantly impaired when Roth or AH Plus sealer was used. Conclusions EndoSequence BC Sealer and ProRoot ES were significantly more biocompatible and promoted osteoblastic differentiation, a bioactivity not found in AH Plus and Roth sealers.
Controlling a burn: outer-sphere gating of hydroxylamine oxidation by a distal base in cytochrome P460

Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) use the cytotoxic, energetic molecule hydroxylamine (NH2OH) as a source of reducing equivalents for cellular respiration. Despite disproportionation or violent decomposition being typical outcomes of reactions of NH2OH with iron, AOB and anammox heme P460 proteins including cytochrome (cyt) P460 and hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) effect controlled, stepwise oxidation of NH2OH to nitric oxide (NO). Curiously, a recently characterized cyt P460 variant from the AOB Nitrosomonas sp. AL212 is able to form all intermediates of cyt P460 catalysis, but is nevertheless incompetent for NH2OH oxidation. We now show via site-directed mutagenesis, activity assays, spectroscopy, and structural biology that this lack of activity is attributable to the absence of a critical basic glutamate residue in the distal pocket above the heme P460 cofactor. This substitution is the only distinguishing characteristic of a protein that is otherwise effectively structurally and spectroscopically identical to an active variant. This highlights and reinforces a fundamental principal of metalloenzymology: metallocofactor inner-sphere geometric and electronic structures are in many cases insufficient for imbuing reactivity; a precisely defined outer coordination sphere contributed by the polypeptide matrix can be the key differentiator between a metalloenzyme and an unreactive metalloprotein.
Nurse Practitioner and Physician Assistant Waivers to Prescribe Buprenorphine and State Scope of Practice Restrictions

This study uses SAMHSA data to describe the proportions of nurse practitioners and physician assistants with waivers to prescribe buprenorphine for treating opioid use disorder and associations with state regulations restricting their scope of practice.
Exploring Treatment as Usual for Pediatric Anxiety Disorders Among School-Based Clinicians

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) remains the only evidenced-based psychosocial treatment for pediatric anxiety. Adoption of CBT in community settings has been slow, and data on CBT use in schools specifically are limited. This study examined: (1) school-based clinicians’ perceptions of their treatment approach for pediatric anxiety disorders, use of therapeutic strategies reported after each session, and overall perceived confidence in treating anxiety disorders, and (2) independent evaluator (IE) ratings of clinicians’ use of CBT, the frequency and quality of specific CBT elements in sessions, and overall competence in treating anxiety. An exploratory aim examined whether clinician characteristics were associated with IE-rated CBT use. Participants included 25 school-based clinicians who delivered treatment as usual in a randomized controlled trial of treatments for anxious children and adolescents. At baseline, clinicians reported their approach to treating anxious youth. After each session (N = 475), they reported the therapeutic strategies they used. IEs rated audiotaped therapy sessions (N = 90). Results indicated a majority of school clinicians reported using a behavioral or cognitive-behavioral approach for anxiety (68% at baseline and in 76% of sessions). In contrast, 14% of the IE-rated sessions had the primary therapeutic strategy coded as cognitive-behavioral. Clinician confidence and IE competence ratings were also discrepant, with clinicians rating themselves as somewhat confident in treating anxious youth but IEs assigning a low competence rating. Use and quality of CBT elements based on IE-rating were low. Several clinician characteristics were associated with CBT use. Findings suggest a need to improve the training of school-based clinicians in EBTs for students with anxiety.
“If you don’t ask, you won’t know”: Do patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments capture the symptom experience of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)?

11579Background: PROs are increasingly used as a key tool in patient-focused treatment decisions. However, many cancer PROs were designed to capture the patient experience of those treated with che...
Update in Soft-Tissue Filler-Associated Blindness.

Background Soft-tissue filler administration is an increasingly popular minimally invasive cosmetic procedure. Simultaneously, there have been a greater number of adverse events reported, including the devastating complication of blindness. Objective To report cases of filler-related blindness published since 2015. Materials and methods The Ovid MEDLINE database was searched from January 1, 2015, to August 1, 2018, using a previously described Boolean string. Results Sixty new cases of filler blindness were identified. The most common type of filler reported was hyaluronic acid (HA) (N = 42, 70.0%), followed by autologous fat (N = 7, 11.7%), and calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) (N = 7, 11.7%). The most common injection locations were the nose (N = 33, 55.0%), glabella (N = 21, 35.0%), and forehead (N = 11, 18.3%). Ten cases reported vision restoration (16.7%). Four of the successful cases involved hyaluronidase administration, including 1 retrobulbar hyaluronidase injection. Conclusion Since 2015, there have been 60 newly reported cases of soft-tissue filler blindness. Most recent cases have occurred with HA, which is a shift from previous reports. In HA cases, hyaluronidase injection may be successful in restoring vision if administered promptly. It is imperative for providers to be familiar with strategies for managing soft-tissue filler blindness.
Observation of Exceptional-Points in Plasmonics

Non-Hermitian singularities known as exceptional-points (EPs) have been shown to exhibit increased sensitivities but the observation of EPs has so far been limited to wavelength scaled systems subject to diffraction limit. We propose a novel approach to EPs and report their first observation in plasmonics at room temperature. The plasmonic EPs are based on the hybridization of resonances in multilayered plasmonic crystals to reach a critical complex coupling rate between nanoantennas arrays, and, resulting in the simultaneous coalescence of the resonances and loss rates. Because plasmons shrink the wavelength of light to make it compatible with biological relevant substances, enhanced sensing of anti-Immunoglobulin G, the most common antibody found in blood circulation, is observed at attomolar concentration. Our work opens the way to novel class of nanoscale devices, sensors, and imagers based on topological polaritonic effects.
Label-free high-throughput photoacoustic tomography of suspected circulating melanoma tumor cells in patients in vivo.

Significance: Detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), a key determinant of metastasis, are critical for determining risk of disease progression, understanding metastatic pathways, and facilitating early clinical intervention. Aim: We aim to demonstrate label-free imaging of suspected melanoma CTCs. Approach: We use a linear-array-based photoacoustic tomography system (LA-PAT) to detect melanoma CTCs, quantify their contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs), and measure their flow velocities in most of the superficial veins in humans. Results: With LA-PAT, we successfully imaged suspected melanoma CTCs in patients in vivo, with a CNR >9. CTCs were detected in 3 of 16 patients with stage III or IV melanoma. Among the three CTC-positive patients, two had disease progression; among the 13 CTC-negative patients, 4 showed disease progression. Conclusions: We suggest that LA-PAT can detect suspected melanoma CTCs in patients in vivo and has potential clinical applications for disease monitoring in melanoma.
Benefit transfer estimation of willingness-to-pay for U.S. wetlands conservation

Abstract This research provides a benefit transfer model of willingness-to-pay (WTP) for wetlands' conservation in the United States. The validity of the estimated wetland's willingness-to-pay values is also examined. This study extends and provides improvements to wetlands valuation literature by using information obtained from 21 study sites - 19 natural and 2 constructed. Benefit transfer values for wetlands are imputed to six policy wetland sites - 5 natural and 1 constructed. Regression results are reported for one of eight models estimated and examined with four validity tests. Based on these tests, transfer error adjustments of WTP estimates for policy sites are reported.
The Effect of Swim Bladder Presence and Morphology on Sound Frequency Detection for Fishes

Expedient classification of fishes’ hearing abilities based on detected frequency can inform potential impacts of anthropogenic noise on fish communities. Nevertheless, literature on fish hearing i...
The Rural/Urban Volunteering Divide

Are rural residents more likely to volunteer than those living in urban places? Although early sociological theory posited that rural residents were more likely to experience social bonds connecting them to their community, increasing their odds of volunteer engagement, empirical support is limited. Drawing upon the full population of rural and urban respondents to the United States Census Bureau’s current population survey volunteering supplement (2002–2015), we found that rural respondents are more likely to report volunteering compared to urban respondents, although these differences are decreasing over time. Moreover, we found that propensities for rural and urban volunteerism vary based on differences in both individual and place-based characteristics; further, the size of these effects differs across rural and urban places. These findings have important implications for theory and empirical analysis.
Data Management Technology for Decision Support Systems

Abstract Developing, deploying, and maintaining an effective decision support system is a daunting task—one that requires an enormous effort. In this paper, we review various components of a decision support system: loading, maintenance, and analysis of data. We briefly discuss the key issues underlying each one of these components, current research on these issues, and the support provided by commercial database and data warehousing systems.
She’s already busy: An exploratory study of women’s workplace attitudes as predictors of organizational citizenship behavior

Purpose – This study aims to examine women’s organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) or the voluntary, discretionary behaviors employees perform that are not linked to their reward system but benefit organizations. Specifically, it investigates several attitudinal and organizational antecedents relative to two sub-dimensions of OCB: organizational loyalty and helping behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – Alumnae (n = 160) responded to an e-mail survey regarding their self-reported OCBs, job satisfaction, work engagement and several demographic and organizational variables. Findings – In this fiscal climate, organizations are challenged with fostering an environment encouraging employees to go beyond job requirements. Findings here suggest that married women who are engaged in work have the highest propensity to do this by engaging in these non-compensated, non-mandated behaviors. However, importantly, differences were found between organizational loyalty citizenship and helping behaviors. An invers...
pGD vectors: versatile tools for the expression of green and red fluorescent protein fusions in agroinfiltrated plant leaves

We have constructed a matched set of binary vectors designated pGD, pGDG and pGDR for the expression and co-localization of native proteins and GFP or DsRed fusions in large numbers of plant cells. The utility of these vectors following agroinfiltration into leaves has been demonstrated with four genes from Sonchus yellow net virus, a plant nucleorhabdovirus, and with a nucleolar marker protein. Of the three SYNV proteins tested, sc4 gave identical localization patterns at the cell wall and nucleus when fused to GFP or DsRed. However, some differences in expression patterns were observed depending on whether DsRed or GFP was the fusion partner. In this regard, the DsRed:P fusion showed a similar pattern of localization to GFP:P, but localized foci appeared in the nucleus and near the periphery of the nucleus. Nevertheless, the viral nucleocapsid protein, expressed as a GFP:N fusion, co-localized with DsRed:P in a subnuclear locale in agreement with our previous observations (Goodin et al., 2001). This locale appears to be distinct from the nucleolus as indicated by co-expression of the N protein, DsRed:P and a nucleolar marker AtFib1 fused to GFP. The SYNV M protein, which is believed to be particularly prone to oligomerization, was detectable only as a GFP fusion. Our results indicate that agroinfiltration with bacteria containing the pGD vectors is extremely useful for transient expression of several proteins in a high proportion of the cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. The GFP and DsRed elements incorporated into the pGD system should greatly increase the ease of visualizing co-localization and interactions of proteins in a variety of experimental dicotyledonous hosts.
A Taxonomy of free Network Sniffers for teaching and research

Today's networking environment has become very complex. Networks have been growing in size rapidly and have come to support more complex applications. As result, troubleshooting and maintaining networks has become cumbersome and has created the need for new specialized tools such as Network Protocol Analyzers, better known as "Network Sniffers".Network Sniffers have become critical tools in today's networking management and troubleshooting processes. They enable network managers to evaluate and examine the data running through their network by troubleshooting network performance problems and identifying certain network faults. Network Sniffers can help identify network attacks and detect security threats; they can be used in intrusion detection systems.Besides their usage in the technical environment, network sniffers can be used for educational and research purposes. They can be used to help understand packets' architecture and traffic patterns generated by common network applications. Network Sniffers can also be used to evaluate protocol performance and assist in protocol development. Despite their usefulness, network sniffers can be harmful when used by hackers. With network sniffers, hackers can capture data and steal information from targeted networks.This study consists of two major efforts. The first major effort entails researching and determining a set of criteria to use in evaluating and comparing network sniffers. The second major effort involves using the criteria to evaluate and compare three free network sniffers, thus building a taxonomy. The three free network sniffers used in this study were Ethereal, EtherSnoop and Packetyzer. Each of these three sniffers was evaluated and tested. Then their features and capabilities were compared.
Physiological Factors Influencing the Growth of Skeletal Muscle

The growth of muscle can be regulated by developmental changes or by alterations in hormone levels or in the rate or amount of work demanded. The mechanisms and structures involved in growth processes can be studied by controlling these factors. The models used are chicken anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle under the influence of overloading and rabbit tibialis anterior (TA) muscle under the influence of chronic nerve stimulation. Both models involve changes in the isoform of myosin that is expressed. Methods of study include quantitative ultrastructural analysis, immunofluorescence and in situ mRNA hybridization. In overloaded chick ALD fibres polysomes are nonuniformly distributed between the myofibrils and in a peripheral annulus even though subcellular concentrations of the new isoform are not found. In normal rabbit muscle the highest concentration of myosin mRNA detected by in situ hybridization is found in the subsarcolemmal zone. In stimulated TA polysomes are found between myofibrils. It appears that the myosin mRNA accumulates at specific cell locations before translation; then diffusion of isomyosin and rapid exchange into myofibrils follows. Therefore, regulation of growth may be possible at the transcriptional, translational and assembly stages.
On Renewal Decisions.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses renewal decisions. For a system that operates for T units of time, a certain component is essential for the system to be operative. When it fails, it must be replaced. However, there are n types of components that can be used. Some types are costly but tend to last longer; others are cheaper but are not likely to last as long. The general problem is to assign the initial component type and all subsequent replacements so as to minimize the expected cost of providing an operative component for the life of the system. An optimal value function is one that satisfies the optimality equation and any value function corresponding to a policy that satisfies the optimality equation.
REDUCTION OF OCTANE REQUIREMENT BY KNOCK SENSOR SPARK RETARD SYSTEM

A 1975 California model automobile with an 8:1 C. R. 350 CID engine was modified by increasing the compression ratio to 9:1 which resulted in improved fuel economy. The higher NO sub x emissions were reduced to the base level by substituting a back pressure-controlled EGR unit for the original valve and increasing the EGR flow. Octane requirement was controlled by a knock sensor-actuated spark timing retard system. The knock sensor (accelerometer) is attached to one of the cylinder heads of the engine. When knock occurs, the vibration is picked up by the sensor, the signal is filtered to remove some of the engine background noise, and the knock pulse is detected. When the amplitude of the detected knock signal exceeds a threshold, the spark timing is retarded. When no knocking is detected over a waiting period, the timing is advanced back to its normal schedule. Using this system, the vehicle's octane requirement can be lowered several numbers with some performance debit, i.e., slower acceleration times.
Epigenetic Targets and Cancer Drug Discovery

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the discovery of novel agents that modulate epigenetic control mechanisms. The success of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors in the treatment of cancer underscores the importance of epigenetic changes in tumorigenesis. These agents cause the re-expression of aberrantly silenced gene products that restore a “normal” cell cycle in tumor cells and make them more susceptible to apoptosis. For this reason, HDAC inhibitors are used in the clinic in combination with traditional DNA methyltransferase inhibitors such as 5-azacytidine. The presence of multiple HDAC isoforms and the interrelationship between HDACs and cytosine–phosphate–guanine (CpG) island methylation at specific promoters contribute to difficulties in understanding the complexity of gene expression control mechanisms. The discovery of agents that modulate histone methylation and demethylation is in its infancy. These processes appear to be ubiquitous epigenetic control mechanisms; and histone methylases and demethylases can soon become the drug targets of equal significance to HDACs.
Extolling the diversity of bacterial endotoxins.

It is part of the immunologic lexicon that Toll receptors are integral parts of the innate immune response machinery. What ligands they bind, however, is only now beginning to be elucidated.
Factors influencing lesbian gynecologic care: a preliminary study.

Abstract One hundred seventeen homosexual women were surveyed to determine their health care utilization patterns, their gynecologic and obstetric problems, and their attitudes toward physicians. It was found that these women actively utilized the health care system, although many chose less traditional sources. The gamut of both obstetric and gynecologic problems were seen, but venereal disease and cervical dysplasia were uncommon. No medical problems specific to homosexual women were identified. Many of these lesbians expressed concern about the effect on their health care of physicians' negative attitudes toward homosexuals.
ELF waves and ion resonances produced by an electron beam emitting rocket in the ionosphere

Results are reported from the ECHO-6 electron-beam-injection experiment, performed in the auroral-zone ionosphere on March 30, 1983 using a sounding rocket equipped with two electron guns and a free-flying plasma-diagnostics instrument package. The data are presented in extensive graphs and diagrams and characterized in detail. Large ELF wave variations, superposed on the strong beam-sector-directed quasi-dc component, are observed in the 100-eV beam-induced plasma when the beam is injected in a transverse spiral, but not when it is injected upward parallel to the magnetic-field line. ELF activity is found to be suppressed whenever the rocket passed through field lines with auroral activity, suggesting that the waves are produced by the interaction of the beam potentials, plasma currents, and return currents neutralizing the accelerator payload.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Loss Increases Lysophosphatidylcholine Synthesis in Lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a destructive lung disease affecting women. LAM is caused by mutations in the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) genes. The TSC protein complex inhibits the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is a master regulator of cellular metabolism. Using mass spectrometry-based lipid profiling, we analyzed plasma from patients with LAM and discovered elevated levels of four lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) species (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C20:4) compared with those in healthy control women. To investigate whether these lipids are generated in a TSC2-dependent manner, we profiled in vitro preclinical models of TSC/LAM and found significant LPC accumulation in TSC2-deficient cells relative to TSC2-expressing control cells. These lysoglycerophospholipid changes occurred alongside changes in other phospholipid and neutral lipid species. Treatment with rapamycin or torin1 or down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), a lipogenic transcription factor, did not suppress LPC in TSC2-deficient cells. Inhibition of distinct isoforms of phospholipase A2 decreased the proliferation of TSC2-deficient cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TSC2-deficient cells have enhanced choline phospholipid metabolism and reveal a novel function of the TSC proteins in choline lysoglycerophospholipid metabolism, with implications for disease pathogenesis and targeted therapeutic strategies.
Short Pelvic Floor Electromyographic Lag Time: A Novel Noninvasive Approach to Document Detrusor Overactivity in Children with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

Purpose: Noninvasive uroflow with simultaneous electromyography can measure electromyographic lag time, ie the interval between the start of pelvic floor relaxation and the start of urine flow (normally 2 to 6 seconds). Intuitively one would expect that in patients experiencing urgency secondary to detrusor overactivity the lag time would be short or even a negative value. We studied whether short electromyographic lag time on uroflow with electromyography actually correlates with documented detrusor overactivity on urodynamics.Materials and Methods: We reviewed 2 separate and distinct cohorts of 50 neurologically and anatomically normal children with persistent lower urinary tract symptoms who were evaluated by uroflow with simultaneous electromyography and videourodynamics. Group 1 consisted of 30 boys and 20 girls (mean age 7.8 years, range 4 to 19) selected based on electromyographic lag time of 0 seconds or less on screening uroflow with electromyography who subsequently underwent videourodynamics. G...
Observations on occult malignant lymphomas in the skin.

Six patients with malignant cutaneous lymphomas are described to show the diversified clinical patterning that may occur. None of the lesions, which ranged from solid nodules, through inflammatory infiltrative lesions, to gangrene, could be identified as malignant lymphoma at the time these patients sought medical attention. Histologic diagnosis of the lymphoma came much later. Pain was a particularly prominent symptom in three of the six patients. The clinician should discard the dictum that malignant lymphoma is a painless process and should not neglect the consideration of malignant lymphoma because of the presence of pain. The skin lesions described provide a model for recognition of extranodal lymphomas elsewhere in the body. Lymphoma should be considered in the presence of unexplained chronic inflammatory processes that affect any organ containing lymphoreticular or epithelial structures.
BODY WATER CONTENT AND TURNOVER IN SEVERAL SPECIES OF RODENTS AS EVALUATED BY THE TRITIATED WATER METHOD

Body water content and turnover were determined on 80 rodents, representing 12 species, using the tritiated water method. All experimental rodents were maintained under similar laboratory conditions. Measurements of body water content indicated wide variability in the degree of body fatness. Mean values of body fat as a percentage of body weight ranged from 3.0 to 38.8 per cent for the 12 species. The equation, WTR = n (LBM)b, was used to relate water transfer rate (WTR) to lean body mass (LBM). The overall exponent (b) for 12 species of rodents equaled 0.78 ? 0.044 (standard deviation) and represents the interspecies esti- mate. The exponent computed for three species of the genus Microtus equaled 0.69 ? 0.093. Specific water transfer rates ranged from 0.34 to 1.76 (ml/g'69)/d. In general, water transfer rates were correlated with water availability in the natural habitat of each species. Species inhabiting moist areas had high specific water transfer rates while species inhabiting arid regions had lower specific water transfer rates. Water content of fat-free body tissue is essentially constant among homeo- therms (Reid, 1967). However, the kinetics of body water are variable (Rich- mond et al., 1962). Within the order Rodentia rates of body water turnover are diversified. Rapid rates of water turnover may be found in semiaquatic species such as the muskrat, whereas slower rates of water turnover would be expected for the desert adapted kangaroo rat. Factors influencing body water turnover in rodents include metabolic rate, body size, environment, and species. The introduction of tracers of water has provided a sophisticated "tool" for determining water content and turnover in biological systems without drasti- cally disturbing the system. Several tracers have been used and compared (Reid et al., 1958). However, tritiated water possesses several advantages over other tracers. It was used in this study. The primary objective of this study was to determine the body water con- tent and turnover in several species of rodents maintained under similar labo- ratory conditions. An ancillary objective was to consider factors contributing to variability in body water turnover in rodents.
Optical neural networks based on liquid-crystal light valves and photorefractive crystals

This paper describes an optical holographic interconnection method for neural network implementations in which each connection weight is distributed among many angularly and spatially multiplexed photorefractive gratings. This approach greatly reduces crosstalk caused by the conical Bragg degeneracy associated with a single grating and permits the entire input plane to be used. Experimental results for an optical Perceptron network implemented using this method are presented.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
La culpa de escribir

El articulo estudia las relaciones entre estetica e instituciones culturales en un caso de la narrativa latinoamericana. A partir de La novela luminosa, de Mario Levrero, se exploran los vinculos de la literatura con la experiencia, la autoridad, las instituciones y su peso en la produccion estetica contemporanea.
Psychophysiological responses during analogue systematic desensitization and non-relaxation control procedures ☆

Abstract This investigation tested the hypotheses than an analogue systematic desensitization procedure (SD) would be both more effective and more efficient than a comparable non-relaxation control procedure (NRC) with respect to subjective report, behavioral and psychophysiological variables. Phobic subjects responded to slides depicting a feared aversive stimulus. The SD procedure resulted in significantly less reported fear, fewer trials to a criterion level of decrease in subjective fear, and significantly greater decreases in ANS baseline measures. However, measures of behavioral avoidance and measures of decrease in psychophysiological responsivity to the aversive stimuli revealed significant changes within both SD and NRC groups, and no significant differences between the groups, whether or not the groups were equated for number of stimulus presentations. The results, indicating equivalent efficacy and efficiency for the SD and NRC procedures, suggested a limited role for relaxation in systematic desensitization. An extinction or habituation hypothesis was supported at the expense of a counterconditioning hypothesis.
Radiation induced abnormalities in early in vitro mouse embryos

Female mice were superovulated and mated, and the two-cell embryos were collected and cultured in vitro. The embryos were exposed to x-irradiation (0 to 491 rads) during the two-cell stage before the appearance of the next cleavage plate, placed in new unirradiated culture medium and observed during subsequent development. Morphological abnormalities, which occurred as a result of irradiation, included fragmentation, disintegration, granlation, incomplete cleavage, cleavage cessation, nuclear degeneration and pycnosis and cytoplasmic vacuolization. There was no damage to the zona pellucida. The types of abnormalities indicate an agreement with the results of previous in vivo studies. A distinct correlation existed between morphological abnormalities and embryo death. The greatest number of abnormalities resulted within five hours following irradiation, but increased through 20 hours post-exposure. At doses above 300 rads, the magnitude of damage was greater in the in vitro embryos than that shown in previous in vivo studies. (auth)
A novel technique for measuring the kinetics of high-temperature gasification of biomass char with steam

Abstract Solar thermal gasification of biomass is a promising technology that allows for operation at high temperature without burning a large portion of the biomass feedstock. Additionally, the process allows for solar energy to be stored and transported in chemical form. In order to design efficient solar reactors, a kinetic rate expression for high-temperature steam gasification is needed. Various methods have been used to measure the steam gasification rate of coal and biomass char at temperatures up to 1000 °C. These conventional techniques often fail to collect accurate kinetic data at temperatures above 1000 °C due to heat and mass transfer resistance, and the time constants associated with the analysis system. In this paper we discuss a novel kinetics measurement technique based on a modified fixed bed and data collected solely from a gas flow meter. The technique was used to collect kinetic rate data for switchgrass char over a range of reaction conditions between 1000 °C and 1150 °C. An empirical expression to predict the kinetic rate as a function of the degree of conversion, temperature, steam concentration, and hydrogen concentration was developed. The random pore model was used to predict the reaction rate as a function of conversion, and the initial kinetic rate was fit using a Langmuir–Hinshelwood type expression.