cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reasonableness and Fairness: A Historical Theory

We all know, or think we know, what it means to say that something is 'reasonable' or 'fair', but what exactly are these concepts and how have they evolved and changed over the course of history? In this book, Christopher McMahon explores reasonableness, fairness, and justice as central concepts of the morality of reciprocal concern. He argues that the basis of this morality evolves as history unfolds, so that forms of interaction that might have been morally acceptable in the past are judged unacceptable today. The first part of his study examines the notions of reasonableness and fairness as they are employed in ordinary practical thought, and the second part develops a constructivist theory to explain why and how this part of morality can undergo historical development without arriving at any final form. His book will interest scholars of ethics, political theory, and the history of ideas.
Spacing Effects on Learning and Memory

This chapter reviews past and current research on the spacing effect with respect to theoretical explanations that have been offered to account for the phenomenon, recent research on optimal spacing gaps, and results from category induction tasks showing that spacing can benefit the abstraction of concepts. The role of spacing in metacognitive awareness and regulation is also discussed. Finally, the ever-growing number of studies investigating spacing in authentic educational environments is reviewed, providing fairly strong and consistent evidence that spacing is an effective approach for enhancing students' learning of knowledge and skills acquired in their courses.
The Species and Stratigraphic Distribution of Caucasina and Aeolomorpella, New Genus (Foraminiferida)

Three fossil forms of raccoons (Procyon priscus Leidy, 1856, P, simus Gidley, 1906, and P. nanus Simpson, 1929) are considered synonyms of P. lo tor (Linnaeus), the only species known from the Pleistocene of North America. Localities from which fossil Procyon have been reported are mapped, along with unpublished records of the genus.
Reconceiving Personal Jurisdiction: Sovereignty, Authority, and Individual Rights

This article re-examines the subject personal jurisdiction from the ground up, taking into account four recent decisions by the Supreme Court and reconciling them with the political theory of authority. Most of the academic commentary on the recent decisions is critical. This article, instead, tries to reconstruct from them into a coherent theory of personal jurisdiction that reconciles the conflicting principles of sovereignty and individual rights. Sovereignty speaks at the national level in terms of the assertion of power by the government representing the collective will. Individual rights operate at the opposite extreme, protecting individual interests. Both principles have been invoked to justify the law of personal, reflecting its roots in two different constitutional sources of restraints on personal jurisdiction: the Full Faith and Credit Clause, which speaks to relations among states, and the Due Process Clauses in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, which protects natural and artificial persons. The article reconciles these conflicting principles and conflicting sources of law by relying on modern political theories of legitimate authority. These theories are deployed to justify the prevailing distinction between general and specific jurisdiction, re-emphasized in the recent decisions of the Supreme Court. As a result of this analysis, this article proposes a rule for close cases of personal jurisdiction — allowing nonresident individuals and corporations to be free of state power if they have taken feasible precautions against being subjected to it. This allows individuals and firms to escape the power of a state with which they do not want to have any affiliation. It also avoids the problem, first identified in International Shoe Co. v. Washington, that sufficient contacts with the forum are not a matter of “a little more or a little less.” Instead, they mark a qualitative difference between acts that constitute submission to jurisdiction and acts that do not. The article then offers an analysis of the recent decisions and why they are, in the main, correct, and why forum selection clauses deserve the deference that they have received, certainly in litigation between business firms.
What endocardial right ventricular pacing site shows better contractility and synchrony in children and adolescents

Aims Right ventricular (RV) apical (RVA) pacing can induce left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony, remodeling, and dysfunction in children with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). We compared the functional outcome of RVA with RV alternative pacing sites (RVAPS), including para-Hisian, septal, and outflow tract sites. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective study. Data were collected before pacemaker implantation (transvenous leads), postoperatively, at 6 months, and at 1–2–3–4 years. Electrocardiogram evaluation included QRS duration, axis, QTc/JTc, and QTc dispersion. Echocardiographic evaluation included 2-D/3-D assessment of ventricular dimensions (Z-score of LV end-diastolic dimension), function (ejection fraction), and synchrony. Results From 2009 to 2015, 55 patients with CAVB, aged 3–17 years, with or without other congenital heart defects, underwent RVAPS (30 patients, median age 11 years) or RVA (25 patients, median 12 years). All leads were positioned into the septum. Before implantation, no significant differences in parameters were observed, except for higher Z-score in RVAPS than in RVA. After implantation, at a median follow-up of 2.5 (range 1–6) years, the two groups showed no significant differences in LV dimensions, contractility, and synchrony. QRS intervals of RVAPS were significantly shorter than RVA. Clinical status was good and contractility/synchrony indexes were normal or adequate in all patients. Conclusions In pediatric patients, RVAPS and RVA showed no significant differences in LV dimensions, contractility, and synchrony. Preimplantation dilated patients showed LV reverse remodeling. RVAPS demonstrated shorter QRS intervals. Therefore, septal pacing sites, either RVA or RVAPS, seem to determine good contractility and synchrony at a mid-term follow-up.
Short Introduction and History

If one does a MEDLINE® search using as keywords chemo fog or chemo brain or their hyphenated equivalents, fewer than 30 ‘hits’ appear. The oldest dates back to 2003. This small number of hits in some way captures one aspect of the current state of the phenomenon (or phenomena). In contrast, if one does the search using ‘cognitive × cancer × chemotherapy’, hundreds more hits appear. This in some way captures another aspect of the phenomenon. It is both little-known and well-known. To go a step further, some data suggest that it is one of the most common adverse effects of chemotherapy, other data suggest that it does not exist. Even its name (or lack thereof) is still unsettled. Yet, patients consistently report it. This chapter introduces the reader to the fascinating and complex challenges—to patients, healthcare providers, basic scientists, employers, insurers and others—inherent in this topic and the current state of knowledge about it.
Burden of caregiving after a child's in-hospital cardiac arrest.

Abstract Objective To describe caregiver burden among those whose children survive in-hospital cardiac arrest and have high risk of neurologic disability, and explore factors associated with burden during the first year post-arrest. Methods The study is a secondary analysis of the Therapeutic Hypothermia after Paediatric Cardiac Arrest In-Hospital (THAPCA-IH) trial. 329 children who had an in-hospital cardiac arrest, chest compressions for >2 min, and mechanical ventilation after return of circulation were recruited to THAPCA-IH. Of these, 155 survived to one year, and caregivers of 138 were assessed for burden. Caregiver burden was assessed at baseline, and 3 and 12 months post-arrest using the Infant Toddler Quality of Life Questionnaire for children 5 years. Child functioning was assessed using the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales Second Edition (VABS-II), the Paediatric Overall Performance Category (POPC) and Paediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) scales, and caregiver perception of global functioning. Results Of 138 children, 77 (55.8%) were male, 77 (55.8%) were white, and 109 (79.0%) were Conclusions Caregiver burden is substantial during the first year after paediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest, and associated with the extent of the child’s neurobehavioural dysfunction.
Use of situation and risk modeling in guidance solutions

Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GN&C) systems take data from the environment to create a mathematical representation of the system state. The system's guidance solution is then determined from this navigation solution and is typically a minimization of some objective weight function, J. This objective function is a time, cost, weight, or other physically realizable quantity. In this paper we show a method to create a guidance solution based upon system risk for a system's goal. The methodology presented uses a goal to create a situation. The situation assessment creates a situation model whose risk can be determined. The projection of this into the future then creates a trajectory for the system to follow. A simulation of using nautical vessels is shown and compared to traditional optimization methods.
Methods Taught in Public Policy Programs: Are Quantitative Methods Still Prevalent?

This paper presents the results of a content analysis of the titles and descriptions of methods courses offered in 44 graduate programs in public policy at universities and colleges in the U. S., a...
Broadband Detection and Classification of Underwater Sources

The radiated signals from sources are of great importance for passive sonar, which is designed to exploit peculiarities of this form of signal and distinguish it from ambient noise, in which it is normally observed. The radiated signals usually consist of both narrowband and broadband components. In this paper, we describe techniques that exploit the broadband signals for detection and possible classification of the underwater sources.
IETS with Applications to Biology and Surface Physics

Applications of inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy to the study of biological molecules will be reviewed. Experiments include work on amino acids, purine and pyridine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, DNA, RNA, proteins and other selected compounds. Detailed studies of mononucleotides using a series of derivatives with selected bases have established that the tunneling spectra resolve small differences in chemical structure as well as clearly distinguishing different bases. The technique has also been extended to polynucleotides and may be of help in sequence studies. Applications include studies on ultraviolet radiation damage and a series of results on bases, mononucleotides, and polynucleotides will be prepared. Results and problems associated with applying the tunneling technique to the full DNA molecule and other large molecules will also be analyzed. Applications to other relevant materials such as long chain fatty acids will also be discussed
Screening and Diagnosing Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease as identified by a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate and/or evidence of microalbuminuria is an established cardiovascular risk state for the development of atherosclerosis, myocardial disease, valvular disease, and heart failure. Screening for atherosclerosis risk factors and optimal management is indicated in all patients. Accelerated vascular calcification is the most prominent feature of atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Recognition that heart failure is the most common manifestation of cardiovascular disease is important since the principles of blood pressure control and use of particular antihypertensive agents can reduce the incidence of symptomatic heart failure. The cardiomyopathy of chronic kidney disease is manifested by left ventricular hypertrophy, evidence of diastolic dysfunction with or without superimposed systolic dysfunction. Increased blood levels of B-type natriuretic peptide, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, galectin-3, and ST2 all are consistent and supportive of a diagnosis of heart failure. Conversely, low or normal levels of these proteins have a very high negative predictive value in excluding the presence of heart failure. Aortic valve sclerosis/stenosis and mitral annular calcification, both readily identified by echocardiography, are the most common forms of valvular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. All forms of arrhythmias are more common in patients with kidney disease compared to the general population. Because sudden death can be the first manifestation of arrhythmias, particularly in patients with end-stage renal disease, heightened awareness, low thresholds for monitoring, and implantation of cardio-defibrillators should be considered in appropriate patients.
Solid Solution Strengthening and Phase Equilibrium

The mechanical properties of materials can be controlled by addition of point defects such as substitutional and interstitial atoms. Particularly in metals, the point defects disturb the atomic arrangement in the lattice and interfere with the movement of dislocations, or slip. The point defects therefore cause the material to be solid solution strengthened.
(Un)authorized Transitions: Illegality, DACA, and the Life Course

Drawing on in-depth interviews with 408 beneficiaries of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Program (DACA), this article examines how they experienced their new status and improved adult tr...
Clustering for Load Balancing and Energy Efficiency in IoT Applications

This paper explores clustering as a technique to improve energy efficiency for a variety of current and emerging IoT application scenarios. We introduce a novel load balanced clustering algorithm based on Simulated Annealing whose main goal is to increase network lifetime while maintaining adequate sensing coverage in scenarios where sensor nodes produce uniform or non-uniform data traffic. To this end, we also introduce a new clustering cost function that accounts not only for sensor node traffic load but also for the cost of communicating over physical distances. Through extensive simulations comparing the proposed algorithm to leading state-of-the-art clustering approaches, we show that our algorithm is able to improve both network lifetime as well as network coverage by keeping more sensor nodes alive for longer periods of time at lower computational cost.
Debt of the Elderly and Near Elderly, 1992-2013

This paper focuses on the trends in debt levels among those ages 55 or older (near-elderly are defined as those ages 55-64 and the elderly are defined as those ages 65 and older), as financial liabilities are a vital but often ignored component of retirement income security. The Federal Reserve Board’s Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) is used in this paper to determine the level of debt. Debt is examined in two ways: (1) debt payments relative to income, and (2) debt relative to assets. Each measure provides insight regarding the financial abilities of these families to cover their debt before or during retirement. For example, higher debt-to-income ratios may be acceptable for younger families with long working careers ahead of them, because their incomes are likely to rise, and their debt (often related to housing or children) is likely to fall in the future. On the other hand, higher debt-to-income ratios may represent more serious concerns for older families, which could be forced to reduce their accumulated assets to service the debt at points where their active earning years are ending. However, if these older families with high debt-to-income ratios have low debt-to-asset ratios, the effect of paying off the debt may not be as financially difficult as it might be for those with high debt-to-income and high debt-to-asset ratios. The percentage of American families with heads ages 55 or older that had debt increased from 63.4 percent in 2010 to 65.4 percent in 2013. Furthermore, the percentage of these families with debt payments greater than 40 percent of income -- a traditional threshold measure of debt load trouble -- increased in 2013 to 9.2 percent from 8.5 percent in 2010. However, total debt payments as a percentage of income decreased from 11.4 percent in 2010 to 10.0 percent in 2013, and average debt decreased from $80,465 in 2010 to $73,211, while debt as a percentage of assets decreased from 8.5 percent in 2010 to 8.1 percent in 2013. Housing debt drove the change in the level of debt payments in 2013, while the nonhousing (consumer) debt-payment share of income held stable from 2010. Housing debt was the major component of debt for families headed by individuals ages 55 or older. The debt levels among those with housing debt have obvious and serious implications for the future retirement security of these Americans, perhaps most significantly that these families are potentially at risk of losing what is typically their most important asset -- their home.
SRC: assessing verticalization effects on urban safety perception

We describe an experiment with the modeling of urban verticalization effects on perceived safety scores as obtained with computer vision on Google Streetview data for New York City. Preliminary results suggests that for smaller buildings (between one and seven floors), perceived safety increases with building height, but that for high-rise buildings, perceived safety decreases with increased height. We also determined that while height contributing for this relation, other zonal aspects also influences the perceived safety scores, suggesting spatial structuring also influences such scores.
Minimal two-spheres of low index in manifolds with positive complex sectional curvature

Suppose that $$S^n$$ is given a generic Riemannian metric with sectional curvatures which satisfy a suitable pinching condition formulated in terms of complex sectional curvatures. This pinching condition is satisfied by manifolds whose real sectional curvatures $$K_r(\sigma )$$ satisfy $$\begin{aligned} 1/2 < K_r(\sigma ) \le 1. \end{aligned}$$ Then the number of minimal two spheres of Morse index $$\lambda $$ , for $$n-2 \le \lambda \le 2n-5$$ , is at least $$p_{3}(\lambda -n+2)$$ , where $$p_{3}(k)$$ is the number of k-cells in the Schubert cell decomposition for $$G_3({\mathbb {R}}^{n+1})$$ .
Lawyering Somewhere Between Computation and the Will to Act: A Digital Age Reflection

This is a reflection on machine and human contributions to lawyering in the digital age. Increasingly capable machines can already unleash massive processing power on vast stores of discovery and research data to assess relevancies and, at times, to predict legal outcomes. At the same time, there is wide acceptance, at least among legal academics, of the conclusions from behavioral psychology that slow, deliberative “System 2” thinking (perhaps replicated computationally) needs to control the heuristics and biases to which fast, intuitive “System 1” thinking is prone. Together, those trends portend computational deliberation – artificial intelligence or machine learning – substituting for human thinking in more and more of a lawyer’s professional functions. Yet, unlike machines, human lawyers are self-reproducing automata. They can perceive purposes and have a will to act, characteristics that resist easy scientific explanation. For all its power, computational intelligence is unlikely to evolve intuition, insight, creativity, and the will to change the objective world, characteristics as human as System 1 thinking’s heuristics and biases. We therefore need to be circumspect about the extent to which we privilege System 2-like deliberation (particularly that which can be replicated computationally) over uniquely human contributions to lawyering: those mixed blessings like persistence, passion, and the occasional compulsiveness.
Effective Approximate Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Angles of Arrival for Non-Coherent Sub-Arrays

We consider the problem of estimating the angles of arrival (AOAs) of multiple sources from a single snapshot obtained by a set of non-coherent sub-arrays, i.e., while the antenna elements in each sub-array are coherent, each sub-array observes a different unknown phase. Previous relevant works are based on eigendecomposition of the sample covariance, which requires a large number of snapshots, or on combining the sub-arrays using non-coherent processing methods. In this paper, we propose a technique to estimate the sub-arrays phase offsets for a given AOAs hypothesis, which facilitates approximate maximum likelihood estimation of the AOAs from a single snapshot. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach clearly outperforms non-coherent processing, and even attains the Cramer-Rao lower bound in various scenarios.
Original contributionPredictors of colorectal cancer screening participation in the United States

Objective Our aim was to identify predictors of colorectal cancer screening in the United States and subgroups with particularly low rates of screening.
Molecular rotor as a structural probe of glucan polymers: Amylopectin, phytoglycogen, and their β-limit dextrins as models

Fluorescence emissions of molecular rotors (MRs) are affected by local restrictions to molecular motion, and therefore it was considered that MRs can be used as structural probes of biopolymers. In this study, 9-(2-carboxy-2-cyanovinyl)-julolidine (CCVJ), a hydrophilic MR, was used to differentiate branched α-D-glucans, including amylopectin, phytoglycogen, and their β-limit dextrins. CCVJ emissions of glucan dispersions were correlated with dispersion viscosities and glucan branch structures. In diluted glucan dispersions, CCVJ emission showed essentially linear correlation with glucan content. In concentrated glucan dispersions, CCVJ emission correlated with viscosity in a double-logarithmic linear pattern, with phytoglycogen showing much greater sensitivities than amylopectin. In the plots of CCVJ emission vs. molar amount of branch, phytoglycogen materials showed greater slopes than their amylopectin counterparts, suggesting evident effects of branch structure on the restrictions to CCVJ molecules. Overall, CCVJ has demonstrated its fluorescent sensitivity with glucans, showing strong potentials as a structural probe of biopolymers.
Plant community responses to grassland restoration efforts across a large-scale precipitation gradient

Identifying how plant species diversity varies across environmental gradients remains a controversial topic in plant community ecology because of complex interactions among putative factors. This is especially true for grasslands where habitat loss has limited opportunities for systematic study across broad spatial scales. Here we overcome these limitations by examining restored plant community responses to a large-scale precipitation gradient under two common Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) restoration approaches. The two restoration strategies examined were CP2, which seeds a relatively low number of species, and CP25, which seeds a higher number of species. We sampled plant communities on 55 CRP fields distributed along a broad precipitation gradient (410-1,170 mm mean annual precipitation) spanning 650 km within the grassland biome of North America. Mean annual precipitation (MAP) was the most important predicator of plant species richness and had a positive, linear response across the gradient. To a lesser degree, restoration practices also played a role in determining community diversity. The linear increase in species richness across the precipitation gradient reflects the species pool increase from short to tallgrass prairie communities and explained most of the richness variation. These findings provide insight into the diversity constraints and fundamental drivers of change across a large-scale gradient representing a wide variety of grassland habitats. Across a broad environmental gradient, initial planting differences between restoration practices had lower effects on plant diversity than expected. This suggests that new strategies are needed to effectively establish diverse plant communities on large-scale restorations such as these.
Pursuing Value-Based Prices for Drugs: A Comprehensive Comparison of State Prescription Drug-Pricing Boards.

Policy Points In the absence of federal action on rising prescription drug costs, we reviewed the details of five states that have enacted prescription drug-pricing boards seeking to lower drug prices based on products' value. Within these states, six such boards are currently authorized; they have similarities but vary in terms of structure, authority, scope, and leverage. As of June 2021, only one of the boards in our sample has conducted pricing reviews; legislators in other states can learn from the successes and challenges of existing boards. Prescription drug-pricing boards represent a novel and promising way to curb state spending and pay for value in prescription drugs but face legal and political barriers in implementation. Context Rising prescription drug costs are consuming a growing proportion of state and private budgets. In response, lawmakers have experimented with a variety of policies to contain spending and achieve value in prescription drugs. As part of this series of reforms, some state legislatures have recently authorized prescription drug-pricing boards to address the high prices of brand-name prescription drugs and assess the value of those drugs. Methods We identified state prescription drug-pricing boards in the United States, defined as any agency authorized by a state legislature to review specific drugs and pursue value-based drug prices. To describe the characteristics of the boards, we obtained public records of authorizing legislation, guidance documents, and board meeting minutes. We compared the boards' powers and responsibilities and analyzed completed pricing reviews. Findings Six state drug-pricing boards in five states met our definition; their design varied substantially. Two of the boards (New York Medicaid and Massachusetts) have authority over drug rebates paid by state Medicaid programs, one (New York Drug Accountability Board) has jurisdiction over state-regulated commercial insurance, and another three (Maine, Maryland, and New Hampshire) oversee non-Medicaid, state-funded insurance. Three boards are authorized to require manufacturers to confidentially submit information related to the pricing and clinical effectiveness of reviewed drugs to inform value determinations. Only one board (New York Medicaid) had completed pricing reviews as of June 3, 2021. Conclusions Boards' structure, scope, and statutory leverages to compel manufacturers to negotiate lower net costs are key factors that influence whether and to what extent boards can achieve cost savings for states. Though legal constraints may limit the effective reach of prescription drug-pricing boards, these agencies can enable states to address rising prescription drug costs, in part by virtue of their very existence. To overcome practical limitations, states seeking to implement similar policies can build on the experiences and designs of current boards.
Hepatitis C as a Potential Risk Factor for Adverse Surgical Outcomes in Head and Neck Free Tissue Transfer Reconstruction.

Background: Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with an increased risk of developing head and neck cancer (HNC), and negatively impacts cancer-specific survival. Objective: To meas...
Hormonal Control of Reproduction in the Female: Pregnancy and Lactation

This chapter illustrates the female reproductive system. Successful reproduction depends not only on the union of eggs and sperm but also on survival of adequate numbers of the new generation to reach reproductive age and begin the cycle again. Fertilization takes place in a distal portion of the oviduct called the ampulla, far from the site of sperm deposition in the vagina. Estrogen and progesterone prepare the maternal body for successful internal fertilization and hospitable acceptance of the embryo. The functional life of the corpus luteum in infertile cycles ends by the twelfth day after ovulation. About 2 days later the endometrium is shed, and menstruation begins. For pregnancy to develop, the endometrium must be maintained, and therefore the ovary must be notified that fertilization has occurred. The conceptus then takes charge. Human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin, progesterone, and estrogens regulate the entire process. At the appropriate time, the fetus signals its readiness to depart the uterus and initiates the birth process. While in utero , placental hormones prepare the mammary glands to produce the milk needed for nurture after birth. Finally, suckling stimulates continued milk production. Milk secreted by the mammary glands provides nourishment and immunoglobulins to offspring during the immediate postnatal period and for varying times thereafter, depending on culture and custom.
The Influence of Technological Interdependence on Employee Entrepreneurship and Mobility: Evidence from the Semiconductor Industry

The intra-industry activities of employees post-exit from incumbent firms have been identified as an important determinant of industry dynamics and structure. The post-exit founding of startups employee entrepreneurship is widely heralded as an important driver of innovation, firm creation and growth. Similarly, post-exit employee mobility to rival firms has been recognized as a crucial channel for knowledge spillovers. Far less is known, however, about how technology influences this flow of talent. This study investigates one attribute of technology - technological interdependence. Drawing on a unique database of intra-industry inventor entrepreneurship and mobility events as well as patent citations in the U.S. semiconductor industry, I find that the propensity to engage in employee entrepreneurship increases, but to join a rival firm, decreases with the technological interdependence of inventor's prior patents. This study sheds new light on how technology shapes patterns of employee entrepreneurship and mobility with implications for knowledge flows and competitive dynamics.
Inferface mutation (abstract only)

Applications that utilize the broker-based architecture are often composed of several components that need to be tested both separately and together. An important activity during testing is the assessment of the adequacy of test sets. Testers use one or more adequacy criteria for this activity. Traditional test adequacy criteria have several limitations for commercial use. A test adequacy criterion based on interface mutation has been identified and a testing method that uses this criterion proposed. This method incorporates elements from a component's interface description for per-forming interface mutation. The interface mutation based test adequacy criterion was evaluated empirically and compared with control flow-based coverage criteria for their relative effectiveness in revealing errors and the cost incurred in developing the test sets. A formal analysis of the fault-detection ability of the testing methods was also carried out.
When Is a Man not a Man?: Deconstructive and Reconstructive Impulses in Finnegans Wake

The question of Shem the Penman that opens chapter seven of Finnegans Wake—When is a man not a man—and the range of answers that it elicits, represents just one of many instances in which phenomenological pursuits and the concomitant inadequacy of terms come to the foreground of Joyce's work. No matter whom one reads, however, in any given situation labels / signifiers / designations more often than not generate as much ambiguity as certitude. The following quotations, for example, come from works by two of the men most often linked to British Modernism—T.S. Eliot and James Joyce, yet a scrutiny of either author immediately raises doubts about the efficacy of such a characterization: "In my beginning is my end" (T.S. Eliot); "A way a lone a last a loved a long the . . . riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs" (James Joyce). Neither writer is British, and the quotations cited reflect markedly different aesthetic assumptions from those commonly singled out as traits of Modernist writing.
Diet, inflammation, and chronic kidney disease: Getting to the heart of the matter

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CVD is now thought to result from the interplay of several factors including inflammation, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are known to be elevated in patients with CKD and these compounds possess these pro-oxidant, pro-inflammatory and anti-endothelial properties. There has been a great deal of literature linking diet and inflammation, and recent work has shown the diet to be a significant contributor to the body's AGE pool. We herein hypothesize that a diet high in AGE plays an important role in the initiation of chronic subclinical inflammation that seems to underlie the high prevalence of CVD in CKD patients. Herein we will briefly examine the evidence linking different components of diet with inflammation in CKD patients. We will then focus on the role of dietary AGEs in inflammation and potentially CVD in CKD, and in conclusion, we will propose dietary modifications as part of a multifactorial approach to ameliorate unhealthy lifestyles among CKD patients. The most important message is that simple changes in culinary technique rather than in the food nutrient composition may be the most important part of preventing CVD in this population.
On the role of the bithiazole moiety in sequence-selective DNA cleavage by Fe·bleomycin

A recent study of Fe(II).bleomycin-mediated DNA strand scission suggested that the metal binding domain of the drug is also the primary determinant of the observed sequence selectivity of strand scission (Carter, B. J., Murty, V. S., Reddy, K. S., Wang, S.-N., and Hecht, S. M. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 4193-4196). Although it is well established that the bithiazole moiety+C-terminal substituent of bleomycin are required for DNA binding, the role of the bithiazole in sequence-selective DNA recognition remains unclear. To determine whether the bithiazole moiety exhibits an intrinsic DNA binding selectivity, three synthetic EDTA-conjugated bithiazole derivatives were used to mediate DNA cleavage in the presence of Fe2+ and dithiothreitol. Incubation of these Fe(II).EDTA-bithiazoles in the presence of a 5'-32P end-labeled DNA duplex resulted in strand scission at every position to essentially the same extent. The relative cleavage efficiencies among the bithiazoles were a strong function of their ionic state. These findings imply that the bithiazoles can bind to many sites on the DNA; they support a model of bleomycin-DNA interaction in which the bithiazole moiety+C-terminal substituent are required only for DNA binding, whereas the metal binding domain is responsible for metal ion coordination and oxygen activation as well as being the primary determinant of sequence-selective DNA cleavage.
Applying Bioethics in the 21st Century: Principlism or Situationism

After an examination of the four cardinal bioethical principles which define Principlism — autonomy, beneficence, non maleficence and justice — an explication of Joseph Fletcher’s theory of Situationism is undertaken.The conclusion of this Article is that when an ethical dilemma arises and is “tested” as to its moral efficacy, rather than judge the acts in question in order to determine whether they are in conformance with one of the four bioethical principles, it is more humane and practical to determine the ethical propriety of questioned conduct by use of a situation ethic which in fact is more sensitive. This ethic “validates” conduct which is compassionate, merciful and loving — particularly when issues of end-of-life care arise. Accordingly, when medical conduct alleviating pain and suffering for patients in a futile state is pursued, common sense morality and sound medical practice should dictate that all reasonable and lawful steps be followed which allow as dignified a death as is possible.
Rapid phosphorylation and selective dephosphorylation of P-selectin accompanies platelet activation

P-selectin, a receptor for neutrophils and monocytes, is an adhesion molecule on the surface of activated platelets that resides in the alpha granule membrane of unstimulated platelets. To determine whether phosphorylation of P-selectin might accompany platelet activation, P-selectin in resting and thrombin-stimulated platelets labeled with o-[32P]phosphate was immunoprecipitated with the monoclonal antibody AC1.2 directed against P-selectin. SDS-gel electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitates indicated about 10-20-fold higher levels of 32P incorporated into P-selectin from thrombin-activated platelets than in resting platelets, although both sets of platelets contained equivalent amounts of P-selectin. The lower limits of the molar ratio of phosphate to P-selectin in activated platelets is about 0.52 +/- 0.08. Other platelet agonists, including the thrombin receptor peptide (SFLLR), epinephrine, ADP, and collagen, similarly stimulated phosphorylation of P-selectin. The kinetics of P-selectin phosphorylation following thrombin stimulation was rapid, with maximum phosphorylation observed at 15-30 s. Phosphoamino acid analysis of the phosphorylated P-selectin revealed the rapid synthesis of phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, and phosphotyrosine, but 80-90% of the phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine disappeared within 5 min of platelet activation while the maximal level of phosphoserine remained stable. The rapid phosphorylation and selective dephosphorylation of specific amino acids in P-selectin following platelet activation may be important for P-selectin function and signal transduction within platelets.
Thinking Small: Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty : Review Essay

In Poor Economics , Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo eschew grand theorizing about poverty reduction in favor of an approach in which intelligently designed and tested small interventions, based on a scientific understanding of the lives of the poor, marginally improve their welfare. In so doing, they describe the findings from the recent large literature describing the behavior and institutions of the poor and the consequences of policy and experimental interventions targeted to poverty populations. In this review, I assess whether "thinking small" with its associated policy regime of transfers, subsidies, and nudges, is both a practical and effective policy prescription for "fighting" poverty and whether the set of studies that have focused on populations that have not escaped poverty has improved our fundamental understanding of both the consequences and causes of poverty. (JEL I32, I38, O15)
Accounting, Accountability, Auditing, and Financial Scandals Over the Centuries

A brief review of the meaning of accountability and related terms is followed by a search for the objectives that accountants have sought over the history of accounting, as revealed in accounting literature. They have included (1) accountability in situations involving conflicts of interests, (2) reporting the owner-manager’s wealth and income, (3) distinguishing between capital and income, or focusing on income, and (4) decision usefulness. No matter which objective is emphasized in the literature, to account is to be accountable, so accountability is inherent in accounting. Several features of the environment in which a series of financial scandals has occurred recently are identified and the responsibilities of certain segments of the broad field of accounting are given attention. The tendency for auditors to lack independence is viewed as critical. The key issue facing those accountants concerned with the accountability of corporate managements is whether the three-party arrangement for auditing can be changed to a two-party arrangement, or if patching holes in the three-part arrangement is all that can be expected.
Realism and Malarkey: Henry Kissinger's State Department, Détente, and Domestic Consensus

This article uses recently declassified archival documents to reassess public opinion in the United States regarding East-West detente. When Henry Kissinger was U.S. secretary of state during the Nixon and Ford administrations, he made dozens of speeches intended to educate the public in what he considered the proper methods of diplomacy. By analyzing those “heartland” speeches using recently released documents, the article shows that Kissinger and the State Department tried much harder to create a foreign policy consensus behind detente and realism than previously understood. Despite these efforts, Kissinger's message was lost on the public. The article provides the first extended analysis of a series of fact-finding “town meetings” held by the State Department in five locations across the United States—meetings that revealed how badly Kissinger had failed. By February 1976, all those involved in U.S. foreign policymaking—Kissinger's opponents, his advisers, and the wider public—desired a greater role fo...
Glucose Infusion Through the External Pudic Artery.

In previous work the amount of lactose in the milk of cows was reduced following partial depletion of the blood glucose through the administration of insulin.1 This led to attempts to study the effect of increased blood sugar levels upon the amount of lactose in the milk. All attempts at increasing the blood sugar for any period of time failed when glucose was injected intravenously.2 Intramam-mary duct injections of glucose solutions were also used but resorption of glucose by this method also failed to increase the blood sugar.3To study the effect of increased blood sugar upon the quantity of lactose formed in the milk it became apparent that the additions of glucose must be made to the arterial blood and preferably immediately before entering the mammary gland. If glucose is added to the arterial blood of the external pudic artery, the arterial blood passing through the mammary gland will be augmented to the extent of the addition. Accordingly, the technique described by Boyd and Petersen4 was employed...
Hall Coefficient of Tantalum Carbide as a Function of Carbon Content and Temperature

Hall coefficient and electric resistivity of tantalum carbide as function of carbon content and temperature
The feasibility of Carbon Nanotubes for power delivery in 3-D Integrated Circuits

Increased power density and package asymmetry pose challenges in designing power delivery networks for 3-D Integrated Circuits (ICs). The increased resistivity of Cu wires due to scaling has shifted attention to alternate interconnect technologies. Continued and significant innovations in CNT manufacturing at CMOS-compatible temperatures with quality low-resistive contacts promise to enable the use of CNT as a replacement. We investigate in this paper the feasibility of using CNTs for power delivery in 3-D ICs. We evaluate the use of CNTs as Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) and as wiring for global power delivery grids, fabricated on interposer dies. We assume the CNT interconnect has a mix of single- and multi-walled CNTs with 30% metallic nanotubes. We design a 3-D system-level comparative framework that utilizes select traces from SPEC benchmarks to evaluate improvements of CNTs over Cu. Our results emphasize how CNTs can significantly improve power delivery for 3-D integrated circuits. Using CNTs for on-chip power grid and for TSVs reduces the number of TSVs by 71% when compared to a Cu implementation. For the same substrate area dedicated to power-TSVs, CNTs improve the maximum and average IR drop by 98% and 40%, respectively. Improvements in the Ldi/dt drop are 47% and 18%, respectively.
Intracoronary prostaglandin E1 plus streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction

Abstract Fourteen patients with acute myocardial infarction (duration of chest pain 5 ± 2 hours) received intracoronary infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and streptokinase. Intracoronary PGE1 was followed by intracoronary streptokinase in 10 patients (group A), with successful recanalization in all patients. Of 4 patients in whom recanalization failed with intracoronary streptokinase given first (group B), 2 had successful recanalization after addition of intracoronary PGE1. Immediately after successful recanalization, left ventricular ejection fraction increased from 50 ± 9% to 62 ± 10% (p
“Masculinity,” “femininity,” and adjustment in college men

Abstract The regression of adjustment—indexed by measures of anxiety and depression— on “masculinity” (instrumentality) and “femininity” (expressiveness)—as assessed by the BSRI, PRF ANDRO, and the Short BSRI—was studied in 122 college men. The findings revealed that: (a) anxiety and depression marked a single adjustment factor; (b) self-esteem mediated the relationships between instrumentality, expressiveness, and adjustment, such that when the variance due to it was removed, neither instrumentality nor expressiveness accounted for significant variance in Anxiety-Depression; (c) the Short BSRI index of expressiveness behaved differently from the other indices and more like that of the PAQ; (d) instrumentality and expressiveness interacted significantly, such that instrumentality was positively associated with adjustment for those with low or average expressiveness and expressiveness was positively associated with adjustment only for those with low or average instrumentality; and (e) men high in instrumentality and low in expressiveness reported slightly higher adjustment than “androgynous” men.
Influence of ambient-temperature variations in two gyrator circuits

Two circuit models developed recently for two operational-amplifier gyrators are modified to include the case of nonidentical amplifiers and unequal gyrator resistances. These are then used to derive formulas for the sensitivities and temperature coefficient of the simulated inductance, and also to minimise the variations due to the gain-bandwidth products of the amplifiers. In addition, a filter-design technique is described in which the temperature coefficients of gyrator and filter components are chosen for minimum filter sensitivity to variations in ambient temperature.
Inplenary and explenary radial facets in cladid crinoids

Abstract Three types of radial facets have been recognized in the cladid crinoids. These are: • Angustary—the facet occupies less than 70% of the width of the distal end of the radial. • Peneplenary—the facet occupies between 70% and 99% of the width of the distal end of the radial. • Plenary—the facet occupies the full width of the radial facet. Both the angustary and peneplenary radial facets have interradial notches between adjacent radial facets along the sutures on the distal ends of the radials. The radial facets are here referred to as inplenary if an interradial notch (here referred to as exinterradial notch) is between the distal ends of the transverse ridges and the aboral parts of the muscle fields are abutting at the suture. If the interradial notch is between the muscle fields and the distal ends of the transverse ridges are abutting, then the radial facet is referred to as explenary and the notch as ininterradial. The origin of these conditions is uncertain. However, they may be an evolutionary transition between the peneplenary and plenary conditions or they may be a secondary response to evolutionary changes in the cup structure. The explenary radial facets may have resulted in minimal contact of the primibrachials when opening, closing, or manipulating the arms. It is here proposed that the interradial notch be restricted to the condition wherein the nonarticular surface extends along the suture entirely across the distal end of the radial completely separating adjacent radial facets. Recognition of the inplenary and explenary radial facets should be useful in consistency of description, evolutionary studies, paleoecologic implications, and classification of the cladid crinoids.