cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deposition of atmospherically transported polychlorinated biphenyls in the Canadian arctic

Abstract Snow collectors were installed in 1990 at two Canadian high arctic weather stations (Mould Bay {MB} and Eureka {EU}) in an effort to estimate annual deposition of PCBs, compare these estimates to annual snowpack measurements and to investigate the timing of the deposition. The collectors operated successfully but tended to over collect when two snow fences were used. The daily flux of ΣEPCBs in the snowpack for 1990/91 generally compared well to that of the snow collector at MB. The snowpack sample at EU for the same period was considered to be unrepresentative, due to low snow accumulation on the ground and high winds, with resulting low concentrations and fluxes. The congener makeup of snowpack and snow collector samples was similar for both sites. Mean ΣEPCB fluxes for the collectors for the winter season were 2.0 and 3.8 ng· m −2 · day −1 for MB and EU respectively. Due to the tendency of the collectors to overcatch, especially late in the season, the fluxes were corrected relative to the shielded Nipher Gauge used to measure snowfall at the weather stations. The corrected ΣEPCB fluxes for MB reduced the overall contribution of a high concentration event in the winter, in favour of the fall season, the time of greatest snow accumulation. Initial assessment of the collectors for measuring the timing of and composition of PCB deposition to the arctic is very encouraging. Work is continuing to improve the collectors and to provide a better estimate of deposition of organic contaminants to the arctic environment.
Long-term corneal clarity after spontaneous repair of an iatrogenic descemetorhexis in a patient with Fuchs dystrophy.

PURPOSE To report a case of long-term corneal clarity after spontaneous resolution of corneal edema associated with iatrogenic endothelial trauma in a patient with Fuchs dystrophy. METHODS Retrospective case report. RESULTS An 84-year-old woman with Fuchs dystrophy experienced an iatrogenic descemetorhexis during complicated phacoemulsification. Despite marked early postoperative corneal edema, she experienced spontaneous clearing of her cornea within 4 months with eventual reendothelialization of the central defect. She maintained excellent visual acuity for 16 years with no evidence of recurrent corneal edema. CONCLUSIONS Self-repair of a descemetorhexis and long-term corneal clarity may occur in eyes with underlying endothelial dystrophy.
Protein requirement for maintenance and maximum weight gain for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

The dietary crude protein requirement of penaeid shrimp is an important nutritional consideration because protein is often the major limiting nutrient for growth. In most cases, research has focused on total dietary protein levels rather than a daily requirement for protein. This research utilized three practical diets containing 16%, 32%, and 48% protein and various daily rations to estimate daily requirements for protein. In the first series of studies, four 28-day feeding trials were conducted to determine the maintenance requirement for protein (protein required to maintain body functions with all other nutrients provided in adequate amounts) by juvenile and subadult shrimp. Shrimp were offered practical diets containing 16% or 32% crude protein. In order to estimate the maintenance requirement, weight gain was regressed against daily protein ration. Juvenile shrimp were found to have maintenance protein requirements in the range of 1.8-3.8 g dietary protein/kg body weight per day (g DP/(kg BWd)), and subadult shrimp were found to have maintenance protein requirements in the range of 1.5-2.1 g DP/(kg BWd). Four additional 28-day feeding trials were conducted to determine the protein requirement for maximum growth by juvenile and subadult shrimp. These studies, utilized three practical diets containing 16%, 32%, and 48% dietary protein. On an isonitrogenous basis, the 16% protein diet produced significantly lower weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), and protein conversion efficiency values, than the 32% protein diet for both the juvenile and subadult shrimp. The 48% protein diet produced significantly lower weight gain in the juvenile shrimp, but there was no significant effect in the subadult shrimp. Feed efficiency values were higher for shrimp fed the 48% protein diet as compared to those offered the 32% protein diet. Broken line analysis was conducted on the growth responses for each diet and each size of shrimp, in order to determine the protein requirement for maximum growth. Protein requirement for maximum growth of juvenile shrimp was found to be 46.4 g DP/(kg BWd) when fed the 32% protein diet and 43.4 g DP/(kg BWd) when fed the 48% protein diet. Subadult shrimp exhibited a maximum protein requirement of 23.5 g DP/(kg BWd) when fed a 32% protein diet and 20.5 g DP/(kg BWd) when fed a 48% protein diet. In summary, FE increased as the protein concentration of the diet increased, and decreased as feeding rates (offered feed/day) increased. Weight gain reflected daily protein intake. Based on these results, a wide range of dietary protein levels could be used to produce maximum weight gain of juvenile and subadult shrimp. Due to a restriction of feed intake and consequently protein intake, low protein diets did not support maximum weight gain.
Hard decorative coatings by reactive physical vapor deposition: 12 Years of development

Summary Hard nitrides of group IVb metals can display not only gold-yellow, but also other fashionable colors as bronze, brown, violet, dark-blue and almost black by small variations of their stoichiometrical composition. The interest in this type of coatings for millinery goods such as watch cases, bracelets, lighters, jewels etc., is growing. The exact reproduction of tints remains delicate because of the extreme sensitivity of the human eye for small color differences. This fact limits the number of deposition methods available for decorative purposes to those where precise control of deposition parameters is possible. After a short review of the historical development of these coatings, their optical properties and other quality requirements, factors influencing color and various possibilities of process monitoring in reactive plasma-assisted physical deposition methods are discussed.
Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of perchlorate and perrhenate anion adsorption on polycrystalline gold electrode

The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) was used to study adsorption/desorption of perchlorate and perrhenate ions on a bare polycrystalline gold electrode. An electrode mass change in perrhenate solution was about double that of perchlorate. The equivalent mass of adsorbed anions (about 260 and 120 g F−1 respectively) suggests adsorption of perchlorate and perrhenate anions on a polycrystalline gold electrode in the double-layer region. Water molecules are partially expelled from the gold surface during the initial stages of anion adsorption. The water loss is about three times larger for perrhenate compared to perchlorate due to the bigger ionic radius (volume) of the perrhenate anion.
Topographical constraints and home range quality

The topography of an area affects the animals that live in at. Using digitized topographic maps of our mountainous study area in North Carolina. USA, and using radio telemetry data for locations of black bears Ursus americanus, we tested the hypotheses that topography influences home ranges of black bears and that topography affects access to resources by black bears. Use of space by bears correlated positively with steepness of slope but negatively with relative elevation. The perimeters of bears” home ranges aligned with ridges and valleys more than expected by chance and home ranges were oriented on major topographic features, such as watersheds and basins. Bears’ homo ranges had lower resource values than was optimal for their home range locations and access to resources was limited by topography'. Ignoring topography may lead researchers to misunderstand the ecology and behavior of animals that live in mountainous areas.
Analytical Solutions of Pennes Bio-Heat Transfer Equation With a Blood Vessel

The heat transfer within a perfused tissue in the presence of a vessel is considered. The bio-heat transfer equation is used for the perfused tissue and a lumped capacitance analysis is used for the convection in the vessel with a constant Nusselt number. Analytical solutions are obtained for two cases: (i) the arterial temperature of the perfused blood in the bio-heat transfer equation is equal to the axially varying mixed mean temperature of the blood in the vessel and, (ii) that arterial temperature is assumed to be constant. Dimensionless equilibrium length and temperature expressions are obtained and presented.
Interview with Ann Telnaes

Ann Telnaes is one of the most important political cartoonists of this era. In 2001, she became only the second woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning. Relying on sharp, elegant lines, noted use of positive and negative spaces, strong metaphor, evocative symbolism, biting satire, and pointed editorial commentary, Telnaes' editorial cartoons are distinctive both artistically and in the message they convey.
Filtered backprojection formula for exact image reconstruction from cone-beam data along a general scanning curve

Recently, Katsevich proved a filtered backprojection formula for exact image reconstruction from cone-beam data along a helical scanning locus, which is an important breakthrough since 1991 when the spiral cone-beam scanning mode was proposed. In this paper, we prove a generalized Katsevich's formula for exact image reconstruction from cone-beam data collected along a rather flexible curve. We will also give a general condition on filtering directions. Based on this condition, we suggest a natural choice of filtering directions, which is more convenient than Katsevich's choice and can be applied to general scanning curves. In the derivation, we use analytical techniques instead of geometric arguments. As a result, we do not need the uniqueness of the PI lines. In fact, our formula can be used to reconstruct images on any chord as long as a scanning curve runs from one endpoint of the chord to the other endpoint. This can be considered as a generalization of Orlov's classical theorem. Specifically, our formula can be applied to (i) nonstandard spirals of variable radii and pitches (with PI- or n-PI-windows), and (ii) saddlelike curves.
GAMMA GLOBULIN AND ANTIBODY FORMATION IN VITRO. VI. EFFECT OF X IRRADIATION ON THE SECONDARY ANTIBODY RESPONSE IN VITRO.

The present studies have shown that the influence of X-irradiation on the secondary antibody response in vitro is remarkably similar to its effect on the primary response in vivo. When sensitized tissue was first irradiated and then reexposed to antigen, the duration of the interval between irradiation and antigen addition determined the degree of inhibition of the secondary response obtained. A delay of 12 hr resulted in stronger inhibition than a delay of 6 hr, and an interval of 24 hr before reexposure to antigen caused complete suppression of antibody production to diphtheria toxoid and almost complete suppression when sheep RBC were used as the antigen. Induction of the secondary response in rabbit lymph node tissue in vitro followed by exposure to X-irradiation, revealed that immediate exposure to irradiation after antigen produced stronger inhibition of the subsequent response than irradiation on days 2–3. Irradiation on day 6 had no detectable effect. The effectiveness of the early radiation is probably due to prevention of the proliferation of the antibody-forming cells. BUDR was found to be effective at similar time periods as X-irradiation, whereas colchicine could still stop antibody formation when added late during the secondary response in vitro. It was noted that lymph nodes from some BSA-sensitized rabbits as late as 18 months after sensitization gave a response indistinguishable from a typical secondary response, even when not reexposed to antigen.
Which verifiers work?: A benchmark evaluation of touch-based authentication algorithms

Despite the tremendous need for the evaluation of touch-based authentication as an extra security layer for mobile devices, the huge disparity in the experimental methodology used by different researchers makes it hard to determine how much research in this area has progressed. Critical variables such as the types of features and how they are pre-processed, the training and testing methodology and the performance evaluation metrics, to mention but a few, vary from one study to the next. Additionally, most datasets used for these evaluations are not openly accessible, making it impossible for researchers to carry out comparative analysis on the same data. This paper takes the first steps towards bridging this gap. We evaluate the performance of ten state-of-the-art touch-based authentication classification algorithms under a common experimental protocol, and present the associated benchmark dataset for the community to use. Using a series of statistical tests, we rigorously compare the performance of the algorithms, and also evaluate how the “failure to enroll” phenomena would impact overall system performance if users exceeding certain EERs were barred from using the system. Our results and benchmark dataset open the door to future research that will enable the community to better understand the potential of touch gestures as a biometric authentication modality.
Greater signal and contrast in two-photon microscopy with ultrashort pulses

Ultrashort <15 fs pulses are shown to provide higher fluorescence intensity, deeper sample penetration, and single laser selective excitation. To realize these advantages chromatic dispersion effects must be compensated. We use multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan (MIIPS) to measure and then eliminate high-order distortions on pulses with a bandwidth greater than 100nm FWHM. Once compensated, the transform limited pulses deliver higher signal intensity, and this translates into deeper optical penetration depth with a high signal-to-noise ratio. By using a pulse shaper and taking advantage of the broad spectrum of the ultrafast laser, selective excitation of different cell organelles is observed due to the difference in nonlinear optical susceptibility of different chromophores without the use of an emission filter wheel.
Ultrastructure of fallopian tube carcinoma

Fallopian tube carcinoma is one of the rarest of primary gynecologic malignancies. Normal tubal epithelium is composed of secretory, ciliated, and intercalary cells. To determine the cellular composition and ultrastructural details of this rare neoplasm, a moderately well-differentiated tubal carcinoma was studied with the electron microscope. A prominent feature was the formation of numerous ultramicro alveolar spaces lined by cell surface microvilli. The nuclei of the neoplastic cells demonstrated a variety of fine structural abnormalities. Based on cell size and shape criteria, a possible dual tumor cell population was suggested. However, no cilia were seen in any of the tumor cells and almost all were devoid of secretory granules. These latter observations suggest that this tumor was primarily a proliferation of intercalary cells.
Electron-Hole Excitations in Semiconductors and Insulators

We present a new {ital abthinspthinspinitio} approach to calculate the interaction between electrons and holes in periodic crystals and to evaluate the resulting coupled electron-hole excitations. This involves a novel interpolation scheme in reciprocal space in solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the two-particle Green{close_quote}s function. We apply this approach to the calculation of the entire optical absorption spectrum, as well as of the energies and wave functions of bound exciton states in GaAs and LiF. Very good agreement with experiment is observed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Singular perturbation and bounded-input bounded-state stability

Re represents a linear time-invariant system of order n + h. When e → 0, Re, reduces to R0 of order n ≤ n + h. Conditions are given under which the bounded-input bounded-state stability of R0 implies that of Re and we show that, under these conditions, as e → 0, the state trajectories of Re approach those of R0 for any continuous input.
A non-staggered grid, fractional step method for time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates

A numerical method for solving three-dimensional, time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates is presented. The non-staggered-grid method originally developed by C. M. Rhie and W. L. Chow (AIAAJ.21, 1525 (1983)) for steady state problems is extended to compute unsteady flows. In the computational space, the Cartesian velocity components and the pressure are defined at the center of a control volume, while the volume fluxes are defined at the mid-point on their corresponding cell faces. The momentum equations are integrated semi-implicitly by the approximate factorization technique. The intermediate velocities are interpolated onto the faces of the control volume to form the source terms of the pressure Poisson equation, which is solved iteratively with a multigrid method. The compatibility condition of the pressure Poisson equation is satisfied in the same manner as in a staggered-grid method; mass conservation can be satisfied to machine accuracy. The pressure boundary condition is derived from the momentum equations. Solutions of both steady and unsteady problems including the large eddy simulation of a rotating and stratified upwelling flow in an irregular container established the favorable accuracy and efficiency of the present method.
Sequences of variable regions of a monoclonal antibody specific to the thyroid hormone, triiodo-L-thyronine.

Abstract We have determined the nucleotide sequences of the variable regions of H and L chains of a monoclonal antibody 98QQ that interacts with the thyroid hormone triiodo-L-thyronine with high affinity. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the light chain V region of 98QQ revealed that the V L sequence is 99% identical to Balb/c germline V K 21-E sequence. That is an interesting finding with this high affinity anti-T3 antibody, since occurence of predominantly germline variable region sequences is observed in some autoantibodies to self antigens but not usually in high affinity IgG antibodies. The sequence analysis also revealed that the heavy chain variable region sequence of 98QQ is similar to a V region of an anti-DNA antibody (MRL DMA 22). Thus the sequence analysis of our anti-T3 mAb 98QQ has revealed some features of autoantibodies to self antigens.
Muon anomalous magnetic moment in string inspired extended family models

We propose a standard model minimal extension with two lepton weak $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ doublets and a scalar singlet to explain the deviation of the measured anomalous magnetic moment of the muon from the standard model expectation. This scheme can be naturally motivated in string inspired models such as ${E}_{6}$ and AdS conformal field theory.
Profile: Channel repertoire in the presence of remote control devices, VCRs and cable television

Channel repertoire is the number of available channels that viewers choose to watch. This study examined channel repertoire in the presence of several “new media environment” variables, including remote control devices (RCDs). Channel repertoire and RCD usage were measured within a 2X2 matrix of VCR ownership and cable subscription. Results indicate that the use of RCDs and VCRs do not substantially increase channel repertoire. The study suggests the influence of some motivations that underlie RCD usage and channel repertoire.
Life Expectancy of Ventilator-Dependent Persons With Spinal Cord Injuries

Objective: The purpose of this study is to estimate age-specific life expectancies for ventilator-dependent persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Nonconcurrent prospective study. Setting: Federally designated model SCI care systems. Patients: The study included all 435 persons admitted to a model SCI care system between 1973 and 1992 who survived at least 24 h postinjury and who were either ventilator dependent at rehabilitation discharge or who died prior to discharge while still ventilator dependent. Intervention: None. Outcome measures: Standardized mortality ratio (SMR), life expectancy, and causes of death. Results: The overall 1-year survival rate was 25.4%, while the 15-year survival rate was 16.8%. Among those who survived the first year, cumulative survival over the next 14 years was 61.4%. The mortality rate for persons injured since 1980 was reduced by 60% compared with persons injured between 1973 and 1979. Among year 1 survivors, the subsequent mortality rate was reduced by 39% for persons injured between 1980 and 1985, and 91% for persons injured since 1986, relative to persons injured between 1973 and 1979. The leading cause of death was respiratory complications, particularly pneumonia. Conclusions: With the development of improved methods of prevention and management of respiratory complications in this population, life expectancies should continue to improve. As a result, additional attention should be focused on enhancing the quality of life for these individuals.
NUCLEAR SPINS OF NEODYMIUM-147 AND PROMETHIUM-147

Abstract The nuclear spins of 11 d Nd147 and 2.6 y Pm147 have been measured to be I = 5 2 and I = 7 2 respectively by the atomic beam magnetic resonance method. The result for Nd147 confirms an earlier measurement made by paramagnetic resonance. The result for Pm147 is surprising in view of the fact that no beta transition has been observed between the ground states of these two isotopes.
Numerical study on dielectrophoretic chaining of two ellipsoidal particles

Abstract Electric field-induced assembly of biological and synthetic particles has proven useful in two- and three-dimensional fabrication of composite materials, microwires, photonic crystals, artificial tissues, and more. Biological particles are typically irregularly shaped, and using non-spherical synthetic particles has the ability to expand current applications. However, there is much to be understood about the dielectrophoretic (DEP) interaction that takes place between particles of general shape. In this work, we numerically study the DEP interaction between two prolate spheroid particles suspended in an unbounded fluid. The boundary-element method (BEM) is applied to solve the coupled electric field, Stokes flow, and particle motion, and the DEP forces are obtained by integrating the Maxwell stress tensor over the particle surfaces. Effects of the initial configuration and aspect ratio are investigated. Results show that the particles go through a self-rotation process, that is, electro-orientation, while translating slowly to form a chain pair. The final formation resembles the chaining pattern observed previously in experiments using densely distributed ellipsoidal particles. Thus, the transient behavior and particle–particle interaction exhibited in the current study could be used as the fundamental mechanism to explain the phenomenon in the experiment.
The Rise of Competitive Federalism

This article challenges the prevailing view of increasing political and fiscal centralization in the federal government. Since 1978, the authors argue, the nation has entered a new era of “Competitive Federalism” with federal, state and local governments locked in a competitive struggle for taxpayer resources and support. The new era has emerged largely because of the loss of the tremendous fiscal advantage held by the federal government during its centralization period, 1929 to 1978. Although “deregulated” and free to move into any area of domestic policy, the federal government is constrained by necessary budget pressures and a “reformed” income tax structure. Competitive Federalism has emerged as a new balancing force between Washington, D.C. and the fifty state-local governments and will govern the federal system for the foreseeable future.
Oral antihypertensive trial design and analysis under the pediatric exclusivity provision.

Abstract Background The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act provides a 6-year extension to the economic incentives offered to drug manufacturers under the Pediatric Exclusivity Provision, for providing requested information on drugs used in children, which includes >50 oral antihypertensive medications. Guidelines were published outlining specific requirements for the design and analysis of trials to provide the requested information. Methods We review the design and analysis requirements, along with recruitment and eligibility guidelines, for dose-ranging studies of oral antihypertensives in children in light of ethical and methodologic issues unique to pediatric research. We also discuss examples of trials conducted to date and the implications and limitations of legislative efforts. Results Four possible trial types are outlined in the guidelines. Trial C, which uses a randomized withdrawal phase after treatment, has been used most often. Avoidance of a true placebo arm may enhance patient recruitment and minimize ethical concerns at the expense of a more complicated design and analysis. In addition, this trial involves little risk for manufacturers because patent extension does not depend on the outcome of the trial. Conclusions Studies being conducted under the Pediatric Exclusivity Provision will provide valuable information concerning dosing and efficacy for several antihypertensive medications used in children. New legislation may stimulate study of drugs without remaining patent life, but data on safety, long-term outcomes, and the youngest pediatric age groups are also needed for a full understanding of all issues pertinent to pediatric use. (Am Heart J 2002;144:608-14.)
Using Actors and the SALSA Programming Language to Introduce Concurrency in Computer Science II

The SALSA programming language was used in a two week module to introduce concurrent and distributed programming concepts to computer science II students at the University of North Dakota. Computer science II is taught using Java, which made for an easy transition to using SALSA for concurrent programming, as it has a similar syntax and allows the use of Java objects. The actor model was introduced, along with the and necessary concepts of concurrency, asynchronous message passing and distributed memory. As an evaluation, a survey was given to students before and after the module, with the results of the survey highlight the fact that early computer science students do have a natural understanding of many concurrent and distributed programming concepts. Further, they can make their minds up quickly, gaining confidence much easier than they gain actual knowledge. It was also observed that the students learned concepts better by applying them in programming assignments than by being presented them in lecture. This work provides motivation for longer, applied learning modules on concurrent and distributed programming in future early programming courses.
Extracellular conversion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) to des-Arg53-EGF by carboxypeptidase M.

Abstract Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a 53-amino-acid mitogenic polypeptide present in a variety of tissues and fluids including kidney, urine, and amniotic fluid. An EGF isoform, des-Arg-EGF, has been identified in urine and is the earliest metabolite generated in target cells upon EGF binding. In this study, purified carboxypeptidase M efficiently released the COOH-terminal arginine residue from EGF with a K = 56 μM, k = 388 min, and k/K = 6.9 μM min. When EGF was incubated with urine or amniotic fluid, des-Arg-EGF was the only metabolite detected. This conversion was blocked by immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum to carboxypeptidase M or by 10 μMDL-2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropanoic acid (a carboxypeptidase M inhibitor), indicating that the major EGF metabolizing enzyme in these fluids is carboxypeptidase M. When incubated on a confluent monolayer of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, EGF was readily converted to a single metabolite, des-Arg-EGF, by carboxypeptidase M. To investigate one possible functional consequence of this conversion, mitogenic activities of EGF and des-Arg-EGF were tested. Both peptides were equipotent in stimulating [3H]thymidine incorporation in MDCK cells at all doses tested. In addition, inhibition of the conversion of EGF to des-Arg-EGF by the carboxypeptidase M inhibitor did not affect the mitogenic potency of EGF. These data indicate that carboxypeptidase M, present in a variety of cells and biological fluids, can convert EGF to des-Arg-EGF. However, in contrast to many other peptide hormones whose activity depends on a final carboxypeptidase processing step, removal of Arg of EGF is not required for its mitogenic activity.
Generalization of conditioned fear-potentiated startle in humans: experimental validation and clinical relevance.

Though generalization of conditioned fear has been implicated as a central feature of pathological anxiety, surprisingly little is known about the psychobiology of this learning phenomenon in humans. Whereas animal work has frequently applied methods to examine generalization gradients to study the gradual weakening of the conditioned-fear response as the test stimulus increasingly differs from the conditioned stimulus (CS), to our knowledge no psychobiological studies of such gradients have been conducted in humans over the last 40 years. The current effort validates an updated generalization paradigm incorporating more recent methods for the objective measurement of anxiety (fear-potentiated startle). The paradigm employs 10, quasi-randomly presented, rings of gradually-increasing size with extremes serving as CS+ and CS-. The eight rings of intermediary size serve as generalization stimuli (GS’s) and create a continuum-of-similarity from CS+ to CS-. Both startle data and online self-report ratings demonstrate continuous decreases in generalization as the presented stimulus becomes less similar to the CS+. The current paradigm represents an updated and efficacious tool with which to study fear generalization—a central, yet understudied conditioning-correlate of pathologic anxiety.
Phenotypic Variance Predicts Symbiont Population Densities in Corals: A Modeling Approach

Background We test whether the phenotypic variance of symbionts (Symbiodinium) in corals is closely related with the capacity of corals to acclimatize to increasing seawater temperatures. Moreover, we assess whether more specialist symbionts will increase within coral hosts under ocean warming. The present study is only applicable to those corals that naturally have the capacity to support more than one type of Symbiodinium within the lifetime of a colony; for example, Montastraea annularis and Montastraea faveolata.
Laboratory-Scale Coking of Coal−Petroleum Mixtures in Sealed Reactors

Three highly fluid bituminous coals-from the Pittsburgh, Powellton, and Eagle seams-were reacted with atmospheric resid and decant oil in microautoclave reactors under nitrogen at temperatures of 450-500 °C. This exploratory study is the first step in evaluating the prospects for adding coal to delayed cokers to obtain coal-derived components in the liquid product. Subsequent hydrotreating (not studied here) of the liquid would produce a jet fuel with good stability toward pyrolytic decomposition. Coal-derived components appear in the oil fraction from coal-resid reactions at 465 °C. This reaction temperature represents a coke jump, in which the yield of solid, as a function of temperature, increases dramatically. This behavior is not observed when the individual feedstocks are reacted alone. Further evidence for coal-petroleum interactions in this system is exhibited by the fact that (i) the product slates from the co-coking reactions are not linear combinations of the products from the feedstocks reacted individually and (ii) the fluidity profiles of the Powellton-resid mixtures are similar to those for two interacting coking coals. The effect of changing coal with the same petroleum feedstock is minimal, although the coals are very similar in composition and properties. In contrast, changing from resid to decant oil with the same coal causes major changes in the product slate.
Tracer diffusion of linear and star polymers in entangled solutions and gels

Abstract The technique of dynamic light scattering from isorefractive ternary solutions was used to examine the tracer diffusion of linear and star polystyrenes in poly(vinylmethylether) solutions, and of linear polystyrenes in poly(vinylmethylether) gels. A hydrodynamic scaling model is unable to provide an adequate description of the relative solution mobilities of star and linear polymers of equal total molecular weight. In a gel with concentration equal to 0.235 g/cm3, it was found that the tracer diffusivity scales as M−2.9 for linear polymers, where M is the molecular weight, by contrast with the reptation prediction of M−2.
Torquing Things Out: Race and Classification in Geoffrey C. Bowker and Susan Leigh Star's Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences

In Sorting Things Out, Bowker and Star's meditation on technologies of classification, a central chapter pivots around the contradictions of racial classification in apartheid South Africa. Bowker and Star examine the "stubborn refusal of 'race' to fit the desired classification system suborned by its pro-Apartheid designers" (p. 196), and they hold that the contradictions constitutive of racial categorization had a particular effect on the racially subordinated: their life trajectories were wrenched out of alignment, subjected to what Bowker and Star term "torque." In this brief essay, I ask after some of the analytical and moral assumptions embedded in Bowker and Star's articulation of torque, and I ask what torque can and cannot tell us about the lived category of race.
The nature of the charge carriers in solvated biomacromolecules

Solid state electrolysis experiments were performed on the biomolecules, hemoglobin, cytochromec, collagen, lecithin and melanin at various hydration states; and for hemoglobin at various solvation states with methanol adsorbate. The evolved hydrogen was measured and compared with theoretical (Faraday's Law) expectations for the known amount of charge passed through the adsorbents. The difference between the theoretical and actual is a measure of the contributions of electronic charge carriers to the total current. Thus the protonic/electronic conduction ratios are determined.
MODIFICATION IN HOME APNEA PROGRAM LEADS TO SHORTENED LENGTH OF STAY WITHOUT INCREASED READMISSIONS. 1670

The use of screening pneumograms for evaluation of apnea and bradycardia had been the practice in a large tertiary hospital for premature infants less than or equal to 34 weeks until October 1994. This practice often extended length of stay and cost for this patient population. In order to promote earlier discharge and still avoid risks of infant apnea, in Oct 1994, The Medical Center of Delaware's Infant Apnea Program began discharging all premature infants ≤ 34 weeks gestation on home apnea monitors. There were no screening pneumograms done, and infants were monitored until resolution of their apnea and bradycardia of prematurity. We examined the length of stay, demographic data, and readmission rates for apparent life-threatening events(ALTE) for the year prior to this change, and the first year of the modified policy. For the year prior to the change in policy (period 1) 226 premature infants were monitored (birth wt=1558±674gms, gestational age=30±4wks; mean±SD). From 10/ 94 -9/ 94 (period 2), 329 infants were monitored. (birth wt = 1637±629 gms, gest age 31±3 weeks; mean ±SD). There were no differences in birth weight or gestation age between the patients in period 1 and 2,(p >.05). The length of stay in period 1 was 32.9 days; in period 2 it decreased to 29.4 days (p<.05). The decrease in cost was 1151pt days X 900/day = $1,036,350, plus the elimination of physician fees (150,000). The duration of monitoring increased during period 2 (7.1±3.76 vs 8.6±1.3 months, p=.0003)The increase in monitoring cost $315,000, for a net savings of$871,350..There was no significant difference between the two time periods in number of admissions(Period 1=26 vs Period 2 = 23). There was no change in the incidence of SIDS in this group of premature infants between periods 1 and 2. This change in monitoring policy resulted in no increase in morbidity and mortality, and resulted in significant cost savings, while ensuring that earlier discharge did not increase the risk of infant apnea at home.
Atomic-Scale Dynamics of the Formation and Dissolution of Carbon Clusters in SiO 2

Oxidation of SiC produces ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ while CO is released. A ``reoxidation'' step at lower temperatures is, however, necessary to produce high-quality ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$. This step is believed to cleanse the oxide of residual C without further oxidation of the SiC substrate. We report first-principles calculations that describe the nucleation and growth of O-deficient C clusters in ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ under oxidation conditions, fed by the production of CO at the advancing interface, and their gradual dissolution by the supply of O under reoxidation conditions. We predict that both CO and ${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$ are released during both steps.
Development of a hydroxyl radical nanoprobe

A hydroxyl radical nanoprobe has been developed by covalently attaching the dye, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (CCA), to amine-functionalized polyacrylic acid (AFPAA) nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are referred to as PEBBLEs (Probes Encapsulated By Biologically Localized Embedding). This probe has been shown to be highly specific and sensitive. The formation of hydroxyl radical is monitored by an increase in fluorescence over time.
The Effects of Preconscious Visual Symbolic and Linguistic Cues upon the Academic Achievement of College Students

This study tested the effects of a preconscious visual linguistic and symbolic cue upon the academic achievement of selected college students at a major university. The cue was presented via the medium of a specially prepared paper. Performance on a posttest constituted the dependent variable. The cues were found to have a statistically significant effect upon academic achievement when the main effects for group, sex, and class were analyzed. The two-way and three-way interactions did not prove to be of significance; however, the interaction of group with sex was significant.
Finite element simulation of SMFBAR based sensor

In this work, a three dimensional finite element model for solidly mounted film bulk acoustic resonator (SMFBAR) devices is developed and simulated. The simulation is performed using the CoventorWareTM platform to analyze the performance of the device. The influence of the shape of the top electrode and its thickness on the sensitivity SMFBAR based sensors was investigated. Two different electrode shapes (square and circle) with surface areas of 0.04 mm2 and 0.09 mm2 and different thicknesses varying from 50 nm to 350 nm with increments of 100nm were investigated. The devices that were studied were ZnO based SMFBAR structures. The analysis revealed that both configurations have mass sensitivities with three orders of magnitude higher than that of quartz crystal microbalance sensing systems. These devices also exhibit high performance with maximum quality factor of 418 and effective electromechanical coupling coefficient of around 12.2%. Also, it was found out that the circular shaped top electrodes performance were slightly higher than that of square shaped one with respect to sensitivity, quality factor and effective electromechanical coupling.
Specific vibration frequency detection based on hetero-core fiber optic sensing scheme for security environment monitoring

Fiber optic sensors have a potential to make ideal vibration sensors for smart structures because they can be operated without supplying the power at the sensor itself, have the capability of resistance to corrosion and fatigue, immunity to electrical interference, usage for a long time and safe. Additionally, the fiber optic sensors are practically able to operate the remote sensing due to stable transmission fiber line. Especially, hetero-core optical fiber sensors for environmental monitoring system have several advantages such as high accuracy, repeatability and temperature independency. This paper reports a novel approach to dynamic measurements for vibrations of the window using two types of the hetero-core optical fiber vibration sensors. A first vibration sensor can detect a vibration with high sensitivity due to effectively convert the vibration into change in the curvature of the fiber sensor. A second type of vibration sensor, which is lower sensitivity than the first type sensor, can detect vibrations with a few millimeters in thickness. It is shown that the vibration frequency depends on a fiber length of the two fixed points. A characteristic of spectrum peak shows the relatively wide frequency bands with ranging from 400 to 5000 Hz and from 1000 to 4500 Hz as the fixed points distances in the ranges of 15–45 mm and 10–25 mm for the first and second types of sensors, respectively.
THE NEMATIC-SMECTIC-A-SMECTIC-C MULTICRITICAL POINT IN BINARY LIQUID-CRYSTAL MIXTURES

Properties near the nematic-smectic-A-smectic-C multicritical point present in binary liquid-crystal mixtures are reviewed. Recent dynamic Freedericksz deformation and quasielastic light-scattering results are described and their relationship with data from X-ray scattering and static light scattering is discussed.
Unveiling the ISCAS-85 benchmarks: a case study in reverse engineering

Designing at higher levels of abstraction is key to managing the complexity of today's VLSI chips. The authors show how they reverse-engineered the ISCAS-85 benchmarks to add a useful, new high-level tool to the designer's arsenal.
Speaking through diabetes: Rethinking the significance of lay discourses on diabetes.

The disproportionate prevalence of Type II diabetes mellitus among the poor suggests that, in addition to lifestyle factors, social suffering may be embodied in diabetes. In this article, we examine the role of social distress in narratives collected from 26 Mexican Americans seeking diabetes care at a public hospital in Chicago. By linking social suffering with diabetes causality, we argue that our participants use diabetes much like an “idiom of distress,” leveraging somatic symptoms to disclose psychological distress. We argue that diabetes figures both as an expression and a product of social suffering in these narratives. We propose that increasingly prevalent chronic diseases, like diabetes, which are closely associated with social disparities in health, may function as idioms for psychological and social suffering. Such findings inform the anthropological literature and emerging clinical and scientific discourse about the roles of stress and psychological distress in diabetes experiences among underserved groups.
A Review of: “Apocalyptic Trajectories: Millenarianism and Violence in the Contemporary World”

The philosopher Hegel has noted that the “Owl of Minerva” takes wing at dusk, i.e., we only comprehend a historical epoch when it is passing. With the exception of the Jonestown event in 1978, the ...
Development of a Computer Simulation Game Using a Reverse Engineering Approach.

Business simulation games are widely used in the classroom to provide students with experiential learning opportunities on business situations in a dynamic fashion. When properly designed and implemented, the computer simulation game can be a useful educational tool by integrating separate theoretical concepts and demonstrating the nature of actual business decisions. This article presents the author’s reverse engineering approach in developing a simulation game for an operations management course. With the ultimate goal of enhancing student learning, the project’s objective was to develop a focused game with easy to use tools and controls that could be played in the last three weeks of a semester. Based on an old simulation game, PROSIM III, the new system eliminated rarely used modules and complex rules, and focused on the planning and scheduling aspects of the original game. New analysis tools and attractive screens were added and the simulation process was simplified by employing Internet technologies. Survey responses showed that the new system, PROSYS, was well received by the students. The methodology, findings and experiences presented in this article should be beneficial for other instructors considering similar projects.
Merkle cell carcinoma report of a case and possible role for adjuvant radiotherapy

A case of neuroendocrine (Merkle cell) carcinoma of the skin is described. This uncommon tumor occurred in a 76-year-old female and presented as a small exophytic nodule on the right anterior chest wall. Following primary excision, it was thought to be a basal cell carcinoma. The diagnosis of Merkle cell carcinoma was established only after the tumor had recurred locally and involved ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. Although local control was achieved with surgery and radiotherapy, the patient died of probable hepatic metastases 18 months after presentation. The Merkle cell tumor is an undifferentiated small cell carcinoma originating in the skin and has distinct ultrastructural characteristics that help to differentiate it from other small cell tumors. The clinicopathologic characteristics of these potentially aggressive neoplasms are reviewed, and treatment is briefly discussed.
Blue fluorescent dye-protein complexes based on fluorogenic cyanine dyes and single chain antibody fragments

Fluoromodules are complexes formed upon the noncovalent binding of a fluorogenic dye to its cognate biomolecular partner, which significantly enhances the fluorescence quantum yield of the dye. Previously, several single-chain, variable fragment (scFv) antibodies were selected from a yeast cell surface-displayed library that activated fluorescence from a family of unsymmetrical cyanine dyes covering much of the visible and near-IR spectrum. The current work expands our repertoire of genetically encodable scFv-dye pairs by selecting and characterizing a group of scFvs that activate fluorogenic violet-absorbing, blue-fluorescing cyanine dyes, based on oxazole and thiazole heterocycles. The dye binds to both yeast cell surface-displayed and soluble scFvs with low nanomolar Kd values. These dye-protein fluoromodules exhibit high quantum yields, approaching unity for the brightest system. The promiscuity of these scFvs with other fluorogenic cyanine dyes was also examined. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that the yeast cell surface-displayed scFvs can be used for multicolor imaging. The prevalence of 405 nm lasers on confocal imaging and flow cytometry systems make these new reagents potentially valuable for cell biological studies.