cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rank tests for independence based on partially right-censored pairs

Linear rank procedures are developed for testing independence with right-censored matched pairs. It is assumed that censoring Is Independent of the random variables under study. The test statistics are derived as score statistics (Hajek and Sidak, 1967) based on the probability of the generalised rank vectors (Prentice, 1978). Applications to survival data analysis are also discussed.
Hybridoma-free generation of monoclonal antibodies

Production of monoclonal antibodies requires immortalization of splenocytes by somatic fusion to a myeloma cell line partner (hybridomas). Although hybridomas can be immortal, they may depend on a feeder cell layer and may be genetically unstable. Since the inception of hybridoma technology, efforts to improve efficiency and stability of monoclonal antibody-producing cell lines have not brought about substantial progress. Moreover, suitable human multiple myeloma-derived cell lines for the production of human antibodies have been very difficult to develop. Here we report a strategy that greatly simplifies the generation of antibodies and eliminates the need for hybridomas. We show that splenocytes derived from transgenic mice harboring a mutant temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large tumor antigen under the control of a mouse major histocompatibility promoter are conditionally immortal at permissive temperatures and produce monoclonal antibodies. This simple approach may become a method of choice for generation and production of both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies with advantages in high-throughput discovery and antibody-based immunotherapy.
The increasing marginal benefit of condom usage

Abstract PURPOSE: Condom use is promoted as a primary strategy for preventing sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This paper analyzes how incremental changes in condom compliance rates can affect an individual's risk of acquiring HIV. METHODS: We developed a simple mathematical model of HIV transmission in which the cumulative probability of HIV infection depended in part upon the percentage of acts in which a condom was used. We applied basic methods of calculus to differentiate the mathematical model with respect to the probability of condom usage. We applied values from published studies to the model to illustrate how the marginal benefits of condom usage vary across different populations. RESULTS: In general, the marginal benefit of condom usage increases as condom compliance increases. CONCLUSIONS: The marginal benefits of increased condom usage vary across different risk groups and across different levels of condom compliance. These results offer insight into the motivation behind the decision of whether or not to use condoms, and indicate possible ways to optimize the use of resources devoted to increasing condom usage by at-risk populations.
Millimeter-Wave Molecular-Beam Spectroscopy: Alkali Fluorides

Rotational transitions of the alkali metal fluorides CsF, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$F, ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$F, ${\mathrm{K}}^{39}$F, NaF, and ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$F have been measured in the millimeter- and submillimeter-wave regions where no previous measurements existed. The work was accomplished with a high-resolution molecular-beam absorption spectrometer, previously utilized for study of the other alkali halides. A more reliable oven was constructed and used to vaporize the alkali fluorides at temperatures up to 1100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Measurements on rotational transitions as high as $J=27\ensuremath{\rightarrow}28$ in the first three vibrational states gave ${Y}_{01}$, ${Y}_{11}$, and ${Y}_{21}$ more accurately, for the most part, than they were previously known, and gave ${Y}_{02}$ and ${Y}_{12}$ for the first time. From these Dunham rotational constants were derived potential coefficients, moments of inertia, internuclear distances, and vibrational constants.
ORGANIZATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPORT ACTIVITY

Can various organizational and manager characteristics be empirically related to the level of export activity in the firm? This article attempts to provide an answer to this question using data obtained from a mail-survey of exporting firms. A comprehensive review of the literature is presented first, in order to identify the relevant organizational characteristics hypothesized to be related to export activity. Then, a set of ten characteristics are statistically related to level of export activity (percent of sales exported) using Multiple Classification Analysis and Automatic Interaction Detector technique. The multiple classification analysis reveals five significant correlates of export activity. The automatic interaction detector analysis produced seven distinct exporter types ranging from least active to most active exporter, as well as generating some insights into the nature of interactions among the correlates of export activity. Implications of the findings for public policy, management, and education are discussed last in the article.
Convective boundary layer budgets of moisture and sensible heat over an unstressed prairie

An evaluation of convective boundary layer budgets of sensible heat and moisture were examined for two days over the unstressed vegetation of the tallgrass Konza National Prairie. In addition to the budget evaluation the study had these goals: to estimate the area-average surface fluxes and compare them to independent, ground-based measurements, to estimate the near surface evaporative fraction, and to compare different evaluations of the ratio of surface to inversion fluxes, i.e., the entrainment parameter. The budget analyses indicate that vertical and horizontal advection were significant terms in the budget and cannot be ignored.
Physical properties and mechanisms of formation of nitrous oxide

Abstract The role of nitrous oxide (N2O) in the global nitrogen cycle is discussed. Nitrous oxide is an important trace component of the Earth's atmosphere with a 120-year atmospheric residence time. It exhibits a global warming potential 310 times that of CO2 on a per molecule basis, and like CO2, its atmospheric concentration is increasing. Nitrous oxide is produced naturally as a byproduct of nitrification and denitrification. There are also several anthropogenic sources. Structural, physical, spectroscopic, bonding, thermodynamic, and solution properties of NO2 are reviewed. The reactions known to yield N2O are surveyed. Fundamental chemical kinetics and mechanisms that lead to its formation are discussed, which emphasize our research involving nitric acid, nitric oxide, and ammonium nitrate as N2O precursors. These results are discussed in the context of their relevance to biological and environmental chemistry.
Remodeling of the peripheral processes and presynaptic terminals of leg motoneurons during metamorphosis of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta

During metamorphosis of the hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, the muscles, cuticular structures, and most sensory neurons of the larval thoracic legs are replaced by new elements in the adult legs. The thoracic leg motoneurons, however, survive the loss of the larval muscles and persist to innervate new targets in the imaginal legs. Here we have used biocytin staining, immunocytochemistry, and confocal microscopy to follow the fates of the peripheral processes and presynaptic terminals of the leg motoneurons. Although the most distal processes of the motor nerves retract following the degeneration of larval leg muscles, the axon terminals always retain close association with the muscle remnants and the anlagen of the new adult muscles. As the imaginal muscles differentiate and enlarge, the motor terminals expand to form adult presynaptic terminals. An antibody to the presynaptic protein, synaptotagmin, revealed its localization to the terminal varicosities in both larval and adult stages but distribution within pre-terminal branches during adult development. Electrophysiological methods revealed that functional neuromuscular transmission first occurs quite early during metamorphosis, before the differentiation of contractile elements in the muscle fibers.
Raman spectrum of gaseous trifluoroacetonitrile

Abstract The Raman spectrum of gaseous CF3CN has been investigated with the aid of a multiple-reflection Raman tube and a 3-prism glass spectrograph of reciprocal linear dispersion 15 A/mm at 4358A. All of the 8 fundamentals and 3 combination or overtone bands were observed. The lowest e fundamental, at 187 cm−1 has a peculiar structure, indicating zero spacing in one of the two series of Q branches. The a1 fundamental at 818 cm−1 is Fermi-coupled to a combination band. The highest a1 fundamental, at 2277 cm−1, is markedly asymmetric.
Crystal Structure of Escherichia coli σE with the Cytoplasmic Domain of Its Anti-σ RseA

The sigma factors are the key regulators of bacterial transcription. ECF (extracytoplasmic function) sigma's are the largest and most divergent group of sigma(70) family members. ECF sigma's are normally sequestered in an inactive complex by their specific anti-sigma factor, which often spans the inner membrane. Here, we determined the 2 A resolution crystal structure of the Escherichia coli ECF sigma factor sigma(E) in an inhibitory complex with the cytoplasmic domain of its anti-sigma, RseA. Despite extensive sequence variability, the two major domains of sigma(E) are virtually identical in structure to the corresponding domains of other sigma(70) family members. In combination with a model of the sigma(E) holoenzyme and biochemical data, the structure reveals that RseA functions by sterically occluding the two primary binding determinants on sigma(E) for core RNA polymerase.
Reply to—comparison of taxon calibrations, modern analogue techniques, and forest-stand simulation models for the quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation a critique by A. M. Solomon

Three points raised by Solomon's discussion are clarified, a conservative approach is preferred, using pollen-vegetation relationships based on all taxa potentially involved for a given site. The use of techniques for comparison with modern analogues is defended, provided that appropriate methods such as Standardized Euclidian Distance are used. The model ‚FORET’ used by Solomon is based on half hectare plots and is not considered ideal for aggregation to the forty hectare lake site or to the same area for pollen grains entering it.
Exploring pregnant women's views on influenza vaccination and educational text messages.

Abstract Background The influenza vaccine has the potential to reduce morbidity among pregnant women and newborns but immunization coverage remains low. Effective interventions are needed to promote vaccine uptake in this population. Purpose The goal of this study was to explore attitudes toward influenza vaccination and interest in targeted educational text messages among urban pregnant women. Methods English and Spanish language focus groups were conducted with pregnant women in New York City in April 2010. Transcripts were independently coded using content analysis. Results The 40 participants ranged in age from 19–35 years (mean = 26, SD = 5). Their gestational age ranged from 8–40 weeks (mean = 27, SD = 8). Most were Latina (85%), had other children (70%), and were publicly insured (78%). Nearly half had received the seasonal influenza or influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine. Barriers to vaccination included concerns regarding vaccine safety and efficacy, misperceptions regarding risks for influenza, and lack of provider recommendation. Pregnant women expressed interest in receiving educational text messages regarding influenza. Even women who had refused the influenza vaccine thought the text messages would encourage vaccine-related discussions during prenatal visits. Conclusion Among urban pregnant women, educational text messages regarding influenza would be well received and may effectively address current barriers to vaccination.
A generalization of Dirichlet approximation theorem for the affine actions on real line

Abstract In this paper, we obtain strong density results for the orbits of real numbers under the action of the semigroup generated by the affine transformations T 0 ( x ) = x / a and T 1 ( x ) = b x + 1 , where a , b > 1 . These density results are formulated as generalizations of the Dirichlet approximation theorem and improve the results of Bergelson, Misiurewicz, and Senti. We show that for any x , u > 0 there are infinitely many elements γ in the semigroup generated by T 0 and T 1 such that | γ ( x ) − u | C ( t 1 / | γ | − 1 ) , where C and t are constants independent of γ, and | γ | is the length of γ as a word in the semigroup. Finally, we discuss the problem of approximating an arbitrary real number by the ratios of prime numbers and the ratios of logarithms of prime numbers.
Unusual Oxaphosphoranes by Acyl Transfer from o‐Acetoxy‐o′‐diphenylphosphanyltolane

A striking red color appears upon heating the colorless title compound 1 due to rearrangement to the oxaphosphorane 3. The initiating event in this transformation may involve intramolecular O-to-P acyl transfer to give 2, followed by P-to-C acyl transfer, or an unprecedented concerted addition of acetyl and phosphanyl groups to the triple bond.
GROWTH RESPONSE AND RECOVERY IN SELECTIVE MEDIA OF A LYSINE AUXOTROPH ESCHERICHIA COLI FOR A RAPID MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY

Human foods and animal feeds vary in their amino acid availability based upon the nature of the protein source and subsequent processing treatments to which the source may have been subjected during manufacture. In this study, growth and recovery of an Escherichia coli lysine auxotroph assay organism was tested in the presence of an antibiotic and antifungal supplemented medium previously developed. Overall growth rate comparisons in amended liquid minimal media showed that addition of antistatic agents did not alter the growth rate of the indicator strain and that it is independent of lysine concentration. Six different animal feeds were studied to determine the potential background contribution of indigenous feed Escherichia coli and whether the selective medium would suppress these organisms. Recovery of the indicator strain used for the rapid bacterial lysine assay was above 94% in all feed suspensions. In addition to this, indigenous microflora of the animal feeds was unable to grow in the presence of the antistatic agents selected. Microbial growth measured as agar plate colonies from short (1 week) and long term storage (6 months) feeds were completely suppressed on the antibiotic supplemented plates after 24 h of incubation. This result confirms that the amendments will suppress the growth of indigenous feed E. coli populations during the time frame typically used to conduct the rapid bacterial lysine assay with the E. coli lysine auxotroph without altering the growth rate response of the auxotroph.
The Impending Revolution in Undergraduate Science Education.

There is substantial evidence that scientific teaching in the sciences, i.e. teaching that employs instructional strategies that encourage undergraduates to become actively engaged in their own learning, can produce levels of understanding, retention and transfer of knowledge that are greater than those resulting from traditional lecture/lab classes. But widespread acceptance by university faculty of new pedagogies and curricular materials still lies in the future. In this essay we review recent literature that sheds light on the following questions: We conclude that widespread promotion and adoption of the elements of scientific teaching by university science departments could have profound effects in promoting a scientifically literate society and a reinvigorated research enterprise.
Single Droplet Separations and Surface Partition Coefficient Measurements Using Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry

Surface activity of analytes plays a significant role in many chemical and physical phenomena. We present here a mass spectrometric method to characterize surface activity and solute partitioning between bulk liquid and the gas−liquid interface in droplets. The approach employs ablation by an infrared (IR) laser from the surface of a microliter droplet deposited on a stainless steel post. The ablated material is ionized for mass spectrometric analysis by either droplet charging or by postionization in an electrospray plume. Three areas of application have been explored using this method (1) separations in a single droplet: continuous ablation by a series of many successive laser pulses results in faster depletion of more surface active analytes, effectively comprising a surface activity-based separation. (2) Partition coefficient measurements: droplet volume is held constant during ablation by continually replenishing lost solvent. This leads to analyte-specific ion signal decay curves that may be fitted ...
European starlings recognize the location of robotic conspecific attention

Looking where others are allocating attention can facilitate social interactions by providing information about objects or locations of interest. We asked whether European starlings follow the orientation behaviour of conspecifics owing to their highly gregarious behaviour. Starlings reoriented their attention to follow that of a robot around a barrier more often than when the robot's attention was directed elsewhere. This is the first empirical evidence of reorienting in response to conspecific attention in a songbird. Starlings may use this behaviour to obtain fine-tuned spatial information from conspecifics (e.g. direction of predator approach, spatial location of food patches), enhancing group cohesion.
Experience porting Mach to the RP3 large-scale shared-memory multiprocessor

Abstract The Research Parallel Processing Prototype (RP3) is a research vehicle developed at the IBM T.J. Watson Research Center to explore the hardware and software aspects of highly parallel computation. The RP3 is a shared-memory machine designed to be scalable to 512 processors; a 64 processor machine has been in operation since October 1988. A parallel programming environment based on Mach has been developed, and a variety of programming models have been tested on the machine. The Mach kernel has been extended to support a rich set of software-controllable architectural features such as non-coherent caches, local and interleaved storage, and performance monitors. This paper describes the experience of porting Mach to the RP3, focusing both on the performance tuning process and on exploiting the RP3 architecture. Performance was significantly improved by concentrating on kernel activities, such as spin locking and busy-wait synchronization, that have global performance impact. However, identifying the real sources of a congestion was often more difficult than providing solutions.
Scintigraphic demonstration of a large communicating posterior fossa cyst

A 33-year-old white man who underwent surgery for correction of a cervical spine congenital anomaly (Klippel Feil syndrome) was referred for radionuclide cisternography for evaluation of hydrocephalus. CT and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a cystic structure in the posterior fossa
Association between state mandate of contraceptive insurance coverage and infant mortality in the United States, 2001

Purpose Previous research has demonstrated that more liberal abortion policies are associated with fewer unintended births and lower neonatal mortality rates. Studies also report a link between unintended pregnancies and adverse birth outcomes such as low birth weight, a strong predictor of infant mortality. This study seeks to examine the effect of state legislative policies mandating health insurance coverage for contraceptives and its association with infant mortality. Methods National Center for Health Statistics data of 2001 neonatal mortality rates (NMR), infant mortality rates (IMR), and percent births of low birth weight (LBW) were compiled for U.S. states. State policies mandating insurance coverage for contraceptives were ranked as “none, limited, or comprehensive” by the Kaiser Family Foundation. Analyses regressed “any-coverage-mandate” with infant health indicators, adjusting for potential confounders. Stratification for race adjusted for race-respective covariates. Results In 2001, 26 states possessed a mandate for contraceptive coverage. In crude analyses, any-coverage-mandate was associated with overall lower NMR (β = −0.63, P = 0.04) and lower IMR (β = −1.25, P = 0.003). In multivariate analyses, though negative regression coefficients for LBW and NMR were not significant, marginally lower IMR (β = −0.73, P = 0.06) was found among states with any-coverage-mandates. When stratified by race, no associations were found among whites between coverage-mandate and LBW, NMR, and IMR. Among blacks, however, coverage-mandate was significantly associated with lower LBW percentage (β = −0.78, P = 0.04), lower NMR (β = −2.78, P = 0.01), and lower IMR (β = −3.76, P = 0.02). Conclusion State policies mandating contraceptive insurance coverage appear correlated with fewer adverse birth outcomes, especially among blacks. This corroborates the hypothesis that state policy mandating insurance coverage for contraceptives may help prevent unintended births and lower subsequent infant mortality rates by facilitating greater access of contraceptives to women of lower SES.
Regulation of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in PCB 126-exposed male Sprague Dawley rats

3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist and most potent dioxin-like PCB congener, significantly alters gene expression, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress in the liver. PON1, an antioxidant and anti-atherogenic enzyme, is produced in the liver and secreted into the blood where it is incorporated into high density lipoprotein (HDL) and protects LDL and cellular membranes against lipid peroxidation. To explore the regulation of PON1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with ip injections of corn oil or 1 μmol/kg or 5 μmol/kg PCB 126 and euthanized up to two weeks afterwards. Serum total and HDL-cholesterol were increased by low dose and decreased by high dose exposure, while LDL-cholesterol was unchanged. PCB 126 significantly increased hepatic PON1 gene expression and liver and serum PON1 activities. Liver and serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels were not elevated except for high dose and long exposure times. Serum antioxidant capacity was unchanged across all exposure doses and time points. This study, the first describing the regulation of gene expression of PON1 by a PCB congener, raises interesting questions whether elevated PON1 is able to ameliorate PCB 126-induced lipid peroxidation and whether serum PON1 levels may serve as a new biomarker of exposure to dioxin-like compounds.
Validation of Distributed Risk Framework

Global companies realize the importance of collaborative design, or workshare, to develop products not only to target to a single market, but to sell them to the entire world. Workshare not only incorporates diverse customer values into the product development, but also introduces challenges in managing work distributions among global teams. As a result, the authors have developed a Distributed Risk Framework to quantify risk based on rework to facilitate workshare planning [5] [6]. The risk framework has been applied to several industry projects and it received positive feedback from the potential users of these pilot applications. To verify the risk results analytically, this paper seeks for statistical evidence to confirm the key assumption that motivates the development and the usage of the framework, with the assumption being that more distributed work results in a greater risk of rework. This paper begins with an overview of the risk framework followed by the steps of using actual rework data from the International Vehicle Company (IVC) to confirm the framework assumption. As a summary, this paper presents the contributions of the risk framework and the barriers to extend it to other distributed product development projects.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Anthropogenic emissions of nonmethane hydrocarbons in the northeastern United States: Measured seasonal variations from 1992–1996 and 1999–2001

[1] Harvard Forest, a rural site located in central Massachusetts downwind of major urban-industrial centers, provides an excellent location to observe a typical regional mixture of anthropogenic trace gases. Air that arrives at Harvard Forest from the southwest is affected by emissions from the U.S. east coast urban corridor and may have residual influence from emissions in the upper Ohio Valley and Great Lakes region farther to the west. Because of its relatively long distance from large individual emission sources, pollution plumes reaching the site are a homogenized mixture of regional anthropogenic emissions. Concentrations of C2-C6 hydrocarbons along with CO and NOy were measured nearly continuously from August 1992 through July 1996 and from June 1999 through November 2001. By correlating observed concentrations to acetylene, which is almost solely produced during combustion, we are able to detect seasonal trends in relative emissions for this series of trace gases. Seasonal changes in n-butane and i-butane emissions may largely be influenced by different gasoline formulations in late spring and summer. Shifts in evaporation rates due to the annual temperature cycle could induce a seasonal pattern for n-pentane, i-pentane and n-hexane emissions. Emissions of ethane and propane lack clear seasonality relative to acetylene emissions and also correlate less with acetylene than other gases, indicating that emissions of these two gases are strongly influenced by sources not associated with fuel combustion. Changes in the observed correlations of CO2 and CO relative to acetylene are consistent with published changes in the estimated emissions of CO2 and CO over the past decade, though variability in the observations makes it difficult to precisely quantify these changes.
Response surface design evaluation and comparison

Designing an experiment to fit a response surface model typically involves selecting among several candidate designs. There are often many competing criteria that could be considered in selecting the design, and practitioners are typically forced to make trade-offs between these objectives when choosing the final design. Traditional alphabetic optimality criteria are often used in evaluating and comparing competing designs. These optimality criteria are single-number summaries for quality properties of the design such as the precision with which the model parameters are estimated or the uncertainty associated with prediction. Other important considerations include the robustness of the design to model misspecification and potential problems arising from spurious or missing data. Several qualitative and quantitative properties of good response surface designs are discussed, and some of their important trade-offs are considered. Graphical methods for evaluating design performance for several important response surface problems are discussed and we show how these techniques can be used to compare competing designs. These graphical methods are generally superior to the simplistic summaries of alphabetic optimality criteria. Several special cases are considered, including robust parameter designs, split-plot designs, mixture experiment designs, and designs for generalized linear models.
Ionic Double Layers at the Surface of Magnesium‐Doped Aluminum Oxide: Effect on Segregation Properties

A model involving ionic double layers at the surface has been constructed for magnesia-doped sapphire based on earlier models which were developed for cubic halides. The model takes into account the presence of electrostatic potentials, isolated point defects, defect complexes, and special surface sites which can act as sources and sinks for ions. Equations have been set up for the various defect concentrations, and Poisson's equation has been solved numerically to give depth profiles for defects and corresponding electric fields. The calculations suggest that Mg2+ ions can segregate both to the free surface and to the space charge region. The effective (or Langmuir) enthalpy of segregation depends not only on the actual binding energies of the dopant ion, but also on other parameters such as the density of special surface sites. Over the temperature range studied, the variation of the calculated surface magnesium concentration with temperature is found to be approximately Arrhenius in nature, as was observed in segregation experiments.
Radiologic evaluation of the acute abdomen in the patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): The role of CT scanning

Abdominal complaints are common in the HIV-infected patient, and the signs and symptoms of disease may be masked by concurrent illness and a weak immune response, making accurate diagnosis difficult. Patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are susceptible to diseases common to the general population; however, their generalized state of immunodeficiency places them at increased risk for many unusual disorders, predominately infectious and neoplastic. Radiologic evaluation, in particular, computed tomography (CT) with its ability to image the entire abdomen and pelvis, plays a crucial role in the prompt and accurate diagnosis and treatment of these patients.
The SIMPLEX operating system

This paper describes a new operating system for the NCUBE hypercube multiprocessor called SIMPLEX. It was developed with several objectives in mind: the provision of various innovative and useful services for application programs, the study of alternative paradigms for node-to-node communication, and the development of support tools for both real-time and offline debugging and performance monitoring. Like other node-operating systems for hypercubes, SIMPLEX is a local kernel running on each node, managing program execution and communication between nodes and providing services to node programs. Among the services available are a multi-process environment with dynamic process creation, priority-based scheduling, priority-based communication, several forms of interprocess and inter-node communication, and an emulation of the standard NCUBE operating system VERTEX for compatibility. SIMPLEX first became operational in the summer of 1987 and will be under active development throughout 1988. People interested in obtaining copies of it for their own use are encouraged to contact the author.
INFLUENCES ON VALUE IN URBAN LAND MARKETS, U.S.A., 1956–1961†

A SURVEY WAS MADE OF FHA URBAN SITE VALUE SERIES TO OBTAIN A SERVICEABLE APPROXIMATION TO A CURRENT PRICE SERIES FOR IMPROVED RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SITES SOLD AT A STANDARD MARKUP TO MEDIUM INCOME PURCHASERS AT GRADUALLY RISING INCOME LEVELS. THE ANALYSIS OF FHA SITE VALUES WAS COMBINED WITH CORRESPONDING STATEWIDE MEAN VALUES FOR ALL VACANT LOTS SOLD. THE TWO SETS OF VALUES FOR URBAN LAND-SITE AND LOT VALUES-BOTH PERTAIN TO THE MARKET FOR DEVELOPED /I.E., SUBDIVIDED AND IMPROVED/ SITES READY FOR BUILDING. THOUGH THE SAME MOVEMENT OF VALUES WILL BE FOUND IN BOTH SITE AND LOT STATISTICS, CORRELATION ANALYSIS WILL PROBABLY SHOW THAT THE TWO VALUES WILL EXHIBIT SENSITIVITY TO DIFFERENT VARIABLES AND ACTIVITIES. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF THE TWO VALUES SERIES FOR TWO SURVEYED TIME PERIODS, THE TOP OR POST-WAR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BOOM AND THE LOW POINT OF THE POST-WAR BUILDING BOOM, SHOULD YIELD SOME VALUABLE INSIGHTS INTO THE FUNCTIONING OF URBAN LAND MARKETS. A REGRESSION MODEL WAS DEVELOPED WITH FIVE GROUPS OF EXPLANATORY VARIABLES' /1/ LEVEL OF INCOME, /2/ RELATIVE SUPPLY OF VACANT LOTS, /3/ ECONOMIC GROWTH IN PREVIOUS FIVE YEARS, /4/ FAVORABLE ASSESSMENT, AND /5/ RESIDUAL VALUE OF ADJACENT FARM LAND.
What did Bernier actually say? Profiling the Mughal empire

Bernier's text Travels in the Mughal Empire; A.D. 1656-1708 was a primary source for certain European writers from Montesquieu to Marx for their representation and characterisation of oriental despotism. The distinctive features of oriental despotism in their eyes were absolutist and tyrannical monarchs who ruled over polities that lacked a hereditary nobility and private property in land. In this paper I have attempted to demonstrate that, when read closely, Bernier's text discloses particulars that can be shown to yield a quite different patterning. The Mughal empire of the 17th and 18th centuries, the period I am discussing, was characterised by a devolutionary distribution of authority among multiple lesser sovereignties, by a complex hierarchy of land tenure and appropriation of product, by a developed system of commerce, and by a tolerance and coexistence of pluralistic subcultures. The contours of the empire seem to conform to a model of what I have previously conceptualised in my writings as the '...
Mental health professionals' experiences reporting suspected child abuse and maltreatment

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to provide systematic data on the experiences of mental health professionals (e.g., psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers) who reported cases of suspected child abuse and maltreatment concerning their clients. Method: Mail surveys were completed by 258 mental health professionals known to have reported a case of suspected child abuse and maltreatment to the New York State Central Register (NYSCR) in 1993. Subjects were asked to complete a survey describing their experience with making reports, referring to a specific case they reported. Results: About 40% did not inform the client about the limits of confidentiality until reportable material came up. Most clinicians reported that informing clients about the limits of confidentiality did not deter them from entering treatment. Many clinicians learned about abuse/maltreatment after approximately 3 months into therapy. Even very experienced clinicians usually consulted with others before making the report. Clinicians most typically informed the client about the report directly and before it was made, but did not call the NYSCR in the presence of the client. Following the report, most clinicians performed additional activities such as calling clients and scheduling additional sessions. When clients evidenced resistance to continuing therapy, it usually dissipated after a brief period of time. In over 72% of the cases, making the report did not disrupt the relationship and in many instances it was helpful in the therapeutic process; about 27% were continuously resistant or terminated therapy shortly after the report was made. Conclusions: Implications for practice, training, program development, and research are discussed.
Separation of various components from uranium by oxidation-reduction reactions in a liquid potassium chloride-lithium chloride/zinc system☆

Abstract The separation of various metals from uranium by oxidation-reduction reactions in a fused KCl-LiCl/zinc system was investigated. The transfer of solutes from the zinc to the salt phase on the stepwise addition of ZnCl 2 and subsequent transfer of solutes from the salt to the zinc phase on the stepwise addition of magnesium was measured. Solutes investigated included iron, molybdenum, niobium, chromium, yttrium, zirconium, thorium, uranium, protactinium and cerium. The data show that the sequence in which the components investigated are oxidized and transferred to the salt phase on the addition of ZnCl 2 at 500°C is cerium, uranium with yttrium, thorium, protactinium, zirconium and chromium. Niobium, molybdenum and iron are not oxidized and remain in the zinc. The inverse sequence results on reduction with magnesium. Measurements were also carried out at 700°C. Experimental evidence for a valence of three for thorium as chloride in the salt is presented. The data indicate that the valence of zirconium is also three with increasing amounts of plus four present as the ZnCl 2 content of the salt is increased beyond 1.0 wt.%. Activity coefficients for some of the solutes in zinc are presented. An attempt is made to correlate the data obtained with available thermodynamic data.
Instrumental activities of daily living performance and role satisfaction in people with and without mild cognitive impairment: a pilot project.

Objective We investigated differences in observed performance of instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and self-reported satisfaction with social role performance between people with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (a-MCI) and age- and gender-matched control participants. Method We measured observed performance of 14 IADLs using the Independence, Safety, and Adequacy domains of the Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills (PASS) and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information Systems (PROMIS) to examine satisfaction with social role performance. Results Total PASS scores were significantly lower in participants with a-MCI (median=40.6) than in control participants (median=44.2; p=.006). Adequacy scores were also significantly lower. No significant differences were found between groups on the PROMIS measures. Conclusion IADL differences between groups were related more to errors in adequacy than to safety and independence. Occupational therapy practitioners can play a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of subtle IADL deficits in people with MCI.
Breastfeeding Update 2: Clinical Lactation Management

Breastfeeding encompasses the anatomy, physiology, psychology, and social constructs of both mother and infant. It takes time for early breastfeeding to become established while mother and infant are learning the process. When pathology is present, complex situation arise that require significant clinical expertise. Pediatricians are crucial to the success of early breastfeeding through both advice and clinical care. A confident, positive attitude coupled with knowledgeable, concrete actions can maximize the impact of physicians. Decisions, policies, and patient care that demonstrate knowledge and commitment can help women to achieve breastfeeding goals. This, in turn, will allow children to benefit fully from the numerous advantages that breastfeeding and human milk have been proven to provide.
Critical properties of aluminum.

Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo calculations are performed using a validated embedded-atom potential to obtain the vapor−liquid coexistence curve for elemental aluminum in good agreement with available experimental data up to the boiling point. These calculations are then extended to make a reliable prediction of the critical temperature, pressure, and density of Al, which have previously been known only with very large uncertainties. This demonstrates the ability of modern simulations to predict fundamental physical properties that are extremely difficult to measure directly.
Pad conditioning in chemical mechanical polishing: a conditioning density distribution model to predict pad surface shape

Diamond disc pad conditioning is traditionally employed to restore pad planarity and surface roughness in chemical mechanical polishing (or planarisation) (CMP). In this paper, a conditioning density distribution model is developed to predict the pad surface shape resulted from the diamond disc conditioning in CMP. A kinematic study is carried out to calculate and simulate the diamond grit trajectories. An analytical model is then proposed to correlate the conditioning density distribution with the wear of the polishing pad. In this study conditioner design is considered while function defined sweeping profiles and a visual measure of conditioner-pad contact distribution are introduced. Furthermore, the pad surface shape is predicted by the model and compared with experimental data. Results show that the model is effective to predict the pad surface shape.
Microstructure and stability of nanocrystalline aluminum 6061 created by large strain machining

Abstract We present the properties of aluminum 6061 alloys of various tempers, severely deformed in plane strain at room temperature, by machining. Various values of strain are introduced into the chip, in a single pass, by varying the rake angle of the tool. Chips cut from peak-aged 6061 (T6 condition) are composed of finer microstructures and possess higher hardness than peak-aged 6061 subjected to equal channel angular pressing at elevated temperatures. Thermal stability of the chips with different levels of strain is analyzed by studying evolution of Vickers micro-hardness and microstructure after different heat treatments. Chips produced from the peak-aged temper and over-aged temper soften following heat treatment while those from the solution-treated state first gain strength before softening. The results are rationalized based on prior studies of the characteristics and kinetics of precipitation and coarsening in Al–Mg–Si systems. The observations also suggest processing routes for consolidation of the chips into bulk forms while retaining the UFG microstructure with enhanced mechanical properties.
Freeway traffic control from linear temporal logic specifications

We propose a methodology for synthesizing ramp metering control strategies for freeway networks from linear temporal logic specifications. Such specifications allow very rich control objectives constructed from temporal operators such as "always" and "eventually" combined with Boolean operators and encompass e.g. safety, reachability, and liveness conditions. We use the cell transmission model of traffic flow on freeway networks to obtain a piecewise affine model of the traffic network, and we apply recent results on control of such systems from temporal logic specifications to synthesize ramp metering strategies that are correct by construction. We demonstrate our approach on several examples.
Quantitatively understanding reduced xylose fermentation performance in AFEXTM treated corn stover hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A (LNH-ST) and Escherichia coli KO11.

Abstract Reduced xylose fermentation performance has been an issue during fermentation of AFEXTM hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A (LNH-ST) or Escherichia coli KO11. To better understand why fermentation performance is reduced, we quantitatively studied the effects of compounds present in the fermentation broth on xylose consumption. The compounds include biomass degradation products, ethanol and fermentation metabolites. The xylose consumption capability of E. coli KO11 was almost totally inhibited by the presence of both degradation products and ethanol. On the other hand, for S. cerevisiae 424A, 89% reduction of xylose consumption rate was found during hydrolysate fermentation. Degradation products, ethanol and fermentation metabolites were responsible for 32%, 24% and 33% of such reduction, respectively. Those results suggest that to further improve the xylose fermentation in hydrolysate, strains should be selected not only for degradation products tolerance but also for ethanol and fermentation metabolites tolerance.
The Logical Basis for the use of Continuous Characters in Phylogenetic Systematics

It has been argued that continuous characteristics should be excluded from cladistic analysis for two reasons: because the data are considered inappropriate; and because the methods for the conversion of these data into codes are considered arbitrary. Metric data, however, fulfill the sole criterion for inclusion in phylogenetic analysis, the presence of homologous character states, and thus cannot be excluded as a class of data. The second line of reasoning, that coding methods are arbitrary, applies to gap and segment coding, but quantitative data can be coded in a nonarbitrary manner by means of tests of statistical significance. These procedures, which are both objective and repeatable, determine the probability that two taxa possess an homologous character state; that is, if they have inherited a particular central tendency and distribution of individual variates unchanged from a common ancestor. Thus, the application of statistical tests to quantitative data empirically detects the presence of evolu tionary change, the raw material of phylogenetic reconstruction.
Personal Need for Structure: Individual Differences in the Desire for Simple Structure

Individual differences in the desire for simple structure may influence how people understand, experience, and interact with their worlds. Studies 1 and 2 revealed that the Personal Need for Structure (PNS) scale (M. Thompson, M. Naccarato, & K. Parker, 1989,1992) possesses sufficient reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. In Studies 3-5, Ss high in PNS were especially likely to organize social and nonsocial information in less complex ways, stereotype others, and complete their research requirements on time. These data suggest that people differ i n their chronic desire for simple structure and that this difference can have important social-cognitive and behavioral implications. A consideration of chronic information-processing motives may facilitate the theoretical integration of social cognition, affect, motivation, and personality. It is nearly trite to make the point that, as social beings, people live in an unimaginably complex, information-rich world. Given the vast amount of information impinging on the senses and the well-documented limits in attentional capacity (e.g., Kahneman, 1973; Norman & Bobrow, 1975; Pashler, 1992), the information-processing task i s quite formidable. Thus, people look for ways to reduce the information load. People lessen their cognitive load in two fundamental ways. First, through avoidance strategies, they limit the amount of information t o which they are exposed. People may create barriers that restrict the likelihood that social and environmental information will intrude unexpectedly on their lives (e.g., by placing walls around their yards, closing the doors of their offices, wearing headphones in the streets). People may choose not to venture beyond their homes and workplaces, thus reducing exposure to unwanted information. Also, when compelled to confront and interact with others, people may actively ignore
Biophilic Urban Design and Planning

Natural and biophilic elements need to be central in everything and anything we design and build, from schools and hospitals to neighborhoods and urban blocks, to street systems and larger urban- and regional-scale design and planning. The discussion in this chapter focuses on four primary scales: the region, the city, the neighborhood, and the building. The type and extent of natural features will vary in part depending on the scale of attention (see box 4.1).
Blood Screening Using Diffraction Phase Cytometry

We demonstrate an automatic interferometry based blood smear analysis technique known as Diffraction Phase Cytometry (DPC) which provides detailed physiologically relevant information on the 2-D and 3-D morphology of individual blood cells.
Arming and Arms Races

I consider a model of arming in which states choose in successive periods whether to build weapons and whether to attack, and in which arms accumulate across periods. Surprisingly, despite a long history of formal models of arms races, the models we have in the literature lack one or more these features ‐ no choices (Richardson models), no option to use the weapons (Prisoners’ Dilemma models), or no accumulation of arms over multiple periods (Powell 1993, Jackson and Morelli 2009). In a Markov Perfect Equilibrium with two symmetric states, the states either (a) build up to stability at the first arms level such that a one-period “break out” does not give enough advantage to make attack worthwhile; or (b) fight at the outset because they anticipate that building to stability would not be worth the cost. (a) is more likely when the military technology favors defense and when the states have less “expansionist” preferences, in terms of value for territory. When the states differ enough in some respect ‐ capacity to build, preferences for conquest, or size of economy, for example ‐ mixed strategies appear on the equilibrium path. War or peace may result from an arms race between asymmetric rivals, with perhaps some tendency for races to be more dangerous as they proceed.