cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF COMPLEXITY AND REFORM ON CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE OUTPUT

Some investigators argue that recent reforms in Congress have made it more difficult for Congress to do its job, while others contend that growing complexity in the larger congressional environment has had this result. We test these competing explanations using selected measures of congressional committee inputs and outputs over a period of eight Congresses, 1961–1975. Analysis based on pooled time-series and cross-section data reveals that reform had no direct impact on our measures of committee inputs and outputs once the effects of underlying trends attributable to complexity in the external environment are controlled. Similar conclusions emerge when we compare committees in complex and noncomplex environments and also when we compare committees differentially affected by reform. We discuss methodological and policy implications of our findings.
Fracture of silicon nitride and silicon carbide at elevated temperatures

Abstract High temperature fracture of structural ceramics often results from creep and creep-related processes. Creep cavitation in particular plays an important role in the failure process, resulting in crack nucleation and crack growth prior to failure. Equations modelling cavitation and crack growth mechanisms are consistent with the Monkman-Grant behavior observed for structural ceramics. Both the mechanism of fracture and the mode of crack growth are affected by the test geometry. In flexure, cracks tend to remain stable because of stress relaxation near the tensile surface of test specimens. In tensile specimens, stress relaxation due to cavity formation occurs in the vicinity of crack tips. Intermittent crack growth results, in which the density of cavities at the crack tip has to reach a critical level for the occurence of crack motion. Crack growth occurs by microcrack nucleation and linkage with the dominant crack.
Variable-region gene family usage for type II collagen autoantibodies in arthritis-susceptible DBA/1 mice

Abstract Collagen-induced arthritis is mediated by autoantibodies to type II collagen (CII). This experimental model has proven useful in determining the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for autoimmune arthritis. We have shown that polyarthritis can be transferred to normal mice by administrating combinations of three or four complement-fixing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which recognize cross-reactive epitopes on the α1(II)-CB11 region of chick and mouse CII. Currently, the light- and heavy-chain variable-region structures of a panel of α1(II)-CB11-specific mAbs that cross-react with chick and mouse CII, or react solely with chick CII, have been analyzed. The results indicate biased usage of VK19 and VK21 families of light-chain variable-region genes but random VHgene usage. Interestingly, two mAbs derived from different mice recognized identical epitopes on mouse CII and had nearly identical light- and heavy-chain variable-region structure including junctionally derived sequence.
Dynamical critical behavior of the three-dimensional Heisenberg model.

We have carried out extensive Monte Carlo simulations of the dynamic critical behavior of L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L simple-cubic classical Heisenberg models with periodic boundary conditions. The equilibrium relaxation time \ensuremath{\tau} is determined from the long-time exponential decay of the time-displaced correlation function of the magnetization. Using finite-size scaling and corrections to scaling we find that at the critical point ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$=(0.6929${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, \ensuremath{\tau} grows like \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\simeq}${\mathit{L}}^{\mathit{z}}$ with z=1.96(6). In the paramagnetic region we show that the relaxation time is represented by a universal scaling function \ensuremath{\tau}${\mathit{L}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{z}}$ vs (T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-1)${\mathit{L}}^{1/\ensuremath{\nu}}$ with z=1.96(6). This estimate is consistent with theoretical predictions and results of experimental studies concerning the dynamical critical behavior of Heisenberg magnets perturbed by order-parameter nonconserving dipolar interactions. We also describe how a simple over-relaxation algorithm of Creutz and of Brown and Woch can be incorporated into the Metropolis sampling method for the classical Heisenberg model, thereby significantly reducing the critical slowing down; the resultant correlation time varies as \ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}(T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$-1${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}0.77}$, which implies z\ensuremath{\simeq}1.10.
Structural mechanisms underlying autonomic reactions in pediatric arousal

Abstract Arousal provides an essential means to restore homeostasis following a system perturbation during a quiescent state. The classic definition of ‘arousal’ includes a constellation of cardiovascular, respiratory and somatic muscle characteristics, together with activation of the electrocorticogram (ECoG). At least two ascending activating systems, a ventral cholinergic and a serotonergic ascending system, both interacting with other regional neurotransmitter processes, contribute to electrocortical activation, with separate behaviors mediated by each system. A number of ‘arousal’ processes essential for survival operate at local levels, and interact with the systems that mediate cortical activation. These processes include cerebellar compensatory mechanisms which respond to extreme cardiovascular challenges, and limbic structures which respond to hypoxia or hypercarbia and the resultant dyspnea. The local processes show exceptional cortical arousing properties upon recruitment of some structures, such as the amygdala, which has major projections to ascending arousal systems. Components of arousal can emerge without ECoG activation and can be mediated at local levels which interact with ascending systems.
Rheumatic mimics and selected triggers of fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by diffuse pain and tender points, which have been present for more than 3 months. Many patients with systemic illnesses can have diffuse pain similar to that found in fibromyalgia, including rheumatic diseases such as polymyalgia rheumatica, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, and joint hypermobility. Osteomalacia and thyroid disease are also in the differential diagnosis of diffuse pain and are imminently treatable. In addition, there has been interest throughout the past 10 years in infectious diseases including hepatitis C, Lyme disease, coxsackie B, HIV, and parvovirus infection, which may cause or trigger fibromyalgia. This paper provides a framework to use when identifying these diseases as part of the evaluation of a patient with chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain.
Anion exchange nature of emeraldine base (EB) polyaniline (PAn) and a revisit of the EB formula

The anion exchange nature of emeraldine base (EB), which is totally unexpected from the conventional EB formula, is reported here. Based on the ion exchange experiments of this work as well as published ESCA data, EB is suggested to be a mixture of undoped emeraldine with doped emeraldine, in which the counterion is hydroxide ion. This is in contrast to the commonly held concept that identifies EB as undoped emeraldine. Accordingly, a modified EB formula is proposed.
The spectral and physical properties of metal in meteorite assemblages: Implications for asteroid surface materials

One of the objectives of the present paper is related to a definition of the spectral contribution of the nickel-iron metal component in meteoritic assemblages. Another objective is the elucidation of the chemical, physical, and petrographic properties of the metal grains which affect the spectral signature in asteroid surface materials. It is pointed out that an improved understanding of the spectral and physical properties of metal in asteroid regoliths should permit an improved characterization of these objects, and, in particular, a better evaluation of the differentiated or undifferentiated nature of the S-type and M-type asteroids. Attention is given to the spectra of iron and nickel-iron metals, the spectral effects of metal in chondritic assemblages, the spectral reflectance of metal grains in ordinary chondrites, the nature of the surfaces of chondritic metal grains, the origin of coats on chondritic metal grains, and the fragmentation of metal on asteroid surfaces.
Single versus double ionization of multielectron atoms by electrons

The relative contribution of double ionization versus single ionization of heavy atoms (with an atomic number $Z\ensuremath{\gtrsim}20)$ by electrons is investigated. General expressions are derived that predict the contribution to the collisions where the outer shells of the target atoms are s or d shells with two electrons, a configuration of most atoms of the Periodic Table.
Stabilization of concanavalin a by metal ligands

Abstract Metal-free concanavalin A is readily and irreversibly inactivated by temperatures above 60°. Manganese ion completely prevents the thermal aggregation of the protein at 60 and 70°, and partially protects at 80°, but shows no protective properties at 90°. Manganese protection against thermal aggregation was found to be maximal at pH 4-8. The precipitation between glycogen and Mn 2+-stabilized concanavalin A is partially inhibited at temperatures > 30°, but can be reversed by cooling to room temperature. Manganese ion also partially reverses the inhibition of concanavalin A-glycogen complex-formation by protein denaturants and by saccharides. At 20°, calcium ion plus Mn2+ prevents the aggregation of metal-free concanavalin A induced by guanidine hydrochloride. The results show, contrary to conclusions from previous studies, that concanavalin A is a highly stable protein when supplemented with Mn2+ and Ca2+.
Characterization of the inflammatory response during acute measles encephalitis in NSE-CD46 transgenic mice.

Abstract Expression of the human measles virus receptor, CD46, in the murine central nervous system allows infection and replication by wild-type human measles virus (MV) strains (Rall, G.F., Manchester, M., Daniels L.R., Callahan, E., Belman, A., Oldstone, M.B.A., 1997. A transgenic mouse model for measles virus infection of the brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 2243–2248). MV replicates in neurons in focal lesions of the cortex, hippocampus and thalamus, leading to death of the animals. In MV-infected CD46 transgenic mice, infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes and macrophages was seen. Upregulation of MHC class I and class II molecules was observed, along with reactive astrocytosis and microgliosis. Increased chemokine mRNAs, especially RANTES and IP-10, and cytokine RNAs IL-6, TNF-α, and IL1-β were observed. Apoptosis of neurons also was increased. No MV replication or inflammation was seen in similarly inoculated nontransgenic littermates. These results further characterize the MV-induced encephalitis in CD46 transgenic mice and highlight similarities to MV infection of the human CNS.
The influence of experience on knee mechanics during side-step cutting in females.

Abstract Background It is thought that female athletes with limited experience in a sport perform athletic maneuvers differently than their more experienced counterparts, and that they do so in a manner that places them at greater risk for injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of athletic experience on knee mechanics during the execution of a side-step cutting maneuver in young female athletes. Methods Three-dimensional kinematics, ground reaction forces and electromyographic activity (surface electrodes) were recorded during the early deceleration phase of side-step cutting in 30 high school females (15 experienced, 15 novice). Group differences in knee joint kinematics, peak moments, net joint moment impulse and average muscle activation were evaluated. Findings No significant group differences were found in knee kinematics. When compared to experienced females, novice females demonstrated significantly smaller flexor, adductor, and internal rotator peak moments and smaller net joint moment impulse in all three planes at the knee. No group differences were found for average EMG; however, novice athletes had significantly greater co-contraction at the knee. Interpretation The finding of smaller knee moments and greater muscle co-contraction in the novice group suggests that these athletes may adopt a protective strategy in response to a relatively unfamiliar task. In addition, these results suggest that increased moments at the knee emerge with experience, indicating that more skilled athletes may be at greater risk for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury.
Thermal properties of a tetrahedrally bonded amorphous solid: CdGeAs2.

We have measured the low-temperature thermal conductivity and specific heat of ${\mathrm{CdGeAs}}_{2}$ to investigate the influence of coordination number on the thermal properties of amorphous solids. ${\mathrm{CdGeAs}}_{2}$ is tetrahedrally bonded in the crystalline state and strong evidence exists that this local order is preserved in the amorphous state. The thermal conductivity of the amorphous material was measured from 0.1 to 300 K. It displays the same behavior as all other glasses: a ${T}^{2}$ dependence below 1 K, a wide range of temperature over which the conductivity is approximately temperature independent, and a thermal conductivity at high temperatures that approaches the minimum thermal conductivity as described by Slack. The specific heats of c-${\mathrm{CdGeAs}}_{2}$ and a-${\mathrm{CdGeAs}}_{2}$ were measured from 0.1 to 50 K. Below 1 K, the amorphous material shows the excess specific heat that is characteristic of amorphous solids. Above 1 K, the specific heat of the amorphous material, when compared to the Debye model, closely resembles the specific heat of the crystal. We have also measured the thermal conductivity of a sputtered film of a-Ge from 30 to 300 K and compare our results to previous measurements of the thermal properties of a-Si and a-Ge. On the basis of our experimental findings, we conclude that the thermal properties of amorphous solids do not depend on the coordination number.
The Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivities of Free-Base- and Zn(II)-N-Methyl Hydroporphyrin Compounds. The Unexpected Selectivity of the Direct Methylation of Free-Base Hydroporphyrin Compounds

The free-base and Zn(II) complexes of N-methyl-β-octaethyl- and meso-tetratolylchlorin and isobacteriochlorin were synthesized and characterized. Direct methylation of free-base hydroporphyrin compounds was unexpectedly selective. Only one of the several possible regioisomers that could result from alkylation of the inequivalent N atoms was produced for each hydroporphyrin free-base. This result was independent of the electrophilic reagent ([MeSPh2][BF4] for meso-tetraaryl compounds and methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate for β-octaethyl compounds) or the peripheral substituents on the hydroporphyrin. However, the greater basicity of the β-octaethyl substituted compounds resulted in their isolation as protonated cations. Methylation occurred at a pyrrole ring rather than a pyrroline ring. In chlorins, the pyrrole ring across the macrocycle from the pyrroline ring was methylated to afford the symmetric N-methyl chlorins H(s-N23-MeTTC) and H2(s-N23-MeOEC)+. The selectivity is a result of kinetic rather than th...
Long-Term Follow-up of Polypropylene Bone Anchored Slings

Introduction The transvaginal bone anchored polypropylene sling (BAS) has proven to be a successful treatment for patients with SUI. However, there is limited data on long-term outcomes following BAS with polypropylene mesh. We report our series of patients who had at least 3 years of follow-up after placement of BAS. Materials and Methods A retrospective review of prospectively collected data of patients undergoing BAS for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with minimum 3 year follow-up was performed. Outcomes and complications were determined from annual mailed post-operative questionnaires. Results 142 patients who had undergone BAS and had answered post-operative questionnaires at a minimum of 3 years were identified. Average follow-up was 58 months (range 36-97 months). The overall success rate was 71% with a dry rate of 27%. Complications occurred in 9% of patients, more commonly in patients without a history of anti-incontinence procedure. Conclusions Although less commonly used, BAS with polypropylene mesh is associated with an acceptable success rate at long term follow-up but a low completely dry rate.
Visuospatial attention: Beyond a spotlight model

Much of the research in visual attention has been driven by the spotlight metaphor. This metaphor has been useful over many years for generating experimental questions in attention research. However, theories and models of visual selection have reached such a level of complexity that debate now centers around more specific questions about the nature of attention. In this review, the general question “Is visual attention like a spotlight?” is broken down into seven specific questions concerning the nature of visual attention, and the evidence relevant to each is examined. The answers to these specific questions provide important clues about why visual selection is necessary and what purpose attention plays in visual cognition.
Characterization of Thermal Diffusion Related Properties in Plasma Sprayed Zirconium Coatings

Zirconium (Zr) metal is of interest for chemical corrosion protection and nuclear reactor core applications. Inert chamber plasma spraying has been used to produce thin Zr coatings on stainless steel (SS) substrates. The coatings were deposited while using transferred arc (TA) cleaning/heating at five different current levels. In order to better understand thermal diffusion governed processes, the coating porosity, grain size and interdiffusion with the substrate were measured as a function of TA current. Low porosity (3.5 to <0.5%), recrystallization with fine equiaxed grain size (3-8 μm diameter) and varying elemental diffusion distance (0-50 μm) from the coating-substrate interface were observed. In addition, the coatings were low in oxygen content compared to the wrought SS substrates. The Zr coatings sprayed under these conditions look promising for highly demanding applications.
Childhood sexuality: a decade of study. part i--research and curriculum development

Abstract Objective: One goal of the Kempe Center’s Perpetration Prevention Program has been to increase the awareness and competence of professionals and parents in understanding and responding to the sexual behaviors of children in order to reduce the risk of children developing sexually abusive patterns of behavior. A decade of exploration and the development of curricula is reviewed in this paper. Method: The evolving body of literature relevant to childhood sexuality and sexually abusive behaviors in childhood was reviewed. Several new sources of information and development of a teaching model for adults are described. Results: Children engage in a wide range of sexual behaviors, some of which may be observed by or reported to adults. Research encompassing diverse samples and methods converges to describe what is developmentally expected and what might be problematic. Professionals need to be trained to evaluate and respond to these behaviors objectively, without relying on the personal beliefs or values of individuals. Conclusion: Children have a legitimate need for validation and correction of sexual learning. Adults often have not been trained to respond consistently to children’s behaviors, but are eager to obtain more information.
Physical analysis of transcription preinitiation complex assembly on a class II gene promoter

Transcription of protein-encoding genes by human RNA polymerase II requires multiple ancillary proteins (transcription factors). Interactions between these proteins and the promoter DNA of a viral class II gene (the major late transcription unit of adenovirus) were investigated by enzymatic and chemical footprinting. The experiments indicated that the assembly of functionally active RNA polymerase II-containing transcription preinitiation complexes requires a complete set of transcription factors, and that both specific protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions are involved. This allows individual steps along the transcription reaction pathway to be tested directly, thus providing a basis for understanding basic transcription initiation mechanisms as well as the regulatory processes that act on them.
Paneconomism as a Missiological Concern

"Paneconomism," which the author defines as "the all-encompasing priority given today in all parts of the globe to economic considerations," presents a major challenge to missiology. Because of an all-pervading market perspective, an obsession with financial feasibility and the negative impact of globalization, economic rather than human values seem to be driving political and social decisions. Witness that engages this situation with the vision of the gospel should form the "cutting edge" of missiological reflection and ecclesial practice. The author pleads for a "competent, well-informed contribution by missiologists on economic issues."
A nanosecond coincidence circuit using transistors

Abstract A transistor coincidence circuit is described which is intended to be used for scintillation counting of high energy particles. Details of the performance of the basic components are given both with test pulses and with photo-multiplier pulses in a counting arrangement. Resolving times as low as 2 nanoseconds were measured ††
Noise analysis and improvement of displacement vector estimation from angular displacements.

Elastography or elasticity imaging techniques typically image local strains or Young’s modulus variations along the insonification direction. Recently, techniques that utilize angular displacement estimates obtained from multiple angular insonification of tissue have been reported. Angular displacement estimates obtained along different angular insonification directions have been utilized for spatial-angular compounding to reduce noise artifacts in axial-strain elastograms, and for estimating the axial and lateral components of the displacement vector and the corresponding strain tensors. However, these angular strain estimation techniques were based on the assumption that noise artifacts in the displacement estimates were independent and identically distributed and that the displacement estimates could be modeled using a zero-mean normal probability density function. Independent and identically distributed random variables refer to a collection of variables that have the same probability distribution and are mutually independent. In this article, a modified least-squares approach is presented that does not make any assumption regarding the noise in the angular displacement estimates and incorporates displacement noise artifacts into the strain estimation process using a cross-correlation matrix of the displacement noise artifacts. Two methods for estimating noise artifacts from the displacement images are described. Improvements in the strain tensor (axial and lateral) estimation performance are illustrated utilizing both simulation data obtained using finite-element analysis and experimental data obtained from a tissue-mimicking phantom. Improvements in the strain estimation performance are quantified in terms of the elastographic signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios obtained with and without the incorporation of the displacement noise artifacts into the least-squares strain estimator.
nNOS-Deficient Lumbricle Muscles Exhibit Normal Fatigue Resistance and Calcium Handling

Murine tibialis anterior skeletal muscles lacking one or more isoforms of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) exhibit exaggerated contraction-induced fatigue in vivo by mechanisms that remain to be elucidated. To test the hypothesis that depletion of skeletal muscle expressed nNOS was sufficient to cause exaggerated fatigue, we analyzed fatigue resistance in excised lumbricle muscles from nNOS knockout (KN2) and wildtype (WT) mice in vitro. Simultaneous measurements of skinned fiber Ca2+-activated force and ATPase activity, and simultaneous measurements of intracellular Ca2+ and force in isolated intact lumbricle muscle in the nNOS depleted and WT muscles were performed. Results showed that KN2 mice lumbricle skinned fiber force and ATPase activity were more sensitivity to Ca2+ than WT, in contrast to no differences in maximum force and ATPase, or energy cost (ATPase/force) at all levels of force activation. Intact lumbricle muscle showed that fatigue produced by increasing the frequency of repetitive 500 millisecond periods of 100 Hz tetanus stimulation showed the average force and intracellular Ca2+ during the tetanus was not statistically different between KN2 and WT lumbricle at all levels of fatigue. The average intracellular Ca2+ during the tetanus stimulation showed that fatigue was independent of Ca2+ except at the very highest fatigue levels. The rate of fatigue in KN2 mouse muscles was not different from WT and we were unable to observe exaggerated fatigue in vitro. These results suggest three possible explanations. First, the regulation of muscle fatigue by nNOS in vivo may only be evident under physiological conditions. Second, lumbricle muscle lacks an nNOS muscle-specific fatigue resistant mechanism. Third, that nNOS loss from surrounding tissue compromises fatigue resistance. Regardless, these data suggest that nNOS is dispensable for normal calcium handling, strength and fatigue resistance in lumbricle muscles in vitro.
Semantic confluence tests and completion methods

We present semantic methods for showing that a term-rewriting system is confluent. We also present methods for completing a given term-rewriting system to obtain an equivalent confluent system. These methods differ from the well-known and widely studied Knuth-Bendix method in that they emphasize semantics rather than syntax. Also, they often require more user interaction than the purely syntactic Knuth-Bendix method. The concept of “ground confluence” is discussed; methods for demonstrating ground confluence are also given. We give decision procedures for some sub-problems that arise in this method.
Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Magnetic Head-Disk Interface Equilibrium in the “Rupture” Regime of the Starved-Liquid Bearing

Previous friction measurements in the magnetic head-disk interface (HDI) indicated some anomalous friction force behavior with low sliding speeds (.25 mm/s to 0.25 m/s) and lubricant film thicknesses in the range of 20-80 nm, showing decreasing friction force with increasing apparent shear rate. The physical explanation for such behavior has not yet been established. Possible explanations for such behavior have included dramatic shear thinning, interfacial slip and partial loss of contact with the lubricant film due to slider tipping. In the present study, we investigate the possibility of slider tipping as an explanation for the decreasing friction force with increasing sliding speed. Measurements with an optical probe indicate that slider tipping does not occur for the conditions tested. Numerical analysis of slider equilibrium also supports this conclusion.
Complexes between bacteriophage T7 capsids and T7 DNA.

Abstract Heat inactivation of bacteriophage T7 (sedimentation coefficient 453 S) yields a nucleoprotein structure sedimenting at 40 S ( in vitro 40 S structure). Lysates of T7-infected Escherichia coli , made with the nonionic detergent Brij 58, also contain a 40 S nucleoprotein structure ( in vivo 40 S structure). Both structures consist of a phage capsid bound to a mature length of T7 DNA which is outside the phage head. The two differ in that the capsid of the in vitro 40 S structure was located at a random distance from the nearest end of the DNA while the capsid from the in vivo structure was always located less than 7% of the mature DNA length from the nearest end. The nearest end for the in vivo structure seems to be the genetic right end of the DNA. Kinetic labeling experiments suggest that the in vivo 40 S structure is either an intermediate in DNA packaging or a breakdown product from such an intermediate. The fast side of the in vivo 40 S peak contained structures in which T7 capsids were attached to DNA which was longer than mature T7 DNA. The largest DNA detected was close to twice the length of mature T7 DNA.
Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1-deficient mice do not develop postoperative gastric ileus.

Background & Aims: Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling pathways play a key role in the stress response through the activation of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors. We investigated the CRF receptor subtypes involved in gastric postoperative ileus. Methods: Adult male mice (C57BL/6, CRF1-deficient, and wild-type), fasted for 16 –18 hours, were anesthetized for 10 minutes and had a midline celiotomy and cecal exteriorization and palpation for 30 or 60 seconds or no surgery (sham). Phenol red was given by gavage 100 minutes after anesthesia; 20 minutes later, gastric emptying and blood glucose level were measured. Results: In C57BL/6 mice, cecal palpation for 30 or 60 seconds significantly reduced gastric emptying to 30.3% 1.4% and 5.8% 3.4%, respectively, compared with 58.5% 4.4% in sham. The CRF1 antagonist CP-154,526 (20 mg/kg subcutaneously) completely prevented the 30-second cecal palpation–induced delayed gastric emptying (53.0% 7.9% vs. 28.0% 4.0% in vehicle surgery), whereas the CRF2 antagonist astressin2-B injected subcutaneously had no effect. In CRF1-deficient mice, cecal palpation for 30 seconds did not delay gastric emptying (80.3% 4.5% compared with 84.7% 6.3% in sham); in wildtype mice, gastric emptying was decreased to 17.8% 16.1% (P < 0.05 vs. sham 72.0% 12.4%). Surgery increased glucose levels by 46% compared with sham in wild-type mice, while glycemia was not altered in CRF1deficient mice. Basal emptying was similar in wild-type and CRF1-deficient mice and not influenced by CRF antagonists in C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions: These data showthat CRF 1 activation plays an important role in mediating the early phase of gastric ileus.
Hypnotic susceptibility related to an independent measure of compliance—Alumni annual giving: A brief communication

Abstract An attempt was made to relate hypnotic susceptibility to an objective measure of compliance in a real-life setting. Hypnotic susceptibility scores for 235 college graduates, who graduated between the years 1971–1979, were compared to their records for alumni annual giving. Those who had made at least 1 contribution to the college since graduation were significantly higher in hypnotic susceptibility than those who had made no contribution. The results suggest that willingness to respond to a persuasive appeal may be related to a person's susceptibility to hypnosis.
Chiral cyclopropenyl ketones: reactive and selective Diels-Alder dienophiles.

The synthesis and Diels–Alder reactions of cyclopropenyl ketones are described. Cyclopropenyl ketones are highly reactive dienophiles that can engage a range of cyclic dienes and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene. The strategy of using cyclopropenyl ketones to facilitate Diels–Alder reactions is not limited to products that contain three-membered rings, as reductive opening by SmI2 can be used to produce a product that lacks a cyclopropane but retains a quaternary stereogenic center.
CHRONIC INTRAVENOUS TOXICITY OF THE OXIMES OF 2-FORMYL-1-METHYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE AND THE METHANESULFONATE ANALOG TO DOGS AND RABBITS.

Abstract 2-Formyl-1-methylpyridinium chloride oxime (2-PAMCl) and 2-formyl-1-methylpyridinium methanesulfonate oxime (2-PAMM, also referred to as P2S) were evaluated for chronic intravenous toxicity to dogs and rabbits. These compounds were given in daily doses of 50 mg/kg, 5 days a week over a 6-week period, the dogs receiving them in doses of 25 mg/kg twice a day. Hyperventilation occurred during injections in 39% of the dogs receiving 25 mg/kg of either oxime. Occasionally, ataxia, vomiting, collapse, head jerks, tremors, and salivation were seen. Animals usually were free of all toxic signs prior to any injection. No changes in the RBC-ChE values were observed. Hemoglobin values and the white blood cell count were decreased consistently by the end of the test period in all animals receiving 2-PAMCl. In dogs given 2-PAMM only, the hemoglobin values were decreased. No recognizable tissue damage was observed in any of the dogs. These oximes did not produce any noticeable toxic signs in rabbits.
Generation of superoxide anion and most likely singlet oxygen in irradiated TiO2 nanoparticles modified by carotenoids

Abstract Photosensitization of the TiO2 nanoparticles with carotenoids leads to the formation of superoxide anion and singlet oxygen on red light irradiation. It has been shown that carotenoids facilitate generation of superoxide radical anion O2 − in irradiated TiO2 colloids. At low carotenoid concentrations ( − production exceeds that obtained in the absence of carotenoid. EPR experiments with 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone and spin trapping with α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl nitrone and 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide showed that both superoxide anion and singlet oxygen can be produced in irradiated TiO2 suspensions in toluene and CH2Cl2. The PBN–O2 − and DMPO–O2 − spin adducts were detected by the 9 GHz EPR/ENDOR spin trapping technique. The dismutation of superoxide radical anion was proposed to generate singlet oxygen through intermediate formation of HO2 radicals. The PBN–HO2 spin adduct was identified by the 9 GHz EPR/ENDOR and 95 GHz EPR spin trapping technique.
Carnitine-14C metabolism in choline-deficient, alloxan-diabetic choline-deficient and insulin-treated rats.

Abstract In the present investigation we have examined the body pool, turnover time, half-life, and tissue levels of carnitine as well as the metabolism of radioactive carnitine in choline-deficient, alloxan-diabetic choline deficient and alloxan-diabetic choline deficient insulin-treated rats. The carnitine body pool in normal rats was 25.6; choline-deficient, 12.6; alloxan-diabetic choline-deficient, 7.7; and alloxan-diabetic choline-deficient insulin-treated rats, 32.7 mg. per 100 Gm. body weight. The gastrocnemius muscle carnitine content was greatly decreased in choline-deficient and alloxan-diabetic choline-deficient rat, whereas the muscle carnitine content in alloxan-diabetic choline-deficient insulin-treated rats approached a value close to that of normal rats. The turnover time was decreased in choline-deficient (5.9 days), alloxan-diabetic (5.1 days), and alloxan-diabetic insulin-treated (9.8 days) from that of normal rats (14.8 days). The results indicate that the decreased body pool of carnitine in choline-deficient and alloxan-diabetic choline-deficient rats is primarily due to a decrease in the turn-over time and a greatly increased metabolism of carnitine.
A Digital Quarter Square Multiplier

An application of the quarter square multiplication technique used in analog computing is proposed for digital multiplication. Significant savings in storage requirements for ROM- implemented product tables are demonstrated. A two's complement multiplication circuit utilizing the digital quarter square technique is presented.
Stem Cells and Their Niches

A constellation of intrinsic and extrinsic cellular mechanisms regulates the balance of self-renewal and differentiation in all stem cells. Stem cells, their progeny, and elements of their microenvironment make up an anatomical structure that coordinates normal homeostatic production of functional mature cells. Here we discuss the stem cell niche concept, highlight recent progress, and identify important unanswered questions. We focus on three mammalian stem cell systems where large numbers of mature cells must be continuously produced throughout adult life: intestinal epithelium, epidermal structures, and bone marrow.
Structural models for alkali-metal complexes of polyacetylene.

Des modeles structuraux sont proposes pour le polyacethylene dope par moins de 0,1 atome de potassium ou de rubidium par atome de carbone. Ces structures utilisent comme motif de base une colonne de metal alcalin entoure par 4 chaines de polyacethylene en zig-zag plans. Cette structure se rencontre aux plus hauts niveaux de dopage
Capacitors and Circuit Performance

Considerable literature has appeared in the technical press during the past few years describing and analyzing the application of capacitors. Naturally, each author has treated the particular phase of the subject that best accomplished his objectives. It is felt, however, that a large majority of the potential users, and probably a good many of the actual users of capacitors, do not fully appreciate the change effected in the fundamental circuit characteristics when capacitors are applied. And the literature referred to does not seem to supply the demand for this type of information. This opinion has evolved through answering such queries as: “What should I use here, shunt or series capacitors?” “Should I put on shunt capacitors or regulators to fix up my bad voltage condition?” and “I guess a series capacitor is the thing to use here because it balances out all the inductance of the line and with that out, the voltage is bound to be good.”
Characterization of the depression of rat cerebral cortical neurons by selective adenosine agonists

The identity of the receptors involved in mediating the depressant actions of adenosine and its analogs on the spontaneous firing of rat cerebral cortical neurons was elucidated by evaluating the effects of selective A1 and A2 receptor agonists and antagonists. The A1 agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and the A2 agonist CGS 21680 both depressed cortical neuronal firing. At low doses (0.001-0.01 mg/kg) the A1 antagonist DPCPX blocked the effects of CPA, but not those of CGS 21680. At higher doses, it antagonized both agonists. The A2 antagonist CGS 15943 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) selectively blocked the actions of CGS 21680. At 1 mg/kg it also antagonized the responses of some neurons to CPA. These results suggest that the depressant actions of adenosinergic agonists on the firing of rat cerebral cortical neurons involve both A1 and A2 receptors.
Differential Effects of Human Capital on the Poor and Near-Poor: Evidence of Social Exclusion

ABSTRACT This article contributes to the body of knowledge by examining the differential effects of three dimensions of human capital—education, training, and health—on the poor and upper income categories. We tested the effects using binomial and multinomial logistic regression analyses of working age individuals. The study revealed that these human capital variables are strong predictors of poverty in the binomial model but have greater effects on the near-poor than the poor in the multinomial model. This may provide evidence for social exclusion of the poor, due to their structural vulnerability in the labor market. Implications are made for a comprehensive workforce development strategy that combine human capital development and labor market inclusion.
Formability of Advanced High Strength Steels

Novel draw-bend tests of 3 dual-phase (DP) steels utilizing velocity control of both actuators revealed three patterns of failure depending on draw speed, draw speed ratio, and R/t ratio. Shear failure occurs preferentially for smaller R/t and higher deformation rates. During draw bend tests, the temperature rises are significant, up 100°C before necking, with consequent loss of strength in affected regions. A novel 1-D constitutive equation relating flow stress to strain, strain rate, and temperature was developed based on tensile tests. FE simulations using the measured constitutive response predicted the types of failures accurately, without introducing damage mechanics. The deformation-induced heating is a critical part of the failure process.
Induction of T Lymphocytes Specific for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Calves with Maternal Antibody

Passive antibody to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) acquired through colostrum intake may interfere with the development of a protective immune response by calves to this virus. The objective of this study was to determine if calves, with a high level of maternal antibody to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), develop CD4(+), CD8(+), or gammadelta T lymphocyte responses to BVDV in the absence of a measurable humoral immune response. Colostrum or milk replacer fed calves were challenged with virulent BVDV at 2-5 weeks of age and/or after maternal antibody had waned. Calves exposed to BVDV while passive antibody levels were high did not mount a measurable humoral immune response to BVDV. However, compared to nonexposed animals, these animals had CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta T lymphocytes that were activated by BVDV after exposure to in vitro BVDV. The production of IFNgamma by lymphocytes after in vitro BVDV exposure was also much greater in lymphocytes from calves exposed to BVDV in the presence of maternal antibody compared to the nonexposed calves. These data indicate that calves exposed to BVDV while maternal antibody levels are high can develop antigen specific CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta T lymphocytes in the absence of an active antibody response. A manuscript presented separately demonstrates that the calves with T lymphocytes specific for BVDV in this study were also protected from virulent BVDV genotype 2 challenge after maternal antibody became undetectable.
The mechanism of tissue norepinephrine depletion by α, α′-dipyridyl

Abstract α, α′-Dipyridyl (α, α′-DPD) caused a sustained depletion of norepinephrine (NE) in rat brain and other tissues, however, not by reducing the availability of iron needed by tyrosine hydroxylase for the conversion of typosine to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as suggested by Taylor et al. (1969). Brain dopamine (DM) and serotonin (5-HT) concentrations remained almost normal after α, α′-DPD suggesting that tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase, both rate-limiting iron requiring enzymes necessary for the formation of these amines, were essentially unaffected. The conversion of radioactive tyrosine to DM and tryptophan to 5-HT was unaltered in α, α′-DPD-treated animals; however, the conversion of tyrosine to NE was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the conversion of radioactive DM to NE was inhibited after injecting DM intraventricularly. We conclude that the sustained depletion of tissue NE is caused by inhibition of dopamine α-hydroxylase. The tremors, hypothermia, and hypotension associated with α, α′-DPD treatment did not appear related to NE depletion.
Detection and characterization of the phosphorylated form of microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase.

Abstract Incubation of rat liver microsomes with 32 P-glucose-6-phosphate results in rapid incorporation of 32 P into protein as N-3-phosphoryl histidine.
Revascularization of the solitary kidney: a challenging problem in a high risk population.

Background. Patients with significant atherosclerotic stenosis involving the artery to a solitary functioning kidney present a clinical challenge. Methods. From August 1987 through August 1995, 35 of these patients (average age, 68.4±6.9 years) were treated. Comorbid conditions included previous myocardial infarction in 23% of the patients, congestive heart failure (CHF) in 34%, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 20%, and diabetes in 20%. The average creatinine level of the patients was 2.5±1.5 mg/dl. Indications for revascularization were hypertension in 86%, hypertensive crisis with CHF in 17%, and renal insufficiency in 69%. Procedures performed included 19 extraanatomic bypasses, 8 concomitant with infrarenal aortic reconstruction and 2 concomitant with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair; 1 visceral segment endarterectomy; 1 renal artery endarterectomy with reimplantation; 1 superior mesenteric to renal artery bypass; 1 aortorenal bypass; and 2 percutaneous angioplasties with staged nephrectomies. Results. At discharge, 91% of patients had stable or improved renal function with an average creatinine level of 1.7±0.8 mg/dl. Hypertension was cured or improved in 85%. Perioperative mortality was 6%, and major morbidity was 43%, including the need for permanent (9%) and temporary (9%) dialysis, respiratory insufficiency (18%), two early reoperations, six cardiac complications, one case of gastrointestinal bleeding, and one stroke. In the follow-up period (mean duration, 39.2 months), survival has been 73%, and no additional patients have required dialysis. Conclusions. Although significant perioperative morbidity exists in this high risk population, the long-term preservation of renal function and improvement in hypertension make solitary renal revascularization worthwhile. (Surgery 1996;120:732–737.)
Predicting Relative Performance in Economic Competition

Recent research in psychology has challenged the notion of a systematic “better-than-average” bias in predicted relative performance. Extending this research, we show that in an incentive-compatible experimental competition with widespread variation in abilities, those who are better than average tend to overestimate their actual performance, while those who are worse than average tend to underestimate their actual performance. We then demonstrate that this symmetric miscalibration at both sides of the relative performance distribution can facilitate optimal choices of costly insurance to mitigate performance-based risks. In contrast to the findings of prior research, we find that, after taking this insurance into account, participants are no worse off when economic risks are based on relative performance than when risks are assigned randomly in a similarly structured control setting.
The benefits of discussing adjuvant therapies one at a time instead of all at once

Breast cancer patients must often decide between multiple adjuvant therapy options to prevent cancer recurrence. Standard practice, as implemented in current decision support tools, is to present information about all options simultaneously, but psychology research suggests that sequential decision processes might improve decision making. We tested whether asking women to consider hormonal therapy and chemotherapy separately would improve women’s risk knowledge and/or affect treatment intentions. We conducted an Internet-administered experimental survey of a demographically diverse sample of 1,781 women ages 40–74. Participants were randomized to experience a standard, comprehensive decision process versus sequential (one at a time) decisions regarding adjuvant therapy options for a hypothetical breast cancer patient with an estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) tumor. We assessed comprehension of key statistics, perceptions of treatment effectiveness, and perceived interest in adjuvant chemotherapy, as well as participants’ numeracy levels. When participants made sequential decisions, they demonstrated greater comprehension of decision-relevant risk statistics, as compared to when they made decisions all at once (all P’s < 0.001). Among higher-numeracy participants, those making sequential decisions were less interested in chemotherapy (P < 0.001). Lower-numeracy participants who considered all options simultaneously were insensitive to the degree of risk reduction, but those who made sequential decisions were sensitive (P = 0.03). In conclusion, presenting adjuvant therapy options sequentially improves women’s comprehension of incremental treatment benefit and increases less numerate women’s sensitivity to the magnitude of the achievable risk reduction over standard, all at once approaches. Sequential approaches to adjuvant therapy decisions may reduce use of chemotherapy among those at low risk for recurrence.