cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 5552: New models for prostate and colon carcinogenesis in PhIP-treated hCYP1A mice

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The food mutagen, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine(PhIP), is mainly metabolized by human CYP1A2 through N-CYP1A2 through N2-hydroxylation (activation) and by mouse Cyp1a2 through 4′-hydroxylation (detoxification). In order to mimic human PhIP carcinogenesis in mice, we treated hCYP1A mice (which express human CYP1A but not mouse Cyp1a) with PhIP by oral gavage. Following a dose of PhIP (200 mg/kg b.w.), low-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) were observed after 20 weeks, high-grade PIN were observed after 30 weeks, and microinvasive carcinomas and adenocarcinomas in ventral, dorsolateral, and coagulating gland were observed after 40 and 50 weeks. Similar to human prostate carcinogenesis, higher than normal GSTP1 levels were observed in proliferative inflammatory atrophic lesions, and GSTP1 expression was lost in high-grade PIN and carcinomas. Under these experimental conditions, colon tumors were not observed. However, in mice that were treated with PhIP (200 mg/kg) and, a week later, followed by treatment with 1.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking fluid for 1 week, colon tumors were observed after 6 weeks (with 85% tumor incidence and 3.75±0.70 tumors/mouse) and >90% of the tumors were adenocarcinomas. The tumors had overexpressed β-catenin, c-myc, cyclinD1, iNOS and COX-2. In parallel studies with wild type mice treated with PhIP, or PhIP plus DSS, only low-grade PIN, but no colon tumors, were observed. Experiments are ongoing to study the effects of high-fat diet and other dietary factors in modulating carcinogenesis. These models, when fully characterized, could be very useful experimental systems to study diet and prostate/colon cancer (supported by NIH grants CA120915 and CA120915-S2). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5552. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5552
Solvent Effects on Electronic Transitions of Highly Dipolar Dyes: A Comparison of Three Approaches

The solvatochromism of several polar solutes, including some that contain both hydrogen bond-donating and -accepting properties (coumarins 1, 102, 120, 151, 152, and 153; nile red; and 4-aminofluorenone), is analyzed in terms of three models: the Reichardt single parameter ETN polarity scale, the multiparameter Kamlet−Taft equation, and the reaction field model. We use a “step-forward” procedure to determine which terms of the Kamlet−Taft equation are statistically significant in fitting the data. These equations provide the best fits to the data in almost all cases. We also find a correlation between the parameters s and a, which quantify the effects on the transition energy related to the solvatochromic parameters π* and α, respectively. This relationship suggests that the magnitude of a is not indicative of the strength of the hydrogen-bonding interaction, but rather reflects the additional field produced from the dipole moment of a hydrogen bond-donating molecule that is held in an orientation that r...
Training and Teaching Innovations in Colonoscopy

Optimization of training and teaching methods in colonoscopy at all levels of experience is critical to ensure consistent high-quality procedures in practice. Competency in colonoscopy may not be achieved until more than 250 colonoscopies are performed by trainees. Such tools as computer-based endoscopic simulators can aid in accelerating the early phases of training in colonoscopy, and magnetic endoscopic imaging technology can guide the position of the colonoscope and aid with loop reduction. Periodic feedback and retraining experienced endoscopists can improve the detection of colonic lesions.
Coordination of minor planet orbital studies: Past, present and future

A brief account is given of the coordination of astrometric observations and orbital studies of minor planets, particularly with regard to the role played in the past by the Astronomisches RechenInstitut. The current situation is surveyed and thoughts are presented on future requirements.
Most Active Band (MAB) Attack and Countermeasures in a Cognitive Radio Network

This paper investigates a type of attacks on a cognitive radio (CR) network, most active band (MAB) attack, where an attacker or a malicious CR node senses/determines the most active band within a multi-band CR network and targets this band through a denial of service (DoS) attack. We propose a countermeasure strategy, coordinated concealment strategy (CCS), to counter the MAB attack. Our results show that CCS significantly outperforms CR's inherent capability of signal/interference avoidance under a MAB attack. We also introduce power control in CCS to further improve the countermeasure performance in terms of the percentage of survival nodes.
Off-axis compression behaviour of honeycomb core in WT-plane

The applicability of honeycomb cores for energy absorption is dictated by their sensitivity to compression-dominated combined loading, especially at dynamic rates. In the present study, a combined loading state has been achieved using off-axis compression specimens. The effects of off-axis angle, test speed and core thickness on the crush initiation strength, average crush stress and failure modes in Nomex honeycomb cores have been studied experimentally. The compression tests on end-stabilised honeycomb specimens with off-axis angles of 0°, 5°, 15°, 30° and 45° in the WT-plane were conducted at stroke rates of 2.12 × 10− 5, 0.0254 and 0.254 m/s. It was observed from the test data that the crush initiation load and crush stress increase with test speed but decrease as off-axis angle is increased. A smoother transition from the initial linear-elastic region to the crush region was observed with increasing off-axis angles. Buckling-initiated cell wall folding mechanism was prevalent in specimens with off-ax...
Model-based optimal restoration of fax images in the context of mathematical morphology

Restoration is ultimately a problem of statistical estimation. An optimal filter is estimated to restore binary fax images. The filter is an approximation of the binary conditional expectation that minimizes the expected absolute error between the degraded image and the ideal image. It is implemented as a morphological hit-or-miss filter. Estimation methodology employs a model-based simulation of the degradation due to the fax process. Simulated images are used to generate data from which the filter is estimated. The methodology presented can be used for other classes of images. Restoration examples are given.
Determination of Electronic Mixing in Purple Photosynthetic Bacteria by Two-Color Three Pulse Photon Echo Peak Shift

One- and two-color three pulse photon echo peak shift spectroscopy were used to determine that the electronic coupling between the accessory bacteriochlorophyll (B) and the bacteriopheophytin (H) in the reaction center of the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rb. Sphaeroides is ∼170 cm−1.
Ionic displacements and structure of disordered PbFe1/2Nb1/2O3

A sequence of structural models of unit cells of complex oxides with perovskite-type structure has been constructed to refine the average structure of PbFe1/2Nb1/2O3 (PFN) at temperatures above the ferroelectric Curie point (T C ∼ 110°C). Owing to the analysis of the probability theory considerations, each model is characterized by only two positional fitting parameters. With the use of the intensities of 95 symmetrically independent X-ray reflections from a PFN single crystal at 160°C, a model with the R factor below 3% (K = 2.44%) was chosen. The ravine method has been used to verify the existence of a single minimum for the R factor with respect to the fitting parameter.
Immunosuppression by the JAK3 inhibitor CP-690,550 delays rejection and significantly prolongs kidney allograft survival in nonhuman primates.

BACKGROUND Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) mediates signal transduction from cytokine receptors using the common chain (gammac). Because mutations in genes encoding gammac or JAK3 result in immunodeficiency, we investigated the potential of a rationally designed inhibitor of JAK3, CP-690,550, to prevent renal allograft rejection in nonhuman primates. METHODS Life-supporting kidney transplantations were performed between mixed leukocyte reaction-mismatched, ABO blood group-matched cynomolgus monkeys. Animals were treated with CP-690,550 (n = 18) or its vehicle (controls, n = 3) and were euthanized at day 90 or earlier if there was allograft rejection. RESULTS Mean survival time (+/- standard error of mean) in animals treated with CP-690,550 (53 +/- 7 days) was significantly longer than in control animals (7 +/- 1 days, P=0.0003) and was positively correlated with exposure to the drug (r = 0.79, P < 0.01). Four treated animals were euthanized at 90 days with a normal renal function and low-grade rejection at final pathology. Occurrence of rejection was significantly delayed in treated animals (46 +/- 7 days from transplantation vs. 7 +/- 1 days in controls, P = 0.0003). Persistent anemia, polyoma virus-like nephritis (n = 2), and urinary calcium carbonate accretions (n = 3) were seen in animals with high exposure. Natural killer cell and CD4 and CD8 T-cell numbers were significantly reduced in treated animals. Blood glucose, serum lipid levels, and arterial blood pressure were within normal range in treated animals, and no cancers were demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS CP-690,550 is the first reported JAK3 inhibitor combining efficacy and good tolerability in a preclinical model of allotransplantation in nonhuman primates and thus has interesting potential for immunosuppression in humans.
Fast lossless image compression with Radiation Hardening by hardware/software co-design on platform FPGAs

Motivated by the proposed NASA HyspIRI mission, our work improves existing Radiation Hardening by Software (RHBSW) techniques with FPGA Fabric Checkpoint/Restart (F2CPR) to bring enhanced hardware/software co-designed fault tolerance to commercial FPGA devices. We evaluate our approach on Fast Lossless (FL) image compression prediction for hyperspectral imagery in order to meet real-time performance requirements that cannot be achieved with aging radiation hardened devices. We report results across several metrics including resource utilization, performance, and an analysis of the vulnerability to Single Event Upsets (SEU) through the use of a hardware based fault injector. Results show low performance overhead (4-8%) achieving a speedup of 11.28× with a hardware accelerated implementation.
The effect of angle on dovetail fretting experiments in Ti-6Al-4V

The objective of this work was to compare the fretting fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V dovetail specimens on Ti-6Al-4V pads having various contact angles typical of engine hardware; 35°, 45° and 55° dovetail angles were considered. The dovetail fixtures were instrumented with strain gages so that the local normal and shear contact forces could be calculated. The contact force hysteresis loops were recorded showing the stick-slip history. At R = 0.1, gross slip was observed for several thousand cycles followed by partial slip after the average coefficient of friction increased. At R = 0.5, gross slip was present only during the first half cycle. During partial slip, the slope of the shear versus normal force was a function of the dovetail angle. The local contact loads, therefore, differed for the same remotely applied force. Despite this, the fretting fatigue life depended primarily on the remotely applied load not dovetail angle.
Source intensity optimization and phantom studies in three-dimensional diffuse optical tomography

We describe a source intensity optimization method in three dimensional (3D) diffuse optical tomography (DOT) image reconstruction. The method is evaluated by phantom experiments.
Labeling Cells with Silver/Dendrimer Nanocomposites

Abstract : We have developed water-soluble, biocompatible, fluorescent, and photostable silver/dendrimer nanocomposites that have a potential to be used for in vitro cell labeling. A PAMAM_E5.NH2 dendrimer was used as a template to prepare first a silver-dendrimer complex in an aqueous solution at biologic pH=7.4. Conversion into nanocomposite was achieved by irradiating the solution of the (Ag+)25-PAMAM_E5.NH2 complex by UV light to reduce the bound Ag+ to zero-valent Ag0 atoms, which were simultaneously trapped in the dendrimer network. Results indicate that the ?(Ag0)25-PAMAM_E5.NH2! silver/dendrimer nanocomposite forms positively charged single particles of 4-5 nm under the experimental conditions used. The dendrimer nanocomposite proved to be fluorescent. Toxicity testing of ?(Ag0)25-PAMAM_E5.NH2! nanocomposite revealed a behavior similar to the template dendrimer. Intracellular internalization of the silver nanocomposite and cell labeling capabilities was confirmed by confocal microscopy.
Laser flash photolysis studied of 1-naphthyldiazomethane. Formation of nitrile ylides

Laser flash photolysis of the title compound or the corresponding diazirine produces 1-naphthylcarbene, which readily reacts with nitriles (e.g. for acetonitrile k r = 4.6 × 10 5 M −1 s −1 ) to yield nitrile ylides that absorb strongly at 390 nm.
Computer Organization and Architecture and the Laboratory Sequence

In November of 1976, the Computer Society's Model Curricula Subcommittee issued a report on "A Curriculum in Computer Science and Engineering." Two subject areas of that curriculum are summarized here: computer organization and architecture, and the associated laboratory sequence. The ensuing paragraphs provide some insight into the rationale which governed the committee's choice of topics and courses, taking into account the diverse opinions of its contributors and, in particular, the thorny question of how to bridge the hardware/software gap.
A first look at machine-to-machine power grid network traffic

The purpose of network traffic characterization is to explore unknown patterns in different types of network communications to help improve many aspects of the network. While many previous studies have explored the characterization of many different networks (e.g., university networks), the power grid network (and other SCADA networks) characterization has not yet been studied. In this paper, we provide a characterization of the power grid network to answer questions like the following: i) how stable is the communication based on configurations?; ii) are there different observable traffic patterns in different vendor equipment?; iii) are there trends in the network traffic?; iv) can information be gathered from the traffic characterization to help secure the power grid network? To address these questions, we have collected power grid network traffic in a live substation for two months and conducted an empirical study to identify network traffic behaviors in the live substation. Our empirical study shows different behaviors between the devices and vendors when they communicate with each other.
Adaptive model-reference control of an unknown plant with limited knowledge of model

A method is proposed for the adaptive control of an unknown, minimal phase plant, by suitable choice of its input, so that its output follows the output of a stable reference model. Much less information about the reference model is required in this method than in methods based on the Kalman-Yacobovich lemma.
Cell cycle-dependent nuclear location of the matricellular protein SPARC: association with the nuclear matrix.

Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein that inhibits cellular adhesion and proliferation. In this study, we report the detection of SPARC in the interphase nuclei of embryonic chicken cells in vivo. Differential partitioning of SPARC was also noted in the cytoplasm of these cells during discrete stages of M-phase: cells in metaphase and anaphase exhibited strong cytoplasmic immunoreactivity, whereas cells in telophase were devoid of labeling. Immunocytochemical analysis of embryonic chicken cells in vitro likewise showed the presence of SPARC in the nucleus. Furthermore, elution of soluble proteins and DNA from these cells indicated that SPARC might be a component of the nuclear matrix. We subsequently examined cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, which initially appeared to express SPARC only in the cytoplasm. However, after elution of soluble proteins and chromatin, we also detected SPARC in the nuclear matrix of these cells. Embryonic chicken cells incubated with recombinant SPARC were seen to take up the protein and to translocate it to the nucleus progressively over a period of 17 h. These observations provide new information about SPARC, generally recognized as a secreted glycoprotein that mediates interactions between cells and components of the extracellular matrix. The evidence presented in this study indicates that SPARC might subserve analogous functions in the nuclear matrix. J. Cell. Biochem. 74:152–167, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Solutions and optimality criteria for nonconvex constrained global optimization problems with connections between canonical and Lagrangian duality

This paper presents a canonical duality theory for solving a general nonconvex quadratic minimization problem with nonconvex constraints. By using the canonical dual transformation developed by the first author, the nonconvex primal problem can be converted into a canonical dual problem with zero duality gap. A general analytical solution form is obtained. Both global and local extrema of the nonconvex problem can be identified by the triality theory associated with the canonical duality theory. Illustrative applications to quadratic minimization with multiple quadratic constraints, box/integer constraints, and general nonconvex polynomial constraints are discussed, along with insightful connections to classical Lagrangian duality. Criteria for the existence and uniqueness of optimal solutions are presented. Several numerical examples are provided.
17: Behavior Associated With Human Papillomavirus Prevalence and Type Distribution in Young Heterosexual Men

her incident type was detected. Sites tested in men were: tongue/ buccal mucosa, palm, foreskin, glans, shaft, scrotum, perianal area. Sites detected in women were: tongue/buccal mucosa, palm, vulva, vagina, cervix and intra-anus. HPV testing used PCR to detect 37 types (Roche Molecular Systems). Comparisons were analyzed with two-sided Fisher exact test. Results: Twenty five couples with a mean relationship length of 3 years were enrolled. Seventeen (17) women had a persistent infection defined as continued detection at baseline. Eight (8) women had a transient infection; defined as the incident type no longer detected at baseline visit. Of the women with persistence, 10 (59%) had the persistent type detected in their partner in the anogential area, one woman had anogenital concordance with her partner but with a type other than the incident type. Of the women with transient infections, only 1 (12.5%) male partner had the incident infection type detected; 4 partners were HPV negative and 2 were concordant for a type other than the incident type. Of the 13 concordant couples at baseline, 11 couples had the same type detected in their respective anogenital areas. Of the two couples who were discordant in their anogenital sites, the type was found in either the hand or mouth. Conclusions: Women with persistence are much more likely to have the same type detected in their partners than women with transient HPV infections (p 0.04). The high rate of type-specific HPV concordance in the anogenital area between couples was striking, supporting the ease to which HPV is transmitted between couples. Although the palm and mouth were uncommon sources for infections, when anogenital type-specific discordance occurs, the discordant type can be found in non-genital areas of the anogenital negative partner. Sources of Support: NIH/ORWH 1K12 HD051953-01. USPHS 5 M01 RR-01271 American Cancer Society #92-026-12. Investigators Initiated Sponsored Programs Merck & Co., Inc, the opinions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of Merck & Co., Inc.
Taxane Synthesis through Intramolecular Pinacol Coupling at C-1−C-2. Highly Oxygenated C-Aromatic Taxanes

Chiral, nonracemic intramolecular pinacol coupling substrates 3/20 and 30 have been prepared from ethyl isopropyl ketone and acryloyl chloride, which provide the A-ring and either o-iodobenzyl alcohol or 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol, which provide the respective aromatic C-rings, in 14−16 linear steps in overall yields of approximately 20%. Potential pinacol coupling substrate 23 could not be made available for investigation due to intervening pinacol rearrangement in the acetonide formation step. 3/20 undergo stereoselective cyclizations mediated by TiCl4−Zn in which the C-9 oxygen substituent plays the dominant role in determining the stereochemical outcome at C-1 and C-2 in the respective tricyclic products 4 and 21. The formation of 21 is the more stereoselective process. The reagent of choice for the transformation of 30 into 31 is SmI2, which, although less stereoselective than TiCl4−Zn, leads to higher yielding carbon−carbon bond formation relative to carbonyl reduction. These pinacol cyclizations a...
A time integration method for computation of the intensities of seismic rays

abstract A finite-difference time integration method for the calculation of seismic ray intensity is developed. Discontinuities in the depth derivatives of the velocity-depth function at layer boundaries cause anomalies in the intensity distance curves calculated using the standard integral formulation. The time integration method overcomes these difficulties. Calculations for a simple analytic case and a Gutenberg earth model demonstrate the difficulties with the standard integral method and the superior performance of the time integration scheme. The method may also be applied to laterally inhomogeneous earth models.
Neural correlates of age-related declines in frequency selectivity in the auditory midbrain

Reduced frequency selectivity is associated with an age-related decline in speech recognition in background noise and reverberant environments. To elucidate neural correlates of age-related alteration in frequency selectivity, the present study examined frequency response areas (FRAs) of multi-unit clusters in the inferior colliculus of young, middle-aged, and old CBA/CaJ mice. The FRAs in middle-aged and old mice were found to be broader and more asymmetric in shape. In addition to a decrease of closed/complex FRAs in both middle age and old groups, there was a transient decrease in V-shaped FRAs and a concomitant increase in multipeak FRAs in middle age. Intensity coding was also affected by age, as observed in an increase of monotonic responses in middle-aged and old mice. While a decline in low-level activity began in middle age, reduced driven rates at suprathreshold levels occurred later in old age. Collectively, these results support the view that aging alters frequency selectivity by widening excitatory FRAs and that these changes begin to appear in middle age.
Banking Fragility and Disclosure: International Evidence

Motivated by recent public policy debates on the role of market discipline in banking stability, the study examines the impact of greater bank disclosure in mitigating the likelihood of systemic banking crisis. In a cross sectional study of banking systems across forty-nine countries in the nineties, it finds evidence that banking crises are less likely in countries with regulatory regimes that require extensive bank disclosure and stringent auditing.
Pre-service teachers’ perceptions in beginning education classes

Abstract Based on research concerning the influence and persistence of beliefs about teaching that pre-service teachers (students who are not yet teaching professionally) bring with them to their courses. This study used a survey and semi-structured interview to ascertain what students in a beginning education course felt were the qualities and determining characteristics of both good and poor teachers. Findings suggest that pre-service teachers conceive of teaching primarily as a task involving affective, interpersonal relationships rather than a profession requiring a skilled and knowledgeable practitioner. The findings of this study can be useful in the process of developing teacher education programs.
International environmental standardization

In August of 1991, ISO empaneled an advisory group-the Strategic Advisory Group on Environment (SAGE)-composed of environmental policy experts from some two dozen countries to assess the need for international environmental standards and to recommend an overall strategic plan for their development. Six separate groups were formed under SAGE to assess the following areas: environmental management systems, environmental auditing, environmental performance evaluation, environmental labeling, life cycle analysis, and a guide for environmental aspects in product standards. In the fall of 1992, SAGE presented the conclusion of its inquiry to ISO and therein recommended the formation of an ISO Technical Committee to develop international environmental standards that provide for a common approach to environmental management similar to quality management, improve systems and techniques to attain and measure improvements in environmental performance, and facilitate trade and remove trade barriers through their use. The ramifications for industry of these developments are discussed along with strategic considerations. >
A model for wave control on coral breakage and species distribution in the Hawaiian Islands

The fringing reef off southern Molokai, Hawaii, is currently being studied as part of a multi-disciplinary project led by the US Geological Survey. As part of this study, modeling and field observations were utilized to help understand the physical controls on reef morphol- ogy and the distribution of different coral species. A model was developed that calculates wave-induced hydrodynamic forces on corals of a specific form and mechanical strength. From these calculations, the wave conditions under which specific species of corals would either be stable or would break due to the imposed wave- induced forces were determined. By combining this hydrodynamic force-balance model with various wave model output for different oceanographic conditions experienced in the study area, we were able to map the locations where specific coral species should be stable (not subject to frequent breakage) in the study area. The combined model output was then compared with data on coral species distribution and coral cover at 12 sites along Molokai's south shore. Observations and model- ing suggest that the transition from one coral species to another may occur when the ratio of the coral colony's mechanical strengths to the applied (wave-induced) forces may be as great as 5:1, and not less than 1:1 when corals would break. This implies that coral colony's mechanical strength and wave-induced forces may be important in defining gross coral community structure over large (orders of 10's of meters) spatial scales.
The design of the TAO real-time object request broker

Many real-time application domains can benefit from flexible and open distributed architectures, such as those defined by the CORBA specification. CORBA is an architecture for distributed object computing being standardized by the OMG. Although CORBA is well-suited for conventional request/response applications, CORBA implementations are not yet suited for real-time applications due to the lack of key quality of service (QoS) features and performance optimizations. This paper makes three contributions to the design of real-time CORBA systems. First, the paper describes the design of TAO, which is our high-performance, real-time CORBA 2.0-compliant implementation that runs on a range of OS platforms with real-time features including VxWorks, Chorus, Solaris 2.x, and Windows NT. Second, it presents TAO's real-time scheduling service that can provide QoS guarantees for deterministic real-time CORBA applications. Finally, the paper presents performance measurements that demonstrate the effects of priority inversion and non-determinism in conventional CORBA implementations and how these hazards are avoided in TAO.
Weight status in Chinese children: maternal perceptions and child self-assessments

Background Inaccurate parental perceptions of child weight status as well as children’s own misperceptions can reduce motivation to adopt optimal nutritional and physical activity behaviors, thereby increasing overweight and obesity risk in child populations in the U.S. and elsewhere. Using population-based data from nine provinces of China, we analyzed the accuracy of maternal perceptions and children’s self-assessments of weight status.
Cortical Kynurenine Pathway Metabolism: A Novel Target for Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia

The brain concentration of kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation and antagonist at both the glycine coagonist site of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) and the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), is elevated in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of individuals with schizophrenia. This increase may be clinically relevant because hypofunction of both the NMDAR and the α7nAChR are implicated in the pathophysiology, and especially in the cognitive deficits associated with the disease. In rat PFC, fluctuations in endogenous KYNA levels bidirectionally modulate extracellular levels of 3 neurotransmitters closely related to cognitive function (glutamate, dopamine, and acetylcholine). Moreover, behavioral studies in rats have demonstrated a causal link between increased cortical KYNA levels and neurocognitive deficits, including impairment in spatial working memory, contextual learning, sensory gating, and prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex. In recent human postmortem studies, impairments in gene expression and activity of kynurenine pathway enzymes were found in cortical areas of individuals with schizophrenia. Additional studies have revealed an interesting association between a sequence variant in the gene of one of these enzymes, kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, and neurocognitive deficits seen in patients. The emerging, remarkable confluence of data from humans and animals suggests an opportunity for developing a rational pharmacology by targeting cortical kynurenine pathway metabolism for cognition enhancement in schizophrenia and beyond.
Enzymes, Receptors, Metabolism and Placental Function

The placenta is a complex and interesting organ which carries out for the fetus during gestation many of the functions performed after birth by the lungs, digestive system, liver and kidneys. It also fulfills a number of important endocrine functions during pregnancy, producing hormones that in the adult are produced by the adrenals, the gonads, the pituitary and the hypothalamus. Studies of placental function are of interest not only to reproductive physiologists, who are interested in the placenta for its important role in reproduction, but also to investigators studying problems in general physiology and endocrinology for whom they provide a useful alternative model.
Recent trends in family-centered maternity care for cesarean-birth families.

: A survey of United States hospitals was conducted to determine policies relating to father attendance, use of anesthesia, and timing of mother-infant contact with cesarean deliveries, as well as hospital staffs’ perceptions of mothers’ interest in vaginal birth after cesarean. We found that the number of hospitals allowing fathers to attend cesarean births increased from 35 percent in 1979 to 80 percent in 1984. Father attendance varied with size of delivery service, region of the country, and type of anesthesia used. Approximately one-third of women with a previous cesarean were reported to have requested a trial of labor in a subsequent pregnancy. The average length of time before extended mother-infant contact after cesarean delivery was reported to be twice that after vaginal delivery (4 vs 2 hours) and varied with size of delivery service and region of the country.
SELECTION OF DREY SITES BY ABERT'S SQUIRRELS IN AN INTRODUCED POPULATION

Abert's squirrels (Sciurus aberti) are reported to depend on ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) for food and nest sites. Introduced Abert's squirrels in the Pinaleno Mountains of Arizona, however, occupy mixed-conifer forests that contain almost no ponderosa pine (about 2%). We examined selection of drey sites in this introduced population. Dreys (i.e., spherical nests) were built adjacent to the trunk at 75% of the tree height. Dreys were found in 5 different conifer species and ,2% were in ponderosa pine. Drey trees were larger and had more access routes than did random trees. Drey sites were steeper, had more large trees, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and southwestern white pine (Pinus strobiformis), and less corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) than random sites. The structural characteristics of drey trees in the Pinalenos population also were very similar to drey trees used by natural populations of Abert's squirrels in ponderosa pine forests. Our results suggest that the dependence of Abert's squirrels on ponderosa pine is not as strong as previously reported. Structural features such as tree size and access routes appear to be more important to selection of drey sites than tree species.
An experiment in numerical prediction in equatorial latitudes

A short-range prediction experiment is performed to study the dynamical structure of the tropical atmosphere in equatorial latitudes. The initial field includes the intertropical convergence zone and associated disturbances over the western Pacific Ocean during March 1965. A complete initial state is constructed using a consistent balanced system of equations. The procedure involves construction of pressure, temperature and vertical motion distributions starting from the rotational part of the observed wind field. It is shown that this procedure, the validity of which assumes a small Rossby number, does not yield a realistic field of vertical motion. A short-range prediction with a multi-level prediction model yields some interesting solutions in the vicinity of the intertropical convergence zone. During the first 18 hours of prediction there occurs an adjustment of the motion and the mass field, with gravity-inertia oscillations. An important feature of the model is a parameterization of cumulus convection as a function of the largescale moisture convergence. The role of cumulus scale heating in the vicinity of the intertropical convergence zone is investigated and it is shown that during the adjustment process a convergence zone forms which exhibits a strong coupling with the zone of frictional vertical rising motion and the field of computed cloud cover. The formation of this feature appears to represent the numerical simulation of a tropical storm.
Closed-loop, ultraprecise, automated craniotomies

A large array of neuroscientific techniques, including in vivo electrophysiology, two-photon imaging, optogenetics, lesions, and microdialysis, require access to the brain through the skull. Ideally, the necessary craniotomies could be performed in a repeatable and automated fashion, without damaging the underlying brain tissue. Here we report that when drilling through the skull a stereotypical increase in conductance can be observed when the drill bit passes through the skull base. We present an architecture for a robotic device that can perform this algorithm, along with two implementations—one based on homebuilt hardware and one based on commercially available hardware—that can automatically detect such changes and create large numbers of precise craniotomies, even in a single skull. We also show that this technique can be adapted to automatically drill cranial windows several millimeters in diameter. Such robots will not only be useful for helping neuroscientists perform both small and large craniotomies more reliably but can also be used to create precisely aligned arrays of craniotomies with stereotaxic registration to standard brain atlases that would be difficult to drill by hand.
Clinical Reasoning: Transient cervical cord swelling in monomelic amyotrophy

A 9-year-old previously healthy Filipino-American boy presented to a peripheral hospital with a 2-day history of sudden-onset right arm weakness in the setting of intermittent fevers for 1 week prior to presentation. Over the 2 days prior to presentation, he lost the ability to write, grab any objects, or make a fist with his right hand, as well as the ability to lift his right arm to dress himself. Motor examination of the right arm revealed low tone, 0/5 strength for wrist extension, elbow flexion, and elbow extension, and minimal movement of all right hand interossei and lumbricals. Right trapezius strength was 5/5. Lower extremity strength was 5/5 bilaterally. Sensation to light touch, pinprick, position sense, and vibration was intact in the affected limb. Cranial nerves 2 through 12 were grossly intact. Deep tendon reflexes were absent in the right upper extremity and normal on the left. He denied arm pain, change in sensation, recent trauma, and bladder or bowel dysfunction. The pediatric neurology team was consulted and he was admitted to the pediatric ward at the peripheral hospital for further evaluation.
Object allocation in distributed databases and mobile computers

This paper makes two contributions. First, we introduce a model for evaluating the performance of data allocation and replication algorithms in distributed databases. The model is comprehensive in the sense that it accounts for I/O cost, for communication cost, and for limits on the minimum number of copies of the object (to ensure availability). The second contribution of this paper is the introduction and analysis of an algorithm for automatic dynamic allocation of replicas to processors. Using the new model, we compare the performance of the traditional read-one-write-all static allocation algorithm, to the performance of the dynamic allocation algorithm. As a result, we obtain the relationship between the communication cost and I/O cost for which static allocation is superior to dynamic allocation, and the relationships for which dynamic allocation is superior. >
Multiple ion detection by accelerating voltage alternation in conjunction with voltage sweeping

An analog multiple ion detection system has been developed for magnetic sector mass spectrometers based on accelerating voltage alternation in conjunction with the accurate maintenance of focusing by means of voltage sweeping, using a superimposed a.c. sine wave voltage. This multiple ion detector voltage sweep system is easily constructed, inexpensive and produces analytical data of much greater precision than that reported from conventional systems. The application of the multiple ion detector voltage sweep system to biomedical problems is illustrated by the development of a method for the determination of stable isotope enrichment in blood glucose and alanine in children infused with tetradeuterio-L-alanine and dideuterioglucose to study gluconeogenesis and glucose utilization in vivo.
Do the Predictors of Child Conduct Problems Vary by High- and Low-Levels of Socioeconomic and Neighborhood Risk?

This review seeks to examine whether the existing literature on child conduct problems (CP) supports the notion that certain CP risk factors vary in their importance across disadvantaged and better-off environments. Disadvantaged environments are represented by socioeconomic and/or neighborhood risk (SN risk) in this review. Three types of studies were reviewed: behavioral genetic studies that compare the importance of genetic and environmental influences on CP for youth from poor homes and/or disadvantaged communities versus youth from better-off contexts, studies that examine how SN risk and other CP risk factors interact, and studies that compare the antecedents for CP across levels of SN risk. Findings were inconsistent about the manner in which individual child risk factors interact with SN risk. However, familial risk factors were generally found to be of greater importance for youth from poor families and disadvantaged communities, particularly parental supervision. Most of the studies that indicated otherwise focused on physical discipline, or were limited to children from disadvantaged and extremely deprived environments. The findings suggest that in extremely deprived environments, familial influences are overwhelmed by the pervasiveness of other CP risk factors such as deviant peers. Implications for intervention and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Understanding Web Completion in a Survey of New Businesses (Presentation)

Surveys of new establishments continue to encounter increased levels of both non-response and costs. Factors contributing to declining participation include the prevalence of sales solicitations new businesses receive, the lack of time available to business principals to complete surveys, and gatekeepers preventing direct access to business principals. The Kauffman Firm Survey, and others, have used multi-mode data collection methods including a self-administered web component to reduce time and cost, as well as to maximize respondent convenience. Understanding how establishments differ by mode of completion will inform future establishment web survey development. This paper will compare differences in industry, size, and complexity among businesses completing the web survey before and after CATI prompting, and those completing a CATI interview.
SEX RATIO AND PARENTAL INVESTMENT IN AN ANT POPULATION.

Sex ratios and patterns of parental investment of eusocial Hymenoptera have recently been the subject of considerable debate. Trivers and Hare (1976) initiated a controversy by claiming that in monogynous (single queen) ant colonies the workers control the ratio of investment, biasing it towards female reproductives. Their conclusion has been cited by Wilson (1975) and other sociobiologists as evidence that kin selection acting on workers takes precedence over selection for queen control of the sex ratio of parental investment. Trivers and Hare (1976) have been criticized by Alexander and Sherman (1977), who argued that Hamilton's (1967) concept of local mate competition is a better explanation of observed female-biased patterns of investment. However, for monogynous ants little empirical evidence exists for local mate competition, a process whereby reproductive competition acts to devalue the contribution of the competitors to the inclusive fitness of their parents. Theoretical studies by Oster et al. (1977), Benford (1978) and Charnov (1978) have produced predictions supporting Trivers and Hare's (1976) argument that in monogynous colonies the queen will benefit if the sex ratio of investment is 1:1 while workers will benefit if the ratio is biased 3:1 in favor of females. However, Trivers and Hare's (1976) empirical evidence for worker control of the ratio of investment in ants is statistically weak (Alexander and Sherman, 1977). The effects of sample biases on such compilations may be considerable as this report attempts to demonstrate. The purpose of this paper is to report on the effects which queen mortality and production of males by laying workers appear to exert on the sex ratio of investment in queen-right (containing a fertile queen) colonies of the ant Apterostigma dentigerum Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).
Duration of pseudopregnancy following intrapituitary implantation of estradiol and progesterone.

SummaryChronic intrapituitary implantation of a mixture of estradiol (1 part) and progesterone (10 parts) significantly prolonged the duration of pseudopregnancy. Similar implantation of estradiol (1 part) and cholesterol (10 parts) or of pure progesterone were without effect.
The Derivative of a Determinant

(1972). The Derivative of a Determinant. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 79, No. 10, pp. 1124-1126.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction System Trade Studies

Carbon dioxide reduction is useful in recycling life support systems needed for long duration missions. This paper surveys the history of carbon dioxide reduction system trade studies and technology selections. The Sabatier system was selected in every case but two. Sabatier has a strong advantage in Equivalent System Mass (ESM) over Bosch and the Advanced Carbon-formation Reactor System (ACRS). Bosch is the next most attractive candidate, but two studies found that resupplying water would be more efficient than using Bosch. Sabatier seems to have been the inevitable choice. Sabatier was only flown recently in the history of the space station, since the space shuttle usually has provided sufficient water from fuel cells. Sabatier is cost-effective on long duration missions without free water resupply. The advantages and disadvantages of the carbon dioxide reduction technologies were described in many different trade studies. All the comparison factors are discussed.
Nutritive Intake of Women Factory Employees. Comparison of Non- and High-Absence Groups

Is there a correlation between dietary intake and absenteeism in industry due to illness? In this study, the dietary intake of two groups of women employees, one with no absences over a year's time, the other with an average of twenty-days' absence due to illness, is compared.
Establishment of emergent rapid gas chromatographic detection of diisobutyl ketone in workplace air

Objective To establish a rapid gas chromatographic method of diisobutyl ketone in workplace air for emergent event.Methods This method was studied according to standardization of methods for determination of toxic substances in workplace air.Results This method presents good linear relation within the range of 0—1 600 μg/ml.The sample could be steadily stored in syringe for 5 hours.The precision(RSD)is 1.00%—1.33% and the detection limit is 0.085 μg/ml.Additionally,it will be not interfered by other volatile organic solvents,such as cyclohexanone,methylcyclohexanone,isophorone etc.Conclusion This method meets all the requirements of standardization of methods for determination of toxic substances in workplace air,therefore it should be feasible for the rapid determination of diisobutyl ketone in workplace air.
Structural technology and application of online bookstore based on J2 EE

The key technology of J2EE is analyzed in this paper. It disc usses how to choose a suitable application server for establishing an E-business website. An online bookstore is analyzed and designed. This system is based on JSP/Servlet/EJB/JDBC technology with three tier B/S structure, using SQL SERVLER 2000 as its DataBase. It can be taken as a case of E-business for experiment. A ccording to system's message, students perform a process of purchasing who enter the system with customer's certification. For its applicability, if correspondi ng datum are modified in its database, other commodities can be exchanged on lin e.
Intestinal development and regeneration.

This first article of a new series on “cellular” gastroenterology focuses on the embryogenesis and neonatal development of the gut. In this context, the effects of malnutrition, morbidity, and trauma on intestinal histodynamics are discussed, as are compensatory adaptations analogous to those in the circulatory responses to heart failure.
Electrophysiologic Evaluation of Patients with Preexcitation Syndromes

The evaluation of patients with preexcitation syndromes includesthe electrophysiologic documentation of preexcitation and an evaluation of the functional status of the accessory pathway. Electrophysiologic techniques allow identification of the site of the accessorypathway and its participation in arrhythmias. Electrophysiologic testing can also be used to evaluate pharmacologic, device, and surgical therapy