cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The millimeter and submillimeter spectrum of CF2 and its production in a dc glow discharge

Abstract Extensive measurements of the free radical CF 2 were made with microwave techniques in the millimeter and submillimeter spectral region. For this work, CF 2 was observed in a glow discharge of fluorocarbons. Cell conditioning is shown to dramatically alter the concentration of CF 2 . The rotational transition frequencies were analyzed in the context of Watson's reduced centrifugal distortion Hamiltonian. The results of this analysis include both precise rotation and distortion parameters and an accurate spectral map.
Conceptual problems in the assessment of psychopathy

Abstract Research on psychopathy has been hindered by a lack of consensus concerning which measures to employ, as well as low levels of agreement among these measures. These problems appear to stem largely from a fundamental disagreement regarding the conceptualization of the syndrome itself. Two approaches to the conceptualization of psychopathy, personality-based (“open”) and behavior-based (“closed”), are compared. Although some evidence suggests that the behavior-based approach is both under-and overinclusive, this evidence is based upon relatively few studies, some of which suffer from methodological inadequacies. The two-factor model provides a potentially important vehicle for the conceptualization and assessment of psychopathy, although it leaves several important questions unanswered. Comparative construct validity studies of the two approaches will be essential for resolving the debate concerning the conceptualization of psychopathy. Other unresolved conceptual issues in the assessment of psychopathy include (a) the role of negative affectivity, (b) the distinction between fearfulness and anxiety, (c) the dimensional versus categorical nature of psychopathy, (d) the covariation between psychopathy and other personality disorders, and (e) the validity of psychopaths' self-reports. Researchers will need to develop measures of the personality-based approach that are uncontaminated by antisocial behaviors, and to make the nomological network surrounding the behavior-based approach explicit.
The Position of Women in the Major Departments of Anthropology, 1967‐76

The employment of women and men during the years 1967–68 through 1975–76 is examined for a group of 22 leading departments of anthropology. Differences with respect to sex are identified among the departments in terms of several criteria, including numbers of women employed, female teaching-years, rank, changes in proportions of men and women over the nine-year period, and subsequent employment of individuals who left the departments during the period examined. [women in anthropology, departments of anthropology, employment in anthropology]
A parallel licensing model of normal slips and phonemic paraphasias.

A model of phonological processing in speech production based on prosodic licensing can capture general patterns of errors found in both normal and aphasic speech. All segments must be licensed by some prosodic category (syllable, nucleus, or rime) in order to be produced. Constraints on licensing, including both phonotactic and binding constraints, ensure that only correct licensing associations are retained. A computer simulation of our model produces utterances in qualitative agreement with human speech error data. Phonemic paraphasias are claimed to arise from the same mechanisms as normal speech errors; the difference being only a matter of disturbance of the lexical retrieval and licensing processes. The fact that these errors, which can involve gross disruption of the segmental sequence, still produce phonotactically well-formed strings is a direct consequence of the syllabic licensing that forms the core of our theory of speech production.
Scattering of cold-atom coherences by hot atoms: frequency shifts from background-gas collisions

Frequency shifts from background-gas collisions currently contribute significantly to the inaccuracy of atomic clocks. Because nearly all collisions with room-temperature background gases that transfer momentum eject the cold atoms from the clock, the interference between the scattered and unscattered waves in the forward direction dominates these frequency shifts. We show they are ≈ 10 times smaller than in room-temperature clocks and that van der Waals interactions produce the cold-atom background-gas shift. General considerations allow the loss of the Ramsey fringe amplitude to bound this frequency shift.
Comparison of isopotential surface mapping and dipole ranging methods for assessing equivalent cardiac generator properties

The ability of two methods of processing surface electrical potentials to detect nondipolar cardiac activity were compared. These were: 1) visual inspection of surface isopotential contours; and 2) quantitative determination of the cardiac equivalent generator properties of the sensed field using a single moving dipole construct. Data were derived from 26 isolated rabbit heart preparations contained within a spherical test chamber. Results demonstrated that: 1) overtly dipolar isopotential surface patterns were frequently associated with poor quantitative fit of surface potentials by the SMD, with up to 33.3% of recorded summed square (SSQ) potential remaining as nondipolar residual; 2) nondipolar surface patterns existed with as little as 6% of SSQ potential being unattributable to the SMD; and 3) the relationship between isopotential patterns and quantitated dipolarity varied significantly from animal to animal. Thus, these data suggest significant discrepancies between the methods that must be carefully considered when they are utilised to describe electrical field characteristcis.
Transition Care for Children With Special Health Care Needs

BACKGROUND: Approximately 750 000 children in the United States with special health care needs will transition from pediatric to adult care annually. Fewer than half receive adequate transition care. METHODS: We had conversations with key informants representing clinicians who provide transition care, pediatric and adult providers of services for individuals with special health care needs, policy experts, and researchers; searched online sources for information about currently available programs and resources; and conducted a literature search to identify research on the effectiveness of transition programs. RESULTS: We identified 25 studies evaluating transition care programs. Most (n = 8) were conducted in populations with diabetes, with a smaller literature (n = 5) on transplant patients. We identified an additional 12 studies on a range of conditions, with no more than 2 studies on the same condition. Common components of care included use of a transition coordinator, a special clinic for young adults in transition, and provision of educational materials. CONCLUSIONS: The issue of how to provide transition care for children with special health care needs warrants further attention. Research needs are wide ranging, including both substantive and methodologic concerns. Although there is widespread agreement on the need for adequate transition programs, there is no accepted way to measure transition success. It will be essential to establish consistent goals to build an adequate body of literature to affect practice.
Angiographic anatomy of hearts with one ventricular chamber: The true single ventricle

Fifteen patients with an isolated ventricular chamber were studied using angiography. These patients constitute 7% of the 218 patients with single ventricle who were examined at our institution over a 10-year period. The atrial situs was solitus in 6 and isomeric in 9. The ventricular chamber showed 3 varieties based on trabecular pattern: right type, mixed and indeterminate. The atrioventricular (AV) connection was through 2 valves in 4 hearts, through a common AV valve in 8 and through a single valve in 3. The morphologic features of the ventricular chamber and the AV valves are considered the most important factors for planning surgical management.
Gas chromatography with plasma emission spectroscopic detection of Friedel-Crafts catalyzed alkyl group redistribution products among Si, Ge, Sn and Pb atoms

Abstract Specific element detection for silicon, germanium, tin and lead is employed in the gas chromatographic analysis of Friedel-Crafts catalyzed redistribution reactions among tetraalkyl compounds of these elements. Two plasma emission spectroscopic detection systems are employed, an atmospheric pressure d.c. argon plasma and a microwave induced and sustained atmospheric pressure helium plasma. These may be employed with packed or capillary columns. Selectivities for the elements noted are given. The relative degrees of alkyl group redistribution are compared for different pairs of elements. The formation of trialkyllead chlorides and trialkyltin chlorides by reaction with aluminum chloride during redistribution is also investigated.
Response of Fe powder, purified and as-produced HiPco single-walled carbon nanotubes to flash exposure

The exposure of as-produced HiPCo single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to a camera flash causes ignition, (oxidation) and subsequent coalescence of the Fe catalyst particles, while purified SWNTs do not respond to flashing. TEM and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis attribute the phenomena to the pyrophoric oxidation of Fe nanoparticles.
High Pressure X-ray Diffraction Study of Potassium Azide

Abstract Crystal structure and compressibility of potassium azide was investigated by in-situ synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature up to 37.7 GPa. In the body-centered tetragonal (bct) phase, an anisotropic compressibility was observed with greater compressibility in the direction perpendicular to the plane containing N 3 − ions than directions within that plane. The bulk modulus of the bct phase was determined to be 18.6(7) GPa. A pressure-induced phase transition may occur at 15.5 GPa.
Evolving the subspace of the three-dimensional multiscale ocean variability: Massachusetts Bay

Abstract A data and dynamics driven approach to estimate, decompose, organize and analyze the evolving three-dimensional variability of ocean fields is outlined. Variability refers here to the statistics of the differences between ocean states and a reference state. In general, these statistics evolve in time and space. For a first endeavor, the variability subspace defined by the dominant eigendecomposition of a normalized form of the variability covariance is evolved. A multiscale methodology for its initialization and forecast is outlined. It combines data and primitive equation dynamics within a Monte-Carlo approach. The methodology is applied to part of a multidisciplinary experiment that occurred in Massachusetts Bay in late summer and early fall of 1998. For a 4-day time period, the three-dimensional and multivariate properties of the variability standard deviations and dominant eigenvectors are studied. Two variability patterns are discussed in detail. One relates to a displacement of the Gulf of Maine coastal current offshore from Cape Ann, with the creation of adjacent mesoscale recirculation cells. The other relates to a Bay-wide coastal upwelling mode from Barnstable Harbor to Gloucester in response to strong southerly winds. Snapshots and tendencies of physical fields and trajectories of simulated Lagrangian drifters are employed to diagnose and illustrate the use of the dominant variability covariance. The variability subspace is shown to guide the dynamical analysis of the physical fields. For the stratified conditions, it is found that strong wind events can alter the structures of the buoyancy flow and that circulation features are more variable than previously described, on multiple scales. In several locations, the factors estimated to be important include some or all of the atmospheric and surface pressure forcings, and associated Ekman transports and downwelling/upwelling processes, the Coriolis force, the pressure force, inertia and mixing.
Metal ion-induced activation of molecular oxygen in pigmented polymers

Abstract Diamagnetic and paramagnetic metal ions enhanced the rate of production of hydrogen peroxide during autoxidation of melanin pigments, as measured using an oxidase electrode. However, redox-active metal ions, such as Fe 3+ and Cu 2+ , caused a marked decrease in H 2 O 2 production. Evidence for redox-active metal ion-dependent formation of hydroxyl radicals during autoxidations of melanin pigments has been obtained using the electron spin resonance-spin trapping method. Evidence of direct reduction of Fe 3+ by melanin polymers also has been obtained using optical spectroscopy. Mechanisms of molecular activation of oxygen induced by metalionsp on melanin polymers are discussed.
Power and Order: The Shared Logics of Realism and Just War Theory

Conventional wisdom holds that realists support the recourse to war more than just war theorists. I argue that the opposite is true: just war theory produces a more bellicose orientation than realism. Although the two traditions share a set of assumptions about the international system, as well as several underlying logics, the just war tradition's concern with justice leads it to permit many more kinds of war than realism. Thus, if just war theorists wish to restrain violence, they must approach the possibility of achieving justice through war with more skepticism.
Thermal spray shape deposition

This paper describes a new spray-forming process based on thermal spray shape deposition. Shape deposition processes build three-dimensional shapes by incremental material buildup of thin, planar crosssectional layers. These processes do not require preformed mandrels and can directly build three-dimensional structures of arbitrary geometric complexity. The basis for the thermal spray approach is to spray each layer using a disposable mask that has the shape of the current cross section. Masks can be produced from paper rolls, for example, with a CO2 laser. In addition to applications for rapid prototyping, this approach makes possible the fabrication of composite structures and integrated electronic/mechanical assemblies that are not feasible with conventional manufacturing technologies.
Operation for partial atrioventricular septal defect: a forty-year review

Background: We describe the long-term outcome of repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect by determining the rates of survival, reoperation, and occurrence of left atrioventricular valve regurgitation, left atrioventricular valve stenosis, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and arrhythmia. Methods: We studied 334 patients who underwent repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect before 1995. Results: The 30-day and 5-, 10-, 20-, and 40-year survival were 98%, 94%, 93%, 87%, and 76%, respectively. Closure of the left atrioventricular valve cleft (P = .03) and age less than 20 years at operation (P < .001) were associated with better survival. Reoperation was performed for 38 patients (11%). Repair of residual/recurrent left atrioventricular valve regurgitation or stenosis was the most common reason for reoperation. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction occurred in 36 patients, and 7 patients underwent reoperation to relieve this obstruction. Supraventricular arrhythmias were observed in 58 patients (16%) after the operation. Supraventricular arrhythmias increased with increasing age at primary operation (P = .001). Complete atrioventricular block occurred in 9 patients (3%). Permanent pacemakers were implanted in 11 patients. Conclusions: Long-term survival after repair of partial atrioventricular septal defect is good. It is important to close the cleft in the left atrioventricular valve. Reoperation for persistent or recurrent left atrioventricular valve malfunction and relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction is necessary in approximately 11% of patients. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:880-90)
Role of regulatory proteins in HIV-1/HTLV-1 coinfection

In HTLV-1 endemic areas, 5 to 10% of HIV-1-infected individuals are also coinfected with HTLV-1/2. Several studies support the finding that dual infection of HIV-1 and HTLV-2 may confer delayed AIDS progression. In contrast, HTLV-1 has been concluded to have either no effect or to increase progression to AIDS in HIV-1-infected individuals. Although Tax-1 is known to influence HIV-1 replication in vitro, other HTLV-1 proteins likely have a role in retroviral coinfection. Here, we are investigating whether HTLV-1 proteins regulate activation of HIV-1 expression in latently-infected cells. In this study, we used B-cells infected with molecular clones that either express both p12 and p8, p12-only, p8-only, or contain knockouts to orf-I, orf-II, or hbz. The HTLV-1-infected B-cells were cocultured with KK1 T-cells latently-infected with HIV-1. Following coculture, cells and media were assayed for viral expression. Analyses of immunoblot and ELISA data suggest that HTLV-1-infected B-cells that express p8 enhanced activation of latent HIV-1 expression. We are currently examining whether cell-to-cell contact with p8 expressing cells is required to reactivate the latently-infected KK1 cells. Results from this study could have an impact on treatment of patients coinfected with HIV-1 and HTLV-1.
Potential Adverse Flow Effects at Nuclear Power Plants

In recent years, the nuclear industry experienced adverse flow effects that caused structural damage to safety-related and nonsafety-related components as a result of flow-induced acoustic resonance in both Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) and Pressurized Water Reactor plants. In particular, fatigue failures and cracks in steam dryers occurred in certain BWR plants during the extended power uprate operation with generation of loose parts that can adversely affect safety-related components within the reactor vessel and the reactor coolant system. The acoustic resonance occurs when the main steam line flow exceeds a critical value such that the vortices over the cavity of the closed side branch pipe are excited by the acoustic modes of the stagnant fluid in the branch. The occurrence of this phenomenon is highly dependent on plant-specific operating conditions and the piping as-built configuration. The U.S. nuclear industry has initiated extensive activities to address this phenomenon in BWR plants. The staff of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has been monitoring generic industry activities, as well as reviewing the evaluation of potential adverse flow effects that might result from power uprates at current operating plants, and during the design certification and licensing of new reactors. This paper discusses operating experience with adverse flow effects at nuclear power plants from the acoustic resonance phenomenon, industry actions to address and resolve the phenomenon, and NRC staff review activities related to this issue.
Selective sensitization byl-glutamate of baroreflex-mediated bradycardia following microinjection into the rostral ventrolateral medulla

Abstract This study examined the role of l -glutamate receptors in different sites in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVL) on baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), sympathetic efferent discharge (SED) as well as baroreflex control of HR and SED. Depending on the site, the hemodynamic responses varied from an increase to a decrease in MAP which was accompanied by a similar or an opposite change in HR; the change in SED correlated positively with the change in MAP. Because injection of the test dose of glutamate (5 nM) into the deepest portion of the RVL produced the most pronounced increases in MAP, which was accompanied by a brisk bradycardia, we decided to investigate the nature of these responses. Dose-related sympathoexcitatory, pressor and bradycardic effects were obtained in response to 1, 3, 5 and 10 nM glutamate. The glutamate antagonist, glutamate diethylester (GDEE) abolished these responses and decreased baseline MAP, HR and SED. That glutamate-evoked bradycardia was baroreceptor-mediated was supported by: (1) the bradycardia was not only eliminated but was also converted to a small but significant tachycardic response in sinoaortic denervated rats and following cardiac muscarinic blockade; (2) glutamate substantially sensitized the baroreceptor HR and had no effect on SED response when tested by phenylephrine; and (3) GDEE abolished the sensitizing action of glutamate on the baroreflex control of HR. We conclude that glutamatergic pathways in the deepest portion of the RVL are tonically active and subserve sympathoexcitatory, pressor and tachycardic effects. Also, glutamate differentially sensitizes the baroreceptor reflex pathways that control HR by mainly activating the vagal component of the reflex, an effect which masks its tachycardic effect.
International Environmental Problems: Systems Approach Used to Identify Scientific and Political Perceptions and Responses

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how a systems approach can be used to contribute to the identification and solution of environmental problems by governments acting individually and collectively. In approaching complex environmental problems one must be concerned with far more than the sciences of environmental degredation and the technologies of pollution control; one must also understand the problems of development, national priorities and the cultures of the peoples of the world. The huge amount of data submitted for the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was analysed and organized into a meaningful form for decision making by considering the technical, philosophical, ethical, political and emotional issues involved in preserving the environment. Before discussing the details of the analysis, a summary view of the U.N. Conference process will be presented.
Protein digestibility of extruded cereal grains

Abstract Seven whole-grain cereals were examined to determine extrusion processing effects on in-vitro protein digestibility. Eight extrusion conditions were applied and effects of cereal variety, extrusion temperature, RPM and feed moisture on in-vitro protein digestibility were studied. Protein digestive acceptability of unprocessed and extruded cereals was determined using an in-vitro method of enzymatic hydrolysis. The most protein-digestible products were produced at extrusion combination: 15% feed moisture, 100°C/150°C product temperature and 100 rpm. This effect was significant when considered across all cereals. Results of this study suggest that a particular combination of extrusion process conditions may be applied when extruding a wide variety of cereals, with the benefit of improving protein digestibility.
Prospects for detecting the Christodoulou memory of gravitational waves from a coalescing compact binary and using it to measure neutron-star radii.

A coalescing compact binary, during its last tenth of a second of life, emits a burst of gravitational waves consisting of a high-frequency ‘‘chirp,’’ with frequencies much greater than 100 Hz, superimposed on a gradually growing memory, known as the Christodoulou memory. Most of the memory’s growth occurs over the last few hundredths of a second, so its signal has strong Fourier components at f∼100 Hz. The planned LIGO and/or VIRGO broadband gravitational-wave detectors have optimal performance at frequencies around 100 Hz and should be well suited, in terms of frequencies, to detect the growth of the memory amidst the chirp. If one or both of the binary’s components is a neutron star (the other being either a neutron star or a black hole), then the growth of the memory will be cut off by the star’s tidal disruption. The larger the neutron star’s radius the sooner the cutoff and correspondingly the weaker the total memory. Therefore, from a LIGO and/or VIRGO measurement of the memory’s strength, one could hope to infer the neutron-star radius. The prospects for such measurements to succeed are evaluated quantitatively and found to be poor because of the weakness of the memory. Even under optimistic circumstances the memory is so weak that only for a black-hole–black-hole binary is there much chance of detecting it, and then the prospects are only marginal.
Modeling of the tensioning system on a braiding machine carrier

Abstract Braiding is a manufacturing process for making tubular braided products like braided ropes, sutures and braided composite tubes. A yarn or tow tensioning system is required that consists of pulleys, two springs and a ratchet with the ratchet gear on the spool. The tension is nearly constant, varying within an acceptable range during braid formation and releasing a discrete amount of material from a spool when an upper limit on the tension is reached. A mathematical model of tension versus yarn displacement of a standard package tensioning system is presented. The response before ratchet release is a series of piecewise linear kinematic regions that include two separate spring preload regions, a single spring tensioning region, and a two spring tensioning region. During ratchet release the system is first modeled as kinematic, and later, more accurately as a single degree-of-freedom dynamic model. Ratchet reengagement that incorporated impact with an elastic yarn was required to improve model accuracy of response. Correlated experiment and simulation response validate the mathematical model, for use as a designer's tool.
Theoretical studies of the excited states of p-cyanophenylalanine and comparisons with the natural amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine

The absorption and fluorescence properties of the non-natural amino acid p-cyanophenylalanine (PheCN) were examined using high-level ab initio methods and were compared to those of natural amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Single-reference and multireference methods were surveyed for their accuracy in predicting the excited state energies and transition dipole moments of the chromophores and the corresponding amino acids. The excitation energies were found to be very similar between the chromophores and the various conformers of the amino acids for all three amino acids studied here, but the transition dipole moments and consequently the radiative lifetimes were very sensitive to conformation. In agreement with experimental data, PheCN is predicted to have increased fluorescence intensity compared to phenylalanine and the amino acid group is partly responsible for this effect.
An application of the extended Kantorovich method to MHD duct flow

The extended Kantorovich method developed byA. D. Kerr and recently applied to the solution of a clamped plate byA. D. Kerr andH. Alexander, is used in the present paper to analyze the steady flow of a viscous, electrically conducting fluid through a perfectly insulated rectangular duct under a uniform, arbitrarily oriented, externally applied magnetic field. It is shown that the generated solution is independent of the choice of initial function, and that the convergence of the iterative procedure is very rapid. The obtained solution exhibits good correlation with the exact solution for small values of the Hartmann number. The inaccuracy at high Hartmann numbers is shown to be a result of a shortcoming in the method as it is presently applied.
Maceral and microlithotype response to oil agglomeration for selected eastern Kentucky high volatile A bituminous coals

Abstract The petrographic response of three high volatile A bituminous, petrographically complex eastern Kentucky coals to oil agglomeration was tested using several agglomerating oils. Four oils, hexane, fuel oil, kerosene, and pentane, were tested on the Leatherwood coal, the intermediate coal in the rank series. The testing scheme for the other two coals consisted of using only the hexane and fuel oil with a lesser number of tests than on the initial coal tested. Coal rank emerges as a significant parameter in the behavior of the coals. Particularly for the hexane agglomeration, the coals had quite different behaviors, with the highest-rank coal having greater clean-coal yield at lower oil concentrations than the other two coals. The two high-rank coals exhibit similar yield curves for fuel oil, with the lower-rank coal achieving the yield of the latter coals at higher oil concentrations. The role of the organic petrography and the mineral matter, both closely associated with the macerals in carbominerite microlithotypes and organic-dominant microlithotypes, is an obvious complicating factor. A tendency for duroclarite, the vitrinite-rich trimaceral microlithotype, to partition between vitrinite-rich varieties in the concentrate and vitrinite-poor varieties in the tails was noted at higher oil concentrations for all three coals.
GRP78(BiP) facilitates the cytosolic delivery of anthrax lethal factor (LF) in vivo and functions as an unfoldase in vitro.

Summary Anthrax toxin is an A/B bacterial protein toxin which is composed of the enzymatically active Lethal Factor (LF) and/or Oedema Factor (EF) bound to Protective Antigen 63 (PA63) which functions as both the receptor binding and transmembrane domains. Once the toxin binds to its cell surface receptors it is internalized into the cell and traffics through Rab5- and Rab7-associated endosomal vesicles. Following acidification of the vesicle lumen, PA63 undergoes a dynamic change forming a beta-barrel that inserts into and forms a pore through the endosomal membrane. It is widely recognized that LF, and the related fusion protein LFnDTA, must be completely denatured in order to transit through the PA63 formed pore and enter the eukaryotic cell cytosol. We demonstrate by protease protection assays that the molecular chaperone GRP78 mediates the unfolding of LFnDTA and LF at neutral pH and thereby converts these proteins from a trypsin resistant to sensitive conformation. We have used immunoelectron microscopy and gold-labelled antibodies to demonstrate that both GRP78 and GRP94 chaperones are present in the lumen of endosomal vesicles. Finally, we have used siRNA to demonstrate that knock-down of GRP78 results in the emergence of resistance to anthrax lethal toxin and oedema toxin action.
Optimism, Pessimism, Mutuality, and Gender: Predicting 10-Year Role Strain in Parkinson's Disease Spouses

Purpose : There is wide variability in how spouses providing care respond to their care situations. Few studies focus on the roles of both intra- and interpersonal factors in long-term spousal care, particularly in the context of Parkinson ’ s disease (PD). The current study uses longitudinal data over a 10-year period to examine the roles of optimism, pessimism, mutuality, and spouse gender in predicting role strain in PD spouses. Design and Methods : A longitudinal design was used to study 255 spouses of persons with PD over a 10-year period, with data points at baseline (Year 0), Year 2, and Year 10. A series of multilevel models were used to examine four role strain variables — global strain, strain from worry, strain from feelings of being manipulated, and strain from increased tension. Results : Female spouse gender predicted both higher Year 10 role strain and faster increases in role strain over the 10-year period. In addition, high mutuality and optimism and low pessimism at baseline played important protective roles against increased role strain at Year 10. Implications : This study focused on early-stage spousal care in a primarily physical disability context. Findings suggest that gender differences place wives at greater risk for negative outcomes, even in the absence of dementia. Additionally, clinicians have opportunities to target interventions early in the care trajectory based on intra- and interpersonal risk factors.
Race-ethnicity differences in folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the United States after folic acid fortification: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002

Background Neural tube defects are serious birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. Up to 70% of neural tube defects can be prevented by the consumption of folic acid by women before and early during pregnancy. Objective The objective was to examine folic acid intake in women of childbearing age in the United States. Design We analyzed nutrient intake data reported by 1685 nonpregnant women aged 15-49 y who participated in the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey, 2001-2002. Results The adjusted geometric mean consumption of folic acid from fortified foods was 128 microg/d (95% CI: 123, 134 microg/d) in nonpregnant women. Eight percent (95% CI: 5.8%, 11.0%) of nonpregnant women reported consuming >or=400 microg folic acid/d from fortified foods. This proportion was lower among non-Hispanic black women (5.0%) than among non-Hispanic white (8.9%) or Hispanic (6.8%) women. A smaller percentage of non-Hispanic black (19.1%) and Hispanic (21%) women than of non-Hispanic white women (40.5%) consumed >or=400 microg folic acid from supplements, fortified foods, or both, in addition to food folate, as recommended by the Institute of Medicine to reduce the frequency of neural tube defects. Conclusions Most nonpregnant women of childbearing age in the United States reported consuming less than the recommended amount of folic acid. The proportion with low daily folic acid intake was significantly higher in non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women than in non-Hispanic white women. At the present level of folic acid fortification, most women need to take a folic acid-containing dietary supplement to achieve the Institute of Medicine recommendation.
Towards improved LDPC code designs using absorbing set spectrum properties

This paper focuses on methods for a systematic modification of the parity check matrix of regular LDPC codes for improved performance in the low BER region (i.e., the error floor). A judicious elimination of dominant absorbing sets strictly improves the absorbing set spectrum and thereby improves the code performance. This absorbing set elimination is accomplished without compromising code properties and parameters such as the girth, node degree, and the structure of the parity check matrix. For a representative class of practical codes we substantiate theoretical analysis with experimental results obtained in the low BER region. Our results demonstrate at least an order of magnitude improvement of the error floor relative to the original code designs. Given that the conventional code parameters remain intact, the new code can easily be implemented on the existing software or hardware platforms employing high-throughput, compact architectures. As such, the proposed approach provides a step towards the improved code design that is compatible with practical implementation constraints.
Imagining possibilities with and for contemporary youth: (re)writing and (re)visioning education today:

Over the years, each of the authors has explored the lives of young people in a range of sites and settings, from community centers to schools and beyond. They have seen senses of self and community that exceed the narrow and debilitating categories into which they are so readily cast. In this article, they join forces in highlighting two key (though clearly not exhaustive) examples from their recent research ideas: first, black history and generational identity expressed through popular culture at a local community center in the US; and second, the important work done by women in an abstinence-based sex education program in an urban magnet school. Honoring what Maxine Greene (2000) calls the work of the imagination, they focus on the ways in which young people engage in a re-writing of self and future in distinct and overlapping ways.
Wage curve, unemployment duration and compensating differentials

Abstract In this study unemployment effects on individual pay are investigated following the study on ‘wage curves’ by Blanchflower and Oswald (1990). In bargaining models, higher unemployment should lower wage pressure; due to compensating wage differential arguments, on the other hand, workers who take jobs with higher layoff risks should be rewarded. In a cross-sectional study on Austrian data, a negative wage curve is confirmed. Contrary to the results by Blanchflower and Oswald no U-shape is found, also long-term unemployment seems to be important. No conclusive evidence of compensating differentials has been determined.
Surgical Decompression for Thyroid Eye Disease

Orbital decompression surgery is designed to restore the normal volume relationship between the orbital soft tissue and bony volume, thereby reducing orbital pressure, proptosis, and, when present, compressive optic neuropathy. Numerous surgical techniques have been described to achieve these goals, including removal of orbital fat and one or all of the four orbital walls. We review the approach to producing a customized orbital decompression for the individual patient.
Effects of strain rate and comonomer on the brittle–ductile transition of polymers

The effect of rate on the brittle–ductile transition of polymers can be given by an Arrhenius-type equation with activation energy between those of α and β transitions and given by where Eb is the activation energy for brittle-ductile transition, Eα is that for α transition, Eβ is that for β transition, Tg is the glass transition temperature, Tb is the brittle–ductile transition temperature at 0.1 min.−1, Tα is the α transition temperature at 1 cps, and Tβ is the β transition temperature at 1 cps. The plots of Tb versus the weight fraction (w) of comonomer are sigmoidal, with an inflection point at w = 0.5.
Fluvoxamine Interaction with Warfarin

OBJECTIVE:To report a case of an elevated international normalized ratio (INR) in a patient receiving fluvoxamine and warfarin.CASE SUMMARY:A 79-year-old white woman was admitted for suicidal thoughts. Her medical history included depression, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, asthma, hypertension, atrial fibrillation with pacemaker placement, and breast cancer with lumpectomy and subsequent left mastectomy. Her medication list prior to admission was extensive, including warfarin 5 mg on Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday; warfarin 2.5 mg on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, and citalopram 10 mg/d. Citalopram was changed to fluvoxamine during her hospital stay. This resulted in an elevated INR that persisted for approximately 7 days.DISCUSSION:The metabolism of warfarin involves several cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4. Fluvoxamine has the potential to inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 to a significant degree. It also has 11 inactive metabolites th...
Abundance of infiltrating CD163+ cells in the retina of postmortem eyes with dry and neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose Prior research in animal models has suggested that retinal macrophages play an important role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but studies have insufficiently characterized the distribution of retinal macrophages in various stages of human AMD.
SRC: enabling petascale data analysis for scientific applications through data reorganization

This work proposes a novel data reorganization strategy to enable petascale data analysis for large-scale scientific applications running on high-end leadership computers. This strategy achieves optimal data layout for scientific applications by: 1) using a Space Filling Curve to reorganize the data chunks of multidimensional datasets on large storage systems, thus achieving a consistent and balanced read performance for any access pattern; 2) harmonizing the optimal chunk size with underlying file system for more efficient data access. Experimental results demonstrate a maximum of 37 times speedup for S3D simulation on the Jaguar supercomputer.
Biological and clinical significance of anti-Müllerian hormone determination in blood serum of the mare.

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), a member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily of growth and differentiation factors, is expressed in granulosa cells of preantral and small antral ovarian follicles. In humans, AMH appeared to regulate recruitment and growth of small ovarian follicles. Furthermore, circulating AMH concentrations were elevated in women with granulosa-cell tumors (GCT). In the horse, GCTs are the most common tumor of the ovary, and a variety of endocrine assays have been used to diagnose presumptive GCTs. The objectives of the present study were to validate a heterologous enzyme immunoassay for determination of serum AMH in the horse, and to determine concentrations of AMH in the blood of mares during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and in mares with granulosa-cell tumors. Mares with normal estrous cycles (n = 6) and pregnant mares (n = 6) had blood samples collected throughout one interovulatory period and monthly throughout gestation, respectively. Mares diagnosed with GCT had blood samples taken before (n = 11) and after ovariectomy (n = 5). Tumors were sectioned and fixed for immunohistochemistry and snap frozen for immunoblot analyses and RT-qPCR. In normal cyclic mares and in pregnant mares, there was no effect of cycle stage or month of gestation on serum AMH concentrations. In GCT mares, serum concentrations of AMH (1901.4 ± 1144.6 ng/mL) were higher than those in cyclic (0.96 ± 0.08 ng/mL) or pregnant (0.72 ± 0.05 ng/mL) mares and decreased after tumor removal. Both AMH and AMH receptor (AMHR2) immunolabeling and expression were detected by immunohistochemistry in the tumor and cyst fluid obtained from mares with GCTs. Therefore, we concluded that AMH was a useful biomarker for detection of granulosa-cell tumors in mares.
The DOMON domains are involved in heme and sugar recognition

We expand the functionally uncharacterized DOMON domain superfamily to identify several novel families, including the first prokaryotic representatives. Using several computational tools we show that it is involved in ligand binding—either as heme-or sugar-binding domains. We present evidence that the DOMON domain along with the DM13 domain comprises a novel electron-transfer system potentially involved in oxidative modification of animal cell-surface proteins. Other novel versions might function as sugar sensors of histidine kinases of bacterial two component systems. Contact:aravind@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov or aravind@mail.nih.gov Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online and also at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/aravind/domon/.
Neighborhood matters: the impact of Hispanic ethnic density on future depressive symptoms 1-year following an ACS event among Hispanic patients

The Ethnic Density hypothesis posits that living around others from similar ethnic backgrounds reduces the risk of adverse mental health outcomes such as depression. Contrary to this hypothesis, previous work has shown that Hispanic ethnic density is cross-sectionally associated with increased depressive symptom severity among patients hospitalized with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS; myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris). To date, no study has examined the prospective association of Hispanic ethnic density on long-term depressive symptom severity following an acute medical event. We prospectively assessed the impact of Hispanic ethnic density on depressive symptoms, 1-year following an ACS event, among Hispanic adult patients. We tested the non-linear association between ethnic density and depressive symptoms to account for inconsistent findings on the ethnic density hypothesis. At the time of an index ACS event (i.e., baseline, N = 326) and 1-year later (N = 252), Hispanic patients from the Prescription Usage, Lifestyle, and Stress Evaluation prospective cohort study completed the Beck Depression Inventory as a measure of depressive symptom severity. Hispanic ethnic density was defined by the percentage of Hispanic residents within each patient's census tract using data extracted from the American Community Survey Census (2010-2013). Covariates included baseline demographic factors (age, gender, English fluency, education, nativity status), cardiovascular factors (Charlson comorbidity index, left ventricular ejection fraction, Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events 6-month prognostic risk score), and neighborhood factors (residential density, income, and percentage of households receiving public assistance). In an adjusted multivariable linear regression analysis there was a significant curvilinear association between Hispanic ethnic density and depressive symptom severity at 1 year. As Hispanic ethnic density increased from low to moderate density, there was an increase in depressive symptoms, but depressive symptoms slightly declined in census tracts with the highest density of Hispanics. Furthermore, gender significantly moderated the relation between Hispanic ethnic density and 1-year depressive symptom severity, such that Hispanic ethnic density was significantly associated with increased depressive symptom severity for female Hispanic patients with ACS, but not for male Hispanic patients. Previous research suggests that ethnic density may be protective against depression in Hispanic enclaves; however, our findings suggest a non-linear ethnic density effect and an overall more complex association between ethnic density and depression. These data add to a growing body of literature on the effects of sociodemographic and contextual factors on health.
Progress on PEP-II injection R&D

The R&D program described in this paper focuses on an improvement of the SLAC linac designed to extract and study a 9 GeV electron beam under stringent control of energy, energy spread, emittance, optical parameters, and timing. The extraction system begins with an on-axis pulsed magnet, followed by a magnetic lattice and diagnostic equipment required for the measurement and optimization of the above beam qualities. Design, construction, and installation of this system is the first step in the development of the overall PEP-II e/sup /spl plusmn injection system. This system is required to fill 1658 bunches of 9 GeV electrons (0.99 A stored) and 3.1 GeV positrons (2.14 A stored) in two separate rings in a total of about 6 minutes from zero ring current (i.e., full-fill mode, 0 to 100%) or in about 3 minutes from 80% ring current (i.e., topping-off mode, 80 to 100%). This unprecedented rate of filling can be met by a judicious use of the SLC linac, damping rings, and positron source. >
Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection in Embryonic Tracheae

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) was used to infect chicken embryos, and scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphologic changes in the tracheae. Tracheae harvested from embryos infected with MG for 5 days showed extensive deciliation, surface erosion, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Embryonic tracheal explants infected with MG for 6 hr showed the same deciliation and surface erosion. The damage to the tracheal surface caused by MG at the embryonic stage might play a role in the pathogenesis of MG infection.
Comparison of Observations with Idealized Model Results for a Method to Resolve Winter Lake-Effect Mesoscale Morphology

Abstract Forecasters in the Great Lakes region have for several decades recognized a general relationship of wind speed and overlake fetch to lake-effect snowstorm morphology. A recent study using idealized mesoscale model simulations of lake-effect conditions over circular and elliptical lakes showed the ratio of wind speed to maximum fetch distance (U/L) may be used to effectively predict lake-effect snowstorm morphology. The current investigation provides an assessment of the U/L criteria using observational datasets. Previously published Great Lakes lake-effect snowstorm observational studies were used to identify events of known mesoscale morphology. Hindcasts of nearly 640 lake-effect events were performed using historical observations with U/L as the predictor. Results show that the quantity U/L contains important information on the different mesoscale lake-effect morphologies; however, it provides only a limited benefit when being used to predict mesoscale morphology in real lake-effect situations...