cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bioavailability of the Digestible Lysine and Valine in Cottonseed and Soybean Meals for Chicks

Previous research showed that formulation of chick diets containing cottonseed meal (CSM) using true digestible amino acid (AA) values was superior to formulation based on total AA; however, optimum growth performance could not be obtained from high CSM diets even when formulated on a digestible AA basis. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine whether the digestible AA in CSM were totally bioavailable or utilizable for protein synthesis. Soybean meal (SBM) was also evaluated for comparison. True digestibility of Lys and Val in CSM and SBM were determined using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Bioavailability was then assessed by chick growth assay using purified crystalline AA diets deficient in Lys or Val that were supplemented with varying levels of the test AA, CSM,SBM, or AA mixtures simulating the digestible AA composition of CSM and SBM. Multiple regression slope-ratio methodology indicated that bioavailability of the digestible Lys in CSM and the digestible Lys and Val in SBM did not differ (P > 0.05) from 100% for most response parameters. Bioavailability of the digestible Val in CSM ranged from 78 to 96% depending on response parameter. Bioavailabilities of crystalline Lys and Val in the AA mixtures simulating CSM and SBM were generally lower than the bioavailabililties of the digestible Lys and Val in CSM and SBM. The results of this study indicated that the digestible Lys and Val in SBM and CSM as measured by the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay are totally or almost totally bioavailable for protein synthesis.
FLATTERY WILL GET YOU EVERYWHERE (ESPECIALLY IF YOU ARE A MALE CAUCASIAN): HOW INGRATIATION, BOARDROOM BEHAVIOR, AND DEMOGRAPHIC MINORITY STATUS AFFECT ADDITIONAL BOARD APPOINTMENTS AT U.S. COMPANIES

This study examined influences on the likelihood that directors of U.S. corporations will receive additional board appointments. We tested hypotheses with original survey data from 760 outside directors at large and medium-sized U.S. firms. Supplementary analyses assessed post-Enron era generalizability. Directors increased their chances of board appointments via provision of advice and information to CEOs and ingratiatory behavior toward peer directors. Ethnic minorities and women were rewarded less on the director labor market for such behaviors. Directors also increased their appointment chances by engaging in low levels of monitoring and control behavior, and demographic minorities were punished more for such behaviors.
Safety of first-trimester uterine evacuation in the outpatient setting for women with common chronic conditions

Abstract Objective We compared complications of outpatient first-trimester uterine evacuation between women with medical comorbidities and healthy peers. Study design We examined the medical histories and procedure outcomes of women receiving first-trimester uterine evacuations between 01/02/2009 and 03/07/2014. We compared women without medical problems to those reporting diabetes, hypertension, obesity (body mass index ≥ 30.0 or weight ≥ 200 lbs), HIV, epilepsy, asthma, thyroid disease and/or bleeding/clotting disorders. We compared incidence of any of the following: resuction, uterine perforation, estimated blood loss > 100 cc and cervical laceration. Results A total of 1960 women met inclusion criteria; 597 (30%) had ≥ 1 comorbidity. When compared to women without medical morbidities, women with common chronic conditions were older (28.3±6.7 vs. 27.3±6.7 years, p Conclusion Women with common chronic conditions undergoing outpatient first-trimester uterine evacuation do not appear to be at greater risk of complications compared to healthy peers. While a careful medical history is always required, providers may feel reassured that complications remain infrequent. Implications Women with common chronic conditions undergoing outpatient first-trimester uterine evacuation do not appear to be at greater risk of complications compared to healthy peers.
Nonlinear Analysis of Squeeze Film Damper with Entrained Air in Rotordynamic Systems

Squeeze film dampers are widely used in aircraft engines, land-based gas turbines, and other rotating machines to improve system damping. They often have entrained air within the oil film, which is usually not taken into account in rotordynamics analysis due to lack of good formulations of the effects involved. The effects on the damping force calculation can be significant. This work presents a new formulation of the nonlinear Reynolds equation pressure evaluation within the squeeze film damper, including the effects of entrained air, with resulting changes in effective lubricant density and viscosity. Viscosity and density expressions are developed as a function of the air/oil volume fraction. The density of the bubbly oil is a function of the air bubble diameter, which changes due to surface tension effects during lubricant motion in the bubbly oil film. The lubricant viscosity decreases due to the entrained volume of air but increases due to the surface tension effects taken from experimental tests. P...
Action Outcomes Are Represented in Human Inferior Frontoparietal Cortex

The simple action of pressing a switch has many possible interpretations--the actor could be turning on a light, deleting critical files from a computer, or even turning off a life-support system. In each of these cases, the motor parameters of the action are the same but the physical outcome differs. We report evidence of suppressed responses in right inferior parietal and right inferior frontal cortex when participants saw repeated movies showing the same action outcome, but these regions did not distinguish the kinematic parameters by which the action was accomplished. Thus, these brain areas encode the physical outcomes of human actions in the world. These results are compatible with a hierarchical model of human action understanding in which a cascade of specialized processes from occipital to parietal and frontal regions allow humans to understand the physical consequences of actions in the world and the intentions underlying those actions.
A further analysis for the minimum-variance deconvolution filter performance

Chi and Mendel [1], [9] analyzed the performance of the minimum-variance deconvolution (MVD). In this correspondence, a further analysis of the performance of the MVD filter is presented. We show that the MVD filter performs like an inverse filter and a whitening filter as SNR \rightarrow \infin , and like a matched filter as SNR \rightarrow 0 . The estimation error e (k) of the MVD filter is colored noise, but it becomes white when SNR \rightarrow 0 . This analysis also connects the error power spectral density of the MVD filter with the spectrum of the causal prediction error filter.
Non-equilibrium Dynamical Processes in the Galaxy

Dynamical models have often necessarily assumed that the Galaxy is nearly steady state or dynamically relaxed. However observed structure in the stellar metallicity, spatial and velocity distributions imply that heating, mixing and radial migration has taken place. Better comprehension of non-equilibrium processes will allow us to not only better understand the current structure of the galaxy but its past evolution.
A simplified technique of ptosis repair using a single adjustable suture.

Abstract Purpose To describe a simplified technique for ptosis repair using a single adjustable suture. Design Retrospective noncomparative series. Participants Fifty-one cases of ptosis repair performed or supervised by the same surgeon between 1993 and 1995. Intervention The surgical approach consisted of using a single adjustable “hang-back” 5–0 silk suture for plication of the superior portion of the levator aponeurosis. Lid height was then reassessed within the first 4 postoperative days and permanently readjusted by fixating the adjustable suture. Excluded were patients with history of unstable ptosis as a result of systemic disease or congenital, mechanical, and traumatic ptosis resulting from a mass or trauma. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 31 months. Main outcome measure Lid position. Results All eyelids included in this study were corrected to 1 mm of the desired result. There were no incidents of peaking or recurrence on long-term follow-up. Complications included one case of hematoma and a case of slight tenting of the eyelid margin. Conclusions This procedure combines the physiologic approach of levator aponeurosis surgery with the simplicity and flexibility of a single adjustable “hang-back” type suture. It may readily be combined with other procedures such as blepharoplasty. It is also useful when the “ideal” lid level may not be determined until the postoperative period, such as eyes subject to ptosis by Hering’s law, levator dehiscence, or those at increased potential risk for corneal exposure.
Funding Cancer Quality Improvement: Payer's Perspective

The CMS Innovation Center has developed an oncology payment model, the Oncology Care Model, which aims to test the effect of care coordination on cancer care.
Frailty Assessment in Advanced Heart Failure.

Abstract Background Several studies have recently demonstrated the value of frailty assessment in a general heart failure (HF) population; however, it is unknown whether these findings are also applicable in advanced HF. We investigated the utility of frailty assessment and its prognostic value in elderly patients with advanced HF. Methods Forty consecutive elderly subjects aged ≥65 years, with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%, New York Heart Association class III or IV, and a 6-minute walk test Results At baseline, the mean age of the cohort was 74.9 ± 6.5 years, 58% female, left ventricular ejection fraction 25.6 ± 6.4%, 6-minute walk test 195.8 ± 74.3 m and length of follow-up 454 ± 186 days. Thirty-five percent were prefrail and 65% were frail. Frailty status was associated with the combined primary endpoint of mortality and all-cause hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] 1.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15–3.25, P = .013). On individual analysis, frailty was associated with all-cause hospitalizations (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.12–3.27, P = .017) and non-HF hospitalizations (HR 3.31, 95% CI 1.14- 9.6, P = .028), but was not associated with HF hospitalizations alone (HR 1.31, 95% CI 0.68–2.49, P = .380). Conclusions Frailty assessment in patients with advanced HF is feasible and provides prognostic value. These findings warrant validation in a larger cohort.
Low Order Turbulence Modeling Methods for MAVs Flight Environment

The effects of turbulence on Micro Air Vehicles are investigated through the combination of a fast turbulence synthesis method and a low order unsteady aerodynamic model. The turbulence synthesis method leverages a digital finite impulse response filter to allow for the generation of turbulence fields from 1-D to 3-D with easily definable statistics. An implementation of the unsteady vortex lattice method is combined with the synthesized turbulence to generate long time histories of the instantaneous effects of turbulence on airfoil loading. Spectral analysis was used on several runs to evaluate bandwidths of relevance and important behaviors. Turbulence with length scales smaller than the airfoil chord was shown to have little effect on airfoil load. Vertical force and pitching moment were both highly correlated to the vertical component of velocity while neither showed correlation to incoming turbulent velocity. The vertical force was most affected by turbulence of length scales much larger than the chord while the moment was primarily affected by turbulence with length scales on the order of chord length. These results indicate aircraft reactions to turbulence and motivate the development of a dynamic sensor for determination of turbulent vertical velocity.
Identification of a new amino acid residue capable of modulating agonist efficacy at the homomeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, alpha7.

Neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) have been implicated in pathology associated with neurological diseases and aberrant cognitive states such as addiction and schizophrenia. The design of subtype-specific cholinergic drugs is dependent on identification of key amino acids that play a significant role in determining subunit-specific agonist efficacy. 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) and a series of piperazium (PIP)-derived cholinergic agonists (1,1 dimethyl-4-acetylpiperizinium iodide, EthylPIP, PropylPIP, and ButylPIP) were used to identify a site (position 84) in homomeric neuronal nAChRs, which is a partial determinant of pharmacological specificity. In contrast to absolutely conserved amino acids within the nicotinic superfamily, the amino acid in position 84 can be polar or nonpolar. The addition of one methylene to PropylPIP to form ButylPIP eliminated channel activation of but not binding to the chick α7 homomeric nAChR (leucine in position 84). In rat α7 (glutamine in position 84), ButylPIP was an agonist. 1,1-Dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium, a structural analog of ButylPIP, activates the rat α7 but is a weak partial agonist of the chick α7. Mutation of the chick α7 (L84Q) restored activation by ButylPIP, and the corresponding mutation in rat α7 (Q84L) abolished activation by ButylPIP. These mutations had moderate effects on the apparent affinity for acetylcholine, increasing its affinity for chick α7 and decreasing it for rat α7. Thus, the amino acid in position 84 (a residue on the periphery of the highly conserved loop A of the cys-loop superfamily of receptors) can potentially be exploited to produce subtype-specific drugs and can provide insights into the structure of the binding domain.
Behavioral Telehealth Consultation with Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In this study, desktop video teleconferencing was used to facilitate behavioral consultation at a distance with three parents of school-age children with autism spectrum disorders. Parents were supported via desktop video teleconferencing as they conducted functional analyses and learned to implement an antecedent manipulation strategy, functional communication training, and a consequence-based strategy. Parents then conducted a brief multi-element treatment comparison to evaluate the preliminary effectiveness of each intervention strategy on their child's challenging behavior. The results of this study provide additional support to previous research suggesting that a telehealth model of behavioral consultation may be an effective way to assist parents of children with autism spectrum disorders address challenging behavior that disrupts family routines. Suggestions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Luminescence of 2-thiophencarboxylic Acid Complexes with Rare Earth

Six solid complexes of rare earth with 2-thiophencarboxylic acid(L) have been synthesized.Elemental analysis,rare earth coordination titration and DTG-TG studies suggest that the composition of the complexes is REL3·2H2O(RE=Y,La,Pr,Nd,Sm,Eu;L=C4H3SCOOH).IR spectra studies indicated that the ligand(L) is bonded with RE(Ⅲ) by the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group.The molar conductivity in DMF solvent indicates that all complexes are non-electrolyte.Fluorescence spectra show that the fluorescence intensity of Eu3+ complex is strong.
The Study of the Effect of Antiepileptic on Serum Sex Hormone Levels in Children with Epilepsy

Objective To investigate the effect of antiepileptic on serum sex hormone levels in children with epilepsy.Methods Detect and observe the variance of serum sex hormone levels of the 125 children with epilepsy by application of chemiluminescence immunoassay.Result①The levels of TSTO in VPA group,TPM group,LEV group and combined treatment group increased compared with the control group,and had statistically significance (P0.05).The levels of E 2 in VPA group decreased compared with the control group,but hadn’t statistically significance,while TPM group increased and had statistically significance(P0.05).The others including PRGE,PRL,FSH and LH hadn’t marked change.②The levels of TSTO of every treatment group after administration of antiepileptic 6 months and 12 months,increased and had statistically significance(P0.05).The levels of 12 months were higher than that of 6 months,but had not statistically significance.The change of E 2 in TPM group of different course of treatment hadn’t statistically significance(P0.05).③Changes of sex hormone in this study hadn’t statistically significance in sex and age.Conclusion Administration of antiepileptic has an effect on children’s serum sex hormone.We should monitor the variance of that,when we treat the children with epilepsy giving antiepileptic.
Molecular-Based Theory for Electron-Transfer Reorganization Energy in Solvent Mixtures

Using statistical-field techniques, we develop a molecular-based dipolar self-consistent-field theory (DSCFT) for charge solvation in liquid mixtures under equilibrium and nonequilibrium conditions, and apply it to compute the solvent reorganization energy of electron-transfer reactions. In addition to the nonequilibrium orientational polarization, the reorganization energy in liquid mixtures is also determined by the out-of-equilibrium solvent composition around the reacting species due to preferential solvation. Using molecular parameters that are readily available, the DSCFT naturally accounts for the dielectric saturation effect and the spatially varying solvent composition in the vicinity of the reacting species. We identify three general categories of binary solvent mixtures, classified by the relative optical and static dielectric permittivities of the solvent components. Each category of mixture is shown to produce a characteristic local solvent composition profile in the vicinity of the reacting species, which gives rise to the distinctive composition dependence of the reorganization energy that cannot be predicted using the dielectric permittivities of the homogeneous solvent mixtures.
Modality determines VO2max achieved in self-paced exercise tests: validation with the Bruce protocol.

The Bruce protocol is traditionally used to assess maximal cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), but may have limitations, such as an unknown duration and large work rate increases. The use of self-paced VO2max tests (SPVs) may be beneficial if they are able to elicit similar maximal values in a set period of time. In addition, differences in modality between SPVs have not been explored. The purpose of this study was to compare SPVs, utilizing two different modes, with the Bruce (treadmill) protocol. Thirteen healthy, recreationally active individuals (eight men, five women) volunteered and participated in three different laboratory visits with each utilizing a different VO2max testing protocol. The first visit consisted of the Bruce protocol test, and the remaining visits entailed a maximal SPV on a treadmill (TM SPV) and a cycle ergometer (CE SPV). There were no differences in VO2max values between the TM SPV and the Bruce protocol tests (55.6 ± 4.9 vs. 56.2 ± 6.8, respectively; p = .510). As expected, the CE SPV (48.3 ± 7.6) was significantly lower than the other two tests (p < .001). The TM SPV was as effective in eliciting an accurate VO2max as the Bruce protocol and did so with less incline and in less time suggesting that there are no changes in the limits of VO2max even when the test is self-paced and perceptually regulated.
Fault tolerant integrated information management support for physically constrained iterative deconvolution

Multiple image processing algorithms are often required to process computer vision inputs. The rapid processing of complex image streams requires more computing power than is found in a typical PC based computer or workstation, and the processing power of high-performance computers (HPCs) and Linux clusters have been required to do this type of rapid massive processing. Emerging multicore processors offer the possibility of doing these types of processing at the PC level in real time. The physically constrained iterative deconvolution (PCID) algorithm is a multi-frame blind deconvolution (MFBD) parallel algorithm that allows the extraction of simple and complex information from multiple images. Massive computing power is required to use this algorithm in real time. Message passing interface (MPI) is normally used with PCID for communications between processors in multiprocessor systems. However, MPI has fault tolerant issues. A tool to replace MPI for multiprocessor communications has been developed that supports a high degree of fault-tolerance, and facilitates multiple image processing by integration with a publication/subscription infrastructure. This tool is demonstrated here for the PCID algorithm. Other attributes of MPI and this tool's publication/subscription information management support for PCID are compared and contrasted.
Service restoration in resilient power distribution systems with networked microgrid

This paper presents a novel networked microgrids (MGs)-aided approach for service restoration in a power distribution network. A mixed-integer linear program (MILP) is formulated with two objectives, i.e., maximizing the loads picked up and minimizing the restoration time, while satisfying the operation constraints of the distribution system and MGs. The interaction among MGs is modelled as a MILP problem by using the type 1 special ordered set (SOS1) to maintain the power supply to critical loads in MGs and pick up on-outage loads outside MGs. The main contribution of this paper is to leverage networked MGs to facilitate service restoration. The model is tested on a modified IEEE 123-node distribution test system to validate the proposed scheme. The results show the effectiveness of applying networked MGs to service restoration.
Gradually Progressive Spastic Ataxia in a Young Man: Steadily Unsteady

A 26-year-old right-handed man presented with progressive gait imbalance over 6 years. His examination was consistent with cerebellar and upper motor neuronal dysfunction. He had no significant family history. Most of the serum and cerebrospinal fluid studies were unremarkable. Neuroimaging was remarkable for mild cerebellar and noticeable thoracic spinal cord atrophy. The initial differential diagnosis for the patient's presentation was broad, but because of certain clinical characteristics, it was later focused on hereditary ataxias. Detailed analysis of the clinical features in the history, neurologic examination, and neuroimaging studies led to the diagnosis.
Multi-Institutional Assessment of Adverse Health Outcomes Among North American Testicular Cancer Survivors After Modern Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy.

PurposeTo provide new information on adverse health outcomes (AHOs) in testicular cancer survivors (TCSs) after four cycles of etoposide and cisplatin (EPX4) or three or four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, cisplatin (BEPX3/BEPX4).MethodsNine hundred fifty-two TCSs > 1 year postchemotherapy underwent physical examination and completed a questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression estimated AHOs odds ratios (ORs) in relation to age, cumulative cisplatin and/or bleomycin dose, time since chemotherapy, sociodemographic factors, and health behaviors.ResultsMedian age at evaluation was 37 years; median time since chemotherapy was 4.3 years. Chemotherapy consisted largely of BEPX3 (38.2%), EPX4 (30.9%), and BEPX4 (17.9%). None, one to two, three to four, or five or more AHOs were reported by 20.4%, 42.0%, 25.1%, and 12.5% of TCSs, respectively. Median number after EPX4 or BEPX3 was two (range, zero to nine and zero to 11, respectively; P > .05) and two (range, zero to 10) after BEPX4. When comparing individu...
A framework for video annotation, visualization, and interaction

Existing approaches to interaction with digital video are complex, and some operations lack the immediacy of interactive feedback. In this thesis, I present a framework for video annotation, visualization, and interaction that harnesses computer vision to aid users in understanding and commu nicating with digital video. I first review the literature concerning visual representations, navigation, and manipulation of video data, and explore the literature of professional film editing, summarizing some of the techniques applied by and operations performed by film editors. I describe a new approach for computing the motion of points and objects in a video clip, and I present my interactive system that utilizes this data to visually annotate independently moving objects in the video, including speech and thought balloons, video graffiti, hyperlinks, and path arrows. I also demonstrate an application of this interface to construct visualizations of a short video clip in a single static image, using the visual language of storyboards. The principal advantage of the storyboard representation over standard representations of video is that it requires only a moment to observe and comprehend but at the same time retains much of the detail of the source video. The layout of the storyboard can be optimized to place the elements in a configuration that maximizes the clarity of presentation. Finally, I also demonstrate two novel interaction techniques for random video frame access using either the natural spatial dimensions of a storyboard representation or an individual video frame. Throughout the thesis, I discuss how these approaches simplify and streamline the understanding and manipulation of video materials.
Saharan dust and the African easterly jet–African easterly wave system: Structure, location and energetics

The radiative effects of Saharan mineral dust (SMD) aerosols on the structure, location and energetics of the African easterly jet-African easterly wave (AEJ-AEW) system are examined for July-September 2006. Experiments are conducted with and without SMD using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, which is radiatively coupled to an interactive dust model. The SMD-modified heating field shifts the AEJ northward, upward and westward, and enhances its zonal asymmetry. These SMD-induced changes to the AEJ are manifest in the AEWs: the northern and southern tracks of the AEWs shift northward (like the AEJ); and the zonal-scale of the AEWs expands and their westward propagation increases. The SMD also strengthens the energetics of the AEJ-AEW system. The domain and temporally averaged baroclinic energy conversion, which is an order of magnitude larger than the barotropic conversion, increases by a factor of 2.5. The eddy kinetic energy and generation of available potential energy increase by factors of 1.5 and 2.7, respectively. The implications of an SMD-modified AEJ-AEW system for West African precipitation and tropical cyclogenesis in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean are discussed.
Active target tracking with self-triggered communications

We study the problem of reducing the amount of communication in a distributed target tracking problem. We focus on the scenario where a team of robots are allowed to move on the boundary of the environment. Their goal is to seek a formation so as to best track a target moving in the interior of the environment. The robots are capable of measuring distances to the target. Decentralized control strategies have been proposed in the past that guarantee that the robots asymptotically converge to the optimal formation. However, existing methods require that the robots exchange information with their neighbors at all time steps. Instead, we focus on reducing the amount of communication among robots. We propose a self-triggered communication strategy that decides when a particular robot should seek up-to-date information from its neighbors and when it is safe to operate with possibly outdated information from the neighbor. We prove that this strategy converges to an optimal formation. We compare the two approaches (constant communication and self-triggered communication) through simulations of tracking stationary and mobile targets.
Gene Action in Human Diploid Cell Strains

Human diploid cell strains, biochemically marked by the action of a Mendelian gene, may eventually prove useful in the analysis of the genome, in the study of mutation, and in experiments aimed at producing specific genetic changes. In this essay, however, I shall summarize what we have learned about gene action from the use of such strains. I prefer this topic for two reasons. First, quite a lot has been learned about the subject in the past 10 years, and second, it is the field with which I personally am most familiar.
Influence of surface polysaccharides of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on plant defense response and survival of the human enteric pathogen on Arabidopsis thaliana and lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

Abstract This study aimed to determine the influence of bacterial surface polysaccharides (cellulose, colanic acid, and lipopolysaccharide; LPS) on the colonization or survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on plants and the plant defense response. Survival of E. coli O157:H7 were evaluated on Arabidopsis thaliana and romaine lettuce as a model plant and an edible crop (leafy vegetable), respectively. The population of the wild-type strain of E. coli O157:H7 on Arabidopsis plants and lettuce was significantly (P
Principal Evaluation in the United States

Evaluation is an administrative function in education (Glasman, 1979; Razik & Swanson, 1995; Stufflebeam & Webster, 1988). It is one of several that include decision making, problem solving, and instructional supervision. The evaluation of school principals is a personnel administrative function (Seyfarth, 1991). It is also one of several others such as the selection and induction of school principals and other personnel, compensation, staff development, and reassignment (Van Zwoll, 1964). Personnel administration as a whole figures prominently in education because education is a labor-intensive industry (Webb, Greer, Montello, & Norton, 1987). While the institutional nature of schools has often resisted change (Tyack & Cuban, 1995), over the past several decades, the role of personnel evaluation has become central to policymakers’ efforts aimed at promoting academic improvement and long-term school effectiveness. Consequently, the evaluation of school principals has become increasingly prominent in personnel administration because principals are pivotal in schools and because the evaluation of principals reveals where schools are and where they are going (Glasman & Nevo, 1988).
Modeling the Effect of Hydrogen on Ductile Fracture

Hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) is a major cause of material ductility reduction. In this study, the effect of hydrogen on ductile fracture is demonstrated by its influence on the process of void growth and coalescence. Assuming an initially uniform hydrogen distribution and a periodic array of spherical voids present in the material, a series of finite element analyses of a representative material volume subjected to various stress states was carried out. The evolution of local stress and deformation states results in hydrogen redistribution in the material, which in turn changes the material’s flow property because of the HELP effect. The results show that hydrogen reduces the ductility of the material by accelerating void growth and coalescence, and the effect of hydrogen on ductile fracture is strongly influenced by the stress state experienced by the material, as characterized by the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter.
The Non-Urgency of Animation or How to Jump Out of a Vehicle in Motion

In the last decade, we have noted increasing interest in animation from students diagnosed with autism. This article depicts the particular case of the Animation Department at Loyola Marymount University, where college students diagnosed with autistic syndrome disorder ( ASD ) talk about patience, focus, and collaboration, and voice their opinions about their attraction to animation and how it has played an important role in their lives.
High-field Terahertz Switching of Plasmonic Resonance in Photoexcited Nano Antennas on GaAs

Strong terahertz pulses transiently revive the plasmonic resonance of a nano-antenna-array-patterned GaAs film, which was initially turned off by photoexcitation. The high-field THz effect has potential to ultrafast optical/THz switching in plasmonic devices.
Defending Positive Opiate and Marijuana Test Results

The best defense for a positive opiate test result is the claim of eating poppy seed containing food prior to the urine drug test. Although eating poppy seed containing food may result in a positive morphine or codeine level in the urine specimen, semisynthetic opiates such as oxycodone, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, and oxycodone, as well as the widely abused drug heroin, are not found in poppy seeds, and the presence of any one of these compounds in the specimen is not consistent with ingestion of poppy seed containing food. Although heroin has a very short half-life, confirmation of 6-acetylmorphine is consistent with heroin abuse and not related to eating poppy seed containing food. Although passive inhalation of marijuana is a popular defense against confirmed marijuana test results, published papers indicate that such passive inhalation is not sufficient to reach the cut-off level of marijuana screening. Similarly, ingestion of hemp oil, which may contain very small amount of marijuana, is unlikely to cause a positive drug test. However, ingestion of synthetic marijuana, Marinol, should cause a positive marijuana result.
Anxiety Disorders and Phobias

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition (DSM-IV-TR, American Psychiatric Association, 2000) there are more than a dozen anxiety disorders and phobias which can be diagnosed in children. Most of these disorders include a criterion requiring interference in social and academic situations or, as is the case in agoraphobia, interference from embarrassment or the need of a companion (cf. DSM-IV-TR). As a diagnostic group, as well, these disorders are associated with a variety of social difficulties including social withdrawal, shyness, problematic peer relations, parent–child interaction difficulties, skills deficits, and cognitive distortions (Elizabeth et al., 2006; Ollendick & Hirshfeld-Becker, 2002; Rapee & Spence, 2004; Spence, Donovan, & Brechman-Toussaint, 1999). Anxiety disorders also cast a negative stigma upon children with these disorders (Jorm & Wright, 2008).
On the non-equilibrium models for subfilter scalar variance in large eddy simulation of turbulent mixing and combustion

This paper presents an analysis of the discretization errors in the non-equilibrium models for the subfilter variance of the mixture fraction, a key quantity to model in large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent mixing and combustion. Two discretely distinct formulations of the non-equilibrium models that solve the transport equations to obtain the subfilter variance, i.e., the second moment transport equation (STE) and the variance transport equation (VTE), are analyzed. By deriving discrete equations for the evolution of subfilter variance by the two formulations, it is seen that the difference originates primarily from the product rule of differentiation applied to the scalar convection term, which does not hold discretely. LES of scalar mixing in a planar jet is performed to illustrate the outcome of the analysis. Results show that the discrete product rule error is significant and of the same order as the production and dissipation terms on average. A priori analysis using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data for scalar mixing in homogeneous isotropic turbulence is also performed. From the analysis, it is seen that the VTE model under-predicts the subfilter variance, whereas the STE model over-predicts it substantially with sharp oscillations.
Seed Priming with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Modulate Antioxidant Potential and Defense-Linked Hormones in Watermelon Seedlings

In the present study, onion extract was used for green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe-NPs). The X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and high-resolution transmission elec...
Founding Team Homogeneity and Networking Strategy: Environmental and Organizational Factors

We suggest that homogeneous founding teams have strong motivation to reach out diverse network resources by occupying structural hole positions. However, whether those teams can achieve such a netw...
The development of colitis in Il10-/- mice is dependent on IL-22.

Mice deficient in the IL-10 pathway are the most widely used models of intestinal immunopathology. IL-17A is strongly implicated in gut disease in mice and humans, but conflicting evidence has drawn IL-17’s role in the gut into question. IL-22 regulates antimicrobial and repair activities of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and is closely associated with IL-17A responses but it’s role in chronic disease is uncertain. We report that IL-22, like IL-17A, is aberrantly expressed in colitic Il10−/− mice. While IL-22+ Th17 cells were elevated in the colon, IL-22-producing ILC3s were highly enriched in the small intestines of Il10−/− mice. Remarkably, Il10−/−Il22−/− mice did not develop colitis despite retaining high levels of Th17 cells and remaining colonized with colitogenic Helicobacter spp. Accordant with IL-22-induced IEC proliferation, the epithelia hyperplasia observed in Il10−/− animals was reversed in Il10−/−Il22−/− mice. Also, the high levels of antimicrobial IL-22-target genes, including Reg3g, were normalized in Il10−/−Il22−/− mice. Consistent with a heightened antimicrobial environment, Il10−/− mice had reduced diversity of the fecal microbiome that was reestablished in Il10−/−Il22−/− animals. These data suggest that spontaneous colitis in Il10−/− mice is driven by IL-22 and implicates an underappreciated IL-10/IL-22 axis in regulating intestinal homeostasis.
In-Feed Tylosin Phosphate Administration to Feedlot Cattle Minimally Affects Antimicrobial Resistance.

The macrolide class antimicrobial tylosin (trade name Tylan) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for continuous inclusion in feed for liver abscess prevention. To address concerns that this antimicrobial application may threaten human health, a population of feedlot steers was split into a control treatment (n = 42) and a tylosin treatment (n = 42). Feed rations were identical except for the inclusion of tylosin at 60 to 90 mg per head per day. Fecal swab (n = 335), pen surface material (n = 256), feed (n = 56), and water trough (n = 32) samples were obtained over four sample occasions: November (1 day before the start of tylosin inclusion in feed), January (80 days of tylosin in feed), April (167 days), and June (253 days). These samples were cultured for Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, Enterococcus, tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus, and erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each June fecal swab and pen surface material sample. Metagenomic DNA samples were pooled by pen for 14 fecal and 14 pen surface material samples. Quantitative PCR was employed to assess the abundances of the following 10 antimicrobial resistance genes: aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M). Nasal swab samples (n = 335) were obtained from each steer during each sample period and cultured for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Of these measurements, only January and June mean fecal swab erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus colony counts for tylosin-treated cattle were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) than the range of mean values for control treatments. These results suggest that in-feed tylosin through the end of finishing has a narrow and minimal antimicrobial resistance impact.
A General Relation Between Frequency Noise and Lineshape of Laser Light

Lasers and especially semiconductor lasers (SCLs) are playing a major role in advanced technological and scientific tasks ranging from sensing, fundamental investigations in quantum optics and communications. The demand for ever-increasing accuracy and communication rates has driven these applications to employ phase modulation and coherent detection. The main laser attribute that comes into play is its coherence which is usually quantified by either the Schawlow-Townes (S-T) linewidth, the spectral width of the laser field, or the power spectral density (PSD) function of the laser frequency fluctuation. In this paper, we present a derivation of a general and direct relationship between these two coherence measures. We refer to the result as the Central Relation. The relation applies independently of the physical origin of the noise. Experiments are described which demonstrate the validity of the Central Relation and at the same time suggest new methods of controlling frequency noise at base band by optical filtering.
A Conversation with Angus Deaton

The Annual Review of Resource Economics presents Professor Sir Angus Deaton in conversation with economist Dr. Gordon Rausser. Dr. Deaton is Senior Scholar and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of...
Quantification and characterization of nanometer-sized particles released from dental composite products using a multimodal approach

Dental composites are widely used by dentists as restorative material to restore tooth fractures and dental caries or decay. Dental composites often contain advanced nanomaterials. After restoring a tooth, the dentist may use a high-speed handpiece to contour the surface of the composite through the process of drilling, utilizing various dental burs depending on the situation. Additionally, dentists must often remove existing composite restorations for numerous reasons (e.g., recurrent decay or need for a crown). If appropriate controls, such as water aerosol in conjunction with the grinding process and/or local exhaust ventilation, are inadequately utilized, both the dentist and patient may inhale airborne particles released in the drilling process. This study aimed to identify the potential exposure from dental procedures that utilize advanced nanocomposites and to characterize the particles released from commonly used dental composites. To identify the characteristics and elemental composition of the released particles, a uniquely designed nanoparticle sampler, a Sioutas cascade impactor, and real-time instruments were utilized. Both microscopic and size-fractionated concentration analyses confirmed the release of nanometer-sized particles consisting of various metal components that are potentially concerning for human exposure. These results elucidate the potential nanoparticle exposure that may occur during dental practice with advanced materials, based on simulated restoration grinding situations.
Male Incarceration and Female Labor Market Outcomes

The prevalence of male incarceration in the United States has important unintended consequences for women. Two early studies find positive external effects of male incarceration on female labor market outcomes in general. However, we know very little about the labor market outcomes of women directly affected by male incarceration. This study evaluates how female labor market outcomes change when a male partner is currently incarcerated. It finds substantial and robust evidence that a male partner’s current incarceration lowers female weekly earnings at extensive and intensive margins, while raising female unemployment odds at the extensive margin. These negative consequences on female labor market outcomes warrant further policy attention.
Minimally invasive surgery for severe hallux valgus with severe metatarsus adductus: Case reports

Abstract Metatarsus adductus is a congenital transverse plane deformity with an incidence of approximately 30% in patients with hallux valgus. Operative treatment of hallux valgus with metatarsus adductus can be clinically challenging, and the recurrence rate of hallux valgus has been reported as two times higher than in patients without metatarsus adductus. Minimally invasive surgery for the correction of hallux valgus is growing in popularity; however, to our knowledge, only one study has been published on minimally invasive surgery for hallux valgus with metatarsus adductus using percutaneous proximal metatarsal osteotomy. We corrected two of three feet using percutaneous distal oblique metatarsal osteotomies for severe metatarsus adductus. Minimally invasive chevron Akin osteotomy was utilized to correct severe hallux valgus. The patient had subluxations in the second and third metatarsophalangeal joints and hammer toe deformities. Therefore, those deformities were concurrently corrected using percutaneous procedures. The patient was allowed immediate full weight bearing postoperatively in a flat rigid shoe for 6 weeks. Radiographic and clinical evaluations were performed pre- and postoperatively. All measurements, except for the lateral first metatarsal inclination angles, were improved postoperatively. Although there were delayed unions in the lesser metatarsals, there were no symptoms and all unions were achieved finally. Minimally invasive surgery including percutaneous distal metatarsal osteotomy effectively corrected severe hallux valgus with severe metatarsus adductus radiologically and clinically.
Coronal Gradient Echo MRI to Visualize the Zona Incerta for Deep Brain Stimulation Targeting in Parkinson's Disease.

Introduction Deep brain stimulation of the zona incerta is effective at treating tremor and other forms of parkinsonism. However, the structure is not well visualized with standard MRI protocols making direct surgical targeting unfeasible and contributing to inconsistent clinical outcomes. In this study, we applied coronal gradient echo MRI to directly visualize the rostral zona incerta in Parkinson's disease patients to improve targeting for deep brain stimulation. Methods We conducted a prospective study to optimize and evaluate an MRI sequence to visualize the rostral zona incerta in patients with Parkinson's disease (n = 31) and other movement disorders (n = 13). We performed a contrast-to-noise ratio analysis of specific regions of interest to quantitatively assess visual discrimination of relevant deep brain structures in the optimized MRI sequence. Regions of interest were independently assessed by 2 neuroradiologists, and interrater reliability was assessed. Results Rostral zona incerta and subthalamic nucleus were well delineated in our 5.5-min MRI sequence, indicated by excellent interrater agreement between neuroradiologists for region-of-interest measurements (>0.90 intraclass coefficient). Mean contrast-to-noise ratio was high for both rostral zona incerta (6.39 ± 3.37) and subthalamic nucleus (17.27 ± 5.61) relative to adjacent white matter. There was no significant difference between mean signal intensities or contrast-to-noise ratio for Parkinson's and non-Parkinson's patients for either structure. Discussion/conclusion Our optimized coronal gradient echo MRI sequence delineates subcortical structures relevant to traditional and novel deep brain stimulation targets, including the zona incerta, with high contrast-to-noise. Future studies will prospectively apply this sequence to surgical planning and postimplantation outcomes.