cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reply: Evolutionary approach sheds light on the significance of vascular calcification.

Linda L. Demer, MD PhD, and Yin Tintut, PhD Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA
Expression of ras, c‐myc, and p53 proteins in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

BACKGROUND The development of cervical carcinoma is influenced by multiple factors, including the presence of certain high risk types of human papillomavirus. The purpose of the current study was to investigate possible cooperating genetic changes by examining the expression of p53, p62myc, and p21ras in cervical biopsy specimens. METHODS Three hundred and ninety-five cervical biopsy specimens representing normal through high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were screened by immunohistochemistry for expression of p53, p62myc, and p21ras. RESULTS Neither the proportion of tissues staining positive for a given protein nor the staining patterns within the epithelial layers differed significantly among normal or CIN biopsy samples. However, grade specific nuclear staining of p21ras was found in the cells of 10 lesions that were classified as CIN I by histology. CONCLUSIONS These results established the normal distribution and expression patterns of p53, p62myc, and p21ras within 395 cervical biopsy samples representing normal through CIN III histology. The expression of these proteins (e.g., staining intensity and layer of epithelium staining positive) is similar in normal tissues and those demonstrating all grades of CIN. Cancer 1998;83:1401-1408. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Serial Imaging of Luciferase Positive Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Migration to Form Radiation Pulmonary Fibrosis

Abstract Abstract 4734 Thoracic irradiation of C57BL/6 mice leads to an acute reaction phase in the lungs characterized by increased cytokine production and inflammation days 1–14 post irradiation. This is followed by a latent period where inflammation, histologic appearance and cytokine response returns to control levels. The late reaction phase occurs 100+ days post irradiation and is characterized by organizing alveolitis/fibrosis and involves migration of marrow origin macrophages and proliferating mesenchymal stem cells (fibroblasts), a subpopulation which migrates from marrow to the lungs. To quantitate migration in real time, thoracic irradiated mice were either made chimeric for luciferase positive (luc+) whole marrow or were injected with cells from a positive luc+ bone marrow stromal cell line and serially imaged at day 7, 60 or 120 using an IVIS.. 200 Optical Imaging System. As a control for migration to the lung, another group of mice received 20Gy to the right hind leg and 1.5 ×106 luc+ bone marrow stromal cells i.p. Imaging of chimeric mice revealed luc+ cell lung migration only after day 120. C57BL/6NTac female mice that received 20Gy thoracic irradiation followed by an i.p. injection 1.5 × 106 luc+ positive bone marrow stromal cells revealed no migration of luc+ cells to the lungs at day 7 or day 60. Furthermore there was no migration to 20Gy irradiated leg at any timepoint. In marked contrast, at the time of the late reaction phase, at day 100, fibrosis was revealed as an increase in luc+ cell migration in lungs. The lung fibrosis model in C57BL/6 mice combined with live imaging allows sequential measurement of the effect of agents which may alter migration of bone marrow cells that contribute to radiation pulmonary fibrosis. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Education and job-based interventions for unmarried couples living with low incomes: Benefit or burden?

Objective Government initiatives undertaken to improve the earning potential of disadvantaged unmarried parents assume that job training and additional schooling will strengthen these families, yet alternative models predict that these same interventions could overwhelm couples' limited resources, undermining family stability. Method We use 3 waves of dyadic data and propensity score analysis to test these competing perspectives by examining the effects of job-related and school-related interventions on 3-year marriage rates. The sample consists of unmarried new parents averaging $20,475 in household income, 52% of whom are African American and 20% of whom are Hispanic/Latino. Results Marriage rates decreased, from 17% to 10%, for couples in which men participated in school-related interventions. Mediation analyses indicate that school-related interventions reduce the amount of time men spend with their child and the amount of money they contribute to their household, reducing marriage rates in turn. Marriage rates were unaffected by women's participation in school-related interventions, and by men's and women's participation in job-related interventions. Conclusion Implementing economic interventions that increase income while minimizing demands on the limited resources of economically distressed couples may prove necessary for strengthening society's most vulnerable families. (PsycINFO Database Record
Managing the trade off between nitrogen supply and retention with cover crop mixtures

Abstract The ability of cover crop mixtures to provide both nitrogen (N) retention and N supply services has been extensively studied in research station experiments, especially with grass-legume bicultures. Mixtures are often as effective as grass monocultures at N retention, but the N supply service can be compromised when non-legumes dilute the presence of legumes in a cover crop stand. To study the tradeoffs between N retention and supply when using cover crop mixtures, we measured N retention and supply in distributed on-farm experiments, developed multiple linear regression models to predict N retention and supply based on cover crop functional characteristics and environmental variables, and synthesized the regression models into a graphical analysis tool. The experiments took place on three organic farms and a research station in Pennsylvania, USA and tested 3-species and 4-species cover crop mixtures in comparison to commonly used grass and legume monocultures. Cover crop treatments were planted between a small grain crop harvested in mid-summer and a maize ( Zea mays L.) crop planted the following spring. Potential nitrate (NO 3 − ) leaching below 30 cm, an indicator of the N retention service, declined as the presence of non-legume species in a cover crop increased ( r 2 = 0.72). Potential NO 3 − leaching increased as the August soil NO 3 − -N concentration increased and as the fall biomass N content of winter-killed species or canola ( Brassica napus L. ‘Wichita’) increased. Relative maize yield, an indicator of the N supply service, decreased as fall and spring cover crop biomass carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios increased and increased as total spring biomass N content and soil carbon (C) concentration increased (r 2 = 0.56). Synthesizing the regression models in a graphical analysis tool revealed a tradeoff between N supply and retention services for cover crop mixtures, where increasing the fractional non-legume seeding rate to reduce potential NO 3 − leaching also reduced relative maize yield. The tradeoff could be minimized by managing environmental conditions and cover crop composition so that potential NO 3 − leaching remains low even when the fractional non-legume seeding rate is low. The regression models suggest this could be achieved by maintaining low soil NO 3 − -N concentrations prior to cover crop planting in August, not including winter-killed legumes in the mixture, and using non-legume species that are the most efficient at N retention. Thus, with thoughtful management of cover crops and soils, farmers may be able to realize the potential of cover crop mixtures to provide high levels of both N retention and supply services.
Energy Budgets of Animals

Animals have evolved and adapted to live in all parts of the world. Lower forms of life, such as bacteria, are found in extreme high-temperatures habitats such as hot springs (Brock, 1967; Bott and Brock, 1969) and places of intense cold such as Antarctica (Cameron, 1971). An interesting discussion of microbial growth under extreme conditions is given by Brock (1969). Insects are found in all habitats of the world, including very high elevations on mountains and very dry desert regions, with the exception of the Antarctic interior. Vertebrates are also widely distributed throughout the world, but are somewhat more restricted in occurrence along the edges of extreme habitats than invertebrates. Birds have been seen flying over the South Pole (probably skuas) and over the highest peaks of the Himalayas. These sightings are rare, however, and vertebrate animals are not normally found in such extreme habitats. Nevertheless, one is immensely impressed with the adaptability of animals and their ability to fill vacant niches wherever they occur.
A New Method for Generating Stochastic Simulations of Daily Air Temperature for Use in Weather Generators

AbstractA stochastic harmonic autoregressive parametric (SHArP) weather generator is presented that simulates trended, nonstationary temperature values directly, circumventing the conventional approach of adding simulated standardized anomalies of temperature to a prescribed cyclostationary mean. The model mean makes autocorrelated transitions between wet- and dry-state values, and its parameters are determined by optimizing harmonic and trend terms. The precipitation-responsive autocorrelated transitions yield more realistic temperature behavior during frontal passage in comparison with prior models that switch abruptly between wet- and dry-state means. If the stochastic (noise) term is assumed to have constant amplitude, analytical results are available via maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and are equivalent to least squares estimation (LSE). Where observations motivate a seasonally varying noise coefficient, MLE becomes nonlinear, and an analytical solution is formulated via LSE. For illustration, S...
p53 and miR-34a Feedback Promotes Lung Epithelial Injury and Pulmonary Fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal interstitial lung disease. The pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases, including its most common form, IPF, remains poorly understood. Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis, proliferation, and accumulation of myofibroblasts and extracellular matrix deposition results in progressive loss of lung function in IPF. We found induction of tumor suppressor protein, p53, and apoptosis with suppression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and the uPA receptor in AECs from the lungs of IPF patients, and in mice with bleomycin, cigarette smoke, silica, or sepsis-induced lung injury. Treatment with the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSP) reversed these effects. Consistent with induction of p53, AECs from IPF lungs or mice with diverse types of lung injuries showed increased p53 acetylation and miR-34a expression with reduction in Sirt1. This was significantly reduced after treatment of wild-type mice with CSP, and uPA-deficient mice were unresponsive. Bleomycin failed to induce miR-34a in p53- or plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)-deficient mice. CSP-mediated inhibition of miR-34a restored Sirt1, suppressed p53 acetylation and apoptosis in injured AECs, and prevented pulmonary fibrosis (PF). AEC-specific suppression of miR-34a inhibited bleomycin-induced p53, PAI-1, and apoptosis and prevented PF, whereas overexpression of precursor-miR-34a increased p53, PAI-1, and apoptosis in AECs of mice unexposed to bleomycin. Our study validates p53-miR-34a feedback as a potential therapeutic target in PF.
Computational modeling of electrically-driven deposition of ionized polydisperse particulate powder mixtures in advanced manufacturing processes

Abstract A key part of emerging advanced additive manufacturing methods is the deposition of specialized particulate mixtures of materials on substrates. For example, in many cases these materials are polydisperse powder mixtures whereby one set of particles is chosen with the objective to electrically, thermally or mechanically functionalize the overall mixture material and another set of finer-scale particles serves as an interstitial filler/binder. Often, achieving controllable, precise, deposition is difficult or impossible using mechanical means alone. It is for this reason that electromagnetically-driven methods are being pursued in industry, whereby the particles are ionized and an electromagnetic field is used to guide them into place. The goal of this work is to develop a model and simulation framework to investigate the behavior of a deposition as a function of an applied electric field. The approach develops a modular discrete-element type method for the simulation of the particle dynamics, which provides researchers with a framework to construct computational tools for this growing industry.
Promoting the Success of Women in Engineering Through Affinity Groups [Women in GRS]

Presents information on the Women in Engineering (WIE) Affinity Groups whose purpose is to promote and encourage women engineers in their careers.
Plant Morphology and the Critical Period of Weed Control

The critical period of weed control (CPWC) provides a time frame in the life cycle of the crop for scouting or sensing weed populations and making weed control applications to prevent crop yield losses. This time frame is relatively early in the growing season for a given crop. Thus, newly emerged and small weed seedlings need to be observed prior to the start of the CPWC. Morphological characteristics of these seedlings are diverse and influence the ability to sense the seedlings at a given time, and account for the changes that have occurred over time. Understanding the population dynamics for different weed species, that is, emergence timing relative to the crop, types of cotyledons and leaf arrangements, and rates of leaf appearance and stem elongation, better scouting or sensing methods can be designed prior to the start of the CPWC. The development of new automated technologies must take into account changing morphology of weed seedlings early in the life cycle of the crop. Crop management practices influence the types and numbers of weed species present and thus can change the beginning and end of the CPWC and the timing for scouting and control.
Decision Tree for Postflooding Roadway Operations

When a pavement is flooded, transportation agencies are faced with the decision to leave the road open or close it to traffic. On the one hand, agencies may want to keep the road open and prioritize connectivity if the road serves a critical economic purpose for a region. On the other hand, agencies may choose to close the road to prevent additional structural damage (which may incur significant repair costs) because of high water content in (or even saturation of) the subgrade. Nondestructive testing (NDT) tools such as the falling weight deflectometer (FWD) can be applied to assist decision makers by facilitating a more reliable evaluation of the structural condition of the pavement. Reliable decision making ought to incorporate inherent uncertainties in the process, including the structural state of the pavement after flooding, as well as the reliability of FWD testing and variability in costs. This paper presents a method that uses a Bayesian decision tree approach for highway emergency operations aft...
Using Digital Stories to Educate Public Health Students About Local Social Determinants of Health

Digital stories are short videos that use narrative structures to address issues from a personal perspective. They have been used to educate populations about health topics, including teen pregnanc...
Magnetic Complexities in Porphinatoiron(III) Complexes

Crystallographic and other physical characterization of three magnetically complex porphinatoiron(III) derivatives are described. These systems are perchlorato-meso-tetraphenyl- porphinatoiron(III), bis (3-chloropyridine)octaethylporphinatoiron(III) perchlorate, and complexes having isothiocyanate and pyridine as the axial ligands. The systems provide experimental verification that relatively minor changes of phase, physical state, temperature, and porphinato ligand can have profound effects on the spin state of iron. Indeed, one system exhibits all three possible (low-, high-, and intermediate-spin) states.
Kernel Density Estimation from Record-Breaking Data

In some experiments, only values smaller than all previous ones are observed, such as destructive stress testing and industrial quality control experiments. Here, for such record-breaking data, kernel density estimation is considered. For a single record-breaking sample, consistent estimation is not possible except in the extreme tails of the distribution. Hence, replication is required, and for m such independent record-breaking samples, the kernel density estimator is shown to be strongly consistent and asymptotically normal as m → ∞. Also, some computer simulation results and examples are presented.
Worldwide Collaboration in Neuropsychiatry

Modern neuropsychiatry is the psychiatric discipline that focuses primarily on the care of patients with major psychiatric disorders and with brain diseases that disrupt behavior. It requires clinical skills drawn from both psychiatry and neurology. Fundamentally, neuropsychiatric researchers explore the brain substrates of psychopathology, investigating the neurobiology of disordered emotion, cognition, and behavior (Coffey 1999).
Thermodynamics and kinetics of core-shell versus appendage co-precipitation morphologies: An example in the Fe-Cu-Mn-Ni-Si system

Abstract What determines precipitate morphologies in co-precipitating alloy systems? We focus on alloys of two precipitating phases, with precipitates of the fast-precipitating phase acting as heterogeneous nucleation sites for a second phase manifesting slower kinetics. We study a FeCuMnNiSi alloy using the combination of atom probe tomography and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. It is shown that the interplay between interfacial and ordering energies, plus active diffusion paths, strongly affect the selection of core-shell verses appendage morphologies. Specifically, the ordering energy reduction of the MnNiSi phase heterogeneously nucleated on a pre-existing copper-rich precipitate exceeds the energy penalty of a predominantly Fe/Cu interface, leading to initial appendage, rather than core-shell, formation. Diffusion of Mn, Ni and Si around and through the Cu core towards the ordered phase results in subsequent appendage growth. We further show that in cases with higher primary precipitate interface energies and/or suppressed ordering, the core-shell morphology is favored.
Deep Generative Acoustic Models for Real-Time Sonar Systems

High-fidelity acoustic models are crucial to the performance of sonar systems since they identify where there is signal excess in the surrounding environment. Sonar operators use these models to optimize sonar parameters in applications like target detection and tracking. Unfortunately, high-fidelity generative models like Comprehensive Acoustic System Simulation (CASS) are very computationally intensive and can not be run in real time. One way around this limitation is to pre-compute maps for a region given expected environmental parameters, but this approach is impractical in highly variable littoral regions. Instead, we propose to emulate a high-fidelity acoustic model with a deep neural network (DNN). DNNs are very efficient at test time, requiring only a few iterations of simple linear and nonlinear operations, and can easily be run in real-time on a sonar platform. Deep models continue to advance the state-of-the-art in fields like speech and audio processing, computer vision, and natural language processing. These advances motivate the use of deep learning for a real-time generative acoustic model. We train a deep feedforward sigmoid network on a dataset generated by CASS and demonstrate promising results.
Improvements of Tc and phase purity of Tl-1223 superconductor and its application to tapes

ABSTRACT Methods including compositional adjustment, post annealing, Ba doping etc. were employed to increase the purity and properties of the Tl-Pb-Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (Tl-1223) system. It was found that the impurity phases such as Ca 2 CuO 3 , CuO and liquid phase are greatly reduced after addition of more volatile elements and further heat treatment. The Tc of the sample increases significantly from 116 K to 123 K after annealing in oxygen. The normal state conductivity of the bulk sample increases by one order of magnitude after partial replacement of Sr by Ba. Application of the above mentioned concepts to prepare powders for Ag-sheathed superconducting tapes was also performed.
What’s so funny? Audiences of women’s stand-up comedy and layered referential viewing: Exploring identity and power

In this paper, I discuss audience reactions to stand-up clips by Amy Schumer, Wanda Sykes, and Margaret Cho. Women’s comedy is arguably at the height of its popularity, but there is a seeming lack ...
Performance Evaluation of 1.5 kV Solar Inverter With 2.5 kV Silicon Carbide mosfet

1.5 kV dc link voltage has been a trend for the solar industry. Moving from 1 to 1.5 kV dc voltage can increase string length, enhance inverter conversion ability, increase array block sizes, and improve performance. Multilevel converters are the natural choices while control becomes more complicated. If a simple two-level converter is adopted, the 1.7 kV device may not be applicable considering the voltage derating for certain failure rate. Therefore, devices with higher blocking voltage should be considered. This paper reports for the first time the performance characterization of a 2.5 kV silicon carbide (SiC) mosfet . The potential application of this device for 1.5 kV solar inverter is also evaluated compared to the solutions with a 1.2 kV device.
Evaluating Focal Stack with Compressive Sensing

Compressive sensing (CS) has demonstrated the ability in the field of signal and image processing to reconstruct signals from fewer samples than prescribed by the Shannon-Nyquist algorithm. In this paper, we evaluate the results of the application of a compressive sensing based fusion algorithm to a Focal Stack (FS) set of images of different focal planes to produce a single All In-Focus Image. This model, tests \(l_{1}\)-norm optimization to reconstruct a set of images, called a Focal Stack to reproduce the scene with all focused points. This method can be used with any Epsilon Photography algorithm, such as Lucky Imaging, Multi-Image panorama stitching, or Confocal Stereo. The images are aligned and blocked first for faster processing time and better accuracy. We evaluate our results by calculating the correlation of each block with the corresponding focus plane. We also discuss the shortcomings of this simulation as well as the potential improvements on this algorithm.
Adverse Childhood Experiences are Associated with High-Intensity Binge Drinking Behavior in Adulthood and Mediated by Psychiatric Disorders.

AIM High-intensity binge drinking (HIBD), defined as two or more times the gender-specific binge threshold, is rapidly increasing in the USA; however, the underlying contributing factors are poorly understood. This study investigated the relationship of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and HIBD. METHODS Two independent, cross-sectional samples were analysed: (a) past 12-month drinkers in the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III; n = 25,552) and (b) the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) clinical sample (n = 1303). Multinomial logistic regressions were utilized to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) of ACEs on HIBD. Mediation analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the past 12-month psychiatric disorders, ACEs, and HIBD. RESULTS In the NESARC-III sample, prevalence of ACEs increased across all binge levels with the highest prevalence in extreme HIBD; ACEs were associated with higher odds for HIBD (level II, odds ratio (OR) = 1.2-1.4; P = 0.03-0.001; level III, OR = 1.3-1.9; P < 0.001). Prevalence of DSM-5 diagnoses also increased across all binge levels. Substance use disorders (SUD), mood, personality and post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) conferred the highest odds with extreme HIBD (SUD: OR = 21.32; mood: 1.73; personality: 2.84; PTSD: 1.97; all Ps < 0.001). Mediation analyses showed that the association between ACEs and HIBD was fully mediated through SUD (proportion mediated: 70-90%) and partially through other psychiatric disorders (20-80%). In the NIAAA sample, ACEs were 2-5 times more prevalent in extreme HIBD with higher odds (ORs = 3-8, P < 0.001) compared with non-bingers. CONCLUSION ACEs were associated with significantly increased odds of HIBD and the relationship may be mediated by psychiatric disorders.
Prediction of tissue optical properties using the Monte Carlo modeling of photon transport in turbid media and integrating spheres

Monte Carlo methods are an established technique for simulating light transport in biological tissue. Integrating spheres make experimental measurements of the reflectance and transmittance of a sample straightforward and inexpensive. This work presents an extension to existing Monte Carlo photon transport methods to simulate integrating sphere experiments. Crosstalk between spheres in dual-sphere experiments is accounted for in the method. Analytical models, previous works on Monte Carlo photon transport, and experimental measurements of a synthetic tissue phantom validate this method. We present two approaches for using this method to back-calculate the optical properties of samples. Experimental and simulation uncertainties are propagated through both methods. Both back-calculation methods find the optical properties of a sample accurately and precisely. Our model is implemented in standard Python 3 and CUDA C++ [J. Nickolls, I. Buck, M. Garland, and K. Skadron, ACM Queue6, 40 (2008)] and is publicly available in Code 1.
Experimental neuropathies induced by the PBMCs of Guillain-Barré syndrome in different clinical patterns

Objective To explore the pathogenetic role of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) taken from Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) patients with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) and acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) . Methods Supernatants of PBMCs from 11 AIDP and 14 AMAN patients were injected perineurally at 132 lateral sciatic nerves of Wistar rats and intravenously in 25 rats. Results Axonal degeneration was the main pathological pattern along the rat nerve in AMAN supernatant group (23.4%) with a few demyelinating fibers (0.2%) . In contrast, 5.2% fibers were undergoing demyelination in AIDP group even though there were also significant axonal degeneration (22.8% ) . The incidence of axon degenerating and demyelinating fibers were enhanced more than two times after the perineural injection with PBMC supernatants added with complement than that without complement. No abnormality could be detected on the sections of liver, kidney and brain tissues in 8 rats with experimental neuropathy induced already by intravenous PBMC supernatant. There were striking high level of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α and IgG in the supernatant of PBMCs from both groups. Significant increase of demyelinating fibers was consistently caused by PBMC supernatant of AIDP after stimulation with phyto-hemagglutinin. Remarkable increase of degenerating fibers was also caused by PBMC supernatant of AMAN with highest level of TNF-a after stimulation with lipoplysaccharide. Conclusion The immunocompetent cells in peripheral blood of AIDP and AMAN patients may play a leading role in the pathogenesis of the neuropathy. Their immune specificity to nerve tissue was well shown. The cellular and humoral immunopathogenetic processes associated with the proliferation of PBMC of AIDP/AMAN patients were both involved in development of the experimental neuropathies. Key words: IgG; Polyradiculoneuritis; Leukocytes, mononuclear
Innovative Approaches to Educating Future Clinicians about Opioids, Pain, Addiction and Health Policy.

Abstract Background Opioid use disorder and overdose have reached unprecedented levels in many countries across the globe, including the United States, and pain is one of the most common reasons American adults seek healthcare. To address the interrelated public health crises of opioid use disorder and chronic pain, it is vital that clinicians practicing in diverse roles and settings possess the ability and knowledge to effectively manage pain, responsibly prescribe and monitor opioid analgesics, educate patients about harm reduction techniques, and treat opioid use disorder. However, future healthcare professionals are not receiving the training needed to competently provide this care. This gap in curriculum may lead to clinicians being unwilling and unprepared to address the current opioid and overdose crises, which requires a clinical understanding of pain and substance use disorders as well as knowledge about public health and policy interventions. To address this gap, we designed and are teaching an innovative transdisciplinary elective course titled “Opioids: From Receptors to Epidemic” for undergraduate nursing and premedical students. Aim In this paper, we present the course curriculum in detail, with the hope that educators at other institutions will design similar courses for their health professions students.
Theoretical Investigation of Boundary Layer Behavior and Heat Transfer of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (sCO 2 ) in a Microchannel

Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) is a promising fluid for a range of thermal applications, such as power cycles. Supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2 ) around the critical conditions experiences large variations in its physical properties, such as density, viscosity, specific heat and Prandtl number. Because of that, accurate modeling of the heat transfer process around the critical state is a challenging task. In the current study Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) steady state analysis of sCO 2 flow in a plain microchannel with a hydraulic diameter of 300 μm and length of 14.08 mm was simulated using Starccm+. The inlet temperature was held constant at 295.65 K and the pressure at 7.84 MPa. The surface temperatures of the heater at specified locations were measured and compared against experimental results. In this work the flow of sCO 2 was simulated over a wide range of temperatures where the properties change drastically. Also, the accurate modeling techniques ensured that the density patterns observed in the experiments captured in the simulation.
Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Hospitalization and In-hospital Mortality at the Height of the New York City Pandemic.

Investigate whether or not race is associated with differences in hospitalization and survival to discharge among patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) at the height of the pandemic in New York City (NYC). Single-center retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients hospitalized at our university-affiliated NYC hospital from 3/10/20 through 4/13/20 with follow-up to 5/1/20. Our primary endpoint was hospitalization rate among patients with confirmed COVID-19 compared with the regional population based on race. Our secondary endpoint survival to discharge among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. NYC Department of Health data were used to calculate hospitalization odds ratios. Chi-square and t tests were used to compare categorial and continuous variables, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression and predictive analysis were used to investigate our endpoints further. Our cohort of 734 patients included 355 women (48.4%), 372 Blacks (50.7%), 214 Whites (29.2%), and 92 Hispanics (12.5%) in our analysis. Blacks were nearly twice as likely as Whites to require hospitalization for COVID-19 (OR 1.89, 95% CI, 1.59–2.24, p < 0.001). Hispanics were also more likely to suffer in-hospital mortality from COVID-19 compared with Whites (HR 1.84; 95% CI 1.21–2.80; p = 0.005). There was a non-significant increased hazard of in-hospital mortality among Blacks when compared with Whites (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.95–1.78; p = 0.09). Blacks were more likely than Whites to require hospitalization for COVID-19 while Hispanics were more likely to experience in-hospital mortality. Further investigation into the socioeconomic factors underlying racial disparities in COVID-19 survival and severity requiring hospitalization is needed on a national scale.
Galleries of Language: Maker-Centered Learning and the Language and Culture Classroom

The use of digital exhibitions in two advanced language and culture courses within a liberal arts curriculum provides an innovative pedagogical approach to promoting language learning and critical analysis. This article proposes a pedagogy to incorporate Maker-Centered Learning (MCL), the framework that emerged from a Harvard Graduate School of Education research project, Agency by Design (AbD) in 2012, into language courses. Through the lens of the three indicators (“looking closely,” “exploring complexity,” and “finding opportunity”) and related descriptors put forward by the AbD project, the analysis of the two language courses— one French and the other Spanish—as case studies reveals how, despite differences in course objectives and design, they achieved similar results by (1) facilitating learner autonomy, (2) developing learner communities, and (3) fostering learning on a continuum by going beyond the classroom. We demonstrate that creative projects made possible through digital tools can generate opportunities for engaging with language, literature, and culture in ways that transform students into collaborators and creators of knowledge. This approach consequently displaces the MCL framework from its more traditional association with Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths (STEM) fields, and bolsters the claims of scholars who view the arts and humanities as equally fertile ground for its application. The pedagogical methodology detailed here could be replicated in any language classroom.
Archaeology and the silk road model

In modern scholarship, the ‘Silk Road’ is used as a broad framework for networked exchanges across ancient Eurasia, periodized roughly between the Han dynasty’s lucrative silk trade and the decline...
Intergenerational Transmission of Maltreatment: Ending a Family Tradition

The intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment refers to the continuity of child abuse and neglect in various forms across generations. This chapter reviews existing research and theory related to the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment and focuses on the unique role intimate partner violence, poverty, aging out of foster care, and other trauma that co-occur with child maltreatment can play in contributing to this cycle of violence and neglect. Building on this discussion, this chapter identifies emerging topics and research that can inform the development of promising intervention and prevention strategies. The chapter concludes with an outline of recommendations and strategies for practice, policy, and research.
Early Indo-European weapons terminology

Nineteenth-century scholars saw the world of the Indo-Europeans in false dichotomies of pastoralism vs. agriculture, patriarchy vs. matriarchy and warriors vs. victims; slowly, but surely, archaeol...
Open Access Textbooks and Financial Sustainability: A Case Study on Flat World Knowledge

Many college students and their families are concerned about the high costs of textbooks. A company called Flat World Knowledge both gives away and sells open-source textbooks in a way it believes to be financially sustainable. This article reports on the financial sustainability of the Flat World Knowledge open-source textbook model after one year of operation.
Damage and coefficients and thermal annealing of irradiated silicon and GaAs solar cells

Electron and proton damage coefficients have been measured for several types of silicon cells of recent manufacture using 1 MeV electrons and protons with energies of 8.3, 17.5 and 40 MeV. LPE (AlGa)As-GaAs cells were also irradiated and pseudodamage coefficients derived under the assumption that the irradiation changes the diffusion length in only one of the n- or p-type layers. After irradiation the cells were annealed isochronally up to 450 C. The damage coefficient and annealing data for silicon cells are in substantial agreement with previous work. The GaAs cells have pseudo-damage coefficients which are dependent on fluence, and have about the same energy dependence as Si damage coefficients.
CEO Power and Compensation in Financially Distressed Firms

We study the changes in CEO power and compensation that arise when firms go through financial distress. We use a matching estimator to identify suitable controls and estimate the causal effects of financial distress for a sample of U.S. public companies from 1992 to 2005. We document that, relative to those in control firms, the CEOs of distressed firms experience significant reductions in total compensation; the bulk of this reduction derives from the decline in value of new grants of stock options. These results hold not only for incumbent CEOs but also, surprisingly, for newly hired CEOs. Financial distress has important consequences on corporate governance, decreasing managerial influence over the board. We find that, among distressed firms, there is a significant decrease in the proportion of CEOs holding board chairmanship, and in the fractions of executives serving as directors or in the compensation committee of the board. We also show that periods of financial distress are associated with a decrease in opportunistic timing behavior of stock option awards. The results are suggestive of a link between managerial power and executive compensation.
A Web-knowledge-based Clustering Model for Gene Expression Data Analysis

Current microarray technology provides ways to obtain time series expression data for studying a wide range of biological systems. However, the expression data tends to contain considerable noise, which as a result may deteriorate the clustering quality. We propose a web-knowledge-based clustering method to incorporate the knowledge of gene-gene relations into the clustering procedure. Our method first obtains the biological roles of each gene through a web mining process, next groups genes based on their biological roles and the Gene Ontology, and last applies a semi-supervised clustering model where the supervision is provided by the detected gene groups. Under the guidance of the knowledge, the clustering procedure is able to cope with data noise. We evaluate our method on a publicly available data set of human fibroblast response to serum. The experimental results demonstrate improved quality of clustering compared to the clustering methods without any prior knowledge.
Health‐Care Policy: Should Change Be Small or Large?

The United States has a disaster happening every day through a lack of health insurance and disparities in care. Thousands of lives are lost each year. If we heard about these needless deaths with an equal ear to terrorism and hurricanes, then a social justice approach to health policy could lead to change. This chapter explores the political, social, and historical events that set the stage for several health policies: Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, Medicare Part D, Patient Self-Determination Act, Medicare Hospice Benefit, Oregon's Death with Dignity Act, women's reproductive health, and End-Stage Renal Disease. Also, strategies for change are discussed through research on prevention efforts and Healthy People 2010. The Archimedes Movement, a plan to radically alter the health care system through community-based coalitions that push politicians for change, is briefly discussed. Our health system is in trouble and there is much work to be done. Through informed knowledge of how health policies have come to be, social workers and social work students can learn from the past in order to move forward for systemic change. There is plenty of data about the extreme problems of health care delivery in the United States. As a society, we should fear what is happening in our health care system and then allow ourselves to shift to ideas and possibilities that inspire us to become part of the solution. Keywords: health policy; social justice; uninsured; disparities; political action
Separation of the D 4 h and O h Phases near the Surface of SrTiO 3

Elastic compliance data are reported for thin plates of ${\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$. An analysis is presented in terms of two spatially separated phases, the one of low symmetry residing near the surface. From the thickness of the surface layers, a static correlation length $\ensuremath{\xi}={\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}{(\frac{T}{{T}_{c}}\ensuremath{-}1)}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, with ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{0}=(0.35\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)$ \ensuremath{\mu}m and $\ensuremath{\nu}=\ensuremath{-}0.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$, is deduced.
Satellite attitude control using only magnetorquers

Since magnetic control systems are relatively reliable, lightweight, and energy efficient, magnetic torque was found to be attractive for small, inexpensive satellites. Magnetorquers are often used with a gravity gradient boom to control a spacecraft's attitude. However, attempts at using only magnetorquers in all three axes have been unsuccessful, because control torque can only be generated perpendicular to the geomagnetic field vector. This study presents a method to control small satellites only using magnetorquers. If the spacecraft is isoinertial, employing Krstic's backstepping concept (1991), dynamics equation is divided into two parts in geomagnetic frame: the outer loop and the inner loop. The outer loop controller is regarded as a regulation system which is controlled by the virtual control input. The outer loop is a nonlinear and periodical system, and its stability is supported by La Salle's and Floquet's theorems. The inner loop controller is designed for a tracking system and produces the signal to track the virtual control. Considering disturbance torque, a sliding mode controller is designed in the inner loop. Simulation results show that three axis control can be achieved with magnetorquers as the sole actuators. The control system has a good performance not only in detumbling phase but also in attitude acquisition phase.
Can Inexperienced Listeners Hear Who Is Flat? The Role of Timbre and Vibrato.

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis Research has shown that the distribution of spectral energy and the presence of vibrato in a complex tone can affect pitch perception. This study sought to answer the questions: "Does timbre affect the perception of difference in pitch in complex synthetic stimuli modeled after singing voices?" "Does vibrato affect the perception of difference in pitch in complex synthetic stimuli modeled after singing voices?" and "Does the direction of timbre difference affect the perception of pitch difference?" Study Design This is a repeated-measures factorial design. Methods The experiment consisted of three experimental blocks at the pitches A3, G4, and F5, each with a vibrato and no-vibrato subblock. For each block, two reference stimuli (mezzo-soprano and soprano) and six test stimuli (mezzo-soprano at frequencies of −1%, −2%, and −3%, soprano at frequencies of −1%, −2%, and −3%) were synthesized on the vowel /ɑ/. Each reference stimulus was paired with itself, with the other reference stimulus, and with all the test stimuli. Vibrato stimuli had a rate of 5.6 Hz and a frequency vibrato extent of ±50 cents. Listeners indicated the degree to which stimuli differed in pitch. Results Differences in timbre and vibrato were significant main effects on the perception of pitch difference. The direction of timbre difference was a consistent significant effect on the perception of pitch difference for the pitch G4; however, this was not a consistent effect at the pitches A3 and F5. Conclusion Numerous factors can affect the perception of pitch including timbre and presence of vibrato.
Syntheses and solid state structures of europium and terbium complexes of N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)urea and N,N′-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)oxalamide

Abstract Two organic ligands, N,N′-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)urea, “2u”, and N,N′-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)oxalamide, “3o”, were employed in the synthesis of three new extended structures. The reaction between EuCl3 · 6H2O (1) and 2u afforded a molecular species, Eu(2uH2)Cl5, which assembled in one-dimensional chains by hydrogen bonding. When EuCl3 · 6H2O was replaced by TbCl3 · 6H2O, the reaction with 2u yielded another molecular compound, Tb(2uH2)Cl5, having the same structural features as 1. 3o reacted with EuCl3 · 6H2O and formed compound 3, [Eu(3oH)(H2O)2Cl3]Cl, in which the 3o ligand acts as a bridge between the metal centers to form an infinite one-dimensional chain structure. The chains are further linked in three dimensions by hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking. Luminescence data for all three compounds are presented.
Guided-Wave Optical Interconnects For VLSI Systems

ABSTRACT Electrical interconnect technology is becoming the major limitation in the realization of high-performance computing machines. The use of optical interconnections promises to alleviate key interconnect bottlenecks such as pinout, fanout, wiring density, and communication bandwidth. We present results of work on guided-wave optical interconnect circuits for eventual use within and between multichip packages. Low-loss integrated optical waveguides ( 20 in2), easy fabrication of all routing and distribution circuit components, environmental stability (temperature, humidity, and radiation), compatibilty with multichip (MCP) packaging and printed wire board (PWB) fabrication, easy coupling at all interfaces (emitter/detector, fiber, waveguide-waveguide), and ability to transmit high power densities without channel degradati on.
The Role of Exercise and Types of Exercise in the Rehabilitation of Chronic Pain: Specific or Nonspecific Benefits

Chronic pain is one of the most common complaints seen in general practitioners’ offices, and it contributes to social, emotional, physical, and economical losses. The management of this problem poses challenges for health care providers when the current treatment of choice for chronic pain is pharmacological management, which may not be a sufficient and/or holistic approach to the management of chronic pain. Our goal is to increase awareness of the significance of physical activity, as well as examine additional cost-effective, integrated approaches to help manage the complex and debilitating effects of this condition. This article summarizes the types of exercise in the rehabilitation of chronic pain patients and provides practical recommendations for the clinician based on empirical and clinical experience. This safe, cost-free, nonpharmacologic way of managing pain has been found to reduce anxiety and depression, improve physical capacity, increase functioning and independence, and reduce morbidity and mortality.