cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bovine lipogenesis: Effects of anatomical location, breed and adipose cell size☆

Abstract 1. 1. The incorporation of [1- 14 C] acetate into total fatty acids and the activities of ‘malic enzyme’, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were higher in adipose tissue from 14-month-old Hereford × Angus steers than in tissue from 14-month-old Holstein steers. 2. 2. Adipose tissue from 8-month-old Hereford steers was less active in lipogenesis than that from older steers of the Holstein or Hereford × Angus groups. 3. 3. The conversion of [1- 14 C] acetate to 14 CO 2 was directly proportional to adipose cell volume, while fatty acid synthesis was positively related to cell volume in the lipogenically more active subcutaneous Hereford × Angus tissue and inversely related to adipose cell volume in the perirenal tissue from the two groups of 14-month-old steers. 4. 4. The activities of the four NADPH-generating enzymes were positively related to the average adipose cell volume, cellular water content and cellular content of soluble protein.
The Relation of Production and Egg Weight to Age in White Leghorn Fowls

Abstract SIGNIFICANT data on production and egg weight for periods longer than two years are relatively scarce. The life expectancy of hens is not much more than two years, economically speaking, and little or no attention has been given to long-time records. In fact, attention has been directed largely to records of the first laying year. With the advent of progeny testing and with the increasing tendency to breed for longevity, records for periods of four or more years are of more than academic interest. Brody, Henderson, and Kempster (1923) were probably the first to study egg-production records for a period as long as eight years. They fitted a curve to data from 222 hens during the first four years and from fewer hens during the succeeding years which showed that the average decrease in production was 12 percent each year as compared with the previous year. These results are in . . .
The Autistic Society and Its Classrooms.

Abstract Autistic means a subject has limited affect or may be without affect altogether. Though traditionally individuals are described as autistic, the authors find it increasingly apparent that American society is becoming autistic as a whole, as citizens are desensitized to needs of neighbors near and far, losing the commensurate loyalty of being in community. This essay suggests that classrooms must be on the front line of challenging the effects of an increasingly autistic society.
Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions to Liquid Crystal Systems in ℝ3

In this paper we study the large time behavior of solutions to a nematic liquid crystal system in the whole space ℝ3. The fluid under consideration has constant density and small initial data.
Delivery of Proteases in Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Enables Direct Purification of Stem Cell Colonies from Feeder Cell Co-Cultures for Differentiation into Functional Cardiomyocytes

Stem cells are routinely co-cultured with support cells, [1,2] from which they must be isolated for many downstream applications. Although several feeder-free culture systems have recently emerged, [3–5] feeder culture is currently the method of choice because it offers superior cell viability, better long-term maintenance of stem cell phenotype, is often more cost effective, and produces consistent results among induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines. [6] However, a challenge for many stem cell researchers is obtaining sufficiently pure iPSC populations from feeder cell co-cultures.
Ancient human oral plaque preserves a wealth of biological data

A new study explores the ancient oral microbiome from the well-preserved dental calculus samples of four human individuals who lived during medieval times, using a suite of genomic, proteomic and microscopic approaches. The authors investigate the evolution of dental pathogens by reconstructing the genome of the periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia and also identify antibiotic resistance genes, bacterial virulence factors and host immune defense proteins.
Oxidant stress stimulates expression of the human peroxiredoxin 6 gene by a transcriptional mechanism involving an antioxidant response element

Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a unique antioxidant enzyme that can reduce phospholipid and other hydroperoxides. A549 cells, a human lung-derived cell line, express both Prdx6 and Nrf2, a transcription factor that binds to antioxidant-response elements (AREs) and promotes expression of antioxidant genes. Treatment of A549 cells with 500 microM H(2)O(2) increased Prdx6 mRNA levels 2.5-fold, whereas treatment with 400 microM H(2)O(2) or 200 microM tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHQ) triggered a corresponding 2.5-fold increase in reporter gene activity in A549 cells transfected with the pSEAP2:Basic vector (BD Bioscience), containing 1524 nucleotides of the human Prdx6 promoter region. Deletion of a consensus ARE sequence present between positions 357 and 349 before the start of transcription led to a striking decrease in both basal and H(2)O(2)- or t-BHQ-induced activation in A549 cells and H(2)O(2)-induced activation in primary rat alveolar type II cells. Cotransfection with Nrf2 stimulated the Prdx6 promoter in an ARE-dependent manner, whereas it was negatively regulated by Nrf3. siRNA targeting Nrf2 down-regulated reporter gene expression, whereas siRNA targeting the Nrf2 repressor, Keap1, up-regulated it. Binding of Nrf2 to the ARE sequence in chromatin was confirmed by PCR after chromatin immunoprecipitation. These data demonstrate that the ARE within the Prdx6 promoter is a key regulator of basal transcription of the Prdx6 gene and of its inducibility under conditions of oxidative stress.
Photo-oxidation of CH3CHO vapor at 3130 Å

Abstract The photolysis of CH 3 CHO vapor with radiation at 3130 A in the presence of O 2 or O 2 N 2 mixtures was studied at 25°C. Absolute quantum yields were obtained for the products CO, CO 2 , CH 3 OH, and CH 3 CO 3 H (peracetic acid). From them and the results of Archer et al ., it could be deduced that CH 3 + HCO are produced directly on absorption 5% of the time. An intermediate (I) which is a complex between triplet CH 3 CHO and O 2 is produced 65% of the time, and it decomposes via: with k 6 / k 7 = 186 Torr for N 2 as a chaperone in reaction (7). O 2 is much less efficient than N 2 as a quenching agent for I, the best fit of the data occurring for an O 2 efficiency 20% that of N 2 . For one atmosphere of air, the photon efficiency at 3130 A to produce CO through I is 0.15. Under atmospheric conditions for an overhead sun the rate coefficients averaged over all wavelengths are 2.8 × 10 −6 and 8.7 × 10 −6 s −1 , respectively, for the production of HCO and HO 2 in the primary process, which gives the overall rate coefficient for free radical production to be 2.3 × 10 −5 s −1 .
Identification and characterization of a human Vλ5 (T1) germline gene that encodes structurally unique λ light chains

Abstract The human germline V λ repertoire consists of about 30 functional genes that have been classified into 10 families on the basis of homologies in nucleotide sequences that encode approximately the first 96 to 104 residues of λ light chains. One family, termed V λ 5, is of special interest because the λ light chain products of these genes have unique structural features. We have now isolated from genomic DNA one member of this family, designated IGLV5-1, using as a molecular probe a partial V λ 5-germline-gene fragment generated by polymerase chain reaction. IGLV5-I contains all the requisite elements of a potentially functional gene, including a V λ exon with an open reading frame specifying 104 residues. A V λ 5-related cDNA (ZW) was also cloned from a bone marrow-derived plasma-cell population obtained from a patient with light-chain-associated (AL) amyloidosis. Comparison of the predicted protein sequences encoded by the IGLV5-I-germline gene. cDNA ZW, and three other reported V λ 5-related cDNAs with those of the deduced or expressed products of the other nine known human V λ -gene families revealed that V λ 5 proteins contain distinctive primary structural features. These include the presence within the second complementarity determining region (CDR2) and the third framework region (FR3) of 11 and 34 amino acids. respectively, rather than the 7 and 32 that occur in the most commonly expressed V λ 1-, V λ 2- and V λ 3-type light chains. Although certain of the V λ -gene families encode either an elongated CDR2 or FR3. V λ 5 proteins are remarkable in that they have additional residues in both regions of the molecule. In this respect, these polypeptides are most similar to surrogate light-chain-associated human and mouse VpreB components that also have these unusual primary structural features. Further, the four additional CDR2 residues and the two-residue FR3 insertion have been found among λ-type light chains of certain non-mammalian species. The evolutionarily conserved nature of human V λ 5-related genes and, in particular, the presumably novel tertiary structural effects induced by the unique features of the λ light chains encoded by these elements suggest that the V λ 5-gene family has biological and functional importance.
Factors associated with the presence of genuine stress incontinence in females

Forth-five premenopausal women were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent a complete diagnostic evaluation, which included the completion of a standardized questionnarie, a detailed history, a complete physical examination and multichannel urodynamic testing. Clinical findings and urodynamic parameters were recorded. Logistic regression analysis and χ2 comparisons were used to determine which factor(s) were most associated with the presence of genuine stress incontinence. Thirty patients had genuine stress incontinence, and 15 asymptomatic volunteers without subjective and objective lower urinary tract dysfunction served as controls. A significant difference in age, maximum urethral closure pressure, strength of cough and bladder-neck mobility was found between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed that bladder-neck mobility was the variable most associated with the presence of genuine stress urinary incontinence. This study supports the concept the genuine stress incontinence is probably multifactorial, and its etiology remains unknown.
Ready or Not: Evacuating an Animal Shelter During a Mock Emergency

The signing of the Pets Evacuation and Transportation Act into law will require states to include companion and service animals in their disaster re- sponse plans. Consequently, animal stakeholders across the United States are or will be involved in assessing their response capabilities as a part of develop- ing or improving plans to evacuate and house animals. This paper reports on a mock disaster response exercise involving the evacuation of an urban animal shelter. A simulated emergency provided the opportunity to test the shelter's disaster evacuation capabilities and to illuminate issues that animal stakehold- ers should address when creating and refining emergency response plans. The participants successfully evacuated all animals from the building in good time, but the exercise highlighted two pitfalls. The first concerns the use of volunteers who have no training in disaster response but who nevertheless want to help. In situations involving animals, large numbers of well-meaning but untrained people will volunteer, and animal stakeholders should anticipate and manage their arrival. The second concerns the inevitable presence of the media and the need for a single point of contact for information about the incident.
Informed maintenance for next generation reusable launch systems

Abstract Perhaps the most substantial single obstacle to progress of space exploration and utilization of space for human benefit is the safety & reliability and the inherent cost of launching to, and returning from, space. The primary influence in the high costs of current launch systems (the same is true for commercial and military aircraft and most other reusable systems) is the operations, maintenance and infrastructure portion of the program's total life cycle costs. Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) maintenance and design have traditionally been two separate engineering disciplines with often conflicting objectives - maximizing ease of maintenance versus optimizing performance, size and cost. Testability analysis, an element of Informed Maintenance (IM), has been an ad hoc, manual effort, in which maintenance engineers attempt to identify an efficient method of troubleshooting for the given product, with little or no control over product design. Therefore, testability deficiencies in the design cannot be rectified. It is now widely recognized that IM must be engineered into the product at the design stage itself, so that an optimal compromise is achieved between system maintainability and performance. The elements of IM include testability analysis, diagnostics/prognostics, automated maintenance scheduling, automated logistics coordination, paperless documentation and data mining. IM derives its heritage from complimentary NASA science, space and aeronautic enterprises such as the on-board autonomous Remote Agent Architecture recently flown on NASA's Deep Space 1 Probe as well as commercial industries that employ quick turnaround operations. Commercial technologies and processes supporting NASA's IM initiatives include condition based maintenance technologies from Boeing's Commercial 777 Aircraft and Lockheed-Martin's F-22 Fighter, automotive computer diagnostics and autonomous controllers that enable 100,000 mile maintenance free operations, and locomotive monitoring system software. This paper will summarize NASA's long-term strategy, development, and implementation plans for Informed Maintenance for next generation RLVs. This will be done through a convergence into a single IM vision the work being performed throughout NASA, industry and academia. Additionally, a current status of IM development throughout NASA programs such as the Space Shuttle, X-33, X-34 and X-37 will be provided and will conclude with an overview of near-term work that is being initiated in FY00 to support NASA's 2nd Generation Reusable Launch Vehicle Program.
How to Build a Better Bone Tumor

One of the highest hurdles in the race for the cancer cure is the lack of predictive models in which to test potential drug candidates. Animal models are far from perfect, as evidenced by the high numbers of apparent wonder drugs that fly through preclinical trials only to fail in patients. Benchtop models that use human cells have the potential to be more clinically relevant, but cancer cells behave quite differently when cultured in the lab as compared with native tumors. The cells lose many of the aggressive traits that make them so hard to kill in people, presumably because cultures lack signals that come from the microenvironment, such as cues from the extracellular matrix and neighboring cells. To coax human cancer cells into behaving more realistically in an artificial environment, Villasante and colleagues used advanced tissue-engineering methods to build a complex miniature ecosystem that mimics Ewing’s sarcoma, a particularly aggressive bone cancer that afflicts children and young adults. The team grew human bone by differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into bone cells within a native cow-derived bone matrix that had been stripped of its cells by treatment with detergents. Over the course of a few weeks, the hMSCs gradually laid down their own human bone matrix, creating 3-dimensional (3D) structures that secreted signals found in native bone. The centers of the 3D constructs had low levels of oxygen tension, which is an important aspect of normal tumors that induces cancer cells to increase their metabolic activity in order to support their growth. When the researchers introduced cancer cells into the engineered tissues, they found that the cells regained many important characteristics of the typical cancer signature that they lost in 2D cultures. The investigators evaluated three different Ewing’s sarcoma cancer cell lines to build these disease models and found that one of them regained several key attributes of the native tumor. In particular, they re-expressed genes in the focal adhesion pathway, the response to hypoxia, and angiogenesis. They even showed evidence of vasculogenic mimicry, the strange and menacing hallmark of Ewing’s sarcoma in which tumor cells take on properties of endothelial cells to organize themselves into blood-filled vessels that supply nutrients to the growing tumor. This native-like behavior appeared to be linked to the response to hypoxia via hypoxia-inducible factor–1α, although further studies are required to decipher whether this gene product is the true culprit. Although the model requires further validation, this work represents a major advance in the development of technology that allows us to investigate tumor biology and test new drugs in a system that more closely mimics the clinical situation. By using nature’s building blocks, we can build a better tumor. A. Villasante et al. , Bioengineered human tumor within a bone niche. Biomaterials 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.081 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142961214003561
Causal attributions to states and events described by different classes of verbs

College students were asked to generate narratives describing the actions and states encoded by four classes of English verbs. Verbs within a class elicited similar narratives, while across classes the event descriptions varied in the animacy and social status of the event participants and in the antecedents and consequences of the target sentence containing the verb. When the same verbs were embedded within sentence contexts and students were asked to generate the remainder of the event, causal attributions matched those generated in the verb-only context. Results are consistent with the knowledge structure approach to understanding events. Schemas for common English verbs for actions and states contain information about who or what is likely to do or feel the action or state, who or what is likely to be the recipient of the action or to elicit the state, and the causal relations between the schema participants.
Use of the Self‐Administered Eczema Area and Severity Index by parent caregivers: results of a validation study

Summary Background The Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) is used by dermatological investigators world-wide to assess eczema disease severity. EASI measures are, however, time-consuming and require trained personnel, thereby limiting its application to large-scale epidemiological studies. Additionally, the use of self-assessed severity indices in dermatology is restricted to adult subjects and conditions, thereby not addressing the needs of paediatric patients. Objectives To develop and validate an instrument for a caregiver's self-assessment of the severity of his/her child's atopic dermatitis (AD), the Self-Administered EASI (SA-EASI). Methods Trained investigators performed a modified EASI assessment on the same day as an SA-EASI was obtained from 47 caregivers of children with AD. Results The SA-EASI was found to be a valid measure of the severity of AD. Total, acute and chronic SA-EASI scores predicted total, acute and chronic modified EASI scores ( P < 0·0001). SA-EASI body surface area (BSA) scores predicted EASI BSA scores ( P < 0·0001). SA-EASI pruritus scores correlated with the acute, chronic and total EASI scores ( P = 0·0001). Conclusions The SA-EASI may provide caregivers the means to report the severity of their child's skin disease objectively. The high correlation with the EASI score observed in this sample implies that statistical inferences with the SA-EASI will be valid for large populations. In future studies, this will permit analysis of the relationship of skin disease severity to such measures as quality of life, disability, patient satisfaction and the costs of various therapies. Moreover, this SA-EASI instrument may allow older children, over 12 years old, to assess the severity of their AD.
On the structure of the phonetic space with special reference to speech timing

Abstract It seems to be widely agreed that there must be some universal inventory of possible speech sounds and that these sound elements are inherently segmented despite evidence of many nonsegmental phonetic structures. It is argued here, however, that if a language is viewed as fundamentally a communication device for a community and phonetics is viewed as the signalling space for the language, then certain general constraints for speech sounds follow. For example, speech sounds must be invariant between gesture and sound and across members of the community. By employing the notion of symmetry, it is possible to define the notion of phonetic space in a theoretically useful way without having to specify any particular elements in it.
Modeling acute and chronic hypoxia using serial images of 18F-FMISO PET

Purpose: Two types of tumor hypoxia most likely exist in human cancers: Chronic hypoxia due to the paucity of blood capillaries and acute hypoxia due to temporary shutdown of microvasculatures or fluctuation in the red cell flux. In a recent hypoxia imaging study using F 18 -FMISO PET, the authors observed variation in tracer uptake in two sequential images and hypothesized that variation in acute hypoxia may be the cause. In this study, they develop an iterative optimization method to delineate chronic and acute hypoxia based on the F 18 -FMISO PET serial images. Methods: They assume that (1) chronic hypoxia is the same in the two scans and can be represented by aGaussian distribution, while (2) acute hypoxia varies in the two scans and can be represented by Poisson distributions. For validation, they used Monte Carlo simulations to generate pairs of F 18 -FMISO PETimages with known proportion of chronic and acute hypoxia and then applied the optimization method to the simulated serial images, yielding excellent fit between the input and the fitted results. They then applied this method to the serial F 18 -FMISO PETimages of 14 patients with head and neck cancers. Results: The results show good fit of the chronic hypoxia to Gaussian distributions for 13 out of 14 patients (with R 2 > 0.7 ). Similarly, acute hypoxia appears to be well described by the Poisson distribution ( R 2 > 0.7 ) with three exceptions. The model calculation yielded the amount of acute hypoxia, which differed among the patients, ranging from ∼ 13 % to 52%, with an average of ∼ 34 % . Conclusions: This is the first effort to separate acute and chronic hypoxia from serial PETimages of cancer patients.
On the presence of electric currents in the solar atmosphere. I - A theoretical framework

The general magnetic field above the solar photosphere is divided by an elementary analysis based on Ampere's law into two parts: a potential field due to electric currents below the photosphere and a field produced by electric currents above the photosphere combined with the induced mirror currents. The latter, by symmetry, has a set of field lines lying in the plane taken to be the photosphere which may be constructed from given vector magnetograph measurements. These field lines also represent all the information on the electric currents above the photosphere that a magnetograph can provide. Theoretical illustrations are given, and implications for data analysis are discussed.
Energy exchange in the winter acclimatized american goldfinch, Carduelis (Spinus) tristis

Abstract 1. 1. At air temperatures of 0 and −5°C there was no significant difference in metabolism of birds exposed to winds of 5, 7 and 10 km/hr indicating that below 0°C metabolism peaked at 105 W/kg. 2. 2. At 0°C the nocturnal standard metabolic rate was 21% lower than predicted, while the body temperature decreased by 7°C. 3. 3. By selecting a favorable microhabitat, with regard to convective and radiative heat loss, the American goldfinch can reduce its metabolic expenditure at night by 50% when compared to a bird roosting in the open.
Effects of soil and operational parameters on soil-tire interface stress vectors☆

Abstract Normal and tangential stress vectors were measured at the soil-tire interface of a pneumatic tractor tire on firm and soft soils. Stress magnitudes were determined with a transducer which was designed to measure both normal and tangential stresses. The orientation of the transducer was determined using a 3-dimensional, sonic digitizing system which was mounted inside the air cavity of the tire. Data are presented from tests conducted at zero input torque, zero net traction, and 0.15 net traction ratio which show the effects of inflation pressure, dynamic load, and soil conditions on the stress vectors.
Combined Spinal-Epidural Versus Epidural Analgesia for Labor and Delivery

The rapid onset of analgesia and improved mobility with combined spinal-epidural (CSE) techniques has been associated with a higher degree of maternal satisfaction compared with conventional epidural analgesia. However, controversy exists in that initiation of labor analgesia with a CSE may be associated with an increased risk for nonreassuring fetal status (ie, fetal bradycardia) and a subsequent need for emergent cesarean delivery. Overall, both epidural and CSE techniques possess unique risk/benefit profiles, and the decision to use one technique rather than the other should be determined based on individual patient and clinical circumstances.
Estimation of atmospheric transmittance from upper-air humidity

Abstract A very simple model of atmospheric transmittance uses as its input regularly observed and archived measures of upper air humidity. The five model parameters were determined empirically to optimize the agreement with radiation measured at six sites in the northwestern contiguous U.S. in summer and winter 1990. The model uses the relative humidity at 500 hPa, the relative humidity at either 950 hPa or 800 hPa depending on the altitude of the station, and the precipitable water. Although the model does not use cloud observations explicitly, it is partitioned into a low-humidity stage and a high-humidity stage with markedly different dependences on relative humidity. In the low-humidity stage the transmittance is approximated as the product of factors for dry air and for water vapor. In the high-humidity stage the transmittance is the product of the transmittances of each of the two layers used; the product is a strongly decreasing function of relative humidity, as a representation of the effect of cloud. A split-sample test using measurements for spring and autumn indicated that the model parameters were not badly distorted by conditions unique to the summer and winter seasons. In terms of the average daily global shortwave radiation received at the surface, the rms errors are 31 W m −2 in spring, 33 in summer, 30 in autumn, and 18 in winter. The corresponding relative errors are 0.25, 0.17, 0.20, and 0.31. Because of high-frequency temporal variation in the model residuals, the error declines to about half of the daily error for 7-day averages and to about a quarter of the daily error for 30-day averages.
What's In A Name? Scholarship and the Pathology of Conservative Protestantism

Conservative Protestants are often defined by their reactionary response to a changing world, and their social and theological embrace of a rigid, absolutist order. This essay considers what is at stake in this definition. The essay analyzes common modes of differentiation between liberal and conservative Protestants (e.g., theology, demographics, and political affiliations) to see whether the different ways of describing these two groups is methodologically warranted. Concluding that significant overlap exists between these communities, the essay turns to Judith Butler's model of pathological rhetoric to consider why such otherwise descriptively problematic labels such as “conservative Protestant,” “fundamentalist,” and “evangelical” continue to be used by scholars.
Change-point detection of mean vector or covariance matrix shifts using multivariate individual observations

A preliminary control chart is given for detecting a shift in the mean vector, the covariance matrix, or both, when multivariate individual observations are available. The data are partitioned after each observation in turn, and the likelihood ratio statistic for a shift is calculated. The control chart is obtained by plotting these statistics after dividing by the expected value under the condition of no shift. This adjustment is done in order to reduce the variation in sensitivity with the location of any shift. Using generalized inverses allows the detection of a shift after as few as two of the observations, or with as few as two remaining observations, or at any intermediate point. Multiple shifts often can be detected by recursive application of the method. When a shift is detected, the plotted statistic is divided into a part due to the shift in the sample mean vector and another part attributable to a shift in the sample covariance matrix. This is done for diagnostic purposes. Using simulation, ap...
A DSC study of the conformational transition of poly-7-benzyl-L-glutamate

Abstract The thermally induced random coil-to-helix conformational transition of poly- 7 -benzyl-L-glutamate (PBG) in dichloroacetic acid (DCA)—chloroform, DCA-1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), and DCA-l,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) mixtures has been studied as a function of solvent composition. The experimental data were obtained using the Perkin—Elmer DSC-2 differential scanning calorimeter with a modified sample container. Results of a systematic investigation of the transition temperature and the heat of transition in the above solvent systems are presented. The data are interpreted in terms of current theory.
POLARIZATION EFFECTS IN CASCADE SHOWERS

The possibility of the''transmission'' of polarization effects through matter by means of electromagnetic cascade showers has been suggested. If the showers are generated by polarized high-energy electrons, this effect can be used to measure the polarization of the incident electron beam by observing the resulting bremsstrahlung photons. Preliminary calculations for the effect were made by means of a Monte Carlo technique. The final results obtained were the numbers, polarizations, and energies of electrons, positrons, and photons after traversing a particular distance in the material. (W.D.M.)
Effects of infusion of ketones in children with ketotic hypoglycemia

Four children with ketotic hypoglycemia and 2 control children were given infusions of β-hydroxybutyrate (15 Gm. per square meter) after an overnight fast and following the induction of gluconeogenesis by a diet low in calories and carbohydrate. After the overnight fast the concentrations of glucose decreased markedly, to a greater degree than we had previously observed in adults, and lipolysis was inhibited. After the induction of gluconeogenesis the decrease in the concentration of glucose was no longer seen, although the inhibitory effect on lipolysis was still evident. In neither study did the levels of insulin change significantly nor were significant differences of response apparent between the patients and the control children.
Life Is Like a Box of Chocolates

Abstract This metaphorical activity uses a box of chocolates to demonstrate the multifaceted, complex, and full of surprise aspect of life. A handout will assist group members in identifying their predictions, wishes, and hopes. In this activity, group members will learn that not all of their mishaps are the result of who they are or what they have done. However, irrespective of the outcomes, members must face the consequences. Group members will ultimately get to eat and share the chocolates. This in turn will develop a climate for group interaction and promote cohesion through mutual self-disclosure.
The Rehnquist Court and the Political Dynamics of Federalism

The Rehnquist Court's federalism decisions have sparked contentious debate about the role of the Court in the American political system. This article examines the reasons behind the Court's revival of federalism and the controversy it has produced. The first part reviews the normative jurisprudential debate over the Court's role as it has been cast in the legal academy. In the second part, we turn to an historical-empirical, or “political regimes,” framework for understanding the role of the Supreme Court. Although this framework provides a better explanation of the Rehnquist Court's foray into federalism, the connections between this approach and normative jurisprudential debates remain important, and we explore them in the final section. The Court's recent jurisprudence on federalism reflects both consensus and division within the current political regime—consensus that federalism is an important value, but division over how best to protect that value. We argue that competing jurisprudential theories over the role of the Court illustrate these political divisions. Thus, this article highlights the special insights political scientists bring to the subject, but also demonstrates how the two approaches can be usefully combined to provide a more robust understanding of the Court's role in the American political system.The authors thank Richard Brisbin, John Dinan, Mark Graber, Ashley Grosse, Jennifer Hochschild, Tom Keck, David O'Brien, Bob Turner, and the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions along the way.
Tolerance for Environmental Health Risks: The Influence of Knowledge, Benefits, Voluntariness, and Environmental Attitudes

This study examined factors affecting risk estimates and tolerance among persons directly exposed to environmental health risks. Data were gathered from questionnaires distributed at public hearings regarding proposed air pollution standards for an arsenic emitting copper smelter located in Tacoma, Washington. Approximately 80% of the area residents who attended the hearings completed the questionnaires, and the responses of 347 subjects were analyzed. Results indicated that informal risk estimates and risk tolerance were closely associated with judged benefits of the hazard source, acceptance or denial of vulnerability, judgments of exposure voluntariness, and environmental attitudes. Neither factual knowledge of formal risk estimates and proposed standards nor residential distance from the smelter was found to be closely related to risk tolerance or informal risk estimates. Implications of the results are discussed in relation to past and future studies of reactions to risk, and in relation to risk management policy and practice.
Treatment of a dually diagnosed gay male patient: a psychotherapy perspective.

“John” was a 35-year-old white gay man who was referred to Dr. Ruiz for psychiatric care by a local family practitioner. John suffered primarily from bouts of depression and anxiety and also used cocaine quite regularly. At about age 16, John began to use pot with his high school friends during social parties. He also realized around this time that he was gay, although he kept it primarily to himself out of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and fears of rejection by family and friends. By age 18, John was occasionally using alcohol and LSD and had engaged in a few homosexual encounters. During college, he stepped up his addiction to stimulants and continued to have occasional homosexual encounters. Upon finishing college, he earned a master’s degree in education. During this period, his use of cocaine and amphetamines as well as his homosexual activities became more regular. Since earning his master’s degree, he had been working as a high school math teacher for about 10 years.
Vervet monkey grandmothers: Interactions with infant grandoffspring

Social relationships of 30 infants with their maternal grandmothers were studied in a captive colony of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).Grandmothers and grandinfants formed affiliative relationships with one another that could be distinguished from the infant’s relationships with nonkin adult females and with other adult female kin. The intensity of the grandmother—grandinfant relationship varied according to several factors which were related to the infant’s vulnerability to mortality and to the grandmother’s ability to provide effective social support. High-ranking grandmothers spent more time near their grandinfants, and initiated more grooming and caretaking of their grandinfants, than did lower-ranking grandmothers. Grandmothers spent more time near their daughter’s first surviving infant than near later-born infants, and when grandmothers had more than one adult daughter, they spent more time near the infant of the younger daughter. These results, combined with the fact that the presence of a maternal grandmother has been associated with a reduction in the rate of infant mortality in this colony (Fairbanks and McGuire, 1986), suggest that grandmothers are actively contributing to the reproductive success of their adult daughters and to the survival of their infant grandoffspring.
Crystallographic analysis of the specific yet versatile recognition of distinct nuclear localization signals by karyopherin α

Abstract Background: Karyopherin α (importin α) is an adaptor molecule that recognizes proteins containing nuclear localization signals (NLSs). The prototypical NLS that is able to bind to karyopherin α is that of the SV40 T antigen, and consists of a short positively charged sequence motif. Distinct classes of NLSs (monopartite and bipartite) have been identified that are only partly conserved with respect to one another but are nevertheless recognized by the same receptor. Results: We report the crystal structures of two peptide complexes of yeast karyopherin α (Kapα): one with a human c- myc NLS peptide, determined at 2.1 A resolution, and one with a Xenopus nucleoplasmin NLS peptide, determined at 2.4 A resolution. Analysis of these structures reveals the determinants of specificity for the binding of a relatively hydrophobic monopartite NLS and of a bipartite NLS peptide. The peptides bind Kapα in its extended surface groove, which presents a modular array of tandem binding pockets for amino acid residues. Conclusions: Monopartite and bipartite NLSs bind to a different number of amino acid binding pockets and make different interactions within them. The relatively hydrophobic monopartite c- myc NLS binds extensively at a few binding pockets in a similar manner to that of the SV40 T antigen NLS. In contrast, the bipartite nucleoplasmin NLS engages the whole array of pockets with individually more limited but overall more abundant interactions, which include the NLS two basic clusters and the backbone of its non-conserved linker region. Versatility in the specific recognition of NLSs relies on the modular and flexible structural framework of Kapα.
Thermoelastic Formulation of a Hypersonic Vehicle Control Surface for Control-Oriented Simulation

Hypersonic vehicle simulation is complicated due to coupling between aerodynamics, the propulsion system, heat transfer due to aerodynamic heating, and structural deformations. The high speed involved in hypersonic flight results in the existence of a large heat flux at the vehicle surface. Heat transfer through the internal structure leads to temperature gradients that load the structure due to differential thermal expansion. Additionally, the structure is loaded by aerodynamic pressure. Of particular interest in this study is the extent to which structural deformation alters aerodynamic performance as it relates to vehicle control. As the control surfaces are expected to produce a significant portion of the aerodynamic forces and moments on the vehicle, this paper will focus on the integrated aerothermoelastic modeling of such a structure with the goal of evaluating the effect of structural elasticity on flight dynamics and control system performance. The Eckert reference temperature method is used to calculate the aerodynamic heat flux boundary condition at the surface and finite element representations are used to calculate the temperature distribution and structural displacements. The aerodynamic pressures over the deformed configuration are found using the analytical oblique shock/expansion fan relations. The resulting pressures are integrated over the surfaces to calculate the total lift and drag. For the trajectory points considered, the maximum relative change in lift and drag were found to be 2% and 6%, respectively. A lift-based trim routine is outlined for use in assessing the control surface deflections required to account for the change in aerodynamic lift and drag.
Bacterial Cell Biology: Managing Magnetosomes

Sensing of magnetic fields by living organisms — magnetosensing — is best understood in magnetotactic bacteria. Recently work has provided new insight into the biogenesis of bacterial magnetosomes, and links these organelles to a newly recognized prokaryotic cytoskeletal filament which organizes magnetosomes into a sensory structure capable of aligning cells with the geomagnetic field.
The Crazyist Metaphysics of Mind

Crazyism about X is the view that something it would be crazy to believe must be among the core truths about X. In this essay, I argue that crazyism is true of the metaphysics of mind. A position is ‘crazy’ in the intended sense if it is contrary to common sense and we are not epistemically compelled to believe it. Crazyism can be treated as the conjunction of two sub-theses: (1) that something contrary to common sense must be true and (2) that whatever that true thing is, we are not epistemically compelled to believe it. I defend the first thesis on grounds of the probable incoherence of folk metaphysics, from which it follows that any fully fleshed-out metaphysics will inevitably conflict with some piece of that incoherent story. I defend the second thesis on three grounds: peer disagreement, lack of a compelling method for resolving metaphysical disputes about the mind, and the dubiousness of the general cosmological claims with which metaphysical claims about the mind are entangled.
Adenosine receptors in the cardiovascular system

The remarkably comprehensive qualitative description of the cardiovascular actions of adenosine by Drury and Szent-Gyorgyi [(1929): J Physiol 6:213-237] serves as a framework for current research on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of those actions. This article reviews eight areas in this field that have advanced significantly during the past 5 years: (1) the kinds of potassium channels coupled to the cardiomyocyte A 1 AR; (2) the mechanism of the anti-adrenergic action of adenosine; (3) the role of adenosine in angina pectoris; (4) the role of adenosine in ischemic preconditioning; (5) the occurrence of A 2 AR in ventricular myocytes; (6) evidence for A 1 -, A 2A -, A 2B - and A 3 ARs in blood vessels; (7) the role of nitric oxide in adenosine-initiated vasodilation; and (8) the effect of adenosine on microvascular permeability. In some areas, solid evidence has defined a particular mechanism; in others, the evidence is as yet incomplete.
“Conformons”: Self-Localized Electrons in Soluble Conjugated Polymers

We examine, with the aid of a much simplified model, the competition between π-electron delocalization energy and chain conformation entropy that occurs when a conjugated polymer is placed in solution. For a lightly doped π-band we predict the existence of "conformons", i.e. locally rigid regions, each containing one or more π-electrons, on an otherwise flexible chain. We also consider the case of a half-filled band, and in this case find that the freezing out of chain degrees of freedom can contribute significantly to the sharpness of a rod-to-coil transition.
Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation of Single- and Multispool Core Engines, Part 11: Simulation, Code Validation

In order to ensure the capability, accuracy, robustness, and reliability of the computational method discussed in Part I of this article, comprehensive critical performance assessment and validation tests were performed and are presented in Part II. The dynamic behavior of a subject engine is calculated by solving a number of systems of partial differential equations, which describe the unsteady behavior of the individual components. As representatives, three different transient cases with zero-, single-, and multispool thrust and power-generation engines were simulated. The transient cases range from operating with a prescribed fuel schedule, to extreme load changes, to generator and turbine shutdown.
Remote Sensing Vegetation Hydrological States Using Passive Microwave Measurements

A novel technique that links vegetation properties and ET fluxes with a microwave "emissivity difference vegetation index" (EDVI) has been developed and applied to the Amazon region. These EDVI values can be derived from a combination of satellite microwave measurements with visible and infrared observations. This technique is applicable both day and night times under all-weather conditions, which is particularly important for remote sensing since under cloudy conditions classic optical techniques are not applicable. For the Amazon basin, EDVI captures vegetation variation from dense vegetation (rain-forest) to short and/or sparse vegetation (savanna) under all-weather conditions. Good relations between microwave based EDVI and optical indexes of NDVI and EVI are found for various vegetation conditions. More importantly, EDVI shows no sign of saturation even for the tropical rain forest, while NDVI (and EVI to a lesser extent) is clearly saturated. Over the Amazon region in a normal dry season day, EDVI can provide the vegetation information over 98% of the land surface while the optical vegetation indexes can be retrieved only for a small fraction (14%) of the region.
Molecular Targeted Approaches for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Human pancreatic cancer remains a highly malignant disease with almost similar incidence and mortality despite extensive research. Many targeted therapies are under development. However, clinical investigation showed that single targeted therapies and most combined therapies were not able to improve the prognosis of this disease, even though some of these therapies had excellent anti-tumor effects in pre-clinical models. Cross-talk between cell proliferation signaling pathways may be an important phenomenon in pancreatic cancer, which may result in cancer cell survival even though some pathways are blocked by targeted therapy. Pancreatic cancer may possess different characteristics and targets in different stages of pathogenesis, maintenance and metastasis. Sensitivity to therapy may also vary for cancer cells at different stages. The unique pancreatic cancer structure with abundant stroma creates a tumor microenvironment with hypoxia and low blood perfusion rate, which prevents drug delivery to cancer cells. In this review, the most commonly investigated targeted therapies in pancreatic cancer treatment are discussed. However, how to combine these targeted therapies and/or combine them with chemotherapy to improve the survival rate of pancreatic cancer is still a challenge. Genomic and proteomic studies using pancreatic cancer samples obtained from either biopsy or surgery are recommended to individualize tumor characters and to perform drug sensitivity study in order to design a tailored therapy with minimal side effects. These studies may help to further investigate tumor pathogenesis, maintenance and metastasis to create cellular expression profiles at different stages. Integration of the information obtained needs to be performed from multiple levels and dimensions in order to develop a successful targeted therapy.