cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Standing in the Hallway Improves Students’ Understanding of Conformity

To help beginning psychology students understand how they are influenced by social pressures to conform, we developed a demonstration designed to elicit their conformity to a small group of students standing in the hallway before class. Results showed the demonstration increased students’ recognition of their own tendency to conform, knowledge of conformity, and appreciation of an in-class presentation about conformity.
Nonce words show that Russian yer alternations are governed by the grammar

Even though vowel deletion in Russian is lexically-restricted, the identity of alternating vowels is partially predictable: only mid vowels delete, but even mid vowels cannot delete in some contexts. We report on two nonce word studies asking Russian speakers to rate paradigms in which a vowel was deleted. The ratings strongly correlated with the quality of the vowel: deletion of mid vowels was rated higher than deletion of high and low vowels. We also found that deletion in certain syllabic contexts was rated as ungrammatical: deletion cannot affect words that have a complex coda, and it cannot create clusters with a medial sonorant. Finally, deletion in disyllables was rated higher than deletion in monosyllables, reflecting the trends in the lexicon. These results suggest that even for this lexically-restricted alternation, speakers have formed a phonological generalization.
Building distributed systems using Mace

Mace, MaceMC and MacePC work together to make it easier to build correct, high performance distributed systems implementations. Mace developers find that it now takes them a fraction of the time previously needed to go from design to implementation of a new distributed system. Together with ModelNet and Plush, the whole toolkit is among the best in the world for implementing, testing, evaluating, an d deploying distributed and peer-to-peer systems. Mace represents six years of development work and has been publicly available for five years. In addition to the Mace research contributions, the Mace distribution also represents many of the best-quality publicly-available implementations of the included services, and by itself represents a practical contribution that users worldwide recognize and utilize.
Pain assessment and staff attention to pain in nursing homes.

To the Editor: The conclusions by Boerlage, Masman, Hagoort, Tibboel, Baar, and Dijk (2010) were interesting, but the supports for the conclusions were weak because of a number of shortcomings. The many weaknesses would prevent the immediate adoption of those conclusions in a health care setting. The study, recently published in Pain Management Nursing, concluded that ‘‘pain assessment is feasible in a nursing home and would stimulate staff attention to pain.’’ However, that conclusion is not supported by their study, because the purpose of their study was to determine if pain assessment should be used as a performance indicator for Dutch nursing homes; the study does not focus on the staff’s attention to pain, as explained below. The study’s purpose was focused on whether pain assessment can be used as a performance indicator for nursing homes. However, the study itself was focused on measuring pain levels at one Dutch nursing home and did not show whether pain levels were due to levels of performance by staff. One way to assess this would be look at performance ratings at different nursing homes (from the best to the worst) and then see how the pain assessments varied between the locations. If there were low pain levels in highly rated nursing homes and high pain levels in low rated nursing homes, then the evidence may suggest that pain assessment should be used as a performance indicator for nursing homes. Another method of assessing staff performance with respect to pain would be to have a focus on the staff’s attention to pain rather than patient pain levels alone. Yet another method would be to randomly divide staff into two groups, one that used the pain assessment scale and one that did not, and see if pain levels were lower in the group that used the scale. In the absence of such methodology, or other comparable methods, staff performance with regard to pain cannot be addressed. Theconclusionthatpainassessmentisfeasibleand would stimulate staff attention to pain implies that pain is considered to be unimportant by health care professionals. This is a highly negative assumption made by the authors with no supportive evidence provided. For example, there are no data provided regarding whether the staff in the nursing home that was studied failed to routinely perform pain assessments on the patients. Given this, the conclusion probably should have been limited to the statement that different wards use different types of pain scales and that the scales produced similar median ratings—around six. The study has many of strengths, including an important topic, large sample size, clear presentation of data, and the focus on a vulnerable population. Despite these strengths, due to weak support, the conclusion that ‘‘pain assessment.would stimulate staff attention to pain’’ is not sufficiently supported to be recommended as an effective method of stimulating staff attention at this time. Therefore, action to accept these conclusions should not be taken by individuals, clinics, hospitals or government policies until better evidence is obtained on this critical issue.
Characterizing insecure javascript practices on the web

JavaScript is an interpreted programming language most often used for enhancing webpage interactivity and functionality. It has powerful capabilities to interact with webpage documents and browser windows, however, it has also opened the door for many browser-based security attacks. Insecure engineering practices of using JavaScript may not directly lead to security breaches, but they can create new attack vectors and greatly increase the risks of browser-based attacks. In this paper, we present the first measurement study on insecure practices of using JavaScript on the Web. Our focus is on the insecure practices of JavaScript inclusion and dynamic generation, and we examine their severity and nature on 6,805 unique websites. Our measurement results reveal that insecure JavaScript practices are common at various websites: (1) at least 66.4% of the measured websites manifest the insecure practices of including JavaScript files from external domains into the top-level documents of their webpages; (2) over 44.4% of the measured websites use the dangerous eval() function to dynamically generate and execute JavaScript code on their webpages; and (3) in JavaScript dynamic generation, using the document.write() method and the innerHTML property is much more popular than using the relatively secure technique of creating script elements via DOM methods. Our analysis indicates that safe alternatives to these insecure practices exist in common cases and ought to be adopted by website developers and administrators for reducing potential security risks.
OpenRCL: Low-Power High-Performance Computing with Reconfigurable Devices

This work presents the Open Reconfigurable Computing Language (OpenRCL) system designed to enable low-power high-performance reconfigurable computing with imperative programming language such as C/C++. The key idea is to expose the FPGA platform as a compiler target for applications expressed in the OpenCL paradigm. To this end, we present a combination of low-level virtual machine instruction set, execution model, many-core architecture, and associated compiler to achieve high performance and power efficiency by exploiting the FPGA’s distributed memories and abundant hardware structures (such as DSP blocks, long carry-chains, and registers). Our resulting OpenRCL system not only allows programmers to easily express parallelism through the API defined in the OpenCL standard but also supports coarse-grain multithreading and dataflow-style fine-grain threading while permitting bit-level resource control. An OpenRCL prototype machine with 30 processing nodes was implemented using a Virtex-5 (XCV5LX155T-2) FPGA. For the well-known Parallel Prefix Sum (Scan) problem, comparing the runtime of the same problem on a GeForce 9400m using the OpenCL SDK from Apple Inc., the OpenRCL machine demonstrates comparable performance with a 5x reduction in core power consumption.
A Quantitative Trait Locus on chr.4 Regulates Thymic Involution

The mechanisms underlying age-associated thymic involution are unknown. In mice, thymic involution shows mouse strain-dependent genetic variation. Identification of the underlying genes would provide mechanistic insight into this elusive process. We previously showed that responsiveness of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to transforming growth factor-beta 2, a positive regulator of HSPC proliferation, is regulated by a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chr. 4, Tb2r1. Interestingly, Tgfb2(+/-) mice have delayed thymic involution. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a QTL on chr. 4 might regulate thymic involution. Aged, but not young, B6.D2-chr.4 congenic mice, where the telomeric region of chr. 4 was introgressed from DBA/2 to C57BL/6 mice, had larger thymi, and better maintenance of early thymic precursors than C57BL/6 control mice. These observations unequivocally demonstrate that the telomeric region of chr. 4 contains a QTL, Ti1 (thymic involution 1) that regulates thymic involution, and suggest the possibility that Ti1 may be identical to Tb2r1.
Extracellular Vesicles from Caveolin-Enriched Microdomains Regulate Hyaluronan-Mediated Sustained Vascular Integrity

Defects in vascular integrity are an initiating factor in several disease processes. We have previously reported that high molecular weight hyaluronan (HMW-HA), a major glycosaminoglycan in the body, promotes rapid signal transduction in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVEC) leading to barrier enhancement. In contrast, low molecular weight hyaluronan (LMW-HA), produced in disease states by hyaluronidases and reactive oxygen species (ROS), induces HPMVEC barrier disruption. However, the mechanism(s) of sustained barrier regulation by HA are poorly defined. Our results indicate that long-term (6–24 hours) exposure of HMW-HA induced release of a novel type of extracellular vesicle from HLMVEC called enlargeosomes (characterized by AHNAK expression) while LMW-HA long-term exposure promoted release of exosomes (characterized by CD9, CD63, and CD81 expression). These effects were blocked by inhibiting caveolin-enriched microdomain (CEM) formation. Further, inhibiting enlargeosome release by annexin II siRNA attenuated the sustained barrier enhancing effects of HMW-HA. Finally, exposure of isolated enlargeosomes to HPMVEC monolayers generated barrier enhancement while exosomes led to barrier disruption. Taken together, these results suggest that differential release of extracellular vesicles from CEM modulate the sustained HPMVEC barrier regulation by HMW-HA and LMW-HA. HMW-HA-induced specialized enlargeosomes can be a potential therapeutic strategy for diseases involving impaired vascular integrity.
Impacts of Healthcare Price Controls: Potential Unintended Consequences of Firms' Responses to Price Policies

This paper is concerned with how healthcare price controls can affect the behaviors of healthcare providers. We develop a model of profit maximization by provider firms and show the range of potential responses by providers and the conditions under which each type of response is the best choice. In particular, we show how completely rational behaviors by providers in response to price controls can lead to consequences never intended by policy makers. These consequences may undermine the intentions with which policies were designed and deployed.
Functional Characterization of a Small Conductance GIRK Channel in Rat Atrial Cells

Muscarinic K+ (KACh) channels are key determinants of the inhibitory synaptic transmission in the heart. These channels are heterotetramers consisting of two homologous subunits, G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying K+ (GIRK)1 and GIRK4, and have unitary conductance of approximately 35 pS with symmetrical 150 mM KCl solutions. Activation of atrial KACh channels, however, is often accompanied by the appearance of openings with a lower conductance, suggesting a functional heterogeneity of G-protein-sensitive ion channels in the heart. Here we report the characterization of a small conductance GIRK (scGIRK) channel present in rat atria. This channel is directly activated by Gbetagamma subunits and has a unitary conductance of 16 pS. The scGIRK and KACh channels display similar affinities for Gbetagamma binding and are frequently found in the same membrane patches. Furthermore, Gbetagamma-activated scGIRK channels--like their KACh counterparts--exhibit complex gating behavior, fluctuating among four functional modes conferred by the apparent binding of a different number of Gbetagamma subunits to the channel. The electrogenic efficacy of the scGIRK channels, however, is negligible compared to that of KACh channels. Thus, Gbetagamma subunits employ the same signaling strategy to regulate two ion channels that are apparently endowed with very different functions in the atrial membrane.
Toward a Theory of Discontinuous Career Transition: Investigating Career Transitions Necessitated by Traumatic Life Events

Career researchers have focused on the mechanisms related to career progression. Although less studied, situations in which traumatic life events necessitate a discontinuous career transition are becoming increasingly prevalent. Employing a multiple case study method, we offer a deeper understanding of such transitions by studying an extreme case: soldiers and Marines disabled by wartime combat. Our study highlights obstacles to future employment that are counterintuitive and stem from the discontinuous and traumatic nature of job loss. Effective management of this type of transitioning appears to stem from efforts positioned to formulate a coherent narrative of the traumatic experience and thus to reconstruct foundational assumptions about the world, humanity, and self. These foundational assumptions form the basis for enacting future-orientated career strategies, such that progress toward establishing a new career path is greatest for those who can orientate themselves away from the past (trauma), away from the present (obstacles to a new career), and toward an envisioned future career positioned to confer meaning and purpose through work.
Earthquake Ground‐Motion Simulation including Nonlinear Soil Effects under Idealized Conditions with Application to Two Case Studies

Nonlinear soil behavior in sediments remains one of the most relevant and challenging aspects in site characterization. Geotechnical engineers began studying soil changes in the shear modulus and damping ratio with increasing strain amplitude in the late 1960s and early 1970s (e.g., Seed and Idriss, 1969; Hardin and Drnevich, 1972). However, the influence of soil nonlinearities on the ground motion, in places other than those involving liquefaction, was not fully accepted by seismologists until observations made after the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, and from monitoring projects such as the SMART1 and SMART2 arrays in Taiwan (Field et al. , 1998; Aki, 2003). These events and arrays showed that soil nonlinearities caused permanent deformations away from the source, reductions in soil‐to‐rock ratios by average factors of 2 with respect to those of smaller events, and reductions in shear moduli and shear‐wave velocities of up to 80% and 50%, respectively (e.g., Wen, 1994; Beresnev et al. , 1995; Field et al. , 1997). Soil nonlinearities seem to be more prominent in frequency ranges from 0.5 to 4 Hz (e.g., Darragh and Shakal, 1991; Field et al. , 1997; Beresnev, 2002), and have been associated with peak ground acceleration values above 0.1–0.2 g and shear strains larger than 10−5 to 10−4 (e.g., Chang et al. , 1989; Chin and Aki, 1991; Beresnev and Wen, 1996; Trifunac and Todorovska, 1996). Modeling and simulation of nonlinear soil behavior and effects also date back to the 1960s and 1970s (e.g., Idriss and Seed, 1968; Schnabel, Seed, and Lysmer, 1972; Joyner and Chen, 1975). Early 1D and 2D studies were mostly done using equivalent linear models. Although these models do not capture all the characteristics …
The impact of geologic variability on capacity and cost estimates for storing CO2 in deep-saline aquifers

article i nfo While numerous studies find that deep-saline sandstone aquifers in the United States could store many de- cades worth of the nation's current annual CO2 emissions, the likely cost of this storage (i.e. the cost of storage only and not capture and transport costs) has been harder to constrain. We use publicly available data of key reservoir properties to produce geo-referenced rasters of estimated storage capacity and cost for regions within 15 deep-saline sandstone aquifers in the United States. The rasters reveal the reservoir quality of these aquifers to be so variable that the cost estimates for storage span three orders of magnitude and average>$100/tonne CO2. However, when the cost and corresponding capacity estimates in the rasters are assembled into a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC), we find that ~75% of the estimated storage capacity could be available forb$2/tonne. Furthermore, ~80% of the total estimated storage capacity in the rasters is concentrated within just two of the aquifers—the Frio Formation along the Texas Gulf Coast, and the Mt. Simon Formation in the Michigan Basin, which together make up only ~20% of the areas analyzed. While our assessment is not comprehensive, the results suggest there should be an abundance of low-cost storage for CO2 in deep-saline aquifers, but a majority of this storage is likely to be concentrated within specific regions of a smaller number of these aquifers.
OH-transition metal bonding

The bonding in both CuOH and AgOH has a covalent component that leads to a bent structure. The larger electrostatic stabilization in CuOH leads to a larger D(e) (2.83 eV) compared with AgOH (2.20 eV). Using Ni5OH to model chemisorption of OH on a Ni surface, it is found that OH adsorption in the fourfold hollow of Ni(100) leads to an OH normal to the surface, while adsorption directly above a Ni atom leads to a tilted OH. These qualitative Ni5OH calculations allow for speculation on the observed variation of OH on metal surfaces.
Modeling and analysis of opportunistic spectrum sharing with unreliable spectrum sensing

We analyze the performance of a wireless system consisting of a set of secondary users opportunistically sharing bandwidth with a set of primary users over a coverage area. The secondary users employ spectrum sensing to detect channels that are unused by the primary users and hence make use of the idle channels. If an active secondary user detects the presence of a primary user on a given channel, it releases the channel and switches to another idle channel, if one is available. In the event that no channel is available, the call waits in a buffer until either a channel becomes available or a maximum waiting time is reached. Spectrum sensing errors on the part of a secondary user cause false alarm and mis-detection events, which can potentially degrade the quality-of-service experienced by primary users. We derive system performance metrics of interest such as blocking probabilities. Our results suggest that opportunistic spectrum sharing can significantly improve spectrum efficiency and system capacity, even under unreliable spectrum detection. The proposed model and analysis method can be used to evaluate the performance of future opportunistic spectrum sharing systems.
Initial transient effects in the frequency domain

The effect of an additive initial transient on the harmonic estimates used in frequency-domain simulation factor screening experiments is discussed. It is shown that under reasonable conditions, the harmonic effect is asymptotically negligible. This implies that the initial transient effect is not worse, asymptotically, in the frequency domain than in the time domain. For finite sample sizes, the additive initial transient effect changes the distribution of the signal-to-noise ratio, which in turn may affect the power of the statistic for rejecting the null hypothesis. In order to reduce an additive initial transient effect, the difference between corresponding observations from the signal and noise runs can be considered. If the transient is identical for both runs, then it is eliminated in this difference between the signal and noise runs. >
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-1 Neuronal Activity Is Independent of Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Modulated Channels but Is Sensitive to Protein Kinase A-Dependent Phosphorylation

Pulsatile release of GnRH-1 stimulates the anterior pituitary and induces secretion of gonadotropin hormones. GnRH-1 release is modulated by many neurotransmitters that act via G protein-coupled membrane receptors. cAMP is the most ubiquitous effector for these receptors. GnRH-1 neurons express hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-modulated (HCN) channel protein in vivo. HCN channels are involved in neuronal pacemaking and can integrate cAMP signals. cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is also activated by cAMP signals, and PKA-dependent phosphorylation modulates voltage-activated channels. In this report, these two pathways were examined in GnRH-1 neurons as integrators of forskolin (FSK)-induced stimulation. The HCN3 isoform was detected in GnRH-1 neurons obtained from mouse nasal explants. ZD7288, a HCN channel blocker, significantly reduced the efficiency of FSK to stimulate GnRH-1 neurons, whereas blockade of PKA with Rp-adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphorothioate triethylammonium did not at...
Bounded gaps between products of primes with applications to ideal class groups and elliptic curves

In their recent papers, Goldston, Graham, Pintz, and Yildirim [12, 13] use a variant of the Selberg sieve to prove the existence of small gaps between E 2 numbers, that is, square-free numbers with exactly two prime factors. We apply their techniques to prove similar bounds for E r numbers for any r ⩾ 2, where these numbers are required to have all of their prime factors in a set of primes . Our result holds for any of positive density that satisfies a Siegel-Walfisz condition regarding distribution in arithmetic progressions. We also prove a stronger result in the case that satisfies a Bombieri-Vinogradov condition. We were motivated to prove these generalizations because of recent results of Ono [22] and Soundararajan [25]. These generalizations yield applications to divisibility of class numbers, nonvanishing of critical values of L-functions, and triviality of ranks of elliptic curves.
Single- and multifrequency models for bioelectrical impedance analysis of body water compartments.

The 1994 National Institutes of Health Technology Conference on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) did not support the use of BIA under conditions that alter the normal relationship between the...
ABNORMAL DIGITS IN STRECKER'S CHORUS FROGS (PSEUDACRIS STRECKERI, HYLIDAE) FROM CENTRAL TEXAS

We report the first case of unusually frequent abnormal anatomy in Pseudacris streckeri and the first such account for anurans in the state of Texas. We found abnormal digits in 55% of 40 adult males and 26% of 23 adult females in Austin, Texas. In contrast to other studies that reported frequent abnormal limbs and cutaneous fusion, abnormalities were restricted to digits. None of 325 newly metamorphosed juveniles showed abnormal digits, indicating that the abnormalities are formed after metamorphosis, or that the cause of the abnormalities was not active during the sampling period. Abnormalities continued to be found in the adults of this population during the following 3 years.
A Review of: “Introduction to Soft Matter: Synthetic and Biological Self-Assembling Materials, by I. W. Hamley”

This book provides a concise introduction to colloid science, with a stronger focus on the properties of polymers and liquid crystals than several textbooks commonly used in courses at the undergra...
Predicting postoperative haemodynamics in valve patients

Patients with combined valve and myocardial disease often have poor haemodynamic status early postoperatively. This occurs in spite of normalization of the left ventricular work load by technically uncomplicated valve replacement. Therefore an algorithm was developed for predicting postoperative left ventricular performance, based on the Emax concept, (end-systolic wall stress/volume relationship as a load-independent ventricular function parameter). Load changes effected by valve normalization were included in the predictive methodology, with ventricular function assumed unchanged by surgery. The algorithm was tested in 12 valve patients who had less than 10% change in heart rate and left atrial pressure pre- vs postoperatively. Preoperative data were obtained during catheterization with quantitative ventriculography. The predicted data were compared to measured data on postoperative day I. There were non-significant differences between the means of predicted and of measured postoperative left ventricular stroke volume, end-systolic volume, end-systolic stress, stroke work, and aortic pressure. The postoperative myocardial function parameter fell by 3–20% below preoperative values in 8 patients not requiring high-dose catechol support and rose by 3–36% in those requiring support. This pilot study suggests the feasibility of a predictive haemodynamic algorithm in surgical valve disease.
Interoceptive Awareness Is Important for Relapse Prevention: Perceptions of Women Who Received Mindful Body Awareness in Substance Use Disorder Treatment.

Background It is postulated that interventions aimed at facilitating interoceptive awareness (i.e., awareness of inner body sensations) may facilitate regulation and improve substance use disorder (SUD) treatment outcomes. Objective The aim of the study was to better understand the role of interoceptive training in SUD treatment, an identified gap in the literature. Methods On the basis of a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded pilot randomized clinical trial that used a two-group repeated measures design to examine mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy (MABT) for women in SUD treatment, this study examined the experience of a subset of participants that received and completed MABT intervention in the larger original study. In a qualitative study using a single focus group, participants were asked to respond to multiple questions regarding their current use of interoceptive awareness skills, perceived benefit, learning processes, and suggestions for program development. Interpretive analysis was used to describe the themes that emerged from the focus group responses. Results Participants consistently used interoceptive awareness self-care skills learned in MABT. Interoceptive awareness training and daily practice were perceived as critical for emotional awareness, regulation, and relapse prevention. In addition, findings highlight the relevance of MABT educational strategies such as touch and individual delivery to teach interoceptive awareness and self-care skills for women in SUD treatment. Conclusion These findings suggest the positive role of interoceptive awareness in promoting relapse prevention among women in SUD treatment, important for guiding future research, and program development for this population that apply across healthcare disciplines.
Changes in Total Body Fat during Daily Torpor in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)

We measured the changes in body mass and fat content in deer mice ( Peromyscus mani-culatus ) during their daily torpor cycle (elicited by food-rationing) and during their daily non-torpor cycle (food provided ad lib.). Animals experiencing torpor had significantly lower body mass and fat content than animals not experiencing torpor, at all times measured. While daily torpor acts as a short-term emergency mechanism to allow increased survival during times of low availability of food, the reduction in metabolic rate and thus substrate catabolism during torpor does not completely compensate for reductions in intake of food.
Othello’s Racial Identity

QUESTION has been raised," wrote Joseph Hunter in New >hl Illustrations of Shakespeare, published in i845, "as to what race Shakespeare intended we should suppose Othello to belong."l The point had been raised long before Hunter's time and discussion of it still rages. Modern scholars and critics tend to support the view that Shakespeare's references to his great tragic character as "black" and "thick-lipped" are to be taken literally, but as late as I94i a major Shakespearian authority asserted bluntly that Othello "is a Moorish noble of royal lineage.... Shakespeare conceives him as an oriental."2 Shakespeare's designation of his character as a Moor provides no simple solution to the problem, for it appears that neither he nor other Elizabethans made careful distinctions between Moors and Negroes. The Moors entered Spain in force from Morocco in 7Ii and ruled that land as far north as the foot of the Pyrenees, practically without interruption, for more than five centuries. Negro mercenaries were among the invader's troops. The Spaniard applied the term Moor to Arabs, Berbers, Syrians, and Negroes without regard for their wide racial differences. This practice passed into other countries, and Elizabethans even taunted the Spaniards by classing them as Moors.3 On the other hand, the playwright's description of Othello as black cannot be accepted without examination. The designation is sometimes used in Elizabethan drama to refer to characters who are villainous in deed or merely brunette in complexion. Yet it does not necessarily follow that Shakespeare employs the word loosely in applying it, or its equivalents, to Othello. There are few passages in the play which describe Othello's physical appearance, but they are consistent. Roderigo alludes to him as "the thick-lips" (I. i. 66). Iago speaks of him as "an old black ram" (I. i. 88). Brabantio refers to Othello's "sooty bosom" (I. ii. 70). The Duke of Venice consoles Brabantio:
Active Structural Control of Offshore Wind Turbines

The application of control techniques to ofishore wind turbines has the potential to signiflcantly improve the structural response of these systems. Active control is investigated, and compared to a previous investigation into passive control by the authors. A limited degree of freedom model is identifled with synthetic data and used to design a family of controllers using H1 multivariable loop shaping. The controllers in this family are then implemented in full degree of freedom time domain simulations. The performance of the controllers is quantifled using the reduction in fatigue loads of the tower base bending moment. The performance is calculated as a function of active power consumption and the stroke of the active mass damper. The results are compared to the optimal passive system, and the additional achievable load reduction using active control is quantifled.
How do Air Traffic Controllers Use Automation and Tools Differently During High Demand Situations

In a human-in-the-loop simulation, two air traffic controllers managed identical airspace while burdened with higher than average workload, and while using advanced tools and automation designed to assist with scheduling aircraft on multiple arrival flows to a single meter fix. This paper compares the strategies employed by each controller, and investigates how the controllers' strategies change while managing their airspace under more normal workload conditions and a higher workload condition. Each controller engaged in different methods of maneuvering aircraft to arrive on schedule, and adapted their strategies to cope with the increased workload in different ways. Based on the conclusions three suggestions are made: that quickly providing air traffic controllers with recommendations and information to assist with maneuvering and scheduling aircraft when burdened with increased workload will improve the air traffic controller's effectiveness, that the tools should adapt to the strategy currently employed by a controller, and that training should emphasize which traffic management strategies are most effective given specific airspace demands.
Cytologic evaluation of serous effusions : processing techniques and optimal number of smears for routine preparation

A double-blind retrospective review of 90 pleural and ascitic fluids was performed to determine the optimal number of smears necessary to produce an accurate evaluation, and to analyze the utility of different preparation techniques. Each case had four Papanicolaou-stained smears (two alcohol fixed and two Saccomanno fixed) and one Diff-Quik-stained, air-dried smear. Forty cases originally were reported as positive (37 adenocarcinoma, 1 lymphoma, and 2 Pneumocystis carinii) and 50 were reported as negative. The results showed that the diagnostic yield of evaluating five smears compared with three (one of each preparation) is identical. Air-dried smears were the most sensitive in identifying malignant cells and infectious organisms. It is concluded that (1) the diagnostic accuracy is enhanced by the use of several preparation techniques to include air-dried smears and (2) when variable processing methods are used, the evaluation of more than three smears does not increase the diagnostic yield.
Abstract ES5-2: Circulating tumor DNA analysis for liquid biopsies: Current status and future opportunities

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) represents a promising biomarker for sensitive, specific, and dynamic detection of disease burden in cancer patients. Additionally, ctDNA analysis allows non-invasive access to cancer genomes and therefore can be used for non-invasive tumor genotyping and monitoring of resistance mutations. In this presentation I will describe technical aspects of ctDNA detection and emerging clinical results from recent studies employing ctDNA analysis. Citation Format: Diehn M. Circulating tumor DNA analysis for liquid biopsies: Current status and future opportunities. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr ES5-2.
Carcinoma of the Nose/Sinuses

The occurrence of carcinomas of the nose and sinuses relates to work in certain occupations and industries rather than to specific exposures. One specific exposure known to be important historically is radium, once painted on the dials of watches by women who licked their fine brushes to keep them sharp and subsequently developed sinus carcinoma. Among the industries and occupations that have been linked to these malignancies are nickel refining, coke-oven work, metal manufacturing, chromate pigment production, mustard gas manufacture, hardwood cabinetmaking, and boot and shoe manufacture. Carcinomas of the nose and sinuses occur more often in men, and are as common in Los Angeles as in other regions. They occur among the members of all racial/ethnic groups and social classes with roughly equal frequency, and have occurred at a relatively constant rate over the period, both in the county as a whole and among the residents of high-risk census tracts. There is no evidence of a social class gradient and no support for the explanation from the geographical pattern of occurrence. Thus no local source of causation can be proposed.
DBT for Co-Occurring Mental Health & Substance Use Disorders

Current research available identifies that when treating Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) the empirically supported model of choice is Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), and BPD is known to impact approximately 1% of the population. However, it is estimated that 23 million Americans (or 10%) of the population meets criteria for a Substance Use Disorder (SUD). With a non-completion rate in upwards of 60% when a person has co-occurring BPD & SUD this research sought out to identify what current practices DBT providers in Minnesota implemented to increase patient successes, and what the perspectives were from DBT providers as it relates to intervention timing and strategies when treating Co-Occurring patients. Through a survey of DBT practitioners in Minnesota, this study unearthed data illustrating that the complex needs of BPD & SUD patients are often not addressed with DBT alone. Additionally, in this mixed methods study respondents identified that when addressing the needs of co-occurring BPD and SUD patients, no one approach is recommended. Data indicated that patient needs and the severity of each disorder is what drives them to recommend different approaches. Additionally, it was discovered that DBT alone is typically not sufficient when treating BPD & SUD patients. CO-OCCURING DISORDERS & DBT v
Effects of Leak Compensation on Patient-Ventilator Synchrony During Premature/Neonatal Invasive and Noninvasive Ventilation: A Lung Model Study

BACKGROUND: During both nasal noninvasive ventilation (NIV) and invasive ventilation of neonates, the presence of air leaks causes triggering and cycling asynchrony. METHODS: Five ICU ventilators (PB840, PB980, Servo-i, V500, and Avea) were compared in available invasive ventilation and NIV ventilator modes (pressure control continuous spontaneous ventilation [PC-CSV] and pressure control continuous mandatory ventilation [PC-CMV]). The V500 and Avea do not provide PC-CSV and PC-CMV in NIV. The Servo-i and Avea were tested with and without their proximal flow sensor. The ASL 5000 lung model (version 3.5) was used to simulate 4 neonatal scenarios (body weight 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kg). The ASL 5000 was ventilated via endotracheal tube (invasive ventilation) or nasal cannula (NIV) with 4 different leaks. RESULTS: The Avea (without flow sensor) during invasive ventilation and Servo-i and PB840 during NIV were not triggered by inspiratory efforts of the ASL 5000 at the baseline leak in the 0.5 kg scenario. In invasive ventilation, overall (median) asynchrony index was significantly lower with the PB980 (1%) and V500 (3%) than with the Servo-i (with flow sensor, 50%; without flow sensor, 50%) and Avea (with sensor, 50%; without sensor, 62%) (P CONCLUSIONS: The ability of leak compensation to prevent asynchronous breathing varied widely between ventilators and lung mechanics. The PB980 and V500 were the only two ventilators to acclimate to all leak scenarios in invasive ventilation, and PB980 was the only ventilator to acclimate to all leak scenarios in NIV.
The Clock-in-the-Box, a brief cognitive screen, is associated with failure to return home in an elderly hospitalized sample.

PURPOSE Cognitive screening upon hospital admission can provide important information about the patient's ability to process information during the inpatient stay. The Clock-in-the-Box (CIB) is a rapidly administered cognitive screening measure which has been previously validated with cognitive screening and neuropsychological assessments. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the predictive validity of the CIB for discharge location among a sample of older medical inpatients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Hospitalized Veterans (N=218), aged 55 years and older, were recruited on the day after admission after they gave their consent. These participants completed the CIB, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and self-report measures of daily functioning. Using logistic regression models, the bivariable and multivariable impact of the cognitive screening and functional assessments were examined for their ability to predict whether the participants did not return home after hospitalization (eg, admission to subacute rehabilitation facilities or nursing facilities). RESULTS The participants were older (mean 71.5±9.5 years) and predominantly male (92.7%). The CIB score was independently associated with discharge to locations other than home (odds ratio =0.72, 95% confidence interval =0.60-0.87, P=0.001) and remained associated after adjusting for demographics, prehospitalization functional abilities, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (adjusted odds ratio =0.55, 95% confidence interval =0.36-0.83, P=0.004). CONCLUSION The current evidence, combined with its brevity and ease of use, supports the use of the CIB as a cognitive screen for inpatient older adults, in order to help inform clinical treatment decisions and discharge planning.
Evidence for Cytogenetic and Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Risk Stratification of Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma in the Era of Novel Therapies.

Abstract 1802 Poster Board I-828 Background Heterogeneity in multiple myeloma (MM) leads to disparate outcomes with a wide variation in overall survival (OS). Based upon the evidence predominantly gathered from newly diagnosed patients treated with standard chemotherapy and/or transplantation, the current Mayo (mSMART) prognostic model uses a combination of metaphase cytogenetics, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and plasma cell labeling index (PCLI) for risk-stratification at diagnosis of MM. The objective of our study was to evaluate the significance of this stratification model in the era of novel therapies, and to assess the independent prognostic value of each of the components in the model. Methods Data were abstracted from a cohort of 1556 consecutive patients with MM who presented to our institution between January 1999 and March 2009 within ninety days of diagnosis of MM A total of three hundred and eighty six patients had been evaluated with conventional cytogenetics near diagnosis in addition to interphase FISH. Out of this cohort, three hundred and sixty six patients had availability of all the three tests, including the slide-based PCLI. High-risk MM was defined as presence of any one or more of the following: cytogenetics: hypodiploidy, monosomy of chromosome 13 or deletion 13q ; FISH: deletion of p53 (locus 17p13 ) or immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) translocations, t(4;14) (p16.3;q32) or t(14;16)(q32;q23); PCLI ≥3%. Survival estimates were created using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank tests. The impact of each of the three tests was assessed by a multivariate (MV) analysis using Cox proportional hazards model. Results The median OS of the cohort of 366 patients was 65 months from presentation. One hundred and twelve (31%) patients were deemed high risk by any one or more of the three tests: Metaphase cytogenetics, FISH or PCLI (current mSMART definition of high-risk MM). The median OS of high risk patients was 52 months versus 71 months for standard-risk (P=0.007). We then studied the prognostic value of the three tests separately. Patients classified as high risk by FISH had a median OS of 35 months versus 65 months for the standard risk, HR= 2.3, P Conclusion Our study validates high risk features defined by FISH and conventional cytogenetics in the mSMART risk stratification model among patients treated after the introduction of novel therapies. Either test identifies a high risk cohort with a hazard ratio of approximately 2 (median survival ∼37 versus ∼65 months). In patients known to have high risk disease by one of the two tests, knowledge of the other appears to add additional prognostic value. Disclosures Fonseca: Amgen, BMS, Celgene, Otsuka, Genzyme and Medtronic: Consultancy. Gertz: celgene, millennium: Honoraria. Dispenzieri: celgene: Research Funding. Kumar: celgene, genzyme, millennium, novartis, bayer: Research Funding; genzyme: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
The Great Nuclear Escape: Structure-Based Mechanism of Membrane Budding during Nuclear Egress of Herpesviruses

Herpesviruses are unusual among enveloped viruses because they bud twice yet acquire a single envelope. They are also the only known mammalian viruses that bud into the nuclear envelope. Recently, we discovered that the herpesvirus nuclear egress complex (NEC) could bud membranes without the help of other proteins and that it formed a coat-like hexagonal scaffold inside the budding membrane. This discovery established the NEC as the first virally encoded budding machine that operates at the nuclear, as opposed to cytoplasmic, membrane but left unknown the structure of the NEC coat and its role in the budding process. To bridge this gap in our knowledge, we determined the 2.8-A crystal structure of the NEC from Herpes Simplex virus (HSV). In crystals, NEC packs into a hexagonal lattice that mimics the hexagonal NEC coats within budded vesicles. The crystal structure of the NEC lattice thus reveals molecular interactions that generate the hexagonal coat. To determine the role of the hexagonal NEC lattice in budding, we mutated residues at the oligomeric interfaces observed in the crystals with mutagenesis. Perturbation of the oligomeric interfaces through mutagenesis blocked NEC-mediated budding in vitro confirming that formation of the hexagonal NEC lattice drives budding. The NEC structure provide a three-dimensional blueprint for further dissection of its unique budding mechanism. Moreover, the structure represents the first atomic-level view of an oligomeric array formed by a membrane-deforming protein.
Effect of Microwave Heating on the Crystallization of Glutathione Tripeptide on Silver Nanoparticle Films

Effect of microwave heating on the crystallization of glutathione (GSH) tripeptide using the metal-assisted and microwave-accelerated evaporative crystallization (MA-MAEC) technique is reported. GSH crystals were grown from supersaturated solutions of GSH (300–500 mg/mL) on the iCrystal plates with silver nanoparticle films (SNFs) and without SNFs in three different microwave systems operating at 2.45 GHz: conventional (multimode, fixed power at 900 W), industrial (monomode, variable power up to 1200 W), and the iCrystal system (monomode, variable power up to 100 W). The efficacy of the MA-MAEC technique, in terms of improvement in the crystallization time, crystal size and quality of GSH, was compared between the three microwave systems and the crystallization at room temperature (no microwave heating, a control experiment). Optical microscopy was used to visualize and quantify the growth of GSH crystals during and after microwave heating. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT...
What is the body without organs? Machine and organism in Deleuze and Guattari

In the two volumes which make up Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Deleuze and Guattari propose new concepts of “machine” and “organism.” The problem of the relationship between machines and organisms has a long philosophical history, and this essay treats their work as a contribution to this debate. It is argued that their solution to this problem is found in their difficult concept of the “body without organs,” a concept that is given some much-needed clarification in the essay. The first section details Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of the machine, examining the ways in which it differs from the traditional concept as described by Canguilhem: (1) their machines do not have predictable movements, but instead produce events; (2) they do not have a purpose; (3) they are able to reproduce themselves. The second section details their conception of the organism through their account of Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire: (1) organisms are bodies which normalize and which create hierarchies; (2) they also do not have a purpose; (3) they have a “unity of composition.” The final section argues that their concept of the “body without organs” shows us how to understand the relation between the two transformed concepts, and defines the body without organs as the becoming-machine of the organism.