cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dislocation cell size in a spatially varying stress field of a crack tip region

Abstract The spatially varying crack tip stress field is used to determine the dislocation density in the plastic zone. The rearrangement of dislocations is formulated using the minimization of the total energy of the configuration to form the cell structure in the presence of the spatially varying crack tip stress field. The equilibrium dislocation cell size is obtained for the lowest total energy of the configuration which consists of the self-energy and interaction energy terms associated with the dislocations within the cell walls and the work done by the crack tip stress field on the rearrangement of dislocations. A crack along (001) with two equally inclined {111} slip planes giving rise to a cell structure is analyzed. The results obtained using the crack tip stress field to generate a plastic zone without general yield illustrate that the cell size increases with increasing radial distance from the crack tip and increasing difference in the angular orientation from planes of maximum shear stress. It is further found that dislocation cell walls should align themselves on surfaces with constant shear stress. Experimental observations in beryllium foils, several microns thick and deformed in situ in the tensile stage of a high voltage microscope, are presented to show the validity of low energy configurations determined analytically.
The biphasic nature of renal calcification.

Renal calcification, induced in rats by an injection of uranium, is accomplished in two stages: a primary accumulation of calcium in association with anions other than phosphate and a secondary conversion of this calcium complex into a precipitate of calcium phosphate. Except for the exclusion of chondroitin sulfate, the nature of the primary anions remains undefined. The accumulation of calcium in the kidney was converted into a precipitate of minimum solubility, and thus the evidence of its primary causation was obliterated. This may well hold true of calcification at other situations.
Growths of staggered InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes emitting at 520–525 nm employing graded-temperature profile

The use of 3-layer staggered InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes at 520–525 nm, grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition with graded-temperature profile, resulted in increase in efficiency and output power by 2-times.
Application of an Interpersonal-Psychological Model of Suicidal Behavior to Physicians and Medical Trainees

Physicians and medical trainees (medical students and residents) are at increased risk for suicidal ideation. Yet few conceptual models have attempted to explain the elevated rates of suicide among physicians, and very little is known about what factors contribute to medical trainees' suicidal ideation and behaviors. In this paper, Joiner's (2005) interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidality will be explored as it applies to suicidal ideation and behavior among physicians and medical trainees. Literature addressing each component of the theory will be reviewed. Drawing upon extant data, each dimension of the theory (burden, thwarted belongingness, and acquired ability) will be examined in depth in terms of its applicability to suicidal thinking and behavior among physicians and physicians-in-training. Findings from the literature provide support for the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidality as applied to this population.
Structure and magnetism of cobalt-doped ZnO thin films

The structure and magnetic properties of Co-doped ZnO films are discussed in relation to cobalt doping levels and growth conditions. Films were deposited by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) from ZnO targets containing cobalt concentrations from 0 to 30?at.%. The structure of the films is examined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and optical absorption is used to infer the substitution of cobalt inside the ZnO lattice. Magnetic properties are characterized by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. Films doped with cobalt concentrations of a few per cent appear to be composed of two magnetic components: a paramagnetic component and a low-field ferromagnetic component. Films doped with 30% cobalt show a larger FM signature at room temperature with clear hysteretic shape, but films grown at low pressure are plagued by the precipitation of metallic cobalt nanoparticles within the lattice which can be easily detected by XRD. These particles are well oriented with the ZnO crystal structure. By increasing the base pressure of the vacuum chamber to pressures above 1?10?5?Torr, metallic cobalt precipitates are undetectable in XRD scans, whereas the films still show an FM signature of ~0.08??B/Co. Depositions in the presence of oxygen background gas at 0.02?mTorr decreases the magnetization. The decreased magnetization with oxygen suggests that the activation of ferromagnetism depends on defects, such as oxygen vacancies, created during growth. Optical absorption measurements show a sequential increase in the Co+2 absorption peaks in these films, along with an almost linearly increasing bandgap with cobalt concentration suggesting a large solubility of cobalt in ZnO. Bright-field TEM imaging and electron diffraction do not show signs of precipitation; however, dark-field imaging shows circular areas of varying contrast which could be associated with cobalt precipitation. Therefore, the possibility that ferromagnetism results from secondary phases cannot be ruled out.
Comparative alkane chemistry of Parthenium argentatum (guayule) and some F1 hybrids

Abstract The leaf alkanes of Parthenium argentatum (guayule), P. tomentosum var. stramonium, P. fruticosum var. trilobatum, and the first filial (F1) generations obtained from crosses with guayule were investigated by GC and mass spectrometry and shown to be useful in chemotaxonomic studies. The identified n-alkanes ranged from C19 to C40 with either n-C29 or n-C31 as the main component. The alkane chemistry of guayule with n-C31 being the main component predominated in most of the F1 hybrids. The presence of iso-branched alkanes (C27, C29, C31) in P. tomentosum and its hybrids could be detected by GC/MS. These preliminary investigations indicate that epicuticular wax alkanes can be useful in inheritance studies of guayule and its hybrids.
Potential applications of geostationary ocean color imagery for physical-biological interactions

Since Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) data are not available yet, we used daily MODIS Chlorophyll a (Chla) data to illustrate how GOCI data can be used for physical and biological interaction research. For physical features, we used the daily New Generation Sea Surface Temperature (NGSST) for the Yellow Sea, the South Sea, and the East Sea from January 2005 to December 2009. Since the cloud contamination in ocean color observations are always programmatic, analyzing physical and biological interactions have been limited. In order to examine whether we can use NGSST for Chla using a linear regression, we investigated their relations to obtain cloud free Chla. The results show that the ES and the SS have relatively small root mean error (RMSE) than that in the YS. In addition to time series of two different observations, we applied empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) to extract different spatial features from both Chla and SST imagery. We selected off the west coast of the ES for a jet like feature on August 13, 2007. The Chla meandering features were different from previously reported upwelling features in the area. The features seem like to be modulated by waves, which were appeared in SST decomposition modes, i.e., Intrinsic Mode Decomposition (IMF). Although the methods were applied to MODIS observations, which are coarser spatial and temporal resolutions than those of GOCI, these methods will provide better results with GOCI observations because of better resolutions.
Analysis and application of a parallel spectral element method for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations

Abstract We present an analysis of the parallel spectral element method for solution of the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in general three-dimensional geometries. The approach combines high-order spatial discretizations with iterative solution techniques in a way which exploits with high efficiency the currently available medium-grained distributed-memory parallel computers. Measured performance analysis on the Intel vector hypercubes and example Navier-Stokes calculations demonstrate that parallel processing can now be considered an effective fluid mechanics analysis tool.
Origin of Galactic Gamma-rays

Galactic gamma rays from OSO-3 observations attributed to decay of neutral pions produced by cosmic rays interaction with interstellar gas nucleons
In vitro tissue oxygen tensions in the rabbit aortic arch

Micro O2 electrodes (the Whalen-Nair electrode) with tip diameters of 3–7 μm were inserted in vitro (Krebs-Ringer equilibrated with room air) through normal and atherosclerotic aortic arch of rabbits. Varying degrees of atherosclerosis were produced by 2–6 weeks of feeding a 2% cholesterol diet. Tissues varied from 430 to 1120 μm in thickness. Oxygen tension profiles were smooth, continuous curves, decreasing from 144 mm Hg at the inner and outer surfaces to a minimum in the inner half of the media. The minimum PO2 decreased from 55 mm Hg for the thinnest tissue to zero at 720 μm thickness. For thicker tissues, the zone of 0 PO2 widened. Tissues were separated by histology into normal, early lesion and late lesions. Normal (n = 4) averaged 483 ± 21 μm in thickness, with a minimum PO2 of 51 ± 2 mm Hg at 39% of thickness in from the lumen. For early lesions (n = 9) the respective values were 552 ± 26 μm, 27 ± 3 mm Hg and 40%, and for late lesions (n = 4), 880 ± 107 μm, 0 mm Hg and 35%. At 100 yin in from lumen the PO2 of 50 ± 2 mm Hg for late lesions was significantly lower than for normal (67 ± 4) or early lesions (64 ± 2), but 02 uptake was not significantly different among the 3 groups (range 0.79 ± 0.08 to 0.97 ± 0.09 μl/h/mg dry wt). Projection of these results to a physiological PO2 of 95 mm Hg at intimal and adventitial surfaces suggests that inner portions of the normal rabbit arch may function near 0 pO2.
Effect of various pore formers on the microstructural development of tape-cast porous ceramics

Abstract Various types of pore formers have been used for the fabrication of ceramics with controlled porosity. This study addresses a detailed and systematic comparison of different pore formers (e.g. graphite, polymethyl methacrylate, sucrose and polystyrene) with distinct features such as size, distribution and morphology of particles and decomposition/oxidation behavior. Investigations also involve their effect on the rheological properties of the slurries and the microstructural development of laminated porous ceramic tapes. Morphological features of the pore former particles were characterized using laser diffraction, B.E.T. surface area measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques as their thermal decomposition/oxidation behavior were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) methods. Tape compositions were developed and optimized in order to incorporate identical volumetric loadings of the materials in the tape formulations with different pore formers for a reliable comparison of their pore forming characteristics. Porous yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramics were fabricated without macroscopic defects (e.g. cracks, warpage and delamination) by developing heating profiles based on the identified thermal properties of the pore formers. Characterization of the sintered porous ceramics by SEM and mercury intrusion porosimetry techniques revealed novel relationships between the physical properties of the utilized pore formers, processing parameters and final pore structures.
Comparison of small and large footprint lidar systems in predicting forest structural characteristics

Data from small and large footprint lidar systems were used to derive basic forest attributes from old-growth Douglas fir/western hemlock dominated stands at the Gifford Pinchot National Forest in the Pacific Northwest of United Sates. The derived forest attributes include canopy height and canopy closure. The crown depth estimates were made from the large footprint dataset. The study provides the unique opportunity to compare basic forest attributes derived from small and large footprint lidar systems, and also demonstrates the significance of complimentary analysis of data from different lidar systems in providing expanded information on forest structure. Results of the analysis showed a high degree of agreement between the canopy height estimates from both lidar systems
Amorphous calcium phosphate/urethane methacrylate resin composites. I. Physicochemical characterization

Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), an oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) extended UDMA (PEG-U) and a blend of UDMA/PEG-U were chosen as model systems for introducing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments and a range of compliances in their derived polymers. Experimental composites based on these three resins with amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) as the filler phase were polymerized and evaluated for mechanical strength and ion release profiles in different aqueous media. Strength of all composites decreased upon immersion in saline (pH = 7.4). Both polymer matrix composition and the pH of the liquid environment strongly affected the ion release kinetics. In saline, the UDMA/PEG-U composite showed a sustained release for at least 350 h. The initially high ion release of the PEG-U composites decreased after 72 h, seemingly due to the mineral re-deposition at the composite surface. Internal conversion from ACP to poorly crystallized apatite could be observed by X-ray diffraction. In various lactic acid (LA) environments (initial pH = 5.1) ion release kinetics was much more complex. In LA medium without thymol and/or carboxymethylcellulose, as a result of unfavorable changes in the internal calcium/phosphate ion stoichiometry, the ion release rate greatly increased but without observable conversion of ACP to apatite.
Section III. Health information analysis centers, clearinghouses, and other special projects. Federal health information clearinghouses

This is an overview of the Federal government's support of health information clearinghouses—why they were initiated, their purpose, problems, and impact. Federal clearinghouses emerged in the 1960s to identify, organize, and provide access to a substantive body of information. As a support service to their sponsoring agencies, and often the only source for “fugitive” information, they constantly change to meet program priorities and facilitate the flow of information to multilevel audiences. In addition, the increasing complexity and quantity of information has intensified the need for organizing resources into coherent, manageable form. As a primary source for unbiased health information, clearinghouses strive to present a balanced view of research issues and treatment modalities. They provide inexpensive access to reliable health information, especially publicly funded research and information for the public good, and play an important role in meeting the nation's health objectives. © 1987 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and congenital diaphragmatic hernia: should any infant be excluded?

Abstract Mortality in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) remains high despite improvements in neonatal and surgical care because many infants develop persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) following repair. Since 1984, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used as rescue therapy in all infants (n = 25) with PPHN following CDH repair when conventional management failed, with an overall survival of 60%. Repair was performed in this hospital on 12 infants and in other hospitals in 13 infants transferred for consideration of ECMO after repair. Mortality was the same in the group repaired here and those transferred for ECMO. Although complications were frequent in the surviving group, they were successfully managed with nonoperative or operative therapy. Selective use of ECMO has been advocated in CDH patients based on various predictors of high mortality such as "best" PO 2 postrepair 40, and ventilation index >1,000 with PCO 2 >40. Seven surviving infants following ECMO would have been classified as unsalvageable by at least one parameter if selection criteria based on these parameters had been used. We conclude from this series that current predictors of high mortality in CDH patients are unreliable when ECMO is used. Surgeons caring for infants with CDH should consider the use of ECMO in all infants.
Transmission of allosteric effects in DNA

Binding of distamycin induces a cooperative transition of calf thymus DNA to a new form with higher affinity for the drug and altered structural properties.
Outcomes of parental investment in high-risk children.

Abstract This study assesses the combined effects of children’s early medical risk (e.g., preterm status) and parental investment levels (time spent in provision of care to target children as opposed to other family members) on children’s response to novel, potentially distressing stimuli. While engaged in play activities, children were exposed to stimuli that were either neutral (a speaker on television with a calm voice) or threatening (a speaker with an angry voice). A significant interaction between children’s risk status and parental investment was found only for threatening stimuli. High-risk children with high-investing parents showed high visual engagement with potentially threatening responses, whereas high-risk children with low-investing parents were more likely to show visual avoidance. No comparable effects were found for low-risk children. Findings were interpreted as showing that high-risk children with a history of high parental investment are more likely to attend to potentially threatening events, an adaptive response in the presence of reliable support.
NSAIDs and breast cancer recurrence in a prospective cohort study.

We examined the association between NSAID use and breast cancer recurrence in a prospective cohort of 2,292 early-stage breast cancer survivors diagnosed from 1997 to 2000 participating in the Life After Cancer Epidemiology (LACE) Study. From 2000 to 2002, mailed questionnaires were used to obtain information on aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAID use and subsequent breast cancer events. A total of 270 recurrences (local, regional, and distant disease and new primary breast cancers) were reported and verified by medical record review. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for age at diagnosis, race, cancer stage, tamoxifen treatment, chemotherapy use, body mass index, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor use. Current, regular use (at least three days per week at time of questionnaire administration) of ibuprofen (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.32–0.98), but not aspirin (RR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.74–1.61), was associated with a statistically significant decreased risk of breast cancer recurrence. The combination of ibuprofen and other non-aspirin NSAIDs such as naproxen and sulindac reflected a similar reduction in risk (RR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.33–0.95). No association was found for the non-NSAID analgesic acetaminophen. Our findings provide support for an inverse association between current, regular ibuprofen use and breast cancer recurrence.
Mixed models and multiple comparisons in analysis of human neurochemical maps

Examination of brain regional neurochemistry in disease states reveals differences among brain regions. Knowing where alterations in brain function are located is crucial to understanding the disease effect. The anatomical distribution of neurotransmitter receptors is now often studied using quantitative autoradiography, but the large number of brain regions involved raises serious problems for statistical analysis of such data. Due to the dependence among the subjects in case control designs, statistical analysis based on a 'mixed model' is useful. Such an analysis is illustrated using a small autoradiographic data set. The Bonferroni method, the method of Holm, and two 'False Discovery Rate'-controlling methods for adjusting P-values for multiple comparisons are compared.
Medial bulboreticular response to peripherally applied noxious stimuli.

Abstract Response characteristics of single neurons in the medial portion of the reticular formation of the medulla were recorded extracellularly in unanesthetized, decerebrate cats immobilized with gallamine. Electrode tracts were confirmed histologically. Peripheral electrical stimulation consisted of a supramaximal pulse train of 250–500 msec, at a frequency of 80 Hz, applied to foot pads. Physiological stimulation consisted of touch, hair and joint movement, and deep pressure and pinch sufficient to elicit limb with-drawal. Fifty-three neurons with spontaneous activities of varying frequencies were encountered, few of which responded to more than one modality. Responses to electrical and mechanical noxious stimulation were characterized by increases or decreases in background firing rates, followed by prolonged afterdischarges or extended silent periods. Stimuli of less than noxious intensity did not evoke afterdischarges or prolonged inhibition. A correlation between reproducible response patterns of single neurons in nucleus gigantocellularis of cats and peripheral noxious stimulation is demonstrated.
A Coefficient to Characterize Mixing in Solar Water Storage Tanks

A dimensionless coefficient is developed to characterize the level of mixing in solar water storage tanks. The MIX number, based on the height weighted energy, or moment of energy, in the tank, ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 representing a perfectly stratified (unmixed) tank and 1 representing a fully mixed tank. Limiting values are based on theoretical determinations of the maximum and minimum values of the moment of energy in a tank without mixing and a tank with complete mixing, respectively. Use of the new MIX number is illustrated by experimental data obtained in a 372-liter storage tank operated with both a conventional drop-tube inlet and a rigid, porous stratification manifold.
Crystal growth in mineralizing tissues.

Abstract The growth of nuclei into crystals requires a metastable solution phase with respect to the growing particles (supersaturation), and the presence of impurities. The rate of growth is proportional to the diameter of the particles, and is related to the surface to volume ratio of the crystal. Trace components can modify cyrstal habit and may be factors in determining the characteristics of bone mineral. Orientation of bone cystals parallel to the collagen fibers implies that the organic matrix acts as a habit modifier. The small size of bone hydroxyapatite crystals (640 A or less), in contrast to the synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals prepared in the laboratory (2 · 10 7 A or 2.0 mm), suggests that factors in vivo operate to limit their size. Cessation of crystal growth in a supersaturated solution is likely to be caused by surface adsorption of inhibiting ions or compounds. A mechanical barrier imposed by the collagen fibrils, and decreased renewal of the fluids surrounding the crystal may also be involved. The inorganic portion of mineralized tissues in two phases: a crystalline core of hydroxyapatite of [Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH 2 )] and an adsorbed outer shell which is of an amorphous or gel-like nature, containing anions such as carbonate, citrate, fluorides, and cations such as Na, Mg, Pb, and Sr. This does not preclude entry of a few such ions into the lattice. The inorganic composition of bones and teeth depends on the composition of the surrounding fluids (which can be regulated by dietar constituents). For example, the CO 3 /PO 4 ratio of minerals in bone and teeth is related to the CO 3 /PO 4 ratio of blood serum.
The period of the Fibonacci number generator

Abstract Smith, Green, and Klem introduced the Fibonacci RNG in [7]. A starting vector of k integers is chosen, and new numbers are generated by the recurrence r n ≡ r n −1 + r n − k (mod M ). For a prime M and some choices of the parameter k , any non-zero initial vector υ gives a sequence with a period of M k minus ;1. However, in most cases, different initial values give rise to very different periods. This behavior was noted by the authors, but left unexplained. In this paper we review how sequences with short periods arise, and provide an algorithm that selects different starting vectors that give a maximal period.
Theory of dendritic growth under rapid solidification conditions

Abstract A first order perturbation analysis is developed to study the stability of a moving interface and the results are applied to characterize the growth rate and tip radius of dendritic plates under rapid solidification conditions. A marginal stability criterion is developed which approaches the Langer and Muller-Krumbhaar stability result, VR 2 = constant, as the Peclet number goes to zero. Our results for the constrained growth also approach the Mullins-Sekerka absolute stability condition when the solute Peclet number becomes very large. The role of crystalline symmetry and interface constraints on the stability criterion is discussed.
Assembly line research: Historical roots, research life cycles and future directions

Abstract The purpose of this research effort, was to analyze whether the birth and development of assembly line research were driven by an industry/government “push” or by an academic “pull”, examine the historical growth and decay patterns (life cycles) of assembly line research and publications, note research directions and their underlying causes, assess current research topics and likely future trends, and compare the results of this research effort with those of similar studies.
ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION OF CERTAIN ENDOCRINE PHENOMENA1

IT HAS long been known that certain endocrine readjustments may be caused by exteroceptive stimuli. Examples may be found in many of the endocrine glands.The yearly growth and regression of the sexual organs in animals in which reproduction is seasonal are closely correlated with the external temperature and light conditions (1, 2). The act of mating, as well as mechanical stimulation of erogenous zones,is necessary for the induction of ovulation in the rabbit and pseudopregnancy in therat. Exposure to cold causes an increase in the basal metabolic rate, in the thyroidcell height, and in the weight of the adrenal cortex. Conversely, maintenance in a hotenvironment has been observed to lower the metabolic rate (3). These observationsall support the generalization that important changes in endocrine activity can result from changes in the external world. Such observations have prompted a re examination of the endocrine responses toseveral environmental stimuli.
Enhancement of recombinant adenovirus vaccine-induced primary but not secondary systemic and mucosal immune responses by all-trans retinoic acid.

Vaccination is an important tool for enhancing immune responses against mucosal pathogens. Intramuscularly administered adenovirus (Ad) vectors have been demonstrated to be strong inducers of both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Further enhancement of immune responses following Ad vaccination is highly desirable. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a biologically active vitamin A metabolite, has been explored as an adjuvant for primary immune responses following vaccination. In this study, we investigated the effect of ATRA on a heterologous Ad prime boost regimen. ATRA co-administration during priming increased mucosal and systemic antibody responses as well as mucosal but not systemic CD8+ T cell responses. However, this effect was no longer apparent after boosting regardless of whether ATRA was administered at the time of priming, at the time of boosting, or at both immunizations. Our findings confirm ATRA as an adjuvant for primary immune responses and suggest that the adjuvant effect does not extend to secondary immune responses.
Chromosomal Mutations Responsible for Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Ureaplasma Species in the United States

We sequenced the full lengths of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes in 13 fluoroquinolone-resistant Ureaplasma isolates (levofloxacin MICs, 4 to 32 μg/ml) and 10 susceptible isolates (MICs ≤ 2 μg/ml). Mutations were detected in all resistant isolates but in none of the susceptible isolates. The most prevalent mutation was the S83L substitution in the ParC protein. No plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance genes were detected.
Ecohydrology with unmanned aerial vehicles

High-resolution characterizations and predictions are a grand challenge for ecohydrology. Recent advances in flight control, robotics and miniaturized sensors using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide an unprecedented opportunity for characterizing, monitoring and modeling ecohydrologic systems at high-resolution (<1 m) over a range of scales. How can the ecologic and hydrologic communities most effectively use UAVs for advancing the state of the art? This Innovative Viewpoints paper introduces the utility of two classes of UAVs for ecohydrologic investigations in two semiarid rangelands of the southwestern U.S. through two useful examples. We discuss the UAV deployments, the derived image, terrain and vegetation products and their usefulness for ecohydrologic studies at two different scales. Within a land-atmosphere interaction study, we utilize high-resolution imagery products from a rotary-wing UAV to characterize an eddy covariance footprint and scale up environmental sensor network observations to match the time-varying sampling area. Subsequently, in a surface and subsurface interaction study within a small watershed, we demonstrate the use of a fixed-wing UAV to characterize the spatial distribution of terrain attributes and vegetation conditions which serve as input to a distributed ecohydrologic model whose predictions compared well with an environmental sensor network. We also point to several challenges in performing ecohydrology with UAVs with the intent of promoting this new self-service (do-it-yourself) model for high-resolution image acquisition over many scales. We believe unmanned aerial vehicles can fundamentally change how ecohydrologic science is conducted and offer ways to merge remote sensing, environmental sensor networks and numerical models.
Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated-fluorinated, hydrophilic-hydrophobic multiblock copolymers for proton exchange membranes

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic block copolymers as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) has become an emerging area of research in recent years. These copolymers were obtained through moderate temperature (∼ 100 °C) coupling reactions, which minimize the ether-ether interchanges between hydrophobic and hydrophilic telechelic oligomers via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution mechanism. The hydrophilic blocks were based on the nucleophilic step polymerization of 3,3′-disulfonated, 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone with an excess 4,4′-biphenol to afford phenoxide endgroups. The hydrophobic (fluorinated) blocks were largely based on decafluoro biphenyl (excess) and various bisphenols. The copolymers were obtained in high molecular weights and were solvent cast into tough membranes, which had nanophase separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. The performance and structure-property relationships of these materials were studied and compared to random copolymer systems. NMR results supported that the multiblock sequence had been achieved. They displayed superior proton conductivity, due to the ionic proton conducting channels formed through the self-assembly of the sulfonated blocks. The nano-phase separated morphologies of the copolymer membranes were studied and confirmed by atomic force microscopy. Through control of a variety of parameters, including ion exchange capacity and sequence lengths, performances as high, or even higher than those of the state-of-the-art PEM, Nafion, were achieved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1038–1051, 2009
James Baldwin and the Great Divide: Adapting “Equal in Paris” for Golden Age Television

In June of 1959, the Tamiment Institute and the journal Daedalus sponsored a conference titled “Problems of Mass Culture and Mass Media,” the proceedings of which were published as Culture for the Millions? (Jacobs). Attended by members of the New York Intellectuals as well as television industry professionals, the conference asked if the mass media could disseminate high culture to all. Despite the conference’s lofty cultural goals, many of the New York Intellectuals took the opportunity to maintain their status as arbiters of highbrow taste and to repeat the group’s long-standing critique of mass culture as a threat to both modernist art and democracy. By relying on the rhetoric of “the great divide” (Huyssen viii) that preserved the absolute opposition between modernism and mass culture, the New York Intellectuals accrued what Pierre Bourdieu calls “symbolic capital” or prestige. Hugh Wilford already has noted how the New York Intellectuals parlayed this capital into secure positions in the academy and used it to influence publishing (4, 119). Yet critics have analyzed only tangentially how the New York Intellectuals used their cultural authority to influence television programming in a similar fashion, albeit to a lesser extent. As a result of their influence, television mined the Intellectuals’ modernist canon for source material, and the Intellectuals obtained guest spots on television talk shows where they could discuss their literary and political opinions. While the rhetoric of
Adenosine A2A receptor activation attenuates tubuloglomerular feedback responses by stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase.

Adenosine A2 receptors have been suggested to modulate tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) responses by counteracting adenosine A1 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction, but the mechanisms are unclear. We...
Does perineal descent correlate with pudendal neuropathy

A prospective study was undertaken to assess the potential correlation between increased perineal descent (IPD) and pudendal neuropathy (PN) in 213 consecutive patients. These 165 females and 48 males of a mean age of 62 (range, 18–87) years had constipation (n=115), idiopathic fecal incontinence (n=58), or chronic intractable rectal pain (n=40). All 213 patients underwent cinedefecography (CD) and bilateral pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) assessment. Perineal descent (PD) of more than the upper limit of normal of 3.0 cm during evacuation was considered increased. Pudendal neuropathy was diagnosed when PNTML exceeded the upper limit of normal of 2.2 milliseconds. Although 65 patients (31 percent) had PD, only 16 (25 percent) of these 65 patients had neuropathy. Moreover, PN was also found in 42 (28 percent) of 148 patients without IPD. Conversely, only 16 (28 percent) of the 58 patients who had PN also had IPD, and IPD was present in 49 (32 percent) of 155 patients without PN. The frequency of PN according to the degree of IPD was: 30 to 4.0 cm, 6 of 27 patients (22 percent); 4.1 to 5.0 cm, 4 of 15 (27 percent); 5.1 to 6.0 cm, 4 of 12 (25 percent); 6.1 to 7.0 cm, 2 of 8 (25 percent); and >7.0 cm, 0 of 3 (0 percent). Linear regression analysis was undertaken to compare the relationships between measurements of PD at rest (R), push (P), and change (C=P−R) and values of PNTML. These values for all 213 patients were: R,r=0.048; P,r=0.031; and C,r=−0.050. The correlation coefficients were equally poor for all the individual subgroups analyzed, including the patient's sex or diagnosis. In summary, no correlation was found between PD and PNTML. The lack of a relationship was seen for the entire group as well as for those patients with either neuropathy or increased perineal descent. Therefore, the often espoused relationship between increased PD and PN was not supported by this prospective evaluation. Although increased PD and prolonged PNTML are frequently observed in patients with disordered defecation, they may represent independent findings.
A collision model for randomized routing in fat-tree networks

We present a proof that in a model of a fat-tree network with n processing nodes m=0. Unlike previously applied proof methods, we use an approximating model for the collision behavior of the network amenable to concise yet simple theoretical analysis. We justify the accuracy of the approximation by means of behavioral simulations based on a gate-level implementation of a fat-tree network.
Petrology and provenance of pre–Late Devonian sandstones, Shoo Fly Complex, northern Sierra Nevada, California

Between Quartz Hill and Fall Creek Mountain, California, the Shoo Fly Complex includes the Poison Canyon and Red Hill formations. Field, biostratigraphic, and U-Pb zircon data indicate that both formations are most likely post-Cambrian and pre-Middle Devonian in age. Medium-grained and pebbly sandstone in both formations was deposited in submarine-fan environments by subaqueous sediment gravity flows laden with continentally derived detritus. The source of terrigenous detritus in the Poison Canyon and Red Hill formations included rocks that contained zircons as old as ∼2.09 b.y. The depositional basin in which the Poison Canyon and Red Hill formations accumulated was floored by oceanic lithosphere and was close enough to some continental landmass to have received sand-sized detritus derived from it. The continental landmass may have been located in western North America, but there is nothing in the data presented here that precludes the possibility that it was located on some foreign continent.
Concurrent improvements in cardiorespiratory and muscle fitness in response to total body recumbent stepping in humans

A group of 26 sedentary adults [mean age 48.4 (SD 6.4) years] were allocated randomly into either a non-exercising control group (CON, n =9) or an exercise group (EX, n = 17) that trained 3 days a week for 12 weeks using a total body recumbent stepper (TBRS). Training intensity and duration progressed from 50% of heart rate reserve maximum (HRRmax) for 20 min to 75% HRRmax for 40 min. Maximal exercise responses were measured during incremental treadmill (TM) and TBRS tests to examine the specificity of the adaptations to training. Muscle strength was measured using a one repetition maximum (1 RM) test for the leg press (LP), chest press (CP), and seated row (SR). Muscle endurance (END) was evaluated for LP, CP, and SR as the number of repetitions achieved before failure when exercising at an intensity of 60% of baseline 1 RM. Body composition was estimated using the sum of seven skinfolds. After training, significant increases (P 0.05). These data indicated concurrent improvements in both cardiovascular and muscle fitness. The greater improvements observed on the TBRS test and in muscle endurance suggest the adaptations are specific to the mode of training.
Superstrings on hyperelliptic surfaces and the two-loop vanishing of the cosmological constant☆

Abstract We calculate the supersymmetric type II string partition function in a flat background for the situation where the world-sheet is hyperelliptic. We show explicitly that the contribution to the cosmological constant from hyperelliptic world-surfaces vanishes for genus ⩽ 20. This implies, in particular, that the cosmological constant vanishes completely to two loops. Due to the decoupling of the holomorphic and antiholomorphic sectors, this conclusion holds equally well for the heterotic string.
Linking Human and Natural History: A Review Essay*

John R. McNeill, professor of history at Georgetown University, Washington, DC, has written an excellent environmental history of the twentiethcentury world. The first two-thirds of his book are extensive and engaging reviews of changes in the Earth's soil and crust, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The last third attempts to identify the driving forces behind these unprecedented environmental changes. McNeill's account is broad, balanced, insightful, scholarly, and enjoyable to read. It will be valuable to anyone interested in how our environments have come to be as they are, whether as an educated layperson, student, or scholar. His many concrete descriptions suggest a richer picture of the engines of environmental change than is sometimes advertised elsewhere. This enriched picture will be useful and important to those seeking guidance on how to manage, understand, or simply live with environ-mental changes in the twenty-first century. Environmental changes in the twentieth century were dramatic. Table 1, based on McNeill's Table 12.1 (pp. 360-361), estimates the magnitude of some of them. I have added some estimates from other sources. McNeill's note, appended to the table, that "some of the numbers are more trustworthy than others" illustrates his characteristic and laudable caution, and applies to the estimates I have added as much as to his. Not one of the environmental, economic, and demographic variables listed in Table 1 was the subject of an objective, reliable, global statistical system in 1900, and most still were not in 2000. (Now is the time to begin writing the environmental history of the twenty-first century, by getting global environmental and social data
Detection and Mapping of a Major Locus for Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Common Bean

Fusarium oxysporum Schlectend. Fr. f. sp. phaseoli J.B. Kendrick and W.C. Snyder (FOP) is a vascular pathogen that causes Fusarium wilt in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). This disease is an increasing problem in the western U.S., and exploitation of genetic resistance is considered the most feasible control method. The objective of this study was to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Fusarium wilt resistance in a population derived from an interracial cross between FOP-susceptible Belneb RR-1 (race Durango) x FOP-resistant A55 (race Mesoamerica). Seventy-six F 6 -derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were screened for disease severity in greenhouse inoculations and rated on a scale of 1 (resistant) to 9 (susceptible). The phenotypic data were compared to existing random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker data using single-factor analysis of variance. Marker U20.750 on linkage group (LG) 10 accounted for 63.5% of the phenotypic variance for this trait. Lines exhibiting the A55 banding pattern at this locus had disease severity scores that averaged 3.6 points lower than lines with the Belneb RR-1 pattern. Two additional markers, AD4.450 on LG 3 and K10.700 on LG 11, were significant (P < 0.01) in single-factor analysis of variance, but only marker U20.750 on LG 10 remained significant when composite interval mapping (CIM) was conducted. The tight linkage between the putative QTL and U20.750, as indicated by CIM, makes this marker a promising candidate for conversion to a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) for use in marker-assisted selection in Fusarium wilt resistant common bean cultivar development.
How marginal are forager habitats

Abstract It is frequently suggested that human foragers occupy ‘marginal’ habitats that are poor for human subsistence because the more productive habitats they used to occupy have been taken over by more powerful agriculturalists. This would make ethnographically described foragers a biased sample of the foragers who existed before agriculture and thus poor analogs of earlier foragers. Here, we test that assertion using global remote sensing data to estimate habitat productivity for a representative sample of societies worldwide, as well as a warm-climate subsample more relevant for earlier periods of human evolution. Our results show that foraging societies worldwide do not inhabit significantly more marginal habitats than agriculturalists. In addition, when the warm-climate subsample is used, foragers occupy habitats that are slightly, though not significantly, more productive than agriculturalists. Our results call into question the marginal habitat criticism so often made about foragers in the ethnographic record.
Engineering an artificial zymogen by alternate frame protein folding

Alternate frame folding (AFF) is a novel mechanism by which allostery can be introduced into a protein where none may have existed previously. We employ this technology to convert the cytotoxic ribonuclease barnase into an artificial zymogen that is activated by HIV-1 protease. The AFF modification entails partial duplication of the polypeptide chain and mutation of a key catalytic residue in one of the duplicated segments. The resulting molecule can fold in one of two “frames” to yield the wild-type structure or a circularly permuted form in which the positions of the N- and C-termini are exchanged with a surface loop. It cannot take on both structures simultaneously because each competes for a shared amino acid sequence. An HIV-1 protease recognition sequence is inserted into one of the surface loops in the nonpermuted frame, and cleavage induces a shift from the nonpermuted fold to the permuted fold. Using the AFF mechanism, we were able to suppress kcat/KM by 250-fold in the proenzyme relative to wild-type barnase. HIV-1 protease cleavage subsequently increases kcat/KM by 130-fold. AFF is significant because it is general and can in principle be used to control activity of many enzymes, including those whose functions are not regulated by any existing mechanism.
Global dance/movement therapy growth and development

“I believe we are in a great profession which allows us to discover new parts inourselves all the time.”Yael Barkai, IsraelWe begin this report with the statement above because it seems representative of thepositivevisionexpressedbysomanyofthedance/movementtherapistswecontactedaroundthe world. In order to gain a better understanding of the growth and development of theprofession of dance/movement therapy (DMT) internationally, we collected data throughsurveying respondents from 37 countries. We were interested in understanding the processof the development as well as the personal experiences of these dance/movement therapistsacross the globe, and we thank the representatives of all the countries who graciouslycontributedtothesurvey.AcomprehensivelistofthemisincludedinAppendixA.Inevitablythere were those we could not include—those we could not reach or ﬁnd, but it is our hopethey will write to us and add to our knowledge.The respondents were discovered through several channels. Some had been members ofthe ADTA and the ADTA International Committee and Panel for many years; some we metand worked with in our travels; and some were found by inquiries and referrals throughcontacts and friends in different countries. In a few cases this took much investigation, andwe believe that we developed a comprehensive knowledge of the DMT situation in all thecountries covered.
Effect of Colloidal Interactions on the Rate of Interdroplet Heterogeneous Nucleation in Oil-in-Water Emulsions

Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance was used to monitor the crystallization of supercooled liquid droplets in 30 wt% n-hexadecane oil-in-water emulsions at 6°C. Crystallization was induced in the liquid droplets when solid droplets of the same material were present. The rate of induced crystallization increased as the concentration of free non-ionic surfactant (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) in the aqueous phase increased from 0 to 14 wt%. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated that free surfactant had no effect on crystal nucleation of individual droplets. These results indicate that the surfactant enhances induced crystallization by altering colloidal interactions between droplets. Creaming measurements showed that flocculation was enhanced in emulsions when the free surfactant concentration was increased. We propose that the presence of free surfactant micelles increases the attraction between droplets because of an osmotic effect, and this attraction facilitates the ability of solid crystals from one droplet to induce crystallization in an adjacent liquid droplet.