cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Adjoint Based Methods for the Prediction of Receptivity

This paper explores the use of nonparallel adjoint methods to predict the receptivity of two and three-dimensional boundary layers. Solutions obtained from both adjoint Navier—Stokes (ANS) and adjoint parabolized stability equations (APSE) have been validated against linearized Navier—Stokes (LNS) solutions that provide a full description of the linear receptivity process. The adjoint methods are used to document the nonparallel receptivity characteristics of both Blasius and Falkner-Skan boundary layers and these results are compared to local parallel theory. To evaluate the ability of adjoint methods, especially the APSE, to predict receptivity for strongly nonparallel flows, we also investigate the receptivity of the three-dimensional boundary layer on a swept parabolic cylinder. In all cases, our results indicate that adjoint methods accurately predict receptivity with significant gains in efficiency compared to LNS.
Transient Crowding and Crime: The More 'Strangers' in an Area, the More Crime Except for Murder, Assault and Rape

The eifects on crime rates of the intrusion of large numbers of strangers into an area are investigated. The sensitivity of six different crime types {murder, rape, assault, robbery, burglary, and larceny) to density of strangers is estimated using a standard model of criminal behavior. The variables which reflect this density are measures of tourists, college students, shoppers from other areas, opportunities to consume alcohol, and the presence of inter- state highway exits. The results suggest that an increase in the number of strang ers into an area has a positive effect on the crimes of burglary, larceny, and robbery, but very little effect on assault, murder and rape. A significant finding is that ''wet' countieshave a higher incidence of each crime type than do ''dry" counties. From a policy standpoint, officials who support economic growth m urban areas should keep in mind that an increase in the opportunity for illegal activity accompanies such growth and plan accordingly.
Eoparisocrinid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician (Galena Group) of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota

Two species of eoparisocrinid crinoids from the Middle Ordovician Galena Group of northern Iowa and southern Minnesota are described, namely Eoparisocrinus crossmani n. sp. and E. grandei n. sp. The post-larval development of Eoparisocrinus crossmani is examined. Crinoid arms grow by addition of new plates at their distal tips in conjunction with calcite deposition on old plates. New branches appear where axillary plates are initiated. Consequently, the growth rates for number of brachials and length of food-gathering system compared to crown volume are much faster than if the animals were isometric. The number of food particles collected is related to the number of food-catching tube-feet, which can be estimated if the length of the arms and height of the covering plates are known. The size of the largest food item is constrained by the food groove width. Thus, food-gathering capacity is the number of food-catching tube-feet multiplied by food groove width. The food-gathering capacity increases more rapidly than if the animal grew isometrically, and the ratio of food-gathering capacity: crown volume only declines slightly over the known growth range. All Ordovician cladid crinoids examined follow nearly identical ontogenetic trajectories. The ecological niche of a stalked crinoid is related to four basic parameters: stem length, food groove width, tube-foot spacing, and branch density. Stem length limits the highest elevation above the seafloor. The column of E. crossmani becomes longer during ontogeny due to the formation of new columnals and height growth of old ones. Consequently, individuals gradually “move up” until the adult elevation of about 50 mm is reached. The growth rates of stem length relative to crown size are slow in the youngest and mature animals but rapid in juveniles. The food grooves become wider throughout growth so that older crinoids ate larger food particles than younger ones. The food groove width increases less rapidly than if the shape were constant, because distal plates and branches are more narrow and have more slender food grooves than proximal plates. Growth curves for food groove width versus stem length and elevation were generated for E. crossmani and other crinoids that commonly occur in the same beds. Together, elevation and food particle size define the main dimensions of the niche. The various taxa are more or less separated by different food groove widths at most comparable elevations. This pattern minimizes ecological overlap and probably competition between the different species. The tube-foot spacing of E. crossmani is constant regardless of size, which suggests that it employed the same type of feeding mechanism throughout post-larval ontogeny. The arm branches of adults gradually become less densely spaced relative to the area of water filtered than in juveniles.
Interrogation Paradigm, or A Prince Unclothed

This essay asks what gives the executive the right - that is, either a genuine legal justification or, at the least, an accepted basis of extralegal legitimacy - to detain presumed terrorists for the purposes of interrogation. In search of an answer it lays bare the fact and consequences of an executive policy aimed in large part at extracting information against a person's will with little regard for harm that the policy might work upon the person or, for that matter, upon the state. The essay first establishes that to invade the essence of the individual in service of an asserted interest of state departs radically from the humanist principles that underlie modern law. The essay then demonstrates that the overt invasion of the human, as individual and as collectivity, also deviates from realist theories that underlie modern politics. By way of example, the essay looks to an early source of such theories, Niccolo Machiavelli's The Prince. In so doing, the essay exposes the inability of the U.S. executive to find in either humanist or realist theories of statecraft any cloak of legitimacy for its interrogation paradigm.
Gentzen-type systems and Hilbert's epsilon substitution method. I

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Gentzen-type systems and Hilbert's epsilon substitution method. The substitution method was suggested by Hilbert within the framework of his program for the foundations of mathematics. It is a successive approximation method for finding a finite function solution of a system of equations derived from a proof in a formal system. The proof consists of the following parts: the formalization in the infinitary sequent calculus of a noneffective proof of the existence of a solution; a standard normalization proof; and a proof that the normal form after this normalization is a convergence protocol for the epsilon substitution process. The metamathematical means used in the convergence proof are the same as in other normalization proofs for the systems considered: epsilon-0 induction (on quantifier-free formulas) for first order arithmetic and Girard's method of computability predicates in the second order case. The chapter also reviews the language, and the description of the substitution method is provided.
Theories of conception and paternity

Theories of conception have to do with far more than the physical process of human coming into being. In all times and places, people have had ideas about the process, and these ideas are interrelated with ideas about gender, kinship, property, and religion. Such theories are culturally specific. The modern medical theory, seemingly neutral by focusing only on the physical aspects, nevertheless incorporates aspects of the premodern Euro-American theory in which the male was thought to provide the “seed,” while the woman provided the nurturing medium. This folk theory, embedded in classical and biblical texts, determined the definition of the terms “mother,” “father,” “maternity,” and “paternity,” the meanings of which are neither neutral nor universal. Keywords: conception; paternity; procreation; religion
Enhancements to the short pulse high intensity nanosecond X-radiator (SPHINX) pulsed power system

The Sandia National Laboratories SPHINX accelerator is used to study the response of electronics to pulsed x-ray and electron environments. The system consists of a Marx generator and an oil-insulated pulse-forming line with self-closing oil switches. SPHINX has a peak load voltage of 2 MV and an adjustable pulse width ranging from 3 to 10 ns. The previous pulsed-power system had reliability and triggering issues with the Marx generator and subsequent undesired variations in voltage output. SPHINX was upgraded to a new Marx-generator system that has solved many of the voltage-output fluctuation and timing issues. The new Marx generator uses recently developed low-inductance 100-kV capacitors and 200-kV spark-gap switches. This paper provides an overview of SPHINX while capturing in detail the design, characterization, and comparative performance of the new Marx generator.
Calibration of Capacity Parameters for Signalized Intersections in Indiana

Past research has indicated that the accuracy of traffic quality studies strongly depends on capacity parameters, particularly when demand approaches capacity. Minimal work has been done in the past on local values of the base saturation flow rate and lost times used in capacity analysis of signalized intersections. This paper discusses saturation flow studies conducted for Indiana. The results confirm that the default parameters recommended by the Highway Capacity Manual, such as the heavy vehicle equivalency factor and the protected left-turn adjustment factor, are adequate for Indiana. At the same time, the base saturation flow rate was found to vary strongly across locations, even when the geometry and traffic conditions were nearly identical, indicating that there are other factors not yet included in the Highway Capacity Manual. Regression analysis of the saturation flow rate variability identified the size of a town to be a good predictor. A model was developed and a set of base saturation flow rates were proposed, which depend on the number of lanes and the town population. The estimated impact of the size of the town estimated for Indiana is very close to the values obtained in the past for other states. The paper provides a convincing argument for adding to the Highway Capacity Manual a population adjustment factor for saturation flow rates.
Importance of the polyunsaturated fatty acid to vitamin E ratio in the resistance of rat lung microsomes to lipid peroxidation

Rat lung microsomes and liposomes made from isolated lung microsomal lipids were found to be much more resistant to lipid peroxidation than those from liver in both enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of isolated lung microsomal lipids was 28% of total fatty acids, while liver was 54%. The vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) content of isolated lung microsomal lipids was 2.13 nmol/mumol lipid phosphate and that of liver was 0.43. Individually, neither the lower PUFA content nor higher vitamin E levels could account for the resistance of lung microsomal lipids to peroxidation. Distearoyl-L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine and/or alpha-tocopherol were added to liver microsomal lipids to achieve different PUFA to vitamin E ratios at PUFA contents of 28% or 54%, and the resulting liposomes were subjected to an NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation system utilizing cytochrome P450 reductase, EDTA-Fe+3, and ADP-Fe+3. Liposomes having PUFA to vitamin E ratios less than approximately 250 nmol PUFA/nmol vitamin E were resistant to peroxidation, whereas lipid peroxidation, as evidenced by malondialdehyde production, occurred in liposomes having higher ratios. When lipid peroxidation occurred, 40%-60% of the liposomal vitamin E was irreversibly oxidized. Irreversible oxidation did not occur in the absence of lipid peroxidation. These studies indicated that the low PUFA to vitamin E ratio in lung microsomes and isolated microsomal lipids was sufficient to account for the observed resistance to lipid peroxidation.
Disorder as harmful dysfunction: A conceptual critique of DSM-III-R's definition of mental disorder.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; DSM-III-R) operationally defines disorder essentially as "statistically unexpectable distress or disability." This definition is an attempt to operationalize 2 basic principles: that a disorder is harmful and that a disorder is a dysfunction (i.e., an inability of some internal mechanism to perform its natural function). However, the definition fails to capture the idea of "dysfunction" and so fails to validly distinguish disorders from nondisorders, leading to invalidities in many of DSM-III-R's specific diagnostic criteria. These problems with validity are traced to DSM-III-R's strategies for increasing reliability.
Behavioral treatment of sleep dysfunction in patients with the rett syndrome

Aberrant sleep patterns are commonly experienced by girls with the Rett syndrome. In this investigation, the problematic sleep of three girls with the Rett syndrome was regulated using a bedtime fading procedure with response cost. The treatment involved systematically delaying the bedtime and utilized a response cost component, removing the child from bed for one hour, when the child did not experience short latency to sleep onset. Daytime sleep was interrupted, except during regularly scheduled naps. A fading procedure was then successfully utilized to advance the bedtimes. This treatment resulted in more regular sleep patterns for the girls by increasing appropriate nighttime sleep, reducing inappropriate daytime sleep and reducing problematic nighttime behaviors (e.g., night wakings). These preliminary findings are important because they suggest that the dysfunctional sleep patterns of girls with the Rett syndrome may be amenable to behavioral treatments.
Solar powered microwave transmission and interactions with atmopsheric plasmas

We present (1) a proof of concept to operate solar powered microwave transmission, and (2) investigation of microwave interactions with atmospheric plasmas. In this conceptualized system, a solar thermophotovoltaic system is considered to produce direct current electricity, which is then converted to microwaves in an array. It has an intermediate structure between the solar cell and the sun. Computational analysis using the matrix transfer method of different materials at varying thicknesses will be used to analyze the absorption in the structure as well as to calculate the efficiency of the DC-AC conversion. The results from these simulations will provide insight on how to produce an economically and environmentally conscience energy source, that can be used for communication and remote sensing applications. However, it is expected that microwaves may interact with ionospheric plasmas, especially, in the E region to induce large scale fluctuations in plasma density and geomagnetic fields. This expectation arises from the facts that microwaves can impose nonlinear forces (i.e., ponderomotive force and thermal pressure force) on ionospheric plasmas. They subsequently produce a quasi-DC apparent electric field, acting on electrons to induce plasma density fluctuations (δn) according to electric Gauss law. Consequently, the apparent electric field together with the background Earth's magnetic field cause the so-called ExB electron drifts, and yield the geomagnetic field fluctuations (δB o ) according to Ampere's law. The simultaneous generation of dn and δB o is associated with a large-scale plasma instability driven by aforementioned nonlinear forces. Electron collisions play the following key roles in the determination of instability thresholds. (1) Electron collisions generate heat sources to excite the thermal instability. (2) Electron collisions impose damping on the excited dn and δB o . (3) Electron collisions reduce heat conduction loss. Judging from these facts, we can expect that microwave interactions can effectively start in ionospheric E region, where electrons have the largest collision rates due to dense neutral population density. The microwave-generated large scale δn and δB o can extend in a large range of altitude in the upper atmosphere. After we determine the instability thresholds, we can use them to set up the safe operation range of solar powered microwave transmission.
IMPLICATIONS OF METASTABILITY FOR THE CRYSTAL/AMORPHOUS INTERFACE FROM MOLECULAR SIMULATION

Some additional observations from the results of recent off-lattice Monte Carlo simulations of the interlamellar region of semicrystalline polymers are presented. First, a rigorous statement is given of the constraints that are required for, and which define the nature of, the metastability employed in these simulations. Second, results of studies of chain tilt are summarized and connections drawn to recent experimental observations. Finally, a simple analysis is provided for determining an approximate degree of polymerization for the chains simulated by this approach. The results of this analysis are combined with the results of the chain tilt studies to show that the inequality proposed by Frank [Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc., 1979, 68, 7] is readily satisfied by the diverse topologies obtained from simulations, or conversely, that the inequality poses little constraint for the detailed structure of the interface.
Seventh-Day Adventist vegetarians have a quiescent proliferative activity in colonic mucosa.

The proliferation of epithelial cells in colonic mucosa was studied in humans at varying degrees of risk for colon cancer. Seventh-Day Adventist vegetarians, known to have significantly lower mortality from colon cancer than the general U.S. population, had the most quiescent proliferative activity of mucosal epithelial cells. Increased replication and expansion of the proliferative compartment accompanied increased colon cancer risk. The analytical methods of this study may be useful in assessing the influence of dietary components involved in the initiation, promotion or inhibition of colon cancer, and in developing strategies for nutritional intervention.
Multispecies Perspectives on the Bering Sea Groundfish Fisheries Management Regime

Abstract The need to understand the multispecies implications of various harvesting regimes is becoming more important as fishery managers move toward ecosystem-based management. We explore the possible effects that different exploitation rates may have on eastern Bering Sea groundfish using a multispecies simulation context that incorporates predator–prey relationships. At present, some groundfish species in the eastern Bering Sea are exploited up to the recommended levels of allowable biological catch, whereas others, for economic or bycatch limitation reasons, are only lightly exploited. We explore the possible long-term multispecies implications of different exploitation patterns on the biomass and yield of several groundfish species using predator−prey suitability estimates derived from multispecies virtual population analysis (MSVPA) in a multispecies simulation modeling context and compare those predictions with those from single-species forecasting models. Three different fishing scenarios that in...
Appendix G—Geological and geophysical studies of ground‐water geology in Illinois by the Illinois State Geological Survey

Introduction—Geological and geophysical work in connection with ground water is carried on by the staff of the Subsurface Division of the Illinois State Geological Survey. Several different types of work are done in connection with the ground-water supplies of the State. These include: (1) Preparation of reports on the ground-water geology in response to inquiries; (2) electrical earth-resistivity surveys for the location of water-bearing sands and gravels; (3) geophysical logging of water-wells; (4) project studies of ground-water geology of important areas, for publication. The work of the Geological Survey constitutes only a part of ground-water work done in Illinois inasmuch as chemical and engineering investigations are carried on by the State Water Survey Division, and public-health aspects are handled by the State Department of Public Health. In many problems all three agencies collaborate.
Switching globin, raising red cells.

In this issue of Blood , Meiler and colleagues report that Pomalidamide, an immunomodulatory drug, stimulates fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in transgenic sickle mice to a degree similar to that of hydroxyurea, without cytotoxicity and with expanded marrow erythropoiesis, producing 2 therapeutic
719-3 Usefulness of Signal-Averaged ECG, Head-up Tilt and Eleetrophysiologic Studies in Patients with Unexplained Syncope

The recent availability of non-invasive diagnostic methods such as signalaveraged ECG (SAECG) and Head-up tilt (HUT) have raised the need to evaluate the role of such tests for the screening of pts with recurrent unexplained syncope (US). The purpose of the present study was to identify the clinical variables that predicted an abnormal SAECG and HUT in a series of 70 consecutive pts. referred for assessment of recurrent US. SAECG (ART EPX 1200) and HUT @ 60° with a low-dose isoproterenol protocol for 30 minutes, were performed in all pts. SAECG was considered (+) if ≥ 2 of Simson criteria were abnormal. A (+) HUT was defined as the induction of presyncope or syncope associated with bradycardia and hypotension that resembled the clinical episode. All pts underwent 2D-echo, radionuclide angiography and electrophysiologic study (EPS). VT(+) SAECG(+) SAECG(–) HUT(+) HUT(–) EPS N Pts 24(34%) 46(64%) 30(42%) 40(57%) 29(41%) AGE 42 ± 12 45 ± 16 36 ± 10 * 55 ± 10 * 45 ± 15 EF% 34 ± 8 * 53 ± 6 55 ± 9 53 ± 5 36 ± 5 * PMI 16(67%) * 4(9%) 2(6.6%) 2(5%) 19(66%) * EF = Eyection fraction. PMI = Previous myocardial infarction. * = Multivariabie analysis p l 0.01 A (+) SAECG, previous MI and EF l 40% were highly predictive (95%) of induction of sustained monomorphic VT during EPS. Similarly, (–) SAECG and age l 50 yrs were associated with a (+) HUT in 96%. Overall a cause for US was determined in 77%. Conclusions A (+) SAECG, EF l 40% and history of a previous MI were highly predictive of the induction of VT during EPS in pts with US. A (–) SAECG, EF g 40% and age g 50 yrs were predictive of a (+) HUT. Noninvasive screening of pts with US with SAECG and HUT increased the diagnostic yield and should be performed prior to invasive assessment with EPS.
Generalized Parton Distributions in the Chiral Odd Sector and Their Role in Neutral Meson Electroproduction

Our original suggestion to investigate exclusive π0 electroproduction as a method for extracting from data the tensor charge, transversity, and other quantities related to chiral odd generalized parton distributions is further examined. We now explain the details of the process: i) the connection between the helicity description and the cartesian basis; ii) the dependence on the momentum transfer squared, Q2, and iii) the angular momentum, parity, and charge conjugation constraints (JPC quantum numbers).
Supportive framework and innovative mobile application to augment mobile collaborative learning (MCL) activities

Deployment of modern technologies, interest of people have diverted from Computer-Supported learning to mobile-supported learning. Mobile learning is greatly demanded in educational organizations to demonstrate the pedagogical activities. Some of MCL supportive frameworks and applications have been introduced in numerous fields to advance the activities of those organizations but they require more succinct standard to sustain collaboration successfully. This paper introduces the new marking and heuristic evaluation method that provides educational support and gives entire picture for developing new educational group application for MCL. The features of application support asynchronous and synchronous collaboration. To authenticate various features of application, usability testing is conducted that helps to find the feedback of users. Further, application aims to improve learning impact and educate people at anytime and anywhere.
Collisional Radiative Recombination in Hydrogen Plasmas and in Alkali Plasmas

A simplified variational model for collision-dominated recombination of atomic ions is presented. The results are analytical formulas for electron-electron-ion recombination coefficients applicable to atomic systems whose outer electrons conform to one-electron energy-level structure. When combined with radiative transition probabilities, these results yield collisional-radiative recombination coefficients which are then compared with other theories and available experimental studies. In particular, fair agreement is found with Norcross and Stone's elaborate calculations for cesium recombination.
Role of Nanofibrous Scaffold Geometry in Cellular Adhesion

The goal of this study was to investigate the kinetics of NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell adhesion and their actin cytoskeleton organization on different geometry electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibrous scaffolds. Cell adhesion kinetics was measured by MTS assay. Cells on beaded scaffolds, which are not uniform fibrous scaffolds, showed the lowest adhesion rate and the smallest cytoskeleoton organization in all experiments. For uniform fiber scaffolds, cell adhesion rate was a function of scaffold specific surface area (SSA). Cell adhesion rate increased with increasing SSA when scaffold SSA was higher than 7.13 μm−1. Cell adhesion in high serum concentration culture medium was higher than in low serum concentration medium for all scaffolds. Results indicate that from 0–5% serum concentrations, cell adhesion at 4 or 8 hours were not significantly different between different geometry scaffolds. F-actin maximum projected area was quantified to indicate mature cell adhesion. Results indicate higher area for cells cultured in high serum concentration medium on 18.79 μm−1 (SSA) scaffolds, and had higher values when cultured for 8 hrs compared to 24 hrs. 10% serum concentration and 18.79 μm−1 (SSA) scaffolds are considered to be an optimum combination for enhanced cell adhesion.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL OF THE SQUID GIANT AXON DURING CURRENT FLOW

The squid giant axon was placed in a shallow narrow trough and current was sent in at two electrodes in opposite sides of the trough and out at a third electrode several centimeters away. The potential difference across the membrane was measured between an inside fine capillary electrode with its tip in the axoplasm between the pair of polarizing electrodes, and an outside capillary electrode with its tip flush with the surface of one polarizing electrode. The initial transient was roughly exponential at the anode make and damped oscillatory at the sub-threshold cathode make with the action potential arising from the first maximum when threshold was reached. The constant change of membrane potential, after the initial transient, was measured as a function of the total polarizing current and from these data the membrane potential is obtained as a function of the membrane current density. The absolute value of the resting membrane resistance approached at low polarizing currents is about 23 ohm cm.(2). This low value is considered to be a result of the puncture of the axon. The membrane was found to be an excellent rectifier with a ratio of about one hundred between the high resistance at the anode and the low resistance at the cathode for the current range investigated. On the assumption that the membrane conductance is a measure of its ion permeability, these experiments show an increase of ion permeability under a cathode and a decrease under an anode.
2DEG in strained Si/SiGe heterostructures

Abstract Low-temperature magnetotransport properties for the recent n-type modulation-doped Si/SiGe heterostructures are reported. The biaxially tensile-stressed (100)Si surface layers on stress-relieved SiGe substrates are shown to have all the well known MOSFET characteristics but with more than an order of magnitude higher mobility. The four-fold degeneracy of the ground subband can be completely resolved at a magnetic field as low as 2 T. FQHE at 2 3 and 4 3 are clearly discerned and the activation energy at the plateaus is about 1 K at 10 T. The ratios between scattering time and single-particle relaxation time are 4–10 for a great number of samples examined. Low-temperature mobility appears to be capped below 2 × 10 5 cm 2 V −1 s −1 at present, as reported from several laboratories. Comparison of data and model calculations of Stern and Laux for the temperature-dependent mobility are made. Fixed charge and surface roughness appear to be the limiting parameters for the samples currently examined.
Technological advances in neuroimaging: neurosurgical applications for the future.

ecent advances in neuroimaging methods and analysis have had far-reaching implications for neuroscientific R research. But, although techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ( 7.0 T) show promise for clinical integration, in their current iterations they have significant limitations for practical use in neurosurgical diagnosis, planning, procedures, and postsurgical care (7). Image acquisition and analysis tools that address these problems are currently being developed in academic and research centers around the world, and many will undoubtedly become indispensible tools for the neurosurgeon. This perspective statement aims to provide a glimpse into the not-so-distant future of neuroimaging and its many potential applications in neurosurgery.
Localization of angiotensinogen in rat liver by immunocytochemistry.

Plasma angiotensinogen, the protein precursor of angiotensin, is produced by the liver. The present study investigated the location of angiotensinogen in sections of rat liver using the unlabeled peroxidase-antiperoxidase bridge technique of Sternberger. Specific reaction products of the antibody localization method were most pronounced in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes in the pericentral zone of the liver lobule. Controls, in which antibody was preabsorbed with angiotensinogen, did not form reaction product. The gradient of angiotensinogen observed within liver lobules resembled that demonstrated by metabolic zonation. The distribution of angiotensinogen differed from the scattered distributions found for other plasma proteins.
Desipramine treatment in panic disorder.

Apart from imipramine (IMI), the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressants in panic disorder (PD) has received surprisingly little investigation. The authors report on a 6 week open trial of desipramine (DMI) preceded by a 10 day placebo lead-in, in 15 patients with PD. By week 6, 80% of the patients were globally rated as much or very much improved on a mean dose of 198 mg. Much of the improvement resulted from a reduction in non-panic attack symptomatology (i.e., psychic, somatic and phobic anxiety). Longer duration of illness, male gender and residual psychic anxiety were associated with poorer response in a subgroup of patients. DMI caused minimal intolerable side effects, suggesting possible compliance advantages in comparison to IMI. Beyond supporting the efficacy of DMI in PD, the results of the study point to a significant medication responsive non-panic illness component and caution against over-relying on panic attacks in assessing both illness severity and treatment response.
Effects of Time of Review and Test Expectancy on Learning from Text.

Abstract The effects of varying placement of a review period and test expectancy on students' notetaking, review strategies, and performance on delayed free recall, application, and cloze tests were investigated. One hundred fifty-six undergraduates took notes on two texts with the expectation that they would be tested for quantity of information remembered from one text and for their ability to apply information from a second text. Students were assigned to one of five review conditions: (a) at acquisition, (b) 1 day after acquisition, (c) prior to test, (d) mental review prior to test, and (e) no review. Results revealed that placement of a review period influences free recall performance, but has no effect on cloze and application test performances. Contrary to prediction, varying expectancy did not enhance performance on criterion measures which matched students' expectancies compared to those which did not.
Contemporary incidence of morbidity related to vesicoureteral reflux.

Abstract Objectives. The association among vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), renal scarring, and reflux nephropathy is well established. Screening programs for children who present with urinary tract infection (UTI) and their siblings, along with medical and surgical management, have been promoted by pediatric medical and urologic specialists in Buffalo and the surrounding community for more than two decades. Has this comprehensive and costly effort resulted in a decrease in VUR-related morbidity and should it be continued? Methods. The records of all active patients who presented from 1982 through 1997 to this region’s single pediatric nephrology referral center were reviewed. One hundred twenty-two children and adolescents (73 boys, 49 girls) were identified with hypertension (HTN), renal insufficiency (RI), and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis or transplantation. Results. There were 70 patients (57%) with HTN, 19 (16%) with RI, and 33 (27%) with ESRD. Reflux nephropathy was the underlying cause in 6 patients (5%)—3 with HTN and 3 with ESRD. The etiologies of morbidity in the remaining patients were medical renal disease, 61 (50%); idiopathic, 17 (14%); obstructive uropathy, 14 (11%); primary congenital renal hypoplasia, 12 (10%); and vascular, 12 (10%). Of the 6 patients with VUR-related morbidity, 4 were boys (3 with ESRD, 1 with HTN) and 2 were girls (with HTN). Five children presented in the 1980s and 1 in the 1990s. Only 1 patient had a history of UTI, and she presented early in the series in 1982 at 5 years of age. Ages of presentation were infancy (2 boys), early childhood (1 boy, 1 girl), and adolescence (1 boy, 1 girl). Reasons for presentation were failure to thrive (n = 2), voiding dysfunction without UTI (n = 1), muscle cramps (n = 1), UTI (n = 1), and HTN (n = 1). Reflux grade ranged from I to V, but 4 patients had grade III or less. Conclusions. Awareness of VUR-related morbidity has led to more widespread diagnosis and treatment, which appears to have resulted in a dramatic decrease in the numbers of affected patients in this community. The diagnosis and treatment of VUR has altered the epidemiology of HTN and renal failure in children and young adults.
NMR Spin Trapping: Insight into the Hidden Life of Free Radical Adducts

In our original work (V. Khramtsov, L.J. Berliner and T.L. Clanton, Magn. Reson. Med. 42:228–234, 1999), a 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spin trapping (ST NMR) approach aimed to overcome comparatively short lifetimes of the paramagnetic adducts by detecting stable diamagnetic adducts of the degradation of phosphorous-containing nitrone was proposed. High stability of the NMR adducts of the nitrone spin traps with C-centered radicals and the ability to track their origin from paramagnetic adducts make ST NMR a valuable tool for the studies of these radicals in chemical and biological systems. Complementary ST NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of the nitrone adducts derived from the addition of O- and S-centered radicals and nucleophiles revealed new insights into the pathways of the paramagnetic and diamagnetic adduct formation and degradation. In particular, use of ST NMR allowed for observation of reversible nucleophilic addition to the nitrones. On one hand, nucleophilic addition may result in a possible spin trapping artifact via the Forrester–Hepburn mechanism; whereas, on the other hand, the reverse reaction provides the key step in the “recycling” mechanism that is important for the antioxidant actions of the nitrones.
Deuterium NMR investigation of an amphotericin B derivative in mechanically aligned lipid bilayers.

Abstract The methyl-d3 amide derivative of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B was synthesized, assayed for biological activity, incorporated into mechanically aligned bilayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and examined by deuterium and phosphorus NMR. The amide derivative has a lesser, but qualitatively similar, biological activity relative to amphotericin B. Incorporation of the amide derivative and ergosterol into aligned DPPC bilayers resulted in a single, stable bilayer phase, as shown by phosphorus NMR of the DPPC headgroups. Deuterium NMR spectra revealed one major 2H quadrupolar splitting and one major 2H–1H dipolar splitting in the liquid-crystalline phase, consistent with a high degree of alignment and a single, averaged physical state for amphotericin B methyl-d3 amide in the bilayer. Variations of the quadrupolar and dipolar splittings as a function of macroscopic sample orientation and temperature indicated that the amide derivative undergoes fast rotation about a motional axis that is parallel to the bilayer normal.
Morphometric description of the wandering behavior in Drosophila larvae: a phenotypic analysis of K+ channel mutants.

Genetic dissection in Drosophila has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of K + channel subunits that underlie various physiological functions. The involvement of these subunits in animal behavior, however, is not well understood. Mutations of the Shaker (Sh), Hyperkinetic (Hk) , ether a go-go ( eag ) and quiver (qvr) genes have been found to affect the I A K + channel in different ways. The influence of individual K + channel subunits on complex larval locomotion behavior can be quantified utilizing the computer-assisted Dynamic Image Analysis System (DIAS), a motion analysis system that allows morphometric assessments. Different aspects of larval locomotion in mutants of these four genes were contrasted to those modified by the Na + channel mutations paralytic ts ( para ts ) and no-action-potential ts ( nap ts ). Genetic interactions among these K + channel mutations and the counter-balancing effects of nap ts were studied in double and triple mutant combinations. An animal at the wandering ...
Model-based evaluation of system resilience

The notion of system resilience is receiving increased attention in domains ranging from safety-critical applications to ubiquitous computing. After reviewing how resilience has been defined in various contexts, we focus on a dependability-based definition and a performability-based extension thereof. Modeling problems posed by the quantitative evaluation of system resilience are then discussed, along with some suggestions as to how they might be solved.
Somatomedin binding proteins in GH deficient children with normal somatomedin

Somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor-I(SM) circulates in plasma bound to a large molecular weight (150K) GH dependent protein complex (SM-BP). There is also a smaller (38K) non-GH dependent protein which binds exogenous radiolabeled SM. Although SM is GH dependent, children with certain nutritional disturbances show a dissociation between GH and SM. SM-BP was studied in 3 children with normal SM (by RIA) and normal growth rate inspite of documented GH deficiency. All are hyperphagic and obese; 2 are status-post craniopharyngioma resection; the third has arrested hydrocephalus. Insulin responses to oral glucose were elevated but prolactin levels were not. [125I] SM (20,000 cpm) was incubated (4°, 16 hrs) with 1 ml of plasma. The mixture was subjected to gel filtration (2.6 × 80 cm, Sephacryl-200, 0.1 M Tris, 5mM EDTA, pH 7.4). Endogenous SM eluted at Ve/Vo of 1.2-1.25 (≃150K). Some [125I] SM also eluted in this region while the major portion eluted at Ve/Vo of 1.5 (≃40K). This pattern of endogenous and [125I] SM was identical to that seen in normal adults and hyposomatotropic children on GH. These results indicate that 150K SM-BP is regulated in parallel with SM in those instances when SM and GH are discordant. Such closely coordinated regulation might be accomplished if SM and SM-BP were synthesized together.
Time-out as a punishment for stuttering during conversation

Abstract Pairs of stutterers were placed in a conversational situation. During COND I, each member of the pair was instructed to depress a handswitch contingent upon his partner's stuttering. Each depression of either partner's switch activated the “time-out” light. Neither subject could speak during the 10 sec the light was on. In COND II, the procedures were the same except that the experimenters' handswitches also activated the time-out light. The results of the study were that very little change in stuttering frequency occured in COND I, but in every instance stuttering reduced markedly in COND II.
Lack of association between fibromyalgia syndrome and abnormalities in muscle energy metabolism.

OBJECTIVE To compare parameters of muscle energy metabolism in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and sedentary controls. METHODS Thirteen female FMS patients and 13 female sedentary controls underwent a standardized clinical assessment (including dolorimeter measurements of the upper trapezius and tibialis anterior muscles) and a standardized aerobic fitness test including measurement of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max). Phosphorus (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies of the upper trapezius and tibialis anterior muscles were then performed in FMS patients and controls, at rest and during and following a muscle-fatiguing exercise protocol. RESULTS FMS patients and controls had similar levels of VO2max and of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the upper trapezius and tibialis anterior muscles. After controlling for VO2max and MVC, measurements of phosphocreatine (PCr), inorganic phosphate (P(i)), and intracellular pH in these muscles were not significantly different in FMS patients versus sedentary controls either at rest, during exercise, or during recovery. In the patients with FMS, no correlation was found between overall or local pain severity and the principal muscle metabolic parameter, PCr/P(i). Inverse correlations between dolorimeter scores at 2 muscle sites and tibialis anterior PCr/P(i) were found both in patients and in controls. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that under the conditions studied, muscle energy metabolism in FMS is no different than that in sedentary controls. These findings do not support the hypothesis that detectable defects in muscle energy metabolism occur in FMS.
Solid-phase synthesis of asymmetrically substituted "AB3-type" phthalocyanines.

Synthesis of phthalocyanines with asymmetrical substitution on the periphery is often difficult due the problems in purification of the phthalocyanine mixtures obtained. Using a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based support with a Wang-type linker, we have developed the synthesis of monohydroxylated, oligoethylene glycol substituted phthalocyanines utilizing an amidine-base-promoted phthalonitrile tetramerization reaction. The use of a hydrophilic support allows symmetrical phthalocyanine product formed in solution to be readily and completely removed by washing while leaving the “AB3” product on the support. Acid cleavage with 10% trifluoroacetic acid provides the pure unsymmetrically substituted Pc. This method was applied to several metallo Pcs. Additionally, methods to avoid premature reactions on-resin that give A2B2 products are provided.
Application of combined pyrolysis—thin-layer chromatography to the study of chemical kinetics

Abstract The theory of the thermal decomposition of a pure liquid is discussed, and limitations on the determination of true kinetic constants are specified. True kinetic constants cannot be obtained from a complex first-order reaction without studying the component reactions separately. Methods for studying component reactions by use of programmed-temperature pyrolysis combined with TLC are presented. The methods are used to determine activation energies for the thermal decomposition of some monossacharides.
LCAC Main Engine Installed Performance

This paper investigates the installed performance of the ETF40B marine gas turbine engine (MGTE) on SLEP LCAC. Historical estimates of intake and uptake losses for SLEP LCAC have proven inaccurate, resulting in loss of available power for hump transition. A recent computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis of the uptakes revealed a possible 1000% increase in actual uptake losses. NSWCCD was tasked to evaluate and correct these detrimental deficiencies. This paper documents the development of the performance testing and results. Specifically, NSWCCD performed CFD analyses of the uptake configuration, designed pressure/temperature rakes, developed a unique DAQ schema, and statistical analysis of the average engine based upon acceptance test procedures (ATP), and generation of new torque tables based upon the LCAC drive train limits.
Succinct approximate convex pareto curves

We study the succinct approximation of convex Pareto curves of multiobjective optimization problems. We propose the concept of e-convex Pareto (e-CP) set as the appropriate one for the convex setting, and observe that it can offer arbitrarily more compact representations than e-Pareto sets in this context. We characterize when an e-CP can be constructed in polynomial time in terms of an efficient routine Comb for optimizing (exactly or approximately) monotone linear combinations of the objectives. We investigate the problem of computing minimum size e-convex Pareto sets, both for discrete (combinatorial) and continuous (convex) problems, and present general algorithms using a Comb routine. For bi-objective problems, we show that if we have an exact Comb optimization routine, then we can compute the minimum e-CP for continuous problems (this applies for example to bi-objective Linear Programming and Markov Decision Processes), and factor 2 approximation to the minimum e-CP for discrete problems (this applies for example to bi-objective versions of polynomial-time solvable combinatorial problems such as Shortest Paths, Spanning Tree, etc.). If we have an approximate Comb routine, then we can compute factor 3 and 6 approximations respectively to the minimum e-CP for continuous and discrete bi-objective problems. We consider also the case of three and more objectives and present some upper and lower bounds.