cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of a vanadium(V)–catechol complex by compartmentalization and reduced solvation inside reverse micelles

The kinetics of 1 : 1 complex formation and hydrolysis between catechol and 3-substituted catechols with aqueous vanadium(V) at pH ∼ 1 have been investigated in NaAOT (sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate) derived aqueous reverse micelle microemulsions in isooctane. Compared with the reaction in bulk water, the forward rate constant of catechol complexation was modestly accelerated (2 fold) in the reverse micelle microemulsions for even the smallest nanosized water pools (wo = 2). In contrast, the first order reverse (aquation) reaction was significantly suppressed in the water pools below wo = 10. The modest rate acceleration of complex formation within the microemulsions is attributed to changes in water solvation, reaction properties and compartmentalization of the reactants. The dramatic fall off in the rate of catechol dissociation from [VO2(cat)(OH2)2]− is attributed to the reduction in water content as the size of the nanopools is decreased below 200 water molecules. The result is a 10 fold increase in the kinetic formation constant for [VO2(cat)(OH2)2]− under confinement in the RM microemulsion environment. This increase predicts that vanadium catechol complexes will be more stable in vivo and may suggest a general principle for fine-tuning efficacy of metal-based drugs.
Numerical and experimental investigation of single phase flow characteristics in stirred tanks using Rushton turbine and flotation impeller

Abstract In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to investigate turbulent single phase flow characteristics in lab-scale stirred tanks with different geometric variations. Water at standard conditions is used as operating fluid. Rushton turbine (RT) and flotation impeller (FI) are used to agitate the fluid leading to turbulent flows in the tank. For FI, impeller diameter, d, is varied and three sizes corresponding to d values of 75, 100, and 150 mm are considered. Additionally, for 75 and 100 mm FI, off-bottom clearance, C, is varied from 100 ( D / 3 ) to 60 mm ( D / 5 ). The impeller based Reynolds number, Re, ranged from 29,000 to 120,000. CFD results are compared with LDA data from the literature for RT and in-house PIV data for FI. CFD predictions for FI are found to match experimental measurements satisfactorily with accurate prediction of flow transition at lower C. The normalized flow properties are observed to be invariant with Re for both impellers in fully turbulent regime. Mean flow characteristics for FI suggests that the flow is characterized by strong radial and tangential velocities close to impeller with peak values along disc level. Turbulence kinetic energy profiles close to impeller are characterized by two peaks suggesting development of trailing vortex which is further verified using swirling strength visualization. For FI with diameter equal to 100 mm, flow transition in which mean flow changes from radial flow (double loop) to axial-type (single loop) flow is observed when C is reduced. Both PIV measurements and CFD simulation are able to predict this transition accurately. Using both torque on rotating parts and volume averaged dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy, power numbers are calculated for both impellers. The axial-type flow at smaller clearance is marked by significant drop in power number value.
Chromium fluxes and speciation in ultramafic catchments and global rivers

Abstract The role of ultramafic rock weathering in global chromium (Cr) budgets and how these may be linked to changes in Earth's climate over geological time was investigated by compiling dissolved Cr speciation and fluxes in (i) 73 of the worlds large rivers, representing ~ 35% of global river discharge to oceans, and in (ii) an ultramafic catchment (Putah Creek watershed) in the California Coast Range Mountains, USA. Weathering of ultramafic rocks creates ideal conditions for Cr release and redox cycling. Alkaline river water draining ultramafic catchments is naturally enriched in Cr (up to 582 nmol/L). Chromium concentrations increase with the extent of rock–water interaction (as indicated by correlations with Mg and HCO3− concentrations and pH), whereas Cr cycling depends on the availability of electron donors and acceptors (e.g. Fe(II), organics, Mn(III/IV)-oxides). Thus, dissolved Cr is exported from ultramafic watersheds as both the soluble hexavalent Cr(VI) species (MgCrO4, CrO42 −), and also as trivalent Cr(III) species (CrOH(CO3)22 −), Cr(OH)3). The latter Cr(III) species were previously thought to have low solubility. Ultramafic catchments have higher area normalized Cr and major ion fluxes for a given runoff when compared to global rivers and may thus have a disproportional impact on global Cr-budgets, long-term carbon cycling and moderation of the Earth's climate over million-year timescales. Riverine export fluxes of Cr are linearly correlated with fluxes of Ca + Mg and alkalinity in both ultramafic catchments and global rivers. This suggests that silicate weathering is a key control on Cr fluxes and that major element weathering fluxes may be a useful proxy for estimating Cr and other trace element fluxes. Globally, present-day riverine dissolved Cr fluxes to oceans are spatially variable and estimated to be 1.7 × 109 mol/yr, three times higher than previously reported. However, when geochemical reactions in estuaries are considered riverine Cr fluxes may be lower. Throughout Earth history, Cr weathering fluxes also may have varied with changes in the global distribution of ultramafic rocks, Cr concentrations in continental rocks, or climactic conditions (e.g. atmospheric CO2 levels or runoff). Such variation should be considered when interpreting both modern and past Cr seawater isotopic compositions and residence times.
Biological Processes Involved in Endochondral Ossification

Cartilage growth plate consists of the zones of resting cartilage cells, proliferating chondrocytes, hypertrophic chondrocytes; as well as the metaphysis, where new bone is laid down on longitudinal bars of calcified cartilage. Several crucial biological processes occur in these regions which result in the longitudinal growth of bone. The progress and completion of each of these biological processes depends not only on the functions of the cells, but on the structure and properties of the extracellular matrix, and the biochemical events which take place in the extracellular matrix surrounding the cells in a particular region. Thus, in the hypertrophic zone, mineralization occurs in the extracellular matrix of the longitudinal septa between the lowermost hypertrophic chondrocytes. Anderson has already described how matrix vesicles initiate the mineralization process which occurs in the hypertrophic zone of cartilage growth plate (see Chapter 65).
Laser emission and coherent control of absorption in complex and random systems

A scattering theory of lasing and absorption in arbitrary complex and random systems is presented, leading to tractable computational methods to describe multimode lasing, as well as time-reversed lasing and coherent control of absorption.
Population Model for the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Egg Parasite, Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

A model of Ooencyrtus kuvanae (Howard) population dynamics is developed. The model incorporates an enzyme kinetics formulation of parasitism rate with a Leslie matrix. Field data on O. kuvanae abundance from 11 plots in central Pennsylvania were used to validate the model. These data were taken from areas where gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), population densities ranged from 66 to 27,830 egg masses per ha; plots were located in each of the five population stages: low, building, high stable, outbreak, and collapse. The model accurately simulated the behavior of O. kuvanae populations. The predictions of actual parasite abundance were very good in areas with outbreak gypsy moth populations; they were progressively poorer in less dense host populations. This discrepancy indicates that the host-finding ability of O. kuvanae is less efficient in areas of low host density than in areas of high density. Inferences from the model verified the occurrence of two generations and a partial third generation of the parasites in the late summer and autumn, and that O. kuvanae abundance is not limited by food.
Status Epilepticus in Adults: A Review of Diagnosis and Treatment

Status epilepticus is a medical emergency that requires rapid diagnosis and treatment. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus is frequently underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated, which can lead to permanent neuronal damage resulting in disability or death. Despite the frequent occurrence and morbidity associated with status epilepticus, this topic has received little attention within the literature. A systematic approach to treatment should start with management of airway, breathing, and circulation, followed by administration of benzodiazepines and intravenous antiepileptic drugs, and rapid escalation of therapy to prevent morbidity and mortality. Armed with the information in this article, nurses will have a higher-level understanding of what to do when encountering a patient in status epilepticus.
Effect of ozone on lipid peroxidation in the red blood cell.

SummaryIn vitro exposure of erythrocytes to ozone resulted in an increased osmotic fragility associated with the formation of TBA reactants. This suggests that lipid peroxidation may be involved in the mechanism of ozone toxicity.
Empathy, Social Dominance Orientation, Mortality Salience, and Perceptions of a Criminal Defendant:

In two studies, participants completed measures of trait empathy and social dominance orientation, read a summary of a hit and run trial, and provided reactions to the case. In Study 1, the three r...
Technological advances in ethylene cracking furnace

A cracking furnace is the core of ethylene facility,so its improvement has direct effect on operation economics of the entire facility.The research progresses of radiant coil,quench boiler,burner,control and optimization system are reviewed.Design of large cracker,points for attention and relationship between the scale of cracker and ethylene plant are discussed.Finally,how to select the optimum capacity of a cracking furnace in accord with national condition is pointed out.
Local Health Departments as Clinical Safety Net in Rural Communities.

Introduction The appropriate role of local health departments (LHDs) as a clinical service provider remains a salient issue. This study examines differences in clinical service provision among rural/urban LHDs for early periodic screening, diagnosis, and treatment (EPSDT) and prenatal care services. Methods Data collected from the 2013 National Association of County and City Health Officials Profile of Local Health Departments Survey was used to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of rural/urban differences in clinical service provision by LHDs. Profile data were linked with the 2013 Area Health Resource File to derive other county-level measures. Data analysis was conducted in 2015. Results Approximately 35% of LHDs in the analysis provided EPSDT services directly and 26% provided prenatal care. LHDs reporting no others providing these services in the community were four times more likely to report providing EPSDT services directly and six times more likely to provide prenatal care services directly. Rural LHDs were more likely to provide EPSDT (OR=1.46, 95% CI=1.07, 2.00) and prenatal care (OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.70, 3.47) services than urban LHDs. The presence of a Federally Qualified Health Center in the county was associated with reduced clinical service provision by LHDs for EPSDT and prenatal care. Conclusions Findings suggest that many LHDs in rural communities remain a clinical service provider and a critical component of the healthcare safety net. The unique position of rural LHDs should be considered in national policy discussions around the organization and delivery of public health services, particularly as they relate to clinical services.
Normative Theory in International Relations: Neo-pragmatist antifoundationalism, ethics, and normative IR theory

This chapter examines a second line of antifoundationalist thought that follows from the philosophical tradition of American pragmatism. I will focus on the work of Richard Rorty to see what his antifoundationalism might yield in moving normative theory beyond the epistemological impasse of the cosmopolitan/communitarian debate. Rorty, although trained in analytical philosophy, rejected its foundationalism to construct a variant of American pragmatism that professes an anti-philosophy: a turn away from philosophy and its truth-seeking methods, towards politics and literature. Unlike the poststructuralists discussed in the last chapter, with the possible exception of William Connolly, Rorty is not generally regarded as an IR theorist. In his writings, he is not concerned to address issues of sovereignty and statehood, which are typically deemed central to IR and its theorisation. Thus, the introduction to this chapter suggests reasons why Rorty's writings are relevant to IR. His discussion of each of four issues – liberalism, antifoundationalism, the implications of liberalism and antifoundationalism for human rights, and the call to extend our ‘we’ group – holds significance for IR theory. Moreover, together, their consideration has particular import for normative IR theory and its two ethical approaches for two reasons. First, Rorty has contributed to a debate within political theory between liberals and communitarians which, as has been discussed, resonates with the debate in IR theory. Secondly, through his discussion of an issue central to IR theory, human rights, we may enquire where a liberal, yet antifoundationalist, ethic might take normative IR theory.
Effect of leg segmental movements on foot velocity during the recovery phase of running

Running is a form of human locomotion in which the body is projected over the ground by each leg alternately. After a runner has been thrust into the air, the driving foot most be moved forward and repositioned slightly in front of the torso in time for its subsequent period of support and propulsion. The recovery of the foot is an essential act in running, and the effectiveness of this movement becomes extremely important at higher speeds of running. At maximal velocity, a runner must recover the foot as quickly as possible and then, during the latter stages of recovery, decrease the forward velocity of the foot and effectively position it on the ground to minimize any possible retarding reaction.
Visual system manifestations of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an increasingly common disease with massive personal and economic costs. While it has long been known that AD impacts the visual system, there has recently been an increased focus on understanding both pathophysiological mechanisms that may be shared between the eye and brain and how related biomarkers could be useful for AD diagnosis. Here, were review pertinent cellular and molecular mechanisms of AD pathophysiology, the presence of AD pathology in the visual system, associated functional changes, and potential development of diagnostic tools based on the visual system. Additionally, we discuss links between AD and visual disorders, including possible pathophysiological mechanisms and their relevance for improving our understanding of AD.
Analytic Strategies for Longitudinal Networks with Missing Data.

Abstract Missing data are often problematic when analyzing complete longitudinal social network data. We review approaches for accommodating missing data when analyzing longitudinal network data with stochastic actor-based models. One common practice is to restrict analyses to participants observed at most or all time points, to achieve model convergence. We propose and evaluate an alternative, more inclusive approach to sub-setting and analyzing longitudinal network data, using data from a school friendship network observed at four waves ( N = 694). Compared to standard practices, our approach retained more information from partially observed participants, generated a more representative analytic sample, and led to less biased model estimates for this case study. The implications and potential applications for longitudinal network analysis are discussed.
Post-Disaster Sheltering, Temporary Housing and Permanent Housing Recovery

In the aftermath of disasters, reestablishing housing is fundamental for individual, household, and community level recovery. For many households, the process can be characterized as multi-staged from sheltering, to temporary housing, and finally permanent housing with some bouncing back and forth between sheltering and temporary housing. For others, the transition can be as simple as obtaining rental housing until repairs are finished to their former permanent home. The nature of the process is shaped by governmental policies at both the national and local levels, the dependence on market mechanisms, involvement by non-governmental agencies as well as a multitude of socio-demographic and socio-economic factors. This chapter reviews historical and current research literature on post-disaster housing recovery and fruitful areas for future research are identified.
Serosurvey of human antibodies recognizing Aedes aegypti D7 salivary proteins in Colombia

Citation: Londono-Renteria, B. L., Shakeri, H., Rozo-Lopez, P., Conway, M. J., Duggan, N., Jaberi-Douraki, M., & Colpitts, T. M. (2018). Serosurvey of Human Antibodies Recognizing Aedes aegypti D7 Salivary Proteins in Colombia. Frontiers in Public Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00111
A preliminary investigation into the effects of doxazosin on cognitive functioning in tobacco‐deprived and ‐satiated smokers

Objective To test the effects of doxazosin, an α1 antagonist, on cognitive functioning during tobacco withdrawal in smokers. Methods Participants (n = 35) were randomly assigned to receive placebo, 4-mg/day, or 8-mg/day doxazosin. They completed a continuous performance task and self-reported their withdrawal symptoms at baseline and twice following a medication titration period: once in a tobacco-deprived state and again in a nondeprived state. Ability to resist smoking was assessed using a laboratory smoking-lapse paradigm. Results Participants showed poorer cognitive performance on most measures taken from the continuous performance task when tobacco deprived. Eight-mg/day doxazosin improved inhibitory control during the nondeprivation session but did not affect sustained attention or reaction time. Participants receiving doxazosin reported fewer withdrawal symptoms during deprivation than those on placebo. Those showing the greatest improvement of inhibitory control under doxazosin were better able to resist smoking (i.e., latency to smoke) during a smoking lapse task. Self-reported withdrawal symptoms also were negatively associated with time to smoking. Conclusions Doxazosin reduced symptoms of tobacco withdrawal according to self-report and cognitive assessment and improved inhibitory control above predrug levels. This research identifies potential mechanisms by which doxazosin might improve smoking outcomes.
Addressing Drug–Excipient Interactions

Drug–excipient interactions consist of physical and chemical interactions. On the one hand, chemical interactions lead to degradation products and are a formulation or stability concern. On the other hand, physical interactions can pose sample preparation and extraction challenges by hindering complete drug extraction. Types of physical drug–excipient interactions and their potential impact on sample preparation will be discussed. Strategies to address these interactions and ensure complete extraction of the drug will also be covered. Selected case studies will also be considered and discussed in detail.
Zusammenfassung und kurze Anweisung für die Aräometeranalyse von Böden

Der besondere Vorteil der Araometermethode, im Vergleich zu anderen Verfahren der Schlammanalyse, liegt im geringen Aufwand an Zeit und Arbeit und der einfachen und billigen Einrichtung, mit der die ganze Kornverteilungskurve bestimmt werden kann.
PLASMA MELATONIN IN MANIC-DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS

Manic patients, compared to normal controls, have increased melatonin, as measured by a new technique: negative ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Phase Separation in Microemulsions

We have constructed a phenomenological theory of microemulsion phase behavior, based on a model of interacting spherical globules. The model exhibits a critical point prior to a two-phase coexistence, a first-order phase separation (“emulsification failure”), and a three phase coexistence. The results of the model are in accord with small angle neutron scattering measurements on AOT/water/decane microemulsion. Analysis of the neutron scattering data shows the interglobule interaction to scale with globule radius, consistent with a short range attraction, possibly due to overlap of surfactant tails.
Impact of Whey Protein on Bone Mineral Density: a Systemic Review and Meta-analysis

Introduction Previous studies have shown that whey protein and its basic protein fraction, milk basic protein, might have a beneficial effect on bone mass through promoting bone formation and suppressing osteoclast activity. Nonetheless, most studies do not have enough power to examine the potential benefit on bone mass from using whey protein and milk basic protein and the data are contradictory. Objective The aim of our meta-analysis is to reveal the impact of whey protein and milk basic protein on bone mineral density (BMD). Method We comprehensively searched the databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. The inclusion criterion was published randomized control trials (RCT) comparing whey protein supplementation or milk basic protein to placebo or controls (non-whey protein). The primary outcome was the differences in the changes in BMD at the level of lumbar spine, hip, or femoral neck, which was primarily measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. We calculated pooled mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects model. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger's regression test Results Six RCTs were included in the meta-analysis involving 562 subjects. Our collected studies utilized varying dose of whey protein from 25 grams to 75 grams per day and the dose of milk basic protein is 40 grams per day during a time frame ranging from six months to two years. There was a statistically significant improvement of BMD at the lumbar spine (MD= 0.014, 95% CI: 0.011 to 0.017, p-value Conclusion This is the first meta-analysis investigating the impact of whey protein and milk basic protein on BMD. Our study suggested that whey protein supplementation and milk basic protein, the basic protein fraction of whey protein, might have a positive impact on bone mineral density compared to placebo or controls. Using whey protein and milk basic protein should be considered to be a conjunctive treatment with current therapy to improve bone mineral density.
Using an Existing Hospital Quality Improvement Process, Data Managers Developed Customized, Paper Data Collection Tools for the Purpose of Identifying Incomplete Source Documentation Submitted to the CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research).

Topic Significance & Study Purpose/Background/Rationale Data managers auditing infusion forms consistently found incomplete source documentation. Incomplete source documentation places the hospital at risk during audits necessary for accreditation, and is contrary to the institution's goal of submitting quality data to optimize clinical decision making for the benefit of its patients. Methods, Intervention, & Analysis For six months, data managers used paper data collection tools to document six different types of incomplete source documentation. Colorful, high-impact charts were designed to present data on the frequency of missing documentation and incomplete documentation types by hospital unit. Hospital program leadership reviewed the charts weekly. Unit nurse managers reviewed the charts after the initial three months and identified a data collection improvement. The data managers’ supervisor contacted hospital nurse educators and offered to provide an educational in-service for floor nurses to understand the types of incomplete documentation. Then, an educational in-service was provided to one of the three hospital units. Data managers continued to collect data for an additional three months. Findings & Interpretation The project was limited in duration and data managers did not collect data long enough to measure a significant change in source documentation quality after the education in-service on the nursing unit. Senior leadership did not provide direction on what steps should be taken after the project to improve source documentation quality. Data managers expressed frustration with their inability to improve the data collection process themselves and also with the difficulty of initiating change across hospital units and management levels. Discussion & Implications Data managers created custom paper data collection tools to track incomplete source documentation over a six-month period. Not enough data existed after an educational intervention to make meaningful statistical conclusions. The lack of involvement from hospital leadership stakeholders and key nurse managers was a major limitation. Because auditing source documentation for submission to the CIBMTR was already part of data managers’ workflow, the quality project required minimal time and required few materials. Paper data collection tools could be easily replicated for use at other institutions.
A synergistic approach to improving symbolic execution using test ranges

Symbolic execution is a systematic technique for checking programs, which has received a lot of research attention during the last decade. In principle, symbolic execution provides a powerful analysis for bug finding. In practice however, the technique remains computationally expensive and hard to scale. This paper introduces SynergiSE, a novel synergistic approach to improving symbolic execution by tackling a key bottleneck to its wider adoption: costly and incomplete constraint solving. To mitigate the cost, SynergiSE introduces a succinct encoding of constraint solving results, thereby enabling symbolic execution to be distributed among different workers while sharing and reusing constraint solving results among them without having to communicate databases of constraint solving results. To mitigate the incompleteness, SynergiSE introduces an integration of complementary approaches for testing, e.g., search-based test generation, with symbolic execution, thereby enabling symbolic execution and other techniques to apply in tandem, say to create higher-quality tests. Experimental results using a suite of Java programs show that SynergiSE presents a promising approach for improving symbolic execution.
The engineering principles of combining a transcriptional incoherent feedforward loop with negative feedback.

Regulation of gene expression is of paramount importance in all living systems. In the past two decades, it has been discovered that certain motifs, such as the feedforward motif, are overrepresented in gene regulatory circuits. Feedforward loops are also ubiquitous in process control engineering, and are nearly always structured so that one branch has the opposite effect of the other, which is a structure known as an “incoherent” feedforward loop in biology. In engineered systems, feedforward control loops are subject to several engineering constraints, including that (1) they are finely-tuned so that the system returns to the original steady state after a disturbance occurs (perfect adaptation), (2) they are typically only implemented in the combination with negative feedback, and (3) they can greatly improve the stability and dynamical characteristics of the conjoined negative feedback loop. On the other hand, in biology, incoherent feedforward loops can serve many purposes, one of which may be perfect adaptation. It is an open question as to whether those that achieve perfect adaptation are subject to the above engineering principles. We analyzed an incoherent feedforward gene regulatory motif from the standpoint of the above engineering principles. In particular, we showed that an incoherent feedforward loop Type 1 (I1-FFL), from within a gene regulatory circuit, can be finely-tuned for perfect adaptation after a stimulus, and that the robustness of this behavior is increased by the presence of moderate negative feedback. In addition, we analyzed the advantages of adding a feedforward loop to a system that already operated under negative feedback, and found that the dynamical properties of the combined feedforward/feedback system were superior. Our analysis shows that many of the engineering principles used in engineering design of feedforward control are also applicable to feedforward loops in biological systems. We speculate that principles found in other domains of engineering may also be applicable to analogous structures in biology.
Role of bond coat processing methods on the durability of plasma sprayed thermal barrier systems

Abstract Metallic alloy bond coats are used as an interlayer to promote adhesion of ceramic Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) to the superalloy substrates. These bond coats can be applied through a variety of processing means such as Air Plasma Spray (APS), High-Velocity Oxy Fuel spray (HVOF), and Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS). While widely adopted in the industry, some uncertainties remain as to the specific microstructural attributes which are influenced by the processing routes and their implications on durability. This paper seeks to elucidate these subtleties between bond coat deposition processing routes through an integrated study of processing to connect to furnace cycle durability on a single bond coat chemistry of NiCoCrAlYHfSi. A standard porous APS TBC top coating based on yttria stabilized zirconia (7YSZ) was consistently applied on these distinct bond coats and tested for durability in cyclic furnace testing at 1100 °C. The results point to substantial differences in durability which are not readily explained only by the variances in coating roughness. Detailed assessment of deposited bond coat properties (modulus, thermal expansion, chemistry) provided some explanation relative to durability. The results suggest a complex interplay among roughness, compliance, aluminum diffusion pathway, and thermal expansion mismatch. Photo-stimulated luminescence piezospectroscopy (PLPS) provided additional insights enabling a comprehensive assessment of processing-performance linkages.
Glossary of Syndromes and Diseases

This glossary briefly outlines some conditions that may be encountered as part of a busy pediatric practice. The list is not complete, as other conditions are covered within the various chapters. For this reason, details about specific conditions are best accessed using the main index at the rear of the book.
Is the Osmolal Concentration of Ethanol Greater Than Its Molar Concentration

Background: Recent data suggested that the osmolal gap attributed to ethanol as determined by the difference between measured serum osmolality and calculated serum osmolarity is greater than its molar concentration. The increased osmotic activity of ethanol is thought to be due to its binding to water molecules. This study is conducted to determine the true osmotic contribution of ethanol to serum osmolality. Methods: Baseline serum osmolality and ethanol concentration were measured on each serum sample. Varying amounts of ethanol were added to aliquots of serum in which the baseline serum ethanol concentration was undetectable. Repeat serum osmolality and serum ethanol concentration were measured after addition of ethanol. Results: The range of serum ethanol concentration was 27.3-429.8 mg/dL. The serum osmolal gap attributed solely to ethanol is calculated based on the difference between measured serum osmolality before and measured serum osmolality after addition of ethanol. Our results demonstrated that the contribution of ethanol to serum osmolality can be calculated by dividing the serum ethanol level in mg/dl by 4.6. In addition, the relationship between serum ethanol concentration and osmolal gap due to ethanol was assessed by linear regression analysis. Linear regression analysis relating the osmolal gap due to ethanol and ethanol concentration yielded the following equation: Osmolal Gap (mOsm/kg H2O) = 0.23 (Ethanol [mg/dL]) - 1.43. Conclusion: The osmolal concentration of ethanol can be calculated based on its molar concentration. We found no evidence for ethanol binding to water molecules over the range of ethanol concentration in this study.
Radical Hospitality and Faith Inclusion: Lessons from St. Benedict

The Rule of St. Benedict (RB) provides instructions for welcoming others to the monastery, and instructs members to welcome the stranger as Christ. Benedict urges us to listen. God may be found in ...
The effect of hybrid zinc oxide/graphene oxide (ZnO/GO) nano-catalysts on the photocatalytic degradation of simazine.

Abstract The photocatalytic degradation of simazine (SIM) was investigated using zinc oxide/graphene oxide (ZnO/GO) composite materials under visible light irradiation. The reaction kinetics was studied to optimize the reaction parameters for efficient degradation of SIM. Batch studies were performed to investigate the effects of initial reaction pH, the loading of the ZnO onto GO, and mass of catalyst on the removal of SIM from aqueous solution. A pH of 2 was determined to be the optimal reaction pH for the different ZnO-loaded GO catalysts. In addition, a mass of 40 mg of catalyst in the reaction was observed to be the most effective for the catalysts synthesized using 20 and 30 mmol of Zn2+ ions; whereas a mass of 10 mg was most effective for the ZnO/GO composite material synthesized using 10 mmol Zn2+ ions. The reaction was observed to follow a second-order kinetics for the degradation process. Furthermore, the synthesized ZnO/GO composite catalysts resulted in higher reaction rates than those observed for pure ZnO. The 30 mmol ZnO/GO composite expressed a rate of SIM degradation ten times greater than the rate observed for pure ZnO, and sixty-two times greater than the rate of photolysis. In addition, the catalyst cycling exhibited a constant photocatalytic activity for the ZnO/GO composite over three reaction cycles without the need of a conditioning cycle.
A Cognitive Linguistics Overview of Offense and Hate Speech

In this overview I intend on explaining offensive/hate speech through the lens of modern cognitive linguistics. I will focus on mental spaces, blending and some of their related domains. This guide is primarily about how we as cognitively modern human beings use language to evoke feelings of offense in others and how the linguistics of such can be manipulated towards more or less offensive interpretation.
First passage times for Gaussian processes by Slepian models

Abstract Integral equations of the type in Bernard and Shipley (1972) are used to calculate approximately the distribution of the first time T a that a Gaussian process X ( t ) crosses a threshold a from below, referred as the first passage time. These equations involve kernels which are currently calculated numerically from multidimensional integrals. It is shown that Slepian models can be used to calculate efficiently the kernels of the integral equations for the distribution of T a . The construction of Slepian-based kernels is illustrated by numerous examples. Estimates of the distribution of T a are compared to those by Monte Carlo and mean crossing rates for broad- and narrow-band Gaussian processes.
AMA Code of Medical Ethics’ Opinions Related to the Legacies of the Holocaust in Health Care

Two concerns about information from unethical experimentation are its legitimacy and trustworthiness. This article explores guidance about information use from the AMA Code of Medical Ethics.
Association Between Gender-Affirming Surgeries and Mental Health Outcomes.

Importance Requests for gender-affirming surgeries are rapidly increasing among transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people. However, there is limited evidence regarding the mental health benefits of these surgeries. Objective To evaluate associations between gender-affirming surgeries and mental health outcomes, including psychological distress, substance use, and suicide risk. Design, Setting, and Participants In this study, we performed a secondary analysis of data from the 2015 US Transgender Survey, the largest existing data set containing comprehensive information on the surgical and mental health experiences of TGD people. The survey was conducted across 50 states, Washington, DC, US territories, and US military bases abroad.A total of 27 715 TGD adults took the US Transgender Survey, which was disseminated by community-based outreach from August 19, 2015, to September 21, 2015. Data were analyzed between November 1, 2020, and January 3, 2021. Exposures The exposure group included respondents who endorsed undergoing 1 or more types of gender-affirming surgery at least 2 years prior to submitting survey responses. The comparison group included respondents who endorsed a desire for 1 or more types of gender-affirming surgery but denied undergoing any gender-affirming surgeries. Main Outcomes and Measures Endorsement of past-month severe psychological distress (score of ≥13 on Kessler Psychological Distress Scale), past-month binge alcohol use, past-year tobacco smoking, and past-year suicidal ideation or suicide attempt. Results Of the 27 715 respondents, 3559 (12.8%) endorsed undergoing 1 or more types of gender-affirming surgery at least 2 years prior to submitting survey responses, while 16 401 (59.2%) endorsed a desire to undergo 1 or more types of gender-affirming surgery but denied undergoing any of these. Of the respondents in this study sample, 16 182 (81.1%) were between the ages of 18 and 44 years, 16 386 (82.1%) identified as White, 7751 (38.8%) identified as transgender women, 6489 (32.5%) identified as transgender men, and 5300 (26.6%) identified as nonbinary. After adjustment for sociodemographic factors and exposure to other types of gender-affirming care, undergoing 1 or more types of gender-affirming surgery was associated with lower past-month psychological distress (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.58; 95% CI, 0.50-0.67;P Conclusions and Relevance This study demonstrates an association between gender-affirming surgery and improved mental health outcomes. These results contribute new evidence to support the provision of gender-affirming surgical care for TGD people.
The role of IL-6 in hyperlipidemia-induced accelerated rejection.

Hyperlipidemia induces accelerated rejection of cardiac allografts and resistance to tolerance induction using costimulatory molecule blockade in mice due in part to anti-donor Th17 responses and reduced regulatory T cell function. Accelerated rejection in hyperlipidemic mice is also associated with increased serum levels of IL-6. Here, we examined the role of IL-6 in hyperlipidemia-induced accelerated rejection and resistance to tolerance. Genetic ablation of IL-6 prevented hyperlipidemia-induced accelerated cardiac allograft rejection. Using Th17-lineage fate tracking mice, we observed that IL-6 is required to promote the development of anti-donor Th17 lineage cells independently of antigen challenge. In contrast, the frequency of alloreactive T cells producing IL-2 or IFN-γ remained increased in hyperlipidemic IL-6-deficient mice. Ablation of IL-6 overcame hyperlipidemia-induced changes in Tregs, but was not sufficient to overcome resistance to costimulatory molecule blockade induced tolerance. We suggest that accelerated rejection in hyperlipidemic mice results from IL-6 driven anti-donor Th17 responses. While alterations in Tregs were overcome by ablation of IL-6, the reversal of hyperlipidemia-induced changes in Tregs was not sufficient to overcome increased Th1-type anti-donor T cell responses, suggesting that hyperlipidemia induced IL-6-independent effects on recipient immunity prevent tolerance induction.
The RSA cryptosystem

The commonest application of number theory, and perhaps the most ubiquitous application of any kind of advanced mathematics, is the RSA cryptosystem. In this chapter we describe the system and how it works, based on a few key ideas from previous chapters.
So Why Not an Experiential Law School . . . Starting with Reflection in the First Year

Urged on by increasingly agitated calls from across the legal community for more “practice-ready” graduates, law schools are now more than ever engaged in a good-faith struggle with questions of how to most effectively develop and implement coursework designed to achieve that aim. Over a relatively short period of time, most schools have responded by introducing an expanding array of clinics, externships, and skills-focused simulation courses. Historically treated by many within the teaching academy as an approach to be avoided, experiential education is now being touted as the remedy curative of the legal education’s problems. This essay proposes that effective implementation of experiential education must begin with training law students how to learn from experience during the first year of law school. After Part I briefly reviews of the seismic shift that has taken lawyer training from doctrine-exclusive to skills-heavy in focus, Part II overviews the reflective pedagogies and practices from which so many of the benefits of experiential education emanate. Part II also considers the ways in which two Australian law schools and one American law school have added reflection to the first-year curriculum. Thereafter, Part III offers a prescription for incorporating reflective learning into the first year as a means of readying students for the extensive legal training — including clinics, externships, and simulation coursework — that lies ahead. By adopting a comprehensive experiential curriculum commencing at day one, it is argued that students will be permitted a deeper form of learning from the outset and be that much more practice-ready upon graduation.
Heart sounds during fluothane anaesthesia.

1. The usual predominance of the intensity of the first heart sound over that of the second heart sound frequently may be reversed during anaesthesia produced by Fluothane, the intensity of the second heart sound becoming greater relative to the first heart sound. 2. Four electroencephalographic patterns were discerned during anaesthesia produced by Fluothane, and a good correlation could be shown to exist between these patterns and the concentration of the inhaled vapour of Fluothane in most instances. 3. No constant correlation could be defined between the changes in the heart sounds and either the concentration of the inhaled vapour of Fluothane or the electroencephalographic patterns produced by this drug. 4. Preliminary attempts to employ the changes in heart sounds during Fluothane anaesthesia as a guide to anaesthetic depth have been unsuccessful.
Mean-risk objectives in stochastic programming

Traditional stochastic programming is risk neutral in the sense that it is concerned with the optimization of an expectation criterion. A common approach to addressing risk in decision making problems is to consider a weighted mean-risk objective, where some dispersion statistic is used as a measure of risk. We investigate the computational suitability of various mean-risk objective functions in addressing risk in stochastic programming models. We prove that the classical mean-variance criterion leads to computational intractability even in the simplest stochastic programs. On the other hand, a number of alternative mean-risk functions are shown to be computationally tractable using slight variants of existing stochastic programming decomposition algorithms. We propose a parametric cutting plane algorithm to generate the entire mean-risk efficient frontier for a particular mean-risk objective.
Object Position and Predication Forms

This paper gives an in-depth analysis of a number of well-known verbal diathesis alternations (creation/transformation, locative and dative alternations), and specifically investigates the position of the direct object/indirect object across and between such alternations. It is argued that with each pair of alternants there is a difference in the positioning of the direct object/indirect object: in one variant the object is generated within the 'inner' VP of a VP shell, while in the other variant the direct object/indirect object is not generated within the inner VP but within a functional projection (TransP, for Transitivity Phrase) located between the two VPs of a VP shell. This positioning of the direct object/indirect object is seen in the context of the thetic/categorical distinction in predication forms, arguing that this distinction should also be applied to the inner predication involving the inner subject (the direct object) and the inner predicate (the verb plus any complements).
Pain at Onset of Neuromyelitis Optica (P2.267)

Objective: To determine whether or not pain is present at the onset of neuromyelitis optica Background: Chronic pain has been reported to be common and difficult to treat in patients with Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO). The frequency of acute pain has not previously been described. Methods: This was an IRB approved retrospect chart review study. Clinical records of patients in our database with diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica, myelitis, and optic neuritis were reviewed. Those who met published criteria for NMO, recurrent myelitis and recurrent optic neuritis were included in the study. NMO IgG antibody status, sex, age, race, location of onset bout, acute pain and chronic pain were recorded. Pain was patient defined. Chronic pain was determined by the use of at least one medication for pain over at least 6 months. Included were neuralgic pain, dysesthetic pain, spasms, headaches, and allodynia. Results: 67 patients were identified. 31 met the full NMO criteria. Of these, 80.6% were positive for the NMO IgG antibody. 56% of patients meeting full NMO criteria experienced pain at onset. 21 patients did not meet full criteria for NMO but had experienced at least one typical attack of either optic neuritis or myelitis and were NMO IgG positive. 57% had pain at onset. 83% of the 24 patients who were NMO IgG+ and who had pain at onset also had chronic pain. No antibody negative patient who met full NMO criteria (6 patients) had onset pain. Patients without NMO IgG who met only partial criteria (15 patients) had lower rate of pain at onset, 36.4% and lower rate of chronic pain, 33.3%. Conclusion: Acute pain with onset of NMO is common. Patients presenting with myelitis or optic neuritis who have significant pain at onset should be evaluated for possible first episode of NMO. Disclosure: Dr. Shuster has received personal compensation for activities with Prime Inc. Dr. Kola has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hysko has nothing to disclose. Dr. Box has nothing to disclose.