cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surfzone Bathymetry Estimation Using Wave Characteristics Observed by Unmanned Aerial Systems

Bathymetry, or the measurement of depth in any body of water, has been an area of research since man began to venture out onto the open waters. Historically, researching the near-shore surf zone has been a time consuming and expensive process. The tools and methods used to gather data points in the surf zone are either time inefficient, expensive, or both. This is an issue considering how dynamic the surf zone environment can be. It is possible that by the time the surf zone bathymetry measurements have been completed, they are already out of date. This project utilizes unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to gather high-quality video of the near-shore surf zone waves crest. This footage is then processed using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a method for determining the velocity of particles in sequential images. This velocity is then processed using linear-wave theory shallow water approximations for calculating wave celerity from depth, but ran in reverse, to obtain the bathymetry itself. Ground-truth field measurements are used to verify the resulting velocity and depth.
Assessing pelvic organ prolapse recurrence after minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy: does mesh weight matter?

There has been a trend toward the use of ultra-lightweight mesh types for minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy. We hypothesized that ultra-lightweight mesh would have a greater proportion of composite anatomical pelvic organ prolapse recurrence than lightweight mesh. Retrospective cohort study of minimally invasive sacrocolpopexies at two academic institutions from 2009 to 2016. Our primary outcome was composite anatomical prolapse recurrence, defined as prolapse beyond the hymen or retreatment with pessary or surgery, compared between ultra-lightweight (≤21 g/m2 [range 19–21]) and lightweight (>21 g/m2 [range 35–50]) mesh types. We assessed time to prolapse recurrence using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression. The cohort consisted of 1,272 laparoscopic (n = 530, 41.7%) and robotic-assisted sacrocolpopexies (n = 742, 58.4%). Lightweight mesh was used in 745 procedures (58.6%) and ultra-lightweight mesh in 527 (41.4%). The lightweight mesh had longer median follow-up than the ultra-lightweight group (344 [IQR 50–670] vs 143 days [IQR 44–379], p < 0.01). There was no difference in composite anatomical prolapse recurrence between lightweight and ultra-lightweight mesh (54 [7.2%] vs 35 [6.6%], p = 0.68). Ultra-lightweight mesh demonstrated a shorter time to prolapse recurrence (p < 0.01), which remained significant on multivariate Cox regression (HR 2.38 [95% CI 1.47–3.87]). The lightweight mesh had significantly more mesh complications (43 [5.8%] vs 7 [1.3%], p < 0.01). Ultra-lightweight mesh for minimally invasive sacrocolpopexy was not associated with a higher proportion of composite anatomical prolapse recurrence; however, it was associated with a shorter time to recurrence. Longer follow-up is needed to assess the clinical importance of this finding, particularly given the trade-off of more complications with lightweight mesh.
Efficacy of the Stand-Alone Cox-Maze IV Procedure in Patients with Longstanding Persistent Atrial Fibrillation

INTRODUCTION Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, and results in significant morbidity and mortality. The Cox-Maze IV procedure (CMP-IV) has been shown to have excellent efficacy in returning patients to sinus rhythm, but there have been few reports of late follow-up in sizable cohorts of patients with longstanding persistent AF, the most difficult type of AF to treat. METHODS AND RESULTS Between May 2003 and March 2020, 174 consecutive patients underwent a stand-alone CMP-IV for longstanding persistent AF. Rhythm outcome was assessed postoperatively for up to 10 years, primarily via prolonged monitoring (Holter monitor, pacemaker interrogation, or implantable loop recorder). Fine-Gray regression was used to investigate factors associated with atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) recurrence, with death as a competing risk. Median duration of preoperative AF was 7.8 years (interquartile range: 4.0-12.0 years), with 71% (124/174) having failed at least one prior catheter-based ablation. There were no 30-day mortalities. Freedom from ATAs was 94% (120/128), 83% (53/64), and 88% (35/40) at 1, 5, and 7 years, respectively. On regression analysis, preoperative AF duration and early postoperative ATAs were associated with late ATAs recurrence. CONCLUSION Despite the majority of patients having a long-duration of preoperative AF and having failed at least one catheter-based ablation, the stand-alone CMP-IV had excellent late efficacy in patients with longstanding persistent AF, with low morbidity and no mortality. We recommend consideration of stand-alone CMP-IV for patients with longstanding persistent AF who have failed or are poor candidates for catheter ablation.
Atypical Causes of Severe Pulmonary Hypertension in Infancy

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disease characterized by elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). It is defined for both adults and children as mean PAP exceeding 20 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance of at least 3 Woods Units (WU; indexed to body surface area in children).1 A more appropriate suggested definition of PH in infants is a ratio of pulmonary artery systolic pressure to the systemic arterial systolic pressure above 0.4.2 In addition, cardiac catheterization derived mean pulmonary artery pressures to mean systemic arterial pressure ratio >0.75 indicating severe pulmonary hypertension has been associated with worse outcome in children.1 PH can be life-threatening and often presents within hours after birth. Persistent PH of the newborn (persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn [PPHN]) is a common etiology of PH in infants, occurring in 0.4 to 6 per 1000 live births with increasingly higher frequency reported at earlier gestational ages.1,3,4 However, rare etiologies of pulmonary hypertension can go unrecognized and may present outside the neonatal period.5 We present 4 atypical cases of severe pulmonary hypertension and review how early recognition informed prognosis and guided timely intervention.
KLF3 and PAX6 are candidate driver genes in late-stage, MSI-hypermutated endometrioid endometrial carcinomas

Abstract Endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EECs) are the most common histological subtype of uterine cancer. Late-stage disease is an adverse prognosticator for EEC. The purpose of this study was to analyze EEC exome mutation data to identify late-stage-specific statistically significantly mutated genes (SMGs), which represent candidate driver genes potentially associated with disease progression. We exome sequenced 15 late-stage (stage III or IV) non-ultramutated EECs and paired non-tumor DNAs; somatic variants were called using Strelka, Shimmer, Somatic Sniper and MuTect. Additionally, somatic mutation calls were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data for 66 late-stage and 270 early-stage (stage I or II) non-ultramutated EECs. MutSigCV (v1.4) was used to annotate SMGs in the two late-stage cohorts and to derive p-values for all mutated genes in the early-stage cohort. To test whether late-stage SMGs are statistically significantly mutated in early-stage tumors, q-values for late-stage SMGs were re-calculated from the MutSigCV (v1.4) early-stage p-values, adjusting for the number of late-stage SMGs tested. We identified 14 SMGs in the combined late-stage EEC cohorts. When the 14 late-stage SMGs were examined in the TCGA early-stage data, only KLF3 and PAX6 failed to reach significance as early-stage SMGs, despite the inclusion of enough early-stage cases to ensure adequate statistical power. Within TCGA, nonsynonymous mutations in KLF3 and PAX6 were, respectively, exclusive or nearly exclusive to the microsatellite instability (MSI)-hypermutated molecular subgroup and were dominated by insertions-deletions at homopolymer tracts. In conclusion, our findings are hypothesis-generating and suggest that KLF3 and PAX6, which encode transcription factors, are MSI target genes and late-stage-specific SMGs in EEC.
Pathologic Basis and Classification of Biliary Epithelial Neoplasms

Bile duct epithelial neoplasms comprise a heterogeneous group with inconsistencies in classification and nomenclature. These neoplasms may arise anywhere in the biliary system, from canals of Hering to the ampulla of Vater, periductal glands, or gallbladder. Advancements in genetic, epigenetic, and molecular studies have explored and identified individual characteristics of this heterogeneous group and contributed to the current World Health Organization histological classification. Intraluminal malignant neoplastic precursors are generally divided into mass-forming “papillary neoplasms” and non-mass-forming “intraepithelial neoplasia.” Pathological classification of invasive epithelial neoplasms is based on location, histologic features, and genetic characteristics. In this chapter, we outline the spectrum and pathologic basis of biliary epithelial malignancies, malignant precursor lesions, and benign mimics of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, including a brief review of neuroendocrine neoplasms.
The global effects of the tobacco industry

The politics, economics, health impacts, and regulation of the tobacco industry are common themes in recent debates. This paper documents worldwide impacts of tobacco use, including the health implications as well as the politics and economics of tobacco regulation. A review of the proposed settlement and potential legislation is presented. Methods of occupational therapy intervention are also discussed.
New Directions in Post‐Apartheid South African Fiction and Scholarship

After the formal end of the apartheid period in 1994, some writers and critics expressed a sense of unease about the future of South African literature. Yet, the post-apartheid period has produced an array of texts on topics not previously part of South African literary discourse. Writing from the transitional period for the most part turned inward, working in or against the confessional mode modeled by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. During the current post-transitional period, marked loosely by the publication of J. M. Coetzee's Disgrace in 1999, a younger generation of writers has begun to represent new social issues surrounding difference and inequality, especially representations of Black women, gays and lesbians, and migrants. Recent critical approaches to this literature have offered valuable conceptual tools for further research.
Acute anoxic changes in peripheral nerve: anatomic and physiologic correlations

Introduction The response of the peripheral nerve to anoxia is modulated by many factors including glucose and temperature. The purposes of this article are to demonstrate the effects of these factors on the pathological changes induced by anoxia and to compare the electrophysiologic changes and pathological changes in the same nerves. Methods Sciatic nerves were harvested from rats and placed in a perfusion apparatus where neurophysiologic responses could be recorded continuously during a 16 h experiment. After the experiment, light microscopy and electron microscopy were performed. Results Light microscopic images showed mild changes from anoxia at normoglycemia. Hypoglycemic anoxia produced massive axonal swelling while hyperglycemic anoxia produced apparent changes in the myelin. Anoxic changes were not uniform in all axons. Electron microscopy showed only minor disruptions of the cytoskeleton with anoxia during normoglycemia. At the extremes of glucose concentration especially with hyperglycemia, there was a more severe disruption of intermediate filaments and loss of axonal structure with anoxia. Hypothermia protected axons from the effect of anoxia and produced peak axonal swelling in the 17–30°C range. Conclusions The combination of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia and anoxia produces extremely severe axonal disruption. Changes in axonal diameter are complex and are influenced by many factors.
The Analysis of Propellers Including Interaction Effects

Analytical and experimental studies have been undertaken on propellers operating in the unsteady flow field produced by interaction effects due to the fuselage, wing, and nacelles. Methods have been developed and verified experimentally for determining the velocity field in which a propeller operates as well as its aerodynamic and dynamic response to this unsteady environment. Methods are presented for predicting the net thrust of a propeller-wing-body combination as well as the unsteady thrust and torque acting on the propeller. Sample calculations as well as wind tunnel and flight test results are presented which illustrates the sensitivity of a propeller to flow field in which it is operating.
Electromagnetic modeling as a constituent of multi-disciplined design

A scalable framework of multi-disciplined design that is able to accommodate any geometric based design discipline is presented. Of the several challenges in the way of high fidelity, physics based design and modeling are the focus of This work. The complexity of a problem described in its raw geometry is overwhelming. The second challenge discussed in This work is the coupling of most, if not all disciplines in an optimization problem when described at the geometric level. Often, the degree of discipline coupling is a function of the type and level of optimization that one is "willing" to pursue, or ignore. Application examples are given in the area of electromagnetic and structural analyses for components appearing in cellular phones.
Solving separable nonlinear equations with jacobians of rank deficiency one

Nonlinear systems of equations of the separable form A(y)z + b(y) = 0, with only one nonlinear variable y∈ℝ, can be reduced to a single nonlinear equation in y. We develop a technique for the case in which A(y) has rank deficiency one. The method requires only one LU factorization per iteration and is quadratically convergent. Numerical examples and applications are provided.
Flow-through electrodes: II. The I3/−/I− redox couple

Summary o (i) Voltammetric characteristics of the I 3 / − /I − flow-through system on porous graphite have been obtained in neutral and acid electrolytes. (ii) The mechanism of the I 3 / − /I − redox reaction on graphite has been determined. It corresponds to that found by Vetter on platinum. (iii) The standard apparent exchange current density of the I 3 / − +2ē→3I − reaction is of the order of 2 Acm −2 (geom. area) both in neutral and acid electrolytes. (iv) Good agreement was found between experimental data and the numerically computed curves based on parameters obtained using diagnostic criteria previously derived. This confirms the validity of the proposed methods of mechanism determinations using flow-through electrodes.
Tracer Based Inferences of New Primary Production in the Sea

Much of what we have learned about the oceans, particularly in the early decades of this century, stems from inferences drawn from the distribution of properties in the ocean. The pioneers of oceanography used observations of first, temperature and salinity, and then passive, nonconservative tracers, such as oxygen and dissolved nutrients to deduce the origins, pathways, and fates of water masses. The development of the dynamical methods further placed broad constraints on the rates of the processes involved. Recently, measurement of transient tracers, ie. the distributions of those substances resulting from human activities, which are changing with time, coupled with better knowledge of the “classical” tracer distributions and the advent of sophisticated numerical models, is leading to a more quantitative and complete understanding of the ocean circulation and ventilation. The quantification of these physical processes enables us to estimate the rates of biogeochemical processes in the ocean.
Gene Therapy, Ethics, Religious Perspectives

Introduction Christianity Ecumenical Orthodox Roman Catholic Protestant Judaism Islam Other Keywords: gene therapy
The Right to Science and Culture

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: “Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.” This Article suggests how this text may offer a philosophical and legal basis to constrain the further expansion of protectionism in international IP law. Drawing on accepted methodologies of human rights interpretation and recent research from legal and economic scholars on the value of preserving the knowledge commons, the Article offers a theory of “the right to science and culture” as requiring a public goods approach to knowledge innovation and diffusion. The Article then translates this public goods theory into concrete guidance for policy makers seeking to implement human rights obligations, and for jurists asked to adjudicate rights-based challenges to copyright and patent laws. In conclusion, this Article suggests that reviving attention to this long-marginalized provision of international public law may provide an important rhetorical and legal tool with which to open up new possibilities for sensible IP reform.
Racial and Gender Disparities in the Physician Assistant Profession

Objective To examine whether racial, gender, and ethnic salary disparities exist in the physician assistant (PA) profession and what factors, if any, are associated with the differentials. Data Sources/Study Setting We use a nationally representative survey of 15,105 PAs from the American Academy of Physician Assistants (AAPA). Study Design We use bivariate and multivariate statistics to analyze pay differentials from the 2009 AAPA survey. Principle Findings Women represent nearly two-thirds of the profession but receive approximately $18,000 less in primary compensation. The differential reduces to just over $9,500 when the analysis includes a variety of other variables. According to AAPA survey, minority PAs tend to make slightly higher salaries than White PAs nationally, although the differences are not statistically significant once the control variables are included in the analysis. Conclusions Despite the rough parity in primary salary, PAs of color are vastly underrepresented in the profession. The salaries of women lag in comparison to their male counterparts.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics.

(1980). The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 81-90.
LASIK: Management of Common Complications

PurposeTo review common complications noted with LASIK.MethodsReview of personal experience of the author with the procedure and work published in the literature.ResultsThe most common complications of the LASIK procedure include flap irregularities, epithelium and other materials within the lamella
Kinetics of Antioxidant Loss in Mackerel Light and Dark Muscle

The loss of water- and lipid-soluble antioxidants of mackerel light and dark muscle was determined as a function of time of storage on ice to provide clues as to mechanisms of oxidation and to assess the use of antioxidants to measure and predict quality. Glutathione and ascorbate decreased faster initially than α-tocopherol and ubiquinone in both light and dark muscle of mackerel; in dark muscle, the rate of loss of ubiquinol was comparable to the loss of the water-soluble antioxidants. Antioxidants decreased more rapidly initially in dark muscle than in light muscle. Rates of sensory quality loss in the light and dark muscles were similar except that initial loss of quality in the dark muscle was greater than that in the light. Regression equations showed good relationships of tocopherol, ubiquinone-10, and TBARS in light and dark muscle with storage time. Ascorbate and glutathione gave the best correlation values with sensory scores for light muscle, while a good relationship was seen in dark muscle be...
Measurement of the electron yield of CsI with polarized x rays.

We investigate the polarization dependence of photoemission from polycrystalline CsI under excitation by linearly polarized 2.69-keV x rays. We measure the electron pulse yield as a function of polarization state for grazing incidence angles between 5 o and 18 o . No dependence on the incident polarization is found. We find an upper limit of 1.1%, at the 99.99% statistical confidence level, on the fractional change in the pulse yield. Allowing for worst-case systematic uncertainties, we place an upper bound of 3.6% on the difference in the secondary electron pulse yield between the two polarization states
Special Feature An Introduction to Algorithm Design

Fast algorithms dramatically decrease run time for certain tasks. Designing them offers not only the promise of better performance but also a better understanding of the problems underlying all computational tasks.
The Stress Process in a Southern Black Community: Implications for Prevention Research

Interest has grown in the development and implementation of primary prevention programs for various forms of mental illness. Primary prevention strategies for mental illness (and other disorders) hold great promise for reducing psychiatric morbidity by altering the etiologic factors that lead to dysfunction. Such programs must first be tested to evaluate their efficacy. In this paper the implications for research on primary prevention programs are discussed in the context of a study of depression in a U.S. Black community. Three major issues are discussed that must be addressed in the design of prevention research. These are: (1) the development of a model of disease etiology specific to the community studied; (2) the design of a culturally appropriate intervention; and (3) the selection of an appropriate institutional focus for the introduction of the intervention into the community.
Neither Proscience nor Antiscience: Metasociology as Dialogue

This paper defends metasociology against the attacks of a particular brand of metasociological critique done in the name of scientific progress. The proponents of scientific progress often argue that metasociology does not contribute anything of substantial value to the progress of sociology as a science. In contrast, we argue that this view of metasociology is not terribly well informed. We suggest that metasociology should be thought of as a dialogue with other nearby disciplines and with contemporary political and moral conversations about the social world. One job of metasociology is to expose the assumptions of sociologists so as to make them more aware of where they stand in relation to other contemporary dialogues. We also argue that for metasociology to be taken seriously as dialogue, we must give up certain pretensions. The social grounds for metasociology as dialogue rest on epistemic relativism and, more importantly, on judgmental relativism.
Can the differential adhesion hypothesis explain how an aggregate of strongly cohesive cells can be penetrated by more weakly cohesive cells

Abstract The differential adhesion hypothesis, as advanced by Steinberg [Steinberg (1963) . Science 14, 401–408; (1964). In “Cellular Membranes in Development” (M. Locke, ed.), pp. 321–366. Academic Press, New York; (1970). J. Exp. Zool. 173, 395–434; (1975). J. Theor. Biol. 55, 431–443], predicts that, in an aggregate composed of cells from two different kinds of tissue, more cohesive cells will tend to become enveloped or covered by an external layer of less cohesive cells. Both embryonic chick heart and liver cells sorted out externally in every case to embryonic limb bud cells and are, therefore, according to the hypothesis, less cohesive than limb bud cells. However, when a few of the less cohesive heart or liver cells were seeded onto the surfaces of aggregates of the more cohesive limb bud cells, about half of the less cohesive cells assumed subsurface positions within several days of culture. The penetration of an aggregate of cohesive cells by less cohesive cells may indicate that the differential adhesion hypothesis will require modification for universal applicability to the cell level.
Community pharmacists as immunisation advocates: A pharmacoepidemiologic experiment

To determine if advocacy of influenza immunisation by community pharmacists would affect vaccine acceptance among patients at risk of influenza, a randomised, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in three pharmacies. Patients receiving certain medications for heart or lung disease or diabetes, or receiving non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and who were at least 65 years old, were randomly assigned to receive either messages explaining the risk of influenza and availability of vaccine or recommending household poison prevention measures. All patients were surveyed by mail regarding behaviour and opinions related to influenza and influenza vaccine. Of 125 previously unvaccinated recipients of vaccine-advocacy letters, 39 were vaccinated (31.2 per cent), compared with 24 of 134 control subjects (17.9 per cent), a difference of 13.3 per cent (P=0.013). Unvaccinated patients were 1.74 times more likely to be vaccinated after receiving vaccine recommendations and information than were control patients. In this setting, community pharmacists increased vaccine acceptance by advising patients of their personal risk and describing where to be vaccinated.
Oscillatory Viscous Flow in a Porous Channel with Arbitrary Wall Suction

This paper considers a porous channel in which a suction-driven flow is modulated by arbitrary levels of fluid extraction acting uniformly along its porous boundaries. When small longitudinal oscillations are enabled, a rotational wave motion is established that this study attempts to explore. For an elongated channel, two asymptotic methods are used. The first technique is based on a two-variable multiple-scale expansion that takes into account the thin boundary layer near the wall. While retaining generality of expression, the multiplescale procedure is carried out until a closed-form solution for the velocity field is obtained for an arbitrary mean-flow function F. An alternative approach based on WKB exponentials is also employed. The WKB expansion is then pursued to arbitrary order. These asymptotic formulations are shown to agree with one another and with numeric simulations of the problem for three specific cases of F.
American Muslim Investment in Civil Society Political Discussion, Disagreement, and Tolerance

Using data from a national survey of 465 American Muslims conducted just after the 2008 election season, the authors assess whether American Muslims are invested in the practices (political discuss...
Congenital adrenal hypoplasia: two new cases

Two male adolescents with the X-linked form of congenital adrenal hypoplasia are described. Both grew slowly during childhood and adolescence and did not undergo pubertal development because of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with the congenital adrenal hypoplasia. The severely delayed bone age in childhood is probably due to the adrenal androgen deficiency and suggests a role of these hormones in the prepubertal skeletal maturation. The failure of gonadotropin secretion still remains unexplained. A hypothalamic defect has been suggested, but further studies are necessary to clarify this hypothesis.
Pattern of localization of primitive hematopoietic cells in vivo using a novel mouse model

Bone marrow transplantation is increasingly used as a treatment for numerous immunologic, hematologic, and malignant disorders. However, the mechanism by which transplanted hematopoietic stem cells are engrafted is not completely understood. Many traditional techniques have been used to study the engraftment of transplanted stem cells. Most of these methods are ex vivo and, in some cases, donor cells must be modified to enable detection. We describe a novel alternative for identifying unmodified primitive donor cells in a murine host. This mouse model is based on the differential capacity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT)-positive and APRT-negative cells to sequester and incorporate radiolabeled adenine. Aprt is the gene encoding the adenine phosphoribosyltransferase purine salvage enzyme and has been ablated in 129sv mice. Following the injection of APRT-positive c-kit-positive enriched hematopoietic cells into syngeneic, sublethally irradiated APRT-deficient mice, engrafted cells and their presumptive progeny were successfully tracked by polymerase chain reaction. Their presence also was visualized by autoradiography of paraffin-embedded tissue sections. APRT-positive c-kit-positive enriched cells were detected in the bone marrow, spleen, lung, and thymus of nonirradiated mice. Donor cells and their progeny were more widely distributed in tissues of sublethally irradiated mice than of their nonirradiated counterparts, demonstrating that the pattern of localization of c-kit-positive enriched cells differs between nonirradiated and sublethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. The Aprt mouse model provides a sensitive method for further studying the mechanism of engraftment of unmodified donor hematopoietic cells in relation to the tissue architecture of the recipient.
Intravegetation Antimicrobial Distribution in Aortic Endocarditis Analyzed by Computer-Generated Model: Implications for Treatment

The distribution of antibiotics into cardiac valvular tissues is incompletely understood. By integrative computer modeling, we have used previously obtained pharmacokinetic data in experimental endocarditis to characterize aminoglycoside distribution within various geographic sectors of aortic vegetations of rabbits and humans in the current study. In rabbits with pseudomonal aortic endocarditis receiving a standard regimen of amikacin (15 mg/kg every eight hours), sub-MBC levels of the drug for the infecting organism were calculated in the center of 0.38-cm vegetations; this occurred despite supra-MBC levels calculated in plasma and more peripheral loci of the vegetation. In contrast, with a high-dose regimen of amikacin (40 mg/kg every eight hours), supra-MBC drug levels were calculated throughout the entire vegetation for at least 50 percent of the dosing interval. Using similar computer-generated approaches, these data in the rabbit were approximated in simulated aminoglycoside penetration of 10-mm human aortic vegetations. Aminoglycoside regimens designed to yield supra-MBC serum levels in both normal and rapid drug eliminators consistently achieved sub-MBC levels in the center of the vegetation. Computer simulations also confirmed that daily doses of aminoglycoside at least two to four times higher than those ordinarily recommended are necessary to consistently achieve uniform supra-MBC intravegetation levels for an entire dosing interval. Such computer-generated data support the concept of maldistribution of aminoglycosides in aortic endocarditis and provide a rationale for investigating the use of high-dose regimens of aminoglycoside in treating experimental endocarditis.
Antenatal detection of maternal unipartental disomy of chromosome 2 in a fetus with non-chromosomal, non-syndromic alobar holoprosencephaly

Holoprosencephaly (HPE) refers to a group of disorders caused by incomplete division of the forebrain with awide range of associated phenotypes [Solomon et al., 2010]. It is themost common forebrain anomaly with a prevalence of 1:250 in embryos and 1:10,000 in liveborn infants [Bous et al., 2012]. Fetal development of HPE may be caused by genetic and teratogenic phenomena [Cohen and Shiota, 2002; Solomon et al., 2010], by aneuploidy (e.g., trisomy 13), or by other genetic syndromes with autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, or X-linked mutations [Solomon et al., 2000; Cohen and Shiota, 2002]. Diabetes mellitus is a teratogenic risk factor for HPE [Solomon et al., 2000; Cohen and Shiota, 2002]. Mutations in 12 genes are known to cause apparently non-syndromic HPE [Solomon et al., 2010; Bous et al., 2012]. Mutations of four genes, SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF, account for most non-chromosomal, non-syndromic HPE [Solomon et al., 2010]. This 24-year-old primigravidwomanpresented for prenatal care in her first trimester. Anatomic screening, performed at 18 6/7 weeks, showed the fetus to have hydrocephalus, alobar holoprosencephaly (HPE), mid-face hypoplasia with bilateral cleft lip and palate, a proboscis, a cervical meningocele, and post-axial polydactyly in the fetal feet (Fig. 1). The family history was unremarkable, and no known environmental or teratogenic exposures were identified. Her hemoglobin A1C was 4.8, suggesting a low likelihood of diabetes mellitus. An amniocentesis was performed and amniotic fluid was tested for karyotype, alpha fetoprotein, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chromosomal microarray (CMA). The karyotype was 46,XY. CMA showed evidence of isodisomy of chromosome 2 (UPD2) as (arr 2p25.3q37.3 (12, 771–243, 783, 384) 2 hmz). No deletions, mosaicism, or supernumerary chromosomes were noted. Ultrasonography was performed again at 21 4/7 weeks at the patient’s request and the above findings were confirmed. The patient was counseled about her options for continuation and termination of the pregnancy and she opted for termination by dilation and evacuation (D&E), which was performed at 22 weeks gestation. Counseling included that a D&E would preclude the
Codes, Silences, and Homophobia: Challenging Normative Assumptions About Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary LGBTQ Young Adult Literature

Since the publication of the first young adult novel to deal with issues of sexual identity, John Donovan’s (1969) I’ll Get There, It Better Be Worth the Trip, over 200 novels have been published centered around gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender, queer and questioning (LGBTQ) characters and conflicts (Cart and Jenkins, 2006, The Heart has Its Reasons: Young Adult Literature with Gay/Lesbian/Queer Content, 1969–2004. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press). In significant contrast to early texts, many authors in recent years have sought to promote inclusion of LGBTQ individuals and to present LGBTQ characters in a positive light. To do so, they frequently create antagonistic homophobic characters and situations that provide a sense of realism (Crisp, 2009, Children’s Literature in Education, 40, 333–348). In this paper, I present several representative examples from these novels that challenge homophobia, but ultimately leave it intact. Text excerpts are drawn from the numerous contemporary realistic LGBTQ-themed texts, published between the years 2000–2005, and marketed to young adults. I then contrast these texts with the novel Boy Meets Boy (Levithan, 2003). Through the novel’s blurred genres and inventive use of linguistic features, Boy Meets Boy is able to more effectively undermine heteronormative assumptions by presenting the unthinkable: children as sexual beings, hegemonic masculinity as in fact non-hegemonic and detrimental to success, and homosexuality as normalized and even ordinary.
Deep crustal structure of Bransfield Strait: Initiation of a back arc basin by rift reactivation and propagation

[1] We present the results of a wide-angle seismic survey, consisting of a grid of five strike and three dip profiles, conducted in Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. We used a combination of two-dimensional seismic tomography and ray tracing to constrain velocity structure in the region. Thinnest crust is located within the interpreted neovolcanic zone, but the crustal thickness of 10–15 km indicates that rifting has not progressed to the formation of normal oceanic crust. Crust thickens to 20–26 km along the South Shetland Islands pedestal and to 14–20 km along the Antarctic Peninsula margin. Along-strike, crust generally thickens from the NE to the SW. In the across-strike direction, crustal thinning is observed over a broader area in the NE than in the SW. The observed crustal thickness pattern is consistent with propagation of extension from the NE toward the SW. Upper mantle velocities of 7.45 ± 0.2 km/s indicate either the presence of a small amount of partial melt or normal upper mantle anisotropy with the slow direction parallel to the rift axis. Large lateral changes in upper crustal velocities along the Antarctic Peninsula margin correspond with seismically imaged structural boundaries. There is no correlation between these structural boundaries and large velocity changes or morphologic steps observed within the present-day neovolcanic zone. We suggest that the rift topography now characterizing the Antarctic Peninsula margin formed prior to the formation of the modern basin.
Diagnosis of trisomy 18 in monozygotic twins by cordocentesis

The incidence of monozygotic twins with trisomy 18 is 1 in 1,000,000 births. We report a case diagnosed prenatally with lymphocyte culture from fetal blood samples obtained by cordocentesis. Fetal growth lag and structural malformations detected by ultrasonography indicated chromosomal abnormality. A saline solution infusion technique ensured that cordocentesis obtained a sample from each twin.
Image coding using adaptive recursive interpolative DPCM

A predictive image coder having minimal decoder complexity is presented. The image coder utilizes recursive interpolative DPCM in conjunction with adaptive classification, entropy-constrained trellis coded quantization, and optimal rate allocation to obtain signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in the range of those provided by the most advanced transform coders. >
"I Knew There Was Something Wrong with That Paper": Scientific Rhetorical Styles and Scientific Misunderstandings

This selection unpacks scientific prose and claim substantiation for Nobel Prize winner, Stan Prusiner, in the transmissible spongiform encephlopathies field (i.e., mad cow disease). Applying linguistic strategies such as M. A. K. Halliday's "favorite clause type," the author examines argumentative strategies in dense scientific prose both in bold and cautious rhetorical styles and invented lexical changes in new scientific development.
Satellites for the study of ocean primary productivity

The use of remote sensing techniques for obtaining estimates of global marine primary productivity is examined. It is shown that remote sensing and multiplatform (ship, aircraft, and satellite) sampling strategies can be used to significantly lower the variance in estimates of phytoplankton abundance and of population growth rates from the values obtained using the C-14 method. It is noted that multiplatform sampling strategies are essential to assess the mean and variance of phytoplankton biomass on a regional or on a global basis. The relative errors associated with shipboard and satellite estimates of phytoplankton biomass and primary productivity, as well as the increased statistical accuracy possible from the utilization of contemporaneous data from both sampling platforms, are examined. It is shown to be possible to follow changes in biomass and the distribution patterns of biomass as a function of time with the use of satellite imagery.
Compression creep rupture behavior of a glass/vinyl ester composite subject to isothermal and one-sided heat flux conditions

Given the expanding applications of polymer matrix composites to civil infrastructure, the marine industry, and the military, we examine the compression creep rupture behavior of a glass/vinyl ester composite subject to combined load and one sided heating simulating fire exposure. We focus on reversible non-linear viscoelastic effects which dominate delayed failure at lower temperatures in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature. A compression strength model which predicts local compression failure due to micro-buckling is extended to include viscoelasticity. Times to failure under combined mechanical load and one sided heating are estimated to within an order of magnitude.
Cleavage of lens protein-GSH mixed disulfide by glutathione reductase

Abstract Mixed disulfide complexing the bovine lens erystallins and GSH was prepared by incubating the soluble proteins with GSSG. GSH could be released from the mixed disulfide in the presence of NADPH or NADH. Mixed disulfide was purified using DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography and was found to be free of glutathione reductase. In such preparation of mixed disulfide NADPH failed to release GSH. However, addition of glutathione reductase along with NADPH released substantial amounts of GSH from the mixed disulfide. Bovine serum albumins also form mixed disulfide with GSH and the mixed disulfide could be cleaved by glutathione reductase. Alkylation of protein sulfhydryl groups by N -ethylmaleimide prior to the addition of GSSG for the preparation of mixed disulfide, almost completely prevents the formation of mixed disulfide indicating that the formation of mixed disulfide involves protein sulfhydryl groups. Evidence is presented that the cleavage of mixed disulfide is not mediated by GSH with cyclic reduction of GSSG by glutathione reductase, but rather proceeds enzymically through glutathione reductase. Using the borohydride method, small amounts of GSH were found to be bound to normal human lens proteins and a substantial amount of GSH was found to be bound to lens proteins from senile cataracts. Only a very small amount of GSH was bound to bovine lens proteins. Glutathione reductase failed to release a significant amount of GSH bound to lens proteins in human cataractous and normal lens. The significantly greater increase in the protein thiols after the borohydride treatment of lens proteins from normal and cataractous human lens and from bovine lens cannot be accounted for by release of GSH bound to proteins. This indicates significant intramolecular and/or intermolecular disulfide bridges in lens proteins.
P078: Epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) during an epidemic, with screening of patients and healthcare workers

Results Between March 2009 and November 2010, 1’531 admissions occurred to the orthopaedic ward (12’401 patientdays; length of stay of 27 days). Among 565 anal swabs, ESBL-E were detected in 204 samples from 45 patients. The ESBL-E found were E. coli (n=39), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=10), Enterobacter spp (n=8), Citrobacter spp (n=2), Morganella morganii (n=2), and Proteus vulgaris (n=1). Two different ESBL-E strains were detected in 6 patients, and 3 others carried three distinct isolates. The ESBL-E transmitted were E. coli (14 patients), K. pneumoniae (3 patients) and both in 2 patients. Identical ESBL-E species with epidemiological links were found in 25 cases. Only 9 of these were attributable to the unit. Most positive patients (96% [43/45]) were colonized asymptomatically with ESBL-E. Among HCWs, 6 samples (12%) were positive. Transmission was only observed between patients, not HCWs. None of the environmental samples revealed presence of ESBL-E.
Long-term survivors of small cell carcinoma of the lung

Small cell carcinoma of the lung has been shown to be exquisitely responsive to chemotherapy. Unfortunately, these responses are often short in duration and long-term disease-free survival is infrequent. This review of the records of all patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung treated on protocol at The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center from 1973 to 1982 showed that 25 of 225 (11.1 percent) survived two years or longer. Patients with limited disease (20 of 94) and patients with a complete response (15 of 72) had greater two-year survival than those with extensive disease (five of 131) or partial remission (eight of 104). However, 18 of the 25 long-term survivors eventually had relapses, and relapse occurred as late as eight years after diagnosis. This study further emphasizes the impressive discrepancy between the rate and magnitude of the initial response and ultimate survival in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung.
Characteristics of Surface Current Flow Inferred from a Global Ocean Current Data Set

A seasonal global ocean-current data set (OCDS) digitized on a 5/sup 0/ grid from long-term mean shipdrift-derived currents from pilot charts is presented and described. Annual zonal means of v-component currents show subtropical convergence zones which moved closest to the equator during the respective winters in each hemisphere. Net annual v-component surface flow at the equator is northward. Zonally average u-component currents have greatest seasonal variance in the tropics with strongest westward currents in the winter hemisphere. An ensemble of ocean currents measured by buoys and current meters compares favorably with OCDS data in spite of widely varying time and space scales. The OCDS currents and directly measured currents are about twice as large as computed geostrophic currents. An analysis of equatorial Pacific currents suggests that dynamic topography and sea-level change indicative of the geostrophic flow component cannot be relied on solely to infer absolute strength of surface currents which include a strong Ekman component. Comparison of OCDS v-component currents and meridional transports predicted by Ekman theory shows agreement in the sign of transports in the midlatitudes and tropics in both hemispheres. Ekman depths required to scale OCDS v-component currents to computed Ekman transports are reasonable at most latitudes withmore » layer depths deepening closer to the equator.« less
Offshore Decommissioning Cost Estimation in the Gulf of Mexico

Decommissioning offshore structures represents the end of the production life cycle, when wells are plugged and abandoned, infrastructure is removed, and the site is remediated and cleared of debris. Decommissioning operations are generally routine, involving standard, low-technology methods, over distinct stages and relatively short time horizons. Offshore operations are more uncertain and costly than onshore, however, due to the hostile ocean environment. Cost estimation is an important aspect of the business since engineers, project managers, and financial accountants frequently perform cost estimates in support of evaluating decommissioning alternatives, divestiture opportunities, and liability assessment. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the factors that impact the primary stages of decommissioning and to describe a general methodology to estimate cost functions. A description of the regulatory requirements is presented along with the empirical construction of cost functionals for shallow-water developments in the Gulf of Mexico.
The sea spider's contribution to T.H. Morgan's (1866-1945) development.

Over a century ago, T.H. Morgan helped found The Journal of Experimental Zoology, a series devoted to emerging investigations in development and evolution, variation and heredity, adaptation and ecology. T.H. Morgan initially encountered these topics in his graduate research on the ontogeny and phylogeny of the sea spiders. His Ph.D. thesis, written in 1891, reflects in interesting ways the conceptual shifts in evolutionary biology in the late 1800s. Embryology had become a major criterion in using morphological similarity to speculate on phylogenetic relationships. Yet, when Morgan studied the development of sea spiders to draw conclusions about their relatedness, he struggled with the incompleteness of knowledge about the role of inheritance and variation of ontogenetic processes. This can best be seen in his discussions of the properties of conservation during embryonic cleavage, varied development of supposedly homologous appendages, and the evolvability of larval stages. After his dissertation, Morgan never returned to phylogenetic analysis. He had been dissatisfied with the plethora of untestable phylogenetic hypotheses based on comparing complicated embryological phenomenon, and joined an experimental movement in which systems were explicitly chosen and constructed to test hypotheses about developmental processes.