cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
σ-Ligands and non-competitive NMDA antagonists inhibit glutamate release during cerebral ischemia

Release of glutamate from brain cells is increased during ischemia and is thought to be involved in ischemic damage. In rat hippocampal slices the release of glutamate during 'in vitro ischemia' (anoxia without glucose) is shown to be blocked by two groups of compounds: non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists and sigma ligands. The effects are selective for the ischemic glutamate release, which is independent of extracellular Ca2+. High K+, Ca2+ dependent, induced release of glutamate is not inhibited. NMDA receptor blockade normally does not prevent ischemic transmission damage in the rat hippocampal slice. However, when ischemic glutamate release is attenuated, NMDA receptor antagonists do prevent the damage. This indicates that high levels of glutamate may cause damage via non-NMDA as well as NMDA receptors.
Electron paramagnetic resonance saturation characteristics of pristine and doped polyacetylenes

Abstract : Electron paramagnetic resonance saturation experiments have been carried out on undoped polyacetylene and in the doped polymer as a function of dopant concentration. The relaxation times of undoped trans- (CH)x show considerable variability from sample, T1 = (2.7 + or - 1.7) x 10 to the -5 sec and T2=(7.8 + or - 1.0) x 10 to the -8 sec suggesting sensitivity to trace impurities. Exposure to air reduces T1 to 8.1 x 10 to the -6 sec and T2 to 6.6 x 10 to the -8 sec; this effect is reversible. Using radio-assay techniques with 125 sub I, it was possible to prepare and characterize samples of known dopant concentration at the level of parts per million (ppm). There are three distinct regimes which characterize the effect of iodine concentration on the EPR characteristics of trans-(CHIy)x.
WordNet Hierarchy Axiomatization and the Mass-Count Distinction

Word Net provides a semantic hierarchy with broad lexical coverage, which has proved sufficiently precise to boost performance at many tasks involving natural language. However, it has not yet been formalized for use in a general reasoning system. In this paper, we present such a formalization. We use a semi-automatic annotation of Word Net with lexical features - most notably the mass-count distinction - to recognize inferentially different relations between concepts. The result is a collection of 77,263 lexical-semantic axioms, which are being released for general use. We evaluate a sample of the axioms for core concepts, showing their quality to be significantly better than a baseline interpretation of Word Net.
Irreversible random sequential filling of lattices by Monte Carlo simulation

By means of Monte Carlo simulations we study the irreversible, random, sequential filling of small clusters (e.g., pairs, triples,...) on linear, square, and cubic lattices. In particular, we are interested in the fraction of sites filled at saturation (the point at which further filling is not possible without rearrangement of the filled and empty sites). The results obtained show good agreement with those of previously developed analytic techniques. We present the first extensive results for filling linear strings of lattice sites by use of the end-on mechanism (where the ends of the string are chosen sequentially rather than simultaneously as in conventional filling). For end-on filling we find that the saturation coverage increases, relative to conventional filling, for short strings, but decreases as we go to the limit of infinitely long strings (the car-parking problem). An examination of the Palasti conjecture (and its extension to discrete lattices) is also made.
Correlation of suspicious mammograms and x-rays of breast biopsies during surgery. Results in 60 cases.

Improved techniques for clinical mammography are resulting in the more frequent identification of suspicious impalpable lesions in the breast. Radiographic study of breast biopsies obtained to excise these lesions is essential to determine that the suspicious area has been removed and to localize it for detailed study. Twenty per cent of 60 consecutive biopsies in which specimen x-rays and clinical mammograms were correlated during surgery proved to contain cancer in the lesion which had been identified radiologically.
The 21st annual intelligent ground vehicle competition: robotists for the future

The Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition (IGVC) is one of four, unmanned systems, student competitions that were founded by the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI). The IGVC is a multidisciplinary exercise in product realization that challenges college engineering student teams to integrate advanced control theory, machine vision, vehicular electronics and mobile platform fundamentals to design and build an unmanned system. Teams from around the world focus on developing a suite of dual-use technologies to equip ground vehicles of the future with intelligent driving capabilities. Over the past 21 years, the competition has challenged undergraduate, graduate and Ph.D. students with real world applications in intelligent transportation systems, the military and manufacturing automation. To date, teams from over 80 universities and colleges have participated. This paper describes some of the applications of the technologies required by this competition and discusses the educational benefits. The primary goal of the IGVC is to advance engineering education in intelligent vehicles and related technologies. The employment and professional networking opportunities created for students and industrial sponsors through a series of technical events over the fourday competition are highlighted. Finally, an assessment of the competition based on participation is presented.
Recovery of naming in aphasia: Relationship to fluency, comprehension and CT findings

We assessed oral naming skill after left hemisphere ischemic stroke in 54 right-handed aphasics. Initially, almost all had moderate to severe disability in oral naming. After 6 months, normal scores were achieved by one-third of the patients, all with lesions less than 60 cm? in volume. Only 2 of 18 patients who were nonfluent at 6 months had normal naming then. Among patients with lesions less than 60 cm 3 and persistently poor naming, there were two discrete lesion sites: posterior superior temporal-inferior parietal (semantic paraphasic errors) and insula-putamen (phonologic paraphasic errors). Individual variability was notable, with several patients regaining normal naming ability despite posterior temporal or insula-putamen lesions.
Factors Related To Group Cohesiveness

This article investigates the relationship of group cohesiveness to empathy, self-disclosure, acceptance, and trust, and compares three different groups (personal growth groups, DUI groups, and psychotherapy groups) on measures of cohesiveness. Three hypotheses are tested, using 65 group members divided into the three subgroups. As hypothesized, personal growth groups showed a significantly higher level of cohesiveness. All factors examined correlated significantly with cohesiveness and with one another. Trust seemed to be an independent factor underlying the entire process.
Carbide refining heat treatments for 52100 bearing steel

The life of through-hardened 52100 anti-friction bearing components is improved if the excess carbides, undissolved during austenitization, are small and uniformly dispersed. One kind of carbide-refining heat treatment consists of 1) dissolving all carbides, 2) isothermally transforming the austenite to pearlite or bainite, and 3) austenitizing, quenching and tempering in the usual manner. Each step in this sequence of treatments was investigated, and the behavior of pearlitic and bainitic microstructures during subsequent austenitization was contrasted with the behavior of ferrite/spheroidized-carbide microstructures. It was shown that: 1) The usual hardening treatments given spheroidize-annealed bearing components result in an inhomogeneous microstructure, possibly due to the faster dissolution of carbides near austenite grain boundaries. 2) Austenitization of pearlite or bainite produces very uniform dispersions of ultra-fine carbides on the order of 0.1 µm diameter or less. 3) Specimens with ultra-fine carbides tend to have more retained austenite. 4) The rate of coarsening of ultra-fine carbides at austenitizing temperatures of 840°C and below, is slow enough so that conventional furnace heat treatments are satisfactory for producing this microstructure.
Interaction-Volume And Radiation Aperture Area Scaling Relations For High-Power Planar Orotron

ABSTRACT The planar orotron structure is a versatile resonator which can be used as the basis for a cm-wavelength microwave generator. In its most elementary form, it consists ofa narrow planar gratingwhich is embedded in a conductor and opposed by a second conductor. Cylindrical section mirrors at theends of the grating complete the resonator. The width of the grating is determined by the width of thedriving electron beam. Thus, within limits set by beam stability, transverse scaling of the interactionvolume is possible. In addition, the planar geometry allows easy stacking of additional resonators, andthis provides a further scaling of the interaction volume. The aperture area of a complete multi- moduleresonator will increase with the total number of resonators, and this scaling can be used to maintain fieldstrengths in an intense -beam -driven high -powersource at levels below the breakdown threshold. Asummary of the results needed in order to optimize the performance of a single orotron module will bepresented and scaling of multi- resonator structures will be discussed.1.
Temperature effect on settling velocity and deposition of cohesive sediments

Results from deposition experiments in an annular flume are presented. Tests were carried out using kaolinite clay in distilled water and salt water as well as natural river water and sediment. Identical experiments carried out at different temperatures show that as temperature decreases, a larger proportion of the material initially suspended will settle out. The effective settling velocity is also higher when temperature decreases, in direct contrast to published results from settling tube experiments.
On the role of the macromolecular phase transitions in biology in response to change in solution volume or macromolecular composition: action as an entropy buffer.

We have used numerical simulation to demonstrate the potential for macromolecular precipitate solution phase transitions existing within the cell, to play a role in the minimization of changes in location or quaternary state of other macromolecular components, predicted to accompany changes in cell volume. For our modeling we have employed thermodynamic relations that take into account the large effects upon the thermodynamic activity coefficient produced by a solution environment that is highly volume occupied due to the presence of high concentrations of soluble macromolecule. The theoretical approach adopted, along with the simulated results, provide a framework for the interpretation of certain proteins' behavior (e.g. cytoskeletal elements such as tubulin and actin and possibly some prion structures) in response to cell volume change.
Vaccinia rescue of VSV from interferon-induced resistance: Reversal of translation block and inhibition of protein kinase activity

Coinfection with vaccinia virus rescues vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from the inhibitory effects of interferon (IFN) in mouse L cells. While vaccinia infection does not significantly affect VSV RNA synthesis, coinfection with vaccinia dramatically increases VSV protein synthesis in IFN-treated cells. Evidence is provided that vaccinia inhibits the activity of the IFN-induced dsRNA-dependent protein kinase.
Managing remote sensing technology transfer to developing countries: A survey of experts in the field

Abstract The transfer of Landsat-related remote sensing technology from the United States to developing countries was examined in this research. A survey of experts in the field of remote sensing technology was conducted to determine what they perceived as the major obstacles to remote sensing technology transfer (RSTT). Useable questionnaire responses were received from 666 professionals in 66 countries. Responses of participants representing developed countries, developing countries, and international organizations were compared in order to identify similarities and differences in their perceptions of the RSTT obstacles. In addition to examination of individual questionnaire items, the data were analyzed further to reveal underlying issues that must be recognized and addressed if remote sensing technology is to be successfully applied to development activities.
A preliminary examination of the continuing significance of social class to marketing: a geodemographic replication

The past decade has witnessed increased commercial use of data obtained unobtrusively from large‐scale geodemographic (GD) systems. However, consumer researchers have paid little attention to the potential of geodemography. Capitalizes on the fact that geodemography and Warnerian social class are underpinned by the same idea, i.e. that individuals resemble their neighbors, sharing many demographic and social‐status characteristics. Uses data from 675,615 households in 34 leisure and recreation categories to replicate, update, and extend findings in the social class literature. Results indicate that social class shapes lifestyle and recreational choices, and media habits; they also support Coleman’s (1983) income use hypotheses, and Levy’s (1966; 1978) media habit conjectures. Results suggest that a threefold classification of social classes (upper, middle and lower) may be more appropriate for predicting recreational choices than the traditional fivefold classification. Supplementing substantive findings, the study exemplifies how large‐scale, secondary databases can be applied in consumer research and offers suggestions to further refine social class measurement techniques.
Distance Education as Strategy: How Can Your School Compete?

Student learning outcomes and attitudes dominate the distance-education debate. Competitive aspects such as price, product, institutional reputation, and market size may be equally important to the...
Retinoic Acid-induced Gene-I (RIG-I) Associates with Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-2 (NOD2) to Negatively Regulate Inflammatory Signaling

Cytoplasmic caspase recruiting domain (CARD)-containing molecules often function in the induction of potent antimicrobial responses in order to protect mammalian cells from invading pathogens. Retinoic acid-induced gene-I (RIG-I) and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) serve as key factors in the detection of viral and bacterial pathogens, and in the subsequent initiation of innate immune signals to combat infection. RIG-I and NOD2 share striking similarities in their cellular localization, both localize to membrane ruffles in non-polarized epithelial cells and both exhibit a close association with the junctional complex of polarized epithelia. Here we show that RIG-I and NOD2 not only colocalize to cellular ruffles and cell-cell junctions, but that they also form a direct interaction that is mediated by the CARDs of RIG-I and multiple regions of NOD2. Moreover, we show that RIG-I negatively regulates ligand-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling mediated by NOD2, and that NOD2 negatively regulates type I interferon induction by RIG-I. We also show that the three main Crohn disease-associated mutants of NOD2 (1007fs, R702W, G908R) form an interaction with RIG-I and negatively regulate its signaling to a greater extent than wild-type NOD2. Our results show that in addition to their role in innate immune recognition, RIG-I and NOD2 form a direct interaction at actin-enriched sites within cells and suggest that this interaction may impact RIG-I- and NOD2-dependent innate immune signaling.
Use of Isosbestic Points for Determination of Quantum Efficiency in Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Isosbestic points in the transient absorption spectrum for an intermolecular photoinduced electron-transfer system (PET) (bis-(diphenylamino)diphenylbutadiene plus C70 in dilute solutions) are observed. An analytical treatment of these points indicate that they are a measure of the quantum efficiency for the PET process. Variation of parameters that affect PET quantum efficiency, such as solvent polarity and photoinitiator lifetime, result in predicted frequency shifts of the isosbestic point. Comparison to established methods of determination of quantum efficiency indicates that the method is quantitatively reliable as well as qualitatively useful. Application of the methodology to other systems is discussed.
Dense phase plug flow transfer: The 1-inch horizontal flow

Abstract The feeding of pulverized coals from a hopper into boilers is still considered a challenging problem. The low amount of transport gas required makes the dense phase plug flow system an attractive method to deliver the fine coal. The mechanisms of the transfer processes are little known. This paper discusses the operational characteristics, flow patterns, and pressure loss behavior for plug flow conveying of fine cohesive coals. The fine coals were transported in half-plug or full-plug forms depending on plug length. Two pressure drop equations were proposed to predict the pressure drop across the plug for the plug lengths. The models were found to agree within ±20% of the experimental results.
Intracellular localization of the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in a long-term human lymphoid cell line.

Subcellular fractions of the human lymphoid cell line PGLC-33H were obtained by N2 cavitation and differential centrifugation. The purity of the fractions was assessed by the use of the following marker enzymes: β-glucuronidase for the lysosomal-intermediate fraction; a nonspecific esterase for the microsomal fraction; and LDH for the supernatant fraction. These subcellular fractions were studied for MIF activity utilizing human lymphoid cells from established lines as target cells. MIF activtiy was most consistently found in the microsomal fraction. Also, MIF activity was closely associated with the relative specific activity of esterase. No such correlation with MIF activity could be demonstrated for β-glucuronidase or LDH.
Excess volumes for (an n-alkanol+an n-alkane). V: (Dodecan-1-ol+n-heptane)

Abstract Excess volumes, measured in a successive-dilution dilatometer, are reported for (decan-1-ol + n -heptane) at 298.15 K. The measurements were extended to high dilutions of decan-1-ol. The excess volume is predominantly negative, attaining positive values only at mole fractions of decan-1-ol less than 0.018.
Landscape patterns and parcel boundaries: an analysis of composition and configuration of land use and land cover in south-central Indiana

Abstract In many areas of the world, socioeconomic and political factors are increasingly impacting spatial patterns of land use and land cover in the landscape. Much of the land in the United States has been divided using a grid-based system that was implemented to realize socioeconomic and political goals rather than to protect and conform to biophysical differences. The borders of individual parcels of land often reflect the boundary lines created by this system. These borders are important components of policies related to land management such as zoning and private land use decisions. The potential impact this system of land division may have on spatial patterns in a landscape remains unclear. The majority of landscape research has focused exclusively on biophysical differences occurring over relatively large areas of land and ignored possible finer-scale, human impacts on landscape composition and configuration. There is a need for research on spatial patterns occurring over areas that match socioeconomically or politically important units of land in order to improve understanding of relationships between human related processes and ecosystem functions and to create better management policies. This research explores whether the system of land parcelization is evident in patterns of land use and land cover in the landscape of south-central Indiana. In particular, it investigates whether parcel boundaries correspond to distinct changes in the composition and configuration of forest, developed, and agricultural lands. This research uses theory and methodology from geography, geographic information science, and landscape ecology to analyze patterns of land use and land cover in a rural to semi-rural county in south-central Indiana. A classification of a remotely sensed image is used as a basis for calculating metrics of landscape composition and configuration with the use of a geographic information system. The metrics are calculated for areas of forest, developed, and agricultural land associated with a sample of parcels chosen to represent all the parcels within Monroe County. The values for areas near the parcel boundaries are compared with the values for areas at relatively short distances from the parcel boundaries. This comparison indicates whether there is a distinct change in the composition or configuration of the landscape occurring at approximately the parcel boundaries. The results suggest that in Monroe County, Indiana, changes in the composition of the landscape, particularly the amount of area covered by agriculture and forest, correspond with parcel boundaries. Changes in the configuration of agricultural and, to a lesser extent, developed lands also occur near parcel boundaries. The results support the hypothesis that the grid-based system of parcelization has affected spatial patterns of land use and land cover. These results illustrate the potential impact socioeconomic and political systems may have on spatial patterns in a landscape.
Rare-earth tri-halides methanol-adduct single-crystal scintillators for gamma ray and neutron detection

Cerium activated rare-earth tri- halides represent a well-known family of high performance inorganic rare-earth scintillators - including the high-light-yield, high-energy-resolution scintillator, cerium-doped lanthanum tribromide. These hygroscopic inorganic rare-earth halides are currently grown as single crystals from the melt - either by the Bridgman or Czochralski techniques – slow and expensive processes that are frequently characterized by severe cracking of the material due to anisotropic thermal stresses and cleavage effects. We have recently discovered a new family of cerium-activated rare-earth metal organic scintillators consisting of tri-halide methanol adducts of cerium and lanthanum – namely CeCl3(CH3OH)4 and LaBr3(CH3OH)4:Ce. These methanol-adduct scintillator materials can be grown near room temperature from a methanol solution, and their high solubility is consistent with the application of the rapid solution growth methods that are currently used to grow very large single crystals of potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The structures of these new rare-earth metal-organic scintillating compounds were determined by single crystal x-ray refinements, and their scintillation response to both gamma rays and neutrons, as presented here, was characterized using different excitation sources. Tri-halide methanol-adduct crystals activated with trivalent cerium apparently represent the initial example of a solution-grown rare-earth metal-organic molecular scintillator that is applicable to gamma ray, x-ray, and fast neutron detection.
Gender‐related differences in circumstances surrounding initiation and escalation of alcohol and other substance use/abuse

We estimate a series of multivariate logistic regression models specifying the effects of gender and other variables on the initiation and escalation of alcohol and other substance use/abuse in a sample of young adults from a general population. After controlling for race, ethnicity, father's education, and a tendency to over‐ or underendorse statements, effects of gender on circumstances surrounding initiation/escalation of binge drinking, marijuana use, and use of other illicit drugs were observed to be congruent with the literature on gender‐related sociodevelopmental processes and empirical studies of the circumstances surrounding substance use. Among substance users/abusers, gender was implicated in self‐reports of the relevance of peer influence, needs to enhance self‐importance and a sense of power, conflictive consequences, sensation‐seeking, and reduction of distress in the processes surrounding initiation and escalation of use.
The New Politics of Food

Abstract Increased pressures for political decisions regarding food have come at a time of great discontinuities in relations among nations, wide disparities of wealth and income and insulation of domestic markets. Issues relating to instability of prices, rules of the game for trade, food aid and productivity in developing countries confront political decision-makers. Important decisions are involved with respect to stocks of food, ways in which the United States handles trade with countries such as the USSR, the stability of quantities of commodities available for food aid and cooperation of the US agricultural science community in the world. The specific choices selected will significantly affect the relationships among all countries and the extent to which the new politics of food will extend into the future.
Dependence of temperature-programmed methanation on H2 pressure

The effect of H2 partial pressure (0.1–2 atm) on the temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) of adsorbed CO in flowing H2/He was studied for Ni catalysts supported on SiO2, A1203, and TiO2. On Ni/SiO2, as H2 partial pressure decreased, the methanation rate decreased. The methanation rate of CO adsorbed on Ni/SiO2 was approximately first order in H2 pressure below 0.8 atm and zero order between 0.8 to 2 atm. On Ni/TiO2 and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts, two CH4 peaks form; one is due to hydrogenation of CO that is adsorbed on Ni and the other is due to hydrogenation of a H-CO complex (most likely CH3O) that is adsorbed on the TiO2 and A1203 Supports. Formation of CH4 from CO on Ni has the same dependence on H2 pressure as that seen on Ni/SiO2. However, hydrogenation of the H-CO complex is negative order in H2 partial pressure; the peak temperature of CH4 decreases with a decrease in the H2 partial pressure. Apparently, H2 inhibits hydrogenation of the complex by occupying surface sites that are needed for other species. A possible explanation is that the H-CO complex diffuses to vacant sites on the Ni surface to decompose and be hydrogenated, and at higher H2 pressures, more of these sites are occupied by hydrogen.
Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain. I. Spinal cord and lower medulla.

Abstract The localization of opiate receptors in the spinal cord and lower medulla has been elucidated by the autoradiographic identification of stereospecific [ 3 H]diprenorphine (a potent opiate antagonist) binding sites. The opiate receptors were highly localized to: layers I (marginal cell zone) and II (substantia gelatinosa) of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord; the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal trigeminal nucleus; components of the vagal system, including the vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, nucleus commissuralis, nucleus intercalatus, nucleus ambiguus and nucleus originis dorsalis vagus; the area postrema. Examination of [ 3 H]etorphine (a potent opiate agonist) binding sites showed the same distribution. We conclude that, in these brain regions, opiate receptors are (1) highly associated with areas receiving small, afferent primary fibers, (2) strategically placed to modulate noxious stimuli as well as explain some visceral side effects of opiate administration.
Existence and regularity theorems for a free boundary problem governing a simple climate model

From a class of mean annual, zonally averaged energy–balance climate models of the Budyko‐Sellers type, we arrive at a free boundary problem with the free boundary being the interface between ice‐covered and ice-free areas. Existence and regularity properties are proved for weak solutions of the problem. In particular, the regularity of the free boundary is investigated
The alliance of adaptive behavior and social competence: An examination of relationships between the scales of independent behavior and the social skills rating system

This study examined the relationship between ratings of adaptive behavior and social competence in a population of 208 students in kindergarten through third grade with a variety of disabilities using the Scales of Independent Behavior (SIB; Bruininks, Woodcock, Weatherman, & Hill, 1984) and the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS; Gresham & Elliott, 1990). Moderate yet statistically significant relationships between the SIB adaptive behavior scores and the SSRS social competence scores were found, with strongest correlations occurring between the SSRS and the Social and Communication subscale (r = .51) and Work Skills subscale (r = .60) on the SIB. Weak to near zero correlations were found between the SIB adaptive behavior scores and SSRS Problem Behaviors scores. This investigation provides new evidence for the concurrent criterion-related validity of both the SIB and the SSRS.
Cl 2 dissociation on Si ( 100 ) − ( 2 × 1 ) : A statistical study by scanning tunneling microscopy

A statistical analysis of the dissociative chemisorption of ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ on the $\mathrm{Si}(100)\ensuremath{-}(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface at 300 K has been carried out in the Cl coverage range up to 0.17 ML using scanning tunneling microscopy. The adsorption of two Cl atoms on Si dimer sites in adjacent silicon dimer rows was found to be kinetically favored (probability $P$ is 0.52). ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ dissociation also occurs with Cl atoms bonded to neighboring Si dimers in the same dimer rows $(P=0.33).$ ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ dissociation on a single Si dimer is least likely $(P=0.15).$ The least probable Cl pair configuration on a single Si dimer at room temperature is most favored thermodynamically, indicating that kinetic factors control the site selection process at 300 K. The observed selectivity of the Cl pair configurations, produced at 300 K, is consistent with ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ dissociative chemisorption occurring through a mobile precursor-mediated channel. At increasing ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ exposure, the density of the fully $\mathrm{Cl}$-terminated dimers increases, and at saturation the surface consists of only these chlorine configurations. Tunneling spectroscopy has been employed to characterize the Cl-saturated Si(100) surface, and it has been found that filled-state images mainly probe the bonding ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{d}}$ states of the Si-Si dimers. Empty-state images probe the antibonding ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}}^{*}$ states in the overlayer.
Identification of genes that regulate multiple cellular processes/responses in the context of lipotoxicity to hepatoma cells

In order to devise efficient treatments for complex, multi-factorial diseases, it is important to identify the genes which regulate multiple cellular processes. Exposure to elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) alters multiple cellular processes, causing lipotoxicity. Intracellular lipid accumulation has been shown to reduce the lipotoxicity of saturated FFA. We hypothesized that the genes which simultaneously regulate lipid accumulation as well as cytotoxicity may provide better targets to counter lipotoxicity of saturated FFA. As a model system to test this hypothesis, human hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2) were exposed to elevated physiological levels of FFAs and TNF-α. Triglyceride (TG) accumulation, toxicity and the genomic responses to the treatments were measured. Here, we present a framework to identify such genes in the context of lipotoxicity. The aim of the current study is to identify the genes that could be altered to treat or ameliorate the cellular responses affected by a complex disease rather than to identify the causal genes. Genes that regulate the TG accumulation, cytotoxicity or both were identified by a modified genetic algorithm partial least squares (GA/PLS) analysis. The analyses identified NADH dehydrogenase and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as important regulators of both cytotoxicity and lipid accumulation in response to FFA and TNF-α exposure. In agreement with the predictions, inhibiting NADH dehydrogenase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) reduced cytotoxicity significantly and increased intracellular TG accumulation. Inhibiting another MAPK pathway, the extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), on the other hand, improved the cytotoxicity without changing TG accumulation. Much greater reduction in the toxicity was observed upon inhibiting the NADH dehydrogenase and MAPK (which were identified by the dual-response analysis), than for the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activation (which was identified for the TG-alone analysis). These results demonstrate the applicability of GA/PLS in identifying the genes that regulate multiple cellular responses of interest and that genes regulating multiple cellular responses may be better candidates for countering complex diseases.
Infectious complications in critically injured children.

Abstract Purpose: Infection will complicate the care of a significant number of injured adults. Trauma is the leading cause of mortality in the pediatric population, yet little information is available regarding the incidence of infection in this group. This study evaluates infectious complications in the critically injured child. Methods: All children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit from an urban level-1 trauma center during an 80-consecutive-month period were studied. Infection was defined by Centers for Disease Control criteria and was identified by a retrospective review of the medical records. Demographic and clinical information, including microbiologic data, were compiled for all study patients. Data were analyzed using Student's t test or χ 2 analysis where appropriate. Results: Five hundred twenty-three children were at risk for infection during the study period. Seventy-eight infections were documented in 53 children (incidence, 10.1%). Nosocomial infections accounted for 78% of these with a majority (85%) being device associated. Common infections in this group included lower respiratory (n = 35), primary blood-stream (n = 10), and urinary tract (n = 7). Trauma-related infections were primarily wound (n = 9), intraabdominal (n = 3), or central nervous system (n = 3). Bacterial pathogens predominated, and the most frequent microorganisms recovered were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp, and Haemophilus sp. Children with infectious complications were more severely injured (injury severity score [ISS] 24 versus 17, P v 6 days, P Conclusions: Infection is a significant source of morbidity in the critically injured child. Nosocomial infections predominate, and a majority of these are device related, emphasizing the need for continued vigilance toward prevention in this high-risk group. J Pediatr Surg 35:1174-1178. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Outcomes and costs of positron emission tomography: comparison of intravenous adenosine and intravenous dipyridamole

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the cost of intraveneous adenosine and intravenous dipyridamole in positron emission tomography (PET) in patients with coronary artery disease. A retrospective, open-label, case-control, cost-effectiveness analysis was performed in the outpatient nuclear medicine department of a university hospital. Thirty-six patients underwent dipyridamole PET, and 72 matched patients underwent adenosine PET. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using a direct cost accounting approach to estimate institutional costs. Key costs evaluated included acquisition cost, administration cost, monitoring cost, cost of management of side effects, and cost of follow-up care. The total cost of adenosine PET and dipyridamole PET was divided by their respective predictive accuracies to provide a total cost adjusted for efficacy. Adenosine increased heart rate and lowered systolic blood pressure to a significantly greater extent than dipyridamole. The number of patients experiencing adverse drug reactions was significantly greater for adenosine (82%) than for dipyridamole (67%), but the frequency of prolonged (5 minutes) and late-onset side effects was significantly greater for dipyridamole than for adenosine. The frequency of side effects requiring medical intervention was also significantly greater for dipyridamole (53%) than for adenosine (6%). Although adenosine had a significantly greater acquisition cost than dipyridamole, costs of monitoring, management of side effects, and follow-up care were significantly less for adenosine than for dipyridamole. As a result, the total cost of using dipyridamole is significantly greater ($928.00 per patient) than the total cost of using adenosine ($672.00 per patient). Based on these results, adenosine may be the drug of choice for pharmacologic vasodilation for PET.
New Theories on Methods of Selection and Mating in Poultry

(1952). New Theories on Methods of Selection and Mating in Poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 114-127.
A Study of the Impact Performance of Fiber Reinforced Composite Laminated Plates Due to Various Relative Fiber Contents and Densities

Fiber-reinforced composite laminated plates (FRPs) have many potential applications in the area of automotive structural crashworthiness. Among these, an FRP may be used as a side door liner to absorb and dissipate energy during a side impact, thus allowing less door intrusion into the passenger compartment, potentially reducing occupant injury. As a first step in the design of such a plate, the authors have studied the effects of relative fiber content on the impact properties of laminated composite plates with a particular emphasis on the damage mode-that is, delamination, matrix cracking, and fiber breakage. E-glass fiber/epoxy plates with fiber weight percents ranging from 50 to 80 percent were studied at impact energies ranging from 5J to 40J.
Rapid synthesis of 1,7-bis(t-butoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A-t-Bu ester)

A three-step route was used to synthesize 1,7-bis(t-butoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO2A-t-Bu ester) from 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen). The overall time of reaction was reduced from a combined ~56 h to 2.3 h with an overall yield comparable to previously reported methods.
Direct qualitative analysis of triacylglycerols by electrospray mass spectrometry using a linear ion trap

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) isolated from a biological sample provide a challenge for mass spectrometric analysis because of the complexity of naturally occurring TAGs, which may contain different fatty acyl substituents resulting in a large number of molecular species having the identical elemental composition. We have investigated the use of mass spectrometry to obtain unambiguous information as to the individual TAG molecular species present in a complex mixture of triacylglycerols using a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Ammonium adducts of TAGs, [M+NH4]+, were generated by electrospray ionization, which permitted the molecular weight of each TAG molecular species to be determined. The mechanisms involved in the decomposition of the [M+NH4]+ and subsequent fragment ions were investigated using deuterium labeling, MS/MS, and MS3 experiments. Collision induced decomposition of [M+NH4]+ ions resulted in the neutral loss of NH3 and an acyl side-chain (as a carboxylic acid) to generate a diacyl product ion. MS/MS data were used to identify each acyl group present for a given [M+NH4]+ ion, and this information could be combined with molecular weight data to identify possible TAG molecular species present in a biological extract. Subsequent MS3 experiments on the resultant diacyl product ions, which gave rise to acylium (RCO+) and related ions, enabled unambiguous TAG molecular assignments. These strategies of MS, MS/MS, and MS3 experiments were applied to identify components within a complex mixture of neutral lipids extracted from RAW 264. 7 cells.
Hydrogen and the Structure of the Transition Aluminas

R-Alumina results from the complete dehydration of several minerals of the form Al2O3‚nH2O. The "transition" aluminas, A-alumina, -alumina, and ‰-alumina are known to have a spinel structure but the possibility that they contain hydrogen (H) has been the subject of debate. We present a series of density- functional theory calculations which, together with available experimental data, show that the spinel aluminas exist over a range of hydrogen content captured by the empirical formula H3mAl2-mO3, with different greek- letter phases corresponding to different distributions of the Aluminum (Al) ions on the two cation sublattices. Calculations of densities and vibrational frequencies of bulk OH bonds are in excellent agreement with available data. The theory reconciles seemingly inconsistent data and reveals a remarkable property of the spinel aluminas: They are "reactive sponges" in that they can store and release water in a reactive way. This chemical activity offers a basis for understanding long-standing puzzles in the behavior of aluminas in catalytic systems.
Chemistry and Characterization Of Polyimides Derived from Poly(Amic Alkyl Esters)

The modification of the pendant acid groups along the poly(amic acid) backbone in the form of alkyl ester groups leads to greatly improved polyimide precursors. These poly(amic alkyl esters) are characterized by the absence of hydrolytic instability due to elimimation of the “monomer-polymer” equilibrium associated with poly(amic acids), a broad imidization temperature regime, improved solubility characteristics, and enhanced mechanical properties. In the absence of hydrolytic instability, it is now possible to use an aqueous work-up of the polyimide precursor. This presents an attractive synthetic pathway for the preparation of well-defined, amine-terminated oligomers. Such oligomers can then be utilized both in the preparation of low molecular weight, chain-extendable polyimide precursors as well as polyimide block copolymers. The higher imidization temperatures offered by the “amic ester” chemistry allows for more efficient chain extension prior to imidization. Alternatively, the lack of the “monomer-polymer” equilibrium and accompanying propensity for monomer randomization reactions presents a potential pathway for the preparation of polyimide blends.
Large-scale synthesis of β-l-fucopyranosyl phosphate and the preparation of GDP-β-l-fucose

Abstract A practical 15-mmol large-scale synthesis of β- l -fucopyranosyl dicyclohexylammonium phosphate from l -fucose in 63% overall yield was developed. The synthesis took advantage of a neighboring Bz-2 group participating in a Koenigs-Knorr-like glycosylation. The sugar phosphate was transformed into the activated sugar nucleoside, guanosine diphosphate β- l -fucopyranose, on a gram scale.
Mechanisms of plant response to gradients and after disturbances

Plant responses to gradients and after disturbances are important because they help define key ecosystem functions, such as productivity and decomposition. In this article I review studies that have tended to examine these influences on plants separately, presenting an incomplete view of vegetation dynamics. I then present a conceptual model of interaction between gradients and disturbance focusing on the mechanisms of plant-plant replacement, which largely determine species composition, abundance, and dispersion and are often mediated by changes in resource availability. The model consists of mechanisms that are either interactive and dependent on the presence of the replacing species or noninteractive and driven by the relationship between changing resource conditions in patches and the life histories / ecotolerances of species. The model explores variation in mechanism strength among different disturbances defined primarily by severity (e.g., amount of biomass lost), among gradients that differ in temperature and precipitation, and among species of fundamentally differing life histories. The main assumption is that plants mainly respond to the most limited resource in a given gradient × disturbance situation, as dictated by the relative severity of the disturbance versus the relative severity of the gradient. Finally, I sketch a general theory of plant responses containing the testable hypotheses from the model and also including axioms, assumptions, and deductions arising from these components.
Bladder sparing approach to invasive bladder cancer

Advances in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer can allow many patients to receive curative treatment while preserving their bladder function. The hallmark of these contemporary treatment initiatives are multi-modality therapy combining conservative surgical excision with radiotherapy (external beam and/or interstitial implantation) and systemic chemotherapy. It is clear that bladder cancer can manifest itself in one of several forms, each with varying degrees of biological aggressiveness. The identification of the individual tumor characteristics will allow for the selection of the appropriate treatment alternatives. Patients with small volume disease and favorable prognostic factors are optimal candidates for treatment with external beam radiation and cisplatin. There is also evidence that a subset of these patients may be effectively managed with transurethral resection and intravesical therapy. Patients with greater tumor burden or less favorable prognostic indicators will benefit from systemic treatment with combination chemotherapeutic regimens. At the present time we have utilized systemic chemotherapy preceding treatment with radiation therapy and concomitant cisplatin. Using this approach, only 17% of patients have demonstrated persistent muscle-invasive disease at the completion of therapy. We are encouraged by this preliminary experience, but caution that follow-up is short and long-term survival data is unavailable.
Counseling: A view from the Middle East

Societies throughout the world are experiencing rapidly changing conditions. Individuals in these societies are wrestling with a situation where the old order is disappearing and a suitable replacement has not yet stabilized. The Middle East is no exception to this phenomenon. That there will be a fundamental change in family patterns, vocational choice and life styles for women and men is inevitable. In the final analysis, it is all of a piece for a change in one cannot occur without a change in the other.
A simple, inexpensive, liquid-tight swivel connection for use in chronic infusion systems

This note describes the fabrication of a simple, inexpensive, liquid-tight swivel joint for twist-free coupling of small, freely moving animals to infusion systems. The device uses a disposable hypodermic needle and syringe as the main components, and fabrication requires only readily available hand tools and minimal mechanical expertise.
Progressive dysphagia in a patient with a history of cervical spine fusion.

A man in his 30s presented with a chief complaint of having coughed up a metallic screw. He reported progressive dysphagia and choking spells with liquids over the previous 6 months and had a recent admission for pneumonia. His medical history was notable for anterior cervical spine plating and fusion after a diving accident 11 years earlier with resultant paraplegia. Examination revealed a wheelchair-bound young man in no acute distress. The right aspect of the neck had a well-healed scar along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed an immobile right true vocal fold with anterior location of the arytenoid. Findings from the remainder of his head and neck examination was normal. His workup included computed tomography of the neck (Figure 1A) and a barium esophagram (Figure 1B). What is your diagnosis? A B