cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognition and treatment of hyponatremia in acutely ill hospitalized patients

Abstract Objective: The objective of this paper was to discussthe diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of hyponatremia among critically ill, hospitalized patients (eg, after surgery or in the intensive care unit). Methods: English-language literature published between 1967 and 2006 was searched using several key words ( AVP receptor antagonists, hyponatremia, SIADH, conivaptan, tolvaptan, and lixivaptan ) and by accessing MEDLINE and ScienceDirect. Meeting abstracts from scientific sessions (American Society of Nephrology Renal Week 2004 and the Endocrine Society's 87th Annual Meeting [2005]) were reviewed. The package insert for conivaptan hydrochloride injection was referenced from . Clinical trials included in this review were randomized and placebo controlled. Results: Based on the literature we researched, hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in critical care and is associated with a variety of conditions, including congestive heart failure and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secreion. Because hyponatremia can arise in hypervolemic, euvolernic, and hypovolemic states, clinicians may not recognize its presence and cause. Incorrect rnanagement can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Physicians need to recognize risk factors and symptoms and use appropriate treatment guidelines for hyponatremia. Traditionally, therapy for hyponatremia has been limited by efficacy and safety concerns. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonists, therapeutic agents that promote aquaresis in patients with hyponatremia by targeting V 1a receptors in the vascular smooth muscle, V 2 receptors in the kidney, or both, are under development. A dual-receptor antagonist targeting both V 1a and V 2 receptors is now approved for the treatment of euvolernic hyponatremia in hospitalized patients. Conclusions: Hyponatremia, an electrolyte abnormalityfound in critically ill patients, can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. AVP receptor antagonists show promise as effective and tolerable treatments for patients with hyponatremia.
Pressure-strain and pressure-scalar gradient correlations in variable-density turbulent flows

Pressure-containing correlations appearing in balance equations for turbulent stresses and scalar fluxes are studied theoretically. In particular, correlations between the fluctuating pressure and fluctuating strain rate or scalar gradient fluctuations are considered. New forms that differ somewhat from others in the literature are proposed to model these terms. The consequences of the new models are shown to be extreme in flows with highly variable density, such as flames, but the models collapse to accepted models in constant-dens ity flows. Where possible, the models are compared against experiments, and the results are encouraging.
Disassembly sequencing using a motion planning approach

Our motion planning based approach treats the parts in the assembly as robots and operates in the composite configuration space of the parts' individual configuration spaces. Randomized techniques inspired by recent motion planning methods are used to sample configurations in this space. Since typical assemblies consist of many parts, the corresponding composite C-spaces have high dimensionality. Also, since many important configurations for the disassembly sequence will involve closely packed parts, the disassembly problem suffers from the so-called narrow passage problem. We bias the sampling by computing potential movement directions based on the geometric characteristics of configurations known to be reachable from the assembled configuration. We construct a disassembly tree which is rooted at the starting assembled configuration. Our experimental results with several non-trivial puzzle-like assemblies show the potential of this approach.
Nuclear Spin-Lattice Relaxation in Impure Superconducting Indium

The measured nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time T 1 in type I superconductors is always found to be greater than that calculated according to the simplest form of the BCS theory (see e. g., Ref. 1). This disagreement has been generally attributed to the singular behavior at the gap edge of the BCS density of excited quasiparticle states. In essence the singularity makes too many states available for thermal excitation, so that the calculated relaxation is too rapid. Any effect in real superconductors which broadens or redistributes excited states over a region in the neighborhood of the gap energy will thus tend to lengthen the nuclear relaxation time, and measurements of T 1 as a function of experimental conditions can be used to elucidate the nature of such broadening mechanisms.
Iloprost Inhibits Inositol-1,4,5-Trisphosphate-Mediated Calcium Mobilization Stimulated by Angiotensin II in Cultured Preglomerular Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

In a previous study of cultured preglomerular vascu- lar smooth muscle cells, it was demonstrated that, although the stable prostacyclin analog iloprost alone had no effect on the intracellular calcium concentration ((Ca 21 )i), it did signifi- cantly attenuate the increase in (Ca 21 )i stimulated by angio- tensin II (AngII). In this study, the mechanisms by which iloprost interacts with calcium signaling pathways stimulated by AngII were examined. (Ca 21 )i was assessed using the calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye fura-2. Initial studies identi- fied two major components of the (Ca 21 )i response to AngII in this homogeneous preparation of vascular smooth muscle cells from renal resistance vessels. Mobilization of internal stores was evident as an immediate TMB-8-sensitive peak increase in (Ca 21 )i (52 6 6t o 2976 26 nM, P , 0.001) in a calcium-free medium. After (Ca 21 )i had returned to baseline levels during continued AngII stimulation, a nifedipine-sensitive entry path- way was revealed by the sustained stimulatory effect of added external calcium, which increased (Ca 21 )i to 112 6 13 nM (P , 0.001). Coadministration of iloprost with AngII attenuated both the immediate peak (154 6 14 nM) and sustained plateau (61 6 9 nM) phases. Increases in endogenous levels of cAMP induced by the phosphodiesterase inhibitor milrinone mirrored the actions of iloprost, suggesting that the prostacyclin analog exerted its actions via cAMP activation. Blockade of cAMP- dependent protein kinase with KT 5720 reversed the effects of both iloprost and milrinone. When iloprost or milrinone was introduced after the initial mobilization peak had dissipated, the plateau phase of calcium entry was unchanged (92 6 9 nM). The concept that iloprost does not directly modulate calcium entry was further supported by data showing that the activation of L-type calcium channels by BAY-K 8644 was unchanged during iloprost treatment. On the basis of the ob- servation that iloprost did not alter thapsigargin stimulation of Ca 21 -ATPase activity, it is concluded that the actions of cAMP are distinct from increasing calcium uptake into the sarcoplas- mic reticulum. This study provides new information on the ability of iloprost to primarily attenuate inositol-1,4,5-trisphos- phate-mediated calcium mobilization via cAMP, with second- ary inhibition of L-type calcium entry channels. These data clarify the mechanism by which prostaglandins buffer AngII constriction in resistance arterioles. The afferent arteriole plays an important role in the regulation of renal blood flow, GFR, and renin release, thus contributing to the control of extracellular fluid volume and arterial pres- sure. Angiotensin II (AngII) is a potent vasoconstrictor and is
Interaction of rat Pneumocystis carinii and rat alveolar epithelial cells in vitro

DuringPneumocystis carinii pneumonia, P. carinii trophic forms adhere tightly to type I alveolar epithelial cells (AECs). However, the manner in which the interaction between P. cariniiorganisms an...
Microstructures and properties of semisolid billet and thixo-forging product prepared by vibrating wavelike sloping plate (VWSP) process

By using self-made vibrating wavelike sloping plate (VWSP) setup, the process of preparing semisolid billets of light alloys by semi-continuous casting and thixo-forging process were studied. Semisolid billets with fine spherical or rosette grains were prepared by the proposed process, and the solidified shell on the sloping plate surface can be effectively avoided. During the casting process, due to metal flow and vibrating, burst nucleation in the whole melt and dendrite fracture take place, which causes the formation of fine spherical microstructures. Casting temperature, vibrating amplitude, sloping plate length and sloping angle are the main factors influencing the alloy microstructure. Under the current experimental conditions, the proper casting temperature ranges of 660°C–680°C, the amplitude value smaller than 2 mm and the proper sloping angle ranges of 40°–60° are suggested. When the reheating temperature is 575°C and the holding time is 60 min for AZ91D alloy, and 597°C and 90 min for Al-6Si-2Mg (wt.%) alloy, the semisolid forging process can be successfully implemented. Thixo-forming products of such two alloys are fine with smooth appearance, good microstructures and properties.
Glucocorticoid binding in the hen oviduct

[3H]Triamcinolone acetonide (15nm) was incubated with cytosol (150000g fraction) prepared from oviducts of egg-laying hens. The extent of steroid binding, as determined by charcoal assays, was greatest between 2–4h at 4°C. A similar time curve was obtained when cytosol preparations were first fractionated with (NH4)2SO4 before labelling. The addition of 10mm-Na2MoO4 or 10mm-ATP during the incubation of hen oviduct cytosol with [3H]triamcinolone acetonide lowered the extent of steroid binding. The presence of glycerol (20%), however, increased the extent of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide binding in cytosol fractions from chick (330%) and hen (160%) oviducts. The [3H]triamcinolone acetonide–receptor complex was stable for over 4h at 4°C, but dissociated rapidly at 37°C, exhibiting a half-life of about 10min. The presence of 10mm-Na2MoO4 and 10mm-ATP or both had a small protective effect on the dissociation of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide–receptor complex. The receptor from hen oviduct showed significant affinity for unlabelled triamcinolone acetonide, cortisol, compound R5020 and dihydrotestosterone and, to a lesser extent, for oestradiol, oestrone and progesterone. Diethylstilboestrol treatment of immature chicks appeared to induce a more specific binder, which showed affinity for unlabelled triamcinolone acetonide, cortisol and compound R5020 only. Scatchard analysis of [3H]triamcinolone acetonide binding in hen oviduct cytosol revealed a Kd value of 6.4nm. The steroid–receptor complex sedimented as a 7–8S and a 4S entity on low-salt (0.01m-KCl)- and high-salt (0.3m-KCl)-containing sucrose gradients respectively. The cytosol [3H]triamcinolone acetonide–receptor complex showed no affinity for ATP–Sepharose or DNA–cellulose, but acquired this ability on heat activation (23°C, 40min). The data indicate the avian oviduct possesses a high-affinity binding molecule that fulfils the criteria of a glucocorticoid receptor.
Adaptive forward error correction with adjustable-latency QoS for robotic networks

Mobile robotic teams require robust communication in order to coordinate effectively, which is a challenge given the dynamic, unpredictable nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). These networks are subject to rapidly varying link qualities as robots move through their environment. Improving the robustness of these point-to-point links leads to greater overall network performance, which in turn allows the robots to perform their mission more effectively. In this work, we present a forward error correction (FEC) technique that exploits latency tolerance in network traffic to provide consistent packet delivery performance even on low-quality links. Our proposed system estimates link quality based on recent packet reception history and uses that estimate to determine FEC encoding strength. Furthermore, this system provides a novel Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism that trades latency tolerance for more reliable, lower overhead transmission. We evaluate the effectiveness of this technique in a real-world robotic testbed.
Daily exercise and gender influence arterial baroreflex regulation of heart rate and nerve activity

The influence of daily spontaneous running (DSR) and gender on the arterial baroreflex regulation of heart rate (HR) and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) was examined in 13 male [7 sedentar...
Automatic Trigger Generation for Rule-based Smart Homes

To customize the behavior of a smart home, an end user writes rules. When an external event satisfies the rule's trigger, the rule's action executes; for example, when the temperature is above a certain threshold, then window awnings might be extended. End users often write incorrect rules. This paper presents a technique that prevents errors due to too few triggers in the rules. The technique statically analyzes a rule's actions to determine what triggers are necessary.We implemented the technique in a tool called TrigGen and tested it on 96 end user written rules for openHAB, an open-source home automation platform. It identified that 80% of the rules had fewer triggers than required for correct behavior. The missing triggers could lead to unexpected behavior and security vulnerabilities in a smart home.
Gyre and gimble in the proteasome.

Large, multisubunit machines carry out many fundamental biochemical processes in eukaryotic cells. Examples include the spliceosomes that remove introns from mRNA precursors, ribosomes that synthesize proteins, and proteasomes that degrade intracellular proteins. Most such machines use ordered conformational changes to coordinate the different reaction steps catalyzed. Structural information on these dynamic megadalton-sized particles has begun to pour in following recent technical advances in cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). For the proteasome, three recent papers, two in PNAS, have provided atomic-resolution views of this ∼2.5-MDa complex by cryo-EM methods (1⇓–3). A particularly valuable feature of cryo-EM is that it allows for the reconstruction of distinct conformational states from the same sample or from proteins purified under different conditions (4, 5); these conformations can often be tentatively assigned to particular functional states. The new study on human proteasome structure by Chen et al. (3) proposes four alternative conformational states based on classification of particle images using maximum likelihood methods, yielding new insights in proteasomal mechanics. In the ubiquitin - proteasome system, proteins that must be degraded are first tagged with polymers of ubiquitin through an enzymatic cascade; the ubiquitylated proteins are then targeted to the proteasome (6, 7). The proteasome holoenzyme is an ATP-dependent protease complex composed of ∼33 different polypeptides and assembled from several subcomplexes (8). The barrel-shaped 20S proteasome core particle (CP) bears the protease active sites in a central chamber accessible only through narrow gated channels at the ends of the cylinder. On one or both ends of the CP sits a 19-subunit regulatory particle (RP); the RP is responsible for opening the central gate in the outer (α-subunit) ring of the CP. The RP itself comprises a “base” that includes a heterohexameric ring of AAA ATPases (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) and a … [↵][1]1Email: mark.hochstrasser{at}yale.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induces RAGE-mediated inflammation in the Ca9-22 gingival carcinoma epithelial cell line

Abstract Objective The oral environment is anatomically positioned as a significant gateway for exposure to environmental toxicants. Cigarette smoke exposure compromises oral health by orchestrating inflammation. The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) has been implicated in smoke-induced inflammatory effects; however, its role in the oral cavity is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine RAGE expression by immortalized gingival carcinoma cells and the degree to which RAGE-mediated signaling influences inflammation. Design Gingival epithelia cells (Ca9-22) were exposed to 10% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for six hours and screened for RAGE expression and inflammatory mediators. Results Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting revealed increased RAGE expression following exposure. Furthermore, exposure activated RAGE signaling intermediates including Ras and NF-κB. IL-6 and IL-1β were also elevated in cell culture medium from CSE-exposed cells when compared to controls. A family of anionic, partially lipophilic sulfated polysaccharide derivatives known as semi- s ynthetic glycos a mino g lycan e thers (SAGEs) were used in an effort to block RAGE signaling. Co-treatment of CSE and SAGEs ameliorated inflammatory responses. Conclusions These results provide a new perspective on a mechanism of cigarette smoke induced oral inflammation. Further work may show RAGE signaling as a potential target in the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity exacerbated by tobacco smoke exposure.
Peroxyl free radicals: biological reactive intermediates produced during lipid oxidation.

Peroxyl radicals are intermediates in the generation of hydroperoxides and are products of their metabolism. Peroxyl radicals possess a unique combination of reactivity and selectivity that enables them to diffuse to remote cellular loci and to oxidize cellular constituents to intermediates that may play a role in toxicity and carcinogenicity. Because of the widespread occurrence of polyunsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides in the plant and animal kingdom, peroxyl radicals must be considered biological reactive intermediates of considerable toxicological importance.
Highly Stable Molybdenum Disulfide Protected Silicon Photocathodes for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

Developing materials, interfaces, and devices with improved stability remains one of the key challenges in the field of photoelectrochemical water splitting. As a barrier to corrosion, molybdenum disulfide is a particularly attractive protection layer for photocathodes due to its inherent stability in acid, the low permeability of its basal planes, and the excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity the MoS2 edge. Here, we demonstrate a stable silicon photocathode containing a protecting layer consisting of molybdenum disulfide, molybdenum silicide, and silicon oxide which operates continuously for two months. We make comparisons between this system and another molybdenum sulfide–silicon photocathode embodiment, taking both systems to catastrophic failure during photoelectrochemical stability measurements and exploring mechanisms of degradation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy provide key insights into the origins of stability.
High Surface Area Electrodes Generated via Electrochemical Roughening Improve the Signaling of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Biosensors.

The electrochemical, aptamer-based (E-AB) sensor platform provides a modular approach to the continuous, real-time measurement of specific molecular targets (irrespective of their chemical reactivity) in situ in the living body. To achieve this, however, requires the fabrication of sensors small enough to insert into a vein, which, for the rat animal model we employ, entails devices less than 200 μm in diameter. The limited surface area of these small devices leads, in turn, to low faradaic currents and poor signal-to-noise ratios when deployed in the complex, fluctuating environments found in vivo. In response we have developed an electrochemical roughening approach that enhances the signaling of small electrochemical sensors by increasing the microscopic surface area of gold electrodes, allowing in this case more redox-reporter-modified aptamers to be packed onto the surface, thus producing significantly improved signal-to-noise ratios. Unlike previous approaches to achieving microscopically rough gold ...
Compact narrow-linewidth integrated laser based on a low-loss silicon nitride ring resonator

We design and demonstrate a compact, narrow-linewidth integrated laser based on low-loss silicon nitride waveguides coupled to a III-V gain chip. By using a highly confined optical mode, we simultaneously achieve compact bends and ultra-low loss. We leverage the narrowband backreflection of a high-Q microring resonator to act as a cavity output mirror, a single-mode filter, and a propagation delay all in one. This configuration allows the ring to provide feedback and obtain a laser linewidth of 13 kHz with 1.7 mW output power around 1550 nm. This demonstration realizes a compact sub-millimeter silicon nitride laser cavity with a narrow linewidth.
TAZ responds to fluid shear stress to regulate the cell cycle

Physical forces associated with tumor growth and drainage alter cancer cell invasiveness and metastatic potential. We previously showed that fluid frictional force, or shear stress, typical of lymphatic flow induces YAP1/TAZ activation in prostate cancer cells to promote motility dependent upon YAP1 but not TAZ. Here, we show that shear stress elevates TAZ protein levels and promotes TAZ nuclear localization. Increased TAZ activity drives increased DNA synthesis and induces AMOTL2, ANKRD1, and CTGF gene transcription independently of YAP1. Ectopic expression of constitutively activated TAZ increases expression of these TAZ target genes and promotes cell proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Conversely, silencing of TAZ results in reduced proliferation. Together, our data show that force-induced TAZ regulates signaling that dictates cell division, and suggest that TAZ may govern cellular proliferation of cancer cells traveling through the lymphatics in response to biophysical cues.
The Four Orientations to Education Framework

The science historian Thomas Kuhn used the word ‘paradigm’ to refer to the set of practices that define a scientific discipline during a particular period of time, and over time began using the word ‘exemplar’ to discuss particular normative models of sciences. Kuhn defines a scientific paradigm as a widely recognised approach to science that, for a time, provides model problems and solutions for the research community . It is therefore a philosophy behind science approaches.
Inversion-based method to mitigate noise in borehole sonic logs

ABSTRACTA major challenge in the interpretation of seismic measurements and sonic logs is the presence of deleterious noise that impacts the quality and reliability of the estimated seismic wavelet...
Laboratory measurements of light scattering properties of kaolinite dust at 532 nm

ABSTRACTLight scattering by kaolinite dust samples at 532 nm is studied using a newly developed laboratory apparatus. During the experiments, dust samples are suspended in water, aerosolized by a nebulizer, and then injected into the scattering zone, with or without going through a diffusion drier, to generate either dried dust particles or water droplets with dust inclusions. The light source is a dual wavelength (532 and 1064 nm) diode-pumped solid state laser. Light scattered by an ensemble of particles is collected by a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera, which is mounted on the rotating arm of a stepper motor. The stepper motor rotates the CCD to cover the scattering angle range from 3° to 177°. Polarized scattering light is measured for the horizontally and vertically polarized incident light. The apparatus is calibrated, using pure water droplets as the scattering media. The response function with respect to the scattering angle is obtained by comparing the measurements with Lorenz–Mie calculations...
Promises and pitfalls of untargeted metabolomics

Metabolomics is one of the newer omics fields, and has enabled researchers to complement genomic and protein level analysis of disease with both semi-quantitative and quantitative metabolite levels, which are the chemical mediators that constitute a given phenotype. Over more than a decade, methodologies have advanced for both targeted (quantification of specific analytes) as well as untargeted metabolomics (biomarker discovery and global metabolite profiling). Untargeted metabolomics is especially useful when there is no a priori metabolic hypothesis. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has been the preferred choice for untargeted metabolomics, given the versatility in metabolite coverage and sensitivity of these instruments. Resolving and profiling many hundreds to thousands of metabolites with varying chemical properties in a biological sample presents unique challenges, or pitfalls. In this review, we address the various obstacles and corrective measures available in four major aspects associated with an untargeted metabolomics experiment: (1) experimental design, (2) pre-analytical (sample collection and preparation), (3) analytical (chromatography and detection), and (4) post-analytical (data processing).
Some Aspects of the Canadian Automobile Industry

The automobile industry is an outstanding example of branch plant expansion in the international field. Proximity to the American centres of automobile production, the policy of tariff protection pursued in the Dominion, and the similarity of Canadian and American manufacturing methods made possible its rapid extension north of the American border. Ford of Canada was incorporated with an Ontario charter in 1904 just fourteen months after the establishment of the parent concern in Detroit. (A Dominion charter was secured in 1911.) The initiative in the establishment of a Ford assembly plant in East Windsor seems to have come from a group of Canadian business men, and all the actual capital investment in 1904 came from Canadian sources. The Ford Motor Company of Michigan received 51 per cent of the original stock, in amount $63,500, in consideration for which it agreed to extend to the Canadian concern the privilege of using in perpetuity all patents, improvements, and devices used to produce Ford products in the United States. This privilege included the use of such rights in Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and some minor British possessions. In the formation of General Motors of Canada the initiative again came from Canada. The McLaughlins of Oshawa, formerly carriage manufacturers, were instrumental in starting the manufacture of the Buick car in 1907. They contributed substantial properties to the enterprise and, for a time, appear to have retained a majority interest in the concern's stock; but the General Motors Corporation of Canada, which grew out of the McLaughlin Motor Car Company, is now a wholly-owned subsidiary of the American concern.
Identification of surgical site infections using electronic health record data.

Background The objective of this study was to develop an algorithm for identifying surgical site infections (SSIs) using independent variables from electronic health record data and outcomes from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program to supplement manual chart review. Methods We fit 3 models to data from patients undergoing operations at the University of Colorado Hospital between 2013 and 2015: a similar model reported previously in the literature, a comprehensive model with 136 possible predictors, and a combination of those. All models used a generalized linear model with a lasso penalty. Several techniques for handling imbalance in the outcome were also used: Youden's J statistic to optimize the probability cutoff and sampling techniques combined with Youden's J. The models were then tested on data from patients undergoing operations during 2016. Results Two hundred thirty of 6,840 patients (3.4%) had an SSI. The comprehensive model fit to the full set of training data performed the best, achieving 90% specificity, 80% sensitivity, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89. Conclusions We identified a model that accurately identified SSIs. The framework presented can be easily implemented by other American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-participating hospitals to develop models for enhancing surveillance of SSIs.
Soil moisture estimation using tomographic ground penetrating radar in a MCMC–Bayesian framework

In this study, we focus on a hydrogeological inverse problem specifically targeting monitoring soil moisture variations using tomographic ground penetrating radar (GPR) travel time data. Technical challenges exist in the inversion of GPR tomographic data for handling non-uniqueness, nonlinearity and high-dimensionality of unknowns. We have developed a new method for estimating soil moisture fields from crosshole GPR data. It uses a pilot-point method to provide a low-dimensional representation of the relative dielectric permittivity field of the soil, which is the primary object of inference: the field can be converted to soil moisture using a petrophysical model. We integrate a multi-chain Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)–Bayesian inversion framework with the pilot point concept, a curved-ray GPR travel time model, and a sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm, for estimating the dielectric permittivity at pilot point locations distributed within the tomogram, as well as the corresponding geostatistical parameters (i.e., spatial correlation range). We infer the dielectric permittivity as a probability density function, thus capturing the uncertainty in the inference. The multi-chain MCMC enables addressing high-dimensional inverse problems as required in the inversion setup. The method is scalable in terms of number of chains and processors, and is useful for computationally demanding Bayesian model calibration in scientific and engineering problems. The proposed inversion approach can successfully approximate the posterior density distributions of the pilot points, and capture the true values. The computational efficiency, accuracy, and convergence behaviors of the inversion approach were also systematically evaluated, by comparing the inversion results obtained with different levels of noises in the observations, increased observational data, as well as increased number of pilot points.
Intracellular Steps in the Biosynthesis of Collagen

The biosynthesis of collagen has many similarities to the biosynthesis of other proteins synthesized for “export,” but collagen biosynthesis is distinguished by at least two prominent features: (1) the protein is first synthesized as a precursor form which fulfills several important functions, and (2) the biosynthesis involves several unusual posttranslational modifications which occur after assembly of amino acids into the three polypeptide chains of the molecule and which are essential for some of its critical structural features.
Projection Properties of Factorial Designs for Factor Screening

The role of projection in screening is discussed and a review of projection properties of factorial designs is provided. The “projection of a factorial design onto a subset of factors” is the subdesign consisting of the given subset of factors (or, equivalently, the subdesign obtained by deleting the complementary set of factors). A factor-screening design with good projections onto small subsets of factors can provide useful information when a small number of active factors have been identified. The emphasis in this chapter is placed on projection properties of nonregular designs with complex aliasing. The use of projection in search designs and uniform designs is also discussed briefly.
The Status of Classifiers in Tibeto-Burman Languages

Tibeto-Burman languages present some unusual word order combinations which violate Hawkins’ (1983) implicational universals: RelN&NNum, RelN& NDem, and AdjN&NNum. I argue that classifiers, which have been neglected in studies of noun phrase word order typology, play a central role in accounting for so-called violations of implicational universals. Based on the evidence of the development of classifier and NP-internal word order variations, it is proposed that the unit they form with the numeral acts as a head of the noun phrase. As heads, they circumvent the universal violations and play a distinct structural role between languages with classifiers and those without them.
Aortoiliac thromboendarterectomy. Technic and results.

Summary One-hundred and five patients who underwent aortoiliac thromboendarterectomy are presented. The operative mortality was 4.7 per cent. Four patients died in the early postoperative period. Of ninety-six patients available for analysis ninety-two (95.8 per cent) have had a satisfactory result (87.6 per cent of the total series). Operative deaths, surgical failures necessitating reoperation, and unsatisfactory results are analyzed, and the technic of the operation is described.
Orbital symmetry and superconductivity in carbides and borocarbides

The recent discovery of superconductivity in the quaternary borocarbides LnNi2B2C has generated a lot of interest in similar borocarbides, both for their potential applications as well as for elucidating mechanisms of electron transport. However, superconductivity has long been recognized in various analogous lanthanide dicarbides. Both structures contain molecular anionic fragments, (C-C) n − and (B-C-B) n −, respectively, that interact with a metal framework. This contribution examines the orbital interactions within this class of extended solids, and discusses how orbital symmetry arguments provide a model for electronic instabilities in the superconducting carbides and borocarbides.
Exact algorithms for the matrix-triangularization subresultant PRS method

In [2] a new method is presented for the computation of a greatest common divisor (gcd) of two polynomials, along with their polynomial remainder sequence (prs). This method is based on our generalization of a theorem by Van Vleck (1899)[12] and uniformly treats both normal and abnormal prs’s, making use of Bareiss’s (1968)[4] integer-preserving transformation algorithm for Gaussian elimination; moreover, for the polynomials of the prs’s, this method provides the smallest coefficients that can be expected without coefficient gcd computations. In this paper we present efficient, exact algorithms for the implementation of this new method, along with an example where bubble pivot is needed.
How to Avoid Disasters in the Operating Room

Avoiding disasters in the operating room is critical in maintaining your patient’s well-being. Practicing preparedness, optimizing your team dynamics, and focusing on postoperative care are steps to ensure the maintenance of a consistently safe environment for your patients.
Are Teammate Trust and Confidence Dissociable in Risk Intensive Human Machine Teaming

Although automation has become the focus of an increasingly expansive body of research literature in human machine team development, few studies have examined the distinction between confidence in a teammate’s capabilities and trust in their intentions. Fewer still have examined the relationship between these two important components of reliance under naturalistic conditions of high risk. We launch into this void with an initial examination of historical case studies which suggest that risk can act as a catalyst that surprisingly and profoundly transforms the relationship between confidence and trust from a typically convergent and positive influence on teammate reliance to a divergent one that can substantially diminish it. We further examine these historical events as rare yet profound occurrences which take place outside the university/hospital laboratory environment in which the vast majority of scientific conclusions are drawn from the behavior of young college students with immature frontal lobes performing artificial tasks under emotionally sterile, risk-averse conditions. We close with the ambitious goal of inspiring a shift within the Human Machine Interaction and Cognitive Engineering fields toward naturalistic, risk intensive research with increased ecological validity for the military and first responder communities.
In Silico Metabolic Design of Two-Strain Biofilm Systems Predicts Enhanced Biomass Production and Biochemical Synthesis.

Engineered biofilm consortia have the potential to solve important biotechnological problems that have proved difficult for monoculture biofilms and planktonic consortia, such as conversion of lignocellulosic material to useful biochemicals. While considerable experimental progress has been reported for engineering and characterizing biofilm consortia, the field still lacks in silico tools for simulation, design, and optimization of stable, robust, and productive designed consortia. We developed biofilm consortia metabolic models for two coculture systems centered around the ecological design motif of a primary cell type that utilizes a supplied electron donor and secretes acetate as a byproduct and a secondary cell type that consumes the acetate, relieving byproduct inhibition on the primary cell type and enhancing overall system biomass. The models presented in this paper predict that distinct metabolic niches for the two cell types could be established by supplying electron donors and acceptors at opposite ends of the biofilm and that acetate consumption by the secondary cell type could increase total biomass accumulation and the synthesis of valuable biochemicals, such as isobutanol, by the primary cell type. System tunability is enhanced when each cell type is supplied with a unique terminal electron acceptor at opposite ends of the biofilm rather than competing for a common electron acceptor. Our model provides good qualitative agreement with data for a synthetic Escherichia coli coculture system, suggesting that the proposed design rules may have wide applicability to engineered biofilm consortia.
Carpal tunnel syndrome and associated symptoms as first manifestation of hATTR amyloidosis

Background Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to improve patient9s outcome. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common complication of hATTR amyloidosis. However, because CTS is also common in the general population, we wanted to assess whether CTS, when associated with systemic manifestations, could help direct physicians to screen for TTR gene mutation and early diagnosis. Methods We reviewed the charts and interviewed the patients with hATTR seen between 2017 and 2018. We noted the details of CTS diagnosis, treatment, and other systemic features of the disease. Results Seventeen of the 23 patients studied had CTS. CTS was the first manifestation of the disease in 10 of 17 patients. On average, CTS symptoms occurred 10.4 years before their diagnosis of hATTR amyloidosis. In 6 of 10 patients with CTS, the following systemic symptoms were present as the first manifestation: erectile dysfunction, dysautonomia, polyneuropathy, exercise intolerance, and gastrointestinal and ocular symptoms. Conclusion CTS occurs in most patients with hATTR amyloidosis and frequently precedes the hATTR diagnosis. Most patients with CTS preceding hATTR diagnosis have systemic features. Recognizing systemic features at the time of CTS presentation may help in early diagnosis of hATTR amyloidosis.
An Abnormal Finding Leads to a Surprising Diagnosis (this Is a Case Report of Metastatic Crohn's Disease)

Case Presentation: A 12-year-old female was seen at her pediatrician’s office for a history of weight loss, fatigue, and cold intolerance. Review of systems was significant for decreased appetite, rash, secondary amenorrhea and the absence of abdominal pain, diarrhea, and sexual activity. Physical examination showed a cachectic female with flat affect, non-tender abdomen, and truncal rash. An external genital examination revealed vaginal ulcerations and malodorous yellow vaginal discharge. She was admitted for further evaluation of weight loss and clinical findings. She was empirically started …
Racial disparities and factors associated with pregnancy in kidney transplant recipients in the United States

Background Although kidney transplant improves reproductive function in women with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), pregnancy in kidney transplant recipients’ remains challenging due to the risk of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Methods We evaluated a retrospective cohort of 7,966 women who were aged 15–45 years and received a kidney transplant between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2011 from the United States Renal Data System with Medicare as the primary payer for the entire three years after the date of transplantation. Unadjusted and adjusted rates of pregnancy in the first three post-transplant years were calculated, using Poisson regression for the adjustment. Factors associated with pregnancy, including race, were examined using logistic regression. Results Overall, 293 pregnancies were identified in 7966 women. The unadjusted pregnancy rate was 13.8 per thousand person-years (PTPY) (95% confidence interval (CI), 12.3–15.5). Pregnancy rates were roughly constant in the years 2005–2011 except in 2005 and 2010. The rate of pregnancy was highest in Hispanic women (21.4 PTPY; 95% CI, 17.2–26.4) and Hispanic women had a higher likelihood of pregnancy as compared to white women (OR, 1.56; CI, 1.12–2.16). Pregnancy rates were lowest in women aged 30–34 years and 35–45 years at transplant, and women aged 30–34 years and 35–45 years at transplant were less likely to ever become pregnant during the follow-up (odds ratio [OR], 0.69; CI, 0.49–0.98 and OR, 0.14; CI 0.09–0.21 respectively) as compared to women aged 25–29 years at time of transplant. Women had higher rates of pregnancy in the second and third-year post-transplant (16.0 PTPY, CI 13.2–19.2 and 16.9 PTPY, CI 14.0–20.4) than in the first-year post-transplant (9.0 PTPY, CI 7.0–11.4). In transplant recipients, pregnancy was more likely in women with ESKD due to cystic disease (OR, 2.42; CI, 1.02–5.74) or glomerulonephritis (OR, 2.14; CI, 1.07–4.31) as compared to women with ESKD due to diabetes. Conclusion Hispanic race, younger age, and ESKD cause due to cystic disease or glomerulonephritis are significant factors associated with a higher likelihood of pregnancy. Pregnancy rates have been fairly constant over the last decade. This study improves our understanding of factors associated with pregnancy in kidney transplant recipients.
Accuracy of Spectral-Domain OCT of the Macula for Detection of Complete Posterior Vitreous Detachment.

Purpose To assess the accuracy of macular spectral-domain OCT in detecting complete posterior vitreous detachment (PVD). Design Evaluation of diagnostic test or technology using a retrospective comparative study. Participants One hundred seventy-five eyes in 175 patients (111 women and 64 men; mean age, 65 years) with preoperative OCT within 90 days of vitrectomy. Methods Posterior vitreous detachment status on preoperative macular OCT was compared with PVD determination during vitrectomy. Attached vitreous was identified on OCT by visualizing the posterior vitreous cortex or premacular bursa. Complete PVD was identified by the absence of these findings and considered a positive outcome for the purpose of analysis. Main Outcome Measures Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of macular OCT for detection of complete PVD compared with findings at surgery. Results Of the 38 eyes graded as showing complete PVD on OCT, 20 eyes were found to have pre-existing PVD at the time of surgery (true-positive results), and 18 eyes were found to have attached vitreous at the time of surgery (false-positive results). Of the 137 eyes graded as showing attached vitreous on OCT, 129 eyes had attached vitreous at the time of surgery (true-negative results), and 8 eyes had pre-existing PVD at the time of surgery (false-negative results). The sensitivity of OCT for detecting complete PVD was 71% and the specificity was 88%. In the study population, the positive predictive value of an OCT scan showing complete PVD was 53%, whereas the negative predictive value of an OCT scan showing attached vitreous was 94%. Conclusions If the premacular bursa or posterior vitreous cortex are visualized on macular OCT, an accurate determination of attached vitreous can be made. The diagnosis of complete PVD by macular OCT is less accurate and requires ultrasound.
CHAPTER FIVE – Lattice Faults

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on lattice faults. Lattice energy being a measure of inter-atomic forces, is a crucial one and one which can be estimated readily for ionic structures; for these depend simply on electrostatic forces between a regularly placed set of positive and negative charges. The chapter further focuses on thermal energy and specific heat. Thermal energy is attributed primarily to vibrations of a lattice and theory, notably the Debye theory, is mainly concerned with predicting its vibrational modes. The first basic fault is the dislocation. A fault that can maintain a row of atoms in such a metastable lattice position is the dislocation, postulated notably by Taylor and Orowan. There are three basic types of dislocation: (1) Positive Edge-Type, (2) Negative Edge-Type, and (3) Screw Dislocation. The second basic fault is the point fault. Solid diffusion too must be fault-dependent but dependent on a second basic fault: the point fault. Boundary faults, with dislocations and point-fault, make up the three principal kinds of lattice fault.
Cybersecurity Evaluation with PowerShell

An organization’s cybersecurity posture is trending as one of the most highly regarded areas of focus. As more companies fall victim to breaches and exploits, we find more cases where corporations are falling victim to this and we find they attribute to improper defined security practices, failure to have a policy to address breaches or even comply with their existing strategies. It comes as no surprise that the effects of breaches and the eventual compromise of data continues to impact every level from large corporations down to the individuals. Therefore, it is imperative to provide individuals with a comparative method to retrieve a common baseline of their cybersecurity posture versus an acceptable established standard. Existing audit measures are quite cumbersome and introduce room for errors. Using PowerShell provides a method to automate parsing information into a company’s existing policy and expose any cybersecurity vulnerabilities. PowerShell audit process used here will provide an organization with the method to self-check without having to incorporate the use of software from third-party tools. Because of PowerShell’s flexibility of parsing information using from the OS environment. CSET as designed by the collaborative efforts from Department Homeland Security (DHS) and the National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) provides a very thorough method of producing an evaluation of the organization’s Cybersecurity posture. Their tool achieves this through various means which may require an auditor participant to produce the necessary information by manually extracting values, such as whether software firewall rules are enabled or not. The research done here will focus on executing query commands and automating much of the manual process of gathering data to eliminate the human component. We achieve this by combining PowerShell functions which can give the auditor another method to tailor their audit experience to what is relevant in their area of concern.