cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical care utilization patterns in women with diagnosed domestic violence.

Abstract Background Information on women with domestic violence (DV) suggests increased healthcare utilization across all levels of care and many diagnoses. In the present ancillary study (1997–2002), derived from a large, group-randomized intervention trial we conducted in a staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) (1995–1998), we examined total and incremental utilization rates, costs, and patterns for women aged ≥18 years with DV identified through the record reviews conducted for the trial. By the choice of comparison groups used, our present aim was to "bracket" any associated increase in utilization. Methods We compared visits and costs of medical-record confirmed cases of DV ( n =62) to those for women without evidence of DV in the record ( n =2287). These two groups were derived from women making visits for any one of four index reasons (injury, chronic pelvic pain, depression, or physical examination) associated with higher risk of DV or higher likelihood of its discussion. We constructed a second comparison group ( n =6032) from the general population of enrolled women. We used the Chronic Disease Score to adjust for comorbidity. Results After adjusting for comorbidity, we found a 1.6-fold higher rate of all visits (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.4–1.9) and 1.6-fold higher estimated costs (95% CI=1.3–2.0) for abused women compared to non-DV women. The rates were 2.3-fold higher when compared to all enrolled women. Conclusions Women with medical-record–documented DV demonstrate a pattern of increased utilization and costs across all levels of care and types of diagnoses. We conclude that being a DV case-patient is associated with between 1.6- and 2.3-fold increases in total utilization and costs.
Trapidil in preventing restenosis after balloon angioplasty in the atherosclerotic rabbit.

Trapidil (triazolopyrimidine) possesses activity against platelet-derived growth factor-induced cellular proliferation in vitro and intimal proliferation in vivo. The objective of this study was to determine if trapidil could prevent restenosis in experimentally induced atherosclerotic rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits with preexisting iliac arterial lesions induced by balloon deendothelialization underwent balloon angioplasty. Arteriography was performed before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after the balloon dilatation. Tissue sections of the dilated arterial segment were also analyzed morphometrically. Seventeen rabbits were randomized to two groups: a control group (n = 8) and a trapidil-treated group (n = 9). The treatment group received 30 mg/kg s.c. trapidil twice daily. The angiographic luminal diameters before and after dilatation were similar. At the 4-week restudy, there was a significant preservation of luminal diameter in the trapidil group compared with the control group (1.27 +/- 0.20 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.48 mm, respectively; p less than 0.005). When luminal diameters immediately after dilatation were compared with diameters at the 4-week restudy (i.e., when the degree of restenosis was assessed), there was a greater luminal diameter reduction in the control group than in the trapidil group (0.70 +/- 0.44 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.25 mm, respectively; p = 0.005). By morphometric analyses, the luminal areas were also greater in the trapidil group than the control group (0.80 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.33 mm2, respectively; p = 0.03). Intimal thickness was significantly less for the trapidil group than for the control group (0.33 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.15 mm, respectively; p = 0.01), as well as medial thickness (0.09 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.11 +/- 0.03 mm, respectively; p = 0.01). In this study, trapidil significantly increased the luminal area and reduced the intimal thickness in the atherosclerotic rabbit iliac artery after balloon angioplasty.
Twenty-four-hour food intake in patients with anorexia nervosa and in healthy control subjects

Ad libitum feeding over 24 hours was assessed in underweight restrictor anorectic (RAN) women (n = 8) and matched healthy control subjects (n = 9) in a relatively naturalistic laboratory setting. RAN consumed 828 +/- 210 kcal/day (20 +/- 6 kcal/kg/day); controls ingested 2274 +/- 564 kcal/day (41 +/- 13 kcal/kg/day). Expressed as macronutrient consumption, RAN, compared to healthy controls, ate less fat (13% vs 31%), more carbohydrate (73% vs 57%), and similar amounts of protein (14% vs 12%). RAN initiated fewer eating episodes than controls (4 vs 7). This study quantitatively confirms the growing body of evidence suggesting that RAN avoid fat-containing foods. Such persistent fat avoidance may significantly contribute to the difficulty RAN experience in gaining and maintaining body weight.
Effect of temperature on tan spot development in spring wheat cultivars differing in resistance

(1986). Effect of temperature on tan spot development in spring wheat cultivars differing in resistance. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 451-454.
Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from land use: creating incentives within greenhouse gas emissions trading systems

Terrestrial carbon sinks and sources were introduced into climate change mitigation related policy relatively late in the design of the architecture of those policies. Much literature addresses how terrestrial sources and sinks differ from emissions from fossil fuel combustion and, hence, is a possible justification for differential treatment of them in policy design. Late introduction in climate policy discussions and perceived differences appear to have resulted in very different policy approaches for sinks versus fossil emission sources. The attempt to differentiate has generated complexity in policy design and likely inefficiency in the operation of these policies. We review these issues and find that the characteristics claimed to apply to sinks apply as well to fossil sources, and differences that do exist are often more a matter of degree than of kind. Because cap-and-trade has gained momentum as the instrument of choice to control fossil emissions, we use as a starting point, how such a cap-and-trade system could be altered to include terrestrial carbon sinks and sources.
Rheumatologic aspects of pediatric cystic fibrosis patients treated with fluoroquinolones.

Background. The recommended and approved use of fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, is limited to adult patients because of concerns about the association of joint toxicity in young animals with quinolone administration and rare reports of joint complaints or findings in humans. Despite these warnings some quinolones have been used in children for many years, with seemingly minimal joint sequelae. Objective. This brief review will clarify the association of quinolones with arthropathy, particularly ciprofloxacin because of its widespread use, and subsequently discuss the problem of defining that association in a population of children with cystic fibrosis. Results. Examination of available clinical data to date provides no absolute evidence that ciprofloxacin induces significant arthropathy in children, in contrast to data reported in some animal species. Specifically short term ciprofloxacin-induced joint toxicity appears to be low in cystic fibrosis patients who have a significant background prevalence of arthralgias and arthritis. However, the level of detection ofjoint toxicity in these small trials may be insufficient to define rare or late adverse effects. Conclusion. Ciprofloxacin-associated arthropathy appears to occur infrequently, particularly in children with cystic fibrosis.
Evaluation of the effects of various chemicals on discharge of and pain caused by jellyfish nematocysts

Jellyfish tentacles in contact with human skin can produce pain swelling and redness. The pain is due to discharge of jellyfish nematocysts and associated toxins and discharge can be caused by a variety of mechanical and chemical stimuli. A series of tests were carried out with chemicals traditionally used to treat jellyfish stings e.g. acetic acid ammonia meat tenderizer baking soda and urea to determine if these chemicals stimulated or inhibited nematocyst discharge and if they brought relief to testers who were exposed to jellyfish tentacles. Chrysaora quinquecirrha (sea nettle) Chiropsalmus quadrumanus (sea wasp) and Physalia physalis (Portuguese man-of-war) were used in the study. It was found that many of the chemicals traditionally used to treat jellyfish stings stimulated nematocyst discharge and did not relieve the pain. However there was immediate relief when a common anesthetic lidocaine was sprayed on the skin of testers in contact with jellyfish tentacles. Initial exposure of tentacle suspensions to lidocaine prevented the nematocyst discharge by subsequent exposure to acetic acid ethanol ammonia or bromelain. Thus lidocaine in addition to acting as an anesthetic on skin in contact with jellyfish tentacles inhibited nematocyst discharge possibly by blocking sodium and/or calcium channels of the nematocytes.
Priming with DNA vaccine and boosting with killed vaccine conferring protection of chickens against infectious bursal disease

The present study, including seven trials, was conducted to determine if priming with DNA carrying a large segment gene of the IBDV and boosting with killed IBD vaccine could adequately confer protection of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens against IBD. One-day-old chickens were intramuscularly injected with DNA plasmid coding for the large segment gene of the IBDV strain variant E (VE) (P/VP243/E) followed by an intramuscular injection of killed IBD vaccine containing both standard and variant IBDV at 1 or 2 weeks of age. Chickens were orally challenged with IBDV strain VE or standard challenge strain (STC) at 3 weeks of age. Chickens primed with 50, 100, 200, or 400mug of P/VP243/E at 1 day of age and boosted with 0.5ml of killed IBD vaccine at 1 or 2 weeks of age had 80-100% protection against challenge by IBDV strain VE or 71-100% protection against challenge by IBDV strain STC. Protected chickens had higher (P<0.05) B/B ratios and lower (P<0.05) bursal lesion scores than chickens in the challenge control (CC) groups and groups primed with saline or vector plasmid and boosted with killed IBD vaccine. No IBDV antigen was detected by immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA) in bursae of chickens protected by the DNA vaccine prime and killed vaccine boost vaccination. Prior to challenge, chickens (21 days of age) in the groups primed with P/VP243/E and boosted with killed IBD vaccine had higher (P<0.05) ELISA and VN titers to IBDV and lymphoproliferation stimulation indices. These results indicate that a prime-boost approach by priming with DNA vaccine encoding the large segment gene of the IBDV and boosting with killed IBD vaccine can adequately protect SPF chickens against challenge by homologous or heterologous IBDV.
An accelerating Universe

New data on the Hubble diagram, combined with constraints on the density of the Universe and the ages of galaxies, suggest that the most plausible cosmological models have a positive cosmological constant, are closed, too dense to make deuterium in the big bang, and will expand for ever. Possible errors in the supporting arguments are discussed.
Sea level rise and prescribed fire management: Implications for seaside sparrow population viability

In the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, unusually high rates of sea level rise threaten endemic tidal marsh birds, while prescribed burning benefits these bird populations. Effective conservation of tidal marsh birds requires that management actions be prioritized based on their impact to the long-term population viability for these species. We used a population viability analysis to evaluate the relative influence of two sea level rise scenarios and two prescribed fire management scenarios on the population viability of seaside sparrows, a tidal marsh obligate species, at Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge and Fishing Bay Wildlife Management Area. Marsh loss caused by rising sea levels had a greater impact on seaside sparrow population viability than did prescribed fire. Limiting marsh loss over the next 50 years to 15% of the present extent caused a 19% probability of reaching the quasi-extinction threshold, while losing 33% of extant marsh caused a 50% probability of reaching the quasi-extinction threshold. Prescribed fire increased the likelihood of seaside sparrow persistence; increasing the amount of frequently-burned marsh from 12% to 53% lowered the quasi-extinction probability from 0.20 to 0.10. Slowing the rate of marsh loss will have a greater positive effect on seaside sparrow viability than increasing the frequency of prescribed fire. Sea level rise poses the single greatest threat to the long-term persistence of tidal marsh bird populations.
Performance of two Eucalyptus species at different slope positions and aspects in a contour-ridge planting system in the Negev Desert of Israel

Abstract The growth of Eucalyptus occidentalis and Eucalyptus sargentii , established in January 1987 at different slope positions and aspects under a water-harvesting system in Dudaim, Negev Desert of Israel, was investigated during October 1991 to January 1992 and September–December 1993. Seven years after planting, E. sargentii had higher above-ground biomass (AGB) than E. occidentalis (91.17±3.99 kg vs. 45.82±2.00 kg per tree) and had 70% foliage biomass as opposed to 40% in E. occidentalis . The two species did not differ significantly in their stem biomass ( SB ) and total height ( H ). The effect of slope position on tree growth was significant; trees in the mid-slope position (with shallower soils of high sodicity) showed the lowest AGB and SB yield (30% less than those of the other positions) and lower height. The effect of aspect on tree growth was also highly significant. In general, trees on northern aspects had higher SB and AGB and H , than those on western aspect; trees on southern aspects were the poorest in growth. The study suggests that E. sargentii is a better shade and windbreak tree, while E. occidentalis is a better fuelwood species under arid-zone conditions.
Simple programming languages and restricted classes of turing machines

In this paper we investigate the computational power of simple programming languages and provide characterizations (or partial characterizations) of the functions computable by such programs in terms of some space and/or time complexity classes of Turing machines. Call a function f(x1,…,x1) over the nonnegative integers linearly bounded if f(x1,…,x1)< O(x1+…+x1). We show that any linearly bounded function f(x1,…,x1) computable by a Turing machine in O(n) space and O(2λn) time, where λ<1 and n=¦x1+…+x1¦ is the length of the binary representation of x1+…+x1, can be computed by a program without nested loops using only the instruction set R=x←x−1, if x=0 then y←y+1, do x…lcubendrcub. Thus, functions like ¦xy¦, ged{x,y}, xk, [log x], etc. can be computed by R-programs. Any function computable by an R-program can be computed by a Turing machine in O(n) space and O(2n) time. It is open whether or not the time can be reduced to O(2λ) for some λ<1 (which may depend on the program). We also introduce simple programming languages which are complete characterizations of the functions computable by certain space bounded (linear bounded, polynomial bounded. etc.) classes of Turing machines. For example, we show that a function f(x1,…,x1 over the nonnegative integers is computable by a linear space bounded Turing machine if and only if it is computable by a program using only the constructs x←1, x←x+y, x←x−y, do x…end such that (i) there are no nested loops, and (ii) the occurence of a construct x←x+y in a loop precludes the occurrence of a construct y←x+z within the same loop. Extensions are also made for some time complexity classes of Turing machines.
Long-term evaluation following resection of apparently benign pheochromocytoma(s)/paraganglioma(s).

In the absence of distant disease, the pathologic diagnosis of malignancy in pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma is impossible. In an effort to establish the true incidence of recurrence in this disease, we have analyzed long-term follow-up (average, 15.8 years) of 98 patients who underwent complete resection of localized, noninvasive, histologically-benign pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas at our institution between 1960 and 1976.
Changes in criminal thinking and identity in novice and experienced inmates: prisonization revisited

Criminal thinking and identity were assessed in 55 federal prison inmates with no prior prison experience (novice inmates) and 93 inmates with at least one prior adult incarceration and 5 or more years in prison (experienced inmates). Changes on the Self-Assertion/Deception scale of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Syles (PICTS) and Centrality subscale of the Social Identity as a Criminal(SIC) questionnaire were congruent with the prisonization hypothesis and a priori predictions that measures of criminal thinking and identity would rise in novice inmates between initial assessment and follow-up but would remain stable in experienced inmates. On the other hand, experienced inmates recorded significant gains on the In-Group Affect subscale of the SIC. Incarceration, it would seem, may promote prisonization in both novice and experienced inmates.
The heritage of Bernardino Ramazzini

Although the seminal work in what was to become the specialty of occupational medicine appeared in 1700 as written by the Italian physician, Bernardino Ramazzini and titled De Morbis Artificum Diatriba, it was through the English translation by Wilmer Cave Wright in 1940 and and the subsequent scholarship of Dr Pericle Di Pietro of Modena, Italy, that this monograph became widely known. Ramazzini has been cited by innumerable medical authors and his volume has undergone many translations from the mid-18th century to the present day. References to this early observations of persons and work and their subsequent disease patterns repeatedly infuse today's description of work-related illness. That his pioneering efforts continue to receive adulation is seen in the organizations bearing his name, many eponymous awards, the striking Ramazzini Hall in Japan, and the continuing appearance of new reprintings of Diseases of Workers world-wide. The name Ramazzini marks the beginning of society's concern with the well-being and physical and emotional health of its workers from the shops of the crafts to the offices of the executives.
Impurity incorporation in heteroepitaxial N-face and Ga-face GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract In this work secondary ion mass spectroscopy was used to investigate the incorporation of oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen impurities in smooth N-face (0 0 0 1¯) and Ga-face (0 0 0 1) GaN films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The smooth N-face films were obtained on vicinal sapphire substrates, of which the misorientations 2°, 4°, and 5° towards [1 01¯ 0 ] Al 2 O 3 as well as 4° and 5° towards [1 1 2¯ 0 ] Al 2 O 3 were explored. Results are presented for variations in temperature, pressure, V/III ratio, and Ga flow. Additionally, the incorporation of intentional dopants Si, for n-type doping, and Mg, for p-type doping were investigated. The misorientation angle and direction did not impact the impurity incorporation on the N-face. In comparison to the Ga-face, the N-face GaN films contained significantly higher concentrations of oxygen, however, demonstrated lower levels of carbon. Incorporation of Mg and Si dopants were found to be similar in N-face and Ga-face films. Additionally, significantly sharper Mg-doping profiles in N-face films in comparison to Ga-face films were observed.
Non-Abelian Chern-Simons particles and their quantization

A many-body Schr\"odinger equation for non-Abelian Chern-Simons particles is obtained from both point-particle and field-theoretic pictures. We present a particle Lagrangian and a field-theoretic Lagrange density, and discuss their properties. Both are quantized by the symplectic method of Hamiltonian reduction. An $N$-body Schr\"odinger equation for the particles is obtained from both starting points. It is shown that the resulting interaction between particles can be replaced by nontrivial boundary conditions. Also, the equation is compared with the one given in the literature.
Genetic diversity in the mango malformation pathogen and development of a PCR assay

Malformation is a destructive disease of mango, Mangifera indica. Its causal agent possesses the morphological features of Fusarium subglutinans, a species whose taxonomy and nomenclature has recently been in a state of flux. Genetic diversity was examined among 74 F. subglutinans-like isolates from malformed mango in Brazil, Egypt, Florida (USA), India, Israel and South Africa. With nitrate-nonutilizing (nit) auxotrophic mutants, seven vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified. Three of the VCGs were found in a single country, and VCG diversity was greatest in Egypt and the USA where, respectively, four and three different VCGs were found. RAPD profiles generated with arbitrary decamer primers were variable among isolates in different VCGs, but were generally uniform for isolates within a VCG. In PCR assays, a 20-mer primer pair that was developed previously to identify F. subglutinans from maize (mating population [MP]-E of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex) also amplified a specific 448 bp fragment for isolates of F. sacchari from sugarcane (MP-B) and what was probably F. circinatum (pine, MP-H). With the exception of three isolates from Brazil, it did not amplify the fragment from F. subglutinans-like isolates from mango. A second pair of 20-mer primers was developed from a unique fragment in the RAPD assays. It amplified a specific 608 bp fragment for 51 of 54 isolates from mango (all but the three Brazilian isolates). It also amplified a smaller, 550 bp fragment from isolates of F. nygamai (MP-G), but did not amplify DNA of isolates of any other taxon of Fusarium that was tested.
Estimation from quasi life tables

SUMMARY A large number of identical components are simultaneously set into operation at each of a regular sequence of times and, on failure, a component is instantaneously replaced. The functional form of the distribution of the component lifelength is assumed to be known and it is desired to estimate the parameters of this distribution. However, no observations of the lifelengths of individual components have been recorded: the only information available is the numbers of components which fail between successive time points. It is shown how this information, in conjunction with the theory of recurrent events, may be used to construct a nonparametric estimator of the discretised lifelength distribution. The latter is then used to estimate the unknown parameters.
Results from trichlorethylene inhalations in the anginal syndrome of coronary sclerosis

Abstract The results of inhalations of trichlorethylene in this series of cases of the anginal syndrome of coronary sclerosis do not permit this method of treatment to be accepted with enthusiasm. In eighteen cases (45 per cent) varying degrees of improvement occurred. However, when these cases are critically analyzed it is found that onlyone patient obtained complete relief while the others had fewer attacks of less severity. In five cases (12.5 per cent), temporary improvement was noted but a return of the previous symptoms occurred while the treatment was still in progress. It is possible that these patients became imbued with a new hope in undertaking this treatment and that their primary response was influenced by this attitude. We, however, were very careful not to create any false hopes among the patients treated. They were frankly advised that the procedure was entirely experimental. In thirteen cases (32.5 per cent) no improvement whatsoever was noted. The patients in these cases received treatment from one to seven months. Four patients (10 per cent) died during the course of treatment. All deaths occurred suddenly. Two of the patient who died were temporarily improved. We have already mentioned the difficulties encountered in the evaluation of the results of therapy in the anginal syndrome of coronary sclerosis. This evaluation is based largely on the interpretation of variations in subjective phenomena. We cannot overlook the natural history of the disease or the fact that similar data have been furnished by many individual observers who have used other drugs in the treatment of this disease. While the results obtained with this method of treatment have been disappointing, it is however a procedure that warrants a trial when the usual therapeutic agents have failed to give relief. In our experience, and according to the method described, the drug is well tolerated and its administration appears to be perfectly safe.
Folding Dendrons: The Development of Solvent-, Temperature-, and Generation-Dependent Chiral Conformational Order in Intramolecularly Hydrogen-Bonded Dendrons

The synthesis of intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded dendrons with stereogenic terminal groups derived from (1S,2S)-(+)-thiomicamine up to the third generation is described. Circular dichroism (CD) studies reveal that the equilibria interconverting two diastereomeric helical conformations (M and P helices) relating a pair of anthranilamide termini depends on solvent, temperature, and dendrimer generation. A conformational preference for M-type helicity along the periphery of the dendrons increased with increasing dendrimer generation and in poor solvents as observed by CD. Equilibration of these diastereomeric helical conformations is rapid at the first generation in all solvents and at all temperatures investigated; however, at the second generation the equilibrium begins to bias a single diastereomeric helical conformation along the periphery that becomes maximal at low temperatures and in poor solvents. At the third generation, the helical bias is intrinsically higher so that the conformational preference...
Using a Historical Controversy to Teach Critical Thinking, the Meaning of “Theory”, and the Status of Scientific Knowledge

It is important that students understand the “open-ended” nature of scientific knowledge and the correct relationship between facts and theory. One way this can be taught is to examine a past controversy in which the interpretation of facts was contested. The controversy discussed here, with suggestions for teaching, is “Expanding Earth versus Sea Floor Spreading.” Although this was a short and limited controversy within the mainstream scientific community, it has the advantage of having primary sources that are accessible to students to read for themselves. What makes this controversy intriguing is the later conversion of one of the protagonists (Tuzo Wilson) to tectonics. The controversy is framed explicitly in terms of several criteria for agreeing on the optimal theory: it is an exercise in what has been termed “theory choice” by Thomas Kuhn. Framing the controversy in this way can teach students a great deal about the emergence of scientific theories as well as criteria that can be used to judge idea...
A limiting result for the structure of collisions between many independent diffusions

We study a system of a large number N of independent diffusions undergoing collisions in a roughly constant mean free path regime. We derive a propagation of chaos result when N goes to infinity, concerning the limit behavior of the trajectory of a particle, its first time of collision with all the other particles and the trajectory of the colliding particle.
Real-time visualization of RGD-quantum dot binding in tumor neovasculature using intravital microscopy in multiple living mouse models

Quantum dots (Qdots) have become ubiquitous in biomedical research due to their excellent brightness, photostability, monodispersity, and fluorescent yield. Furthermore, they have become increasingly useful as imaging agents which are valuable for answering molecular questions in living subjects. However, little is currently known about how nanoparticles such as Qdots interact at the microscale within the vasculature and tumor microenvironments in living subjects. In order to further our understanding of the dynamic processes involved in Qdot targeting in the intact tumor, we developed an in vivo binding assay to visualize and fully elucidate this approach using a variety of animal models and tumor types. We employed argine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides to specifically target the αvβ3 integrins which are expressed on the surface of endothelial cells comprising newly formed or forming blood vessels; RGD peptides were conjugated to the Qdot surface. Exploiting intravital microscopy with subcellular-level resolution, we directly observed and recorded the binding of nanoparticle conjugates in two different murine models, using three different tumor cell lines. Using this generalizable approach, we learned that RGD-qdots unexpectedly bind to tumor blood vessels in all models tested only as aggregates rather than individually. Understanding these issues on the microscale using such techniques will provide a platform for the rational design of molecularly-targeted nanoparticles including Qdots. This is critical for nanoparticles to become a valuable research tool with the potential to become clinically valuable imaging and therapeutic agents, particularly for ensuring regulatory approval of such nanoparticles.
Effects of an Individual Work System on the Independent Functioning of Students with Autism

This study examined the effects of a work system on the independent work and play skills of students with autism. Work systems, an element of structured teaching developed by Division TEACCH, are organized sets of visual information that inform a student about participation in work or play areas. A single subject withdrawal of treatment design, with replications across three participants, was used to assess the on-task behavior and work completion skills of the students in classroom and employment settings as a result of the intervention. Observational data indicated that all students showed increases in on-task behavior, increases in the number of tasks completed or play materials utilized, and reduction of teacher prompts. The results were maintained through the 1-month follow-up.
Control rules for tool sharing in flexible manufacturing systems

Abstract The flexibility of a Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is dependent on the capability of the machines, material handling system and tooling. Modern machines have the capability to perform a wide variety of operations. The fiexibility of an FMS is now restricted by the availability of necessary tooling. Tooling constitutes about 25% to 30% of the total variable costs of an FMS. Studies have proved that tool sharing can bring about considerable savings. This research concentrates on the impact of tool request selection and tool dispatching rules in a tool shared environment. Request selection rules are invoked when more than one request for a tool are pending. Tool selection rules, on the other hand, come into play when there are more than one copy of tools in the system. A “look ahead” method has been used to determine the requirement of tools. Various rules for tool sharing have been studied with makespan and tool transporter utilization as performance measures. Simulation was used for modeling the system. The impact of parameters such as product mix and duplication of tools have also been addressed. Design of experiments techniques were used to analyze simulation outputs. The analysis of results indicated that the tool selection rules significantly affect the performance of the tool transporter while the request selection rules do not affect the system. Factors such as product mix and duplication of tools also affect the system.
Turbulent forced convection in a helicoidal pipe with substantial pitch

Fully developed turbulent convective heat transfer in a circular cross-section helicoidal pipe with finite pitch is numerically studied. The κ-e model is used to model the turbulent behavior. The time averaged momentum and energy equations are derived in the helicoidal coordinate system. The results indicate that the temperature distribution in the cross-section will be asymmetric as the pitch of the coil increases. Unlike that in laminar flow, an increase in the Prandtl number will reduce the torsion effect on the heat transfer in a helicoidal pipe. The results also indicate that the pitch effect will be enhanced as the flow rate increases.
Athletes as students: Ensuring positive cognitive and affective outcomes

Student athletes may sacrifice some of the benefits that come with having more fully experienced higher education.
The acquisition of medial /t, d/ allophones in bisyllabic contexts.

The acquisition of medial /t, d/ allophones was examined in four children between 2 and 5 years of age, over a period of 38 months. Children labelled pictures designed to elicit a sample of these allophones in iambic ([t]) and trochaic (flap, nasal and lateral release) contexts. Productions were analysed with reference to attainment of target allophones and use of non-target segmental (e.g., [d] or [t] in place of flap) and syllabic variants (e.g., unstressed syllable deletion). All children produced the target [t] allophone in iambic context. Across children, between 10 and 15 variants occurred in trochaic contexts. Nasal and lateral release allophones were never attained. Flap attainment was variable, with significant differences across children and across phonetic contexts. Results suggest a hierarchy of /t, d/ allophone production with reference to prosodic and phonetic contexts. Discussion includes implications of these findings for clinical intervention.
“Did You Bring the Yarmulke for the Cabbage Patch Kid?” The Idiomatic Communication of Young Lovers

The relationships of various aspects of idiomatic communication to the interpersonal sentiments of 100 romantically involved heterosexual couples were examined. After completing measures of love, liking, commitment, and closeness, the partners of each dyad were questioned about any words, phrases, or nonverbal signs they had created that had meaning unique to their relationship. The 647 idioms reported were coded for their form (i.e., verbal versus nonverbal), context of use (i.e., private idioms, which were used only when others were not present, versus public idioms, which could be used in the presence of others), and function (i.e., confrontations, expressions of affection, labels for outsiders, nicknames, requests, sexual invitations, sexual references/euphemisms, and teasing insults). For both sexes, loving, commitment, and closeness were correlated with number of reported idioms that expressed affection, initiated sexual encounters, and referred to sexual matters. The only significant relationship for liking was between females' liking scores and the frequency of idioms with sexual referents. A log-linear analysis revealed a significant association between the function of the idioms and their form; labels for outsiders, nicknames, sexual references/euphemisms, and teasing insults were almost always verbal. A significant association was also found between idiom function and context of use; labels for outsiders and teasing insults were most often used in situations involving other people, whereas sexual invitations and sexual references/euphemisms were usually used in private situations. Finally, males were the inventors of idioms much more often than females.
Cyclic ADP-ribose and ABA signal transduction

A new assay system utilizing ABA-inducible gene expression in tomato hypocotyl cells has placed cADPR firmly in the signal transduction cascade of this hormone[1xAbscisic acid signaling through cyclic ADP-ribose in plants. Wu, Y. et al. Science. 1997; 278: 2126–2130Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (273)See all References][1]. Furthermore, similar transduction pathways utilizing cADPR appear to be activated regardless of whether the cellular response to ABA is gene expression or stomatal closure (Fig. 2Fig. 2). Striking similarities are evident between cADPR action in plant and animal cells.Fig. 2Schematic representation of ABA signal-transduction pathways that involve cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and result in gene expression in tomato hypocotyl cells or loss of guard cell turgor. The upper part shows ABA perception and transduction in tomato hypocotyls, resulting in gene expression mediated by cADPR and elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration[1xAbscisic acid signaling through cyclic ADP-ribose in plants. Wu, Y. et al. Science. 1997; 278: 2126–2130Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (273)See all References][1]. The lower part shows ABA perception and transduction in guard cells, resulting in loss of cell turgor mediated by cADPR and elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration.View Large Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Origin of thermally stimulated currents in oxide glasses

Abstract The TSDC/TSPC peak located below ∼ 300 K in alkali containing glasses was investigated by several techniques. The measurement of this peak was made easier by using teflon electrodes which eliminated all interference from the dc conduction current. In all instances the TSDC/TSPC peak had an activation energy less than that for DC conduction and its behavior was consistent with dipole polarization.
Design of a resident in-field experience for an emergency medicine residency curriculum

The importance of a resident training in emergency medical services (EMS) is emphasized by the recent development of formal curricula that attempt to prepare the graduating emergency physician for a leadership role in the EMS community. Despite the delineation of specific goals and objectives of such training, actual field exposure and experience in prehospital care have remained voluntary and often sporadic. We designed a resident experience for on-scene attendance at selected incidents and surveyed our residents for their opinion of the curriculum. We also examined field records to determine the nature of field calls and the numbers and types of procedures carried out by second- and third-year residents. During the six-month review period, 158 cardiac arrests were attended, 58 difficult intubations were carried out, 49 central or peripheral lines were started, and 24 severely injured patients were treated on-scene or en route to the hospital. The average response time by the resident to the scene was nine minutes, and the average on-scene time was 20 minutes. Residents completing the survey indicated support for the program and agreed that it has enriched their learning experience. Combined with an air (helicopter and fixed-wing) and ground critical care transport service, the EMS in-field experience has provided opportunities for residents to make rapid decisions, to appreciate the field team's perspective, to report concisely and clearly to colleagues, and to practice required advanced skills. We believe that a formal, planned, and balanced in-field curriculum can afford an opportunity for unique educational experiences that will enrich the graduate program in emergency medicine.
Not in My Neighborhood: Alternative Lifestyles and Municipal Family Definitions

Since the legitimization of zoning by the Supreme Court in 1926 the right of American municipalities to enact ordinances regulating land use has become well established. The judiciary has historically supported the supremacy of local level control, a power which is often used to limit or prohibit people from living in nontraditional lifestyles within the community. This paper explores the historical use and meaning of the word “family” in municipal zoning ordinances. It looks at the development and use of restrictive family definitions which regulate not land use, but the intimate choices of living companions and determines “appropriate” family composition for municipal residents.
Flow System Startup of a Full-Scale Simulated Nuclear Rocket Engine

The performance of the liquid hydrogen flow system during the startup transient of a nuclear rocket was measured in a fullscale simulated engine system at Lewis Research Center. In-flight exhaust conditions were approximated by maintaining a nozzle outlet pressure of 1 psia. Data and general conclusions on overall system performance are presented for non-nuclear operation. The ability of the rocket system to bootstrap (i.e., to build up appreciable hydrogen flow and pressure in the nuclear reactor without extra-system assistance) was clearly demonstrated by using only the energy from hydrogen tank pressure and latent heat of engine components. The severity (small) and characteristics of two-phase flow oscillations during windmill were determined. No significant operational problems were encountered.
Psychiatric, behavioral, and attitudinal correlates of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality pathology in patients with binge-eating disorder

Abstract Objective We examined correlates of avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality pathology—with respect to psychiatric comorbidity, eating disorder psychopathology, and associated psychologic factors—in patients with binge-eating disorder (BED). Method Three hundred forty-seven treatment-seeking patients who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), research criteria for BED were reliably assessed with semistructured interviews to evaluate DSM-IV Axis I disorders, personality disorders, and behavioral and attitudinal features of eating disorder psychopathology. Results Fifteen percent of subjects had avoidant personality disorder features, 12% had obsessive-compulsive personality disorder features, 8% had features of both disorders, and 66% had features of neither. These groups differed significantly in the frequencies of depressive and anxiety disorders, as well as on measures of psychologic functioning (negative/depressive affect and self-esteem) and eating disorder attitudes (shape and weight concerns). There were no group differences on measures of eating behaviors. The avoidant and obsessive-compulsive groups had more psychiatric comorbidity than the group without these personality features but less than the combined group. The group without these features scored significantly lower than all other groups on negative/depressive affect and significantly higher than the avoidant and combined groups on self-esteem. The combined group had the greatest severity on shape and weight concerns. Conclusions Avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality features are common in patients with BED. Among BED patients, these forms of personality psychopathology—separately and in combination—are associated with clinically meaningful diagnostic, psychologic, and attitudinal differences. These findings have implications for the psychopathologic relationship between BED and personality psychopathology and may also have implications for assessment and treatment.
Expression of mouse Tla region class I genes in tissues enriched for γδ cells

The Tla region of the BALB/c mouse major histocompatibility complex contains at least 20 class I genes. The function of the products of these genes is unknown, but recent evidence demonstrates that some Tla region gene products could be involved in presentation of antigens to γδ T cells. We have generated a set of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) oligonucleotide primers and hybridization probes that permit us to specifically amplify and detect expression of 11 of the 20 BALB/c Tla region genes. cDNA prepared from 12 adult and fetal tissues and from seven cell lines was analyzed. In some cases, northern blot analysis or staining with monoclonal antibodies specific for the Tla-encoded thymus leukemia (TL) antigen were used to confirm the expression pattern of several of the genes as determined by PCR. Some Tla region genes, such as T24 d and the members of the T10 d /T22 d gene pair, are expressed in a wide variety of tissues in a manner similar to the class I transplantation antigens. The members of the TL antigen encoding gene pair, T3 d /T18 d , are expressed in only a limited number of organs, including several sites enriched for γδ T cells. Other Tla region genes, including T1 d , T2 d , T16 d , and T17 d , are transcriptionally silent from the T8 d /T20 d gene pair do not undergo proper splicing. In general, sites that contain γδ T lymphocytes have Tla region transcripts. The newly identified pattern of expression of the genes analyzed in sites containing γδ T cells further extends the list of potential candidates for antigen presentation to γδ T cells.
Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk Using Forward Foreign Exchange Markets: An Extension

This study investigates minimum risk-hedging ratios and the hedging effectiveness of forward foreign exchange markets for the British pound and the German mark during the period January 4, 1982—April 30, 1984. These currencies are selected because of their importance in foreign exchange markets and their use as international currencies. Evidence is strong that the presence of autocorrelation not only overstates optimal hedge ratios but also overstates hedging effectiveness for these two currencies. The lower optimal hedging ratios found in this study than in earlier works is thus largely attributed to the adjustment for autocorrelation.
Insulin-responsive glucose transporters-GLUT8 and GLUT4 are expressed in the developing mammalian brain

We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of insulin-responsive facilitative glucose transporter isoforms GLUT4 and GLUT8 in the developing mouse brain. Employing Western blot analysis and specific antibodies, GLUT4 and GLUT8 peaked during the suckling phase. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of GLUT4 mainly in neurites in sensory and motor areas of cortical and subcortical structures of the brain from P7 until adulthood. In contrast, GLUT8 was found in the same anatomical structures within neurites and cell bodies. Most striking was the presence of GLUT8 in the cell bodies of the substantia nigra. We conclude that both GLUT4 and GLUT8 are present in murine brain, with highest concentrations noted during the suckling phase. These insulin-responsive isoforms may have a unique role in augmenting substrate delivery under conditions of increased demand.
Heterogeneous effects of warming and drought on selected wheat variety yields

Climate change is likely to significantly impact agricultural production in the Great Plains region of the Central United States. This study estimated the impact of changes in temperature and precipitation on wheat (triticum aestivum) variety yield distributions using the moment-based maximum entropy (MBME) model. This approach allows for quantification of potential weather impacts on the yield distribution, and allows these effects to vary across varieties. The unique data set matches wheat variety trial data for 1985 to 2011 with weather data from the exact trial site for 11 locations throughout Kansas. Ten widely-planted varieties with a range of biotic and abiotic characteristics were included for comparison. Weather scenarios were simulated for baseline, increased temperature (one-degree Celsius warming), decreased precipitation (tenth-percentile rainfall outcome), and a combination warming and drought scenario. Warming resulted in an 11 % yield reduction, drought a 22 % reduction, and warming and drought a cumulative 33 % reduction. These effects vary across varieties. Alternative measures of yield risk (e.g. yield variance and coefficient of variation) were also constructed under each scenario and a similar pattern of heterogeneous impacts emerges. The key findings are that (i) exposure to warming and drought lead to mean yield reductions coupled with increased yield risk for all varieties, and (ii) newer (post 2005) seed varieties have a yield advantage over older varieties, however this advantage is reduced under warming and drought conditions.
New global communities: Nongovernmental organizations in international decision making institutions

(1995). New global communities: Nongovernmental organizations in international decision making institutions. The Washington Quarterly: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 45-56.