cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging trends, techniques, and equipment for airway management in pediatric patients

Pediatric patients present unique anatomic and physiologic considerations in airway management, which impose significant physiologic limits on safe apnea time before the onset of hypoxemia and subsequent bradycardia. These issues are even more pronounced for the pediatric difficult airway. In the last decade, the development of pediatric sized supraglottic airways specifically designed for intubation, as well as advances in imaging technology such that current pediatric airway equipment now finally rival those for the adult population, has significantly expanded the pediatric anesthesiologist's tool kit for pediatric airway management. Equally important, techniques are increasingly implemented that maintain oxygen delivery to the lungs, safely extending the time available for pediatric airway management. This review will focus on emerging trends and techniques using existing tools to safely handle the pediatric airway including videolaryngoscopy, combination techniques for intubation, techniques for maintaining oxygenation during intubation, airway management in patients at risk for aspiration, and considerations in cannot intubate cannot oxygenate scenarios.
Targeting IL-6 receptor in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum: a review of emerging treatment options.

Introduction: Recent research has shown that IL-6 receptor (IL-6 R) inhibitors like tocilizumab and satralizumab are effective in reducing the relapse rate in patients with NMOSD.Areas covered: Thi...
Teachers’ Wheels: Cars and Transportation

Terry and Megan had the same $349 monthly car payment, but everything else was different about their car strategies. Megan’s smart strategy put her on a path toward an additional quarter-million dollars of lifetime wealth, compared with her fellow teacher Terry, who would always be leasing a new sport-utility vehicle. This chapter builds on Megan’s and Terry’s stories to explore the distinctive needs of teachers for transportation. They have to be there – they need to get to school, where others are counting on them. Yet comfortable and reliable transportation is not that expensive when careful strategy is applied. This chapter shows how to shop and buy, how to make maintenance decisions, and how to avoid poorly negotiated deals. Educators following this chapter’s advice can substantially improve their financial fitness without driving clunkers.
Kidney Microstructural Features at the Time of Donation Predict Long-term Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Living Kidney Donors.

Abstract Objective To determine whether microstructural features on a kidney biopsy specimen obtained during kidney transplant surgery predict long-term risk of chronic kidney disease in the donor. Patients and Methods We studied kidney donors from May 1, 1999, through December 31, 2018, with a follow-up survey for the results of recent blood pressure and kidney function tests (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and proteinuria). If not recently available, blood pressure and eGFRs were requested from a local clinic. Microstructural features on kidney biopsy at the time of donation were assessed as predictors of hypertension and kidney function after adjusting for years of follow-up, baseline age, sex, and clinical predictors. Results There were 807 donors surveyed a mean 10.5 years after donation. An eGFR less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 6.4% (43/673) of donors was predicted by larger glomerular volume per standard deviation (odds ratio [OR], 1.48; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.04) and nephron number below the age-specific 5th percentile (OR, 3.38; 95% CI, 1.31 to 8.72). An eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 in 42.5% (286/673) of donors was not predicted by any microstructural feature. Residual eGFR (postdonation/predonation eGFR) was predicted by nephron number below the age-specific 5th percentile (difference, −6.07%; 95% CI, −10.24% to −1.89%). Self-reported proteinuria in 5.1% (40/786) of donors was predicted by larger glomerular volume (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.86). Incident hypertension in 18.8% (119/633) of donors was not predicted by any microstructural features. Conclusion Low nephron number for age and larger glomeruli are important microstructural predictors for long-term risk of chronic kidney disease after living kidney donation.
Atmospheric consequences of cosmic ray variability in the extragalactic shock model: 2. Revised ionization levels and their consequences

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.
As Many as Six Impossible Patent before Breakfast: Property Rights for Business Concepts and Patent System Reform

In this paper, Professor Merges describes the emergence of patents for business "methods" or concepts, such as Internet airplane ticket purchase systems. Professor Merges is agnostic about whether these patents are worthwhile. Nevertheless, he argues that the increased volume of patent applications stemming from this newly patentable subject matter has pushed the patent system into crisis. In particular, he focuses attention on determining an acceptable "error rate" for issued patents, with an eye toward reducing the number of invalid business concept patents that are actually issued. In the process, he calls for new appreciation of the relationship between the patent office and private parties. He argues for policies that will efficiently coordinate the efforts of both groups to achieve the socially desirable end, which is an appropriate expenditure to determine patent validity. Some of these reforms involve restructuring jobs and incentives in the Patent Office. Others involve obtaining the input of those parties that suffer most if a firm receives an invalid patenti.e., the firm's competitors. These also tend to be the parties with the best information about patent validity. It is therefore logical, according to Professor Merges, to get these competitors into the patent process as early and as thoroughly as possible. This leads to a proposal to adopt a patent opposition system in the U.S., much like the one currently in place in Europe. Only reforms such as these will lower the incidence of poorquality patents. And only then, Merges argues, will we be able to decide whether patents for business concepts make sense or not.
Corporate Social Responsibility Beyond the Corporate: A Mental Accounting Perspective on Executive Decision-Making Across Corporate and Non-Profit Domains

Business elites influence the allocation of resources to a range of causes related to the social good, such as to corporate community or environmental programs. We extend research on executive influence on corporate attention to alternative causes by showing how CEOs’ engagement in two distinct institutional domains, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and independent foundation philanthropy, are interrelated. We draw on the psychology of moral accounting to refine the assumption of personal consistency prevalent in studies of executives’ corporate influence. Specifically, we show that executives employ flexible means to realize an overall aspiration of doing good, resulting in divergent emphases in their CSR and philanthropic causes. Evidence comes from a panel of 677 corporations linked to 309 foundations through 1,109 CEOs during the period 2003-2011. CEOs compensated for deficits in their firms’ CSR record by joining the board of trustees of specific nonprofit foundations, but subsequently advanced divergent cause priorities in the corporation and the foundation. Our work suggests that studies of CSR and of executive influence on organizations benefit from taking into account executives’ cross-domain engagement.
Can Mutual Fund Stars Still Pick Stocks?: A Replication and Extension of Kosowski, Timmermann, Wermers, and White (2006)

Can Mutual Fund Stars Still Pick Stocks?: A Replication and Extension of Kosowski, Timmermann, Wermers, and White (2006)
Fault Location in Meshed and Active Power Distribution Networks

This paper presents an effective fault location method for active distribution networks with radial and/or meshed typologies. Historically, most distribution networks have been radially configured and operated due to their passive characteristics containing no active power sources. However, recent increase in the number of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) forced these networks to be configured and operated more like transmission systems containing meshed sections. This change presents several challenges one of which is detection and location of faults. This paper presents a practical and effective approach to address this challenge. It requires a limited number of digital fault recorders (DFR) to be placed and uses the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to compute the first arrival times of fault-generated traveling waves. Details of the proposed procedure are given in the paper. IEEE 123-Node Test Feeder is used to validate the method under different fault conditions using the EMTP RV program and Matlab as the simulation tools.
Two new species of Disteganthus (Bromeliaceae) from Suriname and French Guiana

Two new species of Disteganthus (Bromeliaceae: Bromelioideae) are described and illustrated. Disteganthus gracieae is described to place specimens previously misidentified as Disteganthus lateralis, but that differ substantially from this species by their gradually narrowed leaf blades, slender inflorescence rachis, long-pedicellate flowers, long-connate sepals, and glabrescent ovaries. Disteganthus morii is described from recent collections in central Suriname and can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its narrow leaves and densely floccose, long flowers. Because these new additions increase the number of species of Disteganthus from two to four, an updated description of the genus, including a taxonomic key and a general overview of the geographic distribution of the species, is presented.
Fear: Psychological and Neural Aspects

Fear is an innate, behavioral–motivational system that allows humans and animals to rapidly enact specific defensive behaviors in response to stimuli that the system, either through natural selection or learning, has come to recognize as potentially dangerous. The fear system likely evolved due to the reproductive success it conferred animals that could most aptly avoid or escape encounters with predatory or environmental threats. While fear to certain kinds of stimuli is unlearned and seemingly biologically prepared, fear can also be acquired rapidly and lastingly to stimuli associated with harmful outcomes, allowing animals to respond adaptively to new environmental threats. This article will present some of the behavioral and physiological aspects of fear that make it a useful model system for understanding the psychological and neurobiological mechanisms of emotion, learning, and memory, as well as the development of a variety of human fear-related disorders.
Global Soundtracks: Worlds of Film Music

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2008 Pages: 416 Publisher: Wesleyan University Press ISBN: 978-0-8195-6881-6 (hard cover). Prices: $85.00 USD(hard cover).
Reflected ions at interplanetary shocks

[1] This paper shows that the shock dissipation mechanism changes profoundly from the inner to outer heliosphere and that pickup ions are responsible for shock dissipation beyond 35 AU. We make the first study of reflected ions in ICME sheaths downstream of interplanetary shocks observed by Voyager 2 from 1–80 AU. A reflected ion population was present in 12 of 14 ICME sheaths inside 35 AU and in 0 of 6 sheaths outside 35 AU. Reflected ions comprised from 0–47% of the downstream ions. The ratio of the reflected to thermal ion temperature ranges from 2.6 to 9.3. The percent of reflected ions increases with sonic Mach number and the ratio of the reflected to thermal ion temperature increases with the speed jump at the shock. Energetic neutral atoms created from the heated pickup ions may be observable by IBEX.
Experimental protein-calorie malnutrition in rats. Biochemical and ultrastructural studies.

Abstract Young rats (100–130 gm) fed a low-protein diet which simulates the protein value of diets eaten by children in areas where protein-calorie malnutrition is prevalent developed many of the features associated with kwashiorkor. Among the findings were marked loss in body weight, atrophy of many visceral organs, fatty liver, hypoproteinemia, edema, and profound changes in serum amino acid patterns. Associated with the alterations in serum amino acid levels were extreme disproportions in the fasting levels of amino acids in liver. This experimental model of rodent kwashiorkor showed marked reduction in liver protein and RNA contents, but DNA remained remarkably constant indicating loss of cellular contents rather than decrease in cell population. The decreased RNA content of the liver was consistent with the observations of massive breakdown of the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum as well as the elevated activity of alkaline ribonuclease assayed in the absence of PCMB. The polysomes showed extensive disaggregation resulting in increased monomer and dimer peaks. The significance of these biochemical and anatomical changes as well as their possible relevance to kwashiorkor in children was discussed.
Process monitoring and optimization for power systems applications

Three distinct computational intelligence paradigms combine to support the task of process monitoring and optimization. These are neural-net computing, evolutionary programming and fuzzy-logic. We describe briefly some of our contributions to these paradigms and outline how they function in process monitoring and optimization. Four different types of monitoring tasks are considered. This type of combined computational intelligence is being applied successfully to optimal process planning in electric power utilities. Examples of these include heat rate improvement and NO/sub x/ minimization at some Western Pennsylvania and Western New York State utilities. >
Aggregate System Level Material Analysis for Advanced Life Support Systems

In this paper, an aggregate system level modeling and analysis framework is proposed to facilitate the integration and design of advanced life support systems (ALSS). As in process design, the goal is to choose values for the degrees of freedom that achieve the best overall ALSS behavior without violating any system constraints. At the most fundamental level, this effort will identify the constraints and degrees of freedom associated with each subsystem and provide estimates of the system behavior and interactions involved in ALSS. This work is intended to be a starting point for developing insights into ALSS from a systems engineering point of view. At this level, simple aggregate static input/output mapping subsystem models from existing data and the NASA ALS BVAD document are used to debug the model and demonstrate feasibility.
The role of operation in the current therapy of gestational trophoblastic disease

Results of therapy of 257 patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTN), treated at one institution and by the same group of physicians (1966 to 1978), are presented. An overall remission rate of 92% was achieved: nonmetastatic disease, 139/139 (100%); "good" prognosis metastatic GTN, 55/55 (100%), "poor" metastatic GTN, 42/63 (66%). Chemotherapy, single- or multi-agent, was the primary treatment modality but selected patients were also treated with operation and/or x-ray therapy. Surgical therapy (hysterectomy), performed coincident with the institution of systemic chemotherapy, was shown to significantly reduce the duration of hospitalization and the amount of chemotherapy used to achieve remission, regardless of whether or not metastases were present. Delayed surgical excision of chemotherapy-resistant foci of GTN was of benefit, though less effective than initial operation. Surgical intervention for other diseases or for complications of GTN or its treatment was quite useful to stabilize patients and allow successful chemotherapy to be completed. There were no problems attributable to chemotherapy when wound healing or other postoperative complications were considered.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Veterans Health Administration Use among Women Veterans.

Abstract Background The Veterans Health Administration (VA) has historically focused on treating men. Although women veterans' VA use is increasing, they remain more likely than male veterans to receive their care in non-VA settings. To date, there is limited research on factors associated with VA use among women. We examined the relationship between demographic, civilian, military, and health-related variables with past-year VA use among women veterans. Methods Women veterans were recruited over the internet to participate in an anonymous national survey (n = 617) in 2013. An empirically derived decision tree was computed using signal detection software for iterative receiver operator characteristics (ROC) to identify variables with the best sensitivity/specificity balance associated with past-year VA use. Results ROC analysis indicated that 85% of participants with high posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive symptoms and who were younger than 54 years of age used VA in the past year. Of those who were 54 years of age or older and had very high PTSD symptoms, 94% used the VA in the last year. By contrast, only 40% of participants with relatively lower PTSD symptoms had VA past-year use, although among these individuals, VA past-year use increased to 65% for those with a relatively lower income. Conclusions Findings suggest that greater PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and low income correlate with VA use, with very high PTSD symptoms in older groups, high PTSD symptoms coupled with high depressive symptoms in younger groups, and low income in those with lower PTSD symptoms each associated with greater past-year VA use. Ensuring PTSD assessment and treatment, and addressing socioeconomic factors, may be key strategies for health care delivered directly or through contract with VA facilities.
Low Spring Index NiTi Coil Actuators for Use in Active Compression Garments

This paper describes the modeling, development, and testing of low spring index nickel titanium (NiTi) coil actuators designed for use in wearable compression garments, and presents a prototype tourniquet system using these actuators. NiTi coil actuators produce both large forces (>1 N) and large recoverable displacements (>100% length) that are well suited for compression garment design. Thermomechanical coil models are presented that describe temperature and force as a function of nondimensionalized coil geometry, extensional strain, and applied voltage. These models suggest that low spring index coils maximize activation force, and an analytical model is presented to predict garment counter-pressure based on actuator architecture. Several low spring index ( C $=$ 3.08) coils were manufactured, annealed, and tested to assess their detwinning and activation characteristics. Results suggest both annealing and applied stress affect activation thresholds. Actuator force increases both with extensional strain and applied voltage up to 7.24 N. A first-generation compression tourniquet system using integrated actuators with direct voltage control of applied pressure is presented, demonstrating >70% increase in applied pressure during activation. This approach enables new, dynamic garments with controllable activation and low effort donning and doffing, with applications ranging from healthcare solutions to advanced space suit design.
Herbivore body condition response in altered environments: mule deer and habitat management.

The relationships between habitat, body condition, life history characteristics, and fitness components of ungulates are interwoven and of interest to researchers as they strive to understand the impacts of a changing environment. With the increased availability of portable ultrasound machines and the refinement of hormonal assays, assessment of ungulate body condition has become an accessible monitoring strategy. We employed body condition scoring, estimation of % ingesta-free body fat (%IFBF), assessment of free thyroid hormones (FT4 and FT3), and assessment of pregnancy, as metrics to determine if landscape-level habitat treatments affected body condition of adult (≥1.5 years old) female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). All body condition related metrics were measured on 2 neighboring study areas — a reference area that had received no habitat treatments and a treatment study area that had received mechanical removal of pinyon pine (Pinyus edulis) - Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) forest, chemical control of weeds, and reseeding with preferred mule deer browse species. A consistent trend of higher %IFBF was observed in the treatment study area than in the reference study area , although variation of estimates was larger than hypothesized. A similar pattern was observed with higher thyroid hormones concentrations being observed in the treatment study area, but large amounts of variation within concentration estimates were also observed. The consistent pattern of higher body condition related estimates in our treatment study area provides evidence that large mammalian species are sensitive to landscape change, although variation within estimates underlie the challenge in detecting population level impacts stemming from environmental change.
The managerial network in a multinational enterprise and the resource profiles of subsidiaries

Abstract This paper studies how the managerial network in a multinational enterprise (MNE) influences the resource profiles of its subsidiaries. The network view of the MNE and the recent literature on MNE subsidiaries provide bases for suggesting two distinct mechanisms through which the managerial network exercises an impact: isomorphism of resource allocation practices and horizontal specialization. The theoretical predictions are tested with data about the network of lateral ties among subsidiary managers in a private nonprofit MNE and the budget allocations in its subsidiaries. Results indicate qualified support for isomorphism and strong support for specialization. When managers interact in a network, their decisions for resource allocation within their subsidiaries may influence the MNE resource configuration across subsidiaries as well.
On the usage of storage systems in the presence of ramping costs and high penetration of renewables

This paper suggests a model to study the optimal procurement of energy and ancillary services in a two settlement market. The overall idea is to incorporate the best set of available information a central planner would have at the time of contracting energy in the financial market. This information is the input for setting up a stochastic program using a multi-period Optimal Power Flow. The focus is on the determination of the optimal policy rule for inter-temporal resources, including different types of storage resources.
A Skeptical Perspective on the Adequacy Conception.

Although this article is sympathetic to the philosophic goal of developing a conception of adequacy, it is skeptical as to whether this goal is feasible in the near future for anything but the very earliest primary grade levels (K-2). The problem is that the reform ideas suggested as the basis for delivering adequate instruction are really a grab bag of untested, nonoperationalized ideas. Indeed, little substantive progress has been made in designing effective large-scale learning environments for educationally disadvantaged students during the past 30 years. Experience from the Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) project, a successful large-scale intervention for educationally disadvantaged students, is used to indicate just how difficult it is to develop actual, effective large-scale learning environments. This experience is also used to indicate why it is unlikely that the kinds of interventions that have the potential to consistently deliver adequate education will emerge in the next decade despite th...
The right ventricle in Fabry disease

Aim: Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy is a common feature in Fabry disease-related progressive infiltrative hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and affects both men and women, but at different ages. To date, however, little is known about the role of right ventricular (RV) function in Fabry disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the extent of RV involvement in patients with Fabry disease. Methods: Echocardiographic examination of the right and left ventricle was carried out in 129 patients (80 women and 49 men) with Fabry disease. Results: RV hypertrophy was present in 46 patients (35.7%). Of these patients, 13 showed signs of severely depressed right systolic function (tricuspid annulus movement <10 mm and a prolonged RV pre-ejection period/pulmonary ejection time ratio) and six patients showed additional severe depression of parameters of diastolic function (pseudo-normal or restrictive RV filling patterns). Those patients with RV hypertrophy and severely compromised systolic and diastolic function had the highest LV masses (92′11.7 g/m 2 . 7 ). Conclusion: RV involvement is common in Fabry disease and ultimately progresses to severe systolic and diastolic RV dysfunction. These findings might explain why patients with preserved LV function can develop clinical features such as reduced exercise capacity, organomegaly and lymphoedema.
Wavelength monitoring using a thermally tuned micro-ring resonator

In this work, we describe a system in which a thermally tunable micro-ring resonator filter is applied to monitor spectral shifts in a FBG sensor. The system was simulated using the time interval method with a simple ring resonator thermo-optical model with experimental values. For 2.56 nm scan range at 1 Hz we predicted a time interval sensitivity of 124 µs/pm.
Sources of Nominal Exchange Rate Fluctuations in South Africa

This paper investigates the sources of fluctuations in the rand-U.S. dollar exchange rate in 2001 and 2002 using an empirical exchange rate model which identifies aggregate supply, aggregate demand, and nominal disturbances as possible sources for exchange rate fluctuations. According to our results, nominal disturbances explain by far most of the rand depreciation in the final quarter of 2001. The fact that the nominal effective exchange rate also depreciated sharply suggests the nominal disturbances were domestically generated. From a preliminary examination of the relative movements in policy interest rates in South Africa and the United States, along with growth rates in both narrow and broad monetary aggregates in South Africa, it is difficult to isolate the underlying cause of the nominal disturbances in 2001 and 2002. Clearly, the task remains a challenging one with the empirical tools available.
Multiple antigenic components of the group-specific antigen of the avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses.

Abstract Antigenic material was prepared from chick embryo fibroblast tissue cultures infected with avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses and from leukemic chicken plasma containing avian myeloblastosis virus. Four antigenic components were demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis when these antigens were reacted with group-specific antibodies from tumor-bearing hamsters. At least two of the components were common not only to preparations from tissue cultures infected with each viral subgroup type, but also to the avian myeloblastosis virus preparation. Centrifugation experiments showed that the group-specific antigens were composed of both “soluble” and “insoluble” components. It was also found that sodium lauryl sulfate could alter the diffusion rate and electrical charge of these antigenic components.
Current Waveform Optimization for Low Noise Permanent Magnet Motors

During torque production, the varying magnetic fields inside an electric motor excite vibration that radiates acoustic noise. In consumer applications, this noise can influence the perceived product quality. Noises from propulsion and auxiliary electric motors on naval vessels create an acoustic signature that increases detectability. The dominant noise occurs at twice the electrical frequency (2E). For permanent magnet (PM) machines, the attraction between the rotor permanent magnets and the stator iron causes a radial force that varies sinusoidally around the stator. The stator coil currents generate a rotating magnetic field that produces rotor torque. This paper develops a new commutation strategy for PM machines that uses higher stator currents to minimize 2E noise by reducing radial force ripple without sacrificing torque. An analytical model is developed that predicts rotor torque and radial force ripple as functions of the stator currents. Based on this model, the phase currents are optimally commutated to maintain constant torque production and reduce force ripple. The optimal commutation is numerically investigated on a small PM motor using ANSYS FEA. The ANSYS results show a 30% reduction in force ripple at no load.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Probed recall of strings that contain repeated elements

The relation of intraserial repetition to memory was examined under each of four conditions of probed recall: chosen as probes were the item or the pair of items preceding a target item, the item succeeding the target item, or the serial position of the target item. Stimuli were 7-consonant strings, half of which contained no repeated letters and half, a single repetition of a single letter. In no instance was the recall of repeated letters significantly poorer than that of corresponding control letters. The failure to observe a Ranschburg effect (RE) in the present study was taken to support the notion that the RE depends, at least in part, on the contribution of output interference.
Huemer’s Clarkeanism

When Samuel Clarke gave his second Boyle lectures in 1705, he alleged in favor of his nonreductive, rationalist, intuitionist view that only 'the extremest stupidity of mind, corruption of manners, or perverseness of spirit, can possibly make any man entertain the least doubt' concerning it.1 Michael Huemer's Ethical Intuitionism is offered in the same spirit, though he makes no assurances concerning the Truth and Certainty of the Christian Revelation.2 Not only are competing metaethical views false, he alleges, those who accept them do not even do so on the basis of rational arguments (240). They are driven by bias (247), cynicism (242), and scientism (244), combined with a desire to be politically correct (albeit not in a 'simplistic way' (245)). Moreover, the persistence of non-intuitionist metaethical views, he suggests, has a pernicious effect on our society, encouraging vice and immorality (248). According to Huemer, what is important about intuitionism (his favored position) is that the dispute between intuitionism and 'all other views' is that '[a]nti-realist theories about value undermine our moral beliefs, our moral motivation, and even our sense of the meaning of life' (248). He contends that 'anti-realism really boils down to the view that nothing matters' (249), despite explicitly acknowledging that most anti-realists would deny this, and apparently forgetting that among his targets of criticism in the book were supposed to be some realist views, as well of the reductive variety. Although he calls his view 'intuitionism,' Huemer makes clear early on that what he wants to defend is not an epistemological view at all, but a metaphysical one. The main divide between metaethical views, in
Analytic fermionic Green’s functions from holography

We find exact, analytic solutions of the Dirac equation for a charged, massless fermion in the background of a charged, dilatonic black hole in ${\mathrm{AdS}}_{5}$. The black hole descends from type IIB supergravity, where it describes D3-branes with equal angular momenta in two of the three independent planes of rotation orthogonal to the world-volume. The Green's function near the Fermi surface for a strongly coupled fermionic system can be extracted holographically from an exact solution of the Dirac equation at zero frequency but nonzero momentum. There can be several Fermi momenta, and they take the form ${k}_{F}=q\ensuremath{-}n\ensuremath{-}1/2$ (in units of the chemical potential), where $q$ is the charge of the spinor, and $n$ is a non-negative integer that labels the Fermi surfaces. Much as for holographic Fermi surfaces based on the Reissner-Nordstr\"om-${\mathrm{AdS}}_{5}$ solution, the dispersion relation of the excitations near the Fermi surface is determined by the geometry close to the horizon, and one can obtain Fermi liquid, marginal Fermi liquid, and non-Fermi liquid behaviors depending on the value of ${k}_{F}$.
SREBP-1 as a Transcriptional Integrator of Circadian and Nutritional Cues in the Liver:

The act of feeding in mammals can generate such powerful cues for peripheral organs that, under certain conditions, they can override the entraining signals coming from the clock in the brain. Restricting the feeding time to the inactivity period, for example, can completely and quickly reverse the rhythms of gene expression in the liver. This manipulation does not affect the central oscillator in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is phase-locked to the light-dark cycle, but does release the peripheral oscillations in the liver from central control. It seems reasonable to predict the existence of one or more immediate response systems designed to sense the need to acutely reverse the sequence of absorptive and postabsorptive phases in the liver. In this study, the authors monitored the posttranslational activation of the sterol response element binding proteins from a circadian point of view to evaluate the role they might play in the circadian organization of the liver transcriptome as well as in the reversal of hepatic physiology that accompanies diurnal restricted feeding. This study highlights a possible direct link between the immediate effects of food consumption on the level of key membrane and humoral factors and the expression status of a set of coordinately regulated target genes in the liver.
Mass and Lifetime of Unstable Particles

The relationship between the properties of the propagator of an unstable particle and the observation of mass and lifetime is considered. For illustrative purposes a model of a scalar (or pseudoscalar) particle ($\ensuremath{\theta}$) weakly coupled to two pions is treated. The propagator is shown to have a simple pole on the second (unphysical) Riemann sheet and it is assumed, as suggested by Peierls, that this is generally the case. By analysis of a prototype experiment in terms of wave packets, it is shown that the measured mass and lifetime are determined by the real and imaginary parts of the pole, respectively. Nonexponential terms occur in the life-time curve, as is well known. These are shown to be related to the uncertainty in the time of the production or detection event under normal circumstances. This conclusion is similar to those of L\'evy and of Schwinger, but more closely related to experimental conditions. In particular it is found that the wave packets introduce a "mass filter" in a somewhat different manner from that suggested by Schwinger.Under special conditions a ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$ term may occur in the amplitude but would be unimportant in magnitude for, say, the decay of a strange particle. It is noted that such nonexponential decay curves might occur for certain low-energy nuclear processes.Consideration is also given to the treatment of two degenerate, unstable particles, such as the neutral $K$ mesons. The general method for handling the problem leads, in the weak-coupling limit, to the same result as the Wigner-Weisskopf method.
Hydrodynamic models of surface plasmons

Hydrodynamic models of surface plasmons on clean metal surfaces are studied for various choices of additional boundary conditions and of equilibrium electron density profile. Both intrinsic and correctable defects of an approach based on hydrodynamics are illustrated. We conclude that for a clean metal surface, a hydrodynamic model of surface plasmons should only be used with considerable caution.
Suppression cloning of the cDNA for a candidate subunit of a presynaptic calcium channel.

Abstract A novel strategy, termed suppression cloning, was used to identify a 7.4 kb cDNA encoding a putative subunit of the calcium channels that regulate transmitter release at nerve endings of Torpedo californica. The 585 nt open reading frame of this cDNA encodes a polypeptide of about 21.7 kd that is essential for the expression in frog oocytes of ω-conotoxin-sensitive, dihydropyridine-resistant, calcium channels. Sequence analysis reveals that this protein is closely related to two cloned cysteine string proteins of undetermined function that were recently localized to Drosophila nerve terminals using monoclonal antibodies.
Predicting yellow toadflax infestations in the Flat Tops Wilderness of Colorado

Understanding species–environment relationships is important to predict the spread of non-native species. Yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.) is an invasive perennial recently found in the Flat Tops Wilderness of the White River National Forest on the western slope of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. We hypothesized yellow toadflax occurrence could be predicted from easily measured site characteristics. We used logistic regression with stepwise selection to generate a model to predict yellow toadflax occurrence on a particular plot based on that site’s physical characteristics. The experimental design was a paired-plot study in two locations using circular 1,018-m2 plots. Sixty-eight plots that did not contain yellow toadflax and 65 plots that contained yellow toadflax were sampled at the Ripple Creek site in 1999. In 2000, 54 non-toadflax plots and 55 toadflax-containing plots were sampled in the Marvine Creek site. Site characteristics sampled included: vegetation type; under-canopy light level; slope; aspect; soil properties; presence of disturbance, trails, and/or water; and total species richness. A model that correctly classified >90% of the 242 plots sampled included two vegetation type parameters, the presence of trails, and total species richness. Yellow toadflax is most often found in areas that were open-canopy sites, along trails, and with higher species diversity plots (>23 species). This approach can be used for other species in other areas to rapidly identify areas vulnerable to invasion.
Economic development and fertility.

Two schools of theorists have been concerned with the effect of economic development on fertility. One school has contended that economic development has an inhibiting effect on fertility. The demographic transition which has occurred among the non-developed countries confirms their viewpoint. Another school of thought, including in its members Thomas Malthus, has believed that economic development promoted fertility. Much empirical evidence may also be brought to bear to support this viewpoint.The present paper attempts to reconcile these viewpoints. It is hypothesized that the direct effect of economic development is to increase fertility. However, various factors which usually accompany the process of economic development serve to reduce fertility. These include an increase in the level of education and a reduction in infant and childhood mortality. Making use of data for 41 nations pertaining to the decade of the 1950's, it is found that fertility is directly associated with per capita net national product when controls for other relevant variables are in8tituted. On the other hand, per capita newspaper circulation is inversely related to fertility, and infant mortality is directly related.If the hypothesis advanced in this paper is correct, relatively large governmental expenditures on health and education will enhance the reduction in fertility obtainable from an increase in national economic level alone.
X-PEEM study on surface orientation of stylized and rubbed polyimides

X-ray photoelectron emission microscopy (X-PEEM) was used to study the surface orientation of stylized and rubbed polyimide thin films. Using soft X-rays produced by a synchrotron light source, this technique combines high spatial resolution imaging with near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy to yield information on the surface orientation of the films. Stylizing is an ideal model of the rubbing process since the local stress acting on the polyimide to orient the molecules can be calculated. The minimum normal stress necessary to orient the surface of BPDA-PDA films was found to be 45 MPa much lower than the bulk yield stress of 200-300 MPa. Studies of the polyimide films oriented by the conventional rubbing method showed lateral inhomogeneities in the orientation of the polymer at the surface.
Schauder estimates for elliptic operators with applications to nodal sets

In this paper we first give a priori estimates on asymptotic polynomials of solutions to elliptic equations at nodal points. This leads to a pointwise version of Schauder estimates. As an application we discuss the structure of nodal sets of solutions to elliptic equations with nonsmooth coefficients.
Getting by with a little help from my friends…and family: immigrants and carpooling

While much of the scholarly literature on immigrants’ travel focuses on transit use, the newest arrivals to the United States make over twelve times as many trips by carpool as by transit. Using the 2001 National Household Travel Survey and multinomial logit mode choice models, we examine the determinants of carpooling. In particular, we focus on the likelihood of carpooling among immigrants—carpooling both within and across households. After controlling for relevant determinants of carpooling, we find that immigrants are far more likely to form household carpools than native-born adults and also are more likely than the native-born to form external carpools (outside the household). Moreover, when faced with the options of carpooling and public transit, immigrants—even recent arrivals—appear to prefer carpools over transit more strongly than the native born.
Stochastic convex ordering for multiplicative decrease internet congestion control

Window growth function for congestion control is a strong determinant of protocol behaviors, especially its second and higher-order behaviors associated with the distribution of transmission rates, its variances, and protocol stability. This paper presents a new stochastic tool, called convex ordering, that provides an ordering of any convex function of transmission rates of two multiplicative-decrease protocols and valuable insights into high-order behaviors of protocols. As the ordering determined by this tool is consistent with any convex function of rates, it can be applied to any unknown metric for protocol performance that consists of some high-order moments of transmission rates, as well as those already known such as rate variance. Using the tool, it is analyzed that a protocol with a growth function that starts off with a concave function and then switches to a convex function (e.g., an odd order function such as x^3 and x^5) around the maximum window size in the previous loss epoch, gives the smallest rate variation under a variety of network conditions. Among existing protocols, BIC and CUBIC have this window growth function. Experimental and simulation results confirm the analytical findings.
Speeding Up Physical Synthesis with Transactional Timing Analysis

Modern physical-synthesis flows operate on very large designs and perform increasingly aggressive timing optimizations. Traditional incremental timing analysis now represents the single greatest bottleneck in such optimizations and lacks the features necessary to support them efficiently. This article describes a paradigm of transactional timing analysis, which, together with incremental updates, offers an efficient, nested undo functionality that avoids significant timing calculations.
Sociology, energy and interdisciplinary environmental science

The movement toward interdisciplinary studies of human-environment interactions holds considerable appeal for environmental sociologists. But a survey of the paradigms and institutions that govern interdisciplinary research onenergy—a key variable in socioecological theory and an important cause of environmental decline—suggests that the prospects for a significant sociological role in these sorts of studies could turn out to be fairly limited. Over the past twenty years, a variety of devices have been successfully used in interdisciplinary energy analysis to diminish the importance of the social, and to marginalize the contributions of the social sciences. This is unfortunate because insights from sociological studies of the energy system are of considerable value in both disciplinary theory-building and interdisciplinary environmental policy-making. These external limits on sociological analysis are only part of the story. Sociology’s own theoretical unease with technology and the physical/natural world, and its insular tendencies in regard to other disciplines, have significantly contributed to a decline of sociological work on energy-environment topics over the past decade. Given growing interest by natural scientists in the human dimensions of global environmental change, the time now seems right for a renewal of energy research by sociologists—although the initiative must come from within the discipline. A number of suggestions are offered for anchoring the sociology of human-environment interactions more firmly in the discipline, as well as for expanding sociology’s role in interdisciplinary environment research.
The Watergate cover‐up: Its dynamics and its implications

The Watergate Cover‐up is examined from a group dynamics perspective. The impact of four factors is discussed, including the political climate, psychological similarities among the principal decision‐makers, participants’ perceptions of role requirements, and the adequacy of information employed in making crucial decisions. The interaction among these factors increased the probability of making the wrong set of decisions in the Watergate case.
Maximizing Opportunities and Avoiding Mistakes in Triple Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus

Recently developed drugs and innovative strategies for the treatment of chronic infection with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus (HCV) have become the standard of care. The protease inhibitors telaprevir (Incivek) and boceprevir (Victrelis) are the first direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents approved, and many more are being developed. These drugs substantially increased rates of sustained virologic response in treatment-naive and -experienced patients, in conjunction with peginterferon and ribavirin (triple therapy), in phase 3 trials. The efficacy of triple therapy depends on appropriate selection of patients, although the population of patients that receive triple therapy could be expanded as the risk/benefit ratio improves. Attention to details that reflect the standard of care, such as appropriate dosing, anticipation of adverse effects, and strict adherence to stopping rules, will insure the success of these drugs and lead the way for new combination therapies.
Effects of Cooperative Versus Individual Study on Learning and Motivation After Reward-Removal

Rewards are frequently used in classrooms and recommended as a key component of well-researched methods of cooperative learning (e.g., Slavin, 1995). While many studies of cooperative learning find beneficial effects of rewards, many studies of individuals find negative effects (e.g., Deci, Koestner, & Ryan, 1999; Lepper, 1988). This may be because the effects of reward-removal are not typically assessed in studies of cooperative learning whereas they typically are in studies of individuals. Alternatively, rewards and their removal might function differently for groups than individuals. The present study tested the hypothesis that groups would show less detrimental effects of reward-removal than individuals. Results showed a significant interaction where dyads increased their performance after reward-removal, while individuals showed a decrease on difficult transfer questions.