cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A generalized multi-dimensional mathematical model for charging and discharging processes in a supercapacitor

Abstract A generalized three dimensional computational model based on unified formulation of electrode–electrolyte system of an electric double layer supercapacitor has been developed. This model accounts for charge transport across the electrode-electrolyte system. It is based on volume averaging, a widely used technique in multiphase flow modeling ( [1] , [2] ) and is analogous to porous media theory employed for electrochemical systems [3] , [4] , [5] . A single-domain approach is considered in the formulation where there is no need to model the interfacial boundary conditions explicitly as done in prior literature ([6]). Spatio-temporal variations, anisotropic physical properties, and upscaled parameters from lower length-scale simulations and experiments can be easily introduced in the formulation. Model complexities like irregular geometric configuration, porous electrodes, charge transport and related performance characteristics of the supercapacitor can be effectively captured in higher dimensions. This generalized model also provides insight into the applicability of 1D models ([6]) and where multidimensional effects need to be considered. A sensitivity analysis is presented to ascertain the dependence of the charge and discharge processes on key model parameters. Finally, application of the formulation to non-planar supercapacitors is presented.
Neuropsychological deficits associated with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

We sought to elucidate the existence of neuropsychological subtypes in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). One hundred thirty seven patients with CRPS were administered tests that assess executive control, naming/lexical retrieval, and declarative memory. A 2-step cluster analysis that does not require any a priori specification regarding the number of clusters, classified patients into three groups. Group 1 obtained scores that were in the average range on all tests (n = 48; normal CRSP group). Group 2 (n = 58; dysexecutive CRSP group) presented with mild impairment or statistically low average test performance on working memory/verbal fluency tests. Group 3 (n = 31; global CRSP group) produced scores in the statistically low average/borderline range on all tests with particularly reduced scores on naming/declarative memory tests. Between-group analyses found that the CRPS group 1 obtained higher scores than CRPS groups 2 and 3 on all tests. However, groups 2 and 3 were equally impaired on executive tests. CRPS group 3 was impaired on tests of naming/memory tests compared to the other groups. Significant neuropsychological deficits are present in 65% of patients, with many patients presenting with elements of a dysexecutive syndrome and some patients presenting with global cognitive impairment.
Azithromycin attenuates airway inflammation in a noninfectious mouse model of allergic asthma.

Background Definitive conclusions regarding the antiinflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics for treatment of asthma are difficult to formulate since their beneficial effects may be related to their antimicrobial action. We hypothesized that azithromycin possesses distinct antiinflammatory properties and tested this assumption in a noninfectious mouse model of allergic asthma. Methods To induce allergic airway inflammation, 7-week-old BALB/cJ mice underwent intraperitoneal ovalbumin sensitization on days 0 and 7 followed by an intranasal challenge on day 14. Mice were treated with azithromycin or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution on days 13 through 16. On day 17, airway inflammation was assessed by quantifying leukocytes in the airway, expression of multiple inflammatory mediators in the BAL fluid, and mucous cell metaplasia. In a separate set of experiments, azithromycin or PBS solution treatment were initiated after the ovalbumin challenge. Each experiment was repeated 3 times (a total of 9 to 11 mice in each group). Results Compared to treatment with PBS solution, azithromycin attenuated the ovalbumin-dependent airway inflammation. We observed a decrease in total leukocytes in the lung tissue and BAL fluid. In addition, azithromycin attenuated the expression of cytokines (eg, interleukin [IL]-13 and IL-5) and chemokines (eg, CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4) in the BAL fluid and abrogated the extent of mucous cell metaplasia. Similar antiinflammatory effects were observed when azithromycin treatment was initiated after the ovalbumin challenge. Conclusion In this noninfectious mouse model of allergic asthma, azithromycin attenuated allergic airway inflammation. These findings demonstrate an antiinflammatory effect of azithromycin and suggest azithromycin may have beneficial effects in treating noninfectious airway inflammatory diseases, including asthma.
Conceptualizing the Hijacking Threat to Civil Aviation

The threat to airline safety from hijacking may have been declining in the past couple of decades in terms of numbers of incidents, but the potential of increased harm from each individual attack has grown. In this “incident-driven” analysis of a new database of aircraft hijackings between 1993 and 2003, a taxonomy of hijacking is developed based on 27 characteristics of those incidents reported in open sources. One of the four clusters produced is shown to align with terrorist incidents. Characteristics such as the number of perpetrators, whether or not they were armed, whether the perpetrators were affiliated with formal organizations, whether the flight was domestic or international, and the country of flight origination were all critical in forming the clusters. The four groups differed significantly in terms of the type(s) of strategies effective in resolving the attack and the likelihood of the success of those efforts.
Trichome Variability in Commercial Sages

A quantitative ratio of the number of trichomes occurring in a definite weighed amount of dried sage leaf has been determined. A mean has been calculated upon which further analyses of sage in foods can be based. Also, quantitative measurements of the basal cells of seven samples of sage have been tabulated.
From Men of Letters to Intellectuals: The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Nineteenth-Century England

One of the strangest facts about intellectual life in the Victorian years in England is that for most of the period there does not seem to have been any intellectuals. There was no group of people designated as “the intellectuals” or even “the intellectual elite.” Only if one chooses to take a functional definition of intellectuals—for instance, people “who create, distribute, and apply culture, that is, the symbolic world of man”—then can it be said that Victorian England had “intellectuals.” However, Egyptian temple priests, medieval monks, and modern university professors can all be grouped this way. Thus this definition is misleading, for not all thinkers have stood in the same relation to their own societies, nor have societies looked upon their thinkers in the same way, or even considered that the various kinds of thinkers should be considered as a group or class. In the Victorian period, from about 1830 to 1870, the English almost never used phrases such as “an intellectual” or “the intellectuals” as nouns to denote a particular kind of person or group of persons. Such phrases had been used in the romantic period, and they were readopted with increasing frequency from the 1870s on; but in the early and mid-Victorian years, the English used terms such as “men of letters,” literary men, poets, prophets, scientists to denote those who gave symbolic interpretation to experience.The change in usage from “men of letters” and other such terms to “intellectuals” was no trivial change in linguistic style; rather, it marked a profound transformation of the economic, social, and conceptual relations in which the writers and thinkers stood.
Conservative treatment of Campanacci grade III proximal humerus giant cell tumors.

Management of large giant cell tumors of the proximal humerus is controversial because wide resection with reconstruction results in a poor functional outcome for most patients. We retrospectively reviewed the cases of six patients with Campanacci Grade III giant cell tumors of the proximal humerus to determine the feasibility of avoiding en bloc resections for large giant cell tumors in this location. We evacuated the tumor through curettage and then used burring (unless the remaining cavity was thinned and at risk for fracture) and phenolization, followed by packing of the defect with allograft cancellous bone. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 30 years, and the minimum followup was 2.5 years (mean, 5.6 years; range, 2.5–9.7 years). One of the six patients had local recurrence 1.2 years postoperatively and was treated with repeat intralesional surgery with no additional recurrence 5 years later. No other patient required additional treatment, had pulmonary metastases develop, or had progression to osteoarthritis. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society and Toronto Extremity Salvage Score functional scores at last followup were 26 of 30 (range, 21–30) and 95% (range, 90%–100%), respectively. These functional scores are higher than reported scores for patients with segmental resection and reconstruction of the proximal humerus. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Editor's Corner

(1977). The Editor's Corner. The Journal of the American Forensic Association: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 176-178.
A National Content Analysis of PhD Program Objectives, Structures, and Curricula: Do Programs Address the Full Range of Social Work’s Needs?

The Group for the Advancement of Doctoral Education (GADE) promotes excellence in PhD education in Social Work. GADE’s 2013 Quality Guidelines for PhD Programs heavily emphasize preparation for research. Little is known, however, about the details of the contemporary social work PhD program structure and curriculum. Several prior surveys have examined doctoral curriculum requirements, though none was completed in the past 20 years. This content analysis of the 69 U.S.-based, GADE full-member PhD programs offers updated information on program objectives, models, required credit hours, and whether the MSW degree is necessary for admission. The study also summarizes specific curriculum requirements including the number of required courses in research, statistics, practice, policy, philosophy of science, and teaching, along with elective course requirements. Whether research, teaching, and/or practice internships were compulsory and the kinds of dissertations models required for the PhD degree are also report...
Evaluation of Concrete for Desalination Plants

Initial laboratory tests of a concrete subjected to temperatures, pressures, and brine concentrations that will exist in flash evaporator desalination plants indicate that concrete should provide long service when exposed to sea water at moderate temperatures. Specimens exposed to high-temperature 290○ F brine, however, became soft at the surface to a depth of 5 mm. Uncoated concrete is severely affected by leaching when exposed to distilled water at 150○ F to 350○ F. High-temperature butyl and ethylene-propylene terpolymer rubber coatings show good promise as lining materials for concrete at temperatures up to 350○ F. No significant corrosion of reinforcement steel has been noted in this investigation.
Growth Studies of YVO4 Crystals: I. Aspects of Oxygen Deficiency

During crystal growth of yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) from the Y-V-O melt system, strong incongruent vanadium oxide vaporization occurs, causing changes in both oxygen and Y/V stoichiometry and resulting in significant color centers and inclusion problems in the crystal. Oxygen deficiency is an inherent problem in melt grown YVO4 crystals, and this work seeks to clarify this phenomenon. Lattice parameter decrease was observed in oxygen deficient YVO4-x fibers grown by the laser heated pedestal growth (LHPG) technique. Although post-growth annealing in O2 atmosphere can eliminate the black color centers in the fibers, it causes anisotropic lattice distortions within the crystal. Consequently, preventing the formation of oxygen deficient YVO4-x holds the most promise for production of scattering free YVO4 crystals. Since the complete suppression of incongruent vaporization is very difficult during high temperature growth procedure, utilization of a proper flux system having a low melting temperature “compensating phase” for collecting non-pentavalent vanadium oxides is recommended to achieve directly-grown oxygen deficiency free yttrium orthovanadate crystals.
The effects of grinding on the structure of a low-defect kaolinite

Numerous studies have demonstrated the presence of at least two distinct kaolinites in individual kaolinite samples, one a low-defect material and the other a moderate- to high-defect material. Other studies have shown that some kaolinites contain the lowest-defect material in the coarsest size fractions whereas others contain the lowest-defect kaolinite in the finest fractions. In an attempt to clarify possible mechanisms for producing such kaolinite samples, we have used powder X-ray diffraction to study the effects of mechanical grinding on the nature of layer stacking in the >40 μm fraction of the American Petroleum Institute kaolinite standard no. 9 from Mesa Alta, New Mexico. This material is relatively rich in a low-defect kaolinite. Hand grinding for 10 min plus grinding under acetone for up to an additional 34 min in an automatic agate grinder produced significant changes in its diffraction pattern. However, further dry grinding in a ball mill for 10 min produced material that was almost totally disordered, based on measures such as the Hinkley index. The diffraction patterns of the wet-ground materials showed evidence of increasing disorder that could be modeled best as a physical mixture of low- and high-defect material, consistent with a physical mixture of the original ordered phase with varying amounts of a highly disordered material. Disorder in the high-defect kaolinite is caused by the interstratification of normal kaolinite layers with their enantiomorphs. Contrary to expectations, grinding of kaolinite does not produce a progressive increase in disorder for all of the crystallites present in a sample. Instead, grinding apparently creates increased amounts of a disordered kaolinite that coexist with relatively unaffected material. There is no evidence for the occurrence of an intermediate disordered phase. Contrary to previous reports, disorder caused by physical stress does not include random layer displacements of ± b /3.
Head shape and abnormal appearance of tympanic membranes.

We examined 187 males to evaluate the hypothesis that short-headed persons more often have otitis media than long-headed persons. The subjects were seen as part of routine health screening before a...
Scaling Vehicle Dynamics and Fluid Dynamics in Gusting Flows

The lift coefficient schedule required for a flight vehicle to fly a neutral energy loop maneuver is computed using a parametric optimization procedure. The effects of gust period, phase between gust components, and the maximum allowable lift coefficient on the minimum gust amplitude required for neutral energy flight are examined. The question of whether the desired lift schedule is actually achievable is answered by considering the unsteady fluid dynamics. We show that the Froude number is the ratio of the fluid dynamic time scale to the vehicle dynamics time scale. The Froude number is relatively constant for flight vehicles ranging from small flying insects to large transport aircraft when they fly at minimum drag conditions. Limitations on achievable performance with active flow control are considered using simple models for separated flow and closed-loop control.
Drug information at your fingertips

With many health care providers now using smartphones and 72% of Internet users turning to the Web for some health information, 1 a custom-based drug information application can potentially help patients and health care providers get answers quickly. Ashish Advani, PharmD, a drug information pharmacist at Mercer University College of Pharmacy, founded InpharmD, an online subscription platform to answer drug information questions; the platform is also available as a mobile application, currently only for Apple devices. 2
An assessment of the existence and influence of psychoanalytic jurisprudence in the United States

In light of the ongoing controversy over the value of psychoanalysis generally, this article summarizes the standards for scientific expertise in law and concludes that the future of psychoanalytic jurisprudence does not lie in the courtroom. After a brief survey of the history of psychoanalytic jurisprudence in legal contexts and institutions, I identify a revival of psychoanalytic jurisprudence, including (i) its association, primarily as a social theory, with Critical Legal Studies (in the US context), and (ii) the influence of Jacques Lacan in the legal academy. The unifying themes in this critical methodology include the construction of the subject through the language and rituals of the law, the failure of mainstream jurisprudence to be sufficiently critical of the legal status quo, and the repression or denial of injustices in legal history. Paralleling that revival, I note that a field of scholarship employing traditional Freudian conceptions is also currently engaging interdisciplinary legal studies, intervening in law reform efforts (particularly in criminal law), and criticizing the background assumptions and conventions in contemporary judicial opinions. I conclude that psychoanalysis is both threatening to mainstream legal culture and a rich source of insights for contemporary studies of legal processes and institutions.
The Problem of Influence: Print, Cities, Fashion and ‘Society’

The notion that people are products of imitation is not particularly threatening as long as society’s main agents of influence are identifiable and regarded as beneficial. In England’s small-scale, pre-industrial communities where personal ties were strong and everyone knew everyone else, the dominant form of persuasion was personal. This face-to-face influence was considered safe and conducive to stability because it was linked directly to sanctioned authority. That is, accepted authority figures whose social positions and personal identities were known had a monopoly on influence. They included clergymen and parents, as well as those wielding political power. Even members of Parliament and central government officials who spent considerable time in London were known or at least recognised, out in the countryside. They had rural estates where they resided and mingled among local folk during much of the year.
Resilience among vulnerable populations: The neglected role of culture

Abstract Disaster scholars and other social scientists should have expected the Vietnamese community to fare poorly after Katrina. The community was geographically and socially isolated in a remote section of the city that flooded badly. Many members of the community were only marginally fluent in English, if at all. Most had arrived decades earlier as disenfranchised refugees, and many had been emotionally scarred by horrific experiences associated with the final stages of the Vietnam War and their subsequent exodus. And yet on the principal measures of postdisaster recovery—housing stability, economic stability, health, and social role adaptation—we now know that the Vietnamese are faring better than those in other communities that experienced similar levels of flooding and damage. Why? Differences in postdisaster recovery are typically attributed to variations in resilience , which includes dimensions such as ecological, social, economic, institutional, infrastructure, and community competence. I argue that none of these conventional dimensions of resilience provide much leverage in explaining the post-Katrina success of the Vietnamese community vis-a-vis other communities that flooded just as badly. Instead, I argue that in spite of the disadvantages that the Vietnamese community faced, it made a strong post-Katrina recovery because of (1) unusually high levels of community cohesion resulting from a set of factors that are best thought of as cultural and (2) a set of other types of advantages that are often confused with culture. I conclude with some recommendations for incorporating a role for culture in our models of disaster-related recovery and community resilience.
Liberal democracy, nationalism and culture: multiculturalism and Scottish independence

Proponents of Scottish independence often foreground the claim that Scotland forms a democratically relevant and underrepresented community that would function better as an independent state. This ...
Using the Discovering Model to Facilitate Transformative Learning in Higher Education

This chapter discusses a simple model that faculty and students can use to help understand the transformative learning process and the role personal agency can play for individuals who wish to initiate the process themselves.
Autonomous Tracking of Vehicle Taillights and Alert Signal Detection by Embedded Smart Cameras

An important aspect of collision avoidance and driver assistance systems, as well as autonomous vehicles, is the tracking of vehicle taillights and the detection of alert signals (turns and brakes). In this chapter, we present the design and implementation of a robust and computationally lightweight algorithm for a real-time vision system, capable of detecting and tracking vehicle taillights, recognizing common alert signals using a vehicle-mounted embedded smart camera, and counting the cars passing on both sides of the vehicle. The system is low-power and processes scenes entirely on the microprocessor of an embedded smart camera. In contrast to most existing work that addresses either daytime or nighttime detection, the presented system provides the ability to track vehicle taillights and detect alert signals regardless of lighting conditions. The mobile vision system has been tested in actual traffic scenes and the obtained results demonstrate the performance and lightweight nature of the algorithm.
Abscisic acid-induced degradation of Arabidopsis guanine nucleotide exchange factor requires calcium-dependent protein kinases

Abscisic acid (ABA) plays essential roles in plant development and responses to environmental stress. ABA induces subcellular translocation and degradation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RopGEF1, thus facilitating ABA core signal transduction. However, the underlying mechanisms for ABA-triggered RopGEF1 trafficking/degradation remain unknown. Studies have revealed that RopGEFs associate with receptor-like kinases to convey developmental signals to small ROP GTPases. However, how the activities of RopGEFs are modulated is not well understood. Type 2C protein phosphatases stabilize the RopGEF1 protein, indicating that phosphorylation may trigger RopGEF1 trafficking and degradation. We have screened inhibitors followed by several protein kinase mutants and find that quadruple-mutant plants in the Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinases (CPKs) cpk3/4/6/11 disrupt ABA-induced trafficking and degradation of RopGEF1. Moreover, cpk3/4/6/11 partially impairs ABA inhibition of cotyledon emergence. Several CPKs interact with RopGEF1. CPK4 binds to and phosphorylates RopGEF1 and promotes the degradation of RopGEF1. CPK-mediated phosphorylation of RopGEF1 at specific N-terminal serine residues causes the degradation of RopGEF1 and mutation of these sites also compromises the RopGEF1 overexpression phenotype in root hair development in Arabidopsis Our findings establish the physiological and molecular functions and relevance of CPKs in regulation of RopGEF1 and illuminate physiological roles of a CPK-GEF-ROP module in ABA signaling and plant development. We further discuss that CPK-dependent RopGEF degradation during abiotic stress could provide a mechanism for down-regulation of RopGEF-dependent growth responses.
Empirical Evidence from Injustice

We turn next from a consideration of justice to that of injustice. What is it that the phenomenon of injustice may be said to indicate with respect to the meaning of justice? Injustice is a variety of disorder, it may be defined as disorder in society. The basis of disorder may be connected with the facts of genetic injustice: that individuals were not born equal with respect to anything but their sheer humanity; in terms of the potentials for abilities of any sort, whether physical or mental, they are not equal. Society ignores this difference when faced toward systems of justice and law. As a consequence disorder may be considered, loosely enough, as the absence of order; but a more precise definition may be useful here. Cairns has in fact defined jurisprudence as “the study of human behavior as a function of disorder.”1 Elsewhere I have defined disorder as the extent to which the elements of a given order are distributed outside that order among the elements of other orders.2
From data to decisions: Knowledge discovery solutions for intelligent enterprises

To compete in today's environment, organizations have to develop an ability to use intelligently the knowledge assets already inherent within them as well as the new intellectual capita/they create daily. Many companies have already adopted some type of business intelligence (BI) tools such as report writers, spreadsheets, and, more recently, OLAP to gain a competitive advantage in decision making. However, these tools are woefully inadequate at analyzing data patterns. Thus, superior tools and methods are required. Knowledge discove1y is about understanding a business. It is a process that solves business problems by analyzing the data to identify patterns and relationships that can explain and predict behavior. It enables an organization to better understand its core business processes by searching automatically through voluminous data, looking for patterns of events, and presenting these to the business in an easy-to-understand graphical form. Knowledge discove1y is then a competitive necessity for today's organizations. This chapter describes various knowledge discove1y tools and technologies that can help to create intelligent enterprises.
Case Comment - United States V. Wardlow, 120 S.Ct. 673 (2000)

The Supreme Court first articulated the general rules governing brief encounters between police officers and citizens in public areas over three decades ago in Terry v. Ohio. That decision legitimated an officer's conducting a brief investigative stop, now commonly known as a Terry stop, and prompted a new body of Fourth Amendment case law seeking to strike the proper balance between the needs of law enforcement and the rights of citizens to go about their business free from police interference. Last Term, in Illinois v. Wardlow, the Court added another piece to its patchwork quilt of decisions in this area, holding that flight from a police officer in a high-crime area can create the reasonable suspicion necessary to justify a Terry stop. Although the majority and partial dissenting opinions both applied a totality of the circumstances test to determine whether there was reasonable suspicion, their respective applications of the test differed markedly. In the hands of the majority, the totality of the circumstances test becomes difficult to distinguish from a per se rule, whereas in the hands of the partial dissent, it exhibits its potential as a more nuanced test, capable of taking into account the broad range of factors that arise in a diverse, modern world. The opinions are similar, however, in that neither fully acknowledges or confronts the difficult question inevitably raised by the Court's endorsement of flight as a factor in determining reasonable suspicion: how and to what extent courts should consider the race of a citizen fleeing from the police. Though problematic, the Court's reluctance to address the salient issue of race is nevertheless understandable given the issue's complex nature and the expenditure of political capital that any attempt to resolve it would require.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Marital Abuse

A brief history of marital violence and statistics from recent studies are presented. Marital abuse data from six societies: United States; Canada; Finland; Israel, with city and Kibbutz sub-samples; Puerto Rico; and Belize (British Honduras) with sub-samples of Spanish speaking, Creoles and Caribs are compared. In general, similarities were found between political/civil profiles of violence and marital violence score within each society. The percentage of husbands and wives using abuse was also similar for each society. The major exception was Puerto Rico, where almost twice as many husbands were reported to have been violent. The percentage of husbands and wives who used violence did not necessarily predict the frequency of violence. Finland, with the highest percentage of violent spouses, had the lowest scores for severity and frequency. Israel, with the lowest percentage of husbands and wives using violence, produced the highest severity and frequency scores for those couples who were violent. This analysis is preliminary and questions for future examination are raised.
A Simple Phase Correction Makes a Big Difference in Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics

The outcomes of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) calculations are modulated by the parameters entering the time-dependent Schrodinger equation (TD-SE). The adiabatic states are commonly used as the basis in which the TD-SE is integrated. However, the phase inconsistencies of such states along the nuclear trajectories obtained in NA-MD simulations may render the wave function and other relevant properties ill-behaving, adversely affecting the dynamics. This work illustrates the consequence of adiabatic state phase inconsistencies in nonadiabatic Ehrenfest dynamics. A simple phase-correction approach is proposed and is demonstrated to alter the dynamics to make it consistent with the reference calculations done in the phase-consistent diabatic representation.
Laboratory Monitoring of Platelet P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitors and Reversal of Antiplatelet Agents.

Objectives To review the use of laboratory tests for antiplatelet agents to determine escalation of antiplatelet therapy and for emergent reversal of P2Y12 inhibitors. Methods A case scenario and review of cardiovascular and neurointerventional literature are described. Results In cardiovascular disease patients, large randomized trials failed to demonstrate superiority of tailored antiplatelet regimens using the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay, where earlier studies had shown promise. Platelet transfusions restored platelet function measured by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, light transmission aggregometry, or thromboelastography but not VerifyNow P2Y12, with the most restoration for clopidogrel and the least for ticagrelor. Conclusions Current evidence does not support changing antiplatelet therapy based on the results of platelet function monitoring tests. For emergent reversal of P2Y12 inhibitors, test method can affect platelet dosing recommendations, as different methods may give different results.
Effects of Basal Plane Dislocations on SiC Power Device Reliability

As silicon carbide power devices enter the commercial power electronics market there is a strong interest in all aspects of their reliability. This work discusses the degradation of MOSFETs due to basal plane dislocations (BPDs). During the forward bias of the MOSFET body diode, electron-hole recombination causes BPDs to fault and the resulting stacking faults in the drift layer degrade the MOSFET. As the stacking faults grow, the on-state conductivity of the MOSFET drift layer decreases, the off-state leakage of the drift layer increases, and the forward voltage of the body diode increases. Commercial 1200 V MOSFETs were stressed with a body current of 5 A or 10 A. The first generation of commercial MOSFETs showed significant degradation within minutes of stress time, whereas more recent MOSFETs did not show degradation for over 5 hours of stress time.
Demonstration of insulin-specific mRNA in cultured rat retinal glial cells.

A number of studies have recently demonstrated that insulin may be synthesized outside the pancreas. The present study was designed to investigate whether insulin-like activity exists in retinal glial cells and if so, whether it is due to local synthesis of insulin. Immunocytochemical techniques using insulin antisera were applied to cultured rat retinal glial cells, and insulin-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of these cells. In situ DNA-RNA hybridization studies using 3H-labeled rat insulin cDNA indicated that the glial cells, particularly the Muller cells of the retina also contained the mRNA necessary for de novo synthesis of insulin or a closely homologous peptide. This peptide may be important in neuromodulation or regulation of metabolism of retinal cells and capillaries.
Final Thoughts – Examining Policing Options to Enhance Transparency and Community Trust

There is a clear disconnect between the perceptions that members of police organizations generally hold of themselves and the viewpoints posed by members of the public being served. These variations in opinion are even more pronounced when different socio-economic classes and minority and under-represented groups are examined. This obviously is disturbing, since police officials are public servants and the inherent goals of the police profession, as outlined by Sir Robert Peel, were aimed at ensuring organizational compliance with community demands and should therefore be reliant on public input, particularly into priorities and policy. This epilogue will examine these issues in greater detail and reflection.
Impact of two formulas to calculate percentage diameter stenosis of coronary lesions: from stenosis models (phantom lesion model) to actual clinical lesions

Percentage diameter stenosis (%DS) by angiography is still commonly used to determine luminal obstruction of coronary artery disease (CAD) lesions. While visual estimation of %DS is widespread, because of high inter-operator variability, quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) analysis is the gold standard. There are two %DS formulas: %DS1 averages the proximal and distal reference vessel diameter (RVD); %DS2 interpolates the RVD. This study aims to evaluate the difference between %DS assessed by QCA in two datasets, phantom lesion models and CAD patients. Ten phantom lesion models (PLMs) and 354 CAD lesions from the FIRST trial were assessed by QCA. In the latter, two scenarios were assessed: Scenario A (worst view), the most common approach in the clinical setting; and Scenario B (average of two complementary views), the standard core-laboratory analysis. In the PLMs, %DS1 and %DS2 mean ± standard deviation (median) was 58.5 ± 21.7 (61.6) and 58.7 ± 21.6 (61.8), respectively, with a signed difference of − 0.2% ± 0.3% (− 0.1%). In Scenario A, the mean %DS1 was 43.8 ± 9.1 (43.3) and 44.0 ± 9.1 (42 .9) in %DS2. In Scenario B, the mean %DS1 was 45.3 ± 8.8 (45.1) and 45.5 ± 9.0 (45.1) in %DS2. The signed difference was − 0.2% ± 2.4% (0.0%) and − 0.2% ± 2.1% (0.0%) in Scenario A and B, respectively. These differences between formulas ranged from − 1.2 to 0.5% for the phantom cases compared to − 17.7% to 7.7% in Scenario A and to − 15.5% to 7.1% in Scenario B. Although the overall means of the formulas provide similar results, significant lesion-level differences are observed. The use of the worst view versus the average of two views provided similar results.
Craving management: Exploring factors that influence momentary craving-related risk of cannabis use among young adults.

Abstract Young adult frequent cannabis use has increased in prevalence and some frequent users have problems reducing their use. A strong link between momentary craving and subsequent use behaviors among individuals with problematic cannabis use has been reported in the literature, including young adults. In treatment contexts, interventions based on associative learning and reinforcement aim to reduce the prevalence of problematic substance use by altering the association between craving and use by increasing craving management skills such as mindfulness and reducing unhelpful responding such as avoidance or suppression. However, this model has not been tested among young adult cannabis users. The current study examined the influence of trait and state craving management strategies (mindfulness, coping style, experiential avoidance, and craving beliefs) on the link between momentary craving and use, using ecological momentary assessment in a sample of young adults with problematic use interested in reducing their use. Results demonstrated that two craving management constructs were associated with use: non-reactivity (p = 0.02) and non-judgment (p
A practical approach for applying Machine Learning in the detection and classification of network devices used in building management

With the increasing deployment of smart buildings and infrastructure, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) devices and the underlying IT network have become essential elements for the proper operations of these highly complex systems. Of course, with the increase in automation and the proliferation of SCADA devices, a corresponding increase in surface area of attack on critical infrastructure has increased. Understanding device behaviors in terms of known and understood or potentially qualified activities versus unknown and potentially nefarious activities in near-real time is a key component of any security solution. In this paper, we investigate the challenges with building robust machine learning models to identify unknowns purely from network traffic both inside and outside firewalls, starting with missing or inconsistent labels across sites, feature engineering and learning, temporal dependencies and analysis, and training data quality (including small sample sizes) for both shallow and deep learning methods. To demonstrate these challenges and the capabilities we have developed, we focus on Building Automation and Control networks (BACnet) from a private commercial building system. Our results show that ”Model Zoo” built from binary classifiers based on each device or behavior combined with an ensemble classifier integrating information from all classifiers provides a reliable methodology to identify unknown devices as well as determining specific known devices when the device type is in the training set. The capability of the Model Zoo framework is shown to be directly linked to feature engineering and learning, and the dependency of the feature selection varies depending on both the binary and ensemble classifiers as well.
County-level characteristics associated with incidence, late-stage incidence, and mortality from screenable cancers.

Abstract Background Cancer screening differs by rurality and racial residential segregation, but the relationship between these county-level characteristics is understudied. Understanding this relationship and its implications for cancer outcomes could inform interventions to decrease cancer disparities. Methods We linked county-level information from national data sources: 2008–2012 cancer incidence, late-stage incidence, and mortality rates (for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer) from U.S. Cancer Statistics and the National Death Index; metropolitan status from U.S. Department of Agriculture; residential segregation derived from American Community Survey; and prevalence of cancer screening from National Cancer Institute’s Small Area Estimates. We used multivariable, sparse Poisson generalized linear mixed models to assess cancer incidence, late-stage incidence, and mortality rates by county-level characteristics, controlling for density of physicians and median household income. Results Cancer incidence, late-stage incidence, and mortality rates were 6–18% lower in metropolitan counties for breast and colorectal cancer, and 2–4% lower in more segregated counties for breast and colorectal cancer. Generally, reductions in cancer associated with residential segregation were limited to non-metropolitan counties. Cancer incidence, late-stage incidence, and mortality rates were associated with screening, with rates for corresponding cancers that were 2–9% higher in areas with more breast and colorectal screening, but 2–15% lower in areas with more cervical screening. Discussion Lower cancer burden was observed in counties that were metropolitan and more segregated. Effect modification was observed by metropolitan status and county-level residential segregation, indicating that residential segregation may impact healthcare access differently in different county types. Additional studies are needed to inform interventions to reduce county-level disparities in cancer incidence, late-stage incidence, and mortality.
Auditory-Nerve Responses in Mice with Noise-Induced Cochlear Synaptopathy.

Cochlear synaptopathy is the noise-induced or age-related loss of ribbon synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and auditory nerve fibers (ANFs), first reported in CBA/CaJ mice. Recordings from single ANFs in anaesthesized, noise-exposed guinea pigs suggested that neurons with low spontaneous rates (SRs) and high thresholds are more vulnerable than low-threshold, high-SR fibers. However, there is extensive post-exposure regeneration of ANFs in guinea pigs, but not in mice. Here, we exposed CBA/CaJ mice to octave-band noise and recorded sound-evoked and spontaneous activity from single ANFs at least 2 weeks later. Confocal analysis of cochleae immunostained for pre- and post-synaptic markers confirmed the expected loss of 40 - 50% of ANF synapses in the basal half of the cochlea, however, our data were not consistent with a selective loss of low-SR fibers. Rather they suggested a loss of both SR groups in synaptopathic regions. Single-fiber thresholds and frequency tuning recovered to pre-exposure levels however, response to tone bursts showed increased peak and steady-state firing rates as well as decreased jitter in first-spike latencies. This apparent gain-of-function increased the robustness of tone-burst responses in the presence of continuous masking noise. This study suggests that the nature of noise-induced synaptic damage varies between different species and that, in mouse, the noise-induced hyperexcitability seen in central auditory circuits is also observed at the level of the auditory nerve.
Efficient and Optimal Algorithms for Contextual Dueling Bandits under Realizability

We study the $K$-armed contextual dueling bandit problem, a sequential decision making setting in which the learner uses contextual information to make two decisions, but only observes \emph{preference-based feedback} suggesting that one decision was better than the other. We focus on the regret minimization problem under realizability, where the feedback is generated by a pairwise preference matrix that is well-specified by a given function class $\mathcal F$. We provide a new algorithm that achieves the optimal regret rate for a new notion of best response regret, which is a strictly stronger performance measure than those considered in prior works. The algorithm is also computationally efficient, running in polynomial time assuming access to an online oracle for square loss regression over $\mathcal F$. This resolves an open problem of Dud\'ik et al. [2015] on oracle efficient, regret-optimal algorithms for contextual dueling bandits.
Chemical and Stereochemical Aspects of Behavioural Studies

Publisher Summary It is well known that the enantiomers of drugs, which possess one or more asymmetric centres often, have quite different potencies, the extent of the information that pharmacological studies of enantiomers can provide is often not fully appreciated. Also, it is not always appreciated, or at least it is often overlooked, that unless the enantiomeric pair — or better a series of enantiomeric pairs — is carefully chosen and unless the pharmacoIogica1 test procedures are correctly designed, pharmacological studies of enantiomers will not provide the maximum amount of information. The chapter illustrates the full meaning of these general opening remarks, with references to some results that have been obtained for anticholinergic drugs, often referred to as “glycollates,” and then to suggest that similar studies might be used to clarify certain aspects of the mode of action of other types of drugs that influence behavior.
Gene-diet interactions in arginine-dependent intestinal carcinogenesis

3904 L-arginine, an essential amino acid, is converted by arginase to ornithine, the substrate for polyamine synthesis. Polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are small ubiquitous molecules involved in various processes and required for cell proliferation. L-arginine is also metabolized by nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) to form nitric oxide (NO) that can influence signal transduction and DNA damage. NOSs are found as constitutively expressed isoforms (NOS1/NOS3) or the inducible isoform (NOS2). In this study, we evaluated NOS2 and dietary L-arginine effects on intestinal tumorgenesis in Min (multiple intestinal neoplasia) mice. Min mice were crossed with NOS2 knockout mice or wild-type NOS2 mice. NOS2 protein was expressed in small intestine, but not the colon, of Min X NOS2 (+/+) mice. The protein was not detected in either intestinal tissue of Min X NOS2 (−/−) mice. When animals were fed an arginine-restricted diet, loss of NOS2 alleles was associated with a small (50% or less) increase in small intestinal tumor number and colonic tumor incidence, compared to Min X NOS2 (+/+) mice. Supplemental arginine (up to 2% in the drinking water) slightly decreased small intestinal tumor number, in a concentration-dependent manner, in Min X NOS2 (−/−) mice. In mice expressing NOS2, intestinal tumor number was minimally affected by dietary arginine. In these mice, dietary arginine increased small intestinal arginine and ornithine contents, whereas in Min X NOS2 (−/−) mice no changes were observed. Colon tumor incidence showed an increase with dietary arginine, independent of NOS2 expression. This increase can result from dietary-arginine dependent increase in ornithine and putrescine contents. These data suggest that NOS2 expression and dietary arginine have only minimal effects on small intestinal carcinogenesis in the Min mouse. However, dietary arginine increases the incidence of colonic tumors, resulting from lack of expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, by a NOS2-independent mechanism that may involve polyamines.
The Chemistry of Parathyroid Hormone and the Calcitonins

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry of parathyroid hormone and the calcitonins. In the last several years, there have been striking advances in knowledge of the chemistry of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. The complete amino acid sequence of the major form of bovine and porcine parathyroid hormone has been determined, and, as well, the complete structure of porcine, human, ovine, bovine, and three different isohormonal forms of salmon calcitonin. These advances are potentially of considerable interest and importance to investigators and clinicians concerned with the physiology, mode of action, and clinical significance of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. The significance of these chemical advances, particularly the availability of highly potent and completely homogeneous preparations of synthetic parathyroid hormone and calcitonin can best be appreciated in terms of a historical perspective. Intensive physiological and clinical investigations have established the importance of parathyroid hormone in normal calcium homeostasis and in certain diseases involving disorders of calcium and bone metabolism. The hormone acts to increase rates of bone resportion and to reduce the rate of urinary calcium loss, thereby maintaining serum calcium and preventing hypocalcemia.