cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teorizando o mundo contemporâneo: Robert Brenner; Giovanni Arrighi; David Harvey

The article aims to apprehend the deep social, political, economic and cultural transformations that characterized the three last decades, in contrast with the prosperity period following the Second World War. Therefore, the author critically analyses three specific works that deal with that period: "The economics of global turbulence", by Robert Brenner, The long Twentieth Century, by Giovanni Arrighi, and The conditions of postmodernity, by David Haravey. The metatheoric procedure adopted allows him to indicate the requisites of an adequate critical theory of contemporary capitalism.
Copper and copper‐binding protein in fibrolamellar liver cell carcinoma

Analysis of tissue from a recent case of fibrolamellar liver cell carcinoma by several staining and spectrophotometric methods demonstrated elevated copper and copper-binding protein (CBP) in malignant hepatocytes. Production of CBP has not previously been described for this or any other type of hepatocellular carcinoma. Identification of CBP in liver cell carcinoma adds further evidence that this protein is a normal synthetic product of liver cells which may reappear in chronic cholestasis or hepatic malignancy. The mechanism of disturbed copper homeostasis in this case is uncertain.
Insulin radioreceptor assay on murine splenic leukocytes and peripheral erythrocytes.

Insulin radioreceptor assays were developed using splenic leukocytes and peripheral erythrocytes from individual mice. Splenic leukocytes were prepared using an NH4Cl buffer which did not alter insulin binding, but gave much higher yields than density gradient methods. Mouse erythrocytes were isolated from heparinized blood by three passages over a Boyum gradient, and a similar buffer was used to separate cells from free [125I]iodoinsulin at the end of the binding incubation. Insulin binding to both splenic leukocytes and peripheral erythrocytes had typical pH, temperature, and time dependencies, and increased linearly with an increased number of cells. Optimal conditions for the splenic leukocytes (6 × 107/ml) consisted of incubation with [125I]iodoinsulin at 15 C for 2 h in Hepes buffer, pH 8.0. In cells from 20 individual mice, the specific [125I]iodoinsulin binding was 2.6 ± 0.1% (SEM), and nonspecific binding was 0.3 ± 0.04% (10.6% of total binding). Erythrocytes (2.8 × 109/ml) were incubated with [1...
Changes in brain somatostatin and vasopressin levels after stress in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats.

Somatostatin (SRIF) and vasopressin (AVP) were measured in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic areas in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WK) and in spontaneously hypertensive, adult rats (SHR) under control conditions and after acute immobilization stress. Hypothalamic areas included the median eminence (ME) and the periventricular, suprachiasmatic, paraventricular, supraoptic, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei. Extra-hypothalamic areas included the striae medullaris, striae terminalis (N. Interst.), locus coeruleus, central gray, Areas 1 and 2 (NTS), and circumventricular organs. Under basal conditions, SHR and WK rats did not differ in their content of SRIF and AVP for most areas examined. After acute stress, however, striking differences were found in peptide content. Somatostatin content was not changed in SHR, but was significantly decreased in most areas in WK rats. On the contrary, generalized increases in AVP content were found in SHR after stress, with no changes in WK animals. An exception was the ME, which showed a decrease in peptide levels in both groups of rats. These results suggest that both hypothalamic and extra-hypothalamic AVP and SRIF are involved in the central stress response. The different changes in peptide levels observed for SHR and normotensive rats after acute stress further support the hypothesis of a role of both AVP and SRIF in central regulation of cardiovascular function.
A retrospective study to assess the relative value of peripheral blood, bone marrow aspirate and biopsy morphology, immunohistochemical stains, and flow cytometric analysis in the diagnosis of chronic B cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms

Summary Introduction The successful diagnosis of chronic B cell lymphoproliferative neoplasms (B-CLPN) requires the integration of multiple parameters, beginning with clinical information, CBC data, and morphology review. Immunophenotyping is essential and genetic testing may also be necessary. However, the relative value of each specimen or ancillary study in the diagnosis and classification has not been systematically established. We have performed a blinded retrospective review to assess what in our laboratory was the relative value of each specimen type and ancillary study in the diagnostic workup of B-CLPN. Methods A total of 185 cases of PB, BM, spleen and lymph nodes were analyzed for relative value of morphology, IHC, flow cytometry study in the diagnosis of B-CLPN. Results ‘High yield’ specimen was identified in most B-CLPN categories, which was highly predictive of the final WHO diagnosis. Conclusion The goal of this retrospective study was to attempt to assess what was the relative value of morphology, immunophenotype, and molecular/cytogenetic study in various sites in the overall diagnostic process in our institution. We investigated the utility of the ‘high yield’ specimens in achieving the correct final diagnosis. In our study, some B-CLPNs notably splenic marginal zone lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia variant, required all studies for a ‘best fit’ type of diagnosis. In other cases, the morphology of a single specimen type was highly predictive of the final diagnosis, although confirmatory studies are recommended for definitive diagnosis.
Influence of Conformation on the EPR Spectrum of 5,5-Dimethyl-1-hydroperoxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl: A Spin Trapped Adduct of Superoxide

Spin trapping, a technique used to characterize short-lived free radicals, consists of using a nitrone or nitroso compound to "trap" an unstable free radical as a long-lived aminoxyl that can be characterized by EPR spectroscopy. The resultant aminoxyl exhibits hyperfine splitting constants that are dependent on the spin trap and the free radical. Such is the case with 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-1-pyrrolidinyloxyl (DMPO-OH) and 2,2-dimethyl-5-hydroperoxy-1-pyrrodinyloxyl (DMPO-OOH) whose hyperfine splitting constants, A(N) = A(H) = 14.9 G and A(N) = 14.3 G, A(H)(beta) = 11.7 G, and A(H)(gamma) = 1.25 G, respectively, have been used to demonstrate the generation of HO(*) and O(2)(*)(-). However, to date, the source of the apparent A(H)(gamma) hyperfine splitting in DMPO-OOH is not known. We consider three possible explanations to account for the unique EPR spectrum of DMPO-OOH. The first is that the gamma-splitting arises from one of the hydrogen atoms at either carbon 3 or carbon 4 of DMPO-OOH. The second is that the gamma-splitting originates from the hydrogen atom of DMPO-OOH. The third is that the conformational properties of DMPO-R change upon going from DMPO-OH to DMPO-OOH. Experimental and theoretical chemical approaches as well as EPR spectral modeling were used to investigate which of these hypotheses may explain the asymmetric EPR spectrum of DMPO-OOH. From these studies it is shown that the 12-line EPR spectrum of DMPO-OOH results not from any proximal hydrogen, but from additional conformers of DMPO-OOH. Thus, the 1.25 G hyperfine splitting, which has been assigned as a gamma-splitting, is actually from two individual EPR spectra associated with different conformers of DMPO-OOH.
Implantation of the Lateral Cochlear Wall for Auditory Nerve Stimulation

Although cochlear implants now regularly achieve gratifying results, traditional intrascalar implants have certain limitations. Extraluminal implants may offset some of these problems by accessing neurons subserving a wider tonotopic range, avoiding intracochlear insertion trauma, and offering alternatives when cochlear obliteration is present. We have investigated the utility of a lateral cochlear wall implant in a normal-hearing cat model with implants at the middle and basal turns, and found successful activation of the auditory nerve at thresholds of 28.1 and 40.6 μA, respectively. No adventitial stimulation of the facial nerve was noted within the dynamic range. Maximum responsiveness was observed with implants of the middle turn of the cochlea, an area that is not reliably approached with current intrascalar implants. These observations support and extend prior observations of the feasibility of extraluminal stimulation of the auditory nerve.
Retention and acquisition of fine temperature discriminations following somatosensory cortical lesions in the rat.

Rats with histologically confirmed bilateral lesions of one or both somatosensory cortical areas, occipital cortex, or sham operations were tested in a T-maze for retention of 29° vs. 39° C and 29° vs. 34° C temperature discriminations, and for acquisition of a 29° vs. 31° C habit. Statistical analyses failed to reveal group differences on the three postoperative discriminations. The suggestion that thermal habits are mediated by a diffuse and redundant forebrain afferent system is discussed.
Chemical design of antagonists of substance P

Since the elucidation of the structure of substance P (Arg - Pro - Lys - Pro - Gin - Gin - Phe - Phe - Gly - Leu -Met - NH2) by Chang, Leeman & Niall (1971), many SP-analogs have been described and have provided important information about the sequence-activity relationships of SP. These studies have revealed the importance of chain length and of Phe7, Leu10 and Met11 for SP smooth muscle activity (Bergmann et al. 1974, Rosell et al. 1977). Thus, the smooth muscle stimulating activity is confined to the hexa-peptide sequence at the C-terminal. The (IIe7)-SP analog showed little or no smooth muscle stimulating activity (Leban et al. 1979). Yamaguchi et al. (1979) synthesized (D-Phe7)-SP which was found to be a weak partial agonist on the guinea-pig ileum. Likewise, (D-Pro2)-SP and (D-Leu8, D-Phe9)-SP exerted some SP-antagonism. A series of newly designed SP-analogs has been tested for possible SP-antagonism. We have found that (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP is an inhibitor of SP both on isolated organs and in vivo.
Balloon catheter dilatation for frontal sinus ostium stenosis in the office setting.

BackgroundFrontal sinus ostium stenosis (FSOS) is problematic even for expert surgeons. Balloon catheter (BC) technology has been recently introduced to rhinology. The aim of this study is to assess technical feasibility and effectiveness of BC dilatation of FSOS in the office setting.MethodsThis retrospective, multi-institutional case series describes all patients who underwent BC dilatation of FSOS in the office setting in the year ending December 31, 2007.ResultsSix adult patients underwent a total of seven BC dilatations of FSOS in the clinical setting. The pretreatment ostium size was 1-2 mm. Four of the dilatations were performed with a 5-mm lacrimal BC (LacriCATH, Quest Medical, Allen, TX) and three dilatations were executed with a 7-mm sinus BC (SinuCATH, Quest Medical). All procedures were performed using topical anesthesia only. No complications occurred. Five of the six dilated FSOS dilatations were deemed successful after one BC dilatation. One ostium contracted >50% and required repeat BC dil...
Neutron-proton polarization at 50 MeV.

Data are presented for the polarization parameter $P(\ensuremath{\theta})$ in $n\ensuremath{-}p$ scattering at 50.0 MeV. The results confirm the overall trend of previous data and are in good agreement with phase shift predictions.
Errors for Space-Based Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements: Definition, Performance, and Verification

Abstract Verification of space-based wind measurements will be difficult because of the random variations of the atmospheric velocity field over the measurement volume. The definition of accuracy requires a definition of “truth.” For this work, truth is defined as the spatial average of the random velocity over the measurement volume. The bias of space-based velocity measurements is dominated by the pointing errors of the lidar beam. The bias and random errors of Doppler lidar measurements produced by the estimation algorithm and the random atmospheric parameters are determined with computer simulations for both the sampling errors of the lidar scanning pattern and the estimation error of the radial velocity measurements. The results are compared with the error produced by ideal rawinsonde measurements and aircraft winds. A simple method to verify the random error of Doppler lidar radial velocity measurements using only multiple-shot lidar data (no in situ data are required) is compared with results from ...
Glucagon and prostaglandins are mediators of amino acid-induced rise in renal hemodynamics.

Glucagon and prostaglandins are mediators of amino acid-induced rise in renal hemodynamics. An oral protein load or infusion of amino acids induces a rise in renal hemodynamics in normal subjects, but the mechanisms mediating this phenomenon are unknown. We investigated whether glucagon may mediate the increase in RPF and GFR induced by an arginine infusion and whether prostaglandins are required for this effect. In four different studies, normal subjects underwent 13 inulin and PAH clearances of 30 minutes each. During the fourth and tenth clearance periods arginine HC1, 250 mg/kg, was infused over 30 minutes. At the beginning of the fifth clearance period several subjects ingested indomethacin, 150 mg, (N = 8) or ibuprofen, 800 mg, (N = 6). Control subjects (N = 4) did not receive cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Six subjects underwent a similar protocol except that they were infused with glucagon, 6 ng/kg/min, instead of arginine, for 30 minutes during the fourth and tenth periods. They also ingested indomethacin, 150 mg, in the fifth period. In all four studies, a transient and significant rise in RPF and GFR and fall in RVR occurred during the first arginine or glucagon infusion. These changes in renal hemodynamics were blocked when the arginine or glucagon infusion was repeated after administration of indomethacin or ibuprofen. Urinary excretion of 6-keto-PGFla did not rise with either arginine infusion in the control subjects or in the individuals who received indomethacin. As predicted, urinary 6-keto-PGF 1α fell significantly after ingestion of indomethacin before the second infusion of arginine. Plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations were unaffected by the arginine infusions or by indomethacin. These findings suggest that glucagon is a mediator of the arginine induced rise in RPF and GFR, and that prostaglandins are necessary for this effect.
Reflexivity, uncertainty and the unity of science

The paper argues that substantial support for Soros' claims about uncertainty and reflexivity in economics and human affairs generally are provided by the operation of both factors in the biological domain to produce substantially the same processes which have been recognized by ecologists and evolutionary biologists. In particular predator prey relations have their sources in uncertainty – i.e. the random character of variations, and frequency dependent co-evolution – reflexivity. The paper argues that despite Soros' claims, intentionality is not required to produce these phenomena, and that where it does so, in the human case, it provides no basis to deny a reasonable thesis of the methodological or causal unity of science. The argument for this conclusion is developed by starting with a biological predator/prey relation and successively introducing intentional components without affecting the nature of the process. Accepting the conclusion of this argument provides substantial additional inductive supp...
Effects of acute exercise on executive processing, short-term and long-term memory

Abstract In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a brief bout of exercise on executive function, short-term memory, and long-term memory tests. Eighteen young adults (mean age 22.2 years, s = 1.6) performed a set-switching test, a Brown-Peterson test, and a free-recall memory test before and after 40 min of moderate aerobic exercise on a cycle ergometer, and two control conditions. Exercise did not facilitate set switching or short-term memory, which suggests that exercise-induced arousal does not influence executive function processes involved in the reconfiguration of information in working memory. Exercise did alter specific aspects of delayed long-term memory. Free recall of items in the primacy and recency portions of the word list declined following the rest and non-exercise conditions, but was maintained after exercise, which suggests that exercise-induced arousal may facilitate the consolidation of information into long-term memory.
ISO14000 Standards and the US Construction Industry

Construction activities generate a myriad of negative effects on the environment. ISO 14000, the series of environmental management standards released by the International Organization for Standardization in 1996, has been introduced as a tool that can aid in reducing these impacts. The implementation of these standards is focused on the establishment of an environmental management system (EMS) that can guide an organization toward achieving its own environmental goals. Certification for the ISO 14001 standard has been successfully implemented at an international level, mostly in Europe and Asia. Different types of companies have achieved ISO 14000 certification, including those performing construction work. However, up until 2002, only one construction group has received certification for its subsidiaries. Benefits such as minimization of environmental impacts, marketing opportunities, and cost savings have been identified. Some parties, however, argue about the standards applicability in the US construction industry, stating that ISO 14000 is not economically feasible and that significant or proven environmental benefits cannot be associated with the standards usage. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to analyze ISO 14000 standards and their current status in the US construction industry, identifying advantages and setbacks of the application of this EMS in the organizational structures of US construction firms. The information is based on a literature search and a case study of a construction contracting firm certi- fied for the standards. The article concludes that the positive aspects of certification outweigh the negative aspects and recommends added government support and the combined use of ISO 14000 with other environmental systems and matrices.
Adaptive timekeeping replacement: Fine-grained capacity management for shared CMP caches

In chip multiprocessors (CMPs), several high-performance cores typically compete for capacity in a shared last-level cache. This causes degraded and unpredictable memory performance for multiprogrammed and parallel workloads. In response, recent schemes apportion cache bandwidth and capacity in ways that offer better aggregate performance for the workloads. These schemes, however, focus primarily on relatively coarse-grained capacity management without concern for operating system process priority levels.In this work, we explore capacity management approaches that are both temporally and spatially more fine-grained than prior work. We also consider operating system priority levels as part of capacity management. We propose a capacity management mechanism based on timekeeping techniques that track the time interval since the last access to cached data. This Adaptive Timekeeping Replacement (ATR) scheme maintains aggregate cache occupancies that reflect the priority and footprint of each application. The key novelties of our work are (1) ATR offers a complete cache capacity management framework taking into account application priorities and memory characteristics, and (2) ATR's fine-grained cache capacity control is demonstrated to be effective and important in improving the performance of parallel workloads in addition to sequential ones.We evaluate our ideas using a full-system simulator and multiprogrammed workloads of both sequential and parallel applications. This is the first detailed study of shared cache capacity management considering thread behaviors in parallel applications. ATR outperforms an unmanaged system by as much as 1.63X and by an average of 1.19X. ATR's fine-grained temporal control is particularly important for parallel applications, which are expected to be increasingly prevalent in years to come.
My organ is bigger than your organ.

Progress in clinical dermatology is derived from new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches and requires increased understanding of the cellular and macromolecular basis of physiology and pathophysiology. Researchers are excited and animated by their experiments and data, yet the research literature frequently fails to convey this immediately. Why? In part, the convention and form of scientific journals and the eschewing of speculation make the literature inaccessible to the nonscientist. This section of theArchiveswill select broadly from the research literature relevant to dermatology and will attempt to integrate what is new in the research laboratory with the physicians' knowledge. Readers' comments are solicited. Who cares? I started to care while teaching skin histology to the medical students last month. I was struck that everyone "knew" that the skin was the largest organ of the body; I became concerned that it was hard to identify the source of this knowledge. Proving
Normal modes of the Mascarene Basin

In this paper the origin of the bi-monthly variability in the Mascarene Basin is reconsidered. Free oscillatory modes of the Mascarene Basin are determined by performing normal mode analysis on the motionless solution in a barotropic shallow-water model with realistic bathymetry. Several modes are identified with monthly to bi-monthly time scales. The mode that agrees best with recent current meter observations can be interpreted as a barotropic Rossby basin mode, confined to the tilted geometry of the Mascarene Basin.
Gender and the Contest over the Indian Past

Feminist scholars in India are among those challenging representations of the Indian past inherited from nineteenth century scholarship. Particularly at stake are the latters’ unilineal model of history, glorification of the Vedic age, and devolutionary portrayals of post-Vedic periods. Images of a lost past where women were educated, free to move about, and respected ritual helpers of their husbands once served as an important rationale for arguments on behalf of women's emancipation. Now, however, the old models are proving to be regressive and divisive, while devaluing aspects of culture that have been women's own creations.
Interactive effects of mycorrhizal fungi, salt stress, and competition on the herbivores of Baccharis halimifolia

. 1. Plant stress and association with mycorrhizal fungi have been shown to significantly influence plant quality, yet their roles in influencing plant–insect interactions remain unclear. Even less is known about how these factors might interact with or be modified by within-trophic level interactions. 2. In the present study, the results of a factorial field experiment are reported in which the effects of within-trophic-level interactions, plant stress, and mycorrhizae on three herbivores of Baccharis halimifolia were examined. 3. Plant stress was increased by adding salt to the soil, and availability of mycorrhizal fungi was increased by inoculating plant roots. These treatments were applied to plants with either low or high densities of a competitor (Trirhabda baccharidis). 4. For the two leaf miners, Amauromyza maculosa and Liriomyza trifolii, increased soil salinity and high densities of the competitor Trirhabdabaccharidis resulted in significant decreases in density. Neither of these treatments affected the gall maker Neolasioptera lathami. 5. Mycorrhizal fungi increased the densities of all three herbivores, possibly by increasing foliar nitrogen levels. For the two leaf miners, there was also evidence that mycorrhizae ameliorated the negative effects of salt stress. There was also evidence that high levels of competition dampened the positive effects of mycorrhizae on the two leaf miners.
KNL1: bringing order to the kinetochore.

KNL1 is an evolutionarily conserved kinetochore-associated protein essential for accurate chromosome segregation in eukaryotic cells. This large scaffold protein, predicted to be almost entirely unstructured, is involved in diverse mitotic processes including kinetochore assembly, chromosome congression, and mitotic checkpoint signaling. How this kinetochore “hub” coordinates protein–protein interactions spatially and temporally during mitosis to orchestrate these processes is an area of active investigation. Here we summarize the current understanding of KNL1 and discuss possible mechanisms by which this protein actively contributes to multiple aspects of mitotic progression.
Incorporation of non-proteolytic proteins by murine α2-macroglobulin

Human alpha2-macroglobulin is a tetrameric glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 718 kDa that is present in human plasma at high concentrations. Murine alpha2-macroglobulin is homologous to human alpha2-macroglobulin but it undergoes post-translational cleavage in the subunits. Each subunit of alpha2-macroglobulin contains a thiolester which can be cleaved by small nucleophiles. In human alpha2-macroglobulin this results in a conformational change to a receptor-recognized form and a change in the electrophoretic mobility. Recent work has demonstrated that this process is reversible and during this reversal non-proteolytic proteins can become covalently trapped within the human alpha2-macroglobulin molecule. The present study further investigates this observation and examines the question whether reversal of thiolester cleavage occurs in mouse alpha2-macroglobulin. Previous studies suggest that small nucleophiles only partially convert mouse alpha2-macroglobulin to a receptor-recognized form. We demonstrate here that under appropriate conditions, mouse alpha2-macroglobulin is fully converted by NH3. We also demonstrate that despite structural and kinetic differences between human and mouse alpha2-macroglobulin, both molecules are able to incorporate non-proteolytic ligands in a similar manner. This leads us to propose a general model of ligand incorporation via nucleophilic exchange in multimeric alpha-macroglobulins.
Detecting anxiety and defensiveness from visual and auditory cues.

Defensive individuals have been shown to differ from non-defensive individuals on a number of physiological and behavioral measures. We report two studies on observers' inferences of defensiveness, and the contribution of communication channels in the inference of defensiveness. Observers judged high and low state anxious segments of high and low trait anxious defensive and nondefensive individuals. Accurate assessments were made of (a) defensiveness, (b) state anxiety, and (c) trait anxiety: Individuals with higher levels of each variable were perceived as more anxious compared with the lower level. Effects for defensiveness and state anxiety were greater in audio-only segments, while effects for trait anxiety were greater in video-only segments. Inferences of defensiveness were greater at higher levels of state anxiety and trait anxiety. Low trait anxious defensive individuals were perceived as more anxious than the true low trait anxious. Results for defensiveness and trait anxiety were replicated in Study 2, and observers' perceptions of state anxiety matched individuals' self-reports: Defensive individuals with maximal differences between high and low state anxiety were seen as more anxious in high state anxiety, while defensive individuals with minimal differences between high and low state anxiety were regarded as less anxious in high state anxiety.
Lysozyme in the midgut of Manduca sexta during metamorphosis

Low levels of lysozyme were found in the midgut epithelium of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, during the early part of the fifth larval stadium. This was observed in control insects as well as in bacterially challenged insects. No lysozyme was detected in the gut contents of either group of insects which were actively eating or in the early stages of metamorphosis. However, high levels of lysozyme activity were detected in homogenates of midgut tissue collected from insects later in the stadium. Immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that lysozyme accumulates in large apical vacuoles in regenerative cells of the midgut during the larval-pupal molt. These cells, initially scattered basally throughout the larval midgut epithelium, multiply and form a continuous cell layer underneath the larval midgut cells. At the larval/pupal ecdysis the larval midgut epithelium is sloughed off and the regenerative cells, now forming the single cell layer of the midgut, release the contents of their vacuoles into the midgut lumen. This release results in high lysozyme activity in the lumen of the pupal midgut and is thought to confer protection from bacterial infection. This is the first indication that the lysozyme gene may be developmentally regulated in a specific tissue in the absence of a bacterial infection.
Execution Hijacking: Improving Dynamic Analysis by Flying off Course

Typically, dynamic-analysis techniques operate on a small subset of all possible program behaviors, which limits their effectiveness and the representativeness of the computed results. To address this issue, a new paradigm is emerging: execution hijacking, consisting of techniques that explore a larger set of program behaviors by forcing executions along specific paths. Although hijacked executions are infeasible for the given inputs, they can still produce feasible behaviors that could be observed under other inputs. In such cases, execution hijacking can improve the effectiveness of dynamic analysis without requiring the (expensive) generation of additional inputs. To evaluate the usefulness of execution hijacking, we defined, implemented, and evaluated several variants of it. Specifically, we performed an empirical study where we assessed whether execution hijacking could improve the effectiveness of a common dynamic analysis: memory error detection. The results of the study show that execution hijacking, if suitably performed, can indeed improve dynamic analysis.
Oxidation of Aqueous Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine by Calcium Hypochlorite or Hydrogen Peroxide/ Copper Sulfate

Abstract The oxidative destruction of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) by a molar excess of Ca(OCl)2 leads mainly to formaldehyde dimethylhydrazone and tetramethyl tetrazene, but not to N-nitrosodi-methylamine (NDMA). An alternate method using H2O2/CuSO4 leads to ca. 25% NDMA. The amount of UDMH destroyed is affected by the order of addition of the H2O2, and CuSO4: when the CuSO4 is added first, only ca. 65% of the UDMH is destroyed, while the reverse order of addition leads to 100% destruction of UDMH.
Developing multicomponent interventions using fractional factorial designs.

SUMMARY Multicomponent interventions composed of behavioral, delivery, or implementation factors in addition to medications are becoming increasingly common in health sciences. A natural experimental approach to developing and refining such multicomponent interventions is to start with a large number of potential components and screen out the least active ones. Factorial designs can be used efficiently in this endeavor. We address common criticisms and misconceptions regarding the use of factorial designs in these screening studies. We also provide an operationalization of screening studies. As an example, we consider the use of a screening study in the development of a multicomponent smoking cessation intervention. Simulation results are provided to support the discussions. Copyright q 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The verification of secure distributed systems

The authors discuss the design issues related to secure distributed systems, particularly with respect to verification, and survey a few systems to see how they address these issues. They present specification and verification techniques that are applicable to secure distributed systems, emphasizing an approach to achieving a verified design through the hook-up of verified components. Finally, they discuss how this approach can be applied to a secure distributed system design. >
Determination of time course of in vivo pharmacological effects from in vitro drug-release testing.

Abstract A mathematical approach is described which permits the computation of the temporal variation of pharmacological response intensity from the results of in vitro drug-release testing that linearly correlate or can otherwise be functionally related to in vivo drug availability. The development of optimized drug-release tests is suggested. Through the application of the described approach, such tests would permit the predictive estimation from in vitro data of the dependency of the pharmacological behavior of appropriate drugs on formulation factors. The dependency of the time course of pharmacological effects of a mydriatic drug on the drug-release characteristics of several types of dosage formulations is graphically shown.
The Role of Source Confusions in Television's Cultivation of Social Reality Judgments

The chief hypothesis of this study was that errors in memory (specifically source confusions) contribute to the link between television viewing and social reality judgments. Fiction-to-news confusions (fictional programming remembered as news) were hypothesized to positively predict TV-biased judgments of reality. News-to-fiction confusions (news remembered as fiction) were hypothesized to negatively predict such judgments. The results of an experiment in which subjects watched television programming containing both news and fiction indicated that these hypotheses were supported. Levels of confusion interacted with daily television viewing and with the level of certainty attached to the confusions. A manipulation of the visual similarity of the news and fiction content affected subjects'tendency to make source confusions.
THE ROLE OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY IN FORENSIC ASSESSMENTS: DECEPTION DETECTION, ERPS AND VIRTUAL REALITY MOCK CRIME SCENARIOS

Few data are available to address whether the use of ERP-based deception detection alternatives have sufficient validity for applied use. The present study was designed to replicate and extend J. P. Rosenfeld, M. Soskins, G. Bosh, and A. Ryan's (2004) study by utilizing a virtual reality crime scenario to determine whether ERP-based procedures, including brain fingerprinting, can be rendered less effective by participant manipulation by employing a virtual reality crime scenario and multiple countermeasures. Bayesian and bootstrapping analytic approaches were used to classify individuals as guilty or innocent. Guilty subjects were detected significantly less frequently compared to previous studies; countermeasures further reduced the overall hit rates. Innocent participants remained protected from being falsely accused. Reaction times did not prove suitable for accurate classification. Results suggested that guilty verdicts from ERP-based deception detection approaches are likely to be accurate, but that innocent (or indeterminate) verdicts yield no useful interpretation in an applied setting.
The Chp1-Tas3 core is a multifunctional platform critical for gene silencing by RITS

RNA interference (RNAi) is critical for the assembly of heterochromatin at Schizosaccharomyces pombe centromeres. Central to this process is the RNA-induced initiation of transcriptional gene silencing (RITS) complex, which physically anchors small noncoding RNAs to chromatin. RITS includes Ago1, the chromodomain protein Chp1, and Tas3, which forms a bridge between Chp1 and Ago1. Chp1 is a large protein with no recognizable domains, apart from its chromodomain. Here we describe how the structured C-terminal half of Chp1 binds the Tas3 N-terminal domain, revealing the tight association of Chp1 and Tas3. The structure also shows a PIN domain at the C-terminal tip of Chp1 that controls subtelomeric transcripts through a post-transcriptional mechanism. We suggest that the Chp1-Tas3 complex provides a solid and versatile platform to recruit both RNAi-dependent and RNAi-independent gene-silencing pathways for locus-specific regulation of heterochromatin.
The RAZOR (randomized open vs robotic cystectomy) trial: study design and trial update.

The purpose of the RAZOR (randomized open vs robotic cystectomy) study is to compare open radical cystectomy (ORC) vs robot-assisted RC (RARC), pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) and urinary diversion for oncological outcomes, complications and health-related quality of life (HRQL) measures with a primary endpoint of 2-year progression-free survival (PFS). RAZOR is a multi-institutional, randomized, non-inferior, phase III trial that will enrol at least 320 patients with T1–T4, N0–N1, M0 bladder cancer with ≈160 patients in both the RARC and ORC arms at 15 participating institutions. Data will be collected prospectively at each institution for cancer outcomes, complications of surgery and HRQL measures, and then submitted to trial data management services Cancer Research and Biostatistics (CRAB) for final analyses. To date, 306 patients have been randomized and accrual to the RAZOR trial is expected to conclude in 2014. In this study, we report the RAZOR trial experimental design, objectives, data safety, and monitoring, and accrual update. The RAZOR trial is a landmark study in urological oncology, randomizing T1–T4, N0–N1, M0 patients with bladder cancer to ORC vs RARC, PLND and urinary diversion. RAZOR is a multi-institutional, non-inferiority trial evaluating cancer outcomes, surgical complications and HRQL measures of ORC vs RARC with a primary endpoint of 2-year PFS. Full data from the RAZOR trial are not expected until 2016–2017.
Functional role of JNK in neuritogenesis of PC12-N1 cells.

Abstract JNKs, also known as SAPKs, are activated in response to a wide variety of factors including growth factors, cytokines, UV radiation, and heat shock. In the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, the JNK signaling pathway mediates diverse functions such as differentiation and apoptosis. We have previously shown that activated JNK is required for later stages of neuritogeneis induced by NGF in a variant PC12 cell line (N1). Here, the functional role of JNK in N1 cells is further investigated. We show that NGF treatment, which induces extensive neurite branching and cell soma enlargement in the N1 cells, stimulates a biphasic activation of JNK. The first phase of activation is rapid and transient, beginning at 15 min after NGF exposure and lasting approximately 45 min. The second phase of activation is sustained, beginning at 9–12 h of NGF treatment and lasting for at least 24 h. Similar biphasic pattern of JNK activation is also observed in the parental PC12 cells. Using the specific JNK inhibitor SP600125, we show that the biphasic activation is necessary for neurite outgrowth and branching, and that inhibition of either phase suppresses neuritogenesis in the N1 cells. These results suggest that dynamic JNK activation may play a key role in neurite outgrowth during neuronal development.
Plan understanding, narrative comprehension, and story schemas

This paper proposes that a comprehensive theory of stories must include components that deal with: (a) plan understanding, (b) narrative comprehension, and (c) the unique structural and affective aspects of the subclass of narratives that are stories.
Parcellations and Hemispheric Asymmetries of Human Cerebral Cortex Analyzed on Surface-Based Atlases

We report on surface-based analyses that enhance our understanding of human cortical organization, including its convolutions and its parcellation into many distinct areas. The surface area of human neocortex averages 973 cm2 per hemisphere, based on cortical midthickness surfaces of 2 cohorts of subjects. We implemented a method to register individual subjects to a hybrid version of the FreeSurfer “fsaverage” atlas whose left and right hemispheres are in precise geographic correspondence. Cortical folding patterns in the resultant population-average “fs_LR” midthickness surfaces are remarkably similar in the left and right hemispheres, even in regions showing significant asymmetry in 3D position. Both hemispheres are equal in average surface area, but hotspots of surface area asymmetry are present in the Sylvian Fissure and elsewhere, together with a broad pattern of asymmetries that are significant though small in magnitude. Multiple cortical parcellation schemes registered to the human atlas provide valuable reference data sets for comparisons with other studies. Identified cortical areas vary in size by more than 2 orders of magnitude. The total number of human neocortical areas is estimated to be ∼150 to 200 areas per hemisphere, which is modestly larger than a recent estimate for the macaque.
Google summer of code and google code-in BoF (abstract only)

Google Summer of Code is the outreach program aimed at getting university students involved in a 3-month online internship working in open source software development. Google Code-in is the contest aimed at involving 13-18 year olds in open source software development, documentation translation, outreach, research, and more. I will be discussing both programs at this BoF and encouraging students and teachers to get involved. We'll open the forum for discussion amongst the attendees about how to participate, how to get the word out, and answer any questions they may have.
Low power systems for wireless microsensors

Low power wireless sensor networks provide a new monitoring and control capability for civil and military applications in transportation, manufacturing, biomedical, environmental management, and safety and security systems. Wireless microsensor network nodes, operating at average and peak power levels constrained by compact power sources, offer a range of important challenges for low power methods. This paper reports advances in low power systems spanning network design, through power management, low power mixed signal circuits, and highly integrated RF network interfaces. Particular attention is focused on methods for low power RF receiver systems.
Broadening the Cultural History of the Cold War: The Emergence of the Polish Workers' Defense Committee and the Rise of Human Rights

The historiography of the Cold War has witnessed a revived interest in non-material factors such as culture and ideology. Although this incipient cultural history of the Cold War has focused mainly on the period from 1945 until the early 1960s, the signing of the Helsinki Final Act in 1975 turned ideas into potent factors of international politics when East European opposition groups began to expose how their governments violated the accord's human rights provisions. By putting the emergence of one such opposition group, the Polish Workers' Defense Committee, in an international context, this article extends Cold War cultural history into the 1970s and 1980s, tracing how human rights ideas affected international and domestic politics. The Communist states' willingness to put up with the human rights provisions in the Helsinki Final Act was not sufficient to “shame” them internationally. Instead, what happened is that Western leftists, after encountering East European dissidents, increasingly perceived hum...
The DNA methylation paradox

The methylation of CpG islands is often equated with transcriptional inactivity and there is overwhelming evidence that this is the case for islands located in gene promoters. Such methylation is probably part of a mechanism to permanently silence the activities of genes, including those on the inactive X chromosome. Not all CpG islands and methylation sites are located in known promoters; several tissue-specific and imprinted genes have CpG islands located at considerable distances downstream of transcription initiation sites, and many genes have multiple promoters. Methylation of CpG islands downstream of transcription initiation does not block elongation in mammalian cells. This has given rise to an interesting paradox in which methylation in the transcribed region is often correlated with expression, in contrast to the inverse correlation seen at the site of transcriptional initiation. The methylation paradox might be resolved if it is hypothesized that transcription through a CpG island facilitates de novo methylation.
Impact on Pin-Jointed Trusses

A method is presented for the analysis of pin-jointed trusses subjected to impact. Expressions are derived describing the behavior of the various types of joints which may exist; with the aid of th...
Sarcosporidiosis in Ducks

That ducks are subject to infestation by sarcosporidia has long been known. It seems to have been emphasised particularly because ducks afforded one of the first-known instances of the occurrence of these puzzling protozoa in birds. Very few new records have been published until now and no adequate illustrations of the gross features of the infestation have appeared. A general review of the subject and presentation of additional cases, with illustrations, therefore seems desirable.
Schizoid Classes: Of class, type, and method

Smalltalk pays a high price elsewhere for taking object orientation to the extreme, notably in complete loss of static typing and serious runtime efficiency penalties. Special, one-instance forms of classes are, for many pro- gramming problems, not as good a conceptual match as modules. But at least it provides a single, consistent, and syntactically explicit call mechanism.
Physiology of the Pancreas

Which of the following is released by the duodenum in response to the presence of acidic chyme?
Comparison of laboratory and field environmental conditioning on FRP-concrete bond durability

Abstract Assessment of bonded FRP durability by means of accelerated conditioning is sometimes thought to be too harsh compared to ambient environmental conditions; consequently, this may result in underestimate of the actual durability. To assess the efficacy of utilizing accelerated conditioning protocols (ACP) for FRP-concrete bond durability testing, results from laboratory and field conditions (Sunshine Skyway Bridge in Tampa, FL) were compared. Direct tension pull-off test patches were applied to the approach span girders and notched beam three-point bending test specimens were placed on the dolphins adjacent to the bridge. These results were compared to notched beam specimens exposed to ACP. Testing indicated that characteristics of the FRP-concrete bond failure modes changed in some of the field samples within 6 months of field exposure, which may be an indication of durability problems. Moreover, ACP under elevated temperatures (60 °C) of notched three-point bending test resulted in a 36% loss of strength compared to no strength degradation after 18 months of field conditioning.
Correspondence: Reply to: 'Correspondence: Variations in ocean heat uptake during the surface warming hiatus'.

Correspondence: Reply to: ‘Correspondence: Variations in ocean heat uptake during the surface warming hiatus’
Private Ordering Post-Trulia: Why No Pay Provisions Can Fix the Deal Tax and Forum Selection Provisions Can't

I examine the flight of cases from Delaware in the wake of the Court of Chancery’s decision in Trulia and ask whether there is a private ordering solution to the problem. After demonstrating why forum selection bylaws and exclusive forum provisions fail to solve the problem, I suggest instead a charter or bylaw term barring corporations from reimbursing stockholders for attorneys’ fees and expenses incurred in merger litigation. A binding “No Pay” provision addresses the collective action problem created by corporate defendants’ inconsistent preferences over time and, by precluding nuisance settlements, incentivizes plaintiffs’ attorneys to press only those claims where substantial relief is a realistic possibility.