cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Metabolic Energy Content of Organic Cereal Grains for Chickens and Turkeys

ABSTRACT Although there is an extensive database on the nutrient content of conventionally produced feedstuffs, there is very little published research on the nutrient content of feedstuffs that are organically grown. Industrial and organic crop production differ in both crop and soil management. There are data to suggest that these differences may result in differences in the nutrient content of organic grown feedstuffs. The purpose of this study was to determine the ME content of organically grown amaranth, buckwheat, white corn, yellow corn, and wheat samples obtained from the University of Minnesota's organic research farm. Both chickens and turkeys were used in the assays to compare the ME content for these 2 species. The TMEn content, on an as-fed basis, of amaranth, buckwheat, yellow corn, white corn, and wheat for chickens were found to be 3,146, 3,072, 3,603, 3,324, and 3,592 kcal/kg, respectively. The TMEn content of the same samples, on an as-fed basis, determined with turkeys were found to be 2,748, 2,227, 2,810, 2,757, and 2,959 kcal/kg, respectively. True ME content of the organically grown feed ingredients was found to be greater when chickens were used in the bioassay as compared with turkeys and differed significantly from published values for the same cereals grown using conventional means.
The Effect of Continuous Enteral Nutrition on Gastric Acidity in Humans D. ARMSTRONG, F. CASTIGLIONE, C. EMDE, ET AL Gastroenterology 102:1506-1515, 1992

Abstract: This study examines 24-hour gastric pH response under four nutritional conditions in 11 normal subjects. The conditions include: fasting, normal meals, and infusion of an equicaloric nutritional solution either parenterally or intraduodenally (i.d.). The volunteers underwent four 24-hour intragastric pH measurement studies. Serum glucose, calcium, immunoreactive insulin, and gastrin levels were determined at various intervals. Median 24-hour gastric pH values were significantly lower during i.d. infusion than during parenteral feeding but were not significantly different from fasting or normal diet values. Median 24-hour serum glucose levels during i.d. infusion were higher than during fasting and lower than during parenteral nutrition. Median 24-hour serum insulin levels during i.d. infusion were higher than during fasting but similar to levels during parenteral nutrition. Neither median 24-hour gastrin levels nor calcium levels were altered by the various regimens. The authors conclude that co...
Targeting important pathways in head and neck cancer: from the bench to the clinic

Radiation therapy as single or combined modality (concurrent chemoradiotherapy) has been the cornerstone of treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck for a long time. Fortunately, advances in tumor biology have provided new insights of tumor proliferation, metastases, migration and cell cycle regulation. The success seen with the use of cetuximab alone or in combination with conventional treatments has led the roadmap to discover other potential target mechanisms which may translate into better response rate with less local and systemic toxicity and improved overall survival. In this review, we discuss other cellular pathways that have shown to be involved in the carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and the actual efforts to target these mechanisms.
Implementation of an On-line Asynchronous Tools to Facilitate Problem- Based Learning in Water Resources Engineering

Student feedback from past semesters for the courses Water Resources Engineering and Urban Hydrology and Hydraulics has indicated that out-of-class guidance or coaching from the instructor in solving problems related to the course content was the most effective tool for learning the material from these courses. However, this proved to be an inefficient teaching tool. While similar guidance was commonly repeated to different groups of students, because the student groups progressed through problems at different rates and often all students could not schedule simultaneous time with the instructor. Furthermore, out-of-class coaching is also an inefficient learning tool because the instructor often is not available at the times when the students are working on the problems.
Electronic structure of MgO/Fe(001) interface

In recent years great technological advance took place in preparation of single crystalline magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with MgO(001) barriers. The theoretically predicted tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) at room temperature of several hundred percent in Fe/MgO/Fe(001) was met by the experimental values of 180 -220%. The surface X-ray diffraction measurements on MgO/Fe(001) indicate the existence of the interface partial FeO layer which could strongly influence the performance of MTI. The spin polarized photoemission spectra in the photon energy range hv = 30 to 130 eV of up to 5 monolayers of MgO deposited on Fe(001) by electron beam evaporation. Experiments were performed at the beamline U5UE of the NSLS equipped with the retarding Mott polarimeter. Spectra are compared to ab initio electronic structure calculations of Fe(001) surface and MgO/Fe(001) interface. These results on electronic structure of the MgO/Fe(001) interface are related to the performance of the MTJs.
Toward Valid Measures of Public Sector Productivity: Performance Measures in Urban Transit

In recent years, performance measurement has become the focus of attention in a variety of public sector fields. Unfortunately, too little has been done to develop valid operational definitions of performance, or to identify the weaknesses and biases inherent m certain types of performance measures. Thus, the potential exists for the inappropriate use of certain indicators in performance evaluations and decisions. One field in which there has been increasing effort to deal with performance problems is that of transit. Regardless, the nebulous nature of "performance" has been all too apparent in this industry. The terms "productivity," "efficiency," and "effectiveness" have been used synonymously in some instances, while in other cases "efficiency" and "effectiveness" have been considered to be different aspects of overall "productivity." This confusion is of major significance, because the use of performance measures in operations assessment, decision making, and resource allocation is increasing. Furthermore, since it increasingly is being urged that subsidy payments be linked to the performance of a transit system, and since subsidies now constitute over half of transit revenues, the performance measurement problem is particularly important. This paper examines weaknesses and biases inherent in commonly used measures of urban mass transit performance. It is shown that measures of efficiency, such as cost per passenger, are being incorrectly used as measures of effectiveness and that various traditional measures of efficiency, such as those which incorporate mileage, can be misleading when applied in decision making. Suggestions are made for developing valid performance indicators and for developing safeguards that will avoid present shortcomings.
Intraoperative methods to stage and localize pancreatic and duodenal tumors

Intraoperative methods to stage and localize tumors have dramatically improved. Advances include less invasive methods to obtain comparable results and precise localization of previously occult tumors. The use of new technology including laparoscopy and ultrasound has provided some of these advances, while improved operative techniques have provided others. Laparoscopy with ultrasound has allowed for improved staging of patients with pancreatic cancer and exclusion of patients who are not resectable for cure. We performed laparoscopy with ultrasound on 50 consecutive patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas or liver who appeared to have resectable tumors based on preoperative computed tomography. 22 patients (44%) were found to be unresectable because of tumor nodules on the liver and/or peritoneal surfaces or unsuspected distant nodal or liver metastases. The site of disease making the patient unresectable was confirmed by biopsy in each case. Of the 28 remaining patients in whom laparoscopic ultrasound predicted to be resectable for cure, 26 (93%) had all tumor removed. Thus laparoscopy with ultrasound was the best method to select patients for curative surgery. Intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS) has been a critical method to identify insulinomas that are not palpable. Nonpalpable tumors are most commonly in the pancreatic head. Because the pancreatic head is thick and insulinomas are small, of 9 pancreatic head insulinomas only 3 (33%) were palpable. However, IOUS precisely identified each (100%). Others have recommended blind distal pancreatectomy for individuals with insulinoma in whom no tumor can be identified. However, our data suggest that this procedure is contraindicated as these occult tumors are usually within the pancreatic head. Recent series suggest that previously missed gastrinomas are commonly in the duodenum. IOUS is not able to identify these tumors, but other methods can. Of 27 patients with 31 duodenal gastrinomas, palpation identified 19 (61%). IOUS did not image a single tumor that was not palpable. Endoscopy with duodenal transillumination found an additional 7 tumors (84%), and duodenotomy identified an additional 5 (100%). Thus duodenotomy (opening the duodenum) is indicated in all patients with gastrinoma as duodenal tumors are missed by other means including ultrasound, palpation and transillumination. In conclusion, laparoscopy with ultrasound is useful for selecting patients with pancreatic cancer for curative surgery. Ultrasound is critical for operative identification of insulinomas especially in the pancreatic head, and duodenotomy can identify duodenal wall gastrinomas that are missed by other methods.
Modeling & characterizing stochastic actuator arrays

This paper presents a method of modeling and subsequently characterizing stochastically controlled actuator arrays. The actuator arrays are built from cells, each containing six piezoelectric actuators and an amplification structure; however the results can be generalized to actuator arrays using solenoids, pneumatic cylinders, or any other fast acting linear actuators. The cells are controlled using an all-on all-off Bi-stable stochastic process wherein all cells are given a common input probability (control) value which they use to determine whether to actuate or relax. Laying out the cells in different networks gives different actuator array properties, which must be found before the actuator arrays can be applied to manipulators. A method is provided to calculate actuator array properties such as: travel, required actuator strength/displacement, force range, force variance, and robustness for any actuator array configuration. Finally the properties of several illustrative examples are shown and a discussion covers the importance of the properties, trends between actuator array layouts and their properties, and the course of future work in the area.
Anesthetic management in upper extremity transplantation: the Pittsburgh experience.

BACKGROUND Hand/forearm/arm transplants are vascularized composite allografts, which, unlike solid organs, are composed of multiple tissues including skin, muscle, tendons, vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, bone, and bone marrow. Over the past decade, 26 upper extremity transplantations were performed in the United States. The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center has the largest single center experience with 8 hand/forearm transplantations performed in 5 recipients between January 2008 and September 2010. Anesthetic management in the emerging field of upper extremity transplants must address protocol and procedure-specific considerations related to the role of regional blocks, effects of immunosuppressive drugs during transplant surgery, fluid and hemodynamic management in the microsurgical setting, and rigorous intraoperative monitoring during these often protracted procedures. METHODS For the first time, we outline salient aspects of upper extremity transplant anesthesia based on our experience with 5 patients. We highlight the importance of minimizing intraoperative vasopressors and improving fluid management and blood product use. RESULTS Our approach reduced the incidence of perioperative bleeding requiring re-exploration or hemostasis and shortened in-hospital and intensive care unit stay. Functional, immunologic and graft survival outcomes have been highly encouraging in all patients. CONCLUSIONS Further experience is required for validation or standardization of specific anesthetic protocols. Meanwhile, our recommendations are intended as pertinent guidelines for centers performing these novel procedures.
A new subset selection method for normal populations

A new subset selection procedure for k normal populations with a common known variance is proposed. Tables are given for the procedure. The procedure is compared to the method of Gupta (1965) with respect to expected subset size and probability of correct selection.
Prognosis of invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm depends on histological and precursor epithelial subtypes

Objective Invasive cancers arising from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) are recognised as a morphologically and biologically heterogeneous group of neoplasms. Less is known about the epithelial subtypes of the precursor IPMN from which these lesions arise. The authors investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and the impact on survival of both the invasive component and its background IPMN. Design and patients The study cohort comprised 61 patients with invasive IPMN (study group) and 570 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC, control group) resected at a single institution. Multivariate analyses were performed using a stage-matched Cox proportional hazard model. Results The histology of invasive components of the IPMN cohort was tubular in 38 (62%), colloid in 16 (26%), and oncocytic in seven (12%). Compared with PDAC, invasive IPMNs were associated with a lower incidence of adverse pathological features and improved mortality by multivariate analysis (HR 0.58; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.86). In subtype analysis, this favourable outcome remained only for colloid and oncocytic carcinomas, while tubular adenocarcinoma was associated with worse overall survival, not significantly different from that of PDAC (HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.36). Colloid and oncocytic carcinomas arose only from intestinal- and oncocytic-type IPMNs, respectively, and were mostly of the main-duct type, whereas tubular adenocarcinomas primarily originated in the gastric background, which was often associated with branch-duct IPMN. Overall survival of patients with invasive adenocarcinomas arising from gastric-type IPMN was significantly worse than that of patients with non-gastric-type IPMN (p=0.016). Conclusions Tubular, colloid and oncocytic invasive IPMNs have varying prognosis, and arise from different epithelial subtypes. Colloid and oncocytic types have markedly improved biology, whereas the tubular type has a course that resembles PDAC. Analysis of these subtypes indicates that the background epithelium plays an equally, if not more, important role in defining the biology and prognosis of invasive IPMNs.
Countering Intelligent Jamming with Full Protocol Stack Agility

Intelligent jamming (IJ) attacks go beyond applying brute-force power at the physical link, exploiting vulnerabilities specific to protocols or configurations. IJ attackers who can gain a foothold into a network by understanding and exploiting vulnerabilities can operate with a much lower chance of detection and a greater impact on the network. For example, one IJ technique exploits media access control (MAC) layer packet structure to selectively jam packets originating from or destined to a specific user. This project aims to create a moving target in the network protocol stack to mitigate IJ attacks. It introduces protocol agility at all layers of the stack to make such protocol-driven attacks infeasible.
Continuous negative extrathoracic pressure combined with high-frequency oscillation improves oxygenation with less impact on blood pressure than high-frequency oscillation alone in a rabbit model of surfactant depletion

Background Negative air pressure ventilation has been used to maintain adequate functional residual capacity in patients with chronic muscular disease and to decrease transpulmonary pressure and improve cardiac output during right heart surgery. High-frequency oscillation (HFO) exerts beneficial effects on gas exchange in neonates with acute respiratory failure. We examined whether continuous negative extrathoracic pressure (CNEP) combined with HFO would be effective for treating acute respiratory failure in an animal model.
Spectral decomposition of seismic data with continuous-wavelet transform

This paper presents a new methodology for computing a time-frequency map for nonstationary signals using the continuous-wavelet transform (CWT). The conventional method of producing a time-frequency map using the short time Fourier transform (STFT) limits time-frequency resolution by a predefined window length. In contrast, the CWT method does not require preselecting a window length and does not have a fixed time-frequency resolution over the timefrequency space. CWT uses dilation and translation of a wavelet to produce a time-scale map. A single scale encompasses a frequency band and is inversely proportional to the time support of the dilated wavelet. Previous workers have converted a time-scale map into a time-frequency map by taking the center frequencies of each scale. We transform the time-scale map by taking the Fourier transform of the inverse CWT to produce a time-frequency map. Thus, a time-scale map is converted into a time-frequency map in which the amplitudes of individual frequencies rather than frequency bands are represented. We refer to such a map as the time-frequency CWT (TFCWT). We validate our approach with a nonstationary synthetic example and compare the results with the STFT and a typical CWT spectrum. Two field examples illustrate that the TFCWT potentially can be used to detect frequency shadows caused by hydrocarbons and to identify subtle stratigraphic features for reservoir characterization.
Maxwell equation for coupled spin-charge wave propagation.

We show that the dissipationless spin current in the ground state of the Rashba model gives rise to a reactive coupling between the spin and charge propagation, which is formally identical to the coupling between the electric and the magnetic fields in the 2 + 1 dimensional Maxwell equation. This analogy leads to a remarkable prediction that a density packet can spontaneously split into two counter propagation packets, each carrying the opposite spins. In a certain parameter regime, the coupled spin and charge wave propagates like a transverse 'photon'. We propose both optical and purely electronic experiments to detect this effect.
A comparison study between fuzzy time series model and ARIMA model for forecasting Taiwan export

This study compares the application of two forecasting methods on the amount of Taiwan export, the ARIMA time series method and the fuzzy time series method. Models discussed for the fuzzy time series method include the Factor models, the Heuristic models, and the Markov model. When the sample period is prolong in our models, the ARIMA model shows smaller than predicted error and closer predicted trajectory to the realistic trend than those of the fuzzy model, resulted in more accurate forecasts of the export amount in the ARIMA model. Especially, the coefficient of the error term for the previous period has increased to 79%, implying the influential effect of external factors. These external factors attribute to the export amount of Taiwan according to the economic viewpoints. However, this impact reduces as time progressing and the export amount of the lag period of 12 or 13 do not affect current export amount anymore. In conclusion, when the sample period is shorter with only a small set of data available, the fuzzy time series models can be utilized to predict export values accurately, outperforming the ARIMA model.
Does Music Training Enhance Literacy Skills? A Meta-Analysis.

Children’s engagement in music practice is associated with enhancements in literacy-related language skills, as demonstrated by multiple reports of correlation across these two domains. Training studies have tested whether engaging in music training directly transfers benefit to children’s literacy skill development. Results of such studies, however, are mixed. Interpretation of these mixed results is made more complex by the fact that a wide range of literacy-related outcome measures are used across these studies. Here, we address these challenges via a meta-analytic approach. A comprehensive literature review of peer-reviewed music training studies was focused on rigorous criteria needed to test the direct transfer hypothesis, including: a) inclusion of music training versus control groups; b) inclusion of pre vs. post comparison measures, and c) indication that reading instruction was held constant across groups. Twelve studies were identified (n= 901). Two classes of outcome measures emerged with sufficient overlap to support meta-analysis: phonological awareness and reading fluency. Hours of training, age, and type of control intervention were examined as potential moderators. Results supported the hypothesis that music training leads to gains in phonological awareness skills. The effect isolated by contrasting gains in music training versus gains in control was small relative to the large variance in these skills (d=0.2). Interestingly, analyses revealed that transfer effects for rhyming skills tended to grow stronger with increased hours of training. In contrast, no significant aggregate transfer effect emerged for reading fluency measures, despite some studies reporting large training effects. The potential influence of other study design factors were considered, including intervention design, IQ, and SES. Results are discussed in the context of emerging findings that music training may enhance literacy development via changes in brain mechanisms that support both music and language cognition.
KRONROD-REEB GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS ON NONCOMPACT TWO-DIMENSIONAL SURFACES. I

We consider continuous functions on two-dimensional surfaces satisfying the following conditions: they have a discrete set of local extrema and if a point is not a local extremum, then there exist its neighborhood and a number n ∈ ℕ such that the function restricted to this neighborhood is topologically conjugate to Re z n in a certain neighborhood of zero. Given f : M 2 → ℝ, let Γ K−R (f) be a quotient space of M 2 with respect to its partition formed by the components of level sets of the function f. It is known that the space Γ K−R (f) is a topological graph if M 2 is compact. In the first part of the paper, we introduced the notion of graph with stalks that generalizes the notion of topological graph. For noncompact M 2 , we present three conditions sufficient for Γ K−R (f) to be a graph with stalks. In the second part, we prove that these conditions are also necessary in the case M 2 = ℝ2 . In the general case, one of our conditions is not necessary. We provide an appropriate example.
Instability After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Instability is one of the most common causes of failure after total knee arthroplasty. Although there are several contributing causes, surgical error and poor implant design selection contribute. For this reason, an accurate diagnosis is fundamental and is largely based on a thorough history and physical examination. In general, tibiofemoral instability can be classified into 3 different patterns: flexion instability, genu recurvatum, and extension instability. In this article, these 3 patterns are reviewed in greater depth.
Innovation of Switched-Capacitor Voltage Multiplier: Part 1: A Brief History

The switched-capacitor (SC) voltage multiplier is becoming one of the most critical IC blocks for energy harvesting in wireless sensor nodes to generate a voltage high enough for microwatt sensing and computing ICs in a nanometer complementary metal?oxide?semiconductor (CMOS) from environmental energy sources such as mechanical vibration, electromagnetic wave, and temperature gradient. However, its origin was a 10 m-scale particle accelerator generating 1 MV back to 1920s. There have been several innovative design techniques to realize integrated SC voltage multipliers since the original one. This article overviews such innovations for the last century and describes how 10 m-scale SC voltage multipliers have been integrated in microwatt ICs and what technical considerations are critical for area- and power-efficient design. It also summarizes how device parameters determine circuit performance such as output voltage current and power efficiency. There have been also several design innovations in switching circuits to enable to work at extremely low voltages. This article shows state of the art for switching circuits for both dc-dc and ac-dc voltage multipliers and their applications as well.
Section 1201: A Failed Statute

Adopted in 1998 as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Section 1201 prohibits circumventing technological "locks" on copyrighted works and providing others with means to do so. So far four federal courts of appeals have addressed it. The first case involved the section's central purpose: protecting technologically "locked" works from digital piracy. That case was simple enough to resolve decisively at the trial-court level; only constitutional challenges were appealed. The other three appellate decisions addressed the statute's unintended consequences, namely, its application to producers' attempts to control aftermarkets for printer toner cartridges, garage-door-opener transmitters, and interactive on-line services for PC-based video games. Three-quarters of the appellate decisions have thus addressed the statute's unintended consequences. Moreover, the decisions have produced widely differing theories of what Section 1201 means and how it operates. Apart from its legendary opacity, Section 1201 has three main flaws: overreaching by copyright owners, technology dependence, and consequent failure to coordinate sensibly with copyright. Subsection (a) addresses technological access controls. It is mindlessly absolute and intended to be so, but nothing in the two WIPO treaties that were an ostensible impetus for adopting Section 1201 requires it to be so. Subsection (b), which addresses technological use controls, has explicit language that permits sensible coordination with copyright, including fair use. Applying the two subsections requires some understanding of computer technologies, and the resulting focus on technological detail has distracted courts' attention from important business, social, and economic consequences. Only one lone district court appears to have parsed the two subsections correctly; all other courts interpreting Section 1201 have virtually ignored subsection (b), its distinction from subsection (a), and its textual basis for coordination with copyright. Courts might help restore balance by construing subsection (a) narrowly and subsection (b) broadly, or by using the developing federal common law of secondary liability for copyright infringement to make an "end run" around Section 1201 entirely. Repeal, however, might be a quicker and cleaner solution, for the law of copyright and secondary liability is fully capable of handling the legitimate issues that Section 1201 purports to address with far less cognitive dissonance vis-a-vis copyright.
The natural history of twin–twin transfusion syndrome stratified by Quintero stage*

AbstractObjective: To describe the natural history of expectantly managed twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) specific to disease stage.Methods: This was a retrospective study of monochorionic diamniotic pregnancies diagnosed with TTTS and delivered between 1997 and 2013. Staging was based on Quintero’s criteria, with sonogram images reviewed to confirm findings specific to stage. Progression and outcomes were evaluated in pregnancies that did not receive any form of therapy.Results: Thirty-eight pregnancies were diagnosed with TTTS and delivered at our institution, representing 1.6 per 10 000 births. Twenty were expectantly managed, of which 50% were stage I at presentation. Progression occurred in 45% of pregnancies, including 50% initially diagnosed with stage I TTTS. Seventy percent of pregnancies experienced survival of at least one twin, with no stillbirths or neonatal deaths if TTTS resolved. Pregnancies in which TTTS was either stable or improved had higher overall survival, compared with pregna...
Birefringence correction for single-mode fiber couplers

Stabilized single-mode fiber couplers will find increasing application in interferometric sensors and in data bus distribution systems. These couplers have been fabricated by a variety of methods, ineluding etching and subsequent encapsulation,1 polishing,2 and fusion.3 Although little data have been published, it has become evident that these types of coupler typically do not preserve optical polarization through the coupler. Instead linearly polarized inputs are often transformed to highly elliptical states upon exiting the coupler. Since these couplers are often used in series and the coupling fraction typically varies with the Input polarization state, these effects lead to reduced sensitivity and polarization noise In Interferometers and to nonoptimum coupling fractions in fiber data buses.
The Functions of the Microspores of Gelasinospora Calospora Var. Autosteira

(1958). The Functions of the Microspores of Gelasinospora Calospora Var. Autosteira. Mycologia: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 111-116.
Computer Modeling and Numerical Techniques for Quantifying Microwave Interactions with Materials

Computer modeling and numerical techniques provide an attractive, accurate, fast, and cost-effective means for calculating power deposition patterns and temperature distributions in materials during and after their processing using microwaves. Besides giving information on heating rates and patterns, numerical modeling and computational techniques may provide valuable information that may result in better control and optimization of the heating process. The optimum material/insulation combination for improved uniformity and efficiency of microwave sintering of ceramics and the development of procedures that may prevent problems such as temperature runaways are typical examples of attainable benefits from numerical modeling and computational techniques. In this paper, several available numerical techniques suitable for modeling 3D objects of complex geometries are described. Procedures for accurately modeling dielectric interfaces are described. Taking into account complex-incident field configurations will also be discussed. Examples illustrating the advantages, limitations, and the complementary nature of three numerical techniques based on the method of moments, finite-difference time-domain, and the spherical-wave expansion techniques are presented. It is hoped that the developed procedures and solution techniques will be beneficial to those of us involved in the complex process of microwave heating of materials and sintering of ceramics.
Vascular targeted radioimmunotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is characterized by an aggressive and aberrant vascular network that promotes tumor progression and hinders effective treatment; the median survival is 16 mo despite standard-of-care therapies. There is a need to improve therapeutic options for this disease. We hypothesized that antibody targeting of the vascular endothelium of glioblastoma with cytotoxic short-range, high-energy α-particles would be an effective therapeutic approach. Methods: E4G10, an antibody directed at an epitope of monomeric vascular endothelium cadherin that is expressed in tumor neovasculature and on endothelial progenitor cells in the bone marrow, was labeled with α-particle-emitting 225Ac. Pharmacokinetic studies investigated the tissue distribution and blood clearance of the 225Ac-E4G10 radioimmunoconstruct in a transgenic Nestin-tumor virus A (Ntva) mouse model of high-grade glioblastoma. Histologic analysis was used to demonstrate local therapeutic effects in treated brain tumor sections. Radioimmunotherapy with 225Ac-E4G10 was performed in Ntva mice to assess overall survival alone and in combination with temozolomide, the standard-of-care chemotherapeutic agent. Results:225Ac-E4G10 was found to accumulate in tissues expressing the target antigen. Antivascular α-particle therapy of glioblastoma in the transgenic Ntva model resulted in significantly improved survival compared with controls and potent control of tumor growth. Adding the chemotherapeutic temozolomide to the treatment increased survival to 30 d (vs. 9 d for vehicle-treated animals). Histologic analyses showed a remodeled glioblastoma vascular microenvironment. Conclusion: Targeted α-particle antivascular therapy is shown for the first time to be effective in increasing overall survival in a solid tumor in a clinically relevant transgenic glioblastoma mouse model.
Direct reaction analysis of the11B(p, α0)8Be reaction

Seventy angular distributions of the11B(p, α0)8Be reaction over a 12 MeV range were analyzed using a plane-wave direct reaction theory incorporating pick-up and exchange pick-up (or heavy-particle stripping) coherently mixed (PWBAE theory). The results of this analysis indicate that the reaction may proceed predominantly by a direct reaction mechanism.
CHAPTER 29 – Estrogens: Different Types and Properties

Estrogens can be categorized according to their chemical structure into two groups: steroidal and nonsteroidal. Each group can be subdivided further into natural and synthetic compounds. There are three principal natural steroidal estrogens, namely estrone, estradiol, and estriol. These estrogens are often referred to as "classic" estrogens because they were the first estrogens to be isolated. Estradiol, which has two hydroxyl groups, is the most biologically active estrogen produced in the body. Oxidation of the hydroxyl group at carbon 17 of estradiol gives rise to estrone. Addition of a hydroxyl group at carbon 16 of estradiol yields estriol. Transformation of the hydroxyl group of estradiol at carbon 17 from β orientation to α orientation gives rise to 17α-estradiol, which generally is considered to have no estrogenic activity. Endogenous concentrations of this estrogen have not been detected. However, some data suggest that 17α-estradiol may relieve postmenopausal symptoms.
Tunable, Fourth-Order Silicon Microring-Resonator Add-Drop Filters

We demonstrate the first tunable, high-order channel add-drop filters based on silicon microring resonators. They meet rigorous, telecom-grade spectral requirements for microphotonic R-OADMs (reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers). The design addresses 100GHz-spaced, 40GHz-wide channels over 16-32nm.
A facile template-free electrodeposition method for vertically standing nanorods on conductive substrates and their applications for photoelectrochemical catalysis

Abstract A facile template-free electrodeposition technique is developed for large-scale fabrication of vertically standing silver nanorods (NRs) on transparent and conductive substrates. The diameter, length, and surface coverage of Ag NRs are dependent on the electrodeposition time and choice of substrates. The growth mechanism of vertically standing Ag NRs is investigated by tracking their morphology evolution as a function of deposition time. Because of their large specific surface area, oriented alignment, broad range light scattering, and light absorption tunability, these vertically standing NRs can be used as ideal substrates for thin layer photocatalysts for enhancing light absorption and charge collection. Preliminary tests on photoelectrochemical performance of bare Ag NRs, CdS modified Ag NRs, and Ag NRs converted to Ag2S NRs are presented. This simple NR fabrication method has been successfully applied to prepare Fe NRs as well. This technique can be extended to other conductive substrates and other materials for obtaining vertically standing NR structures.
Energy Consumption Cost Analysis of Mobile Data Encryption and Decryption

Some enterprises, especially healthcare, require high level of security to protect both user and corporate privacy when consuming services on the mobile device. Thus, encryption-decryption methodologies have been employed over the years to secure the data in distributed mobile architectures. The concern that has been gravely ignored is the energy consumption cost of data encryption-decryption on battery-powered devices such as smartphones and tablets. In this work, we studied the energy consumption patterns of multiple encryption-decryption methodologies (including RSA, DES, and AES) in securing the electronic health records and argue that some methodologies do consume power more than others.
Vengeance, Condomless Sex and HIV Disclosure Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Living with HIV

Vengeance has been shown to be a risk factor for HIV nondisclosure. Research examining the associations between vengeance, condomless sex, and HIV nondisclosure is lacking. The aim of the current study was to explore the association between vengeance, condomless sex and disclosure (behavior, attitude and intention) among men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. Participants included 266 MSM who were a part of a disclosure intervention study. Men were recruited from local and state AIDS service organizations (ASOs), HIV-related venues and forums, and at local eating and drinking establishments in Tampa, Florida, and Columbus and Dayton, Ohio metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). Advertisements were also placed in local daily newspapers. Vengeance was operationalized into three groups based on percentiles (least, more, and most vengeful) and as a continuous variable. Crude and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between vengeance and condomless sex in the past 30 days. Simple and multiple linear regression models were used to determine the association between vengeance and HIV disclosure. After adjusting for demographic and geographic characteristics, participants who were “most vengeful” had, on average, an approximate six-point decrease (β: −5.46; 95% CI −9.55, −1.36) in disclosure intention compared to MSM who were “least vengeful.” Prevention and intervention programs geared towards improving disclosure among MSM should address vengeance.
Trends in Anthropometric Measures Among US Children 6 to 23 Months, 1976-2014.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The surveillance of children’s growth reflects a population’s nutritional status and risk for adverse outcomes. This study aimed to describe trends in length-for-age, weight-for-age, weight-for-length, and early childhood weight gain among US children aged 6 to 23 months. METHODS: We analyzed NHANES data from 1976–1980, 1988–1994, 1999–2002, 2003–2006, 2007–2010, and 2011–2014. We estimated z scores RESULTS: In 2011–2014, the prevalence of low and high length-for-age was 3.3% (SE, 0.8) and 3.7% (SE, 0.8); weight-for-age was 0.6% (SE, 0.3) and 7.0% (SE, 1.1); and weight-for-length was 1.0% (SE, 0.4) and 7.7% (SE, 1.2). The only significant trend was a decrease in high length-for-age (5.5% in 1976–1980 vs 3.7% in 2011–2014; P = .04). Relative weight gain between birth and survey participation did not differ over time, although trends differed by race/Hispanic origin. Non-Hispanic black children gained more weight between birth and survey participation in 2011–2014 versus 1988–1994, versus no change among other groups. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1976–1980 and 2011–2014, there were no significant trends in low or high weight-for-age and weight-for-length among 6- to 23-month-old children whereas the percent with high length-for-age decreased. A significant trend in relative weight gain between birth and survey participation was observed among non-Hispanic black children.
A reliable strategy to calculate minimum miscibility pressure of CO2-oil system in miscible gas flooding processes

Abstract Minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is one of the key parameters that affects the microscopic and macroscopic effectiveness (displacement performance) of gas injection for enhanced oil recovery. Numerous research efforts have been made to measure and predict the MMP, including experimental, analytical, numerical, and empirical methodologies. Despite these efforts, a comprehensive, user-friendly, and accurate model does not exist yet. In this study, we introduce “Gene Expression Programming (GEP)” as a novel connectionist tool to determine the MMP parameter. This new model is developed and tested using a large databank available in the literature for the MMP measurements. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated and compared with the outcomes from the commercial simulators. The performance of the proposed model is also examined through a systematic parametric sensitivity analysis where various input variables such as temperature and volatile-to-intermediate ratio are considered. The new GEP model outperforms all the published correlations in term of accuracy and reliability.
Session 13 — Security circuits and systems

This session presents innovative and energy-efficient security circuits and systems to protect small IoTs as well as high-performance systems.
Student's tutorial on bloom hypotheses in the context of phytoplankton annual cycles

Phytoplankton blooms are elements in repeating annual cycles of phytoplankton biomass and they have significant ecological and biogeochemical consequences. Temporal changes in phytoplankton biomass are governed by complex predator-prey interactions and physically driven variations in upper water column growth conditions (light, nutrient, and temperature). Understanding these dependencies is fundamental to assess future change in bloom frequency, duration, and magnitude and thus represents a quintessential challenge in global change biology. A variety of contrasting hypotheses have emerged in the literature to explain phytoplankton blooms, but over time the basic tenets of these hypotheses have become unclear. Here, we provide a "tutorial" on the development of these concepts and the fundamental elements distinguishing each hypothesis. The intent of this tutorial is to provide a useful background and set of tools for reading the bloom literature and to give some suggestions for future studies. Our tutorial is written for "students" at all stages of their career. We hope it is equally useful and interesting to those with only a cursory interest in blooms as those deeply immersed in the challenge of understanding the temporal dynamics of phytoplankton biomass and predicting its future change.
Next-Generation NASA Earth-Orbiting Relay Satellites: Fusing Microwave and Optical Communications

NASA is currently considering architectures and concepts for the generation of relay satellites that will replace the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) constellation, which has been flying since 1983. TDRS-M, the last of the second TDRS generation, launched in August 2017, extending the life of the TDRS constellation beyond 2030. However, opportunities exist to re-engineer the concepts of geosynchronous Earth relay satellites. The needs of the relay satellite customers have changed dramatically over the last 34 years since the first TDRS launch. There is a demand for greater bandwidth as the availability of the traditional RF spectrum for space communications diminishes and the demand for ground station access grows. The next generation of NASA relay satellites will provide for operations that have factored in these new constraints. In this paper, we describe a heterogeneous constellation of geosynchronous relay satellites employing optical and RF communications. The new constellation will enable new optical communications services formed by user-to-space relay, space relay-to-space relay and space relay-to-ground links. It will build upon the experience from the Lunar Laser Communications Demonstration from 2013 and the Laser Communications Relay Demonstration to be launched in 2019.Simultaneous to establishment of the optical communications space segment, spacecraft in the TDRS constellation will be replaced with RF relay satellites with targeted subsets of the TDRS capabilities. This disaggregation of the TDRS service model will allow for flexibility in replenishing the needs of legacy users as well as addition of new capabilities for future users. It will also permit the U.S. government access to launch capabilities such as rideshare and to hosted payloads that were not previously available. In this paper, we also explore how the next generation of Earth relay satellites provides a significant boost in the opportunities for commercial providers to the communications space segment. For optical communications, the backbone of this effort is adoption of commercial technologies from the terrestrial high-bandwidth telecommunications industry into optical payloads. For RF communications, the explosion of software-defined radio, high-speed digital signal processing technologies and networking from areas such as 5G multicarrier will be important. Future commercial providers will not be limited to a small set of large aerospace companies. Ultimately, entirely government-owned and -operated satellite communications will phase out and make way for commercial business models that satisfy NASAs satellite communications requirements. The competition being provided by new entrants in the space communications business may result in a future in which all NASA communications needs can be satisfied commercially.
Caring for Hereditary Childhood Retinal Blindness

Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are a major cause of incurable familial blindness in the Western world. In the pediatric population, IRDs are a major contributor to the 19 million children worldwide with visual impairment. Unfortunately, the road to the correct diagnosis is often complicated in the pediatric population, as typical diagnostic tools such as fundus examination, electrodiagnostic studies, and other imaging modalities may be difficult to perform in the pediatric patient. In this review, we describe the most significant IRDs with onset during the pediatric years (ie, before the age of 18). We describe the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and potential treatment of these diseases. In addition, we advocate the use of a pedigree (family medical history), electroretinography, and genetic testing as the 3 most crucial tools for the correct diagnosis of IRDs in the pediatric population.