cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An IMPLEMENTATION OF ALDERFER MOTIVATION (ERG) USING THE TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP MODEL, TO IMPROVE THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MSME WORKERS

Perusahaan selalu berupaya untuk mengikat karyawan atau pekerjanya dengan berbagai usaha. Satu usaha yang dilakukan adalah menerapkan teori motivasi menggunakan model kepemimpinan oleh pimpinan unit kerja. Telah banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk menerapkan teori motivasi dengan berbagai model kepemimpinan. Penelitian kali ini ingin melihat signifikansi penerapan teori motivasi ERG oleh Alderfer menggunakan model kepemimpinan transaksional dan transformasional terhadap produktifitas karyawan atau pekerja pada UMKM bisnis perawatan kecantikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penerapan teori motivasi ERG oleh Alderfer menggunakan model kepemimpinan transaksional dan transformasional secara bersamaan berpengaruh sangat kecil terhadap produktifitas karyawan atau pekerja. Kesimpulan sementara, ketidak signifikan pengaruh disebabkan oleh karakteristik responden, yaitu karyawan atau pekerja pada UMKM bisnis perawatan kecantikan. Seluruh responden adalah perempuan, sebagian besar (82,5%) berusia antara 20 sampai dengan 40 tahun. Penghasilan mereka (70%) sebesar Rp. 3.000.000,- sampai dengan Rp. 4.400.000,- , dalam sebesarkondisi ini Upah Minimum Kota 2019 kota Bekasi adalah Rp. 4.200.000,- (https://metro.sindonews.com/read/1356804/171/umk-2019-kota-bekasi-rp42-juta-kabupaten-bekasi-rp41-juta-1542891599 diunduh 1 Nopember 2019) keyword: motivasi ERG Alderfer, kepemimpinan, trasaksinal, transformasional, UMKM
Flaming Phlox and the Ubiquitous Powdery Mildew Disease

Phlox is a diverse genus of ornamental plants that is native to the North American continent. These popular plants, which are known for flowers with “the color of glowing flame”, are particularly a...
Electromechanical response of piezoelectric thin films subjected to large strain

The use of piezoelectric thin sensors, when subjected to large static strain levels in ultrasonic applications is reported in this paper. A novel flipped beam bending method is proposed to induce static strain level nearing twice the incipient yield strain in the beam material (~0.39%). First, the effect of static large strain on ultrasonic guided wave propagation in the beam was studied using the velocity measurements obtained from a laser Doppler vibrometer. Next, the ultrasonic response of thin sensors is studied under compressive and tensile static strain (±0.72%) with the sensors symmetrically bonded on the lower and upper surfaces, and at the same axial location. The ultrasonic guided wave response to varying levels of static strain is recorded at different center frequencies (50–400 kHz) of the narrow banded ultrasonic excitation. As a case study, the variation of the ultrasonic guided wave response of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) thin sensors with center frequencies at different static strain levels was analyzed and compared with that of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin sensors. PZT sensors show a higher variation of sensing performance with strain when compared to PVDF sensors. Apart from static strain, the possible effects on the change in performance of sensors, such as the change in the capacitance is discussed. The characterization method provides a reusable beam arrangement to study the ultrasonic sensor performance at large static strain levels. Characterization at large strain level allows the development of fail-safe sensors even under large strain and permanent plastic deformation of structure on which they are bonded, allowing accurate ultrasonic structural health monitoring even in the presence of damage progression. Piezopolymer sensor like PVDF are least susceptible to static strain due to large yield strain and low modulus and can serve as fail-safe sensors under large strain.
NK and NKT cells have distinct properties and functions in cancer

Natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells are two important cell subsets of the innate immune system. NK and NKT cells share many phenotypes and functions for anti-tumor immunity; however, the dynamic changes in phenotypes and functional interactions within the tumor microenvironment during tumor development and progression are unknown. Here we report that NK and NKT cells have distinct properties, metabolic profiles, and functions during tumor development. Using the mouse E0771 breast cancer and B16 melanoma models, we found that both NK and NKT cells are dynamically involved in the immune responses to cancer but have distinct distributions and phenotypic profiles in tumor sites and other peripheral organs during the course of tumor development and progression. In the early stages of tumor development, both NK and NKT cells exhibit effector properties. In the later cancer stages, NK and NKT cells have impaired cytotoxic capacities and dysfunctional states. NK cells become senescent cells, while NKT cells, other than invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, are exhausted in the advanced cancers. In contrast, iNKT cells develop increases in activation and effector function within the breast tumor microenvironment. In addition, senescent NK cells have heightened glucose and lipid metabolism, but exhausted NKT cells display unbalanced metabolism in tumor microenvironments of both breast cancer and melanoma tumor models. These studies provide a better understanding of the dynamic and distinct functional roles of NK and NKT cells in anti-tumor immunity, which may facilitate the development of novel immunotherapies targeting NK and NKT cells for cancer treatment.
Elastic perturbance due to a rigid inclusion embedded in an infinite homogeneous and isotropic medium exerting a remote uniform heat flux

Abstract The problem of an infinite homogeneous isotropic medium with a rigid inclusion and exerting a uniform remote heat flux is deeply studied. The previous solutions without considering the rigid-body displacement of the rigid inclusion relative to the matrix cannot strictly satisfy the boundary condition of displacement and/or the resultant moment constraint around the rigid inclusion. In this paper, the analytical solution due to the remote heat flux is revisited when the shape of the rigid inclusion is characterized by the Laurent polynomial with finite terms, and the relative rigid-body displacement of the rigid inclusion is introduced to make the boundary condition and constraint satisfied accurately. The obtained results are compared with some reported results, and effects of rigid-body displacement and remote heat flux direction are discussed. The caused stress concentration and rigid-body displacement of the rigid inclusion would be valuable in theory and engineering application.
Formal Verification of Cyberphysical Systems

Presents a virtual roundtable with seven experts to discuss the formal specification and verification of cyberphysical systems.
Learning at Disney: Myth or Magic?

This chapter will provide an overview of how place-based learning at Walt Disney World was a successful field study experience and what contributed to its success. When designing this field course it was important to align objectives with activities and assessment and as such, these processes are introduced and specific examples of the activities used to meet the metrics offered. Over a 1 week undergraduate upper division Geography course, students explored tourism-related concepts such as destination image, resort morphology, planning, marketing and transportation. Although there were clear goals and objectives outlined, it was through a variety of experiences while on the trip that the students learned the most. From the pre-trip work to the post-trip reflections, students assembled a portfolio that included a variety of assessment activities. These were submitted and evaluated upon their return. This chapter will further explore the evaluation techniques and include feedback from students about their experience and the larger impacts on Geography Education. After reflecting on the experience, faculty found three factors that influenced the outcomes of this particular field course: (1) there were other participants not enrolled in the course for credit (2) the level of diversity among student participants and (3) planning for failure.
Small-signal impedance measurement in medium-voltage dc power systems

This paper describes design and implementation a impedance measurement unit for medium-voltage dc power systems, focusing on the injection circuit and its control. The unit is capable of characterizing in-situ source and load impedances in dc power system up to 6000 V dc and 300 A in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz–1 kHz.
Neuropsychological Assessment and the Habilitation of Learning: Considerations in the Search for the Aptitude X Treatment Interaction.

The search for the aptitude x treatment interaction for providing remedial services to learning problem children has not been a successful one. The neuropsychological paradigm seems to offer anothe...
Radiation pasteurization and sterilization of food

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses radiation pasteurization and sterilization of food. The complex phenomena associated with the interaction of ionizing radiation with diverse liquids and solids are relevant and applicable to irradiated chilled or frozen foods. Specific influences of the food composition and structure directly affect the nature and reaction of the resulting free radicals formed. Irradiation parameters and conditions further affect the reaction pathways of the radicals and the yield of stable products derived from them. The radiolysis of a complex food matrix can be considered the sum of the radiolysis of its major constituents, which essentially represent distinct and immiscible phases. In muscle foods, the composition is primarily water (65%), protein (20%), and lipids (15%). The water phase contains minor constituents, including certain proteins, small peptides, vitamins, and salts. The radiation chemical considerations would imply that suitable foods properly irradiated should be wholesome, that is, safe to consume and nutritionally adequate. Moreover, a judicious choice of readily controllable irradiation conditions ensures that chemical changes affecting the major quality attributes of taste, color, and texture can be minimized.
The Definition of Diversity

Summary This article describes the Association of Research Libraries' (ARl.) definition of diversity und informs its programmatic engagement of diversity initiatives. ARL defines diversity broadly in order to encompass individual and group membership, as well as to consider historical context, legal issues and barriers, and changing social views and connection to these issues. Further, the research library managers' role. and organizational development trends, make diversity inextricable from the day-to-day operations of libraries. The author describes diversity in a context of other, closely related concepts including: equity, culture and cultural pluralism, affirmative action, and equal employment opportunity.
Allele-specific imbalance mapping identifies HDAC9 as a candidate gene for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.

More than 3.5 million nonmelanoma skin cancers were treated in 2006; of these 700,000 were cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Despite clear environmental causes for cSCC, studies also suggest genetic risk factors. A cSCC susceptibility locus, Skts5, was identified on mouse chromosome 12 by linkage analysis. The orthologous locus to Skts5 in humans maps to 7p21 and 7q31. These loci show copy number increases in ∼10% of cSCC tumors. Here, we show that an additional 15–22% of tumors exhibit copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity. Furthermore, our previous data identified microsatellite markers on 7p21 and 7q31 that demonstrate preferential allelic imbalance (PAI) in cSCC tumors. On the basis of these results, we hypothesized that the human orthologous locus to Skts5 would house a gene important in human cSCC development and that tumors would demonstrate allele-specific somatic alterations. To test this hypothesis, we performed quantitative genotyping of 108 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapping to candidate genes at human SKTS5 in paired normal and tumor DNAs. Nine SNPs in HDAC9 (rs801540, rs1178108, rs1178112, rs1726610, rs10243618, rs11764116, rs1178355, rs10269422 and rs12540872) showed PAI in tumors. These data suggest that HDAC9 variants may be selected for during cSCC tumorigenesis.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Corruption

AbstractCorruption has become one of the most popular topics in the social scientiﬁc disciplines. However,there is a lack of interdisciplinary communication about corruption. Models developed by differentacademic disciplines are often isolated from each other. The purpose of this paper is to review severalmajor approaches to corruption and draw them closer to each other. Most studies of corruption fallinto three major categories: (i) rational-actor models where corruption is viewed as resulting fromcost/beneﬁt analysis of individual actors; (ii) structural models that focus on external forces thatdetermine corruption; and (iii) relational models that emphasize social interactions and networksamong corrupt actors. Focusing on actors’ behavior and the social context, this article explainscorruption concepts taken from sociology, economics, organization studies, political science, socialanthropology, and social psychology. IntroductionCorruption is an elusive phenomenon conceptually. Its literature is enormous, and mostdisciplinesinthesocialsciencesattempttosaysomethingaboutit.Unfortunately,thereisalackof interdisciplinary communication about corruption, such that models developed by differentacademic disciplines are often isolated from each other. However, each social science hasrevealed interesting and important features of corruption, so it is worth drawing them closerto each other. Hence, this paper reviews corruption concepts taken from social anthropology,economics, political science, social psychology, sociology, and organization studies.Many studies of corruption fall into three major categories: (i) a micro-level perspectivewhere corruption is viewed as resulting from rational decisions of individual actors; (ii) amacro perspective that focuses on social norms and the structural arrangements that facilitatecorruption; and (iii) a relational approach that examines social interactions and networksamong corrupt actors. This paper brings some coherence to the extensive literature oncorruption. It provides an interdisciplinary overview of the three major approaches tocorruption, focusing on actors’ behavior and the social context. The article tries to reﬂectthe broader social scientiﬁc context and theoretical background related to each approach.Finally, it argues that relational approach has the potential to integrate the other twoparadigms and link rational actors with structural elements.Conceptualization of corruptionWe can ﬁnd dozens of competing and sometimes contradictory deﬁnitions of corruption inthe literature. Some studies offer interesting overviews of such deﬁnitions (Kurer 2005;Pellegrini 2011; Williams 1999). Rather than try to resolve the deﬁnitional problem, thispaper will provide a framework for comparing and contrasting the predominant approachesin corruption studies. Here, I will use corruption as a broad umbrella term based on fourminimal, sometimes implicit, conceptual elements that one ﬁnds across most disciplines.© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The three dimensions of software risk: technical, organizational, and environmental

The technical dimension of software risk results from uncertainty in the task and procedures, the organizational dimension results from poor communication and organizational structure, and the environmental dimension results from changing environments and problems with external relationships with software developers and/or users. Risk management procedures that address each risk dimension are surveyed, suggesting that future work should concentrate on managing the organizational dimension of risk, in particular, the culture changes that accompany the installation of new information systems, and the environmental dimension, i.e., reducing risk in relationships with both software vendors and partners in information alliances and continually adapting systems to changing environments. >
Interplanetary Cosmic Ray Intensity: 1972ndash;1984 and Out to 32 AU

The interplanetary cosmic-ray intensity was measured over a complete solar activity cycle for heliocentric distances of up to 32 AU, using the Geiger-Mueller tubes on Pioneer 10 and 11. The study uses the revised background rates derived from observations during the Saturn encounter of Pioneer 11 (September 1, 1979). Time profiles of the intensity for the 1972-1984 period have a flat and relatively constant maximum for 1975 through 1977, a brief (8-month) minimum in mid-1981, and a maximum centered around early January, 1983. The maximum-to-minimum intensity ratio for the solar activity cycle is approximately 2.7. The correlation among the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Deep River observation results is found to be fairly good. The radius of the heliospheric modulation region is noted to be greater than 32 AU; certain arguments indicate that it lies between 50 and 100 AU.
FIRST YEAR RESULTS Or A RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL OF LOW DOSE ETHINYL ESTRADIOL FOR FEMINIZATION DURING GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY FOR TURNER SYNDROME

FIRST YEAR RESULTS Or A RANDOMIZED, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL OF LOW DOSE ETHINYL ESTRADIOL FOR FEMINIZATION DURING GROWTH HORMONE THERAPY FOR TURNER SYNDROME
SOA gate array recirculating buffer with fiber delay loop

We present a compact variable delay buffer for storage of 40 byte packets. The recirculating buffer is based on an InP SOA gate array two-by-two switch which provides greater than 40 dB of extinction, sub-nanosecond switching, and fiber-to-fiber gain. The switch is used with a fiber delay loop 450 centimeters, or 23 ns, in length. The buffer is demonstrated with greater than 98% packet recovery at 40 Gb/s for up to 184 ns of storage.
Correlation between particle size, in vivo particle persistence, and lung injury

Dosimetry parameters such as deposition, clearance, retention, and translocation and dissolution of inhaled particles in and to different lung compartments may be important for the persistence of particles in the lung and may correlate with adverse pulmonary effects. We investigated such correlations using a model involving TiO2 particles of two particle sizes (20 nm diameter, ultrafine; 250 nm diameter, fine) of the same crystalline structure (anatase). A 12-week inhalation experiment in rats resulted in a similar mass deposition of the two particle types in the lower respiratory tract. The ultrafine particles elicited a persistently high inflammatory reaction in the lungs of the animals compared to the larger-sized particles. In the postexposure period (up to 1 year) retention in the alveolar space per se was not different between fine and ultrafine TiO2. However, the following differences between the particle types were noted: a significantly different total pulmonary retention, both quantitatively (significantly prolonged retention of the ultrafine TiO2) and qualitatively (increased translocation to the pulmonary interstitium and persistence there of the ultrafine TiO2); greater epithelial effects (Type II cell proliferation; occlusion of pores of Kohn) and the beginning of interstitial fibrotic foci with ultrafine TiO2; significant sustained impairment of alveolar macrophage function after ultrafine TiO2 exposure as measured by the clearance of test particles. A correlation between particle surface area and effects was observed. A comparison of the adverse reactions with dosimetric parameters of TiO2 in different lung compartments in the postexposure period showed a correlation of the persistence of effects in both the alveolar and interstitial space with the persistence of particles in the respective compartment.
Munchausen by proxy defined.

Roy Meadow first described Munchausen by proxy (MBP) in 1977 in England. Since then, there have been over 400 reports in the world’s pediatric and child psychiatry literature. Although it is often described as a rare disorder, when the results of a very carefully conceived, total population study done in England are transposed to the United States, some 1200 new cases of suffocation and poisoning alone would be expected to occur each year.1 As the condition became more known through professional as well as popular media (some 20 television news-magazine programs), there was a loosening of definitions so that even some workers in the field came to regard medical falsification of a condition in a child sufficient for the diagnosis.2 Through brief examples, this article will illustrate the essentials of definitional guidelines compiled by a multidisciplinary group convened by the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children (APSAC),3 which were reviewed and modified with the input from several professional societies.4 These definitions create a specific term to be used for the medical diagnosis in the child, to wit “pediatric condition falsification” (PCF). But this approach recognizes that there are many serious forms of illness exaggeration or fabrication that pediatricians and others encounter that involve motivations other than those found in MBP. Factitious disorder by proxy (FDP) is the diagnostic category for the caretaker who harms her child though PCF for particular self-serving psychological needs. MBP then is retained as the name applied to the disorder that contains these 2 elements, a diagnosis in the child and a diagnosis in the caretaker. The APSAC group’s definition recognized that the usual clinical presentation, motivation, and prognosis in MBP is such that distinguishing it from other forms involving PCF is essential for the protection of the child. The …
A cross-taxa survey of organochlorine pesticide contamination in a Costa Rican wildland.

Abstract Amphibians, turtles, birds (mostly passerines) and mice collected from a conservation area in northwestern Costa Rica were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) pesticide contamination. Six of 39 amphibians (three of eight species), three of six turtles (two species), one of eight mice (one species) and 19 of 55 birds (five of seven species) contained OCs at levels up to 580 ng/g. The most frequently detected compound in 23 of 108 organisms was p,p′DDE. Dieldrin, delta-BHC, heptachlor, p,p′DDD, and endosulfan II were each found in at least four organisms, while eight other OCs were found in at least one organism. The presence of OCs in taxa from the conservation area indicates the likelihood of long-distance transport of such compounds through the atmosphere.
Plakoglobin Is O-Glycosylated Close to the N-terminal Destruction Box

Abstract Plakoglobin provides a key linkage in protein chains that connect desmosomal and classical cadherins to the cytoskeleton. It is also present in a significant cytosolic pool that has the capacity to impact on canonical Wnt signaling by competing for interaction with partner proteins of β-catenin. The closely related protein, β-catenin, is rapidly targeted for proteasomal degradation by phosphorylation of a “destruction box” within the N-terminal domain. Inhibition of this process forms the basis of Wnt signaling. This destruction box is also found in the N-terminal domain of plakoglobin. We report that plakoglobin is modified by the addition of O-GlcNAc at a single site in close proximity to the destruction box. O-GlcNAc modification has been proposed to counteract phosphorylation, provide protection from proteasomal degradation, mediate signal transduction, silence transcription, and regulate multimolecular protein assembly. This finding has potential implications for understanding the roles of plakoglobin.
Childspacing among the jews of middletown, connecticut

While an impressive quantity of literature exists on population charac teristics and vital statistics of Jews in the United States and elsewhere, one demographic variable on which Jews have not been significantly analyzed is childspacing. Childspacing, also called birth-interval, has referred to both the time elapsed between marriage and the birth of the first child, marriage and the birth of the second child, etc. and to time elapsed between marriage and first child, first child and second child, etc. Social scientists' interest in this phenomenon is relatively recent. Whelpton, Campbell, and Patterson (1966) have commented that very little is known about the phenomenon in comparison to knowledge about other demographic variables. They attri buted this to the particularly problematic nature of gathering raw data on childspacing: it is difficult to bring together information about the successive births of a given woman. Since the 1960s, researchers have begun to concern themselves with childspacing. Thus, birth-interval from marriage to the first child was found to have increased from the early 1900s to the 1940s, then decreased from the 40s to the 50s (Whelpton, 1964); that education (David son, 1970) and family income (Freedman and Combs, 1966) were positively related to the duration of the first child birth-interval; and that family size tended to be inversely related to the duration of the various birth order intervals (Wray, 1971). Jewish childspacing behavior, however, has yet to be satisfactorily estab lished. Indeed, a review of the literature located only a few studies that dealt with childspacing among Jews. One, for instance (Whelpton, 1964), went only so far as to point out that Jews tended to have longer childspacing than Catholics and Protestants. A second (Goldstein and Goldscheider, 1968) collected information on the average number of months from marriage to first child, from marriage to second child, and from first child to second child for three generations of Jews in Providence, Rhode Island. Upon arranging these data according to 10 marriage cohorts ranging from "Before 1910" to "1955-1963," it was found that the longitudinal birth-interval trend of
Purification and characterization of aldolase from human erythrocytes

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the purification of human erythrocyte aldolase ( d -fructose-1,6-bisphosphate d -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase, EC 4.1.2.13). The process involves a specific substrate elution of the enzyme from phosphocellulose followed by a reverse ammonium sulfate fractionation. The preparation has been shown to be homogeneous by analytical ultracentrifugation, thin-layer electrophoresis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 16 I.U./mg protein, a K m of 7.1 · 10 −6 M for fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and a substrate specificity (Fru-1,6- P 2 /Fru-1- P ) of 40. The native protein is a tetramer of 158 000 molecular weight possessing identical or nearly identical subunits, an isoelectric point of 8.9, a diffusion coefficient of 4.68 · 10 −7 cm 2 /s, and a molecular radius of 4.56 nm. The study shows the enzyme to be a type A aldolase resembling other muscle forms in chemical and physical properties as well as amino acid composition.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal: A case report and review of the literature

Squamous cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal, middle ear and temporal bone is a rare and unusual malignancy. The lack of a unifying classification system in the past, along with the rarity of the disease has made the development of clear treatment guidelines difficult. In this report, we describe a clinical case of a patient with this rare malignancy, discuss the challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, and review the literature for trends while outlining the most beneficial treatment strategy for this patient population.
A comparison of the Stanford-Binet IV and the WISC-III with mildly retarded children.

The Stanford-Binet IV and the WISC-III were administered in counterbalanced order to 31 subjects, aged 11 to 17 years, who were previously identified as functioning in the range of mild mental retardation. The correlations among the scores on the two tests were significant, but the Stanford-Binet IV Composite IQ was higher than the WISC-III Full Scale IQ for 29 of 31 subjects. The results suggest that children identified as functioning in the range of mental retardation on the WISC-III could be identified as functioning at a higher level if the Stanford-Binet IV were used. The consistency of the results points to the need for the use of multiple criteria in making decisions regarding educational accommodation. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comprehensive Mapping of the Escherichia coli Flagellar Regulatory Network

Flagellar synthesis is a highly regulated process in all motile bacteria. In Escherichia coli and related species, the transcription factor FlhDC is the master regulator of a multi-tiered transcription network. FlhDC activates transcription of a number of genes, including some flagellar genes and the gene encoding the alternative Sigma factor FliA. Genes whose expression is required late in flagellar assembly are primarily transcribed by FliA, imparting temporal regulation of transcription and coupling expression to flagellar assembly. In this study, we use ChIP-seq and RNA-seq to comprehensively map the E. coli FlhDC and FliA regulons. We define a surprisingly restricted FlhDC regulon, including two novel regulated targets and two binding sites not associated with detectable regulation of surrounding genes. In contrast, we greatly expand the known FliA regulon. Surprisingly, 30 of the 52 FliA binding sites are located inside genes. Two of these intragenic promoters are associated with detectable noncoding RNAs, while the others either produce highly unstable RNAs or are inactive under these conditions. Together, our data redefine the E. coli flagellar regulatory network, and provide new insight into the temporal orchestration of gene expression that coordinates the flagellar assembly process.
m1-toxin isotoxins from the green mamba (Dendroaspis angusticeps) that selectively block m1 muscarinic receptors.

Abstract The venom of the green mamba, Dendroaspis angusticeps, was found to have at least six trace m1-specific toxins that block the binding of 3H–N-methylscopolamine to cloned m1 muscarinic receptors. Four were isolated by gel filtration, cation exchange HPLC and reversed-phase HPLC and named m1-toxins1-4. Recovery was 180, 90, 20 and 10 μg/g dry venom, respectively. m1-Toxin1 (the original m1-toxin) was found to have the sequence, L T C V K S N S I W F P T S E D C P D G Q N L C F K R W Q Y I S P R M Y D F T R G C A A T C P K A E Y R D V I N C C G T D K C N K, calculated mass=7473 Da and calculated pI=8.2. This sequence had been predicted previously from a cDNA cloned from the venom glands of this snake. The binding of m1-toxin1 was irreversible, so its Kd could not be determined. m1-Toxin2 differed only in proline-19, mass=7455 and pI=8.5. Partial sequence data for m1-toxin3 showed aspartate-7 and m1-toxin4 showed isoleucine-12, asparagine-16 and alanine-19. m1-Toxins1–4 have seven conserved amino acids not found in homologous mamba toxins that bind to other muscarinic receptors (MT1, MT2, m4-toxin=MT3, MT4, MT5, MTα and MTβ). Some of these residues may be essential for m1-specificity. Since m1-toxin1 binds irreversibly in artificial cerebrospinal fluid at 37°C, it is a particularly attractive antagonist for studies in vivo.
Fostering Success at Community Colleges--Response

Zaitsev Raises a valid argument for increasing student support services. It is good to see faculty understanding of the obstacles that community college students face. I certainly agree that more resources should be devoted to student guidance, tutoring services, and financial aid, and I strongly advocate for the importance of these programs. However, that does not mean that attention should not also be placed on the quality of the academic program. The Committee of Undergraduate Science Education of the National Research Council states that “[i]nstitutions of higher education should provide diverse opportunities for all undergraduates to study science, mathematics, engineering, and technology as practiced by scientists and engineers, and as early in their academic careers as possible” ([ 1 ][1]). One way to accomplish this is to involve students in science projects or research experiences. There are many examples of undergraduate research projects at community colleges ([ 2 ][2]), including several good examples of student research at Zaitsev's institution ([ 3 ][3]). Student transfer to upper-division universities is an important goal for many community college students. We need to continue to do what we can to remove the obstacles to their success. 1. [↵][4] Committee on Undergraduate Science Education, Transforming Undergraduate Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1999). 2. [↵][5] 1. B. D. Cejda, 2. N. Hensel , Undergraduate Research at Community Colleges (Council on Undergraduate Research, Washington, DC, 2009). 3. [↵][6] Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, Annual Student Research Poster Presentations ([www.bmcc.cuny.edu/news/news.jsp?id=4903][7]). [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-2 [3]: #ref-3 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text" [6]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [7]: http://www.bmcc.cuny.edu/news/news.jsp?id=4903
A study design for an in vivo investigation of marginal fracture in amalgam restorations.

Abstract A design for studying the modes of marginal fracture in amalgam restorations is presented. Amalgam restorations were placed in denture teeth mounted in tooth-supported partial dentures. Patients were recalled at selected intervals and the condition of the restorations was recorded with intraoral photographs and high-resolution impressions. Epoxy replicas were made from the impressions. At each recall, a percentage of the restorations were retrieved for analysis of the microstructure by SEM. The study design has two advantages over most clinical studies: the development of fractured areas was recorded in the series of replicas made prior to fracture; and changes in the subsurface microstructure that may lead to fracture can be followed in the series of restorations retrieved prior to fracture. Preliminary results of the study showed amalgam restorations in denture teeth to exhibit increasing marginal fracture with time in service. The morphology of the fractures appeared similar to that observed in restorations in natural human teeth.
Adding meaning to values by directly assessing value-benefit relationships

Abstract Marketers who rely on consumers' personal values to aid them in developing strategy have to rely on inference to suggest the connections personal values have to benefits that consumers desire in the products they consume. This article provides an alternative approach, one in which the consumer makes a series of connections among immediate benefits desired from consuming a product, to higher-level benefits desired, and ultimately to which of their own important personal values are being satisfied. This article demonstrates that the same values take on different meanings depending on the benefits to which they are linked. A visual method for presenting these benefit-value chains is provided to increase their usefulness to marketers in planning marketing strategy.
Managing Consortium Resource Access Using Athens Authentication

The Arizona Health Information Network (AZHIN) needed a single username and password system to provide access to its resources. The existing vendor-based password system was cumbersome for users, administratively difficult to manage, and provided less than adequate resource security. AZHIN elected to use the Athens authentication system. This article describes the features of Athens and how AZHIN used it to implement a single sign-on system.
Early events in seminal fluid and sperm storage in the female blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun: Effects of male mating history, male size, and season

Male blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, transfer sperm and seminal fluid to their mates. The quantity of both of these components can vary, and may be particularly reduced in the ejaculate of males that have recently mated. While the potential consequences for fitness of receiving less sperm are obvious, the same is not true of seminal fluid; its role in the blue crab, other than as a sperm plug, is not known. We documented the changes in seminal fluid over time following controlled matings in the laboratory. By allowing males to mate repeatedly in quick succession, we were able to manipulate both the amount of sperm and of seminal fluid that females received. We measured the initial amount of seminal fluid and sperm transferred, and followed the number and viability of sperm, and condition of the spermathecal organs and ovaries, in cohorts of females held for various times post-mating. Females whose mates had mated recently received only about 33% as much ejaculate as those whose mates had full sperm stores. Sperm viability was unaffected, and regardless of male mating history, sperm number declined nearly 50% prior to brood production. We found that all seminal fluid is gone by 5 weeks post-mating, making it unlikely that it plays a role during long-term storage of sperm. The amount of ejaculate was independent of the size of the mate. The spermathecal organs themselves lose 86% of their mass prior to brood production, and this allowed us to develop a staging system for spermathecal condition that was useful for estimating reproductive timing in a field population in North Carolina. Essentially all field-caught females had mated, but sperm viability, sperm number, and ejaculate weight varied with season.
Glucocorticosteroid modification of lymphocyte blastogenesis in tumor-bearing hosts

Abstract The present study was done to evaluate glucocorticosteroid modulation of the individual cells contributing to tumor-induced dualistic (macrophage and suppressor T-cell) suppression in mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Steroid-sensitive T cells from normal mice showed a characteristic decrease in phytohemagglutinin responsiveness in the in vitro presence of 0.1 μg hydrocortisone sodium-21 succinate (HC), while tumor-bearing host (TBH) T cells demonstrated little or no decrease. This correlates well with kinetic study results demonstrating decreased HC-mediated suppression of mitogen-induced TBH T-cell DNA synthesis at 8 to 10 days posttumor cell inoculation. Hydrocortisone-treated cells from mice with advanced tumors had significantly higher degrees of blastogenesis than untreated TBH cells. In the optimal presence of both macrophages (Mφ) and HC, TBH cells had significantly greater blastogenesis than their normal counterparts. Alone, Mφ or HC depressed normal host PHA responsiveness. Experiments were carried out to determine if the increased blastogenesis was due to the additional Mφ presence in TBH. In vivo administration of methylprednisolone acetate demonstrated that steroids can inhibit tumor growth. A significant delay in tumor appearance occurred when the steroid was administered 4 to 7 days after tumor transplant perhaps due to the measurable lack of suppressor T cells. These studies indicated that steroid suppression was directed against a sensitive suppressor T cell and possibly acts by preventing its differentiation. The role of the Mφ in the afferent limb of the cell-mediated immune response seems less clear, but the results suggest nonspecific inhibition of TBH T-cell response to blastogenic stimulus.
Does God Make Referrals? Orthodox Judaism and Homosexuality

This article explores the intersection and conflict among homosexuality, Orthodox Judaism, and contemporary mental health theory and practice. The issue of homosexuality within the Orthodox community regarding mental health has generated major points of disagreement and opprobrium when it comes to mental health referral and treatment. In large measure, Orthodox Jewry has continued to seek a solution to the “homosexual problem” and still maintains this solution is to be found through conversion treatments. The authors, from a contemporary psychoanalytic understanding of self states, attempt to find ways to bridge what they refer to as the “incommensurable” gaps between Jewish orthodoxy and queerness.
The use of relaxation and distraction to reduce psychological stress during dental procedures

This report describes techniques that can be easily adapted in a dental office to relieve anxiety and slress. Relaxation and distraction techniques designed to reduce stress during operative dental procedures were evaluated. Both techniques can be effective in alleviating anxiety and stress.
Modeling and detecting potentially ruinous streaks in health expenditures.

The mean of a distribution of medical expenditures in an insured population can be affected significantly by the occurrence of a few high cost cases. This fact leads some organizations that hold the primary risk for the population (e.g., health plans or self-insured employers) to seek reinsurance arrangements that spread the risk of high cost cases across a broader pool. Recently, the private reinsurance market has experienced some difficulties, attributable to information asymmetries between primary risk holders and reinsurers. The disproportionate effect of a few high cost cases also has generated interest in the development of “risk-adjustment” systems that attempt to reduce the difference in health plans’ unreimbursed costs either to endogenous management decisions or random chance. We discuss these issues in light of a well-known statistical result regarding the probability of “streaks” in random data. We illustrate problems that can arise and suggest methods to distinguish random streaks from systematic trends.
Isolation and rapid screening of deletion mutants of temperateBacillus subtilis molecular cloning vehicle ρ14

Four deletion mutants ofBacillus subtilis temperate bacteriophage ρ14 have been isolated by selection with the chelating agent tetrasodium pyrophosphate. The presence of deletions in the genome are readily detected by restriction endonuclease digestion patterns on agarose gels. The deletion mutants have been characterized as to their resistance to the killing effect of tetrasodium pyrophosphate and their buoyant densitiese have been determined in cesium chloride density gradients. Three of the deletion mutants, designated Φdoc26, Φdoc36 and Φdoc39, are defective in the establishment of stable lysogens and form clear plaques on a sensitive host. The fourth delection mutant, designated Φdo7, still retains the ability to establish lysogeny.
Mitochondrial genome diversity in soybean: repeats and rearrangements

Mitochondrial (mt) genome organization in soybean was examined at the molecular level. This study builds upon previous reports that four soybean cytoplasmic groups, Bedford, Arksoy, Lincoln, and soja-forage, are differentiated by polymorphisms detected with a 2.3 kb Hind III mtDNA probe [12]. The variation detected results from DNA alterations in a region within and around a 4.8 kb repeat. The Bedford-type cytoplasm is the only cytoplasm that contains copies of a 4.8 kb repeat in four different genomic environments, evidence that it is recombinationally active. The Lincoln- and Arksoy-type cytoplasms each contain two copies of the repeat, as well as unique fragments that appear to result from rare recombination events outside, but near, the repeat. The soja-forage-type cytoplasm contains no complete copies of the repeat, but does contain a unique truncated version of the repeat. Sequence analysis indicates that the truncation is a result of recombination across a 9 bp repeated sequence, CCCCTCCCC. The structural rearrangements that have occurred in the region surrounding the 4.8 kb repeat may provide a means to dissect species relationships and evolution within the subgenus soja.
Multimodal distribution of warfarin binding to protein in serum of male-sprague dawley rats☆

Abstract The serum protein binding of racemic warfarin was determined in 209 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Statistical analysis of a histogram of warfarin free fraction values (ratio of concentrations of free and free plus bound drug) revealed modes at free fraction values of 0.0040, 0.0112, and 0.0166, with more than one-half of the animals included in the Gaussian component with the lowest free fraction mode. Since the total clearance of warfarin is proportional to the free fraction value and since the intrinsic clearance of warfarin in these rats is relatively constant, the trimodal distribution of free fraction values reflects a corresponding distribution of warfarin clearance values.
The sun as a high energy/high density liquid metalic hydrogen plasma

Summary form only given. Modern solar theory dictates that the Sun should be viewed as a fully compressible gaseous plasma. Consequently, the solar equations of state closely approximate the ideal gas. At the same time, the Sun emits a spectrum which has long been regarded as characteristic of blackbody radiation. Recently, an analysis of the laws of thermal emission reveal that it is improper to treat the Sun as a blackbody. Furthermore, it has been argued that a gaseous Sun lacks the physical mechanism to produce a thermal spectrum. The presence of a thermal spectrum depends on the existence of a lattice structure in the emitting object. As a result, the photosphere must be treated as condensed matter. Unfortunately, it is counter-intuitive that an object at extreme temperatures can possess lattice structure. Nonetheless, given the evidence for condensed matter, the solar constitutive element (primarily H) must form a lattice. The presence of powerful solar magnetic fields and gravitational forces make liquid metallic hydrogen a distinct possibility for the condensed state of the photosphere. In this case, the hydrogen nuclei can be viewed as arranged in an array forming an essentially incompressible solar lattice. The hydrogen electrons are contained within the metallic conduction bands. The inter-nuclear distance is being maintained by the need to keep the quantum conditions such that metallic conduction bands can be produced. Hydrogen contains no inner shell electrons. All the electrons are completely delocalized within the metallic conduction bands. As such, hydrogen in this state is not only a liquid metal (reminiscent of liquid sodium) but can also be viewed as a liquid metallic plasma
Spacetime duality and random superstrings

Abstract The duality of long- and short-distance behavior in string theory is related to the duality of random lattices for the world sheet. Ramifications for superstrings are considered.
The role of collaborative planning in children's source-monitoring errors and learning.

The aim of this research was to provide empirical evidence for a cognitive process that may contribute to children's learning from another person. A cornerstone of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory is that knowledge is internalized from others; however, the cognitive processes that support this transformation are underspecified. In a series of three studies, kindergarten children (mean age 5 years 8 months) participated in a categorization task with an adult in several collaborative and noncollaborative conditions and then were tested on their memory of who had performed which actions in the task. After the memory task, children were asked to recategorize the items on their own. Source-monitoring patterns and children's learning varied across conditions according to predictions. A measure of recoding was related to children's planning language that, in turn, predicted learning among the children. The results suggest that one process that contributes to children's internalization of knowledge may involve recoding of agent information and that recoding can be indexed by source-monitoring performance.