cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuel Impingement in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine

Abstract : High injection pressure impinging spray experiments and modeling were performed under simulated diesel engine conditions (pressure and density) at ambient temperature. A spray impinged normal to a small crown in the bowl of a simulated piston. High speed photography was used in the constant volume bomb to examine the effect of impingement on fuel mixing. The spray model which includes drop breakup, coalescence, impingement, and vaporization effects was used to predict fuel mixing in the bomb. The spray distributions predicted by the model are compared to the photographs obtained in the bomb. Reprints.
Parent Stress and Perceptions of Language Development: Comparing Down Syndrome and Other Developmental Disabilities

This study extended research on the Down syndrome advantage by examining differences in parent stress and parent perceptions of language development between 29 parents of young children with Down syndrome and 82 parents of children with other developmental disabilities. Parents of children with Down syndrome reported lower levels of total stress, child-related stress, and stress surrounding the parent-child interaction. Parents of children in both groups reported that they felt successful in their ability to impact their children’s communication development but did differ on perceptions of difficulty such that parents of children with Down syndrome perceived their children’s communication difficulties as less severe despite the children exhibiting similar language skills. Finally, after accounting for potential explanatory confounding variables, child diagnosis remained a significant predictor of parent stress and perceptions of language development. Results highlight the importance of considering etiology when assisting families raising a child with a disability.
A Comparative Analysis of Spindle Morphometrics across Metazoans

Cell division in all eukaryotes depends on function of the spindle, a microtubule-based structure that segregates chromosomes to generate daughter cells in mitosis or haploid gametes in meiosis. Spindle size adapts to changes in cell size and shape, which vary dramatically across species and within a multicellular organism, but the nature of scaling events and their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Cell size variations are most pronounced in early animal development, as egg diameters range from tens of microns up to millimeters across animal phyla, and decrease several orders of magnitude during rapid reductive divisions. During early embryogenesis in the model organisms X. laevis and C. elegans, the spindle scales with cell size [1, 2], a phenomenon regulated by molecules that modulate microtubule dynamics [3-6], as well as by limiting cytoplasmic volume [7, 8]. However, it is not known to what extent spindle scaling is conserved across organisms and among different cell types. Here we show that in a range of metazoan phyla, mitotic spindle length decreased with cell size across an ∼30-fold difference in zygote size. Maximum spindle length varied, but linear spindle scaling occurred similarly in all species once embryonic cell diameter reduced to 140 μm. In contrast, we find that the female meiotic spindle does not scale as closely to egg size, adopting a more uniform size across species that most likely reflects its specialized function. Our analysis reveals that spindle morphometrics change abruptly, within one cell cycle, at the transition from meiosis to mitosis in most animals.
Perspectives of Social Work Faculty on Diversity and Societal Oppression Content: Results from a National Survey

This article presents data from a secondary analysis of a 1992 survey of graduate social work faculty to identify their views of the importance of content on diverse populations and types of oppression. The large majority of respondents rated content on several population groups and types of oppression to be important or very important. In most categories, however, the respondents rated including content on populations rather than on types of oppression to be more important, at a statistically significant level. The authors discuss the implications of this finding and place it in the context of current writings on multicultural social work.
Four ethical issues of the information age

In western societies more people are employed collecting, handling and distributing information than in any other occupation. Millions of computers inhabit the earth and many millions of miles of optical fiber, wire and air waves link people, their computers and the vast array of information handling devices together. There are many unique challenges we face in this age of information. They stem from the nature of information itself. Information is the means through which the mind expands and increases its capacity to achieve its goals, often as the result of an input from another mind. Two forces threaten our privacy. One is the growth of information technology, with its enhanced capacity for surveillance, communication, computation, storage, and retrieval. A second, and more insidious threat, is the increased value of information in decisionmaking. Collections of information reveal intimate details about a person and can thereby deprive the person of the opportunity to form certain professional and personal relationships.
Recent Progress in Fabrication of High-Strength Glow Discharge Polymer Shells by Optimization of Coating Parameters

OAK A271 RECENT PROGRESS IN FABRICATION OF HIGH-STRENGTH GLOW DISCHARGE POLYMER SHELLS BY OPTIMIZATION OF COATING PARAMETERS. In this paper, the authors report the progress they have made in fabrication of high-strength thin-walled glow discharge polymer (GDP) shells for cryogenic experiments at OMEGA. They have investigated a number of different parameters involved in making such shells. Optimization of hydrogen to hydrocarbon precursor flow has been observed to be critical in obtaining strong shells. They can routinely make high-strength shells of OMEGA size (900 {micro}m in diameter) with thicknesses in the range of 1.0 to 1.5 {micro}m. The permeabilities of these shells to various gases have been found to be as much as three times higher than those of lower strength shells. Run to run variability and other batch statistics are discussed.
The Pragmatics of Promise

The concept of promise stirs many to write. Among ethical theorists, a cottage industry flourishes, devoted to answering Hume’s skeptical questions: What are promises? and Why are they binding? Among jurists and legal philosophers, the leading questions have been: When should promises be enforced? and What is the relationship between promissory and other forms of obligation? Among linguists and philosophers of language, the focus is different still. These scholars ask: What is the logical structure of the speech act of promising? and To what extent is promising a universal linguistic phenomenon? This widespread interest in promises and promising is driven by several factors. One is a belief that the moral and political stakes are high. Promising is not only a common way by which we come to have obligations. It is the simplest, most direct, and most individualistic way in which we voluntarily come to have obligations. If one wishes to account for social, political or moral obligation in a way that maximizes the scope of individual liberty, one likely will focus on promissory obligation and its potential to serve as basis for more complex—even non-voluntary—types of obligation. Another factor contributing to the interest in promising is the emergence of speech act theory as a framework for philosophical, linguistic, and to some extent jurisprudential, analysis. Speech act theory treats language as a system of verbal acts that effect changes in the world. A person cannot utter “Let there be light,” and bring it about that there is light. But he might be able to utter “I hereby declare you husband and wife” and bring it about that Jones and Smith are married to each other. This perspective on language quickly leads to an interest in promising, since promising appears to be one of the most straightforward ways of altering the world through words. What seems simpler than changing one’s relationship by uttering “I promise to ϕ”?
Psychology: The Hope of a Science

Psychology as a natural science subjective concepts in a world of facts the structure of the science two forms of adjustment opponent-process theory thresholds for responding organized and disorganized behaviour epilogue - to give psychology away.
Effects of feed moisture and extruder screw speed and temperature on physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of extruded proso millet (Panicum miliaceum) flour.

Summary The objective of this work was to determine the impact of extrusion variables [moisture (17–25%), screw speed (170–250 r.p.m.) and temperature (90–150 °C)] on the physical properties and antioxidant activity of proso millet extrudates. Extrusion variables were adjusted using an inscribed central composite rotatable design. Response variables were bulk density (BD), radial expansion ratio, water absorption index, water solubility index, hardness, colour (L*, a*, b*) and antioxidant activity. Moisture and screw speed were the most influential variables affecting millet extrusion: their linear, quadratic and interaction terms accounted for more than 50% of the variability in all responses except for b*. Expansion was greatest at severe conditions of low moisture and high screw speed. These conditions were also consistent with the highest antioxidant activity. This study demonstrated that high expansion and antioxidant activity can be obtained by extruding proso millet under low moisture and high screw speed conditions.
Differential resistance to Staphylococcus aureus challenge in two related lines of chickens.

Trials were conducted to determine whether differential resistance to challenge with Staphylococcus aureus was characteristic of two related lines of New Hampshire chickens differing genetically in size of the bursa of Fabricius. Neonatal small bursa line (SBL) chicks were superior to the unselected Lester J. Dreesen (LJD) line in five of six trials employing intracardiac challenge (chi 2 = 6.3, .05 greater than P greater than .01). Older (7 to 12 wk) SBL chicks, challenged intravenously, had superior resistance than Line LJD chicks in three of four trials where a direct comparison was possible. The mortality rate in Line SBL was 34% in all trials compared with a 54% mortality rate (chi 2 = 11.7, P less than .001) in Line LJD. Moreover, the development of morbidity was more rapid in Line LJD. It is suggested that these lines can be of use in investigations of the nature of resistance to staphylococcal disease.
Stacking Nematic Elastomers for Artificial Muscle Applications

Nematic liquid crystal elastomers are thermally actuated to produce macroscopic, anisotropic shape changes. Uniaxial contraction and extension of liquid crystal elastomers can be achieved by cycling the temperature of the material through the nematic to isotropic phase transition. In this report, a new approach is introduced by layering liquid crystal elastomer films to create thermally actuated stacks. A heating element and thermally conductive grease embedded between elastomer films provide a means for rapid internal heat application and distribution when a current is passed through the heating element, thus providing contractile force production in a minimal amount of time. Upon voltage application, stacks composed of two 100 μm-thick films and a single heating element produce 18% strain between contracted and relaxed states. In addition, the stacked elastomer films are capable of producing 10% contraction within 1 s and the blocked stress of the thermally actuated stacked films is calculated to be 130 kPa. The stacking approach provides new opportunities to use liquid crystal elastomers in applications requiring forces greater than those capable of being produced by single elastomer films.
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: an improved method for ribosomal proteins.

Abstract A two-dimensional electrophoresis system for analysis of ribosomal proteins with several advantages over previous systems is described. The general features of this system are: (1) first-dimension separation on the basis of mobility at pH 5.0 in 8 m urea and 4% polyacrylamide; (2) second-dimension separation on the basis of molecular weight using dodecyl sulfate detergent; (3) rapid electrophoretic shift between first- and second-dimension separation conditions; (4) high resolution separation can be obtained on 10-cm 2 slabs with proteins from approximately 100 μg of ribosomal subunits; (5) capacity for handling up to 10 samples at a time, with electrophoresis complete within about 10 hr; and (6) the apparatus is relatively simple and inexpensive to construct and use.
Entry of an insect virus in vivo by fusion of viral envelope and microvillus membrane.

Abstract The entry of the Rachiplusia ou nuclear polyhedrosis virus into larval midgut columnar cells was observed in vivo. The nucleocapsids entered the microvilli after fusion of viral envelope with microvillus membrane. The subsequent stages of the invasion process appeared to be similar to that described earlier for other occluded rod-shaped insect viruses.
Characteristics of speeders.

Abstract Objective To determine the characteristics of speeders, defined as drivers of vehicles traveling at least 15 mph above the posted speed limit and relatively faster than surrounding vehicles. Methods: Vehicle speeds were recorded on 13 roads in Virginia with speed limits ranging from 40 to 55 mph. Speeders were compared with slower drivers, defined as drivers of adjacent vehicles traveling no more than 5 mph above the speed limit. License plates were used to identify vehicle owners; owners were inferred to have been driving if observed gender and estimated age matched those of the registered owner. For these drivers, information on exact driver age and gender, vehicle make and model, and driving record was obtained from the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles. Results: Five percent of the vehicles observed were traveling at least 15 mph above the limit, and 3% qualified as speeders, as defined in this study. Speeders were younger than drivers in the comparison group, drove newer vehicles, and had more speeding violations and other moving violations on their records. They also had 60% more crashes. Discussion: Speeders are a high-risk group. Their speeding behavior is not likely to be controlled without vigorous, consistent enforcement, including the use of automated technology.
Regulation of the renal Na-HCO3 cotransporter: VI. Mechanism of the stimulatory effect of protein kinase C

Regulation of the Na-HCO 3 cotransporter: VI. Mechanism of the stimulatory effect of protein kinase C. We have previously shown that the activity of the Na-HCO 3 cotransporter is stimulated by protein kinase C (PKC) activation, but the mechanism responsible for this effect is not clear. We have shown that cultured proximal tubule cells of the rabbit have DIDS-sensitive Na-HCO 3 cotransporter activity as assessed by HCO 3 -dependent 22 Na uptake or by measurement of intracellular pH. In cells loaded with BCECF and treated with the amiloride analogue, ethylisopropyl amiloride, removal of extracellular Na was associated with a rapid decrease in pH which returned to normal with re-addition of Na. This pH recovery was inhibited by DIDS and was used to quantify the activity of the Na-HCO 3 cotransporter. In the present study, we utilized primary cultures of the proximal tubule of the rabbit to examine the effect of PKC activation on the activity of the Na-HCO 3 cotransporter. Short term incubation (5 min) with the active phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA), 10 −7 M, caused a significant stimulation of the Na-HCO 3 cotransporter activity as compared to controls. Incubation for two hours also caused a significant stimulation of the Na-HCO 3 cotransporter activity. The inactive analogue of PMA, 4- α phorbol, failed to alter the cotransporter. Similar results were observed when we examined the effect of PMA on HCO 3 -dependent 22 Na uptake. The effect of PMA to stimulate the cotransporter was mediated by PKC activation since it could be prevented by the PKC inhibitors, calphostin C or sphingosine, or by prior PKC depletion. The long term but not the short term effect of PMA to stimulate the Na-HCO 3 cotransporter activity was prevented by the protein synthesis inhibitors, actinomycin D or cycloheximide. The early effect of PKC to stimulate the cotransporter appeared to be associated with increased phosphorylation of a 56 kD protein band, while the late effect appeared to be associated with an increase in immunoreactive content of a 56 kD protein which is thought to be an active component of the cotransporter. Thus PKC stimulation activates the Na-HCO 3 cotransporter by two distinct mechanisms: a long term effect which is protein synthesis-dependent and a short term effect which is protein synthesis-independent and is likely mediated by phosphorylation.
On Winning and Athletic Superiority

(1999). On Winning and Athletic Superiority. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 10-26.
High Pressure FT-IR Spectra of Aqueous Systems: Applications to Biomembranes

In order to compare the effects ofcis andtrans unsaturation on the structure and packing of phospholipid bilayers, infrared spectra of aqueous dispersions of DOPC and DEPC were measured as a function of pressure up to 36 kbar. Below their respective critical pressures of the liquid crystalline to gel phase transitions, the infrared spectra of DOPC and DEPC are essentially indistinguishable, whereas above these pressures, there are very pronounced differences in the barotropic behavior of these lipids [6]. In particular, the absence of correlation field splittings of the CH2 scissoring and rocking modes of DOPC up to 36 kbar suggests that the bent oleoyl chains are closely packed with all chains parallel to each other.
An international perspective: job satisfaction among transplant nurses.

ContextThe high demand for transplant nurses across the world leads us to examine job design and job satisfaction because job satisfaction is linked to better outcomes for patients.ObjectiveTo describe international transplant nurses' perspectives of job design and job satisfaction by using Herzberg's theory of motivation.MethodsDescriptive, correlational design. An electronic version of the Job Design and Job Satisfaction survey was mailed to all members of the International Transplant Nurses Society.ResultsA total of 331 members of the International Transplant Nurses Society responded to the survey. The mean age of respondents was 44.12 years, they had worked a mean of 19.12 years in nursing and 10.22 years in transplantation, and 50.6% of respondents were transplant nurse coordinators. Respondents were very satisfied overall with their jobs; they perceived that transplant nursing requires a high level of nonrepetitive, complex skills, autonomy in personal initiative and judgment, cooperation and collab...
Two-section quantum dot lasers with 20-dB modulation efficiency improvement

A 20-dB enhancement in the amplitude modulation efficiency and a gain lever of 30 is observed in a two-section quantum dot laser. A novel modulation response equation is derived to explain the device behavior.
Renin and angiotensinogen gene expression in experimental diabetes mellitus

Renin and angiotensinogen gene expression in experimental diabetes mellitus. The renin-angiotensin system may play a role in the initiation and progression of diabetic kidney disease. In this study, the local intrarenal renin-angiotensin system was examined in streptozotocin-treated rats maintained moderately hyperglycemic by daily low-dose insulin injection. Four weeks after induction of diabetes, plasma renin activity was significantly lower in the diabetic compared to a non-diabetic control group (diabetes: 2.30 ± 0.30 vs. control: 6.93 ± 1.36ng Al/ml/hr; P
WHIM: watermarking multicast video with a hierarchy of intermediaries

Fingerprinting, watermarking content to identify the recipient, provides a good deterrence to unauthorized duplication and propagation of multimedia streams. This is straightforward in a unicast environment; however, in a multicast environment, inserting a fingerprint at the source does not provide any security since many receivers will share a common fingerprint. A simple solution would be to fingerprint the data for each user at the source and unicast the different streams. We aim to achieve a more scalable solution while maintaining and even increasing the level of security. To achieve this, we have developed WHIM, a scalable system that allows multicast content to be marked with distinct information for distinct receivers securely. This system introduces two new concepts: (1) generating a watermark based on the receiver's location in a tree overlaying the network and (2) inserting the watermark in the content incrementally as it traverses an overlay network. We propose and evaluate several forms of this architecture and show how it improves scalability while increasing security.
Loss-tolerant position-based quantum cryptography

Position-based quantum cryptography (PBQC) allows a party to use its geographical location as its only credential to implement various cryptographic protocols. Such a protocol may lead to important applications in practice. Although it has been shown that any PBQC protocol is breakable if the adversaries pre-share an arbitrarily large entangled state, the security of PBQC in the bounded-quantum-storage model is still an open question. In this paper, we study the performance of various PBQC protocols over a lossy channel under the assumption that no entanglement is pre-shared between adversaries. By introducing the decoy state idea, we show that an extended Bennett-Brassard-1984--type PBQC protocol implemented with a weak coherent source and realistic single-photon detectors can tolerate an overall loss (including both the channel loss and the detection efficiency) of 13 dB if the intrinsic quantum bit error rate is 1%. We also study a few continuous variable PBQC protocols and show that they suffer from a 3-dB loss limitation.
The case for interdisciplinarity: Lessons from the field

This paper identifies certain impediments that engineers encounter when creating and deploying humanitarian technologies, which we argue can be addressed by the adoption of shared vocabulary across disciplines, a commitment to “demand-side” development, and an awareness of myriad social factors that may not be obvious but underlie every development intervention. Understanding the limitations to our ingenuity and good intention is the key to filling the gaps in domain-specific areas. This paper presents examples of avoidable failures as well as actionable strategies for appropriate, sustainable community development from the standpoint of an engineer and social scientist team.
A new approach to robotic safety: SafetyBUS p at BMW

Availability, reliability, flexibility and comprehensive diagnostics are the most significant demands placed upon safety systems today. Increasing payloads, work ranges and cycle times of robotic processes necessitate a different approach to safety, particularly other than that offered by conventional safety relays and fencing. The development of fieldbus for safety‐related applications and new International and European Standards have fundamentally changed the manner in which safety is now being engineered in the plant. BMW are the first to directly integrate robotic safety functions using a safety‐related fieldbus.
Monoamine neurotransmitters and metabolites during the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and the postpartum period

A wide variety of behavioral changes in the female rat have been associated with the estrous cycle, pregnancy, and the postpartum period and their accompanying hormonal fluctuations. Since monoamine systems have been implicated in the control of these behaviors, the present study examined the tissue concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5HT) and their primary metabolites dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in the anterior cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum during the estrous cycle, late pregnancy, and the early postpartum period. Results show no significant differences in neurotransmitter or metabolite levels during the estrous cycle in any of the three brain regions examined. However, profound differences were observed between samples from late pregnancy, early postpartum, and the estrous cycle. In general, NE and 5HT levels in all three brain regions fell from normal values during late pregnancy and rose in the early postpartum period; levels of their metabolites rose in postpartum samples. Conversely, DA levels were elevated in late pregnancy and depressed in the early postpartum period in anterior cortex, while DOPAC levels were depressed in both late pregnancy and the early postpartum period. The finding of changes in monoamine metabolism associated with pregnancy and its termination could be important in understanding the increased susceptibility to affective illness in women during the postpartum period.
Inosine promotes recovery of skilled motor function in a model of focal brain injury.

Recovery of function following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is partly through neuronal plasticity. However plasticity is limited in the adult CNS compared with young animals. In order to test whether treatments that enhance CNS plasticity might improve functional recovery after TBI, a new rat head injury model was developed, in which a computer-controlled impactor produced full thickness lesions of the forelimb region of the sensorimotor cortex. Behavioural deficits were seen in several sensorimotor tasks, most of which recovered spontaneously by 21 days. However, skilled paw reaching behaviour, a task that requires corticospinal function, was only ∼40% recovered by 28 days. In order to promote plasticity inosine was infused into the lateral ventricles for 28 days. This treatment produced an almost complete recovery of skilled paw reaching ability, associated with sprouting of the uninjured corticospinal axons across the midline into the territory of the lesioned pathway. In the cervical spinal cord the number of corticospinal axons originating from the uninjured cortex that innervated the contralateral cervical cord was five times that of controls, and in the red nucleus the number of contralaterally projecting axons was four times control values. Inosine treatment did not affect recovery in unskilled behavioural tasks, most of which recovered to normal levels by 28 days without treatment. Animals were placed in an enriched environment as an alternative method to promote plasticity. This resulted in more rapid recovery in several tasks including skilled paw function, but by 28 days normally housed animals had caught up to the same level of improvement. * Abbreviations: : CCI : controlled cortical impaction TBI : traumatic brain injury
The Last Measurements Made with the Wampler Scanner. I. An Analysis of the Consistency and Accuracy of Flux Curves for Bright Standard Stars

From 1980 through 1998, the Wampler scanner and the 0.9 m Crossley reflector at Lick Observatory were used to obtain 137 nights of flux-curve measurements. In this paper, the resulting data are used to test, revise, and extend a set of flux curves for bright standard stars published in 1984. Full use is made of extensive measurements of α Lyr, the primary standard star. It is found that measurements made during spring and fall runs are highly consistent and that small systematic wavelength trends appearing in the standard-star data can be readily detected and corrected. This conclusion applies for 109 Vir in particular, and it is concluded that there is no convincing case for variation of this key standard star after 1979. Tests of the corrected and augmented flux curves using 13 color photometry yield a number of cases in which residuals are systematic with wavelength. However, for stars with E(B – V)<0.12 mag (including α Lyr), the revised and extended flux-curve data yield synthetic values of Stromgren u – b and b – y that are highly consistent with results from filter photometry. For almost all stars measured (again including α Lyr), consistency with filter values of (V – R)C is also obtained. Comparisons of the revised and augmented data with flux curves measured in the Soviet Union yield results ranging from fair agreement to marked disagreement. However, it is found that published data from additional sources include results that agree well with those presented here. Given this agreement, the results of the tests using filter photometry, and the character of the transformation coefficients for α Lyr, it is concluded that there is adequate support for the accuracy of the corrected standard-star flux curves. Recommendations about future measurements that can be used to test this conclusion are presented.
ISOLATION OF AIDS-ASSOCIATED RETROVIRUSES FROM CEREBROSPINAL FLUID AND BRAIN OF PATIENTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOMS

Acquired-immunodeficiency-syndrome (AIDS)-associated retroviruses (ARV) have been isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid and brain of homosexual men presenting with neurological symptoms. Most of these patients also met the clinical criteria for AIDS. The viruses grew readily in peripheral mononuclear cells and were identified by their induction of cytopathic effects and ARV antigens in culture. The results suggest that ARV could be the cause of the neurological syndromes in AIDS patients and indicate that the virus can infect cells other than T lymphocytes.
Darwin's concepts in a test tube: parallels between organismal and in vitro evolution.

The evolutionary process as imagined by Darwin 150 years ago is evident not only in nature but also in the manner in which naked nucleic acids and proteins experience the “survival of the fittest” in the test tube during in vitro evolution. This review highlights some of the most apparent evolutionary patterns, such as directional selection, purifying selection, disruptive selection, and iterative evolution (recurrence), and draws parallels between what happens in the wild with whole organisms and what happens in the lab with molecules. Advances in molecular selection techniques, particularly with catalytic RNAs and DNAs, have accelerated in the last 20 years to the point where soon any sort of complex differential hereditary event that one can ascribe to natural populations will be observable in molecular populations, and exploitation of these events can even lead to practical applications in some cases.
Generating Systematic Supersaturated Designs

Practitioners are routinely faced with distinguishing between factors that have real effects and those whose apparent effects are due to random error. When there are many factors, the usual advice given is to run so-called main-effect designs (Resolution III designs in the orthogonal case), that require at least k + 1 runs for investigating k factors. This may be wasteful, however, if the goal is only to detect those active factors. This is particularly true when the number of factors is large. In such situations, a supersaturated design can often save considerable cost. A supersaturated design is a (fraction of a factorial) design composed of n observations where n < k + 1. When such a design is used, the abandonment of orthogonality is inevitable. This article examines the maximum number of factors that can be accommodated when the degree of the nonorthogonality is specified. Furthermore, interesting properties of systematic supersaturated designs are revealed. For example, such a design may be adequate...
Associations of Individual Genomic Heterozygosity, Estimated by Molecular Fingerprinting, and of Dam Major Histocompatibility Complex with Growth and Egg Production Traits in Layer Chickens

Abstract Growth and egg production data from F2 layer chickens produced from a mating of MHC-heterozygous B15B44 sires to B15B44 and B15B43 dams were analyzed for associations with the level of the individual's genomic heterozygosity and dam MHC. The F1 sires and dams were produced from matings of birds from two genetically distinct, highly inbred lines. Genomic heterozygosity (expressed as composite band frequency, CBF) was estimated based on the average proportion of shared bands of individual birds compared to a composite pool of Hinf I-digested DNA samples from the two inbred lines. Birds from dams of genotype B15B43 had significantly greater BW than progeny from B15B44 dams at 6 wk and thereafter. Dam MHC genotype differences were also significant for number of eggs laid from 20 to 28 wk of age, with B15B43 progeny being superior. Negative regression coefficients at hatch, 32, and 44 wk were observed for the effect of CBF on BW of progeny from B15B43 dams and at hatch and 32 wk from progeny of pooled dam genotypes. Similarly, negative regression coefficients were observed for the association of CBF with number of eggs within progeny from the B15B44 dam MHC genotypes at 20 to 28 wk and total period recorded, and at 28 to 36 wk for progeny from B15B43 dams. The CBF regression coefficients and the differences among progeny based on dam MHC genotypes suggest that individual heterozygosity and MHC genotype may be associated with BW and egg production in chickens.
The Death of Ordinariness: Living, Learning, and Relating in the Age of Anxiety

On September 11, 2001, ordinariness died. In its place, a new anxiety was born. In this personal story of anxiety and response, the author reflects on events as they have unfolded in the days following September 11. Focusing on the possibilities invoked by anxiety, the author also questions the limits of anxiety. Can anxiety be both a springboard and a ceiling of possibility? In the Age of Anxiety, we may need to rethink our relationships with anxiety, learning, and one another. Events such as those of September 11 may well force us to question how everyday life is changed by interruption, disruption, and anxiety and then to question how anxiety might be extended and used to spark our collective creativity.
Enhancing scatterometry CD signal-to-noise ratio for 1x logic and memory challenges

The ongoing transition from 2D to 3D structures in logic and memory has led to an increased adoption of scatterometry CD (SCD) for inline metrology. However, shrinking device dimensions in logic and high aspect ratios in memory represent primary challenges for SCD and require a significant breakthrough in improving signal-to-noise performance. We present a report on the new generation of SCD technology, enabled by a new laser-driven plasma source. The developed light source provides several key advantages over conventional arc lamps typically used in SCD applications. The plasma color temperature of the laser driven source is considerably higher than available with arc lamps resulting in >5X increase in radiance in the visible and >10X increase in radiance in the DUV when compared to sources on previous generation SCD tools while maintaining or improving source intensity noise. This high radiance across such a broad spectrum allows for the use of a single light source from 190-1700nm. When combined with other optical design changes, the higher source radiance enables reduction of measurement box size of our spectroscopic ellipsometer from 45×45um box to 25×25um box without compromising signal to noise ratio. The benefits for 1×nm SCD metrology of the additional photons across the DUV to IR spectrum have been found to be greater than the increase in source signal to noise ratio would suggest. Better light penetration in Si and poly-Si has resulted in improved sensitivity and correlation breaking for critical parameters in 1xnm FinFET and HAR flash memory structures.
Retinoids Induce U937 Cells to Express Macrophage Phenotype

The effects of two retinoids, all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (c-RA) were studied in a model of osteoclast precursors. The model employs the U937 cell line induced to differentiate when incubated with 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and conditioned medium from stimulated human lymphocytes. t-RA and c-RA (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) inhibited cellular growth rates and increased surface adherence. However, t-RA and c-RA both partially blocked the differentiation induced by 1,25(OH)2D3 and lymphokines. Thus, retinoids alone promoted the differentiation of U937 cells but partially blocked the differentiation induced by a vitamin D metabolite and lymphokines. These results suggest that vitamins A and D may exert antagonistic effects on the recruitment of osteoclast precursors.
International Business Strategies in Africa: Old Supply Chains and New Competitors "Lessons from the Ethiopian—Italian Leather Trade"

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has always been a major source of various raw materials and commodities to the industrialized world. This paper specifically focuses on international business (IB) strategies in supply chains and commodities using the Ethiopian-Italian hides, skins and leather trade as a case study. The aim of this paper is to test to what extent internal public policy changes and competition from companies of newly emerging economies affected the business of long standing partners in the Ethiopian-Italian leather business. For the descriptive analysis, primary and secondary data are used. The primary data is gathered using personal observation and interviews with relevant personnel on both sides of the trade. Whereas, secondary data is collected from different published and unpublished materials including annual reports of relevant institutions. The Author primarily applies two theoretical perspectives: Michael Porter’s five competitive forces model and Ronald Coase’s transaction cost theory of the firm. The paper is narrowly focused on leather supply trade, but with implications on all old and rusting, strategic and non-strategic supply chains stretching out of Africa to Europe. The purpose of the paper is to contribute in furthering research agenda on identifying strategies tailored for researchers and executives interested in expanding to Africa. The conclusion is that, it seems, European leather companies have stuck to the strategies they’ve traditionally deployed in Africa. And, the old strategies of international business firms seem no more working in the continent. Even though, it is not possible to comprehensively present all the reasons for the competitive loss of European leather companies to newly emerging companies with regard to the African supplies, it could be better explained from the perspectives of complacency trap coupled with failure to develop dynamically tailored strategies, rather than the traditional business competitiveness theories.
The effects of sloping terrain on dense gas dispersion

Abstract Although many well-validated models exist for the prediction of dense gas dispersion, in most cases these have been developed for idealized flat terrain conditions. When applying such models to safety case studies, care must be exercised to ensure that the results are realistic even for non-idealized situations. A standard flat-terrain dispersion model has therefore been developed to incorporate the effects of significant slopes. Certain categories of release undergo considerable acceleration down hills, resulting in greater hazard ranges, whereas other types of release are hardly affected. The presence of significant slopes near a potential release source can therefore significantly modify the consequences analysis results incorporated in a safety case.
The fatigue limits of metals

Abstract Recent studies of cyclic deformation in copper single crystals have identified the critical properties of persistent slip bands, known to be the sites of crack nucleation and Stage I propagation in fatigue. From this work, it is concluded that, for almost all metals and alloys, a particular stress and strain will be required to form persistent slip bands. Therefore, at stresses or strains lower than these limits, dislocation motion is reversible and there is no mechanism for fatigue. Evidence relating to the structure sensitivity of these limits is gathered from the literature.
Not all happy people are lazy or stupid: Evidence of systematic processing in happy moods

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effects of mood on the use of global trait information in impression formation tasks. Participants in both experiments formed an impression of a target based on traits and a series of behaviors that were both consistent and inconsistent with the traits. In Experiment 1, participants in happy moods, relative to those in unhappy moods, made impression judgments that reflected the evaluative implications of the trait information to a greater extent than the behaviors, regardless of the order in which they received the information. In Experiment 2, both happy and sad participants engaged in systematic processing, as reflected by the recall data, but only happy participants’ recall of target information was significantly biased by the global trait information they received. These findings are consistent with the affect-as-information model in which affective cues influence the extent to which individuals rely on general knowledge and, importantly, are inconsistent with models that posit that happiness results in reduced motivation or ability to process information carefully.
Austen's laughter

(1988). Austen's laughter. Women's Studies: Vol. 15, Last Laughs: Perspectives on Women and Comedy, pp. 71-85.
Global investments: Discover your real cost of capital—and your real risk

A company can execute its global strategy by internal diversification or by acquisitions. Either way, it will face some capital investment decisions. But how do you pinpoint the real cost of capital for a foreign investment—especially in a risky country? The author offers some practical guidance. ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bilateral Lung Volume Reduction Surgery for Advanced Emphysema: A Comparison of Median Sternotomy and Thoracoscopic Approaches

Study objectives To compare short-term outcomes following bilateral lung volume reduction surgery performed by median sternotomy (MS) and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). Methods Bilateral lung volume reduction surgery was performed by MS in 80 patients and by VATS in 40. All patients underwent preoperative assessment with pulmonary function testing, arterial blood gas determination, and 6-min walk test (6MWT). Pulmonary function testing and 6MWT were repeated at 3 to 6 months postoperatively. Results The mean age of the VATS group was lower than that of the MS group (59.3±9.4 vs 62.4±6.9 years; p=0.001), but there were no differences in baseline functional parameters of disease severity (FEV 1 , FVC, residual volume [RV], arterial P CO2 , or 6MWT). All patients in both groups were extubated at the completion of surgery, but 17.5% of patients in the MS group and 2.5% in the VATS group (p=0.02) subsequently required reintubation at some point during the postoperative course. Thirty-day operative mortality was 4.2% for the MS group and 2.5% for the VATS group (p=not significant). However, total in-hospital mortality was 13.8% for the MS group, while it remained 2.5% for the VATS group (p=0.05). Mortality was largely confined to patients 65 years of age or older. There was no significant difference in duration of air leaks or length of hospital stay between the two groups. Functional outcomes achieved with the two techniques were similar. Specifically, there was no difference between the two groups in mean postoperative FEV 1 , FVC, RV, or 6MWT, or in the magnitude of change in these parameters over preoperative values. Conclusions Bilateral lung volume reduction surgery performed by either MS and VATS approaches leads to similar improvements in pulmonary function and exercise tolerance. VATS is associated with a significantly lower incidence of respiratory failure and a trend toward decreased in-hospital mortality and may be the preferred technique, particularly for high-risk patients.
Metal/Semiconductor Core/Shell Nanodisks and Nanotubes†

The low melting point of Zn and the high melting point of ZnO, as well as their hexagonal crystal structures, present great advantages for designing and fabricating various metal/semiconductor core/shell nanostructures. By controlling the kinetics in the Zn and ZnO system, the lower-energy facets, and the oxidation rates of different surfaces, we can control the fabrication of Zn/ZnO core/shell single-crystal, polycrystalline, and mesoporous nanodisks, as well as a variety of ZnO nanotubes. The oxidation of a Zn nano-object leads to the formation of Zn/ZnO core/shell nanodisks. A lower oxidation temperature results in the formation of a single-crystal-like Zn/ZnO core/shell structure, while a higher oxidation temperature leads to the formation of textured and even polycrystalline nanostructures. A re-sublimation process of Zn in the core leaves a ZnO shell structure. This is an approach for synthesizing metal/semiconductor core/shell or composite nanostructures. This article offers a detailed description of the kinetics controlling the procedures, the nanostructures obtained, their morphological and crystal structures, and their formation mechanisms.
GPU-based ultra-fast dose calculation using a finite size pencil beam model

Online adaptive radiation therapy (ART) is an attractive concept that promises the ability to deliver an optimal treatment in response to the inter-fraction variability in patient anatomy. However, it has yet to be realized due to technical limitations. Fast dose deposit coefficient calculation is a critical component of the online planning process that is required for plan optimization of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Computer graphics processing units (GPUs) are well suited to provide the requisite fast performance for the data-parallel nature of dose calculation. In this work, we develop a dose calculation engine based on a finite-size pencil beam (FSPB) algorithm and a GPU parallel computing framework. The developed framework can accommodate any FSPB model. We test our implementation in the case of a water phantom and the case of a prostate cancer patient with varying beamlet and voxel sizes. All testing scenarios achieved speedup ranging from 200 to 400 times when using a NVIDIA Tesla C1060 card in comparison with a 2.27 GHz Intel Xeon CPU. The computational time for calculating dose deposition coefficients for a nine-field prostate IMRT plan with this new framework is less than 1 s. This indicates that the GPU-based FSPB algorithm is well suited for online re-planning for adaptive radiotherapy.
Enhancement of 235U isotope separation with radiofrequency hyperfine transitions

Abstract It is pointed out that the efficiency of isotope separation of 235U by laser/Hg lamp two-step ionization can be enhanced by the use of radiofrequency pumping between hyperfine levels.
A new estimator of the fractionally integrated stochastic volatility model

Abstract Many recent papers have considered models of fractional integration in the second moments of time series. But none proposes an estimator of the fractionally integrated stochastic volatility model with a known asymptotic distribution. In this paper I propose a GMM estimator of the fractionally integrated stochastic volatility model and prove that it is T1/2 consistent and asymptotically normal if the order of fractional integration is less than 0.25. I provide calculations of asymptotic standard errors and Monte Carlo evidence on its finite sample performance.