cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
6 Role of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Early Drosophila Development

Publisher Summary The syncytial nature of the early embryo presents some special problems for organization and function of cellular components. The presence of many nuclei within a common cytoplasm requires special organizational mechanisms. Nuclear position during both the internal and the syncytial blastoderm divisions is highly regular. Movement and positioning of nuclei within the syncytial embryo is critical for later developmental events. Since many centrosomes (associated with each nucleus) are present within this one cell, ensuring that nuclear division occurs with the proper fidelity requires that spindles form only between centrosomes associated with a single nucleus (sister centrosomes) and not between centrosomes from neighboring nuclei, which, at some stages (see below), are in close physical proximity. In addition, it is during this period of syncytial development that nuclei begin expressing genes involved in pattern formation in a position-specific manner, so that by the time that cellularization is complete; the cells are committed to their segmental fate. The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons play critical roles in embryo organization. In addition, it seems clear that while the cytoskeleton is functionally specialized for this mode of syncytial development, many of the lessons that can be learnt by studying the regulation and function of the cytoskeleton in this embryo will be applicable to other embryos and to eukaryotic cells in general. This chapter focuses is on the actin cytoskeleton. Studies of the syncytial blastoderm stage and the function of actin and actin-associated proteins during this period are highlighted. A general introduction to the early Drosophila embryo and its cytoskeleton is presented and several different approaches to studying cytoskeletal function that are being used in this system are outlined. Work from several laboratories that suggests functions of particular proteins associated with the actin cytoskeleton is described.
Dosing and individualized treatment - patient-centric treatment: changing practice guidelines.

Normal human immunoglobulin (Ig) administration is indicated for the treatment of various immune-mediated neurological diseases, but the optimal dose of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) and the ideal time interval between infusions is not known. Although there is an impression that ‘one size fits all’ when dosing with IVIg, a wide range of doses have been utilized in practice.
94: Point and NonPoint Source Pollution

The information age has ushered in a global awareness of complex environmental problems that do not respect political or physical boundaries: climatic change, ozone layer depletion, deforestation, desertification, and pollution from point and nonpoint sources. Among these global environmental problems, point and nonpoint source pollution represent a perfect example of a complex multidisciplinary problem that exists over multiple scales with tremendous spatial and temporal complexity. A point source of pollution discharges to the environment from an identifiable location, whereas a nonpoint source of pollution enters the environment from a widespread area. The ability to accurately assess present and future point and nonpoint source pollution impacts on ecosystems ranging from local to global scales provides a powerful tool for environmental stewardship and guiding future human activities. Keywords: modeling; nonpoint source pollution; point source pollution; uncertainty
Effects of recontracting on shareholder wealth

Abstract This paper investigates the effect of voluntary corporate spin-off announcements on shareholder wealth. A significant positive share price reaction is documented for 93 voluntary spin-off announcements between 1963 and 1981. These shareholder gains do not appear to come wholly at the expense of bondholders. Evidence suggests the gains to shareholders may arise from tax and regulatory advantages and/or improved managerial efficiency resulting from the spin-off.
The Common Elements of treatment engagement for clinically high-risk youth and youth with first-episode psychosis.

Aim Without treatment, clinically high-risk (CHR) youth or youth with first-episode psychosis (FEP) have increased risk for significant complications from their illness; yet, treatment engagement among these youth is critically low. The purpose of this study was to examine engagement efforts with CHR/FEP youth to stimulate new ideas that might facilitate participation in services for this population. Methods A literature review using distillation methods identified engagement practices reported in two bodies of literature. The first body of literature (i.e. ‘CHR/FEP engagement’) included 13 studies employing qualitative designs to explore consumer perspectives about treatment engagement practices in samples of CHR/FEP youth and their families. The second body of research (i.e. ‘CHR/FEP RCTs’) included 18 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing treatments for CHR/FEP youth and their families. Engagement practice frequencies were compared with the frequency of these practices within effective engagement interventions, as tested in 40 RCTs within the broader child and adolescent mental health literature (i.e. ‘CAMH engagement’). Results Treatment attrition and attendance were the most frequent engagement outcomes measured in the CHR/FEP RCTs. There were notable efforts described in the CHR/FEP RCTs towards engaging youth and families, yet CHR/FEP RCTs reportedly included only a small proportion of engagement practices described in either the CHR/FEP or CAMH engagement literatures. Conclusion Results suggest there might be practices available to complement current efforts at engaging CHR/FEP youth in treatment, and that increased attention to the measurement of engagement outcomes could provide important information regarding engagement in a population with low treatment engagement rates.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Identification, Quantification, and Fractionation of a Suspect Allergen, 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol, in an LLNA-Positive Metalworking Fluid

A metalworking fluid (MWF) was obtained that produced an allergic reaction in the local lymph node assay (LLNA) with an EC3 = 4%, the EC3 being the estimated concentration needed to provoke a 3-fold allergy response. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to separate, identify, and isolate the suspected allergen. The biocide, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, was detected in the MWF as a chromatographic peak matching the retention time of an external standard. The technique of standard addition was used to quantify and confirm the presence of 4-chloro-3-methylphenol at about 1% (w/w). Preparative HPLC was used to fractionate 1 gram of MWF separating the 4-chloro-3-methylphenol fraction from the remaining MWF. The two mobile-phase solutions were concentrated back into an MWF and a 4-chloro-3-methylphenol fraction. The original MWF and the reconstituted 4-chloro-3-methylphenol and MWF fractions were also analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry to confirm the isolation of the biocide.
Thinking Authority Democratically: Prophetic Practices, White Supremacy, and Democratic Politics

This essay explores Hebrew prophecy and its modern reworkings to develop an account of authority in democratic politics that contrasts with prevailing genres of political theory. At first, we use W...
Characterization of Nα-acetylation of corticotropin fragments by a rat pituitary enzyme

Abstract The rat pituitary contains an enzyme which will acetylate certain corticotropin (ACTH) fragments using acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA). This acetyltransferase activity was found in all three lobes of the rat pituitary. The enzyme was largely particulate in nature. The enzyme sedimenting at 27,000 and 100,000 g had specific activities 4–10 times greater than the soluble fraction. The acetyltransferase activity was dependent on substrate concentration (ACTH), was linear with time, and was inactivated at 55 °C. The enzyme would acetylate ACTH (1–24), (1–10), and (4–10), but would not use ACTH (2–10), (3–10), or (1–8) as substrates. The apparent K m values for the substrates were as follows: AcCoA, 2.2 μ m ACTH (1–24), 4.2 μ m ; ACTH (1–10), 96 μ m ; and ACTH (4–10), 37 μ m .
Role of MaxiK-type calcium dependent K+ channels in rat carotid body hypoxia transduction during postnatal development.

Abstract Carotid body chemoreceptors transduce a decrease in arterial oxygen tension into increased sinus nerve action potential (AP) activity which undergoes a maturational increase in the post-natal period. MaxiK-channels channels are proposed to play a major role in organ function based on their maturation-dependent expression in glomus cells and inhibition by acute hypoxia. To better resolve the role of this channel, single-unit AP activity of rat chemoreceptor neurons was recorded, in vitro, during a progressive decrease in oxygen from normoxia (∼150 Torr) to moderate hypoxia (∼60 Torr). Blockade of MaxiK channels with charybdotoxin (100 nM) in both older (P16–P18) and younger (P2–P3) animals resulted in no significant change in AP activity, but increased nerve conduction speed in the older animals. In dissociated glomus cells, charybdotoxin slightly enhanced the intracellular calcium response to acute hypoxia at both ages. We conclude that MaxiK channels play little or no role in mediating the response to acute, moderate hypoxia, either in the newborn or older animal.
Effect of amlodipine on myocardial functional and metabolic recovery following coronary occlusion and reperfusion in dogs.

The effects of the dihydropyridine calciumchannel blocker, amlodipine, on subendocardial segment shortening (%SS), regional myocardial blood flow, myocardial high-energy phosphate levels and tissue water content were compared to those of a salinetreated group of barbital-anesthetized dogs subjected to a 45-minute coronary artery occlusion followed by 60 minutes of reperfusion. Saline or amlodipine (200 μg/kg, IV) were administered 15 minutes prior to coronary occlusion. There were no significant differences between groups in ischemic bed size or hemodynamics, although dP/dt was higher following amlodipine. Subepicardial collateral blood flow was higher in the amlodipine group during coronary occlusion. Following occlusion, %SS in the ischemic region was markedly decreased in both series and passive systolic lengthening resulted. In spite of similar decreases in %SS during occlusion, the amlodipine- treated dogs showed a marked improvement in myocardial segment function (%SS) of the ischemic-reperfused region throughout 60 minutes of reperfusion as compared to saline-treated animals. In addition, amlodipine prevented the rebound increase in phosphocreatine and attenuated the loss of adenine nucloetides and the increase in tissue water in the ischemic- reperfused area at 60 minutes of reperfusion. These results suggest that amlodipine has a favorable effect on the functional and metabolic recovery of the ischemic-reperfused myocardium, and may have potential as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of coronary artery disease. The mechanism of action of amlodipine in this model is unknown but may be partially related to a drug-induced increase in coronary collateral blood flow.
The strength of family ties: How US migration shapes children’s ideas of family:

Research shows that members of transnational families sustain meaningful relationships despite the physical boundaries that separate them. At the same time, distance creates many stresses and strai...
Militarism and sociopolitical perspectives among college students in the U.S. and South Korea.

Students in a U.S. university (n = 187) and a South Korean university (n = 201) responded to a sociopolitical questionnaire that included measures of militarism, nationalism, internationalism, patriotism, respect for civil liberties, and tolerance of dissent. Most correlations between militarism and the comparison sociopolitical variables proved significant in both samples but tended to be stronger in the U.S. sample. Militarism correlated positively with nationalism and patriotism but negatively with internationalism, respect for civil liberties, and tolerance of dissent. The strongest relationships were between militarism and both respect for civil liberties and tolerance of dissent. In the U.S. sample, relationships between militarism and the sociopolitical variables were stronger for males than females.
Tri-Gate Normally-Off GaN Power MISFET

We present a new normally-off GaN transistor-the tri-gate normally-off GaN metal-insulator-semiconductor field- effect transistor (MISFET). Due to the excellent channel control of a new 3-D gate structure, a breakdown voltage of 565 V has been achieved at a drain leakage current of 0.6 μA/mm and Vgs = 0. The new device has an on/off current ratio of more than eight orders of magnitude and a subthreshold slope of 86 ± 9 mV/decade. The threshold voltage of the new device is 0.80 ± 0.06 V with a maximum drain current of 530 mA/mm. These results confirm the great potential of the tri-gate normally-off GaN-on-Si MISFETs for the next generation of power electronics.
Evidence of potato virus Y asymptomatic clones in diploid and tetraploid potato-breeding populations

Potato virus Y (PVY) is a potyvirus affecting potato productivity by reducing yield and quality. To reduce the amount of PVY in potato production systems, state seed certification agencies have established threshold criteria, which simultaneously increase quality. Research has documented several commercial cultivars lacking symptom expression of PVY despite infection. The presence of PVY asymptomatic clones in production and breeding populations is particularly important because it may provide an inoculum source in breeders’ seed and this reduces the efficiency of selection. The objectives of this research were to determine to what extent PVY asymptomatic clones are present in potato-breeding populations, and if PVY expression is influenced by the environment. After exposure to PVY, genotypes from different 2x and 4x populations were evaluated for the presence of PVY both visually and by ELISA assay. PVY asymptomatic genotypes were identified in both 2x and 4x populations. Chi square indicated dependency between PVY symptom expression and (1) ploidy, (2) genetically distinct 4x germplasm enhancement populations, and (3) expression in a north temperatevs. tropical environment using 4x progeny from five half-sib families. Dependency was not found between two 4x genetically related sub-populations and PVY asymptomatic expression. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that clones within family, families, location, and the interaction of location by clone were significant sources of variation for PVY symptom expression, ELISA, and visual evaluation. PVY asymptomatic clones were present in both 2x and 4x populations with higher frequencies in a north temperate compared to a tropical environment, suggesting that PVY symptom expression may be influenced by the environment.
Synthesis of 5-methyluridine by a thermophile, Bacillus stearothermophilus JTS 859.

Many thermophiles, which can grow at 65°C, were examined as to their ability to produce 5-methyluridine from inosine and thymine (5-methyluracil) in the presence of phosphate and cells as enzyme sources. Bacillus stearothermophilus JTS 859 was selected as a strain that synthesized 5-methyluridine efficiently. The reaction is supposed to be carried out by a combination of a thermostable purine nucleoside phosphorylase and a thermostable pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase. Their half-lives were 7200 hr and 400 hr at 63°C, and 148 hr and 14 hr at 70°C, respectively.
Primary ℓ-ideals in a class of f-rings

An f-ring is a lattice ordered ring which is a subdirect product of totally ordered rings. General information on f-rings can be found in [1]. We will assume throughout that all of our f-rings are commutative and semiprime. Let A be an f-ring and I, J be l-ideals of A. Recall that I is semiprime (prime) if a 2 ∈ I (ab ∈ I) implies a ∈ I (a ∈ I or b ∈ I). Let √I denote { a ∈ A: a n ∈ I for some n }, the smallest semiprime l-ideal containing I. The f-ring A is semiprime (prime) if {0} is a semiprime (prime) l-ideal. The l-ideal I is pseudoprime if ab = 0 implies a ∈ I or b ∈ I. In a semiprime l-ring, a pseudoprime l-ideal contains a prime l-ideal as shown in [10, 2.1]. An ideal I of a commutative f-ring is primary if ab ∈ I, a ∉ I implies b n ∈ I for some n. We let I: J denote { a ∈ A: aJ ⊆ I }.
Interaction of BCG-activated macrophages with neoplastic and nonneoplastic cell lines in vitro: Cinemicrographic analysis

Cultures of adherent peritoneal cells (macrophages) from bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-infected (BCG macrophages) or from uninfected mice with neoplastic or nonneoplastic target cells were filmed by time-lapse cinemicroscopy. A single film of each of the macrophage-target cell combinations was analyzed in detail. This analysis revealed dramatic changes in both effector and target cell populations. The translational movement of BCG macrophages on tumor cells was up to 5 times the movement observed on nonneoplastic target cells. This effect was not observed with macrophages from uninfected mice. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin macrophage-tumor cell interaction was characterized by repeated and relatively short (2-hr) contacts inducing complete and permanent tumor cytostasis, degenerative morphological changes, and eventual destruction of the tumor monolayer. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin macrophages were partially cytostatic to nonneoplastic target cells, but degenerative changes or target cell death were not observed. Macrophages from uninfected mice had little or no effect on either target cell line.
Origin of the Pennsylvanian coal-bearing cyclothems of North America

Past controversy about the tectonic or eustatic origin of Pennsylvanian cyclothems is resolved by regional basin-subsidence analysis, global paleoclimate, paleogeography, and plate-tectonic evolution. Differences between marine carbonate (Kansas-type) cyclothems of the northern midcontinent and nonmarine clastic (Appalachian-type) cyclothems of the eastern United States are controlled by laterally changing flexural deformation during plate accretion into a supercontinent, coupled with superposed glacial eustasy. Kansas-type cyclothems accumulated on a relatively stable platform affected only moderately by collision tectonics of North American margins; these cycles are eustatic, characterized by a periodicity comparable to Milankovitch orbital parameters. Appalachian-type cyclothems accumulated in response to episodic thrust loading during plate collisions that developed a series of flexurally deformed, wide and shallow, resurgent foreland basins. This resurgent foreland basin evolution during Paleozoic time increased crustal rigidity in the Appalachians, thus yoking the Appalachian and Illinois basins during Pennsylvanian time. With each thrust load, foreland basin deepening favored transgressive cyclothem facies, which changed to a regressive facies because sediment yield increased as denudation rates increased off uplifted orogens. Illinois-type cyclothems are intermediate between the two end-member processes of flexural tectonics and glacial eustasy characterizing Appalachian-type and Kansas-type cyclothems, respectively. Thus, the Pennsylvanian coal-bearing cyclothems of North America owe their origin to the remarkable coincidence of supercontinent development, concomitant glaciation and eustatic sea-level change, and associated episodic thrust loading and foreland basin subsidence of small magnitude on progressively more rigid crust.
Differential diagnosis of round or discoid lesions

Dermatologists are called on to diagnose a variety of skin conditions in diverse age groups. Dermatologic diagnosis, based on identification of a primary lesion, uses morphologic clues to categorize the pathologic process causing the eruption. In addition, distribution and grouping of lesions helps support a specific diagnosis. Dermatologists consciously or unconsciously use pattern recognition to arrive at their differential diagnosis based on clinical experience and their having previously viewed similarly appearing skin lesions in lectures, texts, and journals. Round and discoid patches and plaques are extremely common in the clinical practice of dermatology. This contribution reviews the dermatologic conditions that present as round or discoid lesions and presents an approach to diagnosis.
Regulation of miRNA biogenesis as an integrated component of growth factor signaling

Transcriptional control of microRNAs (miRNA) by cell signaling pathways, especially in the context of growth factor regulation, is a widely recognized phenomenon with broad-reaching implications. However, several recent studies indicate that not just transcription, but also processing of miRNAs is subject to regulation as part of an integrated physiological response to various stimuli and environmental changes. The canonical miRNA biogenesis pathway; sequential steps of nucleolytic cleavage by the RNase III enzymes Drosha and Dicer, are emerging regulatory hubs for the modulation of miRNA expression as part of both physiological and pathological responses. In this article we use well-characterized growth-factor signaling pathways such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Protein Kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to illustrate how basic cell signaling pathways modulate the activities of these components of the miRNA biogenesis pathway to achieve optimal miRNA expression patterns.
Recursively generated linear constraints for variational two-particle reduced-density-matrix theory

Abstract The variational two-electron reduced-density-matrix (2-RDM) method can compute many-electron energies and properties by constraining the 2-RDM with two- or three-particle positivity conditions. While milliHartree accuracy of the energy is obtained with 3-positivity conditions at both equilibrium and highly stretched geometries, the addition of these conditions to the 2-positivity constraints significantly increases the computational work. In this Letter, we relax a subset of three-particle positivity conditions (called T 2 ) to a recursively generated set of linear inequality constraints that produces most of T 2 ’s accuracy with lower computational cost. Illustrative applications are reported.
GRGDS-Functionalized Poly(lactide)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) Copolymers: Combining Thiol-Ene Chemistry with Staudinger Ligation.

A tri(ethylene glycol)-containing lactide analogue was synthesized via thiol–ene chemistry between a bifunctional triethylene glycol and allyl lactide. Subsequent tin octoate catalyzed ring-opening polymerization yielded well-defined poly(lactide)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers with molecular weights of 6 × 103 g/mol and polydispersity indices of 1.6. The tri(ethylene glycol) chains along the copolymers contain azide termini that are capable of efficient postpolymerization functionalization. The utility of this strategy was demonstrated via successful Staudinger ligation to install the Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) peptide.
A factor from CD8 cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients suppresses HLA self-restricted T helper cell responses.

Abstract Defective in vitro T helper cell (Th) function can occur in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive (HIV+) individuals. A characteristic, early finding is the loss of an in vitro response to recall antigens, such as influenza A virus (FLU), despite an intact Th response to alloantigen (ALLO). To determine whether suppressor cells and/or inhibitory factors could contribute to this HIV-associated Th immunodeficiency, coculture studies were performed using peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) from monozygotic twins, one of whom was HIV-infected (HIV+) and one of whom was uninfected (HIV-seronegative, HIV-). In vitro Th function was measured as interleukin 2 production or proliferation to FLU and ALLO. Two pairs of twins were repetitively studied. A single HIV+ individual with multiple samples of cryopreserved PBLs over 6 years (including a HIV- specimen) was also studied. PBLs from the HIV+, but not from the HIV-, individuals demonstrated defective in vitro Th function in response to FLU but not to ALLO. PBLs from HIV+ individuals could induce a similar defect in the Th function of syngeneic or autologous HIV- PBLs. This suppression was generated by CD4-depleted, but not by CD8-depleted, PBLs. A suppressive factor from CD8+ cells of HIV+ donors was generated by 24-hr unstimulated cultures of HIV+ PBLs. This factor inhibited FLU but not ALLO responses of autologous, syngeneic, or allogeneic HIV- PBLs. This suppressive effect could not be explained by HIV infection or replication during the culture period. These results demonstrate that selective abrogation of Th function to recall antigens in HIV+ individuals is associated with an inhibitory factor produced by CD8+ T cells.
Impact of comorbidities on decision-making in chronic critical limb ischemia.

Given both the high-risk nature of the critical limb ischemia (CLI) patient population, as well as the variety of available treatment options, the ability to use preprocedure variables to predict a given outcome has become increasingly important. The three main advantages associated with accurate risk stratification include: (1) improved clinical decision-making based on realistic patient and physician expectations, (2) ability to benchmark individual practitioners and institutions by comparing their outcomes with expected outcomes specific to the actual patients being treated, and (3) creation of objective performance goals for the evaluation of new treatment modalities in specific patient populations. Patients with CLI have multiple comorbidities that can impact greatly on the outcomes of attempted revascularization. The PREVENT III CLI Risk Score was developed as a tool to estimate amputation-free survival at 1 year in patients undergoing vein bypass surgery for limb salvage, and has now been validated using data from >3,000 cases. The score incorporates five baseline clinical variables—dialysis, tissue loss, age, hematocrit, and coronary artery disease—and assigns patients into three distinct risk groups. Patients in the high-risk subgroup (8.2% of total number of patients evaluated) experienced
Ranking Properties of Morningstar Risk-Adjusted Ratings

A study of its ranking properties finds the Morningstar risk-adjusted ratings (RAR) for the decade ending 2001 and the excess return from a CAPM regression yield similar star ratings, but there are systematic differences between the RAR star ratings and the excess return estimated according to the Fama-French three-factor model. Over three-quarters of domestic equity funds with a ten-year five-star Morningstar rating do not keep their five stars under the null hypothesis of the Fama-French model. An explanation of this discrepancy provides support for the extensive modification of the Morningstar rating system made in July 2002.
Successful roadside resuscitative thoracotomy : case report and literature review

Patients with injuries severe enough to require cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) have a dismal prognosis. Time to surgical intervention is a major determinant of outcome in moribund trauma patients who have a potential for survival. With the exception of endotracheal intubation during evacuation to surgical intervention, no other usual prehospital procedures have been validated to affect outcome in such cases of extremis. This is a report of a case in which resuscitative surgical techniques were extended successfully to the prehospital environment. The patient was a 30-year-old man in extremis after a stab wound to the left chest. Estimating a transport time of 15 minutes, a physician riding with the emergency medical service (EMS) crews elected to perform a resuscitative thoracotomy. Following digital aortic compression, the patient regained both blood pressure and consciousness by the time of arrival at the trauma center. A left lower lobectomy was then performed in the operating room. The patient recovered fully and was discharged home in 21 days, neurologically intact. Four years later, the patient was alive, healthy, and working. This report demonstrates the feasibility of prehospital thoracotomy and raises provocative issues regarding future intense surgical involvement in prehospital care.
Not Just about Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Call for Military-Centric Social Work

Most warriors do not get PTSD but can still be affected by war. The “military gestalt,” defined as the complex myriad of “all things military” including the functions, processes, and human elements related to combat, is seriously impacted by the warrior-in-combat construct that is reflective of the person-in-environment construct. Thus, it suggests that problems within the gestalt can be understood and addressed from a military-centric social work perspective and approach. The situation is so insidious that it requires a call to action from all disciplines but, most important, for the social work profession to take the lead.
Effects of mammalian and host gonadotropins on the ovaries and oviducts of female Texas horned lizards, Phrynosoma cornutum

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of bovine luteinizing hormone (LH), ovine follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), ovine prolactin, Phrynosoma pituitary extract and pituitary extract that had been treated with neuraminidase were studied on the reproductive system of female horned lizards. Animals were hypophysectomized, and hormone treatments were begun on the sixth day following surgery. 2. 2. In hypophysectomized control animals no significant changes in ovarian weights were noted from the intact controls; however, there was a significant decrease in the oviduct weights and the width of the oviduct wall. 3. 3. Treatment with mammalian LH (1 mg) and FSH (1 mg) produced significant increases in follicle wall diameters. In all cases the stimulation of FSH was greater than that of LH. Concurrent treatment with FSH and LH did not produce synergistic effects. 4. 4. Animals treated with prolactin (2·5 mg) exhibited no increase in ovarian weight but did show increases in oviduct weight, width of oviduct wall and width of follicle walls. Prolactin treatment also induced profuse ecdysis. 5. 5. Treatment with host pituitary extract (2·5 mg) produced significant increases in all parameters. On the other hand, neuraminidase treatment appeared to destroy completely the biological activity of the preparation. This suggests that the Phrynosoma gonadotropin molecule is “FSH-like”.
Use of Resistivity Soundings to Determine Landfill Structure

Sixteen Wenner and Schlumberger array electrical soundings were made over portions of the Mallard North landfill in DuPage County, Illinois, to map the gross layered structure of a closed landfill. Sounding curves were fit to standard type curves and values inverted in a least-squares procedure to yield multilayer geoelectrical models. Wood, newspaper, cloth, glass, plastic, and metal refuse interspersed with soil exhibited resistivities of 9–19 ohm-m (unsaturated) and 2–7 ohm-m (leachatesaturated). Mature unfractured clay-till cover material exhibited a resistivity of about 30 ohm-m, and its thickness was estimated to within 27% of its true thickness. Larger errors were encountered over fractured and freshly emplaced cover. Soundings were also inverted to yield accurate leachate levels and refuse thicknesses (errors for both averaged about 30%). While Schlumberger and Wenner soundings produced models with comparable accuracy, Schlumberger soundings were less sensitive to cover heterogeneities and easier to deploy. Moore's cumulative resistivity interpretation method was found to be unreliable in interpreting this type of resistivity data. Fractures present in the cover material, lateral changes in leachate level, and variations in cover thickness and resistivity contributed to errors in interpretation. Despite these limitations, models generated from electrical resistivity soundings are reasonably accurate in their depictions of internal conditions in this type of landfill. Such soundings could be used to map internal structure in other layered landfills that lack construction and operational records.
Theoretical calculation of jet fuel thermochemistry. 1. Tetrahydrodicylopentadiene (JP10) thermochemistry using the CBS-QB3 and G3(MP2)//B3LYP methods.

High-level ab initio calculations have been performed on the exo and endo isomers of gas-phase tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (THDCPD), a principal component of the jet fuel JP10, using the Gaussian Gx and Gx(MPx) composite methods, as well as the CBS-QB3 method, and using a variety of isodesmic and homodesmotic reaction schemes. The impetus for this work is to help resolve large discrepancies existing between literature measurements of the formation enthalpy ΔfH°(298) for exo-THDCPD. We find that use of the isodesmic bond separation reaction C10H16 + 14CH4 → 12C2H6 yields results for the exo isomer (JP10) in between the two experimentally accepted values, for the composite methods G3(MP2), G3(MP2)//B3LYP, and CBS-QB3. Application of this same isodesmic bond separation scheme to gas-phase adamantane yields a value for ΔfH°(298) within 5 kJ/mol of experiment. Isodesmic bond separation calculations for the endo isomer give a heat of formation in excellent agreement with the experimental measurement. Combining ...
Separate Mechanisms for Audio-Tactile Pitch and Loudness Interactions

A major goal in perceptual neuroscience is to understand how signals from different sensory modalities are combined to produce stable and coherent representations. We previously investigated interactions between audition and touch, motivated by the fact that both modalities are sensitive to environmental oscillations. In our earlier study, we characterized the effect of auditory distractors on tactile frequency and intensity perception. Here, we describe the converse experiments examining the effect of tactile distractors on auditory processing. Because the two studies employ the same psychophysical paradigm, we combined their results for a comprehensive view of how auditory and tactile signals interact and how these interactions depend on the perceptual task. Together, our results show that temporal frequency representations are perceptually linked regardless of the attended modality. In contrast, audio-tactile loudness interactions depend on the attended modality: Tactile distractors influence judgments of auditory intensity, but judgments of tactile intensity are impervious to auditory distraction. Lastly, we show that audio-tactile loudness interactions depend critically on stimulus timing, while pitch interactions do not. These results reveal that auditory and tactile inputs are combined differently depending on the perceptual task. That distinct rules govern the integration of auditory and tactile signals in pitch and loudness perception implies that the two are mediated by separate neural mechanisms. These findings underscore the complexity and specificity of multisensory interactions.
A two-stage mechanism for escape of Na and K from Io

It is generally accepted that Io is the source of S, O, Na and K which, after ionization, form the constituents of the Io plasma torus. The escape of S and O from Io can be understood in terms of the photochemistry of a predominantly SO_2 atmosphere created by the high vapour pressure of SO_2 (refs 1, 15). However, the vapour pressures of Na_2S, K_2S and other common compounds containing Na and K are negligible at the surface temperatures of Io. This has given rise to the suggestion that over part of Io's surface (the nightside) the atmosphere is thin enough so that surface sputtering by co-rotating ions can eject Na and K directly into the Io torus. The main objection to this idea is that it implies a ‘Sun-locked’ source for Na and K, while observations of the Na and K clouds around Io indicate a ‘Jupiter-locked‘ ejection mechanism. We propose here that Na and K escape from Io in two stages. Atoms of Na and K are first sputtered into the atmosphere from the surface by high-energy magnetospheric ions. Atmospheric sputtering by low-energy co-rotating ions then removes these constituents (along with others present) out of Io's gravitational field. We suggest that the observed Na and K ejection asymmetry is due to preferential sputtering of atmospheric particles on the hemisphere of Io facing Jupiter. The estimated injection rates are sufficiently large to maintain the observed K, Na, and O clouds observed around Io.
Hg++ — A DCMU independent electron acceptor of Photosystem II

Abstract Mercuric chloride functions as a direct electron acceptor from the quencher of fluorescence in Photosystem II. The photoreduction of ferricyanide, dichlorophenol-indophenol or methyl viologen is inhibited by mercuric ion while oxygen evolution is uneffected. Mercuric chloride supported oxygen evolution (mercury Hill reaction) is not prevented by DCMU or other similar electron transport inhibitors.
The Lived Experiences of Female Educational Leadership Doctoral Students.

Purpose – There is a meager body of research addressing the role educational leadership preparation programs in colleges and universities play in preparing women leaders. Also educational leadership preparation research has yet to explore ways in which mentorship provides additional capital for female graduate students. This study seeks to understand the challenges facing, and the opportunities available to, female graduate students in educational leadership departments.Design/methodology/approach – The study used qualitative methods to explore the constructs of educational leadership preparation and mentorship of female graduate students. Qualitative methods, specifically a questionnaire and a collaborative focus group, were informed by the work of feminist theory and were used to explore participants' experiences and perceptions with the larger purpose of understanding the implications of their experiences for the development of strategies and programs intended to support female graduate students.Findin...
Friend Disease and a Tumor Variant in Hybrid (BDF1) Mice

SummaryAlthough only a small percentage of adult BDF1 mice inoculated with Friend virus developed progressive Friend disease, a transplantable reticulum cell sarcoma was established from the one mouse with massive hepatosplenomegaly. Transplantation resistance to the tumor was induced by vaccination with either iodacetate-treated turmor cells or Friend virus in adjuvant, but not with Friend virus alone.
Label-Free Optical Molecular Imaging to Assess Engineered Tissues

Label-free nonlinear optical microscopy was employed to monitor primary human cells in tissue-engineered constructs. Novel quantitative analysis techniques were developed that successfully distinguished viable from non-viable engineered tissues.
Salmonella induces macrophage death by caspase-1-dependent necrosis

We provide evidence that Salmonella typhimurium kills phagocytes by an unusual proinflammatory mechanism of necrosis that is distinguishable from apoptosis. Infection stimulated a distinctly diffuse pattern of DNA fragmentation in macrophages, which contrasted with the marked nuclear condensation displayed by control cells undergoing chemically induced apoptosis. In apoptotic cells, DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation result from caspase-3-mediated proteolysis; caspases also subvert necrotic cell death by cleaving and inactivating poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Caspase-3 was not activated during Salmonella infection, and PARP remained in its active, uncleaved state. Another hallmark of apoptosis is sustained membrane integrity during cell death; yet, infected macrophages rapidly lost membrane integrity, as indicated by simultaneous exposure of phosphatidylserine with the uptake of vital dye and the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. During experimentally induced necrosis, lethal ion fluxes through the plasma membrane can be prevented by exogenous glycine; similarly, glycine completely blocked Salmonella-induced cytotoxicity. Finally, inhibition of the interleukin (IL)-1-converting enzyme caspase-1 blocked the death of infected macrophages, but not control cells induced to undergo apoptosis or necrosis. Thus, Salmonella-infected macrophages are killed by an unusual caspase-1-dependent mechanism of necrosis.
Mapping of a Dde I RELP of the α2-Adrenoceptor Gene and the Correlation of Genotype with Blood Pressure in the F2 Rats of SHR-WKY Cross

To examine a pathogenetic role of α2-adrenoceptor (α2-AR) in genetically hypertensive rats, we compared the α2-AR gene of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and its normotensive control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and did a genetic cosegregation study. After screening with 52 restriction endonucleases (RE), an RFLP was found by digestion of the genomic DNA of SHR and WKY rat with Dde I RE and using a human platelet α2-AR probe, the gene (ADRA2R) which is localized in chromosome 10. Restriction mapping analysis revealed that the RFLP is located in the 5′ region of the α2-AR gene. This RFLP was used as a marker in a genetic cosegregation study to examine the correlation of genotype with blood pressure in F2 rats of SHR and WKY rat cross. The distribution of the genotypes based on the RFLP conformed to a 1:2:1 ratio in male F2 rats as expected for Mendelian inheritance, but not in female F2 rats. The number of female F2 rats with double SHR alleles was decreased about 68% from expected. Blood pressure of the male or female F2 rats homozygous for the SHR α2-adrenoceptor alleles was not significantly higher than the F2 rats heterozygous or homozygous for the WKY alleles with either indirect or direct blood pressure measurement. The additional finding was that males had higher blood pressure than females. This study ruled out the cosegregation of α2-adrenoceptor RFLP with higher blood pressure in the F2 rats of SHR and WKY cross. However, Since the abnormality of the renal α2-adrenoceptor in genetically hypertensive rats is one of altered regulation, and the RFLP we found is located in the 5′ region of the gene where functionally important sequences are located which regulate gene expression, this RFLP may still be of interest in genetically hypertensive rats. (Hypertens Res 1992; 15: 143-148)
Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Human Breast Tissues: Implications for Breast Cancer Diagnosis:

Development and application of laser-based diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have been hindered by the current technical inadequacies in tissue diagnosis and characterization. It is now possible to apply the techniques of Raman spectroscopy to achieve rapid, noninvasive, and nondestructive differentiation of diseased from normal tissues. Normal and diseased breast tissues were examined by Raman spectroscopy. The Raman spectra obtained contain features that are attributable to various amounts of carotenoids and lipids. A small contribution from a heme-type signal was detected in some samples of clinically abnormal yet histopathologically benign breast tissue, while a much stronger heme-type signal was detected in most of the breast cancers. Raman spectra of diseased breast tissue (benign and malignant) also show markedly diminished to absent contributions from lipids and reduced contributions from carotenoids. This laser-based spectroscopic modality is readily adaptable to reflected light microscopy and optical fiber techniques, making it potentially useful as an aid in real-time diagnosis, and may thus find application in the fields of histopathology and interventional radiology.
Kyotorphins affect aversive pecking in chicks.

Abstract The behavioral activity of dipeptides based on kyotorphin was determined in chicks exposed 4 hr earlier to a bead coated with a bitter-tasting solution and then immediately rendered unconscious with CO 2 . A single IP injection of 1 μg of a kyotorphin dipeptide 15 min before the second exposure to the bead resulted in a significant decrease in the number of pecks. Thus, the kyotorphins are another type of peptide that can affect behavior after peripheral administration.
Power from plastic

Abstract Solar power is the most abundant renewable resource on our planet. In spite of this abundance, only 0.04% of the basic power used by humans comes directly from solar sources because harvesting solar energy using a photovoltaic (PV) panel costs more than burning fossil fuels. Solution-processable organic materials have recently been intensively studied for PV applications, not because they show a possibility for harvesting the sun’s power more efficiently, but because power generation from organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials will cost considerably less than other PV technologies. The cost/Watt savings comes from the possibility of using flexible substrates, using printable organic inks for the active layers, light-weight transport, low temperature and ambient pressure fabrication, and reduced materials costs. The ability to use solution processes for deposition is particularly exciting because products such as automobiles, freight containers, and building materials could be painted with photovoltaic coatings. This article gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art for OPV technology and discusses scientific issues that need to be addressed to facilitate scale-up of OPV.
Prediction of tectonically-caused overpressures by using resistivity and density measurements of associated shales

Abstract It appears that in predicting overpressures caused by tectonic activity, the following predictive techniques can be used in the presence of thick shale sequences: 1. (1) resistivity of shales (increase); 2. (2) acoustic travel time (μsec ft−1 (decrease); 3. (3) bulk density of shales (increase); and 4. (4) pulsed neutron capture cross section of shales (decrease). The greater is the overcompaction of shales, the greater has been the volume of water squeezed into the associated reservoirs causing greater overpressures. If overpressures are caused by undercompaction (e.g. due to rapid sedimentation), on the other hand, resistivity and bulk density of shales, for example, decrease on approaching overpressured formations.
An ultrastructutal study of the byssal thread forming system in Mytilus

This study demonstrates the submicroscopic morphology of the three cell types involved with the formation of byssus threads in Mytilus californianus . (1) Collagen gland cells have unique ellipsoid secretion granules with parallel internal periodic filaments. (2) Phenol gland cells contain dense homogenous spherical secretion granules. (3) Enzyme gland cells have heterogeneous secretion granules. The Golgi areas and condensing vacuoles of the three cell types also differ from one another. All three cell types have long cell processes through which the granules are conducted to their sites of egestion. These processes have complex multiple infolded plasma membranes, microtubules, and terminal elongated microvilli.
Theoretical Development, Factorial Validity, and Reliability of the Online Graduate Mentoring Scale

In this study, we sought to confirm the theoretical framework underlying an Online Graduate Mentoring Scale by establishing the scale’s factorial validity and reliability. Analysis of data received from doctoral students and alumni/ae of the College of Education of one large, online, accredited university reduced the initial theoretical framework from seven to six attributes, and resulted in a revision of the scale. Further research is needed to test the theoretical framework with other relevant populations and to refine the scale itself by reducing skewness and attaining item balance.