cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-resistance to fluoroquinolones in multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) Escherichia coli selected by tetracycline or chloramphenicol: decreased drug accumulation associated with membrane changes in addition to OmpF reduction.

Chromosomal multiple-antibiotic-resistant (Mar) mutants of Escherichia coli, selected on agar containing low concentrations of tetracycline or chloramphenicol, were 6- to 18-fold less susceptible to the fluoroquinolones than were their wild-type E. coli K-12 or E. coli C parental strains. The frequency of emergence of such mutants was at least 1,000-fold higher than that of those selected by the fluoroquinolone norfloxacin directly. When Mar mutants, but not wild-type cells, were plated on norfloxacin, mutants resistant to high levels of norfloxacin (2 micrograms/ml) appeared at a relatively high (approximately 10(-7] frequency. In addition to decreased amounts of OmpF, Mar mutants had other outer membrane protein changes and were four- to eightfold less susceptible to fluoroquinolones than was an ompF::Tn5 mutant lacking only OmpF. Accumulation of [3H]norfloxacin was more than threefold lower in the Mar mutants than in wild-type cells and twofold lower than in the OmpF-deficient derivative. These differences were not attributable to a change in the endogenous active efflux system for norfloxacin in E. coli. Norfloxacin-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis was threefold lower in intact cells of a Mar mutant than in susceptible cells, but this difference was not seen in toluene-permeabilized cells. Insertion of Tn5 into marA (min 34.05 on the chromosome) led to a return of the wild-type patterns of norfloxacin accumulation, fluoroquinolone and other antimicrobial agent susceptibilities, and outer membrane protein profile, including partial restoration of OmpF. These findings together suggest that marA-dependent fluoroquinolone resistance is linked to decreased cell permeability, only part of which can be accounted for by the reduction in OmpF. Once mutated to marA, cells can achieve high levels of quinolone resistance at a relatively high frequency. Images
Genetic Regulation of Airway Colonization by Bordetella Species

Bordetella species are respiratory pathogens that infect humans and other animals. A majority of the virulence factors expressed by these bacteria are regulated by a master control locus, BvgAS, a member of the two-component family of signal transduction systems. BvgAS senses environmental signals and mediates signal transduction by a phosphorylation cascade that leads to a biphasic transition between the Bvg+ and Bvg− phases. From natural host studies using Bordetella bronchiseptica, we have found that expression of Bvg+ phase factors, which include adhesins and toxins, is required for successful colonization of the mammalian respiratory tract. Suppression of the Bvg− phase motility phenotype is necessary for a successful interaction with the host. Although the Bvg− phase does not appear to be required in vivo, it does confer the ability to survive under conditions of severe nutrient deprivation. We hypothesize that the Bvg+ phase is necessary and sufficient for respiratory tract colonization and the Bvg...
Developmental evidence for stamen number reductionin populations of Hibbertia fasciculata (Dilleniaceae)

Discrete Australian populations of Hibbertia fasciculata R. Br. ex DC. differ in stamen number per flower: three to four in isolated, northeastern coastal populations in New South Wales vs. 10–12 in southeastern Australian populations. In all populations, the stamen bases are attached to three broad flat pedestals regardless of number of stamens present. In certain other Hibbertia species, each pedestal results from initiation via a common stamen primordium that usually produces at least 3–4 stamens per common primordium. In H. fasciculata, each of the three pedestals is associated with three to four stamens in flowers of southeastern populations, but with only one stamen per pedestal in the coastal populations of New South Wales. Because the pedestals (remnants of common primordia) have persisted, the evolutionary trend probably has been one of reduction in stamen number. General observations and comparative studies suggest that this population-based reduction series in stamen number (as well as reduced plant size and flower size) reflects a locally successful trend towards smaller organs throughout the plant body together with a shift in pollination ecology.
Early intervention services for very young children and their families under P.L. 99-457

This article addresses early intervention services for children, birth to kindergarten age, who experience developmental deficits and delays that may later be identified as learning disabilities. P.L. 99-457 is briefly reviewed with a focus on elements that emphasize family-centered practice. Vignettes are presented to illustrate interventive strategies that promote parent empowerment, and parent-professional and interagency collaboration.
On the application of the boundary layer approximation for the simulation of density stratified flows in aquifers

Abstract Stratification of the density in groundwater flow stems from the contact between water which contains minerals in low concentration with water containing a high concentration of minerals. The flow in such a flow field should be simulated by solving simultaneously the equations of continuity, motion and solute transport, because solute concentration affects the dynamics of the flow. Such an approach is generally associated with complicated calculations and numerical schemes subject to problems of convergence and stability, as the basic equations are highly nonlinear. This study applies the phenomenological boundary layer approximation, and suggests a reference to three different zones in the flow field: (a) fresh water zone, (b) transition zone, and (c) mineralized water zone. In zones (a) and (c) it is assumed that the potential flow theory can be applied. In zone (b) the flow is nonpotential but the basic similarity conditions typical to boundary layers exist. The approach suggested in this study simplifies the mathematical models that should be used for the flow field simulation. This approach is especially attractive in cases where the Dupuit approximation is applicable. In such cases very often analytical solutions can be obtained for unidirectional flows. In cases that are too complicated for representation by analytical solutions, the method can be used for the creation of simplified numerical schemes. Various examples in this study demonstrate the application of the method for various field problems associated with steady state as well as unsteady state conditions. The simplicity of the method makes it useful for variety of problems. It can be used even by small institutions and small consulting firms, who have usually access to minicomputers and microprocessors.
Trial Assessment of PEM Fuel Cells for Backup Power in Telco Networks

Vulnerability of remote terminal locations (such as huts, CEVs and cabinets) to power failures from increased demand, ice storms, hurricanes and grid malfunction has caused many Telcos to rethink their traditional approach to backup power in the network. One technology now being considered as potential replacement for traditional back-up battery power sources and portable generators is PEM fuel cells. Verizon has formed a Cross Functional Team (CFT) to oversee fuel cell pilot trials in order to assess deployment of PEM fuel cells for backup power in outside plant. Verizon plans to issue an RFI in mid-2006, and to make recommendations regarding the potential of PEM technology. This paper will present trial results at the designated test sites, review test documentation developed in support of the trials, discuss operational considerations learned when deploying fuel cells, and identify next steps to be taken in order to deploy PEM fuel cells in the Verizon network.
The chemical composition of a metal/ceramic interface on an atomic scale: The Cu/MgO {111} interface

The chemical composition profile across a Cu/MgO {111}-type heterophase interface, produced by the internal oxidation of a Cu(Mg) single-phase alloy at 1173 K, is measured via atom-probe field-ion microscopy with a spatial resolution of 0.121 nm; this resolution is equal to the interplanar spacing of the {222} MgO planes. In particular, we demonstrate directly that the bonding across a Cu/MgO {111}-type heterophase interface, along a direction common to both the Cu matrix and an MgO precipitate, has the sequence Cu|O|Mg... and not Cu|Mg|O...; this result is achieved without any deconvolution of the experimental data. Before determining this chemical sequence, it was established, via high-resolution electron microscopy, that the morphology of an MgO precipitate in a Cu matrix is an octahedron faceted on {111} planes with a cube-on-cube relationship between a precipitate and the matrix; that is, {111}Cu//{222}MgO and Cu // MgO.
EPIPHYTIC LICHEN ABUNDANCE: EFFECTS OF STAND AGE AND COMPOSITION IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA

Forest management, particularly in zones with infrequent disturbances, changes stand age and structure in ways that impact epiphytic lichen growth and establishment. This study investigates the effects of stand age and type on epiphytic lichen abundance and composition (the relative percentages of alectorioid lichens and cyanolichens) in the Coastal Western Hemlock zone of western Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We sampled lichens from the litter layer in six young ( 400 m) mature and old-growth T. heterophylla/A. amabilis forests had a high abundance of lichen dominated by cyanolichens; low-elevation forests (<200 m) had a high abundance dominated by alectorioids; mid-elevation forests (300–400 m) had less lichen. Mature stands were either very small or were initiated by natural disturbances, and most contained structural remnants. Because 70–120 yr-old stands with structural remnants had less lichen than paired old-growth stands, we concluded that structural retention, while important, may be insufficient to conserve epiphytic lichens in parts of the Coastal Western Hemlock zone.
Synthesis of high specific activity benzo[a]pyrene-6-t and its K-region oxidized derivatives

The potent carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene specifically tritiated in the 6-position was synthesized through hydrogenation of 6-bromobenzo[a]pyrene with tritium gas. The benzo[a]pyrene-6-t was then employed in the synthesis of benzo[a]pyrene-6-t 4,5-oxide of high specific activity via. the corresponding cis-diol, quinone and trans-diol. Also, BaP-6-d and BaP-G-t were employed in the synthesis of the corresponding K-region oxidized derivatives (cis- and trans-diols, quinones, and oxides). Loss of the isotopic label was generally minimal except in the transformations involving the high specific activity BaP-6-t compounds.
Patterns of timing in the acquisition, perception, and production of speech

Abstract In this commentary, the bodily and cognitive bases of timing in speech are discussed. Timing is viewed as playing a supportive role for the acquisition of speech, and for the cognitive processes involved in speech comprehension and production. The patterns of timing in speech are viewed as emerging from the coordinated dynamics of the body, and from the coordinated dynamics between behavior and cognition. These coordinated dynamics are viewed as existing both within and between individuals, and on multiple time scales.
Incidence and associated endocrine and neurologic abnormalities of optic nerve hypoplasia

Importance Optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) is an increasingly recognized cause of congenital blindness in children; however, there is significant discord regarding its incidence and the rate of associated conditions. Objective To determine the incidence of ONH and the rate of associated endocrine, neurologic, and developmental abnormalities among a population-based cohort of pediatric patients. Design Retrospective, population-based study. Setting Olmsted County, Minnesota (95.7% white in 1990). Participants All pediatric residents (aged Main Outcomes and Measures Incidence of ONH and the rate of associated endocrine, neurologic, and developmental abnormalities. Results Optic nerve hypoplasia was diagnosed in 19 pediatric patients during the 25-year study period, for an annual incidence of 2.4 (95% CI, 1.2-3.5) per 100 000 residents younger than 19 years or 1 in 2287 live births. The mean age at diagnosis was 2.1 years, and 10 (53%) patients were male. Commonly associated perinatal conditions included primiparity in 8 patients (42%), premature birth in 6 (32%), and maternal diabetes mellitus in 3 (16%). Of the 19 study patients, 16 (84%) had bilateral involvement at initial examination, 9 (47%) had decreased visual acuity, 8 (42%) had strabismus, and 5 (26%) had nystagmus. Systemic conditions included developmental delay in 12 (63%), neurologic deficits in 10 (53%), and endocrine dysfunction in 5 (26%). Conclusions and Relevance This population-based study demonstrated an incidence of ONH of 1 in 2287 live births. More than half of the patients had developmental and neurologic deficits, and one-fourth had a diagnosis of endocrine dysfunction.
A Comparison of Various Segments of the Forced Expirogram with the Maximum Breathing Capacity

There are a number of factors which influence the maximum breathing capacity. Among these are muscle strength, neuromuscular co-ordination, compliance and elasticity of the lungs and soft tissues, and airway resistance, as well as size, age and sex. Since the introduction of the concept of timed vital capacity in 1951,1 various portions of the forced expirogram have been suggested as useful for indicating the presence of increased airway resistance.’ ’ A correlation between the maximum breathing capacity and portions of the expirogram has also been demonstrated. The purpose of this study was threefold; 1) to determine which portion of the forced expirogram was best correlated with the maximum breathing capacity; 2) which portion gave the highest degree of discrimination between widely different levels of maximum breathing capacity, and 3) the relative merits of the various segments of the forced expirogram as a screening tooL
1162 JITTERINESS IN THE TERM NEWBORN: CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Jitteriness or tremor is a frequent finding in newborns that has been poorly studied. Perinatal data was collected and neuropediatric examinations were carried out on 511 term newborn infants greater than 38 weeks gestation born at BCH. 160 infants (32%) were found to be clinically jittery; of these 126(79%) were intermittently jittery(I), with tremor present only when the infant was stimulated, and 34(21%) were continuously jittery(C), with tremor present at rest. To assess the pathogenosis and clinical significance of jitteriness, nonjittery infants(N) were compared to Groups I and C. An infant in either jittery group was more likely to have a complication of pregnancy(p<.04) and more likely to be irritable(p<.01). Infants in the C Group were also more likely to be hypertonic(p<.03) and have more than one other positive finding on neurologic examination(p<.001). No differences were found in regard to frequency of labor or delivery risk factors,(eg: type of anaesthesia, forceps, C/Section, pitocin, need for O), Apgar Scores, incidence of neonatal medical illness including metabolic disturbance, frequency of dysmorphic features or in the number of infants less than the 10%ile for length, weight, or head circumference. This data suggests that jitteriness may be related to problems of the pregnancy itself and is frequently associated with other neurologic signs when the tremor is continuous. These infants(C) may be at risk for neurobehavioral difficulties.
Graph minors. III. Planar tree-width

Abstract The “tree-width” of a graph is defined and it is proved that for any fixed planar graph H, every planar graph with sufficiently large tree-width has a minor isomorphic to H. This result has several applications which are described in other papers in this series.
A New Preparative Cell for High Voltage Electrophoresis

A new electrophoresis cell has been designed in an attempt to effect separation of substances. A separation of Pharmagels A and B was achieved. Four mixtures of known, pure ingredients were subjected to electrophoresis in this new cell and in each case partial separation was achieved. The separation of two plant extracts was also carried out.
The development and maintenance of sexual dysfunction: An explanation based on cognitive theory

Abstract The literature exploring the aetiology of sexual dysfunction is largely atheoretical. This situation stems primarily from the fact that most studies are clinical in their focus. The scientific literature on sexual function and dysfunction is fairly recent and, even here, most studies are confined to the examination of a single dysfunction or aspect of dysfunction. As a result there has been an insufficiently comprehensive database to allow for the development of a general model to explain the aetiology of sexual dysfunction. However, sufficient data have been gathered in the last few years to allow such a general model to be proposed. The model presented in this paper explains the development of sexual dysfunction by an individual in a relationship. The model would need to be slightly modified to explain sexual dysfunction in people not currently involved in relationships. Cognitive theory is used to explain the causes of sexual dysfunction in men and women. The aetiological factors contributing ...
A Cysteine Protease That Processes Insect Vitellin PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENZYME AND THE PROENZYME

A cysteine protease that initiates degradation of vitellin (Vt) in the orthopteran Blattella germanica, and its proprotease precursor, were purified from yolk and partially characterized. The protease, purified 300-fold, contains three peptides of Mr 27,000, 29,000, and 31,000. A comparison of the purified enzyme's action pattern on Vt in vivo and in vitro confirmed its role in Vt processing. Protease-deficient yolk (day 0 postovulation) contained peptides of Mr 35,500, 37,000, 39,000, and 41,000, which were absent from yolk with protease activity. These were replaced by three peptides of approximately Mr 29,000, at days 2-3, the same time in development that protease expression and acidification of yolk granules occur (Nordin, J. H., Beaudoin, E. L., and Liu, X. (1991) Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 18, 177-192). Acidification of purified proprotease converted it to three peptides of approximately Mr 29,000 with cysteine protease activity. This conversion also required participation of a cysteine protease. Activated proprotease had the same pH activity profile, susceptibility to inhibitors, and cathepsin classification (L) as the protease. These results indicate that the Vt-processing protease is derived from a proprotease, which is activated in vivo by a developmentally regulated decrease in intragranular pH.
Delamination Buckling of Pressure-Loaded, Cross-Ply, Laminated Cylindrical Shells

Die Instabilitat von symmetrischen, in Diagonalrichtung abgeblatterten, laminierten vollen Zylinderschalen und von Zylinderstreifen wird fur den Fall untersucht, das diese einem gleichmasigen auseren Druck ausgesetzt werden. Das Abblattern geschieht parallel zur Referenzflache der Schale und erstreckt sich uber die gesamte Lange des Streifens bzw. des gesamten Zylinders. Verschiedene Schichtreihenfolgen werden betrachtet. Die Zylinder und Streifen sind so konstruiert, das alle Teile der Schale, die sie noch uberziehen sowohl als auch die durch Abblattern abgetrennten, als orthotrope Schalen modelliert werden konnen. Um die Wirkung verschiedener geometrischer und Material-Parameter beurteilen zu konnen, werden Parameter-Studien durchgefuhrt. Diese schliesen das Verhaltnis Lange zu Radius, Ort und Umfang des Abblatterns, das Verhaltnis von Radius und Dicke, die Breite des Zylinderstreifens und die Schichtreihenfolge ein. The instability of symmetric cross-ply, delaminated thin complete cylindrical shells and cylindrical panels, when acted upon by uniform external pressure, is studied. The delamination is parallel to the shell reference surface and it extends along the entire length of the panel or complete cylinder. Several laminate stacking sequences are considered. The cylinders and panels are constructed in such a way that all parts of the shell, the overall as well as the ones separated by the delamination, can be modelled as orthotropic shells. Parametric studies are performed in order to assess the effect of several geometric and material parameters. These include length to radius ratio, position of delamination, size of delamination, radius to thickness ratio, cylindrical panel width, and laminate stacking sequence.
Free energy calculations of counterion partitioning between DNA and chloride solutions

). The bulk isconsidered independent from the DNA solution. Thus, there areno electrostatic interactions between the polyelectrolyte andbulk solutions, which is the case in the Donnan equilibrium.The current analysis of the ionic exchange between the DNAand the bulk solutions (the latter serving as a bath with fixedionic chemical potentials) provides important new insights intothe energetics of the Na
Atomic layer coating to mitigate capacity fading associated with manganese dissolution in lithium ion batteries

Ultrathin surface coatings (< 5 nm) on electrodes have been developed to mitigate the capacity decay induced by manganese (Mn) dissolution, a limiting factor for Mn-based oxide electrode materials in lithium ion batteries. We demonstrated that the capacity decay was attributed to the Mn deposited on the graphite electrode accelerating the electrolyte decomposition. While the Al2O3 coating on the positive electrode suppressed the Mn dissolution, we found that the Al2O3 coating on the negative electrode was counter-intuitively more beneficial and efficient in preventing the Mn deposition and achieving excellent capacity retention in lithium ion batteries.
Increasing effectiveness of modeling

Abstract Modeling is the essence of the operations research study. Yet with the exception of rare instances does the model of the study realize its full potential benefits in the business world. In this treatise an attempt is made to familiarize the business world with the types of models that exist including their operational and functional attributes. In order to increase the model and or study effectiveness the essential elements in performance are expounded to illustrate the comprehensiveness required. In conclusion, the recognition that modeling is not a utopia and that many pitfalls exist is explored with recommendations made to diminish or eliminate the negative impact of these shortcomings.
Electrical–Thermal Cosimulation With Nonconformal Domain Decomposition Method for Multiscale 3-D Integrated Systems

Because of the multiple scales in 3-D integrated systems, numerical simulation methods that are able to handle multiscale problems efficiently are strongly required. In this paper, electrical-thermal cosimulation of multiscale integrated systems using Mortar finite element-based domain decomposition method is proposed. Using the nonconformal domain decomposition approach, integrated systems can be divided into separate subdomains. Individual subdomains can be discretized independently based on its detailed feature size and formulated using the finite element method with associated boundary conditions. The coupling between domains is captured using Lagrange multipliers. For large multiscale 3-D problems, the cascadic multigrid method combined with the subspace confined preconditioned conjugate gradient method is used to accelerate the convergence of the solution with hierarchical meshing grids. Several examples are simulated and the results validate the accuracy and efficiency of the electrical-thermal cosimulation using nonconformal domain decomposition.
Linking computational methods across different length scales

Throughout the Plenary and Break-Out Sessions at the Workshop the issue was frequently brought up of linking together computational approaches which traditionally operate on distinct length scales. In response to this interest, an informal discussion was held to examine the prospects for a collaborative initiative on coupling atomistic and continuum methods. At this gathering everyone agreed that for materials modeling to be predictive it must be firmly based on realistic physical descriptions of the underlying processes, and that such realism should exist at all levels of the computational hierarchy. There was strong consensus that the integration of computational approaches across different levels (length scales) is a critical issue facing the materials modeling community. While the need to couple the atomistic and continuum methods is now quite widely recognized, few studies have been carried out to sufficient extent as to provide useful guidance for further work. All participants agreed that the next course of action should focus on specific problems. To acknowledge the fact that many participants have made contributions to a discussion session that did not follow any organized format, we have decided to use citations. However, the reader should be fore-warned that our intention is to refer to contributions in the spirit of an informal discussion rather than any prepared and documented presentation. Under the circumstances, omissions and misinterpretations on our part are almost inevitable; for these we apologize. More accurate descriptions of the various views expressed on the issue of multiscale modeling can be found in the papers contained in Part III of these Proceedings.
In vitro ethanol effects on the transport properties of isolated renal brush-border membrane vesicles.

Thein vitro effect of ethanol on membrane structure and transport properties was studied in isolated renal brush border membrane vesicles.31P-NMR studies showed a dose-dependent increase in the quantity of an isotropic, possibly inverted-micellar component of the renal brush-border membrane as a result of treatment with ethanol. Such structures have been shown to be instrumental in the translocation of material across membrane bilayers. A23Na-NMR study of Na+ exchange in artificial phosphatidylcholine liposomes indicated that ethanol (0.1%) was capable of rending the otherwise inert vesicles permeable to sodium, supporting the idea that ethanol may exert its action via a direct effect on the structure of the phospholipid bilayer. In the isolated renal brush-border membrane vesicles, like in the artificial liposomes, amiloride-insensitive pathways of Na+ transport were shown to be markedly activated by ethanol. These results were consistent with the inhibitory effect ethanol had on Na+ gradient-dependent transport systems such as the Na+ gradient-dependentd-glucose transport and Na+/H+ exchange. In conclusion, our results indicate that ethanol exerts its effect on the renal brush-border membrane by causing a structural change in the phospholipid bilayer which activates sodium intake. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on glucose uptake and Na+/H+ exchange is secondary, as a result of the dissipation of the energy-producing Na+ gradient.
How Genomics, Research, Ethics and Advances Translate into Improved Care for Breast Surgery Patients

We are excited to present the fourth annual issue in the Annals of Surgical Oncology dedicated to manuscripts from presentations at the 14th annual meeting of the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS). A first for this year’s meeting was invited submission of brief video presentations of ‘‘How I do it,’’ which were presented at the meeting; several of these have been published in the online edition of the ASO, so take some time to look over these videos that outline techniques in breast surgery that may be different from the way that you approach the procedure or outline new procedures. The meeting in Chicago was attended by more than 1,300 attendees. The theme of this year’s meeting was GREAT—Genomics, Research, Ethics, Advances, Translate—and it was truly a great meeting. Herein, we review how these topics relate to the breast surgeon.
IgE, CD8+CD60+ T Cells and IFN-α in Human Immunity to Parvovirus B19 in Selective IgA Deficiency

Although IgE is implicated in viral immunity, its role in parvovirus B19 immunity and its relationship to other immunological states has not been studied. Total serum immunoglobulin levels, IgG and IgE anti-parvovirus B19, blood lymphocyte numbers, and epsilon and cytokine specific mRNA were determined in pediatric patients with normal serum IgA levels (IgA+) and selective IgA deficiency (IgA-) on days 0 (initial diagnosis) and 14, and 3 years after recovery (nephelometry, Western blot test, flow cytometry, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction). We found that both patients had serum IgM, IgG, IgE, and IgA levels within normal ranges on day 0 to 3 years, excluding IgG(1) and IgA in the IgA- patient, which were elevated and negative, respectively, and IgE in the IgA+ patient, which was elevated (>100 IU/ml). The serum IgA+ and IgA- patients made IgE (and IgG) anti-parvovirus B19 at all time points. Excluding CD8(+)CD60+ T cells, determinations of T, B, and NK lymphocyte subsets always were within normal ranges. In both patients, CD8(+)CD60+ T-cell numbers were within normal ranges on day 0, but dramatically increased on day 14 (more than fivefold). At 3 years, they had returned to normal in the IgA+ patient, but remained high in the IgA- patient. On day 0 to 3 years, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of both patients expressed epsilon- and interferon (IFN)-alpha-specific mRNA. On day 0, the IgA+ patient expressed interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, but not IL-2, IFN-gamma, or IL-6 mRNA; the IgA- patient expressed IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA, but not IL-4, IL-2, or IFN-gamma mRNA. At 3 years, the IgA+ patient expressed mRNA for all cytokines, but the IgA- patient did not express mRNA for any of these cytokines. Our results suggest that IgE is important in parvovirus B19 immunity, and that IFN-alpha and CD8(+)CD60+ T cells may regulate IgE memory responses and isotype switching.
Emission polarization study on quartz and calcite.

Calculation of the spectral emission polarization of quartz and calcite polished plates for observation angles of 20 and 70 deg by the substitution of complex index of refraction values for each mineral into Fresnel's equations. The emission polarization is shown to be quite wavelength-dependent, demonstrating that selected narrow or medium-width spectral bands exhibit a significantly higher percentage of polarization than a broad spectral band for these two minerals. Field measurements with a broadband infrared radiometer yield polarizations on the order of 2% for a coarse-grained granite rock and beach sand (both quartz-rich). This implies that a more sensitive detector with a selected medium-width filter may be capable of measuring emission polarization accurately enough to make this parameter useful as a remote sensing tool for discrimination among rocks on the basis of texture.
Modeling of heel strike transients during running

Abstract The goal of this study is to develop a mathematical model that can describe the dissipation and attenuation of the shock wave initiated during the impact of the foot striking the ground. A three-degree-of-freedom spring-damper-mass system was conceived as an equivalent model of the lower extremity. The mathematical model that was developed was used to investigate the shock absorption phenomena of the human body. The model and solution procedure were verified by a drop test. The instant of the impact of landing was assumed to be equivalent to foot strike transients. The results showed that the quasilinearization technique can identify the spring and damping constants of the system at the instant of impact fairly accurately. The acceleration pattern as predicted from the proposed model was very close to the measured one. The model was used to analyze the effect of the ground and footwear damping and spring constants on the dynamic loading on the human musculoskeletal system. It was shown that changes in the spring constant do not have a significant effect on the ground reaction forces, while increase of the damping constant resulted in decrease of this force. Thus, the damping constant is the dominant factor in controlling the impact on the human musculoskeletal system.
Availability of Legacy Government Documents Online

Federal government publications are important resources for primary source information such as statistics, history, legislative intent, and more, yet it has only been in the past few years that a major focus on digitizing historical federal publications has been undertaken. Now that digitization of these publications is underway, it is important for libraries to know how many of these publications are freely available online in order to provide greater access to information, and for collection development purposes, to withdraw federal depository collections. This article analyzes the online availability of a sample population of historical federal publications from 1943–1976. Results indicate that 21% to 26.5% of the sample documents are freely available online, with the majority stored in the HathiTrust repository.
Computer tools for the analysis of schooling

Quantification of fish school structure is difficult because of: (1) the large amount of positional data that must be recorded, (2) the fact that schools are moving, and (3) the fact that schools are threedimensional. Computer tools for addressing these problems include x,y digitizing devices interfaced to computers and interactive computer graphics systems. General computer algorithms now exist for 3-D reconstruction of schools given any two 2-D views such as photographs.
Ensuring Hybrid Vigor in the Agricultural Economics Profession

The theme of generational change dominated the presidential campaign in the fall of 1992. The end of the cold war was coupled with the idea that the nation might be governed by individuals whose defining experiences were very different from those of their predecessors. But when Bill Clinton was elected President, it became clear that describing the current environment as the "end of an era" yielded little insight into what new era might be beginning. The next stage has yet to be defined, but will be determined by the interaction between new leadership and the changed circumstances in which it finds itself. It is not too great a stretch to view the prospects of the agricultural economics profession against this same backdrop of generational change and unfamiliar external circumstances. The in-
Survival Model Inference Using Functions of Brownian Motion

A family of tests for the presence of regression effect under proportional and non-proportional hazards models is described. The non-proportional hazards model, although not completely general, is very broad and includes a large number of possibilities. In the absence of restrictions, the regression coefficient, β(t), can be any real function of time. When β(t) = β, we recover the proportional hazards model which can then be taken as a special case of a non-proportional hazards model. We study tests of the null hypothesis; H0:β(t) = 0 for all t against alternatives such as; H1:∫β(t)dF(t) ≠ 0 or H1:β(t) ≠ 0 for some t. In contrast to now classical approaches based on partial likelihood and martingale theory, the development here is based on Brownian motion, Donsker’s theorem and theorems from O’Quigley [1] and Xu and O’Quigley [2]. The usual partial likelihood score test arises as a special case. Large sample theory follows without special arguments, such as the martingale central limit theorem, and is relatively straightforward.
Enhancing Student Engagement in Engineering Statics With Online Tools

Engineering Statics at North Carolina State University is taught to both distance-education and on-campus sections simultaneously. Statics has been remodeled to include online and in-class tools to encourage all students to stay actively engaged with the material. Seven online tools which have been incorporated into the redesigned course are presented and discussed: review modules, reading introductions and quizzes, class notes with video example problems, recorded lectures, skills quizzes, synchronous office hours and asynchronous message boards, and clickers. Results indicate students come to class consistently, are more likely to complete readings, and appreciate the just-in-time online resources. One faculty member can now supervise larger numbers of students and homework grading has been cut in half.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The changing view of neural specificity

The generation of specific patterns of neuronal connections has usually been regarded as a central problem in neurobiology. The prevailing view for many years has been that these connections are established by complementary recognition molecules on the pre- and postsynaptic cells (the chemoaffinity theory). Experimental results obtained in the past decade, however, indicate that the view that axon guidance and synaptogenesis proceed according to restrictive chemical markers is too narrow. Although a more rigid plan may prevail in some invertebrates, the formation of specific connections in vertebrates also involves competition between axon terminals, trophic feedback between pre- and postsynaptic cells, and modification of connections by functional activity.
Analysis of trimethylselenonium ion in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract A rapid and simple method for the separation of trimethylselenonium ion and other cationic forms of selenium in urine by HPLC on a strong cation exchanger is described. Most of the inorganic salts in urine are removed prior to chromatography by means of ethanolic precipitation, thus minimizing interferences. Following sample loading and elution with 0.003 m ammonium phosphate (pH 4), a linear gradient to 0.33 m ammonium phosphate (pH 4) is employed. Complete separation of the trimethylselenonium ion from four other selenonium compounds was achieved, and good recovery of the compounds was obtained for the desalting and chromatographic procedures. The procedure was successfully employed to demonstrate that dimethylselenocysteineselenonium iodide and Se-methylselenomethionineselenonium iodide are extensively metabolized when administered to rats, and that trimethylselenonium ion is a major urinary metabolite of both compounds.
Analyzing the competitive advantages and disadvantages of Germany with the TOWS Matrix ‐ an alternative to Porter’s Model

This article will describe a logical and efficient process of developing coherent national strategies in light of environmental forces that are present in the global market. It will then apply that process to the Federal Republic of Germany. The TOWS (threats, opportunities, weaknesses, strengths) Matrix will be used to accomplish this task. The TOWS methodology will focus on aspects of German industries that have had a significant impact ‐ either positively or negatively ‐ on the country’s economy and its position in the European Community and the world. Intrinsic national forces in the social, economic, political, and technological areas will be considered in determining the origin of Germany’s national industrial strengths and weaknesses. External opportunities for and threats to these industries will then be analyzed. After an analysis of a wide array of forces, strategies by German industries will be delineated and alternative industrial strategies will be proposed. Because former West Germany differs very much from former East Germany, the analysis will focus on what used to be called “West Germany”, referred to in this paper simply as Germany.
Clean energy and water: assessment of Mexico for improved water services and renewable energy

Vast natural resources and strained water supplies make Mexico a valuable geographic setting for studying the energy-water nexus. While Mexico has historically been a major oil producing country, it struggles with water stress, as much of its land area is experiencing or approaching physical water scarcity. Solving many of Mexico's water issues will require energy for extracting, transporting, and treating water where it is needed most. Yet such energy use is not always possible since many people are not connected to an electricity grid or other decentralized energy infrastructure. In addition, a continuation of the almost decade-long trend of declining oil production and exports might reduce revenues and available energy to fund and operate new water systems. Consequently, there is an opportunity to improve water services through use of distributed renewable energy technologies that do not directly require fossil resources or large-scale infrastructure. Various policies and technologies are relevant to the energy-water nexus on a decentralized scale, which are covered in this manuscript. We use an integrated technology policy framework to assess the efficacy of integrating renewable energy and water systems in Mexico via case studies of technologies affecting energy-water policy objectives and
Deposition diagnostics for next-step devices (invited)

Deposition in next-step devices such as ITER will pose diagnostic challenges. Codeposition of hydrogen with carbon needs to be characterized and understood in the initial hydrogen phase in order to mitigate tritium retention and qualify carbon plasma facing components for DT operations. Plasma facing diagnostic mirrors will experience deposition that is expected to rapidly degrade their reflectivity, posing a challenge to diagnostic design. Some eroded particles will collect as dust on interior surfaces and the quantity of dust will be strictly regulated for safety reasons however, diagnostics of in-vessel dust are lacking. We report results from two diagnostics that relate to these issues. Measurements of deposition on NSTX with 4 Hz time resolution have been made using a quartz microbalance in a configuration that mimics that of a typical diagnostic mirror. Often deposition was observed immediately following the discharge suggesting that diagnostic shutters should be closed as soon as possible after the...
The Economics of Low-Income Diets

New attitudes and new standards, 663. — The data, 664. — Income elasticities for different foods, 665. — Calorie content of diets, 669. — Comparisons with scientifically determined diets, 671. — Nutrition and education, 676. — Nutrition and income, 677. — Nutrition and agricultural poHcy, 679.
Point/counterpoint CS education in the U.S.: heading in the wrong direction?

Considering the most effective methods for teaching students the fundamental principles of software engineering.
953-34 Pulmonary Vascular Endothelium is Capable of Producing Nitric Oxide After Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Circulatory Arrest

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) can lead to clinically significant pulmonary dysfunction and increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Endothelial production of nitric oxide (NO), a vasodilator, is an important mediator of pulmonary vascular tone. Endothelial injury during CPB and DHCA with loss of NO production may result in elevated PVR postoperatively. To assess the importance of NO production before and after CPB and DHCA, twelve 4–6 week old piglets were instrumented with pulmonary artery (PA) and left atrial Millar micromanometers and a PA ultrasonic flow probe. NO synthase was blocked with a 5 mg/kg bolus of Nw-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) into the main PA either before (Control, n = 6) or after CPB and DHCA (DHCA, n = 6). The DHCA animals were placed on CPB, cooled to 18°C, arrested for 60 minutes, rewarmed to 37°C, and weaned from CPB. The L-NAME bolus was given 15 minutes after weaning from CPB in this group. PVR and input impedance Ilin) were measured immediately before and 10 minutes after L-NAME in both groups. The results are expressed as means ± SEM. Minutes PVR (dyne sec cm-5) Zin(dyne sec cm-5) Post-L-NAME Control Post-DHCA Control Post-DHCA 0 526 ± 53 1993 ± 399 † 1006 ± 52 2543 ± 436 † 10 1456 ± 136 * 3578 ± 668 * 2100 ± 69 * 4323 ± 687 * † p l 0.006 vs Control by unpaired two-tailed t-test. * p l 0.01 vs Time 0 by paired twotailed t-test Conclusions 1) PVR and Zinare significantly increased by CPB and DHCA. 2) Blockade of NO synthase increases PVR and Zinto a similar degree preand post-DHCA, demonstrating that the pulmonary endothelium produces NO after CPB and DHCA. 3) Since the endothelium continues to produce NO following CPB and DHCA, other mechanisms, such as increased endothelial production of vasoconstrictors or interstitial edema, may be important mediators of post-CPB pulmonary dysfunction.
Further characterization of the structure and the thermal transitions of poly(p‐oxybenzoate‐co‐p‐phenylene isophthalate) polymers

A series of poly(p-oxybenzoate-co-p-phenylene isophthalate)s were prepared by melt polycondensation of p-acotoxybenzoic acid, p-phenylene diacetate, and isophthalic acid followed by solid-state polymerization. The solid-state polymerization not only increased the molecular weight, but also annealed the copolyesters. The thermal stability, liquid crystallinity, thermal properties, and solid-state crystallinity of these copolyesters were investigated by TGA, polarized microscope, DSC, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction, respectively. It was found that copolyesters with HBA content of 50, 60, and 70 mol % showed explicit melt birefringence at 370°C and thus exhibited liquid crystalline state. The effect of annealing during solid-state polymerization on the thermal properties was discussed. The effect of copolymerization on their crystallinity was interpreted with X-ray diffraction qualitatively.
New Technologies for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Survey of Recent Patents

The concern over increasing needs for drinking water and awareness for development of systems to improve water quality both for drinking purposes and for effluents from wastewater treatment and industrial facilities have provided incentives to develop new technologies and improve performance of existing technologies. In this paper, the patents on treatment of water and wastewater approved during the period from 1999 to 2007 were reviewed. The patents surveyed were classified into two groups as technologies for water purification systems for drinking water, and technologies for treatment of wastewater. An assessment of the current and future outlook for development of new technologies, methods of treatment, equipment and instruments which can be used for water and wastewater treatment applications are presented.
13C NMR study of (propargyl)dicobalt hexacarbonyl cations: A structurally unique class of metal-stabilized carbenium ions

13C NMR spectra of the complexes [(R3CCCR1R2)Co2(CO)6]BF4 (I) have been obtained in SO2. These exhibit resonances which are only mildly deshielded relative to the precursor alcohol complexes and dramatically shielded compared to those of free propargyl cations. These data affirm the powerful electron donating ability of the (alkynyl)Co2(CO)6 group. [(HCCCMe2Co2(CO)6BF4 exhibits a temperature-dependent spectrum suggesting a significant rotational barrier about the C-CR2 bond.
Xanthogranulomas of the Third Ventricle

Two patients with xanthogranuloma of the 3rd ventricle are described. In each instance the tumor obstructed the interventricular foramina and caused dilatation of the lateral ventricles and signs of increased intracranial pressure; computerized tomography demonstrated the dense, nonenhancing lesion in the anterior 3rd ventricle. The pathogenesis of these rare tumors is discussed. These cases affirm the need to consider xanthogranuloma in the differential diagnosis of anterior 3rd ventricle tumors in adults.