cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors, Oxidative Stress, and Multiple Myeloma Therapy

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by dysregulated proliferation of plasma cells. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition results in the accumulation of acetylated nucleosomal histones and induces differentiation and apoptosis in transformed cells. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mitochondrial damage/dysfunction in myeloma cells. The release of apoptogenic factors from mitochondria leads to cell death. Synergistic antimyeloma activity of a combination regimen of HDACi with other agents was observed, in which increased oxidative stress plays a major role. A preclinical animal model also showed a strong inhibition of myeloma tumor growth and prolonged survival by KD5170 monotherapy. These findings indicate HDACi are promising anti-MM agents, mediated by gene modulation and induction of oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis.
Electron Temperature Dependence of Recombination of O 2 + and N 2 + Ions with Electrons

A microwave-afterglow/mass-spectrometer apparatus which employs microwave heating of the electrons is used to determine the recombination coefficients, $\ensuremath{\alpha}({\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+})$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}({\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+})$, of mass-identified ions with electrons as a function of electron temperature. From electron-density decay data taken under good "ion-tracking" conditions it is found that $\ensuremath{\alpha}({\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{+})$ varies as ${{T}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{-}0.70}$ over the range $300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}l~{T}_{e}l~1200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$ [starting from a value (1.95 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec at ${T}_{e}=300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K] and then varies as ${{T}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{-}0.56}$ between 1200 and 5000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the nitrogen studies the "ion tracking" of the electron decay is less perfect, but ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+}$ remains the principal afterglow ion and $\ensuremath{\alpha}({\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{+})$ is found to vary as ${{T}_{e}}^{\ensuremath{-}0.39}$ over the entire range $300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}l~{T}_{e}l~5000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{K}$, starting from a value (${1.8}_{\ensuremath{-}0.2}^{+0.4}$) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$/sec at ${T}_{e}=300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K. These results are compared with other laboratory determinations, results of theoretical calculations, and values inferred from analyses of ionospheric measurements.
Helium-3 in Superfluid Helium-4

This paper is not intended to be a review nor is there sufficient time or space to give an adequate introduction to the work which will be described in the many contributed papers at the conference, so I will confine myself to some topics that have interested our group at Ohio State. I must therefore apologize to a lot of people whose important work has not been mentioned.
Does the presence of mediastinal adenopathy confer a risk for disseminated infection in immunocompetent persons with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis

Summary Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis is caused by inhaling airborne arthroconidia of Coccidioides, a soil-dwelling fungus endemic to the desert southwestern United States. Although uncommon, disseminated coccidioidal infection can be associated with well-defined risk factors, such as cell-mediated immunodeficiency, certain racial heritages (e.g. African or Filipino), male sex, or pregnancy. Before widespread use of computed tomography (CT), the presence or persistence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy was postulated to be a risk factor for disseminated coccidioidal infection. To investigate the use of CT scanning to identify the presence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in patients with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis, and to correlate such lymphadenopathy with disseminated coccidioidal infection, we performed a retrospective review of patients with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis who were evaluated by chest CT. Two radiologists independently interpreted 150 CT scans from patients with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Forty-nine patients met CT criteria for mediastinal lymphadenopathy, whereas 101 patients did not. Disseminated coccidioidal infection was observed in 5 (10%) of the 49 patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and in 6 of the 101 (6%; P = .34) without such adenopathy. Among patients with coccidioidomycosis, patients with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, as assessed by CT, had a higher rate of disseminated infection, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Design and validation of a thermoreversible material for percutaneous tissue hydrodissection.

Interventional oncology procedures such as thermal ablation are becoming routine for many cancers. Hydrodissection—separating tissues with fluids—protects tissues near the treatment zone to improve ablation's safety and facilitate more aggressive treatments. However, currently used fluids such as normal saline and 5% dextrose in water (D5W) migrate in the peritoneum, reducing their protective efficacy. As a hydrodissection alternative, we investigated a thermoreversible poloxamer 407 (P407) solution. Such a material can be injected as a liquid which then forms a semi-solid gel at body temperature without syneresis. The desired gelation temperature of 32°C was achieved with 15.4 wt/wt % P407. Viscosity analysis revealed the lowest viscosity and ideal injection point was at 14°C. Solution viscosity increased during gelation, to a peak of 65 kPa*s at 40°C. The electrical impedance of P407 was significantly greater than isotonic saline, but lower than D5W, indicating its potential for electrical protection. The P407 gel was similar to other hydrodissection fluids at ultrasound and CT imaging. Ex vivo liver ablations showed that P407 protects neighboring tissues, but may require a thicker barrier for comparable protection to D5W. Overall, we found that the P407 solution is a feasible alternative to traditional hydrodissection fluids and warrants additional study. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2013.
Using Nanopores to Discriminate Between Single Molecules of DNA

Discrimination and characterization of unlabeled, low copy number DNA molecules may become a central requirement for many future biotechnology applications where low cost, high throughput genomic analysis is essential. To date, approaches to such analysis usually require many copies (femto-moles or more) of DNA that are amplified from a specific small region of DNA. In many cases, preparing this DNA is the rate-limiting step that significantly contributes to the overall cost of the analysis. Recently, new tools and techniques that allow detection and manipulation of single DNA molecules have been reported. These tools may eliminate the necessity for DNA amplification. One example consists of sequence-specific DNA detection using molecular beacons which offer a superior signal-to-background efficiency compared with standard DNA probes, and thus are much more suitable for single molecule detection [1]. Single DNA molecules have also been sorted and sized using electric fields [2] or stretched by electrophoretic force in a specially micro-fabricated cell [3].
Antigens of the Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare complex.

In the past decade, the clinical significance of the Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare complex (MAC) has increased dramatically primarily because of the association between the MAC and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent hospital reports have suggested that about one-half of AIDS patients in the United States are infected with the MAC. The resulting mycobacteremia is a primary cause of mortality in 5–10% of these patients. This increased clinical importance of the MAC has generated renewed interest in MAC immunobiology. In this review, recent immunological and biochemical characterizations of four classes of dominant mycobacterial antigens — glycopeptidolipids, arabinogalactan, lipoarabinomannan and MAC proteins — is examined. In addition, future prospects for improved diagnosis of MAC disease using defined monospecific antigens is discussed.
Determinants of Equity Style

This paper provides a unifying empirical treatment of propositions explaining equity style cycles with a four-factor model that combines risk factors central to style theory. Tests on style autocorrelations and performance over the period January 1979–December 2004 generally affirm theoretical expectations. We employ cointegration methodology to analyze the stationarity of style covariances and dissect the diversification contributions of styles. We document style diversification gains but discover an asymmetry: value gains are derived from small company stocks while growth benefits come from large stocks. The asymmetry implies portfolios comprised of independent large growth and small value styles since the twin small growth and large value styles are cointegrated and redundant diversifiers. Performance tests show superior performance by the independent styles over the sample period, two equal intertemporal periods, and an extended 5-year period that directly contradicts a risk based explanation. The influence of institutional traders on style trends is also documented. Our findings affirm the predictions of behavioral models and provide more empirical evidence of superior performance unrelated to risk or fundamentals.
On the existence of hemisphere‐wide climate variations

[1] Ward's hierarchical cluster algorithm has been applied to the NCEP reanalyzed monthly mean Northern Hemisphere (NH) wintertime geopotential height at 500 hPa (Z500). A combination of criteria involving distance, pattern correlation, well-defined branches of the family tree, significance testing, and comparison of hierarchical clustering results to other clustering methods has lead to a reasonable choice of four or five clusters. The four clusters obtained, using a subset of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of Z500, reproduce the Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM), also called the Arctic Oscillation (AO) pattern, and the Cold-Ocean-Warm-Land (COWL) pattern in both polarities. During the occurrence of NAM-like regimes, the full-field centers of action over the Pacific and the Atlantic have positive or negative anomalies simultaneously. For the COWL-like regimes, the center of action over the Pacific is out of phase with that over the Atlantic. The coexistence of NAM-like and COWL-like regimes explains the apparent lack of correlation between the Z500 fluctuations near the Azores and the Northern Pacific.
Career development interventions in organizations.

Abstract This article reviews the last 20 years of research and practice of career development interventions used within organizations. The review begins by describing the historical development of the field of organizational career development and the reasons why organizations have increasingly used career development programs to address human resource problems and challenges. Discussion then focuses on describing the types of interventions used by some companies over the last two decades. Illustrations of interventions such as self-assessment tools, individual counseling, information services, assessment programs, and developmental programs are included. Descriptions of programs which have been designed to meet the unique needs of individuals at various career phases (e.g., early, middle, and late career) and other special issues (e.g., high-potential employees, terminated employees, supervisors, women and minority employees, employed spouses and parents) are also provided. The article concludes by reviewing research on the effectiveness of career development programs and offering suggestions for future research and practice.
3He spin diffusion in thin4He films

Abstract We report measurements of the transverse and longitudinal spin diffusion coefficients for 0.1 – 0.24 monolayers of3He adsorbed on thin3He films as a function of temperature and4He coverage. A strong4He coverage dependence is observed in the spin diffusion which suggests that the3He quasiparticles in the film are strongly scattered by substrate inhomogeneities for4He coverages below 0.5A˚-2.
MANY-BODY PROBLEM IN QUANTUM STATISTICAL MECHANICS. V. DEGENERATE PHASE IN BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION

The formulation of the previous paper (paper IV) is extended so that it becomes applicable in an interacting system in the presence of a Bose-Einstein degeneracy. This extension is carried out by the introduction of an $x$-ensemble, which enables one to utilize an Ursell-type expansion even in the presence of a Bose-Einstein degeneracy. The variational principle of the previous paper is also extended. It is proved that in the presence of a Bose-Einstein degeneracy, the average occupation number of a single particle state with momentum p approaches infinity as p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0. The method is applied to a dilute system of Bose hard spheres.
Internal structures in membranes: Ripples, hats, saddles, and egg cartons

Membranes such as bilayers that form spontaneously in lipid-water systems can show surprising variety in their phase behavior, shapes, and textures. Many of these phases and textures seem to be the result of subtle effects of either competing interactions between the constituent molecules or the expression of internal degrees of freedom within these essentially two-dimensional systems. The richness of their behavior has made membranes fascinating model systems for both experimental and theoretical research. There have been recent developments in the study of such structures as 'ripple phases' and other textures, primarily in bilayer membranes.
Hexachlorophene concentrations in human milk.

Until recently, i t was the practice in many nuseries to regularly bathe newborn infants with hexachlorophene-containing solutions (KASLOW et a l . , 1973). With the discovery of the hazard of central nervous system toxicity, the Food and Drug Administration (F.D.A.) in cooperation with the Committee on Fetus and Newborn of the American Academy of Pediatrics issued a recommendation that the routine use of hexachlorophene for total body bathing of infants be discontinued (ANON. 1971). A renewed interest in the pharmacology and toxicology of this compound has resulted. In the past, most studies have been concerned with the absorption of hexachlorophene through intact or burned skin (CURLEY et a l . , 1971; CARROLL et a l . , 1967), but hexachlorophene can also be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (KIMBROUGH 1971; KIMBROUGH and GAINES 1971). As i t has been the practice at some hospitals to instruct nursing mothers to wash their nipples with hexachlorophene-containing preparations as well as to wash their babies after discharge with these products, i t was decided to perform hexachlorophene assays on human milk samples obtained before and after the F.D.A. recommendations were issued in December, 1971. To our knowledge these are the f i r s t reported determinations of hexachlorophene in human milk.
Psychotropic Medication and Drug-Related Alopecia

The literature on alopecia as a side effect of psychotropic medications is reviewed. Drug-induced alopecia usually presents as a diffuse, nonscarring alopecia that is reversible upon withdrawal of the drug. Certain psychotropic drugs—such as the beta-blockers, lithium, and anticonvulsants—are most likely to induce a drug-related alopecia. The evaluation and management of psychiatric patients with drug-induced alopecia are discussed.
Dynamics of fluidized suspensions of spheres of finite size

Abstract We propose a one-dimensional theory of fluidized suspensions in which the fluids and solids momentum equations are decoupled by using a new mean drag law for the particles. Our mean drag law differs from the standard drag laws frequently used in that the drag is assumed to depend on the area fraction rather than the number density. For a monodisperse suspension of spheres of radius R, the area fraction and the number density are related by a simple geometrical construction that takes into account the area of intersection of the spheres with a plane perpendicular to the flow. For the linearized theory uniformly fluidized suspension is unstable but not Hadamard unstable. However, there is a distinguished set of marginally stable modes belonging to a countable set of blocked wave numbers α: α = 4.493 R , 7.7253 R , 10.904 R ,… The nonlinear theory contains bounded solutions when a certain dimensionless “growth rate” parameter is below a critical value. The power spectrum of these bounded solutions is broad banded in both space and time, and is very low for the wave numbers that are marginally stable in the linear theory. These results agree with our experiments, as well as witht he previous experimental results from diffraction studies.
Versatile Method For Measuring Absolute Grating Efficiencies

A simple and very compact apparatus is described for obtaining the absolute efficiencies of a wide assortment of grating types and sizes. The device allows a grating to be measured in the configuration it will actually be used in, which can be particularly valuable in cases where the grating efficiency may vary significantly with the method in which it is used. Some results are given for a number of gratings.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Relational and item-specific information in the determination of blocking effects

Items organized (“blocked”) by membership in common categories are generally better-remembered than unorganized items. In experiments conducted by Gollin and Sharps (1988), however, this blocking effect was largely confined to verbal stimuli. In the present manuscript, we show that this result may reflect differences in the processing of item-specific and relational information, as first described by Einstein and Hunt (1980). This hypothesis requires that the blocking effect for verbal stimuli diminish over longer retention intervals and that this diminution be attenuated or arrested by instructional manipulations at encoding. The present results verified these conjectures and replicated the result of Gollin and Sharps (1988).The findings suggest that the results of Gollin and Sharps were predictable from the application of item-specific/relational information theory and that the theory may appropriately be applied to paradigms involving both verbal and nonverbal stimuli.
Fab-arm exchange is a misnomer

There is increasing research activity aimed at understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of so-called Fab-arm exchange, which has important implications for immunotherapies involving the anti-inflammatory IgG4 antibodies, and might also be relevant to our understanding of the etiology of the newly-described IgG4-related disease.1 I would like to point out that “Fab”-arm exchange is a misnomer and is misleading. It implies that only the Fab portion of the antibody is being exchanged; in fact, this dynamic process involves also the exchange of the Fc segment. The assumption underlying the coinage of Fab-arm exchange,2 I presume, was that the Fc portion of the IgG4 antibodies is identical and therefore, functionally, only the Fab is being exchanged. This assumption, however, ignores the presence of two isoallotypes3 on IgG4—valine309/leucine309 and arginine409/lysine409. Thus, IgG4 molecules in a person heterozygous at these loci would have Fc of distinct genotypes. Interestingly, one of these Fc genotypes has been shown to have a functional impact on “Fab”-arm exchange: the arginine409 allele enables the Fab-arm exchange, while the lysine409 allele abrogates it.4 Thus, in view of the fact that this phenomenon is restricted to the antibodies of IgG4 subclass and that genetically distinct Fab and Fc segments of the antibody are being exchanged, I suggest that Fab-arm exchange be changed to IgG4-arm exchange.
CAFO Controversy in the Texas Panhandle Region: The Environmental Crisis of Hog Production

Hog odor is the most divisive issue ever in agriculture, damaging the fabric of rural society and disenfranchising pork producers from their communities. [R. Douglas Hurt, Director of the Center for Agriculture History and Rural Studies, Iowa State University quoted in Smith 1998:1]
Anisotropic charge transfer rates in the scattering of oriented atoms or molecules from surfaces

Abstract Atoms or molecules scattered from surfaces can undergo charge transfer to or from the surface during the scattering event. It is proposed that when the incident particle is “prepared” in an excited or ionic state which is oriented with respect to the surface, observable anisotropies in charge transfer rates involving the oriented state should occur. The effect is illustrated with two examples.
Symptomatic pituitary metastases from renal cell carcinoma

Symptomatic metastases to the pituitary (MP) from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are rare. In this largest case series reported, we describe the clinical features, treatment and outcome of 5 patients. Over a 6-year period (2000–2006), we treated 5 patients (3 males; mean age 61 years) with large sellar masses and RCC. Four patients had a history of RCC, while in one, RCC was diagnosed after surgery. RCC was diagnosed a median of 11 years prior to diagnosis of MP (range 0–27 years). Four patients had previously developed distant metastases. Clinical presentation included bitemporal hemianopia (3 patients), lethargy (3), headaches (2) and diabetes insipidus (DI) (2). Panhypopituitarism was present in 3 patients and the other two had deficiency of at least ACTH and gonadotropin axes. Elevated prolactin was seen in 3 patients. MRI showed an enhancing sellar mass with suprasellar extension and chiasmal compression in all; prominent vascular flow voids were seen in 2. Three patients underwent transsphenoidal surgery and radiation, while 2 underwent radiotherapy alone. Four patients are alive (follow up 6–46 months); 1 patient died due to systemic metastases at 12 months. Metastases to the pituitary from RCC cause more severe hypopituitarism and visual dysfunction compared to those from other primaries, whereas DI is less common. MRI shows contrast enhancement, stalk involvement, sclerosis and/or erosion of sella and presence of vascular flow voids. Combined treatment using decompressive surgery and stereotactic radiotherapy may result in better outcomes.
Evaluating Cellular Repair Potential - Lessons from Skeletal Muscle

The ability to repair disruptions in the plasma membrane is critical for maintaining cellular integrity and health; this is especially true for cells that routinely experience membrane damage as a result of activity such as skeletal muscle. Dysferlinopathies are a class of late onset muscle wasting diseases associated with the absence or truncation of the protein dysferlin. Dysferlin is postulated to have a role in membrane repair and the absence of dysferlin in both humans and animal models is associated with muscle damage. We are developing techniques to evaluate the repair potential of dysferlin null skeletal muscle fibers and myotubes using fluorescence assays of dye-leakage and calcium activity. In isolated muscle fibers or myotubes containing fluorescent dye and subjected to IR laser wounding, both the rate and duration of dye-leakage are measured by confocal microscopy. Upon wounding repair-competent fibers a “puff” of dye is released at the wound site and dye leakage ceases within 60 seconds. Under conditions where resealing is inhibited (i.e. low extracellular [Ca2+]) a large amount of dye is lost; leakage continues for >10 minutes. Changes in intracellular [Ca2+]free are measured using a combination of the calcium indicator dyes fluo-4 and Fura Red. Upon wounding, a rise in [Ca2+]free is observed at the wound site and either returns to the pre-wound level following successful resealing, or in the absence of resealing remains high and spreads through the entire fiber or mytube. Dysferlin null muscle, is repair competent but may differ in the developed calcium load, contractile response, and wounding threshold compared to dysferlin positive muscle. Since our overall goal is to develop interventions that boost cellular repair potential, quantifiable metrics of this complicated cellular process are required when testing the efficacy of repair-targeted treatments.
Effect of head position on distribution of nasal airflow in preterm infants

Supine preterm infants characteristically adopt a lateral head position; however, it is not known wether this influences the distribution of nasal alrflow. Ventilation was measured in 12 healthy preterm infants (postconceptional age 34±2 weeks) by employing a nasal mask pneumotachygraph that separated airflow between the left and right nasal passages. In the midline supine position, the percent of total tidal volume (%V t ) through the right nasal passage ranged from 31% to 64% and varied by less than 5% between active and quiet sleep in any infant. Lateral positioning of the head caused %V T to increase on the dependent side and decrease through the upper nasal passage. When the right side was dependent, mena %V T on that side increased from 52±9% to 67±14% (P T through the nasal passage with the tube to fall from 54 ± 8% to 39 ± 8% (P T fell farther, to 25±10% (P T distribution, total V T remained constant during these maneuvers. We speculate that when supine preterm infants adopt a lateral head position, the decrease in airflow through the upper nasal passage results from partial obstruction of the oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway on that side.
Correlation between maximumdZ/dt and parameters of left ventricular performance

The maximum rate of change of the thoracic impedance waveform (max dZ/dt) was compared with left-ventricular stroke volume (s.v.), maximum aortic blood flow (m.a.f.), enddiastolic pressure (e.d.p.) and the maximum rate of rise of ventricular pressure (max dP/dt) in 27 experiments performed on chloralose-anaesthetised mongrel dogs. In this study, cardiac performance was altered by acute hypoxia or drugs. Although when max dZ/dt was compared with s.v. and m.a.f., positive correlations (P<0·01) were found in 80% of the experiments, the correlation coefficients varied greatly (0·324 to 0·986) and negative correlations were observed in two experiments. Positive correlations (P<0·05) were found in 77% of the experiments where max dZ/dt was compared with max dP/dt, and no consistent correlation was found when max dZ/dt was compared with e.d.p. This study suggests that left-ventricular pump performance may not be the sole factor influencing max dZ/dt, and that max dZ/dt may be a source of error in the presently accepted empirical formula for calculating cardiac output by impedance cardiography.
The number and spacing of levels in the emitting manifold of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ low temperature measurements

Abstract The luminescence decay for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine) in solid solution is single exponential in the temperature range of 77–15 K but at 10 K a rise time is measured indicating that the emitting level system is not in thermal equilibrium. This rise time can be removed with application of a 15 kG field. Such behavior is characteristic of slow spin-lattice relaxation of a spin triplet for organic π electron emitters. In addition, steady state excitation polarization obtained in the range of 7–77 K are unchanged. The fact that thermal equilibrium does not occur at low temperatures and the invariance of the photoselection spectra implies that models that calculate emitting level spacings of ≈ 10 and 50 cm−1 by assuming thermal equilibrium of the emitting manifold cannot be correct. These new data, excited state ESR and other results reported for [Ru(bpy)(CN)4]2− suggest that the emitting manifold for the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and analogous diimine complexes is a spin triplet with closely spaced levels (≈ 0.1 cm−1).
Recombinant anti-monkey CD3 immunotoxin depletes peripheral lymph node T lymphocytes more effectively than rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin in naïve baboons

Abstract T cell depletion is an important procedure for both experimental and therapeutic immune modulation. Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG), which is a commonly used T cell depletion antibody in clinical organ and cell transplantation protocols, is effective in temporarily depleting peripheral blood T lymphocytes but only moderately effective in depleting peripheral lymph node T cells which comprise the majority of T lymphocytes. A recombinant anti-CD3 immunotoxin, A-dmDT390-scfbDb (C207), has been developed and shown in an initial study to retain the lymph node depleting properties of conjugated CD3 immunotoxin. This agent could potentially be used synergistically with or as a replacement for rabbit ATG in preclinical primate models of transplantation. We directly compared the peripheral blood and lymph node depleting abilities of this recombinant anti-CD3 immunotoxin and rabbit ATG in naive animals at clinically tolerated doses. Baboons were treated with a full course of either rabbit ATG (n = 2) or CD3 immunotoxin (n = 3). Peripheral blood and lymph node T lymphocytes were measured before and following treatment. Peripheral blood CD3 + cells fell below 100 cells/μL in every animal. In the two animals receiving ATG, CD3 + cells represented 53% and 68% of lymph node cells two days following a full course of rabbit ATG. In contrast, CD3 + cells represented 3%, 5%, and 38% in lymph nodes following a full course of CD3-IT. Thus, recombinant anti-monkey CD3 immunotoxin showed improved peripheral lymph node T lymphocyte depletion to rabbit ATG and spared other immune cells.
Structural correlates of functionally distinct X‐cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

In the companion paper (Humphrey and Weller, '88), we demonstrated 2 physiologically different groups of X-cells (XL and XN) in the A-laminae of the cat lateral geniculate nucleus. In order to investigate their possible morphological correlates, we iontophoresed horseradish peroxidase intracellularly into physiologically identified XL- and XN-cells and examined their light microscopic appearance. The 11 HRP-labeled XL-cells constituted the smallest relay neurons in the A-laminae, and were similar morphologically. All had small somata (mean soma size = 236 micron2), very thin (less than 1.0 micron) axons, few primary dendrites, and narrow, sinuous distal dendrites, which usually formed trees that were oriented perpendicular to laminar borders. The dendrites could be smooth or display beadlike varicosities, hairlike appendages, and/or occasional complex stalked appendages, but their most consistent feature was numerous clusters of grapelike dendritic appendages located at or near dendritic branch points. The 14 labeled XN-cells were structurally more heterogeneous, and they included relay neurons and interneurons. Eight of 11 XN-relay cells differed markedly from the XL-cells. These XN-cells were multipolar neurons with medium to large somata (mean soma size = 365 micron2), small to medium-size axons (1.0-2.0 micron), numerous primary dendrites, and straight distal dendrites that formed radially symmetric trees. The dendrites of the cells were largely smooth, except for occasional spines and/or hairs, and they were devoid of grapelike and other complex appendages. The three other XN-relay neurons had morphologies either similar to XL-cells or intermediate between XL-cells and more simple, multipolar XN-relay cells, but two of these cells had larger somata and axons than most XL-cells. Finally, three XN-cells were intrageniculate interneurons, which possessed small somata (mean soma size = 174 micron2), fine sinuous dendrites covered with beadlike varicosities on stalked appendages, and no obvious axon. These results reveal that, despite minor overlap, there are marked structural differences between XL- and XN-cells. Among the relay cells, these differences relate to soma and axon diameter, dendritic orientation, and the presence or absence of grapelike dendritic appendages. Our finding that interneurons were strongly excited at short latencies by spot onset supports the hypothesis (Mastronarde, '87a; Humphrey and Weller, '88) that such interneurons provide the major inhibitory input to XL-cells, and that this input is important in generating the spot-induced early dips in XL-cell discharge.
The Quality and Motivational Effects of Statistical Process Control

Abstract A common conviction among quality practitioners is that the implementation and practice of Statistical Process Control (SPC) within the production environment would lead to improvements in output quality. How and why this conviction might be valid, on the other hand, has not been well conceptualized in the scientific domain. Furthermore, besides improved performance in terms of output quality, other benefits that might arise from the implementation and practice of SPC is a question that has yet to be adequately addressed in the literature. This article proposes a theoretical framework to provide a better conceptual understanding for these two issues. This theoretical framework extends the conceptualization and definition of a recently proposed construct, (SPC Implementation/Practice), by formally postulating direct and indirect effects for this construct. These postulated effects go beyond stating the intuitively obvious—namely, that SPC Implementation/Practice positively affects quality—(1) to specifically relate Process Quality and Product Quality to SPC Implementation/Practice and (2) to incorporate the Job Characteristics Model into an explanation of how and why SPC Implementation/Practice affects front-line operators' internal work motivation and job satisfaction levels.
Frances Harper’s Religion of Responsibility in Sowing and Reaping:

What emerged as a goal for Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825—1911) was no less than making a paradise on Earth—beginning with the United States. She embraced a socioreligious mission fueled by two...
Research on evaluation ethics: What have we learned and why is it important?

Although empirical research on evaluation ethics is not plentiful, several important findings have emerged. These include an apparent lack of consensus within the field concerning what constitutes an ethical issue, the frequent occurrence of ethical problems during the later stages of evaluation projects, and the perceived ethical significance of the tendency for evaluators to be more responsive to some stakeholders than others. The author discusses the need to incorporate research questions on ethics into ongoing evaluation projects and to assess systematically evaluators' perceptions of AEA's Guiding Principles.
"Masked" Ph1 chromosome in a complex three-way translocation.

Abstract A patient with myelofibrosis was found to have a 46,XX,del(1)(q24),del(11)(p11),−22,+mar karyotype in unstimulated peripheral blood (PB) and spleen cells. On detailed cytogenetic examination it was determined that this patient had an apparently “masked” Ph 1 chromosome contained in a complex three-way translocation. Since phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PB and spleen cells were essentially normal, the masked Ph 1 chromosome was assumed to be an acquired cytogenetic abnormality. The portion missing from the masked Ph 1 chromosome was apparently translocated onto del(1). Thus, the detailed karyotype was 46,XX,t(1;11;22)(q24;p11;q11 or q12),t(1;22)(q24;q11 or q12). This complex rearrangement was present primarily in cells belonging to the granulocyte-macrophage cell lineage, whereas E-rosetting cells, and presumably T lymphocytes, had normal karyotypes.
Reciprocal reactivity: Response-specific changes in independent observers

Recording another person's behavior within a dyadic interaction of femalecollege students changed the behavior of the member of the dyad who served as the observer . This phenomenon, labeled “reciprocal reactivity”, was investigated in four separate single-case experiments. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the observer's response rate changed systematically whenever she was instructed to record the other subject's behavior, and Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated that the reactive effects were limited to the particular response being recorded. All three experiments found that the reactive effects dissipated as soon as the observation was discontinued. In Experiment 4, reciprocal reactivity was found to be weaker than the reactive effects of self-observation.
Near real-time approach to statistical flight test

A near real-time approach to statistical flight test is proposed that minimizes the number of test condition executions required to adequately describe system performance relative to a specified performance goal or specification. Four different statistical intervals, all based on the Student-/ distribution and its generalization, are summarized and applied to aircraft flight test scenarios. A graphical technique is developed with applicability to near real-time mission operations. Finally, probability statements are associated with sample set statistics and applied to performance goals or specification compliance. ERFORMANCE flight test of aircraft systems, and some system components, is inherently statistical. Data from multiple executions of a given test condition are required to adequately characterize system performance. Examples of system performance that fall into this type of flight test are terrain following at a specified altitude and air-to-air radar target acquisition; system component evaluation would in- clude radar altimeter and laser ranging sensor testing. Two natural questions arise from this type of flight test: 1) What is the minimum number of test condition execu- tions required to adequately describe system performance? 2) Given a specified number of test condition executions and the sample set statistics, what is the probability (or con- fidence) level that the data collected represents the true sys- tem performance? This article provides one approach to answering these ques- tions based on statistical intervals. Furthermore, the approach given has a near real-time application for flight test mission control. The mathematical background of statistical intervals is first presented, followed by the development of a graphical technique applicable to near real-time operations. Finally, a simple example is given to demonstrate this technique.
Using Student Generated Codes of Conduct in the Classroom to Reinforce Business Ethics Education

This paper presents four different contexts in which students practiced implementing business ethics. Students were required to develop Codes of Conduct/Codes of Ethics as a classroom exercise. By developing these codes, students can improve their understanding of how and why codes of conduct are developed, designed, and implemented in the workplace. Using the three-phase content analysis process (McCabe et al.: 1999, The Journal of Higher Education70(2), 211–234), we identify a framework consisting of 10 classifications that can be used to assess learning outcomes in embedded ethics education. By analyzing the different content within each classification, instructors were able to gain a better understanding of differing application of ethical principles. This analysis indicates that there needs to be more research on codes of conduct for smaller units within an organization and more integration of work group codes of conduct into the business curriculum.
Environmental polarization and the use of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest

The allocation of some natural resources and environmental amenities ultimately comes, not from orderly market processes, but from chaotic and polarized political and legal conflicts. This has been and continues to be the case with old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. This paper explores economic factors associated with environmental polarization as it relates to allocating the remaining old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. It is demonstrated that economic factors of environmental polarization include: (1) problems associated with externalities in timber production, (2) differences in environmental ethics regarding old-growth forests, and (3) differences in time preferences. Resolving the debate over old-growth forests will be extremely difficult because it will require a solution that addresses each of these factors.
1991 Urey prize lecture: Physical evolution in the solar system—Present observations as a key to the past☆

The present evaluation of the use of new observational methods for exploring solar system evolutionary processes gives attention to illustrative cases from the constraining of near-earth asteroid sources and the discovery of main-belt asteroid fragments which indicate Vesta to be a source of basaltic achondrite meteorites. The coupling of observational constraints with numerical models clarifies cratering and collisional evolution for both main-belt and Trojan asteroids.
Transforming the Non-Recycled Plastics of New York City to Synthetic Oil

New York City (NYC) annually generates an estimated 750,000 short tons of municipal plastic waste (MPW), 84% of which is landfilled. This study examined the potential of using NYC’s non-recycled plastics (NRP) as feedstock for three pyrolysis processes developed in North America: the P2O process of JBI Inc., the Agilyx process, and the Climax Global Energy process. All three processes decompose plastic waste by heating to a temperature range of 300–500°C by means of an external energy source. The P2O process requires the least amount of electricity per ton of MPW because it uses the gas product of pyrolysis to heat the continuous flow reactor. The P2O technology appears to be suitable for application in NYC and is discussed in detail in this paper.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Studies of glucose metabolism in rhesus monkeys after Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection.

Previous studies have demonstrated a diabetogenic effect of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus in hamsters. A preliminary study was conducted in which five 2- to 3-year-old rhesus monkeys were infected with the virulent Trinidad donkey strain of VEE virus and their carbohydrate metabolism was studied over 10 months. All animals developed mild clinical illness (rhinorrhea, cough, fever), were viremic, and developed antibodies. As compared with the results of preinoculation intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT), the monkeys had abnormally high glucose values by 2 months postinoculation (PI), progressively diminished insulin responses between 8 days and 5 months PI, and significantly lower glucagon curves 2, 5, and 10 months PI. Pancreatic histology and insulin content were normal. A second, controlled study was conducted of glucose and insulin metabolism in somewhat older (3- to 8-year-old) rhesus monkeys after they were infected with both the Trinidad donkey strain of VEE virus and the attenuated VEE vaccine (TC-83). Groups of six monkeys received the virulent virus and the TC-83 vaccine, and five animals were sham-inoculated with saline. Monkeys inoculated with virulent virus became viremic, and 50% became febrile without overt signs of illness, whereas those given TC-83 virus remained afebrile and did not become viremic, but five of six developed antibodies. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed and serum immunoreactive insulin responses to glucose administration measured before infection and 2 and 5 months later. No significant and consistent alterations of glucose or insulin responses were detected in the infected or control groups. Although several animals had preinoculation anti-islet cell antibodies, none developed new antibodies during the study.
Experimental Investigation of Leading Edge Impingement Under High Rotation Numbers With Racetrack Shaped Jets

The effect of rotation on leading edge jet impingement is experimentally investigated in this study. Cooling air travels radially outward through a square supply channel, turns 90° into a cross-over hole, and impinges on a semi-circular surface. To eliminate the effect of jet cross-flow, regionally averaged heat transfer coefficients are measured on the surface surrounding a single jet. The heat transfer performance of a round jet is compared to that afforded by a 2:1 racetrack shaped jet. Two jet Reynolds numbers were investigated, Rejet = 15,000 and Rejet = 25,000. This, in addition to a varying rotational speed, allows for the consideration of rotation numbers varying from 0.0–0.076 (based on the jet velocity and jet hydraulic diameter). The results obtained are benchmarked against stationary results to highlight enhancement due to rotation. It is shown that as the rotation number increases, the heat transfer is enhanced on all regions of the semi-circular target surface. For rotation numbers of less than 0.030, enhancement due to rotation is marginal. Once rotation numbers breach this value, heat transfer begins to increase significantly on all surfaces. Additionally, it was shown that a racetrack shaped jet consistently out performs a round jet at an equivalent rotation number. The racetrack jet offers better and more consistent coverage of the leading edge surface, yielding higher average heat transfer enhancement.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
The ecological significance of plasticity in root weight ratio in response to nitrogen: Opinion

We analyzed data on root weight ratio from a range of experimental studies documenting plant allocation changes in response to altered nitrogen availability. Our goal was to determine the degree to which plasticity in allocation between roots and shoots exists and to search for patterns in such plasticity among species. Our survey included 77 studies representing 206 cases and 129 species. As expected, we found that root weight ratio decreased with increased nitrogen availability in the majority of cases examined, and this response was most consistent when plants were grown individually or in intraspecific competition (versus interspecific competition). Surprisingly, however, we found no evidence to support existing hypotheses that fast-growing species adapted to high soil fertilities exhibit the highest levels of morphological plasticity, or that plasticity is positively associated with competitive ability. Rather, we found that average amounts of plasticity in root weight ratio in response to nitrogen availability were similar among species grouped by maximum relative growth rate and habitat fertility. Similar results were obtained for species categorized by life form, life history or root weight ratio itself, and plasticity in root weight ratio also had no consistent relationship with competitive ability. Numerous difficulties are associated with the attempt to search for pattern using independent studies, however our results lead to the conclusion that strong patterns in plasticity of root weight ratio in response to nitrogen availability among species do not exist. We discuss two reasons for this: (1) the costs of plasticity relative to its benefits are lower than previously predicted and (2) plasticity in traits other than root weight ratio is more important to plant foraging ability.