cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF GEOMORPHIC PROCESS DOMAINS ON RIVER ECOSYSTEMS: A COMPARISON OF FLOODPLAIN AND CONFINED VALLEY SEGMENTS

The geomorphic template of streams and rivers exerts strong controls on the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. However, relationships between stream geomorphology and ecosystem structure and function are not always clear and have not been investigated equally across spatial scales. In montane regions, rivers often alternate between canyon-confined segments and unconfined floodplain segments. Yet, few studies have evaluated how this pattern influences aquatic ecosystems. Here, we compared five confined river segments to five paired floodplain segments in terms of allochthonous inputs, aquatic primary producer and invertebrate production, stream retentive capacity, and aquatic invertebrate community composition. We found that floodplains had a higher (up to 4×) retentive capacity, a greater richness (58%) of aquatic invertebrates, and a distinctly different invertebrate community, relative to confined segments. Contrary to our expectations, allochthonous inputs were approximately 2× greater for confined segments, and aquatic primary and invertebrate production exhibited no consistent differences between segment types. However, results did indicate that floodplains had greater overall community respiration than confined segments. Together, these findings suggest that floodplain and confined segments do indeed differ in terms of aquatic ecosystem structure and function but not entirely as expected. Confined segments had greater allochthonous inputs but a lower capacity to retain those inputs, whereas floodplains had a high capacity to retain transported organic matter and also a more diverse community of invertebrates and higher overall community respiration to ‘digest’ retained organic matter. If these findings are generalizable, then they would indicate that confined segments are sources for organic matter within river networks, whereas floodplains act as filters, removing and processing organic matter transported from upstream confined segments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon deficiency with flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer and calcaneal osteotomy.

Background: To assess the efficacy of surgical correction of stage II tibial tendon deficiency with medial translational calcaneus osteotomy and flexor digitorum longus tendon transfer to the navicular, the authors retrospectively reviewed results of treatment of stage II posterior tibial tendon deficiency in 129 patients for whom surgery was performed between 1990 and 1997. Methods: The indication for surgery included tendon weakness, flexible deformity, and foot pain refractory to nonsurgical treatment. All patients had a painful flexible flatfoot without fixed forefoot supination deformity (stage II). A medial translational osteotomy of the calcaneus and transfer of the flexor digitorum longus tendon into the navicular were done. The patients were examined, radiographs were obtained, and isokinetic evaluation of both feet was performed at a mean of 5.2 years postoperatively. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Hindfoot Scale and Short Form Health Surgery (SF-36) were used to evaluat...
Behaviorally Informed Health Policy? Patient Autonomy, Active Choosing, and Paternalism

Many people have insisted on an opposition between active choosing and paternalism, and in some cases, they are right to do so. But in many contexts, the opposition is illusory, because people do not want to choose actively. Nanny states forbid people from choosing, but they also forbid people from choosing not to choose. If and to the extent that health insurers, employers, hospitals and doctors forbid that choice, they are acting paternalistically, and that particular form of paternalism might be unjustified. It is true that active choosing has a central place in a free society, and it needs to play a large role in the health care system. But for those involved in that system, as for everyone else, the same concerns that motivate objections to paternalism in general can be applied to paternalistic interferences with people’s choice not to choose. These points have implications for health insurance, for food safety, for wellness programs, and for the idea of "patient autonomy."
An exploration of teacher attrition and mobility in high poverty racially segregated schools

The purpose of this study was to examine the mobility (movement to a new school) and attrition (quitting teaching) patterns of teachers in high poverty, racially segregated (HPRS) schools in the US. Using 2007–9 survey data from the National Center for Education Statistics, a multi-level multinomial logistic regression was performed to examine the contribution of teacher characteristics, school setting characteristics, and school climate with a focus on interactions between school climate variables. The findings demonstrated that school climate variables predicted increased odds of mobility and that teacher characteristics, school setting, and teachers’ perceptions of school climate predicted increased odds of teacher attrition. These findings suggest that teacher attrition and mobility from HPRS schools could be slowed by strategic placement of teachers based on their beliefs about students in poverty and students of color.
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOFIBERS AND POLYMER RESINS

The discovery of carbon nanofibers has created a significant opportunity to develop high performance and cost-effective polymeric nanocomposites. However, significant challenges in the development of such nanocomposites lie in the poor dispersion of carbon nanofibers into polymer resins and the weak interfacial bonding between carbon nanofibers and polymer resins. These critical issues have to be addressed by chemical functionalization of carbon nanofibers. Understanding molecular interactions between functionalized carbon nanofibers and polymer resins is a crucial step towards their potential application in nanocomposites. In the present work, the effects of surface functional groups on molecular interactions between carbon nanofibers and polymer resins have been studied by using molecular dynamics simulations. It was found that chemical functionalization of vapor grown carbon nanofibers increased the amount of surface functional groups, which disturbed the original smooth graphitic planes of carbon nanofibers. The functionalization of carbon nanofibers decreased the amount of π-bonds on the surface of nanofibers, which resulted in a weaker inter-nanofiber interaction. The weaker inter-nanofiber interaction could contribute to better dispersion of carbon nanofibers within polymer resins. The simulation results provided fundamental information for the rational functionalization of carbon nanofibers to manipulate their nanoscale behaviors and properties in a predicative manner.
7‐Amino‐actinomycin D complexes with deoxynucleotides as models for the binding of the drug to DNA

Fluorescence, CD, absorption, and 1H-nmr studies are reported for complexes of 7-amino-actinomycin D with deoxydinucleotides, deoxytetranucleotides, and poly(dG-dC)· poly(dG-dC). The optical spectra for the 7-amino-actinomycin D complex with pdG-dC, pdG-dC-dG-dC and pdC-dG-dC-dG are similar in shape to the 7-amino-actinomycin D complex with either DNA or poly(dG-dC). The changes in the 1H chemical shifts of the 7-amino-actinomycin D and the pdG-dC resonances that accompany complex formation show that 7-amino-actinomycin D forms a minature intercalated complex with two pdG-dC molecules. The magnitudes of the induced chemical shifts for the 7-amino-actinomycin D complex formation with pdG-dC are similar to, but slightly different from, the induced chemical shifts which are obtained when actinomycin D forms a minature intercalated complex with two pdG-dC molecules. The pdN-dG dinucleotides (N = C, A, or T) form stacked complexes with 7-amino-actinomycin D. The presence of the 7-amino-group results in a larger dimerization constant (in aqueous solution) for 7-amino-actinomycin D [KD(6°C) = 4.4 × 103M−1], as compared to actinomycin D [KD(6°C) = 1.7 × 103M−1]; the chemical shifts which accompany dimer formation indicate that the chromophores stack in an inverted manner. Intercalation of 7-amino-actinomycin D into minature double helices, as well as into calf thymus DNA, poly(dG-dC)·poly(dG-dC), and poly(dA-dC)·poly(dG-dT), results in an enhancement of the relative fluorescence intensity and a shift in both the absorbance and corrected emission spectra.
Statocalcein, a stable Calcein indicator for the EDTA titration of calcium.

Abstract A dipotassium pentacalcium dicalcein salt (“Statocalcein”) is recommended for use in place of Calcein as an indicator for fluorimetric titration of calcium with EDTA. The new indicator remains stable in solution for long periods (at least 210 days).
Characterization of gene clusters encoding the fucoxanthin chlorophyll proteins of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

We are studying the multigene family encoding the fucoxanthin-chlorophyll binding proteins (fcp genes) that constitute the major component of the photosystem II-associated light harvesting complex in diatoms and brown algae. The characteristics of clusters of fcp genes on the genome of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum are described. Sequence analysis of two genomic clones, PT5 and PT4, has demonstrated the presence of four fcp genes (fcpA, fcpB, fcpC, fcpD) on the former and two fcp genes (fcpE, fcpF) on the latter. The proteins encoded by the six characterized fcp genes range in similarity from 86% to 99%. The genes within each cluster are separated by short intergenic sequences (between 0.5 to 1.1 kb). None of these genes contain introns and all appear to be transcribed with short 5' transcribed, untranslated leader sequences; the transcription initiation sites were mapped 26 to 48 bases upstream of the ATG translation start site. Small conserved motifs are found among all of the genes just upstream of both the translation and the transcription start sites. The codon bias is similar in all of the fcp genes, with a predominance of pyrimidines in the third positions of codons of the four codon families. The two fcp genes that are most similar are fcpC and fcpD, and might represent a recent gene duplication. Southern analyses using fcp cDNAs as hybridization probes suggest that there may be additional sequences on the P. tricornutum genome that resemble the characterized fcp sequences.
Forensic analysis of dyed textile fibers

Textile fibers are a key form of trace evidence, and the ability to reliably associate or discriminate them is crucial for forensic scientists worldwide. While microscopic and instrumental analysis can be used to determine the composition of the fiber itself, additional specificity is gained by examining fiber color. This is particularly important when the bulk composition of the fiber is relatively uninformative, as it is with cotton, wool, or other natural fibers. Such analyses pose several problems, including extremely small sample sizes, the desire for nondestructive techniques, and the vast complexity of modern dye compositions. This review will focus on more recent methods for comparing fiber color by using chromatography, spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The increasing use of multivariate statistics and other data analysis techniques for the differentiation of spectra from dyed fibers will also be discussed.
Optical Remote Sensing for Air Pollutants-Review

Air monitoring techniques need to be simple, unobtrusive, acquire real-time data, have increased sensitivity, and the ability to analyze many compounds simultaneously. Optical remote sensing techniques address many of these criteria for air monitoring methods. Optical remote sensing uses light energy between ultraviolet and midinfrared to detect and measure contaminants in situ. While optical remote monitoring techniques provide similar monitoring accuracy compared to conventional monitoring methods, they also provide certain unique advantages. Advantages and disadvantages of specific optical remote sensing techniques is discussed in this review, which focuses on the techniques most useful to the industrial hygiene profession. Detailed information about every technique will not be supplied; rather the review attempts to provide an understanding of the development of the remote sensing techniques, and briefly explains typical applications, so that readers can understand and evaluate applications appropriat...
Becker muscular dystrophy due to an inversion of exons 23 and 24 of the DMD gene

The use of hybridization-based methods for DMD mutation analysis is increasingly common. We report a case of Becker Muscular Dystrophy in which discrepant results between a PCR-based (SCAIP) and a comparative genomic hybridization assay incompletely characterized the mutation (an inversion of exons 23 and 24). These results demonstrate the limits of sensitivity and specificity of both tests, and highlight the need for more detailed analysis when intronic deletions are detected by comparative genome hybridization methods.
Fifty Years of Splendor in the Grass

Fifty years ago there were only a few states with turfgrass research programs. Today, most states have turfgrass research and education programs at their land grant institutions. In 1955, 15 research papers were presented at the annual meeting and in 2004 there were 215. Division C-5 {Turfgrass Science) has grown to more than 500 members. This manuscript addresses some of the important historical developments of Division C-5, and discusses some of the accomplishments and contributions of its members to turfgrass science. During the last 50 yr, turfgrass science has experienced a number of important milestones in turfgrass breeding, genetics, and evaluation, physiology, soil physics, soil cultivation, and environmental impacts. These milestones are discussed here. The importance and availability of turfgrass information and funding resources are discussed. The 10 most influential contributors to turfgrass science during the past 50 yr as recognized by their peers are also identified. Like our sister divisions in the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA), Division C-5 can take pride in its past contributions, and can look forward to a bright and challenging future.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of positron emission tomography-computed tomography surveillance versus up-front neck dissection for management of the neck for N2 disease after chemoradiotherapy†

Objectives/Hypothesis: To study the cost effectiveness of positron emission tomography-computerized tomography (PET-CT) scanning in the management of the neck after chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Study Design: Cost effectiveness and decision analysis model. Methods: A cost-effectiveness analysis comparing up-front neck dissection to serial PET-CT imaging in a hypothetical clinical scenario of debate. A patient with an oropharygeal cancer with pretreatment N2 disease having a complete response was considered. Standardized costs were obtained using national databases. A literature review in PubMed was performed to obtain information on incidence, probabilities, and range for various clinical events in the algorithm. Results: PET-CT strategy costs an average of $14,492 per patient. Neck dissection had a 0.6% greater efficacy in controlling neck disease with a $22,433 incremental cost. Conclusions: Our results strongly support the use of PET-CT imaging as the more cost-effective strategy for surveillance of neck after completion of definitive CRT compared to up-front neck dissection.
Private Detective Agencies and Labour Discipline in the United States, 1855–1946

As a professional and bureaucratically organized institution of social control, the police in the United States originated less than 150 years ago. Traditionally, this development has been explained as an inevitable response to a dramatic rise in felonious crime. According to this type of account, a criminal reaction was a natural by-product of such factors as urbanization, immigration, and industrialization. Other investigators have disputed this interpretation, arguing that there is little evidence to support the occurrence of a crime wave. Rather, the municipal police in America originated as part of a larger class control apparatus designed to regulate working class social and political activities, including ‘subversive’ speeches, strikes, riots, and daily breaches of the ‘public order’. Those who argue that the ‘new police’ developed as a crime fighter typically neglect to discuss one of the oldest forms of professional policing in die nation, the private detective agency.
A regenerative flow compressor as a secondary air pump for engine emission control

A secondary air pump (SAP) is an air compressor that supplies air to the exhaust system of an automotive engine for the emission control of the engine. The SAP system has been offered as an emission control device in later versions of cars, starting in the mid-1990s. Various types of rotary and positive displacement air pumps have been tested and used for SAP application. The regenerative flow compressor/pump (RFC or RFP) and the centrifugal compressor have been found to be best suited for SAP application. This paper discusses the performance of an RFC for SAP application and shows the RFC to be the best choice for satisfying the required specifications of the SAP.Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the RFC for an SAP application was carried out to study its performance in detail.
Evaporation from soils under thermal boundary conditions: Experimental and modeling investigation to compare equilibrium- and nonequilibrium-based approaches

[1] In the shallow subsurface immediately below the land-atmosphere interface, it is widely recognized that the movement of water vapor is closely coupled to thermal processes. However, their mutual interactions are rarely considered in most soil water modeling efforts or in practical applications where it becomes necessary to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture. The validation of numerical models that are designed to capture these processes is difficult due to the scarcity of field or laboratory data with accurately known hydraulic and thermal parameters of soils, limiting the testing and refinement of heat and water transfer theories. The goal of this paper is to perform controlled experiments under transient conditions of soil moisture and temperature and use this data to test existing theories and develop appropriate numerical models. Water vapor flow under varying temperature gradients was implemented on the basis of a concept that allows nonequilibrium liquid/gas phase change with gas phase vapor diffusion. To validate this new approach, we developed a long column apparatus equipped with a network of sensors and generated data under well-controlled thermal boundary conditions at the soil surface. The nonequilibrium approach yielded good agreement with the experimental results, validating the hypothesis that transport in the gas phase is better suited to be modeled with nonequilibrium liquid/gas phase change for highly transient field conditions where the thermal conditions at the land-atmosphere interface are constantly changing.
Moses Maimonides: Medieval Physician and Scholar

Moses Maimonides (1135-1204), physician and philosopher, was the greatest Jewish thinker of the Middle Ages. Faced with a life of persecution, exile, and tragedy, Maimonides overcame obstacles to become the leading physician in his era, a clinician whose skills were sought across continents. Despite long days caring for patients, Maimonides wrote extensively about both medicine and philosophy. His medical works span all topics of clinical medicine and reflect rational thinking and an understanding of the relationship between mind and body. Well known for his philosophical writings, such as The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides codified Jewish law and revolutionized Jewish thinking. This review of his life and achievements provides insight into the world of a remarkable 12th-century physician and may offer valuable lessons for physicians today.
On immunoglobulin heavy chain gene switching: two gamma 2b genes are rearranged via switch sequences in MPC-11 cells but only one is expressed

During B lymphocytes differentiation, switches in the expression of heavy chain immunoglobulin constant region (CH) genes occur by a novel DNA recombination mechanism. We have investigated the requirements of the CH gene switch by characterizing two rearranged gamma 2b genes from a gamma 2b producing mouse myeloma (MPC-11). One of the two gamma 2b genes is present in 2-3 copies per cell (gamma 2b strong hybridizer) while the other is present in approximately 1 copy per cell (gamma 2b weak hybridizer). Genomic clones of the gamma 2b strongly hybridizing gene indicate that this is an abortive switch event between the S gamma 3 and S gamma 2b regions. However, clones of the gamma 2b weakly hybridizing gene suggest a functional rearrangement due to the presence of VH, JH and S mu sequences. The switch-recombination sites of these rearranged gamma 2b genes and those of other CH genes show a high degree of preference for the sequence AGGTTG 5' of either the S mu donor site or the appropriate CH S acceptor site. AGGTTG and its analogs are rare in the S mu region, are somewhat prevalent in s alpha and in the case of S mu are found 5' of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence (GAGCT, GGGGT) comprising most of S mu.
Tracking the SeaWiFS record with a coupled physical/biogeochemical/radiative model of the global oceans

Abstract The Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) has observed multiple years of routine global chlorophyll observations from space. The mission was launched into a record El Nino event, which eventually gave way to one of the most intense and longest-lasting La Nina events ever recorded. The SeaWiFS chlorophyll record captured the response of ocean phytoplankton to these significant events in the tropical Indo-Pacific basins, but also indicated significant interannual variability unrelated to the El Nino/La Nina events. This included large variability in the North Atlantic and Pacific basins, in the North Central and equatorial Atlantic, and milder patterns in the North Central Pacific. This SeaWiFS record was tracked with a coupled physical/biogeochemical/radiative model of the global oceans using near-real-time forcing data such as wind stresses, sea surface temperatures, and sea ice. This provided an opportunity to offer physically and biogeochemically meaningful explanations of the variability observed in the SeaWiFS data set, since the causal mechanisms and interrelationships of the model are completely understood. The coupled model was able to represent the seasonal distributions of chlorophyll during the SeaWiFS era, and was capable of differentiating among the widely different processes and dynamics occurring in the global oceans. The model was also reasonably successful in representing the interannual signal, especially when it was large, such as the El Nino and La Nina events in the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans. The model provided different phytoplankton group responses for the different events in these regions: diatoms were predominant in the tropical Pacific during the La Nina, but other groups were predominant during El Nino. The opposite condition occurred in the tropical Indian Ocean. Both situations were due to the different responses of the basins to El Nino. Interannual variability in the North Pacific was exhibited as an increase in the spring bloom in 1999 and 2000 relative to 1998. This resulted in the model from a shallower and more rapidly shoaling mixed layer, producing more average irradiance in the water column and preventing herbivore populations to keep pace with increasing phytoplankton populations. However, several aspects of the interannual cycle were not well-represented by the model. Explanations range from inherent model deficiencies, to monthly averaging of forcing fields, to biases in SeaWiFS atmospheric correction procedures.
Relationship between testosterone binding globulin and the failure of androgens to suppress serum gonadotropin concentrations in long-term castrated adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Abstract To determine whether the failure of androgen administration to suppress gonadotropin secretion in long-term orchidectomized adult rhesus monkeys could result from increased androgen binding to testosterone binding globulin (TeBG), the effects of castration and androgen administration on TeBG were studied. TeBG binding capacity, expressed as μg dihydrotesterone (DHT) bound/dl, was significantly greater (P Three animals orchidectomized 3–8 years earlier were treated with testosterone and dihydrotesiosterone each for 2 months, using Silastic capsules. While these androgen treatments reproduced intact serum androgen concentrations of 9–20 ng/ml, serum LH and FSH levels remained in the castrate range. By contrast, TeBG binding capacity was reduced within 1–2 weeks to levels observed in intact animals. These findings indicate that failure of androgen to suppress the elevated serum LH and FSH concentrations of long-term orchidectomized rhesus monkeys cannot be attributed to its increased binding to circulating TeBG.
The Relationship Between Language and Cognitive Development and Emotional‐Behavioral Problems in Financially‐Disadvantaged Preschoolers: A Longitudinal Investigation∗

Over the past couple of decades, several studies have documented a significant relationship between language disorders and emotional‐behavioral disorders in children. Unfortunately, only a few studies have examined this relationship while accounting for differences in children's overall cognitive functioning. The current study examined the relationship between language and cognitive development and emotional‐behavioral problems #opmeasured concurrently and at 5‐ and 17‐month follow‐up#cp in a sample of non‐referred four‐year‐olds from financially‐disadvantaged families #opN equals; 680#cp. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses indicated that language delays were significantly related to emotional‐behavioral problems. However, when cognitive differences were controlled, delayed language development no longer significantly predicted emotional‐behavioral problems, either concurrently or at any follow‐up assessment. These results support those of previous studies that suggest that the relationship ...
Reading Comprehension of Deaf Readers: The Impact of Too Many or Too Few Questions.

Reading comprehension need not be considered to be an elusive construct; for most readers, nonclinical reading problems can be viewed simply as a process influenced by readers' questions. Most reading comprehension difficulties of deaf readers can be addressed in a straightforward and effective manner once it has been determined whether the reader has too few or too many questions while reading. This article explains the relationship between the number and type of questions deaf readers have and their comprehension of the reading material. It also describes intervention strategies that can be used to improve comprehension. The article is intended for teachers and other professionals who work with deaf students, deaf adults who have reading problems, and parents who have a deaf child with a reading problem.
Ventricular myocytes isolated from rejecting cardiac allografts exhibit a reduced beta-adrenergic contractile response.

Abstract R. T. Pyo and G. M. Wahler . Ventricular Myocytes Isolated from Rejecting Cardiac Allografts Exhibit a Reduced β-Adrenergic Contractile Response. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (1995) 27 , 773–776. Previous experiments using multicellular preparations from rejecting transplanted animal hearts have indicated that a decrease in the contractile response to β-adrenergic stimulation accompanies acute rejection. The precise mechanism of this decreased β-adrenergic response, which may limit the inotropic reserve in human transplant patients during rejection, is currently unknown. In order to determine whether the decreased β-adrenergic response is an intrinsic property of the cardiac myocytes from rejecting hearts, we examined the effects of β-adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol, 10 −8 and 10 −6 M) on the cell shortening of single myocytes isolated from native rat hearts (untransplanted Lewis strain), non-rejecting isografts (Lewis to Lewis heterotopic transplant), and rejecting allografts (Lewis to ACI transplant). The myocytes from isografts demonstrated a significantly increased contractile response to isoproterenol compared to native myocytes (presumably due to denervation supersensitivity), whereas the myocytes from allografts demonstrated a greatly decreased response to isoproterenol compared to both native and isograft myocytes. These results demonstrate that the decreased β-adrenergic contractile response is an intrinsic property of the reiecting cardiac myocyte.
Comparative study of the stomatogastric system of the decapod crustacea. II. Musculature.

The stomach musculature of several species of decapod Crustacea is described in detail. All species are sufficiently similar so that muscle homologies can be established. The Natantia have a simplified muscle system while the Reptantia are characterized by a more complex muscle system. Species can be arranged in a graded series of muscle system complexity which closely follows the evolution of the decapod Crustacea. The information presented here should provide the basis for consistent identification of the stomatogastric motor neurons throughout the decapod Crustacea.
Quantum Monte Carlo calculations of A <= 6 nuclei.

The energies of ${}^{3}\mathrm{H}$, ${}^{3}\mathrm{He}$, and ${}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ ground states, the ${\frac{3}{2}}^{{}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and ${\frac{1}{2}}^{{}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ scattering states of ${}^{5}\mathrm{He}$, the ground states of ${}^{6}\mathrm{He}$, ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li}$, and ${}^{6}\mathrm{Be}$, and the ${3}^{+}$ and ${0}^{+}$ excited states of ${}^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ have been accurately calculated with the Green's function Monte Carlo method using realistic models of two- and three-nucleon interactions. The splitting of the $A\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3$ isospin $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\frac{1}{2}$ and $A\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}6$ isospin $T\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$, ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0}^{+}$ multiplets is also studied. The observed energies and radii are generally well reproduced, however, some definite differences between theory and experiment can be identified.
Evidence of increased Gc:actin complexes in pregnant serum: a possible result of trophoblast embolism.

: The molecular configuration of group-specific component Gc protein in sera from pregnant and nonpregnant individuals was compared by analytical isoelectric focusing and by print immunofixation in conjunction with known standards of Gc:actin and Gc:vitamin D3 complexes. These studies revealed that while complexes of Gc with actin and with vitamin D were detectable in small amounts in nonpregnant sera, much larger quantities of both types of complexes were consistently visualized in pregnancy. In addition, when actin was added to pregnant sera containing Gc:vitamin D3 complexes, a third anodal complex was revealed which presented the molecular configuration of actin: Gc: vitamin D3. These results demonstrate that Gc:actin complexes may be present under physiological circumstances in the circulation. Since large amounts of trophoblast enter the maternal circulation during both normal and abnormal human pregnancy, experiments were undertaken that showed that actin was released from isolated trophoblast membranes and also upon lysis of other viable cells under physiological conditions similar to those obtained in serum, and such actin complexed rapidly with Gc. Although the effects of this phenomenon upon the immunobiology of pregnancy are unknown, these findings are consistent with the concept that Gc protein may exert a “scavenger” function in mopping up actin released from damaged cells.
Interactions between catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of benzofuran and hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene

The catalytic removal of oxygen from benzofuran (BF) is much more difficult than the catalytic removal of sulfur from dibenzothiophene (DBT) under the same conditions in an equimolar feedstream. The oxygenate, benzofuran, inhibits dibenzothiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) relatively strongly. In contrast, at low levels (0.−0.075 M) of dibenzothiophene, benzofuran hydrodeoxygenation is enhanced; further increases in the dibenzothiophene level inhibit hydrodeoxygenation, though not severely. A Langmuir-Hinshelwood model provides a satisfactory form of the kinetic behavior, rationalizing the relationships between the binding strength, reactivities, and inhibition effects.
Macromolecular derivatives of NAD+ in heart nuclei: poly adenosine diphosphoribose and adenosine diphosphoribose proteins.

Abstract Rates of poly (ADP-R) formation from NAD + were determined in isolated pigeon heart and liver nuclei. In heart nuclei K m for NAD + was 330 μM. On a DNA basis rates were more than twice in heart nuclei than in liver nuclei. The polymer poly (ADP-R) was identified in both nuclear systems by isolation, digestion with snake venom phosphodiesterase and chromatographic separation of phosphoribosyl-AMP and AMP. ADP-R binds to macromolecular nuclear components to form ADP-R derivatives, which upon digestion with snake venom phosphodiesterase yield only AMP, distinguishing these ADP-R compounds from poly (ADP-R).
Cash-in-advance, buffer-stock monetarism, and the loanable funds-liquidity preference debate in an open economy

In a flexible exchange rate open economy, the dynamics of the interest rate within a loanable funds, LF, or an “amended” liquidity preference, LP, model (wherein the latter embodies either “cash-in-advance” or “spillover” considerations) can differ substantially from the dynamics within a traditional LP model. Within the former a debt financed fiscal/investment shock can generate “interest rate overshooting,” and thereby create highly volatile asset prices. Also, the LF/amended-LP model provides a new explanation for the change in the short-run response of the interest rate to monetary shocks from negative to positive in the early 1970s; that is, this may have been caused by the switch from fixed to flexible exchange rates.
CADASIL Do the Clinical and MRI Profiles Differ for Women and Men

See related article, page 137. In 1977, Sourander and Walinder1 described a family with neuropsychiatric disease, a relapsing course, and cognitive impairment. The disorder began in early adulthood, affected women and men, and lasted for 10 to 15 years. At brain necropsy, there were multiple small infarcts, particularly of the basal ganglia, thalamus, periventricular white matter, and pons. Vascular changes were prominent in small muscular arteries and in arterioles of the pia-arachnoid, basal ganglia, thalamus, mesencephalon, pons, and cerebellum and in small vessels of the cerebral and cerebellar white matter. The disorder was thought to be genetically transmitted by an autosomal-dominant mechanism and was called hereditary multi-infarct dementia. In 1993, the monogenic disorder, cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), was mapped to chromosome 19q12 by Tournier-Lasserve et al.2 Now, CADASIL is recognized as the most common hereditary cause of vascular cognitive impairment and may present clinically as migraine with aura, mood disturbance, recurrent strokes, cognitive impairment, and MRI-based extensive white matter lesions, lacunar infarcts, cerebral microbleeds, and brain atrophy.3–5 Most cases are caused by missense mutations of the Notch3 gene that create or eliminate cysteine residues.6 Characteristic ultrastructural changes in skin and muscle vessels include granular osmophilic material in the arteriolar media. During the past several decades, our understanding of CADASIL has advanced. In relation to clinical manifestations, it has been suggested that: cardiovascular risk factors (eg, hypertension, smoking) may modulate clinical expression of CADASIL7; migraine with atypical aura may be a distinguishing feature of the disorder8; and overall burden of lacunar infarcts may importantly impact on the occurrence of cognitive impairment and disability, whereas white matter lesions may not be predictive of these domains.9,10 In relation to structural brain changes elucidated by …
The role of Steiner hulls in the solution to Steiner tree problems

ASteiner tree problem on the plane is that of finding a minimum lengthSteiner tree connecting a given setK ofterminals and lying within a given regionR of the Euclidean plane; it includes as special cases the Euclidean Steiner minimal tree problem (ESMT), the rectilinear Steiner tree problem (RST), and the Steiner tree problem on graphs (STG). ASteiner hull forK inR generically refers to any subregion ofR known to contain a Steiner tree. This paper gives a survey of the role of Steiner hulls in the Steiner tree problem. The significance of Steiner hulls in the efficient solution of Steiner tree problems is outlined, and then a compendium is given of the known Steiner hull constructions for ESMT, RST, and STG problems.
Can solid state laser technology serve usefully beyond fusion ignition facilities

We have explored the major technical and conceptual issues relating to the suitability of a diode-pumped solid state laser as a driver for an inertial fusion energy power plant. While solid state lasers have long served as the workhorse of inertial confinement fusion physics studies, the deployment of a driver possessing adequate efficiency, reliability, and repetition rate for inertial fusion energy requires the implementation of several technical innovations discussed in this article.
Bacterial expression, purification, and model membrane reconstitution of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of the human APP binding protein LR11/SorLA for NMR studies

LR11 (SorLA) is a recently identified neuronal protein that interacts with amyloid precursor protein (APP), a central player in the pathology of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Current estimates suggest that as many as 5.3 million Americans are living with AD. Recent investigations have uncovered the pathophysiological relevance of APP intracellular trafficking in AD. LR11 is of particular importance due to its role in regulating APP transport and processing. LR11 is a type I transmembrane protein and belongs to a novel family of Vps10p receptors. Using a new expression vector, pMTTH, (MBP- MCS1(multiple cloning site)-Thrombin protease cleavage site-MCS2-TEV protease cleavage site-MCS3-His6), we successfully expressed, purified and reconstituted the LR11 transmembrane (TM) and cytoplasmic (CT) domains into bicelles and detergent micelles for NMR structural studies. This new construct allowed us to overcome several obstacles during sample preparation. MBP fused LR11 TM and LR11TMCT proteins are preferably expressed at high levels in E. coli membrane, making a refolding of the protein unnecessary. The C-terminal His-tag allows for easy separation of the target protein from the truncated products from the C-terminus, and provides a convenient route for screening detergents to produce high quality 2D 1H-15N TROSY spectra. Thrombin protease cleavage is compatible with most of the commonly used detergents, including a direct cleavage at the E. coli membrane surface. This new MBP construct may provide an effective route for the preparation of small proteins with TM domains.
Impaired Bronchodilator Response to Albuterol in Healthy Elderly Men and Women

Background Lymphocytes of normal elderly subjects and young asthmatics display dysfunctional β-adrenoceptors. If β-adrenoceptor dysfunction were found in senescent airways, it might help explain the pathogenesis of late onset asthma. Methods The bronchodilatory effects of albuterol after methacholine-provoked bronchoconstriction were compared in 17 healthy young (age 20 to 36 years) and 17 healthy elderly (age 60 to 76 years) volunteer subjects. Albuterol was inhaled via dosimeter (initially 7.8 μg, doubling every 7.5 min) with forced expiratory flow at 50% vital capacity (FEF50) measured prior to each dose. Albuterol sensitivity was expressed as the cumulative logarithm of the area under the FEF50 recovery curve (AUC); a greater AUC meant lower sensitivity. On another study day, spontaneous recovery from methacholine was assessed similarly. Results There was no intergroup difference in spontaneous recovery. Despite lower methacholine doses provoking similar (35%) FEF50 falls in elderly subjects, albuterol AUC was greater in elderly subjects (6,552%·min·μg) than young subjects (3,922%·min μg; p=0.03). Multiple regression showed that AUC and age were related (p=0.02). Conclusion Airway β 2 -adrenoceptor responsiveness is diminished in old age, suggesting that airway βadrenoceptor dysfunction may be implicated in late-onset asthma. (CHEST 1995; 108:401-06)
Normal-mode solution for the seismic noise cross-correlation method

SUMMARY Exact normal-mode solutions for the seismic noise-correlation method are derived by assuming that excitation sources of seismic noise are distributed over the globe uniformly. While a previous derivation by Snieder was for propagating waves, using the stationary-phase approach, our results show that the method could work for normal modes. Comparison of the formula for the cross-correlated seismogram (correlogram) against the Green's function shows differences in four aspects: (1) the correlogram is proportional to the number of sources (density of sources), (2) depends on excitation-source spectra, (3) shows a larger weight on high-frequency band (inversely proportional to the square of modal mass) and (4) has time dependence which requires one extra integration over time. Waveform modelling of the correlograms seems difficult in practice, particularly because of the lack of information on the excitation sources, often the temporarily changing ocean waves. On the other hand, phase and group velocity measurements should be possible as long as the correlograms contain good surface wave signals.
Pattern vision in the grey squirrel after visual cortex ablation.

Ablation of visual cortex of grey squirrels results in minor visual deficits when all of striate cortex is removed but large parts of extrastriate visual cortex remain intact. A lesion which removes larger parts of extrastriate visual cortex while permitting striate cortex to remain intact, likewise has little effect. Removal of large sections of extrastriate and striate cortex together results in a selective deficit. Such squirrels are able to discriminate patterns which are identical except with respect to orientation.
The Team Approach and Extension Economics

With the introduction of new Extension programs in such nontraditional areas as recreation, community resource development, environmental quality, etc., Extension economists will experience some loss of professional autonomy. Rarely will the resources required by these programs be found within the agricultural economics profession alone. This paper proposes that Extension economists adapt the team approach to their contemporary programs. More specifically, the Program Mission Organization is suggested as the interdisciplinary form of organization most applicable. The benefits and limitations of the team approach are then examined in light of a need for operational efficiency within and between all Extension economics programs.
Posttranscriptional regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in lens epithelial cells by mevalonate-derived nonsterols.

Abstract The ocular lens must continuously synthesize the cholesterol required to support membrane formation for its life-long growth. The roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms in controlling 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) protein levels in cultured lens epithelial cells were examined by measuring the effect of restricting exogenous cholesterol, endogenous cholesterol synthesis and mevalonate derived nonsterols upon HMGR protein and mRNA levels and upon the synthesis and degradation of HMGR protein. Sterols were restricted by culturing in lipoprotein deficient media and blocking 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase with U18666A. Mevalonate derived nonsterols were additionally restricted by inhibition of HMGR activity with lovastatin. A 4-fold increase in HMGR protein levels due to restricting sterols with U18666A could be explained by comparably increased mRNA levels and enzyme protein synthesis. The very rapid turnover of HMGR protein (T 1 2 ∼45 min) was unaffected. The additional restriction of mevalonate derived nonsterols increased HMGR protein levels to about 400-fold. A 10-fold slowing in the rate of enzyme degradation coupled with at least a 5-fold increase in mRNA levels likely accounted for this accumulated protein mass. The capacity of the nonsterol regulators to promote enzyme degradation appeared independent of sterols, since mevalonate restored rapid degradation of HMGR protein when 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase activity was simultaneously blocked. Thus, in cultured lens epithelial cells, sterols appear to exert a modest influence on HMGR protein levels solely by suppressing transcription; whereas, mevalonate derived nonsterols exert major influence mainly by accelerating enzyme protein degradation. We speculate that nonsterol isoprenes might be important for preventing overexpression of cholesterol biosynthesis in the intact lens.
Optimum design of one-dimensional journal bearings

When two surfaces in relative motion are separated by a thin layer of viscous fluid, they are kept apart by the pressure generated in the fluid film due to viscous forces. The magnitude of the resultant of this pressure is the load capacity of the bearing. We find the shape of a one-dimensional journal bearing which supports the greatest load.
Narrow-band, tunable, semiconductor-laser-based source for deep-UV absorption spectroscopy.

Tunable, narrow-bandwidth <200-MHz, ∼215-nm radiation was produced by frequency quadrupling the ∼860-nm output of a high-power, pulsed GaAlAs tapered amplifier seeded by an external-cavity diode laser. Pulsing the amplifier increased the 860 nm→215 nm conversion efficiency by 2 orders of magnitude with respect to cw operation. Detection of nitric oxide and sulfur dioxide by high-resolution absorption spectroscopy was demonstrated.
Two-photon indirect transition in GaP crystal

Abstract The two-photon indirect transition in n-type GaP crystals was investigated through transmission measurements at 1.17 eV. The value of the two-photon indirect coefficient was found to be approximately 1.7 × 10 -3 cm / MW , which is in close agreement with theoretical calculations.