cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A FLOW-CONDITION-BASED INTERPOLATION MIXED FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE FOR HIGHER REYNOLDS NUMBER FLUID FLOWS

We present a (somewhat) new finite element procedure for the analysis of higher Reynolds number fluid flows. While two-dimensional conditions and incompressible fluid flows are considered, the scheme can directly be used for three-dimensional conditions and also has good potential for compressible flow analysis. The procedure is based on the use of a nine-node element, optimal for incompressible analysis (the 9/3 or 9/4-c elements), and a Petrov–Galerkin formulation with exponential weight functions (test functions). These functions are established from the flow conditions along the edge- and mid-lines of the element. An important feature is that for low Reynolds number flow, the weight functions are the usual biquadratics and as higher Reynolds number flow is considered, the functions "automatically" skew so as to provide the necessary stability for the solution (the upwinding effect). Since the test functions are calculated by the flow conditions, no artificial constant is set by the analyst. The procedure is simple to implement. We present some solution experiences and conclude that while the procedure is not the "ideal" solution scheme sought, it has some valuable attributes and good potential for further improvements.
Optimization of back contacts for CdTe solar cells using sputtered Cu x Te

For cadmium telluride solar cells, the back contact material and its properties are still a challenge in terms of increasing and stabilizing the efficiency. This paper discusses RF magnetron sputtering of three different stoichiometries of Cu x Te (x= 1, 1.4, 2) material for back contacts to sputtered CdTe solar cells. Thin films were grown first on aluminosilicate glass (ASG) to optimize resistivity, carrier concentration, and mobility and to identify the crystallographic phases of Cu x Te. Films were then deposited on complete cell structures to determine efficiency and other cell performance parameters. Thickness and post-deposition annealing temperature were varied to optimize cell performance. Among the three compositions, the Cu 2 Te target produced the best efficiency at 200°C substrate temperature using conditions that yielded Cu 1.4 Te as the dominant phase in the sputtered films. This produced cells with efficiency of >13%.
A previously unrecognized connection between occipital condyle fractures and internal carotid artery injuries (carotid and condyles)

Occipital condyle fractures (OCF) were once considered rare, but are increasingly recognized with computed tomography [1]. Utilizing the classification scheme of Anderson and Montesano [2] proposed mechanisms include direct axial-loading of the skull onto the atlas (Type I), direct blow to the skull (Type II), or forced rotation (Type III). A fracture of the occipital condyles may suggest a specific pattern of injury to adjacent structures. The occipital condyles form the boundaries of the foramen magnum through which the medulla, vertebral arteries, and inferior cranial nerves pass. Injury to the occipital condyles places those structures at greatest risk. As the carotid arteries do not course near the occipital condyles, injury to them is generally unexpected in OCFs without concomitant craniocervical injuries. To date, there have been no published reports of carotid injuries associated with any type OCFs. We present two patients with isolated type III occipital condylar fractures in whom injury to the carotid arteries was present. Case 1
Nonlinear finite element modeling of cracking at ends of pretensioned bridge girders

Abstract Recent bridge designs have created efficient prestressed concrete girder sections with thin webs, and high levels of prestress. The transfer of the large stresses from strands to concrete causes these slender sections to undergo cracking at the ends of the girders. Due to the large amount of cracking, a nonlinear analysis is necessary to reveal and understand the behavior of the concrete and reinforcement bars at prestress release. Finite element modeling is an excellent tool to perform this task. The accuracy of the analyses, however, depends on the input parameters, some of which are challenging to define for a nonlinear problem. This paper identifies the input parameters and modeling features that have significant impact on the results of nonlinear finite element analyses for pretressed concrete girder ends. The sensitivity of the results to the tensile properties of concrete, the bond properties between concrete and steel rebars and the form of prestress transfer to the concrete were evaluated. The impact of modeling related properties such as the order of elements on the predicted results was also investigated. Available test data was used to verify the modeling techniques. Once verified, the finite element modeling was extended to girders where significant cracking is observed. The full field tensile strain patterns obtained through the verified finite element models are used to explain observed cracking. The effectiveness of the end reinforcement bars, intended to control cracking, was examined.
Platelet-activating factor antagonists and implantation in rabbits.

In an initial experiment, rabbits were injected i.v. with a platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonist CV-3988 twice a day on days 5 and 6 of pregnancy. Some inhibition of implantation was observed. This effect could not be reproduced in subsequent experiments at the same or at larger or smaller doses. The non-metabolized analogue of PAF, N-carbamyl-PAF (C-PAF) had an inhibitory effect on implantation only when given at toxic concentrations. When CV-3988 and C-PAF were given together on days 5 and 6, there was no effect on implantation. None of the other PAF antagonists tested--BN52021, SRI63,441, WEB2086 or TCV-309--at various doses could inhibit implantation when given on the same days of pregnancy. TCV-309, at 0.1 mg kg-1 i.v. given on days 2-4 of pregnancy, was also ineffective. These results provide no clear support for a role of PAF in implantation in rabbits.
Analyzing scale independence in jobs-housing and commute efficiency metrics

Understanding journey to work travel patterns remains an important concern for planners and policy-makers from the viewpoint of economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Researchers, keen to inform metropolitan scale planning efforts, have devised ways of benchmarking regional commuting and land use phenomena. The foundation for these benchmarks rests on metrics that quantify the home-job proximity in terms of the aggregate arrangement of workers relative to jobs. Emanating from the literature on ‘excess commuting’ and ‘jobs housing balance’, these metrics are increasingly moving towards policy applications. Despite major methodological developments over the last decade, a key methodological issue remains unresolved. Recently developed metrics under this regional macro-scale framework use zonal-based spatial data (e.g. census tracts or traffic analysis zones (TAZs)) and consequently the values of the metrics may be influenced by the scale (e.g. zone size varies between census blocks versus tracts) and zonal partitioning scheme. Moreover it is not known if values of these metrics vary across scale, and exhibit self-similarity, meaning whether it is possible to infer values from one scale to another. This study examines the relationship between the commuting efficiency framework and spatial scale issues by implementing a suite of commuting metrics in the Boise, Idaho USA metropolitan area. Simulations using geographic information systems (GIS), optimization techniques and fractal analysis show that newer metrics developed post 2002 do not vary with scale, while those devised pre-2002 vary with scale but do so in a predictable way.
Virus Crystals as Nanocomposite Scaffolds

The generation of long-range three-dimensional nanoscopic patterns is a major goal in materials chemistry. Here we report a strategy for creating such systems using virus crystals as scaffolds which can be infiltrated with metal specifically palladium and platinum. The inorganic component effectively packs within the porous macromolecular crystal architecture, providing a route for patterning these materials on the nanometer length scale. To verify the quality of the metal infiltration, SEM-EDX was used to determine the homogeneous distribution of metal across the crystal, and TEM was used to confirm that the metal was confined within the porous structure of the crystal.
Time resolved surface enhanced raman scattering studies of 3-hydroxyflavone on a ag electrode

Reverse proton transfer (RPT) of 3-hydroxyflavone (3-HF) from the tautomer ground state to normal ground state has been studied by time-resolved surface enhanced Raman scattering (TRSERS) in aqueous solution in the presence of oxygen. The tautomer ground state of 3-HF is formed by an exciting 337 nm nitrogen laser pulse and monitored by a 488 nm Ar+ laser with gated photodiode array detection. B3LYP DFT calculations with 3-HF bound to the apex adatom of a Ag20 cluster model show that a tilted orientation of the molecule with respect to the surface site is reasonable and is consistent with the SERS spectral characteristics. The geometry optimized structures also show that a cyclic monohyrate, 3-HF(H2O), species is stable from which biprotonic PT could take place. By studying the changes of some transient band intensities with time, the lifetime of tautomer 3-HF on a Ag electrode is determined to be 1.4 μs. Besides the photoinduced photo-oxygenation product, evidence for an additional endo-peroxide intermed...
The Equation of State of a Non-ideal Einstein-Bose or Fermi-Dirac Gas

With regard to the question if from isotherm measurements one can obtain an experimental test for the existence of Bose statistics in real gases, as is required by theory, we prove the following general theorem. The "Zustandsumme" of a non-ideal Bose or Fermi gas is given by the classical integral provided one replaces the Boltzmann $\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{ij}}}{\mathrm{kT}})$ factor by: ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{ij}}}{\mathrm{kT}}}(1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{4{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}\mathrm{mkT}{{r}_{\mathrm{ij}}}^{2}}{{h}^{2}}]$ for each pair of molecules ($\mathrm{ij}$). For the second virial coefficient $B$, this has, i.e., in a Bose gas, as a consequence that: $B={B}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{n}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{s}}+{B}_{\mathrm{ideal}\mathrm{Bose}}+{B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ where: ${B}^{\ensuremath{'}}=2\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\infty}}\mathrm{dr}{r}^{2}(1\ensuremath{-}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\varphi}(r)}{\mathrm{kT}}})\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}\frac{4{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}\mathrm{mkT}{r}^{2}}{{h}^{2}}].$ Only at very low temperatures do the last two terms in (2) become appreciable. They are then of the same order of magnitude, but have opposite signs. Due to this fact, due to the lack of precise knowledge of the molecular forces, and due to the absence of accurate measurements of $B$ at very low temperatures, one can as yet not decide from isotherm measurements alone whether or not real gases obey the Bose statistics.
On friedel oscillations and short-range order in dilute solutions

Abstract Short-range order measurements in dilute solutions (Gold and Machlin 1968) have been analysed to obtain oscillations in the interaction energy between solutes as a function of distance from a solute atom at the origin. The results are consistent with theory (Blandin and Deplante 1962).
Effects of Tricyano-amino-propene on Metabolism of Isolated Cerebral Tissue

Egyhazi and Hyden1 have reported that tricyano-amino-propene, a dimer of malononitrile, produced significant changes in nucleic acid and protein concentration in neurones and oligodendroglia. These results were obtained with a microelectrophoretic technique and supported previous observations obtained in work on malononitrile by Hartelius and Hyden2. In 1948 these investigators reported that malononitrile injected into rabbits produced an increase in the nucleoprotein content of neurones 1–24 h following injection. They also reported that malononitrile had a beneficial effect when administered to patients suffering from a variety of psychotic and depressive illnesses. Attempts to replicate these findings by a number of investigators3–5 were not successful. Experiments carried out by Mendelson et al.6 showed that the malononitrile preparation used by Hyden was not similar to freshly prepared solutions used by other investigators and that malononitrile in aqueous solution underwent degradation with formation of a new compound. This compound was isolated by Eberts7 and was identified as 1,1,3-tricyano-2-amino-1-propene (tri-a-p).
The history of computer use in libraries based on bibliographic inferences

Historique du developpement des ordinateurs et principalement de leur utilisation dans les bibliotheques. Evaluation bibliographique de l'apparition des notions d'automatisation comme vedettes matieres. (INTD)
Cohort size effects and migration.

This article explores whether changes in the size of [U.S.] cohorts entering the labor force affect the propensity to migrate and the socioeconomic circumstances of migrants at destination. The flow of young in-migrants to large SMSAs declined during the 1965-76 period but the relative socioeconomic standing of migrants at destination was unaffected by either cohort size or regional differentials in economic growth. It is suggested that a significant reduction in the volume of migration among members of the baby boom cohort was the primary adjustment mechanism hence reducing the need for degrading the opportunities available to migrants. (EXCERPT)
Stimulus intensity reduction following habituation.

Extent of habituation was manipulated by the number of presentations of a short burst of moderate intensity white noise: 4, 8. 15. 22. or 30 times. Skin conductance response (SCR) magnitude to subsequent lest noise pulses of markedly less intensity increased with the extent of habituation. However, response magnitude to tests after 4 or 8 pulses was less than that to the immediately preceding louder pulse, and response to the less intense probe noises after 15, 22, or 30 habituation pulses was greater than that to the immediately preceding pulse. These changes in intensity of stimulation had two effects. They directly determined SCR magnitude, and they provided a stimulation discrepancy yielding an orienting reaction. The experimental problem was introduced using both conditioning/learning and neuronal modeling concepts.
Application of the BOXES methodology to continuous systems

Abstract This paper details the application of an AI technique known as the BOXES method to continuous, real-time, real-world processes. The proposed controller requires no mathematical pre-definition of the process under control, and operates in a truly black-box fashion. The BOXES algorithm has two distinct operational modes viz: react and reflect. In the react mode, binary control decisions are obtained by reading the elements of a control matrix indexed by a unique numerical identifier computed from the current system variable values. In the reflect mode, data values from the run just ended are aggregated with all runs to date and the control matrix updated using statistical inferencing. In this application, the BOXES algorithm is made to augment the integral and derivative terms of a PID schema. The automaton is set the task of learning to minimize the divergence of the output variable from an applied demand stimulus. The paper describes the BOXES philosophy and an adaptation of the method to continuous systems such as are found in process-control situations. The method hinges on the expression of performance merit using time-variant data and the attribution of penalty and reward to only those states contributing to the merit in any given run.
Crossing the Organizational Void: The Limits of Agency Theory in the Analysis of Regulatory Control

This article critically examines the key assumptions of the positive theory of political control. The authors argue that the key assumptions of the theory are flawed and that these flaws seriously limit the importance of much research in the field of regulatory studies. The authors develop a set of new assumptions which would reorient the regulatory studies and force researchers to give greater attention to the role of the bureaucracy in political-bureaucratic relations.
An approach to the calculation of the pressure field produced by rigid wide chord dual rotation propellers of high solidity in compressible flow

An unsteady lifting service theory for the counter-rotating propeller is presented using the linearized governing equations for the acceleration potential and representing the blades by a surface distribution of pulsating acoustic dipoles distributed according to a modified Birnbaum series. The Birnbaum series coefficients are determined by satisfying the surface tangency boundary conditions on the front and rear propeller blades. Expressions for the combined acoustic resonance modes of the front prop, the rear prop and the combination are also given.
Relationship Between Shoulder Pain and Kinetic and Temporal-Spatial Variability in Wheelchair Users

Abstract Objective To examine intra-individual variability of kinetic and temporal-spatial parameters of wheelchair propulsion as a function of shoulder pain in manual wheelchair users (MWUs). Design Cohort. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Adults with physical disabilities (N=26) who use a manual wheelchair for mobility full time (>80% ambulation). Interventions Participants propelled their own wheelchairs with force-sensing wheels at a steady-state pace on a dynamometer at 3 speeds (self-selected, 0.7m/s, 1.1m/s) for 3 minutes. Temporal-spatial and kinetic data were recorded unilaterally at the hand rim. Main Outcome Measures Shoulder pain was quantified with the Wheelchair Users Shoulder Pain Index. Intra-individual mean, SD, and coefficient of variation (CV=mean/SD) with kinetic and temporal-spatial metrics were determined at the handrim. Results There were no differences in mean kinetic and temporal-spatial metrics as a function of pain group ( P values >.016). However, individuals with pain displayed less relative variability (CV) in peak resultant force and push time than pain-free individuals ( P Conclusions Shoulder pain had no influence on mean kinetic and temporal-spatial propulsion variables at the handrim; however, group differences were found in relative variability. These results suggest that intra-individual variability analysis is sensitive to pain. We propose that variability analysis may offer an approach for earlier identification of MWUs at risk for developing shoulder pain.
History and Explanation in Archaeology

Pauketat argued (2001: 73–98) that a new paradigm – historical processualism (HP) as operationalized by practice theory – is preferable to processual, behavioral, and evolutionary archaeologies as ...
Application of hanging drop technique to optimize human IgG formulations

Objectives The purpose of this work is to assess the hanging drop technique in screening excipients to develop optimal formulations for human immunoglobulin G (IgG). Methods A microdrop of human IgG and test solution hanging from a cover slide and undergoing vapour diffusion was monitored by a stereomicroscope. Aqueous solutions of IgG in the presence of different pH, salt concentrations and excipients were prepared and characterized. Key findings Low concentration of either sodium/potassium phosphate or McIlvaine buffer favoured the solubility of IgG. Addition of sucrose favoured the stability of this antibody while addition of NaCl caused more aggregation. Antimicrobial preservatives were also screened and a complex effect at different buffer conditions was observed. Dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and size exclusion chromatography studies were performed to further validate the results. Conclusions In conclusion, hanging drop is a very easy and effective approach to screen protein formulations in the early stage of formulation development.
Discrimination learning in animals with lesions of hippocampus.

Rats with either bilateral aspiration lesions or unilateral aspiration lesions combined with contralateral irritative lesions of the hippocampus or overlying neocortex were trained on an operant visual discrimination. Only animals with bilateral aspiration lesions of the hippocampus were impaired in the acquisition of brightness discrimination. All animals were also trained in a two-way shuttle-box avoidance task. Animals with bilateral hippocampal aspiration showed an improved acquisition rate, while animals with ventral hippocampal penicillin placements were retarded in the acquisition of this task.
When does modality matter? Perceptual versus conceptual fluency-based illusions in recognition memory

Previous research has shown that illusions of recognition memory based on enhanced perceptual fluency are sensitive to the perceptual match between the study and test phases of an experiment. The results of the current study strengthen that conclusion, as they show that participants will not interpret enhanced perceptual fluency as a sign of recognition memory when there has been a change in sensory modality across the study and test phases of the experiment. This pattern of results was found even when participants visualized each word on an auditory study list, and when there was a long delay between study and test. The results also show that illusions of recognition that are based on more conceptually driven manipulations of processing fluency are not sensitive to modality changes between study and test. Overall, the results suggest that attributions of processing fluency in recognition memory are sensitive to the degree to which the experienced fluency of a stimulus is diagnostic of its prior occurrence.
Optimal continuous sequential boundaries for monitoring toxicity in clinical trials: a restricted search algorithm.

Continuous monitoring of severe adverse experiences can ensure the timely termination of a clinical trial if the therapy is shown to be harmful. In this paper we present methods for choosing a stopping rule for continuous monitoring of toxicity in small trials. They are especially useful for small phase II trials of about 30 patients for monitoring a binary toxicity event that is observed relatively quickly compared to the efficacy outcome. In 1987 Goldman described an algorithm for computing the exact type I error rate (alpha) and power (1-beta) of a specified discrete stopping boundary for sequential monitoring of a study with a fixed maximum number of patients (N) to be enrolled on the experimental therapy. Only an upper boundary was used since trials are only terminated for an excess frequency of toxicity and not for a low rate. By repeated use of this algorithm a stopping rule can be identified which has nearly the chosen level of (alpha) and a reasonable power depending on the design parameters of the study. The work reported here embeds this earlier algorithm as a subroutine in a larger FORTRAN program which searches all boundaries that fulfil constraints on size and power, as specified by the user. The search is restricted so that only those boundaries with size in a small neighbourhood of the chosen alpha are examined and displayed if the power is above a set minimum. These restrictions reduce the number of boundaries examined to only 0.4 per cent of all possible boundaries, thus reducing running time to a practical few seconds. Many such boundaries exist, the one with the largest power can then be chosen for monitoring the trial. The average sample number (ASN) and the expected relative loss (ERL) are also computed. The criterion for choosing may also be based on small ASN or low ERL in addition to power and appropriate alpha.
Synthesis, characterization, and structure of reduced tungsten chalcogenide cluster complexes

Over the previous twenty years, ternary molybdenum chalcogenides of the general formula M{sub x}Mo{sub 6}Y{sub 8} (M = ternary metal cation; Y = chalcogenide), known as Chevrel phases, have been extensively studied. Many of these compounds have been found to have superconductivity, catalytic activity and ionic conductivity. The rich chemistry of the Chevrel phases raises considerable interest in finding the tungsten analogues of these phases. However, no such analogue has ever been synthesized, although the Chevrel phases are usually prepared directly from elements at high temperatures above 1000{degrees}C. The absence of the tungsten analogues may be caused by their thermodynamic instability at such high temperatures. Thus it might be necessary to avoid high-temperature synthetic procedures in order to establish the ternary and binary tungsten chalcogenides. A major focus of the McCarley research group has been on the preparation of M{sub 6}Y{sub 8}L{sub 6} (M = Mo, W; Y = S, Se, Te) cluster complexes as low temperature pathways to the Chevrel phases.
Clinical indications and results after chest wall resection for recurrent mesothelioma.

Objective The ipsilateral hemithorax is the most common site of recurrence after surgical resection for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Salvage treatment has generally been ineffective. We reviewed the outcomes after resection of isolated ipsilateral chest recurrence after cytoreductive surgery in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. Methods Patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma who underwent initial surgical resection at our institution from 1988 to 2011 and were subsequently treated for localized recurrence with an additional chest resection were identified and their data retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 1142 patients underwent either extrapleural pneumonectomy (n = 794) or pleurectomy/decortication (n = 348). Of the patients who returned for follow-up, 47 (4.1%) had chest wall recurrence amenable to resection. The location of recurrence was predominantly incisional (49%) and/or costophrenic (38%). The median time to recurrence after either extrapleural pneumonectomy or pleurectomy/decortication was 16.1 months (range, 2.7-58.2). No 30-day mortality was found for chest wall resection, and the median length of stay in the hospital was 3 days (range, 0-12). The median overall survival duration after chest wall resection correlated positively with the time to recurrence (epithelial: median, 8.9, 17.2, and 35.8 months for a time to recurrence of Conclusions Chest wall resection is a safe and effective therapeutic option in the management of localized chest wall recurrence of malignant pleural mesothelioma. The time to recurrence appears to be predictive of the expected survival benefit in both epithelial and biphasic malignant pleural mesothelioma.
Inorganic phosphate enhances phosphonucleotide concentrations in cultured fetal rat cortical neurons

Abstract Our laboratory has recently characterized saturable Na + -dependent P i import into cultured fetal rat cortical neurons and shown that a substantial fraction of the P i so accumulated is incorporated into ATP. We now report that the ATP, NADPH and intracellular free P i ([P i ] i ) concentrations of cultured fetal rat cortical neurons are dependent on the extracellular P i concentration ([P i ] e ). [ATP], [NADPH] and [P i ] i display a hyperbolic dependence upon [P i ] e , being significantly increased after incubation with [P i ] e of ≥10 μ M, and maximal at ≥500 μ M. Increases in both [ATP] and [NADPH] are abolished in the absence of glucose. In the absence of extracellular P i , both [ATP] and [P i ] i decline over time. Our data suggest that in cultured fetal rat cortical neurons [P i ] e has a direct effect on glucose utilization, stimulating both ATP and NADPH synthesis via glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
Improving the efficiency of CHO cell line generation using glutamine synthetase gene knockout cells.

Although Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, with their unique characteristics, have become a major workhorse for the manufacture of therapeutic recombinant proteins, one of the major challenges in CHO cell line generation (CLG) is how to efficiently identify those rare, high-producing clones among a large population of low- and non-productive clones. It is not unusual that several hundred individual clones need to be screened for the identification of a commercial clonal cell line with accept- able productivity and growth profile making the cell line appropriate for commercial application. This inefficiency makes the process of CLG both time consuming and labo- rious. Currently, there are two main CHO expression sys- tems, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-based methotrexate (MTX) selection and glutamine synthetase (GS)-based me- thionine sulfoximine (MSX) selection, that have been in wide industrial use. Since selection of recombinant cell lines in the GS-CHO system is based on the balance between the expression of the GS gene introduced by the expression plasmid and the addition of the GS inhibitor, L-MSX, the expression of GS from the endogenous GS gene in parental CHOK1SV cells will likely interfere with the selection pro- cess. To study endogenous GS expression's potential impact on selection efficiency, GS-knockout CHOK1SV cell lines were generated using the zinc finger nuclease (ZFN) tech- nology designed to specifically target the endogenous CHO GS gene. The high efficiency (� 2%) of bi-allelic modifica- tion on the CHO GS gene supports the unique advantages of the ZFN technology, especially in CHO cells. GS enzyme function disruption was confirmed by the observation of glutamine-dependent growth of all GS-knockout cell lines. Full evaluation of the GS-knockout cell lines in a standard industrial cell culture process was performed. Bulk culture productivity improved two- to three-fold through the use of GS-knockout cells as parent cells. The selection stringency was significantly increased, as indicated by the large reduc- tion of non-producing and low-producing cells after 25 mM L-MSX selection, and resulted in a six-fold efficiency improvement in identifying similar numbers of high- productive cell lines for a given recombinant monoclonal antibody. The potential impact of GS-knockout cells on recombinant protein quality is also discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012;109: 1007-1015. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unraveling natural versus anthropogenic effects on genetic diversity within the southeastern beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris)

Anthropogenic habitat loss is among the greatest threats to biodiversity. Populations undergoing fragmentation and loss of habitat are also threatened by erosion of genetic diversity. However, contemporary genetic diversity may be the legacy of natural processes acting prior to anthropogenic influences. Measurements of genetic diversity from contemporary and historical samples can evaluate the relative impact of natural and anthropogenic effects on its status. We investigated the genetic diversity of a threatened subspecies occupying Atlantic Coast barrier islands of Florida, Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris (southeastern beach mouse). To test for recent loss of genetic diversity, we compared cyt b data from museum samples (historical—prior to human impact) with contemporary samples throughout their range. Ten microsatellite loci were genotyped for samples from the contemporary range, to determine current population interconnectedness and structure. The results using cyt b data revealed no statistically significant loss of genetic diversity between historical and contemporary populations of P. p. niveiventris. Both nuclear and mitochondrial data support our conclusion that the observed capture and conservation of historical genetic diversity is explained by the large federally protected region of continuous habitat that remains with minimal human impact. Whereas, the two disjunct populations isolated by anthropogenic habitat destruction, exhibit significant losses of genetic diversity. Collectively, these findings offer a sound basis from which to formulate a conservation strategy to maintain the genetic diversity of P. p. niveiventris. Furthermore, our study underscores the importance of large expanses of continuous habitat within the geographic range of species to facilitate the maintenance of genetic integrity.
“Street Haunting”: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Benjamin Harvey's article, “The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room.” The full text of Sara Gerend's piece then follows. These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005). The full cluster is made up of the following articles: “Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00393.x “Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00394.x “The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00395.x “‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00396.x “Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00397.x “The Art of ‘Scene-Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00398.x “A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00399.x “Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00400.x “Early Twentieth-Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00401.x “‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741-4113.2006.00402.x
The mechanism of anion permeation in thorium-treated gallbladder.

Polyvalent cations (such as Ca+2, La+3, and Th+4) and low pH shift the permeability of some biological membranes from preferentially cation-permeable towards preferentially anion-permeable. The action of Th+4 on permselectivity, and the anion permeation mechanism it produces, have been studied in rabbit gallbladder epithelium. The effect involves both a suppression of cation conductance and an increase of anion conductance. Most residual cation conductance is in a free-solution shunt. The anion permeability sequence, SCN−>ClO 4 − >NO 3 − >I−>Br−≧ClO 3 − >Cl−>BrO 3 − , is neither the lyotropic series nor a radius sequence but is in accord with considerations of equilibrium selectivity. Conductance increases linearly with bathing-solution salt concentrations from 10mm up to at least 400mm. The cation-to-anion permeability ratio shows little change with concentration up to at least 300mm. The current-voltage relation is linear in symmetrical solutions and in the presence of a single-salt concentration gradient up to at least 570 mV. Dilution potentials and biionic potentials yield similar permeability ratios among anions. These permeability properties resemble (surprisingly) those of a membrane with fixed neutral sites rather than those of a classical ion-exchanger.
Degradation of Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel Cladding Due to Neutron Irradiation and Thermal Aging

Thermal aging of three-wire series-arc stainless steel weld overlay cladding at 288{degrees}C for 1605 h resulted in an appreciable decrease (16%) in the Charpy V-notch (CVN) upper-shelf energy (USE), but the effect on the 41-J transition temperature shift was very small (3{degrees}C). The combined effect following neutron irradiation at 288{degrees}C to a fluence of 5 X 10{sup 19} neutrons/cm{sup 2} (>1 MeV) was a 22% reduction in the USE and a 29{degrees}C shift in the 41-J transition temperature. The effect of thermal aging on tensile properties was very small. However, the combined effect of irradiation and aging was an increase in the yield strength (6 to 34% at test temperatures from 288 to -125{degrees}C) and no apparent change in ultimate tensile strength or total elongation. Neutron irradiation reduced the initiation fracture toughness (J{sub {kappa}}) much more than did thermal aging alone. However, irradiation slightly decreased the tearing modulus but no reduction was caused by thermal aging alone. The effects of long-term thermal exposure times (20,000 and 50,000 h) will be investigated when the specimens become available. Also, long-term thermal exposure of the three-wire cladding as well as type 308 stainless steel weld materials at 343{degrees}C is in progress.
The critical points of the period function of x″−x2(x−α)(x−1)=0 (0⩽α<1)

On etudie les points critiques de la fonction periode des solutions periodiques de l'equation : x″-x 2 (x-α)(x-1)=0 0≤2≤1. On montre que le nombre de ces points critiques est borne
Who Framed Sarah Palin? Viewer Reactions to the 2008 Vice Presidential Debate

This study analyzes viewer assessments of Sara Palin’s vice presidential debate performance. Specifically, a national sample of debate viewers evaluated Palin and her vice presidential opponent Joe Biden on both image and issue measures before and after viewing their debate performance. We argue that the attendant media attention surrounding Palin before her debate performance—mostly negative in tone—framed Palin as unfit for office and created expectations that she would fail in her debate with Joe Biden. On several measures, however, Palin’s debate performance actually exceeded the low-bar of expectations that had been set, thus benefiting her in terms of viewers’ assessments of her debate performance.
Health aspects of wireless communication: schwannomas of the acoustic nerve and the use of mobile phones

In a recently reported study, an increased risk of acoustic neuroma (also known as schwannoma) was found among persons in Sweden with 10 or more years of mobile-phone use [1]. There was no association with use less than 10 years, nor for other measures of use such as total hours of use or total number of calls made.
Spinophilin directs protein phosphatase 1 specificity by blocking substrate binding sites

The serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) dephosphorylates hundreds of key biological targets. PP1 associates with >or=200 regulatory proteins to form highly specific holoenzymes. These regulatory proteins target PP1 to its point of action within the cell and prime its enzymatic specificity for particular substrates. However, how they direct PP1's specificity is not understood. Here we show that spinophilin, a neuronal PP1 regulator, is entirely unstructured in its unbound form, and it binds PP1 through a folding-upon-binding mechanism in an elongated fashion, blocking one of PP1's three putative substrate binding sites without altering its active site. This mode of binding is sufficient for spinophilin to restrict PP1's activity toward a model substrate in vitro without affecting its ability to dephosphorylate its neuronal substrate, glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1). Thus, our work provides the molecular basis for the ability of spinophilin to dictate PP1 substrate specificity.
Correlations of Chester Series in Illinois and Indiana: ABSTRACT

The lower Chester formations are correlated in western Illinois, the subsurface of the southeastern Illinois basin, Hardin County, Illinois, and Indiana. The correlation of the western Illinois formations is based on unpublished work by Frank E. Tippie. The Paint Creek of southern and western Illinois is divided into three members: (1) an upper limestone and shale zone, named the Ridenhower member, and correlated with the "Paint Creek" of southeastern Illinois; (2) a middle sandstone and shale zone, correlated with the Bethel sandstone of southeastern Illinois; and (3) a lower "pink crinoidal limestone" correlated with the upper part of the "Renault" formation and called the Downeys Bluff member in southeastern Illinois. The remainder of the "Renault" formation in southea tern Illinois is referred to as the Shetlerville member of the Renault formation. In its upper part it includes a sandstone which is correlated with the subsurface "Benoist sand" of the western part of the Illinois basin and possibly the Yankeetown of western Illinois. Sections prepared by Tippie show that the Aux Vases formation may be confined to western Illinois. The "Aux Vases" and "Rosiclare" of the subsurface in southeastern Illinois are correlated respectively with the Rosiclare and Spar Mountain (sub-Rosiclare) of Hardin County, Illinois. The correlations of lower Chester formations of Illinois with those of Indiana are shown. End_of_Article - Last_Page 300------------
RF relaxation oscillations in polycrystalline TiO2 thin films

Abstract Negative resistance oscillations were studied in polycrystalline TiO2 thin films in the TiTiO2Cr device structure. Stable oscillations were readily produced in the 1–3 MHz frequency range and showed lifetimes of more than 8 × 1011 cycles. A simple equivalent circuit model for current controlled negative resistance (CCNR) devices was used to interpret the bias voltage and temperature dependence of amplitude and frequency of negative resistance oscillations. Bias voltage dependence was found not to involve changes in the device parameters. Temperature variations produced changes in the device threshold and minimum (holding) voltages and the “on” and “off” state resistances. The “on” state and “off” state resistances showed thermal activation energies of 0.006 and 0.052 eV respectively. I-V characteristics for these devices are shown to be in agreement with the theory of filamentary double injection space charge limited currents.
The mobility of positive ions with large He I halos

Abstract The helium I halo around the Atkins snowball grows as the temperature approaches the lambda point and prevents a proper assessment of the critical behavior of the viscosity on the basis of measurements of the mobility.
Zero-power autonomous buoyancy system controlled by microbial gas production

A zero-power ballast control system that could be used to float and submerge a device solely using a gas source was built and tested. This system could be used to convey sensors, data loggers, and communication devices necessary for water quality monitoring and other applications by periodically maneuvering up and down a water column. Operational parameters for the system such as duration of the submerged and buoyant states can be varied according to its design. The gas source can be of any origin, e.g., compressed air, underwater gas vent, gas produced by microbes, etc. The zero-power ballast system was initially tested using a gas pump and further tested using gas produced by Clostridium acetobutylicum. Using microbial gas production as the only source of gas and no electrical power during operation, the system successfully floated and submerged periodically with a period of 30 min for at least 24 h. Together with microbial fuel cells, this system opens up possibilities for underwater monitoring systems that could function indefinitely.
Ecological factors associated with sexual risk behaviors among detained adolescents: A systematic review

Abstract Objectives Adolescents who have a history of being detained report rates of STI that are 8 to 10 times higher than peers without such histories. Over the last decade, an increasing number of studies have identified multiple factors that are associated with STI risk behaviors and acquisition among detained youth. However to date, no reviews of this literature have been conducted, which is the aim of this paper. Method We conducted a review of the published literature to identify correlates of risky and STIs among detained youth. PsycINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE and Googlescholar were searched for English-language publications from 1999 to present. These dates represent the time period when the majority of research was conducted among this population. Results This paper utilizes an ecological model to review risk and protective factors related to STIs among this population. Findings indicated that individual factors (i.e., age, gender, substance use, and mental health); micro factors (i.e., parental monitoring, family violence, and peer influences); meso factors (i.e., school enrollment, student-teacher connectedness, and community violence exposure); and macro factors (i.e., race/ethnicity, cultural norms, gender violence and health care policies) were related to risky sex and STIs. Conclusion We discuss conceptual and theoretical mechanisms that may account for such relationships and conclude with recommendations for advancing future research and service delivery with this population.
Algorithms for Optimal Production Scheduling and Employment Smoothing

This paper seeks here a minimum cost production plan over a finite number of time periods. There is a known demand requirement stated in production hours to be met in each period from current and previous hours of production stored as inventory. A production policy consists of scheduled amounts of hours, some of which are costed at regular-time wage rates, the remainder costed at overtime rates. Expansion or contraction of the work force stated in production hours is charged against the period-to-period variations in regular-time employment. The fluctuations in overtime production do not incur such hiring and firing costs. The amount of overtime used, however, is constrained not to exceed a specified fraction of regular-time utilized in any period. We describe algorithms for rinding an optimal policy under the assumption that all costs are described by linear functions and where demands are either monotonic increasing or decreasing in time. In addition to presenting the algorithms, we also examine certain planning horizon results implied by these algorithms. Specifically, we ascertain when optimal first period decisions can be made without knowing the precise values of all future demands and costs.
Error for the modified secant method

New error bounds for the modified secant method are provided. We show that our error estimates are better than the ones already existing in the literature, under similar assumptions.
Prostate cancer: New answers prompt new questions regarding cell of origin.

Controversies remain regarding the precise cell type from which prostate cancers originate. In the last 2 years, two separate studies have arrived at apparently conflicting models for the cell type involved in prostate cancer initiation. However, these results are not mutually exclusive: there are potential solutions, and alternative views on the initiating cell derivation of prostate tumors also exist.
Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of the charge-transfer salt ferromagnet decamethylchromocenium dimethyl dicyanofumarate, T(Curie) = 5.7 K.

Dimethyl dicyanofumarate, DMeDCF, has been used as an alternative to tetracyanoethylene for the construction of a new molecule-based ferromagnet. A crystal structure of the compound shows it to ado...
The effects of visual deprivation on the depth perception of adult and infant rats and adult squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciurea)

Abstract Adult squirrel monkeys and newborn and adult rats were kept in total darkness for 3 months. Their depth perception was tested on the visual cliff. The monkeys showed normal depth perception. However, both the young and adult rats showed deficits in depth perception which lasted for 3 days.