cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axial conduction and dissipation in oscillatory laminar pipe flow at low and high frequencies

The problem of fully developed laminar fluid flow in pipes, driven by an oscillatory pressure gradient, can be solved exactly for the time-dependent velocity field and related quantities such as flow rate and tidal displacement. When dissipation is neglected and the momentary axial variation of temperature is assumed to be linear, the corresponding thermal energy equation describing heat transfer along a pipe connecting two reservoirs at different temperatures can also be solved to yield exact solutions for the time-dependent temperature field, axial heat flux, and effective axial conductivity. In this paper, it is shown that these exact solutions for the unsteady temperature field are invalid at low Womersley numbers because the momentary axial variation of temperature is not linear. When the thermal energy equation is written in quasisteady form, approximate quasisteady analytical solutions can be found for the temperature field, which yield effective axial conductivities several orders of magnitude greater than those given by the low-Womersley-number, unsteady-flow solution. It is also shown that the conditions under which effects of dissipation on axial heat transfer become significant, at high Womersley numbers, can be determined by a simple criterion. When dissipation is significant, exact solutions for the unsteady temperature field are invalid at high Womersley numbers because the momentary axial variation of temperature is also nonlinear.
Genomic Analyses of Pre-cancers to Accelerate Cancer Interception in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes

Abstract The field of colorectal cancer oncology has witnessed major advances in the last decade for the treatment of late-stage cancers using targeted and immune-based therapies. However, there is yet a critical unmet need to develop novel approaches to improve the colorectal cancer prevention. Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, mainly Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Lynch Syndrome, offer a unique opportunity to develop and test the activity of such interventions in high-risk populations displaying an accelerated carcinogenesis. Advances in genomics and systems biology provide unprecedented opportunities to understand the earliest molecular events present in pre-cancer initiation and enable the development of novel strategies to intercept the growth of pre-cancers and their evolution into invasive cancers. In this talk, the speaker will present genomic efforts leveraging next-generation sequencing approaches coupled with big data analysis and will show the potential of this conceptual framework to accelerate advances in cancer prevention that are applicable to other pre-cancers. In addition, challenges inherent to the analysis of pre-cancers and the implementation of clinical studies in Hereditary Cancer Syndromes will be presented. These genomic approaches are likely to bring transformational changes and advances in cancer interception for patients and families with Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes.
Competitive capacity of Quercus rubra L. planted in Arkansas' Boston Mountains

Results of an 11 yr study of the growth and survival of planted northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings (2-0 bare-root) are presented. More than 4,000 seedlings were planted under shelterwood overstories that were harvested 3 yr after planting. Results are expressed as planted-tree dominance probabilities. Dominance probability is the probability that a planted tree will live to attain a favorable competitive position (i.e., at least 80% of the mean height of dominant competitors) at a specified year. We interpret the resulting probability as a measure of the competitive capacity of an individual seedling, i.e., its potential of attaining dominance in a specified environment. Based on logistic regression analysis, dominance probabilities increase with time after shelterwood overstory removal for any given environment and initial seedling characteristics. At any specified time, dominance probabilities depend on initial seedling basal diameter before planting (stem caliper 2 cm above the root collar), site quality, intensity of weed control, and shelterwood percent stocking. Dominance probabilities increase with decreasing shelterwood stocking, increasing initial stem caliper, and increasing intensity of weed control. Other factors being equal, top clipped seedlings have higher dominance probabilities than unclipped seedlings. The reciprocals of the dominance probabili- ties provide silviculturally useful estimates of the numbers of trees that would need to be planted to obtain, on the average, one competitively successful tree. For example, if clipped seedlings averaging 6 mm in caliper were planted where oak site index was 24 m, shelterwood stocking was 80%, and the site was given no weed control before or after planting, obtaining one competitively successful tree 11 yr after planting (8 yr after shelterwood removal) would require planting 144 seedlings. Other factors remaining the same, increasing initial caliper to 22 mm would require planting only 5 trees to obtain 1 competitively successful tree. For the same size (22 mm) and type of seedling planted on site index 18 m under a shelterwood at 40 to 60% stocking and given two weed control treatments, only 1.4 trees would need to be planted. Results emphasize the sensitivity of competitive capacity, and thus the silvicultural potential, of planted northern red oaks in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas to the joint effects of field environment and initial seedling characteristics. FOR. SCI. 48(3):504-517.
Characteristics and Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence–Related Homicide Post-Release From Jail or Prison:

Intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration are common experiences among incarcerated people. Despite knowledge regarding the challenges of re-integrating post-release from jail or prison, including an increased risk of homicide victimization, there is a dearth of research focused on IPV-related homicides post-release from a correctional facility. To address this gap, the current study used 2003-2015 data from the National Violent Death Reporting System from 27 states to examine the characteristics and circumstances surrounding IPV-related homicides soon after the homicide victim was released from jail or prison. Of the 126 post-release homicides, 13.5% were related to IPV. Post-release homicides involving either a female victim or perpetrator were more likely to be IPV-related. In the case of many of the IPV-related homicides, there was evidence of prior IPV as well as potential bystanders (including formal and informal supports) who were aware of the risk for IPV escalation and possible lethality. Compared with non-IPV post-release homicides, those related to IPV were more likely to occur in the victim's home, have been immediately preceded by a physical fight, and have occurred by means other than firearm. These findings highlight the importance of enhancing the capacity of correctional facilities and community-based services to assess for and respond to risk of IPV and IPV-related lethality for individuals leaving correctional institutions.
Human Trust After Robot Mistakes: Study of the Effects of Different Forms of Robot Communication

Collaborative robots that work alongside humans will experience service breakdowns and make mistakes. These robotic failures can cause a degradation of trust between the robot and the community being served. A loss of trust may impact whether a user continues to rely on the robot for assistance. In order to improve the teaming capabilities between humans and robots, forms of communication that aid in developing and maintaining trust need to be investigated. In our study, we identify four forms of communication which dictate the timing of information given and type of initiation used by a robot. We investigate the effect that these forms of communication have on trust with and without robot mistakes during a cooperative task. Participants played a memory task game with the help of a humanoid robot that was designed to make mistakes after a certain amount of time passed. The results showed that participants’ trust in the robot was better preserved when that robot offered advice only upon request as opposed to when the robot took initiative to give advice.
The Effects of Proficiency Differences in Pairs on Korean Learners’ Speaking Performance

This study aims to identify the effects of the test task type (individual and paired speaking test) on the scores obtained in the two groups (Heritage Language [HL] and Non-Heritage Language [NHL] Learners of Korean) using a univariate and a multivariate G-study. The results of this study show that HL students performed similarly across different test tasks regardless of heritage backgrounds of their partners. Likewise, NHL students did not perform differently between two test tasks when they were paired with the NHL students. On the contrary, when NHL students were paired with HL students whose level of Korean oral proficiency was higher, they tended to gain higher scores in the paired speaking test task than in the monologic one, particularly in their fluency subscores. The findings of this study help us better understand the relationships between test constructs and contextual features in paired oral assessment.
Ab Initio Quantum Dynamics in Nanoscale Materials and Interfaces

Excited state dynamics play key roles in numerous condensed phase and molecular materials designed for solar energy, opto-electronics, spintronics and other applications. Controlling these far-from-equilibrium processes and steering them in desired directions require understanding of material’s response on the nanometer scale and with fine time resolution. We couple, in a unique way, real-time time-dependent density functional theory for the evolution of electrons with non-adiabatic molecular dynamics for atomic motions to model such non-equilibrium response in the time-domain and at the atomistic level. The talk will describe the basics of the simulation methodology and will discuss several recent applications, such as metal halide perovskites, metallic and semiconducting quantum dots, and transition metal dichalcogenides, among the broad variety of systems studied in our group.
A Historical Account of the Conceptual Evolution of Satan in the Abrahamic Belief Traditions

This paper shows a historical account of the development of the Satan persona in the Abrahamic belief traditions beginning with early Judaism in which Satan evolves most vastly from beginning as merely an action verb to ending as a tempter of man, then moving into the Christian New Testament evil entity personified as a direct opponent to Jesus, and finally ending with Islam’s perspective of a leader of the Jinn.
Polymorphisms in Xenobiotic Metabolism Genes and Autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental syndrome defined by deficits in social reciprocity and communication and by unusual repetitive behaviors. Although there is an underlying genetic predisposition, the etiology of autism is currently unknown. A recent increase in prevalence suggests that genetically determined vulnerability to environmental exposure might contribute to the causation of autism. We performed family-based association studies of polymorphisms in metal-regulatory transcription factor 1(MTF1), a multispecific organic anion transporter (ABCC1), proton-coupled divalent metal ion transporters (SLC11A3 and SLC11A2), paraoxonase 1 (PON1), and glutathione S-transferase (GSTP1) genes in 196 autistic disorder families. There was deviation from the expected pattern of transmission for polymorphisms in MTF1 (Single nucleotide polymorphism database reference identification number, dbSNP rs3790625, P = .02) and divalent metal ion transporter SLC11A3 (dbSNP rs2304704, P = .07) genes. Although these results might represent chance finding, further investigations of genetic variations of metal metabolism in autism are warranted.
Ready or Not, Here They Come:Why the ABA Should Amend theModel Rules to AccommodateMultidisciplinary Practices

I. Introduction On June 8, 1999, the American Bar Association Commission on Multidisciplinary Practice (Commission on MDPs) recommended that the American Bar Association (ABA) change the Model Rules of Professional Conduct to allow lawyers to split fees with nonlawyers and to deliver legal services through multidisciplinary practices (MDPs).1 Philip S. Anderson, then President of the ABA, appointed the Commission on MDPs in August 1998 in response to significant debate among practitioners and scholars regarding the appropriateness of MDPs.2 Recent development in national and world markets prompted the appointment of the Commission on MDPs.3 In particular, the Big Five4 accounting firms' delivery of legal services outside the United States attracted the attention of both the ABA5 and commentators.6 The ABA also recognized that numerous accounting firms in the United States were aggressively attempting to provide various legal services to their clients.7 With the recent growth of nonlegal professional service firms, more and more lawyers are joining firms that are not controlled by lawyers and do not resemble traditional law firms.8 Accounting and other professional firms have sought to avoid the ethical dilemmas that such employment raises by contending that lawyers are not practicing law, but merely rendering advice or consulting services.9 Legal commentators disagree about whether the Model Rules allow lawyers who work for accounting firms to perform these services.10 Some scholars believe that by addressing MDPs the Commission on MDPs really is addressing how to regulate entities that, to some extent, already exist.11 However, large professional firms are not the only ones interested in MDPs.12 Small firm partnership possibilities include estate planning, financial planning, juvenile defense work, and family counseling.13 After the Commission on MDPs made its recommendation in June 1999, the accounting firm of Ernst & Young further focused national attention on the issue of MDPs by launching the Washington, D.C.-based law firm of McKee Nelson Ernst & Young.14 The creation of this new law-accounting firm was possible because the District of Columbia Bar Rules, which unlike the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, allow fee sharing between lawyers and nonlawyers as long as the sole purpose of the entity is to provide legal services.15 Washington, D.C. is currently the only jurisdiction in the United States that allows lawyers to enter into MDPs.16 At the August 1999 annual meeting of the ABA in Atlanta, the House of Delegates, after considering the Commission on MDPs' report and recommendation, adopted a resolution providing that MDPs not be permitted unless or until additional study indicates that the change will advance the public interest without adversely affecting lawyers' independence and commitment to clients.17 Following the House of Delegates's adoption of this resolution, the Commission on MDPs continued to solicit input from interested parties and investigate the consequences of allowing MDPs. …
Staffing standards and core competencies in academic art and architecture departmental libraries: A preliminary study

The nature of academic departmental libraries frequently requires that professional, paraprofessional and student staff perform a variety of overlapping job functions. Literature is reviewed regarding staffing standards in academic departmental libraries and the blurring of responsibilities between professional and paraprofessional staff. The author presents results from a survey of heads of academic art and architecture libraries. The survey focused on differing levels of staff in art and architecture libraries, types of training received, and core competencies in library skills and resources for employees at the various levels. The survey was not intended to produce conclusive results, but rather to gain information, explore trends, offer observations, and provide clarification of topics that could be considered in further research.
A National Survey of Independent Living Donor Advocates: The Need for Practice Guidelines

In 2000, representatives of the transplant community convened for a meeting on living donation in an effort to provide recommendations to promote the welfare of living donors. One key recommendation included in the consensus statement was that all transplant centers which have performed living donor surgeries have an independent living donor advocate (ILDA) “whose only focus is on the best interest of the donor.” The aims of this study were to begin to understand the sociodemographic characteristics, selection and training, and clinical practices of ILDAs. All US transplant centers performing living donor surgeries were contacted to identify the ILDA at their center. One hundred and twenty ILDAs completed an anonymous survey. Results indicated considerable variability with regard to the sociodemographic characteristics of ILDAs, how the ILDA was selected and trained, and the ILDAs’ clinical practices, particularly ethical challenges encountered by ILDAs. The variability observed may result in differential selection of donors and could have a potential negative impact on the lives of both donors and transplant candidates. The variability in the background, training, and practice of ILDAs suggests the need for strategies, such as practice guidelines, to standardize the interaction between ILDAs and living donors.
Contributions of Diverse Media to Self-Sexualization among Undergraduate Women and Men

Although everyday exposure to media content that sexually objectifies women is believed to lead women to sexualize themselves, research testing this connection has produced mixed results. Most studies have focused only on the self-objectification component of self-sexualization, and on limited assessments of media exposure. Our goal was to extend tests of this component of objectification theory both to understudied media genres and to men, and to do so using broader measures of self-sexualization. Surveying 1,107 U.S. undergraduate students (658 women and 449 men), we used structural equation modeling to test the contributions of exposure to popular reality programs, romantic-themed movies, and music videos to self-sexualization (a latent construct comprised of body surveillance, enjoyment of sexualization, and importance of sexual appeal). Frequent consumption of reality TV programs consistently predicted self-sexualization for women and men, and music video exposure predicted self-sexualization only for men. Findings confirm pathways proposed by objectification theory and indicate unique contributions of understudied media.
A survey of individual preference for colorectal cancer screening technique

Background Due to the low participation in colorectal cancer screening, public preference for colorectal cancer screening modality was determined.
Urinary catheter capable of repeated on-demand removal of infectious biofilms via active deformation

Biofilm removal from biomaterials is of fundamental importance, and is especially relevant when considering the problematic and deleterious impact of biofilm infections on the inner surfaces of urinary catheters. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are the most common cause of hospital-acquired infections and there are over 30 million Foley urinary catheters used annually in the USA. In this paper, we present the design and optimization of urinary catheter prototypes capable of on-demand removal of biofilms from the inner luminal surface of catheters. The urinary catheters utilize 4 intra-wall inflation lumens that are pressure-actuated to generate region-selective strains in the elastomeric urine lumen, and thereby remove overlying biofilms. A combination of finite-element modeling and prototype fabrication was used to optimize the catheter design to generate greater than 30% strain in the majority of the luminal surface when subjected to pressure. The catheter prototypes are able to remove greater than 80% of a mixed community biofilm of Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli on-demand, and furthermore are able to remove the biofilm repeatedly. Additionally, experiments with the prototypes demonstrate that biofilm debonding can be achieved upon application of both tensile and compressive strains in the inner surface of the catheter. The fouling-release catheter offers the potential for a non-biologic, non-antibiotic method to remove biofilms and thereby for impacting the thus far intractable problem of catheter-associated infections.
Mechanism of verapamil calcium channel blockade-induced hyperprolactinemia

Verapamil, a phenylalkylamine calcium channel blocker, causes a doubling of serum prolactin (PRL) levels in humans. To determine whether the mechanism involved a decrease in the PRL response to dopamine (DA), we infused low doses of DA, finding that the percent inhibition of PRL was not affected by verapamil (max %decrements for 0.003, 0.01, and 0.03 microgram.kg-1.min-1 doses of DA, respectively, 86.7 +/- 19.1, 73.2 +/- 24.8, and 65.2 +/- 20.0% without verapamil and 93.4 +/- 24.6, 79.7 +/- 14.9, and 58.0 +/- 18.1% with verapamil). To determine whether the PRL elevation was due to a decrease in hypothalamic generation of DA, we measured the inhibition of PRL by L-dopa before and after inhibition of peripheral decarboxylase activity with carbidopa. Without verapamil, L-dopa alone and carbidopa-L-dopa caused similar maximum decreases in PRL levels of 83.2 +/- 2.5 and 80.3 +/- 2.0%, respectively. With verapamil, the PRL maximum decrement with L-dopa was 85.2 +/- 2.7% and with carbidopa-L-dopa was 76.3 +/- 1.9% (P < 0.01). We also found that dihydropyridine and benzothiazepine calcium channel blockers had no effect on PRL. These results suggest that verapamil acts by decreasing central DA generation, possibly through N-type calcium channels.
Glorified Fantasies and Masterpieces of Deception on Importing Las Vegas into the ‘New South Africa’

With the end of apartheid, Johannesburg and other South African cities are now part of a new global race to become 'world-class' tourist and business centers. At the center of this development is the importation of Vegas-style spectacle by local entrepreneurs, firms and other city boosters who create fantasyscapes such as the Emperor's Palace and Grand West. Financed and run by South African impresarios - whose luxurious empires transcend the continent - these resorts represent not only the globalization of gaming but the way in which South African cities see themselves within the worldwide urban hierarchy. As such, this article seeks to untangle the global and local aspects of importing fantasy into the 'new South Africa'.
Examination of rhythmicity of extracellularly recorded neurons in the entorhinal cortex

A number of studies have examined the theta-rhythmic modulation of neuronal firing in the hippocampal circuit. For extracellular recordings, this is often done by examining spectral properties of the spike-time autocorrelogram, most significantly, for validating the presence or absence of theta modulation across species. These techniques can show significant rhythmicity for high firing rate, highly rhythmic neurons; however, they are substantially biased by several factors including the peak firing rate of the neuron, the amount of time spent in the neuron's receptive field, and other temporal properties of the rhythmicity such as cycle-skipping. These limitations make it difficult to examine rhythmic modulation in neurons with low firing rates or when an animal has short dwell times within the firing field and difficult to compare rhythmicity under disparate experimental conditions when these factors frequently differ. Here, we describe in detail the challenges that researchers face when using these techniques and apply our findings to recent recordings from bat entorhinal grid cells, suggesting that they may have lacked enough data to examine theta rhythmicity robustly. We describe a more sensitive and statistically rigorous method using maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of a parametric model of the lags within the autocorrelation window, which helps to alleviate some of the problems of traditional methods and was also unable to detect rhythmicity in bat grid cells. Using large batteries of simulated data, we explored the boundaries for which the MLE technique and the theta index can detect rhythmicity. The MLE technique is less sensitive to many features of the autocorrelogram and provides a framework for statistical testing to detect rhythmicity as well as changes in rhythmicity in individual sessions providing a substantial improvement over previous methods.
Electron tomographic structure and protein composition of isolated rat cerebellar, hippocampal and cortical postsynaptic densities

Electron tomography and immunogold labeling were used to analyze similarities and differences in the morphology and protein composition of postsynaptic densities (PSDs) isolated from adult rat cerebella, hippocampi, and cortices. There were similarities in physical dimensions and gross morphology between cortical, hippocampal and most cerebellar PSDs, although the morphology among cerebellar PSDs could be categorized into three distinct groups. The majority of cerebellar PSDs were composed of dense regions of protein, similar to cortical and hippocampal PSDs, while others were either composed of granular or lattice-like protein regions. Significant differences were found in protein composition and organization across PSDs from the different brain regions. The signaling protein, βCaMKII, was found to be a major component of each PSD type and was more abundant than αCaMKII in both hippocampal and cerebellar PSDs. The scaffold molecule PSD-95, a major component of cortical PSDs, was found absent in a fraction of cerebellar PSDs and when present was clustered in its distribution. In contrast, immunogold labeling for the proteasome was significantly more abundant in cerebellar and hippocampal PSDs than cortical PSDs. Together, these results indicate that PSDs exhibit remarkable diversity in their composition and morphology, presumably as a reflection of the unique functional demands placed on different synapses.
Women's responses to fashion media images: a study of female consumers aged 30–59

The purpose of this study was to examine whether female consumers ranging in age from 30 to 59 prefer fashion advertising models more closely resembling their age. The sample for this study consisted of 182 women. Stimuli included full-colored photographs of current fashion models. A questionnaire designed to explore participants' responses to the stimuli included scales measuring participants' beliefs about the stimulus models' appearances and attractiveness, participants' purchase intentions and perceived similarity with the models and participants' perceived fashionability of the model's clothing. Participants rated models appearing older in age significantly higher than younger models on the characteristics related to appearance and attractiveness. Advertisements with older models also had a significant positive relationship to participants' purchase intentions as compared to younger-age models. Participants who perceived more similarity to the models were found to have more positive beliefs about the model's appearance and attractiveness and the fashionability of the model's clothing. Perceived similarity also had a significant positive relationship to participants' purchase intentions. As a result of this study, findings suggest that marketers and retailers should consider the age of the model used in their promotional materials. Specifically, it is possible that female consumers either transitioning into, or currently in, the middle adulthood life stages may have a preference for fashion models more closely resembling their age group.
Prevalence and Implications of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Among Adolescents in Treatment for Substance Abuse

ABSTRACT Objective Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is overrepresented among adults and adolescents in treatment for substance abuse. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of ADHD and to elucidate differences among adolescent substance abusers relative to ADHD symptomatology. Method The Wender Utah Rating Scale and the Self-Evaluation (Teenager's) Self-Report were used to evaluate childhood history of ADHD and current symptoms, respectively, and the Child Attention Problems Scale was completed by treatment program clinicians. A quantitative substance use history and a subjective substance use interview were also administered. Results A total of 50% of 14 females and 16 males, ranging in age from 14 to 19, met study criteria for ADHD. ADHD subjects began drug use at an earlier age, had more severe substance abuse, and had a more negative self-image prior to drug use and improved self-image with drug use. They experienced more negative affective responses related to substance use and more drug craving and attentional difficulties in treatment than control subjects. Conclusions The results support a substantial comorbidity of ADHD among adolescent substance abusers, with indications of drug use for self-medication. Counseling for ADHD and medication may be indicated to improve treatment outcome and future functioning.
15N NMR investigation of azo-hydrazone acid-base equilibria of FD and C yellow no. 5 (tartrazine) and two analogs

FD & C Yellow No. 5 and two analogs have been characterized by 15N NMR at several pH values. 15N chemical shift data indicate the existence of azo-hydrazone, acid-base equilibria and suggest that these compounds are present in the hydrazone form at pH 7 and the azo form at pH 12. Approximately equal concentrations of these two species are observed at pH 10.3.
Historical Figuration: Poetics, Historiography, and New Genre Studies

This essay has four interconnected goals: 1) to reflect upon some of the major theoretical and methodological developments (since about 1950) in the fields of early modern literary studies and history vis-a-vis the question of historicism; 2) to address, within the context of seventeenth-century England, inter-relationships between poetics and historiography; 3) to examine that “interdisciplinarity” specifically in terms of the seventeenth-century English poetic elegy; and 4) to trace (from Plato to Puttenham) and to argue for a specific theoretical aspect of that inter-relationship, which I will call historical figuration. My argument will hinge upon these connecting points, especially the latter two. On the one hand, I will argue that an early modern paradigm shift from theocentric to increasingly secular narrative frameworks for personal and national histories contributes to a transformation in poetic genre. English poets began to formulate a new intra-textual crisis of linguistic signification within the elegy's construction of loss and spiritual consolation as the experience of death and mourning became less theocentric and communal and more secular and individualized during the seventeenth century. This new intra-textuality to elegiac resistance emerges gradually but consistently from approximately the 1620s onward, facilitating the genre's new articulations of consolation situated within and against historical contexts rather than projected toward a transcendental horizon. On the other hand, I will also argue that this distinctive inter-relationship between poetics and historiography may be theorized as historical figuration, which may be linked directly to key contributions to the history of poetic theory from Plato to Puttenham. My two-fold thesis thus attempts to engender and engage what some may see as a trans-discursive poetics of culture. However, I would hesitate to place my argument within the new-historicist camp, but would hope instead that this essay may contribute to the emerging, interdisciplinary sub-field of new genre studies, which seeks to examine literary genres as manifestations of aesthetic forms and social discourses.
Organ-specific modification of the dose-response relationship of scrapie infectivity.

The dose-response relationships of scrapie strain 263K-infected hamster brain and spleen homogenates were compared to determine if intracerebral end-point titrations of infectivity in these homogenates were measures of the same pathogenic phenomenon. Analysis of the dose-response curves indicated that the average increase in incubation period per 10-fold dilution (i.e., the dilution kinetics) of brain infectivity was significantly different from that of spleen infectivity. This difference contradicted the assumption that the same pathogen or pathogenic mechanisms were responsible for producing disease in each titration. Therefore, the end-point titrations and infectivity titers of the brain and spleen homogenates were measures of two different phenomena. Subsequent passage of a scrapie-infected spleen homogenate demonstrated that the dose-response relationship of scrapie infectivity in this agent-host system was dependent on the organ titrated, not the tissue source or inoculation route of previous passage.
A short channel MOSFET model

The MOSFET equivalent circuit model described incorporates short channel and temperature effects. It includes expressions for the device current in the subthreshold, triode and saturation regions and uses a field dependent mobility and a drain voltage dependent threshold voltage. The drain current-voltage characteristic and its first derivative are continuous in all regions. Relationships for the gate-source and gate-drain capacitances are derived as a function of the device potentials using a field dependent mobility. Using the closed form expressions of this model, simulations were performed for micron long devices having uniform and ion-implanted channel profiles and compared with data at room, above room and liquid nitrogen temperature.
Cross-Cultural Adjustment of International Officers During Professional Military Education in the United States

In this study, we investigate the relation between personality traits and cross-cultural adjustment using international military officers participating in a 1 year military training program in the ...
The exact distribution of the likelihood ratio criterion for testing equality of means, variances and covariances

The exact null distribution of Wilk's L mvc criterion for testing the equality of means, variances and covariances in multivariate normal samples has been obtained as a gamma series as well as in a series form and percentage points computed for p = 4(1)10, α = 0.05 and 0.01 and various values of sample size, large as well as small
Adaptive source search in a gradient field

Most existing source search algorithms suffer from a high travel cost, and few of them have been analyzed in performance in noisy environments where local basins are presented. In this paper, the theseus gradient search (TGS) is proposed to effectively overcome local basins in search. Analytical performances of TGS and the gradient ascend with correlated random walk (GACRW), which is a variant of correlated random walk, are derived and compared. A gradient field model is proposed as an analytical tool that makes it feasible to analyze the performances. The analytical average searching costs of GACRW and TGS are obtained for the first time for this class of algorithms in the environments with local basins. The costs, expressed as functions of searching space size, local basin size, and local basin number are confirmed by simulation results. The performances of GACRW, TGS, and two chemotaxis algorithms are compared in the gradient field and a scenario of indoor radio source search in a hallway driven by real data of signal strengths. The results illustrate that GACRW and TGS are robust to noisy gradients and are more competitive than the chemotaxis-based algorithms in real applications. Both analytical and simulation results indicate that in the presence of local basins, TGS almost always costs the lowest.
The Author-Function, The Genre Function, and The Rhetoric of Scholarly Webtexts

Abstract In this article, I compare Michel Foucault's (1994) author-function and Anis Bawarshi's (2000) genre function as explanations for the use, categorization, and value of scholarly webtexts. I focus much of my analysis on Anne Frances Wysocki's (2002) “A Bookling Monument” because it is explicitly designed to destabilize our reading practices. I also situate Wysocki's webtext along a spectrum with Charles Lowe's (2004) “Copyright, Access, and Digital Texts” and Collin Gifford Brooke's (2002) “Perspective: Notes Toward the Remediation of Style.” In using the author-function and the genre function as lenses on these pieces, I aim to articulate multiple possible modes of being for scholarly webtexts and their users. In the process, I illustrate the ways these concepts speak to the status and social function of authorial ownership and originality; multimodal complexity; and formal reflexivity. Ultimately, I argue that bringing traditional concepts like authorship and genre to bear on scholarly webtexts not only reveals the values of the Computers and Writing community but also presents a unique opportunity to continue testing the uses and limits of our rhetorical theories.
GLYCOGEN METABOLISM OF FETAL LAMB LUNG IS MODIFIED BY CHRONIC HYPETGLYCEMIA AND HYPERINSULINEMIA

GLYCOGEN METABOLISM OF FETAL LAMB LUNG IS MODIFIED BY CHRONIC HYPETGLYCEMIA AND HYPERINSULINEMIA
Zinc coordination polymers containing substituted isophthalate ligands and fragments from in situ hydrolysis of 4-pyridylisonicotinamide

Abstract Hydrothermal treatment of zinc nitrate, a 5-substituted isophthalic acid, and 4-pyridylisonicotinamide (4-pina) resulted in crystalline coordination polymers that incorporated different fragments formed by in situ hydrolysis of the 4-pina precursor. These materials were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In the case of {[4-ampyrH]2[Zn(hip)2]·H2O}n (1, 4-ampyrH = 4-aminopyridinium, hip = 5-hydroxyisophthalate), anionic [Zn(hip)2]n2n− (4,4) grid layers co-crystallize with protonated 4-ampyr cations. Using 5-nitroisophthalic acid (H2nip), [Zn7(isonic)4(OH)6(nip)2]n (2, isonic = isonicotinate) was formed. This material manifests [Zn7(OH)6]n cationic inorganic chain motifs linked by isonic and nip ligands into a non-interpenetrated 3-D coordination polymer network with pcu topology. Luminescent behavior is attributed to intra-ligand molecular orbital transitions.
Enhancing terrestrial ecosystem sciences by integrating empirical modeling approaches

Strategies to Promote Integrated Experiment-Model Approaches to Terrestrial Ecosystem Study; Bethesda, Maryland, 19–21 March 2012 Field and laboratory experiments and observations, along with models, are foundational approaches to scientific inquiry. Integration of these approaches, however, can be an exceedingly difficult challenge because empiricists and modelers often work in communities separated by cultural differences and communication barriers, reflecting a largely independent evolution of these disciplines. To address this challenge, more than 40 participants gathered for a 3-day workshop to discuss how models can best inform empirical experiments, how data can most effectively inform models, and what strategies can be employed to integrate these two approaches. The workshop was convened with the understanding that such a priori exchange between the empirical and modeling communities can maximize intellectual investments and result in high-quality predictive models and more scientific discovery.
Ambipolar Carrier Transport and Surface Recombination Velocity in Semiconductor Surface Layers

In discussing charge-carrier recombination at a semiconductor surface it is natural to characterize the recombination properties of the surface itself by a true surface-reflection coefficient which expresses the non-recombination probability for an excess carrier in a single collision with the surface. It is also possible to arrive at an effective surface-reflection coefficient from experimental data by ignoring any effects which might be associated with the presence of a surface space-charge layer. The latter quantity is simply an effective value which involves effects contributed not only by the actual surface, but also by the space-charge layer which is present in the neighborhood of the surface. For a sample with a given photoconductive response, by equating expressions involving the reflectance calculated for a sample having the actual space-charge layer and for one in which space-charge effects are ignored, one may arrive at a relation between the true and effective surface-reflection coefficients. By this procedure one can define in an operational way an effective surface recombination velocity. The combined effects of a space-charge layer and an actual physical surface can then be studied as a function of the space-charge parameters and sample thickness. Results relating true and effective recombination velocities are presented, using an ambipolar-transport formulation, for both depletion-inversion and accumulation layers. Previously developed methods for relating true and effective surface recombination velocities are reviewed and compared to the operational method used herein. Certain advantages connected with the definition adopted here are pointed out. The calculations are based upon known diffusion and mobility parameters for $p$-type silicon.
A Dialog Control Algorithm and Its Performance

A pragmatic architecture for voice dialog machines aimed at the equipment repair problem has been implemented which exhibits a number of behaviors required for efficient human-machine dialog. These behaviors include:(1) problem solving to achieve a target goal,(2) the ability to carry out subdialogs to achieve appropriate subgoals and to pass control arbitrarily from one subdialog to another,(3) the use of a user model to enable useful verbal exchanges and to inhibit unnecessary ones,(4) the ability to change initiative from strongly computer controlled to strongly user controlled or somewhere in between, and(5) the ability to use context dependent expectations to correct speech recognition and track user movement to new subdialogs.A description of the implemented dialog control algorithm is given; an example shows the fundamental mechanisms for achieving the listed behaviors. The system implementation is described, and results from its performance in 141 problem solving sessions are given.
Effects of Fuel Volatility on Early Direct-Injection, Low-Temperature Combustion in an Optical Diesel Engine

The effect of fuel volatility on early direct-injection, low-temperature combustion (LTC) was investigated using an optically accessible diesel engine. Five blends of conventional no. 2 diesel fuel and a high-volatility (HV) fuel mixture of n-heptane and toluene having approximately the same ignition quality were tested over a range of injection timings at steady-state speed-load operating conditions. Diagnostics included conventional heat-release analysis, the measurement of spatially integrated broadband light emitted during the combustion process (natural luminosity), and high-speed, in-cylinder imaging of both natural luminosity and laser light elastically scattered from liquid-phase fuel in the charge gas. Engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), smoke, unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) also were monitored. Results show that, as the injection timing is advanced during LTC operation, liquid-fuel films on in-cylinder surfaces are likely to form because of low in-cylinder gas an...
An investigation of the sampling bias of the beard method as used in HVI

The beard method is used for sampling cotton fibers to generate fibrograms from which length parameters can be obtained. It is the sampling method used by the Uster High Volume Instrument (HVI™). A fundamental issue of this sampling method is its bias since the mathematical computation to obtain length parameters is quite different. There have been different assumptions regarding the bias of the beard sampling method. In our experiments, we have seen discrepancies in measurements that cannot be explained as length‐biased or unbiased, especially in the short fiber region. We report a fundamental research, including experimental and theoretical analysis, and computer simulations, that reveals the bias due to this sampling method. We find that the beard sampling method as used in HVI is not completely length‐biased; fibers sampled by using this method are similar to the original fibers except in the short fiber region. Short fiber content (SFC) of the sampled fiber is lower than that of the original fiber, a...
The transformation of prison regimes in late capitalist societies

Recent studies argue that cultural and political-economic shifts have led to a sea change in penal regimes among modern Western societies, resulting in more punitive social policies in general and a trend toward higher incarceration rates in particular. This is a special case of a wider argument that globalization has led to a decline in state autonomy and convergence on a market-based model of economic and social policy. This thesis has been challenged by the empirical literature on welfare states, which finds persistent cross-national diversity in institutional structures, policies, and patterns of inequality. Focusing on incarceration rates as the outcome of interest, this study evaluates these arguments by applying a Bayesian change-point model to four decades of data from 15 countries. Results show that a regime shift did occur but that incarceration rates increased mainly among countries with unregulated labor markets, decentralized polities, or weak labor unions. Profound institutional differences ...
Pipelining multiple singular value decomposition (SVDs) on a single processor array

We present a new family of architectures for processor arrays to implement Jacobi SVD which allow systolic loading and unloading of input and result matrices. Unlike most of the previous SVD arrays in the literature, our architectures do not require special handling of external I/O and hence are closer to the traditional concept of systolic architectures. The boundary processors communicate with the host the same way any of the interior processors communicate with their neighbors. The arrays are surprisingly uniform and simple. The various architectures in the family represent different throughput-hardware tradeoffs corresponding to the degree to which the multiple sweeps have been unrolled and determine the number of independent SVDs which may be pipelined on the array. We achieved systolic loading by using the flexibility provided by the cyclic Jacobi method on the order in which pivot pairs may be chosen. The array operates on the matrix data even as it is being loaded. Once the pipeline is full, the ordering is very similar to odd-even ordering. Our ordering is equivalent to cyclic-by-rows ordering and hence the algorithm is guaranteed to converge. Our systolic loading scheme is very important in an I/O limited system, since it allows more communication to occur in parallel, where the communication includes the loading and unloading operations. The array with the highest throughput in our family of architectures, which implement one-sided Jacobi (either Hestenes' method or Eberlein and Park's method), is a linear array of processors with unidirectional links between neighbors. The architectures with lower throughput require fewer processors connected in a ring, allowing data to recirculate among the processors. The input matrix is loaded one column at a time from the left and the results stream out one column at a time from the right.
High frequency cut-offs in superconductivity theory

Abstract The meaning of a high frequency cut-off for the Coulomb interaction at ±iωmax with ωmax ≈ Ef is investigated. It is not difficult to justify such a cut-off for nearly-free-electron metals. The real frequency Coulomb pseudopotential corresponding to the usual imaginary axis (μ∗, iωc) pseudopotential is rigorously derived. It is markedly different from any assumed in previous work.