cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of three new eye colour mutations in the mosquito, Anopheles stephensi

Three new eye colour mutants, scarlet eye (wsca), red-spotted eye (prs) and pigmentless eye (p) were isolated in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi. Genetic analysis revealed that all three mutants are sex-linked and recessive to the wild type. Scarlet eye is allelic to white eye but is not to either red-spotted eye or pigmentless eye, which are allelic to each other; 5.7% recombination was observed between the white eye and pigmentless eye loci.
Serum Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-I in Children with Chronic Liver Disease: Relationship to Disease Activity

Intercellular adhesion molecule-I (ICAM-I) is a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family. It is expressed on the surface membrane of cells of multiple lineages at sites of inflammation. A soluble form of ICAM (sICAM-I) comprising the five extracellular Ig-like domains of ICAM-I has been detected in human serum and has been found to be increased in a variety of acute and chronic liver disorders. However, little is known about sICAM-I levels in children with chronic liver disease. Therefore, we measured sICAM-I in 23 children with chronic hepatitis, 14 children with cirrhosis, and 10 age- and sex-matched normal children by commercially available ELISA. We also correlated the sICAM-I levels with the histological activity index (HAI) score as determined from liver biopsies. Patients with chronic hepatitis had higher sICAM-I levels compared to controls (723 +/- 272 ng/ml vs 282 +/- 43 ng/ml, mean +/- SD; P < 0.05). sICAM-I levels were also higher in patients with cirrhosis compared to controls (630 +/- 218 ng, mean +/- SD; P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between sICAM levels in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. A significant correlation was found between the ICAM-I level and the histological activity index score in patients with chronic hepatitis (r = 0.58; P < 0.001) and in patients with cirrhosis (r = 0.7; P < 0.001). We also found that by using the cutoff level of 346 ng/ml, sICAM-I can be used as a screening test with high specificity (100%) and sensitivity (94%) to differentiate children with chronic liver disease from normal children. We conclude that sICAM is increased in children with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis compared to controls. The degree of elevation correlates with the HAI score. sICAM may be used as a marker of the disease activity and may provide diagnostic and prognostic information in children with chronic liver disease. However, this needs to be further studied.
Double strand breakage in DNA and cellular radiation sensitivity: linear energy transfer and the oxygen effect.

Despite more than three decades of extensive research, identification of the chemical changes responsible for the lethal effects of ionizing radiation has yet to be achieved. Indeed, although the general consensus of opinion associates lethal radiation events with damage, and especially double strand breaks, in DNA, there is still lively debate even about the relative contributions of the direct and indirect effects of sparsely ionizing radiations at the cellular level. Causes for the protraction in this eludication process usually can be traced to the difficulty in determining chemical change in mammalian cells after radiation doses of radiobiological significance, to the inflexibility of classical positions, and to an increase in the reluctance of governmental agencies to underwrite experiments with other than predictable outcomes. Some recent signs are more encouraging, however, because definitive scientific advances now seem possible, but they are more likely to come from laboratories in Europe where the expression of originality has not been blunted by dogma and warranty. Areas where modern ideas must provoke much-needed advances in the understanding of the chemistry of strand breakage induced in cellular DNA by ionizing radiations are discussed here.
Evaluating Bundled Discounts

Bundled discounts - discounts conditioned upon purchasing products from multiple product markets - present a dilemma for antitrust scholars: on the one hand, they result in lower prices and therefore provide immediate benefits to consumers; on the other hand, even above-cost (i.e., non-predatory) bundled discounts may cause long-run consumer harm by foreclosing competitors that are as efficient as the discounter but do not sell as broad a line of products. Courts therefore need an evaluative approach that would identify and condemn only those bundled discounts likely to cause long-term consumer harm by driving out efficient rivals. The approach must also be easily administrable so as to avoid chilling procompetitive discounting behavior. This article identifies and critiques five attempts courts and commentators have made at articulating such an evaluative approach and, finding each approach lacking, proposes an alternative evaluative approach. The proposed approach would presume the legality of above-cost bundled discounts but would permit that presumption to be rebutted by a plaintiff that proved certain facts demonstrating that it had fully exhausted its competitive options and was, or was likely to become, as efficient as the discounter. The recommended approach would be easily administrable and would include clear safe harbors to ensure that procompetitive bundled discounting is not discouraged.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the cirrhotic liver: diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and evaluation of response to treatment - Part 2.

Abstract In the second part of this review, we will describe the ancillary imaging features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that can be seen on standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol, and on novel and emerging protocols such as diffusion weighted imaging and utilization of hepatocyte-specific/hepatobiliary contrast agent. We will also describe the morphologic sub-types of HCC, and give a simplified non-invasive diagnostic algorithm for HCC, followed by a brief description of the liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS), and MRI assessment of tumor response following locoregional therapy.
Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry and Homosexuality

The modern concept of homosexuality as a sexual orientation emerged with the field of descriptive psychiatry in Europe in the late 1800s. It was formally classified as a mental disorder in 1886 with its inclusion in Psychopathia Sexualis . Pressure from new research on homosexuality, public advocacy, and criticism of the earlier versions of the psychiatric diagnostic system resulted in its declassification in 1973. Major areas of current research in homosexuality include sexual orientation change efforts, the prevalence of depression and anxiety in homosexual men and women secondary to social stigma and prejudice, and theories on the etiology of homosexuality.
Nigerian Political Modernity and Postcolonial Predicaments by Toyin Falola

Falola, Toyin. Nigerian Political Modernity and Postcolonial Predicaments . Austin, TX: Pan-African University Press, 2016.
Retrospective exposure assessment using bayesian methods

This paper presents the application of a Bayesian framework for retrospective exposure assessment of workers in a nickel smelter. Using only sparsely available historical measurements will result in exposure estimates with large uncertainties. However, additional information, in the form of expert judgments informed by knowledge of historical plant conditions, can be brought to bear on this process. The experts are provided with an information packet that contains historical process information, process throughput levels for each year, the dimensions of the workplace, ventilation records, and task descriptions for each job category. Based on this information, the experts provide subjective prior probability distributions for input parameters to a general ventilation model that predicts building concentrations. These priors can be synthesized with the historical measurements using Bayes theorem. The prior distributions of exposures are updated using the average measured exposures (historical measurements) and their associated variances to obtain the posterior probability distributions for building concentrations as well as concentrations at specific locations in the building. Expert input was also obtained from a plant industrial hygienist, in the form of probability distributions, regarding the amounts of time spent by each job category in different locations in the building. Monte Carlo sampling, from the posterior probability distributions of concentrations in different micro-environments and the probability distributions of time spent by each job category in those micro-environments, was used to obtain worker exposures using a time-weighted averaging model.
Milk and Dairy Products

Dairy-associated microbes are important determinants of food quality and safety and are essential for the production of fermented dairy products. Built upon over 130 years of dairy food microbiology research, this chapter focuses on the microbial ecology and systems biology of dairy products from the perspective of culture-independent metagenomics research. Recent studies have provided new perspectives on the microbial composition in raw and processed fluid milk from bovine, goat, and other animal sources and the introduction and succession of those microbes on the farm and at processing facilities. Also discussed are microbiotas in cheese and cheese-associated environments. The diversity of cheese varieties is possible because of those microorganisms and the metabolic processes they perform. The bacteria contained in milk and found on processing equipment, as well as starter cultures, bacteriophages, enzymes and other ingredients, and production and ripening conditions, have interconnected effects, resulting in different cheese varieties with distinct organoleptic properties. Lastly, the microbial composition of other fermented dairy products is presented, including fermented milk beverages such as kefir, yogurt, koumiss, kurut, nunu, and tarag. High-throughput “-omics” approaches have revolutionized our understanding of the ecology and molecular capacities of dairy-associated microbes. With continued methodological and technical advances, these methods will propel improvements in dairy quality and safety assurance and will accelerate a fundamental understanding of complex microbial ecosystems.
A Comparison of the $\delta$ Parameterization and the $\tau$ Parameterization

This paper continues the analysis of biquad structures - discretized at high sample rates relative to the dynamic frequencies of the biquad - by introducing the $T$ parameterization as an alternative to the venerable 6 parameterization [1], [2]. The $T$ parameterization has slightly improved coefficient accuracy as the scale factor between sample frequency and biquad dynamic frequencies falls below the typical several orders of magnitude assumed in the use of the 6 parameterization. The use of the $T$ parameterization, which is based on a Trapezoidal Rule equivalent, provides an intuitively appealing result. In the mid-range sample rates, there is a potential for significant decrease in controller latency. Furthermore, the use of a biquad based structure such as the MultiNotch [3] or Biquad State Space [4], [5] allows us to seriously consider doing away with “one size fits all” discretization, applying $T$ or 6 parameterized biquads for low frequency dynamics and traditional discrete biquads for high frequency dynamics. Finally, a restructuring of the fixed point calculations of the $T-1$ integrator allows for improved signal fidelity while maintaining the signal growth immunity of the 6 parameterization [6].
Caffeine Increases Rate of Torque Development Without Affecting Maximal Torque

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caffeine on peak torque (PT), rate of torque development (RTD), and muscle activation in college-age men. Fifteen men (23.3 ± 2.2 years, 177.6 ± 8.7 cm, 90.3 ± 19.1 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. During each of two test sessions, maximal leg extension PT and RTD were determined and electromyographic (EMG) and mechanomyographic (MMG) signals were collected to examine electrical and mechanical aspects of muscle activation, respectively. Participants also performed the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) for the determination of peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and fatigue percentage (FP). For the first test session, participants were randomly assigned to ingest either a caffeinated drink (6 mg/kg) or a placebo 1 h prior to testing. The second test session was identical to the first, but the drink not previously administered was ingested prior to testing. The results indicated there were no significant effects of caffeine on PT, PP, MP, FP, or EMG and MMG measures. However, RTD was positively affected by caffeine (856.4 ± 246.4 Nm/s) compared to the placebo condition (710.9 ± 267.9 Nm/s). These results suggest that caffeine can be an effective aid for sport activities requiring maximal rates of force or torque development during very short time periods.
Chapter 15 – Gipps Model

This chapter introduces the Gipps model, which is a well-known and widely implemented model. Derived from everyday driving experience, this model is conceptually appealing and easy to implement. With an additional time buffer to account for the driver perception-reaction process, this model is known to be conservative. Properties of the model are discussed, along with a benchmarking to compare the model with numerical and empirical data.
Chapter 4 – Organochlorine Pesticides

Organic molecules are those that have carbon atoms serving as the backbone or major structural component of the molecule. The simplest group of organic molecules are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The carbons in these hydrocarbons can be arranged in straight lines and are called aliphatics (eg, ethane or pentane), or they can be in aromatic ring structures (eg, benzene). The hydrogen and oxygen atoms can also be arranged to form alcohols, organic acids, and other structures. Other elements such as nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, or sulfur can be attached to hydrocarbons to form more complex organic molecules. Organic molecules form the basis for the chemistry of living organisms although they are also found in many nonliving sources, such as petroleum.
Spatial Distribution of a Tree Trunk Specialist Spider: Relative Role of Landscape Versus Microhabitat Drivers.

By completely censusing a 1 ha forest dynamics plot it was possible to identify the variables (spider mass, size, sex and tree species, size, and bark roughness) that influenced the spatial distribution of adult Drapetisca alterandaChamberlin 1909 (Araneae: Linyphiidae), a sheet web spider that specializes in lower tree trunks in North American forests. To account for spatial autocorrelation, a conditional autoregressive random effect was included in the zero-inflated Poisson generalized linear mixed model. Parameters estimated were produced by Bayesian inference with vague prior probability distributions and the best of 16 models were selected using Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion. The best model showed that larger diameter trees located at higher plot elevations were more likely to have D. alteranda present. Smooth bark tree species such as paper birch and American basswood tended to have the most spiders while rough bark species had the least. The relationship between tree diameter and D. alteranda abundance also varied by tree species. Paper birch and quaking aspen tend to produce a greater slope compared to the other species, indicating that as these trees get larger, the abundance of D. alteranda increases at a higher rate than on other tree species. Spider sex and size were not associated with height on the trunk or tree species selection, nor were they associated with microhabitats such as bark furrow depth. Landscape-level factors largely predict D. alteranda abundance and distribution, suggesting that spatial autocorrelation should be considered when modeling the abundance of even small organisms, such as spiders.
Moiré commensurability and the quantum anomalous Hall effect in twisted bilayer graphene on hexagonal boron nitride

The quantum anomalous Hall effect sometimes occurs in twisted bilayer graphene when it is nearly aligned with an encapsulating hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) layer. The authors argue that the quantum anomalous Hall effect is likely only when the graphene/graphene and graphene/hBN moir\'e patterns are nearly commensurate. This picture gives rise to the series of ``Hall windows'' in the twist-angle space illustrated here.
God and Guns: The Free Exercise of Religion Problems of Regulating Guns in Churches and Other Houses of Worship

The article looks at the only two cases that have dealt with these issues. A few states categorically ban the possession of weapons in houses of worship. Other states allow weapon possession generally but allow property owners, including houses of worship, to ban possession on their property. Houses of worship have raised religious liberty challenges in each of these jurisdictions. The article demonstrates that these decisions reveal the persistent problems plaguing religious liberty cases. First, these cases illustrate the difficulties non-mainstream religious claims face. Courts may not understand the religious nature of the claim or they may devalue claims that do not seem “normal” or “reasonable.” This is compounded how few religious liberty claimants, especially non-mainstream religions, win their cases. Second, the cases are part of the larger debate about how easy it should be to get judicially imposed religious exemptions from general and neutral laws. Uncritically granting exemptions could undermine the statutory scheme and the rule of law. Too stingy an approach and religious freedom becomes an empty promise. Third, the cases show the problems with a neutral approach. Neutrality is often held out as the appropriate touchstone for religious liberty analysis. Finding a neutral standpoint, however, is difficult if not impossible, especially when dealing with religion. This difficulty forces courts to find “neutrality” by silently relying on their background assumptions about religion which only exacerbates the problems of non-mainstream claimants. These three difficulties have relevance to the current litigation concerning the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.The article concludes that these persistent problems flow from the ambiguity about religious liberty’s purpose. Adopting one or another perspective dictates the paths that courts take in religious liberty cases.
Assessment of Advanced LiDAR Based Tools for Enhanced Flood Prediction

Extreme rainfall events have become more frequent and more intense in recent times, leading to increased severe flooding. Potential impacts, especially to transportation infrastructure such as roads and bridges, are magnified due to their age. Also, transportation infrastructure experiences strain to keep up with increasing land development, which causes more flow into streams. To mitigate the resulting impacts of bridge overtopping and roadway washouts on the public, a software tool is proposed that contributes to decision making in disaster response for extreme rainfall events. To create the software tool, an accurate, high resolution surface terrain model (including channels, roadways, and infrastructure for bridges and culverts) is produced of the selected study area using QL2 LiDAR data sets. Additionally, stormwater flow models are generated for flow at stream and bridge intersections, and through culverts at various storm return periods. The resulting software tool will integrate bridge overtopping and roadway washout location identification to show the severity of impact for selected watersheds in near real time. This tool will be in the form of open source software (e.g., Python) and an interactive map to display the locations and levels of severity based on forecasted rain data input for the study area. The paper first presents the proposed method, details the data collection and processing techniques, and then discusses a case study. The results validate the first steps for data collection and processing to support further modeling and analysis.
CEO satisfaction and firm performance in family firms : Divergence between theory and practice

This study employs structural equationmodeling (LISREL 8.0) to investigate a model of therelationship between chief executive officer (CEO) joband life satisfaction, as well as the relationshipbetween CEO job and life satisfaction and firmperformance. Consistent with recent research, ourmodel also includes several potential mediators of thejob/life satisfaction relationship – overall stress,work conflict, nonwork conflict, and nonworksatisfaction. We rely on questionnaire data from 221owner/managers of family owned and controlledautomobile dealerships. Results indicate that CEO joband life satisfaction are more strongly correlatedthan among average American workers, as predicted, butthat there is no moderator effect on firm performance.Nor does life satisfaction mediate the relationshipbetween job satisfaction and firm performance.Contrary to theory, there are no significantrelationships with firm performance. Theorganizational implications of CEO satisfaction forfirm performance are considered.
Past Climates of the Tropics

The functioning of the tropical climate system was throughout this book considered from various perspectives, but always with emphasis on the modern time scale. This final chapter is a preliminary synopsis of climate and circulation conditions in the tropics in the geological past. The available field evidence limits this attempt mainly to the last 30 000 years. For the more distant past refer to the comprehensive review of Crowley (1983).
The private sector in state service delivery: Examples of innovative practices, by Joan W. Allen, K. S. Chi, K. A. Devlin, M. Fall, H. P. Hatry, and W. Masterman. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, 1989,174 pp. Price: $24.50 cloth, $12.75 paper

The purpose of this book is to encourage state officials to consider opportunities for greater use of the private sector by giving examples of actual experiences drawn from a wide variety of states. Services covered are corrections, parks and recreation, human services, employment and training, and transportation. Private sector approaches addressed are contracting, concessions, public/private partnership, and the use of volunteers. A companion volume to Building Innovation into Program Reviews.
Computations in undistinguished networks

The correctness of most distributed algorithms depends on the existence of a unique name for each computer in the network. Several authors have investigated the consequences of the absence of such names on the sort of computations that can be performed on a network. It has been shown that it is not always possible to perform even relatively simple distributed computations such as determining the network topology or electing a leader if the number of nodes in the network is not known.
YARNsim: simulating hadoop YARN

Despite the popularity of the Apache Hadoop system, its success has been limited by issues such as single points of failure, centralized job/task management, and lack of support for programming models other than MapReduce. The next generation of Hadoop, Apache Hadoop YARN, is designed to address these issues. In this paper, we propose YARNsim, a simulation system for Hadoop YARN. YARNsim is based on parallel discrete event simulation and provides protocol-level accuracy in simulating key components of YARN. YARNsim provides a virtual platform on which system architects can evaluate the design and implementation of Hadoop YARN systems. Also, application developers can tune job performance and understand the tradeoffs between different configurations, and Hadoop YARN system vendors can evaluate system efficiency under limited budgets. To demonstrate the validity of YARNsim, we use it to model two real systems and compare the experimental results from YARNsim and the real systems. The experiments include standard Hadoop benchmarks, synthetic workloads, and a bioinformatics application. The results show that the error rate is within 10% for the majority of test cases. The experiments prove that YARNsim can provide what-if analysis for system designers in a timely manner and at minimal cost compared with testing and evaluating on a real system.
A comparison of secure UNIX operating systems

Industry has seen the introduction of a number of secure UNIX products. This paper is a summary of a study conducted by Oracle in determining the similarities and differences in the various secure UNIX implementations that are now or will shortly be available. The five systems that were surveyed for this study are: AT&T System V/MLS, Release 1.1, SunOS MLS, Version 1.0, SecureWare Security Module Package Plus, Version 1.0, Addamax B1st Trusted System Kit for System V 3.0, Release 1.0 and Trusted Xenix, Version 1.0. It compares the systems in the area of discretionary access control, mandatory access control and accountability and identification, respectively. >
Chapter 4 Controversies in the use of radioiodine for remnant ablation and therapy of thyroid carcinoma

Publisher Summary This chapter explores some of the current radioiodine controversies. Radioactive iodine ( 131 I) represents a foundation of therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and follicular (FTC) thyroid carcinoma, collectively referred to as “differentiated” thyroid carcinoma (DTC), along with thyroidectomy and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression. Clinical investigations are confounded by the low incidence of thyroid carcinoma, its prolonged course, and the relatively good outcome for the majority of patients. Since it is uncommon to remove all thyroid tissue with thyroidectomy, 131 I uptake is almost always considered postoperatively in the thyroid bed and any thyroglossal duct remnant. The use of therapeutic doses of 131 I in the setting of unknown residual malignancy is referred to as “remnant ablation.” 131 I administered to treat residual or recurrent carcinoma is referred to as “therapy.” The chapter also explains 131 I therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
Ivory production & consumption in Ghana in the early second millennium AD

In the eighteenth to nineteenth century West Africa was the scene of the infamous Atlantic trade in ivory and slaves. The authors' researches show a different situation in the fourteenth to seventeenth centuries, when the people of Ghana were engaged in the indigenous procurement, manufacture and trade in ivory with neighbours across the Sahara
Relation of Female Infertility to Consumption of Caffeinated Beverages

Several studies have reported an association between caffeine intake and delay to conception. To study this relation further, the authors examined caffeine use in 1,050 women with primary infertility and 3,833 women who had recently given birth during the period 1981-1983 in the United States and Canada. The cases were separated by the cause of their infertility: ovulatory factor, tubal disease, cervical factor, endometriosis, or idiopathic infertility. The relative risks of each type of infertility associated with caffeine were calculated using separate logistic regression models and controlling for relevant confounding factors, such as age, center, cigarette smoking, lifetime number of sexual partners, alcohol consumption, contraception, body mass index, and exercise. A significant increase in the risk of infertility due to tubal disease or endometriosis was observed for the upper levels of caffeine intake, indicating a threshold effect. For tubal infertility, a relative risk of 1.5 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.0) was found in women who consumed more than 7 g of caffeine per month as compared with those who consumed 3 g or less per month. For endometriosis, the relative risk was 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-2.9) in women who consumed 5.1-7 g/month and 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.4) in those with an intake of more than 7 g/month. These data suggest that caffeine deserves further study with regard to its effects on the female reproductive system.
Electrochemical studies of capacitance in cerium oxide thin films and its relationship to anionic and electronic defect densities

Small polaron carrier density in epitaxial, doped CeO2 thin films under low oxygen partial pressure was determined from electrochemically-measured capacitance after accounting for interfacial effects and shown to agree well with bulk values.
Upwelling shadows as nearshore retention sites: the example of northern Monterey Bay

Abstract Periods of elevated temperatures in northern Monterey Bay suggest that this is a region of increased residence time during periods of active upwelling. Nearshore increases in near-surface temperature often coincide with offshore decreases in temperature as cold, upwelled water is advected into the center of the bay—the juxtaposition of warm and cold water enhancing the thermal signature of a feature described as an ‘upwelling shadow’. We present a variety of data collected from 1988 to 1993 invoking a shallow, stratified, cyclonic circulation in northern Monterey Bay to explain the upwelling shadow as a dynamic response to upwelling north of the bay. Residence times associated with this warm recirculation are of the order of 8 days which is comparable to semi-enclosed embayments whereas Monterey Bay is an open embayment. We estimate a continuous replacement of upwelling shadow water with offshore water at a rate of 0.083 day −1 , and we suggest that a circulation velocity of 0.1 m · s −1 , is needed to produce the thermal signature of the feature given published values of surface heat flux in the central California coastal region. The thermal signature of this upwelling shadow persists through much of the upwelling season, surviving brief relaxations in upwelling but breaking down during prolonged relaxations of the order of a week or longer. The stratification and coherent recirculation of this feature is likely to be very important for such biological processes as productivity and the dispersal and recruitment of larvae.
Benefits from mass evaluation of school children for heart disease (experience with 6,625 children).

The major benefit of a community program for the mass evaluation of school children for heart disease was found to be enhanced distribution of pediatric cardiology specialty services. This enhanced distribution is achieved through use of a computer heart sound analyzer (Phonocardioscan) and by the establishment of a creative partnership between the pediatric cardiologist, the practicing physicians, local health officials and community volunteer health agencies (local heart association). Potential undesirable by-products of programs for mass cardiac evaluation are also discussed and provisional solutions presented.
Regional quantification of D1, D2, and D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in rat brain using a ribonuclease protection assay

We describe ribonuclease protection assays for dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors, and regional quantitation of mRNA levels for these receptors in rat brain. Both D1 and D2 mRNA levels were highest in caudate putamen, where they were found in approximately equal levels. Of the brain regions examined, D3 mRNA was most abundant in hippocampus, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens. Levels of D3 mRNA were significantly lower than values for D1 and D2 mRNA in all brain regions studied. Variability was observed between animals for expression of both D1 and D2 mRNA in caudate putamen, with a significant correlation between D1 and D2 mRNA levels in neostriatum (r = 0.942, P < 0.001). This suggests a functional interaction between D1 and D2 receptor mRNA levels in this brain region. Our results are generally consistent with regional distributions previously reported using other methods. These results suggest that DA D2 receptors function both as an auto and as a postsynaptic receptor, while D1 receptors are restricted to a postsynaptic function. Our results demonstrate the utility of this method in studying possible relationships between individual animal variation in regional mRNA expression and behavioral response to pharmacological and other experimental treatments.
Persistent chlorinated pesticides in air, water, and precipitation from the Lake Malawi Area, Southern Africa.

Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides were analyzed in air (biweekly 1997−1998), water, and precipitation at Lake Malawi, in southeast Africa. The pesticides in air in Senga Bay on the southwest shore of Lake Malawi were not extensively weathered, implying recent use. Elevated levels of heptachlor, chlorobenzenes, aldrin, and dieldrin were detected periodically, which indicated use on a regular basis. Annual average concentrations for those pesticides ranged from 31 to 257 pg/m3. Levels of HCHs, DDTs, chlordanes, and α-endosufan in air at Senga Bay were comparable to those of the Laurentian Great Lakes, ranging from 24 to 40 pg/m3. Considering air−water gas exchange and wet deposition, the net fluxes of chlorinated pesticides to the lake surface were depositional. Concentrations of chlorinated pesticides in the water from Lake Malawi were relatively low compared to the Laurentian Great Lakes and Lake Baikal. This indicates rapid transformation of chemicals in the water column, which was further support...
Ischiogluteal bursitis: an uncommon type of bursitis

Ischiogluteal bursitis is a rare, infrequently recognized soft tissue mass of the buttock region. Of importance is the radiological differential diagnosis with other benign and malignant soft-tissue tumors. We describe the imaging findings of bursitis.
A COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENT AND THE THEORY OF CONTINUOUS ORDERING

The Fourier transform of the Helmholtz Free Energy F(k), for composition Buctua- tions of wave vector k, has been obtained for several ordering alloys above T, by measuring the absolute X-ray diffuse scattering intensity due to local order, at high temperatures, along lines in reciprocal space. The single crystals examined were Cu,Au, Cu-23 at pct Au, Cu-18.5 at pct Au, and CoPt,. The values obtained are compared to the theory of continuous transformations and it is found that the linear theory is satisfactory but the nearest-neighbour approximation is inadequate. In particular, the gradient energy is a strong function of k. This is also indicated from measured relaxation times in different crystallographic directions ; these vary less with direction than predicted when the dependence of the gradient energy on k is ignored. It is possible to measure the activation energy for interdiffusion in bulk alloy crystals at low temperatures by measuring the absolute intensity due to local order us. temperature and then measuring changes in this intensity with time when the temperature is varied. Values are given for the above alloys and for Fe-29.2 at pct Al.
Measurement and control of attosecond pulse formation

We show that attosecond pulses can be measured as they are produced by using a perturbative electric field, and that such a field can also be used to control the production process. We demonstrate manipulation of the harmonic spectrum as well as the creation of transient diffractive elements in the nonlinear medium itself.
Increased duration of neuropharmacologically induced behavioral excitation by atropine.

Abstract Recent studies from our laboratory have implicated acetylcholine as an important factor in the production of behavioral excitation in rats working on avoidance schedules and injected with tetrabenazine following iproniazid pretreatment. To further study the role of acetylcholine in this type of behavior, we injected an anticholinergic drug, atropine, into iproniazid-tetrabenazine treated avoidance rats. When small doses of atropine (0·1–0·2 mg/kg) were given 60–120 min before 2 mg/kg tetrabenazine (50 mg/kg iproniazid was always given 18 hr before tetrabenazine), the duration of behavioral excitation was significantly increased. A larger dose of atropine (0·8 mg/kg) blocked behavioral excitation. Comparable doses of methyl atropine nitrate had no effect on excitation. These results support our previous hypothesis that acetylcholine is involved in excited states of avoidance behavior. In addition, the extended behavioral excitation seen after low doses of atropine suggest that this drug can cause either a release of acetylcholine or prevent its uptake into the pre- or postsynaptic neurons of cholinergic synapses.
CAP-1A is a novel linker that binds clathrin and the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8

The voltage-gated sodium channel Na(v)1.8 produces a tetrodotoxin-resistant current and plays a key role in nociception. Annexin II/p11 binds to Na(v)1.8 and facilitates insertion of the channel within the cell membrane. However, the mechanisms responsible for removal of specific channels from the cell membrane have not been studied. We have identified a novel protein, clathrin-associated protein-1A (CAP-1A), which contains distinct domains that bind Na(v)1.8 and clathrin. CAP-1A is abundantly expressed in DRG neurons and colocalizes with Na(v)1.8 and can form a multiprotein complex with Na(v)1.8 and clathrin. Coexpression of CAP-1A and Na(v)1.8 in DRG neurons reduces Na(v)1.8 current density by approximately 50% without affecting the endogenous or recombinant tetrodotoxin-sensitive currents. This effect of CAP-1A is blocked by bafilomycin A1 treatment of transfected DRG neurons. CAP-1A thus is the first example of an adapter protein that links clathrin and a sodium channel and may regulate Na(v)1.8 channel density at the cell surface.
BELOWGROUND EFFECTS OF CANOPY GAPS IN A TROPICAL WET FOREST

Canopy gaps are a fairly well-studied phenomenon in tropical forests, but less well known are their belowground effects on patterns of root length and biomass and the consequences of such changes on regeneration and community structure. I examined canopy gaps and adjacent understory sites on two soil types of contrasting fertility in a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica to determine (1) whether canopy gaps create root gaps beneath the canopy opening, and (2) whether the effects of such root gaps on root ingrowth rates, root competition, and root responses to nutrient heterogeneity are related to soil type. Based on soil coring, canopy gaps had less fine (<2 mm) root length and biomass than comparable closed canopy sites. Reductions in root length and biomass were greater on the infertile (residual) soil type than the fertile (alluvial) type but were unrelated to gap size, age, or percentage canopy openness. Additionally, I measured root competition in a trenching experiment using the pioneer tree Hampea appendiculata as a bioassay species. Light appeared to be the only factor limiting relative growth rate, as seedlings grew faster in the canopy gaps than in the understory, regardless of soil type or trenching treatment (trench lined with root restriction cloth, trench open to colonization by neighboring roots, or no trench). The accumulation rate of live fine roots was unaffected by soil or light conditions. Finally, I altered nutrient heterogeneity of the gap and understory sites through the creation of fertilized microsites. Root proliferation into these microsites was enhanced only in the canopy gaps on the infertile soil. The differences between the two soil types in the amount of root length and biomass and in root proliferation responses suggest that the consequences of canopy gap formation may be dependent on background levels of soil fertility.
Advanced strategies for cancer pain management with intraspinal therapy

Abstract The treatment of pain associated with cancer that does not respond to oral pharmacological therapy has been greatly facilitated by the implementation of intraspinal techniques. The use of intrathecal catheters and programmable pumps provide an excellent alternative for these patients who are expected to survive for more than three months. However, it is recognized that neuropathic pain is the most frequent cause of failure when aggressive pharmacological therapy is implemented and as a result of it, the use of adjuvants such as bupivacaine and clonidine is necessary. This article deals with the steps to be implemented to guarantee a high degree of success when using this approach.
An infinite family of zeta functions indexed by Hermite polynomials

Abstract Riemann's hypothesis has challenged many mathematicians and, yet, still remains an open problem. This work deals with the construction of an infinite family of zeta functions, denoted ζ 2 q , 0 ( s ) for q = 0, 1, 2 …, which (1) satisfy Riemann's functional equation, and (2) generalize many properties of the Riemann zeta function, ζ ( s ). In Section 3 we show that ζ 2 q , 0 ( s ) = (2 q )! ζ ( s ) P q ( s ), where P q ( s ) is a polynomial in the variable s of degree q . It is true that for small q , the zeroes of P q ( s )have real part equal to one-half, are simple, and are distinct. We conjecture that for all q = 1, 2,…, the zeroes of P q ( s ) have real part equal to one-half, are simple, and are distinct, and we hope to prove this conjecture in a paper which is to follow. It is important to note that before one can establish the properties of ζ 2 q , 0 ( s ) one must first generalize the Jacobi Inversion Formula. This generalization can be found in Section 2.
Synthesis, characterization, and spectroscopy of 4,7,12,15-[2.2]paracyclophane containing donor and acceptor groups: Impact of substitution patterns on through-space charge transfer

This paper reports the synthesis of 4,7,12,15-tetra(4'-dihexylaminostyryl)[2.2]paracyclophane (1), 4-(4'-dihexylaminostyryl)-7,12,15-tri(4' '-nitrostyryl)[2.2]paracyclophane (2), 4,7-bis(4'-dihexylaminostyryl)-12,15-bis(4' '-nitrostyryl)-[2.2]paracyclophane (3), 4,7,12-tris(4'-dihexylaminostyryl)-15-(4' '-nitrostyryl)[2.2]paracyclophane (4), 4,15-bis(4'-dihexylaminostyryl)-7,12-bis(4' '-nitrostyryl)[2.2]paracyclophane (5), and 4,12-bis(4'-dihexylaminostyryl)-7,15-bis(4' '-nitrostyryl)[2.2]paracyclophane (6). These molecules represent different combinations of bringing together distyrylbenzene chromophores containing donor and acceptor groups across a [2.2]paracyclophane (pCp) bridge. X-ray diffraction studies show that the lattice arrangements of 1 and 3 are considerably different from those of the parent chromophores 1,4-bis(4'dihexylaminostyryl)benzene (DD) and 1,4-di(4'-nitrostyryl)benzene (AA). Differences are brought about by the constraint by the pCp bridge and by virtue of chirality in the "paired" species. The absorption and emission spectra of 1-6 are also presented. Clear evidence of delocalization across the pCp structure is observed. Further, in the case of 2, 3, and 4, emission from the second excited state takes place.
A computer electron microscope plotter for mapping spatial distributions in biological tissues.

Abstract We have designed a computer-based electron microscope plotting system which maps the locations of organelles in tissue specimens and analyzes their distribution. The system includes: (1) two optical incremental shaft encoders which translate stage drive rotation to electrical pulses; (2) a Display/Control unit used to convert encoder pulses to binary code for computer input; (3) two 16-bit parallel interfaces for transferring data to the computer; (4) a Hewlett-Packard 9845T microcomputer, used to control data input and to store, graph, and analyze the plots. The software for the plotter is written in enhanced BASIC. The plotter system is driven by 4 programs called Trace, Plot, Analyze, and Density. The Trace program “draws” an outline of the edges of the tissue. The Plot program maps the positions of profiles within the tissue. The Analyze program compares trace and plot data and calculates the depth and medial-lateral distance of each plotted profile from the surfaces of the tissue. The Density program sorts and counts profile types, measures surface areas, and calculates profile densities. Commercial statistical software is used to analyze the data. Our laboratory uses the system to map the spatial distribution of synapses and neurons in the central nervous system. The plotting system will also be of value in other areas of neurobiology research.
Short wavelength seeding through compression for free electron lasers

In this paper, we propose a seeding scheme that compresses an initial laser modulation in the longitudinal phase space of an electron beam by using two opposite sign bunch compressors and two opposite sign energy chirpers. This scheme could potentially reduce the initial modulation wavelength by a factor of C and increase the energy modulation amplitude by a factor of C, where C is the compression factor of the first bunch compressor. Using two lasers as energy chirpers, such a modulation compression scheme can generate kilo-Amper short wavelength current modulation with significant bunching factor from an initial a few tens Amper current. This compression scheme can also be used to generate a prebunched single atto-second short wavelength current modulation and prebunched two color, two atto-second modulations.
‘A Biography of the Soul’: Oswald Spengler's Biographical Method and the Morphology of History

This paper will explore the correspondences between Oswald Spengler's approaches to history and biography. In Der Untergang des Abendlandes, Spengler poses the rhetorical question, ‘do common biographical archetypes (‘Urformen’) underlie everything historical?’ The recent publication of Spengler's autobiographical fragments, known under the heading Eis heauton (‘to himself’) gives an opportunity to explore the claim that Spengler's work draws parallels between personal history and that of cultures, and illuminates the identification of his own experience with history. Following a brief outline of Spengler's philosophy of history with particular regard to the core concepts of ‘organicism’ and ‘analogy’, and the duality of being (‘Dasein’) and wakefulness (‘Wachsein’), the paper will address the concept of ‘awakening’ as a precondition of Spengler's own historical consciousness. It will remain to show how this moment is located both in the childhood of cultures and in that of Spengler himself. The twin aspects of awakening as fear and cognition will then be examined in relation to Spengler's creative difficulties, the literary challenge posed by the perceived impossibility of conveying historical experience in prose. In short, the paper's hypothesis is that Spengler's account of the development of historical consciousness, in both its ontogenetic and phylogenetic forms, can be traced to his own experience and also determines the idiosyncrasies of his historiographic method.
Optical efficiencies of lightning in planetary atmospheres

The first simulations of lightning in planetary atmospheres by laser-induced plasmas are reported. These simulations show that the fraction of the energy in lightning discharge channels that is radiated in the visible spectrum is similar for earth, Venus, and Titan, but quite different for Jupiter. One implication of these results is that the amount of trace gases produced by lightning in the Jovian atmosphere must be larger than previously estimated.
Annual and semi-annual temperature oscillations in the upper mesosphere

Fourier transform spectrometer observations of the mesosphere have been performed at the University of Michigan (latitude: 42.5 N) on a long term basis. A database of near infrared Meinel hydroxyl spectra has been accumulated from which rotational temperatures have been determined. Harmonic analysis of one-day averaged temperatures for the period 1992.0 to 1994.5 has shown a distinct annual and semi-annual variation. Subsequent fitting of a five term periodic function characterizing the annual and semi-annual temperature oscillations to the daily averaged temperatures was performed. The resultant mean temperature and the amplitudes and phases of the annual and semi-annual variations are shown to coincide with an emission height slightly above 85 km which is consistent with the mean rocket derived altitude for peak nocturnal hydroxyl emission.