cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Momentum distribution and excitation spectrum of liquid helium

The consistency of recent experimental and theoretical analyses of liquid He4 is investigated. Further evidence is found for a strong depletion of the zero momentum state. The modifications of a Brueckner-Sawada type approximation implied by this depletion as well as by the existence of a net attraction of the helium atoms are discussed. It is found that a single particle model which does not allow for a sufficient width in the single particle spectral function is incapable of giving the observed excitation spectrum as well as the binding energy of liquid He. Better results are obtained with a single particle model which usesFeynman's energiesk2/2ms(k) instead of the peak energy in neutron scattering.
Middle turbinate hinge flap for frontal recess obliteration following prior cranialization

Frontal sinus cranialization is an established procedure utilized in instances wherein the posterior table has been irreversibly compromised. A known complication of this procedure is pneumocephalus, which may develop if the frontal recess has not been fully separated from the cranialized sinus. We report 3 cases wherein massive pneumocephalus developed after cranialization of the frontal sinus. In each case, a novel endoscopic repair was undertaken utilizing a middle turbinate hinge flap to obliterate the frontal recess. In each instance, obliteration of the frontal recess resulted in durable resolution of pneumocephalus.
Comparison of Second- and Fourth-Order Discretizations for Multigrid Poisson Solvers

We combine a compact high-order difference approximation with multigrid V-cycle algorithm to solve the two-dimensional Poisson equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions. This scheme, along with several different orderings of grid space and projection operators, is compared with the five-point formula to show the dramatic improvement in computed accuracy, on serial and vector machines.
Intrinsic × extrinsic work motivation: Perspectives from behaviorism☆

Abstract Two behavioristic theories of motivation are reviewed in terms of their implications for intrinsic and extrinsic work motivation theory and methods. One of the theories suggests a category of task-person relations which can be expected to violate a fundamental proposition from cognitive evaluation theory: Extrinsic monetary rewards will decrease the level of intrinsically motivated behavior subsequent to their application and termination. Evidence supporting the behavioristic theory is drawn from three sources: (1) reanalysis of an experiment of E. L. Deci, (2) J. L. Farr's programmatic analysis of the Deci after-only paradigm, and (3) D. J. Bernstein and M. Dearborn's recent experiments involving control of human ecologies for extended time periods (24 hr/day for 16 and 25 days consecutively). The evidence reviewed supports the behavioristic theory and suggestions concerning its theoretical and practical implication for work motivation theory, method, and application are discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Organothallium-Phosphorus Adduct: Crystal Structure of (Me3SiCH2)3Tl·P(SiMe3)3

The organothallium phosphorus adduct (Me3 SiCH2)3Tl · P(SiMe3)3 (1) was prepared by combining (Me3SiCH2)3Tl and P(SiMe3)3 at room temperature. Compound 1 was characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, and 31P{1H} NMR, partial elemental analysis, EI mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray analysis, the first to be reported for a thallium-group 15 adduct. Crystal data for 1: trigonal system, space group P 31, with a = 16.063(6) A, c = 12.148(3) A, Dcalcd = 1.315 g cm−3, and V = 2714.3(11) A3 for Z = 3. Refinement converged at R = 0.042 (Rw = 0.045). The Tl-P bond length in 1, previously unreported for compounds of this type, was found to be 1.922(3) A.
Is reelin the answer to synapse elimination at the neuromuscular junction

The formation of mature neuronal circuits during development involves elimination of a large number of synapses by activity-dependent processes. A recent study suggests that synapse elimination at the neuromuscular junction is impaired in reeler mutant mice, which are lacking the extracellular matrix protein Reelin. In this process, Reelin acts through an unexpected, proteolytic mechanism that is independent of Disabled 1, a cytoplasmic factor that mediates Reelin signaling in the central nervous system. This Perspective discusses possible models for Reelin function in the framework of activity-dependent synapse elimination at the neuromuscular junction.
The use of comparative advertising in business-to-business direct mail

Abstract More than twenty years ago, the Federal Trade Commission began to encourage the use of comparative advertising, the aggressive tactic of comparing two or more named or unnamed products in an advertisement. Although numerous articles have been written about this practice since the early 1970s, none has addressed the use of comparative advertising in the direct mail medium, in general, or specifically in business-to-business direct mail. Because sales from direct mail advertising now exceed $120 million annually, and direct mail use in industrial marketing is increasing, this void in the literature needs to be filled. Therefore, this study examined hundreds of pieces of current year business-to-business direct mail advertising to determine the frequency of use and nature of comparative advertising employed in business-to-business direct mail. The results indicate that the incidence of use of comparisons in business-to-business direct mail is less frequent than that found in other business periodicals. Moreover, the nature of direct mail business-to-business comparisons is different in several other respects from those seen in the business print media.
High-parent heterosis for biomass yield in photoperiod-sensitive sorghum hybrids

Biomass sorghums are being developed as a dedicated energy crop. These sorghums are managed to maximize biomass yields and are tall (3.5-5 m) with dry, pithy stems. To facilitate seed production, they are produced as hybrids using grain sorghum seed parents. Besides facilitating seed production, these hybrids may provide high-parent heterosis for improved biomass yields. To measure potential heterosis, biomass hybrids derived from 13 different biomass pollinators and 4 grain sorghum seed parents were evaluated for biomass yield in 4 environments. High-parent heterosis in these hybrids averaged 24.8% across all the environments and was available in many hybrid combinations. Hybrids out-yielded the pollinators in each environment. Across environments, the hybrids yielded 32.4 Mg/ha compared to the 27.0 Mg/ha of the pollinators. While heterosis was available in many hybrids, specific combining abilities and environmental interactions combine to maximize heterosis and biomass yields. Heterosis can serve as an effective tool for improving biomass sorghum yields. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Lessons From Infants: 1960–2000

Our image of the infant as an organism interacting with the environment has changed dramatically in the past 40 years. A new surge of infancy research began in the 1960s and continues unabated today. The view of the infant has been transformed from that of a primarily reflexive organism to a highly competent being, exquisitely sensitive to sensory and perceptual information. Controversy still swirls around the issue of when infants acquire specific knowledge about objects and events. New work is reviewed on how infants and toddlers use knowledge to guide their behavior in challenging situations. Despite the tremendous growth of knowledge about infant development over the past 40 years, it seems that we are on the threshold of even more exciting discoveries.
Electro-optical effects of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotube doping on holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal films

In this work we demonstrate an improved electro-optic response and quantify the effect on transmitted wavefront properties of thiolene based reflection mode holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLC) gratings doped with oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). Effect of various doping levels on the reflection efficiencies is evaluated and optical spectrometry results indicate a reduction in the reflection efficiency and an anomalous electrooptic behavior at higher doping levels of MWNT especially in gratings with longer pitch where the diffusion length for liquid crystal (LC) is long. Wavefront analysis based on Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor show an increase in the transmitted RMS wavefront error in a 633nm wavefront after a critical level of MWNT doping. Polarized optical microscopy results indicate that the MWNT do not participate in the photo polymerization induced phase separation hence acting as physical barriers for the counter diffusing LC at high MWNT concentrations. Reduction in overall size of the LC droplets in the LC rich planes, observed using scanning electron microscopy imaging, leads to faster rise and fall times hence quicker relaxation time. Observation of reduced switching voltage is attributed to the modification of dielectric properties of the medium manifested by an increase in capacitance and decrease in resistivity in presence of MWNT.
Working conditions of male and female psychiatrists.

The percentage of females among Danish medical graduates has increased from 1% in 1900–10 to 33% in 1980–84. In 1980 women doctors comprised 21% of all Danish medical doctors; the percentage among psychiatrists was 29. The purpose of the study has been to analyse the job-profiles of male and female psychiatrists, and their activities in research, teaching, committees, etc. The job-profiles of males and females differ, females more likely being in less influential positions. Based on an investigation among members of the Danish Psychiatric Association, the working conditions and professional activity of 307 male and female psychiatrists were analysed. Male psychiatrists were found to complete their training at a younger age than females. Among those aged 25–44, 29% of males and 6% of females had reached a position as chief consultant. Males report greater activity in all areas of research, and 35% of females and 17% of males do no research at all. In all age groups and all fields investigated more males take part in organisational activities, while 48% of females and 25% of males report no such activtity. No difference was found regarding teaching experience, but men were relatively more often involved in teaching professional groups and women, nursing staff. A significant preponderance of males had their main interest in biological psychiatry, females in psychotherapy.
Automatic TIMEX2 tagging of Korean news

This article reports on a temporal tagger for Korean based on a Korean extension of the TIDES TIMEX2 guidelines. The extension, which primarily addresses the idiosyncrasies of Korean morphology, shows high inter-annotator reliability (0.893 F-measure for tag extent) when applied to a corpus of Korean newspaper articles. A machine-learning approach based on rote learning from a human-edited, automatically-derived dictionary of temporal expressions is compared with a second approach that adds manual patterns, and a third onethat tries to learn the patterns. Results for the first two are promising (0.87 F-measure for tag extent). Overall, the article shows that rote learning approaches can be very useful when language-specific features such as morphology are taken into account.
Effects of corn vs. corn plus wheat in forage-based diets containing broiler litter on feed intake, ruminal digesta characteristics and digestion in cattle

Cattle consuming low-to moderate-quality forage were supplemented with corn or a 1:1 corn:wheat mixture with or without broiler litter to determine effects on feed intake, ruminal digesta characteristics and digestion. In the first experiment, mature beef steers (529 ± 33 kg initial body weight) with cannulas in the rumen and duodenum were fed prairie hay and soybean meal alone (control) or with (dry matter basis) 0.3% body weight (BW) of ground corn (C), 0.15% BW of corn plus 0.15% BW of ground wheat (CW), corn plus 0.3% BW of broiler litter (C-L) or the corn-wheat mixture plus 0.3% BW of broiler litter (CW-L). Ruminal fluid ammonia nitrogen (N) concentration 2 h after feeding was increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation and was greater (P < 0.05) for C-L than for CW-L (8.9, 9.3, 11.4, 27.6 and 21.4 mg dl−1 for control, C, CW, C-L and CW-L, respectively). Neither duodenal microbial N flow nor efficiency of microbial growth was affected by treatment. In the second experiment, Holstein steers (129 ± 11 and 219 ± 17 kg initial and final BW, respectively) consumed ad libitum bermudagrass hay alone (control) or with (dry matter basis) 0.6% BW of corn (C), 0.3% BW of corn plus 0.3% BW of wheat (CW), corn plus 0.6% BW of broiler litter (C-L) or the corn-wheat mixture plus 0.6% BW of broiler litter (CW-L). Total organic matter (OM) intake was increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation and inclusion of broiler litter in supplements (4.34, 4.91, 5.14, 5.27 and 5.32 kg day−1); total tract OM digestion was increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation and was lower (P < 0.05) for supplement treatments with than without broiler litter (57.2, 61.8, 63.0, 59.5 and 59.9%); and digestible OM intake was increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation and was not altered by broiler litter inclusion in supplements (2.51, 3.05, 3.25, 3.14 and 3.20 kg day−1 for control, C, CW, C-L and CW-L, respectively). In summary, supplementation of a diet containing broiler litter with a corn-wheat mixture compared with corn alone decreased ruminal ammonia N concentration early after feeding but did not change duodenal microbial N flow or efficiency of microbial growth. Grain source did not alter total feed intake by growing Holstein steers consuming diets with broiler litter, and an increase in total feed intake when broiler litter was included in diets compensated for low digestibility of broiler litter.
Adenosine antagonists delay hypoxia-induced depression of neuronal activity in hippocampal brain slice.

Abstract Submerged rat hippocampal slices were exposed to hypoxic medium prepared with 95% N 2 /5% CO 2 . The population spikes recorded from CA1 cell layer were completely blocked within a range of 5–10 min. The adenosine antagonist theophylline (100 μM) delayed and partially prevented the hypoxia-induced depression. Increasing concentrations of the more potent adenosine antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT; 0.1, 1, 10 μM) resulted in progressively less hypoxia-induced depression. The antidromically elicited afterpotentials recorded in the absence of synaptic transmission in low calcium, high magnesium medium were blocked within 8 min of hypoxia. Theophylline (100 μM) and 8-PT (10 μM) delayed to a similar extent the hypoxia-induced depression of the first afterpotential but did not prevent its complete depression.
Job Access and Homicide Patterns in Chicago: An Analysis at Multiple Geographic Levels Based on Scale-Space Theory

Economists and criminologists have long tried to establish linkages between job markets and crime. Most prior research, however, was across large areas (e.g., states, metropolitan areas) or across time. This research focuses on examining the variation of job markets within a city (i.e., Chicago) and whether it is related to the spatial pattern of crime (i.e., homicide). The job market condition is measured by job accessibility, an index computed by a Geographic Information System (GIS) method. Multivariate regressions, controlling for other socioeconomic covariates, are used to analyze the relationship between job access and homicide rates. Considering problems with analysis of rare events such as homicide in small populations, this research constructs various levels of geographic areas from census tracts to generate more stable homicide rates with larger base populations. In particular, a spatial clustering method based on the scale-space theory is used to merge adjacent tracts of similar attributes into new geographic areas. The study shows an inverse relationship between job accessibility and homicide rates across census tracts and the newly-constructed geographic areas in Chicago.
The influence of structure on water treeing in crosslinked polyethylene: tree morphology and the influence of organic contaminants

Trace amounts of ethylene glycol present in crosslinked polyethylene during thermal aging are shown in experiments on miniature cables to exert a major accelerating effect on water-tree populations and growth. The morphology is changed from bow-tie to acicular. Few water trees grown under these conditions show foreign particles or bubbles as initiation sites. Vented trees are shown to be fan-shaped and occur in parallel arrays along the miniature cable axis under all conditions studied. >
Drug and toxicant handling by the OAT organic anion transporters in the kidney and other tissues

Organic anion transporters (OATs) translocate drugs as well as endogenous substances and toxins. The prototype, OAT1 (SLC22A6), first identified as NKT in 1996, is the best-studied member of the OAT subgroup of the SLC22 transporter family, which also includes OCTs (organic cation transporters), OCTNs (organic cation transporters of carnitine) and Flipts (fly-like putative transporters). The SLC22 family is evolutionarily conserved, with members expressed in fly and worm. An unusual feature of many SLC22A genes is a tendency to exist in pairs or clusters in the genome. Much of the early research in the field focused on the role of OATs and other SLC22 family members in renal drug transport. OATs have now been localized to other epithelial tissues, including placenta (OAT4) and mouse olfactory mucosa (Oat6). Although findings from in vivo physiological studies in mice lacking OATs (e.g. Oat1 and Oat3) have generally been consistent with in vitro transport data from Xenopus oocytes and transfected cells, these in vivo data are helping to clarify the relative contributions of individual OATs to the renal excretion of particular organic anions and drugs. Moreover, in mutant mice, certain endogenous anions accumulate, suggesting the physiological roles of the proteins encoded by the mutant genes. It has been proposed that the presence of OATs and other SLC22-family members in multiple tissue compartments might enable a 'remote sensing' mechanism by allowing communication between organs, and possibly individuals, through organic ions. Variability of human drug responses and susceptibility to drug toxicity might, in part, be explained by variations in the coding and promoter regions of these genes. Computational biological studies are likely to not only shed light on molecular mechanisms of transport for compounds of clinical and toxicological interest, but also aid in drug design.
Pathologic supracondylar fracture due to osteolytic pseudotumor of knee following cementless total knee replacement

Wear debris of polyethylene, polymethylmethacrylate, and metal have been recognized to be associated with foreign body reactions, osteolysis, and aseptic prosthetic loosening after joint replacement arthroplasty. Further, foreign body reaction due to the presence of extensive wear debris can cause aggressive granulomatous lesions and pathologic fracture. To our knowledge, there has been no previous report of pathologic fracture of the femur due to an agressive pseudotumor. This report describes a case of pathologic supracondylar fracture of the femur 6 years and 5 months after cementless total knee replacement arthroplasty. The fracture occurred through an aggressive expanding soft tissue mass that was a tumorlike lesion secondary to polyethylene wear debris. The lesion was associated with massive osteolysis around the femoral component of the total knee prosthesis.
Co-incorporation of heterologously expressed Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 and P450 reductase into soluble nanoscale lipid bilayers.

Abstract Heterologous expression of CYP73A5, an Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, in baculovirus-infected insect cells yields correctly configured P450 detectable by reduced CO spectral analysis in microsomes and cell lysates. Co-expression of a housefly NADPH P450 reductase substantially increases the ability of this P450 to hydroxylate trans -cinnamic acid, its natural phenylpropanoid substrate. For development of high-throughput P450 substrate profiling procedures, membrane proteins derived from cells overexpressing CYP73A5 and/or NADPH P450 reductase were incorporated into soluble His 6 -tagged nanoscale lipid bilayers (Nanodiscs) using a simple self-assembly process. Biochemical characterizations of nickel affinity-purified and size-fractionated Nanodiscs indicate that CYP73A5 protein assembled into Nanodiscs in the absence of NADPH P450 reductase maintains its ability to bind its t -cinnamic acid substrate. CYP73A5 protein co-assembled with P450 reductase into Nanodiscs hydroxylates t -cinnamic acid using reduced pyridine nucleotide as an electron source. These data indicate that baculovirus-expressed P450s assembled in Nanodiscs can be used to define the chemical binding profiles and enzymatic activities of these monooxygenases.
Techniques for reduction of the quadrilateral surface and dome impaction when using the anterior intrapelvic (modified Stoppa) approach.

Abstract As the anterior intrapelvic approach (AIP or modified Stoppa) has become more popular, its utility has evolved to address specific problems that are not well addressed by the ilioinguinal approach. These include anterior column (AC) fractures associated with medialization of the femoral head (protrusio) and impaction of the superomedial acetabular dome. If left unaddressed, these problems may lead to poor clinical outcomes. The AIP approach, in contrast to the ilioinguinal approach, takes a more direct path to the medial elements of the AC in the true pelvis. This exposure allows access to the impacted dome segment through the displaced AC fracture and wide visualization of the quadrilateral surface, which in turn allows direct reduction and optimal implant placement to neutralize the fracture's deforming forces. The purpose of this article is to discuss the reduction of dome impaction and the quadrilateral surface using the AIP approach.
Reductive Microbial Dechlorination of Indigenous Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Soil Using a Sediment-Free Inoculum

In laboratory experiments, unagitated soil slurry bioreactors inoculated with micro-organisms extracted from polychlorinated biphenyl-contaminated (PCBs) sediments from the Hudson River were used to anaerobically dechlorinate PCBs. The onset of dechlorination activity was accelerated by the addition of certain organic acids (pyruvate and maleate) and single congeners (2,3,6-trichlorobiphenyl). Dechlorination was observed under several working conditions after 19 weeks of incubation with PCB-contaminated soil and nutrient solution. Best results showed a drop in average chlorine content from 4.3 to 3.6 chlorines per biphenyl due to a loss of m-chlorines. Soil used for these experiments was obtained from a PCB-contaminated (weathered Aroclor 1248) site at an electric power substation. Dechlorination was observed with no sediment particles or other matrix being added.
Near coherence and filter games

We investigate a two-player game involving pairs of filters on ω. Our results generalize a result of Shelah ([7] Chapter VI) dealing with applications of game theory in the study of ultrafilters.
A Conserved Tryptophan 457 Modulates the Kinetics and Extent of N-Hydroxy-l-Arginine Oxidation by Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase

Abstract In the oxygenase domain of mouse inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOSoxy), a conserved tryptophan residue, Trp-457, regulates the kinetics and extent of l-Arg oxidation toN ω-hydroxy-l-arginine (NOHA) by controlling electron transfer between bound (6R)-tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) cofactor and the enzyme heme FeIIO2 intermediate (Wang, Z. Q., Wei, C. C., Ghosh, S., Meade, A. L., Hemann, C., Hille, R., and Stuehr, D. J. (2001) Biochemistry 40, 12819–12825). To investigate whether NOHA oxidation to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO) is regulated by a similar mechanism, we performed single turnover reactions with wild type iNOSoxy and mutants W457F and W457A. Ferrous proteins containing NOHA plus H4B or NOHA plus 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (H2B), were mixed with O2-containing buffer, and then heme spectral transitions and product formation were followed versus time. All three proteins formed a FeIIO2 intermediate with identical spectral characteristics. In wild type, H4B increased the disappearance rate of the FeIIO2intermediate relative to H2B, and its disappearance was coupled to the formation of a FeIIINO immediate product prior to formation of ferric enzyme. In W457F and W457A, the disappearance rate of the FeIIO2 intermediate was slower than in wild type and took place without detectable build-up of the heme FeIIINO immediate product. Rates of FeIIO2 disappearance correlated with rates of citrulline formation in all three proteins, and reactions containing H4B formed 1.0, 0.54, and 0.38 citrulline/heme in wild type, W457F, and W457A iNOSoxy, respectively. Thus, Trp-457 modulates the kinetics of NOHA oxidation by iNOSoxy, and this is important for determining the extent of citrulline and NO formation. Our findings support a redox role for H4B during NOHA oxidation to NO by iNOSoxy.
Aqueous humor as a tissue culture nutrient.

Summary(1) Pure aqueous humor from beef eyes will support survival but only limited growth of chick fibroblasts. (2) A mixture of aqueous humor and 20% desiccated embryo extract results in extensive proliferation of chick fibroblasts which is superior to that obtained in media prepared from desiccated horse serum, embryo extract and saline. (3) The possible explanations and significance of these findings have been discussed.
Temperature and variability of Pillan, Wayland Patera, and Loki Patera on Io from Cassini ISS data

Abstract Cassini spacecraft images of Io obtained during its flyby of Jupiter in late 2000 and early 2001 were used to determine the lava composition and eruption style of three faint hot spots, Pillan, Wayland Patera, and Loki Patera. We found a maximum color temperature of 1130 ± 289 K for Pillan and maximum color temperatures of 1297 ± 289 K and 1387 ± 287 K for Wayland Patera and Loki Patera, respectively. These temperatures are suggestive of basaltic lava but an ultramafic composition cannot be ruled out. The temperatures with the best signal-to-noise ratios also suggested basaltic lava and were found to be 780 ± 189 K, 1116 ± 250 K, and 1017 ± 177 K for Pillan, Wayland Patera, and Loki Patera, respectively. Pillan showed constant thermal output within error over three days of observations. The data also suggest Pillan may be surrounded by topography that blocked emission in the middle of the observation and caused a more dramatic decrease in emission. Wayland Patera’s intensity decreased over the three eclipse observations, consistent with a cooling lava flow or decreasing effusion rate. Intensities at Loki Patera over the course of the observations varied, consistent with previous determinations that Loki Patera is an often quiescent lava lake with periods of overturning, fountaining, and crustal foundering.
Spine Expansion and Stabilization Associated with Long-Term Potentiation

Stable expression of long-term synaptic plasticity is critical for the developmental refinement of neural circuits and for some forms of learning and memory. Although structural remodeling of dendritic spines is associated with the stable expression of long-term potentiation (LTP), the relationship between structural and physiological plasticity remains unclear. To define whether these two processes are related or distinct, we simultaneously monitored EPSPs and dendritic spines, using combined patch-clamp recording and two-photon time-lapse imaging in the same CA1 pyramidal neurons in acute hippocampal slices. We found that theta burst stimulation paired with postsynaptic spiking, which reliably induced LTP, also induced a rapid and persistent expansion of dendritic spines. Like LTP, this expansion was NMDA receptor dependent. Spine expansion occurred even when LTP was inhibited by postsynaptic inhibition of exocytosis or PKA (protein kinase A); however, under these conditions, the spine expansion was unstable and collapsed spontaneously. Furthermore, similar changes in LTP and spine expansion were observed when hippocampal neurons were treated with protein synthesis inhibitors. Like LTP, spine expansion was reversed by low-frequency stimulation (LFS) via a phosphatase-dependent mechanism, but only if the LFS was applied in a critical time window after induction. These results indicate that the initial expression of LTP and spine expansion is dissociable, but there is a high degree of mechanistic overlap between the stabilization of structural plasticity and LTP.
Analytical and Experimental Investigation of the Coupled Bladed Disk/Shaft Whirl of a Cantilevered Turbofan

A simple analytical model for the structural dynamics of a rotating flexible blade/rigid disk/flexible cantilevered shaft system yields the equations of motion expressed in the rotating frame, showing that the blade's one-nodal diameter modes dynamically couple to the rigid body whirling motion of the shaft-disk system. This analytical model is correlated with the results of a structural dynamic experiment performed on an aeroelastic rotor fan that is similar to a high bypass ratio shroudless turbofan. The agreement between the predicted and experimental natural frequencies is good, and suggests significant interaction of the one-nodal diameter blade modes with the shaft-disk modes.
OBSERVATIONS OF THE [HNCS]/[HSCN] RATIO IN Sgr B2 AND TMC-1: EVIDENCE FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE GAS-PHASE CHEMISTRY

Millimeter observations of isothiocyanic acid (HNCS) and its higher energy isomer, thiocyanic acid (HSCN), have been carried out toward Sgr?B2 and TMC-1 using the 12?m telescope of the Arizona Radio Observatory. For both species, the JKa,Kc ?= 80,8?? 70,7 and 90,9?? 80,8 transitions near 91-93?GHz and 103-106?GHz were mapped across a 6'?? 3' region, centered near Sgr?B2(M). Comparative mapping observations were also done for the JKa,Kc ?= 40,4?? 30,3 line of HNCO and HOCN near 84-87?GHz. In addition, the JKa,Kc ?= 70,7?? 60,6 and 80,8?? 70,7 transitions of both HNCS and HSCN were detected in TMC-1, the first identification of either molecule in a cold, dark cloud. Emission from HNCS and HSCN was found to be extended over the Sgr?B2 cloud, with a single velocity component and a linewidth of ~20-25?km?s?1. Column densities derived for HSCN in Sgr?B2 are typically N tot ~ (0.2-1)?? 1013?cm?2, with N tot ~ (0.8-5)?? 1013?cm?2 for the more stable isomer, HNCS. In TMC-1, these species have similar column densities of (6-8)?? 1010?cm?2. The [HNCS]/[HSCN] abundance ratio ranges from 2 to 7 in Sgr?B2, with a value of ~1 in TMC-1. In contrast, the [HNCO]/[HOCN] ratio in Sgr?B2 is ~110-250. Gas-grain chemical models do not reproduce the observed abundances of the sulfur isomers in either source. Given the energy difference of over 3200?K between HNCS and HSCN, these observations suggest that both molecules are produced from gas-phase, ion-molecule chemistry with a common precursor, HNCSH+. The oxygen analogs, in contrast, probably have a more complex chemical network, perhaps involving the H2NCO+ precursor, which preferentially leads to HNCO.
Diabetic nephropathy is associated with decreasedcirculating estradiol levels and imbalance in the expression of renal estrogen receptors

Background: The incidence of cardiovascular and renal disease is lower in premenopausalwomen than in aged-matched men. However, in the setting of diabetes mellitus (DM), this “female advantage” no longer exists: the incidence and progression of DM and its associated end-organ complications are equal in men and women, regardles of age. We have recently reported that estrogen supplementation attenuates the progression of diabetic nephropathy, suggesting that lack of estrogen may nullify female sex as a protective factor against DM.
Self-control, motivational strength, and exposure therapy

Do people sometimes exercise self-control in such a way as to bring it about that they do not act on present-directed motivation that continues to be motivationally strongest for a significant stretch of time (even though they are able to act on that motivation at the time) and intentionally act otherwise during that stretch of time? This paper explores the relative merits of two different theories about synchronic self-control that provide different answers to this question. One is due to Sripada (Nous 1–38, 2012) and the other to Mele (Irrationality, 1987; Autonomous agents, 1995; Motivation and agency, 2003). Special attention is paid to evidence Sripada offers for an affirmative answer to the question, and some guidance is offered on the project of finding evidence for an affirmative answer.
Introducing VIPS: a voice-interactive processing system for document management

The voice-interactive processing system enables a user to display office-related data on a screen and manipulate it through a combination of voice and touch commands. The system responds immediately to each request, updating the screen so that the correctness of each action can be verified. If an undesired result is achieved, the user may back up and restate the command in more exacting language.The processor is a general system interface designed to handle various domains including text manipulation, file handling, calendar management, message passing, and desk calculation. Examples of its behavior in the text manipulation domain are given.
Safety valves for photosynthesis

Recent studies have provided new insights into the ways that plants may dissipate excess photons and electrons, thereby protecting the photosynthetic apparatus against light-induced damage. These 'safety valves' include nonphotochemical mechanisms for quenching excited chlorophylls, as well as alternative electron acceptors such as oxygen.
Language learning in two species of apes.

Abstract A 4 year old pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) has spontaneously begun to use symbols for the purpose of communicating. Other apes have required explicit training before they began to use symbols fluently. By contrast, this pygmy chimpanzee has begun to learn and appropriately employ graphic symbols simply as the result of exposure to human models. He has also spontaneously demonstrated an ability to comprehend many spoken English words and his multi-word utterances consistently provide more information than his single-word utterances.
Arrhythmias induced by changing the medium of cultured rat heart muscle cells: A model for assessment of antiarrhythmic agents

Abstract Neonatal rat atrial, ventricle, and whole heart muscle cells dissociated with collagenase and exposed to a medium without serum or glucose developed arrhythmias which progressed at a uniform rate and lasted for up to 16 hr. This effect was not obtained with cells dissociated with or exposed to trypsin. The suitability of the method for testing antiarrhythmic drugs was assessed with quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine, propranolol, and diphenylhydantoin (10-10-10 -4 M). Arrhythmias were reversed by quinidine (10-6 M) for 16 hr, and were partially and temporarily reversed by procainamide (10-5 M) and lidocaine (10-7 M). Higher concentrations were either less effective or were toxic. Neither propranolol nor diphenylhydantoin demonstrated antiarrhythmic activity. Their lack of effect at the cell level suggests the central or autonomic nervous system as possible sites of action.
Derived Witt group formalism

In this article we establish some formalism of derived Witt theory for resolving subcategories of abelian categories. Results directly apply to noetherian schemes.
Biochemical Properties of Mammalian Neutral Sphingomyelinase2 and Its Role in Sphingolipid Metabolism

Neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) is one of the key enzymes involved in the generation of ceramide; however, the gene(s) encoding for the mammalian N-SMase is still not well defined. Previous studies on the cloned nSMase1 had shown that the protein acts primarily as lyso-platelet-activating factor-phospholipase C. Recently the cloning of another putative N-SMase, nSMase2, was reported. In this study, biochemical characterization of the mouse nSMase2 was carried out using the overexpressed protein in yeast cells in which the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C (Isc1p) was deleted. N-SMase activity was dependent on Mg(2+) and was activated by phosphatidylserine and inhibited by GW4869. The ability of nSMase2 to recognize endogenous sphingomyelin (SM) as substrate was investigated by overexpressing nSMase2 in MCF7 cells. Mass measurements showed a 40% decrease in the SM levels in the overexpressor cells, and labeling studies demonstrated that nSMase2 accelerated SM catabolism. Accordingly, ceramide measurement showed a 60 +/- 15% increase in nSMase2-overexpressing cells compared with the vector-transfected MCF7. The role of nSMase2 in cell growth was next investigated. Stable overexpression of nSMase2 resulted in a 30-40% decrease in the rate of growth at the late exponential phase. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor induced approximately 50% activation of nSMase2 in MCF7 cells overexpressing the enzyme, demonstrating that nSMase2 is a tumor necrosis factor-responsive enzyme. In conclusion, these results 1) show that nSMase2 is a structural gene for nSMase, 2) suggest that nSMase2 acts as a bona fide N-SMase in cells, and 3) implicate nSMase2 in the regulation of cell growth and cell signaling.
Power of the process: Evaluating the impact of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control negotiations

Objective: Evaluate the impact of the FCTC negotiations on the diffusion of tobacco control policies. Methods: Analyzed country characteristics to determine their effects on the frequency, type and strength of tobacco control policies adopted among WHO Member States. Bivariate analyses were conducted for each characteristic to compare the frequency and strength of control policies adopted between pre-negotiation and negotiation periods. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to determine the predictive nature of these variables. Results: The frequency of policy adoption intensified during the years the FCTC negotiations were most intense. The strength of policies adopted also shifted significantly towards policies promoted by WHO. The average strength of policies adopted varied significantly according to country characteristics. All characteristics, with the exception of total and male smoking prevalence, were significantly associated with the number of policy types adopted. Conclusions: This study suggests that investments in international legal processes can be effective, even when the outcomes are unclear from the start. The FCTC negotiation process coincided with a rise in domestic policy adoption in the direction advocated by WHO. However, there remains a need to improve outreach and diffusion to lower-income countries in tobacco control, as well as other areas of chronic disease control. © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Significant Role of IL-1 Signaling, but Limited Role of Inflammasome Activation, in Oviduct Pathology during Chlamydia muridarum Genital Infection

IL-1β has been implicated in the development of oviduct pathology during Chlamydia muridarum genital infection in the mouse model. The goal of this study was to characterize the role of IL-1 signaling and the inflammasome-activation pathways during genital chlamydial infection. Compared with control mice, IL-1R-deficient mice displayed delayed clearance and increased chlamydial colonization. Consistent with the role for IL-1 signaling in infection clearance, mice deficient for the IL-1R antagonist cleared infection at a faster rate. Despite increased infection, IL-1R-deficient mice had significantly reduced oviduct pathology, which was associated with decreased numbers of neutrophils, but more macrophages, in the genital tract. IL-1β secretion is dependent on caspase-1 and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain (ASC) inflammasome during in vitro infection of primed macrophages with C. muridarum. To investigate the role of inflammasome components during in vivo genital infection, mice lacking NLRP3, NLRC4, and ASC were tested and found to display no reduction in oviduct pathology compared with control mice. Mice deficient for ASC displayed a prolonged course of infection, which was associated with reduced T cell recruitment and proliferation. Further, ASC-deficient mice displayed normal levels of IL-1β in genital secretions. However, a significant decrease in caspase-1-dependent IL-18 was observed in both ASC- and NLRP3-deficient mice. These data demonstrate a major role for IL-1 signaling, but a limited role for the inflammasome pathway, in IL-1β secretion and development of oviduct pathology during genital chlamydial infection. The data also suggest an IL-1-independent role for ASC in adaptive immunity during genital chlamydial infection.
Parent and child cigarette use: A longitudinal, multigenerational study

OBJECTIVES: Using longitudinal data from the multigenerational Youth Development Study (YDS), this article documents how parents’ long-term smoking trajectories are associated with adolescent children’s likelihood of smoking. Prospective data from the parents (from age 14–38 years) enable unique comparisons of the parents’ and children’s smoking behavior, as well as that of siblings. METHODS: Smoking trajectories are constructed using latent class analysis for the original YDS cohort ( n = 1010). Multigenerational longitudinal data from 214 parents and 314 offspring ages 11 years and older are then analyzed by using logistic regression with cluster-corrected SEs. RESULTS: Four latent smoking trajectories emerged among the original cohort: stable nonsmokers (54%), early-onset light smokers who quit/reduce (16%), late-onset persistent smokers (14%), and early-onset persistent heavy smokers (16%). Although 8% of children of stable nonsmokers smoked in the last year, the other groups’ children had much higher percentages, ranging from 23% to 29%. Multivariate logistic regression models confirm that these significant differences were robust to the inclusion of myriad child- and parent-level measures (for which child age and grade point average [GPA] are significant predictors). Older sibling smoking, however, mediated the link between parental heavy smoking and child smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Even in an era of declining rates of teenage cigarette use in the United States, children of current and former smokers face an elevated risk of smoking. Prevention efforts to weaken intergenerational associations should consider parents’ long-term cigarette use, as well as the smoking behavior of older siblings in the household.
The Reliability of Scores for the Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test for Children, Adolescents, and Adults

The reliability of scores for the Draw-A-Person Intellectual Ability Test for Children, Adolescents, and Adults is examined with a sample of 110 college students from two universities in the southe...
Customer‐supplier duality and bidirectional supply chains in service organizations

Supply chains are quite easy to define for manufacturing organizations where each participant in the chain receives inputs from a set of suppliers, processes those inputs, and delivers them to a distinct set of customers. With service organizations, one of the primary suppliers of process inputs is customers themselves, who provide their bodies, minds, belongings, or information as inputs to the service processes. We refer to this concept of customers being suppliers as “customer‐supplier duality.” The duality implies that service supply chains are bidirectional, which is that production flows in both directions. This article explores the customer‐supplier duality as it pertains to supply chain management, including practical and managerial implications.
The Indirect Link: Politics, the Economy, and the Use of Force

This study ascertains the extent to which domestic politics and the state of the national economy are relevant factors to U.S. presidents faced with the decision to use force during international crises. The author tests a diversionary theory of the use of force that treats the relationship between politics and the use of force as nonrecursive and that considers both the incentives and the constraints faced by the president. To analyze the political economy of the use of force from 1949 to 1984, the author uses a simultaneous equations model specified with force and presidential approval as the endogenous variables. This design taps the interdependence between politics, the economy, and the decision to use force, and allows the author to assess the direct and indirect effects of the economy on uses of force. The author finds an indirect link between the economy, politics, and the use of force.
Studies on the possible role of cyclic AMP in limb morphogenesis and differentiation

Recent studies indicate that one of the major functions of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the embryonic chick limb bud is to maintain mesenchymal cells directly subjacent to it (i.e. cells extending 0·4–0·5 mm from the AER), in a labile, undifferentiated condition, and that when mesenchymal cells are freed from the AER's influence either artificially or as a result of normal polarized proximal to distallimb outgrowth, they are freed to commence cyto-differentiation. In a preliminary attempt to investigate at a molecular level the mechanism by which the AER exerts its ‘negative’ effect on the cytodifferentiation of subjacent mesenchymal cells, we haveexamined the effect of a variety of agents that elevate cyclic AMP levels on the morphogenesis and differentiation of the unspecialized subridge mesoderm in an organ culture system. In vitro in the presence of the AER, undifferentiated subridge mesoderm explants undergo remarkably normal morphogenesis characterized primarily by progressive polarized proximal to distal outgrowth and changes in the contour of the developing explant. In the presence of cyclic AMP derivatives, explants fail to undergo the polarized outgrowth and contour changes characteristic of control explants. In fact, in the presence of dibutyryl-cyclic AMP and theophylline, AER-directed morphogenesis essentially ceases during the first day of culture. The cessation of AER-directed morphogenesis inthe presence of cyclic AMP derivatives is accompanied by the histochemically and biochemically detectable precocious chondrogenic differentiation of the subridge mesenchymal cells. In control explants, cartilage differentiation only occurs in those proximal cellsof the explant which gradually become located greater than 0·4–0·5 mm from the AER. In contrast, in the presence of cyclic AMP derivatives, cartilage differentiation by cells within 0·4–0·5 mm of the AER is detectable from the first day of culture, and by the third day cartilage formation has occurred throughout the entire explant. Overall, these results indicate that elevating the cyclic AMP content of the subridge mesenchymal cells enables the cells to overcome negative influences on cytodifferentiation and the positive influences on morphogenesis being imposed upon them by the AER. On the basis of this observation and previous studies, a testable model on the role of cyclic AMP in limb morphogenesis and differentiation is proposed.
Automatic Extraction of Data from 2-D Plots in Documents

Two-dimensional (2-D) plots in digital documents contain important information. Often, the results of scientific experiments and performance of businesses are summarized using plots. Although 2-D plots are easily understood by human users, current search engines rarely utilize the information contained in the plots to enhance the results returned in response to queries posed by end- users. We propose an automated algorithm for extracting information from line curves in 2-D plots. The extracted information can be stored in a database and indexed to answer end-user queries and enhance search results. We have collected 2-D plot images from a variety of resources and tested our extraction algorithms. Experimental evaluation has demonstrated that our method can produce results suitable for real world use.