cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Antimycin-sensitive Cleavage of Complex III of the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain

Abstract Complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is cleaved either by bile salts in conjunction with ammonium sulfate or by low concentrations of guanidinium salts, to yield an insoluble fraction containing cytochrome b and a soluble fraction containing cytochrome c1. This cleavage is blocked absolutely by pretreatment of Complex III with antimycin A in an amount stoichiometric with the cytochrome c1 content of the complex. However, under selected conditions (i.e. 3.0 m guanidine-HCl or 0.2 m guanidine-HCl plus freezing), guanidine cleaves Complex III despite pretreatment of the complex with antimycin A. Urea (6 m) and methyl-substituted guanidines, as well as biguanide, are all relatively ineffective as promoters of the cleavage reaction; however, prolonged treatment of Complex III with low concentrations of octylguanidine or phenylethylbiguanide is partially effective in cleaving the complex. Cleavage of Complex III appears to occur in two distinct steps: a primary, first order destruction of sensitivity of cleavage to antimycin A, and a secondary step involving an antimycin-insensitive polymerization and precipitation of cytochrome b. The primary (antimycin-sensitive) process is accelerated at either acid or alkaline pH values whether promoted by bile salt plus ammonium sulfate or by guanidine. The antimycin-sensitive cleavage is inhibited not only by antimycin A, but also by both 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide and the antimycin analogue N-octadecyl-3-formamidosalicylamide. Reduction of Complex III either by reducing substrates (succinate or reduced coenzyme Q) or by strictly chemical reagents (sodium dithionite) mimics the action of antimycin A in causing a blockage of the cleavage reaction. Because this blockage cannot be ascribed to reduction of any of the characterized components of Complex III, it is proposed that a new oxidation-reduction component with a potential intermediate between the potentials of cytochromes b and c1 is involved intimately with the site of cleavage and the antimycin-sensitive site of Complex III.
The Madman in the Light of Reason Enlightenment Psychiatry

It has been customary among Continental European historians of psychiatry to call the turn of the nineteenth century the “era of Pinel.” Indeed, Philippe Pinel’s long life (1745–1826) spanned the Enlightenment, the French Revolution, Napoleon’s reign, and the early Romantic era. More important, he exemplifies the broad, humanistic learning that the best eighteenth century doctors brought to the study of medicine as well as the scientists’ consistent adherence to observation and experiment as the sources of their data. He personifies adherence to humanitarianism and the rights of man as well as the belief that mental patients are susceptible to therapy—a therapy totally different from bleeding, purging, and whirling about, therapy that is nonphysical and thus psychologic. The confusing and poorly translated term “moral management” should be dropped.1
CAN A CABINET OFFICIAL INNOVATE? ENTREPRENEURIAL POLITICS AND NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION POLICY

This article examines the range and limitations of strategies available to a cabinet secretary entrepreneur to take charge of an agency and to set the agenda in a particular policy area. U.S. Secretary of Transportation Samuel Skinner's attempt to reinvigorate his office and frame the policy debate surrounding the reauthorization of the Surface Transportation Act between 1989 and 1991 through the development of a National Transportation Policy provides the basis for this analysis.
Protein Synthesis During the Differentiation of Sporangia in the Water Mold Achlya

During the synchronous differentiation of sporangia in the absence of added nutrients, the water mold Achlya bisexualis (Coker and Couch) actively synthesized protein. Inhibition of protein synthesis at any time during the sporulation process completely inhibited further differentiation. Large changes in the rate of radioactive amino acid uptake resulted in changes in the specific activity of the cellular amino acid pool. The rate of protein synthesis was calculated from the amino acid pool specific activity and the incorporation of isotope into protein. During the 1st h after induction of the sporulation process, the rate of protein synthesis increased to two times the initial value. The amino acid precursors for this synthesis were supplied by the degradation of preexisting protein. Proteolytic enzyme activity assayed in vitro increased in proportion to the in vivo rates of protein synthesis and degradation. Differentiation was accompanied by a slight decline in dry weight of the mycelium as well as by a decrease in the protein content, whereas the relative size of the amino acid pools remained constant.
Association Between Aspects of Oral Health–Related Quality of Life and Body Mass Index in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether underweight, normal-weight, overweight, and obese older adults differ in aspects of their oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study using a 54-item OHRQoL questionnaire. SETTING: Five counties in central Alabama: Jefferson and Tuscaloosa (urban), and Hale, Bibb, and Pickens (rural). PARTICIPANTS: The 291 subjects were recruited from participants in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging, a longitudinal study of mobility. Participants ranged in age from 65 to 90 (60.5% women, 50.5% non-Hispanic white, and 50.5% rural). MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed an in-home interview about their OHRQoL using a 54-item questionnaire and were classified into four categories of body mass index (BMI) (<20.0 (underweight), 20.0–24.9 (normal), 25.0–29.9 (overweight), and ≥30.0 (obese)). Multivariate analyses were used to examine associations between BMI and OHRQoL, adjusting for age, race, sex, depression, education, perceived income, comorbidity score, life-space mobility, and physical activity level. RESULTS: The results suggested that a parabolic effect existed, with strongest associations occurring in the underweight and obese categories. With the normal BMI group as the reference group, obese participants were more likely to avoid eating foods they would like to eat, overweight participants were less likely to cook foods differently and reported better chewing ability, and underweight persons were more likely to limit foods they eat because of mouth dryness. CONCLUSION: Objective measures may not accurately reflect peoples' perceptions; therefore, OHRQoL determined according to response to subjective questions is important to properly assess a patient's overall health status. Older adults who are under- or overweight should be evaluated for oral health conditions that may affect their nutritional status.
Ornithine Restores Ureagenesis Capacity and Mitigates Hyperammonemia in Otcspf-ash Mice

We showed that Otc(spf-ash) mice, a model of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, were able to sustain ureagenesis at the same rate as control mice, despite reduced enzyme activity, when a complete mixture of amino acids was provided. An unbalanced amino acid mixture, however, resulted in reduced ureagenesis and hyperammonemia. To study the effect of ornithine supplementation [316 micromol/(kg.h)] on urea and glutamine kinetics in conscious Otc(spf-ash) mice under a glycine-alanine load [6.06 mmol/(kg.h)], a multiple tracer infusion protocol ([(13)C(18)O]urea, [5-(15)N]glutamine, [2,3,3,4,4 D(5)]glutamine and [ring-D(5)] phenylalanine) was conducted. Ornithine supplementation increased ureagenesis [3.18 +/- 0.88 vs. 4.56 +/- 0.51 mmol/(kg.h), P < 0.001], reduced plasma ammonia concentration (1125 +/- 621 vs. 193 +/- 94 micromol/L, P < 0.001), and prevented acute hepatic enlargement (P < 0.006) in Otc(spf-ash) mice. Ornithine supplementation also increased [96 +/- 20 vs. 120 +/- 16 micromol/(kg.h), P < 0.001] the transfer of (15)N from glutamine to urea, to values observed in the control mice [123 +/- 17 micromol/(kg.h)]. De novo amido-N glutamine flux was higher [1.57 +/- 0.37 vs. 3.04 +/- 0.86 mmol/(kg.h); P < 0.001] in Otc(spf-ash) mice, but ornithine supplementation had no effect (P < 0.56). The flux of glutamine carbon skeleton was affected by both genotype (P < 0.0001) and by ornithine (P 0. 036). In conclusion, ornithine supplementation restored ureagenesis, mitigated hyperammonemia, prevented liver enlargement, and normalized the transfer of (15)N from glutamine to urea. These data strongly suggest that ornithine has the potential for the biochemical correction of OTCD in Otc(spf-ash) mice.
Hiatal hernia in infants and young children: A 2-to 3-year follow-up study

Nine children were evaluated two to three years after institution of either medical or surgical management of their hiatal herniae. Four children treated medically ranged from 6 to 16 months of age. Three were clinicalluy cured of symptoms and one clinically improved, indicating the efficacy of medical management in some young children. The firth medically treated child, age 10 years, was also clinically improved. Four children initially had surgical hiatal hernia repair: one (16 days old) because of pulmonary aspiration with associated cardiorespiratory arrest, two (age 3 and 6 years) because medical management failed, and one (age 7 years) who presented with an esophageal stricture. Surgery for hiatal herniae in children should be researved for patients in whom medical management has failed or for patients with serious complications.
Approximate solutions for nonlinear diffusion-reaction equations from the maximum principle

Abstract A method for obtaining good approximate solutions to nonlinear diffusion-reaction boundary value problems based on the Maximum Principle is presented. Ways to systematically optimize the reciprocal upper and lower bounds obtained using the Maximum Principle are developed, with special attention paid to ease of application, efficacy in establishing rigorous error bounds and accuracy of results. For illustration, the method is applied to isothermal Langmuir—Hinshelwood kinetics in a porous catalyst slab.
Marcuse on Senge: personal mastery, the child's mind, and individual transformation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to continue discussion of the merits of organizational learning as an emancipatory project, by articulating Peter Senge's concept of “personal mastery” (PM) against the radical subjectivity of Herbert Marcuse.Design/methodology/approach – Conceptual comparison of extant works by both authors.Findings – It is argued in the paper that while Senge and Marcuse share several affinities for the nature of individual, organizational and social transformation, Senge's concept of PM leaves several questions unaddressed, questions which concern the extent to which “the child's mind” may be usefully employed as a metaphor for the recovery of individuality and liberatory work. Marcuse's Marxian appropriation of Freudian psychoanalysis retains the possibility of the creative impulse, and suggests that “play” may enter work relations as the new sensibility for transformed work practices.Originality/value – The paper puts forward the view that adult play, as the memory of a more une...
Relative distributions of W's and Z's at low transverse momenta.

Despite large uncertainties in the [ital W][sup [plus minus]] and [ital Z][sup 0] transverse momentum ([ital q][sub [ital T]]) distributions for [ital q][sub [ital T]][approx lt]10 GeV, the ratio of the distributions varies little. The uncertainty in the ratio of [ital W] to [ital Z] [ital q][sub [ital T]] distributions is on the order of a few percent, independent of the details of the nonperturbative parametrization.
The firm as a noneconomy: some comments on Holmstrom

But like Shakespeare's Mark Anthony, my role as commentator is "not to praise Caeser." And while I wouldn't go so far as to claim it's to bury him, there are nonetheless aspects of this article that warrant challenge. Three related aspects of the article are especially problematic: first, the focus on physical asset ownership as being a defining feature of a firm; second, the claim that asset ownership conveys control rights (in particular, the ability to set incentives); and, third, the metaphor of the firm as an "island" economy. It is not that I think Professor Holmstrom is wrong (except, arguably, about the metaphor), but rather that I think he has misplaced, at times, his emphasis. Secondary effects, in places, seem to be primary and at least one primary effect seems to have got lost in the shuffle. An example may help the reader appreciate the perspective I will take in this commentary. My recollection from high-school American history is that the militias that fought the British in the American Revolution were entirely voluntary organizations. Their principal assets, muskets and uniforms, were generally supplied by the militia men themselves. Moreover, they elected their own officers. After election, the officers made the decisions and the rest of the militia were expected to execute the resulting orders, with the militia enjoying some ability to punish those who disobeyed orders. Admittedly, a militia is not a firm, but it shares certain commonalities with a firm and it is worth, therefore, "explaining" its organizational design. Although these militias used physical assets, asset ownership was not critical to their organizational design. Certainly asset ownership was not relevant to
Molecular beam epitaxy HgCdTe growth-induced void defects and their effect on infrared photodiodes

We have carried out a study and identified that MBE HgCdTe growth-induced void defects are detrimental to long wavelength infrared photodiode performance. These defects were induced during nucleation by having surface growth conditions deficient in Hg. Precise control and reproducibility of the CdZnTe surface temperature and beam fluxes are required to minimize such defects. Device quality material with void defect concentration values in the low 102 cm2 range were demonstrated.
The Influence of Agency Policies on Conducted Energy Device Use and Police Use of Lethal Force

Law enforcement agencies across the United States, partly in response to public outcries over fatalities associated with police use of lethal force, have adopted numerous less lethal technologies, ...
The luminescence of pyrene in viscous solutions

Abstract The normal and delayed molecular ( M ∗ ) and excimer ( D ∗ ) fluorescence and the phosphorescence of pyrene (M) inpropylene glycol have been studied from 295°K to 200°K. A general kinetic scheme is used for analysis of the data, and the behaviour is interpreted in terms of the temperature dependence of the competing rate processes. Above 250°K the triplet-triplet association process is diffusion-controlled, yielding a doubly-excited state of the excimer, which rapidly internally converts or dissociates to give D ∗ or M ∗ + M , respectively. Below 250°K a non-collisional triplet-triplet exchange interaction occurs, yielding M ∗ + M .
Self-consistent treatment of coupled superconducting grains in a magnetic field

Abstract Starting from the mean-field-approximation, we calculate the thermodynamic properties of weakly coupled superconducting grains in a magnetic field. We treat the induced field self-consistently Quantitative predictions include the field dependence of the critical line T c (H), the magnetization and the distribution of the induced field. Recent experiments on high-T c materials confirm these predictions.
A History of Childhood Abuse as a Predictor Variable: Implications for Outcome Research

This article reports on a clinical outcome study assessing the history of childhood abuse as a predictor variable for outcome research in clinical social work practice. Although this variable is widely viewed by clinicians as important in predicting the response of clients to treatment, little research has been done to test this assumption. This study assesses the effect of short-term treatment on depression and anxiety levels of 39 clients in a family service agency. The ANCOVA results indicated that for this treatment group, a history of childhood abuse was related to clients' response to treatment. A nonrandomized pretest-posttest design was used to compare the outcomes of clients with a history of childhood abuse with those without such a history. The results showed significant difference between the two groups on outcome levels of anxiety and depression. Implications for clinical research are discussed.
Beyond the mean-field theory of dispersive optical bistability

The problem of dispersive optical bistability has so far been treated only in the mean-field approximation. A rigorous justification of the mean-field theory can only be obtained from exact solutions of the steadystate Maxwell-Bloch equations which retain the spatial dependence of the field. In this paper exact analytic solutions are presented for these equations. The authors demonstrate that the mean-field equation connecting the input and the output fields follows naturally from these solutions in the limits $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{F}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, and $\ensuremath{\alpha}L\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ for the mirror transmission coefficient, the detuning of the field from the cavity resonance, and the linear absorption, respectively, with $\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}L}{2T}$ and $\frac{{\ensuremath{\delta}}_{F}L}{2cT}$ remaining finite. The results are illustrated with the help of graphs showing the output versus input intensity for different values of the relevant parameters. The effect of these parameters on the phase shift of the output field is also displayed.
Improved reliability of impedance cardiography by new signal processing techniques

The authors used the impedance cardiogram (ICG), the phonocardiogram (PCG), and the electrocardiogram (ECG) to determine stroke volume and systolic time intervals. Comparisons between a fully automated PC/AT-based signal processing system and a computer-assisted visual detection processing system revealed comparable means, standard errors, correlations (Spearman r), and reliability (Chronbach's alpha ) coefficients on all relevant parameters. Other analyses confirmed the utility of using Q onset to mark the beginning of ventricular systole, the B point of the ICG to denote the aortic opening, and end diastole as the reference for determining the amplitude of dZ/dt/sub mzx/. >
Self-Confidence in Financial Analysis: A Study of Younger and Older Male Professional Analysts

Measures of reported self-confidence in performing financial analysis by 59 professional male analysts, 31 born between 1946 and 1964 and 28 born between 1965 and 1976, were investigated and reported. Self-confidence in one's ability is important in the securities industry because it affects recommendations and decisions to buy, sell, and hold securities. The respondents analyzed a set of multiyear corporate financial statements and reported their self-confidence in six separate financial areas. Data from the 59 male financial analysts were tallied and analyzed using both univariate and multivariate statistical tests. Rated self-confidence was not significantly different for the younger and the older men. These results are not consistent with a similar prior study of female analysts in which younger women showed significantly higher self-confidence than older women.
The validity and reliability of the affective competency score to evaluate death disclosure using standardized patients.

Objective: To explore the validity and reliability of the affective competency score (ACS), compared to a global rating measure to predict overall competency to perform a death disclosure in a stan...
Hemoglobin Denver [α2β241 (C7) Phe→Ser]: A Low-O2-Affinity Variant Associated With Chronic Cyanosis and Anemia

Objective To report a previously undescribed low-O 2 -affinity hemoglobin variant that is associated with chronic cyanosis. Design Pertinent laboratory and historical data for the index case (from Denver, Colorado) and certain family members were recorded, and the hemoglobin variant was characterized. Material and Methods Electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and isoelectric focusing were used to examine blood specimens for the presence of hemoglobin Variants, and the O 2 affinity of whole blood was determined. The abnormal peptide detected on reverse-phase HPLC of separated globin chains was analyzed for its amino acid composition and sequence. Results Although no abnormal hemoglobin band separated from hemoglobin A on electrophoresis, HPLC, and isoelectric focusing, a heat test showed hemoglobin instability, and O 2 affinity studies disclosed an appreciably right-shifted dissociation curve. On chromatography, the new variant—hemoglobin Denver—was found to be due to a substitution of serine for phenylalanine at position 41 (C7) in the β chain. In addition to substantial reduction in O 2 affinity, hemoglobin Denver is accompanied by moderate reticulocytosis and mild anemia. Conclusion Hemoglobin Denver causes no clinical symptoms other than cyanosis, which is attributable to the low O 2 affinity.
Low-temperature plasma probe for ambient desorption ionization.

A low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe has been developed for ambient desorption ionization. An ac electric field is used to induce a dielectric barrier discharge through use of a specially designed electrode configuration. The low-temperature plasma is extracted from the probe where it interacts directly with the sample being analyzed, desorbing and ionizing surface molecules in the ambient environment. This allows experiments to be performed without damage to the sample or underlying substrate and, in the case of biological analysis on skin surfaces, without electrical shock or perceptible heating. Positive or negative ions are produced from a wide range of chemical compounds in the pure state and as mixtures in the gaseous, solution, or condensed phases, using He, Ar, N2, or ambient air as the discharge gas. Limited fragmentation occurs, although it is greater in the cases of the molecular than the atomic discharge gases. The effectiveness of the LTP probe has been demonstrated by recording characteristi...
Thermo-electricity at low temperatures III. The absolute scale of thermo-electric power: a critical discussion of the present scale at low temperatures and preliminary measurements towards its redetermination

In order to compare exactly the present theory of thermo-electric power in metals with the behaviour of the simple alkali metals, particularly sodium, at low temperatures, it is necessary to know the absolute thermo-electric power of one single conductor. There has been only one such determination of an absolute scale of thermo-electric power, and this was derived 23 years ago as the outcome of measurements which had been made primarily for other purposes. As measurements of the thermo-electric force of the alkali metals at low temperatures have recently become available, it is appropriate now to review critically the experimental basis of that scale. In view of new experimental evidence on the behaviour of the thermo-electric power of superconductors just above the transition point which has appeared in the last few years, it appears that a redetermination of the scale is necessary, at least at low temperatures. In this paper the present absolute scale of thermo-electric force is critically discussed particularly in relation to preliminary measurements towards its redetermination.
On Constraining the Class of Transformational Languages

The need to add constraints to the theory of transformational grammar has been one (perhaps the) central goal of research by generative grammarians over the last decade. A number of important proposals have resulted from this research, most notably those due to Bresnan (1976), Chomsky (1973), Culicover and Wexler (1977), Emonds (1976), and Ross (1967). The first section of this paper is devoted to distinguishing between and considering the relative merits of two different views of the purpose of such constraints. The second and third sections attempt to add substance to my position by showing how progress towards the goals defended in the first section can be achieved.
Human erythrocyte shape regulation : interaction of metabolic and redox status

Abstract The echinocyte-to-discocyte shape recovery of metabolically depleted erythrocytes is compromised by sulfhydryl reducing agents (Truong, H.-T.N., Ferrell, J.E., Jr. and Huestis, W.H. (1986) Blood 67, 214–221). In the presence of dithiothreitol (DTT) and sugars, crenated cells recover normal discoid shape transiently, but then develop the invaginations and intracellular inclusions of stomatocytes. The stomatogenic effects of DTT were investigated in erythrocytes recovering from crenation induced by several independent mechanisms. Cells crenated by direct manipulation of the membrane bilayer (lysophosphatidylcholine incorporation) recovered discoid shape similarly in the presence and absence of the reducing agent. In contrast, rescaled ghosts and cells crenated by Mg 2+ depletion or Ca 2+ loading did not maintain stable discoid morphology in the presence of DTT, proceeding further to form stomatocytes. Thus cell crenation by expedients that involve cellular metabolic processes develop a redox-related morphological instability that is not found in amphipath-crenated cells.
Early Adolescent Attitudes toward Sex Roles

In today's American society, both men and women are occupying roles which at one time were considered the exclusive domain of either just men or just women. Recognizing this trend, one begins to ask, do middle school/junior high students hold attitudes about sex roles which reflect the trend of less traditional perceptions of what men and women should or should not do, or do they hold traditional views of these roles?A questionnaire asked 2149 students about male and female roles. The results found that the male respondents' perceptions were more traditional than female perceptions. When boys and girls were grouped, a general trend showed that each older age and grade category was more conservative than the next younger group. Finally, the students enrolled in more traditional schools with grade configurations of K-8 and 7-9 held conservative views while the early adolescents in middle schools with grade configurations of 5-8 and 6-8 held the least traditional views.
Analysis of abstract and concrete word processing in persons with aphasia and age-matched neurologically healthy adults using fMRI

The concreteness effect occurs in both normal and language-disordered populations. Research suggests that abstract and concrete concepts elicit differing neural activation patterns in healthy young adults, but this is undocumented in persons with aphasia (PWA). Three PWA and three age-matched controls were scanned using fMRI while processing abstract and concrete words. Consistent with current theories of abstract and concrete word processing, abstract words elicited activation in verbal areas, whereas concrete words additionally activated multimodal association areas. PWA show greater differences in neural activation than age-matched controls between abstract and concrete words, possibly due to an exaggerated concreteness effect.
Further analysis of the mechanism of copper trafficking pathways using yeast expression arrays

Further analysis of the mechanism of copper trafficking pathways using yeast expression arrays
The impact of collaborative engagement on knowledge and performance gains in episodic collaborations

Purpose – Supply chains are embedded in a larger network of enterprises where firms exchange offerings, often compete for the same customers, and constantly innovate to improve their performance. In these dynamic environments, firms are increasingly dependent on the knowledge and expertise in external organizations to innovate, problem-solve, and improve performance. Firms are increasingly collaborating to exchange and pool skills and knowledge and deploy resources and capabilities not found in their own firm. This research using both structured interviews and survey data seeks to determine what are the direct benefits and the ancillary benefits of collaboration. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed methodology approach was utilized, using qualitative structured interviews leading to developing a research model and then an empirical survey of 473 participants who are involved in their respective organization's collaboration projects. The data were analyzed using st...
Social-emotional world: Mapping a continent:

This article describes two basic aspects of the social-emotional world: degree of connectedness (solidarity/alienation) and six specific emotions. This field needs to be clarified, because of the use of vernacular words rather than clearly defined concepts. Two sets of definitions are proposed. The first involves conceptual and operational definitions of degree of connectedness. The second offers a preliminary taxonomy of six emotion concepts. The connectedness formulation establishes an alienation/solidarity axis with three points between complete solidarity and complete alienation. Studies of pluralistic ignorance and false consensus, drama theory and other applications fall somewhere in the middle of this axis. The emotions taxonomy can be a first step toward better understanding their role in social life and their relation to connectedness. The theory implied by these definitions can be viewed as a first step toward a map of the social-emotional world.
Design of a Deflector for Water Aeration in Wastewater Treatment

The aeration phase within wastewater treatment is the most power consuming step required in the treatment of waste water. After the energy crisis in 1970s increasing attention has been paid for this step to reduce the energy cost [1]. Higher standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE) reduces the amount of air required to aerate wastewater which reduce the air blower power consumption. In this study SOTE was investigated for the case of adding a bubble deflector, i.e. an external geometry that directs the bubbles toward the less oxygenated water, which improves the efficiency and eliminates the effect of dead zones in a rectangular water tank.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Victimization by Peers and Adolescent Suicide in Three US Samples

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between victimization by peers and suicidal ideation and behavior in 3 samples of adolescents in the United States. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a secondary analysis of data from 3 cohorts of adolescents: (1) a nationally representative survey of adolescents in grade 7 through 12, Wave I of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, conducted by the Carolina Population Center in 1994-1995; (2) a nationally representative survey, the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2005; and (3) a survey in a high-risk community conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2004. RESULTS: Controlling for differences in age, sex, race/ethnicity, and depressive symptomology, adolescents reporting more frequent victimization by peers were more likely to report suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior. Adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1.67 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30-2.15) to 3.83 (95% CI = 2.78-5.27) for the different outcome measures and data sets. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide further support for the need for effective prevention of peer victimization. Inclusion of questions about victimization experiences might aid formal and informal suicide screening efforts. Language: en
Microbial communities associated with ferromanganese nodules and the surrounding sediments

The formation and maintenance of deep-sea ferromanganese/polymetallic nodules still remains a mystery 140 years after their discovery. The wealth of rare metals concentrated in these nodules has spurred global interest in exploring the mining potential of these resources. The prevailing theory of abiotic formation has been called into question and the role of microbial metabolisms in nodule development is now an area of active research. To understand the community structure of microbes associated with nodules and their surrounding sediment, we performed targeted sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene from three nodules collected from the central South Pacific. Results have shown that the microbial communities of the nodules are significantly distinct from the communities in the surrounding sediments, and that the interiors of the nodules harbor communities different from the exterior. This suggests not only differences in potential metabolisms between the nodule and sediment communities, but also differences in the dominant metabolisms of interior and exterior communities. We identified several operational taxonomic units (OTUs) unique to both the nodule and sediment environments. The identified OTUs were assigned putative taxonomic identifications, including two OTUs only found associated with the nodules, which were assigned to the α-Proteobacteria. Finally, we explored the diversity of the most assigned taxonomic group, the Thaumarchaea MG-1, which revealed novel OTUs compared to previous research from the region and suggests a potential role as a source of fixed carbon for ammonia oxidizing archaea in the environment.
Toward a propensity interpretation of stochastic mechanism for the life sciences

In what follows, I suggest that it makes good sense to think of the truth of (at least some of) the probabilistic generalizations made in the life sciences as metaphysically grounded in stochastic mechanisms in the world. To further understand these stochastic mechanisms, I take the general characterization of mechanism offered by MDC (Philos Sci 76(1):1–25, 2000) and explore how it fits with several of the going philosophical accounts of chance: subjectivism, frequentism, Lewisian best-systems, and propensity. I argue that neither subjectivism, frequentism, nor a best-system-style interpretation of chance will give us what we need from an account of stochastic mechanism, but some version of propensity theory can. I then draw a few important lessons from recent propensity interpretations of fitness in order to present a novel propensity interpretation of stochastic mechanism according to which stochastic mechanisms are thought to have probabilistic propensities to produce certain outcomes over others. This understanding of stochastic mechanism, once fully fleshed-out, provides the benefits of (1) allowing the stochasticity of a particular mechanism to be an objective property in the world, a property investigable by science, (2) a way of quantifying the stochasticity of a particular mechanism, and (3) a way to avoid a problematic commitment to the causal efficacy of propensities (and dispositional properties in general).
TRIFLUPROMAZINE VERSUS PENTYLENETETRAZOL‐NICOTINIC ACID FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC BRAIN DISEASE ON A GENERAL‐HOSPITAL PSYCHIATRIC SERVICE

: A comparison was made of the effects of triflupromazine (Vesprin) and pentylenetetrazol-nicotinic acid (Nico-Metrazol) in 118 patients with cerebral arteriosclerosis or senile brain disease. For two weeks, 63 of the patients received Nico-Metrazol and 55 received Vesprin in relatively low dosages. The study was conducted on the psychiatric wards of a general hospital, where patients await discharge placement after fifteen days' stay. Evaluations were made according to rating scales for behavioral factors and side effects. For the 118 patients, over 90 per cent of the ratings for both drugs indicated no change, and less than 5 per cent indicated improvement. Side effects, when noted, were insignificant. Most patients still had to be discharged to state mental hospitals. These findings confirm the observations of others that a change is not observed earlier than four to six weeks. Behavioral ratings under the necessarily short-term periods of treatment and fashions in drugs do not provide effectual information. It would seem that better therapeutic agents are needed for the immediate treatment of aged persons with chronic brain disease who are admitted to the psychiatric wards of general hospitals because of the acute onset of unmanageable behavior.
Effect of Trastuzumab and Chemotherapy on Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Poor Prognosis Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Background. Trastuzumab has significant activity in HER2 neu amplified metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We hypothesized that it may selectively act against circulating tumor cells (CTC) in HER2-positiveMBC. We assessed the effect of trastuzumab-based regimens on CTC in HER2-positive MBC with poor prognosis (≥ 5 CTC).Patients and Methods. We retrospectively evaluated patients with poor prognosis MBC (baseline ≥ 5 CTC) treated with a first-line regimen consisting of trastuzumab+antimitotic agents in 11 HER2-positive patients not previously pretreated with trastuzumab, chemotherapy with antimitotic agents in 24 HER2-normal patients, and other chemotherapeutic drugs (mainly capecitabine) in other 16 HER2-normal patients. CTC were detected and enumerated using the CellSearch system (Veridex LLC, Warren NJ, USA). We evaluated the effect on CTC counts and on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).Results. At a median follow-up of 16 months (range, 4 to 48), 24 patients (47%) died. All 11 HER2-positive patients treated with trastuzumab+antimitotic agents had 20 months) and 19 months (p = 0.034), respectively. The median PFS was 8 months in HER2-normal patients with ≥5 CTC and 4 months in those with 17 months) and 9 months (p = 0.01), respectively.Conclusions. Trastuzumab is highly effective in patients with HER2-positive MBC with poor prognosis (≥ 5 CTC). Antimitotic agents and other chemotherapy agents did not show a similar effect in HER2-normal MBC. CTC might be useful in the monitoring of poor prognosis MBC patients undergoing therapy with trastuzumab. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3014.
Lysins and Agglutinins in Normal and Lymphomatous Mouse Tissue

LYSINS and agglutinins have been extracted from normal mouse tissues, and often in much higher concentration from the mammary adenocareinomas of the female C3H mouse. Three methods have been used for extraction1–4: (a) extraction of minced-up tissues in saline (1 per cent sodium chloride), (b) ‘pre-incubation’ of homogenized tissue at 37° C. in saline for 12–18 hr., which results in the separation of a yellow haemolytic fluid, and (c) extraction with ether, which gives an ether-soluble ‘soap-like’ lytic material and also a lytic material insoluble in cold ether (‘lysolceithin’). These methods and their results have been reviewed by Ponder3 in relation to a background which begins with the work of Metchnikoff in 1893. Probably only method (a) is of real value for demonstrating tissue lysins and inhibitors; the other two methods are to some extent unreliable since they involve the splitting of pre-existing complexes.
Time-domain vibrational spectroscopy of disordered media

Abstract Results of femtosecond-microsecond time-domain spectroscopy experiments on vibrational modes of MHz-THz frequencies in disordered media are described. In simple molecular liquids, weakly oscillatory librational motion can be observed on the femtosecond time scale. Librational frequencies and inhomogeneous dephasing rates yield configuration-averaged intermolecular forces and the extent of inhomogeneity in the liquid. The temperature and pressure dependences of librational dynamics provide information about spectral diffusion rates which are associated with rearrangement of local liquid-state structure. The results support an “inhomogeneous cage” model of simple liquids in which local cage structure persists for at least several molecular collision times. Structural relaxation dynamics have also been examined in detail in glass-forming liquids. Extensive information about the complex, temperature-dependent distributions of relaxation times in viscoelastic liquids has been obtained through time-domain observations of MHz-GHz acoustic waves and of the Mountain mode associated with structural relaxation. Recently, it has become possible to observe shear as well as longitudinal acoustic waves, and to examine the onset of shear wave propagation at various frequencies. Finally, a multiple-pulse vibrational amplification technique exploiting recent developments in femtosecond pulse-shaping is described.
"Coulomb Staircase" at Room Temperature in a Self-Assembled Molecular Nanostructure

Double-ended aryl dithiols [α,α′-xylyldithiol (XYL) and 4,4′-biphenyldithiol] formed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold(111) substrates and were used to tether nanometer-sized gold clusters deposited from a cluster beam. An ultrahigh-vacuum scanning tunneling microscope was used to image these nanostructures and to measure their current-voltage characteristics as a function of the separation between the probe tip and the metal cluster. At room temperature, when the tip was positioned over a cluster bonded to the XYL SAM, the current-voltage data showed “Coulomb staircase” behavior. These data are in good agreement with semiclassical predictions for correlated single-electron tunneling and permit estimation of the electrical resistance of a single XYL molecule (∼18 ± 12 megohms).
Consistency of Bayes estimators without the assumption that the model is correct

Abstract We examine a more general form of consistency which does not necessarily rely on the correct specification of the likelihood in the Bayesian setting, but we restrict the form of the likelihood to be in a minimal standard exponential family. First, we investigate the asymptotic behavior of the Bayes estimator of a parameter, and show that the Bayes estimator is consistent under the condition that the exponential family is full. However, we find that θ i = θ j and ∥ θ i − θ j ∥ e , even for very small e , behave differently, even in an asymptotic manner, when the model is not correct. We note that the distinction applies generally to Bayesian testing problems.
Application of competitive ligand binding for the radioassay of vitamin B12 and folic acid.

Abstract One of the earliest applications of the principle of competitive ligand binding to measure by radioassay the concentration of physiologic substrates other than peptide hormones was for vitamin B 12 . Physiologic binding ligands of this vitamin such as intrinsic factor, pooled serum B 12 binders, transcobalamin I, and salivary B 12 binders have been used. To assay B 12 in serum, the natural binders must be denatured to release the bound vitamin. The different procedures described vary in the binding ligand, method of separating ligand-bound and free tracer in the assay reaction, and method of extracting the serum to be assayed. The major impact of the B 12 radioassay has been to permit more hospitals and laboratories to do this determination, since it is easier to maintain as a routine procedure than the microbiologic assay. The same principle has been applied for the radioassay of biologically active folates. The reacting ligands have been folate reductase, anti-folate antibodies, and folate binders in milk and Lactobacillus. The radioassays with the nonenzymic ligands have been applied clinically to facilitate the diagnosis of folate deficiency. More information will be necessary to establish the nature of the natural folates being assayed and for critical comparison to the microbiologically active folates.
AB INITIO STUDIES OF HINDERED ROTATION OF SOME AROMATIC RINGS IN N-2,6-DIFLUOROPHENYL IMIDES AND UNSUBSTITUTED BRIDGEHEAD PHENYLS

Ab initio calculations are applied to the study of steric hindrance upon rotation of aromatic rings in N-2,6-difluorophenyl-maleimide, 2, and in 3, which represents a simplified model of a Diels-Alder adduct of phencyclone and 2. The systems adopt geometries minimizing the hindrance in a number of ways, including pyramidalization of the nitrogen in the N-aryl imide and deviation from planarity of the aryl rings. Note: All designated Structures for Compounds 1 through 3 are shown in Figure 1. 10.1081/SL-100002012-F0001 Figure 1. Structures and atom numbering for compound 2, N-2,6–difluorophenyl-maleimide, and for compound 3, a simplifield model for the Diels-Alder adduct of 2 with phencyclone, 1.
Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT asynchrony measurements in patients with left bundle branch block

Purpose This investigation sought to determine which newly available asynchrony parameter derived from gated myocardial perfusion SPECT (GMPS) systolic wall thickening data best distinguishes patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) from normal subjects. Methods and materials Emory Cardiac Toolbox (ECTb) algorithms were used to compute left ventricular (LV) global and regional function and perfusion indices with regional contraction phases for 20 patients with LBBB, and in 9 control (CTL) subjects who had no function or perfusion abnormalities. Histogram plots of phase frequencies versus R–R interval times included phase standard deviation (SD), bandwidth (BW), skewness and kurtosis. Z-score asynchrony measures were derived for phases sampled using the conventional 17-segment model. Results In CTLs contraction occurred nearly simultaneously in all segments, while LBBBs exhibited a wide variety of heterogeneous contraction patterns. Global parameters that differed between LBBBs versus CTLs included EF, end-systolic volume and end-diastolic volume, and asynchrony measures that were different included BW, phase SD and z-scores. Z-scores most strongly discriminated LBBBs from CTLs (93% of cases correctly predicted, logistic regression χ2 = 29.7, P < 0.0001). Z-scores, phase SD and lateral–septal wall timing were highly reproducible (r = 0.99, 0.99 and r = 0.87, respectively), with no significant inter-observer differences. Conclusion While traditional global function parameters were different in LBBBs and CTLs, asynchrony parameters characterized LBBB most strongly.
The role of temporal landmarks in autobiographical memory processes

The prevalence of temporal landmarks has been revealed in a wide range of tasks associated with autobiographical memory, such as recall and dating of personal events. The author examined 3 types of events that have usually been considered landmarks: flashbulb memories, 1st experiences, and reference points in personal histories. The differences between landmark events and nonlandmark events are considered, and evidence is presented showing the effect of these landmarks on memory tasks. It is suggested that the effect of temporal landmarks on these tasks is twofold: (a) performance on the tasks is intricately linked with how our autobiographical memory system is structured, and temporal landmarks may play a critical role in this organization; and (b) landmarks may be actively and spontaneously used by individuals as cues when performing recall and dating tasks (the cuing hypothesis). Both of these factors serve to systematically bias performance, leading to robust phenomena such as calendar effects and reminiscence peaks in recall and improvements in accuracy in dating.