cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of malonaldehyde in the presence of sialic acid

Abstract A method is presented for determining the amounts of malonaldehyde and malonaldehyde yielding compounds in the presence of a 20-fold excess of sialic acid. The assay is based on the malonaldehyde-2-thiobarbituric acid chromophore, which shifts its absorption maximum from 532 to 557 mμ upon the addition of base. The absorbance of 557 mμ was linear from 0.002 to 0.02 μmole of malonaldehyde per 0.2 ml of sample. The assay was sensitive (molar extinction coefficient 130,000) and extremely specific for malonaldehyde while unreactive for other dialdehydes or aldehydes. A wide variety of compounds were tested and were found to be poor sources of chromogen. By eliminating interfering chromophores this assay will facilitate the identification of the unknown malonaldehyde yielding compound(s) in insoluble collagen and connective tissue extracts both of which contain sialic acid.
Prognostic Indicators for Time to Ambulation After Surgical Decompression in Nonambulatory Dogs With Acute Thoracolumbar Disk Extrusions: 112 Cases

Objectives— To determine prognostic indicators for time to ambulation after surgical decompression in nonambulatory dogs with intact pain sensation and acute Hansen type-1 disk extrusions. Study Design— Retrospective clinical study. Animals— One-hundred twelve dogs with Hansen type-I disk extrusions that had decompressive hemilaminectomy or dorsal laminectomy. Methods— All dogs had thoracolumbar disk extrusion and were nonambulatory with intact pain sensation at admission. Variables considered included age, weight, voluntary motor function at time of anesthetic induction, glucocorticoid use, times from onset of nonambulatory status to admission and surgical decompression, time in hospital to surgical decompression, anesthetic time, surgical time, number of contrast injections required to perform a diagnostic myelogram, postoperative pain sensation, and postoperative voluntary motor function. Time to ambulation was defined as the number of days from surgical decompression until the dog was able to stand and take a series of steps without assistance. Results— One-hundred seven dogs (96%) were able to ambulate within 3 months. The mean time to ambulation was 12.9 days and was significantly shorter if dogs had postoperative voluntary motor function (7.9 days v 16.4 days, P < .0001). No other variable had a significant association with time to ambulation. Conclusions— Few perioperative variables have prognostic value for return to ambulation. Nonambulatory dogs with intact pain sensation and Hansen type-1 disk extrusions in the thoracolumbar spine that are treated with surgical decompression have a favorable prognosis. Clinical Relevance— The presence of postoperative voluntary motor function is a favorable prognostic indicator for early return to ambulation.
Response of Lake Superior to mesoscale wind forcing: A comparison between currents driven by QuikSCAT and buoy winds

[1] The satellite scatterometer QuikSCAT wind field has been available every 12 hours on Lake Superior since 19 July 1999. The wind data cover most of the interior area of the lake with a spatial resolution of about 25 km. Driving the three-dimensional Lake Superior circulation model by the QuikSCAT winds, we resimulated the 1999 seasonal variability of currents in Lake Superior. A comparison was made with our previous simulation results, which relied on the wind field interpolated from moored buoys and land-based meteorological stations. The model driven by QuikSCAT winds improved the simulation of the spatial coverage area of the cold band during upwelling favorable wind events and the current jet during downwelling favorable wind events observed along the Keweenaw coast in July–October 1999. A statistical analysis shows that these improvements were mainly reflected in the low-frequency variation of the long-shore current, even though the overall deviation between computed and observed surface temperature and currents was measurably reduced. This study suggests that the wind field constructed from either moored buoys plus land-based meteorological stations or QuikSCAT is not sufficient to provide a reliable and accurate simulation of coastal currents and stratification in Lake Superior. A mesoscale meteorological model assimilated with observed winds on all the available weather measurement sites or stations or QuikSCAT is needed to provide an accurate meteorological forcing for the Lake Superior physical model.
Women prisoners and the law: Which way will the pendulum swing?

Abstract Women prisoners have had avenues to legal assistance open to them for several years. Even though it has been possible for them to seek recourse in the courts, many barriers to this help remain in place. This article focuses on how women prisoners and women's prisons can change through litigation.
Passive and active avoidance in the gerbil: Effects of sex and transfer of training

The present experiment failed to obtain evidence of sex-related differences in either avoidance performance or activity levels in the Mongolian gerbil. Transfer of training between active and passive avoidance tasks was found, however, with negative transfer obtained in gerbils on a passive avoidance task following active shuttlebox avoidance acquisition, and positive transfer reported in animals in active avoidance learning following passive avoidance training. Possible reasons for these asymmetrical transfer effects were discussed.
“You Are a Racist”: An Early Childhood Educator's Racialized Awakening

This article details my racialized awakenings as a White kindergarten teacher after being called a racist by a parent of one of my students. I chronicle critical reflections of myself and my school in terms of latent institutional racism and actions. I share the actions that I have begun in my efforts to counter racism and move toward teaching for social justice. Changes in my teaching included interrupting deficit perspectives, talking explicitly about race, critiquing literature that I use in my classroom, and exploring ways to provide ongoing counternarratives that honor culturally and linguistically diverse students. I conclude with implications for other Early Childhood teachers who are teaching across racial boundaries. While I do not position my findings as the solution to countering institutional racism in the classroom, I hope that my journey can be enlightening to educators facing similar conflicts.
Simultaneous inhibition of GSK3α and GSK3β using hairpin siRNA expression vectors

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can mediate sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression in mammalian cells. We and others have recently developed expression vector-based systems for synthesizing siRNAs or hairpin siRNAs in mammalian cells. Expression vector-based RNA interference (RNAi) effectively suppresses expression of target genes and is likely to be a powerful tool for analysis of gene function. Here we compare inhibition by vectors expressing hairpin siRNA designs either with different loop sequences connecting the two siRNA strands, or with duplex regions of different lengths. Our results suggest that lengthening the 19-nucleotide duplex region of a relatively ineffective hairpin siRNA can increase inhibition, but increasing the length of an effective 19-nt hairpin siRNA does not increase inhibition. We also demonstrate that hairpin siRNA vectors can be used to inhibit two target genes simultaneously. We have targeted glycogen synthase kinase-3alpha (GSK-3alpha) and GSK-3beta, two related kinases involved in the regulation of a variety of cellular processes and also implicated in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Inhibition of either GSK-3alpha or GSK-3beta by transfection of hairpin siRNA vectors leads to elevated expression of the GSK-3 target beta-catenin, whereas inhibition of both kinases further increases beta-catenin expression. Our results suggest that vector-based siRNA inhibition may be useful for dissecting the functional roles of GSK-3alpha and GSK-3beta in somatic cells. The ability to inhibit two or more genes simultaneously with hairpin siRNA expression vectors should facilitate studies of gene function in mammalian cells.
Abnormal Glucose Tolerance and Hypertension

To quantify the association of abnormal glucose tolerance with hypertension and postural hypotension, 2480 men and women aged 50-89 yr from a defined population were evaluated by oral glucose tolerance and measurements of supine, seated, and standing blood pressure. In both sexes, adults with impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) had increased mean blood pressure compared with those with normal glucose tolerance. These differences were both statistically ( P < 0.05) and clinically (3-12 mmHg) significant and were independent of age, obesity, and the use of antihypertensive medication. Age-adjusted rates of systolic hypertension and isolated systolic hypertension were also higher in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance or NIDDM compared with those with normal glucose tolerance.
Effect of indomethacin on generation of chemotactic activity in inflammatory exudates induced by carrageenan.

Abstract Chemotactic activity of protein origin was demonstrated in carrageenan-induced pleural exudates by the chemotactic response of neutrophils in the modified Boyden chamber. The activity was partly neutralized by monospecific antisera to complement component 5 and was destroyed by trypsin and chymotrypsin treatment but it differed from that in rat serum or plasma in that it was stable for 30 min at 56°C. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) reduced equally protein content (56%) and total chemotactic activity (58%); i.e., chemotactic activity/mg of exudate protein was unchanged. Intrapleural injection of autologous or homologous serum also induced an infiltration of neutrophils; the protein content of the pleural fluid decreased by 60–70% in 4 h, whereas with carrageenan there was a progressive increase in exudate protein. When serum was injected in two doses to maintain protein levels comparable to those found following carrageenan injection, the number of neutrophils in the exudates was also comparable. In contrast to carrageenan, the response to serum was not inhibited by indomethacin. From these and other data we suggest that the exudate chemotactic activity is generated from plasma protein and that indomethacin acts primarily to reduce extravasation of plasma and consequently generation of chemotactic activity.
Characterizing autopoiesis in the game of life

Maturana and Varela's concept of autopoiesis defines the essential organization of living systems and serves as a foundation for their biology of cognition and the enactive approach to cognitive science. As an initial step toward a more formal analysis of autopoiesis, this article investigates its application to the compact, recurrent spatiotemporal patterns that arise in Conway's Game-of-Life cellular automaton. In particular, we demonstrate how such entities can be formulated as self-constructing networks of interdependent processes that maintain their own boundaries. We then characterize the specific organizations of several such entities, suggest a way to simplify the descriptions of these organizations, and briefly consider the transformation of such organizations over time.
Individual versus Subjective Values

The objective of this essay is to recast the familiar subjective value theory underlying neo‐classical (including Austrian) economics as more of an objectivist albeit individual value theory. The body of scientific economics remains intact, as well as the political economic implication of value diversity (which the price system of the marketplace alone can fully accommodate). What changes is the view that economic science must assume the meta‐ethical position of subjectivism and non‐cognitivism, a position that certainly has no place within economics proper and one that aside from facing many philosophical difficulties is also incredible from the viewpoint of common sense (thus posing as an obstacle to the plausibility of neo‐classical economics when introduced into ordinary political discourse and evaluated comparatively (e.g. vis‐a‐vis varieties of Marxist economics).
Polymorphism in phosphohexose isomerase in white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus linnaeus, and pink shrimp, P. duorarum duorarum

Abstract 1. 1. One- and three-banded phenotypes of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) were observed in muscle extract of white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus Linnaeus) and in pink shrimp (P. duorarum duorarum) on starch gel zymograms. 2. 2. Based on genetic criteria, the five anodal PHI phenotypes observed on the white shrimp and pink shrimp zymograms were assumed to be under the control of four allelic genes. 3. 3. There were no significant differences in PHI phenotype distributions either between sexes or among samples of white shrimp from Calcasieu Lake, LA or Biloxi Bay, MS, or between sexes of pink shrimp from Tampa Bay, FL. 4. 4. Based upon zymogram comparisons of white and pink shrimp we concluded that the migration rates of the white and pink shrimp alleles are similar.
Frozen section diagnoses of small pulmonary nodules: accuracy and clinical implications.

Abstract Background Pulmonary nodules are frequently first diagnosed by frozen section, immediately followed by lobectomy or other procedures. The frozen section diagnosis of pulmonary nodules can be difficult, as inflammatory and fibrotic lesions can be confused for malignancy, creating intraoperative dilemmas for pathologists and thoracic surgeons. Methods We reviewed our experience at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center with the frozen section diagnoses of 183 consecutive pulmonary nodules smaller than 1.5 cm in diameter and calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of this diagnostic procedure. Results One hundred and seventy four nodules were correctly classified by frozen section as neoplastic or nonneoplastic, six lesions were diagnosed equivocally, and two neoplasms were missed owing to sampling errors. The equivocal frozen section diagnoses included two bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (BAC) interpreted as "atypical hyperplasia, favor BAC," two BAC diagnosed as "alveolar hyperplasia," and two carcinoid tumors labeled as "atypical carcinoma" and "spindle cell lesion, carcinoid versus sclerosing hemangioma," respectively. The sensitivities for a diagnosis of neoplasia were 86.9% and 94.1% for nodules smaller than 1.1 cm in diameter and measuring 1.1 to 1.5 cm, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of frozen sections was significantly better in nodules larger than 1.0 cm in diameter ( p = 0.05). There were no false-positive diagnoses of malignancy, resulting in 100% specificity. Conclusions Intraoperative consultation with frozen section is a sensitive and specific procedure for the diagnosis of malignancy from small pulmonary nodules. The distinction between BAC and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and of small peripheral carcinoid tumors from other lesions, can be difficult by frozen section. Thoracic surgeons need to become aware of these problems and develop appropriate therapeutic strategies.
Gas-phase proton-transfer chemistry coupled with TOF mass spectrometry and ion mobility-MS for the facile analysis of poly(ethylene glycols) and PEGylated polypeptide conjugates.

Gas-phase ion/molecule chemistry has been combined with ion mobility separation and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to enable the characterization of large poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) and PEGylated molecules (>40 kDa). A facile method is presented in which gas-phase superbases are reacted in the high-pressure source region of commercial TOF mass spectrometers to manipulate the charge states of large ions generated by electrospray ionization (ESI). Charge stripping decreases the spectral congestion typically observed in ESI mass spectra of high molecular weight polydisperse PEGylated molecules. From these data, accurate average molecular weights and molecular weight distributions for synthetic polymers and PEGylated proteins are determined. The average MW measured for PEGylated Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rh-GCSF, 40 726.2 Da) is in good agreement with the theoretical value, and a 16 Da mass shift is easily observed in the spectrum of an oxidized form of the heterogeneous PEGylated protein. I...
Fresnel coefficients for anisotropic media with gain or loss

Abstract The Fresnel coefficients describing reflection and refraction at an interface are derived in terms of the elements of the characteristic admittance matrix of an anisotropic medium. The cases considered include the general gyroelectromagnetic medium under normal incidence and the polar and longitudinal orientations under inclined incidence. The characteristic equation of surface polaritons associated with linear anisotropic media is also given.
Doppler detection of valvular regurgitation after radiofrequency ablation of accessory connections

Abstract Radiofrequency current was used recently to ablate accessory connections in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. 1–5 After locating the accessory connection by electrophysiologic mapping, ablation is achieved by positioning a 7Fr catheter (with 4 mm electrode at distal tip) within the ipsilateral cardiac chamber and adjacent to the accessory connection. Radiofrequency current is then delivered at the point of earliest electrical activation along the atrioventricular valve annulus. For a left-sided accessory connection, the catheter is usually passed retrograde across the aortic valve into the left ventricle and under the posterior mitral valve leaflet. For a right-sided accessory connection, the catheter is passed anterograde into the right atrium or ventricle. 1–5 Systematic evaluation of the effects of this technique on the function of all cardiac valves has not been reported. This study evaluates the effects of catheter manipulation and radiofrequency current delivery on valve competence.
Conservation surgery and irradiation as an alternative to mastectomy in the treatment of clinically favorable breast cancer

The combination of conservation surgery and radiation therapy for early breast cancer is gaining acceptance as an alternative to radical mastectomy. This article reviews the results of randomized trials showing that there is no advantage to a radical mastectomy in patients with early breast cancer. In addition, the article will review multiple reports concerning the local and regional tumor control and survival of patients treated with conservation surgery and irradiation as well as a comparison of 1073 patients with TIS T1 T2 N0 N1 breast cancer treated at University of Texas (UT) M. D. Anderson Hospital between 1955 and 1980, of whom 345 were treated with conservation surgery and irradiation and 728 were treated with radical or modified radical mastectomy alone. The locoregional recurrence in the patients treated with an intact breast is 4.9%, and 5.6% in patients treated with radical or modified radical mastectomy. There is no significant difference in the 10-year disease-free survival rates between the two groups of patients. In addition, a comparison of 2467 patients with Stage I and Stage II breast cancer treated at the UT M. D. Anderson Hospital shows no significant difference in the incidence of consecutive second breast carcinoma as a result of the use of radiation therapy in the treatment of the first breast cancer.
Water Calorimetry: A Correction to the Heat Defect Calculations.

In a recent publication, we used a reaction model (model III) to calculate the heat defect for the irradiation of aqueous solutions with ionizing radiation at 21 °C. Subsequent work has revealed that the literature value used for one of the rate constants in the model was incorrect. A revised model (model IIIR) incorporates the correct rate constant for 21 °C. Versions of models III and IIIR were created for irradiations at 4 °C. For our current water calorimetry protocol, the values of the heat defect for H 2 /O 2 -water (water saturated with a flow of 43 % H 2 and 57 % O 2 , by volume) at 21 °C predicted by model III and model IIIR are similar but the value for 4 °C predicted by III is 30 % smaller than the value predicted by IIIR. Model IIIR predicts that the values of the heat defect at 21 °C and 4 °C lie within the range -0.023′0.002, in agreement with the values obtained from our water calorimetry measurements done using pure water and H 2 -saturated water at 21 °C and 4 °C. The yields of hydrogen peroxide in H 2 /O 2 -water at 21 °C and 4 °C were measured and agree with the predictions of model IIIR. Our water calorimetry measurements made with pure water and H 2 -saturated water are now of sufficient quality that they can be used to determine the heat defect for H 2 /O 2 -water better than can be done by simulations. However, consistency between the three systems continues to be an excellent check on water purity which is crucial, especially for the pure water system.
Variability in C3-Plant Cell-Wall Biosynthesis in a High-CO2 Atmosphere by Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy

We have used a frequency-selective rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) solid-state NMR experiment to measure the concentrations of glycine−glycine pairs in proteins (and protein precursors) of intact leaves of plants exposed to both high- and low-CO2 atomospheres. The results are interpreted in terms of differences in cell-wall biosynthesis between plant species. We illustrate this variability by comparing the assimilation of label in cheatgrass and soybean leaves labeled using 15N-fertilizer and 13CO2 atmospheres. Cheatgrass and soybean are both C3 plants but differ in their response to a high-CO2 environment. Based on REDOR results, we determined that cheatgrass (a plant that seems likely to flourish in future low-water, high-CO2 environments) routes 2% of the assimilated carbon label that remains in the leaf after 1 h in a 600-ppm 13CO2 atmosphere to glycine-rich protein (or its precursors), a structural component of cell walls cross-linked to lignins. In contrast, soybean under the same condition...
Silicon Bulk Micromachined High Q Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator Devices with Mo/AlN/Mo Structures

ABSTRACT Fully integrated film bulk acoustic resonators and band pass filters using a bulk micromachining method have been designed, fabricated, and characterized. Aluminum nitride (AlN) has been used for a piezoelectric material and Molybdenum (Mo) was employed as top and bottom electrodes. Also, Ti seed layers were used in order to obtain highly c-axis oriented AlN piezoelectric films. The film bulk acoustic resonators fabricated with highly c-axis oriented AlN films showed good performances such as an effective mechanical coupling coefficient of 7.5% and a quality factor of 1530. The band pass filter consisted of seven film bulk acoustic resonators with a high quality factor exhibited a transmission loss of −3.2 dB, a ripple of 1.2 dB in pass band, and attenuation values of −38 dB and −49 dB at both band boundaries, respectively.
Some Key Problems for Robot-Assisted Movement Therapy Research: A Perspective from the University of California at Irvine

The field of robot-assisted movement therapy grew rapidly over the past ten years. In this paper we discuss three problems that the field will likely need to address in order to continue to flourish. These problems are to: 1) define the specific benefits of robotic actuation 2) increase the magnitude of functional benefits of robotic training; and 3) identify the mechanisms of motor learning in robot-manipulated environments. We review recent research in our laboratory that is addressing these problems. These projects are identifying motor learning tasks that robotic assistance can enhance, developing non-robotic technology when appropriate, and optimizing the forms of robotic assistance to the motor learning properties of humans.
The relationship between medical students' locus of control and promotion of breast self-examination.

Summary: Summary. There is general agreement that medical school curricula should involve the teaching of preventive health behaviours. Locus of control is a personality variable that has been associated with health practices and may be associated with tendencies to promote health practices. Few significant relationships have been found correlating health locus of control beliefs with preventive health behaviours. This study investigated the health locus of control of medical students and their tendencies to talk about and teach breast self-examination to women patients. Women students’ health locus of control and breast self-examination practices were also investigated. The authors conclude that health locus of control has little influence on the tendency of medical students to promote breast self-examination. Other factors apparently have more effect on the student doctor's tendencies to promote health practices.
Ca ii absorbers in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: statistics

We present the results of a survey for CaII 3934,3969 absorption-line systems culled from ~ 95,000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Data Release 7 and Data Release 9 quasar spectra. With 435 doublets identified in the catalog, this list is the largest CaII catalog compiled to date, spanning redshifts z = 0.3 A, is n_0=0.017 +/- 0.001. In comparison to MgII surveys, we found that only 3% of MgII systems in the SDSS have CaII, confirming that it is rare to identify CaII in quasar absorption-line surveys. We also report on some preliminary investigations of the nature of the two populations of CaII absorbers, and show that they can likely be distinguished using their MgII properties.
Variation in the degree of branching of the glycogens and an approximate relationship between average exterior chain length and iodine staining

Precise evaluation of the branching characteristics of glycogen complex from a variety of sources was made by replicate determinations of end groups by a reproducible periodate oxidation method and by replicate determinations of the percentage degradation by exhaustive β-amylase activity. Also, the iodine staining characteristics of these samples were studied. The following observations were made. During the synthesis of glycogen by baker's yeast, there was a significant increase in the average chain length of the glycogen, and the maximal optical absorbance AM of the glycogen–iodine complex doubled. The AM decreased linearly with increasing temperature, and increases in iodine concentration caused increases in both the AM and the wavelength of maximal absorbance. There was a general increase in the AM of the glycogen with increasing exterior chain length, but there were minor deviations due to some dependence on the source of the glycogen. Unlike the linear relationship between the AM per chain and the average chain length of the amyloses, the AM per chain was exponentially related to the average exterior chain length of the glycogens.
Helicity, circular dichroism and molecular dynamics of proteins

In protein unfolding studies, reduction in circular dichroism (CD) at 222 nm has been interpreted as loss of helicity. Estimates of the helicity of a protein from its CD spectrum are calibrated by reference to X-ray crystal structures, based on the assumption that the mean residue ellipticity at 222 nm is directly proportional to the number of residues in a helix. We have examined various influences on the CD at 222 nm, using molecular dynamics simulations to provide the structural detail required. We have found that the fragmentation of long helices, without a reduction in the number of helical residues, significantly reduces the mean residue ellipticity at 222 nm. The dynamical motion of the protein and the precise conformation of helical residues also play an important role. We discuss the implications of these factors to the interpretation of CD for the partial unfolding of apomyoglobin.
Role of hydrophobic interactions in collagen fibril formation: Effect of alkylureas in vitro

Abstract Alkylureas inhibit the rate of in vitro fibril formation at 10 m m range of concentrations. There is a direct correlation between the extent of inhibition and the length of the alkyl chain (degree of hydrophobicity). When the alkylureas are added during the lag phase, the extent of inhibition depends on the time, after the onset of polymerization, in which the alkylurea is added. The effect of alkylureas is reversible since after dialysis the rate of fibril formation is normal. In conditions in which the lag phase is very short or not observable, the rate of fibril formation is not affected by the alkylureas. Ethylurea inhibits the rate of fibril formation but the extent of polymerization appears to be unaffected. In the presence of alkylurea there is an increase in the activation energy. It is concluded that hydrophobic interactions are significantly involved in the stabilization of intermediates formed during the lag phase.
Laser induced damage of totally internal reflecting surfaces

Abstract A careful analysis of the surface damage experiment of Lyubimov et al. is presented which results in significantly improved agreement with their reported measurements. It is shown that their experimental results are consistent with a damage mechanism for which the probability of damage depends on the maximum value of the oscillating electric field vector at the surface and not the average energy density at the surface.
Government Coordination of Transportation in War and Reconstruction

War entails destruction and regimentation, but it also speeds up the never-ending process of institutional adjustment to changing social conditions. Under the impact of a national emergency the removal of outmoded habits and policies meets far less resistance than at other times, and incentives for governmental efficiency and coordination increase in vigor. It is true that such acceleration involves the opposite danger, that of bureaucratic overregulation; but it would be a serious error to disregard the permanent lessons of wartime reforms and to discard mechanically every wartime experience as soon as the last shot has been fired. Nowhere is this more true than in the field of transportation policy. In this field as in others, the American economy has developed under a system of competitive enterprise which included the railroads. Compared with the publiclyowned railroad networks in Central and Eastern Europe, and the mixed system in some parts of Western Europe, railway transportation in the United States has been based exclusively on private ownership. This has also been true of the majority of other carriers, with the notable exception of local passenger transportation in a number of communities. Whatever the merits of the private transportation system may have been, it has necessitated, since the latter part of the nineteenth century, a growing amount of coordination by public policy, especially during national emergencies. It is not accidental that the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was established in 1887, was the first major agency of economic regulation by governmental action. The very nature of modern transportation thus made the necessity of governmental regulation in this field evident long before government coordination in other fields of the
Site-Directed Spin Labeling Demonstrates That Transmembrane Domain XII in the Lactose Permease of Escherichia coli Is an α-Helix†

Functional lactose permease mutants containing single-Cys residues at positions 387−402 [He, M. M., Sun, J., & Kaback, H. R. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 12909−12914] and a biotin acceptor domain in the middle cytoplasmic loop were solubilized in n-dodecyl-β-d-maltopyranoside and purified by avidin affinity chromatography. Each mutant protein was derivatized with a thiol-selective nitroxide reagent and examined by conventional and power saturation electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analysis of the electron paramagnetic resonance spectral line shapes and the influence of O2 on the saturation behavior of the spin-labeled proteins were measured in order to obtain information on the mobility of the spin-labeled side chains and their accessibility to O2, respectively. The data show a periodic dependence of both mobility and accessibility on sequence position consistent with an α-helical structure. These results provide direct support for the contention that transmembrane domain XII is in an α-helical con...
Intravenous nicardipine for treatment of severe hypertension in children.

Abstract Objective: To examine the effect of intravenous nicardipine in the treatment of children with severe hypertension. Methods: The medical records of 29 children (mean age 94 months) treated with intravenous nicardipine were retrospectively reviewed. The mean duration of severe hypertension before nicardipine use was 12.5 hours. Most (74%) patients were receiving other antihypertensive agents before nicardipine. Results: The initial nicardipine dose was 0.8 ± 0.3 μg/kg/min (mean ± SD). The mean effective dose was 1.8 ± 1.0 μg/kg/min (range, 0.3 to 4.0). Blood pressure control was achieved within 2.7 ± 2.1 hours after nicardipine was started. Nicardipine treatment produced a 16% reduction in systolic blood pressure, a 23% reduction in diastolic blood pressure, and a 7% increase in heart rate. Nicardipine was effective as a single agent on 26 (84%) of 31 occasions. Adverse effects included tachycardia, flushing, palpitations, and hypotension. Conclusions: When administered in the intensive care unit setting with close patient monitoring, intravenous nicardipine effectively lowered blood pressure in children with severe hypertension. Larger prospective studies should be conducted to confirm these findings. (J Pediatr 2001;139:38-43)
DIFFUSION-LIMITED AGGREGATION DRIVEN BY OPTIMAL TRANSPORTATION

In this article, we combine the DLA model of Witten and Sander with ideas from ramified optimal transportation. We propose a modification of the DLA model in which the probability of sticking is inversely proportional to the additional transport cost from the point to the root. We used a family of cost functions parameterized by a parameter α as studied in ramified optimal transportation. α 0 promotes growth at the tips of the cluster. α = 0 is a phase transition point and corresponds to standard DLA. What makes this model interesting is that when α is negative enough (e.g. α 2) we get a nearly two dimensional disk. Thus our model encompasses the full range of fractal dimension from 1 to 2.
Noise of hot holes in space-charge-limited germanium diodes

Noise, admittance and I-V characteristics of hot holes in space charge limited Ge diodes at high voltage and frequencies to 22 MHz
Calculated occultation profiles of Io and the hot spots

Occultations of Io by other Galilean satellites in 1985 provide a means to locate volcanic hot spots and to model their temperatures. The expected time variations in the integral reflected and emitted radiation of the occultations are computed as a function of wavelength (visual to 8.7 microns). The best current ephemerides were used to calculate the geometry of each event as viewed from earth. Visual reflectances were modeled from global mosaics of Io. Thermal emission from the hot spots was calculated from Voyager 1 IRIS observations and, for regions unobserved by IRIS, from a model based on the distribution of low-albedo features. The occultations may help determine (1) the location and temperature distribution of Loki; (2) the source(s) of excess emission in the region from long 50 deg to 200 deg and (3) the distribution of small, high-temperature sources.
Parallel Hough transform algorithm performance

Abstract The Hough Transform is a computationally intensive transform useful in detecting lines in digital images. Efforts have been made to parallelize the HT, focusing on partitioning the work for a multiprocessor system. Variations on two partitioning schemes are compared, and a breakdown of the various computation overheads is presented and analyzed.
Contralateral force sense deficits are related to the presence of functional ankle instability

Residual symptoms that often follow lateral ankle sprains can lead to functional ankle instability. Proprioceptive deficits have been identified as one factor that may contribute to the presence of functional ankle instability. Sixty participants were recruited to participate in the study. Seven questions were used to determine the presence of functional ankle instability in each participant. A point was added for each "yes" response to produce an index that represents an interval data scale of functional ankle instability. Contralateral force sense and active joint reposition sense were measured in all participants. Pearson product moment correlations were calculated to determine the relationship between functional ankle instability and force sense and active joint reposition sense. We found a significant relationship with force sense and functional ankle instability. Specifically, force sense variable error at both test forces (10 and 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) were positively correlated to the presence of functional ankle instability, r=0.26; p<or=0.05 and r=0.25; p<or=0.05, respectively. All other force sense correlations were not statistically significant. No significant correlations were identified between active joint reposition sense and functional ankle instability. This study indicates that participants with functional ankle instability have deficits in low load force sense, but not active joint reposition sense.
Modeling the vertical motion of a soft contact lens.

Purpose. The motion of a soft contact lens in the up-down or vertical (inferior-superior) and in-out (anterior-posterior) directions drives mixing in the post lens tear film. Thus, it is important ...
The Effect of Racial Socialization on Urban African American Use of Child Mental Health Services

SUMMARY Objective: To examine how parental endorsement of racial socialization parenting practices relates to child mental health service use among an urban sample of African American families. Methods: A cross-sectional sample of urban African American parents (n = 96) provided ratings of their beliefs concerning various dimensions of racial socialization constructs, i.e., spiritual or religious coping (SRC), extended family caring (EFC), cultural pride reinforcement (CPR), and assessed regarding their use of child mental health services. Results: At the multivariate level, the use of child mental health services was significantly positively associated with moderate levels of endorsement of SRC and EFC. Inversely, scores in the moderate range of CPR were associated with a reduced likelihood of child mental health service use. Conclusion: Parental endorsement of racial socialization parenting practices appear to play a salient role in child mental health service use among an urban African American familie...
GCN-2 dependent inhibition of protein synthesis activates osmosensitive gene transcription via WNK and Ste20 kinase signaling.

Increased gpdh-1 transcription is required for accumulation of the organic osmolyte glycerol and survival of Caenorhabditis elegans during hypertonic stress. Our previous work has shown that regula...
Numerical Optical Processor Concepts

Optical processor designs in the past have typically been analog in nature. Recently design concepts for a numerical optical processor have evolved in which we see digital techniques implemented with optical devices. This paper describes design concepts for a numerical optical processor which is based on the residue number system.© (1979) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pareto optima, non-convexities and regulated market equilibria

Abstract In a differentiable setting without convexity assumptions, a typical local Pareto optimum can be sustained by a combination of a price system and a system of market regulations. Some consumers are required to consume fixed amounts of some basic commodity bundles, and some producers are required to produce fixed amounts of other basic commodity bundles. The agents are otherwise free to maximize utility and profit (locally). No more than l –1 agents are subject to regulation, where l is the number of commodities.
On the specificity of biotin in the metabolism of propionibacteria

Abstract A study of the biotin requirement for succinic acid decarboxylation and glucose fermentation by intact cells of P. pentosaceum has revealed an unsuspected specificity in the action of this vitamin. Thus, whereas biotin and dethiobiotin were found to be mutually replaceable for both glucose fermentation and succinate decarboxylation, oxybiotin replaced biotin in the former system but substituted for biotin only to a limited extent for the latter.
Pushing the Envelope: The Impact of an Outflow at the Earliest Stages of Star Formation

We present new multiline and 3 mm continuum interferometer observations of the circumstellar environment within 2 × 104 AU of the class 0 protostar IRAS 05295+1247, the source of the RNO 43 outflow. The high-resolution molecular line and continuum images enable a thorough study of the circumstellar envelope, the molecular outflow, and its impact on the surroundings. We detect a highly collimated bipolar molecular outflow seen in the 12CO (1-0) map, which we interpret to be a new outflow episode, undetected in previous observations of the RNO 43 outflow. The medium-density gas of the outer circumstellar envelope, which is traced by the 13CO (1-0) emission, is accelerated over an extended volume and not confined to the narrow 12CO outflow axis. Our data also suggest that the outflow affects the chemical composition of the surroundings, enhancing the HCO+ (1-0) abundance along its edges. Most importantly, the kinetic energy injected by the outflow is sufficient to produce a velocity gradient in the dense inner circumstellar envelope traced by the C18O (1-0) and H13CO+ (1-0) emission. Such a strong perturbation to the envelope will clearly have an important effect on the mass-assembling process in IRAS 05295+1247.
The Factors Influencing Parental Valuation of Pennsylvania Charter Schools in Grades 3-6.

As charter school waitlists around the United States continue to grow, it is important to analyze the factors that are possibly attracting parents away from the traditional public school setting and into the charter school system. Using waitlist data from Pennsylvania to proxy for parental valuation, the article examines numerous factors that could potentially influence a parent’s decision to enroll their child in a charter school. The results indicate that parents positively value academic performance, high attendance rates, larger per pupil expenditures, and being directly mentioned in the school’s mission statement as being an important part of the education process.
Complete blow-up for degenerate semilinear parabolic equations

Abstract Let T⩽∞, a, q and x0 be constants with a>0, q⩾0 and 0 x q u t −u xx =f(u(x 0 ,t)), 0 0 u(x,0)=u 0 (x)⩾0, 0⩽x⩽a, u(0,t)=u(a,t)=0, 0 where f and u0 are given functions. We show that under certain conditions, u blows up in a finite time, and the set of blow-up points is the entire interval [0,a].
Implications of growth kinetic concepts for cancer chemoprevention.

AbstractOur consideration of the possibility of using pharmacological agents to prevent the development of clinical breast cancer is properly rooted in cell biology. Whatever the interrelationships of host factors, including the immune and endocrine environments, with intrinsic neoplastic factors, such as paracrine and autocrine growth influences, the fundamental unit of cancer is the cancer cell, without which there would be no malignant disease. Unlike some other polycytomas-which cause disease primarily by the secretion of hormone-like substances or other bioactive chemicals-breast cancers usually disrupt their host by inappropriately occupying space. In this way breast cancers exemplify the cardinal features of growth, metastasis, and invasiveness. If cancer therapy is aimed at reversing this process, usually by removing, killing, or otherwise inactivating cancer cells, chemoprevention must prohibit the primary expression of these malignant characteristics.
A comparison of the toxicity of ouabain in vivo and in vitro in the frog, rana pipiens, and the toad, bufo marinus

Abstract Rana pipiens is 100 times more sensitive to ouabain (0·. mg. per kg.) than is Bufo marinus (60 mg. per kg.). This is also seen in Na transport in vitro .
Minimum channel spacing in filtered soliton wavelength-division-multiplexing transmission.

We study a soliton transmission line with sliding-frequency filters, and we determine the limits on soliton stability imposed by the value of the free spectral range of Fabry–Perot etalon filters. From these limits, we infer the minimum channel spacing that is possible in a soliton wavelength-division-multiplexing system.
Transient Effect of Calcium Influx on PIP2 Clusters and Cholesterol-Stabilized Nano-Domains in the Inner Plasma Membrane Leaflet of Intact Cells

When calcium ion channels open, local calcium levels are estimated to reach up to 500uM, which may be sufficient to affect negatively charged lipids, such as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM). The PM is a complex lipid protein mixture in which at least two mechanisms create lateral order: interactions between the acyl-chains of the lipids, stabilized by Cholesterol, lead to transient submicroscopic nano-domains, and lipid head-group interactions of charged lipids with divalent ions may cluster lipids.
Tailor-made glycoproteins

Posttranslational modifications are a fundamental mechanism for the regulation of cellular physiology and function. A recent paper by Zhang et al. provides a novel strategy for the generation of homogeneous glycoproteins. The ability to install covalent modifications site-specifically into proteins holds tremendous promise for deciphering the role of posttranslational modifications and has exciting implications for the development of protein therapeutics.
EphA2 ligation by Ephrin-A1::Fc attenuates pancreatic adenocarcinoma cellular invasiveness

Abstract Introduction: The Eph tyrosine kinases interact with ligands of the Ephrin family and have diverse cellular functions. EphA2 has been recognized to be an oncoprotein of importance in a range of cancers. We examined the effects of EphA2 overexpression and ligation on the invasive phenotype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Methods: Capan2 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells were stably transfected with an EphA2 expression construct. Empty vector transfectants served as controls. Cellular invasiveness was quantified by Matrigel Boyden chamber assay. The role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in EphA2 signaling was determined using RNA interference to suppress FAK expression. A chimeric protein comprising Ephrin-A1 fused to the immunoglobulin Fc region (Ephrin-A1::Fc) was used to ligate EphA2 in vitro. Levels of EphA2, FAK and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression were quantified using Western blotting. MMP-2 activity was quantified by Biotrack assay. In vivo tumor growth was assessed using a nude mouse xenograft model. Results: Stable overexpression of EphA2 induced a 2.5-fold increase in cellular invasiveness (P Conclusions: EphA2 represents a rational therapeutic target and ligation by Ephrin-A1::Fc is a strategy to modulate levels of this oncoprotein.
Synthesis of Functionalized Spherosilicates: Novel Polyhedral Polyreactive Oligomers

Abstract Four new compounds [Sin02.5nJ](Si(CH3)2Y)n n = 8,10; Y = -CHCH2, -CH2Cl, were synthesized and characterized. The synthesis involved the use of the adducts (H3C)3NO.ClSi(CH3)2Y (Y = -CHCH2, -CH2Cl) as reagents to convert the [dbnd]Si-H groups in the hydridospherosiloxanes, HnSin01.5n (n=8,10), directly to [dbnd]SiOSi(CH3)2Y (Y[dbnd]-CHCH2, -CH2Cl) groups. These compounds are polyhedral, polyreactive oligomers consisting of a spherosilicate core, [Sin02.5n], of cubic (n=8) or pentagonal prismatic (n=10) symmetry with reactive functional groups, either vinyl or chloromethyl, attached to each vertex.