cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The pattern of neutral molecular variation under the background selection model.

Stochastic simulations of the infinite sites model were used to study the behavior of genetic diversity at a neutral locus in a genomic region without recombination, but subject to selection against deleterious alleles maintained by recurrent mutation (background selection). In large populations, the effect of background selection on the number of segregating sites approaches the effect on nucleotide site diversity, i.e., the reduction in genetic variability caused by background selection resembles that caused by a simple reduction in effective population size. We examined, by coalescence-based methods, the power of several tests for the departure from neutral expectation of the frequency spectra of alleles in samples from randomly mating populations (Tajima's, Fu and Li's, and Watterson's tests). All of the tests have low power unless the selection against mutant alleles is extremely weak. In Drosophila, significant Tajima's tests are usually not obtained with empirical data sets from loci in genomic regions with restricted recombination frequencies and that exhibit low genetic diversity. This is consistent with the operation of background selection as opposed to selective sweeps. It remains to be decided whether background selection is sufficient to explain the observed extent of reduction in diversity in regions of restricted recombination.
Correlated photon emissions in electrically coupled semiconductor lasers

Photon emission in semiconductor lasers that are connected electrically in series or in parallel are shown both experimentally and theoretically to be highly correlated as a result of macroscopic Coulomb effects.
On-Line Performance Model of the Convection Passes of a Pulverized Coal Boiler

This article describes an on-line heat transfer simulation for the convection passes of a typical pulverized coal boiler (PCB) power plant that accounts for fouling. Performance analysis of heat exchanger assemblies employed in pulverized coal boilers was characterized using the effectiveness–number of transfer units (NTU) method. The model calculates instantaneous heat rates in different sections of the boiler so as to determine a local cleanliness factor. The effects of changing plant load are fully accounted for in the model. Generally, a close correlation between calculated cleanliness factors and normalized strain gage measurements of pendant section weight variations due to accumulated fouling was obtained. Furnace exit gas temperatures calculated by the model agreed reasonably well with measurements available in the literature for a similar design of PCB power plant.
Theoretical evidence for reassignment of two fundamental vibrational modes of tetrafluorooxirane-16O and −18O

Abstract Ab initio and density functional theory calculations confirm Craig's assignment of the fundamental vibrational modes of tetrafluorooxirane with the exception that assignments of the CF stretching modes ν 9 ( b 1 ) and ν 13 ( b 2 ) should be exchanged. The calculated structural parameters are in good agreement with results of microwave studies except for the CC bond length for which all the calculated results are slightly too long.
On the semantics of control statements

The problem of programming language semantics is viewed from a new perspective, in which the notion of process (defined as a partial ordering of events) is taken as fundamental and the notion of state is derivative. This type of semantics is seen to be compatible with the algebraic definition of data types. A statement of a program is taken to be an axiom of an abstract process, which in turn represents a real execution of the program. The method is found to be useful in discussing the nature of program control, especially concurrent processes.
Assuming responsibility for diabetes management: what age? What price?

An examination of clinical and empirical evidence raises questions about how best to teach youngsters with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) to assume responsibility for self- care. The thesis of this paper is that age alone gives insufficient information. Evidence is reviewed suggesting that caretakers consider a child's fund of diabetes knowledge, degree of cognitive development, actual performance of diabetes-related tasks, locus of control, and family environment to determine how and when to transfer responsibility for self- care to a young person. In addition, evidence is presented that suggests that shared respon sibility between parent and child is most highly correlated with better metabolic control. It is concluded that informed decisions about self-care are best made by considering a variety of factors, with age being merely a guidepost.
Keratitis with Kocuria palustris and Rothia mucilaginosa in Vitamin A Deficiency.

Purpose: To present a case of unusual corneal infection early in the course of peripheral ulcerative keratitis in a patient with severe vitamin A deficiency. Method: Single observational case report in urban USA. Case Presentation: An alcoholic patient with pancreatitis, chronic diarrhea, and vitamin A deficiency presented with a marginal corneal ulcer from which two bacteria of the family Micrococcaceae were cultured and identified by genome sequence analysis, namely Kocuria palustris and Rothia mucilaginosa. Soon after, severe bilateral peripheral ulcerative keratitis developed, later accompanied by eyelid cellulitis of one lid. These conditions improved with antibiotics, treatment of the underlying gastrointestinal conditions, and treatment of the vitamin deficiency. Conclusion: Susceptibility to keratitis with unusual bacteria of the Micrococcaceae family can occur in the setting of alcoholism-related gastrointestinal disease with severe vitamin A deficiency. To our knowledge, K. palustris is a species not previously identified in any human disease, and the Kocuria genus has not previously been reported as a participant in eye infection. Documented cases of R. mucilaginosa in ocular disease are rare. These unusual infections heralded the onset of severe marginal corneal melts.
Photonic crystal resonant cavity for thermophotovoltaic applications

The ability to efficiently transform heat into a usable energy using thermophotovoltaics (TPV) has been a topic of research for many years. Due to recent micro fabrication advances, TPV and photonic crystals (PhC) has been the subject of renewed interest. In particular, PhC have been shown to increase the efficiency of photon to current conversions for infrared photodetectors. Here, Photonic crystals and a back reflecting plane have been employed to increase the efficiency of TPV cells by creating a resonant cavity. The result is an increased interaction time between photons and excitons leading to an increase in electron/hole pair generation. A simulated 2D photonic crystal consisting of Si 3 N 4 rods in an ohmic contact material has demonstrated a possible 81% increase in absorption for a GaSb TPV cell.
A self-adjoint form of the linear transport equation

A variety of approximation procedures are based upon self-adjoint principles in the solution of linear boundary-value problems [ 11. If these methods are applied to the transport operator, the original equation has to be transformed to an equivalent self-adjoint form. Such a transformation was first performed by Vladimirov in [2]. More recent numerical work along these lines has been reported in connection with the conventional variational principles [3] and the finite-element method [4, 51. The one-group transformations in [2]-[6] were concerned with an operator consisting of an antisymmetric gradient term. In this paper we wish to consider the general energy-dependent case with a nonsymmetric integral kernel that additionally contributes to the non-self-adjoint nature of the problem. In the subsequent sections sufficient conditions are derived that ensure the existence of the self-adjoint transport operator analogous to one constructed in [6] for the one-speed case. This operator is positive definite which facilitates the use of standard variational-approximation techniques ([l], [4], [6]). While no numerical work is presented we attempt to demonstrate the utility of the formalism by discretizing the limiting conditions. From given multigroup data it can be readily verified whether these conditions are satisfied. In view of [4] t i is interesting to note that the source-iteration scheme imposes less stringent limitations on the physical parameters than the rigorous conditions obtained here.
Software management of Cm*: a distributed multiprocessor

This paper describes the software system being developed for Cm*, a distributed multi-microprocessor. This software provides for flexible, yet controlled, sharing of code and data via a capability addressed virtual memory, creation and management of groups of processes known as task forces, and efficient interprocess communication. Both the software and hardware are currently under construction at Carnegie-Mellon University.
A SENSITIVITY STUDY ON NUMBER OF ELEMENTS IN REFINED PLASTIC-HINGE ANALYSIS

Abstract Since the power of personal computers and engineering workstations is rapidly increasing, it is now feasible to employ advanced analysis techniques for direct design office use. One of the desirable attributes of practical advanced analysis methods is that one or two elements for a member can be used to model accurately for both material and geometric nonlinearities for computational efficiency. To this end, the concept of the refined plastic-hinge analysis as a practical advanced analysis is reviewed, and a sensitivity study using the analysis is performed on the required number of elements for a beam member subjected to distributed transverse loads. It is found that a two-element model is adequate to predict strength accurately. To model parabolic out-of-straightness of a beam–column, two elements with a maximum initial deflection at the mid-height of a member are found adequate for capturing the imperfection effects. It is concluded that the refined plastic-hinge analysis is efficient in computation.
Regioselectivity control in a Diels-Alder reaction of a surfactant 1,3-diene with a surfactant dienophile

Abstract The Diels-Alder reaction of surfactant 1,3-diene 1 and surfactant dienophile 2 within aqueous mixed micelles at 25 °C gave a 6.6:1 ratio of cycloadducts 11 and 12, and that of nonsurfactant analogues 10 and 13 in C6H5Me at 75(85) °C gave a 1:1 ratio of cycloadducts 14 and 15. The regioselectivity of the reaction of 1 and 2 was controlled by their alignment at the mixed micelle-H2O interface.
Paid-versus-volunteer blood donation in the united states: A historical review

Several points are clear from this historical review. Over 50 years ago the first indications that hepatitis could be transmitted from the serum or plasma of one human to another became evident. This was confirmed in human transfer experiments although the agent causing hepatitis was not known and there was no specific test for what eventually was presumed to be a virus. It soon became clear that hepatitis was a complication of blood and plasma transfusion. Over the course of 10 to 20 years (the 1950s and 1960s) the connection was made between posttransfusion hepatitis and certain high-risk donors and behaviors. Despite the availability of scientific data to support the idea that not all commercial or paid blood donors were associated with higher rates of post-transfusion hepatitis, public opinion and emotions seemed to be a major driving force behind increased government regulation of blood banking. Because there were commercial blood banks that continued to recruit, collect, and pay blood donors from low-income, skid row areas, despite the mounting evidence that such donors clearly harbored higher rates of hepatitis, all commercial blood banks were reduced to that common denominator. Clearly economic factors were also being thrown into the equation. Political and philosophical differences between the major professional organizations involved in blood procurement and recruitment were important factors favoring more government control. The public pressured politicians and government agencies for more regulation and many scientific and medical professionals requested greater regulation. By the early 1970s the die was cast for increased regulation by the federal government.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
DTA and TGA studies of flame‐resistant fabrics

Preliminary thermal studies were made of cotton fabrics which had been made flame resistant by chemical modification or by blending with a flame-resistant modified acrylic fiber. DTA and TGA thermograms were made in both nitrogen and oxygen atmospheres. Differences were found in the thermograms of the untreated controls, depending upon amount of purification. Fabrics treated with the flame-retardant formulations had lower decomposition temperatures and higher percent residue. Decomposition in oxygen was more complete and proceeded at a lower temperature. Infrared spectra of selected samples, which had been partially or completely charred, were examined. These data are related to theories about the degradation of flame-resistant cotton fabrics.
Analysis and Selection of Fluid-Film Bearings for Spool-Shaft Gas Turbines

The mechanical simplicity and damping qualities of fluid-film bearings makes them attractive possibilities for spool-shaft bearings of gas turbines. The simultaneous high-speed rotation of journal and bearing, however, causes whirl stability to be a major problem. Computerized analysis was utilized to screen a spectrum of practical candidate configurations. Stability threshold plots were expeditiously generated using accurately determined cross-coupled spring and damping coefficients to represent the bearings. Performance of each bearing type was determined as a function of configuration, ambient pressure, and machined clearance. The selected three-lobe design was further tested with a “time-transient” analysis that accurately traced a complete time history of the motions of the system in its various degrees of freedom.
The lunar dynamo

The inductive generation of magnetic fields in fluid planetary interiors is known as the dynamo process. Although the Moon today has no global magnetic field, it has been known since the Apollo era that the lunar rocks and crust are magnetized. Until recently, it was unclear whether this magnetization was the product of a core dynamo or fields generated externally to the Moon. New laboratory and spacecraft measurements strongly indicate that much of this magnetization is the product of an ancient core dynamo. The dynamo field persisted from at least 4.25 to 3.56 billion years ago (Ga), with an intensity reaching that of the present Earth. The field then declined by at least an order of magnitude by ∼3.3 Ga. The mechanisms for sustaining such an intense and long-lived dynamo are uncertain but may include mechanical stirring by the mantle and core crystallization.
FGF17 is an autocrine prostatic epithelial growth factor and is upregulated in benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are known to play an important role in the growth of prostatic epithelial cells. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by increased epithelial and stromal proliferation within the transition zone of the prostate. FGF2, FGF7, and FGF9 are expressed in BPH tissue but expression of FGF17 has not been previously characterized in human prostate tissue. METHODS Expression of FGF17 in human prostate tissue and primary cultures of prostatic epithelial and stromal cells was determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Growth response to FGF17 was assessed by addition of recombinant FGF17 to immortalized normal and neoplastic epithelial cell lines and primary cultures of prostatic stromal cells in the presence of insulin. Quantitative analysis of expression of FGF17 relative to keratin 18 and/or β-actin in normal and hyperplastic prostate and prostate carcinoma was carried out by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS FGF17 is expressed by prostatic epithelial cells and can act as an autocrine growth factor for immortalized and neoplastic prostatic epithelial cells. It can also promote stromal proliferation, although only at higher concentrations. Expression of FGF17 per epithelial cell was increased 2-fold in BPH. CONCLUSIONS FGF17 is expressed by normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostatic epithelial cells and can promote epithelial proliferation in an autocrine manner. FGF17 expression is increased 2-fold in BPH and may contribute to the increased epithelial proliferation seen in this disease. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive Analysis of Variables Affecting Delayed Gastric Emptying Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) occurs commonly following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), and criteria for its clinical diagnosis have recently been standardized by an international consensus group. We evaluated 24 operative and peri-operative variables to assess which were independent risk factors for DGE development. Secondarily, we also examined DGE incidence over time and evaluated the consensus guidelines’ ability to diagnose DGE in patients with complicated post-operative courses. A prospective, single-surgeon database of 235 patients undergoing PD at an academic tertiary center was retrospectively reviewed and DGE was assessed per published guidelines. DGE occurred in 42 patients overall (17.9 %), with incidence falling from 30.0 to 9.1 % during the study period. Post-operative abscess, pancreatic fistula formation, pulmonary comorbidity, and increased intraoperative blood loss were found to be independent risk factors (p < 0.05) for DGE on multivariate analysis. Changes in operative technique, such as pylorus preservation, did not associate with DGE. In a separate analysis, when patients with confounding post-operative events such as re-intubation or re-laparotomy were excluded, DGE incidence was 11.9 %. Perturbation of the operative bed by a secondary complication seems to be the dominant risk for DGE development. The consensus guidelines for DGE diagnosis, while indispensable, may overestimate DGE incidence.
Xylitol intoxication associated with fulminant hepatic failure in a dog

Objective: To describe a case of xylitol intoxication causing fulminant hepatic failure in a dog. Case summary: A 2.5-year-old castrated male English Springer Spaniel weighing 26 kg, was presented after ingestion of half of a loaf of bread containing the sweetener xylitol. Toxic effects of the xylitol in this dog included vomiting, mild hypoglycemia and fulminant hepatic failure. Clinical management of acute hepatic failure and subsequent coagulopathy with supportive care and fresh frozen plasma is described. The dog was discharged 3 days after admission after a full clinical recovery. New or unique information provided: This paper describes the clinical consequence and successful treatment of fulminant hepatic failure in a dog following ingestion of xylitol.
On Berger’s Method in the Nonlinear Theory of Plates

This Note develops a new perturbation method for the analysis of circular plates and membranes with finite axisymmetric deflections. The perturbation parameter involves Poisson’s ratio. Two equations of the resulting infinite system of linearized differential equations are identical with Berger’s equations.
High-resolution infrared measurements of v1 and force field calculations for thioborine (HBS)

Abstract The gas-phase high-resolution spectrum is reported for v 1 of the linear molecule thioborine (HBS) from 2775 cm −1 to 2720 cm −1 . Band centers and rotational constants are given for the 10 0 0-00 0 0 transitions of H 11 B 32 S, H 10 B 32 S, H 11 B 34 S and H 10 B 34 S and for the 11 1 0-01 1 0 transitions of H 11 B 32 S and H 10 B 32 S. A valence force field is determined from measured values of v 1 , D o (the centrifugal distortion) and q (the l -doubling constant). The remaining unobserved vibrational fundamentals are calculated from the force constants.
An analysis of the medical expense deduction under the U.S. income tax system

Abstract This article analyzes the medical expense deduction based on several years of Internal Revenue Service public use file detailed individual tax return data. The medical expense deduction is allowed by the U.S. Internal Revenue Code for individual income taxpayers who itemize their deductions with certain limitations. Our analysis reveals several interesting findings. In particular, change in the limitation for adjusted gross income has had a dramatic effect on the income profile of taxpayers who claim medical expense deductions (while medical expense dollars have increased dramatically). In addition, we find the medical expense deduction has a small but a generally progressive effect across the income spectrum of U.S. taxpayers. Furthermore, elimination of the medical expense deduction would have a modestly adverse effect on income equality.
The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene and toluene monooxygenase genes from Burkholderia sp. AA1, an isolate capable of degrading aliphatic hydrocarbons and toluene

sp. AA1 isolated from a diesel fuel-contaminated site degraded toluene, as well as a wide range of alkanes from decane (C8) to pentacosane (C25) as sole carbon and energy sources. This strain also utilized m-toluate, p-toluate, o-toluate, and m-cresol as sole carbon and energy sources. Toluene- and toluate-grown cells showed catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity and indole oxidation activity that is exhibited by some toluene oxygenation enzymes. The catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene (catB) was cloned and sequenced. Its deduced amino acid sequence is analogous to the extradiol dioxygenases cloned from a variety of microorganisms. A DNA fragment containing the genes for the indole oxidation activity was cloned and sequenced. A seven-gene cluster designated as tbhABCDEFG was identified. Significant similarities were found with multicomponent monooxygenase systems for toluene, benzene and phenol from different bacterial strains. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 25, 127–131.
NMR, biophysical, and biochemical studies reveal the minimal Calmodulin binding domain of the HIV-1 matrix protein.

Subcellular distribution of Calmodulin (CaM) in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected cells is distinct from that observed in uninfected cells. CaM has been shown to interact and co-localize with the HIV-1 Gag protein in infected cells. However, the precise molecular mechanism of this interaction is not known. Binding of Gag to CaM is dependent on calcium and is mediated by the N-terminal-myristoylated matrix (myr(+)MA) domain. We have recently shown that CaM binding induces a conformational change in the MA protein, triggering exposure of the myristate group. To unravel the molecular mechanism of CaM-MA interaction and to identify the minimal CaM binding domain of MA, we devised multiple approaches utilizing NMR, biochemical, and biophysical methods. Short peptides derived from the MA protein have been examined. Our data revealed that whereas peptides spanning residues 11–28 (MA-(11–28)) and 31–46 (MA-(31–46)) appear to bind preferentially to the C-terminal lobe of CaM, a peptide comprising residues 11–46 (MA-(11–46)) appears to engage both domains of CaM. Limited proteolysis data conducted on the MA-CaM complex yielded a MA peptide (residues 8–43) that is protected by CaM and resistant to proteolysis. MA-(8–43) binds to CaM with a very high affinity (dissociation constant = 25 nm) and in a manner that is similar to that observed for the full-length MA protein. The present findings provide new insights on how MA interacts with CaM that may ultimately help in identification of the functional role of CaM-Gag interactions in the HIV replication cycle.
Antiarrhythmic drug efficacy at electrophysiology testing: predictive effectiveness of procainamide and flecainide.

Abstract In an effort to assess the ability of procainamide to predict effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents at programmed electrical stimulation (PES) testing, we compared the result of procainamide at PES testing with that of all of the other agents studied. One hundred fifty-three patients underwent PES studies because of either sustained or nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT). Procainamide prevented VT induction in 79 of 153 patients. Seventy-four of the remaining 153 were inducible for VT on procainamide, with 55 of these being protected by another antiarrhythmic agent ( p p
Voluntary ethanol consumption and obesity in golden hamsters

Adult male golden hamsters with continuous access to Purina chow, water and either 15, 30 or 45% ethanol (v/v) for 14 weeks derived an average of 34, 37 and 22%, respectively, of their total calories from ethanol. Animals in the 15 and 45% ethanol groups derived up to 12.0 and 9.9 kcal/day, respectively, from ethanol, but the Purina chow intakes of these animals were such that their total caloric consumption and their body weights did not significantly exceed those of a control group having access only to Purina chow and water. In contrast, the 30% ethanol group derived up to 16.4 kcal/day from ethanol, and consistently consumed 25% more total calories than the control group, despite eating significantly less Purina chow. Furthermore, hamsters in the 30% ethanol group were 27% heavier and had significantly larger epididymal and retroperitoneal fat pads than controls. Similarities are noted between ethanol-induced obesity in hamsters and the dietary obesity which has been observed in rats having continuous access to Purina chow and a 32% sucrose solution.
Overhead considerations for parallelizing conjugate gradient

A standard preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) algorithm for the solution of symmetric linear systems is studied in the context of multi-processing. It has been observed that the overheads associated with parallel processing can be expensive. Several alternative approaches are taken in order to try to minimize this cost. Examples are given for Cray X-MP class machines using CRI's standard multitasking library and a new micro-tasking compiler preprocessor. These approaches to utilizing multiple CPU's are discussed and overhead measurements given. The quite different PCG implementations under multitasking and micro-tasking are discussed and compared.
Effect of Glutamate Analogues on Brain Tumor Cell Lines

Glutamate analogues have been used in many different experimental approaches in neurobiology. A small number of these analogues have been classified as gliotoxic. We have examined the effect of seven glutamate analogues (five gliotoxic and two neurotoxic) on the growth and viability of four human glioma cell lines, one human medulloblastoma cell line, and one human sarcoma cell line. Aminoadipic acid and homocysteic acid predominantly affected the growth of two glioma cell lines in the presence of 4 mM glutamine. Phosphonobutyric acid predominantly affected the other two glioma cell lines and the medulloblastoma cell line in the presence of 4 mM glutamine. In medium containing no glutamine, all three analogues had marked effects on all the cell lines except the sarcoma cell line. These effects were dose dependent. We postulate that these results can in part be explained on the basis of metabolic compartmentalization.
Observations of the Madden Julian Oscillation during Indian Ocean Dipole events

[1] The characteristics of Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) development and propagation during Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events are presented in this study. We find that MJO activity over the Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent is enhanced during negative IOD and subdued during positive IOD. MJO events occurring during positive IOD have weaker convection and less organized wind anomalies than those occurring during neutral or negative IOD. These differences are starkest over the eastern Indian Ocean where the IOD has the greatest effect on low-level humidity. Based on these observations and current MJO theories, we posit that the IOD primarily influences the MJO through its modulation of local low-level moisture.
Variation in the demographics of a rare central Oregon endemic, Astragalus peckii Piper (Fabaceae), with fluctuating levels of herbivory

Understanding variation in plant vital rates (survival, growth, and reproduction) and population demographic parameters for rare plant taxa facilitates effective management for long-term persistence. We evaluated demographics of the rare plant Astragalus peckii (Fabaceae), a state-listed Threatened plant in Oregon, USA, with particular emphasis on how a microlepidopteran herbivore, Sparganothis tunicana, impacted vital rates and population growth. Stage-based transition matrix models were used to compute population growth rate (λ) and elasticity from 2006 to 2009 at two populations: Bull Flat, which was located in the main population center; and Chiloquin, a naturally isolated population. Population growth at Bull Flat was stable to slightly declining (λ = 0.96, 95 % CI 0.91–1.00) whereas at Chiloquin, the isolated population, population growth was increasing (λ = 1.20, 95 % CI 1.15–1.24). Microlepidopteran herbivory was associated with different plant responses in each population. At Bull Flat, plant survival was lower with greater herbivore presence. At Chiloquin, reproduction was reduced in plants when herbivores were active earlier in the growing season. Despite these effects on plant vital rates, we found lower population growth only during one transition period at Bull Flat when we compared matrices with and without herbivory. In addition to herbivory, we also address the potential role precipitation plays as a contributor to site differences and temporal variation within sites. Overall, we illustrate how two populations can have different responses to the same disturbance factor and highlight implications for management of different populations across the landscape.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Micromelting for Laser Micro Polishing of Meso/Micro Metallic Components

The relative accuracy (accuracy/overall dimension) of meso/micro parts (e.g. dies/molds) generally is far worse than that of macro parts fabricated by conventional manufacturing processes. Meso/micro parts have unique tribology issues, and surface roughness strongly impacts their relative accuracy and performance. There is a high demand for effective polishing of complex shapes in meso/micro engineering. A laser micro polishing method based on rapid surface micro melting is described in this paper. Fundamental understanding of pulse laser micro melting is achieved through a combination of studies of analytical modeling, numerical simulation and experimentation. It is found that a power limit window exists for laser polishing. In the experimental study, a Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 355 nm and a pulse of 10 ns is used to polish patterned electroplated nickel surfaces. The experiments show an improvement of surface roughness with repetitive rapid micro melting. These preliminary results show improved surface roughness can be achieved and that laser micro polishing is a viable methodology for automated polishing of 3-D meso/micro complex surfaces of metallic parts.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
1.4 GHz continuum sources in the Cancer cluster

Results of 1.4-GHz continuum observations are presented for 11 VLA fields, using the D-configuration, which contain the A group of the Cnc cluster (CC). Sixteen Zwicky spiral galaxies in the CC were detected, but no ellipticals, confirming the finding that spiral galaxies with close companions tend to have enhanced radio emission. Over 200 continuum sources beyond the CC are tabulated. The spectral index (relative to 610 MHz) is given for many of the sources, including some of the Zwicky galaxies. There is a suggestion for a nonuniform number surface-density distribution of the sources, not correlated with the CC. Possible predictions of such nonuniformities, from assumptions on 'super-superclusters', are discussed.
An introduction to the generalized field theory I. Forward conduction in p— n junctions and heterojunctions†

Recently it has been suggested that thermal equilibrium and non-equilibrium, in some systems containing interfaces, could be accounted for by a new phenomenologieal theory, which lends itself to new statistical mechanical interpretations, and which has general physical and mathematical field properties common to different transport processes. This paper treats some fundamental aspects of this generalized fieldtheory and presents on that basis a new and general theory specifically applicable to the transport of electrons and hoioa in forward-biased non-tunnelling p-n junctions and heterojunctions. The resulting unified conduction theory has been found to be very closely in agreement with experiment for 12 different types of p-n. junctions and heterojunctions, which were made of semiconductor materials with energy gaps ranging from 0-3 to 2'8 ev. In some experiments the forward current was varied over mora than 10 orders of magnitude. In total, 46 experimentally measured V— l characteristics have been studi...
Tree coding combined with harmonic scaling of speech at 6.4 kbps

Tree coding is combined with time-domain harmonic scaling (TDHS) for speech coding at 6.4 kbit/s. A 2-to-1 TDHS compression is used and the coder is fully backward adaptive. Experiments on selecting window type, pitch extractor, code tree, and gain adaptation rule are reported. A novel backward adaptive pitch predictor greatly enhances performance. Paired comparison listening tests show quality equivalent to 6-bit log-pulse code modulation (PCM) at a sampling rate of 6400 samples/s. >
Fokker—Planck—Langevin and extended diffusion models of internal rotation in molecules. I. symmetric internal rotor

Abstract The effects of internal rotation in molecules containing a symmetric internal rotor have been investigated using both the Fokker—Planck—Langevin (FPL) and extended diffusion (EDJ) models of collision dynamics. Sample calculations are presented illustrating the effects of the magnitude of the internal barrier to rotation, the magnitude of the internal angular momentum correlation time, and the collision model chosen on correlation times and factors of importance to NMR relaxation. These include second-rank reorientational correlation times, dipole—dipole relaxation spectral densities (including the effects of modulation of the internuclear distance), and spin-rotational correlation factors. The presentation concentrates on the case where internal and overall motions are decoupled, but a general expression for the Liouville operator of an asymmetric molecule with a symmetric internal rotor is derived and the associated collision operators are discussed. The results show that the correlation times and factors are quite sensitive to the size of the barrier and the internal angular momentum correlation time.
High-resolution cardiac MRI using partially separable functions and weighted spatial smoothness regularization

Imaging of cardiac morphology and functions in high spatiotemporal resolution using MRI is a challenging problem due to limited imaging speed and the inherent tradeoff between spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The partially separable function (PSF) model has been shown to achieve high spatiotemporal resolution but can lead to noisy reconstructions. This paper proposes a method to improve the SNR and reduce artifacts in PSF-based reconstructions through the use of anatomical constraints. These anatomical constraints are obtained from a high-SNR image of composite (k, t)-space data (summed along the time axis) and used to regularize the PSF reconstruction. The method has been evaluated on experimental data of rat hearts to achieve 390 em in-plane resolution and 15 ms temporal resolution.
A simple device to aid tissue processing of large numbers of blocks for light or electron microscopy

A simple device is described that aids the processing of large numbers of tissue blocks for light or electron microscopy. The device has a numbers of compartments into which different tissue blocks can be placed. Each compartment has a fine mesh floor, allowing the free exchange of the reagents used in tissue processing, and a gentle flow of the reagents is promoted by a magnetic stirring bar, or a rotary mixer. All the materials used are resistant to solvents such as propylene oxide. The device is labor-saving in that many blocks can be processed as easily as a single block. The device may also be of value in quantitative microscopy, since it ensures that all tissue blocks examined experience an identical processing history.
Global surface temperature/heat transfer measurements using infrared imaging

A series of studies were conducted to evaluate the use of scanning radiometric infrared imaging systems for providing global surface temperature/heat transfer measurements in support of hypersonic wind tunnel testing. The in situ precision of the technique with narrow temperature span setting over the temperature range of 20 to 200 C was investigated. The precision of the technique over wider temperature span settings was also determined. The accuracy of technique for providing aerodynamic heating rates was investigated by performing measurements on a 10.2-centimeter hemisphere model in the Langley 31-inch Mach 10 tunnel, and comparing the results with theoretical predictions. Data from tests conducted on a generic orbiter model in this tunnel are also presented.
Preschool Behavior Problems in Classroom Learning Situations and Literacy Outcomes in Kindergarten and First Grade.

Relations between classroom behavior problems early in the preschool year and elementary school literacy and language outcomes were examined for an entire cohort of four-year-old Head Start children (N = 2682). A cross-classified random effects model was used that controlled for the variance in literacy outcomes attributed to: (a) child-level demographics (age, gender, ethnicity), and end of the preschool year cognitive skills; (b) Head Start, kindergarten and first grade classrooms; and (c) kindergarten and first grade schools. Preschool behavior problems were assessed across structured learning situations, and during peer and teacher interactions at the beginning of Head Start. Preschool behavior problems in structured learning situations differentially predicted lower literacy outcomes across all time points. Findings extend previous research and underscore the importance of early identification of problem behavior using developmentally and ecologically valid tools within early childhood classrooms intentionally designed to foster literacy skills.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcifediol) therapy of juvenile renal osteodystrophy: Beneficial effect on linear growth velocity

A prospective study of renal osteodystrophy in moderate renal insufficiency was undertaken to assess the effects of 25(OH)D3 (calcifediol) on healing of bone lesions and improvement of linear growth. One year after entering the study, the mean group growth velocity increased into the normal range and remained there in the next two therapy years. A significant correlation existed between pretherapy and one-year therapy values of growth velocity and serum 25(OH)D3 concentration. Qualitative bone histology obtained by transilial bone biopsy was also evaluated during the course of study. Catch-up growth was not seen, but potential for such growth may exist in later years in our patients.
Investigation of Lightweight Space Radiator Design for Low and No Gravity Environments

Space heat rejection is heavily relying on radiator subsystem, which is only depended on pure radiation heat transfer and typical convection is not available. Increased efficiency coupled with reduced mass is of strategic importance in space thermal system. This paper reviews the existing individual aspects of lightweight space radiator subsystem designs under low and no gravity environments, i.e. working fluids, fin design, or optimization, based on standard construction materials. In addition, new concept approaches using latest technologies and their challenges are also investigated in this study. Common designs include heat pipe, liquid sheet, and liquid droplet radiators, the latter two being more conceptual than functional. Most technological advances have been made in the materials of construction and optimization areas while using the traditional heat pipe design since 1960s. Carbon composites are the most promising material for construction, as they possess a good heat transfer rate while minimizing the weight of the system. Working fluids selection has more to do with the operational temperature range than the system design, though construction materials must be taken into account when selecting a working fluid. Fin design is the least reported on, but the general consensus is triangular fins are the best option for minimizing weight while increasing surface area for radiation. Based on the review of current research, the most promising design would be a carbon composite heat pipe with a working fluid of liquid water or ammonia and triangular fins.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Localization of proteoglycan within the extracellular matrix sheath of cone photoreceptors

The interphotoreceptor matrix of the human retina was examined histochemically by staining with a cationic copper phthalocyanin dye, Cuprolinic Blue, in a critical electrolyte concentration method which allowed staining of sulfated polyanions. In the presence of Cuprolinic Blue, a dense punctate matrix component was visualized covering the cone from the outer limiting membrane of the retina to the tip of the cone outer segment and extending through the matrix to the apical surface of the pigment epithelium. The size and appearance of the stained material are consistent with its being proteoglycan and its distribution is consistent with its being a component of the cone extracellular matrix sheath. A fine reticular pattern was observed in the presence and absence of Cuprolinic Blue.
The effects of magnetic fields on photoelectron‐mediated spacecraft potential fluctuations

Previously, we have experimentally studied photoelectron-mediated spacecraft potential fluctuations associated with time-dependent external electric fields. In this paper, we investigate the effects of magnetic fields on such spacecraft potential fluctuations. A magnetic field is created above the UV-illuminated surface of a spacecraft model to alter the escape rate of photoelectrons. The packet of the observed potential oscillations becomes less positive with increasing magnetic field strength because more of the emitted photoelectrons are returned to the surface. As a result, the photoelectric charging time is increased, corresponding to a decrease in the response frequency of the photoemitting surface. The amplitude of the potential oscillations decreases when the response frequency becomes lower than the electric field oscillation frequency. A test particle simulation is validated with the laboratory experiments and applied to estimate the photoelectron escape rate from the Van Allen Probes spacecraft, showing that the photoelectron current is reduced by as much as 30% when magnetic field strength is 1200 nT. Based on our laboratory results and computer simulations, we discuss the effects of magnetic fields on the spacecraft potential fluctuations observed by the Van Allen Probes.
T cell recognition of lysozyme. III. Recognition of the 'surface-simulation' synthetic antigenic sites.

SUMMARY In previous studies from this laboratory the antigenic sites of lysozyme were found to be composed of spatially adjacent surface residues that are mostly distant in sequence (i.e. discontinuous sites). For synthetic mimicking of the sites, we introduced the concept of ‘surface-simulation’ synthesis by which the binding site residues are linked directly via peptide bonds with appropriate spacing and directionality into a single peptide which does not exist in the protein but mimics a surface region of it. In the present report T cell recognition of the surface-simulation synthetic antigenic sites has been explored in a mouse strain, B10.BR, that is a high responder to lysozyme. The discontinuous antigenic sites of lysozyme also had the capacity to stimulate proliferation of T cells driven by native lysozyme in long-term cultures. Thus, in addition to the four continuous T sites that we have recently reported, T cell recognition of lysozyme also involves discontinuous sites. This is the first clear demonstration that, contrary to a long-held impression, T cell recognition is not restricted only to sequence features, but can also be directed to protein discontinuous surface areas of high conformational dependency.
Financial Performance and Internationalization in the U.S. Restaurant Industry: A Simultaneous Perspective and Analysis

This study examines the simultaneous relationship between financial performance (FP) and the degree of internationalization (DOI) in the restaurant industry to address the potential endogeneity bias in prior research. In previous studies, theoretical rationales and empirical results appeared to contradict each other. These inconsistencies could have resulted from a unilateral approach of analyzing firm performance and degree of internationalization. The results of this study suggest the existence of a simultaneous relationship between financial performance and the degree of internationalization.
Structure of Hydroxyl Radical-induced DNA-protein Crosslinks in Calf Thymus Nucleohistone in Vitro

SummaryHydroxyl radicals are known to produce DNA—protein crosslinks in chromatin in vivo and in vitro. Here we investigated DNA—protein crosslinks formed between aliphatic amino acids and thymine in calf thymus nucleohistone exposed predominantly to hydroxyl radicals in γ-irradiated N2O-saturated aqueous solution. Aliphatic amino acids are the predominant types of amino acids in the core histones of calf thymus, and thus are likely to form crosslinks with DNA. For identification of the crosslinks we first investigated hydroxyl radical-induced crosslinking of thymine to aliphatic amino acids in model systems, i.e. an aqueous mixture of thymine and a single amino acid. Samples were analyzed for possible thymine—amino acid crosslinks by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Using this approach the structure of the crosslinks was elucidated, and information on their gas chromatographic and mass spectral properties was obtained. Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) was...
Effect of Gender on Prehospital Refusal of Medical Aid

Abstract Background "Refusal of medical aid" (RMA) is the term commonly used by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) when someone calls 911 for care (usually the patient or a family member) but, after the initial encounter with the EMTs, the patient refuses emergency medical services transport to the hospital. Some intervention may have been performed, such as taking vital signs or an electrocardiogram, before the RMA. Although there have been multiple studies of the characteristics and outcomes of patients who RMA, little analysis has been done of the role of EMTs in these cases. Objective To analyze the association between EMT gender and the patient's decision to refuse medical aid in the prehospital setting. Methods The study was performed using data from one hospital-based ambulance service in an urban setting that participates in the 911 system. This was a case control study that examined the data from consecutive patients who refused medical aid for a 1-year period compared to a control group of non-RMA patients. Results There was a significantly higher representation of all-male EMT teams in the RMA group ( p p =0.0046). Conclusion We found that the gender of the EMTs was one of the most important factors associated with RMA, with a much higher frequency of RMAs occurring when both members of the team were male.