cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry on a silver-coated filter paper substrate

The production, morphology, and optical properties of silver-coated filter paper as a new active substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectrometry (SERS) are reported. The procedure involves a simple, one-stage reduction of filter-paper-supported silver nitrate with sodium tetrahydroborate. Intense and reproducible spectra of a variety of ionic and molecular adsorbates including p-aminobenzoic acid, acridine, 9-aminoacridine, 2-aminoanthracene, 6-nitroquinoline and 5-aminoquinoline are obtained. Simplicity, low cost, speed and availability are salient features of the substrate, which extend the applicability of the SERS technique to more practical situations.
Criteria of Goodness for Approximate Wave Functions

The relations between the root-mean-square error of an approximate ground state wave function, the energy error, and the root-mean-square local energy deviation are exhibited and discussed. Computations of these quantities for helium wave functions containing errors of different character and magnitude are presented, and are shown to indicate that the errors in wave functions of the Hylleraas type are of increasingly short range character as these functions are made more flexible. The form of variational process which will give a wave function most satisfactory for a given purpose is discussed with illustrative computations relating to the diamagnetic susceptibility of He. It is found that the energy error associated with a wave function may be a comparatively unsatisfactory criterion of goodness.
TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGLISH AS A GLOBAL LANGUAGE: NATIVE AND NON-NATIVE PERSPECTIVES . Claus Gnutzmann (Ed.) . Tüumbingen, Germany: Stauffenburg Verlag, 2000. Pp. 312. DM 96, cloth.

This collection originated from a conference held in Braunschweig, Germany, in June 1998 at which participants were invited to analyze the role of English as a global language and to develop research perspectives for its teaching and learning. Written by nonnative as well as native speakers of English (working in English-speaking countries where English is not a native language), the articles provide a basis for consideration of whether “the concept of English as a global language is assessed differently by experts depending upon whether they are native or non-native speakers of English and if so, to what extent” (Introduction).
Monitoring Cl − Movement in Single Cells Exposed to Hypotonic Solution

Self-referencing ion--selective electrodes (ISEs), made with Chloride Ionophore I-Cocktail A (Fluka), were positioned 1-3 microm from human embryonic kidney cells (tsA201a) and used to record chloride flux during a sustained hyposmotic challenge. The ISE response was close to Nernstian when comparing potentials (VN) measured in 100 and 10 mM NaCl (deltaVN = 57 +/- 2 mV), but was slightly greater than ideal when comparing 1 and 10 mM NaCl (deltaVN = 70 +/- 3 mV). The response was also linear in the presence of 1 mM glutamate, gluconate, or acetate, 10 microM tamoxifen, or 0.1, 1, or 10 mM HEPES at pH 7.0. The ISE was approximately 3 orders of magnitude more selective for Cl- over glutamate or gluconate but less than 2 orders of magnitude move selective for Clover bicarbonate, acetate, citrate or thiosulfate. As a result this ISE is best described as an anion sensor. The ISE was 'poisoned' by 50 microM 5-nitro-2-(3phenylpropyl-amino)-benzoic acid (NPPB), but not by tamoxifen. An outward anion efflux was recorded from cells challenged with hypotonic (250 +/- 5 mOsm) solution. The increase in efflux peaked 7-8 min before decreasing, consistent with regulatory volume decreases observed in separate experiments using a similar osmotic protocol. This anion efflux was blocked by 10 microM tamoxifen. These results establish the feasibility of using the modulation of electrochemical, anion-selective, electrodes to monitor anions and, in this case, chloride movement during volume regulatory events. The approach provides a real-time measure of anion movement during regulated volume decrease at the single-cell level.
Influence of San Gabriel submarine canyon on narrow-shelf sediment dynamics, southern California

Abstract Variations in the concentration of total suspended particulate matter (TSM) collected 1 m above bottom, changes in vertical profiles of light transmission, and substrate textural patterns reveal a corridor for preferential sediment transport on San Pedro continental shelf, California. During the winter, this corridor, designated the preferential transport corridor (PTC), is defined by higher concentrations of TSM relative to the rest of the shelf and extends for 10–15 km from the inner shelf to the head of San Gabriel Submarine Canyon. Vertical profiles of light transmission within the PTC suggest density stratification throughout the water column and apparent mixing in the upper 15–20 m of water column on either side of the PTC. The PTC is not as fully developed during the summer. Excursions in isopleths of substrate textural variables perpendicular to isobaths in the PTC suggest that although the PTC is seasonally episodic, it recurs regularly over a longer period. A conceptual model attributes the PTC to modification of shelf circulation patterns by San Gabriel Canyon. Surface waves diverge over the canyon head resulting in differential wave set up at the shore face. This forces back turbid nearshore water for a distance of a few kilometers toward the canyon. At some point on the shelf, seaward nearshore flow overlaps offshore currents generated or modified by internal waves focused onto the shelf by the canyon and/or turbulent eddies produced by flow separation in currents moving across the canyon axis. At times, these subtle processes overprint tidal and wind-driven currents and thereby create the PTC. The model suggests that canyons heading several kilometers from shore can have a regulatory effect on narrow-shelf sediment dynamics.
Increased ammonium concentrations in a tidal freshwater stream during residence of migratory clupeid fishes

Abstract This study was done to test the hypothesis that dense aggregations of spawning, anadromous clupeid fishes (Alosa spp.) could substantially increase ammonium concentrations in Wards Creek, Virginia, a tidal freshwater stream in the mid-Atlantic coastal plain. In 1992 and 1993, we measured total ammonia nitrogen concentrations in the stream during February–July, before, during, and after clupeid fish migration. Abundance of migrating fish was estimated by electrofishing. During the period of high clupeid abundance (catch greater than 20 fish/h) in 1992, stream total ammonia was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than when clupeid fish were present in low abundance (catch 20 fish/h or fewer). A similar pattern was observed in 1993. In addition, total ammonia concentrations in both years were strongly and positively correlated (r = 0.84) with migratory clupeid abundance. Our findings, although somewhat preliminary, suggest that anadromous clupeid fishes could substantially alter the chemical environment...
Administrative theory and administrative systems: A synthesis among diverging fields of inquiry

Abstract Taking what is termed an “administrative systems perspective”, this paper describes the interrelationships which exist among 5 fields of inquiry, traditionally treated separately in the literature on administration and management: organizational design, organizational strategy, organizational values, motivation and management control. Several areas of interaction are discussed: (1) among strategy formulation, motivation, and organizational design, (2) among organizational values, motivation, and the management control process, (3) between management control and organizational design, and (4) between management control and strategy.
Methylprednisolone and other confounders to spinal cord injury clinical trials.

As our understanding of the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury deepens, novel neuroprotective agents are being developed, some of which have already entered clinical trials. In this Viewpoint, Sipski and Pearse examine the status of translational research in this field, focusing specifically on issues surrounding the concurrent use of methylprednisolone. The authors also discuss other potential confounders of clinical trials for spinal cord injury and suggest possible solutions.
New Concepts in the Synthesis of Decentralized Control Structures: Block Relative Gain (BRG), Dynamic Block Relative Gain (DBRG) and Relative Sensitivity

In this paper new dynamic interaction measures are presented to study the stability and performance characteristics of decentralized control structures. The measures provide different valuable insights into the general control structure synthesis problem.
Evaluations of Apparel Advertising as a Function of Self-Monitoring

This exploratory research was conducted to extend research on individual differences in perceptions of consumer-product advertisements, specifically apparel. Three sets of advertisements were developed, each containing two identical advertisements for each of three products: Pendleton sweater, Guess jeans, and Jordache shirt. One advertisement contained a slogan with an image appeal, while the other had a slogan which was a claim about quality/information. Self-monitoring, the extent to which an individual monitors self-presentation in social situations, was measured for each person. In Study 1, 88 women, classified as high or low self-monitors, completed an index of favorability toward the advertisements. An analysis of variance showed high self-monitors were more favorable toward the image-oriented advertisements, while low self-monitors were more favorable toward the quality/informational oriented advertisements. In Study 2, 48 women, classified as high or low self-monitors, were shown one of the adver...
Discovery of novel cyanodihydropyridines as potent mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists.

A new 1,4-dihydropyridine 5a, containing a cyano group at the C3 position, was recently reported to possess excellent mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist in vitro potency and no calcium channel-blocker (CCB) activity. In the present study, we report the structure−activity relationships of this novel series of cyano ester dihydropyridines that resulted in R6 substituted analogues with improved metabolic stability while maintaining excellent MR antagonist activity and selectivity against other nuclear receptors. Further structure optimization with the introduction of five-membered ring heterocycles at R6 resulted in compounds with excellent MR antagonist potency and a suitable pharmacokinetic profile. In vivo studies of a promising tool compound in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat model of hypertension showed similar blood pressure (BP) reduction as the steroidal MR antagonist eplerenone, providing proof-of-concept (POC) for a nonsteroidal, orally efficacious MR antagonist.
Wnt signaling in focal dermal hypoplasia

Wnt signaling regulates several aspects of development and tissue homeostasis. Two new studies in this issue uncover the underlying mechanism for focal dermal hypoplasia, a multiorgan developmental disorder, and underscore the important role of Wnt proteins in ectodermal-mesodermal communication.
The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-of-fit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis

A Monte Carlo study assessed the effect of sampling error and model characteristics on the occurrence of nonconvergent solutions, improper solutions and the distribution of goodness-of-fit indices in maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Nonconvergent and improper solutions occurred more frequently for smaller sample sizes and for models with fewer indicators of each factor. Effects of practical significance due to sample size, the number of indicators per factor and the number of factors were found for GFI, AGFI, and RMR, whereas no practical effects were found for the probability values associated with the chi-square likelihood ratio test.
PHYSICIANS' ATTIRE AS PERCEIVED BY YOUNG CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS - THE MYTH OF THE WHITE COAT SYNDROME. † 775

Over the years the white coat has become a symbol of the physician; however, many pediatricians have abandoned this dress in the belief that a white coat is threatening to young children, despite a lack of data to support this practice. The objective of this study was to determine if young children have a preference regarding whether physicians do or do not wear a white coat. Forty-one children aged 5.8±1.3 (mean ±SD) (range 4-8) years were recruited in a pediatric outpatient setting. Two pairs of photographs, the same male with and without a white coat and the same female with and without a white coat, were shown to the children and their parents (mothers in 87.8%, aged 34.0 ± 5.5 years) and both were asked which of each pair they would like to have as their or their child's doctor respectively. Parents filled out a questionnaire rating the appropriateness of various aspects of a physician's attire and appearance on a 5-point scale (1-strongly agree, 5-strongly disagree). Overall the children selected the person in the white coat 75.6% (62/82, p>0.05) of the time. The difference was greater for the female (34/41, 82.9%) than the male (28/41, 68.3%) photographs. Parents also selected the white coat more often (overall 56/82, 68.3%). On the questionnaire parents identified a name tag (score 1.4±0.7) as the most appropriate item of dress followed by a white coat. Shorts (4.1±0.8), open-toed sandals (4.1±0.9) and clogs (4.1±0.9) were rated negatively while parents were neutral with respect to such items as hospital greens, skirts, or a shirt and tie. Our data suggest that it is a misconception that young children dislike white coats. The importance of wearing a name tag is confirmed.
Differentiation of algae clones on the basis of resonance Raman spectra excited by visible light.

Fourteen algae clones belonging to four different classes, including clones of Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae), some of which are capable of producing the toxin domoic acid, have been studied by means of resonance Raman spectra excited at 457.9 and 488 nm. Spectra taken at both excitation wavelengths are of high quality and are sufficiently distinct to differentiate clones at the algal class level. All spectra contain major features near 1000, 1153, and 1523 cm-1, which are strongly resonance enhanced due to carotenoid pigments. Weaker features between 920−980 and 1170−1230 cm-1, also due to carotenoid pigments, are more characteristic of the algae clones and more directly reflect different carotenoid composition. Similarities and differences among spectra have been analyzed by the method of principal component analysis (PCA). A distinct clustering of spectral data according to algal class has been shown by PCA score plots. All Pseudo-nitzschia clones can be separated from other classes of algae on t...
Using virtual reality to maintain surgical skills during periods of robotic surgery inactivity

Periodic practice is needed for newly trained robotic surgeons to maintain skills during periods of robotic inactivity. The current study was performed to determine whether virtual robotic skill maintenance can serve as an adequate substitute for practice on a surgical robot. Eleven surgical residents with no prior robotic training were trained to a level of robotic proficiency with inanimate models, including a needle driving pad, a running suture pad, and ring placement on a rocking peg board. After reaching proficiency, each resident was tested on a complex tissue closure task. For the next 8 weeks, the only robotic activity was biweekly virtual robotic skills maintenance. After 8 weeks, the residents performed the tissue closure task twice with the robot, followed by evaluation on the inanimate models used to reach proficiency. Repeated-measures statistical analyses were used to compare between the three tissue closure trials and between the final test at week 0 and the evaluation at week 8 for the other inanimate models. Time to complete the tissue closure task was more than 20 % lower for the second evaluation at 8 weeks than for the other two trials (p < 0.05). Residents maintained their skills for needle driving, but times for suture running and rocking peg board increased by more than 20 % at 8 weeks (p < 0.01). Virtual practice shows promise for maintaining robotic skills. Following a warm-up period, some skills may actually improve with biweekly virtual practice, but skill retention is selective, so further improvements are needed.
A rigorous unidirectional method for designing finite aperture diffractive

A rigorous method for designing finite-aperture diffractive optical elements (DOE’s) is reported that employs a micro-genetic algorithm (µGA) and a 2-D Finite-Difference and Time-Domain (FDTD) method. A 1 to 2 beamfanner design example is presented.
MSA stimulation of AIB transport is independent of K+ accumulation in myoblasts.

Enhanced uptake of amino acids is frequently associated with hyperplasia in cultured cells; we have recently shown (Merrill et al., '77) that this is true of the stimulation of rat myoblast proliferation in culture by Temin's Multiplication Stimulating Activity (MSA). In many cases the asymmetric distribution of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane profoundly affects uptake of certain amino acids, so we investigated the possibility that enhanced Na+-dependent AIB transport was the result of an MSA-induced increase in K+ accumulation. MSA stimulated the rate of uptake of the potassium analog 86Rb+ 15-25% within ten minutes; this rate remained elevated for at least seven hours. Effects were limited to the ouabain-sensitive component of Rb+ uptake. (Our simultaneous measurements of 86Rb+ and 42K+ uptake demonstrated that Rb+ provides a useful qualitative but not an exact quantitative index of K+ uptake.) The stimulation of K+ uptake by MSA did not cause a large increase in total cellular K+ of the myoblasts; after five hours, MSA-treated cells contained only about 20% more K+ than did corresponding controls (1.21 ± 0.02 vs. 1.01 ± 0.02 μmoles/mg protein, respectively). To investigate whether this small increase in K+ content could be amplified by the cell to account for the 50-150% stimulation of AIB uptake, we preincubated cells with ouabain for various times and then measured total cell K+ and AIB uptake in the same culture dishes. Under conditions in which the MSA-stimulated increase of total cell K+ was prevented by ouabain, a substantial stimulation of AIB uptake was still observed. We conclude that MSA stimulation of AIB transport is independent of increased accumulation of K+ in rat myoblasts.
Performance comparison of right- and left-sided double-lumen tubes among infrequent users.

Objective To compare performance of right- versus left-sided double-lumen tubes (DLTs) among infrequent users by evaluating the incidence and severity of hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and high airway pressures. Design A retrospective, cohort study. Setting A university hospital. Participants Ninety-eight patients undergoing left-sided DLT placement (53.9 ± 21.2 years old) and 98 patients undergoing right-sided DLT placement (62.3 ± 20.6 years old). Cases performed by thoracic anesthesia specialists were excluded. Interventions The authors retrospectively reviewed electronic anesthetic records from a 2-year period to determine the incidence and severity of hypoxia (SpO 2 45 mmHg) and high airway pressures (peak inspiratory pressure >35 cmH 2 O) during one-lung ventilation via right and left DLTs. Measurements and Main Results Right-sided (n = 98) DLTs were almost exclusively used on the side contralateral to surgery by infrequent users, whereas left-sided (n = 98) DLTs were used for ipsilateral surgery one third of the time. Hypoxia lasted longer in left versus right DLTs, but the frequency of hypoxia was the same for each tube type among infrequent users. Hypercapnia and high airway pressures occurred more frequently with left-sided DLTs. Conclusions Left-sided DLTs are perceived to be safer because they may be less prone to malpositioning during lung isolation. However, the supposition that left-sided DLTs are safer than right-sided DLTs when intraoperative hypoxia, hypercapnia, and high airway pressures are used as criteria, even when these tubes are used by infrequent users, is not supported by the data.
Salish double reduplications: Subjacency in morphology

In the preceding sections I have argued that Lushootseed and Thompson/Shuswap differ in certain important ways, and that these differences can be accounted for in a unified fashion by assuming that in Lushootseed the diminutive morpheme is a prefix, while in the Interior Salish languages it is an infix. The differing forms of doubly reduplicated words were argued to follow from these differences in word structure, and the principle of subjacency, interpreted to prohibit the copying of phonemic melodies across two cyclic nodes, was argued to be a universal principle constraining the operation of morphological rules. The larger conclusion suggested by this analysis is that the morphological and the syntactic components of the grammar are not so disparate as they might appear to be at first glance; we can see the same principles operating on the level of the word and the level of the sentence. The analysis presented above involves certain assumptions which deserve further discussion. In particular, it was assumed that infixing is the attachment of a morpheme to a phonological constituent rather than to a morphological constituent; in terms of the infix discussed above, this means that the diminutive in the Interior Salish languages is subcategorized to occur before a stressed syllable rather than before a stem, as in Lushootseed. The infix is not, at least in surface structure, integrated into the tree structure of the word; instead, it is attached in a linear fashion to some element in the phonological representation, and certain operations — the copying of the phonemic melody of a stem, in this case — can take place independently on the phonological and on the morphological tiers. This assumption raises the question of at what level and in what way infixes are related to the other morphemes of a word. A treatment of this question is beyond the scope of this paper; I will note here only that this problem is the same one faced in describing the morphological structure of languages, such as Semitic languages, which make extensive use of nonconcatenative systems of morphology (McCarthy 1981). An analysis of the relationship between the phonological structure and the morphological structure of Salish infixal words should generalize to other, more consistently nonconcatenative languages.
An automated Raman device for gout diagnosis

This study reports an automated Raman device to identify crystals in synovial aspirates from patients with gout symptoms. Combined with sample preparation, the device could diagnose monosodium urate monohydrate crystals in a point-and-shoot sense.
Habituation to territorial song in the white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys)

Territorial White-crowned Sparrows were presented with repeated conspecific songs played through a speaker placed within their territory. The number of flights made by the resident male bird as well as the number of songs and their intersong interval were recorded both for periods of playback and for interpolated rest periods. It was found that all three responses gave evidence of initial sensitization, followed by habituation. Spontaneous recovery after a time interval was also found. The data are interpreted as support for theories postulating habituation as a basic mechanism involved in the maintenance of lowered levels of aggression between conspecifics.
Intersection of algebraic space curves

Bezout's theorem gives the degree of intersection of two properly intersecting algebraic varieties. As two irreducible algebraic space curves never intersect properly, Bezout's theorem cannot be directly used to bound the number of intersections of such curves. A general technique is developed in this paper for bounding the maximum number of intersection points of two irreducible space curves. The bound derived is a function of only the degrees of the respective curves. A number of special cases of this intersection problem for low degree curves are studied in some detail.
Gallium distribution and electrical activation in Ga+-implanted Si

Gallium distribution profiles in Ga+-implanted silicon have been measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and differential Hall effect methods. The previously reported penetrating tails are not observed for as-implanted samples. The redistribution of Ga during annealing is affected by ion damage and effects due to recrystallization of the amorphous layer. Electrical carrier profiles indicate that carrier concentration higher than the usual Ga solid solubility can be achieved in Ga-implanted Si recrystallized at 600‡C. However, this large acceptor concentration diminishes after higher temperature annealing. For 900‡C anneals, the carrier concentration is limited by the Ga solid solubility and some compensation due to unannealed ion damage.
The Influence of Incentives on Memory Stages in Children

(1971). The Influence of Incentives on Memory Stages in Children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 119, No. 2, pp. 289-300.
YouTutorial: A Framework for Assessing Instructional Online Video

User-generated tutorial videos are quickly emerging as a new form of technical communication, one that relies on text, images, video, and sound alike to convey a message. In this article, we present an approach—a rubric—for assessing the instructional content of tutorial videos that considers the specific roles of modal and multimodal content in effective delivery. The rubric is based on descriptive data derived from a constant comparative study of user-rated YouTube videos.
Perceptual interference at encoding enhances recall for high- But not low-imageability words

Interfering with stimulus perception during encoding can improve later explicit memory (the perceptual-interference effect). The compensatory-processing hypothesis attributes the perceptualinterference effect to enhanced processing of higher level (nonvisual) information during perception. Recent research indicates that the semantic dimension of imageability is one type of higher level information that plays a role in word perception. To the extent that semantic representations play a more important role in the perception of high- than for low-imageability words, the compensatoryprocessing hypothesis predicts a larger perceptual-interference effect for high- than for lowimageability words. Two experiments confirm this prediction. A robust effect of perceptual interference was found for high- but not for low-imageability words.
The functional impact of subsyndromal depressive symptoms in bipolar disorder: Data from STEP-BD

Background This report describes baseline characteristics and functional outcomes of subjects who have prospectively observed subsyndromal symptoms after a major depressive episode (MDE).
Corneal injury to ex vivo eyes exposed to a 3.8-micron laser

As a consequence of the enormous expansion of laser use in medicine, industry and research, specific safety standards must be developed that appropriately address eye protection. The purpose of this study is to establish injury thresholds to the cornea for 3.8 micron 8 microsecond laser light pulses and to investigate a possible replacement model to live animal testing. Previous studies of pulsed energy absorption at 3.8 microns were performed using rhesus monkey cornea and were at pulse durations two orders of magnitude different than the 8 microsecond pulses used in this study. Ex-vivo pig eyes were exposed at varying energies and evaluated to establish the statistical threshold for corneal damage. Histology was used to determine the extent of damage to the cornea. It is expected that the results will be used to assist in the establishment of safety standards for laser use and offer an alternative to future animal use in establishment of safety standards.
Is there a connection between face symmetry and face recognition

Recent research in the area of automatic machine recognition of human faces has shown that there may be an advantage in utilizing face symmetry to improve recognition accuracy. While promising, this work has led to several open questions. What is a good feature description or score of the symmetry of the face? Is there a statistical significance between face symmetry and face recognition? We present new symmetry scores of the face and use the scores to compare the symmetry in several subgroups of a face database. A 3D face database is used to remove the effects of illumination which should improve the reliability of the symmetry score. We find a significant difference in face symmetry between the men and women subjects in the database. The database is then partitioned into most symmetric and least symmetric subjects based on the symmetry scores. The average-half-face is utilized in our face recognition experiments to take into account the symmetry of the face. Face recognition with eigenfaces using the average-half-face is significantly higher than using the full face in all subgroups regardless of symmetry score. However, face recognition using the full face does depend on the symmetry score and generally favors the least symmetric subjects.
Method for Propulsion Technology Impact Evaluation via Thermodynamic Work Potential

The task of propulsion technology concept selection and integration is one of the most challenging problems in aerospace systems design. This is because of the tightly-coupled and inherently multidisciplinary nature of the problem, as well as the multitude of performance constraints and requirements placed on modern propulsion systems. In addition, as the cost of developing new and improved propulsion systems continues to rise, the attendant risk to the developer increases also. This leads to an aversion to risk that stifles innovation, particularly when it involves the
Spirometric and endoscopic evaluation of airway collapse in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

We evaluated eight infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at ages from 2 to 13 months who had repeated episodes of clinical respiratory deterioration associated with agitation. These episodes limited further weaning from ventilation or necessitated recurrent intubation and reinstitution of ventilation. All infants underwent spirometric evaluation and six also had endoscopic examination during simulated agitation episodes (elicited by toe pinching). All babies were found to have a very prolonged near zero expiratory airflow pattern, accompanied by vigorous diaphragmatic and abdominal muscle activity and rapid development of hypoxia. Six patients had endoscopically documented tracheal collapse under the same simulated circumstances. The episodes ceased with calming or sedation of the infants. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of traps on the dark current transients in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well infrared photodetectors

Abstract In this work, experimental results showing very slow (up to 104 s) dark current transients in n-type GaAs/Al0.27Ga0.73As quantum-well photodetectors (QWIPs) are reported. The transients with amplitudes of 0.1% to 65% of the steady-state current have been observed at 77 K. These effects are believed to be associated with initially ionized deep levels acting as traps reducing the positive charge in the structure. The time constant of the dark current (transient) decreases with increasing temperature with an experimentally determined activation energy ∼75 meV . A fitting of the capture cross section to σ(T)=σ 0 exp (E c /k B T) gives an estimate for the capture activation energy of Ec∼35 meV.
Influence of Morphology and Initial Surgical Strategy on Survival of Infants With Tricuspid Atresia.

Background Tricuspid atresia (TA) is a heterogeneous single-ventricle anomaly in which initial presentation and, consequently, timing and mode of palliation vary based on morphology and degree of pulmonary or systemic outflow obstruction. We report current era palliation outcomes and examine whether morphologic and, subsequently, surgical factors influence survival. Methods From 2002 to 2012, 105 infants with TA underwent surgical palliation. Competing risks analyses modeled events after first-stage surgery (Glenn versus death) and after Glenn (Fontan versus death) and examined risk factors affecting outcomes. Results Seventy-eight patients (74%) required neonatal first-stage palliation, including modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (n = 46, 44%), Norwood (n = 18, 17%), and pulmonary artery band (n = 14, 13%), whereas 27 (26%) received primary Glenn as their initial surgery. Hospital mortality was 5 patients (4.8%). Competing risks models showed that by 1 year after first-stage surgery, 15% of patients had died and 83% had undergone Glenn. By 5 years after Glenn, 2% of patients had died and 80% had undergone Fontan. Overall 8-year survival was 84%. On multivariable analysis, risk factors for mortality were genetic/extracardiac anomalies (hazard ratio 7.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.4 to 20.6, p p = 0.004). Survival was not affected by initial palliation type ( p = 0.36), ventriculoarterial discordance ( p = 0.25), systemic outflow obstruction ( p = 0.84), or arch obstruction ( p = 0.62). Conclusions Despite morphologic and physiologic variations necessitating different palliative sequences, multistage palliation outcomes of various TA subtypes are comparable and generally good, with the exception of patients with associated genetic/extracardiac anomalies. The bulk of mortality is interstage, indicating continued opportunity for improvement in monitoring and managing patients during this critical period.
Resisting structural re-identification in anonymized social networks

We identify privacy risks associated with releasing network data sets and provide an algorithm that mitigates those risks. A network consists of entities connected by links representing relations such as friendship, communication, or shared activity. Maintaining privacy when publishing networked data is uniquely challenging because an individual's network context can be used to identify them even if other identifying information is removed. In this paper, we quantify the privacy risks associated with three classes of attacks on the privacy of individuals in networks, based on the knowledge used by the adversary. We show that the risks of these attacks vary greatly based on network structure and size. We propose a novel approach to anonymizing network data that models aggregate network structure and then allows samples to be drawn from that model. The approach guarantees anonymity for network entities while preserving the ability to estimate a wide variety of network measures with relatively little bias.
Cell division and reformation of the amphiesma in the pelliculate dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa niei

Cytokinesis is described for the first time in a pelliculate dinoflagellate that retains its thecal plates during cell division. In Heterocapsa niei cytokinesis proceeded in a manner that differed from that described for other dinoflagellates. The thecal plates separated along the fission line before the development of a cleavage furrow. A distinct cleavage furrow developed as cytokinesis progressed. The outer membrane and the outer plate membrane expanded during division to enclose the enlarging cell undergoing cytokinesis; however, as the cleavage furrow deepened, these membranes were not continuous with the cytoplasm. The pellicle was occasionally intermittent in the region of the cleavage furrow, possibly facilitating movement of material from the cytoplasm to the developing outer membranes. Thecal plate formation occurred within the thecal vesicle from unrecognizable precursors.
Processing of Insulin-Like Growth Factors I and II by Capillary and Large Vessel Endothelial Cells*

Cultured endothelial cells from bovine capillaries and pulmonary arteries were incubated with highly purified [125I]insulin-like growth factor I ([125I]IGF-I), [125I]IGF-II, or [125I]insulin for periods up to 120 min, the cells were washed, and the cell-bound radioactivity was allowed to dissociate from the cells into fresh incubation medium. For insulin, 85-95% of the 125I dissociated from cells in 15 min, with 75% dissociating by 5 min. The 125I material released into the medium during the first 5 min of dissociation was entirely intact insulin, while the material released in the next 10 min was 80% intact insulin. For the [125I]IGFs, several differences were observed. First, after 5 min of dissociation, only 30–45% of the cell-bound 125I was released into the medium. For IGF-I, this rapidly dissociating material was entirely intact peptide, whereas for IGF-II, up to 55% of the dissociated radioactivity was degraded peptide. Second, during the next 10 min of dissociation, an additional 20% of the 125I w...
Lagrangian Methods for Climatological Analysis of Regional Atmospheric Transport

A quantitative climatological analysis of regional-scale atmospheric transport in Texas is developed using previously described Lagrangian (kinematic) trajectory methods. The trajectories are computed using resolved winds from 1979 to 2001 from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis project dataset. The wind data do not include small-scale turbulent atmospheric motion. The probability distributions of particle trajectories can be used to estimate the climatological (ensemble mean) Green’s function for the mass conservation equation for a passive trace substance. A discrete approximation of the Green’s function is computed for low-level summertime atmospheric flow over Texas. Examples are provided of the use of the Green’s function to estimate both forward and backward transport properties. The Green’s function can be used to evaluate the climatological probability of transport by the resolved flow to or from a given location.
Analysis of ageostrophy in strong surface eddies in the Atlantic Ocean

Strongly nonlinear surface eddies are identified and analyzed in a general circulation model. Agulhas rings and Gulf Stream cold-core eddies are examples of eddies that cannot be properly characterized using linear geostrophic dynamics. These eddies are compact, highly circular, persistent in time, and travel long distances while maintaining their characteristics. The nonlinear eddies can be identified by a large Rossby number and high circularity. The majority of the anomalous eddies are anticyclones. Calculation of the balance of forces on these eddies demonstrates that the centrifugal force associated with strong curvature is significant, and the force balance shifts from geostrophy toward a gradient wind balance. Using geostrophy instead of the gradient wind balance produces large errors in estimates of rotational velocity of these eddies. The gradient wind velocity can be calculated from geostrophic velocity and eddy radius. Comparison between the results demonstrates that even when only sea surface height and associated geostrophic velocities are available, strongly nonlinear eddies can be identified and properly characterized. This analysis is then applied to altimetric maps of sea surface height. Nonlinear eddies are present in the altimetric maps, but are less common and not as strongly nonlinear. This analysis demonstrates that by properly accounting for the dynamics of the eddy field, a more complete statistical description including nonlinear terms can be obtained from readily available observations.
Bone Marrow Minimal Residual Disease Was an Early Response Marker and a Consistent Independent Predictor of Survival After Anti-GD2 Immunotherapy

Purpose Immunotherapy is a standard of care for children with high-risk neuroblastoma, where bone marrow (BM) is the predominant metastatic site. Early response markers of minimal residual disease (MRD) in the BM that are also predictive of survival could help individualize patient therapies. Patients and Methods After achieving first remission (n = 163), primary refractory disease (n = 102), or second remission (n = 95), children with stage 4 neuroblastoma received anti-GD2 3F8 antibody immunotherapy. BM MRD before 3F8 treatment and after cycle 2 (postMRD) was measured using a four-marker panel (B4GALNT1, PHOX2B, CCND1, and ISL1) by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Prognostic variables were tested in both univariable and multivariable analyses, and MRD markers were further assessed individually and in combination as binary composite (postMRD: 0 and 1) and as equal sum (post...
Further Studies on the Toxicity of Insecticides to Diazinon-Resistant Musca domestica

A strain of house fly, Musca domestica L., which had developed resistance to Diazinon® (O,O -diethyl O -(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6- pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate) in the field and then was subjected to further selection on Diazinon in the laboratory, showed increased tolerance to the following materials: heptachlor (468- fold), heptachlor epoxide (809), barthrin (3), demeton (12), phorate (17), dimethoate (3), DDVP (4), dicapthon (18), Dibrom® (1,2-dihromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl phosphate) (4), Phosdrin® (1-methoxycarbonyl-l-propen-2-yl dimethyl phosphate) (7), Am. Cyanamid 18706 ( O,O -dimethyl S(N-ethyl carbamoyl methyl) phosphorodithioate (technical) (5), Thiodan® (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1 ,5,5a,6,9,9a- hexahydro-6,9-methano- 2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxidc) (58), Bayer 29493 ( O,O -dimethyl O -(4-methylthio- m -tolyl) phosphorothioate) (8),G-30494 ( S -2(2,5-dichlorophenylthio)methyl O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate) (12), Dimetilan® (3-methyl-5-pyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate) (6), Dipterex® (dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate) (7), Delnav® (2,3- p -dioxancdithiol S,S -bis ( O,O -diethyl phosphorodithioate) (89), DMBC (2,4,-dimethyl benzyl chrysanthemumate) (3), and Thanite® (isobornylthiocyanoacetate) (34-fold).
Alternative correctness criteria for concurrent execution of transactions in multilevel secure databases

Two different areas related to the concurrency control in multilevel secure, multiversion databases are considered. First, the issue of correctness criteria that are weaker than one-copy serializability are explored. The requirements for a weaker correctness criterion are that it should preserve database consistency in some meaningful way, and moreover, it should be implementable in a way that does not require the scheduler to be trusted. Three different, increasingly stricter notions of serializability that can serve as substitutes for one-copy serializability are proposed. Second, a multiversion timestamping protocol is presented that has several very desirable properties: it is secure, produces multiversion histories that are equivalent to one-serial histories in which transactions are placed in a timestamp order, avoids livelocks, and can be implemented using single-level untrusted schedulers. >
Will increasing fiscal resources promote physical fitness

There is increasing evidence that people who exercise are more healthy, live longer and enjoy a better quality of life than those who do not exercise.[1][1] How much healthier, how much longer and how much better the quality remain to be determined. Assigning a dollar amount to those increases could
Coffee as an Interference in the Duquenois Test: A Differential Test

(1978). Coffee as an Interference in the Duquenois Test: A Differential Test. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 535-541.
Molecular basis of depression of Ca2+ sensitivity of tension by acid pH in cardiac muscles of the mouse and the rat

Abstract Background: Acid pH decreases the Ca2+ sensitivity of myocardial tension generation, and recent studies have suggested that regulatory proteins are involved. The current study defines the molecular basis of this effect on troponin C (TnC) and troponin I (TnI) and also addresses previous differences between the rat and mouse. Methods and Results: Endogenous cardiac TnC and cardiac TnI in isolated trabeculae frommice and rats were exchanged with their fast-twitch skeletal muscle counterparts. A cardiac-skeletal TnC chimera was used to define the target region for proton action on cardiac TnC. Finally; cardiac TnC and skeletal TnC were genetically modified by insertion of a tryptophan for phenylalanine-26 to probe the pH effects with fluorescence spectroscopy. The pH 6.2 effects on Ca2+ sensitivity of force development in mouse and rat cardiotrabeculae are largely accounted for by the proton influences on TnC (23%) and TnI (53%). In cardiac TnC, residues 1 to 41 provide the target region. Comparison of the Ca2+-induced fluorescence in isolated cardiac TnC and skeletal TnC also indicated a greater pH effect in the cardiac isoform. Conclusions: The studies provide firm evidence that both TnC and TnI moieties are involved inthe mechanism of acidosis causing reduction in the Ca sensitivity of force development in the myocardium. The findings rule out the possibility of interspecies variations in the underlying mechanisms. The genetically designed TnCs and a chimera demonstrate that the observed TnC-mediated difference in the pH effects on Ca2++ sensitivity of tension between cardiac and skeletal muscles is preserved in these isolated proteins. The N-terminal amino acid residues 1 to 41 in cardiac TnC are established as the pH sensor of this protein in the mouse as in the rat.
Algebraic Characterization of the Alternation Hierarchy in FO^2[<] on Finite Words

We give an algebraic characterization of the quantifier alternation hierarchy in first-order two-variable logic on finite words. As a result, we obtain a new proof that this hierarchy is strict. We also show that the first two levels of the hierarchy have decidable membership problems, and conjecture an algebraic decision procedure for the other levels.
Role of Male Factor Testing in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss or In Vitro Fertilization Failure.

The appropriate management for male partners of couples with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) or recurrent implantation failure during in vitro fertilization (IVF) remains unclear. In particular, men with normal semen parameters are often ignored because the “bulk semen parameters” appear normal [1]. Despite normal semen parameters, male partners in couples with RPL or recurrent implantation failure could have underlying genetic abnormalities in sperm DNA that can be identified. There are a couple of diagnostic tests that we recommend in the evaluation of these men, the first being DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) and the second, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for evaluating sperm aneuploidy.
A review, analysis, and appraisal: competency-based education

This critique challenges advocates of CBE to justify their belief that this form of education will produce more competent practitioners.