cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mamluk Jerusalem: Architecturally Challenging Narratives

Narratives abound concerning the religious and political positioning of Jerusalem in the past as well as the present and have been used in a variety of ways to serve various ideologies or political ends. One such narrative (which can be found even in some academic treatises of the history of Jerusalem) states that following the Muslim re-conquest of the city after the Crusades Muslim rulers neglected the city entirely, leading to its decline into obscurity and ruin. This narrative asserts that the city remained as such until Zionism, Jewish immigration, and, most especially, the establishment of the state of Israel rescued Jerusalem and resituated it in its preeminent position as the Holy City. This paper argues against such a narrative by examining the architectural contributions and growth of the city religiously during the rule of the Mamluk Empire (1250-1517). While it is true that in some ways the political prestige of Jerusalem waned under the Muslim rule of this time, its religious importance grew beyond what it had seen prior to the Crusades. This will be illustrated by a discussion of certain political and religious factors and practices that influenced the development of the city, as well as a discussion of several examples of buildings and structures that illustrate the extent to which the Mamluks prized the city and were interested in both its growth and prestige in religious, albeit not
Observations of M arc at Moscow, Idaho, U.S.A.

Abstract A multicolor airglow photometer was operated at Moscow Mountain Idaho (latitude: 46°50′N.; longitude: 116°58′W.), during 56 nights between June and November, 1967. A weak but well-defined M arc was observed on the night of September 28/29, 1967, when there were high geomagnetic and visible auroral activities. The M arc occurred between L = 2.6 and L = 3.4 , assuming a dipole field. The peak intensity remained fairly constant throughout the night. The average peak intensity was 220R, which is only 1/20 of the corresponding value obtained at Fritz Peak, Colorado on September 29/30, 1957. The extreme and half-intensity widths at 20.33 hr P.S.T. were 700 km and 210 km respectively. The arc moved southward during the night with an average speed of 32 m/sec.
Community orthodontists and craniofacial care: results of a Washington state survey.

Abstract Background: Little is known about community orthodontists' previous training in, experience with, or receptivity to caring for children with craniofacial disorders. Objectives: (1) To characterize the current level of participation by Washington state orthodontists in craniofacial care; and (2) to identify factors that promote or impede community orthodontists' involvement in caring for children with craniofacial conditions. Design: Mail survey. Methods: A 26-item questionnaire was designed and mailed to all active orthodontists in Washington state (N = 230). Question topics included practice characteristics, training and experience with craniofacial conditions, concerns related to public and private insurance, and communication with craniofacial teams. Results: Of eligible respondents, 68% completed the survey. Most orthodontists' patient panels were made up of patients who either have private insurance or pay cash for services. On average, 2% of respondents' patients were Medicaid beneficiaries...
Invited Article: The Future of CRM is UX

Background: This paper connects several sides of the web and mobile usages in business. The idea is to utilize Customer Relations Management (CRM) as the vehicle to establish connection from Web one and Web two into Web three. Objectives: This paper has the main purpose combine efforts in developing business strategies into general path of future Web development. Methods/Approach: Using the extensive literature, business cases and software trends in the area, the paper is focused on predicting the future in the area of the business trends in Information Technology (IT). Results: After discussion of the development using selected milestones: CRM is supported by the Social Networks (SN) and is enabled by Cloud Computing (CC), we were able to achieve the predictions. Conclusions: The final conclusion is in the convergence of the business efforts and SN methods on the new paradigm called the User eXperience (UX).
Nitrogenous fertilizer effects on soil structural properties under switchgrass

Nitrogen (N) fertilization is needed to sustain the biomass yield of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L., Poaceae) as a biofuel feedstock and, consequently, may influence the potential for soil quality improvements through soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess how inorganic N application to switchgrass affects soil structural properties, which may feed back to affect the sustainability of biomass production. Soil was sampled at depths of 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm in April and November 2008 during the fifth year of switchgrass growth in Milan, TN. Nitrogenous fertilizer was applied as NH4NO3 at rates of 0, 67, and 202 kg N ha −1 y −1 beginning in the second year. Root weight density (RWD), root length density (RLD) and SOC concentration were measured under different N treatments as factors potentially influencing soil structural properties. Measured soil structural parameters included soil moisture characteristic curve (SMCC), and aggregate stability through wet-sieving. At 0–5 cm depth, spring RWD (3.8 mg cm−3) was significantly lower with 202 kg N ha−1 application compared to 0 and 67 kg N ha −1 (14.1 and 17.0 mg cm −3 , respectively). Although fall RWD did not vary among N treatments, RLD under 202 kg N ha−1 (7.1 cm cm−3) was less than half of that at 0 kg N ha−1 (15.7 cm cm−3). The SOC concentration was greater in both fertilized treatments than in the unfertilized treatment. Although SMCC varied somewhat between seasons, it did not exhibit any consistent trends attributable to N application. The proportion of macroaggregates for 0–10 cm depth were significantly greater in the 0 and 67 kg N ha −1 treatments than in the 202 kg N ha −1 treatment. These data suggest that excessive N application to switchgrass could have negative impacts on soil structural properties by reducing root biomass and length, crucial determinants of soil structure despite an increase in SOC. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
iOPs: a new tool for studying myelin pathologies?

Generating patient-specific oligodendrocyte progenitors capable of repairing myelination defects observed in multiple neurological afflictions holds great therapeutic potential. Recently in Nature Biotechnology, Najm et al. (2013) and Yang et al. (2013) generated these progenitors by direct reprogramming, bringing us closer to their use in disease analysis and autologous transplantation strategies.
Calculating order parameter profiles utilizing magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers for 2H solid-state NMR studies.

Solid-state deuterium NMR spectroscopy was used to study the structural and dynamic properties of stearic acid-d35 in magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers as a function of temperature. Magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers or bicelles are model systems, which mimic biological membranes for magnetic resonance studies. Paramagnetic lanthanide ions (Yb3+) were added to align the bicelles such that the bilayer normal is colinear with the direction of the static magnetic field. The corresponding order parameters of the stearic acid-d35 probe were calculated and compared with values obtained from unoriented samples in the literature. The addition of cholesterol to the bicelle system decreases the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayers and increases the ordering of the acyl chains of stearic acid-d35. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing magnetically aligned bicelles for calculating 2H order parameter profiles for non-biological systems such as polymer-grafted membranes and Schiff's base complexes.
Molecular mechanisms of synaptic remodeling in alcoholism

Alcohol use and alcohol addiction represent dysfunctional brain circuits resulting from neuroadaptive changes during protracted alcohol exposure and its withdrawal. Alcohol exerts a potent effect on synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine formation in specific brain regions, providing a neuroanatomical substrate for the pathophysiology of alcoholism. Epigenetics has recently emerged as a critical regulator of gene expression and synaptic plasticity-related events in the brain. Alcohol exposure and withdrawal induce changes in crucial epigenetic processes in the emotional brain circuitry (amygdala) that may be relevant to the negative affective state defined as the "dark side" of addiction. Here, we review the literature concerning synaptic plasticity and epigenetics, with a particular focus on molecular events related to dendritic remodeling during alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Targeting epigenetic processes that modulate synaptic plasticity may yield novel treatments for alcoholism.
Neurophysiological efficiency in male and female alcoholics.

Abstract Chronic alcoholics often exhibit impairment in behavioral indicators of cognitive efficiency. However, potential neurophysiological correlates of this deficit are understudied. To examine this function, semantic expectancy was measured by recording the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP), which is elicited by incongruent semantic information. Abstinent alcoholics, 21–45 days sober (n=26; 12 males, 14 females), as well as age and education equated community controls (n=26; 12 males, 14 females), were instructed to read silently 218 sentences ending with either congruent, related/incongruent, or unrelated/incongruent terminal words. Difference waveforms to the terminal word were derived, and amplitude and latency measures of the most negative peak between 300 and 600 ms were obtained. Electrode sites included the midline sites, Fz, Cz, and Pz; the temporal sites T3 and T4; and parietal sites P3 and P4. Significant group effects in amplitude were observed for the difference waveform under the unrelated/incongruent condition at T3, T4, and P4 (P≤.05). Measures at P3, Pz, Fz, and Cz approached significance (P≤.15). Although the overall pattern did not change when regression techniques were used to control for age, only the T4 site retained significance (P≤.05). Across all electrode sites, alcoholics produced reduced N400 amplitudes relative to community controls. Latency was unaffected. There were no group effects for amplitude or latency measures in the related/incongruent condition. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that alcoholics suffer from a subtle deficiency in neurophysiologically based cognitive efficiency which renders them less likely to respond appropriately to irrelevant information.
SPIN HAMILTONIAN FOR EVEN-ELECTRON SYSTEMS HAVING EVEN MULTIPLICITY

The form of spin Hamiltonian necessary to represent the most general zero-field splitting and lowest order magnetic and quadrupole interactions is investigated for systems having an even number of electrons and an even multiplicity. It is shown that, when referred to principal axes, two components of the $g$ tensor are necessarily identically zero. Various other peculiar features emerge. In particular, it is shown that in interpretations of electron spin resonance measurements using a spin Hamiltonian for a non-Kramers doublet, considerable misapprehension and error exist in the literature.
Direct Democracy and Political Efficacy Reconsidered

Some studies have contended that direct democracy has secondary benefits unrelated to its impact on policy. In particular, recent scholarship claims that the American ballot initiative process enhances political efficacy. We began with concerns about the logic and empirical methods underlying this conclusion. We connect this research to the broader political psychology literature and in doing so find little reason to expect a positive relationship between direct democracy and efficacy. Our other contribution is to subject the empirical claim to more extensive testing. In contrast to prior research, we draw from multiple data sources and consider sampling methods. The results consistently fail to indicate that direct democracy generally enhances political efficacy. We find cause for skepticism about the secondary benefits of the ballot initiative process.
Categorizing musical pieces by their correlation coeffiecients

Abstract In this paper our goal is to propose an empirical rule that uses the correlation between the notes that make up a musical piece to categorize that piece. Intuitively speaking, this rule must conform to the expectation that in melodies that sound detached and seemingly incoherent and disjointed (such as some in twentieth century music), there would be a weak correlation between the notes, whereas in more classical pieces, where rules of harmony are loyally followed, there would be a strong one.
Nonmuscle stem cells fail to significantly contribute to regeneration of normal muscle

Whole, normal extensor digitorum longus muscles (EDL) were orthtopically transplanted into transgenic mice, expressing nuclear localing beta-galactosidase (nlsbeta-gal) under control of a muscle-specific promoter, in order to determine the extent to which nonmuscle derived, multipotent stem cells (which under experimental conditions exhibit myogenic potential) are spontaneously recruited from distal, nonmuscle organs to participate in the graft's regeneration. The host's contribution to the graft's regeneration was determined by evaluating the number and distribution of beta-gal positive myonuclei in regenerated grafts. Fibers with beta-gal positive nuclei accounted for approximately 1% of the long-term (28- and 56-day) graft's myofibers. All were confined to the graft's periphery, adjacent to host's muscles. Failure to find myofibers with beta-gal positive nuclei across the revascularized graft's girth demonstrated that there was no meaningful recruitment of nonmuscle stem cells from distal host organs, which must arrive at the graft via the circulation. Rather, stem cells residing in the graft at the time of transplantation accounted for approximately 99.9% of the regenerated graft's myonuclei, with a minor contribution from the surrounding host muscles' myosatellite cells (that occurred when the epimysia of graft or host muscles were damaged during transplantation). The significance of these findings to gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy is discussed.
Pain Management in the Hospitalized Patient

of the Article: This article is written as a review for the Hospitalist physician caring for patients experiencing pain. Included in Dr. Li’s article are pain pathophysiology, assessment, and pharmacologic management (various medications with routes, recommended dosage, frequency of dosing, side effects, and risk for dependence). The article focuses on the treatment for adults; there is a small amount of content specific to the pediatric patient and one paragraph addressing the unique needs of the elderly. Nonpharmacologic pain therapy and the importance of pain management as described in the Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goals are also described. The references cited in the article are complete and up to date.
Development of optics for EUV lithography tools

Nikon is now conducting a development of the full-field EUV exposure tools for EUVL process development named EUV1, which will be delivered in 2007. Polishing and coating of six different kinds of mirrors for the projection optics of EUV1 were finished and adjustment of the projection optics has been started. Sophisticated polishing process for aspheric mirrors, which can reduce LSFR, MSFR and HSFR down to less than 0.1nmRMS simultaneously, were developed. Process conditions of Mo/Si multilayer coatings have been optimized to obtain high reflectivity, low internal stress and graded coating simultaneously. Wavefront error of the projection optics under adjustment process is now 3nmRMS. We will try to achieve a wavefront error of less than 1nmRMS by further precise adjustment. Fabrication process of fly's eye mirrors, which is a key device of illumination optics of EUV1, was developed. All the mirrors of the illumination optics for EUV1 were finished and evaluation of its performance using an illumination-optics test stand has been started. Development and fabrication of both the projection optics and the illumination optics for EUV1 are satisfactorily in progress.
Reimplantation of a shoulder arthroplasty after a previous infected arthroplasty.

Currently, there is little information on the results of reimplantation after previous resection for an infected shoulder arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of recurrent infection and clinical results. Between 1975 and 2000, 4 patients with a resection arthroplasty from a previously infected shoulder arthroplasty underwent subsequent reimplantation of a prosthesis. The time interval from resection arthroplasty to reimplantation ranged from 7 months to 5.5 years. The mean clinical follow-up was 7.4 years (range, 2-15 years). There were no patients with recurrent infection. At the most recent follow-up, 2 patients had no pain, 1 had slight pain, and 1 had moderate pain. Mean elevation improved from 60° to 80°, and external rotation improved from 13° to 50°. With regard to patient satisfaction, 1 patient was much better, 2 were better, and 1 was the same. There were 2 satisfactory results and 2 unsatisfactory results. Reimplantation of a shoulder arthroplasty after a previous resection arthroplasty for infection can be performed with a low risk of reinfection. However, arthroplasty in this setting is especially challenging because of the potential for significant bone and soft-tissue deficits. These challenges can compromise the clinical results.
Non-native educators in English language teaching

Contents: Preface. G. Braine, Introduction. Part I: Who We Are. J. Thomas, Voices From the Periphery: Non-Native Teachers and Issues of Credibility. G. Braine, From the Periphery to the Center: One Teacher's Journey. U.N. Connor, Learning to Write Academic Prose in a Second Language: A Literacy Autobiography. X-M. Li, Writing From the Vantage Point of an Outsider/Insider. C. Kramsch, W.S.E. Lam, Textual Identities: The Importance of Being Non-Native. Part II: Sociopolitical Concerns. A.S. Canagarajah, Interrogating the "Native Speaker Fallacy": Non-Linguistic Roots, Non-Pedagogical Results. N. Amin, Minority Women Teachers of ESL: Negotiating White English. M. Oda, English Only or English Plus? The Language(s) of EFL Organizations. Part III: Implications for Teacher Education. K.K. Samimy, J. Brutt-Griffler, To Be a Native or Non-Native Speaker: Perceptions of "Non-Native" Students in a Graduate TESOL Program. L.D. Kamhi-Stein, Preparing Non-Native Professionals in TESOL: Implications for Teacher Education Programs. J. Liu, From Their Own Perspectives: The Impact of Non-Native ESL Professionals on Their Students. P. Medgyes, Language Training: A Neglected Area in Teacher Education. D. Liu, Training Non-Native TESOL Students: Challenges for TESOL Teacher Education in the West.
Classroom Assessment and University Accountability.

Abstract Classroom assessment measures the knowledge that universities have added to a student's stock of knowledge. Yet the community wants an individual who has attained or surpassed a particular level of knowledge. The central argument presented in this article is that the goal of accountability requires that the primary concern of faculty, and of assessment, be the measurement and certification of the level of knowledge achieved, rather than value added. The additional attention being paid to value added may actually reduce the ultimate level of learning.
A procedure for anaerobic column chromatography employing an anaerobic freter-type chamber

Abstract A technique is described for the anaerobic fractionation of oxygen-sensitive material. A Freter-type chamber in which the oxygen concentration is maintained at 2 to 5 μl/liter is used in conjunction with anaerobic chromatographic columns that are exterior to the chamber. The column inlet and outlet are connected via thick-walled polyethylene tubing to access ports in the chamber wall. Anaerobic buffer inside the chamber is pumped from the chamber to equilibrate the column. The oxygen-labile sample then is pumped onto the anaerobic column followed by the elution gradient buffer. Column eluate is returned to a fraction collector inside the chamber. At no stage is the sample exposed to air. This technique has been used effectively for fractionation of highly oxygen-sensitive enzymes from methanogenic bacteria where use of other methods failed.
Synthesis, in vitro, and in vivo characterization of an integrin αvβ3-targeted molecular probe for optical imaging of tumor

Integrin alpha(v)beta(3) is a widely-recognized target for the development of targeted molecular probes for imaging pathological conditions. alpha(v)beta(3) is a cell-surface receptor protein that is upregulated in various pathological conditions including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, macular degeneration, and cancer. The synthesis of an alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted optical probe 7 from compound 1, and its in vitro and in vivo characterization is described. A series of aliphatic carbamate derivatives of the potent non-peptide integrin antagonist 1 was synthesized and the binding affinity to alpha(v)beta(3) was determined in both enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cell adhesion inhibition assays. The hydrophobic carbamate-linked appendages improved the binding affinity of the parent compound for alpha(v)beta(3) by 2-20 times. A Boc-protected neopentyl derivative in the series is shown to have the best binding affinity to alpha(v)beta(3) (IC(50)=0.72 nM) when compared to compound 1 as well as to c-RGDfV. Optical probe 7 utilizes the neopentyl linker and demonstrates increased binding affinity and significant tumor cell uptake in vitro as well as specific tumor accumulation and retention in vivo. These results illustrate the potential of employing integrin-targeted molecular probes based on 1 to image a multitude of diseases associated with alpha(v)beta(3) overexpression.
Serum cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-binding globulin responses to competitive fighting in human males.

Levels of circulating cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-binding globulin were measured in 15 male wrestlers in relation to wrestling bouts and their outcomes. Concentrations of cortisol and testosterone increased consistently during wrestling bouts, while levels of testosterone-binding globulin dropped. Winners of competive matches showed greater increases in both cortisol and testosterone than losers. These findings indicate that humans, like other social mammals, may undergo specific endocrine changes in response to victory or defeat.
Criterion-Referenced Reliability Estimated by ANOVA.

For criterion-referenced (C-R) tests, variance was defined as a measure of the variability of scores from the criterion of minimal, acceptable performance. By analogy to norm-referenced test theory C-R reliability was defined as the proportion of observed variance attributable to true variance. The definition of C-R reliability was then extended to the mean of a number of parallel measures. A typical test situation was described as a randomized, complete block design. For this design a score model was formulated which incorporated the criterion of minimal, acceptable performance. Expected values for the mean squares, error and person, were derived and shown to be equal to observed and error variance for C-R tests. C-R reliability was then redefined in terms of the expected values, error and person. Using the methods developed, C-R was calculated for a hypothetical example.
The Physical and the Possible

This article examines ‘the physical’ and ‘the possible’ as bound together in recent political engagements of and with professional athletes – for example, Rashard Mendenhall, Luke Scott, and members of the Phoenix Suns organization–who have recently become entangled with/in mainstream debates concerning the “war on terror” and Tea Party discourses. In so doing, it critically interrogates politics as consumer culture within the domain of sport. It concludes by outlining one potential ‘way forward’ for scholars of the active, moving, and mobile body to conceive of a politics of possibility in paroxysmal political times.
Conceptual and Methodologic Issues in Quantifying Perceptual Accuracy in Childhood Asthma

Delineated methodologic issues in the study of symptom perception in childhood asthma. A review of past and recent psychophysiological and clinical studies of both adults and children presents the methodologic and analytic approaches that have been applied to quantify perceptual accuracy. Peak expiratory flow rate, forced expiratory volume in the first second, and force expiratory flow can serve as objective measures of asthma. A visual analog scale, a numerical guess, and a categorical description as subjective measures all have clear strengths and weaknesses. Correlational analysis of subjective-objective data, arithmetic differences between subjective guess and objective value, and an error grid categorization can each be applied to calculate an accuracy index on an individual subject. Illustrative examples reveal that the same data lead to different indices depending on the method chosen. Empirical research is needed to standardize various methodologic approaches. Given the increasing prevalence, severity, and morbidity of pediatric asthma, the study of symptom perception may be a critical component in our understanding of asthma management, and will likely lead to useful clinical interventions.
Registration based multiple access with statistical TDMA in microcellular environment

We propose a pre-registration based packet reservation multiple access method (Regi-PMA) for use in a a digital micro cellular environment. With registration, collisions and overflow of information channels are reduced in heavy traffic conditions. Reservation for speech terminals precedes information channel setup. Voice activity factor is applied to the Regi-PMA to maximize channel utilization over the distributed terminals in a service area.
Novel delivery system enhances efficacy of antiretroviral therapy in animal model for HIV-1 encephalitis.

Most potent anti-retroviral drugs (e.g., HIV-1 protease inhibitors) poorly penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Brain distribution can be limited by the efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The ability of a novel drug delivery system (block co-polymer P85) that inhibits P-gp, to increase the efficacy of anti-retroviral drugs in brain was examined using a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse model of HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE). SCID mice inoculated with HIV-1 infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) into the basal ganglia were treated with P85, anti-retroviral therapy (ART) [zidovudine, lamivudine and nelfinavir, (NEL)], or P85 and ART. Mice were sacrificed on days 7 and 14, and brains were evaluated for levels of viral infection. Anti-viral effects of NEL, P85 or their combination were evaluated in vitro using HIV-1 infected MDM and demonstrated anti-retroviral effects of P85 alone. In SCID mice injected with virus-infected MDM the combination of ART-P85 and ART alone showed a significant decrease of HIV-1 p24 expressing MDM (25% and 33% of controls, respectively) at day 7 while P85 alone group was not different from control. At day 14, all treatment groups showed a significant decrease in percentage of HIV-1 infected MDM as compared to control. P85 alone and combined ART-P85 groups showed the most significant reduction in percentage of HIV-1 p24 expressing MDM (8–22% of control) that were superior to the ART alone group (38% of control). Our findings indicate major anti-retroviral effects of P85 and enhanced in vivo efficacy of antiretroviral drugs when combined with P85 in a SCID mouse model of HIVE.
A Decision-Making Framework for Control Strategies in Probabilistic Search

This paper presents the search problem formulated as a decision problem, where the searcher decides whether the target is present in the search region, and if so, where it is located. Such decision-based search tasks are relevant to many research areas, including mobile robot missions, visual search and attention, and event detection in sensor networks. The effect of control strategies in search problems on decision-making quantities, namely time-to-decision, is investigated in this work. We present a Bayesian framework in which the objective is to improve the decision, rather than the sensing, using different control policies. Furthermore, derivations of closed-form expressions governing the evolution of the belief function are also presented. As this framework enables the study and comparison of the role of control for decision-making applications, the derived theoretical results provide greater insight into the sequential processing of decisions. Numerical studies are presented to verify and demonstrate these results
Neutron activation determination of noble metals using a selective group separation scheme

A rapid and comprehensive method has been developed for the determination of ppm to sub-ppb amounts of Ru, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt and Au, based on thermal neutron irradiation, dissolution of samples, selective absorption on Srafion NMRR ion exchange resin and high resolution γ-ray spectrometry. Two noble metals “specific” resins were tested for their absorption behaviour. The method has been used for analysis of standard rocks, ores, minerals, lunar samples, coal, coal fly ash, and several biological materials.
I Think You Know Who I Am: Bloggers' Perceived Identifiability

Bloggers who conduct relational communication via their public posts on the Web have to make decisions regarding the degree to which they would like to reveal their realworld identity. On the one hand, disclosing identity related information online can be risky. On the other hand, being identifiable is essential for positive relational communication. This study explored factors influencing bloggers’ decision of identity disclosure. Data were collected via an online survey of 148 randomly selected bloggers. Results showed that self disclosure tendency and targeting blogs at family and close friends were positive predictors to bloggers’ perceived identifiability. In addition, extraversion was found to moderate the relationship between bloggers’ perceived vulnerability and identifiability.
Shared decision-making and comparative effectiveness research for patients with chronic conditions: an urgent synergy for better health.

Chronic conditions are the most important cause of morbidity, mortality and health expense in the USA. Comparative effectiveness research (CER) seeks to provide evidence supporting the relative value of alternative courses of action. This research often concludes with estimates of the likelihood of desirable and undesirable outcomes associated with each option. Patients with chronic conditions should engage with their clinicians in deciding which of these options best fits their goals and context. In practicing shared decision-making (SDM), clinicians and patients should make use of CER to inform their deliberations. In these ways, SDM and CER are interrelated. SDM translates CER into patient-centered practice, while CER provides the backbone evidence about options and outcomes in SDM interventions. In this review, we explore the potential for a SDM–CER synergy in improving healthcare for patients with chronic conditions.
Mild realism, causation, and folk psychology

Abstract Daniel Dennett (1991) has advanced a mild realism in which beliefs are described as patterns “discernible in agents’ (observable) behavior” (p. 30). I clarify the conflict between this otherwise attractive theory and the strong realist view that beliefs are internal states that cause actions. Support for strong realism is sometimes derived from the assumption that the everyday psychology of the folk is committed to it. My main thesis here is that we have sufficient reason neither for strong realism nor for the supporting assumption about the commitments of folk psychology. Several generally implicit arguments in support of the latter assumption are considered. Explicit arguments for it by Ramsey et al. (1990) and Wellman (1990) are examined and judged unsuccessful. An explicit argument for strong realism by Cummins (in conversation) is also found inadequate. Consideration of this latter argument helps to explain why we cannot be satisfied with Dennett's own very brief discussion of causation by b...
Atom Probe Analysis of III-V and Si-Based Semiconductor Photovoltaic Structures

The applicability of atom probe to the characterization of photovoltaic devices is presented with special emphasis on high efficiency III-V and low cost ITO/a-Si:H heterojunction cells. Laser pulsed atom probe is shown to enable subnanometer chemical and structural depth profiling of interfaces in III-V heterojunction cells. Hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus chemical profiling in 5-nm-thick a-Si heterojunction cells is also illustrated, along with compositional analysis of the ITO/a-Si interface. Detection limits of atom probe tomography useful to semiconductor devices are also discussed. Gaining information about interfacial abruptness, roughness, and dopant profiles will allow for the determination of semiconductor conductivity, junction depletion widths, and ultimately photocurrent collection efficiencies and fill factors.
Lithological structure of the Galápagos Plume

[1] We have measured Ni, Ca, and Mn in olivine phenocrysts from volcanoes in the Galapagos Archipelago to infer the mantle source lithologies. Results show that peridotite is the dominant source lithology for Fernandina, Floreana, Genovesa, Wolf Island, and Darwin Island. These volcanoes largely characterize the PLUME, WD, FLO, and DUM Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic endmembers of Harpp and White (2001). Volcan Wolf, Alcedo, Marchena, and Cerro Azul, also produced from the melting of peridotite sources, have isotopic compositions that can be defined by mixing of the four isotopic endmembers. Our analysis suggests that peridotite was present in the sources of the volcanoes covered in this study and therefore is the dominant source lithology of the Galapagos plume. Pyroxenite melting is generally focused in two isotopically distinct domains: Roca Redonda, Volcan Ecuador, and Sierra Negra in the enriched western part of the archipelago and Santiago, Santa Cruz, and Santa Fe in the depleted east. One implication of this finding is that the Western and Eastern Pyroxenite Domains represent two separate bodies of recycled crust within the Galapagos mantle plume. Furthermore, both isotopically enriched and depleted domains of the archipelago were generated from mixtures of peridotite and pyroxenite. This suggests that there is no relationship between the source lithology of the Galapagos plume and its isotopic characteristics. The identification of peridotite-source melting in volcanoes with isotopic characteristics that have been attributed to recycled crust points to the importance of mixing in OIB genesis, consistent with studies in the Canary Islands.
Radiology teaching-file cases on the World-Wide Web: a second-generation viewer.

M any departments of radiology have established teaching files that are widely accessible on the WorldWide Web (WWW). These files can provide instruction for medical students, residents, practicing radiologists, and other interested parties. Lists of many, although not all, such teaching files reside at universal resource locators (for example, the Radiological Society of North America WWW site, http://www.rsna.org/rsnahome.html). Typically, the material at these sites is presented much as it would be in print: The text for the case is interspersed with the relevant images. Browser software retrieves the text and images from the remote teaching file and displays them in a window on the user’s computer monitor. At some sites,the initial images that are loaded into the browser are anchors (links) for a magnified or higher resolution version of the same images; these links can be loaded individually or in groups, on a separate page. By taking advantage of more recent techniques available for constructing WWW pages, it is possible to improve on this first-generation method of presenting teaching-file cases on the
Microtubule arrays of the zebrafish yolk cell : organization and function during epiboly

In zebrafish (Danio rerio), meroblastic cleavages generate an embryo in which blastomeres cover the animal pole of a large yolk cell. At the 500–1000 cell stage, the marginal blastomeres fuse with the yolk cell forming the yolk syncytial layer. During epiboly the blastoderm and the yolk syncytial layer spread toward the vegetal pole. We have studied developmental changes in organization and function during epiboly of two distinct microtubule arrays located in the cortical cytoplasm of the yolk cell. In the anuclear yolk cytoplasmic layer, an array of microtubules extends along the animal-vegetal axis to the vegetal pole. In the early blastula the yolk cytoplasmic layer microtubules appear to originate from the marginal blastomeres. Once formed, the yolk syncytial layer exhibits its own network of intercrossing mitotic or interphase microtubules. The microtubules of the yolk cytoplasmic layer emanate from the microtubule network of the syncytial layer. At the onset of epiboly, the external yolk syncytial layer narrows, the syncytial nuclei become tightly packed and the network of intercrossing microtubules surrounding them becomes denser. Soon after, there is a vegetal expansion of the blastoderm and of the yolk syncytial layer with its network of intercrossing microtubules. Concomitantly, the yolk cytoplasmic layer diminishes and its set of animal-vegetal microtubules becomes shorter. We investigated the involvement of microtubules in epiboly using the microtubule depolymerizing agent nocodazole and a stabilizing agent taxol. In embryos treated with nocodazole, microtubules were absent and epibolic movements of the yolk syncytial nuclei were blocked. In contrast, the vegetal expansion of the enveloping layer and deep cells was only partially inhibited. The process of endocytosis, proposed to play a major role in epiboly of the yolk syncytial layer (Betchaku, T. and Trinkaus, J. P. (1986) Am. Zool. 26, 193–199), was still observed in nocodazole-treated embryos. Treatment of embryos with taxol led to a delay in all epibolic movements. We propose that the yolk cell microtubules contribute either directly or indirectly to all epibolic movements. However, the epibolic movements of the yolk syncytial layer nuclei and of the blastoderm are not coupled, and only movements of the yolk syncytial nuclei are absolutely dependent on microtubules. We hypothesize that the microtubule network of the syncytial layer and the animal-vegetal set of the yolk cytoplasmic layer contribute differently to various aspects of epiboly. Models that address the mechanisms by which the two microtubule arrays might function during epiboly are discussed.
SIR 2006 Annual Meeting Film Panel Case: granulomatous aortitis with type A aortic dissection and abdominal malperfusion: combined treatment approach with aortic fenestration and surgery.

A 51-year-old white woman presented with an 8-week history of fever, chills, generalized weakness, and malaise. She was currently being treated with steroid therapy for suspected vasculitis. On clinical examination, she was found to have a new-onset murmur (grade 3/6; worse on the right) and right axillary lymphadenopathy. Chest radiograph (Fig 1) and computed tomography (CT) examinations (Fig 2) were performed. Thoracic aor-
Analysis of the tap changer related voltage collapse phenomena for the large electric power system

It is shown that nonsmooth events, such as tap changing can be integrated into the framework of a general theory recently presented by the authors (1991,1992) on the dynamics of large power systems modeled by smooth equations. The boundary to the region of feasible operations starting at a stable operating point, the feasibility boundary, is shown to be composed of five types of segments including two types connected with tap changers. These segments are defined as zero sets of explicitly known functions and thus are relatively computable (at roughly the load flow level). These results offer a powerful new approach to system security when tap changers are present. No reference needs to be made to P-V curves of the large power system, an obstacle in more conventional approaches. >
Europa: Characterization and interpretation of global spectral surface units

In the present analysis of the Voyager global multispectral mosaic of the Galilean satellite Europa, which was conducted to map surface units with similar optical properties, color assignments are indicative of the spectral nature of the given unit. The unit maps are noted to exhibit a marked hemispheric asymmetry which is most clearly seen in the UV/violet albedo ratio image. It appears as if the surface has been most darkened at the center of the trailing hemisphere, with a gradual decrease to a minimum at the center of the leading hemisphere as the cosine of the angle from the antapex of motion; this cosine pattern suggests that the darkening is exogenic in origin, and is interpreted as evidence of surface alteration by in bombardment from the Jovian magnetosphere.
Normal Cardiac Function Parameters

The normal values found in this chapter are provided to serve as a quick and easy reference. Investigators might find these values useful to be able to compare to the data they acquire. Manuscripts that report results from animals or preparations significantly different than these ranges could be problematic (Tables 3.1-3.6).
SEARCH FOR RADIATIVE PENGUIN DECAYS B+ → ρ+γ, B0 → ρ0γ, AND B0 → ωγ

A search for the decays B → ρ(770)γ and B0 → ω(782)γ is performed on a sample of 211 million events collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric-energy e+e- storage ring. No evidence for the decays is seen. We set the following limits on the individual branching fractions , , and at the 90% confidence level (C.L.). We use the quark model to limit the combined branching fraction and constrain |Vtd|/|Vts|.
Modeling the role of networks and individual differences in inter-group violence

There is significant heterogeneity within and between populations in their propensity to engage in conflict. Most research has neglected the role of within-group effects in social networks in contributing to between-group violence and focused instead on the precursors and consequences of violence, or on the role of between-group ties. Here, we explore the role of individual variation and of network structure within a population in promoting and inhibiting group violence towards other populations. Motivated by ethnographic observations of collective behavior in a small-scale society, we describe a model with differentiated roles for individuals embedded within friendship networks. Using a simple model based on voting-like dynamics, we explore several strategies for influencing group-level behavior. When we consider changing population level attitude changes and introducing control nodes separately, we find that a particularly effective control strategy relies on exploiting network degree. We also suggest refinements to our model such as tracking fine-grained information spread dynamics that can lead to further enrichment in using evolutionary game theory models for sociological phenomena.
Physical Fitness through Weight-Lifting

(1940). Physical Fitness through Weight-Lifting. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 11, No. 10, pp. 606-635.
Challenges and Rewards of Low-Abrasive Copper CMP: Evaluation and Integration for Single-Damascene Cu/Low-k Interconnects for the 90nm Node

Low-abrasive content slurries for copper (Cu) chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) have been developed to achieve removal rate and removal uniformity comparable to conventional slurries. They can improve post-CMP defectivity, improve topography and allow operation at lower polish pressures that are more compatible with the low-dielectric constant (low-k) materials required for current and future high-performance interconnects. Integration of these slurries into a yielding product with 9-level Cu/low-k metallization requires fundamental learning and process characterization. This paper discusses the some of the challenges encountered during development, integration, and qualification of a low-abrasive Cu CMP process for Texas Instruments (TI) Incorporated’s 90 nm technology node with copper/organosilicate interconnect. As abrasive content is reduced, the slurry chemistry must play a larger role in CMP removal. A more aggressive reactive chemical formulation requires an effective inhibitive component to keep Cu static etch rate low. As a result, wafer-scale process and consumable interactions, die-scale planarization efficiency, and feature-scale removal rates each become more sensitive to process changes. Pressure and temperature have larger effects on removal rate/profile than conventional slurries, and complete clearing of Cu puddled over underlying topography becomes more difficult. Successful integration of these slurries, however, can achieve excellent results in dishing and erosion topography, Cu thickness uniformity, and Cu loss in small features such as vias and landing pads. Low-abrasive content solutions are also more stable and easy to handle in slurry distribution vessels and lines, have lower scratch and residue defectivity, and have greatly extended margin for overpolish. As low-abrasive content Cu slurry options continue to evolve to become manufacturable solutions, their benefits far outweigh the costs and challenges encountered in their successful integration.
AERODYNAMIC FLOW CALCULATIONS WITH STRONG MAGNETIC INDUCTION AND DIFFUSION

Two flows of current engineering interest. (1) dynamic flows because of the relatively low hypersonic flow past a sphere-cone body with a value of electrical conductivity of air. Both apdipole magnetic field generaled within the body proaches are presented herein and sin~ulations nose and (2) flow within a channel with strong are compared for both external and internal inlposed electric and magnetic fields for flow aerodynamic flows. acceleration, are simulated numerically. Each flow is simulated using both the Low Magnetic Reynolds Number Approach and by solution of the Full Set of Magnetc )-Fluid Dynamics (MFD) Equations. Issues concerning drag and surface heat transfer reduction, suitability of the Low Magnetic Reynolds Nu~nber Approach for magneto-aerodynamics and solution accuracy of the complete MFD Equatirms are discussed.
Integrated Control as an Improved Means of Reducing Populations of Tobacco Pests

Integrated control of the 4 major pests that attack the foliage of cigar-wrapper tobacco was attempted near Quincy. Florida, in 1965-66. Treatments consisted of (I) a preplanting application of disulfoton granules (10%) to the soil in control the tobacco flea beetle, Epitrixhirtipennis (Melsheimer); and the green peach aphid, Myzus pericae (Sulzer); (2) traps equipped with black-light lamps placed around the perimeter of the tobacco field to reduce infestations Of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.); and the cabbage looper, Trichoplsia ni (Hubner); and (3) applications of the insect pathogen. Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, and relatively nonpersistent insecticides, parathion or azinphosmethyl, as needed. In the preliminary test in 1965 only 2 applications of insecticide were required in the I field given the integrated treatment, compared with 17 in a check field treated conventionally with insecticides. Also, the percentage harvestable leaves damaged was low (0.5-0.7) compared with the check field (1.0-3.5). In the more extensive studies in 1966, insect damage to the tobacco in the 8 fields given the integrated treatment and in the 4 check fields given the conventional treatments was Hot significantly different. However, 75% fewer applications of insecticide were necessary in the 8 fields than in the 4 check fields.