cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Editorial: The Evolution of Interdisciplinary Research on Human Behavior, Brain, and Body

The scientific study of human behavior has traditionally been the subject of many different disciplines such as anthropology, biology, economics, psychiatry, psychology, and sociology. For a long time, researchers within each of these disciplines worked in isolation from others, such that each discipline had its own set of theories, methods, results, and explanations. Although conceptual and methodological boundaries between disciplines still exist, more behavioral scientists working in the 21st century are crossing these boundaries than ever before. Psychologists and biologists have been particularly active in establishing interdisciplinary bridges, but this has occurred only in recent history. In the early decades of the 20th century, there was only one main bridge connecting the study of human behavior in psychology and biology, although this bridge had two different names, depending on the direction in which it was crossed. Psychologists called it biological psychology, or biopsychology, while in biology it was known as psychobiology. But in the last 50 years, biopsychology has evolved and diversified into a number of new neuroscience subdisciplines (behavioral, social, affective, cognitive, and cultural neuroscience, among others), while psychobiology has hybridized with other branches of biology and produced even more subdisciplines such as psychophysiology, psychoneuroendocrinology, psychoimmunology, and behavioral genetics. Among the latest arrivals in this evolutionary process of discipline “speciation” are subdisciplines focusing on the biological substrates of social relationships such as social neuroscience and social neuroendocrinology, reflecting a historical shift in interest in the human behavioral sciences, from the study of learning in the laboratory to that of social processes in the real world. Although psychology and biology have led the way in the evolution of interdisciplinary studies of human behavior, this process has also involved other behavioral disciplines such as anthropology, economics, and psychiatry giving rise to new subdisciplines such as neuroanthropology, human biology and ecoimmunology, neuroeconomics, and biological psychiatry. As is the case of subdisciplines in psychology and biology, the range of action of these disciplines is not limited to behavior, but Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology (2015) 1:1–3 DOI 10.1007/s40750-014-0001-5
Spectral correlation filters for flaw detection

A filtering approach is presented that exploits structural differences between the grain and flaw echo through spectral correlation. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that back-scattered energy from many randomly distributed scatterers within a resolution cell results in no spectral correlation, while back-scattered energy from resolution cells with only a few scatterers exhibits significant spectral correlation. Performance differences between simple spectral correlation filters and conventional spectral filters are discussed for simple and complex (more than one effective scattering center) defects.
Predicting liana crown location from stem diameter in three panamanian lowland forests

In three forests that differed in annual rainfall and seasonality, the probability of a liana with a stem ≥2.0 cm stem diameter reaching the canopy was >50 percent. Lianas reached the canopy at significantly smaller size-classes (1.5 cm) in the wet aseasonal forest, suggesting that this estimate changes with forest type. Nevertheless, as a general rule, we suggest that 2.0 cm is the minium stem diameter to examine the abundance and diversity of canopy lianas or canopy competition between lianas and trees.
SYNAPTOSOMAL TYROSINE HYDROXYLATION: AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN

— Crude striatal synaptosomes were used to determine the affinity of brain tyrosine 3-mono oxygenase for oxygen. The rate of tyrosine hydroxylation was determined at several different oxygen concentrations using L-[14C]tyrosine as substrate and measuring the [14C]DOPA formed in the presence of a decarboxylase inhibitor. The accumulation of [14C]tyrosine by synaptosomes was unaffected by incubation in nitrogen or 2.3% oxygen. Preincubation in nitrogen for up to 4 h did not impair the ability of synaptosomes to hydroxylate tyrosine when returned to air. Furthermore, pre-incubation in either nitrogen or air produced similar changes in the ultrastructural appearance of the synaptosomes and mitochondria in the crude preparation used in these studies. Thus tyrosine hydroxylation in these synaptosomes appeared to reflect tyrosine 3-mono oxygenase activity over a range of oxygen concentrations. The apparent Km for oxygen was 2 × 10−5 at pH 6.7 and 7.4. The apparent Km was not significantly altered by the addition of Ca2+, and was slightly increased in the presence of N6-mono-butyryl cyclic AMP or high K+. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the availability of oxygen may limit catecholamine synthesis in the intact rat brain.
Effective household disinfection methods of kitchen sponges.

Several household disinfecting treatments to reduce bacteria, yeasts and molds on kitchen sponges were evaluated. Sponges were soaked in 10% bleach solution for 3 min, lemon juice (pH 2.9) for 1 min, or deionized water for 1 min, placed in a microwave oven for 1 min at full power, or placed in a dishwasher for full wash and drying cycles, or left untreated (control). Microwaving and dishwashing treatments significantly lowered (P < 0.05) aerobic bacterial counts (<0.4 log and 1.6 log CFU/sponge, respectively) more than any chemical treatment or control (7.5 CFU/sponge). Counts of yeasts and molds recovered from sponges receiving microwave (<0.4 log CFU/sponge) or dishwashing (0.4 log CFU/sponge) treatments were significantly lower than those recovered from sponges immersed in chemical treatments. Our study shows that microwaving and dishwashing treatments may kill foodborne pathogens in a household kitchen environment.
Users' music information needs and behaviors: Design implications for music information retrieval systems

User studies in the music information retrieval MIR domain tend to be exploratory and qualitative in nature, involving a small number of users, which makes it difficult to derive broader implications for system design. In order to fill this gap, we conducted a large-scale user survey questioning various aspects of people's music information needs and behaviors. In particular, we investigated if general music users' needs and behaviors have significantly changed over time by comparing our current survey results with a similar survey conducted in 2004. In this paper, we present the key findings from the survey data and discuss 4 emergent themes-a the shift in access and use of personal music collections; b the growing need for tools to support collaborative music seeking, listening, and sharing; c the importance of "visual" music experiences; and d the need for ontologies for providing rich contextual information. We conclude by making specific recommendations for improving the design of MIR systems and services.
Translational control of gene expression in the gonadotrope

The study of gene expression in gonadotropes has largely focused on the variety of mechanisms regulating transcription of the gonadotropin genes and ancillary factors that contribute to the overall phenotype and function of these cells in reproduction. However, there are aspects of the response to GNRH signaling that are not readily explained by changes at the level of transcription. As our understanding of regulation at the level of mRNA translation has increased, it has become evident that GNRH receptor signaling engages multiple aspects of translational regulation. This includes activation of cap-dependent translation initiation, translational pausing caused by the unfolded protein response and RNA binding protein interaction. Gonadotropin mRNAs and the mRNAs of other factors that control the transcriptional and signaling responses to GNRH have been identified as targets of regulation at the level of translation. In this review we examine the impact of translational control of the expression of gonadotropin genes and other genes relevant to GNRH-mediated control of gonadotrope function.
A Finite Element Study of the Residual Stress and Deformation in Hemispherical Contacts

This work presents a finite element model (FEM) of the residual stresses and strains that are formed after an elastoplastic hemispherical contact is unloaded. The material is modeled as elastic perfectly plastic and follows the von Mises yield criterion. The FEM produces contours for the normalized axial and radial displacements as functions of the removed interference depth and location on the surface of the hemisphere. Contour plots of the von Mises stress and other stress components are also presented to show the formation of the residual stress distribution with increasing plastic deformation. This work shows that high residual von Mises stresses appear in the material pileup near the edge of the contact area after complete unloading. Values are defined for the minimum normalized interference, that when removed, results in plastic residual stresses. This work also defines an interference at which the maximum residual stress transitions from a location below the contact region and along the axis of symmetry to one near to the surface at the edge of the contact radius (within the pileup).
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data

Purpose: To examine the efficacy of ACE inhibitors for treatment of nondiabetic renal disease. Data Sources: 11 randomized, controlled trials comparing the efficacy of antihypertensive regimens including ACE inhibitors to the efficacy of regimens without ACE inhibitors in predominantly nondiabetic renal disease. Study Selection: studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE database for English-language studies evaluating the effects of ACE inhibitors on renal disease in humans between May 1977 (when ACE inhibitors were approved for trials in humans) and September 1997. Data Extraction: Data on 1860 nondiabetic patients were analyzed. Data Synthesis: Mean duration of follow-up was 2.2 years. Patients in the ACE inhibitor group had a greater mean decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (4.5 mm Hg [95% CI, 3.0 to 6.1 mm Hg]) and 2.3 mm Hg [CI, 1.4 to 3.2 mm Hg], respectively) and urinary protein excretion (0.46 g/d [CI, 0.33 to 0.59 g/d]), After adjustment for patient and study characteristics at baseline and changes in systolic blood pressure and urinary protein excretion during follow-up, relative risks in the ACE inhibitor group were 0.69 (CI, 0.51 to 0.94) for end-stage renal disease and 0.70 (CI, 0.55 to 0.88) far the combined outcome of doubling of the baseline serum creatinine concentration or end-stage renal disease. Patients with greater urinary protein excretion at baseline benefited more from ACE inhibitor therapy (P= 0.03 and P= 0.001, respectively), but the data were inconclusive as to whether the benefit extended to patients with baseline urinary protein excretion less than 0.5 g/d. Conclusion: Antihypertensive regimens that include ACE inhibitors are more effective than regimens without ACE inhibitors in slowing the progression of nondiabetic renal disease. The beneficial effect of ACE inhibitors is mediated by factors in addition to decreasing blood pressure and urinary protein excretion and is greater in patients with proteinuria. Angiotensin-converting inhibitors are indicated for treatment of nondiabetic patients with chronic renal disease and proteinuria and, possibly, those without proteinuria.
Base sequence at the 5'-linked terminus of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid.

Abstract The 5'-hydroxyl-linked end of tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid has been labeled with semicarbazide-14C, and the modified ribonucleic acid has been hydrolyzed with T1 ribonuclease. The end fragment, bearing the label, was isolated by two chromatographic procedures, which indicated that the oligomer was a tetramer containing only adenine and cytosine. In separate experiments, a similar end fragment has been isolated from the hydrolysis products of unaltered tobacco mosaic virus ribonucleic acid. The optical rotatory dispersion and absorption spectra of this oligomer have been measured at three pH values. In addition, the products of a spleen phosphodiesterase digest have been identified and estimated. The data support the designation of GpCpCpCpA as the terminal sequence.
Next-Generation Internet Architectures and Protocols: KanseiGenie: software infrastructure for resource management and programmability of wireless sensor network fabrics

This chapter describes an architecture for slicing, virtualizing, and federating wireless sensor network (WSN) resources. The architecture, which we call KanseiGenie, allows users—be they sensing/networking researchers or application developers—to specify and acquire node and network resources as well as sensor data resources within one or more facilities for launching their programs. It also includes server side measurement and management support for user programs, as well as client side support for experiment composition and control. We illustrate KanseiGenie architectural concepts in terms of a current realization of KanseiGenie that serves WSN testbeds and application-centric fabrics at The Ohio State University and at Wayne State University.
The 20th-Year Anniversary of Critical Race Theory in Education Implications for Leading to Eliminate Racism

Purpose: Though the first published application of critical race theory (CRT) to education occurred 20 years ago, implications of CRT for educational leadership did not occur until Lopez conducted a CRT analysis of the politics of education literature in 2003. No publications explicitly identify the implications of CRT for leadership practice. Given the gap in the literature, the research question that anchors this article asks, “How can CRT inform educational leadership to eliminate racism?” Research Method: To address the research question, I conducted a literature analysis of CRT in educational leadership, identified the CRT tenets that guided each publication, and derived six primary, interrelated CRT tenets from this analysis. I also extracted from the publications explicit and implicit implications for leadership practice as these implications related directly to each of the six CRT tenets. Findings/Implications: I describe each of the CRT tenets and explain how each can inform educational leadershi...
Does Interdependency Affect Industry Profitability? An Empirical Test

Strategy researchers have argued that heterogeneity in firms’ practices and profitability within and across industries may derive from industry-level differences in the extent of interdependencies among firms’ activities. Theoretical models have clarified how and why differences in the extent of the interdependencies faced by firms across industries may affect the distributions of firm profits, but the specific predictions from these models have not been empirically tested. In this paper, we present what we believe is the first large scale empirical analysis linking differences in the extent of interdependencies across industries to differences in the distribution of firm profits within and across those industries. We use survey data to measure interdependencies systematically across a wide number of industries, thus addressing the primary obstacle to incorporating interdependencies in larger scale empirical work, and find evidence consistent with the theoretical predictions: average profitability is highest in industries with moderate levels of interdependency; the dispersion of profits among firms is higher in industries with more extensive interdependencies; and industries with more extensive interdependencies have a more positively skewed performance distribution. We find that the effect of interdependencies on average industry profitability is similar in scale to the effect of patent protection and industry growth rates, placing interdependency squarely among the strategy field’s central concepts.
Looking back on Los Alamos

Good intentions were not enough. Four decades after the heroic Los Alamos years, the hardest work still lies ahead: changing people's ways of thinking.
Estimating the GFT Form

Empirical tests of the Slutsky property of demand functions tend to dis-confirm fixed preference utility theory. In particular we refer to the tests of the Slutsky property by Christensen, Jorgenson and Lau (1975); Barten and Geyskens (1975); Theil (1975); Berndt, Darrough and Diewert (1977a, 1977b, 1977c); Rosen (1978); Lau, Lin and Totopoulous (1978); Conrad and Jorgenson (1979a, 1979b) and Deaton and Muellbauer (1980b). By ‘fixed preference utility theory’ we mean theory based on the assumption that, apart from random disturbances, consumers’ preferences are constant and, in particular, they do not depend on prices p j paid for commodities or on total expenditure, M, (i.e. there is no preference-changing variable such that (1.4) is not equal to zero). Systems of demand functions derived from fixed preference utility theory always possess the Slutsky property as outlined in Chapter II and depend solely on current prices paid and total expenditure. If a system of demand functions contains a systematic variable other than prices and total expenditure, or if it does not possess the Slutsky property, then the underlying direct utility function cannot be a fixed preference utility function, cf. Basmann and Slottje (1985, 1987).
An Exploration of Green Building Costs and Benefits: Searching for the Higher Ed Context

Green building certification on college campuses is relatively new. When determining the financial feasibility of a certified green building at an institution of higher education, the full building...
To live or to die: Encountering conflict information dissemination over simple networks

In an era of networks in which any individual is connected with one another, such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Online Social Networks (OSNs), the networks are evolving into complex systems, carrying a huge volume of information that may provoke even more. An interesting, yet challenging question is how such information dissemination evolves, that is, to continue or to stop. Specifically, we aim to find out the aftermath of epidemic spreading via individuals and conflicting information dissemination. From a holistic, networking view, it is impossible to take every aspect into accounts for complex networks toward these questions. Therefore, we establish a Susceptible-Infectious-Cured (SIC) propagation model to examine two simple network topologies, clique and star, in terms of extinction time and half-life time of information under controllable, epidemic dynamics. For a network of size n, both theoretical and numerical results suggest that extinction time and half-life time are O(log n/n) for clique networks, and O(log n) for star networks. More interestingly, given an initial network state I0, the extinction time is constant (O(1)) for cliques, and O(log I0) for stars; while the half-life time is O(log 1/I0) for both clique and star networks, respectively. In addition, we developed a method to estimate the conditional infection count distribution, which indicates the scope of information dissemination.
The effects of bycatch reduction devices on diamondback terrapin and blue crab catch in the North Carolina commercial crab fishery

Abstract The diamondback terrapin ( Malaclemys terrapin ) is endemic to marshes, coves, and tidal creeks on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Currently, the terrapin is listed as a species of special concern in several states where one of the prominent threats to populations is the drowning of terrapins in commercial crab pots. Bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) that narrow the funnel opening on crab pots exclude terrapins, but BRDs face opposition from the fishing industry due to fears that they will decrease target species catch. The primary goals of this research were to examine the efficacy of two sizes of BRDs in excluding terrapins from crab pots and to assess the impact of BRDs on blue crab catch. Crab pots were deployed in paired and triplicate designs at estuarine sites along the central and southern coast of North Carolina in the summers of 2012 and 2013. A total of 4039 legal sized blue crabs and 14 terrapins were captured over the course of the study. Bycatch reduction devices did not have a statistically significant effect on catch rates or carapace width of legal-sized blue crabs. Thirteen of the 14 captured terrapins were in control pots, and one male terrapin was captured in a pot equipped with a large size BRD. An integrated approach that combines data on the spatial ecology and demography of terrapins with information on the most appropriate BRD dimensions for terrapin exclusion is most likely to succeed in addressing the issue of terrapin bycatch.
Extended-release naltrexone and drug treatment courts: Policy and evidence for implementing an evidence-based treatment.

Abstract With insufficient access to treatment and a tradition of criminalizing addiction, people with substance use disorders — including opioid dependence — are more likely to be incarcerated than they are to receive the treatment they need. Drug treatment courts aim to address this problem, engaging their participants in substance use treatment in lieu of incarceration. Drug courts offer an especially important window of opportunity to connect opioid-dependent participants to extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX), at a time when they are under highly-structured court supervision and required to detoxify from opioids to participate. Given the high cost of XR-NTX and high rates of uninsurance in the drug court population, new rigorous cost-effectiveness evidence is needed to demonstrate the extent to which XR-NTX improves program outcomes, including by reducing recidivism. With that new evidence, drug courts and the counties in which they are situated can make informed and difficult policy decisions about funding XR-NTX for some of their highest-risk community members.
Analysis of strain-specific genes in glutamic acid-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum AJ 1511

Strains of the bacterium, Corynebacterium glutamicum, are widely used for the industrial production of L-glutamic acid and various other substances. C. glutamicum ssp. lactofermentum AJ 1511, formerly classified as Brevibacterium lactofermentum, and the closely related C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 have been used as industrial strains for more than 50 years. We determined the whole genome sequence of C. glutamicum AJ 1511 and performed genome-wide comparative analysis with C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 to determine strain-specific genetic differences. This analysis revealed that the genomes of the two industrial strains are highly similar despite the phenotypic differences between the two strains. Both strains harbored unique genes but gene transpositions or inversions were not observed. The largest unique region, a 220-kb AT-rich region located between 1.78 and 2.00 Mb position in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 genome, was missing in the genome of C. glutamicum AJ 1511. The next two largest unique regions were present in C. glutamicum AJ 1511. The first region (413-484 kb position) contains several predicted transport proteins, enzymes involved in sugar metabolism, and transposases. The second region (1.47-1.50 Mb position) encodes restriction modification systems. A gene predicted to encode NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, which is involved in L-glutamate biosynthesis, is present in C. glutamicum AJ 1511. Strain-specific genes identified in this study are likely to govern phenotypes unique to each strain.
Current Non-HSCT Treatments for SCD

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with many acute and chronic complications which require management with pharmacologic agents. Advances in health care and public policies have successfully reduced the mortality in children with SCD and has led to its evolution into a chronic disease in adults living with SCD. While management of SCD remains largely symptomatic with only one FDA-approved pharmacologic disease-modifying agent hydroxyurea, improved understanding of complex mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of SCD is paving way for new therapies. In this chapter we review current disease-modifying therapies and supportive care for patients with SCD and briefly discuss pharmacologic agents currently under investigation.
Contextualizing Gender and Acculturative Influences on Sexual Initiation of Asian Indian Emerging Adults

Although Asian Indians represent one the fastest growing demographics in the United States, no studies exist on the sexual behavior of Asian Indian youth or its association with acculturation. Previous research has demonstrated a link between earlier sexual initiation and subsequent sexual risk and the role of acculturation and sexual initiation in other Asian groups. The present exploratory study examined gender and acculturation with regard to sexual initiation in Asian Indians (n = 37). Results reveal no significant gender differences in sexual initiation and total acculturation scores. Gender differences did emerge for the association among sexual behaviors and the influence of specific areas of acculturation on sexual initiation. Findings suggest that gender and acculturation may be important variables in understanding sexual behavior but that current acculturation measures may be insufficient to adequately assess acculturation levels of Asian Indian youth. Future research should focus on Asian Indians as an understudied minority group.
Medications for substance use disorders (SUD): emerging approaches.

Introduction: Substance use disorders are a group of chronic relapsing disorders of the brain, which have massive public health and societal impact. In some disorders (e.g., heroin/prescription opi...
Media Literacy Approaches to Prevention

Sociocultural and psychosocial factors are variable – and thus potentially reversible – risk factors in the development of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and other eating disorders (Levine and Smolak 2006; see Diedrichs’ entry on “▶Sociocultural Environment”). Interviews, cross-sectional survey studies, longitudinal investigations, and various types of laboratory and field experiments all point to specific media, peer (see Paxton’s entry on “▶Peer Interactions and Relationships”), and family variables as contributors to the following specific aspects of the nervosa in eating disorders:
PKA, PP1, and DC1 phosphorylation mediate alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract Excessive alcohol consumption impairs mucociliary clearance, in part, by compromising ciliary movement. Our previous study found alcohol reduces ciliary beat frequency in Chlamydomonas through a mechanism that involves the β and γ heavy chains of the outer dynein arm (ODA). Moreover, we identified DC1, a subunit of the ODA-docking complex (ODA-DC), as the first ciliary target for alcohol. DC1 phosphorylation is alcohol sensitive and correlates with alcohol-induced ciliary dysfunction (AICD). Furthermore, DC1 phosphorylation is disrupted in the absence of the central pair and ODA. These results implicate a role for DC1 phosphorylation in regulating the ODA activity and mediating AICD. In our current study, we identified four alcohol-sensitive phosphosites in DC1: S33, T73, T351, and S628. Mutations of these sites rescue the assembly of the ODA-DC and ODA, resulting in wild-type swimming velocities. When cells were challenged with alcohol, we determined that three sites, S33, T351, and S628, are critical for mediating the ciliary slowing effects of alcohol. This result is consistent with our pharmacological studies, which reveal that both PP1 and PKA activities are required for AICD.
No-tillage and soil physical environment

Abstract Implications of no-till (NT) management on soil C dynamics, soil fertility, and crop yields have been discussed, but an up-to-date synthesis of NT impact on soil physical properties based on a comprehensive compilation of global published studies is not available. Yet, an understanding of changes in soil physical properties after NT adoption is important to manage soils, agricultural production, and environmental quality. We compared data on soil physical properties among NT, reduced till (RT), and conventional till (CT) systems, discussed factors influencing tillage system effects, and underscored research needs. No-till had mixed effects on soil bulk density and penetration resistance but reduced Proctor bulk density (compactibility) by 4 to 13% in the 0 to 15 cm depth, suggesting that NT can reduce the susceptibility of the soil to compaction. No-till increased wet aggregate stability by 1 to 97%, water infiltration by 17 to 86%, and available water by 44%. It reduced or had no effect on soil temperature during the growing season but increased soil thermal conductivity. The latter indicates that NT can increase the soil's ability to conduct heat. No-till induced some slight water repellency, which can reduce soil aggregate slaking and enhance C storage. However, NT had no consistent effects on saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil consistency, and shear strength. Reduced till effects on soil properties were intermediate in values between NT and CT. No-till benefits for reducing compaction risks and improving structural quality increased in the long term. Changes in soil physical properties appear to be mainly confined to the upper 10 cm depth. Reviews on NT and soil C have also concluded that NT can cause stratification of soil organic C in the upper 5 or 10 cm depth. Thus, NT-induced increases in near-surface (
The Emergence of Public Schooling

This chapter discusses the emergence of public schooling in Peru. The inability of American advisors to understand and work within Peruvian conditions led Peruvians to the conclusion that educational reform could only be carried out successfully through the use of national leaders and administrators. Peru's first comprehensive and systematic effort in rural public education was motivated, maintained, and, for the greatest part, implemented by the North American Mission. During the 1960s, the supply of and demand for education grew at an unprecedented rate at all levels. Economic advances made it possible for many Peruvian children to attend school longer and simultaneously intensified demand for a more highly skilled and educated industrial labor force. Aspiration for education in rural areas increased significantly with the beginning of government reform programs, better communications, and increased links and interaction between Indians and cholos in the sierra and their friends and relations in urban coastal shantytowns or barriadas . As the cholofication process quickened, the demand for primary and secondary public schooling also grew.
Contract-Aware Slicing of UML Class Models

Slicing is a reduction technique that has been applied to class models to support model comprehension, analysis, and other modeling activities. In particular, slicing techniques can be used to produce class model fragments that include only those elements needed to analyze semantic properties of interest. In this paper we describe a class model slicing approach that takes into consideration invariants and operation contracts expressed in the Object Constraint Language OCL. The approach is used to produce model fragments, each of which consists of only the model elements needed to analyze specified properties. We use the slicing approach to support a technique for analyzing sequences of operation invocations to uncover invariant violations. The slicing technique is used to produce model fragments that can be analyzed separately. The preliminary evaluation we performed provides evidence that the proposed slicing technique can significantly reduce the time to perform the analysis.
Distinct Immune Regulatory Potential of Invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) Cell Subsets: iNKT2 and iNKT17, but Not iNKT1, Protect from Graft-Versus-Host-Disease

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can potently inhibit graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) in animal models through the production of Interleukin-4. Once considered a homogeneous population, it is now well established that murine iNKT cells differentiate during thymic development into three distinct sublineages, distinguished based on the expression of transcription factors and effector molecules: Th1-like iNKT (iNKT1) cells, Th2-like iNKT (iNKT2) cells, and Th17-like iNKT (iNKT17) cells. In this study, we investigated the immune regulatory potential of iNKT1, iNKT2 and iNKT17 cell subsets. In order to identify surface molecules whose expression would allow us to isolate viable iNKT1, iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells, we performed single cell RNA sequencing analysis on murine thymic iNKT cells isolated from FVB/N mice by flow cytometry based on PBS-57-CD1d-Tetramer staining. The results of this analysis together with previous knowledge allowed us to develop a sorting strategy to isolate iNKT1 (ICOS- PD1- CD27+ CD24-), iNKT2 (ICOS+ PD1+ CD27+ CD4+ CD24-), iNKT17 (ICOS+ PD1+ CD4- CD27- CD24-) cells, whose purity was confirmed by intra-nuclear staining for the transcription factors PLZF and RORgT. To assess the immune regulatory potential of the three iNKT sublineages, we employed a murine major histocompatibility complex (MHC)–mismatched bone marrow transplantation model. Lethally irradiated BALB/c (H-2Kd) mice were injected intravenously with T cell depleted-bone marrow (TCD-BM) cells and conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells (Tcon, 10e6 cells/mouse) from FVB/N (H-2kq) mice. Additionally, 5 × 10e4 sorted iNKT1, iNKT2 or iNKT17 cells from FVB/N donors were injected the same day. A significant survival benefit was observed when iNKT2 (p=0.0166) and iNKT17 (p=0.033) cells were adoptively transferred compared to mice that only received TCD-BM and Tcon, whereas there was no survival benefit in the group that received iNKT1 cells. In addition, body weight was improved in mice that received iNKT2 (day +41: p=0.009, day +49: p=0.005 and day +59: p= 0.005) or iNKT17 (day +59: p= 0.006) compared to mice that received iNKT1 cells. Clinical GVHD scores were also improved in mice that received iNKT2 (day +41: p= 0.012, day +51: p= 0.005) or iNKT17 (day +28: p=0.05, day +51: p=0.007) compared to mice that received iNKT1 cells. Interestingly, we found that even 1 × 10e4 iNKT2 (p= 0.008) and iNKT17 (p= 0.04) significantly suppressed GVHD. In summary, we demonstrate here that only iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells mitigated GVHD, whereas iNKT1 had no detectable immune regulatory potential. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show functional differences between iNKT sublineages, indicating that iNKT1, iNKT2 and iNKT17 cells have diverse functions and providing new biological insights that will be useful for developing iNKT cell-based cell therapies.
Survivor and Clinician Assessment of Survivorship Care Plans for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients: An Engineering, Primary Care, and Oncology Collaborative for Survivorship Health.

ABSTRACT The long-term care of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) survivors poses special challenges owing to a myriad of possible chronic and/or late complications. Survivorship care plans (SCPs) have been proposed as tools to communicate information on the late effects of treatment and recommended follow-up care to clinicians and survivors. The primary aims of this study were to determine SCP content and format, as well as to assess the preferred timing of SCP provision following HSCT. HSCT survivors and nontransplantation clinicians (oncologists and primary care physicians) were invited to participate in a survey evaluating the usefulness and utility of a sample HSCT-specific SCP with a treatment summary generated by autopopulation from an electronic health record (EHR). All participating HSCT survivors (n = 29) and clinicians (n = 18) indicated a desire to receive an SCP. More than 85% of the participants perceived information about treatments received, recommended follow-up and health maintenance including vaccinations, survivor and clinician resources, and graft-versus-host disease and other late/chronic side effects to be useful. The majority of survivors also believed that care team contact information was useful. In addition, >85% of survivors and clinicians agreed that the SCP increased their understanding of treatments and chronic/late side effects, improved health care provided, and were satisfied with the SCP and found it understandable and easy to use. The majority of survivors indicated that additional information should be added to the SCP, whereas some clinicians deemed the SCP too long. Survivors preferred to receive the SCP as a paper document at the end of a regular follow-up visit and review it with a cancer clinician, whereas clinicians preferred to receive the SCP through the EHR. These findings will help improve the design of future SCPs for use by HSCT survivors and clinicians. Future work will include leveraging the EHR to ease the burden of creating user-centered documents.
W -boson and trident production in TeV–PeV neutrino observatories

Detecting TeV–PeV cosmic neutrinos provides crucial tests of neutrino physics and astrophysics. The statistics of IceCube and the larger proposed IceCube-Gen2 demand calculations of neutrino-nucleus interactions subdominant to deep-inelastic scattering, which is mediated by weak-boson couplings to nuclei. The largest such interactions are W-boson and trident production, which are mediated instead through photon couplings to nuclei. In a companion paper [B. Zhou and J. F. Beacom, following Paper, Neutrino-nucleus cross sections for W-boson and trident production, Phys. Rev. D 101, 036011 (2020).PRVDAQ2470-001010.1103/PhysRevD.101.036011], we make the most comprehensive and precise calculations of those interactions at high energies. In this paper, we study their phenomenological consequences. We find that: (1) These interactions are dominated by the production of on-shell W bosons, which carry most of the neutrino energy; (2) the cross section on water/iron can be as large as 7.5%/14% that of charged-current deep-inelastic scattering, much larger than the quoted uncertainty on the latter, (3) attenuation in Earth is increased by as much as 15%; (4) W-boson production on nuclei exceeds that through the Glashow resonance on electrons by a factor of ≃20 for the best-fit IceCube spectrum; (5) the primary signals are showers that will significantly affect the detection rate in IceCube-Gen2; a small fraction of events give unique signatures that may be detected sooner.
Effects and outcomes of cardiac surgery in patients with cardiometabolic syndrome.

Introduction Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is diabetes mellitus (or insulin resistance) plus any two of the following risk factors: hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia. The correlation of metabolic syndrome with cardiovascular disease and the increase in the prevalence of patients with risk factors have solidified the importance of continued focus on metabolic syndrome. We retrospectively evaluated single-center data to determine if there is an association between CMS and outcomes. Methods The local Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Database was queried for consecutive coronary bypass (CABG) cases from 2002 to 2010. Short and long-term outcomes were compared between groups of patients with CMS and then risk-adjusted using multiple regression models with adjusted odds ratios and hazard ratios. Results Of 11 021 CABG cases, 3881 (35.2%) had CMS, with an annual prevalence that increased from 32% to 40% during the study. Patients with CMS were more likely to have prior cerebrovascular diseases, strokes, renal insufficiency, and worse New York Heart Association status. Unadjusted postoperative comparisons revealed that patients with CMS had higher rates of stroke, renal failure, dialysis, deep sternal wound infection, and longer intensive care unit and hospital length of stay. Risk-adjusted odds ratios did not reveal a significant impact on short-term outcomes, however, adjusted hazard ratios continued to demonstrate significant decreases in long-term survival in patients with CMS. Conclusions Patients with CMS were more likely to present with increased comorbidities. Patients with CMS undergoing CABG were at risk for worse short-term secondary postoperative outcomes and reduced long-term survival. The data supports the need for further investigation for risk reduction surrounding operative revascularization.
Nutrition Management in the Critically Ill Patient with Cirrhosis

Nutrition assessment of patients with liver failure in the intensive care unit is complex due to the decompensated state of the patient. Malnutrition is highly prevalent and recommendations for protein intake and other supportive measures have changed over the past several years. This review will describe the nutritional assessment of patients with cirrhosis in the intensive care unit and provide recommendations for updated best practices of nutritional support. More recent research has focused on the benefit of early nutrition interventions, avoiding prolonged fasting, and higher protein provision. Other supportive nutrition interventions such as the use of branch chain amino acids, probiotic therapy, and zinc supplementation have shown mixed results and have not been recently studied in the setting of critical illness. Patients with advanced cirrhotic stage liver disease are often concurrently malnourished. When cirrhotic patients become critically ill, nutritional deficits can rapidly worsen leading to progressive functional decline. By utilization of best practices, the risk of progressive nutritional decline may be mitigated.
Book reviewChicano and Chicana Literature: Otra voz del pueblo, Charles M. Tatum, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (2006), 222 pp.

The Chicana/o community has endured injustices, oppression and discrimination since becoming part of our diverse nation. This adversity gave rise to Chicana/o literature as a voice of discontent. A...
Behavioral innovation: Pilot study and new big data analysis approach in household sector user innovation

Abstract Innovation researchers have begun to look beyond how users develop tangible objects or product innovations and moved to investigate the existence and impact of intangible user-developed innovations in techniques and services in the household sector . In this paper, to incorporate technique and service innovations and other varieties of intangible innovations not yet described in the literature into an efficient and encompassing typology, we propose the new concept of intangible Behavioral Innovation as an overarching category that stands in contrast to tangible product innovation. Behavioral innovation is defined as consisting of one or a connected sequence of intangible problem-solving activities that provide a functionally novel benefit to its user developer relative to previous practice. We demonstrate in a pilot study using a relatively novel big data-gathering and semantic analysis approach that behavioral innovation exists and can be identified in user-generated content posted openly online in peer-to-peer discussion forums relating to household sector activities such as parenting. The preponderance (N = 138) of the 168 user innovations captured in our samples of discussion comments were intangible behavioral innovations, most of which were developed by women. The majority of behavioral innovations identified were diffused by their user developers in response to specific requests for help or advice from peers in their online community. Thus, incorporating the new concept of intangible behavioral innovation into studies of user innovation's scope and significance in the household sector can serve to clarify which users innovate in our communities of interest, what and how they innovate, why they are triggered to diffuse their innovations peer-to-peer, and how their innovative activities might impact social welfare.
BOLD responses to inhibition in cannabis-using adolescents and emerging adults after 2 weeks of monitored cannabis abstinence

Previous studies have suggested that chronic cannabis use has been associated with increased blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) response during a response inhibition task; however, these studies primarily included males. We investigated whether gender moderated the effects of cannabis use on BOLD response and behavioral performance during a Go-NoGo task in adolescents and young adults following 2 weeks of monitored abstinence. Participants included 77 16–26-year olds (MJ = 36, controls = 41). An emotion-based Go-NoGo task required participants to inhibit their response during a calm face. A whole-brain analysis looked at differences between cannabis group, gender, and their interaction. Significant greater BOLD responses were observed in cannabis users compared with that in controls in the left frontal cortex, left cingulate cortex, and the left thalamus during correct response inhibitions; gender did not moderate these effects. Supporting previous research, cannabis users showed greater BOLD responses in core areas associated with response inhibition during a Go-NoGo task, even after a minimum of 2 weeks of abstinence.
Measuring Christian Integration in Professional Counseling Practice and the Contributions of Spiritual Formation and Mentoring

This study surveyed counselors who integrate Christian faith to determine the impact of spiritual formation and mentoring relationships on integration satisfaction and activity. A holistic measure ...
Parental perceptions of sleep disordered breathing and sleep disturbances in children with Down syndrome

Purpose/Background: Currently, there are over 400,000 individuals living with Down Syndrome (DS) in the United States. It is well established that children with DS have a decreased ability for initiating and maintaining sleep, as well as an increased tendency for daytime sleepiness and an increased incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). In conjunction with respiratory infections, sleep disordered breathing is the most common pulmonary disorder affecting children with DS at a prevalence rate of 30% to …
Towards the Development of an Ultrasound-Guided Robotically Steerable Guidewire

Minimally-invasive treatments for chronic total occlusions (CTO) involve the manual routing of a guidewire under fluoroscopy. However, navigation remains clinically challenging with high rates of procedural failure and trauma to the vessel. In this paper, we present a proof-of-concept robotic guidewire capable of acquiring forward-viewing ultrasound (US) images, thereby enhancing maneuverability through complex vasculature. We present a statics model based on Castigliano’s theorem and its validation by controlling a notched nitinol tube used as a guidewire. A feedback control system was employed for precise control of robotic actuation of the guidewire. Based on our analysis of a set of designs, we chose the guidewire sample with the highest depth of cut (80% of outer diameter) and greatest number of notches (20). Additionally, we document the design, fabrication, and characterization of a 17.2MHz US transducer with 41% fractional bandwidth, as well as image formation with this transducer via synthetic aperture beamforming. Insertion loss and SNR were found of −60 dB and 28 dB, respectively. These components were then combined and used to image a series of wires in water to establish feasibility. The developed kinematic model and experimental data were used to compute the guidewire pose, which informed the image formation. The data obtained were used to create a visualization of the objects, demonstrating the feasibility of the system. SNR for the resulting images was 52 dB, and axial and lateral −6 dB ranges were 97 ± 11 μm and 339 ± 80 μm respectively.