cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Imminence: Evolving International Law and Battered Women's Right to Self-Defense

In recent years commentators have criticized the American legal system for its unresponsiveness to claims of self-defense by women who have killed their abusers. Currently, battered woman syndrome (BWS) is the most widely used mechanism to render battered women's self-defense claims judicially cognizable. However, some feminist scholars criticize BWS both for diagnosing battered women2 who act in their own defense as mentally ill and for ignoring the actual obstacles they face,3 while more conservative critics argue that BWS is a special standard for women that cloaks ulterior motives.4 The most damaging criticism, however, is that it is statistically unclear whether BWS has made a difference: while women are three times more likely to be killed by an intimate than to kill an intimate themselves, and far more likely to be acting in self-defense when they do, those women still receive far harsher prison sentences than similarly situated men.' The ongoing debate over BWS has primarily focused on the temporal factor of imminence. Although harm may not be imminent by objective temporal measures, disagreement exists as to whether battered women's subjective perceptions of imminent harm can be deemed reasonable.6 If disagreement about temporal imminence were
Resolution of abnormal cardiac MRI T2 signal following immune suppression for cardiac sarcoidosis

Cardiac MR (CMR) with late gadolinium enhancement is commonly used to detect cardiac damage in the setting of cardiac sarcoidosis. The addition of T2 mapping to CMR was recently shown to enhance cardiac sarcoidosis detection and correlates with increased cardiac arrhythmia risk. This study was conducted to determine if CMR T2 abnormalities and related arrhythmias are reversible following immune suppression therapy. A retrospective study of subjects with cardiac sarcoidosis with abnormal T2 signal on baseline CMR and a follow-up CMR study at least 4 months later was conducted at The Ohio State University from 2011 to 2015. Immune suppression treated participants had a significant reduction in peak myocardial T2 value (70.0±5.5 vs 59.2±6.1 ms, pretreatment vs post-treatment; p=0.017), and 83% of immune suppression treated subjects had objective improvement in cardiac arrhythmias. Two subjects who had received inadequate immune suppression treatment experienced progression of cardiac sarcoidosis. This report indicates that abnormal CMR T2 signal represents an acute inflammatory manifestation of cardiac sarcoidosis that is potentially reversible with adequate immune suppression therapy.
Super-resolution in SAR imaging: Analysis with the atomic norm

In this paper, we investigate the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging problem via sparse atomic norm reconstruction. A stepped-frequency radar operation and a side looking radar is assumed. However, the analysis presented is general, and extensions to other SAR types, scenes and other radar waveforms are straightforward. The atomic norm is formulated and employed as a penalizer for SAR denoising and reconstruction, as a convex problem. The target positions are readily estimated through the peaks of the dual polynomial. Furthermore, due to strong duality in our convex formulation, we show that the target positions are obtained from either the primal or dual problem solution. Through simulations, we demonstrate the advantages of our approach when compared with traditional back-projection imaging and recent sparse reconstruction techniques.
Unfolding the Core Structure of the Reciprocal Graph of a Massive Online Social Network

Google+ (G+ in short) is a directed online social network where nodes have either reciprocal (bidirectional) edges or parasocial (one-way) edges. As reciprocal edges represent strong social ties, we study the core structure of the subgraph formed by them, referred to as the reciprocal network of G+. We develop an effective three-step procedure to hierarchically extract and unfold the core structure of this reciprocal network. This procedure builds up and generalizes ideas from the existing k-shell decomposition and clique percolation approaches, and produces higher-level representations of the core structure of the G+ reciprocal network. Our analysis shows that there are seven subgraphs (“communities”) comprising of dense clusters of cliques lying at the center of the core structure of the G+ reciprocal network, through which other communities of cliques are richly connected. Together they form the core to which “peripheral” sparse subgraphs are attached.
Effects of prenatal low protein and postnatal high fat diets on visceral adipose tissue macrophage phenotypes and IL-6 expression in Sprague Dawley rat offspring

Adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) are implicated in adipose tissue inflammation and obesity-related insulin resistance. Maternal low protein models result in fetal programming of obesity. The study aims to answer whether maternal undernutrition by protein restriction affects the ATM M1 or M2 phenotype under postnatal high fat diet in F1 offspring. Using a rat model of prenatal low protein (LP, 8% protein) diet followed by a postnatal high fat energy diet (HE, 45% fat) or low fat normal energy diet (NE, 10% fat) for 12 weeks, we investigated the effects of these diets on adiposity, programming of the offspring ATM phenotype, and the associated inflammatory response in adipose tissue. Fat mass in newborn and 12-week old LP fed offspring was lower than that of normal protein (20%; NP) fed offspring; however, the adipose tissue growth rate was higher compared to the NP fed offspring. While LP did not affect the number of CD68+ or CD206+ cells in adipose tissue of NE offspring, it attenuated the number of these cells in offspring fed HE. In offspring fed HE, LP offspring had a lower percentage of CD11c+CD206+ ATMs, whose abundancy was correlated with the size of the adipocytes. Noteworthy, similar to HE treatment, LP increased gene expression of IL-6 within ATMs. Two-way ANOVA showed an interaction of prenatal LP and postnatal HE on IL-6 and IL-1β transcription. Overall, both LP and HE diets impact ATM phenotype by affecting the ratio of CD11c+CD206+ ATMs and the expression of IL-6.
Evolving non-thermal electrons in simulations of black hole accretion

Current simulations of hot accretion flows around black holes assume either a single-temperature gas or, at best, a two-temperature gas with thermal ions and electrons. However, processes like magnetic reconnection and shocks can accelerate electrons into a nonthermal distribution, which will not quickly thermalise at the very low densities found in many systems. Such nonthermal electrons have been invoked to explain the infrared and X-ray spectra and strong variability of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the black hole at the Galactic Center. We present a method for self-consistent evolution of a nonthermal electron population in the GRMHD code KORAL. The electron distribution is tracked across Lorentz factor space and is evolved in space and time, in parallel with thermal electrons, thermal ions, and radiation. In the present study, for simplicity, energy injection into the nonthermal distribution is taken as a fixed fraction of the local electron viscous heating rate. Numerical results are presented for a model with a low mass accretion rate similar to that of Sgr A*. We find that the presence of a nonthermal population of electrons has negligible effect on the overall dynamics of the system. Due to our simple uniform particle injection prescription, the radiative power in the nonthermal simulation is enhanced at large radii. The energy distribution of the nonthermal electrons shows a synchrotron cooling break, with the break Lorentz factor varying with location and time, reflecting the complex interplay between the local viscous heating rate, magnetic field strength, and fluid velocity.
Third Report on Crimes Against Humanity

In July 2014, the U.N. International Law Commission placed the topic “Crimes against humanity” on its current program of work and appointed a Special Rapporteur. According to the topic proposal, the objective of the Commission is to draft articles for what could become a Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Humanity. In 2015, based on the Special Rapporteur’s First Report, the Commission provisionally adopted the first four draft articles with commentary. In 2016, based on the Special Rapporteur’s Second Report, the Commission provisionally adopted an addition six draft articles with commentary. In this Third Report, which will be debated by the Commission during the summer of 2017, the Special Rapporteur proposes a draft preamble and seven additional draft articles, which are focused on various obligations of States with respect to the prosecution of crimes against humanity within national law. Specifically, the seven proposed draft articles address: extradition (draft article 11); non-refoulement (draft article 12); mutual legal assistance (draft article 13); treatment of victims, witnesses and others (draft article 14); relationship to competent international criminal tribunals (draft article 15); federal State obligations (draft article 16); and inter-State dispute resolution in the event of non-compliance (draft article 17). Annex I to the report contains the ten draft articles provisionally adopted by the Commission to date. Annex II contains the draft preamble and seven draft articles proposed in this report.
The Possible Role of Density Current Dynamics in the Generation of Low-Level Vertical Vorticity in Supercells

AbstractA physical mechanism based on density current dynamics is proposed to explain the generation of low-level vertical vorticity in supercells. This mechanism may serve as one explanation for the associative relationship between environmental low-level vertical shear and the occurrence of significant tornadoes. The mechanism proposed herein represents an indirect connection to the generation of strong surface-based rotation: the barotropic horizontal vorticity associated with the vertical shear acts to amplify existing rotation but does not directly contribute to surface rotation. The proposed mechanism couples the likelihood of a tornado to the vertical shear through the pattern of vertical motion induced through interaction of a deformed gust front and the environmental vertical shear.Results from the experiments conducted to test the veracity of the proposed mechanism illustrate that inferred patterns of tilting and vortex line orientation are consistent with the generation of positive vertical vor...
Study Abroad Participation at Community Colleges: Students’ Decision and Influential Factors

This study aimed to better understand college students’ decisions to participate in short-term study abroad programs and to identify influential factors. Our constructive interview data with tradit...
Survival of the Smartest

Lane analyzes current nerd/geek television series, contrasting the depiction of nerddom on The Big Bang Theory with The Great Indoors. In both series, viewers are seeing an evolution of the nerds depicted on-screen. Yet, CBS’s scheduling of the two series back-to-back illuminates a clear “generational divide” between nerds in their 30s and nerds in their 20s. The Great Indoors depicts three versions of “othered” nerd/geek characters in Clark, Mason, and Emma—what Eglash terms a “nerd network”—all of whom contrast with the lead character of Jack, with each representing a different evolution of now-established nerd stereotypes. With The Great Indoors’ “nerd network”, race, gender, and sexuality stereotypes of nerd/geeks are explored, and potentially exploded.
Nuclear Muon Capture: Hyperfine Effects in Nuclear Spin and Isospin (1/2+-, 1/2) --> (1/2+-, 1/2) and (1+, 0) --> (0+, 1) Transitions

Formulas for angular correlations and capture rates in muon-capture transitions between initial and final nuclear states characterized by spin and isospin${[1/{2}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},1/2]}_{\mathrm{ini}}$ and ${[1/{2}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}},1/2]}_{\mathrm{fin}}$, and ${[{1}^{+},0]}_{\mathrm{ini}}$ and ${[{0}^{+},1]}_{\mathrm{fin}}$, are derived and applied to ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}n$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{3}\mathrm{H}$, and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}^{6}\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{6}\mathrm{He}$ in a model-independent (elementary-particle) approach. The results indicate that the angular correlations between the momenta of the recoiling final nuclei and the polarizations of the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and/or the initial nuclei are sensitive to the value of the nuclear pseudoscalar form factors ${F}_{P}({q}^{2})$. The analysis also indicates that inconsistencies among the available data on ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}^{6}\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{6}\mathrm{He}$ are most likely of experimental origin.RADIOACTIVITY ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}n$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}^{3}\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{3}\mathrm{H}$, ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}^{6}\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{6}\mathrm{He}$; angular correlations and capture rates. Hyperfine effects are properly included.
How Could a Freshwater Swamp Produce a Chemical Signature Characteristic of a Saltmarsh

Reduction–oxidation (redox) reaction conditions, which are of great importance for the soil chemistry of coastal marshes, can be temporally dynamic. We present a transect of cores from northwest Florida wherein radical postdepositional changes in the redox regime has created atypical geochemical profiles at the bottom of the sedimentary column. The stratigraphy is consistent along the transect, consisting of, from the bottom upward, carbonate bedrock, a gray clay, an organic mud section, a dense clay layer, and an upper organic mud unit representing the current saltwater marsh. However, the geochemical signature of the lower organic mud unit suggests pervasive redox reactions, although the interval has been identified as representing a freshwater marsh, an unlikely environment for such conditions. Analyses indicate that this discrepancy results from postdepositional diagenesis driven by millennial-scale environmental parameters. Rising sea level that led to the deposition of the capping clay layer, create...
Glycinergic Inhibitory Plasticity in Binaural Neurons Is Cumulative and Gated by Developmental Changes in Action Potential Backpropagation.

Summary Utilization of timing-based sound localization cues by neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) depends critically on glycinergic inhibitory inputs. After hearing onset, the strength and subcellular location of these inhibitory inputs are dramatically altered, but the cellular processes underlying this experience-dependent refinement are unknown. Here we reveal a form of inhibitory long-term potentiation (iLTP) in MSO neurons that is dependent on spiking and synaptic activation but is not affected by their fine-scale relative timing at higher frequencies prevalent in auditory circuits. We find that iLTP reinforces inhibitory inputs coactive with binaural excitation in a cumulative manner, likely well suited for networks featuring persistent high-frequency activity. We also show that a steep drop in action potential size and backpropagation limits induction of iLTP to the first 2 weeks of hearing. These intrinsic changes would deprive more distal inhibitory synapses of reinforcement, conceivably establishing the mature, soma-biased pattern of inhibition.
Abstract TP43: Trends in Interhospital Transfers and Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Stroke care in the US is becoming increasingly regionalized. Many patients undergo interhospital transfer to obtain access to specialized, time-sensitive interventions such as mechanical thrombectomy. Methods: We used the stratified survey design of the US Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 2009-2014, to examine nationwide trends in interhospital transfers for ischemic stroke and the relationship between transfers and thrombectomy. International Classification of Disease—Ninth Revision diagnosis and procedure codes were used to identify acute stroke admissions and inpatient procedures (tissue plasminogen activator [tPA] administration and thrombectomy), respectively. The analysis was restricted to hospitals with the capabilities to perform thrombectomy. Trends were assessed using a Cochran-Armitage test. Results: From 2009 to 2014, an estimated 759,648 ischemic stroke admissions were identified within hospitals offering thrombectomy (102,674 in 2009; 154,280 in 2014). The proportion of stroke admissions to these hospitals that underwent interhospital transfer prior to arrival increased from 13.5% (n=13,811) in 2009 to 18.9% (n=19,175) in 2014 ( P trend P P P trend=0.016). Approximately 30% of patients receiving thrombectomy for ischemic stroke were transferred from another acute care facility (n=7,328). Among patients receiving tPA, transferred patients were slightly less likely to receive thrombectomy compared to those arriving by “front door” at thrombectomy performing centers (13.9% vs. 15.4%; P =0.004). Conclusions: From 2009 to 2014, interhospital stroke transfers to thrombectomy performing hospitals more than doubled. For every ~5 additional stroke transfers over the time period examined, one additional transferred patient received thrombectomy. As stroke systems of care continue to evolve across the US, the optimization of stroke transfers presents an opportunity to increase access to meaningful interventions such as thrombectomy.
How Can We Sing the Song of the Lord

What conditions make worship possible? What theology best supports our public worship? This article explores what we might call the conditions for the possibility of good worship. Reviewing the work of Jean-Luc Marion and Catherine Pickstock, the author challenges those charged with leadership to attend to the power of liturgy, especially as it affects our identity. Communal worship, properly understood and celebrated, can shape beliefs, values, behaviors, and vision of Catholic school leaders.
Dynamics of Colonization of Plant Roots by Verticillium Dahliae and Other Fungi

In pathogenesis, a critical first step is the initial contact and colonization of the host by the pathogen. Little is known about this initial host-parasite interaction for the soil-borne pathogens involved in vascular wilt diseases: particularly under natural conditions. The lack of information is in large part due to the location where these initial interactions occur. The soil is not a media that facilitates direct observation. Additionally, since many fungi colonize the roots of plants, investigations focused on a single organism in the presence of all the others have been difficult. A number of features have been established. The fungal pathogens persist in soil for extended periods of time as dormant propagules. For Verticillium dahliae Kleb., longevity of microsclerotia extends for years to decades. These propagules will germinate in response to root exudates (Rovira 1965; Schreiber and Green 1963). Since exudates are greatest in the zone of elongation, it is suggestive that at least some of the initial contact occurs near this site. Little is known about what happens between germination in response to root exudates and the detection of the pathogen in the vascular system.
A New Technique Using Braille to Teach Print Reading to Dyslexic Children.

□ It has been shown that there are definite advantages in using braille as a temporary mode of reading for children with severe reading disabilities. Transference can be seen in a single lesson, an...
Promoting polyarchy: Conclusions: The future of polyarchy and global society

Most people in the world put up with very great inequalities, but when these inequalities appear to be increasing without prospect of being reversed and when they mean famine, epidemic, and certain death for millions of people, they cease to be merely aesthetic problems and acquire the status of political crises. Richard Barnet and Ronald Muller The world of humankind constitutes a manifold, a totality of interconnected processes, and inquiries that disassemble this totality into bits and then fail to reassemble it falsify reality. Concepts like “nation,” “society,” and “culture” name bits and threaten to turn names into things. Only by understanding these names as bundles of relationships, and by placing them back into the field from which they were abstracted, can we hope to avoid misleading inferences and increase our share of understanding. Eric Wolf The present study, as stated in the introduction, has a dual purpose. The first was to analyze and explain the promotion of polyarchy in US foreign policy. The second, more open-ended, was to explore political and social dimensions of globalization. This concluding chapter is divided into two parts. In the first part, I recapitulate my main thesis, take a brief look at “democracy promotion” programs in the former Soviet bloc and South Africa and US activities world wide so as to strengthen generalizing conclusions, and summarize in comparative perspective the case studies.
Gamma and Beta Function Integrals

In two letters written as 1729 turned into 1730, the great Euler created what is today called the gamma function, Γ(n), defined today in textbooks by the integral $$ \Gamma \left(\mathrm{n}\right)={\displaystyle {\int}_0^{\infty }{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{x}\ }{\mathrm{x}}^{\mathrm{n}-1}\ \mathrm{dx},}\kern1em \mathrm{n}>0. $$
Complex Pilonidal Disease and Acute and Chronic Perineal Wounds: Point – Counterpoint

In this chapter we will discuss the management of the posterior midline wound and the open perineal wound. These two wounds have plagued surgeons and patients for decades. The first discussion is on the controversial management of the post-pilonidal cystectomy wound: leave the wound to heal by secondary intention or primary closure with a fasciocutaneous flap (V–Y advancement flap). Healing by secondary intention does have a low complication rate and recurrence, but the management of the open wound is difficult and frustrating for the patient and sometimes for the colorectal surgeon. Since the 1960s the fasciocutaneous flaps have been utilized with what appears to be “minimal” morbidity and a “0–11.1 %” recurrence rate. The authors have a slight difference of opinion on the management of this complex problem. Then we will turn our attention to one of the most difficult wounds to manage: the open perineal wound, post-abdominoperineal resection for malignancy of the low rectum or anal canal and post-proctocolectomy for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We will discuss the acute and chronic approach to this debilitating wound. The authors both agree that the reconstruction of the perineal floor is a multidisciplinary team approach: including the colon rectal surgeon, plastic reconstructive surgeon, wound ostomy team, and occasionally urology.
Linking Teacher Assessment to Student Performance: A Benchmarking, Generalizability, and Validity Study of the Use of Teacher Work Samples.

This study examined the validity and generalizability of the use of Teacher Work Samples to assess preservice and inservice teachers' abilities to meet national and state teaching standards and to impact the learning of their students. Our approach built upon the Teacher Work Sample Methodology of Western Oregon University (Schalock, 1998; Schalock, Cowart, & Staebler, 1993). To assess the ability of work sample assessments to differentiate performances along the full developmental continuum from beginning to expert teaching, we recruited junior-level candidates, student teaching interns, experienced teachers, and National Board Certified teachers to complete teacher work samples. We also examined whether work samples could be feasibly and equitably administered and scored with sufficient reliability to warrant their use for high-stakes decisions about the effectiveness of teaching performance. Results of the study show initial support for teacher work sample assessment as a way to provide valid and credible evidence connecting teaching performance to student learning.
Computing and Visualizing Taxi Cab Dynamics as Proxies for Autonomous Mobility on Demand Systems

Despite the expansion of shared mobility-on-demand (MoD) systems as sustainable modes of urban transport, a growing debate among planners and urban scientists regarding what constitutes cost and how to compute it, divides opinions on the benefits that autonomous MoD systems may bring. We present a comprehensive definition of cost of traveling by MoD systems as the cost of the vehicle hours (VH), the vehicle-hours-traveled (VHT), the vehicle-hours-dispatched (VHD), and the vehicle-hours-parked (VHP) required to serve a pattern of trips. Next, we discuss an approach to estimate empty (dispatch) trips and idle periods from a user trip dataset. Finally, we model, compute, and visualize the relationship between the dynamics of VHP, VHT, and VHD using Chicago’s taxi cab system as a case. Our results show that the total fleet of taxis in Chicago can decrease by 51% if all trips, currently served by conventional taxis, were served by autonomous ones.
“I am Not a Failure”: Embracing the Assets of Latinas in Continuation High Schools

This study centers the experiences of 9 Latinas enrolled in a continuation high school. This study attempts to understand how this continuation school engages with Latinas and attempts to improve t...
Towards quantitative prediction of ignition-delay-time sensitivity on fuel-to-air equivalence ratio

Abstract Several compression-ignition and low-temperature combustion strategies require a fuel where the ignition-delay-time (IDT) is highly sensitive to the fuel-to-air equivalence ratio (ϕ). Quantitative prediction of ϕ-sensitivity (i.e., the change in IDT with respect to ϕ) would enable rapid screening of the numerous possible (bio)fuel candidates for this desired high ϕ-sensitivity characteristic. We propose a new ϕ-sensitivity metric (η), which is primarily a function of only temperature (T) and pressure (P). We assess the reliability of 0-D (perfectly homogeneous) simulation and state-of-the-art reaction mechanisms for two well-studied fuels, namely, iso-octane and a primary reference fuel (PRF80). 0-D simulation results are in good agreement with experimental constant volume IDT data at low- and intermediate-temperatures, while systematic deviations are observed at higher temperatures (where full 3-D computational fluid dynamics simulations are required for accurate prediction). We also perform a traditional single-parameter sensitivity analysis to determine the key reactions that affect ϕ-sensitivity. This is followed by a more rigorous Bayesian uncertainty quantification (UQ) analysis to elucidate the possible sources for the discrepancies at high T. Due to the computational cost of UQ, we train artificial neural networks to rapidly predict η for randomly perturbed sets of low- and intermediate-temperature reaction rate parameters. The primary implications of this study are that experimental ϕ-sensitivity data can be used to refine and validate proposed reaction mechanisms, while machine learning and uncertainty quantification of 0-D simulations are essential for quantitative prediction of ϕ-sensitivity in order to rapidly screen fuel candidates.
Foix-Alajouanine Syndrome Mimicking Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis.

Foix-Alajouanine syndrome is an arteriovenous malformation causing subacute congestive myelopathy that can lead to progressive paraplegia. It typically affects the lower thoracic and lumbosacral levels. Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) leads to increased venous pressure, decreasing the arteriovenous pressure gradient and leading to a decrease in spinal cord perfusion, oedema and necrosis. Early recognition and surgical intervention can result in a good prognosis. Learning points Spinodural arteriovenous fistula (SDAF) can present with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), progressive gait instability, and lower extremity weakness.Failure to promptly recognize this condition and misdiagnosis can result in a poor outcome.Microsurgical obliteration of the SDAF provides better results than embolization.
Complications Related to Radical Neck Dissections and Management of Recurrent Neck Disease

Appropriate management of cervical node metastasis is critical in the overall planning and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Radical and modified radical neck dissections remain the surgical option for advanced neck disease; however, these procedures are associated with specific complications. In this chapter, we will discuss the history and the development of the radical neck dissection (RND) and modified radical neck dissection (MRND), indications, classifications, and complications and review the management of recurrent neck disease.
The Kinase Specificity of Protein Kinase Inhibitor Peptide

G-protein-coupled-receptor (GPCR) signaling is exquisitely controlled to achieve spatial and temporal specificity. The endogenous protein kinase inhibitor peptide (PKI) confines the spatial and temporal spread of the activity of protein kinase A (PKA), which integrates inputs from three major types of GPCRs. Despite its wide usage as a pharmaceutical inhibitor of PKA, it was unclear whether PKI only inhibits PKA activity. Here, the effects of PKI on 55 mouse kinases were tested in in vitro assays. We found that in addition to inhibiting PKA activity, both PKI (6-22) amide and full-length PKIα facilitated the activation of multiple isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC), albeit at much higher concentrations than necessary to inhibit PKA. Thus, our results call for appropriate interpretation of experimental results using PKI as a pharmaceutical agent. Furthermore, our study lays the foundation to explore the potential functions of PKI in regulating PKC activity and in coordinating PKC and PKA activities.
The Effect of Interstitial Material on Thermal Joint Resistance for Several Metallic Joints: Analytical and Experimental Study

In this study it was determined whether or not a reduction was realized for thermal joint resistance as a result of applying a TIM (Thermal Interface Material), in particularly eGraf, at an interface formed between metals of various thermal conductivities. The level of this reduction was measured. In addition, the experimental data was compared against an existing analytical model. Experimental data was obtained in vacuum condition for Al 7075, Steel 1018, and Inconel samples with applied interface pressures ranging from 0.15-2.7 MPa. The experimental data showed that thermal joint resistance was reduced for all metals with application of eGraf TIM. However, the experimental data indicated that eGraf was more effective in reducing the joint resistance of materials with low thermal conductivities, and can reduce this value by as much 95% when compared to bare contacting surfaces. The analytical model predicted well the trend of the experimental data, but not the actual magnitudes. This could be due to the uncertainty associated with the eGraf Young’s modulus measured under compressive loading. The agreement between the model and the experimental data improved at high interface pressures (i.e., above 2,000 kPa). * Undergraduate Research Assistant, Conduction Heat Transfer Laboratory. ψ Associate Research Professor, Conduction Heat Transfer Laboratory. Associate Fellow AIAA Email addresses: arianvista@tamu.edu (A. Vistamehr), emarotta@tamu.edu (E. Marotta). NOMENCLATURE Ep = Polymer Young’s modulus; (kPa). H = Hardness; (kPa). Hp = Polymer hardness; (kPa). hb = Bulk conductance; (W/m .K). hc = Thermal conductance; (W/m .K). k1, k2 = Solid thermal conductivities; (W/m.K). kp =Polymer thermal conductivity; (W/m.K). ks = Harmonic mean thermal conductivity; (W/m.K). 2 1,m m = Mean absolute asperity slopes of surfaces; (rad). P = Apparent contact pressure; (kPa). Rj = Thermal joint resistance; (m .K/W). T = Temperature; (K). to = Initial thickness; (m). t = Final thickness; (m). ∇T = Temperature gradient = ∆T/∆x; (K/m). σ1, σ2 = RMS surface roughness; (μm). σ = Effective surface roughness; (m). ω = Uncertainty Subscript 1 2 − = Surface 1 and 2 at the interface c = Constriction, Contact ∆Tinterface = Temperature drop across the interface = (T1-T2); (K). b = Bulk material
Comparative Gene Signature of (-)-Oleocanthal Formulation Treatments in Heterogeneous Triple Negative Breast Tumor Models: Oncological Therapeutic Target Insights.

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) heterogeneity and limited therapeutic options confer its phenotypic aggressiveness. The discovery of anti-TNBC natural products with valid molecular target(s) and defined pharmacodynamic profile would facilitate their therapeutic nutraceutical use by TNBC patients. The extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a key Mediterranean diet ingredient. S-(−)-Oleocanthal (OC) leads the bioactive anti-tumor EVOO phenolic ingredients. A previous study reported the solid dispersion formulated OC with (+)-xylitol (OC-X) suppressed the in vivo progression and recurrence of the TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells. This study investigates the ability of OC-X formulation to suppress the in vivo heterogeneous BC initiation and progression utilizing advanced preclinical transgenic MMTV-PyVT and TNBC PDX mouse models. Furthermore, the clustering of the gene expression profiles in MMTV-PyVT and PDX mouse tumors treated with OC-X acquired by a Clariom S microarray analysis identified the distinctly affected genes. Several affected novel signature genes identified in response to OC-X treatments and proved overlapped in both mouse and human tumor models, shedding some lights toward understanding the OC anticancer molecular mechanism and assisting in predicting prospective clinical outcomes. This study provides molecular and preclinical evidences of OC-X potential as a nutraceutical suppressing heterogeneous TNBC model and offers preliminary gene-level therapeutic mechanistic insights.
Framework of Automated Robotic Dustbin (ARD) for Garbage Collection in Smart Cities with Priority Scheduling Approach

The Government of India launched the Smart City concept in 2015. The Swachha Bharat Abhiyaan is the mission under the same theme. To make these developing cities to be actually smart it is very important that the cities should be clean, and the surrounding should be hygienic. The main part in cleanliness is the garbage collection system that has to be smarter. In addition to this the people need easy accessibility to the garbage disposing points and garbage collection process has to be efficient in terms of time and cost in terms of fuel. In the present situation, the Garbage collection in the Indian cities is mostly manual where all the workers need to go to location where garbage is dropped by the citizens, and they need to collect it with some equipment. This system is not automated till now. The smart cities in India are developing with the fast rate in many respects such as smart homes, connectivity with world by roads, rails and airways, use of information technology etc. However, there is need to improve the garbage collection and disposal in smart cities. The present paper discusses the various issues with existing garbage collection systems and the novel approach to improve the garbage collection using Automated Robotic Dustbin (ARD).
Use of Artificial Intelligence in Nononcologic Interventional Radiology: Current State and Future Directions

The future of radiology is disproportionately linked to the applications of artificial intelligence (AI). Recent exponential advancements in AI are already beginning to augment the clinical practice of radiology. Driven by a paucity of review articles in the area, this article aims to discuss applications of AI in nononcologic IR across procedural planning, execution, and follow-up along with a discussion on the future directions of the field. Applications in vascular imaging, radiomics, touchless software interactions, robotics, natural language processing, postprocedural outcome prediction, device navigation, and image acquisition are included. Familiarity with AI study analysis will help open the current “black box” of AI research and help bridge the gap between the research laboratory and clinical practice.
Hydroxyproline in animal metabolism, nutrition, and cell signaling

trans-4-Hydroxy-l-proline is highly abundant in collagen (accounting for about one-third of body proteins in humans and other animals). This imino acid (loosely called amino acid) and its minor analogue trans-3-hydroxy-l-proline in their ratio of approximately 100:1 are formed from the post-translational hydroxylation of proteins (primarily collagen and, to a much lesser extent, non-collagen proteins). Besides their structural and physiological significance in the connective tissue, both trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline and trans-3-hydroxy-l-proline can scavenge reactive oxygen species and have both structural and physiological significance in animals. The formation of trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline residues in protein kinases B and DYRK1A, eukaryotic elongation factor 2 activity, and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor plays an important role in regulating their phosphorylation and catalytic activation as well as cell signaling in animal cells. These biochemical events contribute to the modulation of cell metabolism, growth, development, responses to nutritional and physiological changes (e.g., dietary protein intake and hypoxia), and survival. Milk, meat, skin hydrolysates, and blood, as well as whole-body collagen degradation provide a large amount of trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline. In animals, most (nearly 90%) of the collagen-derived trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline is catabolized to glycine via the trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline oxidase pathway, and trans-3-hydroxy-l-proline is degraded via the trans-3-hydroxy-l-proline dehydratase pathway to ornithine and glutamate, thereby conserving dietary and endogenously synthesized proline and arginine. Supplementing trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline or its small peptides to plant-based diets can alleviate oxidative stress, while increasing collagen synthesis and accretion in the body. New knowledge of hydroxyproline biochemistry and nutrition aids in improving the growth, health and well-being of humans and other animals.
Maximal Theory of Hardy Spaces

The main goal of this chapter is to introduce Hardy spaces in the context of d-Ahlfors-regular quasi-metric spaces by defining H p (X) as a collection of distributions whose maximal belongs to L p (X). This is in the spirit of the pioneering work of C.
"Doctor, My Chest is on Fire".

A 51-year-old male with a history of depression and multiple prior suicide attempts was found obtunded in his car, along with a half-full bottle of industrial-strength drain cleaner. His exam was notable only for altered sensorium. Laboratory data showed potassium of 5.6 mEq/L, lactate 2.5 mmol/L andWBC 13.1 k/uLHis urinewas positive for benzodiazepine and oxycodone. Abdominal x-ray demonstrated gastric wall thickening and extensive small bowel gas without evidence of free air (Fig. 1). EGD showed severe esophageal ulceration with necroticappearing mucosa and ulcerated, friable gastric mucosa without evidence of perforation—findings which were consistent with a grade 3 esophageal caustic injury from alkali intake (Fig. 2). He was started on intravenous pantoprazole infusion and total parenteral nutrition (TPN). He remained on TPN for one month. Caustic alkali injuries represent direct trauma to the mucosal tissue from a process known as liquefactive necrosis, which may ultimately lead to perforation, rupture, or even death. Given the severity of potential short-term complications, patients with suspected injury should undergo urgent endoscopy within 24 h and be closely followed thereafter. Long-term complications of esophageal caustic injuries include esophageal strictures and 1000-fold increased risk of esophageal squamous cell cancer.
Summary of Workshop on Interannual Variations in the Carbon Cycle

Ever since Bacastow [1976] showed that variations in atmospheric CO2 concentration correlated with the Southern Oscillation phenomenon, there has been interest in understanding the origin of this phenomenon. Measurements of CO2 made since 1976 continue to exhibit the correlation [Keeling et al., 1989], so there evidently does exist some sort of real connection between atmospheric CO2 variations and El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events.
M-NOTE: A Multi-part ballot based E-voting system with clash attack protection

In this paper, we propose an E-voting procedure which, by utilizing the multi-part ballot mode, provides voters an enhanced way to cast and audit their own votes with great anonymity. The proposed scheme, the Multi-part ballot based Name and vOte separaTed E-voting system (M-NOTE), is partially based on our previous works, which have achieved the goal of keeping candidates confidential and voters anonymous, as well as reducing the risk of leaking both candidates' and voters' identities during the ballot distribution phase. In addition, M-NOTE can prevent the possible clash attack in which either malicious authority or hackers could partially manipulate voting results by tampering voters' original ballots. Meanwhile, our performance analysis shows that M-NOTE provides an outstanding secured level, as the possibility of ballot reconstruction and voting result manipulation has been reduced to closer to zero. This E-voting system also illustrates to readers an applicable framework of designing a fair election in the future.
Access Control and Authorization

One of the system administrator’s biggest problems, which can soon turn into a nightmare if it is not well handled, is controlling access of who gets in and what is taken out of the system and who uses what resources, when, and in what amounts. Access control is restricting this access to a system or system resources based on something other than the identity of the user. For example, we can allow or deny access to a system’s resources based on the name or address of the machine requesting a document.
Thermal radiation of hyperbolic metamaterials and metallic surfaces

We have studied angular distribution and spectra of thermal radiation of lamellar metal/dielectric metamaterials with hyperbolic dispersion and have found them to be reasonably close to the corresponding properties of simple metallic films.
Biosynthesis of monogalactosyl diglycerides in photoauxotrophic Euglena gracilis.

Abstract Cell-free extracts of green Euglena gracilis catalyze the transfer of stearoyl and oleoyl groups from thioesters of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein to monogalactosyl diglycerides. This reaction was stimulated by α-glycerophosphate. In the course of the transfer reaction, stearic acid was partly desaturated to unsaturated acids. Palmitoyl acyl carrier protein was poorly utilized in galactolipid synthesis. In the same system monogalactosyl diglycerides accepted acyl groups also from oleoyl-CoA. In none of the experiments did the digalactosyl diglycerides become labeled significantly. The fatty acyl carrier protein thioesters did not serve as substrate for phospholipid synthesis. Acyl groups from CoA thioesters were, however, transferred to the phospholipids. This reaction was not stimulated by added α-glycerophosphate and may not represent synthesis de novo. "Waxlike" lipids incorporated appreciable amounts of radioactivity from 1-14C-acyl-CoA derivatives.
Localization and Regulation of the Tissue Plasminogen Activator–Plasmin System in the Hippocampus

The extracellular protease cascade of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen has been implicated in neuronal plasticity and degeneration. We show here that unstimulated expression of tPA in the mouse hippocampus is concentrated in the mossy fiber pathway, with little or no expression within the perforant path, the Schaffer collaterals, or neuronal cell bodies. tPA protein is also expressed in vascular endothelial cells throughout the brain parenchyma. Four hours after excitotoxic injury, tPA protein is transiently induced within CA1 pyramidal neurons. The induced CA1 tPA is localized to neurons that survive the injury and is enzymatically active. Within the mossy fiber pathway, injury resulted in decreased tPA protein. In contrast, mossy fiber tPA activity displayed a biphasic character: transient increase at 8 hr, then a decrease by 24 hr after injury. Analysis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression showed that PAI-1 antigen is upregulated by 24 hr and could account for the tPA activity downregulation seen at this time point. Plasminogen immunohistochemistry suggested an increase within the mossy fiber pathway after injury. Finally, hippocampal tPA expression among various mammalian species was strikingly different. These results indicate a complex control of tPA protein and enzymatic activity in the hippocampus that may help regulate neuronal plasticity.
Halo effective field theory constrains the solar 7Be + p → 8B + γ rate

Abstract We report an improved low-energy extrapolation of the cross section for the process Be 7 ( p , γ ) B 8 , which determines the 8B neutrino flux from the Sun. Our extrapolant is derived from Halo Effective Field Theory (EFT) at next-to-leading order. We apply Bayesian methods to determine the EFT parameters and the low-energy S-factor, using measured cross sections and scattering lengths as inputs. Asymptotic normalization coefficients of 8B are tightly constrained by existing radiative capture data, and contributions to the cross section beyond external direct capture are detected in the data at E 0.5 MeV . Most importantly, the S-factor at zero energy is constrained to be S ( 0 ) = 21.3 ± 0.7 eV b , which is an uncertainty smaller by a factor of two than previously recommended. That recommendation was based on the full range for S ( 0 ) obtained among a discrete set of models judged to be reasonable. In contrast, Halo EFT subsumes all models into a controlled low-energy approximant, where they are characterized by nine parameters at next-to-leading order. These are fit to data, and marginalized over via Monte Carlo integration to produce the improved prediction for S ( E ) .
Dystrophic Calcification of Silicone Scleral Buckling Implant Materials

In six patients, removal of solid silicone scleral buckling implant materials that had been in place between eight and 21 years disclosed gray-white deposits firmly adherent to the silicone. Four of the six patients had culture-proven infections, whereas two had no evidence of infection and had negative cultures. One of these two patients, however, had intermittent pain, which was the indication for removal of the implant. Analysis of the deposits disclosed that they were calcium phosphate. The exact mechanism responsible for the calcification on the silicone material is unknown. Dystrophic calcification can occur without infection in injured tissue wherein extracellular deposits of devitalized cells, blood cells, and lipids may act as a nidus for calcification. In the presence of infection, bacteria may serve as such a nidus. Additionally, it is possible that biofilm produced by the bacteria had a role in the deposition of calcium phosphate, as well as in its firm adhesion to the silicone materials. We considered the possibility of similar deposits developing on intraocular silicone lenses.