cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Big data and Ag-Analytics

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief and necessarily partial overview of the design, motivation, and use of the Ag-Analytics platform (ag-analytics.org), focussing on integration and warehousing of publicly available research data for broad communities of researchers, including those in the area of agricultural finance. Design/methodology/approach – The paper walks the reader through an overview of the layout and utilization of the Ag-Analytics platform, including a few example applications of some of the tools and web API’s. Findings – Much of the data researchers routinely use in agricultural and environmental finance and related fields are often – strictly speaking – publicly available; however the form in which they are distributed leads to great inefficiencies in data sourcing and processing which can be greatly improved. The goal of the Ag-Analytics open data/open source platform is to help researchers centralize and share in such efforts. Development of systems for disseminatin...
A Catalytic Intermolecular Formal Ene Reaction between Ketone-Derived Silyl Enol Ethers and Alkynes

A catalytic formal ene reaction between ketone-derived silyl enol ethers and terminal alkynes is described. This transformation is uniquely capable of bimolecular assembly of 2-siloxy-1,4-dienes and can be used to access β,γ-unsaturated ketones containing quaternary carbons in the α-position.
E/sup 4/: the Drexel curriculum

Drexel University's College of Engineering has undertaken a pioneering project to enhance the educational experience of engineering students. A new curriculum has been designed for the first two years of the undergraduate engineering programme. This new approach aims to bring engineering education into the 21st century by using integrated syllabi, team teaching and inverted curriculum principles and philosophies.
Rhetoric of the “Other” in Neo-Latin (observations based on Erasmus, Busbecq, Peter Martyr, Sepúlveda, Joannes Latinus, Maffei, Landívar)

Nel presente articolo si indaga come le nozioni del se e dell’altro siano trasmesse in alcuni testi latini umanistici. Si prende in considerazione la dinamica delle identificazioni esplicite ed implicite, assieme alle connotazioni in esse suggerite, e si mette tutto cio in relazione con l’intenzione dello scrittore. Nell’articolo si esplorano inoltre le possibilita e le limitazioni della lingua latina nell’esprimere questi concetti e si sostiene che il latino e una lingua che attraversa i confini e si rivela inclusiva degli “altri” piu di quanto talvolta si creda.
Gabrielle Petit: The Death and Life of a Female Spy in the First World War. By Sophie De Schaepdrijver. (New York, NY: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. Pp. xii, 258. $25.99.)

The author of this book describes it as “both a biography of Gabrielle Petit and a study of the way she was commemorated” (1). These two elements are inseparable, for it was the discovery of this r...
CSR and the Prevention of Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from the Inevitable Disclosure Doctrine

In this study, we theorize and empirically examine whether companies' social responsible practices can help retain employees with valuable skills and knowledge, and thereby mitigate the threat of k...
Chemical Engineering Applications of Periodic Optimization

Abstract Interest in unsteady-state chemical processing has stimulated a decade of research in periodic optimization. Recent research in cyclic reaction systems suggests several new areas for general investigation. These include multiplicity of stable periodic states, design methods for multiple periodic controls, and optimization of systems withontrol systems; optimal control; sliding states; stability; water pollution.
Spin-triplet supercurrent in Josephson junctions containing a synthetic antiferromagnet with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

Conversion of conventional spin-singlet Cooper pairs into spin-triplet pairs inside a Josephson junction enables supercurrent to propagate over long distances through ferromagnetic materials. Several groups have shown how to turn the spin-triplet supercurrent on or off by varying the relative orientations of the magnetizations in multiple ferromagnetic layers inside the junction. This paper introduces a new magnetic configuration involving a synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) that can be patterned into nanomagnets with very low stray fields. The authors suggest that this configuration will enable the controlled manipulation of the ground-state phase shift across the spin-triplet Josephson junctions to be either 0 or $\ensuremath{\pi}$.
Demographic and Osteological Evidence for Warfare at the Larson Site, South Dakota

A demographic and osteological analysis of skeletons from the Larson Village Site (39WW2), Walworth County, South Dakota, is presented. The site was an Arikara village dating to about A.D. 1750-178...
Safety and Feasibility of a Neuroscience Critical Care Program to Mobilize Patients With Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Abstract Objective To measure the impact of a progressive mobility program on patients admitted to a neurocritical critical care unit (NCCU) with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The early mobilization of critically ill patients with spontaneous ICH is a challenge owing to the potential for neurologic deterioration and hemodynamic lability in the acute phase of injury. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit have been excluded from randomized trials of early mobilization after stroke. Design An interdisciplinary working group developed a formalized NCCU Mobility Algorithm that allocates patients to incremental passive or active mobilization pathways on the basis of level of consciousness and motor function. In a quasi-experimental consecutive group comparison, patients with ICH admitted to the NCCU were analyzed in two 6-month epochs, before and after rollout of the algorithm. Mobilization and safety endpoints were compared between epochs. Setting NCCU in an urban, academic hospital. Participants Adult patients admitted to the NCCU with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Intervention Progressive mobilization after stroke using a formalized mobility algorithm. Main Outcome Measures Time to first mobilization. Results The 2 groups of patients with ICH (pre-algorithm rolllout, n=28; post-algorithm rollout, n=29) were similar on baseline characteristics. Patients in the postintervention group were significantly more likely to undergo mobilization within the first 7 days after admission (odds ratio 8.7, 95% confidence interval 2.1, 36.6; P=.003). No neurologic deterioration, hypotension, falls, or line dislodgments were reported in association with mobilization. A nonsignificant difference in mortality was noted before and after rollout of the algorithm (4% vs 24%, respectively, P=.12). Conclusions The implementation of a progressive mobility algorithm was safe and associated with a higher likelihood of mobilization in the first week after spontaneous ICH. Research is needed to investigate methods and the timing for the first mobilization in critically ill stroke patients.
Who Counts as an American?: The Boundaries of National Identity

1. The need for a social theory of national identity 2. Commitment to the national group 3. The setting of national group boundaries 4. The desire to help the national group 5. Loyalty in the face of criticism 6. Is national identity good or bad? Appendix.
Relationship between P-wave duration and the risk of atrial fibrillation.

Introduction: P-wave duration (PWD) is an electrocardiographic (ECG) marker reflecting atrial conduction, and studies have shown that its prolongation is associated with atrial fibrillation.Areas c...
Utility and Cost Effectiveness of Routine, Histologic Evaluation of the Mastectomy Scar in Two-Stage, Implant-Based Reconstruction during Expander-to-Implant Exchange.

Background Routine histologic analysis of the mastectomy scar is well studied in the delayed breast construction population; no data regarding its utility in the immediate, staged reconstruction cohort have been published. Methods A retrospective review of all of the senior author's (C.D.C.) patients who underwent immediate, staged reconstruction was performed. The mastectomy scar was analyzed routinely at the time of expander-to-implant exchange. Six hundred forty-seven breasts were identified. The mastectomy scar, time between expander and permanent implant, average patient age, and mastectomy indication were calculated. A cost analysis was completed. Results All scar pathologic results were negative for in-scar recurrence. The majority, 353 breasts, underwent mastectomy for carcinoma, 94 for germline mutations, 15 for high-risk lesions, six for high family risk, and 179 for contralateral symmetry/risk reduction. The average age at mastectomy/expander placement was 47.7 ± 10.3 years, and the average time between expander placement and implant exchange was 254 ± 152 days. The total histologic charge per breast was $602. Conclusions A clinically silent in-scar recurrence is, at most, a rare occurrence. Routine histologic analysis of the mastectomy scar can be safely avoided in the immediate, staged reconstruction cohort. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, IV.
Diverging inflammasome signals in tumorigenesis and potential targeting

Inflammasomes are molecular platforms that assemble upon sensing various intracellular stimuli. Inflammasome assembly leads to activation of caspase 1, thereby promoting the secretion of bioactive interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and inducing an inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. Effectors of the inflammasome efficiently drive an immune response, primarily providing protection against microbial infections and mediating control over sterile insults. However, aberrant inflammasome signalling is associated with pathogenesis of inflammatory and metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration and malignancies. Chronic inflammation perpetuated by inflammasome activation plays a central role in all stages of tumorigenesis, including immunosuppression, proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Conversely, inflammasome signalling also contributes to tumour suppression by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, which portrays the diverse roles of inflammasomes in tumorigenesis. Studies have underscored the importance of environmental factors, such as diet and gut microbiota, in inflammasome signalling, which in turn influences tumorigenesis. In this Review, we deliver an overview of the interplay between inflammasomes and tumorigenesis and discuss their potential as therapeutic targets.
Short-Term Medical Relief Trips to Help Vulnerable Populations in Latin America. Bringing Clarity to the Scene.

Non-profit organizations provide international medical relief trips to low/middle-income countries (LMIC) in order to provide healthcare to medically underserved areas. Short-term medical relief trips (STMRT) take a large amount of time and resources, and arouse concerns about their actual effectiveness. Here we develop a novel tool for consistently assessing how U.S. organizations provide primary care to Latin America through short-term medical relief trips. First, in Part 1, we create a “Best Practice” (BP) framework focused on the efficacy, sustainability, and long-term impact of the organizations based on a review of the last 27 years of available literature published in peer-reviewed journals. Second, in Part 2, out of 581 total medical relief organizations in the US, we identify the 19 organizations currently providing short-term primary care services to Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America. We use the BP framework to analyze the website content and secondary sources of these 19 organizations. We find that only three of the 19 organizations met 80% or more of the criteria defining BP according to the framework and four out of the 19 did not perform well in any of the framework’s three aspects of efficacy, sustainability, and long-term impact. Because there exists no current standardized way of assessing the methods implemented and services offered by STMRT, we provide suggestions about using this novel framework as a self-assessment tool for STMRT organizations.
Mixed vs full donor engraftment early after hematopoietic cell transplant: Impact on incidence and control of cytomegalovirus infection.

Recovery of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific immunity after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is essential in controlling CMV infection. We hypothesize that mixed donor engraftment as measured by chimerism at day 30 in CMV D(+) HCTs and full chimerism in CMV D(-) HCTs will be predictive of CMV reactivation. Prospectively collected data for 407 CMV R+ HCT recipients transplanted from 2006 to 2014 at the University of Minnesota were retrospectively analyzed. Full and mixed donor engraftment were defined as ≥95% or <95% donor cells at day 30, respectively. Source of engraftment determination included preferentially peripheral blood CD3 fraction, then myeloid cell fraction (CD15+), then bone marrow. In 407 CMV R+ subjects, 77% (n = 313) were CMV D(-) cells from umbilical cord blood (n = 209), peripheral blood (n = 58) or marrow (n = 46). Fifty three per cent received reduced intensity conditioning (RIC). At day +30, full donor engraftment was seen in 82% of myeloablative and 55% of RIC transplants. The cumulative incidence of CMV infection 1-year after transplant was not different in patients with full (54%, n = 276) or mixed (53%, n = 131) donor engraftment. Control of CMV did not significantly differ among the two groups. In multiple regression analysis, there was no significant association between donor engraftment (mixed or full) and incidence or control of CMV.
Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Changes in Patients With Meniscal Tear and Osteoarthritis: Eighteen-Month Data From a Randomized Controlled Trial of Arthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy Versus Physical Therapy.

Objective The present study was undertaken to evaluate changes in knee magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings over the course of 18 months in subjects with osteoarthritic change and meniscal tear treated with arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) or nonoperatively with physical therapy (PT). Methods We used 18-month follow-up data from the Meniscal Tear in Osteoarthritis Research Trial. MRI results were read with reference to the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score. We focused on 18-month change in bone marrow lesions (BMLs), cartilage thickness, cartilage surface area, osteophyte size, effusion-synovitis, and Hoffa-synovitis. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess associations between MRI-based changes in each feature and treatment type. Results A total of 351 subjects were randomized, and 225 had both baseline and 18-month MRI results. In both treatment groups, patients experienced substantial changes in several MRI-based markers. In 60% of the APM group, versus 33% of the PT group, cartilage surface area damage advanced in ≥2 subregions (adjusted odds ratio 4.2 [95% confidence interval 2.0-9.0). Patients who underwent APM also had greater advancement in scores for osteophytes and effusion-synovitis. We did not find significant associations between treatment type and change in cartilage thickness, BMLs, or Hoffa-synovitis. Conclusion This cohort of patients with meniscal tear and osteoarthritis showed marked advancement in MRI-based features over 18 months. Patients treated with APM showed more advancement in some features compared to those treated nonoperatively. The clinical relevance of these early findings is unknown and requires further study.
An Analysis of Commuting Distance and Job Accessibility for Residents in a U.S. Legacy City

Job accessibility has been examined over the years, especially in older industrial cities. More specifically, job accessibility of different groups of workers remains a topic of interest for target...
Does the format of Performance-Based Tests (PBTs) influence performance outcomes among older adults?

Date Presented 04/05/19 Primary Author and Speaker: Brittany Nguyen Contributing Authors: Muhammad Al-Heizan, Hayley Engel, Courtney Smith, Erika Hoffman, Timothy Marks, Gordon Giles, Dorothy Farrar Edwards
Weight change and risk of the foundation of National Institute of Health Sarcopenia-defined low lean mass: Data from the National Health and Nutrition examination surveys 1999-2004.

Summary Background Self-reported weight change may lead to adverse outcomes. We evaluated weight change with cutpoints of low lean mass (LLM) in older adults. Methods Of 4984 subjects ≥60 years from NHANES 1999–2004, we applied LLM cutoffs of appendicular lean mass (ALM):body mass index (BMI) males Results Of 4984 participants (56.5% female), mean age and BMI were 71.1 years and 28.2 kg/m2. Mean ALM was 19.7 kg. In those with LLM, 13.5% and 16.3% gained/lost weight in the past year, while 48.9% and 19.4% gained/lost weight in the past decade. Compared to weight at age 25, 85.2 and 6.1% of LLM participants gained and lost ≥5% of their weight, respectively. Weight gain over the past year was associated with a higher risk of LLM (OR 1.35 [0.99,1.87]) compared to weight loss ≥5% over the past year (0.89 [0.70,1.12]). Weight gain (≥5%) over 10-years was associated with a higher risk of LLM (OR 2.03 [1.66, 2.49]) while weight loss (≥5%) was associated with a lower risk (OR 0.98 [0.76,1.28]). Results were robust compared to weight at 25 years (gain OR 2.37 [1.76,3.20]; loss OR 0.95 [0.65,1.39]). Conclusion Self-reported weight gain suggests an increased risk of LLM. Future studies need to verify the relationship with physical function.
Environmentally assisted cracking behavior of U-bend specimens of Mg–RE alloys in chloride containing basic solution

Abstract Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) behavior of two Mg-rare earth (RE) alloys such as Mg–Zn–Gd–Nd–Zr (EV31A) and Mg–Y–Nd (WE43C) alloys was investigated by using U-bend specimens. Open circuit potentials (OCP) of the U-bend specimens were monitored during the EAC tests in 0.1 M NaOH solution with different chloride concentrations at room temperature. EV31A (as-received, and peak aged) and WE43C (peak aged) specimens failed by SCC in 80 ppm chloride containing 0.1 M NaOH solution at OCP. When the EAC initiation occurred, the OCP decreased continuously. Irregular fluctuations of the OCP were observed in the absence of EAC. The OCP versus time profile could be used for monitoring EAC failure of the Mg–RE alloy components in real life service. Applied potentials did not cause cracking of the EV31A alloy in 80 ppm Cl− containing 0.1 M NaOH. Accelerated cracking was observed on the WE43C alloy in peak-aged condition under the applied potentials in the transpassive region when compared to that of OCP condition. Overaging decreased the susceptibility to cracking.
Measuring Parent Satisfaction With Care in Neonatal Intensive Care Units: The EMPATHIC-NICU-USA Questionnaire

Background: Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patient satisfaction is measured as parent satisfaction. Parents are critical to the family-centered care model and can evaluate care. Several EMpowerment of PArents in THe Intensive Care (EMPATHIC) instruments were developed in the Netherlands to measure parent satisfaction with neonatal and pediatric intensive care. EMPATHIC instruments comprise five domains and a total score: information, care and treatment, organization, parental participation, and professional attitude. To our knowledge, the EMPATHIC has not been adapted for USA use. Objectives: (1) To select a relevant EMPATHIC instrument for our study. (2) To expand the content reflecting the role of nurses and the cultural heterogeneity of USA NICU infants. (3) To adapt the selected EMPATHIC instrument to USA English. (4) To establish psychometric properties of the linguistically adapted instrument. (5) To evaluate instrument performance with additional items. Methods: The EMPATHIC-30 was selected based on shortest length, high overlap with neonatal EMPATHIC-N, and availability of a validated Spanish-language version. Six items from the EMPATHIC-N were added, two of which were split into separate items, resulting in the EMPATHIC-38. A neonatal nurse practitioner adapted wording to USA English. Cognitive debriefing was performed with eight NICU parents to evaluate adapted wording. Parent survey data from a study about missed nursing care and NICU parent satisfaction were utilized. Internal consistency of the five domains and overall score was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Spearman's rank correlations were computed for domains and overall score with four validity measures. Differential validity was determined using 13 parent demographic subgroups. Results: Data were from 282 parents. Parent race was predominantly White (61%) or Black (22%). One fifth were Hispanic. The adapted wording was satisfactory. Four of the five EMPATHIC-30 and EMPATHIC-38 domains had Cronbach alphas at or above 0.70, indicating acceptable reliability. Correlations between the domain, total scores, and validity indicators ranged from 0.30 to 0.57, indicating positive, moderate associations. Results were replicated in demographic subgroups. Reliability and validity of the three domains with additional items were better than or equivalent to values for the original. Conclusion: The linguistically adapted EMPATHIC-30-NICU-USA and the expanded EMPATHIC-38-NICU-USA exhibit satisfactory psychometric properties and are suitable for use in USA NICUs.
Gut microbiome pattern reflects healthy ageing and predicts survival in humans

The gut microbiome has important effects on human health, yet its importance in human ageing remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that, starting in mid-to-late adulthood, gut microbiomes become increasingly unique to individuals with age. We leverage three independent cohorts comprising over 9,000 individuals and find that compositional uniqueness is strongly associated with microbially produced amino acid derivatives circulating in the bloodstream. In older age (over ~80 years), healthy individuals show continued microbial drift towards a unique compositional state, whereas this drift is absent in less healthy individuals. The identified microbiome pattern of healthy ageing is characterized by a depletion of core genera found across most humans, primarily Bacteroides. Retaining a high Bacteroides dominance into older age, or having a low gut microbiome uniqueness measure, predicts decreased survival in a 4-year follow-up. Our analysis identifies increasing compositional uniqueness of the gut microbiome as a component of healthy ageing, which is characterized by distinct microbial metabolic outputs in the blood.
2016 International Trade Decisions of the Federal Circuit

The 2016 term for appeals from the U.S. Court of International Trade (CIT) to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (Federal Circuit) was an exciting term. As is the case in most other years, appellants faced the substantial challenge of circumventing the strong deference that the Federal Circuit gives to the U.S. Department of Commerce (Commerce) in making its dumping determinations or to U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in making its classification decisions. And with few exceptions, these appeals were unsuccessful for the importers. This Article examines the key precedential cases from the Federal Circuit’s 2016 term and organizes them into three sections: (1) Antidumping and countervailing duty cases; (2) classification cases; and (3) procedural cases. The procedural cases category captures all cases that fall outside the scope of the first two categories. This Article is divided into three parts. Part I examines antidumping and countervailing duty cases, Part II addresses classification cases, and Part III discusses procedural cases.
Fatty acyl lipidomic changes converge towards increased inflammation with severity of covid-19

Background: COVID19 is a heterogeneous disease;while some patients experience mild or asymptomatic disease, others develop respiratory failure and death. Although there is increased understanding of clinical factors associated with severe disease, studies investigating biomarkers to predict severity and uncover treatment targets are still needed. Polyunsaturated fatty acid-derived lipid mediators (PUFA-LM) can promote inflammation or resolution of inflammation. Previous research showed differences in PUFA-LM expression in septic patients that developed ARDS. Here we evaluate the plasma PUFA-LM profile at admission in 20 patients with COVID-19 and correlate our findings with disease severity. Methods: Blood was collected at admission from 41 patients with COVID-19 at Virginia Commonwealth University between April and July, 2020. Platelet poor plasma from 20 patients were selected;10 with nonsevere COVID19 (NSC) defined by <4L O2 need and 10 severe COVID-19 subjects (SC) defined as requiring admission to the intensive care unit, for PUFA-LM analysis by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Patients with active malignancy were excluded. Results: Demographic data and comorbidities are similar between the two groups. Both cohorts were predominately African American (80%) and male (60%). The SC cohort exhibited higher levels of lipoxygenase metabolites, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acids (HEPEs) and hydroxydocosahexaenoic acids (HDoHEs), which serve as intermediates in the synthesis of both pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators. Epoxygenase metabolites were also higher in the SC cohort and were mostly diols indicating elevated epoxide hydrolase activity. Conversely PGE1 and 15-OxoETE were elevated in the NSC cohort compared to SC. Discussion: In this predominantly African-American patient cohort, admission PUFA-LM profiles differed in subjects who developed mild vs. severe COVID19. Higher levels of lipoxygenase activity in the SC cohort is of unclear significance since this pathway promotes synthesis of both pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators. Given sample collection early in the disease course it may signify incomplete synthesis of resolution mediators or increased inflammation. The higher levels of diols from epoxides are intriguing. PUFA epoxides are anti-inflammatory and prevent prostaglandins from eliciting an inflammatory response. Hence, higher levels of epoxide hydrolysis in SC cohort suggests an exacerbation of inflammation by prostaglandins. Higher levels of PGE1 (a known pulmonary vasodilator) and 15-OxoETE (an anti-inflammatory mediator which inhibits NFκB activation) in the NSC group may contribute to a dampening of inflammatory response in NSC cohort. Overall, this data suggests a complex interplay of dysfunctional homeostatic and inflammatory mechanisms early in disease which may contribute to development of severe COVID-19.
Nursing and Radiographic Management of Patients With Severe Obesity in the Radiology Suite

Abstract Multiple challenges are associated with safely managing and accommodating patients with the disease of severe obesity in the radiographic suite. It is imperative that nurses and technologists work cohesively to decrease the risk of complications, optimize results, and improve patient well-being in this specialized population.
Deep Learning Applications in Ocular Oncology

This chapter highlights deep learning applications in uveal melanoma, the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. Future directions of machine learning applications in ocular oncology are discussed as well.
Laparoscopic Left Colectomy

Colorectal cancer, the 3rd most common cancer worldwide, is generally treated with surgical resection. The data for the laparoscopic approach to colon resection has revealed several advantages over the open technique including shorter hospital stay, reduced length of postoperative ileus, earlier resumption of oral nutritional intake, reduced surgical pain, and improved cosmesis. Furthermore, there is no difference in oncologic outcomes between open and laparoscopic colectomy. These advantages have led to an increasing use of the laparoscopic technique for colon resection. In this chapter, we discuss the key operative steps necessary to a successful laparoscopic left colectomy, highlighting anatomical and preoperative considerations, key factors of the operative technique, and postoperative management and its complications.
Weights on the Real Line

This chapter is devoted to a detailed study of some questions that lead naturally to minimal energy problems with external fields.
Physiology and Biochemistry of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii at Elevated Pressures

Methanocaldococcus jannaschii was originally isolated from the vicinity of a hydrothermal vent at a depth of 2,600 m, making it an ideal candidate for studies of pressure effects on the physiology of a deep-sea archaeon. This chapter summarizes the effects of pressure on selected proteins, lipids, and gene expression levels of M. jannaschii, one of the few known hyperthermophilic piezophiles, and presents a few prospects for future research. Methane has been used to measure growth rates of M. jannaschii at elevated pressures. Pressure effects on protein folding and reaction rates are based on Le Chatelier’s principle. Although it is difficult to generalize, some trends have emerged from recent studies of pressure effects on protein stability, at least below 200 MPa. Archaeal lipids consist primarily of isoprenoid hydrocarbons and alkylglycerol ether-derived polar lipids not found in bacteria or eukaryotes. The chapter has summarized how pressure affects the growth, membrane composition, and gene expression profiles of M. jannaschii, as well as pressure effects on the activity and stability of several of the organism’s key enzymes. These studies have thus expanded our understanding of how pressure affects the biochemistry and physiology of a hyperthermophilic piezophile. One strategy for addressing this question is to examine pressure effects on the activity of transcriptional regulators. For example, piezotolerant host strains might be generated with the aim of using pressure as an operational variable to regulate recombinant protein production.
On the feasibility of determining angular separation in mobile wireless sensor networks

Mobile sensors require periodic position measurements for navigation around the sensing region. Such information is often obtained using GPS or onboard sensors such as optical encoders. However, GPS is not reliable in all environments, and odometry accrues error over time. Although several localization techniques exist for wireless sensor networks, they are typically time consuming, resource intensive, and/or require expensive hardware, all of which are undesirable for lightweight mobile nodes. We propose a technique for obtaining angle-of-arrival information that uses the wheel encoder data from the mobile sensor, and the RF Doppler-shift observed by stationary nodes. These sensor data are used to determine the angular separation between stationary beacons, which can be used for navigation. Our experimental results demonstrate that using this technique, a robot is able to determine angular separation between four pairs of sensors in a 40 × 40 meter sensing region with an average error of 0.28 radian.
The role of turbulent convection in the primitive solar nebula II: Results

Abstract Numerical results from a new model of the primordial solar nebula are presented in which convection is assumed to be the sole source of turbulence that causes the nebula to evolve. We introduce a new model of convective turbulence (described in detail in Paper I of this series) and new grain opacities computed from an improved physical model. The nebula is assumed to be in a stage prior to planetesimal formation in which gas and dust grains are mixed homogeneously, but in a stage after significant infall of matter from the outer cloud. Vertical structures for a thin nebular disk are calculated for different radii and accretion rates assuming vertical hydrostatic and thermal equilibrium; radial sequences of vertical solutions are constructed for constant accretion rates to represent quasistatic disk structures. Some aspects of our results differ markedly from those done previously by Lin and co-workers. Our values for the turbulent efficiency α (10−2 to 10−4) are much lower and much more sensitive to opacity and surface density. Our low values of α result in (1) small turbulent speeds (≤1% of sound speed), which will alter prior computations of grain coagulation and sedimentation rates; (2) a more massive disk (> 0.1M⊙) that becomes gravitationally unstable at outer (super-Uranian) orbits; (3) a lower “best value” of the accretion rate (∼1018.5 g sec−1); and (4) a longer characteristic dispersal time for the disk (> 2 × 106years), which may greatly exceed that inferred from young stellar objects. The high sensitivity of α on surface density produces an inverse accretion rate-surface density relationship, which implies that the Lightman-Eardley diffusive instability develops througout a steady disk structure in the radial direction, causing the disk, at least at the onset, to separate into rings. Because radial gradients are neglected in the base disk structure, the manner in which the instability evolves to finite amplitude is unknown, but it could prevent the disk from reaching a quasistatic structure altogether. We conclude that convection may not be the dominant source of turbulence needed to evolve young solar/stellar nebulae, and may in fact be a disruptive mechanism in disk structure.
Algorithms to Automate Estimation of Time Codes for Captioning Digital Media

Procedures were developed to partially automate the captioning process by estimating caption time codes using plain-text transcripts and audio recordings. Signal analysis is performed on the audio to measure pause location and duration, zero crossing rate (ZCR), and obtain frequency domain data. Algorithms were developed to match pauses in the audio to the ends of sentences in the transcript based on the observation that pause durations are greater at ends of sentences than within sentences. We have observed that ZCR peaks correspond to consonants in speech and that continuous wavelet transforms (CWT) work well for distinguishing between groups of consonants. These measurements will be used to develop algorithms to match selected phonemes in the audio to text in the transcript to supplement the pause matching results.
The Universal Province of Modernity

This essay proposes a critique of Provincializing Europe. I argue that the project of Provincializing Europe is based upon a contradictory conception of political modernity. Modernity is defined in the text as both the ‘provincial’ product of the particular history of Europe and the universal norm of historical progress. This contradiction, I argue, is a result of the hermeneutic approach that Chakrabarty applies to the project of provincializing Europe. In this approach, abstractions like the Enlightenment notion of man are assumed to result from the denial of the particular practices in which they are embedded. Due to this opposition between practice and theoretical abstraction, Chakrabarty's analysis is unable to grasp the abstract character of (European) political modernity as precisely the particular feature that defines it as a provincial, or culturally and historically specific, phenomenon. This failure, I argue, leads paradoxically to an affirmation of the universality of the very particular conce...
Tycko, Robert: The Multidisciplinarity of Solid‐State NMR

The fact that practitioners of solid-state NMR can participate in many branches of mathematics, physical sciences, and biological sciences, using similar principles and similar experimental equipment, is one of the most attractive features of this area of research. To illustrate this point, I discuss several of my own research projects, starting in the early 1980s and proceeding to the present, and ranging from radiofrequency pulse sequence design to investigations of fullerenes, semiconductor quantum wells, amyloid fibrils associated with Alzheimer's disease, and protein folding. The emphasis of the discussion is on the circumstances surrounding these projects, which may be of interest both to my contemporaries and to younger scientists. Keywords: solid-state NMR; composite pulses; zero-field NMR; fullerenes; skyrmions, quantum wells; protein structure; dipolar recoupling; amyloid fibrils
Immunohistochemical Localization of Cdc6 in Squamous and Glandular Neoplasia of the Uterine Cervix

Abstract Context.—Cdc6 has been extensively studied as a marker for cellular proliferation that is expressed during the normal cell cycle. Recent studies indicate that Cdc6 may be a marker for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and carcinoma; however, the histologic distribution of Cdc6 has not been explicitly defined. Expression of Cdc6 in the endocervical mucosa also remains unexplored. Objective.—The goal of the current study was to evaluate the distribution of Cdc6 protein, MIB-1 protein, and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in a broad range of cervical tissues, including normal, potentially premalignant, and malignant lesions of the ectocervical and endocervical mucosa. Methods.—We used an indirect immunoperoxidase method to stain formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues and frozen tissues, including biopsy and hysterectomy specimens, for Cdc6 and MIB-1 proteins, and we used in situ hybridization to detect HPV DNA in a subset of cases. Results.—Cdc6 staining was exclusively nuclear and was prese...
Roles for Educators in Helping the USA Form a Real Global Society

By not properly addressing economic issues, health care, and educational needs, the United States of America was on the verge of financial collapse and people had to choose between having food or medicine. President Barack Obama emerged with a broad-based plan of change for the country which impacts every major sector of society. He wants peace to replace war, an economy that provides jobs, health care that brings relief to all Americans and education that is effective from preschool to college. This article moves from Obama's general vision for the country to his detailed plan for education. First, a review of literature is conducted to validate the merit of his plan. With a refined agenda, educators are challenged to embrace it and make ready for its implementation. The final charge is to focus attention on strategies for imparting quality education to students around the world.
Uncertainty modeling for database design using intuitionistic and rough set theory

This paper introduces the intuitionistic rough set and intuitionistic rough relational and rough object oriented database models. Rough set, fuzzy set, and intuitionistic set uncertainty management are discussed and compared, and the model based on intuitionistic and rough sets developed here is applied to databases. The intuitionistic rough set database models draw benefits from both the rough set and intuitionistic techniques, providing greater management of uncertainty for databases applications in a less than certain world.
Cultural and Psychologic Influences on Treatment Demand

Abstract Although epidemiologic studies of orthodontic treatment need in the USand other countries have consistently shown moderate to high need among 27% to 53% of children aged 8 to 17, treatment demand is far lower. In particular, ethnic minorities, males, and children in rural communities are less likely to seek treatment. Income and the ability to pay for treatment play an important role in parents' decisions to obtain orthodontic care for their children. Nevertheless, even when treatment is provided at low or no cost, differences are observed in children's perceptions of need, and their demand for treatment. This article discusses cultural and psychologic factors that influence perceptions of need. The role of subjective and objective judgments of attractiveness in the development of body image and self-concept, and the subsequent impact of self-concept in treatment demand are discussed in the context of a model of personality development. In recommending and planning treatment, orthodontists should be aware of the child's self-appraisal, the parents' role in seeking treatment, as well as whether the parent's and child's expectations can be achieved through orthodontic intervention.
On the Semiannual Variation of the Upper Atmosphere.

Semiannual density variations in thermosphere and exosphere as function of mixtopause height variations
School Counselor Contributions to the Individualized Education Program (IEP) Process

School counselors provide a variety of services to students with disabilities, and becoming involved in the Individualized Education Program (IEP) process is an opportunity through which school counselors can demonstrate their unique contributions. The authors highlight specific skills (e.g., group facilitation, consultation) and developmental knowledge (e.g., career, psychosocial) of school counselors in relation to their roles in serving students with disabilities throughout the IEP process. The authors recommend ways in which educators can encourage school counselors to become involved in the provision of services to students with disabilities.
Geophysics of the Pitman Fracture Zone and Pacific-Antarctic Plate Motions During the Cenozoic

Multibeam bathymetry and magnetometer data from the Pitman fracture zone (FZ) permit construction of a plate motion history for the South Pacific over the past 65 million years. Reconstructions show that motion between the Antarctic and Bellingshausen plates was smaller than previously hypothesized and ended earlier, at chron C27 (61 million years ago). The fixed hot-spot hypothesis and published paleomagnetic data require additional motion elsewhere during the early Tertiary, either between East Antarctica and West Antarctica or between the North and South Pacific. A plate reorganization at chron C27 initiated the Pitman FZ and may have been responsible for the other right-stepping fracture zones along the ridge. An abrupt (8°) clockwise rotation in the abyssal hill fabric along the Pitman flowline near the young end of chron C3a (5.9 million years ago) dates the major change in Pacific-Antarctic relative motion in the late Neogene.
Characterization of type II SLS n-CBIRD focal plane array

New generation of focal plane arrays (FPAs) based on type II SLS, which are hybrids of detector array and Read Out Integrated Circuits (ROIC), present extraordinary challenge to characterize. The standard performance metrics are: temporal NEΔT, noise equivalent irradiance (NEI), quantum efficiency, dark current and modulation transfer function (MTF). Imaging system modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is an important quantitative metric of performance in spatial domain, but it is rarely reported in the literature especially for type II SLS. MTF measurement is believed to be a good metric of performance for camera systems in addition to standard performance parameters. The paper will report on the characterization of complimentary barrier infrared detector n-CBIRD FPA.
Going Wireless: Fe(III) Oxide Reduction without Pili by Geobacter sulfurreducens Strain JS-1

Previous studies have suggested that the conductive pili of Geobacter sulfurreducens are essential for extracellular electron transfer to Fe(III) oxides and for optimal long-range electron transport through current-producing biofilms. The KN400 strain of G. sulfurreducens reduces poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide more rapidly than the more extensively studied DL-1 strain. Deletion of the gene encoding PilA, the structural pilin protein, in strain KN400 inhibited Fe(III) oxide reduction. However, low rates of Fe(III) reduction were detected after extended incubation (>30 days) in the presence of Fe(III) oxide. After seven consecutive transfers, the PilA-deficient strain adapted to reduce Fe(III) oxide as fast as the wild type. Microarray, whole-genome resequencing, proteomic, and gene deletion studies indicated that this adaptation was associated with the production of larger amounts of the c-type cytochrome PgcA, which was released into the culture medium. It is proposed that the extracellular cytochrome acts as an electron shuttle, promoting electron transfer from the outer cell surface to Fe(III) oxides. The adapted PilA-deficient strain competed well with the wild-type strain when both were grown together on Fe(III) oxide. However, when 50% of the culture medium was replaced with fresh medium every 3 days, the wild-type strain outcompeted the adapted strain. A possible explanation for this is that the necessity to produce additional PgcA, to replace the PgcA being continually removed, put the adapted strain at a competitive disadvantage, similar to the apparent selection against electron shuttle-producing Fe(III) reducers in many anaerobic soils and sediments. Despite increased extracellular cytochrome production, the adapted PilA-deficient strain produced low levels of current, consistent with the concept that long-range electron transport through G. sulfurreducens biofilms is more effective via pili.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FORM OF I-131 IN FALLOUT.

Abstract—Studies of the physical and chemical forms of I131 fallout following the USSR nuclear tests of late 1961 and the United States and USSR studies of 1962 have shown that the fraction existing in the gaseous state varied from about 10 to 90 per cent. Very little of the gaseous I131 appeared to be in the elemental or HI form. The I131 which could easily be leached from the particulate portion of the fallout was found to be mainly in the reduced form as iodides or elemental iodine; about one-third was in the iodate form and very little or none was in the periodate form.
Higher Brain Function

Abstract In this chapter we examine higher mental function in the brain, and the developmental processes which influence them. Environmental factors operate in three major areas: 1) information input via the sensory and perceptual systems, 2) information organization, and 3) behavioral output. Developmental and environmental factors which affect brain information in each of these areas is reviewed with the intent of acquainting the reader with the major principles of brain-behavior organization. In the final section we discuss the physiological alterations in brain function as it relates to major clinical syndromes.
Analysis of World Crude Oil Production Trends

This study reviews historical crude oil production for 67 countries. These countries supply virtually all the world's crude. We used historical production data with a non-linear least squares curve fitting method to automatically determine the parameters of Hubbert's model. We arbitrarily classified the goodness of fit of the production trends of all countries into three categories (Good, Fair and Poor). A Good Fit occurs when the dimensionless minimum root mean squares (D) is 24%. Eight countries fell into this category. An attempt is made to explain deviations of actual data from the Hubbert model. Our observations indicate that political, economic, and exploration policy may be important causes of these deviations. These causes are external to the physical nature of petroleum reservoirs whose behavior is controlled by reservoir mechanics and, thus, difficult to predict with any model. Hubbert's model determines reserves that are higher than booked reserves. The reason for this is that Hubbert model reserves implicitly include the effects of continuing exploration and discovery. The paper ends with a discussion of non-mechanical factors that contribute to the parameters of the Hubbert model. These factors include Sedimentary volume or area, petroleum concentration, exploration efficiency, Economic incentives, political events, and technology. Our analysis indicated that ultimate world recoverable oil will be about 1.76 trillion bbls. Of this amount, about one trillion bbls remains to be produced at the end of 1995 (i.e. world oil remaining reserves). OPEC has a remaining reserves of 710 MMMSTB which is 71% of world reserves. Therefore, if this estimate is correct and assuming a scenario of 60 MMSTB world constant daily production, then the supply of crude oil will last only 45 years.