cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An approach to engage EVs for frequency regulation: Aggregator perspective

As the penetration of renewable energy sources increases, availability of fast ramping resources for frequency regulations is vital. This need has been recognized by Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). Growing number of electric vehicles (EVs) capable of fast charging with short battery reaction time are promising sources for ancillary services (AS). The highest revenue earning from AS by EVs is expected to be from the frequency regulation. Thus unidirectional V2G is a logical first step in V2G implementation for frequency regulation. In this paper we present first a methodology to estimate the operating cost, for an aggregator controlling several EVs, for AS. and then linear programming is then used to find condition to minimize the operating cost. Next, a novel framework is presented to calculate optimal bidding components of aggregator, regulation capacity and energy cost function to participate in regulation market. Simulations were done for a large number of EVs of different types and their usage patterns. Results clearly show the opportunities to generate revenues when aggregator participate in the regulation up/down services, while keeping an eye on the EV owner's level of comfort.
Dipole deformations of N=1 SYM and supergravity backgrounds with U(1)×U(1) global symmetry

We study SL(3,R) deformations of a type IIB background based on D5 branes that is conjectured to be dual to N=1 SYM. We argue that this deformation of the geometry correspond to turning on a dipole deformation in the field theory on the D5 branes. We give evidence that this deformation only affects the KK-sector of the dual field theory and helps decoupling the KK dynamics from the pure gauge dynamics. Similar deformations of the geometry that is dual to N=2 SYM are studied. Finally, we also study a deformation that leaves us with a possible candidate for a dual to N=0 YM theory.
Solar Structure and Terrestrial Weather

The average response of the vorticity area index (the area of all the low-pressure troughs in North America) immediately before, during and after the carriage of solar magnetic boundaries past the earth by the solar wind was investigated. It was found that during winter months the vorticity index usually reaches a minimum about one day after boundary passage. The amplitude of the effect from the minimum to the adjacent maxima was about 10%. Comparison of results obtained for the latitude zone 35 deg N to 55 deg N with those obtained for the zone 55 deg N to 90 deg N shows that at times that are not near boundary passages minima in the two zones occur independently, whereas some solar influence apparently causes both zones to show minima one day after the passage of a sector boundary.
Spectral representations for abelian automorphism groups of von Neumann algebras

Let A be a von Neumann algebra, let σ be a strongly continuous representation of the locally compact abelian group G as ∗-automorphisms of A. Let M(σ) be the Banach algebra of bounded linear operators on A generated by ∝ σt dμ(t) (μ ϵ M(G)). Then it is shown that M(σ) is semisimple whenever either (i) A has a σ-invariant faithful, normal, semifinite, weight (ii) σ is an inner representation or (iii) G is discrete and each σt is inner. It is shown that the Banach algebra L(σ) generated by ∝ ƒ(t)σt dt (ƒ ϵ L1(G)) is semisimple if a is an integrable representation. Furthermore, if σ is an inner representation with compact spectrum, it is shown that L(σ) is embedded in a commutative, semisimple, regular Banach algebra with isometric involution that is generated by projections. This algebra is contained in the ultraweakly continuous linear operators on A. Also the spectral subspaces of σ are given in terms of projections.
Temperature dependence of the activity of Al in dilute Ni ( Al ) solid solutions

Activities of dilute Al solid solutions in Ni are determined from a first-principles approach. Both thermal lattice vibration and electronic contributions to free energies are considered and compared. Vibrational contributions tend to dominate the temperature dependencies of the free energies, though electron thermal effects are significant. Calculations show opposing temperature trends for the formation enthalpies and entropies, leading to a partial cancellation of their role in the overall energetics. Nevertheless, their remaining temperature effects are strong. Over the temperature range, $400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}lTl1700\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$, the Al activity coefficient varies by 15 orders of magnitude, due to the relative strength of $\mathrm{Al}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Ni}$ and $\mathrm{Al}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Al}$ bonds. The Ni activity coefficient only varies less than 4% over the same range. Calculational results compare well with available experimental data. The thermodynamic principles elucidated from the calculations are used to provide a fundamental interpretation.
An Efficient Sampling Approach to Multiobjective Optimization

This paper presents a new approach to multiobjective optimization based on the principles of probabilistic uncertainty analysis. At the core of this approach is an efficient nonlinear multiobjective optimization algorithm, Minimizing Number of Single Objective Optimization Problems (MINSOOP), to generate a true representation of the whole Pareto surface. Results show that the computational savings of this new algorithm versus the traditional constraint method increase dramatically when the number of objectives increases. A real world case study of multiobjective optimal design of a best available control technology for Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sulfur Oxides (SOx) reduction illustrates the usefulness of this approach.
Venous Tone in the Developmental Stages of Spontaneous Hypertension

Abstract —The initial stages of hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) are characterized by an increase in cardiac output. Venous capacitance plays an important role in the control of cardiac output. This study tested the hypothesis that venous tone is elevated in the developmental stages of spontaneous hypertension. Male SHR or normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were instrumented for the measurement of arterial pressure (FAP) and intrathoracic vena caval pressure (FVP). A latex-tipped catheter was advanced into the right atrium via the jugular vein. Mean circulatory filling pressure (MCFP), an index of integrated venomotor tone, was calculated as MCFP=FVP+(FAP−FVP)/VAR. FAP and FVP were recorded after 5 seconds of right atrial balloon inflation. The venous to arterial compliance ratio (VAR) was estimated as 76 for WKY and 106 for SHR. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, and MCFP were recorded in conscious rats of 4 to 6 and 8 to 10 weeks of age. In 4- to 6-week-old rats, both MAP and MCFP were significantly elevated in the SHR (MAP, 129±6 mm Hg; MCFP, 6.6±0.4 mm Hg) compared with the age-matched WKY (MAP, 91±6 mm Hg; MCFP, 5.4±0.4 mm Hg), whereas heart rate was not significantly different. The elevations in MAP (SHR, 144±4 mm Hg; WKY, 102±3 mm Hg) and MCFP (SHR, 7.7±0.3 mm Hg; WKY, 6.0±0.2 mm Hg) in SHR were exaggerated at 8 to 10 weeks of age. After ganglionic blockade (chlorisondamine; 10 mg/kg), the differences in MCFP were no longer statistically significant between SHR and WKY at both 4 to 6 weeks of age (3.9±0.2 versus 4.0±0.3 mm Hg) and 8 to 10 weeks of age (5.0±0.3 versus 4.3±0.3 mm Hg, respectively). The differences in MAP at 4 to 6 weeks of age (79±7 versus 67±5 mm Hg, respectively) also were not statistically significant after ganglionic blockade. However, a significant difference in MAP between strains remained after ganglionic blockade in 8- to 10-week-old rats (90±5 versus 63±3 mm Hg, respectively). These findings indicate that venous tone is increased via autonomic effector systems during the developmental stages of spontaneous hypertension. These data also suggest that autonomic mechanisms predominate at very early stages, whereas nonautonomic mechanisms assume more importance in maintaining the elevated MAP as hypertension progresses.
Determination of α‐adrenergic blocking potency

Determination of the α-adrenergic blocking potency of drugs in humans is usually done by measuring the shift in the blood pressure versus logarithm of intravenous phenylephrine dose-response relationship. Change in blood pressure activates homeostatic reflexes that may change this relationship. This study examines the effect of autonomie (β1- and β2-adrenergic, parasympathetic, and α-adrenergic) blockade on the dose versus blood pressure response relationship to sequential doses of phenylephrine in humans. Phenylephrine dose responses were conducted under controlled conditions, during propranolol and atropine infusion, during prazosin-induced a-adrenergic blockade, and during prazosin, propranolol, and atropine administration. Propranolol-atropine infusion decreased the threshold dose of phenylephrine required to increase mean blood pressure (p < 0.00001), increased the slope of the phenylephrine dose versus increase in mean blood pressure relationship (p = 0.019), and decreased the dose of phenylephrine required to increase mean blood pressure by 20 mm Hg (p < 0.00001). Determination of the α-adrenergic blocking potency of prazosin was not affected by autonomie blockade with propranolol and atropine (dose ratio 5.2 before and 5.0 after autonomie blockade; p = 0.465). We conclude that β1-and β2-adrenergic and muscarinic blockade increase sensitivity to phenylephrine by increasing the slope and decreasing the threshold dose of the phenylephrine dose-response curve, and that α-adrenergic-blocking potency of prazosin may be determined with or without blocking homeostatic blood pressure regulatory mechanisms in humans. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 49, 69–77; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.12
Cross-sectional evidence of a signaling pathway from bone homeostasis to glucose metabolism.

Using cross-sectional data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging we tested the plausibility of a homeostatic mechanism that connects bone, adiposity, and energy metabolism.
Muslims as a minority in the United States

Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to examine how Muslims operate within and outside of the US public education system. The case of Muslims in the US is instructive because, as a group, their religious faith allows no differentiation on the basis of ethnic, racial, or linguistic lines. Thus, educational policies within the US place significant strains on American Muslims. This chapter explores social divisions among Muslims, Muslim identify and the role of education, Muslim students in public schools, Muslim schools and the development of Muslim education, and challenges facing the Muslim minority.
Genetic variations in EGFR and ERBB4 increase susceptibility to cervical cancer.

Abstract Objectives Inherited genetic variability contributes to susceptibility to cervical cancer. We investigated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human epidermal growth factor receptor (ERBB) family with cervical cancer. Methods We used the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) to look for excessive transmission of tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (tSNPs) in ERBB family members EGFR , ERBB2 , ERBB3 , and ERBB4 in a large sample of women with invasive and in situ cervical cancer and their biological parents (628 trios). The study used a discovery set of trios (244) analyzed by Illumina GoldenGate in which SNPs reaching a P Results Based on single SNP TDT tests we identified 16 significant SNPs in the discover stage and six of 14 SNPs that could be assayed by TaqMan were significantly overtransmitted in women with cervical cancer in the combined replication set. Four SNPs were located in intron 1 of EGFR and two SNPs in intron 24 of ERBB4 . The EGFR variants are located near multiple enhancers, silencers, and the previously identified functional common polymorphisms in intron 1. Conclusions Our data provide evidence for the involvement of intron 1 EGFR variants and intron 24 ERBB4 variants in modulating risk for the development of in situ and invasive cervical cancer. These variants should be examined in additional populations and functional studies would be needed to confirm this hypothesis.
Variation of the Nucleation Energy of Molybdenum Silicides as a Function of the Composition of an Amorphous Precursor

Modulated elemental reactants containing alternating elemental layers of molybdenum and silicon with overall thicknesses less than 50 A were found to crystallize various molybdenum silicides depending on their compositions. Modulated reactants with compositions near 1:2 Mo:Si formed β-molybdenum disilicide at 400 °C, even though β-molybdenum disilicide is metastable with respect to α-molybdenum disilicide below 1900 °C. The activation energy of the nucleation event was found to be 1.9 eV. Modulated reactants with compositions near 5:3 Mo:Si formed Mo5Si3 at 650 °C with an activation energy of 3.0 eV. Modulated reactants with compositions near 3:1 crystallize Mo3Si at 750 °C with an activation energy of 2.2 eV. Low-angle X-ray diffraction indicates that significant interdiffusion occurs during annealing below the formation temperatures of the compounds. Transmission electron microscopy data collected on samples annealed below the formation temperatures indicate that the samples were amorphous. The nucleati...
The Neural Basis of Hyperlexic Reading: An fMRI Case Study

Children with autism spectrum disorders in very rare cases display surprisingly advanced "hyperlexic" reading skills. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied the neural basis of this precocious reading ability in a 9-year-old hyperlexic boy who reads 6 years in advance of his age. During covert reading, he demonstrated greater activity in the left inferior frontal and superior temporal cortices than both chronological age- and reading age-matched controls. Activity in the right inferior temporal sulcus was greater when compared to reading age-matched controls. These findings suggest that precocious reading is brought about by simultaneously drawing on both left hemisphere phonological and right hemisphere visual systems, reconciling the two prevailing, but seemingly contradictory, single hemisphere theories of hyperlexia. Hyperlexic reading is therefore associated with hyperactivation of the left superior temporal cortex, much in the same way as developmental dyslexia is associated with hypoactivation of this area.
Susceptibility testing by polymerase chain reaction DNA quantitation: A method to measure drug resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates

Abstract Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA quantitation (PDQ) susceptibility testing rapidly and directly measures nucleoside sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates. PCR is used to quantitate the amount of HIV-1 DNA synthesized after in vitro infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The relative amounts of HIV-1 DNA in cell lysates from cultures maintained at different drug concentrations reflect drug inhibition of virus replication. The results of PDQ susceptibility testing of 2- or 3-day cultures are supported by assays measuring HIV-1 p24 antigen production in supernatants of 7- or 10-day cultures. DNA sequence analyses to identify mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene that cause resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine also support the PDQ results. With the PDQ method, both infectivity titration and susceptibility testing can be performed on supernatants from primary cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PDQ susceptibility testing should facilitate epidemiologic studies of the clinical significance of drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates.
Electrode placement, stimulus dosing, and EEG monitoring with ECT

Objectives: The aim of the workshop is for participants to review and discuss the areas of stimulus electrode placement, stimulus dosing, and EEG monitoring as they apply to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).Content: The content will cover (1) the choice of stimulus electrode placement, as well as the various applicable techniques; (2) decision making regarding choice of stimulus dose with ECT, both initially and throughout the ECT course; (3) the use of EEG monitoring with ECT, including recording site, placement of recording electrodes, and interpretation of recorded data to determine the occurrence, endpoint, and adequacy of seizure activity.Process: The facilitator will present a 10–15 minute talk on each of the three topics; each talk being followed by the opportunity for interaction with and among the participants. It is anticipated that it will be clear that a range of clinically acceptable options exists in many cases.Participants: This workshop is intended for psychiatrists who administer ECT or wh...
Hotelling Rents in Hotelling Space: Product Differentiation in Exhaustible Resource Markets

Abstract Using a Hotelling spatial model, this paper examines the interrelationship between resource rents in related exhaustible resource markets. In a product space context, we show that even if two exhaustible resources are not currently in the same market (e.g., coal and oil), differential scarcity will link their current scarcity rents. This applies analogously in geographic markets. Another result is that monopoly accelerates depletion of substitutes and may not affect time to depletion of the monopolized resource.
Replication of a temperature sensitive mutant of simian virus 40 in normal and SV40-transformed monkey cells

Abstract An SV40 temperature sensitive mutant, ts ∗ -101, blocked at an early step of productive infection, was assayed at both permissive and nonpermissive temperatures in normal and Adeno-SV40-hybrid-transformed permissive monkey cells. Synthesis of viral antigen was not restricted at high temperature in the transformed cells. It is suggested that complementation occurred in these cells between the superinfecting virus and the integrated SV40 genome.
An Evaluation of Vaginal Symptoms in Women with Crohn’s Disease

There are limited data available that address the prevalence of vaginal complaints in women with Crohn's disease. This study assessed the frequency of vaginal involvement and types of vaginal symptoms in women with Crohn's disease managed at a university inflammatory bowel disease program. The charts of 50 women with Crohn's disease seen consecutively during a three-month period were reviewed for the presence of vaginal involvement. The intestinal distribution of Crohn's disease [colonic, small bowel (SB), colonic/SB] was determined, and the presence of vaginal symptoms and types of complaints were assessed. Eleven of the 50 women (22%) described vaginal symptoms. Vaginal complaints included ten patients with labial swelling and one patient with passage of stool through the vagina. Nine of the 11 women with vaginal complaints also had concurrent intestinal symptoms and perineal manifestations (P < 0.001). This study suggests that vaginal involvement in Crohn's disease may be a more frequent phenomenon than previously reported.
A Comparison of Astrometric Measurement Techniques as Applied to Minor Planets

Differential and absolute minor planet positions previously applied to the study of a Fundamental Reference System have had accuracies of the order of ±.″2. Relative positions have been obtained to much higher accuracy, but that accuracy has not been applied directly to the formation of a celestial coordinate system. The regular motions of minor planets along long arcs in the sky are more accurately known than any single observed position. Thus, the dynamics of minor planets, coupled with new techniques of observation and reduction, will bring an independent component to bear on the problem of testing the Fundamental Reference System. Preliminary results based on measurements of Hypatia (238) are presented.
Changing economic opportunities family structure and poverty in rural areas.

Abstract Instrustrial restructuring in the 1980s ushered in a new pattern of growing economic diversity over geographic space. The objective of this study is to examine the extent and etiology of changing spatial inequality between and within metropolitan (metro) and nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) areas, as measured by increasing or decreasing county poverty rates. Results based on data from the 1980 and 1990 census summary tape files suggest several conclusions. First, poverty rates increased more rapidly in nonmetro than metro counties during the 1980s; historical patterns of metro-nonmetro economic convergence slowed over the past decade. Second, poverty rates tended to decline in nonmetro counties with traditionally high rates of poverty, thus providing counter-evidence to arguments suggesting that the gap between traditionally poor and nonpoor nonmetro counties has widened. Third, spatial differences in poverty rates and relative increases in county poverty rates over the 1980s were most strongly associated with women's employment and headship status. The results raise questions about the extent to which traditional rural economic development strategies address the potentially deleterious economic effects of rising percentages of poor female-headed families.
Illness and the feminine role: a theoretical review

Abstract Women in the Western world live longer than men and have lower mortality rates for most causes of death. There is strong evidence that these differences are due to women's constitionally greater resistance to infectious and degenerative disease. However, in sharp contrast to their favorable mortality, women report more physical and mental illness than men, and utilize health services at substantially higher rates. These latter differences are documented with health survey data from the United States and Great Britain. Three explanatory models to account for sex differences in illness experience are considerated: (1) women report more illnes than men because it is culturally more acceptable for them to be ill; (2) the sick role is more compatible with women's other role responsibilities; and (3) women have more illness than men because their assigned social roles are more stressful. Evaluation of these alternative models is based on a review of data from studies of variations in illness among women, and it is concluded that a model looking at illness behavior as a function of the number and character of other role obligations offers the most promise for future research.
Effect of temperature on sulfate transport in two Penicillia

Abstract We studied the effects of temperature on the sulfate permease of Penicillium chrysogenum (PC) (a mesophile with a growth temperature range of 4-35°C) and Penicillium duponti (PD) (a thermophile with a growth temperature range of 27-58°C). Arrhenius plots of sulfate permease activity from mycelia grown at 50°C (PD), 30°C (PD and PC) or 8°C (PC) indicate that at temperatures below the transition point there is little difference in the activation energy of sulfate permease in mycelia from PD grown at 50°C or 30°C or PC grown at 30°C or 8°C; however, the temperature of the transition point for the permease from each set of mycelia assayed reflects the optimum growth temperature of the fungal source. Transitions occur at 15 °C for mycelia from PC and 35 ° C for PD mycelia. Kinetic measurements indicate that the K m of sulfate permease in PC cells grown at a variety of temperatures is essentially the same at various temperatures. As an example, the K m of 8°C or 30°C grown PC is about 55 μ M at 25°C and 45 μ M at 8°C. V max measurements reflect growth conditions such as temperature and growth stage. p]Lipid composition of the mycelia dramatically reflect growth temperatures. Double bond index values vary from 1.94 for PC grown at 8°C to 0.81 for PD grown at 50°C. The percentage of total fatty acid represented by linolenic acid varies from 45% in 8°C grown PC to 4.2% or less in 30°C grown PC. No linolenic is found in mycelia from PD.
Critique of the Mrkšić Trial Chamber (ICTY) Judgment: A Re-evaluation on Whether Soldiers Hors de Combat Are Entitled to Recognition as Victims of Crimes Against Humanity

On 27 September 2007, the Mrksic Trial Chamber held that the unlawful killing of soldiers hors de combat ("out of the battle") did not entitle them to recognition as victims of crimes against humanity under Article 5 of the ICTY Statute. This article critically analyses the Court's mischaracterization of precedent, revealing both historical and contemporary support for a broader definition of "civilian population" under Article 5. Moreover, by looking at case law and statutes from Nuremberg, foreign countries, and international courts, a continuous pattern that encompasses soldiers hors de combat within the definition of "civilian population" begins to emerge. Ultimately, to validate the increasing role of international humanitarian and human rights law, international criminal law must provide greater protections for those most vulnerable, in this case, soldiers hors de combat.
Antimicrobial constituents of the sponge siphonodictyon coralliphagum

Abstract The burrowing sponge Siphonodictyon coralliphagum contains two phenolic aldehydes, siphonodictyal-A (1) and siphonodictyal-B (2). The structure of siphonodictyal-A (1) was determined by interpretation of spectral data and the synthesis of a derivative. The structure of siphonodictyal-B (2) resulted from interpretation of spectral data and the synthesis of a degradation product. Both compounds exhibit antimicrobial activity.
Use of thin films in ultraviolet studies of cellulose xanthate

A procedure for the study of the chemistry of viscose based on ultraviolet measurements of a film of cellulose xanthate has been developed. To illustrate the range of usefulness of the technique, spectra of various compounds formed with cellulose xanthate, including metal salts, organic derivatives, and an acid form, the influence of solvation on several cellulose xanthate compounds, and formation and decomposition curve of cellulose xanthate derivatives are presented. Possible applications of the technique include a study of the acid decomposition of cellulose xanthate, the influence of additives, new derivatives, and the xanthation mechanism. It is also probable that the method can be used in the study of other systems where fast reaction mechanisms are involved and suitable absorption characteristics are present.
Vlasov solver for longitudinal dynamics in beam delivery systems for x-ray free electron lasers

Direct numerical methods for solving the Vlasov equation offer some advantages over macroparticle simulations, as they do not suffer from the consequences of the statistical fluctuations inherent in using a number of macroparticles smaller than the bunch population. Unfortunately, these methods are more time consuming and generally considered impractical in a full 6D phase space. However, in a lower-dimension phase space they may become attractive if the beam dynamics is sensitive to the presence of small charge-density fluctuations and a high resolution is needed. In this paper we present a 2D Vlasov solver for studying the longitudinal beam dynamics in single-pass systems of interest for x-ray FELs, where characterization of the microbunching instability stemming from self-field amplified noise is of particular relevance.
A lightweight and flexible process for designing intuitive error handling and effective error messages

Unintuitive error handling and ineffective messages result in lost revenue, wasted time, and unsatisfied customers. Yet, error conditions are often considered edge cases. As a result, a focus on error conditions is usually left until late in the software design and development cycle and is sometimes limited to just resolving unexpected test case failures. This paper outlines a process that enables software development teams to collaborate more effectively to produce intuitive error handling and useful error messages. The process is structured: there are artifacts to produce and rituals to step through. However, the process is also lightweight and flexible. In addition, the process scales well for small and large projects. This paper also describes the benefits that the IBM® DB2® for Linux®, UNIX®, and Windows® (henceforth referred to as IBM DB2 LUW) software development team discovered after adopting this process, including better quality messages, a shorter and easier-to-manage translation cycle, and improved integration between error messages and related product documentation.
The production of tabular grain shapes in metamorphic rocks

Abstract Tabular mineral grains in metamorphic rocks have been considered to be formed by pressure solution, inequant growth, crystal plasticity or extension slicing. Evidence is given here for an additional mechanism in which tabular grains are produced by shear displacement of segments of originally more equant grains
Intrazeolite organometallics Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl rhodium complexes

Abstract The incorporation of Cp∗ [ Cp ∗ = η 5 -(CH 3 ) 5 C 5 ] complexes of rhodium in Y-type zeolites has been studied. The preparation and characterization of intrazeolite complexes derived from (Cp∗RhCl)2(μ-Cl)2 (1) and Cp∗Rh(S)3+ (3) (where SH2O and CH2Cl2) are described. The reactivity of the rhodium complexes with carbon monoxide was followed by infrared spectroscopy. The nature of the CO adducts was found to be dependent on the type of charge-balancing cation. Intrazeolite complexes were characterized in H+, Li+, Na+ and Cs+ partially exchanged forms of zeolite Y. Additionally, the reaction of free Cp∗ ligand with intrazeolite rhodium (I) dicarbonyl species is described.
Fine Structure of Corn Amylose and Amylopectin Fractions with Various Molecular Weights

Characterization of starch molecular structure is vital to comprehending starch structure−function relationships. Four corn starches were fractionated by aqueous leaching into six amylose and five amylopectin fractions. Molecular weight (MW), branching, and chain lengths were determined by size exclusion chromatography and laser light scattering (SEC/LLS); percent crystallinity was determined by X-ray analysis. Amylose fractions had different weight-average molecular weights (Mw = 1.03−4.89E+05) and branching ratios (0.3−1.0), and branching was seemingly inversely correlated with Mw. Amylose fractions had similar polydispersities (1.3−1.9) and branch points per chain of 1000 glucose units (0.6−3.0). Degree of polymerization (DP) increased (324−1014) proportionally to Mw. For amylopectin, some fractions had different Mw values (7.08−9.88E+07) but statistically similar polydispersities (1.1−1.2) and branching ratios (1.5−4.3). The highest Mw amylopectin fraction had longer branched chains (long, intermediat...
Applications of random restart to genetic algorithms

In this paper, a new genetic algorithm is introduced in which the mutation operation has been replaced with random restart. The new genetic algorithm is applied to the problem of scheduling a set of tasks onto a multiprocessor system. This problem is known to be NP-complete. Using the Markov chain method, the expected time for the algorithm to reach an optimal solution is derived analytically and computed for several different problem sizes. These results indicate that the expected time to reach the goal for the mapping problem increases sublogarithmically as the size of the search spaces grows exponentially. It is also shown that the expected time to reach an optimal solution is proportional to the time the algorithm spends among the transient states.
Clinical determinants of mortality in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated or to ischemic cardiomyopathy.

To determine which of the many clinical parameters routinely collected influence mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), 201 patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy were prospectively followed for a 28-month study period. Mean age of the study group was 62 ± 10 years, 60 % had Ischemic cardiomyopathy, and two-thirds were in New York Heart Association functional class If or III. Fifteen clinical variables were analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards model, while individual variables also were calculated for independent prognostic significance. There were 85 deaths, 26 (31 %) of which were sudden cardiac deaths. Three characteristics at the study entry independently predicted an increased mortality risk: left ventricular ejection fraction, maximal oxygen uptake and ischemic cardiomyopathy. A Cox proportional hazards model showed that the combination of VO2max, S3 and the diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy provided the best estimates of risk for an early death. Mortality for the low-risk group was only 5 % at 6 months and 10 % at 1 year. In contrast, in patients with an S3, ischemic cardiomyopathy and low maximal oxygen uptake, 6-month mortality was 24 % and 36 % at 1 year (p < 0.001). Thus, these patients at high risk with left ventricular dysfunction associated with ischemic heart disease, a decreasing exercise tolerance and the development of an S3 should be strongly considered for an interventional trial with the aim of decreasing mortality.
Physiological responses in two populations of Andropogon glomeratus Walter B.S.P. to short-term salinity.

Andropogon glomeratus is a C4 nonhalophytic grass which exhibits population differentiation for tolerance to short-term salinity exposure. To investigate possible physiological mechanisms whch enable salt-tolerant individuals to survive short-term inundation, gas exchange and water relations parameters were measured before and during a 5-day watering treatment of half-strength synthetic seawater in plants from a tolerant and a non-tolerant population. Photosynthetic recovery was followed for 10 days after the salinity treatment. Photosynthetic CO2 uptake was substantially inhibited in both populations. Stomatal conductances decreased and intercellular CO2 concentrations increased, indicating non-stomatal factors were primarily responsible for the decrease in CO2 uptake. After termination of the salinity treatment photosynthetic capacity increased more rapidly in the tolerant population and reached the pretreatment level after 6 days, whereas the nontolerant population did not recover fully after 10 days. A-Ci curves measured before and after the salinity treatment indicated a decrease in the carboxylation efficiency, and suggested a proportionately greater metabolic inhibition relative to the increase in the stomatal limitation. Osmotic adjustment occurred in a 2-day period in the tolerant population, but there was no change in the osmotic potentials or the water potential at the point of turgor loss in the nontolerant population. Thus short-term salt tolerance in the marsh population is associated with rapid osmotic adjustment and recovcry of photosynthetic capacity shortly after the end of the salinity exposure, rather than maintenance of greater photosynthesis during the salinity treatment.
A scattering model for perfectly conducting random surfaces II. Range of validity

Abstract A recent st udy of the range of validity of the surface scattering model by Eftimiu using a two-dimensional surface is re-examined with a more realistic surface correlation function that is everywhere-differentiable and vanishes gradually at infinity. Ii is shown that a sufficient condition on the range of validity is that cos2 θ [(kσ)2/(kc)1/2]exp{−[2kc(1−sinθ)]1/2} ≪ 1 where k is the electrical wave-number, 0 is the angle of incidence and a and c are the surface standard deviation and the surface correlation parameter respectively.
Narp Deletion Blocks Extinction of Morphine Place Preference Conditioning

As drug abuse can be viewed as a maladaptive form of neuronal plasticity, attention has focused on defining the synaptic plasticity mechanisms that mediate the long-term effects of these drugs. As Narp is secreted at synaptic sites and binds to the extracellular surface of AMPA receptors, it has been implicated in mediating enduring forms of synaptic plasticity. Accordingly, to assess its potential role in the long-lasting behavioral effects of drugs of abuse, we have investigated the impact of Narp deletion on sustained behavioral responses elicited by repeated morphine administration. Narp knockout mice display normal locomotor sensitization and conditioned place preference, but are markedly resistant to extinction of place preference. Thus, these findings indicate that Narp plays a selective role in extinction, possibly by its effects on AMPA receptor trafficking.
Endothelial injury and vascular dysfunction associated with the Fogarty balloon catheter

Endothelial-derived relaxing factor is an important modulator of vascular relaxation, and its production is very sensitive to endothelial injury. The abdominal aortas of five groups of rabbits were subjected to Fogarty balloon catheterization via the femoral artery. Some rabbits were killed immediately (time 0), and others were killed at weekly intervals. At time 0, isolated vascular rings sectioned from the abdominal aortas and suspended in tissue baths failed to exhibit any endothelial-derived relaxing factor dependent vascular relaxation. Vascular relaxation progressively returned but was not normal until 4 weeks after the initial injury. Morphologic changes studied by means of Evans blue dye and by scanning electron microscopy with silver staining corresponded well with these functional changes. At time 0, the delicate endothelium was completely denuded, but it progressively regenerated over the subsequent 4 weeks. This severe injury to the vascular endothelium and the resultant vascular dysfunction may result in an increased risk of early postoperative spasm and thrombosis after the use of a Fogarty balloon catheter.
Visual cues for illness-induced aversions in the pigeon

Pigeons' ability to form illness-induced aversions to visual cues was assessed. These cues coincided spatially to a varying extent with an ingested substance, water. Pigeons lived in a chamber in which pecks on two keys delivered water from two water feeders. A red water supply, a red key, or red light bulbs shining on one water feeder were presented briefly. A total of seven experimental subjects were then injected with lithium chloride, and a total of six control subjects with distilled water. After a recovery period, only the experimental subjects exposed to the red water or red light showed a significant aversion to the red cue. The results suggest that the effectiveness of a visual cue for pigeons' illness-induced aversions is influenced by the spatial coincidence of the cue with the ingested substance.
The stagnating fortunes of the middle class

The media is aglow with reports of the booming economy and rising prosperity in the United States since the early 1990s. Indeed, the run-up in stock prices between 1995 and the end of 1999 has created the impression that all families are doing well in terms of income and wealth. This, however, is certainly not the case. As I shall demonstrate, most American families have seen their level of well-being stagnate over the last quarter-century.
More Than Two HANDs to Tango

Developing a validated tool for the rapid and efficient assessment of cognitive functioning in HIV-infected patients in a typical outpatient clinical setting has been an unmet goal of HIV research since the recognition of the syndrome of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) nearly 20 years ago. In this issue of JNIP Cross et al. report the application of the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) in a U.S.-based urban outpatient clinic to evaluate its utility as a substitute for the more time- and effort-demanding formalized testing criteria known as the Frascati criteria that was developed in 2007 to define the syndrome of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). In this study an unselected cohort of 507 individuals (68 % African American) that were assessed using the IHDS in a cross-sectional study revealed a 41 % prevalence of cognitive impairment (labeled ‘symptomatic HAND’) that was associated with African American race, older age, unemployment, education level, and depression. While the associations between cognitive impairment and older age, education, unemployment status and depression in HIV-infected patients are not surprising, the association with African American ancestry and cognitive impairment in the setting of HIV infection is a novel finding of this study. This commentary discusses several important issues raised by the study, including the pitfalls of assessing cognitive functioning with rapid screening tools, cognitive testing criteria, normative testing control groups, accounting for HAND co-morbidity factors, considerations for clinical trials assessing HAND, and selective population vulnerability to HAND.
New upper bounds for neighbor searching

This paper investigates the circular retrieval problem and the k-nearest neighbor problem, for sets of n points in the Euclidean plane. Two similar data structures each solve both problems. A deterministic structure uses space O(n(log n log log n)2), and a probabilistic structure uses space O(n log2 n). For both problems, these two structures answer a query that returns k points in O(k + log n) time.
Work Locus of Control and Perceptions of Practice

The literature suggests that perceptions of practice likely differ between workers with an external work locus of control (WLOC) and those with an internal WLOC. It was hypothesized that workers with an external WLOC are less likely to perceive that they positively influence clients, take less responsibility for client outcomes, feel less successful, place less importance on success in employment decisions, and have less confidence in their knowledge and skills than those with an internal WLOC. Statistical models using logistic regression confirmed these hypotheses except for confidence in knowledge and skills, which showed no relationship with WLOC.
Dazzle: supporting framing in co-located design teams through remote collaboration tool

Distributed collaboration systems use cloud computing services to support synchronous and asynchronous distributed collaboration. We are investigating how the benefits of these remote collaboration technologies can be applied to collocated creative teams. We are building Dazzle, a collaboration system to support product design teams during face-to-face user research and brainstorming meetings. Product designers share information on a common display that is driven by file and screen sharing services. The principal benefit over current display sharing techniques is that the team automatically builds a real-time archive of all viewed files that can be revisited. By applying distributed collaboration technologies to face-to-face meetings, Dazzle facilitates information sharing and provides automatic meeting documentation.
Effects of past sewage sludge additions on heavy metal availability in light textured soils: implications for crop yields and metal uptakes.

Abstract The effect of heavy metal additions in past sewage sludge applications on soil metal availability and the growth and yield of crops was evaluated at two sites in the UK. At Gleadthorpe, sewage sludges enriched with salts of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) had been applied to a loamy sand in 1982 and additionally naturally contaminated Zn and Cu sludge cakes in 1986. At Rosemaund, sewage sludges naturally contaminated with Zn, Cu, Ni and chromium (Cr) had been applied in 1968–1971 to a sandy loam. From 1994 to 1997, the yields of both cereals and legumes at Gleadthorpe were up to 3 t/ha lower than the no-sludge control where total topsoil Zn and Cu concentrations exceeded 200 and 120 mg/kg, respectively, but only when topsoil ammonium nitrate extractable metal levels also exceeded 40 mg/kg Zn and 0.9 mg/kg Cu. At Rosemaund, yields were only decreased where total topsoil Cu concentrations exceeded 220 mg/kg or 0.7 mg/kg ammonium nitrate extractable Cu. These results demonstrate the importance of measuring extractable as well as total heavy metal concentrations in topsoils when assessing likely effects on plant yields and metal uptakes, and setting soil quality criteria.
Stress produces opioid-like effects on investigatory behavior

Abstract Stimulation of opioid systems with opiate agonists produce characteristic alterations in the investigatory behavior exhibited by rats in a novel environment. As numerous reports now indicate that opioid systems can be activated by exposure to stress, the following study examined whether exposure to stressors could produce opiate-like alterations of investigatory behavior. Naive rats were exposed to one of three stressors (restraint, tailpinch pressure, high intensity white noise) or to control procedures, and were observed in a novel environment. The frequency and duration of a wide range of behavioral activities were recorded. All three stressors were found to produce morphine-like alterations of investigatory behavior. The average time an animal spent per contact with stimuli in the environment was decreased significantly by stress, with greater reductions being associated with locomotor hypoactivity. The stress-induced reductions of investigatory behavior were blocked by very low doses of the opiate antagonist naloxone (0.1–0.25 mg/kg). These results are consistent with an activation of opioid systems underlying some of the changes in investigatory behavior produced by exposure to stress.
Housing Benefits From the Section 8 Housing Program

The Section 8 housing program is the largest U. S. housing assistance program. This article presents the first systematic analysis of the benefits participating households receive and compares those benefits with federal government costs. Section 8 New Construction projects provide acceptable housing at an affordable price to those low-income households fortunate enough to be accepted by the developers. However, about 20% of the total project rents goes to program-related costs rather than to tenant benefits. A major advantage of the Section 8 Existing Housingprogram is that tenant benefits are provided without excessive rent increases. But, most units in that program do not meet Section 8 Acceptability Criteria. A shift in emphasis from the New Construction to the Existing Housing program can save the government significant amounts of money yet maintain the number of households assisted.
Varicella zoster virus in the temporal artery of a patient with giant cell arteritis.

Abstract We recently detected varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the temporal arteries (TA) of 5/24 patients with clinically suspect giant cell arteritis (GCA) whose TAs were GCA-negative pathologically; in those GCA-negative, VZV + TAs, virus antigen predominated in the arterial adventitia, but without medial necrosis and multinucleated giant cells [1]. During our continuing search for VZV antigen in GCA-negative TAs, in the TA of one subject, we found abundant VZV antigen, as well as VZV DNA, in multiple regions (skip areas) of the TA spanning 350 μm, as well as in skeletal muscle adjacent to the infected TA. Additional pathological analysis of sections adjacent to those containing viral antigen revealed inflammation involving the arterial media and abundant multinucleated giant cells characteristic of GCA. Detection of VZV in areas of the TA with pathological features of GCA warrants further correlative pathological-virological analysis of VZV in GCA.