cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissolved Al in sediments and waters of the East China Sea : implications for authigenic mineral formation

Abstract Numerous previous studies indicate that several different authigenic aluminosilicates form in the oceans. In this study we show, using dissolved Al distributions in sediments and waters from the nearshore regions of the East China Sea, that the process of aluminosilicate formation probably begins rapidly upon contact of detrital clays with seawater. Statistical analyses of dissolved Al-Si-H + relations in surface sediments indicate that the minerals forming in East China Sea sediments low in dissolved Fe are dioctahedral chlorites with an average composition EX 0.91 Mg 0.77 Al 5.0 Si 2.7 O 10 (OH) 8 (where EX = exchangeable + 1 cation). This composition is also consistent with dissolved Al and Si measurements as a function of salinity in turbid overlying waters. Results suggest a dissolution—reprecipitation mechanism for clay mineral reconstitution. This mechanism can help to explain why different authigenic clays are found in different areas of the oceans. In the East China Sea the total amount of authigenic clays present must constitute a very minor fraction of the bottom sediments. Thus, the formation of these minerals has a relatively small impact upon dissolved Si distributions. Clay mineral reconstitution in nearshore regions may provide a mechanism for buffering sediments and overlying waters with respect to pH, as the composition of minerals formed should be a direct function of the H + activity in the surrounding environment.
Minimally invasive esophagectomy

Abstract Background . Open esophagectomy can be associated with significant morbidity and delay return to routine activities. Minimally invasive surgery may lower the morbidity of esophagectomy but only a few small series have been published. Methods . From August 1996 to September 1999, 77 patients underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy. Initially, esophagectomy was approached totally laparoscopically or with mini-thoracotomy; thoracoscopy subsequently replaced thoracotomy. Results . Indications included esophageal carcinoma (n = 54), Barrett's high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma in situ (n = 17), and benign miscellaneous (n = 6). There were 50 men and 27 women with an average age of 66 years (range 30 to 94 years). Median operative time was 7.5 hours (4.5 hours with > 20 case experience). Median intensive care unit stay was 1 day (range 0 to 60 days); median length of stay was 7 days (range 4 to 73 days) with no operative or hospital mortalities. There were four nonemergent conversions to open esophagectomy; major and minor complication rates were 27% and 55%, respectively. Conclusions . Minimally invasive esophagectomy is technically feasible and safe in our center, which has extensive minimally invasive and open esophageal experience. Open surgery should remain the standard until future studies conclusively demonstrate advantages of minimally invasive approaches.
Uptake and elution of radiosodium in bone powder: Comparison with47Ca and85Sr

A column constructed of defatted bone powder can discriminate between22Na and58Sr or47Ca. Sodium is taken up, and eluted, from such a column at a more rapid rate than the other two isotopes. These observations make it unnecessary to assume the existence of an active process as a major explanation for the differential behaviour of Na and these multivalent cations in bonein vivo.
Model of Two-Phase Heterogeneous Mixture Flow in a Microchannel With Incorporated Flow Patterns

In the two-phase or multiphase flow of such heterogeneous mixture like gas-liquid there is a very complicated and random phenomenon of flow patterns, which needs to be quantitatively and accurately, incorporated. Unfortunately, a model with quantitatively incorporated flow patterns in full range of concentration or method of how to measure flow patterns is not available. Recognizing these challenges this paper will present an approach to incorporate flow pattern phenomenon into the two-phase flow calculation model by (1) developing a mathematical model for pressure losses in two-phase flow based on in-situ parameters, (2) developing and defining a flow pattern coefficient, which incorporates the flow pattern phenomena, and (3) present the developed mathematical model with the incorporation of flow patterns, which demonstrated significant increase of accuracy of calculations based on conducted experimental research on air-water two-phase mixture flow in a horizontal square microchannel.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Bone health in hypogonadal men.

Purpose of reviewTo examine bone health in relation to testosterone and male hypogonadism.Recent findingsAn emerging area of research pertains to the newly described bone-testis axis. In particular, the peptide hormone osteocalcin, which is made by bone and fat, appears to play a role in testosteron
Performance measures of agility for mobile robots

Agility refers to a system's ability to change some aspect of its current situation. For example, consider agile manufacturing which concerns the ability to change a particular manufacturing setup from one product to another without much downtime [3, 8, 25]. In aeronautics, several scalar metrics have been proposed for aircraft agility which together measure an aircraft's ability to change its speed and direction [21, 1, 2].
The Influence of Cool-Down Temperature Histories on the Residual Stresses in Fibrous Metal-Matrix Composites

The vanishing fiber diameter model together with the thermoviscoplastic ity theory based on overstress including a recovery of state formulation is introduced. They are employed to analyze the effects of temperature rate and of annealing at constant temperature on the residual stresses at room temperature when unidirectional fibrous metal-matrix composites are cooled down from 1000°C during the manufacturing process. For the present analysis the fibers are assumed to be transversely isotropic thermoelastic and the matrix constitutive equation is isotropic thermoviscoplastic including recovery of state. All material functions and constants can depend on current temperature. Yield sur faces and loading/unloading conditions are not used in the theory in which the inelastic strain rate is solely a function of the overstress, the difference between stress and the equi librium stress, a state variable of the theory. Assumed but realistic material elastic and vis coplastic properties as a function of temperature...
The Internet movie database: a reference guide to Hollywood and beyond

Reference services are increasingly dependent on information available through well organized and reliable Web sites. Questions submitted by library users of all ages are often incomplete, making it difficult for the librarian to easily, quickly, and completely answer the question. The Internet Movie Database (IMDb) is an established Web site that allows easy access to material relating to movies, television series, actors, and actresses with a minimal amount of information from the searcher. This article explores the Internet resource of the Internet Movie Database and its potential benefits for librarians.
Financial Resources, Parent Psychological Functioning, Parent Co‐Caregiving, and Early Adolescent Competence in Rural Two‐Parent African‐American Families

We proposed a family process model that links family financial resources to academic competence and socioemotional adjustment during early adolescence. The sample included 90 9-12-year old African-American youths and their married parents who lived in the rural South. The theoretical constructs in the model were measured via a multimethod, multi-informant design. Rural African-American community members participated in the development of the self-report instruments and observational research methods. The results largely supported the hypotheses. Lack of family financial resources led to greater depression and less optimism in mothers and fathers, which in turn were linked with co-caregiving support and conflict. The associations among the co-caregiving processes and youth academic and socioemotional competence were mediated by the development of youth self-regulations. Disruptions in parental co-caregiving interfered with the development of self-regulation. This interference negatively influenced youths' academic competence and socioemotional adjustment.
Ionosphere researches of the National Bureau of Standards during 1938

The program of regular measurements of critical frequencies and virtual heights of the layers of the ionosphere continued throughout the year for frequencies from 600 kc/sec to those above the F2 critical frequency (maximum, 13,000 kc/sec). Regular publication of these data maintained unbroken the continuity of the National Bureau of Standards' published ionosphere data since 1933. This continuity is important in studying the regular and irregular characteristics of the ionosphere, diurnally, seasonally, and year to year with the sunspot-cycle. The ionization-densities of all the layers of the ionosphere continued to decrease with the waning sunspot-activity. The vertical-incidence ionosphere-measurements were supplemented by oblique-incidence radio field-intensity records of stations on frequencies from 550 to 30,000 kc/sec. The oblique-incidence records gave additional information on maximum usable frequencies, absorption, ionosphere storms, sudden ionosphere disturbances, and sporadic E-layer. They also gave information on the condition of the ionosphere at considerable distances from Washington.
Searching for an image conveying connotative meanings: An exploratory cross-cultural study

On the basis of the semiotics premise, this exploratory study examined cultural influences that pertain to the image search process when users have connotative needs. The study used the Semantic Differential, a quantitative tool for measuring affective reactions, as well as word-based analysis, to analyze responses to a survey questionnaire administered to twelve Korean and twelve American students. The results demonstrated that even when completing the same task, participants from different backgrounds have different tendencies in expecting and selecting a relevant image. The results supported the semiotics assertion that cultural context results in variations in interpreting the connotative messages of an image, and these variations are restricted by cultural boundaries. The study underlined the potential of using the Semantic Differential to enhance accessibility to connotative messages during the image retrieval process. Based on the findings, some suggestions for image retrieval system design were discussed. This study will broaden understanding of connotative messages in terms of image retrieval and user behaviors. The conclusions will contribute to designing a practical image retrieval system that can provide subject access to connotative messages.
Diffusion‐controlled reaction. V. Effect of concentration‐dependent diffusion coefficient on reaction rate in graft polymerization

The effect of diffusion on radiation-initiated graft polymerization has been studied with emphasis on the single- and two-penetrant cases. When the physical properties of the penetrants are similar, the two-penetrant problems can be reduced to the single-penetrant problem by redefining the characteristic parameters of the system. The diffusion-free graft polymerization rate is assumed to be proportional to the upsilon power of the monomer concentration respectively, and, in which the proportionality constant a = k/sub p/R/sub i//sup w//k/sub t//sup z/, where k/sub p/ and k/sub t/ are the propagation and termination rate constants, respectively, and R/sub i/ is the initiation rate. The values of upsilon, w, and z depend on the particular reaction system. The results of earlier work were generalized by allowing a non-Fickian diffusion rate which predicts an essentially exponential dependence on the monomer concentration of the diffusion coefficient, D = D/sub 0/ (exp(deltaC/M)), where M is the saturation concentration. A reaction system is characterized by the three dimensionless parameters, upsilon, delta, and A = (L/2)(aM/sup (upsilon--1)//D/sub 0/)/sup 1/2/, where L is the polymer film thickness. Graft polymerization tends to become diffusion controlled as A increases. Larger values of delta and ..nu.. cause a reaction system to behave closermore » to the diffusion-free regime. Transition from diffusion-free to diffusion-controlled reaction involves changes in the dependence of the reaction rate on film thickness, initiation rate, and monomer concentration. Although the diffusion-free rate is w order in initiation rate, upsilon order in monomer, and independent of film thickness, the diffusion-controlled rate is w/2 order in initiator rate and inverse first-order in film thickness. Dependence of the diffusion-controlled rate on monomer is dependent in a complex manner on the diffusional characteristics of the reaction system. 11 figures, 4 tables.« less
Two new species and a new phyllobothriid cestode genus from sharks of the genus Negaprion Whitley (Carcharhiniformes)

Alexandercestus n. g. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) is erected for two cestode species found parasitising the two known species of lemon sharks (Carcharhiniformes: Negaprion spp.). This new genus differs from all other phyllobothriid genera except for Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011, Marsupiobothrium Yamaguti, 1952, Nandocestus Reyda, 2008, Orectolobicestus Ruhnke, Caira & Carpenter 2006, Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863, Paraorygmatobothrium Ruhnke, 1994 and Phyllobothrium van Beneden, 1849 in possessing uniloculate bothridia with an apical sucker and neck scutes. Alexandercestus differs from Orectolobicestus and Nandocestus in lacking marginal loculi on the bothridia, from Paraorygmatobothrium in possessing uninterrupted vitelline follicles at the level of the ovary and from Phyllobothrium in being euapolytic as opposed to anapolytic and in lacking posteriorly bifid bothridia. The new genus lacks the central accessory bothridial organ seen in specimens of Orygmatobothrium, and lacks the central bothridial accessory sucker of specimens of Marsupiobothrium. Alexandercestus spp. compare most favourably with specimens of Hemipristicola, especially with respect to aspects of proglottid morphology, but differ in possessing aristate gladiate spinitriches rather than serrate gladiate spinitriches on the proximal bothridial surface. In addition, the bothridia of Alexandercestus spp. are comparatively more fleshy and foliose than those in specimens of Hemipristicola. Two new species of Alexandercestus n. g. are described, Alexandercestus gibsoni n. sp. from Negaprion acutidens, collected from off northern Australia and the Marshall Islands, and Alexandercestus manteri n. sp. from N. brevirostris, collected off the islands of Bimini and the Florida Keys. The two new species differ in total length and vitelline follicle distribution. Bayesian inference and parsimony analysis of the D1-D3 region of the large nuclear ribosomal DNA of 17 published and seven novel sequences placed A. gibsoni as the sister taxon to a clade containing Hemipristicola gunterae Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011 and species of Paraorygmatobothrium. This result supports the erection of Alexandercestus as a genus separate from Hemipristicola and Paraorygmatobothrium. At the present time, species of Alexandercestus are known only from hosts of the carcharhinid genus Negaprion Whitley; examination of extensive survey data suggests this may be the extent of the host distribution of this genus.
Identification of the nucleotide sequences of the oligonucleotides present in reovirions

Abstract Each reovirus particle contains, in addition to ten segments of double-stranded genome RNA, about 3000 low molecular weight RNA chains. The size and nucleotide sequence of most of these oligonucleotides have been determined. They fall into two classes, which occur in approximately equal amounts: 1. 1. Polyribonucleotides that possess the structure pppG … N OH , with chain lengths up to 9 residues (5′-G-terminated oligonucleotides). The nucleotide sequence of this class of molecules closely resembles that at the 5′-termini of certain reovirus messenger RNA molecules. 2. 2. Polyribonucleotides that possess the structure pppA … A OH and contain exclusively adenylate residues (oligoadenylates). These molecules vary in length from 2 to 20 nucleotides. In both classes of molecule the loss of some γ and/or β phosphate from the 5′-terminus is apparent, but the triphosphorylated terminus is the most prevalent. The possibility that both classes of oligonucleotides represent products of abortive transcription is discussed.
Influence of Respondent Sets on Two Objective Measures of Achievement Motivation

Among the advantages recognized for Mehrabian's and Hermans' tests of achievement motivation are their relative ease of administration and scoring. Specifically, both measures are thought to be relatively free of the need for the controlled administration conditions necessary for comparable projective measures of achievement motivation. The writers investigated the degree to which the two measures were sensitive to systematic response bias by having respondents stimulated to elicit cognitive sets likely to result in faking behavior. The results indicated that respondents were able to influence scores systematically on both measures and that the potential influence of external stimuli should be recognized by users of these tests.
Fe-free clinozoisite stability relative to zoisite

Orthorhombic zoisite, Ca2Al3Si3O12OH, and its monoclinic polymorph, clinozoisite, are key indicator minerals in low- and middle-grade basic and calcareous metamorphic rocks, and often occur together in apparent equilibrium1. Both minerals contain variable amounts of Fe3+ replacing Al, but clinozoisite always contains more Fe3+, with as much as 30–40% substitution in typical epidote. Interpretations of their relative stabilities, based on field relations1–3 and experimental studies4,5, have conflicted markedly. No unambiguous experimental demonstrations of reversibility of a zoisite–clinozoisite equilibrium have yet been performed, and it may well be that such an equilibrium relation, if it exists, lies in a portion of the P, T plane which is inaccessible to direct investigation. We present here experimental reversals of the Fe-free equilibrium: 2Ca2Al3Si3O12OH + Al2SiO5 + SiO2 = 4CaAl2Si2O8 + H2O (1) zoisite or clinozoisite kyanite quartz anorthite using both clinozoisite and zoisite. At 550 °C, the reaction with zoisite is in equilibirum at 6.30±0.25 kbar and the reaction with clinozoisite is in equilibrium at 7.30±0.15 kbar. Therefore, clinozoisite is considerably less stable than zoisite at this temperature, and the reaction with clinozoisite, though reversible, is metastable. Reliable thermodynamic data for the phases show, with the present experimental data, that zoisite has lower Gibbs free energy at 550 °C by 1,020±400 cal mol−1. Published composition data of natural coexisting zoisite and clinozoisite, together with first-order assumptions as to the equilibrium temperatures of the parageneses, suggest that zoisite entropy is ∼2.5 cal mol−1 K−1 higher than that of clinozoisite and that Fe-free clinozoisite becomes stable relative to zoisite below about 200 °C.
Mutual and Intercompartmental Regulation of Estrogen Receptor and Progesterone Receptor Expression in the Mouse Uterus

The epithelial and stromal compartments of the uterus undergo significant estrogen- and progesterone (P4)-induced changes during the estrous cycle. While in the adult mouse, epithelial proliferation and stromal inflammation are induced by estrogen, P4 is antiproliferative in the epithelium and both proliferative and anti-inflammatory in the stroma. In light of these compartmentally varying roles, we have immunohistochemically examined estrogen and P4 regulation of the expression of their receptors (ER and PR) and their epithelial target gene lactoferrin (LF) in wild-type and PR null mutant mice. We demonstrate that estrogen exerts compartment-specific effects on the expression of ER, resulting in decreased levels of stromal and glandular epithelial (GE) ER and increased luminal epithelial (LE) and myometrial ER. Estrogen also has dual effects on PR expression, decreasing levels in the LE while at the same time increasing levels in the stroma and myometrium. Estrogen and P4 together mediate their effects in part through the ability of P4 to selectively inhibit myometrial ER expression while preserving GE expression. We also demonstrate a general negative feedback by P4 on PR expression that is most prominent in the GE. Finally, we demonstrate using the estrogen- and P4-responsive epithelial target gene LF that the differential regulation of PR in the glandular and luminal epithelium results in different functional responses of these compartments to P4. Together, our data indicate that the pleiotropic effects of estrogen and P4 in the adult mouse uterus are mediated by complex hormonal interregulation of ER and PR in specific uterine compartments.
The "decade of the environment" in the u.s.s.R.

The decade of the 1970's was for the U.S.S.R, as for the United States, a period of increased awareness of environmental deterioration. In response, new laws were passed, pollution control funding was increased, and natural resource conservation was heavily stressed. Despite such good intentions, the cumulative effects of new technologies, inadequate budgets and enforcement, the primacy of production goals, and various institutional impediments resulted in an uneven and in some places inadequate level of environmental enhancement.
Phylogenetic Comparison of F-Box (FBX) Gene Superfamily within the Plant Kingdom Reveals Divergent Evolutionary Histories Indicative of Genomic Drift

The emergence of multigene families has been hypothesized as a major contributor to the evolution of complex traits and speciation. To help understand how such multigene families arose and diverged during plant evolution, we examined the phylogenetic relationships of F-Box (FBX) genes, one of the largest and most polymorphic superfamilies known in the plant kingdom. FBX proteins comprise the target recognition subunit of SCF-type ubiquitin-protein ligases, where they individually recruit specific substrates for ubiquitylation. Through the extensive analysis of 10,811 FBX loci from 18 plant species, ranging from the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to numerous monocots and eudicots, we discovered strikingly diverse evolutionary histories. The number of FBX loci varies widely and appears independent of the growth habit and life cycle of land plants, with a little as 198 predicted for Carica papaya to as many as 1350 predicted for Arabidopsis lyrata. This number differs substantially even among closely related species, with evidence for extensive gains/losses. Despite this extraordinary inter-species variation, one subset of FBX genes was conserved among most species examined. Together with evidence of strong purifying selection and expression, the ligases synthesized from these conserved loci likely direct essential ubiquitylation events. Another subset was much more lineage specific, showed more relaxed purifying selection, and was enriched in loci with little or no evidence of expression, suggesting that they either control more limited, species-specific processes or arose from genomic drift and thus may provide reservoirs for evolutionary innovation. Numerous FBX loci were also predicted to be pseudogenes with their numbers tightly correlated with the total number of FBX genes in each species. Taken together, it appears that the FBX superfamily has independently undergone substantial birth/death in many plant lineages, with its size and rapid evolution potentially reflecting a central role for ubiquitylation in driving plant fitness.
EXTERNALISM, RELATIONAL SELVES, AND REDEMPTIVE RELATIONSHIPS

. The dangerous level of individuality in contemporary Western culture is informed by a conception of mind, self, and soul as internal to the central nervous system. The historical development of this view has produced a bounded and self-contained individual at odds with communal life. Happily, scientific and philosophical studies of mind are coming to view the human mind as embodied, enactive, encultured, and embedded in social and technical networks, and as a construction not limited to the boundaries of the individual organism. Mental phenomena are hybrids of events in the head and events in the world to which they are often coupled, not least of which are with other people. There are mutual and reciprocal implications of this externalism for a number of religious themes. Our understanding of redemption might better be bound to our relationships with others, including our bodies and our sexuality, rather than to a private, individual relationship with the sacred.
Circadian rhythm of the pancreatic enzymes in rats: Its relation to small intestinal disaccharidase

Abstract Adult rats maintained under controlled temperature and a fixed light cycle (0800–2000 EST) were examined for rhythmicity of their pancreatic and small intestinal enzymes. One group was allowed free access to food while another group received food only from 1400–1800 hours. Adult rats fed ad libitum showed rhythmicity of pancreatic amylase and lipase content with a maximum at 2100 and a minimum at 1200. Trypsinogen content did not vary. Small intestinal mucosal sucrase and maltase in these rats showed a definite monophasic rhythm with a broad peak between 1800 and 0300. In the group with restricted access to food, a similar rhythmic pattern of lipase content was seen but the rhythm of amylase content was abolished. The peaks of sucrase and maltase activity were shifted to between 1200 and 1800 hours. Thus, the pancreatic lipase rhythm seems to be independent of food intake while amylase is not. Furthermore, there is no discernable relation between the pancreatic hydrolase rhythm and the small intestinal disaccharidase rhythm.
Seabed reflection measurement uncertainty

The seabed reflection coefficient is a fundamental property of the ocean waveguide. Measurements of the frequency and angular dependence of the reflection coefficient can provide information about the geoacoustic properties of the seabed or can be used as an input to propagation models. The uncertainty of the measurements must be known in order to determine prediction uncertainties for the acoustic field and/or the geoacoustic properties. Analysis indicates that the reflection measurements have a standard deviation from ±0.5–1 dB at full angular resolution depending on frequency and experiment geometry. The dominant contribution to the error is source amplitude variability, and a new processing approach was developed that reduces the error for frequencies above a few hundred Hz. Further reduction in the uncertainty can be obtained by averaging in angle, for example, a ±1° angle averaging leads to a standard deviation of less than ±0.5 dB. Errors in the angle estimate are a few tenths of a degree from 0–34° grazing angle: the crucial angular range for predicting long-range propagation or for geoacoustic property inversion.
Effects of Locus-of-Control, Outcome Severity, and Attitudinal Similarity of Defendant on Attributions of Criminal Responsibility

Internals and externals were presented with a trial description outlining a crime which varied in the seriousness of its consequences for others and then were asked to assign responsibility for it to an attitudinally similar or dissimilar defendant. It was predicted and found that internals assigned greater responsibility for the severe crime to an attitudinally similar defendant, while externals attributed more responsibility for a severe crime to an attitudinally dissimilar defendant.
Consistent interacting massive spin-2 requires an infinity of states

Abstract Although Kaluza-Klein compactification provides a way of consistently coupling massive spin-2 fields to gravity, it does so by having infinite towers of massive states. Consistency is achieved by virtue of a corresponding infinite number of four-dimensional gauge invariances. We explicitly demonstrate that any attempt to truncate to a finite number of massive spin-2 fields leads to an explicit breaking of all the massive gauge invariances, including those for the massive fields that are retained. Therefore attempts to use the truncation of a Kaluza-Klein theory as a way to obtain a lagrangian with a finite number of massive spin-2 fields interacting consistently with gravity will inevitably fail.
Mitochondrial electron transport chain activities and DNA deletions in regions of the rat brain.

Abstract Deletions in human mitochondrial DNA cause various mitochondrial myopathies and increase markedly with age in highly oxidative tissues, but exhibit a differential distribution in the brain. In order to determine whether a similar pattern occurs in rat brain the levels of a 4.8 kb deletion and electron transport complex activities were measured in the striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex of young adult and senescent male Wistar rats. Deletion-containing mtDNA was present at relatively similar levels (0.0003%) in all regions in 6 mo rats, but increased 25-, 7-, 3-, and 2-fold in the striatum, hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum, respectively, of 22–23 mo old rats. To assess the relationship between fractional occurrence of a deletion and oxidative phosphorylation capacity, the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, III, IV and V, the mitochondrial ATP-ase, each of which contains subunits encoded in mtDNA, were determined in homogenates. No age-related decrements in activity were observed in any of the brain regions. Thus, while mtDNA deletions increase with age and to a large extent mirror the pattern observed in the human brain, they appear to have no effect on capacity for oxidative phosphorylation of distinct brain regions. Any reductions in capacity that may be present are likely to occur only at the level of individual cells.
Direct Assignment of13C NMR Spectra of Rigid Solids by Two-Dimensional Magic-Angle-Spinning Separated-Local-Field Spectroscopy

Abstract An alternative two-dimensional magic-angle-spinning separated-local-field (MASSLF) approach for directly assigning the 13 C spectra of rigid solids is proposed. This procedure does not employ homonuclear 1 H decoupling during the evolution period. The unique patterns of the dipolar spectra of CH, CH 2 , CH 3 , and C groups in the F 1 dimension are clearly distinguishable even under the influence of the homonuclear 1 H dipolar interaction. In the F 1 dimension, the CH group shows a Pake doublet pattern, the CH 2 group shows a “broad triplet-like” pattern, the CH 3 group shows a much narrower peak with high intensity due to its fast rotation at room temperature, and the C groups show a much narrower peak with low intensity (compared to the intensity of CH 3 groups) corresponding to the remote heteronuclear dipolar couplings. The CH 3 groups can be distinguished from the nontetrahedrally bound quaternary C groups by the significant intensity difference of the heteronuclear dipolar spectra in addition to the large chemical-shift difference. The 13 C heteronuclear dipolar spectra of CH and CH 2 groups suffer severe broadening due to remote couplings and spin exchange among protons. The MASSLF spectra are sensitive to the local environment of the carbons. The tetrahedrally bound quaternary carbons are not clearly distinguished from CH 3 groups in this approach, due to their similar chemical shifts, comparable intensities, and linewidths of the dipolar spectra.
Segmental dynamics of polymers in 1 and 2nm slit-pores

Molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to study the structure and dynamics of 1nm wide films of poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO) confined between mica type layered silicates of different cation exchange capacities(CEC). The simulation setup mimics the experimental systems formed by intercalation of PEO in silicate clays with differing numbers of inherent charges. Counterbalancing lithium cations are present in the interlayer gallery to offset the negative charge on the silicate platelets created by the isomorphic substitution of trivalent aluminum by divalent magnesium ions. It is seen that the presence of the lithium has a significance influence on the behavior of the system, with PEO segmental motion strongly dependent on the number of Li + present in the slit pore. In particular, the coexistence of fast and slow modes for C-H bond dynamics is heavily affected due to the strong interaction between the Li + ions and partially charged PEO oxygen. In conjunction with local density inhomogeneities, the coordination between lithium and oxygen is responsible for the anomalous segmental dynamics of nanoconfined PEO.
Agoraphobics: a test of the repression hypothesis.

This study examined the currently popular hypothesis that agoraphobics utilize repression as a method of avoiding anxiety-arousing cognitions. Contrary to previous expectations, none of the sample scored in the repression direction of Byrne's Repression/Sensitization Scale. Controversially, an opposite view of agoraphobics as sensitizers emerges from these data.
Effect of a Bright Light Flash on Dark Adaptation of Human Rods

A BRIEF flash of bright light bleaches half the rhodopsin in the rods of a human eye, although Rushton found it as effective in elevating the rod threshold as a long full bleach1. This is a paradox because in both rat2 and man3–6 there is a linear relation between the fraction of visual pigment still unregenerated and the log threshold in the dark after a full bleach. Fig. 1 illustrates this effect. The open circles show the dark adaptation curve after a long full bleach, the filled circles following a 1/1,500 s xenon flash which yielded 1.5 (10)8 hν absorbed/rod and bleached half the rhodopsin exposed to it.
Time Lag in the Vacuum Photo-Cell

IN a recent letter1 Dr. R. A. Houstoun treats equally as vacuum photo-cells the KMV6 and the KV6, both of which are made in these laboratories. The KMV6 is highly evacuated, but the KV6 always contains an appreciable quantity of hydrogen evolved from the sensitized potassium; it should not be regarded as a true vacuum cell.
A multi-population genetic algorithm to solve multi-objective scheduling problems for parallel machines

In this paper we propose a two-stage multi-population genetic algorithm (MPGA) to solve parallel machine scheduling problems with multiple objectives. In the first stage, multiple objectives are combined via the multiplication of the relative measure of each objective. Solutions of the first stage are arranged into several sub-populations, which become the initial populations of the second stage. Each sub-population then evolves separately while an elitist strategy preserves the best individuals of each objective and the best individual of the combined objective. This approach is applied in parallel machine scheduling problems with two objectives: makespan and total weighted tardiness (TWT). The MPGA is compared with a benchmark method, the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA), and shows better results for all of the objectives over a wide range of problems. The MPGA is extended to scheduling problems with three objectives: makespan, TWT, and total weighted completion times (TWC), and also performs better than MOGA.
Dealing with Institutional Abuse in a Multicultural South African Society

SUMMARY The climate of socio-political transformation in South Africa together with a society of complex multicultural diversities creates enormous challenges regarding the care of the elderly in institutions. Institutional abuse in South Africa may present in a unique way, as a result of issues relating to policy and legislation and care delivery systems. The need for previously segregated groups to integrate and understand the various cultural practices of people from different socio-economic backgrounds further compounds the opportunity for abuse in homes for the aged which are undergoing transformation.
Follow-up of Endovascular Aneurysm Repair: Plain Radiography, Ultrasound, CT/CT Angiography, MR Imaging/ MR Angiography, or What?

Endoleak is a common complication of endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). In the present article, the authors review current surveillance strategies for detection of endoleak after EVAR of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
The Use of Alcohol by Miami's Adolescent Public School Students 1992: Peers, Risk-Taking, and Availability as Central Forces

This analysis examines the use of alcohol by 535 adolescents in Dade County Public Schools during 1992. Statistically significant factors which tend to increase the probability of alcohol use by adolescents include: the fact that their friends drink, their awareness of the risks associated with the use of alcohol, and their ease in obtaining alcohol. Hence, the typical adolescent who uses alcohol seems to be a risk-taker, who may enjoy the dangers involved with alcohol use; friends are also users of alcohol. Not significantly related to alcohol use are a number of other variables, including family-related variables (whether adolescents live with their mothers, fathers, or alone; and whether someone in the family has a problem with drugs or alcohol). Similarly, early cigarette smoking did not serve as a gateway to later alcohol use. Religion, gender, race, academic performance, and extracurricular school activities (athletics, music, school clubs, and other activities) were all unrelated to the use of alcohol by adolescents. Although the typical adolescent who consumed alcohol was older (in grades 9 through 12), this was not a significant variable.
Protein Interactions of the Vesicular Glutamate Transporter VGLUT1

Exocytotic release of glutamate depends upon loading of the neurotransmitter into synaptic vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters, VGLUTs. The major isoforms, VGLUT1 and 2, exhibit a complementary pattern of expression in synapses of the adult rodent brain that correlates with the probability of release and potential for plasticity. Indeed, expression of different VGLUT protein isoforms confers different properties of release probability. Expression of VGLUT1 or 2 protein also determines the kinetics of synaptic vesicle recycling. To identify molecular determinants that may be related to reported differences in VGLUT trafficking and glutamate release properties, we investigated some of the intrinsic differences between the two isoforms. VGLUT1 and 2 exhibit a high degree of sequence homology, but differ in their N- and C-termini. While the C-termini of VGLUT1 and 2 share a dileucine-like trafficking motif and a proline-, glutamate-, serine-, and threonine-rich PEST domain, only VGLUT1 contains two polyproline domains and a phosphorylation consensus sequence in a region of acidic amino acids. The interaction of a VGLUT1 polyproline domain with the endocytic protein endophilin recruits VGLUT1 to a fast recycling pathway. To identify trans-acting cellular proteins that interact with the distinct motifs found in the C-terminus of VGLUT1, we performed a series of in vitro biochemical screening assays using the region encompassing the polyproline motifs, phosphorylation consensus sites, and PEST domain. We identify interactors that belong to several classes of proteins that modulate cellular function, including actin cytoskeletal adaptors, ubiquitin ligases, and tyrosine kinases. The nature of these interactions suggests novel avenues to investigate the modulation of synaptic vesicle protein recycling.
On conjectures of graffiti

Publisher Summary Graffiti is a computer program that makes graph-theoretical conjectures. The basic idea of Graffiti is that it “knows” certain graphs and it is capable of evaluating certain formulas formed from graph-theoretical invariants. If none of the graphs with which Graffiti is familiar is a counterexample to a formula then the formula is considered to be a conjecture. The number of conjectures, particularly those that are completely trivial, is the main problem and more than half of the program consists of various heuristics whose purpose is deletion of trivial and otherwise noninteresting but true conjectures. All conclusions that Graffiti draws are based exclusively on graphs it knows, so “follows” means of course “follows as far as the graphs in the library of program are concerned.” CNCL deletes those conjectures of the second and third type in which one of the invariants on the left is always smaller than an invariant on the right. This procedure may undoubtedly remove a number of interesting conjectures but it is the only one that seems to operate completely independently from IRIN.
Peptide and Amide Bond Formation in Aqueous Solutions of Cyclic or Linear Polyphosphates as a possible prebiotic process

En faisant reagir des acides amines en solution aqueuse, a temperature ordinaire et a pH env. 11, en presence de polyphosphates cycliques ou lineaires, on obtient des dipeptides avec des rendements allant jusqu'a 40%. Dans le cas de la serine, on note uniquement la formation du derive O-phosphoryle, soit l'acide serinephosphorique. En faisant reagir un melange de glycine (ou d'alanine) et de l'une des trois amines suivantes: phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine ou acide amino-2-ethanephosphonique, en solution aqueuse en presence de trimetaphosphate, on obtient a cote de la diglycine des quantites appreciables d'amide mixte, soit la N-glycyl-phosphoserine, la N-glycyl-phosphoethanolamine et l'acide N-glycyl-amino-2-ethanephosphonique respectivement. Nous pensons que des peptides, phosphopeptides et amides mixtes de ce type sont egalement formes lors de reactions par decharge electrique dans des systemes contenant de la phosphine, du methane, de l'ammoniac et de l'eau. Un mecanisme probable conduisant a la liaison peptidique ou amide serait la formation intermediare d'un acylphosphate cyclique ou ouvert de l'acide amine, qui reagirait ensuite avec le groupe amino d'une deuxieme molecule d'acide amine ( peptide) ou de l'amine ( amide). Ces reactions presenteraient un certain interet dans la formation prebiotique de la liaison peptidique et amide, ainsi que de la liaison ester phosphorique.
Recrystallization of CL-20 and HNFX from Solution for Rigorous Control of the Polymorph Type: Part II, Experimental Studies

The recrystallization of CL-20 and HNFX to form different polymorphs was investigated by employing various experimental analyses, including micro-crystallization under myriad conditions, novel means of crystallization, analysis of polymorphs using powder diffraction, and Rietveld analysis. In the investigation all three groups of solvents: polar protic, non-polar aprotic, and dipolar aprotic solvents were employed. These results are reported in two parts with the experimental results reported here and the mathematical modeling results reported in Part I of this paper. The conventional crystallization techniques included combinations of solvent and anti-solvent system (including high molecular weight polymer melts), combination of solvents, the use of habit modifiers, and seeding. Other recrystallization techniques, which were also investigated included recrystallization under UV, under microwaves, upon freeze drying, upon annealing, in the presence of high molecular weight polymers, and under different hy...
Effectiveness of different species/strains of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) at various concentrations, host densities, and temperatures

Abstract Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species/strains (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) were tested at a concentration of 200 infective juveniles (IJs) per cm 2 against mixed soil-dwelling life stages (i.e., second-instar larvae, prepupae, and pupae) of the western flower thrips (WFT) Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in a plant growing substrate under laboratory conditions. The different EPN species/strains resulted in WFT corrected mortality (CM) values ranging between 2.6 and 60%. In general, Heterorhabditis spp. were more virulent than Steinernema spp. Increasing concentrations of selected EPN species/strains led to an increase in thrips CM, with significant differences among species/strains. Heterorhabditis indica LN2 caused higher CM than the other strains, with 30 and 90% as highest CM at the lowest and highest concentration tested, i.e., 100 and 1000 IJs cm −2 , respectively. In an experiment with different WFT densities, CM caused by Steinernema bicornutum negatively correlated with host density. However, with H. indica LN2, CM increased, though not always significantly, with increasing host densities. Generally, the effect of host density on efficacy of EPNs depended on concentrations. When tested over a range of temperatures, 25 °C was the optimal temperature for both H. indica LN2 and S. bicornutum . H. indica LN2, tropical in origin, and S. bicornutum , isolated from a more temperate environment, performed better at higher and lower temperatures, respectively.
Supporting student-written tests of gui programs

Tools like JUnit and its relatives are making software testing reachable even for introductory students. At the same time, however, many introductory computer sciences courses use graphical interfaces as an "attention grabber" for students and as a metaphor for teaching object-oriented programming. Unfortunately, developing software tests for programs that have significant graphical user interfaces is beyond the abilities of typical students (and, for that matter, many educators). This paper describes a framework for combining readily available tools to create an infrastructure for writing tests for Java programs that have graphical user interfaces. These tests are level-appropriate for introductory students and fit in with current approaches in computer science education that incorporate testing in programming assignments. An analysis of data collected during actual student use of the framework in a CS1 course is presented.
Dynamic analysis of demand curve adjustment and learning in response to generation capacity cost dynamics in the PJM capacity market

We investigate the effect of demand curve adjustments and combustion turbine (CT) cost uncertainty in the PJM Interconnection (PJM) Reliability Pricing Model (RPM). RPM is the PJM capacity market construct that is intended to provide incentives for sufficient generation investment. A dynamic Monte Carlo simulation model, originally used to help design the RPM, is modified to simulate the impacts of dynamics of curve adjustment and capacity costs in the PJM capacity market. To attract new generation investment and retain existing capacity, the demand curve of the PJM RPM is designed to provide more payments when capacity is short in order to maintain a target reserve margin. The RPM includes a provision to adjust the capacity demand curve based on the history of revenues earned that CTs would earn from the energy and ancillary services markets. Our analysis shows that this adjustment contributes to higher generation reserve margins and reduces scarcity costs in the energy markets. A second set of analyses addresses the adaptation of RPM over time to changes in CT costs. One analysis examines the response to possible decreases in capital costs as a result of ldquolearning-by-doingrdquo, while another examines the effect of sudden shocks in the form of large increases or decreases in costs. The results of the learning-by-doing analysis shows that decreasing CT cost results in improved reserve margins and lower consumer payments in the model.