cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclooxygenase-deficient mice. A summary of their characteristics and susceptibilities to inflammation and carcinogenesis.

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-1- and COX-2-deficient mice have unique physiological differences that have allowed investigation into the individual biological roles of the COX isoforms. In the following, the phenotypes of the two COX knockout mice are summarized, and recent studies to investigate the effects of COX deficiency on inflammatory responses and cancer susceptibility are discussed. The data suggest that both isoforms have important roles in the maintenance of physiological homeostasis and that such designations as housekeeping and/or response gene may not be entirely accurate. Furthermore, data from COX-deficient mice indicate that both isoforms can contribute to the inflammatory response and that both isoforms have significant roles in carcino-genesis.
SAFELI: SQL injection scanner using symbolic execution

This paper presents the current progress, main algorithm, and the open problems of a tool set called "SAFELI," for detecting SQL Injection vulnerabilities resident in Web applications. SAFELI instruments the bytecode of Java Web applications and utilizes symbolic execution to statically inspect security vulnerabilities. At each location that submits SQL query, an equation is constructed to find out the initial values of Web controls that lead to the breach of database security. The equation is solved by a hybrid string solver where the solution obtained is used to construct test cases. SQL injection attacks are replayed by SAFELI to designers, step by step. We also raise open problems on more powerful string solver techniques that work at the semantics level.
Mothers with AIDS

Over the past few years, reviewers have suggested that the phenomena of human immunodeficiency virus-Type I (HIV-1) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among heterosexuals, women, and ethnic minority groups have been largely understudied while at the same time accelerating in incidence (Mays & Cochran, 1988). National and regional epidemiological data collected since 1985 appear to support the latter point. While reported cases of AIDS among homosexual men leveled off in major metropolitan areas (Berkelman et al., 1989) and actually declined in some cities (Lindan, Rutherford, Payne, Hearst, & Lemp, 1989) between 1985 and 1988, the proportion of cases attributable to heterosexual transmission has been increasing more rapidly than those due to any other risk category (Creenberg et al., 1989; Friedland & Klein, 1987). It has been projected that by the early 1990s, heterosexual transmission will account for 5% of all adult AIDS cases in the United States, and the majority of these will occur in New York and Florida (Friedland & Klein, 1987).
Waveform complexity in teleseismic broadband SH displacements: Slab diffractions or deep mantle reflections?

Transverse component bodywave ground displacements from deep focus earthquakes exhibit complexities which are not accounted for by standard radially symmetric Earth models. This anomalous behavior is examined using 123 broadband teleseismic SH displacement recordings, reconstituted from short- and long-period or broadband seismograms for 11 events in the Kurile subduction zone. The greatest complexity, involving an extra arrival between the S and ScS phases at epicentral distances greater than 72°, has a strong distance dependence and little azimuthal variation with respect to the source region, favoring an interpretation as a deep mantle triplication rather than a near-source slab diffraction.
On models of new physics for the Tevatron top A FB

The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) has observed a top forward-backward asymmetry discrepant with the standard model prediction at $3.4\ensuremath{\sigma}$. We analyze models that could generate the asymmetry, including flavor-violating ${W}^{\ensuremath{'}}$s, horizontal ${Z}_{H}^{\ensuremath{'}}$s, triplet and sextet diquarks, and axigluons. We consider the detailed predictions of these models for the invariant mass and rapidity distributions of the asymmetry at the parton level, comparing against the unfolded parton-level CDF results. While all models can reproduce the asymmetry with the appropriate choice of mass and couplings, it appears at first examination that the extracted parton-level invariant mass distributions for all models are in conflict with Tevatron observations. We show, however, that, on closer examination, $t\overline{t}$ events in ${Z}_{H}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${W}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ models have considerably lower selection efficiencies in high invariant mass bins as compared to the standard model, so that ${W}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, ${Z}_{H}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and axigluon models can generate the observed asymmetry while being consistent with the total cross-section and invariant mass spectrum. Triplet and sextet models have greater difficulty producing the observed asymmetry while remaining consistent with the total cross-section and invariant mass distribution. To more directly match the models and the CDF results, we proceed to decay and reconstruct the tops, comparing our results against the raw CDF asymmetry and invariant mass distributions. We find that the models that successfully generate the corrected CDF asymmetry at the parton level reproduce the more finely binned uncorrected asymmetry very well. Finally, we discuss the early LHC reach for discovery of these models, based on our previous analysis [M. I. Gresham, I.-W. Kim, and K. M. Zurek, arXiv:1102.0018.].
Gender Differences in Perceived Risks and Benefits of Quitting Smoking among Korean Americans

Gender Differences in Perceived Risks and Benefits of Quitting Smoking among Korean Americans Tobacco dependence is the leading cause of increased morbidity and mortality in many countries. It is estimated that tobacco use will cause approximately 450 million deaths worldwide during the next 50 years. Men in Korea are known for the highest rate of smoking in the world and subsequently Korean male immigrants smoke at a higher rate than the general U.S. male population. Based on a recent population-based tobacco survey in New York City, the rate of smoking among foreign-born Korean men was 36% versus 16% for the whole city male population.
Liquid excimers: lasing Xe(2) and Kr(2) in liquid argon.

By pumping a small cryogenic cell with a 40-nsec, 1-MeV e-beam pulse, we have excited lasing in dilute mixtures of xenon or krypton in liquid argon. The lasing occurred at 175 nm for the excimer Xe2 and at 147 nm for Kr2.
Routine screening for depression, alcohol problems, and domestic violence.

During routine office visits, primary care physicians are expected to efficiently and effectively screen their patients for common, important conditions. Routine screening for depression is recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) as long as systems are in place to ensure accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and follow-up. The USPSTF also recommends screening for problem drinking. The evidence regarding screening for domestic violence is insufficient for the USPSTF to make a recommendation, but physicians may wish to build screening for domestic violence into their routine care of patients.
Horizontal Respiratory Graphs by Automatic Feed of Oxygen into a Basal Metabolism Apparatus

SummaryThe levelling device described makes it possible to record horizontal respiratory graphs by means of a continuous inflow of oxygen, automatically regulated to correspond to the patient's oxygen consumption. Any gas mixture desired may be kept constant during the test period since the oxygen concentration in the basal metabolism circuit remains within ±0.5% of the original concentration. With the use of an auxiliary recording spirometer, it is possible to record oxygen consumption and respiratory tracings simultaneously. Oxygen deficit may be acctlrately recorded.
Sulfhydryl Compounds and Crystalline Urease

Perlzweig1 states that both crystalline urease and extracts of jack bean meal give a positive sulfhydryl test with nitroprusside and that the more active preparations give stronger tests than the weaker ones. He estimates one of his samples of jack bean meal to contain the equivalent of 70 mg. of glutathione per 100 gm. and believes the substance in the meal to be glutathione, rather than cysteine, since the material is negative to the Sullivan reaction until after hydrolysis. He suggests that urease activity is due in part to the sulfhydryl compound and that it may be possible to separate a sulfhydryl activator from the urease proper.We have independently observed that urease, prepared from jack bean meal by the Sumner procedure and twice recrystallized from 30% alcohol, produces a moderate amount of red color when treated with nitroprusside, ammonium sulfate and ammonia, and had ascribed this reaction to the presence of sulfhydryl groups attached to the urease molecule. It was recently shown that no co-...
Beyond the traditional: computing degrees for broadening participation

This panel will address innovative undergraduate computing curricula beyond the traditional Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. Building upon the core competencies of the discipline, alternative undergraduate programs connecting computer science to other academic disciplines are possible. This panel explores the nature of degree programs beyond computer science proper, including the anticipated and unexpected consequences of broadening the academic reach of computer science.
Fetal umbilical venous-arterial differences of citrate in the chronically catheterised sheep.

Whole blood citrate concentration was measured simultaneously in the umbilical vein, fetal femoral artery and maternal artery in seven chronically catheterised pregnant ewes and their fetuses. The mean citrate concentration was 0.321 mmoles/litre in the umbilical vein, 0.297 mmoles/litre in the fetal femoral artery and 0.095 mmoles/litre in the maternal artery. The mean concentration difference for citrate across the fetal placental circulation was 0.024 mmoles/litre but this was not statistically significant (P
Ketamine modulates fetal hemodynamic and endocrine responses to umbilical cord occlusion.

Umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) is a hypoxic insult that has been used to model birth asphyxia and umbilical cord compression in utero. UCO triggers vigorous neural and endocrine responses that include increased plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations, increased blood pressure (BP), and decreased heart rate (HR). We have previously reported that ketamine, a noncompetitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist, can modify the fetal hemodynamic and ACTH responses to ventilatory hypoxia and cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion. We performed the present experiments to test the hypothesis that ketamine has similar effects on the neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to UCO. Fetal sheep were chronically catheterized at gestational day 125. Ketamine (3 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to the fetus 10 min prior to the insult. UCO was induced for 30 min by reducing the umbilical vein blood flow until fetal PaO2 levels were reduced from 17 ± 1 to 11 ± 1 mm Hg. UCO produced an initial increase on fetal BP in both control and ketamine groups ( P = 0.018 time), followed by a decrease in the control group, but values remained higher with ketamine. HR decreased after UCO ( P = 0.041 stimulus*time) in both groups, but the reduction was greater initially in control compared to ketamine groups. Fetal PaCO2 levels increased after UCO ( P < 0.01 stimulus*time), but values were higher in the control versus ketamine groups. UCO significantly decreased fetal pH values ( P < 0.01 stimulus*time) with a greater effect on the control versus ketamine group. Ketamine delayed the cortisol responses to UCO ( P < 0.001 stimulus*time), and UCO produced a robust increase in ACTH levels from 19 ± 2 to 280 ± 27 pg/mL ( P < 0.001 stimulus*time), but there were no differences in ACTH levels between UCO groups. We conclude that ketamine augmented the cardiovascular response to UCO, but did not alter the ACTH response to UCO.
Low density parity check codes over groups and rings

The role of low density parity check principles in the design of group codes for coded modulation is examined. In this context, the structure of linear codes over certain rings /spl Zopf//sub m/ and G/sub m/ is discussed, and LDPC codes over these ring structures are designed.
Partnerschaft in vier japanischen Städten: Anlage der empirischen Studie

Empirisch gestutzte Aussagen uber die Reichweite des neuen Partnerschaftsparadigmas in der japanischen Kommunalpolitik fur das Verhaltnis von BurgerInnen und Staat und die Burgernahe von Kommunalpolitik sind angesichts einer Verwaltungsstruktur, die 47 Prafekturen und 1820 Stadte, Dorfer und Gemeinden in extrem verdichteten, aber auch strukturschwachen Gebieten umfassen, kaum moglich. Es wird daher hier der Weg der vergleichenden Fallstudien gewahlt, um anhand konkreter Entwicklungen den aktuellen Stand der Einlosung des Paradigmas zu untersuchen.
Repetitive purchase behavior

Eight distinct types of purchase behavior are distinguished in the model of the purchase cube proposed by the author, based on the purchase motives or reasons for buying underlying a purchase. One of the purchase types is repetitive purchase behavior, which is characteristic of functional purchases that are made deliberately rather than spontaneously and are relatively low in purchase involvement. This essay discusses the concept of repetitive purchase behavior and briefly reviews prior research that has investigated repetitive purchases from various perspectives.
How does agency workforce diversity influence Federal R&D funding of minority and women technology entrepreneurs? An analysis of the SBIR and STTR programs, 2001–2011

US Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs provide Federal research and development (R&D) grants to technology ventures. We explore how grantor demographic diversity explains why demographically diverse grantees experience different odds for successfully transitioning from initial to follow-on R&D grants. We empirically analyze 52,126 Phase I SBIR/STTR awards granted by 11 Federal agencies (2001–2011). We find a positive association between agency workforce diversity and Phase II funding for Phase I grantees, but minority and women technology entrepreneurs are less likely to receive this funding than their non-minority and male counterparts. Agencies valuing workforce ethnic diversity or leveraging gender homophily positively influence the likelihood of women technology entrepreneurs obtaining Phase II funding. We discuss evidence-based implications for policy and practice.
A retrospective study comparing outcomes in a midwestern US population after introduction of IADPSG guidelines for gestational diabetes

Abstract Objective: More evidence is required to endorse the 1-step approach for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) for clinical practice. Since 2010, our department has pragmatically allowed faculty to selfselect the guidelines they use to screen and diagnose GDM. We sought to compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes from these two simultaneous cohorts. Study design: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all singleton pregnancies delivered between October 2011–November 2013 at our hospital. Patients were excluded if they had preexisting diabetes, were not screened or screened inappropriately, or their fetus had congenital anomalies. Patients were grouped by their screening strategy, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were analyzed. Results: The 1-step group had a higher incidence of GDM (21.6 vs. 5.0%). Initial results suggested higher rates of neonatal hypoglycemia, phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia, and a lower rate of gestational HTN. After adjustment, these differences disappeared, but a ...
Asthma onset pattern and patient outcomes in a chronic rhinosinusitis population

BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is strongly associated with comorbid asthma. This study compares early-onset and late-onset asthma in a CRS population using patient-reported and clinical characteristics. METHODS At enrollment into a clinical registry, CRS patients completed the 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), Asthma Control Test (ACT), mini-Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (miniAQLQ), the 29-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29), and medication use questionnaires. Patients also reported comorbid asthma and age at first asthma diagnosis. Early-onset ( 18 years) asthma groups were defined. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare patient responses. RESULTS A total of 199 non-asthmatic (56.1%), 71 early-onset asthmatic (20.0%), and 85 late-onset asthmatic (23.9%) CRS patients completed the survey. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in late-onset asthmatic (p = 0.046) while age, gender, race, and smoking history did not differ with time of asthma onset. SNOT-22, ACT, and miniAQLQ were not different between asthma groups, but late-onset asthmatics had significantly lower physical function than non-asthmatics (p = 0.008). Compared to non-asthmatics, late-onset asthmatics showed increased rates of nasal polyps (p < 0.001), higher Lund-Mackay scores (p = 0.005), and had received more oral steroid courses (p < 0.001) and endoscopic surgeries (p = 0.008) for CRS management. Late-onset asthmatics compared to early-onset asthmatics showed increased nasal polyposis (p = 0.011) and oral steroid courses for CRS (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION While CRS-specific and asthma-specific patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were not significantly different among groups, CRS patients with late-onset asthma had poorer physical function, more frequent nasal polyposis, and required increased treatment for CRS. Late-onset asthma may predict more severe disease in CRS.
All-optical probing of GHz acoustic waves in multiferroic MEMS

Acoustic wavelengths are about 5 orders of magnitude shorter than EM waves of the same frequency. This can be a critical advantage in the quest to further miniaturize devices that have dimensions linked to their characteristic resonance frequencies. Therefore, many novel multiferroic (MF) devices rely on the transduction of signals from EM radiation to surface and bulk acoustic waves, and yet acoustic wave interactions in complex MF heterostructures are poorly understood. Here, an all-optical interferometric imaging system is developed for two-dimensional scanning imaging of acoustic wave amplitudes with sub-angstrom surface displacement sensitivity and submicron spatial resolution. Measurement capability has been verified with a 50-MHz piezoelectric SAW bandpass filter, with the frequency spectrum showing similar behavior to the S21 transmission measured with a network analyzer, and with a linear dependence on the input power. Spatial dependence of the acoustic waves also behaves as expected, with the largest amplitude near the input electrode. Next, the system has been demonstrated to detect acoustic waves in MF heterostructure-based MEMS devices with frequencies up to 3 GHz. These detections pave the way for fast and reliable troubleshooting of new device designs involving acoustic waves, in which it may not be immediately clear to where or by what mechanism power is being dissipated.
Advancing the neurocomputer

Abstract Cultivating neural populations onto microelectrode arrays (MEAs) is a popular technique used by neuroscientists to study cortical microcircuits in a more controlled setting than they appear in vivo. However, recent works show that these neural cultures may be more than just another analog to the brain—they can also be used to compute. Researchers in academia and industry may soon need the computing power of a true neuromorphic computer: a silicon computing device that utilizes the processing power of biological neurons. Such a device can be realized by cultivating biological neurons onto an MEA in vitro and carefully interfacing the MEA to a computer or robot. This new device can make use of short- and long-term memory mechanisms intrinsic to biological neurons to train neuronal cultures to perform unique computations. Research shows this type of computing device may be able to solve problems in fields like image recognition, temporal pattern classification, and others. In this paper, we review the methods of interfacing cultures with MEAs, learning mechanisms exhibited in neuronal cultures, the current applications of a neuron–silicon hybrid computing device in research, and potential challenges this field may face. We propose that the current research in neurocomputers has provided the foundations for a new era in computing, one in which the computational power of true biological neural networks may be exploited and eventually surpass the power of artificial neural networks.
Geometry-based populated chessboard recognition

Chessboards are commonly used to calibrate cameras, and many robust methods have been developed to recognize the unoccupied boards. However, when the chessboard is populated with chess pieces, such as during an actual game, the problem of recognizing the board is much harder. Challenges include occlusion caused by the chess pieces, the presence of outlier lines and low viewing angles of the chessboard. In this paper, we present a novel approach to address the above challenges and recognize the chessboard. The Canny edge detector and Hough transform are used to capture all possible lines in the scene. The k-means clustering and a k-nearest-neighbors inspired algorithm are applied to cluster and reject the outlier lines based on their Euclidean distances to the nearest neighbors in a scaled Hough transform space. Finally, based on prior knowledge of the chessboard structure, a geometric constraint is used to find the correspondences between image lines and the lines on the chessboard through the homography transformation. The proposed algorithm works for a wide range of the operating angles and achieves high accuracy in experiments.
Diabetes and Prediabetes Prevalence by Race and Ethnicity Among People With Severe Mental Illness

People with severe mental illnesses (SMI) such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have an increased risk for diabetes (1), in part due to treatment with both first- and second-generation antipsychotics (2). A large systematic review estimated that 15% of people with SMI have type 2 diabetes, a prevalence double that of age-matched samples from the general population during the same time period (1). Preliminary evidence suggests that racial/ethnic minorities with SMI may be at especially high risk for diabetes compared with whites; unfortunately, similar data regarding prevalence of prediabetes is more limited (2). Understanding of the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes in a large, racially and ethnically diverse and representative sample is an important first step in reducing diabetes prevalence and related adverse outcomes in this particularly vulnerable population. In this study, we estimate diabetes and prediabetes prevalence among antipsychotic-treated patients within an integrated health care system and determine whether racial/ethnic differences exist. In this retrospective cohort study of adults with SMI in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), our primary outcome was evidence of diabetes. The cohort used for this study has been previously described (3). To estimate diabetes prevalence, the primary outcome measure was inclusion in the KPNC diabetes registry at any time before 31 December 2014 (4). To estimate our secondary outcome, prediabetes prevalence, we first excluded people who were in the …
Pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides, and other bioactive contaminants in water, sediment, and tissue from Rocky Mountain National Park, 2012-2013.

Abstract Pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides, and other bioactive contaminants (BCs) are commonly detected in surface water and bed sediment in urban and suburban areas, but these contaminants are understudied in remote locations. In Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado, USA, BCs may threaten the reproductive success and survival of native aquatic species, benthic communities, and pelagic food webs. In 2012–2013, 67 water, 57 sediment, 63 fish, 10 frog, and 12 quality-control samples (8 water and 4 sediment) were collected from 20 sites in RMNP. Samples were analyzed for 369 parameters including 149 pharmaceuticals, 22 hormones, 137 pesticides, and 61 other chemicals or conditions to provide a representative assessment of BC occurrence within RMNP. Results indicate that BCs were detected in water and/or sediment from both remote and more accessible locations in RMNP. The most commonly detected BCs in water were caffeine, camphor, para-cresol, and DEET; and the most commonly detected BCs in sediment were indole, 3-methyl-1H-indole, para-cresol, and 2,6-dimethyl-naphthalene. Some detected contaminants, including carbaryl, caffeine, and oxycodone, are clearly attributable to direct local human input, whereas others may be transported into the park atmospherically (e.g., atrazine) or have local natural sources (e.g., para-cresol). One or more pharmaceuticals were detected in at least 1 sample from 15 of 20 sites. Most of the 29 detected pharmaceuticals are excreted primarily in human urine, not feces. Elevated net estrogenicity was observed in 18% of water samples, and elevated vitellogenin in blood was observed in 12% of male trout, both evidence of potential endocrine disruption. Hormone concentrations in sediment tended to be greater than concentrations in water. Most BCs were observed at concentrations below those not expected to pose adverse effects to aquatic life. Results indicate that even in remote locations aquatic wildlife can be exposed to pharmaceuticals, hormones, pesticides, and other bioactive contaminants.
Elasticity of Single-Crystal Al 2 O 3 (Saphikon) Fiber to 1000°C by Brillouin Spectroscopy

Continuous fiber-reinforced metal and ceramic matrix composites have received wide applications in industry, engineering and medicine1,2. The mechanical and thermal performance of ceramic matrices in monolithic forms are enhanced by the addition of reinforcing fiber. The choice of the fiber material is very important in the deformation behavior of the composite particularly at high temperatures. In this study, we have characterized the elastic properties of single-crystal Al2O3 fibers (160 µm diameter) at elevated temperatures using the technique of Brillouin spectroscopy. Al2O3 fibers are employed to demonstrate the feasibility of such experiments on small diameter fibers where other methods to measure fiber elastic properties may not be conveniently available or larger specimen may not be readily accessible.
SURFACE PREPARATION OF SHIP-CONSTRUCTION STEEL/(ABS-A) VIA BRISTLE BLASTING PROCESS

Bristle blasting is a new and unique corrosion removal process that is rapidly gaining widespread acceptance among engineers and practitioners in the corrosion/surface preparation community. This process involves the use of a specially designed wire bristle tool that is precisely tuned to the spindle speed of a power tool that rotates at approximately 2,500 rpm. That is, the principle of operation is based upon synchronized/repeated impact and rebound of bristle tips with a target surface, leading to a multitude of impact craters that remove corrosion, expose fresh substrate material, and generate a required anchor profile In this paper, the cleanliness and texture of surfaces generated by the bristle blasting process is examined and reported. Specifically, the present work is aimed at evaluating the cleanliness, surface profile, and material removal performance that can be achieved for steel (ABS-A) that is commonly used in ship building industries. In addition, results are reported that assess the relationship between tool longevity and surface texture performance, which can form a basis for estimating the overall life expectancy of the bristle blasting tool. Finally, basic issues concerning the recommended norms for using the bristle blaster are briefly introduced, and a comparison of surfaces generated by the bristle blasting process is made with those generated by other conventional surface finishing tools and processes. Based upon this comparison, the morphology of surfaces generated by bristle blasting is shown to be similar to those generated by grit blasting technology.
So You Want to Be a Rock and Roll Star

There aren’t many “one man bands” anymore. There is a physical limit—two hands, two feet, one mouth—that makes it difficult to play more than two or three instruments at a time. It also requires skill in playing multiple instruments simultaneously [91]. However, the drawback of a multiple member band is that the band members must cooperate to produce the sound and also decide how to divide up any income earned. The music produced by a band is of necessity a joint product. The reason music is produced by a duet, trio, quartet or orchestra is presumably because you cannot get the same music output without the combination of instruments and performers. The problem of remuneration for each member is also an important aspect of a band. Since the singer cannot perform the song unless someone also plays drums or guitar, most rock groups have begun with a reward structure that compensates every member with an equal share of the band’s income. This is where the trouble begins in keeping a group together. Though each is necessary to produce the sound, some members may view themselves as more necessary than others. If good drummers are hard to find, then drummers will have to receive a greater share of the band’s revenue. If it is the lead singer who provides the unique sound of the band, he or she will have to be given additional compensation in some manner.
GCAM v5.1: representing the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems

Abstract. This paper describes GCAM v5.1, an open source model that represents the linkages between energy, water, land, climate, and economic systems. GCAM is a market equilibrium model, is global in scope, and operates from 1990 to 2100 in 5-year time steps. It can be used to examine, for example, how changes in population, income, or technology cost might alter crop production, energy demand, or water withdrawals, or how changes in one region's demand for energy affect energy, water, and land in other regions. This paper describes the model, including its assumptions, inputs, and outputs. We then use 11 scenarios, varying the socioeconomic and climate policy assumptions, to illustrate the results from the model. The resulting scenarios demonstrate a wide range of potential future energy, water, and land uses. We compare the results from GCAM v5.1 to historical data and to future scenario simulations from earlier versions of GCAM and from other models. Finally, we provide information on how to obtain the model.
Optimal Positioning of Mobile Emergency Resources for Resilient Restoration

The extreme weather events have a significant impact on the aging and outdated power distribution infrastructures resulting in extended outages, the loss of critical services, and affecting customers’ safety. This calls for ensuring a resilient operation by quickly restoring the critical services during natural disasters. Truck-mounted mobile emergency resources (MERs) are critical assets for fast electric service restoration across a distribution network, especially when customers do not have access to the main grid. This paper proposes a novel method for positioning and dispatching MERs to restore critical loads by dynamically forming restored networks or microgrids. A graphtheoretic approach is proposed to optimally locate MERs that maximally restores critical loads while simultaneously making the grid robust to post-restoration failures. The problem is modeled as a mixed-integer linear program that satisfies feeder’s connectivity and operational constraints and assumes a radial operation in an open-loop distribution feeder with multiple tie-switches. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach with the help of a multi-feeder test case with 7 tie-switches and 160 sectionalizing switches supplying 9 critical loads (CLs) using 4 MERs.
A Clinical Prediction Rule to Identify Febrile Infants 60 Days and Younger at Low Risk for Serious Bacterial Infections

Importance In young febrile infants, serious bacterial infections (SBIs), including urinary tract infections, bacteremia, and meningitis, may lead to dangerous complications. However, lumbar punctures and hospitalizations involve risks and costs. Clinical prediction rules using biomarkers beyond the white blood cell count (WBC) may accurately identify febrile infants at low risk for SBIs. Objective To derive and validate a prediction rule to identify febrile infants 60 days and younger at low risk for SBIs. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective, observational study between March 2011 and May 2013 at 26 emergency departments. Convenience sample of previously healthy febrile infants 60 days and younger who were evaluated for SBIs. Data were analyzed between April 2014 and April 2018. Exposures Clinical and laboratory data (blood and urine) including patient demographics, fever height and duration, clinical appearance, WBC, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), serum procalcitonin, and urinalysis. We derived and validated a prediction rule based on these variables using binary recursive partitioning analysis. Main Outcomes and Measures Serious bacterial infection, defined as urinary tract infection, bacteremia, or bacterial meningitis. Results We derived the prediction rule on a random sample of 908 infants and validated it on 913 infants (mean age was 36 days, 765 were girls [42%], 781 were white and non-Hispanic [43%], 366 were black [20%], and 535 were Hispanic [29%]). Serious bacterial infections were present in 170 of 1821 infants (9.3%), including 26 (1.4%) with bacteremia, 151 (8.3%) with urinary tract infections, and 10 (0.5%) with bacterial meningitis; 16 (0.9%) had concurrent SBIs. The prediction rule identified infants at low risk of SBI using a negative urinalysis result, an ANC of 4090/µL or less (to convert to ×109per liter, multiply by 0.001), and serum procalcitonin of 1.71 ng/mL or less. In the validation cohort, the rule sensitivity was 97.7% (95% CI, 91.3-99.6), specificity was 60.0% (95% CI, 56.6-63.3), negative predictive value was 99.6% (95% CI, 98.4-99.9), and negative likelihood ratio was 0.04 (95% CI, 0.01-0.15). One infant with bacteremia and 2 infants with urinary tract infections were misclassified. No patients with bacterial meningitis were missed by the rule. The rule performance was nearly identical when the outcome was restricted to bacteremia and/or bacterial meningitis, missing the same infant with bacteremia. Conclusions and Relevance We derived and validated an accurate prediction rule to identify febrile infants 60 days and younger at low risk for SBIs using the urinalysis, ANC, and procalcitonin levels. Once further validated on an independent cohort, clinical application of the rule has the potential to decrease unnecessary lumbar punctures, antibiotic administration, and hospitalizations.
User Experiences of Incident Reporting Software in Fire Services: An Integrative Review and Meta-Analysis

This integrative review gathers data from published articles and user feedback for a meta-analysis of the common problems, use contexts, and recommendations. The project supplements primary interviews with secondary data from prior studies and reports, as well as online feedback and reviews. This approach helps validate user experience findings for rarely-tested products, and it helps to confirm and identify user affordances and system pain points. Findings suggest that poor visibility of system status, lack of match between system and real-world use, and opaque help and documentation are common barriers. NFIRS software programs also do not anticipate the cultural idiosyncrasies endemic to fire services (such as apprenticeship learning) that, if addressed, could help software users better recognize, diagnose and recover from decision-making errors. Firefighters request more functionality, more help to find pertinent codes, and differentiating between nondescript codes. Recommendations for improving the quality of software programs for incident reporting in fire services include improving customization features, providing templates and content guides, and improving the glossaries of common acronyms. Help systems should address the diverse backgrounds and levels of education that comprise fire services.
A general class of additive semiparametric models for recurrent event data

Abstract Recurrent event data is a special case of multivariate lifetime data that is present in a large variety of studies from numerous disciplines. Due to its pervasiveness, it is essential that appropriate models and inference procedures exist for its analysis. We propose a general class of additive semiparametric models for examining recurrent event data that uses an effective age process to take into account the impact of interventions applied to units after an event occurrence. The effect of covariates is additive instead of the common multiplicative assumption. We derive estimators of the regression parameter, baseline cumulative hazard function, and baseline survival function. We also establish the asymptotic properties of the estimators using tools from empirical process theory. Simulation studies indicate that the asymptotic properties of the regression parameter closely approximate its finite sample properties. The analysis of a real data set consisting of indolent lymphoma recurrence times provides a practical illustration of the class of models and is used to examine the impact of the effective age process. The importance of the effective age process is also demonstrated via the modeling of a data set of failure times for the hydraulic subsystems of load–haul–dump machines used in mining.
Development of Surface Eroding Thermocouples in Small Angle Slot Divertor in DIII-D

The surface eroding thermocouple (SETC) has proved to be a useful fast local temperature and heat flux diagnostic since its application in DIII-D. The SETC system in DIII-D was upgraded, and seven new SETCs were installed in the small angle slot (SAS) divertor to create a localized poloidal array to provide heat flux profiles with sub-10-ms temporal resolution. In addition, a smaller SETC was developed to increase the spatial resolution and simplify installation in the SAS divertor. The SETC-containing tiles were re-engineered with a double-wide format so that the distance between the SETCs and the tile edges is extended to 10 cm on both sides, giving additional tolerance for tile-to-tile misalignments. Mineral insulated thermocouple cable with a metal sheath has also been implemented to further reduce noise and magnetic pickup. Recent measurements obtained from the SETCs indicate that the newly installed SETC array in the SAS divertor is able to provide important heat flux information to various physics experiments in closed divertors.
A Modified Lean and Release Technique to Emphasize Response Inhibition and Action Selection in Reactive Balance

Assessment of reactive balance traditionally imposes some type of perturbation to upright stance or gait followed by measurement of the resultant corrective behavior. These measures include muscle responses, limb movements, ground reaction forces, and even direct neurophysiological measures such as electroencephalography. Using this approach, researchers and clinicians can infer some basic principles regarding how the nervous system controls balance to avoid a fall. One limitation with the way in which these assessments are currently used is that they heavily emphasize reflexive actions without any need to revise automatic postural reactions. Such an exclusive focus on these highly stereotypical reactions would fail to adequately address how we can modify these reactions should the need arise (e.g., avoiding an obstacle with a recovery step). This would appear to be a glaring omission when one considers the enormous complexity of the environments we face daily. Overall, the status quo when evaluating the neural control of balance fails to truly expose how higher brain resources contribute to preventing falls in complex settings. The present protocol offers a way to require suppression of automatic, but inappropriate corrective balance reactions, and force a selection among alternative action choices to successfully recover balance following postural perturbation.
Probability of Uneventful Recovery After Elective Aortic Root Replacement for Aortic Aneurysm.

Background Little is known about the chance of patients not experiencing complications (uneventful recovery) after aortic root replacement for aortic aneurysm. The aim of this study was to investigate the probability of uneventful recovery, identify its predictors, and address the association between the uneventful recovery and long-term survival. Methods Patients with aortic aneurysm who underwent elective aortic root replacement between 2005 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed (N = 676). Uneventful recovery was defined as avoidance of all of the following complications during the index hospital stay (selected based on Cox proportional hazards regression for long-term survival): mortality, any stroke, reexploration for bleeding, respiratory failure, acute renal failure, deep sternal infection, and postcardiotomy shock. Permanent pacemaker implantation was included because of its clinical perspectives. Patients were divided into 4 different age groups (group Results Uneventful recovery was 78.1%. The probability of uneventful recovery decreased in a linear fashion as the age increases (82.6% in the group Conclusions This study provides novel information regarding the probability of uneventful recovery while confirming low in-hospital mortality and stroke rates after elective aortic root replacement for aortic aneurysm. Importantly, uneventful recovery ensures excellent long-term survival.
Global 3D parameter of the spine: application of Călugăreanu–White–Fuller theorem in classification of pediatric spinal deformity

Several classification systems of the spinal curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) have been developed to guide surgical decision-making. The current classification systems are based on the spinal deformity patterns or deformity magnitudes in one or two anatomical planes. Considering the 3D nature of the spinal deformity in AIS, these classifications fail to capture the spine's curve in its entirety. We proposed a classification based on the axial plane and showed that mathematical analysis of the 3D spinal curve, using differential geometry, supports the differences between the subtypes in this classification system. We calculated the writhe and twist of the entire spinal centerline, elements of the Calugareanu-White-Fuller theorem, in a cohort of 30 right thoracic AIS patients. We also classified this cohort manually based on the vertebral level at which the direction of vertebral rotation caudal to the thoracic curve changes: Lumbar in Group I (V-shaped axial projection) or thoracolumbar in Group II (S-shaped axial projection). The writhe and twist of the spinal curve were significantly different between these manual classification subgroups. Our manual classification distinguished the axial subgroups of right thoracic AIS supported by mathematical specifications of the entire curve in three dimensions. Graphical abstract.
Identifying metabolic adaptations during cardiotoxicity using paired transcriptomics and metabolomics data integrated with a model of heart metabolism

Improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has revealed the long-term side effects of chemotherapeutics, particularly cardiotoxicity. Here, we present paired transcriptomics and metabolomics data characterizing in vitro cardiotoxicity to three compounds: 5-fluorouracil, acetaminophen, and doxorubicin. Standard gene enrichment and metabolomics approaches identify some commonly affected pathways and metabolites but are not able to readily identify metabolic adaptations in response to cardiotoxicity. The paired data was integrated with a genome-scale metabolic network reconstruction (GENRE) of the heart to identify shifted metabolic functions, unique metabolic reactions, and changes in flux in metabolic reactions in response to these compounds. Using this approach, we confirm known mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and provide hypotheses for metabolic adaptations in cardiotoxicity for 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and acetaminophen.
Dealer's Choice in Moral Gambling

Apportioning blame is a messy business with significant moral implications. This makes it attractive quarry for moral philosophers who hope to show us precisely how to do it. This article argues, contra these efforts, that analytic philosophy can only go so far because much of the disorder in blaming is inherent. Philosophers, taking for granted an exacting view of the nature of justification for blame, have paid too little attention to the role of discretion. This article suggests that there are occasions on which all the circumstances of a wrongful act underdetermine the appropriate severity of blaming response. In such cases, the blamer may choose among a range of options, any of which would be as justified as the other. Such discretion explains why, even if philosophers could straighten the conceptual confusions and sweep away unjustified practices, blaming would still be a messy endeavor.The article comes to the importance of discretion by considering a new problem of moral luck that draws attention to the different blaming responses otherwise similarly situated wrongdoers may face depending on the identity of the blamers around them. The solution to this new problem acknowledges blamers’ flexibility in tailoring appropriate blaming responses. With discretion given its due regard, new ways of theorizing about our committed blaming practices begin to emerge. Along with them comes the possibility of accommodating the otherwise puzzling flexibility we find in our own blaming practice and faultless cross-cultural and interpersonal variation.
Wireless Home Automation using social networking websites

With the advent of Internet of Things, Wireless Home Automation Systems (WHAS) are gradually gaining popularity. These systems are faced with multiple challenges such as security; controlling a variety of home appliances with a single interface and user-friendliness. In this paper we propose a system that employs secure authentication systems of social networking websites such as Twitter, tracks the end-user's activities on the social network, based on which; it controls his/her domestic appliances. At the end, we highlight applications of the proposed WHAS and compare the advantages of our proposed methodology over its conventional counterpart(s).
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revision (DSM-IV-TR) [2] generalized anxiety disorder is defined by the following: Persistent, excessive worry, apprehension, and anxiety lasting at least 6 months Presence of three or more of the following: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension,...
Empirical Tests of Asset Pricing Models with Individual Stocks

We develop an instrumental variables methodology to obtain consistent estimates of risk premiums using individual stocks as test assets. Simulation evidence indicates that this methodology yields unbiased estimates of risk premiums and that the associated tests are well specified in small samples. We test a number of recently proposed asset pricing models using this approach. We find that the CAPM market risk, SMB and HML factors risks, investment and ROE factors risks under the production-based asset pricing model and the LCAPM illiquidity-adjusted market risk are not priced.
The Structure of a Linear Operator

In this chapter, we study the structure of a linear operator on a finite dimensional vector space, using the powerful module decomposition theorems of the previous chapter. Unless otherwise noted, all vector spaces will be assumed to be finite dimensional.