cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Warburg Effect Dictates the Mechanism of Butyrate-Mediated Histone Acetylation and Cell Proliferation

Widespread changes in gene expression drive tumorigenesis, yet our knowledge of how aberrant epigenomic and transcriptome profiles arise in cancer cells is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that metabolic transformation plays an important role. Butyrate is the primary energy source of normal colonocytes and is metabolized to acetyl-CoA, which was shown to be important not only for energetics but also for HAT activity. Due to the Warburg effect, cancerous colonocytes rely on glucose as their primary energy source, so butyrate accumulated and functioned as an HDAC inhibitor. Although both mechanisms increased histone acetylation, different target genes were upregulated. Consequently, butyrate stimulated the proliferation of normal colonocytes and cancerous colonocytes when the Warburg effect was prevented from occurring, whereas it inhibited the proliferation of cancerous colonocytes undergoing the Warburg effect. These findings link a common metabolite to epigenetic mechanisms that are differentially utilized by normal and cancerous cells because of their inherent metabolic differences.
Regulation of high- and low-affinity epidermal growth factor receptors by glucocorticoids

Abstract It is reported that receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF) in HeLa S 3 cells exist in two forms, which differ in both affinity and capacity. Both the number of receptors and their distribution into low- and high-affinity forms are modulated by glucocorticoids. Scatchard analysis of saturation binding assays performed at 0 °C indicates that there is a low-affinity class of receptors ( K d ≊ 1.5 nm ), which contains approximately 6 × 10 4 binding sites per cell, and a second, high-affinity class of receptors ( K d ≊ 0.16 nm ) containing approximately 5 × 10 3 binding sites per cell. Exposure of HeLa S 3 cells to 10 −7 m dexamethasone for 24 h increased EGF binding to whole cells by increasing the numbers of low- and high-affinity receptors by 20 and 114%, respectively. The increase in EGF binding depends upon the dose of dexamethasone, being raised from 10 −11 to 10 −6 m . EGF binding is half-maximal near 2–4 × 10 −9 m , a concentration equal to the K d of dexamethasone for the glucocorticoid receptor in these cells. The increase in EGF binding is specific for glucocorticoids, occurring when the HeLa S 3 cells are exposed to 10 −7 m cortisol or dexamethasone for 24 h, but not when the cells are similarly treated with testosterone, 5α-dihydroxytestosterone, 17β-estradiol, or progesterone. The effect on EGF binding appears to be biphasic; the initial rapid increase occurs between 8 and 12 h, is blocked by both 10 −6 m cyclohexamide and 0.1 μg/ml actinomycin D, and is followed by a more gradual increase thereafter. These data indicate that glucocorticoids are able to regulate both the number of EGF receptors and their distribution into high- and low-affinity components. Press, Inc.
On relations between sets: II

The notion of relations between sets, defined in a previous publication (Bull. Math. Biophysics,23, 233–235, 1961) is generalized and some biological examples are given. A generalization ton-ary relation is suggested.
Aircraft engine particulate matter: Macro- micro- and nanostructure by HRTEM and chemistry by XPS

Abstract Carbonaceous particulate emissions from jet aircraft are a significant source of emissions from airports near urban areas. Physical structure and surface chemistry are relevant towards assessing impacts of combustion-produced soot upon the environment and assessing health impacts. In this report high-resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) data are presented for particulate emissions from a CFM-56-3 engine aboard a DC-9 aircraft, fueled by JP-8. Engine power levels were varied from 4% to 100%. Soot aggregate macrostructure, microstructure and nanostructure are discussed with respect to combustion conditions. Ultrafine particle size distributions at idle and near full power conditions are highlighted by HRTEM and compare favorably to reported scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) measurements. Particle composition, as inferred from the XPS ratio for sp 2 /sp 3 carbon bonding is compared to results from thermo-optical evaluation of organic and elemental carbon analysis at selected powers with excellent agreement. Across engine power levels, these ultra-fine particles appear to be remnants of oxidized larger aggregates.
The behavior of 232Th and the 238U decay chain nuclides during magma formation and volcanism

Abstract Concentrations of the members of the 238 U decay chain and 232 Th were determined in volcanic rocks from convergent plate margins, intraplate volcanoes and oceanic spreading centers. Contemporary and historical volcanic rocks from Mt. St. Helens, Arenal, El Chichon, Hawaii and Iceland and submarine basaltic glass from the Galapagos spreading center all show no fractionation of U and Th in the mantle source or during magma formation at least for the past 300,000 years. Mauna Kea (Hawaii) rocks of alkaline composition greater than 4000 years old and an old submarine basalt show disequilibrium for several of the nuclides in the 238 U decay chain. We interpret these as resulting from post-emplacement processes.
Light adaptation of the receptors: increment threshold functions for the frog's rods and cones.

Abstract Using sodium aspartate Ringer's we recorded gross potentials from the receptors of the frog's isolated retina. With appropriate selection of stimulating conditions, increment threshold functions for the 502 rods and the 580 cones were measured using two test flash durations. All functions indicate a decrease in receptor sensitivity with increases in background light intensity. However, the shape of these functions is dependent upon receptor type and exposure duration. The differences among these functions are discussed. In addition, it is argued that the rods' greater sensitivity to steady background lights is the major cause of their insensitivity, relative to the cones, in the presence of moderate background lights.
984 THE LACK OF CROSS REACTIVITY WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI K100 (K100) IN THE HUMAN ANTICAPSULAR RESPONSE TO HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB)

984 THE LACK OF CROSS REACTIVITY WITH ESCHERICHIA COLI K100 (K100) IN THE HUMAN ANTICAPSULAR RESPONSE TO HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B (HIB)
Electrical resistivity of scandium-hydrogen alloys from 295 to 4.2 K

Abstract The electrical resistivity of six Sc-H alloys containing up to 0.25 H/Sc (where H/Sc is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to scandium atoms) was measured from 295 to 4.2 K. The lack of hysteresis during heating and cooling and general Matthiessen's rule behaviour indicate that the hydrogen remained in solid solution during cooling. The increment of electrical resistivity caused by hydrogen is 230 μΩ cm (H/Sc)−1 and is relatively concentration and temperature independent. An anomalous decrease in electrical resistivity was found at 160 K. The magnitude of the anomaly increases with hydrogen concentration whilst the temperature at which the anomaly occurs is independent of hydrogen content.
Automatically finding and recommending resources to support knowledge workers' activities

Knowledge workers perform many different activities daily. Each activity defines a distinct work context with different information needs. In this paper we leverage users' activity representations, stored in an activity management system, to automatically recommend resources to support knowledge workers in their current activity. We developed a collaborative activity predictor to both predict the current work activity and measure a resource's relevance to a specific activity. Relevant resources are then displayed in a contextual side bar on the desktop. We describe the system, our new activity-centric search algorithm, and experimental results based on the data from 50 real users.
n-WIDTHS AND OPTIMAL INTERPOLATION OF TIME- AND BAND-LIMITED FUNCTIONS

Let L 2(R) denote the space of complex valued square integrable functions on the real line.
Parametric dimensionality reduction by unsupervised regression

We introduce a parametric version (pDRUR) of the recently proposed Dimensionality Reduction by Unsupervised Regression algorithm. pDRUR alternately minimizes reconstruction error by fitting parametric functions given latent coordinates and data, and by updating latent coordinates given functions (with a Gauss-Newton method decoupled over coordinates). Both the fit and the update become much faster while attaining results of similar quality, and afford dealing with far larger datasets (105 points). We show in a number of benchmarks how the algorithm efficiently learns good latent coordinates and bidirectional mappings between the data and latent space, even with very noisy or low-quality initializations, often drastically improving the result of spectral and other methods.
Thrust vectoring of a laser-ablated plasma using permanent magnets and various materials

Magnetic steering of the thrust vector for a laser-ablated plasma was demonstrated experimentally using a 1 Tesla permanent-magnets array and a single laser pulse of around 100 mJ. A 3 MHz ultra-fast frame rate charge-coupled device camera was used to record continuous sequential images of the plasma plume formed from ablation with a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Three materials including aluminum, Teflon, and Nylon were used in this experiment. It was found that in each case, in the presence of a tilted magnetic field, the propagation direction of the plasma plume shifted toward the field lines. The shift was more pronounced in case of aluminum.
Progress and developments in adjuvant use since 1989 in the usa

Over 50 articles on adjuvants have been published in Weed Science and Weed Technology, journals of the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA), from July 1989 through September 1992. More than 30 presentations on adjuvants were made at the 1990, '91 and '92 Annual Meetings of WSSA. Research involved c. 45 herbicides, 31 weed species, 19 crops, and numerous adjuvants. Results obtained indicated that the adjuvants tested either enhanced or had no effect on herbicide efficacy. Efficacy was enhanced in the majority of the studies. Some herbicides at lower rates plus adjuvants provided weed control equal to that achieved with higher rates of the same herbicides. Absorption, penetration, and translocation of several herbicides were enhanced with adjuvants. Some adjuvants also enhanced rates of herbicide photolysis, decreased antagonism, prevented herbicide injury to crops, altered the pH of spray solutions, increased deposition and enhanced retention of herbicides, increased rainfastness, promoted better germination of mycoherbicide spores, and were effective formulating agents. Adjuvants appeared to have no effect on herbicides in soil. Product labels of 19 agrochemical companies, involving c. 485 formulations of crop protection chemicals for use in 1992, recommend use of adjuvants with 49% of such formulations; 5% specify that no additional adjuvants are recommended, while the remaining 46% (including granular formulations) do not mention adjuvant use. Adjuvants are recommended with 71% (and not recommended with only 3%) of herbicide (including defoliant) formulations, and recommended with c. 30% and not recommended with c. 14% of the other classes of crop protection chemicals including plant growth regulators, insecticides, miticides, nematicides, fungicides, larvacides, seed treatments, soil fumigants, and repellents. More than 30 types of adjuvant are mentioned on product labels. Several new adjuvants for use with agrochemicals were marketed during 1990–92.
The intracanal use of sulfathiazole in endodontics to reduce pain

In this double-blind study, the clinical effects of sulfathiazole on the relief of the pain felt by patients after initial conventional endodontic therapy had been carried out were investigated.
The multiband method in radiative transfer calculations

Abstract The multiband method is developed for use in radiative transfer problems. The essence of the method is to divide the frequency range into both energy groups and cross section bands. Included in the formulation are the effects of continuously varying (in space and time) opacities, which leads to band-to-band streaming transfer terms. Several numerical examples indicate the increased accuracy possible by using a combination of groups and bands, as contrasted to groups alone.
Prevention and Management of Venous Thromboembolism in Pregnancy

Normal pregnancy is accompanied by an increase in clotting factors. The resulting hypercoagulable state has likely evolved to protect women from hemorrhage at the time of miscarriage and childbirth. During pregnancy, women are 4 times more likely to suffer from venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared with when they are not pregnant. Relative to pregnancy, the risk postpartum is even higher. The incidence of VTE is approximately 2 per 1,000 births, and VTE accounts for 1 death per 100,000 births, or approximately 10% of all maternal deaths. The most important risk factors during pregnancy are thrombophilia and a history of thrombosis. A history of thrombosis increases the risk for VTE to 2% to 12%. Thrombophilia increases not only the risk for maternal thrombosis but also the risk of poor pregnancy outcome. Despite the increased risk for thrombosis during pregnancy and the postpartum period, most women do not require anticoagulation. Those who do require anticoagulation include women with current VTE, women on lifelong anticoagulation, and many women with thrombophilia or a history of thrombosis. Recommended options for anticoagulation in pregnancy are limited to heparins, which do not cross the placenta. Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is preferred over unfractionated heparin because LMWH has a longer half-life and is presumed to have fewer side effects. The longer half-life is a disadvantage around the time of delivery, when unfractionated heparin, with its shorter half-life, is easier to manage. For women who develop or are at high risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or severe cutaneous reactions, fondaparinux is probably the agent of choice. Women who do not require lifelong anticoagulation, but require anticoagulation during pregnancy, will still require anticoagulation for the first 6 weeks postpartum.
Controlled polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide with an activated methacrylic ester

A copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of methacrylic acid has found use in a variety of applications. Here we report our efforts to gain control over the molecular weight distribution of this copolymer with controlled radical polymerization methods, such as atom transfer radical polymerization, reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT), and nitroxide-mediated polymerization. We have found that RAFT is capable of affording these copolymers with a polydispersity index of 1.1–1.2. Our results for all three polymerizations are reported. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6340–6345, 2004
Broadening of the ν 3 Lines of HCN Due to Argon, Carbon Dioxide, and Hydrogen Chloride*

The pressure broadening effect of argon, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen chloride on the ν3 band of HCN has been measured. The broadening effects of the different gases are found to be in qualitative agreement with the theory. Of particular importance is the observation of an oscillatory behavior in the J dependence of the line half-width for HCl+HCN. This oscillatory behavior is explained as due to a dipole-dipole interaction for which the large difference between the rotational levels of perturber and absorber molecules causes some levels to be in resonance while others are not.
Patterns of Unintentional and Intentional Injury at a Regional Pediatric Trauma Center: 1993-1997

Patterns of Unintentional and Intentional Injury at a Regional Pediatric Trauma Center: 1993-1997
A cybernetic approach to childhood psychosis.

A theoretical approach to childhood psychoses is presented with a focus on insights gained from the development of computer techniques. Such insights can be applied to the study and treatment of autism and related psychoses in early life, leading to an understanding of psychotic behavior in terms of a defect of the process rather than defect of result. It is assumed that the aim of adaptation in children and adults is to correlate present perception with past experience so as to build up internal models of the world which aid in formulating and choosing beneficial courses of action. This process is described cybernetically in terms of programming and hardware, with the understanding that as the thinking mechanism matures physiologically, the program is continually modified by experience. Childhood psychoses can be classified in terms of defects in the program and hardware, and it is postulated that the resulting theory has clear and testable consequences for therapy and future research.
Descent methods for composite nondifferentiable optimization problems

We present a framework for the development of globally defined descent algorithms for the minimization of non-differentiable objective functionsF := h o f withh convex. Within our structure the global convergence properties of the Cauchy, Modified Newton, Gauss--Newton, and Variable-Metric methods are easily established along with that of several new approaches. Examples illustrating the calculational techniques are provided.
Anaesthetic management of the patient with acute ischaemic stroke

Summary Anaesthetic management of the acute stroke patient demands consideration of the penumbra as the central focus. Recent studies have shown that patients who receive general anaesthesia for endovascular therapy for acute ischaemic stroke have worse outcomes than those who receive local anaesthesia. Although baseline condition of the patients in these studies differed, we should heed the warnings evident in the results. ‘Time is brain': therapy should be quickly provided. Arterial pressure should be monitored carefully upon induction, avoiding a drastic reduction, and allowing for a reduction in arterial pressure upon recanalization. Keeping these factors in mind, anaesthetic technique (general, monitored anaesthesia care, or local) must be selected considering the individual patient's risks and benefits. Unfortunately, there are no proven neuroprotective strategies to date for use in acute ischaemic stroke.
AMPA receptor plasticity in the nucleus accumbens after repeated exposure to cocaine

This review focuses on cocaine-induced postsynaptic plasticity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) involving changes in AMPA receptor (AMPAR) transmission. First, fundamental properties of AMPAR in the NAc are reviewed. Then, we provide a detailed and critical analysis of literature demonstrating alterations in AMPAR transmission in association with behavioral sensitization to cocaine and cocaine self-administration. We conclude that cocaine exposure leads to changes in AMPAR transmission that depend on many factors including whether exposure is contingent or non-contingent, the duration of withdrawal, and whether extinction training has occurred. The relationship between changes in AMPAR transmission and responding to cocaine or cocaine-paired cues can also be affected by these variables. However, after prolonged withdrawal in the absence of extinction training, our findings and others lead us to propose that AMPAR transmission is enhanced, resulting in stronger responding to drug-paired cues. Finally, many results indicate that the state of synaptic transmission in the NAc after cocaine exposure is associated with impairment of AMPAR-dependent plasticity. This may contribute to a broad range of addiction-related behavioral changes.
Observation of irreversible to reversible transition in Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox by magnetic field dependent microwave absorption

The magnetic field dependence of the microwave absorption due to flux motion has been measured at several temperatures in the superconducting state of Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox. At a given temperature there are two magnetic field regions in which the microwave absorption displays a different functional dependence on the magnetic field strength and there is a definite magnetic field, B′, separating the two regions. The lower field region is associated with the dynamics of flux motion in the irreversible, strong flux pinning regime, and the upper region with flux motion in the reversible fluid phase. The microwave absorption is shown to display a hysteresis in the field direction below B′ but not above it. A measurement of the temperature dependence of the transition magnetic field, B′, between the two regions allows a determination of the H-T irreversibility line for surface melting of the vortex solid.
Case report 507

This 17-year-old black man with sickle cell trait presented with a 4-month history of pain affecting the medial aspect of the left knee which he first noted during basketball practice. No history of trauma or of previous similar episodes of pain was elicited. Swelling and tenderness were initially present but subsided after two weeks. Since that time, he had noted intermittent pain urn'elated to activity. Symptoms were completely relieved by acetaminophen.
An Insert/Delete Heuristic for the Travelling Salesman Subset-Tour Problem with One Additional Constraint

The Travelling Salesman Subset-tour Problem (TSSP) differs from the well-known Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) in that the salesman is not required to visit every city. Many problems, such as the prize collecting TSP, the orienteering problem, and the time constrained TSP, can be viewed as TSSPs with one additional constraint (TSSP + 1). In this paper, we present a heuristic approach for the TSSP + I class of problems. The general philosophy of our approach is to maintain tour feasibility with respect to the TSSP subproblem. This allows us to begin our approach with any TSSP tour. In each step, the insertion or deletion of a city is performed either to reduce infeasibility in the additional constraint or to improve upon the minimization objective. We present computational results that show our approach is superior to approaches using just insertion, and thus demonstrate the importance of considering the possible deletion of cities.
Viewing statistics from a quality control perspective

Many students entering “Introduction to statistics” feel that statistics is a difficult subject that will have limited benefit to their lives. In this paper, a different vantage point for viewing the statistical process control section of a basic statistics course is presented to demonstrate the value of statistics to a student’s life. This perspective has generated extremely positive student reactions for a decade.
Continuity of care and cancer screening among health plan enrollees.

Context: Although having a usual source of care has been associated with cancer screening, whether there is additional benefit from continuity with a specific physician is uncertain. In addition, little is known about the relationship between continuity of care and receipt of colorectal and prostate cancer screening. Methods: Subjects were enrolled in a Washington State health plan that operates an integrated delivery system that emphasizes access to primary care. Among patients age 50-78 years old with 2 or more primary care visits in 2002-2003 (N = 67,633), we determined whether higher continuity (≥50% of visits with the most visited primary care provider) was associated with colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer screening. Random-effects logistic regression estimated adjusted percentages of patients who received fecal occult blood testing, lower endoscopy (sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy), screening mammography, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing. Results: Patients with higher continuity were more likely to receive fecal occult blood testing than patients with lower continuity (28.9% vs. 26.8%; P < 0.001) but less likely to receive lower endoscopy (12.9% vs. 14.3%; P < 0.001). Although higher continuity was not significantly associated with screening mammography (P = 0.38), men with higher continuity were more likely to receive PSA testing than men with lower continuity (39.4% vs. 37.4%; P = 0.008). Conclusions: In an insured population with a high degree of primary care access, continuity with a specific primary care physician was associated with the selection of less invasive colorectal cancer screening tests by patients and physicians and greater likelihood of PSA testing.
The dissection of a polygon into nearly equilateral triangles

Every polygon can be dissected into acute triangles. In this paper we prove that every polygon, such that the interior angles are at least π/5, can be dissected into triangles with interior angles all less than or equal to 2π/5. We find necessary conditions on the interior angles of the polygon in order to obtain a dissection into triangles with interior angles all ⩽α (where π/3<α<2π/5). The conjecture can be stated that these conditions are also sufficient.
The effect of free fatty acids on insulin-mediated glucose uptake.

Free fatty acids (FFA) have been shown in vitro to inhibit insulin-mediated glucose uptake by muscle and have been proposed as in vivo mediators of peripheral insulin resistance. Twenty percent fat emulsion and heparin were administered to six awake healthy dogs during 3-hr insulin clamp studies. Lipid infusion resulted in a fivefold increase in FFA concentration over control (2371 ± 331 vs 439 ± 65, P < 0.002), but did not importantly alter glucose and insulin concentrations. No change was observed in glucose disposal (13.30 ± 1.41 vs 13.76 ± 1.51 mg/kg · min control), hindquarter A–V glucose concentration difference (9 ± 2 vs 9 ± 1 mg/dl), or hindquarter glucose uptake (3.42 ± 0.84 vs 3.71 ± 0.65 mg/kg · min). These observations suggest that FFA may not be important mediators of peripheral insulin resistance in critically ill patients.
Lanthanide–Crown Ether Mixtures as Chiral NMR Shift Reagents for Amino Acid Esters, Amines and Amino Alcohols

Two chiral crown ethers, 2,3:4,5-bis[1,2-(3-phenylnaphtho)-1,6,9,12,15,18-hexaoxacycloeicosa-2,4-diene and 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-3,4-[(tert-butylbenzenediyl)bis(oxyethoxy)ethyl-D-mannitol, were evaluated as organic-soluble chiral NMR resolving agents. The crown ethers are useful resolving agents for protonated amino acid esters, amines and amino alcohols. Enantiodiscrimination with the crown ethers is better in methanol than in acetonitrile or chloroform. Organic-soluble lanthanide tetrakis(β-diketonate) anions, which are formed in solution by mixing a lanthanide tris(β-diketonate) and silver β-diketonate, can be added to crown–substrate mixtures to enhance the enantiomeric resolution. The lanthanide-induced enhancement occurs because the enantiomers of the substrate have different association constants with the crown ethers. The enantiomer that associates less favorably with the crown ether is more available to complex with the lanthanide. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel gibbs maximum a posteriori (GMAP) approach on bayesian nonlinear mixed-effects population pharmacokinetics (PK) models

In this paper, various Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov chain (MCMC) methods and the proposed algorithm, the Gibbs maximum a posteriori (GMAP) algorithm, are compared for implementing the nonlinear mixed-effects model in pharmacokinetics (PK) studies. An intravenous two-compartmental PK model is adopted to fit the PK data from the midazolam (MDZ) studies, which recruited twenty-four individuals with nine different time points per subject. The three-stage hierarchical nonlinear mixed model is constructed. Data analysis and model performance comparisons show that GMAP converges the fastest and provides reliable results. At the mean time, data augmentation (DA) methods are used for the Random-walk Metropolis method. Data analysis shows that the speed of the convergence of Random-walk Metropolis can be improved by DA, but all of them are not as fast as GMAP. The performance of GMAP and various MCMC algorithms are compared through Midazolam data analysis and simulation.
Tachykinins as mediators of slow EPSPs in guinea‐pig gall‐bladder ganglia: involvement of neurokinin‐3 receptors.

1. The effects of endogenous tachykinins and related peptides on intact guinea-pig gall-bladder neurones were investigated with single-electrode voltage- and current-clamp recording techniques. 2. Pressure ejection of substance P (100 microM) caused a long lasting membrane depolarization that was associated with a decrease in input resistance. In cells that were voltage-clamped to their resting membrane potential, substance P activated an inward current. 3. The reversal potentials of the substance P-induced depolarization and inward current were congruent to 0 mV. In a low-Na+ solution, the substance P-induced depolarization and inward current were reduced in amplitude. 4. Substance P increased the excitability of neurones, as evidenced by a greater anodal break activity and an increase in the number of action potentials generated during a depolarizing current pulse. 5. Substance P, neurokinin A (NKA) and neurokinin B (NKB) were applied by superfusion to determine the relative potencies of these tachykinins. NKB was the most potent, with an EC50 of 24 nM. The EC50 values for NKA and substance P were 47.8 and 281 nM, respectively. 6. The neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptor agonist senktide depolarized neurones with an EC50 of 6.3 nM. Neither the NK-1 receptor agonist [Sar9,Met(O2)11]-substance P nor the NK-2 receptor agonist [beta-Ala8]-NKA(4-10) caused a measurable depolarization. 7. The NK-3 antagonist [Trp7,beta-Ala8]-NKA (4-10) inhibited the responsiveness of gall-bladder neurones to substance P with a KB (dissociation constant of receptor antagonist) of 49 nM, and depressed both capsaicin-induced depolarizations and stimulus-evoked slow EPSPs. 8. These data indicate that tachykinins mediate slow EPSPs in guinea-pig gall-bladder ganglia by activating NK-3 receptors on gall-bladder neurones. It is proposed that in response to inflammation or high intraluminal pressure, tachykinins may be released within ganglia by sensory fibres and act directly on intrinsic neurones to facilitate ganglionic transmission.
Immunoglobulin VH genes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus: a re-examination.

Five VH-related genomic sequences from the goldfish, Carassius auratus, have been characterized. One of these sequences appeared to be a functional gene, and four to be pseudogenes. The main conclusions drawn from this study were that: (1) With minor exceptions, goldfish VH genes conform to the typical pattern of vertebrate VH genes in terms of their structure (they encode an intron-split hydrophobic leader, 3 framework and 2 complementarity-determining regions, and possess a typical 3' recombination signal sequence for VH to D joining) and regulatory sequences (possession of a typical upstream octameric promoter). 1. (2) The sequences indicate that goldfish possess multiple families of VH sequences (at least three). Two of these families contain approximately 6 and 10 members, as judged from Southern blot hybridization experiments. 2. (3) Goldfish VH gene families are distributed throughout the members of the species in the manner typical of that of VH families in other vertebrate species. Thus, this observation corrects the previous conclusion (Wilson et al., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 1566-1570, 1988) that VH genes are discontinuously distributed in the goldfish population.
The Baby Boom and Nonmetropolitan Population Change, 1975-1990

ABSTRACT Both economic and demographic contexts influence aggregate migration streams at the regional scale. The influence of demographic and economic context on aggregate migration at the nonmetropolitan scale, however, remains unstudied. This paper presents analysis based on 1980 and 1990 Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data related to age cohort effects on nonmetropolitan population change. The analysis provides enhanced understanding of how demographic factors like the baby boom might influence population movements into and out of nonmetropolitan regions. Using modified age-cohort decomposition techniques, the analysis demonstrates how the fluctuations in nonmetropolitan population growth between 1975 and 1990 are tied to the differential migration flows of the peak baby boom years (those born between 1955 and 1964). The analysis further demonstrates how fluctuations in nonmetropolitan population growth across regions are tied to migration flows of these baby boomers. Significant variation remains within regions.
A Developmental Analysis of Playfulness as a Clue to Cognitive Style1

A quality of play labeled playfulness is hypothesized to become later a personality trait of the individual relating to cognitive style, particularly divergent thinking. Operationally, playfulness was defined, identified and measured in kindergartners as physical, social and cognitive spontaneity, manifest joy and sense of humor. The importance of exploring a possible developmental transformation in operational correlates of this trait at later age levels is discussed. Special emphasis is put on playfulness as a motivational aspect of divergent thinking during the adolescent years with a view of linking early identification and measurement of playfulness to prediction of creative potential.
Thin film wear sensors

Abstract Thin metallic films of Ni-Fe are used to measure the wear rates and temperatures at the wearing interfaces. Vacuum deposition and photolithographic techniques are used to fabricate and pattern these sensors and their associated leads. The small dimensions of the films permit the fabrication of wear samples with the sensor sandwiched between two pieces of the actual test material. Separations of less than a micron are easily achieved. Calibration curves of subsurface depth versus resistance and of the temperature versus resistance are readily established. In this paper we report specific results for ferrite surfaces which are being worn by magnetic tape. Although this work relates to magnetic recording studies, the basic technique would find application in other fields.
Irregular Surface Simulation Using Spline Fitting

Optical surface deformations are spline fitted using several algorithms including that from the ACCOS V optical analysis program (Scientific Calculations, Inc., Fishers, New York). The effects of spline fitting errors are investigated. The effect on image quality of deformation of the primary mirror in the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) must be investigated. NASA's NASTRAN finite element thermal-mechanical structural analysis program is used to simulate the deformations due to various types of thermal and mechanical loading. Several simulated NASTRAN outputs are used to generate a deformed surface for spline fitting. The ACCOS V spline fitting algorithm is compared to other spline fitting alogrithms. The effects on the optical analysis of spline fitting errors are presented.
Comparing climate change awareness, perceptions, and beliefs of college students in the United States and China

Despite the overwhelming scientific consensus, climate change is a divisive national and international policy issue. There is still much public debate and uncertainty regarding the reality of climate change and the degree to which human activities are responsible. In terms of climate change issues, the US and China are of particular interest because they are disproportionately responsible for the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Using the data from a survey of US and Chinese college students, this paper compares climate change public opinion among young adults in these two countries. We found that US students much less likely to believe anthropogenic climate change is happening compared to Chinese students. US students were also less convinced of the consensus among climate scientists regarding human-induced climate change. In addition, US students rated the economy higher than the environment as a government priority, whereas Chinese students rated the economy and environment as equally important. In terms of familiarity with the current policy debate, Chinese students were more familiar with both national and international climate change policies. Although Chinese students favor joining an international agreement to address climate change more than US students, on average, there was a relatively strong support among students in both countries for joining such an agreement. However, within the US, there are significant differences in climate change public opinion between those with conservative and liberal political ideologies for almost every variable studied. These results are interesting and could have meaningful implications for both national and international climate change policies in the future.
Conflict Resolution within Economic Organizations

Alternatives for reducing goal conflict within an organization are analyzed via a mathematical model. To bring the goals of managers into line with organizational goals, compensation via salary and profit sharing are examined as well as schemes for imposing profit constraints and using transfer pricing. Conclusions of the analysis can be summarized in four propositions, (a) A salary compensation plan will not motivate managers in a decentralized organization to maximize company profits. (b) Profit sharing can be used to increase both division profit and the satisfaction of the manager relative to a simple salary compensation plan, (c) However, a bonus compensation plan cannot yield maximum company profits, (d) The combination of transfer pricing and a profit sharing compensation plan can provide maximization of company profits under decentralization.
Superstrate effect on the resonant frequency of microstrip antennas

A computer code based on the full-wave analysis and the spectral domain approach was developed to predict the effect of superstates on the resonant frequency of rectangular microstrip antennas. The formulation is based on the method of moments using Galerkin technique with entire-domain basis functions. The resonant frequency is calculated by using an optimization routine that searches for the stationary condition of the characteristic equation. Numerical solutions are obtained for some test cases and are verified by comparison with experimental results.
Absolute quantification of phosphorylation on the kinase activation loop of cellular focal adhesion kinase by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

A vital point of convergence for many signaling pathways at cellular focal adhesions is the interaction of two non-receptor tyrosine kinases, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src. The binding of Src to FAK leads to the phosphorylation of Y576 and Y577, located within the activation loop domain of FAK. However, it has not been possible previously to determine the absolute quantitative relationship between phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of this activation loop domain in cells undergoing normal metabolism. We have developed a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry (LC-MRM/MS) technique that allows such determinations to be made. Isotopically labeled and phosphorylated FAK protein standards were synthesized and used to control for loss during immunoprecipitation of FAK. A control tryptic peptide, representing an unmodified region of FAK, was employed to monitor the mass balance of post-translational modifications (PTMs) on the activation loop domain. Absolute quantification was conducted using stable isotope labeled peptide standards with four endogenous amino acid overhangs at the trypsin digestion sites of both the amino and carboxy terminus. The LC-MRM/MS method was rigorously validated using in vitro kinase assays and employed to conduct absolute quantification of FAK phosphorylation in normal mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). This methodology will have particular utility for biomarker studies of kinase-inhibiting anti-cancer drugs and for quantitative proteomic investigations that examine kinase- and phosphatase-mediated cellular signal transduction pathways.
Spectral nudging to eliminate the effects of domain position and geometry in regional climate model simulations

[1] It is well known that regional climate simulations are sensitive to the size and position of the domain chosen for calculations. Here we study the physical mechanisms of this sensitivity. We conducted simulations with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) for June 2000 over North America at 50 km horizontal resolution using a 7500 km × 5400 km grid and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis as boundary conditions. The position of the domain was displaced in several directions, always maintaining the U.S. in the interior, out of the buffer zone along the lateral boundaries. Circulation biases developed a large scale structure, organized by the Rocky Mountains, resulting from a systematic shifting of the synoptic wave trains that crossed the domain. The distortion of the large-scale circulation was produced by interaction of the modeled flow with the lateral boundaries of the nested domain and varied when the position of the grid was altered. This changed the large-scale environment among the different simulations and translated into diverse conditions for the development of the mesoscale processes that produce most of precipitation for the Great Plains in the summer season. As a consequence, precipitation results varied, sometimes greatly, among the experiments with the different grid positions. To eliminate the dependence of results on the position of the domain, we used spectral nudging of waves longer than 2500 km above the boundary layer. Moisture was not nudged at any level. This constrained the synoptic scales to follow reanalysis while allowing the model to develop the small-scale dynamics responsible for the rainfall. Nudging of the large scales successfully eliminated the variation of precipitation results when the grid was moved. We suggest that this technique is necessary for all downscaling studies with regional models with domain sizes of a few thousand kilometers and larger embedded in global models.
Physical Attractiveness and Locus of Control

Summary This study investigated the accuracy of a physical attractiveness stereotype in which physically attractive men and women received higher internal locus of control attributions than less attractive men and women. The judged physical attractiveness of 28 male and 35 female undergraduate students was compared with their locus of control scores. As expected, the relationship was curvilinear with moderately attractive men and women reporting more internal control than those low or high in physical attractiveness.
The Occurrence of Diamonds in South Africa.M.G.C. Wilson, N. McKenna and M.D. Lynn, with contributions by T.R. Marshall and A. van der Westhuizen. 2007. Pp. 105. Soft cover, South Africa Council for Geoscience, Mineral Resources Series 1. ISBN 978-1-920226-00-8. US$68.

For anyone who has been fortunate enough to visit the diamond mines and deposits of South Africa, perhaps on a trip with students or conference participants with the likes of John Gurney, Bill McKechnie, or John Ward, among many others, this book will be a treat, a collection of all the notes not taken, of all the details and background and information over 130 years of diamond exploration and mining in this geologically rich, beautiful, and unique part of the world. This book provides detail for the primary, secondary, and tertiary diamond deposits in South Africa in a clear format, organized by political province, with information presented in a logical way. Readers of this journal will find it a highly useful guide to the well-documented kimberlites and alluvial deposits of the country, as well to the emplacement and depositional environments that are a source of diamonds. Within these 100 pages is a densely described, wide array of information from diamond genesis and magmatic-volcanic facies, to alluvial, coastal, and offshore deposits. The book is highly …
Dad1p, third component of the Duo1p/Dam1p complex involved in kinetochore function and mitotic spindle integrity.

We showed recently that a complex between Duo1p and Dam1p is required for both spindle integrity and kinetochore function in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To extend our understanding ...
Identification and fine tuning of closed‐loop processes under discrete EWMA and PI adjustments

SUMMARY Conventional process identification techniques of a open-loop process use the cross-correlation function between historical values of the process input and of the process output. If the process is operated under a linear feedback controller, however, the cross-correlation function has no information on the process transfer function because of the linear dependency of the process input on the output. In this paper, several circumstances where a closedloop system can be identified by the autocorrelation function of the output are discussed. It is assumed that a proportional integral controller with known parameters is acting on the process while the output data were collected. The disturbance is assumed to be a member of a simple yet useful family of stochastic models, which is able to represent drift. It is shown that, with these general assumptions, it is possible to identify some dynamic process models commonly encountered in manufacturing. After identification, our approach suggests to tune the controller to a near-optimal setting according to a well-known performance criterion. Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrograde regulation of multidrug resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Communication between the mitochondria and the nucleus is essential to ensure correct metabolic coordination of the cell. Signaling pathways leading from the mitochondria to the nucleus are referred to as retrograde signaling and were first discovered in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells that lack their mitochondrial genome (ρ0 cells) trigger expression of the nuclear CIT2 gene in order to ensure adequate amino acid biosynthesis. More recently, it has been found that a different set of genes involved in multidrug resistance in S. cerevisiae is strongly induced in ρ0 cells. During a search for negative regulators of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-encoding gene PDR5, it was observed that ρ0 mutants exhibited dramatic up-regulation of the transcript of this gene. This induction was due to the post-translational activation of a direct upstream regulator of PDR5 that was designated Pdr3p. Loss of the LGE1 gene led to a block in ρ0-mediated induction of PDR5 expression. Lge1p has been observed by others to be involved in histone H2B ubiquitination along with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Rad6p and the ubiquitin ligase Bre1p. Our studies provide evidence that Lge1p has another function unique from H2B ubiquitination that is required for retrograde regulation of PDR5 transcription. We have also found that the Pdr pathway regulates expression of several genes involved in sphingolipid biosynthesis. These findings suggest that the physiological role of the PDR genes might be to regulate membrane homeostasis and ρ0-triggered changes in this parameter may be the signal controlling PDR gene expression.