cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reframing HRD: Insights from Research on the Development of Exemplary Managers.

This article questions the common wisdom of the HRD profession by comparing it to the results from six studies on the important developmental and learning experiences of successful managers. Managers in the studies tell us that although planned formal and informal employer‐based training and school‐based training contributed to their development, much of their learning occurred outside of the areas of planned institutional control. Instead such factors as challenging job experiences and assignments, relationships with peers and bosses, learning in the community, family upbringing, personal life experiences, characteristics of the organisational environment, and specific strategies for learning from experience were named as contributors. According to these findings, we are investing all of our targeted resources in only apart of managerial learning and development. Weargue that it is difficult to address these other areas because we view humans as a resource to control for the purpose of maximising profit ...
On invariants for measure preserving transformations

The classication problem for measure preserving transformations is strictly more complicated than that of graph isomorphism.
Comparison of fast neutron beams for radiotherapy produced by 17.3-MeV deuterons incident on beryllium and deuterium targets

Fast neutron beams produced by 17.3‐MeV deuterons incident on a totally stopping beryllium target, a totally stopping deuterium gas target, and a 5.8‐MeV‐thick deuterium‐gas target are compared. It is shown that the deuterium‐gas target yields a significantly higher average energy and dose rate and may offer other advantages as well.
Interaction of rotor tip flow irregularities with stator vanes as a noise source

The role of the interaction of rotor tip flow irregularities (vortices and velocity defects) with downstream stator vanes is discussed as a possible fan noise mechanism. This is accomplished by: (1) indicating some of the mothods of formation of these flow irregularities; (2) observing how they would behave with respect to known noise behavior; and (3) attempting to compare the strength of the rotor tip flow irregularity mechanism with the strength of the more common rotor wake-stator mechanism. The rotor tip flow irregularity-stator interaction is indicated as being a probable inflight noise source.
Direct Experimental Evidence of a Functionally Active Electron Transport System in Human Blood

DESPITE the prevailing interest in the redox potentials of biological systems1 there still does not appear to exist in the literature a satisfactory experimental demonstration of a functionally active electron transport system in the blood. Published evidence2 provides no adequate or conclusive proof since most of the findings can be criticized, among other things, for the failure to keep the temperature of the blood samples within the biological range, and for the crucial omission of ascertaining the reliability and consistency of the readings, for example, through the use, simultaneously, of multiple electrodes. These and other shortcomings have been corrected in our investigations, which lend support to the view that an accurately measurable and reproducible redox potential of a blood sample can indeed be obtained. The following is submitted as an illustration.
The pancake phenomenon contributes to the inaccuracy of margin assessment in patients with breast cancer.

Abstract Background: To determine the effect on margin evaluation for patients with breast cancer, we prospectively quantified the "flattening" of the breast specimen after surgical removal. Methods: The volume and height of 100 consecutive breast biopsy specimens were recorded independently by the operating surgeon and the pathologist. Five factors were analyzed that were thought to contribute to changes in specimen dimensions: patient age, breast tissue density, mammographic lesion type, specimen size, and the use of compression during specimen radiography. Results: After surgical removal, mean volume and height of the breast specimens decreased from 46 cm 3 to 29 cm 3 (30%) and from 2.6 cm to 1.4 cm (46%), respectively. Flattening of the breast specimens occurred in all subgroups studied. Conclusions: Breast specimens are flattened after surgical removal, losing almost 50% of their original height. This "pancake" phenomenon has important implications for the accuracy of margin analysis.
Vapor bubble approaching a superheated wall

Abstract A three-dimensional numerical study is conducted of a single FC-87 vapor bubble rising in non-uniformly heated FC-87 liquid and interacting with an inclined superheated wall. A complete phase-change model that takes into account the effect of interface heat flux on the local interface temperature is used to capture, in particular, the phase change at the interface during the bubble–wall interaction process. The formation and dynamics of the liquid microlayer (a liquid film tens of microns thick between the bubble and the wall) is computed as a part of the solution. This solution is conducted on adaptive octree grids for improved accuracy and efficiency. The details of the flow and temperature fields during the bubble–wall interaction process are presented with the aid of contours of volume fraction and iso-lines of mixture temperature. Heat transfer rates of the wall, microlayer and wake are quantified and related to overall bubble dynamics. The total wall heat flux enhancement is 6–7 times the precursor value during the initial wall interaction of a single FC-87 vapor bubble, of 1 mm initial radius, approaching a 10° inclined plate with 2 °C as the maximum superheat. Good overall agreement of bubble dynamics and microlayer thicknesses is observed between the simulations and experiments of Li [22] . This simulation of the approach regime of the bubble–wall interaction on an efficient grid provides the platform and the initial and boundary conditions necessary to study the sliding bubble problem for longer times.
Genetic relations of volcanic rocks of the Pacific Ocean

The volcanic rocks of Hawaii form two distinct series, one of basalts that become increasingly alkaline and undersaturated with silica and a second group of differentiated rocks that become progressively more felsic. Although most petrologists agree that the second group is the product of differentiation of alkaline basalts, there is less agreement on the origin of compositional variations among the basalts.
Glish: a software bus for high-level control

Abstract Glish is a software system for building high-level control applications out of modular, event-oriented programs. Glish provides these applications with a high degree of flexibility, so they can adapt quickly to changing requirements. We describe the strengths of the “software bus” approach, how Glish can direct and modify interprocess communication within a distributed application, and how the system is currently used for orbit-correction at the Advanced Light Source at LBL.
Dimer Mechanism for the Tautomeric Conversion of 4-Amino-2-oxopyrimidine

Values of the enthalpy (ΔH), atomic charges (qi), and bond orders (Pij) for six tautomeric forms of 4-amino-2-oxopyrimidine have been calculated by the semiempirical AM1 quantum-chemical method. It was found that the most stable of these is 4-amino-2-oxo-1H-pyrimidine (cytosine). By analogy with complementary pairs of nucleotide bases, the tautomeric conversion of cytosine and other oxo forms can come about via a dimeric intermolecular mechanism. A novel interpretation is proposed for the conversion of cytosine to 4-amino-2-oxo-3H-pyrimidine as a result of a 1H-3H two stage proton transfer.
Integrating Optimal Use of Echocardiography and Biomarkers in Heart Disease

Echocardiography remains the primary modality to identify cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in patients with signs and symptoms of heart failure. Echocardiography may also have a role in identifying patients at risk of heart failure, in other words, differentiating patients from ACC/AHA stage A (risk factors for heart failure) to stage B (structural abnormalities in the absence of symptoms). In recent years soluble (blood based) cardiac specific biomarkers have been broadly introduced into clinical practice for the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (cardiac troponins) and diagnosing and prognosticating patients with heart failure (the natriuretic peptide tests, B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP] and the amino-terminal of proBNP [NT-proBNP]). Specifically, a large number of studies have evaluated the use of natriuretic peptides to complement the results of echocardiography in a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases ranging from asymptomatic community based populations to prognosticating patients with cardiomyopathies, valve disease and pulmonary embolism. The focus of this review will be to assess the state of the evidence from a variety of scenarios where natriuretic peptide testing and echocardiography can provide complementary information for diagnosis, prognosis and potentially guiding therapy.
Food and water intake prior to parturition in the rat

Food and water intakes were measured in pregnant rats to determine whether parturition in rats is preceded by significant changes in food and water intake. Three diets of different palatability and caloric value were used. Over the last 5 days of pregnancy, pregnant rats were found to ingest more calories/day than nonpregnant rats, and females with prior parturitional experience (multiparous) ingested more than virgin or primiparous females. Pregnant rats also ingested significantly greater amounts of fluid when compared to nonpregnant rats, and multiparous rats (pregnant or not) ingested greater amounts of fluid than did virgin or primiparous pregnant rats. On the last day of pregnancy, the intake of solid foods or a liquid diet did not change significantly, but the intake of either water or 5% sucrose solution was significantly reduced.
Reflection of Waves by an Inhomogeneous Medium

A new approximate solution is given for the general linear second-order differential equation which is especially appropriate in treating the reflection of waves by an inhomogeneous medium. The well-known approximations to a fundamental pair of solutions made by Liouville, Rayleigh, and Jeffreys, which suffer from singularities at the zeros of a particular function, are replaced by another pair of simple approximations ${u}_{1}$, ${u}_{2}$, which in general agree well with the first pair but remain finite at the zeros. Then a corresponding approximation ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1}$ is obtained for $\ensuremath{\rho}$, the coefficient of reflection of plane waves by a specified inhomogeneous medium. Also iterative processes are given which from ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{1}$ (or any other approximation) derive a sequence of approximations ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{2}, {\ensuremath{\rho}}_{3}, \ensuremath{\cdots}$, which rapidly converge on $\ensuremath{\rho}$. Lastly it is shown that the approximation ${u}_{1}$ for a particular equation leads to a good, simple approximation to the Hankel function ${{H}_{n}}^{(2)}(\mathrm{nz})$ which agrees well with the approximations of Hankel, Debye, and Carlini but has a wider range of validity.
Experimental and computational studies of pyridine-assisted post-synthesis modified air stable covalent–organic frameworks

Pyridine-modified COF-10 exhibits enhanced stability in humid air relative to un-modified COF-10. Solid state NMR and computational studies were used to probe the nature of pyridine interactions with the framework. We propose two models for pyridine–framework interactions with different stabilities.
Association of deferring a quit attempt with smoking cessation success: a secondary analysis

Abstract Several smoking cessation treatments ask smokers to wait to quit to obtain treatment. We report a secondary analysis of whether a later quit attempt is associated with less success. In a placebo-controlled trial of varenicline that allowed smokers to set their quit date within 5weeks after starting medication, 24% had their first quit attempt during week 1, and 27%, 19%, 18% and 12% in subsequent weeks. Continuous abstinence between 9 and 24weeks declined over time; that is, from 36% to 37%, 35%, 29%, and 18% across the 5weeks ( p
Severe hypoglycemia from Helicobacter pylori triple-drug therapy and insulin detemir drug interaction.

Two drugs commonly used in triple-drug therapy for treatment of a Helicobacter pylori infection, clarithromycin and omeprazole, have rarely been associated with hypoglycemia when given alone. No documented interactions between H. pylori treatment with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, and omeprazole and insulin detemir have been previously reported. This case report describes an 82-year-old man with drug-controlled type 2 diabetes who experienced severe hypoglycemia during treatment for a H. pylori infection in an outpatient setting. His diabetes treatment included 32 units of insulin detemir once/day at bedtime and insulin aspart, determined by carbohydrate intake, 3 times/day with meals. After 5 days of clarithromycin 500 mg twice/day, amoxicillin 500 mg twice/day, and omeprazole 20 mg twice/day for treatment of the H. pylori infection, the patient experienced hypoglycemia and self-discontinued clarithromycin. Insulin detemir was decreased to 15 units and hypoglycemia reoccurred. Insulin detemir was further decreased to 10 units without further symptoms of hypoglycemia for the remainder of the H. pylori treatment. Once treatment was completed, the patient was instructed to resume taking 32 units of insulin detemir once/day. His blood glucose concentration returned to a baseline value, and he denied experiencing further hypoglycemic episodes. Health care practitioners should be aware of this possible drug interaction and anticipate that insulin detemir dosage adjustments may be required during treatment of H. pylori infection to avoid significant adverse events.
Some Theorems on sum Separability of Multivariable Reactance and Positive Real Functions

Abstract New necessary and sufficient conditions, which are also algorithmic in nature, are obtained for the decomposition of a multivariable reactance function or a multivariable positive real function into a sum of several single variable reactance functions or several single variable positive real functions, respectively.
Greenfield filter instead of heparin as primary treatment for deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer

Background and Method. During the last 5 years, the authors placed Greenfield filters as primary therapy in 41 patients with cancer with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE) instead of administering heparin. Results. There were no operative deaths. Complications included erythema of the incision in one patient, recurrent PE in one patient, and chronic filter prong penetration of the inferior vena caval wall in one patient. Follow-up was complete for 90% (37 of 41) of the patients. Forty-six percent of the patients died of their cancer early in the study. In follow-up, leg swelling improved completely or partially in 74.5% of patients and was unchanged in 22% of patients. The condition of one patient worsened secondary to recurrent DVT. The patients with improved symptoms also had improved functional ability, whereas those whose condition did not change were mostly bedridden, many with end-stage advanced meta-static disease. Conclusions. These results indicate that Greenfield filter insertion is safe and effective as primary therapy in patients with cancer with DVT and/or PE. Cancer 1992; 70:1993-1996.
Interpersonal Perception of Values

-The study investigated the perception of 69 conservative and 69 liberal undergraduate students regarding traditional American values by means of the Interpersonal Perception Method. Kendall correlations indicated agreement, panial understanding, and awareness about priorities given to certain values. X2 tests further indicated specific values that were mutually agreed upon, understood, and realized as well as values that reflected disagreement, misunderstanding, and unawareness. The results suggest that, while conservatives and liberals may agree about the relative position of a specific value in a rank order, they may basically disagree about accepting or rejecting that value.
Enhancement of turbulence through lateral spreading in a stratified-shear flow: Development and assessment of a conceptual model

[1] A conceptual model for the impact of lateral spreading processes on local stratified-shear turbulence is presented and evaluated using field data from the rapidly spreading near-field region of the Merrimack River plume. The conceptual model addresses increases in turbulent kinetic energy associated with the stretching of a Kelvin-Helmholz billow along its rotational axis. A non-dimensional relationship is derived with two fit parameters, including a parameter representing the magnitude of mixing under the no spreading case, and a non-dimensional time scale. For the model to be viable, this time scale, representing the period of time that a Kelvin-Helmholz billow is subject to stretching should be of the same order as the evolution time scale for the billow. Observational data from field experiments are used to evaluate the two fit parameters, indicating a stretching time scale of the same order as evolution time scales reported in the literature. In addition, application of the model to the field data reduces observed variability. We conclude that spreading is an important mechanism capable of enhancing local stratified-shear turbulence.
Assessment of problem modality by differential performance of lexicase selection in genetic programming: a preliminary report

Many potential target problems for genetic programming are modal in the sense that qualitatively different modes of response are required for inputs from different regions of the problem's domain. This paper presents a new approach to solving modal problems with genetic programming, using a simple and novel parent selection method called lexicase selection. It then shows how the differential performance of genetic programming with and without lexicase selection can be used to provide a measure of problem modality, and it argues that defining such a measure in this way is not as methodologically problematic as it may initially appear. The modality measure is illustrated through the analysis of genetic programming runs on a simple modal symbolic regression problem. This is a preliminary report that is intended in part to stimulate discussion on the significance of modal problems, methods for solving them, and methods for measuring the modality of problems. Although the core concepts in this paper are presented in the context of genetic programming, they are also relevant to applications of other forms of evolutionary computation to modal problems.
Synthetic studies directed toward amphidinol 2: elucidation of the relative configuration of the C1–C10 fragment

Abstract Model compounds (11 and 12) for the C1–C10 tetrahydropyran fragment of amphidinol 2 were prepared from (2S)-benzyloxypropanal in 9 steps. The synthetic route relied on diastereoselective diene-aldehyde cycloaddition, stereoselective C-allylation, and reagent based enantioselective aldehyde allylation. Comparison of the NMR spectra for models 11 and 12 with that for amphidinol 2 indicated that the C1–C10 segment of the natural product possesses the 2R∗,4R∗,6R∗,7S∗,8R∗,10S∗ relative configuration.
Diffusion processes measured at microvoltammetric electrodes in brain tissue

Abstract Voltammetric electrodes fabricated from carbon fibers have been employed as sensors of fluctuations in the concentration of easily oxidized species in the brains of anesthetized rats. The factors which affect access of these compounds to the electrode surface have been examined. While these electrodes show virtually time-independent chronoamperometric currents in vitro during a 2.5-s potential step, the current shows an increased time dependence when the electrode is implanted in the brain, suggesting an altered diffusion profile obtains in vivo. Values of brain diffusion coefficients for ascorbic acid, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and α-methyldopamine were estimated by measuring the time for these species to diffuse to an electrode through brain tissue from a very small injection volume (100 nl). Diffusion coefficients in the brain as measured by this method are found to be approximately one third of the value in pH 7.4 buffer. These data suggest that chronoamperometric currents during long potential steps in vivo involve two types of diffusion: at very short times (approximately 100 ms), molecules are electrolyzed which diffuse to the electrode through a pool of extracellular fluid at the tip of the electrode in which diffusion coefficients are close to those measured in aqueous solution. With longer potential step times, the effects of the reduced diffusion coefficient of these substances through brain tissue is apparent. The utility of these concepts is demonstrated by the rapid response time of the electrode to concentration changes induced by electrical stimulation of dopamine-containing neurons.
Immunotherapy and genitourinary neoplasia: An overview

The role of the immune response in cancer remains unclear. The very existence of tumor-associated antigens, as well as the relevance of in vitro and in vivo models of immune response mechanisms in cancer to the clinical setting have been seriously questioned. The apparent complexity of immune response mechanisms, their stimulatory or inhibitory interactions, and the unpredictability of a particular cancer's natural history have increased uncertainty concerning the influence of immune response mechanisms in developing and progressive cancers. This may account not only for the failures that immunotherapeutic approaches in cancer treatment have had, but also for our inability to understand clearly the reasons for such failures. This review will summarize the variety of immunotherapeutic approaches that have been used to treat different forms of genitourinary neoplasia. It will focus on those factors that may have accounted for the meager success that has been achieved, and in so doing, attempt to identify new directions that may hold promise in cancer immunotherapy.
Inhibition of IGF-1R and lipoxygenase by nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) analogs.

Herein we pursue the hypothesis that the structure of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) can be refined for selective potency against the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) as a potential therapeutic target for breast cancer while diminishing its action against other cellular targets. Thus, a set of NDGA analogs (7a-7h) was prepared and examined for inhibitory potency against IGF-1R kinase and an alternative target, 15-lipoxygenase (15 LOX). The anti-cancer effects of these compounds were determined by their ability to inhibit IGF-1 mediated cell growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The design of the analogs was based upon a cursory Topliss approach in which one of NDGA’s aromatic rings was modified with various substituents. Structural modification of one of the two catechol rings of NDGA was found to have little effect upon the inhibitory potency against both kinase activity of the IGF-1R and IGF-1 mediated cell growth of MCF-7 cells. 15-LOX was found to be most sensitive to structural modifications of NDGA. From the limited series of NDGA analogs examined, the compound that exhibited the greatest selectivity for IGF-1 mediated growth compared to 15-LOX inhibition was a cyclic analog 7h with a framework similar to a natural product isolated from Larrea divaricata. The results for 7h are significant because while NDGA displays biological promiscuity, 7h exhibits greater specificity towards the breast cancer target IGF-1R with that added benefit of possessing a 10-fold weaker potency against 15-LOX, an enzyme which has a purported tumor suppressing role in breast cancer. With increased specificity and potency, 7h may serve as a new lead in developing novel therapeutic agents for breast cancer.
Formation of metastable NbSi phases by picosecond and nanosecond pulsed laser quenching

Abstract Laser quenching was used to investigate the formation of metastable phases in the NbSi alloy system in the range 8–27 at.% Si. By varying the duration of the laser pulse between 30 ps and 30 ns, and by changing the conductivity of the substrate, melt quench rates between 108 K s−1 and 1013 K s−1 were obtained. At the highest cooling rates, amorphous alloys were formed over the entire composition range. At progressively lower quench rates the following metastable phases are formed: face-centered cubic solutions, supersaturated body-centered cubic solutions, the L12 ordered phase, and a new hexagonal compound. This progression illustrates how phase formation from the melt is kinetically favored by higher isotropy and a smaller unit cell size. All the phases exhibited superconductivity, with a Tc between 2 K and 6 K.
Preparation and ligand substitution reactions of TpMsRu(COD)H including intramolecular ligand metalation

Abstract Reaction of [RuH(COD)(NH 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 ) 3 ]BPh 4 (COD=1,5-cyclooctadiene) with Tp Ms Tl (Tp Ms =hydrotris(3-mesitylpyrazolyl)borate) yielded Tp Ms Ru(COD)H ( 1 ). Treatment of 1 with CO afforded acyl complex Tp Ms Ru(CO) 2 C(O)C 8 H 13 ( 2 ) via intramolecular olefin insertion followed by CO addition and insertion. In contrast, reaction of 1 with acetonitrile was accompanied by C–H activation of a ligand methyl group and H 2 elimination, ultimately producing Tp Ms@ Ru(NCCH 3 ) 2 ( 3 ) as the final product. The molecular structures of complexes 1 – 3 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods.
Policing the violent society: The American experience

Contemporary law enforcement officers must function as counsellors, social workers, psychologists, negotiators and investigators, as well as traditional police officers. Their work alternates from dull and boring to moments of sheer panic, when life and death decisions have to be made in a matter of seconds. The combination of factors in police work–dealing with terrible situations and traumatized victims, and working under the threat of physical danger–results in overwhelming stress. It is this unusual amount of stress that makes explicable the fact that police officers in the United States have high rates of problem drinking, suicide and divorce. How exactly does stress cause attitude and behaviour changes, impair familiy and social relationships and develop cynicism, apathy and an unwillingness to seek help? This article explores these concerns and the early warning signs of poor adaptation to the stress created by policing violence. Some techniques to combat poor adaptation are also outlined.
Effect of particle size and grafting density on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites

Abstract End-grafting polymer chains to nanoparticles in polymer nanocomposite is a widely used method to disperse inorganic particles in a polymeric matrix in order to improve the material properties. While many fundamental studies have investigated how various factors influence the dispersion or aggregation of the nanoparticles, the effect of grafting on the resulting material properties has received considerably less attention. In particular, the effect of nanoparticle curvature and grafting density on the mechanical properties in polymer nanocomposites remains elusive. In this study, we develop a coarse-grained model of a polymer glass containing grafted nanoparticles and examine the resulting effects on the mechanical properties. By carefully designing the parameters of our polymer nanocomposites model, we can maintain dispersion of the nanoparticles whether they are grafted with polymer chains or not, which allows us to isolate the effect of end-grafting on the resulting mechanical properties. We examine how the nanoparticle size and grafting density affect the elastic constants, strain hardening modulus, as well as the mobility of the polymer segments during deformation. We find that the elastic constants and yield properties are enhanced nearly uniformly for all of our nanocomposite systems, while the strain hardening modulus depends weakly on the grafting density and the nanoparticle size.
Psychological antecedents of career women's fashion clothing conformity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between independent and interdependent self‐construal and attention to social comparison information (ATSCI) on professional career women's fashion clothing conformity.Design/methodology/approach – A sample of 207 professional career women aged 21‐50 living in London and New York were interviewed using a structured questionnaire via the internet.Findings – A partial least square analysis found that interdependent self‐construal has strong and positive relationships with ATSCI, and that this construct, in‐turn, has a strong and positive relationship with motivation to conform. Independent self‐construal has a significant, but unhypothesized, relationship with ATSCI. However, independent self‐construal is significantly negatively related to conformity motivation.Research limitations/implications – A limitation of the study includes the reliance on internet self‐administered data collection method.Practical implications – The integrations of ...
The major calpain isozymes are long-lived proteins. Design of an antisense strategy for calpain depletion in cultured cells.

Calpains are intracellular Ca2+-dependent proteases that are thought to participate in Ca2+-associated signal transduction pathways. It has been proposed that calpains are activated by an autoproteolytic mechanism. If this is true one would expect a relatively short half-life for calpain protein in cells. To test this hypothesis, WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts were pulse-labeled with [35S]methionine, and calpain was immunoprecipitated at various times after chasing with nonradioactive methionine to determine residual radioactivity. The results demonstrated that the two major calpain isozymes, m-calpain and µ-calpain, had metabolic half-lives of approximately 5 days. Calpains were long-lived proteins in several human cell lines, A-431, HeLa, VA-13, C-33A, and TE2 cells. In addition, calpastatin, the calpain-specific inhibitor protein, also had a long metabolic half-life. These observations suggest that the model for calpain activation by autoproteolysis requires re-investigation. Based on a knowledge of calpain metabolic stability, a protocol was devised for chronic exposure of WI-38 cells and HeLa cells to a calpain small subunit antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide. Depletion of calpain small subunit after 5 or more days of treatment led to inhibition of cell proliferation that could be reversed by removal of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide from the culture medium. Together with previous studies, these results indicate a requirement for calpains in mammalian cell proliferation.
Free glutamic acid content of viridans streptococci and some trained resistant strains.

SummaryFree glutamic acid was found in all of the trained sulfathiazole, aureomycin, and penicillin-resistant strains of viridans streptococci tested, but not in the parent strains. The aureomycin and penicillin-resistant strains had also increased in sulfathiazole resistance. No glutamic acid was present in 5 trained streptomycin-resistant strains which had not increased appreciably in sulfathiazole resistance, but was found in one strain which had increased in sulfathiazole resistance. Glutamic acid appears to accompany sulfathiazole resistance regardless of how this resistance is acquired. The possible relation of the free glutamic acid to the increased resistance to sulfathiazole is discussed.
A Desalting Approach for MALDI-MS Using On-Probe Hydrophobic Self-Assembled Monolayers

One of the problems encountered in preparing samples for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) analysis is the presence of nonvolatile salts in the sample. This difficulty is often exacerbated by the necessity to prepare the sample in the appropriate sample-to-matrix ratio. This paper reports a probe surface derivatization method that greatly simplifies this sample preparation process. By constructing self-assembled monolayers of octadecyl mercaptan (C18) on the MALDI probe surface, we were able to generate a surface capable of reversibly binding polypeptides via hydrophobic interactions, which in turn, permits the analyte to be easily concentrated and desalted directly on the probe tip.
Anticancer activities of Oldenlandia diffusa.

Objectives: To investigate the anticancer activities of a Chinese herb, Oldenlandia diffusa (Bai Hua She She Cao).Methods: The water extract of the raw herb Oldenlandia diffusa was used in this stu...
Two-Tier Kin: Imagining and Contesting Familism in a UAW Local

Familism, as used by Don Kalb, is a process whereby companies shape families to reproduce a flexible labor force. Familism, I argue, is inseparable from how we imagine the family: the family at work and the work of the family. This paper looks at how familial relatedness, namely union siblingship, played a role in conflict over a two-tier wage system being implemented in a Detroit-area auto plant. Engaging with recent ideas about kinship, social and psychological anthropology, and theories of the imaginary, I treat the UAW local studied as a kind of jural family arising out of a specific, path-dependent history--a family which brings with it rights and obligations, but also a social imagination of those rights and obligations, to the shop floor.
A Comparison of the Monostructural and Dialogue Approaches to the Teaching of College Spanish

T HIS is a report of the results of a study undertaken to compare the effectiveness of the monostructural and dialogue approaches to the teaching of audio-lingually oriented college Spanish. While there are naturally differences in emphasis and application, the following seem to be the essential characteristics of the audio-lingual approach as typically conceived.' 1. The foreign language is presented and practiced in its spoken form before its written form. 2. Teaching materials incorporate the results of a careful scientific analysis of the contrasts between the learner's language and the foreign language. 3. Pattern practice drills are used to bring about overlearning of the basic language structures. That is, the teacher models such a structure, drills the student in its correct pronunciation and intonation, and then uses it as a frame for modeling other utterances through substitution and transformation of its elements. After considerable time has been spent with analogical drills of this type, a simple analytical generalization is then made about the grammatical principle involved. 4. The basic language structures are presented and initially practiced in dialogue form. That is, a number of structures are incorporated into a situational dialogue of several lines and introduced in one sitting, the selection and diversity of structures depending to a great extent upon the needs of the situational context, which, in turn, is based upon the cultural patterns of the foreign country. The dialogue is learned to a point of near-mastery before an attempt is made to teach manipulation of the individual structures through substitution and transformation drills.
Low-frequency variability in the Northern Hemisphere winter: geographical distribution, structure and time-scale dependence

Abstract Low-frequency variability in wintertime 500 mb height is examined, with emphasis on its structure, geographical distribution, and frequency dependence. A 39-year record of 500 mb geopotential height fields from the NMC analyses is time filtered to partition the fluctuations into frequency bands corresponding to periods of 10–60 days, 60–180 days and > 180 days. Winter is defined as the six month period November through April. Variance, teleconnectivity, and anisotropy fields, and selected loading vectors derived from orthogonal and oblique rotations of the eigenvectors of the temporal correlation matrix for each band are shown and discussed. The variability in all frequency bands exhibits substantial anistropy, with meridionally elongated features arranged as zonally oriented wave trains prevailing over the continents and zonally elongated features organized in the form of north–south oriented dipole patterns prevailing over the oceanic sectors of the hemisphere. The wave trains are most pronounc...
Cellular Bioenergetics as a Target for Obesity Therapy

Most current obesity therapies aim to reduce calorific intake or absorption and are limited by poor efficacy or unpleasant side effects. Here, Tseng and colleagues discuss the therapeutic potential of the alternative approach of increasing cellular energy expenditure, principally by stimulating adaptive thermogenesis, to prevent or treat this disorder. Obesity develops when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Although most current obesity therapies are focused on reducing calorific intake, recent data suggest that increasing cellular energy expenditure (bioenergetics) may be an attractive alternative approach. This is especially true for adaptive thermogenesis — the physiological process whereby energy is dissipated in mitochondria of brown fat and skeletal muscle in the form of heat in response to external stimuli. There have been significant recent advances in identifying the factors that control the development and function of these tissues, and in techniques to measure brown fat in human adults. In this article, we integrate these developments in relation to the classical understandings of cellular bioenergetics to explore the potential for developing novel anti-obesity therapies that target cellular energy expenditure.
Z-transform theory for linear array analysis

The author wishes to amplify Christiansen's recent communication [P.L. Christiansen, "On the closed form of the array factor for linear arrays," IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Prop. (Commun.), vol. AP-11, p. 198, March, 1963.] on the use of Z-transform theory for obtaining a closed form for the array polynomial of linear antenna arrays. He is convinced that his proposed approach provides a concise and convenient way for linear array analysis, and his new results will be useful. In his communication Christiansen stressed that the Z-transform approach does not require that the envelope function of the current distribution be periodic, nor is the approach limited to envelope functions with a linear phase relation. That a unit gate function could be used in cases where the amplitude envelope is not representable by a periodic function was pointed out previously by the present author [1960]. Christiansen gave the array factor of a very complicated amplitude distribution function without showing the intermediate steps. In an effort to clarify the situation, two examples are provided that may prove to be helpful to interested readers.
A Bayesian approach to selecting hyperelastic constitutive models of soft tissue

Abstract Hyperelastic constitutive models of soft tissue mechanical behavior are extensively used in applications like computer-aided surgery, injury modeling, etc. While numerous constitutive models have been proposed in the literature, an objective method is needed to select a parsimonious model that represents the experimental data well and has good predictive capability. This is an important problem given the large variability in the data inherent to soft tissue mechanical testing. In this work, we discuss a Bayesian approach to this problem based on Bayes factors. We propose a holistic framework for model selection, wherein we consider four different factors to reliably choose a parsimonious model from the candidate set of models. These are the qualitative fit of the model to the experimental data, evidence values, maximum likelihood values, and the landscape of the likelihood function. We consider three hyperelastic constitutive models that are widely used in soft tissue mechanics: Mooney–Rivlin, Ogden and exponential. Three sets of mechanical testing data from the literature for agarose hydrogel, bovine liver tissue, porcine brain tissue are used to calculate the model selection statistics. A nested sampling approach is used to evaluate the evidence integrals. In our results, we highlight the robustness of the proposed Bayesian approach to model selection compared to the likelihood ratio, and discuss the use of the four factors to draw a complete picture of the model selection problem.
The opioid antagonist naltrexone reduces the reinforcing effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in squirrel monkeys

Rationale Experimental evidence from animal studies suggests reciprocal functional interactions between endogenous brain cannabinoid and opioid systems. There is recent evidence for a role of the opioid system in the modulation of the reinforcing effects of synthetic cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists in rodents. Since Δ9–tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the natural psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, is actively and persistently self-administered by squirrel monkeys, this provides an opportunity to directly study involvement of opioid systems in the reinforcing effects of THC in non-human primates.
Relationship quality as a resource to build industrial brand equity when products are uncertain and future-based

Abstract This article extends our understanding of industrial branding and the influence of buyer–seller relationships by examining key constructs within an industrial context where products are uncertain and future-based. SEM results elicited from 249 buyer surveys empirically validate satisfaction, trust and commitment as dimensions of relationship quality, and show that buyer–seller relationship quality facilitates direct and indirect seller brand equity accruals. Findings reveal that while focusing on sellers' corporate and product brands is good advice for building buyer–seller relationships, seller resource allocations to these areas should vary depending upon the selected target market segment(s). Findings support that sellers should place more focus on developing quality relationships with buyers than they should in focusing on the non-relational attributes of their corporate brands; however, if sellers choose to bypass building high quality customer relationships, they should instead funnel resources into their product brand offerings. Findings demonstrate that buyers credit their own skills and acumen when evaluating products with which they are confident, and ascribe increased value to the involvement of the seller as their attitude and certainty decrease. These findings provide strategic guidance to the sellers of uncertain and future-based industrial products.
Three-dimensional applicator system for carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

Abstract Purpose: Intracavitary dose prescription for cancer of the uterine cervix has been based on the use of plane orthogonal films. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging can provide three-dimensional (3D) anatomic information with which more sophisticated treatment planning can be carried out. This work describes a new tandem and ovoids design that permits modern 3D dosimetry and has the same placement flexibility for the physician as the applicators currently being used. Methods and Materials: The external shape of the Fletcher-Suit-Delclos (FSD) minicolpostat tandem and ovoids system has been used as a model to build a prototype of a new applicator. The prototype colpostats are constructed out of aluminum and steel. The tandems are made of aluminum. The Fletcher shields are eliminated. A new method of using tungsten for dose attenuation and shielding has been designed. Longitudinal alignment of the tungsten shields makes the new system possible. This applicator is CT-compatible. Results: Dose calculations for the new design are compared to a commercial version of the FSD applicator. Both the aluminum prototype and a simple extension of the prototype to a plastic applicator system are considered. It is shown that the principal difference in dose is that the dose is reduced in the region inferior to the center of the ovoids. All configurations (plastic caps on or off) are equivalently shielded for the new device. In addition, an intermediate mini-ovoid configuration can be used clinically via the introduction of a D -shaped cap. The latter reduces the high dose to the vaginal mucosal surfaces. Conclusion: For a single ovoid, a comparison of dose with the FSD shows differences; however, the difference in dose is insignificant when the complete applicator, tandem, and ovoids are compared. With this new applicator, it is now possible to accumulate very accurate and detailed 3D dose-distribution data for the critical structures and other points of interest in the vicinity of the applicator. These data will permit future analysis of the correlation of dose and outcome for carcinoma of the cervix.
Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) stimulated prostate cancer growth and metastasis and inhibited bone formation in osteoblastic bone metastases.

BACKGROUND. Osteoblastic bone metastasis is the predominant phenotype observed in prostatecancerpatientsandisassociatedwithhighpatientmortalityandmorbidity.However,the mechanisms determining the development of this phenotype are not well understood. Prostate cancer cells secrete several osteogenic factors including Wnt proteins, which are not only osteoinductive but also oncogenic. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the contribution of the Wnt signaling pathway in prostate cancer growth, incidence of bone metastases, and osteoblastic phenotype of bone metastases. The strategy involved overexpressing the Wnt antagonist, DKK-1, in the mixed osteoblastic and osteolytic Ace-1 prostate cancer cells. METHODS. Ace-1prostatecancercellsstablyexpressinghumanDKK-1oremptyvectorwere established and transduced with lentiviral yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-luciferase (Luc). The Ace-1/vector YFP-LUC and Ace-1/DKK-1 YFP-LUC cells were injected subcutaneously, intratibially, or in the left cardiac ventricle in athymic mice. RESULTS. Unexpectedly, DKK-1significantly increased Ace-1 subcutaneoustumor massand the incidence of bone metastases after intracardiac injection of Ace-1 cells. DKK-1 increased Ace-1 tumor growth associated with increased phospho46 c-Jun amino-terminal kinase by the Wntnoncanonicalpathway.Asexpected,DKK-1decreasedtheAce-1osteoblasticphenotypeof bone metastases, as confirmed by radiographic, histopathologic, and microcomputed tomographic analysis. DKK-1 decreased osteoblastic activity via the Wnt canonical pathway evidenced by an inhibition of T-cell factor activity in murine osteoblast precursor ST2 cells. CONCLUSION. The present study showed that DKK-1 is a potent inhibitor of bone growth in prostate cancer-induced osteoblastic metastases. Prostate 71: 615–625, 2011. # 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diverse patterns of cell-specific gene expression in response to glucocorticoid in the developing small intestine.

Although glucocorticoids are known to elicit functional maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, the molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action on the developing intestine have not been fully e...