cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Five Subject Schools

Chapter 5 provides as full an account of dance practices inside and outside the curriculum as possible using only existing sources. Data is presented from archival searches (in person, by an archival librarian, or online), to see how each school represents dance in its web, print, and photo archives, including school and local newspapers, photos and playbills, yearbooks, and catalogs. Next, the researcher provides a review of library holdings in dance at each school, to see if each school’s mission and vision is reflected in the materials available to students. Finally, there is data gathered by an Internet search of www.YouTube.com, using the search terms “dance” and the name of the HBCU. The desire was to get a temporary snapshot of what is happening in dance on each campus at a given point in time.
Learning via acceleration spectrograms of a DC motor system with application to condition monitoring

In a highly automated manufacturing plant, the reliability of manufacturing equipment is critical for normal operation. A sudden machine breakdown can bring unexpected downtime, shorter lifespan of equipment, and lower operational efficiency. Breakdowns can lead to defective parts and consume extra energy—issues that are undesirable from an environmental standpoint—and also erode productivity and increase costs. To improve machine tool reliability, a machine may be continuously monitored to track its health condition. Monitoring a machine often provides large amounts of data that must be processed to distill useful information. Electric motors are found in many pieces of common manufacturing equipment. Deep learning methods can be combined with data collected on motors, e.g., acceleration time-frequency data, to identify motor condition. In this paper, three state-of-the-art deep learning architectures are evaluated for their ability to effectively monitor motor condition. Experiments are performed on a lab-scale motor test bed to secure condition data for several common motor faults. Tri-axial acceleration data are collected and converted into 2D images (spectrograms) using the power spectral density function. Some of these experiments are used to tune the deep learning algorithms, and others are used to test the proposed monitoring methods. The relative performances of the architectures are assessed, and it is demonstrated that the use of time-frequency images within a deep learning context can efficiently handle large amounts of data and effectively monitor the motor condition.
C-reactive protein and ferritin levels and length of intensive care unit stay in patients with B-cell lymphomas treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel.

Abstract Objective/Background Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell is an effective therapy in relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphomas that, due to its unique toxicities, often requires escalation of care to the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. C-reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin are serum inflammatory markers associated with onset and persistence of CAR T-cell-related toxicity. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 34 patients treated with axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) who were divided into two groups: patients requiring admission to the ICU during initial hospitalization (n = 13, 38%) and those who did not (n = 21, 62%). Primary objective was to examine possible relationships between serum ferritin and/or CRP levels with the need for, and length of, ICU stay between these groups. Results All 13 patients admitted to the ICU developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and 11 of them also developed neurotoxicity (NT). Of the 21 patients in the non-ICU group, 18 developed CRS and 5 patients developed NT. Grade of CRS and NT were higher in ICU versus non-ICU patients (p = .03 and .001, respectively). There was no correlation between CRP levels at time of ICU admission and length of ICU stay (correlation of 0.41, p = .17). Yet, there was an association between serum ferritin levels and length of ICU stay (R2 = 0.73) which did not reach statistical significance (correlation of 0.21, p = .49). Conclusion Notwithstanding the limitations of the small sample size, our study suggests that an elevated ferritin level at the time of escalation of medical care may be possibly indicative of anticipated prolonged ICU hospitalization in patients treated with axi-cel. A large multicenter study is certainly needed to confirm this observation.
Johnson, S.M. (2019). where teachers thrive: Organizing schools for success, Harvard Education Press. 296 pp. $34.00. ISBN-13: 978-1-68253-358-1

Johnson’s overarching thesis highlights the paramount importance of studying schools: “….the school is the place that warrants sustained attention and effort from policy makers, researchers, admini...
Individual differences impacting skin deformation and tactile discrimination with compliant elastic surfaces

Individual differences in tactile acuity are observed within and between age cohorts. Such differences in acuity may be attributed to various sources, including aspects of nervous system, skin mechanics, finger size, cognitive and behavioral factors, etc. This work considers individual differences, within a younger cohort of participants, in discriminating compliant surfaces. These participants exhibit a range of finger size and stiffness. Interestingly, both their finger size and stiffness well predict their discriminative performance, where softer/smaller fingers outperform stiffer/larger fingers. Stereo imaging captured biomechanical cues in the skin’s deformation, including contact area and penetration depth, and their change rates. In those individuals with stiffer/larger fingers, who perceptually performed worse, we observed less distinguishable contact areas and eccentricities, compared to softer/smaller fingers. These particular cues well predicted individual differences observed in perceptual discrimination. In comparison, with two other cues, curvature and penetration depth, the imaging readily distinguished the compliant surfaces irrespective of finger stiffness/size, not aligned with discrimination. In conclusion, in passive touch, we find that individuals with softer/smaller fingers were better at discriminating compliances, and that certain skin deformation cues predict individual differences in perception.
Association of Adiposity With Incident Diabetes Among Black Adults in the Jackson Heart Study.

Background The prognostic value of anthropometric, adipokine, and computed tomography measures of adiposity to predict diabetes in Black, specifically by normoglycemia versus prediabetes, remains i...
A Geometric Approach to the String BRS Cohomology

A study of constrained dynamical systems has received increasing attention in recent years. A reason for this interest can undoubtedly be traced back to the impact made in theoretical physics by string theory, where importance of the Batalin-Fradkin-Vilkovisky1 (BFV) quantization method, centered around nilpotent BRS charge, was recognized very early.
Functional Distribution and Regulation of Neuronal Nicotinic ACh Receptors in the Mammalian Brain

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) can regulate neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system by acting on the cys-loop cation-conducting ligand-gated nicotinic ACh receptor channels (nAChRs). These receptors are widely distributed throughout the nervous system, being expressed on neurons and nonneuronal cells where they participate in a variety of physiological responses. In the mammalian brain, nine different subunits have been discovered thus far, which assemble into pentameric complexes with much diversity. The neuronal subtypes of these receptors, primarily composed of the α7 and non-α7 subtypes (e.g. α4β2 and α3β4), are involved in a variety of neurobehavioral processes such as anxiety, the central processing of pain, food intake, nicotine-seeking behavior, and cognitive functions. Neuronal nAChR dysfunction is involved in the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders and diseases including (but not limited to) Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. Here I will briefly discuss the functional makeup and expression of nAChRs in the mammalian brain, and the role that they play in these various circuits, in normal function, and in disease.
A HYDROGEN STORAGE BED DESIGN FOR TRITIUM SYSTEMS TEST ASSEMBLY

The Los Alamos National Laboratory has completed the design of a hydrogen storage bed for the Tritium Systems Test Assembly (TSTA). Our objective is to store hydrogen isotopes as uranium hydrides and recover them by dehydriding. The specific use of the storage bed is to store DT gas as U(D,T)/sub 3/ when it is required for the TSTA. The hydrogen storage bed consists of a primary container in which uranium powder is stored and a secondary container for a second level of safety in gas confinement. The primary container, inlet and outlet gas lines, cartridge heaters, and instrumentation are assembled in the secondary container. The design of the hydrogen storage bed is presented, along with the modeling and analysis of the bed behavior during hydriding-dehydriding cycles.
A First Course in Finite Elements

Developed from the authors, combined total of 50 years undergraduate and graduate teaching experience, this book presents the finite element method formulated as a general-purpose numerical procedure for solving engineering problems governed by partial differential equations. Focusing on the formulation and application of the finite element method through the integration of finite element theory, code development, and software application, the book is both introductory and self-contained, as well as being a hands-on experience for any student. This authoritative text on Finite Elements: Adopts a generic approach to the subject, and is not application specific In conjunction with a web-based chapter, it integrates code development, theory, and application in one book Provides an accompanying Web site that includes ABAQUS Student Edition, Matlab data and programs, and instructor resources Contains a comprehensive set of homework problems at the end of each chapter Produces a practical, meaningful course for both lecturers, planning a finite element module, and for students using the text in private study. Accompanied by a book companion website housing supplementary material that can be found at http://www.wileyeurope.com/college/Fish A First Course in Finite Elements is the ideal practical introductory course for junior and senior undergraduate students from a variety of science and engineering disciplines. The accompanying advanced topics at the end of each chapter also make it suitable for courses at graduate level, as well as for practitioners who need to attain or refresh their knowledge of finite elements through private study.
Lexical Ambiguity Resolution: Perspectives from Psycholinguistics, Neuropsychology, and Artificial Intelligence

From the Publisher: The most frequently used words in English are highly ambiguous; for example, Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary lists 94 meanings for the word "run" as a verb alone. Yet people rarely notice this ambiguity. Solving this puzzle has commanded the efforts of cognitive scientists for many years. The solution most often identified is "context": we use the context of utterance to determine the proper meanings of words and sentences. The problem then becomes specifying the nature of context and how it interacts with the rest of an understanding system. The difficulty becomes especially apparent in the attempt to write a computer program to understand natural language. Lexical ambiguity resolution (LAR), then, is one of the central problems in natural language and computational semantics research. A collection of the best research on LAR available, this volume offers eighteen original papers by leading scientists. Part I, Computer Models, describes nine attempts to discover the processes necessary for disambiguation by implementing programs to do the job. Part II, Empirical Studies, goes into the laboratory setting to examine the nature of the human disambiguation mechanism and the structure of ambiguity itself. A primary goal of this volume is to propose a cognitive science perspective arising out of the conjunction of work and approaches from neuropsychology, psycholinguistics, and artificial intelligence--thereby encouraging a closer cooperation and collaboration among these fields. Lexical Ambiguity Resolution is a valuable and accessible source book for students and cognitive scientists in AI, psycholinguistics, neuropsychology, or theoretical linguistics.
Decrease of cardiac chaos in congestive heart failure

The electrical properties of the mammalian heart undergo many complex transitions in normal and diseased states1,2,3,4,5,6,7. It has been proposed that the normal heartbeat may display complex nonlinear dynamics, including deterministic chaos8,9, and that such cardiac chaos may be a useful physiological marker for the diagnosis10,11,12 and management13,14 of certain heart trouble. However, it is not clear whether the heartbeat series of healthy and diseased hearts are chaotic or stochastic15,16,17, or whether cardiac chaos represents normal or abnormal behaviour18. Here we have used a highly sensitive technique, which is robust to random noise, to detect chaos19. We analysed the electrocardiograms from a group of healthy subjects and those with severe congestive heart failure (CHF), a clinical condition associated with a high risk of sudden death. The short-term variations of beat-to-beat interval exhibited strongly and consistently chaotic behaviour in all healthy subjects, but were frequently interrupted by periods of seemingly non-chaotic fluctuations in patients with CHF. Chaotic dynamics in the CHF data, even when discernible, exhibited a high degree of random variability over time, suggesting a weaker form of chaos. These findings suggest that cardiac chaos is prevalent in healthy heart, and a decrease in such chaos may be indicative of CHF.
Fetal cerebrospinal fluid acid-base regulation.

Abstract Simultaneous blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were obtained in a partially exteriorized fetal sheep preparation. CSF pH was found to be less than blood pH as a result of a lower bicarbonate concentration and higher P CO 2 . Systemic hyper- or hypo-carbia resulted in similar changes in CSF P CO 2 and pH. Fetal respiratory movements were not noted during wide changes in CSF pH. While there was a correlation of blood-CSF glucose concentrations, lactate and bicarbonate concentrations in the CSF were independent of blood levels.
Just Say Yes: Shakespeare, Sex, and Girl Culture

He knelt to the ground and pulled out a ringAnd said, marry me JulietYou'll never have to be aloneI love you and that's all I really knowI talked to your dad, go pick out a white dressIt's a love s...
New mechanism for efficient generation of narrow-linewidth THz beams in multilayers and superlattices pumped by electron beam

Summary form only given. During this presentation, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we propose a completely new mechanism for THz generation. Indeed we show that it is possible to use an electron beam to pump Ge-Si multilayers for efficiently generating narrow-linewidth THz waves based on transition radiation from each interface.
Thermal diffusion in the X-7 three-dimensional code

This paper presents the derivation and description of the thermal diffusion equation that has been implemented into the X-7 three-dimensional Free-Lagrangian hydrodynamics code, X3D.
Supersensitivity to Naloxone following acute morphine pretreatment in humans: behavioral, hormonal and physiological effects

Abstract The effects of naloxone (10 mg/70 kg) given 6 h following acute exposure to morphine (4, 8, 16 mg/70 kg) were assessed in 5 opiate-abusing volunteers who were not physically dependent upon entering the study. Naloxone increased cortisol plasma levels more following morphine than placebo pretreatment. Naloxone reversed the effects of morphine on pupil diameter and oral temperature and decreased skin temperature as a function of morphine pretreatment. Subjects' ability to detect the effects of naloxone, their scores on an opiate-withdrawal questionnaire, and their visual-analog ratings of ‘bad effects’, ‘chills’, ‘confused’ and ‘restlessness’ increased when naloxone followed pretreatment with 8 and 16 mg, but not 4 mg, of morphine. Performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test was not discernibly affected under any of the dose conditions. Overall, results from the present study provide further evidence in humans that the administration of naloxone shortly following acute morphine pretreatment increases naloxone sensitivity, produces signs and symptoms typical of opiate withdrawal and that these effects are dependent on the dose of morphine administered.
Reactions to Sexual Assault: A Community Study

Lifetime experience with sexual assault and psychological reactions to assault were assessed in a random community sample. Of the 15 emotional and behavioral reactions to sexual assault that were measured, anger, sadness, and anxiety were the most commonly reported (59%, 43%, and 40%, respectively) and fear reactions were the most persistent. Men were significantly less likely than women to report 11 of the 15 reactions. Factor analyses showed that the items could be reliably described by three factors: sexual distress, fear/anxiety, and depression. Demographic characteristics of the respondent and circumstances of the assault were utilized in regression models as predictors of the assault reactions factors. Age, physical threat, and assault outcome (intercourse) were related to sexual distress; gender, assault outcome, physical threat, and talking to someone about the assault were related to fear/anxiety; and physical threat and assault outcome were predictive of depressive symptoms.
What is double parton scattering

Abstract Processes such as double Drell–Yan and same-sign WW production have contributions from double parton scattering, which are not well-defined because of a δ ( 2 ) ( z ⊥ = 0 ) singularity that is generated by QCD evolution. We study the single and double parton contributions to these processes, and show how to handle the singularity using factorization and operator renormalization. We compute the QCD evolution of double parton distribution functions (PDFs) due to mixing with single PDFs. The modified evolution of dPDFs at z ⊥ = 0 , including generalized dPDFs for the non-forward case, is given in Appendix A. We include a brief discussion of the experimental interpretation of dPDFs and how they can probe flavor, spin and color correlations of partons in hadrons.
Beating the spread: time-optimal point meshing

We present NetMesh, a new algorithm that produces a conforming Delaunay mesh for point sets in any fixed dimension with guaranteed optimal mesh size and quality. Our comparison-based algorithm runs in O(n log n + m) time, where n is the input size and m is the output size, and with constants depending only on the dimension and the desired element quality. It can terminate early in O(n log n) time returning a O(n) size Voronoi diagram of a superset of P, which again matches the known lower bounds.The previous best results in the comparison model depended on the log of the spread of the input, the ratio of the largest to smallest pairwise distance. We reduce this dependence to O(log n) by using a sequence of e-nets to determine input insertion order into a incremental Voronoi diagram. We generate a hierarchy of well-spaced meshes and use these to show that the complexity of the Voronoi diagram stays linear in the number of points throughout the construction.
Modulation of expression of insulin and IGF-I receptor by Epstein-Barr virus and its gene products LMP and EBNA-2 in lymphocyte cell lines

The receptors for insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) are two closely related integral membrane glycoproteins involved in signalling of cell growth and metabolism. We have used the unique paradigm of pairs of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines (BLO2, BL30, BL41) with or without Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection and cells transfected with EBV-related genes to examine effects of EBV on expression of these receptors at the gene and protein functional level. In BL30 and BL41 cells, EBV infection increased surface insulin binding and total receptor number by 2-and 18-fold, respectively. By contrast, EBV infection decreased total IGF-I receptors by 29 to 87% in all three cell lines. In general, there was a correlation between total receptor concentration and the level of insulin or IGF-I receptor mRNAs, although in one cell line insulin binding increased while receptor mRNA levels decreased slightly, suggesting posttranslational effects. BL41 cells transfected with a vector expressing the EBV latent membrane protein (LMP) exhibited a 2.6- to 3.2-fold increase in insulin receptor expression, whereas cells transfected with EBNA-2 (one of the EBV nuclear antigens) alone exhibited no effect. However, EBNA-2 appears to be required for the EBV effect on insulin receptor expression since cells infected with a mutant virus, P3JHRI, which lacks the EBNA-2 gene failed to show an increase in insulin receptor number. These data indicate that EBV infection of lymphocytes increases expression of insulin receptors while simultaneously decreasing expression of IGF-I receptors. The magnitude and sometimes even the direction of change, depends on host cell factors. A maximal increase in insulin receptors appears to require the coordinate action of several of the EBV proteins including LMP and EBNA-2. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Anorexia Nervosa: Review Including Oral and Dental Manifestations

Dentists are often involved in treating anorexia nervosa because the teeth of these patients are often mutilated from caries or erosion. The dental aspects of this disease and two case reports are discussed.
Interfacial tensions at acrylic hydrogel-water interfaces

Abstract The hydrogel-water interface is a highly mobile transition region, perhaps on the order of 100 A in depth, which interfaces the bulk gel network with the surrounding aqueous solution. Consideration of the adsorption characteristics at such an interface requires information on the interfacial free energy or interfacial tension. Such information is generally difficult to obtain by most conventional methods. In this paper, we have applied underwater contact angle techniques (sessile bubbles) as probes of fully hydrated interfaces. Utilizing work of adhesion and contact angle assumptions, and contact angle data using captive air, octane, and dodecane at the gel-water interface, we have obtained the hydrated gel surface free energy and the gel-water interfacial free energy. The interfacial free energy drops rapidly to near zero as the equilibrium water content of the gel network approaches 30 wt%. Apparently, the surface, even with relatively low water contents, has sufficient mobility to achieve a molecular orientation which minimizes the interfacial tension. Data are presented on copolymers of methyl methacrylate-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methoxyethyl methacrylate-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, all prepared in our laboratories, and a commercially prepared polyacrylamide gel with varying crosslink density. These systems cover the equilibrium water content range from roughly zero to in excess of 90% wt%. Brief discussions of the possible effects of surface and interfacial tension-induced deformation of the gel substrate and the effects of charge density at the interface are also included.
Enforcing the Gambling Laws

A great deal of controversy surrounds the writing and enforcement of antigambling laws. In large part, this is due to a lack of consensus among citizens, police departments, and prosecutors in defining the objectives of antigambling laws and the methods of enforcing them. It is suggested that since standards of appropriate behavior vary from place to place, the wishes of the local citizens should be the primary guide in determining enforcement effort priorities. The authors differentiate the four main targets of enforcement efforts and conclude that only two—public social gambling and commercial gambling—can be substantially affected by local police. Finally, specific suggestions about how police and prosecutors can cooperate in enforcing local antigambling laws are made.
Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces: in situ nuclide production rates and erosion models

A number of in situ cosmogenic radionuclides and stable nuclides have been measured in natural exposed rock surfaces with a view to study their in situ production and rock erosion rates [1]. The in situ radionuclides can be used for a high-resolution tomography of the erosional history of an exposed surface; two stable nuclides (3He, 21Ne) and five radionuclides (10Be, 26Al, 36Cl, 14C, 39Ar) having half-lives in the range of ∼ 300-1.5 × 106 yr half-life are measurable in many rock types. A prerequisite for the application of the in situ nuclides for the study of erosional histories of surfaces is a knowledge of their production rates under different irradiation conditions; altitude, latitude, irradiation geometry and shielding. Relative nuclide production rates can be determined fairly accurately using the extensive available data on cosmic ray neutrons [2]. Absolute nuclide production rates cannot generally be predicted with any accuracy because of lack of data on excitation functions of nuclides unless some normalization is possible, as was done in the case of several cosmic ray produced isotopes in the atmosphere [3]. Based on a recent natural calibration experiment in which erosion free surfaces exposed to cosmic radiation for ∼ 11,000 yrs were sampled, the absolute production rates of 10Be and 26Al in quartz have been accurately estimated for mountain altitudes in Sierra Nevada [4]. The absolute production rates of 10Be and 26Al in quartz can therefore be estimated fairly accurately for any given latitude and altitude. Some measurements of 14C in rocks of low erosion rate [5] similarly allow an estimate of its production rate. Attempts made to measure the in situ production rates of 3He in rocks have not yet led to a convergent production rate. In view of the importance of knowing the production rates of isotopes of He, Ne and Ar, I present here theoretical estimates of their production rates based on available cross-section data. I discuss the information that can be extracted from the study of the in situ nuclides in rocks. Useful parameters characterizing the exposure history of a rock surface are: (1) the effective surface exposure age; and (2) the time-averaged erosion rate. The implications of these parameters for single and multiple nuclide studies are discussed in terms of the erosion models considered.
Impact of regional versus general anesthesia on the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing major lower extremity amputation.

Background Patients undergoing major lower extremity amputation (MLEA) for peripheral arterial disease are often elderly, debilitated, and fraught with medical comorbid conditions that place them at high risk for surgical intervention. Data from lower extremity revascularization surgeries are often extrapolated to determine which anesthetic modality to use for amputations, with preference given to regional anesthesia. However, there is little evidence to support the use of one mode of anesthesia over another. We conducted this study to determine the effect of anesthetic modality on the clinical outcomes of patients undergoing above- or below-knee amputations. Methods This study is a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent MLEA at a single center between 2002–2011. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on anesthetic modality (i.e., regional vs. general anesthesia). These groups were compared based on demographics and comorbidities. Major outcomes analyzed included death, myocardial infarction (MI), and pulmonary complications. Secondary outcome measures included cardiac arrhythmias, venous thromboembolism (VTE), and duration of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital. Results Four hundred sixty-three patients were identified; 56 patients were excluded for incomplete data, leaving 407 patients in the 2 groups combined. Of these, 259 patients underwent amputation under regional anesthesia; 148 underwent amputation under general anesthesia. Patients in the regional anesthesia group were older (76.6 vs. 71.6 years; P = 0.001) and had a lower body mass index (25.2 vs. 26.9 kg/m 2 ; P = 0.013). They were also less likely to be on preoperative antiplatelet therapy (aspirin or clopidogrel) or anticoagulation (27% vs. 45%; P P = 0.02) and postoperative arrhythmia (14% vs. 25%; P = 0.001). Duration of stay in the intensive care unit (1.92 vs. 3.85 days; P = 0.001) and hospital (19.4 vs 23.1 days; P = 0.037) were significantly longer in the group receiving general anesthesia. No significant differences in postoperative MI (12% vs. 9%; P = not significant [NS]), VTE (5% vs. 7%; P = NS) or mortality (10% vs. 13%; P = NS) was seen between groups. Controlling for procedure, above- versus below-knee amputation did not significantly alter these results. Conclusions Regional anesthesia for patients undergoing MLEA is associated with a lower incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications and cardiac arrhythmias. It is also associated with lower resource use. As such, regional anesthesia should likely be the favored anesthetic modality for patients undergoing MLEA.
Partition behaviour of antioxidative phenolic compounds in heterophasic systems

Differences in the efficiency of antioxidants in dispersed lipid systems may be related to the differential solubility of the antioxidants within the physically distinct phases of colloidal food systems. This study determined the partitioning of antioxidants in water/oil systems, surfactant solutions (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTABr, sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS, polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate, Tween 20), and emulsions. There were significant differences in the partition of the antioxidants between oil, water and interfacial phases both as a function of pH and surfactant. The proportions of hydrophilic antioxidants (ferulic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, propyl gallate, catechin and Trolox) showed significant decreases in the aqueous phase when lowering the pH from 7.0 to 3.0 in Tween 20 emulsions. DTABr lowered the proportion of all antioxidants in the unbuffered aqueous phase to a higher extent than SDS or Tween 20. Changing the ionic strength (5mM NaCl to 50mM NaCl) did not cause significant differences in water/oil systems. Therefore, the effectiveness of hydrophilic antioxidants in heterophasic systems is influenced by their partition into the different phases of water/oil, surfactant and emulsion systems. Verteilungsverhalten antioxidativer phenolischer Verbindungen in heterophasigen Systemen. Unterschiede in der Wirksamkeit von Antioxidantien in dispergierten Lipid-Systemen konnen auf die unterschiedliche Loslichkeit der Antioxidantien in den physikalischen Phasen von kolloid strukturierten Lebensmittel-Systemen zuruckzufuhren sein. Es wird die Verteilung von-Antioxidantien in Wasser/ol-Systemen, Tensid-Losungen (Dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromid (DTABr), Natriumdodecylsulfat (SDS), Polyoxyethylensorbitanmonolaurat (Tween 20)) und Emulsionen untersucht. Es wurden signifikante Unterschiede bei der Verteilung der Antioxidantien zwischen ol, Wasser und den Grenzphasen in Abhangigkeit von pH-Wert und Tensid festgestellt. Der Anteil hydrophiler Antioxidantien (Ferulasaure, Kaffeesaure, Gallussaure, Propylgallat, Catechin und Trolox) zeigte in Tween 20-Emulsionen bei Erniedrigung des pH-Wertes von 7,0 auf 3,0 eine signifikante Abnahme in der wasrigen Phase. DTABr verringerte den Anteil aller Antioxidantien in der ungepufferten wasrigen Phase in starkerem Ausmas als SDS oder Tween 20. Die anderung der Ionenkonzentration von 5mM NaCl auf 50mM NaCl ergab in Wasser/ol-Systemen keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Die Wirksamkeit hydrophiler Antioxidantien in heterophasigen Systemen wird somit durch ihre Verteilung auf die verschiedenen Phasen von Wasser/ol-, Tensid- und Emulsionssystemen beeinflust.
Pedestal rocks in the Pliocene Puye Formation, New Mexico

Abstract Pedestal rocks generally form in sandstone/shale terrains, with differential erosion producing a sandstone cap on a shale base. A different type of pedestal rock occurs in the late Pliocene Puye Formation in north-central New Mexico. Here, coarse conglomerate forms the base, and large, detrital boulders form the cap rocks. The formation of these pedestal rocks is dependent on the presence of a minimun amount of conglomerate in the base to provide the necessary support strength for the boulder caps.
The German‐American Progressive

Author's summary.— The extreme difficulty inherent in the ambitious attempt to become bilingual is clearly revealed in the casual inability of even cultured German-Americans to acquire idiomatic control of the English “progressive” present tense: e.g., “This is good coffee; I am liking it”, for “I like it.”
Coexisting equilibria and stability of a shallow arch: Unilateral displacement-control experiments and theory

The equilibria and stability of a shallow prestressed arch (beam–column) are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The deflection of the arch is unilaterally constrained by a displacement-control device. Both snap-through and remote coexisting equilibria are observed. Force–deflection curves for primary and secondary equilibrium branches are measured for varying constraint locations. The effect of the constraint location on the critical condition at which stability is lost, resulting in a jump to a remote equilibrium, is investigated. Good agreement is attained between experimental data and theoretical results (based on minimization of the constrained strain energy and an inextensibility assumption).
Regional effects of aging on dopaminergic function in the Fischer-344 rat.

To examine the consequences of aging on nigrostriatal (A9) and mesolimbic (A 10) dopamine (DA) function, neurochemical and behavioral measurements were performed in male Fischer-344 rats 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months old. Regional analyses of dopaminergic overflow and uptake processes were examined using high-speed (5 Hz) in vivo electrochemical recordings and local drug application techniques. When potassium was used to elicit the presynaptic overflow of dopamine (DA) in striatal areas predominantly innervated by the substantia nigra, the amplitude of DA overflow was significantly lower in 24- and 30-month-old rats (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 vs. 6 months, respectively). Furthermore, in ventral striatum (including the nucleus accumbens) which is innervated primarily by A 10 DA cell bodies, potassium-evoked DA overflow release amplitudes were significantly lower in the 18, 24, and 30 month groups (p < 0.01 vs. 6 months). In addition, age-related differences between the dorsal and ventral striatum were found in a preliminary investigation of DA diffusion and clearance. Local application of nomifensine, a DA uptake inhibitor, significantly increased (p < 0.05 vs. control) the amplitude of the signal recorded after local application of 25–30 pmol DA in the ventral striatum of 6 month-old but not 24-month-old rats. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) was used to analyze whole striatal DA levels, DA metabolite levels and turnover indices. However, no age-related differences in any of these variables were observed. Finally, a rod walking test was used to measure motor coordination and balance in animals prior to in vivo electrochemical recording. Rats in the 24- and 30-month-old age groups were found to be impaired in this task. In summary, this study identified regional age-dependent changes in presynaptic DA overflow and uptake.
Meta-Analysis of Apparent Diffusion Coefficients in the Newborn Brain

Diffusion-weighted imaging and its quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient can assess severity in newborn hypoxic-ischemic injuries. A meta-analysis established normative values in term newborns, in comparison to those values in hypoxic-ischemic newborns with good versus poor outcomes. Measurements from 14 reports were stratified into three levels of increasing specificity: tissue type (gray matter, white matter, or cerebellum), tissue distribution (e.g., cortex or white-matter tracts), and anatomic structures (e.g., frontal white matter or posterior limb of the internal capsule). Normative apparent diffusion coefficients constituted white matter > gray matter = cerebellum, with lowest values in the posterior limb of the internal capsule and thalamus, and the highest in frontal and occipital white matter. Differences between normative and hypoxic-ischemic injury good-outcome groups were not evident. Values in the poor outcome group were significantly lower than normative data in white matter, gray matter, cortical gray matter, white matter tracts, posterior limb of the internal capsule, and cortical, frontal, and occipital white matter. Comparisons between injury groups found that coefficients were only significantly lower in the occipital cortex among poor outcomes. Coefficient values were lower in deep brain compared with cortical structures, reflecting tissue maturation and myelination. Differences between normative and hypoxic-ischemic injury poor-outcome groups suggest pathologies associated with neurologic sequelae. This meta-analysis provides the basis for normative apparent diffusion coefficient values in the newborn brain.
Cytochemical localization of 5-hydroxydopamine in adrenergic elements of cat adrenal medulla.

Nachweis von mit 5-Hydroxydopamin markierten Noradrenalin-Blaschen in postganglionaren Nerven, wodurch die Blaschen eine elektronendichte, mit dem Elektronenmikroskop sichtbare Substanz enthalten. Solche Nerven mit positiver Reaktion fur 5-OHDA werden im Nebennierenmark erwachsener Kater und nur im Gebiet noradrenalinhaltiger Zellen nachgewiesen.
A novel use of a landmark to avoid injury of the anterior ethmoidal artery during endoscopic sinus surgery.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to describe and correlate radiographically the anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) to useful endoscopic surgical landmarks, such as the nasal beak (NB), nasal crest ...
Consistent structural properties for AlN, GaN, and InN.

The plane-wave pseudopotential method is used to calculate structural properties for wurtzite and zinc-blende AlN and InN using large plane-wave basis sets and treating the indium 4[ital d] electrons as valence. These calculations, together with corresponding ones for GaN [A. F. Wright and J. S. Nelson, Phys. Rev. B 50, 2159 (1994)], yield a consistent set of well-converged structural properties for AlN, GaN, and InN. In particular, the measured lattice mismatch among these compounds---essential for an accurate description of alloy properties---is well reproduced.
Analysis of pressure fluctuations in a gas-solid fluidized bed

Nouveau modele dynamique base sur l'hypothese selon laquelle les fluctuations de la hauteur du lit sont affectees a la fois par les fluctuations actuelles et retardees dans le temps du debit gazeux a travers le distributeur
Relationship between Stability and Connectedness of Non-linear Systems

Gardner and Ashby1 have studied the relation between the probability of stability p(S) and the extent of connectedness (“connectance”) C of large linear dynamical systems. They found a very interesting on–off-type (numerical) result: for reasonably large systems (number of components n ≥ 10) there is a critical value, Cc of C, below which the system is almost certainly stable, but above which it becomes almost certainly unstable.
Comparison of nuclear spin relaxation rates at Y and O sites in YBa2Cu3O7-y.

We report a detailed comparison of the $^{89}\mathrm{Y}$ and the planar $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ NMR shifts K and spin-lattice relaxation rates 1/${\mathit{T}}_{1}$ in oriented ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ powder with y\ensuremath{\simeq}0 and y=0.37. For y=0.37, the ratio R of the O relaxation rate to the Y relaxation rate increases with decreasing temperature above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and ${\mathit{T}}_{1}$TK at Y sites is not constant, which suggests that the antiferromagnetic spin correlations between adjacent ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{2}$ layers grow with decreasing temperature. The magnitude of R in both y=0.37 and y\ensuremath{\simeq}0 is smaller than evaluated from an ionic model of the hyperfine Hamiltonian.
Some problems with minority concepts and a solution

(1987). Some problems with minority concepts and a solution. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 341-362.
A School-Based Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Prevention Program for Children: The Wise Mind Study

The Wise Mind pilot study compared the efficacy of an environmental Alcohol/Tobacco/Drug (ATD) prevention program with an obesity prevention program of Healthy Eating and Exercise (HEE) as an active control group for modifying expectancies related to alcohol and tobacco use in children. Four Catholic schools (N = 670 students) were randomly assigned to the treatment conditions (2 schools in each condition). Children were followed over two academic years. At an 18-month assessment, the ATD program resulted in healthier alcohol and tobacco expectancies as compared to the HEE program. Children in the ATD program did not differ from those in the HEE program in alcohol, tobacco, or drug use prevalence. However, prevalence rates of use were very low across all schools. Findings can benefit future prevention efforts with young children and suggest that strategies for preventing continued smoking in this age group are needed.
A Nomenclature in Political Science

A nomenclature is a system of names or signs, or both, used in any field of knowledge. Such systems are of value to scientists in a field if they enable positions to be seen more clearly or distinctions to be drawn more readily.In a recent article, Huntington Cairns says: “There prevails, secondly, confusion with respect to the instrument—linguistics—with which the anthropologist, the jurist, or the social scientist must pursue his investigations and through whose medium he must state his conclusions. … But once the social scientist passes from these simple aspects to the realm of theory, linguistics becomes a problem and it is in his struggle with this problem that he is most envious of the symbolism of the mathematician.”1Confusion and uncertainty appear to be present in several sections of political science. Linguistics is a problem for us in theory; in addition, it is a serious one in teaching and in the field of research.When a problem appears in a field of knowledge which handicaps effective work, experiments are in order, not only to analyze the phenomenon itself, but, in addition, to find ways or means by which the causes producing the unfortunate circumstance may be removed, or at least reduced. Can the apparent confusion and uncertainty among political scientists concerning the meaning of terms, labels, or intellectual positions be reduced? This is an important problem which directs our attention to the possibility of developing a nomenclature for political science.
Mast cells, compound 48/80, and prolonged hypothermia in the rat

In the nonhibernating animal the stress of prolonged deep hypothermia is associated with the development of circulatory symptoms like those of burn-shock. Mast cells are sensitive to a variety of stressors, including thermal ones, and commonly react by releasing vasoactive substances that may facilitate vascular changes similar to those of burnshock. The possible role of mast cells in the complications of prolonged hypothermia was the object of this investigation. Two groups of female albino rats were subjected to 15° C total body hypothermia for 7.5 hr and then rewarmed artificially. Group I had been treated previously with compound 48/80 which depletes the mast cell content of tissues. Group II constituted controls and possessed a normal complement of mast cells. Progressive hemoconcentration was noted in both groups. However, the hematocrits of the 48/80-treated animals were significantly lower at selected intervals than those of control animals. In addition, 100% survival of the 48/80-treated animals was recorded in contrast to a 60% survival rate for controls. Microscopic examination of the mast cells in several tissues of additional controls suggested a loss of granule density during hypothermia and early rewarming. This investigation offers circumstantial evidence that mast cells of the rat facilitate the development of some of the deleterious effects of prolonged hypothermia.
Application of the cruciform specimen geometry to obtain transverse interface-property data in a high-fiber-volume-fraction SiC/Titanium alloy composite

A combined experimental and computational methodology was used to determine the relevant strength and residual-stress parameters in a manufactured, high-fiber-volume-fraction multiply metal matrix composite (MMC). The method was similar to that previously demonstrated on single-fiber composites, which had an extremely low fiber volume fraction. Variabilities in residual stresses and debond strengths in high-fiber-volume-fraction multiply composites, as well as current demands on the micromechanics-based computational prediction and validation of complex composite systems, necessitated the establishment of the test methodology described here. The model material chosen for this investigation was a plasma-processed six-ply, unidirectional Sigma-1240/Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (wt pct) MMC containing 32 vol pct continuous fibers. Room-temperature transverse tensile experiments were conducted on cruciform specimens. In addition, rectangular specimens were also evaluated in order to verify their applicability in obtaining valid interfacial property data. Debonding events, evaluated at different positions within a given specimen geometry, were captured by stress-strain curves and metallographic examination. Analytical and finite-element stress analyses were conducted to estimate the geometrical stress-concentration factors associated with the cruciform geometry. Residual stresses were estimated using etching and computational procedures. For the cruciform specimens, the experimental fiber-matrix debond strength was determined to be 22 MPa. Separation occurred within the carbon-rich interfacial layer, consistent with some previous observations on similar systems. Thus, the cruciform test methodology described here can be successfully used for transverse interfacial-property evaluation of high-fiber-volume-fraction composites. For the rectangular specimens, the strain gages at different positions along the specimen width confirmed that the interface crack had initiated from the free edge and propagated inward. Hence, rectangular specimens cannot be used for valid interface strength measurements in multiply composites.