cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emotional Problems, Quality of Life, and Symptom Burden in Patients With Lung Cancer

Abstract Objectives Lung cancer is associated with a greater symptom burden than other cancers, yet little is known about the prevalence of emotional problems and how emotional problems may be related to the physical symptom burden and quality of life in newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer. This study aimed to identify the patient and disease characteristics of patients with lung cancer experiencing emotional problems and to examine how emotional problems relate to quality of life and symptom burden. Patients and Methods A total of 2205 newly diagnosed patients with lung cancer completed questionnaires on emotional problems, quality of life, and symptom burden. Results Emotional problems at diagnosis were associated with younger age, female gender, current cigarette smoking, current employment, advanced lung cancer disease, surgical or chemotherapy treatment, and a lower Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score. Additionally, strong associations were found between greater severity of emotional problems, lower quality of life, and greater symptom burden. Conclusion Certain characteristics place patients with lung cancer at greater risk for emotional problems, which are associated with a reduced quality of life and greater symptom burden. Assessment of the presence of emotional problems at the time of lung cancer diagnosis provides the opportunity to offer tailored strategies for managing negative mood, and for improving the quality of life and symptom burden management of patients with lung cancer.
Mechanistic Investigations of Photoinduced Oxygenation of Ru(II) Bis-bipyridyl Flavonolate Complexes.

We previously reported that a Ru-bound flavonolate model of flavonol dioxygenases, [RuII(bpy)2(3-hydroxyfla)][PF6], photochemically reacts with dioxygen in two different manners. Broad-band excitation generates mixtures of products characteristic of 1,3-addition of dioxygen across the central pyrone ring, as is observed in enzymatic reactions. However, low temperature excitation at wavelengths longer than 400 nm generates a unique Ru-bound 2-benzoatophenylglyoxylate product resulting from a 1,2-dioxetane intermediate. Herein, we investigate this reactivity in a series of Ru(II)bis-bipyridyl flavonolate complexes [RuII(bpy)2(3-hydroxyflaR)][PF6] (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; fla = flavonolate; R = p-OMe (1), p-Me (2), p-H (3), p-Cl (4)), and [RuII(bpy)2(5-hydroxyfla)][PF6] (5). The complexes’ structures, photophysical and electrochemical properties, and photochemical reactivity with oxygen were investigated in detail. Two different reaction product mixtures, from 1,2- and 1,3-additions of dioxygen, are observed ...
[110] Critical Point Theory in Mathematics and in Mathematical Physics

At last year’s Gokova Conference I reported on a “topological approach” to the “new” knot invariants, which ClifF Taubes and I had worked out along lines initiated by Axelrod and Singer [AS] and Kontsevich [K] in their work on 3-manifold invariants.
Introducing Computational Thinking through Non-Programming Science Activities

Many programs offer informal experiences in programming for select students who may qualify or whose parents pay fees for attending. Integrating computational thinking (CT) in the formal classroom setting provides equal opportunities to develop valuable problem-solving skills for all students. However, such integration poses challenges since teachers may have limited experiences in computing and may be pressured by time constraints due to the need to cover Common Core and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) as well as district specific initiatives. A 2-year intervention has been designed to target upper elementary level self-contained classrooms to increase teachers' knowledge and ability for integrating CT into science lessons. Twenty teachers from four school districts in Southern California participated in the first year of the project's professional development activities. These schools have varying levels of diversity and socioeconomic status of student populations. Instead of using popular drag-and-drop programming tools such as Scratch or Tynker, the first year of the project focused on key CT concepts and helped teachers connect these concepts with skills important for student success in science activities. This paper reports on the study of the project's impact on student learning of key CT concepts among students from project classrooms. The main elements of the professional development are also described.
Using naturalistic driving data to better understand the driving exposure and patterns of older drivers.

Objective: The aging of the population in the United States and elsewhere has brought increasing attention to the issue of safe driving and mobility among older adults. The overall objective of thi...
Land and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Ptolemaic state and its antecedents

The authority of the state was total, of the city-states as of the autocracies, and it extended to everyone who resided within the territorial borders (indeed to everyone who resided wherever its writ ran). Finley 1999: 154 Potentially it should be possible not only to study Ptolemaic agriculture but to study it historically and, as done by Napoleon's savants, to study it regionally, and in doing this to gain some idea of local differences of land-tenure and land-use over the three centuries of Ptolemaic rule. Crawford 1973: 223 I examine in this Chapter the structure of the Ptolemaic state in order to place the land tenure regimes of the Thebaid and the Fayyum into the context of the institutional arrangements of control and taxation. The structure of land tenure in Ptolemaic Egypt was a political response to environmental constraints and to historic pathways of property rights and obligations determined long before the Ptolemies. In areas where these old rights on land existed, the regime did not disturb them, whereas in the newly intensified Fayyum, new modes of tenure and stricter state supervision were established. Three issues will concern me in this chapter: (1) the environmental and geographic setting of Egypt, (2) the precursors of the Ptolemaic state, and (3) the structure and the historical development of the Ptolemaic state itself. THE FIXITY OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING Egypt was one of the richest and most densely populated states in the Mediterranean for most of its ancient history.
In Vivo cII, gpt, and Spi− Gene Mutation Assays in Transgenic Mice and Rats

Transgenic mutation assays are used to identify and characterize genotoxic hazards and for determining the mode of action for carcinogens. The three most popular transgenic mutational models are Big Blue® (rats or mice), Muta™ mouse (mice), and gpt-delta (rats or mice). The Big Blue® and Muta™ mouse models use the cII gene as a reporter of mutation whereas gpt-delta rodents use the gpt gene and the red/gam genes (Spi⁻ selection) as mutation reporter genes. Here we describe methodology for conducting mutation assays with these transgenes. Transgenes recovered from tissue DNA are packaged into infectious lambda phage, bacteria are infected with the phage, and cII-mutant and Spi⁻ plaques and gpt-mutant colonies are isolated using selective conditions and quantified. Selected mutants can be further analyzed for identification of small sequence alterations in the cII and gpt genes and large deletions at the Spi⁻ locus.
Time Series Preliminaries

A time series is a sequence of recorded values. These values are usually real numbers recorded at regular intervals, such as yearly, monthly, weekly, daily, and hourly. Data recorded irregularly are often interpolated to form values at regular intervals before the time series is analyzed. We often represent a time series as just a vector of real numbers.
The value of a family physician

Background Most efforts to improve health care have been made without a full understanding of the value of a primary care approach. Methods This article synthesizes the observations from the Direct Observation of Primary Care (DOPC) study. This multimethod study of 138 family physicians in 84 practices included direct observation of 4454 patients visits were used to describe aspects of family practice that may provide value for patients. Results Family physicians provide and coordinate care for a wide variety of patients problems, prioritizing these competing demands on the basis of relationships developed during multiple patient visits over time. They use acute and chronic illness visits as opportunities to integrate care for specific diseases, mental health, and preventive care in ways that are tailored to the specific needs of patients and families. Higher rates of delivery of core attributes of family practice are associated with patient satisfaction and preventive services delivery, and are diminished by forced discontinuity of care. Conclusions Family physicians prioritize and deliver care according to a broad agenda based on patient needs. These needs are understood within ongoing relationships with the patient, family, larger health care system, and community. This integrative approach includes numerous avenues for affecting important patient outcomes that are unlikely to be optimally met by less integrated models of medical care. Expanding the value of family practice will require the development and application of new knowledge of the core structures, processes, and contexts of family practice, and their effects on patient outcomes.
Some Imaging Characteristics of the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor X-Ray Scanner System

In late 1979, the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR), a multiple x-ray source, stop action, volume scanning imaging device was installed (1, 2). At present, the operational characteristics and biomedical utility of the Dynamic Spatial Reconstructor (DSR) are being evaluated. This research project involves scanning experimental animals and carefully selected patients with cardiovascular and pulmonary pathology. The DSR scanner utilizes a computerized transaxial tomography principle to generate images of transverse slices of the body. As illustrated in Figure 1, 14 x-ray tubes and 14 television cameras (of the 28 for which it is designed) are attached to the scanner. The x-ray tubes are arranged 12° apart along a semicircular array with television cameras positioned opposite each x-ray source. As each x-ray tube is pulsed for 350 microseconds, a 30 cm × 30 cm image is generated on a fluorescent screen. The corresponding television camera is gated on for 762 microseconds and the fluoroscopic image is recorded on the image isocon target for subsequent readout and recording on video disc. The patient or animal scanned is positioned inside the machine at the center of rotation as indicated in the schematic in Figure 1.
What is a theme? Teaching thematic analysis in qualitative communication research methods

Course: Qualitative Research MethodsObjectives: To provide students with an experiential understanding of the six steps to conducting a thematic analysis: (1) gaining familiarity with the data, (2)...
Parent–teacher problem solving about concerns in children with autism spectrum disorder: The role of income and race

Problem solving between parents and teachers is critical to maximizing student outcomes. The current study examined the associations among the different components of problem solving, as well as the relationship between various characteristics and problem solving in parents and teachers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Participants were 18 teachers and 39 parents of children with ASD. Parents and teachers completed a demographic survey, phone interview, and dyad observation. Results indicated that parent and teacher problem solving strategies were correlated with each other. Lower-income parents and parents interacting with White teachers displayed less problem solving. Findings suggest that school-based service delivery models to improve problem solving should consider both skill development, as well as the sociodemographic characteristics that parents and teachers bring to their interactions.
Future Orientation, Depression, Suicidality, and Interpersonal Needs in Primary Care Outpatients

AbstractBased on past research findings with college students, we tested whether perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness represent important mediators of the association between future ...
Atopic dermatitis in the elderly: a review of clinical and pathophysiological hallmarks

Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial and complex disease, characterized by an impaired skin barrier function and abnormal immune response. Many elderly patients present with pruritus and xerosis to dermatology, allergy and primary care clinics, and there is a lack of information available to clinicians regarding the proper diagnosis and management of these patients. Although the elderly are described as having a distinct presentation of AD and important comorbidities, most investigations and clinical care guidelines pertaining to AD do not include patients aged 60 years and older as a separate group from younger adults. Objectives To summarize current information on pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of AD in the elderly population and identify areas of insufficient information to be explored in future investigations. Methods We carried out a systematic review of published literature, which assessed changes in the skin barrier and immune function with ageing and current information available for physicians to use in the diagnosis and treatment of AD in elderly patients. Results Many age-related changes overlap with key hallmarks observed in AD, most notably a decline in skin barrier function, dysregulation of the innate immune system, and skewing of adaptive immunity to a type-2 T helper cell response, in addition to increased Staphylococcus aureus infection. Conclusions While general physiological alterations with ageing overlap with key features of AD, a research gap exists regarding specific ageing-related changes in AD disease development. More knowledge about AD in the elderly is needed to establish firm diagnostic and treatment methodologies. What's already known about this topic? Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that causes significant burden worldwide. Recently, elderly patients have been considered a subgroup of patients with distinct AD manifestation. Limited studies have characterized the clinical presentation and role of IgE-mediated allergy in elderly patients with AD. What does this study add? This review offers a summary of age-related skin and immune alterations that correspond to pathogenic changes noted in patients with AD. The role of itch, environmental factors and skin microbiota in AD disease presentation in ageing patients is explored.
HALOPERIDOL DECANOATE INDUCED PANCYTOPENIA: A CASE REPORT

Introduction Blood dyscrasias can occur secondary to antipsychotic drug use which may be due to direct drug toxicity or immunologic mechanisms causing bone marrow suppression. Antipsychotic use mostly causes neutropenia and less frequently thrombocytopenia. Drug-induced pancytopenia is a very rare side-effect of psychotropic medications and is even rarer with butyrophenones like haloperidol Methods We reviewed the case of a geriatric patient who developed pancytopenia while on haloperidol decanoate monthly injection Results We present the case of an 85-year-old African-American woman with a long history of schizophrenia, who was stabilized on Haloperidol Decanoate 50?mg monthly IM for a few years at another hospital. She was then maintained on the Haloperidol decanoate for a few months after she moved outpatient care to our hospital. She was noted to have pancytopenia at initial presentation in the clinic and her RBC, Platelets, and WBC (including neutrophil) counts gradually declined to the point where her Haloperidol Decanoate was placed on hold in order to further monitor the blood counts. Baseline leukocyte count was 3000/mm³ when she started outpatient treatment at our clinic, which gradually dropped to 1860/mm³ within 6 months of Haloperidol decanoate treatment. During this time, hemoglobin dropped 0.8 points (10.9?g/?dL to 10.1 g/dL), and platelet count decreased from 154,000/mm3 to 140,000/mm3. Within one month of discontinuation of haloperidol decanoate, patient decompensated and was admitted to the psychiatry inpatient unit. Hematology was consulted; lab work to exclude other causes of pancytopenia was completed and haloperidol induced pancytopenia was suspected. She didn't receive any more haloperidol decanoate during her hospital stay. She consistently refused oral medications and became catatonic. Court order for medication-over-objection was obtained but she continued refusing oral medications. As a result, she received Olanzapine 5?mg IM consistently for few days which ultimately resulted in clinical improvement. She was discharged after 2 months of inpatient stay. Her cell counts gradually trended upwards during the inpatient stay. At the time of discharge from the inpatient unit, her WBC count had increased to 5100/mm3, hemoglobin increased to 11.2?g/?dL, and platelet count remained stable at 138000/mm3. It took roughly three months, after stopping the haloperidol decanoate, for the counts to normalize. Conclusions Blood dyscrasias should be suspected in patients treated with antipsychotics. Patients on long acting depot antipsychotics might need longer time to recover from blood dyscrasias due to slow wash-out of depot preparations This research was funded by: Not Applicable
Gender and race trends in academic rank of dermatologists at top U.S. institutions: A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Despite growth in the proportion of women and underrepresented minorities in the dermatology workforce, gender and racial differences persist. Objective This study sought to analyze the differences in academic rank between genders and races while controlling for achievement indicators. Methods Data from 15 institutions, selected based on residency program rankings, were analyzed. Results Women were well-represented as assistant professors (60.7% vs. 37.6% of men; p Conclusion Our findings confirm that for equal levels of achievement, men and women are promoted similarly in dermatology, yet reasons for disparity in research output and funding for women and minority dermatologists need further study.
INVASIVE PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN INFECTED WITH HIV-1 ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH SPLENIC DYSFUNCTION. † 976

Children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) are more likely to acquire infections with encapsulated bacterial pathogens of childhood than their non-HIV-infected peers. It has been shown thatStreptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) accounts for 35% of the bacterial isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid in this group of children. We wished to learn what proportion (if any) of the incidence of community-acquired, invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected children could be attributed to splenic dysfunction, as measured quantitatively by enumerating the number of pocked red blood cells in peripheral blood (Pearsonet al Pediatrics 1985; 76:392).
Metalophagia: Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm after foreign body ingestion and retrieval.

Abstract Persistent eating of non-nutritive, nonfood substances (Pica) is seen in children and adult patients with psychiatric problems. Ingestion of multiple metallic FBs with resultant bezoar formation is rare. While many FBs are passed without complication, mucosal injury, bleeding, obstruction or perforation can occur in some cases. Endoscopic FB removal is performed in 20% of patients following FB ingestion. Generally, these are safe procedures, and very effective in extracting ingested FBs. We report, a 25-year-old male patient with a metal ingestion predominant Pica, requiring multiple prior extraction procedures (including open gastrostomy). He developed a splenic artery pseudoaneurysm following his latest endoscopic FB removal, that was successfully treated with transarterial coil embolization. The unique circumstances leading to this rare complication and its successful endovascular management make this case worthy of report.
Evaluating computational geometry libraries for big spatial data exploration

With the rise of big spatial data, many systems were developed on Hadoop, Spark, Storm, Flink, and similar big data systems to handle big spatial data. At the core of all these systems, they use a computational geometry library to represent points, lines, and polygons, and to process them to evaluate spatial predicates and spatial analysis queries. This paper evaluates four computational geometry libraries to assess their suitability for various workloads in big spatial data exploration, namely, GEOS, JTS, Esri Geometry API, and GeoLite. The latter is a library that we built specifically for this paper to test some ideas that are not present in other libraries. For all the four libraries, we evaluate their computational efficiency and memory usage using a combination of micro- and macro-benchmarks on Spark. The paper gives recommendations on how to use these libraries for big spatial data exploration.
Utilizing transcranial alternating current stimulation and functional neuroimaging to investigate human sensory adaptation

Sensory adaptation is the reduction of neural activity after repeated exposure to a stimulus. In a recent study, Kar et al. (Kar K, Ito T, Cole MW, Krekelberg B. J Neurophysiol 123: 428–438, 2020) ...
Transient Climate Response to Cumulative Emissions (TCRE) As A Reduced-form Climate Model

This study examines the paradox that the path of realized global warming by a given year is linear in cumulative emissions of carbon dioxide even though the corresponding eventual equilibrium warming is only logarithmic in atmospheric concentration. It then provides parameters for this linear relationship using the high-emissions scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. These estimates constitute a transparent reduced-form climate model that can be useful for analyzing the economic costs and benefits of alternative abatement scenarios.
A simple, rapid method for enumerating total viable and metabolically active bacteria in groundwater.

We report here a new staining procedure which uses both the enzymatic dehydrogenation of 2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-p-(nitrophenyl)-5 phenyltetrazolium chloride to a pink intracellular formazan and the DNA-specific fluorochrome 4′,6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Application of this staining procedure to cells concentrated on filters and then transferred to microscope slides by the filter-transfer-freeze technique has proven valuable for statistically accurate enumeration of the total viable and metabolically active cells in groundwaters.
Is Trade Good for Your Health

We use a panel of 219 countries to examine the relationship between a country’s openness to international trade and several health outcomes and find that, in general, increased openness is associated with lower rates of infant mortality and higher life expectancies, especially in developing countries. We find evidence suggesting that some of the positive correlation between trade and health can be attributed to knowledge spillovers. In addition, openness is associated with sound economic policies which themselves are related to better health outcomes.
Effects of Proof Test on the Strength and Fatigue Life of a Unidirectional Composite

The effects of a static proof testing on the statistical distribution of the static strength and fatigue life of a unidirectional graphite-epoxy laminate (AS-3501-05) are investigated experimentally. Loading mode for boththe static and fatigue tests is restricted to uniaxial tension in the fiber direction. Six-ply tension coupons with dimensions of 22.9 cm by 1.9 cm are used; and all tests are conducted using a closed-loop Instron tester, under room temperature (∼21°C) and ambient humidity (∼60% percent relative humidity) conditions. Test data are analyzed by means of a two-parameter Weibull distribution in conjunction with the maximum likelihood method for parameter estimation. Results show that proof testing can guarantee a minimum static strength, and to a lesser degree, the method can also assure a minimum fatigue life.
Anticoagulant use for atrial fibrillation in the elderly.

Objectives: To determine the influence of advanced age on anticoagulant use in subjects with atrial fibrillation and to explore the extent to which risk factors for stroke and contraindications to anticoagulant therapy predict subsequent use. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: The Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System. Participants: A total of 2,217 subjects with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Measurements: Administrative databases were use to identify subject's age, anticoagulant use, and the presence of a diagnosis of atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, or gastrointestinal or cerebral hemorrhage. Results: Unadjusted analysis showed no difference in warfarin use between those aged 75 and older and younger subjects regardless of the presence (33.9% vs 35.7%, P=.37) or absence (33.4% vs 34.7%, P=.58) of contraindications to anticoagulant therapy. Multivariate modeling demonstrated a 14% reduction (95% confidence interval (CI)=4–22%) in anticoagulant use with each advancing decade of life. Intracranial hemorrhage was a significant deterrent (odds ratio (OR)=0.27 95% CI=0.06–0.85). History of hypertension (OR=2.90, 95% CI=2.15–3.89), congestive heart failure (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.41–2.04), and cerebrovascular accident (OR=1.54, 95% CI=1.25–1.89) were significant independent predictors for anticoagulant use. Conclusion: Despite consensus guidelines to treat all atrial fibrillation patients aged 75 and older with anticoagulants, advancing age was found to be a deterrent to warfarin use. Better estimates of the risk:benefit ratio for oral anticoagulant therapy in older patients with atrial fibrillation are needed to optimize decision-making.
A RESOURCE-BASED ASSESSMENT OF THE GNUTELLA FILE-SHARING NETWORK

This paper reviews the growth behavior of a popular peer-to-peer network. We propose a dynamic hypothesis that the growth, overshoot, and collapse trajectories may be the result of complex causal interactions between inadequate resources, private provision of common goods, free riding, and membership dynamics. We draw parallels with other systems that are well-understood and known to exhibit similar trajectories. Computer experiments confirm that free riding by peers may lead to inadequacy of resources, decline in network performance, high attrition rates, and collapse. However, if freeloading tendencies are not strong, which is usually true in smaller groups, then the P2P system will function without oscillations. An experiment that considers improvements in search algorithms suggests that the reduction of total network traffic may not be sufficient to eliminate system fluctuations in the long run.
VLBA Studies of BL Lac

The radio core of BL Lac has been monitored with VLBI techniques since 1980. At least seven superluminal events have been seen, usually associated with flux outbursts. The components have been interpreted as weak relativistic shocks associated with opposed jets. Recent dramatic changes in the nucleus of BL Lac have been seen: optical spectra (Lawrence et al. 1995) show the presence of broad-line Hα and [NII] emission lines. The single-dish radio flux has also increased by 3 times in the past year. Often in BL Lac’s past, a flux outburst immediately precedes the ejection of a new superluminal component.
Lipid biosynthesis by human endometrium.

Abstract Previous investigators have demonstrated that lipid biosynthesis by animal endometrium is subject to the control of hormones. Chemical analyses and histochemical studies are available, but there are no previous studies of actual lipid biosynthesis by human endometrium. Fragments of human endometrium, obtained by hysterectomy, were incubated for 4 hours in the patient's serum to which acetate-1-C 14 was added. Chloroform-methanol was used to terminate biosynthesis and begin extraction of lipids. Serum lipids served as carriers for the tissue lipids through a separation procedure which segregated phospholipids, sterol esters, triglycerides and the remainder of the total lipids. The incorporation of C 14 into each class was determined. The preliminary data suggest that lipid biosynthesis by human endometrium varies with time during the menstrual cycle and is characterized by greater incorporation of label into total lipids, phospholipids, and triglycerides during the proliferative phase than during the secretory phase, with no significant change in the incorporation of C 14 into sterol esters throughout the cycle. The nonesterified lipids demonstrate greater synthesis during the proliferative phase than during the secretory phase. The major lipid synthesis is of fatty acids with prompt esterification. The proportion of total lipids esterified is greater during the secretory phase than during the proliferative phase. Moreover, the pattern of esterification may shift at the time of ovulation, with a relative increase in sterol esters. This change reflects less variability in the proportional incorporation of label into the sterol esters and the triglycerides than in the incorporation into phospholipids.
The link between mother and adolescent substance use: inter-generational findings from the British Cohort Study

The objective of this study was to identify mother, family, and individual factors associated with adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use using mother and child self-reports. Adolescents aged 12-15 (N=276) and their mothers who were participants in the British Cohort Study (BCS; born 1970) were both surveyed when mothers were 34 years old. Predictors included mother's substance use as well as characteristics of the child (gender, age, conduct problems) and family (social class, two-parent family, parent-adolescent conflict). Outcome variables were adolescent alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. Child characteristics were predictive, with older children more likely to engage in all behaviors. After controlling for other predictors, mothers' current drinking frequency and problems (i.e., CAGE 1+) predicted adolescent ever and sometimes/regular drinking; mothers' marijuana use was a marginally significant predictor of adolescent marijuana use. Results suggest that mothers' substance use is an important component of adolescent use, even after accounting for characteristics of the child and the intergenerational family context.
Animal Function at the Heart (and Gut) of Oceanography

Animal physiology has a substantial impact on the marine inorganic carbon cycle, for example, through the formation of calcium carbonate "gut rocks" in bony fish.
Glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein in vertebrates: Immunofluorescence and immunoblotting study with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies

We report a comparative immunofluorescence and immunoblotting study of GFA protein, the subunit of glial filaments, in nonmammalian vertebrates. The study was conducted with polyclonal antibodies raised to human and shark antigen and with monoclonal antibodies isolated from mice immunized with chicken and bovine antigen. With the exception of cyclostomes, glial filaments appeared remarkably conserved in vertebrate phylogeny, both with respect to the molecular weight and immunoreactivity of their protein subunit. In most species, the antibodies decorated a single band in brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve extracts by the immunoblotting procedure. This band had the same molecular weight in the different CNS regions. With the exception of the turtle, species differences in the molecular weight of the band were not greater than those observed among mammalian vertebrates (human, bovine, and rat). However, there were some exceptional findings in fish. In goldfish and trout brain and spinal cord extracts, the antibodies decorated with the same intensity two bands. In accordance with previous immunofluorescence findings, goldfish optic nerve extracts were negative by the immunoblotting procedure. In four fishes (sea bass, tautog, trout, and scup), optic nerves reacted with the antibodies. However, the band decorated by the antibodies was higher in molecular weight than that obtained from brain and spinal cord extracts. Glial fibers were demonstrated by immunofluorescence in the brain, spinal cord, optic nerve, and retina of most species studied. In amphibia immunofluorescent structures were comparatively few, probably accounting for the negative results by immunoblotting. A comparative immunohistological study of the cerebellum showed the presence of perpendicular glial fibers in the molecular layer of most species examined. Birds and amphibia were different in this respect. Bergmann glia in chicken were GFA negative. In the frog and the toad, immunofluorescent fibers in the molecular layer of the cerebellum were haphazardly oriented. Ependymal radial glia was GFA-negative in the cerebellum of subavian vertebrates. Antisera raised in rabbit to shark GFA protein reacted with the same bovine GFA fragments recognized by polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies raised to human and bovine antigens, respectively, i.e., 30-kDa N-bromosuccinimide fragment (tryptophan cleavage); 35-kDa 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid fragment (cysteine cleavage); 18-kDa cyanogen bromide fragment (methionine cleavage). Conversely, the chicken GFA monoclonal antibodies selected for this study only reacted with noncleaved protein.
α-Synuclein produces a long-lasting increase in neurotransmitter release

Wild-type α-synuclein, a protein of unknown function, has received much attention because of its involvement in a series of diseases that are known as synucleinopathies. We find that long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission between cultured hippocampal neurons is accompanied by an increase in the number of α-synuclein clusters. Conversely, suppression of α-synuclein expression through antisense nucleotide and knockout techniques blocks the potentiation, as well as the glutamate-induced increase in presynaptic functional bouton number. Consistent with these findings, α-synuclein introduction into the presynaptic neuron of a pair of monosynaptically connected cells causes a rapid and long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission, and rescues the block of potentiation in α-synuclein null mouse cultures. Also, we report that the application of nitric oxide (NO) increases the number of α-synuclein clusters, and inhibitors of NO-synthase block this increase, supporting the hypothesis that NO is involved in the enhancement of the number of α-synuclein clusters. Thus, α-synuclein is involved in synaptic plasticity by augmenting transmitter release from the presynaptic terminal.
Chromatin-bound RNA and the neurobiology of psychiatric disease

A large, and still rapidly expanding literature on epigenetic regulation in the nervous system has provided fundamental insights into the dynamic regulation of DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications in the context of neuronal plasticity in health and disease. Remarkably, however, very little is known about the potential role of chromatin-bound RNAs, including many long non-coding transcripts and various types of small RNAs. Here, we provide an overview on RNA-mediated regulation of chromatin structure and function, with focus on histone lysine methylation and psychiatric disease. Examples of recently discovered chromatin-bound long non-coding RNAs important for neuronal health and function include the brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense transcript (Bdnf-AS) which regulates expression of the corresponding sense transcript, and LOC389023 which is associated with human-specific histone methylation signatures at the chromosome 2q14.1 neurodevelopmental risk locus by regulating expression of DPP10, an auxillary subunit for voltage-gated K(+) channels. We predict that the exploration of chromatin-bound RNA will significantly advance our current knowledge base in neuroepigenetics and biological psychiatry.
The residual cognitive effects of heavy marijuana use in college students.

Objective. —To assess whether frequent marijuana use is associated with residual neuropsychological effects. Design. —Single-blind comparison of regular users vs infrequent users of marijuana. Participants. —Two samples of college undergraduates: 65 heavy users, who had smoked marijuana a median of 29 days in the past 30 days (range, 22 to 30 days) and who also displayed cannabinoids in their urine, and 64 light users, who had smoked a median of 1 day in the last 30 days (range, 0 to 9 days) and who displayed no urinary cannabinoids. Intervention. —Subjects arrived at 2 PM on day 1 of their study visit, then remained at our center overnight under supervision. Neuropsychological tests were administered to all subjects starting at 9 AM on day 2. Thus, all subjects were abstinent from marijuana and other drugs for a minimum of 19 hours before testing. Main Outcome Measures. —Subjects received a battery of standard neuropsychological tests to assess general intellectual functioning, abstraction ability, sustained attention, verbal fluency, and ability to learn and recall new verbal and visuospatial information. Results. —Heavy users displayed significantly greater impairment than light users on attentional/executive functions, as evidenced particularly by greater perseverations on card sorting and reduced learning of word lists. These differences remained after controlling for potential confounding variables, such as estimated levels of premorbid cognitive functioning, and for use of alcohol and other substances in the two groups. Conclusions. —Heavy marijuana use is associated with residual neuropsychological effects even after a day of supervised abstinence from the drug. However, the question remains open as to whether this impairment is due to a residue of drug in the brain, a withdrawal effect from the drug, or a frank neurotoxic effect of the drug. (JAMA. 1996;275:521-527)
Strain energy release in ceramic-to-metal joints with patterned interlayers

This work presents the effect of controlled porosity inserted in a Ni-interlayer between Si3N4-to-Inconel 718 joint on the release of residual stresses in the joint. The joint strength measured in shear showed that, even though the bonded area is reduced, the joint strength is increased up to a certain level of porosity due to relaxation of residual stresses.
Study of cerebral energy metabolism using the rat hippocampal slice preparation.

This article describes methods and experimental paradigms used in combination with the rat hippocampal slice preparation in an attempt to better understand cerebral energy metabolism under the following conditions: normal resting conditions, conditions of oxygen and/or glucose deprivation, and conditions of activation (excitation). The outcome of this attempt, as described herewith, demonstrates the unmatched usefulness of the brain slice preparation as an in vitro tool in the field of neuroscience.
Aspirin and Hepatotoxicity: Addendum

Excerpt To the editor: We wish to add the following note to our paper on aspirin-induced hepatotoxicity in the January issue (Ann InternMed 80:1-8, 1974). Patient 3 had a flare of her lupus erythem...
Krieger's conceptualization and measurement of discrimination and internalized oppression in studies of adverse health outcomes

Embodiment is a central concept in Krieger’s ecosocial theory, and is said to be of relevance to the understanding of the relationship between social conditions and a variety of adverse health outcomes. The most detailed empirical investigation of this in Krieger’s work is to be found in her studies of the relationship between racial discrimination and high blood pressure. Of especial relevance here is the idea of internalized oppression which is said to explain the observed association between self-reports of no racial discrimination and increased levels of blood pressure among working-class African Americans. Here we critically examine the empirical evidence pertaining to internalized oppression. Specifically, we focus on the measurement of the construct and the quality of the empirical evidence that has been presented in support of the hypothesis that there is an association between internalized oppression and adverse health outcomes. We argue that the validity of the concept has yet to be established and that the available data linking it to poor health outcomes are open to alternative explanations, notably measurement error and misclassification.
Flavor preferences conditioned by intragastric polycose infusions: a detailed analysis using an electronic esophagus preparation.

Abstract The present series of experiments examined the rat's conditioned preference for flavors associated with intragastric (IG) Polycose infusions. Adult female rats were fitted with two chronic intragastric catheters and were trained to drink flavored water (CS+;e.g., cherry-water) paired with IG infusions of 32% Polycose. On alternate days a different flavor (CS−; grape-water) was paired with IG water infusions. The flavored water and chow were available 23 hr/day. In subsequent two-choice tests the rats displayed strong preferences for the CS+ flavor (up to 98%). The CS+ preference persisted for several weeks during extinction tests when both the CS+ and CS− were paired with IG water or with no infusions. The rats also preferred the CS+ to plain water which contrasts with the mild aversion naive rats display to the flavored water. The acquired preference for the CS+ flavor was not as strong, however, as the rats' innate preferences for the taste of saccharin or Polycose. Also, unlike their response to saccharin and Polycose, the rats' acceptance (absolute intake) of the CS+ flavor was not elevated. CS+ intake was increased, though, when saccharin was added to the flavored water. The rats reversed their flavor preference when the reinforcement contingencies were reversed. Also, in the absence of unique flavor cues, the rats learned to prefer, apparently based on somatosensory cues, the sipper tube that was paired with IG Polycose infusions. The effects of flavor and IG Polycose infusions on drinking patterns and caloric intake are also described.
Sartre, dialectic, and the problem of overcoming bad faith

InBeing and Nothingness, Jean-Paul Sartre affirms a circle of relations between oneself and another. This circle moves between the relations of love and desire and results from the fact that both love and desire are attempts to capture the other who always remains out of reach. Sartre denies that there can be a dialectic of such relations with others: never can there be a motivated movement beyond the frustrations and failures of each of these attempts to relate to the other. The only way out of this circle is, therefore, according to Sartre, a radical conversion.
Characterization of lipid bilayer formation in aligned nanoporous aluminum oxide nanotube arrays

Aligning lipid bilayers in nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) is a new method to help study membrane proteins by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic methods. The ability to maintain hydration, sample stability, and compartmentalization over long periods of time, and to easily change solvent composition are major advantages of this new method. To date, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) has been the only phospholipid used for membrane protein studies with AAO substrates. The different properties of lipids with varying chain lengths require modified sample preparation procedures to achieve well formed bilayers within the lining of the AAO substrates. For the first time, the current study presents a simple methodology to incorporate large quantities of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), DMPC, and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) phospholipids inside AAO substrate nanopores of varying sizes. (2)H and (31)P solid-state NMR were used to confirm the alignment of each lipid and compare the efficiency of alignment. This study is the first step in standardizing the use of AAO substrates as a tool in NMR and EPR and will be useful for future structural studies of membrane proteins. Additionally, the solid-state NMR data suggest possible applications of nanoporous aluminum oxide in future vesicle fusion studies.
Rapidly labeled cytoplasmic RNA in normal and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated human lymphocytes.

Abstract 1. 1. Phytohaemagglutinin caused a significant stimulation of the incorporation of [ 3 H]uridine into RNA within 30 min of its addition to lymphocytes. While more than 90% of the radioactive RNA labeled in this period was in the nucleus, the stimulation of [ 3 H]uridine incorporation into RNA located in the cytoplasm was greater than the stimulation of incorporation into whole cell RNA. This rapid stimulation of the labeling of cytoplasmic RNA by phytohaemagglutinin might be important for the changes in lymphocyte protein synthesis that began at this time. 2. 2. Analysis by sucrose gradient centrifugation of the cytoplasmic RNA labeled in a 30-min pulse with [ 3 H]uridine showed that 4-S RNA was the predominant labeled species. However, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 showed that this labeled RNA contained several components and that little of it was tRNA. Phytohaemagglutinin did not alter the elution pattern of the radioactive cytoplasmic RNA from Sephadex G-100 but stimulated the labeling of all its components to about the same extent. 3. 3. The predominant rapidly labeled cytoplasmic RNA species was retarded by Sephadex G-100 but eluted in a polydisperse fashion ahead of tRNA. This species was unstable to nuclease digestion and was not methylated. Its disappearance during an actinomycin chase was accompanied by the appearance of labeled tRNA. It did not seem to be attached to cytoplasmic particles, and it hybridized to lymphocyte DNA less readily than did nuclear polydisperse RNA. These properties are compatible with it being an unmethylated cytoplasmic precursor of tRNA. 4. 4. There was no evidence for an increase in the labeling of mature tRNA 30 min after the addition of phytohaemagglutinin, but such an increase was apparent after 90 min. After incubation of lymphocytes with phytohaemagglutinin for 20–24 h, the rate of tRNA synthesis was greatly stimulated. If the material discussed above is indeed a precursor to tRNA, the rate of its conversion to mature tRNA was also accelerated at this time.
Derivation of the effective-mass equation for a superlattice: A perturbational approach.

We derive the effective-mass equation for a superlattice structure by considering the barrier as a perturbation of the bulk material in the well. The renormalization constants as well as the momentum matrix elements are allowed to vary with space in the resulting equation. Terms additional to the usual effective-mass equation are found by using second-order perturbation. They are shown to have little effect on the subband separation and are small on the scale of the energy gap.
Seeking high-sensitivity flow injection analysis

The use of flow-injection systems for biotechnology assays is attrctive but the reduced sensitivity of such systems over their manual descrete-sample counterparts has limited their use. Model systems are studied to develop the concepts needed for the design of high-sensitivity flow-injection systems for the determination of macromolecules. Both open- and packed-tube systems were examined. Initial hydrodynamic studies were done with dye; then selected designs were tested for protein determinations based on a bromocresol green assay. The packed-bed systems provided better mixing, but dispersion was about the same as that of the open-tube systems and back-pressures were much higher. This work indicates that combinations of narrow (i.d. ⩽ 0.5 mm) and short (⩽ 10 cm) open tubes, small-volume flow cells (8 μl) and slow flow rates (⩽ 0.05 ml min-1) give better sensitivity.