cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical management of wrist and finger deformity

The major goal in surgical reconstruction of the wrist and fingers is to restore muscle force balance across the joints to improve function and provide a less ‘‘palsied’’ appearance. Treatment is aimed at altering the imbalance between the spastic flexor-pronator muscle group and the paretic extensor–supinator group. Additionally, surgical treatment targets treating joint imbalance to prevent fixed deformity. The surgeon is required to assess carefully the type of deformity and its treatment at each upper extremity joint separately and then combine them to organize a comprehensive surgical reconstructive plan. Adequate shoulder, elbow, and forearm function is necessary for the patient to be able to position the limb in space appropriately; adequate wrist, finger, and thumb function is necessary for appropriate grasp, pinch, and release. Because the extrinsic finger muscles are biarticular (ie, they cross the wrist and finger joints), the position of the wrist significantly affects the position and function of the finger extrinsic muscles. The wrist and fingers thus commonly are assessed together. Evaluation of wrist and finger deformity most commonly has followed Zancolli’s classification [1] as shown in Box 1. A normal pattern of grasp and release is necessary for hand function. When the wrist is in substantial flexion, grasp strength is decreased as the finger flexors become relatively shortened. If the wrist is corrected to neutral, manually or in a splint, finger flexion strength increases, but often there is a loss of the ability to release. The problem of inadequate release is as much of a functional concern as inadequate grasp strength. Finger and wrist deformity must be addressed to provide overall grasp and release function.
Comparison of blastocyst transfer with day 3 embryo transfer in similar patient populations

Abstract Objective: To compare implantation and pregnancy rates (PRs) achieved with blastocyst transfer (BT) and day 3 ET in similar patient populations. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: Academic infertility center. Patient(s): One hundred consecutive patients Intervention(s): Patients used their own eggs for IVF or IVF and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Embryos were cultured in P1 medium (Irvine Scientific, Santa Ana, CA) until day 3, when they were either transferred or, in the case of embryos for BT, incubated in Blastocyst Medium (Irvine Scientific), followed by transferring on day 5. Main Outcome Measure(s): Implantation and PRs. Result(s): There were no statistically significant differences in patient age, FSH level, or number of oocytes or zygotes. The BT group had fewer embryos transferred (mean, 2.4) compared with the day 3–ET group (mean, 4.6). The viable PR (cardiac activity at 6–7 weeks was considered indicative of a viable pregnancy) was higher with BT (68%, 34/50) than with day 3 ET (46%, 23/50). The implantation rate was increased with BT (47%, 56 sacs/120 embryos) compared with day 3 ET (20%, 46 sacs/231 embryos). Conclusion(s): The BT group in our study had higher implantation and PRs compared with the day 3–ET group. Better embryo selection, improved embryo-uterine synchrony, and decreased cervical mucus on day 5 may have accounted for the enhanced outcome. Our data support the use of BT to limit the number of embryos transferred while improving PRs.
Risk is a value

Data supported the assumption that persons tend to view themselves as moderately risky vis-a-vis their peers. Ss tended to ascribe positions to their peers that were equal to or more cautious than their own and participation in group discussion enhanced the probability of this relative judgment.
A lesion with lymphangitic spread in a gardener. Exposure to soil increases risk of sporotrichosis.

A 52-year-old woman presented with a 6-week history of a tender nodule on her right arm (figure 1). Physical examination revealed a crusted, ulcerated, erythematous, 3-cm nodule on the forearm. Proximal to the lesion wereseveral tender, erythematous, 1.5-cm nodules sweeping up the medial aspect of the arm. The patient was an avid gardener who spent many hours caring for her rosebushes. There was no history of trauma to her hand. A 6-mm punch biopsy was performed. Histologic examination revealed a granubmatous infiltrate in the deep dermis (figure 2). Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain revealed budding, pleomorphic, ovoid organisms characteristic of Sporothrix schenckii (figure 3). The patient was treated with 100 mg itraconazole orally twice a day for 6 weeks. The condition resolved during treatment and showed no sign of recurrence 6 months later.
Consequences of induced polarization in magneto-telluric interpretation

Both in-situ and laboratory studies indicate that naturally occurring earth materials are electrically dispersive. A review of both historical and recent developments in the field of dispersion is presented, including induced polarization (IP) as used in mineral prospecting. Computer-simulated magnetotelluric (MT) sounding curves are presented for nondispersive, semi-dispersive and dispersive, electrical structures. Admittivities of the form σ′ =A +A log (ω/ω0)and other frequency dependent forms are used in the calculations. The results indicate that interpretation of electromagnetic field data, in terms of nondispersive layered structures, can lead to significant errors in the estimation of subsurface structure. Thus, there may be an important limitation in the use of variable frequency or transient data in the currently popular inversion schemes.
Dean's Role in Change: The Case of Professional Accreditation Reform of American Collegiate Business Education.

Abstract This multiple case study investigated the perceptions of the business school dean's role in implementing the new American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation standards and factors supporting or constraining that role. Deans, management and marketing department chairs, and faculty were interviewed at four accredited comprehensive universities in the spring of 1996. The results of this study indicate that deans can facilitate faculty involvement in accreditation change but only to a limited extent. This study revealed that a variety of roles and actors exist, and that they are influenced by both disciplinary community and local institutional restrictions and expectations. The overlapping structures of the institution spread the loci of control among institutional standards, business school standards, and disciplinary and individual faculty expectations and may constrain the dean's leadership role and ability to facilitate faculty involvement in educational reform.
Impact of dams on distribution, population structure, and hybridization of two species of California freshwater sculpin (Cottus)

Dams represent a beneficial way to maximize riverine potential, though the benefits often come with costs. Modified conditions to rivers downstream of dams (release temperature, flow, barriers to migration) can lead to changes in species compositions. In California, these effects are amplified, as limited water resources lead to extensive anthropogenic changes. Our study examined the role of seven western Sierra Nevada river dams on localized distribution and population structure of native riffle sculpin (Cottus gulosus) and their role in potential hybridization with native prickly sculpin (C. asper). Individuals were collected above and below dams, genotyped with 10 microsatellite loci, and analyzed for possible hybridization. Three downstream locations (American, Tuolumne, and Kings River) support populations of both species whereas the remaining downstream sites supported only prickly sculpin. River specific genetic population structure was found for both species but was more extensive in riffle sculpin. Hybridization was limited to the Kings River, and represented less than 3 % of individuals sampled. Comparisons between dams including elevation above sea level, type of dam, distance from dam to sampling location, and average released water temperature showed no correlation with riffle sculpin presence below a dam. Expanded sampling within the Kings River found no association with distance and riffle sculpin or hybrid presence, although both were limited to recent trout restoration areas. Therefore, despite initial inclinations, dams show no direct correlation with sculpin distributions or hybridization in the Great Central Valley of California.
Corrosion behaviour of extruded AM30 magnesium alloy under salt-spray and immersion environments

Abstract The mechanisms associated with general, pitting, and filiform corrosion were quantified at various intervals for extruded AM30 magnesium alloy exposed to a cyclical salt spray and immersion environment. The three mechanisms were quantified using optical microscopy, laser profilometry, and SEM coupled with EDX for over 60 h of testing. General corrosion and pitting corrosion were more severe in the immersion environment, and filiform corrosion was more severe in the salt-spray environment. The presence of a sodium ion (Na + ) diffusion region around the edge of the corrosion pits functioned as cathodic sites, accelerating the localised pitting corrosion rates in immersion environment.
On mechanization of vector multiplication

This letter discusses an organization of an approach to form the inner product of a pair of data vectors. The criterion is the minimization of the number of adders, the independent variable is the number of bits to be formed in the product. The cost ratio of addition-to-storage provided the motivation for this investigation. The most efficient mechanization appears to be the combining of the vectors in sets of 3 or 4 elements at a time, then summing the results.
Who Would Pay for Rural Open Space Preservation and Inner-city Redevelopment? Identifying Support for Policies that Can Contribute to Regional Land Use Governance

A growing literature has made the case for preserving rural open space and redeveloping inner cities. Together, these polices can contribute to the inside—outside strategy of `new regionalism'. However, it is unclear whether citizens are willing to pay for these two polices. Using data from a survey of Michigan's citizens, statistical analyses were employed to ascertain who would pay for both policies. Of the respondents, 37 per cent would pay for both policies. The coalition of support is centred on younger people, liberals and Whites, and people who are generally satisfied with their communities but are concerned about sprawl. When compared with the results for those who would pay only for one policy, the findings suggest that policy-makers may be able to broaden the coalition of support for policies that can contribute to regional land use governance if measures are taken to ensure that benefits are widely spread.
The Escherichia coli fadK (ydiD) Gene Encodes an Anerobically Regulated Short Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetase

We recently reported a new metabolic competency for Escherichia coli, the ability to degrade and utilize fatty acids of various chain lengths as sole carbon and energy sources (Campbell, J. W., Morgan-Kiss, R. M., and Cronan J. E. (2003) Mol. Microbiol. 47, 793–805). This β-oxidation pathway is distinct from the previously described aerobic fatty acid degradation pathway and requires enzymes encoded by two operons, yfcYX and ydiQRSTD. The yfcYX operon (renamed fadIJ) encodes enzymes required for hydration, oxidation, and thiolytic cleavage of the acyl chain. The ydiQRSTD operon encodes a putative acyl-CoA synthetase, ydiD (renamed fadK), as well as putative electron transport chain components. We report that FadK is as an acyl-CoA synthetase that has a preference for short chain length fatty acid substrates (
The Culture of Family: How a Model Early Childhood Teacher Preparation Program Navigates a Limited Context

This article examines an extraordinarily successful early childhood education teacher preparation program at an urban 2-year college struggling with retention. The Early Childhood Education Program in this case study is able to maintain a graduation rate that is over four times greater than that of the college average and has a reputation for producing high-quality early childhood educators. The faculty and students in the program explain that the key to the program's success is a “culture of family,” a strength-based approach that appreciates and builds upon the assets of the faculty and students, fosters meaningful relationships by focusing on the whole student, and creates a strong commitment to the program. The findings are especially impressive, given the extremely limited institutional context of the 2-year college. Considering the demand for high-quality early childhood teacher preparation and the fact that many students seek this training at the accessible 2-year college, it is important to examin...
Dislocation debris in aluminium fatigued at 78°K

Abstract THE predominant characteristic of the defect structure revealed by transmission electron microscopy studies of metals fatigued by reversed stresses is the presence of an excessively large number of dislocation loops or debris ranging in size from a few thousand angstroms to the resolution limit of the technique employed (25–50 A). Singular dislocation lines are heavily jogged and usually possess many sharp cusps. Dislocation loops which are elongated generally lie along the projection of (112) in f.c.c. metals and the density of cyclic stress generated loops usually approaches, and often exceeds, the loop density in quenched metals. Dislocation [debris] has been observed in fatigued polycrystalline copper, nickel and gold (Segall et aE. 1961), aluminum (Wilson and Forsyth 1959, Segall and Partridge 1959, Grosskreutz and Waldow 1963), alpha-brass (Segall and Finney 1963), magnesium and niobium (Segall 1963), stainless steel (Hirsch et al. 1959), and copper single crystals (Segall et al. 1961). All...
Polarization energy in the atom-surface interaction from optical data☆

Abstract Calculations of the coefficient C3 of the polarization energy in the atom-surface interaction are performed for several atom-substrate pairs using experimental data for the optical constants of the atom and the substrate. Results are in good agreement with values derived from selective adsorption molecular beam experiments. It is found that for the range of separations probed in a beam deflection experiment with Cs on Au there are appreciable retardation effects. The results of calculations for Xe and for Kr on basal plane graphite, including the effect of anisotropy in the graphite dielectric function, compare poorly with information obtained from multilayer adsorption isotherms. An extension of the theory of the polarization energy is presented: the non-retarded interaction is evaluated for an anisotropic substrate, using a Drude model.
Evolution of mammalian 11β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases-type 2 and retinol dehydrogenases from ancestors in Caenorhabditis elegans and evidence for horizontal transfer of a eukaryote dehydrogenase to E. coli

Physiological responses due to steroid hormones and retinoids are regulated by their cognate receptors and dehydrogenases. The origins of either regulatory mechanism are not fully understood. Here we examine the origins of the human 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2, which regulates access of glucocorticoids to cells, and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2, which regulates access of androgens and estrogens to cells. Sequence comparisons trace their ancestry to homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans. These C. elegans proteins most closely resemble mammalian all-trans and 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenases. The similarity is sufficient -37% to 43% identity to suggest that one or more of the C. elegans homologs metabolizes a retinoid. Receptors for retinoids, but not for androgens, estrogens or glucocorticoids have been identified in C. elegans, suggesting that retinoid-mediated gene transcription is more ancient than that for adrenal and sex steroids. We propose that the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-type 2 mechanism for regulating the androgen, estrogen and glucocorticoid concentrations in mammals descended from that for regulating retinoid concentrations. Interestingly, E. coli contains a protein with strong sequence similarity to mammalian retinol dehydrogenases. Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis indicate that the E. coli protein may be an example of horizontal transfer from a eukaryote ancestor.
ON THE POLARIZATION OF HIGH ENERGY BREMSSTRAHLUNG AND OF HIGH ENERGY PAIRS

The polarization of bremsstrahlung due to electrons with initial energies much larger than $137{Z}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}m{c}^{2}$ is calculated under relativistic, small angles approximations. The cross section for photons polarized normally to the plane containing the initial direction of the electron and the direction of the photon is found to be larger than for photons polarized in that plane. A similar calculation shows that the plane containing one of a pair produced by a polarized photon together with the direction of that photon tends to lie parallel to the plane of polarization rather than normal to it, except for one special case. The effect of the deviation due to multiple scattering of electrons in the target upon the angular dependence of the polarization is considered.
Longitudinal patterns of formal and informal social support in an urban elderly population

Stability and change in the use of formal and informal social support was assessed over a three year period among a representative sample of 1855 elderly urban participants in a longitudinal study of aging and health. Whether people received informal, formal, both types of support or no support was determined in baseline, 12 and 24 month personal interviews. Most respondents retained the same form of support across all three interviews. The extent of stability or change varied according to the form of support reported at baseline. Two-thirds of those with no social support continued without support and 40% of those using both informal and formal support continued to do so at subsequent assessments. The substitution of formal for informal support was infrequent and not statistically significant. Pair wise discriminant function analyses of groups of respondents with the most frequent longitudinal support patterns were performed to identify baseline health and social characteristics associated with stable use, the addition of another form of support or change to nonuse, over time. Changes in the use of support were influenced more by initial levels of health and functional status than by social and economic circumstances. Larger proportions of respondents dropped use of support then added an additional form of support. Respondents using both formal and informal support at baseline died across time in higher proportions than those in other support categories. The extent of stability in support use and nonuse, the character of changes in support use across time and greater attrition among those who were the heaviest users of support, serve to create a relative balance in the use of informal and formal support in this aging cohort, at least over the time frame over which respondents were followed in this study.
Michelangelo: A Life on Paper. By Leonard Barkan

Michelangelo: A Life on Paper. By Leonard Barkan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), xvi + 366 pp. $49.50/£34.95 cloth. Michelangelo's works on paper are generally divided into two s...
Some Write to the Future: Essays on Contemporary Latin American Fiction

Some Write to the Future: Essays on Contemporary Latin American Fiction, Ariel Dorfman. Translated by George Shivers with the author. Durham and London: Duke University Press. 1991. xiv + 255pp. $24.95 (cloth). ISBN 0–8223–1130–5. Do the Americas Have a Common Literature? Gustavo Perez Firmat (editor). Durham and London: Duke University Press. 1990. ix + 394 pp. $19.95 (paper). ISBN 0–8223–1072–4.
Modeling a Million-Node Dragonfly Network Using Massively Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation

A low-latency and low-diameter interconnection network will be an important component of future exascale architectures. The dragonfly network topology, a two-level directly connected network, is a candidate for exascale architectures because of its low diameter and reduced latency. To date, small-scale simulations with a few thousand nodes have been carried out to examine the dragonfly topology. However, future exascale machines will have millions of cores and up to 1 million nodes. In this paper, we focus on the modeling and simulation of large-scale dragonfly networks using the Rensselaer Optimistic Simulation System (ROSS). We validate the results of our model against the cycle-accurate simulator “booksim”. We also compare the performance of booksim and ROSS for the dragonfly network model at modest scales. We demonstrate the performance of ROSS on both the Blue Gene/P and Blue Gene/Q systems on a dragonfly model with up to 50 million nodes, showing a peak event rate of 1.33 billion events/second and a total of 872 billion committed events. The dragonfly network model for million-node configurations strongly scales when going from 1,024 to 65,536 MPI tasks on IBM Blue Gene/P and IBM Blue Gene/Q systems. We also explore a variety of ROSS tuning parameters to get optimal results with the dragonfly network model.
Trouble with Relativistic SU ( 6 )

Recently, several authors have proposed a relativistic generalization of the $\mathrm{SU}(6)$ group, based on $U(6)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}U(6)$. The smallest group containing this group and the Poincar\'e group is found. This group has the catastrophic feature that all of its faithful unitary representations contain an infinite number of states for fixed four-momentum; thus there are an infinite number of particles in every supermultiplet. It is conjectured that similar difficulties afflict every group that contains an internal symmetry group and the Poincar\'e group in such a way that these groups do not commute. The conjecture is proven for a large class of Lie groups (semidirect products of semisimple groups and Abelian groups) under a restrictive assumption (that the translations are contained in the Abelian group).
Hans Jonas: A Study in Biology and Ethics

Hans Jonas was a philosopher who looked nihilism in the eye and courageously stood his ground. He did so by volunteering to serve against the Nazis in World War II, by discovering the links to nihilism in his thought of his teacher Martin Heidegger and by developing a novel philosophy of nature that took its lessons from both Aristotle and Darwin. Jonas’s philosophy of organic nature – his rehabilitation of the soul as a relevant notion for biology – provided prescient insights for the still developing fields of bioethics and environmental ethics.
Setting a precedent in international accreditation

The accreditation procedure that the Department of Laboratory Sciences, CHPPM-Europe underwent is described. The laboratory obtained ISO/IEC 25 accreditation through the American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) and the Deutsches Akkreditierungssystem Prufwesen (DAP) as well as EN 45001 from DAP following the A2LA and DAP joint inspection. The accreditation process and the importance of obtaining national and international accreditation are discussed.
Phase Structures, Transition Behavior, and Surface Alignment in Polymers Containing Rigid-Rod Backbones with Flexible Side Chains. 4. Solid-State 13C NMR Studies of Molecular Motions in PEFBPs(n) (n = 10 and 11)

“Combined” main-chain/side-chain liquid crystalline (LC) polyesters have been investigated using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), based on the polycondensation of 2,2‘-bis(trifluorom...
A tribute to Peter Drucker: editors’ introduction to the special issue

In 1942, Peter F. Drucker was invited by Alfred Sloan to study General Motors, and Drucker agreed, despite the warnings of his academic colleagues that the project would derail his academic career. As Drucker said later, it was as though he had embarked on a solitary journey to map “the dark continent of management” (Anon 2005). His journey of exploration gave birth to the field of management (Drucker 1946). This journey came to an end only when he passed away on November 11, 2005 at age 95. Drucker did not see himself as a marketer (Webster 2008). But because he saw marketing as a core responsibility of management, his writings continue to have a profound impact on the field and discipline of marketing. He coined terms and provided insights that still frame much of our understanding of the role and practice of marketing. This Special Issue was conceived as a tribute to Peter Drucker that would preserve his legacy and create conversations around many of his ideas related to marketing. Our specific objectives were to (1) acknowledge and celebrate his specific contributions to marketing (2) remind marketing scholars of the debt they owe, and (3) show how his insights continue to apply to current circumstances, and give us guidance on questions that are central to marketing theory and practice. These objectives have been met with four papers that were submitted in response to a call for papers, along with a mix of invited papers, interviews and commentaries. We are especially pleased that Yoram (Jerry) Wind and Fred Webster accepted our invitation and submitted insightful and well informed contributions. Both are long-time thought leaders in the field of marketing with an interdisciplinary perspective and an intimate understanding of Peter Drucker’s contributions. An important and provocative commentary was provided by Tom Donaldson, one of the preeminent scholars in the areas of business ethics, corporate social responsibility, and leadership. Joe Maciariello, a Drucker scholar, who has just revised Drucker’s seminal work Management: Revised Edition and co-authored (with Drucker) The Daily Drucker, demonstrates how marketing and innovation can be brought together within the Drucker Management System. In addition, we are fortunate to include interviews with A.G. Lafley, CEO of Proctor & Gamble, and Philip Kotler. We also included an interview with Peter Drucker himself, conducted in 2004 and long before the Special Issue was conceived.
Reactions of delocalized dianions with transition metal complexes. Electron transfer in the reaction of the isobutylene dianion with molybdenum carbonyl dihalides

Abstract Reaction of the dianion of isobutylene with Mo- (CO)3(PPh3)2X2 results in the reduction of the metal and concomitant oxidation of the dianion. The reduction parallels the previously reported electrochemical reduction. Reaction of the dianion with Mo(CO)4X2 results in reduction of the metal presumably to coordinatively unsaturated Mo(CO)x (x = 5, 4) which is then trapped by solvent or tertiary amines in solution to give Mo(CO)4L2 (L2 = (THF)2, TMEDA). The reduction potentials for Mo(CO)3- (PPh3)2X2 allow an estimate of the oxidation potential of the isobutylene dianion to be greater than −0.35 V versus SCE. Cp2TiCl2, which is not reduced by the isobutylene dianion, allows the estimate of the upper limit of the oxidation potential to be evaluated as less that −0.88 V versus SCE. The dianion is therefore by this criterion, less stable than the cyclopentadienyl anion (Ep = −0.18 V versus SCE) but more stable than the allyl anion (Ep = −1.40 V versus SCE).
Soil organic matter and nitrogen cycling in response to harvesting, mechanical site preparation, and fertilization in a wetland with a mineral substrate

Abstract Forested wetlands are becoming an important timber resource in the Upper Great Lakes Region of the US. However, there is limited information on soil nutrient cycling responses to harvesting and post-harvest manipulations (site preparation and fertilization). The objective of this study was to examine cellulose decomposition, nitrogen mineralization, and soil solution chemistry four years after a forested, mineral soil wetland in Northern Michigan was whole-tree harvested, site prepared, and fertilized (N, P, N + P). Organic matter decomposition was greatest in the site preparation bedding treatment and lowest in whole-tree harvested with no mechanical site preparation treatment. Both N and P additions, alone and in combination resulted in increased cellulose decomposition regardless of site preparation treatment (15–38% for the harvest-only treatment, 20–40% for the bedded treatment, and 15–44% for the trenched treatment). However, based on dissolved organic carbon concentrations in the soil solution, organic matter decomposition was inhibited on an overall plot basis; that is, outside the area of cellulose strip placement. The site preparation bedding treatment resulted in a net mineralization of N (9.2 g-N m−2) over a 10 week incubation period. The disc trench and harvest-only treatments resulted in a net immobilization of N (3.1 g-N m−2 and 1.5 g-N m−2, respectively). Nitrogen, P, and N + P inhibited N mineralization in the bedded treatment by 10–25% over the control. There was a fertilizer-induced increase in N immobilization of 50–60% and 25–50% in the harvest-only and trenched treatments, respectively. It appears that soil microorganisms at this site are limited by soluble C more than N or P. By adding cellulose strips to the soil, the soluble C limitation was, in part, overcome. Once the soluble C limitation was alleviated, then the soil microorganisms responded positively to N and P additions.
Specialized prefrontal “auditory fields”: organization of primate prefrontal-temporal pathways

No other modality is more frequently represented in the prefrontal cortex than the auditory, but the role of auditory information in prefrontal functions is not well understood. Pathways from auditory association cortices reach distinct sites in the lateral, orbital, and medial surfaces of the prefrontal cortex in rhesus monkeys. Among prefrontal areas, frontopolar area 10 has the densest interconnections with auditory association areas, spanning a large antero-posterior extent of the superior temporal gyrus from the temporal pole to auditory parabelt and belt regions. Moreover, auditory pathways make up the largest component of the extrinsic connections of area 10, suggesting a special relationship with the auditory modality. Here we review anatomic evidence showing that frontopolar area 10 is indeed the main frontal “auditory field” as the major recipient of auditory input in the frontal lobe and chief source of output to auditory cortices. Area 10 is thought to be the functional node for the most complex cognitive tasks of multitasking and keeping track of information for future decisions. These patterns suggest that the auditory association links of area 10 are critical for complex cognition. The first part of this review focuses on the organization of prefrontal-auditory pathways at the level of the system and the synapse, with a particular emphasis on area 10. Then we explore ideas on how the elusive role of area 10 in complex cognition may be related to the specialized relationship with auditory association cortices.
Farm background and differential fertility

Los estudios precedentes de Goldberg y de Freedman y Slesinger sugerian que la fecundidad diferencial de las parajas casadas de acuerdo con variables como el grado de educacion de la mujer, se presentaba en la poblacion no campesina unicamente entre aquellas parejas de las cuales uno 0 ambos conyuges vivian en una explotacion agricola. Esta conclusion se confirma en una muestra de parejas … de las cuales la mujer tenia de 42 a 61 anos de edad en 1962.
Factors affecting nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation failure and impact on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates

Factors affecting nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation failure and impact on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates
The distribution of heavy metals in the red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, on the California coast.

The gills, mantle, digestive gland and foot muscle of 74 specimens of the red abalone,Haliotis rufescens, from five localities on the California coast were analyzed for eight heavy metals: Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ni, and Zn. The distribution of these elements in the abalones appeared to be non-normal and the non-parametric Wilcoxon U statistic was used to compare sample concentrations. No correlation of metal concentration with size was found. High concentrations of Cd (up to 1400 ppm) were found in the digestive glands of all samples and are assumed to represent natural levels. Cu and Ag concentrations appear to be inversely correlated, with Cu decreasing and silver increasing from north to south. High Hg concentrations in the La Jolla-Long Beach area appear to reflect pollutant inputs; elsewhere Hg levels appeared to derive from natural sources.
Development of a High-Throughput Screening Paradigm for the Discovery of Small-Molecule Modulators of Adenylyl Cyclase: Identification of an Adenylyl Cyclase 2 Inhibitor

Adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms are implicated in several physiologic processes and disease states, but advancements in the therapeutic targeting of AC isoforms have been limited by the lack of potent and isoform-selective small-molecule modulators. The discovery of AC isoform-selective small molecules is expected to facilitate the validation of AC isoforms as therapeutic targets and augment the study of AC isoform function in vivo. Identification of chemical probes for AC2 is particularly important because there are no published genetic deletion studies and few small-molecule modulators. The present report describes the development and implementation of an intact-cell, small-molecule screening approach and subsequent validation paradigm for the discovery of AC2 inhibitors. The NIH clinical collections I and II were screened for inhibitors of AC2 activity using PMA-stimulated cAMP accumulation as a functional readout. Active compounds were subsequently confirmed and validated as direct AC2 inhibitors using orthogonal and counterscreening assays. The screening effort identified SKF-83566 [8-bromo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepin-7-ol hydrobromide] as a selective AC2 inhibitor with superior pharmacological properties for selective modulation of AC2 compared with currently available AC inhibitors. The utility of SKF-83566 as a small-molecule probe to study the function of endogenous ACs was demonstrated in C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells and human bronchial smooth muscle cells.
Beyond Simplicity and Convention in IR

Complex Sovereignty: Reconstituting Political Authority in the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Edgar Grande, Louis W. Pauly Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. 340 pp., $60.00 (ISBN: 0-8020-3881-6). “Wow! Can it be? At long last!” Reactions like these are likely to be common for readers of Complex Sovereignty edited by Edgar Grande and Louis Pauly. Coherently integrated across all 13 chapters (which are written by 14 authors from three countries), the book depicts the underlying foundations of world affairs in a compelling, refreshing, and incisive fashion that appropriately departs from conventional treatments of the subject. Moreover, it does so in a nuanced way that refrains from denouncing the conventional approaches that it moves beyond. Its focus on new forms of sovereignty and governance never wavers; its contributors never revert back to a reliance on the long-standing conventional interpretations. In short, taken together, the seven conceptual and six empirical chapters of this book can lead the way to a thoroughgoing revision of teaching and research in the fields of international relations, world politics, foreign policy, and global governance. Persuaded that the world is undergoing vast transformations, the contributors to Complex Sovereignty seek to trace “the character and future trajectory of political authority as it is being reconstituted at the global level” (p. 4). They do not envision the trajectory as headed toward chaos. Rather, they view it as “a fascinating and vitally important struggle to give coherence to a complicated system of multiple and overlapping hierarchies. The idea that is currently at the core of the struggle to construct global political authority we call complex sovereignty ” (p. 4, italics in the original). Needless to say, such a perspective inescapably leads to …
Does cognitive remediation for schizophrenia improve functional outcomes

Purpose of review Cognitive deficits are recognized as key determinants of functional outcome in schizophrenia. Cognitive remediation for schizophrenia, which is intended to improve both cognition and functional outcome, has been shown to impact cognition regardless of quality of trial methodology used. However, the impact of cognitive remediation on functional outcomes is more variable. A number of recently published articles specifically address the issues impacting the effectiveness of cognitive remediation at improving psychosocial outcomes. Recent findings In this review, studies published since 2011 have been summarized, with a particular focus on psychosocial outcomes. Cognitive remediation may include a focus on neurocognition and/or social cognition, but is increasingly integrative, targeting a range of cognitive skills. Psychosocial outcomes include quality of life, employment outcomes, academic functioning, and social functioning. Summary The reviewed literature indicates that cognitive remediation is most likely to impact functional outcome when individuals are given opportunities to practice the cognitive skills in real-world settings. By integrating a cognitive remediation program with psychosocial rehabilitation programs, functional outcomes are enhanced. Cognitive remediation programs that do not solely rely on drill and practice, but instead incorporate strategy teaching and methods to address beliefs and motivation, are associated with better psychosocial outcomes.
Anabolic action of parathyroid hormone is skeletal site specific at the tissue and cellular levels in mice.

The cellular and molecular events triggering the anabolic response of the skeleton to exogenous parathyroid hormone (PTH) are not well understood. Despite the numerous bone mass studies in rats, few data are available for mice. Therefore, we treated 10-week-old female intact C57BL/6J mice with human PTH(1-34) delivered subcutaneously at a dose of 40 μg/kg per day 5 days a week for 3 weeks and 7 weeks. Bone mineral density (BMD) of total bone, femur, tibia, and lumbar vertebrae was measured weekly by PIXImus. Bone turnover was examined by histomorphometry, and gene expression of bone formation and resorption markers and osteoclastogenesis regulators in the excised femur and tibia was assessed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at 3 weeks and 7 weeks. The PTH-stimulated increase in BMD was more prominent in the tibia and femur than in the lumbar vertebrae, with an anabolic effect detected within 1-2 weeks and BMD continuing to increase. The appearance of a detectable PTH-stimulated increase in BMD was slower in the lumbar vertebrae where the increase was only significant after 7 weeks of treatment. Histomorphometric analysis of the proximal tibia at both 3 weeks and 7 weeks indicated significant time-dependent increases in trabecular area, trabecular number, trabecular and cortical widths, and osteoblast and osteoid perimeters. In the lumbar vertebrae, these stimulatory effects of PTH on trabecular area, trabecular number, and cortical width were smaller and not detected until 7 weeks. PTH-stimulated increases in bone turnover were evident by increased gene expression of osteocalcin (OC), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and receptor of activator nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) in the tibia and femur. No significant difference in gene expression was observed between the two long bone sites. In conclusion, PTH exerts an anabolic action at the tissue and cellular levels in intact mice and the magnitude and temporal pattern of this anabolic action, as assessed by densitometry and histomorphometry, are skeletal site specific.
Hematopoietic stem cell niche maintenance during homeostasis and regeneration

The bone marrow niche has mystified scientists for many years, leading to widespread investigation to shed light into its molecular and cellular composition. Considerable efforts have been devoted toward uncovering the regulatory mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche maintenance. Recent advances in imaging and genetic manipulation of mouse models have allowed the identification of distinct vascular niches that have been shown to orchestrate the balance between quiescence, proliferation and regeneration of the bone marrow after injury. Here we highlight the recently discovered intrinsic mechanisms, microenvironmental interactions and communication with surrounding cells involved in HSC regulation, during homeostasis and in regeneration after injury and discuss their implications for regenerative therapy.
Selective Hyposmia in Parkinson Disease: Association with Hippocampal Dopamine Activity

Olfactory dysfunction is common in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and has been attributed to early pathological deposition of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in primary olfactory centers. However, olfactory deficits do not always worsen over time despite progression of disease raising the possibility of additional pathobiological mechanisms contributing to olfactory functions in PD, such as changes in olfactory neurotransmitter functions. Neurotransmitter changes, such as altered dopaminergic status, may also better explain the selective nature of odor identification deficits in PD. Proper odor identification depends on higher order structures, such as the hippocampus, for olfactory cognitive or memory processing. Using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), we previously identified three odors (banana, licorice, dill pickle, labeled as UPSIT-3) that PD subjects most frequently failed to recognize compared to age- and gender-matched controls. We also identified six odors that were equally successfully identified by controls and PD subjects (NPD-Olf6). A ratio of UPSIT-3 divided by NPD-Olf6 scores provides another descriptor of selective hyposmia in PD ("olfactory ratio"). In this study we investigated the pathophysiology of hyposmia in PD using dopamine transporter (DAT) PET. Twenty-nine PD patients (Hoehn and Yahr stages I-III; 7f/22m; age 60.2+/-10.8) underwent olfactory testing using the UPSIT and [(11)C]beta-CFT DAT PET. DAT binding potentials (BP) were assessed in the hippocampus, amygdala, ventral and dorsal striatum. We found that correlation coefficients between total UPSIT scores and regional brain DAT BP were highest for the hippocampus (Rs=0.54, P=0.002) and lower for the amygdala (Rs=0.44, P=0.02), ventral (Rs=0.48, P=0.008) and dorsal striatum (Rs=0.39, P=0.03). Correlations were most significant for the selective hyposmia measures and hippocampal DAT: UPSIT-3 (Rs=0.65, P=0.0001) and the olfactory ratio (Rs=0.74, P<0.0001). We conclude that selective hyposmia in PD is more robustly correlated with hippocampal rather than amygdala, ventral or dorsal striatal dopamine innervation as shown by DAT binding. These findings indicate that mesolimbic dopamine innervation of the hippocampus may be a determinant of selective hyposmia in PD.
Growth mechanism of vapor phase CVD-grown multi-walled carbon nanotubes

The formation mechanisms involved in the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by spray pyrolysis was studied. Both iron and nickel were used as catalysts for growth, and nanotubes were also produced using thermal chemical vapor deposition for comparison. Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze the encapsulated metal catalyst particles found within the tubes, and the dimensions and location of these particles was recorded. CNTs grown by spray pyrolysis were found to have encapsulated particles in both the middle and end of tubes, with large length to diameter ratios. As a result of these observations, it is concluded that nanotubes grown using spray pyrolysis are formed via an open-ended, root growth mechanism. Additionally, the presence of multiple, high aspect ratio particles within single tubes is explained by an additional growth theory. During the continued growth of these CNTs, metal atoms or nanoscale metal catalyst particles deposit in the open ends of growing tubes, forming new particles and helping to prevent tube closure. CNTs grown with thermal CVD did not contain similar elongated particles or particles along the middle of the tubes, indicating that this new growth mechanism is only applicable in the case of tubes grown via spray pyrolysis or other vapor phase CVD growth methods.
RESOURCE SHARING: WIRELESS TELECOMMUNICATIONS SITE LEASE RATES

"Resource sharing" refers to projects that use public right-of-way for telecommunications facilities and that result in some form of compensation to the public agency. The facilities most often installed are transmitter antennas supported on aboveground structures (wireless facilities) or buried fiber-optic cable. Research indicates that fewer than 10 state departments of transportation (DOTs) are leasing or licensing wireless sites to telecommunication companies, but many more states desire data concerning the revenue that they might receive from such installations. The current range of fees that state DOTs receive from the telecommunications companies for the wireless sites, and the fees that the DOTs receive from other companies (colocators) that place their facilities on a structure owned by a first locator, are described. The typical site locations, the group (DOT versus company) that identifies lease sites, typical support structures for the antennas, the manner in which the revenue may be used in t...
Near global observations of the warm rain coalescence process

[1] The rate of coalescence of cloud water to rain is estimated using new global satellite observations. The differing sensitivity of the passive measurements of reflected sunlight from MODIS and the cloud radar measurements of CloudSat to the sizes of cloud water particles in low, warm clouds is exploited for this purpose. The method integrates CloudSat radar reflectivity profiles with the MODIS cloud optical depth and effective radius matched to the radar footprint. The thresholds applied to the mean cloud layer reflectivities () are chosen to restrict the observations to the incipient stages of warm rain development. MODIS optical property data provide cloud droplet liquid water path information. These different types of information, when combined, provide a means for estimating the rate of coalescence and hint at a time scale of the coalescence process that varies between about 26 minutes to 3.0 hours.
Demographics, Destiny, and Anticipating the Future of the Transportation System

The United States' demographic profile is changing. Tomorrow's America will be older, more ethnically and culturally diverse, experience more immigration both internally and internationally, and have a new generation of better educated women. How will these potentially disruptive demographics affect the future of the transportation system? This article outlines the objectives of a U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Innovative Technology Administration's University Transportation Centers Program's Spotlight Conference on the Impact of Changing Demographics on the Transportation System, held at the National Academies, Washington, DC, October 2008. Seven of the several papers presented are published here as a special issue to identify key research questions and implications for both policy and practice.
The Hopelessness Scale for Children: Psychometric properties with hospitalized adolescents

This study examined the internal consistency and factor structure of the Hopelessness Scale for Children with 201 adolescent inpatients (M age = 15.4 years). In comparison to the psychometric properties of the scale found with younger children, our findings suggest adequate, but lower, internal consistency reliability and a weak core factor structure. The results are discussed in terms of possible changes in the child scale or the alternative use of an adult measure of hopelessness with adolescents.