cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low Temperature and Radiosensitivity of Skin of New-Born Rats. II. Resistance at Different Dosages.∗

ConclusionsLowering the temperature of new-born rats during irradiation increased the resistance of the skin so that a dosage increase of 1200–1700 r was required to produce an injury comparable to that of animals rayed at room temperature. The ratio of dosage required at low temperature to the dosage at room temperature decreases from 5 (at 1500 r—cold) to 2.2 (3300 r—cold).
Transdiagnostic Behavior Therapy for Bullying-Related Anxiety and Depression: Initial Development and Pilot Study

Abstract The majority of school-age youth experience some form of bullying, and the consequences can have significant impact on a child’s or adolescent’s social, emotional, and academic functioning. The majority of anti-bullying initiatives have focused on schoolwide prevention programs aimed to enhance school climate and a school’s response to bullying incidences. Few programs address the socio-emotional functioning of youth who are experiencing significant anxiety and mood problems following exposure to bullying. The current paper describes the development of a transdiagnostic behavioral activation and exposure program (Group Behavior Activation Therapy for Bullying) designed to address internalizing problems secondary to bullying. Case descriptions and clinical outcomes are reported from a pilot group of 5 youth (ages 12 to 13). Video clips of group demonstrations are included for illustrative purposes. Attendance was strong and group satisfaction ratings indicated the program was feasible and acceptable to conduct in school settings. Initial outcomes suggest that youth experienced benefits in anxiety and depression diagnoses, symptom outcomes, and functional impairment related to bullying. However, larger controlled evaluations are required to support any conclusions about treatment efficacy.
Peace Science: A Multiple Attribute Approach

The major dependent variable in peace science research has appropriately been death from inter-group conflict with war the major focus. However, a tenable hypothesis is that the same or similar motivations result in other risks to life. For example, the number of human deaths each year from preventable nonmilitary sources is approximately 20,000,000. Most major sources that assess the loss of life from military and related conflicts identify, over a long period of time, not more than 2,000,000/year. This dependent variable may also be extended to the non-military category. For example, evidence has emerged that approximately twenty-percent of the active duty female members of the US military are sexually assaulted by other members of the military during their period of service (Dick 2012). Thus, it seems reasonable to address a variety of phenomena that may be represented by a common set of attributes. These variables should include degree of physical injury, size of acting units, and public vs. private agents. Preventable non-military death is similar to the classification for death from war except that the agents are frequently private, such as corporations. This analysis is intended to contribute to a continuing discussion of the boundaries of the peace science domain. One function of the discussion is to foster the examination of a range of behaviors that may derive from a set of basic motives and goals. The discussion section concludes with reference to the problem of understanding a central factor in inter-group conflict – identification with the group.
Fatigue weld failure causes explosion of air receiver

Abstract An air receiver tank failed catastrophically with the fracture originating at a fatigue crack located at a leg tack weld. The resulting explosion, equivalent to over 3 lb of TNT, did massive damage to a tire recapping plant and crippled two employees. The fracture origin was the classical semi-elliptical surface crack. The tack weld exhibited incomplete fusion, slag inclusion and excessive porosity. Operation of the controls and safety devices, leak-before-break criteria and weld embrittlement are considered.
Triangulation of breast lesions: review and clinical applications.

Although the concept of triangulation of breast lesions has been well-defined in the literature, it is still frequently misunderstood or applied incorrectly. We provide a review of the basic concept, discuss common misapplications of triangulation and the reasons they happen, and demonstrate typical and exceptional cases, as well as mammography–ultrasound correlations using diagrams and illustrative cases.
Reports of Child Sexual Abuse in the Schools.

Few studies have examined the problem of child sexual abuse (CSA) as it relates to the role of the school psychologist. The purpose of this study was to examine the incidence of CSA reports to school psychologists, to examine the perceived quality of service to child victims, and to survey the usage of CSA prevention and screening programs as adjunct services in managing this problem. Of the 171 respondents, 498 child sexual abuse cases were reported. Respondents with prior CSA training rated their performance significantly higher than those without training in handling these cases. Those respondents reporting use of CSA prevention and screening programs generally rated their effectiveness as average or above. The results of this study suggested a need for training of school psychologists in the assessment of child sexual abuse. The results also implicated the use of prevention and screening programs as part of a service delivery program to all students in the public schools.
Comparison and characterization of ulcerations induced by endoscopic ligation of esophageal varices versus endoscopic sclerotherapy

Esophageal variceal ligation and esophageal variceal sclerotherapy are two modes of therapy commonly used in the treatment of esophageal varices. The purpose of this study was to compare the local complications of these procedures, with special emphasis on production and healing of ulcerations. Twenty-three patients entered the study. Ten patients were randomized to esophageal variceal ligation and 13 to esophageal variceal sclerotherapy. Esophageal variceal ligation produced shallow (0.6 +/- 0.07 mm) circular ulcerations with a large surface area (85.4 +/- 20.3 mm2) that resolved in 14.4 +/- 1.4 days. Esophageal variceal sclerotherapy produced linear, deep ulcerations (1.8 +/- 0.01 mm) with a smaller surface area (13.3 +/- 2.8 mm2) and resolution in 20.9 +/- 1.3 days. These differences were statistically significant by independent t test (p < 0.0001). Esophageal variceal ligation patients required 3.6 +/- 0.4 sessions to achieve obliteration, whereas esophageal variceal sclerotherapy patients required 6.2 +/- 0.5 sessions (independent t test, p < 0.0001). No significant difference was noted between the two groups with regard to death or stricture formation.
Application of tandem accelerator mass-spectrometer dating to late pleistocene-holocene sediments of the East Antarctic continental shelf

Glacial recession from the Antarctic continental shelf is recorded by glacial-marine diamictons, sands, and overlying siliceous oozes. In order to clarify the chronology for this sequence, use was made of the University of Arizona tandem accelerator mass-spectrometer (TAMS) for 14C dating. Small samples of benthic and planktonic foraminifera were selectively removed from diamictons, graded sands, and surface sediments which were recovered from the Wilkes Land continental shelf and slope, East Antarctica. Organic carbon was also utilized as a source for TAMS dating of the siliceous oozes and muds. Uncorrected ages varied from 14,260 ± 140 to 3230 ± 200 yr B.P. Carbon fixed by phytoplankton and foraminifera is strongly influenced by old, glacial-derived CO2. Thus, reservoir corrections of up to 5500 yr are needed for the 14C dates. Iceberg turbation reworks foraminifera so that dates from resulting deposits (diamictons) are interpreted as maximum ages. The consistency of corrected ages from the shelf, along with the sedimentologic interpretation, suggests a rather recent recession, perhaps mid-Holocene for this portion of the East Antarctic ice sheet. Further application of the TAMS method should help clarify other problems concerning the late Quaternary glacial history of Antarctica.
Sutureless fixation of long aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts with oxidized regenerated cellulose

A technique of sutureless epicardial fixation of long aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts using oxidized regenerated cellulose is illustrated. Sutureless fixation has been previously performed with fibrin glue. Possible advantages of using oxidized regenerated cellulose instead of fibrin glue are discussed.
Benzo[a]pyrene, but Not 2,3,7,8-TCDD, Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest, p21CIP1 and p53 Phosphorylation in Human Choriocarcinoma JEG-3 Cells: A Distinct Signaling Pathway

Maternal cigarette smoking is known to disrupt placental growth and function. The polyaromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a major toxicant in cigarette smoke that has been shown to alter placental cell function. This study compared the effects of the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the prototype ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor, on proliferation and cell cycle progression in the human trophoblastic JEG-3 cell line. BaP, but not TCDD, significantly inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner characterized by G2/M cell cycle phase arrest. No evidence of apoptosis was detected following BaP or TCDD exposure. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis showed that BaP induced expression of nuclear p21CIP1 protein, the major inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. In contrast, CDK1 expression, the main G2 cyclin-dependent kinase, was significantly reduced by 50% with a shift in localization from the nucleus to cytoplasm. Although BaP had no effect on total cellular p53 levels, phosphorylation of p53 at serine 15 (p53 ser-15phos) was markedly increased. The presence of Wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI-3 kinases, decreased BaP-induced p53 ser-15phos, as did the presence of the antioxidant vitamin E. In addition, vitamin E suppressed BaP-induced G2/M arrest without altering the level of induced CYP1A1 protein. Thus, the anti-proliferative effect of BaP involves activation of a p53-dependent pathway involving cell cycle arrest at G2/M, providing evidence of oxidative stress and activation of a DNA damage response pathway in JEG-3 cells.
U-SPIN POLE MODEL OF NONLEPTONIC HYPERON DECAYS.

A model is proposed for nonleptonic hyperon decays which (1) gives good experimental agreement for both $S$ and $P$ waves, and hence the decay parameters $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and (2) requires the $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=\frac{1}{2}$ rule. The model demands the suppression of certain pole terms. The remaining terms behave like transitions caused by $U$-spin raising or lowering operators acting on $Y=0$ states.
Semi-automatic segmentation of vascular network images using a rotating structuring element (ROSE) with mathematical morphology and dual feature thresholding

A method for measuring the spatial concentration of specific categories of vessels in a vascular network consisting of vessels of several diameters, lengths, and orientations is demonstrated. It is shown that a combination of the mathematical morphology operation, opening, with a linear rotating structuring element (ROSE) and dual feature thresholding can semi-automatically segment categories of vessels in a vascular network. Capillaries and larger vessels (arterioles and venules) are segmented here in order to assess their spatial concentrations. The ROSE algorithm generates the initial segmentation, and dual feature thresholding provides a means of eliminating the nonedge artifact pixels. The subsequent gray-scale histogram of only the edge pixels yields the correct segmentation threshold value. This image processing strategy is demonstrated on micrographs of vascular casts. By adjusting the structuring element and rotation angles, it could be applied to other network structures where a segmentation by network component categories is advantageous, but where the objects can have any orientation. >
A study on strategic flexibility of corporation based on complex theory

First, this paper discusses the definition of strategic flexibility of corporation (SFC), analyzes its intrinsic structure, and uses fitness landscape to analyze interactions of SFC and relationships between elements and whole of SFC in detail. Then, according to the theory of complex adaptive system, this paper analyzes the evolution mechanism of SFC. And it indicates that the evolution dynamic of SFC rooted from the interaction between the legitimate system and shadow system. Control parameters (information flow speed, memberspsila diversity, members contact, power diversity and anxiety repression) are the conditions of evolution. At last, this paper constructs an evolution mechanism model of strategic flexibility.
Copolymerization of isoprene and hydroxyl containing monomers by controlled radical and emulsion methods

Polyisoprene (PI) with pendent hydroxyl groups was synthesized by the radical copolymerization of isoprene and the hydroxyl containing comonomers 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and methylenebut-3-en-1-ol (IOH). The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) controlled radical copolymerizations of isoprene with these comonomers were carried out at an initial hydroxyl mole fraction (fOH) of 0.03 in the bulk at 125 °C. Aliquots of the polymerizing reaction solution indicated that copolymerization competed with the Diels–Alder reaction between the hydroxyl monomers and isoprene as well as the Diels–Alder homodimerization of isoprene. Significantly more IOH comonomer was incorporated into the copolymer (39 mol%) than either HEMA (23 mol%) or HEA (3 mol%). Furthermore, IOH polymerized at a rate similar to isoprene, which coupled with the slower Diels–Alder reaction resulted in hydroxyl functionalized copolymers with a more even distribution of comonomers. Additionally, only IOH copolymerized with isoprene under emulsion conditions at 25 °C due to its limited solubility in water. The isoprene/IOH emulsion copolymers had hydroxyl monomer content close to fOH at complete monomer conversion. The utility of the hydroxyl functionalized PI was demonstrated by using it as a macroinitiator for the ring opening polymerization of D,L-lactide, yielding microphase separated polylactide graft polymers.
Relationship Between Backcalculated and Laboratory-Measured Resilient Moduli of Unbound Materials

The resilient moduli of an unbound granular subbase (used at the Virginia Smart Road) obtained from laboratory testing were compared with those backcalculated from in situ falling weight deflectometer deflection measurements. Testing was performed on the surface of the finished subgrade and granular subbase layer shortly after construction. The structural capacity of the constructed subgrade and the depth to a stiff layer were computed for 12 experimental sections. The in situ resilient modulus of the granular subbase layer (21-B) was then back-calculated from the deflections measured on top of that layer. The back-calculated layer moduli were clearly stress-dependent, showing an exponential behavior with the bulk stress in the center of the layer. Resilient modulus test results of laboratory-compacted specimens confirmed the stress dependence of the subbase material modulus. Three resilient modulus models were fitted to the data. Although all three models showed good coefficients of determination (R2 > 9...
CFD-Based Adaptive Flow Control for Steady Flow Field Modification

In this paper we demonstrate adaptive flow control for an incompressible viscous fluid through a two-dimensional channel without the use of an analytical model. An adaptive algorithm is implemented within a CFD simulation to control the performance variables, which are velocity components of the flow at downstream locations, to desired steady-state values. The algorithm requires minimal knowledge of the system, specifically, the numerator coefficients of the transfer functions from the control inputs to the performance variables. System identification, based on CFD simulations prior to the closed-loop simulations, is used to identify the required parameters. Steady flow field modification is achieved using the ARMARKOV disturbance rejection algorithm implemented within Fluent, a commercial CFD software package available from Fluent, Inc
Wearable Patient Monitoring Application (ECG) using Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, we discuss a design for a wearable electrocardiograph device constructed with small, low-powered "mote" sensors for use in wireless sensor networks. A wearable, wireless three-lead electrocardiograph sensor module is utilized and the initial tests are presented that illustrate the viability of this design. This device can be integrated into a suite of wearable wireless sensors used for patient monitoring and other applications.
Incidence of Alarplasty in Primary and Revision Rhinoplasty in a Private Practice Setting

Objective To evaluate the incidence of alarplasty in primary and revision rhinoplasty during a 3-year period. Methods We conducted a retrospective medical record review of patients undergoing primary and revision rhinoplasty between January 1, 2004, and December 31, 2006. Patients were divided into the following categories: primary or revision rhinoplasty, alarplasty, and ethnicity. The incidence of alarplasty was calculated and compared for primary vs revision rhinoplasty and for ethnicity. Statistically significant differences were confirmed using the χ2test. Results A total of 168 patients underwent rhinoplasty with minimum follow-up of 6 months; 116 patients had primary rhinoplasty and 52 revision rhinoplasty. All alarplasties were bilateral. Of 50 alarplasties performed, 35 were in the primary group and 15 in the revision group. The incidence of alarplasty was 30.2% in the primary group and 28.8% in the revision group. Nonwhite patients had a higher overall incidence of alarplasty (63.0%) than did white patients (25.4%). Each ethnic category identified had a higher incidence of alarplasty than the white group. Conclusions Alarplasty is an important technique in rhinoplasty. The high incidence of alarplasty in revision rhinoplasty procedures suggests that alarplasty is underused by many surgeons currently performing rhinoplasty. One should consider alarplasty for all patients' noses, not just those of nonwhite ethnic rhinoplasty patients.
Probe, cluster, and discover: focused extraction of QA-Pagelets from the deep Web

We introduce the concept of a QA-Pagelet to refer to the content region in a dynamic page that contains query matches. We present THOR, a scalable and efficient mining system for discovering and extracting QA-Pagelets from the deep Web. A unique feature of THOR is its two-phase extraction framework. In the first phase, pages from a deep Web site are grouped into distinct clusters of structurally-similar pages. In the second phase, pages from each page cluster are examined through a subtree filtering algorithm that exploits the structural and content similarity at subtree level to identify the QA-Pagelets.
A driving simulator for teaching embedded automotive control applications

This paper presents the multi-disciplinary nature of embedded control system design and how a course developed at the University of Michigan addresses the broad set of topics needed for embedded control system design to senior engineering undergraduates from a variety of backgrounds. The lab component uses a typical automotive power-train micro-controller and teaches topics in system dynamics through programming assignments involving dynamical systems simulations. Students interact with and feel their virtual environments though a haptic interface. We present the final project in the course, in which students build a fixed-based driving simulator to test advanced automotive control system designs. This course was developed partially in response to industry demand for students with experience in embedded control. The course has generated remarkable student interest and former students have provided positive feedback about projects and have reported better opportunities in the job market as a result of their experience in this course.
IC failure analysis tools and techniques-magic, mystery, and science

This review includes a discussion of the advances being made to meet the challenges presented by state-of-the-art IC and packaging technologies, since these provide the motivation and direction for the future of FA. New capabilities are required for ICs with features such as additional interconnection layers, power distribution planes, or flip chip packaging that reduce or prevent the use of conventional methods without destructive deprocessing. To support improved time to market and yield enhancement, the industry needs diagnostic techniques that provide logical and physical localization in real time during production testing.
Comparisons between sting-supported and free- flight tests in the JPL Hypersonic Wind Tunnel on a modified Saturn-Apollo launch configuration

Comparative sting supported and free flight tests in hypersonic wind tunnel on modified Apollo launch configuration
Bio-optical properties of Antarctic Peninsula waters: differentiation from temperate ocean models

Abstract An extensive biological and optical data set was collected during a 4 month cruise as part of the Research on Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem Rates (RACER) program conducted in coastal waters of the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent open ocean waters of Drake Passage. Chlorophyll plus phaeopigment (Chl + Phaeo) concentration in the upper mixed layer ranged 2 orders of magnitude from 0.5 to 50 mg Chl + Phaeo m −3 during the study. The large variations in pigment corresponds to variations in the beam attenuation coefficient at 660 nm ( c t ranging from 0.5 to >2.5 m −1 and in the diffuse attenuation coefficient ( k d ) for 441 nm ranging from 0.04 to >1.0 m −1 . Chl + Phaeo specific particulate beam attenuation and spectral absorption coefficients suggest that detrital contributions are relatively low and that pigment package effects are relatively important compared to low latitude observations. The combination of these effects causes low pigment specific absorption and scattering. This regional differentiation in particulate optical properties has a significant effect on models of the relationship between Chl + Phaeo and spectral values of k d and upwelled radiance ( L u ). Implications of these effects for modeling light propagation through the water column and for remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments are discussed.
Embargoed Sexuality: Rape and the Gender of Citizenship in American Immigration Law

Immigrants seeking asylum in the United States face an unpredictable area of the law. Nonetheless, gay male applicants for asylum seem more likely to succeed if they present evidence of persecution that includes allegations of rape; gay Asian immigrants are less likely than other men to be granted refugee status even when they report having been victims of rape. These two findings suggest that immigration judges, officials with the Bureau of Immigration Appeals, and appellate court judges read and interpret the gender, sexuality, and persecution of the applicants before them through lenses colored by racial expectations. An intersectional analysis of gender, sexuality, and citizenship shows that whereas immigration law is unstable, Western conceptions of sexuality are static and that ethnicity influences judges' conceptions regarding the gender of citizenship.
Enzyme-based biofuel cells

Enzyme-based biofuel cells possess several positive attributes for energy conversion, including renewable catalysts, flexibility of fuels (including renewables), and the ability to operate at room temperature. However, enzyme-based biofuel cells remain limited by short lifetimes, low power densities and inefficient oxidation of fuels. Recent advances in biofuel cell technology have addressed these deficiencies and include methods to increase lifetime and environmental stability.
Color filter array interpolation using color correlations and directional derivatives

We present a color filter array interpolation algorithm to provide the missing colors associated with the commonly used Bayer pattern in digital still camera systems. The developed algo- rithm utilizes color correlation and directional derivative attributes of neighboring color pixels and is thus named C2D2. The main advan- tage of this algorithm is that it requires no user-defined parameter, as is the case in many edge-adaptive color filter array interpolation algorithms. Both an objective and subjective comparison are carried out with two other popular edge-adaptive algorithms. The results indicate that this algorithm consistently generates lower mean- squared interpolation errors in the RGB and L*a*b* color spaces.
Peritoneal Clearance of Theophylline

Clearance of theophylline was determined in 3 patients receiving maintenance theophylline during peritoneal dialysis. The average peritoneal dialysis clearance of theophylline was 11.67 ml/min. The average theophylline to creatinine clearance ratio was 0.85 representing significant clearance across the peritoneum. The amount of theophylline removed per exchange was approximately 8 mg. Charcoal or resin hemoperfusion and hemodialysis are undoubtedly the most efficient means of treating theophylline overdose. However, peritoneal dialysis appears to be a useful alternative as overdosed patients would be expected to have significantly higher serum concentrations than encountered in this study, greater gradients across the peritoneal membrane, and greater net removal of theophylline per exchange than reported here.
Language mixing in bilingual children

Language samples of five Spanish/English bilingual children between the ages of 2; 10 and 6; 2 were examined for language mixes. Only 2% of the total utterances examined contained mixes. The most common type of mix involved the insertion of single lexical entries – mostly English nouns into Spanish utterances. Very few phrasal mixes were observed. It was concluded that language mixes do not constitute a major interference in the acquisition of bilingualism since children appear to be able to differentiate their two linguistic systems from an early age.
Model reduction of behavioural systems

We consider model reduction of uncertain behavioural models. Machinery for gap-metric model reduction and multidimensional model reduction using linear matrix inequalities is extended to these behavioural models. The goal is a systematic method for reducing the complexity of uncertain components in hierarchically developed models which approximates the behavior of the full-order system. This paper focuses on component model reduction that preserves stability under interconnection. >
FITNESS IMPACTS OF HERBIVORY THROUGH INDIRECT EFFECTS ON PLANT–POLLINATOR INTERACTIONS IN OENOTHERA MACROCARPA

The negative impacts of herbivores on plant fitness may include both direct and indirect effects. Direct effects on female plant fitness occur when decreased seed production is due to decreased resource availability from loss of leaf area and its attendant photosynthesis or through consumption of reproductive structures. Indirect effects occur when folivore- and florivore-mediated changes in floral traits influence pollinator preference and/or pollinator efficiency, thus reducing pollen receipt. We examined the effects of both leaf and floral herbivory (bud damage) and determined the relative contribution of direct and indirect effects of damage on female fitness through changes in floral traits for Oenothera macrocarpa (Onagraceae). The experiment was a two-factorial design that manipulated both leaf damage (∼25% leaf area removed by hand) and pollen receipt (supplemental hand pollination). We then measured effects of leaf damage on floral traits (corolla diameter, floral tube length, and flower number) ...
Fault Detection and Isolation of a segmented telescope testbed

Fault Detection and Isolation is one of the necessary requirements to guarantee the stability and performance of a control system under fault conditions. This scope of this paper will focus on the methods used to identify sensor and actuator failures. An observer based approach is used in conjunction with a sensor relationship on a segmented primary dish telescope testbed located at the NASA sponsored Structures Pointing And Control Engineering (SPACE) laboratory at California State University, Los Angeles. The use of a sensor relationship that is not dependent on the input of the system allows for a differentiation between actuator and sensor faults.
Muscle protein phenotypes and the probable evolutionary origin of a unisexual fish, Poecilia formosa, and its triploid derivatives

Several species-specific proteins have been identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of skeletal muscle extracts from the diploid gynogen, Poecilia formosa, its related triploid unisexuals, and their sympatric, bisexual species, P. mexicana and P. latipinna. These water-soluble, low molecular weight proteins (7,000-13,000) comigrate with a fraction of purified rabbit parvalbumin on nondenaturing gels and show staining properties similar to rabbit parvalbumins. The electrophoretic patterns of these muscle proteins provide a set of distinctive phenotypic markers for each of the host species involved in naturally occurring breeding complexes with P. mexicana × P. latipinna show no evidence of sexual dimorphisms. Furthermore, the hybrid phenotypes are those that would be predicted from appropriate combinations of parental alleles at three gene loci. The patterns found by PAGE for several generations of pedigreed stocks of P. formosa show strictly matroclinous inheritance of a characteristic muscle protein phenotype and coupled with the electrophoretic patterns of several enzymic proteins reflect the probable hybrid origin of this diploid unisexual. Finally, paternal contributions by P. mexicana to the hybrid genome of triploid unisexuals are clearly demonstrated by comparative analyses of muscle protein phenotypes for P. formosa and its contemporary host species. Our identification of distinctive phenotypic markers in the muscle proteins of several poeciliid species involved in unisexual-bisexual breeding complexes provides an important new tool for further studies on the adaptive significance of unisexuality, hybridization, and fixed heterozygosity in the evolutionary biology of these fishes.
Physical design tradeoffs for ASIC technologies

Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) is a very broad definition and excludes only general-purpose processing, memory chips and circuits built using the standard building block chips. ASIC technology is cost effective that meets the challenges of today's complex designs. The physical design tradeoffs for ASIC technologies are discussed. The tradeoffs for ASICs include tradeoffs between ASIC technologies and the physical design tradeoffs. The focus is on the physical design tradeoffs for ASICs, but, as technology tradeoffs and physical design tradeoffs go hand-in-hand, the tradeoffs between ASIC technologies are briefly discussed. >
Personal Protective Equipment: Protecting Health Care Providers in an Ebola Outbreak.

Purpose The recent Ebola epidemic that devastated West Africa has infected and killed more health care providers than any other outbreak in the history of this virus. An improved understanding of pathogen transmission and the institution of strategies to protect health care providers against infection are needed in infectious disease outbreaks. This review connects what is known about Ebola virus transmission with personal protective equipment (PPE) designed to arrest nosocomial transmission.
The Goals of Entrepreneurship

Our Technical Entrepreneurship program began with an NCIIA grant in 1999. Our students have completed about 30 E-Team projects, a few with Advanced E-Team NCIIA grants. According to the NCIIA guidelines the most desirable outcome of an E-Team project is a start-up business, or a license to an operating firm. These objectives have frustrated everyone as virtually every project came to an abrupt end. This experience has raised two questions: 1. Why even very promising projects never reach commercialization? 2. Are the goals appropriate and desirable?
That's Not What I Meant! Using Parsers to Avoid Structural Ambiguities in Generated Text

We investigate whether parsers can be used for self-monitoring in surface realization in order to avoid egregious errors involving “vicious” ambiguities, namely those where the intended interpretation fails to be considerably more likely than alternative ones. Using parse accuracy in a simple reranking strategy for selfmonitoring, we find that with a stateof-the-art averaged perceptron realization ranking model, BLEU scores cannot be improved with any of the well-known Treebank parsers we tested, since these parsers too often make errors that human readers would be unlikely to make. However, by using an SVM ranker to combine the realizer’s model score together with features from multiple parsers, including ones designed to make the ranker more robust to parsing mistakes, we show that significant increases in BLEU scores can be achieved. Moreover, via a targeted manual analysis, we demonstrate that the SVM reranker frequently manages to avoid vicious ambiguities, while its ranking errors tend to affect fluency much more often than adequacy.
Laser-induced fragmentation fluorescence of vinyl and acetylene

Laser-induced fragmentation fluorescence from C2(d3πg→a3πu) provides a detection strategy for vinyl and acetylene. The efficiency of C2(d3πg) production via multi-photon photodissociation depends on the H-atom loss mechanism and the internal energy of the precursor molecule.
Community Organization in Hummingbirds: Relationships Between Morphology and Ecology

AssTRACT.--Hummingbird species inhabiting restricted geographic regions exhibit morphological patterns that differ significantly from those predicted by null models in which species are selected at random from appropriate species pools. Temperate North American hummingbirds are convergent: more similar in bill length, body weight, and wing length than predicted by several null models. These temperate species also are more similar to each other than they are to more closely related (congeneric) species from subtropical and tropical habitats. Hummingbirds of the Greater and Lesser Antilles show a nonrandom distribution of species among islands: all islands inhabited by hummingbirds have at least two species, and these fall into two distinctly different size categories. Allometric scaling of bill length with respect to body mass is distinctive in Antillean hummingbirds; bill length increases more rapidly with increasing body weight in West Indian hummingbirds than in random samples of hummingbirds of the world or in other birds. These morphological patterns appear to reflect two ecological processes: interspecific competition among hummingbirds and mutualistic coevolution with flowers. Hummingbird species of similar morphology use similar floral resources but rarely coexist in the same local areas. Species of divergent morphology exploit different food resources and frequently coexist locally. Length of the bill, which influences access to different kinds of flowers, is particularly important in the organization of these simple hummingbird associations. Received 28 June 1983, accepted 5 July 1984.
Exoplanet Atmospheres and Giant Ground-Based Telescopes

The study of extrasolar planets has rapidly expanded to encompass the search for new planets, measurements of sizes and masses, models of planetary interiors, planetary demographics and occurrence frequencies, the characterization of planetary orbits and dynamics, and studies of these worlds' complex atmospheres. Our insights into exoplanets dramatically advance whenever improved tools and techniques become available, and surely the largest tools now being planned are the optical/infrared Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). Two themes summarize the advantages of atmospheric studies with the ELTs: high angular resolution when operating at the diffraction limit and high spectral resolution enabled by the unprecedented collecting area of these large telescopes. This brief review describes new opportunities afforded by the ELTs to study the composition, structure, dynamics, and evolution of these planets' atmospheres, while specifically focusing on some of the most compelling atmospheric science cases for four qualitatively different planet populations: highly irradiated gas giants, young, hot giant planets, old, cold gas giants, and small planets and Earth analogs.
Brain Cancer Stem Cells as Targets of Novel Therapies

The cancer stem cell hypothesis posits that tumors are heterogeneous in their cell composition and contain a population of neoplastic cells that display sustained self-renewal, proliferative potential, and the capacity for tumor propagation. The significance of cancer stem cells in clinical practice remains undefined but laboratory studies have identified specific cancer stem cell signaling pathways and niches that may offer new therapeutic avenues. Characterizing cancer stem cells may also inform improved brain tumor prognosis and imaging.
Investigating the Security-related Challenges of Blind Users on the Web

Historically, there has always been a trade-off between usability and security. In addition, increased security also tends to increase the complexity of interfaces for users with disabilities. This research paper has three important components: 1) a focus group with blind users to determine their top 10 security-related challenges, 2) development of a new prototype to address one of the challenges for blind users, and 3) evaluation of the prototype with five visual users and five blind users. The prototype developed is a new form of CAPTCHA, based on the combination of non-textual pictures and sound clips, which is equally usable by both visual and blind users. Data collected shows that this new form of CAPTCHA is preferred by both blind and visual users to previous forms of text-based CAPTCHAs. Future directions for research are also discussed.
Materials science: Polymers make charge flow easy

Organic semiconductor devices require good electrical contacts with conducting materials, but such contacts are often inefficient. An approach that tackles this problem will enable a wide range of applications. See Letter p.536 Electronic and optoelectronic devices made from organic polymers can be produced via solution processing, which is inexpensive, offers a high degree of design control and is especially suitable for producing flexible materials. An outstanding challenge is to make good 'ohmic' electrical contact with metal connections. This requires polymers with high charge doping content, but it is difficult to obtain highly doped polymer films from solution that retain their doping charges and are sufficiently stable. Peter Ho and colleagues present a general approach to produce polymers with stable, high doping content, by including a self-compensation mechanism that involves covalently bonded counter ions to block the migration of dopants. They apply this to a range of polymers and demonstrate devices including high-performance light-emitting diodes and ambipolar field-effect transistors.
Identification of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Special Education Service Delivery in Rural Kentucky as a Basis for Generating Solutions to Problems

This article describes a class project in which rural special education personnel in Kentucky were asked to identify critical incidents in which providing services in their local area had been an advantage or a disadvantage. The 48 incidents collected were divided into categories for discussion and, subsequently, served as a basis for the generation of solutions to local problems encountered In rural special education service delivery.
Wavelet Theory Extensions and Ambiguity Functions

This book began by presenting general, continuous-time wavelet theory. Then general discrete wavelet transforms (both CTWS and DTWS) were presented. Special subsets of the discrete wavelet transforms were then presented, which included the multiresolution and the orthogonal wavelet transforms. Since these special wavelet transforms are extensively employed, this chapter compares these transforms to the less constrained wavelet transforms. A new operator is derived that improves the efficiency and interpretation of the unconstrained wavelet transforms and, in general, extends wavelet theory. Improvements and extensions are achieved for wideband correlation receivers and the wideband ambiguity functions.
Impurity-induced magnetic droplet in unconventional superconductors near a magnetic instability: Application to Nd-doped CeCoIn 5

Beside the spin density wave (SDW) order inside the superconducting phase in ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$ at high magnetic fields, recent neutron scattering measurements have found Bragg peaks in $5%$ Nd-doped ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$ at low fields. The intensity of Bragg peaks in low fields is suppressed by increasing field. Based on the phenomenological and microscopic modeling, we show that for the Pauli limited $d$-wave superconductors in the vicinity of SDW instability relevant for ${\mathrm{CeCoIn}}_{5}$, magnetic impurities locally induce droplets of SDW order. Because of the strong anisotropy in the momentum space in the spin fluctuations guaranteed by the $d$-wave pairing symmetry, sharp peaks in spin structure factor at $\mathbf{Q}\mathrm{s}$ are produced by the impurities, even when the droplets of SDW do not order. At zero field, the Nd impurity spins are along the $c$ axis due to the coupling to the conduction electrons with an easy $c$ axis, besides their own crystal field effect. The in-plane magnetic field cants the impurity moments toward the $ab$ plane, which suppress the droplets of SDW order. At high fields, the long-range SDW inside the superconducting phase is stabilized as a consequence of magnon condensation. Our results are consistent with the recent neutron scattering and thermal conductivity measurements.
Abstract WP25: A Novel Adaptive Trial Design Increases the Power of Endovascular Stroke Studies

Introduction: It is difficult to choose trial enrollment criteria that will yield a robust treatment effect. To address this problem, we developed a novel trial design that restricts enrollment criteria to the patient subgroup most likely to show benefit, if an interim analysis indicates futility in the overall sample. Future recruitment, and the population in which the primary hypothesis is tested, is limited to the selected subgroup. Hypothesis: A design with adaptive subgroup selection increases the power of endovascular stroke studies. Methods: We ran simulations to compare the power of the adaptive design with that of a traditional design. Trial parameters were: type I error 0.025, type II error 0.1, analysis after 450, 675 and 900 patients (interim and final analyses in IMS III). Outcome data were based on 90 day mRS scores observed in IMS III among patients with a vessel occlusion on baseline CTA (n=289). Subgroups were defined a priori according to vessel occlusion (ICA ± distal occlusion vs M1 vs M2-4), onset-to-randomization time (early vs late), and treatment allocation (IA+IV vs IV alone). The treatment effect in the overall cohort was a mean mRS improvement of 0.15 (2.41 for IV+IA vs 2.56 for IV alone; SD 1.45). The subgroup treatment effects were: early ICA = 0.54, late ICA = 0.60, early M1 = 0.33, late M1 = 0.07, early M2-4 = -0.66, and late M2-4 = -0.35. Results: The traditional design showed a treatment benefit in 31% of simulations. The adaptive design showed benefit in 91%, failed to show benefit after enrollment of the maximum sample in 1%, and stopped early for futility in 8% of simulations. The adaptive trial stopped early for benefit in 84% of simulations. Due to early stopping, the mean number of patients randomized is 590±140 with the adaptive design vs 900 with a traditional design. Of the adaptive trial simulations that showed benefit, 91% occur after subgroup selection. The subgroup selected most often (31% of all simulations) includes early and late ICA patients. Conclusions: A trial with adaptive subgroup selection can efficiently test the effect of endovascular stroke treatment. Simulations suggest that with this design, IMS III would have 91% power and would typically stop early after interim analysis shows benefit in a patient subgroup.
Levantamento Nas Bases De Patentes Do Uso Do Lodo De Esgoto/Biossólido Na Agricultura

Resumo — O lodo e um subproduto resultante do processo de tratamento de esgotos. Com o devido tratamento, esse passa a ser um produto com aspectos beneficos para uso na agricultura (biossolido), que favorece tanto o aspecto ambiental quanto o economico. Com o incentivo a pesquisa e ao desenvolvimento tecnologico no Brasil, muitos trabalhos sobre o aproveitamento do lodo de esgoto na agricultura vem sendo desenvolvidos. Entao, em virtude da grande importância cientifica e tecnologica da utilizacao do lodo de esgoto/biossolido e sua interface com o desenvolvimento sustentavel, este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o uso de lodo de esgoto/biossolido quando empregado a agricultura em bases de patentes. Foram realizadas buscas na base de dados de patentes nacionais (INPI) e internacionais (ESPACENET e USPTO). Como criterios de inclusao da pesquisa, foram utilizados os termos, fertilizante, composto e substrato. No segundo momento, na tentativa de filtrar a busca com palavras mais especificas, foram utilizados os termos “fertilizante lodo de esgoto”, “fertilizante biossolido”, “composto lodo de esgoto”, “composto biossolido”, “substrato lodo de esgoto” e “substrato biossolido”. Em patentes depositadas para o uso agricola apenas 0,20% sao sobre lodo de esgoto e 0,03% de biossolido do total de patentes que tratam de fertilizante, composto e substrato. Dos usos agricolas e mais utilizado como fertilizante. A base de patentes que possui mais depositos que utilizam lodo de esgoto ou biossolido em fertilizantes, compostos ou substratos e a USPTO. Apesar do potencial benefico desse residuo ele ainda e pouco utilizado em patentes que tratam de produtos para fins agricolas.