cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resist-based neutral atom lithography

We present a survey of neutral atom lithography, focusing on the development and use of resist/etch systems for atoms. The combination of nm-scale features, large-area parallel deposition, and effective resists demonstrates the promise of atoms as a lithographic element. We discuss the patterned direct deposition of atoms into a substrate, and the use of several resists: self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on Au and of alkylsiloxanes on SiO2, and “contamination” resists deposited from vapor. Features as narrow as 20nm have been transferred into a silicon substrates using a neutral atom resist/etch system. Unlike photons and electrons, noble gas atoms in energetic metastable states have an internal state structure that is easily manipulable, allowing novel lithographic schemes based on the optical quenching of internal energy.
Sub-10 nm imprint lithography and applications

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a new lithography paradigm that is based on deformation of a resist by compression molding rather than altering its chemical structure by radiation, and is designed to fabricate nanostructures inexpensively with high throughput. In this paper, we present significant new developments in achieving holes and dots with 6 nm feature size, 40 nm period on silicon, and 10 nm feature size, 40 nm period on a Au substrate. Moreover, we present an application of NIL to the fabrication of nanoscale compact disks (NanoCDs) of 400 Gbits/in/sup 2/ data density.
Rod progenitor cells in the mature zebrafish retina.

In mammals, neuronal cell death during retinal degenerative diseases or following acute retinal injury often leads to irreversible visual impairment because, as is true for most regions of the adult central nervous system, the mammalian retina harbors little capacity for regeneration. In contrast, the neural retinas of urodele amphibians and teleost fishes show remarkable regenerative ability in response to many types of experimental damage. In teleost fishes, retinal regeneration is mediated in part by the proliferation of a specialized population of cells called the rod progenitor cells. These cells possess some of the properties characteristic of transit amplifying cells, such as steady-state proliferation and a commitment to the rod photoreceptor cell fate. However, these cells are also able to respond to rod photoreceptor damage by increasing their rate of proliferation. Therefore, an understanding of the signals that induce rod progenitor cells to proliferate and differentiate following retinal damage may help us to understand the barriers to photoreceptor regeneration in higher vertebrate organisms. Although it has been many years since the discovery that rod progenitor cells are a source for new neurons in the regenerating fish retina, the in vivo factors that regulate rod progenitor proliferation and differentiation, as well as the source of the proliferative cues, remain poorly defined. This chapter will review the phenomena of persistent and injury-induced neurogenesis in the zebrafish retina, with particular emphasis on the role of rod progenitor cells, and will describe a new genetic model that should further our understanding of the regulation of rod progenitor proliferation.
Rent dissipation and efficiency in a contest with asymmetric valuations

This paper introduces contest efficiency as an alternative to rent dissipation when measuring efficiency in a contest with asymmetric valuations. Contest efficiency is defined as the expected proportion of the maximum obtainable benefit captured by the contest, and differs from rent dissipation because it values the expected winner of the contest. Therefore, rent dissipation and contest efficiency may suggest contradictory conclusions when agents have asymmetric valuations. This result is illustrated when comparing alternative equilibria in contests with asymmetric reimbursement and when analyzing the comparative static effect of a change in the relative benefit of two agents in a Cournot-Nash contest.
On Kakutani's fixed point theorem, the K-K-M-S theorem and the core of a balanced game*

We provide elementary proofs of Scarf's theorem on the non-emptiness of the core and of the K-K-M-S thoerem, based on Kakutani's fixed point theorem. We also show how these proofs can be modified to apply a coincidence theorem of Fan instead of Kakutani's fixed point theorem, for some additional simplicity.
Imageability effects on sentence judgement by right-brain-damaged adults.

The effect of right hemisphere damage on imagery generation was tested using a previously validated sentence verification task. While subjects with right hemisphere-damaged (RHD) took longer than controls to reject false sentences regardless of whether this judgment required imagery generation, their response time deficit on High-imagery items was less than that on Low imagery items, suggesting that they have a deficit in recognizing non-imageable knowledge and/or a heightened tendency to engage in imagery generation in response to verbal stimuli. A post hoc analysis also suggested that the group with RHD was selectively impaired in motor, rather than visual, imagery generation.
Cell cycle dependence of group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity.

Homeostasis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) is regulated by the opposing actions between CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) and the group VIA Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2). We investigated this process during the cell cycle. PC mass doubles during late G1 and early S phase when its rate of catabolism is lowest. We show that iPLA2 activity is cell cycle-dependent with peak activity during G2/M and late S phase. iPLA2 activity declines during G1 and is lowest at the G1/S transition and early S phase. The accumulation of PC correlates with decreased iPLA2 activity, suggesting that regulation of this enzyme contributes to phospholipid accumulation. The levels of 80 kDa iPLA2 protein do not change and thus cannot account for changes in enzyme activity. Reverse transcriptase and real-time PCR experiments show that splice variant iPLA2 mRNAs are preferentially expressed during G2/M. Immunoblot analyses with an antibody directed against the N terminus of iPLA2 revealed a ∼50 kDa protein that is of appropriate size to be the truncated protein encoded by the ankyrin-iPLA2-1 splice variant mRNA. The levels of truncated iPLA2 protein were high in cells in late G1 and S phase cells that had low iPLA2 activity and low in G2/M cells that had high iPLA2 activity. The truncated protein co-immunoprecipitated with full-length iPLA2, indicating a physical interaction between the two proteins. Together, these data suggest that truncated iPLA2 proteins associate with active iPLA2 and down-regulate its activity during G1. This down-regulation may contribute to phospholipid accumulation during the cell cycle.
Matching the Purpose of the General Education Curriculum with the Reality of Its Implementation.

This essay examines the current general education curriculum (gec ) structure at a large institution where the gec program has been remodeled often to meet student needs. Assessment of this structure has been limited. Faculty and adviser perceptions of the gec ’s role in the larger curriculum, strengths, areas for improvement, and impact on student learning were explored. Outcomes were observed across the sample as a whole, but the study also explored potential differences in perceptions based on the participants’ advising roles and rank and whether they had “ever” taught a gec course. The findings demonstrate that familiarity with and knowledge of the gec program was greatest at the departmental level but declined when participants were asked about gec at the college or university level. This finding was also seen among those who were currently teaching a gec course. Most participants recognized the role of the gec in student learning, retention, and graduation. However, there was no consensus on how the gec should be structured (e.g., variety of courses, skill-specific). These findings will contribute to gec planning and also identify a challenge about how to raise awareness of the gec offerings across the university.
Building Trust in Cross-Cultural Collaborations: Toward a Contingency Perspective:

This study examines the trust-performance link in international strategic alliances (ISAs) from a contingency view. Departing from previous research, we argue that the trust-performance link varies according to its underlying contingency variables such as alliance age, risk commensuration, market uncertainty, resource interdependency, and reciprocal commitment. Our analysis of 255 ISAs in a dynamic environment (the People’s Republic of China) suggests that trust plays a stronger role in improving ISA performance such as sales and profitability when an alliance is younger, risk is more commensurate between parties, market is less volatile, interpartner dependency in resources is greater, and commitment to the ongoing partnership from each party is higher. Cultural distance between alliance parties does not moderate the trust-performance link but influences the level of trust.
Investigation of metal ligand affinities of atom transfer radical polymerization catalysts with a quadrupole ion trap

An electrospray ionization mass spectrometer equipped with a quadrupole ion trap as the mass analyzer provided a powerful tool for the investigation of metal ligand affinities of catalysts for atom transfer radical polymerization. It allowed, in particular, (i) the identification, in a library of ligands, of the most stable, and thus active, copper catalysts; (ii) the assessment of the effects of the reaction medium on the relative stabilities of the catalyst complexes; and (iii) the evaluation of the influence of the nature of the ligand on both the complex halogenophilicity and the metal–ligand stabilities in the gas-phase.
Identifying risk factors associate with hypoglycemic events

Episodes of hypoglycemia occurred over the study period and is one of the most noticeable adverse events in diabetes care. It is important to identify the factors causing hypoglycemic events and rank these factors by their importance. Most research works only use the time of first hypoglycemia onset and treat it as time to event endpoint due to the limitation of methodology. Traditional model selection methods are not able to provide variable importance in this context. Methods that are able to provide the variable importance, such as gradient boosting and random forest algorithms, cannot directly be applied to recurrent events data. In this paper, we propose a two-step method to identify risk factors that are associate with hypoglycemia. In general, this method allows us to evaluate the variable importance for recurrent events data. The performance of our proposed method are evaluated through intensive simulation studies.
Comparison of barium and zinc precipitation procedures in the isolation of adenosine phosphates from mung bean seedlings

Abstract 1. 1. Adenosine phosphates were extracted from mung bean sprouts (Phaseolus aureus) with trichloroacetic acid, precipitated as both barium and zinc salts for comparison of yield, separated into ADP and ATP fractions by anion-exchange chromatography, and identified on the basis of the adenine to labile phosphate ratio. 2. 2. With the zinc precipitation procedure, approximately 1.5 times more purine was obtained after column fractionation. This was attributed to the incomplete adsorption of the barium sample on the resin. 3. 3. Both with the barium and zinc precipitation methods, 29% of the total purine was identified as ADP and 71% as ATP.
The determination of trait redundancy in personality impression formation

Redundancy, or interrelatedness of traits, was determined either by having Ss select traits from a master list which were implied by a given trait or by having them rate the likelihood of one trait implying another. Methods yielded comparable results. Consistent with expectations, redundancy was found to attenuate the set-size effect in impression formation. Increases in response polarity, with increased number of descriptive traits, were greater in sets of nonredundant, as compared to redundant, traits.
A Digitally Corrected 5-mW 2-MS/s SC $\Delta\Sigma$ ADC in 0.25- $\mu$ m CMOS With 94-dB SFDR

A digital correction scheme that allows a switched-capacitor (SC) ΔΣ ADC to operate with significantly reduced power consumption is proposed. As power dissipation is reduced in the integrators, nonlinear settling errors cause increasing harmonic distortion. The correction technique uses a polynomial approximation to correct the nonlinearity and reduce distortion in the post-filtered digital output. With correction, experimental results yield a peak SNDR of 75 dB, a THD of -90 dB and a SFDR of 94 dB. The total analog power dissipation of the corrected modulator is 5 mW at 2.4 V, saving 38% over a similarly performing uncorrected modulator output. The active area is 0.39 mm2 in 0.25-μ m CMOS.
Subclassification of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Children: Analysis of the Reproducibility of Morphological Criteria and Prognostic Implications

Stained smears of aspirated bone marrow obtained at time of diagnosis from 223 children with acute leukaemia were reviewed independently by three observers in a double-blind fashion in order to assess the reproducibility and clinical significance of the French-American-British Cooperative Group Classification. In 170 cases of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), triple agreement of 69.4% was reached in the subclassification into L1, L2, and L3 types. The closest degree of agreement between two observers was 86.8%. In children with blasts classified as L1, 57 OF 61 patients (93.4%) remained in haematological remission after 12 months, as compared with 14 of 20 (70%) in children whose blasts were typed as L2 morphology, a difference which was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). There was no difference when these groups were compared after 24 or 36 months. Children older than 7 years had an increased incidence of L2 type (P less than 0.05). We conclude that although there may be significant variation in individual interpretations of the criteria utilized for classification, blast morphology may nevertheless be a useful prognostic factor.
Calculated and observed seasonal and annual krypton-85 concentrations at 30–150 km from a point source

Abstract One year of weekly average 85Kr concentrations observed at 13 sampling locations from 30 to 150km from a quasi-continuous point source is used in a verification study involving two air pollution models. The first, a stability wind rose model, similar to those widely used for long-term regional pollution studies, overestimates the seasonal and annual values by an approximate factor of 4 on the average. Factors that contribute to the overestimation are the use of surface winds, which are slower than the stack-height winds, and a likely tendency to overestimate the frequency and duration of stable conditions. The second, a trajectory-diffusion model developed by the Air Resources Laboratories, shows good agreement with the observed concentrations. Calculated seasonal averages are generally within a factor of 2 of the observed average values. Calculated annual averages are within ± 20% of the observed average values at most stations.
The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry

The asymmetry of flatfish is an exceptional morphological specialization that arises in development: starting from a symmetrical larva/juvenile, the skull is remodelled so that one eye migrates over the top of the skull to sit next to its fellow on one (or other) side of the animal. The evolutionary origins of this arrangement have been unclear. Matt Friedman re-examined Eocene (47-million-year-old) fossils of the fish Amphistium and describes a new genus that represents the most primitive flatfish known. In these fish, the migrating eye never gets further than the dorsal midline, even in fully adult fishes. This is a graphic example of a transitional form spotted in the fossil record, confirming that the evolution of the specialized flatfish bodyplan was a gradual process. A re-examination of the Eocene fish Amphistium and a description of a new genus prove that they are the most primitive members of the flatfish family. In these fish, the migrating eye never gets farther than the dorsal midline, even in fully adult fishes, providing perhaps the most graphic and dramatic examples known of a transitional form spotted in the fossil record. All adult flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes), including the gastronomically familiar plaice, sole, turbot and halibut, have highly asymmetrical skulls, with both eyes placed on one side of the head. This arrangement, one of the most extraordinary anatomical specializations among vertebrates, arises through migration of one eye during late larval development. Although the transformation of symmetrical larvae into asymmetrical juveniles is well documented1,2,3,4,5,6,7, the evolutionary origins of flatfish asymmetry are uncertain1,2 because there are no transitional forms linking flatfishes with their symmetrical relatives8,9. The supposed inviability of such intermediates gave pleuronectiforms a prominent role in evolutionary debates10,11,12,13,14,15,16, leading to attacks on natural selection11 and arguments for saltatory change14,15. Here I show that Amphistium and the new genus Heteronectes, both extinct spiny-finned fishes from the Eocene epoch of Europe, are the most primitive pleuronectiforms known. The orbital region of the skull in both taxa is strongly asymmetrical, as in living flatfishes, but these genera retain many primitive characters unknown in extant forms. Most remarkably, orbital migration was incomplete in Amphistium and Heteronectes, with eyes remaining on opposite sides of the head in post-metamorphic individuals. This condition is intermediate between that in living pleuronectiforms and the arrangement found in other fishes. Amphistium and Heteronectes indicate that the evolution of the profound cranial asymmetry of extant flatfishes was gradual in nature.
History of Cancer and Mortality in Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract Background : The association between a history of cancer and mortality has not been studied in a propensity-matched population of community-dwelling older adults. Methods : Of the 5795 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study, 827 (14%) had self-reported physician-diagnosed cancer at baseline. Propensity scores for cancer were used to assemble a cohort of 789 and 3118 participants with and without cancer respectively who were balanced on 45 baseline characteristics. Cox regression models were used to determine the association between cancer and all-cause mortality among matched patients, and to identify independent predictors of mortality among unmatched cancer patients. Results : Matched participants had a mean (SD) age of 74 (6) years, 57% were women, 10% were African Americans, and 38% died from all causes during 12 years of follow-up. All-cause mortality occurred in 41% and 37% of matched participants with and without a history of cancer respectively (hazard ratio when cancer was compared with no cancer, 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.31; P =0.019). Among those with cancer, older age, male gender, smoking, lower than college education, fair-to-poor self-reported health, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, increased heart rate, low hemoglobin and low baseline albumin were associated with increased risk of mortality. Conclusions : Among community-dwelling older adults, a history of cancer was associated with increased mortality and among those with cancer, several socio-demographic variables and morbidities predicted mortality. These findings suggest that addressing traditional risk factors for cardiovascular mortality may help improve outcomes in older adults with a history of cancer.
Genomic and clinical analyses of 2p24 and 12q13-q14 amplification in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is an aggressive pediatric cancer that is related to the skeletal muscle lineage and characterized by recurrent chromosomal translocations. Within the ARMS category, there is clinical and genetic heterogeneity, consistent with the premise that “primary” genetic events collaborate with “secondary” events to give rise to subsets with varying clinical features. Previous studies demonstrated that genomic amplification occurs frequently in ARMS. In the current study, we used oligonucleotide arrays to localize two common amplicons to the 2p24 and 12q13-q14 chromosomal regions. Based on the copy number array data, we sublocalized the minimum common regions of 2p24 and 12q13-q14 amplification to a 0.83 Mb region containing the DDX1 and MYCN genes, and a 0.55 Mb region containing 27 genes, respectively. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization assays to measure copy number of the 2p24 and 12q13-q14 regions in over 100 cases, we detected these amplicons in 13% and 12% of cases, respectively. Comparison with fusion status revealed that 2p24 amplification occurred preferentially in cases positive for PAX3-FOXO1 or PAX7-FOXO1 while 12q13-q14 amplification occurred preferentially in PAX3-FOXO1-positive cases. Expression studies demonstrated that MYCN was usually overexpressed in cases with 2p24 amplification while multiple genes were overexpressed in cases with 12q13-q14 amplification. Finally, although 2p24 amplification did not have a significant association with clinical outcome, 12q13-q14 amplification was associated with significantly worse failure-free and overall survival that was independent of gene fusion status. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Free-running (non-entrained to 24-h period) circadian sleep disorder in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea, delayed sleep phase tendency, and lack of social interaction

IntroductionCircadian rhythm sleep disorder, free-running type (FRD)occurs primarily in blind persons who are deprived of theentraining effects of light. It is rare in sighted patientsand usually occurs in those who live in environmentswith low light levels and those working unusualschedules [1]. We report a case of a young man withdelayed sleep phase tendency, depression, obstructivesleep apnea (OSA), and near complete lack of socialinteraction who developed FRD.Report of caseA 20-year-old man with history of depression cluster head-achesandgoutpresentedforsleepevaluationduetoexcessivedaytimesleepiness.Hisproblemswithdaytimesleepinessanddelayed sleep onset started at age 12. By age 15, he startedhome schooling due to his problems adjusting with earlyrising. At age 18, he was diagnosed with OSA at an outsideinstitution, with apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) of 17/h at thattime.Sleepefficiencywas83%andanarousalindexwas19/h.He underwent a trial of continuous positive airway pressure(CPAP) therapy; his sleep-disordered breathing was correctedat the pressure of 11 cmH
Communications: Effect of Oxygen Supersaturation on Rainbow Trout Fed with Demand Feeders

Abstract The influence of rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in water with and without supplemental oxygen on growth, feed conversion, packed red blood cell volume (hematocrit), and survival was determined during a 100-d test with fish fed by self-actuated or demand feeders. Although the rainbow trout reared in oxygen-supplemented water (187% saturation) gained 34% more weight than those reared in control water (95% saturation), variability was high and the difference was not significant (P > 0.14). Supplemental oxygen had no effect on feed conversion and survival. The hematocrit was significantly reduced by supplemental oxygen, but only by 9% – still within the normal range for rainbow trout.
Breakdown of conventional hydrodynamics in three-dimensional systems with long-ranged two-dimensional translational order

The influence of anharmonic elastic terms on the hydrodynamics of discotic liquid crystals is examined. These terms generate a nonlinear coupling between the velocity field and thermally excited undulation modes which, it is shown, causes four of the five viscosities in these systems to diverge as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ at small frequencies $\ensuremath{\omega}$. This implies that the attenuation of sound in these systems should scale as ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{\frac{3}{2}}$ (not ${\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}$ as in conventional materials). A simple relation between three of the diverging viscosities is found. Various experimental tests of these predictions are suggested.
Regeneration in haploid tissue in Rana pipiens embryos.

It is shown that the haploid condition inRana pipiens embryos does not, in any way, impede their ability to regenerate a tail tip. The implication is that the absence of the paternal genome leaves intact very complex physiological and developmental propensities.
Predictors of child-therapist alliance in cognitive-behavioral treatment of children referred for oppositional and antisocial behavior

We examined the therapeutic alliance in evidence-based treatment for children (N=97, 24 girls and 73 boys, ages 6-13 years) referred clinically for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior. We predicted that the quality of the child-therapist alliance would be related to therapeutic improvements in the children at the end of treatment and that the alliance would be predicted by alliance-relevant child characteristics (intellectual and social competencies) assessed before treatment. Multiple perspectives were obtained to evaluate child characteristics before treatment, alliance during the course of treatment, and therapeutic change at the end of treatment. The main findings were as follows: (1) the child-therapist alliance was related to therapeutic change at the end of treatment. The better the quality of the therapeutic alliance during treatment, the greater the therapeutic change among the children; (2) intellectual and social competencies of the child before treatment predicted the quality of the therapeutic alliance. Children higher in intellectual and social competencies formed a better child-therapist alliance; and (3) intellectual and social competencies did not account for or explain the connection of alliance and therapeutic change. The findings could not easily be attributed to the influence of other domains (socioeconomic disadvantage, parent psychopathology and stress, and severity and scope of child dysfunction) that plausibly might contribute to alliance and therapeutic change or to rater effects (common rater variance) among predictors and outcome criteria. We propose that the next steps for child-alliance research is to better describe factors that contribute to alliance and to explain precisely what mechanisms might be involved that connect alliance during treatment with changes in individual functioning.
The premortem recognition of systemic senile amyloidosis with cardiac involvement.

Abstract Purpose To recognize systemic senile amyloidosis involving the heart and to determine outcome. Patients and methods All patients with the diagnosis of amyloidosis at the Mayo Clinic from January 1, 1984 through May 1, 1992, were reviewed. Amyloid was confirmed histologically by sulfated alcian blue and alkaline Congo red staining. The labeled streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method was used with antisera against Aκ, Aλ, Aa, transthyretin, and β 2 -microglobulin. Anti-P-component and antisera to albumin were used as controls. Chest radiographs, electrocardiograms, transthoracic echocardiograms, and cardiac catheterization data of all patients were reviewed. Serum and urine were examined with immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation for the presence of a monoclonal protein. Lymphocyte DNA was examined for transthyretin mutations associated with familial amyloidosis. Results We identified 18 patients with myocardial tissue that stained positive for amyloid with sulfated alcian blue and Congo red and with transthyretin antisera. Congestive heart failure was present at diagnosis in 17 of the 18 patients. Atrial fibrillation was found in 11 patients. No monoclonal protein was found in the serum or urine. The echocardiographic findings were consistent with infiltrative cardiomyopathy due to amyloidosis in 16 patients. Right heart pressures were elevated in all 7 patients who had right-side heart catheterization. No transthyretin mutations were found in the leukocyte DNA from 12 patients. The actuarial median survival was 5 years; in contrast, the median survival was 5.4 months in 147 patients with primary amyloidosis (AL) who presented with congestive heart failure. Conclusion Patients with cardiac amyloid and no monoclonal protein in the serum or urine must have immunohistochemical staining for κ and λ light chains and transthyretin to distinguish between systemic senile amyloidosis, familial amyloidosis, and AL. Patients with systemic senile amyloidosis should not be treated with alkylating agents. Their survival is much longer than that of patients with AL (60 versus 5.4 months).
Valves and sociometric choices of incarcerated juveniles.

Summary Some effects of the time incarcerated on the values and sociometric choices of 107 young inmates at a federal correctional institution were assessed. The longer an inmate was incarcerated, the less were his values like those that the prison staff attributed to an ideal inmate. Values showing decreasing acceptance over time by the inmates were religiousness, honesty, achievement, and kindness, while independence and loyalty increased. There was little evidence for a change toward socially acceptable values as the inmates neared release, in contrast to the results of other investigations. One of the sociometric measures, however, showed that inmates tended increasingly to choose staff as peers, as release time approached.
Identification of putative homology between horse microsatellite flanking sequences and cross-species ESTs, mRNAs and genomic sequences.

Summary In this study the flanking sequences of 1534 horse microsatellites were used in a BLAST search to identify putative human–horse homologies. BLAST searches revealed 129 flanking sequences with significant blastn matches [alignment scores (S) ≥ 60 and sum probability values (E) ≤ 3.0E-6], also, 25 of these produced significant blastx matches. To provide a reference point in the human genome the flanking sequences with matches were subjected to a BLAT search of the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) human genome assembly (July 2003 freeze). Eighty-three of the flanking sequences showed high similarity to sequence of known or putative human genes and the remaining 46 demonstrated high similarity to human intragenic regions. Interestingly, 87 of the microsatellites showed conservation of the tandem repeat in addition to flanking regions. Overall, 41 of the microsatellites had been mapped in the horse and of these 37 localized to the expected syntenic location. The other four did not and represent new putative regions of human–horse synteny. The results of this study contribute 79 new putative human–horse homologies, increasing the density of markers on the human–horse comparative map.
Homologous Recombination Using Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes

This protocol introduces the technique of homologous recombination in bacteria to insert a linear DNA fragment into bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). Homologous recombination allows the modification of large DNA molecules, in contrast with conventional restriction endonuclease-based strategies, which cleave large DNAs into numerous fragments and are unlikely to permit the precise targeting afforded by recombination-based approaches. The method uses a phage lambda-derived recombination system (using exo, beta, and gam) as well as other enzymatic activities provided by the host (Escherichia coli). In the method described here, a DNA fragment encoding enhanced cyan fluorescent protein is inserted immediately after the start codon of the gene encoding choline acetyltransferase ("ChAT"), the final enzyme in acetylcholine biosynthesis, using homologous recombination between sequences that are present both on the introduced DNA fragment and in the target BAC. The desired recombination products are identified via positive selection for resistance to kanamycin. In principle, the resulting modified BAC could be used to produce transgenic mice that express this fluorescent protein in cholinergic neurons. The approach described here could be used to insert any DNA fragment.
Prebiotic chemistry: Replicating towards complexity.

Replication of long nucleic acid sequences was required for the evolution of biological complexity during the origin of life; however, short sequences are normally better replicators than long ones. A common physical environment now provides a simple mechanism to reverse this trend and enables long sequences to flourish.
The Prevalence of Loneliness Among U.S. Chinese Older Adults

Objective: Loneliness is an important indicator of well-being. However, we have limited understanding of loneliness in minority aging populations. This study aims to identify the prevalence of loneliness among U.S. Chinese older adults. Method: Data were drawn from the PINE study, a population-based study of 3,159 U.S. Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago area. Results: Our findings indicated that the prevalence of loneliness was 26.2%. Older adults with older age, female gender, and living alone reported higher prevalence of loneliness. Older adults with worsened health status, poorer quality of life, and negative health changes over the past year were also more likely to experience loneliness. Discussion: Loneliness is common among U.S. Chinese older adults in the Greater Chicago area. Future longitudinal studies are needed to improve the understanding of risk factors and outcomes associated with loneliness in Chinese older adults.
A link-focused methodology for evaluating accessibility to emergency services

This paper considers the development of a new measure for evaluating accessibility to emergency services via a road network called critical closeness accessibility (CCA). CCA quantifies the relative importance of each link in a roadway network with respect to its system-wide contribution to emergency service accessibility and is based on the network science/graph theory concept of closeness. CCA is a link-focused measure that used to evaluate accessibility on a link-by-link basis and can be used for disconnected networks. We introduce a relative importance-based weighting approach for both origins and destinations that can be applied to different types of nodes including generic link endpoints that represent individual intersections and roadway segments in GIS-based roadway maps as well as to physical locations. CAA offers a unique approach for evaluating accessibility that accounts for the spatial distribution of emergency service locations, the topology of the road network, and the engineering characteristics of the road network such as road types, capacities, volumes, and travel speeds.
Parametric Study of Phase Change Suspension Flow in Microchannels

A continuum model is applied to the numerical simulation of the laminar hydrodynamic and heat-transfer characteristics of suspension with phase change material (PCM) particles in a microchannel. The analytical/numerical formulation based on CFD modeling technique, and the computer code is developed. Local wall-to-suspension heat transfer coefficients are calculated by the simultaneous solution of the conservation of mass, momentum and thermal energy equations. By providing detailed information on the local behavior of the wall-to-suspension heat transfer coefficients, preliminary calculations expose that there exists a particle-depleted layer next to the wall under the laminar flow condition. It plays an important role on the heat transfer between the suspension and the wall under the laminar flow condition. The heat transfer coefficient increases and reaches a peak value in the melting region. The benefits on the enhancement of heat transfer and the reduction of wall temperature and mean temperature by employing the MCPCM particle are mainly in the melting region. The preliminary results agree very well with the experimental observations and measurement on the flow and heat transfer of microencapsulated PCM slurry in circular duct. It interprets the observation in the literature where heat transfer between the suspension and the wall is weaker in non-melting region and melted region than that between the pure fluid and the wall for laminar flow conditions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Occupational Injury Prevention Knowledge and Behavior of African-American Farmers

This study uses data from in-depth and focus group interviews conducted with African-American farmers residing in four southern states (Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee) to discuss the occupational prevention knowledge and behaviors found among these farmers, and to identify the major occupational health risks of which they are not aware. These African-American farmers have substantial knowledge about occupational injury prevention. Prevention knowledge and behaviors among these farmers are organized into several themes, including general prevention behaviors, and specific actions related to machinery, chemicals and livestock. Significant gaps also remain in their prevention knowledge in the operation of equipment, precautions needed in working with animals, and avoiding hazards in the built and natural environments. These farmers acknowledge disregarding some safety rules. They have not implemented some preventive procedures because they do not want to change old habits or because they ca...
Developmental genetics of the esterase isozymes of Fundulus heteroclitus

The ontogeny of the esterase isozymes of the teleost, Fundulus heteroclitus, has been investigated. One group of esterase isozymes is present at all stages of development, whereas other esterase isozymes only very gradually appear at later stages of development, or abruptly appear at such dramatic developmental events as hatching. The ontogeny of these isozyme patterns is interpreted as the expression of differential regulation of separate esterase genes. The general pattern of teleost esterase gene activation is similar to that reported for birds and mammals. Allelic variation was detected at two of the esterase loci. On the basis of electrophoretic mobility, substrate specificity, inhibitor specificity, genetic variation, and ontogeny of esterases, there appear to be at least 15 different esterase isozymes, which constitute 6–8 groups, each of which is probably encoded in one or more genetic loci.
Delivering the nuts without the bolts: the plight of clinical psychology practice.

A vision as bold as that expressed by C.R. Snyder and Timothy R. Elliott in their target article, “Twenty-First Century Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology: A Four Level Matrix Model” (this issue), should make the long-awaited breakthrough in training that would include development, implementation, and evaluation of large-scale health delivery systems. The realization that clinical psychology is part of the health care industry, and not just psychotherapy or mental health, would enable psychologists to go beyond the laboratory and become important decision makers in the health care arena and thus command a greater share of health care funding. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Characterization of high affinity receptors for insulin-like growth factors I and II on rat anterior pituitary cells

Primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells were assessed for the presence of specific receptors for insulin and for the somatomedin peptides, insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II). Specific binding per 100,000 pituitary cells averaged 9.45 +/- 1.69% (mean +/- SD) for [125I]IGF-II, 0.83 +/- 0.06% for [125I]IGF-I, and only 0.11% for [125I]insulin, IGF-II was twice as potent as IGF-I in displacing [125I]IGF-II, while insulin was totally nonreactive, IGF-I was 5-fold more potent than IGF-II at displacing [125I]IGF-I and 1000-fold more potent than insulin. Scatchard analysis of [125I]IGF-II binding revealed a curvilinear plot, which could be resolved into a high affinity receptor with a Ka of 7.0 X 10(8) M-1 and 120,000 receptor sites/cell, and a low affinity receptor with a Ka of 1.1 X 10(8) M-1 and 720,000 receptor sites/cell. The existence of abundant high affinity somatomedin receptors (especially for IGF-II) on rat anterior pituitary cells is consistent with a potential role for these peptides in the regulation of GH secretion.
Why women's numbers elevate women's influence, and when they do not: rules, norms, and authority in political discussion

Critical mass theory argues that women's numbers are a major cause of women's status and authority in a group. Applications of the theory to political settings have yielded mixed support for the theory. We unpack one mechanism that can explain when, why, and how numbers aid women. That mechanism is the norm of communication during group discussion. Our focus is on how women build or lose authority while they interact with men. We argue that numbers – and group procedures – shape norms that advance or hinder women's authority. Women's authority in turn affects the group's decision about economic redistribution – the higher the women's authority, the higher the group's generosity to the poor. We suggest that future work further explore how rules and norms affect women's status in a group by equalizing their participation and influence, with the ultimate goal being equal gender authority.
Money Can't Buy You Law: The Effects of Foreign Aid on the Rule of Law in Developing Countries

The rule of law is often touted as a panacea for the problems faced by the developing world. As a result, billions of dollars in foreign aid have been spent trying to promote the rule of law in developing countries. However, in many cases, little observable progress has been made. This Note explores some of the reasons rule of law reform efforts have stalled. One reason is that reform has focused solely on formal rule of law institutions, rather than on the informal political or cultural norms that are needed to support such institutions. Little is known, however, about how to foster such political and cultural norms where they are lacking. This Note argues that, at a minimum, fostering such norms requires a will to reform on the part of governments and political elites. Foreign aid, in the form of monetary transfers, has negative unintended consequences on the will to reform. By drawing on the economic literature detailing how foreign aid can provide perverse incentives for developing country governments, this Note argues that foreign aid decreases the incentives of governments and political elites to adopt a will to reform. In turn, this makes rule of law reform less likely to be successful.
Cat-Scratch Disease with Encephalopathy:

A case of encephalopathy complicating cat-scratch disease has been de scribed. Neurologic signs manifested by convulsions and stupor appeared ten days after epitrochlear lymphadenopathy. The clinical course gradually improved over the next few days and recovery was complete. The spinal fluid was normal. The skin test with CSD antigen was positive. In all cases of encephalopathy developing within six weeks following the appearance of un explained lymphadenopathy, the diagnosis of cat-scratch disease should be entertained. The importance of the cat-scratch disease antigen in diagnosis is emphasized.
E-Commerce Readiness: Institutional Environment and International Competitiveness

A systematic cross-country analysis of e-commerce activity reveals that although physical infrastructure explains much of the variation in basic Internet use, e-commerce activity also depends significantly on a supportive institutional environment. Chief among the characteristics of such an environment are national respect for the “rule of law” and, secondarily, the availability of credible payment channels such as credit cards. These results suggest that an institutional environment that facilitates the building of transactional integrity is critical to the development of e-commerce.
New Directions in Imaging the Retina

Exciting progress in instrumentation is aiding eye researchers and ophthalmologists in understanding the normal and diseased eye. Roorda and Williams describe advances in fundus photography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and adaptive optics.
EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE FLOODING, AND CORTISONE ON THE COURSE OF FORMALDEHYDE-IRRITATION ARTHRITIS

IT HAS been suggested that disturbances in the pituitary-adrenal system may contribute to the adaptation disease of rheumatoid arthritis (Selye, 1950). Whereas cortisone, the glucocorticoid hormone, is known to depress the inflammatory changes, the swelling, and other changes in rheumatoid arthritis, the mineralocorticoid (DCA-like) hormone is known to exacerbate the arthritis. Patients, and rats, given DCA have been reported to develop arthritic lesions (Thorn, 1949; Coutou and Selye, 1950). DCA is also known to increase (Frasinetti and Lanza, 1950), and cortisone to decrease (Selye, 1950), the swelling and other changes in the joint due to topical irritation arthritis. The reported ameliorative effect of combined DCA-ascorbic acid therapy in topical irritation arthritis (Brownlee, 1950) has not been substantiated by subsequent work (Frenk et at., 1950; Frasinetti and Lanza, 1950). Indeed the apparent good effect of the combined therapy in Brownlee's work was probably
INTERACTION OF LOCUS OF CONTROL, SKILL VS CHANCE INSTRUCTIONS, AND TASK DIFFICULTY

Summary.-Previous studies on locus of control and instructions have been interpreted to support the position of either a social learning theory or an anxiety. 144 college students were separated into locus of control categories based on scores on Rotter's I-E Scale and randomly assigned to receive skill or chance instructions and one of three anagram tasks of varying levels of difficulty. Primary dependent variables were number of correct anagrams and latency to the first response. The ratio of typical shifts to the rota1 number of shifts in expectancy of success served as a third dependent variable. A check on the credibility of the instructions was also performed. The results of the moderate task showed that internals given chance instructions responded faster and solved more anagrams correctly than when given skill instructions. When the credibility of instruaions was taken into account, significant differences bemien the groups were found for only those who did not believe the instruaions. Assessment of credibility of instructions provided valuable clarification since disbelief of instructions may account for the results found in earlier research as well. Locus of control of reinforcement as a personality construct developed from Rotter's (1954) social learning theory. The research literature indicates that persons with an internal locus of control believe that the rewards they receive are caused primarily by their own actions, whereas, those with an external locus of control perceive rewards as occurring because of luck, chance, or external factors. Previous attempts to differentiate the effects of chance and skill instructions on the performance of subjects who differ on locus of control scores have yielded ambiguous and conflicting results. Rotter and Mulry (1965) demonstrated that internals instructed that they were in skill situations had longer decision times on a difficult matching task than internals given chance instructions. Externals evidenced an opposite tendency, though they did not differ as dramatically as internals. Rotter and Mulry assumed that chance tasks have more reinforcement value than skill tasks for externals and that skill tasks have more reinforcement value than chance tasks for internals, hence longer decision times reflected the greater value of the task for the respective groups. Watson and Baumal (1967) and Petzel and Gynther (1970) have provided evidence for an alternative motivational account. Watson and Baumal (1967) found that internals make more errors in preparation for a task said