cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tobacco withdrawal components and their relations with cessation success

Tobacco withdrawal is a key factor in smoking relapse, but important questions about the withdrawal phenomenon remain. This research was intended to provide information about two core components of withdrawal (negative affect and craving): (1) how various withdrawal symptom profile dimensions (e.g., mean level, volatility, extreme values) differ between negative affect and craving; and (2) how these dimensions relate to cessation outcome. Adult smokers (N = 1,504) in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled smoking cessation trial provided real-time withdrawal symptom data four times per day for 4 weeks (2 weeks pre-quit and 2 weeks post-quit) via palmtop computers. Cessation outcome was biochemically confirmed 8-week point-prevalence abstinence. Examination of craving and negative affect dimensions following a cessation attempt revealed that craving symptoms differed from negative affect symptoms, with higher means, greater variability, and a greater incidence of extreme peaks. Regression analyses revealed that abstinence was associated with lower mean levels of both craving and negative affect and fewer incidences of extreme craving peaks. In a multivariate model, the increase in mean craving and negative affect scores each uniquely predicted relapse. Real-time reports revealed different patterns of abstinence-related negative affect and craving and that dimensions of both predict cessation outcome, suggesting that negative affect and craving dimensions each has motivational significance. This underscores the complexity of withdrawal as a determinant of relapse and the need to measure its distinct components and dimensions.
Diapause in the phytoseiid mite, Neoseiulus (T.) fallacis

Abstract Female Neoseiulus (Typhlodromus) fallacis exhibited an adult reproductive diapause. Induction of diapause was dependent upon both photoperiod and temperature. The critical photoperiod at 15·6°C occurred between 11·75 and 12·0 hr light/day for a strain collected at Brunswick, New Jersey and reared in the laboratory under long light periods for ca. 2 years prior to testing. When the F 1 progeny of a strain collected at Wilkesboro, North Carolina was reared under a 11·75 hr light/day, 15·6°C regime along with the New Brunswick strain the photoperiodic response of the two strains was similar. Further studies with the New Jersey strain showed that the incidence of diapause at a short light period was averted entirely at 26·7°C. Little difference was shown in the developmental rates of mites under a short and long light period. Diapause duration was reduced at 15·6°C by exposure to a long light period. When held constantly at a short light period, an increase in temperature from 21·1 to 26·7°C reduced the duration of diapause. This reduction may reflect an effect of temperature on diapause termination as well as post-diapause development. Although diapause termination was influenced by both photoperiod and temperature, it occurred eventually under all experimental conditions, including those initiating diapause. There was no significant parental effect on the incidence of diapause in F 1 and F 2 progeny of adults reared under either a short or long light period. However, parental preconditioning did alter diapause intensity. When parents and offspring experienced a short light period, the resulting diapause duration was significantly longer than when parents experienced a long light period and the offspring experienced a short light period.
Contingency management of self-report and cleaning behavior.

The effects of a contingency management program utilizing a reinforcing event (breakfast) were investigated in respect to cabin-cleaning and self-report behaviors in a group of nine male campers, ranging in age from 11 to 13. Control of cabincleaning behavior was clearly demonstrated. The large discrepancy between camper selfratings and counselor ratings disappeared when the opportunity to line up for breakfast was made contingent upon both accuracy of self-report and improved cleaning performance.
Intersystem crossing of triplet formaldehyde

Abstract Triplet benzene (3B1U sensitized decomposition of H2CO in the gas phase gives an appreciable yield of “molecules” H2 and CO. This evidence supports that T1↭S0 intersystem crossing in formaldehyde is an efficient and important process. The implication of this is that S1↭T1 intersystem crossing could be important, more so than recognized previously, in the photochemistry of (n,π*) state formaldehyde.
Studies on a Short-Term Procedure for Determining Amino Acid Requirements of Laying Hens

Abstract MACHLIN (1954) reported that a reduction of dietary protein or tryptophan eleven days after administration of methionine-S35 to laying hens resulted in a relative increase in sulfur35 deposition in the egg albumen. This increase in deposition of sulfur35 due to an amino acid deficiency suggested a possible procedure for estimating dietary amino acid requirements of the laying hen. Fisher and Johnson (1956) reported the development of a synthetic diet containing free amino acids instead of protein that maintained egg production for a 30-day experimental period. Since the cost of conducting research with synthetic diets of this type limits the duration of the experimental periods, an assay procedure whereby amino acid deficiencies could be detected in a short period of time would be valuable for determining dietary amino acid requirements. The following studies using a lysine deficient laying diet were designed to ascertain if the results obtained by the procedure described …
A typology of people–environment relationships in the Digital Age

Abstract This paper introduces a new conceptual framework for understanding people–environment transactions as they occur within the hybrid and polyfunctional settings (settings that incorporate both physical and digital elements) of the Twenty-First century. Four alternative modes of environmental experience with respect to individuals' connectedness to real (R) and virtual (V) settings, the focus of their identity, and satisfaction of socio-emotional needs are presented: Placeless, Place-Based, Place-Cyber Based, and Cyber-Based. Focusing on the Place-Cyber and Cyber-Based environmental orientations, new constructs for characterizing individuals' place-cyber and cyber-orientations are developed and key objective and subjective criteria are identified to distinguish between these two forms of virtual life. New questions for further investigation regarding the psychological and health consequences of alternative modes of virtual life are raised.
Methanol synthesis and reverse water-gas shift kinetics over clean polycrystalline copper

The kinetics of simultaneous methanol synthesis and reverse water-gas shift from CO2/H2 mixtures have been measured at low conversions over a clean polycrystalline Cu foil at pressures of 5 bar. An absolute rate of 1.2 × 10−3 methanol molecules produced per second per Cu surface atom was observed at 510 K, with an activation energy of 77 ± 10 kJ/mol. The rate of CO production was 0.12 molecules per second per Cu surface atom at this temperature, with an activation energy of 135 ± 5 kJ/mol. The rates, normalized to the metallic Cu surface area, are equal to those measured over real, high-area Cu/ZnO catalysts. The surface after reaction was examined by XPS and TPD. It was covered by almost a full monolayer of adsorbed formate, but no other species like carbon or oxygen in measurable amounts. These results prove that a highly active site for methanol synthesis on real Cu/ZnO catalysts is metallic Cu, and suggest that the rate-determining step in methanol synthesis is one of the several steps in the further hydrogenation of adsorbed formate to methanol.
The outs and ins of bacterial type IV secretion substrates

Bacteria use type IV secretion systems (T4SS) to translocate macromolecular substrates destined for bacterial, plant or human target cells. The T4SS are medically important, contributing to virulence-gene spread, genome plasticity and the alteration of host cellular processes during infection. The T4SS are ancestrally related to bacterial conjugation machines, but present-day functions include (i) conjugal transfer of DNA by cell-to-cell contact, (ii) translocation of effector molecules to eukaryotic target cells, and (iii) DNA uptake from or release to the extracellular milieu. Rapid progress has been made toward identification of type IV secretion substrates and the requirements for substrate recognition.
Modeling texture and microstructural evolution in the equal channel angular extrusion process

Abstract In this work, we develop a modeling framework for predicting the visco-plastic deformation, microstructural evolution (distributions of grain shape and size) and texture evolution in polycrystalline materials during the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process, a discontinuous process of severe shear straining. The foundation of this framework is a visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) scheme. We consider a 90° die angle and simulate ECAE up to four passes for four processing routes, (A, C, B A and B C , as denoted in the literature) for an FCC polycrystalline material. We assume that the FCC single crystal has a constant critical resolved shear stress (CRSS), so that hardening by dislocation activity is suppressed, and the influence of grain shape distribution and texture as well as their interaction can be isolated. Many deformation microstructural features, such as grain size and shape distribution, texture, and geometric hardening–softening, were highly dependent on processing route. Using a grain subdivision criterion based on grain shape, route A was the most effective, then route B A and route B C and lastly route C, the least effective for grain size refinement, in agreement with redundant strain theory. For producing refined equiaxed grains, route B C was more effective than routes B A and A. We show that grain–grain interactions tend to weaken texture evolution and consequently geometric hardening and softening in all routes.
Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco

The proceedings of the inaugural scientific meeting of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) are summarized. The primary objective of the meeting was to foster the exchange of information on the effects of nicotine and tobacco use, as well as factors which influence their use, drawing from biological, behavioral and social sciences. Much of this research can be viewed as a tale of "two" drugs--nicotine as a key to an important public health problem, and nicotine as a classical tool of physiological and pharmacological research. A historical overview of research on "both" drugs is provided first. Public policy alternatives for reducing the prevalence of tobacco use have been derived in part from basic and clinical research results and are briefly outlined. Evidence for genetic determinants on nicotine use and effects is presented using data from twin studies and from molecular genetic research with humans and animals. Consistent with this research, there is evidence of individual differences in pharmacokinetics and effects of nicotine, which could account for differences in smoking behavior and nicotine dependence. Finally, recent developments in the therapeutic uses of nicotine and novel nicotinic agonists with schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome and ulcerative colitis are presented. Overall, the research presented at the meeting demonstrated the vast diversity of areas of study involving nicotine and tobacco, as well as the rich opportunities for cross-communication among researchers from different disciplines.
The effects of selective partial pancreatectomy on pancreatic islet cell morphology in the Japanese quail

Abstract The A- and B-islet containing splenic lobe of the Japanese quail pancreas was examined by light and electron microscopy after surgical removal of the ventral or third pancreatic lobe, and after a sham operation. Removal of the ventral lobe, which contains only B-islets, resulted in time-dependent alterations in the B-cell granules. Electron opaque material within the crystalline and ring-shaped secretory granules was less abundant in B-cells 2 hr after ventral lobectomy than after a sham operation. The uniformly opaque B-granules, however, were not altered until 6 hr after lobe removal. In contrast, extirpation of the A-islet containing third pancreatic lobe, but not the sham operation, resulted in granule alterations within the A-cells. Two and six hours after third-lobectomy decreases in electron opacity were observed at the peripheries of A-granules. These changes did not result in the formation of electron lucent halos around the majority of A-granule cores suggesting that a nonglucagon component exists within these granules. After removal of either the ventral or third pancreatic lobe increased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, enlargement of Golgi profiles and increased granule numbers were noted in B- and A-cells, respectively, during the 12–48 hr interval following surgery. During this study no granule changes were observed in D- or Type IV cells. These results demonstrate that selective partial pancreatectomy may be used to produce specific cytological alterations in A- or B-cells of the endocrine pancreas of this species. Furthermore, these observations suggest that intracytoplasmic dissolution of secretory granules may play a role in the release of insulin and glucagon from B- and A-cells of the Japanese quail.
Acute leukemia with features of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Chez 2 enfants de 7 et 12 ans. Le 1er diagnostic evoque dans les 2 cas a ete celui de lupus erythemateux en presence de certains symptomes specifiques mais les signes n'etaient pas au complet. Des signes de leucemie lymphoblastique aigue etaient aussi initialement presents. Le diagnostic differentiel de la leucemie lymphoblastique aigue avec le LE est a prendre en consideration
The effect of roll and clad sheet geometry on the necking instability during rolling of clad sheet metals

Experimental evidence is presented showing that the rolling strain required to produce internal necking in clad sheet depends both on the volume fraction of each constituent in the clad and the geometry of the rolls. This result was not predicted by earlier localization analysis that approximates the stress/strain field in rolling with that of plane strain compression. The evolution of hardness during rolling and complementary finite element results point to redundant shearing of the soft phase as the reason for this behavior. Such redundant shear differentially strengthens the softer component of the clad and reduces the induced tensile stress in the harder component, delaying the localization. Therefore, unwanted strain localization in rolling of clad sheets can be delayed significantly by the use of small radius rolls in configurations such as a Sendzimir mill.
Evolving Paradigms and Challenges in Estuarine and Coastal Eutrophication Dynamics in a Culturally and Climatically Stressed World

Coastal watersheds support more than one half of the world’s human population and are experiencing unprecedented urban, agricultural, and industrial expansion. The freshwater–marine continua draining these watersheds are impacted increasingly by nutrient inputs and resultant eutrophication, including symptomatic harmful algal blooms, hypoxia, finfish and shellfish kills, and loss of higher plant and animal habitat. In addressing nutrient input reductions to stem and reverse eutrophication, phosphorus (P) has received priority traditionally in upstream freshwater regions, while controlling nitrogen (N) inputs has been the focus of management strategies in estuarine and coastal waters. However, freshwater, brackish, and full-salinity components of this continuum are connected structurally and functionally. Intensification of human activities has caused imbalances in N and P loading, altering nutrient limitation characteristics and complicating successful eutrophication control along the continuum. Several recent examples indicate the need for dual N and P input constraints as the only nutrient management option effective for long-term eutrophication control. Climatic changes increase variability in freshwater discharge with more severe storms and intense droughts and interact closely with nutrient inputs to modulate the magnitude and relative proportions of N and P loading. The effects of these interactions on phytoplankton production and composition were examined in two neighboring North Carolina lagoonal estuaries, the New River and Neuse River Estuaries, which are experiencing concurrent eutrophication and climatically driven hydrologic variability. Efforts aimed at stemming estuarine and coastal eutrophication in these and other similarly impacted estuarine systems should focus on establishing N and P input thresholds that take into account effects of hydrologic variability, so that eutrophication and harmful algal blooms can be controlled over a range of current and predicted climate change scenarios.
Fostering connections and medical homes: Addressing health disparities among children in substitute care

Abstract Children in the child welfare system are disproportionately at risk for physical and mental health problems. In response to these disparities, recent federal legislation, the Fostering Connections to Success and Increasing Adoptions Act of 2008, mandated that state child welfare agencies implement the medical home concept as one component of improving services to children in substitute care. This article discusses the current state of health services for children in foster care, obstacles to accessing care, and policies enacted to address disparities. A brief discussion of legislation in Texas is offered as an example of how medical homes may be useful in addressing the mandate of the Fostering Connections legislation and improving health outcomes for children in foster care. The special challenges of medical homes within the foster care population are discussed along with the opportunities present.
Native American Racial Identity Development and College Adjustment at Two‐Year Institutions

In this study, a series of simultaneous multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between racial identity development and college adjustment for a sample of 76 Choctaw community college students in the South. Results indicated that 3 of the 4 racial identity statuses (dissonance, immersion-emersion, and internalization) were significantly related to college adjustment, whereas the 4th status, conformity, was not. Implications for research and practice are provided.
Association of glomerular filtration rate on presentation with subsequent mortality in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; observations in 13307 patients in five TIMI trials

Aims To determine the association of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) with clinical outcomes in the setting of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS). Methods and results Data were pooled from five NSTE-ACS TIMI trials (TIMI 11A and B, TIMI 12, OPUS-TIMI 16 and TACTICS-TIMI 18) and were available in 13 307 patients. GFR was assessed as a continuous and a categorical variable (normal: â©¾90 mL/min/1.73 m2, n =4952; mildly decreased: 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m2, n =6262; and moderately to severely decreased GFR: <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, n =2093). There was an independent association between decreasing GFR and mortality at 30 days (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.12–1.27, p <0.001) and at 6 months (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.11–1.22, p <0.001). The combination of TIMI risk score (TRS) and decreasing GFR provided further mortality risk stratification with highest 30-day and 6-month mortality rates among patients with the lowest GFR who also had a TRSâ©¾5 (9.1% and 15.4%, respectively). Decreasing GFR was also independently associated with stroke and recurrent ischaemia at 30-days as well as with major bleeding ( p <0.001). Conclusion In the setting of NSTE-ACS, impaired GFR is associated with higher mortality as well as higher rates of thrombotic and major bleeding events, independent of TRS.
On negative inertial defect

Abstract Morino's general formula for inertial defect has been applied to planar molecules with very low out-of-plane vibrations in order to explain negative inertial defects reported for such molecules. The obtained simple formula is combined with an empirical proportionality relation between zero point inertial defect Δ 0 and √ I cc for ordinary molecules to give semi-empirical relations between the inertial defect Δ 0 , the wavenumber of the lowest out-of-plane vibration v 1 and √ I cc . The relation explains well the observed negative inertial defects and allows us to estimate the value of v 1 from the observed Δ 0 .
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION AS MEASURED BY THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST RELATION OF THE COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGEN TO THE VIRUS PARTICLE

A quantitative complement fixation test with influenza immune sera and virus antigens obtained from allantoic fluid is described. The method utilizes a photoelectric densitometer which provides a simple, objective, and accurate determination of the hemolytic reaction. The enhancement of the hemolytic activity of complement in the presence of serum or allantoic fluid necessitates a preliminary titration of complement in the presence of these agents. An accurate appraisal of the activity of the complement under the conditions of the actual test permits the selection of an optimal amount of complement and greatly increases the sensitivity of the test. The substance (or substances) responsible for the enhanced hemolytic activity of complement has been found in human and many animal sera and in allantoic fluids obtained from the developing chick embryo. It requires the presence of both complement and hemolysin, resists heating at 100°C. for 2 hours, and is dialyzable. Allantoic fluid or mouse lung preparations of influenza virus contain a complement-fixing antigen which is intimately associated with the virus particle. It sediments in the high speed centrifuge at the same rate as the hemagglutinin and infective particle and, like the latter, is adsorbed by fowl red blood cells and eluted from the cells on standing at room temperature or 37°C. It cannot be separated from the virus particle by repeated washings in the centrifuge or repeated adsorptions with red blood cells; the hemagglutinin and complement-fixing antigen titers remain roughly proportional. This antigen shows a high degree of strain specificity in cross complement fixation tests with PR8, W.S., and swine ferret antisera, and, as found with the neutralization test, it shows little or no strain specificity with human sera. A soluble antigen is also present in influenza virus preparations which can be readily separated from the virus particle by centrifugation. It is not adsorbed by red blood cells. Furthermore, it reacts in lower titer with ferret antisera and usually shows less strain specificity in cross complement fixation tests. In general, allantoic fluid virus preparations contain much less of the soluble antigen than mouse lung extracts.
Variable responses to neighborhood social contexts: Assimilation, conflict, and tipping points

The social contexts of urban neighborhoods provide a dimension to urban politics which extends beyond the characteristics of discrete political actors. This article shows that the political effects of these spatially defined social environments depend upon individual characteristics, as well as neighborhood properties; the contextual effects are not constant across individual categories or within individual categories across context. Using Democratic identification as the dependent variable, two reactions to context are demonstrated: conflict and assimilation. The interdependency of individual characteristics and contextual properties determines (1) which reaction occurs where for which individuals, and (2) the extent of political differences between occupational classes.
Integrating Religion and Social Work in Dual Degree Programs

Abstract This article offers challenges, suggestions and examples for integrating insights from religion and social work in the context of masters level dual degree programs that link social work and other fields of study about religion, such as theology, pastoral counseling, and religious studies. The author first relates some personal and professional experiences regarding his own journey during the past 30 years in trying to find ways to connect religious studies, pastoral counseling, and social work. Next, the article presents suggestions for mutually beneficial ways that fields for studying religion and social work can challenge each other. Finally, several practical suggestions are given for designing integrated religion and social work dual degree programs.
Clinical Evaluation of Coralline Calcium Carbonate as a Bone Replacement Graft Material in Human Periodontal Osseous Defects

A resorbable coralline calcium carbonate graft material (CalCarb) was compared to open flap debridement (DEBR) in human periodontal osseous defects. Following appropriate initial preparation procedures, flap surgery with defect and root debridement was performed in 20 patients. Alternating defects in each segment of surgery were treated with each procedure. Appropriate periodontal maintenance schedules were followed, and at 6 to 12 months a re-entry flap surgery was performed for documentation and finalization of treatment. Forty defects which received CalCarb grafts demonstrated significantly better mean defect fill of 2.3 mm (67.7%) versus a mean defect fill of 0.7 mm (25.9%) (P < 0.01) for 39 defects treated with DEBR. Other hard tissue findings showed similar clinically superior results with the use of CalCarb. Relative defect fill results showed 88% positive (50% to 100% defect fill) responses with CalCarb and only 13% positive responses with DEBR. There were 7 times more failures (minimal response) with DEBR than with CalCarb. Soft tissue findings showed no significant differences between treatments. These results are similar to those with other synthetic and natural bone replacement graft materials. However, the ease of handling of the CalCarb material, its resorbability, and its potential for improved bone regeneration may be of clinical advantage.
Enhancement of human adipose-derived stromal cell angiogenesis through knockdown of a BMP-2 inhibitor

BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated the role of noggin, a bone morphogenetic protein-2 inhibitor, in vascular development and angiogenesis. The authors hypothesized that noggin suppression in human adipose-derived stromal cells would enhance vascular endothelial growth factor secretion and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo to a greater extent than bone morphogenetic protein-2 alone. METHODS Human adipose-derived stromal cells were isolated from human lipoaspirate (n = 6) noggin was knocked down using lentiviral techniques. Knockdown was confirmed and angiogenesis was assessed by tubule formation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cells were seeded onto scaffolds and implanted into a 4-mm critical size calvarial defect. In vivo angiogenic signaling was assessed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Human adipose-derived stromal cells with noggin suppression secreted significantly higher amounts of angiogenic proteins, expressed higher levels of angiogenic genes, and formed more tubules in vitro. In vivo, calvarial defects seeded with noggin shRNA human adipose-derived stromal cells exhibited a significantly higher number of vessels in the defect site than controls by immunohistochemistry (p < 0.05). In addition, bone morphogenetic protein-2-releasing scaffolds significantly enhanced vascular signaling in the defect site. CONCLUSIONS Human adipose-derived stromal cells demonstrate significant increases in angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo with both noggin suppression and BMP-2 supplementation. By creating a cell with noggin suppressed and by using a scaffold with increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 signaling, a more angiogenic niche can be created.
Effect of population density and feeding rate on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)

Juvenile fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were stocked in tanks at different densities and different ration levels, in two experiments, to determine effects on final population density, growth and fecundity. Length and weight of fish increased with increased food availability. Egg size was exponentially related to growth and perhaps directly to ration level. High population density appeared to limit growth and gamete development regardless of food abundance. Additionally, water volume appeared to limit numbers (tolerance density) of fish which can be supported in a specific volume of water.
Maturational influences on suppression of vocal cord function by anesthesia

Vocal cord abduction is a complex action that occurs with inspiration and is controlled by the respiratory center in the brainstem. A study was conducted to evaluate the maturational influences on the effect of anesthesia on vocal cord movement. Rabbits aged 15, 30, 45, and 60 days were used to study this problem. The animals were equilibrated to varying concentrations of halothane, and vocal cord movements were documented. In all age groups the vocal cord motion increased with increasing concentration of halothane. The amount of vocal cord movement also increased with the increasing age of the animal. These effects, however, were independent of each other. There did not appear to be any interaction between the concentration of halothane and the age of the animal. These findings are discussed in light of the apparent absence of active vocal cord motion observed in some children under a general anesthetic.
Computational and Experimental Investigation of a Spray Rig for Airborne Icing Tankers

Computational and experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the performance of a spray rig for airborne icing tanker applications. Tests were performed at the Wichita State University (WSU) 7-ft x 10-ft wind tunnel facility to assess the effects of spray nozzle number density, pattern and spacing on spray cloud plume size and uniformity. Air-atomizing multi-jet nozzles and vortex generators were incorporated into the spray rig design to enhance cloud size and uniformity. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were conducted prior to the wind tunnel tests to evaluate the effects of vortex generators and nozzle support structure on spray cloud droplet dispersal. FAR Part 25 Appendix C and SLD spray cloud conditions were generated with a computer controlled spray system developed at WSU. Spray plume sizes were documented at an airspeed of 155 mph using a laser sheet imaging (LSI) technique. Spray cloud liquid water content (LWC) was measured with a CSIRO-King probe installed at the diffuser section of the tunnel. Three nozzle arrangements with 7, 11 and 12 nozzles placed within a circle of 24-in radius were investigated. Spray plume sizes measured at a location 10.5-ft downstream of the nozzles were approximately 5-ft in diameter for all three nozzle arrangements tested. The 11-nozzle spray rig tested provided the best overall cloud uniformity. Spray cloud LWC for the 11nozzle spray rig was 0.13 g/m 3 for a cloud median volumetric diameter (MVD) of 40 microns, and 0.47 g/m 3 for a cloud MVD of 50 microns. For large droplet spray clouds, the LWC varied from 1.20 to 1.50 g/m 3 as the cloud MVD was increased from 100 to 160 microns.
The vision of paradise: a symbolic reading of the Old English Phoenix

The classification of The Phoenix as a Christian allegory has obscured the perception that the poem may contain a single symbolic vision, for the attention given the poem has always centred on the apparent allegorizations drawn from the Lactantian De Ave Phoenice. The long description of paradise at the beginning, the phoenix's journey from paradise, its fiery death and resurrection – elements derived from Lactantius and expanded by a clearly Christian reading – invite the exegete to untangle a carefully woven allegorical web. The exegetical approaches are, in some ways, justified. Even Lactantius's poem, which at no time refers to a system of Christian theology, is legitimately subject to this kind of inquiry, for the phoenix, standing by itself, had been a symbol charged with Christian meaning since the earliest patristic writers. Augustine's words may be taken as a summary statement for the Christian interpretation: ‘Quod enim de phoenice loqueris … Resurrectionem quippe ilia significat corporum.’ In practice, however, strict allegorical readings of The Phoenix have not proved very helpful. An ever-changing perspective in the poem makes it difficult to discover a logically coherent and consistent pattern of allegorical meaning, and attempts to find such a pattern have led either to disappointment with the poem or to an exegetical system so rigid that it falsifies the poem itself.
Valvular action in the embryonic chick heart by localized apposition of endocardial masses

The heart of a chick embryo at the time the blood first starts to circulate through it is essentially a double-layered tube. I t s endocardia1 layer consists of an endothelial lining held in place within the outer epimyocardial investment by a surprisingly thick layer of gelatinous, non-cellular material which Davis (’24, ’27) called cardiac jelly. Blood enters this primitive young heart at its caudal end and is forced out its cephalic end by peristaltoid contractions of the myocardium. The fact that the cardiac tube soon becomes bent on itself does not at first essentially change the way the blood passes through its unchambered length. Nor does this early tubular heart have anything resembling valves as we know them in the adult heart. It is not surprising, therefore, that when the recently established circulation is studied in living embryos one sees a very jerky progression of the corpuscles in the vessels entering and leaving the heart. There is with each cardiac cycle what one might call a “backlash.” This term in this connection is meant to convey the idea that toward the end of each contraction cycle the corpuscles in an artery lose a little of the progression they have made under the thrust of systole. I n veins a similar blacklash occurs as contraction commences at the atrial end of the cardiac tube.
Managing flow of control in diagnostic expert systems

It is argued that many expert systems for equipment fault diagnosis have lost sight of the goal of modeling the actual procedures of the domain expert. It is shown that it is possible to model such expertise in the design of flow of control in such expert systems, i.e. in the architecture as well as the rule base. The authors present as examples two such features from an expert system for the maintenance of mail processing equipment: a focus mechanism which guides the interaction through a hierarchical partition of the rule base, and a specialized procedure mechanism for capturing knowledge about connected sequences of diagnostic activity. >
Let's feed the preterm lung

he lung is generally viewed as a static structureonce growth has occurred. Its size or ability to regeneratebecomes interesting with disease or physiologic stresses.The general teaching is that the adult human lungseptates beginning at about 32-36 weeks of gestation toform alveoli, and this process continues until the child isseveral years of age. Subsequent growth is in lung size,with a constant number of about500 million alveoli until about 20years of age. Alveolar number andlung elasticity then decreaseprogressively with age. Alveolar lossby destruction in emphysemaappears to be an irreversible process.Yet, lung growth and alveolarizationcan occur even in the mature lung.Lung resection in young animals results in promptgrowth and expansion of the gas surface area in theremaining lung. More directly relevant to the article onnutritional effects on the developing lung published byMataloun et al.
Penalized spline models for functional principal component analysis

Summary. We propose an iterative estimation procedure for performing functional principal component analysis. The procedure aims at functional or longitudinal data where the repeated measurements from the same subject are correlated. An increasingly popular smoothing approach, penalized spline regression, is used to represent the mean function. This allows straightforward incorporation of covariates and simple implementation of approximate inference procedures for coefficients. For the handling of the within-subject correlation, we develop an iterative procedure which reduces the dependence between the repeated measurements that are made for the same subject. The resulting data after iteration are theoretically shown to be asymptotically equivalent (in probability) to a set of independent data. This suggests that the general theory of penalized spline regression that has been developed for independent data can also be applied to functional data.The effectiveness of the proposed procedure is demonstrated via a simulation study and an application to yeast cell cycle gene expression data.
Evaluating Performance and Energy on ARM-based Clusters for High Performance Computing

The High-Performance Computing (HPC) community aimed for many years at increasing performance regardless to energy consumption. However, energy is limiting the scalability of next generation supercomputers. Current HPC systems already cost huge amounts of power, in the order of a few Mega Watts (MW). The future HPC systems intend to achieve 10 to 100 times more performance, but the accepted energy to power those machines must remain below 20 MW. Therefore, the scientific community is investigating ways to improve energy efficiency. This paper presents a study of the execution time, power consumption, maximum power and energy efficiency using developer boards with ARM processors. Our objective is to verify the feasibility of clusters using processors that target low power consumption. As a sub product of our research we built an unconventional cluster of Panda Boards each one featuring two ARM Cortex A9 cores. We believe that these unconventional solutions bring an alternative base to build HPC clusters that respect the limits of electric energy.
Investigating the Aging Susceptibility of Bio-Modified Asphalts

Asphalt binder supplies are shrinking, while the demand for it is increasing rapidly; this in turn has led to an increase in the price of asphalt. As the price of asphalt binder increases, the demand for alternative and renewable binder resources increases. Therefore, this paper investigates the effects of the introduction of four different bio-binders (made from Corn Stover, Miscanthus Pellet, Swine Manure, and Wood Pellet) on the aging susceptibility of asphalt as measured by the change in rheological and chemical properties of a selected asphalt binder (PG64-22) as a result of oxidative aging. The results of Rotational Viscometer (RV) and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) were used to evaluate the rheological behavior of the various bio-modified asphalt binders. Overall, the rheological characterization showed that bio-binder from Wood Pellets had the most desirable properties in unaged status among all bio-modified specimens. However, this trend was reversed after aging, indicating Wood Pellets bio-binder has the highest susceptibility to oxidative aging. In order to quantitatively measure and compare the extent of aging, the chemical composition of each sample was obtained using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. Oxidative aging was demonstrated through tracking the formation of carbonyl and sulfoxide groups due to aging. The results showed that aging susceptibilities varied significantly depending on the source of the biomass. The experimental results indicates that bio-binder from Swine Manure was least susceptible to aging, followed by bio-binder made from Corn Stover, Miscanthus Pellets, and Wood Pellets.
RF propagation and absorption measurements in a magneto-plasma near electron cyclotron resonance

RF propagation and absorption calorimetric measurements in magnetoplasma near electron cyclotron resonance, noting power conversion
The effect of H. pylori eradication on meal-associated changes in plasma ghrelin and leptin

Appetite and energy expenditure are regulated in part by ghrelin and leptin produced in the gastric mucosa, which may be modified by H. pylori colonization. We prospectively evaluated the effect of H. pylori eradication on meal-associated changes in serum ghrelin and leptin levels, and body weight. Veterans referred for upper GI endoscopy were evaluated at baseline and ≥8 weeks after endoscopy, and H. pylori status and body weight were ascertained. During the first visit in all subjects, and during subsequent visits in the initially H. pylori-positive subjects and controls, blood was collected after an overnight fast and 1 h after a standard high protein meal, and levels of eight hormones determined. Of 92 enrolled subjects, 38 were H. pylori-negative, 44 H. pylori-positive, and 10 were indeterminate. Among 23 H. pylori-positive subjects who completed evaluation after treatment, 21 were eradicated, and 2 failed eradication. After a median of seven months following eradication, six hormones related to energy homeostasis showed no significant differences, but post-prandial acylated ghrelin levels were nearly six-fold higher than pre-eradication (p = 0.005), and median integrated leptin levels also increased (20%) significantly (p < 0.001). BMI significantly increased (5 ± 2%; p = 0.008) over 18 months in the initially H. pylori-positive individuals, but was not significantly changed in those who were H. pylori-negative or indeterminant at baseline. Circulating meal-associated leptin and ghrelin levels and BMI changed significantly after H. pylori eradication, providing direct evidence that H. pylori colonization is involved in ghrelin and leptin regulation, with consequent effects on body morphometry.
Managing Unexpected Publics Online: The Challenge of Targeting Specific Groups with the Wide-Reaching Tool of the Internet

As Internet-based tactics become commonplace in public relations practice, targeting campaigns to specific publics becomes more challenging. The global reach of the Internet challenges a public relations practitioner’s confidence that an online message targeted at a set of specific demographics will reach only the intended audience. Internet-based public relations campaigns can attract unexpected, or even unwanted, publics to a project or brand, and practitioners must be ready to manage these unexpected participants. This article examines unexpected publics that engaged an online public participation project focused on architectural design and transit planning. The project, which was targeted at everyday bus riders in Salt Lake City, Utah, attracted an international base of design professionals. These unexpected publics, who learned of the project through the Internet, caused global-local and amateur-professional tensions that complicated the outcomes of the project. Through website analytic data, user registration data on the website, and interviews with project participants, this article explores these tensions and offers practical advice for managing unexpected publics online.
Quasilinear Schrödinger equations I: Small data and quadratic interactions

Abstract In this article, we prove local well-posedness in low-regularity Sobolev spaces for general quasilinear Schrodinger equations. These results represent improvements in the small data regime of the pioneering works by Kenig–Ponce–Vega and Kenig–Ponce–Rolvung–Vega, where viscosity methods were used to prove existence of solutions in very high regularity spaces. Our arguments here are purely dispersive. The function spaces in which we show existence are constructed in ways motivated by the results of Mizohata, Ichinose, Doi, and others, including the authors.
Autoimmune Profiling Reveals Peroxiredoxin 6 as a Candidate Traumatic Brain Injury Biomarker.

Abstract Autoimmune profiling in rats revealed the antioxidant enzyme, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), as a target for autoantibodies evoked in response to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Consistent with this proposal, immunohistochemical analysis of rat cerebral cortex demonstrated that PRDX6 is highly expressed in the perivascular space, presumably contained within astrocytic foot processes. Accordingly, an immunosorbent electrochemiluminescence assay was developed for investigating PRDX6 in human samples. PRDX6 was found to be measurable in human blood and highly expressed in human cerebral cortex and platelets. Circulating levels of PRDX6 were elevated fourfold over control values 4 to 24 h following mild-to-moderate TBI. These findings suggest that PRDX6 may serve as a biomarker for TBI and that autoimmune profiling is a viable strategy for the discovery of novel TBI biomarkers.
Coordination of iris sizes in ocular prostheses

The use of a series of steel punches for cutting, measuring, and coordinating iris discs for the fabrication of ocular prostheses is discussed.
Agonist Effects on the Intracellular Cyclic AMP Concentration of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Culture

Accumulation of cyclic AMP in intact cultured pigment epithelial cells was rapidly enhanced by several agonists. These included vasoactive intestinal peptide (100-fold), glucagon (fivefold), thyroid-stimulating hormone (threefold), prostaglandin E1 (24-fold), L-isoproterenol (27-fold), and histamine (fourfold). The rapidity and magnitude of these effects suggest that these agonists may regulate important retinal pigment epithelial cell functions.
Hot-carrier induced degradation of critical paths modeled by rule-based analysis

An implementation of simple hot carrier rules is presented with the intent of providing insight into reliability problems as early in the design process as possible. To that end, these rules have been incorporated into BERT, a circuit reliability simulator, using a timing simulator as the simulation engine. This allows for quick estimation of problem points in the critical path of large circuits. Furthermore, by exploiting the inverting property of CMOS circuitry, it is possible to remove some of the estimation problems that can arise from false paths. By separating analysis into rising and falling waveforms, and partitioning the circuit into channel connected components, it is possible to prevent analysis of clearly impossible paths.
Filtered two‐fluid models of fluidized gas‐particle flows: New constitutive relations

New constitutive relations for filtered two-fluid models (TFM) of gas-particle flows are obtained by systematically filtering results generated through highly resolved simulations of a kinetic theory-based TFM. It was found in our earlier studies that the residual correlations appearing in the filtered TFM equations depended principally on the filter size and filtered particle volume fraction. Closer inspection of a large amount of computational data gathered in this study reveals an additional, systematic dependence of the correction to the drag coefficient on the filtered slip velocity, which serves as a marker for the extent of subfilter-scale inhomogeneity. Furthermore, the residual correlations for the momentum fluxes in the gas and particle phases arising from the subfilter-scale fluctuations are found to be modeled nicely using constitutive relations of the form used in large-eddy simulations of single-phase turbulent flows. V C 2013 American