cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of 14C into the carbohydrate moieties of a fungal glucoamylase

Abstract Aspergillus niger NRRL 330 was grown in submerged culture in media containing d -glucose- 1 - 14 C or d -mannose- 1 - 14 C . Glucoamylase I [α- d -(1→4)-glucan glucohydrolase, E. C. 3.2.1.3] and II were isolated from the culture filtrate in high purity by precipitation with ethanol followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Bio-Gel P-150. The carbohydrate residues were released from the purified enzymes by acid hydrolysis and were separated by paper chromatography. The hexoses were oxidized to aldonic acids, which were purified by chromatography on an ion-exchange resin. Following oxidation of the purified aldonic acids with sodium metaperiodate, radioactivity was measured in the carbon dioxide (C-1 of the hexose) and formaldehyde (C-6 of the hexose) by liquid-scintillation techniques. A large percentage of the radioactivity was retained in C-1 of the hexose isolated from the enzyme, indicating direct incorporation of the hexose into the glycoprotein without prior breakdown into smaller units followed by resynthesis. Involvement of a nucletide-hexose pathway in the incorporation of the carbohydrate residues into glucoamylase I and II is consistent with these results. UDP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase (UTP:α- d glucosyl phosphate uridylytransferase, E.C. 2.7.7.9) activity was observed in a cell-free extract obtained from mycelia of a A. niger.
Phase equilibria at 1100 °C in the Nb–Ti–Al system

Abstract The phase equilibria at 1100 °C has been examined as part of a larger investigation of the phase equilibria and transformations within the Nb–Ti–Al system. Fifteen alloys ranging in composition from 15 to 40 at.% Al, with Nb:Ti ratios of 1:1.5 up to 4:1, were prepared by arc-melting. The alloys were homogenized and solution treated in the β (bcc) solid solution phase field prior to heat treatment at 1100 °C, and the microstructures characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe microanalysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The phase equilibria will be discussed along with a comparison with earlier experimental work.
Cheyne-Stokes Ventilation Converting to Obstructive Sleep Apnea Following Heart Transplantation

Cheyne-Stokes ventilation is often found in conjunction with heart failure. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and upper airway instability has been suggested to play a role. This report documents the conversion of Cheyne-Stokes ventilation during sleep to obstructive apnea after heart transplantation.
Mycophenolate Mofetil Immunosuppression in Rat Pancreas Allotransplantation

Prolongation of pancreas allograft survival has been difficult to achieve in rodent models despite use of immunosuppression regimens that successfully increase graft survival of other organs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new immunosuppressive agent, mycophenolate mofetil (MM), for its ability to prevent rejection in a rat pancreas transplant model. In addition, using congenic strains of rats, the efficacy of MM in rat pancreas transplantation was treated in the context of isolated class I or class II major histocompatibility (MHC) differences. MM in doses of 12.5 to 37 mg/kg significantly prolonged BUF to LEW heart transplant survival beyond a 14-day course of therapy thereby demonstrating its immunosuppressive efficacy. In similar pancreas transplant experiments, however, most grafts were rejected during the period of MM administration. Combination therapy with MM and cyclosporine did not extend pancreas survival beyond that achieved with MM alone (Mean Survival Time of 13.8 ± 2.7 vs 11.7 ± 1.6 days, respectively). Conversely, combined therapy with MM and antilymphocyte serum achieved a mean survival for BUF to LEW pancreas transplants of 52.3 ± 24.8 days, which was significantly longer than that observed for either MM (11.7 ± 1.6) or ALS (18.0 ± 7.6) alone. MM therapy doubled pancreas allograft survival when used in the face of class I MHC disparity and compared to controls (19.5 ± 1.0 vs 10.0 ± 1.9 days) but did not prolong grafts that were disparate at only the class II locus (12.6 ± 1.5 vs 12.0 ± 1.2 days, respectively, for MM vs control). These data indicate that MM may not be an effective single agent immunosuppressive for pancreas transplantation except when MHC disparity is limited to the class I locus.
Androgen-promoted physiological traits and criminality: A test of the evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory

Abstract According to the evolutionary neuroandrogenic (ENA) theory of criminal and antisocial behavior, androgens (male sex hormones) have evolved the tendency to alter brain functioning in ways that increase the probability of criminal behavior, especially for violent and other victimizing types of offenses. If the theory is true, criminality should be higher for males than for females and, within each sex, criminality should correlate with physiological symptoms of high androgen exposure. These deductions were tested with a large sample of North American college students. As predicted, crime was more common among males than females. In addition, among both sexes, numerous small but statistically significant positive correlations were found between self-reported criminality and androgen-promoted physiological characteristics. In particular, self-reported violent criminality was positively correlated with masculine mannerisms, masculine body appearance, physical strength, strength of sex drive, low–deep voice, upper body strength, lower body strength, and amount of body hair. Among males, even penis size was found to be positively correlated with criminality. Multiple regression revealed that it is possible to statistically eliminate the sex differences in violent crime by including the androgen-promoted physiological traits in the prediction equation, although doing so did not eliminate sex differences in other categories of offending.
Response of beans and hairy fleabane leaves to ozone and paraquat with and without the antiozonant, ethylenediurea

Abstract Growth chamber experiments were conducted to determine if there is a pattern of cross-tolerance to paraquat and ozone (O 3 ) using an O 3 -insensitive bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotype, and paraquat-resistant hairy fleabane [ Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronq.] biotype. The additional objective was to determine if the antiozonant, EDU, protects seedlings against paraquat injury. Bean and fleabane seedlings were treated with EDU and exposed to O 3 at 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 ppm (v/v) for 6 hr or paraquat at 0, 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mM. Responses were evaluated by measuring fresh weight and chlorophyll content. EDU protected the O 3 -sensitive bean genotype and both hairy fleabane biotypes from O 3 injury. However, EDU did not improve the tolerance of the paraquat-susceptible hairy fleabane or the two bean genotypes to paraquat. The paraquat-resistant hairy fleabane was not tolerant to O 3 , and the O 3 -insensitive bean genotype did not show resistance to paraquat. No cross-tolerance between O 3 and paraquat in beans and hairy fleabane was detected.
Flow optrodes for chemical analysis

We have recently demonstrated the use of renewable reagent fiber optic sensors in a harsh sample matrix and with multiple reagent chemistries. Sodium hydroxide concentrations ranging from 1. 5-23. 0 (w/w) (0. 38-7. 2 M) were measured with a single probe chemistry. A sensor for free and total chlorine has been developed in which the reagents were sequentially switched to make the sensor responsive to either free chlorine (N 1 4-phenylene-diamine (DPD) + phosphate buffer) or both free and combined chlorine (DPD + phosphate buffer + KI). The detection limit of free chlorine was 0. 05 mgfL Cl2 at a reagent flow rate of4 j. tLtmin and covering a dynamic range of 0. 05-25 mg/L Cl2. Improvements in sensor fabrication techniques are currently being investigated in order to increase overall sensor functionality.
Coculture of human spermatozoa with reproductive tract cell monolayers can enhance sperm functions better than coculture with vero cell monolayers

Purpose: In order to develop a better system for support of human sperm function in vitro, we conducted studies to evaluate whether reproductive tract cells are better than non-reproductive tract cells as an adjunt in that regard.
Steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) mediates the development of sex-specific brain morphology and behavior

Steroid hormone action during brain development exerts profound effects on reproductive physiology and behavior that last into adulthood. A variety of in vitro studies indicate that steroid receptors require nuclear receptor coactivators for efficient transcriptional activity. To determine the functional significance of the nuclear receptor coactivator SRC-1 in developing brain, we investigated the consequence of reducing SRC-1 protein during sexual differentiation of the brain. We report that reducing SRC-1 protein interferes with the defeminizing actions of estrogen in neonatal rat brain. Our data indicate that SRC-1 protein expression is critically involved in the hormone-dependent development of normal male reproductive behavior and brain morphology.
Sedimentation of a sphere near a vertical wall in an Oldroyd-B fluid

Abstract A code based on the distributed Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method (DLM) is used to study the motion of a sphere sedimenting in a viscoelastic liquid near a vertical wall. The viscoelastic liquid is assumed to be shear thinning and modeled by a shear-thinning Oldroyd-B model. Our simulations show that when the Deborah number based on the sphere velocity is O(1) and its initial position is sufficiently close to the wall, it moves towards the wall. This tendency of a sedimenting sphere to move closer to the vertical wall is enhanced by shear thinning, and also by an increase in the Deborah number. In a Newtonian liquid, on the other hand, the sphere moves away from the vertical wall and attains a steady position between the channel center and the wall. The sense of rotation of a sedimenting sphere when it is close to the vertical wall, for both Newtonian and viscoelastic liquids, is anomalous, i.e. the sphere rotates as if rolling up the wall. However, when the sphere is away from the wall the direction of rotation reverses. These results are in agreement with the experimental data reported in [D.D. Joseph et al., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 54 (1994) 45–86; Y.J. Liu et al., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 50 (1993) 305–329; D.D. Joseph et al., Theoretical and Applied Rheology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 60–65; D.L.E. Becker et al., J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 63 (1996) 45–86]. In two dimensions, on the other hand, simulations show that a sedimenting cylinder moves away from the wall in both Newtonian and viscoelastic liquids. These numerical results prove that the attraction between a wall and a particle sedimenting in a viscoelastic liquid is a three-dimensional effect, i.e. exists for a sphere but not for a cylinder, and it is enhanced by shear thinning.
Synthesis and Inducibility of the Uterine Estrogen-Induced Protein, IP, During the Rat Estrous Cycle: Clues to Uterine Estrogen Sensitivity

Analysis of newly labeled soluble proteins in uteri of mature rats throughout the estrous cycle indicates that the relative rate of synthesis of the uterine estrogen-induced protein, IP, is high at proestrus, when endogenous estrogen secretion is maximal; it is not synthesized at detectable levels at estrus and metestrus; and some minimal synthesis is seen in diestrus uteri. Injection of exogenous estrogen results in some increase in the IP synthesis rate at proestrus; slight induction of IP synthesis at estrus; and maximal induction (as great as that induced in the mature, ovariectomized uterus by estrogen) at metestrus and diestrus. Studies in the immature (day 21–24) rat, aimed at determining the possible causes of the uterine recalcitrance to exogenous estrogen seen at estrus, indicate that one can reproduce in the immature uterus a period of feeble responsiveness to a second injection of estrogen after exposure to a first, high dose of estrogen. After a single injection of estrogen, there is a lag be...
Apoptosis enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay distinguishes anticancer drugs from toxic chemicals and predicts drug synergism

The effects of anticancer drugs and toxic compounds on leukemic cells in culture were evaluated by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the detection of apoptotic cells by a monoclonal antibody against single-stranded DNA. The concentrations of 13 anticancer drugs, which increased apoptosis ELISA absorbance, were similar to the concentrations decreasing long-term cell survival. Short-term metabolic tetrazolium-based 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-yl)-2,5-diphenyformazan bromide (MTT) assay was significantly less sensitive than apoptosis ELISA and the cell survival assay. In contrast to anticancer drugs, 12 toxic chemicals did not increase apoptosis ELISA absorbance at cytotoxic concentrations. The difference between two groups of compounds by apoptosis ELISA was especially large in cultures treated with twofold of concentrations producing 50% inhibition of cell growth: all anticancer drugs induced intense reaction (mean absorbance 2.0), while none of the toxic chemicals induced apoptosis. The application of apoptosis ELISA to chemosensitivity testing was evaluated by its ability to detect synergism of anticancer drug combinations. Among 66 drug combinations tested, only combination of nitrogen mustard with mithramycin was highly synergistic by the apoptosis ELISA, as defined by apoptosis induction with the combination containing each drug at 50% of effective concentration. This combination was also synergistic in the cell survival assay, producing significant cell kill while each drug alone had no effect on cell survival. This synergism was not detected by MTT assay. We conclude that apoptosis ELISA could be useful for drug development and chemosensitivity assessment as it can distinguish clinically useful anticancer drugs from toxic compounds, is as sensitive as the long-term cell survival assay and can detect anticancer drug synergism by rapid evaluation of apoptosis induction.
Fast preparation of printable highly conductive polymer nanocomposites by thermal decomposition of silver carboxylate and sintering of silver nanoparticles.

We show the fast preparation of printable highly conductive polymer nanocomposites for future low-cost electronics. Highly conductive polymer nanocomposites, consisting of an epoxy resin, silver flakes, and incorporated silver nanoparticles, have been prepared by fast sintering between silver flakes and the incorporated silver nanoparticles. The fast sintering is attributed to: 1) the thermal decomposition of silver carboxylate—which is present on the surface of the incorporated silver flakes—to form in situ highly reactive silver nanoparticles; 2) the surface activation of the incorporated silver nanoparticles by the removal of surface residues. As a result, polymer nanocomposites prepared at 230 °C for 5 min, at 260 °C for 10 min, and using a typical lead-free solder reflow process show electrical resistivities of 8.1 × 10−5, 6.0 × 10−6, and 6.3 × 10−5 Ω cm, respectively. The correlation between the rheological properties of the adhesive paste and the noncontact printing process has been discussed. With...
Detection of specific human papillomavirus types in paraffin‐embedded sections of cervical carcinomas

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of most cervical carcinomas. A complete understanding of the HPV types that cause cervical carcinoma is needed as vaccines are designed. Fresh tissues are not always available for such studies. We therefore sought to determine the feasibility of HPV studies using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of 56 cervical carcinomas, correlating typing information with the pathology and physical state of the HPV sequences within cells. Sections from each specimen were used to extract and purify DNA. Specific HPV types were identified using a PCR/reverse blot strip assay. Tyramide signal-amplified, fluorescent DNA in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to localize HPV within cells. Human β-globin sequences were amplified in DNA from all specimens. HPV sequences from oncogenic types were identified in 52 of 56 (92.9%) by PCR/reverse blot strip assay, and in one additional case using an HPV 16 multiplex PCR assay. HPV 16 was the most commonly detected type, present in most cases as a solitary isolate. Thirty- five of 42 HPV 16 or HPV 18 PCR-positive specimens were also positive in the FISH assay, in most cases in a pattern consistent with viral integration. We conclude that HPV typing from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of cervical carcinomas is possible, with a sensitivity that is similar to that found in studies using fresh tissue. J. Med. Virol. 78:117–124, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, inc.
Networked sensors in support of the NATO TG-25 field test experiment

A field test experiment sponsored by the NATO Task Group (TG-25) was conducted in France in October 2002 to demonstrate acoustic and seismic unattended ground sensor (UGS) technology. Participants from member nations were afforded the opportunity to test and benchmark the performance of various sensor systems and share performance data in a collaborative networking environment. The ARMY Acoustic Center of Excellence (ACOE) deployed three sensor platforms in support of the test; a Hand Emplaced (HE02) acoustic/seismic sensor system developed by SenTech Corporation, an in-house developed acoustic data acquisition system, and a meteorological data collection node developed by Penn State University. In this paper we describe the detection, direction finding and target counting performance of the multi-sensor suite against multiple target scenarios that consisted of various heavy, light, wheeled and tracked vehicles. The results are based on report messages that were archived via a wireless Ethernet interface and TCP/IP network system called “SPIDER” that provided real-time visualization of sensor performance and managed the collection of UGS output data at a centralized server location.
Re-thinking environmental flows: from allocations and reserves to sustainability boundaries.

Attempts to implement environmental flows have encountered many obstacles. Many water allocation systems include a system of prioritization among water uses that generally does not favor environmental flow protection, or do not allow for protection of high flow events for ecological purposes. It has proven very difficult to implement complicated environmental flow prescriptions that attempt to mimic natural flow variability within water allocation systems. Additionally, many water allocation systems do not adequately address interconnections between surface water and groundwater, or releases from dams. It is time to re-think our approaches to protecting environmental flows. As with water quality protection, environmental flows should be viewed not as an “allocation” of water, but rather as a desirable outcome of integrated management of water and land resources for long-term sustainability. In this sense, environmental flows should be managed in a manner similar to water quality protection, in which the influences of diverse land and water use activities are regulated to ensure that the ecological and social values of water are optimized. Both water quality and environmental flow management protect a vast array of important social benefits that are sustained by managing for healthy freshwater ecosystems. In this paper I offer a definition of sustainable water management that explicitly recognizes the fact that society derives substantial benefits both from out-of-stream extractions of water as well as by maintaining adequate flows of water within freshwater ecosystems. To help facilitate sustainable water management, a ”Sustainability Boundary Approach“ is described for use in setting quantitative water management goals. When the cumulative hydrologic impacts of water and land uses are managed within these sustainability boundaries, the full array of values associated with water can be more fully realized. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post-Essure hysterosalpingography compliance in a clinic population.

Abstract Study Objective To determine the follow-up rate for post-Essure hysterosalpingography (HSG) in a non-study, general clinic population in an urban environment. Design Retrospective chart review (Canadian Task Force classification II-2). Setting University teaching hospital. Patients Eighty-three University Health Center (UHC) patients who underwent attempted placement of the Essure permanent birth control device at the ambulatory surgery center at Hutzel Women's Hospital from January 2003 through June 2007. Intervention Hysteroscopic placement of the Essure permanent birth control device. Measurements and Main Results Placement of the Essure permanent birth control device was attempted in 83 patients, of which 79 were successfully completed (95.2%). Of the 79 patients, 10 underwent post-Essure HSG (12.7%). HSG was performed 3 to 6 months after placement of the Essure device. Bilateral tubal occlusion was documented in all 10 patients. Conclusion Despite preoperative and postoperative counseling, the follow-up rate for post-Essure HSG for this clinic population was only 12.7%. For those in whom HSG was performed, bilateral tubal occlusion was confirmed in all. Steps or approaches to promote compliance with postprocedural confirmation of tubal occlusion should be utilized to improve future follow-up rates.
Hyperbolic Groups are Hyperhopfian

The main result indicates that every finitely generated, residually finite, torsion-free, cohopfian group having on free Abelian subgroup of rank two is hyperhopfian. The argument relies on earlier work and ideas of Hirshon. As a corollary, fundamental groups of all closed hyperbolic manifolds are hyperhopfian.
Preoperative assessment for and outcomes of mandibular conservation surgery.

Introduction The role of marginal mandibulectomy and other conservative resective procedures for patients with early cortical mandibular invasion from squamous carcinoma of the oral cavity remains poorly defined. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative assessment for bone invasion and the outcomes of different mandibular resective procedures that preserve mandibular continuity. Methods The charts of 222 patients treated at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1960 and 1990 were reviewed. All patients had a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of squamous carcinoma involving either the lower gingiva, floor of mouth, oral tongue, or retromolar trigone. All patients had a surgical resection that involved removing less than a segment of the mandible. Patient data were analyzed to determine the usefulness of preoperative assessment and outcomes of therapy. Results Clinical evaluation of mandibular bone invasion was more sensitive than radiologic evaluation, whereas radiologic assessment was more specific and had a higher reliability index. The overall local and regional recurrence and distant metastasis rates for all T stages were 14.4%, 18.0%, and 2.7%, respectively. Sixty-nine point eight percent of all patients were without evidence of disease 2 years after treatment. Conclusions Mandibular conservation surgery is oncologically safe for patients with early mandibular invasion. Accurate preoperative assessment that combines clinical examination and radiographic evaluation is better than either modality alone, but clinical judgment is still necessary for proper patient selection. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 1024–1030, 2001.
Genetic consequences of transfection with heteroduplex bacteriophage λ DNA

The role of rectification of heteroduplex heterozygotes in the formation of recombinant genotypes involving closely liked markers has been examined. Heteroduplex molecules of bacteriophage λ DNA, heterozygous at several alleles, have been constructed and the genetic composition of phage present in infective centers derived by transfection with such molecules has been determined. Allele loss and concomitant recombinant formation is frequent, and appears to reflect marker specificity as well as specificities imposed by whether or not the transfection recipient is permissive or nonpermissive for DNA duplication of the transfecting genome. The observations support the proposal that many, perhaps most, of the events involving separation of closely linked markers occur by rectification of non-recombinant heterozygotes.
Amide Proton Solvent Protection in Amylin Fibrils Probed by Quenched Hydrogen Exchange NMR

Amylin is an endocrine hormone that accumulates in amyloid plaques in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes. The amyloid plaques have been implicated in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, which synthesize amylin and insulin. To better characterize the secondary structure of amylin in amyloid fibrils we assigned the NMR spectrum of the unfolded state in 95% DMSO and used a quenched hydrogen-deuterium exchange technique to look at amide proton solvent protection in the fibrils. In this technique, partially exchanged fibrils are dissolved in 95% DMSO and information about amide proton occupancy in the fibrils is determined from DMSO-denatured monomers. Hydrogen exchange lifetimes at pH 7.6 and 37°C vary between ∼5 h for the unstructured N-terminus to 600 h for amide protons in the two β-strands that form inter-molecular hydrogen bonds between amylin monomers along the length of the fibril. Based on the protection data we conclude that residues A8-H18 and I26-Y37 comprise the two β-strands in amylin fibrils. There is variation in protection within the β-strands, particularly for strand β1 where only residues F15-H18 are strongly protected. Differences in protection appear to be due to restrictions on backbone dynamics imposed by the packing of two-layers of C2-symmetry-related β-hairpins in the protofilament structure, with strand β1 positioned on the surface and β2 in the interior.
High percentage of positive lightning along the USA west coast

[1] Analyses of the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning characteristics recorded by the US National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) along the west coast reveal an average annual percentage of positive CG flashes around 40%, while the average value for the USA is approximately 10%. The primary goal of the study was to document and suggest reasons for this positive CG anomaly. Through seasonal and monthly storm analysis, it was determined that the high annual percent positive along the coast is the result of the low variability in total CG flashes throughout the year coupled with a high number of positive CG flashes during the winter season which can be directly attributed to the climate of the Pacific Coast. The topography of the region was determined to affect the areal distribution of the percent positive anomaly by restricting the inward extent of the coastal climate. The secondary goal of the study was to determine whether the following meteorological variables were related to the dominant CG polarity in a storm: 1) the variation of charge region heights using the −10°C level as a proxy and 2) the tilting of the charge regions by strong windshear. Statistical analysis showed that the height of the −10°C temperature level is related to the dominant CG polarity in a storm, while the windshear did not show a significant relationship. In addition, analyses showed that the thunderstorms that produced few CG flashes (<6 flashes) contributed most to the total number of positive CG flashes.
Synfolding remagnetization and deformation: results from Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks in West Virginia

SUMMARY Palaeomagnetic analysis was conducted at 27 sites from two stratigraphically adjacent Palaeozoic units along two transects (Meldey and Rig) of the Patterson Creek anticline in the Appalachian orogen of West Virginia to better understand the relationship between deformation and remagnetization. While no primary directions were observed, we isolated identical, well-defined, secondary Late Palaeozoic magnetizations in carbonates from the Late Silurian Tonoloway Formation and the Early Devonian Helderberg Group. Standard application of conventional palaeomagnetic fold tests suggests that the magnetizations are synfolding in the Helderberg Group and pre-folding to early synfolding in the Tonoloway Formation. A fold test on all data combined indicates a synfolding magnetization (best grouping at 60–65 per cent unfolding), but the resulting distributions are not circular. An alternative interpretation, based on optimal differential unfolding at the site mean level yields one group with a nearly pre-folding, or early synfolding, magnetization (>70 per cent unfolding) that is both circular and concordant with North America's apparent polar wander path. The second group has a ‘variable synfolding’ magnetization that is elliptical at the optimum unfolding level and falls off the path. Differences in either the age of remagnetization or viscous partial thermoremanent magnetization contamination cannot account for this result. The sites falling into the pre-folding group are biased towards the Tonoloway Formation, the Medley Transect, the northwest limb, away from small folds and lower dip angle relative to the sites in the synfolding group. The two groups defined by the fold test results also have a relationship with both total strain and strain partitioning. The rocks containing the early synfolding remanence exhibit less total strain and, in particular, less pressure solution strain relative to grain boundary sliding and calcite twinning. It is likely that the remagnetization in the entire area was coincident and occurred prior to folding even though some sites reveal synfolding directions. The variation in the behaviour of the remagnetization relative to folding is unclear at present but it indicates that pressure solution and stylolite formation are important processes in remagnetization. In any event, the relationship between deformation and magnetization is not simple. Apparently identical magnetizations from adjacent sites may have very different histories and/or responses to deformation. While the exact relationship between remagnetization and deformation remains elusive this study demonstrates that significant variation in behaviour can exist at a very local scale.
The mobilization of debris flows from shallow landslides

Abstract According to critical state theory, a soil will approach a critical void ratio during shear such that loose soils contract and dense soils dilate. Theory indicates that failing soils must be loose to generate the pore pressures needed for the mobilization of debris flows. Previously published results from large-scale experiments have also suggested that soils must be initially loose to fail as debris flows. In this contribution, this mechanism for soil liquefaction is tested in the field through observations and geotechnical analysis of soils that failed during a large storm in central California. Surprisingly, we find that the debris flows mobilized from soils that were initially dense. In addition, we find that the potential for debris flow mobilization was strongly linked to the fines/sand ratio. We present results from a numerical model that indicate that, as dilational soils approach the critical void ratio, the arresting effect of negative pore pressures generated by dilation is greatly reduced, leading to a rapid increase in basal pore pressure and rapid downslope acceleration. In addition, the model results suggest that the downslope displacement required to reach the critical state porosity in a dilative soil will be on the order of 0.1 to 1 m. Because the rate of the approach to critical state is fundamentally a function of the hydraulic conductivity of the soil, sandy soils will approach critical state much more rapidly than clay-rich soils.
Genome Sequence of a Bornavirus Recovered from an African Garter Snake (Elapsoidea loveridgei).

© 2014 Stenglein et al.Bornaviruses are known to infect mammals and birds, and they have been associated with disease in both groups of animals. Here, we report the genome sequence of a bornavirus identified in a wild-caught Loveridge's garter snake (Elaps
Volume segmentation and rendering of mixtures of materials for virtual colonoscopy

We focus on color mapping between gray tons of computed tomographic images and color texture of visible human or optical images. Particularly, we propose probabilistic segmentation based on gradient entropy and Bayesian estimation to solve the material mixture problems. The approach can fill in the gap between segmentation and rendering to eliminate artifacts (jagged edges) produced by incorrect classification of material mixture and to estimate accurate surface normal for volume shading.
Long-wavelength fluorescent probes--chemistry and semiconductor lasers: a difficult marriage

The utility of having commercially available semiconductor laser diodes (wavelengths above 680 nm) that match the absorption maximum of near-infrared dyes will be discussed. The large gaps that exist between available wavelengths has limited the use of many new NIR dyes in many fields especially in optical fiber applications. Several 2,3-naphthalocyanine dyes have been synthesized with different moieties which produce a bathochromic shift of the absorbance maximum as compared to the unsubstituted dye. The utility of NIR dyes with absorbance maximum close to the output wavelength of commercially available laser diodes is illustrated by using an optical fiber instrument developed for the detection of metal ions. Detection of contaminants in the picomolar range will be discussed. Excitation of the dye/analyte complex induced with a semiconductor laser diode and emission intensity signal collected at 820 nm will be discussed. The use of Acoustic Optical Tunable Filter (AOTF) filters to fill existing gaps in commercially available laser wavelength and the tuning of light sources using an AOTF will also be discussed. The development of these systems will allow the manufacturing of portable optical fiber detectors for applications in industry, medicine and the environment.
The epidemiology of germinal matrix hemorrhage during the first half-day of life

The personal and maternal characteristics of 27 babies with early-onset germinal matrix hemorrhage (EGMH) were compared with those of 280 babies with normal cranial ultrasonograms, studied in a separate clinical trial. None of the mothers of the babies with EGMH had high blood pressure or pre-eclampsia during pregnancy. Gestational age less than 30 weeks and initial pH less than 7.2 indicated increased risks of EGMH, and maternal receipt of steroids indicated reduced risk of EGMH. Thus prenatal and immediately perinatal factors appear to convey much of the information about the risk of EGMH.
Anthropogenic Sources of Chlorine and Ozone Formation in Urban Atmospheres

In this paper, we present ambient monitoring data from Houston, TX along with results from environmental chamber studies to suggest that molecular chlorine (Cl2), a photolytic source of chlorine atoms (Cl•), may contribute significantly to ozone (O3) formation in some urban environments. The ambient data were collected during an ozone episode in August 1993 that involved an alkane-rich hydrocarbon plume passing over anthropogenic sources of Cl2. Two unusual observations were made about the plume a few hours after it had passed over the Cl2 sources: (1) a rapid loss of alkanes and (2) a large increase in ozone concentration. Neither of these observations could be explained with models employing hydroxyl radical (OH•) chemistry (OH• are generally accepted to control oxidative chemistry in the daytime troposphere). Environmental chamber experiments were performed to determine whether the addition of Cl2 to a mixture of air, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) representative of conditions in the Houston ...
SKIN-COVERED MASKS FROM THE CROSS RIVER REGION OF NIGERIA AND CAMEROON AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART: A TECHNICAL STUDY

Nineteen skin-covered masks from the Cross River region of Nigeria and Cameroon were studied at the National Museum of African Art. The construction of the masks are documented and compared against existing field literature. Results of analyses of the wood, skin, and surface applications are included, as well as detail images of construction features. In addition to visual examination, x-radiography, thin section, deoxyribonucleic acid, portable x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared analysis techniques were employed in the examination. For the most part, this study showed the skin-covered masks in the NMAfA collection support the basics of the field literature descriptions while also illustrating a wider variety in techniques and materials.
Upregulation of myocardial 11S-activated proteasome in experimental hyperglycemia

This study examined the hypothesis that the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) degrades proteins damaged by exposure to hyperglycemia. Experimental hyperglycemia was induced in male rats by treatment with streptozotocin. After 30 days, echocardiography confirmed the presence of cardiomyopathy as ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and diastolic function (E/A ratio) were decreased, and chamber diameter was increased in hyperglycemic animals. Proteasome non-ATP-dependent chymotryptic activity was increased over 2-fold in hyperglycemic hearts, but the ATP-dependent activity was decreased and levels of ubiquitinated proteins were increased. Protein levels of the PA28alpha of the 11S-activator ring were increased by 128% and the PA28beta subunit increased by 58% in the hyperglycemic hearts. The alpha3 subunit of the 20S-proteasome was increased by 82% while the catalytic beta5 subunit was increased by 68% in hyperglycemic hearts. Protein oxidation as indicated by protein carbonyls was significantly higher in hyperglycemic hearts. These studies support the conclusion that the UPS becomes dysfunctional during long term hyperglycemia. However, 11S-activated proteasome was increased suggesting a response to oxidative protein damage and a potential role for this form of the proteasome in a cardiac pathophysiology.
A Light Bulb Goes On: Norms, Rhetoric, and Actions for the Public Good

This paper explores whether invoking social norms, in the context of a persuasive appeal, affects individuals’ willingness to take action for the public good. The framework I develop brings together a host of factors treated as distinct in past work, including attitudes, rhetoric, and social norms. I test predictions from this framework in an experiment that focuses on a particularly important behavior—actions regarding the consumption of energy. I find that highlighting norms in the context of an appeal for energy conservation increases the importance individuals’ associate with these actions, intentions to conserve energy, and actual behavior on a light-bulb purchasing decision. The findings have implications more generally for understanding when individuals take actions that promote the public good.
Proposed New Fatigue Design Curves for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels in High Temperature Water

High temperature (> 300 °F, 149 °C) water has been found to greatly accelerate fatigue crack growth rates in carbon and low alloy steels. Current ASME Code fatigue design curves are based entirely on data obtained in air. While a factor of two on life was applied to the air data to account for environmental effects, the actual effects have been found to be an order of magnitude greater in the low cycle regime. A great deal of work has been carried out on these environmental effects by talented investigators worldwide. The ASME Code Subgroup on Fatigue Strength has been working for 20 years on the development of new fatigue design methods and curves to account for high temperature water environmental effects. This paper presents an overview of the data and analyses used to formulate proposed new environmental fatigue design curves which maintain the same safety margins as existing Code fatigue design curves for air environments.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Cultural relevance in medication adherence interventions with underrepresented adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes

Abstract Objective This meta-analysis systematically compiles intervention research designed to increase medication adherence among underrepresented adults. Method Comprehensive searching located published and unpublished studies with medication adherence behavior outcomes. Studies were included if samples were adults living in North America who had any of the following backgrounds or identities: African American, Native American, Latino, Latino American, Asian, Asian American, Pacific Islander, Native Alaskan, or Native Hawaiian. Random-effect analyses synthesized data to calculate effect sizes as a standardized mean difference and variability measures. Exploratory moderator analyses examined the association between specific efforts to increase the cultural relevance of medication adherence studies and behavior outcomes. Results Data were synthesized across 5559 subjects in 55 eligible samples. Interventions significantly improved medication adherence behavior of treatment subjects compared to control subjects (standardized mean difference = 0.211). Primary studies infrequently reported strategies to enhance cultural relevance. Exploratory moderator analyses found no evidence that associated cultural relevance strategies with better medication adherence outcomes. Conclusion The modest magnitude of improvements in medication adherence behavior documents the need for further research with clear testing of cultural relevance features.
Effects of cholinergic brain injections on mouse killing or carrying by rats

Some rats will consistently kill a mouse placed in their cage, others will simply carry the mouse around the cage (without killing), while about 50% of the rats show neither behavior. This experiment investigated the effect of chemical brain stimulation with a cholinergic or anticholinergic drug on mouse killing and mouse carrying by rats. Carbachol significanly inhibited both killing and carrying, while atropine had no effect on the behaviors. These data are inconsistent with previous studies implicating cholinergic mechanisms in the facilitation of mouse killing. The implications of this study are discussed.
Relative Toxicity of NaCl and Road Deicing Salt to Developing Amphibians

Recently, increases in both road deicing salt use and impervious cover have caused salinity to increase in urban aquatic environments. Road deicing salts consist of salt, abrasives, metals, and anticaking agents, all of which can be transferred to surrounding aquatic environments through runoff. Few studies have attempted to identify the relative toxicity of road deicing salt ingredients. To investigate the relative toxicity of NaCl and road deicing salt to amphibians, we exposed embryonic Rana ( = Lithobates) clamitans and larval Eurycea bislineata to NaCl and road deicing salt solutions with comparable NaCl concentrations in laboratory microcosms. Chemical analysis indicated the road deicing salt used was similar in chemical make up to other road deicing salt and was predominately (98.2%) NaCl. For both species we found little difference in survival between road deicing salt exposures and NaCl exposures. Our results suggest toxicity of road deicing salt is likely related to loss of osmoregulatory contro...
A new nondestructive dual beam optical modulation (DBOM) technique for minority carrier lifetime measurements in SOI materials

A novel measurement technique is developed for the nondestructive characterization of the minority carrier lifetime in SIMOX (separation by implanted oxygen) substrates, based on the dual-beam optical modulation (DBOM) technique. This method is based on the change of the transmission intensity of infrared light through a SOI (silicon-on-insulator) wafer due to absorption by free carriers in silicon. The excess carriers are generated by a pump beam while the change in the transmission intensity of the infrared probe beam is monitored. >
Targeted Disruption of the Mouse Sod I Gene Makes the Hearts Vulnerable to Ischemic Reperfusion Injury

The role of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) in myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury was studied by using a mouse model with targeted disruption of the mouse Sod I gene. Inactivation of the functional mouse Sod I gene in hearts by gene targeting (Sod I(+/-)) resulted in a 50% reduction of Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA and significant reduction of Cu/Zn-SOD enzyme activity compared with that of wild-type Sod I(+/+) mice. Cu/Zn-SOD mRNA could not be detected in Sod I(-/-) heart. The isolated buffer-perfused hearts from the knockout mice devoid of any functional copy of the Sod I (Sod I(-/-)) and matched nontransgenic control mice were subjected to 30 minutes of global ischemia followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. For both groups of mice, the postischemic functional recovery for the hearts was lower than the baseline, but the recovery for the Sod I(-/-) was less compared with the wild-type mice. Thus, the postischemic recovery of the developed force and the maximum first derivative of the developed force were consistently lower for the Sod I(-/-) mouse hearts compared with wild-type control hearts. The coronary flow was lower compared with the baseline levels for both groups of hearts, but there was no significant difference between the groups. The myocardial infarction determined from the ratio of infarct size/area of risk was higher for the Sod I(-/-) mice compared with the control mice. The amount of creatine kinase release from the wild-type mouse hearts was less compared with the Sod I(-/-) mouse hearts. In concert, a reduced amount of oxidative stress was found in the hearts of wild-type mice compared with Sod I(-/-) mouse hearts. These results documented that Sod I(-/-) mouse hearts were more susceptible to ischemic reperfusion injury compared with corresponding wild-type mouse hearts, suggesting that the Sod I gene constitutes an important defense element for the hearts.
Enhancing router QoS through job scheduling with weighted shortest processing time-adjusted

Most routers on the Internet employ a first-in-first-out (FIFO) scheduling rule to determine the order of serving data packets. This scheduling rule does not provide quality of service (QoS) with regards to the differentiation of services for data packets with different service priorities and the enhancement of routing performance. We develop a scheduling rule called Weighted Shortest Processing Time-Adjusted (WSPT-A), which is derived from WSPT (a scheduling rule for production planning in the manufacturing domain), to enhance router QoS. We implement a QoS router model based on WSPT-A and run simulations to measure and compare the routing performance of our model with that of router models based on the FIFO and WSPT scheduling rules. The simulation results show superior QoS performance when using the router model with WSPT-A.
Assisted Living Residents' Perspectives of Their Occupational Performance Concerns

Abstract Assisted living residents' concerns regarding their occupational performance are reported. Researchers interviewed twenty-two residents from four different assisted living facilities using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, a tool assessing concerns with valued life activities. Most common concerns were lack of desired active recreation, mobility, and passive recreation. Residents attributed identified concerns to physical health conditions and vision, along with facility features. Differing styles of life acceptance, degree to which residents felt like the facility was home, and degree to which activity options were meaningful vs. just “keeping busy” were themes that emerged.