cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dielectric materials in optical waveguide aplications

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes optical waveguide applications of dielectric materials. It discusses the general considerations, including a review of various waveguide applications and desirable specifications of optical waveguide devices. The general characteristics of inorganic and organic dielectric materials are also reviewed. The chapter also reviews the literature on specific organic and inorganic materials, including the information on both fundamental limitations and demonstrated applications.
Computing preset dictionaries from text corpora for the compression of messages

Rigid length limits of short messages greatly restrict users' ability to express ideas intelligibly. While data compression can help by enabling greater expressivity in short messages, most work in compression has focused on managing large streams of data instead of small ones. We investigated the potential for preset dictionaries to unleash zlib's ability to compress short messages typical of Short Message Service (SMS) texts, microblog updates, and other single-packet transactions. This paper proposes two preset dictionary generation methods and reports strong test results across two dissimilar text corpora: the Enron database of email messages, and the IEEE VAST Challenge 2011 microblog corpus. For exchanges in English using our proposed methods, it is possible to extend "tweets" from 140 to 197 septets on average, and to extend SMS texts from 160 to 227 septets on average. The preset dictionary's role is as important as zlib's, and each requires the other to obtain these gains.
Testing the Impact of Counseling over Time on Non-Urgent Undergraduate Life Satisfaction

Data for non-urgent undergraduate clients at a University Counseling Center (UCC) were collected using on-line surveys over three time-periods. Despite the expected diminishing number of participants over time, within-time correlations generally showed that level of mental distress and mental health concerns were negatively related to life satisfaction, while self-esteem was positively related. Using a smaller sample of matched-over-three time-periods clients, levels of mental distress and mental health concerns significantly declined, while life satisfaction significantly increased. The strongest changes for this complete data sample were found from Time 1 to Time 3 for reduced mental health concerns and increased life satisfaction. These findings reinforce that additional counseling sessions for undergraduates may be beneficial, and that spreading these sessions out may also be useful. Scientifically demonstrating to higher-level University administration that a UCC can help undergraduates in distress should ideally help the UCC to increase its allocation of university-based resources.
Anger in Negotiations: A Review of Causes, Effects, and Unanswered Questions

This article reviews the literature on the emotion of anger in the negotiation context. I discuss the known antecedents of anger in negotiation, as well as its positive and negative inter- and intrapersonal effects. I pay particular attention to the apparent disagreements within the literature concerning the benefits and drawbacks of using anger to gain advantage in negotiations and employ Attribution Theory as a unifying mechanism to help explain these diverse findings. I call attention to the weaknesses evident in current research questions and methodologies and end with suggestions for future research in this important area.
Nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS) in pediatric and young adult patients: Results from a prospective study using limited-margin radiotherapy.

Background Indications for and delivery of adjuvant therapies for pediatric nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS) have been derived largely from adult studies; therefore, significant concern remains regarding radiation exposure to normal tissue. The authors report long-term treatment outcomes and toxicities for pediatric and young adult patients with high-grade NRSTS who were treated on a prospective trial using limited-margin radiotherapy. Methods Sixty-two patients (ages 3-22 years) with predominantly high-grade NRSTS requiring radiation were treated on a phase 2 institutional study of conformal external-beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy using a 1.5-cm to 2-cm anatomically constrained margin. The estimated cumulative incidence of local failure, Gray's method estimated cumulative incidence of local failure, Kaplan-Meier method estimated survival, competing-risk regression model determined predictors of disease outcome, and toxicity was reported according to CTCAE v2.0. Results At a median follow-up of 5.1 years (range, 0.2-10.9 years), 9 patients had experienced local failure. The 5-year overall cumulative incidence of local failure was 14.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2%-25%), and all but 1 local failure occurred outside the highest-dose irradiation volume. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimates for event-free and overall survival were 49.3% (95% CI, 36.3%-61.1%) and 67.9% (95% CI, 54.2%-78.3%), respectively. Multivariable analysis indicated that younger age was the only independent predictor of local recurrence (P = .004). The 5-year cumulative incidence of grade 3 or 4 late toxicity was 15% (95% CI, 7.2%-25.3%). Conclusions The delivery of limited-margin radiotherapy using conformal external-beam radiotherapy or brachytherapy provides a high rate of local tumor control without an increase in marginal failures and with acceptable treatment-related morbidity. Cancer 2017;123:4419-29. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Reply to “Overstimulation of the α 1B -adrenergic receptor causes a “seizure plus” syndrome”

Reply to “Overstimulation of the α 1B -adrenergic receptor causes a “seizure plus” syndrome”
Engineering Elections: The Experiences of Women in Panchayati Raj in Karnataka, India

Engineering elections through gender quotas is a crucial component of strategies that seek to empower women through increased participation in the political system. In the south Indian state of Karnataka, this experiment has seen mixed results: it has made women more visible, decreased levels of corruption in Panchayati Raj institutions, and increased self-efficiency of women representatives. It is more difficult, however, to claim a substantive change in institutional priorities and state accountability. As important is the fact that nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) often provide significant training and support in successful cases. Engineering elections thus highlights possibilities for change through increased participation by women.
Project Management in Multi-Project Environments

This chapter discusses project management in multi-project environments, which can be seen from the organizational level and project manager level. From the organizational level, such a practice can be seen in the contexts of multiple project management, project portfolio management, and project management office. From the project manager level, it can be seen in the context of the management of a group of multiple projects. To illustrate such a practice, first, the chapter introduces the concept of multiple project management (MPM) and contrasts it with that of project portfolio management (PPM). Second, the concept of the management of a group of multiple projects (MGMP) is introduced together with key factors contributing to MGMP effectiveness. Those factors include project manager assignment, resource allocation, organizational culture, project management processes, and competencies of multiple-project managers. Third, the chapter discusses the concepts of project management office (PMO) and different forms of PMO representing PMO as a project office, a functional project office, a customer group project office, a project management center of excellence, a coordinating center, and a corporate project office.
Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitoes

The diptera, or true flies, are a well-established, monophyletic group of insects with more than 124,000 extant species. They are found worldwide and interact with the environment at almost all trophic levels as scavengers, filter-feeders, herbivores, predators, parasitoids, and parasites.
Music and Autism, Representation and Re-presentation: An Ethnomusicological Perspective

This chapter offers an ethnomusicological exploration of the relationship between music and autistic lived experience. The work as a whole builds toward—and is indeed largely defined by—a separate piece of writing contained within it: an autobiographical memoir by an American musician and musicologist who was diagnosed with Asperger’s syndrome in his mid-40s. The memoir emerged from a series of online dialogues with the chapter’s author, in which ethnomusicology was defined as the study of how people make and experience music, and of why it matters to them that they do. It addresses and problematizes the questions inherent in that definition in nuanced and multidimensional ways, offering an account that is deeply personal while speaking to larger issues of autistic musical perception, cognition, performativity, and ontology. In so doing, it becomes a generative mechanism for a listening-based, re-presentational (as opposed to representational) way of thinking about and researching autism. Understanding autism ought rightly to begin with listening to, communicating with, and learning from autistic people—through their words and utterances, their actions and performances; on their terms, according to their values. This chapter draws from and builds upon such premises.
Modeling and estimating the feedback mechanisms among depression, rumination, and stressors in adolescents

The systemic interactions among depressive symptoms, rumination, and stress are important to understanding depression but have not yet been quantified. In this article, we present a system dynamics simulation model of depression that captures the reciprocal relationships among stressors, rumination, and depression. Building on the response styles theory, this model formalizes three interdependent mechanisms: 1) Rumination contributes to ‘keeping stressors alive’; 2) Rumination has a direct impact on depressive symptoms; and 3) Both ‘stressors kept alive’ and current depressive symptoms contribute to rumination. The strength of these mechanisms is estimated using data from 661 adolescents (353 girls and 308 boys) from two middle schools (grades 6–8). These estimates indicate that rumination contributes to depression by keeping stressors ‘alive’—and the individual activated—even after the stressor has ended. This mechanism is stronger among girls than boys, increasing their vulnerability to a rumination reinforcing loop. Different profiles of depression emerge over time depending on initial levels of depressive symptoms, rumination, and stressors as well as the occurrence rate for stressors; levels of rumination and occurrence of stressors are stronger contributors to long-term depression. Our systems model is a steppingstone towards a more comprehensive understanding of depression in which reinforcing feedback mechanisms play a significant role. Future research is needed to expand this simulation model to incorporate other drivers of depression and provide a more holistic tool for studying depression.
Health Care Providers’ Profiles and Evaluations of a Statewide Online Education Program for Dissemination of Clinical Evidence on HIV, Hepatitis C Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Disease: Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Timely and effective dissemination of the latest clinical evidence to health care providers is essential for translating biomedical research into routine patient care. Online platforms offer unique opportunities for dissemination of medical knowledge. Objective: In this study, we report the profiles of health care providers participating in the New York State HIV-HCV-STD Clinical Education Initiative online program and their evaluations of the online continuing professional development courses. Methods: We compiled professional and personal background information of the clinicians who completed at least one online course. We collected their self-reported program evaluation data with regard to the course content, format, knowledge increase, and impact on clinical practice. Results: We recorded a total of 4363 completions of 88 online courses by 1976 unique clinicians during a 12-month study period. The clinicians’ background was diverse in terms of demographics, education levels, professional disciplines, practice years, employment settings, caseloads, and clinical services. The evaluation of online courses was very positive (usefulness/relevance, 91.08%; easy comprehension, 89.09%; knowledgeable trainer, 92.00%; appropriate format, 84.35%; knowledge increase, 48.52%; intention to use knowledge, 85.26%; and plan to change practice, 21.98%). Comparison with the reference data indicated that the online program successfully reached out to the primary care communities. Both the younger generation and the senior health care providers were attracted to the online program. High-quality multimedia resources, flexibility of access, ease of use, and provision of continuing professional development credits contributed to the initial success of this online clinical education program. Conclusions: We have successfully characterized a diverse group of clinicians participating in a statewide online continuing professional development program. The evaluation has shown effective use of online resources to disseminate clinical evidence on HIV, hepatitis C virus, and sexually transmitted disease to primary care clinicians.
The Supervision Guide: Informed by Theory, Ready for Practice

Scholars have emphasized the educational nature of clinical supervision. However, the supervision field is lacking protocols to guide novice supervisors in their early sessions with supervisees. Informed by six overarching learning theories (behaviorist, cognitive, constructivism, critical pedagogy, person-centered, and experiential), we propose a supervision guide that can be used to guide novice supervisors’ early supervision sessions. Implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research are included.
Prolonged duration of early antibiotic therapy in extremely premature infants.

Author(s): Greenberg, Rachel G; Chowdhury, Dhuly; Hansen, Nellie I; Smith, P Brian; Stoll, Barbara J; Sanchez, Pablo J; Das, Abhik; Puopolo, Karen M; Mukhopadhyay, Sagori; Higgins, Rosemary D; Cotten, C Michael; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network | Abstract: BackgroundProlonged early antibiotics in extremely premature infants may have negative effects. We aimed to assess prevalence and outcomes of provision of prolonged early antibiotics to extremely premature infants in the absence of culture-confirmed infection or NEC.MethodsCohort study of infants from 13 centers born without a major birth defect from 2008-2014 who were 401-1000 grams birth weight, 22-28 weeks gestation, and survived ≥5 days without culture-confirmed infection, NEC, or spontaneous intestinal perforation. We determined the proportion of infants who received prolonged early antibiotics, defined as ≥5 days of antibiotic therapy started at ≤72 h of age, by center and over time. Associations between prolonged early antibiotics and adverse outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsA total of 5730 infants were included. The proportion of infants receiving prolonged early antibiotics varied from 30-69% among centers and declined from 49% in 2008 to 35% in 2014. Prolonged early antibiotics was not significantly associated with death (adjusted odds ratio 1.17 [95% CI: 0.99-1.40], p = 0.07) and was not associated with NEC.ConclusionsThe proportion of extremely premature infants receiving prolonged early antibiotics decreased, but significant center variation persists. Prolonged early antibiotics were not significantly associated with increased odds of death or NEC.
Cancer survivors' access to care and quality of life: Do sexual minorities fare worse than heterosexuals?

BACKGROUND Adults with poor access to care are known to have worse quality of life (QOL). The purpose of the current study was to determine differences in cancer survivors' access to care by sexual orientation and to examine the association between access to care and QOL. METHODS The current secondary data analysis used 4 years of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data regarding adult men and women who self-reported a history of cancer. Among the 70,524 cancer survivors, a total of 1931 self-identified as sexual minorities, defined as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or other nonheterosexual orientation. RESULTS Sexual minority women had significantly more access deficits compared with heterosexual women (42.7% vs 28.0%; P < .0001), whereas men of different sexual orientations had similar access to care. Among sexual minority women, those with access deficits had higher odds of poor physical QOL compared with heterosexual women (odds ratio [OR], 2.0 [95% CI, 1.2-3.4] vs OR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.2-1.5]), poor mental QOL (OR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1-3.1] vs OR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.3-1.7]), and difficulties concentrating (OR, 2.0 [95% CI, 1.2-3.5] vs OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.4-1.9]). Sexual minority men with access deficits had greater odds of difficulty concentrating compared with heterosexual men (OR, 4.3 [95% CI, 2.0-9.3] vs OR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.2-1.9]). Among men, sexual minority status increased the odds of poor mental QOL (OR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.11-2.01]). CONCLUSIONS Access to care among sexual minority cancer survivors needs improvement. Sexual minority women should be a focus of future research because their poor access to care more strongly relates to worse QOL.
Leveraging electrochemistry to uncover the role of nitrogen in the biological reactivity of nitrogen-doped graphene

While nitrogen doping greatly broadens graphene applications, relatively little is known about the influence of this heteroatom on the biological activity of graphene. A set of systematically modified nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) materials was synthesized using the hydrothermal method in which the degree of N-doping and N-bonding type is manipulated using two nitrogen precursors (urea and uric acid) and different thermal annealing temperatures. The bioactivity of the NG samples was evaluated using the oxidation of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and bacterial viability (of Escherichia coli K12), and oxidative stress was identified as the predominant antibacterial mechanism. Two key energy-relevant electrochemical reactions, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), were used to characterize the influence of different N-types on the electronic properties of the NG materials. Electron-donating graphitic-N and electron-withdrawing pyridinic-N were identified as effective promoters for ORR and OER, respectively. The similar mechanisms between the GSH oxidation (indicative of oxidative stress) and ORR mechanisms reveal the role of graphitic-N as the active site in oxidative stress related bioactivity, independent of other consequential properties (e.g., defect density, surface area). This work advances a growing rational design paradigm for graphene family materials using chemical composition and further provides valuable insight into the performance-hazard tradeoffs of NG applications in related fields.
Graph convolutional networks: a comprehensive review

Graphs naturally appear in numerous application domains, ranging from social analysis, bioinformatics to computer vision. The unique capability of graphs enables capturing the structural relations among data, and thus allows to harvest more insights compared to analyzing data in isolation. However, it is often very challenging to solve the learning problems on graphs, because (1) many types of data are not originally structured as graphs, such as images and text data, and (2) for graph-structured data, the underlying connectivity patterns are often complex and diverse. On the other hand, the representation learning has achieved great successes in many areas. Thereby, a potential solution is to learn the representation of graphs in a low-dimensional Euclidean space, such that the graph properties can be preserved. Although tremendous efforts have been made to address the graph representation learning problem, many of them still suffer from their shallow learning mechanisms. Deep learning models on graphs (e.g., graph neural networks) have recently emerged in machine learning and other related areas, and demonstrated the superior performance in various problems. In this survey, despite numerous types of graph neural networks, we conduct a comprehensive review specifically on the emerging field of graph convolutional networks, which is one of the most prominent graph deep learning models. First, we group the existing graph convolutional network models into two categories based on the types of convolutions and highlight some graph convolutional network models in details. Then, we categorize different graph convolutional networks according to the areas of their applications. Finally, we present several open challenges in this area and discuss potential directions for future research.
Wireless Sensor Localization Using Outlier Detection

Received RF signal strength provides a cost-effective mechanism for distance estimation that is popularly used in wireless sensor networks (WSN) range-based localization. However, such range estimates are heavily affected by shadowing that can be caused by obstructions of the line-of-sight radio frequency (RF) signal. Multilateration using several range estimates obtained from RSSI can lead to large errors in sensor location if one or more of the range estimates are affected by shadowing. In this paper, we present a scheme that applies spatial correlation and a clustering mechanisms to remove the effect of shadowing in range based location estimation. We show the effectiveness of this scheme in minimizing the adverse effects of signal outliers using simulations.
EmrE reminds us to expect the unexpected in membrane transport

Grabe et al. celebrate a new mathematical model of the multidrug transporter EmrE, constructed from NMR and stop flow kinetic data.
Effectiveness analysis of influenza surveillance for early warning in Shi-jing-shan district

Objective To build the early warning system of Shi-jing-shan district based on influenza surveillance data and evaluate the effect on early warning of influenza by three methods.Methods We used daily monitoring data of percentage of influenza-like illness (ILI％),from 2007 to 2012.Three methodologies(historical limitmethod,exponentially weighted moving averageand cumulative sum) were adapted to make the early warning analysis.Results From September 1,2011 to August 31,2012,a total of 26 651 ILI cases were reported in the 5 hospitals,the average ILI percentage was 2.63％ of the outpatient visit,and the influenza virus isolated rate was 4.35％.With respect to the ILI surveillance data analysis,22 warning signals were given from the late of February to the end of May by historical limit method.At the same time,the first signal appeared on New Year's Day 2012 according to exponentially weighted moving average method and cumulative sum method,the signals lasted one month,and the signals partially overlapped according both methods.The signals appeared seven times by exponentially weighted moving average method.C1,C2 and C3 appeared five times,three times,and nine times respectively.Conclusions It could give the prediction and early warning for the onset of influenza peak efficiently and precisely,using the exponentially weighted moving average method and cumulative sum method to analyze the influenza surveillance data of Shi-jing-shan district synthetically. Key words: Influenza ; Surveillance ; Early warning; Statistics
Machine Learning based Intrusion Detection System for Web-Based Attacks

Various studies have been performed to explore the feasibility of detection of web-based attacks by machine learning techniques. False-positive and false-negative results have been reported as a major issue to be addressed to make machine learning-based detection and prevention of web-based attacks reliable and trustworthy. In our research, we tried to identify and address the root cause of the false-positive and false-negative results. In our experiment, we used the CSIC 2010 HTTP dataset, which contains the generated traffic targeted to an e-commerce web application. Our experimental results demonstrate that applying the proposed fine-tuned feature set extraction results in improved detection and classification of web-based attacks for all tested machine learning algorithms. The performance of the machine learning algorithm in the detection of attacks was evaluated by the Precision, Recall, Accuracy, and F-measure metrics. Among three tested algorithms, the J48 decision tree algorithm provided the highest True Positive rate, Precision, and Recall.
Targeting Transcription Factor Nrf2 (Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2) for the Intervention of Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is an age-related, mild to severe mental disability due to a broad panel of cerebrovascular disorders. Its pathobiology involves neurovascular dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruption, white matter damage, microRNAs, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota alterations, etc. Nrf2 (Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is the master regulator of redox status and controls the transcription of a panel of antioxidative and anti-inflammatory genes. By interacting with NF-κB (nuclear factor-κB), Nrf2 also fine-tunes the cellular oxidative and inflammatory balance. Aging is associated with Nrf2 dysfunction, and increasing evidence has proved the role of Nrf2 in mitigating the VCID process. Based on VCID pathobiologies and Nrf2 studies from VCID and other brain diseases, we point out several hypothetical Nrf2 targets for VCID management, including restoration of endothelial function and neurovascular coupling, preservation of blood-brain barrier integrity, reduction of amyloidopathy, promoting white matter integrity, and mitigating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Collectively, the Nrf2 pathway could be a promising direction for future VCID research. Targeting Nrf2 would shed light on VCID managing strategies.
The Present Status of Immuno-Oncolytic Viruses in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. The incidence of PDAC has increased over the last 40 years and is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer death by 2030. Despite aggressive treatment regimens, prognosis for patients diagnosed with PDAC is very poor; PDAC has the lowest 5-year survival rate for any form of cancer in the United States (US). PDAC is very rarely detected in early stages when surgical resection can be performed. Only 20% of cases are suitable for surgical resection; this remains the only curative treatment when combined with adjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment regimens excluding surgical intervention such as chemotherapeutic treatments are associated with adverse effects and genetherapy strategies also struggle with lack of specificity and/or efficacy. The lack of effective treatments for this disease highlights the necessity for innovation in treatment options for patients diagnosed with early- to late-phase PDAC and immuno-oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been of particular interest since 2006 when the first oncolytic virus was approved as a therapy for nasopharyngeal cancers in China. Interest resurged in 2015 when T-Vec, an oncolytic herpes simplex virus, was approved in the United States for treatment of advanced melanoma. While many vectors have been explored, few show promise as treatment for pancreatic cancer, and fewer still have progressed to clinical trial evaluation. This review outlines recent strategies in the development of OVs targeting treatment of PDAC, current state of preclinical and clinical investigation and application.
Seeing Us in Them: Social Divisions and the Politics of Group Empathy

What causes some people to stand in solidarity with those from other races, religions, or nationalities, even when that solidarity does not seem to benefit the individual or their group? Seeing Us in Them examines outgroup empathy as a powerful predisposition in politics that pushes individuals to see past social divisions and work together in complex, multicultural societies. It also reveals racial/ethnic intergroup differences in this predisposition, rooted in early patterns of socialization and collective memory. Outgroup empathy explains why African Americans vehemently oppose the border wall and profiling of Arabs, why Latinos are welcoming of Syrian refugees and support humanitarian assistance, why some white Americans march in support of Black Lives Matter through a pandemic, and even why many British citizens oppose Brexit. Outgroup empathy is not naive; rather it is a rational and necessary force that helps build trust and maintain stable democratic norms of compromise and reciprocity.
Applying Response to Intervention to Identify Learning Disabilities in Students With Visual Impairments

When visual impairments (VI) and learning disabilities (LD) coexist, it is common for one (i.e., typically LD) to go unidentified. Some school districts may be reluctant to identify students with both VI and LD, potentially causing students to miss out on much-needed services. Child study teams can find support to address this dual diagnosis using a response to intervention (RTI) framework. This article provides guidance and tools for using an RTI framework in the accurate identification of LD in students with VI.
Long-Term Autonomy for AUVs Operating Under Uncertainties in Dynamic Marine Environments

There has been significant interest in recent years in the utility and implementation of autonomous underwater and surface vehicles (AUVs and ASVs) for persistent surveillance of the ocean. Example studies include the dynamics of physical phenomena, e.g., ocean fronts, temperature and salinity profiles, and the onset of harmful algae blooms. For these studies, AUVs are presented with a complex planning and navigation problem to achieve autonomy lasting days and weeks under uncertainties while dealing with resource constraints. We address these issues by adopting motion, sensing, and environment uncertainties via a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) framework. We propose a methodology with a novel extension of POMDPs to incorporate spatiotemporally-varying ocean currents as energy and dynamic obstacles as environment uncertainty. Existing POMDP solutions such as the Cost-Constrained Partially Observable Monte-Carlo Planner (POMCP) do not account for energy efficiency. Therefore, we present a scalable Energy Cost-Constrained POMCP algorithm utilizing the predicted ocean dynamics that optimizes energy and environment costs along with goal-driven rewards. A theoretical analysis, along with simulation and real-world experiment results is presented to validate the proposed methodology.
Brexucabtagene Autoleucel: A Novel Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy for the Treatment of Mantle Cell Lymphoma.

Objective:To identify and assess the current literature surrounding the safety, efficacy, and practical considerations of brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu-cel) for the treatment of relapsed or refr...
Winning the NIST Contest: A scalable and general approach to differentially private synthetic data.

We propose a general approach for differentially private synthetic data generation, that consists of three steps: (1) select a collection of low-dimensional marginals, (2) measure those marginals with a noise addition mechanism, and (3) generate synthetic data that preserves the measured marginals well. Central to this approach is Private-PGM, a post-processing method that is used to estimate a high-dimensional data distribution from noisy measurements of its marginals. We present two mechanisms, NIST-MST and MST, that are instances of this general approach. NIST-MST was the winning mechanism in the 2018 NIST differential privacy synthetic data competition, and MST is a new mechanism that can work in more general settings, while still performing comparably to NIST-MST. We believe our general approach should be of broad interest, and can be adopted in future mechanisms for synthetic data generation.
The social media conundrum

The impact and influence of social media has been steadily increasing over the last decade. Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat, YouTube, Instagram and LinkedIn are just a few examples of frequented platforms.1 The medical fraternity too has been inevitably impacted by social media, in both favorable and undesirable ways. Lofty goals such as patient education, dissemination of latest trial results, and even recruitment for research studies could be potentially accomplished with great speed and efficacy when social media are harnessed. However, more often than not, these advantages may come at the cost of blurred professional and personal boundaries, and without peer review and oversight. More and more medical societies and specialties are publishing recommendations on social media usage and its utility.2–8 A recent guideline from the SNIS standards and guidelines committee also sought to address some of the many challenging features of social media use for neurointerventionalists, and provided an excellent overview of applicable regulations, medical-legal aspects, ethical considerations, and policies with some recommendations on posting on social media platforms.2 We seek to further this work by exploring some of the fundamental motivations that underlie social media usage, and the issues that may arise from social media posts. As we propose a few potential solutions, we also hope to continue a creative discussion in our community about this challenging and evolving topic. The underlying basic driving forces behind social media posts could be broken down into several positive and negative elements including: education and teaching, recognition/motivational, advertisement and self-promotion, instant reward, competition, corporate pressures, and FOMO (fear of missing out). Of course, these components may often overlap or appear in combination. Positive motivation can result in …
Adjuncts Are Exploited

Brennan and Magness (J Bus Ethics 152:53–71, 2018, 2019) argue that adjuncts are not exploited. We are sympathetic to some of their points. We agree, for example, that certain ways in which adjuncts are compared to sweatshop workers are offensive. For, as Brennan and Magness point out, there are many respects in which adjuncts are much better off than sweatshop workers. However, we show that the core insights of their paper are compatible with the view that adjuncts are exploited. Furthermore, their more general views about exploitation expressed in Cracks in the Ivory Tower actually lend support to the claim that adjuncts are exploited.
Review of Kernel Learning for Intra-Hour Solar Forecasting with Infrared Sky Images and Cloud Dynamic Feature Extraction

The uncertainty of the energy generated by photovoltaic systems incurs an additional cost for a guaranteed, reliable supply of energy (i.e., energy storage). This investigation aims to decrease the additional cost by introducing probabilistic multi-task intra-hour solar forecasting (feasible in real time applications) to increase the penetration of photovoltaic systems in power grids. The direction of moving clouds is estimated in consecutive sequences of sky images by extracting features of cloud dynamics with the objective of forecasting the global solar irradiance that reaches photovoltaic systems. The sky images are acquired using a low-cost infrared sky imager mounted on a solar tracker. The solar forecasting algorithm is based on kernel learning methods, and uses the clear sky index as predictor and features extracted from clouds as feature vectors. The proposed solar forecasting algorithm achieved 16.45\% forecasting skill 8 minutes ahead with a resolution of 15 seconds. In contrast, previous work reached 15.4\% forecasting skill with the resolution of 1 minute. Therefore, this solar forecasting algorithm increases the performances with respect to the state-of-the-art, providing grid operators with the capability of managing the inherent uncertainties of power grids with a high penetration of photovoltaic systems.
The Idea of a Strategist's Education

Abstract C. P. Snow observed, “the intellectual life of the whole of western society is increasingly split into two polar groups.” As he declared, on one side are the scientists, and on the other, “literary intellectuals.” Within strategic studies, one may compare this to the tensions between social scientist and historical approaches. His observation therefore provides insight into educating young strategists. This paper examines the evolution of the military and strategic studies discipline in an American context, contending the approach is not unique to Americans, but applies generally. Regarding such development, the author contends the role of military culture; the interaction of formal and informal reasoning; and the roles of history and the social sciences are crucial, concluding that a humanistic and scientifically informed interdisciplinary approach steeped by the thoughts of the military and strategic studies expert best prepares young strategists for service.
The Solar Dynamo: Observations and Theories of Solar Convection, Global Circulation, and Magnetic Fields

The magnetic field of the Sun is probably maintained by hydromagnetic dynamo action. Most solar physicists are convinced the seat of the dynamo is the solar convection zone, as well as perhaps the layers immediately above and below it. While the solar corona is profoundly influenced by the magnetic field reaching up from below, its direct contribution to the origin and maintenance of those fields is probably negligible.
Stimuli produced by observing responses make rats' ethanol self-administration more resistant to price increases

Observing responses bring sensory receptors into contact with environmental stimuli. In the observing-response procedure, periods in which an operant response (e.g. pressing a lever) is reinforced by drug deliveries alternate with periods in which this response is never reinforced (i.e. extinction). These alternating periods of drug availability versus extinction are not signaled. Observing responses (i.e. presses on a second lever) produce brief stimuli signaling whether drug is available or not for responses on the first lever. Little is known about how parameters of the drug reinforcer affect drug-stimulus observing. The effects of changes in the unit price (responses/reinforcer magnitude) of self-administered ethanol on rats' observing were examined. Also, the effects of an observing-response-produced ethanol stimulus on ethanol consumption were examined by comparing consumption during signaled and unsignaled periods of ethanol availability. Rats self-administered oral ethanol in the observing-response procedure. The unit price of ethanol in the observing-response procedure was increased by increasing the response requirement for ethanol across conditions. Observing and response rates on the ethanol lever increased and then decreased with increases in the unit price of ethanol. However, ethanol-lever responding and ethanol consumption during periods when ethanol was available were less sensitive to increases in price when the observing-response-produced ethanol stimulus was present. Observing varies as an orderly function of unit price of a drug reinforcer, and drug stimuli produced by observing responses can make drug consumption less sensitive to increases in price. This procedure may provide an animal model of both attending to drug stimuli and the resultant effects of these stimuli on drug taking.
Compromise as Precise Justice

My responsibility is to assist the principal paper' in defining compromise; I will confmine myself to one major area-civil litigation. This is not my maiden voyage in these waters, and I will avoid needless repetition. Briefly summarized, the earlier work proposed fifty-fifty apportionments by courts in certain cases of indeterminacy of fact or value. The even split was said to follow from the common assumption of equality before the law. Given a balance of conflicting proof or of conflicting policies, an all-or-nothing judgment would seem to violate the equality principle. That earlier work left the underlying conception of equality unexamined. Most of this paper will be devoted to filling that gap. At least a start can be made toward a new meaning for equality, a contribution which seems sorely needed. The final sections will briefly outline how viewing equality as here defined might help to clarify the notion of compromise as embodied in a system of apportioned civil justice.
Benzodiazepines: influence on the developing brain

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the influence of benzodiazepine (BDZ) on the developing brain. In recent years, neural receptors mediating the pharmacological effects of many neuroactive drugs are identified. Of particular pertinence to this discussion, specific neural binding sites for the anxiolytic BDZ compounds are identified and the interaction of these drugs with their binding sites correlates well with their anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and muscle-relaxant properties. The full expression of drug interaction with neural receptors during development can also depend upon the neural interactions that receptive cells make with other neurons and upon the maturational state of specific neural circuitry. Developmental exposure to BDZs is associated with neural, physiological and behavioral alterations in both clinical and experimental studies. The scope of the discussion is limited to the presentation of results of research on the effects of in utero exposure to BDZs in rats. To understand the implications that binding of drug to specific sites in fetal brain, it is necessary to demonstrate a response in the fetal brain to the presence of the drug.
Comparing online with face-to-face HELPP intervention in women experiencing intimate partner violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the HELPP (Health, Education on Safety, and Legal Support and Resources in IPV Participant Preferred) intervention among IPV survivors. A sequential, transformative mixed-methods design was used. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three study groups: Online (ONL), Face-to-Face (FTF), and Waitlist Control (WLC). The HELPP intervention was offered to 32 adult female participants who were 45.2% Asian, 32.3% White, and 22.5% Black. Outcome measures were anxiety, depression, anger, personal, and social support. In total, 64% (n = 20) of the participants reported having experienced IPV before the age of 18. The anger mean score pre-test to post-test difference was significant for ONL (p < 0.001) and WLC (p = 0.01). The personal and social support pre-test to post-test mean score differences were significant for ONL (p < 0.001; p < 0.001) and WLC (p = 0.01; p = 0.006), resp...
Wind Stress Along the Sea Surface

Publisher Summary Frictional phenomena at the sea–air interface are not identical with those occurring over land. A fluid surface is not rigid and; therefore, permits transmission of mechanical energy. Because of its extension and relative uniformity, the sea surface also tends to excite a much narrower range of perturbation frequencies in the atmospheric boundary layer than may be the case over land. Kinetic energy can be transferred across a fluid interface by tangential stresses, which produce accelerations parallel to the surface and by normal pressure forces, which may cause time-dependent deformations of the interface. The wind stress on the ocean surface produces not only quasi-permanent features of the circulation like the Gulf Stream and other current systems, but it also has large transient effects both at the surface and below. This chapter discusses about the atmospheric boundary layer. The waviness of the sea surface is its most striking characteristic. The form, height, and propagation of waves at any moment are a function of the wind stress in the past; they do influence the instantaneous local wind stress, in turn. This discussion of waves is restricted to those general aspects, which bear on a qualitative understanding of vertical momentum transfers. This chapter ends with a discussion about the transfer of momentum from waves to currents.
gap – Practical Anonymous Networking

This paper describes how anonymity is achieved in gnunet, a framework for anonymous distributed and secure networking.
Psychiatric Evidence on the Ultimate Issue

Federal Rule of Evidence 704(b) prevents psychiatrists and other expert witnesses in federal criminal trials from testifying as to whether a defendant did or did not have a mental state or condition comprising either an element of the crime or an element of the defense. This paper describes the origins of the Rule and its judicial development. The Rule is an exception to a 20th century trend that has seen witnesses increasingly permitted to address the ultimate issue. It has been applied inconsistently, has been criticized in appellate decisions, and has spawned an idiosyncratic legal definition of "helpful." Attempts to circumvent it have included inviting jurors to make inferences, inventing hypothetical cases that mimic the one before the court, and eliciting expert testimony on what is "possible" or "probable." Courts have held that rendering transparent the reasons behind an expert's conclusions can minimize the damage done by ultimate issue testimony.
Race and Sex Differences in Willingness to Undergo Total Joint Replacement: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project†

Objective Using data from the community-based Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project, we examined race and sex variations in willingness to undergo, and perceptions regarding, total joint replacement (TJR). Methods Analyses were conducted for the total sample who participated in a followup measurement period from 2006–2010 (n = 1,522) and a subsample with symptomatic hip and/or knee osteoarthritis (sOA; n = 445). Participants indicated how willing they would be to have TJR (hip or knee) if their doctor recommended it; responses were categorized as “definitely” or “probably” willing versus “unsure,” “probably not,” or “definitely not” willing, or “don't know.” Participants answered 7 questions regarding perceptions of TJR outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression models of willingness included participant characteristics (including socioeconomic status) and TJR perception variables that were associated with willingness at the P < 0.1 level in bivariate analyses. Results African Americans had lower odds of willingness to undergo TJR than whites in the total sample (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.47 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.31–0.72]) and the sOA subsample (adjusted OR 0.42 [95% CI 0.25–0.69]). There were no sex differences in willingness. African Americans expected poorer TJR outcomes than whites, but sex differences were minimal; perceptions of TJR outcomes were not significantly associated with willingness. Conclusion In this community sample, race differences in TJR willingness and perceptions were substantial, but sex differences were small. Perceptions of TJR did not appear to affect willingness or explain race differences in willingness.