cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Process of Active Word Learning

Language learning is largely a robust process that seems to progress automatically in typically developing children. In the preschool years, some children may also make active, self-directed attempts at learning words that they are curious about. This may involve asking questions about unknown words that they encounter. We propose that asking information-seeking questions about word meanings requires preschoolers to monitor uncertainty, be aware of their lexical ignorance, and be motivated by curiosity. We provide some preliminary data that suggest questions about word meaning emerge during the preschool period, but children are not equally inclined to ask such questions. We also provide evidence that awareness of gaps in one’s lexicon may benefit word learning and that children with larger vocabularies were more likely to ask about unknown words than those with smaller vocabularies.
Digital relay with multiple virtual bent-pipe relay channels for TSVCIS and FM voice on SDR

This paper presents the results of our experiment with virtual relay channels for FM Narrowband voice communications. This work was performed in both the VHF frequencies and the UHF frequencies. The following military radios were used: RT-1439a, AN/PRC-152a, and AN/PRC-117G radios. The following software defined radios were used during testing Ettus USRP b205mini connected to a desktop computer system capable of handling the processing rates for 5 Million samples per second (Msps) relay channels. This enabled receive frequencies to be placed up to 2.5 MHz apart from one another. The transmit frequencies were also placed within 2.5 MHz apart from one another due to the maximum sample rate of 5 Msps. The following waveforms were tested VHF/UHF Line of sight in plaintext and VULOS in ciphertext mode with the Tactical Secure Voice Cryptographic Interoperability Specification (TSVCIS).
Chemical analysis of preovulatory female african elephant urine: A search for putative pheromones

Many similarities exist between the lifestyles and behaviors of Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus, two of the three extant species of elephants (Sukumar, 2003; Poole, 1987, 1989a,b; Rasmussen and Krishnamurthy, 2000; Rasmussen and Schulte, 1998). While the roles of olfaction and the chemical senses in Asian elephant society have been extensively investigated (Rasmussen and Greenwood, 2003; Rasmussen et a l , 1997, 2002), similar investigations in the African species are limited to recent studies of chemical signals among males (Rasmussen and Wittemyer, 2002). Male elephants face reproductive challenges not only of locating females, as the sexes live somewhat separated, but also of detecting the most fertile period of females, i.e. as they approach ovulation during the 13-17 week estrous cycle. The Asian species has been shown to utilize a urinary pheromone (Rasmussen et al., 1996). Commencing fairly early in the follicular phase, low concentrations of an acetate pheromone attract males (Rasmussen, 2001). The available urinary concentration of this ligand elevates gradually as ovulation approaches. Males apparently can measure quantitatively the pheromone concentration and thus the female's proximity to ovulation. This is evidenced by high frequencies of flehmen responses and premating behaviors. Based on selected field observations and unpublished data on captive elephants, our group recently began a rigorously designed multiple-elephants and multiple-sites study to establish whether male
Anesthetic Treatment of Cardiac Disease During Pregnancy

This review summarizes the pathophysiology, peripartum treatment, and anesthetic management of parturients with cardiac disease. Valvular disease, coronary disease, and cardiomyopathy are specifically addressed in the context of the normal physiologic changes of pregnancy. We offer recommendations for anesthetic approaches, hemodynamic goals with an emphasis on interdisciplinary planning between anesthesiologists, cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, obstetricians, maternal fetal medicine specialists, and neonatologists. Vaginal delivery with neuraxial analgesia can be well tolerated by many pregnant patients with cardiac disease when coordinated by an interdisciplinary team of experts. Cardiac disease in pregnancy can present a significant challenge for the interdisciplinary care team. A detailed understanding of each patient’s cardiac pathology and the physiologic changes of pregnancy are critical to ensure a safe and successful labor and delivery. Optimized medical therapy in the peripartum period and neuraxial anesthesia with the judicious use of vasoactive agents can be of great benefit for these parturients. As is generally the case, cesarean delivery should be primarily reserved for obstetric indications and maternal wellbeing, with careful consideration of the fetus to guide best practices.
Effects of a programme to advance scholarly writing.

Background Scholarly writing, although central to the completion of doctoral studies, is often not supported by systematic teaching/learning approaches that specifically help students to convey scholarship through writing. The purpose of this project was to promote writing as an essential component of scholarship, provide opportunities for students to develop a self-awareness of confidence in writing and challenges to writing, and to improve writing competence. Methods An innovative set of peer-supported interventions was embedded within a core foundational course in a Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) programme during the first academic semester as part of a continuing quality improvement process to improve DNP student writing. The first curriculum innovation was a substantive writing assignment, in which students exchanged papers with a classmate and were required to critique both writing conventions (e.g. criteria such as punctuation and citation) and structural and thesis-driven aspects of writing (e.g. criteria such as clarity, organisation and the use of paragraph leading sentences). Students then read their papers aloud, without hesitation while reading, in order to identify any discrepancies between the written words and the audible 'plain language' that would be necessary to enhance clarity. The second innovation was an optional writing workshop in which students received coaching from interdisciplinary mentors and from their peers. Results Evaluation of the implementation of this innovation suggests that mentorship, peer support and the use of commonly spoken language may be useful tools for improving the writing competencies of DNP students. Discussion Students with broad diversity in writing competency, including low levels of proficiency, benefitted from a writing-enriched curriculum given at the start of the course of study. DNP faculty may not themselves be prepared to mentor students for doctoral-level writing.
Communal Coping following Relational Transgressions: Perspectives of Third-Party Personal Network Members

Following stressful experiences like relational transgressions, individuals often turn to members of their personal network for support. This study explored how third-party network members approach...
Heinz Ketchup: Pricing the Product Line

An iconic American brand must determine how to maximize net profit by increasing the sales of its highest-margin items in the face of constant retailer pushback including reduced shelf space and promotional support of those same products. This case is suitable for required MBA marketing courses as well as pricing and brand management electives at both the undergraduate and MBA levels. The analytics of the case assume that students can calculate both dollar and percentage margins. Excerpt UVA-M-0777 Rev. May 10, 2019 Heinz Ketchup: Pricing the Product Line An Iconic Brand Heinz Ketchup had long been a nostalgic piece of Americana. Millions of consumers in 140 countries from all walks of life had purchased and used what has become a symbol of American innovation and prosperity. In the United States, ketchup was ubiquitous, always served with American favorites such as hot dogs, hamburgers, and french fries. Its presence graced the tables of outdoor barbecues, church festivals, truck stops, and countless restaurants across the United States and around the world. It was distributed by all major grocery retailers in the United States and many outside the United States. At any given point in time, 95% of US households had some ketchup in their pantries or refrigerators, and over half those households chose Heinz. In 1964, Andy Warhol immortalized the humble Heinz Ketchup case with his sculpture “Heinz Tomato Ketchup Box” (Figure 1). Figure 1. Andy Warhol's “Heinz Tomato Ketchup Box [Prototype].” . . .
States and school finance

In the US, the share of school district revenues that state and local governments provide for K‐12 has changed significantly over the last century. Historically, K‐12 education was highly decentralized and funded largely by property taxes of local governments. States played only a supporting role. Today, states, which obtain the biggest portion of tax revenues from income and sales taxes, play a large and increasing role in school funding. This paper uses a hybrid Tiebout model to analyze the impact of the education finance policy change in a general equilibrium framework. La proporcion de los ingresos del distrito escolar que los gobiernos estatales y locales asignan en los EE.UU. para la educacion desde preescolar hasta el duodecimo grado (K‐12) ha cambiado significativamente en el ultimo siglo. Historicamente, la educacion K‐12 estaba muy descentralizada y financiada en gran medida por los impuestos de los gobiernos locales sobre la propiedad. Los Estados solo desempenaban un papel de apoyo. Hoy en dia, los Estados, que obtienen la mayor parte de los ingresos fiscales de los impuestos sobre la renta y sobre las ventas, desempenan un papel importante y creciente en la financiacion de las escuelas. En este trabajo se utiliza un modelo hibrido de Tiebout para analizar el impacto del cambio en la politica de financiamiento de la educacion dentro de un marco de equilibrio general. 米国では、K‐12のための州および地方政府からの交付金による公立学区(school district)の歳入の割合は、過去1世紀に渡り大きく変化してきた。従来、K‐12教育制度は、権限が高度に分散されており、地方政府の固定資産税収が主な資金源となっていた。州の役割は補助的なものであった。今日では、所得税と売上税が税収の大部分を占める州が、学校の資金調達において大きな役割を担っており、その役割はさらに拡大している。本稿では、ハイブリッド型のTieboutモデルを使用して、一般均衡の枠組みにおける教育財政政策の変化の影響を分析する。
UNIT 16.5 Searching Sequence Databases Over the Internet: Protein Identification Using MS-Fit

Although peptide mass mapping is fast and simple, its success can be compromised by the purity of the protein in one gel spot, errors in the sequence database, and the detection of too few peptides in the MS map of a given protein to permit reliable database matching. In those cases, partial amino acid sequence that is determined using post-source decay (PSD) analysis or tandem mass spectrometry is required to establish the correct protein identification among possibilities suggested by MS-Fit. Post-source decay (PSD) involves the detection of the fragmentation product ions (metastable ions) of a selected mass value window containing the precursor ion chosen, that occur in the field-free region between the ion source and the reflectron. This unit covers some of the practical issues in obtaining and analyzing a typical PSD spectrum using MS-Tag, a database interrogation program that enables the identification of proteins with a limited number of peptide fragment ions by matching existing database sequences. It is a user-friendly program that simultaneously considers a variety of ion types, but still allows single-mismatch-tolerant searching. Although MALDI-PSD database searching is a widely used tool, an alternative method also described in this unit is analysis by MALDI collision-induced dissociation (MALDI-CID).
Tracking Cognitive Spare Capacity During Speech Perception With EEG/ERP: Effects of Cognitive Load and Sentence Predictability

OBJECTIVES Listening to speech in adverse listening conditions is effortful. Objective assessment of cognitive spare capacity during listening can serve as an index of the effort needed to understand speech. Cognitive spare capacity is influenced both by signal-driven demands posed by listening conditions and top-down demands intrinsic to spoken language processing, such as memory use and semantic processing. Previous research indicates that electrophysiological responses, particularly alpha oscillatory power, may index listening effort. However, it is not known how these indices respond to memory and semantic processing demands during spoken language processing in adverse listening conditions. The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to assess the impact of memory demands on electrophysiological responses during recognition of degraded, spoken sentences, and second, to examine whether predictable sentence contexts increase or decrease cognitive spare capacity during listening. DESIGN Cognitive demand was varied in a memory load task in which young adult participants (n = 20) viewed either low-load (one digit) or high-load (seven digits) sequences of digits, then listened to noise-vocoded spoken sentences that were either predictable or unpredictable, and then reported the final word of the sentence and the digits. Alpha oscillations in the frequency domain and event-related potentials in the time domain of the electrophysiological data were analyzed, as was behavioral accuracy for both words and digits. RESULTS Measured during sentence processing, event-related desynchronization of alpha power was greater (more negative) under high load than low load and was also greater for unpredictable than predictable sentences. A complementary pattern was observed for the P300/late positive complex (LPC) to sentence-final words, such that P300/LPC amplitude was reduced under high load compared with low load and for unpredictable compared with predictable sentences. Both words and digits were identified more quickly and accurately on trials in which spoken sentences were predictable. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that during a sentence-recognition task, both cognitive load and sentence predictability modulate electrophysiological indices of cognitive spare capacity, namely alpha oscillatory power and P300/LPC amplitude. Both electrophysiological and behavioral results indicate that a predictive sentence context reduces cognitive demands during listening. Findings contribute to a growing literature on objective measures of cognitive demand during listening and indicate predictable sentence context as a top-down factor that can support ease of listening.
Fear of a Bot Planet: Anthropomorphism, Humanoid Embodiment, and Machine Consciousness

There is an ongoing debate about the existence of humanoid robotics. The arguments tend to focus on the ethical claims that there is always deception involved. However, little attention has been pa...
Perceived risk of the harmful use of alcohol among young adults in the context of HIV&AIDS in Kenya

Background: This study examined factors associated with perceived risks for the harmful use of alcohol among young adults in the context of HIV and AIDS. This is the alcohol use that affects physic...
Association of a Prior Psychiatric Diagnosis With Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection.

This cohort study evaluates the association between prior psychiatric diagnosis and mortality among patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Physical Therapy Use, Costs, and Value for Latent Classes of Good vs Poor Outcome in Patients Who Catastrophize About Their Pain Prior to Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Objective To examine use, costs, and value of physical therapy (PT) among subgroups. Design We conducted an observational study of data from a randomized trial of a pain coping skills intervention. Good and poor outcome subgroups were determined based on Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) Pain and Physical Function scores. The use and costs of PT care as well as changes in WOMAC Pain and Physical Function scores over 4 time periods during a 1-year follow-up were reported. We compared the number of PT visits, total PT costs, and cost per 1-unit improvement in WOMAC scores for the 2 latent subgroups. Setting Five academic medical centers. Participants Patients who catastrophized about their pain prior to knee arthroplasty (N=384). Interventions Pain coping skills training, arthritis education, and usual care. Main Outcome Measures The WOMAC Pain Scale was the primary outcome. Results The value of PT was lower and the cost of PT was higher for poor vs good outcome subgroups beginning 2 months after knee arthroplasty. For example, during the 2- to 6-month period, participants in the poor outcome subgroup incurred a PT cost of $5181.22 per 1-unit improvement in WOMAC Pain compared with $437.87 per 1-unit improvement in WOMAC Pain for the good outcome subgroup (P Conclusions Patients in 2 latent classes demonstrated clinically important differences in value of PT. Future research should identify rehabilitation-based interventions that reduce utilization and enhance effectiveness for patients at high risk for poor outcome.
Scenario-based cuts for structured two-stage stochastic and distributionally robust p-order conic mixed integer programs

In this paper, we derive (partial) convex hull for deterministic multi-constraint polyhedral conic mixed integer sets with multiple integer variables using conic mixed integer rounding (CMIR) cut-generation procedure of Atamturk and Narayanan (Math Prog 122:1–20, 2008), thereby extending their result for a simple polyhedral conic mixed integer set with single constraint and one integer variable. We then introduce two-stage stochastic p-order conic mixed integer programs (denoted by TSS-CMIPs) in which the second stage problems have sum of $$l_p$$ -norms in the objective function along with integer variables. First, we present sufficient conditions under which the addition of scenario-based nonlinear cuts in the extensive formulation of TSS-CMIPs is sufficient to relax the integrality restrictions on the second stage integer variables without impacting the integrality of the optimal solution of the TSS-CMIP. We utilize scenario-based CMIR cuts for TSS-CMIPs and their distributionally robust generalizations with structured CMIPs in the second stage, and prove that these cuts provide conic/linear programming equivalent or approximation for the second stage CMIPs. We also perform extensive computational experiments by solving stochastic and distributionally robust capacitated facility location problem and randomly generated structured TSS-CMIPs with polyhedral CMIPs and second-order CMIPs in the second stage, i.e. $$p=1$$ and $$p =2$$ , respectively. We observe that there is a significant reduction in the total time taken to solve these problems after adding the scenario-based cuts.
4 Ezra and 2 Baruch: Literary Composition and Oral Performance in First-Century Apocalyptic Literature

Students of 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch have long noticed the numerous thematic, generic, and linguistic parallels that exist between them.1 Both texts were written in the late first or possibly the early second century c.e., most likely in the land of Israel. The composition of both works was triggered by the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in the year 70 c.e., as both texts are, in essence, elaborate responses to the host of challenges posed by the Roman aggression. Both stories are set fictitiously during the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in the sixth century b.c.e. 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch are Jewish apocalypses of the historical type, and both make exten sive use of the same set of literary genres, such as prophetic dialogue, prayer, pub lie speech, and the symbolic dream vision. Neither author reveals his identity but instead chooses to write pseudonymously in the voice of a biblical scribe of the exilic and early postexilic period: Ezra, who returned the Torah to Jerusalem, and Baruch, the scribe of Jeremiah. What drives the momentum forward is a continu ous revelatory dialogue between the seer and God, or God's interpreting angel. By the end of each book both seers have undergone a remarkable transformation, from skeptic to consoler, ideal community leader, and latter-day Moses.
Learning to Make Selection and Detection Decisions: The Roles of Base Rate and Feedback

The effects of type of feedback and base rate on threshold learning in a multiple-cue decision task were examined. In most such decision experiments, participants receive feedback after every trial (full feedback), and a single base rate (usually 0.5) is used. Our experiment explored conditional feedback (feedback only after positive decisions) representing common selection and detection tasks (such as hiring), where the decision maker receives no feedback unless the decision is positive (e.g., hire the applicant). We used three base rates (0.2, 0.5, and 0.8). As expected, performance was best in full feedback, but after 300 learning trials, the difference was small. Conditional feedback generally resulted in fewer positive decisions than full feedback, but this difference was not found in the low (0.2) base rate condition. There were interactions between base rates and types of feedback. Results provide partial support for the constructivist encoding hypothesis of Elwin and colleagues. Simulation results suggest that our results may reflect overconfidence when feedback is not given. With respect to rate of learning, when the base rate was 0.2, conditional feedback participants reached approximately the same selection rate but did so more slowly than the full feedback participants. Partial feedback participants learned slower and appeared to be still learning after 500 trials. When the base rate was 0.5 or 0.8, partial feedback was nearly as good as full feedback, but conditional feedback resulted in a systematically lower rate of positive decisions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sesquiterpenoids—III : Total synthesis of eudesmane sesquiterpenoids☆

Abstract (±_-β-Eudesmol ( 1 ) has been synthesized in a highly stereoselective, 10-stage route from the octalone 2 . Several of the synthetic intermediates are potentially useful compounds for the synthesis of other eudesmane sesquiterpenoids.
Behaviour and physiology are linked in the responses of freshwater mussels to drought

Summary 1. Droughts have become prevalent in the south-eastern U.S.A. and are predicted to become more common in the future. Drought conditions have particularly strong negative effects on sessile aquatic organisms with limited dispersal ability. This study explored the linkages between physiological tolerance, behavioural response and survival of three species of freshwater mussels subjected to drought. 2. To assess physiological tolerance, we measured survival under desiccation at 25, 35 and 45 °C in the laboratory. To assess behavioural responses, we tracked horizontal and vertical movement of mussels in a drying stream reach. 3. Uniomerus tetralasmus showed the greatest desiccation tolerance, Lampsilis straminea was intermediate, and Pyganodon grandis had the lowest tolerance at all temperatures. 4. In the drying stream reach, U. tetralasmus showed little horizontal movement and quickly became stranded. The other two species tracked the receding water. It was not until the pool had been reduced to c. 10% of its original size that ≥50% of P. grandis and L. straminea became stranded. 5. Uniomerus tetralasmus and L. straminea burrowed in response to becoming stranded; however, both species burrowed only shallowly (3–4 cm), presumably because burrowing to greater depths did not convey increasing thermal refuge. Pyganodon grandis rarely burrowed. No P. grandis survived the 15-week drought, while 45% of L. straminea and 77% of U. tetralasmus survived. 6. Three strategies emerged for freshwater mussels to cope with drought conditions: tracking (intolerant), track then burrow (semi-tolerant) and burrowing (tolerant). Results suggest that drought poses the greatest threat to intolerant trackers, while tolerant burrowers are the most resistant to drought conditions.
The Index Bundle for a Family of Dirac-Ramond Operators

We study the index bundle of the Dirac-Ramond operator associated with a family $\pi: Z \to X$ of compact spin manifolds. We view this operator as the formal twisted Dirac operator $\dd \otimes \bigotimes_{n=1}^{\infty}S_{q^n}TM_{\C}$ so that its index bundle is an element of $K(X)[[q]]$. When $p_1 (Z) = 0$, we derive some explicit formulas for the Chern character of this index bundle using its modular properties. We also use the modularity to identify our index bundle with an $L(E_8)$ bundle in a special case.
Behavior in the Rat of a Transport-specific, Bicyclic Amino Acid HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTION

Abstract A model amino acid, 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid, highly specific to the Na+-independent transport agency for neutral amino acids with large apolar side chains, has been shown to be excreted slowly by the intact rat, to be metabolized to a very small extent if at all, and to be accumulated by tissues, especially by pancreas. One of the two isomeric forms of this substance was retained in the rat longer than the other, although both were taken up by tissues, and both presumably were resorbed from the glomerular filtrate. When 5 to 10 mmoles per kg of body weight were injected intraperitoneally, the urinary excretion of several ordinary amino acids was increased. In addition, the plasma levels of several amino acids were decreased, although that of phenylalanine may have increased. These effects appeared to be at least as severe in adrenalectomized rats, which were easily prostrated by 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid administration. The injections were found to lower the blood glucose, the effect being especially strong in animals first treated with tolbutamide. The effect was more prolonged than that of leucine. This behavior leads us to propose that the stimulation of insulin secretion may be triggered by binding at strategically situated transport receptor sites. The uptake of 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid by the isolated, intact rat diaphragm was, however, not stimulated by insulin.
Abstract 18059: Long-Term Exposure to Increased Systolic Blood Pressure Has a Cumulative Effect on the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease but Not Stroke

Introduction: Numerous randomized trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that short-term exposure to lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) is causally associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischemic stroke (IS). Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that the duration of exposure to lower SBP influences the reduction in the risk of CHD and IS. Methods: We estimated the effect of short-term exposure to lower SBP by conducting a meta-analysis of 70 RCTs involving 269,883 persons (13,393 CHD and 9,333 IS events); the effect of medium-term exposure to lower SBP using data from a meta-analysis of 61 prospective cohort studies involving 980,000 persons (34,000 CHD and 12,000 IS events); and the effect of long-term exposure to lower SBP by constructing a genetic SBP score composed of 26 polymorphisms associated with SBP and then conducting a meta-analysis of 52 studies involving up to 186,985 persons (64,434 CHD and 8,959 IS events) to evaluate the effect of genetically mediated lifelong exposure to lower SBP. We then compared the effect of short-term exposure to lower SBP in the RCTs with medium-term exposure to lower SBP in the cohort studies and long-term exposure to lower SBP in the genetic studies. Results: The mean duration of exposure to lower SBP was 4.7 years in the RCTs, 12.7 years in the cohort studies, and 52.6 years in the genetic studies. Each 10 mmHg lower SBP was associated with 16.4% lower risk of CHD (95%CI: 9.7-22.6) in the RCTs, 27.2% lower risk of CHD (95%CI: 24.0-30.3) in the cohort studies, and 45.0% lower risk of CHD (95%CI: 34.9-55.2) in the genetic studies. The effect of duration of exposure to lower SBP on the risk of CHD was highly significant (p = 4.3x10-5). By contrast, each 10 mmHg lower SBP was associated with 31.9% (95%CI: 25.0-38.1) lower risk of IS in the RCTs, 34.1% (95%CI: 28.3-39.5) lower risk of IS in the cohort studies, and 44.9% (95%CI: 29.8-58.3) lower risk of IS in the genetic studies. The effect of duration of exposure to lower SBP on the risk of IS was not significant (p = 0.258). Conclusions: Increasing duration of exposure to lower SBP is log-linearly associated with an increasing proportional reduction in the risk of CHD, but not IS. Therefore, SBP appears to have a cumulative effect on the risk of CHD but a threshold effect on the risk of IS.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENERGIC STIMULATION UPON SWEATING IN NORMAL CHILDREN AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS

The cover title and running head of the article by Lewis E. Gibson (Pediatrics, 42 :458, 1968) should have read Adrenergic Sweating and Cystic Fibrosis instead of Adrenergic Sweating in Polycystic Disease.
Site-dependent magnetism of Ni adatoms on MgO/Ag(001)

We examine the adsorption of a single Ni atom on a monolayer of MgO on a Ag substrate using DFT and $\mathrm{DFT}+U$ computational approaches. We find that the electronic and magnetic properties vary considerably across the three binding sites of the surface. Two of the binding sites are competitive in energy, and the preferred site depends on the strength of the on-site Coulomb interaction $U$. These results can be understood in terms of the competition between bonding and magnetism for surface adsorbed transition metal atoms. Comparisons are made with a recent experimental and theoretical study of Co on MgO/Ag, and implications for scanning tunneling microscopy experiments on the Ni system are discussed.
Ficología marina mexicana. Diversidad y Problemática actual

Se analiza la situacion del inventario de las macroalgas marinas mexicanas en ralacion a las divisiones Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta y a la clase Pheophyceae. La informacion se clasifico de acuerdo a los estados o entidades federativas de la Republica Mexicana que poseen costas en el Pacifico o Atlantico. Tambien se discuten las proporciones de generos, familias y ordenes para las regiones costeras denominadas: Baja California occidental, Golfo de California, Pacifico tropical, Golfo de Mexico y Caribe. Los estados que destacan por su diversidad son: Baja California, en su porcion occidental, Baja California Sur y Sonora en cuanto al Pacifico; Veracruz y Quintana Roo para el Atlantico. Las regiones costeras por su parte muestran una biodiversidad alta en las areas de transicion del Pacifico y en la porcion caribena de la Peninsula de Yucatan. Discutimos algunos de los problemas actuales que caracterizan a esta biodiversidad y la amenaza de las especies invasoras en su integridad
A Fast, Accurate, Non-Projective, Semantically-Enriched Parser

Dependency parsers are critical components within many NLP systems. However, currently available dependency parsers each exhibit at least one of several weaknesses, including high running time, limited accuracy, vague dependency labels, and lack of non-projectivity support. Furthermore, no commonly used parser provides additional shallow semantic interpretation, such as preposition sense disambiguation and noun compound interpretation. In this paper, we present a new dependency-tree conversion of the Penn Treebank along with its associated fine-grain dependency labels and a fast, accurate parser trained on it. We explain how a non-projective extension to shift-reduce parsing can be incorporated into non-directional easy-first parsing. The parser performs well when evaluated on the standard test section of the Penn Treebank, outperforming several popular open source dependency parsers; it is, to the best of our knowledge, the first dependency parser capable of parsing more than 75 sentences per second at over 93% accuracy.
Flame retardant epoxy resin for electrical and electronic applications

Amine-cured epoxy resins were prepared at 2% by weight phosphorus content using four halogen-free flame retardants; poly(m-phenylene methyl phosphonate) (Fyrol PMP); 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide; red phosphorus; and aluminum diethylphosphinate (OP1230). The effect of these additives on the properties of cured epoxy, including glass transition temperature, thermal stability, and fire retardancy (cone calorimetry), were studied and were compared with the conventionally used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBA). All properties are improved for the non-halogenated materials compared with TBBA. Further, the stoichiometric amounts of Fyrol PMP and TBBA (without an external curing agent) were reacted with epoxy to determine if they could be used as a flame retardant and as a curing agent; Fyrol PMP effectively acts as a flame retardant and as a curing agent. Evolved gas analysis is also discussed through thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical Reflection for Sequent Logics

It is well-known that adding reflective reasoning can tremendously increase the power of a proof assistant. In order for this theoretical increase of power to become accessible to users in practice, the proof assistant needs to provide a great deal of infrastructure to support reflective reasoning. In this paper we explore the problem of creating a practical implementation of such a support layer. Our implementation takes a specification of a logical theory (which is identical to how it would be specified if we were simply going to reason within this logical theory, instead of reflecting it) and automatically generates the necessary definitions, lemmas, and proofs that are needed to enable the reflected meta-reasoning in the provided theory. One of the key features of our approach is that the structure of a logic is preserved when it is reflected. In particular, all variables, including meta-variables, are preserved in the reflected representation. This also allows the preservation of proof automation-there is a structure-preserving one-to-one map from proof steps in the original logic to proof step in the reflected logic. To enable reasoning about terms with sequent context variables, we develop a principle for context induction, called teleportation. This work is fully implemented in the MetaPRL theorem prover.
A comparison of computations for spatial frequency filtering

Three computational algorithms for performing spatial frequency filtering are compared and tradeoffs developed. Although each method is defined by a convolution relation, the convolution computations are different. Equal filter point-spread functions are assumed to effect the comparison. If the filter point-spread function is nonzero only over a small area, then the computation tradeoff is simply the well-known comparison between direct convolution and the fast Fourier trsnsform (FFT). If the filter point-spread function is nonzero over a large area, then a recursive filter is competitive with the FFT. Core memory requirements for this case are smallest with the recursive filter. Experimental examples are given to illustrate the subjective evaluation problem.
Long lifetime dielectric elastomer actuators under continuous high strain actuation

Dielectric elastomer actuators have attracted a great deal of attention thanks to their remarkably large actuation strain and energy density. Several different design concepts and configurations have been fabricated for many proposed applications. However, high rates of failure and short lifetime caused by dielectric breakdown have prevented their use in commercial applications. Employing single-walled carbon nanotube electrodes of tens of nanometer thickness and a coating of dielectric oil on the electrode surface, the actuators can be operated continuously at larger than 150% area strain for longer than 1500 minutes without terminal failure. As a comparison, under the same test conditions, actuators with carbon grease electrodes can be driven for less than 60 minutes before terminal failure. It has been demonstrated that the carbon nanotube electrodes endow the actuators with the ability to self-heal following localized dielectric failure, which should make them more amenable to practical applications.
On an Analysis of Ecological Landscape Design

Today’s landscape design targets at seeking for means of conveying the inner order of nature, and meanwhile satisfying people’s requirements of appreciation of beauty. However, plants are the main visual elements for expressing the two kinds of order. As the representative for natural environment, the ecological effect, the visual sense and the cultural landscapes of green plants penetrate and influence all the aspects of human lives and architectural environment. The interaction between environment and architecture has become a new exploration and direction of the architectural design thought in the 21st century.
Identification and quantitative analysis of stage-specific organic acids in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) zygotic embryo and female gametophyte

Stage-specific analyses of 32 organic acids were completed across the range of seed development for zygotic embryo and female gametophyte (FG) tissues of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Tissue was analyzed in triplicate from two open-pollinated families, grown in different locations and years, by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Significant changes in organic acids occurred over time, with both seed collections showing similar trends in change of organic acid content. Although concentrations were not always similar, embryo and female gametophyte tissues generally showed similar patterns of change in organic acid content over time. The major organic acids contributing to osmotic potential were malic early in seed development and oxalic late in seed development. This data provides suggestions for stage-specific media composition changes for each step in the somatic embryogenesis protocol.
Simulation of chemical profiles during electrotransport

Thle of program: ELECTROTRANSPORT SIMULATION Catalogue number: ACIA Program obtainable from: CPC Program Library, Queen’s University of Belfast, N. Ireland (see application form in this issue) Computer: IBM 370/165;Insrallation: The Ohio State University Computer Center Operating system: HASP/0S270 High-speed store required: 30.5K words. No. of bits in a word: 32 Is theprogram overlaid? No No. of magnetic tapes required: None Otherperipherals used? Card reader, line printer No. of cards in combinedprogram and test deck: 163 Card punching code: EBCDIC
GLUT4 Enhancer Factor (GEF) Interacts with MEF2A and HDAC5 to Regulate the GLUT4 Promoter in Adipocytes

The insulin-responsive glucose transporter, GLUT4, is regulated in various physiologic states at the transcriptional level. When expressed in transgenic mice, the human GLUT4 promoter is governed by two cis-acting sequences: an MEF2 binding domain and Domain I, that function both as positive and negative regulators depending on the physiologic state. MEF2 proteins and GLUT4 enhancer factor (GEF) are known ligands for these cis-acting elements, but their mechanism of action is unclear. To begin to understand this important process, we have characterized GEF structural domains and its interactions with the MEF2A isoform. We find that the C terminus of GEF comprises its DNA-binding domain, but does not contribute to GEF homo-oligomerization. We also have found that GEF dimerizes with increased affinity to a hypophosphorylated form of MEF2A. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MEF2A binding to its cognate binding site can increase the DNA binding activity of GEF to Domain I, suggesting a novel mechanism for MEF2A transcriptional activation. Finally, we have demonstrated that the transcriptional co-repressor HDAC5 can interact with GEF in the absence of MEF2 proteins and specifically inhibit GLUT4 promoter activity. These findings lead to the hypothesis that GEF and the MEF2 proteins form a complex on the GLUT4 promoter that allows for recruitment of transcriptional co-regulators (repressors and/or activators) to control GLUT4 promoter activity.
Techniques for Improving Online Community College Completion Rates: Narrow the Path?

This paper provides a brief overview of the status of retention and completion efforts among community colleges in the United States. This article identifies a number of successful strategies utilized in on-ground institutions that may translate well to online programs. In light of these successes, the article questions whether the costly current approaches by administrators of online institutions are not overlooking effective alternatives. The article also provides a number of questions for further discussion.
Covalent Trapping of Human DNA Polymerase β by the Oxidative DNA Lesion 2-Deoxyribonolactone

Abstract Oxidized abasic residues in DNA constitute a major class of radiation and oxidative damage. Free radical attack on the nucleotidyl C-1′ carbon yields 2-deoxyribonolactone (dL) as a significant lesion. Although dL residues are efficiently incised by the main human abasic endonuclease enzyme Ape1, we show here that subsequent excision by human DNA polymerase β is impaired at dL compared with unmodified abasic sites. This inhibition is accompanied by accumulation of a protein-DNA cross-link not observed in reactions of polymerase β with unmodified abasic sites, although a similar form can be trapped by reduction with sodium borohydride. The formation of the stably cross-linked species with dL depends on the polymerase lysine 72 residue, which forms a Schiff base with the C-1 aldehyde during excision of an unmodified abasic site. In the case of a dL residue, attack on the lactone C-1 by lysine 72 proceeds more slowly and evidently produces an amide linkage, which resists further processing. Consequently dL residues may not be readily repaired by “short-patch” base excision repair but instead function as suicide substrates in the formation of protein-DNA cross-links that may require alternative modes of repair.
Potential for chlorate interference in ion chromatographic determination of total nitrogen in natural waters following alkaline persulfate digestion

Determination of total nitrogen in aqueous samples after thermal potassium peroxydisulfate (persulfate) digestion is a commonly used alternative to the tedious Kjeldahl procedure. When ion chromatography is used to quantify the nitrate formed during digestion, there is a potential for interference from a chlorate peak if the digested sample initially contained chloride in concentrations close to or greater than the concentration of nitrogen. It was determined that this interference can be avoided either by using chromatographic conditions which cleanly resolve the nitrate and chlorate peaks (e.g., the Dionex AG9-HG column) or by using digestion reagent concentrations chosen to maintain a high pH throughout the digestion. The second alternative is not a viable option for investigators using a single digestion for both total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) analysis.
Non-Γ donor levels and kinetics of electron transfer in n-type CdTe

Abstract The results of hydrostatic pressure experiments show that the donor levels of Ga, In, Cl, and Br in CdTe are associated with conduction band minima lying above the lowest minimum at Γ(k = 0). At sufficiently low temperatures the transfer of electrons between the non-Γ levels and the Γ minimum becomes too slow for equilibrium to be achieved experimentally.
A survey of cellular reactions to environmental stress and disease in Caribbean scleractinian corals

Despite growing concern about the demise of coral reefs in many areas of the world, few studies have investigated the possibility that bacteria- or virus-caused diseases may be important agents in the disappearance of living coral tissue from reefs, and that their occurrence and transmission may be influenced by natural or man-made changes in water quality, particularly increased sedimentation and turbidity. One forereef site off St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands, and three shallow-water reef sites off Puerto Rico were examined for variations in coral composition, local environmental conditions, and the presence of possible diseases in the stony corals. Visual observations were supplemented with standard histopathological examination under the light microscope of tissues from 257 specimens (representing 9 genera and 13 species), along with additional samples obtained from the Netherlands Antilles, the Grenadines, the Florida Keys and the Smithsonian Coral Reef Microcosm. This procedure proved to be necessary to accurately determine the condition of the colony, to detect the presence of microorganisms, and to correlate tissue health and microparasite infestations with apparent symptoms. These lesions varied with the species and the site. For example, off Guayanilla Bay, three species showed increased or decreased mucosecretory cell development, and another exhibited an unusual microparasite, which may be related to the chronic sedimentation at this site. Although colonies of several species showed signs of “white band disease” at five locations, bacterial colonies composed of Gram-negative rods were present only in acroporid tissues from the relatively pristine St. Croix site and the Netherlands Antilles. The distribution and possible mode of occurrence of these and other diseases and microparasite infestations suggest that acute changes in microhabitat conditions or injuries to individual colonies may be as important to the development of some of these lesions as are chronic adverse environmental conditions over a particular reef.
Japan's Evolving Nested Municipal Hierarchy: The Race for Local Power in the 2000s

In agreement with Nested City theory, this paper illustrates how Japan's municipal hierarchy has evolved and remained embedded within that nation's particular historical-political-economic context. It chronicles how municipalities have attained status based upon the role they have played in the country's political, economic, and military history, and, more recently, their population size. It then shows how during the post-war period, the tiers within this urban stratification system were expanded and institutionalized by national laws governing municipalities. Drawing upon more than 100 interviews with local government officials in nine prefectures, it then reveals how a shift in national policy toward decentralization in the late-1990s sparked a race for higher municipal status in Japan's national hierarchy, during the 2000s, and thereby, local power.
Development of motor impulse control and reflectivity.

Data for 80 male and 80 female Ss, aged 5, 10, 15, and 20 yr., given the Draw-a-line Slowly, Walk-a-line Slowly, Matching Familiar Figures, and Embedded-figures Tests, indicated that motor-impulse control and reflectivity increased from 5 yr. of age to 15 but not from 15 yr. of age to 20; there were no sex differences. Scores from another group of 20-yr.-olds indicated that motivation is important in the measurement of motor-impulse control. Intercorrelations did not support the notion of a general impulse-control and reflectivity factor.
Injuries and Illnesses of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence (DV) is a common cofactor or cause of illness and injury in the emergency department. Research is hampered by varied definitions of DV and lack of epidemiologically sound surveys. Injuries related to DV are those common in assaultive injury. Trauma reported to have occurred in falls and accidents may actually be the result of DV. Medical complaints and psychiatric problems may also result from or be associated with DV. The record of DV detection in the ED remains poor.