cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finite amplitude torsional oscillations of shape-morphing plates immersed in viscous fluids

In this paper, we study torsional oscillations of a cross section of a thin plate submerged in a quiescent, Newtonian, incompressible, and viscous fluid. The plate is subjected to a prescribed shape-morphing deformation in phase with the rigid oscillation. The problem is completely described by three nondimensional parameters indicating oscillation frequency and amplitude and intensity of the shape-morphing deformation. We conduct a parametric study to investigate the possibility of controlling hydrodynamic moments and power dissipation through an active time-varying shape-morphing strategy. The problem is studied in both the linear and nonlinear flow regimes, by employing the boundary element method and direct numerical simulations via computational fluid dynamics methods, respectively. Investigation of flow physics demonstrates that, similarly to what is observed for the case of flexural oscillations, the shape-morphing strategy is effective in modulating vortex shedding in torsional oscillations. The results show that hydrodynamic power dissipation can be minimized and hydrodynamic moments can be controlled through an optimal imposed shape-morphing deformation. Findings from this study are directly applicable to torsional oscillation-based underwater energy harvesting or sensing and actuation systems, where control of hydrodynamic moments and reduction of hydrodynamic power losses are necessary for optimal device operation.
The antifibrotic adipose-derived stromal cell: Grafted fat enriched with CD74+ adipose-derived stromal cells reduces chronic radiation-induced skin fibrosis

Fat grafting can reduce radiation-induced fibrosis. Improved outcomes are found when fat grafts are enriched with adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs), implicating ASCs as key drivers of soft tissue regeneration. We have identified a subpopulation of ASCs positive for CD74 with enhanced antifibrotic effects. Compared to CD74- and unsorted (US) ASCs, CD74+ ASCs have increased expression of hepatocyte growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, and transforming growth factor β3 (TGF-β3) and decreased levels of TGF-β1. Dermal fibroblasts incubated with conditioned media from CD74+ ASCs produced less collagen upon stimulation, compared to fibroblasts incubated with media from CD74- or US ASCs. Upon transplantation, fat grafts enriched with CD74+ ASCs reduced the stiffness, dermal thickness, and collagen content of overlying skin, and decreased the relative proportions of more fibrotic dermal fibroblasts. Improvements in several extracellular matrix components were also appreciated on immunofluorescent staining. Together these findings indicate CD74+ ASCs have antifibrotic qualities and may play an important role in future strategies to address fibrotic remodeling following radiation-induced fibrosis.
Maintenance of treatment gains up to 12-months following a three-week cognitive processing therapy-based intensive PTSD treatment programme for veterans.

Intensive treatment programmes (ITPs) have shown promise for reducing PTSD and depression symptoms. It is still unknown whether treatment gains are maintained following completion.This study examin...
Magnets, Magnetism, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: History, Basics, Clinical Aspects, and Future Directions

Magnets and magnetism have played an intriguing and controversial role in human medicine. Undoubtedly, the most relevant use of magnetic phenomenon in modern clinics pertains to the diagnostic potential of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) that employs low-intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation to study subjects placed in a strong magnetic field. The physical basis of MRI lies in its inherent ability to monitor the temporal and spatial distribution of tissue water protons, in the process taking into account local abnormalities to generate images with variable contrast. The contrast produced in MRI is further enhanced by the administration of paramagnetic entities called contrast agents that allow for superior spatial resolution in MRI. This chapter gives a glimpse into the history and development of MRI as a diagnostic imaging tool. The fundamentals of the MRI technique, contrast agent design, their current clinical status, and future directions are also discussed.
Plasmonic Detection of Mercury via Amalgamation on Gold Nanorods Coated with PEG-Thiol

Gold nanorods (AuNRs) have emerged as a powerful element in the development of nanomaterial-based sensors due to their localized surface plasmon resonance extinction at visible and near-infrared wa...
Paraneoplastic Progressive Downbeat Nystagmus, Ataxia and Sensorineural Hearing Loss due to the ANTI-Kelch-11 Protein Antibody.

ABSTRACT A 45-year-old man with a history of testicular seminoma treated 8 years earlier presented with chronic progressive truncal and limb ataxia, progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and episodic vertigo. Eye movement and neuro-otology examinations showed localizing abnormalities to the bilateral cerebellar flocculus, vermis, and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres. Audiometric testing showed bilateral symmetric sensorineural hearing loss. There was a normal MRI of the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed modest lymphocytic pleocytosis, and there was an elevated serum choriogonadotrophic hormone. An abdominal CT scan showed a solitary, large retroperitoneal lymph node, and histopathologic examination of the node biopsy showed granulomatous inflammation without microorganisms; eventually, immunohistochemical markers confirmed the diagnosis of metastatic seminoma. Although normal neuroimaging and inflammatory CSF reaction suggested a paraneoplastic etiology, the initial paraneoplastic antibody testing was negative. Subsequent investigation identified a positive kelch-11 protein antibody, thus confirming the paraneoplastic connection between the metastatic seminoma and the subacute neurologic-cochleovestibular syndrome.
Carbon transformations and soil organic matter formation

Abstract Plants and soil microorganisms play a major role in the cycling of carbon (C) on Earth. This chapter describes the terrestrial C cycle and how the various components comprising plant and microbial residues are processed by soil microorganisms to produce microbial biomass, soil organic matter (SOM), and carbon dioxide. The nature and factors affecting the production of SOM are discussed, including recent research findings that challenge long-standing SOM paradigms. A method for determining microbial biomass in soils is also presented.
Early aseptic reoperation after shoulder arthroplasty increases risk of subsequent prosthetic joint infection.

Background Despite the success of anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), the clinical course of some patients necessitates operative intervention in the acute postoperative period. In this study, we evaluate the risk of subsequent prosthetic joint infection (PJI) in patients who undergo an aseptic reoperation within 90 days of primary shoulder arthroplasty. Method A retrospective review of patients with primary TSA and RSA was performed using a commercially available national database (PearlDiver Inc., Fort Wayne, IN, USA). Queries were performed with use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and Tenth Revision and Current Procedural Technology codes. Patients were divided into cohorts based on undergoing aseptic reoperation, reoperation for PJI, or no reoperations within 90 days of index procedure. Primary outcome was subsequent PJI within 1 year of index procedure. Observed PJI rates were compared using chi-square analysis. Risk factors for PJI were compared using logistic regression. Results From 2010 to 2018, a total of 96,648 patients underwent primary shoulder arthroplasty: 46,810 underwent TSA and 49,838 underwent RSA. The rate of aseptic reoperation within 90 days was 0.72% and 1.5% in the TSA and RSA cohorts, respectively. At 1 year postoperatively, patients who underwent an aseptic reoperation within 90 days had an elevated risk of subsequent PJI compared with the overall rate of PJI in the TSA (3.54% vs. 0.75%; P < .001) and RSA (3.08% vs. 0.73%; P < .001) cohorts. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, aseptic reoperation within 90 days was identified as a significant risk factor for subsequent PJI in the TSA cohort (odds ratio, 14.19; P < .001) and RSA cohort (odds ratio, 8.38; P < .001). The most common indication for aseptic reoperation was postoperative prosthetic joint instability in both the TSA (31%) and RSA (49%) cohorts. Conclusion Aseptic reoperation within 90 days of primary TSA or primary RSA was associated with a notably increased risk of subsequent PJI.
An exploratory analysis of stakeholders and their influence on human–Jaguar conflict in Guyana

Cattle farmer–jaguar conflict receives the greatest attention in Latin America’s human–wild cat interactions discourse. Yet, other economic activities in the region, such as gold mining, threaten j...
Distributed estimation of a parametric field with random sensor placements

This paper considers a problem of distributed function estimation in the case when sensor locations are modeled as Gaussian random variables. We consider a scenario where sensors are deployed in clusters with cluster centers known a priori (or estimated by a high performance GPS) and the average quadratic spread of sensors around the cluster center also known. Distributed sensors make noisy observations about an unknown parametric field generated by a physical object of interest (for example, magnetic field generated by a ferrous object and sensed by a network of magnetometers). Each sensor then performs local signal processing of its noisy observation and sends it to a central processor (called fusion center) in the wireless sensor network over parallel channels corrupted by fading and additive noise. The central processor combines the set of received signals to form an estimate of the unknown parametric field. In our numerical analysis, we involve a field shaped as a Gaussian bell. We experiment with the size of sensor clusters and with their number. A mean square error between the estimated parameters of the field and the true parameters used in simulations is involved as a performance measure. It can be shown that a relatively good estimate of the field can be obtained with only a small number of clusters. As the number of clusters increases, the estimation performance steadily improves. The results also indicate that, on the average, the number of clusters has more impact on the performance than the number of sensors per cluster, given the same size of the total network.
Elevated expression of the cytochrome b561, a neuroendocrine vesicle protein, in castration resistant prostate tumors

Evaluation of gene expression profiles in CWR22 prostate tumor xenografts in nude mice revealed overexpression of the Cytochrome b561, a transmembrane electron transport protein abundant in neuroendocrine vesicles, in the castration recurrent prostate cancers (CRPC). Four fold higher levels of the Cytochrome b561 was present in highly metastatic and androgen refractory LNCaP/C4-2 prostate cancer cells in comparison to androgen responsive and non-metastatic LNCaP cells. In LNCaP cells, Cytochrome b561 expression was induced by the synthetic androgen, R1881. Of note, Cytochrome b561 expression pattern correlated with known androgen regulated genes in epithelial transcriptome of primary prostate tumors. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that the expression of Cytochrome b561, is androgen regulated in the context of CaP cells and its increased expression in CRPC reflects increased androgen receptor signaling in tumor cells. These observations warrant further evaluation of functions and biomarker potential of Cytochrome b561 in CRPC.
Antimuscarinic drugs in the treatment of movement disorders.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the use of antimuscarinic drugs in the treatment of movement disorders. Movement disorders are a group of neurological dysfunction. The hypokinetic syndromes are basically parkinsonian states. The various movement disorders are tabulated in the chapter. In addition to the classical parkinsonian states, other disorders presenting solely as shuffling gait—not because of weakness, spasticity, or to another hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorder—are also listed in the chapter as gait disorders. Gait disorders comprise a heterogeneous group of conditions, including the senile gait disorder, fear of falling syndrome, and psychogenic gait disorders. The localization of the brain's highest activities of the synthesizing and degrading enzymes of acetylcholine to the neostriatum makes it predictable that acetylcholine plays a role in some movement disorders, because these conditions are related to dysfunction of the basal ganglia. The anticholinergics are useful in the treatment of some of the hyperkinetic movement disorders. The first of these disorders found to be benefited by these agents was the acute dystonic reaction from dopamine receptor blocking agents (DBRA), which consist mainly of antipsychotic drugs and antinausea and antivomiting agents.
Sister-chromatid exchange analyses in rodent maternal, embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues: transplacental and direct mutagen exposures.

Abstract Sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) analyses were conducted in maternal, embryonic and extraembryonic tissues of pregnant rats and mice. The various tissues were substituted in vivo with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) by implantation of a BrdU tablet in pregnant animals at mid-gestation. Following maternal exposure to 5–20 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, embryonic liver cells demonstrated dose-dependent SCE increases up to 10-fold that of control. Rat embryos revealed little intralitter variability for this transplacental effect. Maternal marrow and yolk sac cells examined in the rat also underwent significant increases in SCE, although to different extents. While marrow SCE frequencies were similar to those of embryo liver, yolk sac SCE frequencies were generally much lower. SCE analyses were also conducted in rat yold sac cells substituted in vivo with BrdU and subsequently explanted to whole-embryo culture. In vitro exposure to cyclophosphamide at concentrations up to 100 μg/ml had no SCE-inducing effect. However, similar exposures to phosphoramide mustard, a presumed metabolite of cyclophosphamide, caused dose-dependent increases in SCE up to 8-fold higher than control at 2 μg/ml. Thus, cyclophosphamide appears to require maternal metabolic activation in order to cause an increased SCE frequency in yolk sac cells. The system described permits versatile SCE analyses which can help to define relative maternal and embryo tissue-specific sensitivities to chemical-induced genetic damage.
IMPACTS OF SUNNHEMP AND PIEGON PEA ON PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES, RADOPHOLUS SIMILIS AND MELOIDOGYNE SPP., AND BENEFICIAL BACTERIVOROUS NEMATODES

Plant-parasitic nematodes such as burrowing nematode ( Radopholus similis ) and root-knot nematode ( Meloidogyne spp.) are dominant in the banana, Musa spp., ecosystem. Beneficial nematodes such as bacterivores are also found in banana fields. A tropical cover crop, sunn hemp ( Crotalaria juncea ) (SH), can be used to suppress plant-parasitic nematodes and enhance beneficial bacterivorous nematodes. However, SH cultivation in Hawaii is under the threat of the flour beetle. Thus, two experiments: Trial-I and Trial-II were conducted to compare the effects of another tropical cover crop, pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan ) (PP) with SH and no-cover crop control (CC) on R. similis and Meloidogyne spp. suppression and beneficial bacterivorous nematodes enhancement. In both experiments soils infested with R. similis and Meloidogyne were sampled and amended with cover crop treatments (SH or PP) or CC and kept for two weeks. At the end of each experiment, nematodes were extracted through the Baermann funnel technique. The results of Trial-I and Trial- II showed that SH and PP did not reduce R. similis number ( P > 0.05). However, Meloidogyne numbers were reduced by SH and PP in Trial-I ( P 0.05). However, the trends associated with the numbers of beneficial nematodes were consistently higher in PP compared to CC. Farmers could choose PP as an alternate to SH, as a cover crop for Meloidogyne suppression and beneficial nematode enhancement .
EFFECTS OF IMAGE CONGRUENCY ON PERSUASIVENESS AND RECALL IN DIRECT- TO-CONSUMER PRESCRIPTION DRUG ADVERTISING

Although direct-to-consumer (DTC) prescription drug advertising is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, content analyses suggest advertisers may not disclose drug risks in the same w...
“Suits To Self-Sufficiency” Dress for Success and Neoliberal Maternalism

In 1997 the women-run nonprofit organization Dress for Success opened its first location with the aim of empowering low-income women by providing gently used suits for job interviews. Drawing on eight months of fieldwork in an affiliate office, we analyze cross-race and cross-class interactions between privileged volunteers and low-income clients to demonstrate the emergence of what we term “neoliberal maternalism.” Historical forms of maternalism—the mother-centric voluntarism aimed at assisting indigent families a century ago—emphasized women’s domesticity and promoted the earliest welfare provisions. We suggest that neoliberal maternalism, instead, works alongside welfare retrenchment by insisting that single mothers become self-sufficient workers. Similar to earlier maternalisms, the benevolence of affluent volunteers serves to reinforce class and race superiority while producing moments of genuine care and connection. We argue that while all forms of maternalism come with a related body politics aime...
ANTI-COORDINATION GAMES AND DYNAMIC STABILITY

We introduce the class of anti-coordination games. A symmetric two-player game is said to have the anti-coordination property if, for any mixed strategy, any worst response to the mixed strategy is in the support of the mixed strategy. Every anti-coordination game has a unique symmetric Nash equilibrium, which lies in the interior of the set of mixed strategies. We investigate the dynamic stability of the equilibrium in a one-population setting. Specifically we focus on the best response dynamic (BRD), where agents in a large population take myopic best responses, and the perfect foresight dynamic (PFD), where agents maximize total discounted payoffs from the present to the future. For any anti-coordination game we show (i) that, for any initial distribution, BRD has a unique solution, which reaches the equilibrium in a finite time, (ii) that the same path is one of the solutions to PFD, and (iii) that no path escapes from the equilibrium in PFD once the path reaches the equilibrium. Moreover we show (iv) that, in some subclasses of anti-coordination games, for any initial state, any solution to PFD converges to the equilibrium. All the results for PFD hold for any discount rate.
Perceptually driven movements as contextual retrieval cues

Items were learned in the context of either a horizontal or a vertical eye movement, and later were retrieved in the context of the same or a different eye movement. The effect of a match in eye movement was measured for both perceptual processing and episodic recognition. Results indicate that the same eye movement significantly facilitated recognition speed of learned items, relative to recognition speed of items retrieved with a different eye movement. These data suggest that bodily information may be a salient dimension of the information represented in memory for an event, and that it can mediate context-dependent memory in other areas of experimental interest.
Sociodemographic factors associated with AIDS knowledge in a random sample of university students.

A telephone survey was used to assess knowledge of the transmission, prevalence, and infectivity of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and the safety of casual contact among 214 randomly selected university students. Males were more knowledgeable than females overall (odds ratio [OR], men/women = 4.8). Although most students understood the dangers of unprotected sex and intravenous needle sharing, up to 30% believed some kinds of casual contact (e.g., shared eating utensils) can transmit AIDS. Older students (greater than or equal to 23 yrs) were more knowledgeable than those 17 to 19 years old about the safety of casual contact (OR = 3.8). Students are in need of education programs that stress the ways AIDS is not transmitted. Since most students identified newspapers and television as their main sources of information, these may be effective vehicles for education efforts.
Eye movements of children, adults, and elderly persons during inspection of dot patterns.

Abstract The eye movements of 20 subjects between 4 and 62 years old were recorded, by a corneal reflection technique, during familiarization with and subsequent attempts at recognition of random patterns of eight luminous dots located in a 44° square field. Young children tended to scan the entire display, but there was little similarity between their eye movement patterns and the stimuli. College students limited their fixations to a smaller area; nonetheless, there was greater similarity between their eye movement patterns and the stimuli. The fixations of the elderly subjects were spread over a larger area than those of the college students and bore a greater similarity to the stimuli than did the fixations of the young children. The results are consistent with both the view of Soviet child psychology that perception involves the creation of overt motor models that become increasingly covert with increasing age (at least to adulthood) and also the views, derived from Piaget's cognitive and perceptual theories, that sensorimotor activity shows a greater capability for internalization at higher developmental levels and that progress in development is accompanied by increasingly systematic perceptual activity.
Enrichment of lesquerolic and auricolic acids from hydrolyzed Lesquerella fendleri and L. gordonii oil by crystallization

Lesquerolic and auricolic acids were obtained from hydrolyzed lesquerella oil by a low-temperature crystallization procedure. The lesquerolic and auricolic fatty acid fraction was enriched from 55–59% to 85–99% with high yields (94%). Washing the free fatty acids with pH 6.0 buffer provided reproducible crystallizations of those hydroxy fatty acids. In contrast, when hydrolyzed oil from Lesquerella fendleri was not buffer-washed, there was, in most cases, no separation of hydroxy fatty acids by crystallization. This crystallization procedure is suitable for a large-scale separation process of the hydroxy fatty acids from nonhydroxy fatty acids obtained from hydrolyzed lesquerella oil.
Rego, organizational architecture, and reality

This paper assesses the move to “reinvent government” in terms of the organizational architecture of government. In addition to usual elements that are included in the architecture of organizations, governmental agencies involve the elements of trust, equity, accountability and representativeness. These elements, which are fundamental to government, complicate the more usual architectural components of structure, culture, innovation and flexibility that are invoked by “reinvention” strategies. The paper gives REG0 a guarded prognosis in terms of its full implementation.
A model of the time course and content of reading

This paper describes a computer simulation of reading that is strongly driven by eye fixation data from human readers. The simulation, READER, is a natural language understanding system that reads a text word by word and whose processing cycles on each word have some correspondence with the human gaze duration on that word. READER operates within a newly developed information processing architecture, a Collaborative, Activation-based, Production System (CAPS) that permits the modeling of the temporal properties of human comprehension. CAPS allows for concurrent, collaborative execution of processes operating at different levels of analysis. As READER encounters each successive word, the word is operated on by processes at the levels of word encoding, lexical access, syntactic and semantic analysis, and referential and schema-level processes. Like human readers, READER uses a strategy of immediacy of comprehension, attempting to interpret each word as soon as it is encountered, rather than unnecessarily buffering information. A major contribution of this simulation is its use of human performance characteristics in constraining and determining the model's mechanisms.
Do Social Workers Make Better Child Welfare Workers than Non-Social Workers?.

Objective: To empirically examine whether the educational background of child welfare workers in Florida impacts on performance evaluations of their work. Method: A proportionate, stratified random sample of supervisor and peer evaluations of child protective investigators and child protective service workers is conducted. ANOVA procedures are used to test if performance scores on a multitude of items differ for workers with university degrees in social work, psychology, sociology, criminology, education, business, and other fields. Results: The ratings of social workers' skills and competency do not statistically differ from those workers with other educational backgrounds on 20 measures of performance. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the educational background of child welfare workers is a poor predictive variable of their performance as evaluated by supervisors and peers. However, more research is needed to determine if performance evaluations of workers are positively correlated with successful serv...
A Benchmarking Algorithm to Determine Maximum Stability Data Gathering Trees for Wireless Mobile Sensor Networks

The high-level contribution of this paper is the design of a benchmarking algorithm to determine a sequence of the longest-living stable data gathering trees for wireless mobile sensor networks (MSNs) such that the number of tree discoveries is the theoretical global minimum. Referred to as the Max. Stability-DG algorithm, the algorithm assumes the availability of the complete knowledge of future topology changes, and operates according to a greedy strategy: Whenever a new data gathering tree is needed at time instant t, determine a spanning tree that will exist for the longest time since t and derive a data gathering tree by conducting a Breadth First Search on the spanning tree. We prove the correctness of the Max. Stability-DG algorithm that it indeed determines the sequence of longest living stable data gathering trees. Since the Max. Stability-DG trees are based on spanning trees covering the entire network of live sensor nodes, the average lifetime and the number of tree discoveries incurred for the Max. Stability-DG trees will serve respectively as the upper bound and lower bound for any network-wide communication topology determined using any other algorithm for mobile sensor networks.
Ligand extraction of rare earth elements from aquifer sediments: Implications for rare earth element complexation with organic matter in natural waters

The ability of organic matter as well as carbonate ions to extract rare earth elements (REEs) from sandy sediments of a Coastal Plain aquifer was investigated for unpurified organic matter from different sources (i.e., Mississippi River natural organic matter, Aldrich humic acid, Nordic aquatic fulvic acid, Suwannee River fulvic acid, and Suwannee River natural organic matter) and for extraction solutions containing weak (i.e., CH3COO−) or strong (i.e., CO32-) ligands. The experimental results indicate that, in the absence of strong REE complexing ligands in solution, the amount of REEs released from the sand is small and the fractionation pattern of the released REEs appears to be controlled by the surface stability constants for REE sorption with Fe(III) oxides/oxyhydroxides. In the presence of strong solution complexing ligands, however, the amount and the fractionation pattern of the released REEs reflect the strength and variation of the stability constants of the dominant aqueous REE species across the REE series. The varying amount of REEs extracted by the different organic matter employed in the experiments indicates that organic matter from different sources has different complexing capacity for REEs. However, the fractionation pattern of REEs extracted by the various organic matter used in our experiments is remarkable consistent, being independent of the source and the concentration of organic matter used, as well as solution pH. Because natural aquifer sand and unpurified organic matter were used in our experiments, our experimental conditions are more broadly similar to natural systems than many previous laboratory experiments of REE-humic complexation that employed purified humic substances. Our results suggest that the REE loading effect on REE-humic complexation is negligible in natural waters as more abundant metal cations (e.g., Fe, Al) out-compete REEs for strong binding sites on organic matter. More specifically, our results indicate that REE complexation with organic matter in natural waters is dominated by REE binding to weak sites on dissolved organic matter, which subsequently leads to a middle REE (MREE: Sm-Ho)-enriched fractionation pattern. The experiments also indicate that carbonate ions may effectively compete with fulvic acid in binding with dissolved REEs, but cannot out compete humic acids for REEs. Therefore, in natural waters where low molecular weight (LMW) dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the predominant form of DOC (e.g., lower Mississippi River water), REEs occur as “truly” dissolved species by complexing with carbonate ions as well as FA, resulting in heavy REE (HREE: Er-Lu)-enriched shale-normalized fractionation patterns. Whereas, in natural terrestrial waters where REE speciation is dominated by organic complexes with high molecular weight DOC (e.g., “colloidal” HA), only MREE-enriched fractionation patterns will be observed because the more abundant, weak sites preferentially complex MREEs relative to HREEs and light REEs (LREEs: La-Nd).
Bilateral effects of vestibular nerve stimulation on activity in the lumbar spinal cord

Summary These experiments were designed to study the effects of vestibular nerve stimulation on the activity of hindlimb motoneuron pools. Two techniques were used to stimulate the vestibular nerves of precollicularly decerebrated cats. In one set of experiments the individual semicircular canals were stimulated via bipolar electrodes placed near the canal nerves. In the second series of experiments the whole vestibular nerve was stimulated with an electrode placed on the intradural nerve. Activity in the hindlimb motoneuron pools was ascertained by evoking monosynaptic reflexes in the various hindlimb nerves. Stimulation of the individual semicircular canals produced response patterns that varied with both the vestibular branch being stimulated and the hindlimb nerve being conditioned. Intradural stimulation of the vestibular nerve, on the other hand, evoked similar response patterns in the antagonist ankle flexor and extensor nerves. The most common pattern consisted of facilitation followed by a period of inhibition. Lesions of descending fiber tracts produced results which suggest the presence of a diffuse pathway, involving the reticular formation, which mediates the observed responses. It is suggested that the biphasic response pattern is analogous to the startle response and the function of the responses is discussed in that context.
Genetic aspects of retinitis pigmentosa in China

We analyzed 151 pedigrees (209 cases) of retinitis pigmentosa in Shanghai, China. Of the 209 cases, the proportion of autosomal recessive (AR), autosomal dominant (AD), X-linked recessive (XR), and simplex cases is 33.1, 11, 7.7, and 48.3% respectively. The average age of onset was 24.7 years in the AD type, 22.9 years in the AR and five years in the XR type. The average refractive errors were -1.88 D in the AD type, -2.37 D in the AR type, and -5.72 D in the XR type. In addition, 24,100 persons were screened and six cases of retinitis pigmentosa were found. The gene frequencies of the AR (including simplex cases), AD, and XR types as calculated from the disease prevalence were 0.0142267, 0.0000137, and 0.0000384, respectively. The gene frequency of the AR type as calculated from the frequency of consanguinity (15.9%) was 0.00389, which is much less than that calculated from the prevalence. The probable explanation is that the AR type of retinitis pigmentosa really consists of several different disease entities, with each entity representing a separate gene mutation. The number of different mutations within the AR group is estimated to lie between 11 and 41.
The effect of a machine-rich environment on courseware development: The process and the product

The development of courseware in conjunction with Drexel’s microcomputer program is discussed. Many factors have influenced development, but the machine-rich environment has had the major impact on both the process of development and the type of courseware that has been generated. Integrating the computer as a tool into this saturated environment requires many developers across all curricula. The end result is an enriched development environment that benefits from the exchange of ideas and methods across all disciplines within the University.
Virtual Globe visualization of ash-aviation encounters, with the special case of the 1989 Redoubt-KLM incident

The impact of natural hazards on the local environment causes major issues for those agencies responsible for warning and understanding of the risks. Analysis of past events can assist and improve future warning capabilities. Here, volcanic ash-aviation encounters are the focus, with an improved visualization allowing observers a prospective view of a high impact event in four dimensions, never before possible without high-performance computing. Volcanic ash is one of the major hazards from volcanic eruptions; with impacts include aircraft engine failure, building collapses, airport closures and associated health impacts. Across the North Pacific since 1970, there have been over 200 separate volcanic ash clouds that have reached aviation routes at 6km above sea level or higher. Dispersion models are used to forecast the movement of ash clouds from impending and current volcanic events. Virtual Globes, with their three- and even four-dimensionality, provide the perfect tools to display these model predictions in their true form. Here, the Puff dispersion model is shown in four dimensions, in space and time. There have been many ash-aviation encounters worldwide, 8 with engine failures that are considered high severity encounters but fortunately so far, no crashes. Here, the encounter from Redoubt Volcano during the 1989-1990 eruptive period is shown, known as the Redoubt-KLM incident. This new visualization allows an improved understanding of the event, allowing the observer to interact with the encounter at a spatio-temporal scale never before possible. Through the volcanic ash-aviation event here, the next step in displaying multiple geophysical datasets in one seamless environment is possible. For volcanic activity, seismic, infrasound, lightning, dispersion modeling, and remote sensing datasets can be easily displayed with the additional ability of viewing all of them together in four dimensions.
Alterations in diaphragm EMG activity during opiate-induced respiratory depression.

Abstract While opiate-induced increases in thoracic muscle tone may contribute to impaired ventilation during opiate anesthesia, the effects of high-dose opiates on diaphragm muscle activity have not been elucidated. The effects of the opiate agonist alfentanil (ALF, 500 μg/kg subcutaneously) on diaphragm (DIA) and intercostal (IC) electromyographic (EMG) activity in spontaneously ventilating adult rats were studied. EMG segments corresponding to inspiration and expiration were selected using an impedance plethysmographic respiratory waveform. Total EMG activity over a respiratory cycle was significantly greater in the DIA than in the IC. ALF produced a decrease in inspiratory and an increase in expiratory DIA EMG activity. These changes in diaphragm function following ALF were accompanied by significant respiratory depression. The effects of the alpha-2 agonist dexmedetomidine on ALF-induced changes in diaphragm and intercostal EMG activity were also examined. While dexmedetomidine alone had minimal effects on DIA activity, it significantly attenuated the ALF-induced increase in expiratory DIA EMG. The potential etiology and implications of these opiate-induced changes in diaphragm muscle function are discussed.
Three-dimensional steerable magnetic field antenna for metal target classification

This paper describes a prototype three-dimensional electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor system that has the potential to measure directly the multiple components of buried metal targets' magnetic polarizability tensor without the need to invert spatial data from single-axis EMI sensors. This novel sensor is called a three-dimensional steerable magnetic field (3DSMF) sensor system. The 3DSMF sensor is a high-time resolution, wide-bandwidth time-domain EMI system combined with a 3-axis magnetic field generator (3AMFG) and magnetic field receivers. The 3AMFG differs from previous 3-axis magnetic field generators in a number of ways: the projected magnetic field is relatively uniform in space and is steerable. These two features offer the potential to greatly improve target classification. This paper discusses the 3DSMF sensor system design philosophy and modeling results.
Nursing Home Responsiveness to Research Requests: Results of a Field Study.

This study used data from a random sample of Wisconsin nursing homes to analyze nursing homes' response to requests to participate in a field study. Multiple organizational characteristics predicted responsiveness. Facilities with greater financial resources were more likely to grant access to researchers. Stable administration and local facility control predicted higher response rates to a survey of nurses. Stable ownership and stable administration predicted higher resident consent rates.
Bumps along the translational pathway: anticipating uptake of tailored smoking cessation treatment.

Aim: To assess potential barriers to clinical integration of tailored smoking cessation treatment among African American and white smokers in the USA. Methods: A total of 392 smokers (203 white and 189 African American) identified within a national random digit dial survey (response rate: 40.1%; 81.2% among households with whom we were able to make contact) of 1200 African Americans and 1200 white Americans. Respondents answered several closed-ended survey items addressing beliefs regarding what influences a smoker’s ability to quit, past pharmacotherapy use, and their willingness to undergo genetic assessment in order to be matched to optimal treatment, among other items. Results: In this first nationally representative survey of US smokers, 77% of respondents expressed willingness to undergo genetic testing in order to be matched to optimal pharmacotherapy, yet only 18% had ever used pharmacotherapy in a previous quit attempt. Smokers who rated ‘medications and counseling’ as very important in quitting ...
The effect of glutamine-enriched TPN on gut immune cellularity.

Abstract Prolonged parenteral feeding with standard nutrient solutions results in significant alteration in the structural, hormonal, and immunological composition of the intestinal tract. The purpose of the following study was to evaluate the effect of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition on the immune cellularity of the gut. Twenty-one Fischer rats were randomized to three groups of seven animals each. Group I was fed rat chow and water ad lib, Group II was fed a standard solution of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (D25/4.25% amino acids) via a central venous catheter, and Group III was fed the standard solution of TPN with 2% glutamine which was isonitrogenous and isocaloric to Group II. Animals were fed their respective diets for 1 week and bile was collected and assayed for secretory IgA (s-IgA) and IgM. The terminal ileum was stained and assayed for IgA+, IgM+, IgG+, CD4+, and CD8+ plasma cells and lymphocytes. Results indicate that the feeding of a standard parenteral diet results in a significant decrease in biliary s-IgA and IgA+ plasma cells in the gut lamina propria compared to chow-fed animals (S-IgA: chow, 858 ± 23 μg/ml; TPN, 494 ± 41 μg/ml; IgA cells: chow, 35.7 ± 1.8; TPN, 8.6 ± 0.9 cells/hpf). In addition a marked depletion of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes was observed with standard solutions of parenteral nutrition compared to chow (CD4+: chow, 36.8 ± 6.6; TPN, 14.9 ± 6.0; CD8+: chow, 18.8 ± 5.6; TPN, 5.7 ± 2.7 cells/hpf). The addition of glutamine to the standard TPN solution maintained both B and T cell populations at levels similar to chow-fed animals. Glutamine may be an important nutrient for gut immune function during prolonged parenteral feeding.
The Role of Person Familiarity in Young Infants' Perception of Emotional Expressions

This research investigated the role of person familiarity in the ability of 3.5-month-old infants to recognize emotional expressions. Infants (N = 72) were presented simultaneously with two filmed facial expressions, happy and sad, accompanied by a single vocal expression that was concordant with one of the two facial expressions. Infants' looking preferences and facial expressions were coded. Results indicated that when the emotional expressions were portrayed by each infant's own mother, infants looked significantly longer toward the facial expressions that were accompanied by affectively matching vocal expressions. Infants who were presented with emotional expressions of an unfamiliar woman did not. Even when a brief delay was inserted between the presentation of facial and vocal expressions, infants who were presented with emotional expressions of their own mothers looked longer at the facial expression that was sound specified, indicating that some factor other than temporal synchrony guided their looking preferences. When infants viewed the films of their own mothers, they were more interactive and expressed more positive and less negative affect. Moreover, infants produced a greater number of full and bright smiles when the sound-specified emotion was "happy," and particularly when they viewed the happy expressions of their own mothers. The average duration of negative affect was significantly longer for infants who observed the unfamiliar woman than for those who observed their own mothers. These results show that when more contextual information-that is, person familiarity-was available, infants as young as 3.5 months of age recognized happy and sad expressions. These findings suggest that in the early stages of development, infants are sensitive to contextual information that potentially facilitates some of the meaning of others' emotional expressions.
Management of comminuted mandible fractures

Comminuted mandible fractures generally are the result of a significant impact on a localized area of the oromandibular complex and are defined as multiple lines of fracture in one region of the mandible. These complex cases require careful diagnostic and radiographic workup, proper preoperative planning, and technically excellent execution of fracture reduction and fixation. Treatment principles include restoration of proper occlusion with maxillo-mandibular fixation, exposure and alignment of the fracture segments, and ultimate fixation with a load-bearing locking reconstruction plate. Properly executed rigid internal fixation is a great advance in the management of comminuted mandibular fractures with reliable outcomes. The course of treatment is also significantly shortened and leads to more rapid resumption of normal function.
Healthy weight control and dissonance-based eating disorder prevention programs: results from a controlled trial.

Objective Because universal psychoeducational eating disorder prevention programs have had little success, we developed and evaluated two interventions for high-risk populations: a healthy weight control intervention and a dissonance-based intervention. Method Adolescent girls (N = 148) with body image concerns were randomized to one of these interventions or to a waitlist control group. Participants completed baseline, termination, and 1, 3, and 6-month follow-up surveys. Results Participants in both interventions reported decreased thin-ideal internalization, negative affect, and bulimic symptoms at termination and follow-up relative to controls. However, no effects were observed for body dissatisfaction or dieting and effects diminished over time. Discussion Results provide evidence that both interventions effectively reduce bulimic pathology and risk factors for eating disturbances. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 33: 10–21, 2003.
The Parameters and Fundamental Zones of Twin-Dependent Triple Junction Distributions

Given the increasing awareness of their influence to material properties, polycrystalline triple junctions are becoming a focal point of substantial research. Despite increasing interest in triple junctions, there is a deficiency in experimental methods for fully characterizing junctions on a large scale. This work provides the necessary foundation for experimentally generating fully characterized twin-dependent triple junction distributions from a section plane. This paper establishes the necessary parameters, space, and conventions of twin-dependent triple junction distributions. A simulated twin-dependent triple junction distribution is developed within a single fundamental zone within the distribution space using discrete equal and non-equal volume cells. A novel method of plotting distribution values and a technique for correcting inherent distribution sampling biases are presented. This work not only establishes necessary foundational work but also prepares the way for a non-twin-dependent approach in the future.