cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissolved Oxygen in Intragravel Water of Three Tributaries to Redwood Creek, Humboldt County, California

: As part of a study of Redwood National Park in north-western California, an investigation was conducted from June to November 1974 on intragravel dissolved oxygen and sediment in three tributaries to Redwood Creek, a major coastal stream that flows through Redwood National Park. Of concern was whether the intragravel environment of streams in logged and unlogged redwood-forested drainage basins was different. The tributary in the unlogged drainage basin had lower percentages of fine streambed sediment than either of the tributaries in logged drainage basins. Concentration and percentage saturation of dissolved oxygen of intragravel water were highest in the stream in the unlogged drainage basin, intermediate in the stream in the patch-cut drainage basin, and lowest in the stream in the clear-cut drainage basin. The differences in intragravel dissolved-oxygen conditions among the three tributaries are attributed chiefly to differences in their interchange of surface and intragravel water. The larger quantities of fine streambed sediment in the two streams in logged basins may have reduced the permeability of the streambeds and hence their capacity to interchange surface and intragravel water. However, differences in the lithology of the three tributary drainage basins examined may contribute to the differences in the percentage of fine sediments observed among the streams, even in the absence of logging.
Novel Repair of Tension-free Midurethral Sling Erosion into the Urethra

Severe urinary tract injury is a relatively uncommon occurrence after the placement of a tension-free vaginal tape sling. Bladder perforation is the most common urinary tract injury, but bladder drainage for a few days is usually the only intervention that is required. Urethral erosions of synthetic sling tapes are much rarer, but can result in more significant sequelae such as voiding dysfunction or fistula formation. A 50-year-old woman had an erosion of a synthetic, tension-free midurethral sling through the urethra. She underwent resection of the sling with closure of the urethral defect. The internal urethral sphincter was used during the primary repair to cover the defect because of periurethral scarring and fibrosis. This technique may reduce the risk of subsequent fistula formation, and may be a less invasive alternative to the use of a Martius interposition flap.
Integrating Implicit Motives, Explicit Motives, and Perceived Abilities: The Compensatory Model of Work Motivation and Volition

The compensatory model of work motivation and volition synthesizes some previously unrelated lines of research. The structural components of the model are implicit motives, explicit motives, and perceived abilities; the functional processes are volitional regulation (compensating for inadequate motivation) and problem solving (compensating for inadequate perceived abilities). Propositions that integrate, challenge, and extend existing conceptions are derived. Moreover, the framework of the compensatory model suggests an agenda for future research.
Tools for investigating functional interactions between ligands and G-protein-coupled receptors.

Abstract A general assay for evaluating functional interactions between ligands and G-protein-coupled receptors within minutes has been developed. The system uses the principles employed by animals such as reptiles, amphibians and fish to control their colors. In nature, activation of G-protein-coupled receptors expressed by skin cells called chromatophores effects pigment redistribution within the cells to change an animal's coloration. The in vitro ‘chameleon in a dish' equivalent can use essentially any cloned G-protein-coupled receptor.
Molecular Genetic Insights into Cardiovascular Disease

The recent application of molecular genetic tools to inherited forms of cardiovascular disease has provided important insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies, and vascular diseases. These studies point to defects in ion channels, contractile proteins, structural proteins, and signaling molecules as key players in disease pathogenesis. Genetic testing is now available for a subset of inherited cardiovascular diseases, and new mechanism-based therapies may be available in the near future. This remarkable progress and the implications it may have for more common forms of cardiovascular disease are reviewed here.
Crossing Conventions in Localized Food Networks: Insights from Southern Italy

In this paper I demonstrate the analytical potential of the concept of hybridity for understanding localized agrofood networks, that is, production systems whose products are embedded in the history, geography, and culture of a particular place and community. I use the notion of hybridity as a way of describing how local producers do not necessarily follow one specific production logic, whether of scale or variety. The research shows that they exchange, borrow, absorb, and appropriate practices, technologies, knowledge, and conventions from all available models of production. The nature and the extent of the exchange, and thus of hybridization, vary according to the nature of the product, to the position a particular firm occupies within the network, and ultimately, to individual and collective conceptions of how production can and should be organized. The specific ways that firms coordinate transactions between one another and how they develop relations with markets also reflect the producers' choices am...
Brief paper: On optimal control of non-autonomous switched systems with a fixed mode sequence

We consider differentiability with respect to the switch times of the value function of an optimal control problem for a non-autonomous switched system. The control variables are the switch times between the modes and the input in each mode. We provide a method to compute the derivative of the cost function given a nominal input. Then, we view the optimal control problem as a parametrized optimization problem in which the switch times are the parameters and the optimization is over the set of feasible inputs of each mode. From this point of view, we provide conditions under which the continuity and differentiability of the optimal value function, that is the cost function optimized over the inputs, can be guaranteed.
Regulation of the nuclear orphan receptor Nur77 in bone by parathyroid hormone.

Osteoblasts function under the control of several hormones and growth factors. Among them, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and steroid hormones have significant effects on bone metabolism. We show that PTH induced the expression of Nur77, a member of the NGFI-B subfamily of nuclear orphan receptors in bone. PTH rapidly and transiently induced Nur77 mRNA in primary mouse osteoblasts that peaked at 1 h and at 10 nM of hormone. Cycloheximide did not affect the induction of Nur77 mRNA, suggesting that protein synthesis is not required for the PTH effect. PTH also induced Nur77 mRNA in calvariae cultures. Finally Nur77 protein expression was induced in nuclear protein extracts of cells treated with PTH. NGFI-B nuclear receptors have been implicated in retinoic acid, vitamin D, and thyroid hormone signaling. We propose that induction of NGFI-B nuclear orphan receptors represents a potential cross-talk mechanism between PTH and steroid hormone signaling to regulate bone metabolism.
On the dynamics of localization and fragmentation-IV. Expansion of Al 6061-O tubes

In this series of papers, we investigate the mechanics and physics of localization and fragmentation in ductile materials. The behavior of ductile metals at strain rates of about 4,000–15,000 per second is considered. The expanding ring experiment is used as the vehicle for examining the material behavior in this range of strain rates. In Parts I–III, we examined the response of rings with cross-sectional aspect ratios in the range of 1–10, exhibiting a transition from diffuse necking to sheet-mode localization. In the present paper we report on experimental observations of high strain-rate expansion of Al 6061-O tubes. Through an innovative use of high-speed imaging aided with a conical mirror we determine the sequence of deformation and failure in the expanding tube. In particular, the conical mirror provides information of surface deformation on the tube. Forming limit diagrams at high strain rates are obtained from post-mortem measurement of the deformed tubes or fragments and are compared with analysis from quasi-static analysis. Numerical simulations are used to explain the experimental observations.
Remarks on a formula of Riemann for his zeta-function

Abstract Let h(s) = π −1 2 s Γ( 1 2 s) ζ(s) . A formula of Riemann [1; 2, §2.10] is h(s) = π −1 2 s Γ( 1 2 s)f 1 (s) + π (−1 + s 2 Γ[( (1 − s) 2 ]f 2 (s) , (0) where f1 and f2 are symmetrically related entire functions such that the first term on the right is close to h(s) in most of the right half-plane and the second term plays a similar role in the left half-plane. Here it will be shown that there is a one (complex) parameter set of such formulas all of which result from a simple decomposition of the path of integration of the Mellin transform of h(s) into two disjoint parts.
Understanding Business Improvement District formation: An analysis of neighborhoods and boundaries

Abstract Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) provide supplemental services to urban commercial corridors using funds from member assessments. They have become a very popular urban revitalization tool, but their formation is still largely unexplained. Theory implies that BIDs will form if they add to aggregate welfare and if the marginal net benefit of membership is positive. I test this for the neighborhood overall and at the BID boundary. Using unique, micro-level and longitudinal data from New York City, I employ survival analysis methods to estimate the likelihood of a neighborhood forming a BID. I then estimate the likelihood of the marginal property’s BID membership by comparing the characteristics of properties located immediately inside and outside of the BID boundaries. I find that BIDs are more likely to form when there is more commercial space over which the BID benefits can be capitalized and when there is homogeneity in service and spending preferences across properties. BIDs also tend to form in neighborhoods that possess signs of appreciation and growth. Generally, BIDs are more likely to form in neighborhoods with higher valued properties with the exception of very wealthy areas. The BID boundary, however, is comprised of relatively less valuable properties.
Participant reactions to the 54th annual WSCA convention

Traditional wisdom among regular participants in the yearly Western Speech Communication Association Convention is that W.S.C.A. is both friendly and intellectually stimulating. Each year, a tremendous amount of work is freely volunteered by local hosts, program planners, and many others to produce a W.S.C.A. Convention for the membership. Members have noted that increasing travel costs and corresponding declines in funding are impacting on their decisions concerning convention attendance. This study provides information and reactions about the most recent (1983) W.S.C.A. Convention in albuquerque. We hope this report will facilitate decisions to further strengthen W.S.C.A.
Evaluation of Renal Artery Stenosis in Dialysis Patients

Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS), recognized as a contributor to chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be present in a substantial fraction of dialysis patients. It is generally unknown what proportion of end-stage renal disease patients on dialysis could recover kidney function if RAS were treated. Patients with CKD are often inadequately screened for RAS because of technical limitations of various screening modalities. Multiple small case series and studies have evaluated the role of revascularization for renal salvage in dialysis patients with RAS; these studies are reviewed. Large prospective, randomized multicenter trials of intervention for RAS exclude patients with advanced CKD. The risks of intervention must be weighed against the potential for renal recovery, even when predictors of success are not known with certainty.
Relative contributions of pigments and biophotonic nanostructures to natural color production: a case study in budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) feathers

Understanding the mechanistic bases of natural color diversity can provide insight into its evolution and inspiration for biomimetic optical structures. Metazoans can be colored by absorption of light from pigments or by scattering of light from biophotonic nanostructures, and these mechanisms have largely been treated as distinct. However, the interactions between them have rarely been examined. Captive breeding of budgerigars (Aves, Psittacidae, Melopsittacus undulatus) has produced a wide variety of color morphs spanning the majority of the spectrum visible to birds, including the ultraviolet, and thus they have been used as examples of hypothesized structure-pigment interactions. However, empirical data testing these interactions in this excellent model system are lacking. Here we used ultraviolet-visible spectrometry, light and electron microscopy, pigment extraction experiments and optical modeling to examine the physical bases of color production in seven budgerigar morphs, including grey and chromatic (purple to yellow) colors. Feathers from all morphs contained quasi-ordered air-keratin 'spongy layer' matrices, but these were highly reduced and irregular in grey and yellow feathers. Similarly, all feathers but yellow and grey had a layer of melanin-containing melanosomes basal to the spongy layer. The presence of melanosomes likely increases color saturation produced by spongy layers whereas their absence may allow increased expression of yellow colors. Finally, extraction of yellow pigments caused some degree of color change in all feathers except purple and grey, suggesting that their presence and contribution to color production is more widespread than previously thought. These data illustrate how interactions between structures and pigments can increase the range of colors attainable in birds and potentially in synthetic systems.
Metal-polynucleotide interactions. A comparison of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic metals in vitro.

Abstract The effects of divalent cations on mixing curves of synthetic polyribonucleotides in solution are described. Manganese and cadmium chlorides at 10 −3 M induce changes suggestive of base mispairing. MnCl 2 induces mispairing in complexes formed between both poly(I) and poly(C,U) and poly(I) and poly(C,A) while CdCl 2 affects base pairing between poly(I) and poly(C,U) only. By contrast, the chlorides of magnesium and zinc show no mispairing effects with either polymer pair. Manganese and cadmium are both reported carcinogens in animals while magnesium and zinc are not. The possibility that direct metal-nucleic acid interaction may be involved in metal carcinogenesis is discussed.
Antibody-mediated rejection after intestinal transplantation.

Purpose of review In spite of impressive improvements in short-term outcomes for intestine transplant recipients, late allograft loss continues to plague the field. Attention has mostly been focused on T-cell-mediated cellular mechanisms of allograft rejection to explain these losses; however, as in other forms of solid-organ transplantation, especially kidney and heart, antibody-mediated mechanisms of acute and chronic allograft injury are increasingly being implicated. In this review, the mechanisms of B-cell- and humoral-mediated allograft injury will be briefly discussed along with the limited evidence that exist for invoking antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) as important in intestine transplantation. Recent findings The presence of donor-specific antibody has been reported to increase the incidence and severity of intestine allograft rejection and to worsen the overall prognosis for graft and patient. C4d staining in intestine biopsies is unreliable, and currently it is not possible to diagnose AMR with certainty in intestine transplantation. Treatment of presumed AMR in intestine recipients is purely anecdotal at this time. Summary Further basic and clinical research needs to be conducted to more confidently diagnose and treat AMR in intestinal transplantation.
Nonfatal all-terrain vehicle-related injuries to youths living on farms in the United States, 2001.

Context: Use of all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) in agriculture appears to be growing. Purpose: To provide estimates of ATV ownership and exposure on US farms and an overview of injuries to youths as a result of ATV use on the farm in 2001. Methods: Analysis of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and US Department of Agriculture 2001 Childhood Agricultural Injury Survey. These data, collected via telephone surveys, provide information on nonfatal injuries that occurred to youths younger than 20 years living on US farms during 2001. The injuries included both occupational and nonoccupational incidents. Findings: Of an estimated 1.1 million youths living on farms, 36% had operated an ATV in 2001. Youths younger than 16 years were more likely to have operated an ATV than a tractor on these farms. An estimated 2,246 nonfatal ATV-related injuries occurred to youths younger than 20 years on US farms during 2001. The majority of these ATV injuries (1,668, 74%) occurred to youths identified as members of the household. Males accounted for 1,145 (69%) of the ATV injuries to household youths. The majority of the injuries were to youths aged 10-15 years (1,170, 70%). Most ATV injuries were the result of recreational activities (970, 58%). In addition, many of these injury events involved youths riding without helmets and using ATVs that were larger than the recommended size for their age. Language: en
The great University of Georgia Libraries fire of '03 : Lessons learned and questions raised

SUMMARY This essay describes a fire at a major state institution that caused primarily fire-related damage, with very little attendant water damage. The essay covers treatment of materials damaged and disaster plans as they relate to an incident of this magnitude, and suggests ways to assist other institutions in dealing with major disasters requiring contracted assistance.
Utilization of Infertility Services: How Much Does Money Matter?

For many women, the major questions in contemplating pregnancy are “Do I want children?” or “When is the best time for me to have a child?” However, for the nearly seven million infertile couples in the United States, the path to parenthood is full of many more questions, primary among them “How will we get pregnant?” in many cases followed closely by “How will we afford it?” While advances in infertility research and reproductive technology have increased the options open to infertile couples over the last several decades, most couples seeking treatment find that much or all of the cost, particularly of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), is not covered by insurance (Fidler and Bernstein 1999). Thus, for couples for whom low cost attempts at achieving pregnancy have failed, the ability to have a biological child may depend on having the disposable income to buy access to treatment. In this paper, we extend earlier studies of the choice to pursue infertility treatment by examining in greater detail the relationship between income, insurance, and the choice not just of whether to seek treatment, but of what types of treatment to pursue. Advice and basic testing are relatively low-cost, noninvasive services, and are more likely to be covered by insurance, even if that insurance does not explicitly cover infertility treatment. At the other extreme, in vitro fertilization (IVF) can be very expensive, highly invasive, and is usually not covered. Lumping these and other treatment options together as the choice to “seek help getting pregnant,” as has been done in other empirical studies of service-seeking behavior, may mask significant differences in the effects of socioeconomic variables on the choice to pursue treatment. Understanding the impact of “financial access” on the choice among infertility treatment options can help inform the discussion of whether such services are adequately accessible to those who need them. We begin, in the first section, by defining infertility for purposes of this study, describing the data we use, and defining options for treatment. In the next section, we investigate the factors affecting service seeking and choice of infertility treatments. In the penultimate section, we offer results of our analyses of these factors. In the concluding section, we summarize the main results and discuss limitations and future research questions that follow from our findings.
QMR: a quasi-minimal residual method for non-Hermitian linear systems

The biconjugate gradient (BCG) method is the "natural" generalization of the classical conjugate gradient algorithm for Hermitian positive definite matrices to general non-Hermitian linear systems. Unfortunately, the original BCG algorithm is susceptible to possible breakdowns and numerical instabilities. In this paper, we present a novel BCG-like approach, the quasi-minimal residual (QMR) method, which overcomes the problems of BCG. An implementation of QMR based on a look-ahead version of the nonsymmetric Lanczos algorithm is proposed. It is shown how BCG iterates can be recovered stably from the QMR process. Some further properties of the QMR approach are given and an error bound is presented. Finally, numerical experiments are reported.
Practical trigger-action programming in the smart home

We investigate the practicality of letting average users customize smart-home devices using trigger-action ("if, then") programming. We find trigger-action programming can express most desired behaviors submitted by participants in an online study. We identify a class of triggers requiring machine learning that has received little attention. We evaluate the uniqueness of the 67,169 trigger-action programs shared on IFTTT.com, finding that real users have written a large number of unique trigger-action interactions. Finally, we conduct a 226-participant usability test of trigger-action programming, finding that inexperienced users can quickly learn to create programs containing multiple triggers or actions.
Structural study of tetramethylphosphonium-exchanged vermiculite

Vermiculite from Santa Olalla, Spain, was intercalated with tetramethylphosphonium [P(CH3)4+ = TMP], using a TMP-bromide solution at 70°C for three weeks. The resulting TMP-exchanged vermiculite, which contained a small (<5% of a site) amount of residual interlayer Ca, showed near perfect three-dimensional stacking. Cell parameters are a = 5.3492(8) A, b = 9.266(2) A, c = 14.505(6) A, β = 97.08(2)°, space group is C2/m, and polytype is lM. Single-crystal X-ray refinement (R = 0.052, wR = 0.061) located two crystallographically unique sites for the phosphorus atoms (TMP molecule). The phosphorus atoms are occupied partially [P1 = 0.146(6), P2 = 0.098(5)] and are offset from the central plane of the interlayer by 1.23 A to form two P-rich planes in the interlayer. Electrostatic interactions between the P cations and basal oxygen atoms essentially balance the negative charge associated with Al for Si substitutions in the tetrahedral sites. In addition, the orientations of the TMP molecules are probably different owing to packing constraints. The H2O site is located in the center of the interlayer, at the center of the silicate ring, and ∼3.09 A from the Ca, which is also located on the central plane of the interlayer. Other H2O molecules are present in the interlayer, but could not be located by the diffraction experiment because they are randomly positioned in the interlayer. The tetrahedral rotation angle, α, is affected by the intercalation of TMP relative to tetramethylammonium (TMA), thus indicating that 2: 1 layers are not simply rigid substrates, and that dynamic interactions occur during reactions involving adsorption and exchange.
Leprosy, politics, and the rise of Hawaii's reform party

Abstract When leprosy became a Hawaiian concern in 1863, the monarchy initiated segregation as a temporary measure to eliminate the disease through quarantine. As the island economy grew, primarily through the sugar industry, foreigners dominated commercial enterprises and increasingly took charge of government affairs. Mounting tension between native and non‐native, as power shifted from one to the other during the reform period, was manifest in the partisan polarisation on leprosy. The disease, which afflicted Hawaiians in greater numbers than it did other races, was politicised by whites to confirm their conviction that natives were physically and morally inferior, not only to Euro‐American residents, but also to the Asians they imported for plantation labour. The oppressive measures taken in segregating ‘lepers’ signalled to native Hawaiians a loss of control over land, resources, and ultimately, their lives.
Walter Rodney's intellectual and political thought

Placing Rodney's work in the larger tradition of West Indian involvement with continental Africa, Walter Rodney's Intellectual and Political Thought traces the evolution of Walter Rodney's political ideas through biography, analysis of his writings on Africa and the Caribbean, and his political practice. Rooted in transatlantic history and politics, Rodney's intellectual and political thought critiqued the British Empire and capitalism in the diasporic locations of Guyana, Jamaica, London and Tanzania, as well as the processes of recolonisation. A West Indian, Pan-Africanist and Marxist, Walter Rodney functioned in the intellectual tradition of C. L. R. James, Henry Sylvester-Williams, and George Padmore of Trinidad and Tobago, Theophilus Scholes and Marcus Garvey of Jamaica, and the collective force of the Rastafarian movement in Jamaica during the 1950s and 1960s - although his post-colonial-era perspective also set him apart from these earlier figures and movements.
Modeling the act of measurement in the social sciences

Motivated by time-series experimental designs, we develop a model of the act of measurement in the social sciences. Meaningful measurements are represented by operators that obey a non-commutative algebra. Thus, the order in which information is extracted matters. In addition, responses to questions about an attribute depend on whether information about another attribute has previously been extracted. Measurement “forces” the subject to obtain one value of the attribute, the one measured by the observer. An uncertainty principle imposes a fundamental limit on the ability to extract detailed information about two distinct attributes within a short period of time.
On the application of distribution theory to variational problems

Abstract The fixed end-point problem in variational calculus for an extremal containing corners is considered in a distributional context. The distributional Euler equation obtained is valid over the entire extremal and implicitly contains the Weierstrass-Erdmann corner conditions.
Placenta accreta: a case study

Placenta accreta is a placenta implantation that results in an abnormal firm adherence to the uterine wall. The placenta is attached directly to the myometrium. Placenta increta extends in the myometrium into the uterine musculature. The most severe form of accreta is percreta. In placenta percreta, penetration of the trophoblast through the myometrium possibly occurs into the peritoneum and invades adjunct organs.
In vitro studies of eggplant (Solanum melongena) phenolics as inhibitors of key enzymes relevant for type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

National Diabetes Education Program of NIH, Mayo Clinic and American Diabetes Association recommend eggplant-based diet as a choice for management of type 2 diabetes. The rationale for this suggestion is the high fiber and low soluble carbohydrate content of eggplant. We propose that a more physiologically relevant explanation lies in the phenolic-linked antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of eggplant which could reduce hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis. Results from this study indicate that phenolic-enriched extracts of eggplant with moderate free radical scavenging-linked antioxidant activity had high α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in specific cases moderate to high angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Inhibition of these enzymes provide a strong biochemical basis for management of type 2 diabetes by controlling glucose absorption and reducing associated hypertension, respectively. This phenolic antioxidant-enriched dietary strategy also has the potential to reduce hyperglycemia-induced pathogenesis linked to cellular oxidation stress. These results provide strong rationale for further animal and clinical studies.
STRENGTH OF GRIP ON AROUSAL FROM FULL NIGHT'S SLEEP.

The grip strength of 20 males on arousal from sleep was compared with their afternoon performance as measured by the Smedly Hand Dynamometer. There was a significant decrease in grip strength. No r...
U.S. women of childbearing age who are at possible increased risk of a neural tube defect-affected pregnancy due to suboptimal red blood cell folate concentrations, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007 to 2012

Background Red blood cell (RBC) folate concentrations are a potential biomarker of folate-sensitive neural tube defect (NTD) risk in the population. The purpose of this analysis was to describe women in the U.S. population with RBC folate concentrations below those associated with optimal NTD prevention. Methods We used data from the 2007 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to assess the RBC folate status of U.S. women of childbearing age relative to risk categories for NTD risk based on RBC folate concentrations. We defined suboptimal RBC folate concentrations as those associated with a prevalence of ≥9 NTDs per 10,000 live births. Results Among nonpregnant women age 12 to 49 years, 22.8% (95% Confidence Interval: 21.1, 24.6) had suboptimal RBC folate concentrations. Women had greater odds of having a suboptimal RBC folate concentration if they did not use dietary supplements containing folic acid; had mandatorily fortified enriched cereal grain products as their only source of folic acid; were non-Hispanic black or Hispanic; or were current smokers. Conclusion Based on RBC folate concentrations, we would predict that the majority of U.S. women of reproductive age are not at increased risk for folate sensitive NTDs in the presence of mandatory folic acid fortification. Prevention policies and programs can be aimed at population subgroups identified as having higher predicted risk for folate-sensitive NTDs based on RBC folate concentrations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:517–526, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On a New Collar Ciliate of a Gribble: Lobochona prorates n. sp. on Limnoria tripunctata

SYNOPSIS. Lobochona prorates n. sp., a collar cliate (CHONOTRICHIDA) ectocommensal on the pleopodal bristles of Limnoria tripunctata, is described. Lobochona prorates differs from the previously described chonotrichidan ectocommensal of the gribble, Lobochona limnoriae Dons on Limnoria lignorum (Rathke), in the outlines of the body and of the marginal lappets of the collar. The genus Lobochona Dons and the species Lobochona limnoriae Dons are redescribed.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce growth arrest and differentiation in uveal melanoma

Purpose: Metastasis is responsible for the death of most cancer patients, yet few therapeutic agents are available which specifically target the molecular events that lead to metastasis. We recently showed that inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BAP1 are closely associated with loss of melanocytic differentiation in uveal melanoma (UM) and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to identify therapeutic agents that reverse the phenotypic effects of BAP1 loss in UM. Experimental Design: In silico screens were done to identify therapeutic compounds predicted to differentiate UM cells using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Connectivity Map databases. Valproic acid (VPA), trichostatin A, LBH-589, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid were evaluated for their effects on UM cells using morphologic evaluation, MTS viability assays, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, flow cytometry, clonogenic assays, gene expression profiling, histone acetylation and ubiquitination assays, and a murine xenograft tumorigenicity model. Results: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors induced morphologic differentiation, cell-cycle exit, and a shift to a differentiated, melanocytic gene expression profile in cultured UM cells. VPA inhibited the growth of UM tumors in vivo . Conclusions: These findings suggest that HDAC inhibitors may have therapeutic potential for inducing differentiation and prolonged dormancy of micrometastatic disease in UM. Clin Cancer Res; 18(2); 408–16. ©2011 AACR .
Fairness as Appropriateness: Negotiating Epistemological Differences in Peer Review

Epistemological differences fuel continuous and frequently divisive debates in the social sciences and the humanities. Sociologists have yet to consider how such differences affect peer evaluation. The empirical literature has studied distributive fairness, but neglected how epistemological differences affect perception of fairness in decision making. The normative literature suggests that evaluators should overcome their epistemological differences by ‘‘translating’’ their preferred standards into general criteria of evaluation. However, little is known about how procedural fairness actually operates. Drawing on eighty-one interviews with panelists serving on five multidisciplinary fellowship competitions in the social sciences and the humanities, we show that (1) Evaluators generally draw on four epistemological styles to make arguments in favor of and against proposals. These are the constructivist, comprehensive, positivist, and utilitarian styles; and (2) Peer reviewers define a fair decision-making ...
The Influence of Paternal Age on Down Syndrome

ABSTRACTPurpose: Children born to older parents are at greater risk for genetic abnormalities, such as Down syndrome. The influence of maternal age on Down syndrome is well established but little is known about the genetic consequences of advanced paternal age.Materials and Methods: Data on the incidence of Down syndrome from 1983 to 1997 (3,419 cases) were obtained from the New York State Department of Health congenital malformations registry. Parental age was modeled as individual age groups and by a single linear covariate (drift model). The log linear chi-square test and a test of significance of different explanatory variables were used to evaluate these models to determine significance. We compared actual Down syndrome rates by maternal age with the estimated rate corrected for paternal age.Results: From 1983 to 1997 a dramatic increase in the number of infants born to parents 35 years or older was observed. During the 15-year study period there was an increase of 111% and 60% in the number of mothe...
Effect of pH and Ionic Strength on Chemical Mechanical Polishing of Tantalum

Chemical mechanical polishing of tantalum was performed using alumina and silica particles dispersed in deionized water as a function of and ionic strength. The highest polish rate was obtained at values of 3.5 and 8.0 in silica and alumina slurties, respectively. The variation in the polish rate with is due primarily to variations in electrostatic interactions between the particles and the tantalum surface and the effect of changes in average particle size appears to be small. This is confirmed by the measured changes in tantalum polish rate due to changes in ionic strength of the slurry. ©2000 The Electrochemical Society
Consistent loss of functional transforming growth factor β receptor expression in murine plasmacytomas

Murine plasmacytomas are tumors of Ig-secreting plasma cells that can be induced in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice. The deregulation of the c-myc protooncogene is a critical oncogenic event in the development of plasmacytomas (PCTs) although it is not sufficient for their malignant transformation. We have demonstrated that PCTs produce active transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in vitro. Because TGF-β is a potent negative regulator of the proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, we examined its role in plasmacytomagenesis by comparing responsiveness to TGF-β of nonneoplastic plasma cells and PCTs. The nontransformed plasma cells that accumulate in interleukin 6 transgenic mice undergo accelerated apoptosis upon treatment with TGF-β, but the 15 PCTs studied, including primary and transplanted tumors as well as established cell lines, were refractory to TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis. Although PCTs lack functional TGF-β receptors as demonstrated by chemical crosslinking to radiolabeled TGF-β1, they nonetheless contain mRNA and protein for both type I and II TGF-β receptors, suggesting a potential defect in receptor trafficking or processing. The results clearly show the consistent inactivation of TGF-β receptors in plasmacytoma cells, demonstrating for the first time that interruption of a tumor suppressor pathway contributes to plasmacytomagenesis.
How Teacher Evaluation Methods Matter for Accountability A Comparative Analysis of Teacher Effectiveness Ratings by Principals and Teacher Value-Added Measures

Policymakers are revolutionizing teacher evaluation by attaching greater stakes to student test scores and observation-based teacher effectiveness measures, but relatively little is known about why they often differ so much. Quantitative analysis of thirty schools suggests that teacher value-added measures and informal principal evaluations are positively, but weakly, correlated. Qualitative analysis suggests that some principals give high value-added teachers low ratings because the teachers exert too little effort and are “lone wolves” who work in isolation and contribute little to the school community. The results suggest that the method of evaluation may not only affect which specific teachers are rewarded in the short term, but shape the qualities of teacher and teaching students experience in the long term.
Partial color loss in hemiachromatopsia

Hemiachromatopsia, the acquired impairment of hemifield color vision, usually results from an infarction to the contralateral occipitotemporal cortex. Generally, patients with hemiachromatopsia hav...
Taking Mistakes Seriously

There are two very different mistake doctrines in the law. The common law doctrine that ignorance of the law is no excuse gives no weight to reasonable, good faith mistakes insofar as criminal liability is concerned. By contrast, three related lines of decisions — the reasonable-mistake, qualified-immunity, and harmless-error doctrines — express great willingness to overlook reasonable, good faith mistakes that police officers, prosecutors, and judges make. That discrimination is unwarranted. There is no good reason to treat private parties systematically worse than public officials in this regard. The courts have created these competing lines of decisions, and they, or Congress, should eliminate that discrimination by extending to members of the public the same grace that they offer to every government official. The most straightforward way to remedy this problem is to recognize a mistake-of-law defense in the substantive criminal law.
Neuroadaptations in Ionotropic and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor mRNA Produced by Cocaine Treatment

The expression of glutamate receptor/subunit mRNAs was examined 3 weeks after discontinuing 1 week of daily injections of saline or cocaine. The level of mRNA for GluR1-4, NMDAR1, and mGluR5 receptors was measured with in situ hybridization and RT-PCR. In nucleus accumbens, acute cocaine treatment significantly reduced the mRNA level for GluR3, GluR4, and NMDAR1 subunits, whereas repeated cocaine reduced the level for GluR3 mRNA. Acute cocaine treatment also reduced the NMDAR1 mRNA level in dorsolateral striatum and ventral tegmental area. In prefrontal cortex, repeated cocaine treatment significantly increased the level of GluR2 mRNA. The GluR2 mRNA level was not changed by acute or repeated cocaine in any other brain regions examined. Repeated cocaine treatment also significantly increased mGluR5 mRNA levels in nucleus accumbens shell and dorsolateral striatum. Functional properties of the ionotropic glutamate receptors are determined by subunit composition. In addition, metabotropic glutamate receptors can modulate synaptic transmission and the response to stimulation of ionotropic receptors. Thus, the observed changes in levels of AMPA and NMDA receptor subunits and the mGluR5 metabotropic receptor may alter excitatory neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, which could play a significant role in the enduring biochemical and behavioral effects of cocaine.
An increase in dietary protein improves the blood glucose response in persons with type 2 diabetes

Background: In single-meal studies, dietary protein does not result in an increase in glucose concentrations in persons with or without type 2 diabetes, even though the resulting amino acids can be used for gluconeogenesis. Objective: The metabolic effects of a high-protein diet were compared with those of the prototypical healthy (control) diet, which is currently recommended by several scientific organizations. Design: The metabolic effects of both diets, consumed for 5 wk each (separated by a 2‐5-wk washout period), were studied in 12 subjects with untreated type 2 diabetes. The ratio of protein to carbohydrate to fat was 30:40:30 in the high-protein diet and 15:55:30 in the control diet. The subjects remained weight-stable during the study. Results: With the fasting glucose concentration used as a baseline from which to determine the area under the curve, the highprotein diet resulted in a 40% decrease in the mean 24-h integrated glucose area response. Glycated hemoglobin decreased 0.8% and 0.3% after 5 wk of the high-protein and control diets, respectively; the difference was significant (P < 0.05). The rate of change over time was also significantly greater after the high-protein diet than after the control diet (P < 0.001). Fasting triacylglycerol was significantly lower after the high-protein diet than after the control diet. Insulin, C-peptide, and free fatty acid concentrations were not significantly different after the 2 diets. Conclusion: A high-protein diet lowers blood glucose postprandially in persons with type 2 diabetes and improves overall glucose control. However, longer-term studies are necessary to determine the total magnitude of response, possible adverse effects, and the long-term acceptability of the diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78:734‐41.
An Examination of Parent–Child Relationships and Teen Substance Use: A Brief Report

Past studies have indicated strong family bonds may act to buffer against adolescent substance abuse. However, this relationship is not clear, particularly when multiple substances and family dysfunction are examined. In this study, the relationship between alcohol use, marijuana use, and tobacco use and parental relationships were examined in 570 elementary and high school students. Results indicated that support in parent– child relationships was found to be inversely correlated with teen substance use. Clinical implications are discussed in light of these results.
Sensitivity improvement for correlations involving arginine side-chain Nε/Hε resonances in multi-dimensional NMR experiments using broadband 15N 180° pulses

Due to practical limitations in available 15N rf field strength, imperfections in 15N 180° pulses arising from off-resonance effects can result in significant sensitivity loss, even if the chemical shift offset is relatively small. Indeed, in multi-dimensional NMR experiments optimized for protein backbone amide groups, cross-peaks arising from the Arg guanidino 15Ne (~85 ppm) are highly attenuated by the presence of multiple INEPT transfer steps. To improve the sensitivity for correlations involving Arg Ne–He groups, we have incorporated 15N broadband 180° pulses into 3D 15N-separated NOE-HSQC and HNCACB experiments. Two 15N-WURST pulses incorporated at the INEPT transfer steps of the 3D 15N-separated NOE-HSQC pulse sequence resulted in a ~1.5-fold increase in sensitivity for the Arg Ne–He signals at 800 MHz. For the 3D HNCACB experiment, five 15N Abramovich-Vega pulses were incorporated for broadband inversion and refocusing, and the sensitivity of Arg1He-15Ne-13Cγ/13Cδ correlation peaks was enhanced by a factor of ~1.7 at 500 MHz. These experiments eliminate the necessity for additional experiments to assign Arg 1He and 15Ne resonances. In addition, the increased sensitivity afforded for the detection of NOE cross-peaks involving correlations with the 15Ne/1He of Arg in 3D 15N-separated NOE experiments should prove to be very useful for structural analysis of interactions involving Arg side-chains.
A field comparison of Fresnel zone and ray-based GPR attenuation-difference tomography for time-lapse imaging of electrically anomalous tracer or contaminant plumes

Ground-penetrating radar GPR attenuation-difference tomographyisausefultoolforimagingthemigrationofelectrically anomalous tracer or contaminant plumes. Attenuation-difference tomography uses the difference in the trace amplitudes of tomographic data sets collected at different times to image the distribution of bulk-conductivity changes within the medium. Themostcommonapproachforcomputingthetomographicsensitivities uses ray theory, which is well understood and leads to efficient computations. However, ray theory requires the assumption that waves propagate at infinite frequency, and thus sensitivities are distributed along a line between the source and receiver. The infinite-frequency assumption in ray theory leads to a significant loss of resolution both spatially and in terms of amplitude of the recovered image. We use scattering theory to approximate the sensitivity of electromagnetic EM wave amplitude to changes in bulk conductivity within the medium. These sensitivities occupy the first Fresnel zone, account for the finite frequency nature of propagating EM waves, and are valid whenvelocityvariationswithinthemediumdonotcausesignificant ray bending. We evaluate the scattering theory sensitivities by imaging a bromide tracer plume as it migrates through a coarse alluvial aquifer over two successive days. The scattering theory tomograms display a significant improvement in resolution over the ray-based counterparts, as shown by a direct comparison of the tomograms and also by a comparison of the verticalfluidconductivitydistributionmeasuredinamonitoringwell, located within the tomographic plane. By improving resolution, the scattering theory sensitivities increase the utility of GPR attenuation-difference tomography for monitoring the movement of electrically anomalous plumes. In addition, the improved accuracy of information gathered through attenuation-difference tomography using scattering theory is a positive step toward futuredevelopmentsinusingGPRdatatohelpcharacterizethedistributionofhydrogeologicproperties.
Purification and characterization of a cytosolic activator protein for the gastric H+,K+-ATPase system from dog fundic mucosa.

Abstract An endogenous protein activator (AF) responsible for the activation of the gastric H+, K+-ATPase system, identified recently as the biochemical mechanism for the transport of H+, has been purified to homogeneity and partially characterized. The purification procedure (at 0–4°C) involves simultaneous concentration and dialysis of the cytosolic fraction from dog fundic cells under negative pressure, pH 4, 8 precipitation and two consecutive gel filtration steps on sephacryl S-200 columns. The highly purified and active AF is a protein of 80 Kd consisting of two identical subunits of 40 Kd each. The AF not only stimulates the gastric H+, K+-ATPase activity but also greatly enhances the rate of ATPase dependent proton pumping inside gastric microsomal vesicles. The data clearly suggest an important regulatory role of the cytosolic AF in the gastric HC1 secretory process.