cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elastic stiffness of interfaces studied by Rayleigh waves

Abstract The properties of nanocrystalline materials are often dominated by the behavior of their interfaces. We use Rayleigh waves to measure in situ the elastic stiffness of elemental and alloy thin films while they are being deposited. Of special interest are changes in stiffness of the multilayer upon switching the deposition from one metal to another. For most film/substrate combinations, the stiffness changes abruptly, as found for Ir/Pd, Pd/Ag, Pd/Co, Au/Co, Ag/Pd, Ag/Co, and Pt/Pd interfaces. For other metal–metal combinations, the stiffness change shows transient effects. These changes reflect either an elastic softening, as found at Co/Pd, Co/Ag, Co/Au, Pd/Pt, and Ir/Pt interfaces, or an elastic stiffening, as found at Pd/Ir and Pt/Ir interfaces. The stiffening at Pd/Ir interfaces is studied in greater detail. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data are used in the interpretation of the results.
Rat liver carboxylesterase: influence of age and sex on activity and kinetics of ester hydrolysis.

Abstract 1. 1. Carboxylesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.1) activity in rat liver increases equally during growth in both sexes until puberty. After this, enzyme activity in the male increases to a greater extent than in the female, leading eventually to a twofold difference between sexes in adult animals. 2. 2. This difference is eliminated by castration of male or female animals at the weanling stage of development. Following castration, in vivo administration of testosterone to the adult male, and estradiol to the adult female tends to restore the original difference. 3. 3. The enzyme in the adult normal or castrated male, but not in adult females or weanling males, is inhibited by high substrate concentrations.
Challenges and progress in digital photography standards

The ISO TC42/WG18-20-22-23 and ANSI/I3A IT10 Technical Committees have now been developing digital photography standards for over a decade. This work has led to the publication of standards on digital imaging terminology, digital camera ISO speed measurements, resolution measurements, OECF (linearity) measurements, image formats and metadata, and picture transfer protocol (PTP). More recently, standards on color encoding specifications and color architectures, a JPEG 2000 profile for digital cameras, camera noise and dynamic range measurements, digital camera specification reporting, and scanner resolution have been finalized. Work in progress includes image quality subjective testing methods, digital camera color characterization, and scanner dynamic range measurements. This paper will review past and current technical challenges, and the state of the solutions provided. In most cases, development includes a significant and innovative research component, which is discussed in relation to fundamental imaging issues. These standards are viewed from a broad digital photography perspective, and placed in context with other work in this area. In addition to providing a forum for the development of standards, technical committees are an important avenue for interaction between companies, user groups, and the government. Such avenues can have a great impact on emerging technologies.
Colonization Dynamics and Spatial Progression of Verticillium dahliae in Individual Stems of Two Potato Cultivars with Differing Responses to Potato Early Dying

Potato early dying (PED), caused by Verticillium dahliae, is a chronic yield-limiting disease of potato (Solanum tuberosum). In this study, we describe the colonization dynamics of V. dahliae in two potato cultivars with varying responses to PED. We utilized a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) assay to assess the colonization and spatial progression of V. dahliae in cvs. Ranger Russet (moderately resistant) and Russet Norkotah (highly susceptible). Ninety plants per cultivar were inoculated with a conidial suspension in the greenhouse. Every 2 weeks until week 10, we collected basal samples from 15 plants, and repeatedly sampled the growing apices of another 15 plants. The mean infection coefficient (IC) values in the basal and apical samples were significantly lower in cv. Ranger Russet at all five sampling dates. The pathogen was detected in basal samples of both cultivars by week 2, and in apical samples of cv. Russet Norkotah at week 4 and of cv. Ranger Russet at week 6. Colonization of cv. Russet Norkotah consistently increased in apical and basal samples during the 10 weeks, while it plateaued after week 6 in cv. Ranger Russet. Differences in response to PED appear associated with the speed of colonization and the establishment of a higher population density by V. dahliae in the plant.
Motion of Objects in Contact

The use of computers in the design, manufacture, and ma nipulation of physical objects is increasing. An important aspect of reasoning about such actions concerns the motion of objects in contact. The study of problems of this nature requires not only the ability to represent physical objects but also the development of a framework or theory in which to reason about them. In this paper such a development is in vestigated and a fundamental theorem concerning the motion of objects in contact is proved. The simplest form of this theorem states that if two objects in contact can be moved to another configuration in which they are in contact, then there is a way to move them from the first configuration to the second configuration such that the objects remain in contact throughout the motion. This result is proved when translation and rotation of objects are allowed. The problem of more generalized types of motion is also discussed. This study has obvious applications in compliant motion and in motion planning.
National, regional and international learning assessments: trends among developing countries, 1960–2009

This paper examines annual changes in the participation of developing countries in three kinds of learning assessment activity over the past three decades. It specifically highlights, and provides initial explanations for, the worldwide spread of national and regional assessments since the mid-1990s. The paper argues that national learning assessments – namely, non-standardised, context-sensitive and non-comparable learning assessments – have become a preferred tool of educational policy makers in developing countries. The increasing demand by educational stakeholders for accountability and the relative advantages of national assessments are likely to amplify this trend in the future. Patterns of country participation will further depend on the policies of international agencies, NGOs and regional associations that support and advise countries on learning assessments.
SU‐GG‐J‐134: MRI‐Guided Adaptive Brachytherapy of Cervical Cancer: Initial Experience with High Resolution Diffusion Imaging

Purpose:MRI has the potential to provide wealthy information related to tumor biology and function, and therefore is the idea imaging modality to provide accurate guidance for radiotherapy. The purpose of this study is to develop and integrate a high resolution diffusionimaging protocol into clinical treatment planning for image‐guided adaptive brachytherapy of cervical cancer.Method and Materials: MR imaging was performed on a clinical 1.5T system using a four‐element phased array RF coil. Patients who underwent routine MRI simulation in conjunction with their weekly brachytherapy treatments were included in the study. Brachytherapy was performed with MRI‐compatible tandem and ovoid applicators, and MRI was performed right after placement of the applicators, but before the treatment. In additional to T2‐weighted TSE sequences for routine treatment planning purposes, high resolution diffusion‐weighted images were also acquired. Diffusionimages in the form of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were computed, and evaluated along with treatment planning using Brachyvision. The add‐on values of ADC maps for treatment planning were assessed. Results:Diffusionimaging was successfully performed on all the selected patients using DW‐EPI sequence without obvious distortion artifacts from the applicators. Overall image qualities were analyzed, and the diffusion gradient b‐value for optimal tumor delineation was found to be 800 to 1000. When b‐value increased, the signal contrast between the tumor and adjacent normal tissue became stronger, however, image became noisier. With the optimized protocol, ADC maps provided better tumor delineation than T2‐weighted images for treatment plan optimization. Conclusion: High resolution diffusionimaging provided physiological information for tumor and normal tissue, which is less achievable by other imaging modalities. The ADC maps offered excellent image sets for not only depicting the tumor extend for adaptive treatment optimization, but also assessing the overall tissue physiological changes during the treatment course.
Accurate determination of the vapor pressure of potassium using optical absorption.

The vapor pressure of potassium has been measured in absorption using a CW tunable laser and calibrated against the accurate radiative lifetime of the 4s-4p doublet of potassium. An accurate value of 20,850 + or - 30 cal/mol for the heat of vaporization (from the liquid phase) at the melting point was determined.
Ethnic tourism and cultural representation

Abstract The representation of minority culture is central to ethnic tourism development. However, only limited attention has been paid to cultural representation in ethnic attractions. This research examines representations of multiple ethnic cultures in the Yunnan Ethnic Folk Villages, China. The perspectives from four key groups of stakeholders—governments, park managers, employees and tourists—are analyzed in the paper. Recognizing representation of ethnicity as a political process capable of reflecting and reinforcing power relations in society, it is argued that cultural hegemony is perpetuated in tourism representation. Also, stereotypical conceptions of minority people are both reinforced and challenged by representations in ethnic tourism.
Economic History: The Teacher and the Subject

One Oxford student who was influenced by [James E. Thorold] Rogers, was Henry de Beltgens Gibbins [1865-1907] of Wadham college. After his second in Greats [1887], Gibbins, who became a school master, published some of the first school textbooks in economic history. Oxford historians found his work distinctly unimpressive.... Ashley regarded him a pushing junior and found his book "dreadfully poor.". . . Most economic historians who had been trained as historians, tended to question the relevance of economic theory in the explanation of history. Economists interested in history might assign greater importance to economic theory as a means of interpreting history, but they rarely adopted the pessimist view of social history. As the gap between the two approaches grew, it became clearer that Gibbins belonged to neither. -Alon Kadish, Historians, Economists, and Economic His-
CRT-148 TIMI Risk Score Can Be Used for Choosing Treatment Strategy in Patients with Cocaine Associated Chest Pain

To determine value of TIMI risk score in evaluation of patients admitted with cocaine associated chest pain (CACP). It has been shown that in patients with unstable angina/Non-ST Elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), the TIMI risk score categorizes a patient’s risk of death, ischemic events
Novelty and frequency as determinants of newborn preference

The debate over whether infants prefer a familiar stimulus over a novel stimulus has persisted for over 30 years, and there is evidence which supports both sides of the question. However, the research which supports the preference for the familiar uses different measures than that which supports the preference for novelty. In the first experiment, the preference for the familiar was tested by making one stimulus more familiar than the others presented. A target of a ‘familiar’ face was presented eight times more frequently than the other faces. During the experiment, the infants could choose at which face they looked and for how long. It was found that the infants significantly preferred the familiar face over any one of the novel faces, especially when the familiar face was presented first. Substituting auditory for visual stimuli, the second experiment was a replication of the first experiment. Consonant–vowel syllables were used instead of faces. Overall, 17 stimuli were used: one repeating ‘familiar’ sound, and 16 novel sounds. It was found that the infants significantly preferred the familiar sound over any of the novel sounds. As found in Experiment 1, the infants also had a greater preference for the familiar sound when it was presented first.
Therapeutic Rigid Bronchoscopy Allows Level of Care Changes in Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure From Central Airways Obstruction

Objective To determine whether emergency rigid bronchoscopic intervention, including Nd-YAG laser resection or stenting, immediately affected the need for continued mechanical ventilation or intensive care level of support in critically ill patients with acute respiratory failure from malignant or benign central airways obstruction. Design Retrospective review of medical records of all patients with acute respiratory failure and malignant or benign tracheobronchial obstruction necessitating intubation, mechanical ventilation, or hospitalization in the ICU prior to referral for therapeutic bronchoscopy. Setting University of California San Diego, a tertiary care institution specialized in airway management. Patients Medical records of 32 patients with malignant or benign central airways obstruction requiring admission to the ICU prior to rigid bronchoscopic intervention between January 1994 and April 1996. Interventions Emergent rigid bronchoscopy with dilatation, Nd-YAG laser resection, or silicone stent insertion performed in the operating room under general anesthesia. Results Thirty-two patients with central airways obstruction requiring emergent hospitalization in the ICU were referred for therapeutic rigid bronchoscopy. Airway strictures were caused by benign disease in 18 patients, and by primary bronchogenic lung cancer in 14. Of the 19 patients who were mechanically ventilated, bronchoscopic intervention allowed immediate discontinuation of mechanical ventilation in 10 (52.6%). Twenty-five patients had indwelling artificial airways (12 endotracheal tubes, 13 tracheotomy tubes). Two, however, were considered tracheotomy-dependent because of neuromuscular disease. Of the remaining 23 patients, immediate extubation or decannulation was possible in seven (30.4%). Of seven patients with no indwelling airway, five (71.4%) were immediately transferred to a lower level of care after intervention. Of the 32 total patients, 20 (62.5%) were immediately transferred to a lower level of care immediately after intervention. Conclusions Emergency laser resection or stent insertion can favorably affect health-care utilization in patients with acute respiratory distress from central airways obstruction. Treatment may be lifesaving and allows successful withdrawal from mechanical ventilation, hospitalization in a lower level of care environment, relief of symptoms, and extended survival in critically ill patients. In patients with regionally advanced cancer, the palliative nature of this procedure postpones death by respiratory distress and may prompt consideration for institution of conservative comfort measures to reduce patient suffering.
α + α phase shifts and the p + 7Li and n + 7Be channels

Abstract Calculations reported recently in this journal indicate a discrepancy between measurements of α+α→ n + 7 Be cross sections and phase shifts deduced from α+α elastic scattering. It is demonstrated that these calculations are erroneous.
A momentum calculation for charged tracks with minute curvature

Abstract ADJUST is a calculational method written in A.N.S.I. Fortran IV to correct the momenta of charged tracks with minute radius of curvature and large fractional momentum error [ K c ) −1 and Δp / p ⩾0.30]. Single application of the method to straight tracks eliminates remeasurements and avoids creating additional biases against high multiplicity events ( N CH>8 tracks). Although ADJUST originated from the analysis of bubble-chamber events, the method is not restricted to bubble-chamber data.
Constant rate infusion of ketamine reduces minimal alveolar concentration of isoflurane in alpacas

Ketamine is a rapid acting, potent, nonspecific, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly used for inducing general anesthesia and for providing post-operative pain management and may possibly lessen the need for other potentially harmful or contraindicated analgesics in camelids, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prior to determining the effectiveness of CRI ketamine for analgesia, a safe, sub-anesthetic dose was established that did not produce untoward side effects, sedation or alter normal behavior. Six healthy male alpacas (40–90 kg) were used for the trial and each acted as its own control. Each alpaca was randomly assigned to receive ketamine at 20 and 40 μg kg–1 minute–1 in 500 mL saline. A blinded observer recorded heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature hourly, and behavior for 8 hours. There was a 72-hour washout period between each dosing regime. An equal volume saline CRI without ketamine was used as a control. Each alpaca was allowed a one-week washout prior to being anesthetized with isoflurane using mask induction. After achieving a stable plane of anesthesia, the MAC value for isoflurane was determined. Ketamine was infused at 40 μg kg–1pre-existing pain is unknown, but for elective procedures, preemptive analgesia using ketamine CRI in alpacas may be beneficial.
Hot Electrons Produced by Resonance Absorption in a Microwave-Plasma Interaction

The enhanced electric fields and suprathermal electron production due to resonance absorption of a microwave beam in an inhomogeneous plasma are investigated. At unexpectedly low driver-field amplitudes, the enhanced field amplitude and associated electron acceleration are apparently limited by wave breaking rather than convection. In the wave-breaking regime, a simple cold-plasma model accurately predicts many of the results, including the observed increase in wave-breaking time, and decrease in hot-electron energy obtained upon use of a finite-bandwidth driver.
Reactions of 1,2-dichloro-3,3-difluorocyclopropene with potassium thiocyanate and sodium arylsulfinates. Synthesis of 1,2-dithiocyano-3,3-difluorocyclopropene

Abstract The reaction of potassium thiocyanate with 1,2-dichloro-3,3-difluorocyclopropene in DMF leads to the formation of 1,2-dithiocyano- 3,3-difluorocyclopropene. In contrast, the reaction of sodium aryl- sulfinates with 1,2-dichloro-3,3-difluorocyclopropene or tetrachlorocyclopropene gave (E)-1,2-bis(arylsulfonyl)ethene as the only product.
Understanding some simple processor-performance limits

To understand processor performance, it is essential to use metrics that are intuitive, and it is essential to be familiar with a few aspects of a simple scalar pipeline before attempting to understand more complex structures. This paper shows that cycles per instruction (CPI) is a simple dot product of event frequencies and event penalties, and that it is far more intuitive than its more popular cousin, instructions per cycle (IPC). CPI is separable into three components that account for the inherent work, the pipeline, and the memory hierarchy, respectively. Each of these components is a fixed upper limit, or “hard bound,” for the superscalar equivalent components. In the last decade, the memory-hierarchy component has become the most dominant of the three components, and in the next decade, queueing at the memory data bus will become a very significant part of this. In a reaction to this trend, an evolution in bus protocols will ensue. This paper provides a general sketch of those protocols. An underlying theme in this paper is that power constraints have been a driving force in computer architecture since the first computers were built fifty years ago. In CMOS technology, power constraints will shape future microarchitecture in a positive and surprising way. Specifically, a resurgence of the RISC approach is expected in high-performance design which will cause the client and server microarchitectures to converge.
Scatterometry solutions and vision for advanced lithography process control

Scatterometry has been presented as a solution for next generation Critical Dimension (CD) metrology for advanced lithography scanners [3,9-16]. Scatterometry used in Integrated Metrology (IM) is an entirely different technique for measuring CD data than the previous CD SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) method and has benefits beyond those of the CD SEM including: 1) faster process time, 2) direct integration with the lithography track/scanner link, and 3) additional data collection such as line profile and stack data to detect non-litho excursions. This paper will describe technical issues and implemented solutions that allows scatterometry to seamlessly replace the CD This paper focuses on the following IM spectrometry implementation aspects: Scatterometry model creation/optimization to control multiple pitch layers and unique structures using standard scatterometry features and stack properties change control. Sample plan optimization methodology for extended scanner and track characterization, and excursion prevention (EP), from additional real-time feedback capabilities, such as: 1) within-field variation, 2) within-wafer and wafer-to- wafer variation data, 3) scan direction delta, 4) scan uniformity, 5) resist thickness uniformity, and 6) track modules health. Automation system optimization for scatterometry IM extended data and new capabilities as EP and Advanced Process Control (APC). Scatterometry vision for Litho Process Control optimization by combining scatterometry overlay and critical dimension measurement capabilities in one integrated metrology solution for the Litho track/scanner link. For the newer, faster and more expensive 193nm (and beyond) Litho links, integrated metrology is the way to ensure the link is producing quality material with high utilization. Scanner/track performance is monitored continuously and includes previously unavailable field/wafer/track module data. Automatic Process Control is improved due to fast and extended feedback, and excursions are detected immediately. Scatterometry as a methodology enables new opportunities for further process improvement when overlay and critical dimension measurement capabilities are combined in the same tool, integrated with the Litho link.
F-14A High-Angle-of-Attack Characteristics

The F-14 has demonstrated that fighter aircraft can be designed to have no lift curve break or angle-of-attack limitation. The maneuver flight envelope, therefore, has been expanded beyond what had traditionally been considered possible. The value of this high alpha capability in the dogfight arena has been convincingly demonstrated in flight. The importance of slats and an ARI system for enhancing this capability has also been demonstrated. The development from concept through flight test of this high alpha capability is presented by candidly reviewing the design philosophy, the background that dictated it, and the results of experimental and analytical studies.
Aislamiento ambiental de Sporothrix globosa en relación a un caso de esporotricosis linfo-cutánea

Resumen Introduccion: Sporothrix schenckii complex com-prende un grupo de hongos dimorﬁ cos ambientales que provocan esporotricosis. En Chile se han comunicado casos aislados en humanos; sin embargo, no se han descrito aislamientos de este hongo desde el ambiente. Objetivos: Orientados por un caso de esporotricosis linfo-cutanea en una paciente de 75 anos, se realizo un estudio ambiental para lograr el aislamiento de S. complex desde el suelo donde la paciente realizaba labores de horticultura. Materiales y Metodos: Se extrajo tierra y restos vegetales de cinco sectores donde la paciente efectuaba sus labores de horticultura. Se realizaron diluciones de tierras y siem-bra en agar Sabouraud con cicloheximida y cloranfenicol a 26oC. Los restos vegetales fueron sembrados directamente en el mismo medio. Las colonias sugerentes de S. complex se resembraron en agar PDA a 26oC y se identiﬁ caron segun recomendacion de Marimon y cols. Resultados: De las diez placas del primer muestreo, una colonia de la siembra de tierra se identiﬁ co como
Multifunctional smart lab-on-a-tube (LOT) probe for monitoring traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A novel multifunctional smart lab-on-a-tube (LOT) is described to continuously and accurately monitor multiple physiological, metabolic and electrophysiological parameters that are vitally important in guiding the care of patients with traumatic brain injury. In addition to measuring various crucial parameters, the newly developed probe allows for drainage of excess cerebrospinal fluid as a strategy to reduce intracranial pressure.
Mixing of phases in non-crystalline materials: Application to carbon

The atomic structure of non-crystalline solids is described by the correlation function. When more than one phase is present, the simple addition of the correlation functions for the various phases in proportion to their concentrations within the system is not valid, except in the case of the completely phase-separated system. The overall correlation function must reflect the boundaries between the various phases within the system. The cross correlation functions between the phases have a dependence both on the degree of mixing of the phases and also on the sizes of the domains of the phases. The correlation function for a non-crystalline solid with more than one phase has been derived in a general way. Particular application has been made to non-crystalline carbon for which the correlation function given previously did not have the correct limits because of absence of the cross correlation terms.
Ratchetting strain experiments with a pearlitic steel under rolling/sliding contact

Abstract Ratchetting strain measurements of a pearlitic steel in rolling/sliding contact have been made at a number of contact pressures. Ratchetting strain was a non-linear function of contact pressure and the number of contact cycles. The most important feature of the non-linearity is the asymptotic way in which the strain rate gradually decreases to reach near saturation over a significant portion of the total rolling contact fatigue life. The experimental data suggest that two parameters, an initial strain increment and strain rate, are needed to describe ratchetting behavior. A critical strain to crack initiation in likely to be an additional controlling factor for surface-initiated rolling contact fatigue dominated by shear band cracking.
Which Patients with Sentinel Node–Positive Breast Cancer Can Avoid Axillary Dissection?

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is standard care for patients with cN0 breast cancer. An extensive literature, including seven randomized trials, has established that patients with negative SLN do not require axillary dissection (ALND), that axillary local recurrence after a negative SLN biopsy is rare, that disease-free and overall survival are unaffected by the addition of ALND to SLN biopsy, and that the morbidity of SLN biopsy is substantially less than that of ALND. It is now clear that many patients with positive SLN do not require ALND. In ACOSOG Z0011, 6-year locoregional control and survival were equivalent with versus without the performance of ALND in cT1-2N0 patients with ≤2 positive SLN treated by breast conservation with whole breast radiation therapy. A small but growing body of data now suggests that ALND may not be required for selected patients outside the Z0011 eligibility criteria, specifically those treated by mastectomy (without post-mastectomy radiation therapy), by partial breast irradiation, and by neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Looking ahead, the principal goals of axillary staging, prognostication, and local control will be accomplished by SLN biopsy for a substantial majority of patients, and the role of ALND will continue to diminish.
Proper equality constraints and maximization of index vectors

For obtaining the set of all quasi-supremal index vectors (or all maximal index vectors, or all Pareto-optimal solutions) of a multiple-objective optimization problem, we present, in this paper, the method of proper inequality constraints, which does not rely on any convexity condition at all, but by which one can obtain the entire desired set. This method is based on the observation that optimizing the index of one of the objectives, with some arbitrary bounds assigned to all other objectives, may still result in inferior solutions, unless these bounds areproper. Various necessary and/or sufficient conditions are presented for the properness test.
COMPETITION BETWEEN TADPOLES OF HYLA FEMORALIS AND HYLA GRATIOSA IN LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

All combinations of 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 hatchlings of two species of frogs, Hyla femoralis and H. gratiosa, were raised in a replicated experiment in which food and space were controlled. Models of density-dependent growth and metamorphosis can be extended to include the effects of competing species by inclusion of linear, additive terms. Hyla gratiosa has a strong, negative effect on the rate of metamorphosis and size at metamorphosis of Hylafemoralis. Hylafemoralis has no effect on the survival or mean size at metamorphosis of H. gratiosa, but it does lengthen both the minimum and mean larval period. Interspecific density effects on growth may increase both the risk of predation and the risk of desiccation in natural populations.
LYMPHOCYTE ALTERATION BY PROCAINAMIDE: RELATION TO DRUG-INDUCED LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS SYNDROME

Abstract Sera from 11 (65%) of 17 patients with newly diagnosed procainamide-induced lupus contained cold-reactive lymphocytotoxic antibodies to normal human lymphocytes in titres of 1/2 to 1/128. In contrast, only 3 of 15 patients on long-term procainamide therapy without lupus and 3 of 65 normal men had serum lymphocytotoxic antibodies, none at a titre higher than 1/2. Antibody levels in the lupus patients declined quickly after procainamide was stopped, in parallel with their clinical improvement. Procainamide (3·75 x 10 -3 mol/l) suppressed by more than 80% in-vitro phytohaemagglutinin-induced 3 H-thymidine incorporation by normal human blood lymphocytes. At 3·75x10 -4 mol/l, procainamide enhanced the mitogenic response to 160±20% of normal. Thus procainamide may interact with the lymphocyte membrane, possibly producing a lupus syndrome directly, by altering lymphocyte function, or indirectly, by generating autoantibodies reactive with normal membrane structures.
Limits on collisionless model of thermionic converter.

Limits on collisionless model of thermionic converter - volt-ampere characteristics for gaseous thermionic diodes
Virtual Agent Constructionism: Experiences from Health Professions Students Creating Virtual Conversational Agent Representations of Patients

This paper reports on applying constructionism with virtual agents in an educational setting. We introduce a methodology - Virtual Agent Constructionism, which involves health professions students creating virtual conversational agent representations of patients as part of coursework. The proposed methodology was implemented as an exercise in an educational course for three consecutive academic years. The aim of this paper is threefold - (i) to demonstrate feasibility of health professions students creating virtual agents in an educational setting as part of coursework, (ii) to report feedback from the students about the experience of creating virtual agents, and (iii) to report on initial trends that suggest that creating virtual agents helps health professions students improve their interviewing and interpersonal skills. In addition to these three innovations, we also present the virtual agents created as educational artifacts that can be used to train future students with their interpersonal skills.
Trust in collaborative web applications

Collaborative functionality is increasingly prevalent in web applications. Such functionality permits individuals to add-and sometimes modify-web content, often with minimal barriers-to-entry. Ideally, large bodies of knowledge can be amassed and shared in this manner. However, such software also provide a medium for nefarious persons to operate. By determining the extent to which participating content/agents can be trusted, one can identify useful contributions. In this work, we define the notion of trust for collaborative web applications and survey the state-of-the-art for calculating, interpreting, and presenting trust values. Though techniques can be applied broadly, Wikipedia's archetypal nature makes it a focal point for discussion.
Vulnerable Children and Families: Voices from the National Landscape

This article discusses an overview of the current landscape of services available for vulnerable children and families through government, faith-based, and non-profit organizations. It examines systemic barriers to service utilization and problems which encumber positive outcomes for moving people from vulnerability to sustainability and self-efficacy. The article describes the social services movement toward organizational collaboration which takes aim at the effective use of limited resources and the creation of centralized services for those in need. It explores current successful organizational collaborative efforts and discusses ways to duplicate the positive efforts which produce outcomes that effectively promote services to support healthy and empowered children and families.
Implementation of the CORAL deductive database system

CORAL is a deductive database system that supports a rich declarative language, provides a wide range of evaluation methods, and allows a combination of declarative and imperative programming. The data can be persistent on disk or can reside in main-memory. We describe the architecture and implementation of CORAL.There were two important goals in the design of the CORAL architecture: (1) to integrate the different evaluation strategies in a reasonable fashion, and (2) to allow users to influence the optimization techniques used so as to exploit the full power of the CORAL implementation. A CORAL declarative program can be organized as a collection of interacting modules and this modular structure is the key to satisfying both these goals. The high level module interface allows modules with different evaluation techniques to interact in a transparent fashion. Further, users can optionally tailor the execution of a program by selecting from among a wide range of control choices at the level of each module.CORAL also has an interface with C++, and users can program in a combination of declarative CORAL, and C++ extended with CORAL primitives. A high degree of extensibility is provided by allowing C++ programmers to use the class structure of C++ to enhance the CORAL implementation.
How can statistical mechanics contribute to social science

A model of interdependent decision making has been developed to understand group differences in socioeconomic behavior such as nonmarital fertility, school attendance, and drug use. The statistical mechanical structure of the model illustrates how the physical sciences contain useful tools for the study of socioeconomic phenomena.
Quantitative characterization of the contrast mechanisms of ultra-small angle x-ray scattering imaging.

A general treatment of X-ray imaging contrast for ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) imaging is presented; this approach makes use of phase propagation and dynamical diffraction theory to account quantitatively for the intensity distribution at the detector plane. Simulated results from a model system of micrometer-sized spherical SiO{sub 2} particles embedded in a polypropylene matrix show good agreement with experimental measurements. Simulations by means of a separate geometrical ray-tracing method also account for the features in the USAXS images and offer a complementary view of small-angle X-ray scattering as a contrast mechanism. The ray-tracing analysis indicates that refraction, in the form of Porod scattering, and, to a much lesser extent, X-ray reflection account for the USAXS imaging contrast.
A simple method of predicting S-wave velocity

Prediction of shear-wave velocity plays an important role in seismic modeling, amplitude analysis with offset, and other exploration applications. This paper presents a method for predicting S-wave velocity from the P-wave velocity on the basis of the moduli of dry rock. Elastic velocities of water-saturated sediments at low frequencies can be predicted from the moduli of dry rock by using Gassmann's equation; hence, if the moduli of dry rock can be estimated from P-wave velocities, then S-wave velocities easily can be predicted from the moduli. Dry rock bulk modulus can be related to the shear modulus through a compaction constant. The numerical results indicate that the predicted S-wave velocities for consolidated and unconsolidated sediments agree well with measured velocities if differential pressure is greater than approximately 5 MPa. An advantage of this method is that there are no adjustable parameters to be chosen, such as the pore-aspect ratios required in some other methods. The predicted S-wave velocity depends only on the measured P-wave velocity and porosity.
Multiresidue screening of milk withheld for sale at dairy farms in central New York State

Many of the drugs commonly used in lactating dairy cows result in residues in the milk, prohibiting its sale for human consumption. Milk withheld for sale because of drug treatment or from cows with high somatic cell counts is commonly called "waste milk." One-third of dairy farms in the United States use waste milk to feed preweaned dairy calves. Limited information is currently available on the effect of this practice on the selection and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Pooled waste milk samples were collected from 34 dairy farms in central New York State with the objective of detecting the presence and quantity of drug residues in these samples. Samples were collected and refrigerated using ice packs and then stored at 4°C upon arrival at the Cornell laboratory (Ithaca, NY). Screening for β-lactam, tetracycline, and sulfonamide residues in the milk was performed using commercial enzyme-linked receptor-binding assay (SNAP) tests (Idexx Laboratories Inc., Westbrook, ME). Samples with a positive SNAP test were selected for screening using a multiresidue liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The SNAP tests revealed that 75, 14.3, and 7.1% of waste milk samples (n=34) contained β-lactam, tetracycline, and sulfamethazine residues, respectively. Of the samples sent for LC-MS/MS (n=28), half had detectable quantities of drug residues. The most prevalent drugs detected by LC-MS/MS were ceftiofur (39.2%; mean ± SE concentration=0.151 ± 0.042 μg/mL), penicillin G (14.2%; mean ± SE concentration=0.008 ± 0.001 µg/mL), and ampicillin (7.1%; mean ± SE concentration=0.472 ± 0.43 µg/mL). In addition, one sample had detectable concentrations of oxytetracycline and one sample had detectable concentrations of sulfadimethoxine. These results provide insight on drug residues present in waste milk from select farm in upstate New York, and additionally indicate the need for additional studies targeting on-farm treatments that could degrade drug residues present in waste milk and reduce the potential effects on the biosphere from the disposal and use of waste milk as a feed source.
Nonlinear nanoscale localization of magnetic excitations in atomic lattices

Abstract Reviewed here is the nonlinear intrinsic localization expected for large amplitude spin waves in a variety of magnetically ordered lattices. Both static and dynamic properties of intrinsic localized spin wave gap modes and resonant modes are surveyed in detail. The modulational instability of extended nonlinear spin waves is discussed as a mechanism for dynamical localization of spin waves in homogeneous magnetic lattices. The interest in this particular nonlinear dynamics area stems from the realization that some localized vibrations in perfectly periodic but nonintegrable lattices can be stabilized by lattice discreteness. However, in this rapidly growing area in nonlinear condensed matter research the experimental identification of intrinsic localized modes is yet to be demonstrated. To this end the study of spin lattice models has definite advantages over those previously presented for vibrational models both because of the importance of intrasite and intersite nonlinear interaction terms and because the dissipation of spin waves in magnetic materials is weak compared to that of lattice vibrations in crystals. Thus, both from the theoretical and the experimental points of view, nonlinear magnetic systems may provide more tractable candidates for the investigation of intrinsic localized modes which display nanoscale dimensions as well as for the future exploration of the quantum properties of such excitations.
In vitro activity of meropenem, imipenem, cefepime and ceftazidime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients

We studied 67 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients, and compared their in vitro susceptibility to two carbapenems (meropenem and imipenem) and two cephalosporins (cefepime and ceftazidime). The carbapenems were more effective in vitro than the cephalosporins: 92.5% of isolates were susceptible to the former and 77.6% to the latter. Essentially no difference was found between meropenem and imipenem. More discrepancies were seen between cefepime and ceftazidime: four of 67 isolates (6.0%) were more susceptible to cefepime than to ceftazidime, while eight (11. 9%) were more susceptible to ceftazidime than to cefepime.
Ox Bile Treatment of Severe Steatorrhea in an Ileectomy—Ileostomy Patient

Bile salt therapy is not used in patients with steatorrhea due to bile salt deficiency because of fear that severe diarrhea would be caused or exacerbated. We report a patient who previously had had colectomy, partial ileectomy, and ileostomy for Crohn's disease. She had severe steatorrhea due to bile salt deficiency and severe diarrhea (the latter apparently due to fatty acid inhibition of electrolyte and water absorption). The diarrhea was improved by loperamide, but severe steatorrhea and malnutrition persisted. The steatorrhea and malnutrition were corrected by ox bile, without an increase in diarrhea. Presumably, the deleterious effect of bile salts per se on small bowel absorption of water and electrolytes was mitigated by correction of fat malabsorption. At least in this patient, bile salt therapy was highly beneficial.
Nitrogen/phosphorus leaf stoichiometry and the scaling of plant growth

We adopted previous N : P stoichiometric models for zooplankton relative growth to predict the relative growth rates of the leaves lL of vascular plants assuming that annual leaf growth in dry mass is dictated by how leaf nitrogen NL is allocated to leaf proteins and how leaf phosphorus PL is allocated to rRNA. This model is simplified provided that NL scales as some power function of PL across the leaves of different species. This approach successfully predicted the lL of 131 species of vascular plants based on the observation that, across these species, NL scaled, on average, as the 3/4 power of PL,
Disposition and Bioavailability of Various Formulations of Tetrahydrocannabinol in the Rhesus Monkey

Oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in gelatin capsules is under evaluation as an antiemetic agent in cancer patients, but knowledge concerning its bioavailability is incomplete and, furthermore, alternative routes of administration may be desirable. In this study, the disposition of THC was determined in four rhesus monkeys given 2.5-mg/kg doses using the following routes of administration and formulations: intravenous (iv); orally (po) on a cookie and in gelatin capsules; intramuscularly (im) in Tween-80 and in Emulphor-EL620; rectally in various suppository bases. Serum THC concentrations were measured by RIA and analyzed by weighted nonlinear regression. Serum concentrations were best described by a sum of two exponentials with α and β half-lives (mean ± SD) of 0.74 ± 0.59 and 14.9 ± 12.5 h. Apparent bioavailability (%F ± SD) of various formulations of THC were: gelatin capsules, 26 ± 14; cookie, 89 ± 16; intramuscularly in Tween-80 and in Emulphor, 39 ± 13 and 102 ± 15, respectively. Using the method of statistical moments, mean residence times in the body (h ± SD) were: intravenous, 6.08 ± 1.60; cookie, 21.92 ± 3.11; gelatin capsule, 26.80 ± 23.61; intramuscularly in Emulphor, 10.92 ± 3.46 (in Tween-80, not calculated). THC was not bioavailable by the rectal route. We conclude from this study that THC formulated as a gelatin capsule exhibits a low and variable extent of bioavailability and that intramuscular THC may be a useful alternative route of administration since it is more completely bioavailable.
Molecular Dynamics Studies of Liquids

Over the past few years it has become apparent that certain properties of liquids can be calculated accurately with the interparticle potential as the only input requirement. The basic calculation is simply the solution of the classical equations of motion for a few hundred particles interacting with the given potential; the ‘data’ provided by such a computer ‘experiment’ can then be used to calculate a variety of liquid properties.
Endobronchial metastasis from primary anorectal melanoma.

Patient: Male, 64 Final Diagnosis: Metastatic anorectal melanoma with endotracheal metastasis Symptoms: Fatigue • weight loss • hematochezia • cough Medication: None Clinical Procedure: Biopsy of anal mass • rigid bronchoscopy Specialty: Internal medicine • oncology • pulmonology Objective: Rare disease
Representation and reasoning of fuzzy ER model with description logic

Information imprecision and uncertainty exist in many real-world applications and hence fuzzy data modeling has been extensively investigated in various data models. This paper focuses on the representation and reasoning of fuzzy ER data model with description logic. Firstly, we give the formal definition and semantics of fuzzy ER model. Then based on the description logic DLR, a kind of new fuzzy description logic, i.e., fuzzy description logic FDLR (fuzzy DLR), is presented thoroughly. The definitions of syntax, semantics, and knowledge base form are given for FDLR. The fuzzy ER model with fuzzy description logic FDLR is investigated to translate fuzzy ER model into FDLR knowledge bases. With an example, the fact that the fuzzy ER model can be well represented by FDLR can be explained. The reasoning problem of satisfiability, subsumption relation, and redundancy of fuzzy ER model may reason automatically through reasoning mechanism of fuzzy description logic FDLR. The correctness of translation and reasoning problems are proved.
Obscenity Law and Sexually Explicit Rap Music: Understanding the Effects of Sex, Attitudes, and Beliefs

Abstract This study investigated listeners’ judgments regarding the offensiveness of sexually explicit lyrics found in rap music produced by 2 Live Crew. Subjects were exposed to music and lyrics in a 2 (subject sex—male, female) X 2 (musical genre—2 Live Crew Rap, Non‐Rap) X 3 (sexual explicitness—high, medium, low) factorial design. They then made judgments of patent offensiveness, prurient appeal and artistic merit regarding 2 Live Crew and rap music in general. The results indicated that the 2 Live Crew music that was high in sexual explicitness was rated as more patently offensive than other equally sexually explicit materials. Surprisingly, women did not find the 2 Live Crew more offensive than men. Rebellious sexual attitudes, the belief that rap music causes societal degradation, and disaffection toward society, helped predict subject responses to all materials on patent offensiveness and prurient appeal scales. Appreciation of linguistic exaggeration, popularly known as “playing the dozens,”; and...