cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 heat shock elements are functionally distinct.

Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP70 gene SSA1 has multiple heat shock elements (HSEs). To determine the significance of each of these sequences for expression of SSA1, we analyzed expression from a set of promoters containing point mutations in each of the HSEs, individually and in pairwise combinations. Of the three HSE-like sequences, two (HSE2 and HSE3) were active promoter elements; only one, HSE2, was active under basal growth conditions. Either HSE2 or HSE3 alone was able to drive SSA1 transcription at near-normal rates after heat shock. Both HSE2 and HSE3 were capable of driving basal transcription when placed in the context of the CYC1 promoter. Previous analysis had identified an upstream repressing sequence overlapping HSE2 that repressed basal transcription driven by HSE2. Our analysis showed that basal transcription driven by HSE3 was repressed both by the distant upstream repressing sequence and by closer flanking sequences. The ability to drive basal transcription is not inherent in all natural HSEs, since the HSEs from the heat-inducible SSA3 and SSA4 genes showed no basal activity when placed in the CYC1 vector. Gel mobility shift experiments showed that the same population of heat shock transcription factor molecules bound to HSEs capable of driving basal activity and to HSEs having very low or undetectable basal activity.
Outcomes of Tricuspid Valve Repair in Children with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Objectives Tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) is a common finding in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) undergoing staged surgical reconstruction and can result from either abnormal valve morphology or incomplete leaflet coaptation due to annular dilatation. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of severe TR and to evaluate the effect of surgically treated tricuspid valve (TV) disease on overall survival. Methods Between December 1988 and December 2012, 86 patients with HLHS underwent a Norwood procedure (mean age/weight, 11.1 days/3.5 kg). Thirty-five percent had associated congenital cardiac, structural, and genetic anomalies. Subsequently, 65 patients underwent a bidirectional Glenn procedure or a hemi-Fontan (stage II) and 42 patients a modified Fontan procedure (stage III). The mean follow-up was 6.6 years. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively by Doppler echocardiography to determine the degree of TR. Results At the time of discharge following the Norwood procedure, 64% (n = 47) of the patients had none/trivial, 32% (n = 24) had mild, 3% had moderate (n = 2), and 1% (n = 1) had severe TR on their post-Norwood Doppler echocardiograms. Among 74 Norwood survivors, 11 children (15%) with severe TR underwent TV repair at a median interval after the Norwood procedure of nine months (range, 2–70). There were one surgical and one late death, giving an overall mortality of 18%. The overall survival rate between TR and non-TR repair groups was not significantly different (p = 0.18). Four patients (36%) underwent reoperation for persistent TR. Conclusions Severe TR as a risk factor for mortality in children undergoing palliative procedures for HLHS can be diminished by successful TV procedures. Survival at intermediate follow-up of patients with successful TV procedures that eliminate severe TR and patients without a history of severe TR are similar. Further follow-up is required to determine the impact of surgically treated TR on long-term survival and the durability of surgical techniques. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12414 (J Card Surg 2014;29:698–704)
41 – Working with Aged Persons

This chapter discusses the various cultural aspects of psychological problems that may be encountered by the elderly of diverse cultural backgrounds, who are also vulnerable to certain psychiatric disorders. Some of them, such as dementia, are predominantly related to biological or organic factors, whereas others, such as prolonged grief reaction after the loss of a spouse, feelings of insecurity due to aging, and frustrations associated with deteriorating physical conditions, are mainly attributed to psychological factors. An individual's views and attitudes toward aging is shaped by cultural attitudes and values toward aged persons. If aging is viewed as negative, aging will become an undesirable stage of life. If getting older is seen as a positive experience, then approaching the later stages of life can be enjoyable and met with optimism. The experience of losing a spouse varies among individuals in different societies. In a society in which the spouse is the primary axis in family life, the loss of the primary partner will have a significant impact on the life of the widow or widower. In contrast, if the spousal relation is embedded in other dyads of the family system, the loss of the spouse will not make as desperate a difference in the life of the person, who will still be surrounded by other family members. In addition, the fate of the widow or widower is also shaped by cultural expectations and regulations. One psychological problem often encountered by the elderly is the feeling of insecurity, which is related to the elderly person having fewer resources and a lessened ability to deal with crises or dangerous situations. The feeling of insecurity increases if there are more crises or danger in daily life and less support from external resources, including family, friends, or the community.
Mixed quantum/classical calculations of total and differential elastic and rotationally inelastic scattering cross sections for light and heavy reduced masses in a broad range of collision energies.

The mixed quantum/classical theory (MQCT) for rotationally inelastic scattering developed recently [A. Semenov and D. Babikov, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 174108 (2013)] is benchmarked against the full quantum calculations for two molecular systems: He + H2 and Na + N2. This allows testing new method in the cases of light and reasonably heavy reduced masses, for small and large rotational quanta, in a broad range of collision energies and rotational excitations. The resultant collision cross sections vary through ten-orders of magnitude range of values. Both inelastic and elastic channels are considered, as well as differential (over scattering angle) cross sections. In many cases results of the mixed quantum/classical method are hard to distinguish from the full quantum results. In less favorable cases (light masses, larger quanta, and small collision energies) some deviations are observed but, even in the worst cases, they are within 25% or so. The method is computationally cheap and particularly accurate at hi...
Dynamic Plating for Single Level Anterior Diskectomy/Fusion:

The morbidity for dynamic plating [ABC Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany] of 116 single level anterior cervical corpectomy/fusion [1 ACF] procedures included delayed graft fractures [2 of 7 surgical], graft/plate extrusion [one], pseudarthroses [two], and adjacent segment disease warranting secondary surgery [one][6]. Here we asked what morbidity would be encountered utilizing dynamic plates for 31 single level anterior diskectomy and fusion procedures. Thirty-one patients undergoing 1 level ADF averaged 45 years of age and included 18 males, 13 females, and 12 smokers [Table I]. Patients exhibited moderate myelopathy attributed to MR/CT documented disc herniations [ten], spurs/ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament [OPLL] [seven], or both [fourteen]. Iliac crest autografts, dynamic plates, and cervicothoracic orthoses [CTO] were utilized [until fused]. Patients were followed an average of 2.6 years [minimum 1 year]. Two independent neuroradiologists confirmed fusion utilizing both dynamic X-rays and 2D-CT studies [2.5-12 mo postoperatively]. SF-36 outcomes were also assessed [preoperatively- 1 year postoperatively]. Postoperatively, patients’ myelopathy improved an average of 3 Nurick Grades. Although all patients fused [dynamic X-ray/2D-CT] an average of 3.6 months postoperatively, 2 female smokers demonstrated delayed fusions [7, 8 months], and one required secondary surgery 5 years later for adjacent level disease. Utilizing dynamic plates, although all 31 single level ADF patients fused [average 3.6 months postoperatively], 2 demonstrated delayed fusions [7, 8 months], and one developed adjacent segment disease 5 years later warranting secondary arthrodesis. None, however, developed the delayed fractures, graft/plate extrusion, or pseudarthroses observed in the previous dynamic-plated 1 level ACF series.
Early adolescents show enhanced acute cocaine-induced locomotor activity in comparison to late adolescent and adult rats.

Initiation of drug use during adolescence is associated with an increased probability to develop a drug addiction. The present study examined dose–response effects of cocaine (0, 5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, i.p.) on locomotor activity in early adolescent (postnatal day (PND) 35), late adolescent (PND 45), and young adults (PND 60) by measuring total distance moved (TDM) and frequency of start–stops. In response to 20 mg/kg cocaine, early adolescents showed the greatest cocaine-induced increase in TDM in comparison to late adolescent and adult rats. At this same dose, early adolescents showed the greatest cocaine-induced attenuation of start–stops relative to older rats. Results suggest that early adolescents engage in more cocaine-induced locomotor activity and less stationary behavior indicating that early adolescents are more sensitive to locomotor activating effects of high dose cocaine than older rats. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 127–133, 2008.
The Ultrastructure of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Mutant Strain Lacking Phytoene Synthase Resembles that of a Colorless Alga

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains lacking phytoene synthase, the first enzyme of carotenoid biosynthesis, are white. They lack carotenoid pigments, have very low levels of chlorophyll, and can grow only heterotrophically in the dark. Our electron and fluorescence microscopic studies showed that such a mutant strain (lts1-204) had a proliferated plastid envelope membrane but no stacks of thylakoid membranes within the plastid. It accumulated cytoplasmic compartments that appeared to be autophagous vacuoles filled with membranous material. The lts1 mutants apparently lacked pyrenoid bodies, which normally house ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase–oxygenase (Rubisco), and accumulated many starch granules. Although these mutant strains cannot synthesize the carotenoid and carotenoid-derived pigments present in the phototactic organelle (eyespot), the mutant we examined made a vestigial eyespot that was disorganized and often mislocalized to the posterior end of the cell. The absence of a pyrenoid body, the accumulation of starch, and the disorganization of the eyespot may all result from the absence of thylakoids. The ultrastructure of lts1 mutant strains is similar to but distinct from that of previously described white and yellow mutant strains of C. reinhardtii and is similar to that of naturally colorless algae of the Polytoma group.
Specular highlights of plastic surfaces and the Fresnel coefficient

ABSTRACT One of the biggest clues in specularity detection algorithms is the color of the specular highlights. There is a prevalentassumption that the color of specularities for materials like plastics and ceramics can be approximated by the color of theincident light. We show that such an assumption is not generally appropriate because of the effects of the Fresnel reflec-tance coefficient and its dependence on wavelength. Our theoretical analysis establishes that the sensitivity of the Fresnelterm to the wavelength variations of the refractive index can be at least as large as 15%. Our experiments demonstratethat, even with traditional RGB color cameras, the recorded color of specular highlights is distinct from the color of theincident light. Furthermore, by computing the spectral gradients (i.e. the partial derivatives of the image with respect towavelength) at specular regions we can isolate the Fresnel term up to an additive illumination constant. Our theory is sup-ported by experiments performed on multispectral images of different colored plastic tiles. The refractive indices of theopaque plastics were measured using a specialized spectroscopic ellipsometer. The computed spectral gradients of the tilespecularities exhibited a less than 2.5% deviation from the predicted theoretical values.Keywords : specular highlights, plastics, Fresnel term, index of refraction, spectral gradients.
Effect of carbon sources on β-lactam antibiotic formation by Cephalosporium acremonium

The effect of different carbon sources on growth and antibiotic production by Cephalosporium acremonium was studied. Batch cultures were conducted using a defined medium with glucose, sucrose, fructose, maltose, or galactose as the major carbon source. It was found that the more rapidly a sugar was utilized, the less β-lactam antibiotic per unit weight of cells was formed. Fermentations conducted with different concentrations of glucose showed that β-lactam formation was markedly accelerated only when glucose was exhausted. Specific antibiotic production was highest with the lowest initial glucose concentration. These results support the concept of carbon source control of antibiotic synthesis in C. acremonium.
Micro/nano structure and morphology of multi-phase polymer/oxide composites prepared by powder melt processing

Powder polymer processing techniques were evaluated as a means to generate homogeneous immiscible polymer blends without the high residence times at elevated temperature and high shear rates required by extrusion. Using emulsion polymerized and cryogenically jet pulverized PMMA and HDPE powder precursors, blends were prepared with morphologies comparable to extruded blends. Advanced EDS imaging methods combined with SiO 2 marker spheres enhanced electron imaging and analysis of all blend phases. These processing methods will be useful in producing polymer blends from fragile polymers, such as those used in biomedical applications, that cannot tolerate the temperature or shear rates of conventional melt processing.
An analysis of the fault correction process in a large-scale SDL production model

Improvements in the software development process depend on our ability to collect and analyze data drawn from various phases of the development life cycle. Our design metrics research team was presented with a large-scale SDL production model plus the accompanying problem reports that began in the requirements phase of development. The goal of this research was to identify and measure the occurrences of faults and the efficiency of their removal by development phase in order to target software development process improvement strategies. The number and severity of problem reports were tracked by development phase and fault class. The efficiency of the fault removal process using a variety of detection methods was measured. Through our analysis of the system data, the study confirms that catching faults in the phase of origin is an important goal. The faults that migrated to future phases are on average eight times more costly to repair. The study also confirms that upstream faults are the most critical faults and more importantly it identifies detailed design as the major contributor of faults, including critical faults.
New insights into ciliary function: kidney cysts and photoreceptors.

Recent studies have suggested that primary cilia of renal tubular epithelial cells may function to maintain normal tubular architecture, and that ciliary abnormalities may be a cause of cyst formation in polycystic kidney disease (PKD). PKD results from loss-of-function mutations in either the PKD1 or PKD2 gene (1). Cysts develop in PKD patients at a very young age and grow inexorably over time to very large size, eventually overwhelming the kidney. Each cyst is thought to be initiated by the abnormal proliferation of a single tubular epithelial cell, which eventually expands that region of the tubule until it pinches off as an isolated cyst. At that point, continued cyst growth is thought to depend on net fluid secretion into the cyst lumen. One of the central problems in the PKD field has been to understand the cellular mechanisms that trigger cyst formation. The paper by Lin et al. (2) in a recent issue of PNAS provides new insight into this problem by showing that kidney-specific Cre-loxP inactivation of the gene for the KIF3A subunit of kinesin-II, an anterograde (outward moving) ciliary motor protein, causes PKD, thus directly implicating cilia in the cyst-forming mechanism.
Software Tool for Researching Annotations of Proteins: Open-Source Protein Annotation Software with Data Visualization

In order that biological meaning may be derived and testable hypotheses may be built from proteomics experiments, assignments of proteins identified by mass spectrometry or other techniques must be supplemented with additional notation, such as information on known protein functions, protein-protein interactions, or biological pathway associations. Collecting, organizing, and interpreting this data often requires the input of experts in the biological field of study, in addition to the time-consuming search for and compilation of information from online protein databases. Furthermore, visualizing this bulk of information can be challenging due to the limited availability of easy-to-use and freely available tools for this process. In response to these constraints, we have undertaken the design of software to automate annotation and visualization of proteomics data in order to accelerate the pace of research. Here we present the Software Tool for Researching Annotations of Proteins (STRAP), a user-friendly, open-source C# application. STRAP automatically obtains gene ontology (GO) terms associated with proteins in a proteomics results ID list using the freely accessible UniProtKB and EBI GOA databases. Summarized in an easy-to-navigate tabular format, STRAP results include meta-information on the protein in addition to complementary GO terminology. Additionally, this information can be edited by the user so that in-house expertise on particular proteins may be integrated into the larger data set. STRAP provides a sortable tabular view for all terms, as well as graphical representations of GO-term association data in pie charts (biological process, cellular component, and molecular function) and bar charts (cross comparison of sample sets) to aid in the interpretation of large data sets and differential analyses experiments. Furthermore, proteins of interest may be exported as a unique FASTA-formatted file to allow for customizable re-searching of mass spectrometry data, and gene names corresponding to the proteins in the lists may be encoded in the Gaggle microformat for further characterization, including pathway analysis. STRAP, a tutorial, and the C# source code are freely available from http://cpctools.sourceforge.net.
The relationship of frequency of toothbrushing, oral hygiene, gingival health, and caries-experience in school children

Dr. Berenie and his group report a penetrating examination of the effect of the frequency of toothbrushing on the gingival health, oral hygiene, and caries-experience of children.
The C-H delayed failure mechanism revisited

The often cited “Charles–Hillig” model of delayed failure assumes that corrosive attack on existing flaws in glass is controlled by interactions involving the moisture in the environment, which leads to time and stress dependent failure. The analysis by Inglis of the stress multiplication at a rounded end of a flaw is combined with stress-dependent chemical kinetics and thermodynamics. Failure occurs when the tip stress reaches the ultimate strength of the glass. The model provides a physical interpretation of the empirical “Universal Fatigue Law.” When sufficient data is available, it also provides an algorithm that allows a precise determination of the minimum stress needed to induce time-dependent failure. This model is compared with the competing LEFM model.
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Western North American Phoxinins (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae) as Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S and 16S Ribosomal RNA Sequences☆☆☆

Abstract Parsimony analysis of the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA sequences of North American phoxinin taxa indicated the existence of three major clades, the Western Clade, the Creek Chub Clade, and the Open Posterior Myodome Clade. The monophyletic Western Clade identified in this paper contained fewer taxa than that identified by previous authors. This clade contained species restricted to drainages west of the Continental Divide, such as Gila, Acrocheilus, Relictus, Eremichthys, Siphateles, Ptychocheilus, Lavinia, and Orthodon, and the wide-ranging genus Phoxinus found in eastern North America and Eurasia. Within this Western Clade Phoxinus was the basal sister group. Gila was recognized as a monophyletic group exclusive of Siphateles and Snyderichthys, clades traditionally recognized as subgenera of Gila. The genus Gila was most closely related to the genus Acrocheilus and together these formed the sister group to the genus Relictus. These relationships were supported independent of weighting schemes used in analyses. Identification of Phoxinus as the basal sister taxon of the Western clade implies that other major clades of North American Phoxinins likely have Asian or European relatives.
Toxicology of various pesticides and their decomposition products on mitochondrial electron transport.

The effect of various pesticides and derivatives on mitochondrial electron transport systems was assessed. DDT, DDE, TDE, Kelthane, chlorobenzilate, chloropropylate and Acarol were found to be inhibitory towards both heavy beef heart mitochondrial (HBHM) NADH-oxidase and succinoxidase enzyme systems. Dichlorobenzophenone andp-chlorophenol were less inhibitory towards the HBHM NADH-oxidase and did not inhibit the succinoxidase enzyme system. DDA did not inhibit either of the electron transport systems. Carbaryl was not inhibitory towards both HBHM oxidase systems, whereas its degradative product dihydroxynaphthalene was inhibitory at the same concentration. Furadan, Matacil, Baygon and Dimetilan were only slightly inhibitory towards the mitochondrial NADH-oxidase system and did not inhibit the succinoxidase system. Zectran was inhibitory towards the NADH-oxidase system and was not inhibitory towards the succinoxidase system. DDT, DDE and TDE, dihydroxynaphthalene and 1-naphthol inhibited the NADH-oxidase enzyme system on the substrate side of cytochrome c, whereas Kelthane inhibited on the oxygen side.
Standing potentials of the frog's eye.

With the in-place frog’s eye, the potential difference between the center of the corneal surface and the rest of the cornea reached a maximum of about −15 mv at the corneoscleral junction. This large a corneal potential difference may be the immediate source of the potential presumably utilized in the electro-oculogram, rather than the cornea-to-fundus potential. A slightly injured section of the cornea and also the aqueous humor had a potential of approximately +15 mv with reference to the corneal center. These two potentials appeared to be separated by an insulating layer, presumably the interface between the corneal epithelium and Bowman’s membrane. The potential difference between the corneal center and the front interior part of the lens was about −33 mv, and about −47 mv for the back. The vitreous side of the retina was about −2 mv. Within the retina, transient steps of about −50 mv occurred. These were not the same shape or in the same order from frog to frog, or from one place in the same retina to another, except for one. This was a step of −40 to −60 mv which was presumably Brindley’s R membrane.
Radioiodination of Parasite Antigens with 1,3,4,6,-Tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenylglycoluril (IODOGEN): Studies with Zygotes of Plasmodium gallinaceum

The iodinating reagent 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha, 6 alpha-diphenylglycoluril (IODOGEN) was used to label antigens on zygotes of Plasmodium gallinaceum with parallel studies using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination for comparison. Proteins labeled by the IODOGEN method are most probably on the surface of the zygote, as the pattern of labeled proteins analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was very similar to the pattern of lactoperoxidase-labeled proteins. Furthermore, the labeled proteins represented only a subset of the total Coomassie Blue-stained proteins. The radioiodinated zygote proteins were immunoreactive after IODOGEN or lactoperoxidase labeling. The IODOGEN method is technically much more simple than the lactoperoxidase method and does not require the addition of extraneous proteins or H2O2. The advantages of IODOGEN labeling, together with the essential equivalence of results obtained by these two methods, make the IODOGEN method attractive for labeling parasite antigens in general.
Validation of Measures of Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization in Emerging Adulthood

Objective:Cyber bullying represents a new and alarming form of bullying that potentially leads to serious and long-lasting consequences for young people; yet, there is a dearth of research on the assessment of cyberbullying behaviors among emerging adults. Thus, this study aims to close this gap by assessing the development and validation of the cyberbullying behavior scales for application in social work research and practice settings.Methods:Two scales, cyberbullying perpetration (CBP) and cyberbullying victimization (CBV), were validated using a purposive sample of 286 undergraduate students aged 18 to 25.Results:Both CBP and CBV scales showed excellent reliability (α = .93 for CBP and α = .95 for CBV), good fit, and strong convergent validity.Conclusions:The cyberbullying behavior scales provide valid and reliable measures of emerging adults’ bullying behaviors. Implications for further social work research and practice are discussed.
Food allergies in children affect nutrient intake and growth.

Abstract Objectives To identify if specific food allergies, elimination diets, or other variables associated with food allergies have an impact on the growth and nutrient intake of children with food allergies. Design Measurements of height, weight, and body mass index were used to determine potential growth problems. Estimates of energy and nutrient intakes were based on 3-day diet records. A questionnaire was used to determine number of food allergies and other variables. Subjects Ninety-eight children with food allergies (subjects, mean age 3.7±2.3 years) and 99 children without food allergies (controls, mean age 4.1±2.4 years) participated in this age-matched, consecutive sampling, cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis performed Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistics using general association and Fisher Exact Test, with 2-sided probability, were conducted. Results Children with two or more food allergies were shorter, based on height-for-age percentiles, than those with one food allergy ( P P Applications/conclusions Children diagnosed with food allergies need an annual nutrition assessment to prevent growth problems or inadequate nutrient intake. Children with milk allergies or multiple food allergies are at greater risk. Nutrition education needs to address how to avoid all forms of the allergen and incorporate alternative nutrient-dense foods. This population would benefit from the development and validation of a medical nutrition therapy protocol. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:1648-1651.
Collective behavior of earthquakes and faults: Continuum-discrete transitions, progressive evolutionary changes, and different dynamic regimes

[1] Crustal deformation patterns are affected by multiscale granulation and healing processes associated with phase transitions between continuum and discrete states of rocks. The ongoing continuum-discrete transitions are accompanied by progressive evolution of disordered fault networks to dominant localized fault zones, development of bimaterial interfaces, and increasing dynamic weakening of fault surfaces. Results on individual fault zones point to three general dynamic regimes. The first is associated with broad range of heterogeneities, little dynamic weakening, power law frequency-size statistics, temporal clustering of intermediate and large events, and accelerated seismic release before large earthquakes. The second is associated with relatively uniform localized structures, significant dynamic weakening, characteristic earthquake statistics, and quasi-periodic temporal occurrence of large events without precursory accelerated release. For a range of conditions, the fault zone response can switch back and forth between the foregoing two dynamic regimes. Higher temperature, fluid content, and thickness of sedimentary cover reduce the seismic coupling in a region and change the properties of local earthquake sequences. Brittle regions with high seismic coupling have few foreshocks and long-duration aftershock sequences with high event productivity, whereas more viscous regions with low seismic coupling have increased foreshocks activity and low-productivity aftershock sequences or swarms. The results provide criteria for organizing data in classes associated with different evolutionary stages and different regional conditions. An ability to recognize the dynamic regime of a given fault zone or a region can increase the information content of the data and lead to improved strategies for seismic hazard assessment.
Influencing State Policy: Information, Access and Timing.

Abstract Increasingly, public health promotion is about more than influencing individual behavior. Rather, it is equally important to undertake efforts to impact social, environmental, and political factors. Having a clear understanding of the inner workings of the legislative process enhances one's ability to effectively influence policy. It is important to know who can use information from public health and related professions, what type of information to provide, when, and how. With that in mind, this article provides a conceptual framework for how to get state legislators to pay attention to information from the field and how to effectively navigate the legislative process. It provides examples of what health educators can do to influence public policy and highlights some of the issues that health educators might address.
AlPO4-ZrO2 catalysts, III. Acid-base properties and infrared study of systems obtained in ethylene oxide

The surface acidity and basicity of AlPO4-ZrO2 (weight ratio AlPO4/ZrO2=3) systems obtained with ethylene oxide and subjected to different stages of heat treatment has been studied through the irreversible adsorption of organic bases and benzoic acid. The decrease in the amount of acid sites as calcination increases is consistent with the decrease in Bronsted acidity, as shown by the decrease in O−H band intensity. Infrared spectra show Td symmetry in which the phosphorus atom is surrounded by the tetrahedra of oxygen atoms.
THE GIBBS PHENOMENON, THE PINSKY PHENOMENON, AND VARIANTS FOR EIGENFUNCTION EXPANSIONS

We examine analogues of the Gibbs phenomenon for eigenfunction expansions of functions with singularities across a smooth surface, though of a more general nature than a simple jump. The Gibbs phen...
Political Institutions and Voter Turnout in the Industrial Democracies

Differences in voter turnout among industrial democracies are a function of political institutions and electoral law. Specifically, the presence of nationally competitive electoral districts provides incentives for parties and candidates to mobilize voters everywhere, thereby increasing turnout. Disproportionality in the translation of votes into legislative seats provides a disincentive to voting, which lowers turnout. Multipartyism assigns elections a less decisive role in government formation, depressing turnout. By generating more decisive governments, unicameralism provides a clearer link between elections and legislation, increasing turnout. Finally, mandatory voting laws produce a disincentive to not vote. Empirical analyses of average voter-turnout levels in the 1970s and 1960s across 19 democracies are consistent with these expectations, although Switzerland and the United States appear to be outliers. The results have major implications for the way we interpret national differences in voter-turnout rates.
Hegemony, feminist criticism and the Mary Tyler Moore Show

This essay claims that the feminist premise of The Mary Tyler Moore Show is contradicted by the patriarchal relationships and role definitions developed within its narrative, hegemonic devices that are bolstered by the conventions of the situation comedy genre. The conclusion explores the ideological tension produced by the show's narrative that allows for differing evaluations of the program's message, and discusses the implications for feminist criticism of television's hegemonic patterns.
Heavy Alcohol Use and Youth Suicide: Evidence from Tougher Drunk Driving Laws.

This paper uses the widespread variation across states in the timing of adoption of tougher drunk driving laws that set very low legal blood alcohol limits for drivers under age 21-"zero tolerance" (ZT) laws-to provide new evidence on the causal effect of alcohol use on youth suicide. ZT laws reduced heavy episodic drinking by underage men, with no effect for slightly older males. I estimate the reduced form effect of ZT policy adoption on suicide deaths among 15-17-, 18-20-, 21-24-, and 25-29-year-old males and females for the period 1981-1998. The models control for macroeconomic conditions, demographic changes, other alcohol control policies, state and year fixed effects, and smooth state trends. Results indicate statistically significant reductions in suicide among young males aged 15-17 and 18-20 associated with adoption of ZT laws on the order. of 7 to 10 percent. I find no effects for slightly older males who were unaffected by the tougher drunk driving laws, and no consistent effects for females. These results provide new and compelling evidence that heavy alcohol use causes young male suicide. (C) 2004 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Idiopathic atrophy of the nails.

SUMMARY.— A group of 9 patients is presented in whom painless loss of nails is the principal cutaneous abnormality. The nails are normal at birth but after a few years one or more finger or toe nails become affected. The condition is progressive for a time but then remains stationary and no further nails are involved. The nail changes range from discoloration and ridging, through pterygium formation to permanent total loss with obliteration of the nail fold. Some nails remain quite normal. The condition occurs without apparent cause and is apparently not genetically determined. The diseases with which it is most likely to be confused are nail loss from lichen planus or from impaired peripheral circulation.
Stability of discrete bilinear systems with output feedback

Abstract Time-varying discrete bilinear systems with output feedback are considered. Sufficient conditions ensuring the stability and asymptotic stability of discrete bilinear systems with output feedback are derived. These sufficient conditions depend only on the coefficient matrices of the bilinear systems. Thus they are convenient to check and easy to apply in engineering practice.
Long-term safety of polypropylene knots under scleral flaps for transsclerally sutured posterior chamber lenses.

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety of polypropylene knots used in TS-SPCL combined with PK and AV over time. METHOD: A retrospective review of 26 consecutive cases of TS-SPCL by one surgeon (WSVM) with at least 12 months follow-up (mean 26, range 12-62). All patients had a double strand polypropylene knot buried under partial thickness scleral flaps at 2 and 8 o'clock. Knots were rotated into the globe (R) in 10 cases, and could not be buried (N) in 13 cases, and in 3 cases 1 knot was buried. RESULTS: No cases of suture erosion occurred in R or N. One or more polypropylene sutures were visible in 17 patients (8 R, 9 T) at last exam. Twenty-three of 52 knots were rotated into the globe, and 70% of rotated knots were not even visible at the slit lamp at final visit. There was no evidence of conjunctival erosion in any patient. There was no lens dislocation and no endophthalmitis. CONCLUSION: The combination of partial thickness scleral flaps with double strand polypropylene knots reduces the incidence of suture erosion through the conjunctive if knots cannot be rotated into the globe.
Estimation of components of variance for partially cross-classified data in a factorial arrangement of treatments

A procedure is presented for obtaining estimates of components of variance for the main effects and interaction in a two-way factorial arrangement of treatments with only partially cross-classified data (sometimes referred to as unbalanced data in a two-way crossed classification model with interaction). The procedure entails the use of two hierarchical analyses of variance in which each main effect is first treated as classes and then as subclasses. The estimation of the variance component for each main effect results from the solution of two simultaneous equations with values used obtained directly from the hierarchical analyses. The interaction component of variance can be obtained from the variance components for main effects. An example is presented for the purpose of illustrating the procedure. Interpretation of the interaction variance component estimated by the method is limited due to the absence of some of the subclasses.
VARIATION IN PLEIOTROPY AND THE MUTATIONAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THE G‐MATRIX

Abstract The pattern and extent of pleiotropic gene action can contribute substantially to the internal structure and shape of the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G)—a key determinant of evolutionary trajectories. We use data from our study (Estes et al. 2004) on the univariate effects of mutation in a mismatch-repair-defective strain, msh-2, of Caenorhabditis elegans to address the impact of increasing levels of selection on the magnitude and pattern of genetic covariance due to new mutations. Mutational covariances between three life-history traits are shown to exhibit a weak pattern of decline with increasing population size (increasing selection), while the orientation of mutational matrices remains reasonably constant. This suggests that mutations with smaller effects on fitness may tend to be slightly more confined in their influence than large-effect mutations (i.e., small-effect mutations reduce the magnitude of covariation between characters), but do not change the direction of this ...
Intraocular Lens Power Calculation in Children

With improving surgical technique and equipment, the acceptable age for placing an intraocular lens in infants and children is becoming younger. The tools for predicting intraocular lens power have not necessarily kept up, as current theoretical and regression intraocular lens power prediction formulas are largely based on adult eyes at axial lengths, anterior chamber depth, and keratometric values much different than those seen in infants. In addition, the adult eye has matured and is no longer growing, whereas the eyes of infants and children may continue to note changes in axial length, keratometric values, and possibly optical characteristics. Another source of error in intraocular lens power selection that is more likely to occur in pediatric patients than in adult patients is inaccuracy in measurement of axial length or keratometric power. A review of current tools and considerations for intraocular lens power prediction in infants and children is presented.
Excellent Results of Cardiac Surgery in Patients With Previous Kidney Transplantation

Objectives Patients with a kidney allograft are at high risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases that may require surgical intervention. Little is known about the outcome of cardiac surgery in these patients. Design A retrospective study. Setting A university hospital (single institution). Participants Twenty-nine patients with a kidney allograft who underwent cardiac surgery between January 1998 and December 2006. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Main outcome measures were hospital mortality, postoperative complications, allograft function, and late survival. Twenty-nine patients (mean age, 53 ± 14 years; 18 (62%) male; 22 preserved allograft function, 2 acute failure, and 5 chronic failure) were identified. Hospital mortality was 3.4% (n = 1). Temporary allograft dysfunction determined by a >30% increase of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen was noticed in 5 (23%) patients with preserved allograft and recovered before discharge. Two patients required postoperative dialysis (1 temporary and 1 permanent). Six (21%) other major complications occurred and included respiratory failure (n = 4, 14%) and sepsis (n = 2, 7%). One- and 5-year survival was 89% ± 6% and 50% ± 14%, respectively. Four of 9 patients who died during follow-up had chronic allograft failure. Conclusions Cardiac surgery can be performed safely in kidney transplant recipients with low mortality and acceptable morbidities. Allograft dysfunction is a common finding, but it is transient with early functional recovery. Late survival of kidney recipients with chronic allograft failure undergoing cardiac procedures is limited when compared with that of the general cardiac surgery population. The present data suggest that these patients should be considered for cardiac surgery in reference centers with expertise in complex cardiac procedures and perioperative management of these highly specific patients.
The Green function in the theory of radiation and diffraction of regular water waves by a body

This study is concerned with the Green function of the theory of potential flow about a body in regular (time-harmonic) water waves in deep water, that is with the linearized velocity potential of the flow due to a source of pulsating strength at a fixed position below the free surface (or a pulsating flux across the free surface) of a quiescent infinitely deep sea. An asymptotic expansion and a convergent ascending-series expansion for the Green function are obtained from two alternative complementary ‘near-field’ and ‘far-field’ single-integral representations in terms of the exponential integral. The asymptotic expansion and the ascending series allow efficient numerical evaluation of the Green function for large and small distances, respectively, from the mirror image of the singularity (submerged source or free-surface flux) with respect to the mean sea surface.
Some observations of feeding behavior, growth, and test particle morphology of a silica-secreting testate amoeba Netzelia tuberculata (Wallich) (Rhizopoda, Testacea) grown in laboratory culture

Summary Netzelia tuberculata ( Wallich ) fed with lyophilized yeast in laboratory culture grows more rapidly (mean doubling time = 1.7 d) and produces siliceous test particles that are more smooth, spheroidal and regularly arranged than those fed with Spirogyra (mean doubling time = 3.1 d). The change in test particle morphology is observable during test secretion of the daughter cell in the first generation after transfer into a yeast medium. Successive generations exhibit increasingly more smooth and regularly arranged spheroidal test particles. N. tuberculata grown in a medium containing only soluble silicate (21 μM sodium silicate) reproduced and secreted siliceous test particles. Hence, a particulate source of silicate is not necessary for test particle synthesis. These results give further evidence of the ecophenotypic variation in test particle morphology of Netzelia tuberculata, in this case induced by variations in kind of food, and suggest that additional research is warranted on the cellular processes that determine the morphology of biomineralized products in these testate amoebae.
Critical Angles for Channeling of 1- to 25-keV H + , D + , and He + Ions in Gold Crystals

The critical angle for channeling in the low-energy region is measured for ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$, ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$, and ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions transmitted through single-crystal gold foils. It is found that the theoretical calculation by Lindhard fits the experimental points within the experimental errors if the constant $C$ is given the value 2.15. No difference is found between ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ ions. The critical angle for ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions is found to be 1.13\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 times larger than for ${\mathrm{D}}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ ions of the same energy.
Modified vendettas as a method of punishing corporations

Methods of punishing corporations have changed from self-regulation to economic sanctions by government as corporations have evolved from small groups of entrepreneurs to multinational entities. It is proposed that the next stage in the evolution of punishment methods is modified vendettas, or organized attempts by non-government groups to influence corporations through the application of economic and non-economic sanctions.
Acquiescent Responding in Self-Reports: Cognitive Style or Social Concern? ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract This study tested for the generality and personality correlates of acquiescent responding. Sixty-five undergraduate respondents answered the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) and Paulhus' (1991) Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. The 15 scales of the JPI each yielded independent acquiescence scores and trait scores. The 15 acquiescent scores were positively intercorrelated and showed one general factor in a factor analysis. Factor scores on this acquiescence factor were related to cognitive simplicity, rigid mental organization, and intolerance of alternatives, but not to socially desirable responding or other social concerns. These results imply that acquiescence is more of a cognitive style than a social response.
Metal to composite bolted joint behavior evaluated at impact rates of loading

Abstract Metal-composite bolted joints form an integral part of a majority of structural components and finds extensive usage in aircraft and automobile industries where they could be subjected to either static or time dependent loadings. Extensive literature exists addressing bolted joint behavior under static rates of loading. However, limited studies exist which define mechanical response of metal-composite bolted joints under dynamic rates of loading. This is vital to better understand its crashworthiness characteristics when it is subjected to impact loading. In our current investigation, we have attempted to address this aspect via experimental characterization of 4142 alloy steel-E glass ply epoxy resin composite bolted joint under impact loading using a split Hopkinson tension bar. Quasi-static measurements have also been conducted simultaneously to distinguish not only the maximum bearing strength but also the operational modes of failure corresponding to different edge distance to hole diameter (e/d) ratios. Dynamic response of the metal-composite bolted joint was observed to be significantly higher than its static counterpart. Asymptotic region of failure mode alteration exists and is observed to be dependent on loading rate transfer. This study provides beneficial information in assisting subsequent design of bolted joints where behavior under impact loading is of main concern.