cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fracture pattern and fixation type related to loss of reduction in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures

Abstract Introduction Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures can be treated with locked plating applied from the lateral side with or without additional application of a medial plate (dual plating). Recent studies demonstrate that these injuries can be sub-grouped based upon their morphology by computed tomography (CT). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between fracture pattern, method of fixation and loss of reduction in bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Patients and methods Preoperative CT scans and postoperative plain films were evaluated on a consecutive series of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Fracture patterns were classified by CT. Angular alignment was measured immediately postoperatively and again at clinical and radiographic union to assess loss of reduction. Results A total of 140 patients were studied. Sixty-six (47%) had a single large medial fragment with the articular surface intact, 19 (14%) had a medial articular fracture line with a mainly sagittal component and 55 (39%) had a coronal fracture through the medial articular surface. A total of 129 patients had been treated with lateral locked plating alone whilst 11 patients (all with a coronal fracture of the medial condyle) underwent dual plating. There was little loss of reduction (median subsidence 0.5°) when lateral locked plating was employed alone in patients with a single medial fracture fragment or with a sagittal medial fracture line. When lateral locked plating was used in the presence of a medial coronal fracture line, there was a significantly higher rate of subsidence (median 2.0°) compared to those with no medial fracture line ( p = 0.002). Patients with coronal fracture lines treated with dual plating had significantly less loss of reduction that those treated with lateral locked plating ( p = 0.01). Conclusions Most patients with bicondylar tibial plateau fractures do well when treated with lateral locked plating. However, those with a medial coronal fracture line tend to have a higher rate of subsidence and loss of reduction when lateral locked plating is employed alone. These fractures may be better treated with dual plating if the soft tissues allow. Level of evidence Level III (retrospective comparative study).
Denunciations, clemency and conflict resolution in the French Basque Country (1917—1944)

During the interwar years, under Vichy rule and German occupation, French Basques upheld a longstanding right to judge their fellow citizens and to address wrongdoing that threatened stability and order in their conservative, Catholic moral community. In the province of Xiberoa, that dual community-based right underpinned the wish of Xiberoans to manage their own justice and intra-community conflicts, in certain circumstances, without intervention from the state and its representatives. This article examines cases when local holders of civic and moral authority chose, or were forced, to seek legal justice and to resolve conflict through authorities external to their moral community. The small, industrial town of Maule provides a local focus for exploring the management of justice and intra-community conflict by Basque notables, who made strategic use of information about wrongdoing to protect their moral community from internal and external harm, embodied by the communists in their midst.
Melt segregation in plagioclase-poikilitic mesosiderites.

The Budalan and Mincy mesosiderites contain a poikilitic-plagioclase matrix with orthopyroxene chadacrysts and interstitial-subophitic inverted pigeonite. Orthopyroxene chadacrysts in both mesosiderites are uniformly more aluminous than orthopyroxene clasts, suggesting that they were not derived from clasts by metamorphism. Interstitial inverted pigeonite is more ferroan than adjacent orthopyroxene in the matrix, consistent with the crystallization of a melt with the sequence orthopyroxene followed by pigeonite. The magnesium chadcrysts in Mincy could not have formed from a melt in equilibrium with the clasts but could have crystallized from impact melt. The most Mg chadacrysts are enclosed in large reversely zoned plagioclase crystals as a result of the undercooling in melt-lacking plagioclase clasts and associated nuclei. Mincy contains both plagioclase-poor and plagioclase-rich regions, explained by a separation of silicate melt into pools. Reckling Peak A80258, a plagioclase-poikilitic mesosiderite with a very high chadacryst/plagioclase ratio, resembles Mincy material from which melt has been extracted. It is suggested that the origin of the plagioclase-poikilitic mesosiderites is impact melting of a metal-silicate mixture.
Coincident GPR And Ultra-shallow Seismic Imaging In the Arkansas River Valley, Great Bend, Kansas

Summary The primary objective of the work-in-progress reported here is to compare near-surface imaging results using ultra-shallow (upper 3 m) seismic-reflection techniques and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) at an alluvial site near Great Bend, Kansas. Although various seismic and GPR surveys have been used for near-surface imaging, little i s known about how the two techniques might work i n concert for very-high-resolution surveys at depths where both techniques work well. We show examples from the test site demonstrating that imaging is possible in the 1- to 6-m range using both seismic and GPR techniques and then discuss the implications of each.
Insights on Team-Based Learning

To prepare students for the work force and to enhance learning, more college courses are utilizing teambased learning. This study was an assessment of a team driven course that was designed to help students develop collaborative skills and experience team processes. At the beginning and the end of the semester, students' attitudes about teamwork were evaluated. Their overall attitude towards working with classmates and in a team environment increased significantly. The results supported other research, which indicated that a collaborative classroom has a positive effect on students.
Gait synchronized force modulation during the stance period of one limb achieved by an active partial body weight support system.

Our purpose was to demonstrate the ability of an actively controlled partial body weight support (PBWS) system to provide gait synchronized support during the stance period of a single lower extremity while examining the affect of such a support condition on gait asymmetry. Using an instrumented treadmill and a motion capture system, we compared gait parameters of twelve healthy elderly subjects (age 65–80 years) during unsupported walking to those while walking with 20% body weight support provided during only the stance period of the right limb. Specifically, we examined peak three-dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) data and the symmetry of lower extremity sagittal plane joint angles and of time and distance parameters. A reduction in all three GRF components was observed for the supported limb during modulated support. Reductions observed in the vertical GRF were comparable to the desired 20% support level. Additionally, GRF components examined for the unsupported limb during modulated support were consistently similar to those measured during unsupported walking. Modulated support caused statistically significant increases in asymmetry for knee flexion during stance (increased 5.9%), hip flexion during late swing (increased 9.1%), and the duration of single limb support (increased 2.8%). However, the observed increases were similar or considerably less than the natural variability in the asymmetry of these parameters during unsupported walking. The ability of the active PBWS device to provide unilateral support may offer new and possibly improved applications of PBWS rehabilitation for patients with unilateral walking deficits such as hemiparesis or orthopaedic injury.
Improving Economic Efficiency of Public-Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Development by Contractual Flexibility Analysis in a Highly Uncertain Context

Public-private partnerships (PPPs), as long-term contractual relationships between the public and private sector, are usually controlled by a rigid contractual structure. This principle can reduce transaction costs but sacrifice opportunities to make PPPs more economically efficient by allocating and addressing future downside risks appropriately and flexibly during a long-term concession, which is full of unpredictable uncertainties that cause the failure of many infrastructure development projects under PPPs procurement. This article aims to present a novel type of proactive uncertainty management, contractual flexibility analysis (CFA), which can improve the economic efficiency of PPPs by incorporating flexibilities into the current way of contract structuring.
TREATMENT WITH AGMATINE INHIBITS CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM INFECTION IN INFANT MICE

Cryptosporidium parvum is an intracellular protozoan parasite that causes enteric infection and diarrhea in a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans and economically important livestock species. There are no effective vaccines or drug treatments available for cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parvum utilizes a unique metabolic pathway for the synthesis of polyamines, forming agmatine as an intermediary metabolite. We treated infant mice with oral doses of agmatine for 2 days before, the day of, and 5 days following experimental infection with C. parvum. Mice treated with agmatine were significantly less infected with C. parvum than were control mice receiving phosphate-buffered saline. Mice treated with agmatine only on the day of experimental infection with C. parvum were also significantly less infected than were control mice. These data suggest that exogenous agmatine alters the metabolism of C. parvum sufficient to interfere with its ability to colonize the mammalian intestine.
Effective interventions for cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremity in computer users: Practice models based on systematic review

Objective: A systematic review of over 4600 abstracts was performed to address the effectiveness of the current cumulative trauma disorder (CTD) interventions focused on the upper extremities of computer users. Participants: The researchers were the study participants. They included one Professor of Occupational Therapy andfive Masters of Occupational Therapy Students from a Midwestern University. The Professor of Occupational Therapy has been practicing for 29 years. Methods: Theresearchers employed stringent inclusion criteriaforthisreviewbased onsimilarsystematic reviewpapers. Criteria for high quality qualitative research were incorporated to include studies other than randomized-controlled trials. This approach considered knowledge gained from specific interventions that were studied in greater detail with fewer clients. Results: The results of this study identified 25 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Further review ranked the selected articles into high, medium, or low quality based on criteria adapted from other studies. The highest levels of evidence were found for education and training in ergonomics, forearm supports, ergonomic keyboards, ergonomic mice, and exercise/rest breaks. Conclusions: Two models of practice were created from this review to assist occupational therapists or other professionals with intervention strategies for computer users with CTDs.
The nature of heuristics

Abstract Builders of expert rule-based systems attribute the impressive performance of their programs to the corpus of knowledge they embody: a large network of facts to provide breadth of scope, and a large array of informal judgmental rules (heuristics) which guide the system toward plausible paths to follow and away from implausible ones. Yet what is the nature of heuristics? What is the source of their power? How do they originate and evolve? By examining two case studies, the am and eurisko programs, we are led to some tentative hypotheses: Heuristics are compiled hindsight, and draw their power from the various kinds of regularity and continuity in the world; they arise through specialization, generalization, and—surprisingly often—analogy. Forty years ago, Polya introduced Heuretics as a separable field worthy of study. Today, we are finally able to carry out the kind of computation-intensive experiments which make such study possible.
The Historical Reconstruction of Knowledge About Race: Implications for Transformative Teaching

I contend that knowledge reflects both the reality observed as well as the subjectivity of the knower. The attempt to clearly distinguish the objective and subjective elements of knowledge, a key feature of mainstream Anglo-American epistemology, is inconsistent with the ways that human beings know. I use a historical case study of the construction and reconstruction of race between the late 19th century and the 1940s to document the ways in which the social, cultural, political, and historical contexts in which knowers are embedded influence the knowledge they construct and reconstruct. The final part of this article discusses the implications of the historical construction of race for transformative classroom teaching.
Relation of intimate partner violence to salivary cortisol among couples expecting a first child

Despite advances in understanding the role that several physiological systems play in the occurrence of general violence, little progress has been made toward understanding biological correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV). We explored involvement of one physiological system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Among 137 heterosexual couples expecting a first child, baseline level of HPA activity-assessed via salivary cortisol collected before a couple conflict discussion-was linked to both men's and women's violence perpetration. HPA reactivity to the conflict bout did not show an independent association with IPV. However, persisting elevation in men's, and down-regulation in women's, HPA activity during a further recovery period was linked to men's violence perpetration. Aggr. Behav. 37:1-11, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en
Learning Agility: In Search of Conceptual Clarity and Theoretical Grounding

As organizations become more complex and dynamic, individuals’ ability to learn from experience becomes more important. Recently, the concept of learning agility has attracted considerable attention from human resource professionals and consultants interested in selecting on and developing employees’ ability to learn from experience. However, the academic community has been largely absent from this discussion of learning agility, and the concept remains ill defined and poorly measured. This article presents a constructive critique of the existing literature on learning agility, seeks to clarify the definition and conceptualization of the construct, and situates learning agility within a broader nomological network of related constructs. We conclude by discussing several important directions for future research on learning agility.
Stomatal Responses of Douglas-Fir Seedlings to Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperature During the Third and Fourth Years of Exposure

Two major components of climate change, increasing atmospheric [CO 2 ] and increasing temperature, may substantially alter the effects of water availability to plants through effects on the rate of water loss from leaves. We examined the interactive effects of elevated [CO 2 ] and temperature on seasonal patterns of stomatal conductance ( g s ), transpiration ( E ) and instantaneous transpiration efficiency (ITE) in Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings. Seedlings were grown in sunlit chambers at either ambient CO 2 (AC) or ambient + 180 m m mol mol - 1 CO 2 (EC), and at ambient temperature (AT) or ambient + 3·5 ∞ ∞ ∞ C (ET) in a full-factorial design. Needle gas exchange at the target growth conditions was measured approximately monthly over 21 months. Across the study period and across temperature treatments, growth in elevated [CO 2 ] decreased E by an average of 12% and increased ITE by an average of 46%. The absolute reduction of E associated with elevated [CO 2 ] significantly increased with seasonal increases in the needle-to-air vapour pressure deficit ( D ). Across CO 2 treatments, growth in elevated temperature increased E an average of 37%, and did not affect ITE. Combined, growth in elevated [CO 2 ] and elevated temperature increased E an average of 19% compared with the ACAT treatment. The CO 2 supply and growth temperature did not significantly affect stomatal sensitivity to D or the relationship between g s and net photosynthetic rates. This study suggests that elevated [CO 2 ] may not completely ameliorate the effect of elevated temperature on E , and that climate change may substantially alter needle-level water loss and water use efficiency of Douglas-fir seedlings.
Sentimentalist moral education

Care ethics, and moral sentimentalism more generally, have not developed a picture of moral education that is comparable in scope or depth to the rationalist/Kantian/Rawlsian account of moral education that has been offered by Lawrence Kohlberg. But it is possible to do so if one borrows from the work of Martin Hoffman and makes systematic use of Hume’s earlier sentimentalist ideas. Kohlberg and Rawls offer accounts of moral learning that leave moral motivation largely unexplained or mysterious, but an emphasis on the psychology of empathy can help us to better understand both the content of our morality and the ways in which children and adults can become and be morally motivated. Parents can in a number of ways evoke and strengthen children’s empathic moral tendencies, and such processes can also occur and need to occur in schools and later on in life. In addition, a sentimentalist understanding of the meaning of moral terms can show how moral rules, principles, and injunctions can strongly reinforce th...
Influences of fertilization on population abundance, distribution, and control of Frankliniella occidentalis on chrysanthemum

We examined the effects of fertilization on population abundance and within-plant distribution of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on potted chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora (Tzvelev). We also investigated the effects of fertilization on the number of insecticide applications needed to control F. occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. Under greenhouse conditions, rate of change in population abundance of F. occidentalis increased with fertilization levels from 0 to 100% of the standard fertilization level (375 ppm N) and was four times higher on plants fertilized with the standard level (rate of change = 0.14) than on plants fertilized with 0% during the first 4 weeks after thrips inoculation. Within-plant distribution of F. occidentalis was influenced by the phenology of the plants rather than total nitrogen content of plant tissues. Prior to flower opening, more F. occidentalis were found in the middle region of the plants. When the flowers began to open, more thrips were found feeding inside the flowers than on the leaves. We further showed that production time, the time from transplantation to flower opening, shortened considerably with increased fertilization level. Production time was shortest, 12 weeks, for plants fertilized with 100% of the standard fertilization level. When the fertilization level was reduced to 20%, production time lengthened to 13 weeks. When fertilization level was reduced to 0%, production time lengthened to 14 weeks. Increased fertilization from 0 to 100% of the standard level did not result in higher numbers of insecticide applications. All three insecticides (acephate, bifenthrin, and spinosad) were effective in keeping the thrips infestation below a predetermined level, five thrips per plant, but bifenthrin required the most number of applications to do so. For chrysanthemum, a fast-growing crop and heavy utilizer of fertilizer, fertilization influenced not only the population growth of pest insects but also plant production time. As a result, optimizing fertilization level to reduce pest population growth may be a useful tactic in an Integrated Pest Management program for managing F. occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. However, the effect of fertilization on production time and plant quality should also be considered when implementing this tactic.
Spin-valve RAM cell

This paper presents the design and the characteristics of a nonvolatile memory cell using giant magneto-resistance effects. Unlike other magnetic memory cells, the present cell design exploits the full /spl Delta/R of the spin valve material. A dc voltage difference between the two cell states of 30 mV range has been realized on a cell stripe only 6-microns long, making it compatible with the high-speed sensing schemes presently employed in silicon RAMs. The cell switches states in sub-nanoseconds. Its performance/density is close to that of the static RAM cell.
Ethanol sensitivity of BKCa channels from arterial smooth muscle does not require the presence of the β1-subunit

Ethanol inhibition of large-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels in aortic myocytes may contribute to the direct contraction of aortic smooth muscle produced by acute alcohol exposure. In...
Translation of the alzheimer amyloid precursor protein mRNA is up-regulated by interleukin-1 through 5'-untranslated region sequences.

The amyloid precursorprotein (APP) has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) because APP is processed into the β-peptide that accumulates in amyloid plaques, and APP gene mutations can cause early onset AD. Inflammation is also associated with AD as exemplified by increased expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in microglia in affected areas of the AD brain. Here we demonstrate that IL-1α and IL-1β increase APP synthesis by up to 6-fold in primary human astrocytes and by 15-fold in human astrocytoma cells without changing the steady-state levels of APP mRNA. A 90-nucleotide sequence in the APP gene 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) conferred translational regulation by IL-1α and IL-1β to a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Steady-state levels of transfected APP(5′-UTR)/CAT mRNAs were unchanged, whereas both base-line and IL-1-dependent CAT protein synthesis were increased. This APP mRNA translational enhancer maps from +55 to +144 nucleotides from the 5′-cap site and is homologous to related translational control elements in the 5′-UTR of the light and and heavy ferritin genes. Enhanced translation of APP mRNA provides a mechanism by which IL-1 influences the pathogenesis of AD.
Towards the automatic generation of mobile agents for distributed intrusion detection system

The Mobile Agent Intrusion Detection System (MAIDS) is an agent based distributed Intrusion Detection System (IDS). A disciplined requirement engineering process is developed to build MAIDS. The starting point is a high level description of intrusions expressed as Software Fault Trees (SFTs). Then the SFTs are translated to Colored Petri Nets (CPNs) that specify the IDS design. Subsequently, the CPNs are implemented as software intrusion detection agents in the MAIDS agent system. By using SFT and CPN as the theoretical underpinnings, the design and implementation of MAIDS can be verified and the design and implementation errors can be substantially reduced. This paper presents a tool that automatically translates CPNs that specify IDS design into software intrusion detection agents in MAIDS. Together with the translator we have developed to convert SFTs that model intrusions into the CPN for IDS design, this tool can automatically generate intrusion detection software agents from a high level description of intrusions.
Understanding Which Graph Depictions Are Best for Viewers

We use data from a study of three different graph depictions: node-link, centered matrix, and quilts to explore how pathfinding time is influenced by the graph structure, measured by the number of nodes, links, skips and layers. We use regressions to determine the influence of these attributes. Furthering this idea, we begin to explore how individual users navigate through graphs.
Cetacean distribution and abundance in relation to oceanographic domains on the eastern Bering Sea shelf, June and July of 2002, 2008, and 2010

As part of the Bering Sea Project, cetacean surveys were conducted to describe distribution and estimate abundance on the eastern Bering Sea shelf. Three marine mammal observers conducted visual surveys along transect lines sampled during the Alaska Fisheries Science Center walleye pollock assessment survey in June and July of 2008 and 2010. Distribution and abundance in 2008 and 2010 (cold years) are compared with results from a similar survey conducted in 2002 (a warm year), as the only three years that the entire survey area was sampled; patterns largely match those previously observed. Abundance estimates for comparable areas in 2002, 2008 and 2010 were as follows: humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae): 231 (CV ¼0.63), 436 (CV¼ 0.45), and 675 (CV ¼0.80); fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus): 419 (CV ¼0.33), 1368 (CV¼ 0.34), and 1061 (CV¼ 0.38); minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata): 389 (CV ¼ 0.52), 517 (CV¼ 0.69), and 2020 (CV¼ 0.73); Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli): 35,303 (CV ¼0.53), 14,543 (CV ¼0.32), and 11,143 (CV ¼ 0.32); and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): 1971 (CV ¼ 0.46), 4056 (CV¼ 0.40), and 833 (CV¼ 0.66). It should be noted that these abundance estimates are not corrected for biases due to perception, availability, or responsive movement. Estimates for humpback, fin and minke whales increased from 2002 to 2010, while those for harbor and Dall’s porpoise decreased; trends were significant for fin whales. It is likely that changes in estimated abundance are due at least in part to shifts in distribution and not just changes in overall population size. Annual abundance estimates were examined by oceanographic domain. Humpback whales were consistently concentrated in coastal waters north of Unimak Pass. Fin whales were broadly distributed in the outer domain and slope in 2008 and 2010, but sightings were sparse in 2002. Minke whales were distributed throughout the study area in 2002 and 2008, but in 2010 they were concentrated in the outer domain and slope. In 2002, Dall’s porpoise were sighted on the western edge of the middle domain and in the outer domain and slope, but shifted west out of the middle domain in 2008 and 2010. In 2002 and 2008, harbor porpoise were consistently found in the middle domain with scattered sightings in the outer domain and slope. In 2010, there was a multispecies aggregation between Navarin and Pervenets canyons. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Phylogeography of the supralittoral isopod Ligia occidentalis around the Point Conception marine biogeographical boundary

Aim The Point Conception (PC) biogeographical boundary is defined by a transition between cold northern and warm southern water masses, accompanied by shifts in numerous ecological and environmental parameters. While these factors can potentially contribute to the genetic differentiation of lineages whose distributions span this boundary, few organisms exhibit genetic signatures of restricted gene flow across this region. We examine the effects of the PC boundary and other potential dispersal barriers on phylogeographical patterns in the rocky supralittoral isopod Ligia occidentalis. This isopod has a limited dispersal potential, its distribution spans the PC region, and it exhibits high levels of allopatric genetic differentiation south of PC. Location Eastern Pacific coastline between southern Oregon and the Baja California Peninsula. Methods We conducted a thorough sampling of L. occidentalis from the PC area to its northern range limit in southern Oregon, and increased previous sampling coverage south of PC. We obtained sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S rDNA for the new localities and combined them with a previously published data set, resulting in a total of 58 sampling locations. We also obtained sequences of the nuclear gene sodium–potassium ATPase a-subunit (NaK). We conducted phylogenetic and population-genetic analyses. Results The geographical limit between the two most divergent clades of L. occidentalis (20–25% divergence for COI) distributed between southern Oregon and the Baja California Peninsula occurs at the PC biogeographical boundary. Levels of allopatric genetic divergences were greatly reduced north of PC (≤ 3.0% divergence for COI). Main conclusions The geographical limit between the two main L. occidentalis clades in California largely reflects the changes in sea surface temperature that define the PC biogeographical boundary. Reduced levels of genetic divergence among L. occidentalis lineages found north of PC suggest a recent expansion in the northern range of this isopod.
Clinical observation on differential effects of the trace elements selenium and copper during bovine embryo transfer

This field study was undertaken because previous studies indicated that deficiencies in selenium (Se) and/or copper (Cu) could negatively affect reproductive performance in cattle. Blood (EDTA) and serum were collected from 43 cows four weeks after embryo transfer at the time of pregnancy examination, and Se and Cu levels were measured. Mean blood Se and serum Cu levels were 0.1±0.07 ppm and 0.66±0.12 aeg/ml, respectively. Observed rate of successful pregnancy in recipient cows (termed pregnancy rate in this paper) was decreased with low or marginal blood Se concentrations (P=0.02), but serum Cu concentrations had no influence on pregnancy rate. While embryos of quality 1 or 2 had an equivalent pregnancy rate and the two sires used had no effect on pregnancy rate, a significant effect of donor cow on the pregnancy rate in recipients was observed (P=0.03). If the donor effect was included in the analysis, recipient cows with low or marginal blood Se concentration tended to have reduced embryo transfer efficacy (P=0.08).
Environmental drivers of microbial community shifts in the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta, over a shallow to mesophotic depth gradient.

The giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta, is a high microbial abundance sponge found on Caribbean coral reefs along shallow to mesophotic depth gradients where multiple abiotic factors change with depth. Sponges were collected along a depth gradient at Little Cayman (LC) and Lee Stocking Island (LSI), and the microbiome of these samples was analysed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Statistically significant shifts in community structure and dissimilarity (∼ 40%) were detected from 10 to 90 m in LC sponges, but a similar shift was not identified in sponges from 10 to 60 m at LSI (only 17% dissimilar). Additionally, inorganic nutrient levels steadily increased with depth at LSI but not at LC. Based on bulk stable isotopic variability, sponges collected from LC were generally more enriched in (15) N and less enriched in (13) C as depth increased, suggesting a transition from dependency on photoautotrophy to heterotrophy as depth increased. Patterns of stable isotopic enrichment were largely invariant at LSI, which is also reflected in the more stable microbial community along the depth gradient. It appears that environmental factors that change with depth may contribute to differences in X. muta microbial assemblages, demonstrating the importance of contemporaneous environmental sampling in studies of the microbiome of sponges.
Edge enhancement control in linear arrays of ungated field emitters

In arrays of ungated field emitters, the field enhancement factor of each emitter decreases as the distance between the emitters decreases, an effect known as screening. At the edge of these arrays, emitters experience reduced screening, leading to higher field enhancement factors than emitters at the array center, causing nonuniform emission across the array. Here, we consider this effect in linear arrays of ungated field emitters spaced at distances comparable to their heights, which is the regime that generally maximizes their average current density. A Line Charge Model is used to assess the degree to which these edge effects propagate into the array interior, and to study the impact of varying the height, location, and tip radius of emitters at the ends of an array on the edge enhancement. It is shown that each of these techniques can accomplish this edge enhancement control, but each has advantages and disadvantages that will be discussed.
Developing Web-based Tutorial Modules to Support Training for Group-based Mentoring

This paper describes the development and implementation of a series of interactive online modules that serve as the core component of a mentor training program for middle school teachers in the Botball® Educational Robotics Program. Botball is an international team-based robotics competition for secondary students. Over the course of a season, students work together to design, build, and program a robot that will meet a particular challenge. Teachers play a critical role in this process as team mentors, but there is currently no mentor training available that is easily accessible to teachers in a variety of geographic locations. To meet this need, and as part of a larger research study, three STEM educators at a US Midwestern university created five Web-based modules designed to introduce users to the fundamentals of group mentoring. These research-based tutorials provide on-demand distance training that is engaging and reflective. We will discuss formative evaluation of the training gleaned from responses to open-ended survey questions given to the initial group of 33 teachers who piloted the modules as well as from interactive webinars offered throughout the training.
Congenital cardiac surgery fellowship training: A status update

Abstract Background In 2007, congenital cardiac surgery became a recognized fellowship by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and leads to board certification through the American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS). We highlight the strengths and weaknesses in the current system of accredited training. Methods Data were collected from program directors, the ACGME, and the ABTS. In addition, surveys were sent to training program graduates. Topics included program accreditation status, number of fellows trained per year and per program, match results, fellow operative experience, fellow satisfaction, and post-fellowship employment status. Results There are twelve active accredited fellowship programs, and 44 trainees have completed accredited training. Each active program has trained a median of 3 fellows (range: 0-7). Operative logs were obtained from 38 of 44 (86%) graduates. The median number of total cases (minimum 75) was 136 (range: 75-236). For complex neonates (minimum 5), the median number of cases was 6 (range: 2-17). Some fellows failed to meet the minimum requirements. Thirty-six (82%) graduates responded to the survey; most were satisfied with their overall operative experience, but less with their neonatal operative experience. Of this total, 84% are currently practicing congenital cardiac surgery, and 74% secured jobs prior to completing their residency. Conclusions Since 2007, congenital cardiac surgery training has been accredited by the ACGME. In general, the training is uniform, the operative experience is robust, and the fellows are satisfied. Although shortcomings remain, this study highlights the many strengths of the current system.
Multilevel Control

The optimal control of complex multivariable systems poses a great many problems for the control engineer. Among the most difficult of these is the computational problem. An attempt is made here to lay foundations for a control theory based on a plan of attack utilized by human organizations for centuries; namely, notions of division of labor and co-ordination. The usefulness of these concepts is examined via a number of mathematical models.
Effect of glutamate on the formation of mixed disulfides by plasma proteins in vivo.

SummaryThe administration of glutamate to rats decreases the rate of reaction between labeled cystine and the sulfhydryl groups of plasma globulins to form mixed disulfides. The rupture of these mixed disul-fides bridges also appears to be inhibited by glutamate.
Advances in Molecular Serotyping and Subtyping of Escherichia coli

E. coli plays an important role as a member of the gut microbiota; however, pathogenic strains also exist, including various diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli that cause illness outside of the GI-tract. E. coli have traditionally been serotyped using antisera against the ca. 186 O-antigens and 53 H-flagellar antigens. Phenotypic methods, including bacteriophage typing and O- and H- serotyping for differentiating and characterizing E. coli have been used for many years; however, these methods are generally time consuming and not always accurate. Advances in next generation sequencing technologies have made it possible to develop genetic-based subtyping and molecular serotyping methods for E. coli, which are more discriminatory compared to phenotypic typing methods. Furthermore, whole genome sequencing (WGS) of E. coli is replacing established subtyping methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), providing a major advancement in the ability to investigate food-borne disease outbreaks and for trace-back to sources. A variety of sequence analysis tools and bioinformatic pipelines are being developed to analyze the vast amount of data generated by WGS and to obtain specific information such as O- and H-group determination and the presence of virulence genes and other genetic markers.
Research of Electric Energy Metering under Harmonic Condition

Traditional harmonic power metering always focuses on harmonic active power,which actually has a very low proportion in the total apparent power,so it is not enough to evaluate the impact of harmonics on the whole power by using the harmonic active power only.This paper proposes a new method for evaluating harmonic power based on IEEE1459-2000,uses a set of harmonic index of power including harmonic apparent power and harmonic pollution factor to represent the influence of the harmonics on the power from the point of the apparent power,and discusses the application of those two indicators on harmonic power meter.Finally, the simulation results show that,comparing with the harmonic active power,the harmonic distortion apparent power including current distortion power,voltage distortion power,harmonic active power and reactive power,reflects more the impact on the total power; current distortion rate is approximately equal to the harmonic pollution factor to a certain extent,but the harmonic pollution factor has less distortion in the condition of low load,it reflects more the overall situation of electric power harmonic pollution.
THE ALKALOIDS OF ASPIDOSPERMA DISCOLOR A. DC.

VonAspidosperma discolor A. DC. wurden drei Alkaloide (I, II, III) der Aspidospermin-Art isoliert, deren Struktur durch massenspektroskopische und Kernresonanzmessungen bewiesen wurde.
Enhanced Immune Response in the Urinary Tract of the Rat Following Vaginal Immunization

The immune response in the rat urinary tract was assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulins following vaginal immunization and subsequent intravesical challenge with live E. coli 06. Vaginally immunized rats showed a strong and rapid bladder immune response following intravesical challenge, in contrast to nonimmunized control rats. The immune response was localized to the urinary tract in that antibody to E. coli 06 was not detected in serum, saliva and vaginal washes from immunized rats.
Fetal monitoring in high-risk pregnancy.

Definition of the limitations of older techniques of fetal monitoring precedes a more detailed discussion of newer modes of fetal surveillance, including fetal cardiotachometry, fetal blood sampling, and fetal stress testing.
Incidence of Modern Alumina Ceramic and Alumina Matrix Composite Femoral Head Failures in Nearly 6 Million Hip Implants

Abstract Background Because of improvements in ceramic materials and manufacturing, the incidence of ceramic failures has decreased over time. Recent concerns with corrosion have contributed to an increase in ceramic ball head utilization. The purpose of this study is to report the incidence of modern alumina bearing failures from a single major ceramic manufacturer in nearly 6 million hip implants and to identify trends in the modes of failure of these implants. Methods Beginning in the year 2000, CeramTec AG (Plochingen, Germany) began a comprehensive program for reporting and gathering failure data on its products. From January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2013, over 3.2 million pure alumina (PA) and 2.78 million alumina matrix composite (AMC) ceramic ball heads were implanted worldwide. During this period, there were 672 PA and 28 AMC femoral head fractures. The fractures were analyzed with respect to time to failure, head size, and implant factors. Results The incidence of clinical fractures of modern PA femoral heads and AMC femoral heads was 1 in 5000 (0.0201%) and 1 in 100,000 (0.0010%), respectively ( P P P P Conclusion Modern PA ceramic heads are reliable with extremely low risk of fracture. The reliability is even better with AMC heads.
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease and Gadolinium MRI

Gadolinium-enhanced MRI was used to determine the frequency and distribution of CNS lesions in 50 patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Disease (VHL) at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; University of Louisville, KY; and the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.
Differences in outcome of patients with syncytial variant Hodgkin lymphoma compared with typical nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma.

Background:Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma (NS-HL) is the most common subtype of HL and usually has a good prognosis. A variant of NS, the syncytial variant (SV) has well-established histopathol...
How Reading Difficulties Develop: Perspectives from a Longitudinal Study

Despite the great current concern with the nature and treatment of reading disabilities, we know surprisingly lttle about how and when these disabilities first become apparent. We are also singularly ignorant of how reading processes change in the course of development. This chapter attempts to respond to these important gaps in our knowledge by reporting on part of an extensive body of longitudinal data collected on several cohorts of children as they progressed through their primary grade reading programs.
Book Review: Copyright and E-learning: A Guide for Practitioners. Jane Secker, with Chris Morrison.

This review discusses the book Copyright and E-learning: A Guide for Practitioners by Jane Secker with Chris Morrison.
Optically Induced Correlated Phase in CaKFe 4 As 4 Superconductor

Ultrafast correlation phenomena is studied on a newly discovered, 1144-type superconductor CaKFe 4 As 4 for the first time. Broadband spectral-temporal visualization follows distinct pair breaking processes and reveal, strikingly, the build-up of a hidden correlated quasiparticle phase with an estimated gap of ∼10 meV.
Hospitalists as Integral Stakeholders in Antimicrobial Stewardship

The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of the hospitalist in antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), to offer antimicrobial stewardship strategies that hospitalists can implement, to discuss opportunities for hospitalists to serve as educators on stewardship practices, and to offer resources for hospitalists to gain further training in antimicrobial stewardship. Antimicrobial stewardship is vital to combat antibiotic resistance, and effective stewardship requires a multidisciplinary approach. Antimicrobial stewardship programs have typically included infectious disease specialists and pharmacists and, traditionally, have been limited to larger academic centers. With the 2017 Joint Commission standards requiring ASPs in all hospitals, there is increasing need for involvement of additional bedside stewards. Hospitalists care for a majority of inpatients allowing them to collaborate with traditional ASPs or lead new stewardship efforts. Hospitalists should engage in current antimicrobial stewardship programs and can also serve as leaders in program development in resource-limited settings. Methods of engagement include assisting with recruitment of multidisciplinary personnel, participating in current stewardship committees and protocol development, and leading educational efforts on antimicrobial stewardship strategies. Antimicrobial stewardship metrics such as length of stay, readmission rates, and mortality are parallel to metrics used by hospital medicine groups and unifying efforts will, ideally, result in improved patient outcomes as well as reduction in antibiotic resistance.
Magnetic Characterization of Semi-Amorphous Nickel on Alumina Dispersions: Correlations with their Methanation and Chemisorption Activities

Commercial samples of semiamorphous nickel supported on alumina, typically used as methanation catalysts have been characterized by using magnetization (σ) versus field (up to 20 KOe) and temperature (77–600 K) type curves and by electron microscopy. Hysteresis curves yielded coercive force (Hc) remanence (Ir) and saturation magnetizations (σs), following heat treatment of the catalysts between 400–700°C. These parameters are interpreted in terms of the following properties of constituent particles: (a) superparamagnetic (b) single-domain anisotropic and (c) multi-domain. Needlelike “b” and “c” type particles are formed when a sample A with 43 wt % of Ni is heated to about 600 and above 650°C respectively. Another sample B with a higher loading of Ni (67 wt %) consisted of a larger fraction of “a” type particles which on heat treatment increased Hc and σ (sat) as expected, but was more thermally resistant to the formation of “c” type particles. Unlike sample A, B did not show a significant decrease in the methanation activity upon the formation of “c” type particles. The methanation reaction CO + 3H2 → CH4 +H2O was followed using standard gas chromatographic techniques. The distribution of the superparamagnetic particles in the presence of multi-domain particles in various heat treated samples has been calculated and shown to correlate well with their hydrogen chemisorption activities.
Sorting and Recycling of Cell Surface Receptors and Endocytosed Ligands

With a few exceptions, receptor-mediated endocytosis of specific ligands is mediated through clustering of receptor-ligand complexes in coated pits on the cell surface followed by internalization of the complex into endocytic vesicles. During this process, ligand-receptor dissociation occurs, most probably in a low-pH prelysosomal compartment. In most cases, the ligand is ultimately directed to the lysosomes, wherein it is degraded, while the receptor recycles to the cell surface.