cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Odyssey of Senior Public Service: What Memoirs Can Teach Us

This article examines the political, psychological, and moral challenges of senior public service in the executive office. The study uses memoirs published by members of the Clinton administration. The memoirs discuss the consistent background conditions of senior public service as the personality of the chief executive, the vagaries of election cycles, the tension between staff and agency executives, and the role of the media. Senior executives adopt a number of stances to address the tension between the realities of public service and the ideals they bring. The memoirs suggest several stances, such as politics as original sin, seduction, hard work and compromise, and game. The memoirs demonstrate the high cumulative cost that public service exacts on the health and personal lives of senior officials. Finally, the study reveals a number of consistent themes about how senior appointed public officials can navigate the dilemmas and challenges of senior public service at all levels of government.
A gold-catalyzed unique cycloisomerization of 1,5-enynes: efficient formation of 1-carboxycyclohexa-1,4-dienes and carboxyarenes.

A novel Au-catalyzed migratory cycloisomerization strategy is advanced. Implementation of this strategy led to the development of a unique Au-catalyzed 1,5-enyne cycloisomerizatioin involving carboxy migration and Au-mediated C−C single bond formation. 1-Carboxycyclohexa-1,4-dienes and carboxyarenes can be prepared with good efficiency and with flexible substitution patterns.
The Metallicities of Low Stellar Mass Galaxies and the Scatter in the Mass-Metallicity Relation

In this investigation, we quantify the metallicities of low-mass galaxies by constructing the most comprehensive census to date. We use galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and DEEP2 survey and estimate metallicities from their optical emission lines. We also use two smaller samples from the literature that have metallicities determined by the direct method using the temperature sensitive [O III]λ4363 line. We examine the scatter in the local mass-metallicity (MZ) relation determined from ~20,000 star-forming galaxies in the SDSS and show that it is larger at lower stellar masses, consistent with the theoretical scatter in the MZ relation determined from hydrodynamical simulations. We determine a lower limit for the scatter in metallicities of galaxies down to stellar masses of ~107 M ☉ which is only slightly smaller than the expected scatter inferred from the SDSS MZ relation and significantly larger than what has been previously established in the literature. The average metallicity of star-forming galaxies increases with stellar mass. By examining the scatter in the SDSS MZ relation, we show that this is mostly due to the lowest metallicity galaxies. The population of low-mass, metal-rich galaxies have properties that are consistent with previously identified galaxies that may be transitional objects between gas-rich dwarf irregulars and gas-poor dwarf spheroidals and ellipticals.
Ownership Structure as a Determinant of Firm Value: Evidence from Newly Privatized Czech Firms

Using a sample of 988 newly privatized Czech firms, with part of the ownership structure exogenously determined prior to voucher privatization, we find that share values are positively related with the ownership stakes of foreigners, insiders, and restituents. While the findings for foreigners and insiders can be attributed to their superior ability to identify more profitable firms, we interpret the findings on restituents as evidence of the beneficial effect of blockholdings. On the other hand, we find that the ownership of the fund with the largest stake is not significantly related with share value, suggesting that the value of external blocks depends on the identity of the owner. However, when the fund is also the largest blockholder in the firm, it has an adverse effect on share value. The negative effect of the dominant block owned by a fund is mitigated when a bank sponsors the fund. Although funds are legally separated from their sponsoring institutions, bank-sponsored funds may nevertheless have inherited a better access to the innards of these firms, and may be in a better position to monitor them.
Beam propagation method applied to a step discontinuity in dielectric planar waveguides

The power transmission and the loss at an abrupt discontinuity in planar guides are calculated numerically using the beam propagation method (BPM) for the TE modes. Discontinuities include changes in core thickness and refractive index. Symmetric and asymmetric waveguides are considered. Comparison of results with those obtained by other techniques shows general agreement. >
Genetics of atrial fibrillation

In the past decade, the perception of atrial fibrillation (AF) has changed from that of a predominantly sporadic disease with rare familial subtypes to that of a condition with widespread heritability. The main reason for this paradigm shift has been evidence from epidemiological studies demonstrating that AF in the general population is heritable. In recent years, advances in genotyping technology have uncovered novel biological pathways that may underlie the common forms of AF. Research is ongoing to further characterize these pathways. In this chapter, we describe current molecular genetic approaches to the investigation of AF and outline the evidence for the involvement of susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of the arrhythmia.
Tripletless unification in the conformal window

A product SU(5) × Sp(4) grand unified model is proposed with no fundamental Higgs fields transforming under SU(5). Higgs doublets are instead embedded into a four dimensional representation of the Sp(4) gauge group, and hence there is no doublet-triplet splitting problem because there are no triplets. The Sp(4) group contains enough matter to lie in the conformal window, causing its gauge coupling to flow to a strongly-coupled infrared fixed-point at low energy, naturally preserving gauge coupling unification to percent level accuracy. Yukawa couplings, including the top, arise through dimension five operators that are enhanced by the large anomalous dimension of the Higgs fields. Proton decay mediated by dimension five operators is absent at the perturbative level. It reappears, however, non-perturbatively due to Sp(4) instantons but the rate is suppressed by a high power of the ratio of the dynamical scale to the unification scale. With gravity- or gaugino-mediated supersymmetry breaking, non-universal gaugino masses are predicted, satisfying specific one-loop renormalization group invariant relations. These predictions should be easily testable with the LHC and a linear collider.
Initial optical results for the ChaMPlane Survey

We present initial, and representative, optical results from the Chandra Multiwavelength Plane (ChaMPlane) Survey (see paper by Grindlay et al. in this Volume). ChaMPlane is a project to identify a large sample of serendipitous X-ray sources in deep galactic plane fields imaged by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in order to determine the populations of accretion-powered binaries in the Galaxy. The primary goal of ChaMPlane is to identify Cataclysmic Variables (CVs) and quiescent Low Mass X-ray Binaries (qLMXBs), in order to constrain and ultimately measure their number and space density luminosity functions. The secondary objectives are to determine the Be High-Mass X-ray Binary (BeHMXB) content and stellar coronal source density in the Galactic Plane.
Synthesis of benzyl substituted naphthalenes from benzylidene tetralones

A convenient and efficient synthesis of novel highly substituted dimethoxybenzylnaphthalenes, which are precursors to several dihydroxynaphthoic acids, is described. The approach involves the use of aldol chemistry to provide a number of benzylidene tetralones, which are converted to the target naphthalenes in three steps, with good to excellent yields. Grignard reaction of intermediate benzyl tetralones provided 1-substituted benzyl naphthalenes. The reported synthesis is flexible and scalable and provides access to naphthalenes having a variety of substitution patterns. These benzyl substituted naphthalenes are being converted to naphthoic acids and the bioactivities of these compounds are currently being investigated.
A silicon p- n junction transducer

Abstract A simple silicon p − n junction cantilever stress transducer is described. The device uses the anisotropic stress effect in p − n junctions. Previous designs use styli or other additional members for applying force to small areas to achieve the necessary high stress concentration. The cantilever stress transducer achieves this by the proper geometry without additional members. The force concentration is achieved by a sharp notch immediately below the p − n junction. The cantilever is fixed on one side and the force applied to the other end. Bending occurs only in the thin area above the notch thus creating the high stress. Sensitivity to bending is achieved only when mechanical damage is produced at the surface of the shallow junction in a controlled fashion. Diode reverse current of the p − n junction is increased by bending in one direction and decreased by bending in the other. The relationship between bending force and current change is linear up to a moment of 1600 dyn-cm in either bending direction. The device responds to moments as low as a few mdyn-cm. No initial stress of the device is required. Results of the doping level (resistivity) on the sensitivity of the device are given. The device can be fabricated in various geometries and thus adjusted to different displacement values as well as sensitivities. Maximum sensitivity to date using this device configuration is 0·16 μA/dyn-cm-V. Different applications for the device are discussed.
Application of DSN Spacecraft Tracking Technology to Experimental Gravitation

Spacecraft tracking technology of the Deep Space Net (DSN) has been used in the past to measure the general-relativistic increase in round-trip group delay between earth and a spacecraft. As the DSN technology continues to improve, other gravitational experiments will become possible. Two possibilities are discussed in this paper. The first concerns the application of solar-system dynamics to the testing of general relativity. The second involves the detection of VLF gravitational radiation (0.1 to 0.0001 Hz) by means of Doppler tracking of spacecraft.
On the Implementation and Use of Ada on Fault-Tolerant Distributed Systems

In this paper, we discuss the use of Ada® on distributed systems in which failure of processors has to be tolerated. We assume that tasks are the primary object of distribution, and that communication between tasks on separate processors will take place using the facilities of the Ada language. It would be possible to build a separate set of facilities for communication between processors, and to treat the software on each machine as a separate program. This is unnecessary and undesirable. In addition, the Ada language Reference Manual states specifically that a system consisting of communicating processors with private memories is suitable for executing an Ada program.
On datastore support for agile software development

Most database-base applications support two main sets of features: customer facing transactional capabilities such as purchasing books at an online bookstore and functionality required by managers and business analysts such as identifying trends in sales data by combing through aggregated sales data. The conventional approach of having just one main database to support both features greatly restrict developers freedom in applying the best approach to quickly implement new features, to enhance existing features, or to mend defects because any attempt in changing database schema means code and test cases modifications in many places and may even require a large amount of effort in testing. Such an inherited resistance in changing introduced by data store does not fit the evolutionary development nature of Agile software development methodology. We argue that we should consider having at least two databases: one support transactional capabilities and the other support reporting and possible data warehouse needs, and will show how such an approach supports the Agile software development methodology.
Scrape‐Off Layer Turbulence Theory and Simulations

Significant investigations in the area of scrape-off layer (SOL) turbulence theory and simulations are reviewed. The review begins with description and derivation of the various models investigating specific linear modes as well as a discussion of the region of validity. Special attention is focused on various low-frequency electromagnetic drift-types modes in an x-point divertor geometry, which are generally believed to be relevant under normal operating conditions for current and future large fusion devices. Benchmarks of linear ballooning codes with nonlinear 3D fluid code will be given. The anomalous transport from simulations and mixing length estimates are discussed` and a summary of relevant experimental results as well as empirical values in the transport codes are given. Studies of mechanisms for the L-H transition due to turbulent transport in the SOL and its impact on the the H-mode power threshold are also surveyed.
Effects of the intergalactic plasma on supernova dimming via photon-axion oscillations

We have recently proposed a mechanism of photon–axion oscillations as a way of rendering supernovae dimmer without cosmic acceleration. Subsequently, it has been argued that the intergalactic plasma may interfere adversely with this mechanism by rendering the oscillations energy dependent. Here we show that this energy dependence is extremely sensitive to the precise value of the free electron density in the Universe. Decreasing the electron density by only a factor of 4 is already sufficient to bring the energy dependence within the experimental bounds. Models of the intergalactic medium show that for redshifts z<1 about 97% of the total volume of space is filled with regions of density significantly lower than the average density. From these models we estimate that the average electron density in most of space is lower by at least a factor of 15 compared to the estimate based on one half of all baryons being uniformly distributed and ionized. Therefore the energy dependence of the photon–axion oscillations is consistent with experiment, and the oscillation model remains a viable alternative to the accelerating Universe for explaining the supernova observations. Furthermore, the electron density does give rise to a sufficiently large plasma frequency which cuts off the photon–axion mixing above microwave frequencies, shielding the cosmic microwave photons from axion conversions and significantly relaxing the lower bounds on the axion mass implied by the oscillation model.
Baryogenesis with Four-Fermion Operators in Low-Scale Models

We describe a nonstandard proposal for baryogenesis in models with a low ((10 – 100)TeV) fundamental scale. The scenario has Standard Model field content and enhanced baryon number violating operators deriving from time-dependent fermion localization in an extra dimension. The CKM matrix provides sufficient CP violation. The major constraints are the low reheating temperature and rate of perturbative B-violating reactions compared to the total entropy created. A sufficient baryon fraction may arise, but the cosmological evolution required is likely to be somewhat contrived. Based on work in collaboration with D.J.H. Chung.
The quantum differential equation of the Hilbert scheme of points in the plane

We discuss here basic properties of the quantum differential equation of the Hilbert scheme of points in the plane. Our emphasis is on intertwining operators (which shift equivariant parameters) and their applications. In particular, we obtain an exact solution to the connection problem from the Donaldson-Thomas point q = 0 to the Gromov-Witten point q = -1.
Generalized Heisenberg relation and quantum harmonic oscillators

We study the consequences of the generalized Heisenberg uncertainty relation which admits a minimal uncertainty in length such as the case in a theory of quantum gravity. In particular, the theory of quantum harmonic oscillators arising from such a generalized uncertainty relation is examined. We demonstrate that all the standard properties of the quantum harmonic oscillators prevail when we employ a generalized momentum. We also show that quantum electrodynamics and coherent photon states can be described in the familiar standard manner despite the generalized uncertainty principle.
Antibody-catalyzed rearrangement of the peptide bond

The generation of antibodies from a bifunctional cyclic phosphinate transition-state analog provided agents capable of efficiently catalyzing both steps of the overall conversion of a substrate containing an asparaginyl-glycyl sequence through a succinimide intermediate to the products aspartyl-glycyl and the rearranged isoaspartyl-glycyl sequence. This reaction provides a potential means in addition to amide cleavage for the deactivation of protein or peptide biological functions in vivo.
THE WONDERFUL WORLD OF WALLYWOOD.

This paper presents a personal account of the scientific and professional adventures of Walter Greiner. It is based on an "after dinner talk" given for the celebration of his 70'th birthday held at the Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies on April 3-6, 2006.
Scheduling in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks With Topology and Channel-State Uncertainty

We study throughput-optimal scheduling in mobile ad hoc networks with time-varying (fading) channels. Traditional back-pressure algorithms (based on the work by Tassiulas and Ephremides) require instantaneous network state (topology, queues-lengths, and fading channel-state) in order to make scheduling/routing decisions. However, such instantaneous network-wide (global) information is hard to come by in practice, especially when mobility induces a time-varying topology. With information delays and a lack of global network state, different mobile nodes have differing “views” of the network, thus inducing uncertainty and inconsistency across mobile nodes in their topology knowledge and network state information. In such a setting, we first characterize the throughput-optimal rate region and develop a back-pressure-like scheduling algorithm, which we show is throughput-optimal. Then, by randomly partitioning the geographic region spatially into disjoint and interference-free sub-areas, and sharing delayed topology and network state information only among nearby mobile nodes, we develop a localized low-complexity scheduling algorithm. The algorithm uses instantaneous local information (the queue length, channel state and current position at a mobile node) along with delayed network state information from nearby nodes (i.e., from nodes that were within a nearby geographic region as opposed to network-wide information). The proposed algorithm is shown to be near-optimal, where the geographic distance over which delayed network-state information is shared determines the provable lower bound on the achievable throughput.
Doppler Shifts and Broadening and the Structure of the X-Ray Emission from Algol

In a study of Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating spectra of Algol, we clearly detect Doppler shifts caused by the orbital motion of Algol B. These data provide the first definitive proof that the X-ray emission of Algol is dominated by the secondary, in concordance with expectations that the primary B8 component should be X-ray-dark. However, the measured Doppler shifts are slightly smaller than might be expected, implying an effective orbital semimajor axis of about 10 R☉ instead of 11.5 R☉ for the Algol B center of mass. This could be caused by a small contribution of Algol A, possibly through accretion, to the observed X-ray flux, in which case such a contribution does not exceed 10%-15%. We suggest that the more likely explanation is an asymmetric corona biased toward the system center of mass by the tidal distortion of the surface of Algol B. A detailed analysis of the profiles of the strongest lines indicates the presence of excess line broadening amounting to approximately 150 km s-1 above that expected from thermal motion and surface rotation. Possible explanations for this additional broadening include turbulence, flows or explosive events, or rotational broadening from a radially extended corona. We favor the latter scenario and infer that a significant component of the corona at temperatures less than 107 K has a scale height of order the stellar radius. This interpretation is supported by the shape of the X-ray light curve and tentative detection of a shallow dip at secondary eclipse. We also examine the O VII intercombination and forbidden lines in a Low Energy Transmission Grating Spectrograph observation and find no change in their relative line fluxes as the system goes from quadrature to primary eclipse. Since these lines appear to be strongly affected by UV irradiation from Algol A through radiative excitation of the 2 3S → 2 3P transition, this supports the conjecture that the corona of Algol B at temperatures of several million kelvins must be significantly extended and/or located toward the poles to avoid being shadowed from Algol A during primary eclipse.
Metallo-intercalators and metallo-insertors

Since the elucidation of the structure of double helical DNA, the construction of small molecules that recognize and react at specific DNA sites has been an area of considerable interest. In particular, the study of transition metal complexes that bind DNA with specificity has been a burgeoning field. This growth has been due in large part to the useful properties of metal complexes, which possess a wide array of photophysical attributes and allow for the modular assembly of an ensemble of recognition elements. Here we review recent experiments in our laboratory aimed at the design and study of octahedral metal complexes that bind DNA non-covalently and target reactions to specific sites. Emphasis is placed both on the variety of methods employed to confer site-specificity and upon the many applications for these complexes. Particular attention is given to the family of complexes recently designed that target single base mismatches in duplex DNA through metallo-insertion.
High Levels of Circularly Polarized Emission from the Radio Jet in NGC 1275 (3C 84)

We present multifrequency, high-resolution, Very Long Baseline Array circular polarization images of the radio source 3C 84 in the center of NGC 1275. Our images reveal a complex distribution of circular polarization in the inner parsec of the radio jet, with local levels exceeding 3% polarization, the highest yet detected with VLBI techniques. The circular polarization changes sign along the jet, making 3C 84 also the first radio jet to show both signs of circular polarization simultaneously. The spectrum and changing sign of the circular polarization indicate that it is unlikely to be purely intrinsic to the emitted synchrotron radiation. The Faraday conversion process makes a significant and perhaps dominant contribution to the circular polarization, and the observed spectrum suggests that the conversion process is near saturation. The sign change in the circular polarization along the jet may result from this saturation or may be due to a change in magnetic field order after an apparent bend in the jet. From the small spatial scales probed here, 0.15 pc, and the comparably high levels of circular polarization inferred for the intraday variable source PKS 1519-273, we suggest a connection between small spatial scales and efficient production of circular polarization.
RXTE, ROSAT, and ASCA Observations of G347.3–0.5 (RX J1713.7–3946): Probing Cosmic-Ray Acceleration by a Galactic Shell-Type Supernova Remnant

We present an analysis of the X-ray spectrum of the Galactic shell-type supernova remnant (SNR) G347.3-0.5 (RX J1713.7-3946). This SNR is a member of a growing class of dynamically young, shell-type SNRs that emit nonthermal X-rays from specific regions on their outer shells. By performing a joint spectral analysis of data from observations made of G347.3-0.5 using the ROSAT PSPC, the ASCA GIS, and the RXTE PCA, we have fitted the spectra of particular regions of this SNR (including the bright northwestern and southwestern rims, the northeast rim, and the interior diffuse emission) over the approximate energy range of 0.5-30 keV. We find that fits to the spectra of this SNR over this energy range using the SRCUT model were superior to a simple power-law model or the SRESC model. We also find that the inclusion of a thermal model with the SRCUT model helps to improve the fit to the observed X-ray spectrum: this represents the first detection of thermal X-ray emission from G347.3-0.5. Thermal emission appears to be more clearly associated with the diffuse emission in the interior of the SNR than with the bright X-ray-emitting rims. A weak emission feature seen near 6.4 keV in the RXTE PCA spectrum most likely originates from diffuse X-ray emission from the surrounding Galactic ridge rather than from G347.3-0.5 itself. We have analyzed our RXTE PCA data to search for pulsations from a recently discovered radio pulsar (PSR J1713-3949) which may be associated with G347.3-0.5, and we do not detect any X-ray pulsations at the measured radio period of 392 ms. Using the best-fit parameters obtained from the SRCUT model, we estimate the maximum energy of cosmic-ray electrons accelerated by the rims of G347.3-0.5 to be 36-48 TeV (assuming a magnetic field strength of B = 10 μG). We present a broadband (radio to γ-ray) photon energy-flux spectrum for the northwestern rim of G347.3-0.5, where we have fitted the spectrum using a more sophisticated synchrotron-inverse Compton model with a variable magnetic field strength. Our fit derived from this model yields a maximum energy of only 8.8 TeV for the accelerated cosmic-ray electrons and a much greater magnetic field strength of 150 μG; however, our derived ratio of volumes for TeV emission and X-ray emission based on this fit, VTeV/VX-ray ≈ 1000, is too large to be physically acceptable. We argue that neither nonthermal bremsstrahlung nor neutral pion particle decay can adequately explain the TeV emission from this rim, and therefore the physical process responsible for this emission at this site is currently uncertain. Finally, we compare the gross properties of G347.3-0.5 with other SNRs known to possess X-ray spectra dominated by nonthermal emission.
Productivity of Spanish verb–noun compounds: Patterns of metonymy and metaphor

This study examines Spanish verb–noun compounds in terms of the role played by, and the relationship between, metonymy and metaphor in generating them. After exploring different referent types denoted by Spanish verb–noun compounds such as instrument, agent, place, plant, animal/insect, and causer event, sample examples are analyzed in each referent type for their conceptualization patterns. The analytical tools are based on the notion of domain-internal and domain-external conceptual mappings for metonymy and metaphor, respectively, as well as on the model proposed in the Combined Input Hypothesis for the analysis of metaphors involving multiple inputs. The analysis of the data shows that there are at least four metonymic and metaphoric patterns involved in Spanish verb–noun compounds and that these patterns are productive. The four patters are: (i) only metonymy is involved; (ii) target-in-source metonymy is derived from metaphor; (iii) metaphor is derived from target-in-source metonymy, and (iv) metonymy is derived from a metaphor which is derived from metonymy. This study proposes that these four types of metonymic and metaphoric patterns mediate the production of novel Spanish verb–noun compounds. The implication of this finding is that the more complex the cognitive operations involved in verb–noun compounds, the less predictable the meaning of the compound will be for the language users who first hear them; but once learnt, the meaning of the compound is stored as a whole unit in their mental lexicon. An analysis of a larger corpus of data in future studies will reveal a more comprehensive picture of the relational patterns involved in Spanish verb–noun compounds.
The Roles of Credibility and Social Consciousness in the Corporate Philanthropy-Consumer Behavior Relationship

The attention paid to the influence of organizational philanthropy on consumer responses has precipitated a shift in the role this practice plays in organizational dynamics—with philanthropy becoming an increasingly strategic marketing tool. The authors develop and test a model predicting that: (1) perceived organizational credibility will mediate the relationship between awareness of philanthropy and the outcomes of advocacy and financial sacrifice; (2) consumer social consciousness will moderate the relationship between awareness of philanthropy and firm credibility, and between credibility and the outcome variables; and (3) these moderated relationships will be mediated by perceived credibility. Data obtained from a sample of professional golf patrons support our assertions. Notably, the findings implicate perceived credibility as a key intervening variable in the hypothesized relationships for the PGA Tour.
Immiserized growth in liberalized agriculture

Abstract This paper offers a simple model that reconciles rivalrous claims about liberalization's impact on low-income agrarian economies; growth can accompany smallholder welfare reduction. The model developed here reverses the causality of Bhagwati's immiserizing growth model:price shocks cause welfare effects that drive output response, rather than output shocks causing price shocks and then welfare effects, as in the trade theoretic original. Immiserized growth seems a plausible explanation for some important cases — e.g. the Malagasay case considered here — in which liberalization appears to have engendered both real agricultural growth and heightened food security stress among smallholder food producers.
The Dependence of Globular Cluster Number on Density for Abell Cluster Central Galaxies

A study of the globular cluster systems of 23 brightest, or central, galaxies in 19 Abell clusters has recently been completed (Blakeslee 1997). This letter presents some of the newly discovered correlations of the globular cluster specific frequency SN in these galaxies with other galaxy and cluster properties and puts forth an interpretation of these results. SN is found to correlate strongly with measures of the cluster density, such as the velocity dispersion of the cluster galaxies and the cluster X-ray temperature and luminosity (especially "local" X-ray luminosity). Within a cluster, galaxies at smaller projected distances from the X-ray center are found to have higher values of SN. Taken together, the scaling of SN with cluster density and the relative constancy of central galaxy luminosity suggest a scenario in which globular clusters form in proportionate numbers to the available mass, but galaxy luminosity "saturates" at a maximum threshold, resulting in higher SN-values for central galaxies in denser clusters as well as the suitability of these galaxies as "standard candles." Thus, these galaxies do not have too many globular clusters for their luminosity, they are underluminous for their number of globular clusters.
Coding techniques for failure recovery in a distributive modular memory organization

This paper considers various coding techniques which could be applied to a memory organization to achieve detection and correction of failures. In this discussion, we define a fault as a malfunction of a systems component and a failure as a manifestation of a fault. Notice that a single fault can result in multiple failures. Thus, techniques such as error-detecting and correction codes, when used alone, are limited in that they operate on failures---not faults.
Enuresis in children

Summary Three mechanisms are to be considered in the pathogenesis of enuresis, the “irritable bladder”, faulty training, and psychologic factors. Two or all three of these mechanisms may be operative in the same patient. Enuresis occurs most frequently in children with an inherited abnormalityin the mechanism of micturition, i.e., irritable bladder. This condition is apparent in infancy and persists throughout life. It manifests itself by frequency and urgency, particularly in response to nervous tension or cold. Children with irritable bladder are difficult to train. Hence psychologicconflicts around the training situation are more likely to arise than in normal children. In children endowed with this abnormality in urination psychologic maladjustment frequently expresses itself as enuresis. An effective remedy for irritable bladder is belladonna, combinedwith training, suggestion, and adjustment of the psychologic environment. Belladonna, in order to be effective, must be given in large doses. Enuresis, solely on a psychogenic basis, is rare and is to be distinguishedfrom factitious enuresis, i.e., intentional wetting. Belladonna is useless in this condition.
A "transversal" for minimal invariant sets in the boundary of a CAT(0) group

We introduce new techniques for studying boundary dynamics of CAT(0) groups. For a group $G$ acting geometrically on a CAT(0) space $X$ we show there is a flat $F\subset X$ of maximal dimension whose boundary sphere intersects every minimal $G$-invariant subset of $\partial_\infty X$. As a result we derive a necessary and sufficient dynamical condition for $G$ to be virtually-Abelian, as well as a new approach to Ballmann's rank rigidity conjecture.
Enantioselective total synthesis of erogorgiaene: applications of asymmetric Cu-catalyzed conjugate additions of alkylzincs to acyclic enones.

The first enantioselective synthesis of erogorgiaene (1), an inhibitor of mycobacterium tuberculosis, is disclosed. The total synthesis highlights the utility of asymmetric conjugate additions (ACA) of alkylzincs to acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones catalyzed by peptidic phosphine ligands and (CuOTf)2·C6H6. Moreover, several critical attributes of this catalytic C−C bond-forming reaction are illustrated in the context of the total synthesis; these include the significance of various structural features of the amino acid-based chiral ligands and the chiral ligand's effectiveness in reactions involving achiral and chiral substrates. In addition, the total synthesis showcases some of the special properties of nonphosphine Ru complex 3 as a highly effective catalyst for olefin cross-metathesis.
Methane Chemistry in the Hot Supersonic Nozzle

Combination of pyrolysis and expansion to a supersonic molecular beam is shown to be very effective in conversion of pure methane to heavier hydrocarbons. The conversion reaches ∼70% in the supersonic nozzle made of quartz with the diameter of orifice equal 100 μ. The major products are acetylene, benzene and its homologues. Free radicals are also detected in the product distribution. The mechanism consists of the surface generation of the radicals, C−C bond formation, desorption to the gas phase, and expansion to the supersonic beam. It is suggested that relatively short gas−surface contact time (about 50 ms at Tnozzle = 1000 °C) enables simultaneous kinetic and thermodynamic control.
Observed Hemispheric Asymmetry in Global Sea Ice Changes

From November 1978 through December 1996, the areal extent of sea ice decreased by 2.9 ± 0.4 percent per decade in the Arctic and increased by 1.3 ± 0.2 percent per decade in the Antarctic. The observed hemispheric asymmetry in these trends is consistent with a modeled response to a carbon dioxide–induced climate warming. The interannual variations, which are 2.3 percent of the annual mean in the Arctic, with a predominant period of about 5 years, and 3.4 percent of the annual mean in the Antarctic, with a predominant period of about 3 years, are uncorrelated.
Rapidity correlations and {Delta}G from prompt photon plus jet production in polarized pp collisions

A study of prompt photon plus associated jet production is performed at next-to-leading order (O({alpha}{alpha}{sub s}{sup 2})) in QCD at {radical}S=200--500 GeV, appropriate for the RHIC polarized {rvec p}{rvec p} collider experiment. Momentum correlations between the jet and photon are examined and the utility of the process as a method for constraining the size and shape of the polarized gluon density of the proton {Delta}G is examined.
Risk Management in Imperfect Markets: Commodity Procurement Strategy in the Food Manufacturing Sector

Analyses of firm behavior in imperfect markets typically have stressed the nature of competition in the output or product markets, with little attention to a firm's input market behavior, its relation to product market structure, and its corresponding impact on the firm's financial performance and competitive viability. In this paper, attention is focused on the input market behavior of food-manufacturing firms operating in imperfect market structures. We briefly consider the nature of the input market environment and the procurement options available for the most important inputs in most foodmanufacturing firms-agricultural commodities. Following that, the complex factors which simultaneously affect the firm's commodity procurement strategy are explored. While internal firm considerations-financial viability, product diversification, and management objectives-are briefly discussed, primary emphasis is placed on the product market structure in which the firm is competing and its influence on commodity procurement strategy. Some interrelationships between product market structure and input market behavior are postulated, and their implications for product price levels and volatility are suggested. Theoretically, a firm would be expected to minimize the unit cost of raw materials purchased in order to maximize its profits and survive in a perfectly competitive environment. But food-manufacturing firms deal in volatile and uncertain commodity markets and in imperfect market structures where the actions of rivals in commodity (input) markets and product (output) markets may influence significantly the firm's optimal procurement strategy and overall performance. Kaysen has suggested that "the firm in the less competitive market can choose whether to seek maximum profit or to be satisfied with some 'acceptable' return and to seek other goals. . . . The more dominant the position of any particular firm in a single market . . the wider will be its range of significant choice" (p. 90). We shall explore whether a similar line of reasoning seems appropriate in explaining the commodity procurement behavior of foodmanufacturing firms, as we consider the complex of factors that would be relevant in developing a game theory or similar risk-management model for firms in a variety of imperfect product market settings.
In Vivo Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids by Using the Chemical Aminoacylation Strategy: A Broadly Applicable Mechanistic Tool

We describe a strategy for incorporating non-canonical amino acids site-specifically into proteins expressed in living cells, involving organic synthesis to chemically aminoacylate a suppressor tRNA, protein expression in Xenopus oocytes, and monitoring protein function, primarily by electrophysiology. With this protocol, a very wide range of non-canonical amino acids can be employed, allowing both systematic structure–function studies and the incorporation of reactive functionalities. Here, we present an overview of the methodology and examples meant to illustrate the versatility and power of the method as a tool for investigating protein structure and function.
DFT calculations of EPR parameters of transition metal complexes : Implications for catalysis

Abstract Transition metal and ligand hyperfine coupling constants for paramagnetic vanadium and copper model complexes have been calculated using DFT methods that are available in commercial software packages. Variations in EPR parameters with ligand identity and ligand orientation are two of the trends that have been investigated with DFT calculations. For example, the systematic variation of the vanadium hyperfine coupling constant with orientation for an imidazole ligand in a VO 2+ complex has been observed experimentally and has also been reproduced by DFT calculations. Similarly, changes in the vanadium hyperfine coupling constant with ligand binding have been calculated using model complexes and DFT methods. DFT methods were also used to calculate ligand hyperfine coupling constants in transition metal systems. The variation of the proton hyperfine coupling constant with water ligand orientation was investigated for [VO(H 2 O) 5 ] 2+ and the results were used to interpret high resolution EPR data of VO 2+ -exchanged zeolites. Nitrogen hyperfine and quadrupole coupling constants for VO 2+ model complexes were calculated and compared with experimental data. The computational results were used to enhance the interpretation of the EPR data for vanadium-exchanged zeolites which are promising catalytic materials. The implications of the DFT calculations of EPR parameters with respect to catalysis will be discussed.
Corporate Learning and Traffic Management at the Bell System, 1900–1929: Probability Theory and the Evolution of Organizational Capabilities

This study analyzes the evolution of organizational capabilities for assessing market growth and capital budgeting in the traffic management operations of the Bell System from 1900 to 1929. The initial impetus for developing the complex procedures that were integrated into this process was the need to enhance firm competitiveness, particularly in response to the threats to its survival during the financial panic of 1907. The resultant new organizational capabilities, however, also eventually proved vital in successfully guiding the firm's planning for system automation and in demonstrating compliance with regulatory mandates for efficient and economical service. Moreover, this study explains how probability theory became a key element in this managerial transition, thus, providing the Bell System with a powerful analytical tool useful for confronting uncertainty in budgeting and business planning.
Heterodyne interferometer with unequal path lengths

Laser interferometry is an extensively used diagnostic for plasma experiments. Existing plasma interferometers are designed on the presumption that the scene and reference beam path lengths have to be equal, a requirement that is costly in both the number of optical components and the alignment complexity. It is shown here that having equal path lengths is not necessary, instead, what is required is that the path length difference be an even multiple of the laser cavity length. This assertion has been verified in a heterodyne laser interferometer that measures typical line-average densities of ∼1021∕m2 with an error of ∼1019∕m2.
Erasure Multiple Descriptions

A binary erasure version of -channel multiple descriptions (MD) with symmetric descriptions (i.e., the rates of the descriptions are equal and the distortion constraint depends only on the number of messages received) is considered. No excess rate for every out of descriptions, i.e., any messages have sum rate , where is Shannon's rate-distortion function for erasure distortion and is the distortion constraint to be met, is investigated. The goal is to characterize the achievable distortions . Reconstruction fidelity is measured using two criteria: a worst-case criterion which computes distortion by maximizing the per-letter distortion over all source sequences, and an average-case criterion which computes distortion by averaging the per-letter distortion over all source sequences. Achievability schemes are presented, based on systematic maximum distance separable codes for worst-case distortion and random binning for average-case distortion, and optimality results are proved for the corresponding distortion regions. The erasure MD setup is then used to propose a layered coding framework for multiple descriptions, which is then applied to vector Gaussian MD and shown to be optimal for symmetric scalar Gaussian MD with two levels of receivers and no excess rate at the central receiver.
Theoretical assignments of the electronic states of nitrous oxide

The results of accurate configuration interaction calculations on the excited states of N2O are used to provide accurate assignments of the observed excitation features. Current assignments of the N2O spectra are compared and results for the higher lying valence states are presented. The best values obtained for the excitation energies of the valence states are 3Σ+ (5.4 eV), 3Δ (6.0 eV), 3Σ−(6.5 eV), 1Σ−(6.6 eV) and 1Δ (6.8 eV). This study also provides a comparison of the Hartree-Fock, INDO, and configuration interaction methods.
Modular Invariance and Nonrenormalizable Interactions

Abstract We examine the modular properties on nonrenormalizable superpotential terms in the free fermionic formulation of string theory and show that the requirement of modular invariance necessitates the nonvanishing of certain N th order nonrenormalizable terms. In a class of models we explicitly verify that the nontrivial structure imposed by the modular invariance is indeed present, and further explore the universal and model-dependent contributions to higher-order nonrenormalizable terms in the superpotential. We also discuss the phenomenological implications of the above observations.
Second-harmonic optical coherence tomography

Second-harmonic optical coherence tomography, which uses coherence gating of second-order nonlinear optical responses of biological tissues for imaging, is described and demonstrated. Femtosecond laser pulses were used to excite second-harmonic waves from collagen harvested from rat tail tendon and a reference non-linear crystal. Second-harmonic interference fringe signals were detected and used for image construction. Because of the strong dependence of second-harmonic generation on molecular and tissue structures, this technique imparts contrast and resolution enhancement to conventional optical coherence tomography.
Green chemistry: the emergence of a transformative framework

Abstract Since the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry were formulated in the 1990s, there have been tremendous successes in developing new products and processes to be more compatible with human health, the environment, and sustainability goals. This review gives a sampling of research successes from the last 20years, including advances in synthetic efficiency, application of alternative synthetic methods, use of less hazardous solvents and reagents, and development of renewable resources for chemical feedstocks. The future of green chemistry will depend on innovations that consolidate and integrate these achievements that have been made, using all Twelve Principles as a framework for intentional design. Designing for sustainability and reduced hazard should not be viewed as constraining, but rather as providing the freedom to explore and invent, bridging continents and scientific disciplines to create new solutions.
Photorefractive-index gratings formed by nanosecond optical pulses in BaTiO 3

We write and read a refractive-index grating in a photorefractive crystal BaTiO3 with a single 20-nsec laser pulse at 532 nm. The grating formed is erasable with similar pulses. Diffraction efficiency decreases exponentially with the cumulative erasing light energy for 20-nsec pulses at intensity levels of 5–30 MW/cm2. Optical energies required to write and erase gratings with 20-nsec pulses are about an order of magnitude larger than for millisecond-to-second-long pulses at 515 nm, even though the grating is still formed by a one-photon process.