cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
False diagnosis of epilepsy in children

Epilepsy is frequently diagnosed incorrectly through a failure to obtain an adequate history and placing inappropriate emphasis on the electroencephalogram (EEG). We describe four children with common, nonepileptic events who were diagnosed initially as having epilepsy.
Characterization of a post-column reaction—laser-induced fluorescence detector for capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract Several modifications have been made to a post-column labeling system for use with capillary zone electrophoresis. Fluorescence excitation is now performed with a helium-cadmium laser rather than an arc lamp. The focusability of the laser beam allows the use of larger diameter capillaries in the post-column reactor without the excessive band broadening observed previously. These larger capillaries can be assembled in the reactor much more easily. Another improvement is that the flow-rate of the labeling reagent can now be accurately controlled and determined. Incorporating thse changes, the performances of two reactors with capillaries of the same dimensions are compared.
Rotational optical alignment for array based free space board-to-board optical interconnect with zero power hold

We present an electrothermally actuated, rotating microlens array for the application of aligning free-space optical interconnects. A bistable mechanical brake holds the rotating stage after alignment so it does not consume any power in steady state. A 4×4 double-sided microlens array is fabricated via micro-inkjet printing and is precisely mounted on the lens shuttle with alignment bumps. Our MEMS device has a maximum rotation angle of 2.3° at an average velocity of 5.75°/s, and is capable of correcting angular misalignment of the laser/photodetector array chips. Measured CCD images of a 1×4 VCSEL array are presented to demonstrate the function of the device.
The Juxtamembrane Region of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Is Required for Phosphorylation of GαS

We have previously demonstrated that GαS associates with the juxtamembrane region of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and that the EGFR can phosphorylate and activate this G protein (H. Poppleton et al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6947–6951; H. Sun et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 2229–2233). In this report, we have employed peptides EGFR-13 and EGFR-14 (corresponding to amino acids 645–657 and 679–692 in the EGFR, respectively) which disrupt the association of GαS with the EGFR to investigate whether or not this region of the EGFR is required for phosphorylation of the G protein. EGFR-13 increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of GαS by twofold whereas EGFR-14 decreased the phosphorylation of the G protein. Phosphorylation of EGFR-13 on the threonine residue corresponding to Thr654 of the EGFR obliterated the ability of the peptide to increase GαS phosphorylation. EGFR-13 and EGFR-14, but not phospho-EGFR-13, competed for the association of the EGFR with GαS. A peptide βIII-2 corresponding to amino acids Arg259–Lys273 in the β2-adrenergic receptor which competes for association of GαS with the EGFR and increases protein tyrosine kinase activity of the EGFR could mimic the effects of EGFR-13. Among the three peptides (EGFR-13, EGFR-14, and βIII-2) that interfere with association of GαS to the EGFR, only EGFR-13 and βIII-2 have been shown to activate the G protein. Polylysine which increases EGFR tyrosine kinase activity but does not interfere with association of GαS and EGFR also augmented phosphorylation of GαS by the EGFR. Phosphopeptide mapping demonstrated that EGFR-13 and polylysine increased phosphorylation of GαS by the EGFR on the same additional sites. Collectively, these data suggest that the interaction of GαS with residues 645–657 of the EGFR, or a peptide corresponding to this sequence alters the conformation of the G protein and/or the EGFR such that GαS is readily phosphorylated by the EGFR. The peptide EGFR-14, which does not activate GαS, does not allow for the efficient phosphorylation of the G protein even though it does elevate the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the EGFR. The hyperphosphorylation of GαS by EGFR is likely to require the contact of the G protein with EGFR-13 region (aa 645–657 in the EGFR) as well as augmentation of EGFR kinase activity.
Photoelimination reactions of N‐heteroaromatic compounds

N-Heteroaromatic compounds substituted with a side chain next to the nitrogen and bearing a hydrogen gamma to the ring, undergo a photoelimination reaction to yield the methyl-substituted heterocycle and an alkene (if the gamma hydrogen is on a side chain carbon) or an aldehyde (if the gamma hydrogen is on a side chain oxygen). The reaction has been shown to occur with substituted isoquinolines, plienanthridines, pyridines and pyrazines.
Mechanisms and function of substrate recruitment by F-box proteins

S phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1)-cullin 1 (CUL1)-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase complexes use a family of F-box proteins as substrate adaptors to mediate the degradation of a large number of regulatory proteins involved in diverse processes. The dysregulation of SCF complexes and their substrates contributes to multiple pathologies. In the 14 years since the identification and annotation of the F-box protein family, the continued identification and characterization of novel substrates has greatly expanded our knowledge of the regulation of substrate targeting and the roles of F-box proteins in biological processes. Here, we focus on the evolution of our understanding of substrate recruitment by F-box proteins, the dysregulation of substrate recruitment in disease and potential avenues for F-box protein-directed disease therapies.
Comparing In Vivo Head Impact Kinematics From American Football With Laboratory Drop and Linear Impactors

Roughly 5% of all collegiate and high school American football players suffer a concussion each season [1]. Concussions and repetitive sub-concussive trauma can have measurable effects on brain function and neurophysiological changes [2]. Several studies have suggested that a combination of linear and angular kinematic measures may be predictive of concussion [3, 4]. Presently, laboratory testing and analysis of purely linear kinematics is used to design and assess the safety of protective headgear. However, it is not known how well existing laboratory tests recapitulate angular kinematics. In this study, we analyze combinations of linear and angular head kinematics experienced by players on the field. This study sought to answer the question: how well do the twin-wire drop test apparatus and a spring-driven linear impactor reproduce the combination of linear and angular head impact kinematics experienced in vivo by players of American football?Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Studies with a hydrophobic, spin-labeled virucidal agent

A spin-labeled virucidal agent was synthesized, purified, and tested for its activity against the enveloped bacterial virus phi 6 and herpes simplex virus. This compound, designated BPN, inactivated greater than 99% of phi 6 and herpes simplex virus in vitro at concentrations as low as 0.1 mM. Detailed studies were carried out on the mechanism of inactivation of phi 6 by BPN. These studies revealed that treatment of phi 6 by BPN specifically removes a single envelope protein that is considered to be responsible for adsorption of the virus to the host cell. Related experiments with the phi 6 host, Pseudomonas phaseolicola strain HB10Y, showed that this organism is insensitive to the effects of BPN. The basis for the differential sensitivity of phi 6 to BPN, in comparison to the host cell, was investigated by electron spin resonance techniques. It was found that, for phi 6, HB10Y, and their extracted phospholipids, BPN is localized in the hydrocarbon zones of the membrane bilayer. However, in the case of phi 6, the rotational mobility of BPN is much reduced in comparison to that in HB10Y and the phospholipid preparations. Furthermore, an Arrhenius plot of rotational correlation time (tau/sub c/) showed a markedmore » discontinuity in slope at 31/sup 0/C in the case of phi 6, but not for the other samples studied. This suggests a strong interaction between the phi 6 envelope proteins and the lipid domains in which BPN is localized. Calculations based on the known lipid and protein composition of phi 6 indicate that there is an absence of free-lipid pools in the viral envelope. It is suggested that BPN localizes in free-lipid pools of cell membranes, where its presence is of little or no consequence, but that in phi 6 the BPN perturbs the hydrophobic interactions between phospholipids and proteins in the envelope.« less
Dynamic Modeling of Slurry Bubble Column Reactors

The multicomponent, one-dimensional, and compartment-based dynamic model developed by Rados et al. (Catal. Today 2003, 79−80, 211−218) has been used to study the performance of slurry bubble columns operated with two chemical reaction systems. One reaction causes contraction in the gas-phase volume, and the other causes expansion. The change in the gas flow rate (expansion or contraction) along the reactor as a result of the chemical reaction kinetics is accounted for by the overall mass balance of the gas phase represented by large and small bubbles. The importance of properly accounting for the change in the gas flow rate has been demonstrated. The backmixing in the three compartments of the model (small bubbles, large bubbles, and slurry) is accounted for by the axial dispersion model. The effects of operating conditions and reactor dimensions on the slurry bubble column performance have been evaluated. A detailed analysis of the role of backmixing on the performance of the Fischer−Tropsch synthesis (c...
The impact of HIV testing on blood utilization in the intensive care unit in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding.

Objective To determine whether the AIDS epidemic has influenced physician use of blood products in intensive care unit management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Variational principles for a self-consistent theory of collective motion

Abstract A variational formulation is developed for the theory of collective motion derived by other methods in previous papers. The essential observation is that the stationary property is associated with the trace of the Hamiltonian over the sub-space of core states included in any given example. The cases worked out are: (i) A hole-core coupling-model. (ii) A model where hole-core and particle-core amplitudes are coupled to each other, but as in (i), only multipole (field-producing) components of the nuclear interactions are taken into account. (iii) A model which, in addition to the above, includes pairing correlations.
Photoemission Studies of the Pseudogap Regime in the High Tc Cuprate Phase Diagram

By examining thermally excited states above the Fermi level in angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we show that the disconnected Fermi arcs observed in the pseudogap state of the cuprate phase diagram are actually components of fully enclosed hole pockets. The spectral weight of these pockets is vanishingly small at the Luttinger surface, coincident with the antiferromagnetic zone-boundary formed by the underlying spin lattice, creating the illusion of the Fermi arcs. The area of the pockets as measured in this study is consistent with the doping level, and hence the carrier density, of the samples measured. Furthermore, the shape and area of the pockets is well reproduced by phenomenological models of the pseudogap phase that reflect its proximity to a Mott insulator.
Assessment of Louisiana Rice Breeding Lines for Tolerance to the Rice Water Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Evaluation for resistance of 40 Louisiana rice, Oryza sativa L., breeding lines to the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel, identified several lines with tolerance to weevil damage. Six lines (8720906, 8721317, 8721937, 8722239, 8721941, and 8723514) were selected and evaluated in 1991 and 1992. Tolerance was defined as recovery from root pruning damage and production of high grain yields. Plant tolerance was assessed by evaluating the lines in replicated insecticide-treated and untreated plots. Significant differences were found among the lines tested with regard to rice water weevil larval populations, root damage ratings, plant height, and grain yields. The comparison of untreated and treated plots indicated that lines 8720906 and 8721937 exhibited moderate levels of tolerance to the rice water weevil. Lines 8722239 and 8721317 had low levels of tolerance in 1992.
Lift and multiple equilibrium positions of a single particle in Newtonian and Oldroyd-B fluids

Abstract A heavy particle is lifted from the bottom of a channel in a plane Poiseuille flow when the Reynolds number is larger than a critical value. In this paper we obtain correlations for lift-off of particles in Oldroyd-B fluids. The fluid elasticity reduces the critical shear Reynolds number for lift-off. The effect of the gap size between the particle and the wall, on the lift force, is also studied. A particle lifted from the channel wall attains an equilibrium height at which its buoyant weight is balanced by the hydrodynamic lift force. Choi and Joseph [Choi HG, Joseph DD. Fluidization by lift of 300 circular particles in plane Poiseuille flow by direct numerical simulation. J Fluid Mech 2001;438:101–128] first observed multiple equilibrium positions for a particle in Newtonian fluids. We report several new results for the Newtonian fluid case based on a detailed study of the multiple equilibrium solutions, e.g. we find that at a given Reynolds number there are regions inside the channel where no particle, irrespective of its weight, can attain a stable equilibrium position. This would result in particle-depleted zones in channels with Poiseuille flows of a dilute suspension of particles of varying densities. Multiple equilibrium positions of particles are also found in Oldroyd-B fluids. All the results in this paper are based on 2D direct numerical simulations.
Long-Range Interaction between Adatoms in Graphene

We present a theory of electron-mediated interaction between adatoms in graphene. In the case of resonant scattering, relevant for hydrogenated graphene, a long-range 1/r interaction is found. This interaction can be viewed as a fermionic analog of the Casimir interaction, in which massless fermions play the role of photons. The interaction is an attraction or a repulsion depending on whether the adatoms reside on the same sublattice or on different sublattices, with attraction dominating for adatoms randomly distributed over both sublattices. The attractive nature of these forces creates an instability under which adatoms tend to aggregate.
A new direct matrix inversion method

This paper describes a special-purpose matrix inversion technique developed in the System-Planning Branch of TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority). This is the first known use of the method. It is particularly applicable to the inversion of matrices that describe power system impedances or admittances. As outlined, the technique is not entirely general. It requires division by elements of the major diagonal. Thus, when the element is being used as a divisor, it must not be zero. Under such a condition the digital program changes the sequence of calculations. However, a zero in the final diagonal position to be used will cause the matrix to be considered singular. The technique can be made more general but this is not necessary for most power system work.
Expressions of Dissent in Email Qualitative Insights Into Uses and Meanings of Organizational Dissent

This study explores the role of email in organizational dissent expression and employees’ perceptions of the rules for using this medium. Twenty-one interviews were conducted with employees who com...
The prosthetic man

Abstract The “prosthetic man” is now a reality of modern medical technology. Karel Capek's robot, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, and E. T. A. Hoffman's Olympia have their present-day counterparts in such patients as those with artificial heart valves, cardiac pacemakers and artificial kidneys. Some prosthetic devices (such as limbs, spectacles, teeth and penises) go back many years and in some instances into antiquity. Today medical and surgical sophistication have brought about, and will increasingly continue to do so, the prolongation of life through the use of internal artificial and transplanted organs. In this presentation I shall review the psychological aspects of these newer procedures and outline the problems which I foresee confronting the medical profession in working with these patients, particularly as they pertain to the psychiatrist. For it is my belief that his expertise will be a necessary and essential part in the total care and rehabilitation of these patients.
The effects from technology-mediated interaction and openness in virtual team performance measures

As globalisation continues concurrent with mergers and acquisitions, transnational organisations are increasingly turning to the use of virtual teams in which members collaborate through technology-mediated interaction. Although collocated teams and virtual teams share many common characteristics including performance measures, the nature of the environments differ along several dimensions. In particular, members of virtual teams cooperate on global projects while resident in their home geographies and cultures and using various technologies to facilitate. From that context, this field study investigated virtual team performance using organisational culture as a framework.
Solute transport in porous media with scale-dependent dispersion and periodic boundary conditions

Abstract An analytic solution is derived for the one-dimensional equations governing the transport of a tracer in a heterogeneous porous medium subject to rate-limited adsorption with a linear equilibrium isotherm, and also subject to decay. The kinetics of solute adsorption is given by a first-order rate law. The medium is semi-infinite, and periodic boundary conditions are imposed at the inlet boundary. Both Dirichlet-type and flux-type boundary conditions are examined. The heterogeneity arises from the assumption of a scale-dependent dispersion coefficient that increases exponentially as a function of distance up to some constant limiting value. Solutions are given in terms of hypergeometric functions, and comparisons are made with the corresponding problem in a homogeneous medium with a constant dispersion. The one-dimensional model gives information about how adsorption and decay effects can interact with heterogeneities in the medium. For example, when both adsorption and decay are present, the amplitude of waves in a homogeneous medium can exceed that in a heterogeneous medium, even though the latter has smaller dispersivity. In addition, because the input is periodic, breakthrough curves measured downstream have both an amplitude and phase shift; measurement of the latter may give additional information for determining medium characteristics.
Wave functionals for field theories and path integrals

Abstract A method which allows the calculation of the wave functions of a field theory from the path integral is proposed. I show that the wave function of the ground state is determined by the generating function of the Green functions at equal time. It is shown that there is also a direct connection between the wave function of the ground state (more precisely, the probability of a configuration with a constant field in the ground state) and the theory of the effective potential. This result is further used to exhibit the dependence of the ground state wave function on the anomalous dimensions of the system near criticality. I also show, that the Jastrow wave function is a natural first approximation for all of these systems and give a general prescription for the calculation of correction to the Jastrow form. This formalism is presented within the framework of a field theory of a real scalar field with a global discrete symmetry group Z 2, which describes the critical behavior of quantum Ising ferromagnets at zero temperature.
Development and Update Process of VNIR-Based Models Built to Predict Soil Organic Carbon

The large number of samples, time, and cost to assess soil organic C (SOC) with standard procedures has led to the interest in proximal sensing with visible and near-infrared (VNIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The objectives of the present study were to (i) evaluate the effect of multivariate techniques and spectra preprocessing methods on the performance of VNIR-based models, (ii) evaluate the effect of subsetting datasets to improve the prediction accuracy of models, and (iii) present a systematic iterative model development and update process. There were three datasets: Dataset-1 was used to the initial model development; Dataset-2 was used to revalidate models developed with Dataset-1; Dataset-3 was used to update promising models identified with Dataset-1 and -2. During initial model development with Dataset-1, the dataset was subset in clusters to try to improve model performance. Subsetting datasets did not improve model performance. Revalidating models with Dataset-2 helped to identify the lack of robustness in the initial models. This is related to the increased sample diversity in Dataset-2 compared to Dataset-1 and highlights the importance of continuously updating models to cover more variability. Based on Dataset-1 and 2, promising models were updated with the larger and more diverse Dataset-3. Following this update, the best model had a coefficient of multiple determination (R²), root mean squared prediction error (RMSPE), and residual prediction deviation (RPD) of 0.95, 2.062, and 4.39%, respectively. Collecting and evaluating data in separate sets allowed models to be revalidated and updated with new independent samples. This continuous process provides robust models to end users.
Isolation and characterization of large (0.5–1.0 μm) cytoskeleton-free vesicles from human and rabbit erythrocytes

Abstract Large (0.5–1.0 μm) cytoskeleton-free vesicles were obtained, by ‘budding’, from fresh human and rabbit erythrocytes incubated at 45°C and titrated with EDTA and CaCl 2 . This process occurs without hemolysis. The isolated vesicles maintain their cytoplasmic integrity and normal membrane orientation, and are resistant to hemolysis over the pH range 5.0–11.0 and temperature range 4–50°C. The only membrane proteins detected in vesicles from human erythrocytes were band 3 region polypeptides and bands PAS-1, PAS-2 and PAS-3. Vesicles obtained from rabbit erythrocytes were similarly simple. Because of their size and stability these vesicles are amenable to both kinetic and quantitative analysis using the same experimental techniques employed in studies of synthetic lipid membranes. The results obtained in this study indicate that these vesicles are essentially markedly simplified biological cells, and thus may be useful as a biologically relevant model membrane system for examining the molecular interactions which occur within, across and between cell membranes.
Intrinsic innervation of the human placenta.

THE placenta and foetal membranes are usually described as being devoid of neural elements1,2. In other descriptions, the possibility of an innervation is not considered3,4. Nevertheless, reports of the presence of nerve elements in these foetal tissues continue to appear in the European literature5–7. Improvements in techniques for the examination of neural elements in fresh tissue have allowed us to re-investigate this apparent contradiction. Samples of fresh placentas and their attached foetal membranes were removed by sharp dissection for staining in methylene blue within 30 min of delivery. The excised pieces (about 2 mm thick) were stained and prepared for examination as whole mounts with the use of an immersion technique8. In this method, fresh tissues are immersed in methylene blue solution, fixed in chilled ammonium molybdate solution, washed with water, rinsed in 95 per cent alcohol, and dehydrated in absolute alcohol. The dehydrated tissues are cleared in xylene and benzyl benzoate and stored and examined in the latter fluid.
Multidimensional optimization of finite difference schemes for Computational Aeroacoustics

Because of the long propagation distances, Computational Aeroacoustics schemes must propagate the waves at the correct wave speeds and lower the isotropy error as much as possible. The spatial differencing schemes are most frequently analyzed and optimized for one-dimensional test cases. Therefore, in multidimensional problems such optimized schemes may not have isotropic behavior. In this work, optimized finite difference schemes for multidimensional Computational Aeroacoustics are derived which are designed to have improved isotropy compared to existing schemes. The derivation is performed based on both Taylor series expansion and Fourier analysis. Various explicit centered finite difference schemes and the associated boundary stencils have been derived and analyzed. The isotropy corrector factor, a parameter of the schemes, can be determined by minimizing the integrated error between the phase or group velocities on different spatial directions. The order of accuracy of the optimized schemes is the same as that of the classical schemes, the advantage being in reducing the isotropy error. The present schemes are restricted to equally-spaced Cartesian grids, so the generalized curvilinear transformation method and Cartesian grid methods are good candidates. The optimized schemes are tested by solving various multidimensional problems of Aeroacoustics.
On mutually exclusive roles and separation-of-duty

Separation-of-duty (SoD) is widely considered to be a fundamental principle in computer security. A static SoD (SSoD) policy states that in order to have all permissions necessary to complete a sensitive task, the cooperation of at least a certain number of users is required. Role-based access control (RBAC) is today's dominant access-control model. It is widely believed that one of RBAC's main strengths is that it enables the use of constraints to support policies, such as separation-of-duty. In the literature on RBAC, statically mutually exclusive roles (SMER) constraints are used to enforce SSoD policies. In this paper, we formulate and study fundamental computational problems related to the use of SMER constraints to enforce SSoD policies. We show that directly enforcing SSoD policies is intractable (coNP-complete), while checking whether an RBAC state satisfies a set of SMER constraints is efficient; however, verifying whether a given set of SMER constraints enforces an SSoD policy is also intractable (coNP-complete). We discuss the implications of these results. We show also how to generate SMER constraints that are as accurate as possible for enforcing an SSoD policy.
Acoustic phonetic research in speech understanding

This paper describes the acoustic processing in a syntactically guided natural language speech understanding system. A major characteristic of this system is that through the interaction of pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic information, candidate words are proposed to exist at specific points in the acoustic stream. The purpose of the acoustic processor is to verify or reject these hypotheses. This verification is done in two stages. First, digital filtering is done to classify each 10-ms segment as one of ten primitive classes. If the proposed word is consistent with the pattern of primitive classes at the corresponding point in the acoustic stream, further analysis is done using linear predictive coding and other digital filters. The results of this analysis are used to segment the acoustic signal and to further classify the voiced segments. Because this segmentation and classification can be tailored for each word, difficult analysis problems caused by coarticulation between adjacent sounds can be successfully solved. When combined with a sophisticated linguistic processor, these acoustical processing methods yield correct understanding of natural language utterances.
Long-term results of the first 500 cases of acoustic neuroma surgery.

Objective: This retrospective study focuses on 2 outcome results after surgical intervention for acoustic neuroma: (1) facial nerve status, and (2) hearing preservation. Study design: A total of 484 patients with an acoustic neuroma. Results: Postoperative facial nerve outcomes were significantly different (P < 0.001) according to the size of the tumors. Tumor size had even more influence on the immediate postoperative results. In addition, statistical significance (P < 0.05) was demonstrated in comparing facial nerve outcomes with the surgeon's surgical experience. We also noted that as the patient's age increases, the likelihood for facial dysfunction may increase for all postoperative intervals. The overall success rate of retaining useful hearing was 27% (26 of 95). Class A hearing was retained in 66% (10 of 15) of cases operated on through middle fossa approach in the last 5 years. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that tumor size and surgeon's experience are the most significant factors influencing the facial nerve status and hearing outcome after removal of acoustic neuroma. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;124:645-51.)
Apolipoprotein E modulates glial activation and the endogenous central nervous system inflammatory response.

Abstract Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 299 amino acid protein that is associated with risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and outcome after acute brain injury. To investigate the possibility that apoE modulates glial activation we studied the effect of endogenous apoE on inflammatory gene regulation in vitro and in vivo. Our results indicate that apoE downregulates CNS production of TNFα, Il-1β, and Il-6 mRNA following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This effect of endogenous apoE on inflammatory gene regulation appears to be specific, and may account for the biological role that apoE plays in acute and chronic human neurological disease.
Unlike pancreatic cancer cells pancreatic cancer associated fibroblasts display minimal gene induction after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine.

Purpose Cancer associated stromal fibroblasts (CAFs) undergo transcriptional and phenotypic changes that contribute to tumor progression, but the mechanisms responsible for these changes are not well understood. Aberrant DNA methylation is an important cause of transcriptional alterations in cancer cells but it is not known how important DNA methylation alterations are to CAF behavior.
Potential-Dependent Sum Frequency Generation Study of 5-Methylbenzotriazole on Polycrystalline Copper, Platinum, and Gold

In situ sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy, at varied potentials and polarization combinations, was performed on polycrystalline copper, polycrystalline platinum, and polycrystalline gold samples in 0.5 M HClO4 with 50 mM 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-methylBTAH) added. These studies were performed to determine the orientation of 5-methylBTAH on the surface at different potentials. For copper surfaces, orientation of the molecule on the surface is not affected by potential within the potential window studied (-500 to -100 mV vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)). Sum frequency generation spectra of 5-methylBTAH on platinum show a change in orientation over the potential range studied (-250 to 750 mV vs SCE). The orientation of the methyl group tilts more toward the plane of the interface as the potential is scanned in the positive direction. This orientation change is correlated to hydrogen coadsorption on the platinum surface at low potentials. 5-Methylbenzotriazole lies in the surface plane or does not orient on gold at lower potentials but the orientation is tilted toward normal at more positive potentials over the potential range studied (-500 to 900 mV vs SCE). To compliment these results, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were performed. Cyclic voltammograms of copper show that addition of 5-methylBTAH protects the surface from copper dissolution, increasing the electrochemical window by 450 mV. Cyclic voltammetry of 5-methylBTAH on platinum showed a partial blockage of adsorbed hydrogen and also prevented the adsorption of oxygenated species at 450-600 mV. Cyclic voltammetry on gold shows that 5-methylBTAH blocks oxide formation for 400 mV thus increasing the electrochemical window. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been performed to determine the potential of zero charge of 5-methylBTAH on copper.
Study on Vehicle Stability Control Based on Yaw Following and 4WS

Because of the high speed and insufficient stopping distance, a sudden obstacle will force the vehicle to perform a lane change maneuver to avoid a crash or rear-end collision. A vehicle yaw following control system was designed in this paper to prevent vehicles from spinning and drifting out on high speed obstacle avoidance under emergency. However, yaw following control system, in some situation, may not react properly to, or even deteriorate on-road rollover events. Four-wheel steering control system can reduce the excessive yaw movement due to yaw following control system. An integration control system, including yaw following control system and four-wheel steering control system was presented and discussed. With this improved control system, the vehicle lateral stability can be improved on high speed obstacle avoidance.
Removal of Palladium from Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Isocyanide Reagents

Isocyanide reagents removed residual palladium from palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings, to sub-ppm levels. The results were similar using either Pd(II) or Pd(0) precatalysts. Using the 3-isocyanopropylated silica gel reagent 1, no chromatography or other treatments were required. The soluble isocyanide potassium isocyanoacetate (KO2CCH2NC) was also found to be highly effective when combined with silica gel chromatography.
Imaging of the Salivary Glands

Imaging of the salivary glands is a diagnostic challenge because of the variety of disease processes that may show similar imaging findings. This article provides an overview of anatomy, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and imaging features of salivary gland tumors as well as inflammatory and systemic processes involving these glands. The imaging features with differential diagnoses are discussed with emphasis on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A variety of disease processes, including inflammatory, infectious, obstructive, systemic, and neoplastic processes can inflict the salivary glands. The diversity of benign and malignant salivary neoplasms is probably greater than that of any other organ system.1 Salivary tumors gland comprise 3% of all head and neck tumors and cause 0.1% of all cancer deaths. 2 As part of understanding the role of imaging in diagnosis of salivary gland disorders, normal anatomy of the glands is describedfirst in this review followed by discussion of individual disease entities.
The cfy mutation disrupts cell divisions in a stage-dependent manner in zebrafish embryos

The zebrafish curly fry (cfy) mutation leads to embryonic lethality and abnormal cell divisions starting at 12–14 h postfertilization (hpf) during neural tube formation. The mitotic defect is seen in a variety of tissues including the central nervous system (CNS). In homozygous mutant embryos, mitoses are disorganized with an increase in mitotic figures throughout the developing neural tube. One consequence of aberrant mitoses in cfy embryos is an increase in cell death. Despite this, patterning of the early CNS is relatively unperturbed with distribution of the early, primary neurons indistinguishable from that of wild-type embryos. At later stages, however, the number of neurons was dramatically decreased throughout the CNS. The effect on neurons in older cfy embryos but not young ones correlates with the time of birth of neurons: primary neurons are born before the action of the cfy gene and later neurons after. Presumably, death of neuronal progenitors that divide beginning at the neural keel stage or death of their neuronal progeny accounts for the diminution of neurons in older mutant embryos. In addition, oligodendrocytes, which also develop late in the CNS, are greatly reduced in number in cfy embryos due to an apparent decrease in oligodendrocyte precursors. Genetic mosaic analysis demonstrates that the mutant phenotype is cell-autonomous. Furthermore, there are no obvious defects in apical/basal polarity within the neuroepithelium, suggesting that the cfy gene is not critical for epithelial polarity and that polarity defects are unlikely to account for the increased mitotic figures in mutants. These results suggest that the cfy gene regulates mitosis perhaps in a stage-dependent manner in vertebrate embryos.
The influence of calcium-free solutions upon permeability characteristics of the rabbit lens.

Abstract Sodium, potassium and chloride content, potential difference and 86 Rb efflux rate constants were measured in rabbit lenses bathed in normal or calcium-free EGTA solution. The absence of calcium in the bathing solution resulted in a rapid depolarization of the lens potential, and a two-fold increase in the 68 Rb efflux rate. These changes were not due to the alteration of the ion distribution between the lens and its environment in the calcium-free solution, and the increase in the 68 Rb efflux rate could be explained on the basis of the depolarization alone. The magnitude of the calcium-free induced depolarization was not diminished when the lens active transport was inhibited by ouabain, but was significantly reduced when part of the sodium in the bathing solution had been replaced by sucrose. These observations suggested that one of the early effects of removal of calcium from the bathing solution is a rapid elevation of lens sodium permeability.
Non‐classical boundary value problems of elastostatics and hydrostatics on Lipschitz domains

The main goal of this paper is to undertake a systematic study of the Stokes and Lame systems with non-classical boundary conditions in arbitrary Lipschitz subdomains of R3. These include prescribing 〈n, u〉 in concert with n×curl u on the boundary of the domain in question. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
the socioeconomic determinants of political leadership in a Tojolabal Maya community

Several Mesoamerican researchers postulate control of material and social resources as key determinants of political leadership in peasant communities, yet few objectively demonstrate this relationship. This paper uses data from a Tojolabal Maya community in Chiapas, Mexico, to quantify and test the relation between control of material and social resources and leadership. Preliminary results suggest that individuals who control more resources in the community tend to be political leaders. Further, of the variables explored, control of wealth resources, family size, and involvement in friendship networks appear crucial in predicting leadership. These findings provide support for subjective interpretations made by others on the determinants of leadership in Mesoamerica. A number of social networks are analyzed and two methods for determining involvement are employed. [centrality, leadership, political power, social network, Tojolabal Maya]
Experimental investigation of gaseous reactive flows around catalytically coated micro-wires

The advantages of catalytic heterogeneous combustion for compact, autonomous power generation have been highlighted by recent developments in the field of meso-scale burners. With this perspective, the reactive flow around catalytically coated cylinders, in the regime of Reynolds and Peclet numbers that are relevant to such small-scale devices, was investigated experimentally. Preliminary experimental results of premixed methane-air flows over a catalytically coated wire are presented. The configuration under investigation consists of a metallic cylinder of 0.6mm diameter coated with Pt on an alumina washcoat. Methane combustion was established on the surface of the catalyst by placing it in the outlet flow of a pre-heater that controlled temperature, composition and velocity of the methane-air pre-mixture. The flow was maintained at Reynolds numbers in the 11-24 range which have been shown to be appropriate values for gaseous flows in small-scale power generation. The temperature of the catalytic wire was measured with a thermocouple welded to the support metal of the wire. Gas chromatography/ mass spectroscopy of major combustion species was performed downstream of the catalytic wire. Both temperature and concentration of methane and CO follow a non-monotonic trend. PIV measurements of the flow were conducted and the resulting velocity fields show that both the Reynolds number and the equivalence ratio of the flow influence the structure of the flow field. Such behavior indicates the importance of diffusive/convective transport in addition to catalytic chemistry in this reactive flow.
Immuno-gel diffusion studies with the Herpes type virus (HTV) associated with Burkitt's lymphoma.

Antisera produced in rabbits to the Herpes-type virus (HTV) found in the HR1–K subline of the P3–J Burkitt cell line yielded 3 precipitin lines by gel immunodiffusion (ID) specific for HTV antigens. Similar lines formed with human sera positive by indirect immunofluorescence (IF). Lines of identity were formed with rabbit and human antisera for 2 lines designated “a” and “b”; the former was farthest from the antigen well. The 3rd precipitin line, “c,” was next to the antigen well and contained antibody coated intact virions. The precipitating antibodies could be absorbed with HTV containing cells but not with the HTV-free cells Raji. Of the 475 human sera tested, 79 yielded the “a” line, 8 the “b” line and 2 the “c” line. An IF titer of 1:100 or greater was present in 78 of the 79 ID positive sera. It was found that the greater the titer by IF the higher the proportion of sera that were positive by ID. This relationship was true whether the sera were from patients with malignant disease or nonmalignant disease. However, consistently a greater proportion of sera from patients with malignant disease were ID positive than sera from patients with nonmalignant disease, even though IF titers were identical. The factors accounting for this difference are not fully known.
Retiring the Old Centurion: Life after a Career in Policing—An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT Research in policing usually begins with the application process and continues throughout the career. However, little research has been conducted on what happens to police officers after retirement. This part of a larger study begins with a review of the available literature on the general effects of retirement as it pertains to the general population in contrast to police officers. Findings indicate that retired police officers suffer higher levels of job-related health problems, depression, suicide, and employment issues. Longevity also appears to be shorter, but this is debatable.
Bad Data Analysis with Sparse Sensors for Leak Localisation in Water Distribution Networks

Traditional bad data detection and localisation, based on state estimation and residual analysis, produces misleading results, with high rates of false positives/negatives, in the case of strongly-correlated residuals arising from a low redundancy of sensors. By clustering the measurements according to the structure of the residuals covariance matrix, a method is proposed to extend bad data analysis to the localisation and estimation of anomalies at the coarser resolution of clusters rather than single measurements. The method is applied to the problem of water leak localisation and a realistic test-case, on the water distribution network of a major European City, is proposed.
Acute HIV Infection: Diagnosis and Management in the Emergency Department

Acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, also known as primary HIV infection, is the initial phase of infection, spanning from inoculation to the establishment of CD4 count and viral load set points. This phase is marked by dynamic changes in viral replication and host immune responses and contains 2 important clinical events: acute retroviral syndrome and seroconversion. Acute HIV infection is challenging to diagnose, but with recent improvements in diagnostic testing and a heightened awareness of acute HIV, the emergency physician is well positioned to make this diagnosis and initiate important interventions for the individual patient and public health.
Microcomputers as remote nodes of a distributed system

A time-sharing system may be extended into a general-purpose distributed computing facility through the use of remote microcomputer systems. In such an extension the microcomputer system is not merely a remote terminal but a complete computer system. It becomes part of an integrated network of computers, each with significant local computational power with access to host system data resources. The implementation described emphasizes ease-of-use by minimizing any differences between local and remote data use.
Using regional wind fields to improve general circulation model forecasts of July–September Sahel rainfall

This study develops and applies a model output statistics (MOS) approach for correcting poor general circulation model (GCM) seasonal rainfall predictions over the Sahel region of West Africa. It illustrates a methodology for approaching the MOS prediction of regional rainfall, drawing on knowledge of the regional circulation system. The ECHAM4.5 GCM has very little skill in predicting July–September Sahel rainfall. However, the GCM is much more capable of reproducing the regional wind circulation at 925 hPa, especially over the tropical Atlantic. This is capitalized upon using a MOS approach that applies empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the model's regional (tropical Atlantic and West Africa) 925 hPa wind as predictors in a regression with observed Sahel rainfall as the predictand. Over 1968–2002, the MOS system requires only the first wind EOF and improves the correlation skill of July–September Sahel rainfall from 0.07 (raw GCM) to 0.57. The MOS system is applied to GCM experiments using persisted sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies from the months of June, May and April respectively, to estimate the potential of the system to make forecasts with lead times between 0 and 2 months ahead of the July–September season. Almost identical skill is achieved from the June SST, but May and April SSTs show a substantial decline in skill. This is mainly associated with a tendency in tropical Pacific SST anomalies from May to June, highlighting development of El Nino (La Nina) in Sahel dry (wet) years, though statistically significant tendencies are also found in the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The MOS approach is robust in simulation experiments over the 1950–2002 period, when one additional EOF in the MOS system is found to best capture the tropical Atlantic influence. For increasing forecast lead time, targeted prediction of SST from April to June is motivated by these findings. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society