cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of an N, N-diethyl-tert-butylazothioformamide ligand and coordination studies with Copper(I) salts

Abstract Redox-active azothioformamides ligands rapidly coordinate to transition metals and are excellent substrates for monitoring host–guest binding interaction mechanisms as they can exhibit unique coordination complexes while producing an increase in extinction coefficient upon addition of metal salt. Herein, an alkyl derivative, N,N-diethyl-t-butylazothioformamide, was synthesized and fully characterized, including X-ray crystallography. Crystalline coordination complexes were prepared with various copper(I) salts (CuBr, CuI and [(CH3CN)4Cu]BF4 producing both 1:1 µ-X dimers from copper(I) halides and a distorted tetrahedral 2:1 species with non-coordinative tetrafluoroborate salt. Bond distances and angles suggest neutrally bound alkyl azothioformamide ligands with copper(I), indicating no redox activity upon binding. UV–Vis titration studies with copper(I) salts and subsequent data evaluation with both 1:1 and 2:1 non-linear regression binding models suggest inconsistent mechanisms with copper(I) salts.
Appendicitis Related Readmissions: The Cost of Fragmentation of Care

Introduction: Hospital readmission is an important quality of care metric that is frequently used to assess hospital reimbursement. Pediatric readmissions are postulated to cost in excess of 1 billion USD annually. This study aims to determine the burden of readmission and the cost of fragmentation of care nationally amongst patients with acute appendicitis. …
How Should We Regard Information Gathered in Nazi Experiments

Immorally acquired information from Nazi experimentation or other sources infects the body of scientific and biomedical knowledge. Responding to this reality ethically means insisting on good teaching about the horrific history of such information's sources and careful deliberation about how it is referenced and described.
The Relation of Maternal Parity, Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, and Overprotective Behaviors with Child Anxiety

This study examined maternal characteristics that relate to child anxiety risk in a nonclinical sample. Parity and maternal respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were examined in relation to maternal overprotective parenting behavior, and then to child anxiety risk. Mothers (n = 151) and their 24-month-old children participated in a laboratory visit in which mothers completed questionnaires about their parenting demographics (i.e., parity), their overprotective parenting behavior, and child anxiety risk. Mothers’ RSA was measured during a 5-min. baseline period. Maternal overprotection was observed during a puppet show episode. Moderated mediation analyses revealed that first-time motherhood indirectly related to increased anxiety risk through greater overprotective parenting when mothers also had high RSA. Results suggest high baseline maternal psychophysiology indicative of regulation serves as a context by which parity relates to maternal overprotection. Engaging in overprotection may require higher, rather than lower, regulatory capabilities. First-time mothers may benefit from psychoeducation around the way in which their parasympathetic regulation relates to their parenting behaviors and contributes to increased child anxiety proneness.
The US cap and trade initiative: current status and potential impact on business

Purpose – Even during these tough economic times the current administration has proposed to revive the US “Cap and Trade” initiative and to see it through to passage. Many in the public are not aware that the idea of cap and trade is not new as similar programs have been successfully used in the US and other countries to “wind down” environmentally damaging emissions. The aim of this paper is to explain cap and trade and to project what form current proposals could take.Design/methodology/approach – This paper explains cap and trade and goes on to project what form current proposals could take. It also examines the alternatives and the arguments both for and against cap and trade. Projected costs and benefits are examined, along with some examination of the actual mechanics by which the system is expected to operate.Findings – The current US mood is that proposals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will be expensive and burdensome to businesses and consumers. In fact, this is what is preventing them from ...
Strategies That Male Allies Use to Advance Women in the Workplace

The purpose of this research study was to identify and examine, from both men’s and women’s perspectives, the specific behaviors and strategies male allies use to successfully support the advanceme...
Neuromuscular responses at acute moderate and severe hypoxic exposure during fatiguing exercise of the biceps brachii.

Abstract Purpose The present study examined acute normobaric hypoxic exposure on the number of repetitions to failure, electromyographic (EMG) repetition duration (Time), EMG root mean square (RMS) and EMG mean power frequency (MPF) during biceps brachii (BB) dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) exercise. Methods Thirteen subjects performed two sets of fatiguing DCER arm curl repetitions to failure at 70% of their one repetition maximum under normoxic (NH), moderate hypoxia FiO2 = 15% (MH) and severe hypoxia FiO2 = 13% (SH). Electromyography of the BB was analyzed for EMG Time, EMG RMS, and EMG MPF. Repetitions were selected as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of total repetitions (%Fail) completed. Pulse oximetry (SpO2) was measured pre-and post-fatigue. Results There was no significant three-way (Condition x Set x %Fail) or two-way (Condition x Set) interaction for any variable. The number of repetitions to failure significantly decreased from (mean ± SEM) 18.2 ± 1.4 to 9.5 ± 1.0 with each Set. In addition, EMG Time increased (25% 75%>100%), and EMG MPF decreased (75% > 100%) as a result of fatiguing exercise. SpO2 was lower during MH (Δ5.3%) and SH (Δ9.2%) compared to NH and as a result of fatiguing exercise increased only in MH (Δ2.1%) and SH (Δ5.7%). Conclusion The changes in BB EMG variables indicated exercise caused myoelectric manifestations of fatigue, however, acute moderate or severe hypoxia had no additional influence on the rate of fatigue development or neuromuscular parameters.
Habitual Domain Analysis for Effective Decision Making

Human beings as complex living systems are constantly making decisions. Many decision making problems are routine and can be analyzed by mathematical models; and many more are nontrivial which challenge the traditional formal analysis. To successfully solve the nontrivial decision problems, we need to more fully understand human behavior mechanism and encompass the mechanism in our analysis. Let us consider the following example adapted from De Bono [5].
Letter from the Editor: Quality Health Care for Rural Residents

What is quality in health care? In 1990 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) defined quality of care as the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge (Institute of Medicine, 2005, p.4) The Institute of Medicine (IOM) was established in the United States, in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. The Institute has had a long-standing focus on quality of care. In the first phase of the IOM quality initiative, the National Roundtable on Health Care Quality highlighted serious problems with the overall quality of care delivered in the United States. In the second phase, two reports, To ERR is Human: Building a safer Health System and Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century, were released. Both reports called for a fundamental redesign of the health care delivery system (Institute of Medicine, 2005).
Comment on "Observation of Superluminal Behaviors in Wave Propagation"

Mugnai et al. have reported an experiment in which microwave packets appear to travel in air with a speed substantially greater than c. They calculate the group velocity of their packets and find that it agrees with their experimental result. That calculation is incorrect. A correct calculation gives a group velocity less than c. The reported experimental result cannot be reconciled with the Maxwell equations.
How to Use This Book

Most textbooks related to imaging are organized into chapters based on the disease or the conditions that are described. This traditional way of organizing an imaging book, namely, from the disease to the images, provides a firm structure and allows the author or editor to present all the imaging characteristics of a specific disease condition with its typical, atypical, and specific features in one place. This book is no different and is also organized in this traditional way.
Regulation of phosphorylase activation in skeletal muscle in vivo.

Regulation of phosphorylase a formation in rabbit gracilis muscle in vivo was investigated by measurements of the responses of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP), phosphorylase b kinase, and phosphorylase after administration of the catecholamine, isoproterenol. Responses to muscle contraction alone and in combination with isoproterenol were also measured. Phosphorylase a formation was stimulated without any changes in cyclic AMP or phosphorylase b kinase after administration of 4 x 10-12 moles of 1-isoproterenol. After 4 x 10-10 or 4 x 10-9 moles of 1-isoproterenol, cyclic AMP formation increased and nonactivated phosphorylase b kinase was converted to the activated form along with the stimulation of phosphorylase a formation. However, phosphorylase a formation preceded the stimulation of the formation of cyclic AMP and of activated phosphorylase b kinase. Three phases of phosphorylase a formation were identified: phosphorylase a formation without change in cyclic AMP and phosphorylase b kinase; phosphorylase a formation correlated with increased cyclic AMP and conversion of nonactivated phosphorylase b kinase to the activated form; further phosphorylase a formation with a greater cyclic AMP increase, but no greater formation of activated phosphorylase b kinase. Beta adrenergic blockade by 10-13 moles propranolol partially inhibited both cyclic AMP and phosphorylase a responses to 1-isoproterenol (4 x 10-10 moles) but not the formation of activated phosphorylase b kinase; i.e. phase 3 was inhibited. Tetanic electrical stimulation alone rapidly stimulated phosphorylase a formation without any change in cyclic AMP or phosphorylase b kinase. Tetanic electrical stimulation did not alter the responses to 4 x 10-10 moles of 1-isoproterenol. We conclude that the catalytic activity of nonactivated phosphorylase b kinase is sufficient for phosphorylase a formation during electrical stimulation and after isoproterenol administration. Therefore, phosphorylase a formation is not exclusively a consequence of an increase in cyclic AMP content and transformation of nonactivated phosphorylase b kinase to the activated form, but involves regulation by more complex mechanisms.
An Engineering Student Retention Study

National engineering enrollment peaked in the early 1980's and, with rare exception, has declined or remained flat for the past fifteen years. Historically, engineering enrollment has focused on new student recruitment, but recently much more attention has been directed toward the issue of student retention. Our efforts at Iowa State University to examine retention issues were divided into two parts. Phase I of the study, which is presented in this paper, was targeted to accomplish several objectives. First, we had to design and assemble a data base that would allow for individual tracking of students. Once a complete profile of our students population had been assembled, it was possible to identify accurately a range of descriptive variables. Next, using the established data base we developed a retention analysis tool that would statistically suggest and identify students who are potentially at risk of attrition. To do this we examined a range of independent variables against a set of dependent risk categories. Statistical analyses and logistic regression methods were performed to provide a predictive model. Phase II of this study is currently in process and involves a multitude of attrition variables which were not considered, quantified, or integrated into Phase I. When factors such as background, social integration, attitude, etc. can be successfully measured and integrated into the data base the accuracy of our current model is expected to improve.
Muscular control of the vocal tract during release signaling in the toad Bufo valliceps.

The release vibration and release call of Bufo valliceps have been studied by electromyography of the muscles involved, coupled with pressure and sound recording. The sequences are powered by contraction of the muscles of the body envelope and with the energy transmitted via the compressed pulmonary contents. Each pulse of a call starts as the laryngeal muscles relax and pulmonary pressure forces the arytenoid cartilages apart. Sound emission ceases when the laryngeal dilators pull the arytenoids out of the airstream. Reverse flow of air from buccal cavity to lungs may occur within prolonged release sequences. Inflation of the vocal sac results in marked increase in amplitude of the radiated sound without equivalent increase in amplitude of the myograns. The call is intimately associated with the pulsepumping method of breathing used by frogs.
Massive exocytosis triggered by sodium-calcium exchange in sympathetic neurons is attenuated by co-culture with cardiac cells

Abstract Entry of Ca2+ through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels is known to be linked to the exocytotic release of transmitter from sympathetic neurons. In this paper we provide evidence that transmitter release can also be stimulated by Ca2+ influx via the Na-Ca exchanger. Furthermore, the release linked to Na-Ca exchange is regulated by cardiac target cells. Cultured sympathetic neurons of the chick embryo incubated in Ca2+-Mg2+-free Krebs solution for 20 min and then switched to Ca2+-containing solution exhibited 15–20-fold increases in [3H]noradrenaline release over the spontaneous release. Electrophysiologic studies showed that neurons were completely depolarized in Ca2+-Mg2+-free medium. Indo-1 fluorescence revealed a large and sustained increase in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) after addition of Ca2+ to Ca2+-Mg2+-free medium. The increased [3H]noradrenaline release and [Ca2+]i were dependent on external Na+ and Ca2+, but were not affected by the Ca2+ channel blockers lanthanum, cadmium, verapamil or omega-conotoxin. A conventional depolarizing stimulus (125 mM K+) produced a 13-fold increase in [3H]noradrenaline release over spontaneous release. However, K+-induced release and rise in [Ca2+]i declined rapidly and were sensitive to the Ca2+ channel blockers. When sympathetic neurons were co-cultured with embryonic cardiac cells the release induced by change from Ca2+-Mg2+-free to Ca2+-Krebs solution was dramatically reduced. The change from Ca2+-Mg2+-free to Ca2+-Krebs solution was ineffective in evoking [3H]noradrenaline release from sympathetic neurons in situ using perfused hearts of 15-day-old chick embryos. Taken together, our results implicate Na-Ca exchange in the release of sympathetic transmitter in embryonic neurons and suggest that regulation of developing neurons by target cells may affect Ca2+ handling by the Na-Ca exchanger.
Dendritic spread of dorsal horn neurons in cats.

Observations of neurons in dorsal horn laminae IV–VI of the lumbosacral segments of Golgi-stained spinal cords in kittens and adult cats revealed laminar differences in dendritic architecture. Many neurons in lamina IV had dense, bushy dendritic fields. Lamina V contained, in addition to bushy cells similar in appearance to those of lamina IV, increasing numbers of neurons with radiating dendritic fields. Lamina VI was composed almost exclusively of neurons with radiating dendritic fields. These qualitative differences among laminae were accompanied by systematic variations in mean dendritic spread, which increased more than two-fold in adult cats between laminae IV and VI. A second gradient of dendritic spread was found within individual laminae: dendritic spread, particularly medial to lateral spread, increased for successively more lateral cells within a lamina. These differences in the spread of dendrites for neurons in different regions of the dorsal horn may be related to variations in the areas of peripheral receptive fields of dorsal horn neurons.
Hydrogen and helium abundances in neutron-star atmospheres.

An analysis is presented of the burning and diffusion of hydrogen and helium in a neutron-star atmosphere. An initial two-component atmosphere of hydrogen and carbon and of helium and carbon is examined utilizing various photospheric temperatures. The hydrogen burns through the proton-proton reaction and the CN-cycle and the helium by the triple-alpha process and alpha capture on carbon. It is found that only a negligible proportion of hydrogen or helium can exist after a few years in the neutron-star atmosphere.
Diversification versus co‐operation in R&D investment

Comparison of the diversification of R&D in the mid-1970s with the mid-1980s co-operative R&D that is protected by the National Co-operative Research Act of 1984 (NCRA) shows that multi-industry research coalitions seem to substitute for multi-industry firms exploiting R&D spillovers. Diversification by individual firms and co-operation among them can both increase appropriability, but the co-operative R&D sacrifices competition that is present with diversification alone. The evidence suggests that diversification in the absence of the NCRA may have carried innovative investment toward the social optimum, while the effect of the law may well be to reduce investment and take us away from the social optimum.
Intramolecular cyclization of enyne [3]cumulenals

Abstract Enyne [3]cumlenals have been shown to undergo a Bergman cyclization or an intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition depending on the nature of substituents on the yne carbon. A hydrogen substituted [3]cumulenal is cleanly converted to a naphthalene product while a trimethylsilyl substituted substrate produces a cyclobutene product.
On the Veracity and Variability of Traumatic Memory

We specify conditions under which a memory for a traumatic event has a high, medium, or low probability of accurately reflecting the target event. In addition, we specify circumstances under which a second party may have a large, medium, or minimal influence on the content of traumatic memory. Language: en
Social Perspective-Taking and Teacher Ratings of Peer Interaction in Hyperactive Boys.

Hyperactive and matched control boys at two age levels were compared on teacher ratings of peer interaction and three measures of social perspective-taking. The teachers' ratings of peer interaction discriminated between the hyperactive children and their controls. In addition, a significant interaction effect indicated that teachers rated the older hyperactive group as more deviant with peers than both their younger hyperactive counterparts and their age-matched controls. In a structured laboratory setting, the hyperactive children did not differ from control children on the three measures of social perspective-taking. The perspective-taking measures did, however, show differences across age groups. Implications for treatment are examined.
Do Additional Echocardiographic Variables Increase the Accuracy of E/e′ for Predicting Left Ventricular Filling Pressure in Normal Ejection Fraction? An Echocardiographic and Invasive Hemodynamic Study

Background There are few data on adding left atrial volume index (LAVi) or pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PAP) to the ratio of early mitral inflow to mitral annular velocity (E/e′) for the estimation of left ventricular (LV) filling pressure in patients with preserved LV ejection fractions (LVEFs) (>50%). Methods Patients underwent echocardiography within 20 minutes of cardiac catheterization. Echocardiographic variables were compared with invasively measured LV preatrial contraction pressure (pre-A). Results Of the 122 patients studied (mean age, 55 ± 9 years; mean LVEF, 61 ± 6%), 67 (55%) were women, 108 (88%) had hypertension, and 79 (65%) had significant coronary artery disease at catheterization. E/e′ was significantly correlated with pre-A ( R = 0.63, P P R = 0.48, P 13 had sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 93% (area under the curve [AUC], 0.82; P 31 mL/m 2 had sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 76% (AUC, 0.80, P 28 mm Hg had sensitivity of 80% and specificity of 64% for pre-A > 15 mm Hg (AUC, 0.77, P 31 mL/m 2 for E/e′ = 8 to 13 significantly increased the accuracy of E/e′ > 13 alone (sensitivity, 87%; specificity, 88%; AUC, 0.89; P = .01 for comparison). However, adding PAP > 28 mm Hg for E/e′ = 8 to 13 did not significantly increase the accuracy of E/e′ > 13 alone (AUC, 0.82; sensitivity, 82%; specificity, 72%; P = NS for comparison). Conclusions In patients with preserved LVEFs, adding LAVi > 31 mL/m 2 to E/e′ (when E/e′ was in the gray zone, but not when E/e′ was >13) significantly increased the accuracy of E/e′ alone for the estimation of LV filling pressure. These data support the notion of using several, rather than any single, Doppler echocardiographic parameter for the accurate assessment of LV diastolic function.
Grand Comore Island: A well-constrained "low 3He/4He" mantle plume

Abstract We report He isotope (3He/4He) variations in samples from alkali basaltic and basanitic lava flows from Grande Comore Island complemented by existing [1] , [2] [C. Class, S.L. Goldstein, Plume–lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins: constraints from the source mineralogy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 150 (1997) 245–260, C. Class, S.L. Goldstein, R. Altherr, P. Bachechlery, The process of plume–lithosphere interaction in the ocean basins—the case of Grande Comore. J. Petrol., 39 (5) (1998) 881–903] and new Sr–Nd–Pb isotope ratios and major and trace element abundances. He isotope data in samples from Tristan da Cunha and Gough islands and the Huri Hills in Kenya are reported also. Grande Comore 3He/4He ratios vary between 5.05 and 7.08 RA (4He/3He ≈ 141,000–101,000). Chemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic variations of Grande Comore lavas were previously shown to reflect melts derived from the deep mantle plume and the shallow lithospheric mantle [1] , [2] , [3] [C. Class, S.L. Goldstein, Plume–lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins: constraints from the source mineralogy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 150 (1997) 245–260, C. Class, S.L. Goldstein, R. Altherr, P. Bachechlery, The process of plume–lithosphere interaction in the ocean basins-the case of Grande Comore. J. Petrol., 39 (5) (1998) 881–903, C. Claude-Ivanaj, B. Bourdon, C.J. Allegre, Ra–Th–Sr isotope systematics in Grande Comore Island: a case study of plume–lithosphere interaction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 164 (1998) 99–117]. The lithosphere-dominated end-member (La Grille volcano) shows uniform 3He/4He ratios within error of 6.75–7.08 RA (4He/3He ≈ 106,000–101,000) over a range of [He] = 36–428 × 10− 9 ccSTP/g. The plume end-member (of the Karthala volcano suite), as constrained by Sr, Nd, Pb isotope ratios, shows uniformly lower 3He/4He ratios with 5.05–5.41 RA (4He/3He ≈ 141,000–132,000) over a range of [He] = 11–136 × 10− 9 ccSTP/g. All samples show good correlations between Sr–Nd–He isotope ratios, indicating that the Grande Comore 3He/4He ratios are not significantly influenced by crustal contamination and reflect recent mixing between plume- and lithosphere-derived melts. The lithosphere beneath Grande Comore has retained its MORB-like helium isotopic composition, which suggests that the previously identified amphibole-forming metasomatism of the lithospheric mantle [1] [C. Class, S.L. Goldstein, Plume–lithosphere interactions in the ocean basins: constraints from the source mineralogy. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 150 (1997) 245–260] occurred prior to the arrival of the Comoro plume. The well-constrained 3He/4He = 5.2 ± 0.2 RA (4He/3He ≈ 137,000 ± 5000) of the Comoro plume confirms the existence of “low 3He/4He” mantle plumes. A global compilation of OIB shows that OIB from “low 3He/4He” plumes form one “side” of the roughly triangular distribution of the global OIB data set in 143Nd/144Nd versus 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb, encompassing the lowest Nd to the highest Pb isotope ratios. It is also shown that “low 3He/4He” plumes are more enriched in Th and U relative to other plumes.
Photoregulation of Anthocyanin Synthesis VIII. Effect of Light Pretreatments

A comparative study of the spectral sensitivity of anthocyanin production in dark-grown and light-pretreated systems was carried out in Brassica oleracea L., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Secale cereale L. and Spirodela polyrrhiza L. Light pretreatments bring about an enhancement of the inductive, red-far red reversible response in all systems, a decrease of the continuous irradiation response in cabbage, rye, and tomato seedlings, and an enhancement of the continuous irradiation response in cabbage leaf disks. Light pretreatments also bring about a marked change in the spectral sensitivity of the continuous irradiation response. The different effect of light pretreatments on the photosensitivity of the response to short and long wavelength irradiations suggests that two photoreceptors, phytochrome and cryptochrome, may be involved in the photoregulation of anthocyanin production.
Microbial inhibitory and radical scavenging activities of cold-pressed terpeneless Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis) oil in different dispersing agents.

BACKGROUND: Due to their low solubility in water, oil-based bioactive compounds require dispersion in a surface-active agent or appropriate solvents to ensure maximum contact with microorganisms. These combinations, however, may change their physical and/or chemical characteristics and consequently alter the desired functionality. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of selected dispersing agents, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and Tween-80, on cold-pressed terpeneless (CPT) Valencia orange oil to function as a free radical scavenger and an antimicrobial food additive. RESULTS: When dissolved in ethanol or DMSO, the orange oil fraction had similar minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19 115 (0.3% and 0.25% v/v respectively), which were significantly lower (P ≤ 0.5) than the MIC for Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14 028 (1% v/v). Both ethanol and DMSO oil dispersion systems exhibited an intermediate MIC (0.75% v/v) for Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1. The orange oil (up to 3%) in an aqueous solution of 0.1% Tween-80 yielded no inhibitory activities against any of the test bacteria. However, the 1% natural orange oil dispersed in Tween-80 exhibited 56.86% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition versus 18.37% and 16.60% when the same level of orange oil was dissolved in DMSO or ethanol, respectively. At the same orange oil concentration, the oil/Tween-80 suspension yielded 57.92% neutralization of hydroxyl radicals. This represents 71.37% of the mannitol antioxidant activity, which was used as a positive control. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Tween-80 is an appropriate dispersing agent only if the antioxidant functionality is desired. If both antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are needed, the CPT Valencia orange oil should be dispersed in either DMSO or ethanol. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A role for juvenile hormone in the prepupal development of Drosophila melanogaster.

To elucidate the role of juvenile hormone (JH) in metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster, the corpora allata cells, which produce JH, were killed using the cell death gene grim. These allatectomized (CAX) larvae were smaller at pupariation and died at head eversion. They showed premature ecdysone receptor B1 (EcR-B1) in the photoreceptors and in the optic lobe, downregulation of proliferation in the optic lobe, and separation of R7 from R8 in the medulla during the prepupal period. All of these effects of allatectomy were reversed by feeding third instar larvae on a diet containing the JH mimic (JHM) pyriproxifen or by application of JH III or JHM at the onset of wandering. Eye and optic lobe development in the Methoprene-tolerant (Met)-null mutant mimicked that of CAX prepupae, but the mutant formed viable adults, which had marked abnormalities in the organization of their optic lobe neuropils. Feeding Met27 larvae on the JHM diet did not rescue the premature EcR-B1 expression or the downregulation of proliferation but did partially rescue the premature separation of R7, suggesting that other pathways besides Met might be involved in mediating the response to JH. Selective expression of Met RNAi in the photoreceptors caused their premature expression of EcR-B1 and the separation of R7 and R8, but driving Met RNAi in lamina neurons led only to the precocious appearance of EcR-B1 in the lamina. Thus, the lack of JH and its receptor Met causes a heterochronic shift in the development of the visual system that is likely to result from some cells ‘misinterpreting’ the ecdysteroid peaks that drive metamorphosis.
Moving boundaries in two-phase turbulent flows

Two-phase flow phenomena depend heavily on the topology and dynamics of interfaces. Experiments and models designed to describe them incorporate many simplifications which produce results with limited validity. New assumptions are discussed concerning two-phase moving boundaries and their interactions with an outer turbulent flow are investigated. New aspects of their motion are revealed and explanations found for the void drift concept formulated by Lahey et al.
Partial oxidation of 13C-labeled ethylene in methane over Ca/Ni/K catalysts

The relative reactivity of ethane and ethylene compared to methane over the Ca/Ni/K catalyst was determined. The reactivities are in the order of ethylene > ethane ≫methane. The catalyst was also studied using temperature-programmed reaction, desorption and decomposition.
An Analysis of Climatological Patterns of the Northern Hemispheric Circulation

Abstract Eigenvector and harmonic analyses have been performed with monthly mean values of upper air parameters of the Northern Hemispheric circulation for the period from April 1955 to December 1974. The parameters used involve the 700 and 500 mb temperatures, the 700–500 mb thickness, the 300 mb kinetic and eddy kinetic energies, and the 700, 500 and 300 mb zonal/meridional flow indicators. The zonal/meridional flow indicator is defined as the ratio |u|/|v|, where the bar indicates the monthly mean. The first eigenvectors of the normalized parameters are associated with the annual variation of the basic patterns. For the temperature field the first eigenvector overwhelmingly dominates. It reflects the annual variation of temperature in the mid and higher latitudes with an effect of the land-ocean configuration. The second eigenvector shows a land-ocean contrast. The long-term variation of temperature in the lower latitudes also stands out. For the kinetic energy and zonal/meridional flow indicator the f...
Distributing the Fish: Two‐Level Games in the Commons

Who Gets What? Domestic Influences on International Negotiations Allocating Shared Resources. By Aslaug Asgeirsdottir. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2008. 175 pp., $60.00 hardcover (ISBN-13: 978-0-7914-7539-3). FAO reports suggest that the upper limits on capture fisheries have been reached, leaving little room for increasing production (FAO, 2002:3, 119–120). At the same time, the population of the world has increased, decreasing the available fish protein per capita. As a result, the world is faced with a situation where a significant source of animal protein used for human consumption is under severe stress. Not surprisingly, this has contributed to a scholarly focus on the impact of increasing scarcity on state behavior, including distributional conflicts over fish resources. As Asgeirsdottir notes, the “tragedy of the commons” and the challenges of collective action cast their shadow over the use and management of fish stocks (p. 19). There have been significant interstate confrontations over straddling fish stocks: the “Cod Wars” between the Great Britain and Iceland; the “Turbot War” between Canada and Spain; the “Pacific Salmon War” between Canada and the United States; and multistate disputes over fishing in the Donut Hole, the Loophole, and the Peanut Hole (see, generally, Bailey 1997; Stokke 2001). Many of these conflicts have involved states that would not be expected to resort to using force against each other. As one article noted, “Democracies Don't Fight—Except Over Fish” (Baden and Noonan 1996). Research has found little evidence, however, that competition over fish has been a cause of violent conflict among modern states (see, for example, Homer-Dixon 1999:138; Stalley 2003:44, 49). Instead states have deferred to alternative resolutions. These include …
Engineering pulsed magnetic fields: Designing and building a pulsed magnetic field circuit for a faraday rotation experimental setup

Faraday rotation (FR) is a useful optical technique to investigate magnetic properties of solid and liquid samples. FR refers to magnetically induced birefringence whereby a substance rotates the polarization of a light beam passing through it, in the presence of a magnetic field. While FR experiments commonly employ either a DC or an AC magnetic field, obstacles exist for some samples with these setups. Overcoming some of these difficulties, a pulsed field setup has been designed and tested that allows for investigating magnetic response to short intense fields on the order of 1.5 Tesla and lasting 30 to 50 milliseconds.
Functional significance of the crystal cells in the larva of Drosophila melanogaster.

Cytoplasmic crystalline inclusions are found in some larval haemocytes of Drosophila melanogaster. Blackening can be experimentally induced in these cells, and previously it was suggested that either the substrate or enzyme for the tyrosine-tyrosinase system leading to melanin production in Drosophila larvae is found in these inclusions in the crystal cells. The present report is an attempt to further localize the enzyme and substrate. Larvae have been fed on food containing α-C14-tyrosine and autoradiographs of the blood cells taken from these larvae subsequently prepared. The C14 activity in the crystal cells is restricted to the crystal inclusions in the cells and is significantly higher than that found in the other type of haemocytes, the plasmatocytes. When samples of the blood cells are incubated in DOPA solution, the extra-crystalline cytoplasm becomes blackened while the crystals themselves remain colorless. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the substrate is localized in the crystal inclusions whereas enzyme is found in the surrounding cytoplasm. An in vivo structural isolation would serve to separate enzyme and substrate rather than an inhibition by dehydrogenases as postulated by previous authors. In vitro examination with the phase microscope has shown that the crystal cells rupture easily and the crystals dissolve in the haemolymph. Therefore any treatment which tends to disrupt the structural integrity of the cell will allow the enzyme and substrate to come together. Humoral factors preceding metamorphosis might account for the in vivo release of the enzymatic reaction by initially altering the permeability of the cell.
A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire

The construct validity of scores on the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The purpose of this study was to test the fit of the SACQ authors' proposed four-factor model using a sample of university students. Results indicated that the hypothesized model did not fit. Additional CFAs specifying one-factor models for each subscale were performed to diagnose areas of misfit, and results also indicated lack of fit. Exploratory factor analyses were then conducted and a four-factor model, different from the model proposed by the authors, was examined to provide information for future instrument revisions. It was concluded that researchers need to return to the first stage of instrument development, which would entail examining not only the theories behind adjustment to college in greater detail, but also how the current conceptualization of the SACQ relates to such theories.
LAMELLAR BODIES IN SYNOVIOCYTES, MESOTHELIUM AND SPECIFIC EPITHELIA AS POSSIBLE SITE OF AUTO-ANTIGEN IN RHEUMATOID DISEASE

Intracytoplasmic lamellar organelles identical in ultrastructure to surfactant-containing lamellar bodies found in type II pneumocytes, have been demonstrated in other tissues, in synoviocytes and mesothelial cells, in a distribution pattern which reflects the systemic expression of rheumatoid disease. Antibodies raised against surfactant protein A (SP-A), exhibit a ranking of tissue reactivity in area, intensity and density of cells which also parallels the frequency and degree of pathological involvement characteristic of rheumatoid disease, showing in ascending order of immunopositivity, lacrymal and salivary epithelia, pulmonary parenchyma, mesothelium and synoviocytes. Maximal tissue reactivity to anti-SP-A antibodies was found in the synovium of 55 rheumatoid patients exhibiting classical histopathological appearances of RA, in a pattern of immunostaining identical to that obtained with ML30, an antibody to mycobacterial heat shock protein 65kDa which, in turn, cross-reacted with SP-A in dot blot testing.
SEISMIC GROUND MOTION SYNTHETICS OF THE 1989 LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE

A discrete wave number approach in conjunction with a propagator-based formalism is used to synthesize the Loma Prieta earthquake ground motion at both the near and the far field, taking into account all kinds of seismic waves (body and surface). A bilaterally propagating shear slip over a rectangular fault is used to describe the seismic source mechanism, while the earth model is based on geological profiles of the Santa Cruz mountain area and consists of three layers overlaying a half-space. The synthesized ground motion is first compared with actual records from the Loma Prieta earthquake and the agreement between the two is found to be satisfactory, as far as magnitude, duration and essential wave form characteristics are concerned. Then, ground motions are synthesized and plotted at a dense grid of observer locations over a large area around the epicenter, at different time instants. Using such plots, it is possible to study the generation ana propagation of different kinds of seismic waves, the spatial variability of ground motion, as well as the development of the permanent gound deformation.
Phenomenological scattering analysis of an RF Area Secure Perimeter

Surveillance of perimeters is essential, especially for critical infrastructure such as transportation hubs, power stations, chemical facilities and others. There are many approaches to perimeter surveillance, but most of these require large upfront investments. This investigation uses advanced electromagnetic modeling techniques with real human body geometries to establish the best set of detectable features using the Wireless Area Secure Perimeter (WASP) system geometry. Using the frequency, power level, network configuration, and antennas employed by WASP, predictions on limits to target recognition are presented, along with recommendations for system reconfiguration for improving target characterization.
Multiple Primary Malignancies in Head and Neck Cancer

Multiple primary (MP) malignancies were found in 9.7% of 1961 patients with primary head and neck cancer diagnosed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, during the years 1975 to 1985. The index tumors were divided into six main groups. Out of the 190 MP malignancies, 46.9% were synchronous and 53.1% were metachronous. Seventy-four percent of MP lesions were noted during the first year after diagnosis of the index primary tumor. Patients with an index tumor in the upper aerodigestive tract had a significantly increased risk of developing a second cancer in the head and neck area. This risk was 5.94 for the oral cavity, 6.98 for the pharynx, 3.57 for the larynx, and 7.02 for the esophagus. Patients with an index tumor in the salivary gland or the thyroid gland had, respectively, a 3.59 and a 7.38 higher risk than the general population of developing a second tumor. Efforts aimed at improving the survival of patients with head and neck cancer must incorporate strategies for the prevention, early detection, and treatment of MP neoplasms.
Perspectives on poverty and income inequality in Brazil

Abstract Exploratory analysis of the advance tabulations of the 1980 Brazilian demographic census suggests the proportion of the population in poverty fell during the decade 1970–1980. The degree of inequality of the distribution of the income of individuals apparently remained about the same from 1970 to 1980, after rising in the 1960s. This near-constancy of the overall inequality of income distribution resulted from two offsetting changes: a narrowing of the gap between rural and urban incomes, and greater inequality within the rural sector.
Reduction of retrosternal and pericardial adhesions with rapidly resorbable polymer films.

Abstract Background . The formation of postoperative cardiac adhesions makes a repeat sternotomy time consuming and dangerous. Many attempts have been made to solve this problem by using either drugs to inhibit fibrinolytic activity or different types of pericardial substitutes. The results have not been satisfactory. Methods . The efficacy of bioresorbable film prototypes made of polyethylene glycol (EO) and polylactic acid (LA) (EO/LA = 1.5, 2.5, and 3.0) in the prevention of adhesions after cardiac operations in canine models was tested. After desiccation and abrasion of the epicardium, a transparent bioresorbable film was placed over the heart. The pericardium was closed to allow intrapericardial adhesions (n = 32) or left open and attached to the chest wall to induce retrosternal adhesions (n = 17). Postoperative recovery was similar among the groups. Retrosternal and pericardial adhesions were evaluated at necropsy 3 weeks later by assessing area, tenacity, and density of the adhesions. Results . In the control dogs, tenacious, dense adhesions were observed. In contrast, adhesion formation was reduced at all sites covered by the films. The bioresorbable films were efficacious in the reduction of adhesion formation between epicardium and pericardium or between epicardium and sternum after cardiac operation. The EO/LA 1.5 film most effectively prevented the early adhesions. Conclusions . The bioresorbable films (EO/LA = 1.5, 2.5, and 3.0) significantly reduced adhesion formation, with EO/LA = 1.5 (Repel CV) being optimal. As the barrier was rapidly resorbed, the capsule formation induced by permanent barriers was avoided.
Maximum-likelihood localization of a camera network from heterogeneous relative measurements

This paper proposes an algorithm for estimating the absolute pose (position and orientation) of n cameras using relative measurements between pairs of cameras. Our work is inspired by the recent work [1] where the same problem was considered and a distributed algorithm was proposed. In contrast to [1], which fused relative measurements of orientation and bearing between camera pairs, and produced a least squares estimate, we make two novel contributions. First, our algorithm is capable of fusing any type of relative measurement between cameras: relative orientation, relative position, relative bearing, or relative distance, or any combination thereof. Second, the algorithm determines a maximum likelihood estimate of the camera poses when the measurement noises distributions are Gaussian-like in their corresponding Riemannian manifolds. A gradient descent method on the product manifold (SO(3) × R3)n is used to compute the estimates. Unlike past probabilistic techniques, our assumed distribution for measurement noise on orientation and bearings are defined on the natural manifolds rather then any parameterization. Though the proposed algorithm is centralized in its computation, we discuss how the computations can be distributed among the cameras. Performance of the proposed algorithm is examined through simulations. Comparison with the algorithm in [1] with non-uniform sensor accuracy reveals which algorithm is most appropriate for a given scenario.
Modeling and prediction of natural gas fracking pad landscapes in the Marcellus Shale region, USA. A rejoinder to Klein and Manda's commentary

Abstract In a comment on my early article ( Meng, 2014 ) published in this journal, Klein and Manda (2015) critiqued some of my discussion points. Most significantly, they posited that “it is [therefore] erroneous to state that [in the Marcellus Shale region] land use characteristics are driving factors in well site/pad determination” because my speculation that “in the Marcellus Shale region the key variables for natural gas fracking can be landscape and environmental variables rather than geological variables” is flawed. In this rejoinder, I demonstrate that not only are their criticisms based on limited geological understanding of fracking, but they are also on an incorrect analysis. Therefore, my original results and conclusions on the driving force of landscape and environmental variables and on the implications to environment management and ecosystem administration and conservation remain stable and valid.
Presence of egg antigen in immature oocytes and preimplantation embryos.

THE availability of a species-specific antibody against mouse eggs which did not react with mouse somatic cells1,2 has made it possible to determine the presence of the “egg antigen” in both oocytes and developing embryos. Oocytes were obtained from Swiss albino 1CR mice either by disruption of intact ovaries with thin needles (4 to 6-day-old mice) or by disruption of follicles (older mice). Unfertilized eggs were obtained from superovulated Swiss mice as before3. Embryos at different stages of development were flushed from oviducts and uteri of untreated Swiss mice at various times after mating. The day on which the vaginal plug became visible was counted as the first day of pregnancy. Postimplantation embryos were dissected by Kirby's4 technique and cumuli oophori and zonae pellucidae were removed by the standard procedure3. Trophoblast cultures were established from late blastocysts maintained in the wells of microtest tissue culture plates for 48 h in Eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum. Trophoblast giant cells were obtained from ectoplacental cones of 7.5-day-old embryos which had been treated for 15 min with a 0.25% trypsin solution, containing 200 µg of DNAase/ml. to remove adhering fibrinoid deposits5.
Real-time monitoring and control of mechanical face-seal dynamic behaviour

Abstract Seal failure in critical applications can have severe implications, which is why it is important to detect problems and correct them before they develop further. This article looks at monitoring and controlling the dynamic behaviour of a noncontacting mechanical sea, having a flexibly-mounted rotor in a seal test rig. In particular, it focuses on detecting and controlling the contact between the rotor and stator that may cause severe face wear and imminent seal failure.