cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 2s/sub 1///sub 2/. -->. 2p/sub 1///sub 2/ + one photon transition in hydrogen and hydrogenlike ions

The 2s/sub 1///sub 2/ ..-->.. 2p/sub 1///sub 2/ + one photon transition rate is calculated and discussed for hydrogen and hydrogenlike ions. It is noted that the induced transition rather than the spontaneous transition is of primary importance since it is the basis of many of the precision Lamb-shift measurements. The lack of a calculation of the transition rate other than a heuristic nonrelativistic derivation which requires a nontrivial assumption motivates the calculation presented here based on the external field approximation to quantum electrodynamics. It is found that the heuristic answer is correct in lowest order. In this derivation we see that the 2s/sub 1///sub 2/ ..-->.. 2p/sub 1///sub 2/ + one photon transition gives an apparent contradiction to the often-stated remark that for the electric dipole matrix element there exist three equivalent representations, the ''length,'' ''velocity,'' and ''acceleration'' forms. The difficulties of an experimental determination of this transition rate using induced transitions in hydrogenlike ions are briefly noted as well as the somewhat different case of heavy muonic atoms where the spontaneous 2s/sub 1///sub 2/ ..-->.. 2p/sub 1///sub 2/ + one photon transition has been observed. (AIP)
Preliminary Derivation of a Nursing Home Confusion Assessment Method Based on Data from the Minimum Data Set

OBJECTIVES: To develop a Nursing Home Confusion Assessment Method (NH-CAM) for diagnosing delirium using items found on the Minimum Data Set (MDS) and to compare its performance with that of the delirium Resident Assessment Protocol (RAP) trigger and to an additive score of six of the RAP items. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using MDS and Medicare claims data. SETTING: Free-standing NHs in urban markets in the 48 contiguous U.S. states. PARTICIPANTS: Long-stay residents who returned to their NHs after acute hospitalizations between April and September 2000 (N=35,721). MEASUREMENTS: Mortality and rehospitalization rates within 90 days of readmission to the NH from the hospital. RESULTS: Almost one-third (31.8%) of the residents were identified as having delirium according to the RAP; 1.4% had full delirium, 13.2% had Subsyndromal II delirium, and 17.2% had Subsyndromal I delirium. More-severe NH-CAM scores were associated with greater risks of mortality and rehospitalization. NH-CAM levels were strong independent risk factors for survival and rehospitalization in a Cox model (hazard ratios ranging from 1.5 to 1.9 for mortality and 1.1 to 1.3 for rehospitalization) adjusting for cognitive and physical function, diagnoses, inpatient care parameters, care preferences, and sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSION: The NH-CAM successfully stratified NH residents' risk of mortality and rehospitalization. If validated clinically, the NH-CAM may be useful in care planning and in further research on the determinants and consequences of delirium in the NH.
Groups, conservation laws and the forgotten laws of balance

The ten laws of conservation of mass-energy, linear momentum, angular momentum, and motion of the center of mass of a continuous conservative system in Minkowski space can be derived either from the equations of motion,∂ATAB=0, or from the fact that Minkowski space admits the proper orthochronous Lorentz group as a group of motions. The system of ten laws of conservation is imbedded in a system of fifteen laws of balance that derive from the conformal group of a Minkowski space. The derivations of laws of conservation and of laws of balance by use of the groups of isometries and of conformal motions in general relativity is shown to be a direct extension of the results that obtain in Minkowski space. Such laws admit equivalent representations in terms of integral laws, as opposed to∇ATAB. The nonconstant curvature of the space-time of general relativity is realized in terms of a loss of laws of conservation, although this need not be the case for laws of balance as shown by relativistic cosmology. The group of isometries of a space is imbedded in the group of affine motions and this latter group ofp ⩽ 20 parameters is shown to lead to ap-parameter family of symmetric fields ℐAB such that ∇AℐAB=0. Each element of thisp-parameter family of covariant divergences then leads to laws of conservation and of balance by use of the groups of isometries and of conformal motions of the space.
Chapter 5.2 - Five-Membered Ring Systems: Pyrroles and Benzo Derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the structure and reactivity of pyrroles and benzo derivatives. New data was obtained on the stability of the previously uncharacterized 3H-tautomer of indole. Photodecomposition of 1 in diethyl ether generated a mixture of 3H-indole and the enol of acetophenone. 3H-indole can also be generated by photolysis of indoline in aqueous solution. The 3H-tautomer is formed by disproportionation of the 2-indolinyl radical that is generated by electrontransfer. The chapter also discusses the synthesis of pyrroles and benzo derivatives.
The Relationship between Atmospheric Convective Radiative Effect and Net Energy Transport in the Tropical Warm Pool

Reanalysis data and radiation budget data are used to calculate the role of the atmospheric cloud radiative effect in determining the magnitude of horizontal export of energy by the tropical atmosphere. Because tropical high clouds result in net radiative heating of the atmosphere, they increase the requirement for the atmospheretoexportenergyfromconvectiveregions.Increasesinupper-troposphericwatervaporassociated with convection contribute about a fifth of the atmospheric radiative heating anomaly associated with convection. Over the warmest tropical oceans, the radiative effect of convective clouds and associated water vapor is roughly two-thirds the value of the atmospheric energy transport. Cloud radiative heating and atmospheric heat transport increase at the same rate with increasing sea surface temperature, suggesting that the increased energy export is supplied by the radiative heating associated with convective clouds. The net cloud radiative effect at the top of the atmosphere is insensitive to changes in SST over the warm pool. Principal component analysis of satellite-retrieved cloud data reveals that the insensitivity of the net cloud radiative effect to SST is the result of changes in cloud amount offsetting changes in cloud optical thickness and cloud-top height. While increasing upward motion makes the cloud radiative effect more negative, that decrease is offset by reductions in outgoing longwave radiation owing to increases in water vapor.
Density quantile estimation approach to statistical data modelling

This paper describes the density-quantile function approach to statistical analysis of a sample as involving five phases requiring the study of various population raw and smoothed quantile and density-quantile functions. The phases can be succinctly described in terms of the notation for the functions studied: (1) Q, fQ, q, (ii) \(\tilde Q,\tilde q\), (iii) \(\tilde fQ\), (iv) \(\hat fQ,\hat d\), d(u)=f0Q0(u)q(u)/σ0, σ0 = ∫ 0 1 f0Q0(u)q(u)du, (v) \(\hat Q = \hat \mu + \hat \sigma Q_0\).
Properties of the H-4-II-E tumor cell system. I. Growth and cell proliferation kinetics of an experimental hepatoma.

Growth and cell proliferation kinetics of hepatoma H-4-II-E and its tissue culture derivative have been studied to establish the characteristics of an in vivo—in vitro solid tumor model. The H-4-II-E line, originating from the Reuber H-35 hepatoma, can be maintained and studied either in cell culture or as a transplantable solid tumor in ACI male rats. In addition it allows for the in vitro assay of cell survival following treatment of animal tumors in situ. In vivo, hepatoma H-4-II-E is a rapidly growing tumor with a mean doubling time of 49.2 hr. The cell cycle time is 39.1 hr with a cell loss factor of 0.32. Retrospective examination of tumor specimens obtained during the establishment of the H-4-II-E tumor system demonstrates that both structural as well as cell population changes have occurred. The biological characteristics of the primary tumor (H-35) and an early intermediate stage (H-35tc2) are compared with H-4-II-E and the histopathological, growth and cell kinetic changes are discussed.
Pre-operative estimation of esophageal tumor metabolic length in FDG-PET images with surgical pathology confirmation.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate a 3D tumor segmentation method for fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in the context of noninvasive estimation of tumor metabolic length (Lm), as it correlates with surgical pathology and phantom results.
Circular dichroism of native whole SV40 chromatin

Abstract Circular dichroism properties of SV40 virions, isolated minichromosomes from virions, and SV40 Form I (supercoiled) DNA were studied in a buffer of low ionic strength. The isolated minichromosomes are compact as judged by sedimentation and electron microscopy. The molar ellipticity at 284 nm of the virion, which may be regarded as a minichromosome in its native state, is about 1500 deg cm 2 /dmol phosphate; this value is in the same range as that reported for core particles (1300–2000) isolated from different sources. When the viral capsid is removed, there is a small increase in the molar ellipticity to about 2000. However, both of these values are much lower than that found for SV40 supercoiled DNA (about 8200). The results strongly suggest that the linker DNA of the native whole chromatin contributes in a similar fashion to the circular dichroic ellipticity as the core DNA.
IMPORTANCE OF SPATIAL SCALE TO HABITAT USE BY BREEDING BIRDS IN RIPARIAN FORESTS: A HIERARCHICAL ANALYSIS

Patterns of habitat use by breeding birds were studied in cottonwood riparian forests along 100 km of the South Fork of the Snake River in southeastern Idaho, United States, from 1991 to 1994. A hierarchical approach was used to examine habitat use at three spatial scales: microhabitat (local vegetation characteristics), macrohabitat (cottonwood forest patch characteristics), and landscape (composition and patterning of surrounding [matrix] vegetation types and land uses). This paper addresses a series of predictions about species’ distributions that incorporate the different spatial scales. Bird distribution and abundance and vegetation data were collected on 57 cottonwood forest patches ranging in size from 0.40 ha to 205 ha. The surrounding landscape changed from a valley surrounded by mountains, on the upstream end of the study area, to a narrow canyon adjacent to natural upland vegetation in the middle section, and to a wide, open floodplain dominated by agriculture on the downstream end. The best predictors of high species richness (r2 = 0.71) were natural and heterogeneous landscapes, large cottonwood patches, close proximity to other cottonwood patches, and microhabitats with relatively open canopies. Distribution and frequency of occurrence were evaluated for 32 species of small land birds. The most frequent significant predictor of species occurrence was the landscape component: increases in upland natural vegetation with decreases in agriculture. Both interior and edge specialists were found in arid land, cottonwood riparian forests that are linear in nature, with large amounts of edge. Nest predators, brood parasites, and exotic species responded positively to human-altered landscapes. Landscape patterns were the primary influence on distribution and occurrence of most bird species, whereas macrohabitat and microhabitat were of secondary importance. Thus, surrounding landscape (matrix) features should be a primary consideration for selecting riparian reserve areas.
An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of dynamic operational risk assessment model: A case study

Abstract In Dynamic Operational Risk Assessment (DORA) models, component repair time is an important parameter to characterize component state and the subsequent system-state trajectory. Specific distributions are fit to the industrial component repair time to be used as the input of Monte Carlo simulation of system-state trajectory. The objective of this study is to propose and apply statistical techniques to characterize the uncertainty and sensitivity on the distribution model selection and the associated parameters determination, in order to study how the DORA output that is the probability of operation out-of-control, can be apportioned by the distribution model selection. In this study, eight distribution fittings for each component are performed. Chi-square test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and Anderson-Darling test are proposed to measure the goodness-of-fit to rank the distribution models for characterizing the component repair time distribution. Sensitivity analysis results show that the selection of distribution model among exponential distribution, gamma distribution, lognormal distribution and Weibull distribution to fit the industrial data has no significant impact on DORA results in the case study.
Equations of State and Virial Coefficients for Rigid Linear Chains

The study of isotropic−nematic phase transition in a system of rodlike molecules requires an accurate equation of state for the isotropic phase. In this paper, generalized Flory-dimer (GF-D) theory is extended to fluids composed of rigid linear chains, and its predictions of the compressibility factor and virial coefficients are compared with simulation results available in the literature. A simplified equation of state is derived which eliminates the need to evaluate exclusion volumes. Compressibility factor predictions for linear tangent hard-sphere (LTHS) trimers, linear fused hard-sphere (LFHS) trimers, LTHS tetramers, and planar T- and Y-shaped tangent hard-sphere tetramers are in excellent agreement with simulation results. For LFHS 6-mers and 8-mers, with the ratio of bond length l to hard-sphere diameter d of 0.5, GF-D predictions are in good agreement with simulation results only for volume fractions less than about 0.4. At higher densities, GF-D theory first underpredicts and then slightly overp...
Automated quantification of high-resolution CT scan findings in individuals at risk for pulmonary fibrosis.

Background Automated methods to quantify interstitial lung disease (ILD) on high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans in people at risk for pulmonary fibrosis have not been developed and validated. Methods Cohorts with familial pulmonary fibrosis (n = 126) or rheumatoid arthritis with and without ILD (n = 86) were used to develop and validate a computer program capable of quantifying ILD on HRCT scans, which imaged the lungs semicontinuously from the apices to the lung bases during end-inspiration in the prone position. This method uses segmentation, texture analysis, training, classification, and grading to score ILD. Results Quantification of HRCT scan findings of ILD using an automated computer program correlated with radiologist readings and detected disease of varying severity in a derivation cohort with familial pulmonary fibrosis or their first-degree relatives. This algorithm was validated in an independent cohort of subjects with rheumatoid arthritis with and without ILD. Automated classification of HRCT scans as normal or ILD was significant in the derivation and validation cohorts (P Conclusions Automated computer scoring of HRCT scans can objectively identify ILD and potentially quantify radiographic severity of lung disease in populations at risk for pulmonary fibrosis.
Manganese-induced cytotoxicity in dopamine-producing cells

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal that, at excessive levels in the brain, produces extrapyramidal symptoms similar to those in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, Mn toxicity was characterized in a human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cell line and in a mouse catecholaminergic (CATH.a) cell line. Mn was demonstrated to be more toxic in the catecholamine-producing CATH.a cells (EC50 = 60 microM) than in non-catecholaminergic SK-N-SH cells (EC50 = 200 microM). To test the hypothesis that the sensitivity of CATH.a cells to Mn is associated with their dopamine (DA) content, DA concentrations were suppressed in these cells by pretreatment with alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT). Treatment for 24 h with 100 microM AMPT decreased intracellular DA, but offered no significant protection from Mn exposure (EC50 = 60 microM). Additional studies were carried out to assess if Mn toxicity was dependent on glutathione (GSH) levels. CATH.a cells were significantly protected by the addition of 5mM GSH (Mn EC50 = 200 microM) and 10mM N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) (Mn EC50 = 300 microM), therefore, indirectly identifying intracellular ROS formation as a mechanism for Mn neurotoxicity. Finally, apoptotic markers of Mn-induced cell death were investigated. DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and apoptosis-related gene expression were studied in CATH.a cells. No internucleosomal fragmentation or caspase activation was evident, even in the presence of "supraphysiological" Mn concentrations. cDNA hydridization array analysis with two differing Mn concentrations and time points, identified no noteworthy mRNA inductions of genes associated with programmed cell death. In conclusion, DA content was not responsible for the enhanced sensitivity of CATH.a cells to Mn toxicity, but oxidative stress was implicated as a probable mechanism of cytotoxicity.
Insights on trap generation and breakdown in ultra thin SiO2 and SiON dielectrics from low voltage stress-induced leakage current measurements

Abstract We review the advancements in the understanding of breakdown and trap generation that have been achieved using low voltage stress-induced leakage current as a probe of the interface states created during electrical stress of ultra thin SiO2 and SiON gate dielectrics. The technique separates the effects of bulk and interface states on the post-stress I–V characteristics; senses interface traps at both contact interfaces, identifies the regime where interface rather than bulk state generation is the rate limiting step for breakdown, is useful for determining the operative trap creation processes, and reveals the role of trap generation mechanism in driving which stress-induced defect controls breakdown.
Cloud droplet/particle sizes obtained from emitted radiances

Global scale satellite observations of cloud properties are a key to unraveling the physical processes that govern the role clouds play in the climate system. The retrieval of cloud particle size from satellite imagery data is of particular interest. Cloud emissivities and transmissivities depend substantially on the constituent single particle scattering and absorbing properties which in turn depend on particle size. Two clouds with the same ice water content but different particle sizes may have substantially different optical depths. This study presents a retrieval scheme for obtaining cloud droplet/particle size from satellite measurements at infrared wavelengths. The scheme employs Mie theory and the Eddington approximation and uses the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) data at 3.7, 11, and 12 micrometers . It also relies on the nonlinear relationships between 3.7, 11, and 12 micrometers radiances observed for single-layered semitransparent cloud systems. Theory indicates that the nonlinear relationships disappear when the spherical particle radius reaches about 60 micrometers . An automated retrieval procedure has been developed. Some retrieved results are presented.
Re-entrant Motion in Special Relativity

A RECENT communication1 describes three methods of measuring the peripheral velocity of a disk rotating with fixed angular velocity. The purpose here will be to examine methods ‘B’ and ‘C’ in a little detail.
Correlation of Flow Probe Determinations of Common Carotid Artery Blood Flow and Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow with Microsphere Determinations of Cerebral Blood Flow in Piglets

Correlation of Flow Probe Determinations of Common Carotid Artery Blood Flow and Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow with Microsphere Determinations of Cerebral Blood Flow in Piglets
Multiple effects of ethanol and 5‐hydroxytryptamine on the gill cilia of mytilus edulis

The lateral (L) cilia on an isolated filament from the gill of Mytilus edulis remain arrested at the end of their recovery stroke (hands up) when perfused with artificial sea water (ASW). The laterofrontal (LF) cilia continue to be active. The addition of 10% ethanol (ETOH) to the ASW perfusate arrests the LF cilia in a hands-up posture; the L cilia remain undisturbed. By contrast, 10−6 M 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) in ASW activates the L cilia and arrests the LF cilia at the end of their effective stroke (hands down). Continued perfusion with 10% ETOH (v/v) in ASW/5HT restores activity to the LF cilia but arrests the L cilia (hands up). These effects are reversible and independent of external Ca2+. Following the detergent extraction of the filament, all gill cilia are inactive. The addition of 0.2 mM ATP in the presence of low Ca2+ ( 10−6 M) arrests the L cilia hands up; the LF cilia remain active. Further Ca2+ increase (> 10−3 M) induces hands-up arrest of the LF cilia, confirming that the Ca2+ threshold of the two ciliary types is different by several orders of magnitude. The addition of 10% ETOH in low Ca2+ to demembranated reactivated cilia arrests the L cilia hands up while the LF cilia continue to beat. Ten percent ETOH appears to interact with the axoneme, mimicking the effect of high Ca2+ and with the membrane to increase Ca2+ permeability and possibly to inactivate 5HT receptors. These results are discussed in terms of axonemal switching mechanisms and the physiological control of filter feeding in the lamellibranch gill.
Bile salts are effective taste stimuli in channel catfish.

SUMMARY Bile salts are known olfactory stimuli for teleosts, but only a single report has indicated that the taste system of a fish was sensitive to this class of stimuli. Here, gustatory responses of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to four bile salts that included taurine-, glycine- and non-conjugated compounds along with three stimulatory amino acids as a comparison were investigated using extracellular electrophysiological techniques. Integrated multiunit responses were obtained from the branch of the facial nerve innervating taste buds on the maxillary barbel. Bile salts were shown to be highly effective facial taste stimuli, with estimated electrophysiological thresholds for three of the four tested bile salts of approximately 10–11 mol l–1 to 10–10 mol l–1, slightly lower by 1–2 log units than those to amino acids in the same species. Although the sensitivity of the facial taste system of the channel catfish to bile salts is high, the relative magnitude of the response to suprathreshold concentrations of bile salts was significantly less than that to amino acids. Multiunit cross-adaptation experiments indicate that bile salts and amino acids bind to relatively independent receptor sites; however, nerve-twig data and single-fiber recordings suggest that both independent and shared neural pathways exist for the transmission of bile salt and amino acid information to the primary gustatory nucleus of the medulla.
Radiosynthesis of a chloroacetanilide herbicide ([phenyl-4-3H] acetochlor) and a dichloroacetamide safener for herbicides ([2, 2-dimethyl-3H]R-29148)

2-Chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)acetamide (the chloroacetanilide herbicide acetochlor) and 3-(dichloroacetyl)- 2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-oxazolidine (the dichloroacetamide safener R- 29148) are required at high specific activity for studies on their metabolism and mode of action. [phenyl-4-3H]Acetochlor was obtained at 22 Ci/mmol in 71% yield by reductive dehalogenation of iodoacetochlor with tritium gas in ethanol in the presence of palladium on carbon and triethylamine. [2,2-dimethyl-3H]R-29148 was prepared at 15 Ci/mmol by treating acetone and 1-amino-2-propanol in pentane with two equivalents of NaOH in tritiated water (i.e. hydroxide ion-catalyzed enolization of acetone) followed by dichloroacetyl chloride.
Isolation circuit of impedance-transforming 3-dB compact baluns for near perfect output matching and isolation

In this paper, a new structure of isolation circuit of an impedance-transforming 3-dB compact balun is proposed for perfect matching at all ports and perfect isolation. This isolation circuit is composed of very small length of transmission-line sections and lumped elements, with which a compact balun can be constructed together with a set of coupled-transmission line sections. A microstrip compact balun to transform 50 ohm into 40 ohm at a center frequency of 1.5 GHz was designed and measured. The measured results show almost perfect matching at each port, power division with 180° out of phase and perfect isolation between two output ports around 1.5 GHz
Creating optical vortex modes with a single cylinder lens

Optical vortex (Laguerre-Gauss) modes can be created by introducing a π/2 phase shift between orthogonal components of Hermite-Gauss (HG) modes. The well-known astigmatic mode converter design described by M.W. Beijersbergen et al. [Optics Communications 96, pgs. 123-132, 1993] achieves this condition by manipulating the differing Gouy phases along orthogonal axes between a matched pair of cylinder lenses. Apparently not well known is that quite useful mode conversions can easily be achieved with a single cylinder lens. We explain the operating principle of such a single lens mode converter, and describe and illustrate how to match the input HG mode to the required Rayleigh range z R = f cyi with one additional spherical lens. Setting up and optimizing such a simplified mode converter is an excellent exercise for undergraduate students, and the resulting optical vortex beams can be used for a variety of instructional experiments.
Nucleic acid enzymes: Playing with a fuller deck

Poor RNA. Being comprised of only four subunits, and chemically similar subunits at that, it is a wonder that RNA can have efficient enzymatic activity. Nonetheless, beginning with the discovery of RNA enzymes in nature (1, 2), and continuing with the development of novel RNA enzymes through in vitro evolution (3, 4), it is now abundantly clear that RNA can be an efficient and versatile catalyst. The repertoire of chemical reactions that can be catalyzed by RNA is broad (Table 1) and expanding steadily. Catalytic rates exceeding 1 sec−1 and catalytic rate enhancements of up to 1013-fold have been reported (for recent reviews see refs. 5 and 6).
Oxidation of Alkenes in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Molybdenum Hexacarbonyl

In supercritical CO2, olefin oxidation to epoxides or diols using a Mo(CO)6 catalyst precursor and using t-BuOOH as oxidant proceeds in nearly quantitative yields. The highest yields and fastest rates of diol and epoxide formation were observed with cis-alkenes, while trans-alkenes were considerably less reactive. Phenyl-substituted olefins show a tendency to cleave to their corresponding aldehyde. The use of 70 wt % aqueous solutions of tert-butyl hydroperoxide yield the trans-diol, while anhydrous decane solutions of t-BuOOH give the epoxide. Clearly Mo(CO)6 proved to be the most effective oxygen transfer catalyst for these reactions. Several other oxygen transfer catalysts were tested but proved to be less effective under these conditions. An autoclave equipped with quartz windows allowed for the qualitative determination of a homogeneous reaction environment in the supercritical fluid.
Testing a Multi-Dimensional Model of Organizational Performance: Prospects and Problems

Scholars have been preoccupied for generations with identifying the “best measure” and model of organizational performance. Drawing on previous work focused on the development of multi-dimensional frameworks or models of organizational performance, this paper presents our perspective on organizational performance, discussing a multi-dimensional model that emphasizes the importance of assessing the two primary dimensions of performance, management and program performance. We advocate for the use of both perceptual and objective measures in seeking to understand organizational performance, finding that examining these perceptual and objective measures has significant usefulness in seeking to fully capture performance. In addition, through the use of multi-level random coefficient (or hierarchical) modeling, we find various interconnections between management dimensions and program dimensions in understanding organization performance in 22 human service organizations providing early care and education services.
An integrative review of substance abuse among nurses from 1981-1997.

(1) The body of literature suggests that the prevalence of substance abuse among nurses and nursing students is less than or similar to the general population, but that younger nurses may be more at risk. Male nurses may be at increased risk for substance abuse. Prevalence of substance abuse by clinical specialty remains unclear. Several risk factors for impairment including depression and lack of social support were identified in the descriptive and qualitative studies. Perceptions and attitudes toward impaired nurses and colleagues reveal a lack of optimism about treatment by nursing management. Acceptance of the illness concept varied by ethnicity. Impaired nurses did not feel supported by nursing management. Peer assistance groups may be an effective means of addressing substance abuse among nurses.
IL-1β-INDUCED POST-TRANSITION EFFECT OF NF-KAPPAB PROVIDES TIME-DEPENDENT WAVE OF SIGNALS FOR INITIAL PHASE OF INTRAPOSTATIC INFLAMMATION

OBJECTIVE Our previous findings have shown that systemic administration of IL-1β induces up-regulation of NF-κB in mouse prostate tissue that may be responsible for leukocyte extravasation into prostate stroma. It has been hypothesized that NF-κB plays a role in the development of prostatitis, and that NF-κB activation might provide chemoattractive signals for leukocyte extravasation in the prostate.
Challenges and visions for higher education in a complex world: commentary on Barnett and Barrie

‘Learning for an unknown future’, by Ronald Barnett (2004), published in HERD, 23(3), 247–260. ‘A research-based approach to generic graduate attributes policy’, by Simon C. Barrie (2004), publishe...
B-B̄ mixing and relations among quark masses, angles and phases

Abstract Using the recent data on Bd0−Bd0 mixing we establish constraints on the allowed values of the standard model parameters mt, θ13 and δ. The allowed range is inconsistent with the Stech scheme for the quark mass matrices. For almost all allowed values of the parameters, the Fritzsch form of the mass matrices is also excluded. Only in the unlikely event that the experimental and theoretical quantities x d , m s m b , θ 23 , B K and f B assume extreme values within their allowed ranges a set of parameters exists which is consistent with all data and with the Fritzsch scheme. We then obtain the unique solution mt∼85 GeV, sin θ13∼0.0035, δ∼100°, 0yielding Γ ( b → u l v l Γ ( b → c l v l ∼ 0.01 maximal Bs0−Bs0 mixing relatively small ϵ′ ϵ and BR(K →π v v ) ∼ 1×10 −10 .
Structural phase of femtosecond-laser-melted graphite.

We have used Raman scattering to investigate the effects of intense laser pulses on the structure of resolidified graphite. Graphite was irradiated with 0.325--3.25-J/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, 620-nm, 90-fs single-laser pulses causing it to melt and rapidly resolidify. Raman studies of the resolidified carbon in the crater show that the rapid annealing process (by pulses with energy fluences \ensuremath{\ge}0.82 J/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) causes a breakdown in the ordered layers of hexagonal carbon rings and disorder in the intraplanar spacing upon resolidification into a nanocrystalline material. The thickness of the nanocrystalline-graphite near-surface layer increases with increasing fluence. Residual planar structure of the resulting material is observed for the various pulse-energy values by comparing the narrow graphitic 1581-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and the broad 1360-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ and 1600-${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ vibrational bands. The interplanar structure of our nanocrystalline graphite is also studied quantitatively via the low-frequency shear mode at 42 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. The Raman spectrum of our glassy carbon is found to be well described by planar ordering approximately 2 to 3 layers in extent using a simple correlation function approach. Our results indicate a layered morphology is present in our nanocrystalline graphite, confirming a strong ${\mathit{sp}}^{2}$ bonding character.
A behavioral theory of arbitrator acceptability

Much of the prior literature on arbitrator acceptability is focused primarily on demographic characteristics of arbitrators and parties. This article draws from several behavioral theories to build a single conceptual model of arbitrator acceptability. Key concepts from the theory of planned behavior, control theory, organizational justice theories, and the decision making literature are integrated into a single framework that enhances our understanding of this topic and provides useful directions for future research.
On a semi-stochastic model arising in a biological system

A stochastic version of a mathematical model for chemotherapy, which was developed deterministically by Bellman et al. [5, 6], is given. After an injection at the heart entrance, the concentration of drug in the blood plasma of a biological system with one organ and a simplified heart results in the semistochastic integral equation uL(t;ω) = −cV∗∫0t[uL(y;ω) − uR(y;ω)] dy, t ⩽ 0, where uL(t; ω) is the concentration of drug plasma leaving the heart and uR(t; ω) is the concentration of drug in plasma entering the heart at time t. The function uL(t; ω) is a deterministic function of time for 0 ⩽ t < T, where T is the blood recirculation time lag, and a random function of t, T ⩽ t ⩽ M, for some M ∈ (T ∞). It is shown that the integral equation has a solution for both t ∈ [0, T), using the method of successive approximations, and t ∈ [T, M], using some methods of probabilistic functional analysis.
Quantitative analysis of aldehydes, esters, alcohols and acids from citrus oils.

Actual amounts of octanal, decanal, dodecanal, tetradecanal, geranial and neral in various coldpressed citrus oils were determined by quantitatively preparing and analyzing the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. These major and other minor carbonyl components in citrus oils were separated and isolated using a combination of column and thin-layer chromatography of the derivatives. Differences in aldehyde composition include nearly equal amounts of octanal and decanal in Valencia orange oil and significantly less decanal than octanal in Pineapple, Hamlin and Temple orange oil. Tangerine oil has nearly equal amounts of octanal and decanal, but lesser quantities than the orange oils. Valencia essence oil, manufactured commercially by decantation from the aqueous essence phase recovered during juice evaporation, contained almost twice as much decanal as octanal. Coldpressed oils generally showed higher aldehyde/ester ratios than essence oils. The higher ester contents of the essence oils accounted for a more juice-like aroma of the latter. Quantitative chemical analyses of total aldehydes, esters, alcohols and acids of eight types of citrus oils were performed. These analyses illustrated basic compositional differences in the oxygenated components of orange, mandarin, grapefruit and essence oils.
The influence of anesthesia upon binocular processes controlling the recordability of X- and Y-cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

The interaction between anesthesia and binocular physiology was explored using chronic monocular paralysis. Monocular paralysis allows analysis and classification of lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells without systemic paralysis and anesthesia and also produces a tonic bias in binocular mechanisms which control the relative recordability of X- and Y-cells (i.e. the LGN X/Y ratio). This effect appears to be reversed by the induction of anesthesia. In this study we (1) assessed the effects of anesthesia induction and withdrawal upon the X/Y ratio in a large number of chronic monocularly paralyzed cats, and (2) evaluated the degree to which a change in excitability versus a change in functional identity in individual LGN cells may contribute to these anesthesia-induced shifts in the X/Y ratio. Although anesthesia induction invariably increased the X/Y ratio (which is typically quite low in chronic monocular paralysis), it never caused a reliable shift between X- and Y-categories in any cell. Congruent with its effects upon the X/Y ratio, however, anesthesia induction increased excitability in 73% of X-cells and decreased excitability in 55% of Y-cells. Control experiments indicated that these systematic effects of anesthesia are not characteristic of normal animals but are specific to those with chronic monocular paralysis. Thus, the induction of anesthesia does reverse the effects of chronic monocular paralysis upon the LGN X/Y ratio apparently by inducing reciprocal changes in X- and Y-excitability. Further, while we find no evidence that anesthesia produces a qualitative distortion in the monocular properties of LGN cells, the induction and withdrawal of anesthesia does appear to modulate the operation of binocular processes controlling the recordability of LGN X- and Y-cells.
A Comparison of the Reliability and Validity of Ratings of Student Performance on Essay Examinations by Professors of English and by Professors in Other Disciplines

For two essay questions—Question 1 given to one sample (N1 = 100) and Question 2 to a second group (N2 = 100)—ratings of student performance rendered by professors of English and by professors in other disciplines were compared for reliability and concurrent validity. From the data analyses it was concluded that the reliability and validity of the ratings provided by professors outside of English departments and by professors in English departments were nearly comparable. It appeared that differences in the reliability and concurrent validity of ratings assigned to writing samples of students might be more a function of the nature of the question posed or of variations in the average ability level of examinee groups than of differences in level of expertise on the part of readers.
TWiki as a platform for collaborative software development management

The software development process in Green Bank is managed in six-week development cycles, where two cycles fall within one quarter. Each cycle, a Plan of Record is devised which outlines the team's commitments, deliverables, technical leads and scientific sponsors. To be productive and efficient, the team must not only be able to track its progress towards meeting commitments, but also to communicate and circulate the information that will help it meet its goals effectively. In the early summer of 2003, the Software Development Division installed a wiki web site using the TWiki product to improve the effectiveness of the team. Wiki sites contain web pages that are maintainable using a web interface by anyone who becomes a registered user of the site. Because the site naturally supports group involvement, the Plan of Record on the wiki now serves as the central dashboard for project tracking each development cycle. As an example of how the wiki improves productivity, software documentation is now tracked as evidence of the software deliverable. Written status reports are thus not required when the Plan of Record and associated wiki pages are kept up to date. The wiki approach has been quite successful in Green Bank for document management as well as software development management, and has rapidly extended beyond the bounds of the software development group for information management.
Antagonism of chemotherapeutic activity of p-aminosalicylic acid in experimental tuberculosis by p-aminobenzoic acid.

Summary1. Infection of CF1 mice with the H37Rv strain of M. tuberculosis produced a uniform response in rate of death. 2. Antagonism of the chemotherapeutic activity of PAS in experimental tuberculosis by dietary PABA was demonstrated.
Mathematical approaches to optimization of cancer chemotherapy

This paper uses optimal control theory in conjunction with a Gompertzian type model for cellular growth to determine the optimal method of administering cycle non-specific chemotherapy or more generally the optimal durations of treatment and rest periods during chemotherapy. The performance critera employed to determine the relative merits of the therapy include not only the destruction of malignant cells, but also the sparing of a critical normal tissue. Since these criteria are at odds with one another, the solutions are found which satisfy the Pareto optimality conditions.
β-Carotene and α-tocopherol are synergistic antioxidants

The possibility of a cooperative interaction between fat-soluble antioxidants is examined in a membrane model. A combination of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol results in an inhibition of lipid peroxidation significantly greater than the sum of the individual inhibitions. Our data provide the first evidence that beta-carotene can act synergistically with alpha-tocopherol as an effective radical-trapping antioxidant in membranes.
Focus on inhaled β2-Agonists: Efficacy, safety, and patient preference

Inhaled β 2 -agonists are a standard therapy for patients with obstructive lung diseases. Clinical efficacy, safety, and patient preference are important reasons that these agents have become so widely used. In addition tosignificant bronchodilatory effects, β 2 -agonists have potentially clinically important effects on the lungs including promotion of mucociliary clearance and effects on inflammation. Albuterol, levalbuterol, and salmeterol are the most frequently used agents in the United States. In the acute care setting, short-acting β 2 -agonists are standard therapy for obstructive lung disease whereas the use of long-acting β 2 -agonists in this setting is less clear. Potential clinical issues regarding the use of β 2 -agonists in the acute care setting include type of inhalational delivery method used, such as metered-dose inhaler versus nebulization, use of heliox instead of oxygen, safety issues, and selection of agent. The role of the more recently available β 2 -agonists-levalbuterol (the R-isomer of albuterol) and formoterol-are evolving. Levalbuterol may have clinical and economic advantages in the emergency department setting, however, additional research is necessary to validate this observation.
A simple search model with procyclical quits

Abstract A simple two-state model of search is constructed which, consistent with empirical studies, engenders procyclical quits.
A phosphoethanolamine-modified glycosyl diradylglycerol in the polar lipids of Clostridium tetani.

The polar lipids of the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, have been examined by two-dimensional thin layer chromatography, ESI mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy. Plasmalogen and di- and tetra-acylated species of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin, and N-acetylglucosaminyl diradylglycerol were the major lipids present in most strains examined except for strain ATCC 10779, the parent of strain E88, the first C. tetani strain to have its genome sequenced. This strain contained the same di- and tetra-acylated species but did not contain plasmalogens. All strains contained a novel derivative of N-acetylglucosaminyl diradylglycerol in which a phosphoethanolamine unit is attached to the 6’-position of the sugar, as judged by selective 31P-decoupled, 1H-detected NMR difference spectroscopy. The N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue is presumably linked to the 3-positon of the diradylglycerol moiety, and it has the β-anomeric configuration. Very little plasmalogen component was detected by mass spectrometry in the precursors phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine, consistent with the idea that plasmalogens are formed from diacylated phospholipids at a late stage of phospholipid assembly in anaerobic clostridia.
Can Pragmatists be Institutionalists? John Dewey Joins the Non-ideal/Ideal Theory Debate

During the 1960s and 1970s, institutionalists and behavioralists in the discipline of political science argued over the legitimacy of the institutional approach to political inquiry. In the discipline of philosophy, a similar debate concerning institutions has never taken place. Yet, a growing number of philosophers are now working out the institutional implications of political ideas in what has become known as “non-ideal theory.” My thesis is two-fold: (1) pragmatism and institutionalism are compatible and (2) non-ideal theorists, following the example of pragmatists, can avoid a similar debate as took place between institutionalists and behavioralists by divulging their assumptions about institutions.
Second-order accurate projective integrators for multiscale problems

We introduce new projective versions of second-order accurate Runge-Kutta and Adams-Bashforth methods, and demonstrate their use as outer integrators in solving stiff differential systems. An important outcome is that the new outer integrators, when combined with an inner telescopic projective integrator, can result in fully explicit methods with adaptive outer step size selection and solution accuracy comparable to those obtained by implicit integrators. If the stiff differential equations are not directly available, our formulations and stability analysis are general enough to allow the combined outer-inner projective integrators to be applied to legacy codes or perform a coarse-grained time integration of microscopic systems to evolve macroscopic behavior, for example.
Role of the bacterial organomercury lyase (MerB) in controlling methylmercury accumulation in mercury-contaminated natural waters

The curious phenomenon of similar levels of methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in fish from contaminated and pristine environments may be explained by the observation that the proportion of total mercury (HgT) present as MeHg is inversely related to HgT in natural waters. We hypothesize that this "MeHg accumulation paradox" is explained by the quantitative induction of bacterial enzymes that are encoded by the mercury resistance (mer) operon, organomercury lyase (MerB), and mercuric reductase (MerA) by inorganic Hg (Hg[II]). We tested this hypothesis in two ecosystems in New Jersey: Berry's Creek in the Meadowlands (ML) and Pine Barren (PB) lakes. Across all sites, an inverse correlation (r2 = 0.80) between the concentration of HgT (ML, 113-4220 ng L(-1); PB, 0.3-5.4 ng L(-1)) and the proportion of HgT as MeHg (MeHg in ML and PB ranged from 0.08 to 1.6 and from 0.03 to 0.34 ng L(-1), respectively) was observed. The planktonic microbial community in Meadowlands surface waters exhibited adaptation to mercury, the presence of mer genes and mRNA transcripts, and high rates of reductive demethylation (k(deg) = 0.19 day(-1)). In contrast, the microbial community of PB was not adapted to mercury and demonstrated low rates of oxidative demethylation (k(deg) = 0.01 day(-1)). These results strongly support our hypothesis and show that the degradation of MeHg by mer-encoded enzymes by the water column microbiota of contaminated environments can significantly affect the amount of MeHg that is available for entry into the aquatic food web.