cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting the epigenome and other new strategies in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: beyond R-CHOP

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, the most common lymphoma subtype, is curable in the majority of patients. However, one of the greatest unmet needs in lymphoma treatment remains novel approaches to prevent relapsed or refractory disease. Genomic profiling has provided important prognostic information that is being used in the development of novel therapeutic strategies currently in clinical trials. It is clear, however, that epigenetic alterations provide an additional series of targets that can be pharmacologically modified and offer great potential to improving patient outcomes. Greater understanding of this area is providing important new insights that are now being explored in the clinical setting. Demethylating agents and drugs that disrupt histone modifiers are in early clinical trials with promising results, and other approaches targeting epigenetic pathways are in active preclinical and early clinical development.
A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS USED IN THE ANALYSIS OF NANOINDENTATION DATA

Methods for analyzing nanoindentation load-displacement data to determine hardness and elastic modulus are based on analytical solutions for the indentation of an elastic half-space by rigid axisymmetric indenters. Careful examination of Sneddon's solution for indentation by a rigid cone reveals several largely ignored features that have important implications for nanoindentation property measurement. Finite element and analytical results are presented that show corrections to Sneddon's equations are needed if accurate results are to be obtained. Without the corrections, the equations underestimate the load and contact stiffness in a manner that leads to errors in the measured hardness and modulus, with the magnitudes of the errors depending on the angle of the indenter and Poisson's ratio of the half-space. First order corrections are derived, and general implications for the interpretation of nanoindentation data are discussed.
What’s happening in postgraduate medical education?

“It is a secret, both in nature and state, that it is safer to change many things at once.” (Francis Bacon, “Of Regiment of Health”, Essays, 1625)
Cellular and Synaptic Organization in the Lamina of the Dragon-Fly Sympetrum rubicundulum

The cellular and synaptic organization within the cartridges of the lamina of the dragon-fly have been analysed by light- and electronmicroscopy. The ommatidium contains eight retinular (photoreceptor) cells all of which project to a single cartridge in the lamina. Six of the retinular cells terminate within the cartridges of the lamina (retinular terminals R 1-5 and R 8) and two pass through to the medulla (long visual fibres R 6 and R 7). The retinular terminals are arranged in pairs, which are matched in size, position and length. One pair terminates in the distal portion of the cartridge, while the remaining two pairs terminate at its proximal border. The cartridge also includes two large and two small axons of monopolar cells (M I, M II and M III, M IV respectively) and several unidentified minor profiles. The spatial arrangement of the main elements within a cartridge is constant through most of the depth of the lamina. All synapses within the cartridges contain similar elongate presynaptic specializations and have either a dyadic or triadic arrangement of postsynaptic elements. Analyses of serial sections reveal three principal types of synaptic configurations: A is a triadic synapse in which retinular cells (R 1-5 and R 8) are presynaptic to monopolar elements, usually with M II as the central postsynaptic process and M I as the lateral processes; B , found only in the proximal lamina, is a dyadic feedback synapse from M I upon one pair of retinular terminals (R 5 and R 8); and C is a triadic synapse in which the long visual fibre (R 7) is presynaptic to M II, the central postsynaptic element. Thus each cell type in the lamina is involved in specific synaptic connections and this results in different synaptic relationships for the two large output axons of the lamina, M I and M II.
Tailored Information and Automated Reminding to Improve Medication Adherence in Spanish- and English-Speaking Elders Treated for Memory Impairment.

Medication adherence is recognized as an issue of critical importance within health care, as many patients do not take their medications as prescribed. This study evaluated two interventions target...
Industrial sickness, primary and secondary : the effects of exit constraints on industrial performance

In an attempt to protect workers from unemployment, governments in some countries subsidize firms which would otherwise fail. This article examines the effects of such subsidies on output, prices, and welfare. It also briefly reviews the effects for varying price elasticities of supply and demand, for nontraded and fully traded goods, and for firms in which wages exceed their free market level. If the firm produces a nontraded good, the "sickness" of one firm that is subsidized to maintain production can spread to other firms that would be viable in the absence of the subsidies. The analysis shows that the exit constraints have the most detrimental effect when the elasticity of demand is low and supply elasticity is high, and when the government weighs the welfare of the firm's workers and consumers less than that of the general taxpayers and the firm owners. When labor costs are higher than their free market levels and output is thus less than the optimal levels, the subsidies could have an effect similar to that of an optimal production subsidy. In practice, bowever, this possibility is likely to be outweighed by associated rent-seeking costs and other distortions.
Geographical Impact on the Cognitions of New Factory Workers: A Comparative Factor Analysis

The purpose of this research was to identify geographical contingencies that might affect the generalizations of prescriptive organizational theories. Two matched though geographically disparate fa...
Incorporating Risk of Reinvasion to Prioritize Sites for Invasive Species Management

The relationship between landscape pattern and the distribution and spread of exotic spe- cies is an important determinant of where and when management actions are best applied. We have developed an interdisciplinary approach for prioritizing treatment of harmful, nonnative, invasive plants in National Park landscapes of the Mid-Atlantic USA. The approach relies upon a detailed model of reinvasion risk that combines information on: (1) global factors representing park-level infestation from seed and sprout, (2) landscape factors including disturbance-based spread vectors and neighborhood seed density, and (3) local factors determining establishment probability based on habitat suitability. Global seed rain estimates are derived empirically from park inventory data and modified by informa- tion on species reproductive strategies. Landscape-level propagule pressure is modeled spatially using species life history characteristics including dispersal attributes, connectivity to nearby plant populations, and increased propagule pressure through disturbance. The local-scale habitat suitability model uses a Mahalanobis distance approach, parameterized from plant inventory plot data and GIS-based data on plot wetness, land cover, slope, radiation, and soil characteristics. We illustrate the model for Ailanthus altissima (tree-of-heaven) in Antietam National Battlefield Park. The results of the A. altissima modeling highlight regions of the park where eradication would be most prudent and feasible based on current infestation patterns and landscape heterogeneity. Although the success of different treatment modalities is often considered in invasive species management, a spatially explicit assessment of likely treatment success is rarely undertaken. Our approach provides a valuable tool to assist natural resource practitioners to prioritize management options in confronting biological invasions.
Prevalence of ocular hypertension and glaucoma in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease

Purpose To evaluate the prevalence of ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma in patients with chronic ocular graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
Locating the Focus of Panic Disorder Patients via Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

This study focused on the analysis of the concentration of the metabolite ratios in relation to panic disorder (PD) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). A high concentration of metabolites in the brain may play a significant role in panic disorder. The abnormalities in brain chemicals and concentration ratios of different metabolites may be a distinctive factor between PD patients and individuals without the disorder. The method reported in this paper could prove to be an effective tool in diagnosing panic disorder. The data was collected from 49 patients. For each one the data was put in a five dimensional matrix to organize the data. The significant metabolites that were analyzed in the data were N-acetyl aspirate (NAA), choline (CHO), and creatine (CRE). The ratios that were analyzed were CHO2NAA, CHO22CRE, and NAA2CRE. The results of the study indicate that there are distinctive metabolite differences between PD patients and the normal controls. The focus of panic disorder patients was located in the spectrum of CHO2NAA. By determining the CHO2NAA value in the brain, doctors can diagnose patients with greater ease. Future research is necessary in order to clearly understand the effects of the concentration of metabolites on panic disorder. A further understanding of the different metabolite concentrations will not only allow doctors to diagnose patients with panic disorder easily, but also may help contribute to creating more effective treatments.
Damage by Stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Corn in Northeastern Mexico

Commercial corn fields were surveyed in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico, during the spring and fall growing seasons of 1985 and 1986 to assess the damage and yield losses caused by the stalkborers, Diatraea lineolata (Walker), D. saccharalis (F.), and Eoreuma loftini (Dyar). Tunneling by E. loftini was characteristically different from that of Diatraea spp. Diatraea spp. occurred more frequently in the lower internodes during the fall than during the spring, which is probably related to the overwintering habits of the species. D. lineolata was more abundant than D. saccharalis during all seasons. E. loftini was the most common species during the fall and it was scarce during the spring. The simultaneous occurrence of both genera within the same plant was a random process. Significant correlations were found between the number of borer larvae, percentage of internodes damaged, and percentage of plants damaged. Damage and yield losses were greater in the fall when the borer populations were denser. Yield reductions per field averaged 1.3, 17.0, and 2.0%during spring of 1985, fall of 1985, and spring of 1986, respectively. A maximum of 39.3% of yield loss was detected in one field in the fall of 1985.
Strut and wall influence on the ground-plane flow of a hovering STOVL aircraft

A small-scale ground-effect test rig was used to study the ground-plane flowfield generated by a STOVL aircraft in hover. Specifically, small-scale oil-flow visualiztition studies were conducted to assess the aerodynamic influence of a proposed strut configuration and a wall configuration on the ground-plane stagnation line. A simplified flat-plate model representative of a generic jetpowered STOVL aircraft was used, with cold-air jets simulating both the strut and the wall configuration. However, considering the experimental uncertainty, it was concluded that either the strut configuration or the wall configuration caused only a minor aerodynamic interference. ----------------------------* Adjunct Professor, Dept. of Aeronautics & Astronautics. Associate Fellow AIAA. ** Professor, Dept. of Aeronautics & Astronautics. Associate Fellow AII currently Lieutenant, United States Navy. This paper is declared a work of the U.S. Govemment and is not subject to copy-right protection in the United States.
Worker reentry safety. II. The viewpoint and program of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 which became effective on April 28, 1971. Relatively shortly thereafter, during the latter part of 1971 to be exact, NIOSH became interested in the various means of achieving protection of agricultural workers from the potentially harmful effects of pesticides. As you recall, DDT and other environmentally persistent organochlorine insecticides had been under attack for some time and it was a rather widely held opinion among scientists and other interested parties that DDT would be banned for crop protection, either partially or completely, in the near future. NIOSH along with other federal government departments and agencies realized that DDT, if banned for crop protection, would be replaced by the less environmentally persistent but generally more acutely toxic organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (C) insecticides. The suspicion that a sudden increase in the use of more acutely toxic compounds might result in an increase, even possibly epidemics, of pesticide poisonings caused us to focus attention on agricultural worker protection.
Balance Cultivation Technology Regulations of Hybrid Indica Rice Mechanical Transplanting in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The seedling of hybrid Indica rice mechanical transplanting existed some problems of small seeding age elasticity,low seedling quality,badly transplanting injuring,slow seedling survival,etc.Those problems had limited the yield potential of hybrid Indica rice and extension of mechanical transplanting technology.The study of mechanical seedling and transplanting technology of hybrid Indica rice had conducted 8 years continuously and summarized the balance cultivation technology regulations of hybrid Indica rice mechanical transplanting.These regulations make the technical indexes of varieties selecting,seedling,soil preparing,mechanical transplanting,yield and its components,the amount of fertilizer with different target yield,etc.The technologies of seedling,soil preparation,mechanical transplanting and field management were established.
Analysis of knowledge, attitude and practice about child pneumonia among children's parents in Ningbo

Objective To analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice about pneumonia among children's parents in Ningbo and provide the scientific basis for the health education about pneumonia and increase the rate of pneumococcal vaccination. Methods 380 parents whose children were born from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011 were selected in 6 vaccination stations by random sampling and some information was collected by questionnaires. Results The awareness rate of pneumonia ranged from 24.08% to 69.66% and pneumococcus ranged from 40.39% to 67.97% among the parents in Ningbo. Only 20.9% of children had been inoculated against pneumococcal vaccine and there was no statistical significant difference about the rate of local children(24.62%) and migrant children(16.46%). The low rate ascribed to that quite a few parents(58.78%) had never heard of pneumococcal vaccine, at the same time, the effect of vaccine had been doubted by some parents(56.62%) and there was a high price of vaccine(53.76%). 83.84% of parents wished to learn the knowledge about pneumonia. Conclusion The awareness rate of pneumonia among parents and the rate of pneumococcal vaccination among children were low. It is necessary to strengthen the health education of pneumonia by varied methods to increase the rate of pneumococcal vaccination.
Salesforce Control Techniques: A Comparison of Sales Managers and Salespeople Perceptions

Controlling the activities of salespeople is a difficult but crucial task that sales managers must perform. This research presents [mdings from a series of focus groups and from a national survey of sales managers and salespeople concerning their use of control tools and techniques. Comparisons are drawn between the perceptions of sales managers and the perceptions of salespeople concerning these techniques. Findings indicate that salespeople have different perceptions of control tools and techniques than do sales managers. Implications for adjusting the perceptions of both salespeople and sales managers are offered.
The use of optical probes to monitor the formation of pH gradients and membrane potential in tonoplast membrane vesicles

Concomittant with an increasing interest in the role of ion gradients in energizing and regulating a variety of cellular functions, methods have been developed to monitor these gradients in cells, organelles, and membrane vesicles. Of particular interest are gradients of H+ (ΔpH) which, in association with electric potential gradients (ΔΨ), are of central importance in cellular bioenergetics. Because of this central importance of H+ and electric potential gradients a variety of methods have been developed to specifically monitor the formation and magnitude of ΔpH and Δψ in membrane structures too small to be impaled with microelectrodes. Most methods rely on the use of chemical “probes” which distribute across membranes in response to ΔpH or Δψ and whose distribution can be quantified and correlated with the magnitude of the gradient.
Socialization into the Ministry: A Comparative Analysis*

Sociological analyses of professionals-in-training reveal a characteristic shift in value-orientations over the course of training. The direction of the shift is from an altruistic or religiously-oriented "lay" conception of the professional role toward a "detached" professionalistic conception which stresses mastery of certain work skills. This study explored the effects of professional socialization on religious value-orientations of 2,347 Protestant seminarians, representing 24 seminaries and 10 major Protestant denominations. The Bridston-Culver survey of Protestant Seminarians (conducted in 1962-63) provided the basic source of data for this analysis. Differences in the value-orientations of first-year and third-year students in each seminary were compared. Similar comparisons were drawn between sons of clergymen vs. all other seminarians in each seminary, and between students in "independent," university-related seminaries vs. those in denominationally-operated schools. The four variables employed as indicators of professional socialization in this study included the charismatic orientation, the mastery of communications skills orientation, intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Although the predicted differences between groups of seminarians being compared were found to exist to some degree in most of the seminaries, the most significant differences in values to emerge from the study were those between denominations.
Literature review of power system stochastic stability

Power system stability is a traditional yet important topic in power system research. Deterministic models have been used for study of power systems stability. However, the stochastic features of power system have great impacts on the stability of power systems which cannot be ignored. In this paper, we review existing literatures using Stochastic Differential Equations (SDE) for analyzing power system stochastic transient, voltage and small-signal stability. The preliminaries of SDE are also introduced for better understanding the whole paper. The stochastic features of power systems would lead to power system instability. Therefore, it is necessary to study further on this topic.
A 15-Month-Old Girl Presenting With Clitoromegaly and a Chest Mass

A 15-month-old girl was initially referred for endocrine evaluation for clitoromegaly and subsequently found to have an adrenal mass that tracked along the paravertebral region and was associated with increased vascular markings along the skin. Neurologic examination was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the chest mass demonstrated a serpiginous lesion along the intercostal margins. Initial differential diagnosis included neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, vascular lesion, or nerve sheath tumor. Biopsy was consistent with plexiform neurofibroma. Subsequent examination revealed features consistent with neurofibromatosis type 1. A review of clinical features of NF1 is provided in the case report.
“To Prevent Further Despoliation” A History of the Arizona Antiquities Act

For 90 years, the Arizona Antiquities Act has both shaped and responded to the development of archaeology in the state. The earliest law, passed in 1927, met a severe legal challenge but set a precedent for a state role in controlling and preserving archaeology on state lands. Over the next six decades, there were three major amendments (1960, 1983, 1990) and two smaller ones (1981, 1998). The article summarizes the changes and several failed attempts to amend the laws and reviews the difficulties and occasional successes in prosecuting vandalism and looting of archaeology on state lands. Despite the legislation’s occasionally convoluted history, it has contributed enormously to our understanding of Arizona’s rich history.
Integrating Frameworks From Early Childhood Intervention and School Psychology to Accelerate Growth for All Young Children

Knowing what behaviors adults can engage in to accelerate child growth toward desired outcomes is fundamental to achieving the promise of early education and intervention. Once adequate progress-mo...
LA EMPRESA ANTE LA ERA DE LA AUTORREGULACIÓN

La finalidad de este articulo es validar, mediante la revision de fuentes secundarias, la hipotesis de que al proponer planes de mitigacion voluntarios previos al establecimiento de una organizacion en un territorio determinado, incorporando en su discusion a las comunidades que se veran afectas por la actividad de la organizacion, la sensacion de exclusion que experimenta la comunidad respecto de las actividades corporativas se convierta en una de inclusion, integrando a la sociedad a sistema de la organizacion empresarial, generando un circulo virtuoso que evite los conflictos de los que hemos sido testigos en los ultimos anos, afectando gravemente la economia y el crecimiento de nuestro pais.
Healthcare Transitions and Dental Care

Patients with special healthcare needs experience high rates of unmet dental needs. As patients age out of pediatric dental practices, they often experience significant barriers in accessing appropriate care, especially among those with developmental disabilities. This chapter examines the barriers to accessing care during the transition years, specific challenges faced by those with developmental disabilities, and pathways toward training the next workforce of dental providers.
Evidence that Acetylcholine Acts in Vivo in Layer V Pyramidal Cells of Cats via cGMP and a cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase to Produce a Decrease in an Outward Current

After conditioning of facial reflexes in cats, increases occur in CS (conditional stimulus)-evoked unit activity and excitability of those layer V pyramidal cells of the motor cortex that control production of the specific type of facial movement that is learned (Woody, 1982a,b). The finding of increased excitability to intracellular current in the absence of increased spontaneous rates of discharge or detectable changes in resting membrane potential has been interpreted as suggesting postsynaptic neural changes (Woody and Black-Cleworth, 1973; Brons and Woody, 1980). If the membrane resistance of portions of the dendrites were increased in the cells, this could cause a change in the length constant, governing the spread and weighting of synaptic inputs (as postsynaptic potentials) from these areas to regions of spike initiation (Holmes and Woody, 1983, 1984). The increases in resistance would also be reflected by an increased ease of excitation by intracellularly injected current. Several lines of evidence suggest that a long-lasting decrease in outward current addressable through the cholinergic-cGMP-cGMP-dependent protein kinase system may mediate the excitability increase that supports this type of conditioning.
Castañeda’s Ontology

The history of philosophy can be divided in many ways. One illuminating story sees that history as a series of dialectical ‘turns’ — the ‘ontological turn’ institutionalized by Plato, the ‘theological turn’ inaugurated by the Mediaeval Christian rediscovery of Aristotle, the ‘epistemological turn—’ initated by Descartes, and the ‘logico-linguistic’ turn executed at the beginning of this century by Frege, Husserl, Wittgenstein, and Russell. What is, perhaps, a more fundamental story, however, sees even these dialectical turns as mere moments in the interweaving flow of two great streams — the first springing from the wellhead of Plato, the second from Aristotle.
Assessment of Residual Stand Quality and Regeneration Following Shelterwood Cutting in Central Appalachian Hardwoods

Partial cutting to develop two-age stands is a relatively new practice in the central Appalachian region, and forest managers need quantitative information in order to evaluate how well it meets management objectives. Typically, this practice leaves a residual overstory of 10 to 40 ft2 per ac of basal area and leads to regeneration of desirable shade-intolerant species which comprise the second age class. 1n this study we evaluated residual tree quality and regeneration 2 to 5 yr after cutting in 20 stands on the Monongahela National Forest in West Virginia. Tree grades were not significantly affected by the cutting. The largest grade reductions, due primarily to epicormic branching and logging wounds, occurred with large white oak sawtimber (11%) and white ash small sawtimber (10%). Epicormic branching following the cut was greatest for white oaks in the suppressed and intermediate crown classes. Across all species, the trees in the lower crown classes produced the greatest number of epicormic branches. Overall, epicormicbranching on the 16ft butt logs of dominant and codominant trees was low. For white oak (Quercus alba), 64% of these trees produced no epicormic branches. But 75% of yellow-poplars (Liriodendron tulipifera), 82% of black cherries (Prunus serotina), 78% of northern red oaks (Quercus rubra), and 89% of white ashes (Fraxinus americana) produced no epicormic branches on butt logs. Logging wounds occurred on 45% of the residual trees across the 20 stands, but 21% had large, wounds over 100 in2. Regeneration of both shade- intolerant and tolerant species was prolific following the cutting. Total numbers of tree seedlings and sprouts ranged from 8,217 stems/ac in the mixed oak stands of the Ridge and Valley Province to 30,845 stems/ac in the beech-cherry-maple stands in the Allegheny Mountains. The birches, primarily sweet birch (Betula lenta), comprised the most abundant species across the study area, but speciescomposition varied depending on forest cover type. Regeneration numbers were lowest in the mixed oak stands in the Ridge and Valley Province.
Tectonophysics 1987–1990

Theoretical models of global and regional plate tectonics are discussed in a critical review of U.S. research from the period 1987-1990. Sections are devoted to global and national study programs, deformation at plate boundaries, mantle structure and processes, earth materials science, earthquake hazards, and global warming and borehole temperatures. Also included is a selective bibliography. 56 refs.
The Ischemic Penumbra: Usefulness of PET

Studies in experimental animals have provided a detailed description of the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and metabolism that occur during and after transient focal cerebral ischemia [2, 8, 9, 13, 15]. When a vessel is occluded, a central core of severe ischemia is produced that is surrounded by zone with less reduction in blood flow where perfusion is maintained by collateral circulation. No changes in brain metabolism or function occur as long as CBF is above approximately 20 ml 100 g-1 min-1. Below this level, brain electrical activity fails and neurological deficits appear. Normal cellular biochemistry is disrupted as energy supply becomes insufficient due to inadequate supply of oxygen. Depletion of high energy phosphate stores (ATP, phosphocreatine [PCr]) occurs. Anaerobic metabolism of the small amount of residual glucose from intracellular stores and remaining blood flow results in lactic acidosis. With more severe reduction in CBF to approximately 10–12 ml 100 g-1 min-1, integrity of cell membranes is lost with leakage of intracellular K+ into extracellular spaces and influx of extracellular Ca++ into cells. Cell death will follow if reperfusion does not occur. Following reperfusion, biochemical and ionic perturbations resolve to variable degrees depending on the severity of the ischemic insult. However, further cell damage may occur due to generation of free radicals and prostanoids and to the influx of blood-borne leukocytes.
Optimal Participation of Compressed Air Energy Storage in Energy and Ancillary Service Markets

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) represents a promising grid-scale storage technology that requires a detailed model for realizing its full benefits and flexibility in electricity markets operation. In this paper, we propose a mixed-integer linear programming model for optimal participation of CAES in energy and ancillary services (AS) markets. The proposed model considers the simultaneous operation of compressor and expander, and enables revenue streams from their simultaneous participation in both energy and AS markets. The proposed model, applied to a test CAES using real price data of CAISO, achieves greater profits for the CAES, paving the way for investment in and market integration of this technology.
EM-Aware Memory Mapping Algorithms for SRAM Based FPGA

In this paper, we show that bit-lines of embedded SRAM arrays in FPGAs manufactured in 28nm and finer technologies may be affected by electromigration (EM). Two memory mapping algorithms including sub-Blech threshold and partial memory block are proposed for preventing and mitigating electromigration problems.
Microglia play an active role in obesity-associated cognitive decline

Obesity affects >600 million people worldwide, a staggering number that appears to be on the rise. One of the lesser known consequences of obesity is its deleterious effects on cognition, which have been well documented across many cognitive domains and age groups. To investigate the cellular mechanisms that underlie obesity-associated cognitive decline, we used diet-induced obesity in male mice and found memory impairments along with reductions in dendritic spines, sites of excitatory synapses, increases in the activation of microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, and increases in synaptic profiles within microglia, in the hippocampus, a brain region linked to cognition. We found that partial knockdown of the receptor for fractalkine, a chemokine that can serve as a "find me" cue for microglia, prevented microglial activation and cognitive decline induced by obesity. Furthermore, we found that pharmacological inhibition of microglial activation in obese mice was associated with prevention of both dendritic spine loss and cognitive degradation. Finally, we observed that pharmacological blockade of microglial phagocytosis lessened obesity-associated cognitive decline. These findings suggest that microglia play an active role in obesity-associated cognitive decline by phagocytosis of synapses that are important for optimal function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Obesity in humans correlates with reduced cognitive function. To investigate the cellular mechanisms underlying this, we used diet-induced obesity in mice and found impaired performance on cognitive tests of hippocampal function. These deficits were accompanied by reduced numbers of dendritic spines, increased microglial activation, and increased synaptic profiles within microglia. Inhibition of microglial activation by transgenic and pharmacological methods prevented cognitive decline and dendritic spine loss in obese mice. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of the phagocytic activity of microglia was also sufficient to prevent cognitive degradation. This work suggests that microglia may be responsible for obesity-associated cognitive decline and dendritic spine loss.
An Update on Racial Disparities With 30-Day Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Under the Affordable Care Act.

Objective The impact of race on outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) has been reported before the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. However, the impact of race on outcomes post-Affordable Care Act enactment remains unclear. The authors evaluated the association of race with outcomes after enactment of the Affordable Care Act in CABG patients. Design Retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database from 2012 to 2016. Setting Multi-institutional. Participants The authors identified 9,698 CABG patients. Interventions CABG. Measurements and Main Results Compared with the white population, the black/African American population had higher rates of congestive heart failure, blood transfusion, bleeding disorder, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, active smoking, renal dialysis, and hypertension (all p Conclusion Differential outcomes were observed for morbidity and mortality outcome measures. The persistence of racial disparities beyond the Affordable Care Act calls for multidisciplinary action.
Introduction: The Need to Take a Strengths-Based Approach to Facilitate Children’s Educational Growth

Much of the literature on the academic development of Black and Latino children from low-income backgrounds has taken a deficits perspective. That is, it has focused on the skills these children or families lack and has viewed these weaknesses as stemming, at least in part, from weaknesses in what the families are doing to foster their children’s educational success. The chapters in this book take a strength-based perspective to understand what opportunities are available at home for children from these demographic groups as they start school. Some of the chapters present descriptive information about children’s home learning environments and relations to later academic outcomes. Other chapters discuss effective interventions that build upon family strengths to promote children’s learning.
Strongly coupled N =4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills plasma on the Coulomb branch. I. Thermodynamics

We study $\mathcal{N}=4$ super Yang-Mills theory on the Coulomb branch (cSYM) in the strong coupling limit by using the $\mathrm{AdS}/\mathrm{CFT}$ correspondence. The dual geometry is the rotating black 3-brane Type IIB supergravity solution with a single nonzero rotation parameter ${r}_{0}$ which sets a fixed mass scale corresponding to the scalar condensate $⟨\mathcal{O}⟩\ensuremath{\sim}{r}_{0}^{4}$ in the Coulomb branch. We introduce a new ensemble where $T$ and $⟨\mathcal{O}⟩$ are held fixed; i.e., the free energy $F(T,⟨\mathcal{O}⟩)$ is a function of $T$ and $⟨\mathcal{O}⟩$. We compute the equation of state (EoS) of $\mathcal{N}=4$ cSYM at finite $T$, as well as the heavy quark-antiquark potential and the quantized mass spectrum of the scalar and spin-2 glueballs at $T=0$. By computing the Wilson loop (minimal surface) at $T=0$, we determine the heavy quark-antiquark potential $V(L)$ to be the Cornell potential, which is confining for large separation $L$. At $T\ensuremath{\ne}0$, we find two black hole branches: the large black hole and small black hole branches. For the large black hole branch, that has positive specific heat, we find qualitatively similar EoS to that of pure Yang-Mills theory on the lattice. For the small black hole branch, that has negative specific heat, we find an EoS where the entropy and energy densities decrease with $T$. We also find a second-order phase transition between the large and small black hole branches with critical temperature ${T}_{c}={T}_{\mathrm{min}}$.
Is Machine Learning Speaking my Language? A Critical Look at the NLP-Pipeline Across 8 Human Languages.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is increasingly used as a key ingredient in critical decision-making systems such as resume parsers used in sorting a list of job candidates. NLP systems often ingest large corpora of human text, attempting to learn from past human behavior and decisions in order to produce systems that will make recommendations about our future world. Over 7000 human languages are being spoken today and the typical NLP pipeline underrepresents speakers of most of them while amplifying the voices of speakers of other languages. In this paper, a team including speakers of 8 languages - English, Chinese, Urdu, Farsi, Arabic, French, Spanish, and Wolof - takes a critical look at the typical NLP pipeline and how even when a language is technically supported, substantial caveats remain to prevent full participation. Despite huge and admirable investments in multilingual support in many tools and resources, we are still making NLP-guided decisions that systematically and dramatically underrepresent the voices of much of the world.
Assessment of Intraoperative Time for Head and Neck Cancer Surgeries Compared With Medicare Work Time

Purpose Surgeon reimbursement is dictated in part by the operative time necessary to complete a procedure. The purpose of this study is to compare insurer-set time to true intraoperative time for common head and neck cancer procedures. Methods This retrospective cohort study compares intraoperative times between the 2019 Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) work-time estimates and the 2017 to 2018 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) data sets for 10 commonly billed head and neck cancer procedures. The primary predictor variable was common head and neck oncologic and reconstructive procedures with corresponding Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code. The primary outcome variable includes the computed difference between CMS and NSQIP times. Additional variables collected include patient demographics (gender, age, race, and inpatient/outpatient) and work relative value unit (wRVU) per CPT code. Analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences in intraoperative times across CPT codes. Linear regression using standardized coefficients were calculated between CMS time and NSQIP time; CMS time and wRVUs; and NSQIP time and wRVUs. Results There were 8,330 subjects (44% female, 57.7% inpatient) across 10 CPT codes. Analysis of variance revealed intercode variability in median intraoperative times between CMS and NSQIP (P Conclusions CMS estimates of time needed to complete head and neck cancer surgeries varies from national intraoperative times. No consistent trend in underestimation or overestimation of procedure time was found. Improving the accuracy of CMS time estimates used in determining surgeon reimbursement for head and neck cancer procedures may be warranted.
3D-Printed Omnidirectional Luneburg Lens Retroreflectors for Low-Cost mm-Wave Positioning

This paper proposes the use of low-cost 3D printed Luneburg lenses as retroreflectors in microwave applications. Luneburg lenses have previously been associated with unnecessarily costly structures due to the stepped gradient index using multilayered spherical shells. Within the context of additive manufacturing, the gradient dielectric profile utilized in a Luneburg lens reduces the cost of fabrication, enabling a reevaluation of the use of the device in modern applications. In this paper, additively manufactured Luneburg lens retroreflector topologies which have a near omnidirectional response across the azimuthal plane are demonstrated, which aim to function in a similar fashion to traditional low-cost infrared-based retroreflectors spheres used in high resolution positioning systems, with the added ability to work in low-visibility conditions or in infrared-saturated environments, such as a sunny day. The retroreflective Luneburg lens radar cross section is measured and demonstrate basic positioning principles.
FX Markets Move on Surprise News Institutional Investor Trading Behavior Around Brexit, the US Election, and the Swiss Franc Floor

In this JPMorgan Chase Institute report, we examined three recent events that had significant impacts on foreign exchange (FX) markets: the decision by the Swiss National Bank to end their minimum exchange rate policy on January 15, 2015, the Brexit referendum on June 23, 2016, and the US Presidential Election on November 8, 2016. All three events shared one important quality — they had unexpected outcomes that led to the largest one-day moves in the relevant exchange rates in the last 20 years — that made them ideal candidates for research aimed at building a better understanding of institutional investor trading behavior. With this research objective in mind, we examined institutional investor trades in FX markets in the days and hours leading up to, during, and after each event. First, we find that FX trading volumes for hedge funds, asset managers, and banks spiked during the three events. In contrast, volumes for the corporate, pension/insurance, and public/other investor sectors barely increased. Second, institutional investors traded significant amounts of FX risk during the events, but their net flows alone cannot explain the sharp exchange rate movements during the repricing periods. Third, only hedge funds consistently transferred risk immediately after news broke and as currencies repriced sharply. Other investors transferred risk but only after exchange rates stabilized. Fourth, the active investor sectors played different roles in each event: During the SNB event, they all bought CHF, trading in the direction of the prevailing move in exchange rates; during the Brexit event their net flows were mixed; and during the US Election event they bought MXN, trading against the prevailing move in exchange rates. Fifth, within each investor sector, there was considerable variation in trading behavior during each event. Finally, banks and hedge funds traded higher volumes outside of their normal business hours and outside of a currency’s local market; other investor sectors did not. Our results are informative for policy discussions along two dimensions: financial market stability and central bank communications. The report leverages a new data asset that includes nearly 400 million institutional investor transactions across all asset classes, sourced from the Markets division of J.P. Morgan’s Corporate & Investment Bank. The analysis in this report is based on 120,000 spot and forward FX transactions in Swiss Francs (CHF), the Pound sterling (GBP), or the Mexican Peso (MXN) that were executed in the hours before, during, and after news broke for each event.
Modeling Temporal Patterns of Cyberbullying Detection with Hierarchical Attention Networks

Cyberbullying is rapidly becoming one of the most serious online risks for adolescents. This has motivated work on machine learning methods to automate the process of cyberbullying detection, which have so far mostly viewed cyberbullying as one-off incidents that occur at a single point in time. Comparatively less is known about how cyberbullying behavior occurs and evolves over time. This oversight highlights a crucial open challenge for cyberbullying-related research, given that cyberbullying is typically defined as intentional acts of aggression via electronic communication that occur repeatedly and persistently. In this article, we center our discussion on the challenge of modeling temporal patterns of cyberbullying behavior. Specifically, we investigate how temporal information within a social media session, which has an inherently hierarchical structure (e.g., words form a comment and comments form a session), can be leveraged to facilitate cyberbullying detection. Recent findings from interdisciplinary research suggest that the temporal characteristics of bullying sessions differ from those of non-bullying sessions and that the temporal information from users’ comments can improve cyberbullying detection. The proposed framework consists of three distinctive features: (1) a hierarchical structure that reflects how a social media session is formed in a bottom-up manner; (2) attention mechanisms applied at the word- and comment-level to differentiate the contributions of words and comments to the representation of a social media session; and (3) the incorporation of temporal features in modeling cyberbullying behavior at the comment-level. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations are conducted on a real-world dataset collected from Instagram, the social networking site with the highest percentage of users reporting cyberbullying experiences. Results from empirical evaluations show the significance of the proposed methods, which are tailored to capture temporal patterns of cyberbullying detection.
Heterogeneity in E. coli RecBCD Helicase-DNA binding and base pair melting

Abstract E. coli RecBCD, a helicase/nuclease involved in double stranded (ds) DNA break repair, binds to a dsDNA end and melts out several DNA base pairs (bp) using only its binding free energy. We examined RecBCD-DNA initiation complexes using thermodynamic and structural approaches. Measurements of enthalpy changes for RecBCD binding to DNA ends possessing pre-melted ssDNA tails of increasing length suggest that RecBCD interacts with ssDNA as long as 17–18 nucleotides and can melt at least 10–11 bp upon binding a blunt DNA end. Cryo-EM structures of RecBCD alone and in complex with a blunt-ended dsDNA show significant conformational heterogeneities associated with the RecB nuclease domain (RecBNuc) and the RecD subunit. In the absence of DNA, 56% of RecBCD molecules show no density for the RecB nuclease domain, RecBNuc, and all RecBCD molecules show only partial density for RecD. DNA binding reduces these conformational heterogeneities, with 63% of the molecules showing density for both RecD and RecBNuc. This suggests that the RecBNuc domain is dynamic and influenced by DNA binding. The major RecBCD-DNA structural class in which RecBNuc is docked onto RecC shows melting of at least 11 bp from a blunt DNA end, much larger than previously observed. A second structural class in which RecBNuc is not docked shows only four bp melted suggesting that RecBCD complexes transition between states with different extents of DNA melting and that the extent of melting regulates initiation of helicase activity.
Mark-Up Pricing in Mergers and Acquisitions

This paper studies the premiums paid in successful tender offers and mergers involving NYSE and Amex-listed target firms from 1975-91 in relation to pre-announcement stock price runups. It has been conventional to measure corporate control premiums including the price runups that occur before the initial formal bid. There has been little evidence on the relation between the pre-bid runup and the post-announcement premium (the premium paid to target stockholders measured from the date of the first bid). Under what circumstances are runups associated with larger total premiums? The evidence in this paper shows that in most cases, the pre-bid runup and the post- announcement premium are uncorrelated (i.e. little or no substitution between the runup and the post-announcement premium), so the runup is an added cost to the bidder. This has important implications for assessing the costs of illegal insider trading based on private information about a potential bid.