cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cationic graft polymerization lithography

Cationic graft polymerization lithography is a variation of top surface imaging schemes. This technique uses a spin-coated, inert polymer film as a photoacid generator carrier. UV exposure is used to generate acid in the top surface of the film. A vapor-phase reaction between the generated acid and a silicon-containing monomer occurs in the exposed areas. The silicon-containing polymer formed, or grafted, on the surface is used as an oxygen etch mask for subsequent pattern transfer through the underlying film. A modular approach can be employed in material design, allowing optimization of characteristics of each component. A key criterion is introduced by the interaction between the transfer layer and the graft monomer. The solubility of the monomer into the inert polymer layer influences the growth behavior, and should be minimized to prevent background silylation and potential swelling. The solubility of the monomer in the inert polymer is characterized by measuring the equilibrium sorption of the vapor into the polymer. Solubility behavior can also be estimated from group contribution theories. These estimates guide the rational design of materials for this lithography process. Based on this analysis method, a new monomer, bis(vinyloxymethyl)dimethylsilane, has been designed and tested. Its sorption into a typical polymer layer has been characterized experimentally. Kinetic growth rate data have been obtained on a quartz crystal microbalance system, and preliminary imaging results using 248 nm exposure are presented.
Swine fever: classical swine fever and African swine fever.

Because of the clinical and pathologic similarity to common endemic diseases, introduction of CSFV or ASFV strains of moderate to low virulence represents the greatest risk to North American swine herds. Producers, veterinarians, and diagnosticians should increase their awareness of these devastating diseases and request specific diagnostic testing whenever they are suspected. Production practices that improve biosecurity will reduce the risk of introduction of CSF and ASF and limit the spread if an incursion occurs. Additional resources. The following Web sites contain excellent color photographs that will assist producers and practitioners in identifying clinical signs and gross lesions associated with CSFV and ASFV: http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book/FAD and http://www.pighealth.com. The latter Web site and the OIE Web site (http://www.oie.int) offer updated information on current worldwide epizootics of ASF and CSF and other swine diseases. Details of biosecurity procedures can be found at http://www.agebb.missouri.edu; see publication G2340.
An Analysis of Cold Season Supercell Storms Using the Synthetic Dual-Doppler Technique

AbstractCold season tornadic outbreaks occur with regularity in the southeastern United States; however, detailed analyses of parent supercell storms in the cold season environment (often low CAPE, high shear) are scarce. This is often because storms do not always move close enough to radars for a comprehensive single-Doppler analysis and significant topography or trees in the Southeast make it difficult for mobile radars to operate, thus limiting dual-Doppler coverage. However, during the Super Tuesday tornado outbreak of 5–6 February 2008, two tornadic supercell storms passed within 30–40 km of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) sites in Memphis and Nashville, Tennessee (KNQA and KOHX, respectively). The relative steadiness of these storms during passage, along with the large motion vector (from the southwest at 20–25 m s−1), allowed the application of a synthetic dual-Doppler (SDD) analysis. As such, a detailed analysis of these storms was completed, including examinations of low-lev...
Cytotoxic T lyhocytes directed against donor HLA class I antigens on airway epithelial cells are present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung transplant recipients during acute rejection

Abstract Background: The lung epithelium is among the first donor tissues encountered by the lung allograft recipient's immune system. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lung epithelium was recognized by T lymphocytes that are isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of lung allograft recipients during periods of acute rejection. Methods: Lymphocytes isolated from 45 bronchoalveolar lavage samples (from 41 lung transplant recipients) served as effector cells in standard cell-mediated cytolytic assays with several cell lines as targets: BEAS-2B (an immortalized airway epithelial cell line); B-lymphoblastoid cell lines; and K562 (a natural killer–sensitive cell line). Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity of bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes was correlated with pathologic status. Results: During acute rejection alone (ie, without concomitant cytomegalovirus infection), mean lysis of the airway epithelial target was significantly greater, compared with during no rejection, when these targets expressed donor-specific HLA class I antigens ( P = .007). Lysis of donor class I–matched B-lymphoblastoid cell line targets during rejection was not significantly different from lysis during no-rejection periods ( P = .18). Mean lysis of K562, a natural killer cell target, did not differ between acute rejection (without concomitant cytomegalovirus infection) and no rejection ( P = .30). During cytomegalovirus infection (without concomitant acute rejection), there was no difference in mean lysis of airway epithelial cells, B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, or K562 targets compared with during no cytomegalovirus infection, whereas during acute rejection, compared with cytomegalovirus infection without rejection, there was a significant increase in mean lysis of the airway epithelial target when it expressed donor-specific HLA antigens ( P = .01). Conclusions: Donor HLA class I–specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity directed at airway epithelial cells was demonstrated in bronchoalveolar lavage lymphocytes from lung transplant recipients. Lysis of these targets was significantly higher during episodes of acute rejection. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999; 117:565-71)
Research versus innovation: real differences.

Professor Rhodes has written a careful, thoughtful, and genuinely interesting work. And I daresay she is right about a number of the issues she takes on. Many research subject protections do contra...
FARMLAND CONVERSION: NATIONAL LESSONS FOR IOWA∗

Between 1967 and 1975, United States cropland declined 30.5 million acres, of which 8 million acres were prime farmland. The rising gross farm product continues to outweigh such losses owing to short-term adjustments such as irrigation, but longer-term measures to conserve farmland are widely urged. Even Iowa, where urban growth is modest, is incurring some loss of superior farmland. Experience in other states offers certain lessons to Iowa: discourage unnecessary municipal annexations; evaluate the impact of public investments on farmland; expand tax preferences for agriculture; and assist counties to improve their land planning and regulatory efforts.
DIETS OF COASTAL BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS FROM THE U. S. MID-ATLANTIC COAST DIFFER BY HABITAT

We recorded 31 species in the stomachs of 146 coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from North Carolina, U. S. A. Sciaenid fishes were the most common prey (frequency of occurrence = 95%). By mass, Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) dominated the diet of dolphins that stranded inside estuaries, whereas weakfish (Cynosicon regalis) was most important for dolphins in the ocean. Inshore squid (Loligo sp.) was eaten commonly by dolphins in the ocean, but not by those in the estuaries. There was no significant pattern in prey size associated with dolphin demography, but the proportion of the diet represented by croaker was higher for males than for females, and mature dolphins ate more croaker than did juveniles. Dietary differences between dolphins that stranded in the estuaries and those that stranded on ocean beaches support the hypothesis that some members of the population inhabit the ocean primarily while others reside principally in estuaries. The overwhelming majority of prey were soniferous species (75% of numerical abundance), which is consistent with the hypothesis that bottlenose dolphins use passive listening to locate noise-making fishes. However, spatiotemporal patterns in consumption of Sciaenid fishes did not coincide with their spawning, which is when peak sound production is thought to occur.
Modulation of mouse endotoxic fever by complement.

It was recently reported that the complement system may be critically involved in the febrile response of guinea pigs to systemic, particularly intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected, lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The present study was designed to identify which component(s) of the complement cascade may be specifically critical. To this end, we used mice with C3, C5, and CR2 gene deletions. To assess preliminarily the suitability of mice for such a study, we replicated our earlier studies with guinea pigs. Thus, to verify initially whether complement is similarly involved in the febrile response of wild-type (C57BL/6J) mice to i.p. LPS (Escherichia coli, 1 microg/mouse), we depleted complement with cobra venom factor (CVF; 7 U/mouse, intravenously [i.v.]). These animals did not develop fever, whereas the core temperature (T(c)) of CVF vehicle-treated controls rose approximately 1 degrees C by 80 min postinjection and then gradually abated over the following 2.5 h, confirming the involvement of complement in fever production after i.p. LPS injection and the suitability of this species for these studies. C3- and C5-sufficient (C3(+/+) and C5(+/+)) mice also developed 1 degrees C fevers within 80 min after i.p. LPS (1 or 2 microg/mouse) injection. These fevers were totally prevented by CVF (10 U/mouse, i.v.) pretreatment. C3- and C5-deficient (C3(-/-) and C5(-/-)) mice were also unable to develop T(c) rises after i.p. LPS. Both CR2(+/+) and CR2(-/-) mice responded normally to i.p. LPS (1 microg/mouse). These data indicate that C5, but not C3d acting through CR2, may play a critical role in the febrile response of mice to i.p. LPS.
The formation and functional consequences of heterogeneous mitochondrial distributions in skeletal muscle

Diffusion plays a prominent role in governing both rates of aerobic metabolic fluxes and mitochondrial organization in muscle fibers. However, there is no mechanism to explain how the non-homogeneous mitochondrial distributions that are prevalent in skeletal muscle arise. We propose that spatially variable degradation with dependence on O2 concentration, and spatially uniform signals for biogenesis, can account for observed distributions of mitochondria in a diversity of skeletal muscle. We used light and transmission electron microscopy and stereology to examine fiber size, capillarity and mitochondrial distribution in fish red and white muscle, fish white muscle that undergoes extreme hypertrophic growth, and four fiber types in mouse muscle. The observed distributions were compared with those generated using a coupled reaction-diffusion/cellular automata (CA) mathematical model of mitochondrial function. Reaction-diffusion analysis of metabolites such as oxygen, ATP, ADP and PCr involved in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function were considered. Coupled to the reaction-diffusion approach was a CA approach governing mitochondrial life cycles in response to the metabolic state of the fiber. The model results were consistent with the experimental observations and showed higher mitochondrial densities near the capillaries because of the sometimes steep gradients in oxygen. The present study found that selective removal of mitochondria in the presence of low prevailing local oxygen concentrations is likely the primary factor dictating the spatial heterogeneity of mitochondria in a diversity of fibers. The model results also suggest decreased diffusional constraints corresponding to the heterogeneous mitochondrial distribution assessed using the effectiveness factor, defined as the ratio of the reaction rate in the system with finite rates of diffusion to that in the absence of any diffusion limitation. Thus, the non-uniform distribution benefits the muscle fiber by increasing the energy status and increasing sustainable metabolic rates.
Hydrogeochemistry of Maine seepage lakes and related groundwaters

Abstract Southeastern Maine contains numerous small seepage lakes (no perennial surface inflows or outflows), set in felsic, glacial deposits (eskers, pitted outwash, glacio-marine deltaic terraces) dating from the Wisconsin glacial retreat ca. 12 500 years B.P. The modern landscape is either forested or maintained as low blueberry heath by semi-annual mowing and burning. Although local precipitation is currently moderately acidic (volume-weighted pH ≈ 4.5), spring waters issuing from the glacial deposits are only weakly acidic (6.1 Na > Mg > K, the same as for upland granitic terrane in the same region. Springwater composition is temporally stable but geographically variable. The most dilute springwaters drain blueberry barrens. Here, chemical weathering is limited by available acidity as evidenced by the relatively high final pHs (> 6.3) and low concentrations of strong oxy-anions (nitrate, sulfate) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC 100 cm year−1) for groundwater discharge lakes. Approximately 88% of Si inputs to regional seepage lakes is retained in the sediments. Non-marine sulfate is lowest in groundwater discharge lakes containing the highest concentrations of BC and F, and featuring the shortest hydraulic residence times, suggesting that S retention in lake sediments is currently less efficient than in the adjoining terrestrial soils and vegetation.
Attitudes and Learning Disabilities: A Literature Review for School Psychologists.

Most LD students spend the major part of the school day within the regular classroom. Research, however, supports the rejected status of these students. The purpose of this presentation is to: (a) review research pertaining to the feelings professionals and peers have about learning disabled students, and (b) review those factors that may be important for consideration when attempting to modify these perceptions. School psychologists should address the attitudinal issues with a knowledge and basic conceptualization of various strategies that may be utilized to initiate attitude modification programs.
Do internists, pediatricians, and psychiatrists feel competent in obesity care?: using a needs assessment to drive curriculum design.

BACKGROUND Physicians must effectively evaluate and treat obesity. To design a needs-driven curriculum intended to improve patient outcomes, physicians were surveyed about their self-perceived knowledge and skills.
Abstinence from U-50,488H, a kappa-opiate receptor agonist, decreases the binding of [3H]DAPT to 5-HT1A receptors in the hypothalamus of the rat

Abstract The effect of trans -( ± )-3,4-dichloro- N -methyl- N -[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl) cyclohexyl]-benzene-acetamide methane sulfonate (U-50,488H), a κ-opiate agonist-induced tolerance and abstinence on 5-HT 1A receptors was determined in regions of the brain and spinal cord of the rat. The administration of U-50,488H (25 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily) to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 days resulted in the development of almost complete tolerance to its analgesic and hypothermic effects. On day 5, the animals were divided into tolerant and abstinent groups and sacrificed. The brain and spinal cord were excised from all groups of rats and the brain was dissected into 6 regions, namely, amygdala, hypothalamus, striatum, midbrain, pons + medulla and cortex. The 5-HT 1A receptors were characterized by using [ 3 H]8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino)tetralin ([ 3 H]DPAT) as the ligand. The binding constants ( B max and K d values) of [ 3 H]DPAT in regions of the brain and spinal cord of rats tolerant to U-50,488H and vehicle did not differ. However, the B max value of [ 3 H]DPAT in the hypothalamus of U-50,488H-abstinent rats was decreased but the K d value did not change. In the other regions of the brain and spinal cord of U-50,488H-abstinent rats, the B max and K d values of [ 3 H]DPAT were unaffected. Subcutaneous administration of DPAT produced hypothermic response in vehicle- and U-50,488H-treated rats. The intensity of this effect was more marked in U-50,488H-abstinent group. It is concluded that 5-HT 1A receptors are down-regulated in the hypothalamus of U-50,488H-abstinent rats but the hypothermic response to 5-HT 1A agonist is intensified.
Measuring Implicit British Perceptions of German Intentions in 1938–1939

Implicit British perceptions of German leaders during the period September 30, 1938–September 1, 1939 (from the Munich Agreements to the German invasion of Poland) are studied with a "ratio of threat accentuation" measure. This ratio is calculated by comparing the densities of power motive imagery in two kinds of archival material: full texts of major Hitler speeches versus summaries in The Times of London, and British versus German accounts of meetings between British diplomats and major Nazi leaders. In both cases, the British ratio of threat accentuation increases following the unexpected German occupation of Prague and the rest of Czechoslovakia on March 15, 1939. These changes in implicit perception are congruent with changes in British explicit perceptions and foreign policy after the German action.
Rat liver metabolism and toxicity of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol.

Abstract 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE) is a metabolite of anesthetic agents and chlorofluorocarbon alternatives. Its toxicity in rats is a consequence of its metabolism to 2,2,2-trifluoroacetaldehyde (TFAld) and then to trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA). The enzymes involved in the toxic metabolic pathway have been investigated in this study. For the reaction of TFE to TFAld, the major hepatic metabolism associated with toxicity (as assessed by pyrazole-inhibitability) was NADPH dependent and occurred in the microsomes, whereas for TFAld conversion to TFAA, NADPH-dependent microsomal metabolism was significant, but mitochondrial and cytosolic metabolism in the presence of NADPH were also major contributors. NADPH-dependent hepatic microsomal metabolism of TFE to TFAld and TFAld to TFAA was inhibited by carbon monoxide, 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, SKF-525A, metyrapone, imidazole, and pyrazole, and both reactions were oxygen dependent. The metabolism of TFE to TFAld was inhibited by diethyldithiocarbamate, a specific inhibitor of cytochrome P4502E1, and by a monoclonal antibody to P4502E1, whereas the metabolism of TFAld was inhibited by neither. Ethanol pretreatment of rats enhanced the V max for hepatic microsomal metabolism of TFE to TFAld from 5.3 to 9.7 nmol / mg protein/min, while for TFAld to TFAA the V max was increased from 4.3 to 6.5 and the K m was unaffected for both reactions. Phenobarbital pretreatment of the rats did not affect any of these kinetic parameters. Coadministration of ethanol and a lethal dose of TFE very markedly decreased the lethality. Both the lethality ( ld 50 0.21 to 0.44 g/kg) and the metabolic kinetic parameters [( V max / K tm ) H ( V max / K m ) D = 4.2] were affected markedly when deuterated TFE replaced TFE. In contrast, deuteration of TFAld did not affect its lethality or rates of metabolism, but did affect its K m . Taken together these results indicate that P4502E1 catalyzed toxicity-associated hepatic metabolism of TFE to TFAld, while TFAld metabolism was catalyzed by a P450 which was not P4502E1. The hepatic metabolism of TFAld was not associated with its toxicity, which has been determined previously to be associated with its intestinal metabolism.
Bone turnover, osteoprotegerin/RANKL and inflammation with antiretroviral initiation: Tenofovir versus non-tenofovir regimens

BACKGROUND Bone mineral density decreases with antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, although the pathogenesis, including the role of tenofovir (TDF), is unclear. This study assessed changes in bone-turnover markers, osteoprotegerin (OPG), soluble receptor activator for nuclear factor-κβ ligand (sRANKL), and inflammation in subjects initiating TDF- versus non-TDF-containing regimens, and determined the relationship between bone turnover, OPG/sRANKL and inflammation. METHODS This was a longitudinal observational study comparing levels of bone turnover markers (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX] and osteocalcin [OC]), OPG, sRANKL and inflammatory cytokines (soluble tumour necrosis factor [TNF]-α receptor [sTNFR]-I, sTNFR-II and interleukin-6) prior to ART and 6-12 months after ART initiation with a TDF- versus non-TDF-containing regimen in HIV-infected subjects 18-50 years old. RESULTS A total of 87 subjects were enrolled (TDF n=44 and non-TDF n=43). Groups were similar except subjects on TDF had a lower CD4(+) T-cell nadir (P<0.01) and were more likely to receive a protease inhibitor (PI; P=0.03). At pre-ART, 35% and 1% of subjects had CTX and OC above the normal range, respectively. Both increased with ART initiation, whereas OPG, sRANKL and inflammatory markers significantly decreased. In multivariate models, increases in OC were associated with TDF use, PI use and pre-ART levels of sTNFR-I, whereas increases in CTX were associated with CD4(+) T-cell nadir <50 cell/mm³. Increases in bone markers were unrelated to pre-ART levels of OPG/sRANKL and changes in OPG/sRANKL after ART initiation. CONCLUSIONS TDF use, PI use, TNF-α activity and advanced HIV disease are associated with changes in bone turnover markers, underscoring the complicated interaction between ART, bone turnover, inflammation and immune status, which extend beyond the OPG/RANKL system.
The Present and (Normative) Future of Public Administration and Implications for ASPA

ASPA's future is intertwined with institutional trends in public administration, shaped especially by the directions of today's network governance. Th e implications for the future of ASPA and of other public administration professional associations are signifi cant. In the author's view, ASPA must hold on to its unique generalist niche, but she counsels that ASPA should pay closer attention to advancing democratic and social equity issues throughout government.
Biomolecular visualization using AVS

Abstract Dataflow systems for scientific visualization are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their architecture and functionality. 2–6 AVS, from Advanced Visual Systems Inc., is a powerful dataflow environment that has been applied to many computation and visualization tasks. 2,7–9 An important, yet complex, application area is molecular modeling and biomolecular visualization. Problems in biomolecular visualization tax the capability of dataflow systems because of the diversity of operations that are required and because many operations do not fit neatly into the dataflow paradigm. Here we describe visualization strategies and auxiliary programs developed to enhance the applicability of AVS for molecular modeling. Our visualization strategy is to use general-purpose AVS modules and a small number of chemistry-specific modules. We have developed methods to control AVS using AVS-tool, a programmable interface to the AVS Command Line Interpreter (CLI), and have also developed NAB, a C-like language for writing AVS modules that has extensions for operating on proteins and nucleic acids. This strategy provides a flexible and extensible framework for a wide variety of molecular modeling tasks.
Pseudo‐hypoproteinemia in a hyperbilirubinemic dog with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia

A 10-year-old spayed female Miniature Poodle was presented to the University of Georgia veterinary teaching hospital for evaluation of lethargy, vomiting and anorexia of 4 days' duration. Physical examination, history and a minimum database led to a diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia accompanied by marked hyperbilirubinemia. Refractometric protein determination was within the reference interval, whereas the biuret method indicated hypoproteinemia. This discrepancy was attributed to interference of bilirubin and biliverdin with the spectrophotometric read-out of the biuret total protein assay. The albumin concentration, determined by bromcresol green, and refractometric total protein were less affected by this interference.
Uni-traveling-carrier variable confinement waveguide photodiodes

Uni-traveling-carrier waveguide photodiodes (PDs) with a variable optical confinement mode size transformer are demonstrated. The optical mode is large at the input for minimal front-end saturation and the mode transforms as the light propagates so that the absorption profile is optimized for both high-power and high-speed performance. Two differently designed PDs are presented. PD A demonstrates a 3-dB bandwidth of 12.6 GHz, and saturation currents of 40 mA at 1 GHz and 34 mA at 10 GHz. PD B demonstrates a 3-dB bandwidth of 2.5 GHz, a saturation current greater than 100 mA at 1 GHz, a peak RF output power of + 19 dBm, and a third-order output intercept point of 29.1 dBm at a photocurrent of 60 mA.
Differential Response of Fibroblasts from Type I Diabetics to Proliferative and Migratory Signals

Type I diabetics experience significant morbidity from failure of lower extremity injuries to heal. This impaired healing response leads to chronic ulceration, infection and potential amputation of the extremity. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain this impaired healing response, but little is known about intrinsic differences in the fibroblasts populating the diabetic extremity prior to wounding. Nontransformed fibroblast cell lines from type I diabetics were obtained from the NIGMS-NIH cell repository at the Coriell Institute. Cells were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, penicillin, streptomycin and either 450 mg/dL (high) or 100 mg/dL (low) glucose. Cell migration was measured over 72 hr by movement of cells away from a circular source of cells, deposited within cloning rings, under high or low glucose conditions. The initial (0, 6, 24 and 48 hr) proliferative response of cells was measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation into confluent cell monolayers following partial scraping of the cell layer. Growth curves were obtained by seeding 50,000 cells into 6-well plates and counting cells at 24, 48, 72, and 168 hrs. Fibroblasts from diabetic individuals showed impaired migration compared to nondiabetic cells (34% vs. 67% increase in diameter) in high glucose over an initial 72 hrs. This difference was minimized if the cells were cultured and tested in low glucose medium. In contrast, diabetic derived cells proliferated more rapidly at early times (13.5%[24 hr], 97%[48 hr], 209%[72 hr] diabetic vs. 4%, 52.5%, 156% increase in cell number) when cultured under high glucose conditions. This trend continued under low glucose conditions, although the magnitude difference was diminished. These results suggest that the fibroblast population present in the type I diabetic connective tissue possesses a phenotype distinctly different from normal cells, characterized by a reduced capacity to migrate, but a normal or heightened proliferative response. This may indicate that injury to this connective tissue fails to produce the required influx of fibroblasts to deposit new matrix.
Economics of Energy Conservation in Developing Countries and Analysis of Investment Incentives

This paper analyzes the economics of energy conservation in developing countries, compares the cost of energy conservation with the cost of enhancing domestic energy supply, and examines the effect of government investment incentive policies on the financial feasibility of energy conservation projects. A representative sample of 21 projects from six Indian industries shows that investing in energy conservation is more economical to a country than investing in domestic energy supply. Moreover, the nature of the conservation effort, i.e. housekeeping improvements, waste heat recovery or process change, is more important in determining the economics of energy conservation than is the type of industry. Analysis of government investment incentives shows that most of them are effective in making uneconomical energy conservation projects financially feasible and that the most effective incentive for the private investor to invest in energy conservation is the removal of fuel subsidies.
Deep inelastic cross sections in the statistical multistep direct formalism

Abstract A momentum-space Fokker-Planck equation that directly relates deep inelastic cross sections to the single-step process DWA is derived, based on the multistep direct formalism. By using a Gaussian approximation to the distribution function a rapid analysis of experimental data becomes possible. The method is illustrated by an example.
Digital shearography versus TV-holography for non-destructive evaluation

This paper reviews and compares two major optical methods for non-destructive evaluation: digital shearography and TV-holography. Digital shearography measures surface displacement gradients whereas TV-holography measures surface displacements. Both methods reveal flaws by looking for flaw-induced deformation anomolies. While both methods enjoy the advantages of being full-field and non-contacting, digital shearography has been proven to be more practical than TV-holography because it employs a simpler set-up and does not require special vibration isolation.
Simultaneous interconnect delay and crosstalk noise optimization through gate sizing using game theory

The continuous scaling trends of interconnect wires in deep submicron (DSM) circuits result in increased interconnect delay and crosstalk noise. In this work, we develop a new postlayout gate sizing algorithm for simultaneous optimization of interconnect delay and crosstalk noise. The problem of postlayout gate sizing is modeled as a normal form game and solved using Nash equilibrium. The crosstalk noise induced on a net depends on the size of its driver gate and the size of the gates driving its coupled nets. Increasing the gate size of the driver increases the noise induced by the net on its coupled nets, whereas increasing the size of the drivers of coupled nets increases the noise induced on the net itself, resulting in a cyclic order dependency leading to a conflicting situation. It is pointed out that solving the postroute gate sizing problem for crosstalk noise optimization is difficult due to its conflicting nature. Game theory provides a natural framework for handling such conflicting situations and allows optimization of multiple parameters. By utilizing this property of game theory, the cyclic dependency of crosstalk noise on its gate sizes can be solved as well as the problem of gate sizing for simultaneous optimization of interconnect delay and crosstalk noise can be effectively modeled, whose objective function is again conflicting in nature. We have implemented two different strategies in which games are ordered according to 1) the noise criticality and 2) delay criticality of nets. The time and space complexities of the proposed gate sizing algorithm are linear in terms of the number of gates in the design. Experimental results for a noise critically ordered game theoretic approach on several medium and large open core designs indicate average improvements of 15.48 percent and 18.56 percent with respect to Cadence place and route tools in terms of interconnect delay and crosstalk noise, respectively, without any area overhead or the need for rerouting. Further, the algorithm performs significantly better than simulated annealing and genetic search as established through experimental results. A mathematical proof of existence for the Nash equilibrium solution for the proposed gate sizing formulation is also provided
Classification of toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus with hyperspectral imaging

Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) produces secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, that are harmful to both humans and animals. Because of stringent federal regulation requirements as well as the limitations of available detection methods, there is an urgent need for rapid, non-invasive and effective techniques such as hyperspectral imaging, for the detection of the toxigenic strains of A. flavus. Hyperspectral images of toxigenic and atoxigenic strains of A. flavus were classified. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied for data decorrelation and dimensionality reduction. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) was implemented for the selection of principal components (PCs) based on Bhattacharya Distance (B-Distance). A Support Vector Machine (SVM) was successfully applied for the classification. Under halogen light sources, in average 83% of the toxigenic fungus pixels and 74% of the atoxigenic fungus pixels were correctly classified; while under UV light sources, 67% of the toxigenic fungus pixels and 85% of the atoxigenic fungus pixels were correctly classified. The pair-wise classification accuracies between toxigenic AF13 and each atoxigenic fungus species (AF38, AF283 and AF2038) were 80%, 91% and 95% under halogen light sources, and 75%, 97% and 99% under UV lights, respectively.
Theoretical Investigation of Optical Detection and Recognition of Single Biological Molecules Using Coherent Dynamics of Exciton-Plasmon Coupling

We use quantum coherence in a system consisting of one metallic nanorod and one semi-conductor quantum dot to investigate a plasmonic nanosensor capable of digital optical detection and recognition of single biological molecules. In such a sensor the adsorption of a specific molecule to the nanorod turns off the emission of the system when it interacts with an optical pulse having a certain intensity and temporal width. The proposed quantum sensors can count the number of molecules of the same type or differentiate between molecule types with digital optical signals that can be measured with high certainty. We show that these sensors are based on the ultrafast upheaval of coherent dynamics of the system and the removal of coherent blockage of energy transfer from the quantum dot to the nanorod once the adsorption process has occurred.
Limitations of the cyanide electrode for use in plasma and whole blood.

Although the cyanide ion-specific electrode has been used for the measurement of cyanide in biologic fluids, its validity has not been documented under these conditions. Therefore, we analyzed 60 paired samples of blood and plasma in a blinded fashion and compared the cyanide ion concentrations obtained from the ion-specific electrode with those obtained from a standard chemical assay. There was poor correlation between results in plasma samples (r = .52, n = 26) and no correlation in whole blood (r = .02, n = 34). Until refinements of the electrode technique are made, this method cannot be recommended for the measurement of cyanide in biologic fluids.
Regional primitive equation modeling and analysis of the polymode data set

Abstract A regional, hybrid coordinate, primitive equation (PE) model is applied to a 60-day period of the POLYMODE data set. The initialization techniques and open boundary conditions introduced by Spall and Robinson are shown to produce stable, realistic, and reasonably accurate hindcasts for the 2-month data set. Comparisons with quasi-geostrophic (QG) modeling studies indicate that the PE model reproduced the jet formation that dominates the region more accurately than did the QG model. When the PE model used boundary conditions that were partially adjusted by the QG model, the resulting fields were very similar to the QG fields, indicating a rapid degradation of small-scale features near the boundaries in the QG calculation. A local term-by-term primitive equation energy and vorticity analysis package is also introduced. The full vorticity, horizontal divergence, kinetic energy, and available gravitational energy equations are solved diagnostically from the output of the regional PE model. Through the analysis of a time series of horizontal maps, the dominant processes in the flow are illustrated. The individual terms are also integrated over the region of jet formation to highlight the net balances as a function of time. The formation of the deep thermocline jet is shown to be due to horizontal advection through the boundary, baroclinic conversion in the deep thermocline and vertical pressure work, which exports the deep energy to the upper thermocline levels. It is concluded here that the PE model reproduces the observed jet formation better than the QG model because of the increased horizontal advection and stronger vertical pressure work. Although the PE model is shown to be superior to the QG model in this application, it is believed that both PE and QG models can play an important role in the regional study of mid-ocean mesoscale eddies.
Flow diversion versus traditional aneurysm embolization strategies: analysis of fluoroscopy and procedure times

Background and objective Flow diverters are increasingly used for treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms. The purpose of this study was to compare the pipeline embolization device (PED) and traditional embolization strategies in terms of fluoroscopy and procedure time. Material and methods Fluoroscopy and procedure times (in minutes) were retrospectively analyzed and compared between 127 patients treated with the PED, 86 patients treated with single stage stent assisted coiling (SAC), and 16 patients treated with Onyx HD 500 at our institution. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of fluoroscopy and procedure time. Results The three groups were comparable with respect to patient age, gender, and ruptured/unruptured aneurysm status. Aneurysms treated with the PED were significantly larger than stent coiled aneurysms, and aneurysm location distribution differed significantly between the three groups. Mean fluoroscopy time was significantly increased in the SAC (55±31 min, p Conclusions PED treatment requires significantly shorter fluoroscopy and procedure times compared with SAC and Onyx HD 500. The results of this study may be used by advocates of flow diverters as an additional argument for using this treatment modality to treat intracranial aneurysms.
Collision quenching of the metastable 2S state of muonic hydrogen and the muonic helium ion

We present calculations of the cross section for quenching of the metastable $2S$ state of muonic hydrogen (${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$) in collisions with a hydrogen atom, at collision energies below the threshold for inelastic $2S\ensuremath{-}2P$ excitation. A quantum mechanical approach based on the adiabatic approximation is used with phase shifts evaluated in the WKB approximation. Below threshold, the dominant quenching process involves Stark admixture of $2S$ and $2P$ states of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ during the collision, which is accompanied by a $2P\ensuremath{-}1S$ radiative transition also during the collision, and consequently the cross section is reduced by several orders of magnitude compared with the inelastic cross section. These results are important to considerations of the possibility of measuring the $n=2$ fine and hyperfine structures of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$. We also present quenching cross section results based on this same approach for collisions of the muonic helium ion, ${({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{+}$, on He, relevant to lifetime and fine-structure measurements of ${({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{+}$. Our theoretical results for ${({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{+}$ differ from available experimental lifetime results for ${({\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\alpha})}^{+}$. We attribute the discrepancy to uncertainties in the values of the interatomic potential used in the calculations.
Localization of excitations in silicon chains by electron donating side groups

The fluorescence decay kinetics in the copolymer, poly(phenylmethyl-co-p- dimethylanilinemethyl silane) have been studied by steady state and time correlated fluorescence spectroscopy and three absorbing and emitting species are proposed to explain the complex fluorescence decay behavior. In the case of poly(phenyl methyl silane) homopolymer, excitations have been shown to delocalize over several tens of monomer units, however, in the copolymers discussed here the extent of the delocalization has been shown to be dependent on the degree of substitution of the dimethylaniline side group. In the more highly substituted copolymers the excitations are shown to be confined to almost a single monomer unit by the electron donating nature of the dimethylaniline side group. A simple geometric distribution of chain lengths is used to predict the delocalization length of the excitations.
Effects of temperature and corrosion thickness and composition on magnetic measurements of structural steel wires

A tubular circulating electrolytic cell was developed in order to prepare specimens of structural steel rods to evaluate non-destructive testing of corrosion layer thickness at different temperatures using magnetic property measurements. Hysteresis curves were obtained for ferromagnetic steel reinforcement subjected to a low frequency magnetic field. The response is measured without contact using Faraday's law to infer stress and corrosion. Experiments were performed to estimate the effect of temperature and composition of the steel on its magnetic properties. Magnetic measurements were obtained using a previously calibrated solenoidal measurement system controlled by a computer at different temperatures and for different reductions in cross-section due to corrosion for 1140 mm long specimen. Magnetic measurements on nickel rod were performed to validate the measurement procedure. The results obtained from the present work will be helpful in quantitative evaluation of attainable sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, and to minimize the uncertainities due to temperature changes.
The formation of Valles Marineris: 3. Trough formation through super-isostasy, stress, sedimentation, and subsidence

[1] Despite the enormous size of the Valles Marineris chasmata on Mars, the mechanism responsible for the formation of these unique troughs remains unknown. Previous studies proposed mechanisms of trough formation through extensional tectonism, vertical collapse into subsurface voids, or some combination of the two. Recent work in a pair of companion papers demonstrated that the troughs must have formed dominantly by vertical subsidence with little net horizontal extension, and that the modest extension required likely arose from the effect of the buried dichotomy boundary beneath Tharsis. This study now proposes a new mechanism of Valles Marineris formation, with a focus on the large-scale geodynamic and tectonic processes. Prior to the formation of Valles Marineris, the lithosphere within Tharsis was maintained in a super-isostatic state by the membrane-flexural support of the rise. Local moderate extension at Valles Marineris controlled subsequent intrusive activity, resulting in the emplacement of long parallel dikes. This intrusive activity weakened the lithosphere, effectively removing the flexural support from long lithospheric blocks. Left unsupported, these blocks would have subsided approximately 0.49 ± 0.32 km to their isostatic level. The total subsidence would have been increased to 8.6 ± 5.6 km by the effects of contemporaneous sedimentary loading within the troughs and viscous deformation at the base of the crust. This mechanism successfully predicts the observed depths of the Valles Marineris chasmata, and is consistent with all geological and geophysical observations. The unique nature of Valles Marineris is explained as a result of the unique geodynamic and tectonic environment of Tharsis.
Predictions of ablating hypersonic vehicles using an iterative coupled fluid/thermal approach

A new iterative approach for the prediction of the ablation of hypersonic vehicles is presented. The solution technique is achieved by an iterative coupling of a computational e uid dynamics code and a material thermal response code through mass and energy balances at a common interface. The iterative approach proved necessary due to severe numerical instabilities that resulted when an explicit technique was employed involving a loose coupling approach between the two codes. The results presented are for an axisymmetric carbon ‐carbon nosetip on a reentry vehicle e ying a ballistic trajectory. Details of the computational technique and the computed e owe eld and materialthermalresponsearepresented.Comparisonsweremadewith thewidelyusedABRES ShapeChange Code (ASCC), and favorable results were obtained.
Disposition pathway-dependent approach for predicting organic anion-transporting polypeptide-mediated drug-drug interactions.

Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated drug–drug interactions (DDIs) are among the most important classes of clinically relevant DDIs. Accurate prediction of the OATP-mediated DDIs is not successful due to the sequential disposition pathways of OATP substrates in humans. Intestinal and hepatic uptake transporters, efflux transporters, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are often involved in the sequential disposition pathways of typical OATP substrates. The aim of this proof-of-concept study is to develop and validate a novel approach which can be used to predict OATP-mediated DDIs with significantly increased accuracy and decreased false-negatives. The feasibility of using a disposition pathway-dependent prediction (DPDP) approach to predict the ratios of the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUCR) in the presence and absence of the inhibitor was investigated. A total of 62 clinical DDI studies were included in this feasibility study. The disposition pathways governing the outcome of DDIs were first identified for each substrate using the information within learning sets, and then substrate-specific algorithms were used to predict the DDI risks of the external validation set (51 DDIs). The method predicted AUCR within 50–200 % for 50 studies (98 %), and the false-negative rate was 9.8 %. The DPDP approach showed significant improvement over an existing approach and was used to forecast the magnitude of 198 DDIs that have not been studied. This approach can be used to avoid unnecessary clinical DDI studies during new drug development.