cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ipsilateral hemisphere activation during motor and sensory tasks.

PURPOSE To compare activation of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere during tactile sensory and motor tasks involving the right and left hands. METHODS Eight volunteers had functional MR imaging to measure the extent of cerebral hemisphere activation during a motor task and sensory task involving each hand. Hemispheric indexes (left hemisphere activation minus right hemisphere activation)/(left hemisphere activation plus right hemisphere activation) were computed for each hand and each task. The indexes for two tasks and the two hands were compared. RESULTS The left-hand motor tasks activated the ipsilateral hemisphere in right handers significantly more than did the right-hand tasks. Motor tasks produced a greater activation of the ipsilateral hemisphere than did the sensory tasks. No significant differences were found between the hemispheric indexes for the right-hand and left-hand sensory tasks. CONCLUSION This study confirms findings of a previous study, showing that the left hemisphere is active in left-hand motor tasks. Activation of the ipsilateral hemisphere is significantly less pronounced during sensory tasks than during motor tasks.
ON THE POLES OF RANKIN-SELBERG CONVOLUTIONS OF MODULAR FORMS

The Rankin-Selberg convolution is usually normalized by the mul- tiplication of a zeta factor. One naturally expects that the non-normalized convolution will have poles where the zeta factor has zeros, and that these poles will have the same order as the zeros of the zeta factor. However, this will only happen if the normalized convolution does not vanish at the zeros of the zeta factor. In this paper, we prove that given any point inside the critical strip, which is not equal to 1 and is not a zero of the Riemann zeta function, there exist infinitely many cusp forms whose normalized convolutions do not vanish at that point.
Soil signature simulation of complex mixtures and particle size distributions

Soil reflectance signatures were modeled using the digital imaging and remote sensing image gen- eration model and Blender three-dimensional (3-D) graphic design software. Using these tools, the geometry, radiometry, and chemistry of quartz and magnetite were exploited to model the presence of particle size and porosity effects in the visible and the shortwave infrared spectrum. Using the physics engines within the Blender 3-D graphic design software, physical representations of granular soil scenes were created. Each scene char- acterized a specific particle distribution and density. Chemical and optical properties of pure quartz and mag- netite were assigned to particles in the scene based on particle size. This work presents a model to describe an observed phase-angle dependence of beach sand density. Bidirectional reflectance signatures were simulated for targets of varying size distribution and density. This model provides validation for a phenomenological trade space between density and particle size distribution in complex, heterogeneous soil mixtures. It also confirms the suggestion that directional reflectance signatures can be defined by intimate mixtures that depend on pore spac- ing. The study demonstrated that by combining realistic target geometry and spectral measurements of pure quartz and magnetite, effects of soil particle size and density could be modeled without functional data fitting or rigorous analysis of material dynamics. This research does not use traditional function-based models for sim- ulation. The combination of realistic geometry, physically viable particle structure, and first-principles ray-tracing enables the ability to represent signature changes that have been observed in experimental observations. © The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI. (DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.54.9.094103)
Backing into Spinozism

One vexing strand of Spinozism asserts that God's nature is more expansive than traditionally conceived and includes properties like being extended. In this paper, I argue that prominent early moderns embrace metaphysical principles about causation, mental representation, and modality that pressure their advocates towards such an expansive account of God's nature in similar ways. I further argue that the main early modern escape route, captured in notions like “eminent containment,” fails to adequately relieve the metaphysical pressures towards Spinozism. The upshot is that those sympathetic with these early modern projects must embrace a costlier option if they are to successfully escape the orbit of Spinoza.
Adenosine deaminase and immunodeficiency: an in vitro model.

Abstract We have examined the effect of adenosine and EHNA, a competitive inhibitor of adenosine deaminase (ADA), upon the ability of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to mitogen. Addition of adenosine at concentrations greater than 10 μ m (10−5 m ) resulted in inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation at 48 hr of culture, provided that the culture medium was relatively free of ADA activity. The actual concentrations of adenosine remaining in inhibited cultures at the time of harvest were considerably lower than those added initially. EHNA alone also inhibited PHA response (and to a lesser extent PWM and Con A responses), but only at high concentrations. Noninhibitory concentrations of EHNA and adenosine together acted synergistically to produce profound inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. This may provide an in vitro model to explore further the mechanism of the immunodeficiency associated with deficiency of ADA. Adenosine deaminase activity in stimulated cultures did not differ significantly from that found in unstimulated cultures, and the activity per protein or per DNA actually decreased in stimulated versus unstimulated cultures.
Interaction of (±)-7r, 8t-dihydroxy-9t, 10t-oxy-7, 8, 9, 10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene with purified rat liver chromatin

Previous studies have shown that in addition to serving as a target for covalent adduct formation, purified DNA catalyzes the detoxification of (+/-)-7r,8t-dihydroxy-9t,10t-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BPDE). To begin to relate these in vitro findings with the processes important in carcinogenesis in vivo, we have prepared native chromatin from rat liver nuclei and analyzed its interactions with BPDE. Using several different methods to follow the hydrolysis of BPDE, we find the ability of chromatin to catalyse this detoxification is severely reduced relative to purified DNA. The rate of formation of covalent adducts is also reduced, although the final level of modification is almost the same in chromatin and purified DNA. The difference in rates could be an important in vivo protection mechanism, especially in the presence of competing nucleophiles, e.g.-SH compounds. In addition, non-covalent, physical binding to chromatin is altered, both quantitatively and qualitatively, compared with purified DNA. The specificity of covalent binding of BPDE to histone proteins in chromatin is identical to the specificity found in intact nuclei.
The vortex file: A proposal for a new application of type-II superconductivity

Thin-film type-II superconductors are proposed as a new storage medium for future Josephson computers. Vortices in thin films have much in common with magnetic bubbles; storage and propagation can be achieved with a periodic guiding structure and induced transport currents. The packing density was found to be similar to magnetic-bubble density, the maximum vortex shift rate is estimated to be several hundreds of Mbits/sec, being at least two orders of magnitude superior to bubbles. Single-vortex generation and detection schemes are investigated and it is found that the technology bears considerable potential, if thin-film type-II superconductors can be made with sufficiently low pinning forces.
From Taubes currents to almost Kähler forms

The Taubes current is introduced by Taubes in (J Symplectic Geom 9:161–250, 2011) as an intermediate step to construct almost Kahler forms. In this paper, we prove that an almost complex structures being almost Kahler structure in dimension four is the equivalent of the existence of Taubes currents. Precisely, we show that Taubes currents could be regularized to almost Kahler forms up to small perturbations of cohomology classes on any 4-dimensional almost complex manifold \((M, J)\). A similar result is established for higher dimensions under the assumption of almost Kahler. An application to Donaldson’s “tamed to compatible” question is provided.
A Descriptive Analysis of the Content and Contributors of Behavioral Research In Accounting 1989–1998

This paper provides a description of the topical content and research methods used in BRIA during its first ten years using a modified Birnberg and Shields (1989) taxonomy of the “schools” of behavioral research, leading to an analysis of the impact of BRIA on the accounting literature. The authors and their schools of affiliation and degree are then examined. Next, cites used in BRIA are analyzed, and the most‐cited authors, articles, and journals are indicated. The journals cited in BRIA are also ranked, both by total citation count over the ten‐year period, and using a modal citation age in BRIA of four years, to show a change in the citation pattern in BRIA. In addition, we examine the extent to which BRIA is cited in four leading accounting journals, i.e., The Accounting Review; Contemporary Accounting Research; Accounting, Organizations and Society; and Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory. Finally, findings and conclusions of the study are discussed.
Take II--Information Literacy: Revolution in Education.

Breivik reviews what has stayed the same since her 1989 LOEX presentation, “Information literacy: revolution in education.” Resource‐based education remains the model for education, and a clear vision of this goal remains important. Much progress has been made over the past ten years in articulating what information literacy is and in establishing national standards for it.
Abatement cost of wood‐based energy products at the production level on afforested and reforested lands

We combined economic and life-cycle analyses in an integrated framework to ascertain greenhouse gas (GHG) intensities, production costs, and abatement costs of GHG emissions for ethanol and electricity derived from three woody feedstocks (logging residues only, pulpwood only, and pulpwood and logging residues combined) across two forest management choices (intensive and nonintensive) and 31 harvest ages (year 10–year 40 in steps of 1 year) on reforested and afforested lands at the production level for slash pine (Pinus elliottii) in the Southern United States. We assumed that wood chips and wood pellets will be used to produce ethanol and generate electricity, respectively. Production costs and GHG intensities of ethanol and electricity were lowest for logging residues at the optimal rotation age for both forest management choices. Opportunity cost related with the change in rotation age was a significant determinant of the variability in the overall production cost. GHG intensity of feedstocks obtained from afforested land was lower than reforested land. Relative savings in GHG emissions were higher for ethanol than electricity. Abatement cost of GHG emissions for ethanol was lower than electricity, especially when feedstocks were obtained from a plantation whose rotation age was close to the optimal rotation age. A carbon tax of at least $25 and $38 Mg � 1 CO2e will be needed to promote production of ethanol from wood chips and electricity from wood pellets in the US, respectively.
Activity as a Key Concept for Cultural Psychology

This paper articulates a concept of culture as practical, socially organized human activity. Culture is not simply shared conceptual understandings, as many cultural psychologists believe. The manner in which cultural activity organizes psychological functions is explored in detail. The reciprocal influence of psychological functions on culture is also described.
Analysis and detection of incipient faults in post‐fault systems subject to adaptive fault‐tolerant control

This paper presents an effective scheme for detecting incipient faults in post-fault systems (PFSs) subject to adaptive fault-tolerant control (AFTC). Through a survey of existing techniques, it is shown that the adaptivity of the AFTC counteracts the effect of an incipient fault in the PFS. This makes some of the conventional fault-detection strategies, such as Beard–Jones detection filters and adaptive observers, ineffective in this situation. It is shown that the unknown input observer (UIO) is an effective tool; hence, the UIO is designed to decouple the incipient fault from the AFTC such that the fault-detection residual is sensitive only to the incipient fault. Extensive simulation study is presented using an aircraft example to test three fault-detection approaches; it is demonstrated that the UIO is the most effective tool in detecting the incipient fault in a PFS subject to AFTC. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Completeness in configuration-interaction calculations

Strong configuration-interaction effects between autoionizing configurations of the form (ns${)}^{1}$(np${)}^{m+1}$ and bound configurations of the form (ns${)}^{2}$(np${)}^{m\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$(n'l') have been treated with truncated-discrete-basis calculations, either neglecting or approximating the continuum. It is shown that Fano's treatment of a level interacting with the continuum can be extended to the threshold region by including the Rydberg series of discrete levels. Inclusion of the infinite Rydberg series leads to a logarithmic singularity of matrix elements and the eigenvalue equation near the threshold region, which cancels the singularity arising from the integral over the continuum.The cancellation leads to a relatively simple eigenvalue equation for the strongly perturbed eigenvalues. Numerical evaluation of the eigenvalue equation leads to eigenvalues comparable to those found with multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock calculations. Concentration on the threshold regions leads to a unique prescription for passive continua normalization independent of the number of continua used. Numerical evaluation of the eigenvalue equation predicts a (4s${)}^{1}$(4p${)}^{5}$ $^{3}P$ level in Se 10 000 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ below the first ionization threshold, though no evidence for such a level is observed spectroscopically. By including the discrete levels in the Fano formalism, it is shown that the infinite discrete level sum plus integral over the continuum can be rewritten as an integral of the interaction potential and a modified one-electron Green's function, leading to a ``dressed'' one-electron orbital, which is readily computed and which contains the interesting effects of the strong interaction. Such dressed orbitals are used to calculate oscillator strengths to the ground state for the neutral halogens, ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{1+}$, and the neutral elements of column VI in the periodic table. For Cl, I, and Se, the calculated oscillator strengths from the ground state to the (ns${)}^{1}$(np${)}^{m+1}$ configuration are less than ${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$, offering a plausible explanation for the nonidentification (Se) or misidentification (I) of these levels.
Operating characteristics of a 10 kW xenon ion propulsion module

Performance testing of a two-engine functional model xenon ion propulsion module is described. Use of highly modified J-series 30 cm ion engines reconfigured for xenon propellant, a computer controlled operating system, and precise flow control system are shown to result in very reliable ion module operation at high input power levels. Ion engine operation at a nominal 4.0 ampere beam current and 30.0 volt discharge gives a specific impulse of 3310 sec, a total engine efficiency of 64.3 percent, and a thrust-to-power ratio of 39.5 mN/kW at an input power level of 5.10 kW. These modified J series ion engines are shown to be capable of throttling over an 8:1 range from a power level of 5.48 kW at 3285 sec to a power level of 0.70 kW at 1856 sec. In addition, complete ion engine performance mapping of important system level parameters such as thrust, specific impulse, efficiency and thrust-to-power ratio are presented.
Components of Original Thinking in Gifted Children

The dimensionality of the construct of original thinking was examined by using measures designed to control both for the occurrence of confounding of the construct of originality by that of fluency and for task ambiguity. Subjects were 315 gifted children in the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. The results indicated that original thinking was conceptually distinct from general intelligence. Evidence for a general originality construct was mixed. Theoretical and methodological implications are discussed.
Gonadal hormones modulate the display of conditioned defeat in male Syrian hamsters

It has been widely reported that gonadal hormones influence the display of aggression in Syrian hamsters; conversely, much less is known about whether gonadal hormones modulate submissive/defensive behaviors in these animals. Following social defeat, male hamsters no longer display normal territorial aggression but instead display submissive/defensive behavior in the presence of a smaller opponent, a phenomenon we have termed conditioned defeat (CD). The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of gonadal hormones on the display of CD in male hamsters. In Experiment 1, males were castrated or sham-operated. The castrated males were significantly more submissive following social defeat relative to their intact counterparts. The increased submissive behavior in the castrated males during CD testing was particularly surprising, given the fact that they were attacked significantly less during CD training. In Experiment 2a, males were castrated and given hormone replacement. Castrated males treated with testosterone or dihydrotestosterone displayed significantly less submissive behavior following social defeat than did those treated with cholesterol or estradiol. Finally, in Experiment 2b, there was no effect of hormone replacement on aggressive behavior in non-defeated hamsters suggesting that the decrease in submissive behavior in males treated with dihydrotestosterone or testosterone is specific to being previously defeated. Taken together the data indicate that the presence of androgens reduces the display of submission in defeated male hamsters. More importantly, these findings suggest that androgens may have a protective effect against the development of depression-like or anxiety-like behaviors following exposure to an ethologically relevant stressor.
A Learning Algorithm to Discover Soluble Vesicle-Binding Helical Peptides

Membrane peptide folding studies require peptides that bind to lipid vesicles while remaining water-soluble. Currently available peptides are either artificial designs, or they have membrane-disrupting antimicrobial or venomous activity. As a first step to derive new soluble membrane-binding peptides from naturally occurring membrane proteins, we trained a learning algorithm on several water-soluble and insoluble helical peptides by comparing its predictions with experimental solubility and fluorescence vesicle binding assays. The algorithm yielded an easily computed score S to discover soluble peptides in databases of transmembrane helical proteins. To validate the algorithm, we selected four helices based on a good S score. Experiments showed that all four are soluble at >25 microM, and that three bind to vesicles. We illustrate with an example that the vesicle binding of such peptides can be temperature-tuned. Finally, we predict four additional peptides that should be water-soluble and able to bind to lipid vesicles.
Number of winter precipitation days reconstructed from southwestern tree rings

Abstract The potential of reconstructing the number of winter precipitation days from tree-rings in the southwestern United States is explored in this study. This variable, an alternative to the measure of total precipitation, has not previously been used in dendroclimatic reconstructions. However, it may be a more meaningful measure of seasonal rainfall and indicator of anomalies in atmospheric circulation features than total precipitation in areas such as the arid Southwest, where the distribution of rainfall is spatially variable. The number of precipitation days in the region encompassing southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona was reconstructed for the time period 1702–1983 from a collection of tree-ring chronologies in this area. Results from this study show that tree-ring chronologies explain 71% of the variance in the regional record of the number of precipitation days. The reconstruction is statistically verified and validated with independent data. Tree-ring chronologies in this region ...
Development of autonomous robotic monitoring vehicle (ARMV) for aerial radiation monitoring

Unmanned system is often a critical component in monitoring and maintaining the processes of the nuclear power plant (NPP) to ensure that the plant stays within optimal operating conditions conducive to promote reliable and efficient power generation. Ensuring the safe control of the plant under normal, transient, and accidental conditions over long periods of time would help ensure public confidence and support of future nuclear projects. Implementation of the robust Autonomous Indoor Aerial Monitoring and Sensor Network system can improve plant efficiency and maximize safety, and provide solutions for many challenges existing in maintaining obsolescent or old instrumentation and control components in aging worldwide nuclear power plants. Although conventional temperature, gas, and radioactivity monitoring sensors have been extensively used in many processes, there exist reliability issues of process measurements. Therefore, augmenting the ubiquitous monitoring and sensor system can play an important role in increasing safety and economy of plants in which they are used.
Contrasting effects of glucocorticoids on the capacity of T cells to produce the growth factors interleukin 2 and interleukin 4.

The molecular mechanisms which govern the biosynthesis and secretion of the various T cell-derived lymphokines are poorly understood at this time, in spite of their tremendous importance to the control of the mammalian immune system. Here we provide compelling evidence that production of the murine T cell growth factors interleukin (IL)2 and IL 4 are differentially regulated by glucocorticoid (GCS) hormones. Under conditions where IL 2 production is reduced by GCS hormones, IL 4 production is increased. In vivo, this effect on T cell production of growth factors is manifest at low GCS concentrations that are well within physiologic ranges. In vitro, splenocytes isolated from antigen-stimulated donors, as well as antigen-specific cloned T cell lines, undergo alterations in their capacity to secrete T cell growth factors when stimulated with antigens in the presence of GCS. Responses normally dominated by IL 2 are dramatically shifted to a condition where IL 4 represents the major species of T cell growth factor produced. Similar changes in the pattern of T cell growth factor production are observed following short pulses with low-dose GCS in vitro, and the steroid-induced depression in IL 2 production can be reversed and/or inhibited by treatment with the potent steroid antagonist RU486. Our results imply that GCS hormones, presumably through their capacity to activate a specified family of ligand-dependent transcriptional regulatory proteins (steroid hormone receptors), function to control the pattern of lymphokines produced by activated T cells. Steroid-mediated regulation of lymphokine gene expression could serve to dictate the types of immune effector mechanisms which can be initiated subsequent to antigen exposure.
Central nervous system projections to and from the commissural ganglion of the crab Cancer borealis

Higher-order inputs provide important regulatory control to motor circuits, but few cellular-level studies of such inputs have been performed. To begin studying higher-order neurons in an accessible model system, we have localized, in the supraesophageal ganglion (brain), neurons that are candidates for influencing the well-characterized motor circuits in the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the crab Cancer borealis. The STNS is an extension of the central nervous system and includes four ganglia, within which are a set of motor circuits that regulate the ingestion and processing of food. These motor circuits are locally regulated by a set of modulatory neurons, most of which are located in the paired commissural ganglia (CoGs). These modulatory neurons are well-positioned to receive input from brain neurons because the circumesophageal commissures (CoCs) connect the brain with the CoGs. We have performed a series of CoC backfills to localize the brain neurons that are likely to innervate the CoGs and are, therefore, candidates for influencinng the STNS motor patterns. CoC backfill-labeled neuronal somata within the brain are clustered around a subset of anatomically defined neuropil regions. We have concomitantly localized many CoG neurons that project into the brain. This latter pathway presumably includes neurons that provide feedback regarding ongoing STNS activity. Interestingly, nearly all of these brain and CoG neurons project through the medial aspect of the CoC. This work provides an initial framework for future studies to determine the way that higher-order input regulates rhythmic motor patterns.
Observation of a Critical Time Scale for Supercavitation Development and the Effect of Gas Leakage

A critical time scale that describes the spontaneous growth of small stable cavities into developed supercavitation over blunt free flying cylindrical slug projectiles was observed experimentally. The projectiles were ejected using a modified gas-gun mechanism consisting of a barrel and explosive charge. Upon ignition, high pressure gases translated the projectiles down the launch barrel and into quiescent water where they were digitally imaged for analysis. Results indicate that the initially small cavities appeared downstream of the projectile forebody and grew up the projectile, partially or completely enveloping the projectile. This study introduces a mechanism to explain supercavity development over impulsively translated projectiles. As a projectile is accelerated from rest in the barrel a vortex ring is produced. Small nuclei present in the ambient flow field expand as they encounter the separated flow around the blunt forebody and become entrained in the vortex ring. The subsequent increase in vortex circulation as the projectile continues to accelerate causes the pressure in the vortex ring to drop below the Blake critical pressure, at which point the initially stable cavity rapidly grows. The small cavities grow from aft to fore as the supercavity develops, traveling at speeds up to 4 times the initial projectile velocity.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Mixing and circulation in fluidized beds of flour

Abstract The mixing and bulk circulation characteristics of a fluidized bed of wheat flour having a relatively high aspect ratio were determined with a 6 in. diam. column fitted with a slowly revolving paddle just above the gas distributor. In this system the bulk of the solids moved down the column in stick-slip flow which was readily observed because of the appearance of relatively stable horizontal cracks in the bed. At lower gas velocities the behavior of the system was characterized by zone fluidization which led to erratic and unreproducible mixing performance. Operation at greater than twice the minimum fluidization velocity overcame this problem and provided consistent mixing. An increase in gas velocity increased the bulk circulation rate and reduced the batch mixing time. The solids next to the wall of the column seemed to move at the same rate as the core of the bed, at least at lower gas velocities. The downward velocity of these solids was directly proportional to gas velocity and to bed height and a complex function of flour moisture content. The velocity also depended on vertical position but not on the speed of the rotating paddle. Adding an anti-agglomerant promoted smooth fluidization and reduced the minimum fluidization velocity, and for the same relative gas velocity it increased the bulk circulation rate and reduced the batch mixing time.
Modification of UV-induced mutation frequencies in Chinese hamster cells by dose fractionation, cycloheximide and caffeine treatments.

Abstract Chinese hamster (V79) cells were irradiated with a fractionated regime of ultraviolet light (UV 1 + UV 2 ). The fractionation of a UV dose always increased the colony-forming ability but reduced (or it did not change) the mutation frequencies. Treatment with cycloheximide between the two UV irradiations resulted in two types of effects, depending on the protocols used. Long exposures to cycloheximide (i.e., >6 h) for the entire period between UV 1 and UV 2 or partial treatment of cycloheximide (i.e., 3h) long before UV 2 always resulted in reduced colony-forming ability and enhanced or unchanged mutation frequencies. Exposure to cycloheximide for the entire period in the short fractionated regime (i.e., 4h) between UV 1 and UV 2 or partial treatment of cycloheximide just prior to UV 2 tended to give the opposite effects. Caffeine treatment before UV 2 , with or without UV 1 , significantly increased the mutation frequencies. These results suggest that an error-free postreplication repair system exists in Chinese hamster cells which is inhibitable by particular cycloheximide or caffeine treatments.
Erroneous diagnosis of hemorrhage from esophageal varices

A selected series of 27 patients with varices demonstrated by both X-ray and endoscopy during active hemorrhage is reported. Only 5 of these patients were found to be bleeding from varices. Esophagoscopy is the only procedure which permits an exact diagnosis of bleeding varices. It should be used as early as possible to facilitate correct therapy and to preclude potentially hazardous therapeutic procedures.
Effect of fish-fat or beef-fat supplemented diet on immune complex-induced entheropathy in the rat

Abstract In contrast to animals on a beef fat-supplemented diet (BFD), animals maitained on a fish fat-supplemented diet (FFD) incorporate increased amounts of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into membrane phospholipids. Generation of lipid mediators from such tissues favors the formation of compounds with less pro-inflammatory activity than are derived from tissues poor in EPA. Nevertheless, the FFD has not had a uniformly beneficial effect on animal models of inflammatory diseases. We previously showed that intravenous injection of rat anti-BSA-BSA complexes (IC) prepared in 5x antigen excess rapidly induced a striate pattern of serosal (to mucosal) hemorrhage and vascular congestion throughout the small intestine. In this study, we tested the effect of a BFD and FFD on immune complex-induced enteropathy. After six (Expt. 1) or eight weeks (Expt. 2) on the diet, rats were injected with IC and the severity of serosal hyperemia in the small intestine was scored. In some FFD, no lesions were seen under conditions which elicited moderate to severe lesions in BFD rats. In Expt. 1 involving 22 rats and in Expt. 2 involving 28 rats, those on the FFD had a significantly lower composite lesional score compared to those on the BFD, p
Analysis of the multidimensional behavior of granulation

Abstract Particle aggregation in the process of granulation is still a relatively poorly understood phenomena. While particle porosity, pore saturation, and moisture fraction each influence particle growth behavior, many traditional coalescence kernels are only size dependent. This work investigates how different internal particle parameters such as porosity, pore saturation, and moisture fraction affect growth through a series of experiments that highlight the multidimensional nature of the process. Furthermore, this work also analyzes how particle binder composition is influenced by both particle size and induction behavior during the granulation process. The binder composition for a sample is determined using a procedure where the powder and binder in a sample of granules are separated using a non-polar solvent (hexane).
Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome after complicated traumatic lower extremity vascular injuries.

Secondary abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) can occur in trauma patients without abdominal injuries. Surgical management of patients presenting with secondary ACS after isolated traumatic lower extremity vascular injury (LEVI) continues to evolve, and associated outcomes remain unknown. From January 2006 to September 2011, 191 adult trauma patients presented to the Ryder Trauma Center, an urban level I trauma center in Miami, Florida with traumatic LEVIs. Among them 10 (5.2 %) patients were diagnosed with secondary ACS. Variables collected included age, gender, mechanism of injury, and clinical status at presentation. Surgical data included vessel injury, technical aspects of repair, associated complications, and outcomes. Mean age was 37.4 ± 18.0 years (range 16–66 years), and the majority of patients were males (8 patients, 80 %). There were 7 (70 %) penetrating injuries (5 gunshot wounds and 2 stab wounds), and 3 blunt injuries with mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) 21.9 ± 14.3 (range 9–50). Surgical management of LEVIs included ligation (4 patients, 40 %), primary repair (1 patient, 10 %), reverse saphenous vein graft (2 patients, 20 %), and PTFE interposition grafting (3 patients, 30 %). The overall mortality rate in this series was 60 %. The association between secondary ACS and lower extremity vascular injuries carries high morbidity and mortality rates. Further research efforts should focus at identifying parameters to accurately determine resuscitation goals, and therefore, prevent such a devastating condition.
Local shell-side heat transfer coefficients in baffled tubular heat exchangers

An experimental study of local heat transfer coefficients in a baffled tubular heat exchanger for five baffle spacings and two tube spacings (23/16-in.-pitch, four-tube bundle, and 11/4-in.-pitch, fourteen-tube bundle) is reported. Shell-side air-flow rate was constant for all runs. The variation of the local heat transfer coefficient around the tubes and along the length of the tubes for each tube spacing and baffle spacing was investigated. Average shell-side heat transfer coefficients were evaluated from local values and were found to agree with average values reported in the literature. These average values varied with the six-tenths power of the mass velocity in the heat exchanger. The average Nusselt number and the pressure drop across the exchanger each increased at about the same rate as the number of baffles was increased from two to ten. The average heat transfer rate decreased with decreased tube spacing. This effect was evident from the local heat transfer coefficients, and it is explained on the basis of the mechanism of flow around tubes. An eddy flow zone was detected between the baffles. Average heat transfer rates in the eddy and crossflow zones were almost equal and were about 15% below the average rate in the longitudinal-flow zone. The variation of the average heat transfer coefficient along a tube definitely showed the effects of baffles. High coefficients occurred in the baffle holes and in the baffle windows.
Further evidence for the participation of proteins S 3, S 14 and S 19 in tRNA binding to E. coli 30 S subunits

Previous studies have shown that iodination of 30 S subunits causes inactivation for both enzymatic fMet-tRNA and non-enzymatic phe-tRNA binding activities. This inactivation was shown to be due to the modification of three to five ribosomal proteins [1]. In this report the role of these proteins in tRNA binding activity has been further studied. Purified ribosomal proteins, isolated from modified subunits, are re-assembled into otherwise unmodified 30 S ribosomes and assayed for tRNA binding capacity. The presence of modified S 3, S 14 and S 19 (S 15) in the reconstituted particle results in substantial reduction of both fMet-tRNA and phe-tRNA binding activities. This reduction in tRNA binding activity does not appear to be due to an assembly defect.
Stereotactic core breast biopsy versus needle localization breast biopsy - the effect of initial diagnostic modality on surgical therapy in patients with breast cancer

Summary. The aim was to assess the effect of the initial diagnostic modality on surgical planning in patients with mammographically detected malignancies. A retrospective chart review of 40 patients with mammographically detected breast cancer was undertaken. The diagnosis was established in 20 patients by needle localization breast biopsy and in 20 patients by stereotactic core breast biopsy. In patients whose diagnosis was established by stereotactic core breast biopsy, all were treated with only one operation per patient. In those patients whose diagnosis was established by needle localization breast biopsy, an average of 2.1 surgeries per patient were required to diagnose and treat this group. Patients with abnormal mammograms should have the diagnosis established by stereotactic biopsy. If the lesion was malignant, a planned one-stage definitive operation was successful in all of our patients. We feel that stereotactic core biopsy is the preferred method for establishing a diagnosis in patients with ...
Adjusting regression attenuation in the Cox proportional hazards model

Abstract In the measurement error Cox proportional hazards model, the naive maximum partial likelihood estimator (MPLE) is asymptotically biased. In this paper, we give the formula of the asymptotic bias for the additive measurement error Cox model. By adjusting for this error, we derive an adjusted MPLE that is less biased. The bias can be further reduced by adjusting for the estimator second and even third time. This estimator has the advantage of being easy to apply. The performance of the proposed estimator is evaluated through a simulation study.
Genetic variation in adenylate kinase 1, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glutamic-pyruvate transaminase in the marsupial Monodelphis domestica.

The South American didelphid marsupial Monodelphis domestica (2n = 18) has become the most extensively used laboratory marsupial (VandeBerg, 1989). The development of a gene map of this species will provide insight into the evolution of the mammalian genomes and the significance of particular gene arrangements. A first step in developing a gene map is the identification of electrophoretically detectable markers. A preliminary electrophoretic examination of 11 gene products in this species revealed five putative alleles at the alpha-1 antitrypsin locus and two putative alleles at an acid phosphatase locus (VandeBerg, 1989). Sevilir et al. (1989) confirmed the existence of two alleles at an ACP locus expressed in ear tissue of M. domestica. In this paper we report the results of a survey of a representative sample of pedigreed animals produced in the colony held at Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) in San Antonio, Texas, for genetic variation at an additional 23 biochemically detectable loci.
A Wave Theory for the Onset and Initial Growth of Condensation in the Atmosphere

Abstract Pre-storm conditions are often characterized by an atmosphere in the presence of rather strong wind shears and a temperature inversion. The latter acts as a lid for moisture in the boundary layer. In this paper we discuss the possibility that a gravity wave generated by wind shear can reach sufficiently large amplitude to induce condensation. We show that under certain circumstances the ensuing heat release takes place in such a phase with respect to the initial gravity wave so as to reinforce it, substantially increasing its rate of growth. Thus, the lifting due to the wave will grow and so will the condensation. By showing that in the early stages after the first condensation occurs, we have a positive feedback between the gravity wave and the induced condensation, we strengthen the case for gravity waves as possible lifting agents leading to condensation and eventually to convection. The present calculations are not meant to describe the system after the onset of convection and as such they di...
Fluoride-induced suture red spot in ‘Elberta’ peach

Abstract Suture red spot (SRS) is a serious physiological disorder of the peach fruit. Tissues at or near the suture ripen prematurely and the affected becomes soft or overripe before the remainder of the fruit ripens, rendering it unmarketable. SRS may be induced by several agents, including fluorine (F)-containing compounds. Different kinds of exposures of ‘Elberta’ peach trees to hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the field revealed that the concentrations of HF for the induction of this disorder were extremely low: 0.3 μgF m −3 in continuous exposures of 80 days; 1.0 μgF m −3 in intermittent exposures for three 6-hr periods each week for 9 weeks. Fruits were more susceptible to HF-induced SRS at the later stages of fruit development than at the pit-hardening stage. Exposure to HF induced a localized deficiency of calcium (Ca) in suture tissues. It is postulated that this could have resulted in loss of membrane integrity leading to premature ripening and the development of SRS.
Genetics of SLE in mice

Genetic studies in spontaneous, induced, and gene-manipulated mouse models of SLE have provided significant insights into the potential number and diversity of genes that can promote, resist, and modify lupus susceptibility. Novel genes and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis have also been identified. Importantly, mouse models have provided an initial view of the genomic landscape of lupus-affecting genes, and have documented the complexities of verifying and determining the role of specific candidate loci and genes. Mouse models of lupus should continue to serve as a vital approach to defining the genetics of SLE.
Reaction kinetics of the SO2CaO system — pore closure model

Abstract Based on experimental results and observations of electron microscope photographs, a model is proposed for the SO 2 CaO reaction. The model simulates the closing of pore entrances as CaO is converted to CaSO 4 . The size reduction and ultimately the closure of pore entrances due to product layer deposits cause an increase in the diffusion resistance of SO 2 through the pores. This in turn eliminates the availability of internal surface area for the reaction. Diffusion of SO 2 through the solid product layer is not included in this model, contrary to many previous models. The model is tested against experimental data without using any adjustable parameters, such as the product layer diffusion coefficient whose values ranged from 6 × 10 −9 to 2.5 × 10 −6 cm 2 /s in the previous modeling efforts. Conversion data are obtained with precalcined limestone in a differential quartz reactor. The CaO particles studied are 13, 50 and 253 μm in diameter and the SO 2 concentration in SO 2 -air mixture is kept at 3163 ppm throughout the runs. Observation of electron microscope photographs and excellent agreement of this model with experimental data suggest that the particle deactivation is due to an increase in the diffusive resistance of SO 2 through the pores and the subsequent incomplete utilization of the internal surface area. Based on this study, SO 2 diffusion through the closing pores and chemical reaction at the active interior surface are generally the dominant resistances to this reaction for the cases considered here as well as for many others.
The relative immunogenicity of corneal epithelium, stroma, and endothelium. The role of major histocompatibility complex antigens.

Corneal allografts have been shown to give rise to immune responses, but the role and relative importance of individual corneal cell populations in evoking such responses remain unclear. We dissected ACI (RT1a) rat corneas into separate epithelial, stromal, and endothelial components by a method that yields pure cell populations in tissue culture, and grafted these components separately to groups of fully allogeneic PVG (RT1c) recipients). Grafts of corneal stroma elicited strong cellular cytotoxic immune responses in a cell-mediated lymphocytotoxic assay, but corneal epithelium failed to generate any detectable response. Grafts of corneal endothelium alone, however, evoked a potent cellular cytotoxic response. Using congenic rats, it was found that grafts from PVG.1A (RT1a) donors to PVG (RT1c) recipients (which differ at both the RT1.A and B loci) yielded identical results. However, no corneal component graft from PVG.R1 (RT1rl) donors to PVG recipients (which differ only at RT1.A) generated a detectable immune response. Use of target lymphoblasts from congenic strains established that at least part of all responses detected were directed against class I (RT1.A) major histocompatibility complex antigens. These findings indicate that there is differential immunogenicity of specific corneal tissue components in the rat that may be further influenced by the degree of MHC disparity between donor and recipient.
Ecology of Pectinatella magnifica and associated algae and cyanobacteria

The freshwater bryozoan species Pectinatella magnifica was found in 6 sandpits and in 19 mostly extensively managed ponds in the Protected Landscape Area and Biosphere Reserve Třeboňsko (Czech Republic) from its first record (in 2003) to 2012. Mean fresh biomass and abundance of P. magnifica colonies were 0.6 ± 1.5 kg m−2 and 0.7 ± 1.1 colony m−2 (± SD), respectively, in the shoreline zone during the growing season 2006–2011. The maximum biomass was mostly recorded during the first half of August in all basins. Colonization of further localities was recorded rather than increasing of P. magnifica biomass or abundance in 2012. There were no correlations between water temperature or water transparency and biomass/abundance of P. magnifica during the growing season. P. magnifica colonies preferred to grow on the branches or roots (especially of Salix sp.) to aquatic macrophytes and stones. Most of the water bodies, where this bryozoan species occurred, had lower concentration of total phosphorus in the water when compared with the typical fishponds in the Czech Republic. Inner space of colonies of P. magnifica provided suitable higher trophic level substrate when compared with the water of the sandpits/fishponds especially for green coccal algae. A massive algal colonization was indentified in decomposing colonies at the end of the growing season.
Role of cations in stability of acidic protein Desulfovibrio desulfuricans apoflavodoxin

Abstract Apoflavodoxin from the sulfate reducing bacteria Desulfovibrio desulfuricans is a small, acidic protein with a net charge of −19 at neutral pH. Here, we show that monovalent cations in biologically relevant amounts have dramatic effects on apoflavodoxin stability. The effect is largest for Gdm+ and decreases as a function of increased cation charge density (Gdm+ > NH4+ ⩾ K+ ∼ Cs+ ∼ Na+ > Li+). A linear correlation of stabilizing effects with cation hydration properties suggests an important role of dehydration in efficient cation interaction with the protein. The effects on stability are due to preferential binding of one cation to native apoflavodoxin and results in an increase in thermal midpoint of 20 °C and the free energy of unfolding (at 20 °C) increases fivefold. Tuning of biophysical properties (such as folding and ligand/cofactor binding) of acidic proteins by cation binding may be important in vivo.