cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-lasting cognitive injury in rats with apparent full gross neurological recovery after short-term cardiac arrest

Summary Objective The long-term behavioral effects of mild global ischemia have not been well described. We used short (5 min) asphyxic-cardiac arrest that resulted in no apparent gross neurological deficits to study the long-term effects of mild hypoxic ischemia on the neurobehavioral status of rats. Methods Fifteen adult, male Wistar rats were studied. One group was given asphyxic-cardiac arrest (CA) for 5 min ( n = 10) and the other group had Sham procedure ( n = 5). Neurobehavioral testing was performed before and 2 weeks after CA. The neurobehavioral evaluations were: neurological deficit score (NDS), Y Maze, open field, pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reflex (ASR), wire hanging, and inclined screen. Results At 24 h post-CA, all of the rats regained normal neurological function as measured by NDS, an integral score for consciousness, brainstem reflexes, sensorimotor function and simple behavioral reflex tests. However, 1 week after CA, the rats exhibited significant activity reductions in the open field and in spontaneous alternation in the Y maze. The CA rats also showed a significant decrease in startle reaction amplitude and startle inhibition in the PPI tests. Two weeks after CA, the changes in motor activity and deficits in PPI remained significant, but the spontaneous alternation recovered. The muscle strength test of wire hanging and inclined screen tests did not exhibit significant change. Conclusion We present a rodent model of mild CA that, despite apparent full recovery of global neurological function at 24 h post-resuscitation, exhibited long-term cognitive injury lasting for at least 2 weeks after CA. This model may help understand better the injury associated with CA and develop management strategies for mild brain injury.
Bilateral Crush Injury of the Proximal Tibial Physis in an Adolescent Gymnast: A Case Report.

Case: A thirteen-year-old female gymnast experienced bilateral knee pain after landing from a jump off a vault during a competition. Initial radiographs revealed negative findings, but magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated periphyseal osseous edema of the proximal parts of the tibiae. The patient later developed an anterior physeal bar on the right side, with recurvatum deformity. Conclusion: Despite similar initial imaging findings bilaterally and identical mechanisms of injury, only the injury on the right side met the strict criteria for classification as a Salter-Harris type-V injury. This case illustrates the difficulty encountered with current diagnostic criteria for type-V injuries.
Public Goods and Externalities: The Case of Roads

When government monopolization of the roadways is discussed by economists, the "externalities" argument is usually raised. The argument is said to be simple, clear, and irrefutable. In fact, none of these terms really apply. Let us consider the argument closely.
RECENT TRENDS IN THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF MALARIA

Situation actuelle du paludisme dans les differents pays. Le parasite, le vecteur et l'homme contamine. Les aspects immunologiques, le diagnostic serologique, les facteurs epidemiologiques de la transmission, problemes touchant les programmes de controle les contraintes techniques, les strategies pour le controle et la plaie du vaccin dans les programmes de controle
Takeover! 1997 (E): Omnigroup Corporation / Omnibank N.A.

This case extends the Takeover! 1997 simulation exercise (UVA-F-1170 through UVA-F-1173) to include a role for a bank. As with the other roles in the exercise, students form teams to play their assigned roles in the drama of the hostile takeover. The exercise follows the schedule of briefings, negotiations/simulations, and debriefings. In this case (and its companion, UVA-F-1251), students represent a lender/investment banker from whom bidders must obtain financing. This exercise simulates a hostile-takeover attempt in January 1997. The target is an underperforming conglomerate with two principal business segments: consumer foods and specialty chemicals. The raider company has a history of hostile action, usually profiting from greenmail or the bust-up liquidation of the unfortunate target. Two other bidding parties are present: a white-knight firm that has had amicable relations with the target in the past and considers making a friendly bid for the target, and an LBO firm that has ample equity and lines of credit to finance a buyout. Finally, the instructor has the option of including two banks that can impose some restraint on possible "deal frenzy." The exercise organizes students into teams representing the four companies, who must negotiate an outcome that is most advantageous to their own firms. The parties are motivated to take action because the expiration of the raider's tender offer will occur soon, at which time, if there is no higher offer outstanding, the arbitrageurs will tender their shares and the raider will seize control. All parties know that the target company's board of directors is meeting in a few hours in an effort to settle on a course of action. The exercise is ideally suited to (1) exercise students' valuation and negotiation skills, (2) train students in the unusual dynamics of hostile takeovers, and (3) develop an understanding of some fundamental points of corporate governance, including the responsibilities of a board of directors and the agency problems that can arise when managers' jobs are threatened. This exercise is an expanded and updated version of the original Takeover! exercise, which was set in 1988. While the valuation problem here is largely the same as in that exercise, much more information has been added regarding the raider, the white knight, and the LBO firm. In addition, the legal and regulatory settings in this exercise reflect important changes in the environment that occurred in the early and mid-1990s.
Should there be laws mandating seatbelts in all school buses? Writing for the pro position.

Seat belts should be mandatory on school buses. The safety of children on school buses is an ongoing concern of parents and pediatric healthcare providers. Why aren't all school buses equipped with seatbelts? All 50 states have mandatory seatbelt laws for passenger cars. We buckle our children i
Symmetrized photoinitiated electron flow within the [Myoglobin:Cytochrome b 5] complex on singlet and triplet time scales: Energetics vs dynamics

We report here that photoinitiated electron flow involving a metal-substituted (M = Mg, Zn) myoglobin (Mb) and its physiological partner protein, cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) can be “symmetrized”: the [Mb:cyt b5] complex stabilized by three D/E → K mutations on Mb (D44K/D60K/E85K, denoted MMb) exhibits both oxidative and reductive ET quenching of both the singlet and triplet photoexcited MMb states, the direction of flow being determined by the oxidation state of the cyt b5 partner. The first-excited singlet state of MMb (1MMb) undergoes ns-time scale reductive ET quenching by Fe2+cyt b5 as well as ns-time scale oxidative ET quenching by Fe3+cyt b5, both processes involving an ensemble of structures that do not interconvert on this time scale. Despite a large disparity in driving force favoring photooxidation of 1MMb relative to photoreduction (δ(−ΔG0) ≈ 0.4 eV, M = Mg; ≈ 0.2 eV, M = Zn), for each M the average rate constants for the two reactions are the same within error, 1kf > 108 s–1. This surprising observ...
Assessment of the contribution of NAD(P)H-dependent quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) to the reduction of vitamin K in wild-type and NQO1-deficient mice

NQO1 [NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1; also known as DT-diaphorase] is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyses the two-electron reduction of various quinones including vitamin K. The enzyme may play a role in vitamin K metabolism by reducing vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone for utilization in the post-translational γ-glutamyl carboxylation reactions required by several proteins involved in blood coagulation. The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of NQO1 to vitamin K reduction and haemostasis in an in vivo model. We examined the contribution of NQO1 to haemostasis by examining survival rates in mice poisoned with the anticoagulant warfarin. Supraphysiological amounts of vitamin K sufficiently reversed the effects of warfarin in both wild-type and NQO1-deficient mice. Additionally, vitamin K reductase activities distinct from VKOR (vitamin K epoxide reductase) and NQO1 were measured in vitro from both wild-type and NQO1-defecient mice. The results of the present study suggest that NQO1 does not play a major role in the production of vitamin K hydroquinone and supports the existence of multiple vitamin K reduction pathways. The properties of a NAD(P)H-dependent vitamin K reductase different from NQO1 are described.
Liquid Droplet Entrainment in Reduced and Normal Gravity Two-Phase Flows

New experiments on liquid droplets entrained in concurrent gas flows were performed in March 2007 under reduced gravity condition produced by parabolic flight paths onboard a NASA C-9 research aircraft. Test apparatus was improved based on the results from previous (2006) microgravity tests. Wide range of liquid flow rates and corresponding Reynolds numbers were considered. Reduced gravity results were compared with terrestrial ones. It was found that for relatively low water flow rates the pressure drop is larger under reduced gravity compared with normal gravity results. Conversely, at higher values of water flow rates, the pressure drop is less under microgravity as compared with normal gravity condition. The results under reduced gravity are considered and used to develop and calculate an inception criterion for the onset of liquid droplet entrainment.
Masking and Unmasking in Verdi's Falstaff: (Meta)Theatrical Tour de Force in L'Opéra de Tours

Gilles Bouillon's tour de force mise en scene of Verdi's opera Falstaff moves on the premise of ‘Tutti gabatti!’ (‘We are all fools’), heightened by the stage presence of a large reproduction of Ensor aux masques to underscore the idea of ‘the hypocritical face behind the mask’. The director emphasised theatrical naturalism to create living space and conceptual abstraction to engender an association of ideas. Given that in Falstaff, as Verdi affirmed, the impact is on notes and words, Bouillon enabled the soloists to function simultaneously as actors. Under Bouillon's direction, Falstaff turned out as the title role should be in performance: ‘rounded but never weighty’.
Pyosemia and Carriage of Chlamydia and Ureaplasma in Infertile Men

Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum have been implicated as causative organisms in infections involving the male and female urogenital tracts. Seminal fluid, anterior urethral swabs and first-voided urine specimens from men undergoing infertility evaluation, with and without pyosemia, or anterior urethritis were cultured for Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum. The method used to isolate Chlamydia trachomatis involved cytochalasin-B treated McCoy cells, and NYC and A7 solid media were used for the isolation of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis from seminal fluid has not been possible even in the face of pyosemia and the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine and urethral swab material. The reasons for the inability to culture Chlamydia trachomatis will be explored.
Monograph use at an academic health sciences library: the first three years of shelf life.

Objective: To study the circulation of monographs during the first three years of shelf life at an academic health sciences library. Method: A record was kept of monographs added to the circulating collection from mid-1994 to mid-1995. After three years, each monograph was located and the number of times it circulated during the first, second, and third year of shelf life determined by counting checkout stamps on the circulation slip. Results: Of the 1,958 monographs studied, 1,674 had complete data for the first three years of shelf life. Of those 1,674 titles, 81.48% circulated at least once. A total of 7,659 circulations were recorded; 38.69% occurred in the first year of shelf life, 32.37% in the second year, and 28.95% in the third year. The data did not fit the well-known 80/20 rule. Instead, approximately 38% of monographs accounted for 80% of circulation. A small percentage, 2.21%, of monographs accounted for a substantial percentage of circulation, 21.84%. Conclusions: A large percentage of the monographs circulated and use did not decline sharply with age within the first three years of shelf life, indicating a high demand for monographs at this academic health sciences library. These results, combined with the findings of earlier studies, suggested two possibilities. First, academic health sciences libraries might exhibit use of a higher percentage of monograph acquisitions than other types of libraries; or, second, a low monograph-to-user ratio might result in a higher percentage of monographs being used. Perhaps both factors contributed to the results found in this study. Further investigation would be needed to determine the extent to which library type and monograph-to-user ratio influenced monograph use.
The Ross Procedure: Aortic Valve Replacement Using Autologous Pulmonary Valve

The Ross procedure is a surgical technique in which the native (autologous) pulmonary valve is used for aortic valve replacement in younger individuals with isolated aortic valve disease. The autologous pulmonary valve inserted in the aortic position has the potential to function longer than other biologic valves while exhibiting the same hemodynamic advantages and increased freedom from valve calcification and degeneration.
Evaluating socioeconomic status using Sus scrofa food utility indices in historical faunal assemblages

A number of researchers have inferred socioeconomic status using zooarchaeological data in contexts suggested by artifacts to reflect a particular status level. Cuts of meat that are of relatively high yield (utility) should be more economically valuable than low-yield parts. A model of carcass-part utility assumes that people of high socioeconomic status will preferentially acquire greater relative frequencies of high-yield parts than people of low status. The model is applied to the Roman villa at San Giovanni di Ruoti, Italy, using a food utility index for pig (Sus scrofa). Results indicate that for the early phases of the villa, as predicted, there are relatively more high-yield parts, reflecting high status, while the last phase contains relatively more low-yield parts. This supports conclusions of the original excavators that during later phases, the site was operating as a commercial farm. This test of the model demonstrates that food utility indices in conjunction with other contextual data can be used to identify socioeconomic status and interpret deviations from expectations of skeletal part frequencies.
The Role of Community Acceptance in Assessing Ontology Quality

Ontologies are crucial for the Semantic Web to flourish. Several communities are beginning to develop and maintain ontology repositories in different domains. Although a developer can often find multiple ontologies in the library that fit a particular domain, he or she then must select which of the potential ontologies would be most suitable for a specific purpose. Users, therefore, need a way to assess the quality of the ontologies stored in the library based upon a broad set of criteria; for example, the level of acceptance by the community of which it is a part. The history of an ontology’s development and the authority an ontology receives via links from other ontologies can be used to assess the level of endorsement within the group that shares its domain. This research defines metrics for history and authority within a community and shows how they can be weighted for a particular task. A case study demonstrates the usefulness of these metrics and discusses why they should be incorporated in any broad metrics suite that is used to rank ontologies in a library.
Sphingolipids as regulators of cellular growth, differentiation, and behavior

Abstract Sphingolipids have been suggested to participate in a wide range of cellular processes that are important to growth and differentiation, by functioning as ligands for proteins of the extracellular matrix and cell-cell communication, modulators of the activity of growth factor receptors, lipid second messengers in the action of cytokines and other factors, and as potent activators and inhibitors of cellular regulatory systems such as protein kinase C (as well as other protein kinases and phosphatases), phospholipase C and D, phosphatidic acid phosphatase, and other proteins. For the most part, these roles have been suggested by studies in which specific sphingolipids (e.g., gangliosides, ceramides, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate, among others) have been added to cells or enzyme preparations to elicit a response; therefore, the direct involvement of the compounds as regulators of most of these systems in vivo remains to be proven. Nonetheless, a clearer picture is beginning to emerge for three cases, namely: the regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor by ganglioside G M3 , the participation of a sphingomyelin/ceramide cycle in the action of tumor necrosis factor and a number of other agonists, and the disruption of free long-chain (sphin-goid) base metabolism as the mechanism of action of fumonisins and related mycotoxins. These provide models for additional studies of the roles of sphingolipids in the regulation of cellular growth, differentiation, neoplastic transformation, and diverse biological functions.
An Introduction to Modeling Migratory Behavior of Fishes

This paper reviews models of basic fish movement patterns and their incorporation into models of fish migration. Computer simulations of various types of kineses and taxes have led researchers to the conclusion that only certain types of turning response are capable of producing directed movement of organisms. Klinokinesis-with-adaptation is possibly the most realistic model of the movement of fish along a stimulus gradient. In modeling fish migration, however, simpler models of movement, such as biased random walk models, are more convenient to use. A biased random walk model of the migration of a group of fish in a hypothetical ocean-coastal region is described. Environmental heterogeneity is built into the model to simulate a realistic situation. It is shown that such a model is equivalent to an advection-diffusion partial differential equation model. The results of the advection-diffusion model are compared with those of the biased random walk model.
Black-White Differences in Saving Behaviors

This study uses the 2007 Survey of Consumer Finances to empirically explore Black-White differences in saving behavior. The impact of the explanatory variables in the model is allowed to differ between Black and White households to understand Black-White differences in saving. The results indicate that Black-White differences in saving are explained by racial differences in the individual determinants of saving, not by race in and of itself. The individual variables that significantly differ for Black and White households in their effect on saving are receiving government assistance, feeling that credit use is bad, being turned down for credit in the past 5 years, and having a saving horizon of the next few years.
Ground‐rupturing earthquakes on the northern Big Bend of the San Andreas Fault, California, 800 A.D. to present

Paleoseismic data on the timing of ground-rupturing earthquakes constrain the recurrence behavior of active faults and can provide insight on the rupture history of a fault if earthquakes dated at neighboring sites overlap in age and are considered correlative. This study presents the evidence and ages for 11 earthquakes that occurred along the Big Bend section of the southern San Andreas Fault at the Frazier Mountain paleoseismic site. The most recent earthquake to rupture the site was the Mw7.7–7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake of 1857. We use over 30 trench excavations to document the structural and sedimentological evolution of a small pull-apart basin that has been repeatedly faulted and folded by ground-rupturing earthquakes. A sedimentation rate of 0.4 cm/yr and abundant organic material for radiocarbon dating contribute to a record that is considered complete since 800 A.D. and includes 10 paleoearthquakes. Earthquakes have ruptured this location on average every ~100 years over the last 1200 years, but individual intervals range from ~22 to 186 years. The coefficient of variation of the length of time between earthquakes (0.7) indicates quasiperiodic behavior, similar to other sites along the southern San Andreas Fault. Comparison with the earthquake chronology at neighboring sites along the fault indicates that only one other 1857-size earthquake could have occurred since 1350 A.D., and since 800 A.D., the Big Bend and Mojave sections have ruptured together at most 50% of the time in Mw ≥ 7.3 earthquakes.
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation under Agriculture and Livestock Landuse

Ensuring food security for the growing global population and changing climate are the principal challenges of the modern agriculture. The global population is projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050. With rising incomes and the increasing proportion of global population living in urban areas, the composition of food demand is changing in fundamental ways. Higher income urban population have more diverse diets that feature a variety of high-value food sources such as livestock that are more resource-intensive to produce and process. This adds to the challenge of preserving the resilience of both natural resources and agricultural ecosystems. Agriculture occupies about 38% of the ice-free Earth’s surface, of which, the cropland is about 12% and grazing land is about 26%. Projections indicate that global food production must increase by 70%, while in many African countries where the challenge is most acute, food production must increase by more than 100% by 2050 to meet the global food demand. The average annual share of agriculture, forest and land use to the total anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) has been declining over time from 28.7 ± 1.5% in the 1990s and 23.6 ± 2.1% in 2000s, and the annual value of 21.2 ± 1.5% in 2010. In 2010, agriculture contributed 11.2 ± 0.4% of the total anthropogenic GHG emissions compared to 10.0 ± 1.2% of the land use sector. Moreover, agriculture and land use changes associated with it are among the principal contributors of climate change. Agriculture also accounts for 84 and 52% of global nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions. Nonetheless, agriculture sector also is the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of global warming, such as more variable rainfall and more extreme weather generated events. Agriculture practices can potentially mitigate GHG emissions through improved cropland, animal husbandry, and grazing land management practices as well as restoration of degraded land and cultivated organic soils. Sustainable land management delivers benefits through C conservation in natural forests, grasslands, and wetlands, C sequestration in both agriculture soils and natural biomass, both of which remove C from the atmosphere and store it in biomass and soils within the terrestrial ecosystems. In addition, best management practices of croplands, grazing lands and also livestock and their byproducts such as manure could reduce the emissions of GHGs from agriculture and contribute to climate change mitigation.
Hydrocarbon Trapping over Ag-Beta Zeolite for Cold-Start Emission Control

Toluene, hexane, ethane, ethylene and CO adsorption and desorption on/from model Ag-exchanged beta zeolites were evaluated. The presence of water significantly inhibited adsorption of ethylene below 100 °C, whereas hexane and toluene adsorption were not affected. The addition of Ag increased adsorption capacities and desorption temperatures for both ethylene and toluene, while no difference was observed for hexane. Under conditions containing all hydrocarbons, ethylene adsorption was absent, and the toluene adsorption rate decreased. Results with binary mixtures demonstrate the inhibition of ethylene adsorption is due to toluene and the slower rate of toluene adsorption is caused by hexane.
An assessment of orthogonal defect classification in quality assurance

There are several techniques for testing application software for quality assurance. The most reliable technique is to perform a complete exhaustive testing. Another technique is regression testing. Under regression testing, the complete suite of test cases need not be executed. Only a subset of the test cases is required. One possible approach is to identify the most critical features of software, and place more emphasis on those. Another approach is to develop a statistical procedure for identifying critical test cases. A third approach is to use the orthogonal defect classification (ODC) technique. This paper focuses on the use of these techniques in the design and execution of the test plans.
Aspirin as a COX inhibitor and anti-inflammatory drug in human skeletal muscle.

This study demonstrated that orally consumed aspirin can target the prostaglandin/cyclooxygenase pathway in human skeletal muscle. This pathway has been shown to regulate skeletal muscle metabolism...
Building Local Capacity for Earthquake Loss Reduction

In 1988 the catastrophic Spitak earthquake rocked Armenia and shocked the world with its devastation. Six years later, the Northridge earthquake ripped through Los Angeles and instantly put to the test the lessons learned from Spitak and other disasters. This paper explores what has been learned and put into practice in building local capacity for earthquake loss reduction since 1988, when the Spitak tragedy influenced disaster management thinking.
Pedagogical Grammars: Second Language

One distinctive characteristic of pedagogical grammar is that it facilitates awareness of the relatedness of grammatical structures to speaker/writer meanings and intentions. The primary goal of a linguistic description is to test a linguistic theory; that of a reference grammar is to present grammatical topics in a systematic way in order to focus on the grammaticalness of structures. Issues of socio-cultural appropriacy are not central to either. However, a pedagogical grammar aims at enabling learners to use the language in verbal interactions appropriately. Therefore, appropriateness of what can be said is systematically handled only in pedagogical grammars. That is what makes a pedagogical grammar an essential component of second language instruction materials.
Supermajoritarian Criminal Justice

Democracy is often equated with majority rule. But closer analysis reveals that, in theory and by constitutional design, our criminal justice system should be supermajoritarian, not majoritarian. The Constitution guarantees that criminal punishment may be imposed only when backed by the supermajoritarian – historically, unanimous – approval of a jury drawn from the community. And criminal law theorists’ expressive and retributive justifications for criminal punishment implicitly rely on the existence of broad community consensus in favor of imposing it. Despite these constitutional and theoretical ideals, the criminal justice system today is majoritarian, at best. Both harsh and contested, it has lost the structural mechanisms that could ensure supermajoritarian support. By incorporating new supermajoritarian checks and reinvigorating old ones, we could make criminal punishment consonant with first principles and more responsive to community intuitions of justice.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF SEVERAL ORGANIC AND INORGANIC ACIDS IN INHIBITING THE HEAT PRECIPITATION OF CALCIUM HARDNESS SALTS FROM WATER1

A study of acidification of hard water with various organic and inorganic acids to prevent water hardness from precipitating due to heating indicates that a reaction of pH 5 will, in general, essentially prevent such precipitation under the conditions of this investigation. While all of the acids investigated were quite satisfactory, it would appear that gluconic acid would be most satisfactory to employ, inasmuch as it is highly efficient in preventing waterstone deposits, and also at use concentration it appears to have no corrosive effect on 18-8 type 302 stainless steel.
Transient Reactor Test Facility Advanced Transient Shapes

AbstractThe Transient Reactor Test (TREAT) facility restarted transient operations in 2018 and has met or exceeded expectations for reactor experiments. TREAT’s flexibility in power shaping provide...
Ten Years and Counting: Preserving and Sharing Colorado’s Agricultural History Online

AbstractColorado State University Libraries (CSUL) support the preservation of agricultural history, as evidenced by their participation in the Preserving the History of United States Agriculture a...
Painful swelling of lateral neck and submandibular area in a girl

An 8-years old girl presented at the Emergency Department with a painful swelling of the left lateral neck and submandibular area. The swelling had started 15 days earlier and worsened gradually. Five days after the initial symptoms, the patient was examined by a paediatrician and was started on antibiotics for suspected lymphadenopathy. Following a 10 days course of antibiotic therapy, she presented at our hospital for persisting symptoms and a palpable neck swelling. A soft tissue neck radiograph was obtained, which was initially reported as normal. Subsequently, an ultrasound (US) examination was performed, which revealed the full spectrum of findings and established the diagnosis ( Figs. 1-4 ).
Re-reading Liberalism: Omission, Ambiguity, and Anomaly in New England Sermonic Literature, 1699–c. 1750

Religious Liberalism in colonial New England is famously hard to pin down. The Liberals' public, occasional sermons, however, point to their core commitments if due attention is paid to overall con...
Population Dynamics of Mitochondria in Cells: A Minimal Mathematical Model

Mitochondria are cellular organelles that play an important role in cellular energy production, signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis. All organisms are believed to have low levels of variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and repeated mitotic segregation and clonal expansion can enable a mitochondrion to eventually dominate the mtDNA pool. Alterations in mtDNA are connected to a range of human diseases. Therefore, understanding how changes in mtDNA accumulate over time and are correlated to changes in mitochondrial function can have a profound impact on our understanding of fundamental cell biophysics and the origins of some human diseases. Motivated by this, we develop and study a mathematical model to determine which cellular parameters have the largest impact on mtDNA population dynamics. The model consists of coupled differential equations to describe populations of healthy and dysfunctional mitochondria subject to mitochondrial fission, fusion, autophagy, and varying levels of cellular ATP. We study the time evolution of each population under specific selection biases and obtain a heat map in the parameter space of the ratio of the rates of fusion and autophagy of the healthy and dysfunctional populations. Our results may provide insights into how different mitochondrial populations survive and evolve under different selection pressures and with time.
Friend or Foe? The Bishops of Metz in Monastic Historical Narrative, c. 1000–c. 1200

Monks writing at Saint-Clement, Metz, over roughly two hundred years produced conflicting images of Bishop Theodoric I (965–84). In earlier texts, he is the monks’ benefactor, in later sources, their foe. Historians have sought to flatten this contrast, partly because of their assumptions about monastic reform. This paper offers an alternative reading that questions those assumptions. It suggests that the evolution of Theodoric's image reflects changing ideas about monastic reform and the proper relationship between bishops and monks. It also cautions against accepting narratives – medieval or modern – that obscure the fluidity of such ideas and relationships.
Effects of acute hypertension on the extravasation of macromolecule in the temporal bone — The possible involvement of the blood-inner ear barrier

In guinea pigs the radioactivity in the vascular beds was washed out by a cardiac perfusion of saline 15 min after the injection of 50 μCi of radioiodinated human serum albumin (RISA). The brain and temporal bones were dissected and a blood sample was obtained. To examine the degree of extravasation of RISA, the extravascular radioactivity in the tissues was measured and expressed as a ratio to that of the blood. Intravenous injection of amphetamine sulfate increased the extravasation in the brain and the temporal bone of the rat but did not increase it in either tissue of the guinea pig. It was proposed that this was because amphetamine did not cause the blood pressure of the guinea pig to reach the “critical level” which would cause the opening of the blood-tissue barrier. In the rat the degrees of extravasation in both the brain and the temporal bone paralleled the maximal mean arterial pressure caused by amphetamine. It is proposed on the basis of these data that there may exist a blood-inner ear barrier and that this barrier has the same characteristics as the blood-brain barrier.
Expanding the energy–stability–area model: density dependence in voluntary membership associations in the early twentieth century

Recent research applying the energy–stability–area (ESA) model to politically oriented, federated voluntary membership associations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has found that these organizations had additional capacity for membership. Yet, this approach does not tell us whether associations’ organizational densities restricted the growth and formation of new federated chapters because of density dependence, a finding common in modern ESA studies. Furthermore, it is not clear whether other voluntary associations, such as fraternal orders, faced similar challenges. Here, we begin to explore these questions by examining whether federated, political and non-political voluntary associations faced density dependence in both membership and the number of affiliated organizations at the state level. We find evidence that density dependence was a common concern for voluntary associations of all types. Both in terms of the number of local-level federated groups and, to a lesser extent, membership, these groups were so successful that environmental resources eventually limited their growth during this pivotal era for the development of pressure groups and civic participation in the USA.
Do Technology-Based Sales Support Materials Make a Difference in Personal Selling? The Impact of Technology Usage by Gender in the Personal Selling Process:

Technology usage is widespread across most fields of business. In sales, “back-end” technologies, such as customer relationship management or salesforce automation, offer a foundation for effective...
Consumer willingness to pay for redundant food labels

Abstract Previous studies, as well as market sales data, show some consumers are willing to pay a premium for redundant or superfluous food labels that carry no additional information for the informed consumer. Some advocacy groups have argued that the use of such redundant labels is misleading or unethical. To determine whether premiums for redundant labels stem from misunderstanding or other factors, this study seeks to determine whether greater knowledge of the claims - in the form of expertise in food production and scientific literacy - decreases willingness to pay for redundant labels. We also explore whether de-biasing information influences consumers’ valuations of redundant labels. An online survey of 1122 U.S. consumers elicited preferences for three redundantly labeled products: non-GMO sea salt, gluten-free orange juice, and no-hormone-added chicken breast. Respondents with farm experience report lower premiums for non-GMO salt and no-hormone-added chicken. Those with higher scientific literacy state lower premiums for gluten-free orange juice. However, after providing information about the redundancy of the claims, less than half of respondents who were initially willing to pay extra for the label are convinced otherwise. Over 30% of respondents counter-intuitively increase their premiums, behavior that is associated with less a priori scientific knowledge. The likelihood of “overpricing” redundant labels is associated with willingness-to-pay premiums for organic food, suggesting at least some of the premium for organic is a result of misinformation.
Financial Strain, Mental Illness, and Homelessness: Results From a National Longitudinal Study.

Background Research indicates that adults with severe mental illness have lower income and employment than adults without severe mental illness. Further, mental illness has been identified as a risk factor for homelessness. However, little research has investigated the interrelationships between financial strain, mental illness, and homelessness. It is unknown whether or to what extent financial strain mediates the association between mental illness and subsequent homelessness. Methods This study examined financial strain and severe mental illness (psychotic, bipolar, and depressive disorders in the past 12 months) as predictors of subsequent homelessness and financial strain as a mediator of the link between severe mental illness and homelessness by analyzing data from waves 1 and 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n=34,653). Results χ2 and multivariable analyses revealed that financial crises and debt, lower income, unemployment, and past homelessness at wave 1 each significantly predicted subsequent homelessness between waves 1 and 2. For participants with and without severe mental illness, risk of homelessness between waves 1 and 2 increased as a function of the number of financial strain variables at wave 1. Mediation analyses showed a direct effect of severe mental illness on future homelessness as well as an indirect effect via greater financial strain, which accounted for 39% of the link between mental illness and homelessness. Conclusions The findings showing that financial strain mediated the association between severe mental illness and homelessness support assessment of financial well-being in the context of treatment of mental illness and homeless service programs. The results suggest that individuals experiencing homelessness who have severe mental illness may benefit from assistance increasing financial literacy, improving money management, and achieving financial well-being.
A novel ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS) method for the determination of chlorate and prechlorate in freshly brewed coffee

Abstract Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world. A sensitive and fast method has been established and validated to measure chlorate and perchlorate in freshly brewed coffee beverages based on ion chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS) in this study. After the extraction with water and protein precipitation with acetonitrile, the samples were purified with MCX columns and then separated on an ion chromatographic column (250 mm × 2.1 mm) by using a gradient program of 0.4 mol/L methylamine aqueous solution and acetonitrile as mobile phase. Multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) model was used to obtain the sufficient sensitivity for the method, and the isotope internal standards, potassium 18O3-chlorate and sodium 18O4-perchlorate, were applied for the calibration. The validation results provided good linearity in the range of 25.0–1000 μg/L for chlorate and 6.25–250 μg/L for perchlorate. The recovery rates were 84.6%–99.8% for chlorate and 99.7%–112% for perchlorate in six different kinds fancy coffee samples at three known concentration levels and the relative coefficients were lower than 8%. The limit of quantification of method was 15.0 μg/L, 1.50 μg/L for chlorate and perchlorate, respectively. Finally, the method was applied in the measurement of two chlorine oxides in the retail freshly brewed coffee products from local coffee shops in Nanjing. The concentration of chlorate and perchlorate in coffee indicated the widespread of chlorate and perchlorate in these beverages. The established method was sensitive and suitable for the detection of chlorate and perchlorate in coffee products.
RURAL YOUTH PERSPECTIVES ON THE SEVERITY OF HIV AND AIDS IN GHANA

The study aimed at examining youths in rural perspectives on the severity of HIV and AIDS compared to other diseases. The study conducted in Fanteakwa District of Ghana involved youths between the ages of 15 – 24 years. The quantitative approach was employed based on the Health Belief Model. Purposive sampling was used to select the district and area councils. Then the communities through simple random technique and finally individual respondents were conveniently selected. Structured questionnaires were used to obtain data which were processed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Majority of the respondents (55.7%) were scared of HIV testing and counselling. Also, 59.2% preferred to die from other diseases rather than HIV and AIDS. In addition, sex (p=0.0208) and level of formal education (p=0.000) had significant relationship with one preferring to die from other diseases rather than AIDS. The study recommended the effective use of social as a tool targeted at reducing the fear associated HIV and AIDS among the rural youth. Further studies should be conducted to determine factors that hinder persons in rural areas from participating in HIV Testing and Counselling. Article visualizations:
Specificity of the Intestinal Lactoferrin Receptor

In spite of a low iron content in human milk, breast-fed infants maintain adequate iron status significantly longer than formula-fed infants consuming similar amounts of iron [21, 22]. This indicates a high bioavailability of human milk iron. As the major iron-binding protein in human milk, lactoferrin has been postulated to be involved in the process of iron absorption in the suckling infant. An intestinal lactoferrin receptor was first described by Cox et al. following studies demonstrating delivery of iron from human lactoferrin (but not from transferrin), to human mucosal tissue [8]. Fransson et al. [14] found significantly faster uptake of radioiron into red blood cells of suckling piglets from a formula supplemented with bovine lactoferrin as compared with ferrous sulfate. Subsequent work has identified lactoferrin receptors in rabbit and mouse intestine [15, 20].
A Robust Observer-Based Model-Following Control

The model-following problem has been expressed as an LQ-problem, and robustness achieved by including an exponential factor in the cost integrand. In this paper the observer-based case is considered and the inherent robustness of the model-following control for systems expressed in the second canonical form with respect to uncertainties in the system parameters is demonstrated.
Hollow core silicon-silica Bragg fiber

A hollow core four layered Bragg fiber has been fabricated using silicon and silica as alternating layers via high-pressure chemical vapor deposition, which can be used for the guidance of near infrared light.
Execution Publicity and Homicide in South Carolina: A Research Note

A recurrent flaw marks the work on the impact of executions on homicide: awareness of executions usually is left unmeasured. The present study addresses this, inspecting the effect of publicized executions on homicide. Data from South Carolina are employed. Homicide drops 17.5% in months with publicized executions. In contrast, little publicized executions are unrelated to homicide. The effect is reduced when publicized executions for rape enter the analysis. Alternative assumptions regarding the length of the effect are tested: the death dip decreases with the use of an instantaneous effect period; it becomes nonsignificant with a lengthy incubation period. The findings, however, can be interpreted from several different theoretical perspectives: deterrence, normative validation, and victim mobilization. Hence, policy implications remain tenuous.
A BIO-EXPERIENTIAL MODEL FOR LEARNING CREATIVE DESIGN PRACTICES THAT SUPPORTS TRANSFORMATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN BEGINNING DESIGN STUDENTS

This paper asks what beginning design learning experiences best support the remainder of design education. It is a conjecture of brain-based learning theory that a student’s direct, concrete primary experiences are responsible for the construction of fundamental structures of neural processing as “hard wired” pathways. These structures then form the ground of and set into play patterns of later more abstracted learning experiences. Pedagogy of basic design courses that seeks introduction of creative processes as a foundation for design education must recognize these experiential, biologically developmental relationships as basic to developmentally appropriate beginning design curriculum. This paper models a beginning design pedagogy on developmental relationships between concrete and abstract processes of learning as a basis for transformative creative thinking that enables student self-development that progresses up the curriculum. Aligning with developmental learning theories (Piaget and others), a basic tenant of this approach is that learning at the primary level of direct experience self initiates brain changes where students form their own structure of learning. Thus, initial learning experiences will be those that best enable decision-making consistent with the biological interactivity between body and mind, between, respectively, the concrete and the abstract. This is important because the designed environment in which we all live is grounded in the development of abstract content experientially based in concrete material physicality. Experiential learning theories (Kolb and others, following Piaget) identify concrete and abstract learning as fundamental poles for acquiring and acting on knowledge: Concrete learning involves direct experiential engagement through heuristic discovery and reflection and abstract learning involves indirect representational cues in acts of conceptualization, synthesis, and experimentation. The pedagogical model of this paper proposes a cycling of concrete material experiences and abstract learning experiences into an interactive transformational interdependence as a model of creative design processes that engages student self-development toward maturation. In addition to explication of this theoretical background, an introductory design course sequence following this model will be demonstrated.
INTERPHASE MOMENTUM INTERACTION EFFECTS IN THE AVERAGED MULTIFIELD MODEL

Abstract The volume-averaged form of the linear momentum conservation equations for twophase flow is examined to clarify momentum interaction effects between phases. The case of an accelerating sphere of varying radius in an accelerating fluid is used to derive the form of the interphase force terms. The analysis is extended to assemblies of noninteracting spheres and an interphase force term related to the spatial gradient of phase volume fraction is seen to arise. For the case of bubbly flow, two real characteristics are obtained for dispersed phase volume fractions less than about 0.25. If the term involving the spatial gradient of the phase volume fraction is neglected, then the characteristics are always complex for velocity differences between the phases. The interphase force model is applied to predict experiments on void propagation in bubbly flows. There are no adjustable constants in the model. The experimental data were obtained in our laboratory using cross correlation of signals from a pair of gamma densitometers. The predictions are in excellent agreement with the data. In addition, the predictions are compared with data from several other laboratories, taken over different sets of flow conditions. The predictions are again in close agreement with the data.