cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Play fairway analysis of geothermal resources across the State of Hawaii: 1. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical datasets

Abstract Phase 1 of a Play Fairway Analysis (PFA) of geothermal resource potential across the State of Hawaii was recently completed. The final products of this work include a statewide geothermal resource probability map, a map of confidence in this probability, an assessment of the viability of development in areas of interest, and a prioritized list of recommended future exploration activities. The intersection of subsurface heat (H), permeability (P), and fluid (F) is necessary for an optimum geothermal play. This study: (1) identified and compiled all legacy and current data relevant to Hawaii’s geothermal resource; (2) ranked these datasets in terms of their relevance to subsurface H, P, F; (3) developed a Bayesian statistical method to incorporate the data and their rankings, and produce a statewide resource probability map; (4) developed a method to assess confidence in the probability values; and (5) assessed what we term ‘development viability’ in resulting areas of interest across the state. This paper details the basic project workflow, and activities (1) and (2). It describes the rationale for including this study’s datasets: surface geologic mapping data (calderas, rift zones, volcanic vents, dikes, faults), groundwater data (temperature, Chloride:Magnesium, SiO2) and geophysical data (gravity, magnetotelluric, seismic, geodetic strain), and justifies their relative rankings in terms of H, P, and F. A second paper by Ito et al. (2016) describes activities (3) and (4) related to the statistical methodology, and a third paper ( Lautze et al., 2017 ) describes activity (5), the development viability criteria, as well as our suggested roadmap for future exploration activities. Overall, we find that the likelihood of abundant of geothermal resources is highest on the youngest island of Hawaii, but groundwater indicators suggest there may also be resources on the other, older islands. The higher demand for renewable energy on the more populated islands of Maui and Oahu, as well as a high viability of development on Lanai, also motivate further exploration on these islands.
Drying Rates of Ephemeral Wetlands: Implications for Breeding Amphibians

Ephemeral wetlands provide breeding habitat for many amphibian species, and wetland hydrology plays a crucial role in determining amphibian breeding success. We discuss the potential influence of recession rates (i.e., rate of water level decline) and empirically evaluate them in wetlands inhabited by the endangered reticulated flatwoods salamander (Ambystoma bishopi). Rapid water level declines are potentially problematic for reticulated flatwoods salamanders because this species has a long development period, with metamorphosis generally occurring from March to May when groundwater losses are combined with high evapotranspiration rates. To evaluate magnitude, variability, and drivers of recession rates, we monitored water levels in 33 wetlands in the Florida panhandle and examined recession rates during the flatwoods salamander reproductive period. After controlling for the effects of specific yield, standardized recession rates were, on average, 3.9 times daily potential evapotranspiration rates, suggesting that groundwater fluxes are an important driver of water level declines in these wetlands. Standardized recession rates were variable across the landscape and increased with decreasing wetland size, indicating that larger wetlands are often hydrologically more suitable for flatwoods salamanders. This work points to these and other controls on wetland recession rates and their role in regulating amphibian reproductive success.
Securing a City's Future Water Supply: Building a Reservoir in Charlottesville, Virginia

The case is about a city's water security and draws on the intense debate about the construction of a reservoir in a college town in Virginia in the wake of a record drought. The case highlights the role of public utilities in water provision, illustrates the different positions of various stakeholders, and raises the question of what the appropriate price for water is. It provides stylized facts of water use across sectors and rests on a basic analysis of present and future water demand as well as on an assessment of future water supply.This case is used in Darden's elective, “The Global Economics of Water.” It would also work well in courses dealing with the environmental impacts of urban planning. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0115 Rev. Jun. 3, 2015 Securing a City's Future Water Supply: Building a Reservoir in Charlottesville, Virginia The golden age of dam construction had been between 1950 and 1980 in the United States, when about 60% of its roughly 80,000 dams were built. Since the peak in the 1960s, dam construction had been gradually decreasing. The average age of a U.S. dam was 52 years old, and the average overall condition according to the 2013 Report Card by the American Society of Civil Engineers was rated a D (poor), which compared unfavorably to the D+ grade the engineers gave the country's overall infrastructure. More than 500 dams had been removed since the 1990s. The growing costs of infrastructure works and increasing environmental concerns had lessened the public's appetite for constructing more dams. There was visible shift in emphasis from attempting to increase the water supply to conservation and more efficient allocation of water. But in Charlottesville, Virginia, dam construction was not a thing of the past. A new earthen dam was being built at the Ragged Mountain Reservoir. The dam was part of a 50-year plan to secure the city's future water supply. The new dam had to replace much older ones whose spillways had been found to have inadequate capacity on multiple occasions. The construction followed a lively, sometimes bruising public debate. While it would take time to tell whether supporters or opponents had the more accurate vision of the future, the controversy only gradually receded. Moreover, some, such as the local weekly paper the Hook, would keep maintaining that the public debate, in part, missed the point because not enough time was spent on the issue of environmental flows. . . .
Lifting the Curtain: How Lin-Manuel Miranda Challenged West Side Story’s Cultural Stereotypes

Four Tony Awards, including Best Musical. A Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album. Anomination for the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. Lin-Manuel Miranda did not quietly emerge, but rather,exploded onto the theatrical scene. His debut musical, In The Heights (2008), swept Broadway and catapultedMiranda onto center stage. The diversification of Broadway theatre over the prior decade had providedMiranda with a stage upon which to showcase both the plight and the rich culture of the Latino community inWashington Heights, New York. He seized this opportunity, creating a vibrant cityscape by employing anontraditional score of rap and Latin music to invoke the foot-tapping pulse intrinsic to the Latino community.However, Miranda’s mission went beyond entertainment to a deep-rooted desire to use the Broadway spotlightto dispel commonly accepted, cultural stereotypes of Latino immigrants. While the characters portrayed in theplay trace their roots to Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, Miranda’s message could beextrapolated to other Latino nationalities. Success often attracts criticism and some critics accused Miranda ofdepicting an idealized picture of life in Washington Heights. While these critics may have been correct, theoverwhelming acclaim for In The Heights served to validate Miranda’s goal of creating positive roles for Latinothespians and mitigating negative stereotypes of Latinos generally. His success was all the more poignant as the play was showcased in a traditionally white space. Lifting The Curtain: How Lin-Manuel Miranda Challenged West Side Story’s Cultural Stereotypes by Schuyler Ritchie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
The dermatologist and workers' compensation. Theory and practice.

Workers’ compensation law is poorly understood by many physicians, including dermatologists. The tenets of this law throughout the country are basic and fairly straight forward, and the most important of them are nearly the same for all of the states. By understanding how the law operates and what is required of physicians, helping patients with their work-related dermatoses can be a gratifying experience.
Patient-Centered Medical Home Measurement in School-Based Health Centers

School-based health centers (SBHCs) have been suggested as potential medical homes, yet minimal attention has been paid to measuring their patient-centered medical home (PCMH) implementation. The purposes of this article were to (1) develop an index to measure PCMH attributes in SBHCs, (2) use the SBHC PCMH Index to compare PCMH capacity between PCMH certified and non-PCMH SBHCs, and (3) examine differences in index scores between SBHCs based in schools with and without adolescents. A total of six PCMH dimensions in the SBHC PCMH Index were identified through factor analysis. These dimensions were collapsed into two domains: care quality and comprehensive care. SBHCs recognized as PCMHs had higher scores on the index, both domains, and four dimensions. SBHCs based in schools with just young children and those with adolescents scored similarly on the overall index, but analysis of individual index items shows their strengths and weaknesses in PCMH implementation.
A Comparison of Delivery Formats to Encourage Student-Centered Learning in a Power Engineering Technology Course.

This paper describes a student-centered approach to a power engineering technology course using the flipped or inverted classroom as well as active learning in the form of group discussions and team problem solving. The study compares student performance and perceptions of a traditional, teaching-centered classroom to two different flipped courses: one using video lectures and one using a media-enhanced electronic textbook. The authors compared courses in the areas of 1) student performance on multiple choice and numerical analysis problems, 2) students’ perceptions of course delivery format and satisfaction with the course and instructor, and 3) technical content coverage. Results show little difference in student achievement between the course formats, strong negative reactions by students to unfamiliar instructional methods, and little difference in content coverage. The authors believe that the outcomes of this study can be attributed to the benefits of small class sizes (n<12), which naturally enable active learning to be utilized without the need for rigid and formal course structure,
Interference Management in Wireless Networks: Fundamental Bounds and the Role of Cooperation

Learn about an information-theoretic approach to managing interference in future generation wireless networks. Focusing on cooperative schemes motivated by Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology, the book develops a robust theoretical framework for interference management that uses recent advancements in backhaul design, and practical pre-coding schemes based on local cooperation, to deliver the increased speed and reliability promised by interference alignment. Gain insight into how simple, zero-forcing pre-coding schemes are optimal in locally connected interference networks, and discover how significant rate gains can be obtained by making cell association decisions and allocating backhaul resources based on centralized (cloud) processing and knowledge of network topology. Providing a link between information-theoretic analyses and interference management schemes that are easy to implement, this is an invaluable resource for researchers, graduate students and practicing engineers in wireless communications.
Misogyny in New York custody decisions with parental alienation and child sexual abuse allegations

This article analyzes 24 New York (NY) published child custody cases decided between 2001 and 2017 that contained parental alienation and child sexual allegations. It addresses whether there was a tendency toward gendered decisions and the evidence on which the decisions were based. It reveals that most decisions favored alienation allegations over child sexual abuse allegations and transferring custody from mothers communicating sexual abuse allegations in court to fathers defending against them by alleging parental alienation. On appeal, these family court decisions were overwhelmingly upheld. The analysis also shows that the decisions were based as often on implicit misogynistic cultural assumptions in the absence of allegation-specific evidence as they were on allegation-specific evidence. The article adds to the growing understanding of sources of bias by proposing four errors that support biased reasoning. It concludes with suggestions about how experts, attorneys, and judges can question th...
Abnormalities of glomerular eicosanoid metabolism in states of glomerular hyperfiltration

The glomerulus is a complex structure that functions primarily to produce an ultrafiltrate of plasma. Micropuncture studies in the Munich-Wistar rat have identified the major physical determinants of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR): glomerular plasma flow; afferent protein concentration; transcapillary hydraulic-pressure difference; and the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) (1). Studies in this model also indicate that a number of circulating hormones (e.g., parathyroid hormone, vasopressin), as well as other biological messengers that are produced in the kidney and that act locally through an autacrine or paracrine mechanism (prostaglandins, angiotensin II, histamine, and brady-kinin), can affect the GFR (2). In addition to vasoactive effects on the afferent and efferent renal arterioles with subsequent alteration of renal vascular resistance, many of these substances affect the filtration process by a reduction in Kf, an action that appears to be mediated by contraction of the glomerular mesangial cell and reduction of the glomerular capillary surface area. This may be due to a direct contractile effect of the agonist on the mesangial cell, as in the case of angiotensin II and vasopressin, or by secondary activation of the renin-angiotensin system (2–3).
Association of smokeless tobacco use and smoking in adolescents in the United States: An analysis of data from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey, 2011

ABSTRACT Background Using smokeless tobacco and smoking are behaviors that increase the risk of developing oral cancer, soft-tissue lesions, caries, periodontal disease and other oral conditions. The author conducted a study to examine use of smokeless tobacco and smoking by adolescents. Methods The study was a cross-sectional analysis of participants with complete data regarding smoking, smokeless tobacco use and other variables of interest from the 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey (n = 9,655). The author performed descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results The unadjusted odds ratio for smokeless tobacco use and smoking was 9.68 (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 7.72–12.13; P P Conclusion Adolescents who were using smokeless tobacco were more likely to be engaging in concomitant smoking and to be participating in other risk-taking behaviors. Practical Implications. Dentists are involved in helping patients with tobacco-use cessation. The association of smoking with using smokeless tobacco needs to be considered in the design of tobacco-use cessation programs for adolescents.
Neutronic Performance of Heavy Water Slurries as D-T Reactor Blankets

An aqueous slurry of heavy water and lithium containing solids was examined to assess its merits as the tritium breeding, neutron attenuating, and heat removing portion of a first generation D-T fusion reactor. The results of a computer study and related experimentation are reported here, along with a brief discussion of the preliminary material selection process. The numerical and experimental work done indicates a heavy water slurry can breed and retain with the solid particles sufficient tritium to fuel a D-T reactor.
Sarcomatoid carcinomas of the lung: A clinicopathologic review

Sarcomatoid carcinomas (SC) of the lung are the most common pulmonary neoplasms that exhibit a composition by spindled or pleomorphic tumor cells. As such, many of them may be confused easily with true sarcomas diagnostically unless special immunohistological or ultrastructural analyses are performed. Reactivity is expected for keratin, epithelial membrane antigen, or collagen type IV in the sarcomalike elements in SC, although it may be focal. Electron microscopy often shows the presence of junctional complexes between tumor cells, with or without pericellular basal lamina and cytoplasmic skeins of intermediate filaments. Current terminological preferences are such that several formerly used terms--including "spindle-cell carcinoma," "pulmonary blastoma," "squamous cell carcinoma with pseudosarcomatous stroma," "pseudosarcoma," and "carcinosarcoma"--are now encompassed by the more generic designation of "sarcomatoid carcinoma." The clinical course of patients with this neoplasm is aggressive, with an overall 5-year survival rate approximating 20%.
Frontiers in Comparative and International Sociology of Education: American Distinctiveness and Global Diversity

This chapter assesses the degree to which the American sociology of education is comparative and international in scope and briefly considers why the attention devoted to comparative and international research has remained relatively stable over time. It then describes the broad intellectual returns that a more comparative and international lens could bring to the field generally. Comparative and international research can determine the degree to which propositions formulated in the USA can apply to other contexts. Such research can generate important questions for further research that would not be considered if only a US-centric lens were used. A comparative lens can also serve to caution scholars against the tendency to generalize knowledge from the often atypical case of the American educational system. This chapter explains the distinctive role of comparative and international research for advancing new insights on longstanding substantive questions and provides examples of past research that has done so. It then discusses some pressing questions rarely considered by US-based research that constitute frontiers for a more globally oriented and theoretically expansive sociology of education.
Computer Packages for Studying Complex Variables

In the past decade or so, there has been a wide proliferation of high speed digital computing equipment. Concomitant with that growth has been the development of ever more sophisticated analytic tools for doing mathematics. Gone are the days of using the computer simply as a “number cruncher.” Now there are sophisticated computer algebra software and two-and three-dimensional graphing software. In the present chapter we shall give brief descriptions of the major packages that are useful in doing complex analysis.
Assessing pet owner and veterinarian perceptions of need for veterinary compounding services in a community pharmacy setting

Background: Pets, pet owners (referred to as clients in veterinary medicine and throughout this article), veterinarians, and community pharmacies may all benefit from veterinary compounding services provided in community pharmacies, but the benefits of this service are not well-documented in the literature. Objectives: This study identified perceived benefits and barriers and evaluated the need for veterinary compounding services in community pharmacies; it also evaluated current business practices related to veterinary compounding services. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to three groups: 1) clients who filled a pet prescription at a study pharmacy, 2) clients who had not filled pet prescriptions, and 3) local veterinarians. Eligible participants were 18 or older; clients must have owned a pet in the past five years. The surveys collected demographic information and assessed benefits, barriers, need, and business practices regarding veterinary compounding services. Demographics were evaluated through descriptive statistics. Responses to Likert-scale items were compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U test. Qualitative responses were assessed for emerging themes. Results: One hundred eighteen clients and 15 veterinarians participated in the study. Seventy-two of 116 clients (62%) and eight of 10 veterinarians (80%) agreed that clients would benefit from veterinary compounds provided in community pharmacies. Only 40% of veterinarians agreed that community pharmacists have the knowledge to compound pet medications, compared to 67% of clients (P=0.010). Similarly, 47% of veterinarians agreed that community pharmacists have the skills to compound pet medications, compared to 72% of clients (P=0.016). Forty-eight of 118 clients (41%) would travel 10 miles or more out of their way for veterinary compounding services at community pharmacies. Conclusions: This study assessed client and veterinarian perceptions of veterinary compounding service benefits, barriers, and need in community pharmacies. Clients identified more opportunities for veterinary compounding services in community pharmacies when compared to veterinarians. Both groups identified a need for veterinary compounding services and agreed community pharmacies providing these services would benefit pets and clients.
The Most-Common Phrasal Verbs with Their Key Meanings for Spoken and Academic Written English: A Corpus Analysis.

English phrasal verbs (PVs) are ubiquitous and often polysemous. These lexical items are thus very important, but also challenging for ESL/EFL learners. Substantial research that can inform instruc...
Classification of Lattice Crdered Groups

Un groupe reticule est un groupe dont les elements constituent un treillis compatible avec l'operation du groupe. Nous discuterons trois methodes de classification de ces structures. La premiere est celle des varietes, qui sont les classes definies par les equations. La collection des varietes est un treillis complet a elements qui a un plus petit element non-trivial et un plus grand element non-trivial. La deuxieme methode est celle des classes de torsion. Les classes de torsion constituent un treillis complet, mais sont trop nombreuses pour constituer un ensemble. La troisieme methode est celle des classes elementaires, qui sont definies par des enonces du langage du premier ordre des groupes reticules. Bien qu'il n'y ait que classes elementaires, beaucoup de groupies reticules bien connus peuvent ětre caracterises dans la classe des groupes d'automorphismes de chaines par un seul enonce du langage du premier ordre.
Okun’s Law at the Florida MSA Level

This paper applies a fixed effects panel data spatial econometric model of Okun’s law to FloridaMetropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) over the period 1990 to 2015. The regression coefficients are used to estimate the impact of increases in output on unemployment and each MSA’s potential rate of output growth. Results indicate that Okun’s coefficient ranges from -0.19 to -0.24 at the MSA level. Between one-half to two-thirds of changes in local unemployment occur as a spillover effect from neighboring MSA output growth. Each MSA’s potential real output growth rate averages between 1.7 to 2.7 percent.
Human Cytomegalovirus Enters the Primary CD34 + Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Where It Establishes Latency by Macropinocytosis

Viral entry is targeted by immunological and pharmacological measures to inhibit viral infection. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) entry into cells where it initiates productive infection has been well studied, but its entry into cell types where it establishes latency has not. Therefore, we examined the entry of HCMV into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells where the virus establishes latency. We determined that HCMV enters into the primary CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in which it establishes latency by macropinocytosis. The capsid-associated tegument protein pp150 is released from maturing endosomes and migrates to the nucleus, whereas other tegument proteins, including pp71, remain endosome associated in the cytoplasm. The inhibition of macropinocytosis impairs entry, thereby diminishing latency-associated transcription and reducing viral reactivation. We conclude that HCMV virions enter CD34+ cells by macropinocytosis but fail to fully uncoat or disassemble their tegument layers, leading to the establishment of latency.IMPORTANCE Virion entry is targeted by antivirals and natural immunity to prevent infection. Natural preexisting immunity is ineffective at clearing an HCMV infection, and an incomplete understanding of the viral glycoproteins and cellular receptors that mediate entry has hampered inhibitor development. Nevertheless, HCMV entry remains a viable drug target. Our characterization here of HCMV entry into primary CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells through macropinocytosis and our comparison to viral entry into fibroblast cells highlight virion uncoating and tegument disassembly as a divergence point between productive and latent infections. Further definition of tegument disassembly may permit the development of interventions to inhibit this process to block productive infection or to trigger it in incompletely differentiated cells to prevent the seeding of the latent reservoirs that make HCMV infections incurable.
Hospitalizations for pediatric dog bite injuries in the United States.

Abstract Background Dog bites are a common cause of pediatric trauma requiring hospital admission. We aim to describe pediatric bite victims, associated injuries and interventions. Methods Children (≤ 18 years old) were identified with an ICD-9 diagnosis of dog bite in the Kids' Inpatient Database for the years 2006, 2009 and 2012. National estimates were obtained using case weighting. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. Results We identified 6323 admissions for a dog bite with mean age of 6.63 years. Patients were predominately male (56.9%), non-Hispanic white (61.9%), resided in the South (35.1%), and in an urban environment (59.9%). Almost one third underwent a surgical procedure. Open wounds of the head, neck and trunk were the most common injury and decreased in prevalence with increasing age. Open wounds of the extremities were the second most common and the prevalence increased with increasing age. Children aged 1–4 and 5–10 years were both more than three times more likely to be admitted than those more than age 11. Conclusions Dog bite injuries are common for pediatric patients. Children less than age 11 are at greatest risk, particularly in the summer. Dog safety training should be focused on elementary and middle school children close to the start of summer vacation. Level of evidence III.
Nanosecond laser-based high-throughput surface nanostructuring (nHSN)

Abstract We present a novel nanosecond laser-based high-throughput surface nanostructuring (nHSN) process that can simultaneously create random nanostructures and attain desirable surface chemistry over large-area metal alloy surfaces. nHSN consists of two sequential steps: (1) nanosecond laser texturing (NLT) and (2) chemical immersion treatment (CIT). NLT step in water confinement (wNLT) does not generate topological patterns but preconditions the metal surface chemically and mechanically. Our analysis shows that surface nanostructuring results from a combined effect of chemical etching and attachment of functional groups during the CIT phase of nHSN. A proper silane reagent can be selected for the CIT phase to achieve the desired surface wetting behavior, while laser parameters can also be adjusted during the NLT phase to finely tune the nanostructuring mechanism. nHSN nanostructures with fluorosilane chemistry repel water, while those with cyanosilane chemistry attract water. Extreme wettability including superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity is assessed for multiple engineering metal alloys including aluminum, steel and titanium alloys. Compared with existing ultrashort laser-based surface-texturing methods, the nHSN laser scan time represents a significant improvement in processing efficiency and enables a practical throughput for large-area processing of engineering alloys.
Mixed-Reality Simulation for a Pediatric Transport Team: A Pilot Study.

Abstract Objective Transport medicine requires a complex set of skills including fast-paced medical decision making, in-depth medical knowledge, procedural competence, interpersonal and communication skills, leadership, and professionalism. There has been a call for more training in these areas. Simulation-based training can be a way to acquire these necessary skills and bridge the gap to higher-quality transport care. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel mixed-reality simulation program to enhance medical and communication skills for a pediatric transport team. Methods A mixed-reality simulation program using standardized patients portraying family members and high-fidelity manikins to simulate a medical emergency was developed and implemented for a pediatric transport team. Ten nurses, 9 respiratory therapists, and 8 emergency medical technicians participated. Pre-post self-perceptions of skill and program quality were assessed prospectively. Results Team members rated the overall program quality highly, with a median 5 on a 5-point Likert scale. There was a statistically significant change in pre- versus postprogram self-perceptions of skill in the areas of communication (premedian = 3 vs. postmedian = 4, 5-point Likert scale, P Conclusion Mixed-reality simulation programs can enhance standard technical skills training by providing an additional relational element. Such programs are translatable to other institutions.
Novel syntheses of carbazole-3,6-dicarboxylate ligands and their utilization for porous coordination cages

The molecular nature, and thus potential solubility, of coordination cages endows them with a number of advantages as compared to metal–organic frameworks and other extended network solids. However, their lack of three-dimensional connectivity typically limits their thermal stability as inter-cage interactions in these materials are relatively weak. This is particularly the case for carbazole-based coordination cages. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a benzyl-functionalized octahedral coordination cage that displays moderate surface area and increased thermal stability as compared to its unfunctionalized counterpart. Structural analysis suggests the increased thermal stability is a result of aryl–aryl interactions between ligand groups on adjacent cages. We have further adapted the ligand synthesis strategy to afford a novel, high-yielding preparatory route for the isolation of carbazole-3,6-dicarboxylic acid that does not rely on pyrophoric reagents or transition metal catalysts.
Life-Space Mobility in the Elderly: Current Perspectives

Life-space mobility (LSM) is a concept for assessing patterns of functional mobility over time. LSM is gaining traction in the research of geriatric population health. Several instruments have been developed to measure LSM, such as the University of Alabama at Birmingham Life-Space Assessment (LSA) or the Nursing Home Life-Space Diameter instrument. There has been exponential growth in the use of instruments measuring LSM in studies of older adults since the concept was introduced in 1985. In response to the increased volume of publications with clinical applicability to those working in geriatric health or conducting population-based research in older adults, we conducted a narrative review: a) to provide a summary of the articles that have assessed validation of the University of Alabama at Birmingham LSA instrument, the most widely used instrument to assess LSM in older adults; and b) to provide a summary of the research articles that have examined LSM as independent or outcome variable. Studies for this review were obtained with an organized search format and were included if they were published in the past 20 years, written in English, published in peer-reviewed literature, and included LSM as an independent or outcome variable. Seventy-nine articles were identified: 36 that employed a cross-sectional design and 22 that employed a longitudinal/prospective design to examine LSM as outcome variable; 17 longitudinal/prospective design articles that examined LSM as primary independent variable; 3 review articles; and 1 systematic review. Areas of research included physical function, cognitive function, sensory impairment, mental health, falls, frailty, comorbidities, healthcare use, mortality, and social/environmental factors. These studies showed that LSM instruments can accurately predict morbidity, mortality, and healthcare use.
Electromagnetic Scattering Computation of a Snow Layer Over Rough Surface Using SSWAP-SD Technique

Electromagnetic scattering model from 3D snowpack with arbitrary thickness over a rough surface is considered. A fully-coherent model that accounts for multiple scattering among all particles and rough surface is presented through the usage of the Statistical S-Matrix Wave Propagation- in Spectral domain approach (SSWaP-SD). The SSWaP-SD technique represents each part of the medium into a statistical S- Matrix and these matrices are coherently cascaded at the end to get the full response. The computer-generated snow media is constructed using 3D spatial exponential correlation function along with Lineal-Path function to preserve the connectivity of the snow particles as well. The SSWaP-SD in conjunction with a Method of Moments (MoM) code based on the Discrete-Dipole Approximation (DDA) is utilized to get the scattering characteristics of an arbitrary-thick snow layer. The rough surface response is estimated through analytical technique (PO) and numerical solver (MoM-FEKO). The full response is then calculated by cascading the S-matrices representing the snow and the rough surface. The simulation results of the backscattering are presented and compared with measurement.
The secret multimodal life of IREs: Looking more closely at representational gestures in a familiar questioning sequence

Abstract Drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis (EMCA) and an embodied approach to social interaction, this article examines how instructors use representational gestures in Initiation-Response-Evaluation/Follow-up (IRE/F) sequences during teacher-led, whole-class discussions. The data consist of four, 2-week-long programming courses for middle and high school students (grades 5–11). In these courses, instructors use representational gesture to perform a variety of functions during Initiation and Evaluation/Follow-up turns. In Initiations, instructors use representational gesture to cue students about the (1) product, (2) method, or (3) format of the answer they are looking for. During Evaluation/Follow-up turns, instructors use representational gesture to be responsive to multimodal components of students’ contributions: They (1) repeat students’ gestures, (2) add new gestures to student responses, and (3) expand students’ gestures by adding additional gesture phrases. These findings demonstrate new ways gesture serves as a dialogic resource in the public, interactive co-construction of classroom knowledge.
Asymptotic Trimming for Bounded Density Plug-in Estimators

This paper proposes a form of asymptotic trimming to obtain root n convergence of functions of kernel estimated objects. The trimming is designed to deal with the boundary effects that arise in applications where densities are bounded away from zero.
Let Them Eat Grain: Agricultural Decline, Market Liberalization, andEmigration from Mexico

Determining the push and pull factors of migration has long been a theoretical puzzle for scholars in the social sciences. It is a multifaceted task to determine the factors that would make a person leave home and travel to a new land, often with no money or without the protection of a visa or the prospect of citizenship. This paper will examine recent scholarship which argues that structural adjustment programs (SAP’s), along with the importation of staple crops through multilateral trade agreements such as NAFTA, have led to the neglect of the traditional agricultural sector and a decreased standard of living for the rural poor, thus intensifying the impetus for emigration. From its inception in 1994, politicians and economists have argued about the effect of NAFTA on immigration (both documented and undocumented) from Mexico to the United States. In the 14 years since the signing of NAFTA, immigration to the United States from Mexico, especially undocumented immigration, has steadily increased. Academics in many fields have offered various explanations as to why this increase has occurred, how long it will last, and what should be done about it. These arguments are compelling and varied, but one argument, which questions the effect that free trade with advanced industrial nations has had on the agricultural sector of developing nations and immigration, will be examined here in greater depth.
Dispersal of Aspergillus fumigatus from Sewage Sludge Compost Piles Subjected to Mechanical Agitation in Open Air.

Aerosolization of the thermophilous fungal opportunist Aspergillus fumigatus from mechanically agitated compost piles was examined at a pilot-scale sewage sludge composting facility and two other selected test sites. Aerosols of A. fumigatus downwind from stationary compost piles were insignificant in comparison with those downwind from agitated piles. These aerosols were generated by a front-end loader moving and dropping compost. Aerial concentrations of the fungus at distances downwind from the point of emission were used to determine an emission rate for A. fumigatus associated with the moving operations. The maximum emission rate, 4.6 × 106A. fumigatus particles per s, was used to calculate predicted concentrations in an unobstructed plume with restrictive, neutral, and dispersive atmospheric mixing conditions up to 1 km downwind from the emission source.
Abundance and distribution of Neomysis mercedis and a major predator, longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) in Lake Washington

Seasonal variations in the horizontal and depth distributions of Neomysis mercedis and longfin smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) were examined using night-time mid-water trawl and Bongo net samples collected in Lake Washington from July 1989 to February 1992. Mysid density varied spatially, seasonally and yearly. For example, during summer, and fall (odd years), mysid abundance was highest in the northern, and lowest in the southern sections of the lake, except in December 1991 when they were uniformly distributed. In fall (November 1990), mysid density was highest in the central basin of the lake. Furthermore, in winter of even years, highest mysid density occurred in the southern region of the lake, but in the central region in winter (February) of odd year. Longfin smelt horizontal distribution also varied seasonally. For example, density of the 1988 YC smelt (1+) was highest in the northern area of Lake Washington in summer but highest in the southern area in fall. During winter, distribution seemed random. The abundance of the 1990 YC smelt (YoY) was also highest in the northern section of the lake in summer, but highest in the southern section in fall; density remained high in the southern section in winter. But, by late spring when they were more than one year old, the distribution had changed such that highest abundance occurred in the northern and mid-section of the lake. By winter when they were about two years old and about to begin spawning, density had become highest again in the southern section. These suggest extensive movement of mysids and smelt from one area to another, perhaps driven by wind-induced water currents in the lake. Depth distribution patterns of mysids and smelt are discussed. Smelt were captured mainly in the shallow strata (8 m) of the lake during all seasons except during winter when they predominated at 50 m. Mysids were also mainly caught in the shallow strata of the lake during all seasons, although a significant proportion occurred at greater depths (> 30 m). The abundance of both species was positively correlated in spring and summer but negatively correlated in fall. A poor correlation was observed in winter. Negative correlation in fall was primarily due to the occurrence of mysids and smelt in different areas of the lake whereas poor correlation in winter was particularly due to their occurrence at different depths. Because of considerable overlap in the distribution of both species in the lake, mysids face a high risk of predation by smelt. This piece of information is consistent with the hypothesis that smelt control mysid abundance in Lake Washington.
Individual Cylinder Air-Fuel Ratio Control with a Single EGO Sensor

An approach to achieving uniform cylinder-to-cylinder air-fuel ratio control in the face of injector mismatch and unbalanced airflow due to engine geometry is presented. A key, feature of the proposed method is that it functions well with the switching-type exhaust gas oxygen sensor commonly used in today's automobiles. The controller design from modelling to experimental implementation in a dynamometer test facility is documented.
The human chromosome 9 region orthologous to Mcs5a, a rat composite modifier locus, contains a breast cancer risk allele.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5401 We have used a rat breast cancer model to identify and narrow an orthologous human genomic region for testing in a breast cancer case-control SNP-association study. Mcs5a , one of three subloci identified within the Wistar-Kyoto (WKy) Mcs5 QTL, confers resistance to DMBA-, NMU- and, HER2/ neu -induced mammary carcinomas in the rat. Congenic female rats (WF.WKy line O) with two Mcs5a WKy alleles developed 3.9±0.4, 2.2±0.4, and 9.9±1.1 mammary carcinomas/rat for DMBA, NMU, and HER2/ neu treatments, respectively. The WF.WKy females with two Mcs5a WF alleles averaged 8.9±0.8, 3.8±0.5, and 17.1±1.9 mammary carcinomas/rat when administered DMBA, NMU, or HER2/ neu , respectively. Mcs5a has been fine mapped, using a series of overlapping congenic lines, and shown to be a composite locus consisting of a genetic interaction between at least two adjacent genetic elements ( Mcs5a1 and Mcs5a2 ). Both Mcs5a1 and Mcs5a2 are required to be WKy alleles in order to confer the decreased mammary carcinoma susceptibility phenotype (i.e. the presence of WF alleles at either locus results in abrogation of the resistance phenotype). A recombinant congenic line (B3) from line O that is WKy-homozygous at Mcs5a1, but WF-homozygous at Mcs5a2 averaged 7.6±0.9 DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas/rat. Another line O recombinant congenic line (LL) that is WF-homozygous at Mcs5a1, but WKy-homozygous at Mcs5a2 averaged 7.1±0.5 DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas/rat. These phenotypes were not different from females of each line that were WF-homozygous at both loci and averaged 7.9±0.7 and 8.1±0.7 mammary carcinomas/rat, respectively. These DMBA-susceptible lines, B3 and LL, overlap by ∼400 bp on their opposing, distal and proximal ends. Two additional line O recombinant lines (WW and XX) that overlap by ∼116 Kb at their respective distal and proximal ends within this same genomic region have DMBA-resistance phenotypes similar to the parental Mcs5a line (O). Line WW females averaged 4.3±0.5 and line XX females averaged 5.3±0.3 DMBA-induced mammary carcinomas/rat. Respectively, the Mcs5a1 and Mcs5a2 orthologous regions are localized to 32 and 84 Kb on rat chromosome 5 ; and 30 and 63 Kb on human chromosome 9 . A SNP with a minor allele frequency of 12% in the human Mcs5a2 -region associated with a reduced breast cancer risk in two human case-control populations (n = 12,000) with an odds ratio of 0.86 (CI 0.78-0.94) for heterozygous women. SNPs located in the human Mcs5a1 region are currently being tested for an association to breast cancer.
Assessing Optimal Illumination for Visual Response Accuracy in Visually Impaired Adults

The currently accepted position concerning recommended lighting for visually impaired individuals is that individually identified and specified lighting is required for these persons to attain opti...
Selective Encoding of Cocaine versus Natural Rewards by Nucleus Accumbens Neurons Is Not Related to Chronic Drug Exposure

We reported previously that subsets of nucleus accumbens (Acb) neurons differentially encode information about goal-directed behaviors for "natural" (food and water) versus cocaine reward in animals well trained to self-administer the drug (Carelli et al., 2000). Here, we examined whether repeated exposure to cocaine is the crucial determinate of the selective encoding of cocaine versus water reinforcement by Acb neurons. Acb cells were recorded during a water-cocaine multiple schedule from the first day of cocaine exposure as well as during repeated sessions. Specifically, animals were initially trained to press a lever for water and were then surgically prepared for extracellular recording in the Acb. After 1 week, Acb cells were recorded during acquisition of the water-cocaine multiple schedule. Because behavioral responding for water was already established, training on the multiple schedule was divided into three components corresponding to acquisition of self-administration: (1) "initial" (day 1 of self-administration), (2) "reliable" (self-administration behavior was present but erratic), and (3) "stable" (cocaine responding was stable). During the initial component, the percentage of water-selective neurons was high compared with cocaine neurons. However, this became approximately equal with repeated self-administration experience (i.e., during the stable component). Remarkably, the percentage of neurons showing overlapping (similar) neuronal firing patterns during initial exposure to cocaine was low (<8%) and remained low during reliable and stable components. These findings support the view that separate neural circuits in the Acb differentially encode information about cocaine versus natural reward, and that this functional organization is not a direct consequence of chronic drug exposure.
Characterization of the Dominant Aerobic Microorganism in Cattle Feedlot Waste

Abstract The dominant aerobic microorganism in cattle feedlot waste (FLW) is a corynebacterium. It is ubiquitous to FLW except on sites where antibiotics are a constant part of the animals' diet. The organism requires DL-aspartic acid as its nitrogen source for growth, and individual strains also require or are stimulated by L-tyrosine; acetate serves as the carbon source. Amylolytic activity is weak; protease, lipase, and cellulase activities are nil. Despite the abundance of the organism, it probably does not decompose the waste appreciably.
A putative link between exocytosis and tumor development

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is characterized by a t(11;22)(p13;q12) translocation breakpoint. In this issue of Cancer Cell, now show that the resulting EWS-WT1 gene-fusion product leads to overexpression of BAIAP3, a protein implicated in regulated exocytosis.